cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The integration of visual stimuli in the rock lobster.

Abstract Single unit impulses were led off from rock lobster “optic” nerve and compared with those of the crayfish. It was found that the lobster possesses, besides type classes which resemble those of the crayfish, an extra class of movement fibers which react specifically, with little habituation, to approaching objects. In addition, the retina is represented by more fibers in each class than in the crayfish, the numbers still being small (about 24 for the whole retina, as against 14). These fibers have, as in the crayfish, overlapping visual fields and are symmetrical with regard to one or more of the four main eye axes. Rock lobster sustaining fibers differ from crayfish ones in (a) dark discharges, and (b) dependence of surround inhibition on distance. The other class of movement fibers resembles the jittery movement type of the crayfish. The conclusion is drawn that the number of fibers in any class and total number of classes present are correlated with the use the animal makes of visual clues.
Alterations in activity at auditory nuclei of the rat induced by exposure to microwave radiation: Autoradiographic evidence using [14C]2-deoxy-d-glucose

Autoradiographic maps of brain activity in rats exposed to pulsed or continuous-wave (CW) microwave radiation were made using [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose ([14C]2-DG). Special emphasis was given to measurements of activity in the auditory system because previous work had shown that pulsed microwave radiation can elicit auditory responses in man and other animals. In particular, one middle ear was ablated in nine rats to attenuate the transmission of air-borne sound to one cochlea. The resulting imbalance in auditory input for four animals not exposed to microwave radiation was reflected as a bilateral asymmetry of [14C]2-DG uptake at the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body. In contrast, a symmetrical pattern of uptake at these structures in an animal exposed to pulsed microwave radiation showed that this stimulus bypasses the middle ear in eliciting auditory responses. This result established the utility of the [14C]2-DG method for demonstrating a known effect of microwave radiation on brain activity. The results also revealed responses at auditory nuclei in 4 animals exposed to CW microwave radiation. These responses, which have not been observed with other methods, were evident at the power densities of 2.5 and 10 mW/sq. cm. To exclude the possibility that CW microwave radiation produced this result by direct action on brain tissue, additional data were obtained from two rats with one cochlea destroyed. In both animals, the uptake of [14C]2-DG at the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body was virtually identical to the uptake in animals not exposed to microwave radiation, i.e. greatest on the side of the brain contralateral to the intact cochlea. This finding, coupled with the finding of a bilateral symmetry of [14C]2-DG uptake in the auditory pathways of animals with one middle ear ablated, confirmed the hypothesis that auditory responses to CW microwave radiation originate within the cochlea. Effects on brain activity outside of the auditory system were not found in qualitative analyses of autoradiographs for the conditions of exposure to CW microwave radiation noted above or for exposure to pulsed microwave radiation at the average power density of 2.5 mW/sq. cm.
Self-trapped excitons in quartz

Abstract Triplet-state electronic excitations in quartz were studied using density functional theory (DFT). By using periodic boundary conditions, the lattice response and electronic structure relaxations can be determined in the bulk. Several self-trapped exciton (STE) states have been discovered, in addition to the oxygen-distorted state, which was originally predicted 10 years ago. One of these states is a silicon-distorted state that lies energetically close to the oxygen-distorted state. The results reveal that these two major STE states are likely responsible for two distinct luminescence bands. The luminescence energies for STE states of impurities and intrinsic defects were also determined.
Nonlinear time-series modeling of vole population fluctuations

A central goal of population ecology is to understand and predict fluctuations in population numbers. Until recently, much of the debate focused on the issue of population regulation by density-dependent factors. In this paper, I describe an approach to nonlinear modeling of time-series data that is designed to go beyond this question by investigating the possibility of complex population dynamics, characterized by lags in regulation and periodic or chaotic oscillations. The questions motivating this approach are: what are relative contributions of endogenousvs. exogenous components of dynamics? Is the irregular component in fluctuations entirely due to exogenous noise, or do nonlinearities contribute to it, too? I describe the philosophy and the technical details of the nonlinear modeling approach, and then apply it to a collection of time-series data on vole population fluctuations in northern Europe. The results suggest that population dynamics of European voles undergo a latitudinal shift from stability to chaos. Dynamics in northern Fennoscandia are characterized by positive Lyapunov exponent estimates, and a high degree of short-term (one year ahead) predictability, suggesting a strong endogenous component. In more southerly populations estimated Lyapunov exponents are negative, and there is no one-step ahead predictability, suggesting that fluctuations are driven by exogenous factors.
Ex utero electroporation and whole hemisphere explants: a simple experimental method for studies of early cortical development.

