cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Non-existence of Privately Issued Index Bonds in the United States Capital Market

‘Why, if both borrower and lender benefit from them, [does] an index loan market… not develop spontaneously and without any government initiative’? This question, asked by Professor Arvidsson at the I.E.A. conference on inflation in 1962, 2 provides the major theme for the present paper which pursues in some detail possible reasons for the non-existence of privately issued index bonds in the United States.
Current Concepts in Treatment of Barrett's Esophagus With and Without Dysplasia.

Around 10–15% of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease will develop Barrett’s esophagus (BE). The development of novel endoscopic modalities has changed the management of BE in the last decade. The aim of this study was to review the current evidence for the treatment of BE with and without dysplasia. In patients with BE without dysplasia, antireflux surgery should not be suggested as a modality to prevent the malignant transformation of BE, but its indications should be the same as for other patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Endoscopic surveillance at intervals of 3–5 years is recommended for these patients. For patients with BE with low-grade dysplasia, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the preferred treatment modality, while endoscopic surveillance every 12 months is an acceptable alternative in patients with life-limiting comorbidities. For most patients with BE and high-grade dysplasia, RFA is the preferred treatment strategy. Patients with intramucosal adenocarcinoma (T1a), should be treated with EMR followed by ablative therapy, in order to eradicate the remaining intestinal metaplasia. Endoscopic resection may be suitable for low-risk T1b tumors (well-differentiated, without lymphovascular invasion, and with superficial submucosal invasion); however, further data are necessary to better risk stratify this group. Patients with BE without dysplasia should undergo endoscopic surveillance every 3–5 years. Endoscopic ablative therapy (RFA) is the preferred treatment modality for dysplastic BE. Patients with T1a adenocarcinoma should be treated with EMR followed by ablative therapy. Low-risk T1b tumors may be suitable for endoscopic resection.
Geostatistical inversion of prestack seismic data for the joint estimation of facies and impedances using stochastic sampling from Gaussian mixture posterior distributions

ABSTRACTWe have developed a seismic inversion method for the joint estimation of facies and elastic properties from prestack seismic data based on a geostatistical approach. The objectives of our inversion methodology are to sample from the posterior distribution of seismic properties and to simultaneously classify the lithology conditioned by seismic data. The inversion algorithm is a sequential Gaussian mixture inversion based on Bayesian linearized amplitude variation with offset inverse theory and sequential geostatistical simulations. The stochastic approach to the inversion allows generating multiple elastic models that match the seismic data. To mathematically represent the multimodal behavior of elastic properties due to their variations within different lithologies, we adopt a Gaussian mixture distribution for the prior model of the elastic properties and we use the prior probability of the facies as weights of the Gaussian components of the mixture. The solution of the inverse problem is achieve...
Noninvasive assessment of articular cartilage surface damage using reflected polarized light microscopy

Articular surface damage occurs to cartilage during normal aging, osteoarthritis, and in trauma. A noninvasive assessment of cartilage microstructural alterations is useful for studies involving cartilage explants. This study evaluates polarized reflectance microscopy as a tool to assess surface damage to cartilage explants caused by mechanical scraping and enzymatic degradation. Adult bovine articular cartilage explants were scraped, incubated in collagenase, or underwent scrape and collagenase treatments. In an additional experiment, cartilage explants were subject to scrapes at graduated levels of severity. Polarized reflectance parameters were compared with India ink surface staining, features of histological sections, changes in explant wet weight and thickness, and chondrocyte viability. The polarized reflectance signal was sensitive to surface scrape damage and revealed individual scrape features consistent with India ink marks. Following surface treatments, the reflectance contrast parameter was elevated and correlated with image area fraction of India ink. After extensive scraping, polarized reflectance contrast and chondrocyte viability were lower than that from untreated explants. As part of this work, a mathematical model was developed and confirmed the trend in the reflectance signal due to changes in surface scattering and subsurface birefringence. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of polarized reflectance microscopy to sensitively assess surface microstructural alterations in articular cartilage explants.
Laxity at the Gates: The SEC's Neglect to Enforce Control Person Liability

