cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting the occurrence of radon-222 in groundwater supplies.

The intent of this study was to develop an understanding of some of the factors that affect the concentration ol radon-222 (222Rn) in drinking water supplies derived from groundwater, with specific application to North Carolina. Data for this investigation were collected on a sample of 96 North Carolina public water supply wells. Water samples were collected and analyzed for222Rn content. Data on site geology and well characteristics (discharge, specific capacity, depth, and casing length) were obtained from existing sources. From a statistical examination of the data collected in this study, we conclude that there is a distinct and statistically significant difference in the mean222Rn concentrations of groundwater associated with different types of rocks. The data, however, also indicate that there is a great degree of variability in the222Rn concentrations of samples drawn from any giver rock type. The situation is made slightly better by introducing a second variable given as the geologic region of a water supply. A fairly surprising finding of this study is the relative insignificance of discharge, specific capacity, depth, and casing length of wells as predictors of222Rn concentration. The present study indicates that use of these variables as predictors does not significantly improve the likelihood of locating water supplies with elevatec222Rn concentrations.
Pain, neuropathic symptoms, and physical and mental well-being in persons with cancer.

Background:Neuropathic pain is present in at least 25% to 40% of people with cancer pain and is thought to be more difficult to control than other types of cancer-related pain.Objective:The purpose of this study was to explore differences in the experience of cancer patients who describe their pain
Demonstration of free space transmission from a THz quantum cascade laser to a quantum well detector

A demonstration of a THz free space transmitter/receiver link using only 2 quantum well semiconductor devices is described. A GaAs/AlGaAs QCL operating at 3.8 THz was used to transmit music to a GaAs/AlGaAs QW detector thrugh an air pah of 2 meters.
1222 ALTERED CEREBRAL SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION BY THE HYPOGLYCEMIC DOG

Insulin infusion to 3 hr old term dogs (n=6, control=6)lowered blood glucose (1.31±0.17 vs 8.12±0.29 mM p<0.001) and lactate (1.05±0.13 vs 1.72±0.22 p<0.01), without altering clinical behavior. Freeze clamped cerebral cortex (<3sec) revealed reduced glycogen content (1.35±0.25 vs 1.98±0.20 umol/g p<0.05) and glucose 6-phosphate levels (0.068±0.013 vs 0.115±0.021 p<0.02) following hypoglycemia. Cerebral phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate levels were augmented during hypoglycemia while cerebral cortical lactate was diminished (0.774±0.054 vs 1.40±0.15 p<0.01). Furthermore, citrate (0.210±0.004 vs 0.353±0.009 p<0.001) and malate levels (0.103±0.016 vs 0.197±0.022 p<0.01) were diminished during hypoglycemia while alpha ketoglutarate was not altered. Cerebral amino acids, aspartate and glutamate were unchanged. However, alanine (0.477±0.041 vs 0.680±0.080 p<0.05) and glutamine (6.24 ±0.40 vs 7.68±0.06 p<0.01) were reduced during hypoglycemia. In addition, during hypoglycemia cerebral ammonia levels were elevated (1.12±0.24 vs 0.58±0.02 p<0.02). Nonetheless, cerebral ATP levels were not affected. These data suggest that neonatal cerebral energy status was not altered by diminished circulating levels of oxidizable cerebral substrates, glucose and lactate. The small pool of cerebral glycogen may be mobilized to contribute to energy production. Nonetheless, the much larger pool of cerebral amino acids via transamination and deamination reactions may become a more important source for cerebral energy production during hypoglycemia than during euglycemia.
Observations of active galaxies

New information obtained by the EXOSAT satellite on the nature of the X-ray variability in AGNs is discussed. From the EXOSAT data, it is seen that many more AGNs vary on short timescales; in some cases, the character of the time variability is quantitatively and qualitatively different than expected from the flare model of the variability. Data on the two active galaxies NGC5506 and NGC4051, which exemplify these findings, are discussed.
Family involvement in PSE: international schools easing the transition of mobile families

The impact of family mobility from domestic or international moves can be challenging for families. Some families adjust and other families experience crisis. For some families, relocation may be due to a job promotion and transfer, while for other families moving may be due to divorce, loss of employment or other stressful circumstances. Regardless of whether the family perceives relocation as positive or negative, moving places demands on families and consequently families experience varying degrees of transience. This article is based upon a qualitative research study about internationally mobile (IM) families managing relocation and transience and the place of international schooling in that process. 90 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 45 (IM) families at an international school in southern England. The study included an intervention that consisted of implementing a personal and social education (PSE) programme for families with adolescent children. Family involvement in PSE facilitated ...
Growth of embryos on synthetic media after excision from gamma-irradiated (525 kr) and unirradiated wheat grains

