cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotational Widths for Use in the Tully-Fisher Relation. II. The Impact of Surface Brightness

Using a large sample of spiral galaxies for which 21 cm single-dish and/or long-slit optical spectra are available, we make a detailed comparison between various estimates of rotational widths. Different optical width estimators are considered and their limitations discussed, with emphasis on biases associated with rotation curve properties (shape and extent) and disk central surface brightness. The best match with H I rotational velocities is obtained with Polyex widths, which are measured at the optical radius (encompassing a fixed fraction of the total light of the galaxy) from a model fit to the rotation curve. In contrast with Polyex widths, optical rotational velocities measured at 2.15 disk scale lengths rd deviate from H I widths by an amount that correlates with the central surface brightness of the disk. This bias occurs because the rotation curves of galaxies are in general still rising at 2.15rd, and the fraction of total mass contained within this radius decreases with increasing disk surface brightness. Statistical corrections, parameterized by the radial extent of the observed rotation curve, are provided to reduce Polyex and H I width measurements into a homogeneous system. This yields a single robust estimate of rotational velocity to be used for applications of disk scaling relations.
Involuntary hospitalization of medical patients who lack decisional capacity: an unresolved issue

Received August 23, 2005; revised January 18, 2006; accepted January 27, 2006. From the Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of Massachusetts Medical School. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Byatt, Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655. e-mail: byattn@ummhc.org Copyright 2006 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine Psychosomatic-medicine psychiatrists often see patients on medical wards who lack the capacity to make treatment decisions when their refusal of necessary treatment may put their health at risk. Although civil commitment because of mental illness and/or being dangerous has been a statutorily regulated and well-studied practice in general psychiatry, there is currently a dearth of information about the issue of involuntary hospitalization for medical patients seen in consultation–liaison psychiatry whose medical disorders may either transiently or more chronically affect their mental status, leading to psychosis, confusional states, and impaired judgment. Consultation–liaison psychiatrists often struggle with problems presented by patients who lack decisional capacity secondary to a medical illness, are not verbally threatening to self or others, and want to leave the hospital against medical advice. Such patients at times have personality changes secondary to a general medical condition or delirium secondary to a general medical condition, but in particular jurisdictions may not meet the criteria or be appropriate for commitment to a psychiatric facility. Consultation–liaison psychiatrists are often consulted on such cases where the patient repeatedly attempts to leave against medical advice and may be combative and require restraints. This was precisely the dilemma captured in the following case of “Ms. S.” In this report, specific information about the case has been modified in order to deidentify the details of the case, yet the clinical factors remain illustrative of the difficulties that consultation–liaison psychiatrists often encounter.
Applications of micron-scale passive diamond layers for the integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems industries☆

Abstract The deposition of passive diamond layers of thickness comparable to 1 μm directly within integrated electronic and optoelectronic circuits and microelectromechanical systems promises to improve their figures of merit, in particular those influenced by heat conduction. This application of diamond poses major challenges for deposition research, yet offers important thermal design advantages over the more common application of thick diamond plates in electronic packages. This manuscript reviews research on using micron-scale passive diamond layers in microfabricated circuits and sensors and predicts the impact of these layers on temperature fields and figures of merit. The predictions benefit from a review of thermal conductivity and boundary resistance studies for micron-scale diamond layers, with a focus on those fabricated using temperatures and nucleation methods that promise compatibility with VLSI technology.
An integrated comparative phosphoproteomic and bioinformatic approach reveals a novel class of MPM-2 motifs upregulated in EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma cells

Glioblastoma (GBM, WHO grade IV) is an aggressively proliferative and invasive brain tumor that carries a poor clinical prognosis with a median survival of 9 to 12 months. In a prior phosphoproteomic study performed in the U87MG glioblastoma cell line, we identified tyrosinephosphorylation events that are regulated as a result of titrating EGFRvIII, a constitutively active mutant of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) associated with poor prognosis in GBM patients. In the present study, we have used the phosphoserine/phosphothreonine-specific antibody MPM-2 (mitotic protein monoclonal #2) to quantify serine/threoninephosphorylation events in the same cell lines. By employing a bioinformatic tool to identify amino acid sequence motifs regulated in response to increasing oncogene levels, a set of previously undescribed MPM-2 epitope sequence motifs orthogonal to the canonical “pS/pT-P” motif was identified. These motifs contain acidic amino acids in combinations of the −5, −2, +1, +3, and +5 positions relative to the phosphorylated amino acid. Phosphopeptides containing these motifs are upregulated in cells expressing EGFRvIII, raising the possibility of a general role for a previously unrecognized acidophilic kinase (e.g.casein kinase II (CK2)) in cell proliferation downstream of EGFR signaling.
N5+: A Novel Homoleptic Polynitrogen Ion as a High Energy Density Material

