cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corallimorphus niwa new species (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), New Zealand members of Corallimorphus, and redefinition of Corallimorphidae and its members

The new species of anthozoan Corallimorphus niwa occurs at depths of 926–1773 m in seas around New Zealand. This new species shares with other members of Corallimorphus stiff and hyaline mesoglea, short column relative to its broad oral disc, and deep-sea habitat. It differs from other members of Corallimorphus in having an equal number of marginal and discal tentacles, the discal tentacles arrayed in multiple circlets. Groups of Corallimorphus are defined by tentacle array; C. niwa n. sp. characterizes the new niwa group. Two of the other five valid species of Corallimorphus (C. profundus and C. pilatus) constitute the profundus group, members of which have about four times as many marginal as discal tentacles, the discal tentacles arrayed in a single circlet; the three members of the rigidus group (C. rigidus, C. denhartogi, and C. ingens) have about twice as many marginal as discal tentacles, the discal tentacles arrayed in multiple circlets. The definition of genus Corallimorphus must be modified to accommodate this species; this also involves synonymizing with one another the other two genera of family Corallimorphidae, Corynactis and Pseudocorynactis. The formal definitions of order Corallimorpharia and family Corallimorphidae are adjusted to be in parallel and hierarchical format.
The effects of the atmosphere and oceans on the Earth's wobble — I. Theory

Summary The theory of wobble excitation for a non-rigid earth is extended to include the effects of the earth's fluid core and of the rotationally induced pole tide in the ocean. The response of the solid earth and oceans to atmospheric loading is also considered. The oceans are shown to be affected by changes in the gravitational potential which accompany atmospheric pressure disturbances and by the load-induced deformation of the solid earth. These various improvements affect the excitation equations by about 10 per cent. Atmospheric and oceanic excitation can be computed using either an angular momentum or a torque approach. We use the dynamical equations for a thin fluid to relate these two methods and to develop a more general, combined approach. Finally, geostrophic winds and currents are shown to be potentially important sources of wobble excitation, in contrast to what is generally believed.
FROM WINSHIP TO APPRENDI TO BOOKER: CONSTITUTIONAL COMMAND OR CONSTITUTIONAL BLUNDER?

The Supreme Court has a remarkable history of blunders and retreats when it comes to the relationship between the Constitution and substantive criminal law, and it is in the process of committing another one, in our view. There are at least eight instances in which the Court has handed down a case with dramatic potential to subvert substantial parts of the criminal law, only to later more or less withdraw from the field: 1. In Robinson v. California,1 the Court implied that the Constitution
Punctate pemphigus: an underreported direct immunofluorescence pattern.

Intercellular epidermal deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in a continuous net-like or ‘chicken wire’ pattern is a well-described and diagnostic finding in direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies of pemphigus. In our experience, punctate or dot-like intercellular deposition of IgG can also be seen in cases of pemphigus but has received little attention in the literature. We describe a series of DIF specimens showing intercellular deposition of IgG in continuous and/or punctate patterns, which occurred with equal frequency in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. This series highlights the punctate or dot-like pattern of intercellular IgG deposition in DIF studies of pemphigus, reviews potential mechanisms and calls attention to this potentially under-recognized phenomenon.
Optimality conditions for systems with insufficient data

In this paper we use the Dubovitski–Milyutin formalism to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality in a nonlinear, distributed parameter control system, with convex cost criterion and initial condition not given a priori (that is it is not a known function but instead it belongs to a specified set). Our result extends a recent theorem of Lions. Finally a concrete example is worked out in detail.
THE IMPACT OF PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGNING ON MIDTERM U.S. SENATE ELECTIONS

The conventional wisdom about presidential campaigning in midterm Senate elections is that presidential efforts lack impact or have negative impact. We discuss conceptual problems with the conventional view and offer an alternative that views presidential campaigning as strategic. We test this alternative and find support for it. Further, we find that presidential campaign efforts have a positive impact on the vote through the mobilization of nonvoters. Finally, in a significant number of cases, presidential campaigning may have been the margin of victory for candidates of the president's party. We discuss the implications of these findings on assessments of the president and relations with Congress during the second half of the term.
Context discerning multifunction networks: reformulating fixed weight neural networks

Research in recurrent neural networks has produced a genre of networks referred to as fixed weight neural networks (FWNNs) which have the ability to adapt without changing explicit weights. FWNNs are unique in that they adapt their processing based on the spatiotemporal characteristics of the incoming signal without need for weight change. As a result, a single FWNN is able to model and control many families of disparate systems without weight changes. FWNNs pose an interesting model for contextual memory in neural systems. The work reported takes a FWNN, decomposes it and analyzes its internal workings. Using new insight, FWNNs are reformulated into a simpler structure, context discerning multifunction networks (CDMN).
Intergroup Relations: Its Linguistic and Communicative Parameters

