cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From security to health

Introduction Security matters to health. Crime victimization causes death, injury and illness. Injury or death is an occupational hazard for police. The criminal justice system causes injury and illness in the course of attempting to punish and deter crime. Policing policies and practices can have a significant impact on the ability of other public and private agencies to implement health interventions successfully. Police themselves routinely deal with people who have serious health needs, and even on occasion are the primary agents implementing health interventions. The health consequences of law enforcement are far from trivial, making it important for health to be integrated as a matter of concern into criminological research and law enforcement practice. The link between health and policing, and the significance of health outcomes, should be more fully accepted in criminology. Likewise, the governance of security is an important matter for public health research and practice. If health outcomes are seen as an important product of security arrangements, conventional policing can be reconfigured to reduce negative health consequences and promote positive ones. There are, however, limits to the extent that state-centred policing can be expected to change. The theory of nodal governance and the programmatic work of innovators in the governance of security movement offer useful insights into the co-ordination of health and security outside the state-centred policing framework.
Accelerated enamel mineralization in Dspp mutant mice

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is one of the major non-collagenous proteins present in dentin, cementum and alveolar bone; it is also transiently expressed by ameloblasts. In humans many mutations have been found in DSPP and are associated with two autosomal-dominant genetic diseases - dentinogenesis imperfecta II (DGI-II) and dentin dysplasia (DD). Both disorders result in the development of hypomineralized and mechanically compromised teeth. The erupted mature molars of Dspp(-/-) mice have a severe hypomineralized dentin phenotype. Since dentin and enamel formations are interdependent, we decided to investigate the process of enamel onset mineralization in young Dspp(-/-) animals. We focused our analysis on the constantly erupting mouse incisor, to capture all of the stages of odontogenesis in one tooth, and the unerupted first molars. Using high-resolution microCT, we revealed that the onset of enamel matrix deposition occurs closer to the cervical loop and both secretion and maturation of enamel are accelerated in Dspp(-/-) incisors compared to the Dspp(+/-) control. Importantly, these differences did not translate into major phenotypic differences in mature enamel in terms of the structural organization, mineral density or hardness. The only observable difference was the reduction in thickness of the outer enamel layer, while the total enamel thickness remained unchanged. We also observed a compromised dentin-enamel junction, leading to delamination between the dentin and enamel layers. The odontoblast processes were widened and lacked branching near the DEJ. Finally, for the first time we demonstrate expression of Dspp mRNA in secretory ameloblasts. In summary, our data show that DSPP is important for normal mineralization of both dentin and enamel.
Single and Multivariate Regression Models for Estimating Monthly Energy Consumption in Schools in Hot and Humid Climates

Modeling of energy use in existing buildings is required for different applications such as building energy management, establishing baselines, and calculating retrofit savings. A single or multiva...
Factors controlling hemopoiesis: erythropoietic effects of "anemic" plasma.

Abstract Normal rats given multiple intraperitoneal injections of the filtrate of phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rabbit plasma that had been boiled for one minute manifested a parallel increase in all peripheral erythroid values together with myeloid erythrocytic hyperplasia. The newly formed erythrocytes were normal in size. After boiling for 30 minutes, filtrates of the same anemic plasma induced erythrocytosis because of the production of microcytes, reticulocytosis, and increased marrow nucleated red cell counts without augmentation of the recipients' hemoglobin or hematocrit levels. Anemic plasma that had been processed by prolonged boiling evoked identical responses by parenteral and oral routes. When given by gastric tube, the anemic plasma that had been boiled for one minute did not enhance the recipients' circulating hemoglobin levels. Instead, these animals developed an erythromicrocytic response similar to that attributed to the thermostable plasma fraction. These data provide further support for the existence of two humoral erythropoietic factors. It is suggested that a relatively thermolabile factor, which is inactive orally, governs hemoglobin production by affecting the rate of erythrocytic differentiation from the primitive pluripotential marrow cells. The thermostable factor, which is active orally, apparently determines the number of mitoses which erythrocytic precursors undergo during maturation. Together, these two agents appear to regulate the size and hemoglobin content of each cell in addition to the amount of hemoglobin and number of erythrocytes formed.
Mesoporous Chromium Nitride as High Performance Catalyst Support for Methanol Electrooxidation

A simple process for preparing mesoporous chromium nitride (CrN) by the ammonolysis of a bulk ternary oxide (K2Cr2O7) is reported. The products were characterized by Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. Pore sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm are easily accessible. The conductivity of mesoporous CrN powder compressed at 35 bar is 54 S/cm. A Pt/CrN catalyst prepared from the mesoporous CrN shows a negative onset potential for methanol electrooxidation (0.20 V vs SCE) similar to that of Pt/C (0.22 V vs SCE). The electrochemically active specific surface area (ECSA) of the Pt/CrN catalyst (82 m2/g) was only slightly higher than that of Pt/C (75 m2/g). More importantly, the Pt/CrN catalyst demonstrates high tolerance to corrosion and is a candidate to replace carbon black, which is known to corrode under high potentials, as a support for fuel cell catalysts. This work provides an efficient method for preparing me...
The Electoral College and the Idea of Federal Democracy

