cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image Correlation Spectroscopy Reveals Global Dynamics of Wound Healing

We apply techniques based on correlation spectroscopy to quantify cell migration during wound re-epithelialization in an axolotl wound healing model. We show that cell hypertrophy (about 37% in volume) is present from the time of injury and continues throughout re-epithelialization. Our combined imaging techniques (transmission and laser scanning fluorescence) microscopy and analysis algorithms (Image Correlation Spectroscopy and Spatio-Temporal Image Correlation Spectroscopy) allow us to determine this complex sequence of events from the point of injury until the re-epithelialization is complete. Using non-invasive optical sectioning, we determine that the basal keratinocytes migrate into the wound bed faster than the suprabasal keratinocytes. Additionally, Image Correlation Spectroscopy (ICS) reveals cell hypertrophy as there is an increase in width of the spatial autocorrelation function as a function. Using camera based transmission microscopy, we observe that the enlarged cells produce a point of dislocation that foreshadows and dictates the initial direction of the migrating cells. Globally, the cells follow a concerted vortex motion that is maintained after the wound is fully re-epithelialized. Using Spatio-Temporal Image Correlation Spectroscopy (STICS), we quantify the velocities of the cells undergoing this spiral motion. Closer examination reveals that there is a transition from a chaotic state to a highly organized cohesive motion. This transition is seen in as little as 1 hour post injury. Our results suggest that geometrical constraints combined with the observed cell hypertrophy may dictate the mechanism by which cells repopulate the wound bed.
Regulation of mitochondrial compartment volumes in rat adrenal cortex by ether stress

In vivo ether stress of rats causes release of pituitary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) leading to activation of steroidogenesis in adrenal cortex mitochondria. The present studies show that this treatment also induces a decrease in the volume of the intermembrane space in isolated adrenal mitochondria. This decrease is accompanied by an increase in the volume of the matrix, thus leaving the total mitochondrial volume approximately constant. These effects are prevented by the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and are specific to the adrenal gland. The decrease in the intermembrane space (or increase in the matrix volume) is correlated with activation of the cholesterol side chain cleavage reaction (the regulated step in steroidogenesis). We propose as a working hypothesis that these changes reflect a hormonally regulated alteration in the relationship between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, which may facilitate the rate-limiting movement of cholesterol from the outer to the inner membrane where the side chain cleavage enzyme is located.
Cross-cultural dynamics in the ecocity: Waitakere City, New Zealand

Abstract In recent years, New Zealand has undergone fundamental economic, institutional and administrative restructuring. One outcome of this has been the implementation of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Fundamental to the RMA is sustainable management of natural resources at a regional scale. However, there are no prescriptive definitions for sustainable management in the act; rather the act allows regional and local government flexibility in developing policy and plans for economic development and environmental preservation. Recognizing the importance of biculturalism in New Zealand society, a further requirement of the Act grants Maori a significant role in the management of natural resources. Within this institutional context, Waitakere City, located on the western margin of the Auckland region, has adopted the principles of Agenda 21. The City Council has designated itself as an eco-city with a “greenprint” for future development and growth. A significant component of Agenda 21 is the explicit recognition of indigenous rights. Within its development plans, Waitakere City has adopted Maori concepts for resource management specifically for environmental preservation, water quality and sustainable management. This paper discusses the cross-cultural dynamics of natural resource management in Waitakere City. The first section describes the role of Agenda 21 and RMA in creating the eco-city and its relationship to the greater Auckland region. The second part examines the influence of biculturalism in implementing the goals of the eco-city. The final part considers the arenas in which the principles for sustainability with regard to Maori will be tested in the future.
Estrogenic regulation of heat shock protein 90 kDa in the rat ventromedial hypothalamus and uterus.

The regulation of heat shock protein 90 kDa (hsp90) by estradiol was analyzed in the rat ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and uterus by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis/Western blots. Protein from VMH and uterus (35 micrograms/sample) was resolved on 8% acrylamide gels, transferred to polyvinyldifluoride filters, and processed for immunoblotting using an anti-hsp90 antibody. Hsp90-specific bands were visualized on film using enhanced chemiluminescence and quantitated using a laser scanning densitometer. Hsp90 protein levels were significantly elevated in VMH at 12 h (p less than 0.01), and in uterus at 18 h (p less than 0.05) following estradiol injection (10 micrograms, s.c.). Immunocytochemical analysis for hsp90 localization by cell types showed that, in brain, hsp90 immunoreactivity was primarily neuronal. In the uterus, hsp90 immunoreactivity was most evident following treatment with estradiol, and was found primarily in the glandular epithelia; staining was less prominent in myometrium, stroma, and in the luminal epithelium. Thus, increased hsp90 levels may mediate some cellular responses to estrogen in specific cell types in both uterus and brain.
Effectiveness of dietary manipulation in the prevention of food allergy in infants