In recent years the SEC has repeatedly stressed the importance of holding gatekeepers accountable in order to promote effective corporate governance. In spite of these assertions, the Commission has failed to use two powerful tools at its disposal to pursue gatekeepers. Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act provides for liability against “control persons.” This Section imposes liability upon any person who controls another liable person to the same extent as such controlled person, unless she can establish that she acted in good faith and did not directly induce the violation. Sections 15(b)(4)(E) and 15(b)(6))A) of the Exchange Act give the Commission power to institute administrative proceedings against broker-dealers and associated persons for their failure to reasonably supervise another person who commits certain enumerated securities law violations. Although these enforcement mechanisms seem ripe for use, the Commission has refused to allege claims against control persons or based upon a failure to supervise in cases against big banks and large publicly regulated companies, such as those responsible for the financial crises and subsequent instances of large-scale misconduct. Instead, the SEC agrees to large monetary settlements with these companies without holding corporate miscreants liable. The objective of this article is to propose an enforcement regime which holds executives, directors, and other fiduciaries responsible for misconduct occurring at their enterprises when such misconduct can be attributed to their lack of control or failure to supervise their employees. We will show that by using Sections 20(a) and 15(b)(6)(A), the Commission incentivizes those in charge to actively sniff out misconduct or face the sobering reality of being named in an SEC enforcement action. In order to accomplish this task, this article will: 1) discuss the legal authority giving the SEC power to use these provisions, and explain the provisions’ advantages over the SEC’s frequently used enforcement tools; 2) outline recent misconduct resulting in large monetary settlements with such financial institutions as JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, and Bank of America; 3) showcase the SEC’s refusal to implement these tools against big players; 4) set forth rationales as to why the Commission has cast these provisions aside, and 5) recommend an enforcement policy in this context that seeks to effectuate law compliance and enhanced corporate governance practices.
Characterization of HER family receptor expression and activation in 15 human mammary tumors

1893 Numerous studies have shown that overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2/erbB2) is associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer. HER2 overexpression is now used as a diagnostic marker to select patients for antibody therapy with trastuzumab. In addition, HER2 may play an important role in tumor growth even when not overexpressed: being the preferred dimerization partner for other HER family members it can effectively boost anti-apoptotic and proliferation-stimulating signaling by growth-factor-activated receptors like HER1/EGFR and HER3. Pertuzumab is the first in a new class of targeted therapeutic agents known as HER dimerization inhibitors (HDIs) and is currently undergoing clinical testing in several phase II trials (Franklin et al., 2004). Previous studies using human tumor xenografts grown on nude mice indicated that the presence of HER2-containing heterodimers (HER2hd) correlated with response to pertuzumab treatment (Bossenmaier et al., 2004). These results suggest assessing patient tumors for possible indicators of HER2 activation that, in future studies, could be evaluated as response prediction markers. Here we investigated 15 freshly resected mammary tumors from untreated patients by immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation (IP) and Western blotting (WB) techniques. In particular, expression of HER family receptors, HER2 phosphorylation (pHER2) and HER2hd were assayed. From 5 patients, axillary lymph node metastases were available for analyses and comparison with the respective primary tumors. Our results confirm that IP/WB is a sensitive method to detect and quantify HER-family receptor proteins and HER2hd in nearly all patient tumor lysates. Receptor mRNA was compared to the respective protein expression and the presence of HER2hd complexes. Furthermore, the co-presence of HER2hd and pHER2, both of which would indicate activated HER2, was not always observed and was not predicted by receptor expression. In a subset of 5 patients, 3 lymph node metastases showed higher HER2 expression, increased HER2hd and elevated pHER2 compared to the respective primary tumors. Only one of the primary tumors indicated enhanced HER2 activation compared to the lymph node metastasis from the same patient at time of surgery. In conclusion, different markers of HER2 activation are expressed at different levels in primary breast cancer and there is a clear trend toward increased activation signals in lymph node metastases. The presence of HER2hd does not perfectly correlate with pHER2 and HER2 protein expression. The parameter most reliably predicting response to HER2-targeting therapies remains to be determined in future clinical trials.
Beta-Barrel Detection for Medium Resolution Cryo-Electron Microscopy Density Maps Using Genetic Algorithms and Ray Tracing.

Abstract Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a technique that produces three-dimensional density maps of large protein complexes. This allows for the study of the structure of these proteins. Identifying the secondary structures within proteins is vital to understanding the overall structure and function of the protein. The \documentclass{aastex}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{bm}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{pifont}\usepackage{stmaryrd}\usepackage{textcomp}\usepackage{portland, xspace}\usepackage{amsmath, amsxtra}\usepackage{upgreek}\pagestyle{empty}\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}\begin{document} $$\beta$$ \end{document}-barrel is one such secondary structure, commonly found in lipocalins and membrane proteins. In this article, we present a novel approach that utilizes genetic algorithms, kd-trees, and ray tracing to automatically detect and extract \documentclass{aastex}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{bm}\usepackage{math...
Extending reference into cognitive computing: Through the eyes of ontological semantics