On July 22, 1977, Martin Diamond spent the last morning of his life moving to Washington, D.C., and testifying before the Constitutional Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee on the need to maintain the Electoral College. That testimony, reprinted in full below, lasted approximately 35 minutes; and it represents a lively exchange between Professor Diamond and Senator Birch Bayh, the sponsor of a proposed constitutional amendment for the direct election of the President. Professor Diamond's prior publication (see below), is a more systematic defense of the Electoral College against six American Bar Association charges that the College is "archaic, undemocratic, complex, ambiguous, indirect, and dangerous."* -Editor
The Quantum State Vector and Physical Reality

Ensembles of physical systems obeying quantum laws can be constructed in a variety of ways. The properties of ensembles constructed in the most common way may be summarized conveniently in terms of a single state vector in Hilbert space, or of a density matrix, and this circumstance might suggest that the quantum state represents indeed the essence of the state in which an individual physical system finds itself, just as this essence is provided in non-quantum physics by the coordinates of a point in phase space. In this paper it is shown that the properties of more general ensembles cannot be summarized in terms of state vectors or density matrices. In view of the fact that the assertions of quantum theory generally refer to statistical properties of ensembles, not to individual systems, it is contended that the identification of individual systems with specific quantum states is questionable.
Isolated traumatic retroclival hematoma: case report and review of literature

Background Retroclival hematomas are a rare entity. The pathology can be categorized into epidural hematoma or subdural hematoma based on the anatomy of the tectorial membrane. Frequently, the etiology is related to accidental trauma, though other mechanisms have been observed, including coagulopathy, non-accidental trauma, and pituitary apoplexy. There have been only 2 prior cases where both epidural and subdural hematoma co-present.
Financially Linked Independent Directors and Bankruptcy Reemergence The Role of Director Effort

This study examines if the effort of financially linked independent (FLI) directors enable firms to reemerge from bankruptcy, a major organizational crisis. Using a sample of 307 bankrupt U.S. firms with instrumental variables regression methodology, I find that the efforts of these directors are critical for firm reemergence. FLI directors’ efforts increase the likelihood of reemergence as well as improve access to financial resources. In contrast, I do not find any evidence that non-FLI directors’ efforts are associated with reemergence. I also find that resourceful but uninvolved directors are not helpful for firms trying to navigate their way out of bankruptcy. My study highlights (a) the changing nature of roles played by directors in various lifecycle stages, (b) the greater importance of resource provisioning over monitoring during reemergence, and (c) that efforts of FLI directors, and not others director categories, matter for reemergence. Overall, my study extends research that suggests director...
Modification of HAWIE vocabulary scale for the measurement of the intelligence of adults

Durch die Anwendung des multiple-choice-Verfahrens beim Wortschatztest des HAWIE ist eine wesentliche Vereinfachung in der Durchfuhrung, Auswertung und Interpretation des Tests moglich. Die Durchfuhrungs- und Auswertungszeit kann auf wenige Minuten gesenkt werden. Dabei bleibt die Aussagefahigkeit des Wortschatztests fast vollstandig erhalten. Seine Objektivitat sowie seine Alters- und Krankheitsunabhangigkeit werden sogar noch verbessert. Das multiple-choice-Verfahren macht aus dem Wortschatztest einen Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Test (MWT), der insbesondere als Zusatztest, wenn es darauf ankommt, das Intelligenzniveau von Probanden bei psychiatrischen, psychologischen und soziologischen Untersuchungen zu berucksichtigen, nutzlich sein durfte.
Ovarian and pituitary hormones in blood of progestogen-treated ewes.

To study the effect of progesterone or synthetic progestogenic compounds on ovarian and pituitary hormonal secretion patterns during and after treatment parous Rambouillet ewes were given 1 of 5 different treatments: 1) no treatment 2) .3 mg/day of melengestrol acetate (MGA) orally 3) 60 mg/day medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) orally 4) a cylindrical sponge impregnated with 60 mg MAP inserted into the anterior vagina or 5) 10 mg progesterone daily injected im in 1 ml of corn oil. Treatments were begun on Day 10 of an estrous cycle and continued for 14 days. Blood samples were collected daily from Day 10 through 13 for untreated ewes and Day 10 through 23 for treated after which frequency of collection was increased to 6-hour intervals until 48 hours after beginning of estrus. Samples were examined by radioimmunoassay. Plasma progesterone concentration declined consistently in both untreated and progestogen-treated ewes between Days 13-15 indicating progestogen treatment did not change the time of corpora lutea regression. As soon as the corpora lutea regressed luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol concentrations increased linearly with time in untreated ewes and in ewes still under treatment with MGA or MAP orally or progesterone im (p less than .01) this increase was not found in ewes treated with MAP intravaginally. After treatment stopped estradiol plasma levels increased further (p less than .01) followed by an LH surge 73.8 + or -3.3 hours after last progestogen administration. Estradiol concentration in untreated ewes rose sharply (5.8 pg/ml to 22.0 pg/ml) during the 48 hours before the preovulatory LH surge. This was significantly higher than in treated ewes (p less than .01). Estrone secretion paralleled estradiol but at about 1/3 the magnitude.
APOL1 renal-risk variants associate with reduced cerebral white matter lesion volume and increased gray matter volume

