cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic value of timely determination of unexpected decreases in detection of estrus using control charts.

Total economic effects of decreased estrus detection efficiency (EDE) are a function of the economic loss per day and the length of the decrease. A stochastic dynamic dairy herd simulation model was used to determine whether estimates from permanently different EDE rates in herds of 100 and 1000 cows could approximate net returns due to temporary decreases in EDE. The default EDE was 65% and was either permanently or temporarily decreased to 55, 45, or 35%. Temporary decreases in EDE were assumed to continue until identified using cumulative sum or Shewhart control charts. Marginal changes in net return were greater at lower permanent rates of EDE, with losses ranging from $0.73 to 1.24 per extra day open. Temporary decreases in EDE typically yielded smaller effects on net return than permanent decreases, but estimates were not consistently significantly different. However, temporary (30 to 960 d) decreases in EDE affected projected herd economic performance for several years after EDE was reset to 65%. Total losses in net return due to temporary decreases in EDE ranged from $4.44 (accepting more false alarms) to $12.53 (fewer false alarms) per cow for the 100-cow herd. For the 1000-cow herd, total losses in net return ranged from $0.95 to 10.43 per cow. Total losses were not dependent on magnitude of decreased EDE because lower EDE could be detected earlier, thereby compensating for higher daily losses; for example, 35% EDE resulted in lower total losses than 55% EDE. Decreases to 55% EDE were detected sooner by cumulative sum charts, whereas decreases to 35% EDE were detected earlier by Shewhart charts. Both control charts used together can identify unexpected decreases in EDE more efficiently, thereby minimizing potential economic losses.
3-D prestack migration in anisotropic media

A three-dimensional (3-D) prestack reverse-time migration algorithm for common-source P-wave data from anisotropic media is developed and illustrated by application to synthetic data. Both extrapolation of the data and computation of the excitation-time imaging condition are implemented using a second-order finite-difference solution of the 3-D anisotropic scalar-wave equation. Poorly focused, distorted images are obtained if data from anisotropic media are migrated using isotropic extrapolation; well focused, clear images are obtained using anisotropic extrapolation. A priori estimation of the 3-D anisotropic velocity distribution is required. Zones of anomalous, directionally dependent reflectivity associated with anisotropic fracture zones are detectable in both the 3-D common-source data and the corresponding migrated images.
A Fourtheenth-Century Hospitaller Account Book from Hispania

The dissolution of the Order of the Temple in 1312 created a massive reorganization of former Templar properties throughout Europe. Most of the properties passed to the Order of the Hospital, which then had to reorganize its properties in Spain and France and surrender its lands in Valencia to the new Oder of Montesa. There is little evidence in the main Archives of the Order of the Hospital in Malta for this massive reorganization. But the recent discovery of an account book entitled Receptarum linguae hispania (Archive 2190) in the Malta archives provides new information about the organization and income of Hospitaller priories of St. Gilles in Languedoc and Catalonia immediately following the death of the Aragonese Master Juan Fernandez de Heredia. Archive 2190 contains the accounts for yeafs 1397-1402 organized by senescalia, priories, and houses. A careful analysis of Archive 2190 suggests how the new Master, Philip de Naillac (former prior of Auvergne) dispersed the properties described in the book to remove Heredia's adherents and to collect responsions. Finally, it is a valuable source for the disposition of Templar properties within the priory system of the Hospital.
Village Elections and the Rise of Capitalist Entrepreneurs

This study examines a series of four direct elections and their impact in an industrialized Chinese northern village. It finds that direct elections empowered villagers and the new economic elite to remove the old, entrenched and corrupt leadership. However, the few capitalist entrepreneurs who dominated the elections and the new leadership neither abided by the rules of political competition nor tried to govern democratically. On the other hand, villagers did not feel empowered to participate in the governing process despite the establishment of democratic institutions. After initial enthusiasm for direct elections, many villagers either became politically apathetic or felt helpless and nostalgic for the return of a benevolent authoritarian leader. This study finds that after four rounds of direct elections, little progress had been made in democratic elections and governance. This was mainly because the new economic elite did not want to be checked by democratic rules and institutions while villagers ha...
Reverse versus forward recall of script‐based texts

Previous research has shown that witnesses who are instructed to recall a crime scenario in reverse order as well as in forward order retrieve more total information than witnesses who recall in forward order twice. The present experiment evaluated the hypothesis that forward recall consists of schema-based retrieval whereas reverse-order recall consists of more datadriven, non-schematic retrieval. It was predicted that more actions consistent with a scenario's schema would be recalled in forward order than in reverse order, more actions incidental to the schema would be recalled in reverse order than forward order, and more schema-based intrusions would be generated in forward order. The results confirmed these predictions. Implications for witness interviewing are discussed.
Emergent Systems Energy Laws for Predicting Myosin Ensemble Processivity