Abstract The desire to alter the natural incidence of atopic illness has piqued physicians' imaginations for decades. Specifically, the phenotypic expression of IgE-mediated disorders, which appears regulated by multiple genetic (factors and modulated by environmental experiences (allergen exposure, infecton, and smoking), has been a target for preventive medicine since the 1920s when dietary intervention was espoused in infancy. To be successful, such intervention must overcome many patient factors that in concert markedly increase the risk for development of atopic disease (Table XII). During the past 60 years, much controversy has emerged from multiple clinical studies designed to evaluate the effect of dietary and other environmental exclusions on the subsequent manifestation of atopy. One may conservatively conclude, from critical evaluation of these conflicting studies, that sole breast feeding for about 6 months combined with delayed introduction of solid foods for at least 6 months may reduce atopic dermatitis and food allergy in early infancy. A randomized, prospective study of allergy prophylaxis during infancy is mandatory to determine definitely the benefits and feasibility of such a regimen and its long-term effects on the development of atopy. From our recent findings, which demonstrate the development of atopy in infants entered in a strict prophylactic protocol, it becomes apparent that monumental obstacles confront preventive efforts to overcome the strength of the allergic constitution. In the very near future, results from our prospective study of prenatally randomized allergy prophylaxis should be available for critical scutiny of the effectiveness and feasibility of allergy prevention during infancy.
Thermal expansion of the cubic (3C) polytype of SiC

Thermal expansion of the cubic beta or (3C) polytype of SiC was measured from 20 to 1000° C by the X-ray diffraction technique. Over that temperature range, the coefficient of thermal expansion can be expressed as the second order polynominal: α11=3.19×10−6+ 3.60×10−9 T−1.68×10−12 T 2 (1/° C). It increases continuously from about 3.2×10−6/° C at room temperature to 5.1×10−6/° C at 1000° C, with an average value of 4.45 × 10−6/° C between room temperature and 1000° C. This trend is compared with other published results and is discussed in terms of structural contributions to the thermal expansion.
Autoregressive Mixture Models for Dynamic Spatial Poisson Processes: Application to Tracking Intensity of Violent Crime

This article develops a set of tools for smoothing and prediction with dependent point event patterns. The methodology is motivated by the problem of tracking weekly maps of violent crime events, but is designed to be straightforward to adapt to a wide variety of alternative settings. In particular, a Bayesian semiparametric framework is introduced for modeling correlated time series of marked spatial Poisson processes. The likelihood is factored into two independent components: the set of total integrated intensities and a series of process densities. For the former it is assumed that Poisson intensities are realizations from a dynamic linear model. In the latter case, a novel class of dependent stick-breaking mixture models are proposed to allow nonparametric density estimates to evolve in discrete time. This, a simple and flexible new model for dependent random distributions, is based on autoregressive time series of marginally beta random variables applied as correlated stick-breaking proportions. The...
The within-patient reliability of a three-dimensional cephalometric implant technique

Two coned X-ray beams discharged simultaneously from separate sources produced two images of the face and maxillary and mandibular implants on a single 10 × 12-in. film. Triangulation from measurements of the double images of the three implants in each jaw allowed calculation of x, y and z coordinates and a resulting fixed base to examine treatment changes with the aid of computer programming. Sixteen patients, previously implanted with three tantalum implants in the mandible and maxilla, were fitted with custom-cemented acrylic templates on central incisors with a 0.5 mm dia amalgam markers. Two films were taken as well as one 90 days later with re-cemented markers in place. The standard error for this technique was calculated as 0.255 mm for the maxilla and 0.222 mm for the mandible. Confidence limits to detect possible implant movement were computed.
Mapping the velocity vector onto the spin vector: two-dimensional velocity-selective spin excitation for MR flow imaging.

This article presents a two-dimensional velocity-selective spin excitation (2D-VSP) method that enables quantitative imaging of motion in two directions in a single scan, without the need for image subtraction or combination. It is based on the idea of mapping a 2D velocity vector directly onto the transverse magnetization vector, such that the signal intensity reflects the speed of motion, while the signal phase represents the direction of motion. Experimental demonstration is presented in conjunction with an analysis of the accuracy of this method. VSP methods are often limited by inconsistent static signal suppression under variable shim and RF conditions. By using adiabatic RF pulses in a 2D-VSP composite that possesses time-reversal symmetry, consistent background suppression of 30-fold or higher was demonstrated over experimental conditions of +/-200 Hz off-resonance and 30% RF field variation.
Critical care considerations in the management of the trauma patient following initial resuscitation.

