cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CaCO3 dissolution in sediments of the Ceara Rise, western equatorial Atlantic

We have used porewater sampling by in situ techniques, including whole-core squeezing, as well as by shipboard sectioning and whole-core squeezing to estimate the rates of sedimentary organic matter oxidation and CaCO3 dissolution at seven sites on the Ceara Rise in the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Porewater NO3− profiles at all sites show a pattern indicative of active organic matter oxidation in the upper 15–20 cm of the sediments and in a buried, organic-rich layer. The organic C oxidation rate generally decreases with increasing water depth, from a value of 22 μmol/cm2/y at the shallowest site (3279 m) to 14 μmol/cm2/y at the deepest site (4675 m). Over this depth range, the bottomwaters vary from moderately supersaturated with respect to calcite to strongly undersaturated. High-resolution alkalinity profiles, measured in porewaters collected by in situ whole-core squeezing, yield estimated Ca2+ fluxes of 11 μmol/cm2/y at a site located at the depth of the calcite saturation horizon, and 7.6 μzmol/cm2/y at a moderately undersaturated site. Ca2+ fluxes calculated from profiles in porewaters collected by relatively coarse-resolution in situ sampling methods clearly indicate that there is CaCO3 dissolution above the calcite saturation horizon. The dissolution of aragonite may contribute to the dissolution flux at the shallowest site. These Ca2+ fluxes, as well as fluxes estimated from a model of sedimentary organic matter oxidation and calcite dissolution, indicate that 36–66% of the CaCO3 rain to the seafloor dissolves at sites at and above the calcite saturation horizon, while 52–75% of the rain dissolves at sites below this depth. When these results are incorporated into the oceanic CaCO3 budget of Milliman 1993, they indicate that 35% of CaCO3 production is preserved in the deep sea; they suggest a CaCO3 accumulation rate that is 27% lower than that estimated by Milliman 1993. Our Corg oxidation/CaCO3 dissolution model indicates that a large fraction of the CaCO3 dissolution that is occurring on the Ceara Rise is attributable to the neutralization of metabolic acids produced during organic matter oxidation. The efficiency with which organic matter oxidation dissolves CaCO3 (that is, the ratio, CaCO3 dissolution attributable to organic matter oxidation:organic matter oxidation rate) generally increases as degree of undersaturation of bottomwaters increases. However, there are deviations from the general trend that can be attributed to site-to-site variations in the kinetics of organic matter oxidation and calcite dissolution. This result indicates that the dissolution of CaCO3 as a result of organic matter oxidation in the deep sea may mask the effects of variations in surface water CaCO3 productivity and bottomwater chemistry on the accumulation rate of CaCO3 in deep-sea sediments.
Characterization of an antibody that can detect the Kai1/CD82 murine metastasis suppressor

BACKGROUND Kai1, also known as CD82, is a member of the tetraspanin family (TM4SF). The human homolog, KAI1, is an activation antigen of T-cells and is a metastasis suppressor for prostate and other cancers. Little is known about the mouse protein because of the lack of antibody reagents. METHODS Peptide immunized rabbits were used to generate polyclonal antibody to Kai1. The antibody was analyzed using immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS This antibody specifically recognizes murine Kai1 protein, crossreacts with rat Kai1 but not with human KAI1. The normal tissue distribution of this protein in mice is shown to be similar to that of the human homolog. Interestingly, mouse prostatic epithelium showed differential expression within the lobes. CONCLUSION This antibody, the first described that can specifically detect murine Kai1/CD82, should be very useful in addressing the mechanism of action of Kai1 in metastatic suppression. Prostate 66:567–577, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maximum current estimation in CMOS circuits

The authors propose pattern-independent, linear-time algorithms that provide tight upper bounds on maximum envelope current (MEC) waveforms. The proposed approach represents a trade-off between execution speed and tightness of these bounds. The MEC waveform is a point-wise maximum on all the possible waveforms that the circuit can draw. Experimental results on several benchmark circuits are provided to establish the usefulness of this approach. >
A new measurement fornetwork sharing fairness

A quantitative measure for the fairness of network resource distribution was proposed in [1]. This fairness function is widely adopted in network design and management. This paper proposes a new distribution fairness score function. Compared to the fairness function proposed by Jain, Chiu and Hawe, the fairness function proposed in this paper keeps all the nice properties that Jain, Chiu and Hawe's fairness function possesses. In addition, the proposed fairness score function has better performance in dealing with completely unfair cases.
GaAs laser array source package.

A GaAs laser array multispot source has been fabricated in which the array is bonded to a silicon substrate, which also contains an accurately aligned collimating lens and an array of fiber lightguides. The coupling efficiency of each laser to its corresponding lightguide is greater than 50%. The package is cooled by a thermoelectric cooler, allowing cw, room-temperature operation of the array at 5 mW output per fiber. This source is useful for multichannel optical-communication applications.
A prolonged time interval between trauma and prophylactic radiation therapy significantly increases the risk of heterotopic ossification.

