cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Radical Critique of Economic Inequality in Early American Political Thought

This article examines the ideological roots and historical development of an early radical economic egalitarian tradition in American political thought. It concentrates on a group of thinkers and social critics that were active from the 1820s through the beginning of the Civil War. Inspired by republican themes, they forged a radical critique of the emerging capitalist order and a skepticism of economic modernity. By reworking the republican political notion of an equality of social relations as an essential context for individual liberty, these radical critics posed a challenge to the emerging capitalist order. They would also be unique in the way that they analyzed the workings of this new economic system arguing that it was a mechanism that would systematically reproduce economic inequality eroding republican forms of government and society making them a distinct voice in America's egalitarian tradition.
On Biased Estimation in Linear Models

Hoer1 and Kennard introduced a class of biased estimators (ridge estimators) for the parameters in an ill-conditioned linear model. In this paper the ridge estimators are viewed as a subclass of the class of linear transforms of the least squares estimator. An alternative class of estimators, labeled shrunken estimators is considered. It is shown that these estimators satisfy the admissibility condition proposed by Hoer1 and Kennard. In addition, both the ridge estimators and shrunken estimators are derived as minimum norm estimators in the class of linear transforms of the least squares estimators. The former minimizes the Euclidean norm and the latter minimizes the design dependent norm. The class of estimators which are minimum variance linear transforms of the least squares estimator is obtained and the members of this class are shown to be stochastically shrunken estimators. An example is computed to show the behavior of the different estimators.
Intergroup cooperation and intergroup attraction: The effect of previous interaction and outcome of combined effort

The present study investigated the conditions that determine when intergroup cooperation will result in increased intergroup attraction. In the first phase of the study groups were led to believe that they were either competing, cooperating, or having no interaction with a second group. The results indicated that competition led to the least intergroup attraction. In the second phase of the study, the two groups were combined and worked cooperatively on two tasks. They received feedback that their combined effort had either succeeded or failed. Intergroup attraction scores were taken after the second phase of the study. When groups had previously competed, failure on the combined effort resulted in decreased intergroup attraction while success yielded increased attraction. However, for groups that had previously cooperated, both success and failure on the combined effort increased intergroup attraction. The results were interpreted as showing that both previous interaction and success of combined effort are important variables in determining when intergroup cooperation will increase intergroup attraction.
Squeeze Film Damping Models Compared With Tests on Microsystems

This paper compares three models for computing forces caused by gas film squeezed between parallel plates. The models are used to calculate damping forces on an oscillating plate at different oscillation frequencies. The damping forces are then used to calculate nondimensional damping ratios. The damping ratios are used in making comparisons among the models and with experimental data. The experiment used an oscillating MEMS plate suspended by folded springs. The substrate (base) was shaken with a piezoelectric transducer. The plate vibrated as a result, especially at the resonant frequency. The velocities of the suspended plate and of the substrate were measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer and a microscope. Experimental modal analysis gave the damping ratio. To achieve a wide range of squeeze numbers, the experiment was repeated under several different pressures. The measurement was also repeated on an array of plates. Experimental data indicate that, for atmospheric and higher pressures, squeeze-film damping forces can be modeled accurately with a very simple model. For lower pressures in the continuum regime, a more complete model by Veijola (2004) predicts the damping ratio very well.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Animal models of compulsive behavior

Abstract A convergence of clinical and pathological evidence points to the basal ganglia as the site of disturbance in compulsive disorders. However, the limbic system may be implicated as well. This article draws upon various lines of animal research in an attempt to explain how disturbances in one or another of these systems may produce compulsive behavior. Possible models include stimulation of the reinforcement mechanism, manipulation of the striatal “comparator” function, production and blockade of displacement behavior, and interference with the hippocampus' modulation of the stereotypy-inducing effect of reward. The common denominator of these models is a relative excess of dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia. However, this does not necessarily implicate a primary dopaminergic disturbance in all human compulsive behavior.
The blame frame: media attribution of culpability about the MMR-autism vaccination scare.

Scholars have examined how news media frame events, including responsibility for causing and fixing problems, and how these frames inform public judgment. This study analyzed 281 newspaper articles about a controversial medical study linking the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination with autism. Given criticism of the study and its potential negative impact on vaccination rates across multiple countries, the current study examined actors to whom news media attributed blame for the MMR–vaccine association, sources used to support those attributions, and what solutions (e.g., mobilizing information), if any, were offered. This study provides unique insight by examining the evolution of these attributions over the lifetime of the controversy. Findings emphasize how news media may attribute blame in health risk communication and how that ascription plays a potentially vital role in shaping public behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Microscopic Experimental Approaches to High Pressure Chemistry

