cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Orbit Determination for Interplanetary Spacecraft

The interplanetary orbit determination problem has been traditionally solved using least-squares techniques. Because of the operational limitations of this method, a Kalman filter approach has been proposed for future missions that includes all spacecraft and measurement modeling states in the filter. The goal is to increase the accuracy of the navigation process while utilizing only radiometric (Doppler and range) data. As an extension, an adaptive orbit determination approach (based on the Magill filter bank) has been developed here to process radiometric data. This adaptive approach can be used to systematically determine the operational filter parameters, which are currently selected using ad hoc methods. The Mars Pathfinder mission is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive filter bank in determining variances for the process and measurement noise parameters based on the tracking data. Error budgets are presented for the range and Doppler cases, which show nongravitational accelerations and solar radiation pressure to be the main error sources. Results for the range case show that the adaptive enhanced filter bank is effective in selecting the noise variances that match those used to generate the data. Results for the Doppler case are not as conclusive, resulting primarily from linearization errors.
Longitudinal associations between people's cessation-related experiences and their satisfaction with cessation

We sought to determine whether different social, psychological, emotional, and physiological experiences associated with quitting smoking related to people's satisfaction with cessation systematically, and whether the strength of the relations changes at different points during the cessation process and for different people (e.g., optimists). Using data from smokers enrolled in a cessation program, we used mixed models to assess the average longitudinal relation between people's experiences and satisfaction measured at seven time points and whether the relations were moderated by key variables. Eight of nine experiences were related to people's satisfaction (ps < 0.05) and the models accounted for 39-44% of the within-person variance in satisfaction. Current smoking behavior was more strongly related to people's satisfaction during their early efforts to quit, whereas some experiences (e.g., feedback from others) had a stronger relation with satisfaction during people's later efforts to quit or maintain abstinence (ps < 0.05). Individual differences in optimism and prior cessation experience moderated some of the relations (ps < 0.05). The findings mark the first evidence of factors that might influence how people determine their satisfaction with smoking cessation. The implications for tailoring interventions and potentially increasing the likelihood that people maintain abstinence are discussed.
Stand composition, proximity to overstory trees and gradients of soil moisture influence patterns of subalpine fir seedling emergence and survival

Background and Aims We experimentally examined how variability in mixed forest stand composition, spatial relationships to dominant trees and their environmental correlates influence seedling emergence and survival.
Determining pathway structure-property relationships through experimentation and analytical frameworks

A brief description of the information content of the experimental methods that are becoming increasingly useful for probing intracellular processes, a framework for interpreting observations, and an example that combines framework results and 13C NMR observations have been presented. Results in terms of structural criterion have been obtained that suggest that it may be possible to develop a glossary of structure-function heuristics. From the engineering point of view, such general work may also provide keys to system/subsystem modeling due to having some classic and nonclassic network properties mapped in advance. However, we note that approaches based solely on kinetics ignore physiochemical processes. A number of potential processes were mentioned earlier. Investigations of the importance of such processes, though, have been limited due to the dominance of in vitro enzyme kinetic and regulation work. Nonetheless, interesting proposals have been advanced by a limited number of workers, such as the suggestion that membrane-bound and soluble populations of enzymes with high and low activity, respectively, exist in eukaryotes (e.g., aldolase22) and the balanced attained between the two populations is an important regulatory mechanism. In an effort to contribute to the evaluation of physiochemical processes, our formalism was recently used to explore the logic of enzyme turnover number-enzyme amount distributions from the standpoint of minimizing excess enzymatic capacity (i.e., minimizing excess energy expenditure for protein biosynthesis) and the use of limited cytoplasmic solvation capacity (i.e., concentrated cytoplasm is water-limited; hence, maintaining the solubility of all constituents is difficult).
All Things Unseen

There exists considerable literature on the public face of civil architecture: what it is, how we may judge it, how we are changed by it. We have lived in buildings and cities for millennia, so the nature of visible architecture is part of the fabric of our lives. We are now coming to live in structures made not of atoms, but of bits. Here we ponder how these things unseen may become part of the fabric of our lives. The author also explains why this column is morphing from "On Architecture" to "On Computing."
Repression in chronic pain: An idea worth recovering

