cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring and Enhancing Microgrid Resiliency Against Cyber Threats

Recent cyber attacks on the power grid have been of increasing complexity and sophistication. In order to understand the impact of cyber-attacks on the power system resiliency, it is important to consider an holistic cyber-physical system specially with increasing industrial automation. In this study, device-level resilience properties of the various controllers and their impact on the microgrid resiliency is studied. In addition, a cyber-physical resiliency metric considering vulnerabilities, system model, and device-level properties is proposed. Resiliency is defined as the system ability to provide energy to critical loads even in extreme contingencies and depends on system ability to withstand, predict, and recover. A use case is presented inspired by the recent Ukraine cyber-attack. A use case has been presented to demonstrate application of the developed cyber-physical resiliency metric to enhance situational awareness of the operator, and enable better proactive or remedial control actions to improve resiliency.
Environmental Contexts of Vulnerable Populations: Implications for Nursing Practice, Research, and Education

Health disparities research has been identified as a priority by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR). Training nurse scholars in Vulnerable Populations (VP) research has been one strategy to address this issue. Involvement of university sponsored pre- and postdoctoral nurse fellows in groupdeveloped projects are coordinated to advance the science of VP. A group of pre- and postdoctoral nurse fellows report on research that illustrates environmentally-induced barriers to health care experienced by VP. Topics cover health disparities, VP research, and culturally appropriate approaches to enhance access and acceptability of quality health care. Five studies are presented that illustrate the interplay of biologic, social, economic, behavioral, environmental, and cultural influences in the health and healthcare of individuals, populations, and sub-groups. These studies have common factors as well as unique barriers requiring exploration for better understanding and culturally appropriate intervention. The studies drew upon the VP Conceptualization Framework (VPCF) to describe the unique barriers encountered. These barriers are of significant concern and have implications for nursing practice, research, and education. Key recommendations to address these barriers are provided.
Some Physical Characteristics of Nickel and Chromium Deposits and their Relation to Corrosion Resistance

As part of a continuing effort to improve the durability of decorative plated automobile parts, a deleterious type of chromium cracking and the changes in the microstructure of nickel brought about...
Green Practices with Reusable Drinkware at Music and Sporting Events: A Hospitality Undergraduate Student Perspective

This paper investigates how hospitality students perceive the use of reusable drinkware and sustainability at music and sporting events and examines variables that influence these perceptions. A fo...
Expression of AQP1 in rats after experimental intraventricular hemorrhage and its significance

Objective To explore the possible pathogenesis of chronic posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus by observing the expression of AQP1 on rats after experimental intraventricular hemorrhage. Methods Fourty-five rats were randomly divided into normal control(n=5),sham-operated(n=20)and experimental(n=20)groups.The 0.1mL saline and 0.1mL citrated autologous blood were injected into the lateral ventricle of the rats in the sham-operated and the experimental groups,respectively.The later two groups were divided into four subgroups according to different time points at 3,7,14 and 30 d(n=5).The change of protein expression of AQP1 at different time points of bleeding were detected by immunohistochemical techniques and that of mRNA expression of AQP1 was obsevred by in situ hybridization,respectively.and then,the possible pathogenesis of chronic posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus was discussed. Results At the time point of 30 d after intraventricular hemordmge,chronic hydrocephalus appeared in 4 rats(80%)in the experimental group.High protein expression of AQP1 was found in the apical of cuboidal epithelium of choroids plexus,the ependyma, the pia mater, the arachnoid and the dura in the normal control group;the protein expression of AQP1 gradually weakened in the experimental group 3 d aftea intraventricular hemorrhage and dropped to the bottom on the 14th d,which was significantly different from the normal control and sham-operative groups(P<0.05).The mRNA expression of AQP1 was weaker than the protein expression of AQP1,and the expression locations of them were basically in concordance. Conclusion AQP1 is involved not only in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid,but also in the process of the CSF absorption.The decrease of CSF absorption induced by the decreased expression of AQP1 after intraventrieular hemorrhage in rats may also relate to the development of chronic posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Key words: Cerebral hemorrhage; Hgdrocephalus; Cerebrospinal fluid; Aquaporin 1
Historical voices for contemporary times: Learning from Black women educational theorists to redesign teaching and teacher education

At a time when schools are destroying the minds and spirits of Black and Brown students, as educators, we must work differently to make sure our children’s souls are not claimed by those who refuse...
The effect of density and surface topography on the coefficient of friction of polytetrafluoroethylene films