Abstract Embryos exclusive of scutella were excised from γ-irradiated (525 kr) and unirradiated wheat grains and cultured in darkness on defined media. Growth of the embryos from irradiated grain occurred without detectable cell divisions. Absence of a nitrogen source reduced growth of irradiated and unirradiated embryos to similar extents. Absence of carbohydrate completely prevented detectable growth in both irradiated and unirradiated embryos. The growth responses of the irradiated embryos to single and mixed carbohydrates were similar to the growth responses of unirradiated embryos in the following respects: (1) dependency of growth on d -glucose concentration, (2) growth on either sucrose or fructose comparable with growth on d -glucose, (3) lesser but significant growth on either d -ribose or d -xylose, (4) incapacity to grow on d -galactose, d -mannose, or l -arabinose, and (5) reduced growth after addition of either l -arabinose or d -mannose to media containing a near optimal concentration of d -glucose. Similarly, addition of d -galactose to media containing a near optimal concentration of d -glucose reduced coleoptile and root growth of both irradiated and unirradiated embryos. By contrast, however, addition of d -galactose to media containing a near optimal concentration of d -glucose greatly reduced first leaf growth of the unirradiated embryos but had little or no effect on reducing the first leaf growth of the irradiated embryos. This differential effect of d -galactose on growth of the first leaf was the only major difference in gross growth characteristics found between the irradiated embryos growing without detectable cell division and the unirradiated embryos.
Yield losses in maturing spring wheat caused by cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions.

Populations of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), and the bird cherryoat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), develop in some years on maturing wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.), in the Dakotas and western Minnesota. Two experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to determine the yield loss caused by these aphids late in the growth cycle of wheat. In the 1st experiment, populations of 30, 60, and 120 aphids of each species were initiated on ‘Sharp’ spring wheat at the boot, anthesis, and dough stages of plant growth and regulated at those numbers over a 10-d period to obtain 300, 600, and 1,200 aphid-days of feeding intensity. The 2nd experiment was initiated as in the 1st, but the aphid populations were allowed to fluctuate to obtain a range of cumulative feeding intensities. The results of the 1st experiment showed that R. padi 600 and 1,200 aphid-day treatments at the onset of the boot stage caused grain yield losses of 19 and 31%, respectively. The 300, 600, and 1,200 aphid-day treatments during the anthesis stage of plant growth caused yield losses of 14, 15, and 20%, respectively. Feeding by S. avenae caused significant yield loss only during the boot stage. Regression analysis of data from the 2nd experiment showed that only feeding by R. padi caused significant yield loss and only during the boot stage. Reduction in the number of the spikelets per head during the boot stage and in the average seed weight during later stages of plant growth were the principal components of yield loss caused by the feeding of cereal aphids.
Organic Chemistry, Third Edition (Wade, Jr., L.G.)

The term "user friendly" may well be applied to this revision of Wade's fine organic chemistry text. The current third edition is streamlined and pared down from 1377 to 1295 pages and, at the same...
Inflammation and Lung Cancer: Roles of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species

The lung is a highly specialized organ that facilitates uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. Due to its unique structure providing enormous surface area to outside ambient air, it is vulnerable to numerous pathogens, pollutants, oxidants, gases, and toxicants that are inhaled continuously from air, which makes the lung susceptible to varying degrees of oxidative injury. To combat these unrelenting physical, chemical, and biological insults, the respiratory epithelium is covered with a thin layer of lining fluid containing several antioxidants and surfactants. Inhaled toxic agents stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which in turn provoke inflammatory responses resulting in the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These subsequently stimulate the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes into the lung so as to combat the invading pathogens or toxic agents. In addition to the beneficial effects, persistent inhalation of the invading pathogens or toxic agents may result in overwhelming production of ROS/RNS, producing chronic inflammation and lung injury. During inflammation, enhanced ROS/RNS production may induce recurring DNA damage, inhibition of apoptosis, and activation of proto-oncogenes by initiating signal transduction pathways. Therefore, it is conceivable that chronic inflammation-induced production of ROS/RNS in the lung may predispose individuals to lung cancer. This review describes the complex relationship between lung inflammation and carcinogenesis, and highlights the role of ROS/RNS in cancer development.
Sustainable farm system management considering economic and environmental attitudes

Both increasing competition for water among farmers and chemical pollution due to current agricultural practices have led to unsustainability in the Kamfirooz region in the Province of Fars, Iran. The effects of management practice need to be analysed so that we do not veer from a sustainable path for the future. The suggested model combines a biophysical model (WinEPIC) and a mathematical programming model of farmers' economic behaviour with game theory to provide a more realistic representation of economic agri-environmental attitudes. This article investigated the optimal solutions for the conflicting objectives between the two relevant players, namely farmers and the community. The results indicated that it is possible to manage sustainable agricultural systems and the protection of resources by applying the appropriate management practices.
Evolving research misconduct policies and their significance for physical scientists.

