cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transaction management mechanisms for active and real-time databases: a comprehensive protocol and a performance study

Abstract Active and real-time databases (ARTDB) have a variety of applications in electronic brokerages in financial markets, stock trading, network management and manufacturing process control. Transaction processing (TP) in ARTDB is extremely complicated since transactions may trigger other real-time transactions to an arbitrary depth with various types of dependencies (coupling modes). Therefore, transaction processing must be cognizant of not only the time deadlines but also the types of semantic dependencies with other transactions. The conflict resolution between two transactions cannot be considered in isolation since affecting one transaction may affect every other semantically dependent transaction. Similarly, transaction scheduling needs to be compatible with the concurrency control to avoid unnecessary restarts. In this paper we argue that transaction pre-analysis using the pre-declaration paradigm is an efficient mechanism to integrate the various issues of transaction processing such as concurrency control, scheduling, and semantic dependencies. The pre-analysis is possible since in many applications transactions repeat from a set of transaction classes, and the conflicts can be easily determined at a logical level by partitioning relations into mutually exclusive subset (e.g., by stock-id in financial applications). We develop a pre-analysis based transaction processing mechanism called OCCWB. OCCWB is an extended optimistic concurrency control protocol with blocking that combines the benefits of both optimistic and lock based protocols. Such an approach also has an implicit overload management mechanism required in many applications. OCCWB consists of four phases, namely, transaction pre-analysis, serialization ordering, priority adjustment and priority wait. Our protocol is validated using simulation and is shown to outperform existing protocols under various workload and parameter settings.
Hand Anatomy and Examination

The purpose of this chapter is to give a comprehensive review of hand anatomy and then to further apply that anatomy toward a functional examination. With that in mind, this chapter is divided into sections of anatomy, including subsections on arteries, nerves, muscles, nail, and skin as well as bony anatomy. In each of these sections, fine points on the examination of these structures will be included.
OXYGEN SENSING AND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF OXYGEN-RESPONSIVE GENES IN YEAST

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a facultative aerobe that responds to changes in oxygen availability (and carbon source) by initiating a biochemically complex program that ensures that energy demands are met under two different physiological states: aerobic growth, supported by oxidative and fermentative pathways, and anaerobic growth, supported solely by fermentative processes. This program includes the differential expression of a large number of genes, many of which are involved in the direct utilization of oxygen. Research over the past decade has defined many of the cis-sites and trans-acting factors that control the transcription of these oxygen-responsive genes. However, the manner in which oxygen is sensed and the subsequent steps involved in the transduction of this signal have not been precisely determined. Heme is known to play a pivotal role in the expression of these genes, acting as a positive modulator for the transcription of the aerobic genes and as a negative modulator for the transcription of the hypoxic genes. Consequently, cellular concentrations of heme, whose biosynthesis is oxygen-dependent, are thought to provide a gauge of oxygen availability and dictate which set of genes will be transcribed. But the precise role of heme in oxygen sensing and the transcriptional regulation of oxygen-responsive genes is presently unclear. Here, we provide an overview of the transcriptional regulation of oxygen-responsive genes, address the functional roles that heme and hemoproteins may play in this regulation, and discuss possible mechanisms of oxygen sensing in this simple eukaryotic organism.
Dietary and systemic phenylalanine utilization for mucosal and hepatic constitutive protein synthesis in pigs

The objective of this study was to quantify the utilization of dietary and systemic phenylalanine for mucosal and hepatic constitutive protein synthesis in piglets. Seven female piglets (7.6 kg) be...
Total ionizing dose effects on flash memories

This paper presents the results of measurements performed on two different flash memory types, NOR and NAND technologies. The data suggest that the degradation is influenced by the activation of integrated charge pump circuits. The NAND type device functionally failed at lower TID level than the NOR technology, even when the NOR device was used with the charge pump activated.
Differential expression of RANTES chemokine, TGF-β, and leukocyte phenotype in acute cellular rejection and quilty B lesions

