cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring household food security: the global experience

Measuring household food insecurity represents a challenge due to the complexity and wide array of factors associated with this phenomenon. For over one decade, researchers and agencies throughout the world have been using and assessing the validity of variations of the United States Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Supplemental Module. Thanks to numerous studies of diverse design, size, and purpose, the Household Food Security Supplemental Module has shown its suitability to directly evaluate the perceptions of individuals on their food security status. In addition, challenges and limitations are becoming clearer and new research questions are emerging as the process advances. The purpose of this article is to describe the development, validation procedures, and use of the Household Food Security Supplemental Module in very diverse settings. The most common Household Food Security Supplemental Module related studies have been conducted using criterion validity, Rasch modeling and Cronbach-Alpha Coefficient. It is critical that researchers, policy makers, governmental and non-governmental agencies intensify their efforts to further develop tools that provide valid and reliable measures of food security in diverse population groups. Additional work is needed to synthesize a universally applicable tool able to capture the global human phenomenon of food insecurity.
Metal injection molding: 3D modeling of nonisothermal filling

A three-dimensional transient finite element flow analysis code that includes inertia and free surface modeling is used to predict uniform (axisymmetric) and nonuniform (nonaxisymmetric) filling patterns in a thick-walled tool with a diaphragm gate. The simulation for a metal injection molding compound, which is strongly influenced by thermal effects, predicted several observed flow patterns: initial annular free surface flow (jetting), bypass and folding flow to form surface defects, and the transition from uniform (axisymmetric) flow to nonuniform (nonaxisymmetric flow) with increasing fill time and lower temperatures. Simulations of filling through a thicker diaphragm gate showed jetting and the associated problems were eliminated. Simulations also demonstrate the effects of filling time, mold temperature, inertia, yield stress, and wall slip on filling patterns, particularly the processing conditions that separate regions of uniform and nonuniform flow.
Comparative analysis of megaspore ultrastructure in Pennsylvanian lycophytes

Abstract Ultrastructural analysis of Pennsylvanian lycopod megaspores reveals that wall ultrastructure type can be correlated with dispersal strategy. Megaspores of Mazocarpon possess a unique wall structure comprised of interconnected tubules, which correlates with a unique dispersal strategy. Valvisisporites and Lagenoisporites probably dispersed like modern Selaginella megaspores and, consequently, display a comparable wall organization. It is possible to elaborate a general sequence of wall development stages within these Pennsylvanian megaspores in response to spore enlargement. These proposed stages are: (1) changes in disposition of wall units, (2) loss of excess space between units and (3) loss of all or nearly all space centrifugally.
Considerations for initial dosing of botulinum toxin in treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia.

ObjectivesTo assess the effect on voice improvement and duration of breathiness based on initial dose of onabotulinum toxin A (BTX-A) in the management of adductor spasmodic dysphonia (SD) and to compare voice outcomes for initial bilaterally injected doses of 1.25 units (group A) vs 2.5 units (group B) of BTX-A.Study DesignCase series with chart review of patients with adductor SD treated at a tertiary care facility from 1990 to 2011.SettingAcademic subspecialty laryngology practice.MethodsDemographic data (age and sex), voice rating, duration of voice improvement, and breathiness were evaluated and compared between groups A and B using the Student t test and χ2 analysis.ResultsOf 478 patients identified, 305 (223 in group A, 82 in group B) patients met inclusion criteria. The average age was 56.2 years in group A and 57.4 years in group B (P = .5). The female to male ratio was 2.91 for group A vs 3.56 for group B (P = .61). Good voice outcomes (grade 3 or 4) were reported by 91% of group A patients vs 9...
Generalized functional method of nonimaging optical design

We derive a generalized functional method of nonimaging optical design, applicable in the case of axisymmetric or translationally symmetric geometries utilizing extended sources and multiple reflective and/or refractive optical surfaces. Design methods are described for generation of a specified intensity distribution as a function of angle or a specified irradiance distribution as a function of position along the shape profile of an aspheric target surface. A related method is presented for the design of two successive optical surfaces that transform a given source distribution into either two specified irradiance distributions on successive target surfaces or a specified irradiance distribution and a specified intensity distribution.
Moore's Paradox: A Wittgensteinian Approach

