cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Countering Religion or Terrorism: Selective Enforcement of Material Support Laws Against Muslim Charities

The laws that prohibit providing material support to terrorism are the linchpin of the preventive counterterrorism paradigm. These laws are often the fall-back criminal provisions employed when the government cannot prove terrorism charges. But they are so broad and vaguely worded that they effectively criminalize a myriad of activities that would otherwise be constitutionally protected. Moreover, as the government is not statutorily required to prove that the defendant had a specific intent to support terrorism, it has carte blanche to prosecute a broad range of legitimate activities, such as charitable giving, peace building, and human rights advocacy. The Department of Justice, with the Supreme Court’s blessing, has consequently criminalized training and advocacy in support of nonviolence on the justification that such activities legitimize a designated group or individual. The government’s standards for what it deems as “legitimizing” are so broad that then- Solicitor General Elena Kagan went so far as to call for prosecuting lawyers for filing an amicus brief on behalf of a terrorist organization.Similarly, humanitarian aid delivered to noncombatant civilians living under the control of a terrorist organization can be illegal based upon the unproven theory that it frees up resources to redirect toward violence. This untenable theory of liability, also known as the “fungibility” doctrine punitively denies many innocent beneficiaries abroad of food, water, and shelter. But for their misfortune of being trapped in a conflict zone where one party is designated as terrorist, these civilians would have received much-needed aid from American civil society. Furthermore, Muslim American charities providing the humanitarian aid are punished through government-led smear campaigns and prosecutions.With few exceptions, the executive branch has exercised its broad discretion to selectively target Muslim charities engaged in seemingly legitimate humanitarian aid. The result is a serious chilling effect on Muslim communities’ willingness to openly partake in political dissent and for Muslim charities to effectively provide international aid using religiously mandated charitable donations.Since 9/11, Muslim donors have been scared to make such contributions because they fear prosecution for providing material support to terrorism even though they do not intend to support terrorism. They also fear that their donations will invite government scrutiny and harassment in the form of tax audits, immigration checks, requests for voluntary FBI interviews, inclusion on watch lists, and surveillance. Indeed, donations to Muslim charities fell precipitously in the years immediately following 9/11. As law enforcement increasingly questions Muslims about such donations during voluntary interviews, immigration benefit proceedings, and at the border, this chilling effect is magnified. Ten years after 9/11, many Muslim charities still struggle to return to pre-9/11 donation levels.
Quantifying Protein Folding Transition States with ΦT

A number of reaction coordinates have been proposed for reduced-dimensionalityrepresentations of a protein's folding free energy surface. We discuss in detail the entropic reaction coordinate ΦT = Δ S†ΔS, recently introduced to quantify the conservation of mutations and the location of the folding transition state based on experimental temperature-tuning data. Numerical simulations illustrate the advantages as well as the limitations of ΦT. ΦT can be determined from experiment,computation, and analytical theory; ΦT can also be used to investigate structurally localized perturbations of the free energy surface. However, ΦT is only a relative reaction cordinate; furthermore, proteins undergo cold denaturation at sufficiently low temperatures, and care must be taken ininterpreting ΦT near the region where ∂ΔG/∂T = 0, particularly if the heat capacity change upon folding is small.
On the correlated data gathering problem in wireless sensor networks

A fundamental challenge in the design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is to maximize their lifetimes. Since many sensors have correlated readings, data aggregation has emerged as an efficient approach to reduce the number of transmissions, and hence minimize overall power consumption in the network. An important aspect of data aggregation is the placement of aggregation points and how aggregated data is routed to the gathering points. In this paper, we consider the problem of correlated data gathering in WSNs with the objective of minimizing the total transmission cost in terms of power consumption. We particularly focus on the problem of finding the set of aggregation points that satisfy our objective. Two solution strategies are presented: an exact solution using an integer linear program (ILP) formulation and a near optimal, but simple and efficient heuristic, called load balancing with aggregation (LISA). Our solutions use a fixed virtual wireless backbone that is built on top of the physical topology. Numerical results show that our proposed scheme provides substantial energy savings when compared to other schemes.
Developing Brain Injury Interventions on Both Ends of the Treatment Continuum Depends Upon Early Research Partnerships and Feasibility Studies.

Purpose The purpose of this research article is to describe two very different lines of brain injury treatment research, both of which illuminate the benefits of implementation science. Method The article first describes the development and pilot of a computerized cognitive intervention and highlights how adherence to implementation science principles improved the design of the intervention. Second, the article describes the application of implementation science to the development of assistive technology for cognition. Results The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR; Damschroder et al., 2009) and the menu of implementation research strategies by Powell et al. (2012) provide a roadmap for cognitive rehabilitation researchers to attend to factors in the implementation climate that can improve the development, usability, and adoptability of new treatment methods. Conclusion Attention to implementation science research principles has increased the feasibility and efficacy of both impairme...
Dynamical groups for the motion of relativistic composite systems

