cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approaches to the study of the world of everyday life

I have only begun to sketch out some of the differences between the work of Harold Garfinkel and Alfred Schutz. As the work of ethnomethodology accumulates and as other commentators begin to explore their similarities and differences, a clearer picture will, I am certain, emerge. For now, I shall only conclude with the following brief summary. As Natanson (1966, p. 152) has noted, “for Schutz, mundane existence is structured by the typifications of man in the natural standpoint. Common sense is then an achievement rather than something simply given.” The main issues with which Schutz was concerned were how to investigate social reality and comprehend it (Natanson, 1966): …in terms which do not violate its character. How is warranted knowledge possible of the experiential world defined by the natural standpoint? The answer Schutz offers is by way of a reconstruction of the typifications of mundane life, but the underlying theme he is exploring is the intentional nature of consciousness in its abstractive and ideational modalities. Typification as such, rather than types and constructs, is the underlying concern. By tracing out the phenomenological genesis of typification from its prepredicative grounds to its self-conscious activity in generalization, he has provided an approach to an epistemology of the social world. [p. 154] Garfinkel, on the other hand, seeks to trace out the genesis of the perception, interpretation, and accomplishment of social occasions and their settings by members of society as they live and operate within the natural attitude in the world of everyday life. Their activities are taken without question as whatever social reality is for them. The processes whereby they accomplish these activities so as to make them recognizable become his main concern and it is the discovery and reconstruction of these processes, under the ethnomethodological reduction, of which his findings consist. By describing the methods used by members, he provides an approach to the methodology of the social world, that is, an ethno or members' methodology, for the construction, interpretation, and recognition of the social world.
Neonatal sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine in the rat: No effects on behavior but changes in endogenous brain norepinephrine☆

Abstract NEONATAL sympathectomy produced in young rats by repeated systemic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) had no effect upon several behavioral measures including open field activity, the learning and retention of an avoidance task or the emergence with maturation of sex linked activity differences in the open field. In comparison with control rats, at either 43 or 104 days of age, 6-OHDA treated animals showed increased levels of endogenous norepinephrine in the lower brainstem but decreased norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex. Hypothalamic norepinephrine contents were the same.
Contributions of Electron Microscopy to Angiosperm Phylogeny and Systematics: Significance of Ultrastructural Characters in Delimiting Higher Taxa

Electron microscopy up to the present time has made significant contributions toward a better understanding of the phylogeny and systematics of the flowering plants at the higher taxonomic levels in two areas, namely in the study of angiosperm sieve-element plastids and the study of pollen morphology. Sieve-element plastids are of three main kinds: S-plastids or starch-containing plastids, which contain starch grains only; P-plastids or protein-containing plastids, which contain protein inclusions (and may have starch grains as well); and N-plastids or null plastids, which lack both starch grains and protein inclusions. P-plastids in turn may be classified, according to the morphology of their protein inclusions,in a number of different types and subtypes whose taxonomic occurrence has great systematic significance. After classifying and providing a synoptical key to sieve-element plastids as well as summarizing their taxonomic distribution, I discuss my interpretation of their evolution. I conclude among other things that S-plastids are the basic, primitive kind of angiosperm sieve-element plastid from which the various types and subtypes of P-plastids have been derived. With regard to pollen morphology, I note that the main contribution of electron microscopy to angiosperm systematics and phylogeny has been in the study of the nature of the pollen wall itself, and more particularly in the detailed examination of pollen wall sculpturing, structure, and stratification, and that a major use of electron microscopy in the future will undoubtedly be to study fossil angiosperm pollen grains.
Re‐creating universities for ‘beyond the stable state’: from ‘Dearingesque’ systematic control to post‐Dearing systemic learning and inquiry

This paper considers the limitations (excluding funding) of the UK Dearing Report and likely influences of what might be considered ‘Dearingesque proposals’, increasingly invoked throughout the world as ‘solutions’ to the challenges of ‘the learning society’. It is concerned with emphases of the report on structural solutions to complex problems that are by no means structural in nature. The tendency is to ‘order the mess’, through increased standardisation, specification of outcomes and centralised control. Implementation of ‘Dearingesque proposals’ are likely to ossify traditional academic status hierarchies, subject boundaries, and the normative criteria by which teaching and learning quality and research tend to be judged. This trend will work against academics, and professional groups who recognise the need to build capacity for ‘second-order change’ and for new kinds of social learning in an essentially ‘unstable state’. It will also discourage the engagement of diversity.It is argued that innovation, development and partnership can only come from systemic learning and inquiry from ‘within the mess’. Working with, rather than controlling, this epistemological diversity and richness could lead to the visualisation and enactment of alternative epistemological and ethical positions by government, employers and academics, working in partnership. Systemic learning and inquiry could lead to new understandings of ‘responsiveness’ and quality in higher education for the millennium, that could enhance the capacity of society to work with and learn from challenges of complexity, change and systemicity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing the impression management skills of the service worker: an application of Stanislavsky's principles in a services context