In complex systems with stochastic components, systems laws often emerge that describe higher level behavior regardless of lower level component configurations. In this paper, emergent laws for describing mechanochemical systems are investigated for processive myosin-actin motility systems. On the basis of prior experimental evidence that longer processive lifetimes are enabled by larger myosin ensembles, it is hypothesized that emergent scaling laws could coincide with myosin-actin contact probability or system energy consumption. Because processivity is difficult to predict analytically and measure experimentally, agent-based computational techniques are developed to simulate processive myosin ensembles and produce novel processive lifetime measurements. It is demonstrated that only systems energy relationships hold regardless of isoform configurations or ensemble size, and a unified expression for predicting processive lifetime is revealed. The finding of such laws provides insight for how patterns emerge in stochastic mechanochemical systems, while also informing understanding and engineering of complex biological systems.
The determination of cell-cycle parameters from measurements of the fraction of labeled mitoses.

A method is described for estimating cell-cycle parameters from experimental fraction-of-labeled-mitoses measurements. The method is closely related to that of J. C. Barrett (1970) but is based on the analysis of Brockwell and Trucco (1970) which takes into account population growth in the calculation of theoreticalFLM-functions. Several sets of experimental data are analyzed, among them the data for the Marshall tumor considered by Barrett. It is found that population growth has a small but nevertheless detectable effect on the estimates of the cell parameters.
X chromosome inactivation and micronuclei in normal and Turner individuals

Studies on aneuploidy have shown that the X is the most frequently lost chromosome in females, and that the number of X chromosome-positive micronuclei increases with age in women. Recently, we showed that the inactive X chromosome is incorporated preferentially in micronuclei. The objectives of the current study were, firstly, to determine the incidence of X chromosome incorporation into micronuclei in males and, secondly, to determine the incidence of X chromosome incorporation into micronuclei of females with Turner syndrome. Blood samples were obtained from 18 male newborns and 35 normal adult males ranging in age from 22 to 79 years and from seven women with non-mosaic Turner syndrome aged 11-39 years. Isolated lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of cytochalasin B and 2000 binucleated cells per subject were scored for micronuclei. Cells were then hybridized with the biotinylated X centromere-specific probe, pBamX7, and visualized with fluorescein-conjugated avidin. All micronucleated cells were relocated and evaluated for the presence or absence of the X chromosome. Of the 335 micronuclei observed, 6.6% (22/335) contained an X chromosome. Analysis of variance shows a statistically significant increase, for both males and Turner females, in the number of X chromosome-positive micronuclei with age (P < 0.001). These data also show that the X chromosome is included in micronuclei from males more often than would be expected by chance (P < 0.005; chi 2 analysis, 15 df). Here we show that there is a tenfold difference in the frequency of X chromosome-positive micronuclei in 46,XX females compared to 46,XY males and 45,X females, providing further support to our previous finding that the X chromosome in micronuclei is the inactive chromosome.
A Test of Speciation via Sexual Selection on Female Preferences

Sexual selection for divergent female preferences has been proposed to stimulate speciation. We tested this basic model by selecting for divergence in the courtship repertoire of the house fly Musca domestica L. Specifically, we subjected replicate strains to artificial selection for differentiation along the first two principal components of the phenotypic intercorrelation structure of five courtship traits. Highly significant differentiation in courtship repertoire resulted, and the magnitude of the selection response was highest along the first principal component (representing the ‘size’, or general intensity, of courtship). Videotaped matings of the crosses between divergent lines (i.e. males of one strain mating with females from a different line) showed that the selection responses in the intensities of male performances were due to shifts in female preferences. In particular, the males were able to accommodate the demands of ‘foreign’ females (as well as their own) in the no-choice situation (i.e. only one male and one female per mating chamber). In contrast to this plasticity of the males, the females were consistent in their differential resistance responses, regardless of the type of male involved in the courtship. Multiple-choice mate choice tests revealed significant reproductive isolation among some lines, although the effect was asymmetrical. The patterns of nonrandom mating were largely due to females from more genetically healthy lines (i.e. with overall high mating propensity) discriminating against males from populations with more inbreeding depression. We suggest that the inability to achieve true (symmetrical) reproductive isolation could have been due to low evolutionary potential in the ‘shape’ of courtship, as defined by the second principal component. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Use of the high frequency stark effect in plasma diagnostics

Abstract We use new numerical calculations of the high frequency Stark effect in He I to estimate the range of validity of similar calculations based on perturbation theory and point out pitfalls in using this effect in plasma diagnostics.
Nucellar-cell-specific expression of a lipid transfer protein gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are thought to participate in many aspects of cell growth and development. We have identified a novel LTP gene (LTP-ne) from barley (Hordeum vulgare) through differential screening of an ovary cDNA library. LTP-ne was mapped to the distal region of the long arm of barley chromosome 4, distinct from the genomic location of other known LTPs. Sequence comparison indicated that LTP-ne was more closely related to the 7-kDa LTPs than to the 9-kDa LTPs in barley. In Northern hybridization, LTP-ne transcripts were detected in ovary, but not in other tissues, and were most abundant 3–4 days after pollination. Furthermore, RNA in situ hybridization showed that within the ovary, the LTP-ne gene was specifically expressed in the outer cell layer of the nucellus. These results showed that the newly identified barley LTP was ovular cell specific and regulated by pollination/fertilization.
Some Publication Trends in Spectroscopic Literature