To assess apolipoprotein L1 gene ( APOL1 ) renal-risk-variant effects on the brain, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based cerebral volumes and cognitive function were assessed in 517 African American–Diabetes Heart Study (AA-DHS) Memory IN Diabetes (MIND) and 2568 hypertensive African American Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) participants without diabetes. Within these cohorts, 483 and 197 had cerebral MRI, respectively. AA-DHS participants were characterized as follows: 60.9% female, mean age of 58.6 years, diabetes duration 13.1 years, estimated glomerular filtration rate of 88.2 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , and a median spot urine albumin to creatinine ratio of 10.0 mg/g. In additive genetic models adjusting for age, sex, ancestry, scanner, intracranial volume, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, statins, nephropathy, smoking, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, APOL1 renal-risk-variants were positively associated with gray matter volume (β = 3.4 × 10 –3 ) and negatively associated with white matter lesion volume (β = –0.303) (an indicator of cerebral small vessel disease) and cerebrospinal fluid volume (β= –30707) (all significant), but not with white matter volume or cognitive function. Significant associations corresponding to adjusted effect sizes (β/SE) were observed with gray matter volume (0.16) and white matter lesion volume (–0.208), but not with cerebrospinal fluid volume (–0.251). Meta-analysis results with SPRINT Memory and Cognition in Decreased Hypertension (MIND) participants who had cerebral MRI were confirmatory. Thus, APOL1 renal-risk-variants are associated with larger gray matter volume and lower white matter lesion volume suggesting lower intracranial small vessel disease.
Mutants lacking myosin II cannot resist forces generated during multicellular morphogenesis

We have used fluorescent labeling, confocal microscopy and computer-assisted motion analysis to observe and quantify individual wild-type and myosin II mutant cell behavior during early multicellular development in Dictyostelium discoideum. When cultured with an excess of unlabeled wild-type cells, labeled control cells are randomly distributed within aggregation streams, while myosin II mutant cells are found primarily at the lateral edges of streams. Wild-type cells move at average rates of 8.5 +/- 4.9 microns/min within aggregation streams and can exhibit regular periodic movement at 3.5 minute intervals; half as long as the 7 minute period reported previously for isolated cells. Myosin II mutants under the same conditions move at 5.0 +/- 4.8 microns/min, twice as fast as reported previously for isolated myosin II mutant cells, and fail to display regular periodic movement. When removed from aggregation streams myosin II mutant cells move at only 2.5 +/- 2.0 microns/min, while wild-type cells under these conditions move at 5.9 +/- 4.5 microns/min. Analysis of cell morphology further reveals that myosin II mutant cells are grossly and dynamically deformed within wild-type aggregation streams but not when removed from streams and examined in isolation. These data reveal that the loss of myosin II has dramatic consequences for cells undergoing multicellular development. The segregation of mutant cells to aggregation stream edges demonstrates that myosin II mutants are unable to penetrate a multicellular mass of wild-type cells, while the observed distortion of myosin II mutant cells suggests that the cortex of such cells is too flacid to resist forces generated during movement. The increased rate of mutant cell movement and distortion of mutant cell morphology seen within wild-type aggregation streams further argues both that movement of wild-type cells within a multicellular mass can generate traction forces on neighboring cells and that mutant cell morphology and behavior can be altered by these forces. In addition, the distortion of myosin II mutant cells within wild-type aggregation streams indicates that myosin is not required for the formation of cell-cell contacts. Finally, the consequences of the loss of myosin II for cells during multicellular development are much more severe than has been previously revealed for isolated cells. The techniques used here to analyze the behavior of individual cells within multicellular aggregates provide a more sensitive assay of mutant cell phenotype than has been previously available and will be generally applicable to the study of motility and cytoskeletal mutants in Dictyostelium.
SU-F-T-142: An Analytical Model to Correct the Aperture Scattered Dose in Clinical Proton Beams