Purpose To ascertain whether the time from injury to prophylactic radiation therapy (RT) influences the rate of heterotopic ossification (HO) after operative treatment of displaced acetabular fractures. Methods and Materials This is a single-institution, retrospective analysis of patients referred for RT for the prevention of HO. Between January 2000 and January 2009, 585 patients with displaced acetabular fractures were treated surgically followed by RT for HO prevention. We analyzed the effect of time from injury on prevention of HO by RT. In all patients, 700 cGy was prescribed in a single fraction and delivered within 72 hours postsurgery. The patients were stratified into five groups according to time interval (in days) from the date of their accident to the date of RT: Groups A ≤3, B ≤7, C ≤14, D ≤21, and E >21days. Results Of the 585 patients with displaced acetabular fractures treated with RT, (18%) 106 patients developed HO within the irradiated field. The risk of HO after RT increased from 10% for RT delivered ≤3 days to 92% for treatment delivered >21 days after the initial injury. Wilcoxon test showed a significant correlation between the risk of HO and the length of time from injury to RT ( p Conclusions Our data suggest that there is higher incidence and risk of HO if prophylactic RT is significantly delayed after a displaced acetabular fracture. Thus, RT should be administered as early as clinically possible after the trauma. Patients undergoing RT >3 weeks from their displaced acetabular fracture should be informed of the higher risk (>90%) of developing HO despite prophylaxis.
PACS technologies and reliability: are we making things better or worse?

In the process of installing picture archiving and communications (PACS) and speech recognition equipment, upgrading it, and working with previously stored digital image information, the authors encountered a number of problems. Examination of these difficulties illustrated the complex nature of our existing systems and how difficult it is, in many cases, to predict the behavior of these systems. This was found to be true even for our relatively small number of interconnected systems. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some of the principles of understanding complex system interaction through examples from our experience. The work for this paper grew out of a number of studies we had carried out on our PACS over several years. The complex nature of our systems was evaluated through comparison of our operations with known examples of systems in other industries. Three scenarios: a network failure, a system software upgrade, and attempting to read media from an old archive showed that the major systems used in the radiology departments of many healthcare facilities (HIS, RIS, PACS, and speed recognition) are likely to interact in complex and often unpredictable ways. These interactions may be very difficult or impossible to predict, so that some plans should be made to overcome the negative aspects of the problems that result. Failures and problems, often unpredictable ones, are a likely side effect of having multiple information handling and processing systems interconnected and interoperating. Planning to avoid, or at least not be so vulnerable, to such difficulties is an important aspect of systems planning.
Channel adjustments to the removal of log steps: an experiment in a mountain stream

Fallen trees and their large debris often form log steps in small mountain streams, where they are incorporated into the hydraulic geometry. The hypothesis here was that these log steps take the place of gravel bars that otherwise would have been required for channel slope adjustment. In this experiment, the treated as well as the control stream were located in virgin mixed conifer forests and until the study began, no human activity had interfered with the natural developments. All log steps were removed from a stream and the formation of new log steps was prohibited by periodic removal of fallen trees and branches. Five years later, 74% of all removed log steps had been replaced by gravel bars, thus proving the hypothesis that increased bedload movement was required to offset the loss of log steps. Implications are that streamside forests should be managed so that they can provide a steady supply of debris for channel stability.
Magnetospheric structure and high-energy photon emission of radio pulsars

Abstract Some elementary aspects of particle acceleration and flow along the polar field lines of an isolated, rotating magnetized neutron star are described. Semi-quantitaive consequences of these ideas for the emission of high energy gamma rays and their relation to gamma ray observations of radio pulsars are outlined. A global model of the magnetosphere in which these polar flows can occur is described briefly.
Prolongation of RBC Survival in the Hypophysectomized Rat

Red blood cell (RBC) survival was prolonged in hypophysectomized rats. While the rate of random hemolysis was decreased in some hypophysectomized hosts, in all directly injected and cross-transfused hypophysectomized rat hosts, there was a significant prolongation of the phase of senescent death. In contrast, RBCs from hypophysectomized donors survived normally in normal hosts. These experiments are further evidence of a relationship between RBC aging and metabolic rate, and suggest an intimate involvement with the calorigenic hormones.
Drawing a family map: an experiential tool for engaging children in family therapy

Inclusion of children in the treatment process is a central aspect of the discipline of family therapy. Young children's verbal skill and level of abstraction may not be suited to ‘talking therapy’, but they have an intuitive grasp of family life which is invaluable, and their views and needs should be considered when effecting change in the family system. A method is offered to engage young children, adolescents and adults of divergent verbal skills into a shared process. It requires no special set-up or tools, only paper and markers. Distance and proximity are represented in a simple map of the family, adding symbols for affection and conflict. A spatial representation of the family system is created, and may be referred to in the course of the therapy.
Bovine retinal glutamine synthetase 2. Regulation and properties on the basis of glutamine synthetase and glutamyl transferase reactions.