Care of the polytrauma patient does not end in the operating room or resuscitation bay. The patient presenting to the intensive care unit following initial resuscitation and damage control surgery may be far from stable with ongoing hemorrhage, resuscitation needs, and injuries still requiring definitive repair. The intensive care physician must understand the respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunologic consequences of trauma resuscitation and massive transfusion in order to evaluate and adjust the ongoing resuscitative needs of the patient and address potential complications. In this review, we address ongoing resuscitation in the intensive care unit along with potential complications in the trauma patient after initial resuscitation. Complications such as abdominal compartment syndrome, transfusion related patterns of acute lung injury and metabolic consequences subsequent to post-trauma resuscitation are presented. A non-systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up to May 2012. Polytrauma patients with severe shock from hemorrhage and massive tissue injury present major challenges for management and resuscitation in the intensive care setting. Many of the current recommendations for “damage control resuscitation” including the use of fixed ratios in the treatment of trauma induced coagulopathy remain controversial. A lack of large, randomized, controlled trials leaves most recommendations at the level of consensus, expert opinion. Ongoing trials and improvements in monitoring and resuscitation technologies will further influence how we manage these complex and challenging patients.
Open Versus Closed: Effects of Question Form on Transit Rider Expressions of Policy Preferences in Arequipa, Peru

The expression of attitudes is very sensitive to variations in survey structure. With a survey with both open and closed questions of a single sample of respondents, an analysis was done on attitudes about public transportation of peak-hour transit users in Arequipa, Peru. It was found that combining both question types helped identify and compensate for the limitations of each. The results of the open and closed questions were dramatically different, even though the same individuals answered both questions. In response to nondirective, open-ended questioning, respondents emphasized experiential concerns such as comfort and travel times. However, when asked to rank transit-related issues in order of importance, respondents overwhelmingly chose social concerns such as pollution and traffic accidents over the experiential concerns they themselves previously mentioned. The psychological forces that may have led to these apparently contradictory results were explored. The paper drew on the belief-sampling mod...
RECENT ADVANCES IN ROBUST CONTROL THEORY

The problem of modeling-uncertainties that may not conform to assumed prior bounds is considered from an adaptive control perspective, but without the standard assumptions of adaptive control. A supervisory control architecture is employed, based on the data-driven logic of unfalsification. The supervisory controller modifies or replaces controllers when sensor data falsifies the hypothesis that the currently active controller is insufficiently robust to satisfy performance goals. The resultant unfalsified adaptive control law responds rapidly and precisely with guaranteed convergence. No assumptions about the plant are required beyond the availability of at least one candidate controller capable of robustly meeting performance goals. Potential applications include aircraft stability augmentation systems, highly maneuverable aircraft design, missile guidance systems, and precision pointing and tracking systems. Such designs will be better able to more reliably compensate for battle damage, equipment failures and other changing circumstances.
Understanding the nature of information seeking behavior in critical care: Implications for the design of health information technology

Objective: Information in critical care environments is distributed across multiple sources, such as paper charts, electronic records, and support personnel. For decision-making tasks, physicians have to seek, gather, filter and organize information from various sources in a timely manner. The objective of this research is to characterize the nature of physicians' information seeking process, and the content and structure of clinical information retrieved during this process. Method: Eight medical intensive care unit physicians provided a verbal think-aloud as they performed a clinical diagnosis task. Verbal descriptions of physicians' activities, sources of information they used, time spent on each information source, and interactions with other clinicians were captured for analysis. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Results: We found that the information seeking process was exploratory and iterative and driven by the contextual organization of information. While there was no significant differences between the overall time spent paper or electronic records, there was marginally greater relative information gain (i.e., more unique information retrieved per unit time) from electronic records (t(6)=1.89, p=0.1). Additionally, information retrieved from electronic records was at a higher level (i.e., observations and findings) in the knowledge structure than paper records, reflecting differences in the nature of knowledge utilization across resources. Conclusion: A process of local optimization drove the information seeking process: physicians utilized information that maximized their information gain even though it required significantly more cognitive effort. Implications for the design of health information technology solutions that seamlessly integrate information seeking activities within the workflow, such as enriching the clinical information space and supporting efficient clinical reasoning and decision-making, are discussed.
Performance of the DARHT Second Axis Induction Cells

Summary form only given. The Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamics Test (DARHT) facility will employ two perpendicular electron Linear Induction Accelerators to produce intense, bremsstrahlung X-ray pulses for flash radiography. The second axis, DARHT II, features a 3-MeV injector and a 15-MeV, 2-kA, 1.6- microsecond accelerator consisting of 74 induction cells and drivers. Major induction cell components include high flux swing magnetic material (Metglas 2605SC) and a Mycalextrade insulator. The cell drivers are pulse forming networks (PFNs). The DARHT II accelerator cells have undergone a series of test and modeling efforts to fully understand their operational parameters. These R&D efforts have identified problems in the original cell design and means to upgrade the design, performance and reliability of the linear induction cells. Physical changes in the cell oil region, the cell vacuum region, and the cell drivers, together with different operational and maintenance procedures, have been implemented in the refurbished units resulting in greatly enhanced cell performance and reliability. All 74 cells have now been refurbished and tested. This paper gives the results of those tests and the performance of the 26 refurbished cells in the Scaled Accelerator.
Strategies to Ensure Electromigration Reliability of Cu/Low-k Interconnects at 10 nm

