cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature and meaning of the totalist

In the closing pages of Castaneda’s book, The Fire From Within, don Juan contends that the mold of man can be seen from two different perspectives, that it can be seen as the shape of a man and also as a light. This shift in perspectives is merely a matter of moving the assemblage point to another position on the cocoon (another image of man). This signifies for the totalist, don Juan, that human perception and the perception of reality is never final. One can be a person in the shape of a man or be a ‘luminous being’ in a ‘luminous world.’ Standing midway between two worlds don Juan is saying that finite limitations are not real, in fact they may be illusory to some altered consciousness. This also means that man has the radical freedom to operate beyond his functions, not just beyond the limitations of the shape or mold of man.
Photochemical Techniques and the Photodimerization of Anthracene and Related Compounds

In this chapter we will endeavor to answer the following questions: What does the photochemist do in preparing to investigate the photochemical behavior of a molecule? What equipment does he use to carry out his experiments? Once he has determined the results of the reaction, how can he develop a mechanism to account for these results? In answering these questions we will be concerned mainly with the photochemistry of anthracene and related compounds.
Cardanol modified fatty acids from camelina oils for flexible bio-based acrylates coatings

Abstract Novel bio-based acrylate was designed through the epoxy ring-opening reaction of cardanol glycidyl ether (CGE) with fatty acids from camelina oil (FACO), followed by epoxidation of unsaturated chains and then acrylation of the epoxides. Cardanol- and camelina oil-based acrylates were also respectively synthesized for comparison purposes. The bio-based acrylate coatings were then produced under UV-radiation from the acrylates monomers with an addition of a photoinitiator. Polymerization of the acrylates and synthesis of the monomers were observed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the chemical structures and acryl contents of the acrylates were confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The mechanical and thermal properties of the cured acrylates were evaluated using tensile test, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Observation of resistances to water, solvent, and hydrolytic degradation were conducted to water and toluene uptake test, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) rub test, and a degradation test under sodium hydroxide solution. Gel content was measured to evaluate performance of the coatings, and other coating performances including gloss, adhesion, and pencil hardness were determined using the wood panel coated with the cured acrylates. Compared to acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) coating, the acrylate derived from the cardanol modified fatty acids showed higher tensile strength, hardness, glass transition temperature, thermal decomposition temperature at maximum degradation rate, and resistances to solvent and hydrolytic condition of the cured coating. Therefore, the newly designed acrylate is a great alternative to AESO.
A Comparison of Parent and Child Perception of the Child's Behavior:

When children are brought to a clinic because of behavioral disturbances, parents are usually asked to complete several forms, including ones which describe the children's behavior. In this study children as well as parents were asked to complete the behavioral description form. Of 52 items on the questionnaire, a significant level of agreement (p ≤ .05) was found on only 7 items, suggesting that parent and child perceive the child's behavior differently. Because clinicians and others dealing with children often depend solely on the parent's description of behavior in the evaluation process, they need to be aware of this discrepancy when making use of behavior rating forms during the evaluation of children with behavior problems.
A novel genomic rearrangement signature to predict poor survival among women with high grade serous ovarian cancer.

5509Background: Resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy is a major cause of disease progression and mortality among women with high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). It is not known whether pa...
Stereotactic body radiation therapy versus sublobar resection for stage I NSCLC

Abstract Purpose To compare sublobar resection and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Patients undergoing sublobar resection or SBRT for stage I NSCLC from 2007 to 2014 at Duke University Medical Center were evaluated. The primary endpoint of interest was freedom from local recurrence. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazards multivariate analyses were performed. Results 221 patients with stage I NSCLC undergoing sublobar resection (n = 151; 105 wedge and 46 segmentectomy) or SBRT (n = 70) were evaluated. The majority (89%) of patients receiving SBRT were medically inoperable, and compared with surgical patients, were significantly older (74 vs 70 years, p = 0.019), had higher Charlson Comorbidity Indices (3.7 vs 2.7, p Conclusions SBRT and sublobar resection provided similar rates of local tumor control and overall clinical outcomes in stage I NSCLC.
The collaborative care model for HIV and depression: Patient perspectives and experiences from a safety-net clinic in the United States.

