cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of iron content and dissolved O2 on dissolution rates of clinopyroxene at pH 5.8 and 25°C: preliminary results

Abstract Dissolution experiments using augite (Mg0.87Ca0.85Fe0.19Na0.09Al0.03Si2O6) and diopside (Mg0.91Ca0.93Fe0.07Na0.03Al0.03Si2O6) were conducted in flow-through reactors (5-ml/h flow rate). A pH of 5.8 was maintained by bubbling pure CO2 through a solution of 0.01 M KHCO3 at 25°C. Two experiments were run for each pyroxene type. In one experiment dissolved O2 concentration in reactors was 0.6 (±0.1) ppm and in the second dissolved O2 was 1.5 (±0.1) ppm. After 60 days, augite dissolution rates (based on Si release) were approximately three times greater in the 1.5 ppm. dissolved O2 experiments than in the sealed experiments. In contrast, diopside dissolution rates were independent of dissolved O2 concentrations. Preliminary results from the augite experiments suggest that dissolution rate is directly related to oxidation of iron. This effect was not observed in experiments performed on iron-poor diopside. Additionally, dissolution rates of diopside were much slower than those of augite, again suggesting a relationship between Fe content, Fe oxidation and dissolution rates.
Excess volumes and isentropic compressibilities of decan-1-ol + 2,2-dimethylbutane and + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

Abstract Excess volumes and ultrasonic speeds are reported for decan-1-ol + 2,2-dimethylbutane and + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 298.15 K, including values for high dilutions of decan-1-ol. Excess isentropic compressibilities were calculated from the results. The excess volumes and excess isentropic compressibilities are negative for both mixtures and their magnitudes are larger than those for decan-1-ol + either of the respective n -alkane homologues.
Analysis of narrative ability in children with cochlear implants.

PurposeThe purposes of this study were to: 1) develop a scoring system to assess narrative ability in children; 2) evaluate the impact of auditory speech perception with a cochlear implant on narrative ability; and 3) evaluate the importance of narrative ability to reading comprehension in deaf chil
Measured resection versus gap balancing for total knee arthroplasty.

The number of TKAs performed in the United States is expected to increase substantially in the next two decades [6]. Additionally, surgeons are performing TKAs in younger and more active patients. While many articles discuss the importance of radiographic alignment, soft-tissue balancing is essential to a successful TKA. There remains great controversy in how surgeons obtain correct alignment and soft-tissue tensioning. Some surgeons utilize a measured resection technique, while other surgeons favor a gap-balancing technique. As such, I have invited two internationally known orthopaedic surgeons to discuss these two approaches, both of which seek to achieve the same general goal — a well-aligned and well-balanced TKA. Bryan D. Springer MD is an attending joint replacement surgeon at the OrthoCarolina Hip and Knee Center in Charlotte, NC, USA, and a member of The Knee Society. Dr. Springer is the recipient of numerous Knee Society Awards, and has extensive experience with the gap-balancing technique. Sebastien Parratte MD, PhD is an attending joint replacement surgeon and assistant professor of orthopedic surgery at the University Hospital of Marseille in Marseille, France. Dr. Parratte likewise has received numerous Knee Society and Hip Society Awards, and has considerable experience with the measured resection technique. Matthew P. Abdel MD:What do you each see as the advantages of the gap-balancing or measured resection techniques, in terms of achieving ligament balance? Bryan D. Springer MD: Instability following TKA remains one of the most common modes of early failure. The gap-balancing technique is based on the progressive release of ligaments to create equal and symmetric flexion and extension gaps. It is imperative that one understands what structures affect extension, flexion, and both in order to create proper balance. One of the fundamental differences between the gap-balancing technique and measured resection technique lies in setting the rotation of the femoral component to achieve a symmetric flexion gap. Measured resection relies on arbitrary bony landmarks (surgical transepicondylar axis, posterior condylar axis, and anteroposterior (AP) axis of the femur) in order to set rotation. While bony landmarks may occasionally provide accurate rotation of the femoral component, one major disadvantage is the surgeon’s inability to accurately and reproducibly find them intraoperatively. Research has suggested there is wide variability in femoral component rotation when using bony landmarks, which leads to asymmetry of the flexion space and condylar lift off (Fig. 1) in flexion [3]. Open in a separate window Fig. 1 This schematic depicts condylar lift off that occurs when there is asymmetry of the flexion space. Published courtesy of Bryan D. Springer MD.
An expected value model of social power: predictions for selected exchange networks

Abstract The paper carries forward a line of work on an expected value model of social power and illustrates the application of this model to selected networks of social exchange.
Genetic differences among subspecies of the saddle-back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis):evidence from hybrids.

