cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small financial incentives increase smoking cessation in homeless smokers: A pilot study

Although over 70% of homeless individuals smoke, few studies have examined the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in this vulnerable population. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the effectiveness of shelter-based smoking cessation clinic usual care (UC) to an adjunctive contingency management (CM) treatment that offered UC plus small financial incentives for smoking abstinence. Sixty-eight homeless individuals in Dallas, Texas (recruited in 2012) were assigned to UC (n=58) or UC plus financial incentives (CM; n=10) groups and were followed for 5 consecutive weeks (1 week pre-quit through 4 weeks post-quit). A generalized linear mixed model regression analysis was conducted to compare biochemically-verified abstinence rates between groups. An additional model examined the interaction between time and treatment group. The participants were primarily male (61.8%) and African American (58.8%), and were 49 years of age on average. There was a significant effect of treatment group on abstinence overall, and effects varied over time. Follow-up logistic regression analyses indicated that CM participants were significantly more likely than UC participants to be abstinent on the quit date (50% vs. 19% abstinent) and at 4 weeks post-quit (30% vs. 1.7% abstinent). Offering small financial incentives for smoking abstinence may be an effective way to facilitate smoking cessation in homeless individuals.
Toward real-time continuous brain glucose and oxygen monitoring with a smart catheter

Abstract Oxygen and glucose biosensors have been designed, fabricated, characterized and optimized for real-time continuous monitoring on a new smart catheter for use in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Oxygen sensors with three-electrode configuration were designed to achieve zero net oxygen consumption. Glucose sensors were based on the use of platinum nanoparticle-enhanced electrodes that were modified with polycation and glucose oxidase immobilized by chitosan matrix. An iridium oxide electrode was developed to work as a biocompatible reference electrode with enhanced durability and stability in the biological solutions. A study of the effect of temperature on oxygen sensor performance, and both temperature and oxygen effects on glucose sensor performance were accomplished to enhance their operative stability and provide useful information for in vivo applications. A new methodology for automatic correction of the temperature and oxygen dependence of biosensor outputs is demonstrated through programmed LabView™ software. In vitro experiments in both physiological and pathophysiological ranges (oxygen: 0–60 mmHg; glucose: 0.1–10 mM; temperature: 25–40 °C) with clinical samples of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from TBI patients have demonstrated stable measurements with enhanced accuracy, indicating the feasibility of the sensors for a real-time continuous in vivo monitoring.
The regulatory influence of galarmin on the level and activity of rat tissue metalloproteins after doxorubicin-induced nephro- and cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DR) is a potential antineoplastic drug that is used for therapy of different types of malignant tumors (leukemia, lymphoma, mammary tumor, lung, ovarian, pancreatic tumor etc.). However, the long-term use of DR leads to irreversible cardiomyopathy and nephropathy due to DR-induced formation of free oxygen radicals that disturb the functionality of the mitochondria, membranes, and nuclei of cells. The mechanisms of DR-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with changes in the activity of antioxidant metalloproteins (Cu, Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and catalase) and prooxidant metalloproteins (acidic isoforms of cytochrome (cyt) b558 and cyt C) in heart and kidney cells are not clear. Here we tried to evaluate these biochemical factors.
Acoustics and Properties of the Ocean

Acoustic techniques are being used to determine properties of the ocean for scientific and engineering applications. This paper reports on existing concepts and problems in the application of acoustics to oceanic chemistry, geology, biology, and dynamics which can be treated in the next decade. By using different regions of the acoustic spectrum and different acoustic path configurations, information may be obtained concerning such topics as climate and weather, fisheries, ocean pollution, bathymetry, and currents. These subjects were discussed in the recent NOAA workshop on Ocean Acoustic Remote sensing (Seattle, January 1980).
TinyOS: An Open Operating System for Wireless Sensor Networks (Invited Seminar)

Moore's law has led to a new class of computing device, wireless sensor networks. Made up of many nodes, most of which have very limited energy and resources, sensor networks have the potential to transform a wide range of fields, such as structural health monitoring, resource management, scientific research, and public health. This different application pull, combined with extreme power limitations, leads a sensor node operating system to take very different approaches than traditional computing classes.
A primitive equation, solar driven, perturbation model of the thermospheres of mars and venus

Abstract A primitive equation, solar driven, thermospheric model is derived which has applications to the neutral gas components on Mars and Venus. The full effects of molecular viscosity and thermal conductivity are included, necessitating the development of a combined analytic and numerical solution technique. The model is applied to Venus in order to understand how thermospheric rotation, if present, would affect the dynamics. Results indicate that rotation periods of eight days or less should be observable. Application of the model to Mars indicates that the perturbation solar heating and the atmospheric response have primarily a diurnal component for which typical temperature and zonal wind maximum amplitudes are 20 K and 30 m/sec respectively. Because of uncertainty in the solar heating efficiency, calculations were made varying this parameter by an order of magnitude. The results imply that the response due to solar forcing alone is probably too small to account for observed concentrations of the m...
Race-free state assignments using bipartite graphs

