cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple below-ground marker for permanent plots in urban and suburban environments

There is a need to establish permanent vegetation plots to study vegetation dynamics in urban and suburban landscapes. The construction and installation of a simple and inexpensive below-ground marker suitable for areas with high levels of human activity are described. These markers have been used effectively over the past decade to establish permanent plots in forests in New York City.
Recent progress in mammalian cloning

Purpose:Our purpose was to review recent progress in the use of nuclear transfer technology to produce genetically identical mammals. Methods:A literature review was conducted. Results:The reasons for cloning nonhuman mammals are manyfold including commercial, biomedical, and basic research applications. Individual steps in the nuclear transfer process are itemized, along with a detailed description of the specific approaches used in the production of Dolly, NETI, and DITTO. The potential application of nuclear transfer in the treatment of human infertility is also considered, along with bioethical concerns. Finally, insights are provided concerning the future application of cloning technology in rhesus macaques. Conclusions:The cloning of a lamb (Dolly) from an adult, mammary gland cell coupled with the successful production of rhesus monkeys (NETI and DITTO) by nuclear transfer of embryonic cells marks the beginning of a “Golden Age” in the development and application of somatic cell cloning technology in mammals.
The Assignment Command

For the moment, we consider assignment to a simple variable, where a “simple” variable is a variable of type integer, Boolean and the like. We treat assignment to array elements in section 9.3.
Foundation Rebound at Dos Amigos Pumping Plant

In a deep excavation, the subsoils rebound or heave as a function of depth, soil properties, and environment. To date, foundation rebound cannot be predicted from laboratory tests with confidence. The construction of Dos Amigos Pumping Plant provided an opportunity to gain more knowledge about rebound from a deep excavation. Reference points were installed in the foundation soil prior to excavation so rebound could be measured during and after excavation. The measured rebound is compared to the calculated rebound based on laboratory tests. It was found that the measured total rebound compared favorably with the calculated rebound based on laboratory testing. However, if the calculated rebound is adjusted for time, the correlation is poor.
Andean Regional States

relative time period: Follows the collapse of the Middle Horizon empires of Wari and Tiahuanaco, precedes the expansion of the Late Horizon Inka empire.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients have reduced exercise capacity. Physical activity (PA) monitoring is a promising means of continuously measuring exercise capacity. The aims of this study were to assess the correlation between six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and PA, and to examine associations
Animal Models of Pain and Ethics of Animal Experimentation

Animal studies have advanced our understanding of the anatomical, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms of pain. These studies utilize various nociceptive stimuli including thermal, mechanical, chemical, and electrical to elicit both reflexive and non-reflexive responses. By applying these stimuli to specific organs of the body, models can be created that reflect the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial dimensions of clinical pain conditions. Yet, inherent to these models are issues regarding the ethics of animal experimentation and the translatability of research to humans.
Cross-sectional imaging-based severity scoring of chronic pancreatitis: why it is necessary and how it can be done

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) remains a diagnostic challenge as clinical symptoms are non-specific, histopathological appearances are varied and pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Multiple classifications and grading systems have been proposed for CP, but none leverage the full capabilities of cross-sectional imaging modalities and are not widely accepted or validated. CT and MRI/MRCP are useful in identifying a wide spectrum of histopathological changes in CP and can also assess exocrine reserve of pancreas. Advanced MRI techniques such as T1 mapping and extracellular volume fraction can potentially identify early CP. Cross-sectional imaging-based severity scoring can quantify CP disease burden and may have positive implications for clinicians and researchers. In this review, we discuss the need for cross-sectional imaging-based severity scoring for CP, role of CT, and MRI/MRCP in assessment of CP and how these modalities can be used to obtain severity scoring for CP. We summarize relevant information from recently published CT and MRI/MRCP reporting standards for CP, and from international guidelines for cross-sectional imaging and severity scoring for CP.
Toward Quantification and Visualization of Active Stress Waves for Myocardial Biomechanical Function Assessment

Estimating and visualizing myocardial active stress wave patterns is crucial to understanding the mechanical activity of the heart and provides a potential non-invasive method to assess myocardial function. These patterns can be reconstructed by analyzing 2D and/or 3D tissue displacement data acquired using medical imaging. Here we describe an application that utilizes a 3D finite element formulation to reconstruct active stress from displacement data. As a proof of concept, a simple cubic mesh was used to represent a myocardial tissue "sample" consisting of a 10 x 10 x 10 lattice of nodes featuring different fiber directions that rotate with depth, mimicking cardiac transverse isotropy. In the forward model, tissue deformation was generated using a test wave with active stresses that mimic the myocardial contractile forces. The generated deformation field was used as input to an inverse model designed to reconstruct the original active stress distribution. We numerically simulated malfunctioning tissue regions (experiencing limited contractility and hence active stress) within the healthy tissue. We also assessed model sensitivity by adding noise to the deformation field generated using the forward model. The difference image between the original and reconstructed active stress distribution suggests that the model accurately estimates active stress from tissue deformation data with a high signal-to-noise ratio.
A virtual plant for integrated continuous manufacturing of a carfilzomib drug substance intermediate. Part 2: enone synthesis via a Barbier-type Grignard process

This article details efforts to characterize and develop a process control strategy for the manufacture of enone 2, a carfilzomib drug substance intermediate obtained through a Barbier-type Grignar...
Improving robustness of a deep learning-based lung-nodule classification model of CT images with respect to image noise.