Abstract Repression, defined as a process by which threatening information is kept out of conscious awareness, has long been a topic in the chronic pain literature. Emerging in psychodynamic theories, chronic pain is thought to arise from repressed emotions that are converted into physical symptoms; this notion seems to account for much anecdotal evidence and has received empirical support from work with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) profiles—particularly the conversion-V. However, the construct validity of this profile among pain patients has been called into question. The emergence of the cognitive-behavioral model of chronic pain ignited a proliferation of research, but because it rejected psychodynamic pain theory, investigation of repression was largely suspended. This lapse leaves unexplained—almost unrecognized—findings that a plurality of chronic pain patients are characterized by constrained emotion, and that repressed, inhibited, and denied negative emotions or traumatic memories have a profound impact on chronic pain. To address these important phenomena and to reinvigorate research, three methods are proposed: (a) expand current empirical clustering procedures, which rely on the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (Kerns, Turk, Rudy, 1985) with measures of defensiveness to isolate patients who report high pain/disability and deny negative affect; (b) employ Weinberger and colleagues' 1979 1990 “repressive style” to examine the responses of repressor pain patients; (c) pursue Pennebaker and colleagues' 1986 1988 theory about disclosure of traumatic events to examine effects of inhibition and disinhibition on persistent pain. Although an integrated model may be premature, it is argued that repression should receive renewed appreciation; it was never really absent, just forgotten.
A neural network predicts progression for men with Gleason score 3+4 versus 4+3 tumors after radical prostatectomy

Objectives. To determine the significance of Gleason scores 3+4 (GS3+4) versus 4+3 (GS4+3) with respect to biochemical recurrence in a retrospective review of a series of men with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) and to develop and test an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the biochemical recurrence after surgery for this group of men using the pathologic and clinical data. Methods. From 1982 to 1998, 600 men had pathologic Gleason score 7 disease without lymph node or seminal vesicle involvement. We analyzed the freedom from biochemical (prostate-specific antigen) progression after RRP on 564 of these men on the basis of their GS3+4 versus GS4+3 (Gleason 7) status. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the importance of Gleason 7 status as an independent predictor of progression. In addition, an ANN was developed using randomly selected training and validation sets for predicting biochemical recurrence at 3 or 5 years. Different input variable subsets, with or without Gleason 7 status, were compared for the ability of the ANN to maximize the prediction of progression. Standard logistic regression was used concurrently on the same random patient population sets to calculate progression risk. Results. A significant recurrence-free survival advantage was found in men who underwent RRP for GS3+4 compared with those with GS4+3 disease (P <0.0001). The ANN, logistic regression, and proportion hazard models demonstrated the importance of Gleason 7 status in predicting patient outcome. The ANN was better than logistic regression in predicting patient outcome, in terms of prostate-specific antigen progression, at 3 and 5 years. Conclusions. A simple modification of the Gleason scoring system for men with Gleason 7 disease revealed a difference in the patient outcome after RRP. ANN models can be developed and used to better predict patient outcome when pathologic and clinical features are known.
"Allergic" cryptococcal pneumonia.

A case of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis with the systemic manifestations of cyclic urticaria, hypotension and dyspnea is presented. It is suggested that there was an allergic reaction to the cryptococcus to account for these symptoms. Treatment with amphotericin-B was effective; three years later the patient remained asymptomatic.
Calcium effects on human erythrocyte membrane proteins

The effects of Ca2+ on human erythrocyte membrane proteins were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ca2+ had several effects on normal human erythrocyte membrane proteins. It affected the binding of cytoplasmic proteins to the membrane, produced a non-reversible aggregation of several membrane proteins and activated apparent proteolysis of membrane proteins. The Ca2+ effect could be obtained with isolated, washed membranes when the erythrocyte cytoplasm was added. These studies indicate that the Ca2+-induced membrane proteolysis and aggregation effects are not due simply to its presence at the time of hemolysis as previously suggested (Carraway, K.L., Triplett, R.B. and Anderson, D.R. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 379, 571-581), but are the result of more complex interactions between the erythrocyte membrane and cytoplasmic factors.
Schizophyllum commune: Gene Controlling Induced Haploid Fruiting.

A single gene, fis+, is essential for induced haploid fruiting in Schizophyllum commune. It appears to segregate independently of the incompatibility factors.
A new alternatively spliced exon between v9 and v10 provides a molecular basis for synthesis of soluble CD44.

Abstract The numerous isoforms of murine CD44 contain a common peptide region that is encoded by exons 1-5, 16-18, and 20 and variant regions derived from exons 6-15, usually referred to as v1-v10. We have obtained evidence for expression of an additional exon between v9 (or exon 14) and the exon previously termed v10 (or exon 15). Thus, we now number the variant exons as follows: v1-v9 (exons 6-14), v10 (exon 15), and v11 (exon 16); the remaining 3′-exons become exons 17–21 (newly numbered exons are underlined). The new exon, now termed exon v10, contains 93 base pairs and can be internally spliced; the 5′-region is termed v10a, and the 3′-region, v10b. Stop codons are positioned in v10a such that translated protein would be truncated prior to the transmembrane domain and secreted as a soluble protein. We have also found that the previously described v9 exon (now termed v9a), which is 90 base pairs in length, is actually the 5′-region of a longer exon of 142 base pairs (the 3′-region is termed v9b) and thus arises by internal splicing of the longer exon. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, four different cDNAs for CD44 isoforms that use different combinations of the new exonic sequences have been found. The mRNAs containing the new exonic sequences are restricted in their expression; to date, we have demonstrated their presence in murine G8 myoblasts in culture and in embryonic muscle and cartilage tissues in vivo. Of these new isoforms, the predominant, full-length amplified product is encoded by exons 1-5, exon 13 (v8), the 5′-part of exon 14 (v9a), exon 15 (v10), exon 16 (v11), exons 17–19, and exon 21. When COS-7 cells were transfected with v10-containing cDNA constructs, the cells secreted low molecular weight soluble CD44 into their medium. Thus, the stop codons within the new exon v10 provide a molecular basis for de novo synthesis of soluble CD44 isoforms.
Rembrandt's Creation of the Pictorial Metaphor of Self

