cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING JAMAICAN SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ MOTIVES TO FARM AS EVIDENCE FOR BOTTOM-UP FOOD SECURITY POLICYMAKING

Food security and agriculture have been inextricably linked in the efforts to achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture over a 15-year effort (2015-2030). Food insecure countries, such as Jamaica, need to identify a corps of traditional crop farmers, sufficiently driven to consistently achieve high productivity, and invest in these farmers to help them expand and modernize their activities. Drawing from the Theory of Planned Behavior for theoretical grounding, this study used qualitative methods to examine the motives and reasons smallholder farmers became farmers. The study illuminates the experiences of selected smallholder farmers in western Jamaica (N=42) to reveal their motives to farm, successes and constraints in terms of production practices and farm business development. The data, which can be used to inform bottom-up policy formulation, indicated that small farmers in Jamaica experience similar agricultural challenges, but that their motivations to farm are heterogeneous. A typology of smallholder farmers produced four discernible farmer sub-populations. This study provides context-specific profiles and information about the complex social, economic and cultural interactions that result in choosing farming as a career. This typology generates evidence that can help guide the refinement of food security programs, extension services and policy interventions to better target a heterogeneous clientele. This characterization of farmers can also add depth and background to discussions about the efficient allocation of scarce resources within the traditional food crop sector.
Kinesin Processivity Is Determined by a Kinetic Race from a Vulnerable One-Head-Bound State

Kinesin processivity, defined as the average number of steps that occur per interaction with a microtubule, is an important biophysical determinant of the motor's intracellular capabilities. Despite its fundamental importance to the diversity of tasks that kinesins carry out in cells, no existing quantitative model fully explains how structural differences between kinesins alter kinetic rates in the ATPase cycle to produce functional changes in processivity. Here we use high-resolution single-molecule microscopy to directly observe the stepping behavior of kinesin-1 and -2 family motors with different length neck-linker domains. We characterize a one-head-bound posthydrolysis vulnerable state where a kinetic race occurs between attachment of the tethered head to its next binding site and detachment of the bound head from the microtubule. We find that greater processivity is correlated with faster attachment of the tethered head from this vulnerable state. In compliment, we show that slowing detachment from this vulnerable state by strengthening motor-microtubule electrostatic interactions also increases processivity. Furthermore, we provide evidence that attachment of the tethered head is irreversible, suggesting a first passage model for exit from the vulnerable state. Overall, our results provide a kinetic framework for explaining kinesin processivity and for mapping structural differences to functional differences in diverse kinesin isoforms.
Joint trajectories of cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms from the mid-20s to the mid-30s predicting generalized anxiety disorder

The current study examines longitudinal patterns of cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms as predictors of generalized anxiety disorder using data from the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study. There were 674 African American (53%) and Puerto Rican (47%) participants. Among the 674 participants, 60% were females. In the logistic regression analyses, the indicators of membership in each of the joint trajectories of cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms from the mid-20s to the mid-30s were used as the independent variables, and the diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder in the mid-30s was used as the dependent variable. The high cigarette smoking with high depressive symptoms group and the low cigarette smoking with high depressive symptoms group were associated with an increased likelihood of having generalized anxiety disorder as compared to the no cigarette smoking with low depressive symptoms group. The findings shed light on the prevention and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.
Bestiaries, Past and Future

Included within the folios of a seventeenth-century “commonplace book” manuscript held at the Folger Shakespeare Library, tucked between, on one side, a 98-item book list and excerpts copied from S...
Highly Anisotropic Conjugated Polymer Aggregates: Preparation and Quantification of Physical and Optical Anisotropy

Controlling morphological order of conjugated polymers over mesoscopic and microscopic scales could yield critical improvements in the performance of organic electronics. Here, we utilize a multimodal apparatus allowing for controlled solvent vapor annealing and simultaneous wide-field epifluorescence microscopy to demonstrate bottom-up growth of morphologically ordered anisotropic aggregates prepared from single poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) chains, with length scales controllable from tens of nanometers to several micrometers. Preparation of micrometer-scale fiber aggregates that interconnect to form spanning networks is also demonstrated. We quantify aggregate physical and optical anisotropy, degree of quenching, and exciton diffusion characteristics as a function of aggregate size. The demonstration of controlled preparation of highly anisotropic aggregates provides a path for controlled postprocessing of organic thin films at length scales relevant to the operati...
Student Cross-Training Opportunities for Combining Food, Transportation, and Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity Into an Academic Food Systems Education Program

