cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relations between temperamental fear and risky pedestrian behavior

OBJECTIVE: Child pedestrian injury poses a significant global public health challenge. This study examines relations between temperamental fear and children's risky pedestrian behavior, utilizing mediation analytic strategies to study underlying mechanisms of the hypothesized relation. METHODS: As part of a larger study, 240 seven- and eight-year-old children completed 30 crossings in a virtual reality (VR) pedestrian environment. Three pedestrian behaviors were considered: start gap (lag after a traffic gap appears before child initiates crossing into the gap), time to contact (TTC; gap between avatar and the lead oncoming vehicle), and hits (collisions with vehicles in simulated crossings). Temperamental fear was measured by parent report. RESULTS: Fearful children were more likely to be struck by virtual vehicles, and the relation between fear and risky pedestrian behaviors was mediated by start gap and TTC. Specifically, children who were temperamentally more fearful were more likely to hesitate before initiating crossing, which led to shorter gaps between themselves and the oncoming vehicle, hence causing them to be more likely to be hit by virtual vehicles. Gender interacted with fear, such that fearful girls were most likely to be hit. CONCLUSIONS: Both temperamental fear and gender influenced the risk of child pedestrian injuries. Delayed entry into traffic and shorter gaps between children and oncoming vehicles may underlie this relation. Future research should explore how these factors might influence the effectiveness of prevention programs. Language: en
Meat quality and sensory attributes of a conventional and a Label Rouge-type broiler strain obtained at retail

Some consumers have reported preferences for meat from alternative broiler strains as compared with meat from conventional broiler strains relative to taste and texture, but relatively few objective measurements have been conducted on these particular strains. To directly compare meat quality from a Label Rouge-type alternative and a conventional broiler strain available at retail, 4 ready-to-cook conventional and 6 alternative strain carcasses were obtained from retail or a processing plant on each of 6 d. Boneless skinless breast fillets and boneless thighs were taken from each carcass and weighed. Raw meat was then assigned to different testing lots for cooking to evaluate yield, objective texture, meat color, sensory profile, and proximate composition (percentage protein, moisture, fat, and ash). Analyses of data revealed no significant difference (P < 0.05) due to broiler strain for percentage protein, moisture, fat, and ash, for either breast or thigh meat. Conventional breast (raw and cooked) weights were significantly higher than the alternative strain, but there was no difference in cooked yield. There were no differences between strain for thigh weights or yield. Both thigh and breast meat from the conventional broilers was more tender than meat from alternative broilers. Cooked conventional breast meat was darker and yellower, whereas cooked thigh was lighter, less red, and more yellow than alternative meat. Sensory analysis found no difference between strains for breast meat attributes. Conventional thigh meat scored higher than alternative for appearance, tenderness, juiciness, and how well the panelist liked the appearance, but there was no difference in aftertaste or overall liking. Although minimal differences were observed for cooked breast meat due to strain, conventional cooked thigh meat scored higher than the thigh meat from the Label Rouge-type alternative for most of the sensory attributes.
A comparison of discrete, single stage lot-sizing heuristics with special emphasis on rules based on the marginal cost principle

Abstract Several lot-sizing techniques suitable for use in connection with time-phased inventory records have been suggested in the last few years. The common denominator for most of these rules is their foundation in the principle of equating marginal costs per unit of time. After outlining the structures of six recent lot size models, this paper presents the results from a large simulation experiment involving a total of eleven discrete rules. It is shown that the lot-sizing techniques based on marginal costs clearly outperform the more well known rules like Part Period Balancing and Least Unit Cost, and actually rank number 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 after the optimizing Wagner-Whitin algorithm.
The effect of cleaning and disinfection of soft contact lenses on corneal infectivity in an animal model.

Purpose Bacterial contamination of previously worn soft contact lenses, especially at sites of lens deposits, might play a role in the pathogenesis of lens-associated bacterial keratitis. We studied the effects of three commercial contact lens cleaners and disinfectants in a rabbit model to determine whether cleaning and disinfection reduced infectivity. Methods Duragel 75 soft contact lenses, designed to fit the eyes of rabbits, were worn by rabbits under tarsorrhaphies, then were removed and cleaned in one of three cleaner and disinfectant solutions according to the manufacturers' instructions. The lenses were contaminated by overnight incubation in a suspension of 10 8 Pseudomonas aeruginosa /ml and were placed under tarsorrhaphies on the eyes of fresh rabbits. The rabbits were observed for two weeks for signs of infection. Control rabbits wore new, uncleaned but contaminated lenses or worn, uncleaned but contaminated lenses. Results The rates of infection with the three commercial cleaner and disinfectant solutions ranged from 18% (two of 11) to 31% (four of 13); these incidences were not significantly different from one another or from the 19% (three of 16) incidence with new, contaminated but uncleaned lenses. By contrast, when worn, uncleaned but contaminated lenses were placed in rabbits' eyes, seven of eight were infected, a rate that is significantly higher than that of the other four groups (P = .0003). Conclusions These data indicate that the three commercial lens cleaner and disinfectant solutions were of similar efficacy in reducing the infectivity of contaminated contact lenses to a level similar to that of new, unworn lenses. This model may be of use in the evaluation of products for the care of contact lenses.
A description of female genital mutilation and force-feeding practices in Mauritania: implications for the protection of child rights and health.

