cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Body, Incorporated

Legal personhood has become a contested issue for individuals of all political persuasions. Some activists seek to expand the boundaries of legal personhood to include fetuses, human tissue, or even animals. Other activists, however, have sought to limit the community of legal persons by expelling one long-recognized group: corporations. Since the United States Supreme Court decided Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission in 2010, a variety of activists, artists, entertainers, and political commentators have claimed that corporate personhood should be severely limited or completely eliminated. This Article addresses the current controversy surrounding legal personhood by focusing on how legal personhood for corporations has been constructed by jurists and scholars in historical and contemporary contexts. This Article does so through an examination of the metaphorical use of the human body as an anchor for determining the status of corporations as legal persons. This analysis shows that even for corporations — disembodied, legally constructed entities lacking many of the rights and privileges of personhood — the human body serves as an important framework for shaping the legal community of persons and resolving theoretical disputes concerning those legal persons. This Article also presents a novel theoretical justification of corporate personhood embedded in the legal tradition of the United States: the embodiment theory of the corporation. The embodiment theory of the corporation — deployed by courts, scholars, and lawyers — reveals how the embodied human being serves as the paradigmatic person of law. In the embodiment theory, human beings provide a model for determining how legal recognition functions for entities, collectives, and individuals — even those that are disembodied and legally constructed. For this reason, this Article argues that future efforts to determine the boundaries of legal personhood should incorporate human embodiment as a guiding framework for thinking about who “counts” in the community of persons.
Mechanisms responsible for intestinal barrier dysfunction in critical illness

The intestine, apart from serving as a portal of entry for nutrients and water into the body, also acts as a barrier limiting the systemic absorption of intraluminal microbes and microbial products. Results from laboratory and clinical studies suggest that numerous conditions, including sepsis, pancreatitis, and trauma can lead to derangements in the barrier function of the gut. It has been hypothesized that leakage of gut-derived pathogens and/or pro-inflammatory products into the lamina propria, mesenteric lymph, or blood stream can initiate or promote systemic inflammation.
Evaluation of a field-deployable insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction nucleic acid analyzer for influenza A virus detection at swine exhibitions.

Abstract Rapid detection of influenza A virus (IAV) at swine exhibitions, where zoonotic transmission has occurred, can allow exhibition officials to quickly implement mitigation strategies and red...
Irradiation responses and defect behavior of single-phase concentrated solid solution alloys

Single-phase concentrated solid solution alloys (SP-CSAs) are newly emerging advanced structural materials, which are defined as multiprincipal element solid solutions. SP-CSAs with more than four components in equimolar or near-equimolar ratios are also referred to as high-entropy alloys due to their high configurational entropy. SP-CSAs are potential structural materials in advanced nuclear energy systems due to their attractive mechanical properties. Therefore many investigations have been carried out to study the irradiation-induced structural damage and defect behavior in SP-CSAs. This paper reviews recent experimental results on the irradiation responses of various SP-CSAs, focusing on the accumulation of irradiation-induced structural damage, void swelling resistance, and solute segregation behavior. In addition, the characteristic defect behavior in SP-CSAs derived from ab initio and molecular dynamics simulations, as well as the challenges in the applications of SP-CSAs for the nuclear energy systems are briefly discussed.
Women, Money and Debt: Notes for a Feminist Reappropriation Movement

What are the consequences and implications for women of the imperative of waged work and the rolling back of welfare provisions? In this article Silvia Federici charts how the consequences have not...
May-Thurner syndrome and thrombosis: A systematic review of antithrombotic use after endovascular stent placement

Background May-Thurner Syndrome (MTS) is caused by compression of the left common iliac vein between the right common iliac artery and the pelvis. It likely predisposes an individual to lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as well as symptoms of unilateral lower extremity swelling and discomfort in the absence of a known history of thrombosis. In the case of MTS-associated acute thrombosis, there is low-quality evidence to suggest that endovascular intervention including thrombolysis and endovascular stent placement reduces the risk of recurrent thrombosis. However, the optimal type and duration of antithrombotic therapy after stent placement for left iliofemoral vein stenosis is not known. Methods A systematic literature search including studies that evaluated the outcome of endovascular stent occlusion and systemic anticoagulant use in patients with MTS associated DVT was performed. The primary outcome of interest was 12-month risk of endovascular stent occlusion or recurrent DVT. Results A total of five studies encompassing 61 patients were included in our study. All studies were retrospective without a comparator group. A variety of anticoagulants and durations were prescribed. Of the 55 patients evaluable, the 12-month rate of endovascular stent occlusion or recurrent DVT ranged from 0% to 40%. The 12-month stent patency rate ranged from 60% to 100%. Conclusions The published evidence regarding antithrombotic treatment for patients with MTS who have undergone stent placement for a DVT is limited. Further high-quality, prospective studies are needed in this setting to inform clinical decision making.
Biologically inspired far-from-equilibrium materials

