cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation and modeling for dynamic routing in direct multicomputer networks

Performance evaluation and modeling of a dynamic self-routing (i.e. distributed) algorithm is presented. Each node in the network implements a message-switching dynamic-routing algorithm. Queues are not used in nodes for the purpose of routing. Instead, the algorithm maintains a flow-out=flow-in property of messages at every node on every network cycle by rerouting messages when conflicts occur. Simulation results of various network topologies indicate near-optimal performance of O(k), where k is the diameter of the particular network under consideration. The formulation of a performance model for networks using this routing algorithm yields a 2-D random-walk problem with nonstationary transition probabilities. This model results in a system of nonhomogeneous partial-difference equations which can be solved numerically using the Jacobi iterative method. Performance evaluations and modeling results indicate robustness of the dynamic self-routing algorithm for many multicomputer networks. >
Production of carbonate sediments by a unicellular green alga

This study investigates the ability of the unicellular green alga Nannochloris atomusto precipitate CaCO3, quantifies mineral precipitation rates, estimates sediment production in a N. atomus bloom, and discusses the implications of microbial calcification for carbonate sediment deposition. A series of N. atomus cultures, isolated from Lake Reeve, Australia, were incubated at various pH and calcium concentrations to determine environmental parameters for calcification. Rates of calcification were calculated from initial and postincubation alkalinity, pH, and calcium measurements. Replicate experiments and controls consisting of non-calcifying cultures, uninoculated media, and dead cell cultures were performed using environmental culture parameters determined in series cultures. Average calcification rates from replicate experiments were used to predict daily sediment production rates in a small bloom of N. atomus. N. atomus precipitates 0.138 g/L of calcite in approximately 4 h when incubated at pH 8.5, 14.24 mM calcium concentration, 33 8C, 100 mE/m 2 /s light intensity, and a cell population density of 10 7 cells/mL. Assuming continuous precipitation, this corresponds to a maximum estimated sediment production rate of 1.6 3 10 6 kg of CaCO3 per 12 h day in a single bloom of 3.2 3 10 9 L. Our results suggest that microbial calcification contributes significantly to the carbonate sediment budget.
English and Dutch Sabbatarianism and the Development of Puritan Social Theology (1600–1660)

Strict observance of the Lord's Day became a distinctive feature of English and Scottish society in the seventeenth century. The Sabbatarian principle touched not only British religion but many social and economic practices as well. At some times, English Puritan settlers in the Netherlands attempted to introduce their brand of Sabbatarianism into Dutch society but with disappointing results. The success or failure of Sabbatarianism often has been identified with a certain stage of capitalistic economic development. This article examines the centrality of teachings about the Sabbath in Puritan social theology and, secondarily, the Sabbatarian-capitalism connection by comparing events in England and Holland from approximately 1600 to 1660. A comparison of Puritan Sabbatarians at home in England and abroad in Holland reveals anew the extreme difficulty of transporting values from one society, where they fit, into another location.
Base Operating System Provisioning and Bringup for a Commercial Supercomputer

Commercial scale-out is a new research project at IBM research. Its main goal is to investigate and develop technologies for the use of large scale parallelism in commercial applications, eventually leading to a commercial supercomputer. The project leverages and explores the features of IBM's BladeCenter family of products. A significant challenge in using a large cluster of servers is the installation and provisioning of the base operating system in those servers. Compounding this problem is the issue of maintenance of the software image in each server after its provisioning. This paper describes the system we developed to manage the installation, provisioning, and maintenance process for a cluster of blades, providing a base level of functionality to be used by higher level management tools. The system leverages the management facilitation features of BladeCenter, and exploits the network and storage architecture of the commercial scale-out prototype cluster. It uses a single shared root filesystem image to reduce management complexity, and completely automates the process of bringing a new blade into the cluster upon its insertion into a BladeCenter chassiss.
Random vs. Deterministic Deployment of Sensors in the Presence of Failures and Placement Errors

Although random deployment is widely used in theoretical analysis of coverage and connectivity, and evaluation of various algorithms (e.g., sleep-wakeup), it has often been considered too expensive as compared to optimal deterministic deployment patterns when deploying sensors in real-life. Roughly speaking, a factor of log n additional sensors are needed in random deployment as compared to optimal deterministic deployment if n sensors are needed in a random deployment. This may be an illusion however, since all real-life large-scale deployments strategies result in some randomness, two prime sources being placement errors and sensor failures, either at the time of deployment or afterwards. In this paper, we consider the effects of placement errors and random failures on the density needed to achieve full coverage when sensors are deployed randomly versus deterministically. We compare three popular strategies for deployment. In the first strategy, sensors are deployed in an optimal lattice but enough sensors are colocated at each lattice point to compensate for failure and placement errors. In the second, only one sensor is deployed at each lattice point but lattice spacing is sufficiently shrunk to achieve a desired quality of coverage in the presence of failure and placement errors. In the third, a random deployment is used with appropriate density. We derive explicit expressions for the density needed for each of the three strategies to achieve a given quality of coverage, which are of independent interest. In comparing the three deployments, we find that if errors in placement are half the sensing range and failure probability is 50%, random deployment needs only around 10% higher density to provide a similar quality of coverage as the other two. We provide a comprehensive comparison to help a practitioner decide the lowest cost deployment strategy in real-life.
Integrating Actuator/Sensor Placement and Fault-Tolerant Output Feedback Control of Distributed Processes

