cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further Evidence on the Value of Lectures in Elementary Economics.

Buckles and McMahon have designed an experiment which can be used in all types of colleges to provide evidence on the best methods of teaching elementary economics. They have tested the hypothesis that class lectures which do no more than recapitulate assigned readings fail to help students learn elementary microeconomic theory. Grade point average and performance on the TUCE pretest were found to be important variables, but attendance at lectures was not. The authors discuss the implications of their findings and suggest further research efforts.
CATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ACETIC THIOKINASE FROM YEAST.

Abstract 1. 1. Acetic thiokinase (acetate: CoA ligase (AMP), EC 6.2.1.1) has been partially purified from yeast and the effects of Mg2+ and univalent cations on the overall reaction catalyzed by the enzyme and the individual steps of the reaction have been investigated. In addition of Mg2+ the dialyzed enzyme required K+, NH4+ or Rb+ for the catalysis of the overall reaction. The concentrations of univalent cations required for optimum activity were in the range from 0.01 to 0.05 M. The addition of Cs+ to reaction mixtures resulted in an intermediate stimulation of activity whereas Na+ or Li+ were relatively ineffective. 2. 2. It has been confirmed that the first step of the overall acetic thiokinase reaction, assayed by determining the rate of synthesis of ATP from adenyl acetate and Tris pyrophosphate, requires Mg2+. This reaction does not require univalent cations. In contrast, the second step of the overall reaction in which acetyl-CoA and AMP are synthesized from adenyl acetate and CoA, requires univalent cations but is inhibited by Mg2+ at a concentration of 0.01 M. 3. 3. In most experiments it has not been possible to dialyze the yeast acetic thiokinase sufficiently to show an absolute univalent cation requirement for either the overall reaction or the step in which acetyl-CoA and AMP are synthesized from adenyl acetate and CoA. Dialyzed enzyme extracts generally contain from 6·10−3 to 8·10−3 M K+ which is sufficient to account for the activity in the absence of added univalent cations. 4. 4. The addition of KCl to the dialyzed acetic thiokinase greatly influences the maximum velocity of the reaction in which acetyl-CoA and AMP are formed from adenyl acetate and CoA. The addition of KCl to reactions, however, fails to measurably affect the Km values for either adenyl acetate or CoA. It is concluded that KCl influences either the rate of breakdown of an enzyme-adenyl acetate-CoA complex or the number of active enzyme sites involved in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA and AMP from adenyl acetate and CoA.
Angular correlation of the 1.07–1.24 MeV gamma cascade in the decay of Ga68

Abstract We have measured the angular correlation of the 1.07 – 1.24 MeV gamma-ray cascade in Zn 68 following the decay of 68-min Ga 68. The Legendre polynomial expansion coefficients were determined to be A 2 = 0.31 ± 0.03 and A 4 = 0.23 ± 0.07. The measured correlation establishes the spin sequence to be 2-2-0, with a quadrupole-dipole mixing ratio δ of +1.8 ± 0.2 for the 1.24-MeV gamma-ray. The result of the angular correlation work together with the allowed nature (log ft = 5.7) of the electron-capture decay to the 2.3-MeV level fixes the spin and parity of this level to be 2 + . The results are consistent with the near-harmonic model of Scharff-Goldhaber and Weneser for even nuclei.
Development of an animal–human antibody complex for use as a control in ELISA

In order to provide the equivalent of a human anti-human protein antibody as positive control in ELISAs, a goat-human antibody complex was created using chemical cross-linking. The resulting hybrid complex had a larger molecular size on HPLC and SDS-PAGE. In ELISA, the goat-human complex bound to human antigen and was detectable by a secondary anti-human conjugate. The method to make the hybrid complex is simple, cost-effective and can be used to make human-like antibodies to many human proteins.
Absence of EWS/FLI1 fusion in olfactory neuroblastomas indicates these tumors do not belong to the Ewing's sarcoma family.

Abstract The balanced reciprocal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) is a specific molecular marker for the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT). Based on the detection of this translocation in some of olfactory neuroblastomas (ONBs), it has been proposed that ONBs also belong to the ESFT. Others have challenged this hypothesis; however, the rarity of ONBs, as well as the lack of molecular techniques that work reliably on formalin fixed tissue, have precluded the molecular analysis of a significant number of cases. We evaluated the immunophenotypic and molecular features of 17 paranasal small round neuroectodermal tumors using routinely fixed tissue. Probes localizing to 22q12 (EWS) and 11q24 (FLI-1) were used in a standard 2-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay to evaluate EWSFLI1 fusion on the der(22). Sixteen tumors were mic-2 negative, whereas 1 tumor was mic-2 positive, compatible with ONB and ESFT, respectively. Thirteen of 15 ONBs could be evaluated by FISH, and all 13 were negative for the EWSFLI1 fusion. Distinct fusion signals were identified in the single paranasal ESFT. Our findings indicate that ONBs lack the EWSFLI1 fusion and are unrelated to the ESFT; however, true ESFTs may rarely occur as primary sinonasal tumors.
An extension of the Euler Laplace transform inversion algorithm with applications in option pricing

