cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil CO2 Efflux Responses to Soil Loss on Two Rangeland Ecosystems

A steady state in soil carbon (C) requires that the production of organic C compounds equal their losses through respiration and erosion. How accelerated rates of soil loss affect this balance in western rangelands, where rates of C accumulation without disturbance are relatively slow, is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of soil loss on total, bare soil, and plant respiration rates at shortgrass prairie and sagebrush steppe sites. The experimental design was a split-plot, randomized block, with a factorial arrangement of treatments. The factor levels consisted of 3 levels of soil removal (0, 11.2, and 22.4 t/ha) and 2 range condition classes (good and fair) with 3 replications each at the shortgrass site. Range condition class was not a factor considered at the sagebrush site. Soil CO2 efflux was measured at weekly intervals during the 1999 and 2000 growing seasons at the shortgrass site but only during the 2000 season at the sagebrush site. Total, bare soil, and plant respiration rates at the sagebrush site varied little (P > 0.10) among the 3 soil removal treatments. While total respiration at the shortgrass site increased significantly (P 0.10) among the 3 soil removal levels. Plant respiration rates at the shortgrass site generally increased as soil removal level increased, but this response was affected by environmental factors that influenced plant productivity. Increased total respiration rates observed on the shortgrass prairie resulted primarily from increased plant respiration rather than from changes in bare soil respiration. Thus, changes in plant respiration following disturbance may be more important to total soil CO2 efflux than soil flora and faunal respiration that appeared to be more resistant to disturbance.
Induction of constitutive heat shock protein 73 mRNA in the dentate gyrus by seizures

We examined the effects of generalized seizures on heat shock protein (hsp) mRNA induction in the rat brain using in situ hybridization. Seizures induced by electroconvulsive shock, electrical or cocaine kindling caused a selective induction of the constitutive hsp 73 gene in the dentate gyrus. In these seizure paradigms, not thought to induce widespread tissue damage, neither the heat-inducible hsp 72 gene nor a member of the hsp 90 family (hsp 84) were induced. Hsp 73 may play a role in the adaptation and/or in the maintenance of dentate granule cell integrity following seizures.
Monocyte/macrophage inflammatory response pathways to combat Francisella infection: possible therapeutic targets?

Francisella tularensis can bypass and suppress host immune responses, even to the point of manipulating immune cell phenotypes and intercellular inflammatory networks. Strengthening these responses such that immune cells more readily identify and destroy the bacteria is likely to become a viable (and perhaps necessary) strategy for combating infections with Francisella, especially given the likelihood of antibiotic resistance in the foreseeable future. Monocytes and macrophages offer a niche wherein Francisella can invade and replicate, resulting in substantially higher bacterial load that can overcome the host. As such, understanding their responses to Francisella may uncover potential avenues of therapy that could promote a lowering of bacterial burden and clearance of infection. These response pathways include Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2), the caspase-1 inflammasome, Interferons, NADPH oxidase, Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the Ras pathway. In this review we summarize the literature pertaining to the roles of these pathways during Francisella infection, with an emphasis on monocyte / macrophage responses. The therapeutic targeting of one or more such pathways may ultimately become a valuable tool for the treatment of tularemia, and several possibilities are discussed.
Homocysteinemia and livedoid vasculitis

Homocystinuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic abnormality associated with significantly increased levels of homocysteine in the blood.1 The disorder is associated with arterial and venous thromboembolic events at an early age. Patients may have a marfanoid habitus, mental retardation, and psychiatric disorders. Skin manifestations include skin and hair hypopigmentation, a malar rash, livedo reticularis, and leg ulcers. Deficiencies of several enzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism, including cystathionine β-synthase and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, are associated with homocystinuria. In the general population, an association between total plasma homocysteine levels and coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, and venous thrombosis has been shown in more than 75 clinical and epidemiologic studies.2,3 Livedoid vasculitis is a cutaneous occlusive vasculopathy characterized by recurrent painful ulcers of the lower extremities in association with a persistent livedo reticularis (Fig 1). Histologic examination reveals segmental hyalinization and primarily noninflammatory thrombotic occlusion of dermal arterioles. Some patients with livedoid vasculitis have enhanced procoagulant or deficient fibrinolytic activity of plasma.4 Treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has promoted healing of chronic leg ulcers caused by livedoid vasculitis.5 No studies to date have addressed the possible contribution of increased blood homocysteine levels to the pathogenesis of small-vessel occlusive vasculopathy. It is possible that increased homocysteine levels alone or in combination with other defects of inherited thrombophilia (the “doublehit” effect) may be associated with an increased risk of small-vessel thrombosis. Klein and Pittelkow5 found a high incidence of anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, increased levels of t-PA inhibitor, and low levels of endogenous t-PA activity in patients with livedoid vasculitis. An increased risk of large vessel thrombosis was also demonstrated in patients with homocystinuria who in addition had factor V Leiden.6 The aim of this study was to determine whether homocysteine levels are increased in patients with livedoid vasculitis and, if so, whether this is an isolated phenomenon or occurs in association with other inherited or acquired defects leading to thrombophilia.
Proton accumulation and ATPase activity in Golgi apparatus–enriched vesicles from rat liver