The experimental study of the chemistry related to the deflagration/detonation of energetic materials is extremely challenging due to the high pressure, high temperature, and time domain under which the chemical reactions occur. In addition, non equilibrium pressure and temperature conditions temporally effect the reaction pathways and rates during the reaction process. The multiple phases of material present (i.e. the heterogeneous nature of the problem), the multiple reaction pathways (both in series and in parallel), and the temporal dependency of the physical conditions make the assignments of the early reaction products, product sequence, and reaction mechanism an extremely difficult if not nearly unsolvable problem. Recently, experimental approaches have been developed which permit the spectroscopic identification of products species, reaction sequences, and global reaction rates under simulated detonation conditions. Three experimental techniques: (1) high pressure matrix isolation (2) high pressure time-resolved absorption spectroscopy, and (3) high pressure time-resolved emission spectroscopy are used in conjunction with a gem anvil cell to probe the high pressure chemical processes.
Ocular involvement in familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

• Background: Familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FEL), a rare, rapidly fatal childhood disorder, is characterized by intermittent fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, hypercytokinemia and lymphohistiocytic infiltration with erythrophagocytosis involving multiple organs. We report the clinical and histological features of two infants with FEL and emphasize the ocular findings. • Methods: Microscopic examination of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded autopsy material was performed. Immunohistochemical studies were performed in case 1. • Results: The first patient presented with clinical and laboratory features and a family history consistent with FEL, and a liver biopsy revealed a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with erythrophagocytosis consistent with FEL. A deceased brother had been diagnosed with FEL. Autopsy showed widely disseminated lymphohistiocytic infiltrates affecting the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, kidneys and brain. Histologic examination of both eyes disclosed a prominent lymphohistiocytic infiltrate of the optic nerve with destruction of nerve fiber bundles as well as milder infiltrates in the choroid, scleral canals, perineural areas in the orbit and the optic nerve head perivascularly. The second patient also had the typical clinical, laboratory and autopsy findings with similar involvement of most organs, including extensive infiltration of the spleen and bone marrow. Histologic examination of one eye revealed marked lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the entire choroid as well as milder infiltration in the trabecular meshwork, iris, ciliary body, optic nerve, meninges and around the central retinal vein in the optic nerve. • Conclusion: The findings of this study further define the ocular pathologic features of FEL, which are a part of a generalized, multiorgan disseminated disease.
Experimental investigation of dynamic punch tests on isotropic and composite materials

An experimental investigation is conducted on the two-dimensional punch problem for isotropic materials and unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite materials under quasi-static and impact loading. Singular stresses are generated in the specimen near the punch corners, and the stress intensity factorKIis introduced to describe the singular stress field. Laser interferometry is used to measure in-plane stresses (transmission mode) and out-of-plane displacements (reflection mode) and then estimate the stress intensity factor. In the dynamic case, a high-speed photography technique was employed to capture the transient response of the specimen and measureK(t) just after the impact. In all the cases, a good agreement between the measurements ofK and theoretical predictions was found.
The influence of demographics and distance on nonprofit location

This article investigates the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and the provision of nonprofit services for census block groups in Dallas County, Texas. We find that the number of health, education, and social service nonprofits in a given area is positively influenced by block group income, age, percentage minority, and racial heterogeneity, and negatively influenced by income heterogeneity and age heterogeneity. On further examination, we find a complex pattern of relationships between income and age and number of providers that suggests researchers should exercise caution when using these variables. Also, in all of our results the effects of the demographic variables are by far the strongest for nonprofits within one mile of the block group centroid; they weaken as they get farther from the centroid. This shows that nonprofits are most heavily influenced by the characteristics of the neighborhoods directly around them.
Fine-mapping using the weighted average method for a case-control study

We present a new method for fine-mapping a disease susceptibility locus using a case-control design. The new method, termed the weighted average (WA) statistic, averages the Cochran-Armitage (CA) trend test statistic and the difference between the Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium test statistic for cases and controls (the HWD trend). The main characteristics of the WA statistic are that it improves on the weaknesses, and maintains the strengths, of both the CA trend test and the HWD trend test. Data from three different populations in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 (GAW14) simulated dataset (Aipotu, Karangar, and Danacaa) were first subjected to model-free linkage analysis to find regions exhibiting linkage. Then, for fine-scale mapping, 140 SNPs within the significant linkage regions were analyzed with the WA test statistic on replicates of the three populations, both separately and combined. The regions that were significant in the multipoint linkage analysis were also significant in this fine-scale mapping. The most significant regions that were obtained using the WA statistic were regions in chromosome 3 (B03T3056–B03T3058, p-value < 1 × 10-10 ) and chromosome 9 (B09T8332–B09T8334, p-value 1 × 10-6 ). Based on the results of the simulated GAW14 data, the WA test statistic showed good performance and could narrow down the region containing the susceptibility locus. However, the strength of the signal depends on both the strength of the linkage disequilibrium and the heterozygosity of the linked marker.
Concerted evolution of the mouse Tcp-10 gene family: implications for the functional basis of t haplotype transmission ratio distortion.