IT IS not difficult to argue that language and communication processes are a core element of the social psychology of intergroup relations (Clement, 1996; Giles & Reid, 2004; Gudykunst, 1986; Lambert, 1967); indeed, they are integral constituents of our group identities (Cargile, Giles, & Clement, 1996) and what differentiates us from other relevant outgroups. However, such a case has not always been easy to make, although it is clearly evident in a plethora of aspects of our communicative lives, including dress styles, cosmetics, marches, vigils, festivals, websites, music, etc. Language and communication received their first sustained attention in the group dynamics tradition, particularly with reference to the development of social comparison and dissonance theories (Festinger, 1954). Nevertheless, much of this early work conceptualized language as nothing more than a vehicle for (intra)group and psychological processes, notably decision making and leadership (e.g. Bales, 1956). The social context of group behavior was all but absent, and language was treated very much as a functional property of group life. However, this began to change in the 1970s when Giles (1977, 1978) invoked social identity theory to explain the sociolinguistic phenomenon of language shifts. This work led, in part, to an elaboration of speechand later communication-accommodation theory (e.g. Gallois, Ogay, & Giles, 2004; Giles & Coupland, 1991), parallel developments of ethnolinguistic identity theory (Giles & Johnson, 1981, 1987), anxiety/uncertainty reduction theory (Gudykunst, 1995), and many others (e.g. Barker, Giles, & Harwood, 2004). Core research foci include language attitudes (Bradac, Cargile, & Hallett, 2001), multilingualism (Sachdev & Bourhis, 2005), aging (Williams & Nussbaum, 2001), health (Harwood & Sparks, 2003), inter-ability communication (Fox & Giles, 1997), gender (Reid, Keerie, & Palomares, 2003; Smith, 1985), intercultural relations (Hecht, Jackson, & Pitts, 2005), terrorism (Sparks, in press), and so on and so forth. Meanwhile, more phenomena and areas of investigation are recognizing the intergroup dimension: small group processes (Hogg & Tindale, 2005), organizational processes (Gardner, Paulsen, Gallois, Callan, & Monaghan, G P I R
An Evaluation of Interpol's Cooperative-Based Counterterrorism Linkages

AbstractThis paper evaluates the payback from efforts of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) to coordinate proactive counterterrorism measures by its member countries to arrest terrorists and weaken their ability to conduct operations. We use Interpol arrest data and data on utilization of Interpol resources by member countries to compute counterfactual benefit measurements, which, when matched with costs, yield benefit-cost ratios. The average of these ratios is approximately 200 over 12 alternative counterfactual scenarios, so each dollar of Interpol counterterrorism spending returns approximately $200. This paper also puts forward a perspective on benefits derived from Interpol’s Stolen and Lost Travel Document database. Interpol provides an inexpensive proactive measure against transnational terrorism that, unlike military operations, does not result in backlash attacks.
Ecomorphological Diversity of Lake Trout at Isle Royale, Lake Superior

AbstractFour Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush morphs were identified from Isle Royale, Lake Superior; the morphs differed in shape, traits linked to feeding and locomotion, buoyancy, and physical habitat use. Lean, humper, and siscowet Lake Trout generally conformed to previous descriptions, and we report, for the first time, quantitative evidence of a fourth morph, previously described anecdotally as the “redfin.” Jackknife classification of individuals to morphs based on body shape were 94% correct. High variation within and low variation among morphs led to moderately low percent agreement among visual identifications and high uncertainty in Bayesian model groupings of morphs. Eight linear measures of phenotypic traits linked to feeding (i.e., head and eyes) and locomotion (i.e., fin lengths and caudal peduncle shape) varied among morphs, consistent with specialized adaptations for trophic and physical resource use. Habitat differed among morphs with leans being most abundant in the 0–50-m depth stratum...
Metal- and Ligand-Centered Reactivity of meta-Carboranyl-Backbone Pincer Complexes of Rhodium

We report the synthesis of the chelating phosphinite-arm carboranyl POBOP-H (POBOP = 1,7-OP(i-Pr)2-m-carboranyl) ligand precursor, preparation of its rhodium complexes, and their reactivity in oxidative addition/reductive elimination reactions. The oxidative addition of iodobenzene to the low-valent (POBOP)Rh(PPh3) resulted in the selective formation of the 16-electron complex (POBOP)Rh(Ph)(I), featuring a highly strained exohedral rhodium–boron bond. The complex (POBOP)Rh(Ph)(I) is the first example of a B-carboranyl aryl metal complex, which is a proposed intermediate in metal-promoted B–C coupling reactions. The complex (POBOP)Rh(Ph)(I) was selectively and directly converted, in the presence of acetonitrile, to (POB(BPh)OP)Rh(H)(I)(CH3CN) (POB(BPh)OP = 1,7-OP(i-Pr)2-2-Ph-m-carboranyl) through unprecedented cascade reductive elimination of the phenyl-B-carboranyl and the oxidative addition of a vicinal B–H bond of the boron cluster to the metal center, exhibiting both metal- and cluster-centered reactivity.
Psychological distress, drug use, sexual risks and medication adherence among young HIV-positive Black men who have sex with men: exposure to community violence matters