Objectives:Collaborative care models may improve outcomes for both HIV and depression. The model includes routine screening and re-assessment of depressive symptoms as well as care coordination ser...
The (Economic) Development of Healthy Eating Habits: Gender, Nutrition, and Health Outcomes in 31 Countries

This research examines how gender and economic development interrelate to predict healthy eating behaviors, and how all three interrelate to predict health outcomes. The consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has been identified by international NGOS, policymakers, and health advocates as an important way to improve health outcomes. However, attempts to change population diets often take highly individualistic approaches, which may overlook structural factors that influence access to and availability of healthy food options, and systematic differences in the propensity to enact health behaviors among populations with similar levels of access and availability. In response, we examine nationally representative data from 31 middle- and high-income countries from the health module of the 2011 International Social Survey Programme. Following analyses from multilevel gamma and linear regression models, we draw two main conclusions. First, women, but not men, tend to eat fresh fruits and vegetables more frequently in more developed countries. Second, there is substantial heterogeneity in health differences between men and women, depending on individual eating behaviors and national development context. We conclude by discussing the academic and policy implications for health and development of our findings regarding the effect of structural factors on eating behaviors and health outcomes.
Estimating node indirect interaction duration to enhance link prediction

Link prediction is the problem of inferring new relationships among nodes in a network that are likely to occur in the near future. Classical approaches mainly consider neighborhood structure similarity when linking nodes. However, we may also want to take into account if the two nodes are already indirectly interacting and if they will benefit from the link by having an active interaction over the time. For instance, it is better to link two nodes u and v if we know that these two nodes will interact in the social network even in the future, rather than suggesting $$v'$$, which will never interact with u. In this paper, we deal with a variant of the link prediction problem: Given a pair of indirectly interacting nodes, predict whether or not they will form a link in the future. We propose a solution to this problem that leverages the predicted duration of their interaction and propose two supervised learning approaches to predict how long will two nodes interact in a network. Given a set of network-based predictors, the basic approach consists of learning a binary classifier to predict whether or not an observed indirect interaction will last in the future. The second and more fine-grained approach consists of estimating how long the interaction will last by modeling the problem via survival analysis or as a regression task. Once the duration is estimated, new links are predicted according to their descending order. Experimental results on Facebook Network and Wall Interaction and Wikipedia Clickstream datasets show that our more fine-grained approach performs the best and beats a link prediction model that does not consider the interaction duration and is based only on network properties.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term reintervention after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Objective Patients who undergo endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) often require reintervention after the index repair. The long-term rate of reintervention and how this has changed with newer device technology are poorly understood. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature to determine long-term freedom from reintervention after EVAR and the change in reintervention rates over time. Methods We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We included randomized controlled trials and observational studies that documented the rate of reintervention after EVAR. We performed a meta-analysis of Kaplan-Meier freedom from reintervention at each year after EVAR. We used linear regression to evaluate change in reintervention rate over time with newer device technology. Results We included a total of 30 studies (randomized trials, n = 3; observational studies, n = 27) comprising 32,126 patients in this review and meta-analysis. Studies ranged in the implantation date of the EVAR device from 1996 to 2014. The probability of freedom from reintervention was 81% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77%-85%) at 5 years, 70% (95% CI, 65%-76%) at 10 years, and 64% (95% CI, 46%-79%) at 14 years. Linear regression demonstrated an improvement in freedom from reintervention when results were stratified by the year of device implantation. At 1 year, estimated freedom from reintervention improved from 90% in 1998 to 94% in 2008 (n = 26 studies; R2 = 0.11; P = .10). At three years, estimated freedom from reintervention improved from 77% in 1998 to 90% in 2008 (n = 26 studies; R2 = 0.27; P = .006). At 5 years, estimated freedom from reintervention improved from 68% in 1998 to 81% in 2008 (n = 22 studies; R2 =0.12; P = .12). At 7 years, estimated freedom from reintervention improved from 51% in 1998 to 86% in 2011 (n = 22 studies; R2 = 0.40; P = .015). Conclusions EVAR patients remain at risk for reintervention indefinitely, and therefore lifelong surveillance is imperative. Encouragingly, reintervention rates have improved over time, with newer devices exhibiting lower rates. Reintervention rate remains an important metric for new devices and registries.
A Qualitative Study to Determine Barriers for Prostate Cancer Screening in Rural African-American Men.

Introduction African-American men have higher rates of prostate cancer and more advanced cancer when diagnosed than men of other ethnicities. Purpose To explore the perspectives and shared experiences of rural African-American men when it comes to interactions with healthcare providers, shared decision-making, and information on prostate cancer and screening. Methods A convenience sample of African-American men in four rural counties in the southeastern United States agreed to participate. Semi-structured interviews of 43 men were conducted in patients' homes, classrooms, offices, and local churches. Lincoln and Guba's (1985) naturalistic approach was used. Results Analysis of the rich, in-depth narratives gleaned from these African-American men revealed three themes: 1) limitations in knowledge of prostate cancer, 2) poor patient/provider communication, and 3) deficient health literacy skills. Conclusions Participants' perspectives about limited knowledge regarding PCa, variation in provider-patient communication and the finding of low health literacy skills expand knowledge, inform clinical practice, and provide evidence for further investigation to better provider communication and patient education concerning PCa and decision making in this population.
The World Bank in the Battles of the 'Decolonization Era'