The relativistic quantum theory of composite systems is still largely an open problem. In quantum field theory, even for a two-body system, the method that has been studied most extensively, the Bethe-Salpeter equation, gives useful results only after drastic, mostly nonrelativistic, approximations. The best way to understand the bound-state problems still seems to be via some effective potentials.
Sequential renal and bone marrow transplants in a child with Fanconi anemia

FA is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by small stature and renal abnormalities. FA can lead to progressive bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndrome, or acute leukemia. Using a multidisciplinary team approach, we managed a 3-yr-old boy with FA who simultaneously developed renal and hematopoietic failure. Because renal function was insufficient to support the conditioning regimen for HCT, we performed a deceased donor renal transplant in December 2012 prior to HCT with the known risk of graft-versus-graft rejection of the donor kidney. Seven months later he underwent allogeneic HCT. He obtained myeloid engraftment on day +11 and peripheral blood chimerism demonstrated all donor by day +21. He developed asymptomatic CMV reactivation and despite antirejection medications, mild skin graft-versus-host disease. He has maintained excellent renal function and remains transfusion independent with full hematopoietic recovery. He has not experienced any renal rejection episodes nor developed donor-specific antibodies toward his renal donor. Peripheral blood chimerism remains completely HCT donor. He is clinically well, now greater than two and a half yr after renal transplant and two yr after HCT. The continuing close collaboration between the Pediatric Nephrology and Bone Marrow Transplant teams is a major factor in this successful outcome.
Changes in Tissue Growth, Concentrations of Copper, Iron, Cytochrome Oxidase and Superoxide Dismutase Subsequent to Dietary or Genetic Copper Deficiency in Mice

Experiments were conducted in suckling mice to investigate copper-dependent anemia. Brindled (Mobr/y) mice, which are not anemic, were compared to their normal brothers (Mo+/y) as well as to anemic suckling mice that were copper-deficient (-Cu) because their dams were consuming a diet low in copper and a fourth group of suckling mice that served as dietary controls (+Cu). Compared to +Cu and Mo+/y mice, -Cu mice were smaller and exhibited cardiac hypertrophy and significant atrophy of lymphoid tissues (spleen and thymus), Mobr/y mice were also small and demonstrated modest atrophy of both liver and spleen. Cu levels were decreased in all -Cu mouse tissues studied, whereas Fe levels tended to be unaltered. Mobr/y mice also exhibited lower tissue Cu levels in soft tissues, except for kidney and small intestine; however, Cu levels in Mobr/y mice were greater than in -Cu mice. Functional copper deficiency was demonstrated in -Cu tissues by decreases in cytochrome c oxidase (CO) and cuprozinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD). The magnitude of the change was tissue specific. Mobr/y tissues, which were low in Cu, also exhibited decreased SOD and CO activity. However, the drop in Mobr/y tissue was less than in -Cu tissue. This was most pronounced in bone marrow, where both CO and SOD were four times higher in Mobr/y than in -Cu mice. Both Mobr/y and -Cu mice had low serum ceruloplasmin activities. The presence of anemia in -Cu mice and the absence of anemia in Mobr/y mice may result from a more severe copper-deficient state in erythropoietic tissues in -Cu mice rather than from differences in ceruloplasmin activity.
Two dimensional wave front shape induced in a homogeneously strained elastic body by a point perturbing body force

The shape of The two (spatial) dimensional wave front induced in a finitely strained elastic body by an impulsive point body force is investigated. The elastic body is characterized by three parameters which are restricted by the requirement that the governing system of equations be strictly hyperbolic. The wave front is constructed as the envelope of a one parameter family of straight lines. For different combinations of α, β and γ the wave front is shown to have zero, two or four cuspoidal triangles. The interiors of these triangles are found to be lacunas, where the associated displacements vanish identically.
U. S. Licensed Blood Banks

Blood and plasma samples submitted by U. S. licensed blood banks to the Division of Biologics Standards from 1962 to 1970 were analyzed to determine the source and extent of errors considered exceptions to the Public Health Service Regulations. Of 4,206 samples evaluated, 34 per cent had labeling deficiencies. Deficiencies in expiration dates, blood volumes, shipping temperatures, seals, containers, contents, and pilot tubes averaged from 4.0 to 7.7 per cent for each deficiency. Errors in grouping and typing averaged 0.3 per cent. These data are presented to identify the problem areas and to alert blood banks where improvements should be made.
Motivating students to be active outside of class: a hierarchy for independent physical activity.

