cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Knee Arthroplasty after High Tibial Osteotomy Results in Excellent Long-Term Survivorship and Clinical Outcomes

Background:Some prior reports of total knee arthroplasty after high tibial osteotomy have shown high rates of aseptic loosening. As such, the goal of this study was to analyze the outcomes of contemporary total knee arthroplasty after high tibial osteotomy, with particular emphasis on survivorship f
The Inferences of Common Causes Reduced to Common Origins

Abstract This paper advocates the reduction of the inference of common cause to that of common origins. It distinguishes and subjects to critical analysis thirteen interpretations of “the inference of common cause” whose conclusions do not follow from their assumptions. Instead, I introduce six types of inferences of common origins of information signals from their receivers to reduce, in the sense of supersede and replace, the thirteen inferences of common causes. I show how the paradigmatic examples of inferences of common cause, as well as a broader scope of inferences in the historical sciences, are better explained by inferences of origins. Inferences of origins from information rich coherences between receivers of information signals both fit more closely and explain better the range of examples that have traditionally been associated with inferences of common causes, as well as a broader scope of examples from the historical sciences. Shannon's concept of information as reduction in uncertainty, rather than physicalist concepts of information that relate it to entropy or waves, simplifies the inferences, preempts objections, and avoids the underdetermination of conclusions that challenge models of inferences of common causes. In the second part of the paper I model inferences of common origins from information preserved in their receivers. I distinguish information poor inferences that there were some common origins of receivers from the information richer inferences of ranges of possible common origins and the information transmission channels by which they transmitted signals to receivers. Lastly and most information rich, I distinguish the inference of the defining properties of common origins. The information transmission model from origins to receivers allows the reconceptualization of the concepts of "independence" as absence of intersections between information channels and "reliability" as the preservation of information from origins in receivers. Finally, I show how inferences of origins form the epistemic basis of the historical sciences.
An Agent-Based Model of West Nile Virus: Predicting the Impact of Public Health Agents and Vaccinations on Horses

West Nile Virus (WNV), primarily spread by the _Culex_ species of mosquito, accounts for a large percentage of mosquito-borne diseases. In order to investigate the dynamics of WNV, an agent-based model was developed in the NetLogo modeling environment that simulates the transmission of the virus by incorporating temperature, humans, horses, birds, and a mosquito population. This model allows the observer to view simulations between the agents listed and measure the impact of vaccinations on the survival rate of horses infected with WNV. Furthermore, the model integrates and evaluates the impact public health agents have on human WNV dynamics through their education of the general public and containment of mosquito populations. The intention of the simulation results from this model is to help develop a vaccination strategy for horse populations, while also demonstrating the usefulness of public health agents’ efforts on the individual agents within the disease dynamics.
How will treatment parameters impact the optimization of hydraulic fracturing process in unconventional reservoirs

Hydraulic fracturing is a very complex process that has not yet been fully understood. Furthermore, the number of stages, length of fracture clusters in each stage, proppant and fracturing fluid compatibilities, optimum spacing length, proppant transport and placement, proppant and frac-fluid compatibility, and optimum spacing are some of the challenges inhibiting successful application of this technique across the world. In this study, we present the impact of fracture-cluster lengths, proppant types and sizes, proppant densities, frac fluid types, fluid viscosities, and injection rates on hydraulic fracturing process. Firstly, we developed a stress profile to determine initiation location and orientation of the hydraulic fractures, and subsequently created the geological layering in the zone of interest. We grouped our investigations into 5 case studies, followed by developing an efficient hydraulic fracturing design approach, and we determined the optimal treatment to achieve maximum recovery. Our results show that fracture clusters with optimal lengths will provide optimized hydraulic fracture treatment. In addition, high-strength proppants is efficient for shale formations with closure stress exceeding 5000 psi to achieve optimum fracture conductivity and fracture half-length. Furthermore, we observed the high-density proppant produced greater fracture lengths and lower dimensionless fracture conductivity (CFD), while the low-density proppant produced greater effective propped-fracture lengths and higher CFD. In some of the cases investigated, we observed that stress shadowing and interference can hinder fracture growth, eventually led to a collapse of some fractures. Our results provide valuable critical decision-making insight for optimizing hydraulic fracturing process in unconventional reservoirs across the world.
Temperature Homogenization Technology of Current Carrying Conductor in the Valve Side Bushing of Converter Transformer Based on the Heat Pipe Theory

