cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Onset of intermittency in two-dimensional decaying turbulence

The statistics of two-dimensional flow decaying from an initially Gaussian velocity field are investigated both theoretically and numerically. During the initial stages of the turbulence decay, small-scale intermittency develops, while the intermediate and large scales remain essentially Gaussian. Corresponding to these early times, an expression describing the evolution of the shape of the probability density P(\ensuremath{\Omega},${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ ) is derived from the Navier-Stokes equations, where \ensuremath{\Omega}=\ensuremath{\omega}/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathrm{rms}}$ is the normalized vorticity and ${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ is the normalized fourth-order moment of the vorticity. Predictions of the theory, which does not involve adjustable parameters, agree with the results of numerical simulations for the early-time decay.
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: Past, present and future

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery proceeding to clinical (NOTES). Eliminate natural (NOTES) first gained notoriety with the initial orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. laboratory report of transgastric peritoneoscopy in Since then the medical community and the SOME ADVANTAGES general public has been captivated with the idea of “no-scar” abdominal surgery. In animal models, There are many potential advantages of NOTES over translumenal organ resections have been shown to conventional surgery. Much like laparoscopy has be feasible and an unpublished clinical case series demonstrated less physiologic impact than of transgastric appendectomies has been discussed laparotomy, NOTES may cause less physiologic across the world. However, as data accumulate we insult than either laparoscopy or laparotomy. are learning that NOTES techniques requir Laboratory studies are underway investigating substantial refinement before achieving clinical cytokine levels with NOTES in comparison to conventional operations. Furthermore, natural orifice surgery may negate the possibility of wound complications and reduce the formation of intraabdominal adhesions. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) involves accessing the abdominal cavity via Given the portability of NOTES equipment, natural one of the bodies’ natural orifices (mouth, anus, vagina orifice surgery is suited for an intensive care unit. or urethra). A flexible endoscope is advanced into the Moving the equipment to the patient, rather than peritoneal cavity after puncturing one of the viscera vice versa, might reduce the resource requirements 2004.
Defective Survival and Activation of Thymocytes in Transgenic Mice Expressing a Catalytically Inactive Form of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV

We have generated transgenic mice that express a catalytically inactive form of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) specifically in thymic T cells. The presence of this protein results in a markedly reduced thymic cellularity, although the distribution of the remaining cells is normal based on evaluation of the CD4 and CD8 cell surface antigens that are used to gauge T cell development. Isolated thymic T cells from the transgenic mice also show a dramatically decreased survival rate when evaluated in culture under conditions that do not favor activation. When challenged with an activating stimulus such as alpha-CD3 or a combination of phorbol ester plus ionophore, the cells are severely compromised in their ability to produce the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). Reduction of IL-2 production is secondary to the inability to phosphorylate the cAMP response element binding protein, CREB, and induce expression of the immediate early genes such as Fos B that are required to transactivate the IL-2 promoter. Because transgene expression was regulated by the proximal promoter of the murine lck gene and this promoter is inactivated in T cells that exit the thymus, the mutant hCaMKIV is not present in peripheral T cells. Consequently, T lymphocytes present in the spleen can be activated normally in response to either stimulus mentioned above, demonstrating that the effects of the inactive CaMKIV on activation are reversible. Our results suggest that CaMKIV may represent a physiologically relevant CREB kinase in T cells and that the enzyme is also required to ensure normal expansion of T cells in the thymus. Whereas the pathway responsible for this latter role is yet to be elucidated, it is unlikely to include CREB phosphorylation.
Laser photocoagulation of vascular malformations of the tongue

Vascular malformations of the tongue (hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, AV fistulae, etc.) compromise a significant portion of head and neck angiodysplastic lesions. Complications requiring treatment include bleeding, pain, and difficulties related to increased tongue volume. Treatment modalities have included embolization, excision, cryotherapy, sclerosis, radiation, and chemotherapy. The more aggressive therapies often result in major functional disability to loss of lingual tissue. A series of nine patients has been treated for one or more of the complications of lingual vascular malformations with either argon of Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation. The therapeutic objective was provision of symptomatic relief with conservation of functioning lingual tissue. Results have varied from good to excellent with markedly decreased bleeding frequency as well as reduction in lesion size. No serious complications, such as bleeding or invasive infection, have been noted. Laser phototherapy is beneficial in the palliation of selected benign lingual vascular malformations.
EPR study of radicals formed from aliphatic nitriles