(2009). Motivating Students to Be Active Outside of Class. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 25-30.
Planned extracapsular extraction versus phacoemulsification with IOL implantation: A comparison of concurrent series

We compared a concurrent series of patients undergoing Shearing posterior chamber lens implantation combined with planned extracapsular extraction (PEC) or with phacoemulsification (KPE). The visual results were significantly better with KPE than with PEC, even after adjustment for differences in patient age, sex, and followup. The KPE procedure averaged 0.27D less cylinder per case than the PEC procedure. The KPE procedure, however, was significantly more traumatic to the corneal endothelium, as estimated clinically at the time of surgery and corroborated by prospective specular microscopy. The surgeon observed no significant differences between postoperative corneal reaction or Descemet's folding in the two groups, although he clinically estimated the anterior chamber reaction to be greater in the PEC patients.
Alicyclic Structures in Coals

X-RAY and other physical and chemical evidence indicates that coals assume a graphitic structure with metamorphism. X-ray diffraction patterns of some meta-anthracites show (hkl) reflexions that arise from the three-dimensional unit cell of a graphite lattice1,2. For the anthracites, a number of diffraction bands can be detected which coincide with the (hk) reflexions of aromatic layers (having a two-dimensional unit cell of side approximately equal to that of graphite layers)3; the remainder of the bands can be attributed to the (00l) reflexions of these layers packed ‘turbostratically’4. Medium- and low-rank coals also give diffuse diffraction patterns that can be indexed as the (hk) and (00l) reflexions of aromatic layers. These observations led to the development of methods for quantitative analysis of X-ray intensity profiles of coals, permitting estimation of bond-lengths, fraction of carbon in aromatic layers (the remainder assumed to be roentgenamorphous), and size distribution and stacking of the layers3,5,6.
Mechanochemical transformations in Li(Na)AlH4–Li(Na)NH2 systems

Abstract Mechanochemical transformations of tetrahydroaluminates and amides of lithium and sodium have been investigated using gas volumetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and transmission electron microscopy. In a transformation of LiAlH 4 and LiNH 2 taken in an 1:1 molar ratio, the amount of released hydrogen (6.6 wt.% after 30 min ball milling) was higher than in any known one pot mechanochemical process involving a hydrogen-containing solid. A total of 4.3 wt.% of hydrogen is released by the NaAlH 4 –NaNH 2 system after 60 min ball milling; and 5.2 wt.% H 2 is released when LiAlH 4 and NaNH 2 or NaAlH 4 and LiNH 2 are ball milled for 90 min and 120 min, respectively. All transformations proceed at room temperature. The mechanism of the overall transformation MAlH 4 (s) + MNH 2 (s) → 2MH(s) + AlN(s) + 2H 2 (g) was identified based on detailed spectroscopic analysis of the intermediate (M 3 AlH 6 ) and final products of the ball milling process.
SU‐FF‐I‐07: Characterization of a Novel Anthropomorphic Plastinated Lung Phantom

Purpose: To quantify the anatomical and imaging characteristics of a novel anthropomorphic lung phantom constructed using plastination. Method and Materials: The pig's thorax was scanned in‐vivo at known partial pressures on a clinical CT (Siemens Sensation 16, 120kVP, 100mAs, recon 0.54×0.54×0.75mm∧3). The lungs were extracted, inflated, and fixed by intra‐tracheal perfusion of 10% formalin while the pulmonary vessels were injected with Silastic E RTV silicone. The specimen was dehydrated (remove and replace tissue fluid with an organic solvent) in cold acetone and the lungs were impregnated with a curable silicone polymer via slow decreasing pressure. Finally, the polymer was polymerized using a curing agent. The plastinated phantom was then scanned (120kVp, 200mAs, 0.43×0.43×0.75mm∧3). Anatomical features, volume measurements, and CT values were compared using in‐vivo and phantom clinical CT reconstructions. Results: The plastinated phantom is stable on the timescale of years and retains major anatomical features of the in‐vivo lung. The phantom airway volume was 66% of the in‐vivo measurement at inspiration but equal to the measurement at expiration. Vessel and lung volume comparisons were complicated by incompletely filled vessels and air pockets inside the phantom; nevertheless, lung volume measurements differed by less than 15%. Mean CT values of the cardiac tissue in the phantom (168 +/− 46) were 132 HU higher than in‐vivo (36 +/− 87). Mean CT values of the pulmonary tissue were nearly equivalent for both datasets, attributed to an 11% decrease in the apparent tissue density due to over‐inflation during plastination. Conclusion: This work shows that the novel plastinated lung phantom retains the anatomical and imaging characteristics of an in‐vivo lung. This accurate and complex lung phantom has many uses including imaging system comparisons, providing a known, stable reproducible complex background for visibility studies and will be used for our own studies in lungtomosynthesis optimization.
Evidence-based interventions for nursing home residents with dementia-related behavioral symptoms.

In long-term care settings, up to one half of the residents carry a diagnosis of dementia [1]. Behavioral symptoms are common in dementia, associated with caregiver stress, and are often the precipitating factor for nursing home placement [2]. In the coming years, the number of dementia patients in nursing homes will continue to increase. Improving the quality of mental health care in nursing homes will in large part involve effective management of behavioral symptoms in these patients. Behavioral symptoms, also referred to as ‘‘agitation,’’ manifest themselves in a variety of forms, including verbal aggression (yelling and cursing), physical aggression (hitting and biting), purposeless behaviors (packing, hoarding, and wandering), and resistance to care [3,4]. These behaviors in dementia may be the result of an inability to communicate needs in the face of unpleasant environmental conditions (temperature and noise) or physical discomfort (fecal impaction and pain). Behavioral disturbancesmay also be an inherent part of the disease process. Agitation occurs throughout the course of dementia syndromes and becomes increasingly frequent in later stages [5] when many patients are already residing in long-term care settings. Generally, treatment recommendations emphasize the importance of assessing underlying causes before initiating treatment interventions [6]. However, there are limited data supporting the usefulness of elaborate workups [7]. In the absence of an obvious environmental or physical link, there are a growing number of treatment choices in nursing home settings as interventions continue to be developed and studied.
Cloning human lymphocytes in vitro.

