cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex interactions using pBEVY plasmids: expressionvectors with bi-directional promoters for use in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The pBEVY (bi-directional expression vectors for yeast) plasmids were designed with constitutive and galactose-induced bi-directional promoters to direct the expression of multiple proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Using human estrogen receptor as a test gene, relatively balanced expression levels from each side of a bi-directional promoter were observed. Expression of a functional heterodimeric transcription factor composed of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) proteins was accomplished using a single pBEVY plasmid. Previous studies suggest that inhibitory cross-talk between the estrogen receptor and the Ahr/Arnt complex may occur and that Hsp90-Ahr complex formation is important for Ahr-mediated signal transduction. Evidence for functional interaction among these proteins was investigated using pBEVY plasmids in a yeast system. No inhibitory cross-talk was observed in signaling assays performed with yeast that co-expressed Ahr, Arnt and estrogen receptor. In contrast, Ahr/Arnt-mediated signal transduction was reduced by 80% in a temperature-sensitive Hsp90 strain grown under non-permissive conditions. We conclude that pBEVY plasmids facilitate the examination of multiple protein interactions in yeast model systems.
Paraxial protocadherin mediates cell sorting and tissue morphogenesis by regulating C-cadherin adhesion activity

Little is known about how protocadherins function in cell adhesion and tissue development. Paraxial protocadherin (PAPC) controls cell sorting and morphogenetic movements in the Xenopus laevis embryo. We find that PAPC mediates these functions by down-regulating the adhesion activity of C-cadherin. Expression of exogenous C-cadherin reverses PAPC-induced cell sorting and gastrulation defects. Moreover, loss of endogenous PAPC results in elevated C-cadherin adhesion activity in the dorsal mesoderm and interferes with the normal blastopore closure, a defect that can be rescued by a dominant-negative C-cadherin mutant. Importantly, activin induces PAPC expression, and PAPC is required for activin-induced regulation of C-cadherin adhesion activity and explant morphogenesis. Signaling through Frizzled-7 is not required for PAPC regulation of C-cadherin, suggesting that C-cadherin regulation and Frizzled-7 signaling are two distinct branches of the PAPC pathway that induce morphogenetic movements. Thus, spatial regulation of classical cadherin adhesive function by local expression of a protocadherin is a novel mechanism for controlling cell sorting and tissue morphogenesis.
Test collection management and labeling system

In order to evaluate the performance of information retrieval and extraction algorithms, we need test collections. A test collection consists of a set of documents, a clearly formed problem that an algorithm is supposed to provide solutions to, and the answers that the algorithm should produce when executed on the documents. Defining the association between elements in the test collection and answers is known as labeling. For mainstream information retrieval problems, there are publicly available test collections which have been maintained for years. However, the scope of these problems, and thus the associated test collections, is limited. In other cases, researchers need to build, label, and manage their own test collections, which can be a tedious and error-prone task. We were building test collections of HTML documents, for problems in which the answers that the algorithm supplies is a sub-tree of the DOM (Document Object Model). To lighten the burden of this task, we developed a test collection management and labeling system (TCMLS), to facilitate usability in the process of building test collections, applying them to validate algorithms, and potentially sharing them across the research community.
Characterizing Some of the Influences of the General Circulation on Subtropical Marine Boundary Layer Clouds

Abstract The seasonal and intraseasonal variability of boundary layer cloud in the subtropical eastern oceans is studied using combined data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis. Spectral analysis reveals that most of the time variability of cloud properties occurs on seasonal to annual timescales. The variance decreases by one to two orders of magnitude for each decade of timescale decrease, indicating that daily to monthly timescales and their spatial extent have smaller, although nonnegligible, variability. The length of these dominant timescales suggests that the majority of the variability is influenced by the general circulation and its interaction with boundary layer turbulence, rather than being a product of local boundary layer turbulence alone. Although the dominance of seasonal to annual periods in the temporal power spectra of low-cloud fraction—TAU and CTP—justifies the previous focus of effort on seas...
Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117 411 patients

