cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutants of TETRAHYMENA THERMOPHILA with Temperature-Sensitive Food Vacuole Formation. I. Isolation and Genetic Characterization.

Germ-line mutants have been isolated in Tetrahymena thermophila that have recessive, temperature-sensitive defects in phagocytosis. Nitrosoguanidine-mutagenized cells were induced to undergo cytogamy, and clones were isolated that were unable to form food vacuoles after two days of growth at 39 degrees . Most of the mutants belong to a single complementation group, designated vacA. They have defects in oral development-not in phagocytosis per se-that are undetectable under light microscopy. One fertile mutant, phenotypically indistinguishable from the vacA group, has its vac mutation(s) restricted to the macronucleus, and it is a heterokaryon for two other markers. This clone probably resulted from a failure of the two gametic nuclei to fuse after normal exchange. Two additional mutants were studied, but their sterility prevented a full genetic analysis. One of these clones has a rudimentary oral apparatus and defective contractile vacuole pores; both defects may be determined by the same mutation. The other clone has a structurally normal oral apparatus and may be defective in phagocytosis per se.-The induction and characterization of germ-line mutations that affect oral development open the way for the genetic dissection of the morphogenesis of a complex eukaryotic organelle, and make available additional useful mutants for the study of nutrition and transmembrane active transport.
Confirming the theoretical structure of expert-developed text messages to improve adherence to anti-hypertensive medications

Abstract Background Text messages can improve medication adherence and outcomes in several conditions. For this study, experts developed text messages addressing determinants of medication adherence: disease beliefs, medication necessity, medication concerns, and forgetfulness, as well as positive reinforcement messages for patients who were adherent. Objectives To validate expert-developed text messages to address medication non-adherence with a group of non-researchers. Methods A two-wave, card-sorting activity was conducted with students and staff at the University of Michigan. In the first wave, 40 participants grouped 32 messages addressing barriers for medication adherence (disease beliefs, medication necessity, medication concerns, and forgetfulness) according to their perceived relationship. Messages with poor grouping agreement were deleted or modified. In the second wave, positive reinforcement messages were developed and tested along with the previous categories (36 messages) by 37 participants. Similarity and cluster analyses were used to assess agreement between experts and participants. Results In the first card-sorting wave, participants grouped messages into between 2 and 13 separate categories. Similarity analysis showed four groupings of messages, however, some had an agreement below 50% and clusters appeared dispersed. In the second wave, and after messages being edited, participants grouped the messages into between 4 and 9 categories. Five groups (now including positive reinforcement messages) were identified with higher agreement in the similarity and cluster analyses. Conclusions The structure of expert-developed text messages to address medication adherence key barriers was confirmed. Messages will be used in future research to determine their impact on affecting medication adherence to anti-hypertensive medications using a reinforcement learning controlled text messaging service.
Nitrate‐N determination in soils using coated wire electrodes

Abstract Soil nitrate concentrations are commonly determined in both research and soil testing laboratories. Ion selective electrodes (ISE) are potentially a simple, rapid method for nitrate analysis in soils, but they may be subject to interferences, drift and limited operational lifetimes. In this study relatively easily constructed coated wire electrodes were used to determine nitrate concentrations in water extracts of soils. The results were compared to colorimetric analysis using a continuous flow analyzer. For the samples used in this study, the average concentration determined by the colorimetric method was 87% of the concentration obtained by the electrode method. Selectivity coefficients determined for the electrodes indicate the following decreasing order of interference: nitrite = chloride = bicarbonate > acetate > sulfate > orthophosphate. The results indicate that this type of nitrate selective electrode was capable of rapid, accurate determination of nitrate 1n soils when concentrations of ...
The transition to young adulthood: generational boundary dissolution and female identity development.

This research explored links between differential qualities of family connectedness and young adult females' development of an independent identity. Identity development involves exploration of possible roles and choices in particular domains such as occupation, dating, and friendship, followed by commitment to a set of values and behaviors in one of these areas. In this study, women who reported that their parents encouraged autonomy while still maintaining closeness also reported more exploration in their friendship and dating relationships. In contrast, reports of parent-child boundary dissolution, characterized by role-reversal, enmeshment, and overinvolvement, were related to less exploration, particularly in dating relationships. Mother-daughter boundary dissolution, specifically, was linked to women'stendency to base their commitments to a career and relationships with others on parental values and expectations without ever exploring alternative choices. Father-daughter boundary dissolution was related to lower exploration as well as lower commitment to values and beliefs in any area. These findings lend support to theoretical and clinical impressions that inter-generational boundary violations hinder the development of an independent identity.
Optical Characteristics of ZnTeO Thin Films Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Deposition and Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Oxygen incorporation into ZnTe was studied using pulsed laser deposition and molecular beam epitaxy. Oxygen incorporation at the high partial pressures studied for pulsed laser deposition was found to result in increasing visible transparency with oxygen incorporation, and is attributed to the formation of TeOx based on bonding information obtained by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Oxygen incorporation by a plasma source during the growth of ZnTe by molecular beam epitaxy was found to result in an electronic band at 0.5 eV below the ZnTe band edge, possessing strong radiative properties and a resonant-like optical absorption coefficient with a peak α > 5000 cm−1. The ZnTeO thin films grown by MBE have an epitaxial structure similar to ZnTe, where it is unclear whether the properties are due to the formation of a high-density defect level or the formation of a dilute alloy.
MUC16 (CA125): tumor biomarker to cancer therapy, a work in progress

