cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tired of Your Masses: A History of and Judicial Responses to Early 20th Century Anti-Immigrant Legislation

During the early years of the 20th century, in response to the public outcry against increased immigration from the countries of Eastern and Southern Europe, various types of legislation were enacted that were aimed at both discouraging immigration to this country and making living here more difficult for recent immigrants. Some of these laws were challenged, yielding judicial responses that were often particularly creative. As a result of the cases the effects of these laws were at time ameliorated, either by outright declarations of unconstitutionality or by specific limits on their applicability; this dampened the harsh results that had been intended. In the mid-1960s, the outmoded system of immigration based on national origin was abandoned, allowing for the subsequent immigration of many from previously underrepresented countries in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. This expansion sparked renewed calls for anti-immigrant legislation, some of which have already been successful. History seems to have repeated itself. In this article, I trace the origins and describes the history and social context of the nativism movement that burgeoned during the early part of the twentieth century. While scrutinizing the touchstone cases from this period (for example, Meyer v. Nebraska), I discuss certain patterns in the courts' responses to the various enactments. These responses could be instructive in contemporary efforts to challenge recent nativist legislation.
Enzyme localization in beef-heart mitochondria. A biochemical and electron-microscopic study.

Treatment of heavy beef heart mitochondria with different concentrations of digitonin, followed by centrifugation of the treated suspension resulted in a release of mitochondrial enzymes in a certain order. Monoamine oxidase and rotenone-insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase were found primarily in the outer membrane fraction. At low concentrations of digitonin adenylate kinase and creatine kinase were in part released pointing to an intracristal localization; the remainder of these enzymes was found to be associated with the inner membrane-matrix fraction. The soluble citric cycle enzymes were found in the inner membrane-matrix preparation. They were released from the matrix in two groups: (a) isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase and aconitase and (b) 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and lipoate dehydrogenase. Enzymes intrinsic to the inner membrane were released at concentrations of digitonin higher than 0.4 mg/mg protein (cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, ATPase and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase). The absence of citric cycle enzyme activity, except succinate dehydrogenase in submitochondrial particles prepared by sonication, also points to a localization of these enzymes in the matrix. From the experiments with the digitonin method it is concluded that the majority of the shared mitochondrial enzymes has a similar localization both in beef heart and rat liver mitochondria. Detergents such as digitonin, Lubrol WX and Titron X-100 induce the “twisted” configuration of the inner membrane of beef heart mitochondria, suspended in a sucrose medium, as visualized electron microscopically.
Ontogeny of bladder agenesis in rats induced by adriamycin.

Objectives To determine the anatomical steps leading to bladder agenesis in rats prenatally exposed as fetuses on gestational days (GD) 6–9 to adriamycin. Materials and methods Timed-pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with adriamycin at 2 mg/kg (n = 28) on GD 6–9 (vaginal plug = day 0). The control group (n = 21) received saline. Fetuses were harvested on GD 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16. Serial paraffin sections were prepared from a minimum of 10 experimental and five control fetuses at each gestational age, and stained with either trichrome or haematoxylin and eosin, and examined by light microscopy. Results In the control group the urorectal septum first became visible and the mesonephric ducts apparently abutting the anterior cloaca on GD 12. The presumptive urinary bladder was clearly defined on GD 14. On GD 15, the common excretory ducts became incorporated into the newly formed urogenital sinus and the ureters opened into the bladder. In the treated animals, beginning on GD 11, the undivided cloaca was noticeably smaller and by GD 13–14, the vesical extension of the urogenital sinus was conspicuously absent. Instead, opposite ureters joined to drain directly into the proximal blind-ending urethra or the persistent distal urogenital sinus. Conclusions Prenatal exposure of rat fetuses to adriamycin resulted in primary agenesis rather than secondary resorption of the bladder. The ontogeny showed that the mechanism underpinning bladder development is unique and is under the influence of factors that can be targeted by adriamycin. Further work will elucidate the unique nature of bladder organogenesis and should have important applications in future research into artificial bladders.
Computational strategy for quantifying human pesticide exposure based upon a saliva measurement