Abstract It is becoming very apparent that the security challenges facing the US food industry are increasing and evolving in complexity. A connected world means that data and cybersecurity reach almost every industry and its supporting government agencies, which leave the United States and other nations vulnerable to new threats. Unfortunately, these new challenges are met with an increasingly insufficient security work force in terms of both the number of security experts and the effective preparation of the security team in solving security problems across the boundaries of multiple areas/applications. This requires academic institutions to address these problems by expanding the existing graduate-level fields of study in cybersecurity to include graduate certificates for educating and training student scholars with interdisciplinary data-enabled security expertise, encompassing food defense, cybersecurity, transportation security, and critical infrastructure security. Using a standard cybersecurity framework, such a cybersecurity certificate, is developed describing the curriculum along with a description of recruitment and placement strategies.
CAVITATION INDUCED BY FINITE AMPLITUDE PULSES OF ULTRASOUND

Prediction of the response of gaseous micronuclei to ultrasonic waves is complicated by the finite amplitude distortion associated with high intensity acoustic outputs. Typical finite amplitude pulses consist of a sharp positive spike followed by a comparatively smaller, slowly varying negative pressure. This paper describes a suitable way to model acoustic fields which have these temporal characteristics, and subsequently computes the response of microbubbles to these sound fields. The results show that: (a) the positive spike is a very poor index of bubble response; (b) the negative extreme somewhat underestimates the bubble response; (c) the best predictor of bubble response is the amplitude of the fundamental in a Fourier series expansion of the distorted pulse. Theoretical thresholds for transient cavitation induced by a distorted pulse are presented for a range of frequencies and initial sizes of microbubbles.
Pixels as polymers: unifying introductory biology and computer science through visual computation

We present the design and deployment of a visual-computing curriculum developed for a crossdisciplinary introduction to biology and computer science. Using the accessible Python programming language and its many libraries, first-year undergraduates simultaneously investigated fundamental biological and computational concepts, satisfying both CS and Biology curricular requirements. Although not every homework exercise built upon visual computing, pixels did play a predominant role throughout the semester-long experience. With this paper we describe this curriculum, its assignments, and its supporting materials; these resource have already proven valuable in CS-only and Biology-only courses at our institution. Our experience suggests that pixels can serve as "polymer," providing a motivating example of the growing interrelationship between the biological and computational sciences for students of either - or both - fields.
A 50-V Isolation, 100-MHz, 50-mW Single-Chip Junction Isolated DC-DC Converter With Self-Tuned Maximum Power Transfer Frequency

A fully integrated, point-of-load, low-noise, isolated dc–dc converter for supply regulation of high dynamic range analog and mixed-signal isolated sensor signal-chains is presented. The isolated dc–dc converter utilizes an integrated planar air-core micro-transformer as a coupled-resonator and an isolation barrier, and enables direct connection of low-voltage mixed-signal circuits to higher supply rails for current and voltage sensing. The transformer is driven at its resonant frequency of 100 MHz to achieve maximum power transfer. A mixed-signal perturb-and-observe-based frequency search algorithm is developed to improve maximum power transfer efficiency by 60% across the isolation barrier compared to fixed driving frequency method. The switching ripple at output is reduced by 11 dB utilizing spread spectrum clocking in the driver, and 21 dB using a low-dropout regulator. Conducted and radiated EMI distribution on the IC is measured by a set of proposed ring oscillator-based noise sensors with −68-dBm noise sensitivity. The proposed isolated converter achieves the highest level of integration compared to state-of-the-art integrated isolated converters, and provides 50-V on-chip junction isolation using standard CMOS technology.
Planning Considerations for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Partners to Receive Medical Countermeasures From CDC’s Strategic National Stockpile During a Public Health Emergency

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Strategic National Stockpile is a national repository of potentially life-saving medical countermeasures including pharmaceuticals and medical suppl...
Assessments for Caregivers of Hospitalized Older Adults

A systematic review was conducted to characterize assessments for caregivers of hospitalized older adults. Electronic literature searches of Medline, PsycINFO, and CINAHL of articles on caregiver a...
Computational Study of Metal/Ceramic Interfacial Adhesion and Barriers to Shear Displacement

Abstract First principles density functional theory calculations were performed to understand the electronic and atomistic factors governing adhesion and resistance to shear for simple metal/ceramic interfaces. The work of adhesion and two-dimensional generalized stacking fault energies were calculated and examined for the 9 interfaces resulting from the combination of three metals (Cu, Ti, and Cr) with three ceramics (TiN, VN, and CrN). It was found that minimizing the lattice mismatch between metal and ceramic was an important factor for maximizing adhesion and barriers to shear, especially a few metal layers away from the chemical interface. Electron or charge density was found to be a good descriptor of shear barrier heights between metal layers (typical of shear displacement away from the chemical interface), while not very good for nitrogen-metal bonds (typical of the chemical interface). Cu/ceramic interfaces in particular were more stable when they were in semi-coherent interfacial configurations, but the barriers to shear were usually smaller than for coherent configurations, which is attributed to the complex nature of atomic interfacial shear movement resulting from the greater diversity of atomic environments and interactions.
Black Hat/White Hat: an aggressive approach to the graduate computer security course

