cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Japan Sea Regionalism: the Role of Sub-national Authorities

A conventional approach to the question of economic cooperation and regionalism, in Northeast Asia that looked solely at the state-to-state level of relations would yield only slim, evidence of progress. As of 1999 the only achievements at this level are the lumen River Development Program (TRADP) and the Korean Energy Development Organization (KEDO). Although their establishment may be viewed as positive achievements, their actual operations and prospects for future success have not been as significant as originally hoped. The NE Asian context remains difficult at this level, with progress in Russo-Japanese relations still stalled over the Northern Territories-Southern Kurile islands territorial question, and with no definite sign of a turn towards greater stability in the Korean peninsula in sight Therefore, one might question whether regionalism (that is, an institutionalized multilateral process designed to increase the economic, cultural, scientific or political interactions among members of a particular region) exists to any significant degree in NE Asia.
Development of High Current Bi-2223 Ag-Sheathed Tape Wire

Large cross sectional Bi-2223 Ag-sheathed wires were developed using PIT method to realize high operating curroit and high straigfe Qitical current of the wire reached to 2,000 A at 4.2 K and 370 A at 77 K under self field Applied field dependence of critical current were investigated at several temperatures and Ic of 1,500 A was obtained at 4.2 K undo-10 Tesla Maximum length of the wire reached to 100 m dass. Furthermore, a small test coil was fabricated with the high current wire using R&W method
Veterans Affairs Health Care System as Cardiology Training Site: A Fellow's Perspective.

A majority of cardiology fellows receive at least part of their training at the Veterans Affairs Health Administration (VHA) hospitals and clinics. In this paper, we discuss the unique role and challenges of advanced cardiology training at the VHA from the fellow’s perspective. Finally, we explore
Collimator optimization for In-111 SPECT using performance on a detection/localization task

In SPECT, the collimator is an important component in determining reconstructed image quality. We evaluate a family of parallel-hole collimators used in In-111 octreotide imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. The evaluation is with respect to task performance on jointly detecting and localizing the tumors. In our approach, we apply on ideal observer to collimator images formed by the SIMIND Monte Carlo Program and evaluate performance without respect to a reconstruction algorithm. We show that for In-111, which radiates at 171 and 247 keY, septal penetration and septal scatter play an important role and the best performance is attained with a collimator that allows a moderate amount of penetration and scatter.
Impact of Race on 30-Day Complication Rates After Elective Complex Spinal Fusion (≥5 Levels): A Single Institutional Study of 446 Patients

Objective Racial disparities have been shown to affect surgical outcomes. However, the effect of race on complex spinal fusion outcomes remains understudied. The aim of this study is to determine if patient race affects 30-day complication rates after elective complex spinal fusion (≥5 levels). Methods The medical records of 490 adult patients with spinal deformity undergoing elective complex spinal fusion (≥5 levels) at a major academic institution from 2005 to 2015 were reviewed. We identified 52 black patients (11.7%) and 438 white patients (88.3%). Patient demographics, comorbidities, and intraoperative and 30-day postoperative complication and readmission rates were collected. The primary outcome investigated in this study was the rate of 30-day postoperative complications. Results Patient demographics and comorbidities were similar between both groups, including age, gender, and body mass index. Median (interquartile range) number of fusion levels and operative time were similar between the cohorts (black, 6.5 [5–9] vs. white, 7 [5–9]; P = 0.55; and black, 307.3 ± 120.2 minutes vs. white, 321.3 ± 135.3 minutes; P = 0.45, respectively). Both cohorts had similar postoperative complications and lengths of hospital stay (black, 7.2 ± 5.4 days vs. white: 6.5 ± 4.9; P = 0.37). There was no significant difference in 30-day readmission between the cohorts (black, 9.6% vs. white, 12.8%; P = 0.66). There were no observed differences in 30-day complication rates, including: pain ( P = 0.74), urinary tract infection ( P = 0.68), hardware failure ( P = 0.36), wound dehiscence ( P = 0.29), and drainage ( P = 0.86). Conclusions Our study suggests that there is no difference between races in 30-day complication and readmission rates after complex spinal surgery requiring ≥5 levels of fusion.
GPU-accelerated molecular dynamics clustering analysis with OpenACC

