cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recurrence analysis of the EEG during sleep accurately identifies subjects with mental health symptoms.

Analysis of brain recurrence (ABR) is a novel computational method that uses two variables for sleep depth and two for sleep fragmentation to quantify temporal changes in non-random brain electrical activity. We postulated that ABR of the sleep-staged EEG could identify an EEG signature specific for the presence of mental health symptoms. Using the Mental Health Inventory Questionnaire (MHI-5) as ground truth, psychological distress was assessed in a study cohort obtained from the Sleep Heart Health Study. Subjects with MHI-5 50. Sixteen ABR markers derived from the EEG were analyzed using linear discriminant analysis to identify marker combinations that reliably classified individual subjects. A biomarker function computed from 12 of the markers accurately classified the subjects based on their MHI-5 scores (AUROC=82%). Use of additional markers did not improve classification accuracy. Subgroup analysis (20 highest and 20 lowest MHI-5 scores) improved classification accuracy (AUROC=89%). Biomarker values for individual subjects were significantly correlated with MHI-5 score (r=0.36, 0.54 for N=68, 40, respectively). ABR of EEGs obtained during sleep successfully classified subjects with regard to the severity of mental health symptoms, indicating that mood systems were reflected in brain electrical activity.
A survey of herbal use in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder or depression

Objective. To examine whether herbal medicines were given to children or adolescents receiving care for attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder or depression. Methods. Between October 2000 and July 2001, a 23-item questionnaire was administered in five community mental health centers in Texas. Parents or primary caregivers of children who received a psychiatric assessment were sought for participation. One hundred seventeen caregivers completed a questionnaire. The main outcome measure was primary caregivers' self-report of the use of herbal therapy in their children. Results. The lifetime prevalence of herbal therapy in patients was 20% (23 patients). Eighteen patients (15%) had taken herbal medicines during the past year. Recommendations from a friend or relative resulted in the administration of herbal medicines by 61% of 23 caregivers. Herbal medicines were given most frequently for a behavioral condition, with ginkgo biloba, echinacea, and St. John's wort most prevalent. Almost 83% of caregivers gave herbal medicines alone, whereas 13% gave herbal medicines with prescription drugs. Most caregivers (78%) supervised the administration of herbal therapy in their children; the children's psychiatrists (70%), pediatricians (56%), or pharmacists (74%) typically were not aware of the use. Conclusions. Most caregivers supervised herbal therapy in their children, without communication with a health professional. A need exists for better communication between health professionals and caregivers regarding the use of herbal therapy.
QUANTIFYING TEXTURE CHANGES IN CORN TORTILLAS DUE TO STALING

The change in texture of corn tortillas due to staling is described using stress relaxation methods. Tortilla strips (70 x 35 mm) were subject to stress relaxation under tension at 3% strain. Force versus distance values were transformed into the textural indicator of stiffness. Fresh corn tortilla had significantly lower stiffness values than the stale tortilla (up to 10 days old). Stiffness decreased with increasing storage temperature from 6C up to 35C. The stiffness value from stress relaxation tests may be used as an objective indicator of tortilla texture. Les changements ayant lieu lors du ranssissement des tortillas de mais sont etudies grâce aux methode de relaxation de contrainte. L'indicateur de texture etudie est la rigidite (stiffness). Les tortillas frâches sont moins rigides que les tortillas rassis. La rigidite decroit quand la temperature d'entreposage augmente.
The impact of Florida's import advertising equalization tax on the Florida orange juice industry

This study found that the equalization tax has a positive effect on both price and quantity of orange juice sold. Elimination of the tax would likely lead to reduced orange juice demand and industry revenue. Elimination of the tax would not likely lead to a substantially improved competitive position given Brazil's flexibility in pricing. Neither the Florida citrus industry nor the State of Florida would benefit from an elimination of the tax.
Forecasting presidential elections using history and polls

Abstract We develop a method for efficiently using current poll data to update election forecasts based on historical relationships. The method is applied on an ex post basis to forecast Republican and Democratic shares of the national vote in U.S. Presidential elections from 1952 to 1992. Using poll data substantially improves the performance of forecasting models that rely solely on historical fundamentals. Moreover, when poll data are used appropriately, their information content dominates in the calculation of an optimal forecast. The method has also been applied on an ex ante basis to forecast the 1996 presidential election, producing a series of highly accurate predictions over the 2 month period before the election.
Characteristic study of vector-controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor in electric drive vehicles

With the improvement of battery technology over the past two decades and automotive technology advances, more and more vehicle manufacturers have joined in the race to produce new generation of affordable, high-performance electric drive vehicles (EDVs). Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are at the top of AC motors in high performance drive systems for EDVs. This paper studies PMSM characteristics under general d-q control strategy in the rotor-flux-oriented frame so as to benefit the development of advanced PMSM control technology for EDV applications. Compared to conventional approaches, the specific features of the paper are 1) a steady-state PMSM model in a d-q reference frame, 2) a simulation mechanism that reflects general PMSM d-q control strategy, and 3) an integrative approach through a joint evaluation of diverse PMSM characteristics. Extensive simulation-based analysis is conducted to study how PMSM characteristics are affected by different d-q control conditions and are interacted with EDV drive characteristics for vehicle speed regulation in drive and regenerate modes.
Supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phloroglucinols in St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.).