A key element for future silicon IC technology development is the containment of electromigration – induced failure of Cu / low-k interconnects. Continued progress in meeting electromigration reliability requirements for future technology nodes will require a multi-faceted approach to the problem: first the development of effective process solutions to limit the impact of technology scaling on electromigration life-time reduction; and second, the provision of models of failure that are representative of circuit operation to determine realistic current-limiting design rules. We will show that process solutions involve limiting the rate of transport along interfaces and grain boundaries in the damascene trench architecture using metal capping layers and Cu alloys. Most models of electromigration failure have been developed using DC stress conditions, while circuits predominantly operate with non-DC (pulsed DC or AC) signals. Understanding the relationship between failure under DC and non-DC conditions is a necessary aspect of realistic reliability characterization. In this paper we review: our recent studies that establish the relationship between Cu microstructure, metallic capping and dilute Cu alloy additions and thereby identify effective scenarios for mitigation with technology scaling; and experimental studies of electromigration failure under non-DC stress that explore the physical mechanisms involved. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0171501jss] All rights reserved.
Development of the Scatchard‐Hildebrand and Wohl equations in terms of pair and triplet weighting functions

A previous paper introduced the pair-type-probability (PTP) function for use in molecular corresponding states theory. The present paper develops the predictive equations of Scatchard and Hildebrand and the correlation equations of Wohl from particular pair and triplet weighting functions for clusters of two and three molecules in a liquid mixture. The cluster-weighting idea therefore unifies the major prediction and correlation schemes now in engineering use.
Theory-Inspired Optimizations for Privacy Preserving Distributed OLAP Algorithms

Actually, a lot of attention focusing on the problem of computing privacy-preserving OLAP cubes effectively and efficiently arises. State-of-the-art proposals rather focus on an algorithmic vision of the problem, and neglect relevant theoretical aspects the investigated problem introduces naturally. In order to fulfill this gap, in this paper we provide algorithms for supporting privacy-preserving OLAP in distributed environments, based on the well-known CUR matrix decomposition method , enriched by some relevant theory-inspired optimizations that look at the intrinsic nature of the investigated problem in order to gain significant benefits, at both the (privacy-preserving) cube computation level and the (privacy-preserving) cube delivery level.
Critical Discourse and Art Criticism Instruction

In formulating models of art criticism for schools, educators in the United States have focused most of their attention upon the language of art criticism. Typical prescriptions for art criticism present a series of activities such as describing, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating, activities that are linked to the performance of specific kinds of statements. The widespread acceptance of such models raises questions about their accuracy as reflections of actual critical discourse, and their practicality and efficacy as prescriptions for classroom instruction. In this article, I argue that current models of criticism both distort the actual discourse of critics and they force educators to rely upon a problematic instructional method: classroom recitation. After critiquing this method, I conclude by suggesting that critical inquiry, rather than critical discourse, is a more fruitful concept for structuring art criticism instruction.
Buffer Layer Thickness and the Properties of InN Thin Films on AIN- Seeded (00.1) Sapphire And (111) Silicon

Introduction of a buffer layer to facilitate heteroepitaxy in thin films of the Group IIIA nitrides has had a tremendous impact on growth morphology and electrical transport. While AIN- and self-seeded growth of GaN has captured the majority of attention, the use of AIN-buffered substrates for InN thin films has also had considerable success. Herein, the properties of InN thin films grown by reactive magnetron sputtering on AIN-buffered (00.1) sapphire and (111) silicon are presented and, in particular, the evolution of the structural and electrical transport properties as a function of buffer layer sputter time (corresponding to thicknesses from ~50A to ~0.64 μm) described. Pertinent results include: (a) for the InN overlayer, structural coherence and homogeneous strain normal to the (00.1) growth plane are highly dependent on the thickness of the AIN-buffer layer; (b) the homogeneous strain in the AIN-buffer layer is virtually nonexistent from a thickness of 200A (where a significant X-ray intensity for (00.2)AIN is observed); and (c) the n-type electrical mobility for films on AIN-nucleated (00.1) sapphire is independent of AIN-buffer layer thickness, owing to divergent variations in carrier concentration and film resistivity. These effects are in the main interpreted as arising from a competition between the lattice mismatch of the InN overlayer with the substrate and with the AIN-buffer layer.
Fabrication of Photonic Crystal based Back-reflectors for Light Management and Enhanced Absorption in Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