This paper studies the story of the World Bank, the development system and the battle over financial support for the ‘newly independent states’ in the 1950s and 60s, a story full of tragic turns. Much of what might have been perceived as victories of the Third World (TW) governments at the time, turned into ambivalence and problems: With IDA a new branch of the Bank was created and the Bank turned into a development agency initially against strong Western resistance – but power in the Bank was not shared and the financial engagement became increasingly linked to substantive influence, foreshadowing conditionality. Ultimately, I argue, a certain dynamic and strategy of the Bank and Northern governments comes to the fore when looking at those years that is reminiscent of classic hegemonic moves. Southern demands here were not simply rejected or blocked but rather redirected, diverted and ultimately subverted. Almost like in the far-Eastern fighting technique of Aikido, where the energy and dynamic of an attack is not absorbed but returned and redirected against the attacker, the demands of the Third World here were responded to by creating IDA, thereby transforming the World Bank and turning it into the agency that later became ‘the symbolic antagonist for a vast array of social movements’. This article will look at this Aikido-move of Northern governments and the larger battle from three perspectives. First, it will describe the political battle to institutionalize more development financing, placing the evolution of the Bank and in particular the creation of IDA in the broader context of the battle between North and South over institutional structures of redistribution and financial support (I.). Second, it will look at the discursive turn and rhetorical recognition but also placation and pacification of the South undertaken by the Bank mainly in the 1960s (II.). Finally, it will look at the role of institutional law in this battle and argue that law played an important role in deflecting Southern demands and actually shielding the Bank even more (III.).
The Role of Modeling for “Seeking Truth” in an Educational Policy Classroom

In an age where diverse media compete to bring news, facts, and ideas to the attention of the public, it is not uncommon to find that some of what is promulgated by these various sources of information is false knowledge. In the midst of the greatest diversity of ways to deliver information in the history of mankind, education has a more important role to play than ever before in teaching youth how to discriminate between what is likely to be true and what is not. This is especially necessary in a democracy because many of these untruths are deliberate, intended to sway political opinions. In this paper modeling is used as the preferred method to help college students in an educational policy course learn to verify or refute statements made by influential political figures. It is argued that fact checking skills in our information age are needed more than ever before, and is neither difficult nor time consuming.
Effect of antioxidant on pulmonary surfactant in acute lung injury rats

Objective To explore the changes of neutrophil elastase (NE) and surfactant protein A (SP-A) in acute lung injury(ALI) rats,and the effect of antioxidant. Methods Sixty healthy mature Wister rats were divided into 2 groups, the control group and treatment group. The rats in two groups all received peritoneal injection of E. coli to establish the ALI animal model. 30 minutes after injection of E. coli,the rats in treatment group were injected reduced glutathione from vena caudalis. The levels of NE in blood and expressions of SP-A in lung tissue were detected at 3,6 and 12 hours after injection of E. coli. Results ALI symptom appeared 3 hours after injection of E. coli in the control group, obvious after 6 hours, the rats vomi-ted pink secretion after 12 hours. Lung edema and bleeding were found by pathologic examination. No obvious symptom was found in treatment group after 3 hours, slight tachypnea after 6 hours, slight edema in pulmonary tissue after 12 hours. After administration of reduced glutathione,levels of NE at 3,6 and 12 hours in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group,and indicated statistical significance in 6 and 12 hours(P <0. 05) ;Levels of SP-A in 3,6 and 12 hours in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group, and indicated statistical significance in 3,6 and 12 hours (P < 0. 05). Conclusion Dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant is secondary in ALI, degradation of SP-A is the one of reasons, the application of reduced glutathione as antioxidant, could effectively suppress NE to decompose basosexine elastin of cells and destroy surface active protein, has protective effect on ALI. Key words: Acute lung injury; Neutrophil elastase; Pulmonary surfactant protein A; Anti-oxidant; Rat
Deep Learning Based Approach for Identifying Conventional Machining Processes from CAD Data

Abstract Manufacturing has evolved to become more automated in pursuit of higher quality, better productivity and lower cost. However, industrial logistics between the end customer and manufacturing supply chain still demands human labor and intelligence. This logistic work requires engineers with experienced knowledge to identify machining processes from the CAD model provided by customers at the beginning, and later sourcing for qualified manufacturing suppliers according to identified manufacturing processes. Developing an efficient automatic Machining Process Identification (MPI) system becomes a pivotal problem for logistic automation. In this paper, a novel MPI system is presented based on 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Transfer learning. The proposed system admits triangularly tessellated surface (STL) models as inputs and outputs machining process labels (e.g. milling, turning etc.) as the results of classification of the neural network. Computer-synthesized workpiece models are utilized in training the neural network. In addition to the MPI system, a portable framework was developed for future applications in related fields. The MPI system shows more than 98% accuracy for both synthesized models and real workpiece models which verifies its robustness and real-time reliability.
Sex-based differences in screening and recognition of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes in pediatric primary care.