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film is observed to increase surface roughness during annealing. Longer annealing times leads to greater surface roughness. The coefficient of friction of PTFE film is affected by the shape of microscale sized particles on the film surface. In this study, we investigate the coefficient of friction of PTFE films using a coarse-grained molecular dynamics model based on experimental observations. We observe how the variation in PTFE chain length and film density affect the topography of PTFE films. We also investigate how these properties of PTFE, and the indenter radius affect the coefficient of friction observed during surface scratch. We find that short PTFE chain lengths create a dense film with greater particle spacing, but longer chains form a mesh structure which reduces the density and creates overlapping portions of particles in the film. We develop a convolutional neural network to classify PTFE film surface and predict the coefficient of friction of a modeled film based solely on the equilibrated film topography. The accuracy of the network was seen to increase when the density and images of internal fiber orientation were added as input features. These results indicate that the coefficient of friction of PTFE films in part is governed by the internal structure of the film.
How do we get to trauma-informed practice? Retention and application of learning by practitioners trained using the core curriculum on childhood trauma.

Objective: Most mental health practitioners receive minimal trauma training in their degree curriculum and rely on supplemental training to build additional skills. Since 2016, the Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma (CCCT) has been used for brief in-service training of more than 2,000 mental health practitioners. Prior evaluation showed statistically significant learning outcomes posttraining, yet little was known about retention of learning or impact on clinical practice. Method: We collected 100 mixed-method follow-up surveys from participants completing CCCT training between October 2016 and August 2019. Results: Statistically significant increases were seen between pretraining and follow-up self-report (6-24 months later) for four child trauma skills (effect sizes: 0.90-1.07). Qualitative data identified four key impacts on clinical practice: increased empathy, understanding of trauma complexity, systematic approach to case conceptualization, and catalyzing further trauma learning. Conclusions: Positive learning outcomes 6-24 months posttraining suggest that the CCCT is an effective tool for in-service training and that retained learning can translate into improved trauma-informed clinical practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Assessment of Chronic Pain Management in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: Gaps in Care and Implications for Treatment Outcomes.

Abstract Chronic pain is a significant comorbid condition among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). However, due to conflicting perceptions of responsibility, structural barriers, and a lack of widely applied standards of care, it is unclear what the landscape of chronic pain management looks like in addiction medicine. Using a national opioid surveillance system, we analyzed survey data from new entrants (n = 14,449) to 225 OUD treatment centers from 2013 to 2018, as well as an online survey among a subset of respondents (n = 309). While chronic pain was reported by 33.4% of the sample, two-thirds of the chronic pain group (66.0%) reported their pain was not managed through their OUD treatment program, with 47% reporting worsening pain. Pain that was managed was primarily done so through pharmaceuticals (75.2%), notably as a secondary effect of medication-assisted treatment. In addition, 43.2% reported chronic pain as a primary factor in their opioid relapse. These data suggest that chronic pain is commonly reported, yet not managed by many OUD treatment programs, increasing the likelihood of opioid relapse. In order to improve poor outcomes among OUD patients, interdisciplinary collaboration/care, along with evidence-based policies or processes for quality pain management in addiction care need to be prioritized. Perspective This article suggests chronic pain is commonly reported, yet not managed by many OUD treatment programs, increasing the likelihood of opioid relapse. In order to improve low retention and success rates among OUD patients, interdisciplinary collaboration, evidence-based policies or processes (eg, referral) for quality pain management in addiction care need to be prioritized.
Realities and fantasies of German female leadership: Elisabeth Krimmer and Patricia Anne Simpson (eds), 2019, Rochester, Camden House, 401pp., £80 (hardback), ISBN-13: 978-1-64014-065-3

Elisabeth Krimmer and Patricia Anne Simpson’s fantastic new edited volume begins with a simple premise: that misogyny is timeless. From Elizabethan England to Catherine the Great’s Russia to the mo...
Prognostic impact of radiation therapy in tubular carcinoma of the breast.

Abstract Purpose Tubular carcinoma (TC) is an invasive breast cancer with favorable prognosis. While pathology-specific guidelines exist for TC regarding adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, no recommendations exist regarding locoregional treatment based on tumor histology. Prognostic impact of radiotherapy for patients with TC remains unclear. Materials and methods The National Cancer Database was queried (2004–2015) for patients with pN0M0 TC who underwent lumpectomy. Chi-square testing compared categorized variables between those who did and did not receive radiotherapy. Kaplan–Meier analysis evaluated overall survival (OS). Cox proportional hazard analysis identified variables prognostic for OS. Patients were divided into age cohorts ≤60 years and >60 years. Propensity score matching (PSM) was utilized to create similar cohorts. Results 9705 patients met selection criteria; 6182 (75.1%) received radiotherapy while 2045 (24.9%) did not. After PSM, radiotherapy (HR 0.582; 95% CI 0.494–0.686) and endocrine therapy (HR 0.737; 95% CI 0.623–0.872) were favorable prognostic factors on multivariate Cox regression analysis while age > 60 years (HR 5.131; 95% CI 3.753–7.016), Black race (HR 1.445; 95% CI 1.016–2.055), and Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score > 0 (HR 1.708; 95% CI 1.403–2.079) were unfavorable prognostic factors. After PSM, 5-year OS was 91.7% for those who received radiotherapy and 84.5% for those who did not; 10-year OS was 76.1% and 64.1%, respectively (p Conclusion This is the largest study to date on TC and the prognostic impact of adjuvant radiotherapy. Postoperative radiotherapy is a favorable prognostic factor for OS in patients with pN0M0 TC, suggesting adjuvant radiotherapy should remain standard of care in these patients.
Economics of Swine Crossbreeding Systems