Photonic crystal based back-reflectors are an attractive solution for light management and enhancing optical absorption in thin film solar cells, without undesirable losses. We have fabricated prototype photonic crystal back-reflectors using photolithographic methods and reactive-ion etching. The photonic crystal back-reflector has a triangular lattice symmetry, a thickness of 250 nm, and a pitch of 765 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrate high quality long range periodicity. An a-Si:H solar cell device was grown on this back-reflector using standard PECVD techniques. Measurements demonstrate strong diffraction of light and high diffuse reflectance by the photonic crystal back-reflector. The photonic crystal back-reflector increases the average photon collection by ˜9% in terms of normalized external quantum efficiency, relative to a reference device on a stainless steel substrate with an Ag coated back surface.
2,4‐Dinitroiodobenzene

2,4-Dinitroiodobenzene solvent: 500 ml. of a mixture of 75% (375 ml.) of petroleum ether product: 2,4-Dinitroiodobenzene Keywords: replacement reactions, halogen by halogen; 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, skin irritant
Improving the information content of categorical clinical trial endpoints.

Because the severity of most diseases can be measured nonuniquely, different medical interventions with different mechanisms of action may be evaluated differently, even in the same patient population. Complicating this further is the fact that even for a given medical intervention, it may not be clear which endpoint, if any, will be most likely to show an intervention effect. For these and other reasons, clinical trials typically involve the evaluation of multiple safety and efficacy endpoints. As information accrues about diseases and patient populations, some endpoints may cease to be useful, but the trend would still likely be toward increasing numbers of potential endpoints. This trend would provide sponsors with increasing numbers of choices for the primary efficacy endpoint. If the endpoint selected as primary is not the optimal one for demonstrating the superiority of the experimental medical intervention, then a safe and effective medical intervention may be mistakenly found to be otherwise. On the other hand, the sponsor may find the endpoint that makes its case and not study other endpoints that would have shown the experimental intervention to be inferior, in some way, to the control intervention. As such, the reliance of medical decisions on narrow primary endpoints can lead to inflation of both the type I and type II error rates. To address these concerns, we propose that all endpoints, especially the primary endpoint, be as informative as possible. This could be accomplished by combining some endpoints into composite endpoints. To avoid losing information in this transformation, we define the concept of information-preserving composite endpoints and provide information concerning when this type of composite endpoint would be most useful. Specifically, we define the concept of joint fusibility of a set of endpoints and note that this property confers upon the derived information-preserving composite endpoint the greatest amenability to statistical analysis. We also point out that using composite endpoints allows sponsors the most discretion in selecting their primary between-group statistical analysis. We illustrate these ideas with examples from a variety of therapeutic areas.
Criminal Differentiation and Occupational Differentiation

In view of the shortcomings of sociological theories on crime and deviance this paper urges a research strategy aimed at the discovery of empirical regularities. As one such example, data from Uniform Crime Reports and the U.S. Census are used to study the relation of criminal differentiation to age and occupa tional differentiation. Criminal differentiation is high among the young, decreasing until the early thirties and then increasing. That is, individuals in the late teens tend to be arrested for of fenses that are relatively rare in other age groups. The increase in criminal differentiation after age 30 does not reach the high levels of the late teens. Criminal differentiation and occupational differentiation are found to be directly related for two census years, 1950 and 1960. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Retail Changes and Their Effects on Business-to-Business Markets

(2003). Retail Changes and Their Effects on Business-to-Business Markets. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 79-100.
Investigation of the peptidoglycan sensing molecule, PGLYRP-2, in murine inflammatory uveitis

Background/aim Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition proteins (PGLYRPs) are innate immune molecules that recognise bacterial cell wall PGN, and participate in several inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. We sought to elucidate the contribution of PGLYRPs in murine uveitis (intraocular inflammatory disease) elicited by PGN, and the extent to which systemically administered PGN alters uveitis compared with arthritis versus locally triggered ocular responses. Methods Mice deficient for PGLYRP-2, PGLYRP-3 or PGLYRP-4 were administered PGN by an intraperitoneal or intraocular injection. Arthritis was assessed by near-infrared imaging and histopathology, while uveitis was measured by intravital videomicroscopy and histopathology. Results Systemic PGN exposure predisposed to arthritis through a PGLYRP-2 dependent mechanism. By contrast, systemic PGN exposure did not predispose to uveitis, and PGLYRP-2 deficiency had no impact on the development the uveitis. When PGN was administered locally, a robust uveitis ensued, which occurred independently of PGLYRP-2. Regardless of whether PGN was administered systemically or locally, neither PGLYRP-3 nor PGLYRP-4 deficiency significantly altered ocular inflammation compared with wild-type control animals. Conclusions Our findings highlight the complexity of PGLYRPs and how PGLYRP-2 may use different molecular pathways in the joints versus eyes. Collectively, our results support a non-essential or redundant role for PGLYRPs-2, -3, -4 in uveitis.
Association of Physical Activity or Fitness With Incident Heart Failure A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background—Previous studies have shown that high levels of physical activity are associated with lower risk of risk factors for heart failure (HF), such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. However, the effects of physical activity or fitness on the incidence of HF remain unclear. Methods and Results—MEDLINE and EMBASE were systematically searched until November 30, 2014. Prospective cohort studies reporting measures of the association of physical activity (n=10) or fitness (n=2) with incident HF were included. Extracted effect estimates from the eligible studies were pooled using a random-effects model meta-analysis, with heterogeneity assessed with the I2 statistic. Ten cohort studies on physical activity eligible for meta-analysis included a total of 282 889 participants followed for 7 to 30 years. For the physical activity studies, maximum versus minimal amount of physical activity groups were used for analyses; with a total number of participants (n=165 695). The pooled rel...
Motion of relativistic charges in an increasing magnetic field

