cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animation in the winchester graphics system

Abstract The Winchester Graphics System provides a facility for animation of molecular dynamics data. It features simple user setup of various picture types and realtime user control of speed and viewpoint during the animation. The system operates by preparing frames in display list format on a mainframe and storing them in mainframe virtual storage. During the animation the frames are sent at a user controlled rate of up to 30 frames/s via a minicomputer to a display system. The minicomputer also monitors user control devices to prepare viewpoint transformations. These viewpoint transformations are applied by the display system. The user setup of different pictures is simplified by a powerful relational database and by ease of adding new application programs. The realtime display relies on substantial mainframe memory, and a high bandwidth path to the display system. We have applied the system to a simulation of the dynamics of avian-pancreatic-polypeptide. Stick diagrams, surface plots and distance matrices have been used.
Histological Asymmetry in the Primary Visual Cortex of the Rat: Implications for Mechanisms of Cerebral Asymmetry

The present study was designed to specify the contributions of various histological parameters to hemispheric asymmetry of architectonic areas. It was found that the primary visual cortex of the rat is asymmetrical in volume, and that the asymmetry reflects side differences in the number of neurons. The implications of this finding for the understanding of mechanisms involved in the production of brain asymmetries are discussed.
Navajos and Eastern Kentuckians: A Comparative Study in the Cultural Consequences of the Demographic Transition1

AS THE social sciences accumulate significant collections of observations and hypotheses, convergence between disciplines is to be expected. This paper discusses an aspect of such convergence between social anthropology and demography. The hypotheses are derived from the theory of demographic transition. In oversimplified form, the theory describes the relation between births and deaths as societies industrialize. Birth and death rates are both high before industrialization; at the beginning of industrialization, death rates fall, but birth rates remain high (perhaps for a century or more); then birth rates also fall to approximate a balance with death rates. This theory will be elaborated as the discussion proceeds. A basic problem is that data are extremely meager for the earliest stages, and especially for preliterate peoples. For peasant cultures, data are either faulty or the culture is so heterogeneous as to vitiate any careful study of the association of culture and demography. Recently, however, substantial demographic and soci-economic data have become available for the Navajo (cf. Hillery and Essene 1963), an acculturated but still essentially preliterate people. In addition, considerable data have been collected by the same agencies on the peoples of Eastern Kentucky (see Brown and Ramsey 1962; Hillery 1966), probably the most folk-like segment of Anglo-Saxon Protestant culture in the U. S. today (cf. Ford 1962; Aurbach 1960). Being more sensitive to American culture, Eastern Kentuckians should be more heavily influenced by industrialization than is true of the Navajo. We can thus expect that there is some difference between these cultures according to transition theory, though both of them may be regarded as in the earlier stages of demographic transition (see Stockwell 1963a). If this is so, then we have a sensitive test of certain hypotheses that have been advanced for transition theory by Donald Cowgill (1963). Hypotheses and consequences. The paper is organized around a series of propositions advanced by Cowgill (1963). For purposes of this paper, the propositions are recast in the form of hypotheses. The data are then offered as a test of these hypotheses. However, we cannot claim that the tests are conclusive. Rather, the data are important because they are unique and because they set certain limits to the theory. We are in effect phrasing the tests thusly: In order for transition theory to be valid, it must be accountable to the data pre-
On the structure of renin substrate

Hydrolysis of partially purified renin substrate for 0.5 h in 1 M alcoholic NaOH at room temperature liberated the tetradecapeptide previously obtained by Skeggs et al. (J. Exp. Med., 106 (1957) 439) by tryptic digestion of renin substrate. Hydrolysis of the tetradecapeptide in 6 M HCl yielded 10 amino acids in the proper ratio except for leucine which was low. Hydrolysis of the tetradecapeptide by renin yielded angiotensin I and hydrolysis by renin (EC 3.4.4.15) and converting enzyme yielded histidylleucine and angiotensin II. Release of the tetradecapeptide by alkali indicates an ester bond whereas release by trypsin indicates an arginyl or lysyl linkage. Since the C-terminus of the tetradecapeptide is serine, the carbonyl function of the ester bond must come from an arginyl or lysyl residue in the protein.
Papular polymorphic light eruption: an immunoperoxidase study using monoclonal antibodies

SUMMARY Biopsy specimens of papules taken from eight patients with polymorphic light eruption were examined by immunoperoxidase techniques employing monoclonal antibodies. In each case, most infiltrating mononuclear cells were T cells. The majority of T cells were T8-positive (cytotoxic/suppressor) in four cases and T4-positive (helper/inducer) in two. In two cases, approximately equal numbers of both T cell subsets were present. In only three cases were rare B cells identified by their reactivity with anti-IgM antibody. M1-positive mononuclear cells (macrophages) represented less than 5% of cells infiltrating the dermis. In five subjects, anti-T6 antibody stained increased numbers of dermal mononuclear cells considered to be Langerhans/indeterminate cells. The pathogenesis of papular polymorphic light eruption may involve injury to upper dermal venules mediated by T cells and Langerhans/indeterminate cells.
Hydrodynamics of Cholesterics in an Extenal Magnetic Field