Abstract This chapter explores the use of OpenACC directives to accelerate the calculation of a so-called dissimilarity matrix, the most costly computation required for clustering analysis of molecular dynamics simulations. By the end of this chapter, the reader will have an understanding of: • Key algorithmic analysis steps that help guide decision making involved in application acceleration and parallelization and help set realistic performance targets for a successful OpenACC implementation on GPUs and other accelerators • Differences in development and maintenance of directive-based kernels and compiler autovectorization as compared with data-parallel languages such as CUDA and OpenCL, and hand-written kernels based on compiler intrinsics and the like • The step-by-step approaches taken for adaptation of an existing molecular dynamics trajectory analysis algorithm for OpenACC • Program and data structure transformations that are beneficial for performance on GPU accelerators and many-core CPUs that employ wide SIMD vector arithmetic units • Performance tuning techniques that can help OpenACC compilers and runtime systems achieve better performance on target accelerators with typical architecture characteristics
Communication Is a Two-way Street: Instructors’ Perceptions of Student Apologies

Speech act studies are increasingly likely to use retrospective verbal protocols to record the thoughts of participants who produced targeted speech acts (e.g., Cohen & Olshtain, 1993 ). However, although communication is always a two-way street, little is known about the recipients’ perceptions of speech acts. In academic communication at universities, it is critical for students to gain awareness of the socio-cultural norms as well as knowledge of appropriate linguistic forms in interacting with instructors. Therefore, gathering perceptual information from instructors, the recipients of many speech acts such as apologies, serves an important role in realizing successful student-instructor communication. Targeting instructors’ perceptions, two forms of an online survey were created via surveygizmo.com, with one including 12 spoken apologies and the other including 12 emailed apologies. An equal number of native (NS) and nonnative English speaking (NNS) students produced these apologies. The 150 instructors who responded to the survey gave significantly higher ratings to apologies made by NS students than to those made by NNS students. An analysis of instructors’ explanations after the ratings showed that both sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic knowledge ( Thomas, 1983 ) were valued in the successful realization of apologies, with the majority of instructor explanations addressing the sociopragmatic aspects of apology productions. In their comments on highly-rated student apologies, instructors appreciated the fact that students took responsibility in apologizing, offered worthy explanations, and delivered the messages with minimum grammatical mistakes. Poorly rated apology messages did not contain sufficient or valid evidence, inconvenienced the instructors through inappropriate requests, and usually had multiple grammatical mistakes. This study provides useful source of information to be used in university classrooms that can orientate novice learners towards socio-cultural expectations and appropriate lexical markers to be employed in making successful apologies in academic settings.
Orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease

The literature regarding orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease is vast, spanning multiple specialty areas including neurosurgery, head and neck, maxillofacial, and ophthalmic plastic surgery. Although techniques have advanced considerably over the more than 100 years during which this procedure has been performed, the 4 major approaches remain: transorbital, transcranial, transantral, and transnasal. The explosion in literature related to orbital decompression has mostly involved minor technical variations on broader surgical themes. The purpose of this review is to organize the major approaches in terms of bony anatomy and to contextualize variation in transdisciplinary techniques within a common conceptualization.
Single Event Effects in 14-Nm Intel Microprocessors

Heavy ion and proton test results on multiple commercial 14-nm Intel microprocessors are presented. Testing was performed using commercial motherboards with a mixture of commercial and custom software. Machine check errors, system crashes, graphical glitches, and isolated events with temporary or permanent loss of functionality referred to as hard failures were observed during testing. The hard failures observed while testing the Intel 5th Generation Broadwell 14-nm devices were caused by a companion 32-nm planar bulk CMOS die in the multi-chip package.
Interference in Two-Photon Absorption at High Field Crossings

Two-photon absorption at low radiation intensities can be described by second order perturbation theory. The most important features of two photon absorption are a unique set of selection rules, a transition rate proportional to the product of the intensities of the two radiation beams, and an enhancement in the absorption probability when the frequency of one of the beams is nearly coincident with a single photon absorption. Recently it has been shown that when one of the incident light beams is near resonance with an allowed atomic state (the ‘intermediate’ electronic state), interference effects dependent on the relative polarization of the two incident light beams are produced1,2. That is, in a 1 S←1 P←1 S energy level configuration, when the two light beams have perpendicular polarizations, the interference is destructive leading to a vanishing two-photon transition probability; when the field polarization vectors of the two beams are parallel, the interference is constructive.
Immunization, Antibiotic Use, and Pneumococcal Colonization Over a 15-Year Period.

