cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet inactivation of the midi variant of Q beta RNA: characterization of template activity.

— MDV-1 RNA is a 218 nucleotide variant of bacteriophage Qβ RNA. Qβ replicase catalyzes the formation of a strand complementary to a single-stranded (SS) MDV-I template. Upon phenol extraction, the template and complementary strands become double-stranded (DS). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the products of this reaction revealed SS RNA, DS RNA, and discrete intermediate bands. UV irradiation of the template caused a decrease in DS RNA production which followed single-hit kinetics with a quantum yield of 1.6 × 10--3. Concomitant with this diminished DS RNA production were increases in SS RNA and intermediate sized RNA. The latter was shown to consist of a full sized SS template annealed to a partially completed nascent strand. Upon electrophoresis, these partially completed duplexes migrated in the same positions as those found in the analysis of unirradiated template, suggesting that this RNA contains replication obstruction areas in which UV lesions cause an increase in replication inhibition.
Assessing the feasibility of identifying maize through the analysis of cross-shaped size and three-dimensional morphology of phytoliths in the grasslands of southeastern South America

This paper tests the feasibility of applying a technique developed by Piperno and Pearsall (Am. Antiquity 49 (1984) 361; Phytolith Analysis: An Archaelolgical and Geological Perspective, 1988, Academic Press: San Diego; Paleoethnobotany, 2000, Academic Press: San Diego) based on size and three-dimensional morphology criteria of cross-shaped phytoliths to identify maize in a previously unexplored region outside of the Neotropics; the grasslands of southeastern Uruguay. Because the area is dominated by subtropical Panicoid grasses that produce abundant cross-shaped phytoliths, intensive studies of the regional Panicoid grasses are needed to ensure that no wild taxa have phytoliths that are potentially confusable with maize. With this in mind, I carried out analysis of cross-shaped phytoliths in 35 Panicoid, 5 Oryzoid and 1 Bambusoid grasses, as well as on nine modern soil samples that belong to the most representative vegetation formations of the area. This study demonstrates that an application of multivariate (linear discriminant function) analysis together with qualitative and other assessments of cross-shaped phytolith assemblages as originally described by Piperno and Pearsall can be successfully used to distinguish the presence of maize in the grasslands of southeastern Uruguay. The technique provides a useful tool to trace the dispersal of maize into the southern cone of South America.
Comments on the microspectrophotometric determination of vitamin A and carotene in blood.

Abstract 1. 1. The microspectrophotometric method of Bessey et al. for the determination of vitamin A and carotene in human blood serum gave satisfactory results with rat serum, provided several precautions were observed. The kerosene-xylene reagent must be protected from light to prevent changes in its optical properties, and serums showing evidence of hemolysis should not be used. 2. 2. The method of Bessey et al. is not applicable when high serum carotene levels are produced by the injection of isomerized carotene to rats. A spectrophotometric correction procedure for the interference of carotene in such cases is described.
Techniques of production and analysis of polarized synchrotron radiation

The use of the unique polarization properties of synchrotron radiation in the hard x-ray spectral region (E KeY) is becoming increasingly important to many synchrotron radiation researchers. The radiation emitted from bending magnets and conventional (planar) insertion devices (IDs) is highly linearly polarized in the plane of the particle''s orbit. Elliptically polarized x-rays can also be obtained by going offaxis on a bending magnet source albeit with considerable loss of flux. The polarization properties of synchrotron radiation can be further tailored to the researcher''s specific needs through the use of specialized insertion devices such as helical and crossed undulators and asymmetrical wigglers. Even with the possibility of producing a specific polarization there is still the need to develop x-ray optical components which can manipulate the polarization for both analysis and further modification of the polarization state. A survey of techniques for producing and analyzing both linear and circular polarized xrays will be presented with emphasis on those techniques which rely on single crystal optical components. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rapid induction of neutrophil-endothelial adhesion by endothelial complement fixation