Rembrandt van Rijn created the largest number of self-portraits of any major artist in history. On the basis of the interactionist conception of created metaphor, Rembrandt's production of an artistic genre of pictorial metaphor of self is described. Through a consistent compositional and content unification of the expressive portrait mouth with diverse types of costumes, he created an organic artistic model of meaningful and beautiful self-portraiture. Rembrandt's self as presented metaphorically represents the universe of art and artist. Because this compositional pictorial metaphor of self feature has not previously been recognized, a controlled empirical study was done indicating the significant characteristic association with Rembrandt's oeuvre. Creation of this metaphor is postulated as resulting from his use of the cognitive creative homospatial process—actively conceiving two or more discrete entities occupying the same mentally represented space, a conception leading to the articulation of new id...
Predator Mobbing in Tarsius spectrum

Whereas most animals make considerable effort to avoid their predators, numerous species tend to approach and to confront predators as a group: mobbing. Among the types of predators that elicit mobbing, snakes seem to be one of the more consistent recipients of it. I describe the mobbing behavior of spectral tarsiers toward live and model snakes. In particular, I explore individual differences—sex, age and reproductive status—in mobbing behavior at Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia. In 1994–1995, I observed 11 groups for 18 mo, and in 1999, I observed 9 groups for 6 mo. Over all I recorded, 11 natural mobbing events and 9 artificially induced mobbing events. The mean number of individuals at a natural mobbing is 5.1 with an average duration of 33 min. The duration of a mobbing event is strongly correlated with the number of mobbers. Adults were more likely than other age classes to participate in mobbings. Males were more likely than females to participate in mobbings. Mobbing groups often contained > 1 adult male despite the fact that no spectral tarsier group contains > 1 adult male. Vis-a-vis Curio’s (1978) 9 hypotheses for the function of mobbing suggests that its primary function in spectral tarsiers may be perception advertisement or teaching snakes to move on.
Chronic phenobarbital therapy reduces plasma benzodiazepine concentrations after intravenous and rectal administration of diazepam in the dog

Disposition of diazepam (DZ) 2 mg/kg after single bolus intravenous (i.v.) and rectal (p.r.) administration before and after 30 day oral phenobarbital therapy was investigated in normal dogs. Adverse cardiovascular and neurologic effects for each drug, dosage and route of administration were evaluated. Plasma benzodiazepine concentrations were determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. This assay measured DZ and its active metabolites, oxazepam and nordiazepam to provide a total benzodiazepine concentration. Mean peak plasma concentrations after i.v. administration were 5963 and 5565 ng/mL, before and after phenobarbital treatment, respectively. After p.r. administration, mean peak concentrations were 629 ng/mL and 274 ng/mL and were reached within 30 min before and after phenobarbital treatment, respectively. The target concentration for potential seizure control (i.e. 150 ng/mL) was attained in five dogs in the post phenobarbital p.r. group with a median time to attainment of target concentration of 8 min. The administration of phenobarbital resulted in significantly lower areas under the plasma concentration vs. time curves (AUC) for both i.v. and p.r. administration. Similarly, there was a reduction in maximal plasma concentration, bioavailability (F), mean residence time, and time to target and peak concentrations in the postphenobarbital p.r. group, as compared to the prephenobarbital p.r. group. Adverse cardiovascular and neurologic effects were short-lived and were considered of minor clinical significance. Overall, chronic phenobarbital therapy in the dog reduces total benzodiazepine concentration after i.v. and p.r. administration presumably due to increased hepatic clearance of DZ and its metabolites oxazepam and nordiazepam. Despite this finding, administration of DZ rectally at 2 mg/kg may be a clinically useful alternative to i.v. administration to treat emergency seizures when i.v. therapy is not possible in dogs on chronic phenobarbital therapy.
The role of pump number and intracellular sodium and potassium in determining Na,K pump activity in human erythrocytes