Abstract -Linearized hydrodynamical equations for a cholesteric liquid crystal with anisotropic magnetic permeability less than zero in an external magnetic field are derived. The mode structure in the absence of dissipation is determined. There is a transverse shear mode for directions of propagation perpendicular to the pitch axis with sound velocity where H is the external field, ρ the mass density, μa the magnitude of the anisotropic permeability, q0 2π over the pitch, and K1 and Ks are Frank elastic constants.
Not Staying Home: The Experience of Uzbek Women Crisis Counselors and Therapists

This study explored the experiences of Uzbek women therapists and counselors working to end violence against women through their involvement in nongovernmental organizations. A content analysis was used, which elicited four themes: (a) participants' early interactions provided them with an awareness of gender injustices that led them into adult leadership roles with the support of family members; (b) motivation to work with nongovernmental organizations developed due to perceived barriers that impeded women's access to resources and personal freedoms; (c) participants struggled with how to create crisis centers without a grassroots foundation and with the limitations placed on them by the Uzbek government; and (d) the paradox of feminism: participants held views of Western feminism that both inspired and disturbed them, resulting in distance from feminist identities but general respect for its philosophies.
The effect of Monochamus titillator (F.) (Col., Cerambycidae) foraging on the emergence of Ips calligraphus (Germ.) (Col., Scolytidae) insect associates

Mechanical exclusion techniques are used to evaluate the interspecific competition between Monochamus titillator (F.) and the insect natural enemies of Ips calligraphus (Germar). M. titillator foraging and insect natural enemy activity account for 89% of sub-bark I. calligraphus mortality, but extensive late season foraging by M. titillator on non-mobile insect natural enemies prevents extensive bark beetle population suppression. Zusammenfassung Uber die Wirkung des Frases von Monochamus titillator (F.) (Col., Cerambycidae) auf das Schlupfen von Ips calligraphus (Germ.) (Col., Scolytidae) Es wurde ein mechanisches Ausschlusverfahren angewandt, um die interspezifische Konkurrenz zwischen M. titillator und den rauberischen Feinden von I. calligraphus zu untersuchen. Der Bockkaferfras und die Aktivitat der Borkenkaferfeinde machten zusammen 89 % der Unterrinden-Mortalitat von I. calligraphus aus, jedoch verhutete eine umfangreiche Spatsaison-Vernichtung der nicht-beweglichen Borkenkaferfeinde durch M. titillator einen starken Ruckgang der Borkenkaferpopulation.
Colonial aversions and domestic desires: Blood, race, sex and the decline of intimacy in early British India

(2001). Colonial aversions and domestic desires: Blood, race, sex and the decline of intimacy in early British India. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 24, Sexual sites, seminal attitudes: Sexualities, masculinites and culture in South Asia, pp. 25-45.
Human fetal adrenal definitive and fetal zone metabolism of pregnenolone and corticosterone: alternate biosynthetic pathways and absence of detectable aldosterone synthesis.

In the rhesus monkey and ovine fetus in utero, aldosterone concentrations do not rise in response to surgical stress, ACTH, or angiotensin-II, all of which are secretagogues for this mineralocorticoid in the adult. To assess the mechanism of this phenomenon in the human fetus, metabolism of pregnenolone and corticosterone by second trimester human fetal adrenal definitive zone and fetal zone tissue was studied. After incubation of fresh tissue with trace amounts of [3H]pregnenolone or [3H]corticosterone, the products of metabolism were separated using high performance liquid chromatography and quantified. The Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone and their sulfates comprised 85–90% of metabolized pregnenolone. In the fetal zone, cortisol was the predominant secreted Δ4-3-ketosteroid, accounting for 6–8% of the metabolized pregnenolone. In the definitive zone, progesterone and corticosterone were the predominant secreted Δ4-3-ketosteroids, each accounting for about 2% of t...
Hormone-Sensitive Adenyl Cyclase: Cytochemical Localization in Rat Liver

An electron microscopic procedure has been developed, using rat liver, for the localization of hormone-sensitive adenyl cyclase. Isoproterenol-sensitive adenyl cyclase is located almost exclusively in the parenchymal cells. In contrast, glucagon-sensitive adenyl cyclase is located primarily in the reticulo-endothelial cells but is also present in parenchymal cells. Sodium fluoride-sensitive adenyl cyclase is found in both cell types.
Fission yeast pkl1 is a kinesin-related protein involved in mitotic spindle function.