Abstract The mouse Tcr locus is defined by its central role in the transmission ratio distortion phenotype characteristic of t haplotypes. A molecular candidate for Tcr has been identified in the form of a gene— Tcp-10b —expressed during spermatogenesis. Tcp -10 b is one member of a multigene family present in two to four copies on different homologs of chromosome 17. The coding regions of the Tcp-10 genes present within two inbred strains were compared with those of the t ω 5 haplotype. The various gene family members are highly conserved relative to each other with a minimum nucleotide identity of 98.6% in all pairwise comparisons. Maximal parsimony analysis indicates that the Tcp-10 gene family has evolved in a concerted manner with the obliteration of nearly all individual gene-specific characteristics. As a consequence, the candidate for the fulllength mutant Tcr gene product is distinguished by only a single, highly conservative, amino acid change. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effector of mutant Tcr activity is a second, alternatively spliced product that is expressed in a haploid- and allele-specific manner.
Conductance through a quantum dot in the fractional quantum Hall regime.

We study a parabolic quantum dot in the fractional quantum Hall regime by solving the problem exactly for up to eight electrons at filling factors between 1 and 1/3. Many-body coherence in the fractional regime strongly suppresses the resonant conductance through the dot below the integer-regime values. In particular, we predict that at \ensuremath{\nu}=1/3 all conductance peaks are lowered by a factor of 1/N, and that at \ensuremath{\nu}=2/3 odd and even peaks are suppressed differently.
Infiltrating cribriform carcinoma of the breast: A distinctive clinicopathologic entity

All cases of primary breast carcinoma seen at the George Washington University Medical Center between 1971 and 1975 and between 1981 and 1986 were reviewed, and examples of pure and mixed infiltrating cribriform carcinoma (ICC) were identified. The relative frequency of ICC did not change significantly from the earlier to the later study period. As previously reported by Page et al, there was a tendency for ICC to be associated with foci of tubular carcinoma and of intraductal carcinoma (often but not always of cribriform type). Pure ICC (defined as showing no other infiltrating carcinoma type), predominant ICC with lesser amounts of infiltrating carcinoma of any other type and any quantitative combination of ICC and tubular carcinoma metastasized to axillary lymph nodes frequently, but almost never to more than three nodes, in contradistinction to tumors composed of infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC) not otherwise specified and less than 50% ICC, and a control group of IDC, which significantly more often involved four or more nodes. ICC cases were estrogen-receptor-positive in 100% and progesterone-receptor-positive in 69% of the cases. Five-year survival rates for eligible cases were 100% for pure and greater than or equal to 50% ICC, 88% for less than 50% ICC, and 78.3% for the IDC controls. ICC is a histologically and clinically distinctive type of mammary carcinoma that should be separated from IDC and other tumor types.
Genetic relatedness and female spatial organization in a solitary carnivore, the raccoon, Procyon lotor

Among mammals, some of the most common types of cohesive social groupings originate from natal philopatry through the extended mother family. This retention of females within social groups (i.e. the nonrandom dispersion of female relatives in space) should affect population genetic structure. We examined the relationship between genetic relatedness and female spatial organization in a wild population of the North-American raccoon, Procyon lotor, a solitary carnivore in east Tennessee. Multilocus genetic band-sharing data and 3(1/2) years of radiotelemetry observations were used to study the spatial and genetic relationships among 38 adult females. DNA amplification employing primers of arbitrary sequence (random amplified polymorphic DNA; RAPD) indicated that female philopatry in raccoons led to a greater likelihood of neighbours being more related than expected by chance. Genetic distance based on RAPD band frequency was positively correlated with spatial distance among females (P = 0.0001) and genetic similarity was positively correlated with the extent of home-range overlap (P = 0.0028). Philopatry seemed biased towards females; average female-female similarities were greater than average male-male similarities (P = 0.0001), or average male-female similarities (P = 0.0001). High home-range overlap among some females with low or moderate levels of band sharing indicated that maternal inheritance of space was not a prerequisite for establishing or sharing home ranges. Female philopatry was the most probable explanation for the nonrandom spatial and genetic association of raccoons in east Tennessee.
Analysis of replica pulses in femtosecond pulse shaping with pixelated devices

We present a detailed analysis of commonly encountered waveform distortions in femtosecond pulse shaping with pixelated devices, including the effects of discrete sampling, pixel gaps, smooth pixel boundaries, and nonlinear dispersion of the laser spectrum. Experimental and simulated measurements are used to illustrate the effects. The results suggest strategies for reduction of some classes of distortions.
Stimulation of muscle glycogen synthase phosphatase by polyamines