Glutamine, the end product formed by the glutamine synthetase (GS) reaction, inhibits retinal GS activity in the presence of Mn2+, but not in the presence of Mg2+. In the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+ itself inhibits retinal GS activity. Other compounds which inhibit retinal GS activity significantly are methionine sulfoximine, d-alanine and carbamyl phosphate. Amino acids, such as l-alanine, l-serine and glycine, do not affect the enzyme activity. These amino acids, however, significantly inhibit the enzyme activity when measured on the basis of the glutamyl transferase (GT) reaction. GS isolated from neuronal tissues is regulated differently from that previously reported by others for non-neuronal tissues. The enzyme activity, as measured by GS activity, shows three-fold higher activity with Mg2+ over Mn2+ or Co2+ and on the basis of GT activity, shows about three-fold higher activity with Mn2+ over Mg2+ or Co2+. The optimum pH for the GS reaction lies in the range of 7·2–7·8 and for the GT reaction is 6·4–7·0. Both the GS and GT activities of the enzyme show similar heat stabilities.
Serial section-reconstruction of anomalous tracheobronchial branching patterns from CT scan images: Bridging bronchus associated with sling left pulmonary artery

The use of the technique of wax-plate serial section-reconstruction, based on contiguous axial plane CT images of the upper thorax, to prepare a replica of the central air-way (trachea and major bronchi) of an infant with sling left pulmonary artery type 2B, with bridging bronchus, abortive right main bronchus, and tracheal stenosis due to absence of the tracheal pars membranacea with “ring” tracheal cartilages is described. The technique is applicable to demonstration of the anatomic features of other abnormalities of branching pattern or caliber of the trachea and major bronchi.
Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis to Evaluate Construct Validity of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)

Abstract Context The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a frequently used instrument designed to assess the patient-reported outcome of pain. The majority of factor analytic studies have found a two-factor (i.e., pain intensity and pain interference) structure for this instrument; however, because the BPI was developed with an a priori hypothesis of the relationship among its items, it follows that construct validity investigations should use confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Objectives The purpose of this work was to establish the construct validity of the BPI using a CFA framework and demonstrate factorial invariance using a range of demographic variables. Methods A retrospective CFA was completed in a sample of individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and cancer ( n =364; 63% male; age 21–92 years, M=51.80). A baseline one-factor model was compared against two-factor and three-factor models (i.e., pain intensity, activity interference, and affective interference) that were developed based on the hypothetical design of the instrument. Results Fit indices for the three-factor model were statistically superior when compared with the one-factor model and marginally better when compared with the two-factor model. This three-factor structure was found to be invariant across disease, age, and ethnicity groups. Conclusion The results of this study provide evidence to support a three-factor representation of the BPI, and the originally hypothesized two-factor structure. Such findings will begin to provide clinical trialists, pharmaceutical sponsors, and regulators with confidence in the psychometric properties of this instrument when considering its inclusion in clinical research.
Erratum to “Neural coding of temporal information in auditory thalamus and cortex”: [Neuroscience 154 (2008) 294–303]

How the brain processes temporal information embedded in sounds is a core question in auditory re- search. This article synthesizes recent studies from our laboratory regarding neural representations of time-vary- ing signals in auditory cortex and thalamus in awake mar- moset monkeys. Findings from these studies show that 1) the primary auditory cortex (A1) uses a temporal represen- tation to encode slowly varying acoustic signals and a firing rate-based representation to encode rapidly chang- ing acoustic signals, 2) the dual temporal-rate representa- tions in A1 represent a progressive transformation from the auditory thalamus, 3) firing rate-based representations in the form of a monotonic rate-code are also found to encode slow temporal repetitions in the range of acoustic flutter in A1 and more prevalently in the cortical fields rostral to A1 in the core region of marmoset auditory cor- tex, suggesting further temporal-to-rate transformations in higher cortical areas. These findings indicate that the auditory cortex forms internal representations of temporal characteris- tics of sounds that are no longer faithful replicas of their acous- tic structures. We suggest that such transformations are nec- essary for the auditory cortex to perform a wide range of functions including sound segmentation, object processing and multi-sensory integration. © 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Effect of Antenatal Steroids (ANS) on Cord Blood Stem Cells (CD34) in Premature Infants 1387