We have studied the mechanism by which liver Golgi apparatus maintains the acidity of its contents, using a subcellular fraction from rat liver highly enriched in Golgi marker enzymes. Proton accumulation (measured by quenching of acridine-orange fluorescence) and anion-dependent ATPase were characterized and compared. Maximal ATPase and proton accumulation required ATP; GTP and other nucleotides gave 10% to 30% of maximal activity. Among anions, Cl− and Br− approximately doubled the activities; others were much less effective. Half-maximal increase of ATPase and H uptake required 55 mmol/L and 27 mmol/L Cl−, respectively. In predominantly chloride media, SCN− and NO3− markedly inhibited H+ uptake. Nitrate competitively inhibited both the chloride-dependent ATPase (apparent Ki 6 mmol/L) and proton uptake (apparent Ki 2 mmol/L). Nitrate and SCN− also inhabited uptake of 36Cl. Replacing K+ with Na+ had no effect on the initial rate of proton uptake but somewhat reduced the steady state attained. Replacement of K+ with NH4+ and choline reduced proton uptake without affecting ATPase. The ATPase and H+ uptake were supported equally well by Mg2+ or Mn2+. The ATPase was competitively inhibited by 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (apparent Ki 39 μmol/L). Other agents inhibiting both H+ uptake and ATPase were N-ethylmaleimide, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, chlorpromazine, diethylstilbestrol, Zn2+, Co2+ and Cu2+. In the Cl− medium, accumulated protons were released by ionophores at the relative rates, monensin = nigericin > valinomycin > carbonyl cyanide mchlorophenylhydrazone; the last of these also reduced ATPase activity. In the absence of Cl−, monensin and valinomycin both stimulated the ATPase. These results show a close association between ATPase activity and acidification of liver Golgi vesicles. They support a role for Cl− that depends on its uptake as a counter ion for H+ and suggest that it may also stimulate proton transport by a more direct effect on a component of the transport system. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;13:523–533.)
Broad-band circular polarimetry of sunspots, 0.4–1.7 microns: Spatial scans with a 3.4 arc sec diameter aperture

Spatial scans with a resolution of 3.4 arc sec of the broad-band circular polarization of several sunspots have been made in five filter bands over the wavelength range 0.4–1.7µ with a sensitivity of 1 × 10−6 fractional polarization. The scans, across a spot through the penumbra and umbra center, revealed two important features: (1) The broad-band circularly polarized fluxV reverses in sign, or diminishes to near zero, at the center of the umbral region relative to the outer penumbra. This effect was wavelength dependent and was most clearly detected as a definite reversal in a band at 1.2µ, although a reversal was also detected in a very broad band extending from 0.8 to 1.6µ. (2) There is a marked asymmetry: in all cases the limbward penumbral region exhibited strongerV values than did the disk-center (inward) side of the spot, at all observed wavelengths. Such previously unreported structure in the magnetic circular polarization of sunspots provides new clues for understanding the ‘anomalous’ large broad-band polarization at short wavelengths and at the same time imposes new constraints on sunspot models. For example, the polarization reversal in the umbra relative to the penumbra can be naively explained by return-flux sunspot models; but this is not the only interpretation. Alternatively, it can relate to reversals in mass-flow velocities and/or vertical velocity gradients, as between the umbra and penumbra.
HPLC of steroids in non-aqueous mobile phase at subambient temperature

Abstract Increased resolution of steroid mixtures was found in high performance liquid chromatography of steroids at subambient temperatures. With aqueous mobile phase using a reversed phase column it was not possible to decrease temperatures below −10°C due to increased viscosity. This report describes further increase in resolution at −50°C using a non-aqueous mobile phase for the separation of steroids. Retention times were shorter several fold while resolution was improved.
InterNano: e-Science for the Nanomanufacturing Community

As network-enabled scholarship produces huge quantities of formal and informal research outputs in a variety of formats and varying levels of access, it is "enhanced" science that will facilitate the discovery, selection, and analysis of information that are a necessary part of the scientific research cycle particularly among interdisciplinary research communities. The national nanomanufacturing network (NNN) has developed a Web service, internano, to support the information needs of the nanomanufacturing community within this network-enabled research environment. Based on the clearinghouse concept, InterNano brings together heterogeneous resources and research outputs with networking and computational tools to enable discovery, facilitate selection of information, and encourage collaboration. With seventeen content features and services, internano's goal is not just to make information work within this community more efficient, but also to enable researchers to act on their discoveries within the same virtual framework.
Single-incision technique for placing femoral tunneled central venous catheters in infants.

