cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic time-lapse surprise at Teal South: That little neighbor reservoir is leaking!

Why perform time-lapse seismic monitoring? Is it to verify the reservoir model? No! We should conduct time-lapse seismic surveys in order to find out what is incorrect in the reservoir model, in a way similar to the production history matching familiar to reservoir engineers as they look for improvements to the model. This being the case, it is difficult to determine in advance of monitoring just what it is we should be monitoring. Thus, surveys designed specifically to test one feature of a reservoir model may be missing other important features. In this paper, we present a set of very surprising results from the Teal South time-lapse multicomponent (4-D/4-C) study, in Eugene Island Block 354 in the Gulf of Mexico. We will show that time-lapse seismic observations have revealed that an undrilled reservoir near a producing reservoir is exhibiting time-lapse changes consistent with expansion of a free gas phase, and that this implies that oil is being lost through the spill point, never to be recovered, ev...
Rolling resistance of a rigid sphere with viscoelastic coatings

Abstract We present a novel three-dimensional boundary-element formulation that fully characterizes the mechanical behavior of the external boundary of a multi-layered viscoelastic coating attached to a hard rotating spherical core. The proposed formulation incorporates both, the viscoelastic, and the inertial effects of the steady-state rolling motion of the sphere, including the Coriolis effect. The proposed formulation is based on Fourier-domain expressions of all mechanical governing equations. It relates two-dimensional Fourier series expansions of surface displacements and stresses, which results in the formation of a compliance matrix for the outer boundary of the deformable coating, discretized into nodes. The computational cost of building such a compliance matrix is optimized, based on configurational similarities and symmetry. The proposed formulation is applied, in combination with a rolling contact solving strategy, to evaluate the viscoelastic rolling friction of a coated sphere on a rigid plane. Steady-state results generated by the proposed model are verified by comparison to those obtained from running dynamic simulations on a three-dimensional finite element model, beyond the transient. A detailed application example includes a verification of convergence and illustrates the dependence of rolling resistance on the applied load, the thickness of the coating, and the rolling velocity.
Influence of lingual muscular strength on articulatory proficiency

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between lingual muscular strength (LMS) and articulatory proficiency in 45 normal and 45 lisping speakers utilizing a Lingual Force Scale designed specifically for this investigation. Results revealed that lispers exhibited significantly reduced LMS as compared to their matched controls. No significant differences in LMS between males and females with lisped speech, or between normal speaking males and females were found to exist at 5 age levels. Significant positive correlations were noted between age and LMS in both groups of subjects. In light of these findings, it might be suggested that lisping should not be viewed always as a purely functional disorder of the speech musculature.
The Role of Shared Mental Model Development in Understanding Virtual Team Effectiveness

In this article we develop a conceptual framework that examines the relationship between shared mental models, task interdependence, and virtual team performance. In addition, we use media synchronicity theory to examine how various attributes of the technologies used by virtual teams to communicate can influence the development of shared mental models. Finally, we employ a sense-making lens to explore in more detail how features inherent to different communication technologies influence the development of shared mental models. Our goal is that through examining these relationships, some of the mixed findings in prior virtual team research may be better explained.
In-Situ Investigation of Grain Boundary Mobility and Character in Aluminum Alloys in the Presence of a Stored Energy Driving Force

This paper investigates the effect of solute (namely Zr, Fe and Si) in Al alloys on grain boundary character and mobility based on experiments in which individual boundaries migrate under a stored energy driving pressure acquired from prior plastic strain. A compensation effect is noted both alloys studied with respect to both temperature and solute content. As supported by the literature, boundaries exhibit a maximum mobility for a 38-39o misorientation in initial annealing experiments; this mobility maximum is asymmetric with a sharp cutoff below 38-39o but a more gradual decrease at misorientations beyond 40o. The presence of a minimum at 38-39o is found at both higher temperatures and higher solute concentrations. A shift in texture dependency with solute and temperature is also observed. This transition from a local mobility maximum to a minimum is discussed within the context of recent developments in solute drag
Object permanence in dogs: Invisible displacement in a rotation task

Dogs were tested for object permanence using an invisible displacement in which an object was hidden in one of two containers at either end of a beam and the beam was rotated. Consistent with earlier research, when the beam was rotated 180°, the dogs failed to find the object. However, when the beam was rotated only 90°, they were successful. Furthermore, when the dogs were led either 90° or 180° around the apparatus, they were also successful. In a control condition, when the dogs could not see the direction of the 90° rotation, they failed to find the object. The results suggest that the 180° rotation may produce an interfering context that can be reduced by rotating the apparatus only 90° or by changing the dogs’ perspective. Once the conflict is eliminated, dogs show evidence of object permanence that includes invisibly displaced objects.
Tracing coalbed natural gas-coproduced water using stable isotopes of carbon.