In order to solve the problems of heat dissipation difficulty and local overheating in the valve side bushing of converter transformer under the condition of high current, based on the two-phase closed gravity heat pipe theory, the temperature homogenization technical ideas of the current carrying conductor in the valve side bushing of converter transformer is put forward in this paper. And then an experimental platform is built to simulate the operation environment of the valve side bushing of converter. Firstly, the temperature rise experiment of simulating the conductor generating heat by heating belt is carried out. The results show that the heat transfer process of the current carrying conductor can be greatly enhanced by the heat pipe working medium filled in it. The conductor inclination angle has some adverse effects on the uniformity of conductor steady-state temperature distribution. Secondly, the temperature rise experiment of heating conductor by high current is carried out. The results show that heat pipe will make the temperature rise process of all points on the current carrying conductor tend to be unified gradually. The heat pipe can significantly improve the temperature distribution uniformity of current carrying conductor, which that the peak temperature decreased from 381.1K to 357.6K, the maximum temperature difference of conductor decreased from 47K to 16.7K, the standard deviation of temperature distribution decreased from 14.64 to 4.21. In this paper, the feasibility of temperature homogenization technology of current carrying conductor in the valve side bushing of converter transformer based on the heat pipe theory is preliminarily verified. At the same time, it is of great significance to improve the current carrying capacity and operation reliability of the valve side bushing.
Willingness to accept equals willingness to pay for labor market estimates of the value of a statistical life

Our research clarifies the conceptual linkages among willingness to pay for additional safety, willingness to accept less safety, and the value of a statistical life (VSL). We present econometric estimates using panel data to analyze the VSL levels associated with job changes that may affect the worker’s exposure to fatal injury risks. Our baseline VSL estimates are $7.7 million and $8.3 million (Y$2001). There is no statistically significant divergence between willingness-to-accept VSL estimates associated with wage increases for greater risks and willingness-to-pay VSL estimates as reflected in wage changes for decreases in risk. Our focal result contrasts with the literature documenting a considerable asymmetry in tradeoff rates for increases and decreases in risk. An important implication for policy is that it is reasonable to use labor market estimates of VSL as a measure of the willingness to pay for additional safety.
The Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States During the Years 2010 to 2018.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, leading to serious health problems among those who are chronically infected. Since 1992...
The nurse informaticist in metropolitan Minnesota: Credentials, salary, perceived roles, and value to the organization.

UNLABELLED The main objective of this study was to describe nurse informaticists' (NIs) current practice in a large metropolitan area. There is little literature that addresses the understanding of the roles of nurse informaticists from the perspective of the nurse executive. Even if nurse executives in Minnesota desired to find out how many nurse informaticists are practicing in the state, it would be difficult to obtain this data because it is not collected at the state level. The study sought to answer how many NIs ("computer nurses") were employed by various organizations, and what the roles, salary ranges, levels of power, respect, and value of these nurses were. Using a qualitative, exploratory design, nurse leaders who had responsibility for oversight of technical or clinical information systems staff were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. FINDINGS NIs who were working in organizations with more evolved clinical information systems were performing more of the tasks listed in the Scope and Standards of Nursing Informatics Practice more often than were their counterparts who were involved with less evolved systems. More evolved systems also had higher NI per bed ratios and lower beds per NI ratios. Annual salaries ranged from 51,000 dollars-85,000 dollars, and credentials, including titles, educational preparation, and certification were highly variable. Nurse executives rated the value of NIs in their organizations as high (mean of 9.5 on a 10-point scale). Power and respect questions yielded rich information about the difficulty of transition from the bedside for the NIs studied.
Effect of Tactile Masking on Multi-Sensory Haptic Perception

Multi-sensory wearable haptic devices are able to encode a variety of information using multiple haptic cues. However, simultaneous cues can be misperceived due to tactile masking effects. In this paper, we investigate the effect of masking on the perception of skin stretch and squeeze. We performed three experiments measuring the just-noticeable difference (JND) and the absolute threshold of skin stretch and squeeze alone and in the presence of simultaneous haptic cues. Additionally, we investigate the relative perceptual amplitudes of these haptic cues. Results indicate that the JND for a skin stretch cue increases with a masking squeeze cue, while the JND for a squeeze cue does not change with a masking stretch cue. Also, masking has a significant effect on the absolute threshold of both skin stretch and squeeze. These results suggest that the effect of masking diminishes as haptic cues become larger in amplitude. The results from the subjective equality experiment suggest a potential nonlinear relationship between perceptual magnitudes. Further testing should be carried out to investigate this relationship. Future multi-sensory devices can use these perceptual experiment findings to ensure the delivery of salient cues to users.
Passing the Torch: Factors Influencing Transgenerational Intent in Family Firms

