cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erratum to Brown, et al. Effect of Blood Flow on Double Inversion Recovery Vessel Wall MRI of the Peripheral Arteries: Quantitation with T2 Mapping and Comparison with Flow-Insensitive T2-Prepared Inversion Recovery Imaging. Magn Reson Med 2010;63:736–744

T2 for partially affected pixels was not reported. Corresponding statements in the Materials and Methods andResults sections should be disregarded.The discussion on partial volume effects in the first paragraph on page 742 should refer to Figure 4, not Figure 2.Table 1 reported peak blood velocity, not average blood velocity as stated in the caption.The sixth row of Figure 5 showed partial wall content maps, not partial blood content maps as stated in thecaption.The following references were incorrectly formatted in the manuscript and have been corrected here:Reference 17. Liu C-Y, Wieben O, Brittain JH, Reeder SB. Flow-independent T2-prepared inversion recovery blackblood MR imaging. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2008. p. 3079.Reference 26. Wang J, Yarnykh VL, Chu B, Yuan C. Improved motion-sensitized driven equilibrium (iMSDE)blood-suppression sequence for atherosclerosis plaque imaging at 3T. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting ofISMRM, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2008. p. 961.Reference 34. McRobbie DW, Moore EA, Graves MJ, Prince MR. MRI from picture to proton. Cambridge, UK: Cam-bridge University Press; 2003. p. 135-163.Reference 37. Mugler J, H M, B K. Practical implementation of optimized tissue-specific prescribed signal evolu-tions for improved turbo-spin-echo imaging. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting ISMRM, Toronto, Ontario,Canada, 2003. p. 203.Reference 39. Nguyen T, Kawaji K, Spincemaille P, Cham M, Winchester P, Prince M, Wang Y. 3D peripheral ves-sel wall MRI with flow-insensitive blood suppression and isotropic resolution at 3 tesla. In: Proceedings of the 21stAnnual International Conference on Magnetic Resonance Angiography, East Lansing, Michigan, USA, 2009. p. 3.8.Reference 40. Zhao X, Cai J, Underhill H, Oikawa M, Dong L, Ota H, Hatsukami T, Yuan C. Minimization of MRcontrast weightings for the comprehensive evaluation of carotid atherosclerotic disease. In: Proceedings of the 17thAnnual Meeting of ISMRM, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 2009. p. 602.Reference 44. Mitsouras D, Mulkern RV, Owens CD, Cai T, Whitmore AG, Ersoy H, Conte MS, Creager MA, RybickiFJ. High-resolution T1- and T2-weighted black blood inner volume 3D fast spin echo imaging for characterizing ves-sel wall components in vivo. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2008.p. 958.
On analyzing and mitigating SRAM BER due to random thermal noise

Embedded memory is a major design element in microprocessors and system-on-chips. Typically embedded memories are constituted of SRAM circuits. SRAM cell stability is a major determinant of Vmin for ultra-low power mobile computing. At low voltages, thermal noise plays a role in SRAM cell stability. In this work, we present an analysis of random thermal noise on stability of SRAM bit cells. Of specific concern to us, is the process of device aging, where a transistor performance may degrade over time. A marginal SRAM bit cell that is stable at the time of manufacturing test may become susceptible to random bit flips due to thermal noise under aging related degradation. In order to quantify the impact of random thermal noise on SRAM cell stability, we present a methodology to measure the expected Random Bit Error Rate (BER). Such analysis helps select minimum supply voltage to meet target BER. Next we propose selective multi-level WL control for access transistors of marginal cells to improve their stability during read and write operations. Simulation studies show a BER of ~1 per 106 reads at a low operating voltage of 700mV. The proposed design techniques reduce probability of random bit errors to nearly zero at marginal performance penalty. Application of stochastic analysis to a sample 2MB cache shows >10X improvement in BER and hence improved longevity of marginal cells.
Glyphosate inhibits rust diseases in glyphosate-resistant wheat and soybean

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used for the control of weeds in glyphosate-resistant crops. Glyphosate inhibits 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Studies with glyphosate-resistant wheat have shown that glyphosate provided both preventive and curative activities against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina, which cause stripe and leaf rusts, respectively, in wheat. Growth-chamber studies demonstrated wheat rust control at multiple plant growth stages with a glyphosate spray dose typically recommended for weed control. Rust control was absent in formulation controls without glyphosate, dependent on systemic glyphosate concentrations in leaf tissues, and not mediated through induction of four common systemic acquired resistance genes. A field test with endemic stripe rust inoculum confirmed the activities of glyphosate pre- and postinfestation. Preliminary greenhouse studies also demonstrated that application of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant soybeans suppressed Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi.
Approach to equilibrium lonization behind strong shock waves in argon