A graduate applied computer science course in security is described. Laboratory exercises using both Linux and Windows preceded the real-time audit of a client as a culminating exercise. The course's scope and content are offered here as one alternative for departments creating security courses in their curricula. Reactions of the students, client, administration, and instructor are noted. A description of the environment in which the course exists is included, because that factor cannot be disregarded in evaluating the efficacy of this aggressive approach in another institution.
Metrics to Meet Security & Privacy Requirements with Agile Software Development Methods in a Regulated Environment

This work examines metrics that can be used to measure the ability of agile software development methods to meet security and privacy requirements of communications applications. Many implementations of communication protocols, including those in vehicular networks, occur within regulated environments where agile development methods are traditionally discouraged. We propose a framework and metrics to measure adherence to security, quality and software effectiveness regulations if developers desire the cost and schedule benefits of agile methods. After providing an overview of specific challenges that a regulated environment imposes on communications software development, we proceed to examine the 12 agile principles and how they relate to a regulatory environment. From this review we identify two metrics to measure performance of three key regulatory attributes of software for communications applications, and then recommend an approach of either tools, agile methods or DevOps that is best positioned to satisfy its regulated environment attributes. By considering the recommendations in this paper, managers of software-dominant communications programs in a regulated environment can gain insight into leveraging the benefits of agile methods.
Amino Acid-Level Signal-to-Noise Analysis Aids in Pathogenicity Prediction of Incidentally Identified TTN -Encoded Titin Truncating Variants.

Background: TTN, the largest gene in the human body, encodes TTN (titin), a protein that plays key structural, developmental, and regulatory roles in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Variants in TTN, p...
Reachable Power Flow: Theory to Practice

Reachable power flow ( ReachFlow ) is a newly developed formal method for enclosing the complete set of uncertain power flow states. To enable ReachFlow 's transition from theory to practice, the paper makes three major contributions: (1) both small- and large- signal stability proofs for the ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based power flow are devised to theoretically ensure the robustness of ReachFlow ; (2) a model-order-reduction-empowered ReachFlow ( ${ReachFlow}^R$ ) algorithm is created for analyzing interested regions in large power systems; and (3) a parallel ReachFlow ( ${ReachFlow}^P$ ) algorithm is established to scale up ReachFlow for the accurate analysis of very large power systems. Extensive case studies are performed on a series of test systems, ranging from a 33-bus microgrid to a 2,000-bus power system, to thoroughly verify the correctness, efficacy and practicality of ReachFlow in formally verifying microgrid and macrogrid power flows as well as power flow control strategies.
God[’s] hung from a tree:

As Black people struggled for freedom from oppression in the United States, toward the end of the modern era of the African American freedom struggle, a reflexive moment was taken to assess Christi...
Time-varying Efficiency and the Adaptive Market Hypothesis: Evidence from Chinese A-share Stock Market

With the continuous questioning of the efficient market hypothesis and the booming development of behavioral finance theory, the basic framework of financial economics becomes increasingly blurred. Meanwhile, the adaptive market hypothesis proposed by Lo (2004), underscoring time-varying market efficiency, introduces the idea of biology and evolution into modern finance to reconcile the two mainstream theories. This paper uses the Shanghai Composite Index and Shenzhen Composite Index from two Chinese stock markets and adopts AR(1) model, ARIMA model, variance ratio test and automatic portmanteau test with rolling windows to test the time-varying efficiency of Chinese markets. On the other hand, GARCH model is adopted to study the dynamic relationship between return and risk with analysis of the mechanism behind the market. The results of the research support the adaptive market hypothesis: the results of the full sample test show that the Chinese market as a whole is inefficient, and there is no trend of efficiency growing monotonously. Although most results of sub-sample analysis demonstrate weak-form market efficiency, there exist numerous periods with predictable return, which demonstrates a two-or-three-year cycle. Besides, the relationship between risk and return is very unstable, reflecting investors’ time-varying risk preferences.
Waldenström macroglobulinaemia