Maternal treatment with antenatal steroids is recommended to induce fetal lung maturation when there is threatened premature delivery. Steroids are known to produce lymphopenia in children and adults. We hypothesized that ANS would reduce the number of circulating stem cells and total lymphocytes in exposed infants. Umbilical cord blood was collected from 86 preterm infants between 24 and 36 weeks of gestational age and from 8 term infants. Complete blood counts and flowcytometric immunophenotype assay were performed on these specimens to determine the number of stem cells (CD34) and lymphocytes. ANOVA was used to make comparisons among full term infants, preterm infants with no ANS exposure and preterm infants exposed to ANS. Data presented are means and SEM. Regression analysis revealed no significant relationship between gestational age and absolute number of CD34 cells or total lymphocytes.
MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Clearly spectroscopy has already provided considerable insight into the nature of the planetary atmospheres. Several molecular constituents have been positively identified and upper limits have been placed on the abundances of others which are of particular significance in devising planetary models. But, equally clearly, the inadequacy of the spectral data, due to low spectral and/or spatial resolution, renders deductions of abundances, temperatures and pressures very uncertain. With the sole exception of the Martian CO2 abundance, knowledge of the concentrations of planetary atmospheric constituents is unsatisfactory, and all numbers given must be regarded as only crude estimates. This latter comment applies equally well to the derived temperatures and pressures. What is urgently needed is the development of a reasonably complete theory of line formation in planetary atmospheres. This, coupled with more detailed spectroscopic work, should produce numerical values of atmospheric parameters which can be used with assurance.
Low-loss, wideband SPDT switches and switched-line phase shifter in 180-nm RF CMOS on SOI technology

Low-loss, wideband (DC to 40 GHz) single-pole double-throw (SPDT) RF switches implemented in a 180 nm SOI CMOS technology are presented. A π-matching network is implemented to improve the insertion loss (IL) at high frequencies. The differences between the conventional inductive peaking and the matching network utilized here are discussed. Under nominal conditions, the IL of the 1.5 V switch is less than 0.5 dB from DC to 20 GHz; and less than 2.0 dB at 40 GHz. The input matching of the switch is better than 10 dB, the isolation (ISO) is greater than 15 dB, and the P 1dB of the 1.5 V switch is 11 dBm. A higher voltage (2.5 V) switch implemented with high-breakdown devices increases the P 1dB to 15 dBm at the cost of a small increase in IL. A switched-line one-bit 180° phase shifter (PS) is demonstrated using the 1.5 V low-loss switch. The PS exhibits an IL better than 3 dB at 18 GHz. The advantages of implementing a low-loss switch in a 180 nm technology are discussed.
Association of mammalian cell death with a specific endonucleolytic degradation of DNA

MAMMALIAN cell death, observed as deterioration of cellular structure or function, has not been characterised at the molecular level. We report here that human and rodent cells treated with several diverse agents which cause cell death as measured by other criteria, had similar distinct patterns of DNA degradation as assayed by alkaline sucrose gradient techniques. The degradation results from cellular metabolism, not from the initial damage produced by the agents. The similarity of the patterns in our results and those of others in a wide range of cell systems suggests that this degradation may be a general mechanism concomitant with, if not a precedent of, mammalian cell death.
Characterization of Giardia lamblia genotypes in dogs from Tucson, Arizona using SSU-rRNA and β-giardin sequences.

The objective of this study was to determine if human genotypes of Giardia lamblia could be found in canine companion animals from urban and peri-urban environments in Tucson, Arizona. Canine fecal samples collected from the Humane Society of Southern Arizona between July 2006 and April 2009 were screened for G. lamblia infection using immunofluorescent microscopy and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 672 samples screened, 196 were found positive by IFA and 185 of those positive were successfully amplified through PCR. Sequencing analysis showed samples were primarily of the C or D genotypes (n = 154), or showing a mix of the C and D genotypes (n = 10). One sample showed a mixed infection of a human genotype (A) and a dog-specific genotype (C). These data are consistent with previous studies showing dog specific genotypes to be dominant in environments where dog-to-dog transmission is likely to occur, and provides further evidence that multiple genes should be targeted for more accurate genotype characterization.
Quantitative EEG abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine dependent individuals

Abstract Objective : Methamphetamine exposure is associated with long-lasting reductions in markers for dopaminergic neurons in preclinical models and probably in humans. Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to characterize abnormalities in brain function in a number of disorders, including cocaine dependence, but this technique has not been used to characterize abnormalities associated with methamphetamine dependence. Methods : The sample included 11 methamphetamine dependent subjects and 11 non-drug using volunteers. Methamphetamine dependent subjects were hospitalized for 4 days to document abstinence; non-drug using volunteers were studied as outpatients. EEGs were recorded in the eyes-closed resting state, and absolute EEG power in each frequency band (0.5–4, 4–8, 8–12, and 12–20Hz) was quantitated using a fast Fourier transform. EEG power was log-transformed prior to analysis. Conventional, EEG tracings were interpreted by a qualified electroencephalographer who was blinded to the subjects' identity. Results : Methamphetamine dependent volunteers with 4 days of abstinence had increased EEG power in the delta and theta bands. Power in the alpha and beta bands did not differ between the groups. Within the methamphetamine dependent group, a majority of the conventional EEGs were abnormal (64%), compared to 18% in the non-methamphetamine using group. Conclusions : Recently abstinent methamphetamine dependent subjects demonstrate QEEG abnormalities that are consistent with a generalized encephalopathy. Significance : Encephalopathic changes in brain electrical activity, as found here in methamphetamine dependence, are frequently associated with a range of cognitive and psychiatric abnormalities, suggesting further avenues of investigation.
Community Boundedness, Personal Relevance, and the Knowledge Gap