The adhesion of neutrophils to vascular endothelium is an early event in their recruitment into acute inflammatory lesions. In evaluating potential neutrophil-endothelial adhesive mechanisms in acute inflammation, important considerations are that adhesion in vivo may occur very rapidly following injury and that the specificity of the reaction resides in altered endothelium. That is, neutrophils adhere only to altered endothelium adjacent to an inflammatory focus, rather than at random as would be expected if activation of neutrophils were the initiator of adhesion. We have explored a possible bridging role for complement in causing early neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion. The complement system is involved in inflammatory processes, is capable of rapid amplification, and endothelial complement fixation at sites of inflammation could generate an endothelium-restricted signal for neutrophil adhesion. We have now developed a model in which this can be investigated without complicating factors such as immunoglobulin deposition, by constructing a novel molecule, a hybrid of the endothelial binding lectin Ulex europaeus I and of the complement activator cobra venom factor. This molecule has the capacity to cause fixation of complement on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We show that complement fixation is a potent and rapid stimulus for neutrophil adhesion. Neutrophil adhesion requires only endothelial deposition of C3, and is mediated through the type 3 complement receptor.
Extragonadal seminoma involving urinary bladder and arising in the prostate

The authors report the first instance of a patient with seminoma probably arising from the prostate but also involving the bladder. A 58-year-old man presented with symptoms and signs of prostatic enlargement. Cystoscopy revealed a fungating neoplasm, probably arising from the prostate and surrounding the bladder neck. The biopsy was consistent with the diagnosis of seminoma. The patient experienced complete remission after chemotherapy with bleomycin, cisplatin, and etoposide.
Medication Issues in Informal Dementia Caregivers and Care Recipients

Medication use is a salient issue in informal dementia caregivers and care recipients. This descriptive study provides information about the number and type of medications used by dementia family caregivers (N = 66) and community-dwelling dementia care recipients (N = 51). Medication data were obtained from caregivers during a telephone interview about health care utilization and categorized using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. Approximately 75% of caregivers and 49% of care recipients reported utilizing multiple medications. Many caregivers (41%) and care recipients (53%) were taking psychotropic medications; 89% of physicians prescribing psychotropic medications to caregivers were nonpsychiatrists. These results suggest the likelihood of medication-related concerns for informal dementia caregivers as well as the potential for nonadherence and side effects related to polypharmacy.
The vertical cloud structure of Jupiter from 5 μm measurements

From 5-micron high-spatial-resolution images of Jupiter, flux-frequency histograms of the equatorial region show a trimodal distribution of brightness temperatures. Combined with limb-darkening measurements, a three-layer cloud model for Jupiter is developed. The highest, coldest clouds, apparently homogeneous and displaying relatively little limb darkening, cover the zones. These clouds are not present over the belts, allowing observational access to deeper regions. The belts appear heterogeneous: small, localized hot areas show enhanced limb darkening, while much of the belt is distinctly cooler and exhibits shallower limb darkening. These belt properties can be explained by a cool emitting layer superposed upon a hot, dense cloud deck.
Esophageal Eosinophilia is Increased in Rural Areas With Low Population Density: Results From a National Pathology Database

Esophageal Eosinophilia is Increased in Rural Areas With Low Population Density: Results From a National Pathology Database
Intrafeather and Intraindividual Variation in the Stable-Hydrogen Isotope (δD) Content of Raptor Feathers

Abstract Stable-hydrogen isotope ratios (deuterium:protium; δD) in feathers enable researchers to evaluate patterns of avian movement and to estimate the source areas of migratory birds. However, variation in feather δD remains inadequately described, thus confounding inferences of avian movement and origin. We assessed variation within a feather and among feathers within and between tracts in three species of immature raptors. Within contour feathers, measurements of δD increased from a distal section to an adjacent, proximal section; the magnitude of δD increase varied with raptor species. Furthermore, contour and flight feathers differed systematically in their δD content. Two explanations for intrafeather and intraindividual variation warrant further investigation: (1) hydrogen isotope fractionation associated with feather growth rate, and (2) the incorporation of temporal variation in environmental δD into growing feathers. We consider these explanations for raptors and passerines, which seemingly di...
Feeding ecology of the Bay Goby (Pisces: Gobiidae). Effects of behavioral, ontogenetic, and temporal variation on diet