Summary Over time, Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM) has evolved conceptually from a clinical syndrome to a distinct clinicopathological entity. Progress is being made in standardization of the disease definition and treatment response criteria, although nosologic controversies persist. According to the Second International Workshop on WM, the disease is defined as a B-cell neoplasm characterized by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in the bone marrow, with an associated immunoglobulin (Ig) M paraprotein. Disease symptoms are often divided into those related to tumour infiltration and those related to the rheological effects of the monoclonal IgM. As with other low-grade lymphomas, asymptomatic patients are observed only, with treatment reserved for symptomatic patients. There is no standard treatment for WM and choices include rituximab, alkylating agents, purine nucleoside analogues, alone or in combination, as well as autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant in eligible patients. Novel treatments, such as bortezomib, oblimersen sodium, perifosine and others are being evaluated.
Optimization of subsurface CO2 injection based on neural network surrogate modeling

This study presents a workflow to optimize the location of CO2 injectors in order to maximize stored volume and prevent fault reactivation due to increases of pore pressure. We combine coupled reservoir flow and geomechanics simulations with neural network surrogate models and find the best injector location based on net present environmental value (NPEV). The surrogate models can complement the numerical reservoir simulations and efficiently optimize the well location and injection rate via the steepest ascent algorithm. We apply the workflow to the Brugge field, a closed synthetic reservoir that incorporates multiple faults, as an example. The surrogate model predicts a NPEV of approximately 0.19 billion carbon credits for the Brugge field, which is consistent with the corresponding reservoir simulation. NPEV will change under different safety factors that serve as an additional injection control to enhance the safety of injection. This proposed workflow could be readily applied to other similar reservoir models.
Cellular Automata Can Reduce Memory Requirements of Collective-State Computing.

Various nonclassical approaches of distributed information processing, such as neural networks, reservoir computing (RC), vector symbolic architectures (VSAs), and others, employ the principle of collective-state computing. In this type of computing, the variables relevant in computation are superimposed into a single high-dimensional state vector, the collective state. The variable encoding uses a fixed set of random patterns, which has to be stored and kept available during the computation. In this article, we show that an elementary cellular automaton with rule 90 (CA90) enables the space-time tradeoff for collective-state computing models that use random dense binary representations, i.e., memory requirements can be traded off with computation running CA90. We investigate the randomization behavior of CA90, in particular, the relation between the length of the randomization period and the size of the grid, and how CA90 preserves similarity in the presence of the initialization noise. Based on these analyses, we discuss how to optimize a collective-state computing model, in which CA90 expands representations on the fly from short seed patterns--rather than storing the full set of random patterns. The CA90 expansion is applied and tested in concrete scenarios using RC and VSAs. Our experimental results show that collective-state computing with CA90 expansion performs similarly compared to traditional collective-state models, in which random patterns are generated initially by a pseudorandom number generator and then stored in a large memory.
AMERICAN JUDGES AGAINST JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE

This Article discusses the contemporary movement within the United States eschewing reliance on foreign or international law sources by American federal judges in deciding cases governed by American federal law, especially in cases concerning interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. The Article questions this movement, discussing several historical cases in which the U.S. Supreme Court long ago relied on such sources to resolve issues arising under federal law. The Article also notes that some leading judicial critics of reliance on foreign law have, themselves, on occasion, relied on such sources in the past. The Article also expresses concern about the implications of this movement for the judicial independence of American judges. As the title suggests, some American judges themselves thus may be undermining judicial independence.
Hypertext for Software Engineering

What is the power of hypertext in supporting software engineering? (The term “hypertext” is treated throughout as synonymous with “hypermedia,” which denotes the nonlinear representation of interrelated textual, graphic, filmic, or auditory information.) Power in other contexts usually refers to the ability of some entity or agent to affect the behavior of another or to achieve advantage over another in ways that the other cannot avoid. Following this, one might expect that as a technology, hypertext systems offer relative advantage over alternatives to automated text/document information systems, including conventional word processing systems, file systems, and database management systems. Hypertext systems offer a degree of information processing power that enables new kinds of applications, much like the advent of expert system shells enabled the creation of expert applications for domains such as computer configuration and diagnostic pathology. Similarly, as a medium for writing and reading electronic documents hypertext systems allow the redefinition of the structure and content of documents that alter the constraints and opportunities for conveying information in contrast to the linear print medium. Thus the power of hypertext in whatever form it exists is subtle and incremental; it is potential rather than kinetic. However, such power can accumulate in different application domains in the long run if effectively mobilized and integrated with domain-specific tasks, processing mechanisms, and workflows. The power of hypertext technology in different application domains can be realized in a number of ways. In particular, technology that supports a unified view of the hypertext documents, production processes, processing mechanisms, and settings of use appears to offer the greatest power at this time. To see this, the concept of a domain-specific hypertext environment (DSHE) is defined in the following section. Next, the domain of software production is examined in order to identify how hypertext tools and document production/consumption techniques can play a role to facilitate software engineering objectives. The focus then shifts to describe the structure of information to evolve within a DSHE in terms of product, task, and setting information for the domain of software production. Together, these sections then set the final stage for a discussion of the power of DSHE. Subsequently, seven ways the power of DSHE can be realized are identified, followed by an examination of the costs that are borne in order to realize this power. Keywords: domain specific hypertext environment; application domains; information structure; benefits; costs; software production
Hyperpolarized growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cak1P212S and cla4 mutants weakens cell walls and renders cells dependent on chitin synthase 3.