Etude du mouvement d'une charge relativiste d'epreuve se deplacant vers un champ magnetique en forte augmentation lorsque les forces dominantes controlant le mouvement de la particule sont l'effet de miroir magnetique et le rayonnement synchrotron
Static Validation of C Preprocessor Macros

The widely used C preprocessor (CPP) is generally considered a source of difficulty for understanding and maintaining C/C++ programs. The main reason for this difficulty is CPP's purely lexical semantics, i.e., its treatment of both input and output as token streams. This can easily lead to errors that are difficult to diagnose, and it has been estimated that up to 20% of all macros are erroneous. To reduce such errors, more restrictive, replacement languages for CPP have been proposed to limit expanded macros to be valid C syntactic units. However, there is no practical tool that can effectively validate CPP\ macros in legacy applications. In this paper, we introduce a novel, general characterization of inconsistent macro usage as a strong indicator of macro errors. Our key insight is that all applications of the same macro should behave similarly. In particular, we map each macro call c in a source file f to c's normalized syntactic constructs within the abstract syntax tree (AST) for f's preprocessed source, and use syntactic similarity as the basis for comparing macro calls of the same macro definition. Utilizing this characterization, we have developed an efficient algorithm to statically validate macro usage in C/C++ programs. We have implemented the algorithm; evaluation results show that our tool is effective in detecting common macro-related errors and reports few false positives, making it a practical tool for validating macro usage.
The relationship between sodium influx and volume flow into the cerebral ventricles of cats.

— The relationship between sodium ion (Na+) influx and vol. flow of fluid into the cerebral ventricles was measured during ventriculocisternal perfusion with sucrose solutions of various concentrations. The vol. flow of fluid into the ventricles of cats varied linearly from 0 to 90 μl/min with sucrose solutions of 6 to 780 mOsm/l. In the vol. flow range of 0 to 35 μl/min, Na+ influx was essentially constant independent of vol. flow rate with a mean value of 6.95 μEq/min. In the vol. flow range of 25 to 90 μl/min, Na+ influx increased linearly with flow rate. Under all conditions, Na+ influx was greater than that corresponding to newly formed fluid with a normal spinal fluid Na+ concentration. The virtual Na+ concentration of nascent fluid was effectively infinite when vol. flow was zero and had an asymptotic minimum value of 109 mEq/l as vol. flow increased above normal. These results demonstrate that Na+ influx into the ventricles may occur by diffusion from the surrounding brain and also with vol. flow of nascent fluid.
Stability analysis of carbon nanotubes via continuum models

This paper presents the research on the stability analysis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via elastic continuum beam and shell models. The estimation of the flexural stiffness of a single-walled nanotube (SWNT) via the elastic beam model is proposed based on the postulate analyzed and provided in the paper. The validation of the stiffness is conducted with the ab initio calculations of the vibration of a SWNT. Based on the stiffness proposed, the stability analysis of CNTs is further conducted and validated with the well-cited research results by Yakobson and his collaborators. In addition, more predictions of various buckling phenomena of carbon nanotubes by beam and shell models are provided and studied. Finally, the kink phenomenon in a SWNT under pure bending is discussed via the continuum model. It is hoped that this paper will pave the way toward a better understanding of the application of continuum models in the stability and dynamics analysis of carbon nanotubes.
Targeting mTOR in RET mutant medullary and differentiated thyroid cancer cells