Water collected in the area of coal beds has strongly positive δ13CDIC (12‰ to 22‰) that is readily distinguished from the negative δ13C of most surface and ground water (−8‰ to −11‰). Furthermore, the DIC concentrations in coproduced water samples are also high (more than 100 mg C/L) compared to the 20 to 50 mg C/L in ambient surface and ground water of the region. The distinctively high δ13C and DIC concentrations allow the identification of surface and ground water that have incorporated CBNG-coproduced water.
Predicting the functional impact of protein mutations: application to cancer genomics

As large-scale re-sequencing of genomes reveals many protein mutations, especially in human cancer tissues, prediction of their likely functional impact becomes important practical goal. Here, we introduce a new functional impact score (FIS) for amino acid residue changes using evolutionary conservation patterns. The information in these patterns is derived from aligned families and sub-families of sequence homologs within and between species using combinatorial entropy formalism. The score performs well on a large set of human protein mutations in separating disease-associated variants (∼19 200), assumed to be strongly functional, from common polymorphisms (∼35 600), assumed to be weakly functional (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of ∼0.86). In cancer, using recurrence, multiplicity and annotation for ∼10 000 mutations in the COSMIC database, the method does well in assigning higher scores to more likely functional mutations (‘drivers’). To guide experimental prioritization, we report a list of about 1000 top human cancer genes frequently mutated in one or more cancer types ranked by likely functional impact; and, an additional 1000 candidate cancer genes with rare but likely functional mutations. In addition, we estimate that at least 5% of cancer-relevant mutations involve switch of function, rather than simply loss or gain of function.
A Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of Reading Interventions Using Social Studies Content for Students With Learning Disabilities

A synthesis and meta-analysis of the extant research on the effects of reading interventions delivered using social studies content for students with learning disabilities in kindergarten through Grade 12 is provided. A total of 27 studies met criteria for the synthesis, with 16 studies providing sufficient data for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Reading interventions implemented within the context of social studies have employed the use of graphic organizers, mnemonics, reading and answering questions, guided notes, and multicomponent comprehension instruction. The overall mean effect size for interventions included in the meta-analysis was 1.02, indicating that reading interventions delivered using social studies content have a substantial positive effect on outcomes among students with learning disabilities.
Internet search engine freshness by Web server help

We study how to keep the Internet search engines up-to-date with the changes occurring at the various Web servers in the Internet. Currently, Web search engines poll the Web servers on a per-URL basis for obtaining update information. We advocate an approach in which Web servers themselves track the changes happening to their content files for propagating updates to search engines. We propose an algorithm which uses both freshness and popularity of data at the Web servers for deciding the discrepancy between a Web site and a search engine. This algorithm batches the push of updates from the Web server to the search engine. We prove that this algorithm is competitive with an optimal algorithm.
Phylogenetic position of the bat Nycteris javanica (Chiroptera: Nycteridae)

Eleven of the thirteen species of bats within the family Nycteridae are African and two are Southeast Asian in distribution. Dissection of the hyoid apparatus and musculature of the Southeast Asian bat Nycteris javanica and analysis of other non-hyoid morphology reveal that it shares five derived morphological characters with the previously described species N. tragata , also from southeastern Asia. In particular, the two Asian species share a morphologically distinctive post-laryngeal chamber that is different in shape from that of other nycterids. Cladistic analysis suggests that N. javanica and N. tragata are more closely related to each other than either is to any African species of nycterid.
THE MARKOV SPECTRA FOR COCOMPACT FUCHSIAN GROUPS

Applying the Klein model D2 of the hyperbolic plane and identifying the geodesics in D2 with their poles in the projective plane, the author has developed a method for finding the discrete part of the Markov spectrum for Fuchsian groups. It is applicable mostly to non-cocompact groups. In the present paper, this method is extended to cocompact Fuchsian groups. For a group with signature (0;2,2,2,3), the complete description of the discrete part of the Markov spectrum is obtained. The result obtained leads to the complete description of the Markov and Lagrange spectra for the imaginary quadratic field with discriminant -20.
Silicone Antifoam Performance: Correlation with Spreading and Surfactant Monolayer Packing

The relationship between the spreading of antifoam oils and their performance is much discussed in the literature, but a demonstrated connection between antifoam spreading and performance has been lacking. This paper reports the performance of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based antifoam on foam produced by 12 surfactant solutions. These include single or mixed surfactant systems, including impure surfactant mixtures to model fabric washing detergents. The oil film spreading pressure, πo/w, is presented as a simple and relevant measurement of the thermodynamics of antifoam oil spreading. Antifoaming efficacy was measured as the relative reduction in the initial foam height, ΔHrel, using cylinder shake tests at a fixed antifoam dosage. ΔHrel is shown to increase with πo/w, demonstrating a strong statistical correlation between antifoam oil spreading and its performance. Antifoam effectiveness varies with surfactant concentration, surfactant type, and surfactant hydrophobe size and also with increased den...
Fade margin calculation for channels impaired by Rician fading

