cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intratropical migration of a Nearctic-Neotropical migratory songbird ( Catharus fuscescens ) in South America with implications for migration theory

Recent advances in tracking technology have revealed significant intratropical movement of Nearctic– Neotropical migratory songbirds during their non-breeding season. We report the movement of 25 veeries (Catharus fuscescens) over multiple seasons (2009–2013) through equatorial rain forests of South America. Veeries initially settled on the Brazilian Shield geological formation but undertook an intratropical migration to a second South American region in January, February or March. Consequently, our study is the first to track individual forest passerines to document an annual migration from the Brazilian Shield to the Guiana Shield and into lowland regions of Amazonia. The movement and settlement patterns showed no spatiotemporal relationships with Nearctic–Neotropical migration, remained in accordance with the flood pulse of the Amazon basin, and were spatially and temporally complex suggesting relatively ancient ancestral origins. The ability to isolate the migration event from Nearctic–Neotropical migration is an important contribution to the ongoing discourse regarding the evolution of trans-hemispheric migration in the genus Catharus.
Probing the Membrane Deformations Induced by Binding of Membrane Proteins: Alpha-Synuclein and CRAC

Using a combination of all-atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to interpret a range of x-ray scattering experiments, we aim to understand the role of membrane deformation in the action of the Parkinson's Disease protein, α-Synuclein. Our simulation results have led to the hypothesis that αS flattens curved membranes by screening the repulsive interactions between negatively charged, acidic headgroups, thereby reducing the effective area per headgroup and relieving the inherent positive curvature of the lipids on the outer leaflet of synaptic vesicles. We hope to address the question of whether αS influences a membrane's mechanical properties as a route to evaluating this hypothesis. Additionally, we aim to understand the role of αS in recruiting sub-domains of positively charged lipids. A second, smaller peptide (the CRAC motif from gp41) is also studied in an effort to build the computational tools necessary for matching the x-ray data that is used for calculating a membrane's material properties.
Spatial aspects of reproduction in buffalo sculpin, Enophrys hison

The spatial distribution and parental care of demersal egg masses of buffalo sculpin (Enophrys bison) were studied at 11 areas in Puget Sound, Washington, during 1972–1973. Adult buffalo sculpin inhabited rock and rock-sand habitats at depths from the intertidal to minus 20 m throughout the year, but 84% of all spawn clusters were found at depths between −1 m and +1 m within localized rocky areas. Areas used for spawning were exposed to strong tidal currents and other water movements. A single male fish guarded and fanned spawn, but eggs were temporarily deserted when less than about 1 m of water covered the spawning site. The cyclical nature of male desertion, behavior of spawn predators, and spawn mortality due to physical factors while emergent suggest several possible advantages to low intertidal spawning. These advantages include spatial and temporal escape from marine predators by embryos, time for the tending parent to forage, and optimal physical conditions for embryonic development.
Use of naloxone for reversal of life-threatening opioid toxicity in cancer-related pain

ObjectiveTo review the emergency-based approach to opioid toxicity reversal in cancer-related pain patients.Data sourceA MEDLINE and PubMed search was conducted (1966 to May 2014) using the terms o...
Employee Responses to Flexible Work Schedules: An Inter-Organization, Inter-System Comparison

An expost facto designed investigation compared employee affective and behavioral responses to four work schedules—a fixed-hour schedule and three variations of flexible working hours. Hypothesized systematic differences in employee responses reflecting increasing degrees of flexibility were not supported. However, employees generally responded more favorably to any of the flexible hour systems as contrasted with the fixed-hour work schedule.
Statin Therapy Accelerates Reendothelialization A Novel Effect Involving Mobilization and Incorporation of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells

Background— Primary and secondary prevention trials suggest that statins possess favorable effects independent of cholesterol reduction. We investigated whether statin therapy may also accelerate reendothelialization after carotid balloon injury. Methods and Results— Simvastatin treatment in 34 male Sprague-Dawley rats accelerated reendothelialization of the balloon-injured arterial segments (reendothelialized area at 2 weeks, 12.3±1.8 versus 5.4±1.1 mm2, P< 0.01) and resulted in a dose-dependent (0.2 or 1 mg/kg IP) significant reduction in neointimal thickening at 2, 3, and 4 weeks compared with saline-injected controls (n=18). To elucidate the mechanism, we investigated the contribution of bone marrow–derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by bone marrow transplantation from Tie2/lacZ mice to background mice or nude rats. X-gal staining of mouse carotid artery specimens revealed a 2.9-fold increase in the number of β-gal–positive cells per square millimeter appearing on the carotid artery luminal s...
Family Caregiving as a Service Niche for Agencies: Findings From a Study of Philanthropic Trends