The paper introduces a new issue in semantic processing as necessary for cognitive computing — recognizing and resolving referential ambiguity. Depending on salience and scope, often irresponsibly dismissed as unmanageable “context,” the same noun or verb phrase may refer to an individual unique occurrence of an object, event, or property, all of them, or any subset. The only notion that can cross from language to reality is that of reference that is largely ignored in linguistics and sort of handled somehow in the philosophy of language. After a careful review of reference in the literature, the paper “salvages” it for cognitive computing by outlining its new functionalities, including the computation of salience and scope for referential disambiguation. It becomes a tool for representing and computing human knowledge of the world.
Survival sex and trafficked women: The politics of re-presenting and speaking about others in anti-oppressive qualitative research:

Qualitative research grounded in a social constructionist epistemology troubles the assumption, integral in positivist research, that a researcher can be neutral and apolitical. In fact, many scholars are drawn to constructionist epistemologies because they situate the research process as a site of ontological resistance and social change. This essay explores the politics of voice and representation in anti-oppressive qualitative research. Using an example from one author’s research on stigma management among formerly incarcerated women, and the particularly pernicious stigma women faced if they had engaged in sex work, we detail the benefits and pitfalls of either re-presenting research participants in their exact words or changing participants’ words, a process we refer to as re-languaging. Drawing upon philosophical and social scientific scholarship on the “crisis of representation” in qualitative research and recent scholarship and news articles about human sex trafficking, we underscore the powerful ...
Exposure to Dietary Methyl-Mercury Solely during Embryonic and Juvenile Development Halves Subsequent Reproductive Success in Adult Zebra Finches.

Long-term exposure to methyl-mercury has deleterious effects on avian reproduction. However, little is known about whether exposure to mercury solely during embryonic and juvenile development can have long-lasting effects on subsequent reproductive performance as adults. Birds that hatch on contaminated sites but disperse elsewhere will be exposed only during development. Hence, it is important to understand the reproductive consequences of avian exposure to methyl-mercury during early life. Accordingly, in this experiment, domesticated zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) were exposed to dietary methyl-mercury (1.20 μg/g wet weight) from conception through independence (50 days post-hatching). Following maturity, developmentally exposed and control finches were paired within treatment groups and allowed to breed repeatedly for 8 months. Developmentally exposed pairs hatched 32% fewer eggs and produced 50% fewer independent juveniles despite transferring only traces of mercury into their offspring. This is...
La desaceleración del crecimiento económico en México desde 1982

Este articulo analiza la desaceleracion del crecimiento en la economia mexicana durante los periodos de reforma y posreforma. Examina cuatro posibles factores detras de la desaceleracion del crecimiento. Primero, el papel de la integracion comercial internacional muestra que las reformas comerciales de los anos ochenta y noventa fueron de hecho muy exitosas en estimular el crecimiento de las exportaciones y la apertura comercial aunque no en promover una pauta de especializacion comercial dinamica. Segundo, la desaceleracion del crecimiento de la productividad debe ser vista como una consecuencia y no una causa de la desaceleracion del crecimiento en medida en que la evolucion del crecimiento de la productividad esta estrechamente asociado a la expansion del subempleo en el sector terciario. Tercero, el analisis del papel de la formacion del capital humano sugiere que los indicadores de educacion y salud han estado mejorando durante el periodo reciente, en parte como consecuencia del bono demografico, y no pueden ser responsables por la caida en el producto por trabajador presentada desde principios de los anos ochenta. Por ultimo, el articulo se centra en lo que se piensa que es el determinante primario de la desaceleracion del crecimiento, la baja tasa de acumulacion de capital fisico.
Can Treasury Overrule the Supreme Court

This article considers whether the Treasury's check-the-box regulations, which have been widely praised by tax practitioners, are valid. These regulations generally allow any unincorporated entity to elect whether it will be treated as a corporation or a partnership for tax purposes. When these regulations were first proposed, there was some debate as to whether such an elective regime was foreclosed by the statutory scheme, which requires that "associations" be taxed as corporations. This article argues that the focus of this debate was misplaced because, even assuming that the statutory scheme itself was sufficiently ambiguous as to permit an elective regime, the meaning of the term "association" was settled by the Supreme Court in the 1935 case of Morrissey v. Commissioner. In that case, the Court interpreted the term to mean any unincorporated entity that sufficiently resembles a corporation. Because this interpretation is inconsistent with a purely elective regime, this article argues that the check-the-box regulations are invalid. The basis for this argument is a trilogy of Supreme Court opinions that hold that when the Court interprets a statutory term, that interpretation is binding on the Executive Branch and may be altered only by an act of Congress or a subsequent opinion of the Court. Therefore, these cases stand for the proposition that, at least as far as the Executive Branch is concerned, a judicial interpretation of a statute is effectively incorporated into the underlying statute. This article also argues that the promulgation of the check-the-box regulations are but one example of the Treasury's and the IRS' recent tendency to promulgate taxpayer-friendly rules that are invalid. The article discusses the etiology of this phenomenon.
Physiological effects and metabolism of gossypol.