A small-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed for the selective extraction of phloroglucinols from St. John's wort (SJW) leaf/flower mixtures using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2). The extraction efficiency was investigated as influenced by pressure, temperature, time, and modifier. The optimized condition of SFE was carried out at 3.80 × 104 kpa (5500 psi) and 50 °C. Samples were held in static extraction for 10 min, followed by a dynamic extraction for 90 min at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. A simple and sensitive HPLC method was developed for the analysis of hyperforin and adhyperforin, the major phloroglucinols, in the SFE extract of SJW. Keywords: Hypericum perforatum L.; St. John's wort; supercritical fluid extraction; hyperforin; adhyperforin
Substance and separation in Aristotle

Introduction 1. The separation of platonic forms 2. Referential opacity in Aristotle 3. A theory of substance 4. Substance and Aristotle's epistemology 5. The separation of substance 6. Substance and teleology Bibliography Index.
Forecasting and the database: An analysis of databases for international business

A major consideration in the selection of a forecasting method for a specific situation is the type of pattern in the data. Before the data pattern is identified, the forecaster must recognize the dependence of any forecasting method upon the accompanying reliable database. This issue is discussed in the paper with reference to databases for international business.
Real-Time Electrochemical Monitoring of Adenosine Triphosphate in the Picomolar to Micromolar Range Using Graphene-Modified Electrodes

We report on a competitive electrochemical detection system that is free of wash steps and enables the real-time monitoring of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a quantitative manner over a five-log concentration range. The system utilizes a recognition surface based on ATP aptamer (ATPA) capture probes prebound to electroactive flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) molecules, and a signaling surface utilizing graphene (Gr) and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) modified carbon paste electrode (Gr–AuNP–CPE) that is optimized to enhance electron-transfer kinetics and signal sensitivity. Binding of ATP to ATPA at the recognition surface causes the release of an equivalent concentration of FAD that can be quantitatively monitored in real time at the signaling surface, thereby enabling a wide linear working range (1.14 × 10–10 to 3.0 × 10–5 M), a low detection limit (2.01 × 10–11 M using graphene and AuNP modified glassy carbon), and fast target binding kinetics (steady-state signal within 12 min at detection limit). Unlike ...
Evaluating the admissibility of expert testimony

After many years of deriding court opinions on the admissibility of expert testimony, critics of “junk science” in the courtroom finally have something to cheer about. In its recent decision in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1), the United States Supreme Court cleared away decades of confusion about the standard to be applied to expert testimony and provided judges with guidelines for determining the scientffic validity of the evidence before them. It will not be long before courts will be challenged to apply the Daubert standard to testimony by mental health professionals. Daubert involved a suit against the pharmaceutical company that manufactured Bendectin, a drug once widely used to combat morning sickness in pregnancy. Like many previous plaintiffs, Jason Daubert and Eric Schuller alleged that their mothers’ ingestion of Bendectin was responsible for the severe birth defects with which they were born. Merrell Dow, citing more than 30 published epidemiologic studies, all of which failed to show a link between Bendectin and birth defects, argued that the medication did not cause Daubert’s and Schuller’s defor-
Modeling of anthracene removal from soil columns by surfactant

Abstract In‐situ soil washing using surfactants shows great potential to remove hydrophobic organics from subsurface environments. Lab scale soil washing experiments were performed using sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, to remove anthracene, a highly hydrophobic compound. The formation medium chosen was fine sand. Anthracene solubility tests were conducted in batch reactors. The results showed that the solubility of anthracene increases linearly with an increase in SDS concentration above the critical micellar concentration. The kinetics of anthracene solubilization from contaminated sand in batch reactors was observed to follow the exponential Elovich equation. Column experiments were performed using either SDS solution or water to mobilize anthracene from contaminated soil. These experiments verified that SDS can be effective in removing anthracene from contaminated sand mainly due to the solubility increase by micellization. A mathematical model for soil washing was formulated using ...
Male and Female Behaviors in Sex-Typed Tasks: Two Experiential Exercises:

One obstacle to teaching gender issues in management is the attitude held by many students that women and men in organizations have the same experiences. An effective way for students to experience some of the differences that exist for women and men is to videotape them performing sex-typed tasks, have them observe the tapes, and note the different behaviors exhibited by women and men. Two experiential exercises are described that typically elicit sex role stereotypical behaviors of students when they perform them in mixed-sex groups. These exercises are used to allow students to observe and discuss differences in individual behaviors, the dynamics that occur within mixed-sex groups performing sex-typed tasks, and the effects of these behaviors and dynamics on group effectiveness.
Evaluation of measurement errors by repeated pumping tests