Abstract The naturally-occurring polyamines were found to stimulate glycogen synthase phosphatase from rat skeletal muscle. The sequence of effectiveness in the stimulation was spermine >. spermidine > putrescine. It was shown that the spermine-sensitive phosphatase was present primarily in the soluble fraction of the muscle extract. In the presence of spermine, the phosphatase activity can be further stimulated by Mn2+; however, a lower Mn2+ concentration is required for the activation of the enzyme in comparison with that in the absence of spermine. Kinetic studies indicated that activation of glycogen synthase phosphatase by spermine was achieved by an increase in its V without significant alteration in the Km, suggesting that spermine directly stimulated the catalytic efficiency of the phosphatase enzyme.
Beliefs, Attitudes, and Stereotypes about Old People A New Look at Some Old Issues

The study of beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes about the old is impeded by a number of conceptual and methodological difficulties. These are discussed, and possible future alternative directions are outlined. Some of the major sources of difficulty include confusion between attitudes and beliefs, the neglect of attitude-behavior relations, the discrepant outcomes generated by within-Ss and between-Ss designs in the person-perception paradigm, and the inherent defects in generalized attitude scales. There is good reason to believe that investigators in the present domain are unaware of the degree to which their empirical outcomes reflect the specific methods employed rather than the construct under study. Greater methodological awareness and a more theoretical orientation are deemed essential to future progress in the field.
Lipoproteins I and II from the hemolymph of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus: Lipoportein II associated with vitellogenesis

Two different high density lipoproteins were isolated and characterized in the hemolymph of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Lipoprotein I was found in both sexes and comprised one peptide (112,000 daltons) and lipid, primarily phosphtidyl choline. Lipoprotein I properties included a hydrated density of 1.12 g/ml, sedimentation coefficient of 5.4 Svedberg flotation units and a protein to lipid ratio of 1.0. This lipoprotein is assumed to have a role in transporting lipid from the hepatopancreas to other tissues. Lipoprotein II had three peptides (190,000, 107,000 and 78,000 daltons), phosphatidyl choline as the major lipid, a hydrated density of 1.16 g/ml, a sedimentation coefficient of 10.4 Svedberg flotation units, a protein to lipid ratio of 1.1, and a yellow to orange color due to a mixture of carotenoids. Lipoprotein II was found only in female crabs undergoing vitellogenesis. Lipoprotein II appeared after 30 days in females that had mated and completed their final molt. The maximum concentration was reached in 50 to 60 days. Lipoprotein II was not present in recently molted females in a collection of crabs from one esturine river but was present in all other stages with highest concentrations (up to 8 mg/ml hemolymph) in stages 5 and 6 (females with large, well developed ovaries). Crab ovaries had a lipoprotein similar to hemolymph Lipoprotein II. Lipoprotein II probably plays an important role in carrying lipid and specific peptides to ovarian tissues. Crustacean hemolymph lipoproteins show some similarities to insect lipophorins, but are quite different from vertebrate lipoproteins.
Length Shrinkage of Yellowtail Flounder between Live and Landed Condition

(1960). Length Shrinkage of Yellowtail Flounder between Live and Landed Condition. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 89, No. 4, pp. 373-374.
Skin and serologic testing in the diagnosis of latex allergy.

Abstract Background: Latex hypersensitivity is associated with occupational allergy contact urticaria, rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis. However, standardized sensitive and specific latex extract for skin prick or serologic testing is not available in the United States. Methods: We investigated the reliability of two latex extracts in 118 consecutive skin tests in patients with spina bifida, health care workers, and other patients with symptoms of latex allergy, and 10 control subjects. Results: Forty-two of 86 patients with spina bifida, 11 of 15 health care workers with symptoms of latex allergy, 6 of 7 patients with symptoms of latex allergy, and 0 of 10 control subjects had demonstrable immediate wheal and flare responses to latex prick testing. In addition, 95 patients and 10 control subjects were tested concurrently for latex-specific IgE by ELISA. Of 55 patients with positive skin prick test results, 48 were reactive as determined by ELISA for IgE-specific latex antibody (sensitivity = 87%). Latex ELISA titers were significantly higher in patients with positive skin prick test results with a history of anaphylaxis to latex and in individuals without symptoms of latex allergy who had positive skin prick test results when compared with patients with negative skin prick test results. During the skin test procedure, nine patients had adverse reactions, including anaphylactic reactions in four. Conclusions: Skin prick and serum testing are reliable methods of diagnosing latex allergy. Serologic evaluation may be more desirable until allergen standardization is available.
Genetic coordination of demography and phenology in the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Demographic and phenological traits compose the basic elements of an insect's life-history strategy in a seasonal environment. An insect's long-term fitness depends on its ability to exploit favorable conditions, to avoid unfavorable conditions, and to convert from one life style to the other. For the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, we show that genetic variation exists in both development time (a demographic trait) and critical photoperiod (a phenological trait) in six populations spanning much of the species' geographical range. During the northward range expansion of W. smithii in North America, these traits have evolved independently under strong directional and stabilizing selection. The correlated response in critical photoperiod to divergent selection on development time reveals significantly positive genetic correlations in five populations and a negative correlation in one population. The positive correlations form a genetically coordinated phenotype: faster developing individuals use a shorter photoperiodic switch point and are able to exploit the late favorable season; slower developing individuals use a longer photoperiodic switch point and are able to avoid extending development into the unfavorable season. This genetic coordination of demography and phenology has not, however, prevented their independent evolution. We propose that evolutionary flexibility in W. smithii may arise in part from the reorganization of their genetic architecture following repeated founder events during their northward invasion of North America.
Poly(A)-binding protein is differentially required for translation mediated by viral internal ribosome entry sites