Objective To investigate the effects on cardiovascular outcomes of drug interventions that increase high density lipoprotein levels. Design Meta-analysis. Studies reviewed Therapeutic benefit of niacin, fibrates, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors on cardiovascular events (all cause mortality, coronary heart disease mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and stroke). Results 117 411 patients were randomised in a total of 39 trials. All interventions increased the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. No significant effect was seen on all cause mortality for niacin (odds ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.92 to 1.15, P=0.59), fibrates (0.98, 0.89 to 1.08, P=0.66), or CETP inhibitors (1.16, 0.93 to 1.44, P=0.19); on coronary heart disease mortality for niacin (0.93, 0.76 to 1.12, P=0.44), fibrates (0.92, 0.81 to 1.04, P=0.19), or CETP inhibitors (1.00, 0.80 to 1.24, P=0.99); or on stroke outcomes for niacin (0.96, 0.75 to 1.22, P=0.72), fibrates (1.01, 0.90 to 1.13, P=0.84), or CETP inhibitors (1.14, 0.90 to 1.45, P=0.29). In studies with patients not receiving statins (before the statin era), niacin was associated with a significant reduction in non-fatal myocardial infarction (0.69, 0.56 to 0.85, P=0.0004). However, in studies where statins were already being taken, niacin showed no significant effect (0.96, 0.85 to 1.09, P=0.52). A significant difference was seen between these subgroups (P=0.007). A similar trend relating to non-fatal myocardial infarction was seen with fibrates: without statin treatment (0.78, 0.71 to 0.86, P Conclusions Neither niacin, fibrates, nor CETP inhibitors, three highly effective agents for increasing high density lipoprotein levels, reduced all cause mortality, coronary heart disease mortality, myocardial infarction, or stroke in patients treated with statins. Although observational studies might suggest a simplistic hypothesis for high density lipoprotein cholesterol, that increasing the levels pharmacologically would generally reduce cardiovascular events, in the current era of widespread use of statins in dyslipidaemia, substantial trials of these three agents do not support this concept.
Improving the performance of program monitors with compiler support in multi-core environment

Dynamic program execution monitors allow programmers to observe and verify an application while it is running. Instrumentation-based dynamic program monitors often incur significant performance overhead due to instrumentation. Special hardware supports have been proposed to reduce this overhead. However, these supports mostly target specific monitoring requirements and thus have limited applicability. Recently, with multi-core processors becoming mainstream, executing the monitored program and the monitor simultaneously on separate cores has emerged as an attractive option. However, communication between the two often becomes the new performance bottleneck due to large amounts of information forwarded to the monitor. In this paper, we present compiler techniques that aim to minimize the communication overhead. Our proposal is based on the observations that a monitor only requires specific information from the monitored programs and some information can be easily computed by the monitor from data that have already been communicated. We developed a code generator and optimization techniques to decide the set of data items to forward and the set to compute, so that the total execution time of the monitor is minimized. Our compiler can optimize a variety of monitors with diverse monitoring requirements, taking as input the control flow graph of the monitored program and the set of data that needs verification. Using a static binary rewriter, we evaluate the performance impact of the proposed compiler techniques on the SPEC2006 integer benchmarks for two intensive monitoring tasks: taint-propagation and memory bug detection. Comparing to instrumentation-based monitors, the proposed techniques can bring down the performance overhead of the two monitors from 10.6x and 9.0x to 2.36x and 2.17x, respectively.
Heterogeneously Substituted Radicals and Carbenes: Photoelectron Imaging of the FC(H)CN– and FCCN– Anions

This work represents the next step in the studies of heterogeneous substitution effects in cyanohalo radicals and carbenes. Negative-ion photoelectron imaging was used to investigate the substituted radical and carbene derivatives of fluoroacetonitrile. We report a closed-shell singlet ground state for cyanofluorocarbene, FCCN, with a directly measured adiabatic electron affinity EA = 2.081 ± 0.002 eV and a singlet–triplet gap of ΔES-T = 0.42 ± 0.04 eV, estimated through a combination of experimental and theoretical results. The open-shell singlet 1A″ state was also observed experimentally. The cyanofluoromethyl radical, FC(H)CN, was similarly estimated to have an EA of 1.53 ± 0.08 eV. This value was used to estimate the C–H bond dissociation energy (BDE) of fluoroacetonitrile, DH298 = 90.7 ± 2.8 kcal mol–1. The results are discussed in comparison with results for other fluoro- and cyano-substituted radicals and carbenes, and in light of our recent work on the radical and carbene derivatives of chloroacet...
Effect of endotoxin on rabbit alveolar phospholipids

Endobronchial saline lavage was used to recover a high lipid-containing material from the pulmonary alveolar lining layer of rabbit lungs. Rabbits were injected intravenously with a single sublethal dose of endotoxin or saline 24 hr before the lung washings. The lipids were extracted and analyzed by column, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. The total lipid content of the lavaged material consisted primarily of phospholipids (over 85%). Lung lavages from rabbits treated with endotoxin had a significantly decreased content of total lipids and phospholipids when compared to controls (P < 0.025). Of the phospholipids identified (phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidyl inositol) only phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin were significantly different. Phosphatidylcholine was decreased (P < 0.01) while sphingomyelin was increased (P < 0.05) in the endotoxin-treated group compared to the controls. Fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylcholine from the endotoxintreated group showed a highly significant decrease in palmitic acid compared to the control group (P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed in fatty acid composition of phosphatidylethanolamine of either group. The data shows that endotoxin alters pulmonary alveolar phospholipid composition in rabbits, and it is suggested that this may be related to lung surfactant. The mechanism by which endotoxin induces these alterations is not understood.
Building a genetically engineerable evolvable program (GEEP) using breadth-based explicit knowledge for predicting software defects