Excess path loss due to multipath severely restricts the performance of power limited mobile networks such as those using satellite-aided links. To reduce multipath related losses, the higher elevation angle of the spacecraft can be exploited by utilizing mobile antennas which reduce the strength of the multipath reflections in favor of the line-of-sight signal. The presence of a strong and stable path in a fading link will change the envelope statistics of the received waveform from Rayleigh to a more favorable Rician distribution. It is determined that the excess path loss, or fade margin, of a Rician channel when coherent detection of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) or quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) signals is considered. The results are presented parametrically such that they can be applied to a wide range of propagation characteristics from heavy fading to nonfading situations. Furthermore, similar results are also given for the case where only limited coverage is provided.
An October call to arms: We Are Research!

The American Society for Cell Biology is targeting the first week of October 2012 (the week before Nobel Prize winners are announced) to launch the We Are Research initiative. The goal of this initiative is to mobilize practicing junior and senior scientists, including graduate students, postdocs, and other lab members, to make contact with their elected officials and neighbors and explain to them why Federal support and investment in biomedical research is vital to the health and economic welfare of the United States. This initiative is designed to illustrate how important people are to scientific research and to supply our representatives with reliable and accurate information in the form of letters, emails, telephone calls, and personal visits.
Molecular Epidemiology of Francisella tularensis in the United States

Background. In the United States, tularemia is caused by Francisella tularensis subsps. tularensis (type A) and holarctica (type B). Molecular subtyping has further divided type A into 2 subpopulations, A1 and A2. Significant mortality differences were previously identified between human infections caused by A1 (14%), A2 (0%) and type B (7%). To verify these findings and to further define differences among genotypes, we performed a large-scale molecular epidemiologic analysis of F. tularensis isolates from humans and animals. Methods. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with PmeI was performed on 302 type A and 61 type B isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern and epidemiologic analyses were performed. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with human mortality. Results. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing identified 4 distinct type A genotypes, A1a, A1b, A2a, and A2b, as well as type B. Genotypic and geographic divisions observed among isolates from humans were mirrored among isolates from animals, specifically among animal species that are linked to human infection and to enzootic maintenance of tularemia. Significant differences between human infections caused by different genotypes were identified with respect to patient age, site of organism recovery, and mortality. Human infections due to A1b resulted in significantly higher mortality (24%) than those caused by A1a (4%), A2 (0%), and type B (7%). Conclusions. Three type A genotypes, A1a, A1b, and A2, were shown to be epidemiologically important. Our analysis suggests that A1b strains may be significantly more virulent in humans than A1a, A2, or type B strains. These findings have important implications for disease progression, disease prevention, and basic research programs. Tularemia is a zoonotic disease of the northern hemisphere. The etiologic agent Francisella tularensis has been recovered from numerous animal species [1‐3] and can be transmitted to humans through arthropod bites, inhalation or ingestion of the organism, and direct skin contact with infected tissues [1, 4, 5]. Illness severity varies and depends on route of infection, dose, and infecting subspecies. In the United States, tularemia is caused by F. tularensis subsps. tularensis (type A) and holarctica (type B). Type A strains have been divided into 2 distinct subpopulations, A1 and A2 (A.I. or A-east and A.II. or
A Genome-Wide Screen Reveals Functional Gene Clusters in the Cancer Genome and Identifies EphA2 as a Mitogen in Glioblastoma