Recent family business research has focused on transgenerational intent (TI)—the plan to pass management of the business to future generations—as a defining characteristic of family firms. We theorize that TI is influenced by the current leader's consideration of factors related to three subsystems (business, ownership, and family) that underlie the family business system. Specifically, we hypothesize that characteristics of the business (the age and size of the firm), the owners (gender and minority status), and the family, specifically the family's engagement in the firm (time until succession and the family's role in advising the CEO) influence the current leader's TI. Results based on a survey of over 700 family-managed firms are largely supportive of our hypotheses. Understanding what affects TI will help advance researchers' efforts to develop a theory of the family firm.
The anisotropic compressive mechanical properties of the rabbit patellar tendon

In this study, we examine the transverse and longitudinal compressive mechanical behavior of the rabbit patellar tendon. The anisotropic compressive properties are of interest, because compression occurs where the tendon attaches to bone and where the tendon wraps around bone leading to the development of fibro-cartilaginous matrices. We quantified the time dependent viscoelastic and anisotropic behavior of the tendon under compression. For both orientations, sections of patellar tendon were drawn from mature male white New Zealand rabbits in preparation for testing. The tendons were sequentially compressed to 40% strain at strain rates of 0.1, 1 and 10% strain(s) using a computer-controlled stepper motor driven device under physiological conditions. Following monotonic loading, the tendons were subjected to stress relaxation. The tendon equilibrium compressive modulus was quantified to be 19.49 ± 11.46 kPa for the transverse direction and 1.11 ± 0.57 kPa for the longitudinal direction. The compressive modulus at applied strain rates of 0.1, 1 and 10% strain(s) in the transverse orientation were 13.48 ± 2.31, 18.24 ± 4.58 and 20.90 ± 8.60 kPa, respectively. The compressive modulus at applied strain rates of 0.1, 1 and 10% strain/s in the longitudinal orientation were 0.19 ± 0.11, 1.27 ± 1.38 and 3.26 ± 3.49 kPa, respectively. The modulus values were almost significantly different for the examination of the effect of orientation on the equilibrium modulus (p = 0.054). Monotonic loading of the tendon showed visual differences of the strain rate dependency; however, no significant difference was shown in the statistical analysis of the effect of strain rate on compressive modulus. The statistical analysis of the effect of orientation on compressive modulus showed a significant difference. The difference shown in the orientation analysis validated the anisotropic nature of the tendon.
Simultaneous π/2 rotation of two spin species of different gyromagnetic ratios

Here, we examine the characteristics of the π/2 pulse for simultaneously rotating two spin species of different gyromagnetic ratios with the same sign. For a π/2 pulse using a rotating magnetic field, we derive an equation relating the frequency and strength of the pulse to the gyromagnetic ratios of the two particles and the strength of the constant holding field. For a π/2 pulse using a linear oscillatory magnetic field, we obtain the solutions numerically, and compare them with the solutions for the rotating π/2 pulse. Application of this analysis to the specific case of rotating neutrons and 3He atoms simultaneously with a π/2 pulse, proposed for a neutron electric dipole moment experiment, is also presented.
Structure of the Lesser Antilles subduction zone backstop and its role in a large accretionary system

[1] The role of a backstop in subduction zones has been the subject of numerous laboratory and numerical modeling studies; however, few field observations exist revealing how backstops control deformation in subduction zones and accretionary wedge construction. A seismic reflection and refraction survey acquired in 1998 with the R/V Maurice Ewing reveals the geometry of the forearc igneous crust, accretionary wedge, and forearc basin structure of the northern Guadeloupe area of the Lesser Antilles forearc. An accreted block of buoyant crust, accreted in the late Miocene, forms the toe of the overriding arc crust and forms the backstop. We imaged the top of this surface, beneath the forearc basin, to its seaward edge where it meets the subducting oceanic crust. The toe of the backstop was thrust upward and forms a steep buttress in contact with the lower half of the accretionary wedge. The steep buttress produces a narrow inner deformation zone with minimal backthrusting of the accretionary complex landward over the backstop, and a narrow <10 km transition between accreted and forearc basin sediment. Seismic reflections from the subducting crust and the decollement appear beneath the entire accretionary wedge and below the backstop toe. Separating the decollement and the subducting crust is an interval, usually between 500 and 750 m, of underthrust sediment carried underneath the accretionary wedge and subducted 15 km landward and beneath the toe of the backstop. We speculate that the upturned geometry of the toe of the backstop and a weak fluid-rich decollement may facilitate sediment subduction beneath the backstop and potentially into the mantle.
Chronic Care Coordination

Chronic care management describes the services provided to patients with two or more chronic conditions that pose risks of exacerbation, clinical deterioration, or death. These services extend beyond the typical face-to-face office visit and require coordination and oversight by a physician or other qualified health-care professional to maintain and modify as necessary a comprehensive and multidisciplinary plan of care. New codes for 2015 describe chronic care management services per calendar month. While the new services acknowledge the role and importance of coordination by primary care providers, they are also appropriate for specialists who oversee the management of all of the chronic conditions of a patient and provide access, education, care coordination, communication, and health information exchange with other providers.
The Tully–Fisher and mass–size relations from halo abundance matching

The Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) expresses the connection between rotating galaxies and the dark matter haloes they inhabit, and therefore contains a wealth of information about galaxy formation. We construct a general framework to investigate whether models based on halo abundance matching are able to reproduce the observed stellar mass TFR and mass-size relation (MSR), and use the data to constrain galaxy formation parameters. Our model tests a range of plausible scenarios, differing in the response of haloes to disc formation, the relative angular momentum of baryons and dark matter, the impact of selection effects, and the abundance matching parameters. We show that agreement with the observed TFR puts an upper limit on the scatter between galaxy and halo properties, requires weak or reversed halo contraction, and favours selection effects that preferentially eliminate fast-rotating galaxies. The MSR constrains the ratio of the disc to halo specific angular momentum to be approximately in the range 0.6-1.2. We identify and quantify two problems that models of this nature face. (1) They predict too large an intrinsic scatter for the MSR, and (2) they predict too strong an anticorrelation between the TFR and MSR residuals. We argue that resolving these problems requires introducing a correlation between stellar surface density and enclosed dark matter mass. Finally, we explore the expected difference between the TFRs of central and satellite galaxies, finding that in the favoured models this difference should be detectable in a sample of ~700 galaxies.
Hydrogen peroxide toxicity and detoxification in the erythrocytes of newborn infants.

The deleterious effects on erythrocytes of low steady-state concentrations of H2O2 in vitro have been compared in samples from full-term and premature infants and adults. Methemoglobin and Heinz bodies were formed to a greater degree in the intact erythrocytes of the young subjects. In the absence of protective enzymes, however, the extent of oxidation was similar in hemoglobin prepared from cord blood and from adult blood, respectively. Activity of the enzymes involved in the detoxification of H2O2 has been measured in the red blood cells of the aforementioned groups of subjects. Of note was the finding of significantly decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase in the full-term newborn and premature infants. These findings of increased toxicity from H2O2 and decreased efficiency of the detoxification mechanisms are considered to have bearing on the susceptibility of young subjects to drug-induced hemolytic anemia.
Causes of death in Huntington disease as reported on death certificates.

Huntington disease (HD) is a late onset autosomal dominant neurological disorder. Two hundred fifty-three death certificates of HD-affected individuals from four midwestern states were examined to determine the completeness of reporting HD on the death certificates. Overall, 66% of death certificates indicated HD as a primary or contributory cause of of death. There was significantly better reporting on more recent death certificates, but even since 1979, 16% did not report HD. The implications to those researching HD family histories and to the accuracy of mortality rates are discussed.
The heart in myasthenia gravis.

The cardiac changes associated with myasthenia gravis have been reviewed and specific areas explored. There is no doubt concerning the involvement of the myocardium in this disease as indicated by clinical, ECG, vectorcardiographic, and autopsy data. The doubt lies in the precipitating factor for the pathology found. On the one hand the whole picture could be a direct result of the pathologic process of myasthenia gravis. On the other hand the patient with myasthenia gravis, during the natural history of the disease, encounters many iatrogenic and coincidental variables which could influence the nature of the clinical findings and autopsy data. One fact seems reasonably clear: The association of myocardial pathology with thymoma, especially malignant thymoma, is well established for the more severe form of the myocardial disease. Furthermore, the hypothesis that cardiac muscle antibodies give rise to such reactions is attractive, although not fully resolved. If such cases are excluded then there remain others where cardiac pathology could be due to other disease, primarily coronary heart disease, in the older group. In addition, the mode of death of some patients indicates that intercurrent respiratory problems could play a part. Most patients in this group do not seem to have cardiac abnormalities due to the pathologic process of myasthenia. There is in addition a small group where very striking cardiovascular findings suggestive of myocarditis are found. There is not necessarily a thymoma and no other specific etiologic factors can be found. These are rare cases and might still be related to disorders of immune mechanisms. In conclusion it can be stated that, although there is now a considerable body of evidence concerning the heart in myasthenia gravis, the implication of specific pathology for this neuromuscular disorder affecting the heart must be considered, in the traditional Scottish legal sense, as "not proven."
Effects of illumination on human nocturnal serum melatonin levels and performance