Abstract A pumping test was replicated three separate times on a well near State College, Pennsylvania under controlled conditions to evaluate the magnitude of error and precision that can be achieved in measuring drawdown and specific capacity. Three step-drawdown tests were conducted and eleven different steps were used during each of the three tests. Pumping rates ranged from 60 to 109 gallons per minute. The grand mean and standard the deviation of the specific capacity values for the three tests are 11.825 gpm/ft and 0.722. Analysis of variance (ANOV) showed that the variation in specific capacity due to variations in pre-pumping water levels and pumping rates is significant.
Consensus positive position feedback control for vibration attenuation of smart structures

This paper presents a new network-based approach for active vibration control in smart structures. In this approach, a network with known topology connects collocated actuator/sensor elements of the smart structure to one another. Each of these actuators/sensors, i.e., agent or node, is enhanced by a separate multi-mode positive position feedback (PPF) controller. The decentralized PPF controlled agents collaborate with each other in the designed network, under a certain consensus dynamics. The consensus constraint forces neighboring agents to cooperate with each other such that the disagreement between the time-domain actuation of the agents is driven to zero. The controller output of each agent is calculated using state-space variables; hence, optimal state estimators are designed first for the proposed observer-based consensus PPF control. The consensus controller is numerically investigated for a flexible smart structure, i.e., a thin aluminum beam that is clamped at its both ends. Results demonstrate that the consensus law successfully imposes synchronization between the independently controlled agents, as the disagreements between the decentralized PPF controller variables converge to zero in a short time. The new consensus PPF controller brings extra robustness to vibration suppression in smart structures, where malfunctions of an agent can be compensated for by referencing the neighboring agents' performance. This is demonstrated in the results by comparing the new controller with former centralized PPF approach.
Estradiol Modulates Translocator Protein (TSPO) and Steroid Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) via Protein Kinase A (PKA) Signaling in Hypothalamic Astrocytes

The ability of the central nervous system to synthesize steroid hormones has wide-ranging implications for physiology and pathology. Among the proposed roles of neurosteroids is the regulation of the LH surge. This involvement in the estrogen-positive feedback demonstrates the integration of peripheral steroids with neurosteroids. Within the female hypothalamus, estradiol from developing follicles stimulates progesterone synthesis in astrocytes, which activate neural circuits regulating gonadotropin (GnRH) neurons. Estradiol acts at membrane estrogen receptor-α to activate cellular signaling that results in the release of inositol trisphosphate-sensitive calcium stores that are sufficient to induce neuroprogesterone synthesis. The purpose of the present studies was to characterize the estradiol-induced signaling leading to activation of steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR) and transporter protein (TSPO), which mediate the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, ie, the transport of cholesterol into the mitochondrion. Treatment of primary cultures of adult female rat hypothalamic astrocytes with estradiol induced a cascade of phosphorylation that resulted in the activation of a calcium-dependent adenylyl cyclase, AC1, elevation of cAMP, and activation of both StAR and TSPO. Blocking protein kinase A activation with H-89 abrogated the estradiol-induced neuroprogesterone synthesis. Thus, together with previous results, these experiments completed the characterization of how estradiol action at the membrane leads to the augmentation of neuroprogesterone synthesis through increasing cAMP, activation of protein kinase A, and the phosphorylation of TSPO and StAR in hypothalamic astrocytes.
A stochastic and state space model for tumour growth and applications

We develop a state space model documenting Gompertz behaviour of tumour growth. The state space model consists of two sub-models: a stochastic system model that is an extension of the deterministic model proposed by Gyllenberg and Webb (1991), and an observation model that is a statistical model based on data for the total number of tumour cells over time. In the stochastic system model we derive through stochastic equations the probability distributions of the numbers of different types of tumour cells. Combining with the statistic model, we use these distribution results to develop a generalized Bayesian method and a Gibbs sampling procedure to estimate the unknown parameters and to predict the state variables (number of tumour cells). We apply these models and methods to real data and to computer simulated data to illustrate the usefulness of the models, the methods, and the procedures.
Single-system ureteroceles in infants and children: imaging features.