The ontogenetic, diel, seasonal, and yearly variations in gut fullness, diet, and prey diversity for a California estuarine gobiid (Lepidogobius lepidus Girard) were examined. Also the feeding behavior of this species was described. Small (<50 mm, SL) and large (⩾ 50 mm, SL) gobies consumed similar prey types in different proportions. Major prey items were polychaetes, harpacticoid copepods, gammarid amphipods, molluscs, and other crustaceans. Diets of large and small gobies were not significantly correlated, and larger fish had a more diverse diet. Small fish fed at all times while larger gobies fed primarily at night. Changes in diet may be related to differential prey preferences, feeding chronologies, and increases in fish size. Both large and small gobies displayed seasonal differences in diet and prey diversity. Year-to-year changes in diet also were noted for both size classes. The bay goby uses different feeding behaviors to capture sedentary and motile prey and appears to forage opportunistically. This behavior is probably advantageous in an environment which fluctuates drastically.
Is vasculogenesis crucial for the regrowth of irradiated tumours

We have read with interest the Review by Begg, Stewart and Vens (Strategies to improve radiotherapy with targeted drugs. Nature Rev. Cancer 11, 239–253 (2011))1, which included discussion on the potential benefits of modulating the tumour microenvironment to improve radiotherapy. In their Review, the authors state that, “vasculogenesis (vascular formation from circulating BMDCs (bone marrow-derived cells)) has been shown to be crucial for the growth of tumours that recur after radiotherapy”. We agree that new vessel formation is an important determinant of tumour regrowth after irradiation. However, we question the authors' conclusion that vasculogenesis is crucial in this context.
Ion Implantation and Annealing of SrTiO3 and CaTiO3

Ion implantation damage and thermal annealing results are presented for single crystals of SrTiO3 and CaTiO3. The near-surface region of both of these materials can be made amorphous by low doses (approx.10 V/cmS) of heavy ions (Pb at 540 keV). During annealing, the amorphous implanted region crystallizes epitaxially on the underlying single-crystal substrate. The kinetics of this solid-phase epitaxial recrystallization process have been measured by employing ion channeling techniques.
Identification of QTL for Resistance to Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Soybean Plant Introduction 194639

Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean [ (L.) Merr.], caused by (Lib.) de Bary, is a difficult disease to manage, although some gains have been made through breeding for quantitative resistance. The objective of the present study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling partial resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot from the soybean plant introduction (PI) 194639. The resistance QTL were mapped in a population of 155 F recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the hybridization of the partially resistant parent, PI 194639, to the susceptible cultivar Merit. The population was evaluated for Sclerotinia stem rot resistance using a cut stem inoculation technique and was genotyped with 134 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Broad-sense heritability of lesion length (LL) after inoculation with the cut stem technique in the population was 0.57. Two putative QTL-controlling LL were identified by composite interval mapping (CIM) and mapped to linkage groups (LGs) A2 and B2, with likelihood of odds scores of 5.6 and 3.5, respectively. The LG A2 QTL was linked to the marker Sat_138 and explained 12.1% of the phenotypic variation for LL. The LG B2 QTL was proximal to the marker Satt126 and explained 11.2% of the phenotypic variance. Two minor QTL also were mapped onto LGs K and L, explaining 5.5% of the total phenotypic variation. A multivariate model that included all significant QTL explained 27% of the observed phenotypic variation of LL. These results suggest that SSR markers associated with resistance QTL mapped in this study for Sclerotinia stem rot resistance may be useful for marker-assisted breeding programs in soybean.
ESTIMATION of MICROBIAL NUMBERS FROM PURE BACTERIAL CULTURES and FROM MINCED BEEF SAMPLES BY REFLECTANCE COLORIMETRY WITH OMNISPECTM 40001