The factors that determine the activity of the Na,K pump in vivo were investigated by measuring Na,K pump activity under in vivo conditions in human red cells and relating it to the intracellular content of sodium ([Na]i) and potassium ([K]i) and the number of pump units per cell (pump number). Na,K pump activity was measured as ouabain-sensitive K+ influx, pump number was determined from the maximal binding of 3H-ouabain to intact cells, and [Na]i and [K]i were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in washed, packed cells. In the 81 samples studied, pump activity per cell was significantly correlated with pump number (r = .64, P < 0.001), but was negatively correlated with [Na]i (r = −.28, P < 0.02) and was not correlated with [K]i. An inverse relationship was found between pump number and [Na]i. When pump activity was expressed as activity per pump unit, rather than per cell, a significant relationship was seen between pump activity and [Na]i (r = .50, P < 0.001), and a negative correlation existed between the activity per pump unit and [K]i (r = −.29, P < 0.01). The effect of intracellular Na+ at physiologic levels on pump activity was not strong, with the activity per pump unit increasing only 25% with a doubling of [Na]i. These results indicate that pump number is the major determinant of pump activity in human red cells in vivo, while [Na]i and [K]i are of secondary importance. Since the Na,K pump may account for 5% to 40% of cellular energy expenditure, pump number may be an important determinant of energy expenditure in cells and of metabolic rate in organisms.
Numerical Modeling of Pressure Drop and Pump Design for High Power Density Microchannel Heat Sinks With Boiling

A physical and mathematical model has been developed to predict the two-phase flow and heat transfer in a microchannel with boiling. Based on the above physical model, a total of seven unknowns with corresponding equations resulted. The liquid film thickness, the vapor pressure and the axial heat flow rate have been solved using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The liquid pressure, the vapor and liquid temperatures have been solved using the finite difference method with first order accuracy. The interfacial temperature and pressure have been solved using the root finding method for every mesh point in the axial direction. In addition to the sample calculations that were used to calibrate the model, computations based on the current model were performed to generate results for comparison with Carey’s macro-scale model (Carey, 1992) and with the experimental data of Jiang et al. (2002) where three different mass flow rates of the working fluid were used in the experiment. The comparisons of pressure drops were made for 25 W, 38 W and 58 W of heating with mass flow rates of 2 ml/min, 5 ml/min and 9ml/min, respectively. In general, Carey’s model underpredicted the experimental data by Jiang et al. (2002), especially at the lower flow rates. The calculated results from the current model matched closely with those of Jiang et al. (2002). The main reason for the poor performance of Carey’s model is that it was developed for the macrosystems, where the surface tension and the Marangoni effects are not important.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Triamterene and renal stone formation: The influence of triamterene and triamterene stones on calcium oxalate crystallization

A constant composition method has been used to compare the effects of triamterene renal stone material, synthetic triamterene precipitates, and soluble triamterene on the nucleation and crystallization kinetics of calcium oxalate in aqueous solutionin vitro. Crystallization studies have been carried out with the concentrations of calcium and oxalate ions maintained constant by the potentiometrically controlled addition of concentrated reagent solutions containing these ions. Triamterene renal stones were found to be much less effective than synthetic triamterene towards promoting the nucleation and crystallization of calcium oxalate from supersaturated solution. Renal stones composed of triamterene and matrix did not significantly enhance the deposition of calcium oxalate compared to nonseeded controls. The triamterene stones were also found to be ineffective in promoting calcium oxalate crystallization compared to other precipitates thought to be involved in the etiology of stone disease such as calcium hydroxyapatite. For stones of mixed triamterene/calcium oxalate composition, the enhancement of the nucleation and crystallization of calcium oxalate was directly related to the calcium oxalate content of the stone seed material. The presence of soluble triamterene or its metabolites in solution did not influence the crystallization kinetics of pure calcium oxalate seed materials. The results of this study indicate that triamterene in stones does not significantly contribute to further stone development through the enhancement of calcium oxalate crystallization processes.
The relationship of life event stress and working memory capacity

The relationship between life stress and working memory capacity (WM) was examined in three studies. Participants with more life event stress performed more poorly on Turner and Engle's (1989) operation-word span WM task, and this impairment was more pronounced on longer operations. Life event stress also predicted intrusion errors. Finally, self-reports of intrusive and avoidant thinking predicted functional WM capacity as did the recency of negative life events. The results are interpreted using a limited capacity model of WM in which cognitive representations of stressful life events compete with task demands for attentional resources. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the effects of loss and fabrication error for second harmonic generation in semiconductor waveguides

Compact and robust solid state devices emitting short and coherent wavelengths in the mid infra red are a cost effective way of obtaining new wavelengths which are important in data storage, laser printing, wavelength division multiplexing and all-optical switching applications.
Bird community dynamics and vegetation relationships among stand establishment practices in intensively managed pine stands