Over three decades have passed since the first report on the expression of CA125 by ovarian tumors. Since that time our understanding of ovarian cancer biology has changed significantly to the point that these tumors are now classified based on molecular phenotype and not purely on histological attributes. However, CA125 continues to be, with the recent exception of HE4, the only clinically reliable diagnostic marker for ovarian cancer. Many large-scale clinical trials have been conducted or are underway to determine potential use of serum CA125 levels as a screening modality or to distinguish between benign and malignant pelvic masses. CA125 is a peptide epitope of a 3–5 million Da mucin, MUC16. Here we provide an in-depth review of the literature to highlight the importance of CA125 as a prognostic and diagnostic marker for ovarian cancer. We focus on the increasing body of literature describing the biological role of MUC16 in the progression and metastasis of ovarian tumors. Finally, we consider previous and on-going efforts to develop therapeutic approaches to eradicate ovarian tumors by targeting MUC16. Even though CA125 is a crucial marker for ovarian cancer, the exact structural definition of this antigen continues to be elusive. The importance of MUC16/CA125 in the diagnosis, progression and therapy of ovarian cancer warrants the need for in-depth research on the biochemistry and biology of this mucin. A renewed focus on MUC16 is likely to culminate in novel and more efficient strategies for the detection and treatment of ovarian cancer.
Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems

The tools of molecular biology were used to solve an instance of the directed Hamiltonian path problem. A small graph was encoded in molecules of DNA, and the "operations" of the computation were performed with standard protocols and enzymes. This experiment demonstrates the feasibility of carrying out computations at the molecular level.
Organizational commitment, turnover and absenteeism: An examination of direct and interaction effects

A three component model of organizational commitment was used to study job withdrawal intentions, turnover and absenteeism. Affective commitment emerged as the most consistent predictor of these outcome variables and was the only view of commitment related to turnover and to absenteeism. In contrast, normative commitment was related only to withdrawal intentions while no direct effects for continuance commitment were observed. Continuance commitment, however, interacted with affective commitment in predicting job withdrawal intentions and absenteeism. The form of the interaction was such that high sunk costs tempered relationships between affective commitment and the relevant outcome variables.
Zinc-induced resistance to alkylating agents: Lack of correlation between cell survival and metallothionein content☆☆☆

Abstract Suspension cultures of line CHO Chinese hamster cells and three derived sublines which differ in their capacity to induce synthesis of metallothionein (MT) by at least a factor of 40-fold were exposed to 100 μ m ZnCl 2 prior to treatment with the alkylating agent iodoacetate, and cytotoxicity was determined by measuring colony-forming ability. Three of the four types of cells exhibited an 8- to 10-fold enhancement in survival when pretreated with zinc, but there were two lines of evidence that suggested that the enhanced survival was not attributable to metallothionein. The only cell in the series which failed to exhibit increased survival when pretreated with zinc was the Cd r 2ClO cell which is readily induced to synthesize MT when treated with ZnCl 2 . An even stronger indication that metallothionein did not play a major role in the protective response was provided by the observation that CHO cells were protected by pretreatment with zinc, even though they are unable to induce synthesis of MT as a result of exposure to that metal. These results suggest the existence of a novel, zinc-inducible mechanism which protects cells against the toxic effects of alkylating agents.
Profiles of Identity Exploration and Commitment Across Domains

We examined the relationships between family structure, gender and age and profiles of identity exploration and commitment in the ideological (occupation, values, politics, religion, gender roles) and interpersonal identity (dating, friendships, and family) domains among 388 young adults. The general profile revealed low exploration in both domains, with ideological exploration being the lower, compared to high and comparable levels of commitment in the two domains. Older participants explored more than younger ones, and females gave more attention to the interpersonal domain than did males. Participants from original families explored more in the interpersonal domain than in the ideological domain, but their commitment was the same for the two domains. Participants from non-original families explored in equal amounts in the two domains, but were more committed in the interpersonal domain compared to participants from original families. Participants from non-original families explored more in the ideological domain than did participants from original families. Our findings indicate that individuals from non-original families exhibit positive outcomes and strengths that are often overlooked in the literature.
The reactive oxidant potential of different types of aged atmospheric particles: An outdoor chamber study