synovitis, fractures, and avulsions. The differential diagnosis for chronic pelvic pain includes irritable bowel syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic adhesions, urologic disorders, hernias, and psychosocial issues. Although the differential diagnoses for these two disorders are quite distinct, PCS includes symptoms found in both as highlighted by our three cases. Hip pain as the primary complaint is unusual for PCS. Lack of awareness of this disorder suggests that women with chronic hip pain are not being screened sufficiently for PCS despite the suggestion that pelvic varices are present in 10% of the general female population, 60% of whom may develop PCS (3). PCS is a treatable syndrome with high rates of success in reducing pain perception. Studies by Venbrux et al (3) and by Kim et al (4) found that patients who receive embolization have significant decreases in pain ratings on a visual analog scale and clinical improvement in dyspareunia, menstrual pain, and use of pain medications. PCS is an important clinical diagnosis in a woman with undiagnosed chronic hip pain of which physicians should be aware because it is a treatable condition.
Jacobian elliptic functions as inverses of an integral

The 12 Jacobian elliptic functions are traditionally shown as inverses of 12 elliptic integrals, all of them being special cases of ∫yx[(a1 + b1t2)(a2 + b2t2)-1/2 dt in which all quantities are real and either y = 0 or x = ∞ or a1 + b1y2 = 0 or a1 + b1x2 = 0. A new unified treatment shows that for each of these four cases the other limit of integration is determined as the inverse function of the integral by the two products a1b2 and a2b1. Inequalities and equalities between these two and 0 distinguish the 12 Jacobian functions, the six circular functions, and the six hyperbolic functions. The proof comes from a corollary of a reduction theorem for the symmetric elliptic integral of the first kind.
Abstract B239: Profiling the type I insulin‐like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) pathway regulated metastasis signature

The insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) acting via the type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) regulate growth and metastasis of multiple types of cancers. Agents targeting IGF1R are currently being tested in phase II/III clinical trials. We have previously shown that IGF1R can regulate metastasis independently of primary tumor growth in a model of high risk metastatic cancer using the MDA435/LCC6 metastatic cancer cells. Here we sought to develop an IGF1R driven metastasis signature that may be useful in selecting patients that could benefit from IGF1R targeted therapy and determine if changes in expression of the genes in the signature can be useful in predicting response. Serum starved LCC6‐WT cells (with wild‐type functional IGF1R) and LCC6‐DN (cells with dominant negative IGF1R) were treated with IGF‐I, AVE1642 (antibody against IGF1R that inhibits metastasis but not tumor growth in the mammary fat pad), or AVE1642+ IGF‐I for 4 and 24 hours and microarray analysis was performed using the U133 Plus 2.0 human arrays with 47,000 transcripts. Array data were analyzed to determine genes regulated by IGF1R signaling in these cells and if disruption of signaling with AVE1642 affected genes whose expression was regulated by IGF‐I signaling. A total of 91 transcripts were regulated by IGF signaling in LCC6‐WT cells and AVE1642 treatment reversed the effects of IGF1R signaling. We are currently querying human tumor databases to determine if genes regulated by activation of IGF1R are associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in human tumors. Our results suggest that identifying IGF1R driven metastasis signatures may be useful to identify and monitor patients who could benefit from IGF1R targeted therapy for inhibition of metastatic disease and that patients with this IG Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B239.
Criteria for successful coronary angioplasty as assessed by alterations in coronary vasodilatory reserve

Currently, the success of coronary angioplasty is defined by anatomic criteria. Because of the known limitations of coronary arteriography, the translesional pressure gradient and coronary vasodilatory reserve were studied in 15 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty with the intent of defining a physiologically successful result. Coronary vasodilatory reserve was measured by a digital radiographic technique that has been previously validated against directly measured coronary sinus flow (r = 0.90, p A significant reduction in luminal stenosis from 71 ± 12 to 34 ± 11% (p Because saphenous vein bypass grafts have been shown to increase coronary vasodilatory reserve to at least 1.20, it is proposed that this physiologic criterion be used to define the success of revascularization by angioplasty. In patients in whom this value was achieved, translesional gradient was invariably 25% or less of ostial pressure and 20 mm Hg or less. Either coronary vasodilatory reserve or translesional gradient, which can be measured at the time of angioplasty, offers distinct advantages over previous arteriographic standards.
Induction of functional coronary collaterals in the swine heart.

A model for coronary collateral vessel development is presented for the pig heart. Chronic stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery results in collateral development to functional myocardium with limited mechanical reserve.
Adaptive Optics Based Telescope Arrays Receiver for Compensation of Optical Turbulence Effects in a Deep-Space Optical Communication Link with Mars

Future deep-space exploration missions demand a broadband and integrated communication infrastructure to transport the scientific data to Earth. Optical communication employing optical arrays receiver is a viable alternative to the current NASA deep-space RF-based network. Atmospheric turbulence is a major limiting factor for the interplanetary optical links. Investigation of the use of adaptive optics subsystems is carried out for the compensation of coupled effects of optical turbulence and background noise, in direct detection optical array receivers. The simulation and analysis of an end-to-end deep-space optical communication link between a spacecraft in Mars orbit and Earth-based telescope array receivers show that the incorporation of adaptive optics systems results in considerable performance improvement in achievable data rates.
The vertical and extended rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for irradiated thigh and groin defects.