Abstract Intensively managed pine occupies 22% of the forest land base in the southeastern United States. More fully understanding effects of standard silvicultural practices on biodiversity could improve wildlife management recommendations on intensively managed landscapes. Although multiple stand-establishment techniques (i.e., site preparation and chemical herbaceous control of competition) are used for forest regeneration, we lack an understanding of causal mechanisms for bird community responses during stand establishment through canopy closure. Therefore, we investigated bird community responses to five stand-establishment treatments in intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) stands in the Lower Coastal Plain of Mississippi, USA as a function of changes in vegetation structure and coverage. We used a randomized complete block design of four pine stands (blocks) divided into five experimental units and with treatments randomly assigned to each unit. Our treatments represented available establishment practices and increased in intensity from mechanical or chemical site preparation with subsequent banded herbaceous control to mechanical and chemical site preparation with 2 years of subsequent broadcast herbaceous weed control applications. We sampled bird communities with point counts and measured visual obstruction, pine tree height, woody stem density, and vegetation structure and coverage by growth form (e.g., forb, fern, grass, legume, pine, sedge and rush, woody non-pine, vine). Bird communities had an overall negative response to increasing intensity of stand-establishment treatments, and temporal trends from site preparation to canopy closure were absent. Common species appeared relatively unaffected by treatments. However, presence of species with high conservation value and availability of early successional habitat conditions emphasized conservation potential of intensively managed pine forests for birds and justify further experimental investigation of bird community responses to stand-establishment treatments. We recommend forest managers continue to incorporate a variety of stand establishment practices to ensure habitat availability for a variety of bird species, and that researchers further investigate mechanistic factors of avian community responses to silvicultural practices.
Developing Together: Parents Meeting Children’s Developmental Imperatives

It is well known that the parent influences the child, but few realize how much the child changes the adult. This paper reports research that explored how adults change when they learn to nurture their child’s developmental needs. It also explores how empathy with the child impacts an adult’s ability to move through his or her own unresolved childhood issues into new meaning and relationships. Using qualitative methods and quantitative measures, the research captures perspectives of 20 parents about their own development from using child development principles. Analysis resulted in the identification of five themes: (a) cognitive development in perspective, differentiation from past ways, and new meaning-making; (b) emotional development of trust, empathy, and affective complexity; (c) personal agency of intentional effort and use of critical self-inquiry; (d) adult well-being; and (e) emergence of wisdom. More research is needed to determine the association between child development competence and adult development.
Adsorption of Biomolecules to Ice and Their Effects upon Ice Growth. 1. Measuring Adsorption Orientations and Initial Results

Different fish, insects, and plants have evolved a range of peptides and glycopeptides that adsorb to ice from water solution and dramatically influence ice growth in ways that benefit the organism...
Comparison of methods for estimation of individual-level prevalence based on pooled samples

We review frequentist and Bayesian approaches for estimating animal-level disease prevalence using pooled samples obtained by simple random sampling. We determine the preferred approach for different prevalence scenarios and with varying knowledge about sensitivity and specificity values. When sensitivity and specificity are perfect or known, we can choose between the large-sample theory estimates and the one-to-one relationship exact estimates. When sensitivity and specificity are unknown, we must use large-sample theory estimates or Bayesian methodology (which gives exact estimates). However, when the large-sample theory produces a negative lower confidence limit, we must use one of the exact methods. We compare estimates from each approach using culture results from pools of 20 eggs from three flocks on a California ranch that were producing eggs that were contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4.
Phase Relations in the System UO2‐UO3– Y2O3

The phase relations in the system U02-U03-Yz03, particularly in the Y203-rich region, were examined by X-ray and chemical analyses of reacted powders heated at temperatures up to 1700°C in H2, CO2-CO2 and air. Four phases were identified in the system at temperatures between 1000° and 1700°C: U308, face-centered cubic solid solution, body-centered cubic solid solution, and a rhombohedral phase of composition (U,Y)7O2 ranging from 52.5 to 75 mole % Y2O3. The rhombohedral phase oxidized to a second rhombohedral phase with a nominal composition (U,Y), at temperatures below 1000°C. This phase transformed to a face-centered cubic phase after heating in air above 1000° C. The solubility of UO, in the body-centered cubic phase is about 14 mole % between 1000° and 1700°C but decreases to zero as the uranium approaches the hexavalent oxidation state. The solubility of Yz03 in the face-centered cubic solid solution ranges from 0 to 50 mole % Y2O3 under reducing conditions and from 33 to 60 mole % Y2O3 under oxidizing conditions at 1000°C. At temperatures above 1000° C, the face-centered cubic solid solution is limited by a filled fluorite lattice of composition (U,Y)O2. For low-yttria content, oxidation at low temperatures (<300°C) permits additional oxygen to be retained in the structure to a composition approaching (U,Y)O2.25 A tentative ternary phase diagram for the system UO2-UO3-Y2O3 is presented and the change in lattice parameter and in cell volume for the solid-solution phases is correlated with the composition.
High dynamic range high sensitivity FBG interrogation