There has been extensive research in the area of data mining over the last decade, but relatively little research in algorithmic mining. Some researchers shun the idea of incorporating explicit knowledge with a Genetic Program environment. At best, very domain specific knowledge is hard wired into the GP modeling process. This work proposes a new approach called the Genetically Engineerable Evolvable Program (GEEP). In this approach, explicit knowledge is made available to the GP. It is considered breadth-based, in that all pieces of knowledge are independent of each other. Several experiments are performed on a NASA-based data set using established equations from other researchers in order to predict software defects. All results are statistically validated.
Knowledge and Law in Plato's Laws:

Although at one time the nocturnal council, discussed in Book XII of the Laws, was widely viewed as inconsistent with institutions presented in the earlier books, Glenn Morrow apparently solved this problem, in Plato's Cretan City, and his interpretation is accepted by most recent scholars. I revisit the case for inconsistency. As interpreted by Morrow, the nocturnal council is charged with attempting to improve the laws of Magnesia, through application of philosophic knowledge. However, textual evidence demonstrates that, at one point while he was writing the work, Plato was committed to the rule of all but unchanging laws, and to the extent laws were subject to revision, the nocturnal council played no role in this process. Unlike other inconsistencies in the Laws, this is a major conflict. Although we cannot be sure how to explain it, the most likely explanation posits a change of plans on Plato's part, the philosophical implications of which he did not fully work out.
Forty Years of NRC Publications: 1952-1991.

This article synthesizes the history and research trends of the National Reading Conference through a global analysis of 2,139 articles published in the Journal of Reading Behavior and the NRC Yearbooks. All articles published in JRB and the Yearbook through 1991 were classified by topic and method of analysis and stored in a permanent database. Systematic searches of the database yielded summary data for topic popularity, authorship trends, and methodological and philosophical shifts within the organization. The article includes recommended reading lists of NRC "firsts, classics, and oddballs."
Diffusion of light in turbid material

This paper discusses some of the present knowledge of the mathematical techniques used to describe light diffusion in turbid material such as tissues. Attention will be paid to the usefulness and limitations of various techniques. First, we review the transport theory, radiance, radiant energy fluence rate, phase functions, boundary conditions, and measurement techniques. We then discuss the first-order solution, multiple scattering, diffusion approximation, and their limitations. The plane wave, spherical wave, beam wave, and pulse wave excitations are discussed followed by a brief review of the surface scattering effects due to rough interfaces.
A Light-Activated Antibody Catalyst

A catalytic antibody for a multistep Norrish type II photochemical reaction was investigated. Absorption of light energy by α-ketoamide substrate 1b produced a high-energy biradical intermediate, that was then directed by the antibody microenvironment to form tetrahydropyrazine 13 with a kcat of 1.4 × 10-3 min-1 at 280 nm irradiation and an enantiomeric excess of 78%. Antibody-catalyzed reactions performed with radiolabeled substrate indicated that little self-inactivation (6.8 mol % covalent modification after four turnovers per antibody) occurred. The singular product obtained in the antibody-catalyzed reaction was not observed in the uncatalyzed reaction unless the pH was lowered below 4. Studies suggested that the interplay of conformational control and chemical catalysis were responsible for the high specificity. A change in protonation state of the antibody was correlated with the inclusion of a new reaction pathway in the antibody-catalyzed reaction, indicating that general-base catalysis was invol...
Imaging single living cells with a scanning near-field infrared microscope based on a free electron laser

We report the first sub-wavelength mid-infrared images under water, and describe an application to obtaining images of single living cells in water using the Stanford Free Electron Laser (FEL). Spatial resolution is enhanced at the peak of infrared absorption of water. Images were obtained of single motile fibroblasts with the FEL wavelength tuned to absorption peaks of both protein and lipid molecules. Analysis of the unexpectedly strong absorption due to lipid molecules in motile fibroblasts suggests that the concentration of lipid molecules in lamellopodia is consistent with membrane flow. ” 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Methods for the Study of Tracheal System and Copulatory Apparatus in Menacanthus stramineus