The subspecies of saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) are known to be chromatically and morphologically diverse but little is known of the genetic basis for the observed morphological variation. The morphology of first generation subspecific hybrids can be compared to that of the parental subspecies to provide information on the extent and nature of genetic differences in morphology between subspecies. We compare two groups of saddle-back tamarin hybrids (S. f. illigeri × S. f. lagonotus and S. f. illigeri × S. f. leucogenys) to pure-bred members of their parental subspecies. These crosses were examined for heterosis, caused by allele frequency differences between the subspecies in combination with directional dominance. Thirty-nine craniofacial measurements were derived from three-dimensional coordinates of landmarks on 355 adult tamarin skulls. These measurements were corrected for sex differences and differences due to environment (wild-derived vs. laboratory-born) prior to analysis of hybridity. Sex differences were minimal for these traits. Environment had a more significant effect on craniofacial morphology. Laboratory environments produce larger faces but smaller orbits, anterior cranial vaults, and cranial bases. Significant heterosis was found for many individual traits and for the first principal component representing size and size-related shape measurements in the S. f. illigeri × S. f. lagonotus cross. The smaller samples involved in the S. f. illigeri× S. f. leucogenys cross led to a much lower number of statistically significant results, although most traits did display heterosis. Heterosis for craniofacial size was nearly statistically significant. These results suggest that there are large differences in allele frequencies among these subspecies of saddle-back tamarin for genes affecting craniofacial morphology. Based on these data we suggest that these subspecies are likely to be independent, largely isolated, evolutionary units. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Femtosecond laser modification of glass

Abstract Tight focusing of ultrashort (∼100 fs) infrared laser pulses of moderate energy (typically 1–10 μJ) into a glass results in very high, localized (in space and time) intensities, in excess of 10 14 W/cm 2 . Under these conditions the laser–materials interaction becomes highly nonlinear, resulting in permanent modification of the material. By precisely controlling sample position and movement it is possible to optically ‘write’ three-dimensional patterns inside a glass. The modified glass can differ from the unmodified material in a wide variety of properties including refractive index, absorption coefficient, nonlinear optical susceptibility, crystal structure, morphology etc. In this paper, I discuss how ultrafast laser modification of glass can be used to add new functionality to glasses. The structures that can be fabricated with the ultrafast laser writing technique have applications in optical data storage, telecommunications and bio-sensing and -imaging.
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) as a regulator of cell-cell interactions

The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) can influence a number of diverse intercellular events, including junctional communication, the association of axons with pathways and targets, and signals that alter levels of neurotransmitter enzymes. These pleiotropic effects appear to reflect the ability of NCAM to regulate membrane-membrane contact required to initiate specific interactions between other molecules. Such regulation can occur through changes in either NCAM expression or the molecule's content of polysialic acid (PSA). When NCAM with a low PSA content is expressed, adhesion is increased and contact-dependent events are triggered. In contrast, the large excluded volume of NCAM PSA can inhibit cell-cell interactions through hindrance of overall membrane apposition.
Disparate stakeholder management: the case of elk and bison feeding in southern Greater Yellowstone

For resource decisions to make the most possible progress toward achieving agency mandates, managers must work with stakeholders and may need to at least partially accommodate some of their key underlying interests. To accommodate stakeholder interests, while also substantively working toward fulfilling legal mandates, managers must understand the sociopolitical factors that influence the decision-making process. We coin the phrase disparate stakeholder management (DSM) to describe situations with disparate stakeholders and disparate management solutions. A DSM approach (DSMA) requires decision makers to combine concepts from many sciences, thus releasing them from disciplinary bonds that often constrain innovation and effectiveness. We combined three distinct approaches to develop a DSMA that assisted in developing a comprehensive range of elk and bison management alternatives in the Southern Greater Yellowstone Area. The DSMA illustrated the extent of compromise between meeting legal agency mandates and...
Changes in IgA Following Varying Degrees of Biliary Obstruction in the Rat

Polymeric IgA is rapidly transported from blood to bile by the rat liver. The effect of varying degrees of biliary obstruction on this transport process was studied. IgA concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum IgA concentrations increased progressively, and IgA output in bile declined with increasing bile duct obstruction. The decline in bile IgA output was explained by both diminished bile flow and decreased concentrations of IgA in bile. Very little polymeric IgA was present in normal rat serum. In contrast, using column chromatography on Ultrogel AcA 22, increases in serum IgA associated with cholestasis were shown to be due to increments in polymeric IgA. Serum IgA was a more sensitive indicator of cholestasis than was serum alkaline phosphatase. IgA and secretory component were found, using indirect immunofluorescence, surrounding bile canaliculi and on or adjacent to the hepatocyte plasma membrane lining the sinusoids. With biliary obstruction, staining for IgA and secretory component intensified markedly near the bile canaliculi. We conclude that: (a) polymeric IgA must be efficiently removed from serum by the normal rat liver; (b) even minimal cholestasis impairs IgA output into bile, and (c) impairment of IgA transport during cholestasis appears to occur at or near the canalicular membrane.
Extended indications for placement of an inferior vena cava filter