A novel genome-wide screen that combines patient outcome analysis with array comparative genomic hybridization and mRNA expression profiling was developed to identify genes with copy number alterations, aberrant mRNA expression, and relevance to survival in glioblastoma. The method led to the discovery of physical gene clusters within the cancer genome with boundaries defined by physical proximity, correlated mRNA expression patterns, and survival relatedness. These boundaries delineate a novel genomic interval called the functional common region (FCR). Many FCRs contained genes of high biological relevance to cancer and were used to pinpoint functionally significant DNA alterations that were too small or infrequent to be reliably identified using standard algorithms. One such FCR contained the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Validation experiments showed that EphA2 mRNA overexpression correlated inversely with patient survival in a panel of 21 glioblastomas, and ligand-mediated EphA2 receptor activation increased glioblastoma proliferation and tumor growth via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. This novel genome-wide approach greatly expanded the list of target genes in glioblastoma and represents a powerful new strategy to identify the upstream determinants of tumor phenotype in a range of human cancers.
Identification and characterization of human NR4A2 polymorphisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable and common disorder thought to arise, in part, from alterations in dopamine function. NR4A2, or Nurr1, is an orphan nuclear receptor implicated in the development of dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (SN). Dopaminergic cells of the VTA provide innervation to the prefrontal cortex, believed to be of major importance in the etiology of ADHD, suggesting that NR4A2 is a potential candidate gene for ADHD susceptibility. This study aimed to identify polymorphisms in NR4A2 and test their association to ADHD. Database analysis revealed a CA repeat polymorphism in the 3′ UTR of NR4A2 that was confirmed by PCR. SSCP screening revealed a common ΔC polymorphism, 254 bp 5′ to the transcriptional start site. These polymorphisms were tested for an association with ADHD in both a case control study of individuals from the Milwaukee Longitudinal Study of ADHD (103 cases and 66 controls), and in 35 families composed of trios or affected sib pairs (ASP) with ADHD. Functional effects of the promoter polymorphism were tested in vitro. The non-deleted allele was significantly more active in undifferentiated SK-N-MC cells compared to differentiated SK-N-MC and HeLa cells while a trend for increased activity for the ΔC allele was observed in undifferentiated SK-N-MC cells. Identification of these polymorphisms may aid future candidate gene studies in disorders with altered dopamine signaling, such as schizophrenia Parkinson's disease and ADHD. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Drying Front Movement Near Low-Intensity, Impermeable Underground Heat Sources

Construction d'un modele analytique du transfert transitoire simultane de chaleur, d'eau et d'air. Simplification des equations differentielles de conservation obtenues par analyse dimensionnelle et application de ces equations simplifiees a un sol humide semi-infini presentant une source de chaleur impermeable a sa limite. Calcul des repartitions de l'humidite et de la temperature pour differents flux thermiques et differentes humidites initiales
Rate Sensitivity and Size Effects in Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposited Silicon Oxide Films

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) silicon oxide (SiO x ) thin films have been widely used in MEMS to form electrical and mechanical components. In this paper, both the time-independent and the time-dependent plastic responses of the PECVD SiO x films were studied by the instrumented nanoindentation experiments. Our experiments found an enhanced rate-sensitivity and size-effect in the plastic responses of the PECVD SiO x thin films. In addition, the plastic flow behavior is more homogeneous compared with most inorganic glasses and many metallic glasses. The deformation mechanism in the PECVD SiO x thin films is depicted by the shear transformation zone (STZ) based amorphous plasticity theory. The physical origin of the STZ is elucidated and linked with the plastic deformation dynamics.
The Organizational Behavior Future Search

The Organizational Behavior (OB) Future Search is a set of interactive activities meant to heighten student awareness about emerging global realities and the individual and organizational adaptations necessary to thrive. Many OB topics (organizational history and design, career management, etc.) are covered in a new context, and most others (motivation, leadership, teams, diversity, etc.) are framed and foreshadowed by the search results. Open systems thinking is modeled throughout. The positive momentum created by this search and the changes in individuals’ orientation to the course help to establish a new, more active learning culture.
Heparin Modulates Integrin-Mediated Cellular Adhesion: Specificity of Interactions with α and β Integrin Subunits

Heparin is known to influence the growth, proliferation, and migration of vascular cells, but the precise mechanisms are unknown. We previously demonstrated that unfractionated heparin (UH) binds to the platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3), and enhances ligand binding. To help define the specificity and site(s) of heparin-integrin interactions, we employed the erythroleukemic K562 cell line, transfected to express specific integrins (alpha(v)beta(3), alpha(v)beta(5), and alpha(IIb)beta(3)). By comparing K562 cells expressing a common alpha subunit (Kalpha(v)beta(3), Kalpha(v)beta(5)) with cells expressing a common beta subunit (Kalpha(v)beta(3), Kalpha(IIb)beta(3)), we observed that heparin differentially modulated integrin-mediated adhesion to vitronectin. UH at 0.5-7.5 microg/ml consistently enhanced the adhesion of beta(3) expressing cells (Kalpha(v)beta(3),Kalpha(IIb)beta(3)). In contrast, UH at 0.5-7.5 microg/ml inhibited Kalpha(v)beta(5) adhesion. Experiments using integrin-blocking antibodies, appropriate control ligands, and nontransfected native K562 cells revealed that heparin's actions were mediated by the specific integrins under study. Preincubation of heparin with Kalpha(v)beta(3) cells enhanced adhesion, while preincubation of heparin with the adhesive substrate (vitronectin) had minimal effect. There was a structural specificity to heparin's effect, in that a low molecular weight heparin and chondroitin sulfate showed significantly less enhancement of adhesion. These findings suggest that heparin's modulation of integrin-ligand interactions occurs through its action on the integrin. The inhibitory or stimulatory effects of heparin depend on the beta subunit type, and the potency is dictated by structural characteristics of the glycosaminoglycan.
Childhood emotional abuse and risk for hopelessness and depressive symptoms during adolescence