In a recent investigation of the copulatory mechanism of the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch), I used 2 techniques which may be applied in the study of other mallophagan species and arthropod groups. The first involves the effect of fixing solution on the tracheal system. When lice are killed in the fumes of either ethyl acetate or a modification of Carnoy's solution proposed by DeGiusti and Ezman (1955), and subsequently mounted in Hoyer's mounting medium (Baker and Wharton 1952: 10), the tracheal system, including the finest tubules, appear black (Fig. 1). This effect requires approximately 24 hr to appear, and it is maintained for at least 18 months. A similar effect has been shown in some less highly sclerotized members of the Acarina and Corrodentia, but it is not known how long it will be maintained by these arthropods. The cause of this darkening is not understood. Perhaps as the fumes are taken into the tracheal system they become trapped and prevent light from being transmitted through the tracheae, thus causing them to appear black.
Turning Knowledge Into Success: The Role of Collaboration in Knowledge Management Implementation

This case study describes five phases that a community college went through in developing its use of knowledge management practices to improve their student outcomes and recommends how other colleges can similarly benefit from knowledge management in meeting their goals.
Gene Conversion and the Evolution of Three Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene Families in Arabidopsis thaliana

The high number of duplicated genes in plant genomes provides a potential template for gene conversion and unequal crossing-over. Within a gene family these two processes can render all members homogeneous or generate diversity by reassorting variants among paralogs. The latter is especially feasible in families where gene diversity confers a selective advantage and thus conversion events are likely to be retained. Consequently, the most complete record of gene conversion is expected to be most evident in gene families commonly subjected to positive selection. Here, we describe the extent and characteristics of gene conversion and unequal crossing-over in the coding and noncoding regions of nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR), receptor-like kinases (RLK), and receptor-like proteins (RLP) in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Members of these three gene families are associated with disease resistance and their pathogen-recognition domain is a documented target of positive selection. Our bioinformatic approach to study the major family features that may influence gene conversion revealed that in these families there is a significant association between the occurrence of gene conversion and high levels of sequence similarity, close physical clustering, gene orientation, and recombination rate. We discuss these results in the context of the overlap between gene conversion and positive selection during the evolutionary expansion of the NBS-LRR, RLK, and RLP gene families.
Mixture Density Estimation

Gaussian mixtures (or so-called radial basis function networks) for density estimation provide a natural counterpart to sigmoidal neural networks for function fitting and approximation. In both cases, it is possible to give simple expressions for the iterative improvement of performance as components of the network are introduced one at a time. In particular, for mixture density estimation we show that a k-component mixture estimated by maximum likelihood (or by an iterative likelihood improvement that we introduce) achieves log-likelihood within order 1/k of the log-likelihood achievable by any convex combination. Consequences for approximation and estimation using Kullback-Leibler risk are also given. A Minimum Description Length principle selects the optimal number of components k that minimizes the risk bound.
Playwriting as a profession: Part II

(1955). Playwriting as a profession: Part 1. Central States Speech Journal: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 14-15.
Eosin-5-maleimide inhibits red cell Cl- exchange at a noncompetitive site that senses band 3 conformation

Eosin-5-maleimide (EM) has been used as a fluorescent probe for the external-facing transport site of the human erythrocyte band 3 protein. Changes in chloride concentration at both sides of the membrane have no significant effect on the inhibitory potency of EM as a reversible inhibitor of Cl- exchange at 0 degrees C, however, demonstrating that it is not a competitive inhibitor. The affinity of EM for the form of band 3 with the transport site facing outward is approximately five times greater than for the form with the transport site facing the cytoplasm; binding of iodide to the external transport site causes no statistically significant decrease in affinity for EM. Eosin, without the maleimide moiety, is a slightly more potent inhibitor than is EM. Erythrosin, an analogue with four iodide atoms replacing the four bromide atoms in eosin, is a much more potent inhibitor, with a half-inhibitory concentration of only 3.1 microM, > 30 times lower than that of EM. Neither eosin nor erythrosin inhibition is affected by changes in chloride concentration as would be expected for a competitive inhibitor. Thus EM and the other eosin derivatives bind to a site separate from the external transport site, but one that is affected by the changes of transport site conformation from the inward-facing to the outward-facing state.
A contention-sensitive fine-grained locking protocol for multiprocessor real-time systems

Prior work on multiprocessor real-time locking protocols has shown how to support fine-grained lock nesting with asymptotically optimal worst-case priority-inversion blocking (pi-blocking) bounds. However, contention for each resource has heretofore been considered an unconstrained variable. This paper presents the first fine-grained multiprocessor real-time locking protocol with contention-sensitive worst-case pi-blocking bounds. Contention-sensitive pi-blocking is made possible by incorporating knowledge of maximum critical-section lengths---which must be known a priori for analysis anyway---into the lock logic.
Principles Involved in Interpreting Single-Molecule Force Measurement of Biomolecules