Background:Thigh and groin tumors are often treated with limb-sparing surgery and adjuvant preoperative irradiation, frequently resulting in complex soft-tissue defects and wounds. The authors evaluated outcomes after reconstruction of these difficult wounds with the vertical and extended rectus abd
Enhancing the thermal destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef patties by trans-cinnamaldehyde.

The effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in undercooked ground beef patties was investigated. A five-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into ground beef (7.0log CFU/g), followed by addition of TC (0, 0.15, and 0.3%). The meat was formed into patties and stored at 4 degrees C for 5 days or at -18 degrees C for 7 days. The patties were cooked to an internal temperature of 60 or 65 degrees C, and E. coli O157:H7 was enumerated. The numbers of E. coli O157:H7 did not decline during storage of patties. However, cooking of patties containing TC significantly reduced (P 5.0log CFU/g, relative to the reduction in controls cooked to the same temperatures. The D-values at 60 and 65 degrees C of E. coli O157:H7 in TC-treated patties (1.85 and 0.08min, respectively) were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the corresponding D-values for the organism in control patties (2.70 and 0.29min, respectively). TC-treated patties were more color stable and showed significantly lower lipid oxidation (P<0.05) than control samples. TC enhanced the heat sensitivity of E. coli O157:H7 and could potentially be used as an antimicrobial for ensuring pathogen inactivation in undercooked patties. However detailed sensory studies will be necessary to determine the acceptability to consumers of TC in ground beef patties.
Incremental parsing without a parser

This article describes an algorithm for incremental parsing of expressions in the context of syntax-directed editors for programming languages. Since a syntax-directed editor represents programs as trees and statements and expressions as nodes in trees, making minor modifications in an expression can be difficult. Consider, for example, changing a '' + '' operator to a ''*'' operator or adding a short subexpression at a syntactically but not structurally correct position, such as inserting '') * (d'' at the # mark in'' (a + b # + c)''. To make these changes in a typical syntax-directed editor, the user must understand the tree structure and type a number of tree-oriented construction and manipulation commands. This article describes an algorithm that allows the user to think in terms of the syntax of the expression as it is displayed on the screen (in infix notation) rather than in terms of its internal representation (which is effectively prefix), while maintaining the benefits of syntax-directed editing. This algorithm is significantly different from other incremental parsing algorithms in that it does not involve modifications to a traditional parsing algorithm or the overhead of maintaining a parser stack or any data structure other than the syntax tree. Instead, the algorithm applies tree transformations, in real-time as each token is inserted or deleted, to maintain a correct syntax tree.
Bone marrow origin of hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in murine muscle

It has been reported that mononuclear cells harvested from murine skeletal muscle are capable of hematopoietic reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice. First, the nature of the hematopoietic progenitors in the muscle of C57BL/6–Ly-5.1 mice was examined by means of methylcellulose culture. The types and incidences of colonies grown from muscle mononuclear cells were different from those cultured from bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The next step was to examine the origin of the hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in the muscle with the use of Ly-5.2 mice that had been made chimeric by transplantation of Ly-5.1 BM cells. The percentages of Ly-5.1 cells cultured from the muscle of the chimeric mice correlated with those cultured from BM, indicating BM origin of hematopoietic progenitors in the muscle. Long-term hematopoietic engrafting cells in the muscle of the chimeric mice were also derived from BM. However, mobilization of progenitors into circulation by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor did not change the population of hematopoietic progenitors in the muscle. It is proposed that hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in the muscle tissue are of BM origin but their transition from BM to muscle may be a slow process.
The long division algorithm of Linger, Mills and Witt

The long division algorithm of Linger, Mills and Witt is discussed and found to be significantly slower than a recent algorithm developed by the author.
Anxiety in Experimentally Induced Somatoform Symptoms

This study examined the anxiety and pain reports in a group of subjects during a stimulation experiment in which the subjects were misinformed that an electrical current was being conducted through electrodes attached to their heads. The experiment's purpose was to determine how the subjects' reporting of pain was related to their reporting of anxiety over time. One subset of the subjects rated pain only, a second rated pain and anxiety, and a third rated pain and hunger. The three groups did not differ significantly in the frequency or intensity of their pain reports. The separate ratings for both anxiety and pain increased in a parallel manner. These results, however, do not support the theories involving the suppression of awareness of affect in somatofom disorders.
Calcite–graphite isotope thermometry in amphibolite facies marble, Bancroft, Ontario