Crossbreeding in commercial hog operations is widely practiced and has increased substantially in recent years. Perhaps the most important positive feature of crossbreeding is heterosis, i.e., the performance of crossbred progeny is superior to the average performance of the parents. In addition, producers have much wider options in breeding for desired carcass traits and sire and dam characteristics when blending breeds than when making genetic selection within any single breed. The costs to the firm are primarily managerial because of the necessity of buying replacements, frequently rotating boar breed, or maintaining miniherds to produce replacements for the breeding herd. Over the long run there is also a potential cost to the industry of reducing the number of purebred lines from which the crossbreds are derived and thus slowing genetic improvements within breeds.
Cesarean sections at St. Louis Maternity Hospital from 1948 through 1952.

Abstract The cesarean section rate at this hospital from 1948 to 1952 was 2.3 per cent. This is identical with the cesarean section rate from 1932 to 1937. There have been marked changes in indications for cesarean section. Medical indications, postmaturity, and toxemia of pregnancy have occurred less frequently as indications and cephalopelvic disproportion, previous cesarean section, premature separation of the placenta, and placenta previa have increased in frequency. Comparison of currently accepted indications for cesarean section at this hospital with indications prevalent in other hospitals with cesarean section rates of 6 to 10 per cent reveals that the latter institutions have a greatly increased incidence of previous cesarean section and elderly nullipara as reasons for cesarean section. Cephalopelvic disproportion as a primary indication for cesarean section occurs more frequently in the current St. Louis Maternity Hospital statistics than in statistics reported in the previously mentioned papers. Despite the relatively low cesarean section rate at this hospital, the maternal mortality rate was 2.4 per 10,000 vaginal deliveries and none in the cesarean section deliveries. The maternal mortality in the 1932–1937 series at this hospital was 30 deaths per 10,000 vaginal deliveries. The cesarean section maternal mortality was 57 deaths per 10,000 cesarean sections. The perinatal fetal mortality has decreased from 4.6 per cent in the 1932–1937 series to 3.6 per cent in the current series. The perinatal mortality following cesarean section in the 1948–1952 series was 9.6 per cent as compared to the 5.8 per cent reported in the 1932–1937 series. This is the result of the change in indications for cesarean section in the current series, with many infants dead or compromised prior to the cesarean section. Despite the use of various operative techniques and prophylactic antibiotics the maternal morbidity in cesarean section patients is about five times that in deliveries of all types. There was no demonstrable decrease in maternal morbidity when the low transverse cervical cesarean section was used as compared to the morbidity following the use of the classical cesarean section. Maternal morbidity in cesarean sections preceded by labor was about twice that of cesarean sections not preceded by labor. The neonatal fetal mortality in elective cesarean section because of previous cesarean section was 2.9 per cent as compared to the neonatal mortality in deliveries of all types of 1.5 per cent. Analysis of the fetal deaths that occurred in all types of deliveries indicates that cesarean section was indicated but not done in 2 per cent of the cases of fetal death. If cesarean section had been accomplished in these instances the cesarean section rate would have been increased from 2.3 to 2.4 per cent.
Predominant bacteria in an activated sludge reactor for the degradation of cutting fluids

For the first time, an activated sludge reactor, established for the degradation of cutting fluids, was examined for predominant bacteria. In addition, both total and viable numbers of bacteria in the reactor were determined so that the percentage of each predominant type in the total reactor population could be determined. Three samples were studied, and a total of 15 genera were detected. In each sample, the genus Pseudomonas and the genus Microcyclus were present in high numbers. Three other genera, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, and Corynebacterium, were also found in every sample but in lower numbers. In one sample, numerous appendaged bacteria were present, and one of these, the genus Seliberia, was the most predominant organism in that sample. However, in the other two samples no appendaged bacteria were detected. Six genera were found in this reactor which have not been previously reported in either cutting fluids in use or in other activated sludge systems. These genera were Aeromonas, Hyphomonas, Listeria, Microcyclus, Moraxella, and Spirosoma. None of the predominant bacteria belonged to groups of strict pathogens.
Learning by Explaining Examples to Oneself: A Computational Model