Previous research has indicated that childhood maltreatment is an important risk factor for the development of depressive disorders. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated the associations of emotional abuse with depressive symptoms. The present study investigated the association of emotional abuse with subsequent depressive symptoms and hopelessness among adolescent primary care patients. Measures of emotional maltreatment, hopelessness, and depressive symptoms were administered to a multisite sample of 92 adolescent primary-care patients. Hopelessness and depressive symptoms were assessed 3 months later. Reports of childhood emotional abuse were associated with elevated levels of hopelessness and depressive symptoms. Hopelessness significantly mediated the association of emotional abuse with depressive symptoms.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES: Epidemiology and Neurobiology of Female Sexual Dysfunction

Introduction. Although several conceptual frameworks for female sexual dysfunction (FSD) have been advanced, there still is considerable disagreement over what constitutes a normal vs. abnormal response. Sexual dysfunction is a disturbance in sexual functioning involving one or multiple phases of the sexual response cycle or pain associated with sexual activity, while a sexual disorder includes both dysfunction and marked distress. Aim. Review the literature regarding the epidemiology and neurobiology of FSD. Methods. Review of the literature. Results. While a wide range of epidemiologic studies has been published, it is still difficult to determine the scope of FSD and sexual disorders in the general population. It is becoming clear that good sexual health is associated with good physical and mental health as well as compatible relationships with one’s sexual partner. Central nervous system (CNS) control of the sexual response is a relatively new area of scientific exploration. Conclusions. We are improving our understanding of the contributions of the CNS neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter systems that modulate sexual behavior. Clayton AH. Epidemiology and neurobiology of female sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2007;4(suppl 4):260–268.
The essential roles of transition fibers in the context of cilia

Once thought of as a vestigial organelle, the primary cilium is now recognized as a signaling hub for key cellular pathways in vertebrate development. The recent renaissance in cilia studies significantly improved our understanding of how cilia form and function, but little is known about how ciliogenesis is initiated and how ciliary proteins enter cilia. These important ciliary events require transition fibers (TFs) that are positioned at the ciliary base as symmetric nine-bladed propeller fibrous structures. Up until recently, TFs have been the most underappreciated ciliary structures due to limited knowledge about their molecular composition and function. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of TF composition and the indispensable roles of TFs in regulating the initiation of ciliogenesis and the selective import of ciliary proteins.
Why Do We Choose Certain Foods

Research into human eating behavior is complex. Innate preferences for sweet and aversions to bitter tastes may explain why we choose certain foods. Some segments of the population, called “supertasters,” are more sensitive to bitter-tasting foods because of a genetic polymorphism. These individuals may reject bitter vegetables like broccoli, potentially putting them at risk for obesity and chronic disease. However, learned associations with food, including rewards, social experiences, and modeling, have also been shown to explain food choice. The respective roles of taste and learning in food choice are explored here in a classroom investigation designed for undergraduates.
Detection of Acoustic-Phonetic Landmarks in Mismatched Conditions using a Biomimetic Model of Human Auditory Processing

Acoustic-phonetic landmarks provide robust cues for speech recognition and are relatively invariant between speakers, speaking styles, noise conditions and sampling rates. The ability to detect acoustic-phonetic landmarks as a front-end for speech recognition has been shown to improve recognition accuracy. Biomimetic inter-spike intervals and average signal level have been shown to accurately convey information about acoustic-phonetic landmarks. This paper explores the use of inter-spike interval and average signal level as input features for landmark detectors trained and tested on mismatched conditions. These detectors are designed to serve as a front-end for speech recognition systems. Results indicate that landmark detectors trained using inter-spike intervals and signal level are relatively robust to both additive channel noise and changes in sampling rate.
Rat vascular tissues express all three alpha-isoforms of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase

The catalytic alpha- and smaller glycosylated beta-subunits of the membrane transport enzyme Na(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) occur in different molecular forms, alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3, beta 1, and beta 2. The catalytic alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and alpha 3-subunits of the enzyme have varying affinities for digitalis and exist in different tissues with unique distribution patterns. In this report we document for the first time the existence of alpha 1-, alpha 2-, alpha 3-subunit proteins (all approximately 97.5 kDa) in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells and rat tail arteries. In addition to the three molecular forms of the alpha-protein we detected a minor band at approximately 68-kDa position in aortic smooth muscle cells, which may correspond to the truncated alpha 1-protein reported earlier.
Peptide-nanoparticle hybrid SERS probes for optical detection of protease activity