Abstract Previous work on strong shock waves in argon (1–3) has shown that the degree of ionization reaches thermodynamic equilibrium for shock speeds greater than about ten times the speed of sound in room temperature argon. The degree of ionization reaches about 25% at the highest shock strengths available in an ordinary shock tube. This paper reports a detailed theoretical and experimental study of the approach of high-temperature argon to this equilibrium degree of ionization. The mechanism for the approach to equilibrium can be divided into two stages. The first, which accounts for about 10% of the final ionization, is apparently controlled by impurities present in the gas even after considerable care is taken to insure high purity. No reasonable explanation has been found for the unusual effectiveness of impurities in ionizing argon. In the second stage, ionization by electron-atom collisions becomes dominant. The rate of ionization by this process is limited by the rate of energy transfer to electrons by elastic collisions with the atoms and ions in the gas and is relatively independent of the inelastic ionization cross section. This rate is calculated and is in agreement with experimental measurements making use of (1) the visible continuum radiation from the gas, and (2) the electrostatic potentials in the gas due to the diffusion of electrons.
What's Fine for the Gander Isn't Always Good for the Goose: Sex Differences in Self-Confidence as a Function of Ability Area and Comparison with Others.

Previous investigators have suggested that women display lower self-confidence than men across almost all achievement situations. The empirical validity of this suggestion is assessed in an experiment testing the following hypotheses: (1) Sex differences in self-confidence depend upon the particular ability area. (2) Women's self-confidence is more influenced than men's by characteristics of the particular individual with whom they compare themselves. Undergraduates completed verbal, interpersonal perceptiveness, spatial-mechanical, and creativity subtests. After each subtest, subjects estimated both their own score and that of the average undergraduate, the average male undergraduate, or the average female undergraduate. Self-confidence was operationally defined in terms of how favorably subjects compared their work to that of their peers. As predicted, women's self-confidence was lower than men's in only the spatial-mechanical and creativity subtests; and for women, but not for men, self-confidence depended upon which peer was specified. It is concluded that situation variables do determine sex differences in self-confidence and that women's self-confidence may be unduly affected by situation-specific comparison cues.
CHEMICAL TRANSFER OF ALTERNATION TRAINING IN THE SKINNER BOX

Fjerdingstad, E. J. Chemical transfer of alternation training in the Skinner box. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969,10, 220–224.—In six individual experiments one group of recipient mice was injected with brain extract from rat donors trained to alternate between bars in a Skinner box; another group was injected with extract from donors reinforced for pressing either bar irrespective of choice. During testing the recipients of ‘alternation extract’ showed a significantly higher tendency to alternate.
The effect of lidocaine on oxygen free radical production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

During myocardial ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils occurs and results in an increased production of oxygen free radicals that participate in the generation of reperfusion arrhythmias. We investigated the effect of antiarrhythmic drug lidocaine on oxygen free radicals production by activated neutrophilsin vitro with a chemiluminescence assay. Lidocaine reduced lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence related to the superoxide anion production but failed to affect hydrogen-peroxide dependent luminol chemiluminescence.
Cloning, characterization and expression of the Zymononas mobilis eda gene that encodes 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

Summary The eda gene that encodes 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phos-phogluconate aldolase of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway was cloned from Zymomonas mobilis by genetic complementation of an Escherichia coli mutant. The gene is present in a single copy on the Z mobilis genome and is not tightly linked to the edd gene. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the eda region revealed that the structural gene is 627 bp long and capable of encoding a protein of 208 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 21 505. The eda gene is monocistronic and is transcribed from a single promoter. The transcriptional initiation site was determined and an improved consensus promoter sequence for Z. mobilis was derived. High-level expression of the eda gene can be attributed to very efficient translational initiation caused by the high quality of the ribosome-binding site and stability of the mRNA, which has a decay rate of 7.6 min. A comparison of highly expressed Z mobilis genes indicated that the relative quality of the ribosome-binding sites of these genes might play an important role in determining the level of enzyme synthesis. This possibility is discussed with regard to the role of gene expression in coordinating the enzyme levels of the Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic pathway.
A curvature condition ensuring uniqueness of Cournot equilibrium, with applications to comparative statics

Abstract We study a curvature condition on demands that, with a cost assumption, ensures the uniqueness of Cournot equilibrium. For two firms, the condition is that industry marginal revenue rises no faster than price falls. The condition is weaker with more firms, and holds for any smooth demand curve, provided there are enough firms.
Early research on fermentation- a story of missed opportunities

In many reports, the beginning of research on fermentation and on the role of yeast is given as 1810, when J. L. Gay-Lussac (1778-1850), on the basis of detailed analyses, specified ethanol and CO 2 as the principal products of the decomposition of sugar. However, the
A rapid method for preparing crystalline human hemoglobin and the separation of crystalline hemoglobin A in quantity

Abstract A rapid method is described for the large scale preparation of crystalline human hemoglobin. The use of toluene and rapid stirring are essential for rapid crystallization. The minor hemoglobin component A2, present in crystalline hemoglobin, is removed by a batch procedure of adsorption on DEAE cellulose and fractionation by elution under conditions determined by column chromatography.
Knowledge based approach for the verification of CAD database generated by an automated schematic capture system