The theatrical nature of service performances has been discussed in the services literature for many years. If services are theatre, it makes sense to look for theatrical ways to train service workers, particularly those who interact with the customer. One method for training actors, which has strong significance for developing frontstage service personnel, is a system developed by Konstatin Stanislavsky. This article examines the theatrical presence of services' contact personnel, explores the tenets of the Stanislavsky method of actor training and their relevance for services marketing, and applies the method to training services workers.
Referral and resource use patterns for psychiatric-related visits to pediatric emergency departments.

Objective:To describe the patterns of referral and use of resources for patients with psychiatric-related visits presenting to pediatric emergency departments (EDs) in a pediatric research network.Methods:We conducted a retrospective chart review of a random sample of patients (approximately 10 char
Correlation of regional brain metabolism with receptor localization during ketamine anesthesia: combined autoradiographic 2-[3H]deoxy-D-glucose receptor binding technique

LKB film autoradiography of 2-]3H]deoxy-D-glucose uptake shows that ketamine, administered in anesthetic doses, alters the pattern of metabolic activity in rat hippocampus. The labeled metabolic marker can be washed out of the slide-mounted tissue sections by preincubation to permit in vitro autoradiography of drug and neurotransmitter receptors in the same animal. In this way, opiate and phencyclidine receptor distributions may be correlated with patterns of glucose utilization in adjacent sections. If the observed relative enhancement of 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in the stratum moleculare of hippocampus reflects elevated metabolism in nerve terminals there, then the binding of ketamine to phencyclidine receptors on neurons in distant afferent sites, such as entorhinal cortex, may initiate the physiologic and metabolic effects.
Localization of the plasmid (pKM101) gene(s) involved in recA+lexA+-dependent mutagenesis.

Twenty Tn5 insertion mutants of the drug resistance plasmid pKM101 have been isolated that are unable to enhance mutagenesis with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or methyl methanesulfonate. By restriction mapping, the Tn5 insertion in each of these pKM101 mutants was shown to be within a 1.9 kb region of the plasmid genome. We have termed this segment of the pKM101 map the muc (mutagenesis: UV and chemical) gene(s). Characterization of these mutants indicated that any Tn5 insertion within the muc gene(s) abolished the ability of pKM101 to: (a) enhance spontaneous, UV and chemical mutagenesis, (b) increase host survival following UV-irradiation, (c) increase the survival of UV-irradiated phage plated on irradiated or unirradiated cells, and (d) suppress the repair and mutagenesis deficiencies of a umuC − mutant. Possible models to explain the role of the pKM101 muc gene(s) in mutagenesis and repair are discussed.
The impact of the Rodney king incident on citizen attitudes toward police

Research for this project was funded, in part, by Institutional Grant No. 55301 from the John and Dora Haynes Foundation, Los Angeles, California. Findings or viewpoints expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of the Haynes Foundation. The author expresses sincere gratitude to LAPD Assistant Chief Robert Vernon and officers assigned to Newton Street Division's Operation Cul‐de‐Sac for their support in this project. This study explores the impact of the “Rodney King” incident on citizen attitudes toward police (ATP). A multi‐wave panel design is used to measure ATP change before and after the onset of the King incident using a probability sample of 369 residents representing inner‐city neighborhoods with South Central Los Angeles. Respondent age, race and gender were investigated as independent effects on the ATP criterion, an index composed of five Likert‐style items tapping a single dimension of “police fairness toward citizens in the enforcement of laws.” Findings revealed that rega...
Broadband pulsed flow using piezoelectric microjets

A piezohydraulic microjet design and experimental results are presented to demonstrate broadband active flow control for applications on various aircraft structures including impinging jets, rotor blades, cavity bays, etc. The microjet actuator includes a piezoelectric stack actuator and hydraulic circuit that is used to throttle a 400 μm diameter microjet using hydraulic amplification of the piezoelectric stack actuator. This system is shown to provide broadband pulsed flow actuation up to 800 Hz. Unsteady pressure measurements of the microjet's exit flow are coupled with high-speed phase imagery using micro-Schlieren techniques to quantify the flow field. These results are compared with in situ stack actuator displacements using strain gauge measurements.
An Adaptive Probe-Based Technique to Optimize Join Queries in Distributed Internet Databases