"I believe that it is raining but it isn't." It would be perfectly absurd, claimed Moore, to say this or its like. But why? After all, it is clearly possible that I should believe that it is raining when it is not, that others should realise and remark on the error I make. Why should my doing so myself be somehow absurd? My aim in this paper is to suggest that Wittgenstein's approach to this issue has much to recommend it and that seeing its attraction might provide an entry point to understanding the nature of Wittgenstein's later philosophy of mind. A proper account of that is clearly beyond the scope of this paper and moreover could not be given without treating those issues of meaning and metaphysics which Wittgenstein discusses in the early part of the Investigations, before he moves on to reflect on psychological concepts. So my object is to consider some features of the paradox in detail but only to gesture in the direction of the larger topics, in a way that may at least make it seem worthwhile to look into them further. 1 The next section outlines the paradox slightly more fully and suggests two conditions which a satisfactory solution should meet. It sketches two possible approaches to the matter, the Wittgensteinian (which at this point will not look at all attractive) and the more familiar one initiated by Moore himself. ?111 examines this second approach in more detail and suggests that it cannot meet the two conditions. ?IV and ?V consider the question of how the paradox could be treated in the framework of a functionalist theory of belief. ?IV argues that on certain particular versions of functionalism the oddness of the Moorean utterances disappears. We do not get an explanation of why they are absurd; rather we get a view on which there is no absurdity to be explained. ?V suggests that this disappearance of the paradox is likely to be a feature of all versions of functionalism and is, moreover, a serious defect in them. The upshot of this discussion is to put us in a better position to appreciate the attractions of the Wittgensteinian strategy, which is briefly outlined in the final ?VI.
Bone morphogenetic proteins and bone morphogenetic protein gene therapy in neurological surgery: a review.

Objective To review the uses of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and BMP gene therapy for the treatment of neurosurgical disorders. Methods Literature review. Results BMPs are members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, and they play an important role in the growth and development of numerous tissues, including bone, brain, and spinal cord. Although the majority of previous studies have focused on the regulatory functions of BMPs in the normal growth and differentiation of the skeletal system, BMPs also seem to be exquisitely involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and lineage commitment in the central nervous system. When specific BMPs are delivered on biological matrices, they have the capacity to induce bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon at both heterotopic and orthotopic sites, suggesting that they may play a major role in the future treatment of spinal and craniofacial pathology. For example, recent studies have clearly demonstrated the usefulness of BMPs and BMP gene therapy for the induction of spinal arthrodesis in several animal models. In addition, several BMPs have been shown to have a neuroprotective effect in animal models of head injury, cerebral ischemia, and Parkinson's disease and may therefore have direct clinical applications for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Conclusion As the physiological activity of BMPs in the development and pathology of the central nervous system and spine are more fully elucidated, BMP therapeutics and gene therapy will probably have numerous applications in neurological surgery.
Imaging distribution of radioactivity within the human body. I. Theoretical considerations in optimum data processing.

This paper is concerned with the application of certain techniques of statistical communication theory to determine an optimum method of data processing designed to minimize the effects of errors on the fidelity of measurement of the activity distribution. The analysis is applied to the two-dimensional case and is concerned primarily with how well ideal (theoretical) scanning systems could perform. Fidelity of imaging is measured by how well (on the average) the output image matches the activity distribution in the “best least squares fit” sense and the analysis is concerned primarily with prescribing that linear, homogeneous data processor which leads to maximum fidelity in the above sense. The analysis leads to an explicit expression for the optimum data processor (i.e., “filter”) and for the expected mean square error in terms of the autocorrelation function of the activity distribution, the collimator point, response function, and the expected total of detected photons. Application of the theory is illustrated by several numerical examples, including a comparison between optimum filters and gaussian filters.
Male signalling and lek attractiveness in the Mediterranean fruit fly.

Abstract I tested the null hypothesis that females of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata , were equally likely to visit leks composed of males with high versus low mating success. In laboratory trials, the observed distribution of matings among males differed significantly from that expected by chance, owing primarily to the higher than expected numbers of individuals with low (mated 0–1 days over 6 consecutive observation days) or high (mated 4 or more days) mating scores. I termed these two groups as ‘low’ and ‘high’ maters, respectively. In the field, greater numbers of female sightings were made at artificial leks of high maters than low maters. This result apparently reflected a greater calling propensity among high maters. Slopes of female sightings versus calling level did not differ significantly between leks of low and high maters, suggesting that the observed relationship between calling activity and female sightings was independent of male mating status. Following the same protocol, I conducted a second experiment to examine whether males used the signals of conspecific males to locate lek sites and, if so, whether signal attractiveness varied with male mating ability. Attraction of males to calling conspecifics was far weaker than that observed for females, and over five different trials a total of only seven male sightings were made at any of the established leks.
Exploration application of seismic amplitude analysis in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, east coast of India

AbstractSeismic amplitude anomalies are attractive exploration targets in the Krishna-Godavari Basin offshore India. These bright spots mostly have very high amplitudes, so confident interpretations have been possible. We distinguished between hydrocarbon-bearing sands, water-bearing sands, and high-impedance nonreservoir bodies. Also, we mapped channel architecture and accurately predicted reservoir thickness. Strong amplitude anomalies, prospective seismic character based on an understanding of data phase and polarity, flat spots, and amplitude versus offset have all provided valuable evidence.
Fusion of conventional ultrasound imaging and acousto-optic sensing by use of a standard pulsed-ultrasound scanner.