Gossypol1 is a yellow coloring matter which occurs in various parts of the cotton plant. Longmore (1886) first isolated it as a crude pigment from cottonseed oil “foots,” a material which results from the refinement of crude cottonseed oil with sodium hydroxide and contains free fatty acids, phospholipids, gossypol, and other pigments. Marchlewski (1899) crystallized the acetic acid derivative of a compound from the same source, which he named “gossypol” to designate its origin, genus Gossypium (family Malvaceae), and its chemical nature as a phenol. Gossypol is found in the pigment “glands” (ovispherical bodies about 100 to 400 µm long) of the seed, leaf, stem, laproot bark, and roots of the cotton plant (Royce et al. 1941, Smith 1962). Studies of changes in the gossypol content of cottonseed during different stages of development of the bolls showed that the greatest increase in gossypol occurs between the time of maturity of the boll and the time it is about to open (Adams et al. 1960). Gossypol synthesis in all tissues of the cotton plant was induced in response to such irritants as pathogens, metabolic inhibitors, and cupric and mercuric ions (Bell 1967). Gossypol constitutes 20 to 40% of the weight of the pigment glands in cottonseed (Boatner 1948). Cottonseed usually contains 0.4 to 1.7% gossypol. The total world production of cottonseed is about 25 million tons/year (containing approximately 78,000 tons of gossypol) and about three to six million tons are produced in the United States (Decossas et al. 1968). An average ton of cottonseed gives about 335 pounds of oil and 945 pounds of meal (Altschul et al. 1958). If refined 60% protein cottonseed flour is prepared for human use, 300 to 400 pounds/ton is produced; the remainder can be used for animal feed. It is estimated that only onefourth of the cottonseed flour potentially available could satisfy the present worldwide shortage of protein (Gillham 1969).
Ethnopharmacology of Artemisia annua L.: A Review

Artemisia annua L. has been recognized as important ethanomedicinal herb since two millennia. It has been included in ancient pharmacopoeias of various Asian and European countries. World Health Organization has recommended A. annua as antimalarial drug. Its most common ethnobotanical practice involves the use of whole plant decoction for the treatment of malaria, cough, and cold. Diarrhea is also reported to be cured by taking its dry leaves powder. Whole flowering plant is known to be antihelminth, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, stimulant, tonic, and stomachic. The tincture was formally used to treat nervous diseases and crushed plants in liniments. A. annua tea infusion has been used for the treatment of malaria in African countries. A. annua contains vital compound known as artemisinin that provide structural chemical base for combinatorial treatment therapy for world antimalarial program. Research studies also report that artemisinin is effective for killing human breast cancer cells. Therefore, isolation and characterization of artemisinin has increased the interest in A. annua worldwide. Several ethnobotanical uses in Africa claim that the A. annua tea is also effective against HIV. Recently, research investigations are more focused to evaluate its antiviral potential against HIV, as it is highly emerging disease throughout the world. Therefore, scientific validation can provide the support to the concept of “ethnopharmacology in overdrive”.
Abstract 4596: Early noninvasive prediction of response to targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer

There is an unmet need for improved methods of rapidly identifying responses to targeted therapies. Liquid biopsy approaches have potential as early biomarkers of response based on noninvasive, real-time monitoring of disease burden. We have used the ultrasensitive targeted error correction sequencing (TEC-Seq) approach to analyze 58 cancer driver genes in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer undergoing treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors. As a proof-of-principle study, liquid biopsies were obtained from sixteen patients immediately prior to treatment, 6-22 days after treatment, and at serial timepoints until disease progression. Tumor derived alterations and copy number changes were directly detected in plasma and tracked over timepoints analyzed. Based on the dynamics of cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) mutations identified, we developed a noninvasive measure of cell-free clonal tumor load (cfTL) to evaluate real-time response to treatment. These analyses revealed that patients with a radiographic response to therapy had a significant drop in cfTL from an average mutant allele fraction of 3.59% to 0.13% within 6-22 days (P Citation Format: Jillian A. Phallen, Alessandro Leal, Brian D. Woodward, Patrick M. Forde, Jarushka Naidoo, Kristen Marrone, Julie Brahmer, Jacob Fiksel, Doreen N. Palsgrove, Stephen Cristiano, Daniel Bruhm, Elizabeth Weihe, Vilmos Adleff, Parissa Keshavarzian, Valsamo Anagnostou, Robert B. Scharpf, Victor E. Velculescu, Hatim Husain. Early noninvasive prediction of response to targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4596.
Program Coordinator Professional Development: Definition, Perception of Importance, Motivating Factors, and Barriers.