Only the third known example of a homoleptic polynitrogen species besides N2 and N3-, the N5+ ion possesses surprising stability and can be isolated on a macroscopic scale as its AsF6- salt. The assigment of the C2v-symmetric structure (shown schematically) predicted by calculations was supported by IR and Raman as well as 14N and 15N NMR spectroscopic studies of the isotopically labeled product.
Amino acid salt catalyzed intramolecular Robinson annulation

The silica gel absorbed amino acid salt catalyzed asymmetric intramolecular Robinson annulation reaction has been developed; up to 97% ee was obtained with this readily recoverable organocatalyst.
Design extractors, non-malleable condensers and privacy amplification

We introduce a new combinatorial object, called a design extractor, that has both the properties of a design and an extractor. We give efficient constructions of such objects and show that they can be used in several applications. Improving the output length of known non-malleable extractors. Non-malleable extractors were introduced in [DW09] to study the problem of privacy amplification with an active adversary. Currently, only two explicit constructions are known [DLWZ11, CRS11]. Both constructions work for n bit sources with min-entropy k > n/2. However, in both constructions the output length is smaller than the seed length, while the probabilistic method shows that to achieve error e, one can use O(log n+log (1/e)) bits to extract up to k/2 output bits. In this paper, we use our design extractor to give an explicit non-malleable extractor for min-entropy k > n/2, that has seed length O(log n+log (1/e)) and output length Ω(k). Non-malleable condensers. We introduce and define the notion of a non-malleable condenser. A non-malleable condenser is a generalization and relaxation of a non-malleable extractor. We show that similar as extractors and condensers, non-malleable condensers can be used to construct non-malleable extractors. We then show that our design extractor already gives a non-malleable condenser for min-entropy k > n/2, with error e and seed length O(log (1/e)). A new optimal protocol for privacy amplification. More surprisingly, we show that non-malleable condensers themselves give optimal privacy amplification protocols with an active adversary. In fact, the non-malleable condensers used in these protocols are much weaker compared to non-malleable extractors, in the sense that the entropy rate of the condenser's output does not need to increase at all. This suggests that one promising next step to achieve better privacy amplification protocols may be to construct non-malleable condensers for smaller min-entropy. As a by-product, we also obtain a new explicit 2-round privacy amplification protocol with optimal entropy loss and optimal communication complexity for min-entropy k>n/2, without using non-malleable extractors.
The Flag Polynomial of the Minkowski Sum of Simplices

For a polytope we define the flag polynomial, a polynomial in commuting variables related to the well-known flag vector and describe how to express the flag polynomial of the Minkowski sum of k standard simplices in a direct and canonical way in terms of the k-th master polytope P(k) where \({k \in \mathbb {N}}\) . The flag polynomial facilitates many direct computations. To demonstrate this we provide two examples; we first derive a formula for the f -polynomial and the maximum number of d-dimensional faces of the Minkowski sum of two simplices. We then compute the maximum discrepancy between the number of (0, d)-chains of faces of a Minkowski sum of two simplices and the number of such chains of faces of a simple polytope of the same dimension and on the same number of vertices.
The role of stereoactive lone pairs in templated vanadium tellurite charge density matching.

The role of charge density matching was investigated in the formation of templated vanadium tellurites under mild hydrothermal conditions. Reactions were conducted using a fixed NaVTeO5:amine ratio...
Holographic Domains of Anti-de Sitter Space

An AdS4 brane embedded in AdS5 exhibits the novel feature that a four-dimensional graviton is localized near the brane, but the majority of the infinite bulk away from the brane where the warp factor diverges does not see four-dimensional gravity. A naive application of the holographic principle from the point of view of the four-dimensional observer would lead to a paradox; a global holographic mapping would require infinite entropy density. In this paper, we show that this paradox is resolved by the proper covariant formulation of the holographic principle. This is the first explicit example of a time-independent metric for which the spacelike formulation of the holographic principle is manifestly inadequate. Further confirmation of the correctness of this approach is that light-rays leaving the brane intersect at the location where we expect four-dimensional gravity to no longer dominate. We also present a simple method of locating CFT excitations dual to a particle in the bulk. We find that the holographic image on the brane moves off to infinity precisely when the particle exits the brane's holographic domain. Our analysis yields an improved understanding of the physics of the AdS4/AdS5 model.
Guided Entry Performance of Low Ballistic Coefficient Vehicles at Mars

Current Mars entry, descent, and landing technology is near its performance limit and may be unable to land payloads on the surface that exceed 1 metric ton. One option for increasing landed payload mass capability is decreasing the entry vehicle’s hypersonic ballistic coefficient. A lower ballistic coefficient vehicle decelerates higher in the atmosphere, providing the additional timeline and altitude margin necessary to land more massive payloads. This study analyzed the guided entry performance of several low ballistic coefficient vehicle concepts on Mars. A terminal point controller guidance algorithm, based on the Apollo Final Phase algorithm, was used to provide precision targeting capability. Terminal accuracy, peak deceleration, peak heat rate, and integrated heat load were assessed and compared with a traditional Mars entry vehicle concept to determine the effects of lowering the vehicle ballistic coefficient on entry performance. Results indicate that, while terminal accuracy degrades slightly w...
Azimuthal anisotropy and correlations in p+p, d+Au and Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV

We present the first measurement of directed flow (v1) at RHIC. v1 is found to be consistent with zero at pseudorapidities η from −1.2 to 1.2, then rises to the level of a couple of per cent over the range 2.4 < |η| < 4. The latter observation is similar to data from NA49 if the SPS rapidities are shifted by the difference in beam rapidity between RHIC and SPS. Back-to-back jets emitted out-of-plane are found to be more suppressed if compared to those emitted in-plane, which is consistent with jet quenching. Using the scalar product method, we systematically compared azimuthal correlations from p+p, d+Au and Au+Au collisions. Flow and non-flow from these three different collision systems are discussed.
Synthesis of benzyl bromides with hexabromoacetone: an alternative path to drug intermediates

Abstract A series of benzyl bromides were efficiently prepared from the corresponding alcohols with Br 3 CCOCBr 3 /PPh 3 at low temperatures and under neutral conditions. The present protocol was applied to the heterocyclic analogues and to the successful synthesis of the precursor of the antiulcer drug omeprazole, thus furnishing an alternate, mild method for the preparation of these drug intermediates. A significant steric factor was observed throughout both series supporting a S N 2 mechanism.
Thrift cost inefficiencies: Did deregulation help?

Abstract This paper examines the effect of deregulation on thrift cost inefficiencies using the thick frontier framework proposed by Berger and Humphrey (1991). Thick frontiers were estimated for a sample of nonacquiring thrifts in 1978 and then in 1988, a period during which there was deregulation. The results suggest that the benefits of deregulation were mixed. Some thrifts managed costs over the period and emerged relatively unscathed. For these thrifts, deregulation resulted in lower costs. Other thrifts had many more problems. For this group, inefficiencies rose between 1978 and 1988 because these thrifts paid too much for funds and could not balance their product mix.
Discovery and early development of squaraine rotaxanes

The chemical and photophysical properties of a fluorescent squaraine dye are greatly enhanced when it is mechanically encapsulated inside a tetralactam macrocycle. This feature article describes the synthesis, structure, and photophysical performance of first-generation squaraine rotaxanes, and shows how they can be used as fluorescent imaging probes and chemosensors.
A new chiral ruthenium complex for catalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation

A new chiral ruthenium complex 6, featured with an N,O-mixed polydentate ligand, was synthesized and characterized. This ruthenium complex showed high efficiency in catalytic cyclopropanations of alkenes with diazoacetates. High trans/cis selectivity and enantioselectivity (up to 96%) were achieved with the readily accessible ethyl diazoacetate as the reagent.
Superposition of the Neyman–Scott Rectangular Pulses Model and the Poisson White Noise Model for the Representation of Tropical Rain Rates

Abstract A point process model for tropical rain rates is developed through the derivation of the third moment expression for a combined point process model. The model is a superposition of a Neyman–Scott rectangular pulse model and a Poisson white noise process model. The model is scalable in the temporal dimension. The derivation of the third moment for this model allows for the inclusion of the skewness parameter, which is necessary to adequately represent rainfall intensity. Analysis of the model fit to tropical tipping-bucket rain gauge data ranging in temporal scale from five min to one day indicates that it can adequately produce synthesized rainfall having the statistical characteristics of rain rate over the range of scales tested. Of special interest is the model’s capability to accurately preserve the probability of extreme tropical rain rates at different scales. In addition to various hydrological applications, the model also has many potential uses in the field of meteorology, such as the st...
Teaching Men's Anal Pleasure: Challenging Gender Norms with “Prostage” Education

To help students critique sex/gender norms, sexuality educators should address men's anal pleasure. Men's anal receptivity blurs accepted binaries like male/female, masculine/feminine, and straight/queer. By suppressing men's receptivity, the taboo against men's anal pleasure helps legitimize hegemonic sex/gender beliefs—and the sexism, homophobia, and male dominance they encourage. Conversely, by deconstructing men's anal taboo and creating a new language of anal pleasure—“prostage” (pro-STAHJ)—educators can help students challenge restrictive gender norms. We base this argument on an anonymous, online, mixed methods survey we conducted with 228 undergraduate men, as well as existing literature on men's anal sexuality.
An investigation of the solvent dependence on the ultrafast intersystem crossing kinetics of xanthone