The 3′ poly(A) tail present on the majority of mature eukaryotic mRNAs is an important regulator of protein synthesis and mRNA stability. The poly(A) tail improves the efficiency of translation initiation through recruitment of PABP, enabling its interaction with eIF4F located at the mRNA 5′-end. Recent evidence has also implicated a possible role for PABP and the poly(A) tract in translation control at steps beyond the initiation phase. Similar to conventional mRNAs, plus-strand RNA virus genomes that utilize internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes) to promote cap-independent translation are influenced by PABP and poly(A) status. However, the relative contribution of these factors to translation initiation mediated by distinct IRESes is unclear. We have investigated cis- and trans-acting effects of poly(A) and PABP, respectively, on RNAs harboring IRESes from three diverse viruses: encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and coxsackievirus B3 (CBV3). A 3′ poly(A) tract enhanced translation of both capped and IRES-containing reporter RNAs. However, only CBV3 and capped transcripts were stabilized as a result of polyadenylation. Correspondingly, translation of polyadenylated CBV3 and capped RNAs displayed heightened sensitivity to the PABP inhibitor Paip2 compared with EMCV and HCV. Sucrose density gradient analyses suggested a stimulatory role for PABP and 3′ poly(A) in the CBV3 initiation phase, while assembly of HCV and EMCV RNAs into ribosomal complexes was little affected by either factor. Collectively, the observed differential effects of PABP and poly(A) on translation imply mechanistic differences between viral IRES elements and suggest modulating roles for PABP and the poly(A) tail at multiple phases of translation.
Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression by the Translational Silencer TIA-1

The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of prostaglandin formation in inflammatory states, and COX-2 overexpression plays a key role in carcinogenesis. To understand the mechanisms regulating COX-2 expression, we examined its posttranscriptional regulation mediated through the AU-rich element (ARE) within the COX-2 mRNA 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR). RNA binding studies, performed to identify ARE-binding regulatory factors, demonstrated binding of the translational repressor protein TIA-1 to COX-2 mRNA. The significance of TIA-1-mediated regulation of COX-2 expression was observed in TIA-1 null fibroblasts that produced significantly more COX-2 protein than wild-type fibroblasts. However, TIA-1 deficiency did not alter COX-2 transcription or mRNA turnover. Colon cancer cells demonstrated to overexpress COX-2 through increased polysome association with COX-2 mRNA also showed defective TIA-1 binding both in vitro and in vivo. These findings implicate that TIA-1 functions as a translational silencer of COX-2 expression and support the hypothesis that dysregulated RNA-binding of TIA-1 promotes COX-2 expression in neoplasia.
ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN, GIANT PALEOZOIC INSECTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF AERIAL LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE

Uniformitarian approaches to the evolution of terrestrial locomotor physiology and animal flight performance have generally presupposed the constancy of atmospheric composition. Recent geophysical data as well as theoretical models suggest that, to the contrary, both oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations have changed dramatically during defining periods of metazoan evolution. Hyperoxia in the late Paleozoic atmosphere may have physiologically enhanced the initial evolution of tetrapod locomotor energetics; a concurrently hyperdense atmosphere would have augmented aerodynamic force production in early flying insects. Multiple historical origins of vertebrate flight also correlate temporally with geological periods of increased oxygen concentration and atmospheric density. Arthropod as well as amphibian gigantism appear to have been facilitated by a hyperoxic Carboniferous atmosphere and were subsequently eliminated by a late Permian transition to hypoxia. For extant organisms, the transient, chronic and ontogenetic effects of exposure to hyperoxic gas mixtures are poorly understood relative to contemporary understanding of the physiology of oxygen deprivation. Experimentally, the biomechanical and physiological effects of hyperoxia on animal flight performance can be decoupled through the use of gas mixtures that vary in density and oxygen concentration. Such manipulations permit both paleophysiological simulation of ancestral locomotor performance and an analysis of maximal flight capacity in extant forms.
Recent progress in Bacillus subtilis sporulation.