Family elder caregiving is a relatively unsaturated and expanding service niche. The article reports on a national study of family elder caregiving initiatives that were funded by foundations between 1994 and 1999, and presents a sample of the diverse and innovative ways in which agencies have responded to the need of family members caring for older adult relatives. The authors suggest that there are many opportunities for family service agencies that wish to support family caregivers particularly since caregiving demands on families will continue to grow given our nation's burgeoning older population and funding appears encouraging now that caregiving is on the national agenda.
Surface States on Silicon and Germanium Surfaces

On silicon and germanium, steady-state and nonsteady-state $p$-type inversion layer conductance measurements can be understood in terms of two sets of surface states: one with a great density outside the oxide and the other with a smaller density at the semiconductor-semiconductor oxide interface. The interface states in silicon and germanium lie 0.455 and 0.138 ev, respectively, below the middle of the gap. There may also be interface states in the upper half of the gap; however, for their determination, measurement on $n$-type inversion layers would have to be made. The density of the interface states in silicon is about 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ states/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$; the density in germanium is one-tenth this value. Various mechanisms of charge transfer through the oxide film are considered and compared with experimental data.
High-concentration point-defect chemistry: Statistical-thermodynamic approach applied to nonstoichiometric cerium dioxides.

Many properties of crystalline solids are controlled by the presence of point defects. Traditionally the concentrations of these defects are calculated using mass action laws that describe the reactions among the defects and with the environment. This formulation, however, is not applicable in the high-defect-concentration regime because it is based on assumptions that are valid only at the limit of dilute defect concentration. In the present work a statistical thermodynamic approach is used to develop a defect chemistry formulation that has general applicability at all levels of defect concentrations. This is accomplished by deriving an expression for the virtual chemical potential of point defects from the Gibbs free energy that includes contributions from short-range and long-range Coulombic interactions, and from a configurational entropy that incorporates generalized exclusion effects. By balancing the chemical potentials of different species and the environment as required under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, one can derive equations that govern the concentrations of defects. At the limit of low defect concentration, the current approach is shown to be equivalent to that of the traditional theory. This formulation is demonstrated by working out an example in detail using undoped ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ as a model system. The concentrations of different species are calculated as functions of T and ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathrm{O}2}$ using a numerical routine based on the conjugate gradient algorithm. The oxygen deficiency \ensuremath{\delta} is obtained as the net concentrations of all oxygen vacancy containing species, and is found to be in good agreement with literature data. The effects of defect interactions and exclusions are discussed, and the thermodynamic activities of different species are calculated as functions of environmental parameters.
Party Structures and Democracy Michels, McKenzie, and Duverger Revisited via the Examples of the West German Green Party and the British Social Democratic Party

In recent years a number of new political parties have emerged in Western Europe with novel forms of intraparty organizations. This article addresses some of the questions raised by Michels, McKenzie, and Duverger about oligarchic tendencies and undemocratic features in party organization in light of the experience of two new parties. The data suggests that Michels's “iron law of oligarchy,” while superficially true, does not hold equally well across both cases. The organization of the West German Green Party, while not completely successful in avoiding oligarchic tendencies, does inhibit leadership domination of the membership and party activists. The British Social Democratic Party (SDP) exhibits strong oligarchic tendencies because the party was founded by a group of party notables who desired to avoid activist domination. In other words, the origins of the party—the intentions and policy goals of its founders—play an important role in shaping organizational structure. Oligarchy is not an inescapable o...
Benthic food web structure in the southeastern Chukchi Sea: an assessment using δ13C and δ15N analyses

The benthos of the southeastern Chukchi Sea shelf is typified by high faunal abundance and biomass resulting from settlement of a large proportion of seasonal phytoplankton under highly nutritious offshore Bering Shelf Anadyr Water (BSAW). In contrast, inshore Alaska Coastal Water (ACW) is much less productive. Yet the Chukchi Bight and Kotzebue Sound, located under ACW in the southeastern Chukchi Sea, contain a substantial faunal abundance and biomass of invertebrates, fishes and marine mammals. We examined food web structure to gain an understanding of how a relatively rich benthic fauna with a high biomass can be supported under ACW with a supposedly low flux of carbon to the benthos. We measured stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) values of selected organisms (from zooplankton to fishes) as markers of food sources and trophic position to compare fauna on the shelf under BSAW with that in the Chukchi Bight and Kotzebue Sound under ACW. Relative isotope position of organisms in all three regions was similar, even though some pelagic species within the Sound were depleted in δ13C compared to the other regions. We attribute the depletion to the influence of terrestrially derived carbon. We suggest that the hydrodynamics along an oceanic front between the Chukchi Shelf and the Chukchi Bight support the advection of nutrient-rich POC into the Bight and Sound as additional food sources to local production. We conclude that local conditions and multiple POC sources in the Bight and Sound support the substantial population of benthic invertebrates and the fishes, seabirds, and marine mammals that feed on them.
On the instability of mixed-strategy Nash equilibria

Abstract What behavior processes will lead to a Nash equilibrium of an N -person game? Two very general processes are examined. For finite games with finite-horizon generalized fictitious play, strict mixed-strategy Nash equilibria are shown to be unstable. For almost all finite games with discrete or continuous time generalized gradient processes, mixed-strategy Nash equilibria are shown to be unstable.
The Hague and Ottawa conventions: A model for future weapon ban regimes?