Cortical development involves complex interactions between neurons and non-neuronal elements including precursor cells, blood vessels, meninges and associated extracellular matrix. Because they provide a suitable organotypic environment, cortical slice explants are often used to investigate those interactions that control neuronal differentiation and development. Although beneficial, the slice explant model can suffer from drawbacks including aberrant cellular lamination and migration. Here we report a whole cerebral hemisphere explant system for studies of early cortical development that is easier to prepare than cortical slices and shows consistent organotypic migration and lamination. In this model system, early lamination and migration patterns proceed normally for a period of two days in vitro, including the period of preplate splitting, during which prospective cortical layer six forms. We then developed an ex utero electroporation (EUEP) approach that achieves ~80% success in targeting GFP expression to neurons developing in the dorsal medial cortex. The whole hemisphere explant model makes early cortical development accessible for electroporation, pharmacological intervention and live imaging approaches. This method avoids the survival surgery required of in utero electroporation (IUEP) approaches while improving both transfection and areal targeting consistency. This method will facilitate experimental studies of neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation.
Ca-enriched amorphous mineral deposits associated with the plasma membranes of chondrocytes and matrix vesicles of rat epiphyseal cartilage

Electron microscopic study of tibial epiphyseal plates of young growing rats revealed amorphous-appearing electron dense deposits 5-35 nm in diameter, associated with the plasma membranes of more than 43% of the proliferative zone chondrocytes. Hypertrophic zone chondrocytes, however, revealed no plasma membrane-associated amorphous-appearing deposits. The membrane-associated densities were observable in unstained sections of tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde alone and in tissues double-fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, and were extracted from ultrathin sections floated on neutral aqueous solutions of 4% ethyleneglycol bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for one-half hour. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the densities in scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) mode revealed the presence of Ca, suggesting that the membrane-associated amorphous-appearing deposits are Ca-enriched. Similar deposits were observed in the membrane of matrix vesicles present in the longitudinal cartilaginous septae in the hypertrophic zone. Four types of matrix vesicles were encountered in the longitudinal cartilaginous septae; one type with amorphous-appearing deposits, another with crystallites, a third type with both amorphous-appearing and crystalline-like deposits, and a fourth that is empty. These observations are interpreted to indicate that chondrocytes of the reserve and proliferative zones play a direct role in mineralization by elaborating amorphous mineral deposits along their plasma membranes. These deposits are incorporated into budding matrix vesicles, which then play a role in the initiation of mineralization by supporting the spontaneous phase transformation of amorphous-appearing mineral to crystalline mineral.
Inhibition of Mushroom Polyphenoloxidase by Ascorbic Acid Derivatives

Ascorbic acid (AA), dehydroascorbic acid (dehydroAA), isoascorbic acid (isoAA), ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AA-2- PO4), and ascorbic acid-2-sulfate (AA-2-SO4) were tested as inhibitors of mushroom polyphenoloxidase (PPO). Kinetic analysis indicated that AA and isoAA were more effective than dehydroAA. The half times (t1/2) that decreased 50% of PPO activity for AA, isoAA and dehydroAA were 2.5, 3.1, and 1.9 hr, respectively, and the concentrations that inhibited half of PPO activity were as follows: ascorbic acid, 0.04 mM, isoAA, 0.25 mM; and dehydroAA, 7.5 mM. Electron spin resonance studies demonstrated that the Cu2+ of PPO was reduced to Cu+ by AA. AA-2-PO4 and AA-2-SO4 were not inhibitors for PPO. However, the digestion of AA-2-PO4 with acid phosphatase yielded AA to inhibit PPO activity. AA-2-SO4 was found to be a poor substrate for sulfatase.
Analyzing websites for user-visible security design flaws

An increasing number of people rely on secure websites to carry out their daily business. A survey conducted by Pew Internet states 42% of all internet users bank online. Considering the types of secure transactions being conducted, businesses are rigorously testing their sites for security flaws. In spite of this testing, some design flaws still remain that prevent secure usage. In this paper, we examine the prevalence of user-visible security design flaws by looking at sites from 214 U.S. financial institutions. We specifically chose financial websites because of their high security requirements. We found a number of flaws that may lead users to make bad security decisions, even if they are knowledgeable about security and exhibit proper browser use consistent with the site's security policies. To our surprise, these design flaws were widespread. We found that 76% of the sites in our survey suffered from at least one design flaw. This indicates that these flaws are not widely understood, even by experts who are responsible for web security. Finally, we present our methodology for testing websites and discuss how it can help systematically discover user-visible security design flaws.
The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor of immune danger signals

The innate immune system senses danger signals via evolutionary conserved receptors. The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) family is a group of intracellular receptors that drive a wide variety of inflammatory responses. A number of the NLR family members can form inflammasomes, which are multiprotein complexes that can activate caspase-1 and ultimately lead to the processing and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-18 and IL-33. One of the best-studied members of the NLR family is NLRP3 for which a number of divergent activators have recently been described. These and other studies examining the NLRP3 inflammasome will be discussed in this review.
Influence of a Fungal-Enzyme in Corn and Milo Layer Rations