Background Risk-based screening for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in youth with overweight/obesity is recommended, but rates remain low in practice. Identification of factors impacting provider ordering and patient completion of testing may guide strategies to improve screening. Objective To evaluate predictors of hemoglobin A1c (A1c)-based T2D screening in pediatric primary care. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 10 to 18 year-old patients with overweight/obesity (body mass index [BMI] Z-score ≥1.04) followed in a large academic-affiliated pediatric primary care network, 2009 to 2018. Percentages of patients with ordered and completed A1c were determined, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate independent predictors of screening. Results 34 927 (48.0% female; 52.5% with BMI Z-score ≥1.64) youth followed for a median of 3.0 years were included. 21% (7457) of patients had screening ordered and 14% (4966) completed screening during follow-up. In multivariable regression, after controlling for race/ethnicity, BMI, family history of diabetes and age, males were significantly less likely to have ordered screening, but were equally or more likely to complete screening if ordered. Conclusions Male adolescents were less likely to undergo A1c-based T2D screening due to differential ordering practices. The source of this differential practice should be pursued to avoid under-recognition of cardiometabolic risk in at-risk male youth.
In the temporal organization of episodic memory, the hippocampus supports the experience of elapsed time

Space and time are both essential features of episodic memory, for which the hippocampus is critical (Howard & Eichenbaum, 2015). Spatial tasks have been used effectively to study the behavioral relevance of place cells. However, the behavioral paradigms utilized for the study of time cells have not used time duration as a variable that animals need to be aware of to solve the task. Therefore, the behavioral relevance of this cell firing is unclear. In order to directly study the role of the hippocampus in processing elapsed time, we created a novel time duration discrimination task. Rats learned to make a decision to turn left or right depending on the preceding tone duration (10 s, left turn; 20 s, right turn). Once the rats reached criterion performance of 90% correct on two out of three consecutive days, they received either an excitotoxic hippocampal lesion or a sham-lesion surgery. After recovery, rats were tested to determine hippocampal involvement in discriminating time duration. Rats with hippocampal lesions performed at chance level on their first testing day postlesion, and they were impaired relative to the sham-lesioned rats. Although the hippocampal-lesioned rats began discriminating at above chance level, their performance never returned to criterion even with 50 days of postoperative testing. Furthermore, while sham rats showed no difference in the number of errors they made on 10- versus 20-s delay trials, hippocampal lesion rats similarly improved their performance under the 10-s delay condition, but not under the 20-s delay condition. Results indicate that hippocampal lesions resulted in a selective impairment in discriminating elapsed time only during the longer delay trials. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the limits of working-memory capacity and to the role of sustained hippocampal time cell activity in memory performance depending on the perceived relevance of the delay period.
Improving a gold standard: treating human relevance judgments of MEDLINE document pairs.

Given prior human judgments of the condition of an object it is possible to use these judgments to make a maximal likelihood estimate of what future human judgments of the condition of that object will be. However, if one has a reasonably large collection of similar objects and the prior human judgments of a number of judges regarding the condition of each object in the collection, then it is possible to make predictions of future human judgments for the whole collection that are superior to the simple maximal likelihood estimate for each object in isolation. This is possible because the multiple judgments over the collection allow an analysis to determine the relative value of a judge as compared with the other judges in the group and this value can be used to augment or diminish a particular judge’s influence in predicting future judgments. Here we study and compare five different methods for making such improved predictions and show that each is superior to simple maximal likelihood estimates.
Seed Investment Bounds for Viral Marketing Under Generalized Diffusion and Selection Guidance