BACKGROUND: Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease have declined since widespread introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in the United States. We evaluated the impact of immunization status and recent antibiotic use on an individual child’s risk of colonization. METHODS: This study extends previously reported data from children RESULTS: Among 6537 children, 19A emerged as the predominant serotype in 2004, with substantial reductions in 2014. Among non-PCV serotypes, 15B/C, 35B, 23B, 11A, and 23A were most common in 2014. We observed greater odds for both additional PCV13 and non-PCV13 colonization in younger children, those with more child care exposure, and those with a concomitant respiratory tract infection. Adjusted odds for additional PCV13 colonization was lower (odds ratio 0.48 [95% confidence interval 0.31–0.75]) among children up-to-date for PCV13 vaccines. Recent antibiotic use was associated with higher odds of additional PCV13 colonization but substantially lower odds of non-PCV13 colonization. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the success of pneumococcal vaccines in reducing colonization and disease due to targeted serotypes, ongoing community-based surveillance will be critical to evaluate the impact of interventions on pneumococcal colonization and disease.
Language and Cognition in Mental Retardation

Heber (1958) defines mental retardation as “subaverage general intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior.” Others, such as Sloan (1954) and, more recently, Ingalls (1978), have extended the nomenclature to include defects in the psychological and social spheres resulting from environmental deprivation. Ingalls (1978) points out that the second or “functionally” retarded group that suffers from mild retardation comes almost exclusively from the lower strata of society and constitutes a larger group than that made up by organically impaired retardates.
PCOS: Implications of Cardiometabolic Dysfunction

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age with a reported incidence of 6–15%, depending on the criteria used for defining this heterogeneous condition [1–4]. According to the Rotterdam criteria, at least two of the three following features must be present: ovulatory dysfunction, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology [2, 3]. Other possible underlying pathologies must be excluded. Familial clustering of this heterogeneous condition has clearly been shown although the aetiology and the genetic determinants of PCOS remain uncertain [5–7]. Needs for medical intervention in women with PCOS vary significantly depending on the stage of life (Fig. 10.1).
Tumor Response Assessment for Precision Cancer Therapy: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors and Beyond.

Objective assessment of tumor responses and treatment results has been the basis for the advancement of cancer therapies, and imaging plays a key role to provide a “common language” to describe the results of cancer treatment. Although Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) has been the most widely accepted method for assessing tumor response in the past decades, the limitations of RECIST have increasingly becoming recognized, especially with the recent advances of precision-medicine approaches to cancer. This article reviews the current concept of tumor response evaluations based on RECIST, describes the limitations of RECIST, and proposes strategies to overcome the limitations. The article emphasizes specific limitations in the setting of precision cancer therapy and cancer immunotherapy and discusses the important insights provided by the cutting-edge investigations in the emerging fields.
Peers and Play in Infants and Toddlers

By the preschool years, children spend long periods in play with other children. Their social play is jointly managed, complex, and facile. There also are identifiable and relatively stable individual differences in the affect, skill, and motivation to play with age-mates. These competencies set the stage for much of subsequent socioemotional and cognitive development (Hartup, 1983).
A Framework for Promoting Organizational Change

The author presents an analytical framework to help direct service practitioners assess the potential organizational resistance to any change proposal practitioners initiate. The framework consists...
The Federal Trade Commission’s Hearings on Competition and Consumer Protection in the 21st Century, Innovation and Intellectual Property Policy, Comment of the Global Antitrust Institute, Antonin Scalia Law School, George Mason University

This Comment is submitted in relation to the Federal Trade Commission’s (“FTC”) Hearings on Competition and Consumer Protection in the 21st Century. We submit this Comment based upon our extensive experience and expertise in antitrust law and economics. As an organization committed to promoting sound economic analysis as the foundation of antitrust enforcement and competition policy, the Global Antitrust Institute commends the FTC for holding these hearings and for inviting discussion concerning a range of important topics. In this Comment, we will discuss contemporary issues involving innovation, Standard Essential Patents (“SEPs”), and Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory (“FRAND”) pricing commitments. As we move forward in an era marked by constant innovation revolving around Intellectual Property (“IP”) rights, it is imperative that the FTC recognize that these IP rights should be treated under the same analytical framework as other property rights and upheld regardless whether the setting is private licensing or FRAND commitments. Our modern law and jurisprudence are well-developed in the area of IP rights, and the reliance on IP rights in the standard-development process should not be accompanied by a move away from this well-developed body of law. In writing this Comment, we want to emphasize the importance of strong IP rights, the lack of evidence supporting the concern over holdup issues, and the need for the FTC to recalibrate priorities in the relationship between IP and antitrust.
On Improving Thermoelastic Stress Analysis Data Near Edges of Discontinuities

The most serious stresses are often at the edges of geometric discontinuities, and thereby influencing the overall performance of a structure. Under adiabatic and reversible conditions, thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) provides nondestructive full-field information of the first stress invariant in a cyclically loaded structure. However, TSA measurements at and near the edges of discontinuities, the regions of prime interest, are often unreliable due to the adverse influence of the surrounding ambient temperature as well as the movement associated with the cyclic loading. Moreover, TSA data at such locations are susceptible to nonadiabaticity because of high stress gradients, thus further supporting the need to predict stresses at edges. A method is presented here for correctly quantifying the often disregarded TSA data at the edges of a structure by making use of the linear elastic conditions of equilibrium and compatibility as well as applying the appropriate boundary conditions. The method is hybrid in the sense that experimental TSA data (excluding disregarded edge measurements) are combined with an analytical expression of the first stress invariant. The achieved improvement in thermoelastic data near discontinuities is demonstrated here for a tensile aluminum structure containing a central irregularly shaped cutout.
The effects of encoding instruction and opportunity on the recollection of behaviourally relevant events.