Traditional approaches to materials synthesis have largely relied on uniform, equilibrated phases leading to static “condensed-matter” structures (e.g., monolithic single crystals). Departures from these modes of materials design are pervasive in biology. From the folding of proteins to the reorganization of self-regulating cytoskeletal networks, biological materials reflect a major shift in emphasis from equilibrium thermodynamic regimes to out-of-equilibrium regimes. Here, equilibrium structures, determined by global free-energy minima, are replaced by highly structured dynamical states that are out of equilibrium, calling into question the utility of global thermodynamic energy minimization as a first-principles approach. Thus, the creation of new materials capable of performing life-like functions such as complex and cooperative processes, self-replication, and self-repair, will ultimately rely upon incorporating biological principles of spatiotemporal modes of self-assembly. Elucidating fundamental principles for the design of such out-of-equilibrium dynamic self-assembling materials systems is the focus of this issue of MRS Bulletin.
Income of the Elderly Population Age 65 and Over, 2008

The U.S. retirement income system - including employment-based retirement plans, Social Security, individual savings, and post-retirement employment - can be assessed in part by examining the income of the current elderly population (age 65 and older). This paper reviews the latest available data on the older population’s income (from the U.S. Census Bureau’s March 2009 Current Population Survey) and how it has changed over time, as well as how the elderly’s reliance on these sources varies across demographic characteristics. In 2008, Social Security was the largest source of income for those currently age 65 and older, accounting for 39.8 percent of their income on average. Pension and annuities income was 19.7 percent, income from assets 13.0 percent, and income from earnings was 25.6 percent. Nearly all individuals (89.2 percent) age 65 and over were receiving income from Social Security in 2008, while 55.3 percent received income from assets, 35.4 percent received income from pensions and annuities, and 20.4 percent received income from earnings. The PDF for the above title, published in the June 2010 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another June 2010 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "Examination of the Short-term Impact of the COBRA Premium Subsidy and Characteristics of the COBRA Population."
Management Considerations: Interstitial Lung Disease

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) and is unique compared to ILD in other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. Physiologic, radiographic, and demographic features, as well as emerging biomarkers, can be used to help identify those patients at highest risk for ILD and to assess response to therapy. Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of treatments in IIM-associated ILD (IIM-ILD) are lacking and have not been the primary outcome of prospective myositis trials. As such, decisions regarding treatment choices have been largely based on agents typically used to treat muscle inflammation without specific consideration for pulmonary manifestations or agents used to treat ILD in other autoimmune conditions. In this chapter, we review the agents that have been shown to have benefit in IIM-ILD and provide more focused recommendations for specific groups of patients based on severity of disease, autoantibody profile, or predominant histologic pattern. In addition, we will discuss emerging, novel therapies that may target inflammatory or fibrotic lung disease in this group of patients.
Soybean Looper and Cabbage Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Cotton and Soybean Cropping Systems in Mississippi

Colonization and abundance of soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), adults and larvae were monitored in cotton and soybean cropping systems in the Delta region of Mississippi for three growing seasons (1994–1996). Soybean looper and cabbage looper adults were initially observed in pheromone traps during the last week of May or first week of June, although adults may have been present in the collection area prior to trap establishment. Adult populations of both species remained low until early August, after which moth density increased coincident with the bloom stages of cotton and soybean. Larvae were first collected from the crops when plants were in bloom, with the greatest increase in population density occurring in early to mid-August. Although samples were not taken after mid-August, looper populations generally decline to low levels during September in Mississippi. More soybean looper larvae usually were collected from soybean than in cotton, ...
Rational monism and rational pluralism

Consequentialists often assume rational monism: the thesis that options are always made rationally permissible by the maximization of the selfsame quantity. This essay argues that consequentialists should reject rational monism and instead accept rational pluralism: the thesis that, on different occasions, options are made rationally permissible by the maximization of different quantities. The essay then develops a systematic form of rational pluralism which, unlike its rivals, is capable of handling both the Newcomb problems that challenge evidential decision theory and the unstable problems that challenge causal decision theory.
Copula-based multi-event modeling and prediction using fleet service records

Recent advances in information and communication technology are enabling availability of event sequence data from equipment fleets comprising potentially a large number of similar units. The data f...
Abstract PO-051: The splanchnic mesenchyme during fetal development is the major source of pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts

In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play critical and complex roles in the tumor microenvironment. CAFs are also a major cell type in the desmoplastic stroma in PDAC and may account for half of the entire tumor tissue. Multiple subtypes of CAFs have been suggested, but the tissue origin(s) of CAF subtypes are unknown and genetic tools to robustly target them in vivo are lacking. Here we aimed to examine three potential tissue sources of CAFs: the pancreatic epithelium (through epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition), the bone marrow (through circulation), and the pancreatic mesenchyme or tissue resident fibroblasts (TRFs) in the normal pancreas (through proliferation). We utilized a genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC, where Kras and p53 mutations were engineered in the pancreatic epithelium using an Flp-Frt system. To determine whether the pancreatic epithelium gives rise to CAFs, we permanently labeled the pancreatic epithelium with a GFP reporter and traced their cell descendants by GFP expression. Despite robust GFP labeling of the epithelium, GFP expression was rarely identified in CAFs, suggesting little contribution of epithelium to the CAF pool. To determine whether the bone marrow gives rise to CAFs, we transplanted donor bone marrow carrying a ubiquitously expressed GFP reporter allele to GFP-negative recipient mice. We found that only a small proportion of pancreatic CAFs were tagged with GFP, suggesting their bone marrow origin. Lastly, to determine whether pancreatic TRFs give rise to CAFs, we used an inducible CreER-LoxP system to allow for permanent Tomato labeling in TRFs progenitors, the splanchnic mesenchyme, during mid-gestation. Lineage tracing in PDAC showed that the vast majority of CAFs were labeled with Tomato expression, suggesting their splanchnic origin. Furthermore, certain splanchnic gene expression signatures were persistent in subsets of CAFs in both the PDAC mouse model and human patient samples. In summary, we found that bone marrow contributes to a small proportion of CAFs in PDAC, and the pancreatic epithelium contributes even less. Meanwhile, pancreatic TRFs are derived from the splanchnic mesenchyme during fetal development and they expand to contribute to the vast majority of CAFs in PDAC. Moreover, the persistence of splanchnic signature defines subtypes of CAFs. This study provides approaches to robustly target CAFs in vivo and novel insights into CAF heterogeneity in PDAC. Citation Format: Lu Han, Yongxia Wu, Melodie Parrish, Khushbu Patel, Xuezhong Yu, Michael Ostrowski, Gustavo Leone. The splanchnic mesenchyme during fetal development is the major source of pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PR-013.
Differential Image Based Robot to MRI Scanner Registration with Active Fiducial Markers for an MRI-Guided Robotic Catheter System

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided robotic catheter ablation procedures, reliable tracking of the catheter within the MRI scanner is needed to safely navigate the catheter. This requires accurate registration of the catheter to the scanner. This paper presents a differential, multi-slice image-based registration approach utilizing active fiducial coils. The proposed method would be used to pre-operatively register the MRI image space with the physical catheter space. In the proposed scheme, the registration is performed with the help of a registration frame, which has a set of embedded electromagnetic coils designed to actively create MRI image artifacts. These coils are detected in the MRI scanner’s coordinate system by background subtraction. The detected coil locations in each slice are weighted by the artifact size and then registered to known ground truth coil locations in the catheter’s coordinate system via least-squares fitting. The proposed approach is validated by using a set of target coils placed withing the workspace, employing multi-planar capabilities of the MRI scanner. The average registration and validation errors are respectively computed as 1.97 mm and 2.49 mm. The multi-slice approach is also compared to the single-slice method and shown to improve registration and validation by respectively 0.45 mm and 0.66 mm.
The modified mini direct bone-anchored browlift for frontal paralysis

A myriad of techniques have been described to correct brow ptosis via a blepharoplasty incision, mid-forehead incision, endoscopic approach, pretrichial incision, coronal approach or direct brow lift. There are varying risks and results for each technique including paresthesia, facial nerve injury, alopecia, and unsightly scars. In this article we describe the mini-direct browlift technique that utilizes bone anchored sutures and allows for good cosmesis and control of brow height with minimal morbidity. A myriad of techniques have been described to correct brow ptosis via a blepharoplasty incision, mid-forehead incision, endoscopic approach, pretrichial incision, coronal approach or direct brow lift. There are varying risks and results for each technique including paresthesia, facial nerve injury, alopecia, and unsightly scars. In this article we describe the mini-direct browlift technique that utilizes bone anchored sutures and allows for good cosmesis and control of brow height with minimal morbidity.
“Let’s Go, Baby Forklift!”: Fandom Governance and the Political Power of Cuteness in China

This article describes how the Chinese state borrows from the culture of celebrity fandom to implement a novel strategy of governing that we term “fandom governance.” We illustrate how state-run so...
Forms of Group Involvement: Alternatives to the Standard Question:

Deciding whether Americans have become decreasingly involved in group life entails a methodological issue: Does the standard question about the associations to which respondents belong, asked for d...
Stereotactic Proton Ablative Radiosurgery of the Spine.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) To report the techniques of treating primary tumors and metastases of the spine with stereotactic proton ablative radiotherapy. MATERIALS/METHODS Robustly optimized IMPT plans were generated using either the Single-field optimization (SFO) or the multi-field optimization (MFO) method in the treatment planning system. Patients with primary and metastatic lesions of the spine, who underwent curative-intent, received ablative pencil-beam scanning proton therapy between July 2015 and October 2019. Patients were immobilized with thermoplastic mask or vac lok, indexed knee cushion, and memory foam. Radiotherapy was delivered CT-on-Rail image guidance. MRI, CT, and/or PET-CT were assessed for radiographic local control. Outcomes were measured from radiation end date to last imaging. Acute and long-term adverse events (AE) were assessed based on CTCAE v4.0. RESULTS Forty-four patients were identified. Forty-nine unique metastatic spine sites were treated, C-spine (n = 2), T-spine (13), L-spine (18), and sacrum (16). The median age was 64. 44% were prostate histology. 80% had prior overlapping radiotherapy fields, and 20% were retreatment. The median dose per fraction and number of fractions were 13 Gy (R, 10-22 Gy) and 3 (R, 1-5). The Median follow-up was 22.2 months. Overall survival at 1 and 2 years was 79.1% and 73.8%. Forty-five patients were surveilled with imaging. The radiographic local control at 1 and 2 years was 74.0% and 56.2%. Local failure-free survival at 1 and 2 years was 60.6% and 40.9%. All patients were assessed during and following radiotherapy for acute and long-term toxicities. Acutely, 9 (18%) patients experienced a pain flare with 4, requiring initiation or increased opioids or steroids for pain management. Three patients experienced acute grade 1 peripheral sensory neuropathy, and one patient, acute grade 1 esophagitis. Long term, there was one de novo vertebral body compression fracture requiring vertebroplasty and three patients with grade 1-2 sensory peripheral neuropathy. CONCLUSION Stereotactic proton ablative radiotherapy for the treatment of tumors and metastases of the spine is a safe and effective treatment modality. AUTHOR DISCLOSURE M. Dougherty: None. T.C. Mullikin: None. S.S. Park: None.
Bacterial Sulfate Reduction in the Red Sea Hot Brines

Fresh brine samples and mud samples from cores were taken under sterile conditions. Enrichment media for sulfate-reducing and nitrate-reducing bacteria were inoculated with these samples and incubated at room temperature and the respective brine temperature. No positive development was found in cultures inoculated from brines or core muds from the brine area. Only one of five cores from outside the brine area contained sulfate-reducing bacteria, of which two strains were isolated. Water samples from the brine/seawater transition zone in the Atlantis II Deep also resulted in positive enrichments, of which three strains of sulfate-reducing bacteria were isolated. No nitrate-reducing bacteria could be enriched from any of the samples. The isolated Desulfovibrio strains were characterized. Their temperature optima were 35°–40°C. An experiment to train ten different strains of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from various marine environments to grow at elevated temperatures and salinities showed that only the sulfate-reducing bacteria from the Atlantis II Deep brine/seawater transition zone grew well at 10 per cent NaCl/44°C and 1/2 concentrated brine/35°C. The probable reasons responsible for the absence of bacterial sulfate reduction in the hot brines themselves and in the brine deep sediments are discussed.
Dynamics and Control of Articulated Anisotropic Timoshenko Beams

The paper illustrates the use of continuum models in control design for stabilizing flexible structures. A 6-DOF anisotropic Timoshenko beam with discrete nodes where lumped masses or actuators are located provides a sufficiently rich model to be of interest for mathematical theory as well as practical application. We develop concepts and tools to help answer engineering questions without having to resort to ad hoc heuristic ("physical") arguments or faith. In this sense the paper is more mathematically oriented than engineering papers and vice versa at the same time. For instance we make precise time-domain solutions using the theory of semigroups of operators rather than formal "inverse Laplace transforms." We show that the modes arise as eigenvalues of the generator of the semigroup, which are then related to the eigenvalues of the stiffness operator. With the feedback control, the modes are no longer orthogonal and the question naturally arises as to whether there is still a modal expansion. Here we prove that the eigenfunctions yield a biorthogonal Riesz basis and indicate the corresponding expansion. We prove mathematically that the number of eigenvalues is nonfinite, based on the theory of zeros of entire functions. We make precise the notion of asymptotic modes and indicate how to calculate them. Although limited by space, we do consider the root locus problem and show for instance that the damping at first increases as the control gain increases but starts to decrease at a critical value, and goes to zero as the gain increases without bound. The undamped oscillatory modes remain oscillatory and the rigid-body modes go over into deadbeat modes. The Timoshenko model dynamics are translated into a canonical wave equation in a Hilbert space. The solution is shown to require the use of an "energy" norm which is no more than the total energy: potential plus kinetic. We show that, under an appropriate extension of the notion of controllability, rate feedback with a collocated sensor can stabilize the structure in the sense that all modes are damped and the energy decays to zero. An example, non-numeric, is worked out in some detail illustrating the concepts and theory developed.
C02 Laser Transceiver System for High Data Rate Communications in Space