Single-molecule manipulation techniques provide a unique tool for a close-up investigation of the complex biological properties and interactions. During the force measurement, a single molecule is pulled while its force response is monitored. However, quantifying these non-equilibrium data and using them to understand the structure-function relationship of biological systems have been challenging. We describe the mechanics of nanoscale biomolecules and the use of these force measurements for the free energy reconstruction using the recently derived non-equilibrium work theorem, i.e., Jarzynski’s equality. We also compare the results with those from other phenomenological approaches. Finally, mechanical characterization of systems such as overstretching transitions of DNA are presented, and the implications and challenges of these single-molecule force studies are discussed.
International and National Regulation of the Internet

This essay responds to a request for a discussion of "the governance issues regarding ICANN" and "similar issues existing with the national registry activities" in the context of "international and national regulation of the Internet". The essay suggests that Internet regulation today should be conceived of as involving three related spheres: Direct regulation of the internet infrastructure itself; regulation of activities that can be conducted only over the internet; and, regulation of activities which can be, but need not be, conducted over the Internet. ICANN's legitimacy is greatest in the first sphere, but it faces pressures that push it into the others. The essay also contains an extended technical section describing the participants in the internet regulatory ecology.
ALL and osteonecrosis

In this issue of Blood, Karol et al establish a link between glutamate receptor polymorphisms and osteonecrosis, using a large discovery cohort and 2 validation cohorts. One validation cohort included patients under treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the second is patients receiving glucocorticoid treatment of various other indications.
Analysis of SEER Glassy Cell Carcinoma Data: Underuse of Radiotherapy and Predicators of Cause Specific Survival.

Background: This study used receiver operating characteristic curve to analyze Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) for glassy cell carcinoma data to identify predictive models and potential disparities in outcome. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed socio-economic, staging and treatment factors. For risk modeling, each factor was fitted by a generalized linear model to predict the cause specific survival. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) were computed. Similar strata were combined to construct the most parsimonious models. A random sampling algorithm was used to estimate modeling errors. Risk of glassy cell carcinoma death was computed for the predictors for comparison. Results: There were 79 patients included in this study. The mean follow up time (S.D.) was 37 (32.8) months. Female patients outnumbered males 4:1. The mean (S.D.) age was 54.4 (19.8) years. SEER stage was the most predictive factor of outcome (ROC area of 0.69). The risks of cause specific death were, respectively, 9.4% for localized, 16.7% for regional, 35% for the un-staged/others category, and 60% for distant disease. After optimization, separation between the regional and unstaged/others category was removed with a higher ROC area of 0.72. Several socio-economic factors had small but measurable effects on outcome. Radiotherapy had not been used in 90% of patients with regional disease. Conclusions: Optimized SEER stage was predictive and useful in treatment selection. Underuse of radiotherapy may have contributed to poor outcome.
Abstract 663: YK-4-279 inhibits ERG and ETV1 mediated prostate cancer cell invasion

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Chromosomal translocations involving the ETS family of transcription factors are found in a majority of prostate cancers, including the most clinically aggressive forms. These translocations produce a chimeric gene, which fuses the promoter region of an androgen responsive gene, such as TMPRSS2, to the coding region of ETS factors, most frequently ETV1 or ERG. Over-expression of ETS factors in prostate cancer cells results in a more invasive phenotype. The high prevalence of these rearrangements, and their biological significance represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer. We recently reported the development of YK-4-279, a small molecule inhibitor of EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein in Ewing's Sarcoma. ERG and ETV1 belong to the same class of ETS factors as FLI1. Due to the close homology of FLI1 with ERG and ETV1, we tested the ability of YK-4-279 to inhibit ETS biological activity in prostate cell-lines such as VCaP and LNCaP that demonstrate androgen dependent ERG and ETV1 expression, respectively. YK-4-279 inhibited ERG and ETV1 mediated transcription of target genes such as PLAU, PLAT, ADAM19 and MMP-13, which are involved in breakdown of the extracellular matrix and metastasis. YK-4-279 reduced the motility and invasive phenotype of ETV1-fusion positive LNCaP cells and ERG fusion-positive VCaP cells in in vitro invasion assays. However, ETS fusion-negative PC-3 cells were unresponsive to YK-4-279. ERG knockdown in VCaP cells resulted in a loss of drug responsiveness. Transient ERG expression in PC-3 cells resulted in an increased invasive phenotype, which was reduced by YK-4-279. Our results demonstrate that YK-4-279 inhibits ERG and ETV1 biological activity in fusion-positive prostate cancer cells leading to decreased motility and invasion. Therefore, YK-4-279 may have an impact on metastasis in prostate cancer, which is a leading cause of death, and it may be further evaluated for its clinical applications in prostate cancer, in addition to Ewing's sarcoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 663. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-663
Boethius' Fourth Tractate, the So-Called De Fide Catholica *