Some simple statistics are derived from the ten-year bibliography of spectroscopic literature compiled by the Bell Telephone Laboratories and published in APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY. The numbers of indexed articles are tabulated according to subject, year, and periodical in order to observe publication trends over the period including 1948 through 1957. Among the observations is strong evidence of the desirability of organized technical literature searching to obtain adequate coverage of the literature of spectroscopy.
Impact of epidermal desquamation on tissue stores of iron.

Background Although several billion corneocytes are shed from human skin daily, metabolic studies from 50 years ago led to the conclusion that corneocyte desquamation had no measurable impact on systemic protein or iron status in humans.
Lack of correlation between hypnotic susceptibility and several personality measures.

Norris (1971, 1973) in investigating post-hypnotic amnesia anticipated testing a large S pool over 1 yr. with 35% expected to pass the criterion measure of manifest posthypnotic amnesia. It was decided, therefore, as an ancillary study to administer two of four personality measures and correlate these scores with a measure of hypnotic susceptibiliry. College Ss (N = 206) were screened for manifest post-hypnotic amnesia using a tape-recorded version of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (Shor & Orne, 1962); 55 Ss were administered the Rokeach Dogma Scale, Form E (Rokeach, 1960) and the MMPI Psychasthenia scale, while an additional 151 Ss were administered the E F Scale (Gough, 1951) and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1964). The results were as follows: ( a ) Rokeach Dogma and Psychasthenia scale scores yielded Pearson rs of .O85 and -.I30 with Harvard Scale scores, respectively, while ( b ) the Gough E-F and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale scores yielded Pearson rs of -.055 and ,078 with Harvard Scale scores, respectively. No rs reached the .05 level of significance. Other Es have apparently been equally unsuccessful in finding personality and physiological correlates of hypnotic susceptibility. One study, however, did report that Ss highly susceptible to hypnosis have high alpha durations (London, Hart, & Leibovitz, 1968). N o comparisons of present data with norms or data from other studies have been made as current Ss would likely differ from those groups.
Theory and Application of Gain Ranging to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging

Gain ranging is incorporated into the data acquisition and processing protocol for a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging spectrometer employing a focal plane array (FPA) detector. A model for predicting the signal, noise, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for an FPA in terms of the dynamic range of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented. Conventional gain ranging theory, modified to account for variation of noise with gain by incorporating a linear model for noise prediction, is shown to provide excellent agreement with observed values for the SNR advantage afforded by gain ranging. SNR improvement, as affected by collection parameters, was shown to be limited by the noise characteristics of the FPA detector. The advantages of gain ranging were demonstrated by spectroscopic imaging of a thin section of human prostate tissue.
A survey of Epi-PEN use in patients with a history of anaphylaxis

A recent report on the incorrect use of metered-dose inhalers by asthmatic patients 1 and a survey that showed the deficiency of physicians in providing aftercare instructions to patients with Hymenoptera sting‐induced anaphylaxis 2,3 prompted us to observe closely how patients and their parents are instructed to use Epi-PEN or Epi-PEN Jr (Dey Laboratories, Napa, Calif), life-saving epinephrine injectors. Epi-PEN Jr is indicated for children whose body weight is less than 30 kg (66 lb). The device is designed for the emergency treatment of systemic allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) caused by allergens, such as insect venom, foods, drugs, and latex products. It is also prescribed for idiopathic or exercise-induced anaphylactic reactions or for patients who are at high risk for systemic reactions to immunotherapy injections. METHODS Patients who had been prescribed Epi-PEN and were referred to our allergy clinic were the subjects of the study, which included questioning of patients and their parents (regardless of the patient’s age) on their knowledge of Epi-PEN. Patients and parents were also asked to demonstrate its use. RESULTS A total of 98 consecutive patients participated in this study. Ninety-three of them were less than 18 years of age, with ages ranging from 18 months to 18 years, and 15 were adults over the age of 18 years. We assumed that the primary trainees for patients under the age of 12 should be the parents, and for those over the age of 12, they should be the patients and the parents. Because of the smaller size of the adult population, we did not attempt to compare the 2 groups in relation to age. Responses to questions and the results of their demonstration of Epi-PEN use are summarized as follows. Questions 1. What was the clinical condition for which Epi-PEN was prescribed? Insect sting or bite: 56 (57.2%); food
Perioperative interventions to modify risk of morbidity and mortality.