Several investigations have found that students learn more when they explain examples to themselves while studying them. Moreover, they refer less often to the examples while solving problems, and they read less of the example each time they refer to it. These findings, collectively called the self-explanation effect, have been reproduced by our cognitive simulation program, Cascade. Moreover, when Cascade is forced to explain exactly the parts of the examples that a subject explains, then it predicts most (60 to 90%) of the behavior that the subject exhibits during subsequent problem solving. Cascade has two kinds of learning. It learns new rules of physics (the task domain used in the human data modeled) by resolving impasses with reasoning based on overly-general, nondomain knowledge. It acquires procedural competence by storing its derivations of problem solutions and using them as analogs to guide its search for solutions to novel problems.
MIRAI: Multi-hierarchical, FS-Tree Based Music Information Retrieval System

With the fast booming of online music repositories, there is a need for content-based automatic indexing which will help users to find their favorite music objects in real time. Recently, numerous successful approaches on musical data feature extraction and selection have been proposed for instrument recognition in monophonic sounds. Unfortunately, none of these methods can be successfully applied to polyphonic sounds. Identification of music instruments in polyphonic sounds is still difficult and challenging, especially when harmonic partials are overlapping with each other. This has stimulated the research on music sound separation and new features development for content-based automatic music information retrieval. Our goal is to build a cooperative query answering system (QAS), for a musical database, retrieving from it all objects satisfying queries like "find all musical pieces in pentatonic scale with a viola and piano where viola is playing for minimum 20 seconds and piano for minimum 10 seconds". We use the database of musical sounds, containing almost 4000 sounds taken from the MUMs (McGill University Master Samples), as a vehicle to construct several classifiers for automatic instrument recognition. Classifiers showing the best performance are adopted for automatic indexing of musical pieces by instruments. Our musical database has an FS-tree (Frame Segment Tree) structure representation. The cooperativeness of QAS is driven by several hierarchical structures used for classifying musical instruments.
Management of Protein-Losing Enteropathy After the Fontan Procedure

Enteric loss of protein with the sequelae of edema, immunodeficiency, and hypercoagulability is being diagnosed with increasing frequency after Fontan procedure. The precise pathophysiological mechanism is unknown; however, protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) after Fontan procedure is likely related to a hemodynamic derangement that is not easily detectable via standard hemodynamic measures presently obtainable in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Treatment options include (1) symptomatic relief via diuretics, supplemental albumin infusion, and dietary change to high protein/high mediumchain triglyceride intake, (2) hemodynamic improvement via afterload reduction (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), repair of branch pulmonary artery stenoses, or coil embolization of aortopulmonary collaterals, (3) intestinal cell membrane stabilization via high-dose steroids or heparin infusion, and (4) attempt at alteration of the primary hemodynamic derangement via fenestration of the systemic venous baffle or via heart transplantation. Further understanding of the cause of PLE after Fontan procedure is needed before more effective treatment options can be used.
Feasibility of half‐sibling designs for detecting a genetic component to a disease

In genetic epidemiology, adoption and twin study designs are the most commonly used designs to identify genetic and common environmental components underlying familial aggregation. Other fixed family set designs such as a half-sibling design can also be applied to test the same hypotheses. The feasibility of half-sibling designs for detecting a genetic (single-locus or multifactorial) source of familial aggregation of a disease is studied and is compared to both adoption and twin study designs. Results are presented for two types of design where the sampling units are relative pairs reared apart (I) or reared together (II). Although they generally require more observations to achieve the same power, designs involving half-siblings may be more feasible in situations where there is greater availability of these relatives. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new parallel-vector finite element analysis software on distributed-memory computers

A new parallel-vector finite element analysis software package MPFEA (Massively Parallel-vector Finite Element Analysis) is developed for large-scale structural analysis on massively parallel computers with distributed-memory. MPFEA is designed for parallel generation and assembly of the global finite element stiffness matrices as well as parallel solution of the simultaneous linear equations, since these are often the major time-consuming parts of a finite element analysis. Block-skyline storage scheme along with vector-unrolling techniques are used to enhance the vector performance. Communications among processors are carried out concurrently with arithmetic operations to reduce the total execution time. Numerical results on the Intel iPSC/860 computers (such as the Intel Gamma with 128 processors and the Intel Touchstone Delta with 512 processors) are presented, including an aircraft structure and some very large truss structures, to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of MPFEA.
The Scholarship of Teaching

The scholarship of teaching was first introduced by Ernest Boyer when he published Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professorate in 1990. In this special report, he called for the academic community to recognize teaching as a form of scholarship alongside the traditional form of research (scholarship of discovery) to promote teaching excellence. This article is a literature review on the scholarship of teaching that started with Boyer and continued after his untimely passing in 1995. In many respects, the jury is still out as to whether the scholarship of teaching will ever be on par with the scholarship of discovery, especially when it comes to making promotion and tenure decisions, but it continues to gain traction and acceptance among many in the academic community.
Interocular sensitization to a rod-detected test.