This study presents calcite–graphite carbon isotope fractionations for 32 samples from marble in the northern Elzevir terrane of the Central Metasedimentary Belt, Grenville Province, southern Ontario, Canada. These results are compared with temperatures calculated by calcite–dolomite thermometry (15 samples), garnet–biotite thermometry (four samples) and garnet–hornblende thermometry (three samples). Δcal-gr values vary regularly across the area from >6.5‰ in the south to 4.0‰ in the north, which corresponds to temperatures of 525 °C in the south to 650 °C in the north. Previous empirical calibration of the calcite–graphite thermometer agrees very well with calcite–dolomite, garnet–biotite and garnet–hornblende thermometry, whereas, theoretical calibrations compare less well with the independent thermometry. Isograds in marble based on the reactions rutile + calcite + quartz =titanite and tremolite + calcite + quartz = diopside, span temperatures of 525–600 °C and are consistent with calculated temperature–X(CO2) relations. Results of this study compare favourably with large-scale regional isotherms, however, local variation is greater than that revealed by large-scale sampling strategies. It remains unclear whether the temperature–Δcal-gr relationship observed in natural materials below 650 °C represents equilibrium fractionations or not, but the regularity and consistency apparent in this study demonstrate its utility for thermometry in amphibolite facies marble.
Fault-Tolerant Computing: An Introduction and a Viewpoint

AFTER approximately 20 years of obscurity, the field of fault-tolerant computing was revived by the formation of the IEEE Technical Committee on Fault-Tolerant Computing, by a series of articles in COMPUTER for January/ February 1971, by the 1971 International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing in Pasadena, Calif., and by an IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS Special Issue on Fault-Tolerant Computing in November 1971. Interest and activity continued apace, and the 1972 International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing was held in Newton, Mass. Most of the excellent papers in this second IEEE TRANSACTIONS Special Issue on Fault-Tolerant Computing were presented at that symposium. As an introduction to these papers, consideration of the ultimate goals of this discipline and the universe in which our work is being done is most appropriate.
Monoterpene interconversions: Metabolism of pulegone by a cell-free system from Mentha piperita

Abstract Cell-free extracts prepared from young vegetative shoot tips of Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) utilize 14 C-labelled pulegone. Menthone, isomenthone, and menthol have been tentatively identified as products. NADPH 2 is an essential cofactor. Anaerobic conditions enhance the yields of menthone and isomenthone, and menthol production has been observed only under anaerobic conditions. Preparation of active extracts requires anaerobic conditions, as well as the use of insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (polyclar AT) to remove phenolic materials, and gel filtration to remove endogenous substrate and any remaining phenolic materials. Extracts prepared by a similar procedure from M. arvensis L. and from M. sylvestris L. have been shown to reduce pulegone to menthone and isomenthone in the presence of NADPH 2 .
Randomness, chaos and confusion in the study of antipredator vigilance.

Abstract The study of antipredator vigilance underwent a rapid and relatively recent synthesis 15–20 years ago. During the rise of behavioral ecology and sociobiology, researchers began to measure how often animals looked up from feeding. Subsequently, the field of vigilance crystallized quickly around a few striking results and an elegant theory. The convenient mathematical assumptions of this original theory continue to channel researchers' attentions today. Although data tend to match these assumptions — flock members scan independently, vigilance sequences are essentially unpredictable, and interscan intervals are highly variable — the assumptions themselves are difficult to justify. Some of our basic ideas about vigilance require detailed re-examination.
Development of CORBA-based engineering applications from legacy Fortran programs

Abstract A majority of scientific and engineering applications in aerodynamics and solid mechanics are written in Fortran. To reduce the high cost of software development, NASA researchers reuse most of the legacy Fortran codes instead of developing them from scratch in the numerical propulsion system simulation project. In this paper, we present an efficient methodology for integrating legacy applications written in Fortran into a distributed object framework. Issues and strategies regarding the conversion and wrapping of Fortran codes into common object request broker architecture objects are discussed. Fortran codes are modified as little as possible when they are decomposed into modules and wrapped as objects. We implement a wrapper generator which takes the Fortran application as input and generates the C++ wrapper files and interface definition language file. Tedious programming tasks for wrapping the codes can therefore be reduced.
Further characterization of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus of salmonid fish (Oregon strain).

The replication cycle of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus of salmonids was studied in cultures of a salmon cell line by constructing a single cycle growth curve. New infectious virus was beginning to appear by the fourth hour of incubation at 18° C, and continued to increase in concentration until the twentieth hour. Further evidence that the cytoplasm is the site of capsid assembly was obtained by the use of fluorescent antibody. Viral antigen was detectable in the cytoplasm after two hours incubation, and increased progressively in amount during the next four hours. No antigen was detected in cell nuclei. The synthesis of viral RNA was monitored in infected cultures. It increased at a fairly constant rate from the eighth to the seventeenth hour of incubation, in good agreement with the single cycle growth curve for virus. Quantitative data on thermal stability of the virus indicated a rapid loss of infectivity in aqueous suspension at room temperature, and even more rapid deterioration in a balanced saline solution.
Latino Adolescents' Participation in Extracurricular Activities: How Important Are Family Resources and Cultural Orientation?