Perioperative myocardial ischemia is the single most important, potentially reversible risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular complications during and after noncardiac surgery. The influence of anesthetic choices and techniques on cardiac risk in noncardiac surgery is difficult to ascertain because of the low incidence of morbid cardiac outcomes in the surgical population as a whole. This article summarizes several areas (eg, perioperative βblockade, glucose management, and perioperative hemodynamics) that have been addressed in well-designed clinical trials.
Variational divergence in wave scattering theory with Kirchhoffean trial functions

In a recent study of variational improvement of the Kirchhoff approximation for electromagnetic scattering by rough surfaces, a key ingredient in the variational principle was found to diverge for important configurations (e.g., backscatter) if the polarization had any vertical component. The cause and a cure of this divergence are discussed here. The divergence is demonstrated to occur for arbitrary perfectly conducting scatterers and its universal characterstics are determined, by means of a general divergence criterion that is derived. A variational cure for the divergence is prescribed, and it is tested successfully on a standard scattering model.
‘Taking a cross‐country journey with a world map’: examining the construction of practitioner researcher identities through one case study

Research about how teachers construct practitioner researcher identities is central to teacher education and professional development because it provides insight into how teachers continue to learn about and implement practices that meet the needs of their students. The paper explores how one fourth-grade teacher (Holly) constructed her practitioner researcher identities over two years. It draws upon data gathered from a year-long Teacher as Researcher course and a monthly practitioner researcher group (Triad Teacher Researchers) associated with a Southeastern university in the United States. In particular, this paper examines moments of tension when Holly was challenged to negotiate multiple identities in order to situate herself as a practitioner researcher within multiple contexts. Findings suggest that learning to ‘become’ a practitioner researcher is an identity process that involves moments of tension that are best supported through a collaborative community. The paper concludes with implications about how to facilitate spaces of identity work through various types of reflective practices in courses and groups.
An efficient experiment for sequential backbone assignment of medium-sized isotopically enriched proteins

Recently proposed triple-resonance experiments (1-14) make it possible to obtain complete backbone assignments of isotopically enriched proteins without recourse to NOE information. A main practical problem with the triple-resonance assignment approach is the necessity to record a substantial number of 3D spectra, each requiring typically at least one or two days of measuring time. A 4D triple-resonance approach has been proposed to remove the need for recording more than just two 4D experiments for completing the backbone assignments ( 11). However, if there is overlap in the ‘H,-13C, region of the 2D spectrum, these and other (12) 4D experiments also do not offer unique connections between sequential amides. In cases of such overlap, an experiment that relays magnetization from the amide to the intraresidue carbonyl can resolve the ambiguity caused by the C,-H, degeneracy ( 13). Alternatively, an experiment named CBCA(CO)NH, which correlates amide signals with the C, and Cs reson.ances of the preceding residue by using relay via the intervening i3C0 nucleus, provides information on the type of amino acid preceding each amide and thus frequently resolves the ambiguity caused by C,-H, degeneracy (14). Here we describe a similar experiment, named CBCANH, which correlates the amide ‘H and “N signals with ‘both the intraresidue C, and C, signals and with the C, and C, of the preceding residue. For smalland medium-sized proteins, up to -2OkDa, this 3D experiment alone can yield virtually complete assignments of the backbone and the C, resonances. The pulse scheme for the CBCANH experiment is sketched in Fig. 1. Before describing the experiment in more detail, we first outline its general mechanism. An INEPT transfer enhances polarization of both C, and CB spins. Chemical shifts of both C, and CB are encoded during the constant-time evolution period, 2TAB ( 7, 8, 10, Z4). When the 90 ’ 13C pulse is applied, at time b in Fig. 1, CB magnetization is transferred to C,, but at the same time a fraction of C, magnetization remains on C,. Subsequently, C, magnetization is transferred to its intraresidue 15N and to the 15N of the next residue, via the ’ JColN and 2 JcaN couplings, respectively. Following a constant-time 15N evolution period, the “N magnetization is transferred to the amide protons with a reverse INEPT sequence, prior to detection of the HN signals.
Testing the Statistical Significance of Linear Programming Estimators

Linear programmingbased estimation procedures are used in a variety of arenas. Two notable areas are multiattribute utility models (LINMAP) and production frontiers (data envelopment analysis (DEA)). Both LINMAP and DEA have theoretical and managerial advantages. For example, LINMAP treats ordinal-scaled preference data as such in uncovering individual-level attribute weights, while regression treats these preferences as interval scaled. DEA produces easy-to-understand efficiency measures, which allow for improved productivity benchmarking. However, acceptance of these techniques is hindered by the lack of statistical significance tests for their parameter estimates. In this paper, we propose and evaluate such parameter significance tests. Two types of tests are forwarded. The first examines whether a models fit is significantly reduced when an explanatory variable is deleted. The second is based on generating a standard deviation or distribution for the parameter estimate using nonparametric jackknife or bootstrap techniques. We demonstrate through simulations that both types of tests reliably identify both significant and insignificant parameters. The availability of these tests, especially the relatively simple and easy-to-use tests of the first type, should enhance the utilization of linear programmingbased estimation.
The Tenacious Nature of Memory Binding for Arousing Negative Items

In two experiments, we investigated whether people are better or worse at updating memory for the location of emotional pictures than of neutral pictures. We measured participants' memories for the locations of both arousing negative pictures and neutral pictures while manipulating practice (encountering the same event repeatedly) and interference (encountering the same picture in a different location). Memory for the context of emotional items was less likely to be corrected when erroneous and was less likely to be correctly updated when the context changed. These results suggest that initial item-context binding is more tenacious for emotional items than for neutral items, even when such binding is incorrect.
Structural basis for the requirement of two phosphotyrosine residues in signaling mediated by Syk tyrosine kinase.