Real-time in situ detection of active proteases is crucial for early-stage cancer screening and cell signaling pathway study; however, it is difficult to achieve using fluorescence or radioactive probes at volumes below 1 nL. Here we demonstrated a hybrid optical probe by incorporating nanocrescent particle and peptides with artificial tag molecules. We performed a proof-of-concept study using prostate specific antigen (PSA), one of the most prominent prostate cancer markers, and a serine protease present in patients' seminal fluid and serum. The Raman spectral signal from the tag molecules is enhanced by the nanocrescent and the signal is monitored as the indicator for peptide cleavage in a femtoliter reaction volume, at levels close to a single proteolytically active PSA molecule. The high reaction specificity of the peptides on individual nanoparticles minimizes the false detection of other serine proteases and background Raman signal, which results in a high-fidelity and high-signal-to-noise-ratio cancer nanoprobe that can be easily incorporated into nano/microfluidic devices.
Polymer Surface Transport Is a Combination of in-Plane Diffusion and Desorption-Mediated Flights

Previous studies of polymer motion at solid/liquid interfaces described the transport in the context of a continuous time random walk (CTRW) process, in which diffusion switches between desorption-mediated “flights” (i.e., hopping) and surface-adsorbed waiting-time intervals. However, it has been unclear whether the waiting times represented periods of complete immobility or times during which molecules engaged in a different (e.g., slower or confined) mode of interfacial transport. Here we designed high-throughput, single-molecule tracking measurements to address this question. Specifically, we studied polymer dynamics on either chemically homogeneous or nanopatterned surfaces (hexagonal diblock copolymer films) with chemically distinct domains, where polymers were essentially excluded from the low-affinity domains, eliminating the possibility of significant continuous diffusion in the absence of desorption-mediated flights. Indeed, the step-size distributions on homogeneous surfaces exhibited an additio...
Miniature lateral priority scanning endoscope for real-time forward-imaging optical coherence tomography

We developed a new forward-imaging miniature PZT-actuated endoscope of a 2.4-mm diameter, capable of rapid lateral scanning at 2.4 kHz. Real-time OCT imaging was demonstrated using an image acquisition sequence with lateral priority scanning.
A Tunable Majority Gate-Based Full Adder Using Current-Induced Domain Wall Nanomagnets

Domain wall nanomagnet (DWNM)-based devices have been extensively studied as a promising alternative to the conventional CMOS technology in both the memory and logic implementations due to their non-volatility, near-zero standby power, and high integration density characteristics. In this paper, we leverage a physics-based model of a DWNM device to design a highly scalable current-mode majority gate to achieve a novel one bit full-adder (FA) circuit. The modeled DWNM specifications are calibrated with the experimentally measured data. The functionality of the proposed DWNM-based FA (DWNM-FA) is verified using a SPICE circuit simulator. The detailed analysis and the calculations have been performed to realize the proposed DWNM-FA delay and power consumption corresponding to the various induced input currents at different operating temperatures. The power-delay product of DWNM-FA is examined to tune the operation within the optimum induced input current region to obtain desired power-delay requirements over a range of 200 $\mu \text{A}$ to 1 mA at temperatures from 298 to 378 K. Finally, the comparison results exhibit 52% and 49% area improvement as well as 41% and 31% improvement in device count complexity over CMOS-based and magnetic tunnel junction-based FA designs, respectively.
Redox control in development and evolution: evidence from colonial hydroids

Redox chemistry, involving the transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms, is central to energy conversion in respiration, and the control of gene expression by redox state commonly occurs in bacteria, allowing rapid responses to environmental changes, for instance, in the food supply. Colonial metazoans often encrust surfaces over which the food supply varies in time or space; hence, in these organisms, redox control of the development of feeding structures and gastrovascular connections could be similarly adaptive, allowing colonies to adjust the timing and spacing of structures in response to a variable food supply. To investigate the possibility of redox control of colony development, the redox states of hydractiniid hydroid colonies were manipulated experimentally. As in many colonial animals, hydractiniid hydroids display a range of morphological variation from sheet-like forms (i.e. closely spaced polyps with high rates of stolon branching) to runner-like forms (i. e. widely spaced polyps with low rates of stolon branching). In the runner-like Podocoryna carnea, azide, a blocker of the electron transport chain, and dinitrophenol, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, diminished the largely polyp-driven gastrovascular flow to a similar extent. Measures of the redox state of the polyp epitheliomuscular cells using the fluorescence of NAD(P)H suggest that azide shifts the redox state in the direction of reduction, while dinitrophenol shifts the redox state in the direction of oxidation. Colony development corresponds to redox state in that azide-treated colonies were more runner-like, while dinitrophenol-treated colonies were more sheet-like. Nevertheless, the functional role of polyps in feeding and generating gastrovascular flow probably contributed to a trade-off between polyp number and size such that azide-treated colonies had few large polyps, while dinitrophenol-treated colonies had many small polyps. Regardless of the treatment, P. carnea colonies developed to maturity and produced swimming medusae in the normal fashion. In the sheet-like Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, treatment with azide resulted in complete suppression of the development of both the stolonal mat and the blastostyles, the reproductive polyps. Azide-treated H. symbiolongicarpus colonies therefore developed in a juvenilized, runner-like manner and much resembled colonies of P. carnea. Following cessation of azide treatment in H. symbiolongicarpus, normal colony development ensued, and both a stolonal mat and blastostyles formed. In both hydroid species, relative oxidization favors sheet-like growth, while relative reduction favors runner-like growth. Since feeding triggers strong contractions of polyp epitheliomuscular cells and results in relative oxidation, this experimental evidence supports the hypothesis of adaptive redox control of colony development and evolution.
Outcomes of Combined Endocardial-Epicardial Ablation Compared With Endocardial Ablation Alone in Patients Who Undergo Epicardial Access