In humans, exposure to bright light at night suppresses the normal nocturnal elevation in circulating melatonin. Oral administration of pharmacological doses of melatonin during the day, when melatonin levels are normally minimal, induces fatigue. To examine the relationship between illumination, human pineal function, and behavior, we monitored the overnight serum melatonin profiles and behavioral performance of 24 healthy male subjects. On each of three separate occasions subjects participated in 13.5 h (1630-0800 h) testing sessions. Each subject was assigned to an individually illuminated workstation that was maintained throughout the night at an illumination level of approximately 300, 1500, or 3000 lux. Melatonin levels were significantly diminished by light treatment, F(2, 36) = 12.77, p < 0.001, in a dose-dependent manner. Performance on vigilance, reaction time, and other tasks deteriorated throughout the night, consistent with known circadian variations in these parameters, but independent of ambient light intensity and circulating melatonin levels.
Identification of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and other molecules that distinguish inflammatory from resident dendritic cells in patients with psoriasis

Background Previous work has identified CD11c + CD1c − dendritic cells (DCs) as the major "inflammatory" dermal DC population in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and CD1c + DCs as the "resident" cutaneous DC population. Objective We sought to further define molecular differences between these 2 myeloid dermal DC populations. Methods Inflammatory and resident DCs were single-cell sorted from lesional skin biopsy specimens of patients with psoriasis, and the transcriptome of CD11c + CD1c − versus CD1c + DCs was determined. Results were confirmed with RT-PCR, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and double-labeled immunofluorescence. Human keratinocytes were cultured for functional studies. Results TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), Toll-like receptors 1 and 2, S100A12/ENRAGE, CD32, and many other inflammatory products were differentially expressed in inflammatory DCs compared with resident DCs. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence confirmed higher protein expression on CD1c − versus CD1c + DCs. TRAIL receptors, death receptor 4, and decoy receptor 2 were expressed in keratinocytes and dermal cells. In vitro culture of keratinocytes with TRAIL induced CCL20 chemokine. Conclusions CD11c + CD1c − inflammatory DCs in psoriatic lesional skin express a wide range of inflammatory molecules compared with skin-resident CD1c + DCs. Some molecules made by inflammatory DCs, including TRAIL, could have direct effects on keratinocytes or other skin cell types to promote disease pathogenesis.
A Switched-Inductor Integrated Voltage Regulator With Nonlinear Feedback and Network-on-Chip Load in 45 nm SOI

A four-phase integrated buck converter in 45 nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology is presented. The controller uses unlatched pulse-width modulation (PWM) with nonlinear gain to provide both stable small-signal dynamics and fast response (~700 ps) to large input and output transients. This fast control approach reduces the required output capacitance by 5× in comparison to a conventional, latched PWM controller at a similar operating point. The converter switches package-integrated air-core inductors at 80 MHz and delivers 1 A/mm2 at 83% efficiency and 0.66 conversion ratio. A network-on-chip (NoC) serves as a realistic digital load along with a programmable current source capable of generating load current steps with slew rate of ~1 A/100 ps for characterization of the control scheme.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from an etched polymer substrate

An etched polymer was evaluated as a substrate suitable for routine SER analysis and was found to perform similarly to crossed gratings and posted quartz wafers. Silver particles were layered onto sheets of etched poly(ethylene terephthalate) by chemical reduction, sputtering, and vapor deposition. Enhancement factors ranged from 104 to >105 for crystal violet on chemically reduced and sputtered surfaces, respectively. Ranges of linearity up to 3 orders of magnitude were attained with limits of detection of ∼5 pg. The variability of response was <20% RSD for both routinely and painstakingly prepared samples. To induce enhancements beyond those possible from the dry substrate, a thin film of water was held on the analyte-treated substrate surface in a liquid state. Typical spectra of nine analytes with amino, carboxylate, and/or nitro groups were collected from the most active substrate.
Chemical-equilibrium description of the gap-state distribution in a-Si:H.

A pool of potential energies at which defect states can be created is incorporated into a simple chemical-equilibrium description of defect formation in a-Si:H. For a wide enough defect-pool distribution, ${D}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ lies deeper in the gap than ${D}^{0}$, in agreement with recent photoemission results, even though the correlation energy is positive. Bonded hydrogen is proposed as the physical origin of the defect pool.
Dual functionalization of porous aromatic frameworks as a new platform for heterogeneous cascade catalysis

Dual functionalization of porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) has been illustrated in the context of incorporating two antagonistic sites of strong acid and strong base into the highly porous and highly robust PAF-1 via stepwise post-synthetic modification. The resulting bifunctionalized PAF-1 exhibits excellent performances in catalyzing a series of cascade reactions and demonstrates superior chemical stability compared to the counterparts of mesoporous silica and MOFs, thereby opening the door for dual functionalization of PAFs as a new platform for heterogeneous cascade catalysis.
Enzyme immunoassay for c‐reactive protein analysis