Abstract We have used anti-peptide antibodies raised against highly conserved regions of the kinesin motor domain to identify kinesin-related proteins in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here we report the identification of a new kinesin-related protein, which we have named pkl1. Sequence homology and domain organization place pkl1 in the Kar3/ncd subfamily of kinesin-related proteins. Bacterially expressed pkl1 fusion proteins display microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity, nucleotide-sensitive binding, and bundling of microtubules. Immunofluorescence studies with affinity-purified antibodies indicate that the pkl1 protein localizes to the nucleus and the mitotic spindle. Pkl1 null mutants are viable but have increased sensitivity to microtubule-disrupting drugs. Disruption of pkl1+ suppresses mutations in another kinesin-related protein, cut7, which is known to act in the spindle. Overexpression of pkl1 to very high levels causes a similar phenotype to that seen in cut7 mutants: V-shaped and star-shaped microtubule structures are observed, which we interpret to be spindles with unseparated spindle poles. These observations suggest that pkl1 and cut7 provide opposing forces in the spindle. We propose that pkl1 functions as a microtubule-dependent motor that is involved in microtubule organization in the mitotic spindle.
Observable effects of poles and shadow poles in coupled-channel systems.

Using separable potentials in a coupled-channel Lippmann-Schwinger equation, we investigate the motion of poles on the different Riemann sheets and their observable effects as the coupling strength is varied. Only in the weak-coupling limit can one determine in which uncoupled channel the pole originated by the sheet on which it lies. Cusp structure versus resonance peak as one crosses a threshold is found to depend on the distance of the pole from the physical sheet. Resonance poles in each uncoupled channel can produce double-loop Argand plots similar to those seen in \ensuremath{\pi}N ${P}_{11}$ amplitude analysis.
Elementary social studies textbooks

Recent criticisms of textbooks have included accusations of favoring breadth over depth, dry writing, lack of context, failure to integrate minority groups, and overillustration. Social studies texts have, in addition, been criticized for meaning-less content, unclear goals, inadequate explanation, separation of knowledge from skills, and other failings. The authors of this article have specified other common faults. As a corrective, they suggests a return to the notion of developing curricula as means to accomplish major goals phrased in terms of intended student outcomes, and aligning social studies instruction with major social education goals.
Behaviour and breeding biology of the cooperatively breeding Grey‐backed Fiscal Shrike Lanius excubitorius in Kenya

Grey-backed Fiscal Shrikes Lanius excubitorius were studied over a 2j year period near Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Grey-backs are cooperative breeders, with group sizes ranging from two to II. Only one pair breeds per group, with all other group members aiding in the rearing of young. The study population ranged from 64 to 79 individuals that occurred in from 13 to 16 groups. Non-breeding helpers made up to 66% of the population, with male helpers being more numerous overall than females. The annual survival rate was 65%, with no differences detected between the survival of males and females, or of breeders and helpers. Only male helpers were observed to acquire breeding status within the natal territory. Some female helpers acquired breeding positions in territories adjacent to their natal territories. Group territorial displays occurred throughout the year but were most pronounced prior to breeding during rainy periods. Reproductive success was very low, with only 14.5% of the recorded breeding attempts leading to fledged young. Large groups (four or more birds) had greater reproductive success than small groups, but many factors other than, or in addition to, group size may have influenced this pattern. The breeding male contributed the most food to the incubating female and to the nestlings. Male helpers and the breeding female contributed more to nestlings than did female helpers. Observations on the post-fledging period indicate that socialization and establishment of dominance may be of importance in group-living species living in a restricted ecological and social setting.
Reproductive and life stage-specific effects of aqueous copper on the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.

Abstract Palaemonetes pugio exposed to copper (9 or 26 μg Cu 2+ /L) for a full life cycle were unable to produce viable embryos, precluding completion of the life cycle, despite no lethal effects on larval, juvenile, or adult life stages. Exposure to copper also resulted in a significant delay in larval development. When adults raised in copper were transferred to control seawater, they produced viable embryos, but larval output per clutch was reduced by 43% compared to clutches from females that had never been exposed to copper, suggesting reduced energetic allocation to reproduction. In acute exposures, adults exposed to copper for as little as three days were unable to produce viable embryos. Furthermore, exposure of control embryos to copper reduced hatching success by 74%. The reduction in hatching success and energetic allocation to reproduction are unlikely to be completely responsible for the lack of larval production observed in pre-spawning exposures to copper, suggesting that copper may also inhibit processes before or during spawning and fertilization.
Reexpression following readministration of an adenoviral vector in adult mice after initial in utero adenoviral administration.

Adenovirus-mediated gene delivery is limited by the induction of immune responses that produce toxicity and prevent reexpression. To determine whether adenoviral delivery in the preimmune fetus would produce tolerance, we assessed luciferase ( luc ) expression following sequential pre- and postnatal adenoviral-mediated gene delivery. Day 15 fetuses were injected intrahepatically with 1 × 10 7 pfu of an adenoviral- luc vector (Ad- luc ). Following in utero injection, hepatic luc expression persisted 1 month postnatally. No humoral response to adenovirus or luc was detected. Adult mice, previously injected in utero , were reinjected intravenously with 5 × 10 8 pfu of Ad- luc at 3 months of age and again at 6 months with either 5 × 10 8 pfu of Ad- luc or cationic liposome–DNA complexes (CLDC). Following the first postnatal injection, animals injected in utero had levels of luc comparable to those of age-matched naive controls. However, both control and experimental animals subsequently developed antibodies to adenovirus and luc . No further expression was achieved with a second postnatal injection of Ad- luc or with delivery of CLDC- luc . These studies demonstrate that the delivery of adenoviral vectors in utero at E15 does not elicit an immune response. However, delivery of recombinant adenovirus postnatally results in brisk and limiting immune responses regardless of the in utero exposure.
Tunneled central venous catheter insertion.