Objectives To establish the prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) and force feeding (gavage) practices among children in Mauritania; to investigate factors related to FGM and gavage practices and attitude in Mauritania; and to explore implications related to the protection of children’s rights and welfare. Methods Data from the Mauritania 2000–2001 DHS were used in this analysis. Data were collected from men and women about their attitude toward the continuation of FGM and gavage; women only were asked if they ever experienced one of these practices. Chi-square statistics were used to investigate differences in attitude and practice of FGM and gavage by demographic characteristics. Binary logistic regression was used to identify socio-demographic factors related to FGM and gavage outcomes. Findings The overall prevalence of FGM was 77% but varied depending on ethnicity. The majority of both female and male respondents favored the continuation of the practice (64% and 70%, respectively). Almost a quarter (23%) of women reported being force fed as a child and 32% of women and 29% of men approved the continuation of the practice. Gavage is almost exclusively practiced among Arabs. Conclusion The practice of both FGM and gavage is ongoing, although the prevalence and attitude towards both appears to vary as a function of ethnicity, wealth, education, marital status, and age. Contextually relevant intervention and enforcement strategies are needed to challenge these cultural norms and protect the rights and welfare of children in Mauritania.
Others in Mind: Social Origins of Self-Consciousness

Philippe Rochat's Others in mind: Social origins of self-consciousness is an ambitious and fruitful project. Rochat's central thesis is that an innate fear of rejection causes a child to affiliate ...
Health, mortality, and wellness issues in adults with cerebral palsy

For many years, children with cerebral palsy (CP) and their parents have been told that health and functional status stabilize by early adulthood. However, adults with CP report ongoing health conditions and aging and secondary conditions that are not always recognized or managed by their healthcare providers. There is a growing body of literature to better define the health, mortality, and wellness of those aging with CP. In general, adults with CP report good health, although health outcomes appear to be linked to the severity of CP and to increasing age. Studies reporting on lifespan warrant caution in interpretation because of biases in the survey and surveillance systems. It appears that lifespan of persons with CP is at or close to that of the typical population. The most commonly reported age-related changes and secondary conditions involve pain/fatigue, physical performance, and the musculoskeletal system. Not all adults have serious health problems, and many now recognize the aging process as a natural course of events. Few adults with CP engage in typical screening and health promotion activities due to a variety of barriers. There continues to be much to be learned and disseminated, in order to improve the care of adults with CP.
Drug costs and use in VHA nursing homes: a national overview of long-stay residents.

Objectives The aim of this study was to provide national annualized estimates of drug costs and use by drug classes for long-stay nursing home (NH) residents. Design National, descriptive, secondary data analysis. Setting National, Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 136 NHs. Participants Our study population consisted of 6554 VHA long-stay NH residents, identified from the Minimum Data Set (MDS), who had an annual assessment during FY 2005 linked with 8,847,561 inpatient pharmacy claims. Measurement Descriptive statistics of the annual drug costs and use by VHA therapeutic drug classes obtained from FY 2005 national pharmacy claims linked at the individual resident level. Results The total cost of the drugs was $23,782,717 in 326 drug classes for 6554 VHA NH residents. Average annual drug cost was $3629 per resident (99% Confidence Interval [CI], $3343–$3915). The top 20 drug classes accounted for nearly 70% of total drug costs for long-stay NH residents. Approximately three quarters (73.3%) of these residents received a non-opioid analgesic (eg, acetaminophen, aspirin). Over half of these residents received antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]) (54.3%), or other anti-infective drugs (eg, bacitracin, ciprofloxacin) (53.3%). Conclusions This is the first national study of drug costs and use for long-stay veterans in VHA NHs. It is essential in any study analyzing drug costs and use in NH patients to differentiate long-stay residents from short-stay patients. This kind of detailed cost and use analysis has implications for projecting future costs associated with the Medicare Part D prescription benefit for dually eligible NH residents.
Neuroprotective effects of TNF binding protein in focal cerebral ischemia

The effect of tumor necrosis factor binding protein (TNFbp) was studied in mice subjected to a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). TNFbp is a dimeric form of the type I soluble TNF receptor linked to polyethylene glycol (TNFbp), and binds and inhibits TNF-α. TNFbp produced a significant reduction in the cortical infarct volume (22.6±3.5 mm3 immediately after MCAO; 25.2±2.4 mm3 1 h after MCAO) compared with vehicle-treated animals (30.3±3.7 mm3 immediately post MCAO; 31±3.7 mm3 1 h after MCAO (mean±S.D.) when administered intracranially up to 60 min post-occlusion. The neuroprotective effect of TNFbp was sustained in mice for 2 weeks after MCAO. DNA fragmentation at the margin of the cortical infarcts was dramatically reduced in mice treated with TNFbp whereas all control animals showed consistent and obvious DNA fragmentation 2 weeks after MCAO. TNFbp could have therapeutic value for the treatment of ischemic stroke if the problem of delivery to brain can be overcome.
Remote Measurement of Eye Direction Allowing Subject Motion Over One Cubic Foot of Space