An adaptive probe-based optimization technique is developed and demonstrated in the context of an Internet-based distributed database environment. More and more common are database systems, which are distributed across servers communicating via the Internet where a query at a given site might require data from remote sites. Optimizing the response time of such queries is a challenging task due to the unpredictability of server performance and network traffic at the time of data shipment; this may result in the selection of an expensive query plan using a static query optimizer. We constructed an experimental setup consisting of two servers running the same DBMS connected via the Internet. Concentrating on join queries, we demonstrate how a static query optimizer might choose an expensive plan by mistake. This is due to the lack of a priori knowledge of the run-time environment, inaccurate statistical assumptions in size estimation, and neglecting the cost of remote method invocation. These shortcomings are addressed collectively by proposing a probing mechanism. Furthermore, we extend our mechanism with an adaptive technique that detects sub-optimality of a plan during query execution and attempts to switch to the cheapest plan while avoiding redundant work and imposing little overhead. An implementation of our run-time optimization technique for join queries was constructed in the Java language and incorporated into an experimental setup. The results demonstrate the superiority of our probe-based optimization over a static optimization.
Neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 envelope protect more effectively in vivo than those to the CD4 receptor

HIV-1 infection depends on effective viral entry mediated by the interaction of its envelope (Env) glycoprotein with specific cell surface receptors. Protective antiviral antibodies generated by passive or active immunization must prevent these interactions. Because the HIV-1 Env is highly variable, attention has also focused on blocking the HIV-1 primary cell receptor CD4. We therefore analyzed the in vivo protective efficacy of three potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to HIV-1 Env compared to an antibody against the CD4 receptor. Protection was assessed after mucosal challenge of rhesus macaques with simian/HIV (SHIV). Despite its comparable or greater neutralization potency in vitro, the anti-CD4 antibody did not provide effective protection in vivo, whereas the HIV-1–specific mAbs VRC01, 10E8, and PG9, targeting the CD4 binding site, membrane-proximal, and V1V2 glycan Env regions, respectively, conferred complete protection, albeit at different relative potencies. These findings demonstrate the protective efficacy of broadly neutralizing antibodies directed to the HIV-1 Env and suggest that targeting the HIV-1 Env is preferable to the cell surface receptor CD4 for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.
BIAS IN LINEAR MODEL POWER AND SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION DUE TO ESTIMATING NONCENTRALITY

Data analysts frequently calculate power and sample size for a planned study using mean and variance estimates from an initial trial. Hence power, or the sample size needed to achieve a fixed power, varies randomly. Such calculations can be very inaccurate in the General Linear Univariate Model (GLUM). Biased noncentrality estimators and censored power calculations create inaccuracy. Censoring occurs if only certain outcomes of an initial trial lead to a power calculation. For example, a confirmatory study may be planned (and a sample size estimated) only following a significant result in the initial trial. Computing accurate point estimates or confidence bounds of GLUM noncentrality, power, or sample size in the presence of censoring involves truncated noncentral F distributions. We recommend confidence bounds, whether or not censoring occurs. A power analysis of data from humans exposed to carbon monoxide demonstrates the substantial impact on sample size that may occur. The results highlight potential biases and should aid study planning and interpretation.
Uncertain Demand Driven Resource Platform Design for a Service Center

Service centers can be viewed as facilities wherein service calls from customers relating to various service families cascade into work packages involving a set of service tasks. A service family is defined as a set of service type variants that have similar or common service tasks and hence may use a common set of resources (called the resource platform) over a given time horizon. In this paper, we present a methodology for determining cost-effective and robust resource platform configuration(s) for a given set of service families offered by a service center. The robust resource platform would be able to handle demand fluctuations from various service types within reasonable limits over a given planning horizon. Several successful studies have been reported in the manufacturing domain on successful application of product platforms to generate customizable product variants with cost advantages. In this paper, we extend the product platform concept to the service domain. The critical parts of the proposed Service Resource Platforming System (SRPS) methodology are: (1) generate rough cut resource selection using dynamic programming and create a resource schedule using linear programming; (2) generate final resource selection using uncertainty linear programming model proposed by Ben-Tal et al. (2003); and (3) construct resource platform using resource sub-sequence clustering concept. The objective for the rough cut and final resource selections is the maximization of the difference between the benefits and costs associated with in-house service processing and outsourcing. The proposed SRPS methodology is applied to an industry motivated problem.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Pathologic Changes in Rat Lungs Following Acute Sulfur Mustard Inhalation