How does attending to a brief, behaviourally relevant stimulus affect episodic memory encoding? In the attentional boost effect, increasing attention to a brief target in a detection task boosts me...
Chapter 17 – Retinal Development

The retina contains a tri-layered structure, made of seven unique classes of cells, that is evolutionarily conserved in all vertebrates. The retina and pigmented epithelium form from the same region of the anterior neural plate. Signaling pathways and transcription factors necessary for retina formation are conserved across the vertebrate species studied. Transplantation of fetal retinal sheets or individual retinal progenitor cells, derived from pluripotent cells, can repair vision. Induced pluripotent (iPS) cells have been successfully used to model a human retinal degenerative disease.
Improving Performance of the Hypre Iterative Solver for Uintah Combustion Codes on Manycore Architectures Using MPI Endpoints and Kernel Consolidation

The solution of large-scale combustion problems with codes such as the Arches component of Uintah on next generation computer architectures requires the use of a many and multi-core threaded approach and/or GPUs to achieve performance. Such codes often use a low-Mach number approximation, that require the iterative solution of a large system of linear equations at every time step. While the discretization routines in such a code can be improved by the use of, say, OpenMP or Cuda Approaches, it is important that the linear solver be able to perform well too. For Uintah the Hypre iterative solver has proved to solve such systems in a scalable way. The use of Hypre with OpenMP leads to at least 2x slowdowns due to OpenMP overheads, however. This behavior is analyzed and a solution proposed by using the MPI Endpoints approach is implemented within Hypre, where each team of threads acts as a different MPI rank. This approach minimized OpenMP synchronization overhead, avoided slowdowns, performed as fast or (up to 1.5x) faster than Hypre’s MPI only version, and allowed the rest of Uintah to be optimized using OpenMP. Profiling of the GPU version of Hypre showed the bottleneck to be the launch overhead of thousands of micro-kernels. The GPU performance was improved by fusing these micro kernels and was further optimized by using Cuda-aware MPI. The overall speedup of 1.26x to 1.44x was observed compared to the baseline GPU implementation.
Impact of autologous stem cell transplantation on long term renal function and associated progression-free and overall survival in multiple myeloma

The long-term impact of Autologous hematopietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) on renal function, and the impact of renal function on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in ...
A High-order Accurate Scheme for the Dispersive Maxwell's Equations and Material Interfaces on Overset Grids

An efficient and high-order accurate scheme for solving the time-domain dispersive Maxwell's equations and material interfaces is described. Maxwell's equations are solved in second-order form for the electric field. A generalized dispersive material (GDM) model is used to represent a general class of linear dispersive materials and this model is implemented in the time-domain with the auxiliary differential equation (ADE) approach. Fourth-order accuracy is achieved with a single-step three-level scheme. High-order accuracy at interfaces is obtained using locally conforming grids and compatibility conditions. Composite overlapping grids are used to treat complex geometry with Cartesian grids generally covering most of the domain and local conforming grids representing curved boundaries and interfaces.
Can Loanwords Be Used to Date Biblical Texts, and If So, How? Linguistic and Philological Perspectives: Papers forming part of the 2017 and 2018 SBL Linguistics and Biblical Hebrew Seminar

The question of whether or not biblical texts can be dated chronologically remains a lively topic of debate, and one important part of the conversation is the use of loanwords for dating biblical texts. This paper examines the philological relationship between lexical borrowings and the date of biblical texts. By focusing on the Hebrew Bible’s non-Semitic vocabulary, it argues that loanwords both cannot and can be used to date biblical traditions. Negatively, there is no clear one-to-one correspondence between a loanword of a given type and the date of a biblical text. Positively, loanwords can be useful for dating biblical texts in certain circumstances: first, the relative number and type of loanwords can point to plausible historical circumstances of borrowing, and second, phonological and morphological features can establish an approximate terminus ante quem for the borrowing.
Sustainability of agricultural production following deforestation in the tropics: Evidence on the value of newly-deforested, long-deforested and forested land in the Brazilian Amazon