Abstract REVIEW OF LITERATURE Supplementation of poultry feeds with fungal-bacterial enzymes was reported early by Hastings (1946). His results with broilers showed a net gain of six ounces (170 grams) and a saving of 0.5 pounds (227 grams) of feed per pound (454 grams) of bird with enzyme added to high-fiber mash. Ely (1963) reported data involving more than 150,000 layers fed corn and milo rations in which fungal-bacterial enzymes improved post-peaking egg production 3 to 5 percent and reduced feed required per dozen eggs by 2.5 to 4 percent. Petersen and Sauter (1968) obtained variable results from two commercial enzymes when added to either a barley or corn and barley ration fed to laying hens. Egg production was higher in the enzyme-fed hens than in controls, but was significantly improved in only one of the three experiments. Hatch of fertile eggs was also significantly improved. Berg (1961) and Anderson et. . .
Aerosol reactor design: Effect of reactor geometry on powder production and vapor deposition

Abstract Production of Knudsen aerosols from gaseous precursors in the absence of coagulation is analyzed in reactors with laminar flow. Tubular, annular and parallel plates configurations are considered. Annular and parallel plate reactor geometries can produce more monodisperse aerosols than tubular reactors at the expense of lower yields. For equivalent conditions, these geometries give more vapor deposition and lower rates of particle formation than tubular reactors, a result of importance in chemical vapor deposition.
Tea beverage in chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American males with similar trends in many western countries. The existing treatment approaches and surgical intervention have not been able to effectively cope with this dreaded disease. For these reasons, it is necessary to intensify our efforts for a better understanding of the disease process and for the development of novel approaches for its prevention and treatment. Based on considerable evidence from in vivo and in vitro data and epidemiological studies, in recent years the beverage tea has gained considerable attention for reducing the risk of several cancers. Much of the cancer preventive effects of tea, especially green tea appear to be mediated by the polyphenols present therein. Geographical evidence suggests that the incidence and occurrence of PCa is lower in populations that consume tea regularly. This evidence suggests that tea polyphenols could be extrapolated to optimize their chemopreventive properties against PCa. PCa represents an excellent candidate disease for chemoprevention because it is typically diagnosed in men over 50 years of age and therefore, even a modest delay in neoplastic development achieved through pharmacological or nutritional intervention could result in a substantial reduction in the incidence of clinically detectable disease. In this review we address the issue of possible use of tea, especially green tea, for the prevention as well as treatment of PCa.
Dibaryon resonance production in pp scattering

Abstract The angular distributions of negative pions produced in proton-proton collisions in the energy range of one to four GeV bombarding energy is calculated assuming the production of a low energy dibaryon resonance between the Δ(1236) and a proton. Triangle amplitudes involving πop → π−Δ++ and π−p → π−p plus pion exchange, evaluated in the Yao-Barry approximation, dominate the Δ-exchange amplitude and produce differential cross sections comparable to those for pp → πd
Normalized protein catabolic rate versus serum albumin as a nutrition status marker in pediatric patients receiving hemodialysis.

Background Protein-energy malnutrition occurs commonly in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). Although serum albumin (sAlb) is recommended to monitor nutrition status in patients receiving HD, many processes unrelated to nutrition status can affect albumin concentrations. Methods We previously showed normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) to be superior to sAlb to reflect improvement in nutrition status in pediatric patients receiving maintenance HD after treatment with intradialytic parenteral nutrition for severe protein-energy malnutrition. We now compare nPCR and sAlb as nutrition status markers for pediatric patients on HD irrespective of current nutrition status. Results Forty-four patients comprising 840 months of HD provision were assessed. nPCR was higher for younger patients. Mean nPCR values were significantly lower for adolescent patients with persistent weight loss of at least 2% for at least 3 consecutive months versus patients without persistent weight loss (1.03 ± 0.29 g/kg/d vs. 1.15 ± 0.27 g/kg/d, P Conclusion We suggest that nPCR may be useful for monthly nutrition status in adolescent patients receiving maintenance HD and that adolescents with nPCR less than 1 g/kg/d may be at increased risk for subsequent weight loss.
Postglacial vegetational change and soil development in southeastern Labrador as inferred from pollen and chemical stratigraphy

Palynological and geochemical analyses of Holocene lake sediments are used to evaluate long-term interactions between vegetation and soils from four sites in southeastern Labrador, Canada. Changes ...
In vitro oxidation of MPTP by primate neural tissue: A potential model of MPTP neurotoxicity

Abstract The compound 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) produces a parkinsonian syndrome in humans and primates. We have previously found that metabolism of MPTP to a quaternary species is necessary for the expression of its neurotoxic effects. We now report that the metabolism of MPTP occurs in primate brain tissue in vitro , and present a model of MPTP neurotoxicity which incorporates our findings to date. Since the toxicity of MPTP is metabolism dependent, we propose that the in vitro metabolism of MPTP by brain tissue should provide a useful model for studying selected aspects of MPTP neurotoxicity.
Wettability and Surface Free Energy of Graphene Films