Abstract Background Because of the complexity of the trabeculated endocardial surface and tangential histologic sectioning, the differentiation of acute cellular rejection (ACR) from Quilty B lesions (QB) in endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) is problematic. We hypothesized that the phenotype chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) expression of infiltrating cells and the pattern of expression of transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) may distinguish ACR from QB. In previous studies, the number of RANTES-positive cells and the expression of TGF-β correlated with the severity of rejection. Methods We used immunohistochemical techniques to stain sections of human EMBs with only QB ( n = 14) or with only ACR (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Grades 1A and 1B, n = 7; Grades 3A and 3B, n = 7) for B (CD20) and T-lymphocytes (CD3), macrophages (CD68), RANTES, and TGF-β expression. We graded the percentage of positive cells from 0 to 4 (1 = 1% to 25%; 2=26% to 50%; 3=51% to 75%, and 4=76% to 100%). Results When ACR was compared with QB, we found no difference in the proportion of myocardial B cells (0.9 ± 0.3 vs 1.1 ± 0.3, p = 0.17); however, we found a lesser proportion of T cells (1.8 ± 0.5 vs 2.8 ± 0.9, p p p = 0.03). In QB, many endocardial vessels stained for TGF-β (2.9 ± 1.6). Myocardial vessels and injured myocytes in both ACR and QB expressed TGF-β. Conclusions In ACR, although T-lymphocytes are numerous, more than 50% of infiltrating cells are macrophages and more than 50% express RANTES. In QB lesions, more than 50% of infiltrating cells are T-lymphocytes and less that 50% of leukocytes will express RANTES. B cells are present in both ACR and QB, but on average comprise only 25% of the cells present. Thus, a relatively simple immunohistochemical analysis of endomyocardial biopsies may be useful in distinguishing ACR from QB.
Crying wolf: Repeat responses to hurricane evacuation orders

This article examines the evacuation behavior of residents in two South Carolina communities, Hilton Head and Myrtle Beach, during the 1996 hurricane season. Two hurricanes that approached South Carolina but hit in North Carolina allowed us to study the impact of repeated “false alarms”; (evacuations ordered based on expectations of a hurricane landfall that proved to be wrong). Differences in evacuation behavior, specific information and concerns prompting evacuation, and the reliability of information sources between hurricane events are examined to determine the impact of false alarms on the credibility of warning systems. Data were derived from a face‐to‐face survey of residents 2 weeks after Hurricane Fran in September 1996. We found that the role of official advisories was more limited than reported in previous research as people sought information on more diverse sets of concerns in their decision making. Reliance on the media and the Weather Channel, in particular, for storm characteristics and ad...
Free fatty acids induce ER stress and block antiviral activity of interferon alpha against hepatitis C virus in cell culture

Hepatic steatosis is recognized as a major risk factor for liver disease progression and impaired response to interferon based therapy in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. The mechanism of response to interferon-alpha (IFN-α) therapy under the condition of hepatic steatosis is unexplored. We investigated the effect of hepatocellular steatosis on hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and IFN-α antiviral response in a cell culture model. Sub-genomic replicon (S3-GFP) and HCV infected Huh-7.5 cells were cultured with a mixture of saturated (palmitate) and unsaturated (oleate) long-chain free fatty acids (FFA). Intracytoplasmic fat accumulation in these cells was visualized by Nile red staining and electron microscopy then quantified by microfluorometry. The effect of FFA treatment on HCV replication and IFN-α antiviral response was measured by flow cytometric analysis, Renilla luciferase activity, and real-time RT-PCR. FFA treatment induced dose dependent hepatocellular steatosis and lipid droplet accumulation in the HCV replicon cells was confirmed by Nile red staining, microfluorometry, and by electron microscopy. Intracellular fat accumulation supports replication more in the persistently HCV infected culture than in the sub-genomic replicon (S3-GFP) cell line. FFA treatment also partially blocked IFN-α response and viral clearance by reducing the phosphorylation of Stat1 and Stat2 dependent IFN-β promoter activation. We show that FFA treatment induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and down regulates the IFNAR1 chain of the type I IFN receptor leading to defective Jak-Stat signaling and impaired antiviral response. These results suggest that intracellular fat accumulation in HCV cell culture induces ER stress, defective Jak-Stat signaling, and attenuates the antiviral response, thus providing an explanation to the clinical observation regarding how hepatocellular steatosis influences IFN-α response in CHC.
Assured information sharing between trustworthy, semi-trustworthy and untrustworthy coalition partners

There is a critical need for organizations to share data within and across infospheres and form coalitions so that analysts could examine the data, mine the data, and make effective decisions. Each organization could share information within its infosphere. An infosphere may consist of the data, applications and services that are needed for its operation. Organizations may share data with one another across what is called a global infosphere that spans multiple infospheres. It is critical that the war fighters get timely information. Furthermore, secure data and information sharing is an important requirement. The challenge is for data processing techniques to meet timing constraints and at the same time ensure that security is maintained.Our research addresses assured information sharing across multiple levels of trust. For trustworthy partners we shared information based on policies. For semi-trustworthy partners we play games to extract as much information as possible from them. For untrustworthy partners we not only defend ourselves, but we also conduct offensive operations. In particular we have developed novel data mining techniques for defensive and offensive operations. This presentation will describe our research results on handling each type of partner.
Melanopsin is highly resistant to light and chemical bleaching in vivo.