AbstractAlthough the majority of deaths resulting from exposure to sulfur mustard (HD) have been due to pulmonary dysfunction, there are no detailed accounts of the pathogenesis of HD-induced lesions in the respiratory tract. Accordingly, we investigated the early changes within the trachea and lungs of rats following inhalation exposure to HD. Anesthetized rats were exposed by intratracheal intubation to vaporized HD (0.35 mg in 100 m l absolute ethanol) or ethanol alone for 50 min. Animals were euthanatized at 0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h postexposure (PE), and their respiratory tracts were prepared for histological and ultrastructural examination. In rats exposed to HD, multifocal, petechial hemorrhages were grossly evident on the pleural surface of the lung at 6 h PE. Atelectasis and edema of the accessory lobe occurred at 12-18 h PE. Histologically, lesions in the respiratory tract were confined primarily to the trachea, bronchi and larger bronchioles. In HD-exposed rats, there was a progressive depl...
High Resolution Optical Spectroscopy

In precision engineering applications, optical spectroscopies can be used to determine properties of interest of machined surfaces. These might include composition, crystallographic structure, amorphicity and surface stress. For some applications, an ability to spatially resolve surface features smaller than the wavelength of the probe radiation is required. For these nanostructures, an analytical photon scanning tunneling microscope (APSTM) has been developed. The APSTM can operated in spectroscopic mode to both image the topography and analyze — for example — stress features on a microindented, chromium-implanted sapphire surface. Light originating primarily from the evanescent field generated by an internally reflected beam (with some contribution from scattering by roughness features and radiation from fluorescence and luminescence) was coupled into the probe tip. The topographic resolution observed (∼50 nm) is appreciably finer than the diffraction limit. Stresses of 3 kbar around micro-indents were measured by monitoring shifts in the photoluminescence peaks. A discussion of the spectroscopic resolution obtainable with this “analytical PSTM” and possible applications are presented.
Analytical comparison of thinning algorithms

This paper deals with analyzing and comparing several key thinning algorithms in terms of various different methodologies. From these analyses and comparisons, a new sequential model thinning algorithm using heuristic, hybrid methods is presented. It intends to produce, based on past experience, thinned skeletons of thickness one from input patterns, keep connectivity, and eliminate unnecessary pixels. Several illustrative examples on various patterns were tested and the results compared. The parallel model thinning algorithm is still open.
Delayed working memory consolidation during the attentional blink.

After the detection of a target (T1) in a rapid stream of visual stimuli, there is a period of 400–600 msec during which a subsequent target (T2) is missed. This impairment in performance has been labeled the attentional blink. Recent theories propose that the attentional blink reflects a bottleneck in working memory consolidation such that T2 cannot be consolidated until after T1 is consolidated, and T2 is therefore masked by subsequent stimuli if it is presented while T1 is being consolidated. In support of this explanation, Giesbrecht & Di Lollo (1998) found that when T2 is the final item in the stimulus stream, no attentional blink is observed, because there are no subsequent stimuli that might mask T2. To provide a direct test of this explanation of the attentional blink, in the present study we used the P3 component of the event-related potential waveform to track the processing of T2. When T2 was followed by a masking item, we found that the P3 wave was completely suppressed during the attentional blink period, indicating that T2 was not consolidated in working memory. When T2 was the last item in the stimulus stream, however, we found that the P3 wave was delayed but not suppressed, indicating that T2 consolidation was not eliminated but simply delayed. These results are consistent with a fundamental limit on the consolidation of information in working memory.
The GEOS-3 retrospective Data Assimilation System: The 6-hour lag case

The fixed-lag Kalman smoother (FLKS) has been proposed as a framework to construct data assimilation procedures capable of producing high-quality climate research datasets. FLKS-based systems, referred to as retrospective data assimilation systems, are an extension to three-dimensional filtering procedures with the added capability of incorporating observations not only in the past and present time of the estimate, but also at future times. A variety of simplifications are necessary to render retrospective assimilation procedures practical. In this article, an FLKS-based retrospective data assimilation system implementation for the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System is presented. The practicality of this implementation comes from the practicality of its underlying (filter) analysis system, that is, the physical-space statistical analysis system (PSAS). The behavior of two schemes is studied here. The first retrospective analysis (RA) scheme is designed simply to update the regular PSAS analyses with observations available at times ahead of the regular analysis times. Results are presented for when observations 6-h ahead of the analysis time are used to update the PSAS analyses and thereby to calculate the so-called lag-1 retrospective analyses. Consistency tests for this RA scheme show that the lag-1 retrospective analyses indeed have better 6-h predictive skill than the predictions from the regular analyses. This motivates the introduction of the second retrospective analysis scheme, which, at each analysis time, uses the 6-h retrospective analysis to create a new forecast to replace the forecast normally used in the PSAS analysis, and therefore allows the calculation of a revised (filter) PSAS analysis. This procedure is referred to as the retrospective-based iterated analysis (RIA) scheme. Results from the RIA scheme indicate its potential for improving the overall quality of the assimilation.
Increases in Tolerance Within Naturalistic, Intentional Communities: A Randomized, Longitudinal Examination