To study the morbidity and mortality rates after placement of an inferior vena cava filter and to define the appropriate indications for interruption of the inferior vena cava, the records of all patients who underwent insertion of a Greenfield filter during the decade January 1978 to December 1987 were reviewed. Patients were designated as having either a traditional or extended indication for placement of an inferior vena cava filter. Two hundred sixty inferior vena cava filters were placed in 264 attempts, with no deaths related to insertion of the filter. An extended indication was the primary reason for placement of the Greenfield filter in 66 (25%) of the patients. In patients with extended indications there were no cases of air embolism or filter misplacement and only three wound complications (4.5%). Pulmonary embolism after insertion of the inferior vena cava filter occurred in three patients (4.5%), with one fatality (1.5%). Inferior vena cava occlusion was documented in three cases (4.5%), and manifestations of the postphlebitic syndrome in early follow-up were present in two patients (3.0%). As the procedures to prevent fatal pulmonary embolism have become safer, more efficacious, and less morbid, the number of patients in whom the potential benefits of insertion of an inferior vena cava filter outweigh the risks has become larger. Our results support the liberalized use of Greenfield filters in those patients who do not necessarily have one of the traditional indications for placement of an inferior vena cava filter but are at a high risk of having a fatal pulmonary embolus.
Radiative corrections to the Akulov-Volkov model of spontaneously broken supersymmetry.

A covariant derivative expansion method is used to secure the supersymmetric one-loop effective action resulting from the Akulov-Volkov model. The leading dependence of the one-loop corrections on the symmetry-breaking scale is then extracted, again in manifestly invariant form. These leading effects are found to be quadratic in the scale at which supersymmetry is broken.
Stretched Exponential Relaxation and Optical Phenomena in Glasses

Abstract A microscopic model for stretched exponential relaxation in glasses and other disordered systems is developed which exploits formal connections with optical phenomena in disordered systems. Two variations of the model are discussed. In the case of static disorder, contact is made with energy transfer in dilute systems; in the dynamic version of the theory, the connection is to the phenomenon of optical dephasing arising from interactions with two-level systems. In both versions, stretched exponential relaxation is related to singular behavior at low frequencies in the density of microscopic relaxation rates. Possible explanations for the singular behavior are assessed.
Resistance to Apoptosis Conferred by Cdk Inhibitors During Myocyte Differentiation

Proliferating murine C2C12 myoblasts can undergo either terminal differentiation or programmed cell death under conditions of mitogen deprivation. Unlike myoblasts, differentiated myotubes were resistant to apoptosis. During myogenesis the appearance of the apoptosis-resistant phenotype was correlated with the induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21CIP1 but not with the appearance of myogenin, a marker expressed earlier in differentiation. Forced expression of the Cdk inhibitors p21CIP1 or p16INK4A blocked apoptosis during myocyte differentiation. These data indicate that induction of Cdk inhibitors may serve to protect differentiating myocytes from programmed cell death as well as play a role in establishing the postmitotic state.
Understanding the mechanisms underlying phase-locking behavior in the crayfish swimmeret system

One of the fundamental challenges in neuroscience is to understand how the intrinsic properties of neurons and the properties of neural networks combine to produce behavior. Networks that produce rhythmic motor behaviors, such as locomotion, provide important model systems to address this problem. A particularly good model for this purpose is the neural circuit underlying the coordinated rhythmic limb movements in the crayfish swimmeret system. During forward swimming, rhythmic movements of swimmerets on different segments of the crayfish abdomen progress from back to front with the same period, but neighboring swimmerets are phase-lagged by 25% of the period. This coordination of limb movements is maintained over a wide range of frequency. The exact mechanisms underlying this robustly stable phase-locking are not known. Here, we use mathematical modeling and analysis in conjunction with recent experimental results to obtained insight into these mechanisms. The rhythmic behavior of each swimmeret is driven by a local pattern generating circuit consisting of a half-center oscillator (HCO). These local pattern generating circuits are connected through well-described intersegmental connections. We model the neural circuitry of the swimmeret system as a chain of HCOs. First, we examine the phase response properties of HCOs for two fundamentally different mechanisms that produce anti-phase activity in HCOs: the “escape” and “release” mechanisms. We demonstrate that the “escape” and “release” mechanisms give rise to very different phase response properties, and we use phase plane arguments to explain the different shapes of the phase response curves. We then examine a chain of four nearest-neighbor coupled HCOs. We use the coupled oscillator theory and symmetry arguments to show that the phase-locking 25% phase-locking observed in the crayfish swimmeret system arises naturally from the network connectivity, but this phase-locking is robustly stable for only some combinations of connectivity and the escape/release mechanisms.
Putative Helix F Contributes to Regioselectivity of Hydroxylation in Mitochondrial Cytochrome P450 27A1