Melanopsin is the photopigment of mammalian intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, where it contributes to light entrainment of circadian rhythms, and to the pupillary light response. Previous work has shown that the melanopsin photocycle is independent of that used by rhodopsin (Tu, D. C., Owens, L. A., Anderson, L., Golczak, M., Doyle, S. E., McCall, M., Menaker, M., Palczewski, K., and Van Gelder, R. N. (2006) Inner retinal photoreception independent of the visual retinoid cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 10426–10431). Here we determined the ability of apo-melanopsin, formed by ex vivo UV light bleaching, to use selected chromophores. We found that 9-cis-retinal, but not all-trans-retinal or 9-cis-retinol, is able to restore light-dependent ipRGC activity after bleaching. Melanopsin was highly resistant to both visible-spectrum photic bleaching and chemical bleaching with hydroxylamine under conditions that fully bleach rod and cone photoreceptor cells. These results suggest that the melanopsin photocycle can function independently of both rod and cone photocycles, and that apo-melanopsin has a strong preference for binding cis-retinal to generate functional pigment. The data support a model in which retinal is continuously covalently bound to melanopsin and may function through a reversible, bistable mechanism.
The Vegetable Quality and Safety Traceability Model Research in China

Establishment of the mature vegetable products safety traceability system to ensure the quality and safety of vegetable products is conducive to the relevant departments to supervise the vegetable products safety, improve production enterprises operating integrity, enhance consumer confidence and loyalty, promote the process of China's Three rural construction, and expand overseas markets. This article based on analysis of influencing factors of product quality and safety constraints of vegetables, and puts forward vegetable quality and safety traceability mode. Starting from the vegetables production processes, vegetable agriculture & supermarket interfacing traceability model, vegetables agriculture & wholesale interfacing and traceability model and vegetables spending traceability subsystem was analyzed from the critical control points of view.
Scaling studies of GaAs FETs using a novel technique for simulation of non-stationary transport

An application of the Rees basis function technique to study nonstationary transport effects in self-aligned GaAs MESFETs as used in microwave control applications is described. The principle behind Rees' method and its numerical implementation are briefly discussed. A simple conducting state model for the FET is used to generate I-V characteristics using the stationary PISCES program. An argument is then presented to modify this information using a nonstationary simulation technique. Useful scaling information may be extracted from the resulting I-V curves. >
Quantitative Serum Amiodarone Determination by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A HPLC method was developed for the separation and quantitation of Amiodarone from serum. Comparison of C18-reverse phase and Si-normal phase chromatography is given. The analysis requires 1 ml serum and is linear to 5000 ng Amiodarone/m1 serum. The preferred C18-reverse phase analysis is a simple, rapid and reliable method for the quantitation of Amiodarone.
Career indecision: Three factors from decision theory

Three factors of indecision are derived from decision theory: beinginsufficiently informed about the alternatives, valuation problems, and uncertainty about the outcomes. The three factors are studied in high school students career decision process of choosingfurther studies. Usingfactor analysis, we found empirical evidence for a differentiation between the three theoretical sources of career indecision: an information factor, a valuation factor, and an outcomes factor, but only the valuation factor and the outcomes factor seem to associate empirically with career indecision. The importance of both factors for career indecision was further supported by their intermediate role between general indecisiveness and career indecision. 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Robust self-assembly of graphs

Self-assembly is a process in which small building blocks interact autonomously to form larger structures. A recently studied model of self-assembly is the Accretive Graph Assembly Model whereby an edge-weighted graph is assembled one vertex at a time starting from a designated seed vertex. The weight of an edge specifies the magnitude of attraction (positive weight) or repulsion (negative weight) between adjacent vertices. It is feasible to add a vertex to the assembly if the total attraction minus repulsion of the already built neighbors exceeds a certain threshold, called the assembly temperature. This model naturally generalizes the extensively studied Tile Assembly Model. A natural question in graph self-assembly is to determine whether or not there exists a sequence of feasible vertex additions to realize the entire graph. However, even when it is feasible to realize the assembly, not much can be inferred about its likelihood of realization in practice due to the uncontrolled nature of the self-assembly process. Motivated by this, we introduce the robust self-assembly problem where the goal is to determine if every possible sequence of feasible vertex additions leads to the completion of the assembly. We show that the robust self-assembly problem is co-NP---complete even on planar graphs with two distinct edge weights. We then examine the tractability of the robust self-assembly problem on a natural subclass of planar graphs, namely grid graphs. We identify structural conditions that determine whether or not a grid graph can be robustly self-assembled, and give poly-time algorithms to determine this for several interesting cases of the problem. Finally, we also show that the problem of counting the number of feasible orderings that lead to the completion of an assembly is #P-complete.
RFID as an Enabler of Improved Manufacturing Performance