Scientific misconduct includes the fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism (FFP) of concepts, data or ideas; some institutions in the United States have expanded this concept to include “other serious deviations (OSD) from accepted research practice.” It is the absence of this OSD clause that distinguishes scientific misconduct policies of the past from the “research misconduct” policies that should be the basis of future federal policy in this area. This paper introduces a standard for judging whether an action should be considered research misconduct as distinguished from scientific misconduct: by this standard, research misconduct must involve activities unique to the practice of science and must have the potential to negatively affect the scientific record. Although the number of cases of scientific misconduct is uncertain (only the NIH and the NSF keep formal records), the costs are high in terms of the integrity of the scientific record, diversions from research to investigate allegations, ruined careers of those eventually exonerated, and erosion of public confidence in science. Existing scientific misconduct policies vary from institution to institution and from government agency to government agency; some have highly developed guidelines that include OSD, others have no guidelines at all. One result has been that the federal False Claims Act has been used to pursue allegations of scientific misconduct. As a consequence, such allegations have been adjudicated in federal courts, rather than judged by scientific peers. The federal government is now establishing a first-ever research misconduct policy that would apply to all research funded by the federal government regardless of which agency funded the research or whether the research was carried out in a government, industrial or university laboratory. Physical scientists, who up to now have only infrequently been the subject of scientific misconduct allegations, must nonetheless become active in the debate over research misconduct policies and how they are implemented since they will now be explicitly covered by this new federal wide policy.
Preparation and properties of thermistor thin-films by metal organic decomposition

Abstract Thin thermistor films of chemical composition Ni 0.48 Co 0.24 Cu 0.6 Mn 1.68 O 4 were prepared by metal organic decomposition (MOD). Stock solution that was used for thin-film deposition was prepared by dissolving manganese (III) and nickel (II) acetylacetonates, cobalt acetate and copper nitrate in a mixture of methanol, ethylene glycol and acetic acid. Thin-films were fabricated by either dip-coating or spin-coating. Polycrystalline single-phase cubic spinel was obtained after annealing from 600 to 800°C in air. Smooth and dense thin-films, free from cracks, were formed on aluminosilicate glass, however, the thin-film surface was irregular on fused silica, suggesting that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate plays a crucial role in thin-film morphology. Electrical properties are strongly influenced by the annealing temperature: the resistivity and hopping activation energy vary from ρ (298 K) =9.75 Ω cm and E H =0.139 eV for films annealed at 600°C to ρ (298 K) =1015 Ω cm and E H =0.247 eV for the films annealed at 800°C. The Seebeck coefficient was negative for the films annealed at 600 and 650°C and became positive for films annealed at higher temperatures. Electrical conduction was described in terms of small polaron hopping between Mn 4+ and Mn 3+ cations located in octahedral sites of the spinel structure. Changes of the electrical properties were attributed to the reduction of manganese Mn 4+ →Mn 3+ during annealing at high temperatures.
Blazing The Trail: A.Z. Abushady And The Apis Club

A Z Abushady was the founder of the Apis Club at Benson in Oxfordshire. He was the first editor of its journal which was first published in June 1919. That journal is this journal, Bee World. Here, from a manuscript in progress, his granddaughter gives some insight into the life of this interesting man.
A computer simulation of the behavior of reciprocal translocations in autotetraploids.

Reciprocal translocations in autotetraploids create extremely complex cytological and genetic situations. Along with three types of heterozygotes with one, two or three pairs of translocated chromosomes, a large array of aneuploid and unbalanced genotypes can be expected in the F2 and advanced generations. These types arise from gametes formed by adjacent and anomalous disjunctions of multivalents and by numerical non-disjunction of non-cooriented multivalents.
Total protein and acid phosphatase concentrations in prostatic fluid from patients with BPH compared to carcinoma

To obtain evidence of metabolic changes in the human prostate associated with prostate pathology, in particular carcinoma of the prostate, by identifying and evaluating associated changes in prostatic secretory products. Expressed prostatic fluid (EPF) from 36 patients with carcinoma, 128 with BPH histologically confirmed, and 148 with clinical BPH was subjected to determination of protein (Lowry; UV 280 nm absorption), enzymatic (DMA modified Row procedure) acid phosphatase (AcP), and immunologically identified (Tandem®-PAP immunoenzymatic assay) prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) concentration. The important EPF findings are the following: (1) Protein concentrations (Lowry and UV determinations) are significantly increased in carcinoma as compared to histologic BPH, (2) AcP and PAP secretions remain stable in carcinoma versus BPH, and (3) AcP and PAP/Lowry protein ratios are significantly lower with carcinoma. These findings of increased protein and the decreased relative secretions of AcP and PAP to total protein (ratio) in EPF from patients with carcinoma compared to BPH support and help to characterize the diffuse metabolic alteration in the prostate associated with prostate carcinoma. EPF observations identify potential metabolic changes occurring in prostate carcinoma that may have potential clinical and investigative relevance.
Supply of data assurance in electronic exchanges and user evaluation of risk and performance outcomes