Highlights A program coordinator's work and continued development have direct impact on: O Overall training program operations O Successful administration of the Clinical Competency Committee O Successful administration of the Program Evaluation Committee O Successful implementation of quality improvement initiatives O Successful monitoring of trainee progress through numerous evaluation methods including milestone tracking and reporting Oversight of administrative processing of performance improvement plans and/or remediation plans for struggling learners
Comparison of Corneal Epithelial Remodeling Over 2 Years in LASIK Versus SMILE: A Contralateral Eye Study.

Purpose To evaluate 3-dimensional epithelial remodeling in patients undergoing myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). Methods In a prospective randomized contralateral eye study of LASIK versus SMILE procedures, 21 consecutive patients (42 eyes) were evaluated with corneal epithelial mapping by anterior segment optical coherence tomography for up to 2 years. Results In the LASIK group, central epithelial thickness increased from 52.38 ± 2.57 μm to 57.00 ± 4.23 μm and remained almost stable at this level for up to 24 months. In the SMILE eyes, it increased from 52.52 ± 3.01 μm to 57.15 ± 4.57 μm and also remained stable for up to 24 months. Both techniques created the same level of epithelial thickness increase and variation, with a significantly higher mid-peripheral epithelial thickness increase. The differences between the preoperative and postoperative changes were found statistically significant, but not different between the 2 techniques at any given time studied. Conclusions Both LASIK and SMILE resulted in significant epithelial thickening. This response seemed to be surprisingly quite similar between the 2 different techniques. This study suggests that epithelial remodeling may correlate with relative curvature changes resulting after both techniques, rather than the obvious difference of subepithelial corneal denervation changes.
Embedding research recruitment in a community resource e-prescribing system: lessons from an implementation study on Chicago's South Side.

OBJECTIVE The study sought to implement and assess the CommunityRx e-prescribing system to recruit research participants from a predominantly non-Hispanic Black community on Chicago's South Side. MATERIALS AND METHODS CommunityRx integrates with electronic medical record systems to generate a personalized list of health-promoting community resources (HealtheRx). Between December 2015 and December 2016, HealtheRxs distributed at outpatient visits to adults with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease also incentivized participation in a pulmonary research registry. Usual practices for registry recruitment continued in parallel. RESULTS Focus groups established acceptability and appropriateness among the target population. Pulmonary research registry recruitment information was included on 13 437 HealtheRxs. Forty-one (90% non-Hispanic Black) patients responded with willingness to participate and 9 (8 non-Hispanic Black) returned a signed consent required to enroll. Usual recruitment practices enrolled 4 registrants (1 non-Hispanic Black). DISCUSSION Automating research recruitment using a community e-prescribing system is feasible. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of an electronic medical record-integrated, community resource referral tool promotes enrollment of eligible underrepresented research participants; however, enrollment was low.
Ex vivo comparison of the effect of storage temperature on canine intestinal leakage pressures.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of storage temperature on cadaveric small intestinal leakage pressures after enterotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental ex vivo study. ANIMALS: Grossly normal jejunal segments from four canine cadavers. METHODS: Thirty‐six jejunal segments (n = 12 segments/group) were harvested immediately after euthanasia and assigned to a fresh group (tested within 4 hours), chilled group (stored for 24 hours at 4°C before testing), or freeze–thaw group (frozen at −20°C for 7 days and thawed at 21°C for 6 hours before testing). A 2‐cm antimesenteric enterotomy was performed and repaired with 4‐0 monofilament suture in a simple‐continuous pattern. Initial leakage pressure (ILP), maximal intraluminal pressure (MIP), and leakage location were recorded, with testing performed at room temperature. RESULTS: Mean ± SD ILP for fresh, chilled, and frozen–thawed specimens was 52.9 ± 8.4, 51.8 ± 11.9 and 29.8 ± 4.4 mm Hg, respectively. There was a difference in ILP among groups (P < .003), with freeze–thaw samples demonstrating lower ILP compared with other groups. There was no difference in MIP between groups (P = .186) There was a difference in leakage location among groups (P = .004), with the majority of chilled and freeze–thaw samples leaking at the suture holes compared with the incisional line in fresh samples. CONCLUSION: Freezing and subsequent thawing prior to specimen testing reduced ILP compared with use of fresh and chilled specimens but did not affect MIP among experimental groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Cadaveric canine intestinal specimens tested immediately after collection or after chilling for 24 hours should be recommended for ex vivo burst pressure assessment in dogs. Additional studies to evaluate loss in testing viability of chilled intestinal specimens are warranted to help govern experimental methodologies.
Vernacular Spanish as a promoter of critical consciousness in dual language bilingual education classrooms