A model-based fault-tolerant control (FTC) structure integrating nonlinear feedback control, state estimation, fault detection and isolation (FDI), and stability-based actuator reconfiguration is developed for distributed processes modeled by nonlinear parabolic PDEs with control constraints, actuator faults and limited state measurements. The design is based on an appropriate finite-dimensional model that approximates the dominant process dynamics. A key idea in the design is the judicious placement of control actuators and measurement sensors across the spatial domain in a way that enhances the FDI and fault-tolerance capabilities of the control system. Using singular perturbation techniques, precise FDI thresholds and control reconfiguration criteria accounting for model reduction and state estimation errors are derived to prevent false alarms when the FTC structure is implemented on the infinite-dimensional system. The criteria are tied to the separation between the slow and fast eigenvalues of the differential operator. Finally, the implementation of the developed architecture is demonstrated using a diffusion- reaction process example.
The acute and chronic toxicity of 9-aminoacridinepenicillin†

The LD 50 of 9-aminoacridinepenicillin (9AAP) in mice is 562 mg./Kg. (subcutaneous) and 227 mg./K.g. (oral). The toxicity pattern of 9AAP resembles that of the acridine component. There is evidence that penicillin exerts a modifying influence on the acridine toxicity. Histopathologic studies reveal tissue necrosis at the site of injection and perihepatic damage involving the gall bladder.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection for treatment of non-obstructive azoospermia

Four cases from a tertiary care teaching medical center were studied to assess the potential of sperm extraction, fertilization and the establishment of pregnancy in couples with non-obstructive azoospermia. Four couples with non-obstructive azoospermia underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection after testicular sperm extraction. Multiple small biopsies were obtained from each testis under general anesthesia in search for sperm, and to establish a histologic diagnosis. The histopathology includes incomplete maturation arrest, hypospermatogenesis, germ cell hypoplasia and incomplete tubular sclerosis. Testicular sperm extraction resulted in the retrieval of immotile sperm from three patients, and a few motile sperm from one patient. Of 60 oocytes which were injected with testicular sperm, 32 (53.3%) fertilized and 27 of these (84.4%) cleaved. Twelve embryos were transferred to three patients and the remaining 15 embryos were cryopreserved. In one patient, no embryos resulted. One clinical pregnancy was established and a normal female infant, weighing 7 lbs 11 oz, was delivered vaginally in August 1996. This study shows that sperm can be extracted from patients with non-obstructive azoospermia when multiple biopsies are obtained. Fertilization, cleavage, clinical pregnancy and delivery of normal babies can be achieved using intracytoplasmic injection of extracted sperm.
The effect of the ZERO TO THREE Court Teams initiative on types of exits from the foster care system — A competing risks analysis

Abstract ZERO TO THREE: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families developed the Court Teams for Maltreated Infants and Toddlers initiative to accelerate the time to permanency for young children in the child welfare system. This paper considers how the Court Teams children exit the child welfare system. Court Teams children from the four initial sites (n = 298) are compared to a group of similar cases from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) (n = 511). Propensity score weights are combined with a competing risks analysis to isolate program effect on types of foster care exits. Findings indicate that Court Teams cases experience a different pattern of exits from the foster care system. Reunification is the most common type of exit for Court Teams cases (38%) while adoption is the most prevalent for the comparison group (41%). Descriptive data suggest that Court Teams children exit the foster care system faster regardless of the type of exit. The competing risks analysis shows that Court Teams children are significantly more likely to exit foster care for reunification, relative custodianship, and non-relative legal guardianship rather than stay in foster care.
Adjunctive Ziprasidone in Major Depression and the Current Status of Adjunctive Atypical Antipsychotics