Tristimulus reflectance colorimetry (RC) is a rapid method with which microbial activities can be monitored by the mediation of dye pigmentation changes. Dyes that produce color changes because of shifts of pH and oxidation/reduction (O/R) potential or free amino groups can be used. To estimate total microbial numbers from pure coliform and Listeria cultures and from minced beef samples, the appropriate color endpoint values were selected for each sample type (b*=+2 for coliforms, L*=+ 11 for Listeria, and a*=+ 4 and a*=+ 6 for minced beef samples) and used to estimate color detection times (CDTs). the regression lines of data between aerobic plate count (APC; conventional and also Spiral System with minced beef samples) and RC were calculated. Reliability of the calibration lines was good; r = 0.90–0.99 for bacterial cultures and r = 0.82 (0.80) for minced beef (a*=+ 4) and r = 0.80 (0.78) for minced beef (a*=+6) when RC was compared with APC (Spiral). The calibration line for minced beef samples (1/10 dilution) could be used to classify samples above and below a certain specified microbial level (e.g., log 6.0 CFU/g) and to marginal samples. Using these scheme with a*=+4 as the color endpoint value, 70% of the tested 40 minced beef samples were correctly classified. the calibration line could also be used to approximate plate count determinations (e.g., CDT of 12 h will result in an estimated count of log 5.9 CFU/g). Results were obtained in shorter time (ranging from 0–15 h for Enterobacter aerogenes and E. coli, from 2–17 h for H. alvei, from 1.5–25 h for Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 35152 and Scott A, from 6–39 h for slowly growing L. monocytogenes ATCC 19919, and from 2–15 h for minced beef, depending on the initial cell concentration) than required by conventional plate counting (24 h for coliforms, 24–48 h for Listeria, and 48 h for total counts). Time for further confirmation varies according to bacterial species. the RC technique was sensitive for low levels (as low as 1 CFU/mL) of microbes. Colorimetric microtest plate technology provided in the OmnispecTM Bioactivity Monitor System simplifies the analysis, saves labor and materials, and provides high capacity.
Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after Hurricane Katrina: Predicting the need for mental health services.

The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents after Hurricane Katrina. It was hypothesized that a positive correlation would exist between trauma exposure variables and symptoms indicating need for mental health services experienced 2 years after Hurricane Katrina. Specifically, the authors hypothesized that experiences associated with natural disaster including personal loss, separation from family and/or community, and lack of community support as well as previous loss or trauma would be related to increased symptomatology in both children and adolescents. This study included 7,258 children and adolescents from heavily affected Louisiana parishes. Measures included the Hurricane Assessment and Referral Tool for Children and Adolescents developed by the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN, 2005). Results were generally supportive of our hypotheses, and specific exposure and demographic variables were found to be strongly related to posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents.
Quenching for nonlinear degenerate parabolic problems

For the problem given by u"@t=(@x^ru^mu"@x)"@x/@x^r+f(u) for 0<@x"c"^"-f(u)=~ for some positive constant c, and u"0(@x) is a given function satisfying u"0(0)=0=u"0(a), this paper studies quenching of the solution u.
Glare Testing in Patients with Cataract after Dilation

Purpose To learn whether dilating the pupil will have an impact on glare testing for cataract evaluation. Design Evaluation of diagnostic test. Participants Fifty-four adult patients at the Jones Eye Institute at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. Methods One eye of each patient was randomized for study. The pupil size, visual acuity (VA) using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) acuity chart, and glare testing with the Brightness Acuity Tester (BAT) at the medium setting were performed. The patients' eyes were then dilated with all measurements repeated. Each patient was then graded for cataracts using the Lens Opacification Classification System III by an independent observer. Main outcome measures VA and BAT results. Results Compared with undilated BAT results, 29 of 54 patients (53.7%) lost 1 or more lines of vision during BAT testing after dilation. Undilated BAT results were predicted to within 1 line of accuracy in 44 of 54 patients (81.5%) by adjusting the dilated BAT result by the change in VA from dilation. With this method, results were predicted to within 2 lines of accuracy in 52 of 54 patients (96.3%). Conclusions BAT results are affected by dilation half of the time and can be adjusted by the change in VA from dilation to predict undilated BAT results.
A Single Molecule Perspective of Elongation by RNA Polymerase I

RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes ribosomal DNA and is responsible for more than 60% of total transcription in a growing cell. Despite its central role in transcription and fundamental role in cell growth and proliferation, a detailed understanding of kinetics of transcription by Pol I is lacking. We present the first direct characterization of Pol I transcription elongation at the single molecule level. Tethered particle microscopy shows that the pause-free rate measured for Pol I, approximately 50 nt/s, is comparable to the in vivo rate estimated from the number of active genes, the cell division rate and the number of engaged polymerases determined from EM images. Furthermore, comparison of elongation traces in the presence or absence of RNAse A & T1, reveals strong interactions between the nascent RNA and the DNA tether that might modulate transcription elongation in vivo. In the presence of RNAse, Pol I processivity is higher than in the absence of RNAse. Furthermore, when the nascent transcript is not digested by RNAse, large tether length fluctuations are noticed which yield an apparently slower average elongation rate of approximately 20 nt/s.
FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A THYROID ACTIVATOR IN HYPERTHYROIDISM

ABSTRACT In mice fed desiccated thyroid (u.s.p.) the intravenous injection of sera from patients with hyperthyroidism caused an increased thyroidal uptake of I131 if given twelve hours before injection of the radioisotope. This was distinct from the effect of standard thyrotropin which produced a maximal increase if injected four hours before the I131. Activation of the mouse thyroid gland by the injected sera was indicated also by an increase in the level of the protein-bound I127 of the plasma and by histologic changes in the thyroid.
Predictors of Lymph Node Metastasis in T1 Breast Carcinoma, Stratified by Patient Age

It is important to identify T1-substage breast carcinomas (BCs) which are inherently aggressive, so that these can be managed more assertively. The purpose of this study was to distinguish those T1 BCs with the potential to metastasize to axillary lymph nodes from those lacking that ability by multiparametric analysis of several clinicopathologic features. The authors studied 197 patients with invasive BC who had undergone modified radical mastectomy; 161 tumors were ductal and 26 were lobular BCs. The study group was stratified by age into two groups: </=34 years (n = 34) and 35-84 years (n = 153). Pathologic lymph node status was correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) tumor positivity, MIB-1 proliferation index, and immunoreactivity for mutant p53 protein. These factors were studied immunohistologically using standard methodology and microwave-mediated epitope retrieval. Statistical analyses employed accepted techniques. Women in this study ranged from 22 to 84 years of age; 39 (21%) had positive lymph nodes. ER-positive tumors comprised 73% of the total; similarly, 65% were PR positive. The MIB-1 index was greater than 10% in 44% of lesions, and 14% demonstrated labeling for mutant p53 protein. Using crude odds ratio data, the MIB-1 index was the only indicator found to predict lymph node metastasis significantly (p < 0.001). Moreover, even when adjustments were made for patient age, logistic regression analysis confirmed the utility of MIB-1-values of greater than 10% in this context, with a 4.4 greater likelihood of metastasis (p < 0.001). MIB-1 indices of greater than 10% are associated with a risk of lymph node metastasis from T1 BCs, independent of patient age. Hormone receptor status and immunohistologic p53 status are not predictors of nodal involvement in this specific setting.
The enthalpies of combustion and formation of the isomeric pentanes

Abstract The enthalpies of combustion of the three isomeric pentanes were measured by oxygen-bomb combustion calorimetry. The following values, based on the mass of carbon dioxide produced, are reported for the standard enthalpy of combustion ΔH c o (298.15 K)/kcal mol −1 of these compounds in the liquid state: n -pentane, −(838.69 ± 0.16); 2-methylbutane, −(837.57 ± 0.20); 2,2-dimethylpropane, −(834.71 ± 0.14). These results were compared with modern values obtained by flame calorimetry. Older experimental results were reviewed, and “best values” of the enthalpies of combustion were selected. These selected values were compared with the enthalpies of combustion predicted by modern correlative procedures.
L'Année littéraire mil neuf cent trente-six