The exact status of the fourth tractate included among the Opuscula Sacra of Boethius is still uncertain, though the other theological works are now almost universally accepted as genuine. Boethian scholars of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were generally inclined to reject Tractate IV. Viktor Schurr, in the outstanding recent work devoted to the theological treatises, takes the same view, basing his judgment upon the lack of a title indicating authorship and upon the notation ‘actenus Boetius’ found between Tr. III and IV in Codex Augiensis XVIII (saec. IX). Schurr, like some of his predecessors, was strongly influenced in this conclusion by the doctoral dissertation of E. K. Rand. In that study Professor Rand attacked the authenticity of the unsigned treatise with vigor but also with prudence, tempering, in certain instances, the views of earlier proponents of his own position. Though he concluded that Tr. IV was not genuine, he made no secret of the uncertainties of the case.
Growth of Newcastle disease virus in the embryonated egg.

Summary1. Data are presented to support the contention that the growth of Newcastle disease virus in the developing chick embryo occurs in cycles of 4 hr. The apparent 4-hr latent period in the production of virus following the inoculation of an infective dose does not correspond to the lag phase in the multiplication of bacterial cells, but rather indicates an intercellular development of virus particles that cannot be determined by any of the present technics for measuring viral activity. The maximum adsorption of virus onto susceptible cells occurs within 10 minutes after its introduction into the embryonated egg. 2. The existence of an unequal development of infective and hemagglutinating titers during the growth of Newcastle disease virus is described and an attempted explanation for this discrepancy is made on the hypothesis that the hemagglutination unit results from a maturation of the infectious particles and cannot therefore be detected early in its growth.
Quadratic Factors of Polynomials

(1917). Quadratic Factors of Polynomials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 208-212.
Interruption of combined therapy: a factor in decreased survival.

Occasionally, during the course of combined (radiation plus surgery) treatment of head and neck malignancies, the patient experiences a profound response to radiotherapy alone and elects to decline the second phase of treatment, namely, surgery. After a variable interval, radiotherapy is reinstituted to a “curative” level.A series of 14 laryngeal and oropharyngeal carcinomas, treated in this disjointed fashion, has been examined with respect to long-term survival. The prognosis is extremely unfavorable, thus supporting a basic philosophy of continuing with the prescribed surgical treatment despite a dramatic response to noncancericidal doses of radiotherapy.The site and stage of tumor, radiation dosage, interval to completion of therapy, and incidence of local and distant metastases are examined.It appears that every effort should be made to provide continuity in the combined therapeutic protocol if the advantages of this mode of therapy are to be effective.
Study on Control Effect of Several Common Fungicides to Rice Blast in Cold Region

Select several common fungicides to rice blast in order to control of rice blast in cold region.The six common fungicides of 40% isoprothiolane EC,25% prochloraz EC,alginic acid.AS,4% kasugamycin WP,50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid TM and 3% jinggangmycin were selected to test agaist Pyricularia grisea and their efficiency was compared by field trial.The results showed: 40% isoprothiolane EC with the fungicides times of 1 000 and 800,25% prochloraz EC with 1 200 and 800,50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid TM with 1 200 and 600,3% jinggangmycin with 1 500 had 100% inhibiting rates and they inhibited better effect to rice blast.The effect of 40% isoprothiolane EC and 25% prochloraz EC were the 56.1%～70.4% and 38.7%～48.1% in the field testing.They were the effective pesticides against rice blast and could be applied in the field.
Marketing When Payment is Voluntary: Rhe Case of "Shareware"

In most marketing situations, the manufacturer or provider exchanges a product or service to a consumer in return for payment. In the market for personal computer software, however, a new marketing technique has been developed in which payment for software is strictly voluntary. Further, users of the software, regardless of whether they have paid for the program or not, are encouraged to give the program to other users for free.
A Sensor Array for the Detection and Discrimination of Methane and Other Environmental Pollutant Gases

We address the sensitive detection and discrimination of gases impacting the environment, such as CH4, NH3, SO2, and CO, using a sensor array and aided by principal component analysis (PCA). A 32-element chemiresistive sensor array consisting of nine different sensor materials including seven types of modified single-walled carbon nanotubes and two types of polymers has been constructed. PCA results demonstrate excellent discriminating ability of the chemiresistor sensor chip in the 1–30 ppm concentration range. The accuracy of the sensor was verified against data collected using cavity ring down spectroscopy. The sensor chip has also been integrated with a smartphone and has been shown to reproduce the sensing performance obtained with the laboratory measurement system.
SOP--Determining the Volume of a Container