Purpose: Apertures or collimators are used to laterally shape proton beams in double scattering (DS) delivery and to sharpen the penumbra in pencil beam (PB) delivery. However, aperture-scattered dose is not included in the current dose calculations of treatment planning system (TPS). The purpose of this study is to provide a method to correct the aperture-scattered dose based on an analytical model. Methods: A DS beam with a non-divergent aperture was delivered using a single-room proton machine. Dose profiles were measured with an ion-chamber scanning in water and a 2-D ion chamber matrix with solid-water buildup at various depths. The measured doses were considered as the sum of the non-contaminated dose and the aperture-scattered dose. The non-contaminated dose was calculated by TPS and subtracted from the measured dose. Aperture scattered-dose was modeled as a 1D Gaussian distribution. For 2-D fields, to calculate the scatter-dose from all the edges of aperture, a sum of weighted distance was used in the model based on the distance from calculation point to aperture edge. The gamma index was calculated between the measured and calculated dose with and without scatter correction. Results: For a beam with range of 23 cm and aperture size of 20 cm, the contribution of the scatter horn was ∼8% of the total dose at 4 cm depth and diminished to 0 at 15 cm depth. The amplitude of scatter-dose decreased linearly with the depth increase. The 1D gamma index (2%/2 mm) between the calculated and measured profiles increased from 63% to 98% for 4 cm depth and from 83% to 98% at 13 cm depth. The 2D gamma index (2%/2 mm) at 4 cm depth has improved from 78% to 94%. Conclusion: Using the simple analytical method the discrepancy between the measured and calculated dose has significantly improved.
Cell-Free Biotechnologies

Although microbial biotechnology has been very popular in the last decade with innovative contributions to the field of synthetic biology, cell-free biotechnology has also expanded. Cell-free biotechnologies are currently being used for production of value added products (i.e. food, medicines, etc.), production of fuels, and production of electricity.
Impingement Jet Array Heat Transfer: Target Surface Roughness Shape, Reynolds Number Effects

The present investigation considers the effects of special roughness patterns on impingement target surfaces to improve the effectiveness and surface heat transfer augmentation levels of impingement jet array cooling. This investigation uses various sizes, distributions, shapes, and patterns of surface roughness elements for impingement cooling augmentation. The surface roughness shapes considered here are the rectangle and triangle, in combination with larger rectangle roughness. The configurations considered include 1) arrays of small rectangle roughness, 2) arrays of small triangle roughness, 3) combinations of small rectangle roughness and large roughness together, and 4) combinations of small triangle roughness and large roughness together. Tests are performed at impingement jet Reynolds numbers of 900, 1500, 5000, and 11,000. Local and overall impingement cooling performance depends upon the shape of the roughness elements, as well as upon the jet Reynolds number. Depending upon the magnitude of the...
Grandmother cohorts: multiple-scale brain compression dynamics during learning of object and sequence categories

ABSTRACTThis article summarises neural models of how invariant object categories are learned under conditions where eye movements freely scan a scene, and of how list categories, or chunks, are learned in response to sequences, or lists, of events that are temporarily stored in working memory. During both kinds of category learning, distributed information is compressed by a category learning process into compact groups of cells that can selectively respond to this information. Adaptive Resonance Theory models describe these learning processes and enable, in a limiting case, winner-take-all grandmother cells to be learned, even in a single trial, and rapidly activated during recall trials by bottom-up direct access. The degree of compression can vary with the amount of contextual evidence, and a distributed network of multiple categories may be needed to represent an object or event, all computed using localist mechanisms. Such a network is called a grandmother cohort in the current article.
INSURANCE PENETRATION AND GROWTH IN ZAMBIA: CASE OF LUSAKA PROVINCE

The Insurance industry has also been steadily growing from 1971 when the industry became a monopoly under the Zambia State Insurance Corporation following the 1968 Economic Nationalization Reforms. Therefore, between 1971 and 1991 Zambia only had one insurance company and broker. Following the liberalization of the economy in 1992 the numbers have significantly increased with 27 insurance companies and 49 brokers at the end of July 31st 2014. The industry also now has two local reinsurance companies, 279 agents and a number of other players. However, the insurance penetration and growth has not been significant as expected. The research will bring out issues and factors surrounding the penetration and growth of insurance Industry in Zambia. The research aims to answer the following questions; why the insurance Industry penetration in Zambia is still low, still at 0.6% for non-life insurance and 0.3% life insurance? What are the barriers to insurance penetration and growth? What measures should be taken by players in the insurance industry to accelerate penetration and growth? What would be the opportunities and benefits for the fast growing insurance industry in Zambia? The objectives of the research were to examine why the penetration and growth of insurance industry is still low and slow.What policy measures can be taken to reverse this trend?
Generational Equity and Social Security Financing Reform

Social Security has faced projected financing shortfalls since the early 1990s, and the trust funds are expected to be depleted in the next 12–17 years. Reform is becoming increasingly urgent. Many reform proposals would reduce growth in future benefits and raise payroll taxes in rough equivalence in the long term, although revenue effects tend to be much larger in the short term than the benefit adjustments. To a considerable extent, this result arises because most proposals would largely exempt current retirees and those near retirement. The result would be exacerbated by reform proposals that would enhance benefits for workers with low lifetime earnings. The author’s analysis explores the generational equity of potential Social Security reforms and argues for inclusion of all generations in bringing the system’s financing back into balance as soon as possible.
DDB1-Mediated CRY1 Degradation Promotes FOXO1-Driven Gluconeogenesis in Liver