Acousto-optic sensing (AOS) is a dual-wave sensing technique based on the ultrasound modulation of diffuse light in a turbid medium. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of combining AOS and conventional ultrasound imaging by use of a commercially available pulsed-ultrasound scanner coupled with a photorefractive crystal-based optical interferometry system. Optically absorbing targets embedded in highly diffusive phantoms (?s?=10?cm?1) are imaged through a thickness of 27?mm with millimeter resolution. The acousto-optic images are intrinsically coregistered with the ultrasound images.
Temperature-enhanced autodetachment from c-C4F−6*

Abstract The autodetachment of the long-lived c -C 4 F − 6 * anion was found to increase with increasing temperature, T , over the range 300 to 550 K. The autodetachment coefficient, δ, was measured as a function of T in a buffer gas of N 2 at a mean electron energy of ≈0.33 eV. Under these same conditions the electron attachment coefficient, η, decreases with increasing T for T ≳450 K.
The Effect of Isometric Exercise on the Left Ventricular Volume in Normal Man

The effect of isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) on left ventricular (LV) size and performance was studied noninvasively on 15 normal subjects at rest and at the end of 3 min of IHG at 50% of maximum contraction. Left ventricular internal diameter was measured at end-diastole and end-systole on LV echograms, the indirect carotid pulse was recorded, and blood pressure measured by sphygmomanometry. Using the cube formula, LV end-diastolic (EDVI) and end-systolic (ESVI) volume indices were computed, and stroke (SI) and cardiac (CI) indices were derived. Mean blood pressure (BPm) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were calculated from these data by a technique previously described. In comparison to values at rest, IHG resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) rise in CI (3.5 ± 0.2 to 4.4 ± 0.3 L/min/m2), BPm (87 ± 2 to 120 ± 4 mm Hg) and heart rate (79 ± 3 to 97 ± 4 beats/min). The product (SI x BPm), used as an index of LV stroke work, increased substantially (52 ± 3 to 74 ± 4 gm-m/m2). No significant change w...
From in Silico Prediction to in Actu Characterization of a Novel Transmembrane β-Barrel

Transmembrane β-barrels (TMBB) constitute a special structural class of proteins localized to the external membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Because TMBBs are surface-accessible proteins that perform a variety of functions ranging from nutrient transport to cellular adhesion, they are tempting targets for vaccine or drug therapy development. Since it could be advantageous to identify TMBB-encoding genes and traditional experimental approaches such as crystallography have proven difficult, computational methods have been explored for identifying genes which encode members of this protein class. However, the cryptic nature of the proteins’sequence-structure relationship has made the computational prediction of TMBB-encoding genes a challenging task. The Freeman-Wimley algorithm, which was developed to predict TMBB-encoding genes from genomic databases, is a highly accurate prediction method based on the physicochemical properties of experimentally characterized TMBB structures. Predicted outer membrane protein L (OmpL) from Salmonella typhimurium LT2, was tested as a model for validating the prediction method. All of the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties exhibited by OmpL are consistent with other known TMBBs. Recombinant OmpL localizes to the outer membrane when expressed in Escherichia coli; OmpL has β-sheet-rich secondary structure with stable tertiary contacts in the presence of either detergent micelles or a lipid bilayer; when reconstituted into a synthetic lipid bilayer, OmpL forms a pore through which small non-electrolyte solutes can diffuse. Together, this data proves that OmpL is a true TMBB and thus, substantiates predictions made by the Freeman-Wimley algorithm.
Using LOGO in teaching

Teachers faced with selecting or creating introductory computing materials often must choose among several computer languages. LOGO was selected for use in the author's courses at the University of California, Irvine. This paper describes these courses in terms of the demands placed on the computing language used, and the ideas to which the students were exposed. Those characteristics of LOGO which are most important to the success of the courses are evaluated.
Thermal management of solid state lasers using optical quality silicon carbide