This article attempts to provide viral marketeers guidance in terms of an investment level that could help capture some desired $\gamma $ percentage of the market share by some target time $t$ with the desired level of confidence. To do this, we first introduce a generalized diffusion model for social networks. A distance-dependent random graph is then considered as a model for the underlying social network, which we use to analyze the proposed diffusion model. Using the fact that vertices degrees have an almost Poisson distribution in distance-dependent random networks, we then provide a lower bound on the probability of the event that the time it takes for an idea (or a product, campaign, disease, and so on) to dominate a prespecified $\gamma $ percentage of a social network (denoted by $R_\gamma $ ) is smaller than some preselected target time $t > 0$ , i.e., we find a lower bound on the probability of the event $\{R_\gamma \leq t\}$ . Simulation results performed over a wide variety of networks, including random and real world, are then provided to verify that our bound indeed holds in practice. The Kullback–Leibler divergence measure is used to evaluate the performance of our lower bound over these groups of networks, and as expected, we note that for networks that deviate more from the Poisson degree distribution, our lower bound weakens. In the case where absolute/full domination of the market-share is desired, under the linear threshold diffusion model, a particular case of our generalized diffusion model, an upper bound on the size of the seed set is derived, and a selection algorithm is developed to show its tightness. This is also extended to the partial market-share situation.
Diagnostic Dilemma: Synovial Sarcoma Masked As Common Gynecological Pathologies

Study Objective Synovial sarcoma most commonly presents as a soft tissue tumor in young adults. This case report illustrates a diagnostic dilemma, in which a rare tumor was misdiagnosed on imaging on two separate occasions as common gynecological pathologies. Design N/A Setting N/A Patients or Participants N/A Interventions N/A Measurements and Main Results 45-year-old woman presented to the GynOncology clinic as a referral for management of a pedunculated leiomyoma identified on MRI. The patient was counseled on options, and agreed to placement of an intrauterine device. She re-presented two years later, and pelvic ultrasound showed that the previously identified fibroid was now believed to be a dermoid cyst; with interval increase in size, measuring 10.6 × 12.1 × 15. The patient underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, where a mass of indeterminate origin was noted; involving the round ligament, broad ligament, abdominal peritoneum, and abutting the dome of the bladder. Intraoperative frozen section returned indeterminate. Given the patient's desire for future fertility and uncertainty of malignancy, the decision was made to await final pathology before proceeding with surgical management. Pathology showed low-grade spindle-cell sarcoma with molecular features of synovial sarcoma. In two weeks time, the patient underwent a robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and tumor debulking. Per the operative report, the mass that was first thought to be a pedunculated fibroid and then a dermoid cyst was an approximately 20cm retroperitoneal mass originating from the left broad ligament and occupying the entire left pelvic sidewall, pararectal space, paravesical space, and the space of Retzius and encasing the left ureter. Final pathology showed synovial sarcoma, which was confirmed with FISH results. Conclusion This case demonstrates synovial sarcoma misdiagnosed as common gynecological pathologies. This rare pathology is one that gynecologists should be aware of, as its early recognition and treatment allows for improved survival benefit with adjuvant chemotherapy.
Surgery for infants with catastrophic epilepsy: an analysis of complications and efficacy

Infants with epilepsy often have a catastrophic course. There is a reluctance to operate in the very young, due to the perception of an unacceptable risk of morbidity with early operations. The purpose of this investigation was to better characterize the efficacy and safety of epilepsy surgery in infants. Epilepsy operations performed on children under 1 year old, between 2002 and 2013, were reviewed for demographic information, epilepsy characteristics, surgical approach, outcomes, and surgical complications. Twenty-five patients, ages 11 days to 11.5 months (mean 4.7) at operation, were identified. All had daily seizures. Twenty-two (88 %) had an abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Sixteen (64 %) patients underwent hemispherotomy at initial operation. Seven (28 %) infants had grid placement followed by focal resection. Focal cortical dysplasia was the most common pathology (40 %) followed by hemimegalencephaly (32 %). Complications occurred in 36 % of patients. These included hydrocephalus in five patients (20 %). Two patients had significant intra-operative complications which required unplanned staging of their operations. Both recovered without permanent injury. Mean follow-up was 62.4 months. Twenty patients (80 %) are seizure-free, and 10 (40 %) are off anticonvulsant medication. Two patients are Engel class 2, and the remaining three patients were Engel class 4, one of whom died with status epilepticus from the contralateral hemisphere. Infants with localization-related catastrophic epilepsy can have excellent outcomes from early epilepsy surgery. Complications are common in this patient group and proper diagnosis can be challenging. Young age should not exclude infants with catastrophic epilepsy from consideration for early surgical intervention.
A Segregated Approach for Modeling the Electrochemistry in the 3-D Microstructure of Li-Ion Batteries and Its Acceleration Using Block Preconditioners