The protein-tyrosine kinase Syk couples immune recognition receptors to multiple signal transduction pathways, including the mobilization of calcium and the activation of NFAT. The ability of Syk to regulate signaling is influenced by its phosphorylation on tyrosine residues within the linker B region. The phosphorylation of both Y342 and Y346 is necessary for optimal signaling from the B cell receptor for antigen. The SH2 domains of multiple signaling proteins share the ability to bind this doubly phosphorylated site. The NMR structure of the C-terminal SH2 domain of PLCγ (PLCC) bound to a doubly phosphorylated Syk peptide reveals a novel mode of phosphotyrosine recognition. PLCC undergoes extensive conformational changes upon binding to form a second phosphotyrosine-binding pocket in which pY346 is largely desolvated and stabilized through electrostatic interactions. The formation of the second binding pocket is distinct from other modes of phosphotyrosine recognition in SH2–protein association. The dependence of signaling on simultaneous phosphorylation of these two tyrosine residues offers a new mechanism to fine-tune the cellular response to external stimulation.
Enumeration of minimal convolutional encoders (Corresp.)

A general ensemble of all rate K/N convolutional encoders with overall constraint length (OCL) \nu is considered, and the notion of a minimum overall constraint length (MOCL) encoder is introduced. The noncatastrophic subclass of this class of zero delay MOCL encoders is the class of minimal encoders. Using this fact, upper and lower bounds on the number of rate K/N minimal encoders are obtained. Results for finite values of \nu and asymptotic results for large \nu are obtained. In all cases (except in the limit as K \rightarrow \infty for rate K/(K + 1)) the lower bound is a nonzero fraction of the upper bound, which in turn is a nonzero fraction of the total number of encoders. This implies that for an arbitrary fixed rate and for any OCL, a nonzero fraction of encoders is minimal, and hence noncatastrophic. In general, as the rate decreases the fraction of all zero delay encoders that are minimal increases. The upper and lower bounds tend to merge in the low rate case providing a good estimate of the number of minimal encoders. The results in the high rate case are not as satisfactory since the upper and lower bounds are widely separated. The results also indicate that for a given rate the probability of selecting a minimal encoder increases with increasing K . Thus there may be some advantages to considering encoders with an increased number of input and output sequences.
Transient Optical Transmission Measurement in Excimer-Laser Irradiation of Amorphous Silicon Films

The transient temperature field development during heating of an amorphous silicon (a-Si) film, deposited on a fused quartz substrate, by pulsed excimer laser irradiation is studied. Static reflectivity and transmissivity measurements are used to obtain the thin film optical properties at elevated temperatures. Experimental in-situ, transient, optical transmission data are compared with heat transfer modeling resullts. The variation with temperature of the material complex refractive index across the thin film thickness is taken into account. The effects of the film thickness and thermal diffusivity, as well as of the laser pulse shape, are discussed
Dual-support breakaway sign with modified fuse plate and multidirectional slip base

Dual-support breakaway signs have been used across the country for more than 25 years and have been credited with saving many lives. A very important feature of this system is the ability of its support to swing up and out of the way when it is struck by an errant vehicle. Another critical feature of the sign system is its ability to withstand wind loads without causing structural damage to the system. A modified dual-support breakaway sign system that improves on both criteria is proposed. A dual-support breakaway sign with a multidirectional slip base performed acceptably during full-scale crash testing. The sign tested consisted of 4.8-m-tall, W6 X 9-wide flange posts with a sign 3.05 m wide by 2.44 m tall. The research indicated that the modified system does not pose any significant hazard for vehicles striking one of the supports at angles of up to 25 degrees. Changing the material of the fuse plate to an A572 Grade 50 steel creates a stronger connection that significantly improves the wind load capa...
Congenital posterior urethral valves in an adult

An adult male with posterior urethral valves who had obstructive urinary symptoms and painless gross hematuria is presented. The diagnosis, development, and treatment of posterior urethral valves is discussed. The importance of also treating the hypertrophied bladder neck is stressed.
The enhancement of data derived from a thin-layer chromatography radioactivity scanner by accumulation and fourier transformation