The remote oculometer is a new instrument for the remote measurement of eye direction and pupil diameter. The electrooptical sensor unit is located several feet from the subject, who is free to move the eye being sensed throughout 1 ft 3 of space. The video processing is performed in real time by a standard minicomputer. The oculometer processor (minicomputer) provides automatic calibration and linearization to each subject and can, supply the output eye-direction information in the form of either fixation-point coordinates on any specified fixation plane, azimuth and elevation, or direction cosines.The oculometer measures line-of-sight to an accuracy of 1° for eye rotation angles, relative to the sensor unit, of from 0° to + 30° elevation and from -30 ° to + 30 ° azimuth.
Does the method of data detrending matter? A study of the KPSS test against long memory alternatives

Abstract We generalize the finding of Schmidt, who shows that the consistency of the KPSS test (stationarity against unit root) may no longer hold if it is based on a different data detrending procedure, by considering long memory alternatives.
Plastic potential and yield function of porous materials with aligned and randomly oriented spheroidal voids

Abstract Based on an energy approach, the plastic potential and yield function of a porous material containing either aligned or randomly oriented spheroidal voids are developed at a given porosity and pore shape. The theory is applicable to both elastically compressible and incompressible matrix and, it is proved that, in the incompressible case, the theory with spherical and aligned spheroidal voids also coincides with Ponte Castaneda's bounds of the Hashin-Shtrikman and Willis types, respectively. Comparison is also made between the present theory and those of Gurson and Tvergaard, with a result giving strong overall support of this new development. For the influence of pore shape, the yield function and therefore the stress-strain curve of the isotropic porous material are found to be stiffest when the voids are spherical, and those associated with other pore shapes all fall below these values, the weakest one being caused by the disc-shaped voids. The transversely isotropic nature of the yield function and stress-strain curves of a porous material containing aligned pores are also demonstrated as a function of porosity and pore shape, and it is further substantiated with a comparison with an exact, local analysis when the void shape becomes cylindrical.
Human intestinal epithelial cell-derived molecule(s) increase enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli virulence.

To better understand the role of host cell-derived molecules on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection, we studied EHEC virulence gene expression when exposed to cell-free spent (conditioned) medium (CM) from HCT-8 intestinal epithelial cells. Exposure to HCT-8 CM for 1 h and 3 h increased the expression of 32 of 41 EHEC locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) virulence genes compared with fresh medium (FM). Expression of the Shiga toxin 1 (stx1B) gene was up-regulated at 1 h of exposure. Seventeen genes encoded by prophage 933W, including those for Stx2, were also up-regulated at both time-points. The increase in 933W prophage expression was mirrored by a 2.7-fold increase in phage titers. Consistent with the increase in virulence gene expression, we observed a fivefold increase in EHEC attachment to epithelial cells when exposed to CM. The increase in EHEC attachment was abolished when CM was heated to 95 °C or treated with proteinase K to degrade the proteins. The host cell-derived molecule(s) were larger than 3 kDa, which suggests that the molecule(s) that increase EHEC virulence and attachment are protein-based.
Outsourcing Using Niche Service Providers: Keys to Leveraging Clinical Resources in Drug and Device Development

(1997). Outsourcing Using Niche Service Providers: Keys to Leveraging Clinical Resources in Drug and Device Development. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs: Vol. 14, No. 3-4, pp. 295-306.
The MOD Keyboard

A special plug-in cartridge for the VIC-20 converts it into a dynamic keyboard emulator that enables a handicapped user to control a second, unmodified computer.
Organic marker compounds for surface soil and fugitive dust from open lot dairies and cattle feedlots

Abstract Fugitive dust emissions from cattle feedlots and open lot dairies are substantial. In order to determine the contribution of intensive cattle operations on ambient PM levels, more knowledge besides the elemental composition is necessary in order to distinguish between airborne PM from nearby agricultural fields, barren lands, or dirt roads. Here, as part of the San Joaquin Valley Fugitive Dust Characterization Study, surface soil samples collected from feedlots and open lot dairy farms are investigated for potential source specific molecular marker compounds. More than 100 organic compounds were quantified including: n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkenoic acids, n-alkanols, n-alkanals, n-alkan-2-ones, steroids, triterpenoids, isoprenoids, and tocopherols (vitamin E) and metabolites. Biohydrogenation of plant lipids and sterols in the rumen results in distinctive alteration products. Animal and plant derived steroids are most abundant. Here, it is shown that 5β-stigmastanol and epi-5β-stigmastanol, two biohydrogenation products of sitosterol and stigmasterol, are the most distinctive molecular marker compounds. While stearic (C18) and palmitic (C16) acids are as individual compounds not source specific, biohydrogenation of the more abundant C18 unsaturated fatty acids, causes the ratio of C18/C16 fatty acids to shift from below 0.5 for vegetation to an average of 3.0±0.7. Consequently, the C18/C16 fatty acid ratio is unique and can be used as well in source apportionment studies.
LTE in the unlicensed spectrum: Evaluating coexistence mechanisms