On the basis of alignment with structurally characterized cytochromes P450 (P450s), we have identified the putative F and G helices of mitochondrial P450s 27A1 and 11A. We introduced substitutions at Phe-207, Ile-211, and Phe-215 within putative helix F and at Trp-235 and Tyr-238 within putative helix G in P450 27A1 and compared wild type and mutants with respect to catalytic activity, product pattern, substrate binding, formation of hydrogen peroxide, and interaction with redox partner. Results indicate that the mutated residues are important for delivery of the correctly oriented substrate to the P450 active site. The I211K and F215K mutations, for example, affected the regioselectivity of P450 27A1-dependent hydroxylation reactions and conferred the P450 capacity to cleave the C-C bond of the substrate during the catalytic cycle. Studies of P450 11A1 indicate that Phe-202 has functions similar to those of its counterpart in P450 27A1 (Phe-215). We propose that putative helices F and G form the sides of the substrate-access channel, thus providing the additional mechanism to control regioselectivity of hydroxylation in mitochondrial P450s.
Deleting named morphemes

Abstract If the English informal style deletions (ISDs) illustrated in ((Are) you) going? are analyzed as the result of a (late) syntactic rule, theoretical embarrassments ensue concerning the relationship of syntax and phonology, the notion of surface structure, and the separation of cliticization from other syntax. But ISDs can delete proper parts of (phonological) words and are even fed by morphophonemic rules; these facts argue that ISDs are themselves morphological, in fact morphophonemic. We propose that, in general, deletions of named morphemes, whether ‘optional’ (like the ISDs) or obligatory, are morphological processes (either morpholexical or morphophonemic), not syntactic operations, and we speculate that this conclusion can be extended to cover all free deletion rules. The proposal is supported with cases from Sarcee, Swahili, Welsh, and Swedish, as well as an English case (of do deletion) in addition to ISDs.
Evidence for sexual fusion and recombination in the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium (Gyrodinium) cohnii.

SEVERAL cytological and biochemical features of dinoflagellate chromosomes, such as low histone content1–3, threadlike appearance under the electron microscope1,4–6, absence of centromeres6, the condensed state persisting throughout interphase1,4–6, unusual DNA7 and the controversial possibility of multistrandedness8,9, suggest that the genetics of these organisms might be unusual. We report here initial experiments on the genetics of the heterotrophic marine, coccoid dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii10 previously believed to be asexual10. We have evidence of sexuality, complementation, recombination and a complex life cycle.
Finding-specific display presets for computed radiography soft-copy reading.

Much work has been done to optimize the display of cross-sectional modality imaging examinations for soft-copy reading (ie, window/level tissue presets, and format presentations such as tile and stack modes, four-on-one, nine-on-one, etc). Less attention has been paid to the display of digital forms of the conventional projection x-ray. The purpose of this study is to assess the utility of providing presets for computed radiography (CR) soft-copy display, based not on the window/level settings, but on processing applied to the image optimized for visualization of specific findings, pathologies, etc (ie, pneumothorax, tumor, tube location). It is felt that digital display of CR images based on finding-specific processing presets has the potential to: speed reading of digital projection x-ray examinations on soft copy; improve diagnostic efficacy; standardize display across examination type, clinical scenario, improtant key findings, and significant negatives; facilitate image comparison; and improve confidence in and acceptance of soft-copy reading. Clinical chest images are acquired using an Agfa-Gevaert (Mortsel, Belgium) ADC 70 CR scanner and Fuji (Stamford, CT) 9000 and AC2 Cr scanners. Those demonstrating pertinent findings are transferred over the clinical picture archiving and communications system (PACS) network to a research image processing station (Agfa PS5000), where the optimal image-processing settings per finding, pathologic category, etc, are developed in conjunction with a thoracic radiologist, by manipulating the multiscale image contrast amplification (Agfa MUSICA) algorithm parameters. Soft-copy display of images processed with finding-specific settings are compared with the standard default image presentation for 50 cases of each category. Comparison is scored using a 5-point scale with the positive scale denoting the standard presentation is preferred over the finding-specific processing, the negative scale denoting the finding-specific processing is preferred over the standard presentation, and zero denoting no difference. Processing settings have been developed for several findings including pneumothorax and lung nodules, and clinical cases are currently being collected in preparation for formal clinical trials. Preliminary results indicate a preference for the optimized-processing presentation of images over the standard default, particularly by inexperienced radiology residents and referring clinicians.
Shared metacognition in integrative negotiation