In a screen for cell wall defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , we isolated a strain carrying a mutation in the Cdc28-activating kinase CAK1 . The cak1 P212S mutant cells exhibit multiple, elongated and branched buds, β(1,3)glucan-poor regions of the cell periphery and lysed upon osmotic shock after treatment with the chitin synthase III inhibitor Nikkomycin Z. Ultrastructural examination of cak1 P212S mutants revealed a thin, uneven cell wall and marked abnormalities in septum formation. In all of the above aspects, the cak1 P212S mutants are similar to previously described cla4 mutants, suggesting that the cell wall defects are common to mutants with hyperpolarized growth. In cak1M P212S mutants, chitin accumulates all over the surface of the cells and glucan synthase activity is located preferentially to the tips of elongated buds. We conclude that the cell wall weakness in cak1 P212S mutants is caused by hyperpolarized secretion of glucan synthase and lack of reinforcement of the lateral cell walls. Showing that the defect depends at least in part on Cdc28, the cak1 P212S hyperpolarized growth phenotype can be suppressed by a Cak1-independent Cdc28-allele. The results underline the importance of a minor cell wall component, the chitin of lateral walls, for the integrity of the cell in a stress situation.
The effect of co-ordination on the reactivity of aromatic ligands—VI: Competitive bromination studies

Abstract Competitive bromination of mixtures of 8-hydroxyquinoline and its chelates with iron (III), chromium (III) and cobalt (III) results in preponderant bromination of the metal chelates when insufficient bromine is used. From infra-red analysis of the products it can be estimated that the metal chelates brominate approximately thirty-five times faster than the free ligand. The heats of the bromination reactions in chloroform are very similar for the free ligand and the chromium (III) and cobalt (III) complexes, but that of the free ligand is apparently slightly greater. The reconciliation of diverse reports on the reactions of coordinated aromatic ligands is possible if the literal electron pair donor picture of the coordinate bond is recognized as inadequate for the description of the charge distribution in such bonds in metal complexes.
Networks and Entrepreneurship

Social networks of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial teams play a central role in the formation and development of new ventures. Specifically, the importance of strong, cohesive ties and weak ties and structural holes in venture formation and success depends on the competitive and relational characteristics of the network and industry structure. Keywords: entrepreneurship; venture formation; networks; social capital; strong ties; weak ties; structural holes
Towards open ended learning: budgets, model selection, and representation

Biological organisms learn to recognize visual categories continuously over the course of their lifetimes. This impressive capability allows them to adapt to new circumstances as they arise, and to flexibly incorporate new object categories as they are discovered. Inspired by this capability, we seek to create artificial recognition systems that can learn in a similar fashion. We identify a number of characteristics that define this Open Ended learning capability. Open Ended learning is unsupervised : object instances need not be explicitly labeled with a category indicator during training. Learning occurs incrementally as experience ensues; there is no training period that is distinct from operation and the categorization system must operate and update itself in a timely fashion with limited computational resources. Open Ended learning systems must flexibly adapt the number of categories as new evidence is uncovered. Having identified these requirements, we develop Open Ended categorization systems based on probabilistic graphical models and study their properties. From the perspective of building practical systems, the most challenging requirement of Open Ended learning is that it must be carried out in an unsupervised fashion. We then study the question of how best to represent data items and categories in unsupervised learning algorithms in order to extend their domain of application. Finally, we conclude that continuously learning categorization systems are likely to require human intervention and supervision for some time to come, which suggests research in how best to structure machine-human interactions. We end this thesis by studying a system that reverses the typical role of human and machine in most learning systems. In Crowd Clustering , humans perform the fundamental image categorization tasks, and the machine learning system evaluates and aggregates the results of human workers.
Impedance Changes on Defibrillation Coils after Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Lead Damage or Electromechanical Interference?