Just as the 19th century closed with the 1899 First International Peace Conference, held in The Hague, the Netherlands, calling for a ban on certain weapons, such as dum dum bullets and chemical gases, so is the 20th century coming to an end with the entering into force of the Ottawa Treaty banning antipersonnel landmines. What is remarkable about the two agreements is that they were created through similar processes: each lacked the support of many major state powers, each was negotiated by majority voting, and each was achieved in a very short time frame.
Physical determinants of left ventricular isovolumic pressure decline: model prediction with in vivo validation

The rapid decline in pressure during isovolumic relaxation (IVR) is traditionally fit algebraically via two empiric indexes: τ, the time constant of IVR, or τL, a logistic time constant. Although t...
Ionic crosslinking of ionomer polymer electrolyte membranes using barium cations

Abstract Acidic polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) based on sulfonated poly(ether ketone ketone) (SPEKK) with relatively moderate to high levels of sulfonation (ion-exchange capacity (IEC) > 1.7 meq/g) have excellent proton conductivities (∼0.1 S/cm), but they absorb excessive amounts of water at elevated temperatures (ca. 60–90 °C). To reduce the water sorption of the membranes and improve their mechanical properties and dimensional stability, the protons in acidic SPEKK membranes were partially exchanged with divalent barium cations to create ionic crosslinks between the sulfonate groups attached to the aromatic rings of the PEKK. The degree of crosslinking was varied by changing the degree of neutralization of the ionomer. The proton conductivity, water uptake, and methanol permeability at various levels of sulfonation and degree of crosslinking were measured. The conductivity was reduced by crosslinking, but the thermal stability, swelling, and barrier properties were improved. Crosslinking reduced the water swelling at room temperature by nearly a factor of two and prevented membrane dissolution at temperatures up to 80 °C. In a water/methanol mixture (72/28, v/v), swelling was reduced by a factor of four. The balance of transport and mechanical properties could be varied to produce a viable PEM for a direct methanol fuel cell by adjusting the crosslink density.
De‐Biasing the Reporting Bias in Social Media Analytics

User-generated contents (UGC) in social media such as online reviews are inherently incomplete since we do not capture the opinions of users who do not write a review. These silent users may be systematically different than those who speak up. Such differences can be driven by users’ differing sentiments toward their shopping experiences as well as their disposition to generate UGC. Overlooking silent users’ opinions can result in a reporting bias. We develop a method to model users’ UGC generating process and then rectify this bias through an inverse probability weighting (IPW) approach. In the context of users’ movie review activities at Blockbuster.com, our results show that the average probability for a customer to post a review is 0.06 when the customer is unsatisfied with a movie, 0.23 when indifferent, and 0.32 when satisfied. The distribution of user's reporting probability with positive experience first-order stochastically dominates the one with negative experience. Our approach provides a realistic solution for business managers to properly utilize incomplete UGC.
A role for the circadian clock protein Per1 in the regulation of aldosterone levels and renal Na retention

The circadian clock plays an important role in the regulation of physiological processes, including renal function and blood pressure. We have previously shown that the circadian protein period (Per)1 regulates the expression of multiple Na+ transport genes in the collecting duct, including the α-subunit of the renal epithelial Na+ channel. Consistent with this finding, Per1 knockout mice exhibit dramatically lower blood pressure than wild-type mice. We have also recently demonstrated the potential opposing actions of cryptochrome (Cry)2 on Per1 target genes. Recent work by others has demonstrated that Cry1/2 regulates aldosterone production through increased expression of the adrenal gland-specific rate-limiting enzyme 3β-dehydrogenase isomerase (3β-HSD). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that Per1 plays a role in the regulation of aldosterone levels and renal Na+ retention. Using RNA silencing and pharmacological blockade of Per1 nuclear entry in the NCI-H295R human adrenal cell line, we showed that Per1 regulates 3β-HSD expression in vitro. These results were confirmed in vivo: mice with reduced levels of Per1 had decreased levels of plasma aldosterone and decreased mRNA expression of 3β-HSD. We postulated that mice with reduced Per1 would have a renal Na+-retaining defect. Indeed, metabolic cage experiments demonstrated that Per1 heterozygotes excreted more urinary Na+ compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that Per1 regulates aldosterone levels and that Per1 plays an integral role in the regulation of Na+ retention.
A model for permeation of mixed gases and vapors in glassy polymers