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the unique effect that shared metacognition has on negotiation – over and above the effect of simply having similar views.Design/methodology/approach – An experiment was conducted where it was systematically varied whether the negotiators explicitly knew or did not know that their opponent had a similar view of the negotiation task.Findings – Results showed that having shared metacognition promoted: cooperative negotiation, accurate insight into the opponent's point values (which was correlated with increased joint gain), and increased satisfaction regarding the negotiation outcome. Moreover, this was the case across different conditions in which negotiators' negotiation task view and motivation were varied.Practical implications – The paper suggests that negotiators and mediators can benefit by developing a common understanding of the negotiation and explicitly exchanging this understanding with each other (establishing shared metacognition) prior to enga...
Parathyroid hormone-induced changes in cyclic nucleotide levels during relaxation of the rat aorta

Parathyroid hormone is a potent vasodilator in vivo and relaxes vascular tissue in vitro. Since parathyroid hormone action in kidney and bone is thought to be mediated by stimulation of cellular cyclic AMP production, the present study was designed to monitor changes in cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in vascular tissue during relaxation by parathyroid hormone. Rabbit aortic strips were quick-frozen at various times after exposure to parathyroid hormone and the percent relaxation and cyclic nucleotide levels were determined. Cyclic AMP concentrations were elevated about 3-fold within 30 seconds after treatment with hormone. This corresponded to a 10% relaxation of the norepinephrine-contracted tissue. After five minutes, cyclic AMP was still elevated 2-fold above basal and the relaxation response was maximal (36%). The cyclic AMP and relaxation responses to parathyroid hormone were markedly potentiated by forskolin or methylisobutylxanthine. Parathyroid hormone produced a small but significant increase in cyclic GMP concentrations only at early time points whereas sodium nitroprusside substantially increased cyclic GMP and relaxed the strips at all times studied. The increase in cyclic AMP levels after exposure to parathyroid hormone occurred prior to or coincident with the onset of relaxation of the aortic strips. These findings are supportive of the hypothesis that the vascular actions of parathyroid hormone involve cyclic AMP.
Detection of human growth hormone receptors on IM-9 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets by flow cytometry : correlation with growth hormone-binding protein levels

We have developed a method using flow cytometry to identify fluorescein-conjugated GH receptors (GHR) on IM-9 lymphocytes and circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets. Binding to IM-9 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was concentration dependent and could be competitively blocked by the addition of unlabeled human GH, but not by the addition of rat or bovine GH or human insulin or PRL. Using two-color flow cytometric analysis, fluorescein-conjugated human GHR were readily detected on more than 90% of B lymphocytes and monocytes, but only variably on T lymphocytes. B Lymphocytes and monocytes had approximately 6000 GHR/cell. Using two-color flow cytometry, we identified GHR on circulating B lymphocytes in subjects with GH deficiency (n = 9), precocious puberty (n = 6), and Turner syndrome (n = 5) and in seven subjects with miscellaneous disorders, including familial short stature, bone dysplasia, Crohn disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and acromegaly. The percentage of B lymp...
The Role of Mechanical and Biochemical Interactions in Focal Adhesion and Cellular Shapes

We present findings from a two-dimensional mathematical model of a biological cell interacting with a soft substrate and focus on the role of the interaction of intracellular mechanical stresses and plaque protein concentrations on cell and focal adhesion shapes. The cell is treated as a hypoelastic actively-deforming continuum and the substrate is modeled as a linearly elastic continuum. The active deformation, captured by the addition of an active rate of deformation tensor, models local cytoskeletal reorganization. Focal adhesions connecting the cell and the substrate are modeled as a collection of discrete elastic springs. The model allows for the focal adhesion complexes to grow and shrink depending on mechanical forces that are acting on them and local concentrations of plaque protein. A model of stress-induced plaque protein dynamics, which is based on earlier work of Besser and Safran (2006), is coupled to the model of cell-substrate mechanics. Finite element simulations of the model allow us to explore the effects of original focal adhesion configuration, cytoskeletal dynamics, and focal adhesion strength on the shape evolution of individual focal adhesions and on overall cell shape.
Jewish Identity and Voting Patterns among Small-town Jews

(1968). Jewish Identity and Voting Patterns among Small-town Jews. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 170-175.
Design and synthesis of substituted 4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine-2-carboxamides, novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

Abstract A series of 4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine-2-carboxamides was synthesized and tested for their inhibition of HIV-1 integrase catalytic activity and HIV-1 replication in cells. Structure–activity studies around lead compound 5 indicated that a coplanar relationship of metal-binding heteroatoms provides optimal binding to the integrase active site. Identification of potency-enhancing substituents and adjustments in lipophilicity provided 17b which inhibits integrase-catalyzed strand transfer with an IC50 value of 74 nM and inhibits HIV-1 replication in cell culture in the presence of 50% normal human serum with an IC95 value of 63 nM.
The Calculation of the Susceptibility-Induced Magnetic Field from 3D NMR Images with Applications to Trabecular Bone