Latino adolescents often are less likely to participate in extracurricular activities compared to youth from other ethnic groups. This descriptive study examined the differences in activity participation by family resources and markers of cultural orientation for the four largest Latino ethnic groups in the U.S. Findings were based on secondary data analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 11,689 Latino youth). Family resources were not strong predictors of participation, but the markers of cultural orientation did predict activity participation. Surprisingly, foreign-born youth had higher participation than native-born youth. The proportion of their friendship network that was non-Hispanic friends positively predicted activity participation, whereas the proportion of co-ethnic and foreign-born Hispanic friends negatively predicted activity participation. Findings from this investigation highlight that there were few differences in participation by Latino ethnic group affiliat...
“Corriendo”: Hard Boundaries, Human Rights and the Undocumented Immigrant

This article takes a critical look at the question of whether hard international boundaries that prevent migration can be justified from an ethical standpoint, or whether these hard boundaries represent a violation of human rights. The question is first addressed from a theoretical perspective, drawing on theories of justice and of boundaries. The article then examines policy decisions and the experiences of undocumented immigrants to support the contention that hardened boundaries and tightened immigration policies create flawed institutions that result in the violation of human rights. It concludes that these policies and institutions are not ethically defensible.
From barriers to learning in the idea garden: An empirical study

How can end-user programming environments better help their users overcome programming barriers? We have been investigating an approach called Idea Gardening, which addresses this problem by helping end users to help themselves overcome barriers in the context of “doing”. In this paper, we report on a qualitative empirical study of how effectively an Idea Garden prototype helped end users overcome programming barriers in the CoScripter environment, and the extent to which participants learned after interacting with our features. Our results showed that 9 out of 10 participants who encountered barriers and then used the Idea Garden, overcame their barriers. Further, all 9 went on to demonstrate evidence of having learned the programming concepts, patterns, and strategies relevant to overcoming these barriers.
The effect of variation in high-level domestic drug enforcement on variation in drug prices

Abstract A primary goal of high-level domestic drug enforcement is to raise retail prices in the hope that this will, in turn, reduce consumption. Analyzing data from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration shows that there is no Granger-casual relationship between changes in enforcement and changes in cocaine and heroin prices except when enforcement is measured in terms of numbers of seizures. Even in the case, enforcement is not found to increase retail prices. Instead, evidence is found of a negative relationship. Why there might be such a negative relationship deserves further exploration.
Group and individual performance on a complementary task as a function of initial ability level

Abstract In a test of predictions from a complementary model of group problem solving which considers initial ability level, 255 college students were administered the Concept Mastery Test. After being categorized as high (H), middle (M), or low (L) ability, they retook the test individually or working with a partner of one of the three ability levels. Major results were: (1) over all conditions, pair-groups improved more on the second test than individuals, (2) H subjects improved when working with H partners over H subjects working alone or with M or L partners, (3) M subjects improved when working with H or M partners over M subjects working alone or with L partners, (4) L subjects working with H partners improved over L subjects working alone or with M or L partners, and L subjects working with M partners improved over L subjects working alone or with L partners. Results were interpreted as supporting the complementary model.
Experiments on nearly homogeneous turbulent shear flow

With a transverse array of channels of equal widths but differing resistances, we have generated an improved approximation to spatially homogeneous turbulent shear flow. The scales continue to grow with downstream distance, even in a region where the mean velocity gradient and one-point turbulence moments (component energies and shear stress) have attained essentially constant values. This implies asymptotic non-stationarity in the basic Eulerian frame convected with the mean flow, behaviour which seems to be inherent to homogeneous turbulent shear flow.Two-point velocity correlations with space separation and with space-time separation yield characteristic departures from isotropy, including clear ‘upstream–downstream’ unsymmetries which cannot be classified simply as axis tilting of ellipse-like iso-correlation contours.The high wave-number structure is roughly locally isotropic although the turbulence Reynolds number based on Taylor ‘microscale’ and r.m.s. turbulent velocity is only 130. Departures from isotropy in the turbulent velocity gradient moments are measurable.The approximation to homogeneity permits direct estimation of all components of the turbulent pressure/velocity-gradient tensor, which accounts for inter-component energy transfer and helps to regulate the turbulent shear stress. It is found that its principal axes are aligned with those of the Reynolds stress tensor. Finally, the Rotta (1951, 1962) linear hypothesis for intercomponent energy transfer rate is roughly confirmed.
Catalytic Dehalogenation of sp2 C−F and C−Cl Bonds in Fluoro- and Chloroalkenes