Purpose. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the clinical and imaging findings in children who have single-system ureteroceles. Materials and methods. We reviewed the urology records and imaging studies in 32 consecutive infants and children who were diagnosed in our department with single-system ureteroceles. Results. There were 35 ureteroceles in the 32 patients – 29 were unilateral (14 right-sided, 15 left-sided) and 3 were bilateral. Twenty-five patients were boys (78 %) and 7 girls. Mean age at presentation was 0.7 years (0–9.2 years). Prenatally detected hydronephrosis or cystic renal dysplasia was the most common presentation (24 patients). Four presented with urinary infection, 2 with abdominal mass, 1 had myelomeningocele, and 1 had hypospadias. Three patients also had multiple non-urologic, congenital anomalies. Thirty-three ureteroceles were intravesical, and 2 were ectopic to the bladder neck. Twenty-four ureteroceles were associated with ipsilateral hydroureteronephrosis and 10 with ipsilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. One patient had a normal ipsilateral kidney and a contralateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. The ureterocele was identified on at least one imaging study in each patient. Sixteen ureteroceles (47 %) everted at VCUG, mimicking paraureteral diverticula. Other variations included ureterocele prolapse and inadvertent ureterocele catheterization (1 each). Conclusions. Single-system ureterocele is an important, although uncommon cause of hydronephrosis and renal dysplasia in infants and children. Single-system ureterocele is distinguished clinically from the more common duplex-system ureterocele by its frequent occurrence in boys and its association with multicystic dysplastic kidney. Because these ureteroceles are frequently small and have a propensity to evert at VCUG, they can be mistaken for paraureteral diverticula.
Molecular mechanism of membrane targeting by the GRP1 PH domain

The general receptor for phosphoinositides isoform 1 (GRP1) is recruited to the plasma membrane in response to activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases and accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]. GRP1's pleckstrin homology (PH) domain recognizes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 with high specificity and affinity, however, the precise mechanism of its association with membranes remains unclear. Here, we detail the molecular basis of membrane anchoring by the GRP1 PH domain. Our data reveal a multivalent membrane docking involving PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 binding, regulated by pH and facilitated by electrostatic interactions with other anionic lipids. The specific recognition of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 triggers insertion of the GRP1 PH domain into membranes. An acidic environment enhances PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 binding and increases membrane penetration as demonstrated by NMR and monolayer surface tension and surface plasmon resonance experiments. The GRP1 PH domain displays a 28 nM affinity for POPC/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine/PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 vesicles at pH 6.0, but binds 22-fold weaker at pH 8.0. The pH sensitivity is attributed in part to the His355 residue, protonation of which is required for the robust interaction with PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and significant membrane penetration, as illustrated by mutagenesis data. The binding affinity of the GRP1 PH domain for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-containing vesicles is further amplified (by ∼6-fold) by nonspecific electrostatic interactions with phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylinositol. Together, our results provide new insight into the multivalent mechanism of the membrane targeting and regulation of the GRP1 PH domain.
FAST Is a Survival Protein That Senses Mitochondrial Stress and Modulates TIA-1-Regulated Changes in Protein Expression

The Fas-activated serine/threonine phosphoprotein (FAST) is tethered to the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it interacts with BCL-XL (17). Here we show that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous FAST results in apoptosis, whereas overexpressed recombinant FAST inhibits Fas- and UV-induced apoptosis, indicating that FAST is a survival protein. The antiapoptotic effects of FAST are regulated by interactions with the translational silencer TIA-1: a FAST mutant lacking its TIA-1-binding domain does not inhibit apoptosis, and overexpressed recombinant TIA-1 inhibits the antiapoptotic effects of FAST. Because the antiapoptotic effects of FAST require ongoing protein synthesis, we hypothesized that FAST might function by preventing TIA-1-mediated silencing of mRNAs encoding inhibitors of apoptosis. Consistent with this hypothesis, FAST promotes the expression of cotransfected reporter proteins, a process that requires its TIA-1-binding domain and is inhibited by overexpressed recombinant TIA-1. More compellingly, recombinant FAST increases the expression of endogenous cIAP-1 and XIAP, but not GAPDH, in transfected HeLa cells. Because FAST is released from mitochondria in cells undergoing Fas- or UV-induced apoptosis, we propose that FAST serves as a sensor of mitochondrial stress that modulates a TIA-1-regulated posttranscriptional stress response program.
Classification of power quality events using optimal time-frequency representations-Part 2: application

Classification of power-quality (PQ)-related voltage and current waveform disturbances is a key task for power system monitoring. A new method based on the optimized time-frequency representation (TFR) has been proposed in the first paper of this two-paper series. This paper (the second paper) presents a case study of PQ event classification with the proposed method. The classification algorithm has been successfully tested with 860 real world PQ events that cover five classes, achieving a recognition rate of 98%. The algorithm is implemented on a digital signal processor (DSP) based hardware system and optimized according to the DSP architecture to meet the hard real-time constraints. The DSP-based system is capable of processing a five-cycle (83.3 ms) PQ waveform within 11.2 ms. The real-time computing capability of the algorithm has been verified with this result. The scalability of this method is also discussed.
Ligand–receptor binding on nanoparticle-stabilized liposome surfaces

We explore the access of receptor (streptavidin) to liposome-immobilized ligand (biotin) in cases where the liposomes are stabilized against fusion by allowing nanoparticles to adsorb. It is found that receptor binding persists over that range of nanoparticle surface coverage where liposome fusion and large-scale aggregation are prevented. This indicates that liposome outer surfaces, in the presence of stabilizers, remain biofunctionalizable, and may have bearing on explaining the long circulation time of stabilized liposomes as drug delivery vehicles.
Exposing parameters of a trained dynamic model for interactive music creation