OBJECTIVE Robustness is an important aspect to consider, when developing methods for medical image analysis. This study investigated robustness properties of deep neural networks (DNNs) for a lung nodule classification problem based on CT images and proposed a solution to improve robustness. APPROACH We firstly constructed a class of four DNNs with different widths, each predicting an output label (benign or malignant) for an input CT image cube containing a lung nodule. These networks were trained to achieve Area Under the Curve of 0.891-0.914 on a testing dataset. We then added to the input CT image cubes noise signals generated randomly using a realistic CT image noise model based on a noise power spectrum at 100 mAs, and monitored the DNN's output change. We defined $SAR_{5} (\%)$ to quantify the robustness of the trained DNN model, indicating that for $5\%$ of CT image cubes, the noise can change the prediction results with a chance of at least $SAR_{5} (\%)$. To understand robustness, we viewed the information processing pipeline by the DNN as a two-step process, with the first step using all but the last layers to extract representations of the input CT image cubes in a latent space, and the second step employing the last fully-connected layer as a linear classifier to determine the position of the sample representations relative to a decision plane. To improve robustness, we proposed to retrain the last layer of the DNN with a Supporting Vector Machine (SVM) hinge loss function to enforce the desired position of the decision plane. MAIN RESULTS $SAR_{5}$ ranged in $47.0\sim 62.0\%$ in different DNNs. The unrobustness behavior may be ascribed to the unfavorable placement of the decision plane in the latent representation space, which made some samples be perturbed to across the decision plane and hence susceptible to noise. The DNN-SVM model improved robustness over the DNN model and reduced $SAR_{5}$ by $8.8\sim 21.0\%$. SIGNIFICANCE This study provided insights about the potential reason for the unrobustness behavior of DNNs and the proposed DNN-SVM model improved model robustness.
Observations of G-P Zone Reversion in Al-Zn-Mg Alloys by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy

A study of the reversion process in Al-Zn-Mg alloys has been made using small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The rate and mode of Guinier-Preston zone dissolutions was investigated as a function of magnesium content, prior zone radius, and reversion temperature. Results indicate that in this system the reversion process is characterized by the preferential dissolution of the smallest G-P zones present after cold aging with a corresponding decrease in the volume fraction of zones. The amount of reversion at a specific temperature is dependent on magnesium content, however, the rate of reversion is independent of magnesium content.
Is the Asian Financial Crisis 'A Gratuitous Unnecessary Tragedy'?

In this paper the authors ask whether the Asian financial crisis was unnecessary. They propose rethinking the Asian financial crisis through the relatively new capital account crisis paradigm, originally proposed by Masaru Yoshitomi. The authors argue that this paradigm provides a much more appropriate perspective to frame the questions regarding the causes, cures and preventive measures raised by the Asian financial crisis.
The Thoracic Inlet Index in patients with tracheal obstruction caused by chest wall deformity: Validation in patients and age-matched controls

Abstract Aim We present a novel index for evaluating severity of airway-threatening thoracic inlet compromise in childhood. Two indices were validated in three cases and sixty asymptomatic controls. Methods We developed an index to determine severity of thoracic inlet narrowing. Two different measurement methods were evaluated: Thoracic Inlet Index (TII) was determined at the site of greatest airway compromise at the level of the innominate artery crossing the anterior trachea and TII (anatomic) using purely skeletal measurements, both determined from thoracic CT scan. We sought to validate both indices to determine which was more predictive of the risk of airway compromise. Three patients who presented with life threatening airway compromise were compared to sixty age matched asymptomatic controls obtained from the trauma registry. Results The mean TII in controls was 3.89. The TII was consistent at various ages. In patients, mean TII was 12.16 (range of 11.31–12.95). For TII the difference between controls and symptomatic patients was highly significant ( P =0.0012). The mean TII (anatomic) in controls was 3.5. The TII (anatomic) was less consistent when evaluated in different age groups. In patients mean TII (anatomic) was 6.32 (range 5.38–7.59). For TII (anatomic), the difference between controls and symptomatic patients was also significant ( P =0.0474) but did not discriminate as well as the functional index. Conclusions The TII measured at the level of the innominate artery crossing on thoracic CT scan appears to be the most useful. A level of greater than 10 was highly predictive of airway compromise in our patient group.
An Economic Model for Clinical Simulation in Prelicensure Nursing Programs