Fluctuation of impedance on defibrillator leads is highly suggestive of lead failure. A drop in impedance is associated with insulation defects while high impedance is suggestive of lead fracture. In this case report, we described a patient where electromagnetic interference from radiofrequency ablation near the site of superior vena cava coil caused the sensed impedance to fluctuate without uneventful outcomes and we discussed the possible mechanism. Both electromagnetic interference and defibrillator lead insulation defect can result in low threshold and inappropriate shocks. Sometimes electromagnetic interference may result in physical damage of the implanted system and may result in subsequent fluctuations in impedance. Awareness of electromagnetic interference that can cause fluctuating impedance without structural damage can help in making appropriate diagnosis and may avoid unnecessary procedures. (PACE 2012; 35:e163–e166)
Intraoperative hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy for pleural extension of pseudomyxoma peritonei.

t SEUDOMYXOMA PERITONEI (PMP) is a rare disease process characterized by copious mucus accumulation in he abdomen and pelvis.1 In most cases, PMP is believed to riginate from an appendiceal tumor and is often considered a borderline malignancy” because of its progressive nature, ropensity for regional spread, and tendency to recur without efinitive surgical treatment.1 Tumor cells and associated muin redistribute within the peritoneal cavity in a pattern that oincides with the normal flow and resorption of peritoneal uid.2 Without treatment, the disease is fatal as the mucinous umor overwhelms the available space within the abdomen, nhibiting the normal nutritional function of the digestive sysem1 and exerting upward pressure on the diaphragm that ompromises pulmonary function. Despite the aggressive pread of the disease within the peritoneal cavity, lymphatic nd hematogenous metastasis of PMP is rare.1 However, exension of disease beyond the abdomen to the pleural cavity has een reported.3-7 Most of these cases are believed to have arisen rom direct extension of the tumor cells secondary to surgical rauma, pleuroperitoneal communications, or direct tumor inasion of the diaphragm.3-7 The median survival for patients with PMP is 6 years with ggressive treatment.1 Current treatment consists of cytoreducive surgery (CRS) with intraoperative hyperthermic intraperioneal chemotherapy for peritoneal disease and intraoperative yperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy (HITHOC) for disase involving the pleural cavity.1,6 Secondary to the use of igh-dose chemotherapy, postoperative side effects include oncardiogenic pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonitis, leural effusions, cardiomyopathy, leucopenia, and thrombocyopenia.8-10 In addition, use of hyperthermia may cause scald njury to tissues within the perfused cavity or induce systemic ever, complications of which include myocardial ischemia, ulmonary edema,11 ventilator-induced acute lung injury,12 eurocognitive dysfunction,13 and nerve damage.14 Combining CRS and HITHOC to treat pleural disseminaion resulting from various malignancies is in its infancy, nd to date, there have only been a handful of studies valuating its feasibility and efficacy. Moreover, little is nown about the anesthetic challenges in patients undergong this multimodality treatment, and there have been no ublished reports addressing anesthetic strategies. Thereore, the anesthetic management of a patient undergoing RS and HITHOC for the treatment of pleural dissemination esulting from PMP is presented.
Prevalence and predictors of esophageal varices in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

Background & Aims: Esophageal varices and bleeding are among the most feared complications of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We aimed to determine the prevalence of esophageal varices in patients with PBC, to evaluate noninvasive markers of esophageal varices in this population, and to validate the results in an independent set of patients. Methods: Data were collected on all patients with PBC seen for the first time at the University of Florida (study group) and at Case Western Reserve University hospitals (cross-validation group) during 7 consecutive years. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of esophageal varices. The best cut-off values were calculated based on receiver operating characteristic curves. The diagnostic accuracy of the independent predictors of esophageal varices identified in the study group were retested in the cross-validation group. Results: Of 210 patients with PBC seen at the University of Florida, 113 had an endoscopy and 49.6% (56 of 113) were found to have esophageal varices. After excluding 22 patients with a history of variceal bleeding, data on 91 patients were analyzed. Thirty-four patients had esophageal varices (37%). Multivariate analysis revealed that a platelet count of less than 140,000 (odds ratio, 7.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.6–37) and a Mayo risk score of 4.5 or greater (odds ratio, 10.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–62) were independent predictors of esophageal varices. The diagnostic accuracy of these predictors was confirmed in an independent set of patients. Conclusions: Among patients with PBC, a platelet count of less than 140,000 and/or a Mayo risk score of 4.5 or greater appears to identify those patients more likely to benefit from a screening endoscopy.
ECMO and ECHO: the evolving role of quantitative echocardiography in the management of patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Extracorporeal support, in the form of cardiopulmonary bypass, is used frequently in the operating room for physiologic support during cardiac surgery. However, in patients with severe respiratory and/or cardiac failure, such support may be required for prolonged periods of time in the intensive care unit setting. Typically, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is applied in one of two configurations. Foracute respiratory failure, avenovenous configuration is used in which deoxygenated venous blood is drained from the body, oxygenated,cleared ofcarbondioxide,andpumpedbackintothevenous system near the right atrium, at which time it enters the pulmonary and then systemic circulations. Although much more complex, a venoarterial configuration can be used for refractory cardiac failure, often with associated respiratory failure; this approach also involves drainage of blood from the venous circulation, which is then oxygenated, cleared of carbon dioxide, and pumped back into the arterial system, either through a femoral artery (peripheral) or directly into the ascending aorta (central). Whereas venovenous ECMO requires intact cardiac function, venoarterial ECMO can unload both the left and right heart and allow for rest and recovery—in theory. 1
Response to Concentrates Containing Two Percents of Protein Fed at Four Rates for Complete Lactations