Research on the knowledge gap has explored individual and social factors that may influence the creation, maintenance, and demise of socioeconomically based differences in information gained as the result of communication campaigns. Recent work by Viswanath and colleagues suggests that the extent to which an issue affects members of a community—termed “community boundedness”—may have an independent influence on knowledge acquisition for members of the affected community. This study finds that community boundedness had a positive impact on awareness of a medical insurance program targeted to lower income children, whereas personal relevance did not. Specifically, African Americans and Latinos were more likely to be aware of a medical assistance program during the course of a campaign than were non-Hispanic Whites, controlling for income and personal relevance. The study also documents an inverse knowledge gap in which persons of lower socioeconomic status had greater awareness than did persons of higher so...
Axial deformity correction in children via distraction osteogenesis.

We performed a retrospective analysis of the results of 62 tibial and 54 femoral lengthenings in 88 consecutive patients. The patients mean age was 13.5 years and mean follow-up was four years. There was a significant difference between metaphyseal (27±1.2 days/cm) and diaphyseal (39.4±1.7 days/cm), tibial (34±1.7 days/cm) and femoral (31±1.4 days/cm) lengthening (P 0.05). The lengthening index was 33±1.1 days/cm, distraction regenerate length 6±0.4 cm, and lengthening percentage 21±2.1. The scatter plots of new regenerate length against time and the scatter plots of neurological complication, residual deformities, broken pins, joint contractures, and hypertension rate against lengthening percentage showed a positive linear relationship (r=0.8). We found the correlations between quantitative and qualitative parameters that should help to predict the treatment outcomes. Lengthening index depends on the amount of length gained. Higher length of new bone regenerate leads to a decrease in lengthening index. Expected gain in bone length can aid in estimating the duration of treatment. The lengthening percentage correlates very well with the complication rate and can be used to predict the complication rate.
Relationship Between Shell Discoloration of Pistachio Nuts and Incidence of Fungal Decay and Insect Infestation

ABSTRACT Shell discoloration of pistachio (Pistacia vera) nuts collected from commercial orchards and processing plants was related to fungal decay and insect infestation of the kernel. Nuts with r...
The WebCOSY System for Course Management in Distance Education

The WebCOSY system is an interactive web-based homework and course management system that has been developed and used as part of VUBeam (Berz & Hoefkens, 2001), an Internet based remote Physics M.S. and Ph.D. program at Michigan State University. Besides supporting problems written within the system, it has the unique feature of also supporting processing and grading of student’s submissions by arbitrary external programs, and hence provides rather farreaching flexibility for the assignment of homework problems. The system supports and manages databases for classes, students, scores, graders, as well as homework problems for re-use in other classes. Written entirely in Perl, the system is easily manageable and portable.
Whatever happened to Dorothy Reed

Born in 1874, Dorothy Reed entered the fourth medical school class at Johns Hopkins Medical School. After internship, she spent a year as University Fellow in Pathology, during which time she wrote and illustrated her well-known paper, "On the Pathological Changes in Hodgkin's Disease, With Especial Reference to Its Relationship to Tuberculosis." She left pathology at Hopkins after 1 year because, as a woman, she was told she could not be appointed to the faculty and because of an unhappy love affair. She took training in pediatrics, married a long-time friend, and moved to Madison, WI. Her first two children died tragically; subsequently, she gave birth to two fine boys. She developed a new career as a pioneer in maternal and child health. She established infant welfare clinics in Madison, wrote pamphlets for the United States Children's Bureau, and taught college students child development and sexual hygiene. For the first time, the identity of her lover and his role in establishing her fame is revealed.
Remote Sensing Applications for Landslides, Slopes and Embankments

Airborne, satellite and ground-based remote sensing methods are valuable for the study of landslides, slopes and embankments. Airborne laser surveys can create ground surface maps with great detail to help identify landslides and geohazards, even on forested slopes. Satellite based InSAR can detect millimeter scale movements from many kilometers above the earth. New satellites and new processing algorithms are being developed and deployed for ongoing movement and archives of previously recorded InSAR images allow one to look back in time for historic movement. Ground-based methods currently used for slopes include radar, InSAR, lidar and photogrammetry. Using radar and InSAR it is possible to monitor the initiation of small movements on slopes and use thresholds to trigger immediate action and response. Using lidar and photogrammetry it is possible to geologically map a rock slope without physically touching the slope, and then to immediately apply the data in models to evaluate failure mode, hazard and risk. These remote sensing applications are explained and demonstrated; their limitations are discussed and possibilities for the future are envisioned.
Music thumbnailing via structural analysis

Music thumbnailing (or music summarization) aims at finding the most representative part of a song, which can be used for web browsing, web searching and music recommendation. Three strategies are proposed in this paper for automatically generating the thumbnails of music. All the strategies are based on the results of music structural analysis, which identifies the recurrent structure of musical signals. Instead of being evaluated subjectively, the generated thumbnails are evaluated by several criteria, mainly based on previous human experiments on music thumbnailing and the properties of thumbnails used for commercial web sites. Additionally, the performance of the structural analysis is demonstrated visually using figures for qualitative evaluation, and by three novel structural similarity metrics for quantitative evaluation. The preliminary results obtained using a corpus of Beatles' songs demonstrate the promise of our method and suggest that different thumbnailing strategies might be proper for different applications.
ON THE RELATION OF CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL PANCREATITIS TO THE ISLANDS OF LANGERHANS AND TO DIABETES MELUTUS.