Abstract By using the TiCl3H2O2 radical-generating method within a continuous-flow system at 25 ± 2°C, a comprehensive EPR study of twelve substrates, acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, trimethylacetonitrile, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, glycolonitrile, lactonitrile, 2-hydroxyisobutyronitrile, cyanoacetic acid, methyl cyanoacetate, and ethyl cyanoacetate, has been carried out. For each substrate except the two cyanoacetates, it was generally possible to characterize the spectrum of every radical that could conceivably be formed by hydrogen-atom abstraction from carbon. For methyl and ethyl cyanoactate, respectively, the absorption observed was consistent with the presence of more than one radical, but only the spectrum of ·CH2OOCCH2CN and ·CH2CH2OOCCH2CN could be characterized. With the use of their H2O2 photo-flow method, R. Livingston and H. Zeldes have investigated as substrates some of the nitriles included in this present study, in most cases using non-aqueous solvents. For each substrate, only the α-CN radical, formed by hydrogen-atom abstraction from the C-2 position, could be characterized. Consequently, the results of the present study complement and considerably extend those from their investigation.
Urban and rural attitudes toward municipal water controls: A study of a semi-arid region with limited water supplies

Abstract This study addresses the effectiveness of using pricing mechanisms, government-imposed constraints, or a hybrid, as a means of rationing municipal water. We try to test which policies would be most accepted among rural and urban communities in a semi-arid region of Texas that depend on both surface and groundwater sources for their municipal supplies. This study reveals that a hybrid conservation policy that includes mandatory restrictions, fines for overuse, and pricing increases could be more acceptable, and hence more efficient, than a policy that only consists of regulation. Moreover, there is not a significant dichotomy in policy preferences between rural and urban constituents; although those in rural communities would seem to appreciate far less regulatory policy than would urbanites.
Course and Impact of Bipolar Disorder in Young Patients

The presentation of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents may vary from its presentation in adults. Rage, irritability, and long episodes are common manifestations of mania in young people with bipolar disorder. Frequent comorbid disorders in young patients include ADHD and anxiety disorders. Prodromal and subsyndromal states of bipolar disorder, such as bipolar disorder NOS, present opportunities for early intervention and prevention. Early recognition and intervention are crucial, because untreated pediatric bipolar disorder becomes chronic, has a high incidence of relapse, and has a poor prognosis.
The Pauli exclusion principle and SU(2) versus SO(3) in loop quantum gravity

Recent attempts to resolve the ambiguity in the loop quantum gravity description of the quantization of area has led to the idea that j=1 edges of spin-networks dominate in their contribution to black hole areas as opposed to j=1/2 which would naively be expected. This suggests that the true gauge group involved might be SO(3) rather than SU(2) with attendant difficulties. We argue that the assumption that a version of the Pauli principle is present in loop quantum gravity allows one to maintain SU(2) as the gauge group while still naturally achieving the desired suppression of spin-1/2 punctures. Areas come from j=1 punctures rather than j=1/2 punctures for much the same reason that photons lead to macroscopic classically observable fields while electrons do not.
Theoretical Commitments Presupposed by Functional Approaches to Group Discussion

Functional theory is theory in which the central core includes a description of attributes that lead to good consequencesfor, and/or that satisfy agoal of, a system or the system's designer or user. The application of functional theory to small group discussion requires the theorist to make two types of theoretical commitments. First, functional theories should include scientific functional explanations. Second, finctional theories should include a description of necessary discussionfunctions on one and only one level of abstraction. Three well-known functional approaches to group discussion, those of Benne and Sheats, Bales, and Hirokawa, are described, and the two commitment requirements are applied to these approaches. All three approaches are shown to contain incomplete explanations and to describe functions on different levels of abstraction.
Infrared and Raman spectra of vinyl trifluoroacetate

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra have been obtained for vinyl trifluoroacetate and a vibrational assignment has been made. Depolarization ratios support a molecular configuration with C s symmetry.
The influence of the time change of static stability and wind shear on baroclinic waves

The effect of the time change of static stability and wind shear on a two-level quasigeostrophic baroclinic wave is considered. First, by keeping the wind shear as a constant the effect of the increase of static stability is that the amplitude of the temperature wave reaches a maximum first while that of the stream field is still amplifying and, as that of temperature wave reaches a minimum, that of the stream field becomes a maximum, and both are in phase. Next, by keeping the static stability as a constant, a life cycle of disturbance associated with the time change of wind shear is obtained. In this case the maximum amplitude of the wave appears at about 6 days and the life cycle is about 11 days for reasonable values of the model parameters. Finally, both effects are considered. The results show that as the wind shear decreases, the static stability increases, and the percentage change of wind shear is larger than that of static stability.
Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection associates with an increased risk of colorectal polyps in African Americans.