Optical carriers offer specific benefits for space-to-space communications. The large bandwidth capability in new, unoccupied frequency regimes and the possibility of obtaininq high gains with small size antennas make them an attractive alternative to conventional radio- and microwaves. Under a contract from the European Space Agency ESA the problems of optical communications in space have been studied into detail, resulting in the design of a CO2 laser transceiver system which is most suited to meet the technical objectives.
Intrapartum Asphyxia and Cerebral Palsy

Signs of presumed hypoxia/asphyxia of the fetus are not uncommon and can be detected during labor, in the delivery room, and during the early neonatal period. Virtually no single sign or symptom has sufficient correlation to enable prediction of later cerebral palsy with a reasonable degree of medical certainty. To attribute cerebral palsy to prior asphyxia with reasonable certainty, there must be evidence that a substantial hypoxic injury occurred and that a sequence of events ensued which would prove the clinical impact of that hypoxic insult. Few cases of cerebral palsy meet these criteria.
ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT, EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

On the basis of the Nigerian experience, this article argues that the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, when misapplied, can have a devastating effect on the educational systems that are essential to human resource development. The paper considers how the objectives of structural adjustment might have been accomplished without harming education, and recommends an outcomes-based educational policy for Nigeria which could serve equally well in other developing nations. The key message of the paper is that the ongoing austerity programs have been secured at excessively high human cost, and that it is time for a policy redirection that reaffirms education as the essential tool of all development.
Design by documentation: a method and case study

We present a "design by documentation" approach to the design of dedicated computer systems. The method is natural, easy to apply, and results with the documentation that is simultaneously developed with the project design steps. The approach allows the designer and the customer to validate the design goals throughout the design process by assessing the documentation on the midterm checkpoints of the project. The approach is illustrated through a case study of the design of intracranial pressure monitor for medical application. >
The H-2 major histocompatibility complex and the I immune response region: genetic variation, function, and organization.

Publisher Summary One of the most rapidly developing areas of immunologic research deals with the H-2 gene complex, a tightly linked series of genes controlling a variety of immunologic traits, including histocompatibility and immune responsiveness. This chapter summarizes the varieties of phenotypic traits associated with differences in the H-2 complex. The mapping of the H-2 complex into four major regions marked by H-2K, Ir-1, Ss-Slp, and H-2D genes plus the associated Tla gene is discussed in the chapter, along with the phenotypic traits associated with these regions. The chapter discusses the immune response region, the genes of which appear to control a variety of immune phenomena—including antibody response to many antigens, susceptibility to tumor viruses, and graft-versus-host (GVH), and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions. The H-2 complex consists of many genes with diverse functions, most of which control cell membrane structures and/or processes. The fact that lymphocytes are particularly affected by H-2 genes has important implications for immunology. However, some of the genes also affect other cell types, implying a still larger role for the H-2 complex, perhaps in development or in cell regulation. Because the H-2 complex is the most thoroughly characterized segment of a mammalian chromosome, it is also an important model for the studies of gene action, organization, and evolution in mammals.
Genomic mapping by fingerprinting random clones: A mathematical analysis

Results from physical mapping projects have recently been reported for the genomes of Escirerichiu coli, Saccharomycee cerevisiae, and Caenorhabditis elegune, and similar projects are currently being planned for other organisms. In such projects, the physical map is assembled by first “fingerprinting” a large number of clones chosen at random from a recombinant library and then inferring overlaps between clones with sufficiently similar fingerprints. Although the basic approach is the same, there are many possible choices for the fingerprint used to characterize the clones and the rules for declaring overlap. In this paper, we derive simple formulas showing how the progress of a physical mapping project is affected by the nature of the Angerprinting scheme. Using these formulas, we discuss the analytic considerations involved in selecting an appropriate Angerprinting scheme for a particular project. 63 1998 Academic Press, Inc.
Melion and the Wolves of Ireland

When the werewolf protagonist of the Old French lay of Melion recruits a band of other wolves in order to lay waste to Ireland, this activity—unique to Melion—is informed by the medieval Irish view of diberg ‹(wolf-like) brigandage’. These aspects of Melion’s setting and plot are major developments in the medieval werewolf tale most famously attested in Marie de France’s Bisclavret. The case of Melion has profound implications for understanding Celtic influence on Francophone literature in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Parent/Student Risk and Protective Factors in Understanding Early Adolescent’s Body Mass Index

This article’s aim is to examine correlates of middle school students’ body mass index (BMI). Little research simultaneously has considered both child and parent correlates in predicting child’s BMI; we examine the interrelationships between middle school students and their parent’s risks and protective factors and their impact on the child’s BMI. The study is based on a cross-sectional survey of 161 parent-middle school child pairs living in a large school district in Northwest Arkansas. The analysis finds that while parent BMI is an important correlate of student BMI, other parental risks and even parental protective factors’ impact on student BMI were, in part, minimized by the risk and protective factors of students. Important differences emerged between parent and child correlates of student’s BMI scores. More comprehensive joint assessments of parent and child social contexts and their role in determining weight status seem clearly warranted from this exploratory analysis.
When are implicit agents Encoded? Evidence from cross-modal naming.