Abstract Intense red light adaptation of one eye lowers the dark adapted (“absolute”) threshold of a 661 nm, extrafoveal, 1.02 deg test flash in the other eye, by about 0.15 log units, for 10–15 min. This effect (“interocular sensitization”) also occurs with an extrafoveal 491 nm test, but does not occur if the 661 nm test is foveal, or is made small and brief. Blue or green light adaptations, matched either photopically or scotopically to the red, do not produce interocular sensitization. Thus the conditions producing the effect include intense red light adaptation of one eye, and scotopically mediated detection in the other.
The Rise of Oxygen and Aerobic Biochemistry

Analysis of conserved protein folding domains across extant genomes by Kim et al. in this issue of Structure provides insights into the timing of some of the earliest aerobic metabolisms to arise on Earth.
Obtaining Full Regularization Paths for Robust Sparse Coding with Applications to Face Recognition

The problem of robust sparse coding is considered. It is defined as finding linear reconstruction coefficients that minimize the sum of absolute values of the errors, instead of the more typically used sum of squares of the errors. This change lowers the influence of large errors and enhances the robustness of the solution to noise in the data. Sparsity is enforced by limiting the sum of absolute values of the coefficients. We present an algorithm that finds the path traced by the coefficients when the sparsity-inducing constraint is varied. The optimality conditions are derived and included in the algorithm to speed its execution. The proposed method is validated on the problem of robust face recognition.
Dietary and Age Influence on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of 2-Acetylaminofluorene in BALB/c Mice

Abstract In a chronic study conducted in our laboratories, we found dietary effects on 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) toxicity. To determine if the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of 2-AAF was altered by the age of the animals, diet, or 2-AAF treatment, pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on young (11 weeks) and old (78 weeks) BALB c mice that had been fed one of four diets containing 4 or 24% fat and 12 or 24% protein. Blood, urine, and feces samples were obtained over a 31-hr period after dosing with 500 ppm 2-[14C]AAF (10 μCi/mouse). Total radioactivity was determined after combusting each sample in an oxygen atmosphere and counting in a scintillation counter. The data from each individual mouse was simulated on an analog-digital hybrid computer utilizing a two-compartment model with metabolism. The pharmacokinetic parameters within groups were analyzed to make statistical comparisons of the effects of diet, dose, age, and interactions among the groups. The pharmacokinetic predictions of a shorter elimination half-life, smaller area-under-the-curve value, and therefore a decreased exposure to 2-AAF and metabolites due to an increased elimination rate of the parent compound through the urine were consistent with the decreased pathological effects found from the chronic study for the low protein/low fat diet mice.
The adsorption of nitrogen dioxide on the Ag(110) surface and formation of a surface nitrate

The adsorption of NO2 on the Ag(110) surface has been characterized by temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. At 95 K the NO2 is dimerized to N2O4 in a multilayer and a distinct molecular layer, both of which desorb below 200 K. The first adsorption layer contains chemisorbed NO2 and NO3, the latter formed by a reaction between NO2 and its decomposition products. Part of the NO2 is molecularly chemisorbed via the oxygen atoms with a proposed symmetric bidentate geometry, desorbing at 270 K. Nitrogen dioxide also undergoes partial dissociation to nitrogen and oxygen adatoms. An NO3 species is formed by the reaction of NO2 with the oxygen adatoms produced from the partial dissociation of NO2. The NO3 is attached to the surface via one oxygen atom and has C2v symmetry; it decomposes below 500 K. The geometry of both the chemisorbed NO2 and NO3 have analogues among inorganic metal complexes.
Implementing strategy through performance measurement: an empirical test

For years, researchers have suggested that the alignment of performance measurement systems with strategic goals can motivate managers to take actions that are consistent with a firm’s strategy. Recently, various performance measurement systems (e.g., balanced scorecard) have been developed to promote strategy implementation. Kershaw (2001) developed a strategic control framework for examining how these systems can be used to implement strategy. The framework identifies the key linkages between strategy and managers’ actions, as well as the performance measure characteristics that affect managers’ effort allocation decisions. The purpose of this study is to empirically test some of the key variables identified in this strategic control framework. The results indicate that prioritising goals consistent with a firm’s strategy and linking congruent incentives to responsive performance measures can positively affect managers’ efforts. However, the results also show that a highly responsive secondary measure can divert managers’ efforts from the firm’s primary goals. Given the recent focus on performance measurement systems, such as the balanced scorecard, these findings highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate measures that will be used to indicate performance.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of synbiotic yogurt effect on the health of children.