The authors present a race-free state assignment algorithm which maps a bipartite adjacency diagram (BAT) to an n-cube. With the bipartite representation table (BRT) for an n-cube, the problem of embedding of a BAT in an n-cube is equivalent to that of matching the patterns of the BAT and the BRT. Based on the special characteristics of the BAT, several matching rules are presented to solve the problem. Experimental results have shown that the algorithm is better than existing algorithms in terms of compute time, particularly for encoding states of large asynchronous sequential logic circuits. >
Antireflux Surgery in Patients With Chronic Cough and Abnormal Proximal Exposure as Measured by Hypopharyngeal Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance

Importance Chronic cough is a laryngeal symptom that can be caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease; however, treatment outcome has been difficult to predict because of the lack of an objective testing modality that accurately detects reflux-related cough. Objective To define the patterns of reflux and assess the outcome of antireflux surgery (ARS) in patients with chronic cough who were selected using hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance (HMII). Design Review of prospectively collected data. Setting Tertiary care university hospital. Participants Patients with chronic cough, which was defined as persistent cough (≥8 weeks) of unknown cause. Interventions Hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance with a specialized catheter to detect laryngopharyngeal reflux and high-esophageal reflux (reflux 2 cm distal to the upper esophageal sphincter) and ARS. Main Outcomes and Measures Abnormal proximal exposure was defined as laryngopharyngeal reflux occurring 1 or more times per day and/or high-esophageal reflux occurring 5 or more times per day. The outcomes of ARS included symptomatic improvement. Results From October 2009 to June 2011, a total of 314 symptomatic patients underwent HMII. Of this population, 49 patients (15 men, 34 women; median age, 57 years) were identified as having chronic cough. Of the 49 participants, 23 of 44 patients (52%) had objective findings of gastroesophageal reflux disease, such as esophagitis. Abnormal proximal exposure was discovered in 36 of the 49 patients (73%). Of 16 patients with abnormal proximal exposure who subsequently underwent ARS, 13 patients (81%) had resolution of cough and 3 patients (19%) had significant improvement at a median follow-up of 4.6 months (range, 0.5-13 months). Conclusions and Relevance A highly selective group of patients with idiopathic chronic cough may have abnormal proximal exposure to gastroesophageal reflux documented by HMII that would have not been detected with conventional pH testing. Thus, HMII is likely to improve the sensitivity of laryngopharyngeal reflux diagnosis and better elucidate those who will respond to antireflux surgery.
Autocratic breakdown and regime transitions: A new data set

When the leader of an autocratic regime loses power, one of three things happens. The incumbent leadership group is replaced by democratically elected leaders. Someone from the incumbent leadership group replaces him, and the regime persists. Or the incumbent leadership group loses control to a different group that replaces it with a new autocracy. Much scholarship exists on the first kind of transition, but little on transitions from one autocracy to another, though they make up about half of all regime changes. We introduce a new data set that facilitates the investigation of all three kinds of transition. It provides transition information for the 280 autocratic regimes in existence from 1946 to 2010. The data identify how regimes exit power, how much violence occurs during transitions, and whether the regimes that precede and succeed them are autocratic. We explain the data set and show how it differs from currently available data. The new data identify autocratic regime breakdowns regardless of whether the country democratizes, which makes possible the investigation of why the ouster of dictators sometimes leads to democracy but often does not, and many other questions. We present a number of examples to highlight how the new data can be used to explore questions about why dictators start wars and why autocratic breakdown sometimes results in the establishment of a new autocratic regime rather than democratization. We discuss the implications of these findings for the Arab Spring.
A Characterization of Power Method Transformations through L-Moments

Power method polynomial transformations are commonly used for simulating continuous nonnormal distributions with specified moments. However, conventional moment-based estimators can (a) be substantially biased, (b) have high variance, or (c) be influenced by outliers. In view of these concerns, a characterization of power method transformations by L-moments is introduced. Specifically, systems of equations are derived for determining coefficients for specified L-moment ratios, which are associated with standard normal and standard logistic-based polynomials of order five and three. Boundaries for L-moment ratios are also derived, and closed-formed formulae are provided for determining if a power method distribution has a valid probability density function. It is demonstrated that L-moment estimators are nearly unbiased and have relatively small variance in the context of the power method. Examples of fitting power method distributions to theoretical and empirical distributions based on the method of L-moments are also provided.
A sub 2W low power IA processor for Mobile Internet Devices in 45nm Hi-K metal gate CMOS