A cross-modal naming task was used to investigate when readers access and use semantic argument information to integrate a verb into the representation of a sentence. Previous research has shown that readers include implicit agents as part of their understanding of short passive sentences like The door was shut but not in intransitive sentences like The door shut. We demonstrate that implicit agents are accessed immediately upon recognizing a passive verb. Additionally, our results suggest that cross-modal naming is sensitive to some types of lexically encoded semantic information.
Apes Among the Tangled Branches of Human Origins

The detailed description of Ardipithecus ramidus ( 1 ) more than lived up to the buzz of anticipation that preceded it in the paleoanthropological community. A. ramidus is a purported hominin (the group comprising humans and their extinct relatives after they diverged from our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees) from the Middle Awash region of Ethiopia. The focus of attention has been on how A. ramidus may relate to later fossil hominins and to living apes and humans (see the first figure), but to appreciate the place of A. ramidus in human origins, we must also view it from the perspective of the hominoids (apes) that lived in the Miocene, 23 to 5 million years ago (see the second figure).
Variations in Grandparenting

Grandparents are increasingly playing a significant role in the lives of their grandchildren, though surprisingly little is known about what actually happens within a grandparent-grandchild relatio...
An explanation of interspecific differences in sensitivity to X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations and a consideration of dose-response curves.

Abstract Using 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) which is an inhibitor of DNA-repair resynthesis, previous studies have shown that the frequency of chromosome-type aberrations is influenced by the rate of repair of araC-inhibitable DNA damage. The experiments described here are a further test of this hypothesis and also an attempt to determine if the different sensitivities of lymphocytes of different species to X-ray-induced aberrations are related to the rate of endonucleolytic incision during repair of DNA damage. Unstimulated lymphocytes from 4 species were exposed to an X-ray dose of 200 rad, and then incubated with araC for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 h. The aberration frequencies increased in all species up to 3–4 h. It was also clear that the rate of increase was different between species and was approximately proportional to the ratios of X-ray-induced aberrations observed in the absence of araC. For example, human lymphocytes are approximately twice as sensitive as rabbit lymphocytes to the induction of aberrations by X-rays and the rate of increase of aberrations in the presence of araC was about twice as great in human as rabbit lymphocytes. In addition, using 50, 100, 200 or 300 rad of X-rays and treating human lymphocytes for 0, 1, 2 or 3 h in araC post-irradiation, we have shown that the rate of increase in aberrations is proportional to the amount of araC-inhibitable DNA damage; with a limiting dose at about 50 rad. These results appear to provide a basis for interpreting differences in sensitivities to aberration induction among mammalian species.
Aspects of rhythm in gesture and speech

This article investigates the rhythmic relationship between gesture and speech. Four subjects were filmed in natural conversations with friends. From the resulting videos, several thousand time-stamped annotations pertaining to rhythm were manually recorded in a digital annotation tool, and exported for statistical analysis. They revealed a rich rhythmic relationship between the hands, head, and voice. Each articulator produced pikes (a general term for short, distinctive expressions, regardless of the modality) in complex synchrony with other articulators. Even eyeblinks were synchronized, with eyelids held closed until reopening on the rhythmic beat, akin to a pre-stroke hold before a gestural stroke. Average tempos similar to previously reported natural human tempos — e.g. Fraisse’s (1982) 600 ms figure — were found in hands, head, and speech, although hands tended to move most quickly and speech most slowly. All three also shared a common tempo of around a third of a second, perhaps to synchronize inter-articulator meeting points. These findings lend empirical weight to earlier observations of a rhythmic relationship between gesture and speech, providing support for the theory of a common cognitive origin of the two modalities.
Viscoplasticity analysis of semicrystalline polymers: A multiscale approach within micromechanics framework