The photophysics of xanthone in solution are measured using femtosecond pump-probe techniques. A kinetic model which includes intersystem crossing from both the 1ππ∗ and 1nπ∗ electronic states accurately represents the non-single exponential growth of the triplet-triplet absorption after excitation into the 1ππ∗ state at 310 nm. The intersystem crossing rate constants are consistent with an ‘inverse’ gap effect due to solvent polarity induced shifts in the electronic states. The branching between intersystem crossing from the 1ππ∗ and 1nπ∗ electronic states is also solvent dependent and is determined by the rate constant for internal conversion in the singlet electronic state.
Implications of final state interactions in B-decays

I give a brief review of final state interactions (FSI) in heavy meson decays, paying particular attention to B-meson physics. Available theoretical methods for dealing with the effects of FSI are discussed.
Relativistic effects in the tidal interaction between a white dwarf and a massive black hole in Fermi normal coordinates

We consider tidal encounters between a white dwarf and an intermediate mass black hole. Both weak encounters and those at the threshold of disruption are modeled. The numerical code combines mesh-based hydrodynamics, a spectral method solution of the self-gravity, and a general relativistic Fermi normal coordinate system that follows the star and debris. Fermi normal coordinates provide an expansion of the black hole tidal field that includes quadrupole and higher multipole moments and relativistic corrections. We compute the mass loss from the white dwarf that occurs in weak tidal encounters. Secondly, we compute carefully the energy deposition onto the star, examining the effects of nonradial and radial mode excitation, surface layer heating, mass loss, and relativistic orbital motion. We find evidence of a slight relativistic suppression in tidal energy transfer. Tidal energy deposition is compared to orbital energy loss due to gravitational bremsstrahlung, and the combined losses are used to estimate tidal capture orbits. Heating and partial mass stripping will lead to an expansion of the white dwarf, making it easier for the star to be tidally disrupted on the next passage. Finally, we examine angular momentum deposition. By including the octupole tide, we are able for the first time to calculate deflection of the center of mass of the star and debris. With this observed deflection, and taking into account orbital relativistic effects, we compute directly the change in orbital angular momentum and show its balance with computed spin angular momentum deposition.
Hypoiodite mediated synthesis of isoxazolines from aldoximes and alkenes using catalytic KI and Oxone as the terminal oxidant

Isoxazolines can be efficiently synthesized in good yields via a hypoiodite mediated catalytic oxidative cyclization of aldoximes and alkenes. This reaction involves active iodine species generated in situ from catalytic amounts of KI and Oxone.
Multi-iron silicotungstates: synthesis, characterization, and stability studies of polyoxometalate dimers.

The reaction of Fe(III) with Na+ and K+ salts of the trivacant [α-SiW9O34]10- ligand have been investigated at pH 6 and pH 1. A new dimer, [(α-SiFe3W9(OH)3O34)2(OH)3]11- (1), is synthesized by reacting Na7H3[α-SiW9O34] or K10[α-SiW9O34] with exactly 3 equiv of Fe(III) in a 0.5 M sodium acetate solution (pH 6). The structure of 1, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (a = 22.454(2) A, b = 12.387(2) A, c = 37.421(2), β = 100.107(8)°, monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, R1 = 5.11% based on 12739 independent reflections), consists of two [α-SiFe3W9(OH)3O34]4- units linked by three Fe−μ-OH−Fe bonds. Reaction of K10[α-SiW9O34] with 3 equiv of Fe(III) in water (pH 1) yields [(α-Si(FeOH2)2FeW9(OH)3O34)2]8- (2). The structure of 2 was also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (a = 36.903(2) A, b = 13.9868(9) A, c = 21.7839(13) A, β = 122.709(1)°, monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, R1 = 4.57% based on 11787 independent reflections). It consists of two [α-Si(FeOH2)2FeW9(OH)3O34]4- Keggin units linked by a single edge...
IP multicast operational network management: design, challenges, and experiences

Multicast is a natural enabler for carrying high-bandwidth multimedia broadcasts and seminars on IP networks. Despite the increased need for IP multicast, its commercial deployment has not been widespread. The lack of appropriate network management tools for IP multicast has proven to be a major barrier to its deployment. In this paper we survey the currently available multicast management tools and discuss why they are insufficient. We describe the requirements of an operational multicast management platform and present mmon, a multicast network management system we have built, aimed primarily for use by engineering and operations personnel. Mmon has been tried by over 200 sites and is currently used at HP to manage the multicast network. We discuss some of the challenges and our experiences with designing, implementing, and deploying the system.
Resonant activation of a Josephson junction

Abstract The lifetime of the zero voltage state of a current-biased Josephson junction is reduced by the application of a weak microwave perturbation at a frequency near the plasma frequency of the junction. We call this process “resonant activation”. The experimental data are in good agreement with numerical simulations.
An in vitro study of boronated porphyrins for potential use in boron neutron capture therapy