Abstract The reactive oxygen species (ROS) potential of aged diesel exhaust particulate matter (PM) and other aged aerosol systems in the presence and absence of an urban hydrocarbon environment was assessed. Experiments were performed in a 274 m 3 dual outdoor Teflon film chamber. Filter samples were taken to assess the oxidant generation associated with PM by an optimized dithiothreitol (DTT) method. Diesel exhaust PM had a higher ROS response when it was in the presence of an urban hydrocarbon mixture and was associated with significant O 3 production. For all the aged dilute diesel systems, ROS expression increased by a factor of 2–4 over fresh diesel particles. Other particle systems were also investigated. A low ROS was observed in most of the nighttime experiments, including the nighttime aerosols from SO 2 with O 3 and SO 2 aged by itself. However, when all the systems were compared, aged diesel exhaust tended to express very high ROS potentials, with secondary organic aerosols from an α-pinene + toluene + an urban HC mixture giving the highest ROS response.
Health care utilization among older adults with arthritis

Objective To evaluate the effect of arthritis on subsequent 2-year use of health care services and out-of-pocket costs among older adults and determine if comorbidities or economic resources mitigate that effect. Methods Data were analyzed from 6,230 participants interviewed in 1993 and 1995 in the Asset and Health Dynamic Survey Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD), a national probability sample of community-dwelling adults. Baseline arthritis status was ascertained from the report of an arthritis-related physician's visit or a joint replacement not associated with a hip fracture. The effect of baseline arthritis on the odds of subsequent 2-year health care utilization and high out-of-pocket expenses were estimated from multiple logistic regression controlling for demographic factors, comorbidity, and economic resources. Results Older adults with arthritis are significantly more likely to have a physician visit (odds ratio [OR] 3.0), hospital admission (OR 1.6), outpatient surgery (OR 1.3), receive home health care (OR 1.6), and have out-of-pocket cost >$5,000 (OR 1.6) compared with contemporaries having similar demographics (age, sex, racial/ethnic group, marital status), comorbid conditions, and economic resources (education, income, wealth, health insurance), but not reporting arthritis. Conclusions Older adults with symptomatic arthritis reported greater medical utilization and cost compared with people not reporting arthritis. These disparities persisted after accounting for differences in demographics, comorbidities, and economic factors. These findings document greater economic burdens on a personal and societal level among people with arthritis. As individuals, older adults with arthritis spend more out-of-pocket dollars for health care than their contemporaries without arthritis. On a societal level, these findings of greater health care utilization among people with arthritis point to increasing future demands on the US health care system due to demographic increases in the numbers of older adults with arthritis and support policies aimed at improving arthritis prevention and treatment as well as reducing the economic disparities between those with and without arthritis.
The Anderson Reservoir seismic gap — Induced aseismicity?

Abstract A persistent 10-km seismicity gap along the Calaveras fault appears to be related to the presence of the Leroy Anderson Reservoir in the Calaveras-Silver Creek fault zones southeast of San Jose, California. A magnitude-4.7 earthquake occurred at a depth of 5 km in the centre of the gap on October 3, 1973. The sequence of immediate aftershocks usually accompanying shallow earthquakes of this magnitude in central California did not occur. A bridge crossing the reservoir near its southeast end has been severely deformed, apparently the result of tectonic creep on the Calaveras fault. The occurrence of creep and absence of small earthquakes along the Calaveras in the vicinity of the reservoir suggest a transition from stick slip to stable sliding, possibly brought about by increased pore pressure.
Urea synthesis and osmotic stress in the terrestrial anurans Bufo woodhousei and Hyla cadaverina

Abstract 1. 1. Bufa woodhousei . a terrestrial toad, and Hyla cadarerina , a terrestrial treefrog, accumulate and tolerate high concentrations of urea in the body fluids during dehydration or reduced water turnover (up to 280 mM urea in B. woodhousei , 140 mM urea in H. cadaverina ). 2. 2. In contrast to Rana cancrivora . Xenopus laevis and Scaphiopus couchi (considered to be unusual in their ability to handle osmotic stress), B. woodhousei and H. cadaverina do not increase the rate of urea synthesis and therefore the rate of urea accumulation in the body fluids in response to dehydration. 3. 3. Hepatic activity of CPS-I. the first enzyme of the urea-ornithine cycle, is correlated with a greater proportion of N waste being formed as urea rather than as NH 3 during times of reduced water turnover or osmotic stress. This results in preferential accumulation of urea rather than of NH 3 in the body fluids. 4. 4. CPS-I activity is also correlated with the increased N waste production that follows from increased dietary N intake.
Enhanced separation of trivalent lanthanoids by solvent extraction with 18-crown-6 and EDTA complexonate.