Abstract A method is described for computing the induced magnetic field caused by the susceptibility difference of two materials. Arbitrary surfaces derived from 3D NMR images were modeled with triangular elements of constant magnetic surface-charge density. The boundary elements were generated by means of a surface triangulation method that is typically used for displaying 3D images. The induced field was computed from the charged triangles using a hierarchical multipole algorithm. Validation of the technique on a spherical object showed excellent agreement with the analytical solution. The method was applied to computing histograms of the induced fields in specimens of trabecular bone. A 76 × 76 × 76 3D array of image voxels resulted in 322,169 triangles and required ∼70 minutes on a Sun Sparc 10 workstation to compute the field at 100,000 locations. The width of the induced field distributions was found to be narrowest when the polarizing field was parallel to the principal orientation of the trabeculae, confirming previous experimental findings. The method is applicable to other structures in which susceptibility-induced fields are of interest, such as capillary networks or blood cells.
Two new treatment options for infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive cocci.

Gram-positive cocci, including enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus, have become the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, and their resistance to antibiotics is increasing.Two important new drugs—quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid) and linezolid (Zyvox)—were designed specifically to treat infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive cocci. But their use must be tempered by their cost, toxicity, and concerns about further development of resistant strains.
Guidelines for the diagnosis of osteoporosis: T-scores vs fractures

The development of bone mineral densitimometry methodologies, especially central dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) methods have allowed this quantitative tool to be used to diagnose osteoporosis before the first fragility fracture has occurred. The World Health Organization osteoporosis working group set the stage for the BMD cut-off criteria development. The wide application of DXA has brought the treatment of osteoporosis to the primary care level, a very necessary step if this increasingly prevalent disease is to have a decline in its incidence. The most difficult osteoporosis cases, for which there are many and their associated difficult DXA results and interpretation will always require specialists' involvement. In particular, the embracement of the WHO absolute fracture risk validated project will take DXA to a much greater level of value in making management decisions. In particular, the WHO absolute risk data will allow physicians, health-economic policy makers, and payors of medical services to come closer together to decide which patients are at a level of unacceptable fracture risk that justifies treatment intervention. The implementation of this validated project will also remove the unacceptable subjective computer printouts on DXA reports that often lead to the over-treatment of low risk patients and at times the under-treatment of high risk patients. The evolution of the clinical interpretation of bone densitometry has been a work in progress. Challenges in the clinical measurement of bone strength remain and will also evolve. The field of osteoporosis has grown with the use of DXA and will continue to embrace this technology as other technologies to measure fracture risk become applied in clinical practice.
Fair value accounting: Simulacra and simulation

Abstract The paper examines the application of simulacra and simulation in fair value accounting for financial instruments in the U.S. As copies of copies, simulacra problematize the notion of an original and with it an imaginary of a single authentic reality. We examine simulacra as they have been applied in two interconnected fair value accounting arenas. Firstly, simulacra employed as a measurement basis for certain financial instruments. In this regard, we challenge the FASB's insistence that fair value accounting is an originary market based measurement system. Secondly, we examine the process of simulation as employed by the FASB in copying and amending FAS 157 in its subsequent modifications to the guidance provided to the preparers of financial statements. Our purpose here is to both reinforce the absence of a market reality and also to illustrate how the FASB's subsequent modifications to FAS 157 were shaped by political forces. We conclude with some suggestions as to how simulacra and a politicization process might be productively embraced in future fair value accounting endeavors.
Effect of reducing agents in an aerobic amino acid fermentation.

This study focuses on the effects of the reducing agents, dithiothreitol (DTT) and glutathione (GSH), on amino acid production in aerobically growing Corynebacterium glutamicum. The problem of reducing agent addition affecting the dissolved oxygen level was solved by positioning the culture at a high dissolved oxygen level and feeding the reducing agent into the fermentor. We show that it is possible to lower the redox potential even in a highly aerobic environment. The addition of DTT to the fermentation during the growth phase caused a significant increase in specific amino acid production rate and total amino acids produced, as compared with a control. In contrast, GSH had an inhibitory effect.
Paradoxical embolism of a shotgun pellet

Paradoxical embolism of a projectile from the venous to arterial system is a rare occurrence, which can cause diagnostic confusion. We present a case of venous embolism of a shotgun pellet from the left upper extremity to the noncoronary sinus of the aortic valve across a secundum-type atrial septal defect. Prevention of distal embolism of the pellet was presumably a result of its containment by flow vortices created within the sinuses of Valsalva.
Examining the Association Between Church and the Party Identification of Black Americans

The goal of this article is to examine the association between church attendance and the party identification of black Americans. Using ordinary least squares and logistic regression to analyze data taken from the 1996 National Black Election Study, I find that church attendance has dual effects for determining the party identification of blacks. On one hand, church attendance encourages blacks to be Republican. On the other hand, attending voting churches does not foster Republicanism. Attendance at voting churches influences blacks to be Democrats. Also, blacks who attend voting churches with increasing frequency are likely to identify themselves with the Democratic Party.
Environmental embrittlement of single crystal and thermomechanically processed B2-ordered iron aluminides