We show that the Euler algorithm for Laplace transform inversion can be extended to functions defined on the entire real line, if they have specific decay features. Our objective is to apply the method to option pricing problems, specifically when inverting Laplace transforms of the option price in the logarithm of the strike.
Laboratory observation of nonlocal dispersion

This work presents the results of a one-dimensional experimental investigation of contaminant transport in heterogeneous porous media. The usual transport equations fail to adequately predict dispersion in such systems, and new theories to account for the distinctions have not yet been examined experimentally. We use a one-dimensional porous media which is heterogeneous on the scale of observation to determine if the phenomena predicted by the new theories are observable. The experimental media are constructed from distinct layers of spherical glass beads packed into cylindrical columns of Lucite. Flow was in the direction perpendicular to the layers. Dispersion was measured by recording the concentration of a chloride tracer as a function of time and position. The scale of measurement was finer than the scale of the heterogeneity. The results show that the mixing between miscible fluids was affected by transitions in the system parameters, before the transitions were encountered by the mixing zone. This newly observed phenomenon has been interpreted as a nonlocal effect, and it begins to verify the new predictive theories.
Biphasic dose-response effects of N-N-dimethyltryptamine on the rat startle reflex ☆

Abstract The startle reflex was measured in 4 groups of 10 rats each after intraperitoneal injection of saline or 0.12, 0.25, 0.50 or 4.00 mg/kg N-N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Low doses (0.25 and 0.50) of DMT augmented startle but the high dose (4.0) depressed startle. This biphasic dose-response relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that startle is enhanced when midbrain raphe neurons are inhibited but depressed when cells post-synaptic to raphe neurons are also inhibited.
Linguistic complexity, speech production, and comprehension in Parkinson's disease: behavioral and physiological indices.

Purpose To investigate the effects of increased syntactic complexity and utterance length demands on speech production and comprehension in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) using behaviora...
Comparison of heart vectors calculated with different systems of leads.

Einthoven's equations for the heart vector are based on the assumption that voltages measured across the trunk horizontally (or vertically) are proportional to the horizontal (or vertical) component of the dipole moment of the heart's electromotive forces. One necessary consequence of this assumption is that all the horizontal (or vertical) voltages be similar, and that heart vectors calculated with different sets of these voltages and appropriate formulas be the same. An experimental test of this predicted result is described in this paper.
Nutrition in Critical Care

Critical care has evolved from a prolonged recovery room stay for cardiac surgery patients to a full medical and nursing specialty in the last 5 decades. The ability to feed patients who cannot eat has evolved from impossible to routine clinical practice in the last 4 decades. Nutrition in critically ill patients based on measurement of metabolism has evolved from a research activity to clinical practice in the last 3 decades. The authors have been involved in this evolution and this article discusses past, present, and likely future practices in nutrition in critically ill patients.
Query representation for cross-temporal information retrieval

This paper addresses the problem of long-term language change in information retrieval (IR) systems. IR research has often ignored lexical drift. But in the emerging domain of massive digitized book collections, the risk of vocabulary mismatch due to language change is high. Collections such as Google Books and the Hathi Trust contain text written in the vernaculars of many centuries. With respect to IR, changes in vocabulary and orthography make 14th-Century English qualitatively different from 21st-Century English. This challenges retrieval models that rely on keyword matching. With this challenge in mind, we ask: given a query written in contemporary English, how can we retrieve relevant documents that were written in early English? We argue that search in historically diverse corpora is similar to cross-language retrieval (CLIR). By considering "modern" English and "archaic" English as distinct languages, CLIR techniques can improve what we call cross-temporal IR (CTIR). We focus on ways to combine evidence to improve CTIR effectiveness, proposing and testing several ways to handle language change during book search. We find that a principled combination of three sources of evidence during relevance feedback yields strong CTIR performance.
Enantioselective Reactions on a Au/Pd(111) Surface Alloy with Coadsorbed Chiral 2-Butanol and Propylene Oxide

The coadsorption of R- and S-propylene oxide with R-2-butanol was studied on a dilute Au/Pd(111) alloy containing ∼8% gold using temperature-programmed desorption and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. Alloy formation strongly affects the surface chemistry of these molecules as compared to clean Pd(111). A portion of the propylene oxide decomposes to form CO and ethylidyne species on the alloy, while on clean Pd(111), it adsorbs reversibly. 2-Butanol reacts to form a 2-butoxide species on the alloy that either rehydrogenates to form 2-butanol or undergoes a β-hydride elimination reaction to yield 2-butanone. Coadsorption of R-2-butanol with either R- or S-propylene oxide led to a larger 2-butanone yield in the presence of S-propylene oxide with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of ∼14%. This led to an enantioselective depletion of the 2-butoxide species such that the subsequent 2-butanol formation is highly enantioselective, with 100% ee.
A Collection of Papers of Arthur Waley and Beryl de Zoete