Battery performance is strongly correlated with electrode microstructure. Electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries have complex microstructure geometries that require millions of degrees of freedom to solve the electrochemical system at the microstructure scale. A fast-iterative solver with an appropriate preconditioner is then required to simulate large representative volume in a reasonable time. In this work, a finite element electrochemical model is developed to resolve the concentration and potential within the electrode active materials and the electrolyte domains at the microstructure scale, with an emphasis on numerical stability and scaling performances. The block Gauss-Seidel (BGS) numerical method is implemented because the system of equations within the electrodes is coupled only through the nonlinear Butler–Volmer equation, which governs the electrochemical reaction at the interface between the domains. The best solution strategy found in this work consists of splitting the system into two blocks—one for the concentration and one for the potential field—and then performing block generalized minimal residual preconditioned with algebraic multigrid, using the FEniCS and the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation libraries. Significant improvements in terms of time to solution (six times faster) and memory usage (halving) are achieved compared with the MUltifrontal Massively Parallel sparse direct Solver. Additionally, BGS experiences decent strong parallel scaling within the electrode domains. Last, the system of equations is modified to specifically address numerical instability induced by electrolyte depletion, which is particularly valuable for simulating fast-charge scenarios relevant for automotive application.
Ambulatory EEG Usefulness in Epilepsy Management.

SUMMARY Long-term video-EEG monitoring has been the gold standard for diagnosis of epileptic and nonepileptic events. Medication changes, safety, and a lack of recording EEG in one's habitual environment may interfere with diagnostic representation and subsequently affect management. Some spells defy standard EEG because of ultradian and circadian times of occurrence, manifest nocturnal expression of epileptiform activity, and require classification for clarifying diagnostic input to identify optimal treatment. Some patients may be unaware of seizures, have frequent events, or subclinical seizures that require quantification before optimal management. The influence on antiseizure drug management and clinical drug research can be enlightened by long-term outpatient ambulatory EEG monitoring. With recent governmental shifts to focus on mobile health, ambulatory EEG monitoring has grown beyond diagnostic capabilities to target the dynamic effects of medical and nonmedical treatment for patients with epilepsy in their natural environment. Furthermore, newer applications in ambulatory monitoring include additional physiologic parameters (e.g., sleep, detection of myogenic signals, etc.) and extend treatment relevance to patients beyond seizure reduction alone addressing comorbid conditions. It is with this focus in mind that we direct our discussion on the present and future aspects of using ambulatory EEG monitoring in the treatment of patients with epilepsy.
Reappraising Choice in Addiction: Novel Conceptualizations and Treatments for Tobacco Use Disorder.

The introduction of alternative nicotine and tobacco products (such as e-cigarettes, heat-not-burn devices, nicotine pouches) warrants an updated framework from which to conceptualize tobacco use disorder (TUD). The following review provides considerations for TUD within the context of novel products. Historically, the tobacco industry falsely claimed that cigarettes were not addictive or harmful and that those who smoked simply chose to do so. This generated an inaccurate lay perception that smoking is a free or informed choice. Research on nicotine pharmacology demonstrates the powerful addictive potential of nicotine, which is shaped by dose, speed of delivery, and other constituents generated. In addition, non-pharmacologic reinforcers motivate and maintain tobacco use behaviors for both traditional cigarettes and novel products. The negative consequences of combustible tobacco use are well known; however, these outcomes may differ for alternative products. Strategies used for combustible product cessation may be adapted for novel products, and treatment recommendations for TUD should be made within the context of a harm reduction framework wherein alternative product use may be the desired outcome. Providers must therefore be willing to modify their perceptions of products and treatment recommendations accordingly. Better public health outcomes are accomplished through promotion of abstinence from combustible smoking. For those who cannot wean from nicotine entirely, switching to less risky modes of delivery might be a secondary goal, with an eventual aim of stopping use of the alternative product. Implications Given the advent of novel, alternative tobacco products, Tobacco Use Disorder must be conceptualized within a contemporary framework that includes harm reduction and alternative outcomes. The unique contributions of nicotine pharmacology, non-pharmacologic reinforcers, and consequences of use can be used to inform treatments for TUD with the ultimate goal of improving the health of individuals who use tobacco.
Kampf um Raum: The Raumwirtschaft & Spatial Hierarchies in the Theresienstadt Ghetto

The Nazi propaganda film, Theresienstadt: Ein Dokumentarfilm aus dem judischen Siedlungsgebiet, presents a distorted and carefully orchestrated rendition of life in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The film scenes that depict ghetto housing, often dismissed as a product of the superficial “beautification” measures carried out in Theresienstadt, nonetheless invoke the spatial hierarchies that existed in the ghetto. As the densest ghetto, Theresienstadt’s “spatial problem” was perpetually acute, and the Raumwirtschaft (Space Management Office) was established to closely monitor the use of available space and to manage the living accommodations of ghetto inmates. Drawing upon a wide set of archival records and ego documents, this article examines how Jewish inmates navigated everyday life amidst an acute shortage of space and argues that space was an important ghetto commodity that radically reshaped communal relations in Theresienstadt.
Insights in Antifungal Drug Discovery