(1) Congenital syphilitic pancreatitis retards the development of the glandular acini but does not affect the islands of Langerhans. Embedded in the stroma, but not invaded by it, the latter maintain their continuity with the small ducts and acini with which they have a common origin. (2) Two types of chronic interstitial inflammation affecting the developed pancreas are distinguishable: ( a ) Interlobular Pancreatitis .—In the interlobular variety the inflammatory process is localized chiefly at the periphery of the lobule and implicates the islands of Langerhans only when the sclerotic process has reached a very advanced grade. When pancreatitis has followed obstruction of the ducts, the islands long remain unaltered though embedded in dense scar-like tissue. ( b ) Interacinar Pancreatitis .—In the interacinar type the process is diffuse, invading the lobules and separating individual acini. The inflammatory change invades the islands of Langerhans. (3) A relationship has been observed between lesions of the islands of Langerhans and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus. ( a ) In one of eleven cases of interlobular panereatitis diabetes of mild intensity occurred. The sclerosis, which in this case followed obstruction of the ducts by calculi, was far advanced and affected the islands of Langerhans. ( b ) In two of three cases of interacinar pancreatitis, diabetes was present. The third case was associated with a condition, haemochromatosis, which at a later stage is associated with diabetes, the result of pancreatic lesion. ( c ) In a fourth case of diabetes, hyaline deposit between the capillaries and the parenchymatous cells had so completely altered the islands of Langerhans that they were no longer recognizable.
RESPONSE TO DIVERGENT SELECTION FOR NESTING BEHAVIOR IN MUS MUSCULUS

Replicated bidirectional selection (with control lines) for nest-building behavior in Mus musculus, where nesting scores consisted of the total weight of cotton pulled through the cage lid during four days of testing, yielded an eight-fold difference between high and low lines after 15 generations of selection. The overall realized heritability pooled across lines and replicates was 0.18 +/- 0.02 (0.15 +/- 0.03 for high nesting scores and 0.23 +/- 0.04 for low nesting scores), or 0.28 +/- 0.05 when adjusted for within-family selection. Across the 15 generations and the entire experiment, average body weight and number of infertile matings increased, while average litter size decreased, although these changes were not consistent across lines. Inbreeding could account for average decreases in the fertility traits, but there was also a correlated response to selection, since both high lines showed increased litter size and decreased infertile matings.
Spatial QRS-T angle predicts cardiac death in a clinical population.

Objectives/Background The purpose of this study was to validate the prognostic value of computer-derived measurements of the spatial alignment of ventricular depolarization and repolarization from the standard 12-lead ECG in a general medical population. Methods Analyses were performed on the first ECG digitally recorded from 46,573 consecutive patients since 1987. QRS and T vector were synthesized by deriving XYZ leads from the 12 leads using the inverse Dower weighting matrix. Subset analyses were considered in patients with and those without standard ECG diagnoses (i.e., atrial fibrillation, Q waves, left ventricular hypertrophy, prolonged QRS duration). The main outcome measure was cardiovascular mortality. Results During a mean follow-up of 6 years, 4,127 cardiovascular deaths occurred. After adjusting for age, heart rate, and gender in a Cox regression analysis, spatial QRS-T angle was the most significant predictor of cardiovascular mortality, outperforming all other ECG measurements and diagnostic statements. In the subset with ECGs free of any standard diagnoses, annual cardiovascular mortality was 0.8% for normal (0–50°), 2.3% for borderline (50–100°), and 5.1% for abnormal (100–180°) QRS-T angle groups. The borderline and abnormal angle groups had 1.5- and 1.9-fold higher risk, respectively, relative to the normal QRS-T angle group after adjustment for age, gender, and heart rate. Similar results were found when patients with standard ECG diagnosis were included or compared. Conclusions Spatial QRS-T angle is a significant and independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality that provides greater prognostic discrimination than any of the commonly utilized ECG diagnostic classifications.
SOI bulk and surface generation properties measured with the pseudo-MOSFET

The pseudo-MOSFET (/spl Psi/-MOSFET) is an excellent test structure to characterize the quality of SOI films by measuring the generation lifetime without complicated processing steps. We use this simple structure and a modified one to determine the SOI film generation lifetime, the surface generation velocities at the upper and lower interfaces, and the effect of HF and iodine solution surface passivation and hydrogen annealing. The modified /spl Psi/-MOSFET has an additional top gate permitting independent control of top and bottom surface potentials thereby providing the ability to control surface generation through surface accumulation, depletion, or inversion.
Nicking of Rat Spermatid and Spermatozoa DNA: Possible Involvement of DNA Topoisomerase II