Johns describes the content and significance of the papers of Arthur Waley and Beryle de Zoete that were donated to the Library.Â They contain the correspondence, letters and notebooks give the reader some interesting sidelights on literary life in England between the wars.Â There are some three thousand books, mostly in Western European languages ranging from sinology, archeology and anthropology, grammars, language manuals and painting to modern English and Italian literature. Over a third are either inscribed to Arthur Waley or Miss de Zoete, or have their annotations.
Turbulent mixing and the thermal deflection of fuel pins — a procedure with application to the LMFBR

Abstract A procedure for evaluating the influence of turbulent mixing on the thermal deflection of fuel pins is presented. The deflection of a single edge row fuel pin in a 19 pin liquid sodium cooled fuel subassembly is considered in a specific problem. HECTIC-III was used to do the thermal-hydraulic calculations; a relatively simple bowing model was chosen to simplify the thermal stress calculation. The uncertainties involved in the computation resulting from limitations of current technology are discussed.
Path-By-Path Output Regulation of Switched Systems With a Receding Horizon of Modal Knowledge

We address a discrete-time LQG control problem over a fixed performance window and apply a receding-horizon type control strategy, resulting in an exact solution to the problem in terms of semidefinite programming. The systems considered take parameters from a finite set, and switch between them according to an automaton. The controller has a finite preview of future parameters, beyond which only the set of parameters is known. We provide necessary and sufficient convex conditions for the existence of a controller which guarantees both exponential stability and finite-horizon performance levels for the system; the performance levels may differ according to the particular parameter sequence within the performance window. A simple, physics-based example is provided to illustrate the main results.
Effect of region, Herd size, and milk production on reasons cows leave the Herd

Dairy Herd Improvement Holstein herd summary records (n = 11,259) were obtained for the year ending 1998. Reasons cows reportedly left the herd based on termination codes were analyzed for the effect of region, herd size, and herd milk production level. Regions were: North, Midsouth, and South. Herd sizes were: small (25 to 99), low medium (100 to 149), high medium (150 to 299), and large (greater than or equal to 300 cows). Milk production levels were: low (less than 7258 kg), medium (7258 to 9072 kg), and high (greater than 9072 kg). The overall percentage of cows leaving the herd was higher in the Midsouth than the South and increased with herd size. Low producing herds reported a lower percentage of cows left than high producing herds. Herds in the South reported more cows leaving for reproduction, death, and low production and fewer leaving for mastitis. Herds in the North and Midsouth reported more cows leaving for injury/other and disease, respectively. Cows left herds for disease less frequently in the North. Large herds in the South had a higher percentage leaving for low production than any herd size group in the North. Small herds reported more cows leaving for reproduction and mastitis than high medium and low medium size herds. The percentage of cows leaving for feet and leg problems was lowest for small size herds. High producing herds reported more cows leaving for reproduction, mastitis, feet and legs and disease.
Fracture Strength of Polysilicon thin Films at Stress Concentrations

The fracture strengths of 3.5 microns thick and 20 or 50 microns wide polysilicon specimens were measured. One set of specimens was straight in the gage section, another set had a central hole 5.0 microns in diameter, and the third set had symmetric semicircular notches 2.5 microns in radius on each side. The local maximum fracture stresses of the non- uniform specimens, as calculated from the remote fracture stress with a stress concentration factor, were higher than measured in the straight specimens. This indicates a size effect, which is presumably due to the smaller highly stressed volume or area in the non-uniform specimens.
Analytic Proofs of the “Hairy Ball Theorem” and the Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem

(1978). Analytic Proofs of the “Hairy Ball Theorem” and the Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 85, No. 7, pp. 521-524.
Differential association of transfer RNAs with the genomes of murine, feline and primate retroviruses.

Abstract The tRNAs that are bound to the genomic RNAs of several murine, feline, and primate retroviruses have been identified. Transfer RNAs were divided into those loosely bound and those tightly bound by stepwise thermal dissociation of the 70 S RNA. They were then identified and semiquantitated by amino-acylation. Proline tRNA is the most tenaciously bound tRNA in several strains of murine leukemia virus, two strains of feline leukemia virus, and the primate viruses simian sarcoma, baboon endogenous, and gibbon ape lymphoma. In the feline xenotropic virus, RD-114, tRNAGly is enriched in the most tightly bound fraction. In Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, as in the murine mammary tumor virus, tRNALys is the tRNA most tenaciously bound to its genomic RNA. Besides the most tightly associated tRNA, one or more different tRNAs are found in relatively large amounts in association with the 70 S RNA. (For convenience, we refer to the largest RNA complex (50–70 S) isolated from any of the retroviruses studied as ‘70 S’ RNA.) These tRNAs can be distinguished from the most tightly bound tRNA by the fact that they can be dissociated at lower temperatures. However, they occur in the same relative abundance as the tightly bound tRNA.
Threshold behavior in polyimide photoablation: Single-shot rate measurements and surface-temperature modeling