Abstract The crystalline segment of semicrystalline polymers can undergo phase separation and creates distinguishable microscale crystalline and amorphous domains. In general severe mechanical and thermal loading conditions may change the amorphous, crystalline and morphological textures of these semicrystalline polymers. Due to the fact that the mechanical responses of these individual components, i.e. crystalline and amorphous polymers, are well-studied in the literature, a multiscale analysis can effectively correlate these micro-constituents properties to the macroscopic mechanical responses of the semicrystalline structures. Although the multiscale Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the real microstructures encounters with some difficulties, such as computational costs, the micromechanics approach compensate for the FEA limitations. The micromechanics framework correlates the macroscopic mechanical responses to the microscale constitutive behaviors by either analytical or numerical methods. In this study a multiscale theory is developed within the micromechanics framework which links the microscale and macroscale constitutive behaviors of the semicrystalline polymers and also it accounts for the texture updates. While in the developed multiscale approach the crystal plasticity can effectively describe the inelastic responses of the crystalline sub-phase, a novel viscoplastic constitutive relation for the amorphous glassy polymers is developed to enhance the performance of the multiscale approach. The proposed amorphous viscoplastic model minimizes the numbers of material parameters, and it significantly facilitates the calibration process. Also the developed constitutive relations for the amorphous polymers provide the mathematical competency to capture a wide range of experimental results. A reformation of the Transformation Field Analysis (TFA), developed by Dvorak, 1990 , Dvorak, 1992 , Dvorak and Benveniste, 1992 , is then presented where the two-phase TFA solution is generalized for capturing local inelastic responses of semicrystalline polymers. Its performance is then examined for the case of finite deformation kinematics. Also the reported TFA deficiency in overestimating the inelastic responses, e.g. Chaboche et al. (2001) , is addressed herein in which the elasto-plastic stiffness together with some phenomenological material parameters are incorporated into the TFA formulation to soften its mechanical responses. The multiscale approach and the proposed viscoplastic model provide good correlation with the experimental results.
Endotracheal administration of atropine sulfate

Atropine sulfate was successfully administered endotracheally to a 74-year-old patient suffering profound bradycardic cardiovascular collapse. Ninety seconds following endotracheal atropine administration, normal blood pressure and pulse were established. Therapeutic blood levels of atropine were documented following endotracheal administration. The endotracheal route for atropine administration appears to provide an effective alternative route of administration when intravenous access is difficult or impossible to establish rapidly.
Autologous transfusion: A viable alternative

An increasingly popular alternative to homologous blood use and its associated risks is transfusion of the patient's own blood. The three methods of autotransfusion in use today are predeposit of autologous blood, immediate preoperative deposit with hemodilution, and intraoperative scavenging with red-cell salvage. Logistical concerns have led to underutilization of the first method. Preoperative deposit with hemodilution, involving simultaneous replacement of blood with colloid or crystalloid fluids to maintain plasma volume, is a more convenient procedure that may have hemodynamic advantages for the surgical patient. Scavenging from the operative field or from postsurgical drainage is an effective means of salvaging blood that would otherwise be lost and returning it in improved condition to the patient. Recent advances in processing equipment permit separation of red cells from plasma and cell washing to eliminate contaminants implicated in coagulation problems associated with earlier autotransfusion systems. Intraoperative scavenging can be invaluable in emergency surgery involving acute and rapid blood loss as well as in elective surgical procedures in which large blood needs are anticipated. Methods of collecting and processing autologous blood, along with associated benefits, risks, and indications, are reviewed.
Psychological Correlates of Drinking Behavior in Social Drinker College Students

Psychological adjustment, cognitive functioning, and drinking behaviors have been shown to discriminate between alcoholic and control populations. Few data exist on the discriminatory power of such measures among social drinkers differing on alcohol intake level. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption and psychological/cognitive functioning in a group of social drinker college students made up of equal numbers of males and females, matched on age and education, and varying on amount of alcohol consumed per drinking episode. RESULTS indicate no relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in this group of social drinkers. Drinking and psychological profiles of heavy social drinkers were very similar to those of diagnosed alcoholics and very dissimilar to light social drinkers. Such a finding suggests that these types of profiles may have predictive value for identifying at-risk social drinkers in the general population. Language: en
Application for a Newly Developed High-Capacity NOx Denuder: Low-NOx Diesel Transformation Experiments

ABSTRACT To conduct low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) chamber experiments with modern diesel emissions (DE), a high-capacity NOx denuder was developed and used at the European Photoreactor (EUPHORE) outdoor simulation chamber. The denuder displayed a sufficient NOx storage capacity for use with DE, and efficient removal of NOx during injections of DE was achieved (>98%). Degradation of the denuder performance after repeated regeneration by heating (400 °C) and flushing with an air/oxygen ratio of 2:1 was not observed for a total of nine experiments. Evaluation of dark (with chamber cover closed) experiments (four in total) with and without the denuder in-line revealed some reduction (22%) of diesel particulate matter (DPM) with use of the denuder, most likely a result of impaction or settling of DPM during DE transit. However, DPM reduction may have also been a result of reductions in effective load of the engine-dyno system during the DE injections. Extensive chemical characterization of DPM revealed no signi...
Large multidecadal salinity trends near the Pacific-Antarctic Continental margin.