Abstract Tropical deforestation has typically been characterized as a process with persistent environmental costs (in the form of biodiversity and ecosystem services loss) and short-lived economic benefits (in the form of one-off timber harvests and agricultural fertility boosts). However, this characterization is largely based on agronomic study of tropical soils, and does not fully capture the long-term agricultural potential of cleared land. Landowners can make investments to improve fertility and raise productivity, extending the time horizons over which agriculture is profitable. Whether they choose to make these investments depends on available technologies, the relative prices of inputs and outputs, and the cost of the alternative strategy of clearing additional forest. There is little evidence on how agricultural productivity in the tropics changes over time for individual farmers, because regional development processes confound changes in land productivity when aggregate data are used. Understanding the trajectory of returns to land after tropical deforestation matters because the effectiveness of policies to limit deforestation, promote reforestation, and encourage agricultural intensification all depend on the values of forested and deforested land to farmers and the time horizons over which those values are maintained. This paper estimates the contributions of forested, newly-deforested, and long-deforested land to total property values reported by smallholders in established agrarian settlements in the western Brazilian Amazon. We find—during a decade in which the Brazilian government significantly strengthened its enforcement of forest laws—that deforested land retained its value, the value of forested land increased relative to cleared land, and the value of newly cleared land declined.
A nanopore ion source delivers single amino acid and peptide ions directly into the gas phase

A technology for sequencing single proteins would expand our understanding of biology and improve the detection and treatment of disease. Approaches based on fluorosequencing, nanopores, and tunneling spectroscopy are under development and show promise. However, only mass spectrometry (MS) has demonstrated an ability to identify amino acids with minimal degeneracy. We envision sequencing a protein by fragmenting it and delivering its constituent amino acids into a mass spectrometer in sequential order, but existing ion sources employ a background gas that scrambles the spatial ordering of ions and degrades their transmission. Here we report an ion source comprising a glass capillary with a sub-100 nm diameter pore that emits amino acid ions from aqueous solution directly into vacuum. Emitted ions travel collision-less trajectories before striking a single-ion detector. We measured unsolvated ions of 16 different amino acids as well as glutathione and two of its post-translationally modified variants.
Volatility Modeling for Ocean Significant Wave Height Estimation

In a previous paper by the same authors in the current conference series [1], an interesting relation was derived which showed that the significant wave height H s is linearly proportional to the standard deviation of the received time series from a monostatic HF radar. In the current paper we use this relation along with methods from the field of volatility modeling, which is often used in financial mathematics, to provide accurate estimates of significant wave height. We demonstrate on field data from Argentia, Newfoundland, Canada that the use of such methods gives slightly more accurate H s estimates than using a simple windowed variance calculation.
Same-Sex and Different-Sex Interracial Couples: The Importance of Demographic and Religious Context

How does demographic and religious context relate to interracial relationships among same-sex and different-sex couples? Using couple data from the 2012 to 2014 American Community Surveys matched to aggregate data from the 2010 Census and 2010 Religious Congregations and Membership Study, we test how heterogamy patterns for same-sex and different-sex couples vary by the demographic and religious makeup of cities, using multinomial logistic regressions to compare interracial and same-race couples. We find that same-sex couples are more likely to be in a White/Black interracial pairing than different-sex couples. White partners are more likely to be in an interracial relationship if they are in a city with a large minority group population. In addition, context is differently associated with interracial unions for same-sex and different-sex couples, varying for each racial combination.
Thermal management of LINAC targets

To increase the X-ray flux generated in a medical linear accelerator (LINAC), it is necessary to remove the heat deposited in the target by the impinging electrons. Higher X-ray fluxes are required for treatments that apply significant doses of radiation in a short period of time. We analyzed a variety of targets and cooling geometries in a typical LINAC. The Monte-Carlo code Geant4 was first used to determine the X-rays produced and the energy deposited in the targets, and the temperature distribution in the target was determined using finite-element analysis. Improved target/cooling designs to produce higher X-ray flux are described and quantified.
The in vitro effects of Newcastle disease virus on the metabolic and antibacterial functions of human neutrophils

Live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was used to investigate the in vitro effects of a viral infection on phagocytosis, chemiluminescence generation, superoxide production, oxygen consumption, NADPH-oxidase activity, and intracellular killing of bacteria by Ficoll-Hypaque separated human neutrophils. Phagocytosis of oil red O particles by NDV-treated PMN was inhibited by 50%. Chemiluminescence by PMN was inhibited 79% after zymosan stimulation and 86% after tetradeconyl phorbol acetate stimulation. Superoxide generation was inhibited by 68%. Oxygen consumption was inhibited in the presence of NDV by 37% after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate, while membrane-associated NADPH-enzyme activity was decreased by 19%. The percent of surviving intracellular S. aureus was significantly elevated in NDV-treated PMN after 60 and 120 min of incubation. Purified bacterial neuraminidase markedly suppressed chemiluminescence, while neuraminic acid blocked the effects of the virus. These observations suggest that infections with myxoviruses may suppress a number of vital neutrophil functions. It appears that the effects may be partly mediated by the interaction of viral neuraminidase with the external neutrophil membrane.
The Dynamic Development of Thinking, Feeling, and Acting over the Life Span