Catalytic dehalogenation of fluorinated and chlorinated ethylenes by (PPh3)3RhCl in the presence of Et3SiH at 35 °C is described, and product identity and kinetic parameters were determined. This system has an intramolecular preference for Cl over F removal, an intermolecular preference for F- over Cl-containing alkenes, and a strong preference for sp2 over sp3 carbon−halogen bonds. Both the substitution pattern and the substituent identity are important in determining the rate of the dehalogenation.
Use of altrenogest alone or in combination with PMSG to control the preovulatory LH surge in gilts

Abstract Sixty-four cycling gilts were used to study the effects of altrenogest (AT) alone or in combination with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG). PMSG was administered at different times before and after AT removal and the variations in onset of the preovulatory LH surge, estrus and the interval to peak LH concentrations were studied. Each gilt was individually administered 15 mg AT daily in the ration for 14 consecutive days, with the day of AT removal designated as day 0. PMSG (750 I.U.) was injected SC at day −1, 0 and 1 ( N= 16 treatment ). Sixteen control gilts (C) received a saline (1 ml) injection on the last day of AT feeding. Percentages of gilts failing to exhibit estrus were: PMSG−1 (0%), PMSG−0 (0%), PMSG+1 (6.2%) and controls (31.2%). Mean intervals( ± SEM) from last feeding of AT to onset of the preovulatory LH surge were 104±5, 99±3, 106±3 and 103±5 h for the PMSG−1, PMSG−0, PMSG+1 and C groups, respectively. Time from last feeding of AT to onset of standing estrus was 116±6, 107±4, 112±3 and 112±4 h, respectively, for the four groups. The respective mean LH peak values were 5.5±0.7 (P
Ancient diversification of Hyposmocoma moths in Hawaii.

Hyposmocoma is a diverse lineage of moths that occur across the entire Hawaiian Archipelago. Here, Haines et al. show that Hyposmocoma is about 15 million years old, much older than the most recent islands, and that these moths have dispersed from remote Northwestern islands in many independent events.
Aspirin or Other Nonsteroidal Inflammatory Agent Exacerbated Asthma

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is an asthma phenotype with a prevalence that ranges from 2% to 25% of the asthma population. The 2% prevalence applies to patients with mild and 25% to severe, persistent asthma. COX-1–inhibiting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin, aggravate the preexisting upper and lower respiratory disease, sometimes in a life-threatening manner. The upper airway disease is characterized by an eosinophilic, hyperplastic rhinosinusitis with polyps. Eosinophilia, both peripheral and in the airways with Th2 inflammation, characterizes this disease. The role of allergic sensitivity in AERD is unclear, even though more than 30% of affected patients produce specific IgE to environmental allergens. Clinically, the respiratory symptoms are not usually associated with allergen exposure. The mechanism responsible for this phenotype is likely related to leukotriene (LT) metabolism because patients who are affected compared with patients who were aspirin tolerant, produce greater amounts of cysteinyl LTs. The synthesis of cysteinyl LTs is further increased after aspirin challenge and symptom exacerbation. Eosinophilia as well as a variety of other biologic markers, for example, Th2 cytokines, peripheral blood periostin, and LT enzymes and receptors, are associated with AERD both in the blood and in respiratory mucosa. These markers may help identify patients with AERD, but aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs challenge is the primary means to confirm the diagnosis. A variety of single nucleotide polymorphisms and genes are associated with AERD, but the studies to date are limited to select populations and have not conclusively demonstrated a uniform genetic pattern in subjects with this disease. Treatment of AERD can be challenging because the nasal symptoms, including polyposis, are often refractory to both surgery and medical treatment, and the asthma can be difficult to control. Aspirin desensitization, followed by daily aspirin administration, can improve both upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms in up to 60% of individuals.
INFERRING PHYLOGENIES FROM mtDNA VARIATION: MITOCHONDRIAL-GENE TREES VERSUS NUCLEAR-GENE TREES.