The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is to give guidelines on how to measure the volume of a container for use in radiography studies. This SOP gives details on a recommended method of how exactly to measure the volume of containers used for specimens for Micro CT and EDS measurements. This volume is important in determining accurate densities of the specimens. This SOP is referred to in TP 48 - Preparation of Hydrogen Peroxide/Icing Sugar Specimens for X-ray Measurements by J.G. Reynolds and H.E. Martz
Azerbaijan: TVET and Sustainable Livelihoods in the Caucasus

This chapter identifies the key trends that have flowed from globalisation and challenges to traditional approaches to human resources development (HRD): that learning is now recognised as a lifelong process; that that livelihood sustainability for individuals is a balance between economic, social and environmental considerations; that formal educational systems are acknowledging these changes; and that information technologies are offering flexible, self-paced learning. The chapter explores these trends with special emphasis on technical and vocational education (TVET) in Azerbaijan.
Automatic Detection of Seismocardiogram Sensor Misplacement for Robust Pre-Ejection Period Estimation in Unsupervised Settings

Seismocardiography (SCG), the measurement of the local chest vibrations due to the movements of blood and the heart, is a non-invasive technique for assessing myocardial contractility via the pre-ejection period (PEP). Recently, SCG-based extraction of PEP has been shown to be an effective means of classifying decompensated from compensated heart failure patients, and thus can be potentially used for monitoring such patients at home. Accurate extraction of PEP from SCG signals hinges on laboratory-based population data (i.e., regression curves) linking particular time-domain features of the SCG signal to corresponding features from reference standard bulky instruments such as impedance cardiography (ICG). Such regression curves, in the case of SCG, have always been estimated based on the “ideal” positioning of the SCG sensor on the chest. However, in settings, such as the home, where users may position the SCG measurement hardware on the chest without supervision, it is likely that the sensor will not always be placed exactly on this “ideal” location on the sternum, but rather on other positions on the chest as well. In this paper, we show for the first time that the regression curve for estimating PEP from SCG signals differs significantly as the position of the sensor changes. We further devise a method to automatically detect when the sensor is placed in any position other than the desired one in order to avoid inaccurate systolic time interval estimation. Our classification algorithm for this purpose resulted in 0.83 precision and 0.82 recall when classifying whether the sensor is placed in the desired position or not. The classifier was tested with heartbeats taken both at rest, and also during exercise recovery to ensure that waveform changes due to positioning could be accurately discriminated from those due to physiological effects.
The Relation of Residential Lighting and Occupants Behavior, Perception and Welfare

Lighting is an essential component of interior design that provides functional and aesthetic qualities for the users of the space. The impact of Lighting not only on the reduction but also to highlight the beauty of residential space according to function and distribution of selected spaces is of interest in this study. The purpose of this research is to generate a complete overview of residential lighting that demonstrates the relation of residential lighting and residents users’ perceptions. The question presented in this study addresses whether residential lighting has an effect on human behavior, which eventually impacts how the occupants feel comfort, safety, and relaxation. The methodology of conducting research from the prior research involves the thematic approach, in which credible scholarly journal articles written between 1996 and 2010 were reviewed with the relation of occupants’ behavior and residential lighting in mind. The objective of this paper is to explore-support, or nullify-whether lighting affects human behavior in residential environments through the evaluation of journal articles discussing occupant’s behavior, perceptions, and energy efficiency that is impacted by lighting. The findings suggest lighting design in residential environments is essential for the well-being of occupants. While lighting may not directly affect occupants in a noticeable way, evidence from research indicates that occupants are in fact influenced by lighting. Designers must determine occupants’ needs for light in every corner as appropriate to their specific family requirements, taking into account the activities that occur in every room of the house. Designing lighting should be accompanied by taking care of the designed environment, sensitive optical artistic inclinations, as well as the overall quality of lighting.
Glomerular barrier behaves as an atomically precise bandpass filter in a sub-nanometre regime.

The glomerulus can use its glycocalyx layer to precisely control renal clearance and tumour targeting of sub-nm gold nanoclusters with size differences of just a few atoms.
Development of genetic programming-based model for predicting oyster norovirus outbreak risks.