Inhibitors of RET, a tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by a gene that is frequently mutated in medullary thyroid cancer, have emerged as promising novel therapies for the disease. Rapalogs and other mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are effective agents in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, which share lineage properties with medullary thyroid carcinomas. The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of mTOR activity to RET-induced signaling and cell growth and to establish whether growth suppression is enhanced by co-targeting RET and mTOR kinase activities. Treatment of the RET mutant cell lines TT, TPC-1, and MZ-CRC-1 with AST487, a RET kinase inhibitor, suppressed growth and showed profound and sustained inhibition of mTOR signaling, which was recapitulated by siRNA-mediated RET knockdown. Inhibition of mTOR with INK128, a dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinase inhibitor, also resulted in marked growth suppression to levels similar to those seen with RET blockade. Moreover, combined treatment with AST487 and INK128 at low concentrations suppressed growth and induced apoptosis. These data establish mTOR as a key mediator of RET-mediated cell growth in thyroid cancer cells and provide a rationale for combinatorial treatments in thyroid cancers with oncogenic RET mutations.
The Relationship Between HRM Practices and Turnover Intentions: A Study of Government and Employee Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Virgin Islands

A cross-sectional study of the Virgin Island’s public sector was conducted to ascertain whether its human resource management (HRM) practices were related to the employees’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and intentions to leave. A quantitative approach was taken to evaluate employees’ perception of the organization’s HRM practices. Multivariate analysis demonstrated the following demographics: residence, gender, human resource (HR) staff, and supervisory/managerial positions were determining factors in the relationship. Residence correlated to turnover intentions (TIs); gender and supervisor/manager correlated to OCB, while being an HR staff correlated to the HRM factor, employee skill/organizational structure. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that HRM practices did not predict OCB or TIs.
Processes of structural crust formation on coarse‐textured soils

Summary In order to understand better the mechanisms of structural crust formation on coarse-textured soils, mixtures of 92.5% sand and 7.5% Ca2+-kaolinite are exposed to simulated rainfall in experiments- involving a range of sand particle sizes, drop diameters and drop kinetic energies. For each combination of these variables, clay illuviation is measured and the changes in surface structure are observed on thin sections. The intensity of clay illuviation is inversely proportional to sand particle size and is shown to be determined by both rainfall and drop kinetic energy. A washed-out layer forms at the surface of all samples exposed to drop impact. The lower boundary of this layer is generally marked by a relative concentration of clay micro-aggregates in the form of a band. These micro-aggregates are probably fragments derived from grain coatings initially present in the washed-out layer. They accumulate at a depth that increases, on average, with drop kinetic energy and with the particle size of the sand fraction. Based on similarities with natural crusts, it is proposed that clay-band formation in structural crusts formed on coarse-textured soils may be initiated by the displacement of micro-aggregates or other small particles from the washed-out layer, followed by their accumulation due to mechanical straining. The experiments also point to the potential importance of the particle size of the sand fraction on the morphology of structural crusts.
Exotic (Quixotic?) Applications of Bohm Theory

IN THIS PAPER I WOULD LIKE TO DISCUSS, in a simple way, applying Bohm’s theory to general relativity and string theory. Ordinarily, I would preface this with the reasons why I think this is worth doing. But Jim Cushing, in his contribution to this volume, explains, better than I ever could, the advantages of Bohm theory as an interpretation of quantum mechanics. So I will just refer you to his paper.
Toxicity of Metal Particles in Tissue Culture

The toxicity of several corrosion resistant alloys (stainless steel and cobalt chromium) was assayed by exposing tissue cultures to powders of these alloys and counting the cell populations after standard replication intervals. Differences in the degrees of toxicity of these alloys, not demonstrated by in vivo methods, were elicited.
Try Ruby!: tutorial presentation

Ruby is a popular object-oriented scripting programming language originally released in 1995 by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto. This tutorial is a hands-on introduction to the Ruby programming language. The tutorial will include a brief discussion of when and where to use the Ruby programming language in the CS curriculum. Participants in this tutorial should already know how to program in an imperative programming language.
A data-driven modeling framework for predicting forces and pressures on a rapidly pitching airfoil

This work formulates a switched linear modeling procedure to understand and predict the unsteady aerodynamic forces arising from rapid pitching motion of a NACA 0012 airfoil at a Reynolds number of 50,000. The system identification procedure applies a generalized dynamic mode decomposition algorithm to time-resolved wind tunnel measurements of the lift and drag forces, as well as the pressure at six locations on the suction surface of the airfoil. Linear state space models are identified for 5-degree pitch-up and pitchdown maneuvers within an overall angle of attack range of 0◦–20◦. The identified models accurately capture the effects of flow separation and leading-edge vortex formation and convection. It is shown that switching between different linear models can give accurate prediction of the nonlinear behavior that is present in high-amplitude maneuvers. The models are accurate for a wide range of motions, including pitch-and-hold, sinusoidal, and pseudo-random pitching maneuvers. Providing the models access to a subset of the measured data channels can allow for improved estimates of the remaining states via the use of a Kalman filter, which could be of use for aerodynamic control applications.
Evaluation for suspected acute appendicitis in the emergency department setting: a comparison of outcomes among three imaging pathways