This presentation describes a low power Intel Architecture (IA) processor specifically designed for Mobile Internet Devices. The design relies on high residency in a new low-power state in order to keep average power and idle power below 220 and 80 mW, respectively. The design consists of an in-order pipeline capable of issuing 2 instructions per cycle supporting 2 threads, 32KB instruction and 24KB data L1 caches, independent integer and floating point execution units, ×86 front end execution unit, a 512KB L2 cache with in-line ECC and a 533 MT/s dual-mode (GTL and CMOS) front-side-bus. The design contains 47 million transistors in a die size under 25 mm2 manufactured in a 9-metal 45nm CMOS process with optimized transistors for low leakage. Several circuit techniques to reduce dynamic and leakage power will be presented. Maximum thermal design power consumption is measured at 2W at 1.0V, 90C using a synthetic power-virus test at a frequency of 1.86GHz.
Redundancy Gain or Cost? Performance Effects of Redundantly-encoded Tactile Displays in Multitask Scenarios

Redundant displays, those that display the same message via multiple sensory channels, are widely accepted as beneficial based on the idea that redundancy offers the potential to effectively distribute processing resources and thus avoid the overload of a high-demand processing channel. While some studies have found performance gains with use of redundant displays, others have shown performance costs. This study investigated whether redundancy in a “multi-code” display – which allows message decoding by engaging either spatial or nonspatial processing resources – would produce redundancy gains or costs under varied concurrent task processing requirements. Results showed dual-task performance was worse when tasks required the same processing code. Redundantly-encoded signals displayed promise for reducing processing interference, a performance gain, but may also negatively affect performance due to a higher overall processing load. The findings illustrate the effects of processing code redundancy on multitasking performance and add to the body of knowledge in information processing.
Toxicity of allyl alcohol in primary cultures of freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes maintained on hydrated collagen gels

The toxicity of allyl alcohol was compared in freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes that were either placed in suspension or maintained on hydrated collagen gels in a sandwich configuration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the two types of cells displayed the same sensitivity to allyl alcohol when maintained in vitro over relatively prolonged periods of time. The important differentiated functions of urea synthesis, secretion of albumin, and metabolism of ethoxycoumarin, a model drug substrate, were used as end points of toxicity. Cryopreserved hepatocytes incubated in physiological buffer shortly after removal from liquid nitrogen were more sensitive to allyl alcohol than freshly isolated hepatocytes. In contrast, cryopreserved and freshly isolated hepatocytes maintained on hydrated collagen gels responded identically to allyl alcohol. Thus, the increased sensitivity of cryopreserved hepatocytes in suspension to allyl alcohol is a transient phenomenon that disappears after the cells have been allowed to recover on hydrated collagen gels. Dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential by allyl alcohol, as indexed by rhodamine 123 fluorescence, was also the same in freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes maintained on hydrated collagen matrices. This loss of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by allyl alcohol preceded inhibition of albumin and urea biosynthesis. Collectively, the results indicate that cryopreserved cells maintained on hydrated collagen gels provide a useful system to define the actions of certain hepatotoxic agents over relatively prolonged periods of time in vitro.
Types of Alcohol Use Experience From Childhood Through Adolescence

Abstract Purpose There have been few reports of the development of alcohol involvement from childhood through adolescence. We examined the ages at which children first sipped or tasted alcohol, drank, had three or more drinks in a row, had five or more drinks in a row, were drunk, or had alcohol problems, to describe the types of drinking experience exhibited at each age from 8.5 through 18.0 years. Sipping and three or more drinks per occasion have been understudied to date. Methods We collected 14 waves of longitudinal data from 452 children aged 8 or 10 years, randomly sampled from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Ages of initiating each alcohol use behavior were determined, and the data were coded to reflect the child's status on each behavior at each age. We determined types of alcohol use experience using latent class analyses. Results From age 8.5 to 12.5 years, there were two latent classes: abstainers and sippers. The percentage of sippers increased to 67% by age 12.5 years. From ages 13.0 to 18.0, we identified three latent classes: abstainers, sippers/light drinkers, and drinkers with drunkenness. At ages 13.5–15.5 years, drinkers in the latter class reported drunkenness with just three to four drinks per occasion. By age 18 years, sippers/light drinkers comprised 55% of the sample and drinkers with drunkenness comprised 38%. Conclusions Childhood experience with alcohol was surprisingly widespread. Sipping or tasting alcohol was common by age 12 years. A quarter of the sample drank before age 15 years. Experience of intoxication increased throughout adolescence, even among those who had ever consumed just three to four drinks on an occasion.
From Newsletter to Quarterly, 1973–1976