Background Gastric Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and colorectal polyps are more prevalent in African Americans than in the general population. We aimed to investigate whether gastric H. pylori infection is associated with colorectal polyps in African Americans.
Wear of human enamel against a commercial castable ceramic restorative material

Abstract This study determined the effect of castable ceramic, with and without shading porcelain applied, on enamel wear. The wear produced by conventional dental porcelain was used as a control. Cusp tips from extracted human third molars were precision-machined into cones of enamel approximately 1 mm long. Three groups of nine cones each were abraded against rotating disks of (1) castable ceramic with shading porcelain, (2) castable ceramic without shading porcelain, and (3) conventional dental porcelain. Enamel wear was calculated from microscopic measurements of the enamel cones before and after abrading. Mean and standard deviation values were 1.220 ± 0.218 for castable ceramic with shading porcelain, 0.639 ± 0.218 for castable ceramic without shading porcelain, and 0.785 ± 0.311 for glazed conventional dental porcelain (all values are X 10 −3 cm 3 ). Significant differences were found between castable ceramic with and without shading porcelain and between conventional dental porcelain and castable ceramic with shading porcelain ( p
Evluation of Strength of Plane Microcracked Structural Elements Via Electrical Resistance Scanning

The paper focuses on experimental verification of a new approach to evaluate strength of structural elements via electrical resistance scanning. The approach utilizes explicit cross-property connections. In the case of multiple parallel cracks, we reconstruct certain characteristics of the microstructure from resistance measurements and evaluate the corresponding strength reduction. The results are compared to actual fracture tests of preconfigured specimens. Experimental strength measurements show strong correlation to the results predicted by the resistance scanning technique.
The mouse Hoxc11 gene: genomic structure and expression pattern

The mouse and human Hox complex consists of 39 genes in four linkage groups (A-D). Although the structure and expression patterns of most of these genes have been reported, the 5' members of the Hox C linkage group have been only partially characterized. Herein we report the primary and genomic structure of the mouse Hoxc11 gene as well as its expression pattern. The Hoxc11 gene encodes a 304 amino acid protein which is translated from a 2.2 kb transcript, derived from two exons. Hoxc11 mRNA is found in the most posterior region of the developing embryo commencing at 9.5 days of gestation. Expression is detected in the posterior neural tube, dorsal root ganglia, prevertebrae and hindlimbs. Expression is also found in metanephric mesenchyme which, later in development, becomes restricted to the cortical region of the developing kidney. In the developing genitalia, prominent expression is first observed in the posterior urogenital sinus that gives rise to the urethra, vagina and prostate. Later, expression is seen in paramesonephric and mesonephric ducts and in the genital tubercle. In the hindlimbs, Hoxc11 expression is seen in the mesenchyme posterior to the region forming the femur and fibula, but does not extend anteriorly to the region giving rise to the tibia or distally to the tarsal bones.
Attributional Choices for Academic Success and Failure by Intellectually Gifted Students

This study emerges from the lack of empirical research on gifted students' attributions about academic success and failure in multiple subject areas and school in general. We explored differences in top attributional choices between boys and girls for success and failure in general academics, language arts, science, and mathematics. Gifted students were more likely to attribute failure to not working hard enough (long-term effort), rather than to not being smart (ability). Sex differences were found in attributional choices for general academics, science, mathematics, and language arts. The findings counter some popular theoretical expectations of gifted students' attributional choices for success and failure in their academic performance.
Electrical and thermal resistivities of ruthenium from 2 to 20 K

Abstract Electron-electron scattering contributions to the electrical and thermal resistivities varying as T 2 and T respectively have been observed in a high purity single crystal sample of Ru. The electron scattering Lorenz number is 1.8 ± 0.8 × 10 -8 V 2 /K 2 .
Understanding Transition, Restructuring, and Human Dynamics.

School restructuring affects decision making, collegial relationships, and new approaches to curriculum and instruction. The principal's guidance is the key to success.
Integrity of Disposable Nitrile Exam Gloves Exposed to Simulated Movement

Every year, millions of health care, first responder, and industry workers are exposed to chemical and biological hazards. Disposable nitrile gloves are a common choice as both a chemical and physical barrier to these hazards, especially as an alternative to natural latex gloves. However, glove selection is complicated by the availability of several types or formulations of nitrile gloves, such as low-modulus, medical grade, low filler, and cleanroom products. This study evaluated the influence of simulated movement on the physical integrity (i.e., holes) of different nitrile exam glove brands and types. Thirty glove products were evaluated out-of-box and after exposure to simulated whole-glove movement for 2 hr. In lieu of the traditional 1 L water-leak test, a modified water-leak test, standardized to detect a 0.15 ± 0.05 mm hole in different regions of the glove, was developed. A specialized air inflation method simulated bidirectional stretching and whole-glove movement. A worst-case scenario with max...
Intelligent RAM (IRAM): the industrial setting, applications, and architectures