Quantitative exposure data is important for evaluating toxicity risk and biomonitoring is a critical tool for evaluating human exposure. Direct personal monitoring provides the most accurate estimation of a subject’s true dose, and non-invasive methods are advocated for quantifying exposure to xenobiotics. In this regard, there is a need to identify chemicals that are cleared in saliva at concentrations that can be quantified to support the implementation of this approach. This manuscript reviews the computational modeling approaches that are coupled to in vivo and in vitro experiments to predict salivary uptake and clearance of xenobiotics and provides additional insight on species-dependent differences in partitioning that are of key importance for extrapolation. The primary mechanism by which xenobiotics leave the blood and enter saliva involves paracellular transport, passive transcellular diffusion, or trancellular active transport with the majority of xenobiotics transferred by passive diffusion. The transcellular or paracellular diffusion of unbound chemicals in plasma to saliva has been computationally modeled using compartmental and physiologically based approaches. Of key importance for determining the plasma:saliva partitioning was the utilization of the Schmitt algorithm that calculates partitioning based upon the tissue composition, pH, chemical pKa and plasma protein-binding. Sensitivity analysis identified that both protein-binding and pKa (for weak acids and bases) have significant impact on determining partitioning and species dependent differences based upon physiological variance. Future strategies are focused on an in vitro salivary acinar cell based system to experimentally determine and computationally predict salivary gland uptake and clearance for xenobiotics. It is envisioned that a combination of salivary biomonitoring and computational modeling will enable the non-invasive measurement of chemical exposures in human populations.
Fermionic shock waves: Distinguishing dissipative versus dispersive regularizations

The collision of two clouds of Fermi gas at unitarity (UFG) has been recently observed to lead to shock waves whose regularization mechanism, dissipative or dispersive, is being debated. While classical, dissipative shocks, as in gas dynamics, develop a steep, localized shock front that translates at a well-defined speed, dispersively regularized shocks are distinguished by an expanding region of short wavelength oscillations with two speeds, those of the leading and trailing edges. For typical UFG experimental conditions, the theoretical oscillation length scale is smaller than the resolution of present imaging systems so it is unclear how to determine the shock type from its structure alone. Two experimental methods to determine the appropriate regularization mechanism are proposed: measurement of the shock speed and observation of a one-dimensional collision experiment with sufficiently tight radial confinement.
Extracting Features from Tactile Maps

Tactile imaging is a newly developed mechanical sensing technology for documenting the properties of hard lumps contained in soft tissue. An examiner strokes a scan head across tissue that contains a mass and images of the distributed contact pressure between the head and the tissue are recorded. We have developed models that predict these pressure distributions from geometric and material properties. We then use inversion algorithms developed from these models to extract lump size and shape. In a limited clinical trial on 24 surgical patients, lump size was estimated with less than 17% mean absolute error when compared with ex-vivo size measurements. This is more than twice as accurate as either clinical breast examination or ultrasound examination of the same lumps. This result demonstrates that tactile imaging has the potential to improve the accuracy of clinical breast examination.
Deoxyadenosine analogs induce programmed cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by damaging the DNA and by directly affecting the mitochondria.

Adenine deoxynucleosides induce apoptosis in quiescent lymphocytes and are thus useful drugs for the treatment of indolent lymphoproliferative diseases. To explain why deoxyadenosine and its analogs are toxic to a cell that is not undergoing replicative DNA synthesis, several mechanisms have been proposed, including the direct binding of dATP to the pro-apoptotic factor Apaf-1 and the activation of the caspase-9 and -3 pathways. In this study it is shown, by means of several assays on whole cells and isolated mitochondria, that 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (2CdA) and 2-choloro-2′-ara-fluorodeoxyadenosine (CaFdA) disrupt the integrity of mitochondria from primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. The nucleoside-induced damage leads to the release of the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor. The other adenine deoxynucleosides tested displayed comparable DNA-damaging potency but did not affect mitochondrial function. Interference with mitochondrial integrity, thus, may be a factor in the potent cytotoxic effects of 2CdA and CaFdA toward nondividing lymphocytes.
The effect of ethnicity on outcomes in a practice-based trial to improve cardiovascular disease prevention.

Background Health disparities are a growing concern. Recently, we conducted a practice-based trial to help primary care physicians improve adherence with 21 quality indicators relevant to the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Although the primary concern in that study was whether patients in intervention practices outperformed those in control practices, we were also interested in determining whether minority patients were more, less, or just as likely to benefit from the intervention as non-minorities.
The role of candidate-gene CNTNAP2 in childhood apraxia of speech and specific language impairment

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a debilitating pediatric speech disorder characterized by varying symptom profiles, comorbid deficits, and limited response to intervention. Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is an inherited pediatric language disorder characterized by delayed and/or disordered oral language skills including impaired semantics, syntax, and discourse. To date, the genes associated with CAS and SLI are not fully characterized. In the current study, we evaluated behavioral and genetic profiles of seven children with CAS and eight children with SLI, while ensuring all children were free of comorbid impairments. Deletions within CNTNAP2 were found in two children with CAS but not in any of the children with SLI. These children exhibited average to high performance on language and word reading assessments in spite of poor articulation scores. These findings suggest that genetic variation within CNTNAP2 may be related to speech production deficits. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Host factors exploited by retroviruses