increasedifneededby20mgb.i.d.uptoamaximumdosageof 80 mg b.i.d. Adjunctive ziprasidone was more effective than placebo in achieving response on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the self-reported Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR). The difference between adjunctive ziprasidone and placebo for remission failed to achieve significance on the HAM-D but was significant onthe QIDS-SR.Ontwosecondaryoutcomes,adjunctiveziprasidone wasmoreeffectivethanplaceboforanxietysymptomsbutwas not more effective for treatment of pain. During the 8-week randomized phase, 33% of the ziprasidone group and 22% of the placebo group discontinued treatment. The difference in overall discontinuation rates appeared to reflect the significantlyhigherrateofdropoutduetoadverseevents—14%inthe ziprasidone group, compared with none in the placebo group. The mostcommon adverse event was somnolence (33.8%and 11.7% in the ziprasidone and placebo groups, respectively). Akathisia occurred in 15.4% of patients in the ziprasidone group and 7.3% in the placebo group. Mean weight gain was 3.5kgintheziprasidonegroupand1.0kgintheplacebogroup. The QTc interval on ziprasidone had a modest increase of 8.8 ms, which approached statistical significance (p50.06). This was a well-conducted and well-described highquality study. The use of prospective initial treatment with escitalopramensuredthatpatientshadfailedatleastonetrial. As the authors note, the change in HAM-D scores in the placebogroup,3.3,isoneofthelowestchangescoresreported for an adjunctive trial, suggesting that the initial open-label escitalopram trial was effective and that little further improvement occurred during the next 8 weeks when placebo was added to escitalopram. Readers will wonder how ziprasidone compares with other atypical antipsychotics when used adjunctively. First notethat,todate,thisistheonlycontrolledtrialofadjunctive
The check in the mail: household characteristics and migrant remittance from the US to Mexico

We develop a household model of migrant remittance that supports testable hypotheses about the effect of migrant income, family composition and distribution, transaction costs associated with remittance mode, income and residence security, and other household characteristics on remittance levels and frequency. We test these hypotheses using survey data on individual Mexican migrants in the United States. The results are broadly consistent with our hypotheses.
Targeting BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient cells with RAD52 small molecule inhibitors

RAD52 is a member of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway that is important for maintenance of genome integrity. While single RAD52 mutations show no significant phenotype in mammals, their combination with mutations in genes that cause hereditary breast cancer and ovarian cancer like BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 and RAD51C are lethal. Consequently, RAD52 may represent an important target for cancer therapy. In vitro, RAD52 has ssDNA annealing and DNA strand exchange activities. Here, to identify small molecule inhibitors of RAD52 we screened a 372,903-compound library using a fluorescence-quenching assay for ssDNA annealing activity of RAD52. The obtained 70 putative inhibitors were further characterized using biochemical and cell-based assays. As a result, we identified compounds that specifically inhibit the biochemical activities of RAD52, suppress growth of BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient cells and inhibit RAD52-dependent single-strand annealing (SSA) in human cells. We will use these compounds for development of novel cancer therapy and as a probe to study mechanisms of DNA repair.
Psychological Factors Influencing Female Patients in the Selection of Contraceptive Devices

A standardized interview was given to 100 patients in an effort to evaluate the psychological factors influencing women in their choice of contraceptives. Their answers to a group of questions significanly discriminated between 2 groups 1 group accepting the idea of using an IUD and the other group opposing it. Results of this study indicate that sexual inhibition against touching or inserting articles into the vagina may separate women who will be unsuccessful in use of the IUD. Some patients who are immature and willfully expose themselves to unwanted pregnancy may find a device threatening since it does not allow the possibility of a "mistake".
EXIT INTERVIEW: KEN CARPENTER

Ken Carpenter retired in December 2000 after working in the Harvard Libraries for almost 40 years. Born in Altoona, Pennsylvania, Ken attended Girard College in Philadelphia from age seven to 17 and then went to Bowdoin College, graduating in 1958. He began working at Harvard’s Houghton Library as a “stacks boy” in 1960 when William A. Jackson was librarian. He ended his career as assistant director for research resources, Harvard University Library, under the direction of Sidney Verba. In between, he worked on the Bibliography of American Literature with Jacob Blanck, served as curator of the Kress Library at the . . .
Hurricane evacuation demand models with a focus on use for prediction in future events

Although substantial literature exists on understanding hurricane evacuation behavior, few studies have developed models that can be used for predicting evacuation rates in future events. For this paper, we develop new ordered probit models for evacuation using survey data collected in the hurricane-prone state of North Carolina in 2011 and 2012. Since all covariates in the models are available from the census or based on location, the new models can be applied to predict evacuation rates for any future hurricane. The out-of-sample predictive power of the new models are evaluated at the individual household level using cross validation, and the aggregated level using available data from Hurricane Irene (2011), Hurricane Isabel (2003) and Hurricane Floyd (1999). Model results are also compared with an existing participation rate model, and a logistic regression model available from the literature. Results at the individual household level suggests approximately 70% of households’ evacuation behavior will be predicted correctly. Errors are evenly divided between false positives and false negatives, and with accuracy increasing to 100% as the percentage of people who actually evacuate goes to zero or all and decreasing to about 50% when the population is divided and about half of all households actually evacuate. Aggregate results suggest the new models compare favorably to the available ones, with average aggregate evacuation rate errors of five percentage points.
Comprehensive development and testing of the ASIST-GBV, a screening tool for responding to gender-based violence among women in humanitarian settings