We have demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that Silicon Carbide (SiC) may be used as an efficient heat sinking material for face cooling of gain media in solid-state lasers. Comparative thermal modeling and temperature distribution measurements of diode-pumped 4 at.% Nd:YAG ceramic laser medium face cooled by undoped YAG (as a baseline), Diamond and SiC lead to the conclusion that SiC is an effective replacement for much more expensive diamond as an intracavity face cooling material. Laser performance of a SiC face-cooled 4 at.% Nd:YAG ceramic press-fit stack was demonstrated with a 24% slope efficiency with no AR coatings between the SiC and YAG.
Decreasing Multicollinearity A Method for Models with Multiplicative Functions

When the multicollinearity among the independent variables in a regression model is due to the high correlations of a multiplicative function with its constituent variables, the multicollinearity can be greatly reduced by centering these variables around minimizing constants before forming the multiplicative function. The values of these constants that minimize the multicollinearity are derived, and the conditions are identified under which centering the variables about their means will reduce the multicollinearity. Among the advantages of this procedure are that the mean square error remains at its minimum, that the coefficients for other variables in the model are unaffected by it, and that the OLS estimates for the original model can be calculated from those for the modified model. Thus, even when estimates of the original model are desired, the procedure can be used to reduce numerical error.
Subnanometer Silver Clusters Exhibiting Unexpected Electrochemical Metastability on Graphite

The anodic dissolution of silver particles on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrode surfaces is investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). As a discontinuous and granular silver electrodeposit is anodically stripped from HOPG surfaces at a potential of +500 mV vs Ag0/Ag+, the number and diameter of silver particles larger than 20 nm in diameter visible by SEM decreases from ∼109 cm-2 to zero in 10 min. On these same surfaces, AFM and TEM images acquired at longer times show that silver nanoparticles continue to diminish in size until a high density (∼109 cm-2) of clusters having a diameter of 0.3−0.6 nm are obtained within 30 min. The coverage of the anodically poised HOPG surface by these subnanometer silver clusters gradually decreases to zero over the course of an hour. SAED analysis confirms the composition of the clusters seen by AFM is FCC silver. A decrease...
Dual sensitivities of cells in wolf spider eyes at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths of light.

Intracellular recordings have been made from visual cells in principal and secondary eyes of in vitro wolf spider preparations. The responses of all cells to all wavelengths of light were graded depolarizations; no hyperpolarizations or nerve discharges were seen. Cells in a secondary eye, the anterior lateral eye, had a maximum sensitivity in the visible at 510 nm and a secondary maximum, or shoulder, of sensitivity in the near ultraviolet at 380 nm. Cells in principal eyes, the anterior median eyes, all responded maximally both in the visible at 510 nm and in the ultraviolet at 360–370 nm or less. However, there was no typical ratio of ultraviolet to visible sensitivities; the differences in log sensitivities (log UV/VIS) varied from 3.3 to -0.5. Each principal eye had a population of cells with different ratios. These populations varied with the time of the year, possibly due to changes in light upon the animals. Chromatic adaptations of cells in anterior median (but not anterior lateral) eyes resulted in small, selective changes in spectral sensitivities, and there was some facilitation of responses from cells repeatedly stimulated. It is concluded that cells of secondary eyes contain only a visual pigment absorbing maximally in the visible, while cells of principal eyes probably contain variable amounts of both this pigment and one absorbing in the ultraviolet as well.
Differences between Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a and Pantoea agglomerans BRT98 in Epiphytic and Endophytic Colonization of Leaves

The leaf colonization strategies of two bacterial strains were investigated. The foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B728a and the nonpathogen Pantoea agglomerans strain BRT98 were marked with a green fluorescent protein, and surface (epiphytic) and subsurface (endophytic) sites of bean and maize leaves in the laboratory and the field were monitored to see if populations of these strains developed. The populations were monitored using both fluorescence microscopy and counts of culturable cells recovered from nonsterilized and surface-sterilized leaves. The P. agglomerans strain exclusively colonized epiphytic sites on the two plant species. Under favorable conditions, the P. agglomerans strain formed aggregates that often extended over multiple epidermal cells. The P. syringae pv. syringae strain established epiphytic and endophytic populations on asymptomatic leaves of the two plant species in the field, with most of the P. syringae pv. syringae B728a cells remaining in epiphytic sites of the maize leaves and an increasing number occupying endophytic sites of the bean leaves in the 15-day monitoring period. The epiphytic P. syringae pv. syringae B728a populations appeared to originate primarily from multiplication in surface sites rather than from the movement of cells from subsurface to surface sites. The endophytic P. syringae pv. syringae B728a populations appeared to originate primarily from inward movement through the stomata, with higher levels of multiplication occurring in bean than in maize. A rainstorm involving a high raindrop momentum was associated with rapid growth of the P. agglomerans strain on both plant species and with rapid growth of both the epiphytic and endophytic populations of the P. syringae pv. syringae strain on bean but not with growth of the P. syringae pv. syringae strain on maize. These results demonstrate that the two bacterial strains employed distinct colonization strategies and that the epiphytic and endophytic population dynamics of the pathogenic P. syringae pv. syringae strain were dependent on the plant species, whereas those of the nonpathogenic P. agglomerans strain were not.
The Spanish Case for Europe. The Power of Cultural Identity