This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section focuses on clinical perspectives, especially of global candidiasis. The second section discusses antifungal drug discovery by offering two different but interacting approaches: traditional, or classical, and genomic. A large study was recently published on a 10.5-year surveillance of susceptibility of Candida species to fluconazole and voriconazole. This study reported a slight trend toward an increasing resistance, in some regions, of NAC species like Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients especially, mucosal candidiasis, or oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), remains one of the most common types of infection throughout the world, but especially in both adult and pediatric age groups in developing countries. Information on the incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is incomplete as it is not reportable. However, the estimate is that VVC caused by Candida species affects about 70 to 75% of young women of childbearing age (most frequent); 40 to 50% of these individuals will have a recurrence, and 5 to 8% will develop recurrent VVC, defined as four or more episodes per year. Systemic candidiasis and bloodstream infections (BSI) also qualify as global infectious diseases. An increased incidence of invasive candidiasis (IC), aspergillosis, and zygomycosis has been reported in tertiary care facilities in India. The currently used echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin) are still relatively new, and studies relating to their in vivo efficacy are ongoing.
Rearing of Germfree and Monocontaminated Chicks in Rigid Plastic Isolators

A Plexiglas isolator for rearing germfree vertebrates is described. Plastic components were precut and finished by a Plexiglas supplier. This equipment is relatively inexpensive; moreover, neither special facilities nor skills are required in their construction. Advantages of this type of isolator are: readily dismantled for cleaning, durable, excellent visibility of the interior, and minimal maintenance. In 30 separate groups of animals, 27 of these yielded germfree chicks. Many of these chicks were reared germfree for 4 weeks; and several were maintained for about 2 months, without microbial contamination. Pure cultures of Candida albicans, Streptococcus faecalis, and Clostridium perfringens were established as monocontaminations in the intestinal tracts of chickens. In contrast, Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC 9220 failed to grow in the gut of chicks, following peroral administration of this organism. All chicks described were employed on other experiments, and were killed for various assays at times specified.
Revisiting the Pure versus Hybrid Dilemma

Abstract The study examined the use of Porter's (1980) generic strategies of overall cost leadership and differentiation in their pure and hybrid forms, and their effect on performance in the context-specific setting of a developing country, viz. India. Results indicated that organizations that followed a combination of cost leadership and differentiation strategies (“hybrids”), in general, had the best performance of all groups on a variety of performance measures.
Making contextual intensional logic nonmonotonic

This paper motivates and presents a nonmonotonic version of Contextual Intensional Logic, a type-theoretic logic intended as a general formalism for reasoning about context. In developing this logic, it is necessary to think through interactions between nonmonotonic and intensional logic that are interesting in their own right. The paper concludes with an extended example how nonmonotonic lifting rules can be deployed in inter-contextual reasoning.
Differential immunohistochemical localization of inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate- and ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channels in rat brain

Ca2+ release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive and ryanodine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores is mediated by distinct proteins identified as IP3 receptors (IP3R) and ryanodine receptors (RyR), respectively. We have compared the immunohistochemical localizations of IP3R and RyR in the brain at the light and electron microscopic levels and have also evaluated the distribution of the major brain intracellular Ca(2+)-pumping ATPase. IP3R and RyR occur in overlapping populations of neurons in widespread areas of the brain, but labeling is distinct in a number of areas. For example, IP3R is enriched in cerebellar Purkinje cells and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, while RyR is present at relatively low levels in these cells. RyR is most enriched in the dentate gyrus and CA3/4 areas of the hippocampus, where IP3R levels are low. In the cortex, IP3R is found in pyramidal cell bodies and proximal dendrites, whereas RyR is located predominantly in long, thin apical dendrites of pyramidal cells. In deep cerebellar nuclei, RyR is located in cell bodies that appear devoid of IP3R, whereas IP3R is enriched in terminals surrounding cell bodies. Electron microscopy in the hippocampus reveals RyR in axons, dendritic spines, and dendritic shafts near dendritic spines while IP3R is primarily identified in dendritic shafts and cell bodies. These results suggest that the IP3- and ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ pools have largely distinct roles in controlling intracellular Ca2+ levels, though in some sites they may interact to varying degrees.
Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria Indigenous to pH 2.8 Acid Mine Water: Predominant Slime-Producing Bacteria in Acid Streamers