Modern technology allows businesses to efficiently transact in electronic markets. Lack of control over each transacting party raises issues of accountability and increases demand for assurance. While extant assurance services emphasize third-party certification as a primary assurance signal, they do not examine substitutes of such services which address the need for evaluation of assurance signals provided by the level of transparency in an entity’s controls in a web-based data exchange. The present research develops the concept of data assurance to encompass evaluative beliefs communicated to users on a real-time basis. A simulated web-based data exchange was custom-developed for this study and used in an experimental setting. Two levels of data assurance were implemented which manipulated the level of transparency in an entity’s controls in processing real-time transactions. The findings of the study suggest that data assurance operates as an uncertainty absorption mechanism minimizing negative effects of perceived risk in a data exchange. Future research should benefit from these results which provide implications for the design of assurance mechanisms that are substitute to third-party assurance services in a web-based exchange context.
Spatial relations between mares and foals of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus)

Abstract Welsh pony mares and foals (Equus caballus) were usually found to be within 1 or 5 m of each other during the first week of the foal's life and gradually spent more time at greater distances as the foals became older. There was an overall levelling of the trend during the 9th–15th weeks of life of the foal, followed by a second period of change during weeks 16–24. Through weeks 21–24, mares and foals spent at least half of their time within 5 m of each other. Proximity was primarily due to foal activity except during foal recumbency. During the first 8 weeks of the foal's life, a mare remained close by when it was recumbent, either by grazing in a circle around it or by standing upright beside it. Mares and foals were most likely to be close together when they were resting upright with the other ponies in the herd and most likely to be far apart when the foal was playing. Similarities in patterns of spatial relationship between the foals of a given mare were demonstrated. There was no difference between colts and filies in the development of independence.
Two-Component Forms of the Dirac Equation

In this paper some aspects of the two-component alternative to the Dirac equation, recently proposed by Biedenharn, Han, and Van Dam (BHvD), are discussed. We consider the possiblility that the BHvD equation can be interpreted as another two-component form of the Dirac equation, being brought about by a unitary transformation which resembles the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation. This point of view also enables us to derive more two-component alternatives to the Dirac equstion.
Differential co-promoting activities of alpha, beta and gamma interferons in the murine skin two-stage carcinogenesis model

SENCAR mice develop more papillomas in two-stage skin carcinogenesis protocols if gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is co-administered with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) during the promotion phase. In the current study preparations of murine alpha, beta and gamma IFNs were surveyed for their abilities to modulate TPA-dependent promotion and induction of epidermal hyperplasia, inflammation and ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC). Single or multiple i.p. administrations of IFN-alpha, -beta or -gamma ( or = 2500 units) significantly increased the skin's vascular permeability. Comparable effects were not obtained with IFN-beta (IFN-alpha not tested). Treatment of TPA-promoted mice with IFN-gamma, and to a lesser extent IFN-beta, weakly potentiated the TPA-dependent induction of epidermal ODC activity. Under conditions in which IFN-gamma had co-promoting activities in an initiation-promotion protocol, co-treatment of initiated mice with 1 microgram of TPA and IFN-alpha or -beta (100-5000 units) did not reproducibly alter tumor latency., or papilloma and carcinoma multiplicities. These findings suggest that the co-promoting activities of IFNs are restricted to the gamma class, and are not uniformly reflected by parameters commonly employed as short-term markers of tumor promotion.
New experimental techniques for validation of marine discharge models