The use of radio frequency identification (RFID) versus bar coding has been debated with little quantitative research about how to best use RFID's capabilities and when RFID is more advantageous. This article responds to that need by qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing how RFID facilitates increased traceability and control in manufacturing, which in turn enables the use of more lot splitting and smaller lot sizes. We develop insights about operating policies (RFID vs. bar-code tracking mechanisms, extent of lot splitting, and dispatching rules) and an operating condition (setup to processing time ratio) that affect the mean flow time and proportion of jobs tardy in a job shop. A simulation model is used to control factors in the experimental design and the output is evaluated using analysis of variance. The results show the following: (i) performance worsens when bar coding is used with extensive lot splitting, (ii) process changes such as extensive lot splitting may be required to justify RFID use instead of bar coding, (iii) the earliest operation due date dispatching rule offers an attractive alternative to other rules studied in previous lot splitting research, and (iv) the performance improvements with RFID and increased lot splitting are larger when the setup to processing time ratio is smaller. In a broader context, we fill a research void by quantitatively showing how RFID can be used as an advanced manufacturing technology that enables more factory automation and better performance along several dimensions. The article concludes by summarizing the results and identifying ideas for future research.
Lead in the western North Atlantic Ocean: Completed response to leaded gasoline phaseout

A 16-year time series of lead concentrations in the western North Atlantic Ocean shows that lead concentrations decreased markedly during the 1980s but that the decline slowed in the 1990s. The decrease during the 1980s can be attributed to the phasing out of leaded gasoline in the United States. Lead concentration levels of the 1990s may be supported by emissions from high temperature industrial activities in the USA rather than by residual leaded gasoline emissions. Lead concentrations in the thermocline above -700 m depth have continued to decrease over this time period. Further decreases in surface water Pb concentrations may be minimal in coming decades, but continued propagation and evolution of the lead distribution in deener waters should be expected. Copyright 0 1997 Elsevier
How to prescribe Tai chi therapy.

Exercise has been shown to positively influence quality of life for people with a wide variety of medical illnesses. Tai chi, a slow and graceful form of exercise and meditation, has been offered as the ideal exercise for diverse conditions such as chronic heart failure and for breast cancer survivors. In one recent study, tai chi was found to improve exercise capacity, sleep stability, and quality of life in heart failure patients. Another study focusing on breast cancer survivors revealed tai chi to be superior to psychosocial support in increasing aerobic capacity, muscular strength, flexibility, and quality of life. Primary care providers can play a vital role in encouraging their patients with chronic illnesses to participate in safe forms of exercise such as tai chi in order to improve their healing experience, physical function, and overall quality of life.
Marcus model of spontaneous point mutation in DNA

Abstract The theoretical model of Lowdin’s mechanism of spontaneous mutation based on 2D Marcus theory of DPT has been proposed in this work. The equation for the kinetics of DPT during DNA replication has been established, and the expression for the probability of spontaneous mutation has been received. The probability of spontaneous mutation formation has been estimated for tautomeric G∗–C∗ complexes, which is in the range of experimental results. The probability of spontaneous mutation as a function of temperature, replication rate, and solvent effect has been discussed. It increases with temperature and decreases with replication rate. The solvent and pH effects on the probability of spontaneous mutation can also be discussed within the framework of the model.
Insulin and Glucagon

Energy homeostasis requires the integration of nutrient fluxes via appropriate enzymes, the activity of which is modulated by substrates and hormones. Insulin and glucagon, which are produced by, respectively, the β- and α-cells of the pancreas, occupy a key role in this energy homeostasis.
Abstract WP197: Race (Black-White) and Sex Divergences in the Relationship of Childhood Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Arterial Stiffness in Adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Arterial stiffness is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases including stroke. It has been established that childhood cardiovascular (CV) risk factors are predictive of adulthood arterial stiffness as measured by pulse wave velocity. Limited information is available on this relationship such as race- and sex-specific differential effects. This aspect was examined in a black-white, longitudinal cohort of 786 adults (28% blacks, 42% men) aged 23-44 years who were examined as both children (age<18 years) and adults (age≥18 years) for traditional CV risk factors with an average follow-up period of 24.2 years. Multiple childhood measurements were averaged and standardized to age-specific z-scores. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measured by an automatic oscillometric technique was used as an index of arterial stiffness in adults. Systolic blood pressure in childhood was predictive of baPWA in adults (P=0.002) in the total cohort. However, nominally significant (P<0.05) childhood predic...
Calponin isoforms CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3: Regulators for actin cytoskeleton functions in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells

Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and many types of non-muscle cells. Three homologous genes, CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3, encoding calponin isoforms 1, 2, and 3, respectively, are present in vertebrate species. All three calponin isoforms are actin-binding proteins with functions in inhibiting actin-activated myosin ATPase and stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton, while each isoform executes different physiological roles based on their cell type-specific expressions. Calponin 1 is specifically expressed in smooth muscle cells and plays a role in fine-tuning smooth muscle contractility. Calponin 2 is expressed in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells and regulates multiple actin cytoskeleton-based functions. Calponin 3 participates in actin cytoskeleton-based activities in embryonic development and myogenesis. Phosphorylation has been extensively studied for the regulation of calponin functions. Cytoskeleton tension regulates the transcription of CNN2 gene and the degradation of calponin 2 protein. This review summarizes our knowledge learned from studies over the past three decades, focusing on the evolutionary lineage of calponin isoform genes, their tissue- and cell type-specific expressions, structure-function relationships, and mechanoregulation.
RGC-5 Cells