The ablation rate of Kapton™-type polyimide has been measured as a function of incident fluence and excimer laser wavelength using a sensitive quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM). The experiments were performed such that the fluence and the ablated depth were known for each laser pulse, avoiding the need to average rate and fluence data over many pulses. By limiting the investigations to the low-fluence regimes near ablation threshold, high precision and detailed curve shapes were obtained. It was found that the ablation rate increases smoothly and exponentially with increasing fluence for 248, 308, and 351 nm wavelengths. This exponential behavior was modeled using an Arrheniustype thermal rate equation. In contrast, the 193 nm curve is linear in fluence, displays a sharp threshold, and is consistent with a possible photochemical ablation mechanism. Using a sophisticated surface temperature modeling code, the maximum laser induced surface temperature at the fluence at which ablation can first be detected is found to be the same, ∼ 850° C, for all four wavelengths. This “ablation” temperature is significantly higher than the approximately 500° C temperature at which Kapton™ starts to degrade under isothermal heating conditions.
Diversity across medical schools: Programs, enrollment, and fees for continuing medical education

It is understood that the delivery of medical school-based continuing medical education (CME) is organizationally diverse. One hundred and twenty (120) North American medical schools were surveyed in 1986 and 1988. Data on the number and types of programs offered, enrollments, and fees for fiscal years 1984–85 and 1986–87 were analyzed. The number and types of CME programs, enrollments, and fees increased over the two-year period, with smaller CME units experiencing the greatest growth. As shifts occur in the funding of health care and of medical education, medical school-based CME providers are challenged to maintain largely self-supporting units, protect the integrity of program content from the influence of health care marketing, and deliver more continuing education to the workplace and homes of physicians. As resource allocation and cost effectiveness assume increasing importance, more emphasis is likely to be placed on documenting the cost effectiveness of various types of programs and of the CME units that produce them.
Dynamics of homoclinic tangles in periodically perturbed second-order equations

We obtain a comprehensive description on the overall geometrical and dynamical structures of homoclinic tangles in periodically perturbed second-order ordinary differential equations with dissipation. Let μ be the size of perturbation and Λμ be the entire homoclinic tangle. We prove in particular that (i) for infinitely many disjoint open sets of μ, Λμ contains nothing else but a horseshoe of infinitely many branches; (ii) for infinitely many disjoint open sets of μ, Λμ contains nothing else but one sink and one horseshoe of infinitely many branches; and (iii) there are positive measure sets of μ so that Λμ admits strange attractors with Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measure. We also use the equation d2qdt2+(λ−γq2)dqdt−q+q2=μq2sinωt to illustrate how to apply our theory to the analysis and to the numerical simulations of a given equation.
The syncytial nature and phagocytic activity of the branchial podocytes in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

The morphology of the branchial podocytes in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, was investigated in relation to the molt cycle. The podocytes are located in the efferent hemolymph channels in the gill axis, and possess a specialized plasmalemma consisting of interdigitating pedicel processes which are bridged by thin diaphragms. The topography of the plasmalemmal surface suggests that these cells, like similar cells in other arthropods, function in the ultrafiltration of micro- and macromolecular substances from the hemolymph. Additionally, the branchial podocytes exhibit phagocytic activity. This activity, though evident during the pre-molt period, is most prominent during the early post-molt period. Among the cell types subjected to phagocytosis by podocytes are the secretory cells of the tricellular and rosette-type dermal glands and the epithelial cells of the gill axis. During the late pre-molt and early post-molt periods, the podocytes often appear as syncytia, containing as many as four nuclei. The exact interrelationships between phagocytosis and syncytial formation remain to be ascertained. These aspects and the possible ambulatory abilities of the branchial podocytes are discussed.
Evolution of empty-state bands for Bi/GaAs(110): From Bi zigzag chains to ordered overlayers.

We report studies of Bi-overlayer evolution on cleaved GaAs(110) using energy-dependent, momentum-resolved inverse photoemission (KRIPES) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). KRIPES results show a Bi-derived surface resonance at ${E}_{F}$+1.25 eV on n-type GaAs(110) for 1--2 monolayer (ML) coverages of Bi. The same feature appears at ${E}_{F}$+1.45 eV for p-type GaAs, and the 0.2-eV offset reflects the different Fermi-level pinning for n- and p-type GaAs(110). This Bi-induced feature exhibits no dispersion along \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} X\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}'[001] but there is 0.2 eV upward dispersion along [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0], consistent with Bi zigzag chain formation, bridging of Ga-As surface atoms along [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0], and quasi-one-dimensional character with weak interaction between nearest-neighbor Bi chains. The surface is semiconducting for GaAs(110)-p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) Bi (1 ML) with a gap of \ensuremath{\sim}0.7 eV, and results for n- and p-type GaAs demonstrate independent development of band offset and barrier height. For Bi layers greater than 1 ML, a new LEED pattern, distorted along [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1] or [1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}11], appears and persists to high coverage. For 2 ML, the surface is semimetallic, as reflected by a second Bi-derived empty state at ${E}_{F}$+0.35 eV for n-type and ${E}_{F}$+0.55 eV for p-type GaAs(110).
Quantitation of vasodilator-induced macromolecular leakage by in vivo fluorescent microscopy