In a short time, central venous access has become a very common procedure in interventional radiology. With the aid of image guidance, interventional radiologists can quickly and safely insert a variety of venous access devices in a variety of patients. Catheter malposition has been effectively eliminated and procedural-related complications such as pneumothorax have been markedly reduced. Tunneled central venous catheter insertion is a procedure that should be in the armamentarium of all interventional radiologists.
A Clinical and Immunologic Study of Workers with Trimellitic-Anhydride-induced Immunologic Lung Disease after Transfer to Low Exposure Jobs

The objective of the study was to determine the clinical and immunologie status of trimellitic anhydride (TMA) workers who have had immunologic lung diseases and who have been moved to lower exposure jobs. Twenty-nine consecutive workers with TMA-induced immunologic lung diseases who had been moved to low exposure jobs for more than 1 yr were studied retrospectively. Pulmonary symptoms were obtained by physician-administered questionnaire. Immunologic studies were performed using radioimmunoassay. Spirometry and chest film were obtained. Workers with late asthma (LA) (n = 3), late respiratory systemic syndrome (LRSS) (n = 8), or both LRSS and asthma rhinitis (A/R) (n = 6) had improved symptoms, improved pulmonary functions, and lower total antibody against TM-HSA. Five of the 12 workers with A/R had improved symptoms, improved pulmonary functions, and lower IgE against TM-HSA, whereas seven continued to have moderate to severe symptoms, abnormal pulmonary functions, and elevated IgE against TM-HSA. There ...
Generalizing from the corneal reflection technique: a methodological study.

The study objective was to determine how the occlusion of one eye and the restraint of head movement, restrictions commonly imposed when measuring eye movements by corneal reflection, affected the ...
A Pareto-improving commodity tax reform under a smooth nonlinear income tax

Abstract This paper analyzes the welfare effects of commodity tax reform in an economy with a nonlinear income tax and linear commodity taxes. The main result is that we can find a tax reform program that improves every consumer's utility in the Pareto sense unless efficiency loss in the economy is minimized under incentive compatibility. The tax reform rule proposed here applies to a broad class of economies with arbitrary smooth income taxes. The expenditure function approach makes our analyses clear and simple. Some intuition is presented on the role of commodity taxation in a mixed tax economy. The relationship with previous work in optimal tax and tax reform theory is also discussed. We extend our result to the case where the government spends tax revenue to provide a public good.
STRUCTURE IN THE PION-PROTON TOTAL CROSS SECTION BETWEEN 2 AND 3 Bev

The total cross sections for rature of the d /sup ction in DDT-C/ / on protons in the energy range from 1.5 to 6 Bev were measured in a transmission experiment. The data were taken in small energy steps and with a statistical accuracy of about 1%. The results indicate two statistically significant and previously unreported pion-nucleon resonances, one in each of the two isotopic spin states. The resonances occur at 2.19 and 2.36 Bev with isotopic spins of 1/ 2 and 3/2, respectively. (C.E.S.)
Factor XI Deficiency Acquired by Liver Transplantation

Abstract ▪ Factor XI deficiency (the Rosenthal syndrome), an autosomal recessive genetic defect, was transmitted to a patient after orthotopic liver transplantation. The deficiency was manifested b...
Hypophysial portal vessel infusion: in vivo demonstration of LRF, FRF, and PIF in pituitary stalk plasma.

Plasma from pituitary stalk blood or plasma from femoral artery blood from one group of rats (donors) was infused (at the rate of 2 μl/min for 30 min) into a hypophysial portal vessel of other rats (recipients). Infusion of stalk plasma from donor animals, which had been given 1.25 μg dopamine hydrochloride via the third ventricle, caused a marked increase in the release of LH and FSH in the recipients but a decrease in the release of prolactin. Infusion of stalk plasma from donors not given dopamine had a slight but statistically insignificant effect on the release of LH, FSH, or prolactin in the recipient animals. Infusion of arterial plasma from both types of donors had no effect on the release of these three hormones. These results are considered to indicate that LRF, FRF, and PIF activities in stalk blood are increased following the administration of dopamine via the third ventricle. (Endocrinology 89: 1042, 1971)
Enzyme replacement therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis type I