Our laboratory previously reported the generation of a retinal ganglion cell 5 (RGC-5) cell line with phenotypic expression of many retinal ganglion cell markers.1 The RGC-5 cell line has been widely used since then, reproducing several of the original findings and their retinal ganglion cell phenotype.2–8 ISI Web of knowledge gives 260 references by using “RGC-5” as a search word under topic. However, last month the first author of the original study1 published a report9 that, along with previous studies,10,11 stated that the RGC-5 line is the same as 661W, a cell line believed to be of cone photoreceptor origin.12 As the two cell types are very different by molecular phenotyping, it is difficult to reconcile this discrepancy. In fact, the same group who published this recent report9 previously used RGC-5 cells for other studies, confirming their retinal ganglion cell origin (Dauphin et al. IOVS 2003;44:ARVO E-Abstract 2249; Krishnamoorthy et al. IOVS 2005;46:ARVO E-Astract 2215; and Refs. 13 and 14). Furthermore, the originator of 661W cells and many others used RGC-5 cells in several published studies15–18 and reported different phenotypic properties between RGC-5 and 661W cell types. So, what is the true phenotype of 661W cells? Interestingly, the two coauthors of Krishnamoorthy et al.9 published a paper on sigma-1 receptor (sigma-1r) in purified retinal ganglion cells,19 in which they corroborated their coimmunoprecipitation data of sigma-1r with L-type volted gated calcium channels in purified RGCs with that of RGC-513 and suggested, “Our co-localization data in purified RGCs is in agreement with the above studies” done with RGC-5 cells. Furthermore, there were two editorials on authentication of RGC-5 cells,20,21 suggesting RGC-5 may have never existed. These editorials have totally ignored the vast published literature on their ganglion cells' origin even by some of the coeditors' own studies. As I have been without an active laboratory for the last several years, I am in no position to validate the published reports. In light of these revelations from the first author of the original study who could not reproduce his own work, it became imperative for me to dissociate myself from the original work and, as a corresponding author, have requested that the original manuscript be retracted from the Molecular Brain Research journal.1 I sincerely regret this incidence and apologize to my colleagues in vision research—and I agree that one has to be very careful while using cultured cells in research.
SP0105 Motivational interviewing from the patient’s perspective to increase physical activity in arthritis

Many people with arthritis are not physically active even though physical activity has been shown to improve function, decrease pain, maintain joint health, and prevent disability. There are many reasons for reluctance to engage in formal exercise programs, such as fear of pain or injury, joint symptoms, having functional limitations, as well as many health care providers failing to promote physical activity during an office visit. Changing behavior is no easy task. Self-determination theory is a framework that it used in the study of motivation for behavior change. Important concepts of this theory include the person’s experience of autonomy, competence and relatedness to others. Motivation from extrinsic as well as intrinsic factors can play a role in behavior change. Self-regulation is the capacity to alter your own behavior. Behaviors are changed based on some standards, ideals or goals that come from either intrinsic or extrinsic expectations. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a counseling style used successfully in some health care settings where the patient and health professional work together to achieve behavior change. MI is a patient centered, directed approach to enhance intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving the individual’s ambivalence to change. The counselor or coach utilizes an interpersonal style characterized by the acceptance of the person expressed by respect, empathy, and support and the absence of confrontation or persuasion. The main skills of MI include open ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summarization. The coach and patient work together to achieve collaboratively set goals emphasizing that the patient has the main role in the process. Health coaching studies have shown that this type of behavioral change intervention is promising, although more studies are needed. It is unknown how the patient perceives the interaction of MI in relation to physical activity behavior change. The Client Perception of Motivational Interviewing Encounter Instrument has been created to assess how patients with arthritis view this type of counseling style. Qualitative data from patient focus groups and preliminary psychometric data for this new instrument will be discussed. Future studies highlighting interventions to promote healthy lifestyle will be reviewed. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Hydrogen isotope fractionation between coexisting hydrous melt and silicate-saturated aqueous fluid: An experimental study in situ at high pressure and temperature