Abstract In vivo television microscopy of the rat cremaster muscle was used to investigate the phenomenon of drug-induced protein leakage from the vasculature. Concentration-response curves of the vasodilators, isoproterenol, histamine, and nitroprusside, were used to determine if vasodilation of this skeletal muscle vasculature would lead to or be associated with protein leakage. This objective required development of the methodology to quantitate protein leakage that occurs in any one vascular area of the microcirculation. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-tagged rat serum albumin was injected into the rats (ia) and an argon laser was used for excitation of the fluorochrome. The fluoroscent image was recorded on videotape for later analysis. Vascular diameters were measured off the television monitor. Protein leakage was quantitated by determining the change in interstitial fluorescent intensity that occurred during the experiment. These studies demonstrated that protein leakage started within 1 min of topical application of histamine and peak response occurred in 5–7 min. Nitroprusside and histamine produced protein leakage but isoproterenol just produced vasodilation. Furthermore, significant differences in pD2 values (−log ED 50 ), which were used as a measure of drug sensitivity, indicated that protein leakage and vasodilation were probably not related phenomena for histamine and nitroprusside. Thus, this method of quantitation of protein leakage in the microcirculation of the rat cremaster muscle, gave reproducible data that can be used to determine the time course of protein leakage and to compare concentration-dependent phenomena.
Asymptotic completeness of certain four-body Schrödinger operators

We give a proof of asymptotic completeness for four-body Schrodinger operators. The two-body potentials are assumed to be short range and there are spectral assumptions on the two- and three-body subsystems. These spectral assumptions hold generically for certain classes of potentials. The proof of the main theorem depends on an analysis of the rates of decay of the wave function in certain regions of configuration space, depending on the scattering channel to which the wave function belongs.
Endogenous and exogenous vasopressin on ACTH release.

Simultaneous studies of the release of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin, ADH) and corticotrophin (ACTH) were performed in unanesthetized trained dogs. Antidiuresis was used as the index of ADH liberation and plasma free 17-hydroxy-corticosteroid levels were used to indicate ACTH release. No correlation was observed between discharge of ACTH and release or inhibition of the release of ADH. Further studies with highly purified vasopressin showed that exogenous ADH was unable to stimulate the secretion of ACTH until a threshold of 3–7 ×103 times the dose reproducing maximal physiologic antidiuresis was exceeded. The physiological significance of the data evidencing ACTH release upon injection of vasopression is debated and questioned.
Architectures of advanced function printing

Discussed is the use of the capabilities of all-points-addressable laser (page) printers in applications involving pages composed of text, image, and vector data in a device-independent way. Also presented is the ability to describe and print complex documents composed of multiples of such pages. Provision is made for the migration of current line-printer applications to print using these new page printers. Three architectures are described that—along with an Advanced Function Printing (AFP) model—support these capabilities. Each of these architectures is described in the context of the current implementation of the Advanced Function Printing software.
Upper radicals of regular classes

The class M is called regular if MC= SUM, or equivalently if UM is the largest radical class relative to which every REM is semisimple. A radical class UM is said to have the intersection property relative to a class N if for every ring R the radical UM(R)= A(I I R/IEN). A radical class is called hereditary if I-~ R E UM implies IE UM, and in a recent paper several criteria were derived equivalent to UM hereditary [5; Theorem 4]. In the case that M has the property
Economic assessment of dredging operations in Mobile Bay, USA and some additional notes on sustainable management of dredged material

This paper describes a study that was performed to determine the cost-effective method of dredging in Mobile Bay in the United States and to explore the possibility of utilizing the dredged materials in an environmentally sustainable way. An analysis of the historical cost and working time data for hopper dredging and pipeline dredging for Mobile Bay showed that there was not a substantial difference in unit costs between the two methods. However, while the disposal methods for dredged materials were taken into consideration, the pipeline dredging seemed to be a more desirable and environmentally friendly option for dredging in Mobile Bay. In addition to cost analysis, the paper discusses several possible ways of sustainable management of dredged materials. The paper also indicates that if the sediment in Mobile Bay is found to be contaminated by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the pipeline dredging will become a more desirable dredging alternative.
Distributed Data Acquisition For Biomechanics Research

Biomechanics research at the Medical College of Wisconsin is directed to the determination of the mechanisms of head and spine injury and the evaluation of surgical treatments for these injuries. This work involves mechanical testing of components of the spine (disks, vertebral bodies, and ligaments) as well as testing of composite spines and in situ evaluation of intact human cadavers (1,3). Other studies utilize experimental animals to measure neurologic and physiologic effects due to injury producing loads and accelerations (2). An integrated system has been developed to facilitate the acquisition and analysis of the diverse types of data from these experiments.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elastic and inelastic scattering in quantum dots in the Coulomb-blockade regime.