Conflict affected refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) are at increased vulnerability to gender-based violence (GBV). Health, psychosocial, and protection services have been implemented in humanitarian settings, but GBV remains under-reported and available services under-utilized. To improve access to existing GBV services and facilitate reporting, the ASIST-GBV screening tool was developed and tested for use in humanitarian settings. This process was completed in four phases: 1) systematic literature review, 2) qualitative research that included individual interviews and focus groups with GBV survivors and service providers, respectively, 3) pilot testing of the developed screening tool, and 4) 3-month implementation testing of the screening tool. Research was conducted among female refugees, aged ≥15 years in Ethiopia, and female IDPs, aged ≥18 years in Colombia. The systematic review and meta-analysis identified a range of GBV experiences and estimated a 21.4 % prevalence of sexual violence (95 % CI:14.9-28.7) among conflict-affected populations. No existing screening tools for GBV in humanitarian settings were identified. Qualitative research with GBV survivors in Ethiopia and Colombia found multiple forms of GBV experienced by refugees and IDPs that occurred during conflict, in transit, and in displaced settings. Identified forms of violence were combined into seven key items on the screening tool: threats of violence, physical violence, forced sex, sexual exploitation, forced pregnancy, forced abortion, and early or forced marriage. Cognitive testing further refined the tool. Pilot testing in both sites demonstrated preliminary feasibility where 64.8 % of participants in Ethiopia and 44.9 % of participants in Colombia were identified with recent (last 12 months) cases of GBV. Implementation testing of the screening tool, conducted as a routine service in camp/district hospitals, allowed for identification of GBV cases and referrals to services. In this phase, 50.6 % of participants in Ethiopia and 63.4 % in Colombia screened positive for recent experiences of GBV. Psychometric testing demonstrated appropriate internal consistency of the tool (Cronbach’s α = 0.77) and item response theory demonstrated appropriate discrimination and difficulty of the tool. The ASIST-GBV screening tool has demonstrated utility and validity for use in confidential identification and referral of refugees and IDPs who experience GBV.
Fractionated Myotatic Reflex Times in Women by Activity Level and Age

A lifetime habit of participation in vigorous physical exercise has been associated with the maintenance of efficient neuromuscular performance into old age. During test sessions on three consecutive days, measures of fractioned patellar (knee-jerk) reflex times under normal and Jendrassik conditions were obtained from 60 female participants classified as old inactive, old active, young inactive, or young active. A three-factor analysis of variance showed that age/activity group differences were present for reflex latency, but not for reflex motor time or total reflex time. Age differences were demonstrated for degree of reflex facilitation resulting from the Jendrassik maneuver. The results demonstrate that the functional reflex is well maintained into the sixth decade, but that sensitivity to Jendrassik facilitation of the pathway is diminished with age.
Introduction and establishment of Olesicampe benefactor hinz (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasite of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), in Pennsylvania

The ichneumon, Olesicampe benefactor Hinz, was transferred from Minnesota in 1975, in an attempt to suppress the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) from defoliating Larix spp. Dissections of prepupae indicated that 59% of the hosts were parasitized by 1983 at the initial release site. Additional transfers were made in Pennsylvania in 1980 and 1982 with parasites from the initial site. Head capsules of parasitized prepupae (=5th instar) are significantly smaller (mean = 1.75 ± 0.12 mm) than those from unparasitized prepupae (mean = 2.05 ± 0.07 mm).
The Effect of Tibial Tray Material on the Wear Performance of Polyethylene