Environmental embrittlement contributes to the poor ductility of iron aluminides. Elongations in dry environments, such as vacuum or dry oxygen, are considerably greater than in air. Moisture in air is the source of the embrittlement and it is believed that the water vapor reacts with aluminum atoms at the crack tip to produce hydrogen, which then causes embrittlement. In order to expand the use of iron aluminides commercially, this poor room temperature ductility has to be overcome. This has been accomplished in part by alloying with chromium and by thermomechanical processing (T/M-P) schemes. In fact, significant increases in ductility in air have been reported for an alloy containing 5% Cr which had been warm rolled to produce a partially recrystallized microstructure. The effects of chromium are not well understood as of yet, but it has been postulated that the T/M-P effect is caused by the presence of the partially recrystallized microstructure, which reduces the environmental susceptibility by decreasing the number of transverse grain boundaries, thus reducing hydrogen penetration into the material. This argument assumes that grain boundaries have a large effect on embrittlement by controlling hydrogen ingress into the material. The objectives of this work are to determine the rolesmore » grain boundaries have in the environmental embrittlement of iron aluminides and in the T/M-P effect observed in these materials. Alloys of several compositions were thermomechanically processed, heat treated and then tensile tested in environments of dry oxygen and moist air. Single crystals containing 35% Al were also tested in oxygen and air.« less
The Regime of Authenticity: Timelessness, Gender, and National History inModern China

While there is much writing on the nation as the subject of linear history, considerably less attention has been paid to the dimension of the nation as the always identifiable, unchanging subject of history. This unchanging subject is necessitated by the ascendancy of the conception of linear time in capitalism in which change is viewed not only as accelerating, but can no longer be framed by an ultimate source of meaning such as God. Ostensibly, linear history is the falling of events into the “river of time,” but national history also posits a continuous subject to gather these changes. Such a subject is recognizable only by the spiritual qualities of authenticity, purity, and sacrality. The nation-state and nationalists stake their claim to sovereign authority, in part, as custodians of this authenticity. A range of figures, human and non-human, come to symbolize a regime of authenticity manipulable to some extent by nationalists and state-builders. This essay focuses on the instance of women in early twentieth-century China. Nationalists and cultural essentialists tended to depict women as embodying the eternal Chinese civilizational virtues of self-sacrifice and loyalty and to elevate them as national exemplars. The essay also examines cases of how women themselves may have perceived this role as examplars and concludes that while there was considerable subversion in their enunciation of this role (to their advantage), there was sufficient reference to the prescriptive code of authenticity in their self-formation to sustain the regime of authenticity. The essay ends with some thoughts about the changing relationship between authenticity and intensifying globalization in the contemporary world.
Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton

1. Introduction 2. Stress and deprivation during the years of growth and development and adulthood 3. Exposure to infectious pathogens 4. Injury and violent death 5. Activity patterns: Part I. Articular and Muscular Modifications: 6. Activity patterns Part II. Structural Adaptation: 7. Masticatory and nonmasticatory functions: craniofacial adaptations 8. Isotopic and elemental signatures of diet and nutrition 9. Historical dimensions of skeletal variation: tracking genetic relationships 10. Changes and challenges in bioarchaeology References Index.
High power and widely tunable Si hybrid external-cavity laser for power efficient Si photonics WDM links

A highly efficient silicon (Si) hybrid external cavity laser with a wavelength tunable ring reflector is fabricated on a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible Si-on-insulator (SOI) platform and experimental results with high output power are demonstrated. A III-V semiconductor gain chip is edge-coupled into a SOI cavity chip through a SiNx spot size converter and Si grating couplers are incorporated to enable wafer-scale characterization. The laser output power reaches 20 mW and the highest wall-plug efficiency of 7.8% is measured at 17.3 mW in un-cooled condition. The laser wavelength tuning ranges are 8 nm for the single ring reflector cavity and 35 nm for the vernier ring reflector cavity, respectively. The Si hybrid laser is a promising light source for energy-efficient Si CMOS photonic links.
The development and assessment of census-based measures of AFDC and SSI recipiency

Problems concerning the use of census data to estimate levels of welfare recipiency in the United States are explored with particular reference to Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). "This paper develops and presents a procedure to estimate AFDC and SSI receipt based on the correspondence between the recipients characteristics and the eligibility criteria for these programs. The research also assesses the accuracy of estimates of the number of persons receiving any kind of cash public assistance (the presently available measure) as well as the number receiving AFDC and SSI (the new measures presented here). The results indicate that census data provide very satisfactory assessments of levels of SSI usage and assessments of levels of AFDC usage that are adequate for some analytic purposes." (EXCERPT)
Performance study of a MLS/DBMS implemented as a kernelized architecture