The authors examine differential changes in values of tolerance among 150 participants discharged from inpatient treatment centers, and randomly assigned to either a self-help-based, communal living setting (i.e., Oxford House), or usual aftercare. Participants were interviewed every 6 months for a 24-month period. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine the effect of condition (therapeutic communal living versus usual aftercare) on wave trajectories of tolerance (i.e., universality/diversity scores). Over time, residents of the communal living model demonstrated significantly greater values of tolerance than usual aftercare participants. Communal living participants who resided in the house for over 6 months showed the most substantial increases in tolerance. Results support the notion that communal living residents may develop more tolerant attitudes by striving toward superordinate community goals (objectives held by (a) the whole group and (b) which individual members could not achieve alone).
Grain Growth in CeO2: Dopant Effects, Defect Mechanism, and Solute Drag

The effects of the dopants, Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Sc 3+ , Yb 3+ , Y 3+ , Gd 3+ , La 3+ , Ti 4+ , Zr 4+ , and Nb 5+ , on the grain boundary mobility of dense CeO 2 have been investigated from 1270° to 1420°C. Parabolic grain growth has been observed in all instances. Together with atmospheric effects, the results support the mechanism of cation interstitial transport being the rate-limiting step. A strong solute drag effect has been demonstrated for diffusion-enhancing dopants such as Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , which, at high concentrations, can nevertheless suppress grain boundary mobility. Severely undersized dopants (Mg, Sc, Ti, and Nb) have a tendency to markedly enhance grain boundary mobility, probably due to the large distortion of the surrounding lattice that apparently facilitates defect migration. Overall, the most effective grain growth inhibitor at 1.0% doping is Y 3+ , while the most potent grain growth promoter is either Mg 2+ (e.g., 0.1%) or Sc 3+ at high concentration (greater than 1.0%).
Thermal expansion of oriented glassy polymers

A phenomenological model of entanglement networks is developed and applied to deformed glassy polymers. Thermal expansivities and birefringence are analyzed. The model assumes a stable network of entanglements up to draw ratios of about 5. Beyond that range the entanglement structure breaks down to maintain a nearly constant drawing stress. The results are used to determine the ultimate linear expansivities of atactic polystyrene.
Transcriptional Fidelity and Proofreading by RNA Polymerase II

We have addressed whether the intrinsic 3'-->5' nuclease activity of human RNA polymerase II (pol II) can proofread during transcription in vitro. In the presence of SII, a protein that stimulates the nuclease activity, pol II quantitatively removed misincorporated nucleotides from the nascent transcript during rapid chain extension. The basis of discrimination between the correct and incorrect base was the slow addition of the next nucleotide to the mismatched terminus. Incorporation of inosine monophosphate inhibited next nucleotide addition by a similar magnitude as a mismatched base. We used this finding to demonstrate that addition of SII to a transcription reaction dramatically altered the RNA base content, reflecting the stable incorporation of more "correct" (GMP) and fewer "incorrect" (IMP) nucleotides.
The Phenomenon of Substantive Conflict in the Family Firm: A Cross‐Generational Study

This study investigates the influence that family members exert on the extent and frequency of substantive conflict within family firms across generations as a result of their familial relationship...
Single-File Diffusion of Flagellin in Flagellar Filaments

A bacterial flagellar filament is a cylindrical crystal of a protein known as flagellin. Flagellin subunits travel from the cytoplasm through a 2 nm axial pore and polymerize at the filament’s distal end. They are supplied by a pump in the cell membrane powered by a proton-motive force. In a recent experiment, it was observed that growth proceeded at a rate of approximately one subunit every 2 s. Here, we asked whether transport of subunits through the pore at this rate could be effected by single-file diffusion, which we simulated by a random walk on a one-dimensional lattice. Assuming that the subunits are α-helical, the answer is yes, by a comfortable margin.
Learning to Detect Natural Image Boundaries Using Brightness and Texture

The goal of this work is to accurately detect and localize boundaries in natural scenes using local image measurements. We formulate features that respond to characteristic changes in brightness and texture associated with natural boundaries. In order to combine the information from these features in an optimal way, a classifier is trained using human labeled images as ground truth. We present precision-recall curves showing that the resulting detector outperforms existing approaches.
Isotachophoresis with ionic spacer and two-stage separation for high sensitivity DNA hybridization assay