CYTOGENETIC studies of irradiated persons have provided presumptive evidence of in vivo clone formation by human lymphocytes1–3. This evidence is based on the detection within an individual of multiple lymphocytes with apparently the same chromosomal abnormality.
Birefringence in Photonic Crystal Fibers: Cladding Lattice Shape versus Unit-Cell Anisotropy

We report on the birefringence caused by the anisotropy of the refractive index profile of a PCF single lattice unit in comparison to the birefringence caused by the underlying lattice shape and core shape asymmetries.
Chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has nonamphibian hosts and releases chemicals that cause pathology in the absence of infection

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a pathogenic chytrid fungus implicated in worldwide amphibian declines, is considered an amphibian specialist. Identification of nonamphibian hosts could help explain the virulence, heterogeneous distribution, variable rates of spread, and persistence of B. dendrobatidis in freshwater ecosystems even after amphibian extirpations. Here, we test whether mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and crayfish (Procambarus spp. and Orconectes virilis), which are syntopic with many amphibian species, are possible hosts for B. dendrobatidis. Field surveys in Louisiana and Colorado revealed that zoosporangia occur within crayfish gastrointestinal tracts, that B. dendrobatidis prevalence in crayfish was up to 29%, and that crayfish presence in Colorado wetlands was a positive predictor of B. dendrobatidis infections in cooccurring amphibians. In experiments, crayfish, but not mosquitofish, became infected with B. dendrobatidis, maintained the infection for at least 12 wk, and transmitted B. dendrobatidis to amphibians. Exposure to water that previously held B. dendrobatidis also caused significant crayfish mortality and gill recession. These results indicate that there are nonamphibian hosts for B. dendrobatidis and suggest that B. dendrobatidis releases a chemical that can cause host pathology, even in the absence of infection. Managing these biological reservoirs for B. dendrobatidis and identifying this chemical might provide new hope for imperiled amphibians.
Refractive Index and Faraday Effect in Solid Solutions

The change in the index of refraction and the magnitude of the Faraday effect are computed for nonmetallic crystals (or solutions) containing impurities or color centers. Both effects are found to be easily measurable. A brief comparison with previous experimental and theoretical work is presented, and a suggestion is made for further experiments.
Crimes against Humanity: A Normative Account

This book was the first booklength treatment of the philosophical foundations of international criminal law. The focus is on the moral, legal, and political questions that arise when individuals who commit collective crimes, such as crimes against humanity, are held accountable by international criminal tribunals. These tribunals challenge one of the most sacred prerogatives of states - sovereignty - and breaches to this sovereignty can be justified in limited circumstances, following what the author calls a minimalist account of the justification of international prosecution. Written in a clear and accessible style, this book should appeal to anyone with an interest in international law, political philosophy, international relations, and human rights theory.
Neoadjuvant therapy for surgically staged IIIA N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Abstract Introduction : Neoadjuvant therapy in patients with Stage IIIA NSCLC is associated with a 50–70% resection rate and a 3–5 year survival of 20–32%, but few trials have required meticulous staging of the mediastinum to ensure homogeneity of the study population. Continuous infusion cisplatin 25 mg/m 2 /day 1–5, 5-fluorouracil 800 mg/m 2 /day 2–5, and high-dose leukovorin 500 mg/m 2 /day 1–5 (PFL) given every 4 weeks achieved a 41% response rate in metastatic NSCLC (lynch TJ, Kalish LA, Kass F, Strauss G, Elias A, Skarin A, Shulman L, Sugarbaker D, Frei E. Continuous infusion cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leukovorin for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 1994; 73: 1171–1176). The regimen was therefore evaluated in 34 patients with pathologic Stage IIIA N2 disease between 391 and 1092. Methods : Staging consisted of chest, liver, brain computerized tomography and bone scan, bronchoscopy and surgical mediastinal node mapping. Patients received PFL for 3 cycles, followed by thoracotomy and thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) to 54–60 Gy. Results : Median age was 57 (42–68) years. Demographic factors included: male 56%; adenocarcinoma 59%, squamous cell carcinoma 24%; Stage T3N2 26%, T2N2 56%, and T1N2 18%. No treatment related deaths occurred. Radiographically defined response to PFL was 65% (6% complete). Thoracotomy was performed in 28 patients (82%) (6 had no attempt due to disease progression). Complete resection was achieved in 21 (75%) and seven were unresectable. Pathologic complete response was observed in five patients (15%) and an additional unresectable patient had fibrosis-only documented at thoracotomy for an overall clinicopathologic response rate of 76% (18% pathologic CR). Another ten patients had residual primary with or without hilar disease with resolution of previously documented mediastinal involvement. Six (18%) patients remain alive and disease-free with a median follow-up of 46 (33–50) months, four of whom had achieved pathologic complete response at time of surgery. Conclusions : Long-term event-free survival was associated with complete surgical resection which in turn was associated with clinical response to chemotherapy. There was a possible trend associating pathologic downstaging (absent residual disease in mediastinal nodes), particularly pathologic complete response observed in patients with non-bulky mediastinal disease, with improved event-free survival. Pathologic downstaging might therefore be a useful surrogate endpoint in trials evaluating the preoperative activity of new chemotherapy regimens. While radiographic response generally correlated with findings at surgery, response as determined by histologic examination of resected tissue was generally more extensive and may more accurately reflect the systemic impact of the chemotherapy regimen.
Real-time color fusion of E/O sensors with PC-based COTS hardware