Abstract The selectivities during solvent extraction of lanthanoids with macrocycles can be modified with complexonates in the aqueous phase. In the case of solvent extraction of lanthanoids with 18-crown-6 and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), addition of EDTA to the aqueous phase enhances the selectivities of lanthanoids by 3–7 times compared to those without the complexonate. This is due to the fact that the stability of lanthanoid—EDTA complexes increases in the opposite direction to the crown—TCA complexes across the lanthanoid series. The selectivities observed in this system are among the largest reported for the light lanthanoids. The effect of the complexonate on lanthanoid extraction can be explained by a simple model presented in this paper.
Update on Pharmacological Cardiac Stress Testing: Efficacy, Risk Stratification and Patient Selection

Abstract Despite greater control of risk factors and improved treatments, coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a significant cause of mortality with 1 in every 4 deaths in the United States due to this disorder. 1 Cardiac stress tests have long been one of the most often utilized testing modalities used to identify patients suspected of having CHD, specifically coronary artery disease (CAD). These tests allow for noninvasive assessment of the coronary circulation and its ability to augment flow in response to physiologic demand. As with any diagnostic testing however, potential health risks as well as the financial burden of cardiovascular stress testing, must be weighed against the benefits and utility of the data procured. Given the rapidly evolving field of cardiac stress testing with respect to new risk stratification guidelines, new agents, and new assessment methods, it is difficult for physicians to remain up to date on the latest research and the benefits and risks of different testing modalities. A recent survey of primary care physicians and cardiologists conducted by the Elsevier Office of Continuing Medical Education found that approximately one-quarter of the cardiologists and primary care physicians surveyed do not feel confident identifying the factors which should be considered before ordering a cardiac stress test as part of pre-operative screening for a patient. Additionally, this survey also reported that primary care physicians reported a high degree of confidence in ordering the appropriate cardiac screening tests for patients yet, cardiologists reported that they frequently/somewhat frequently felt the need to change the test ordered by the internist. This educational intervention focuses on patient selection, exercise vs. pharmacologic stress testing, pharmacologic agents, and the importance of patient and doctor communication in ensuring the right test is recommended for the right patient. This CME Multimedia Activity is also available through the Website of The American Journal of Cardiology (www.amjmed.com). Click on the Multimedia button in the navigation bar for full access. Or access: http://elseviercme.com/538.
The theory and practice of decoupling utility revenues from sales

Decoupling has emerged in the US as an important regulatory strategy for insulating utility revenues from sales fluctuations. Breaking the link between revenues and sales, it is argued, is an important prerequisite for transforming utilities from sellers of an energy commodity to providers of energy services. We characterize the cost and regulatory conditions that underlie these arguments and, thereby, provide guidance on the applicability of decoupling to other regulated utilities. We describe how decoupling works in practice and then, using historic information on utility costs, examine the cost-tracking assumptions inherent in traditional rate-making and current decoupling approaches. Finally, we report on the actual rate impacts of decoupling examining the three US utilities with the longest history of decoupling. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Delphi methodologies: A review and critique

Abstract This paper provides a brief review of the range of methodologies encompassed by the Delphi technique. It then investigates a number of criticisms that have been raised in the literature in connection with Delphi and its applications. With this background an evaluation of the usefulness and limitations of these methodologies is made.
Probing Cellular Dynamics with a Chemical Signal Generator

Observations of material and cellular systems in response to time-varying chemical stimuli can aid the analysis of dynamic processes. We describe a microfluidic “chemical signal generator,” a technique to apply continuously varying chemical concentration waveforms to arbitrary locations in a microfluidic channel through feedback control of the interface between parallel laminar (co-flowing) streams. As the flow rates of the streams are adjusted, the channel walls are exposed to a chemical environment that shifts between the individual streams. This approach can be used to probe the dynamic behavior of objects or substances adherent to the interior of the channel. To demonstrate the technique, we exposed live fibroblast cells to ionomycin, a membrane-permeable calcium ionophore, while assaying cytosolic calcium concentration. Through the manipulation of the laminar flow interface, we exposed the cells' endogenous calcium handling machinery to spatially-contained discrete and oscillatory intracellular disturbances, which were observed to elicit a regulatory response. The spatiotemporal precision of the generated signals opens avenues to previously unapproachable areas for potential investigation of cell signaling and material behavior.
The gravity of cosmic loops

It is demonstrated that the gravitational field of a loop of cosmic string canrepel particles. This leads to a very interesting pattern of accretion of matter around a cosmic loop.
Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during endoscopic endonasal approach to skull base surgery: analysis of observed changes.