When Harry Wolcott requested that I submit a historical piece on what I refer to as the Formative Period of the Council on Anthropology and Education publications (I am assuming that we are now in the Classic Period), I must admit to a moment of bewilderment as to the best way to approach the task. Fortuitously, in the first issue that I published I wrote a little piece titled, "The CAE Newsletter 1970-1973: A Review of the Literature." I attempted to describe the editorial policy of the first editor, John Singleton, and to give a content analysis of the Newsletter to date. It occurred to me that a similar approach to the years 1973-1976 would be appropriate to the task at hand. As a student of culture change, I had come to the conclusion that the best way to achieve change in education was through small increments. Consequently, in the first year of my editorship I attempted to replicate the editorial policy and format of John Singleton. Furthermore, I was pretty much in agreement with John that the focus of the publication should be on anthropologists and educational researchers working together in areas of common interest. I wished to develop a format equally attractive to both. I did not want the publication to become too provincial in its perspective so as to attract the attention of anthropologists to the exclusion of educators. Consequently, the contents of the publication during my tenure were intended to provide something of interest for individuals within both groups. This policy presented some problems, since the manuscripts of educators often included little or no anthropology and some of the manuscripts by anthropologists were unrelated to education. I decided that the major source of manuscripts should be the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Two factors were instrumental in making this decision. The first was the lack of recognition of the CAE Newsletter as a legitimate source for publica-
Functional roles of TAP and tapasin in the assembly of M3-N-formylated peptide complexes

H2-M3 is a MHC class Ib molecule with a high propensity to bind N -formylated peptides. Due to the paucity of endogenous Ag, the majority of M3 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Upon addition of exogenous N -formylated peptides, M3 trafficks rapidly to the cell surface. To understand the mechanism underlying Ag presentation by M3, we examined the role of molecular chaperones in M3 assembly, particularly TAP and tapasin. M3-specific CTLs fail to recognize cells isolated from both TAP-deficient (TAP o ) and tapasin-deficient mice, suggesting that TAP and tapasin are required for M3-restricted Ag presentation. Impaired M3 expression in TAP o mice is due to instability of the intracellular pool of M3. Addition of N -formylated peptides to TAP o cells stabilizes M3 in the ER and partially restores surface expression. Surprisingly, significant amounts of M3 are retained in the ER in tapasin-deficient mice, even in the presence of N -formylated peptides. Our results define the role of TAP and tapasin in the assembly of M3-peptide complexes. TAP is essential for stabilization of M3 in the ER, whereas tapasin is critical for loading of N -formylated peptides onto the intracellular pool of M3. However, neither TAP nor tapasin is required for ER retention of empty M3.
Hypnosis for hot flashes among postmenopausal women study: A study protocol of an ongoing randomized clinical trial

Hot flashes are a highly prevalent problem associated with menopause and breast cancer treatments. The recent findings from the Women's Health Initiative have important implications for the significance of a non-hormonal, mind-body intervention for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors. Women who take hormone therapy long-term may have a 1.2 to 2.0 fold increased risk of developing breast cancer. In addition, it is now known that hormone therapy with estrogen and progestin is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Currently there are limited options to hormone replacement therapy as non-hormonal pharmacological agents are associated with only modest activity and many adverse side effects. Because of this there is a need for more alternative, non-hormonal therapies. Hypnosis is a mind-body intervention that has been shown to reduce self-reported hot flashes by up to 68% among breast cancer survivors, however, the use of hypnosis for hot flashes among post-menopausal women has not been adequately explored and the efficacy of hypnosis in reducing physiologically measured hot flashes has not yet been determined. A sample of 180 post-menopausal women will be randomly assigned to either a 5-session Hypnosis Intervention or 5-session structured-attention control with 12 week follow-up. The present study will compare hypnosis to a structured-attention control in reducing hot flashes (perceived and physiologically monitored) in post-menopausal women in a randomized clinical trial. Outcomes will be hot flashes (self-report daily diaries; physiological monitoring; Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); anxiety visual analog scale (VAS rating); depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), sexual functioning (Sexual Activity Questionnaire), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and cortisol. This study will be the first full scale test of hypnosis for hot flashes; one of the first studies to examine both perceived impact and physiologically measured impact of a mind-body intervention for hot flashes using state-of-the-art 24 hour ambulatory physiological monitoring; the first study to examine the effect of hypnosis for hot flashes on cortisol; and the first investigation of the role of cognitive expectancies in treatment of hot flashes in comparison to a Structured-Attention Control. This clinical trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, a service of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01293695 .
Temporal slicing in the evaluation of XML queries