Abstract A new three-dimensional Laser-Induced Fluorescence (3DLIF) system was applied to study the mixing of a produced water outfall discharge typical of that used in offshore production operations. The outfall consists of a pipeline terminating in a multiport diffuser discharging into water about 12 m deep. Scaled laboratory experiments were done using conditions based on measured oceanographic conditions near the site. The current was perpendicular to the diffuser, and the receiving water was linearly stratified. The model was undistorted and the jet densimetric Froude number was the same as in the prototype. This scaling results in correct modeling of the source volume, momentum, and buoyancy fluxes, and equality of other line source dimensionless parameters. The experiments were conducted in a constant refractive-index environment which enabled detailed three-dimensional concentration measurements in the near field mixing zone to be obtained despite the density variations in the flow field. The mixing processes were found to be complex. The jets discharging upstream were quickly swept downstream, where they began merging with the downstream jets. Lateral mixing caused the concentration profiles to quickly become laterally homogeneous. Initially, dilution increased rapidly with distance from the diffuser, but farther away the rate of increase of dilution slowed as the turbulence became affected by the ambient density stratification. The dilution eventually becomes approximately constant; the location where this occurs defines the end of the near field, where mixing is primarily due to turbulence and other processes induced by the discharge itself. The end of the near field is marked by collapse of the self-induced turbulence under the influence of the ambient stratification. The results were compared to predictions of commonly used mathematical models of marine mixing zones: RSB, UM3, and CORMIX. The best predictions of the near field dilution and the length of the near field were by RSB. UM3 gave good predictions of the near field dilution, but CORMIX overestimated the dilution and rise height substantially. It is believed that this overestimation by CORMIX is due to its approximation of the diffuser as a row of vertically discharging jets of equivalent total momentum flux; this is clearly a poor approximation to the diffuser conditions modeled here. 3DLIF is an exciting new technique that can give unprecedented insight into the complex hydrodynamics and processes occurring in buoyancy-modified mixing zones and to improvement of near field mathematical models. Experiments on other discharge configurations are continuing.
Reducing the Footprint of Contaminated Lands: US Department of Energy Sites as a Case Study

The legacy of the Cold War and of 20th century industrial development has left us with contaminated lands, both public and private, that require remediation and conversion to other uses. Many contaminated US Department of Energy sites left over from the Cold War have large buffer areas of uncontaminated land that once served a security purpose. In this paper we propose a management plan for reducing the size of contaminated land holdings, particularly where these sites contain uncontaminated buffer lands such as those held by the Department of Energy. We examine the disciplines, research, and other considerations whose involvement is essential to reducing the footprint of these contaminated lands. After the land necessary for continued missions and for long-term stewardship of contamination is established, the land that remains can be returned to other uses. Remediation options for these decommissioned lands, ecological considerations, and economic/cultural values should be incorporated into future land use decisions. Some of these lands have unique species assemblages and ecosystems that should be evaluated before the land is turned over to industrial or other uses. Land use options are constrained by regulatory, governmental, environmental and legal concerns that must be examined before transfer. Once the decision has been made to transfer lands, there are a number of administrative, bio-monitoring, and institutional controls that are essential. Buffer lands that are returned to other uses (ranging from conservation and recreation areas to industry or housing) might require regular bio-monitoring to ensure that there is no health risk to biota or people. Institutional controls and monetary responsibilities must be in place before land is transferred to ensure that there are neither appreciable future risks to the public and ecosystems nor appreciable liabilities and costs to the new owners. Each of these steps should involve multiple disciplines (eg public health, toxicology, ecology, land use planning, economics, risk communication) and agencies, as well as multiple stakeholders in an interactive and iterative process.
T Wave Alternans and Torsades de Pointes After the Use of Intravenous Pentamidine

T Wave Alternans and Pentamidine. We report the case of a patient in whom dramatic T wave alternans with brief bouts of torsades de pointes and QT prolongation occurred in association with intravenously administered pentamidine. This ECG marker of a potentially fatal side effect, although uncommon, should be looked for in patients requiring the use of this drug.
Magnetic Nanoparticles [Book Review]

Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Fabrication to Clinical Applications fills a gap in scientific knowledge about MNPs' role in cutting edge biomedical applications in addition to different fabrication techniques. The book comes in hardcover and is printed on glossy paper with color figures. The editor did an excellent job in compiling a collection of interesting and complementary topics written by qualified experts who cover the subject from different perspectives in a well-organized and comprehensive fashion. The book has a foreword by Prof. Mostafa A. El-Sayed, a world expert in nanoparticles from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. The book is divided into five parts: "Introduction", "Fabrication and Characterization of MNPs", "Biofunctionalization of MNPs for Biomedical Applications", "Ex Vivo Applications of MNPs", and "In Vivo Applications of MNPs".
Portal film enhancement: Technique and clinical utility

We report on the results a 3-year project which had as its goal the development of methods to enhance radiation portal films to improve their readability. We had previously reported on a portal film enhancement technique, contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization, which could enhance low contrast detail, but degraded sharply contrasted edges. A new method, unsharp masking followed by contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization, now appears to overcome this problem. A clinical trial to test whether enhanced portal films could be read more accurately than standard ones was undertaken. The trial involved 12 readers from two institutions doing 276 readings. In this trial the enhanced films were judged to be of higher quality than the non-enhanced films (p < .001) and were read more accurately (p = .026). The usefulness and difficulties of routinely performing portal film enhancement in a busy radiation therapy department are discussed.
Some aspects of free amino acid metabolism in developing encysted embroyos of Artemia salania, the brine shirmp