This article describes the costs that nursing education leaders should consider when planning to integrate clinical simulation into prelicensure nursing curricula. This descriptive analysis demonstrates the cost calculation for simulation experiences, debriefing sessions, and evaluations of student performance. Calculations are based on resources needed to conduct simulations in two of ten schools that participated in the National Council of State Board of Nursing multisite study. The techniques and standards used to create the model of costs can be applied for comparison with the costs of clinical education and for planning to ensure that the program is financially sustainable.
Orientation relationship between chemical vapor deposited diamond and graphite substrates

Diamond was deposited on synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and on substrates covered with graphite powder. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the samples. A strong preference for nucleation of diamond on the edges of the graphite sheets was observed. The graphite and the diamond have a preferential orientation relationship in which the diamond (111) plane is parallel to the graphite (0001) plane, and the diamond [110] direction is parallel to the graphite [1120] direction. This orientation means that the puckered hexagons in the diamond (111) plane retain the same orientation as the flat hexagons in the original graphite sheet. We conclude that the diamond can nucleate with an epitaxial relationship to the graphite. Some of the edges of the graphite sheets may have been converted to diamond by the atomic hydrogen.
Amblyopia: diagnostic and therapeutic options

Purpose To provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of amblyopia and highlight recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Design Review of literature and perspective. Methods MEDLINE search for amblyopia , with a review of all recent literature adding authors' personal perspectives on the findings. Results Increased awareness of amblyopia and better screening techniques are required to identify children who are at risk for amblyopia at a younger age. Randomized, controlled trials have established atropine penalization as a viable alternative to occlusion therapy, have suggested that less treatment may be better tolerated and as effective as more traditionally used dosages, and have found no compelling evidence that treatment is beneficial clinically for older (over age 10) children with amblyopia. Conclusion Early detection and treatment of amblyopia can improve the chances for a successful visual outcome. Considering that the conditions that place a patient at risk for amblyopia can be identified, that amblyopia responds to treatment, and that well-tolerated treatments for the condition are now recognized, it is not unreasonable to imagine that, in the near future, severe amblyopia could be eliminated as a public health problem.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Single Molecule Dynamics and its Biological Applications

The advances in room temperature single molecule detection (SMD) and single molecule spectroscopy (SMS) by laser induced fluorescence provide new tools for testing semi- classical and quantum mechanical theories of light-matter interaction and molecular interactions. They also provide the tools for the study of individual synthetic and biological macromolecules under physiological conditions. Two properties of a single fluorescent probe attached to a macromolecule can be exploited to provide local structural information. The first, its the very high sensitivity of the fluorophore to its immediate local environment, including the sensitivity to the presence of other fluorophores and quenchers near-by. The second is its unique absorption and emission transition dipoles, which can be interrogated by polarized light. Recently, we have developed 'molecular rulers' which use SMD/SMS to measure nanometer distances and distance changes of macromolecules. We also demonstrated the ability to measure orientations and orientation changes of macromolecules with very high accuracy. The spectroscopic signature of the fluorescent light coming from two different color labels which are attached to two sites on the macromolecule is a sensitive measure for dynamic conformations. Distance changes between two sites on the macromolecule are measured via single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer and orientation changes are measured by detecting changes in the dipole orientation of a rigidly attached probe or changes in the degree of rotational diffusion of a tethered probe via single molecule fluorescence polarization anisotropy.
Accelerated life cycle testing and analysis for early failure prediction using two types of lead/acid batteries

Abstract A sample of 12 small, single cell, lead/acid batteries from each of two manufacturers was subjected to continuous charge—discharge cycling at 50 °C. Reduction of battery capacity to 60% of the manufacturer's rating was the failure criterion. Cycles-to-failure data followed a Weibull distribution, indicating wearout as the failure mode. A Weibull characteristic life of 93 and 580 cycles was found for the cylindrical and flat plate batteries tested, respectively. An early way to detect an inferior battery from among batteries of the same type is suggested. It was found, using an early cycle, that a cell with a comparatively low voltage at end-of-discharge is relatively likely to fail earlier than other batteries of the same type.
Metalimnetic Oxygen Minima in Lake Ontario, 1972

Abstract Dissolved oxygen profiles taken in Lake Ontario in 1972 indicate the presence of a distinct and persistent metalimnetic oxygen minimum during the stratified season. Evidence indicates the phenomenon occurred in previous years as well. The depth and magnitude of the minimum were closely related to the thermocline depth and strength of stratification. Lowest minimum values in 1972 occurred in early to mid September and were 8.6 mg/l dissolved oxygen and 82% saturation. Offshore the minimum decreased from west to east across the lake and was lesser in magnitude nearshore and in the northeast. During the nonstratified period oxygen concentrations remained relatively constant with depth at approximately saturated values.
Effect of PAR-2 Deficiency in Mice on KC Expression after Intratracheal LPS Administration