Retroviruses make a long and complex journey from outside the cell to the nucleus in the early stages of infection, and then an equally long journey back out again in the late stages of infection. Ongoing efforts are identifying an enormous array of cellular proteins that are used by the viruses in the course of their travels. These host factors are potential new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Politics in the fine meshes: young citizens, power and media:

Surveys exposing an uninformed public, journalism emphasizing interpretations, and news focused on showmanship have combined to change public life. As young adults abandon news, what do they substitute to become informed citizens? Life history narratives offer some answers. Young citizens form their political identities within personal networks, responding first to fiction television in the family and with peers. Their stories take place in small jurisdictions — home, school, church — where through media they confront the state as a force empowered to risk life. Politics principally involves forming opinions. In that process, young adults refer to news among many other sources: pop songs, TV commercials, documentaries, personal discussions. Because they cannot escape the media surround, their sense of power corresponds not to democratic theory but to the ideas of Foucault and Nietzsche, where citizens use the media to design their own bodies as political outposts.
Low-Tension Glaucoma

A retrospective study of 45 patients with low-tension glaucoma revealed the mean age at diagnosis to be 66 years. Seventeen patients had follow-up visual field examinations, the average follow-up period being 6.4 years. There was no significant difference in prognosis of the ocular course between patients with Po/C equal to or greater than 100 and those with Po/C less than 100. The presence of splinter hemorrhages at the optic disk (10% of affected eyes) or of systemic arterial hypertension (diastolic blood pressure greater than 100 mm Hg) was associated with progression of visual field defects. Patients with sudden visual loss or associated hemodynamic events (33% of the total patients) had a more favorable prognosis regarding stability (lack of progression) of visual field defects than those without such an event. Extension of visual field defects across the macula was a common finding (25% of affected eyes). No firm evidence was obtained to indicate that treatment of the low-tension glaucoma improved the prognosis of the ocular course.
Alarm Pheromones: Utilization in Evaluation of Olfactory Theories

Abstract The activities of 99 ketones in releasing alarm in Pogonomyrmex badius workers were compared to the activity of 4-methyl-3-heptanone, the natural pheromone of this ant species. Only one compound, 4-methyl-3-hexanone, was as active as the natural pheromone, and the most active of the pheromonal surrogates were those that possessed a geometry and size similar to 4-methyl-3-heptanone. These results are consistent with the olfactory theory that suggests that the size and shape of a molecule are critical determinants of its odour qualities. The far i.r. absorption maxima of ketones highly active as alarm releasers were compared with those of ketones that were moderate and low in activity, but no correlations were found. Deuteration of active ketones shifted the far i.r. absorption bands significantly, but the activities of the deuterated ketones remained the same as those of their undeuterated precursors. These results do not support the olfactory theory that suggests that the osmic properties of a molecule are related to its far i.r. spectrum.
Deficient Regulation of DNA Double-strand Break Repair in Fanconi Anemia Fibroblasts

Fibroblasts from patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) display genomic instability, hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, and deficient DNA end joining. Fibroblasts from two FA patients of unidentified complementation group also had significantly increased cellular homologous recombination (HR) activity. Results described herein show that HR activity levels in patient-derived FA fibroblasts of groups A, C, and G were 10-fold greater than those seen in normal fibroblasts. In contrast, HR activity in group D2 fibroblasts was identical to that in normal cells. Western blot analysis revealed that the RAD51 protein was elevated 10-fold above normal levels in group A, C, and G fibroblasts, but was not altered in group D2 fibroblasts. HR activity levels in these former cells could be restored to near-normal levels by electroporation with anti-RAD51 antibody, whereas similar treatment of normal and complementation group D2 fibroblasts had no effect. These findings are consistent with a model in which FA proteins function to coordinate DNA double-strand break repair activity by regulating both recombinational and non-recombinational DNA repair. Interestingly, whereas positive regulation of DNA end joining requires the combined presence of all FA proteins thus far tested, suppression of HR, which is minimally dependent on the FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG proteins, does not require FANCD2.
Effect of Different Combinations of Dietary Additives on Bacterial Translocation and Survival in Gut-Derived Sepsis

Background: Dietary arginine, glutamine, and fish oil each have been shown to improve resistance to infection. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential benefit of different combinations and amounts of these components on bacterial translocation and related mortality during gut-derived sepsis. Methods: Balb/c mice were fed for 10 days with an AIN-76A diet supplemented with different combinations and percentages of arginine, glutamine, glycine, fish oil, and medium-chain triglycerides. Controls were fed a complete AIN-76A diet or chow. After 10 days of feeding, all animals were transfused. On day 15, the animals were gavaged with 10 10 111In-radiolabeled or unlabeled Escherichia coli and given a 30% burn injury. Animals gavaged with unlabeled bacteria were observed for survival (n = 317). Groups that showed the best survival as well as control groups were gavaged with labeled bacteria and killed 4 hours postburn (n = 60) for harvest of mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and spleen. Results: Mice fed...
Chemical and isotopic indicators of groundwater evolution in the basal sands of a buried bedrock valley in the midwestern United States: Implications for recharge, rock-water interactions, and mixing