(On trouvera des indications beaucoup plus detaillees sur l'anne litteraire 1933 dans l'article “French Literature,” New-International Year Book (Funk & Wagnalls Company), dont celui-ci n'est qu'un resume. En particulier le nombre des ouvrages indiques a ete ici tres reduit pour eviter une simple nomenclature.)
Pharmacological Stimulation of β 2-adrenergic Receptors (β 2AR) Enhances Therapeutic Effectiveness of β 1AR Blockade in Rodent Dilated Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Background. We have reported that β 2 adrenoreceptor (β 2AR) stimulation is anti-apoptotic, and has strong beneficial effect on cardiac remodeling in an experimental model of post myocardial infarction chronic heart failure (CHF) in rats. Here we investigate whether the addition of chronic pharmacological β 2AR stimulation enhances the therapeutic effects of β 1AR blockade on cardiac remodeling in the same model. Methods and Results. Metoprolol, a β 1AR blocker, given alone (β 1) or in combination with β 2AR agonist, fenoterol (β 1β 2) were administered to rats via drinking water for 6 weeks, beginning 2 weeks following permanent coronary ligation. Progressive left ventricular (LV) remodeling of untreated animals, assessed by repeated echocardiography, occurred during the observation time, i.e., 42% and 25% increases in end-systolic and end-diastolic LV volumes respectively, 27% fall in ejection fraction, and 35% infarct expansion. Pressure-volume loop analyses at 2d and 8th post infarction weeks showed continuous deterioration of systolic and diastolic functions and arterio-ventricular mismatch. Histological evaluation at the end of 8 weeks revealed the MI expansion and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. β 1β 2 prevented LV remodeling, MI expansion and cardiomyocytes hypertrophy to a greater degree than β 1, due, in large part, to a vasodilatory effect of β 2AR stimulation and thus improvement of arterio-ventricular mismatch. The abnormal diastolic performance improved only in β 1β 2. β 1β 2 treatment reduced myocardial apoptosis throughout myocardium, but β 1 reduced apoptopsis only in the areas remote from MI. Conclusion. The therapeutic effects of chronic β 1AR blockade on cardiac remodeling of heart failure are enhanced and extended when supplemented with β 2AR stimulation.
How They View Their Role: A Survey of Counselors in Different Secondary Schools

This study investigated how counselors in differently structured secondary schools look at their functions. Differences found were examined in relationship to expectations set forth in professional guidelines.
Ultraviolet-enhanced reactivation of Herpes virus in human tumor cells.

—Virus-host cell interactions may be investigated by study of the enhancement of infectivity of ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated virus obtained by UV-irradiating the host cell [ultraviolet reactivation (UVR)]. This phenomenon was studied with Herpes simplex virus and normal (embryonic lung) and malignant (HeLa) human cells. Although the lung cells displayed no UVR, both the HeLa cells and a Sendai-virus carrier culture of HeLa cells demonstrated UVR capabilities. This UVR persisted at equal or increased levels for at least 24 h. Since the lung cells and HeLa cells have similar host-cell-reactivation (HCR) abilities, the differences in UVR suggests that UVR and HCR may operate by different mechanisms.
When competing momentum hypotheses really do not compete: How the sources of momentum profits change through time

Abstract In this study, we examine time variation in the sources of industry momentum. By constructing a method that allows for time variation in unconditional means, autocorrelations, and cross-serial correlations, we find the sources of industry momentum are time varying. Before 1961, serial correlation is the driving force. After 1961, cross-serial correlation becomes the dominant factor. These results are informative, because all currently available explanations for momentum, rational or behavioral, suggest that the sources of momentum are stable. Therefore, these results suggest that more research on momentum may be needed.
High-Performance dispersion-strengthened Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb alloy

A new high-temperature-strength, high-conductivity Cu-Cr-Nb alloy with a Cr:Nb ratio of 2:1 was developed to achieve improved performance and durability. The Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb alloy studied has demonstrated remarkable thermal and microstructural stability after long exposures at temperatures up to 0.98 Tm. This stability was mainly attributed to the slow coarsening kinetics of the Cr2Nb precipitates present in the alloy. At all temperatures, the microstructure consists of a bimodal and sometimes trimodal distribution of strengthening Cr2Nb precipitates, depending on precipitation condition, i.e., from liquid or solid solution, and cooling rates. These precipitates remain in the same size range, i.e., large precipitates of approximately 1 μm and small precipitates less than 300 nm, and effectively pin the grain boundaries, thus retaining a fine grain size of 2.7 μm after 100 hours at 1323 K. This grain-boundary pinning and sluggish coarsening of Cr2Nb particles explain the retention of good mechanical properties after prolonged holding at very high temperatures, e.g., twothirds of the original yield strength after aging for 100 hours at 1273 K. The main sources of strengthening are the Hall-Petch and Orowan mechanisms due mostly to small particles. The coarsening kinetics of the large precipitates are most likely governed by grain-boundary diffusion and, to a lesser extent, volume diffusion mechanisms.
Today's Girl, Tomorrow's Woman