As with relational data, XML data changes over time with the creation, modification, and deletion of XML documents. Expressing queries on time-varying (relational or XML) data is more difficult than writing queries on nontemporal data. In this paper, we present a temporal XML query language, τXQuery, in which we add valid time support to XQuery by minimally extending the syntax and semantics of XQuery. We adopt a stratum approach which maps a τXQuery query to a conventional XQuery. The paper focuses on how to perform this mapping, in particular, on mapping sequenced queries, which are by far the most challenging. The critical issue of supporting sequenced queries (in any query language) is time-slicing the input data while retaining period timestamping. Timestamps are distributed throughout an XML document, rather than uniformly in tuples, complicating the temporal slicing while also providing opportunities for optimization. We propose four optimizations of our initial maximally-fragmented time-slicing approach: selected node slicing, copy-based per-expression slicing, in-place per-expression slicing, and idiomatic slicing, each of which reduces the number of constant periods over which the query is evaluated. While performance tradeoffs clearly depend on the underlying XQuery engine, we argue that there are queries that favor each of the five approaches.
Innovation in the Spanish food & drink industry

This article examines the innovative performance of the Spanish Food & Drink Industry (F&DI). Results highlight the ‘evolutionary’ rather than ‘revolutionary’ nature of innovation activities in the Spanish F&DI. However, the adoption of ‘defensive/imitative’ strategies by Spanish F&D manufacturers raises important questions given the current manufacturer-retailer relationship with an increasing emphasis on innovation by food retailers when accepting/rejecting new products. The paper stresses the importance of in-house technological capabilities in innovation performance with a higher probability for Spanish F&D firms to be ‘truly’ innovative the higher their technological autonomy level.
APPLIED NONPARAMETRIC INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES ESTIMATION

Instrumental variables are widely used in applied econometrics to achieve identification and carry out estimation and inference in models that contain endogenous explanatory variables. In most applications, the function of interest (e.g., an Engel curve or demand function) is assumed to be known up to finitely many parameters (e.g., a linear model), and instrumental variables are used identify and estimate these parameters. However, linear and other finite-dimensional parametric models make strong assumptions about the population being modeled that are rarely if ever justified by economic theory or other a priori reasoning and can lead to seriously erroneous conclusions if they are incorrect. This paper explores what can be learned when the function of interest is identified through an instrumental variable but is not assumed to be known up to finitely many parameters. The paper explains the differences between parametric and nonparametric estimators that are important for applied research, describes an easily implemented nonparametric instrumental variables estimator, and presents empirical examples in which nonparametric methods lead to substantive conclusions that are quite different from those obtained using standard, parametric estimators.
Heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of Earth's climate system

The equilibrium sensitivity of Earth's climate is determined as the quotient of the relaxation time constant of the system and the pertinent global heat capacity. The heat capacity of the global ocean, obtained from regression of ocean heat content vs. global mean surface temperature, GMST, is 14 ± 6 W yr m -2 K -1 , equivalent to 110 m of ocean water; other sinks raise the effective planetary heat capacity to 17 ± 7 W yr m -2 K -1 (all uncertainties are 1-sigma estimates). The time constant pertinent to changes in GMST is determined from autocorrelation of that quantity over 1880-2004 to be 5 ± 1 yr. The resultant equilibrium climate sensitivity, 0.30 ± 0.14K/(W m -2 ), corresponds to an equilibrium temperature increase for doubled CO2 of 1.1 ± 0.5 K. The short time constant implies that GMST is in near equilibrium with applied forcings and hence that net climate forcing over the twentieth century can be obtained from the observed temperature increase over this period, 0.57 ± 0.08 K, as 1.9 ± 0.9 W m -2 . For this forcing considered the sum of radiative forcing by incremental greenhouse gases, 2.2 ± 0.3 W m -2 , and other forcings, other forcing agents, mainly incremental tropospheric aerosols, are inferred to have exerted only a slight forcing over the twentieth century of -0.3 ± 1.0 W m -2 .
Multipoint inverse airfoil design method based on conformal mapping

An exact method of multipoint inverse airfoil design for incompressible flow is presented. Multipoint design is handled by dividing the airfoil into a number of desired segments. For each segment the velocity distribution is prescribed together with an angle of attack at which the prescribed velocity distribution is to be achieved. In this manner, multipoint design objectives can be taken into account in the initial specification of the velocity distribution. In order for the multipoint inverse airfoil design problem to be well posed, three integral constraints and several conditions arise which must be satisfied. Further restrictions are imposed if the airfoil is to have a specified pitching moment, thickness ratio, or other constraints. The system of equations is solved partly as a linear system and partly through multidimensional Newton iteration. Since the velocity distribution is prescribed about the circle in the angular coordinate, specification of the velocity in terms of arc length is handled through the multidimensional Newton iteration as well. The current formulation sets the stage for a more general multipoint inverse airfoil design method in which it will be possible to specify the velocity distribution, some boundary-layer development, or the surface geometry along a segment.
Role Differentiation and Style PReferences

(1966). Role Differentiation and Style PReferences. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 59-68.
Norepinephrine and dopamine in the developing chick brain