Buried bedrock valley aquifers can be found throughout Canada and the northern United States where glacial deposits have filled in previously exposed bedrock valleys. The Mahomet bedrock valley is an east-west–trending buried valley in central Illinois containing basal Pleistocene sands and gravels making up the Mahomet aquifer and the contemporaneous Sankoty Mahomet aquifer, which are the major sources of freshwater for east-central Illinois. The hydrochemical characteristics of the Mahomet and Sankoty Mahomet aquifers change significantly across the buried bedrock valley. To determine the geochemical processes controlling the chemistry of the water, possible groundwater mixing, and the regions of major recharge, over 80 samples from the Mahomet aquifer, the Sankoty Mahomet aquifer, and shallower aquifers were analyzed for their chemical and isotopic composition, including δ 18 O, δD, δ 13 C, δ 34 S, 14 C, and 3 H. Four geochemical regions were observed across the aquifers. The central and eastern region of the Mahomet aquifer had dilute chemistry and medium 14 C activities, suggesting relatively recent recharge from the surface. The northeastern Mahomet aquifer region had variable sulfate and δ 34 S values, medium chloride concentrations, and low 14 C activity, suggesting mixing with bedrock groundwater along with sulfate reduction. The western Mahomet aquifer region had the highest chloride, dissolved organic carbon, and methane concentrations and showed a continuous decrease in 14 C activity, suggesting seepage from bedrock units, strong reducing conditions, and isolation from surficial recharge. Characteristics of the Sankoty Mahomet aquifer indicated rapid freshwater recharge and mixing with western Mahomet aquifer water. The δD and δ 18 O values indicated little to no Pleistocene water in the Mahomet bedrock valley aquifer system, suggesting an age limit of ca. 11,000 yr B.P. for most of the groundwater. The tritium data indicated modern recharge in some shallower aquifers, but little to none in the Mahomet aquifer and Sankoty Mahomet aquifer, except near a river where stacked sands may have created a hydrologic window to the Mahomet aquifer. It appears that most of the Mahomet aquifer is well protected from surficial contamination. The approach used in this study enabled us to better understand and identify the processes that control the groundwater chemistry within the buried Pliestocene aquifer in central Illinois; processes that may be prevalent in other buried bedrock valley aquifers distributed throughout much of North America.
Factors That Influence the Microwave Expansion of Glassy Amylopectin Extrudates

ABSTRACT The microwave expansion of glassy, unexpanded amylopectin pellets was studied. Amylopectin was extruded at three levels of specific mechanical energy (483, 809, and 846 kJ/kg), and 35–40% moisture content, without expansion at the die. Glassy pellets were obtained by drying and equilibrating the extrudates at five water activities (aw 0, 0.11, 0.33, 0.67, and 0.75). The pellets were characterized by measuring volume, porosity, and moisture content. The pellets were then expanded in a constant power microwave oven to determine the degree of expansion. When subjected to microwave heating, regardless of extrusion condition and initial aw, the pellets expanded from the center where the highest temperature was recorded and then expansion advanced in the whole volume. Maximum expansion was reached after 30 sec of heating, after which samples started to burn from the center. Samples simultaneously expanded and lost moisture, both processes being faster and more intense for pellets of higher initial aw. ...
Evaluation of gastrointestinal solubilization of petroleum hydrocarbon residues in soil using an in vitro physiologically based model.

Petroleum hydrocarbon residues in weathered soils may pose risks to humans through the ingestion pathway. To understand the factors controlling their gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, a newly developed experimental extraction protocol was used to model the GI solubility of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) residues in highly weathered soils from different sites. The GI solubility of TPH residues was significantly higher for soil contaminated with diesel than with crude oil. Compared to the solubility of TPH residues during fasted state, the solubility of TPH residues during fat digestion was much greater. Diesel solubility increased from an average of 8% during the “gallbladder empty” phase of fasting (and less than 0.2% during the other fasting phase) to an average of 16% during fat digestion. For crude oil, the solubility increased from an average of 1.2% during the gallbladder empty phase of fasting (and undetectable during the other fasting phase) to an average of 4.5% during fat digestion. Increasing...
FOOD steganography with olfactory white