Protease activated receptors (PAR) have been shown to play a role in inflammation. PAR-2 is expressed by numerous cells in the lung and has either proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or no effect depending on the model. Here, we examined the role of PAR-2 in a model of LPS-induced lung inflammation. We found that PAR-2-deficient mice had significantly less KC expression in bronchial lavage fluid compared with wild-type mice but there was no difference in MIP-2 or TNF-α expression. We also found that isolated alveolar and resident peritoneal macrophages lacking PAR-2 showed a similar deficit in KC after LPS stimulation without differences in MIP-2 or TNF-α. Infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the lung following LPS administration was not affected by an absence of PAR-2. Our results support the notion that PAR-2 plays a role in LPS activation of TLR4 signaling in macrophages.
Not solely a spectator: Exploring the chemistry of the CO bond in alkoxide and related ligands

Abstract The chemistry of the CO bond in alkoxide ligands is reviewed, including various systems from the literature and from the author's laboratory. Related chemistry of hydroxide, aryloxide, and allyloxide ligands is also discussed. Cleavage or formation of the alkoxide CO bond can occur in a homolytic or heterolytic fashion, for instance by addition of R+ or Rad to a metal oxo group. CO cleavage or formation can also occur by exchange of R with the metal oxo group. CO cleavage or formation can also occur by exchange of R with the metal center or another ligand. In general, a CO or OH bond should be considered activated in systems where a related metal-oxo complex is accessible.
Public Administration and the Critique of Domination

Public administration is viewed here as facing a crisis of legitimacy which derives from (1) the field's association with societal tendencies toward regulation and control and (2) the failure ofpub...
Construct validation of a Theory X/Y behavior scale

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the historical importance and current relevance of Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Y, and to suggest that the paucity of related empirical research is, in part, attributable to the lack of validated measures. The present research seeks to describe the development and construct validation of a measure pertinent to Theory X/Y behaviors.Design/methodology/approach – Surveys completed by 512 working adults provide the present data. A total of 26 initial Theory X/Y behavior items are reduced to 13 through factor analysis. Convergent and discriminant validities are examined through correlational and regression analyses with measures of proximal, distal, and unrelated constructs. Test re‐test reliability is assessed using longitudinal panel data from a subset of respondents.Findings – The results provide evidence of the construct validity of the new measure.Research limitations/implications – Respondents are relatively young and drawn from one region of the USA. Future resear...
Analysis by single gene reassortment demonstrates that the 1918 influenza virus is functionally compatible with a low pathogenicity avian influenza virus in mice.

The 1918-1919 "Spanish" influenza pandemic is estimated to have caused 50 million deaths worldwide. Understanding the origin, virulence, and pathogenic properties of past pandemic influenza viruses, including the 1918 virus, is crucial for current public health preparedness and future pandemic planning. The origin of the 1918 pandemic virus has not been resolved, but its coding sequences are very like those of avian influenza virus. The proteins encoded by the 1918 virus differ from typical low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses at only a small number of amino acids in each open reading frame. In this study, a series of chimeric 1918 influenza viruses were created in which each of the eight 1918 pandemic virus gene segments was replaced individually with the corresponding gene segment of a prototypical low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H1N1 virus in order to investigate functional compatibility of the 1918 virus genome with gene segments from an LPAI virus and to identify gene segments and mutations important for mammalian adaptation. This set of eight "7:1" chimeric viruses was compared to the parental 1918 and LPAI H1N1 viruses in intranasally infected mice. Seven of the 1918 LPAI 7:1 chimeric viruses replicated and caused disease equivalent to the fully reconstructed 1918 virus. Only the chimeric 1918 virus containing the avian influenza PB2 gene segment was attenuated in mice. This attenuation could be corrected by the single E627K amino acid change, further confirming the importance of this change in mammalian adaptation and mouse pathogenicity. While the mechanisms of influenza virus host switch, and particularly mammalian host adaptation are still only partly understood, these data suggest that the 1918 virus, whatever its origin, is very similar to avian influenza virus.
Deposition of iron on MgO(100): Reaction of CO and H2

Abstract Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and surface extended energy loss fine structure (SEELFS) were used to study the deposition of Fe on MgO(100) and to identify the surface compounds formed after reaction of CO/H2 (1:1). The clean MgO(100) surface was characterized using the above techniques and the effect of argon ion bombardment damage to the surface was investigated. With the deposition of iron, metallic characteristics appear in the photoemission spectrum; the electron energy loss peaks of the MgO(100) substrate diminish in intensity with no significant shifts in loss energies. Fine structure analysis of the oxygen K-edge of the MgO(100) surface with less than 2 monolayers (ML) of iron suggests that the iron atoms bond with the oxygen at the surface of the MgO(100) lattice. For less than 4 ML of iron, the EEL spectra show that the deposited iron is oxidized after reaction of CO/H2. Higher iron coverages result in carburization of the surface. Carbon deposition was observed with CO for all Fe coverages. Measurement of the fine structure above the carbon K-edge suggests that the types of carbide formed depend on the iron coverage; one carbide has a short CFe distance of 1.78 A and the other a distance of 2.06 A (high metal coverage).
Effects of targets embedded within words in a visual search task.