CAD database generated by an automatic schematic capture system needs to be verified before it can be used in design automation. This verification is best performed by a knowledge-based expert system. Presented in this paper is the design of a knowledge-based system for the verification of CAD database generated by AUTORED. Database-driven, pattern-directed inference technique is employed to identify and correct erroneous data records due to misrecognition. This knowledge-based verification system has been implemented on a VAX 11/750 equipped with a video camera to read circuit diagrams into the computer. Integration of this verification system into AUTORED makes the automatically generated database accurate for design automation applications.
Flow behavior of concentrated GR-S rubber solutions☆☆☆

Abstract 1. 1. Flow curves have been obtained at 37.8°C. (100°F.) for 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt.-% solutions of milled X-418 GR-S in o-dichlorobenzene. Results from the NBS worker-consistometer and from Bingham capillary viscometers were combined to cover the range from 60 to 100,000 sec.−1 rate of shear and 30–100,000 dynes /cm.2 shearing stress. 2. 2. Except for the higher regions for the 3% and the 5% solutions, these flow curves can be represented by the quadratic equation λ = as + bs. 2 3. 3. The reciprocal of the coefficient a gives the viscosity at zero shearing stress; a plot of log reduced viscosity (obtained from 1 a ) vs. concentration in g./100 ml. is a straight line as predicted by Martin's equation ƞ sp /c = [ƞ] exp {k′ [ƞ]c}. This plot gives an intrinsic viscosity [η] of 1.9 (100 ml./g.) in good agreement with the value obtained elsewhere from measurements at lower rates of shear. The constant k′ has a value of 0.18 which is relatively low. 4. 4. The ratio a b has been interpreted by Ferry as a static modulus of internal rigidity. At low concentrations it increases with decreasing concentration, and in the neighborhood of 3 wt.-% it shows a nearly direct proportionality with concentration, and is in fair agreement with the modulus G k = c R T p/M, calculated from the kinetic theory of elasticity. 5. 5. The equation, λ = as + cs 3 (a and c being constants), which has been suggested by several theoretical considerations, does not fit the present flow data.
Incentives to Breach

Empirical evidence and common sense tell us that most people are responsive to economic incentives as well as social and moral norms, and that these sets of incentives are often in tension. The tradeoffs between moral and financial preferences are particularly salient in much legal decision-making, especially in the private law context. This paper presents the methods and results of two new behavioral studies designed to elicit evidence for how people factor both monetary and non-monetary incentives in breach of contract. Participants in Study 1 played a Trust game modified to capture key features of a breach decision. Subjects were offered increasing payouts to break the deal they had made with an anonymous partner. 18.6% participants indicated willingness to break a deal for any amount of profit, and over a quarter (27.9%) were unwilling to breach even when offered $24, almost triple the initial payout, with the remaining subjects identifying a break-point somewhere in between. Study 2 used hypothetical scenarios asking subjects to take the perspectives of buyers or sellers and to indicate how much profit or savings an alternate deal would have to offer in order for the subject to breach the original contract, and found a similar curve. The paper concludes with a discussion of how these methods and preliminary findings may be deployed for more fine-grained inquiries into when individuals do and do not choose a financially attractive breach about which they have moral reservations.
The Association Between Divorce and Late Adolescent Grandchildren's Relations with Grandparents

While researchers have documented the possible effects of divorce on children's interpersonal relationships with significant others (e.g., parents, siblings, peers), research efforts examining the role of grandparents within these children's social networks are limited. For the present study, 588 late adolescent college students (266 males, 322 females) completed the Network of Relationships Inventory (W. Furman and D. Buhrmester [1985] “Children's Perceptions of the Personal Relationships in Their Social Network,” Developmental Psychology, Vol. 21, pp. 1016–1024) and frequency of contact estimates on each available biological grandparent. One hundred sixty-eight students were from families in which their biological parents had been divorced for more than two years. The remaining late adolescents were from intact families (i.e., biological parents still married). As hypothesized, late adolescent grandchildren from divorced families indicated less satisfactory relationships with paternal grandparents. In addition, granddaughters from divorced families indicated poorer relationships with parental grandparents when contrasted to grand-daughters in intact families and grandsons from divorced families. However, visible and phone contact with grandparents played a major role in sustaining relationships with grandparents for grandchildren from divorced families. Granddaughters, in general, also reported stronger relations with maternal grandmothers, regardless of group status. Explanations are offered for these results, as well as suggestions for future research.
“I am in ASEAN”: A learning media application on Android operating system

“I am in ASEAN” is a learning media application developed on Android operating system. It was developed for children and youths to get a better understanding of the 10 member countries in ASEAN Community; i.e. Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam and Philippines. This application is easily comprehensible format. User can use and learn about ASEAN and feel more confident of knowing the ASEAN community.
Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths and their association with water masses off the coast of Valparaíso, Chile