Appearance, concentration, and distribution of catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine) in embryonic and postnatal chick brain regions were studied. The highest amount of DA was found in cerebral hemispheres and increased gradually to adult levels, whereas in other parts of the brain the concentrations of DA fluctuated during the post-hatch period. The remainder contained the largest amount of NE, whereas the cerebral hemispheres contained relatively small amounts of NE. Relatively high amounts of NE were found in the cerebellum. A single dose of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) injected into the 3-day-old embryo had no significant effect upon the levels of DA and NE either in the embryonic stages or in the postnatal period. In the 7-day-old chick, combined treatment of JB-516 (catron) and L-DOPA (IP) induced about a 10-fold and 2-fold increase of the brain level of DA and NE respectively about 30 min after injection, and these levels decreased rather rapidly within 2 hr. A group of chicks injected with DOPA at the 3-day-old embryonic stage and a group injected with saline were exposed one month post-hatch to three visual discrimination tasks. There was no significant difference in the performance between these two groups.
Mapping Information Roadways From Sequence to Phenotype and Across Species

Expressing genetic concepts in ways that allow computerization of detailed genetic information and connectivitity with molecular biology databases is discussed. Interconnections between and among organismal and molecular databases are illustrated with examples from E. coli and maize databases on the World Wide Web connecting with GenBank, SwissProt, and other databases. Issues in development, maintenance, and widespread public use of such information are discussed.
Improved Resource Utilization With Similar Efficacy During Early Adoption of Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation as Compared to Radiofrequency Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an alternative to radiofrequency (RF) PVI for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Treatment effect, complication rates, and hospital length of stay are not well established with early use of cryoballoon PVI as compared to more experienced performance of RF PVI. Methods: We reviewed the early experience of cryoballoon PVIs for paroxysmal AF performed by 3 operators at our institution compared to their most recent RF PVIs. All repeat procedures were excluded. Patients were assessed for recurrence of AF at 6 months after the procedure, including a 3-month blanking period. Complications, procedure time, and hospital length of stay were recorded. Results: Final analysis included 50 cryoballoon PVIs and 50 RF PVIs. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics or percentage of patients wearing a home monitor (80% for cryoballoon vs 80% for RF). Symptomatic improvement was experienced by 96% of cryoballoon PVI as compared to 86% of RF PVI patients (p=0.08). Freedom from AF at 6 months was similar between the two groups (70% for cryoballoon and 70% for RF, p=1). Complications were seen in 6% of cryoballoon procedures as compared to 10% of RF procedures (p=0.46). Hospital length of stay was significantly shorter in the cryoballoon group (1.6 vs 3.4 nights, p=0.003). Conclusions: At the time of its adoption, cryoballoon PVI is associated with shorter procedure times and hospital length of stay as compared to RF PVI in experienced operators while maintaining similar efficacy outcomes and complication rates.
Photovoltaic-Integrated Electrochromic Device for Smart-Window Applications

Publisher Summary Three different, innovative approaches have been taken to develop photovoltaic (PV) integrated electrochromic (EC) devices for smart-window applications. These are a stand-alone, side-by-side PVpowered EC window, a monolithically integrated PV-EC device, and a novel photoelectrochromic device based on dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells. The compatibility of PV-EC devices has been analyzed and the potential for large energy savings for building applications has been suggested. The technical feasibility of various design options has been demonstrated. However, many technical barriers must be overcome before some of these technologies can find their way to the marketplace. An Electrochromic Smart Window (ESW) can offer unprecedented benefits to the end user and at the same time offer enormous energy savings. One of the benefits of the ESW in a building envelope is that by controlling the amount of light, it uses sunlight more effectively, and thereby reduces the lighting expense.
Some Effects of Photoperiod, Temperature, and Food on the Induction of Diapause in the Boll Weevil

Newly emerged adult Anthonomus grandis Boheman collected from squares during mid-June to mid-August, were subjected in groups of 40 to various combinations of food, temperature, and photoperiod. Exposure to each of these factors individually resulted in no evidence of diapause. However, certain combinations did result in diapause in studies where photoperiod, temperature, and food variations were interacted. Generally, the greatest incidence of diapause and fat content occurred in those groups subjected to a 10-hour, 80°F photoperiod, a 14-hour, 50°F dark phase, and fed squares or bolls. Diapause in males seemed to exceed that in females in all groups with a 10-hour photoperiod and a constant 80°F temperature. The occurrence of diapause increased in groups with an 80-50°F temperature combination. Less fat accumulation was observed in groups fed laboratory medium.
Significance of lactase deficit in ulcerative colitis.