Abstract A series of boronated hematoporphyrin analogs differing in lipophilicity and in the length of the di-ether side chains, and their zinc derivatives were evaluated for use in boron neutron capture therapy. The porphyrins displayed no inherent cytotoxicity towards V79 cells at a concentration of 300 μM. Cellular uptake varied as a function of lipophilicity and metallation.
Dust and the Infrared Kinematic Properties of Early-Type Galaxies

We have obtained spectra and measured the stellar kinematics in a sample of 25 nearby early-type galaxies (with velocity dispersions from less than 100 km s-1 to over 300 km s-1) using the near-infrared CO absorption band head at 2.29 μm. Our median uncertainty for the dispersions is ~10%. We examine the effects of dust on existing optical kinematic measurements. We find that the near-infrared velocity dispersions are, in general, smaller than optical velocity dispersions, with differences as large as 30%. The median difference is 11% smaller, and the effect is of greater magnitude for higher dispersion galaxies. The lenticular galaxies (18 out of 25) appear to be causing the shift to lower dispersions, while the classical elliptical galaxies (7 out of 25) are consistent between the two wavelength regimes. If uniformly distributed dust causes these differences, we would expect to find a correlation between the relative amount of dust in a galaxy and the fractional change in dispersion, but we do not find such a correlation. We do see correlations between both velocity dispersion and CO band head equivalent width, and velocity dispersion and Mg2 index. The differences in dispersion are not well explained by current models of dust absorption. The lack of correlation between the relative amount of dust and shift in dispersion possibly suggests that dust does not have a similar distribution from galaxy to galaxy. The CO equivalent widths of these galaxies are quite high (10 A for almost all), requiring the light at these wavelengths to be dominated by very cool stars.
On Detecting Edges

An edge in an image corresponds to a discontinuity in the intensity surface of the underlying scene. It can be approximated by a piecewise straight curve composed of edgels, i.e., short, linear edge-elements, each characterized by a direction and a position. The approach to edgel-detection here, is to fit a series of one-dimensional surfaces to each window (kernel of the operator) and accept the surface-description which is adequate in the least squares sense and has the fewest parameters. (A one-dimensional surface is one which is constant along some direction.) The tanh is an adequate basis for the stepedge and its combinations are adequate for the roofedge and the line-edge. The proposed method of step-edgel detection is robust with respect to noise; for (step-size/?noise) ? 2.5, it has subpixel position localization (?position < ?) and an angular localization better than 10°; further, it is designed to be insensitive to smooth shading. These results are demonstrated by some simple analysis, statistical data, and edgelimages. Also included is a comparison of performance on a real image, with a typical operator (Difference-of-Gaussians). The results indicate that the proposed operator is superior with respect to detection, localization, and resolution.
Dynamics near a minimal-mass soliton for a Korteweg–de Vries equation

We study soliton solutions to a generalized Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation with a saturated nonlinearity, following the line of inquiry of Marzuola, Raynor and Simpson for the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS). KdV with such a nonlinearity is known to possess a minimal-mass soliton. We consider a small perturbation of a minimal-mass soliton and numerically shadow a system of ordinary differential equation (ODEs), which models the behaviour of the perturbation for short times. This connects nicely to analytic works of Comech, Cuccagna and Pelinovsky as well as of Grimshaw and Pelinovsky. These ODEs form a simple dynamical system with a single unstable hyperbolic fixed point with two possible dynamical outcomes. A particular feature of the dynamics is that they are non-oscillatory. This distinguishes the KdV problem from the analogous NLS one.
Engineering Status of Computerized Tomographic Scanning

With the advances in computer technology during the 1960s several authors, including Cormack, Kuhl and Edwards, began to discuss the possibility of improving the quality of ordinary x-ray tomography using exact mathematical reconstruction techniques. The basic method is to measure x-ray attenuation along sets of parallel lines oriented at multiple angles, all contained within a single transverse cross-sectional slice of the body. These measurements can be represented mathematically as linear combinations of the unknown mass attenuation coefficients in the slice. Standard mathematical techniques developed for the solution of simultaneous linear equations can be adopted to "reconstruct" the unknown cross-section distribution from such data. The result can be displayed as a two-dimensional array using computer generated display techniques, and closely resembles the image that could have been obtained if the cross-sectional slice were removed from the body and imaged by conventional projection radiography.
Superflares on Ordinary Solar-Type Stars

Short-duration flares are well known to occur on cool main-sequence stars as well as on many types of "exotic" stars. Ordinary main-sequence stars are usually pictured as being static on timescales of millions or billions of years. Our Sun has occasional flares involving up to ~1031 ergs that produce optical brightenings too small in amplitude to be detected in disk-integrated brightness. However, we identify nine cases of superflares involving 1033-1038 ergs on normal solar-type stars. That is, these stars are on or near the main sequence, are of spectral class F8-G8, are single (or in very wide binaries), are not rapid rotators, and are not exceedingly young in age. This class of stars includes many of those recently discovered to have planets as well as our own Sun, and the consequences for any life on surrounding planets could be profound. For the case of the Sun, historical records suggest that no superflares have occurred in the last two millennia.
Featured points method of amplitude recovery