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme α-L-iduronidase (IDUA), which presents with a wide spectrum of phenotypes. Recently, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) became available for patients with MPS I and has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in patients with the milder Hurler-Scheie and Scheie phenotypes. Treatment for 26 weeks with recombinant human IDUA (laronidase) has been shown to significantly increase the percentage of predicted normal forced vital capacity and the distance walked in the 6-minute walk test. There was also a clear reduction in the volume of the liver and the levels of urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion. The drug was generally well tolerated. There were no drug-related severe adverse events, and although the majority of patients developed IgG antibodies, these declined by the end of the study. Conclusion: ERT seems to be a very promising new therapeutic regimen for patients with MPS I, especially for those with the less severe variants. However, as laronidase does not cross the blood-brain barrier it will probably not influence the central nervous manifestations in the most severely affected patients with the Hurler phenotype, although it may improve general lung and heart function, making bone marrow transplantation easier to tolerate.
Onset of thermal convection in a saturated porous medium: experiment and analysis

Abstract The onset time of convection in a saturated porous medium heated from below is determined analytically and experimentally. By assuming local thermal equilibrium between the fluid and solid phases, linear amplification theory is applied to the governing equations based on local volume averaging. The parameters of the problem are the Rayleigh number, the Prandtl number and the porous medium shape parameter. The dependency of the onset time on these parameters is examined. The onset time is measured for a system composed of glass beads and water. Four different bead diameters are used. In all cases, relatively good agreement is found between the predicted and measured results. The effect of the depth of the medium on the onset time and the validity of the permeability relation used are discussed.
Comparison of generalized transport and Monte-Carlo models of the escape of a minor species

The steady-state diffusion of a minor species through a static background species is studied using a Monte Carlo model and a generalized 16-moment transport model. The two models are in excellent agreement in the collision-dominated region and in the 'transition region'. In the 'collisionless' region the 16-moment solution contains two singularities, and physical meaning cannot be assigned to the solution in their vicinity. In all regions, agreement between the models is best for the distribution function and for the lower-order moments and is less good for higher-order moments. Moments of order higher than the heat flow and hence beyond the level of description provided by the transport model have a noticeable effect on the shape of distribution functions in the collisionless region.
Study on CA-Based Quality Prediction Model of Internal Cracks in Continuous Casting Billet

In continuous casting, it is very important to predict and detect the internal cracks of billet in time for ensuring continuous production, improving product quality and reducing production costs. In this paper, Clustering analysis method is adopted to do feature extraction and classification for on-site data, by which ladder parameter tables of processing parameters and defect grades of internal cracks are got. Fault tree analysis (FTA) method is adopted to analyze the effects of processing parameters on internal cracks. The solidification speed of billet is calculated by solidification heat-transfer model. Quality prediction model of internal cracks in continuous casting billet is established by quality prediction function, based on clustering analysis model of on-site data, FTA model and solidification heat-transfer model. Some samples of Steel Grade 1008 are selected for testing the quality prediction model. The percentage of accuracy for the quality prediction is 80 percent, which provides the foundation for industry application.
Turbulence and Vertical Fluxes in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Part I: A Large-Eddy Simulation Study

This study seeks to quantitatively and qualitatively understand how stability affects transport in the continuously turbulent stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer, based on a suite of large-eddy simulations. The test casesarebasedontheoneadoptedbytheGlobalEnergyandWaterCycleExperiment(GEWEX)Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study (GABLS) project, but with a largely expanded stability range where the gradient Richardson number (Rig) reaches up to around 1. The analysis is mainly focused on understanding the modification of turbulent structures and dynamics with increasing stability in order to improve the modeling of the stable atmospheric boundary layer in weather and climate models, a topic addressed in Part II of this work. It is found that at quasi equilibrium, an increase in stability results in stronger vertical gradients of the mean temperature, a lowered low-level jet, a decrease in vertical momentum transport, an increase in vertical buoyancy flux, and a shallower boundary layer. Analysis of coherent turbulent structures using two-point autocorrelation reveals that the autocorrelationof the streamwise velocity is horizontally anisotropic while the autocorrelation of the vertical velocityis relatively isotropic in the horizontal plane and its integral lengthscaledecreases as stability increases. The effects of stability on the overall turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and its budget terms are also investigated, and it is shown that the authors’ large-eddy simulation results are in good agreement with previous experimental findings across varied stabilities. Finally, Nieuwstadt’s local-scaling theory is reexamined and it is concluded that the height z is not a relevant scaling parameter and should be replaced by a constant length scale away from the surface, indicating that the z-less range starts lower than previously assumed.
A Post-Pareto Approach for Multi-Objective Decision Making Using a Non-Uniform Weight Generator Method

Abstract There exist two general approaches to solve multiple objective problems. The first approach involves the aggregation of all the objective functions into a single composite objective function. Mathematical methods such as the weighted sum method, goal programming, or utility functions are methods that pertain to this general approach. The output of this method is a single solution. On the other hand, we have the multiple objective evolutionary algorithms that offer the decision maker a set of trade off solutions usually called non dominated solutions or, Pareto-optimal solutions. This set is usually very large and the decision maker faces the problem of reducing the size of this set to have a manageable number of solutions to analyze. This paper presents a post- Pareto approach to prune the non-dominated set of solutions obtained by multiple objective evolutionary algorithms. The proposed approach uses a non-uniform weight generator method to reduce the size of the Pareto-optimal set. A pair of examples is presented to show the performance of the method.
Pharmacokinetics of morphine sulfate in patients with burns