Abstract Two grain mixes were fed at four rates as a supplement to high-quality alfalfa hay during 305-day lactations of 128 cows. The four rates of concentrates were .25, .375, .50, and .625kg grain per kg of 4% fat-corrected milk above 9.1kg daily. The two mixes were a simple barley and dried beet pulp mix (12% protein) and a more complex 14% protein mix. Increasing the rate of grain caused a linear decrease in hay consumption and a linear increase in intake of grain and total energy and yield of milk and milk constituents. Increasing the grain rate also accounted for a linear increase in percent protein, percent solids-not-fat, but no difference in percent milk fat or total solids. Differences between grain mixes were not significant for any traits except percent milk fat and total solids which were higher on the simple mix. Yield was highly correlated with and followed the pattern of total consumption of net energy for milk production. A stepwise deletion multiple regression analysis found grain intake, rate of grain, hay intake, hay to grain ratio, and length of previous dry period, respectively, the most important variables (squared correlation .94) affecting fat-corrected milk production.
A Note on Subgroups of the Automorphism Group of a Saturated Model, and Regular Types

Let M be a saturated model of a superstable theory and let G = Aut( M ). We study subgroups H of G which contain G (A) , A the algebraic closure of a finite set, generalizing results of Lascar [L] as well as giving an alternative characterization of the simple superstable theories of [P]. We also make some observations about good, locally modular regular types p in the context of p -simple types.
Comparison of Chlorhexidine and Tincture of Iodine for Skin Antisepsis in Preparation for Blood Sample Collection

Rates of contamination of blood cultures obtained when skin was prepared with iodine tincture versus chlorhexidine were compared. For iodine tincture, the contamination rate was 2.7%; for chlorhexidine, it was 3.1%. The 0.41% difference is not statistically significant. Chlorhexidine has comparable effectiveness and is safer, cheaper, and preferred by staff, so it is an alternative to iodine tincture.
Limbic influence on the periaqueductal gray: A single unit study in the awake squirrel monkey

Abstract Single neurons of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) were studied during electrical stimulation of the amygdala and hippocampus. Fifty-one percent (34/67) of the units sampled throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the PAG were found to have a limbic influence. PAG neurons were characterized by low spontaneous firing rates (X¯= 4.94 spikes/sec). Units responded to basolateral amygdala stimulation primarily with short duration excitatory responses having a mean latency of 30 ms (range: 13.3–110 ms). Responses to corticomedial and lateral amygdala stimulation produced different patterns of activation including complex excitatory and inhibitory sequences. Only 10 units (15%) sampled in PAG responded to hippocampal stimulation with excitatory or tonic-inhibitory responses. The majority of responsive units (8) were to anterior hippocampal stimulation (latency range: = 20–75 ms). High frequency (9 Hz) basolateral amygdala stimulation recruited responses with increases in the probability of firing and a decrease in initial latency and latency variability.
Strongly quasibounded maximal monotone perturbations for the Berkovits–Mustonen topological degree theory

Abstract Let X be a real reflexive Banach space with dual X ∗ . Let L : X ⊃ D ( L ) → X ∗ be densely defined, linear and maximal monotone. Let T : X ⊃ D ( T ) → 2 X ∗ , with 0 ∈ D ( T ) and 0 ∈ T ( 0 ) , be strongly quasibounded and maximal monotone, and C : X ⊃ D ( C ) → X ∗ bounded, demicontinuous and of type ( S + ) w.r.t. D ( L ) . A new topological degree theory has been developed for the sum L + T + C . This degree theory is an extension of the Berkovits–Mustonen theory (for T = 0 ) and an improvement of the work of Addou and Mermri (for T : X → 2 X ∗ bounded). Unbounded maximal monotone operators with 0 ∈ D ˚ ( T ) are strongly quasibounded and may be used with the new degree theory.
Body morphology differentially predicts coronary calcium