Abstract The bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths was studied at an oceanic station located 14 nautical miles off Valparaiso. During an annual cycle between July 1994 and September 1995, vertical samples of plankton were taken between 0 and 900 m depth. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen showed temporal and spatial fluctuations within the surface layer (0–100 m), mainly affected by Subantarctic Water and in certain periods by Subtropical Water. Between 150 and 400 m low dissolved oxygen content and higher salinity were found, characteristic of Equatorial Subsurface Waters, and between 400 and 800 m Antarctic Intermediate Water, characterized by its higher content of dissolved oxygen and lower temperature and salinity was present. Fifteen species of chaetognaths were identified: Sagitta bierii, S. enflata, S. minima, S. pacifica, S. lyra, S. planctonis, S. marri, S. macrocephala, S. maxima, S. decipiens, S. tasmanica, S. gazellae, Krohnitta subtilis, Eukrohnia hamata and E. fowleri. The most abundant and frequent species were Sagitta enflata, S. bierii and Eukrohnia hamata. The greatest density of chaetognaths was confined to the 0–200 m water column and the species diversity gradually decreased from the epiplanktonic to the mesoplanktonic domain. The vertical distribution of the chaetognaths showed a strong association with the water masses present. The epipelagic species (0–200 m) S. enflata, S. bierii, S. minima and Krohnitta subtilis are associated mainly with Subantarctic Water and occasionally with Subtropical Water; the mesopelagic species (200–1000 m) S. lyra, S. planctonis, S. macrocephala, S. marri and E. fowleri are associated with Equatorial Subsurface Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water. There is another species assemblage of broad bathymetric distribution (0–900 m) consisting of E. hamata, S. decipiens and S. maxima, which does not show a distinctive association with a given water mass. E. hamata is an indicator species of upwelling events off the Chilean coast, showing an association with waters of low temperatures, greater salinity, and low contents of dissolved oxygen, which are characteristic of Equatorial Subsurface Water.
Prdm1 (Blimp-1) and the Expression of Fast and Slow Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms during Avian Myogenesis In Vitro

National Research Initiative of the United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (#2006-35206-16622); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2R01HL064641)
A space‐for‐time substitution reveals the long‐term decline in genotypic diversity of a widespread salt marsh plant, Spartina alterniflora, over a span of 1500 years

Summary 1 Clonal populations face a trade-off between sexual recruitment and vegetative growth and, once established, may undergo continuous declines in genotypic diversity if their sexual recruits make poor competitors. The geological history of delta formation in the Lower Mississippi River Valley was used to age eight S. alterniflora marshes for use in a space-for-time substitution ranging over 1500 years, in order to determine the long-term effects of clonal growth on genotypic diversity in natural populations. 2 We also predicted that highly heterozygous clones are competitively superior, leading to an increase in the overall level of genetic diversity as a marsh ages and/or to an increasingly positive relationship between clone size and individual heterozygosity, and that the clumping of ramets within clones will occur over increasingly large distances as populations age, while the clumping of genetically related clones will become less pronounced as intraclonal competition begins to obscure the initial effects of localized seedling recruitment. 3 Using molecular markers to differentiate clones, we documented a decline in clonal richness at the rate of approximately 1% 100 years−1 that was accompanied for the first 300–500 years by an increase in the distance over which clumping of ramets within genets occurred. Older populations, in the 500–1500-year range, showed evidence of clone fragmentation. 4 The spatial clustering of kin was observed for only two marshes, and exhibited no clear relationship with marsh age. 5 Whereas the overall level of genetic diversity was consistent among marshes and showed no clear relationship with marsh age, the relationship between heterozygosity and individual clone size became increasingly pronounced within older marshes. 6 Our results suggest that under natural conditions S. alterniflora marshes will rarely reach ages sufficient for the loss of all clonal diversity, or for the effects of inbreeding and drift to pose a significant threat to population viability.
5 alpha-reductase activity in rat adipose tissue.

We measured the 5 ..cap alpha..-reductase activity in isolated cell preparations of rat adipose tissue using the formation of (/sup 3/H) dihydrotestosterone from (/sup 3/H) testosterone as an endpoint. Stromal cells were prepared from the epididymal fat pad, perinephric fat, and subcutaneous fat of male rats and from perinephric fat of female rats. Adipocytes were prepared from the epididymal fat pad and perinephric fat of male rats. Stromal cells from the epididymal fat pad and perinephric fat contained greater 5..cap alpha..-reductase activity than did the adipocytes from these depots. Stromal cells from the epididymal fat pad contained greater activity than those from perinephric and subcutaneous depots. Perinephric stromal cells from female rats were slightly more active than those from male rats. Estradiol (10/sup -8/ M), when added to the medium, caused a 90% decrease in 5..cap alpha..-reductase activity. Aromatase activity was minimal, several orders of magnitude less than 5..cap alpha..-reductase activity in each tissue studied.
European challenge: developing global organizations