A method for ground-penetrating radar amplitude recovery of targets is presented in this paper. We use the migration processing for target imaging and the clean method to extract featured target points. Based on the featured target points, target reflection hyperbolas are calculated. Curve fitting is applied to get amplitude attenuation parameters. The amplitude is recovered after compensating the parameters to the raw data. We performed a field experiment with 5 sphere targets under water. Comparing to the conventional methods, our proposed method is more effective for target classification.
Equivalence of model space techniques and the renormalization group for a separable model problem

Abstract Lee–Suzuki similarity transformations and Krenciglowa–Kuo folded diagrams are two common methods used to derive energy independent model space effective interactions for nuclear many-body systems. We demonstrate that these two methods are equivalent to a Renormalization Group (RG) analysis of a well-studied problem in quantum mechanics. The effective low-momentum potentials V eff obtained from model space methods are shown to obey the same scaling equation for V eff that RG arguments predict. This indicates that model space methods might be of interest to those studying low-energy nuclear physics using Effective Field Theories (EFT). We find the new result that all of the different energy independent model space techniques yield a unique low-momentum V eff when applied to the toy model under consideration.
Effects of Statins on Renal Function

This report reviews data on the development of proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease who are treated with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) for dyslipidemia. Although subgroup analyses of statin trials have shown cardiovascular benefits in subjects with chronic kidney disease, concern about statin-induced proteinuria remains high. Experimental studies have suggested that the proteinuria seen with statin treatment results from the inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis, the likely mechanism of protein uptake in proximal tubular cells. Transient proteinuria may signify little more than the effective inhibition of cholesterol synthesis at this site. The blockade of protein trafficking in tubular cells is thought to reduce inflammation, slow fibrosis, and diminish proteinuria in the long term. Post hoc analyses of large clinical trials in subjects without overt renal disease have generally supported this notion, showing that statins most benefit patients with the greatest baseline renal deficits. Statins have also been shown to preserve glomerular filtration rate and reduce proteinuria in subjects with nondiabetic renal disease. In conclusion, in the absence of prospective, randomized trials in renally impaired patients, the collective evidence indicates that statin therapy may slow the decrease in renal function that generally attends atherosclerotic disease. The incidence of proteinuria with potent statins is only 1% to 2% when these drugs are given in recommended doses. Several large trials are currently under way to examine the safety and efficacy of statins in renally compromised patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
Instrumentation considerations in multichannel ellipsometry for real-time spectroscopy

Experimental procedures are described to enhance the accuracy of a novel rotating polarizer multichannel ellipsometer, designed to real-time spectroscopic studies of film growth and surfaces. For the fastest such instrument 128-point (ψ,Δ) spectra from 1.5 to 4.5 eV can be acquired in less than 10 ms. Ellipsometry places stringent demands on the photodiode-array-based detection system, as the irradiance incident on the separate pixels is waveform analyzed. A detailed characterization of the detection system is presented which provides the means to correct for stray light, image persistence, non-linearity, and integration errors. We also outline techniques for characterization of imperfections associated with the source and polarization optics. We present calibration and data reduction equations which have been derived to include source and polarization system imperfection parameters to first order.
Aerobic Pd-Catalyzed sp3 C−H Olefination: A Route to Both N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds and Alkenes

This communication describes a new method for the Pd/polyoxometalate-catalyzed aerobic olefination of unactivated sp(3) C-H bonds. Nitrogen heterocycles serve as directing groups, and air is used as the terminal oxidant. The products undergo reversible intramolecular Michael addition, which protects the monoalkenylated product from overfunctionalization. Hydrogenation of the Michael adducts provides access to bicyclic nitrogen-containing scaffolds that are prevalent in alkaloid natural products. Additionally, the cationic Michael adducts undergo facile elimination to release α,β-unsaturated olefins, which can be further elaborated via C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions.
Granular-aluminum superconducting detector for 6 keV X-rays and 2.2 MeV beta sources

Abstract A 2 μm wide superconducting strip of granular aluminum was used to detect the superconducting to normal transitions induced by the absorption of 55 Fe, 6 keV X-rays or the passage of electrons from a 90 Sr, 2.2 MeV beta source. The count-rate for X-rays reaches almost 70% efficiency over a wide range of bias currents, confirming the potential application for high-spatial-resolution X-ray detectors. We report the first evidence of switching by a 2.2 MeV beta source which emits electrons in the minimum-ionizing range. However, the inability to distinguish between transitions caused by minimum-ionizing electrons and those caused by lower energy, more heavily ionizing electrons emitted by the source, prevented us from demonstrating the full sensitivity of the granular aluminum detector to minimum-ionizing radiation. The switching threshold for X-rays depends on thermal propagation of a normal region which bridges the film width, and a numerical simulation is presented, the simple formulation of which allows extrapolation to other materials and temperatures. The very fast rise-time voltages are accurately described by a thermal propagation model.
Who and what links to the Internet Archive