The goal of intelligent RAM (IRAM) is to design a cost-effective computer by designing a processor in a memory fabrication process, instead of in a conventional logic fabrication process, and include memory on-chip. To design a processor in a DRAM process one must learn about the business and culture of the DRAMs, which is quite different from microprocessors. The authors describe some of those differences and their current vision of IRAM applications, architectures, and implementations.
Sub-Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Studies of Phase-Change Recording Media

We report the observed behavior of various phase-change (PC) samples under short-pulse laser irradiation. A pump-and-probe technique is used to elucidate the dynamics of melting and amorphization, as well as the mechanism of multi-pulse crystallization. We also obtain estimates of the thermal constants of the PC layer as well as those of the adjacent layers
Monotheism and Gender Status: A Cross-Societal Study

Data from a cross-societal sample (N = 312) were used to test for the existence of a systematic relationship between monotheistic religious beliefs and overall gender inequality. Twvo hypotheses were tested:(1) gender status patterns are a primary causal factor in determining a society's religious beliefs and (2) gender status patterns are a consequence of a society's religious beliefs. Results of the multiple classification analysis suggest that each of the hypotheses postulates too simplistic a view of the relationship. An alternative causal sequence suggesting mutual interaction between religious beliefs and gender inequality is suggested. Contemporary feminist writers have often cited religion as an especially effective institution for making and keeping women unequal to men in society (Bullough; Carmody; Iglitzin; Sulierot). Since religious beliefs in general are widely accepted in most societies and since they concern ". . . the deepest and most ultimate aspects of human life" (Doyle, 15), religious beliefs about women may well have more persistent and pervasive influence than legal, economic, or popular culture beliefs. It is not surprising, then, that feminists such as Ruether identify religion as ". . . undoubtedly the single most important shaper and enforcer of the image and role of women in culture and society" (9). Although some treatments of the topic (e.g., Carmody; Sullerot) associate religious beliefs per se with male dominance and female suppression, most pay particular attention to the beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (e.g., Bullough; Iglitzin and Ross; Walum). These three religions have in common a single, powerful, patriarchal male god and feature predominantly masculine symbolism and imagery. They each pre
The resilience of self-esteem in late adulthood.

Objectives: The authors examined the resilience of self-esteem after loss in the lives of older adults. Specifically, the authors investigated the relationship between loss and change in self-esteem during a 3-year period.Method: A subsample of older adults (n = 1,278) from the Americans’ Changing Lives Study was used to examine loss in the domains of health, financial security, or work and career and self-esteem before and after the loss.Results: There was a small but significant decrease in self-esteem between Wave I and Wave II of the study. Loss in one of the domains explained less than 1% of the variance in self-esteem change.Discussion: The low incidence of loss and small change in high levels of self-esteem are further evidence of resilience in older adults’ psychological well-being. The implications for older adults’ use of cognitive strategies to manage losses and promote gains are discussed.
How the Medicare Part D Drug Benefit Changed the Distribution of Out-of-Pocket Pharmacy Spending Among Older Beneficiaries

Objective. To examine the impact of the Medicare drug benefi t (Part D) on the distribution of out-of-pocket pharmacy spending among older adults. Methods. We used a pre-post-with-comparison-group design to compare four groups of benefi ciaries continuously enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan between 2004 and 2007: three intervention groups with no or limited (quarterly caps of $150 or $350) prior coverage that obtained Part D benefi ts in 2006 and a comparison group with stable drug coverage from 2004 to 2007. Results. The comparison group ’ s out-of-pocket drug spending was stable throughout 2004 ‐ 2007, whereas Part D reduced out-of-pocket spending 13.4% among those without prior coverage (95% confi dence interval [CI]  17.1% to  9.1%) and 15.9% among those with $150 quarterly caps (95% CI  19.1% to  12.8%) relative to the comparison group. Individuals in the top decile of drug spending paid a greater share of their costs out-of-pocket than others in the top 5 deciles. Discussion. Although Part D reduced out-of-pocket expenditures for older adults, those with the highest drug spending still pay a substantial share of their drug costs out-of-pocket. Thus, the Part D benefi t does not achieve a primary purpose of insurance — to offer the greatest fi nancial protection to those at the highest risk.
Bosonization of ZN parafermions

Abstract We develop a general method of solving non-trivial conformal field theories by coset imbeddings into free boson models. In particular, we consider ZN parafermion models represented by the coset model constructions su(N1)⊕su(N)1/su(N)2, and bosonize the su(N)1 models. The calculation of correlation functions of these parafermion theories is formulated so that detailed information from the diagonal su(N)2 theory is not required. A differential equation for the four-point functionof order operators σ1 is derived as an example. We also derive differential equations with respect to the modular parameter τ for the parafermion characters in terms of the su(N)1 characters only. In particular, the equations for the Z2 and Z3 characters are first and second order respectively.
First-year impacts of shelterwood logging on understory vegetation in an old-growth pine stand in central Ontario, Canada