The Long Term Evolution (LTE) in unlicensed spectrum is an emerging topic in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), which is about an operation of the LTE system in the unlicensed spectrum via license-assisted carrier aggregation. The 5 GHz Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) bands are currently under consideration, but these bands are also occupied by Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), specifically those based on the IEEE 802.11a/n/ac technologies. Therefore, an appropriate coexistence mechanism must be augmented to guarantee a peaceful coexistence with the incumbent systems. With this regard, our focus lies on the evaluation of all the proposed coexistence mechanisms so far in a single framework and making a fair comparison of them. The coexistence mechanisms covered in this work includes static muting, listen-before-talk (LBT), and other sensing-based schemes that make a use of the existing WLAN channel reservation protocol.
Comparison of Aqueous and Non-aqueous Soft-Chemical Syntheses of Lithium Niobate and Lithium Tantalate Powders

Lithium niobates and tantalates have a number of characteristics exploitable for optical and electrical devices that include ion conductivity, self-activating or dopant luminescence, piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity and ferroelectricity. To form these materials as nanometric powders or thin-film coatings, soft-chemical processing is required, and a limited number of procedures have been reported. We have explored two soft-chemical routes to lithium niobate and lithium tantalate materials: a non-aqueous procedure and an aqueous procedure. The non-aqueous procedure, which utilizes 1,4-butanediol and simple chemical precursors produces pure phase rhombohedral LiTaO3 and LiNbO3. For aqueous synthesis, we utilize the single-source polyoxoniobate salt: Li8[M6O19]·xH2O (M = Nb, Ta) in a hydrothermal reaction. If LiOH is added, the product is rock-salt type Li3MO4. Without LiOH, other phases are observed. The products are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission elect...
Tricyclic systems which contain silicon and nitrogen heteroatoms in central seven- and eight-membered rings

Abstract The generation of three tricyclic ring systems which contain both silicon and nitrogen heteroatoms in the central ring are described. Dibenz[ b , e ][1,4]azasilepines are formed in the reaction of dichlorosilanes with the lithiation product from o -BrC 6 H 4 N(CH 3 )CH 2 C 6 H 4 Br- o and n-BuLi but the direct reaction products could not be purified. Dibenz[ b , f ][1,4]azasilepines are prepared from the fluoride ion induced expansion of a phenazasiline. Dibenz[ c , f ][1,5]azasilocines are produced from reaction of ( o -BrCH 2 C 6 H 4 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 2 with primary amines. Incorporation of dimethylaminopropyl side chains at both silicon and nitrogen heteroatoms is also described.
A classical mechanics technique for quantum linear response

It is shown that the lowest random phase approximation (RPA) excitation energies of a quantum many-fermion system can be obtained by minimizing an effective classical energy functional. The idea is based on an analogy between the RPA and classical Hamiltonian equations of motion. Generalized Lanczos recursion allows the minimum to be found very efficiently. The technique is used to find the electronic excitation spectrum of the C60 molecule.
Overview: sex roles fertility and the motherhood mandate

The centrality of motherhood to woman's identity is characterized as a mandate that is built into our social institutions as well as our psyches. This mandate is reflected in the assumptions of the models and methods of research in the psychology of women. An examination of the impact of the motherhood mandate is encouraged and complexities that must be reflected in research models and methods are underscored. These complexities include the need for (1) appreciation of the context of the phenomena studied; (2) interactionist approaches, including multivariate models and methods; and (3) a multidisciplinary perspective, including biological, psychological, social and structural levels of analysis. Two facets of the changing context having profound implications for the meaning of motherhood are reproductive freedom and voluntary childlessness.
Macular hole formation associated with idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasia.

Background To report the occurrence of a full thickness macular hole in association with idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasia.
RAISED NYCTOHEMERAL (NIGHT AND DAY) GROWTH-HORMONE LEVELS IN CONDITIONS WITH PRIMORDIAL SHORT STATURE

Abstract Five children with various forms of primordial short stature had high plasma-growth-hormone (G.H.) levels throughout the day and night but still developed a superimposed sleep-related rise in G.H. and a rise in G.H. in response to arginine provocation. These findings, in association with reports demonstrating reduced metabolic clearance-rates of G.H. and a favourable growth response to exogenous G.H. in some patients with primordial short stature, support the idea that an alteration in the metabolism of endogenously secreted G.H. and a structurally abnormal G.H. with reduced biological activity is present in at least some forms of primordial short stature.
Transferring emerging neuroscience to the clinical ethics bedside.