Hydrogen isotope fractionation between water-saturated silicate melt and silicate-saturated aqueous fluid has been determined experimentally by using vibrational spectroscopy as the analytical tool. The measurements were conducted in situ with samples at the high temperature and pressure of interest in an externally heated diamond cell in the 450–800 °C and 101–1567 MPa temperature and pressure range, respectively. The starting materials were glass of Na-silicate with Na/Si = 0.5 (NS4), an aluminosilicate composition with 10 mol% Al 2 O 3 and Na/(Al+Si) = 0.5 (NA10), and a 50:50 (by volume) H 2 O:D 2 O fluid mixture. Platinum metal was used to enhance equilibration rate. Isotopic equilibrium was ascertained by using variable experimental duration at given temperature and pressure. In the Al-free NS4 system, the enthalpy of the D / H equilibrium of fluid is 3.1 ± 0.7 kJ/mol, whereas that of coexisting melt equals 0 within error. For NA10 fluids the Δ H = 5.2 ± 0.9 kJ/mol, whereas for coexisting NA10 melt, Δ H is near 0 within error. For the exchange equilibrium between melt and coexisting fluid, H 2 O(melt)+D 2 O(fluid) = H 2 O(fluid)+D 2 O(melt) the Δ H = 4.6 ± 0.7 and 6.5 ± 0.7 kJ/mol for NS4 and NA10 compositions, respectively. The D/H fractionation between melt and fluid is affected significantly by the positive temperature- and pressure-dependence of silicate solubility and silicate structure in silicate-saturated aqueous fluids. Water in melts is much less important than silicate in aqueous fluid because even at the lowest temperature and pressure conditions studied (450 °C/101 MPa), the water content in the melt is so high (>4 wt%) that further increase in total water by increasing temperature and pressure does not affect the silicate melt structure significantly. This is because most of the water in this concentration range is dissolved in molecular form.
Transport in Nanostructures: Nonequilibrium transport and nanodevices

The technological means now exists for approaching the fundamental limiting scales of solid-state electronics in which a single electron can, in principle, represent a single bit in an information flow through a device or circuit. The burgeoning field of single-electron tunneling (SET) effects, although currently operating at very low temperatures, has brought this consideration into the forefront. Indeed, the recent observations of SET effects in poly-Si structures at room temperature by Yano et al . [1] has grabbed the attention of the semiconductor industry. While there remains considerable debate over whether the latter observations are really single-electron effects, the resulting behavior has important implications to future semiconductor electronics, regardless of the final interpretation of the physics involved. We pointed out in Chapter 1 that the semiconductor industry is following a linear scaling law that is expected to be fairly rigorous, at least into the first decade of the next century. This relationship will lead to devices with critical dimensions well below 0.1 μm. Research devices have been made with drawn gate lengths down to 20 nm in GaAs and 40 nm in Si MOSFETs. This suggests that such devices can be expected to appear in integrated circuits within a few decades (by 2020 if scaling rules at that time are to be believed). However, it is clear from a variety of considerations that the devices themselves may well not be the limitation on continued growth in device density within the integrated circuit chip.
Origin and Dispersal History of Two Colonial Ascidian Clades in the Botryllus schlosseri Species Complex.

Human-induced global warming and species introductions are rapidly altering the composition and functioning of Earth’s marine ecosystems. Ascidians (Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Tunicata, Class Ascidiacea) are likely to play an increasingly greater role in marine communities. The colonial ascidian B. schlosseri is a cryptic species complex comprising five genetically divergent clades (A-E). Clade A is a global species, and Clade E has so far been identified in European waters only. Using the largest mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I datasets yet assembled, we determine the origin and dispersal history of these species. Nucleotide diversity and Approximate Bayesian Computation analyses support a Pacific origin for Clade A, with two likely dispersal scenarios that both show the northwestern Atlantic populations establishing early in the history of the species. Both Discrete Phylogeographic Analysis and Approximate Bayesian Computation support an origin of Clade E on the French side of the English Channel. An unsampled lineage evolved from the French lineage, which reflects the conclusion from the median joining network that not all Clade E lineages have been sampled. This unsampled lineage gave rise to the haplotypes on the English side of the English Channel, which were the ancestors to the Mediterranean and Bay of Biscay populations. Clade E has a wider geographic range than previously thought, and shows evidence of recent range expansion. Both Clade A and Clade E should be considered widespread species: Clade A globally and Clade E within Europe.
Effects of background color and symbol arrangement cues on construction of multi-symbol messages by young children without disabilities: implications for aided AAC design.