Can one hide an averse food in a flavorful food so that the averse food is not perceptible? Here we take a statistical signal processing approach to show how to optimally design a food additive (either using pure flavor compounds or natural ingredients) to act as a steganographic key for this food steganography problem. We use a synthesis-based model of olfaction that has emerged in the psychology literature and the percept known as olfactory white acts as an intermediate signal in our approach. The problem decomposes into predictive analytics and prescriptive analytics components. In the predictive component, we learn a mapping from the space of physicochemical descriptors of flavor compounds to the space of perceptual odor descriptors through multivariate regression with nuclear norm regularization. In the prescriptive component, we find optimal mixtures of compounds or foods to make the averse food imperceptible in the flavorful food by posing and solving an inverse problem with non-negativity constraints. We demonstrate the proposed approach on real-world physicochemical and olfactory perception data for compounds in food.
Kindling of seizures with norharman, a β-carboline ligand of benzodiazepine receptors

Abstract Norharman (NH) a β-carboline which binds to the benzodiazepine receptor, was injected once daily (20 mg/kg i.p.) into Sprague Dawley rats. The repeated injection of the initially subconvulsive dose resulted in the progressive build up if epileptic seizures and eventually culminated in generalized clonic seizures. Kindled rats remained sensitized to the drug even after a 7 day rest period in which no drug was given. Kindling occurred in the presence of norharman concentrations sufficient to saturate benzodiazepine receptors in vivo. This new model of kindling may offer an opportunity to study the role of benzodiazepine receptors in epilepsy.
Beyond the qualitative–quantitative divide: How to proceed?

Abstract The author addresses three commentaries to his earlier article “On the possibility of contextual-quantitative inquiry.” In response to these commentaries, the author identifies some examples of contextual-quantitative inquiry in use, questions the necessity of a link between numeric data and Pythagoreanism, and argues that not all methodological possibilities can be entertained at once in coherent research. Finally, the author notes that this argument regarding numeric forms of inquiry in contextual-interpretive research attempts to avoid the extremes of uncritical methodological inclusiveness on the one hand and overly narrow methodological exclusiveness on the other.
Sex differences in learning and inhibition in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Few studies have addressed potential differences in the nature of cognitive impairment observed in males and females with ADHD. In Experiment 1, we examined sex differences in conditioned inhibitory behaviour in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR strain), a purported animal model of ADHD. Rats were presented with two types of trials during each of the 15 conditioning sessions. On some trials an auditory stimulus (a tone) was presented and followed immediately by delivery of food reward. On the remaining trials the tone was preceded by presentation of a visual stimulus and on those trials food was not delivered after the tone was presented. As training progressed, conditioned responding during presentation of the tone increased on reinforced trials and decreased during the non-reinforced trials, indicative of successful discrimination and inhibition. Overall, female SHR rats exhibited less conditioned overall food cup behaviour compared to male rats. Female SHR rats also required more training sessions until they responded significantly more during presentation of the tone on reinforced trials versus non-reinforced trials. In addition, the magnitude of the discrimination was smaller in female SHR rats compared to males. In contrast, no sex differences were observed in WKY rats (commonly-used control strain) in Experiment 2. Importantly, there were no significant sex differences in baseline activity or motivation during either experiment, indicating that performance differences could not account for the observed results. These results suggest that male and female SHR rats differ in their ability to form conditioned associations and inhibit behavioural responses and may provide a useful model for sex differences in cognitive dysfunction specific to ADHD.
An ontological basis for a modern theory of the composing process

The composing process is analogous to universal evolutionary processes in which an original, amorphous, undifferentiated whole gradually evolves into a more complex, differentiated whole. It repeats in microcosm the history of the evolution of consciousness. (This process is perhaps only an example of the larger language organizing behavior that has evolved in human beings.) The work of scholars in completely different fields reveals striking parallels that mirror these larger evolutionary processes.
Lithic breccia and ignimbrite erupted during the collapse of Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon

Abstract The climactic eruption of Mount Mazama (6845 y.B.P.) vented a total of ∼50 km3 of compositionally zoned rhyodacitic to basaltic magma from: (a) a single vent as a Plinian pumice fall deposit and the overlying Wineglass Welded Tuff, and (b) ring vents as ignimbrite and coignimbrite lithic breccia accompanying the collapse of Crater Lake caldera. New field and grain-size data for the ring-vent products are presented in this report. The coarse-grained, poorly bedded, clast-supported lithic breccia extends as far as 18 km from the caldera center. Like the associated ignimbrite, the breccia is compositionally zoned both radially and vertically, and silicic, mixed, and mafic types can be recognized, based on the proportion of rhyodacitic pumice. Matrix fractions in silicic breccias are depleted of fines and are lithic- and crystal-enriched relative to silicic ignimbrite due to vigorous gas sorting during emplacement. Ignimbrite occurs as a proximal veneer deposit overlying the breccia, a medial (∼ 8 to ∼ 25 km from the caldera center), compositionally zoned valley fill as much as > 110 m thick, and an unzoned distal (⪖ 20 km) facies which extends as far as 55 km from the caldera. Breccia within ∼ 9 km of the caldera center is interpreted as a coignimbrite lag breccia formed within the deflation zone of the collapsing ring-vent eruption columns. Expanded pyroclastic flows of the deflation zone were probably vertically graded in both size and concentration of blocks, as recently postulated for some turbidity currents. An inflection in the rate of falloff of lithic-clast size within the lithic breccia at ∼ 9 km may mark the outer edge of the deflation zone or may be an artifact of incomplete exposure. The onset of ring-vent activity at Mt. Mazama was accompanied by a marked increase in eruptive discharge. Pyroclastic flows were emplaced as a semicontinuous stream, as few ignimbrite flow-unit boundaries are evident. As eruption from the ring vents progressed, flow-runout distance and the extent of breccia deposition decreased due to (a) greater internal flow friction, and (b) decreasing eruption column heights. Effect (b) probably resulted from a progressive decrease in magmatic gas content and discharge rate. Waning discharge may have been promoted by the tapping of more viscous, crystal-rich magma, collapse of conduit walls, and declining caldera collapse rate.
Formation and Reaction of Interchain Carboxylic Anhydride Groups on Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold

This paper demonstrates a new method for the synthesis of mixed self-assembled monolayers (mixed SAMs) by reaction of a reactive intermediatean interchain carboxylic anhydridewith alkylamines. The interchain anhydride was prepared in high yield from a SAM of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (HS(CH2)15COOH) on gold by treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Alkylamines reacted cleanly with the interchain anhydride to generate a mixed SAM, which comprised a mixture of acids and amides in approximately 1:1 ratio on the surface. The SAMs of the interchain anhydride and the mixed SAM were characterized using polarized infrared external reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle, and ellipsometry. Control of the wettability of the SAMs was demonstrated by allowing the interchain anhydride to react with alkylamines having different alkyl groups; this model system gave wetting data consistent with earlier studies of mixed monolayers and verified the ability of this method to manipulat...
Far field modeling of the Mamala Bay outfalls

The results of far field modeling of the wastefield formed by the Sand Island, Honolulu, ocean outfall are presented. A far field model, FRFIELD, was coupled to a near field model, NRFIELD. The input data for the models were long time series of oceanographic observations over the whole water column including currents measured by Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers and density stratification measured by thermistor strings. Thousands of simulations were made to predict the statistical variation of wastefield properties around the diffuser. It was shown that the visitation frequency of the wastefield decreases rapidly with distance from the diffuser. The spatial variation of minimum and harmonic average dilutions was also predicted. Average dilution increases rapidly with distance. It is concluded that any impact of the discharge will be confined to a relatively small area around the diffuser and beach impacts are not likely to be significant.
Solubility and diffusivity of argon in vitreous silica

Abstract Saturation of vitreous silica fibers by argon gas has provided solubility and diffusivity data in good agreement with previous experimental and modeling studies. Over the temperature range of 525–675°C, the solubility of argon in vitreous silica can be given by S = (2.09 × 10 +21 atoms/(M 3 atm)) exp((+31.5 kJ/g atom)/ RT ). These data indicate that the density of intersitital solubility sites accesible to argon atoms is 1.1 × 10 26 m −3 , consistent with the log-normal model of interstitial site size distribution, a useful illustration of medium-range glass structure. Over the temperature range of 500–905°C, the diffusivity of argon in vitreous silica can be given by: D = (0.506 × 10 −8 m 2 /s) exp((−113 kJ/g atom)/ RT ).
The representation of space in mental models derived from text.

Mental models of text are representations of what the text is about (i.e., situations), rather than representations of the text itself. Many mental model theories propose that mental models, like real situations, are played out in a medium analogous to a Euclidean space so that distance has functional consequences. For example, when one mentally manipulates one element of the representation, one willnotice other elements that are spatially close to it, and this will enhance their short-term accessibility. In a test of this noticing hypothesis, participants read texts that described the object-by-object construction of a spatial layout. According to the text, a critical object ended up close to a target object (in the spatial layout) or far from the target object. In neither case, however, was the relation between the critical object and the target object explicitly described in the text. The noticing hypothesis predicts that the accessibility of the target object will be enhanced when the critical object is close to it. We tested this prediction in seven experiments in which we also manipulated the number of objects described, whether the description was accompanied by a diagram, the presentation modality of the description, the number of dimensions in the spatial layout, and the measurement of accessibility. We failed to find consistent support for the noticing hypothesis. The data compel the conclusions that (1) spatial representations can be formed when one is reading, (2) these representations do not support automatic noticing of implicit spatial relations, (3) it is likely that the spatial representation is more topological or functional than Euclidean.
The King Is Dead; Long Live the King: Narrative Therapy and Practicing What We Preach

Narrative therapy has been associated with the assumptions of postmodernism and social constructionism; both of which support the notion that there are no truths, just points of view. Thus, narrative therapists have sought to privilege the voices of their clients in the process of delivering them from the oppressive weight of dominant, cultural grand narratives. Have they been as willing and adept at respecting the voices of other professionals, and their colleagues within the narrative camp? This question is discussed in relation to the underlying assumptions that inform narrative practice. It is concluded that narrative has perhaps unwittingly fallen prey to the human tendency to reify metaphors and make gurus of leaders.
Chronic administration of typical, but not atypical neuroleptics induce persisting alterations in rest-activity cycles in rats.