In the target article, Grant Gillett (2009) has taken an important step toward greater synthesis of neuroethics, philosophy, and neuroscience. In his neo-Aristotelian account, Gillett posits a nece...
EARLY NEUROGENESIS OF THE DROSOPHILA BRAIN

We have studied the formation of the neuroblasts of the Drosophila brain which segregate from the procephalic neurectoderm. The expression domains of the segment polarity gene engrailed (en) allow one to subdivide the procephalic neuroectoderm into tritocerebral, deuterocerebral, and protocerebral neuromeres. Based upon the expression pattern of the proneural gene lethal of scute (l'sc), as well as the pattern of brain neuroblast segregation, the protocerebral and deuterocerebral neuromeres can be further subdivided into a central, anterior, and posterior domain. A total of 75–80 neuroblasts segregate in a stereotyped pattern from the procephalic neurectoderm of each side during stages 9–11. With respect to their position and the expression of the markers asense (ase) and seven-up (sup), 23 small groups of one to five neuroblasts each were identified. The first eight groups (Pc1–4, Dc1–3, Dp1), collectively called SI/II neuroblasts in analogy to the subpopulation of ventral neuroblasts which appear at the same stage), arise from the central domain of the protocerebral and deuterocerebral neurectoderm, respectively. Later groups form anteriorly and posteriorly from the earlier ones, leading to a centrifugal growth of the procephalic neuroblast population. SIII neuroblasts (Pa1–4, Pp1–2, Dp2) arise during stage 10, SIV neuroblasts (Pa5–6, Pp3–4, Da1, T1–2) during early stage 11, and SV neuroblasts (Pp5, Pdm) during late stage 11 and early stage 12. The dorsomedial domain of the procephalic neurectoderm represents a special case. Unlike other procephalic neuroblasts which delaminate from the surface ectoderm as individual cells, cells of the dorsomedial protocerebral domain are internalized during stage 12 as large, coherent clusters by a movement which can be best characterized as a combination of mass-delamination and invagination. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ultraviolet Radiation Influences Perch Selection by a Neotropical Poison-Dart Frog

Ambient ultraviolet-B radiation can harm amphibian eggs, larvae and adults. However, some amphibians avoid UV-B radiation when given the opportunity. The strawberry poison dart frog, Oophaga pumilio, is diurnal and males vocalize throughout the day in light gaps under forest canopies that expose them to solar radiation. Previous studies have demonstrated that males calling from high perches are more successful at mating than those at lower perches. We investigated whether frogs at higher perches receive more ultraviolet-B than those calling from lower perches. We also investigated whether frogs on perches receiving relatively low ultraviolet-B levels maintained their positions for longer compared to individuals calling from perches receiving higher levels of ultraviolet-B. Finally, since it has been hypothesized that some animals utilize levels of UV-A as a visual cue to avoid UV-B damage, we artificially elevated ultraviolet-A levels to examine whether males exposed to artificially elevated ultraviolet-A abandoned their perches sooner compared to males exposed to visible light. We found that frogs called from perches receiving low ultraviolet-B regardless of perch height, and that frogs maintain their positions longer on perches receiving low ultraviolet-B compared to perches receiving even slightly higher ultraviolet-B levels. Exposing the frogs to artificially elevated levels of ultraviolet-A radiation caused males to move off of their perches faster than when they were exposed to a control light source. These experiments suggest that ultraviolet radiation plays an important role in frog behavior related to perch selection, even in rainforests where much of the solar radiation is shielded by the forest canopy.
A Methodology for the Quantitative Synthesis of Intra-Subject Design Research

Investigators using quantitative synthesis methodology have as yet been unable to include the results from single-case experiments in their analyses, in large part because of the lack of a suitable statistical methodology. The development of a regression model that can be used to generate effect sizes for both changes in slope and changes in level occurring as a result of the treatment intervention is outlined. Analysis of lag one autocorrelation among the residuals suggests that serial correlation is not a serious problem. The regression approach provides a satisfactory fit of the data, and may thus provide a basis for the generation of effect sizes from single-case experimental data.
Solutions of a modified transport equation for multiple scattering in suspensions of highly anisotropic scatterers

A modified form of the linear-transport equation is derived and applied to situations in which the scattering function is strongly peaked in the forward direction. This important case, which includes multiple scattering of light by biological suspensions, is very difficult to handle by use of ordinary linear-transport theory, but quite tractable with the modified equation. The modified equation is a very good approximation to the usual transport equation throughout the scattering medium except in the close vicinity of a δ function (i.e., a unidirectional) source. In the case of no absorption, the modified equation describes the statistics of stiff polymer chains.
How subjective grouping of options influences choice and allocation: diversification bias and the phenomenon of partition dependence.