Starting from a rate-equation model proposed by Beenakker, we calculate current-voltage characteristics for symmetric and asymmetric vertical quantum dots. We include up to 26 electrons and show how single-electron charge interaction, inelastic scattering, and nonadiabatic subband mixing can enhance the valley current significantly by opening new conduction channels. Subband mixing is the dominant mechanism increasing the valley current in both symmetric and asymmetric quantum dots. Single-electron charging is important in asymmetric structures but relatively weak in symmetric structures. Effects of inelastic scattering within the quantum dot are dramatic for asymmetric structures, but negligible in symmetric structures.
Effect of Time on Corrosion Rates in Sulfuric Acid Predicted from Electrochemical Data

Abstract Effect of time on the cathodic polarization behavior of Ni, Cr, Ti, Al, and six Ni-Cr-Al and Ni-Cr-Ti alloys was determined in hydrogen saturated, 1N sulfuric acid at 22 C (71 F). Corrosion current densities (icorr) obtained for these specimens, using the beta-extrapolation technique, were generally found to be strongly time dependent. Corrosion current densities for Ni, Cr, and the six ternary alloys decreased with time and approached steady state values after about 72 hours exposure to the electrolyte. Corrosion current density for Al decreased markedly during the initial 24-hour period; further exposure did not appreciably affect the corrosion current density. The corrosion current density for titanium decreased only slightly as the exposure time was increased. All materials exhibited steady state corrosion current densities after sufficient exposure to the acid. Corrosion rates predicted using the steady state corrosion current densities correlated well with rates obtained from long time, wei...
Bilateral distal radius fractures in a 12-year-old boy after household electrical shock: case report and literature summary.

Background. Fracture resulting from household electric shock is uncommon. When it occurs, it is usually the result of a fall; however, electricity itself can cause sufficient tetany to produce a fracture. We present the case of bilateral fractures of the distal radii of a 12-year-old boy which were sustained after accidental shock. The literature regarding fractures after domestic electric shock is also reviewed. Methods. An Ovid-Medline search was conducted. The resultant articles and their bibliographies were surveyed for cases describing fractures resulting from a typical household-level voltage (110–220 V, 50–60 Hertz) and not a fall after the shock. Twenty-one articles describing 22 patients were identified. Results. Twenty-two cases were identified. Thirteen were unilateral injuries; 9 were bilateral. Proximal humerus fractures were most frequent (8 cases), followed by scapula fractures (7 cases), forearm fractures (4 cases), femoral neck fractures (2 cases), and vertebral body fracture (1 case). Eight of the 22 cases were diagnosed days to weeks after the injury. Conclusions. Fracture after electric shock is uncommon. It should be suspected in patients with persistent pain, particularly in the shoulder or forearm area. Distal radius fractures that occur during electrocution are likely due to tetany.
Toroidal Structure of λ-Exonuclease

Structure determination at 2.4 angstrom resolution shows that λ-exonuclease consists of three subunits that form a toroid. The central channel is funnel shaped, tapering from an inner diameter of about 30 angstroms at the wider end to 15 angstroms at the narrow end. This is adequate to accommodate the DNA substrate and thus provides a structural basis for the ability of the enzyme to sequentially hydrolyze thousands of nucleotides in a highly processive manner. The results also suggest the locations of the active sites and the constraints that limit cleavage to a single strand.
Hydrolytic Reactivity of a Samarium(II) Organometallic Complex: Synthesis and Structure of a Hexametallic Organosamarium Oxide Hydroxide, [(C5Me5)Sm]6O9H6

Controlled hydrolysis of the divalent organosamarium complex (C5Me5)2Sm(THF)2 in THF forms [(C5Me5)Sm]6O9H6, 1, which has a solid-state structure consisting of a distorted octahedral array of six [(C5Me5)Sm]2+ units connected by eight triply bridging oxygens and a central oxygen.
Ferritin nanocages: great potential as clinically translatable drug delivery vehicles?

Conventional therapeutics are commonly associ­ ated with high lipophilicity and poor pharmaco­ kinetics. In tumor therapy, these issues often lead to off­target damage to normal tissues. In the ongoing quest to improve treatment specific­ ity, nanotechnology has proven to be a powerful tool. With large surface areas and easy meth­ ods of surface modification, it is possible to use nanoparticles as carriers to load and transport drug molecules to tumors with great efficiency and accuracy [1,2]. Many types of nanopar­ ticles – made of metals, metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, polymers or liposomes – have been proposed and tested as drug carriers [2]. Among them, synthetic polymers and liposomes have been the most studied. Despite the myriad of for­ mulations investigated, however, only a minimal number have made it to clinical trials. Regard­ ing polymer nanoparticles, the most widely used are poly(lactic acid) and poly(glycolic acid), and their copolymer poly(lactide­co­glycolide) [3]. Most other polymers are associated with toxic­ ity, biodegradability or immunogenicity, which prevents their clinical use. More recently, proteins have emerged as a novel type of delivery vehicle. As a natural polymer, proteins raise fewer biocompatibility concerns. This gives them an edge from the per­ spective of clinical translation. A good example is albumin­based drug delivery, which is play­ ing an increasingly important role in clinics. Currently, a methotrexate–albumin conjugate, an albumin­binding prodrug of doxorubicin (DOX) and an albumin paclitaxel nanoparticle (Abraxane) have been clinically evaluated. Abraxane in particular is recognized as one of the first nanoparticle­based drugs approved for use by the US FDA. This success has inspired researchers to seek other protein­based nanocarriers.
The Relationship between Policy Design, Context, and Implementation in Integration Plans