Europe has not been for Spain an easily assumed identity, a home within which Spaniards could find accommodation. Yet, for the first time in modern history, Spain has become fully integrated in the political and economic system of Europe and it functions within it as a strong and dedicated partner. Paradoxically, this new order has developed simultaneously with the increasing assertion of the local nationalities. I propose that the current political and cultural situation in both Europe and Spain has created the appropriate conditions for an extensive reexamination of the conventional European/Spanish paradigm. That is so because the circumstances on both ends of the relation have changed and, for the first time, both sides not only desire but they need the reconstruction and redefinition of a relation that has been destructive for both parts. What Francisco Jose de Goya, Julian Sanz del Rio, and Manuel Azana, among others, conceived as a nearly impossible and illusory task can now become a reality. From Francisco Zurbaran, El Greco and Pedro Calderon de la Barca to Federico Garcia Lorca, Luis Bunuel and Pablo Picasso, the various manifestations of its culture have been Spain’s unquestioned achievement. This cultural continuum is the most promising entryway for Spain in the Heimat of Europe. I also propose that the issue of the various historical nationalities within Spain can be approached from the perspective of what Andrzej Stasiuk calls the “private histories” of the minorities of Europe. In the last part of the article, I study Spain’s transcontinental identity. Without ignoring the legitimate issues raised by private narratives, I suggest that the country’s full insertion in the global reality and its immersion in realities that are beyond its own will lead to the contextualization of the internal national divide and the emergence of new and more productive approaches towards its resolution. This article is available in Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol33/iss2/7 The Spanish Case for Europe. The Power of Cultural Identity
Neurocognitive Change in the Era of HIV Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: The Longitudinal CHARTER Study

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) can show variable clinical trajectories. Previous longitudinal studies of HAND typically have been brief, did not use adequate normative standards, or were conducted in the context of a clinical trial, thereby limiting our understanding of incident neurocognitive (NC) decline and recovery. Methods. We investigated the incidence and predictors of NC change over 16–72 (mean, 35) months in 436 HIV-infected participants in the CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy Effects Research cohort. Comprehensive laboratory, neuromedical, and NC assessments were obtained every 6 months. Published, regression-based norms for NC change were used to generate overall change status (decline vs stable vs improved) at each study visit. Survival analysis was used to examine the predictors of time to NC change. Results. Ninety-nine participants (22.7%) declined, 265 (60.8%) remained stable, and 72 (16.5%) improved. In multivariable analyses, predictors of NC improvements or declines included time-dependent treatment status and indicators of disease severity (current hematocrit, albumin, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase), and baseline demographics and estimated premorbid intelligence quotient, non-HIV-related comorbidities, current depressive symptoms, and lifetime psychiatric diagnoses (overall model P < .0001). Conclusions. NC change is common in HIV infection and appears to be driven by a complex set of risk factors involving HIV disease, its treatment, and comorbid conditions.
Comparison of subchronic neurotoxicity of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and acrylamide in rats

The comparative neurotoxicity of subchronic exposure to 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and acrylamide (ACR) was evaluated using a functional observational battery (FOB) and neuropathology. Three dose levels of each compound (HEA: 3, 20, 60 mg/kg; ACR: 1, 4, 12 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally to male and female Long-Evans rats (n = 10/sex/dose level), 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Two vehicle control groups were also included. The FOB, which includes home-cage and open-field observations and interactive tests of sensory, neuromuscular, and autonomic function, was administered before dosing, at monthly intervals, and on the day after the last dose. Subsets of rats (n = 6/sex/dose level) were then perfused and tissues from the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve were prepared for light microscopic evaluation. There were clear differences between the effects of HEA and ACR. ACR produced time- and dose-related changes in FOB measures of muscle tone and equilibrium, and produced axonal degeneration in peripheral nerves and within long tracts of the spinal cord. HEA exposure was also associated with changes in muscular function on FOB testing, but the magnitude of the effects was not as great as with ACR and not dose related. In addition, no neuropathological changes were detected after HEA exposure. Thus, the effects of HEA did not resemble those of ACR. The FOB data were summarized in domains of neurobehavioral functions. Using a composite score analysis, ACR was shown to produce prominent effects in the neuromuscular domain whereas HEA was largely without effect. When the data are analyzed in this manner, the neurotoxic potential of HEA appears to be minimal.
A Digital Telemetry System for Physiological Variables