We present an on-chip electrophoretic assay for rapid and high sensitivity nucleic acid (NA) detection. The assay uses isotachophoresis (ITP) to enhance NA hybridization and an ionic spacer molecule to subsequently separate reaction products. In the first stage, the probe and target focus and mix rapidly in free solution under ITP. The reaction mixture then enters a region containing a sieving matrix, which allows the spacer ion to overtake and separate the slower probe-target complex from free, unhybridized probes. This results in the formation of two focused ITP peaks corresponding to probe and probe-target complex signals. For a 149 nt DNA target, we achieve a 220 fM limit of detection (LOD) within 10 min, with a 3.5 decade dynamic range. This LOD constitutes a 12× improvement over previous ITP-based hybridization assays. The technique offers an alternative to traditional DNA hybridization assays, and can be multiplexed and extended to detect other biomolecules.
An Unstable Ligand‐Unsupported CuI Dimer Stabilized in a Supramolecular Framework

The attractive interactions that exist between d “closedshell” elements of Group 11 have received extensive attention. 2] The term “aurophilicity” has been coined to describe the Au Au bonding interactions that are evident in many molecular and solid-state structures and have been attributed to correlation and relativistic effects. However, relativistic effects cannot be invoked for Cu···Cu interactions, which are generally referred to as “cuprophilicity”. These interactions are found in inorganic lattices, polynuclear compounds with bridging ligands or stabilized by electrostatic interactions, and polymeric systems, such as infinite ···Cu-ligand-Cu··· chains with short sideways Cu···Cu interactions. The existence of ligand-bridged Cu···Cu interactions is supported by spectral evidence and has been examined by a series of theoretical calculations, which have sometimes reached different conclusions. However, a recent comprehensive analysis has shown that only a small part of the intermolecular interaction energy is often gained in the ground state from the Cu···Cu interaction, whereas a large component results from Cu···ligand interactions, even in the case of ligand-unsupported Cu···Cu species. Only a few examples of ligand-unsupported Cu aggregates have been described, most of which have been reported quite recently. These examples include the dimer of trimers based on a substituted pyrazolate; the dimer of dimers with a substituted phenanthroline/bipyridyl ligand; the infinite arrays of [Cu(tBu)(CN)Li(OEt2)2], in which neighboring Cu dimers are connected through Li ions; the oneand three-dimensional infinite arrays of Cu ions in [Cu(NH3)2]Br and [Cu(NH3)Cl], respectively; [12] the one-dimensional chains of Cu atoms in [Cu(C6F6)(py)] (py= pyridine); [13] and the [(CuCl2)2] 2 dimer cocrystallized with the monomeric [CuCl3] ion and with amidinium cations. Except for the [(CuCl2)2] 2 dimer, all the ligand-unsupported Cu dimers (“dimer” refers to two Cu fragments with a short Cu···Cu distance) form one-dimensional infinite Cu···Cu or p–pstacked chains.
Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Grape Phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae): A Laboratory Evaluation

The effectiveness of 2 species of entomopathogenic nematodes was examined in the laboratory against the root-form of grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifolia (Fitch). Our basic unit of measurement was survival of grape phylloxera established on root pieces of the cultivated grape Vitis vinifera L. variety ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ in the presence or absence of nematodes. In petri dish trials, the Oswego strain of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar reduced survival of attached grape phylloxera by up to 80% relative to the control treatment, whereas Steinernema glaseri Steiner (isolate 326) had no measurable impact and was not used in further experiments. Hb Oswego significantly reduced survival of grape phylloxera on root pieces placed in small cups filled with soil, but only when soil moisture was high (>13% water content wt:wt) and when high densities of infective nematodes were used (>15,000/g soil). Grape phylloxera exposed to Hb Oswego often turned a brick-red color, indicating successful infection. However, we did not detect any evidence that Hb Oswego could successfully reproduce within the bodies of grape phylloxera hosts. Therefore, although Hb Oswego can exert significant mortality in the laboratory, their use in the field in an augmentative release program may be constrained by the need to use high densities, their dependence on moist soils, and their inability to propagate themselves within grape phylloxera hosts.
Elementary teachers’ use of content knowledge to evaluate students’ thinking in the life sciences

ABSTRACTScience learning environments should provide opportunities for students to make sense of and enhance their understanding of disciplinary concepts. Teachers can support students’ sense-making by engaging and responding to their ideas through high-leverage instructional practices such as formative assessment (FA). However, past research has shown that teachers may not understand FA, how to implement it, or have sufficient content knowledge to use it effectively. Few studies have investigated how teachers gather information to evaluate students’ ideas or how content knowledge factors into those decisions, particularly within the life science discipline. We designed a study embedded in a multi-year professional development program that supported elementary teachers’ development of disciplinary knowledge and FA practices within science instruction. Study findings illustrate how elementary teachers’ life science content knowledge influences their evaluation of students’ ideas. Teachers with higher level...
As Long as You’re a Black Wo/man You’re an African: Creole Diasporic Politics in the Age of Mestizo Nationalism