Background Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, including upper- and lower-extremity somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), has been used to identify and prevent injury to neurovascular structures during conventional skull base surgery. The expanded endonasal approach (EEA) is a novel minimally invasive approach to skull base surgery. However, it carries the risk of injury to neurovascular structures, including the internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, and cranial nerves. Objective To evaluate the value of SSEP monitoring to predict and/or prevent neurovascular deficits during EEA to skull base surgery. Methods We retrospectively identified 999 consecutive patients who had intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during EEA skull base surgery at our institution. A total of 976 patients had SSEP monitoring and a documented postoperative neurological examination. Results The incidence of changes in SSEP during the procedure was 20 of 976 (2%). The incidence of new postoperative neurological deficits was 5 of 976 (0.5%). The positive and negative predictive values of SSEPs during EEA to predict neurovascular deficits were 80.00% and 99.79%, respectively. Conclusion Intraoperative SSEP monitoring was able to identify impending risk to neurovascular structures to prevent permanent postoperative neurological deficits. We advocate a comprehensive approach to neurophysiological monitoring during EEAs, including SSEPs, spontaneous and triggered electromyography of the cranial nerves III through XII, brainstem auditory evoked potentials, and electroencephalogram, depending on the surgical approach and location of the neural structures at risk.
Vibration of Soils and Foundations: Literature Review

Research on vibration of soils and foundations has yielded several fundamental methods for formulation of interaction problems. This paper is intended to survey the development of the current state-of-practice for design and analysis of dynamically loaded foundations. Extensive studies in this field utilize various linear mathematical models for interaction between foundations and different soil media. The effective analytical, numerical and experimental techniques and their methodologies which are well established for treating problems in dynamic soil-foundation interaction are outlined. Described techniques are categorized based upon formulation procedures and their applications. Some areas are indicated where further research is needed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Infantile status epilepticus and future seizure susceptibility in the rat

The long-term effects of infantile seizures on the development of seizures in adulthood were studied in rats. Infantile seizures of varying severity were induced with intraperitoneal injections of kainic acid in 15-day-old rats. In adulthood the seizure susceptibility of the rats was determined by kindling the left amygdala and by measuring their ability to resist recurrent seizures. The results suggest that infantile status epilepticus is associated with a very high mortality; however in the surviving rats, infantile seizures even as severe as status epilepticus do not cause neuronal brain damage and do not predispose to the development of convulsions later in life.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE II FROM WAYUU INDIANS OF COLOMBIA DEMONSTRATES TWO SUBTYPES OF HTLV-IIB

Studies of the genetic heterogeneity of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) have revealed the presence of two genetic subtypes, termedHTLV-IIa andHTLV-IIb. The HTLV-IIb subtype encodes an immunodominant epitope present at the C terminus of the extended Tax protein and, by using an LTR-based, restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) assay, can be further classified into IIb0-IIb5, with HTLV-IIb1 (Central Amerindian-like) and HTLV-IIb5 (North Amerindian-like) being characteristic subtypes for Native American Indians. To determine the antigenic and genetic heterogeneity among HTLV-II-infected South Amerindians, we used a Tax synthetic peptide immunoassay on serum, and RFLP and phylogenetic analysis on LTR sequences amplified from genomic DNA from four Wayuu Indians of Colombia. The Wayuu specimens displayed seroreactivity to the immunodominant epitope located in the extended Tax region, as predicted, and demonstrated genetic heterogeneity by the presence of both the IIb1 (Wyu1, Zuc31) and IIb5 (Wyu2, Zuc42) subtypes of HTLV-II. This genetic diversity was further supported by clustering of the Wyu1 and Wyu2 LTR sequences within separate phylogroups represented by the Guaymi Indian (IIb1) and North Amerindian (IIb5) sequences, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that major LTR regulatory motifs and thecis-acting repressive elements in the LTR RNA secondary structure were relatively conserved in both Wayuu subtypes, but the predicted secondary structure of therex response stem loop in the Wyu2 (IIb5) LTR sequence was 45 nucleotides (nt) and 95 nt longer than that observed in the Wyu1 (IIb1) and G12.1 (IIb1) LTR sequences, respectively. These results extend our knowledge of the genetic heterogeneity of HTLV-II in South Amerindians.
U1 snRNP protects pre-mRNAs from premature cleavage and polyadenylation

In eukaryotes, U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) forms spliceosomes in equal stoichiometry with U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs; however, its abundance in human far exceeds that of the other snRNPs. Here we used antisense morpholino oligonucleotide to U1 snRNA to achieve functional U1 snRNP knockdown in HeLa cells, and identified accumulated unspliced pre-mRNAs by genomic tiling microarrays. In addition to inhibiting splicing, U1 snRNP knockdown caused premature cleavage and polyadenylation in numerous pre-mRNAs at cryptic polyadenylation signals, frequently in introns near (<5 kilobases) the start of the transcript. This did not occur when splicing was inhibited with U2 snRNA antisense morpholino oligonucleotide or the U2-snRNP-inactivating drug spliceostatin A unless U1 antisense morpholino oligonucleotide was also included. We further show that U1 snRNA–pre-mRNA base pairing was required to suppress premature cleavage and polyadenylation from nearby cryptic polyadenylation signals located in introns. These findings reveal a critical splicing-independent function for U1 snRNP in protecting the transcriptome, which we propose explains its overabundance. Splicing — the production of messenger RNAs from large precursors (pre-mRNAs) by the removal of RNA segments known as introns — is carried out by protein–RNA complexes called snRNPs. A spliceosome contains equal amounts of the U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs, but U1 snRNP levels far exceed those needed for spliceosomes, leading to the idea that 'spare' U1s might have splicing-independent functions. One such function has now been found that involves an interaction between U1 snRNA and some pre-mRNAs that contain introns with cryptic polyadenylation sites. This protects nascent pre-mRNAs from injury by averting premature termination and polyadenylation. Splicing is carried out by a collection of protein–RNA complexes known as snRNPs. The spliceosome contains equal quantities of the U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs, but the U1 snRNP is made in levels excess to the amounts needed to form spliceosomes, leading to the idea that excess U1s might have splicing independent functions. Here it is shown that the U1 snRNA interacts with some pre mRNAs whose introns have cryptic polyadenylation sites. This interaction prevents premature termination and polyadenylation of the pre mRNA.
Studies on the control of whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis). I. The effects of chemicals on spores in vitro, and of calcium oxide as a disinfectant in simulated ponds.