Five gram-negative bacteria, two gram-positive bacteria, and one yeast were isolated from "acid streamers" taken from acid mine water. One gram-positive rod which has been tentatively identified as a Bacillus species appeared to be the predominant organism in the streamers. This isolate produced copious amounts of extracellular polymer at 10 C in the laboratory and was considered to be the primary source of polymer in the "acid streamer" slime matrix. The organism grew slowly at pH 2.8 in mine water media, but the optimal pH was approximately 7.0.
Stratigraphic coordinates: a coordinate system tailored to seismic interpretation

ABSTRACT In certain seismic data processing and interpretation tasks such as spiking deconvolution, tuning analysis, impedance inversion, and spectral decomposition, it is commonly assumed that the vertical direction is normal to reflectors. This assumption is false in the case of dipping layers and may therefore lead to inaccurate results. To overcome this limitation, we propose a coordinate system in which geometry follows the shape of each reflector and the vertical direction corresponds to normal reflectivity. We call this coordinate system stratigraphic coordinates. We develop a constructive algorithm that transfers seismic images into the stratigraphic coordinate system. The algorithm consists of two steps. First, local slopes of seismic events are estimated by plane‐wave destruction; then structural information is spread along the estimated local slopes, and horizons are picked everywhere in the seismic volume by the predictive‐painting algorithm. These picked horizons represent level sets of the first axis of the stratigraphic coordinate system. Next, an upwind finite‐difference scheme is used to find the two other axes, which are perpendicular to the first axis, by solving the appropriate gradient equations. After seismic data are transformed into stratigraphic coordinates, seismic horizons should appear flat, and seismic traces should represent the direction normal to the reflectors. Immediate applications of the stratigraphic coordinate system are in seismic image flattening and spectral decomposition. Synthetic and real data examples demonstrate the effectiveness of stratigraphic coordinates.
Prospects and Problems of the Transition From Agrarianism to Socialism: The Case of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique

Abstract The Lusophone countries of Africa have entered upon the path to socialism in a very different fashion from most of the African countries. This paper raises a number of key issues concerning their prospects. It initially investigates the theory and practice of the ‘non- capitalist path’ to socialism, placing it in the context of African socialist thinkers. It then turns to an examination of the political economy of the colonial period of the countries and finally assesses the problems and prospects of the transition to socialism in the countries, drawing some comparisons with China.
Characterization of metal-soot systems by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy was employed to characterize soot obtained by combusting mixtures of toluene and organometallic additives. Utilizing iodotrimethyl platinum (IV) as a model compound, it is shown that low additive concentrations (10 −4 M Pt) result in the formation of small metal particles less than 3.0 nm in diameter. Higher additive concentrations (10 −3 M Pt) produced larger metal particles 5.0 to 6.0 nm in diameter. Literature data indicate that large metal particles arc less active than small metal particles for promoting carbon oxidation and suggest there may be advantages in utilizing low additive concentrations. Two alkaline earth metal additives, Ba and Ca naphthenate, resulted in little soot production and no metal was detected in the product soot. The effectiveness of the alkaline earth metals in reducing soot emissions in the flame suggest that they may be good candidates for controlling engine-out particulate emissions. However, the poor contact between the metal and the resulting soot indicates that Ba and Ca naphthenates may be poor additives for use in conjunction with aftertreatment devices in diesel vehicles. Ferrocene and ferric acetylacetonate, when introduced with the same Fe concentration, differed significantly in their production of iron particles—no particles were observed with the ferrocene and very small Fe particles were observed with ferric acetyl acetonate. The difference between the two additives is attributed to differences in their volatility and thermal stability. The different extents of metal incorporation obtained with ferrocene and ferric acetylacetonate show the significance of the organic portion of the additive in determining the metal-carbon contact and ultimately the effectiveness of an additive.
Preoperative acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for control of pain after orthodontic separator placement.

Introduction: Pain control during orthodontics is an important aspect of patient compliance. The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial was to compare the pain control effectiveness of acetaminophen (650 mg) with ibuprofen (400 mg) taken 1 hour before separator placement in adolescents. Methods: The patients recorded their discomfort on a 100-mm visual analog scale during several activities (teeth not touching, chewing, and fitting back teeth together) and by selecting words adapted from the McGill Pain Questionnaire at 5 time intervals: immediately before separator placement, immediately after separator placement, 2 to 3 hours later, at bedtime, and on awakening the next morning. The patients (n = 33) were randomly assigned to the ibuprofen group or the acetaminophen group. A repeated-measures ANOVA was performed as a function of time and treatment group. Results: Pain increased immediately after separator placement, lessened, and then increased to a peak the next morning. The most commonly selected words to describe pain were “annoying,” “sore,” and “tight.” There was no significant difference in pain at any time after separator placement regardless of the medication taken. Conclusions: Acetaminophen and ibuprofen produced no significant differences in pain after separator placement.