v isual search performance can be negatively affected when both targets and distracters share a dimension relevant to the task. t his study examined if visual search performance would be in fluenced by distracters that affect a dimension irrelevant from the task. in experiment 1 within the letter string of a letter search task, target letters were embedded within a word. experiment 2 compared targets embedded in words to targets embedded in nonwords. experiment 3 com pared targets embedded in words to a condition in which a word was present in a letter string, but the target letter, although in the letter string, was not embedded within the word. t he results showed that visual search performance was negatively affected when a target appeared within a high frequency word. t hese results suggest that the interaction and effectiveness of distracters is not merely dependent upon common features of the target and distracters, but can be affected by word frequency (a dimension not related to the task demands).
Extreme Voices Interest Groups and the Misrepresentation of Issue Publics

Studies of issue publics suggest that widespread political ignorance does not matter because those affected by specific issues are involved and well informed, and can meaningfully shape policy in their policy area. However, research on civic participation raises important questions about whether the opinions of the active are representative of the less active. To examine whether meaningful differences in policy attitudes exist between the politically active and inactive within issue publics, we compare the policy attitudes of interest group members to nonmembers. Across ten interest groups we find uniformly consistent evidence of policy distinctiveness among group members and show that party identification and ideology largely account for the difference. We also find that the policy differences between members and nonmembers vary according to the primary incentive offered by an interest group. Groups primarily offering expressive benefits exhibit the greatest opin- ion differences within an issue public, whereas opinion differences are muted for groups emphasizing solidary or material incentives. Finally, we find evidence of attitude extremism among group members. Taken together, our study suggests that the voices of non-active citizens are not well represented within issue publics.
Tenosynovial osteochondromatosis of the extensor tendon of a digit: Case report and review of the literature

Extra-articular tenosynovial osteochondromatosis in the hand rarely occurs. A case of tenosynovial osteochondromatosis of the extensor tendon of the digit is reported. None of the cases reported in the literature have involved the extensor aspect of the digits. A possible explanation for the paucity of this lesion in relation to the extensor tendons of the digits is the absence of a tendon sheath on the dorsum of the digits.
Diazotized [125I]diiodosulfanilic acid as a label for cell surface membranes. Studies on erythrocytes

Abstract 1. 1. Diazotized 2,6-diiodosulfanilic acid (DDISA) appears to have properties suitable to serve as an artificial, non-penetrating label of cell surface membranes. Therefore, the conditions for selective labeling of cell surface membranes as compared to intracellular proteins as well as a method for its chemical determination were explored in the present study. 2. 2. DDISA reacts with α-naphthol at neutral pH to produce a compound (1-hydroxy-4-(2,6-diiodo-4-sulfo-1-phenylazo-(naphthylene)), DSPN) with a characteristic spectrum in the visible range (Amax 430 nm). The absorbance of the reaction product, DSPN, is linearly proportional to the concentration of DDISA and can be used as a method for the colorimetric determination of DDISA. Reaction of DDISA with a molar excess of α-naphthol was also used as a method for inactivating unreacted DDISA to terminate labeling prior to cell fractionation. 3. 3. [125I]DDISA reacts avidly with a variety of basic, neutral and acidic proteins as well as with cell membranes to form an acid-stable covalent azo linkage. 4. 4. Effectiveness of labeling of the surface membrane of intact erythrocytes after incubation with [125I]DDISA was assessed by the ratio of 125I incorporated into membrane proteins compared to intracellular proteins. When intact erythrocytes were exposed to [125I]DDISA, the optimal labeling of membranes occurred at 37°C after 20 min of incubation time and at a concentration of 10−4 M [125I]DDISA in the incubation media. Under these conditions the ratio
The Evaluation of Cocaine-induced Chest Pain with Acute Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