Nicaragua, along with most—if not all—Central American nations is seldom considered to have a Black or Afro-Latino population. Despite the legacies of colonial Black erasure that bleed into the present day, however, Nicaragua’s Southern Atlantic Coast in particular has been home to Afro-descendants since the early 17th century. Part of Nicaragua’s historical narrative of Black erasure has to do with the white supremacist mestizo nationalism that has plagued the nation since before independence in 1821. While Spanish colonial ideology led to notions of white supremacy on the Pacific coast of the county, the Atlantic Coast was also subject to similar ideological formations under British colonial rule. For reasons relating to white supremacist ideology, colonialism, imperialism, and structural racism, Nicaragua’s Black populations have not always identified as Black. This senior thesis focuses on the Afro-Nicaraguan Creole population in Caribbean Nicaragua, recent appeals to Black identity, and Creole claims to a global Black diaspora. Through an ethnographic exploration of Atlantic Coast history, Creole ethno-genesis, and the racist mestizo nationalist practices of the Nicaraguan state, this project highlights the emerging social movement of Creole Black diasporic politics as deployed through aesthetic production and argues that Creoles are not solely operating under Gramscian “common sense” or legal frameworks to work against the violence of structural and patriarchal anti-Black racism in Nicaragua, but are also imagining what a larger freedom might look like outside national and legal boundaries. Disciplines Anthropology This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses/168 AS LONG AS YOU’RE A BLACK WO/MAN YOU’RE AN AFRICAN: CREOLE DIASPORIC POLITICS IN THE AGE OF MESTIZO NATIONALISM
Update on the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease is common and associated with significant morbidity. Given the high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease, it is important to identify and treat related risk factors. However, there is growing uncertainty about the benefits of some recommended treatment targets. The National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines recommend an A1C level of less than 7 percent in patients with diabetes mellitus, although there is no evidence that treatment to this goal reduces cardiovascular events or progression to end-stage renal disease. Optimal blood pressure goals are controversial, and further study is needed to determine these goals in relation to amount of proteinuria. Concurrent use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers leads to worsening kidney function and is not recommended. Lipid-lowering therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality, but not progression of chronic kidney disease. The treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and optimal hemoglobin goals, is also controversial. Studies have shown increased morbidity and mortality with use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents aimed at normalizing hemoglobin levels. Patients with chronic kidney disease are at high risk of morbidity and mortality from the use of intravenous contrast agents. Isotonic intravenous hydration with sodium bicarbonate or saline has been shown to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy. Gadolinium-based contrast agents should be avoided if the glomerular filtration rate is less than 30 mL per minute per 1.73 m2 because of the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
New Stations for Frullania stylifera (Frullaniaceae) Outside of the Type Locality

Abstract. Frullania stylifera, previously known only from its southern Minnesota type locality, is newly documented from stations in Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. The species has often been confused with F. inflata and F. eboracensis, but differs from those species in having broadly reniformovate dorsal lobes; larger, lamelliform styli; more numerous oil bodies; larger underleaves with angulations on the margins; and half-immersed, more gradually rounded, weakly keeled perianths.
Where Scholars Fear to Tread: The Inertia of Academic E-Publication

Despite its obvious advantages, academics have approached epublication with trepidation. I argue that no matter what choices individuals may make, information technology is already revolutionizing academic publication. Thus, those who take advantage now will be well situated when the rest of academia inevitably makes the inertial shift to e-publication.
Febrile Seizures and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

The histories of 67 patients with medial temporal lobe seizures controlled by temporal lobectomy at a mean age of 27 years were evaluated at Yale University and Epilepsy Center, West Haven CT; Graduate Hospital, Philadelphia; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; and VA Center, White River Junction, VT.
Factors Influencing the Adoption of Smart Wearable Devices

This article examined factors associated with the adoption of smart wearable devices. More specifically, this research explored the contributing and inhibiting factors that influence the adoption o...
One foot out the door: limb function during swimming in terrestrial versus aquatic turtles