In recent decades, models of human development have undergone significant transformation. In contrast to traditional approaches, contemporary research suggests that development is dynamic rather than linear; domain- and task-specific rather than stage-like; organized around integrative rather than modular psychological processes; and arises from relations among bio-psycho-social change processes rather than from the influence of independent forces. In this chapter, we outline an integrative model of psychological development from the standpoint of dynamic skill theory. From this view, psychological structures consist of dynamic coordinations of cognition, conation, and affect within particular contexts. Over time, within particular conceptual domains and contexts that support their construction, psychological structures develop through 13 hierarchical levels. We illustrate trajectories in the development of psychological structures in several conceptual and affective domains. Further, through analyses of moment-by-moment changes within social interaction, we examine how novel psychological structures arise in interactions between persons and are consolidated by processes within individuals. Keywords: dynamic skill development; emotion-cognition interaction; positive adult development; pathways in adult development; personal and social development; co-construction in adult development; relational developmental systems; microdevelopment and social interaction; developing through social relationships
Chemical studies of histone acetylation. The occurrence of epsilon-N-acetyllysine in the f2a1 histone

Abstract The f2a1 histone was isolated from calf thymus nuclei which had been incubated in the presence of sodium acetate-1-14C. Following digestion of the histone with trypsin and Pronase, the peptides and amino acids were fractionated by exclusion chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. All of the radioactivity of the 14C-acetate-labeled f2a1 histone was recovered in one peak which was identified as e-N-acetyllysine.
Optimizing Benchmark-Based Utility Functions

We consider four utility functions, each of which incorporates a benchmark to better capture the motivations of today's portfolio managers. Assuming instrument returns are normally distributed, we establish conditions undr which optimal portfolios for these utilities are mean-variance efficient and we briefly discuss computing solutions of the models via standard nonlinear programming tools. When returns are not normally distributed, we cannot, in general, solve the optimal allocation problems exactly. Instead we use an approximation procedure rooted in Monte Carlo simulation. Our approach requires mixed-integer programming, and we describe computational enhancements that significantly improve our ability to solve these models.
Rapid Screening for 31 Mutations and Polymorphisms in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Gene by Luminex® xMAP™ Suspension Array

A suspension array hybridization assay is described for the detection of 31 mutations and polymorphisms in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene using Luminex xMAP technology. The Luminex xMAP system allows simultaneous detection of up to 100 different targets in a single multiplexed reaction. Included in the method are the procedures for design of oligonucleotide capture probes and PCR amplification primers, coupling oligonucleotide capture probes to carboxylated microspheres, hybridization of coupled microspheres to oligonucleotide targets, production of targets from DNA samples by multiplexed PCR amplification, and detection of PCR-amplified targets by direct hybridization to probe-coupled microspheres. Mutation screening with the system is rapid, requires relatively few sample manipulations, and provides adequate resolution to reliably genotype the 25 CFTR mutations and 6 CFTR polymorphisms contained in the ACMG/ACOG/NIH-recommended core mutation panel for general population CF carrier screening.
Detection of human T cells using anti-monkey thymocyte antisera. Tissue distribution and evidence for antigenic heterogeneity.

Abstract Six rabbit anti-monkey thymocyte antisera (AMT) were superior reagents to antisera prepared against human thymocytes, thymocyte membranes, and fetal brain with respect to absorption requirements and fluorescence brilliance on human T lymphocytes. The distribution of T cells in adult subjects was defined using fluorescein-labeled AMT absorbed for T-cell specificity. This reagent reacted with 96% of thymocytes, 75% of peripheral blood lymphocytes, 63% of thoracic duct lymphocytes, 40% of splenocytes, 55% of lymphocytes from intraabdominal lymph nodes, and 13% of nucleated cells flushed from bone marrow. T antigens detected by AMT were expressed on virtually all fetal thymocytes and a minority of fetal spleen cells as early as 13 weeks of gestation. By absorbing AMT with a cultured T-cell line (MOLT-4), it was possible to distinguish a subpopulation of T cells displaying antigen(s) not present on MOLT-4. This subpopulation comprised the majority of thymocytes, one-half of peripheral-blood T cells, but only one-third of splenic or lymph-node T cells. A quantitative absorption assay failed to demonstrate cross-reactivity of AMT with antigens in homogenized human brain or a preparation of brain synaptasomes.
Mouse infection models for space flight immunology