Although users of multi-level secure database management system (MLS/DBMS) continue to rely on existing systems to satisfy their multi-level security needs, these systems no longer enjoy direct commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) support. This calls for a renewed approach to developing MLS/DBMS systems. We advocate fragmentation as a good basis for implementing multi-level security, and to this end we implemented a prototype MLS/DBMS that utilizes the inherent advantages of the distribution scheme in distributed databases for controlling access to single-level fragments. Experiments were instrumented to determine the relative performance of the tuple, attribute, and element level fragmentation schemes. The experiments measured the impact of varying the number of tuples, attributes, security levels, and nodes, for a selection and join query. Overall, our study finds that the attribute level fragmentation scheme demonstrates superior performance to the tuple and element level schemes. The response times (and hence the performance) of the element level fragmentation scheme exhibited the worst performance degradation compared to the tuple and attribute level schemes.
Taking Science out of Organization Science: How Would Postmodernism Reconstruct the Analysis of Organizations?

Postmodernism, an intellectual movement that originated in the humanities, has received considerable attention in the organization theory literature. Because many scholars remain uncertain as to just what this controversial perspective is, the present article offers a straightforward explanation of postmodernism's basic themes. Additionally, the author attempts to provide some balance to the overwhelmingly sympathetic presentations of postmodernism in the organization theory literature by offering a critical assessment of how it would redirect the study of organizations. Consistent with an intellectual divide dating to the Enlightenment, while those engaged in "normal science" are concerned with the question of what is true, it appears that those who sympathize with postmodernism are addressing the question of what is good. Postmodernists, it is argued here, wish to engage in advocacy for values and preferences that they view as putting them in radical opposition to the status quo. To facilitate such advocacy they call for the repudiation of "modernism," in particular the key modernist notion that there is an objective truth that can be sought out rationally and systematically. Postmodernists adopt, instead, a relativist philosophy, which contends that "truth" must be considered merely subjective, such that one's view of truth is only relative to one's circumstances. Although taking the position that no one can say what is or is not "true" puts them in opposition to mainstream science, it supports their ability to discredit views they oppose, and simultaneously provides a defense against those who would claim that the postmodernist's view is not "true." Whether the postmodernist approach has the potential to enhance our understanding of organizations is addressed here by examining its philosophical and historical roots, the research and theory that it has so far inspired, and the critical commentary on our field that its adherents have offered.
The business of addiction treatment: A research agenda.

Abstract The social and economic costs of addiction are substantial and of great concern to society. Research in the past decade has led to promising therapies that appear to be highly effective but not widely diffused. This leads one to wonder if there is something about the structure, dynamics, or structure and dynamics of the addiction treatment industry that is getting in the way. However, there has been very little research in the areas of organization, finance, or management practices within the substance abuse treatment field—the kinds of issues that reduce the potential impact of addiction treatment industrywide. With this as background, this article introduces the Center for Organization and Management in Addiction Treatment (COMAT) and a special section on research in the “business of addiction treatment.” Many other industries have experienced significant problems that are similar, in many respects, to those seen in substance abuse treatment, but research in leadership, innovation, investment, organization, and consolidation strategies has helped to overcome those problems. COMAT is dedicated to implementing and testing evidence-based methods from other industries to improve the outcomes performance and, ultimately, the clinical effectiveness of service providers in the addiction treatment field.
Clinical comparison of commercially available Biobrane preparations

Abstract This prospective clinical comparison of the three commercially available Biobrane preparations indicated that: (1) All three products of Biobrane are excellent skin substitutes. (2) Regular Biobrane has satisfactory wound adherence, however, its non-porous structure allows limited wound drainage. Because of this, it had the highest incidence of haematoma and fluid accumulation (13.3 per cent) and delayed epithelialization (18.8 per cent) of the three products. (3) Thin Porous Biobrane has poor adherence which limits patient activity and provides poor pain relief. The infection rate of 10 per cent was the highest of the three products. (4) Regular Porous Biobrane demonstrated superiority to the other two Biobrane products in this study. It provided good wound adherence while maintaining wound drainage because of its porous structure. The incidence of blood or fluid accumulation (7.1 per cent) was the lowest in the three products. (5) Most of the complications such as infection, delayed epithelialization, pain and activity impairment were related to fluid or blood accumulation. Adherence was found to be more important and reliable than pore structure. Operative haemostasis thus should be emphasized when using porous Biobrane, as with all skin substitutes.
Hilbert transform relations for complex signals

Abstract The log-magnitude and phase, or real and imaginary parts of the Fourier transform of a minimum phase causal signal are related through Hilbert transform. These relations are extended for complex data. The method to stabilize an IIR Complex Coefficient filter, through the process of converting a mixed phase system into a minimum phase system, is discussed.