In the twenty‐first century more European organizations will have to go global in scope and operations. Increasing globalization is forcing such a transformation of corporations, associations, and agencies. If business expects to be competitive in the global marketplace, their use of information technology is not only a force in this trend, but a powerful tool to achieve this goal. This article examines the impact of globalization on institutions, the challenges and issues in globalization, and how to transform an organization into a global enterprise. The latter occurs, the author suggests, when such change is well planned, so that a new work culture is created which embraces new technologies, such as in the fields of communications and information.
Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of 99 m-Tc-MDP bone scintigraphy and 18 F-FDG PET/CT for the detection of skeletal metastases

BackgroundFluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) is commonly performed for cancer staging, as it can detect metastatic disease in multiple organ systems. However, there has been some controversy in the scientific literature when comparing FDG PET/CT and technetium-99 m-bone scintigraphy (bone scan) for the detection of skeletal metastases.PurposeTo compare the accuracy of FDG PET/CT with bone scan for the detection of skeletal metastases.Material and MethodsThe study group comprised 202 adult cancer patients who underwent both FDG PET/CT and bone scan within 31 days for staging. Bone scans and FDG PET/CT were evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists for the presence and location of skeletal metastatic disease. Confirmation of the final diagnosis was based on the CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance, follow-up imaging, or histology.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detecting skeletal metastatic disease of FDG PET/CT...
STUDIES IN THE COMMON COLD : II. A STUDY OF CERTAIN GRAM-NEGATIVE FILTER-PASSING ANAEROBES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT.

1. A study of the Gram-negative, filter-passing, anaerobic organisms, described by Olitsky and Gates, and Gates and McCartney, has been undertaken with a view to determining their general character and their possible role in the causation of the common cold. 2. These organisms seem to constitute part of the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract and would seem to bear no etiological relationship to the common cold.
A comparative study of modified Bielschowsky, Bodian and thioflavin S stains on Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles

Serial sections of the brains of two cases with Alzheimer's disease were stained with the standard Bodian, modified Bielschowsky (reformed Gros-Schultze's modification) and thioflavin S methods. The numbers of demonstrated Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were different between the two silver stains: from 15 to 75% more NFTs were shown and more distinctly with the modified Bielschowsky stain than with the Bodian stain. Many of the NFTs in both cases were of eosinophilic and less argentophilic type. Although the NFTs were not counted, the thioflavin S stain seemed to have no apparent advantage over the modified Bielschowsky stain in the demonstration of NFTs.
Localization of ATPase activity to the glial-like cells of the pars intermedia

Abstract An adenosine triphosphatase was histochemically localized in the pars intermedia of the pituitary of the frog, Rana berlandieri forrei . The reaction product was found primarily between membranes of stellate (glial-like) cells and secretory cells and could be partially inhibited by ouabain. It was also present between two stellate cell membranes and in other intermembrane spaces bounded on at least one side by a stellate cell. In no instance was reaction product seen between membranes of two secretory cells or on the surface of stellate cells not contacted by other cellular elements. Thus, it is suggested that stellate cells contain an ATPase, possibly a Na + K + -activated ATPase, which might then allow these cells to serve as regulators of the extracellular ionic environment. Furthermore, since ouabain or removal of K + is inhibitory to melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) secretion from isolated pars intermedia in vitro , it is also possible that these cells may play a functional role in the control of MSH secretion.
Structures, Energies, and NMR Shieldings of Some Small Water Clusters on the Counterpoise Corrected Potential Energy Surface

The structures of water clusters varying in size from n = 2 to n = 6 (cyclic, prism, and cage isomers) have been redetermined on a counterpoise-corrected potential energy surface and result in oxygen−oxygen distances that are some 0.1 A longer than would otherwise be found. NMR shielding calculations have also been carried out on the reoptimized structures and show that the shieldings of the hydrogen bonded protons tend to reproduce the gas-to-liquid shielding change observed for water, whereas those for oxygen do not. Use of the COSMO self-consistent reaction field to determine additional shielding changes does not significantly improve the situation.
Two-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamics and Interstellar Plasma Turbulence