The authors argue that people’s tendency to diversify their allocations of money and consumption choices over alternatives gives rise to decisions that vary systematically with the subjective grouping of available options. These subjective groupings are influenced by subtle variations in the presentation of options or elicitation of preferences. Studies 1– 4 demonstrate such “partition dependence” in allocations of money to beneficiaries, consumption experiences to future time periods, and choices to a menu of consumption options. Study 5 documents weaker partition dependence among individuals with greater relevant experience discriminating among options, and Study 6 shows that the effect is attenuated among participants with stronger or more accessible intrinsic preferences.
Space-time tradeoff in regular expression matching with semi-deterministic finite automata

Regular expression matching (REM) with nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) can be computationally expensive when a large number of patterns are matched concurrently. On the other hand, converting the NFA to a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) can cause state explosion, where the number of states and transitions in the DFA are exponentially larger than in the NFA. In this paper, we seek to answer the following question: to match an arbitrary set of regular expressions, is there a finite automaton that lies between the NFA and DFA in terms of computation and memory complexities? We introduce the semi-deterministic finite automata (SFA) and the state convolvement test to construct an SFA from a given NFA. An SFA consists of a fixed number (p) of constituent DFAs (c-DFA) running in parallel; each c-DFA is responsible for a subset of states in the original NFA. To match a set of regular expressions with n overlapping symbols (that can match to the same input character concurrently), the NFA can require O(n) computation per input character, whereas the DFA can have a state transition table with O(2n) states. By exploiting the state convolvements during the SFA construction, an equivalent SFA reduces the computation complexity to O(p2=c2) per input character while limiting the space requirement to O(|Σ|×p2×(n=p)c) states, where Σ is the alphabet and c ≥ 1 is a small design constant. Although the problem of constructing the optimal (minimum-sized) SFA is shown to be NP-complete, we develop a greedy heuristic to quickly construct a near-optimal SFA in time and space quadratic in the number of states in the original NFA. We demonstrate our SFA construction using real-world regular expressions taken from the Snort IDS.
Predictions of shear-wave velocities in southern California using surface geology

A new model of the average shear-wave velocity in the uppermost 30 m has been generated by extrapolation of discrete velocity profiles using surface geology at several scales. Statistical methods have been applied to create a map that is no more complicated than is supported by the velocity data; several geologic units with similar responses are grouped together. The resulting map is simpler than previous ones and yet fits the observed velocity profiles better than earlier, more complicated maps. Analysis within a geographic information system will permit updates and modification of the map as new velocity data are added.
The mechanochemistry of V-ATPase proton pumps.

The vacuolar H 1 -ATPases (V-ATPases) are a universal class of proton pumps that are structurally similar to the F-ATPases. Both protein families are characterized by a membrane-bound segment (Vo ,F o) responsible for the translocation of protons, and a soluble portion, (V1 ,F 1), which supplies the energy for translocation by hydrolyzing ATP. Here we present a mechanochemical model for the functioning of the Vo ion pump that is consistent with the known structural features and biochemistry. The model reproduces a variety of experimental measurements of performance and provides a unified view of the many mechanisms of intracellular pH regulation.
A convex approach to robust H2 performance analysis

In this paper, we consider the problem of assessing worst-case H"2 performance for MIMO systems and we give an LMI based sufficient condition for robust performance under LTI (not necessarily causal) model uncertainty, having the same complexity as H"~ conditions for the same problem. In addition, we show that this condition is indeed necessary and sufficient for MISO and SIMO systems under a class of LTI uncertainty, and for MIMO plants under (arbitrarily slow) LTV uncertainty.
Target detection and identification using canonical correlation analysis and subspace partitioning

We present a data-driven approach for target detection and identification based on a linear mixture model. Our aim is to determine the existence of certain targets in a mixture without specific information on the targets or the background, and to identify the targets from a given library. We use the maximum canonical correlation between the target set and the observations as the detection score, and use coefficients of the canonical vector to identify the indices of the present components from the given target library. The performance of the detector is enhanced using subspace partitioning on the target library. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in Raman spectroscopy for detection of surface-deposited chemical agents.
TRANSLATION OF THE FLAGELLAR GENE FLIO OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM FROM PUTATIVE TANDEM STARTS