There is evidence in the literature that a variety of logging practices may result in significant short and long-term changes to vegetation in the forest understory, however, these changes are still largely unknown for many forest types. The objective of this study was to determine the short-term effects of shelterwood logging on tree and non-arboreal plant species composition and diversity in both the understory and sapling strata within the Owain Lake Stand of old-growth red and eastern white pine located in Temagami, Ontario. The most significant changes were increases of white birch (800%), red maple (363%) and bracken fern (110%) in the understory. The most significant decreases within the understory occurred in mosses and liverworts (110%), Canada mayflower (49%) and starflower (28%). Bracken fern, red maple, and bush honeysuckle were the three most abundant species in the post-harvest understory plant community and will probably increase in their abundance under the present disturbed condition. A second shelterwood cut in 20 to 40 years may further facilitate an increase in these three species primarily by increasing light levels at the forest floor. All three species are very vigorous and are likely to dominate the forest understory until the upper canopy closes resulting in decreased light intensity at the forest floor.
Identification in the presence of symmetry: oscillator networks

It is well known that the presence of symmetry in the equations of a dynamical system has a profound effect on the resulting behavior. This note examines how this effect is manifested in the corresponding parameter identification problem. Our work shows that standard ideas such as persistent excitation in a trajectory can be explained by symmetry. Moreover, by understanding how symmetry affects the dynamics, it may be possible to obtain sufficient information to achieve full identification even when typical trajectories are not persistently exciting. Alternately, our analysis shows how properly interpreting the output of the identification process can give useful information even if full identification is not possible.
Interpolating the Term Structure from Par Yield and Swap Curves

The problem of valuing interest-dependent securities depends upon accurate estimation of the term structure of interest rates, especially when the cash flows of the securities being valued do not fall on the same dates as the cash flows of the instruments from which the term structure is estimated. Previously published interpolation methods smooth par yields of bonds (or swaps) and then employ the bootstrap method to estimate zero-coupon present value factors. With this approach, when the securities are re-priced using the estimated present value factors, the security prices so obtained will not equal the original prices. By contrast, the interpolation methodology presented in this article operates directly on prices rather than par yields. The methodology guarantees that when the securities from which the present value factors are derived are re-priced using interpolated present value factors, the original set of security prices will be returned. The method is tested using hypothetical term structures and related bond prices generated by the Longstaff-Schwartz model and shown to be very accurate in returning present value factors that are almost identical to their theoretically correct values.
Steps and facets on annealed LaAlO3{100} and {110} surfaces

Lanthanum-aluminate (LaA103) is one of the optimum substrates for epitaxic growth of thin oxide films. In this paper, the structures of the {100} and {110} surfaces of annealed LaA103 are studied using reflection electron microscopy (REM). (010) steps have been observed on {100}, these are the lowest energy steps. The {100} surface is atomically flat, but the {110} surfaces exhibit high-density fine structures distributed on large surface terraces. These fine structures correspond to the formation of small width (100) and (010) facets on the (110) surface. A growth model is given to interpret the formation of large steps and large terraces on the {110} surfaces.
Stability of morphine in aqueous solution. II. Separation of morphine from its degradation products.

The chromatographic procedure previously described for the separation of morphine from its degradation products has been modified since this procedure was not entirely satisfactory, especially in highly oxidized morphine solutions. In this modified procedure, these higher oxidation products are first removed from the column using 5 per cent n-butanol in chloroform. Morphine is then eluted using 15 per cent n-butanol in chloroform. Paper chromatographic studies indicate that the decomposition of morphine is extremely complex.
Analysis of Stellar Occultation Data. II. Inversion, with Application to Pluto and Triton