Objective: To use myocardial perfusion imaging to determine the etiology of cocaine-induced chest pain in patients without ECG evidence of acute cardiac ischemia. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective study of consecutive consenting patients aged 18-70 years with cocaine-induced chest pain who reported cocaine use within three days and presented with a chief complaint of chest pain occurring within three hours and lasting longer than 15 minutes with a normal or nondiagnostic ECG. Patients were excluded if they had a clear-cut noncardiac cause of chest pain, ECG evidence of acute cardiac ischemia, history of myocardial infarction, pregnancy, or lactation, required immediate hospitalization, or were unable to consent. Patients were injected with Tc-99m tetrofosmin and imaged. Perfusion scans were independently read by two nuclear radiologists. Clinicians blinded to scan results determined patient disposition. Patients with abnormal scans were asked to return for follow-up resting scans. Results: Fourteen patients were enrolled. Twelve of the 14 patients had chest pain at the time of Tc-99m tetrofosmin injection. Ten of the 14 [(71%) 95% CI ? 48% to 95%] scans were normal or within normal limits. Four of the 14 [(29%) 95% CI ? 5% to 52%] were abnormal. Of the four patients with abnormal scans, two had follow-up scans that demonstrated an irreversible perfusion abnormality, and two who did not return for follow-up reported no subsequent hospitalizations for acute cardiac ischemia. Conclusion: Perfusion imaging did not demonstrate reversible ischemia in most patients (12/14, 86%) with cocaine-induced chest pain without ECG evidence of ischemia. These results suggest that cocaine-induced chest pain in most patients without ECG evidence of ischemia is not due to acute ischemia.
A geometric interpretation and analysis of R-precision

Average precision and R-precision are two of the most commonly cited measures of overall retrieval performance, but their correlation, though well-known, has defied explanation. We recently devised a geometric interpretation of R-precision which suggests that under a reasonable set of assumptions, R-precision approximates the area under the precision-recall curve, as does average precision, thus explaining their correlation. In this paper, we consider these assumptions and our geometric interpretation of R-precision in order to further understand, and make reasonable use of, the information that R-precision provides. Given our geometric interpretation of R-precision, we show that R-precision is highly informative by demonstrating that it can be used to (1) accurately infer precision-recall curves, (2) accurately infer other measures of retrieval performance, and (3) devise new measures of retrieval performance. Through our analysis, we also state the conditions under which R-precision is informative.
Digital optical isochronous array processing

An optical isochronous array processing method is proposed. An optical isochronous array processor (OIAP) is a local regularly interconnected processing network that employs an array of identical optical processing elements. In an OIAP, incoming isochronous data are parallel processed in a fashion much like a propagating electromagnetic wavefront. For the various applications, the OIAP processing elements and their interconnections can be different. In this paper, various all-optical OIAP elements are considered. Applications ranging from optical binary number multiplication preprocessing to optical matrix algebra as well as to optical residue arithmetic are presented.
Use of anin situ labeling technique for the determination of seasonal14C distribution in Ponderosa pine

A14C labeling apparatus was developed to permit the labeling of four-year-old Ponderosa pine with14CO2 in the field. The labeling system is a completely closed canopy system with14CO2 monitored by a GM tube ratemeter apparatus. The level of14CO2 corresponding to ambient levels is monitored by a microloggercomputer which controls a14CO2 generating system. The generated14CO2 is mixed in the canopy by circulating the atmosphere with 12V diaphram pumps. The portable system requires little operator attention.
The influence of hydrogen- and cation-underpotential deposition on oxide-mediated Pt dissolution in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract In order to fully understand the influence of a lower potential limit on platinum dissolution and the likely mechanism for mass and surface-area loss under potential cycling conditions, the dissolution of a Pt catalyst in a N 2 -saturated 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution was examined using an electrochemical quartz nanobalance (EQCN) flow cell, a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Due to the observation that cycling to a lower potential limit, which coincides with the hydrogen under-potential (H UPD ) region, results in a decrease in the dissolution rate, cations capable of interfering with the hydrogen UPD process (Zn 2+ , Li + , Na + , K + , and Cd 2+ ) were introduced to the solution. Larger rates of mass loss were observed in the presence of these cations during the cycling process in the UPD region, despite apparently negligible effects on the behavior with more positive lower potential limits or on oxide formation and stripping. It was found that the quantity of soluble Pt species produced during the electrochemical reduction of PtO 2 was proportional to the charge associated with oxide stripping at the disk electrode during the RRDE experiment.
PROMOTING SAFETY BELT USE WITH TRAFFIC SIGNS AND PROMPTERS

Two studies were conducted examining the stimulus-control effects of conventional traffic signs as prompts for motor vehicle driver safety belt use. Following pilot research which suggested that a traffic sign reading "Fasten Safety Belt" posted at a parking lot exit was effective in producing small increases in safety belt use, Study I demonstrated the superiority of having human prompters display such signs compared to simply posting the signs. Study II replicated the findings of Study I and found that posted signs became more effective in prompting safety belt use if simple posting was preceded by a period involving human prompters who displayed the signs. The results bear upon the development of more effective use of traffic signs in promoting safety belt use and in viewing such use as an instance of rule-governed behavior.
Effects of metyrapone on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sleep in women with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Background Metyrapone blocks cortisol synthesis which results in removal of negative feedback, a stimulation of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and a reduction in delta sleep. We previously reported a diminished delta sleep and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to metyrapone in men with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, we aimed to extend these findings to women. Methods Three nights of polysomnography were obtained in 17 women with PTSD and 16 controls. On day 3, metyrapone was administered throughout the day up until bedtime. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and 11-deoxycortisol were obtained the morning following sleep recordings the day before and after metyrapone administration. Results There were no significant between-group differences in hormone concentration and delta sleep at baseline. Relative to controls, women with PTSD had decreased ACTH and delta sleep responses to metyrapone. Decline in delta sleep was associated with the magnitude of increase in ACTH across groups. Conclusions Similar to our previous findings in men, the ACTH and sleep electroencephalogram response to metyrapone is attenuated in women with PTSD. These results are consistent with a model of downregulation of CRF receptors in an environment of chronically increased CRF activity or with enhanced negative feedback regulation in PTSD.
Development, Land Use, and Collective Trauma: The Marcellus Shale Gas Boom in Rural Pennsylvania