Abstract The behavior of rats administered chronic neuroleptics was observed using an extremely sensitive, computerized device which detected any cage movements, thereby continuosly monitoring even very small levels of activity. In the first experiment, it was found that normal rats have a strong rest-activity rhythm with a cycle length of 60–70 min, whereas rats which have been chronically administered either haloperidol (HAL) or fluphenazine (FLU) decanoate for 20 months show a distinct lengthening of this cycle and that this effect persists long after cessation of drug injections. In a second experiment, it was further observed that these lengthened rest-activity cycles also occur when HAL is administered chronically either via osmotic minipumps or in the drinking water, but not following the chronic administration of two atypical neuroleptics (clozapine and raclopride). These findings suggest a useful new technique for the study of side-effects of neuroleptics in rats.
More on the quality of educational research: A response to Pressley and Harris

Pressley and Harris (1994) have raised questions about the quality of research in educational intervention studies. It is suggested that Pressley and Harris have defined the problem in an overly narrow manner. Data are presented to suggest that, in part, graduate training is one cause of the problem. Other causes include a lack of theory-based work in the area and ineffective publication standards and procedures. Remedies are suggested involving the preparation of graduate students, revisions in the research process, changes in the peer review process, and stronger standards for publication.
Significance levels for biological sequence comparison using non-linear similarity functions.

A class of non-linear similarity functionss1 has been proposed for comparing subalignments of biological sequences. The distribution of maximals1-similarities is well approximated by the extreme value distribution. The significance levels ofs1 are studied for a variety of nucleotide frequency distributions as well as for several matrices of amino acid substitution costs. Also, the significance levels ofs1 are explored for comparing three biological sequences. Several previously described subalignments of bovine proenkephalin and porcine prodynorphin are shown to be highly significant.
Influence of Frailty and Health Status on Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Revascularization

Background—Although older patients frequently undergo percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), frailty, comorbidity, and quality of life are seldom part of risk prediction approaches. We assessed their incremental prognostic value over and above the risk factors in the Mayo Clinic risk score. Methods and Results—Patients ≥65 years who underwent PCI were assessed for frailty (Fried criteria), comorbidity (Charlson index), and quality of life [SF-36]. Of the 628 discharged [median follow-up of 35.0 months (interquartile range, 22.7 to 42.9)], 78 died and 72 had a myocardial infarction (MI). Three-year mortality was 28% for frail patients, 6% for nonfrail patients. The respective 3-year rates of death or MI were 41% and 17%. After adjustment, frailty [hazard ratio (HR), 4.19 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.85, 9.51], physical component score of the SF-36 (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.02), and comorbidity, (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05, 1.16) were associated with mortality. Frailty was associated with mortality/M...
Alabama Gulf Coast groundwaters: 4He and 14C as groundwater-dating tools

Analyses of 4 He and 1 4 C in groundwaters from a Miocene quartz aquifer on the Alabama Gulf Coast show the usefulness of 4 He for dating these Holocene groundwaters. In this aquifer system of low alkalinities and low pHs, radiocarbon ages can be used without model correction. The groundwaters studied ranged from 42.3% to 95.5% modern carbon and yielded uncorrected ages of 375-6790 yr. Radiogenic 4 He ages ranged from >50-7500 yr.
Banking Time in Head Start: Early Efficacy of an Intervention Designed to Promote Supportive Teacher–Child Relationships

Research Findings: This exploratory study encompassed a collaboration to implement and evaluate the early efficacy of Banking Time, a dyadic intervention designed to promote supportive teacher–child relationships. Banking Time is a set of one-on-one meetings between a teacher and a child consisting of child-led play and teacher facilitation techniques. The study examined Banking Time effects in relation to changes in teacher-reported relationship quality, teacher-rated child behavioral outcomes, and observer-rated teacher–child interactions during two 6-week intervention periods. Children were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 study conditions: (a) intervention, (b) within-class control, or (c) wait-list control. The sample consisted of 29 Head Start teachers and 116 children. Teachers completed ratings at pre- and posttest. Teachers and children also participated in pre- and posttest videotaped semistructured interactions that were coded on 6 teacher, child, and dyadic ratings. Overall, there were modest effec...
RHEOLOGY OF VERY CONCENTRATED COAL SUSPENSIONS

Non-Newtonian viscosity curves of coal slurries were measured over a 3-5 decade shear rate range with a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer, for coal volume fractions up to 0.6 and particle sizes under 62 fim. Suspending media were Aroclor 1254 (a chlorinated biphenyl), glycerin, and glycerin with surfactant; these have densities very close to that of coal, so no settling occurred. Viscosity magnitudes generally exceeded predictions of correlations and theory established for spherical particles; explanations are sought in terms of particle aggregation, shape irregularity, and surface effects.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus: biological characteristics of virus from bovine carriers.