We present a method for obtaining atmospheric temperature, pressure, and number density profiles for small bodies through inversion of light curves recorded during stellar occultations. This method avoids the assumption that the atmospheric scale height is small compared with the radius of the body, and it includes the variation of gravitational acceleration with radius. First we derive the integral equations for temperature, scale height, pressure, number density, refractivity, and radius in terms of the light-curve flux. These are then cast into summation form suitable for numerical evaluation. Equations for the errors in these quantities caused by Gaussian noise in the occultation light curve are also derived. The method allows for an arbitrary atmospheric boundary condition above the inversion region, and one particular boundary condition is implemented through least-squares fitting. When the inversion equations are applied to noiseless test data for a simulated isothermal atmosphere, numerical errors in the calculated temperature profile are less than 5 parts in 104. Nonisothermal test cases are also presented. We explore the effects of (1) the boundary condition, (2) data averaging (in the time, observer-plane, and body-plane domains), (3) systematic errors in the zero stellar flux level, and (4) light-curve noise on the accuracy of the inversion results. A criterion is presented for deciding whether inversion would be an appropriate analysis for a given stellar occultation light curve, and limitations to the radial resolution of the inversion results are discussed. The inversion method is then employed on the light curves for the 1988 June 9 occultation by Pluto observed with the Kuiper Airborne Observatory and the 1997 November 4 occultation by Triton observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. Under the (possibly incorrect) assumption that no extinction effects are present in the occultation light curve, the Pluto inversion yields a 110 K isothermal profile down to approximately 1215 km radius, at which point a strong thermal gradient, 3.9 ± 0.6 K km-1, abruptly appears, reaching 93 K at the end of the inversion. The Triton inversion yields a differently shaped profile, which has an upper level thermal gradient, ~0.4 K km-1, followed by a ~51 K isothermal profile at lower altitudes. The Triton inversion shows wavelike temperature variations in the lower atmosphere, with amplitudes of ~1 K and wavelengths of ~20 km, that could be caused by horizontal or vertical atmospheric waves.
Selection, context, or both? The English fluency of Mexican immigrants in the American Midwest and Southwest

International immigration to the United States is at its highest levels since the turn of the century. Mexican-born persons comprise the plurality of the total legal and illegal immigrant flow to the United States. The primary destination of Mexican immigrants has been and continues to be the Southwestern United States (INS 1999a, 1999b), with Los Angeles remaining the top intended metropolitan destination. Most studies of Mexican immigration have focused on the United States, in general, (i.e., Gamio 1930; Bustamante 1984; Massey 1986, Massey et al. 1987, 1994) and thus, by default, the American Southwest (Griswold Del Castillo & De Leon 1996; Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994).1 However, Mexican migrants appear to be relocating to non-southwestern destinations (Binational Study 1997; Passel & Zimmerman 2000), sometimes from other states (Gouveia and Stull 1997), as well as directly from Mexico. Research shows that Mexican immigration to the Midwest particularly is increasing (Durand et al. 2000; Gouveia & Saenz 1999; Saenz & Cready 1996). Census 2000 data indicate that the Latino population grew by 71.2 percent in the Midwest between 1990 and 2000 (Guzman 2001, Table 2). Some of this population growth is likely due to Mexican immigration. Indeed, Chicago is the most popular non-southwestern destination for Mexican immigrants (INS 1999a, b, Martin et al. 1996), though the rural Midwest is an increasingly popular destination, as well (Charvat-Burke & Goudy 1999; Gouveia & Stull 1997). The adaptation of immigrants in a new environment has always been of concern to scholars and policymakers. Research has demonstrated that learning and using English has serious consequences for immigrants' occupational status (Stolzenberg 1990) and earnings (Chiswick & Miller 1995; Delechat
Characterization and outcomes of iliac vessel injury in the 21st century: a review of the National Trauma Data Bank.

Introduction:Iliac vessel trauma (IVT) is traditionally associated with high mortality. We evaluated a modern series of patients with IVT to assess current outcomes and endovascular therapy use.Met...
A processes of change model for weight control for participants in community-based weight loss programs

The processes of change model has been successful in predicting behavior change across a wide range of both addictive and nonaddictive problem behaviors. This study was designed to examine the application of the processes of change model to weight control. Study participants included 285 women and men enrolled in three community-based weight loss programs. Results based on structural equation analyses showed that the processes of change model fit the data better than several plausible alternative models. In addition, structural analyses revealed the existence of two general (higher order) processes of change for weight control, the experiential and behavioral processes. These results are similar to those previously reported for eight other problem behaviors. Limitations of the current work and future directions for this line of research are discussed.
An immersed boundary–body conformal enrichment method for thermal flow problems

Abstract Solving the flow around objects with complex shapes may involve extensive meshing work that has to be repeated each time a change in the geometry is needed. The same problem arises if one need to solve the heat transfer involving multiple materials whose interface is complex or changes with time. Time consuming meshing can be avoided when the solution algorithm can tackle grids that do not fit the shape of the interface between different materials. This work presents the extension of a recently proposed immersed boundary–body conformal enrichment (IB–BCE) method to the solution of the heat transfer. The method produces solutions of the temperature field satisfying accurately the continuity of the normal heat flux at interfaces between materials with different thermal properties. As for the isothermal flow problems, the fluid/solid interface is defined using a level-set function and the finite element discretization of interface elements is enriched with additional degrees of freedom which are eliminated at element level. The method is first validated in the case of heat conduction in two solids with different thermal properties. Then, solutions are shown for the more complex conjugate heat transfer between water and aluminum for two configurations: steady state flow inside a channel obstructed by a heated cylinder and transient flow around a heated cylinder. For each problem the solutions obtained using the proposed immersed boundary method are compared with solutions on body-conformal meshes having comparable mesh size distribution. The proposed approach is very accurate and effective in capturing the sharp discontinuity in the normal temperature gradient at the interface.
Home range and movements of American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis ) in an estuary habitat