Abstract A method of enhancing data, derived from the ratemeter of a thin-layer chromatography radioactivity scanner, for low levels of activity, is described. The averaging of data from several “rapid” scans followed by a smoothing operation involving Fourier transform results in an improved of signal-to-noise ratio and resolution when compared with a single scn of the same total duration and using the smoothing components incorporated in the ratemeter.
Temperature Effects for High-Pressure Processing of Picornaviruses

Investigation of the effects of pre-pressurization temperature on the high-pressure inactivation for single strains of aichivirus (AiV), coxsackievirus A9 (CAV9) and B5 (CBV5) viruses, as well as human parechovirus-1 (HPeV) was performed. For CAV9, an average 1.99 log10 greater inactivation was observed at 4 °C after a 400-MPa–5-min treatments compared to 20 °C treatments. For CBV5, an average of 2.54 log10 greater inactivation was noted after 600-MPa–10-min treatments at 4 °C in comparison to 20 °C treatments. In contrast, inactivation was reduced by an average of 1.59 log10 at 4 °C for HPeV. AiV was resistant to pressure treatments of 600 MPa for as long as 15 min at 4, 20, and 30 °C temperatures. Thus, different pre-pressurization temperatures result in different inactivation effects for picornaviruses.
Early penetration of the blood-brain-barrier by HIV

One hundred sixty-four patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) have been treated with a regimen of high-dose IV cyclophosphamide and ACTH over the past 6 years. Their status was reviewed to determine complications associated with treatment, dosage of medication used to induce a remission, factors which may predict a response to therapy, and subsequent course following treatment. One year following initial treatment, 81% of patients were improved or stabilized. Reprogression occurred in 69% of patients at a mean time of 17.6 months. Fifty-eight patients who initially stabilized after treatment and then reprogressed were treated a second time. One year after retreatment, 70% of these patients were improved or stabilized. Alopecia, nausea and vomiting, and minor infections were the most frequent complications. There were no deaths associated with treatment, the complication rate did not change with multiple treatments, and no late complications have yet been observed. Improvement tended to occur in younger patients with shorter disease duration. Although this treatment regimen is generally well tolerated and can favorably affect the course of chronic progressive MS in a majority of patients, a single treatment does not induce a permanent remission, and some form of maintenance treatment or retreatment is required. Current treatment programs involve testing a modified induction regimen and periodic outpatient booster injections to maintain remission.
Vapor pressure-temperature data for various metal β-diketone chelates

Abstract Vapor pressure-temperature data, molar heats of sublimation, and sublimation temperatures are given for 29 metal β-diketone chelates. The chelatcs studied were these of Be(II), Al(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with acetyl-acetone, acetyltrifluoroacctone, benzoylacetone, benzoyltrifluoroacetone, 2-furoyl-trifluoroacetone, and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone. The observed difference in volatilities of the various metal chelatcs of a given ligand is the basis for a suggestion that various mixtures of metal ions can be resolved by a fractional sublimation scheme.
A Detailed Examination of Time-Resolved Pulsed Raman Temeperature Measurements of Laser Annealed Silicon

Raman temperature measurements during pulsed laser annealing of Si by Compaan and co-workers are critically examined. It has been shown previously that the Stokes to anti-Stokes ratio depends critically upon the optical properties of silicon as a function of temperature. These dependences, coupled with the large spatial and temporal temperature gradients normally found immediately after the high reflectivity phase, result in large variations in the calculated temperature depending upon the probe laser pulse width and the pulse-to-pulse and spatial variations in the annealing pulse energy density.
908 FETAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT AFTER AMNIOCENTESIS

The effects of amniocentesis (Ax) on the growth and development of fetal rat lung were studied in littermate fetuses subjected to minimum (Ax-Min; 0.1 ml) and maximum volume (Ax-Max; 0.5 ml+) amniocentesis at 17 days gestation. Non-operated littermates served as controls. Lungs of 12-14 fetuses/group were analyzed at term (22 days) for weight, composition (DNA, glycogen, lipid, phospholipid, phosphatidyl-choline) and histology (light and EM). Only Ax-Max reduced the weight of the lung (p>.1). DNA content was not influenced by Ax. Both Ax-Max (p>.02) and Ax-Min (p>.1) reduced lung glycogen. Ax did not alter the quantity of lung lipid at birth. The phospholipid fraction/lung was reduced (p>.05) after Ax-Max but not Ax-Min. The lungs of Ax-Max fetuses showed reduced alveolar space size and type II pneumocytes with few lamellar bodies and little glycogen. Histologic changes were not observed after Ax-Min. These studies indicated that large volume Ax reduces lung size by obliterating the fetal lung space rather than inhibiting lung cell proliferation. Ax-Max also reduces the phospholipid and surfactant pool size. Ax-min results in few detectable changes in lung growth or development. These studies explain certain aspects of the pulmonary dysfunction of infants with prolonged oligohydramnios.
Successful treatment of hypercalcemia by indomethacin in mice bearing a prostaglandin-producing fibrosarcoma.