A model is discussed which explains reported complex effects of feed composition and pressure on component permeabilities in high-pressure gas separators based on glassy polymer membranes. A special form of Fick's law which accounts for the fact that penetrants in glassy polymers sorb into and diffuse through two different molecular environments provides the basis for the analysis of gas mixture permeation. Potential deviations from the theory are discussed in terms of separable solubility-and mobility-related effects.
Silicon Dioxide-Encapsulated High-Voltage AlGaN/GaN HFETs for Power-Switching Applications

In this letter, new approach in achieving high breakdown voltages in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) by suppressing surface flashover using solid encapsulation material is presented. Surface flashover in III-Nitride-based HFETs limits the operating voltages at levels well below breakdown voltages of GaN. This premature gate-drain breakdown can be suppressed by immersing devices in high-dielectric-strength liquids (e.g., Fluorinert); however, such a technique is not practical. In this letter, AlGaN/GaN HFETs encapsulated with PECVD-deposited SiO2 films demonstrated breakdown voltage of 900 V, very similar to that of devices immersed in Fluorinert liquid. Simultaneously, low dynamic ON-resistance of 2.43 mOmega ldr cm2 has been achieved, making the developed AlGaN/GaN HFETs practical high-voltage high-power switches for power-electronics applications.
Embracing the dialectical tension in authenticity, morality and social justice

I've been working out a new theoretical perspective on the nature of interpersonal morality and social justice, one that also describes the nature of personal authenticit y. This perspective views these values as a dialectic of different voices, both internal and external. Since no one can know ahead of time who is “right” in any given discourse among these voices, morality (etc. ) is fundamentally about how we/the differe nt voices treat each other in coming to an agreement on what to do; morality (etc.) isn't about the actual content of these agreements. This perspective relies on an understanding of these voices as fundamentally cooperative, even in disagreement, and presents reasons to believe this. Breaking thus with the liberal tradition, this perspective sees separation among the voices, not their cooperation, as the phenomenon that needs to be understood and dealt with. The paper suggests ways to do this. If the barriers to cooperation are removed, morality (etc.) can be reconceived as an acceptance of the dialectical tension among the voices instead of, as at present, the specific norms held to arise from the dialogue. The paper concludes by showing the practical implications of thi s un derstanding for de aling with th e p roblem of violence, both official and criminal.
Shortening of the pectoralis muscle and meat tenderness of broiler chickens

Abstract The pectoralis muscles of broilers were either excised immediately after picking (hot-boned) or after 24 h of aging on the carcass. Gross muscle shortening along selected lengths, muscle area loss, and sarcomere shortening were calculated for the raw and cooked muscles of both treatments. Cooked meat tenderness was also evaluated at selected intramuscular locations. For hot-boned muscles, shortening after excision was about 10% along a shorter length confined and parallel to the region of clavicular origin, compared with 2% along a longer length parallel to the tendinous partition between the medial belly and lateral portion, and 16% when expressed as muscle area loss. After 24-h chill, hot-boned muscles had shortened 21% along the shorter length, 8% along the longer length, and 20% as area loss. After cooking, in the same comparison, the shortenings averaged 32% and 24%, and area loss 42%, respectively. The linear shortenings of the hot-boned muscles were related to area loss in an empirical model. Shear and texture values of the cooked meat indicated a difference due to location, which seemed consistent with the model of complex muscle shortening for this group. For muscles aged on the carcass, postchill (postexcision) and postcook shortenings, respectively, averaged 9 and 22% along the shorter length, 1 and 20% along the longer length, and 10 and 36% as area loss. Postcook decreases in sarcomere length averaged 6% for hot-boned muscles and 32% for those aged on the carcass.
A KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING APPROACH TO NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING

This paper describes the results of a preliminary study of a Knowledge Engineering approach to Natural Language Understanding. A computer system is being developed to handle the acquisition, representation, and use of linguistic knowledge. The computer system is rule-based and utilizes a semantic network for knowledge storage and representation. In order to facilitate the interaction between user and system, input of linguistic knowledge and computer responses are in natural language. Knowledge of various types can be entered and utilized: syntactic and semantic; assertions and rules. The inference tracing facility is also being developed as a part of the rule-based system with output in natural language. A detailed example is presented to illustrate the current capabilities and features of the system.
α-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase Protein Expression Is Associated with the Degree of Differentiation in Breast Cancer Using Quantitative Image Analysis

Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and is an important tissue biomarker in the prostate to distinguish normal glands from prostate cancer. Here, for the first time, we evaluated the expression of AMACR protein in normal breast, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinomas. By immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, AMACR was seen in cytoplasmic granules consistent with a mitochondrial and peroxisomal localization. AMACR expression was determined by immunohistochemistry on 160 invasive carcinomas with long follow-up, using a high-density tissue microarray, and evaluated by two methods: standard pathology review and quantitative image analysis. AMACR was overexpressed in 42 of 160 (26%) invasive carcinomas, and it was associated with a decrease in tumor differentiation, a feature of aggressive breast cancer. Quantitative analysis allowed for better discrimination and more accurate evaluation of low-intensity staining. In conclusion, AMACR protein is expressed in normal breast and its expression seems to increase in invasive carcinomas. We observed stronger AMACR protein expression in high-grade carcinomas when compared with low-grade ones. Quantitative image analysis is a novel way to accurately and reproducibly evaluate immunohistochemistry in breast tissue samples using high-density tissue microarrays.
Fracture Mechanics of Composites With Residual Thermal Stresses

The problem of calculating the energy release rate for crack growth in an arbitrary composite in the presence of residual stresses is considered. First, a general expression is given for arbitrary, mixed traction, and displacement boundary conditions. This general result is then applied to a series of specific problems including statistically homogeneous composites under traction or displacement boundary conditions, delamination of double cantilever beam specimens, and microcracking in the transverse plies of laminates. In many examples, the energy release rate in the presence of residual stresses can be reduced to finding the effect of damage on the effective mechanical properties of the composite. Because these effective properties can be evaluated by isothermal stress analysis, the effect of residual stresses on the energy release rate can be evaluated without recourse to any thermal elasticity stress analyses.
Layout and bias options for maximizing Vt1 in cascoded NMOS output buffers

Abstract In this paper we investigate layout and bias options for maximizing V t1 of the cascoded NMOSFET output buffer. Based on experimental data and device simulations we demonstrate: (1) how bipolar turn-on characteristics change with buffer layout, and (2) how V t1 may be significantly increased by applying bias to the upper NMOSFET gate. Example circuits which produce these preferential ESD bias conditions are shown.
Rated cognition in nursing home residents with multiple sclerosis: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses

Purpose. To examine cognitive change in nursing home residents with multiple sclerosis (MS) over the first year of a nursing home stay and to predict cognition functioning in these residents at admission and the 1-year annual assessment.Method. In the first part of this study, the cognitive functioning of nursing home residents with MS (n = 1890) and without MS (n = 22,985) were compared. In the second part, demographic and other variables were used to predict cognition at the admission and 1-year annual assessment for MS residents.Results. Nursing home residents with MS had better cognitive functioning than residents without MS at admission and 1 year later. Regression analyses demonstrated that higher education and pain predicted higher Minimum Data Set Cognition Scale (MDS-Cog) at admission and at 1 year later, but poorer activities of daily living predicted worse MDS-Cog at admission and 1 year later. For the longitudinal analysis, MDS-Cog at the admission assessment was an independent predictor of MD...
Planar Hollow-Core Waveguide Technology for Atomic Spectroscopy and Quantum Interference in Alkali Vapors

Atomic vapors of alkali metals are widely used to slow and stop light in tabletop experiments. In order to take advantage of the underlying quantum interference effects in future commercial devices, highly reactive alkali atoms must be incorporated into small volumes with integrated optical access. With integration in mind, we describe the development of a hollow-core waveguide technology based on the combination of vapor-filled hollow waveguides and conventional solid-core waveguides on a silicon chip. We discuss the underlying principles of the waveguide design, the development of different approaches to building on-chip vapor cells, the demonstration of linear and nonlinear rubidium spectroscopy on a chip, and the prospects for quantum interference effects such as slow light and giant Kerr nonlinearities using this approach. Ultrasmall active vapor volumes on the order of 100 picoliters with simultaneously high optical density in excess of two illustrate the potential of planar hollow-core waveguides for linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopy of atoms confined on a chip.
Evidence that sisterless-a and sisterless-b are two of several discrete "numerator elements" of the X/A sex determination signal in Drosophila that switch Sxl between two alternative stable expression states.