Abstract 1. 1. Free amino acid patterns during the hatching of Artemia depend upon embryonic development and external salinity. 2. 2. High transaminase activity indicates rapid turnover of alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid. This turnover is probably related to protein reorganization. 3. 3. Alanine patterns before emerbence are correlated with patterns of enzyme activity and oxygen consumption. A hydroxypyruvate pathway would explain a rapid fall of alanine before emergence. 4. 4. Amino acids are released into distilled water in greater quantities than the observed loss from Artemia suggesting continuous synthesis and loss of amino acids. The loss depends mainly upon the absence of Na + . 5. 5. Internal free amino acid levels after emergence are higher in increased salinity, but the increase contributes only slightly to internal osmotic pressure. Ammonia excretion rate in less during the buildup of free amino acids in greater salinities.
Powering interactive intelligent systems with the crowd

Creating intelligent systems that are able to recognize a user's behavior, understand unrestricted spoken natural language, complete complex tasks, and respond fluently could change the way computers are used in daily life. But fully-automated intelligent systems are a far-off goal -- currently, machines struggle in many real-world settings because problems can be almost entirely unconstrained and can vary greatly between instances. Human computation has been shown to be effective in many of these settings, but is traditionally applied in an offline, batch-processing fashion. My work focuses on a new model of continuous, real-time crowdsourcing that enables interactive crowd-powered systems.
Osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap: its use without significant donor site morbidity.

Abstract While the fasciocutaneous radial forearm free flap has gained increasing popularity, the osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap has been condemned because of a high rate of pathologic donor radius fracture. On the basis of studies that demonstrated increased strength in ostectomized radii after dynamic compression plating, we believed that internal fixation at the time of graft harvest would significantly reduce the incidence of donor radius fracture. This is a retrospective review of the first 54 patients undergoing osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap reconstruction of the head and neck at our institution; 52 underwent prophylactic plating of their donor radii. No clinically significant donor radius fractures have occurred in plated patients. Five asymptomatic fractures were discovered on routine radiographs and required no treatment. Objective evaluation of forearm range of motion and strength after graft harvest demonstrated excellent function compared with unoperated arms. Serial radiographs have shown remodeling and reconstitution of donor radii without localized osteopenia. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:711-7.)
Modeling traffic flow interrupted by incidents

Abstract A steady-state M/M/ c queueing system under batch service interruptions is introduced to model the traffic flow on a roadway link subject to incidents. When a traffic incident happens, either all lanes or part of a lane is closed to the traffic. As such, we model these interruptions either as complete service disruptions where none of the servers work or partial failures where servers work at a reduced service rate. We analyze this system in steady-state and present a scheme to obtain the stationary number of vehicles on a link. For those links with large c values, the closed-form solution of M/M/∞ queues under batch service interruptions can be used as an approximation. We present simulation results that show the validity of the queueing models in the computation of average travel times.
Polyvalent Group B Arbovirus Antiserum Produced in Monkeys.

SummaryPolyvalent group B arbovirus antiserum reactive by complement-fixation test was prepared in monkeys by sequential inoculation of Japanese encephalitis (JE), yellow fever, and TP 21 (Langat) viruses. Such serum should facilitate identification of newly isolated arboviruses as members of group B. Combinations of JE, dengue 1 and TP 21 or yellow fever viruses produced sera with lesser degrees of polyvalency, and use of only JE and yellow fever viruses yielded serum with only low CF titers to a few heterologous group B arboviruses. Examination of 27 monkeys for pre-existing arboviral neutralizing antibodies revealed most to be negative; however, one rhesus monkey from India was positive to Oriboca virus and another to Bwamba virus, suggesting that these or antigenically closely related arboviruses exist in India even though they are currently recognized to occur only in South and Central America or in Africa respectively.
Tubocutaneous Fistula in a Premature Infant

ABSTRACT Fistulous tracts between the uterus and skin were more common in the preantibiotic era and most often occurred after pelvic surgery. Tubocutaneous fistulas constituted a subset of this form of operative complication. With the improvement of operative techniques and use of antibiotics, the incidence of these fistulas is greatly reduced. In cases reported since 1963, the youngest patient to develop a tubocutaneous fistula was 15 years old. Reported here is an infant delivered at 25 weeks‘ gestation, who developed necrotizing enterocolitis requiring 2 surgical interventions. At the time of insertion of a tunneled central venous catheter, the surgeon noted a mass in the right lower quadrant, which he excised. A noninflamed tubocutaneous fistula was identified pathologically with only the distal portion of the tube present. The child's history is similar to other reports in that she had previous operations and had developed significant fibrous abdominal adhesions. Her history is unique in that she is ...
Effect of indomethacin on increases in leukotriene B4 and pulmonary edema in response to phorbol ester administration in dogs.