In the USA, Black males are disproportionately affected by community violence and HIV. The aim of this study was to assess whether exposures to community violence are related to psychological distress, drug use, sexual risk behaviors, and medication adherence among a sample of HIV-positive young Black men who had sex with men (YBMSM). Data are from 98 YBMSM ages 18-29 years recruited from Chicago who completed measures on demographics, exposures to community violence, psychological distress, drug use, condomless anal intercourse, and medication adherence. Rates of exposure to community violence were high and youth reported victimization and witnessing numerous types of violence in their lifetime. In adjusted logistic regression analyses, models indicate that YBMSM reporting higher levels of exposure to community violence had significantly higher rates of condomless anal intercourse in the previous 6 months (AOR: 5.33, 95%CI: 1.38-20.55). Additionally, exposure to community violence was positively associated with psychological distress, hard drug use, and use of marijuana as a sex drug. Adherence to HIV antiretroviral medication was negatively associated with community violence (AOR: 0.36, 95%CI: 0.13-0.97). Rates of exposure to community violence are especially high in urban communities. Overall findings suggest that treatment, intervention, and programmatic approaches that include initiatives to address exposure to community violence might correlate with better health-related outcomes for HIV-positive YBMSM.
TERT promoter mutations in thyroid cancer: a report from a Middle Eastern population

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations C228T and C250T have recently been described in follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer (TC) in patients from North America and Europe. In this study, we explored whether these findings could be replicated in patients from a different ethnic group. We screened 17 benign thyroid adenomas and 265 TC samples from patients in the Middle East for these mutations by PCR and direct sequencing using DNA isolated from paraffin-embedded tumor tissues. None of the 17 benign adenomas harbored TERT promoter mutations. Of 265 TC, 34 (12.8%) harbored TERT promoter mutations, including 10/153 (6.5%) conventional papillary TC (CPTC), 8/57 (14.0%) follicular variant PTC, 9/30 (30%) tall cell variant PTC, 1/3 (30%) Hurthle cell thyroid cancer (HTC), 1/5 (20%) follicular TC, and 5/13 (38.5%) poorly differentiated TC. C250T mutation was present in only 6/265 (2.3%) cases, while C228T mutation was present in a total of 28/265 (10.6%) cases. These two mutations were mutually exclusive. TERT promoter mutations were significantly more common in older (≥45 years) than younger patients and were associated with larger tumour size, vascular invasion, higher TNM stage (stage III and IV), BRAF(V600E) mutation and persistent/recurrent disease at 6-12 months after initial treatment and at the last follow up. These associations were stronger in non-CPTC. Thus, this study on a large cohort of TC patients from Middle East demonstrates that TERT promoter mutations are relatively common, especially in the non-CPTC, and are associated with more aggressive histopathological features, BRAF(V600E) mutation, and disease persistence/recurrence than the WT TERT.
El color en la poesía española del renacimiento y del barroco

En este siglo de las ciencias exactas no es nada extrano que el metodo cientifico invada tambien el campo de las humanidades. La estilistica aspira a ser una ciencia; tras la emocion producida por la poesia, se buscan metodos mas cientificos para penetrar en la creacion literaria. Mientras la impresion o la emocion sirva de base o de punto de partida para el trabajo teorico, el metodo cientifico puede contribuir a valiosas elucidaciones. Pero, a veces, se pierde de vista una caracteristica esencial de la poesia: que la poesia es “lo que no dice”, la connotacion mas que la denotacion. Por eso, el empleo de la estadistica en la critica literaria es solo un adelanto a medias, un exito condicional, que puede ser fatalmente ilusorio. Tiene la ventaja de ser objetivo, impersonal : cada lector por si puede contar los adverbios o los nombres en un poema y comprobar los resultados. Al mismo tiempo aparece una gran deficiencia: se pasan por alto los numerosos significados implicitos que tiene cada palabra y cada combinacion de palabras. Sin duda la investigacion objetiva de esos significados es muy dificil; harian falta experimentos psicologicos con un gran numero de lectores; para tales experimentos no se han encontrado todavia metodos eficaces. Lo que sigue no presume de ser el resultado de experimentos, y por eso es vulnerable. Es, nada mas, una tentativa de demostrar algunas propiedades que tiene el color en la poesia renacentista y barroca, propiedades que a veces eluden la estadistica.
Loyalty or Legality in Obedience: Note on the Watergate Proceedings