As machine learning (ML) systems emerge in end-user applications, learning algorithms and classifiers will need to be robust to an increasingly unpredictable operating environment. In many cases, the parameters governing a learning system cannot be optimized for every user scenario, nor can users typically manipulate parameters defined in the space and terminology of ML. Conventional approaches to user-oriented ML systems have typically hidden this complexity from users by automating parameter adjustment. We propose a new paradigm, in which model and algorithm parameters are exposed directly to end-users with intuitive labels, suitable for applications where parameters cannot be automatically optimized or where there is additional motivation - such as creative flexibility - to expose, rather than fix or automatically adapt, learning parameters. In our CHI 2008 paper, we introduced and evaluated MySong, a system that uses a Hidden Markov Model to generate chords to accompany a vocal melody. The present paper formally describes the learning underlying MySong and discusses the mechanisms by which MySong's learning parameters are exposed to users, as a case study in making ML systems user-configurable. We discuss the generalizability of this approach, and propose that intuitively exposing ML parameters is a key challenge for the ML and human-computer-interaction communities.
Multiple Carbohydrate Receptors on Lymphocytes Revealed by Adhesion to Immobilized Polysaccharides

Phosphomannan polysaccharides and fucoidan, a polymer of fucose 4-sulfate, have been demonstrated to inhibit adhesion of lymphocytes to tissue sections that contain high endothelial venules (Stoolman, L. M., T. S. Tenforde, and S. D. Rosen, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 99:1535-1540). We have investigated the potential cell surface carbohydrate receptors involved by quantitating adhesion of rat cervical lymph node lymphocytes to purified polysaccharides immobilized on otherwise inert polyacrylamide gels. One-sixth of the lymphocytes adhered specifically to surfaces derivatized with PPME (a phosphomannan polysaccharide prepared from Hansenula holstii yeast), whereas up to half of the cells adhered to surfaces derivatized with fucoidan. Several lines of evidence demonstrated that two distinct receptors were involved. Adhesion to PPME-derivatized gels was labile at 37 degrees C (decreasing to background levels within 120 min) whereas adhesion to fucoidan-derivatized gels was stable. Soluble PPME and other phosphomannans blocked adhesion only to PPME-derivatized gels; fucoidan and a structurally related fucan blocked adhesion to fucoidan-derivatized gels. Other highly charged anionic polysaccharides, such as heparin, did not block adhesion to either polysaccharide-derivatized gel. Adhesion to PPME-derivatized gels was dependent on divalent cations, whereas that to fucoidan-derivatized gels was not. The PPME-adherent lymphocytes were shown to be a subpopulation of the fucoidan-adhesive lymphocytes which contained both saccharide receptors. These data reveal that at least two distinct carbohydrate receptors can be found on peripheral lymphocytes.
Notched stripline resonator

A new type of stripline resonator is introduced. This is a compact microstrip resonator separated by a pair of notches from the feeder line. The width of the resonator is equal to, or smaller than, the feeder line. The resonator is suitable for d.c. biasing for various applications.
Direct and Indirect Representation

How much can a constituency influence the power of its representative in the legislature? This article develops a theoretical model of the constituency basis of legislator influence. The key players in the model are interest groups that may receive targeted transfers from the legislature. The model predicts that the amount of transfers that such groups receive is increasing in their ability to help a party win a legislative seat in the next election. This claim is tested using the changes in Japanese central-to-municipality transfers after a representative passes away while in office. The study finds that electorally ‘strong’ constituency groups do not lose transfers when they lose their representatives. However when ‘weak’ constituency groups lose their representatives, the transfers decrease.
Noeffects of ambient UV radiation detected in periphyton and grazers

The vulnerability of periphyton and grazers to current and future levels of ultraviolet radiation (UV) has important ramifications for energy flow in shallow waters. We reduced ambient UV levels in a Tennessee stream with UV-opaque Plexiglas suspended over the stream and compared periphyton under these Plexiglas filters to periphyton under UV-transparent polyvinylidene film. The experiments were performed three times, from autumn 1993 to summer 1994. The last experiment included a treatment with reduced snail densities, so potential interactions between grazing and UV could be identified. Periphyton biomass and photosynthesis were not significantly affected by reduced UV in any of the three experiments, indicating ambient UV effects were minor, at most. Grazing by snails (Elimia clavaeformis) tightly controlled periphyton biomass and primary production in all three experiments. Snail densities were not significantly affected by ambient UV, eliminating the possibility of a solar cascade of indirect effects. Snails may be less vulnerable to UV than are soft-bodied grazers such as chironomids, and periphyton in southern U.S. streams may be adapted to naturally high levels of UV. The results of this study clearly imply that previous reports of UV impacts on periphyton and grazers cannot be generalized.
Increased Generation of Fibrocytes in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy

Context: The pathogenic basis for Graves’ disease (GD) continues to elude our understanding. Specifically why activating antibodies are generated against self-antigens remains uncertain as does the identity of the antigen(s) that provokes orbital involvement in GD, a process known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether CD34+ fibrocytes are generated more frequently in GD, whether they infiltrate orbital connective tissues in TAO, and whether they express the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). Design/Setting/Participants: Generation of fibrocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was examined in samples from 70 patients with GD and 25 healthy control subjects. Fibrocytes were characterized by flow cytometry. Orbital tissues and fibroblast culture strains were examined for their presence. Main Outcome Measures: The frequency of CD34+ fibrocyte generation from peripheral blood cells, characterization of their phenotype, cytokine production, and th...
Voltage sensors of the frog skeletal muscle membrane require calcium to function in excitation‐contraction coupling.

1. Intramembrane charge movements and changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+ transients) elicited by pulse depolarization were measured in frog fast twitch cut muscle fibres under voltage clamp. 2. Extracellular solutions with very low [Ca2+] and 2 mM-Mg2+ , shown in the previous paper to reduce Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), were found to cause two changes in charge movement: (a) a decrease (-12 nC/microF) in the charge that moves during depolarizing pulses from -90 to 0 mV, termed here 'charge 1'; (b) an increase (+7 nC/microF) in the charge moved by hyperpolarizing pulses from -90 to -180 mV, termed 'charge 2'. 3. The increase in charge moved by hyperpolarizing pulses was correlated (r = 0.64) with the decrease in charge moved by depolarizing pulses and both were correlated with the inhibition of Ca2+ release recorded in the same fibres. 4. The low Ca2+ solutions caused a shift to more negative voltages of the dependence relating charge movement and holding potential (VH). This shift is of similar magnitude (about 22 mV) and direction as the shift in the curve relating Ca2+ release flux to VH (previous paper). 5. In solutions with normal [Ca2+] a conditioning depolarization to 0 mV, of 2 s duration, placed 100 ms before a test pulse from -70 to 0 mV, reduced by 30% the amount of charge displaced by the test pulse. Conditioning pulses of 1 s or less caused potentiation of charge movement by up to 30%. 6. In low Ca2+ solutions, reduction of charge was observed at all durations of the conditioning pulse. The duration for half-inhibition was near 200 ms. 7. An extracellular solution with no metal cations caused a more radical inhibition than the low Ca2+ solutions that contained Mg2+. The inhibition of Ca2+ release was essentially complete (90-100%). The charge moved by a pulse to 0 mV was reduced by 20 nC/microF and the charge moved by a pulse to -170 mV increased 8 nC/microF. This shows that Mg2+ supports excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling to some extent. 8. A state model of the voltage sensor of E-C coupling explains qualitatively the observations in both papers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Global finite element time domain analysis of active non-linear microwave circuits

This paper proposes an extension of Finite Element Time Domain (FETD) method for the global electromagnetic analysis of complex active microwave circuits. The equivalent current sources and capacitances of the distributed part of the circuit, derived from FETD analysis, are incorporated into state equations to solve the lumped element part of the circuit. Benchmark tests on a microwave amplifier and self-oscillating mixer indicate that this extended FETD is not only superior in mesh flexibility but also gives much better results than a simulated FDTD-based algorithm.
Isolation and characterization of interleukin-1 from bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

lnterleukin-1 (IL-lot and lL-1� collectively) has been shown to be produced by a wide variety of cell types. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of bovine polymorphonuciear leukocytos (PMN5) to synthesize and release IL-i-like cytokines and characterize the active molecule(s). Purified peripheral blood PMN8 were cultured for various periods of time in the presence of opsonized zymosan particles. The resulting culture supernatants exhibited IL-i activity as determined by enhanced mitogen-Induced proliferation of the D10 G4.1 murine T-helper cell line. Supernatants from nonstlmulated PMNs or PMNs stimulated for less than 6 h did not enhance D1O G4.1 proliferation. The active molecule (PMNIL-1) was isolated by using gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Further characterization of the HPLC-purified molecule by SOS-PAGE and Isoelectric focusing indicates bovine PMNIL-1 has a molecular weight of 17.8 kd and api of 4.1.
Presidential Perspectives Concerning Home Economics in Higher Education

The objective of this study was to solicit and analyze the views of college and university administrators concerning the current status and future directions of home economics. A survey instrument was developed and mailed to the presi dents of the 343 institutions where home economics units are located. Usable responses were received from 202 central administrators. Home economics pro grams were rated as above average, but not exceptional. Problem areas were identified as lack of research and poor public image. The larger public institutions were significantly less likely to retrench home economics programs than the small private institutions. However, no institution reported any large increases in re sources for the next five years. These views of home economics held by leaders in higher education should be considered as home economists work to develop and strengthen the profession.
Naming Indigenous Concerns, Framing Considerations for Stored Biospecimens