Isolates of FMDV from bovine carriers were compared with the original infecting viruses for changes in biological properties. Occasional marked differences existed between the original virus and succeeding isolates from the same animal. In 2 cattle which were carriers of type A virus and reinfected with type O virus, it was found that some isolates had the antigenic characteristics of both virus types.
Price—quality integration in warranty evaluation a preliminary test of alternative models of risk assessment☆

Abstract In two conceptual replications of Shimp and Bearden (1982), subjects reported ratings of perceived risk based on three dimensions of a new product introduction: warranty coverage, warrantor reputation, and price. In the first study, several two- stage integration rules, derived from Anderson's (1982) functional measurement methodology, were proposed to account for the findings. Contrary to past research suggesting the existence of subtractive price-quality trade-offs, a subject-by-subject analysis of the data suggests the existence of both subtractive and nonlinear integration rules. A second experiment tested a more specific single-stage risk model in a subject replication design. As expected, the second study provided statistical evidence confirming the graphical evidence of the first study. Together, these studies a) constitute a successful replication of Shimp and Bearden's (1982) work on warranties, and b) demonstrate that subtractive integration rules do not adequately explain risk reduction efforts in warranty assessments with new product innovations.
Bacterial infectious disease control by vaccine development.

There is a need to develop vaccines with the potential for global use against bacterial infectious diseases. These should be inexpensive to produce, stable in the absence of refrigeration, safe and efficacious, and able to be given orally or intranasally rather than by injection. Here, I will focus on efforts to develop live attenuated bacterial vaccines and the use of recombinant attenuated bacteria to induce protective immunity against heterologous bacterial pathogens. I will not discuss bacterial vaccine vectors expressing viral, parasite, or fungal antigens, since lack of posttranslational modification and improper folding generally lead to induction of immune responses that are not protective, although induction of cell-mediated immunity can often be protective. Also omitted will be a discussion of the use of attenuated bacterial vaccine vectors for the delivery of DNA vaccines, wherein problems of processing of viral, parasite, and fungal antigens in bacteria are rectified by the synthesis and modification of these antigens within the eukaryotic cell. Lastly, although I acknowledge their value, especially in the developed world, I will not dwell on progress in the development of subunit and conjugate vaccines. Studies of such vaccines, however, often provide valuable information on identification and characterization of protective antigens that can be expressed in live recombinant attenuated bacterial vaccines of the kind I consider below.
The use of ICTs in regional conflicts, war, and terrorism

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss how ICTs are used in regional conflicts, war and terrorism. It details some of the most common uses and provides some thoughts for researchers in the areaDesign/methodology/approach – Reviews the most common uses of ICTs in regional conflicts, war and terrorism.Findings – It gives examples of the role ICTs have in influencing public opinion and foreign policy and conducting military, terrorist, and aid operations.Originality/value – Provides insights for future researchers.
DNA Fingerprinting Reveals Female Preference for Male Parental Care in Savannah Sparrows

According to sexual selection theory, females choose mates to ensure access to high quality resources, male parental care, or good genes. This last hypothesis has been hotly debated on both theoretical and empirical grounds. In contrast, female preference for male parental care has received less attention, primarily because the potential benefits of paternal effort seem obvious. The fitness relations are less clear in double-brood species, however, because females can base mating decisions on their prior experience with male parental care. Here, the extent of male parental care delivered to first-brood offspring may indicate male genetic quality and/or be the target of female manipulation via her subsequent mating fidelity. In Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), multi-locus DNA fingerprinting of 203 adults and young revealed substantial female infidelity in first and second broods: overall, 24 of 80 first-brood young (30%) and 13 of 80 second-brood young (16.3%) were the product of extra-pair fertilizations. Among 12 females altering fidelity between broods, absolute male feeding rate to first-brood offspring was a strong, positive predictor of change in female fidelity. Because the extent of male parental care reflects a male's viability, the data support a 'good-genes' interpretation.
Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses

Abstract We have demonstrated the amplification and subsequent recompression of optical chirped pulses. A system which produces 1.06 μm laser pulses with pulse widths of 2 ps and energies at the millijoule level is presented.