Reviewing his pioneer research designed to "learn under what conditions submission to authority is most roba able, and under what conditions defiance is brought to the fore," Milgram (1965) concluded that, "If in this study an anonymous experimenter could successfully command adults to subdue a fifty-year-old man, and force on him painful electric shocks against his protests, one can only wonder what government, with its vastly greater authority and prestige, can command of its subjects. There is, of course, the extremely important question of whether malevolent political institutions could or would arise in American society." The transcript of the Senate Watergate hearings may ultimately provide a unique and compelling empirical contribution to the formulation of a social psychological theory of situations (cf. Milgram, 1965). For example, in his testimony of May 21, J. W. McCord, a veteran of distinguished federal service, specifically stated that his participation in the break-in was prompted primarily by his belief that the operation had been sanctioned by both the Attorney General and (indirectly) by the President. Similarly, J. Caulfield testified that he obeyed orders to offer McCord executive clemency because it was his belief that he "was doing a great service for the President of the United States." B. Barker and A. Baldwin also testified that they believed that they were involved in a matter of national security. These witnesses shared a professional law enforcement background and as such were probably aware that their actions were illegal. Not withstanding any unstated motivations for personal gain or situational demands, their obedience seemed to be prompted by loyalty to the person making the request. Just as these witnesses had to resolve conflicts in their social field so the persons in Milgram's studies did too; and just as explicit statements in the hearings revealed loyalty to be a major motivational factor, so Milgram observed that "on arrival, the subiect is oriented primarily to the experimenter rather than the victim." Important questions raised by this analysis concern delineating the conditions in which loyalty takes precedence over legality and the conditions in which personal interest takes precedence over loyalty (the latter notion suggested by McCord's subsequent defiance of instructions to plead guilty). It may be years before the entire obedience hierarchy in the Watergate affair is established, but unfolding events seem to provide a source of valuable behavioral data against which prevailing theory concerning the areas of obedience, moral judgment, and post-transgression guilt could be re-examined, and future research could appropriately be designed.
Effect of Temperatures on the Rate of Search by Trichogmmma and Its Potential Application in Field Releases

In bioclimatic rooms with programmed temperatures, the rate of searching by female Trichogramma minutum Riley, T. evanescens Westwood, T. semifumatum (Perkins), and Trichogramma sp. increased as the temperature was increased from 20 to 35°C, and decreased at 40°C. Females of the different species did not differ significantly in rate of search when all were reared on Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier). However, females of T. minutum reared from eggs of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) traveled about 40 and 50% farther at 30 and 35°C than those reared from S. cerealella. The results of this study suggest that designing a field-release program is a very complex task, as this single input of temperature alone appears to have a significant effect on the searching activity and thus on the potential effectiveness of Trichogramma in the field.
Antithyroxine properties of n-(2,5 dihydroxyphenyl) pyridinium acetate.

Conclusions(1) N-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl) pyridinium acetate inhibited the metamorphosis of tadpoles induced by thyroxine. The degree of inhibition of metamorphosis appeared proportional to the relative concentration of the drug. (2) N-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl) pyridinium acetate, 200 mg/kg body weight, did not lower the rate of oxygen consumption of normal rats nor prevent the acceleration of oxygen consumption induced by dl-thyroxine, 2 mg/kg body weight.
Discussion on Risk Mansgement in Pharmaceutical Enterprise

It is the responsibility of pharmaceutical management measures are choosed and taken on the basis of investigating and analyzing drug safety. Manufacturer should be active in strengthening risk management and improving drug quality to ensure the safety of medication.
Evaluation of prediction methods for lateral deformation of GRS walls and abutments

AbstractGeosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) walls and abutments are increasingly used to support transportation infrastructure. A pressing question in their response is the amount of horizontal deflection expected under service loads. This paper presents an evaluation of six methods for predicting the lateral deformation of GRS walls and abutments, namely the FHWA, Geoservice, CTI, Jewell-Milligan, Wu, and Adams methods. Field and laboratory performances of 17 GRS walls and abutments are compared with the predicted results from the six methods. A statistical analysis is then used to evaluate the conservativeness, accuracy, and reliability of these methods in predicting the maximum lateral deformation of GRS walls. The Adams method is the most accurate method for predicting the maximum lateral deformation if the amount of vertical deformation is reasonably known. Among the Geoservice, Jewell-Milligan, and Wu methods, which have the ability to predict the lateral deformation of GRS walls at various elevation...
Application of the Harmonic Balance Method to Centrifugal Pendulum Vibration Absorbers

The harmonic balance method (HBM) is a powerful analysis tool for nonlinear vibrating systems, provided that the forms of the nonlinearities of the system result in a manageable algebraic system of equations. The authors of Cochelin and Vergez (J Sound Vib 324(1):243–262, 2009) created a framework that modifies the structure of the equations of motion involving a wide variety of nonlinearities into a quadratic form, which then can be approximated with HBM with as many assumed harmonics the problem needs for a satisfactory accuracy. In this work, we employ this framework for the analysis of centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers (CPVA). The crucial step of this framework is the recasting of the variables into the required form. It has been shown that the dimensionless equations of motion for point mass CPVAs with general paths fitted to a rigid rotor can be put into the quadratic polynomial form. Two benchmark problems with known dynamical characteristics are investigated and the results show that this approach provides a powerful tool for investigating steady-state responses of these absorber systems. This will be very beneficial for design evaluations of CPVA systems where parameter values do not allow for the application of perturbation methods and/or make direct simulations very time consuming.
Software defined networking for resilient communications in Smart Grid active distribution networks