In their article “Broad Consent for Research with Biological Samples: Workshop Conclusions,” Christine Grady and colleagues note multiple times that the concerns of “indigenous peoples” will need t...
Response effects of response-dependent and clock-dependent fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement

Each of two groups of 16 rats were trained under fixed-interval schedules of positive reinforcement. One of these schedules was programmed “by the response,” in that each 3-min interval was timed from the end of the preceding reinforcement. The other schedule was programmed “by the clock,” with periods of reinforcement availability occurring every 3 min after the start of the session. Comparisons of response rate and of measures of temporal discrimination revealed no significant differences in performance under the two procedures. Rank order correlations were found to be significant between two measures of temporal discrimination, but there was no significant correlation between response rate and temporal discrimination across the 32 rats.
In Vivo Immune Evasion Mediated by the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Immunoglobulin G Fc Receptor

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins gE and gI form an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor (FcγR) that binds the Fc domain of human anti-HSV IgG and inhibits Fc-mediated immune functions in vitro. gE or gI deletion mutant viruses are avirulent, probably because gE and gI are also involved in cell-to-cell spread. In an effort to modify FcγR activity without affecting other gE functions, we constructed a mutant virus, NS-gE339, that has four amino acids inserted into gE within the domain homologous to mammalian IgG FcγRs. NS-gE339 expresses gE and gI, is FcγR−, and does not participate in antibody bipolar bridging since it does not block activities mediated by the Fc domain of anti-HSV IgG. In vivo studies were performed with mice because the HSV-1 FcγR does not bind murine IgG; therefore, the absence of an FcγR should not affect virulence in mice. NS-gE339 causes disease at the skin inoculation site comparably to wild-type and rescued viruses, indicating that the FcγR− mutant virus is pathogenic in animals. Mice were passively immunized with human anti-HSV IgG and then infected with mutant or wild-type virus. We postulated that the HSV-1 FcγR should protect wild-type virus from antibody attack. Human anti-HSV IgG greatly reduced viral titers and disease severity in NS-gE339-infected animals while having little effect on wild-type or rescued virus. We conclude that the HSV-1 FcγR enables the virus to evade antibody attack in vivo, which likely explains why antibodies are relatively ineffective against HSV infection.
Deletion of a 55-kilobase-pair DNA element from the chromosome during heterocyst differentiation of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.

The filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 produces terminally differentiated heterocysts in response to a lack of combined nitrogen. Heterocysts are found approximately every 10th cell along the filament and are morphologically and biochemically specialized for nitrogen fixation. At least two DNA rearrangements occur during heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, both the result of developmentally regulated site-specific recombination. The first is an 11-kilobase-pair (kb) deletion from within the 39 end of the nifD gene. The second rearrangement occurs near the nifS gene but has not been completely characterized. The DNA sequences found at the recombination sites for each of the two rearrangements show no similarity to each other. To determine the topology of the rearrangement near the nifS gene, cosmid libraries of vegetative-cell genomic DNA were constructed and used to clone the region of the chromosome involved in the rearrangement. Cosmid clones which spanned the DNA separating the two recombination sites that define the ends of the element were obtained. The restriction map of this region of the chromosome showed that the rearrangement was the deletion of a 55-kb DNA element from the heterocyst chromosome. The excised DNA was neither degraded nor amplified, and its function, if any, is unknown. The 55-kb element was not detectably transcribed in either vegetative cells or heterocysts. The deletion resulted in placement of the rbcLS operon about 10 kb from the nifS gene on the chromosome. Although the nifD 11-kb and nifS 55-kb rearrangements both occurred under normal aerobic heterocyst-inducing conditions, only the 55-kb excision occurred in argon-bubbled cultures, indicating that the two DNA rearrangements can be regulated differently. Images
A COMPARATIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO PISCIRICKETTSIA SALMONIS GROWN IN ALTERNATIVE MEDIA

Piscirickettsia salmonis is a facultative, intracellular pathogen which is the causative agent of piscirickettsiosis in several fresh and saltwater fish species. The disease has caused significant economic losses particularly to Chilean aquaculture. Isolation and growth of the pathogen is generally carried out in cell culture, however alternative media have been published for growth in liquid and agar culture. We investigate the growth of P. salmonis in three defined artificial media through optical density, cell counts, and a P. salmonis-specific TaqMan assay. Despite previous indications that iron was essential for in vitro growth, iron restriction was achieved and induced protein variations between mediums upon 1D and 2D PAGE-gel electrophoresis analysis. Furthermore, we analyze the immune response in Atlantic salmon to P. salmonis using immune serum. These protein differences could indicate how intracellular pathogens grow in different in vitro systems and provide additional insight for future vaccine development.
Pollen degeneration and retarded leaf development from fungicidal sprays applied during microspore development and shoot expansion