Based on presumptive evidence of death (extrusion of polar filaments and disintegration of sporoplasm) 1.0%, 0.5%, and 0.25% calcium oxide or potassium hydroxide killed the spores of Myxosoma cerebrallis in vitro. Chlorine at 400 ppm destroyed 36% to 90% of the spores but 13% to 37% of those in the controls perished. Calcium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, sodium borate, potassium permanganate, Roccal (alkyl dimethylbenzylammonium chloride), and copper sulfate allowed survival of 38–96% of the spores, usually not much less than the rate of survival of the controls. In simulated pond testing, quicklime at 380 grams or more per square meter (3360 lbs/acre) of pond bottom prevented whirling disease in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
Quantum theory of entangled-photon photoemission

A quantum theory of two-photon volume photoemission from metals and semiconductors is developed when the incident source of light comprises collinear down-converted entangled-photon pairs with entanglement time ${T}_{e}.$ Despite the fact that the process involves the absorption of pairs of photons, the entangled-photon photocurrent varies linearly with the incident photon flux density. This is a consequence of the fact that the presence of one photon of an entangled-photon pair signals the presence of the other; it is in sharp contrast with the quadratic dependence of the classical two-photon photocurrent on incident photon flux density. Calculations are carried out for sodium metal (Na) and for ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}\mathrm{CsSb},$ a bialkali-antimonide semiconductor material often used as a cathode in photomultiplier tubes. The photocurrent is found to vary inversely with entanglement time although nonmonotonic behavior emerges over certain ranges of ${T}_{e}.$ Entangled-photon photoemission may well be useful for enhancing the range of two-photon photoemission spectroscopy and might find particular use in the investigation of surface and image states of various materials.
Numerical determination of membrane permeability parameters.

Abstract The differential equations which describe the transport of material across cell membranes in terms of permeability parameters are non-linear in nature and, in general, cannot be solved analytically. A general numerical technique has been developed for fitting such a system of non-linear differential equations to a given set of experimental data in order to determine best-fit values of these permeability parameters. An analytic solution of the system is not required, so that well-behaved equations of almost any complexity can be fitted. The method developed results not only in the best-fit values of the parameters, but also in estimates of the uncertainties in these parameters and in the determination of the value of the corresponding x2 statistic, which is a measure of how well the theoretical equations fit the set of data. Examples are given of the determination of the membrane permeability parameters for Arbacia eggs immersed in a solution of ethylene glycol in sea water and comparisons with the published literature are made.
A Model for Identifying Gentrified Areas with Census Data.

Empirical research on gentrification suffers from a dichotomy between richly detailed neighborhood case studies and macro-scale, census-based analyses, perpetuating uncertainty over the extent and timing of gentrified areas in American cities. We develop a model relating tract-level census statistics to the results of a detailed field survey of 24 census tracts in Minneapolis-St. Paul. We use stepwise and canonical discriminant analysis to select nine variables distinguishing gentrified neighborhoods and to classify all central-city tracts for each decade between 1960 and 1990. Results indicate a moderate level of overall accuracy, and the model is more than 90% accurate in distinguishing areas of heavy reinvestment from stable, middle-class districts. Compared with other techniques, our approach more accurately distinguishes gentrification from other types of inner-city redevelopment, providing a useful tool for identifying the phenomenon with a measurable degree of precision.
High performance low band gap polymer solar cells with a non-conventional acceptor.

A novel C70 fullerene derivative was designed and synthesized by [4+2] cyclic addition reaction between indene derivative (methyl 1H-indene-3-carboxylate) and C70. The absorption and photoluminescence of H120 and its mixed films with different polymer donor materials were investigated, as well as its electrochemical property and electron mobility. It was found that H120 has 0.05 eV higher LUMO level than that of PC70BM. Its electron mobility reached 6.32 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is slightly lower than 9.55 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 of PC70BM. The photovoltaic devices based on P3HT, and two high efficiency low band gap polymers, PBDTTT-C and PBDTTDPP as donors, with H120 as an acceptor gave power conversion efficiencies of 4.2%, 6.0% and 6.2%, respectively.
Advancing and prioritizing research on oral clefts in Brazil.