We present a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogation method using a micro-controller board and optical filter that achieves high strain sensitivity and high dynamic range. This interrogation method allows high sensitivity detection of ultrasonic waves superimposed on low-frequency (on the order of 100Hz) vibrations of arbitrary magnitude. One possible application is in-situ structural health monitoring of windmill blades exposed to strong winds by using FBG sensors for detection of ultrasonic waves. Interrogator operation is based on the edge filtering method using a broadband source, fiber Fabry-Perot filter and a micro-controller board which acts as a control feedback loop that locks the filter wavelength to the mid-reflection point on the FBG spectrum. Wavelength locking method allows high sensitivity for edge filtering of high-frequency waves, while the feedback signal is the measurement of low-frequency vibration with high dynamic range. The concept of the interrogator operation and different implementations are described and discussed with experimental results.
Production and prevention of frenching of tobacco grown in the greenhouse

The induction and elimination of frenching capacity in soils was studied in the greenhouse. It was found possible to induce this physiological disease in tobacco plants grown in normal soils following partial steam sterilization. High counts ofBacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland, the assumed causal agent, also resulted. Lime was added to soil neutrality, together with high dicalcium phosphate and a moderate quantity of cellulose. Growing plants with bottom heat (35°C) was of great aid in shortening duration of tests. Use of a method of successive plantings progressively depleted the soil of nitrogen and was necessary to obtain uniform and reproduceable results. Results with fertilizer ingredients were inconclusive except that low soil nitrogen, low acidity and high phosphate tended to increase frenching. Nitrogen deficiency and frenching symptoms were distinctly different and appeared independently of each other. The converse experiments at three levels of soil acidity and four of potassium nitrate gave coordinating results. Acidity and abundant nitrate diminished or prevented frenching of the plants, without however eliminating frenching capacity of the soil.
Using resources across educational digital libraries

This article reports on analyses of usage and design activities by users of the Instructional Architect (IA), an end-user authoring tool designed to support easy access to and use of NSDL and online resources in creating instructional materials. This analysis provides a unique window for understanding how users use resources from multiple digital libraries, and the related issues of resource granularity and context dependence. Analyses suggest that active use and design with online resources is relegated to 'early adopters'. These users designed significantly more instructional projects with more content and more online resources than less-active users. Users in general appeared to value digital library resources, and at a smaller granularity than cataloged.
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of primary aldosteronism in pregnancy: a case report.

Background Aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas are rare, especially during pregnancy. We report a patient who presented in the early second trimester, was diagnosed with primary aldosteronism, and was treated successfully by adrenalectomy. Case A 17-year-old black nulliparous woman was found to have a blood pressure (BP) of 150/82 mmHg when she registered for prenatal care at 14 weeks' gestation. Initial laboratory assessment revealed a markedly diminished serum potassium level of 2.1 mmol/L. Further laboratory evaluation detected decreased random plasma renin activity and an elevated aldosterone level. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 2-cm right adrenal lesion. She was diagnosed with an adrenal adenoma and successfully underwent an adrenalectomy at 17 weeks' gestation. Postoperatively, her BP and serum potassium level normalized. She spontaneously delivered a normal male infant at term. Conclusion Although primary hyperaldosteronism is a rare clinical entity, it must be considered when hypertension and hypokalemia are present concurrently. Antepartum medical management can be difficult, often resulting in poor obstetric outcome. Surgery in the second trimester is an effective option.
Patient-specific motion artifacts in 4DCT

Purpose: Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) has enhanced images of the thorax and upper abdomen during respiration, but intraphase residual motion artifacts will persist in cine-mode scanning. In this study, the source and magnitude of projection artifacts due to intraphase target motion is investigated. Methods: A theoretical model of geometric uncertainty due to partial projection artifacts in cine-mode 4DCT was derived based on ideal periodic motion. Predicted artifacts were compared to measured errors with a rigid lung phantom attached to a programmable motion platform. Ideal periodic motion and actual patient breathing patterns were used as input for phantom motion. Reconstructed target dimensions were measured along the direction of motion and compared to the actual, known dimensions. Results: Artifacts due to intraphase residual motion in cine-mode 4DCT range from a few mm up to a few cm on a given scanner, and can be predicted based on target motion and CT gantry rotation time. Errors in ITV and GTV dimensions were accurately characterized by the theoretical uncertainty at all phases when sinusoidal motion was considered, and in 96% of 300 measurements when patient breathing patterns were used as motion input. When peak-to-peak motion of 1.5 cm is combined with a breathing period of 4 s and gantry rotation time of 1 s, errors due to partial projection artifacts can be greater than 1 cm near midventilation and are a few mm in the inhale and exhale phases. Incorporation of such uncertainty into margin design should be considered in addition to other uncertainties. Conclusions: Artifacts due to intraphase residual motion exist in 4DCT, even for ideal breathing motions (e.g., sine waves). It was determined that these motion artifacts depend on patient-specific tumor motion and CT gantry rotation speed. Thus, if the patient-specific motion parameters are known (i.e., amplitude and period), a patient-specific margin can and should be designed to compensate for this uncertainty.
The mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP) alpha subunit closely resembles chain 1 of the cat allergen Fel dI.