Graphene sheets were produced through chemical exfoliation of natural graphite flake and hydrazine conversion. Subsequently, graphene sheets were assembled into a thin film, and microscale liquid droplets were placed onto the film surface for measurement of wettability and contact angle. It is found that a graphene oxide sheet is hydrophilic and a graphene sheet is hydrophobic. Isolated graphene layers seem more difficult to wet in comparison to graphite, and low adhesion work was found in the graphene-liquid interface. Approximation of solid-liquid interfacial energy with the equation of state theory was applied to determine the graphene surface energy. The results indicate that surface energy of graphene and graphene oxide is 46.7 and 62.1 mJ/m2, respectively, while natural graphite flake shows a surface free energy of 54.8 mJ/m2 at room temperature. These results will provide valuable guidance for the design and manufacturing of graphene-based biomaterials, medical instruments, structural composites, electronics, and renewable energy devices.
Enhancing foreign language tutors – In search of the golden speaker

Abstract In the past, educators relied on classroom observation to determine the relevance of various pedagogical techniques. Automated language learning now allows us to examine pedagogical questions in a much more rigorous manner. We can use a computer-assisted language learning (CALL) system as a base, tracing all user responses and controlling the information given out. We have thus used the Fluency system [Proceedings of Speech Technology in Language and Learning, 1998, p. 77] to answer the question of what voice a language learner should imitate when working on pronunciation. In this article, we will examine whether there should be a choice of model speakers and what characteristics of a model's voice may be important to match when there is a choice.
Multi-Product Serial Cost Sharing: An Incompatibility with the Additivity Axiom☆

Previous literature has shown that the serial cost sharing rule is endowed with a variety of desirable incentive and equity features. By definition, applications of this mechanism are essentially constrained to single service facilities. We investigate difficulties that emerge when attempting to extend serial cost sharing to multi-product environments. In particular, we show that such an extension is incompatible with the additivity axiom.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D63, C71.
U.S. Health-care Reform: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

This short article provides an overview of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which was approved by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Barack Obama in March 2010, with an emphasis on provisions related to the expansion of health insurance. It highlights key provisions concerning coverage expansion, insurance market reforms, and the projected costs and financing of the legislation.
Transfusions in burn patients with/without comorbidities

Medical comorbidities such as renal, cardiac, and cerebrovascular disease are known risk factors for mortality in burn patients. Patients with large burns often require blood transfusions during excision and skin grafting. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in the transfusion requirements of burn patients with/without comorbidities. This was a retrospective review of burn patient data between March 1999 and May 2004. There were 1,615 admissions to the burn unit; comorbidity data was available on 1,490 patients. Of these, 383/1,490 (26%) had comorbid conditions upon admission: 85/383 (22%) were transfused; 52/85 (61%) also underwent skin grafting. Most patients (298/383) with comorbidities were not transfused; however, 108/298 (36%) were grafted. Transfused patients with comorbidities had a mean +/- SD age of 53 +/- 18 years old, a 19% +/- 22% TBSA burn, and a length of stay of 29 +/- 26 days compared with patients with comorbidities who did not require transfusion and were 48 +/- 19 years old, had 8 +/- 13% TBSA, and a length of stay of 8 +/- 8 days. Of patients with comorbidities, 31/54 (57%) were transfused in the <10% TBSA group and 26/44 (59%) in the 10 to 19% TBSA group. There was a 5-fold increase in mortality among the transfused patients with comorbidities compared with the nontransfused group. Patients with comorbidities were more likely to be transfused in the <20% TBSA patient group. The odds of receiving a transfusion were highest in patients with cardiac diseases, stroke, and other central nervous system and psychiatric disorders. Co-occurring conditions that increased the odds of receiving a transfusion were procedures and inhalation with burn injury.
INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS AS A CAUSE OF COMET TAILS

Presentation of a theory that gases in cometary comas will be ionized by the solar wind of ionized hydrogen embedded in a magnetic field
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of Ge4O4

Abstract The vibrational frequencies and corresponding normal mode assignments of the germanium monoxide tetramer (Ge4O4) in Td symmetry are examined theoretically using the Gaussian03 set of quantum chemistry codes and compared against available experimental data. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of two types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (Ge–O stretch and Ge–O–Ge bend) utilizing the Td symmetry of the molecule. The molecule possesses a cubane-like structure.
Comparative analysis of the high-frequency performance of Si/Si1−xGex heterojunction bipolar and Si bipolar transistors