Abstract Mice bearing the HSDM 1 fibrosarcoma have elevated concentrations of calcium and prostaglandin E 2 in serum. Extracts of tumor tissue contain high concentrations of bone resorption-stimulating activity and PGE 2 . Administration of indomethacin to tumor-bearing mice lowers serum calcium and PGE 2 levels, reduces in parallel tumor bone resorption-stimulating activity and PGE 2 content, and diminishes tumor size.
Modified open laparoscopy through placement of an optical surgical obturator

Abstract Objective: To describe a new technique for open laparoscopy. Design: Prospective case series. Setting: Ambulatory surgical unit. Patient(s): Fifty-six women undergoing laparoscopic sterilization. Intervention(s): Intra-abdominal placement of an optical surgical obturator. Main Outcome Measure(s): Evaluation of surgical technique. Result(s): The technique was completed successfully in all cases. Conclusion(s): This new surgical approach may assist surgeons in avoiding inadvertent injuries.
Variability of the Diameter and Taper of Size #30, 0.04 Nickel-Titanium Rotary Files

Abstract This investigation examined the variability of tip diameter (D0) and taper measurements among four different brands of #30, 0.04 nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files (n = 15/brand). With all brands, the mean percent D0 difference from the manufacturer’s reported (nominal) diameter (Profile GT, 1.73 ± 2.03%; Endo Sequence, 3.38 ± 3.91%; K3, 4.56 ± 2.36%; Profile, 6.13 ± 4.07%) indicated that files tended to be larger than the nominal diameter. A 1-factor ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test revealed a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between Profile GT (smallest difference from nominal) and Profile (largest difference). The ANOVA also indicated no significant effect (p > 0.05) of brand on the mean percent difference of the measured taper compared to the nominal taper with the majority of measurements at either 0.039 or 0.040 taper.
Light and intermittent smokers: Background and perspective

This special issue of Nicotine & Tobacco Research represents a milestone in the thinking in our field about variations in smoking patterns. Over the past several decades, a stereotype has developed—the image of a smoker as consuming one cigarette after another, expressing a constant hunger for nicotine—a need to frequently redose with nicotine to maintain a steady concentration of nicotine in the bloodstream. Like many stereotypes, this one has a large element of truth. Around 1980, the average smoker's daily cigarette consumption was 32 cigarettes/day (Repace & Lowrey, 1980). In other words, in a 16-hr waking day, the typical smoker smoked every 30 min, and smokers who lit up every 15 min (60 cigarettes/day) were not unusual. Smoking, even hourly, results in steady or escalating nicotine levels over the waking day (Benowitz, 1991). This pattern of steady and frequent dosing was striking, indeed, and helped establish tobacco smoking as nicotine dependence.
Racial differences in survival in an urban peritoneal dialysis program

Abstract We retrospectively evaluated 233 incident patients (61% black, 27% white, and 12% Hispanic/Asian) to our peritoneal dialysis (PD) program from January 1987 to September 1997 to identify any possible racial differences in patient survival. Information collected included clinical features, comorbid conditions, nutritional status, and dialysis dose at initiation of dialysis. The average age was 52 ± 16 (SD) years, and 49% were men. Diabetes mellitus was present in 41% of patients. Overall follow-up was 31 ± 24 (median 26) months during which time 21% of patients underwent transplant, 29% of patients transferred to hemodialysis (HD), and 42% of patients died. The Cox proportional hazards analysis, based on intent-to-treat, identified age (RR: 1.03), race (RR: 2.35, white versus black), cardiac disease (RR: 1.97), and serum albumin (RR: 0.44) to independently predict mortality. Further analysis was performed based on diabetic status, and the analysis identified age (RR: 1.06), race (RR: 2.45, white versus black), and peripheral vascular disease (RR: 2.88) as predictors of mortality in diabetic patients. In nondiabetic patients, age (RR: 1.03), race (RR: 2.24, white versus black), cardiac disease (RR: 2.48), cerebrovascular disease (RR: 3.17), and serum albumin (RR: 0.39) were significant predictors of mortality. The significance of race persisted even after adjusting patients transferring to hemodialysis. The adjusted patient survival at 1, 2, and 5 years was 94%, 87% and 53% for black patients, and 86%, 72%, and 23% for white patients. The adjusted patient survival in diabetics at 1, 2, and 5 years was 92%, 79%, and 37% for black patients, and 82%, 56%, and 9% for white patients. The adjusted patient survival in nondiabetics at 1, 2, and 5 years was 94%, 91%, and 63% for black patients, and 88%, 82%, and 35% for white patients. In conclusion, long-term patient survival is better for black patients than white patients in our peritoneal dialysis program. Peritoneal dialysis should be considered a viable dialytic option for black patients entering an end-stage renal disease program.
A review of revision functional endoscopic sinus surgery