Abstract Disaccharidase assays on biopsies of the small intestine from 32 male patients with ulcerative colitis revealed lactase deficiency in 46 per cent of them, a significantly higher incidence than in control patients. Flat blood sugar curves and diarrhea occurred with 100 Gm. lactose tolerance tests in the patients with low intestinal lactase values; normal curves and no diarrhea were the usual result with normal lactase. All 6 patients in the first year of symptoms had a lactase deficit. With repeated biopsies, lactase rose in 3 patients with clinical improvement and decreased in 2 in whom symptoms became worse. In double blind feeding trials with 50 or 100 Gm. of sugar daily in 18 patients, lactose did not increase symptoms more frequently than glucose. The occurrence of symptoms during the feeding of sugar was not influenced by the presence or absence of lactase deficit.
Study on absorption enhancers for orally administered insulin microspheres in vitro

AIM: To select the effective absorption enhancers applied to the orally administered insulin microspheres. METHODS: Reverted sac experiments were employed in vitro to select these absorption enhancers including deoxycholate sodium, azone, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and cephalin. In the experiment, the trypsin was used as a model drug and the ratio of trypsins activity in the outer and inner sac was used as the index to evaluate the efficiency. RESULTS: Three hours after the single administration of each absorption enhancer, the absorption rate of trypsin with the aid of the bile salt Ⅲ was the lowest (only 11.8%) and the deoxycholate sodium was the highest (59.7%). The compound administration of absorption enhancers, deoxycholate sodium plus azone plus cephalin had the absorption rate of 81.3%. CONCLUSION: Compound absorption enhancers are better than the single ones. The combination of deoxycholate sodium plus azone plus cephalin has the best result and can thus be used to the further animal experiment in vivo .
BRICS| Global Partners or International Spies? A Comparative Analysis of the Russian Media’s Coverage of the Law on “Foreign Agents”

This article analyzes how the four Russian media that cater to different Russian and global audiences—the newspaper Izvestiya , the satellite television channel Russia Today, the newspaper Kommersant , and the radio station Ekho Moskvy—covered the debate around the controversial law on “foreign agents” passed in Russia in the summer of 2012. The law and the media coverage it received exposed the clash between Russia’s desire for global integration and the type of nationalism that defines Russian national identity as incompatible with Western values. The findings demonstrate that, although different media offer different articulations of Russia’s national identity, the dominant articulation constructs the identity of Russia around the idea of a strong state that determines and manages the conditions of Russia’s global integration.
Entrepreneurial exit intentions and the business-family interface

Abstract Endeavors by entrepreneurs to manage the connections between business and family can manifest in many behaviors and decisions. Entrepreneurs may curtail their family life for their business or modify their business involvement for their family. The processes at this interface between business and family may affect the entrepreneur's intention to exit or persist in the business. In this study we aim to extend the literature on entrepreneurial exit by examining the linkages between the business and family domains. Applying work-family interface theory, we examine linkages between the family and business domains (e.g., business-to-family interference, business-to-family enrichment, family-to-business interference, and family-to-business enrichment) and how these processes affect male and female entrepreneurs' intentions to exit their current business. The data were obtained from the National Study of the Changing Workforce in the United States. We utilize a subsample of 388 married entrepreneurs who considered their business a full-time endeavor. We found support for the effects of business-to-family enrichment and the two interference variables on exit intentions. Further, we found that exit intentions were stronger for female than male entrepreneurs experiencing interference between the business and family. These findings held when controlling for the effect of business performance as perceived by the entrepreneur.
Tattoo image retrieval for region of interest

In this paper we present our submission to the NIST Tattoo Recognition Technology — Challenge (Tatt-C) that was held in early 2015. The goal of our work is to match a subregion of an tattoo image to another image. We introduce an image descriptor that combines SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transformation) and LSS (local self similarity). The SIFT descriptor uses the histogram of the pixel gradient and the LSS descriptor uses local similar color patterns. We introduce a weighted distance similarity metric for image retrieval. By using image similarity based on the combination of a sigmoid function and the distance between the image descriptors we improve image retrieval accuracy. Experiment results show that our method achieves good performance compared with several other methods.
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Removal of Unilateral Noninvasive Pheochromocytomas in 10 Dogs

Objective To report the surgical technique and outcome of dogs undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for removal of unilateral noninvasive pheochromocytoma. Study Design Retrospective case series. Animals Dogs with unilateral noninvasive adrenal tumors (n=10). Methods Medical records of dogs that underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for histologically confirmed pheochromocytoma were reviewed. Dogs were positioned in lateral recumbency with the table tilted up to create a semi-sternal position. Three or 4 ports were used and dissection of the mass proceeded using a combination of laparoscopic instrumentation, bipolar vessel-sealing devices, and in some cases monopolar electrosurgical probes. Conversion rate, complications, surgical time, hospitalization time, and long-term follow-up were recorded. Results The procedure was completed without the need for conversion in 9 of 10 dogs. In 1 dog, hemorrhage obscured the visual field and conversion to an open approach was elected. In 5 cases, a 3-port approach was used, and in 5 cases, a 4th port was placed. Median surgical time was 105 minutes (range, 65–250). Intraoperative complications included 1 splenic laceration. Postoperatively, 1 dog developed gastric dilatation-volvulus. All dogs were discharged from the hospital. Median follow-up time was 16.0 months (range, 6.9–38.0). Conclusion With careful case selection, laparoscopic adrenalectomy for resection of pheochromocytoma was feasible and could be performed efficiently by experienced laparoscopic surgeons.
Schrödinger's cat among the neurons