Understanding movement patterns of free-ranging top predators throughout heterogeneous habitat is important for gaining insight into trophic interactions. We tracked the movements of five adult American alligators to delineate their estuarine habitat use and determine drivers of their activity patterns in a seasonally-fluctuating environment. We also compared VHF- and satellite-tracks of one of the alligators to examine tradeoffs in data quality and quantity. All tracked alligators showed high site fidelity in the estuary, but estimated home range size and core-use areas were highly variable. Two alligators were relatively sedentary and remained in the upper stream zone. One alligator traveled to a transition zone between freshwater marsh and estuary habitat, but primarily remained in the upstream area. Two alligators traveled to the downstream zone into saline conditions and showed high salinity tolerance. Overall movement rates were highly influenced by salinity, temperature, and season. Both satellite and VHF radio telemetries resulted in similar home range, core-use area, and activity centers. This study reveals consistent use of estuary habitat by American alligators. The alligators showed variations in their movement pattern and seasonal habitat, with movement attributable to environmental factors. Although satellite-derived locations were more dispersed compared to locations collected using VHF radio-tags, data collected from VHF tracking omitted some habitat used for a short period of time, indicating the effectiveness of satellite telemetry to continuously track animals for ecosystem-scale studies.
Disassembling a Stereotype: Gender Differences in the Use of Token Resistance1

Traditionally, women have been perceived as using token resistance to avoid appearing desirous of sexual activity and to gain some degree of restrictive control in heterosexual dating interactions. In the current study, we examined both men's and women's use of token resistance and the reasons they attributed for their use of this dating behavior. A total of 108 male and 199 female heterosexual college students completed the Dating Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) used to examine the use of token resistance, as well as a number of attitudinal and behavioral measures. An ANOVA revealed that a higher percentage of men than women reported the use of token resistance. The types of reasons men and women attributed to their behavior did not differ. Token resistance reportedly served a number of functions, including an expressive game-playing function. Most interactions were perceived by both men and women as being pleasant, despite concerns by researchers that token resistance may be associated with a partner's subsequent use of sexual coercion. Thus, token resistance does not appear to be indicative of adverserial relations. The findings are discussed in terms of the benefits for men and women of relaxing the constraints of traditional gender roles with regard to dating behavior.
Acidobacteria phyl. nov.

A.ci'do.bac.ter'i.a. Acidobacteriales type order of the phylum; removing the -ales ending and inserting -a to denote phylum; N.L. neut. n. Acidobacteria the phylum of Acidobacteriales. Acidobacteria Keywords: Acidobacteria phyl. nov.; Acidobacteriales ord. nov.
Detection of cold pain, cold allodynia and cold hyperalgesia in freely behaving rats

Background Pain is elicited by cold, and a major feature of many neuropathic pain states is that normally innocuous cool stimuli begin to produce pain (cold allodynia). To expand our understanding of cold induced pain states we have studied cold pain behaviors over a range of temperatures in several animal models of chronic pain.
Effects of grape seed extract beverage on blood pressure and metabolic indices in individuals with pre-hypertension: a randomised, double-blinded, two-arm, parallel, placebo-controlled trial

The aim of the present study was to test grape seed extract (GSE) as a functional ingredient to lower blood pressure (BP) in individuals with pre-hypertension. A single-centre, randomised, two-arm, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 12-week, parallel study was conducted in middle-aged adults with pre-hypertension. A total of thirty-six subjects were randomised (1:1) to Placebo (n 18) or GSE (n 18) groups; twenty-nine of them completed all the protocol-specified procedures (Placebo, n 17; GSE, n 12). Subjects consumed a juice (167 kJ (40 kcal)) containing 0 mg (Placebo) or 300 mg/d GSE (150 mg) twice daily for 6 weeks preceded by a 2-week Placebo run-in and followed by 4-week no-beverage follow-up. Compliance was monitored. BP was measured at screening, 0, 6 and 10 weeks of intervention and blood samples were collected at 0, 3, 6 and 10 weeks of intervention. GSE significantly reduced systolic BP (SBP) by 5·6 % (P=0·012) and diastolic BP (DBP) by 4·7 % (P=0·049) after 6 weeks of intervention period, which was significantly different (SBP; P=0·03) or tended to be different (DBP; P=0·08) from Placebo. BP returned to baseline after the 4-week discontinuation period of GSE beverage. Subjects with higher initial BP experienced greater BP reduction; nearly double the effect size. Fasting insulin and insulin sensitivity tended to improve after 6 weeks of GSE beverage supplementation (P=0·09 and 0·07, respectively); no significant changes were observed with fasting plasma lipids, glucose, oxidised LDL, flow-mediated dilation or vascular adhesion molecules. Total plasma phenolic acid concentrations were 1·6 times higher after 6 weeks of GSE v. Placebo. GSE was found to be safe and to improve BP in people with pre-hypertension, supporting the use of GSE as a functional ingredient in a low-energy beverage for BP control.
Comparative toxicity and mutagenicity of soy-biodiesel and petroleum-diesel emissions: overview of studies from the U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC

Biodiesel use as a fuel is increasing globally as an alternate to petroleum sources. To comprehensively assess the effects of the use of biodiesel as an energy source, end stage uses of biodiesel such as the effects of inhalation of combusted products on human health must be incorporated. To date, few reports concerning the toxicological effects of the emissions of combusted biodiesel or blends of biodiesel on surrogates of health effects have been published. The relative toxicity of the combusted biodiesel emissions compared to petroleum diesel emissions with short term exposures is also not well known. To address the paucity of findings on the toxicity of combusted biodiesel emissions, studies were undertaken at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratories in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The studies used a variety of approaches with nonhuman animal models to examine biological responses of the lung and cardiovascular systems induced by acute and repeated exposures to pure biodiesel and biodiesel blended with petroleum diesel. Effects of the emissions on induction of mutations in bacterial test strains and mammalian DNA adducts were also characterized and normalized to engine work load. The emissions were characterized as to the physicochemical composition in order to determine the magnitude of the differences among the emissions utilized in the studies. This article summarizes the major finding of these studies which are contained within this special issue of Inhalation Toxicology. The findings provided in these articles provide information about the toxicity of biodiesel emissions relative to petroleum diesel emissions and which can be utilized in a life cycle analyses of the effects of increased biodiesel usage.
Central nervous system metastases after trastuzumab therapy in patients with breast cancer

10747 Background: trastuzumab (Tz), a humanized anti-HER-2/neu antibody, has been shown to improve survival in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. A high incidence of brain metastases (BM) h...
First-Year Seminar (FYS)—The Advantages That This Course Offers

First-Year Seminar (FYS) is an introductory class offered to first-year students to help them acclimate to the college environment, develop effective strategies for studying, and learn techniques that will allow them to swiftly complete small assignments and sizable research projects. In 2014, approximately 80 percent of universities offered FYS, and students who took the course, on average, were less likely to transfer to another school and more likely to receive higher grades. The class allows students to learn more information about the college, select courses that are related to their majors and/or minors, effectively utilize resources while they are studying, cooperate with other students to complete projects, and appreciate the benefits of taking a particular course. FYS also enriches the experiences of first-year students by helping them find organizations of interest, understand university policies, and pursue hobbies while attending the college. At some colleges, students who have already taken a FYS course volunteer to become mentors who provide assistance to first-year students while they are taking the class. Analysis has shown that a high percentage of new enrollees indicated that mentors had a very positive impact on their overall experiences. Moreover, at many colleges and universities, there were increases in the retention rate.
Implementation of Clinical Guidelines via a Computer Charting System: Effect on the Care of Febrile Children Less than Three Years of Age

Objective: The authors have shown that clinical guidelines embedded in an electronic medical record improved the quality, while lowering the cost, of care for health care workers who incurred occupational exposures to body fluid. They seek to determine whether this system has similar effects on the emergency department care of young children with febrile illness. Design: Off-on-off, interrupted time series with intent-to-treat analysis. Setting: University hospital emergency department. Subjects: 830 febrile children less than 3 years of age and the physicians who treated them. Interventions: Implementation of an electronic medical record that provides real-time advice regarding the content of the history and physical examination and recommendations regarding laboratory testing, treatment, diagnosis, and disposition. Measurements: Documentation of essential items in the medical record and after-care instructions; compliance with guidelines regarding testing, treatment, and diagnosis; charges. Results: The computer was used in 64 percent of eligible cases. Mean percentage documentation of 21 essential history and physical examination items increased from 80 percent during the baseline period to 92 percent in the intervention phase (13 percent increase; 95 percent CI, 10-15 percent). Mean percentage documentation of ten items in the after-care instructions increased from 48 percent at baseline to 81 percent during the intervention phase (33 percent increase; 95 percent confidence interval, 28–38 percent). All documentation decreased to baseline when the computer system was removed. There were no demonstrable improvements in appropriateness of care, nor was there evidence that appropriateness worsened. Mean charges were not changed by the intervention. Conclusion: The intervention markedly improved documentation, had little effect on the appropriateness of the process of care, and had no effect on charges. Results for the febrile child module differ from those for the module for occupational blood and body fluid exposure (a more focused and straightforward medical condition), underscoring the need for implementation methods to be tailored to specific clinical complaints.