The flagellar gene fliO of Salmonella typhimurium can be translated from an AUG codon that overlaps the termination codon of fliN (K. Ohnishi et al., J. Bacteriol. 179:6092-6099, 1997). However, it had been concluded on the basis of complementation analysis that in Escherichia coli a second start codon 60 bp downstream was the authentic one (J. Malakooti et al., J. Bacteriol. 176:189-197, 1994). This raised the possibility of tandem translational starts, such as occur for the chemotaxis gene cheA; this possibility was increased by the existence of a stem-loop sequence covering the second start, a feature also found with cheA. Protein translated from the first start codon was detected regardless of whether the second start codon was present; it was also detected when the stem-loop structure was disrupted or deleted. Translation from the second start codon, either as the natural one (GUG) or as AUG, was not detected when the first start and intervening sequence were intact. Nor was it detected when the first codon was attenuated (by conversion of AUGAUG to AUAAUA; in S. typhimurium there is a second, adjacent, AUG) or eliminated (by conversion to CGCCGC); disruption of the stem-loop structure still did not yield detectable translation from the second start. When the entire sequence up to the second start was deleted, translation from the second start was detected provided the natural codon GUG had been converted to AUG. A fliO null mutant could be fully complemented in swarm assays whenever the first start and intervening sequence were present, regardless of the state of the second start. Reasonably good complementation occurred when the first start and intervening sequence were absent provided the second start was intact, either as AUG or as GUG; thus translation from the GUG codon must have been occurring even though protein levels were too low to be detected. The translated intervening sequence is rather divergent between S. typhimurium and E. coli and corresponds to a substantial cytoplasmic domain prior to the sole transmembrane segment, which is highly conserved; the sequence following the second start begins immediately prior to that transmembrane segment. The significance of the data for FliO is discussed and compared to the equivalent data for CheA. Attention is also drawn to the fact that given an optimal ribosome binding site, AUA can serve as a fairly efficient start codon even though it seldom if ever appears to be used in nature.
Integrating the Kennesaw database courseware and other database coursewares in database classes

This tutorial will focus on a database courseware tool developed at Kennesaw State University (KDC) available at http://coffee.kennesaw.edu/. It will also introduce participants to other database courseware tools (particularly WinRDBI and other tools developed at Arizona State University) that are also freely available on the web. The workshop will focus on how to best incorporate the softwares in a classroom setting. Animations to teach the following topics will be presented: Database Design (Problem Specification to E-R Diagrams, E-R Diagrams to Tables, Normalization), Query Languages (Relational Algebra and SQL), Transaction Processing (PL/SQL, JDBC, Embedded SQL with C, Recovery, Concurrency, Triggers, Stored Procedures and Functions), and Object-Oriented DBMS. Similar workshops has been successfully presented at a Regional Conference and at an International Conference.
WHAT KIND OF GLOBALIZATION? ORGANIZING FOR WORKERS’ HUMAN RIGHTS

Globalized neoliberalism is neither inevitable nor irreversible. By strategically reimagining labor activism, globally conscious local organizers are expanding the range of answers to the question of what kind of globalization will eventually predominate. The first part of the article notes that U.S.-ratified international human rights law, in requiring states to provide means of subsistence and work with dignity to all their people, provides a normative frame for organizing for a “socially aware global economy.” However, the institutions and policies of globalized market messianism have prevented the realization of these ideals, instead creating an economic human rights catastrophe for most of humanity. The second part of the article proposes a framework for transformative organizing to build a socially aware global economy by linking local organizing to transnational networks. It explores the efficacy of three divergent but complementary strategic manifestations of this framework, which seek to give life to economic human rights law, build transnational solidarity through cross-border action, and prefigure alternative policies and institutions.
Burst communication by means of buffer allocation in body sensor networks: Exploiting signal processing to reduce the number of transmissions

Monitoring human movements using wireless sensory devices promises to revolutionize the delivery of healthcare services. Such platforms use inertial information of their subjects for motion analysis. Potentially, each action or disease can be discovered by collaborative processing of sensor data from multiple locations on the body. This functionality is provided by a Body Sensor Network (BSN), which consists of several wireless sensor nodes positioned on different parts of the body. In spite of the revolutionary potential of this platform, power requirements and wearability have limited the commercialization of these systems. In this paper, we present an energy-efficient communication model for BSN applications which uses buffers to limit communication to short bursts, decreasing power usage and simplifying the communication. We formulate an optimization problem to reduce transmissions among sensor nodes and present an ILP-based solution and a fast greedy heuristic algorithm. We show that despite the decreased transmission efficiency, our greedy algorithm can be adopted for fast allocation of buffers in real-time. We experimentally compare the performance of both of the proposed approaches to the performance of an unbuffered system. Our results demonstrate that ILP and greedy solutions can reduce the amount of transmissions by an average factor of 70 and 41, respectively.
Don’t Believe What You Read (Only Once) Comprehension Is Supported by Regressions During Reading

Recent Web apps have spurred excitement around the prospect of achieving speed reading by eliminating eye movements (i.e., with rapid serial visual presentation, or RSVP, in which words are presented briefly one at a time and sequentially). Our experiment using a novel trailing-mask paradigm contradicts these claims. Subjects read normally or while the display of text was manipulated such that each word was masked once the reader’s eyes moved past it. This manipulation created a scenario similar to RSVP: The reader could read each word only once; regressions (i.e., rereadings of words), which are a natural part of the reading process, were functionally eliminated. Crucially, the inability to regress affected comprehension negatively. Furthermore, this effect was not confined to ambiguous sentences. These data suggest that regressions contribute to the ability to understand what one has read and call into question the viability of speed-reading apps that eliminate eye movements (e.g., those that use RSVP).
THE IMPACT OF HABITAT FEATURES ON WEB FEATURES AND PREY CAPTURE OF ARGIOPE AURANTIA (ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE)