The administration of leukotrienes (LTs) into the pulmonary circulation results in edema formation and increased vascular permeability. We reported previously that the administration of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 20 μg/kg) to intact anesthetized dogs results in a reduction in circulating white blood cells as well as the development of pulmonary edema concomitant with the appearance of LTs in the lungs. In contrast, when a smaller dose of PMA (10 μg/kg) was administered, neither extravascular lung water nor LTs increased, although there was a similar reduction in circulating white blood cells. In the present study, we used a property of indomethacin, namely, its capacity to augment the formation of LTs, to examine further the relationship between LT generation and pulmonary edema formation in response to PMA administration. In intact pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs pretreated with saline (N = 9), the administration of PMA at a dose of 10 μg/kg, i.v., did not result in any change in extravascular lung water or in LTB4 present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In contrast, in six animals pretreated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg), the administration of this dose of PMA resulted in increases in both extravascular lung water (P < 0.05) and LTB4 (P < 0.05) in BALF. These results provide support for the hypothesis that leukotrienes are requisite for PMA-induced increases in extravascular lung water.
Promoting Interaction in Distance Education

The Center for Collaborative Technologies at the University of Washington is dedicated to creating software tools that encourage interaction in the classroom. These include Classroom Presenter, a Tablet PC-based presentation and interaction system, and ConferenceXP, a video conferencing application for distributed courses, co-developed with Microsoft Research. In this article, we describe the use of Classroom Presenter in a pair of international distance learning courses. The two classes used different technologies: one was a synchronous class that used internet-based video conferencing and the other was an asynchronous class that used Tutored Video
Photochemical inactivation of trypsin.

—The quantum yield for inactivation of aqueous trypsin fits the expression φf=Σrfrφ‘r, where fr, is the fraction of incident light absorbed by residues of type r and the φ’r are constants. The values φ‘trp= 0.012, φtyr= 0.005 and φ’eys= 0.10, obtained at pH 3 in the wavelength range 240–290 nm, are attributed to independent events by comparing with quantum yields of the initial photochemical products and permanent residue destruction. The proposed inactivating processes are photoionization of one essential tryptophyl residue, photolysis of one essential cystyl residue, and splitting of an essential cystyl residue induced by light absorption in a nearby tyrosyl residue. The initial photochemical process from pH 3–7 identified by flash photolysis is the ejection of electrons from approximately two tryptophyl residues, leading to the formation of the disulfide bridge electron adduct and the hydrated electron. It is proposed that one photoionized tryptophyl residue is permanently disrupted and the other is restored through a back reaction that leads to a damaged, active enzyme form. An enhanced inactivation quantum yield at flash photolysis light intensities is attributed to a biphotonic process. A model based on one-photon photoionization of tryptophan from a short-lived precursor of the fluorescent state and the biphotonic photoionization of tryptophan via the triplet state is consistent with the experimental results.
Temperature-Dependent Probabilistic Roadmap Algorithm for Calculating Variationally Optimized Conformational Transition Pathways.

In this paper we present a method to calculate a temperature-dependent optimized conformational transition pathways. This method is based on the maximization of the flux derived from the Smoluchowski equation and is implemented with a probabilistic roadmap algorithm. We have tested the algorithm on four systems [Formula: see text] the Muller potential, the three-hole potential, alanine dipeptide, and the folding of β-hairpin. Comparison is made with existing algorithms designed for the calculation of protein conformational transition and folding pathways. The applications demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to isolate a temperature-dependent optimal reaction path with improved sampling and efficiency.
A Semi‐formal Explication of Talcott Parsons's Theory of Action

Operations of thought are like cavalry charges in a battle–they are strictly limited in number, they require fresh horses, and must only be made at decisive moments.
Making the Most of a Case Study: Theories of the Welfare State and the American Experience

Although the reputation of case studies has recently been on the rise in social science, they face a number of analytical obstacles. The questions asked in case studies are often thought to have little value for advancing theory. Moreover, case-based explanations are often considered suspect. The "identification" problem means that alternatives cannot be fully appraised. Finally, few believe that the findings of case studies have theoretical implications that go beyond the case. This paper suggests five ways to minimize the problems of case studies through comparative strategies tied to theory: (1) to use theoretical ideal types and predictions to select and frame a problem for explanation; (2) to divide the outcome to be explained into parts that can be compared; (3) to map the historical trajectories of outcomes in order to appraise theoretical expectations in detail; (4) to explore most similar system" comparisons, cases alike in many ways, but different in the outcome to be explained; (5) to amass relatively large-N data sets across subunits of the case. The paper explores these strategies through theories of public spending and the American experience of public social provision.
Gaps and Bridges in Interdisciplinary Knowledge Integration