Several immunological processes can be affected by space flight. However, there is little evidence to suggest that flight-induced immunological deficits lead to illness. Therefore, one of our goals has been to define models to examine host resistance during space flight. Our working hypothesis is that space flight crews will come from a heterogeneous population; the immune response gene make-up will be quite varied. It is unknown how much the immune response gene variation contributes to the potential threat from infectious organisms, allergic responses or other long term health problems (e.g. cancer). This article details recent efforts of the Kansas State University gravitational immunology group to assess how population heterogeneity impacts host health, either in laboratory experimental situations and/or using the skeletal unloading model of space-flight stress. This paper details our use of several mouse strains with several different genotypes. In particular, mice with varying MHCII allotypes and mice on the C57BL background with different genetic defects have been particularly useful tools with which to study infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella pneumotropica and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. We propose that some of these experimental challenge models will be useful to assess the effects of space flight on host resistance to infection.
A Methodological Response from the Field to Douglas Foley: Critical Bifocality and Class Cultural Productions in Anthropology and Education

In this paper we are explicitly in conversation with Doug Foley's recently published paper in AEQ. Given our shared commitment to the linkages between intersectionality and broader social and economic arrangements, two noted ethnographers argue that the paradigmatic shift highlighted by Foley demands detailed attention to what this means for questions of design, method and analysis.
Economics, ethics, and cost-benefit analysis

The ethical presuppositions of cost-benefit analysis are discussed and related to the economic growth 'imperative'. The tendency to substitute numerical calculation for quali­ itative judgment and moral responsibility, especially the func­ tioning of randomness as a moral scapegoat, are considered. It is concluded that improvement in the understanding of ob­ jective value and right purpose should take strict priority over further increase in technical power.
Extracellular Ca2+ sensing, regulation of parathyroid cell function, and role of Ca2+ and other ions as extracellular (first) messengers

Article de synthese sur le role du calcium et d'autres ions extracellulaires chez les mammiferes. Homeostasie calcique. Regulation de la secretion d'hormone parathyroidienne par le calcium; physiologie et mecanisme d'action. Compartimentation extracellulaire du calcium. Cellules thyroidiennes, renales, placentaires et osseuses et sensibilite au Ca extracellulaire. Reconnaissance cellulaire d'autres ions ou de multiples ions extracellulaires. Role des ions extracellulaires comme premier messager et relation avec l'activation cellulaire et les ions intracellulaires
The Disparity between Social Drinking Motives and Social Outcomes: A New Perspective on College Student Drinking.

Students report drinking for social reasons, yet the social benefits of alcohol use are less understood. Associations between social drinking motives, drinking behaviors, and college friendships were examined via in-person interviews with 72 college freshmen from a large Midwestern University. Social drinking motives were significantly associated with drinking behaviors; however, drinking behaviors were not associated with the number of new casual or close friends students made at college. Consistent with previous research, social motives predicted drinking behaviors; however drinking behaviors were unrelated to friendship outcomes. Drinking prevention campaigns might incorporate these findings in an effort to alter college freshmen's social alcohol expectancies. Language: en
High-resolution in vivo imaging of mouse brain through the intact skull

Multiphoton microscopy is the current method of choice for in vivo deep-tissue imaging. The long laser wavelength suffers less scattering, and the 3D-confined excitation permits the use of scattered signal light. However, the imaging depth is still limited because of the complex refractive index distribution of biological tissue, which scrambles the incident light and destroys the optical focus needed for high resolution imaging. Here, we demonstrate a wavefront-shaping scheme that allows clear imaging through extremely turbid biological tissue, such as the skull, over an extended corrected field of view (FOV). The complex wavefront correction is obtained and directly conjugated to the turbid layer in a noninvasive manner. Using this technique, we demonstrate in vivo submicron-resolution imaging of neural dendrites and microglia dynamics through the intact skulls of adult mice. This is the first observation, to our knowledge, of dynamic morphological changes of microglia through the intact skull, allowing truly noninvasive studies of microglial immune activities free from external perturbations.
Health Literacy and the Patient With Heart Failure—Implications for Patient Care and Research: A Consensus Statement of the Heart Failure Society of America

Abstract Background Low health literacy compromises patient safety, quality health care, and desired health outcomes. Specifically, low health literacy is associated with decreased knowledge of one's medical condition, poor medication recall, nonadherence to treatment plans, poor self-care behaviors, compromised physical and mental health, greater risk of hospitalization, and increased mortality. Methods The health literacy literature was reviewed for: definitions, scope, risk factors, assessment, impact on health outcomes (cardiovascular disease and heart failure), and interventions. Implications for future research and for clinical practice to address health literacy in heart failure patients were summarized. Results General health literacy principles should be applied to patients with heart failure, similar to others with chronic conditions. Clinicians treating patients with heart failure should address health literacy using five steps: recognize the consequences of low health literacy, screen patients at risk, document literacy levels and learning preferences, and integrate effective strategies to enhance patients' understanding into practice. Conclusion Although the literature specifically addressing low health literacy in patients with heart failure is limited, it is consistent with the larger body of health literacy evidence. Timely recognition of low health literacy combined with tailored interventions should be integrated into clinical practice.
A high-pressure liquid chromatography procedure for monitoring nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase activity.