This article describes a place and people undergoing rapid transition using some of the preliminary findings from two years of ongoing ethnographic field work. Through exploring what ethnographic evidence is revealing concerning the impacts of Marcellus shale gas development in Bradford County, in Northeastern Pennsylvania, I illustrate the ways that rapid social and economic change processes are impacting daily lives and community dynamics in one traditionally agricultural and rural place. I provide a broad overview of the social history and current social dynamics in order to understand the significance of the short-term changes agricultural landowners and other local residents have witnessed and experienced. I discuss some of the most significant short-term changes in quality of life as seen by a small group of agricultural landowners, in relation to the cultural significance of place, home, and family, and what this tells us about the sociocultural and psychological impacts of rapid energy development. Finally, I comment on what my ethnographic data show so far with regard to the short- and long-term individual and collective impacts being experienced in this one community.
Free flap failure secondary to dual thrombophilia

Much has been learned over the past several decades regarding thrombophilic conditions. Thrombotic complications, such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, myocardial infarction, and stroke, are sometimes attributed to a diagnosable thrombophilia. Less has been written with regard to their effect on reconstructive outcomes. Fortunately, it is rare to encounter a notable intraoperative thrombophilia while performing reconstructive microsurgery. When this does occur, salvage can be difficult and outcome can be compromised. It is imperative that microsurgeons be knowledgeable of both major and minor thrombogenic conditions to optimize intraoperative outcome and postoperative care. We present a case of a failed free flap for lower extremity reconstruction associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in conjunction with markedly elevated Factor VIII levels.
Genetic basis of an insect chemical communication system: the European corn borer.

Geometric isomers of 11-tetradecenyl acetate make up the sex pheromone secretion of the female European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). The isomeric composition of the secretion is controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance involving one pair of alleles. The female AA genotype secretes an isomer mixture that approximates 3:97 Z : E and the AA genotype secretes approximately 97:3 Z : E . Hybrid females ( AA genotype) that arise from crosses between the AA and AA genotypes secrete an isomer mixture that approximates 35:65 Z : E and sibling males respond preferentially to the 35:65 isomer combination rather than to either of the parental isomer mixtures. The 3 pheromonal forms were detected in feral populations of the insect from Italy and New Jersey.
Moduli spaces of critical Riemannian metrics in dimension four

Abstract We obtain a compactness result for various classes of Riemannian metrics in dimension four; in particular our method applies to anti-self-dual metrics, Kahler metrics with constant scalar curvature, and metrics with harmonic curvature. With certain geometric non-collapsing assumptions, the moduli space can be compactified by adding metrics with orbifold-like singularities. Similar results were obtained for Einstein metrics in (J. Amer. Math. Soc. 2(3) (1989) 455, Invent. Math. 97 (2) (1989) 313, Invent. Math. 101(1) (1990) 101), but our analysis differs substantially from the Einstein case in that we do not assume any pointwise Ricci curvature bound.
Preclinical In Vivo Testing of the Arrow-Trerotola Percutaneous Thrombolytic Device for Venous Thrombosis

PURPOSE To test the safety and efficacy of using the Arrow-Trerotola percutaneous thrombolytic device (PTD) for treating deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS An established canine model of iliocaval subacute thrombosis was used. Thrombosis was caused by balloon occlusion of the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) for 7 ( n = 12), 10 ( n = 1), or 17 ( n = 1) days. Treatment was performed with use of an 8-F, over-the-wire (0.035-inch) PTD with a 15-mm-diameter basket. The procedure was performed without IVC filtration. Two acute procedures were performed and 12 procedures were intended as survival procedures with 30-day follow-up. Pulmonary arteriography, blood gases, and pulmonary artery pressure measurement were performed before and after the procedure, and at follow-up. The animals were killed after the follow-up procedure and their IVC, iliac veins, and lungs were removed and examined histologically. Heparin was used intraprocedurally but thrombolytic agents were not used. Low-molecular-weight heparin was given daily after the procedure. RESULTS Thrombolysis was completely (12 of 13) or partially (one of 13) successful in all animals in the 7-and 10-day groups, but was unsuccessful in the animal in the 17-day group ( n = 1). Variable amounts of segmental and subsegmental pulmonary emboli were found in all animals with small increases in pulmonary artery pressure. Two animals died within 6 days of the procedure, possibly due to pulmonary emboli. At 30-day follow-up, IVC patency was preserved in 80% (eight of 10) of animals, but significant caval narrowing due to intimal hyperplasia was noted at follow-up. All pulmonary emboli had resolved angiographically at follow-up, but evidence of recanalized or resolving pulmonary thromboemboli was found in seven of the 12 surviving animals. No acute vascular injury (eg, perforation) occurred. CONCLUSION The modified PTD used in this study is effective in treating subacute (
Exocyclic-keto reductase activities for progesterone and S-warfarin in hepatic microsomes from adult male rats