Targeted protein degradation through ubiquitination is an important step in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Here, we present evidence that the DDB1-CUL4A ubiquitin E3 ligase functions as a novel metabolic regulator that promotes FOXO1-driven hepatic gluconeogenesis. In vivo, hepatocyte-specific Ddb1 deletion leads to impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis in the mouse liver but protects mice from high-fat diet–induced hyperglycemia. Lack of Ddb1 downregulates FOXO1 protein expression and impairs FOXO1-driven gluconeogenic response. Mechanistically, we discovered that DDB1 enhances FOXO1 protein stability via degrading the circadian protein cryptochrome 1 (CRY1), a known target of DDB1 E3 ligase. In the Cry1 depletion condition, insulin fails to reduce the nuclear FOXO1 abundance and suppress gluconeogenic gene expression. Chronic depletion of Cry1 in the mouse liver not only increases FOXO1 protein but also enhances hepatic gluconeogenesis. Thus, we have identified the DDB1-mediated CRY1 degradation as an important target of insulin action on glucose homeostasis.
Automatic Medicine? Technology and the Future of Primary Health Care

How do emerging medical technologies stand to impact primary care services? Drawing from theoretical literature on the effects of technology on human interaction, we explore three developments in medical technology. The goal of this analysis is to assess how each technology may contribute to the goals of improved population health outcomes, while revealing the politics of technology at work in American health care. Primary care, in contrast to the ubiquitous use of technology in medical specialty care, is of particular interest because of the focus on preventing illness and improving wellness on the level of populations, rather than individual patients. We assess the extent to which technology promotes the aims of primary care to engage patients in a collaborative relationship and improve population health outcomes.
Virtual Simulation in Enhancing Procedural Training for Fluoroscopy-guided Lumbar Puncture: A Pilot Study

Rationale and Objectives Fluoroscopy-guided lumbar puncture (FGLP) is a basic procedural component of radiology residency and neuroradiology fellowship training. Performance of the procedure with limited experience is associated with increased patient discomfort as well as increased radiation dose, puncture attempts, and complication rate. Simulation in health care is a developing field that has potential for enhancing procedural training. We demonstrate the design and utility of a virtual reality simulator for performing FGLP. Materials and Methods An FGLP module was developed on an ImmersiveTouch platform, which digitally reproduces the procedural environment with a hologram-like projection. From computed tomography datasets of healthy adult spines, we constructed a 3-D model of the lumbar spine and overlying soft tissues. We assigned different physical characteristics to each tissue type, which the user can experience through haptic feedback while advancing a virtual spinal needle. Virtual fluoroscopy as well as 3-D images can be obtained for procedural planning and guidance. The number of puncture attempts, the distance to the target, the number of fluoroscopic shots, and the approximate radiation dose can be calculated. Preliminary data from users who participated in the simulation were obtained in a postsimulation survey. Results All users found the simulation to be a realistic replication of the anatomy and procedure and would recommend to a colleague. On a scale of 1–5 (lowest to highest) rating the virtual simulator training overall, the mean score was 4.3 (range 3–5). Conclusions We describe the design of a virtual reality simulator for performing FGLP and present the initial experience with this new technique.
Double diffraction dissociation in pbar p collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron

We present results from a study of double diffraction dissociation in collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron performed by the CDF Collaboration. The production cross section for events with a central pseudorapidity gap (overlapping η = 0) of width Δη0 > 3 is found to be at . Our results are compared with previous measurements and with predictions based on Regge theory and factorization.
Review of Available and Investigational Biologics and Non-Biologic Small Molecules for the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis:

BackgroundIn recent years, the number of agents for treatment of plaque psoriasis has increased rapidly.ObjectiveTo compare available and investigational agents for treatment of psoriasis.MethodsPi...
Elevated lactate level predicts intensive care unit admissions, endoscopies and transfusions in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding.

Background and aims Initial clinical management decision in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is often based on identifying high- and low-risk patients. Little is known about the role of lactate measurement in the triage of patients with acute GIB. We intended to assess if lactate on presentation is predictive of need for intervention in patients with acute GIB. Patients and methods We performed a single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study including patients ≥18 years old presenting to emergency with acute GIB between January 2014 and December 2014. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission, inpatient endoscopy (upper endoscopy and/or colonoscopy), and packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion were assessed as outcomes. Analyses included univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Of 1,237 patients with acute GIB, 468 (37.8%) had venous lactate on presentation. Of these patients, 165 (35.2%) had an elevated lactate level (>2.0 mmol/L). Patients with an elevated lactate level were more likely to be admitted to ICU than patients with a normal lactate level (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74-5.01; p<0.001). Patients with an elevated lactate level were more likely to receive PRBC transfusion (AOR 3.65, 95% CI 1.76-7.55; p<0.001) and endoscopy (AOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.02-2.65; p=0.04) than patients with a normal lactate level. Conclusion Elevated lactate level predicts the need for ICU admissions, transfusions, and endoscopies in patients with acute GIB. Lactate measurement may be a useful adjunctive test in the triage of patients with acute GIB.
Consider the Kirtland's Warbler.