The decision handed down by the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) has forced school districts to begin thinking of new ways to integrate their schools without relying on race as the single factor in their assignment plans. While some school districts already have begun to implement race-neutral student assignments, others are just beginning the process and are looking to plans that have been able to maintain diversity despite the new limitations being placed on them. In an effort to understand factors critical in shaping racial and socioeconomic diversity in school districts given the new requisite limitations, this study examined the relationship between the design, context, and implementation of three different integration plans that rely on voluntary choice and socioeconomic status (SES). The findings suggest that geographic and political contexts matter in the shaping and adoption of integration plans based on voluntary choice and SES. Suggestions are offered to help maintain integration given the local sociopolitical context of the school districts.
Use of WindSat to Extend a Microwave-Based Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature Time Series

AbstractThe NOAA ¼° daily optimum interpolation sea surface temperature analysis (DOISST) is available either as a 31-yr (from 1981 onward) time series based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observations or as a 9-yr (2002–11) time series that incorporates additional data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on the Earth Observing System (EOS) platform. In October 2011, AVHRR+AMSR DOISST production was discontinued when the AMSR instrument lost its capability to collect daily, global-coverage data. Sea surface temperatures from the follow-up AMSR2 instrument will not be available until mid-2013. To ensure an uninterrupted consistent long-term microwave-based DOISST time series, this study tested the feasibility of bridging the gap between AMSR and AMSR2 using WindSat Polarimetric Radiometer (WSAT) data. Comparison of WSAT and AMSR SST data during their period of overlap from 2004 to 2011 showed temporal gaps were common for WSAT, especially before 2009. The WSAT daily ...
Studies of reactions between gaseous organo-silicon compounds and metal surfaces

A procedure for modifying the surface composition of catalytically active metals with silicon-containing gaseous reactants has been developed. This new gas-solid reaction method is unique in that it can be used for the in situ synthesis of catalytically interesting materials, which cannot be done by conventional solid-solid reaction techniques. Using an oxygen-free silicon compound (e.g., hexamethyldisilazane, HMDS), the metals studied fall into two categories: those that involve reaction followed by diffusion, and those that exhibit surface reaction only. The first group, consisting of the metals Ni, V, Rh, Pt and Pd, formed thick (up to 0.6μ) Si diffusion layers, after reaction at 430 °C for a few hours, with either H2/HMDS or Ar/HMDS mixtures. Under the same conditions, the second group of metals, Fe and Co, showed thin (∼ 500 A) overlayers containing silicon, but with no diffusion. The only nonmetal (graphite) studied so far showed no reaction, within the detectability limits of Auger spectroscopy. This observation shows that these reactions are catalytically induced by certain metal surfaces; in other words, they selectively take place on metals. These findings clearly have important implications for catalysis. For example, the metal surfaces of oxide-supported metal catalysts can, in principle, be selectively modified by gas-phase reactants. This treatment can readily be accomplished in situ in the catalytic reactor. The above reactions may well result in a new class of metallic catalysts, with one of the components being silicon. Furthermore, gas-phase compounds containing the elements aluminum, boron, and germanium are known to react with metals in an analogous manner, which further extends the range of possibilities for the synthesis of new catalytic materials.
Obesity, sodium intake, and blood pressure in adolescents

It has been postulated that increased dietary sodium associated with greater food intake by obese people is a mechanism for the relationship between obesity and blood pressure (BP). We have evaluated this hypothesis by exploring the interrelationships of measures of obesity, sodium intake, and BP in 248 "normal" adolescents, 16 to 17 years of age. As an index of sodium intake, the sodium excretion in three overnight urine collections was used. As a more specific index of saltiness of diet, we used a ratio of sodium excretion to calorie intake, with calories estimated from 3-day diet records and dietary interview. Body weight and other measures of obesity showed a positive relationship with systolic blood pressure (SBP), but not with diastolic (K5) blood pressure (DBP5). Measures of overnight sodium excretion were positively correlated with body weight and calculated body fat percentage, suggesting that heavier people indeed ingest more sodium. This may result not from increased intake of food per se, but from increased saltiness of diet, since calorie intake did not increase with body weight. No significant relationships were found between BP and concurrent measures of sodium excretion or diet saltiness.
Albert Stanburrough Cook, Class of 1872

Albert Stanburrough Cook's (1853-1927) contributions to education remain with all college students in that type of class meeting which he called a "seminary" as well as with his prolific scholarship in Old English and Middle English, and poetics.
Desipramine relieves postherpetic neuralgia