Androgen-binding protein (ABP) is found in the salivas of a wide variety of rodents and it has been proposed that ABP functions in sex and/or subspecies recognition (Karn and Dlouhy,J. Hered. 82, 453, 1991). This is a report of significant identity between the alpha subunit of mouse salivary ABP and Chain 1 of cat allergen Fel dI (50% identity), as well as with two other proteins that share identity with Chain 1 of Fel dI, rabbit uteroglobin (27% identity with ABP alpha) and human lung Clara 10 (27% identity with ABP alpha). The secondary structure predicted for the mouse ABP alpha subunit is a very good fit with the secondary structure determined by X-ray crystallography for rabbit uteroglobin, a protein that shares with mouse ABP the capability of binding steroid. Fel dI is found in cat saliva, sebaceous glands, and pelt. Its function is not known but it has been proposed to be involved in protecting dry epithelia, a parallel to uteroglobin protecting wet epithelia. Since mice, like cats, lick themselves and each other extensively, coating their pelts with ABP may be part of this or another biological function.
Myocardial High-Energy Phosphate and Substrate Metabolism in Swine With Moderate Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Background Although left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is frequently associated with impaired coronary vasodilator reserve, it is uncertain whether this leads to myocardial ischemia under physiological conditions. The goal of the present study was to determine whether swine with moderate LVH exhibit metabolic evidence of ischemia when myocardial oxygen requirements are increased. Methods and Results Myocardial metabolism was evaluated in an open-chest anesthetized preparation at baseline and during dobutamine infusion in 13 adolescent pigs with moderate LVH induced by supravalvular aortic banding and 12 age-matched control pigs. Transmural myocardial blood flow was quantified with radioactive microspheres; the ratio of phosphocreatine to ATP (PCr/ATP) in the anterior LV free wall was measured by 31P–nuclear magnetic resonance; and anterior wall lactate release was quantified from the arterial-coronary venous difference in 14C- or 13C-labeled lactate. In a subset of 5 animals from each group, the metabolic...
The Structure and Function of Epidermal Lipids

— This review article examines current knowledge of the structure and function of epidermal lipids in human and veterinary dermatology. Dynamic transformations in lipid composition and structure occur as cells migrate through the epidermis. The lipids which are formed have a direct effect on epidermal functions. Ceramides appear to be the most important lipid component for lamellar arrangement in the stratum corneum and barrier protection. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the epidermis are also important because they are incorporated into the ceramides. Additionally, arachidonic acid is bound to the phospholipid portion of cell membranes and is the most important precursor of endogenous eicosanoids. The eicosanoids are vital for epidermal homeostasis and play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses when produced in abnormal quantities. In addition to barrier protection, other vital epidermal functions associated with the lipids include stratum corneum water-holding, cohesion and desquamation of corneocytes, and control of epidermal proliferation and differentiation.
Instructional case: Rock Star Promotions, Inc.

Abstract Rock Star Promotions, Inc. is an instructional case that incorporates both auditing and legal concepts. The objectives are five-fold. The first objective is to raise the issue of client acceptance procedures. The second objective is to examine the effect of special engagements on the assessment of audit risk under GAAS. The third objective is to expose students to the difficulties associated with the concept of independence in a real-world situation. The fourth objective is to examine the evidence gathering process and evaluate the persuasiveness of alternative types of evidence. Finally, the fifth objective is to increase student awareness and knowledge of the issues surrounding the current “litigation crisis” and the related legal liability for auditors. This case summary is based on the fact situation in the case of Hagen Sign Corp. v. KDI Corp. (In re KDI Corp.), 2 B.R. 503 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1980). Overall, the facts presented in this case represent original litigation filed against a CPA firm and are used to illustrate the complex operating environment faced by the audit profession.
Determinants of the magnitude of willingness to accept relative to willingness to pay

In this paper we test two hypotheses that stem from the work of Mellers, Chang, Birnbaum and Ordonez (1992). The first hypothesis is that in a binary gamble, the ratio of WTA to WTP is decreasing in the probability attached to a nonzero event. The second hypothesis is that this ratio is independent of the size of stakes. We find support for the first hypothesis, but mixed support for the second. The second hypothesis holds in the case of gains, but not in the case of losses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of the hard X-ray pulse in the flare of September 11–12, 1968