Increases in the power of personal computers and the availability of infrared focal plane array cameras allows new options in the development of real-time color fusion system for human visualization. This paper describes on-going development of an inexpensive, real-time PC=based infrared color visualization system. The hardware used in the system is all COTS, making it relatively inexpensive to maintain and modify. It consists of a dual Pentium II PC, with fast digital storage and up to five PCI frame-grabber cards. The frame-grabbers cards allow data to be selected from RS-170 (analog) or RS-422 (digital) cameras. Software allows the system configuration to be changed on the fly, so cameras can be swapped at will and new cameras can be added to the system in a matter of minutes. The software running on the system reads up to five separate images from the frame-grabber cards. These images are then digitally registered using a rubber-sheeting algorithm to reshape and shift the images. The registered data, from two or three cameras, is then processed by the selected fusion algorithm to produce a color-fused image, which is then displayed in real-time. The real-time capability of this system allows interactive laboratory testing of issues such as band selection, fusion algorithm optimization, and visualization trade-offs.
Seasonal protein changes support rapid energy production in hibernator brainstem

During the torpor phase of mammalian hibernation when core body temperature is near 4°C, the autonomic system continues to maintain respiration, blood pressure and heartbeat despite drastic reductions in brain activity. In addition, the hibernator’s neuronal tissues enter into a protected state in which the potential for ischemia–reperfusion injury is markedly minimized. Evolutionary adaptations for continued function and neuroprotection throughout cycles of torpor and euthermia in winter are predicted to manifest themselves partly in changes in the brainstem proteome. Here, we compare the soluble brainstem protein complement from six summer active ground squirrels and six in the early torpor (ET) phase of hibernation. Thirteen percent of the ~1,500 quantifiable 2D gel spots alter significantly from summer to ET; the proteins identified in these differing spots are known to play roles in energy homeostasis via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (8 proteins), cytoarchitecture and cell motility (14 proteins), anabolic protein processes (13 proteins), redox control (11 proteins) and numerous other categories including protein catabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, signal transduction, glycolysis, intracellular protein trafficking and antiapoptotic function. These protein changes represent, at least in part, the molecular bases for restructuring of cells in the brainstem, a shift away from glucose as the primary fuel source for brain in the winter, and the generation of a streamlined mechanism capable of efficient and rapid energy production and utilization during the torpor and arousal cycles of hibernation.
Organization of geophysical parties for foreign exploration

Current and future requirements of petroleum have produced a strong demand for American personnel, equipment and techniques to be employed in the world‐wide search for oil. Different, and sometimes much more difficult conditions are frequently encountered from those customarily met in the exploration for oil in the United States. A brief consideration of some of these factors is the purpose of this paper. It is concluded that while careful preliminary planning and the design of equipment in the light of accurate information on conditions to be encountered are highly vital factors, the demonstrated and trustworthy character of the personnel conducting the operations is the biggest guarantee of success in the undertaking.
Tics Following Methylphenidate Administration: A Report of 20 Cases

Among children receiving methylphenidate hydrochloride, tics developed in 14, and in six children with pre-existing tics, the tics became worse. The clinical diagnosis in 19 cases was minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), and in one case, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Duration and dose of medication showed no particular pattern. In only one case did tics persist unchanged after methylphenidate treatment was discontinued. Tics related to methylphenidate administration appear to be rare (20 of 1,520 cases, or 1.3%) and may point to a specific susceptibility possibly related to personality profile (obsessive, perseverative, withdrawn). ( JAMA 235:1349-1351, 1976)
Dimensional perturbation theory for Regge poles

We apply dimensional perturbation theory to the calculation of Regge pole positions, providing a systematic improvement to earlier analytic first-order results. We consider the orbital angular momentum l as a function of spatial dimension D for a given energy E, and expand l in inverse powers of κ≡(D−1)/2. It is demonstrated for both bound and resonance states that the resulting perturbation series often converges quite rapidly, so that accurate quantum results can be obtained via simple analytic expressions given here through third order. For the quartic oscillator potential, the rapid convergence of the present l(D;E) series is in marked contrast with the divergence of the more traditional E(D;l) dimensional perturbation series, thus offering an attractive alternative for bound state problems.
Renal growth in infancy and childhood--experimental studies of regulatory mechanisms.