A pesquisa sobre fissuras orais tem crescido visivelmente nas ultimas duas decadas, numa tentativa de abranger os varios aspectos das fissuras orais, incluindo etiologia, epidemiologia, prevencao, tratamentos, servicos de saude e resultados de saude e socioeconomicos de pacientes e familias. Os pesquisadores de multiplos campos disciplinares tem juntado esforcos para investigar essas areas complexas. O Brasil fornece um cenario unico para esses estudos por varias razoes. Como o maior pais na America do Sul, o Brasil possui uma grande quantidade de recem-nascidos com fissuras orais durante o ano, grosseiramente estimada entre 2.900 e 4.400 nascimentos em 2011.* Alem disso, o Brasil possui uma das populacoes mais diversificadas em termos de ancestralidade, tornando-o particularmente adequado para estudos geneticos com base em mapeamento por miscigenacao. Adicionalmente, o Brasil possui alguns dos maiores centros especializados para tratamento de fissuras orais e anomalias craniofaciais, como o hospital de Reabilitacao de Anomalias Craniofaciais (HRAC), ou “Centrinho”, em Bauru, Sao Paulo e o Centro de Atendimento Integrado ao Fissurado Labio Palatal (CAIF) em Curitiba, Parana, dentre outros. Esses centros fornecem um cenario particularmente adequado para estudos intervencionistas relacionados a prevencao ou ao tratamento. As lacunas e prioridades da pesquisa de fissuras orais foram identificadas em uma oficina do Centro de Controle e Prevencao de Doencas (CDC). Essas, e claro, sao uteis para consideracao e pesquisa. Entretanto, identificamos, aqui, prioridades que sao particularmente relevantes para o fortalecimento e expansao da pesquisa sobre fissuras orais no Brasil em quatro areas: vigilância epidemiologica, pesquisa sobre fatores ambientais e geneticos, estudos de resultados e prevencao.
New Pyrolysis Route to GaN Quantum Dots

A new chemical reaction is reported that produces GaN. Under the appropriate conditions, this reaction yields colloidal GaN quantum dots exhibiting strong exciton quantum confinement. High-yield production of 2−3 nm diameter particles is reported. Band edge absorption and emission is observed near 4.1 eVmore than 600 meV above the bulk band gap energy of GaN.
susto revisited: illness as strategic role

Several studies have suggested that susto is a response to some kinds of social situations. Now it is possible to consider what susto offers as a strategic role. First, adult susto is distinguished from the disease suffered by children, because although children play the role, they do not name it: adults diagnose the illness in children and give it meaning. Concluding a discussion of the strategic advantages and disadvantages of both adult and childhood susto, it is proposed that we eventually must attend how the role evolves from personal fiction into reality.
Design and Performance of a Large, Field Exposure Chamber to Measure Effects of Air Quality on Plants

A 4.66-m diam., 3.6 m tall, cylindrical open-top field chamber was designed, constructed, and tested as a tool to measure the effects of air quality on plant function and yield. It is a larger version of the 3-m diam. chamber that has been used to measure the effects of gaseous pollutants on crop plants. The new chamber has an aluminum-channel frame covered with clear polyvinyl chloride plastic film. It is equipped with a frustum (truncated cone) that decreases ambient air ingress and can be fitted with a device to exclude rain (rain cap) for studies with simulated rain pH. During the daylight hours, the mean air temperature within the chamber was 0.6 °C greater than ambient on cloudy, cold days, 2.2 °C greater than ambient on partly cloudy, cool days, and 2.8 °C greater than ambient on sunny, warm days. The mean dew point temperature for a wide range of conditions was 0.7 ° greater inside than outside. Mean solar radiation in the chamber, with new plastic panels, was 15% less than ambient with a rain cap and 12% less with no rain cap. Charcoal filtration removed 78% of the O₃ in ambient air; long-term measurements during charcoal filtration showed that the mean O₃ concentration in the chamber (all positions and heights) was 77% less than ambient suggesting little or no long-term ingress through the top. Short-term gradients in O₃ concentrations existed (mostly near the top of the chamber) during infrequent periods of strong winds. During addition of approximately 0.09 µL L⁻¹ of O₃ to nonfiltered air, the mean (14-d) O₃ concentrations across all positions and heights varied by less than 0.005 µL L⁻¹ of the overall mean. Cooperative investigations of the USDA-ARS and the North Carolina State Univ. Paper no. 11974 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agric. Res. Serv., Raleigh, NC 27695-7643. This Research was partly supported by funds provided by the Southern Commercial Forest Res. Coop. within the joint USEPA-USDA Forest Service Response Program in cooperation with the National Council of the Pulp and Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. The Forest Response Program is part of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. This paper has not been subject to USEPA or Forest Service peer review and should not be construed to represent the policies of either Agency. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agric. Res. Service or the USDA of the products named, nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned.
Post-traumatic fibro-osseous lesion of the ribs and scapula (sclerosing xanthofibroma).