Hard X-ray pulse identification with formation of brilliant kernel /11-12 September 1968/ flare by comparision with optical data
Sorption of Pyridine to Suspended Soil Particles Studied by Deuterium Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Spin-lattice relaxation times (T 1 ) and chemical shifts (δ) of perdeuterated pyridine (a, β, γ deuterium of d 5 -pyridine) in aqueous solution (e.g., water, 0.001 M benzoic acid and phenol) are found to decrease with increasing pH values. This is because the concentration distribution of the two pyridine species, protonated and unprotonated, varies with solution pH. The T 1 values of γ are lower than a and β deuterium in water and methanol compared with n-hexane, indicating more anisotropic molecular movements of pyridine resulting from interactions between amine and the polar solvent. Spin-spin relaxation times (T 2 ) and δ of d 5 -pyridine in aqueous suspensions of water-dispersible clay (WDC) soil components are highly pH dependent. The lowest T 2 and the most downfield-shifted δ compared with aqueous solution show that the strongest sorption occurs at the weak acidic condition (pH 6). The downfield shifts of δ observed in WDC suspensions are directly caused by the increased mole ratio of protonated pyridine through sorption. However, no significant changes in δ are observed for organic free minerals (H 2 O 2 -treated WDCs and a standard clay mineral) compared with aqueous solution, indicating interactions with mineral surfaces are negligible in pyridine sorption. A sorption mechanism of cation exchange between protonated pyridine and charged sites of soil organic matter (SOM) is inferred based on the measured δ values.
Performance evaluation of TCP connections in ideal and non-ideal network environments

In this paper, we study the performance of TCP in both ideal and non-ideal network environments. For the ideal environments, we develop a simple analytical model for the throughput and transfer time of TCP as a function of the file size and TCP parameters. Our simulation measurements demonstrate that this model can accurately predict the throughput for ideal TCP connections characterized by no packet loss due to congestion or bit errors. If these ideal conditions are not met, the model gives an upper bound for throughput and lower bound for transfer time. For the non-ideal environments, we concentrate on wireless links. While our ideal model provides an easy to use tool to calculate bounds on the performance of all TCP implementations in such environments, we also show through simulation the relative performance of four well-known TCP implementations. We also present simulation results that demonstrate the dominant factors affecting the performance of wireless TCP.
An APL program for the distribution of energy deposition by charged particles passing through thin absorbers

An APL program which numerically evaluates the probability density function (PDF) for the energy deposited in a thin absorber by a charged particle is proposed, with application to the construction, pointing, and control of spacecraft. With this program, the PDF of the restricted energy loss distribution of Watts (1973) is derived, and Vavilov's (1957) distribution is obtained by proper parameter selection. The method is demonstrated with the example of the effect of charged particle induced radiation on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) pointing accuracy. A Monte Carlo study simulates the photon noise caused by charged particles passing through the photomultiplier tube window, and the stochastic variation of energy loss is introduced into the simulation by generating random energy losses from a power law distribution. The program eliminates annoying loop procedures, and model parameter sensitivity can be studied using the graphical output.
Bulk viscosity of hot neutron-star matter and the maximum rotation rates of neutron stars

The bulk viscosity of neutron-star matter, arising from the time lag in achieving beta equilibrium as the density is changed, is calculated. In the model used in standard cooling calculations, it is found, for the case of normal neutron matter, that the bulk viscosity goes as the sixth power of the temperature (as compared with a ${T}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ dependence for the shear viscosity), and that at temperatures above ${10}^{9}$ K the bulk viscosity may dominate the dissipation term which regulates the gravitational-wave instability of rapidly rotating neutron stars. This raises the possibility that in the first years of a neutron-star's life the star could become unstable as the bulk viscosity decreases through cooling, with potentially observable consequences.
Predicting green hotel behavioral intentions using a theory of environmental commitment and sacrifice for the environment

Abstract This study developed a comprehensive model of consumers’ behavioral decisions for or against staying at green hotels by employing environmental values in combination with interdependence theory and the commitment model. We examined the interplay between consumers’ biospheric values, their willingness to sacrifice for the environment, and their behavioral intentions in the context of green hotels. Results from 375 completed responses to a survey instrument revealed that biospheric values influenced consumers’ willingness to sacrifice for the environment, which in turn affected their green hotel visit intentions, their willingness to sacrifice to stay at a green hotel, and their willingness to pay more to stay at a green hotel. Moreover, consumers’ willingness to sacrifice for the environment fully mediated the relationship between biospheric values and green hotel-specific behavioral intentions.