The Internet Archive's (IA) Wayback Machine is the largest and oldest public Web archive and has become a significant repository of our recent history and cultural heritage. Despite its importance, there has been little research about how it is discovered and used. Based on Web access logs, we analyze what users are looking for, why they come to IA, where they come from, and how pages link to IA. We find that users request English pages the most, followed by the European languages. Most human users come to Web archives because they do not find the requested pages on the live Web. About 65 % of the requested archived pages no longer exist on the live Web. We find that more than 82 % of human sessions connect to the Wayback Machine via referrals from other Web sites, while only 15 % of robots have referrers. Most of the links (86 %) from Websites are to individual archived pages at specific points in time, and of those 83 % no longer exist on the live Web. Finally, we find that users who come from search engines browse more pages than users who come from external Web sites.
Nature of Subproton Scale Turbulence in the Solar Wind

The nature of subproton scale fluctuations in the solar wind is an open question, partly because two similar types of electromagnetic turbulence can occur: kinetic Alfven turbulence and whistler turbulence. These two possibilities, however, have one key qualitative difference: whistler turbulence, unlike kinetic Alfven turbulence, has negligible power in density fluctuations. In this Letter, we present new observational data, as well as analytical and numerical results, to investigate this difference. These results show, for the first time, that the fluctuations well below the proton scale are predominantly kinetic Alfven turbulence, and, if present at all, the whistler fluctuations make up only a small fraction of the total energy.
Stability of unstably stratified shear flow between parallel plates

The linear stability of unstably stratified shear flows between two horizontal parallel plates has been investigated. The eigenvalue problem was solved numerically by making use of the expansion method in Chebyshev polynomials, and critical Rayleigh numbers were obtained accurately in the Reynolds number range of [0.01,100]. It was found that the critical Rayleigh number for two-dimensional disturbances increases with an increase of the Reynolds number. The result strongly supports previous stability analyses except for the analysis by Makino and Ishikawa (1985) in which a decrease of the critical Rayleigh number was obtained. For some cases, a discontinuity in the critical wavenumber occurs, due to the development of two extrema in the neutral stability boundary.
An extended fuse survey of diffuse O VI emission in the interstellar medium

We present a survey of diffuse O VI emission in the interstellar medium (ISM) obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). Spanning 5.5 yr of FUSE observations, from launch through 2004 December, our data set consists of 2925 exposures along 183 sight lines, including all of those with previously published O VI detections. The data were processed using an implementation of CalFUSE version 3.1 modified to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio and velocity scale of spectra from an aperture-filling source. Of our 183 sight lines, 73 show O VI λ1032 emission, 29 at >3 σ significance. Six of the 3 σ features have velocities |vLSR| > 120 km s-1, while the others have |vLSR| ≤ 50 km s-1. Measured intensities range from 1800 to 9100 LU (line unit; 1 photon cm-2 s-1 sr-1), with a median of 3300 LU. Combining our results with published O VI absorption data, we find that an O VI-bearing interface in the local ISM yields an electron density ne = 0.2-0.3 cm-3 and a path length of 0.1 pc, while O VI-emitting regions associated with high-velocity clouds in the Galactic halo have densities an order of magnitude lower and path lengths 2 orders of magnitude longer. Although the O VI intensities along these sight lines are similar, the emission is produced by gas with very different properties.
The gravity dual of supersymmetric Renyi entropy

Supersymmetric Renyi entropies are defined for three-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 superconformal field theories on a branched covering of a three-sphere by using the localized partition functions. Under a conformal transformation, the branched covering is mapped to S 1 × H 2, whose gravity dual is the charged topological AdS4 black hole. The black hole can be embedded into four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 gauged supergravity where the mass and charge are related so that it preserves half of the supersymmetries. We compute the supersymmetric Renyi entropies with and without a certain type of Wilson loop operators in the gravity theory. We find they agree with those of the dual field theories in the large-N limit.
An Alternative Approach to Understanding the Observed Positron Fraction