Objective To assess the effects of daily consumption of a synbiotic yogurt drink on the health, growth, and quality of life of healthy children 12-48 months of age in out-of-home child care. Study design Healthy children attending child care centers were enrolled in a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The intervention was a yogurt drink containing Streptococcus thermophilus , Lactobacillus bulgaricus , and Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis (BB-12) (5 × 10 9 cfu/100 mL serving), and 1 g of inulin (synbiotic group) vs a similar nonsynbiotic-containing acidified milk drink (placebo group) once daily for 16 weeks. The end points were days of diarrhea, fever, vomiting, symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, use of antibiotics, physician visits, child care absenteeism, parental work absenteeism, and quality of life (PedsQL 4.0; Mapi Research Trust, Lyon, France). Results Compared with placebo (n = 73), children receiving synbiotic (n = 76) had significantly fewer days of reported fever (1.85 vs 1.95, P P P P Conclusions Daily supplementation of children's diet with yogurt containing probiotic bacteria BB-12 and inulin significantly reduced days of fever and improved social and school functioning. The increased frequency of bowel movements may be explained by an accelerating effect of BB-12 and inulin on intestinal transit. Further research on the possible benefits of synbiotics on children's health is advised. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT00653705 .
Nucleotide sequence of bean golden mosaic virus and a model for gene regulation in geminiviruses

Abstract We have sequenced the genome of bean golden mosaic virus, which comprises two circular single-stranded DNA molecules (2646 and 2587 nucleotides long) of mostly unique sequence. Comparison of the sequences of bean golden mosaic virus and of cassava latent virus, which share serological relationship but are very different in host range and geographical origin, shows that each virus has a unique 200-nucleotide sequence (common region) on each 2.6-kilobase molecule of its genome. The common regions of the two viruses have no sequence homology except for a short inverted repeat near the 3′ end. Six open reading frames were identified that possess considerable sequence homology between the two viruses and, in bean golden mosaic virus, may encode proteins of 15.6, 19.6, 27.7, 29.7, 33.1, and 40.2 kDa. Conserved open reading frames are found in both the viral strand and the complementary strand, are approximately the same size, and are in the same orientation with respect to the common region in both viruses. We propose that temporal regulation in geminiviruses depends on the polarity of transcription and that the common region represents a replication origin and contains elements that serve to modulate gene expression.
Interannual and Decadal Variations in Cross-Shelf Transport in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract The marine ecosystem of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) is one of the richest on the planet. The center of the GOA is characterized by high-nutrient and low-chlorophyll-a concentration. Recent observational studies suggest that advection of iron-rich coastal water is the primary mechanism controlling open ocean productivity. Specifically, there is evidence that mesoscale eddies along the coastal GOA entrain iron-rich coastal waters into the ocean interior. This study investigates the cross-shelf transport statistics in the GOA using a free-surface, hydrostatic, eddy-resolving primitive equation model over the period 1965–2004. The statistics of coastal water transport are computed using a model passive tracer, which is continuously released at the coast. The passive tracer can thus be considered a proxy for coastal biogeochemical quantities such as silicate, nitrate, iron, or oxygen, which are critical for explaining the GOA ecosystem dynamics. On average along the Alaska Current, it has been shown that...
Gender-Related Ideals of Puerto Rican Adolescents Gender and School Context

Young adolescents (N = 417; 12 through 16 years of age) attending public or private schools in Puerto Rico rated 40 characteristics of the ideal man or ideal woman and also drew the ideal person engaged in an activity. Principal component analysis revealed two conceptually coherent components. Girls, more than boys, endorsed the qualities loading on the first component, labeled Sociable Personality. Boys amending private schools who rated the ideal man perceived Sociable Personality to be less important than did other groups. Physically Attractive was rated as more important for the opposite-gender ideal than for the same-gender ideal. These findings revealed that the values of interpersonal respect and integrity, previously identified as traditional values in Puerto Rico, were present in adolescents' perceptions of the ideal person. The results also indicated that girls and boys may respond differently to conditions of cultural change and school context.
Acylated anthocyanins in a hybrid Vitis variety

Abstract The anthocyanin skin pigments of the hybrid grape variety Royalty have been reexamined using isolation and chromatographic techniques designed to avoid degradation of the more labile pigments. Acetic acid has been identified as an acylating acid in acylated anthocyanin-3,5-diglucosides. The position of acylation of the malvidin-3,5-digucoside p -coumarate has been shown to be on the C-6 OH of the 3-0 glucose moiety.
Multiloop PI/PID controller design based on Gershgorin bands