Abstract Purpose To compare outcomes of imaging pathways in suspected acute appendicitis. Methods Computerized tomography (CT) alone, ultrasound alone, and ultrasound followed by CT were compared in 570 emergency department (ED) patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Results After initial ultrasound, 9.3% of men and 41.0% of women underwent CT. Body mass index (BMI) ( P ≤.036): 25.3±5.7kg/m 2 (CT), 19.1±3.3kg/m 2 (ultrasound), and 22.4±3.2kg/m 2 (ultrasound then CT). Age ( P P =.062–1.00). Conclusion Ultrasound, selected in patients with lowest age/BMI, had shortest length-of-stay but otherwise similar outcomes.
Abstract 4736: Amplification of ERK2 mediates resistance to the novel irreversible EGFR inhibitor WZ4002

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: EGFR T790M causes clinical resistance to the quinazoline EGFR kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer. Amplification of EGFR T790M causes resistance to the irreversible quinazoline EGFR inhibitor PF00299804 (Ercan etl al. Oncogene 2010). A novel T790M selective irreversible pyrimidine EGFR kinase inhibitor, WZ4002, is effective in NSCLC models harboring EGFR T790M (Zhou, W, Ercan, D et al., Nature 2009). The mechanism(s) of resistance to this class of irreversible EGFR inhibitors have not been explored. Methods and Results: We exposed the Gefitinib resistant PC9 GR cells (EGFR del E746\_A750/T790M; IC50 to WZ4002: ∼30nM) to increasing concentrations of WZ4002 to generate PC9 GW resistant cells (IC50 to WZ4002 ∼10µM) and isolated several resistant clones. The PC9 GWR cells contain EGFR del E746\_A750/T790M but do not harbor additional EGFR mutations and are cross resistant to the irreversible quinazoline EGFR inhibitor BIBW2992. The PC9 GWR cells demonstrate an increase in basal phosphorylation of ERK2 but not ERK1 as well as total protein compared to parental PC9 GR cells. WZ4002 effectively inhibits EGFR phosphorylation but not ERK 2 phosphorylation in the PC9 GWR cells whereas in the PC9 GR cells WZ4002 inhibits both EGFR and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, unlike in the PC9 GR cells, EGFR inhibition does not lead to BIM induction or apoptosis in the PC9 GWR cells. Genomic analyses of the PC9 GWR compared with the PC9 GR cells, using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, identify a focal amplification in the PC9 GWR cells on chromosome 22 which includes ERK2 (MAP2K). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we confirm amplified intra-chromosomal regions mapping to MAP2K. Inhibition of ERK signaling by either an ERK2 specific shRNA or by the MEK inhibitor CI-1040, restores sensitivity to WZ4002 and BIBW2992. In addition, combination of WZ4002 and CI-1040 results in BIM induction and apoptosis in the PC9 GWR cells. In contrast inhibition of PI3K signaling using the PI3K inhibitor PI-103 does not restore WZ4002 sensitivity. Ectopic activation of ERK signaling using an activated MEK1 allele (MEK K57N) found in lung cancer, in different lung cancer cell lines (PC9 (EGFR del E746\_A750), PC9 GR (EGFR del E746\_A750), and H1975 (L858R/T790M), is sufficient to cause resistance to WZ4002 and block WZ4002 mediated apoptosis. Conclusions: We identify amplification of ERK2, a component downstream component of EGFR signaling, as a mechanism of resistance to structurally distinct irreversible EGFR kinase inhibitors. The combination of an EGFR inhibitor and a MEK inhibitor is effective in against these drug resistant cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4736. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4736
Quantification of hormone pulsatility via an approximate entropy algorithm

Approximate entropy (ApEn) is a recently developed formula to quantify the amount of regularity in data. We examine the potential applicability of ApEn to clinical endocrinology to quantify pulsati...
ACTIVE CONTROL OF TIMOSHENKO BEAM VIBRATIONS USING PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL

H, robust control and filter design for controlling the beam vibrations are presented in this paper. The standard Timoshenko beam (TB) is employed as the nominal structural model. To stabilize the vibrations of flexible beams, active control using piezoelectric (PZT) material as actuator is introduced. The distributed sensor using the PZT material is employed to estimate the state variables of the system. The TB model governed by a partial differential equation (PDE) is discretized by a central difference scheme to generate a fmite dimensional model. The variation in material properties, the discretization errors, and the modeling errors are considered as the uncertainties of the system. The H, control theory is employed to determine the control voltages of the actuator such that the dynamic motion of the beam with uncertainties under disturbance is stabilized. Furthermore, considering the unknown noise and errors existing in the measurement process, the state estimator is realized by the robust H, filter. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated by a simulation example. NOMENCLATURE
Fundamentally Sound: The College of the Future

(1939). Fundamentally Sound: The College of the Future. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 114-114.