Abstract Prey capture by the orb-web spider, Argiope aurantia Lucas 1833, depends on the type of the web-site selected. I analyzed A. aurantia web sites in open field and adjacent forest edge habitats to identify habitat features associated with web characteristics and prey capture. In the open field, the use of herbs or grass for web attachment was associated with smaller web diameters, and lower attachment heights and web heights. In both forest edge and open field, the distance to the nearest flower was less when web attachments were on composites. In the open field, webs attached to grass captured more orthopteran prey, and webs attached to herbs and composites captured more hymenopteran prey. The mean number of prey captured and the proportion of hymenopteran prey increased with higher web attachments in the open field habitat. Close proximity of webs to goldenrod in bloom in the open field habitat increased the mean number of prey captured and the proportion of hymenopteran prey. In the forest edge ...
Permafrost and ground temperature regimes: a challenging soil classification problem in low arctic and alpine environments

Abstract The prevailing criteria in United States Department of Agriculture's Soil Taxonomy classification system place preeminent emphasis on temperature, especially upon the presence or absence of permafrost. Given that permafrost is a purely thermal concept, but one that must pertain for at least two consecutive years, there are substantial intellectual and pragmatic challenges for pedologists working in low arctic and alpine environments where permafrost is likely to be discontinuous or sporadic, and fieldwork of a reconnaissance nature. The definitive criteria place great emphasis on permafrost at 100 and 200 cm, a depth that is often difficult to reach in alpine contexts, and of questionable genetic significance if the soils are thin or dry. In this paper, the extreme spatial variability, or fragmentation, of low arctic and alpine soil thermal regimes are illustrated with one year of data from Karkevagge, arctic Sweden and two years of data from the Storbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, Norway.
Is Philosophy a Branch of Logic

According to the customary view, logic is a mere subdiscipline or ad junct of philosophy in so far as it is relevant to philosophy at all, and a sub discipline of mathematics to the extent that it is not. Thus, philosophy is taken to have traditional proprietary rights on "its" logic. I would like to examine here the reverse proprietary attitude, according to which philosophy is a branch of logic. It is clear that a radical proposal along these lines cannot be defended if one's view of logic is a very narrow one, or if one's conception of philosophy precludes from the start that the discipline could ever be pur sued in the framework of any kind of logic, no matter how powerful and en compassing it might become. For that reason, we shall examine a view of logic sufficiently wide to allow that the fundamentals of some very powerful systems of "grand logic," as well as specializations, such as deontic-, epistemic, and tense-"logics" are indeed systems of logic; and we shall ex clude views of philosophy according to which that discipline finds essential expression in actions or attitudes, rather than in theories. Since both one's conception of logic and that of philosophy are crucial to the present inquiry, it seems essential to examine both, even though it is notoriously difficult to specify the nature of any discipline. I venture to ex press some views regarding logic and philosophy only because the present topic seems to demand it. It may be well to begin by discouraging some considerations that ap pear to me irrelevant. For a start, my remarks are not going to conform to the expectations of those who hold that the primary goal of philosophy is merely that of dissolving linguistic confusions?unless it be also granted that logic is a tool designed for the same end. Nor can I please those who maintain that philosophy consists merely in attitudes, methods, or dialectic?except if the attitudes which are characteristic of philosophy (perhaps bodies of beliefs) are governed by rational laws, the methods are allowed to be precisely codified, or the dialectic is one whose rules can also serve semantical pur poses. In effect, I shall leave to one side conceptions of philosophy which preclude that logic can not also be similarly conceived. It seems harmless to assume instead that all of logic and philosophy are essentially involved in theory construction. This assumption rules out logic
The Effect of the Oxide Interface on the Material and Electrical Properties of Polysilicon Contacts

A strong correlation has been found between the electrical, compositional and structural properties of the polysilicon contact and its interface with the heavily doped polisil-emitter of a transistor. The integrity and thickness of the oxide interface is a major factor for improving the observed performance. Transistors for which the polysilicon was also the diffusion source for the emitter were studied.
Thoughts on Psychoanalysis Today

Zografia Andoniadou describes well how experiences of childhood and the unconscious conflicts arising from them become the focus of psychoanalytic therapy. I want to add that it is through the dynamics of transference and counter-transference that these childhood experiences, the pain and pleasure of them, come to light within this therapeutic relationship. Transference is the patient's emotional and erotic investment in the analyst; counter-transference is the analyst's corresponding investment in the patient. In this exchange, this mutually shared field of feeling, a new experience of human relating is created for the patient. Aided by the analyst’s perspective, the analysand is able to relive his or her past with enhanced understanding and thus become freer of it.