The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis can initiate the process of sporulation under conditions of nutrient limitation. Here, we review some of the last 5 years of work in this area, with a particular focus on the decision to initiate sporulation, DNA translocation, cell-cell communication, protein localization and spore morphogenesis. The progress we describe has implications not only just for the study of sporulation but also for other biological systems where homologs of sporulation-specific proteins are involved in vegetative growth.
Time Variation of the Rough Ocean Surface and Its Effect on an Incident Laser Beam

A study of the time variation of sea surface slope by the distribution of light on a submerged screen from a small incident laser beam is summarized. Experiments performed in the Gulf of Mexico during the summer of 1966 and the sea surface slope apparatus used are described. Methods of analysis of the resulting high speed motion picture film data, including a flying spot scanner-digital film reader and computer programs, are summarized. Results of these experiments including sea surface slope parameters versus time and subsurface power probability curves are reported. Results are compared with previous theoretical predictions and experimental data.
Use of a problem-based learning discussion format to teach anesthesiology residents research fundamentals

Study Objective To present a new research problem-based learning discussion (PBLD) conference and to evaluate its effect on residents.
V. Genes, lineages, and tissue interactions in the development of the enteric nervous system*

The enteric nervous system is derived from the vagal, rostral-truncal, and sacral levels of the neural crest. Because the crest-derived population that colonizes the bowel contains multipotent cell...
Work-family human resource bundles and perceived organizational performance

Although typically excluded from strategic human resource models, bundles of work-family policies may be an HR approach related to competitive advantage. Symbolic action and resource-based views pr...
Paleomagnetism and magnetic fabrics from the Springdale and Wigwam Redbeds of Newfoundland and their implications for the Silurian paleolatitude controversy

Abstract In many mobile belts, paleomagnetic directions from clastic sedimentary rocks are typically shallower than directions from associated igneous rocks. This discordance raises questions about the reliability of sedimentary rocks and can lead to controversial paleogeographic reconstructions. In Newfoundland, the controversy over Silurian paleogeography arises from a difference between results from clastic redbeds (with anomalously shallow directions that place Newfoundland at the paleoequator in the Silurian) and coeval epicontinental volcanics (with steeper directions that place Newfoundland at a more southerly paleolatitude). This study tests the possibility that the anomalously shallow redbed directions are the result of internal strain or inclination error related to deposition. We specifically compare coarse- and fine-grained lithologies under the assumption that such remanence-altering effects will be different in rocks with differing mechanical competence. We show that inclinations correlate with lithologic variations, but in a manner opposite to that predicted for the accumulation of internal strain. Based upon a strict set of demagnetization criteria, clearly defined single-component characteristic directions are only observed in the finer grained sandstones. These well-determined directions yield a pre-folding and pre-rotational dual polarity magnetization that places Newfoundland at a paleolatitude of 23° (S) ± 9° in the Silurian. This revised paleolatitude is consistent with the volcanic results and with the paleolatitude predicted for Newfoundland from the North American reference path. In contrast, coarse-grained sandstones yield shallower directions that appear to be composites of opposite polarity magnetizations or weakly defined directions with strongly contaminating overprints. Because the shallow magnetizations in the coarser grained samples may have originated as a depositional remanence, we also suspect inclination error related to deposition. The degree of inclination error is consistent with values predicted for redbeds from previously published experimental results. These observations suggest that grain-size considerations are important in assessing the reliability of redbed magnetizations. Recognition of the relationship between grain size and remanence acquisition allows us to resolve the Silurian paleolatitude controversy for Newfoundland.
Predictors of criminal justice involvement in severe mania.

Abstract Background Criminal justice problems among those with bipolar disorder lead to disruption in social functioning, treatment, and recovery. Understanding factors that contribute to arrest during episodes of illness can help inform approaches to risk management and improve clinical care. Methods Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a longitudinal, nationally representative survey conducted in two waves were used to identify factors that predicted inter-wave criminal justice involvement during bipolar I manic episodes. Results Over 10% of respondents experienced legal involvement during their most severe manic episode. Risk was found in a range of historical, clinical, and contextual factors. Multivariate analyses suggest risk is particularly high for those who are unemployed, non-white, have past juvenile detention, have a prior arrest (while using substances or when manic), used an illicit drug in the past year, and whose mania is characterized by both social and occupational impairment. Legal problems were particularly elevated among those who lacked health insurance while experiencing both social and occupational impairment. Limitations Respondents did not include prisoners and hospital inpatients; criminal justice problems were only assessed with regard to the most severe manic episode. Conclusions The particular array of factors that elevate the risk of legal involvement during manic episodes offers guidance when identifying prevention strategies and evaluating patients in clinical and forensic settings. Reducing such involvement will require that these issues be dealt with in the broader context of mental health and other services, which in turn necessitates providing adequate access to healthcare.
XIPHOPHAGA MINUTA, AND X. ALLOMINUTA, NOV. GEN., NOV. SPP., NEW MONOTHALAMID FORAMINIFERA FROM COASTAL GEORGIA (USA): CRYPTIC SPECIES, GAMETOGENESIS, AND AN UNUSUAL FORM OF CHLOROPLAST SEQUESTRATION