Specialization for a new habitat often entails a cost to performance in the ancestral habitat. Although aquatic lifestyles are ancestral among extant cryptodiran turtles, multiple lineages, including tortoises (Testudinidae) and emydid box turtles (genus Terrapene), independently specialized for terrestrial habitats. To what extent is swimming function retained in such lineages despite terrestrial specialization? Because tortoises diverged from other turtles over 50 Ma, but box turtles did so only 5 Ma, we hypothesized that swimming kinematics for box turtles would more closely resemble those of aquatic relatives than those of tortoises. To test this prediction, we compared high-speed video of swimming Russian tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii), box turtles (Terrapene carolina) and two semi-aquatic emydid species: sliders (Trachemys scripta) and painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). We identified different kinematic patterns between limbs. In the forelimb, box turtle strokes most resemble those of tortoises; for the hindlimb, box turtles are more similar to semi-aquatic species. Such patterns indicate functional convergence of the forelimb of terrestrial species, whereas the box turtle hindlimb exhibits greater retention of ancestral swimming motions.
Pure sensory ganglionopathy as the first sign of relapse in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

A 34-year-old man with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in complete remission presented with painful paresthesias of the thorax and proximal legs with loss of patellar reflexes bilaterally. Laboratory studies showed no evidence of autoimmune or infectious processes. CSF cytology was unremarkable. MRI showed enlarged, enhancing dorsal root ganglia (DRG) at L3-L4 bilaterally (figure, A). Whole-body PET showed avidity in these nerve roots and in T2 and T8 (figure, C) . Abnormalities on nerve conduction studies were isolated to sensory nerves affecting the same roots. Sensory ganglionopathies can occur with lymphomatous infiltration of the DRG, known as neurolymphomatosis, and can be the initial manifestation of lymphoma relapse.1,2
Knowledge-Based Approach for Named Entity Recognition in Biomedical Literature: A Use Case in Biomedical Software Identification

Statistical and machine learning approaches to named entity recognition have risen to prominence in the field of natural language processing. Certain named entities, specifically biomedical software, is a challenge to identify as a named entity. One direction is investigating the use of contextual semantic information to assist in this task as alluded to by previous researchers. We introduce an ontology-driven method that experiments with both information extraction and inherited features of ontologies (e.g., embedded semantic relationships and links to entities) to automatically identify familiar and unfamiliar software names. We evaluated this method with a set of biomedical research abstracts containing software entities. Our proposed approach could be used to further augment other named entity recognition methods.
Combining Multiple Resting-State fMRI Features during Classification: Optimized Frameworks and Their Application to Nicotine Addiction.

Machine learning techniques have been applied to resting-state fMRI data to predict neurological or neuropsychiatric disease states. Existing studies have used either a single type of resting-state feature or a few feature types (less than 4) in the prediction model. However, resting-state data can be processed in many different ways, yielding different feature types containing complementary and/or novel information, leaving uncertain the most informative features to provide to the classifier. In this study, multiple resting-state features were calculated from two main analytical categories: local measures and network measures. Feature selection was adopted using an optimized grid-search approach selecting top ranked features from statistical tests. We then tested three optimized frameworks: feature combination, kernel combination, and classifier combination, all using the support vector machine as an elementary classifier, to combine these resting-state feature types. When applied to nicotine addiction, with a cohort size of 100 smokers and 100 nonsmokers, via a 10-fold cross-validation procedure, the feature combination and the classifier combination achieved an accuracy of 75.5%, while the kernel combination achieved a 73.0% accuracy; all three combination frameworks improved classification performance compared to the single feature type based results (best accuracy 70.5%). This study not only reveals the discriminative power of resting-state data, but also demonstrates the efficiency of combining multiple features from one data phenotype to improve classification performance.
School Racial Climate and Academic Outcomes in African American Adolescents: The Protective Role of Peers:

Using a risk and resilience framework, the current investigation explored the relationship between school racial climate and academic outcomes among African American adolescents. Additionally, this...
History of random variate generation

Random variate generation is a fundamental aspect of simulation modeling and analysis. The objective of random variate generation is to produce observations that have the stochastic properties of a given random variable. To this end, methods and algorithms have been developed to generate random variates that are accurate (representative of the target distribution) and computationally efficient. This paper presents a history of random variate generation including distribution sampling methods used prior to the introduction of digital computers, as well as the evolution of random variate generators for continuous and discrete distributions and stochastic point processes.
The Earnest Internet vs. the Ambivalent Internet

While the physical presence of Nuit Debout demonstrators has been central to the movement’s strategy, the scale of technological intervention on display by activists seems unimaginable in the recently bygone mass media era dominated by relatively unhackable broadcast and print news outlets. Various media projects and strategies employed by movement participants are meeting the specific local need and conditions, and at the same time they constitute a broader technopolitical action: collective practices that take place both on- and offline, aimed at political reform or revolution. This article examines the global and local dynamics of technopolitical action as it is being played out in France, with a focus on what Nuit Debout media activists are introducing to the long-established protest culture there.