This paper is concerned with a physical understanding of the main features of interstellar plasma turbulence. Our observational knowledge of this turbulence is provided by radio-wave propagation observations, generically referred to as interstellar scintillations. Distinctive features of the observations are the nearly omnipresent anisotropy of scattering, revealed by elliptical rather than circular scattering disks, drastic differences in the magnitude of scattering between closely spaced lines of sight through the interstellar medium, evidence from Faraday rotation observations that the interstellar vector magnetic field changes markedly on small spatial scales, and the existence of a power-law spectrum of density irregularities over a wide range of spatial scales. This power-law density spectrum strongly suggests the existence of similar spatial power spectra for the other magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) variables such as flow velocity and magnetic field. In this paper, it is pointed out that the aforementioned features arise or may naturally be explained by an approximate theory of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics. In this theory, the plasma turbulence is described by two scalar functions (a velocity stream function and one component of the magnetic vector potential) that are coupled by nonlinear partial differential equations. These equations are physically transparent, possess some relevant analytic results, and are easily solved numerically. Arguments for the relevance of this reduced plasma description are presented. Although obviously an incomplete description of the interstellar plasma, these equations provide plausible explanations for the observational features described above. Anisotropy of scattering arises as an obvious consequence of the conditions for validity of the two-dimensional MHD description, i.e., that spatial gradients along a large-scale magnetic field are much smaller than those perpendicular to the field. The equations of two-dimensional MHD predict the formation of intense electrical current and vorticity sheets from broad classes of initial conditions. It is highly plausible that these sheets are the loci of elevated turbulence, which could explain the variations of radio-wave scattering and provide a physical explanation for intermittency in interstellar turbulence. The strong current sheets would also produce localized reversals in the turbulent component of the interstellar magnetic field. Finally, the equations of two-dimensional MHD produce spectral flattening of initial conditions with steep spatial power spectra. The calculations presented here, as well as elsewhere in the literature, indicate that the equilibrium magnetic field and velocity spectra may be power laws with indices close to those observed for the density fluctuations. In summary, the equations of two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics are proposed as a simplified theoretical tool for use in understanding interstellar plasma turbulence.
Requirement Change Propagation Prediction Approach: Results From an Industry Case Study

This paper presents an industry case study investigating change propagation due to requirement changes. This paper makes use of a change propagation prediction tool, ΔDSM, to identify if the propagated changes could have been identified and predicted. The study used an automation firm’s client project as the study subject. The project entailed 160 requirements, changing over the span of 15 month. Engineering change notifications were developed for each change and documented under the firm’s data management system. This study makes use of the change notifications to identify if any of the change were as a result of a previous change. The findings of this paper indicated the changes that occurred could have been predicted as the ΔDSM was able to predict affected requirements. This was identified by finding subsequent requirements in the engineering change notification documentation that the ΔDSM indicated might change.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Pulsed amperometric detection with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-fabricated capillary electrophoresis microchips for the determination of EPA priority pollutants

A miniaturized analytical system for separation and detection of three EPA priority phenolic pollutants, based on a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-fabricated capillary electrophoresis microchip and pulsed amperometric detection is described. The approach offers a rapid (less than 2 min), simultaneous measurement of three phenolic pollutants: phenol, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and pentachlorophenol. The highly stable response (RSD = 6.1%) observed for repetitive injections (n > 100) reflects the effectiveness of Au working electrode cleaned by pulsed amperometric detection. The effect of solution conditions, separation potential and detection waveform were optimized for both the separation and detection of phenols. Under the optimum conditions (5.0 mM phosphate buffer pH = 12.4, detection potential: 0.7 V, separation potential: 1200 V, injection time: 10 s) the baseline separation of the three selected compounds was achieved. Limits of detection of 2.2 µM (2.8 fmol), 0.9 µM (1.1 fmol), and 1.3 µM (1.6 fmol) were achieved for phenol, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and pentachlorophenol, respectively. A local city water sample and two over-the-counter sore-throat medicines were analyzed in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed technique to face real applications.
Effect of estrogen deficiency on regional variation of a viscoelastic tissue property of bone

Estrogen deficiency changes the regional distribution of tissue mineral density leading to alteration of the mechanical properties of bone at the tissue level. Direct measurement of the regional variation of elastic modulus and viscosity, which is the capacity to resist time-dependent viscoelastic deformation, will aid in our understanding of how estrogen deficiency alters bone quality. It was observed that, compared to bone from other anatomical sites, the jaw bone is less sensitive to estrogen deficiency. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of estrogen deficiency on (1) the regional variations of tissue modulus and viscosity of bone using nanoindentation, and (2) the modulus-viscosity relationships in jaw and vertebral bones for comparison between different anatomical sites. Mandibular and vertebral bone specimens of sham surgery and ovariectomized (OVX) rat groups were subject to nanoindentation in hydration. Indentation modulus and viscosity were measured at relatively new (less mineralized) tissue regions and at the corresponding pre-existing old (more mineralized) tissue regions of mandibular and vertebral bones. In the mandibular bones, significant regional variations of indentation modulus and viscosity were observed (p<0.039) and OVX increased the indentation viscosity. While significant positive correlations were found between indentation modulus and viscosity (p<0.001), the correlation slopes for the mandibular and vertebral bones were significant different (p<0.001). The current results indicated that changes in viscoelastic property and its regional variation should be examined to obtain a better understanding of estrogen deficiency-dependent alteration of bone quality.
High specific activity tritium-labeled N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (INBMeO): a high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor-selective agonist radioligand.