Abstract Oyster norovirus outbreaks pose increasing risks to human health and seafood industry worldwide but exact causes of the outbreaks are rarely identified, making it highly unlikely to reduce the risks. This paper presents a genetic programming (GP) based approach to identifying the primary cause of oyster norovirus outbreaks and predicting oyster norovirus outbreaks in order to reduce the risks. In terms of the primary cause, it was found that oyster norovirus outbreaks were controlled by cumulative effects of antecedent environmental conditions characterized by low solar radiation, low water temperature, low gage height (the height of water above a gage datum), low salinity, heavy rainfall, and strong offshore wind. The six environmental variables were determined by using Random Forest (RF) and Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) methods within the framework of the GP approach. In terms of predicting norovirus outbreaks, a risk-based GP model was developed using the six environmental variables and various combinations of the variables with different time lags. The results of local and global sensitivity analyses showed that gage height, temperature, and solar radiation were by far the three most important environmental predictors for oyster norovirus outbreaks, though other variables were also important. Specifically, very low temperature and gage height significantly increased the risk of norovirus outbreaks while high solar radiation markedly reduced the risk, suggesting that low temperature and gage height were associated with the norovirus source while solar radiation was the primary sink of norovirus. The GP model was utilized to hindcast daily risks of oyster norovirus outbreaks along the Northern Gulf of Mexico coast. The daily hindcasting results indicated that the GP model was capable of hindcasting all historical oyster norovirus outbreaks from January 2002 to June 2014 in the Gulf of Mexico with only two false positive outbreaks for the 12.5-year period. The performance of the GP model was characterized with the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of 0.86, the true positive rate (sensitivity) of 78.53% and the true negative rate (specificity) of 88.82%, respectively, demonstrating the efficacy of the GP model. The findings and results offered new insights into the oyster norovirus outbreaks in terms of source, sink, cause, and predictors. The GP model provided an efficient and effective tool for predicting potential oyster norovirus outbreaks and implementing management interventions to prevent or at least reduce norovirus risks to both the human health and the seafood industry.
Two-Step Irradiance Treatment Can Achieve Excellent Pain Control During Red Light 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy for Actinic Keratoses.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the ability of two-step irradiance to maintain pain control during red light 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) for actinic keratoses (AK) and assess factors influencing pain. Background: PDT provides excellent clinical and cosmetic results in the treatment AK and early basal cell carcinomas (BCC). Widespread use of PDT is limited, in part, by pain. A two-step irradiance method for PDT has previously been shown to significantly reduce PDT-associated pain during the treatment of BCC, but the ability of this method to limit pain during the treatment of AKs has not been reported. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review to assess the level of pain during AK treatment by red light PDT (n = 99). Natural density filter was used to reduce the irradiance of the light source and initially 10 J/cm2 dose was delivered at 35 mW/cm2 and then, 65 J/cm2 dose was delivered at 70 mW/cm2. Pain level was measured using a 10-point visual analog scale at three poin...
Trust within Limits

AbstractThere have two recent challenges to the orthodoxy that ‘X trusts Y to o’ is the fundamental notion of trust. Domenicucci and Holton maintain that trust, like love and friendship, is fundame...
The Decision to Volunteer: Why Do Employees Choose to Give Their Time?

Corporate volunteering has becoming increasingly more prevalent among organizations; more than 90 percent of Fortune 500 companies have their own corporate volunteering programs (Boccalandro, 2009,...
Osseous Rosai-Dorfman Disease Presenting as a Solitary Lesion of the Distal Radius.

Rosai–Dorfman disease, also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, is a rare entity in which bone involvement occurs in less than 5% to 10% of patients and skeletal cases are usually multifocal. Extranodal solitary lesions of bone without nodal involvement or additional clinical manifestations are exceedingly rare. We present the clinical course and management of a 34-year-old African American woman who presented with the disease as a solitary lesion of the distal radius.
Unsupervised surface classification to enhance the control performance of a UGV

Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) currently serve a wide array of purposes — from mapping remote locations to planetary exploration — where surface conditions are rarely well defined ahead of time. The unknown nature of these surfaces is problematic since optimal performance of a ground vehicle depends greatly on the properties of the surface the vehicle finds itself on. In this work, an unsupervised learning algorithm that classifies surfaces and adapts driving control accordingly is presented. This project uses a modified density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm with data from a 2-D LiDAR sensor and RGB-D Camera to classify different surfaces. A control algorithm then uses acceleration data from an IMU to control a ground vehicle's traversal across different surfaces by limiting the maximum forward velocity of the vehicle based on the vibrations it experiences. The maximum velocity for each classified surface is stored, allowing the system to quickly revert to optimal operation when returning to surfaces it has previously identified.
The relative transfer of estrogens and their sulfates across the guinea pig placenta: sulfurylation of estrogens by the placenta.

In a recent report from these laboratories (2), an in situ perfusion method was described which could be used to measure the transfer of substances in either direction across the guinea pig placenta. When the procedure was applied to the estrogens, it was found that the unconjugated hormones, estrone, estradiol170, and estriol were transferred quickly under conditions in which the placenta posed an effective barrier to their glucuronide conjugates. However, it was found that when estrogens were administered to the mother, conjugates other than glucosiduronates were detected in the umbilical circulation. In the present report, evidence is presented indicating that these conjugates are estrogen sulfates, that the placenta is impermeable to these conjugates, but that the placenta can sulfurylate estrogens and release them into the umbilical circulation.