During the peri- and early postnatal period, nephrogenesis is completed and kidney growth is accomplished both by cellular proliferation and enlargement. The number of nephrons in a given species is predetermined, whereas cellular growth can be influenced by environmental factors in an age-dependent manner. Unilateral nephrectomy or a high-protein diet stimulates renal growth more in the young than in the adult. Conversely, pyelonephritis inhibits renal growth in infancy but not in adulthood. The relative importance of hyperplasia and hypertrophy for renal growth also changes with renal maturation. The mechanisms behind these developmental changes in regulation of renal growth are largely unknown, but age-dependent changes in the expression of several proto-oncogene products have been demonstrated. These include growth factor receptors as well as components of the intracellular system that transfers the signal from an activated growth factor receptor to the cell nucleus. Studies on rat proximal tubule cells in primary culture might be of great value in expanding our knowledge of growth regulation in the developing kidney. Such studies have already shown that under identical environmental conditions the basal proliferative rate is age dependent, that the proliferative response to growth stimulation changes postnatally, and that this is associated with changes of both the response of the Na+/H+-exchanger and the expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene.
Pleistocene effects on North American songbird evolution

Recent studies have used comparisons of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence divergence among populations and species to test existing hypotheses about avian evolution during the Pleistocene epoch. In 1998, Avise and Walker concluded that the Pleistocene was an important time for avian evolution, including the initiation of phylogeographic separations and the completion of speciation events that began in the Pliocene. The study implied that these conclusions conflicted with the study, in 1997, by Klicka and Zink, which concluded that most species pairs previously thought to have originated in the past 250 000 years were much older. The two studies are complementary in the sense that Avise and Walker dealt primarily with phylogeographic (intraspecific) separations. Furthermore, Klicka and Zink concentrated on the inception of divergences whereas the Avise and Walker focused on the timing of the completion of speciation. To accomplish this, Avise and Walker analysed ‘phylogroups’, geographically coherent subsets of biological species in which mtDNA haplotypes exhibit reciprocal monophyly. The study used the average interphylogroup mtDNA distance (0.027), calibrated at 2% per million years, to conclude that speciation required on average one million years to complete. Hence, speciation events begun in the Late Pliocene would have been completed in the mid– to late Pleistocene. Although we appreciate the extended nature of the speciation process and Avise and Walker's insightful attempt to estimate its duration, we conclude that their value was an overestimate by a factor of two. In particular we question whether phylogroups can be used in the novel evolutionary role that Avise and Walker envisioned, because of the vagaries of taxonomic practices and lack of consensus regarding species concepts. To extend their analysis of intraspecific, phylogeographic separations, we compiled previously analysed and newly available data for divergence times for North American songbird (order Passeriformes) phylogroups. More than 80% were initiated at least one million years ago, which is inconsistent with the late Pleistocene origins model previously rejected by Klicka and Zink mentioned above. Although some divergence events can be traced to the late Pleistocene, the significance of the distribution must be judged with reference to a null model. Whether the Pleistocene was a profound time for avian phylogeographic differentiation is at present unknown.
A case of hepatonephromegalia glycogenica—Von Gierke's glycogen storage disease

Summary 1. A case of hepatonephromegaly in a three and one-half-year-old female child with the diagnosis of von Gierke's glycogen storage disease is reported. 2. Laboratory studies show ketonuria, impaired water storage ability of the liver, with x-ray evidence of internal hydrocephalus. 3. The suggestion is made that disturbed pituitary function may play a part in the etiology of glycogen storage disease in this case.
Raman spectroscopic studies of the effects of substrate binding on coenzymes bound to lactate dehydrogenase

We have studied how known changes in protein structure, i.e., «loop closure» in lactate dehydrogenase brought about by the binding of substrate, affect the Raman difference spectra of both bound NADH coenzyme and other catalgically active analogues. The Raman spectrum of the NADH coenzyme in binary enzyme-NADH complex is compared to its spectrum in ternary enzyme-NADH-substrate analogue complex. As expected, we find that the protein conformational change does not modify the binding patterns of the adenosine moiety of NADH
Retired women and volunteering: The good, the bad, and the unrecognized

In this article, we examine varied attitudes and practices toward volunteering in later life, as shared by a group of 40 retired women. We categorize women based on their engagement in retirement and label the categories according to societal expectations as follows: traditional volunteers as “good,” nonvolunteers as “bad,” and caregiving volunteers as “unrecognized.” Using critical gerontology and a feminist framework, we juxtapose the lived experiences of retired women with a prevailing discourse on successful aging and civic engagement. We advocate for societal recognition of caregiving as a valuable form of volunteering, as well as the need to respect multiple ways in which older women experience and find meaning in later life.
In-situ Raman investigation of cinchonidine adsorption on polycrystalline platinum in ethanol