An accurately resolved gene tree may not be congruent with the species tree because of lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms. DNA sequences from the mitochondrially encoded genes (mtDNA) are attractive sources of characters for estimating the phylogenies of recently evolved taxa because mtDNA evolves rapidly, but its utility is limited because the mitochondrial genes are inherited as a single linkage group (haplotype) and provide only one independent estimate of the species tree. In contrast, a set of nuclear genes can be selected from distinct chromosomes, such that each gene tree provides an independent estimate of the species tree. Another aspect of the gene-tree versus species-tree problem, however, favors the use of mtDNA for inferring species trees. For a three-species segment of a phylogeny, the branching order of a gene tree will correspond to that of the species tree if coalescence of the alleles or haplotypes occurred in the internode between the first and second bifurcation. From neutral theory, it is apparent that the probability of coalescence increases as effective population size decreases. Because the mitochondrial genome is maternally inherited and effectively haploid, its effective population size is one-fourth that of a nuclear-autosomal gene. Thus, the mitochondrial-haplotype tree has a substantially higher probability of accurately tracking a short internode than does a nuclear-autosomal-gene tree. When an internode is sufficiently long that the probability that the mitochondrial-haplotype tree will be congruent with the species tree is 0.95, the probability that a nuclear-autosomalgene tree will be congruent is only 0.62. If each of k independently sampled nuclear-gene trees has a probability of congruence with the species tree of 0.62, then a sample of 16 such trees would be required to be as confident of the inference based on the mitochondrial-haplotype tree. A survey of mtDNA-haplotype diversity in 34 species of birds indicates that coalescence is generally very recent, which suggests that coalescence times are typically much shorter than internodal branch lengths of the species tree, and that sorting of mtDNA lineages is not likely to confound the species tree. Hybridization resulting in transfer of mtDNA haplotypes among branches could also result in a haplotype tree that is incongruent with the species tree; if undetected, this could confound the species tree. However, hybridization is usually easy to detect and should be incorporated in the historical narrative of the group, because reticulation, as well as cladistic events, contributed to the evolution of the group.
Cognitive functioning in elderly depressed patients with and without psychosis

Cognitive deficits occurring with major depression in the elderly are well recognized. However, cognitive differences in depressed patients with and without psychotic features have received little attention. Of 14 consecutively referred elderly patients with major depression, the eight patients with psychotic features had significantly more cognitive deficits on neuropsychological tests than the six patients with major depression without psychotic features. The differences in performance IQ were most remarkable, but the differences extended to verbal IQ subtests, word fluency and memory.
Empirical bayes single sampling plans for specified posterior consumer and producer risks

Empirical Bayes single-sample acceptance sampling procedures are derived. These procedures assume that the lot fraction defective varies randomly according to a completely unknown and unspecified prior distribution. The unknown prior density function is estimated based on sampling results from previous lots. A procedure is developed for obtaining single-sampling plans that achieve specified posterior consumer and producer risks. The procedures are illustrated for a real-data example.
New Evidence Suggesting Segmentation of Cocos Plate: ABSTRACT

Compilation and analysis of geophysical and geological data indicate that the Cocos plate consists of three segments that have individual poles of rotation and independent motion vectors. Contoured heat-flow and gravity maps of the region delineate the boundaries of the segments within the Cocos plate. These segments have different focal-plane solutions along the Middle America Trench and different sedimentary-basin configurations within the Central America-Mexico island arc. Recent studies of seismic data from the region also have suggested that the subducted Cocos plate consists of three segments. The proposed northern and central segments are separated by the northeast-trending Siqueros-Tehuantepec Ridge fracture zone. The proposed central and southern segments are separated by the northeast-trending Costa Rica fracture zone that is located just northwest of the Cocos Ridge and extends from the Galapagos rift to the central valley of Costa Rica. Poles of rotation and relative motion vectors have been calculated with respect to the Caribbean plate for each segment. The northern segment is moving N75°E, oblique to the trench; the central segment is moving N50°E, perpendicular to the trench; the southern segment is moving north, perpendicular to the trench. The Siqueros-Tehuantepec and Costa Rica fracture zones appear to join with "tectonized" zones that dissect the Central America-Mexico island arc and extend across the Caribbean plate, suggesting that it too is segmented. Structural and stratigraphic data from the sedimentary basins End_Page 278------------------------------ of the island arc suggest that these fracture zones have existed throughout the Tertiary history of the region. End_of_Article - Last_Page 279------------
Solidity and Blade Number Effects on a Fixed Pitch, 50 W Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Experimental studies were conducted on a modified Rutland 500 horizontal axis wind turbine to evaluate numerical implications of solidity and blade number on the aerodynamic performance. Wind tunne...
Predicting chemical accumulation in shoots of aquatic plants

Chemical exchange dynamics expected for diffusive transfer of a chemical between aqueous solution and plant shoots, and expected bioconcentration based on partitioning properties of the chemical, are explored by using a three—compartment model. The model utilizes three dynamic compartments-leaves, stems, and aqueous exposure medium. Chemical mass flux is dependent on the morphometry of the plant species, on exposure concentration, and on partitioning character of the chemical. The steady-state bioconcentration factor (KSH) is dependent on composition of the plant species and partitioning character of the chemical. The model was parameterized for three species of aquatic plants (Myriophyllum spicatum, Bacopa caroliniana, and Hydrilla verticillata) and two chlorinated benzenes (1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene [TCB] and 1,2-dichlorobenzene [DCB]). Predictions of uptake and bioconcentration are compared to results of static laboratory studies conducted with whole shoots of the three species over exposure periods ranging from 1 h to 21 d. Predicted tissue burdens and Ksh values are generally within one standard deviation of measured values. Shoots approach steady-state tissue burdens between 1 and 3 d after initial exposure. Ksh values for TCB (360-750), the more hydrophobic chemical, are at least an order of magnitude greater than those measured for DCB (11-28).