Abstract This paper presents a model-based comparison of the high-frequency performance of Si/Si1−xGex heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and Si bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), in which the structural parameters were designed for maximum fT≈fmax. This model study shows: (1) the Si1−xGex HBT has a peak fT(=fmax) of 64 GHz, which represents a 16.4% improvement over the Si BJT; (2) emitter charging time has a sizable effect on high-frequency performance, even at current densities as high as 80 kA cm−2; (3) compositional grading of the SiGe base, as well as the profile of the base doping, strongly influence fTand fmax. A Gaussian grading profile is found to exhibit the highest peak fT=fmax; a 30% higher peak cutoff frequency is predicted over a uniform doping profile; (4) the dependence of high-frequency performance upon collector design represents a trade-off between fT, fmaxand BVCBO; and (5) by decreasing emitter or base doping levels, Si1−xGex HBTs with fT exceeding 100 GHz can be designed. Alternatively, fmax of 100 GHz may be achieved by increasing base doping and reducing extrinsic capacitances and resistances.
Sequential intercontinental suturing as the ultimate control for Pennsylvanian Ancestral Rocky Mountains deformation

The geotectonic setting of Pennsylvanian uplifts and associated basins of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains province has long been unclear because analogy of the deformed intracontinental domain with either arc or collisional orogens is not apt. Diachronous subsidence of Ancestral Rocky Mountains basins was coincident with sequential closure, from east to west, of the Ouachita suture to the southeast. This geotectonic relationship suggests that Ancestral Rocky Mountains deformation was induced by intracontinental stresses associated with continued subduction of westerly parts of Laurentia after more easterly parts had locked against Gondwana.
Phytoplankton Biomass and Composition in a River-Dominated Estuary During Two Summers of Contrasting River Discharge

Estuaries located in the northern Gulf of Mexico are expected to experience reduced river discharge due to increasing demand for freshwater and predicted periods of declining precipitation. Changes in freshwater and nutrient input might impact estuarine higher trophic level productivity through changes in phytoplankton quantity and quality. Phytoplankton biomass and composition were examined in Apalachicola Bay, Florida during two summers of contrasting river discharge. The 20 μm diatoms were an increasingly (20 to 70 %) larger component of phytoplankton biomass. Lower summer river discharges that lead to an areal contraction of lower (5–25 psu) salinity waters composed of higher phytoplankton biomass dominated by small ( 25 psu) salinity waters composed of relatively lower phytoplankton biomass and a higher percent contribution by >20 μm diatoms. A reduction in summer river discharge that leads to such a change in quantity and quality of estuarine phytoplankton available will result in a reduction in estuarine zooplankton productivity and possibly the productivity of higher trophic levels.
Output feedback adaptive command following for nonminimum phase uncertain dynamical systems

In this paper, we develop an output feedback adaptive control framework for continuous-time nonminimum phase multivariable systems for output stabilization and command following. The approach is based on a nonminimal state space realization that generates an expanded set of states using the filtered inputs and filtered outputs of the original system. Specifically, a direct adaptive controller for the nonminimal state space model is constructed using the expanded states of the nonminimal realization and is shown to be effective for multi-input, multi-output nonminimum phase systems with unstable dynamics. The adaptive controller does not require any model information except for an expanded compatibility condition involving the nonminimal model which is far less restrictive than standard matching conditions for model reference adaptive control involving the actual system dynamics. Two illustrative numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
A simple design for automation of the tungsten(VI) oxide technique for measurement of NH3 and HNO3

Abstract The tungstic acid technique for collection and analysis of NH 3 and HNO 3 concentrations in the ambient air has been automated in a simple and cost-effective design. The design allows complete separation of HNO 3 and NH 3 during detection. Unattended operation in field trials has been demonstrated, and a 3-day run sequence with hourly updates is shown.
P02-47 Catatonia in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders

Objective This paper reviews the presence of catatonia in neurodevelopmental disorders, with emphasis on autism spectrum disorders. Clinical presentations are reviewed, followed by catatonia treatment algorithms including lorazepam and ECT. Method A literature review of catatonia in autistic, developmentally disabled and neurologically impaired populations was conducted. This was combined with the author's experience with patients with autism as well as traumatic, infectious and congenital brain injuries, all of whom developed frank catatonia. Results Catatonia is a unique neurobiological syndrome with multiple psychiatric, neurological, medical and drug-related etiologies. Most commonly associated with bipolar affective illness, catatonia has also been found in 12-17% of patients with autism. Other neurodevelopmental disorders may similarly present with catatonia. Blueprints for treatment of catatonia include lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy. While current literature supports the appropriateness, safety and efficacy of ECT for catatonia in autistic and developmentally disabled populations, treatment barriers may persist. The following cases are presented: Pt 1: A 14 year-old female with encephalitis of unknown origin and profound catatonia. Cultural barriers prevented treatment. Pt 2: A 20 year-old male with high-functioning autism and catatonia characterized by alternating stupor and extreme psychomotor agitation with self-injury. Pt 3: A 15 year-old male with congenital agenesis of the cerebellum and vermis in frank catatonic stupor mistakenly attributed to his disability. Conclusion Catatonia is readily diagnosed in a variety of neurodevelopmental conditions including autism, and is eminently treatable with lorazepam and/or ECT in this population. Treatment barriers should be recognized and remedied.
Degradation of Swimwear Fabrics: Effects of Light, Sea Water and Chlorine:

Three knitted nylon/spandex swimwear fabrics dyed with acid dyes were subjected to xenon light, sea water, and chlorinated pool water. The effects of these treatments on color changes and tensile properties were compared. The three fabrics used in the study represented both light and dark colors. The greatest color change and the greatest loss in tensile strength was exhibited by the lightest colored fabric, while the darkest fabric exhibited the best colorfastness and retention of strength. Sea water and chlorinated pool water treatments were found to accelerate xenon light degradation of the fabrics.
Reassessing findings from the Fast Track study: problems of method and analysis

Objectives A 2010 article by the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group considers an important social and public policy problem: can early psychosocial intervention prevent delinquency? The article examines the effects of the Fast Track preventive intervention on youth arrests and self-reported delinquent behavior through age 19. The article reports that the intervention reduced court-recorded juvenile arrest activity as well as a range of other disparate effects.
Ovipositional response of tobacco budworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cuticular chemical isolates from green tobacco leaves.

Cuticular components from the green leaves of a typical flue-cured tobacco, NC 2326, were removed and sprayed onto the leaves of a tobacco budworm-resistant entry, TI 1112. Both the whole leaf wash (WLW) from NC 2326 and the methanol-water soluble (MWS) fraction of the NC 2326 WLW stimulated budworm oviposition onto the previously nonpreferred TI 1112 in cage bioassays and field experiments. The hexane soluble (HS) fraction of NC 2326 WLW did not significantly increase tobacco budworm egg laying. The major components in the NC 2326 MWS fraction were the α- and β-4, 8, 13-duvatriene-1, 3-diols. Hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, and wax esters were identified in the NC 2326 HS fraction.
Some results on the approach of a slowly-varyng gravity wave to a beach

Results from the theory of slowly-varying solutions of the non-linear shallow water equations (Varley et al. (1971)) are used to estimate maximum wave height amplifications on a beach of arbitrary ...
Fiber spinning from the nematic melt. I. Copolyester of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and p‐oxybenzoate

Les variables examinees sont le rapport longueur/diametre du capillaire, le rapport filage/etirage et la temperature de filage
Hospital provision of end-of-life services: who, what, and where?

BACKGROUND: Availability of options other than aggressive medical treatment for persons with life-limiting illnesses has provided hospitals an opportunity to adopt formalized end-of-life care services. OBJECTIVE: To describe hospital ownership types that have adopted formalized end-of-life services (who), the scope of end-of-life services offered (what), and the geographic location of service provision (where). RESEARCH DESIGN: Nationally representative cross-sectional data for 3,939 hospitals (80% of respondent hospitals) obtained from the American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals was used for the year 1998. MEASURES: A scale was developed to measure hospital provision of general end-of-life, pain management, or hospice services. A multivariate ordinary least-squares regression model was used to test the association of ownership as a predictor of end-of-life service provision, while controlling for internal (organizational) and external (market location and size) characteristics. RESULTS: Independent correlates of the number of end-of-life services provided include Catholic ownership, teaching status, number of staffed beds, and being located in a metropolitan statistical area or in New England. Forty-four percent of the sampled US hospitals provide none of the three end-of-life services included in this study. Another one third of hospitals provide only one of the three services. CONCLUSIONS: Given the attention paid by both the general public and health professionals to pain relief and providing appropriate care to dying persons, such services are slow to be institutionalized in the hospital setting. The authors' findings suggest strategies for research and policy.
PHYSICAL AGING IN SUPERCOOLED GLYCEROL : EVIDENCE FOR HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMICS?

Several recent experiments on glycerol and other supercooled liquids have suggested that dynamically heterogeneous domains in the liquid are responsible for the nonexponential structural relaxation dynamics observed near the glass transition. In addition, it appears that the exchange of domain types may occur much more slowly than intradomain relaxation, at least in some cases. By examining a simple model of a dynamically heterogeneous liquid, we show that these ultraslow domain-exchange dynamics should be apparent at long times in nonequilibrium, physical aging experiments where the distribution of domains is perturbed. We recently observed such an ultraslow tail in the physical aging dynamics of the Brillouin shift for supercooled glycerol, following a rapid quench to a temperature below the glass transition (Miller, R. S.; MacPhail, R. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1997, 106, 3393); here we describe physical aging experiments carried out at two additional final temperatures. Unfortunately, the precision in the new...
The role of succession in temporal cognition: is the time-order error a recency effect of memory?