The biodiversity of modern monothalamid Foraminifera (predominantly agglutinated taxa as well as naked and organic-walled forms) is considerably higher than that recognized in most previous studies. The numerous mudflats associated with salt marshes of Sapelo Island, Georgia, host an extensive array of mainly undescribed monothalamids (allogromiids and astrorhizids), in addition to the better-known, multi-chambered forms. Among these monothalamids are two new cryptic species, Xiphophaga minuta and X. allominuta , nov. gen., nov. spp., which may be distinguished by SSU rDNA sequences, but are closely similar in morphology. These new species are small (typically ~200 μm), translucent, and comparable in shape and shell construction. Both agglutinate clay platelets and have a single aperture located on a distinct neck. Both species belong to the monothalamid clade E of Pawlowski and others (2002). Xiphophaga minuta occurred abundantly on Sapelo’s back-barrier mudflats during the summer of 2003, and X. allominuta was recovered from the same mudflats during the summers of 2005 and 2007. Xiphophaga minuta is the primary focus of this report. Gametogenesis, common in populations of both species during the summer, occurs in uninucleate individuals and follows a comparable pattern. Some foreign material is egested at the onset, but most is sequestered within a large, highly vacuolated central region. Gametogenesis occurs in the peripheral cytoplasm around this central region, producing numerous biflagellated gametes that are released directly into the surrounding seawater via the aperture. Xiphophaga minuta and X. allominuta therefore are gametogamous, as are most species of Foraminifera. Non-reproductive individuals of both species appear golden-brown in color, reflecting the ingestion of numerous pennate diatoms within the cytoplasm. Such individuals are packed with diatoms, which, although mainly digested, retain intact chloroplasts. We suggest that these foraminiferans, which lack hard mineralized structures, are unable to fracture diatoms and remove their chloroplasts. Rather, they ingest entire diatoms as a form of chloroplast sequestration.
Clinical and psychological characteristics of the initial cohort of the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN).

Objective To describe clinical, cognitive, and personality characteristics at baseline assessment of 249 participants 19 to 60 years of age in a multinational longitudinal study (DIAN) of autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD).
Multigrid approaches to non-linear diffusion problems on unstructured meshes

The efficiency of three multigrid methods for solving highly non-linear diffusion problems on two-dimensional unstructured meshes is examined. The three multigrid methods differ mainly in the manner in which the nonlinearities of the governing equations are handled. These comprise a non-linear full approximation storage (FAS) multigrid method which is used to solve the non-linear equations directly, a linear multigrid method which is used to solve the linear system arising from a Newton linearization of the non-linear system, and a hybrid scheme which is based on a non-linear FAS multigrid scheme, but employs a linear solver on each level as a smoother. Results indicate that all methods are equally effective at converging the non-linear residual in a given number of grid sweeps, but that the linear solver is more efficient in cpu time due to the lower cost of linear versus non-linear grid sweeps.
In vivo prenatal chlordane exposure induces development of endogenous inflammatory macrophages.

Macrophages (ms), important cells in host resistance, undergo a series of biochemical changes dur- ing their progression from the resident to the fully acti- vated stage. Both resident and inflammatory m4s are characterized by some unique properties. In the present study, female BALB/c mice were prenatally treated with 8 mg/kg body weight of ch.lordane, a cyclodiene poly- chlorinated hydrocarbon that appears to reduce im- munocompetence by selectively impairing mfunction. Therefore, we examined functions in m4s from chlordane-treated mice that had been stimulated with thioglycollate. The 5 -nucleotidase activity, present in high levels in resident m4ts but low levels in inflammatory mcbs was elevated in resident mcbs from vehicle-exposed animals. Conversely, inflammatory m4s from these animals showed significantly diminished levels of this function. Moreover, chlordane-exposed m4s, regardless of whether they were resident or inflammatory, exhibited decreased 5'-nucleotidase responses. When a second func- tion, transferrin receptor binding, was analyzed, vehicle- treated inflammatory ms displayed high levels of ac- tivity whereas the resident m4s showed very little trans- ferrin binding. However, both resident and inflammatory ms from the chiordane-exposed group demonstrated transferrin binding activity similar in magnitude to that of the vehicle-treated inflammatory m4s. Finally, two- dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of ms from chiordane-exposed mice have characteristics of normal ms that have advanced to the inflammatory stage. J Leukoc. Biol. 51: 366-372; 1992.
REARRANGEMENT OF THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME USING Tn10 AS A REGION OF HOMOLOGY