Space-based observations by PAMELA (Adriani et al., Nature 458, 607, 2009), Fermi-LAT (Ackerman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 01103, 2012), and AMS (Aguilar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 141102, 2013) have demonstrated that the positron fraction (e+/total-e) increases with increasing energy above about 10 GeV. According to the propagation model for Galactic cosmic rays in widespread use (Moskalenko & Strong, Astrophys. J. 493, 693, 1998), the production of secondary positrons from interaction of cosmic-ray protons and heavier nuclei with the interstellar medium gives a generally falling positron fraction between 10 and 100 GeV, with secondary positrons accounting for only ∼20 % of the observed positron fraction at 100 GeV; so some other physical phenomena have been proposed to explain the data. An alternative approach to interpreting the positron observations is to consider these data as presenting an opportunity for re-examining models of Galactic cosmic-ray propagation. Following release of the PAMELA data, three groups published propagation models (Shaviv, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 111302, 2009, Cowsik and Burch, Phys. Rev. D. 82, 023009, 2010, Katz et al., Mon. Not. R. Aston. Soc. 405, 1458 2010) in which the observed positron fraction is explained entirely by secondary positrons produced in the interstellar medium. In May of this year, stimulated by the AMS extension of the positron data to higher energy with excellent statistics, two of those groups presented further development of their calculations (Cowsik et al. 2013, Blum et al. 2013), again concluding that the observed positrons can be understood as secondaries. None of the authors of these five papers was registered for the 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC). Although I am not an author of any of these papers, I have some close familiarity with one of these recent papers, so the conference organizers invited me to bring this alternative approach to the attention of the conference. The present paper is a summary of the material I presented, along with a brief comment about reaction at the conference to this approach.
Generating Cosmological Gaussian Random Fields

We present a generic algorithm for generating Gaussian random initial conditions for cosmological simulations on periodic rectangular lattices. We show that imposing periodic boundary conditions on the real-space correlator and choosing initial conditions by convolving a white noise random field results in a significantly smaller error than the traditional procedure of using the power spectrum. This convolution picture produces exact correlation functions out to separations of L/2, where L is the box size, which is the maximum theoretically allowed. This method also produces top-hat sphere fluctuations that are exact at radii R≤L/4. It is equivalent to windowing the power spectrum with the simulation volume before discretizing, thus bypassing sparse sampling problems. The mean density perturbation in the volume is no longer constrained to be zero, allowing one to assemble a large simulation using a series of smaller ones. This is especially important for simulations of Lyα systems where small boxes with steep power spectra are routinely used. We also present an extension of this procedure that generates exact initial conditions for hierarchical grids at negligible cost.
A System-Theoretic Clean Slate Approach to Provably Secure Ad-Hoc Wireless Networking

Traditionally, wireless network protocols have been designed for performance. Subsequently, as attacks have been identified, patches have been developed. This has resulted in an “arms race” development process of discovering vulnerabilities and then patching them. The fundamental difficulty with this approach is that other vulnerabilities may still exist. No provable security or performance guarantees can ever be provided. We develop a system-theoretic approach to security that provides a complete protocol suite with provable guarantees, as well as proof of min-max optimality with respect to any given utility function of source-destination rates. Our approach is based on a model capturing the essential features of an ad-hoc wireless network that has been infiltrated with hostile nodes. We consider any collection of nodes, some good and some bad, possessing specified capabilities vis-a-vis cryptography, wireless communication, and clocks. The good nodes do not know the bad nodes. The bad nodes can collaborate perfectly, and are capable of any disruptive acts ranging from simply jamming to noncooperation with the protocols in any manner they please. The protocol suite caters to the complete life cycle, all the way from the birth of nodes, through all phases of ad-hoc network formation, leading to an optimized network carrying data reliably. It provably achieves the min-max of the utility function, where the max is over all protocol suites published and followed by the good nodes, while the min is over all Byzantine behaviors of the bad nodes. Under the protocol suite, the bad nodes do not benefit from any actions other than jamming or cooperating. This approach supersedes much of the previous work that deals with several types of attacks including wormhole, rushing, partial deafness, routing loops, routing black holes, routing gray holes, and network partition attacks.
ON THE SIMULTANEOUS EVOLUTION OF MASSIVE PROTOSTARS AND THEIR HOST CORES

Studies of the evolution of massive protostars and the evolution of their host molecular cloud cores are commonly treated as separate problems. However, interdependencies between the two can be significant. Here, we study the simultaneous evolution of massive protostars and their host molecular cores using a multi-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics code that incorporates the effects of the thermal pressure and radiative acceleration feedback of the centrally forming protostar. The evolution of the massive protostar is computed simultaneously using the stellar evolution code STELLAR, modified to include the effects of variable accretion. The interdependencies are studied in three different collapse scenarios. For comparison, stellar evolutionary tracks at constant accretion rates and the evolution of the host cores using pre-computed stellar evolutionary tracks are computed. The resulting interdependencies of the protostellar evolution and the evolution of the environment are extremely diverse and depend on the order of events, in particular the time of circumstellar accretion disk formation with respect to the onset of the bloating phase of the star. Feedback mechanisms affect the instantaneous accretion rate and the protostar's radius, temperature, and luminosity on timescales t ≤ 5 kyr, corresponding to the accretion timescale and Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction timescale, respectively. Nevertheless, it is possible to approximate the overall protostellar evolution in many cases by pre-computed stellar evolutionary tracks assuming appropriate constant average accretion rates.