A radio telemetry system is described which satisfies the data acquisition requirements for research in the field of military environmental medicine. The adoption of digital encoding, transmitting, and recording techniques, and the development of a methodology which features serial interrogation by a portable data recording station, have resulted in the construction of a 100-subchannel facility capable of precise measurement and recording of a variety of physiological measurands during field maneuvers. The basic equipment configuration includes a data recording station which generates the time base for interrogation and produces a punched paper tape suitable for direct computer entry and five associated data acquisition stations carried by test subjects performing military tasks in environmental extremes. All units are selfcontained, battery-powered, solid-state packages compatible with standard army load carrying systems.
Common Pitfalls of Beginning Therapists Utilizing Enactments

Empirical data, clinical observation, and theoretical rationales support use of enactments as a fundamental mechanism of change in relationship therapies. Yet beginning therapists may lack an adequate conceptual framework and operational training essential to effectively utilize enactments. Inadequate training may contribute to ineffective execution, and in turn to negative results, which could lead to abandonment of enactments. This study sought to identify proficiencies and nonproficiencies of beginning therapists in conducting enactments. Twenty beginning therapists from three Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education (COAMFTE)-accredited programs were briefly trained in an indirect therapy style that incorporates enactments. Twenty-six therapist enactments were coded using a comprehensive observational measure designed to assess proficiencies and nonproficiencies in executing enactment phases, component tasks, and subcomponent operations. Results suggest that beginning therapists struggle with numerous clinical operations conceptually linked to the successful engagement of relationships in marriage and family therapy. In light of these findings, specific recommendations for additional enactment training in COAMFTE-accredited programs are offered.
The Concentration of Capabilities and the Onset of War

Recent empirical research has produced no consensus on what (if any) relationship exists between the concentration of capabilities and the onset of war. The results of this article indicate that concentration is related to the frequency of war, but that rather than the monotonic relationship predicted by both balance of power and power preponderance theories, the relationship appears to have an inverted U-shape. We also show that concentration can be disaggregated into: (1) the number of major powers, and (2) the inequality of capabilities among the major powers. Our analysis shows that both components influence war, but that the effect on war of each component of concentration depends on the level of the other.
Sequential Tests Involving Two Populations

Abstract For testing which of two normally distributed treatments with a common variance is “superior” (has a larger mean response), we give a class of sequential probability ratio tests whose error probability functions are essentially independent of the sampling rule used. It is shown that the expected number of observations on the “inferior” treatment must be at least one-half that required by pairwise sampling, and a class of sampling rules is given which for some parameter values and significance levels almost attains this theoretical bound.
Maximizing classifier utility when training data is costly

Classification is a well-studied problem in machine learning and data mining. Classifier performance was originally gauged almost exclusively using predictive accuracy. However, as work in the field progressed, more sophisticated measures of classifier utility that better represented the value of the induced knowledge were introduced. Nonetheless, most work still ignored the cost of acquiring training examples, even though this affects the overall utility of a classifier. In this paper we consider the costs of acquiring the training examples in the data mining process; we analyze the impact of the cost of training data on learning, identify the optimal training set size for a given data set, and analyze the performance of several progressive sampling schemes, which, given the cost of the training data, will generate classifiers that come close to maximizing the overall utility.
A Plasma Long-Chain Acylcarnitine Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in Incident Dialysis Patients