A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay method using goat anti-CRP sensitized to polyvinyl 96 well plates and a second rabbit anti-CRP highly specific for gamma mobility CRP is described in this study. Examination of serum samples of normal healthy individuals from cord blood, children (2–12 yrs) and adults (16–83 yrs) by this EIA method showed a progressive increase in CRP levels with age. The mean and standard error of the mean in ng/ml CRP was as follows with respect to age distribution: cord blood, 310 ± 54; children (2–12 yrs), 664 ± 87; adults (16–35 yrs), 1,145 ± 116; adults (36–50 yrs), 3,775 ± 605; adults (51–83 yrs), 7,718 ± 1,482. Individuals in the age range of 22–34 yrs with one or more abnormality in the chemistry profile analysis showed CRP levels with a higher x ± S.E.M. (3,615 ± 925). This is in contrast to the normal individuals of the same age range (1,145 ± 116). This EIA method is sensitive, reproducible, and specific. It should be a useful quantitative method for monitoring low level CRP responders such as newborn and cord blood serum.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Multiphase Flow Incorporating Spatial Variability of Hydraulic Properties

To study the effect of spatial variability of sediment hydraulic properties on multiphase flow, oil infiltration into a hypothetical glacial outwash aquifer, followed by oil extraction, was simulated using a cross-sectional multiphase flow model. The analysis was simplified by neglecting capillary hysteresis. The first simulation used a uniform mean permeability and mean retention curve. This was followed by 50 Monte Carlo simulations conducted using 50 spatially variable permeability realizations and corresponding spatially variable retention curves. For the type of correlation structure considered in this study, which is similar to that of glacial outwash deposits, use of mean hydraulic properties reproduces the ensemble average oil saturation distribution obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations. However, spatial variability causes the oil saturation distribution in an individual oil lens to differ significantly from that of the mean lens. Oil saturations at a given location may be considerably higher than would be predicted using uniform mean properties. During cleanup by oil extraction from a well, considerably more oil may remain behind in the heterogeneous case than in the spatially uniform case.
The action of arsenic on Bacillus cereus.

Sodium arsenite (0–4 mm) inhibited the growth of exponentially growing Bacillus cereus, whereas sodium arsenate was growth-inhibitory only at 10 mm concentration. When the phosphate concentration was reduced sharply, 3.3 mm sodium arsenate inhibited growth, whereas the inhibitory effect of arsenite was independent of phosphate concentration. Neither arsenite nor arsenate produced any specific effects on the incorporation of precursors into ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids, protein or cell wall, in support of the concept that their actions were at stages of energy utilisation rather than biosynthesis of macromolecules. Although some 74arsenate may have been bound by cells during inhibition of growth, 74arsenite was selectively and potently concentrated in micro-organisms. There was no evidence for the formation of arsenic-containing nucleic acids nor were labelled organic intermediates found. No instance of interconversion between pentavalent and trivalent states of arsenic could be established, and it was concluded that both compounds inhibited the growth of B. cereus by separate mechanisms.
Cutaneous findings associated with chronic natural killer cell lymphocytosis

Background Chronic Natural Killer Cell Lymphocytosis (CNKL) is a recently described rare proliferative disorder. We noted an association of cutaneous disorders with CNKL in our clinical experience. Methods We reviewed the medical records of all known patients with CNKL at our institution. Results Five of 14 patients (36%) with CNKL had associated chronic cutaneous disease: two had livedoid vasculopathy; one, urticarial vasculitis; one, peripheral T-cell lymphoma; and one had complex recurrent aphthous stomatitis. In each case, except the one with lymphoma, the cutaneous disease was present before CNKL was diagnosed and CNKL persisted for the duration of the cutaneous disease. All five patients had increased numbers of large granular lymphocytes on a peripheral blood smear and three or four in the bone marrow (one patient did not undergo bone marrow biopsy). Conclusions Although CNKL and the reported skin diseases have occurred in the same patients, a causal link cannot yet be established. With CNKL, dermatologists must recognize associated cutaneous diseases, monitor patients for systemic disorders and cytopenias, and appropriately refer patients to a hematologist.
Feed Consumption and Protein Efficiency by Bobwhite Quail in Response to Dietary Energy Levels

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine if Bobwhite quail chicks would adjust feed consumption according to energy intake from hatching to five weeks of age. Three starter diets, which were calculated to contain 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg., were fed throughout the five-week experiments. As energy was increased, the protein level was increased proportionally. Each treatment group consisted of four replicate pens containing 125 chicks each. Body weight at two and five weeks of age was not affected by treatment, except for a reduction at two weeks for birds on the 3170 Kcal./Kg. diet. There were no significant treatment effects on mortality. The feed consumed/bird/day decreased as dietary energy was increased. The calculated energy consumption/bird/day was 15.44, 15.31 and 14.79 Kcal., respectively, for the 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg. diets during the five-week period. The energy and protein consumption per gram of body weight was slightly reduced at the high energy level indicating a more efficient use of energy and protein of the high energy diet. These data indicate that the Bobwhite quail adjusts feed intake according to the energy content of the diet.
Slow, frictionless ring forming: exact solutions for a wide class of ductile materials