INTRODUCTION Many studies have looked at the effect of titanium versus cobalt chrome baseplates on backside wear. However, the surface finish of the materials is usually different [1,2]. There may also be subtle locking mechanism design changes [2]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the wear performance of polyethylene inserts when mated with titanium baseplates to cobalt chrome baseplates, where both have non-polished topside surfaces and an identical locking mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of three trays per material were used. The titanium trays are intended for cementless application and include a porous titanium surface on the underside, while the cobalt chrome trays are intended for cemented applications. All trays were Triathlon design (Stryker Orthopaedics, Mahwah, NJ). Tibial inserts were manufactured from GUR 1020 polyethylene then vacuum/flush packaged and sterilized in nitrogen (30 kGy). Cobalt chrome femoral components were articulated against the tibial inserts. Surface roughness of the baseplates was measured prior to testing using white light interferometry (Zygo, Middlefield, CT). A 6-station knee simulator (MTS, Eden Prairie, MN) was used for testing. A normal walking profile was applied [3]. Testing was conducted for 1 million cycles. A lubricant of Alpha Calf Fraction serum (Hyclone Labs, Logan, UT) diluted to 50% with a pH-balanced 20-mMole solution of deionized water and EDTA was used [4]. The serum solution was replaced and inserts were weighed for wear every 0.5 million cycles. Standard test protocols were used for cleaning, weighing, and assessing the wear loss [5]. Soak control specimens were used to correct for fluid absorption. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student9s t-test (p RESULTS: White light interferometry measurements (Figure 1) showed a significant difference in surface roughness between the tray materials (p Visually, the backside of all inserts showed mild “stenciling” which corresponded to the location of the femoral condyle during the loading cycle. This surface feature transfer phenomenon was less pronounced with the titanium trays. DISCUSSION: Although criticized as a bearing material, the results of testing show no deleterious effect on wear performance when using titanium baseplates in comparison to cobalt chrome. In fact, the inserts mated with titanium baseplates show a slight improvement in wear performance, although the difference is not statistically significant. Visually, the backside surfaces of the polyethylene mated with titanium baseplates showed less stenciling effect, which may be due to the difference in material properties as well as the difference in surface roughness. In conclusion, the results of our wear simulation show that wear performance was not adversely affected when titanium baseplates were substituted for cobalt chrome baseplates under normal walking kinematics.
Site-specific incorporation of probes into RNA polymerase by unnatural-amino-acid mutagenesis and Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation

A three-step procedure comprising (i) unnatural-amino-acid mutagenesis with 4-azido-phenylalanine, (ii) Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation with a probe-phosphine derivative, and (iii) in vitro reconstitution of RNA polymerase (RNAP) enables the efficient site-specific incorporation of a fluorescent probe, a spin label, a crosslinking agent, a cleaving agent, an affinity tag, or any other biochemical or biophysical probe, at any site of interest in RNAP. Straightforward extensions of the procedure enable the efficient site-specific incorporation of two or more different probes in two or more different subunits of RNAP. We present protocols for synthesis of probe-phosphine derivatives, preparation of RNAP subunits and the transcription initiation factor σ, unnatural amino acid mutagenesis of RNAP subunits and σ, Staudinger ligation with unnatural-amino-acid-containing RNAP subunits and σ, quantitation of labelling efficiency and labelling specificity, and reconstitution of RNAP.
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations: An Examination of Carbon Sequestration via Global Reforestation

Deforestation has resulted in a dramatic change to Earth’s landscape, climate, and ecosystems. To date, 46% of all forests have been cut since the onset of agriculture about 12,000 years ago (Crowther et al., 2015). During that same time, greenhouse gas concentrations have grown by 51.8% (Crowther et al., 2015). A solution to this problem could be vast carbon capture initiatives involving tree planting. Historical reforestation efforts have thus far been conducted regionally and currently make up less than 1% of the forest cover that they are replacing. With current CO2 concentrations at a record high of 402.26 ppm (NOAA, 2016), the question that I sought to answer was; could reforestation alone reduce CO2 concentrations to pre-industrial levels? The purpose of this paper is to answer this academic question in a manner that is objective and constructive. Calculating total available land for reforestation with average temperate and tropical carbon sequestration rates reveals the potential for a 2% annual uptake in global CO2 sequestration (Brown et al., 1996). This increase would translate into a projected 2050 CO2 concentration of 361.22-373.96 parts per million (ppm). This reduction, although significant, would only represent a 7.57-11.36% reduction: far short of the 51.8% reduction necessary to bring CO2 concentrations back to preindustrial levels.
Qualitative Knowledge-Based Modeling of Manufacturing Systems

Modern manufacturing systems exhibit flexibility, autonomy, and intelligence – properties that are hard to model. Nevertheless modeling such systems is important for development, control, and analysis tasks. This article presents a new intelligent modeling methodology for reactive manufacturing systems, representing the structure, behavior, and functionality of such systems, and emphasizing the cause-effect relations between the components. The building blocks of the modeling approach are activities, information items that flow among the activities, and rules governing the behavior of the activities. The modeling methodology presented supports various types of analysis important to manufacturing systems, such as reachability, backward connectivity, and rules’ consistency.
What and how do students learn in an interprofessional student-run clinic? An educational framework for team-based care.