Abstract A high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) procedure has been designed to monitor the reaction catalyzed by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (N-PRTase). Two substrates (ATP and nicotinate) and two products of this reaction (nicotinate mononucleotide and ADP) can be resolved at pH 8 on a Waters μBondapak C18 column, and the concentration of each reactant in the isocratic eluant (25 m m (NH4)3PO4) can be determined spectroscopically at 254 nm. This separation method allows an analysis of the disappearance of substrates and the appearance of products simultaneously during the time course of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. We have employed this new N-PRTase assay system: (1) to prove that a 1:1 stoichiometry exists between the enzymatic ATP hydrolysis and nicotinate mononucleotide formation and (2) to reveal for the first time an inhibition of the overall reaction by phosphoribosyl α-1-pyrophosphate at relatively low ATP concentrations.
Semiquantification of hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone output in women: evidence for sexual dimorphism in the mechanism of the somatopause.

The neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the decline of GH with aging (somatopause) are uncertain. We recently found that the age-dependent diminution of the hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) output contributes to the somatopause in men. As the regulatory mechanisms of GH secretion are sexually dimorphic, we assessed the suppressibility of spontaneous and GHRH-stimulated GH secretion by graded doses of a specific competitive GHRH receptor antagonist in nine young (20–27 yr old) and eight elderly (65–77 yr old) healthy nonobese women to semiquantify hypothalamic GHRH output. Nocturnal mean GH was lower in elderly women (2.2 ± 0.4 vs. 0.9 ± 0.2 μg/liter; P = 0.01). Graded boluses of GHRH-44 resulted in similar GH responses in both populations (P = 0.28). Graded infusions of GHRH antagonist inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the GH responses to GHRH in both groups (P = 0.0001–0.04). The dose-inhibition curve for the lowest GHRH bolus dose was shifted to the left compared with the highest one (P = 0....
Effect of a change in interfacial geometry on the fatigue strength of porous‐coated Ti‐6Al‐4V

Porous-coated Ti-6Al-4V has a fatigue strength approximately one-third that of the uncoated alloy. The interfacial geometry between the porous coating and the implant substrate is notchlike, leading to stress concentrations that have been shown to be the main cause for the reduction in fatigue strength. In this study, the effect of interfacial geometry on fatigue strength of porouscoated Ti-6Al-4V is quantified. The interface between porous coating and implant is modeled using linear elastic, plane strain finite element analysis. Integrated with the numerical analysis is an experimental verification of enhanced fatigue behavior. Changes in interfacial geometry are conceived, and their effectiveness in reducing stress concentrations are determined. A doubling of fatigue strength can be achieved for newly conceived geometries over conventional porous coating geometries. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Architecture of Functionally Graded Ceramic Coatings Against Surface Thermal Fracture

An analytical study was performed to study the effect of architecture on the initiation of surface cracking in multilayer ceramic coatings. Two modes of crack initiation were considered: (1) tension resulting from stress relaxation, and (2) cyclic thermal fatigue. Transient temperature distributions were determined using a finite difference technique, and stress distributions were calculated using a multilayer beam theory. The results showed that as more layers were added and as the ceramic coating became thinner, lower maximum surface stresses resulted during cooling after stress relaxation. Also, a thick eight layer coating had similar thermal fatigue behavior to a thin single layer coating. It was determined that a thick multilayer coating adds a significant amount of thermal protection when compared to a thin single layered coating.
Analytical energy dissipation models for low-power caches

We present detailed analytical models for estimating the energy dissipation in conventional caches as well as low energy cache architectures. The analytical models use the run time statistics such as hit/miss counts, fraction of read/write requests and assume stochastical distributions for signal values. These models are validated by comparing the power estimated using these models against the power estimated using a detailed simulator called CAPE (CAache Power Estimator). The analytical models for conventional caches are found to be accurate to within 2% error. However, these analytical models over-predict the dissipations of low-power caches by as much as 30%. The inaccuracies can be attributed to correlated signal values and locality of reference, both of which are exploited in making some cache organizations energy efficient.