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the presentation-order error that occurs in judgments of sequentially presented temporal intervals. The factors of interest were (1) the source of the errors, sensitivity versus bias, (2) the direction of the errors, and (3) the effect of varying the ISI separating the sequentially presented intervals. Subjects experienced two successively presented time intervals in the range of 1 to 4 sec or 10 to 13 sec on each trial, separated by ISIs of .5–6 sec, and were asked to reproduce either the first or the second interval. Results indicated a negative time-order error for all intervals, such that the intervals were consistently reproduced as longer when presented second rather than first. This time-order error was found to be due to the sensitivity of the processing system, and was interpreted in terms of the recency effect of memory. Presentation order was found to affect sensitivity, whereas ISI was shown to affect reliability of reproductions. ISI had no systematic effect on the size of the time-order error. Implications for time-order error theories and the general importance of the study of presentationorder effects are discussed.
Pheromones, binding proteins and receptor responses in rodents

Their well-developed chemical communication systems make rodents popular in research that aims to understand the connections between genes, hormones and behaviour. Structural identification of several pheromones in mice, rats and hamsters now makes it feasible to employ their synthetic analogues in probing olfactory neurons and in the study of various pheromone–protein interactions in intimate detail.
Limitations of challenge-response entity authentication

We consider two basic versions of the challenge-response authentication protocol, and exhibit both a method of attack and a simple modification preventing such attacks. We go on to consider three variants of the basic protocols and show that one of them is completely insecure.
BINARY ALLOYS IN THE STRONG-SCATTERING LIMIT : MOMENT ANALYSIS

A simple model Hamiltonian for electrons in a binary alloy is studied in the strongscattering limit by several direct numerical techniques. Information is obtained about such average properties of the infinite, three-dimensional system as band widths, band tails, and the remnants of critical point structure in the density of states. Anomalous structure in the density of states is observed near the center of the band, in a two-dimensional case. A possible explanation is given.
NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF PLASMA ION REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS AT A SHEATH-SURFACE INTERFACE

Abstract Particle and energy reflection coefficients at a plasma-facing surface are determined for hydrogen-isotope plasma ions which are incident on a carbon surface. Expressions are first fit to Monte Carlo calculations to obtain reflection coefficients which are functionally dependent on the energy and angle of incidence. These expressions are then integrated over the distribution function for plasma ions at the sheath-surface interface to obtain formulas for particle and energy reflection coefficients which functionally depend on the plasma temperature and the sheath potential.
Whence avidity? Hume's psychology and the origins of justice

Hume’s account of the roots of justice focuses on the need to secure possession against the corrosive effects of unrestrained avidity. The reasons for this focus lie deep in his understanding of human psychology, especially, the mimetic passions shaped by the principles of sympathy, social referencing, and reversal comparison. The need for esteem drives human beings to attach their pride to those things they think are especially valued by those whom they especially admire. Most predominant among these goods are riches and possessions. Intense competition for these scarce goods puts the material and psychological survival of all in jeopardy. Conventions of justice are needed to civilize and channel avidity, transforming it from open and deadly violence and secret envy and malice into productive and public emulation.
Decreased calcitriol requirement during pregnancy and lactation with a window of increased requirement immediately post partum.

Objective: To describe the changes in calcium and calcitriol requirements during pregnancy and lactation in a patient with hypoparathyroidism due to autosomal dominant hypocalcemia.Methods: We summarize the clinical presentation and treatment of the patient and review the pertinent literature.Results: Calcitriol requirements disappeared during pregnancy in a 34-year-old woman with autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism secondary to an activating mutation in the calcium-sensing receptor gene. Within hours after delivery, her serum calcium concentration dropped to 4.7 mg/dL (albumin, 3.2 g/dL), and she required intravenous calcium and reinstitution of calcitriol. When lactation began a few days later, her calcitriol requirement again disappeared. As has occasionally been described in the literature, this patient with hypoparathyroidism required no calcitriol during late pregnancy and lactation to maintain a normal serum calcium level.Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case documenting ...
Race and ethnicity in housing: Turnover in New York City, 1978–1987

This study examines the patterns and predictors of housing turnovers among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Puerto Ricans, and other Hispanics in New York City during 1978-1987 to assess whether access to housing is distributed differentially by race and ethnicity. The data are taken from the triennial New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey. After controlling for household preferences, purchasing power, and quality characteristics of the housing unit, multinomial logistic regression results show the most consistent and significant predictors of turnover to be geographic and market-sector attributes. The findings suggest the presence of structural constraints in the housing market which effectively channel racial/ethnic groups to separate neighborhoods. The overall results are reminiscent of early studies of neighborhood transition by Duncan and Duncan (1957) and Taeuber and Taeuber (1965), and show that little progress has been made toward achieving equality in housing or informal social contact between racial/ethnic groups.
Growth in family income inequality, 1970-1990: industrial restructuring and demographic change.