AbstractChildren whose speech does not meet their communication needs often benefit from augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The design of an AAC display may influence the child’s ability to communicate effectively. The current study examined how symbol background color cues and symbol arrangement affected construction of multi-symbol messages using line-drawing symbols, by young children with typical development. Participants (N = 52) heard a spoken phrase matching a photograph and selected line drawings within a 4 × 4 array. Friedman two-way ANOVAs evaluated speed and accuracy of multi-symbol message construction under four conditions in which the background color and arrangement of symbols was manipulated. Participants demonstrated significantly faster response times when symbols were arranged by word-class category compared to no symbol arrangement. The majority of children responded faster when symbols had white backgrounds, but this effect failed to reach statistical significance. This...
The Effects of Feedback, Guessing and Anticipation Rate upon Verbal Discrimination Learning

The effect of (a) feedback of the correct items vs. the incorrect items, (b) first-trial guessing vs. no guessing, and (c) anticipation rate of 2 vs. 6 sec. upon verbal discrimination learning was investigated using 80 college students. Correct feedback lead to fewer errors. A pair of items “A” and “B” may be mastered by learning “A” is correct or “B” is incorrect or both. The Ss with the correct feedback reported using the strategy “A” was correct more often, and Ss with the incorrect feedback reported using the strategy “B” was incorrect more often. Correct feedback also resulted in a higher proportion of correct items recalled.
Adherence and stress in a population of inner-city children with asthma.

Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children, (1) with many modifiable risk factors impacting asthma morbidity, including adherence to medications. Despite research demonstrating the importance of adherence to asthma medication regimens, poor and variable adherence persists,(2) with patients receiving 30-70% of prescribed doses of inhaled corticosteroids.(3) Non-adherence may be especially prevalent in minorities and those of lower socioeconomic status, which may contribute to higher morbidity in these groups.(4). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Rapid Tagging and Reporting for Functional Language Extraction in Scientific Articles

This paper describes the development of a web-based application for tagging scientific articles, in part to create machine learning training datasets for automated functional language identification and extraction (AFLEX). The initial intent for this work was to provide a new member of the ecosystem of tools that facilitate the structured automation of systematic reviews, an area of work that typically requires critical analysis of multiple research studies and provides an exhaustive summary of literature related to a research question. However, the tool's modular interface allows use across disciplines. A user may upload PDF or text documents and quickly tag selected parts of the document with a customizable set of discipline-specific tags, and export results to CSV or JSON formats. An integrated back-end database stores tagging data for comparison between taggers or visual display of results on the web browser. While other discipline-specific text tagging tools exist, the authors have not encountered a cloud-based customizable tool for PDF and text annotation as flexible as the AFLEX Tag Tool developed by the authors.
Capacity modeling and routing for traffic networks with mixed autonomy

Transportation infrastructure is entering a stage of mixed use whereby vehicles are capable of varying levels of autonomy, and investigating the potential benefits of this mixed infrastructure is a critical step to fully realizing the mobility benefits of autonomy. In this paper, we consider a mixed traffic profile where a fraction of vehicles are smart and able to form platoons, and the remaining are regular and manually driven. We develop two models for road capacity under mixed autonomy that are based on the fundamental behavior of autonomous technologies such as adaptive cruise control. Moreover, we formulate an optimal routing problem of mixed traffic for the first capacity model with two parallel roads. We first study the case that a planner aims to minimize the social cost of the system, and has control over both regular and smart traffic flows. We prove that this optimization problem is convex for the chosen road delay function, and fully characterize its optimal solution. We further study the case that only smart vehicles can be controlled and the regular vehicles choose their route selfishly according to the best response to the routing choice of smart vehicles. Finally, we provide extensive numerical studies that corroborate our analytical results.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Thresholds for Nasolacrimal Air Regurgitation in a Cadaveric Model.

PURPOSE To elucidate the mechanisms underlying nasolacrimal air regurgitation (AR) in the setting of continuous positive airway pressure therapy. METHODS Twelve nasolacrimal systems of 6 fresh female human cadavers were evaluated individually for AR using continuous positive airway pressure therapy before any nasolacrimal procedure. Cadavers were then randomly assigned to undergo nasolacrimal duct probing or endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and then each hemisystem was again evaluated for AR. The pressure where AR was first observed (discovery pressure) or maximum possible pressure in systems without AR was recorded. In systems that demonstrated AR, the pressure was then gradually decreased to the lowest pressure where regurgitation persisted. This pressure was recorded as the secondary threshold pressure. RESULTS None of the 12 unoperated nasolacrimal systems or the 6 systems that underwent nasolacrimal duct probing demonstrated AR through the maximum continuous positive airway pressure therapy (30 cm H2O). After endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, all 6 nasolacrimal systems demonstrated AR. The mean discovery pressure was 16.0 cm H2O (range, 14.0-18.0 cm H2O) and mean secondary threshold pressure was 7.25 cm H2O (range, 6.5-8.0 cm H2O). CONCLUSIONS Air regurgitation during continuous positive airway pressure therapy in the setting of prior endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy can be replicated in a cadaver model. The secondary threshold pressures required for AR in this model were similar to AR pressures reported clinically. Prior to dacryocystorhinostomy, patients using continuous positive airway pressure therapy should be counseled on AR, and physicians should consider this phenomenon when evaluating ophthalmic complaints in postoperative patients on positive airway pressure therapy.
Engineered interaction between short elastin-like peptides and perfluorinated sulfonic-acid ionomer