Percutaneous epicardial access (EpiAcc) is used in an attempt to improve outcomes of ablation. We aim to report our experience in EpiAcc for management of symptomatic ventricular premature complexes (VPC) and ventricular tachycardia (VT). All patients from January 2004 to July 2014 who underwent EpiAcc as part of a VPC or VT ablation procedure were included. Outcomes between those with endocardial-only (Gp1) and endocardial/epicardial (Gp2) ablation and those for VPC and VT ablation were compared. EpiAcc for VPC or VT ablation was attempted in 173 patients; 10 patients were excluded because of failure of access (n = 7) or no ablation performed (n = 3). Of the remaining 163, 131 patients (80.4%) had undergone previous endocardial ablation. Mean age was 53.7 ± 15.7 years; 115 (71%) were men. VT ablation was the indication in 105 patients (64%). The underlying substrate was predominately nonischemic cardiomyopathy (49.1%). Epicardial ablation was performed in 115 (70.6%). Procedural and clinical success was obtained in 92.0% and 69.9% of patients, respectively, with no difference between Gp1 and Gp2. Those who underwent VPC ablation had superior clinical outcomes at 1-year follow-up. EpiAcc is feasible in almost all patients with no previous cardiac surgery and permits acute procedural success in >90% of patients, most of whom had failed previous ablation. However, epicardial ablation was not delivered in 1/3 of patients. Epicardial mapping may be helpful as in the absence of an appropriate epicardial site for ablation, and focus can be shifted to more detailed endocardial mapping and ablation.
Early Reading Skills and Adult Brain Organization

Effects of word and pseudoword repetition on brain activation using PET and brain mapping were studied in 6 literate and 6 illiterate adults at the Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal, and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Intended Strategy Emergence in Internationalizing Firms

A central issue in strategic management and international strategy is the phenomenon of strategy emergence. Process research teaches us that intended strategy exists and realized strategy has emerg...
Teachers’ motivation to learn: implications for supporting professional growth

AbstractIn this study, we investigated teachers’ motivation to learn following in the footsteps of emergent research efforts in the field. This qualitative study was grounded in the intersection of four research fields: policy, educational psychology, andragogy and professional development (PD). Findings indicate that teachers’ dissatisfactions with their teaching and students’ learning motivated them to learn professionally. Specifically, they internalized images of ‘perfect’ teaching/teachers and constantly compared themselves with those images – their (perceived) images of less-than-optimal teaching motivated teachers to continue pursuing PD to become ‘better’ teachers. Findings also indicate that current PD requirements, which place too much focus on quantity rather than quality of teachers’ learning, discourage teachers to pursue high-quality PD. Moreover, lack of stipends/resources, not generally available to teachers to pursue PD outside their contract hours, demotivated teachers’ learning and left...
Material Characterization for Process Control for Aluminum Alloys and Advanced Materials

The North American aluminum industry and Alcoa are today under intense cost and quality pressures from imports and other materials as traditional customers seek to maintain competitive positions in a rapidly changing marketplace. Alcoa’s response to these pressures has been the development of business strategies aimed at meeting increasingly stringent customer requirements through the discovery, design, characterization and development of cost-effective manufacturing technologies for a broad array of advanced materials systems. These systems include metals, ceramics, polymers and laminates and composites combining the inherent strengths of each. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and characterization procedures for these materials systems represent crucial aspects of the company’s advanced manufacturing and process control technology base.
Validation of the Job-Hopping Motives Scale:

Job-hopping is the practice of making frequent voluntary job changes. Integrating theory and research from career and organizational turnover research, two distinct motives for job-hopping were pro...
Extracellular Vesicles in Preeclampsia: Evolving Contributors to Proteinuria.