Background : The student-run clinic (SRC) has the potential to address interprofessional learning among health professions students. Purpose : To derive a framework for understanding student learning during team-based care provided in an interprofessional SRC serving underserved patients. Methods : The authors recruited students for a focus group study by purposive sampling and snowballing. They constructed two sets of semi-structured questions for uniprofessional and multiprofessional groups. Sessions were audiotaped, and transcripts were independently coded and adjudicated. Major themes about learning content and processes were extracted. Grounded theory was followed after data synthesis and interpretation to establish a framework for interprofessional learning. Results : Thirty-six students from four professions (medicine, physician assistant, occupational therapy, and pharmacy) participated in eight uniprofessional groups; 14 students participated in three multiprofessional groups ( N = 50). Theme saturation was achieved. Six common themes about learning content from uniprofessional groups were role recognition, team-based care appreciation, patient experience, advocacy-/systems-based models, personal skills, and career choices. Occupational therapy students expressed self-advocacy, and medical students expressed humility and self-discovery. Synthesis of themes from all groups suggests a learning continuum that begins with the team huddle and continues with shared patient care and social interactions. Opportunity to observe and interact with other professions in action is key to the learning process. Discussion : Interprofessional SRC participation promotes learning ‘with, from, and about’ each other. Participation challenges misconceptions and sensitizes students to patient experiences, health systems, advocacy, and social responsibility. Learning involves interprofessional interactions in the patient encounter, reinforced by formal and informal communications. Participation is associated with interest in serving the underserved and in primary care careers. The authors proposed a framework for interprofessional learning with implications for optimal learning environments to promote team-based care. Future research is suggested to identify core faculty functions and best settings to advance and enhance student preparation for future collaborative team practice. Keywords: student-run clinic; interprofessional education; focus group; theoretical framework; underserved (Published: 5 August 2016) Citation: Med Educ Online 2016, 21: 31900 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v21.31900
Use of glass and nylon fibers in concrete for controlling early age micro cracking in bridge decks

Abstract One of the major defects in concrete bridge decks are the formation of early age micro cracking which ultimately reduces its durability. The inclusion of fibers in concrete slabs has showed satisfactory performance with improved mechanical properties and reduced early age micro cracking (EAMC). The relative high compressive strength (CS), achieved by using high cement content, is the main cause of early age micro cracking in concrete. The low tensile strength (TS) also results in less resistance to early age cracking. Other factors causing EAMC include temperature rise, water content and shrinkage strain. The EAMC can be reduced by increasing CS and TS with use of economical materials other than cement. In this work, mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) and nylon fiber reinforced concrete (NFRC) are determined for the application of concrete bridge decks. The effectiveness of glass fibers (GF) and nylon fibers (NF) in concrete will be checked by comparing mechanical properties of GFRC and NFRC with that of plain concrete (PC). The mix design ratio of PC is 1:3.33:1.67 (cement:sand:aggregate) with a water cement ratio of 0.71. The GF and NF having a length of 50 mm and a fiber content of 5%, by mass of cement, are added in the concrete mixture for the production of GFRC and NFRC. Standard specimens are tested for determining compressive, splitting-tensile and flexural strengths of PC, GFRC and NFRC. Pre-crack energy absorption and toughness indices are also studied for different types of loadings i.e. compressive, splitting-tensile and flexural loadings. There is a decrease in compressive strength and an increase in splitting-tensile and flexural strengths of GFRC and NFRC compared to that of PC. Even though pre-crack energy absorption of GFRC and NFRC is less but their toughness indices are more than that of PC. Thus, GFRC and NFRC are suitable for reducing EAMC in bridge decks.
Oral Rehydration in the Treatment of Diarrhea: Issues in the Implementation of Diarrhea Treatment Programs

The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (1) to examine the modes of treatment of diarrheal disease, with particular emphasis on oral therapy, and (2) to explore the issues involved in the implementation of treatment programs, with the focus on community-based programs.
Scaling models for microfabricated in vivo neural recording technologies

Microfabrication technology can enable extracellular neural recording electrodes with unprecedented wiring density, and the ability to benefit from continued CMOS technology scaling. A neural recording electrode consists of recording sites that sense electrical activity inside the brain, and wiring that routes these signals to neural amplifiers outside the brain. We here introduce a scalable circuit model for recording sites and signal routing, valid for different amplifier integration approaches. We define noise and cross-talk requirements, and analyze how future CMOS technology scaling will drive the ability to record from increasingly large number of sites in the mammalian brain. This analysis provides an important step in understanding how advances of MEMS and CMOS fabrication can be utilized in large-scale recording efforts of many thousands to possibly millions of neurons.
Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the one-carbon carrier 10-formyltetrahydrofolate; a reference standard for metabolomics

Metabolomics analysis depends on the identification and validation of specific metabolites. This task is significantly hampered by the absence of well-characterized reference standards. The one-carbon carrier 10-formyltetrahydrofolate acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism, where it is a substrate in formyltransferase reactions in purine biosynthesis. It has been reported as an unstable substance and is currently unavailable as a reference standard for metabolomics analysis. The current study was undertaken to provide the metabolomics community thoroughly characterized 10-formyltetrahydrofolate along with analytical methodology and guidelines for its storage and handling. Anaerobic base treatment of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate chloride in the presence of antioxidant was utilized to prepare 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. Pure 10-formyltetrahydrofolate has been prepared and physicochemically characterized. Conditions toward maintaining the stability of a solution of the dipotassium salt of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate have been determined. This study describes the facile preparation of pure (>90%) 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, its qualitative physicochemical characterization, as well as conditions to enable its use as a reference standard in physiologic samples.
Placing Acetic Acid Removal into the UREX+ Process