Control of ionomer thin films on metal surfaces is important for a range of electrodes used in electrochemical applications. Engineered peptides have emerged as powerful tools in electrode assembly because binding sites and peptide structures can be modulated by changing the amino acid sequence. However, no studies have been conducted showing peptides can be engineered to interact with ionomers and metals simultaneously. In this study, we design a single-repeat elastin-like peptide to bind to gold using a cysteine residue, and bind to a perfluorinated sulfonic-acid ionomer called Nafion® using a lysine guest residue. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and atomic force microscopy are used to show that an elastin-like peptide monolayer attached to gold facilitates the formation of a thin, phase-separated ionomer layer. Dynamic light scattering confirms that the interaction between the peptide with the lysine residue and the ionomer also happens in solution, and circular dichroism shows that the peptides maintain their secondary structures in the presence of ionomer. These results demonstrate that elastin-like peptides are promising tools for ionomer control in electrode engineering.
Their Conceptual Dickinson: Emily Dickinson in the Work of Tan Lin and a.j. carruthers

The point is do we dare trust the poet when he or she talks about his or her influences? […] As if my own obsessions and preoccupations don’t influence how I read.—Mary Jo Bang, “I.E., On Emily & I...
SOLIDIFICATION ANALYSIS OF CRYSTAL GROWTH IN OHNO CONTINUOUS CASTING PROCESS

The Ohno continuous casting process(O.C.C.process) has recently been developed by using a heated mold instead of a conventional cooling mold. This process can produce high quality and smooth surface of directionally solidified or single crystal bars. In this study, a solidification analysis system based on heat transfer equations and solidification theory was developed for the O.C.C. process. From our calculation, the temperature distribution and solidification behaviors such as thermal gradient(G), growth rate(R) and the crystal/melt interface were obtained. The effects of process variables including withdrawal speed, heated mold temperature, and cooling conditions were studied. The results of the analysis were compared with the experimental data, which exhibit in good agreement with our simulation. The crystal/melt interface and G/R values have been successfully used to predict whether the casting bars of pure tin or aluminum will result in necking or not during the process.
Insulin Resistance and Incident Heart Failure. The ARIC Study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities).

Objectives This study was designed to assess the relationship between insulin resistance and incident heart failure (HF) in a community-based cohort. Background Diabetes mellitus increases the risk for HF, but the association between insulin resistance and HF in individuals without diabetes is unclear. Methods We prospectively analyzed 12,606 participants without diabetes mellitus, prevalent HF, or history of myocardial infarction at baseline (1987 to 1989) from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study. We assessed the relationship between insulin resistance and incident HF using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) equation, adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, center, and interim myocardial infarction. We tested for interactions by age, sex, obesity, and race. Results Participants with insulin resistance, defined as HOMA-IR ≥2.5 (n = 4,810, 39%), were older, more likely female, African American, hypertensive, and had a higher body mass index as compared with those without insulin resistance. There were 1,455 incident HF cases during a median of 20.6 years of follow-up. Insulin resistance defined by this threshold was not significantly associated with an increased risk for incident HF after adjustment (hazard ratio: 1.08, 95% confidence interval: 0.95 to 1.23). However, when analyzed continuously, this relationship was nonlinear, which indicated that risk increased, and was significantly associated with incident HF between HOMA-IR of 1.0 to 2.0, adjusting for baseline covariates; however, values over 2.5 were not associated with additional increased risk in adjusted models. Conclusions In a community cohort, insulin resistance, defined by lower levels of HOMA-IR than previously considered, was associated with an increased risk for HF.
Thermal properties of spray-dried cellulose nanofibril-reinforced polypropylene composites from extrusion-based additive manufacturing

Polypropylene block copolymer (PPco) is easier to process in extrusion-based additive manufacturing compared to isotactic PP homopolymer because it shrinks and warps less during printing. This study investigated the thermal properties of PPco and spray-dried CNF (SDCNF)-PPco composite pellet formulations. Thermogravimetric analysis data showed that the addition of SDCNF lowered the thermal degradation onset temperature and increased the residual mass content (at 450 °C) of PPco pellets. The peak degradation temperatures of SDCNF and PPco remained the same. The peak crystallization temperature and relative crystallinity of PPco were increased by the addition of SDCNF and MAPP. The peak melting temperature of PPco was not significantly changed. Printed specimens showed three melting peaks (β, β′ and α crystals) while injection molded PPco only showed one (α crystal) melting peak. Dynamic mechanical analysis results showed that the heat deflection temperatures of printed SDCNF-PPco composites were higher than injection molded PPco. SEM micrographs showed that the addition of SDCNF increased the number of voids inside the printed parts.