This paper challenges rhe co nvent io nal wisdom of departments of parks and rec reation raking spo rt management under their "wing." Based on a review of the sport management literature and a polling of s port management and park and recreation ed ucato rs, we argue that departments of parks and recreation are bur temporary refuges for migrarory sport management programs that eventually will want to build their ow n "nests." Efforts to accommodate sport management only se rve co undermine the mission of academ ic programs in parks and recreation by sapping resou rces, comp romis ing the educat ion of park and recreation majors, and erod ing pa rk and recreation facu lty members' sense of p rofessiona l purpose.
Genetic Control of Development, Mating Type Determination, and Programmed Death in Ciliated Protozoa

Somatic cells within a multicellular organism are linearly programmed to differentiate and die either during embryological development, or subsequently after maturation of the organism (Chapter 2). This fact necessitated, during evolutionary history, the separation of the soma from the germ line as well as the establishment of sexuality to provide organismal rejuvenation and species continuity (Chapter 3). Similar processes of differentiation, sex, and programmed death have evolved in the unicellular ciliated protozoa, but because the entire program of differentiation occurs within a single cell, somewhat different mechanisms and structural elements must underlie these processes. This chapter deals primarily with development in the ciliates. These organisms provide the simplest microbial system in which programmed death is known to occur as the terminal step in a sequence of developmental events.
Scaling-up Aerobic Fermentation which Produce Non-Newtonian, Viscoelastic Broths

Gas liquid mass transport usually controls the rate of an aerobic fermentation. The effect of mass transport must be included when scaling-up this kind of fermentation. One method for scaling-up gas/liquid contacting systems is to keep the mass transfer coefficient constant. Both impeller speed, N, and gas flow rate, Q, must be determined for a successful scale-up. Equating mass transfer coefficients for similar systems of different volumes gives one relationship between unknown values of N and Q, but another relationship is needed so that both can be calculated. We measured mass transfer coefficients using a simulated fermentation broth. Carbon dioxide was reacted with sodium hydroxide in a dilute aqueous polysaccharide solution in a stirred tank. Mass transfer coefficients corrected for the effect of chemical reaction were calculated from measured reaction times. The work includes independent measurements of rheological and elastic properties and surface tension. Data from geometrically similar tanks of up to 2000 l were used to test the usefulness of mass transfer coefficient correlations for scale-up.
Issues in the Development of Collaborative Services Between Psychology and Neurology

The present chapter differs significantly in purpose from the remaining sections of this volume. While the other presentations are summaries of research in Health Psychology in a variety of areas, this chapter will discuss the nature of the relationship between disciplines in direct service delivery, regardless of the research purposes. The information presented, rather than discussing research data, will focus on the experience of the two authors in a variety of service delivery and training settings at universities and medical schools. A number of the issues to be discussed undoubtedly have been presented by other writers, but the terminology and issues to be presented here are based on the personal experiences of the authors.
Design and fabrication of an aspheric geometric-phase lens doublet

A prior simulation-only study of aspherical phase profiles [Hornburg et al, Proc SPIE 10743, 10743-4 (2018)] in geometric-phase lenses (GPLs) indicated that aspherical doublet lens systems should provide substantially improved off-axis performance than those using spherical phase profiles. In this work, we fabricate a liquid crystal GPL doublet (24.5 mm diameter, 40 mm back focal length at 633 nm) and compare it to with a reference spherical GPL singlet. We characterized the liquid crystal alignment quality, efficiencies, and spot performance. With these compact GP lens systems, we realize improved performance for wider fields of view, while maintaining low loss.
Serum retinyl esters are positively correlated with analyzed total liver vitamin A reserves collected from US adults at time of death.

Background Minimal human data exist on liver vitamin A (VA) compared with serum biomarkers. Cutoffs of 5% and 10% total serum VA as retinyl esters (REs) suggest a VA intoxication diagnosis. Objectives We compared total liver VA reserves (TLRs) with the percentage of total serum VA as REs to evaluate hypervitaminosis with the use of US adult autopsy samples. Secondary objectives evaluated serum retinol sensitivity, TLRs among lobes, and hepatic α-retinol concentrations, an α-carotene cleavage product. Design Matched serum and liver samples were procured from cadavers (n = 27; mean ± SD age: 70.7 ± 14.9 y; range: 49-101 y). TLRs and α-REs were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Pearson correlations showed liver and serum associations. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for >5%, 7.5%, and 10% total serum VA as REs to predict TLRs and for serum retinol 7.5% total serum VA as REs; histologic indicators corroborated toxicity at 3 μmol/g liver. No subject had >10% total serum VA as REs. Serum retinol sensitivity to determine deficiency (TLRs <0.1 μmol VA/g) was 83% at 0.7 and 1 μmol/L. Hepatic α-retinol was positively correlated with age (P = 0.047), but removing an outlier nullified significance. Conclusions This study evaluated serum REs as a biomarker of VA status against TLRs (gold standard), and abnormal histology suggested that 7.5% total serum VA as REs is diagnostic for toxicity at the individual level in adults. The long-term impact of VA supplements and fortificants on VA status is currently unknown. Considering the high prevalence of hypervitaminotic TLRs in this cohort, and given that many countries are adding preformed VA to processed products, population biomarkers diagnosing hypervitaminosis before toxicity are urgently needed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.govas NCT03305042.
In Silico Serotyping Based on Whole-Genome Sequencing Improves the Accuracy of Shigella Identification.