Emerging Software Defined Networking (SDN) technology provides excellent flexibility to large-scale networks in terms of control, management, security, and maintenance. In this paper, we propose an SDN-based communication infrastructure for Smart Grid distribution networks among substations. A Smart Grid communication infrastructure consists of a large number of heterogenous devices that exchange real-time information for monitoring the status of the grid. We then investigate how SDN-enabled Smart Grid infrastructure can provide resilience to active distribution substations with self-recovery. Specifically, by introducing redundant and wireless communication links that can be used during the emergencies, we show that SDN controllers can be effective for restoring the communication while providing a lot of flexibility. Furthermore, to be able to effectively evaluate the performance of the proposed work in terms of various fine-grained network metrics, we developed a Mininet-based testing framework and integrated it with ns-3 network simulator. Finally, we conducted experiments by using actual Smart Grid communication data to assess the recovery performance of the proposed SDN-based system. The results show that SDN is a viable technology for the Smart Grid communications with almost negligible delays in switching to backup wireless links during the times of link failures in reliable fashion.
Distinct Subtypes of Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Based on Patterns of Network Degeneration.

Importance Clearer delineation of the phenotypic heterogeneity within behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) will help uncover underlying biological mechanisms and improve clinicians’ ability to predict disease course and to design targeted management strategies. Objective To identify subtypes of bvFTD syndrome based on distinctive patterns of atrophy defined by selective vulnerability of specific functional networks targeted in bvFTD using statistical classification approaches. Design, Setting and Participants In this retrospective observational study, 90 patients meeting the Frontotemporal Dementia Consortium consensus criteria for bvFTD underwent evaluation at the Memory and Aging Center of the Department of Neurology at University of California, San Francisco. Patients underwent a multidisciplinary clinical evaluation, including clinical demographics, genetic testing, symptom evaluation, neurologic examination, neuropsychological bedside testing, and socioemotional assessments. All patients underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging at their earliest evaluation at the memory clinic. From each patient’s structural imaging scans, the mean volumes of 18 regions of interest (ROI) constituting the functional networks specifically vulnerable in bvFTD, including the salience network (SN), with key nodes in the frontoinsula and pregenual anterior cingulate, and the semantic appraisal network (SAN), anchored in the anterior temporal lobe and subgenual cingulate, were estimated. Principal component and cluster analyses of ROI volumes were used to identify patient clusters with anatomically distinct atrophy patterns. Data were collected from from June 19, 2002, to January 13, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Evaluation of brain morphology and other clinical features, including presenting symptoms, neurologic examination signs, neuropsychological performance, rate of dementia progression, and socioemotional function, in each patient cluster. Results Ninety patients (54 men [60%]; 36 women [40%]; mean [SD] age at evaluation, 55.1 [9.7] years) were included in the analysis. Four subgroups of patients with bvFTD with distinct anatomic patterns of network degeneration were identified, including 2 salience network–predominant subgroups (frontal/temporal [SN-FT] and frontal [SN-F]), a semantic appraisal network–predominant group (SAN), and a subcortical-predominant group. Subgroups demonstrated distinct patterns of cognitive, socioemotional, and motor symptoms, as well as genetic compositions and estimated rates of disease progression. Conclusions and Relevance Divergent patterns of vulnerability in specific functional network components make an important contribution to the clinical heterogeneity of bvFTD. The data-driven anatomic classification identifies biologically meaningful anatomic phenotypes and provides a replicable approach to disambiguate the bvFTD syndrome.
Hydrologic connectivity as a framework for understanding biogeochemical flux through watersheds and along fluvial networks

Abstract Hydrologic connections can link hillslopes to channel networks, streams to lakes, subsurface to surface, land to atmosphere, terrestrial to aquatic, and upstream to downstream. These connections can develop across vertical, lateral, and longitudinal dimensions and span spatial and temporal scales. Each of these dimensions and scales are interconnected, creating a mosaic of nested hydrologic connections and associated processes. In turn, these interacting and nested processes influence the transport, cycling, and transformation of organic material and inorganic nutrients through watersheds and along fluvial networks. Although hydrologic connections span dimensions and spatiotemporal scales, relationships between connectivity and carbon and nutrient dynamics are rarely evaluated within this framework. The purpose of this paper is to provide a cross-disciplinary view of hydrologic connectivity — highlighting the various forms of hydrologic connectivity that control fluxes of organic material and nutrients — and to help stimulate integration across scales and dimensions, and collaboration among disciplines.
Federal Meat Inspection Act