Preeclampsia remains a condition with high morbidity and mortality, with inherent challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Patients are typically referred to nephrologists to rule out preeclampsia in the setting of nephrotic syndrome or new-onset acute kidney failure during pregnancy. Preeclampsia is
Interactions Between Components and Moderation of Component Effects

Interactions, introduced in Chap. 3, merit their own chapter for several reasons. First, the interaction is both a subtle and an important concept, one that takes more than a few pages to explore thoroughly. Second, it is helpful to note the difference between synergistic and antagonistic interactions and the implications of this difference for decision-making in the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST). Third, how to power a factorial experiment for detection of interactions between factors can be confusing unless the investigator is aware that there are two different definitions of the interaction in use in the scientific literature. Fourth, investigators may wish to explore whether the effects of experimental factors are moderated by observed variables (e.g., subject gender). Readers should be familiar with the material in Chaps. 1, 2, and 3.
A Community-Building Framework for Collaborative Research Coordination across the Education and Biology Research Disciplines.

This framework for collaboration among educators and research scientists is based on personal experience of the Advancing Competencies in Experimentation–Biology Network and relevant literature. Th...
Thermo-mechanical Finite Element Analysis of Ultrasonic Powder Consolidation Process

Abstract Ultrasonic welding is a solid-state joining process which uses ultrasonic vibration to join materials at relatively low temperatures. Ultrasonic powder consolidation is a derivative of the ultrasonic additive process which consolidates powder material into a dense solid block without melting. During ultrasonic powder consolidation process, metal powder under a compressive load is subjected to transverse ultrasonic vibrations resulting in a fully-dense consolidated product. While ultrasonic powder consolidation process is employed in a wide variety of manufacturing processes, bonding mechanism of powder particles during the consolidation process is not clearly understood. This study uses a coupled thermo-mechanical finite element analysis technique to understand the underlying bonding mechanism involved in ultrasonic powder consolidation process. The study also investigates the effect of critical process parameters including vibrational amplitude and base temperature on the stress, strain, and particle temperature distribution during this process. Based on the results of the simulation, a possible theory on the bonding mechanism involved in ultrasonic powder consolidation process is proposed. The outcomes of this study can be used to further the industrial applications of ultrasonic powder consolidation process as well as other ultrasonic welding based processes.
Consequences of the American States’ Legislative Action on Immigration

Over the past decade, US states have responded to federal inaction on comprehensive immigration reform by increasing their output of immigrant policies, both beneficial and restrictive. Although there is a growing empirical literature focused on predicting such activity by states, less is known, especially on a broad scale, about the state-level consequences associated with the policy tone states adopt toward immigrants. To better understand the consequences of restrictive immigrant policies, we created a restrictive score for each state year between 2005 and 2014 and employed linear regression with panel-corrected standard errors to investigate effects on immigrant-related demographics, economic factors, and political participation. We found that states with higher restrictive policy tones do experience reductions in the number of foreign-born residents, including Hispanics and those with limited English proficiency, a goal of many state legislators who favor restrictive policies. States with restrictive policy tones showed reductions in unemployment and poverty rates as well, which are also professed goals for restrictive policy activity. Mediation analyses suggested that the effects of restrictive policy scores on economic conditions are indirect, being exerted through the percentage of a state’s population that is foreign born. Finally, though much attention is focused on the expected increase in Latino political clout, restrictive policy tone was not predictive of increased voter registration or voting in states that pass these types of policies. If anti-immigrant policies are inducing those who oppose these policies to mobilize politically, it must be in an arena outside of voting.
Handbook of X-ray Astronomy

X-ray astronomy was born in the aftermath of World War II as military rockets were repurposed to lift radiation detectors above the atmosphere for a few minutes at a time. These early flights detected and studied X-ray emission from the Solar corona. The first sources beyond the Solar System were detected during a rocket flight in 1962 by a team headed by Riccardo Giaccom at American Science and Engineering, a company founded by physicists from MIT. The rocket used Geiger counters with a system designed to reduce non-X-ray backgrounds and collimators limiting the region of sky seen by the counters. As the rocket spun, the field of view (FOV) happened to pass over what was later found to be the brightest non-Solar X-ray source; later designated See X-1. It also detected a uniform background glow which could not be resolved into individual sources. A follow-up campaign using X-ray detectors with better spatial resolution and optical telescopes identified See X-1 as an interacting binary with a compact (neutron star) primary. This success led to further suborbital rocket flights by a number of groups. More X-ray binaries were discovered, as well as X-ray emission from supernova remnants, the radio galaxies M87 and Cygnus-A, and the Coma cluster. Detectors were improved and Geiger counters were replaced by proportional counters, which provided information about energy spectra of the sources. A constant challenge was determining precise positions of sources as only collimators were available.