Historically, Spanish-speaking students have not been allowed to use their home and community linguistic practices in their schooling in the U.S., even in most Spanish-English dual language bilingu...
Abstract 5447: Gene expression of circulating tumor cells is predictive of treatment response in patients with advanced prostate cancer

Background: Genome and transcriptome-based analysis has begun to reshape the approach to prostate cancer (PC). Two different gene expression signatures have shown that PC can be divided into 3 subclasses reflecting luminal-basal biology. These subtypes point toward biological drivers that may strongly influence how care should be personalized including optimization of androgen receptor targeted therapy. The majority of work done in this area has been based on tissue-based gene expression. With the advent of newer nanotechnology platforms for isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), profiling of PC gene expression from blood is now possible. Methods: We recruited 34 patients with metastatic castration resistant PC who had available blood specimens prior to initiation of androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI, e.g. abiraterone, enzalutamide and apalutamide) therapy. We combined variations of the NanoVelcro Assays (thermoresponsive, click-chemistry) allowing for capture and release of CTCs with intact mRNA. Gene sets from the PCS and PAM50 signatures were re-reviewed to optimize signal detection in the blood and enriched for genes upregulated in PC. The NanoString nCounter platform was applied to profile the resulting genes. A pilot study was conducted using banked samples available through the Urologic Oncology Program Blood and Biospecimen Bank at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Results: The final assay was tested in banked blood samples and provided classifications of patients that associated with clinical responsiveness to therapy. Validation was conducted to examine the performance of the CTC-specific PCS/PAM50 panel in public databases (including Prostate Cancer Transcriptome Atlas and GenomeDx). Our pilot study showed that the median overall survival was significantly worse in PCS1 patients. Conclusions: This study shows initial proof of principle that genomic classification in blood is possible using contemporary tool for blood component isolation and RNA profiling. Additional technical and clinical validations are needed prior to widespread implementation, but these methods may make it possible to increase the utilization of genomic classifiers in clinical studies and in practice. Citation Format: PAI-CHI TENG, Minhyung Kim, Yu Jen Jan, Jie-Fu Chen, Nu Yao, Gina C. Chu, Pin-Jung Chen, Jasmine J. Wang, Yi-Te Lee, Yazhen Zhu, Leland W. Chung, Felix Y. Feng, Michael R. Freeman, Sungyong You, Hsian-Rong Tseng, Edwin M. Posadas. Gene expression of circulating tumor cells is predictive of treatment response in patients with advanced prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5447.
A multi-objective decision support framework to prioritize tree planting locations in urban areas

Abstract With tree planting initiatives being undertaken in different cities, careful thought needs to be put into the placement of trees, the beneficiaries of ecosystem services from these trees, and the potential impacts of alternative tree planting schemes. Using a spatially explicit methodology within biophysical ecosystem service models, this research develops a multi-objective decision support framework to guide future greening initiatives towards prioritizing planting locations that maximize multiple objectives. In a case study application of the framework in the Bronx, NY, the analysis utilizes spatially distributed census block group data and linear programming, a mathematical optimization technique, to identify optimal and equitable planting locations considering increases in tree cover, monetary benefits from avoided runoff, PM2.5 air pollutant removal and heat index reduction as well as tree planting costs and the equality and equity of urban tree ecosystem services. Using different optimization scenarios, the framework identifies optimal planting schemes by minimizing planting costs, maximizing increases in tree cover and ecosystem service benefits, and the equity of canopy cover and ecosystem services, arriving at a wide range of different planting recommendations. We conclude that multi-objective prioritization frameworks can identify optimal locations for greater total benefits from urban greening and that the proposed framework has the potential to inform decision making in different cities.
Moisture-Stress Management: Silviculture and Genetics

Silvicultural treatments and the development of site-adapted genotypes can aid in the management of drought-stress in forest species. Both pre- and post-planting silvicultural treatments of the seedling and site have proven effective in enhancing survival and growth under drought-stress conditions. Silvicultural treatments modify the stand and its environment and, consequently tree physiological mechanisms in response to drought; this modifies the water balance in forest stands. Evapotranspiration is directly related to stand leaf area. A balance between water loss and productivity can be accomplished by use of silvicultural regimes which manipulate crop leaf area and eliminate non-crop competing leaf area.
Classic Hammond Organ: Know the Players, Play the Music by Steve Lodder

Classic Hammond Organ is an important addition to the surprisingly small catalog of works about Hammond electric organs. It is an installment in the Backbeat Books' Key Master series of instruction...
The Rise, Development, and Future Directions of Critical Race Theory