Recycle of nitric acid in the UREX+ process requires removal of acetic acid. An analysis of the effects of acetic acid in each process step indicates no step will be significantly affected by the c...
How hummingbirds stay nimble on the wing

Like other modes of locomotion, powered flight is characterized by an ability to quickly change direction and speed. This ability—termed maneuverability—has far-reaching implications for animal success and survival ( 1 , 2 ) but is challenging to study because it includes a wide range of distinct behaviors and is characterized by spontaneity. As a result, understanding of maneuverability is incomplete at best ( 2 – 4 ). On page 653 of this issue, Dakin et al. ( 5 ) probe the evolution of flight maneuverability in hummingbirds, which can hover with precision and skillfully use a wide range of acrobatic maneuvers (see the photos). They show that a small number of underlying traits can explain much of the diversity of maneuvering flight in hummingbirds.
Embryo and Oocyte Banking

For women of reproductive age who are scheduled to undergo medical treatment that could lead to premature decline of ovarian function, embryo and oocyte cryopreservation—or “banking”—are the most commonly used fertility preservation options. Embryo cryopreservation (i.e., standard in vitro fertilization) before chemotherapy is the most well-established and widely available method of fertility preservation. Both embryo and oocyte banking require controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and oocyte retrieval over a period of approximately 12–14 days; thus, these techniques are only appropriate if chemotherapy can be postponed without compromising the patient’s treatment outcomes. Classic and modified controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocols are described as well as the costs, success rates, and potential risks of the procedures, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and intra-abdominal bleeding, which must be weighed in the context of the cancer patient’s overall health status. The methods of oocyte cryopreservation currently in use slow freezing and vitrification, and the success rates of each are also discussed. This chapter concludes with a review of tumor-specific considerations for the use of embryo or oocyte banking for patients with breast cancer, ovarian cancer, hematologic malignancies, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer.
Human Alteration of Evolutionary Processes

Soviet climatologist Budyko has remarked: temperature and rainfall are the two major variables of life on Earth. Human society is changing both of these phenomena markedly, along with many other key variables that affect evolutionary processes. A major risk is that the tempo (or rate of humaninduced environmental change) may proceed more rapidly than the ability of scientists to understand, predict, or make any long-term changes that might reduce the severity of the consequences. Increasing evidence indicates that grasp the full implications of a planet in which the types and rate of environmental change differ substantively from the climate records of the past 5 million years. Almost every human activity has some effect upon natural systems. When the human population was small and spread thinly over the planet, as it was for most of the 160,000 years the human species has inhabited the planet, adverse effects were localized and comparatively small. In short, the resilience of natural systems was not exceeded and, as a consequence, the impact on evolutionary processes was much less than it is today. Currently, however, effects are global and intense; illustrative examples follow. 1. Human population increased fourfold in the 20th century (Speth, 2004).The doubling time occurred within the life span of a single individual—a new phenomenon. 2. Affluence has increased even more because the global economic output has increased approximately twenty fold.
Symptoms and Signs of Uveitis

The eye has a limited repertoire of responses when confronted with inflammatory disease1–6 (Table 2.1). Symptoms of acute forms of uveitis include ocular pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and redness. Patients with idiopathic iridocyclitis, herpes zoster, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-associated iritis often present in this fashion. Their vision may be good, with only mild blurring or an occasional floater. In contrast, patients with chronic forms of uveitis often have minimal discomfort. They may complain of decreased vision and “floaters.” In some forms of uveitis and particularly in children, patients may be completely asymptomatic, yet have multiple ocular findings. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)-associated iridocyclitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, ocular histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, toxocara, and toxoplasmosis can all be unrecognized by the patient.
Differentiation of Strains of SpiroplasmaCitri with Monoclonal Antibodies

Five hybridoma clones secreting specific monoclonal antibodies for Spiroplasma citri (Maroc strain) were produced. Using indirect biotinylated ELISA, one of these five clones secreting antibody reacted specifically with 10 of the 14 S. citri strains of different geographic origin. Four other clones produced specific antibodies for six of these 14 S. citri strains. At least two different epitopes have been recognized by these monoclonal antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies purified from the antisera collected from immunized mice during splenectomy were also used in the differentiation of spiroplasma strains. Nonspecific reactions to spiroplasma strains belonging in different serogroups were obtained when such polyclonal antibodies were used.
Near-triploid and near-tetraploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood.