By definition, e-Research is one of the largest and most diverse laboratories pursuing interdisciplinary knowledge integration. Using a qualitative analysis of a prototypical e-Research collaboration, this chapter presents a theoretical model of knowledge integration across professional cultures. This model, supported by the theory of epistemic cultures, highlights three types of “gaps”: a collaborative gap results from cultural differences among innovators and entrepreneurial users; an entrepreneurial gap stemming from cognitive discrepancies between entrepreneurial users and mainstream adopters; and a systemic gap that is rooted in paradigmatic differences across fields of practice. Accommodating these gaps are three “bridges”, individuals, organizations and technologies that connect the otherwise separate cultures and facilitate the transfer of knowledge. Implications of gaps and bridges to e-Research and recommendations to technology development are suggested.
Investigations of stabilizing additives. I. A model system for studying radical scavenging activity in solution

In the current study an electron spin resonance model system was developed to compare the thermal stability and radical scavenging activity of stabilizers in solution. High-resolution spectra and the influence of molecular structure on radical stability provided a basis for the interpretation of spin concentration data in the model system. A correlation was established between the radical scavenging activity measured in the model system and actual behavior in irradiated polypropylene formulations measured by radiation-induced degradation of mechanical properties.
Quantitative analysis of intracellular communication and signaling errors in signaling networks

Background Intracellular signaling networks transmit signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus, via biochemical interactions. The goal is to regulate some target molecules, to properly control the cell function. Regulation of the target molecules occurs through the communication of several intermediate molecules that convey specific signals originated from the cell membrane to the specific target outputs.
Using Cyclic Voltammetry to Measure Bandgap Modulation of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

Cyclic voltammograms of gold electrodes laden with carbon nanotubes covalently modified with various electron-withdrawing or donating moieties were measured. Carbon nanotubes modified with electron-donating bromophenyl groups showed a bandgap of 3.0 eV compared to 1.9 eV for unmodified purified tubes. Nitrophenyl substitution, which has a strong electron-withdrawing character yielded tubes with a bulk bandgap of 1.6 V. The bandgaps can be rationalized by considering the reactivity of the diazonium compounds and the relative populations of metallic and semiconducting tubes before and after modification.
Passing the Cultural Torch: Musical Experience and Musical Parenting of Infants

Using a regionally focused national survey of parents with 4–6-month-olds (N = 2, 250), we addressed associations between musical experience and the frequency and content of playing music and singing for infants. The possible mediation of a classical CD distribution to new parents in hospitals was also investigated. Five variables of experience were considered: (1) respondents' recollections of their mother or (2) father singing to them, (3) playing an instrument, (4) singing in a choir, and (5) taking music lessons. Chi-square analyses indicated that musical experience was highly associated with increased frequency of playing and singing. The content of what was played and sung was less uniformly linked, and revealed individual profiles for each mode of formal experience. Differences were found between those who did and those who did not receive the CD. Results support a systems view of the child in the context of families and society, and have implications about indirect effects of music education.
Hydropower Relicensing and Climate Change1

Hydropower represents approximately 20% of the world's energy supply, is viewed as both vulnera- ble to global climate warming and an asset to reduce climate-altering emissions, and is increasingly the target of improved regulation to meet multiple ecosystem service benefits. It is within this context that the recent deci- sion by the United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to reject studies of climate change in its con- sideration of reoperation of the Yuba-Bear Drum-Spaulding hydroelectric facilities in northern California is shown to be poorly reasoned and risky. Given the rapidity of climate warming, and its anticipated impacts to natural and human communities, future long-term fixed licenses of hydropower operation will be ill prepared to adapt if science-based approaches to incorporating reasonable and foreseeable hydrologic changes into study plans are not included. The licensing of hydroelectricity generation can no longer be issued in isolation due to downstream contingencies such as domestic water use, irrigated agricultural production, ecosystem mainte- nance, and general socioeconomic well-being. At minimum, if the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is to establish conditions of operation for 30-50 years, licensees should be required to anticipate changing climatic and hydrologic conditions for a similar period of time. (KEY TERMS: climate change; environmental regulations; hydropower; relicensing; water law; water policy.)
‘Reality violence’ on TV news: it began with Vietnam

Abstract The author, who is a deputy editor for The Social Science Journal , reviews the literature of professional and media scholars who have written about television news over the past 40 years. He concludes, there is only one starting point regarding “reality violence” on nightly TV news: it began with the Vietnam War. The most divisive and longest war fought in America’s history was also our country’s living-room TV war. Its impact on baby boomers who grew up with TV’s window to the world continues today for their children and grandchildren.