This essay tells the story of the rise, development and future directions of critical race theory and related scholarship. In telling the story, I suggest that critical race theory (CRT) rises, in part, as a challenge to the emergence of colorblind ideology in law, a major theme of the scholarship. I also contend that conflict, as a process of intellectual and institutional growth, marks the development of critical race theory and provides concrete and experiential examples of some of its key insights and themes. These conflicts are waged in various institutional settings over the structural and discursive meanings of race and the role that race plays in society, an argument made in part, by Kimberle Crenshaw, and a story drawn in parts from her, Stephanie Phillips, and Cheryl Harris. Conflict within CRT in turn, to some extent, spurs the development of CRT-related scholarship, such as Asian American Legal Scholarship, Critical Race Feminism and specifically Latino and Latina Critical Schools (LatCrit). Though this related scholarship could be seen as fragmenting the CRT movement, I suggest, focusing primarily on LatCrit, that it has actually deepened it. However, a significant area that CRT has not adequately addressed is the issue of class and its relationship to race and other subordinating structures. I examine reasons why this is the case even though CRT scholars have repeatedly called for analyses of the relationship between race and class and propose critical class analyses or classcrits as a necessary future direction of CRT and related scholarship. Parts One through Four of this article present a narrative of the origins and development of Critical Race Theory. Part One provides an overview of CRT and related scholarship and some of its basic themes. Part Two discusses CRT's intellectual antecedents. Part Three discusses a series of four sets of conflicts that I suggest have contributed to its intellectual content and institutional development, including one that partly led to the establishment of LatCrit. Part Four then lays out CRT's basic tenets and methodological fingerprints. Part Five builds upon the context developed in the first four sections of the paper and applies critical theory insights and methods to an historical analysis of law and race. Part Six, summarizes a number of the key insights of related CRT scholarship with a particular focus on LatCrit. Finally, Part Seven takes up and explores an important refrain and critique of CRT: that it more systematically examine the relationship between class and race. I conclude that CRT found a classcrits forum as a future direction.
Structural breaks in time series

This paper gives an account of some of the recent work on structural breaks in time series models. In particular, we show how procedures based on the popular cumulative sum, CUSUM, statistics can be modified to work also for data exhibiting serial dependence. Both structural breaks in the unconditional and conditional mean as well as in the variance and covariance/correlation structure are covered. CUSUM procedures are nonparametric by design. If the data allows for parametric modeling, we demonstrate how likelihood approaches may be utilized to recover structural breaks. The estimation of multiple structural breaks is discussed. Furthermore, we cover how one can disentangle structural breaks (in the mean and/or the variance) on one hand and long memory or unit roots on the other. Several new lines of research are briefly mentioned.
Segmentation and Measurement of the Cortex from 3D MR Images

The cortex is the outermost thin layer of gray matter in the brain; geometric measurement of the cortex helps in understanding brain anatomy and function. In the quantitative analysis of the cortex from MR images, extracting the structure and obtaining a representation for various measurements are key steps. While manual segmentation is tedious and labor intensive, automatic, reliable and efficient segmentation and measurement of the cortex remain challenging problems due to its convoluted nature. A new approach of coupled surfaces propagation using level set methods is presented here for the problem of the segmentation and measurement of the cortex. Our method is motivated by the nearly constant thickness of the cortical mantle and takes this tight coupling as an important constraint. By evolving two embedded surfaces simultaneously, each driven by its own image-derived information while maintaining the coupling, a final representation of the cortical bounding surfaces and an automatic segmentation of the cortex are achieved. Characteristics of the cortex such as cortical surface area, surface curvature and thickness are then evaluated. The level set implementation of surface propagation offers the advantage of easy initialization, computational efficiency and the ability to capture deep folds of the sulci. Results and validation from various experiments on simulated and real 3D MR images are provided.
법조인 수 증원을 둘러싼 정책 행위자 관계 연구

This paper aims to understand the structure of actors involved in the increase of the number of lawyers in Korea. For this research, the Canadian Scholar’s Policy Network Approach and the Sabatier’s Advocacy Coalition Concept were used. The case analysis focuses on the policy decisions related to the number of people passing the bar examination. This paper reviewed the policy debates, initiatives and actions of actors concerned before and during the 1995 legal reform process. The research result is as follows: The Supreme Court, the prosecution and the national bar association have been a very powerful and very organized policy community affecting the issues mentioned. As a sub-government, they have played a key role in deciding the number of lawyers in the country. They have effectively prevented the issues affecting their interests from being policy agenda. However, the law professors’ associations and civic groups remained as an attentive public. A policy network highly represented by the lawyers’ community, which appears to be clientele oriented, existed for a long time. However, during the reform, the structure of the policy network changed a lot. As the presidential office initiated the reform, the attentive public participated in the core policy making process. In relation to this, the network changed from clientele oriented to a cooperative one. In addition, there was policy learning between the groups. Policy makers must realize that it is necessary to collaborate with the attentive public and at the same time change the structure of the policy network. This is to modify the policy which has been unchanged because of the existence of the strong policy community. This paper also proves that the irregular policy making process, such as reform, could be more effective and that policy learning is very important for the policy change.
DataEngine: a software tool for intelligent data analysis