Abstract The title compound ([3H]INBMeO) was prepared by an O,O-dimethylation reaction of a t-BOC protected diphenolic precursor using no carrier added tritiated iodomethane in DMF with K2CO3. Removal of the t-BOC protecting group and purification by HPLC afforded an overall yield of 43%, with a radiochemical purity of 99% and specific activity of 164 Ci/mmol. The new radioligand was suitable for labeling human 5-HT2A receptors in two heterologous cell lines and had about 20-fold higher affinity than [3H]ketanserin.
Design of multichip LED module for lighting application

White LED is well known as a promising device for solid state lighting. It has the advantages of long life, good endurance of heavy impact, no mercury containing and potentially high efficiency. However, light output from a commercial LED lamp is usually less than 0.1W, which is very small if compared with traditional light sources. In order to get enough light output from LED devices, a big-lamp or cluster, which is packed from dozens or hundreds of LED lamps, is necessary not only for outdoor display but also for lighting applications. Some problems were encountered during high-density assembly in a big-lamp. Because of the bad heat conductivity of the epoxy, the more LED lamps are used in the big-lamp, the poorer heat dissipation will be. On the other hand, it is difficulty to manufacture a big-lamp in good alignment of every LEDi¦s during the package. One of the ways to solve this problem is to use a big LED chip instead of many small lamps. Nevertheless, to use those big chips always companions 10-25% loss in the external quantum efficiency. And, the bigger the chip is, the larger the loss will be. Highly concentrated heat will be another issue for the big chip package. In this article, we will present a new design for the package of multi-chips LED module, which could assemble dozens of LED chips with the normal size for lighting purpose. Optical devices, including reflector and focusing lens, and heat considerations are considered in the design of the new module. The prototypes of the new modules have been made. The current of maximum light output (Cmax) is about 2 to 3 times superior to conventional lamps. Under the condition of normal driving current, a 4.5 W LED module have an output intensity of 164 cd. Combining 4 LED modules will be comparable with a conventional 20 W Halogen lamp.
Prevalence and patterns of smoking, alcohol use, and illicit drug use in young men who have sex with men

Abstract Background Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are substantially more likely to use illicit drugs and other substances compared to their heterosexual peers. Substance use during adolescence has critical implications for long-term physical and mental health, and among YMSM may lead to HIV infection. The goal of the current study was to describe lifetime and past six month prevalence and patterns of substance use across multiple substances in a community sample of racially-diverse YMSM. Methods Participants were 450 YMSM aged 16–20 living in Chicago and surrounding areas who were recruited beginning December, 2009 using a modified form of respondent driven sampling. Analyses were conducted with multivariate logistic regression and latent class analysis (LCA). Results Prevalence of substance use was high in this sample of majority racial minority YMSM, and only 17.6% reported no substance use during the past six months. Black YMSM had lower prevalence of use of all substances except marijuana compared to White YMSM, while Latino YMSM had lower prevalence of alcohol, marijuana, and club drug use. Bisexual YMSM reported higher prevalence of cigarette smoking, stimulant use, and club drug use compared to gay/mostly gay YMSM but lower numbers of bisexual participants limited the ability to detect statistically significant differences. LCA found that YMSM fell into three general categories of substance users: alcohol and marijuana users, polysubstance users, and low marijuana users. Conclusions Analyses reveal important group differences in prevalence and patterns of substance use in YMSM that have important implications for intervention.
The Partiality of Indexing Capital Gains

In 1986 Congress made realized capital gains fully taxable, in the spirit of uniformity animating the 1986 reform. The effect on gains taxes was largely offset, to be sure, when Congress lowered the top rate from 50% to 28%, abandoning 70 years of rate progressivity. Congress also lowered the corporate tax rate. Nonetheless, the change did overturn a long tradition of excluding half or more of gains from taxable income. No special concern was shown for the phantom income element in nominal capital gains.
A push-button molecular switch.

The preparation, characterization, and switching mechanism of a unique single-station mechanically switchable hetero[2]catenane are reported. The facile synthesis utilizing a “threading-followed-by-clipping” protocol features the Cu2+-catalyzed Eglinton coupling as a mild and efficient route to the tetrathiafulvalene-based catenane in high yield. The resulting mechanically interlocked molecule operates as a perfect molecular switch, most readily described as a “push-button,” whereby two discrete and fully occupied translational states are toggled electrochemically at incredibly fast rates. This mechanical switching is probed using a wide variety of experimental techniques as well as by quantum mechanical investigations. The fundamental distinctions between this single-station [2]catenane and other more traditional bi- and multistation molecular switches are significant.
Beyond the bundle--journey of a tertiary care medical intensive care unit to zero central line-associated bloodstream infections.