A new definition of the ultimate point is proposed for diagonally dominant, MIMO systems. Analytical formulas are developed for the new ultimate gains and ultimate frequencies based on the system frequency response and Gershgorin bands. Decentralized PI and PID controllers with set-point weighting factors can be tuned by using a modified version of the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) relations. The proposed design method is simple and easy to implement. Two simulation examples compare the performance of the proposed multiloop design method with alternative techniques.
Capacitive pressure transducers with integrated circuits

Abstract Capacitive pressure transducers, integrated with active electronic circuits on the chip, are presented. An impedance bridge-type circuit that measures the change of capacitance with reference to a fixed capacitor is used. A single cavity contains the pressure sensing and reference capacitors. The difference between the capacitors, due to applied pressure, is measured by a bridge powered by a high-frequency oscillator. The output is a d.c. voltage representing the pressure. This output is fed through a source follower to provide low output impedance and required load driving capability. In the bipolar approach, the output voltage is limited to the range ± 0.2 or 0.3 V, independent of the high-frequency driving voltage amplitude. In this limited range, zero offset voltage becomes critical. With standard device fabrication process tolerance, on-chip offset trimming is needed. A design of the trimming circuit is presented. In the CMOS approach, the signal output can be extended to 60% of the H.F. voltage source. However, fabricatin processes and yield are major problems. The results of initial runs and laboratory valuations are presented. The capacitive pressure transducer has the dimensions 3.75 × 2.25 × 0.4 mm; a pressure sensitivity of 56 μV/Torr V supply at a range of 0 to 300 mmHg. It uses a ±5 V , 5 mA d.c. supply.
Estuary-associated syndrome in North Carolina: an occupational prevalence study.

Atlantic coast estuaries recently have experienced fish kills and fish with lesions attributed to Pfiesteria piscicida and related dinoflagellates. Human health effects have been reported from labo...
Cloud Liquid Water and Radar Reflectivity of Nonprecipitating Cumulus Clouds

Abstract Measurements of cloud droplet size spectra from a forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) in developing cumulus show an excellent correlation between the calculated radar reflectivity factor and cloud liquid water content at constant altitude, if the data are restricted to the early stage of cumulus development before coalescence growth becomes significant. The correlation is examined using droplet data from the FSSP both with and without the correction for the nonuniformities in the laser beam field of the FSSP. The close correlation between liquid water content and reflectivity factor suggests that sensitive, relatively low wavelength radar can be useful for mapping liquid water content in the early stages of cumulus development. The analysis reveals several ambiguities that require further study, including the altitude-dependent parameter in the empirical correlation, the value of which appears anomalous. The relation between liquid water content and reflectivity factor provides indirect ...
Induction of embryolike structures by kinetin in cultured barley embryos

Abstract Excised, immature barley embryos (0.5 mm long) cultured on a medium containing 0.1 mg/l kinetin frequently developed embryolike outgrowths consisting of root-shoot axes and, in some cases, a coleoptilelike first leaf. These embryoids appeared invariably on the side of the embryo opposite the scutellum, the region occupied by the epiblast in many grasses. Because of their origin in the first node rather than the coleorhiza, they are not interpreted as representing hypertrophied epiblasts.
Quasi-free contributions in the d + 6Li reactions at low energies

Abstract The 6 Li(d, dd)α, 6 Li(d, dα)d and 6 Li(d, tp)α reactions were investigated at low bombarding energies with the purpose to determine the importance of quasi-free processes relative to sequential reactions.
Probing the Structure of Metal Cluster-Adsorbate Systems with High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy

High-resolution infrared laser spectroscopy was used to obtain rotationally resolved infrared spectra of adsorbate-metal complexes. The method involves forming the bare metal clusters in helium nanodroplets and then adding a molecular adsorbate (HCN) and recording the infrared spectrum associated with the C-H stretching vibration. Rotationally resolved spectra were obtained for HCN-Mg n ( n = 1 to 4). The results suggest a qualitative change in the adsorbate–metal cluster bonding with cluster size.
Literature Circles: A Perfect Match for Online Instruction

This article describes the author’s search for an appropriate and satisfying online teaching method. After experimenting with several methods (chat room, discussion board, studentled discussion), the author reached back to his face-to-face classroom success with literature circles. This article reports the results of research conducted by the author while implementing online literature circles. The author adapted literature circles for us in an online environment with great success.
Toward a Scientific Centered Climate Monitoring System

Recognition that earth’s climate and biogeophysical conditions are likely changing due to human activities has led to a heightened awareness of the need for improved long-term global monitoring. The present long-term measurement efforts tend to be spotty in space, inadequately calibrated in time, and internally inconsistent with respect to other instruments and measured quantities. In some cases, such as most of the biosphere, most chemicals, and much of the ocean, even a minimal monitoring program is not available. Monitoring is defined here as long-term measurements of key climate variables with continuous coverage in time, maintenance of required instrument calibration accuracy, and empowered by careful diagnostic analysis of the data.
Secretion of Lutropin and Follitropin from Transfected GH3 Cells: Evidence for Separate Secretory Pathways