Abstract Ocean temperature and salinity measurements on and near the Antarctic continental shelf in the southwest Pacific sector are evaluated for evidence of temporal change. Shelf water in the southwest Ross Sea has declined in salinity by 0.03 decade−1 from 1958 to 2008, while its temperatures have increased in proportion to the influence of salinity on the sea surface freezing point. Modified deep-water intrusions that reach the central Ross Ice Shelf have freshened at a similar rate and cooled by ∼0.5°C since the late 1970s. Salinity has decreased by 0.08 decade−1 in the westward coastal and slope front currents, consistent with increased melting of continental ice upstream in the Amundsen Sea. Overturning of those near-surface waters during winter sea ice formation and mixing across the slope front is sufficient to account for the 5-decade shelf water salinity change. A strong correlation between the freshening and change in the southern annular mode index suggests a link with the large-scale atmosp...
Second-order conditioning: Different outcomes in fear and eyelid conditioning

Second-order conditioning has been frequently observed with the fear response but not with the eyelid response. The present experiments manipulated the temporal relationship between the second-order and first-order stimulus on second-order conditioning trials. Our results indicated that a trace second-order procedure is not effective with either response system. Second-order fear conditioning was most prominent when the second-order CS terminated at the onset of the first-order CS. This arrangement, however, did not produce second-order eyelid CRs. In eyelid conditioning, the second-order CS appears to inhibit responding to the first-order CS which immediately follows it.
Differential responses of prelactating and lactating mammary gland to similar tissue concentrations of progesterone.

Serum and mammary tissue concentrations of progesterone and 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen- 3-one (20α-OHP) were measured by competitive protein-binding assays and gas-liquid chromatography, respectively, in pregnant and lactating rats. The concentration of progesterone in mammary tissue of pregnant rats closely paralleled the serum concentration, particularly when tissue concentration was expressed as ng/mg DNA. The variability in tissue progesterone on the last day of pregnancy was relatively great, but there was a good inverse relation between the appearance of lactose and the progesterone concentration. Serum progesterone levels declined to their lowest values at 1–3 days of lactation (10 ± 1 ng/ml); the tissue concentration declined even more rapidly after parturition. The tissue 20α-OHP concentration, which was more closely related to serum progesterone among animals than to serum 20α-OHP, remained high after parturition suggesting that the presence of 20α-OHP has no effect on lactogenesis and that progester...
Reconstructing Spatial Distributions from Anonymized Locations

Devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and sensors are often equipped with GPS that accurately report a person's location. Combined with wireless communication, these devices enable a wide range of new social tools and applications. These same qualities, however, leave location-aware applications vulnerable to privacy violations. This paper introduces the Negative Quad Tree, a privacy protection method for location aware applications. The method is broadly applicable to applications that use spatial density information, such as social applications that measure the popularity of social venues. The method employs a simple anonymization algorithm running on mobile devices, and a more complex reconstruction algorithm on a central server. This strategy is well suited to low-powered mobile devices. The paper analyzes the accuracy of the reconstruction method in a variety of simulated and real-world settings and demonstrates that the method is accurate enough to be used in many realworld scenarios.
High-Yield Bond Default and Call Risks

This paper empirically investigates high-yield bond default and call behavior using a competing risks hazard model that simultaneously estimates the impact of bond age, issue-specific characteristics and business conditions on both events. Results reveal nonmonotonic aging effects: default rates increase and then drop while call rates first increase and then level off. Rating and coupon size affect default risk, while maturity and issue size impact only call rates. Defaults are more likely when economic conditions have worsened and no improvement is anticipated. Calls are more likely when interest rates have decreased but are expected to rise.
ACM SIGCOMM computer communication review

At some point in the future, how far out we do not exactly know, wireless access to the Internet will outstrip all other forms of access bringing the freedom of mobility to the way we access the we...
Absolute distance perception to locations off the ground plane

Using vision, humans can accurately judge distances to locations on the ground surface up to distances of at least 20 m. Most theories of depth perception assume that this ability is associated with the fact that we live in a terrestrial world in which locations of interest often appear on the ground and for which feedback about distance is often available from nonvisual sources such as walking. Much less is known about the ability of humans to judge absolute distances to locations other than on or supported by the ground plane beyond a few meters, at which point binocular stereo provides at best limited information about distance scaling. We show that one commonly used action measure for probing absolute distance perception exhibits accurate performance, even for targets located on the ceiling of a large room. We follow this with evidence that distance to ceiling locations is recovered with a mechanism that depends, at least in part, on the angle from the line of sight to the target location and a gravit...