It is possible that discussion of the perennial mind-body problem has been vitiated by a misunderstanding, not of the philosophy or psychology involved, but of the physics? Michael Lockwood thinks so. 'In the preface to mind, Brain and the Quantum he writes' 'In reflecting on the relation of consciousness to the matter of the brain, philosophers have been apt to take matter for granted, assuming that it is mind rather than matter that is philosophicallly problematic.' However,(p178) 'quantum mechanics is not to be regarded as just another scientific theory... it demands a complete revolution in our way of looking at the world.' His thesis, then, is that a proper re-orientation of our view of the physical world in the light of quantum mechanics (or, more precisely, of his preferred view of the interpretation of the quantum formalism) will go at least a long way towards resolving the problem of the nature of 'mental' phenomena and processes.
In-season changes in heart rate recovery are inversely related to time to exhaustion but not aerobic capacity in rowers.

Purpose Determine if in-season changes in heart rate recovery (HRR) are related to aerobic fitness and performance in collegiate rowers. Methods 22 female collegiate rowers completed testing before and after their competitive season. Body fat percentage (BF%) was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and time to exhaustion (Tmax) were determined during maximal rowing ergometer testing followed by 1 minute of recovery. HRR was expressed absolutely and as a percentage of maximal HR (HRR%1min). Variables were compared using paired Wilcoxon tests. Multivariable regression models were used to predict in-season changes in HRR using changes in VO2max and Tmax, while accounting for changes in BF%. Results From pre-season to post-season, VO2max and BF% decreased (3.98±0.42 v 3.78±0.35 L/min, p=0.002 and 23.8±3.4 v 21.3± 3.9%, p 0.05). In-season changes in Tmax were related to changes in HRR%1min (β=-1.67, p=0.006). In-season changes in BF% were not related to changes in HRR (p>0.05 for all). Conclusion HRR1min and HRR%1min were faster pre-season to post-season, though the changes were unrelated to VO2max. Faster HRR%1min post-season was inversely related to changes in Tmax. This suggests that HRR should not be used as a measure of aerobic capacity in collegiate rowers, but is a promising measure of training status in this population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Extreme Quantum Advantage when Simulating Classical Systems with Long-Range Interaction

Classical stochastic processes can be generated by quantum simulators instead of the more standard classical ones, such as hidden Markov models. One reason for using quantum simulators has recently come to the fore: they generally require less memory than their classical counterparts. Here, we examine this quantum advantage for strongly coupled spin systems-in particular, the Dyson one-dimensional Ising spin chain with variable interaction length. We find that the advantage scales with both interaction range and temperature, growing without bound as interaction range increases. In particular, simulating Dyson's original spin chain with the most memory-efficient classical algorithm known requires infinite memory, while a quantum simulator requires only finite memory. Thus, quantum systems can very efficiently simulate strongly coupled one-dimensional classical spin systems.
The Chiricahua Gap and the Role of Easterly Water Vapor Transport in Southeastern Arizona Monsoon Precipitation

Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Arizona Office for Research and Discovery
Mangrove microclimates alter seedling dynamics at the range edge

Recent climate warming has led to asynchronous species migrations, with major consequences for ecosystems worldwide. In woody communities, localized microclimates have the potential to create feedback mechanisms that can alter the rate of species range shifts attributed to macroclimate drivers alone. Mangrove encroachment into saltmarsh in many areas is driven by a reduction in freeze events, and this encroachment can further modify local climate, but the subsequent impacts on mangrove seedling dynamics are unknown. We monitored microclimate conditions beneath mangrove canopies and adjacent open saltmarsh at a freeze-sensitive mangrove-saltmarsh ecotone and assessed survival of experimentally transplanted mangrove seedlings. Mangrove canopies buffered night time cooling during the winter, leading to interspecific differences in freeze damage on mangrove seedlings. However, mangrove canopies also altered biotic interactions. Herbivore damage was higher under canopies, leading to greater mangrove seedling mortality beneath canopies relative to saltmarsh. While warming-induced expansion of mangroves can lead to positive microclimate feedbacks, simultaneous fluctuations in biotic drivers can also alter seedling dynamics. Thus, climate change can drive divergent feedback mechanisms through both abiotic and biotic channels, highlighting the importance of vegetation-microclimate interactions as important moderators of climate driven range shifts.