ABSTRACT Bacteria of the genus Shigella, consisting of 4 species and >50 serotypes, cause shigellosis, a foodborne disease of significant morbidity, mortality, and economic loss worldwide. Classical Shigella identification based on selective media and serology is tedious, time-consuming, expensive, and not always accurate. A molecular diagnostic assay does not distinguish Shigella at the species level or from enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). We inspected genomic sequences from 221 Shigella isolates and observed low concordance rates between conventional designation and molecular serotyping: 86.4% and 80.5% at the species and serotype levels, respectively. Serotype determinants for 6 additional serotypes were identified. Examination of differentiation gene markers commonly perceived as characteristic hallmarks in Shigella showed high variability among different serotypes. Using this information, we developed ShigaTyper, an automated workflow that utilizes limited computational resources to accurately and rapidly determine 59 Shigella serotypes using Illumina paired-end whole-genome sequencing (WGS) reads. Shigella serotype determinants and species-specific diagnostic markers were first identified through read alignment to an in-house curated reference sequence database. Relying on sequence hits that passed a threshold level of coverage and accuracy, serotype could be unambiguously predicted within 1 min for an average-size WGS sample of ∼500 MB. Validation with WGS data from 380 isolates showed an accuracy rate of 98.2%. This pipeline is the first step toward building a comprehensive WGS-based analysis pipeline of Shigella spp. in a field laboratory setting, where speed is essential and resources need to be more cost-effectively dedicated. IMPORTANCEShigella causes diarrheal disease with serious public health implications. However, conventional Shigella identification methods are laborious and time-consuming and can be erroneous due to the high similarity between Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and cross-reactivity between serotyping antisera. Further, serotype interpretation is complicated for inexperienced users. To develop an easier method with higher accuracy based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for Shigella serotyping, we systematically examined genomic information of Shigella isolates from 53 serotypes to define rules for differentiation and serotyping. We created ShigaTyper, an automated pipeline that accurately and rapidly excludes non-Shigella isolates and identifies 59 Shigella serotypes using Illumina paired-end WGS reads. A serotype can be unambiguously predicted at a data processing speed of 538 MB/min with 98.2% accuracy from a regular laptop. Once it is installed, training in bioinformatics analysis and Shigella genetics is not required. This pipeline is particularly useful to general microbiologists in field laboratories.
Suicide and drug-related mortality following occupational injury.

Background Drug overdoses and suicides have been rising since 2000 and are major contributors to a 3-year decline in US life expectancy. Studies suggest that injured workers have elevated rates of depression and opioid use, but no studies have measured excess mortality related to these risks. Materials and methods We linked New Mexico workers' compensation data for 100 806 workers injured in 1994 through 2000 with Social Security Administration earnings and mortality data through 2013 and National Death Index cause of death data. We then estimated the association between receiving lost-time workers' compensation benefits and mortality hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on Fine and Gray cause-specific subdistribution hazards for common causes of death and for drug-related, suicide, and alcohol-related mortality. Results There was almost a 3-fold increase in combined drug-related and suicide mortality hazard among women (HR = 2.63, 95% CI = 1.91-3.64) and a substantial increase among men (HR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.13-1.79). Circulatory disease mortality hazard was elevated for men (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.05-1.50). Conclusion Workplace injuries severe enough to require more than a week off work may impair workers' long-term health and well-being. Drug-related deaths and suicides may be important contributors to the long-term excess mortality of injured workers. Improved workplace conditions, improved pain treatment, better treatment of substance use disorders, and treatment of postinjury depression may substantially reduce mortality consequent to workplace injuries.
Gender, Perceived Power, and Desire to Lead: Why Women Don’t “Lean In” to Leadership Positions

Despite the large literature encouraging organizations to recruit more women to leadership positions, there remains a lack of women in senior leadership. One reason may be women’s lower desire to p...
Cardiac Sarcoidosis Causing Ventricular Tachycardia After Myocardial Infarction: A Shocking Diagnosis

Abstract Scar-mediated ventricular tachycardia (VT) commonly results from ischemic heart disease. We present a case of recurrent VT, which was initially attributed to ischemic disease; however, the...
Real-Time Lung Weight Measurement: A Simple Predictor for Clinical Outcomes of Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion

Purpose Lung weight (LW) gain is a typical characteristic of ischemia reperfusion injury in ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). However, LW gain data is available only at the end of EVLP. Additionally, objective physiological parameters useful in EVLP evaluation are limited. The study purpose was to investigate the usefulness of real-time LW measurement to assess pulmonary edema and to predict clinical outcomes. Methods LW at back table was measured before and after EVLP. During acellular EVLP, real-time LW was continuously measured by a scale attached under the organ chamber. The LW change (weight change per time, g/min) was measured during the non-touching period at multiple time points and the estimated LW gain was calculated by LW change and its duration. Transplant suitability was judged based on the standard criteria including trend of physiological parameters and palpation findings. Results Ten lungs were perfused at our institute and 8 lungs were clinically transplanted. All patients survived and primary graft dysfunction (PGD) grade at 72 hours were Grade 0-1, n = 6; Grade 2, n = 2; Grade 3, n = 0. Estimated LW gain during the entire perfusion period significantly correlated with LW gain at the back table (n = 10, r = 0.95, p Conclusion The data suggest that LW gain calculated by real-time LW measurement might be useful to assess pulmonary edema during EVLP. Initial LW gain at 0-60 min of EVLP might be a predictor of transplant suitability and clinical outcomes.
Dynamic Pricing of Fashionable Products with C2C Marketplaces and Strategic Consumers

This paper studies the influence of C2C resale marketplaces on pricing decisions and revenue performance of a capacitated seller selling high-tech or fashion products. We consider a monopolist seller sells fashionable products to consumers over two periods. Consumers who purchased early can resell their used units in online marketplaces later if their realized valuations turn out to be low. Additionally, consumers can strategically choose when (the first period or the second period) and where (from the seller or from the marketplace) to purchase. We characterize strategic consumers' purchasing equilibrium, the equilibrium market-clearing price for the resale marketplace, and the seller's optimal pricing decisions. First, we demonstrate that when the seller is capacitated with limited inventory, the resale marketplace will always benefit the seller. The seller can further strengthen the benefit by designing products with superior quality, a long-lasting valuation, and through cultivating early markets. Second, we show that with high initial inventory, the seller benefits from the marketplace only when the first-period market size is comparatively smaller than that of the second period. Under such a scenario, the seller is better off designing fashion-oriented products with acceptable quality and attracting more non-tech-savvy consumers who typically arrive and purchase late. Finally, we show that a Buy-Back Program, through which consumers can sell their used units back to the primary seller at a discounted price, can influence consumers’ purchasing behavior and improve the seller's revenue performance.
Interdisciplinarity and Team Innovation: The Role of Team Experiential and Relational Resources:

Interdisciplinary teams composed of members with different expertise possess a variety of perspectives, which increases their potential for innovation. In reality, team members often fail to integr...
Book review: Schweizer, Bernard (2019). Christianity and the Triumph of Humor: From Dante to David Javerbaum. New York: Routledge.

Bernard Schweizer's new book "Christianity and the Triumph of Humor" examines the relationship between Christian theology and pronouncements of the acceptability of humor. While some theologians rule out the permissibility of humor altogether, others seek to allow "good humour," however Schweizer contends that there is no such line that can be drawn. As such, the relationship becomes more more philosophically interesting. As we take an historical look, there is an increasingly liberal attitude for humor, allowing more and more into the sphere of acceptable objects of joking.
Prospective Benefit plus Moral Status: A Hybrid Model

In exploring possible justifications for the allocation of resources to patients with DoC, the authors argue that relevant frameworks ought to focus on potential morally important prospective benef...
Modulation of the immune microenvironment of high-risk ductal carcinoma in situ by intralesional pembrolizumab injection

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a risk factor for the subsequent development of invasive breast cancer. High-risk features include age 5 cm, high-grade, palpable mass, hormone receptor negativity, and HER2 positivity. We have previously shown that immune infiltrates are positively associated with these high-risk features, suggesting that manipulating the immune microenvironment in high-risk DCIS could potentially alter disease progression. Patients with high-risk DCIS were enrolled in this 3 × 3 phase 1 dose-escalation pilot study of 2, 4, and 8 mg intralesional injections of the PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab. Study participants received two intralesional injections, three weeks apart, prior to surgery. Tissue from pre-treatment biopsies and post-treatment surgical resections was analyzed using multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) staining for various immune cell populations. The intralesional injections were easily administered and well-tolerated. mIF analyses demonstrated significant increases in total T cell and CD8+ T cell percentages in most patients after receiving pembrolizumab, even at the 2 mg dose. T cell expansion was confined primarily to the stroma rather than within DCIS-containing ducts. Neither cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) staining, a marker for apoptosis, nor DCIS volume (as measured by MRI) changed significantly following treatment. Intralesional injection of pembrolizumab is safe and feasible in patients with DCIS. Nearly all patients experienced robust total and CD8+ T cell responses. However, we did not observe evidence of cell death or tumor volume decrease by MRI, suggesting that additional strategies may be needed to elicit stronger anti-tumor immunity.
Report on the 61st Annual International Mathematical Olympiad

We present the problems and solutions to the 61st Annual International Mathematical Olympiad.