Fibrous lesions of bone may be difficult to classify. Their etiology is controversial, most being considered to be developmental lesions rather than true neoplasms. We describe a patient with post-traumatic fibro-osseous lesion of the ribs, also known as sclerosing xanthofibroma; a lesion believed to be a reactive response to intramedullary hemorrhage following chest wall trauma. Clinically, the lesions in our patient were thought to be metastatic disease because of their multifocal appearance. An extensive clinical and laboratory metastatic evaluation with surgical resection of one of the lesions using intraoperative gamma probe was undertaken. In addition to the multiple rib involvement, our case also showed a lesion in the scapula. The pathologic and radiologic features of this entity are reviewed along with the summary of the differential diagnosis.
Pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism: Indications, techniques, and results in 367 patients☆

Abstract Pulmonary angiography is the most specific test available for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. This technique can safely be performed in critically ill patients. In 367 consecutive studies our incidence of complications has been 4 per cent, and there has been only one death. Hemodynamic studies done as part of the procedure permit evaluation of the severity and the pathophysiology of acute pulmonary embolism. The two diagnostic angiographic findings of pulmonary embolism are intraluminal filling defects and cutoff arteries. Oligemia and asymmetry of blood flow are frequently seen in pulmonary embolism, but are not specific. These latter two abnormalities may occur in chronic lung disease or congestive heart failure without pulmonary embolism. Using these diagnostic criteria in 247 patients studied because of a clinical diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism, a definitive diagnosis (either definite pulmonary embolism or negative) was established by angiography in 74 per cent. In 9 per cent the diagnosis was probable pulmonary embolism, and in 17 per cent the findings were equivocal for pulmonary embolism. Application of these diagnostic criteria results in minimal false posiive angiographic diagnoses. False negative diagnoses may occur if embolism is limited to peripheral branches of the pulmonary vasculature that are not visualized by current angiographic techniques. The incidence of symptomatic pulmonary embolism limited to these small arteries is uncertain. The primary limitation of this technique is, that in patients with underlying heart disease or chronic lung disease, the results of angiography may be equivocal. The application of new techniques of magnification angiography and/or selective cineangiography offer promise in enhancing the recognition of embolism in this group of patients.
The Spectrum of Therapeutic Influences and Integrative Health Care: Classifying Health Care Practices by Mode of Therapeutic Action

The growing popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and integrative medicine (IM) highlight the need for a clinically relevant system for classifying health care practices. All systems, modalities, and techniques of health care (conventional, complementary, alternative, and traditional) can be organized in categories of "primary mode of therapeutic action." This results in six categories: biochemical; biomechanical; mind-body; energy; psychological (symbolic); and nonlocal. In each category, there are subdivisions. Organizing health care by primary mode of therapeutic action has numerous benefits: (1) conventional and CAM practitioners, and the public, can readily see some of the general similarities and differences among practices; (2) health care educators gain a common foundation and shared language for explaining CAM and IM; (3) professionals and the public, wishing to combine dissimilar practices, gain a common framework for evaluating the meaning of integration; and (4) the crossover problem can be understood as a natural occurrence in health care, not a confusing intellectual dilemma. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) system of categories for CAM is briefly critiqued.
Crystal structure of the in vivo-assembled Bacillus subtilis Spx/RNA polymerase α subunit C-terminal domain complex

The Bacillus subtilis Spx protein is a global transcription factor that interacts with the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase α subunit (αCTD) and regulates transcription of genes involved in thiol-oxidative stress, sporulation, competence, and organosulfur metabolism. Here we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the Spx/αCTD complex from an entirely new crystal form than previously reported [Newberry, K.J., Nakano, S., Zuber, P., Brennan, R.G., 2005. Crystal structure of the Bacillus subtilis anti-alpha, global transcriptional regulator, Spx, in complex with the alpha C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 15839–15844]. Comparison of the previously reported sulfate-bound complex and our sulfate-free complex reveals subtle conformational changes that may be important for the role of Spx in regulating organosulfur metabolism.
An Eulerian‐Lagrangian single‐node collocation method for transient advection‐diffusion equations in multiple space dimensions

We developed a nonconventional Eulerian-Lagrangian single-node collocation method for transient advection-diffusion transport partial differential equations in multiple space dimensions. This method greatly reduces the number of unknowns in conventional collocation method, generates accurate numerical solutions, and allows large time steps to be used in numerical simulations. We perform numerical experiments to show the strong potential of the method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 20: 284–301, 2004