Chromatin of rat elongating spermatids, steps 12-13, is distinguished by the replacement of histones with transition proteins and the presence of nicks within its DNA which are formed by an endogenous nuclease, possibly DNA topoisomerase II (topo II). Using an affinity-purified anti-topo II antibody, protein bands of approximately 161 and approximately 137 kDa were detected on immunoblots of pachytene spermatocytes and elongating spermatids, respectively. In cryosections, topo II was localized to meiotic chromosomes of pachytene spermatocytes and to nuclei of elongating spermatids. Extracts of isolated testicular nuclei and sonication-resistant spermatid nuclei (steps 12-19) demonstrated topo II activity as determined by the decatenation of kinetoplast DNA. The potential relationship between nucleoprotein changes during spermatogenesis and the formation of nicks was also examined. Heterogeneous testicular and sonication-resistant spermatid nuclei were treated with 0.8 mM protamine, followed by nick translation in the absence of DNase I. In both cases, there was a dramatic decrease in DNA polymerase I-dependent label incorporation. To determine whether or not endogenous nicks were present in mature sperm, but were inaccessible due to protamine-DNA interactions, epididymal sperm were extracted with high salt-dithiothreitol, followed by nick translation in the absence or presence of DNase I. Extracted sperm nuclei did not nick translate in the absence of DNase I; however, incorporation increased with increasing concentrations of DNase I, indicating that endogenous nicks were repaired prior to the completion of spermatogenesis. These and previously published results suggest that topo II in elongating spermatids may be involved in the DNA alterations that take place during spermatogenesis, including changes in DNA topography, repair, and loop formation, and may serve as a component of the nuclear matrix. The temporal appearance and disappearance of endogenous nicks may reflect the changes that elongating spermatid DNA undergoes as a consequence of alterations in nucleoprotein composition to establish the condensed state of the mature spermatozoon.
MRI evaluation of acute renal trauma

We describe the MR findings in a patient with acute renal injury after blunt abdominal trauma associated with perinephric hematoma and urinoma. Both CT and MR findings are described. Active urine extravasation into a perinephric urinoma is demonstrated by serial post-contrast imaging with CT and MRI showing progressively increased attenuation/signal intensity fluid in communication with the collecting system, commencing 2 minutes after contrast administration.
Effect of chronic consumption of almonds on body weight in healthy humans

Small changes of diet may reduce CVD risk. One example is the inclusion of nuts. They are rich in fibre, unsaturated fatty acids and phytonutrients. However, their fat content and energy density raise concerns that chronic consumption will promote weight gain. Randomised intervention studies are required to evaluate whether this concern is well founded. This study's aim was to determine if the inclusion of a 1440 kJ serving of almonds in the daily diet results in positive energy balance, and body composition change. During a 23-week cross-over design study, participants were required to consume almonds for 10 weeks and were provided no advice on how to include them in their diet. For another 10 weeks (order counter-balanced), participants followed their customary diet and there was a 3-week washout between. The study group consisted of twenty women. Potential mechanisms of energy dissipation were measured. Ten weeks of daily almond consumption did not cause a change in body weight. This was predominantly due to compensation for the energy contained in the almonds through reduced food intake from other sources. Moreover, inefficiency in the absorption of energy from almonds was documented (P < 0.05). No changes in resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food or total energy expenditure were noted. A daily 1440 kJ serving of almonds, sufficient to provide beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors, may be included in the diet with limited risk of weight gain. Whether this can be generalised to other high-fat energy dense foods warrants evaluation.
Environment-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery

Environmentally sensitive hydrogels have enormous potential in various applications. Some environmental variables, such as low pH and elevated temperatures, are found in the body. For this reason, either pH-sensitive and/or temperature-sensitive hydrogels can be used for site-specific controlled drug delivery. Hydrogels that are responsive to specific molecules, such as glucose or antigens, can be used as biosensors as well as drug delivery systems. Light-sensitive, pressure-responsive and electro-sensitive hydrogels also have the potential to be used in drug delivery and bioseparation. While the concepts of these environment-sensitive hydrogels are sound, the practical applications require significant improvements in the hydrogel properties. The most significant weakness of all these external stimuli-sensitive hydrogels is that their response time is too slow. Thus, fast-acting hydrogels are necessary, and the easiest way of achieving that goal is to make thinner and smaller hydrogels. This usually makes the hydrogel systems too fragile and they do not have mechanical strength necessary in many applications. Environmentally sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery applications also require biocompatibility. Synthesis of new polymers and crosslinkers with more biocompatibility and better biodegradability would be essential for successful applications. Development of environmentally sensitive hydrogels with such properties is a formidable challenge. If the achievements of the past can be extrapolated into the future, however, it is highly likely that responsive hydrogels with a wide array of desirable properties can be made.
Meiotic Segregation, Recombination, and Gamete Aneuploidy Assessed in a t(1;10)(p22.1;q22.3) Reciprocal Translocation Carrier by Three- and Four-Probe Multicolor FISH in Sperm