We set a goal to reduce the incidence rate of catheter-related bloodstreaminfections to rate of <1 per 1,000 central line days in a two-year period. This is an observational cohort study with historical controls in a 25-bedintensive care unit at a tertiary academic hospital. All patients admitted to theunit from January 2008 to December 2011 (31,931 patient days) were included. Amultidisciplinary team consisting of hospital epidemiologist/infectious diseasesphysician, infection preventionist, unit physician and nursing leadership wasconvened. Interventions included: central line insertion checklist, demonstrationof competencies for line maintenance and access, daily line necessity checklist,and quality rounds by nursing leadership, heightened staff accountability,follow-up surveillance by epidemiology with timely unit feedback and case reviews,and identification of noncompliance with evidence-based guidelines. Molecularepidemiologic investigation of a cluster of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) was undertaken resulting in staff education forproper acquisition of blood cultures, environmental decontamination and dailychlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing for patients. Center for Disease Control/National Health Safety Network (CDC/NHSN) definitionwas used to measure central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLA-BSI) ratesduring the following time periods: baseline (January 2008 to December 2009),intervention year (IY) 1 (January to December 2010), and IY 2 (January to December2011). Infection rates were as follows: baseline: 2.65 infections per 1,000catheter days; IY1: 1.97 per 1,000 catheter days; the incidence rate ratio (IRR)was 0.74 (95% CI = 0.37 to 1.65, P = 0.398); residual seven CLA-BSIsduring IY1 were VRE faecium blood cultures positive from central linealone in the setting of findings explicable by noninfectious conditions. Followingstaff education, environmental decontamination and CHG bathing (IY2): 0.53 per1,000 catheter days; the IRR was 0.20 (95% CI = 0.06 to 0.65, P = 0.008)with 80% reduction compared to the baseline. Over the two-year interventionperiod, the overall rate decreased by 53% to 1.24 per 1,000 catheter-days (IRR of0.47 (95% CI = 0.25 to 0.88, P = 0.019) with zero CLA-BSI for a total of15 months. Residual CLA-BSIs, despite strict adherence to central line bundle, may be relatedto blood culture contamination categorized as CLA-BSIs per CDC/NHSN definition.Efforts to reduce residual CLA-BSIs require a strategic multidisciplinary teamapproach focused on epidemiologic investigations of practitioner- or unit-specificetiologies.
A graphics display-oriented strategy for the amino acid sequencing of peptides by tandem mass spectrometry

A graphics display-oriented method for the computer-aided interpretation of the mass spectrum of a peptide in terms of its amino acid sequence is presented. The spectrum is obtained by collision induced decomposition of the protonated molecular ion (M+H)+ of the peptide generated by fast atom bombardment in the first double focussing mass analyzer of a tandem mass spectrometer and the product ion mass spectrum (CID spectrum) recorded by the second double focussing mass analyzer. The algorithm displays all series of peaks differing by the mass of -NH-CHR-CO- for the various amino acids. This display, which is very fast and can be augmented through interrogation by the user, greatly facilitates the determination of the amino acid sequence. The method is demonstrated on the spectra of a undecapeptide of (M+H)+ m/z = 1208.2 and a tetradecapeptide of (M+H)+ m/z = 1758.9.
Principles of Trust for Embedded Systems

Abstract : The development of trusted systems is a long-standing, elusive, and ill-defined objective in many domains. This paper gives substance and explicit meaning to the terms trust and trustworthy as they relate to automated systems and to embedded systems in particular. Principles of trust are identified. Some of their implications for software engineering practice and for the design of hardware-based trusted computing platforms are also discussed.
On the existence of best Mitscherlich, Verhulst, and West growth curves for generalized least-squares regression

Practical difficulties arise in fitting Mitscherlich, Verhulst, or West growth curves to data. Obstacles include divergent iterations, negative values for theoretically positive parameters, or the absence of any best-fitting curve. An analysis reveals that such obstacles occur near removable singularities of the objective function to be minimized for the regression. Such singularities lie at the transition to different types of curves, including exponentials, hyperbolae, lines, and step functions. Removing the singularities fits all such curves into a connected compactified topological space, which guarantees the existence of a global minimum for the continuous objective function, and which also provides a smooth and transparent transition from one type of curve to another.
Long-term follow-up of patients with tetralogy of Fallot: Physical health and psychopathology

To assess the possible lasting psychologic sequellae in young adults who have recovered physically from congenital heart disease, the Cattell 16 PF personality inventory was administered to 37 patients (mean age=19.1 years) with tetralogy of Fallot at a time when 85% had been asymptomatic since their last surgery (mean interval since surgery=6.5 years). The patients scored significantly more in the neurotic range than expected by chance and had psychologic scores, suggesting that they are self-indulgent, dependent, overprotected, less well informed, lacking ambition, and operating more on the basis of feelings than thought. The more “neurotic” patients were hospitalized more times, but experienced better physical health than the less “neurotic” patients. The severity of the psychopathology appears not to be related to the severity of the physical symptomatology, but rather to a disparity between how the child perceives his illness and how others view his disease.