Abstract The vibrational properties of adsorbed cinchonidine on polycrystalline platinum in ethanol solutions have been probed in-situ using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Analysis of the SER spectra indicates that the modifier is adsorbed through the quinoline portion of cinchonidine by π-bonding with the Pt surface. Consideration of surface selection rules suggests that the cinchonidine is at least somewhat tilted with respect to the platinum surface over a range of cinchonidine liquid-phase concentrations (at least from 50 μM to 1.2 mM).
Noting the Difference: Musical Scales and Permutations

A. (1937) 355–357. 9. S. Kakutani, On Nakano’s talk, Zenokuku Sugaku Danwakai Osaka 192 (1940) 42–44 (Japanese). 10. N. Nakano, On a theorem in Hilbert space, Zenokuku Sugaku Danwakai Osaka 192 (1940) 39–42 (Japanese). 11. , Spectral Theory in the Hilbert Space, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 1953. 12. K. T. Smith, D. C. Solmon, and S. L. Wagner, Practical and mathematical aspects of the problem of reconstructing objects from radiographs, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 83 (1977) 1227–1270. 13. J. von Neumann, Functional Operators—Vol. II. The Geometry of Orthogonal Spaces, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1950 (a reprint of mimeographed lecture notes first distributed in 1933). 14. N. Wiener, On the factorization of matrices, Comment. Math. Helv. 29 (1955) 97–111.
The response of bacterial luminescence to an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis

To investigate the possible dependence of bacterial luminescence on fatty acid biosynthesis, Vibrio harveyi suspensions were treated with cerulenin. The compound caused an abrupt loss of luminescence which could be recovered by aldehyde supplementation but not with myristate supplementation. The characteristics of this cerulenin-induced light inhibition indicate that it does not result from impairment of fatty acid biosynthesis.
Realtime Photoacoustic Microscopy of Murine Cardiovascular Dynamics

Non-invasive visualization of cardiovascular dynamics in small animals is challenging due to their rapid heart-rates. We present a realtime photoacoustic imaging system consisting of a 30-MHz ultrasound array transducer, receive electronics, a high-repetition-rate laser, and a multicore-computer, and demonstrate its ability to image optically-absorbing structures of the beating hearts of young athymic nude mice at rates of ~50 frames per second with 100 µm×25 µm spatial resolution. To our knowledge this is the first report of realtime photoacoustic imaging of physiological dynamics.
Language Comprehension As Structure Building

Abstract : This research investigated language comprehension, and in particular, the general, cognitive processes and mechanisms that underlie language comprehension. These general, processes and mechanisms were investigated using a simple framework Gernsbacher (1990) refers to as the 'Structure Building Framework'. According to the Structure Building Framework, the goal of comprehension is to build a coherent, mental representation of 'structure'. To do this, comprehenders must first lay a foundation. Next, they develop the structure by mapping on information when that incoming information is coherent or related to previous information. However, if the incoming information is less coherent or related, comprehenders shift to initiate a new substructure. Thus, most representations comprise several branching substructures. These structure building processes are accomplished by two mechanisms: enhancement, which boosts the activation of some representations, and suppression, which dampens the activation of other representations.
The p85β regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase has unique and redundant functions in B cells

Phosphoinositide kinase (PI3K) is activated by various receptors on lymphocytes and regulates development, activation, and tolerance. Genetic ablation of PI3K function in T cells leads to the appearance of autoimmune disorders. In B cells, loss of the class IA regulatory subunit p85α causes a partial defect in B cell development and proliferation, whereas loss of p85β alone causes no apparent changes in B cell function. Here we investigate further the consequences of p85β deletion in B cells, in the presence or absence of p85α. We demonstrate that p85β partially compensates for loss of p85α in B cell development and peripheral survival, with greater defects observed when both isoforms are absent. BCR-mediated AKT phosphorylation is partially reduced in p85α-deficient B cells and further diminished with concomitant loss of p85β. Unexpectedly, loss of p85β results in increased BCR-mediated proliferation and ERK phosphorylation. These results indicate that the p85β regulatory isoform has partially overlapping functions with p85α in B cells as well as a unique role in opposing BCR responses.
A BEHAVIOURAL METHOD OF INCREASING SELF-CONFIDENCE IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN: TREATMENT AND MODELLING RESULTS

Summary. The present experiment examined a method of improving the self-confidence of low self-confident children in elementary school classrooms. Results indicated that low self-confident students in four treatment classrooms increased significantly on three behavioural measures of self-confidence and on classroom grades when compared to the control students. A separate part of the study demonstrated modelling of self-confident behaviour occurred only when low self-confident students watched other previously low self-confident students improve in confidence and did not occur when low self-confident students merely observed high self-confident students behaving confidently. These modelling results indicate that in the naturalistic environment, modelling is mediated by initial model-modeller perceived similarity.
Non-neuronal Enolase Is an Endothelial Hypoxic Stress Protein