Morphine sulfate (MS) pharmacokinetics was evaluated in seven patients with a mean body surface area burn of 21.5% to ascertain a rational basis for the management of pain in patients with burns. Treatments included a MS constant rate infusion followed by an oral MS solution (MS-OS) (5 to 15 mg administered every 3 hours) and then a 30 mg MS-controlled release tablet (MS-CR) every 8 hours. Each treatment was separated by a washout period when sampling of morphine was done. The apparent terminal half-life for MS-OS was 3 hours, which is similar to that of patients without burns, but the apparent terminal half-life for the MS-CR in patients with burns was substantially longer at 14.7 hours. The mean time to reach peak concentration for MS-CR was delayed relative to MS-OS 1.4 versus 0.5 hours, and the peak concentration was attenuated. The mean release time of the MS for the CR tablet is about 15 hours. The renal clearances of the MS-CR (114 ml/min) and MS-OS (147 ml/min) were less than the measured creatinine clearance (177 ml/min) but greater than the creatinine clearance (106 ml/min) predicted for a healthy individual. The prolonged release of MS-CR makes the MS-CR a good choice in the management of pain in patients with burns on an 8- to 12-hour dosing schedule, even though the patient might exhibit an increased clearance.
Reduction of Synaptojanin 1 Ameliorates Synaptic and Behavioral Impairments in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Decades of research have correlated increased levels of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) with neuropathological progression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and transgenic models. Aβ precipitates synaptic and neuronal anomalies by perturbing intracellular signaling, which, in turn, may underlie cognitive impairment. Aβ also alters lipid metabolism, notably causing a deficiency of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], a phospholipid that regulates critical neuronal functions. Haploinsufficiency of the gene encoding synaptojanin 1 (Synj1), a major PI(4,5)P2 phosphatase in the brain, provided protection against PI(4,5)P2 breakdown and electrophysiological deficits attributable to Aβ. Based on these data, we tested whether reduction of Synj1 could rescue cognitive deficits and Aβ-induced morphological alterations of synapses. We found that hemizygous deletion of Synj1 in the context of a mouse model expressing the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein rescues deficits in learning and memory without affecting amyloid load. Synj1 heterozygosity also rescued PI(4,5)P2 deficiency in a synaptosome-enriched fraction from the brain of Tg2576 mice. Genetic disruption of Synj1 attenuated Aβ oligomer-induced changes in dendritic spines of cultured hippocampal neurons, sparing mature spine classes, which corroborates the protective role for Synj1 reduction against Aβ insult at the synapse. These results indicate that Synj1 reduction ameliorates AD-associated behavioral and synaptic deficits, providing evidence that Synj1 and, more generally, phosphoinositide metabolism may be promising therapeutic targets. Our work expands on recent studies identifying lipid metabolism and lipid-modifying enzymes as targets of AD-associated synaptic and behavioral impairment.
Truthful Bundle/Multiunit Double Auctions

We address the mechanism design problem for a market with multiple buyers and sellers. Each buyer demands some bundle(s) of various commodities, and each seller supplies multiple units of one commodity. To design truthful double-auction mechanisms, we propose a novel “padding” method that intentionally creates imbalances between the supply availability and demand requirement by introducing a phantom buyer with unlimited budget. To the best of our knowledge, this “padding” method leads to a class of mechanisms that are the first strategy-proof, individually rational, budget-balanced, and asymptotically efficient mechanisms for the specified exchange environment. Furthermore, these mechanisms dominate known truthful bundle/single-unit mechanisms with higher efficiency, lower buying prices, and higher selling prices.
Judicial Review by the Burger and Rehnquist Courts Explaining Justices' Responses to Constitutional Challenges

In this article, the authors assess various influences on U.S. Supreme Court justices' behavior in cases involving judicial review of federal, state, and local statutes. Focusing on challenges to the constitutionality of statutes considered by the Burger and Rehnquist Courts during the 1969 to 2000 terms, the authors evaluate the impact of attitudinal, institutional, and contextual variables on individual justices' votes to strike or uphold statutes challenged before the Court. The authors find that the justices' ideological responses to the challenged statutes, the extent of amicus support for the statute, the support of the solicitor general, congressional preferences, and the existence of a civil liberties challenge to the statute are all significantly related to the justices' votes to invalidate or uphold statutes. They also find that in the Rehnquist Court, conservative justices are less likely to strike state statutes but more likely to strike federal laws than their liberal counterparts, while no s...
Instrumental analytical methods for edible oil processing: Present and future

Current trends in analytical techniques for edible oil processing are reviewed. Major emphasis is placed on advances in instrumental and automated analyses. Future goals and priorities are also discussed. Some of the major analytical topics covered are: pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, automated solid fat index, atomic absorption, automated active oxygen method, color, hydrogenation control, and gas liquid chromatography.
Classical conditioning and punishment of an instinctive response in Betta splendens

Summary Normal Betta splendens males extend their gill membranes to the visual stimulus of their mirror image or another male. This response was classically conditioned to a weak electric shock. Gill membrane extension to an opponent was suppressed by punishing it with a strong electric shock. These experiments demonstrate that an arbitrary stimulus can come to release certain instinctive patterns of response in the male Betta through the method of classical conditioning, and that punishment of this behaviour can suppress its occurrence to a normal stimulus. In this example, both methods could be used to control the same response.
Autologous minced muscle grafts: a tissue engineering therapy for the volumetric loss of skeletal muscle.