Background-—The marked excess in cardiovascular mortality that results from uremia remains poorly understood. Methods and Results-—In 2 independent, nested case-control studies, we applied liquid chromatography-mass spectrometrybased metabolite profiling to plasma obtained from participants of a large cohort of incident hemodialysis patients. First, 100 individuals who died of a cardiovascular cause within 1 year of initiating hemodialysis (cases) were randomly selected along with 100 individuals who survived for at least 1 year (controls), matched for age, sex, and race. Four highly intercorrelated long-chain acylcarnitines achieved the significance threshold adjusted for multiple testing (P<0.0003). Oleoylcarnitine, the long-chain acylcarnitine with the strongest association with cardiovascular mortality in unadjusted analysis, remained associated with 1-year cardiovascular death after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio per SD 2.3 [95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 3.8]; P=0.001). The association between oleoylcarnitine and 1-year cardiovascular death was then replicated in an independent sample (n=300, odds ratio per SD 1.4 [95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.9]; P=0.008). Addition of oleoylcarnitine to clinical variables improved cardiovascular risk prediction using net reclassification (NRI, 0.38 [95% confidence interval, 0.20 to 0.56]; P<0.0001). In physiologic profiling studies, we demonstrate that the fold change in plasma acylcarnitine levels from the aorta to renal vein and from pre- to post hemodialysis samples exclude renal or dialytic clearance of long-chain acylcarnitines as confounders in our
Positive selection in the human genome: from genome scans to biological significance

Here we review the evidence for positive selection in the human genome and its role in human evolution and population differentiation. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of genome-wide scans to identify adaptively evolving loci in the human genome. Attention is now turning to understanding the biological relevance and adaptive significance of the regions identified as being subject to recent positive selection. Examples of adaptively evolving loci are discussed, specifically LCT and FOXP2. Comprehensive studies of these loci also provide information about the functional relevance of the selected alleles. We discuss current studies examining the role of positive selection in shaping copy number variation and noncoding genomic regions and highlight challenges presented by the study of positive selection in the human genome.
Dendritic cells: In the forefront of immunopathogenesis and vaccine development – A review

Dendritic cellls (DCs) comprise an essential component of the immune system. These cells, as antigen presenting cells (APCs) to naive T cells, are crucial in the initiation of antigen specific immune responses. In the past years, several DC subsets have been identified in different organs which exert different effects in order to elicit adaptive immune responses. Thus, identification of such DC subsets has led to a better understanding of their distribution and function in the body. In this review, several key properties of the immunobiology, immunopathogenesis and vaccine strategies using DCs will be discussed.
Pharmaceutical Risk Control Systems

This paper outlines an initial investigation of the bio-pharmaceutical industry (BPI) and the steps it is taking to meet the new FDA risk mandate. It reviews the industry’s’ current strategy of improving its quality management systems that are central to achieving best practices within its operations. In addition the paper also reviews the strategy for upgrading to the next generation manufacturing execution systems which will control the enterprise facilities through full data integration and actionable intelligence. U.S. PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The U.S. life science industry is a business sector with high visibility which faces the significant task of developing, testing and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. Within the complex environments in which bio-pharmaceuticals are developed, there is a strong need for IS systems that monitor, control and manage the production processes. These industrial strength systems (Booch, 1994) can drive each of the steps within the product life cycle and are critical for guaranteeing that quality standards are met. The internal standards are set through quality assurance techniques developed from ‘best practices,’ while the external standards are set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DROPLET SIZE AND VOLUME FRACTION DISTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NEAR-INJECTOR REGION OF HIGH-PRESSURE DIESEL SPRAYS

Droplet diameter and volume fraction measurements are reported as a function of radial and axial position near the injector orifice within a high-pressure spray typical of diesel systems. Injection system parameters were peak pressures of ~ 80 MPa and a single orifice injector with a 0.16 mm diameter and an L/D ratio of ~ 4. Two cases are presented and discussed in detail; injection into room ambient conditions and injection with combustion (initial conditions: 873 K, 12.5 atm). Scattered light at two infrared wavelengths was collected from a spatially resolved probe volume and, through scattering theory, both Sauter mean diameter and liquid volume fraction were produced. Spray properties were determined as a function of time at a number of points, and these points form a grid based on multiple axial and radial positions within the spray. Results from multiple, yet identical, events were used to construct twodimensional contour plots of the Sauter mean diameter and volume fraction within the spray.
De‐Constructed Ethnographies

Dan Rose. Patterns of American Culture: Ethnography and Estrangement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989. 123 pp. $19.95 (cloth). John D. Dorst. The Written Suburb: An American Site, an Ethnographic Dilemma. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989. xii. 220 pp. $19.95 (paper).
The Elephant and the Four Blind Men: The Burger Court and its Federal Tax Decisions

All the federal tax decisions of the Burger Court are reviewed in order to demonstrate that widely held beliefs about statutory interpretation in tax cases are misleading. For example, although the literature asserts that courts do not distinguish between legislative and interpretive regulations, the Burger Court did give greater deference to legislative regulations. Further, despite some Justices antipathy to legislative history, the Burger Court relied heavily on legislative histories in making its decisions. In addition, the widely held view that the Court eschews tax controversies was found false when compared to other business areas.
Intervening Variables and Adjustment: An Empirical Demonstration

There are several research approaches that characterize the study of adjustment. Most commonly such studies assume a sim ilar analytical model: the multiple regres sion equation. A number of predictors are often assembled, including measures derived from personality inventories, judg ments of therapists or counselors' ratings; sometimes demographic and social data may be included. Many classes of variables are associated with adjustment, and a num ber of techniques are available to deter mine the relative contribution of an assort
Unauthorized Education: Challenging Borders between Good and Bad Immigrants.