The hypoxia-associated proteins (HAPs) are five cell-associated stress proteins (M(r) 34, 36, 39, 47, and 57) up-regulated in cultured vascular endothelial cells (EC) exposed to hypoxia. While hypoxic exposure of other cell types induces heat shock and glucose-regulated proteins, EC preferentially up-regulate HAPs. In order to identify the 47-kDa HAP, protein from hypoxic bovine EC lysates was isolated, digested with trypsin, and sequenced. Significant identity was found with enolase, a glycolytic enzyme. Western analyses confirmed that non-neuronal enolase (NNE) is up-regulated in hypoxic EC. Western analysis of subcellular fractions localized NNE primarily to the cytoplasm and confirmed that it was up-regulated 2.3-fold by hypoxia. Interestingly, NNE also appeared in the nuclear fraction of EC but was unchanged by hypoxia. Northern analyses revealed that NNE mRNA hypoxic up-regulation began at 1-2 h, peaked at 18 h, persisted for 48 h, and returned to base line after return to 21% O2 for 24 h. Hypoxia maximally up-regulated NNE mRNA levels 3.4-fold. While hypoxic up-regulation of NNE may have a protective effect by augmenting anaerobic metabolism, we speculate that enolase may contribute to EC hypoxia tolerance through one or more of its nonglycolytic functions.
ATP as a Messenger in Astrocyte-Neuronal Communication

Astrocytes are activated during both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission and respond with intracellular Ca2+i elevations. Ca2+i oscillations and waves in astrocytes now appear to represent the glial arm of a dynamic neuronal-glial signaling process. Advances within the last year have shown that stimuli that elevate Ca2+i in astrocytes have the potential to modulate synaptic function. Recent studies have shown that astrocytic calcium waves, initially believed to depend on the integrity of functional gap junction channels for the passage of intercellular signals, are actually mediated by release of ATP and subsequent activation of purinergic receptors on neighboring cells. ATP release is in turn regulated by the expression of gap junction proteins, establishing a novel dimension between gap junctions and extracellular-mediated signaling events. The role of ATP and its breakdown product, adenosine, on synaptic transmission are discussed.
EFFECT OF ALUMINA ON DEVITRIFICATION OF SODIUM OXIDE‐DOLOMITE LIME‐SILICA GLASSES*

The effect of the substitution of A12O3 for the oxides of sodium, silicon, calcium, and magnesium in the ratio in which they occur in dolomite on the liquidus temperatures and phase relations for glasses lying within the composition range, Na2O 12 to 16%, CaO-MgO 0 to 20%, SiO2 63 to 78%, and A12O3 0 to 10%, has been determined. The results on 116 individual determinations are given. Devitrite is the primary phase in very few glasses. Several glasses were found which cannot be devitrified. A comparison of devitrification temperatures of calcite and dolomite-lime glasses is made.
Estimates of universal computational capacity to the present

Abstract Recent developments in quantum computing motivate investigations of the ultimate limits to computation. By combining results in cosmic dynamics with entropy bounds it is possible to present limits to the amount of information and its processing rate in the universe up to the present. We find that both the total number of bits and number of operations for the universe does not exceed O (10 123 ). Possible extensions of the information bounds are discussed, as is the nature of the holographic entropy bound.
A Research Agenda for Christian Schools

This report describes a project conducted to determine the areas of research required to support Christian schools as they carry out their task in a changing world. The project was carried out through an email survey and phone interviews of leaders of schools associated with two Christian school organizations—the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) and Christian Schools International (CSI). The survey sample included school-based educators, university professors, and education coordinators of the two Christian school support organizations. The topic that received the most concern and response specific to Christian schools is the integration of school mission and practice.
Homology and evolution of the deep dorsal thigh musculature in birds and other reptilia.

Data from adult birds, crocodilians, Sphenodon, squamates, turtles, and from the chick embryo are compared to test conflicting hypotheses of homology of the deep dorsal thigh muscles of birds and other reptiles. This comparison suggests that: 1) avian Mm. iliofemoralis externus and iliotrochan- tericus caudalis (herein renamed "iliofemoralis cranialis") are homologous with M. iliofemoralis of other reptiles; 2) avian Mm. iliotrochanterici cranialis and medius are homologous with one of two divisions of M. pubo-ischio-femo- ralis internus found in other reptiles (pars dorsalis of Crocodylia); 3) avian M. iliofemoralis internus (herein renamed "cuppedicus") is homologous with the other division of M. pubo-ischio-femoralis internus (pars medialis of Crocody- lia). This hypothesis implies a minimum of seven transformations in the number of muscles and their positions of origin and insertion in the evolution of Aves, five of which are recapitulated during ontogeny of the chick. The traditional recognition of three muscles in the "iliotrochantericus group" is topographically accurate, but it is a misnomer and has been a source of misdirection when these muscles are studied in a phylagenetic context. Varia- tions within Aves in the presence of the iliotrochantericus muscles (cranialis or medius) and the iliofemoralis muscles (externus or cranialis) are results of heterochronic perturbations of a conserved developmental program. Unlike most previous interpretations, this view of homology suggests that the evolu- tion of avian bipedality was accompanied by few myological transformations, despite profound modification of the skeleton.