For some patients, traditional or functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) fails to relieve persistent or recurrent sinus disease. This subset of patients may require revision surgery. The objective of this study was to define and evaluate which features of sinus disease and prior treatment were characteristic of patients requiring revision FESS. Within a series of 295 consecutive FESS procedures, 43 patients who had prior sinus surgery and required revision FESS were studied and followed for a mean 14.1-month period. The characteristics of 13 patients with persistent disease following revision FESS and the potential technical risks and complications encountered were also evaluated. This study concludes that revision FESS is a safe technique that was effective in 69.8% of the patients, and that certain factors may predict a poor surgical outcome.
A man-model interactive computer system for analysis of complex societal problems

A decision evaluation and conflict resolution system is being developed for eventual use by planning and policy making organizations. The system is being implemented on a portable interactive graphic computer system. The system features the capability of integrating societal system models with models of human judgment and interpersonal conflict. A number of alternative United States energy policies are being evaluated with the system to determine their probable relative impacts upon the U.S. economy and their degree of acceptability among decision makers and the public.
DIVERGENT EFFECTS OF PROPRANOLOL ON NEUTROPHIL SUPEROXIDE RELEASE : INVOLVEMENT OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID AND DIACYLGLYCEROL AS SECOND MESSENGERS

Abstract Relatively high levels of propranolol (170 μM) markedly attenuated the generation of 1,2 diacylglycerol in neutrophils stimulated with either FMLP plus cytochalasin B or with 20.0 mM NaF. This effect resulted from inhibition of phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase as it was accompanied by a corresponding increase in the recovery of phosphatidic acid in organic extracts of stimulated cells. Although propranolol enhanced phosphatidic acid levels in neutrophils treated with FMLP alone, the drug had only a slight inhibitory influence on diglyceride generation in these cells. The effect of propranolol on enhancement of PA levels in neutrophils treated with FMLP alone strongly correlated with enhancement of FMLP-induced O 2 − generation. However, propranolol induced a similar dose-dependent inhibition of O 2 − generation in neutrophils stimulated with either FMLP + cytochalasin B or with 20.0 mM NaF. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that both phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol are required for optimal initiation of neutrophil O 2 − release.
Plasmodium knowlesi: Glycolytic intermediate levels and enzyme activities of infected rhesus monkey erythrocytes

Abstract In vitro glycolytic enzyme activities and in vivo glycolytic intermediate concentrations were assayed in Plasmodium knowlesi -infected rhesus monkey erythrocytes and control erythrocytes. The enzyme activities of infected erythrocytes were greater than controls indicating that P. knowlesi had its own glycolytic system and that parasite glycolysis was the source of the increased rate of glucose consumption by infected erythrocytes. The P. knowlesi glycolytic enzymes phosphofructokinase and hexokinase were less sensitive to acid inhibition than uninfected red cells. P. knowlesi -infected monkey erythrocytes and Plasmodium berghei -infected mouse erythrocytes had similar in vivo glycolytic profiles and in vitro enzyme activity increases.
Achieving accurate metrics using balanced scorecards and dashboards

The balanced scorecard was developed to align business practices with the overall strategy of an organization and to monitor performance. A dashboard is a computer interface designed to receive and manipulate data from the various departments within a company to present comprehensive information to decision makers. The balanced scorecard, when combined with the dashboard, provides a way for organizations to determine strategy and evaluate performance.
An information systems perspective of the SIGCHI curricula

The SIGCHI curricula report published in 1992 [ACM 1992] describes four proposed courses in HCI and two model curricula for HCI. This paper critiques the curricula report's recommendations as they pertain to an undergraduate information systems course and to the structure of a recently revised curriculum in Computer Information Systems. The evaluation found that the curricula report is useful as an initial set of curriculum guidelines, but that customization of its recommendations is needed to satisfy individual program, college, and university objectives. Suggestions for improvements to the curricula report and advice to information systems curriculum developers are listed.
The Effect of Soil Moisture and Relative Humidity On the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Javanica 1)

Stock cultures of M. javanica from Southern Rhodesia (S.R.) and Georgia (Ga) U.S.A., were established from single egg-masses. Egg-masses were used to study survival under extremes of soil moisture and relative humidity. Results are expressed in terms of galling on indicator plants. Two techniques for maintaining prescribed soil moisture levels (soil columns of varying height in glass cylinders and soil subjected to suction in sintered-glass funnels) gave comparable results. There was a greater and more rapid reduction in egg viability in wet soil (20.4 percent moisture) than in dry (3.4 percent moisture). The S.R. eggs withstood exposure to both wet and dry soil better than those of the Ga population. The more rapid reduction in viability in wet soil may be due to relatively quick hatching of eggs and increased activity of larvae in this environment, resulting in depletion of stored energy. Eggs of both populations died in atmospheric relative humidities of 0 and 20 percent for 1 day and 90 and 93 percent for 5 days. They withstood 100 percent humidity for 20 days. Viability of the Ga eggs was greatly reduced after 5 days, whereas S.R. eggs were relatively unaffected after 20 days. The tolerance differences of the M. javanica populations to extremes of soil moisture may be due to the different environmental conditions in the areas from which they were taken.