Abstract The flow of a rigid-perfectly plastic material is studied under frictionless conditions that allow the formulation of exact solutions for slow motions without necessarily making explicit the choice of a yield criterion. The results are applied to the particular cases of materials obeying the maximum shear stress yield criterion, the constant energy of distortion yield criterion, and two other yield criteria. The general behaviour is the same for the materials studied here, but significant differences are observed when considering the numerical values of the relevant process variables.
Neuropathy in Thoracic Scoliosis

The erector spinae muscles of 20 normal humans were evaluated at C7, T3, T11, and L5 vertebral body levels bilaterally. At each level, the mean potential duration of the motor unit action potential was calculated. This control group was compared with a group of patients with C7 and L5 radiculopathy and with a group of patients with thoracic scoliosis. The mean potential durations of the radiculopathy group at the C7 and L5 levels were prolonged as were those values at the convex thoracic levels in the scoliotic group. Muscle biopsy of the erector spinae in the scoliotic group revealed grouped atrophy and changes consistent with a neuropathic process. A radiculopathic process was associated with idiopathic thoracic scoliosis and involved the convex side. It was maximal near the apex of the curve.
Poliomorphism in the red protein isolated from milk of individual cows.

GENETICALLY determined polymorphism of human and other primate transferring, the iron-binding proteins in blood, has been established by starch-gel electrophoresis1,2. The transferrin in cattle differs from that in humans since cattle homozygous for an allele have been shown to contain more than one transferrin3,4. The red protein, also called lactotransferrin, is an iron-binding protein found in cow's milk and has now been found to be polymorphous by gel electrophoresis. Although serum transferrin resembles the red protein in size, absorption spectra, and amount of iron bound per mole of protein, it differs in electrophoretic mobility and amino-acid content5,6.
Distant skin and soft tissue metastases from sarcomas.

Background and Objectives This small series documents the clinical and pathological features and the rarity of distant skin and soft tissue metastases from sarcomas. Materials and Methods Five cases of sarcomas from different anatomical locations that had metastasized to skin and subcutaneous soft tissue were identified in three women and two men. The age range was 41–77 years. The primary tumors had wide excisions, followed by either radiation or chemotherapy, or both. The histological types were epithelioid sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and leiomyosarcoma. Metastases occurred to the skin and soft tissue of the chest wall, leg, breast, and abdominal wall. The diagnosis was established by excision biopsies for three cases and by needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration for two cases. Results Three patients died within 7 months of the diagnosis of soft tissue metastases that were always histologically high grade and never solitary. One patient is alive with lung metastasis discovered 17 months after excision of primary. Lung metastases occurred either simultaneously or within a short period after soft tissue metastases. Conclusion Distant skin and soft tissue metastases from sarcomas are very rare and often occur as a terminal event. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;69:94–98. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of human B cells and antibodies following human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to Rag2−/−γc−/− mice

Abstract Humanized mice represent a valuable model system to study the development and functionality of the human immune system. In the RAG-hu mouse model highly immunodeficient Rag2−/−γc−/− mice are transplanted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in human hematopoiesis and a predominant production of B and T lymphocytes. Human adaptive immune responses have been detected towards a variety of antigens in humanized mice but both cellular and humoral immune responses tend to be weak and sporadically detected. The underlying mechanisms for inconsistent responses are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the kinetics of human B cell development and antibody production in RAG-hu mice to better understand the lack of effective antibody responses. We found that T cell levels in blood did not significantly change from 8 to 28 weeks post-engraftment, while B cells reached a peak at 14 weeks. Concentrations of 3 antibody classes (IgM, IgG, IgA) were found to be at levels about 0.1% or less of normal human levels, but human antibodies were still detected up to 32 weeks after engraftment. Human IgM was detected in 92.5% of animals while IgG and IgA were detected in about half of animals. We performed flow cytometric analysis of human B cells in bone marrow, spleen, and blood to examine the presence of precursor B cells, immature B cells, naive B cells, and plasma B cells. We detected high levels of surface IgM+ B cells (immature and naive B cells) and low levels of plasma B cells in these organs, suggesting that B cells do not mature properly in this model. Low levels of human T cells in the spleen were observed, and we suggest that the lack of T cell help may explain poor B cell development and antibody responses. We conclude that human B cells that develop in humanized mice do not receive the signals necessary to undergo class-switching or to secrete antibody effectively, and we discuss strategies to potentially overcome these barriers.
A systems approach to task allocation of human-robot interaction in manufacturing