In passing Public Law 382, “An Act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June the thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seven,” Congress “permanently appropriated, out of money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of three million dollars, for the expenses of the inspection of cattle, sheep, swine, and goats and the meat and meat food products thereof which enter into interstate or foreign commerce and for all expenses necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this act relating to meat inspection, including rent and the employment of labor in Washington and elsewhere, for each year.” The funds were part of the total appropriated to the Bureau of Animal Industry.
Update on the Epidemiology of Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis is an illness caused by the soil-dwelling, dimorphic fungi, Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii, which are found primarily in niche ecological zones of the Western Hemisphere. The bulk of infections due to Coccidioides are found within the endemic areas of Arizona, California, Mexico, and Central America. Outcomes run the gamut from asymptomatic to a self-limited or even chronic pulmonary process, up to severe disseminated, and life-threatening disease. Patients at particular risk include the elderly, pregnant women, and members of certain ethnicities. Recent changes in the epidemiology and our overall understanding of coccidioidomycosis that pose a particular challenge to healthcare professionals include the rising incidence of disease, identification of infections thought to be acquired outside the previously described zones of endemicity, and the risks posed to the immunosuppressed population due to the increasing use of immunomodulatory pharmaceutical agents.
Exploring elicitation frequency of learning-sensitive information by a robotic tutor for interactive personalization

We formalize and analyze a robotic tutor's elicitation of learning-sensitive information to be leveraged by interactive machine learning methods for personalized education. The user study presented in this paper is an initial exploration of elicitation frequency of learning sensitive information, and the social and computational implications thereof. Our results, evaluated using a variety of subjective measures, demonstrate that a humans-in-the-loop approach positively benefits the human-robotic tutor interaction, while minimizing the computational complexity of personalization.
Cardiogenic shock in pregnancy: Analysis from the National Inpatient Sample.

Objective: Cardiogenic shock (CS) may occur during pregnancy and dramatically worsen peripartum outcomes. Methods: We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample from 2002 to 2013 to describe the incide...
Rituximab Is An Effective Therapy for Relapsed Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura

Abstract Abstract 4679 Rituximab, a monoclonal antibodies designed against a CD20 glycoprotein expressing lymphocytes. This drug has been implemented in the treatment of B Cell lymphoproliferative disorders as well as other non-neoplastic diseases such as autoimmune disorders. Rituximab has produced response in auto-immune thrombocytopnea, auto-immune hemolytic anemia and refractory inhibitors to coagulation factors. This abstract present our experience with rituximab in the treatment of relapsed Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome TTP/HUS. A total of five patients diagnosed with relapsed TTP/HUS with mean age of fifty years, all are black females. Median time to relapse is 5 months, range from 3 weeks to two years. All patients were treated initialy with plasmaphoresis and steroids, average plasmaphoresis treatment before relapse is seventeen sessions, range twelve to twenty five. All patients were retreated with plasmaphoresis and steroids at relapse and all received Rituximab weekly therapy, range two doses to six. All patient achieved good response and durable remission with out relapse. Dose used is 375 mg/M2. Peripheral smears were monitored on daily bases, same as CBC, LDH, BUN and creatinin. Most interestingly that red cell fragmentation were significantly reduced after one week of starting rituximab. Fragmented red cell/schiztocytes were reduced to 3 schiztocytes per 5000 red cell on high power field light microscope. Most patient received first dose of rituxan after at least seven to nine sessions of plasmaphoresis given. In conclusion: Rituximab is an effective therapy in relapsed TTP/HUS, larger study needed to confirm efficacy. Consideration to give Rituximab in first line therapy as well as maintenance therapy is a valid point. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A matched case–control comparison of hospital costs and outcomes for knee replacement patients admitted postoperatively to acute care versus rehabilitation

For select total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients, we have established an alternative pathway to bypass the acute care surgical ward and directly admit patients from the post-anesthesia care unit to on-campus rehabilitation. We retrospectively examined whether this ‘fast track’ pathway decreased costs and improved patient outcomes. After reviewing records of consecutive primary unilateral TKA patients over a 15-month period, each patient admitted to rehabilitation was matched with a control admitted to the acute care ward. The primary outcome was estimated total hospitalization cost (length of stay in days multiplied by the average cost per day). Secondary outcomes were length of stay, in-hospital pain scores, opioid use, maximum ambulatory distance and 30-day readmission, morbidity, and mortality. Of the 262 TKA patients during the study period, 14 were admitted to rehabilitation and were matched to 14 patients admitted to acute care. Estimated total hospitalization cost [median (10th–90th percentiles)] was US$30,755 (US$23,066–38,444) for ward patients compared to US$17,620 (US$13,215–33,918) for rehabilitation patients (P = 0.006). This difference [mean (95% CI)] was US$10,143 (US$2174–18,112). There were no other differences. For facilities similar to ours, direct postoperative admission of select TKA patients to subacute rehabilitation may be less costly than acute care and may not negatively affect outcomes.
Implicit health associations across the adult lifespan