Desipramine has the least anticholinergic and sedative effects of the first generation tricyclic antidepressant agents, but its pain-relieving potential has received little study. Other antidepressant agents--notably amitriptyline--are known to ameliorate postherpetic neuralgia, but those agents are often toxic. In a randomized double-blind crossover design, we gave 26 postherpetic neuralgia patients 6 weeks of treatment with desipramine (mean dose, 167 mg/day) and placebo. Nineteen patients completed both treatments; 12 reported at least moderate relief with desipramine and two reported relief with placebo. Pain relief with desipramine was statistically significant from weeks 3 to 6. Psychiatric interview at entry into the study produced a diagnosis of depression for 4 patients; pain relief was similar in depressed and nondepressed patients and was statistically significant in the nondepressed group alone. We conclude that desipramine administration relieves postherpetic neuralgia and that pain relief is not mediated by mood elevation. Blockade of norepinephrine reuptake, an action shared by desipramine, amitriptyline, and other antidepressant agents that have relieved neuropathic pain, may be involved in relief of postherpetic neuralgia.
Functional evolution in the ancestral lineage of vertebrates or when genomic complexity was wagging its morphological tail

Early vertebrate evolution is characterized by a significant increase of organismal complexity over a relatively short time span. We present quantitative evidence for a high rate of increase in morphological complexity during early vertebrate evolution. Possible molecular evolutionary mechanisms that underlie this increase in complexity fall into a small number of categories, one of which is gene duplication and subsequent structural or regulatory neofunctionalization. We discuss analyses of two gene families whose regulatory and structural evolution shed light on the connection between gene duplication and increases in organismal complexity.
Kinematics and workspace analysis of an exoskeleton for thumb and index finger rehabilitation

For the human hand rehabilitation, the palmar opposition is an important function to evaluate the recovery of hand motor capabilities. This paper proposes an exoskeleton-type hand rehabilitation assistive device which is able to be applied to index finger as well as thumb. The kinematics and workspace of index fingertip and thumb-tip are analyzed. The ‘opposition space’ is defined as the intersection of the workspace of thumb-tip and the index fingertip. A metric, what we call ‘opposition degree’, which is defined as the ratio of volume of opposition space to that of the index fingertip workspace, is proposed to present the available degree of opposition. As an example, the opposition degree of a human hand model is determined. This metric can also used to rate the ergonomic performance of the hand rehabilitation assistive device. This method can be applied to other fingers as well. The opposition simulation experiment is conducted to verify the kinematics of the proposed exoskeleton.
Membrane Lipid Metabolism, Cell Permeability, and Ultrastructural Changes in Lightly Processed Carrots

We monitored changes in phospholipid (PL), steryl lipid, and glycolipid classes, cell permeability, and ultrastructure in wound-stressed &sues (shreds and disks) of-carrots (Caucus car&~ L. ‘Apache’), stored UD to 10 davs at 10°C and 95% RH. Total PL rose 47% ten days after shreddini, with phosphatidylcholine decreasing and phosphatidic acid increasing in relative abundance. Acylated sterol glycoside doubled after 2 days. Leakage of UV-absorbing metabolites from disks increased by 45% between 1 and 3 days storage. Extensive, storage-dependent accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum and attached ribosomes within vascular parenchyma cells occurred 10 days after wounding. Thus net synthesis of membrane lipid components occurred together with increases in permeability and the accumulation of phosphatidic acid. Membrane degradation and repair processes likely coexist during prolonged storage of lightly processed carrots.
Plasma carotenoids and risk of breast cancer over 20 y of follow-up

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that carotenoids, which are micronutrients in fruit and vegetables, reduce breast cancer risk. Whether carotenoids are important early or late in carcinogenesis is unclear, and limited analyses have been conducted by breast tumor subtypes. Objectives: We sought to examine issues of the timing of carotenoid exposure as well as associations by breast tumor subtypes. Design: We conducted a nested case-control study of plasma carotenoids measured by using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and breast cancer risk in the Nurses’ Health Study. In 1989–1990, 32,826 women donated blood samples; in 2000–2002, 18,743 of these women contributed a second blood sample. Between the first blood collection and June 2010, 2188 breast cancer cases were diagnosed (579 cases were diagnosed after the second collection) and matched with control subjects. RRs and 95% CIs were calculated by using conditional logistic regression adjusted for several breast cancer risk factors. Results: Higher concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, and total carotenoids were associated with 18–28% statistically significantly lower risks of breast cancer (e.g., β-carotene top compared with bottom quintile RR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.88; P-trend < 0.001). Associations were apparent for total carotenoids measured ≥10 y before diagnosis (top compared with bottom quintile RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.95; P-trend = 0.01) as well as those <10 y before diagnosis (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.98; P-trend = 0.04, P-interaction = 0.11). Carotenoid concentrations were strongly inversely associated with breast cancer recurrence and death (e.g., β-carotene top compared with bottom quintile RR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.51; P-trend < 0.001) compared with not recurrent and not lethal disease (P-heterogeneity < 0.001). Conclusion: In this large prospective analysis with 20 y of follow-up, women with high plasma carotenoids were at reduced breast cancer risk particularly for more aggressive and ultimately fatal disease.