Six fungicides: dodine (Syllit), propiconazole (Orbit), thiophanate-methyl (Topsin), fentin hydroxide (Du-Ter), benomyl (Benlate), and sulphur were applied in 1990 to field- grown ‘Desirable’ pecan (Carya illinoensis Wanganh C. Koch) trees from budbreak to pollen maturity. Pollen was collected and germinated on pesticide-free media. Dodine (sprayed once weekly) and propiconazole, sulphur, thiophanate-methyl, and benomyl (sprayed once and thrice weekly) reduced pollen germination compared with controls. Fentin hydroxide caused the least inhibition, and reduced germination only in thrice weekly sprays. Applications were repeated in 1991 with the three fungicides (dodine, propiconazole and sulphur) which most severely reduced pollen germination in 1990. In once weekly sprays, inhibition with dodine was only 21 % compared with 61 % observed in 1990; propiconazole and sulphur showed no difference from controls. Possible seasonal weather effects are discussed. Propiconazole was the only fungicide to suppress ca...
Fixation of Iodine by Thyroids of Rats Given Diets Deficient in Iodine.

ConclusionThe hyperplastic thyroids of rats given an iodine-deficient diet acquire an increased ability to fix iodine. The thyroid and hypophyseal changes in these goitrous animals indicate an excessive release of thyrotropic factor from their hypophysis.
Two New Species of Dactynotus from Canada (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Two new species of aphids from New Brunswick, Canada, Dactynotus (Lambersius) macgillivrayae and D. (Dactynotus) pseudochrysanthemi , are described. They are illustrated by drawings and photographs, and a table of measurements is given for each.
A low-level jet in eastern Iran: a possible factor in dust events in the region

One of the world's major mineral dust source regions lies along the border between Iran and Afghanistan. In this studyit is hypothesized that a low-level jet may play in role in generating the intensity of this source region. The presence of alow-level jet east of the Seistan mountains is documented here for the first time. The jet exists mainly from May toSeptember and has a core at 850 mb. Maximum speeds are at 18 UTC and 0 UTC and occur in July-August. In the meanthe core speed attains 20 ms-1 in those months. The jet attains a maximum at night, a minimum during the day. However, the vertical motions associated with it do not fluctuate greatly over the course of the day. The development of the jet during a dust outbreak in 2002 is also described. It arises a day or so before the outbreak and disappears as the outbreak ends.
Study on some key problems and technique related to microgrid

Characteristics of distributed generation microgrid technology are introduced.The influence of distributed generation microgrid on the voltage ,f requency and harmonics is analyzed in detail and the corresponding solutions are provided.Control methods are classified according to the grid-connected and island operation modes of microgrid and the control strategies as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method are presented.Since distributed generations exert influence on microgrid, novel protection strategies suitable for microgrid are introduced.In the end the trend is put forward for future research in microgrid.
The Computerized Tomography Appearance of Renal Pedicle Injury

AbstractThe computerized tomography findings in 2 cases of traumatic renal artery occlusion are reviewed. Both patients had a nonfunctioning, normal-sized kidney with minimal or no contrast enhancement. Based on a review of 60 cases of renal trauma at our institution these findings appear to be specific for occlusion of the renal pedicle.
Plasma Cell Leukemia

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive form of multiple myeloma (MM). It is characterized by the presence of a large number of circulating clonal plasma cells. It is comprised of two forms: (1) primary PCL (pPCL) which originate de novo with no prior history of MM and (2) secondary PCL (sPCL) where patients with a prior history of MM develop a leukemic phase of their MM. The natural history of either form of PCL is quite aggressive compared with MM. The incorporation of novel agent therapies and high-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell rescue has made modest improvement in survival outcomes of patients with PCL over the last decade. Future, clinical trials incorporating various combinations of novel and experimental therapeutics are still warranted for the management of this disease.
An efficient process model for distributed software application developments

One of the problems we face today for software development is how we can comply with the speed of change in the business environment. To address the issue, we present a new paradigm called Progressive Development Model that gradually releases the software components according to the current business needs. In this paper, we also present a design pattern of software architecture optimized for Progress Development Model. Under the design pattern, system functionalities are identified into two components: Core and user functions. With a standardized interface called AIL, staged user functions can be attached onto the core without breaking or deforming the overall architecture. The development model is especially suitable for the distributed software applications development that is getting its popularity recently.
Distance-aware multi-carrier indoor terahertz communications with antenna array selection

In this paper, we study a multiuser indoor Terahertz (THz) communication system with antenna array. To capture the distance-frequency dependent peculiarities of THz channels, we design a distance-aware multi-carrier transmission scheme with hybrid beamforming and antenna subarray selection. Specifically, a low complexity greedy subarray selection algorithm is proposed. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the transmission policy as well as the antenna subarray selection algorithm for the multiuser THz system.