University ofCalifornia at San Diego, 8899 University Caven Lane, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92122, USAOBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that three measures of body morphology would be differentially correlated with andpredictive of coronary artery calcification.DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytic study of body mass index (BMI), central adiposity (‘visceral fat’) and total body percent fat.SUBJECTS: In a total of 3028 healthy, free living men and women (mean age and BMI: 56.7 and 27.0, respectively).MEASUREMENTS: Coronary calcification and visceral fat (VF) content was measured using electron beam computedtomography while percent body fat (BF) was determined using bioimpedence.RESULTS: In men, the median coronary calcium score increased from 6.7 for a BMI r24 to 30.9 for a BMI Z30; from 3.6 to46.4 between the first and fourth quartile of VF; and from 1 to 97.6 for the same in BF. There were no significant increases incalcium scores in women for any of these indices. There were also no significant age-adjusted correlations between BMI, BF andVF with the extent of coronary calcium in either gender. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, men with a BMI in the thirdand fourth quartiles had 1.64 and 2.01 times increase in risk, respectively, for the presence of any coronary calcium compared tothose in the first quartile (Pr0.01 for both) while men in the highest quartile for VF had a 63% increase in this same risk(P¼0.04). For women, a BMI in the fourth quartile was associated with a 68% increase in risk for the presence of any coronarycalcium (P¼0.01).CONCLUSION: BMI is a significant predictor of coronary calcium. In men, central adiposity is also an independent predictor.These findings lend further support to weight control for coronary disease prevention.International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28, 396–401. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802571Published online 13 January 2004Keywords: calcium; coronary; atherosclerosis; obesity; imaging; body mass index
Negative-ion formation from surface scattering and the Anderson correlation energy U

Abstract A theoretical investigation of negative-ion formation from positive-ion-surface scattering is presented from a unified point of view. Based on the time-dependent Anderson-Newns model, the correlation energy U is seen to play an important role in the two-electron transfer process. Calculations of the probability of negative-ion formation are in good agreement with experiments on the conversion of H+(D+) to H−(D−) by scattering from a cesiated W(100) surface.
Weddell Sea shelf water in the Bransfield Strait and Weddell-Scotia confluence

Abstract The unusual stratification of the waters in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence between the Scotia and Weddell Seas and in the Bransfield Strait is traced to the influence of shelf waters from the northwest Weddell Sea. The shelf waters span the density range encompassed by the warm, salty Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and the colder and slightly fresher CDW in the Weddell Sea. An isopycnal mixture of these three source waters flows eastward from the tip of the Antaractic Peninsula in to the Weddell-Scotia Confluence region, and westward north of the Peninsula, where it flows downslope to renew the deep waters of the Bransfield Strait. This mixing scheme can occur year-round, in contrast to some previous explanations of the stratification in the region, which relied on the (unobserved) winter convective overturn of the water column.
At the Crossroads of the World: Women of the Middle East

The authors offer a brief introduction to the history of women of the Middle East, with a focus on three major religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam). Schools are paying increased attention to teaching world history, but they are giving too little attention to incorporating women as part of world history. One of the major dividing lines within the Middle East has been religion, a fixed feature of the world history curriculum. The authors attempt to provide insights, based on new research about women in the region, into how religion and culture influence women's lives in this area of the world. They conclude with a brief consideration of how women are organizing for change in the Middle East.
Investigation of failure in Kevlar fabric under transverse indentation using a homogenized continuum constitutive model

Kevlar fabrics are extensively used in ballistic protection and containment applications. This study presents an investigation of failure for Kevlar fabrics under their in-service deformation mode of transverse indentation using a homogenized continuum constitutive model. Quasi-static indentation tests performed on uniaxial and 45° off-axial Kevlar K706 coupons with and without an elastic foundation were used to investigate failure modes and mechanisms. Two failure modes were identified – yarn breakage and yarn sliding, depending on the configurations of the tests. A stress-based failure criterion in conjunction with the constitutive model was implemented in numerical simulations to predict load–displacement behavior and failure load with good accuracy for the uniaxial case where the failure was due to yarn breakage. For the 45° off-axial case, an estimation of onset of failure due to yarn sliding is achieved based on a yarn locking parameter. The deformed shape and load–displacement behavior for the comb...