Although lutropin (LH) and follitropin (FSH) are synthesized in the same pituitary gonadotropes, their secretion patterns in response to several experimental paradigms are not the same. Previous studies showing differences in secretion kinetics and the magnitude of hormone release by secretagogues imply differences in mechanisms for the storage and release of these hormones. To examine the secretory fate of LH and FSH, the genes encoding the common alpha-subunit and the corresponding beta-subunits were transfected in rat somatotrope-derived GH3 cells, which contain regulated and constitutive secretory pathways. The use of a gene transfer/heterologous cell system avoids physiological variations and functional heterogeneity of gonadotropes. Pulse-labeling and subsequent chase experiments demonstrated that although one third of newly synthesized FSH enters a regulated pathway, the majority is released constitutively. This contrasts with LH, which is mainly secreted through a regulated pathway. Although stored LH and FSH are released from GH3 cells in response to both KCl and forskolin, the magnitude of FSH release by secretagogues is smaller than that of LH. In Chinese hamster ovary cells, which are devoid of regulated secretory pathway and lack secretory granules, the mature forms of LH and FSH are neither stored nor released by secretagogues. These observations indicate that the intracellular mechanisms for the storage and release of LH and FSH differ and suggest that primary secretion of LH and FSH is via the regulated and constitutive pathways, respectively.
Aphasia With Nonhemorrhagic Lesions in the Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule

• Atypical aphasia syndromes were associated with circumscribed nonhemorrhagic infarctions of the anterior limb of the internal capsule and of the striatum, in the dominant hemisphere. None of the several cases could be classified in terms of the classic cortical aphasia syndromes, nor did they correspond to the description of aphasia produced by hemorrhage in the thalamus or putamen. Control subjects without aphasia had lesions in the same structures of the nondominant hemisphere, or they had comparably circumscribed damage, which was located lateral or caudal to the previously indicated locus. The findings raise the question of participation of the dominant striatum, and of the connectional systems that course in the anterior limb of the internal capsule, in language processing.
Experimental tests of EEG source localization accuracy in spherical head models

Objectives: The locations of electrical sources in the brain can be calculated using EEG data. However, the accuracy of these calculations is not well known because it is usually not possible to compare calculated source locations with actual locations since little accurate location information is available about most sources in the brain. Methods: In this study, sources at known locations are created by injecting current into electrodes implanted in the brains of human subjects. The locations of the implanted and scalp EEG electrodes are determined from CTs. The EEG signals produced by these dipolar sources are used to calculate source locations in spherical head models containing brain, skull, and scalp layers. The brain and scalp layers have the same electrical conductivity while 3 different skull conductivity ratios of 1/80th, 1/40th, and 1/20th of brain and scalp conductivity are used. Localization errors have been determined for 177 sources in 13 subjects. Results: An average localization error of 10.6 (SD=5.5) mm for all 177 source was obtained for a skull conductivity ratio of 1/40. The average errors for the other ratios are only a few millimeters larger. The average localization error for 108 sources at superior locations in the brain is 9.2 (4.4) mm. The average error for 69 inferior location sources is 12.8 (6.2) mm. There are no significant differences in localization accuracy for deep and superficial sources. Conclusions: These results indicate that the best average localization that can be achieved using a spherical head model is approximately 10 mm. More realistic head models will be required for greater localization accuracy.
Combined valve replacement and coronary bypass grafting in osteogenesis imperfecta

Open cardiac procedures in osteogenesis imperfecta have been associated with a high mortality rate. A patient with osteogenesis imperfecta underwent successful aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting along with closure of a patent foramen ovale in preparation for a planned hip replacement.
Germ cells are required to maintain a stable sexual phenotype in adult zebrafish

Sex in zebrafish is not determined by a major chromosomal locus, but instead relies on a mechanism that is influenced by a germ cell-derived signal, as animals that lack germ cells, or specifically oocytes, develop as phenotypic males. These data suggest that during primary sex determination, an oocyte-derived signal acts on the bipotential somatic gonad to promote the female-specific program. However, it is not known if germ cells are required only during the primary sex-determining window, or if they are required throughout adult life to maintain the female sexual phenotype. Here, we show that while wild-type zebrafish do not switch sex as adults, germ cell-depleted adult females readily convert to a male phenotype. Notably, when oocytes are depleted, but germline stem cells remain, adult females sex-revert to sperm-producing males, indicating that a germ cell-derived signal acts on the somatic gonad to promote female development directly or indirectly by repressing male-specific gene expression. These results also confirm that signals from the somatic gonad in turn ensure that the sex appropriate gamete is produced.