The primary signal for Drosophila sex determination is the number of X chromosomes relative to the number of sets of autosomes. The present report shows that the numerator of this X/A signal appears to be determined by the cumulative dose of a relatively limited number of discrete X-linked genetic elements, two of which are sisterless-a and sisterless-b. This discovery regarding the nature of the sex determination signal grew out of previous studies of both the likely X/A signal target (the feminizing switch gene, Sex-lethal) and two positive regulators of that target gene (sis-a and daughterless). Combinations of genetic perturbations in these three genes had been shown to have synergistic effects. A model proposed in part to account for these interactions generated a large variety of strong predictions for sex-specific synergistic interactions that would be diagnostic for X/A numerator elements and could distinguish them from other components of the sex determination system. All these predictions, as well as other predictions for X/A numerator elements, are shown here to be fulfilled. The most compelling observations involve sexually reciprocal viability effects of duplications of wild-type genes: combinations of sis-a(+), sis-b(+) and/or Sxl(+) duplications are lethal to males but rescue females from the otherwise lethal effects of changes in other components of the sex determination machinery. The many interactions described here illustrate an important principle that may seem counter-intuitive: perturbations of the sex determination signal for Drosophila generally will not appear to affect adult sexual phenotype. This principle follows from the fact that Sxl is involved in dosage compensation as well as sex determination, and from important aspects of the nature and timing of Sxl's regulation both by the X/A signal and by Sxl's own products (positive autoregulation). These factors mask potential effects on adult sexual differentiation by causing the premature death of cells and/or individuals. The fact that the vast array of results presented here conform to this principle is strong evidence in favor of a ``binary state'' model for Sxl regulation by the X/A signal. This model is favored over an alternative ``multiple state'' hypothesis that was proposed by others in a different study of the X/A signal. In that same study it was concluded that region 3E8-4F11 of the X chromosome contained especially potent X/A numerator elements. Here the behavior of sis genes is shown to differ from that of genes in region 3E8-4F11 in nearly every important respect. It now seems that this region cannot contain X/A numerator elements. Evidence presented here does indicate, however, that other X/A numerator elements besides sis-a and sis-b must exist. The nature of the interactions between genetic components of the sex determination machinery should make identification of these other elements relatively straightforward.
Designing Transboundary Conservation: Navigating Sovereignty and Ecosystem Scale in the Guiana Shield†

The aim of biodiversity conservation is the protection of flora and fauna. Within the borders of a given state, such protection is usually facilitated by national laws. In the last 50 years, international legal instruments have sought to recognize transboundary ecological degradation. Solutions need to address the globalization of ecological damage through a paradigm shift in the conceptualization of state sovereignty and biodiversity. The boundary conflicts between Venezuela/Guyana and Guyana/Suriname are examined here for a conceptualized transboundary conservation initiative termed the Guiana Shield Ecoregion Reserve (GSER). Public goods theory is applied to facilitate greater understanding of the value of ecosystem services, carbon sequestration, and similar outputs from ecosystems. The proposal for a GSER might serve as a model for other transboundary conflicts where biodiversity conservation and its implicit provisioning of public goods might be a uniting paradigm for action.
A second-law analysis of air-standard diesel-turbocharger-bottoming cycles

It is asserted that some of the mechanical engineering literature on power cycle analysis does not make sufficient use of the second law of thermodynamics. Advantages of second-law use are listed and then demonstrated through development by equations by which analysis of an air-standard diesel cycle can incorporate constant-pressure turbocharging and a Rankine bottoming cycle. Steps towards application to real machinery are also demonstrated. Four numerical examples are included.
The LNT model is the best we can do—today

The form of the dose-response curve for radiation-induced cancers, particularly at low doses, is the subject of an ongoing and spirited debate. The present review describes the current database and basis for establishing a low dose, linear no threshold (LNT) model. The requirement for a dose-response model to be used for risk assessment purposes is that it fits the great majority of data derived from epidemiological and experimental tumour studies. Such is the case for the LNT model as opposed to other nonlinear models. This view is supported by data developed for radiation-induced mutations and chromosome aberrations. Potential modifiers of low dose cellular responses to radiation (such as adaptive response, bystander effects and genomic instability) have not been shown to be associated with tumour development. Such modifiers tend to influence the slope of the dose-response curve for cellular responses at low doses and not the shape--thereby resulting in a quantitative modification rather than a qualitative one. Additional data pertinent to addressing the shape of the tumour dose-response relationship at low doses are needed.
Caustics Mapping: An Image-Space Technique for Real-Time Caustics

In this paper, we present a simple and practical technique for real-time rendering of caustics from reflective and refractive objects. Our algorithm, conceptually similar to shadow mapping, consists of two main parts: creation of a caustic map texture, and utilization of the map to render caustics onto nonshiny surfaces. Our approach avoids performing any expensive geometric tests, such as ray-object intersection, and involves no precomputation; both of which are common features in previous work. The algorithm is well suited for the standard rasterization pipeline and runs entirely on the graphics hardware
Optimizing memory bandwidth with ILP based memory exploration and assignment for low power embedded systems

In this paper, we describe a low power memory design procedure that optimizes memory bandwidth in VLSI sytems. We develop the procedures of loop transformation to optimize the memory cost for the required storage bandwidth. Next, we develop memory assignment based on ILP model that is derived from mapping graph (MG) such that we can find (i) the best memory configuration (minimum-area memory configuration if power is bound or minimum-power memory configuration if area is bound) and (ii) the power/area efficient array assignment to given memory library (the number of memory banks, the number of ports, and the total memory size).
INSTABILITY AFTER SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY

The key to management of instability when performing total shoulder arthroplasty is to recognise the potential for instability, and avoid the pitfalls which may lead to it post-operatively. Instability can result from incompetent capsular or rotator cuff soft tissue envelopes. It may also result from muscular imbalances, as well as incompetent bony architecture (severe posterior wear causing extreme retroversion, or anterior glenoid loss from fracture) extreme retroversion or improper placement or fixation of implants. Keys to providing a stable environment include performing careful soft tissue releases and providing muscular balance about the reconstructed arthroplasty; placement of implants in proper version; appropriate tensioning (height) and sizing (avoiding undersizing or overstuffing) of implants; recognizing incompetent rotator cuff substance or function and providing more stable, constrained implants (reverse total shoulder arthroplasty), when necessary. Keys to recognizing potential instability, tips and pearls for intra-operative and post-operative surgical management will be provided.
LIFETIME OCCUPATIONAL EXERCISE AND COLON CANCER

The authors used data on patients aged 30-79 years admitted to the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York, 1957-1965, to compare the amount of lifetime occupational physical activity for 210 white male patients with cancer of the colon and 276 white male patients with cancer of the rectum to the lifetime occupational physical exercise of 1,431 patients with nonneoplastic nondigestive diseases. The authors found that risk of cancer of the colon increased with increasing amount and proportion of time in jobs involving only sedentary or light work. This relationship was not found for rectal cancer. These findings corroborate those of Garabrant et al. (Am J Epidemiol 1984; 119:1005-14). The strength of the associations presented here and the dose-response relationship indicate that limited physical activity could be an important etiologic factor. More inquiries need to be undertaken to study exercise in relation to other factors, such as diet, in colon cancer risk.
Sharing the Load: An Exploratory Analysis of the Challenges Experienced by Parent Caregivers of Children With Disabilities

Millions of children in the United States are diagnosed with disabilities every year, and parents frequently encounter significant challenges when caring for their children with disabilities. Though advocates often focus on structural and policy remedies, parents’ informal networks can also serve an important function when helping parents manage their uncertainties. The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges that parents discuss with their informal network. Results for 40 conversations between a parent of a child with disabilities and a member of his/her informal network indicated that parents discussed the challenges of isolation, relationships, stigma, parenting, logistics, socialization, and transitioning to adulthood. These will be discussed in detail along with their implications for families including a child with disabilities.
Hennig's semaphoront concept and the use of ontogenetic stages in phylogenetic reconstruction

A new practice in systematics, “semaphoront” coding, treats developmental stages as terminals, and it derives from Hennig’s concept of the same name. Semaphoront coding has been implemented recently by Lamsdell and Selden (BMC Evol. Biol., 2013, 13:98) and Wolfe and Hegna (Cladistics, 2014, 30:366) in an effort to understand the relationships of fossil taxa of unknown developmental stage. We submit that this approach is antithetical to cladistic practice and constitutes a gross misunderstanding of Hennig’s original idea. Here we review the concept of the semaphoront and clarify the role of the semaphoront in phylogenetic systematics. We contend that treating ontogenetic stages as terminals both violates tenets of phylogenetic systematics and oversimplifies the complexity of developmental processes. We advocate Hennig’s alternative of including data from as many semaphoronts as possible, but implemented using the superior total evidence framework. Finally, we contend that the application of semaphoront coding to any palaeontological question requires invoking multiple, unjustified assumptions, and ultimately will not yield a possible phylogenetic solution. A total evidence approach can grapple with the placement of fossil developmental stages, if only imperfectly. © The Willi Hennig Society 2016.
Platelet vacuoles in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.

The case of a 53-year-old man with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7) was studied. At time of diagnosis, the platelet count was 980 × 109/L and abnormal platelet vacuoles were present. The vacuoles were periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive. Electron microscopic examination showed large aggregates of glycogen. Findings of qualitative platelet function studies were abnormal. The authors’ study and review of the literature indicates that thrombocytosis with large platelet vacuoles accompanying a blast cell population suggests a diagnosis of M7 and indicates the need for appropriate confirmatory studies.
The Novel ASIC2 Locus Is Associated with Severe Gingival Inflammation

An increasing body of evidence suggests a significant genetic regulation of inflammatory response mechanisms; however, little is known regarding the genetic determinants of severe gingival inflamma...
Impact on Frequency Modulation Stability of Sequence Valve Management Logic

This paper introduces composition of steam turbine valve management logic.Aiming at parameter setting of valve management system of some power plant,it analyzes its power order and power feedback order error and points out that there is an oversensitive area of its power feedback.On the basis of actual measurement parameters of the adjustment system,it introduces modeling simulation.The result shows existence of this area and input of primary frequency modulation may result in unstable load adjustment and forced power oscillation which requires periodic maintenance and rectification for valve management parameters in order to ensure linearity of power feedback and order.
Dynamic Network Models