Objective: Explicit reports of one’s health self-concept (e.g. rate your overall health) are commonly used in research and clinical practice. These measures predict important health outcomes, but rely on conscious introspection so may not fully capture the different components of the health self-concept (e.g. more automatic components) that relate to actual health. This study examined the health-implicit association test (health-IAT), and how it may add to our prediction of health from self-reports.Design: 1004 participants (ages 18–85) completed this web-based study with the health-IAT (assessing self-healthy implicit associations) and explicit assessments of health.Main outcome measures: Self-reported measures of physical functioning.Results: The health-IAT was valid and reliable. Older age was correlated with stronger self-healthy implicit associations. Although the health-IAT did not incrementally predict self-reported markers of physical functioning when only controlling for explicit health self-conc...
The Toxicology of Engineered Nanomaterials in Asthma

The explosive growth of the nanotechnology industry has necessitated the examination of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) for their toxicity. The unique properties that make ENMs useful also make them a health risk, and individuals with pre-existing diseases such as asthma are likely more susceptible. This review summarizes the current literature on the ability of ENMs to both exacerbate and directly cause asthma. Recent studies highlight the ability of metal nanoparticles (NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to not only exacerbate pre-existing asthma in animal models but also initiate allergic airway disease directly. CNTs alone are shown to cause airway mucus production, elevated serum IgE levels, and increased TH2 cytokine levels, all key indicators of asthma. The ability of ENMs to modulate the immune response in asthma varies depending on their physicochemical properties and exposure timing. CNTs consistently exacerbate asthma, as do Ni and TiO2 NPs, whereas some NPs like Au attenuate asthma. Evidence is strong that ENMs can contribute to allergic airway disease; however, more work is required to determine their mechanisms, and more epidemiological studies are needed to validate results from animal models.
Ultrasound Evaluation of Cranial and Long Bone Fractures in a Cadaver Model

ABSTRACTBackground: Ultrasound has been utilized in various settings for evaluation and treatment of skeletal injuries. Bone has different tissue acoustic impedance than soft tissue allowing visualization of the cortical disruption found in fractures. Objective: To determine emergency physicians' accuracy in diagnosing cranial and long bone fractures using ultrasound. Methods: This multi-center prospective double-blinded study used high-frequency linear ultrasound to detect induced fractures among eight test locations from eight cadaver models. After a standard orientation, blinded emergency physicians interpreted real-time sonographic images of test locations. Results: Proximal tibia combined sensitivity (SE)/specificity (SP) was 87.3/69.8% with a combined positive predictive value (PPV)/negative predictive value (NPV) of 84.6/74.3%. Distal radius combined SE/SP was 93.7/93.5% with a combined PPV/NPV of 93.4/90.8%. Frontal combined SE/SP was 84.1/88.9% with a PPV/NPV of 84.9/88.3%. Temporal-parietal comb...
Susan Gottesman: An Exceptional Scientist and Mentor

This chapter, written by Carin K. Vanderpool, profiles the microbiologist Susan Gottesman and includes stories and reflections from her life and career. Her work has pioneered the study of regulatory proteolysis as well as characterization of bacterial small RNAs. Dr. Gottesman is a member of the American Academy of Microbiology and the National Academy of Sciences and has received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society for Microbiology, the Herbert Tabor Research Award from the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology. The chapter concludes with reflections from the author about her postdoctoral training with Dr. Gottesman.
From Cursed Days to ‘Sunstroke’: The Authenticity of Ivan Bunin’s Recollections of the Bolshevik Revolution in the 1920s

‘What the Russian revolution developed into cannot be understood by anyone who didn’t witness it’ wrote celebrated Russian author and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Ivan Bunin (1870–1953). In this chapter, Galina Rylkova describes Bunin’s attempts to capture the enormity of the social upheavals of the revolutionary period beginning in 1917 in his day-by-day accounts collected together as Cursed Days. Rylkova examines the constraints and benefits of Bunin’s documentary approach and asks questions of their relevance for Bunin and for subsequent cultural and historical representations of the Bolshevik revolution.
Does Nutrition in Early Life Have Long Term Metabolic Effects? Can Animal Models Be Used to Predict These Effects in the Human?