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) results in a large void deficient in the requisite materials for regeneration for which there is no definitive clinical standard of care. Autologous minced muscle graft...
Sources of ore material in endogenic deposits of lithophile rare elements

According to the geological setting and localisation la different structures, deposits of lithophile rare elements may be placed in three groups: deposits on ancient platforms sod shields, deposits of folded regions, and deposits in zones of tectonic-magmatic reactivation. We discuss the role of crustal and subcrustal sources of ore-forming components is each group. —Authors.
Understanding electron heat flux signatures in the solar wind

Suprathermal electrons (E > 80 eV) carry heat flux away from the Sun. Processes controlling the heat flux are not well understood. To gain insight into these processes, we model heat flux as a linear dependence on two independent parameters: electron number flux and electron pitch angle anisotropy. Pitch angle anisotropy is further modeled as a linear dependence on two solar wind components: magnetic field strength and plasma density. These components show no correlation with number flux, reinforcing its independence from pitch angle anisotropy. Multiple linear regression applied to 2 years of Wind data shows good correspondence between modeled and observed heat flux and anisotropy. The results suggest that the interplay of solar wind parameters and electron number flux results in distinctive heat flux dropouts at heliospheric features like plasma sheets but that these parameters continuously modify heat flux. This is inconsistent with magnetic disconnection as the primary cause of heat flux dropouts. Analysis of fast and slow solar wind regimes separately shows that electron number flux and pitch angle anisotropy are equally correlated with heat flux in slow wind but that number flux is the dominant correlative in fast wind. Also, magnetic field strength correlates better with pitch angle anisotropy in slow wind than in fast wind. The energy dependence of the model fits suggests different scattering processes in fast and slow wind.
High-power nanostructured LiMn2-xNixO4 high-voltage lithium-ion battery electrode materials : Electrochemical impact of electronic conductivity and morphology

The direct relationship between the electronic conductivity of the nanostructured spinel LiMn2-xNixO4 and its lattice parameter is reported. Within the 8.167−8.183 A range studied, there was a systematic 2.5 orders of magnitude difference between the highest electronic conductivity (cation disordered Fd3m spinel) to lowest conductivity (ordered P4332 spinel). The underlying reason behind the higher conductivity of the former was the presence of Mn3+ (nonexistent in ordered) and Mn4+ sites. The impact of the observed electronic conductivity on electrochemical performance is discussed with respect to morphological impact on ion diffusion and power delivery in various electrode formulations.
Coupling of single droplet micro-extraction with desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry

Abstract Single droplet micro-extraction (SDME) is a powerful preconcentration and purification technique for trace chemical analysis, but the detection of the resulting single droplet extract is often time-consuming with traditional detection methods such as GC/MS or LC/MS. In this study, desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was coupled with SDME to serve as a fast detection method for the first time, demonstrated by the trace analysis of methamphetamine (MA) in aqueous solution and the detection of an organic reaction product from an ionic liquid (IL). In the former application, three-phase liquid SDME was conducted to enrich MA in aqueous solution to an organic solvent and then to back-extract the analyte to a single aqueous droplet. Subsequent DESI-MS analysis can be performed either to a single droplet or multiple droplets in a row. The average enrichment factor obtained for MA was 390-fold. In the latter case, two-phase liquid SDME was conducted to directly extract the product of an organic reaction performed in a room temperature ionic liquid (i.e., the nucleophilic addition of aniline to phenyl isothiocyanate to form N,N′-diphenylthiourea in 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate). The ionization of the resulting droplet extract by DESI allows one to directly examine the reaction product without interference from the ionic liquid. Such an analysis uses a few microliters of an organic solvent, achieving green chemistry. This combined SDME/DESI-MS method is characterized with high preconcentration efficiency, high throughput capability and minimizing organic solvent waste.
On the acrylamide disc electrophoresis pattern of human G6PD.