The Dynamic Network Model (DNM) approach represents the physical model of dynamic systems in a network framework. The DNM approach has two main roots, namely, bond graph and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This method employs the concepts of effort and flow to create the building blocks of network structure. The proposed DNM approach can be used in different applications, such as direct simulation, system identification, and design control systems. Other applications include analyzing interacting systems and modeling linear and nonlinear systems. The main advantages of DNM method include obtaining approximated difference equations, revealing possible drawbacks of backpropagation algorithm, and respecting Occam's razor principle.
Core Assumptions and Values in Community Psychology: A Christian Reflection:

From the beginning, community psychologists made many of the assumptions behind their theories and methodologies explicit, openly articulating values at the core of their discipline. As a result, c...
Designing for Gesture and Tangible Interaction

Interactive technology is increasingly integrated with physical objects that do not have a traditional keyboard and mouse style of interaction, and many do not even have a display. These objects require new approaches to interaction design, referred to as post-WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer) or as embodied interaction design. This book provides an overview of the design opportunities and issues associated with two embodied interaction modalities that allow us to leave the traditional keyboard behind: tangible and gesture interaction. We explore the issues in designing for this new age of interaction by highlighting the significance and contexts for these modalities. We explore the design of tangible interaction with a reconceptualization of the traditional keyboard as a Tangible Keyboard, and the design of interactive three-dimensional (3D) models as Tangible Models. We explore the design of gesture interaction through the design of gesture-base commands for a walk-up-and-use information display, and through the design of a gesture-based dialogue for the willful marionette. We conclude with design principles for tangible and gesture interaction and a call for research on the cognitive effects of these modalities.
Pharmacological Reprogramming of Somatic Cells for Regenerative Medicine

ConspectusLost or damaged cells in tissues and organs can be replaced by transplanting therapeutically competent cells. This approach requires methods that effectively manipulate cellular identities and properties to generate sufficient numbers of desired cell types for transplantation. These cells can be generated by reprogramming readily available somatic cells, such as fibroblasts, into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can replicate indefinitely and give rise to any somatic cell type. This reprogramming can be achieved with genetic methods, such as forced expression of pluripotency-inducing transcription factors (TFs), which can be further improved, or even avoided, with pharmacological agents. We screened chemical libraries for such agents and identified small molecules that enhance TF-mediated pluripotency induction in somatic cells. We also developed cocktails of small molecules that can functionally replace combinations of TFs required to induce pluripotency in mouse and human somatic ...
Wearable Motion Sensing Devices and Algorithms for Precise Healthcare Diagnostics and Guidance

Activity monitoring is becoming increasingly important to enable preventative, diagnostic, and rehabilitative measures in health and wellness applications. While a variety of wearable inertial sensors can discern the behavior of healthy individuals (e.g. gross activity level, some degree of activity classification), outcomes of interest to physicians, such as gait quality or smoothness of reach demand either excessive manual intervention in data processing or detailed review of the data by an expert. This chapter begins by presenting wearable motion sensing devices and algorithms that enable large-scale networked and automated daily activity profiling specifically for healthcare diagnostics and guidance. Additionally, the urgent need for accurate activity monitoring in healthcare and the limitations of current platforms are discussed. This is followed by the second section, which provides an introduction into microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based wearable motion sensing devices including accelerometers and gyroscopes. Furthermore, the section provides a comparison between MEMS and conventional high precision vision-based motion sensor systems. In the third section, novel algorithms developed to classify a wide range of activities and track detailed body motions using inertial sensors are presented. This includes discussion of advanced machine learning algorithms and signal processing techniques that overcome drift and broadband noise to provide precise individual activity monitoring. In the fourth section, a wearable motion sensing system used in neurological clinical trials relying on a smart phone and ankle mounted wireless sensors is presented. A complete description of an end-to-end clinical trial including study protocol, sensor systems, data acquisition, data processing, and patient/clinician interaction is described as an example of the advancement the new generation of motion sensing systems provide to healthcare.
THE RADON-NIKODYM THEOREM FOR VECTOR MEASURES WITH VALUES IN THE DUALS OF SOME NUCLEAR SPACES

Abstract Let (ω, Σ,μ) be a fixed σ-finite positive measure space, where σ is a σ-field. Let E be a nuclear barreled space, and let F be a nuclear (F)-space, or a complete nuclear (DF)-space, or the sequential projective limit of nuclear (F)-spaces, or the sequential projective limit of complete nuclear (DF)-spaces. Let E′ and F′ be the respective topological duals. Let , and be vector measures with respect to any locally convex topologies on E′ and F consistent with the respective dualities (E,E′) and . Theorem 1: There exists a β -integrable function Theorem 2: There exists a β(F,F′)-integrable function Corollary: Every weakly integrable random Schwartz distribution has a unique (up to equivalence) conditional expectation relative to a given sub σ-field of Σ