Summary Meiotic segregation, recombination, and aneuploidy was assessed for sperm from a t(1;10)(p22.1;q22.3) reciprocal translocation carrier, by use of two multicolor FISH methods. The first method utilized three DNA probes (a telomeric and a centromeric probe on chromosome 1 plus a centromeric probe on chromosome 10) to analyze segregation patterns, in sperm, of the chromosomes involved in the translocation. The aggregate frequency of sperm products from alternate and adjacent I segregation was 90.5%, and the total frequency of normal and chromosomally balanced sperm was 48.1%. The frequencies of sperm products from adjacent II segregation and from 3: 1 segregation were 4.9% and 3.9%, respectively. Reciprocal sperm products from adjacent I segregation deviated significantly from the expected 1: 1 ratio ( P P
Analysis of DSP-based longitudinal feedback system: trials at SPEAR and ALS

Recently a single-channel prototype of the proposed PEP-II longitudinal feedback system was successfully demonstrated at SPEAR and ALS on single-bunch beams. The phase oscillations are detected via a wide-band pick up. The feedback signal is then computed using a digital signal processor (DSP) and applied to the beam by phase modulating the RF. We analyze results in the frequency- and the time-domain and show how the closed-loop transfer functions can be obtained rigorously by proper modeling of the various components of this hybrid continuous/digital system. The technique of downsampling was used in the experiments to reduce the number of computations and allowed the use of the same digital hardware on both machines. >
We’re Graduating, What’s Next? Relational Contribution to the Educational Attainment of Black Bermudian Adolescent Boys

Guided by ecological and integrative theories of child development, this article examined the associations between multiple systems of influence (school and family) and the educational aspirations ...
Magnetohydrodynamic flows: Boussinesq conjecture

Abstract The Boussinesq assumption that turbulent fluctuations have a dissipative effect on the mean flow is the basis for most turbulence models used in practical flow simulations. Data from computational tests and experiments has indicated that in 2d fluid flows an inverse energy cascade is expected. However, the Boussinesq assumption has recently been proven to hold in a time averaged sense for the Navier–Stokes equations. In Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows, the dynamo effect suggests an inverse cascade of energy from small to large scales in both 2d and 3d, suggesting its re-evaluation for MHD flows. This article uses the MHD formulation in the Elsasser variables to show that the Boussinesq assumption also holds for MHD turbulence. A short discussion on the choice of eddy viscosity models is presented, as a consequence of the main result.
ARCTIC CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE ECOLOGY OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC

Arctic climate change from the Paleocene epoch to the present is reconstructed with the objective of assessing its recent and future impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic. A recurring theme in Earth's paleoclimate record is the importance of the Arctic atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere in regulating global climate on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A second recurring theme in this record is the importance of freshwater export from the Arctic in regulating global- to basin-scale ocean circulation patterns and climate. Since the 1970s, historically unprecedented changes have been observed in the Arctic as climate warming has increased precipitation, river discharge, and glacial as well as sea-ice melting. In addition, modal shifts in the atmosphere have altered Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and the export of freshwater into the North Atlantic. The combination of these processes has resulted in variable patterns of freshwater export from the Arctic Ocean and the emergence of salinity anomalies that have periodically freshened waters in the North Atlantic. Since the early 1990s, changes in Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and freshwater export have been associated with two types of ecological responses in the North Atlantic. The first of these responses has been an ongoing series of biogeographic range expansions by boreal plankton, including renewal of the trans-Arctic exchanges of Pacific species with the Atlantic. The second response was a dramatic regime shift in the shelf ecosystems of the Northwest Atlantic that occurred during the early 1990s. This regime shift resulted from freshening and stratification of the shelf waters, which in turn could be linked to changes in the abundances and seasonal cycles of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and higher trophic-level consumer populations. It is predicted that the recently observed ecological responses to Arctic climate change in the North Atlantic will continue into the near future if current trends in sea ice, freshwater export, and surface ocean salinity continue. It is more difficult to predict ecological responses to abrupt climate change in the more distant future as tipping points in the Earth's climate system are exceeded.
Program directors as conflict managers.

One possible reason for the reported 16.58% turnover in radiology program directors between July 1, 2001, and June 30, 2002 (1), is the numerous conflicts that the program director (PD) must handle. Conflicts occur between faculty and residents, residents and other residents or fellows, PDs and chairpersons, PDs and faculty, residents and technologists or other hospital employees, residents and nonradiology faculty, and PDs and administrators of the institution. At times, PDs may feel powerless to successfully manage these conflicts. This article reviews the types of conflicts that can occur in a radiology residency program and the ways in which PDs can intervene to prevent them or resolve the problems that result from them.