An interconversion of the electrophoretic band components of human G6PD was obtained by NADPH-producing substances in erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, HeLa cells, fibroblast-like cells, and lymphoblastoid cells. The hypothesis is suggested that the three dimeric forms are NADP+-induced conformers and not heteromeric complexes of structurally different subunits. The involvement of thiol groups in the NADP+-binding sites is confirmed, and it appears that in their reduced state they preferentially bind NADP+.
The Zinc Requirement of the Chick

ABSTRACT RECENT research has shown that chickens require zinc as a nutrient for growth as well as normal feathering and skin condition (O’Dell and Savage, 1957a,b; Roberson and Schaible, 1957). However, the minimum and optimum amounts of zinc required in the feed have not as yet been adequately established for the different classes of poultry. Slinger et al. (1956) found that the addition of 50 ppm. of zinc to a basal diet which contained 58 ppm., caused a significant increase in the 4-week weights of male turkeys but a decrease in the weights of females. Mehring et al. (1956) reported that a practical corn-soybean oil meal type diet did not need zinc supplementation. O’Dell and Savage (1957a,b) reported that the addition of 0, 6.6, and 56 ppm. of zinc to a semi-purified diet, which contained 25 percent Drackett protein and 50 ppm. of zinc, resulted in average 4-week weights of 349, . . .
Modeling OPEC behavior: economic and political alternatives

The predominant approach to modeling OPEC behavior depends upon the assumption that economic self-interest provides the best predictor of the cartel's price and production strategy. With rational monopoly behavior, the exogenous characteristics of the oil market determine an optimal price path for the group. But OPEC members have diverse economic as well as political goals. And uncertainty about oil market responses provides substantial leeway to argue about what is optimal. An examination of the five key OPEC price decisions since 1973 shows that an operational code of advancing political priorities on Arab-Israeli issues while deflecting security challenges better explains Saudi Arabia's decision-making than the economic optimizing approach. Moreover, no economic formula alone is consistent with Saudi behavior. The balance of internal and external forces of a political or security character on Saudi leadership suggests more of a tilt toward price hawkishness than pure considerations of economic self-interest would indicate. This tilt is reinforced by a systematic weakness on the part of the U.S. government to exercise a sustained countervailing influence on the Kingdom on behalf of moderation.
Cytisine, a partial agonist of high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has antidepressant-like properties in male C57BL/6J mice.

The nicotine in tobacco is thought to modulate neuronal systems regulating mood. Moreover, it appears possible that blockade rather than activation of β2-containing (β2*) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may lead to antidepressant-like effects. We used cytisine, a partial agonist of α4/β2* nAChRs and a full agonist at α3/β4* nAChRs, in several tests of antidepressant efficacy. Further, we used c-fos expression to identify potential neurobiological correlates of the antidepressant-like effects of cytisine. Cytisine had antidepressant-like effects in several animal models of antidepressant efficacy. In addition, immunohistochemical analyses indicated that cytisine could reduce c-fos immunoreactivity in the basolateral amygdala by ~ 50%. These data show that cytisine acts like classical antidepressants in rodent models of antidepressant efficacy. In addition, cytisine’s ability to block α4/β2* nAChRs may be responsible for its antidepressant-like properties, and these may be mediated through a reduction of neuronal activity in the basolateral amygdala. These studies also suggest that both antagonists and partial agonists of α4/β2* nAChRs would be interesting targets for the development of novel antidepressant drugs.
A national general pediatric clerkship curriculum: the process of development and implementation.

Objective. To describe a new national general pediatrics clerkship curriculum, the development process that built national support for its use, and current progress in implementing the curriculum in pediatric clerkships at US allopathic medical schools. Curriculum Development. A curriculum project team of pediatric clerkship directors and an advisory committee representing professional organizations invested in pediatric student education developed the format and content in collaboration with pediatric educators from the Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics (COMSEP) and the Ambulatory Pediatric Association (APA). An iterative process or review by clerkship directors, pediatric departmental chairs, and students finalized the content and built support for the final product. The national dissemination process resulted in consensus among pediatric educators that this curriculum should be used as the national curricular guideline for clerkships. Monitoring Implementation. Surveys were mailed to all pediatric clerkship directors before dissemination (November 1994), and in the first and third academic years after national dissemination (March 1996 and September 1997). The 3 surveys assessed schools9 implementation of specific components of the curriculum. The final survey also assessed ways the curriculum was used and barriers to implementation. Outcomes. The final curriculum provided objectives and competencies for attitudes, skills, and 18 knowledge areas of general pediatrics. A total of 216 short clinical cases were also provided as an alternative learning method. An accompanying resource manual provided suggested strategies for implementation, teaching, and evaluation. A total of 103 schools responded to survey 1; 84 schools to survey 2; and 85 schools responded to survey 3 from the 125 medical schools surveyed. Before dissemination, 16% of schools were already using the clinical cases. In the 1995–1996 academic year, 70% of schools were using some or all of the curricular objectives/competencies, and 45% were using the clinical cases. Two years later, 90% of schools surveyed were using the curricular objectives, 88% were using the competencies, 66% were using the clinical cases. The extent of curriculum use also increased. Schools using 11 or more of the 18 curriculum9s knowledge areas increased from 50% (1995–1996) to 73% (1996–1997). Conclusion. This new national general pediatric clerkship curriculum developed broad support during its development and has been implemented very rapidly nationwide. During this period the COMSEP and the APA have strongly supported its implementation with a variety of activities. This development and implementation process can be a model for other national curricula.