DataEngine is a software tool aimed at supporting the user in the solution of data analysis tasks. It provides functionality for all the phases of data analysis. In DataEngine, methods using fuzzy technologies and neural net techniques are implemented. In particular, fuzzy clustering approaches, fuzzy rule-based systems, and supervised and unsupervised neural network strategies are offered. By using DataEngine, you can choose from these methods and combine different approaches which are best suited to solve your problems. >
Assessing demographic effects of dams on diadromous fish: a case study for Atlantic salmon in the Penobscot River, Maine

Dams are a major contributor to the historic decline and current low abundance of diadromous fish. We developed a population viability analysis to assess demographic effects of dams on diadromous fish within a river system and demonstrated an application of the model with Atlantic salmon in the Penobscot River, Maine. We used abundance and distribution of wild- and hatchery-origin adult salmon throughout the watershed as performance metrics. Salmon abundance, distribution to upper reaches of the Penobscot watershed, and the number and proportion of wild-origin fish in the upper reaches of the Penobscot watershed increased when dams, particularly mainstem dams, were removed or passage efficiency was increased. Salmon abundance decreased as indirect latent mortality per dam was increased. Salmon abundance increased as marine or freshwater survival rates were increased, but the increase in abundance was larger when marine survival was increased than when freshwater survival was increased. Without hatchery supplementation, salmon abundance equalled zero with low marine and freshwater survival but increased when marine and freshwater survival rates were increased. Models, such as this one, that incorporate biological, environmental, and functional parameters can be used to predict ecological responses of fish populations and can help evaluate and prioritize management and restoration actions for diadromous fish.
On the enforcement of software safety policies

Software in safety-critical systems must meet specified safety requirements or safety policies. We are investigating a safety kernel architecture for enforcement of these safety policies. This concept is analogous to the security kernel architecture that has been used for enforcing information access policies. This paper presents the results of analysis performed to define the policy enforcement role of the safety kernel. In addition, requirements for dependable policy enforcement by the safety kernel are examined.
Resolution of genetic and cultural inheritance in twin families by path analysis: application to HDL-cholesterol.

A path model and associated statistical method for the analysis of data on twin families are introduced and applied to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) observations in the Swedish Twin Family Study. The proposed path model incorporates both genetic and environmental sources of familial resemblance, maternal environmental effects, intergenerational differences in heritabilities, marital resemblance due to either primary or secondary phenotypic homogamy, and twin residual environmental correlations. Application of the model to HDL-c levels resulted in parameter estimates consistent with those reported in earlier reviews and in the analysis of nuclear family and twin data. Genetic heritability was estimated as h2 = .363 +/- .243, cultural heritability as c2 = .187 +/- .082, and the proportion of phenotypic variance due to residual environmental effects as r2 = .450 +/- .207. Although the parameter estimates were comparable, the statistical tests of hypotheses were, relative to other designs, of low statistical power. It appears that environmental indices are necessary for powerful tests of hypotheses.
Evidence Against Phenotypic Mixing Between Bacteriophage T4 Wild Type and T4v

In a recent publication Shames et al. (1973) concluded that the UV-specific T4 endonuclease (a repair enzyme coded for by the gene v of wild-type T4) is a component of extracellular phage, which is injected into the host cell and can perform an early repair step without requiring gene expression. This notion is, however, not supported by results presented in this paper. Lysates obtained from mixed multiple infection of Escherichia coli cells with T4v(1) (-) and T4v(+) (or T4v(2) (-) and T4v(+)) failed to show the expected phenotypic mixing, i.e., incorporation of UV endonuclease into capsids of v(-) phages resulting in recognizable repair. The fraction of v(+) and v(-) particles in such lysates was determined by single-plaque analysis before and after irradiation with a UV dose at which virtually all survivors are particles having undergone repair. Even though our mixed infection conditions were most favorable for the possible occurrence of phenotypic mixing, none out of several hundred individual plaques from survivors were found to be genotypically v(-), whereas 30 were expected in the case that phenotypically mixed v(-) particles were repaired like T4v(+). Our failure to observe phenotypic mixing suggests that the data by Shames et al. reflect intracellular synthesis of endonuclease after phage infection.
Tannakian Categories, Linear Differential Algebraic Groups, and Parametrized Linear Differential Equations

We provide conditions for a category with a fiber functor to be equivalent to the category of representations of a linear differential algebraic group. This generalizes the notion of a neutral Tannakian category used to characterize the category of representations of a linear algebraic group [18], [9].