Industrial restructuring and changing population composition frequently have been treated as competing explanations of growing U.S. income inequality. Using the Gini coefficient, we employ a model of conditional change to explore the relative effects of each on changes of family income distribution between 1970 and 1990, across 784 metropolitan areas and public use microdata areas (PUMAs). Changes in both industrial structure and population characteristics are found to have significant and opposite effects on family income distribution, although there are sharp differences by decade in the dynamics that underlie increasing inequality. Our central conclusion is that it is too soon to eliminate deindustrialization as a significant cause of increased earnings inequality.
The Distribution and Research Value of Archaeological Mussel Shell: An Overview from Mississippi

AbstractArchaeological mussel shell rarely has been employed beyond paleodietary analysis in eastern North America, and most published work is site-specific in nature. Broad-scale syntheses of data on freshwater mussel shells are needed to realize the research potential of this common archaeological material. Such syntheses should also reveal gaps in our knowledge and perhaps illuminate reasons for why such gaps exist. In this paper, data on freshwater mussel shells from sites in Mississippi are gathered, and broad patterns in temporal and spatial distributions as well as site structure are discussed. The spatial data clearly suffer from survey, recovery, analytical and reporting biases, while data on temporal trends and site structure are lacking or are available at only gross levels. Given that shell data can be used in a number of research areas (e.g., biogeography, paleoenvironment, chemical sourcing, measurement of environmental disturbance), such unsystematic treatment of shell remains is unwarrante...
Screening for Chronic Conditions Using a Patient Internet Portal: Recruitment for an Internet-based Primary Care Intervention

Background Patient Internet portals have created new opportunities for assessment and management of chronic conditions.
18 Morphology, 16s rRNA gene sequences, and internally transcribed (ITS) regions: towards a meaningful systematic framework for the cyanobacteria

Cyanobacterial systematics is currently in a state replete with confusion. Many systematic frameworks have been proposed to varying degrees of success. Traditional designated clades (e.g., Chroococcales and Oscillatoriales) have been shown to be polyphyletic, and do not truly reflect evolutionary histories. Recently, however, research has identified some phylogenetically informative characters at the familial level based on morphological characters. The 16S rRNA gene sequence has been advocated as the gold standard for systematic assignment of members of this clade, although the utility of this gene at assigning higher level taxonomy and species level designations remains questionable. We propose a three pronged approach to cyanobacterial systematics. First, the use of thylakoid arrangement and type of cell division is useful at the familial level. Next, 16S rRNA gene sequence data can be used to assign generic placement and together with morphology is sufficient for recognition of separate species. Third, the secondary folding structure of the 16S-23S rRNA internally transcribed spacer region provides an excellent tool for species level assignments by providing recognizable autapomorphies. We have employed these characters in the analysis of 25 members of the Oscillatoriales, and obtained an excellent degree of resolution and stability in their systematic placement. Taken together, we feel this combined approach can lead to an accurate assessment of cyanobacterial phylogeny and taxonomy in the context of the autapomorphic phylogenetic species concept.
Elective Growth in the CoSi2/Si System by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

The codeposition of Co and Si by molecular beam epitaxy on Si substrates in a highly Si rich flux ratio results in the growth of epitaxial CoSi2 columns surrounded by high quality single crystal Si. The formation of such columnar layers is indicative of selectivity in the growth of CoSi2 and Si. The nature of this selectivity was explored by examining the effects of depositing Si, CoSi2 and Co respectively, on ‘template’ layers containing CoSi2 columns grown on (111) oriented Si substrates at 800°C. p]Increased selectivity was observed with increasing growth temperature in the range of 650 - 800°C. The overgrown Si and CoSi2 appear to grow preferentially on exposed Si and CoSi2 areas respectively, of the template layer. The selectivity could be reduced by either a decrease in the growth temperature or an increase in the Co:Si flux ratio. Surface diffusion of the growth species coupled with a high rate of bulk diffusion of Co in Si appears to promote the selective growth behavior, resulting in changes in the sub-surface dimensions of the CoSi2 columns in the template layer as well. The deposition of Co alone results in the growth of large islands of CoSi2, seeded on the exposed surfaces of CoSi2 columns in the template layer. These islands are probably a consequence of the formation, migration and coalescence of CoxSiy clusters on the substrate surface.
Macrostructural Analyses of Race, Ethnicity, and Violent Crime: Recent Lessons and New Directions for Research

In 1995, Sampson & Wilson assessed the state of knowledge on race and violence and set forth an approach for future research. We review macrostructural analyses of race, ethnicity, and violent crime since 1995 to evaluate progress in explaining inequality in criminal violence across racial and ethnic groups. Among the important advances are studies that attempt to gain insights from explicit comparisons of racially distinct but structurally similar communities, expansion of work beyond the black-white divide, and incorporation of macrostructural factors into multilevel models of racial/ethnic differences in violence. Yet, progress is limited in all these directions, and additional questions remain. Thus, we offer a perspective and suggestions for future research that will expand knowledge on this important topic.