Abstract Hepatic microsomes from adult male rats representing six inbred strains catalyzed quantitatively significant, NADPH dependent reductions of progesterone to the 20β (20R) alcohol and S-warfarin to its 11S-OH product. Microsomes from mature females and immature rats of both sexes were essentially devoid of these activities. Two strains of rat evidenced about 21% of these activities compared with the other strains and both activities were 25–81% repressed by treatment of rats with phenobarbital (PB). An excellent linear correlation was demonstrated for the two activities considering sex, age, NADPH≫NADH preference, PB-repression and strain differences. However, detergent latency (71%) and resistance to trypsinolysis were only observed for the keto-reductase activity with S-warfarin. Microsomes also catalyzed the reduction of progesterone to its 20α-OH derivative but this activity preferred NADH>NADPH, was induced 2.7-fold by PB and was essentially independent of age, sex and animal strain. Furthermore, unlike the 20β-OH activity, this reduction was resistant to proteolytic inactivation.
Interaction potentials for Na, Al and Ar atoms from rainbow scattering under axial surface channeling from Al(1 1 1) and Al(0 0 1) surfaces

Abstract Na, Al and Ar atoms with energies ranging from 3 to 80 keV are scattered from Al(1 1 1) and Al(0 0 1) surfaces under axial surface channeling conditions. Well defined peaks in the angular distributions for scattered projectiles are attributed to “rainbow-scattering” and are analyzed in terms of the effective scattering potential. Computer trajectory simulation of the rainbow angles with established pair potentials leads to good agreement for potential energies above about 30 eV. At smaller potential energies we observe pronounced deviations for the three different projectile atoms which are attributed to an additional contribution to the overall potential due to the effect of embedding the atoms into the electron gas in front of the metal surface. Taking into account this additional potential leads to a consistent description of data.
An empirical evaluation of several methods to select the best system

Simulation is an important tool for comparing the performance of several alternative systems. There is therefore significant interest in procedures that efficiently select the best system, where best is defined by the maximum or minimum expected simulation output. In this paper, we examine both two-stage and sequential procedures that represent three structurally different modeling methodologies for allocating simulation replications to identify the best system, and we evaluate them empirically with respect to several measures of effectiveness. Empirical evidence suggests that sequential procedures perform better than their two-stage counterparts, including a heuristic sequential variation on Rinott's procedure. Further, there appears to be significant benefit to using procedures based on a Bayesian, average-case analysis as opposed to the statistically-conservative indifference-zone formulation.
The effect of quantum fluctuations on the ferromagnetic-helix transition in a Heisenberg tetragonal lattice with competing in-plane interactions

Perturbative treatments of quantum fluctuations in Heisenberg helimagnets starting from the classical approximation fail because for S to infinity the spin wave is well defined only for a fixed helix wavevector Q. Recently an exact T-matrix evaluation of the contribution to the ground-state energy from long-wavelength quantum fluctuations near the classical ferromagnetic-helix (F-H) transition line was performed in order to discuss the zero-temperature phase diagram in the j2-J3 plane, where j2 (j3) sets the scale of second (third) neighbour interactions in the basal plane. For the hexagonal lattice it was shown that quantum fluctuations could change from second to first order the F-H transition near the F-AF-H classical triple point, where AF denotes antiferromagnet. Here the authors give analogous calculations on a tetragonal lattice, which show unexpected lattice-dependent features. In addition to a behaviour similar to that found on the hexagonal lattice near the F-AF-H triple point, the change of the order of transition is found also on a semi-infinite part of the classical F-H phase boundary.
Impact erosion of single crystals of LiF and CaF2 by sharp projectiles

Abstract Single crystals of LiF and CaF 2 were eroded with silicon carbide (sharp indenters) to study the mechanism of material removal as a function of material property. In both materials, material loss occurred during single impact. The microstructural features of sharp projectile erosion damage were drastically different from those observed in blunt particle erosion. Absence of microfracture in the contact zone, an asymmetric set of lateral fractures and chipping of material by cleavage were typical of specimens eroded with sharp projectiles.