Abstract Robots are sharing the manufacturing work environment with humans at an ever increasing rate. As such it has become imperative to analyze the manufacturing tasks and allocate them properly between humans and robots. A systems approach to task allocation has been taken in this paper that includes inventory of anticipated common tasks in manufacturing, design of products to be manufactured, allocation of tasks between humans and robots, and iterative improvement in product design.
Targeted Quantitation of Proteins by Mass Spectrometry

Quantitative measurement of proteins is one of the most fundamental analytical tasks in a biochemistry laboratory, but widely used immunochemical methods often have limited specificity and high measurement variation. In this review, we discuss applications of multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry, which allows sensitive, precise quantitative analyses of peptides and the proteins from which they are derived. Systematic development of MRM assays is permitted by databases of peptide mass spectra and sequences, software tools for analysis design and data analysis, and rapid evolution of tandem mass spectrometer technology. Key advantages of MRM assays are the ability to target specific peptide sequences, including variants and modified forms, and the capacity for multiplexing that allows analysis of dozens to hundreds of peptides. Different quantitative standardization methods provide options that balance precision, sensitivity, and assay cost. Targeted protein quantitation by MRM and related m...
An objective analysis of process errors in trauma resuscitations.

Objective A computer-based system to apply trauma resuscitation protocols to patients with penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma was previously validated for 97 consecutive patients at a Level 1 trauma center by a panel of the trauma attendings and further refined by a panel of national trauma experts. The purpose of this article is to describe how this system is now used to objectively critique the actual care given to those patients for process errors in reasoning, independent of outcome. Methods A chronological narrative of the care of each patient was presented to the computer program. The actual care was compared with the validated computer protocols at each decision point and differences were classified by a predetermined scoring system from 0 to 100, based on the potential impact on outcome, as critical/noncritical/no errors of commission, omission, or procedure selection. Results Errors in reasoning occurred in 100% of the 97 cases studied, averaging 11.9/case. Errors of omission were more prevalent than errors of commission (2. 4 errors/case vs 1.2) and were of greater severity (19.4/error vs 5. 1). The largest number of errors involved the failure to record, and perhaps observe, beside information relevant to the reasoning process, an average of 7.4 missing items/patient. Only 2 of the 10 adverse outcomes were judged to be potentially related to errors of reasoning. Conclusions Process errors in reasoning were ubiquitous, occurring in every case, although they were infrequently judged to be potentially related to an adverse outcome. Errors of omission were assessed to be more severe. The most common error was failure to consider, or document, available relevant information in the selection of appropriate care.
Comparison of the WISC‐R and PPVT for a group of mentally retarded students

This study compared the WISC-R and PPVT scores for a group of 65 students classified as mentally retarded, ranging in age from 7.5 to 14.5. Pearson product moments (r) and correlated t values were employed in the analysis of data. The evidence from the present study indicated that for this sample of mildly retarded children and youth, the PPVT IQ score is significantly higher than the Full Scale IQ from the WISC-R. The current findings indicate that the same general pattern exists for the WISC-R and PPVT as for the WISC and PPVT scores.
A basis approach to goodness-of-fit testing in recurrent event models.

Abstract A class of tests for the hypothesis that the baseline hazard function in Cox's proportional hazards model and for a general recurrent event model belongs to a parametric family C ≡ { λ 0 ( · ; ξ ) : ξ ∈ Ξ } is proposed. Finite properties of the tests are examined via simulations, while asymptotic properties of the tests under a contiguous sequence of local alternatives are studied theoretically. An application of the tests to the general recurrent event model, which is an extended minimal repair model admitting covariates, is demonstrated. In addition, two real data sets are used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed tests.
IMAGING IN BLOOD STASIS: The Role of Imaging Techniques in Defining the Causes, Presence, and Effects of Blood Stasis

Imaging techniques have three basic roles in the investigation of blood stasis: (1) To identify causes of stasis, (2) to assess the effects of disease on blood flow, and (3) to detect complications. To understand the appropriate use of the various imaging techniques and their value in different situations, it is necessary to understand the current technological status of each technique and its capabilities. The important techniques are ultrasound (US) imaging, CT scanning, and MR imaging. Except in special circumstances, other techniques such as isotope imaging have limited value. When competently performed noninvasive testing is available, the traditional technique of angiography should be required only as part of an interventional procedure.
Toxicity of chautauqua lake bridge runoff to young-of-the-year sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus )

Les eaux de ruissellement provenant des routes contiennent de nombreux polluants, notamment des produits pour le deneigement. 5 essais biologiques a differentes saisons ont ete conduits sur Lepomis macrochirus pour evaluer la toxicite des eaux du pont du Chautauqua Lake