The mode of infant feeding is thought to affect the metabolism of the adult. It is the aim of my presentation to evaluate whether infant feeding practice affects lipid metabolism in later life. Specifically, I would like to address the following questions: 1. Does breast feeding alter adipose tissue development in a fashion that protects against obesity in later life? 2. Does early exposure to dietary cholesterol (present in human milk at much higher level than in formula) result in more efficient cholesterol catabolism in the adult and thus in lower incidence of hyper-cholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in later life? 3. Does the unique fatty acid composition of human milk, which provides adequate amounts of docosahexaenoic acid, affect brain composition and function, especially in premature infants? 4. Is membrane structure and function affected by the differences in composition of the fat in human milk and infant formula?
High Resolution NMR: Applications to Biological Systems

In this chapter we focus on biological applications of the NMR of liquids. (For excellent books and reviews on the subject, see Ernst et al. (1987), Derome (1987), Sanders and Hunter (1987), Martin and Crouch (1991), and Wuthrich (1986)). However, rather than examining the vast array of high resolution, multi-dimensional, multi-nuclear experiments that can be performed on proteins, nucleic acids, and small-molecule natural products to determine their three-dimensional structure, we focus here instead on a particularly relevant case: the use of solution NMR to report back information about the bound-state conformation of a small molecule. In this way, we employ certain advantages (simplicity, sensitivity) of solution NMR to provide information about a large molecular assembly that can be best described as a solid.
Sequencing of agents for castration-resistant prostate cancer

Ten years ago, the clinician treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) had palliative options for treatment of symptomatic patients, such as the combination of mitoxantrone combined with prednisone, as well as isotope therapy. In 2004, docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimens were shown to provide an overall survival benefit for patients with CRPC. Today, the prostate cancer oncologist is in the enviable position of having six U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved agents to choose from: immunotherapy (sipuleucel-T), hormonal therapies (abiraterone, enzalutamide), radiopharmaceuticals (radium-223), and chemotherapy (docetaxel, cabazitaxel), in addition to agents being administered in clinical trials. In general, the sequencing of these drugs is based upon the entry criteria from the phase III trials that led to their approval. Selection of treatment is based on symptoms, sites of disease (bone vs visceral) and types of prior treatment (docetaxel-ineligible vs. pre-docetaxel vs post-docetaxel setting). Unfortunately, there is a lack of useful correlative biomarkers in prostate cancer to help oncologists select treatment. This problem is best illustrated in the post-docetaxel castration-resistant setting, for which there are indications to use all five other approved agents. In this review we will outline an approach to sequencing these new therapies, with particular attention paid to the biology of CRPC.
Novel Uses of Nerve Transfers

Nerve transfer surgery involves using a working, functional nerve with an expendable or duplicated function as a donor to supply axons and restore function to an injured recipient nerve. Nerve transfers were originally popularized for the restoration of motor function in patients with peripheral nerve injuries. However, more recently, novel uses of nerve transfers have been described, including nerve transfers for sensory reinnervation, nerve transfers for spinal cord injury and stroke patients, supercharge end-to-side nerve transfers, and targeted muscle reinnervation for the prevention and treatment of postamputation neuroma pain. The uses for nerve transfers and the patient populations that can benefit from nerve transfer surgery continue to expand. Awareness about these novel uses of nerve transfers among the medical community is important in order to facilitate evaluation and treatment of these patients by peripheral nerve specialists. A lack of knowledge of these techniques continues to be a major barrier to more widespread implementation.
The necessity of noise

Marie Thompson’s book, Beyond Unwanted Sound: Noise, Affect and Aesthetic Moralism, joins a growing body of scholarship on noise with the goal of “rethinking noise beyond its colloquial definition”...
Co-Creating a Community Roadmap for Interoperability

After decades of focusing on the health care system as the main driver of health and healthcare outcomes, there is an increasing recognition of the influences of social, economic, and environmental risk factors as predictors of health disparities at both individual and community levels. Given that local circumstances and settings have the most direct influence on people’s lives, the number of community-based and regional initiatives to promote health equity has been growing rapidly, encouraged by the Affordable Care Act’s emphasis on population health and community engagement and supported by federal, state, and local government initiatives as well as by philanthropic organizations. Most aspire to an eventual future state of interoperability so that data from a variety of sources can be synthesized to make real-time policy, practice, and resource decisions more efficiently and collaboratively. This chapter describes three phases of multi-sector approaches to improving community health, beginning with the pre-Internet public health initiatives Healthy Cities, Healthy Communities, and Healthy People and the Community Health Information Network (CHIN) movement; then highlights some key community-focused initiatives under the Heath Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act in 2009, including the Beacon Community and Community Health Peer Learning programs; and then briefly reviews some of the other major current initiatives that seek to integrate economic and social risk factors into health care, such as Data Across Sectors for Health (DASH). The chapter’s emphasis will be on the shared challenges and successful approaches to multi-sector collaboration and health data interoperability at a community level.
Pension Accounting Under SFAS No. 158: An Empirical Investigation of Its Incremental Value-Relevance Relative to SFAS No. 87*

When low interest rates combined with a declining stock market in the early 2000s, many pension funds developed funding gaps. It was often argued that accounting rules helped shroud the magnitude of these gaps by keeping several pension liabilities 'off balance sheet.' Under pressure to improve the transparency of pension reporting in firm financial statements, FASB implemented FAS 158 in December 2006. The purpose of this paper is to determine if FAS 158 improved the usefulness of financial statements. We defined 'usefulness' as the ability to explain changes in the market value of equity. Our analyses show that FAS 158 did not make financial statements more useful.