This article presents a case study that examines how undocumented youth reject notions that, as students, they are more deserving of state-granted rights (e.g., citizenship, but also temporary rights through DACA). It highlights the use of what I call undocumented pedagogy as a form of everyday activism for greater immigrant rights. This unauthorized pedagogy largely takes place outside of the classroom and disrupts traditional hierarchies within education. Through offering informational workshops and providing personal testimonies among other educational activities, undocumented students in this study aim to 1) broaden access to rights for the larger undocumented immigrant community and 2) challenge negative preconceived notions about undocumented immigrants among citizens. These are key elements to moving forward the struggle for immigrant rights.
Prognosis communication with older patients with multimorbidity: Assessment after an educational intervention

This study aimed to assess how internal medicine residents incorporated prognosis to inform clinical decisions and communicated prognosis in primary care visits with older patients with multimorbidity after an educational intervention, and resident and patient perspectives regarding these visits. Assessment used mixed-methods. The authors assessed the frequency and content of prognosis discussions through residents' self-report and qualitative content analysis of audio-recorded clinic visits. The authors assessed the residents' perceived effect of incorporating prognosis on patient care and patient relationship through a resident survey. The authors assessed the patients' perceived quality of communication and trust in physicians through a patient survey. The study included 21 clinic visits that involved 12 first-year residents and 21 patients. Residents reported incorporating patients' prognoses to inform clinical decisions in 13/21 visits and perceived positive effects on patient care (in 11/13 visits) and patient relationship (in 7/13 visits). Prognosis communication occurred in 9/21 visits by self-report, but only in six of these nine visits by content analysis of audio-recordings. Patient ratings were high regardless of whether or not prognosis was communicated. In summary, after training, residents often incorporated patients' prognoses to inform clinical decisions, but sometimes did so without communicating prognosis to the patients. Residents and patients reported positive perceptions regarding the visits.
Generating Real-Time Profiles of Runtime Energy Consumption for Java Applications.

Energy consumption of computer-based systems is a growing concern, especially for large scaled distributed systems that operate in data centers and server farms. Currently, there exist many hardware implementations that holistically measure the consumption of energy for hardware and software systems. These approaches are limited as they measure the current power consumption of the overarching system an approach that does not necessarily assist in making the underlying software more power-aware while under operation. This paper introduces the algorithm and process of calculating the energy consumption of Java applications at runtime. This approach is evaluated using a new energy profiler tool that is designed to integrate with a Java application leveraging the underlying physical architecture of the hardware. By incorporating the awareness of energy consumption within the software application, then that application can dynamically choose the most energy-efficient processing paths within its operations.
Exploring the Intended and Unintended Consequences of High-Stakes Teacher Evaluation on Schools, Teachers, and Students

Background/ContextThe stakes are getting higher for teachers daily as more and more states adopt hiring, firing, and tenure-granting policies based on teacher evaluations. Even more concerning is t...
Principles of pharmacogenomics: Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical implications

Abstract Response to drug therapy varies considerably among individuals. Variations in genes involved in drug disposition and in eliciting drug response significantly contribute to the interpatient variability in drug response. Pharmacogenomics involves the search for genetic variations influencing drug response and offers the opportunity to improve drug effectiveness and safety through a personalized approach to drug prescribing. In addition to potentially improving the use of existing therapies, pharmacogenetics has led to the development of novel drugs based on an improved understanding of genetic contributions to disease pathophysiology. This chapter provides an overview of variation in the human genome and how this variation influences drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, thus affecting drug response.
Risk Assessment and Risk Management

The members of the Breakout Group on Risk Assessment and Risk Management were Donald R. Mattison, Marvin L. Meistrich, William L. Russell, Harold Zenick, and myself. Many issues related to risk assessment and risk management were discussed. Although the group attempted to consider the broad range of issues represented at this conference, considerably more emphasis was given to genetic effects because quantitative risk estimation is much further advanced for genetic effects than it is for the other endpoints discussed.
Management of Budd–Chiari Syndrome

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for management of Budd–Chiari Syndrome procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications and potential complications in an organized and practical format.