The transposable tetracycline resistance element, Tn10, can serve as a region of homology to promote rec-dependent deletion, duplication and directed transposition of bacterial genes. Tn10 insertions in regions of the chromosome near the histidine operon (his) have been isolated and characterized in Salmonella typhimurium. When strains are constructed containing two Tn10 insertions flanking the his operon in the same orientation (Tn10-his-Tn10), recombination can occur between Tn10 sequences resulting in the deletion of the intervening his region. The sites of the Tn10 insertions determine the endpoints of the deletion. In crosses designed to construct strains carrying Tn10-his-Tn10, another class of unstable recombinants arises in which the his region exists in tandem duplication, with a Tn10 insertion joining the duplicated copies (his-Tn10-his). The sites of the parental Tn10 insertions mark the endpoints of the duplication. When a strain carrying Tn10-his-Tn10 is used as a donor of his+ in conjugation or P22-mediated transduction, recombinants can arise in which the his region has been transposed to the site of any Tn10 insertion, far from the normal location of his in the recipient chromosome. In this manner, the his operon has been moved to the site of a pyrB::Tn10 insertion and has been placed on F' plasmids. At these new locations, the his+ character shows the rec-dependent deletion of his+ expected for a Tn10-his-Tn10 duplication. These methods should be generally useful for the manipulation of bacterial genes.
Efficient parallel cell list algorithms for Monte Carlo simulations (WIP)

Designing efficient algorithms for many-core and multicore architectures requires using different strategies to allow for the best exploitation of the hardware resources on those architectures. This work describes efficient many-core and multicore large-scale energy calculations for Monte Carlo Gibbs ensemble using cell lists. Designing Monte Carlo molecular simulations is challenging as they have less computation and parallelism when compared to similar molecular dynamics applications. Our modified cell list allows for more speedup gains for energy calculations on both many-core and multicore architectures when compared to other implementations without using the conventional cell lists. We present our results and analysis of the cell list algorithms for each one of the parallel architectures using top of the line GPUs, CPUs, and Intel's Phi coprocessors. We evaluate the performance of the cell list algorithms for different problem sizes and different radial cutoffs.
Successful Treatment of Two Pediatric Port Wine Stains in Darker Skin Types Using 595 Nm Laser

Background and Objective Port wine stain (PWS) is a congenital vascular malformation of skin involving post-capillary venules, which commonly occurs on the face. While successful treatment has been reported with Caucasian, Hispanic, and Asian skin, physicians have battled treating these progressive lesions in patients of darker skin color, as the targeted chromophore (hemoglobin) shares a similar absorption coefficient as melanin. There are no reports of favorable outcomes in African–American children or adults. Although treatment in darker skin types has been previously discouraged we present a case series of patients of African descent with port wine stains treated using a pulsed-dye laser (Vbeam Perfecta, Candela Laser,Wayland, Mass) with significant improvement and no complications. Study Design/Material and Methods Presentation of two pediatric patients of African descent (skin types 4 and 5) ages 1 month and 4 years old seen and treated in our office using a pulsed-dye laser until resolution. Laser parameters were spot size 10 mm; fluence 7–8.25 J/cm2; wavelength 595 nm; pulse duration 1.5 Millisecond with dynamic cooling. Results Resolution of the port wine stain without complication. Conclusion This early approach represents a new and safe therapeutic option for treating port wine stains in this patient population. To our knowledge, the successful use of pulsed dye laser for the treatment of port wine stain in patients of African descent without complications has not yet been reported. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth, morphometrics and nutrient content of farmed eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), in New Hampshire, USA

When harvested, oysters represent a removal from the ecosystem of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). A number of factors potentially affect nutrient content, but a quantitative understanding across the geographical range of the eastern oysters is lacking. This study was designed to quantify the relationships among various metrics of farmed eastern oysters near its northern geographical range focusing on nutrient content. Hatchery-reared oysters were deployed in polyethylene bags at six sites, and were measured on multiple occasions from 2010 to 2012. A quadratic polynomial fit to the combined datasets for shell height indicated that on average a ‘cocktail’ size oyster (63 mm shell height) would be reached after 2 year, and ‘regular’ size (76 mm) would require 3 year. There were significant differences in growth rates and oyster nutrient content among the sites; means for %N in soft tissue ranged from 6.9 to 8.6, and 0.07 to 0.18 in shell. Per cent N in soft tissue and shell were highest at two sites at the mouths of rivers with elevated dissolved inorganic N concentrations in the water. Grand means (all sites, seasons and years combined) of soft tissue N and C for regular size oysters were 7.3% and 38.5%, respectively; and for shell N and C were 0.13% and 12.0% respectively. Our study extends the range of data on nutrient content of the eastern oyster to northern New England, and indicates that oyster size, seasonality, and nutrient concentration in ambient water potentially affect %N and %C content of oysters.