Cytogenetic and DNA flow cytometric analyses of leukemic cells from 1,971 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) identified stem lines with modal chromosome numbers greater than 65 in 26 patients (1.3%). Near-triploidy (66 to 73 chromosomes) was found in six cases and near-tetraploidy (82 to 94 chromosomes) in 20. A striking morphologic finding was the presence of clumped chromatin with grooved nuclei or Rieder cell formation in 20 cases. Other than a slight excess of the pre-B immunophenotype, the near-triploid cases did not appear to differ substantially from the general ALL population in clinical features. In contrast, near-tetraploid cases were more often associated with a T-cell immunophenoLAST CELL PLOIDY AND D NA content have imporB tant prognostic implications in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).’ Of the major ploidy subgroups studied to date, ALL with hyperdiploidy >50 chromosomes has the most favorable prognosis.*-’ Modal chromosome numbers of hyperdiploid >50 ALL cases are tightly distributed around a median of 55.’ Cases with more than 65 chromosomes are rare, and the clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of near-triploid or near-tetraploid ALL have been described only in single case report^.^.'^ With the use of cytogenetic and DNA flow cytometric analysis in a large cohort of children with newly diagnosed ALL, we identified 26 cases that had a leukemic stem line with greater than 65 chromosomes. Our study suggests that neartetraploid cases represent a unique subgroup of ALL, characterized by a preponderance of T-cell immunophenotype, specific morphologic features, and, possibly, a poorer prognosis.
Sexual Function in Women with Colorectal/Anal Cancer

Abstract Background Treatments for colorectal and anal cancers can have a detrimental impact on sexual function. Type of treatment, which may include surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy, varies by disease site and severity. Treatment and long-term side effects can impact sexual function and intimacy for patients and their partners. Aim To review the literature regarding treatment for colorectal/anal cancer and its impact on female sexual function, and to provide an assessment of medical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of women with a history of colon, rectal, or anal cancer seeking sexual health treatment. Methods We performed a PubMed search to identify peer-reviewed, English-language articles published between 2008 to 2018, using the following search terms: “colorectal cancer,” or “rectal cancer,” or “anal cancer” and “sexual function,” or “sexual dysfunction.” We also assessed the medical outcomes and PROs from our recent cross-sectional cohort study of 99 women with a history of colon, rectal, or anal cancer seeking sexual health treatment. Main Outcome Measures Sexual function, quality of life, and PROs after colorectal/anal cancer. Results A total of 23 studies were identified. Study designs included 15 cross-sectional survey studies, 5 longitudinal studies, 2 psychoeducational interventions, and 1 pilot study. 10 studies included only women, and 13 included both men and women. The literature and our cohort confirmed that women with colorectal/anal cancer experience changes in sexual function after diagnosis and throughout the continuum of care; however, the scarcity of data in this area indicates a need for additional intervention trials and longitudinal studies. Conclusions Research studies with large sample sizes and long study durations are needed to help us better understand the needs of female survivors of colorectal/anal cancer. Women with colorectal/anal cancer need simple strategies and resources to address concerns of sexual function after cancer treatment. Such interventions have been shown to enhance survivorship and quality of life. Canty J, Stabile C, Milli L, et al. Sexual Function in Women with Colorectal/Anal Cancer. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:202–222.
A comparison of target detection algorithms using DSIAC ATR algorithm development data set

In this paper, we present preliminary results of infra-red target detection using the well-known Faster R-CNN network using a publicly available MWIR data set released by NVESD. We characterize the difficulty level of the images in terms of pixels on target (POT) and the local contrast. We then evaluate the performance of the network under challenging conditions and when the number of training images are varied.
Lessons in everyday nationhood: childhood memories of ‘breaching’ the nation

The Soviet nation-building project placed children at the center of complex and contradictory political socialization processes that aimed to simultaneously forge a common Soviet identity while pro...
Influence of single-nanoparticle electrochromic dynamics on the durability and speed of smart windows.

Nanomaterials have tremendous potential to increase electrochromic smart window efficiency, speed, and durability. However, nanoparticles vary in size, shape, and surface defects, and it is unknown how nanoparticle heterogeneity contributes to particle-dependent electrochromic properties. Here, we use single-nanoparticle-level electro-optical imaging to measure structure–function relationships in electrochromic tungsten oxide nanorods. Single nanorods exhibit a particle-dependent waiting time for tinting (from 100 ms to 10 s) due to Li-ion insertion at optically inactive surface sites. Longer nanorods tint darker than shorter nanorods and exhibit a Li-ion gradient that increases from the nanorod ends to the middle. The particle-dependent ion-insertion kinetics contribute to variable tinting rates and magnitudes across large-area smart windows. Next, we quantified how particle–particle interactions impact tinting dynamics and reversibility as the nanorod building blocks are assembled into a thin film. Interestingly, single particles tint 4 times faster and cycle 20 times more reversibly than thin films made of the same particles. These findings allow us to propose a nanostructured electrode architecture that optimizes optical modulation rates and reversibility across large-area smart windows.