Marilyn Thomson and Lena Karlsson highlight some of the advances at a policy level in addressing the rights of girls and women and some of the challenges to achieve these rights and ensure these do not conflict with each other. They give suggestions on good practice in promoting girls' rights and how gender issues are being addressed in programmes in different countries by members of the International Save the Children Alliance.
Rank One Perturbations with Infinitesimal Coupling

We consider a positive self-adjoint operator A and formal rank one perturbations B = A + α(φ, ·)φ, where φ ∈ H−2(A) but φ ∉ H_(−1) (A), with H_s(A) the usual scale of spaces. We show that B can be defined for such φ and what are essentially negative infinitesimal values of α. In a sense we will make precise, every rank one perturbation is one of three forms: (i) φ ∈ H^(−1)(A), α ∈ R; (ii) φ ∈ H_(−1), α = ∞; or (iii) the new type we consider here.
Response: Sample size and statistical comparisons of GVHD rates in pediatric Niemann-Pick disease patients.

We appreciate the thoughtful approach of Jakub Tolar and colleagues to the clinical implications of our studies involving a potential role for acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase)–derived ceramide in initiation and/or progression of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We believe they have asked the right
Pediatric cardiac xenograft growth in a rhesus monkey-to-baboon transplantation model

: It is unclear that organs from other species could grow successfully in the environment of another species. We evaluated the growth capacity of a cardiac xenograft in a rhesus monkey-to-juvenile baboon orthotopic heart transplantation model where there exists a discrepancy of the organ size and its growth rate between donor and recipient species. Eight recipient baboons who survived over 60 days were followed for body weight (BW) and the size of xenografts (left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEDV; left ventricular mass, LVM; and left ventricular posterior wall thickness, LVPWT) by echocardiography at 1 week and monthly after xenotransplantation. One baboon is growing along the normal growth curve. The other three baboons gained BW in parallel with normal growth curve except for a few months after surgery. LVEDV, LVM, and LVPWT increased constantly in these four baboons. In one baboon, BW increased over 1 year to 5.5 kg (which was almost the same as BW of adult rhesus monkey) and then plateaued. LVEDV, LVM, and LVPWT increased until 1 year posttransplantation, but then stopped when BW plateaued. In the other four baboons who did not gain BW because of infectious complications or side effects by immunosuppressive therapy, LVEDV, LVM, and LVPWT did not change significantly. We conclude that a cardiac xenograft from a rhesus monkey can successfully grow and support normal growth of a juvenile baboon, but whether a recipient can grow beyond the donor size is yet unknown.
Identification of the 16°C compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum in rat liver and cultured hamster kidney cells

In many systems transfer between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus is blocked at temperatures below 16°C. In virus-infected cells in culture, a special membrane compartment is seen to accumulate. Our studies with rat liver show a similar response to temperature both in situ with slices and in vitro with isolated transitional endoplasmic relticulum fractions. With isolated transitional endoplasmic reticulum fractions, when incubated in the presence of nucleoside triphosphate and a cytosol fraction, temperature dependent formation of vesicles occurred with a Q10 of ≈2 but was apparent only at temperatures greater than 12°C. A similar response was seen in situ at 12°C and 16°C where fusion of transition vesicles with cis Golgi apparatus, but not their formation, was blocked and transition vesicles accumulated in large numbers. At 18°C and below and especially at 8°C and 12°C, the cells responded by accumulating smooth tubular transitional membranes near the cis Golgi apparatus face. With cells and tissue slices at 20°C neither transition vesicles nor the smooth tubular elements accumulated. Those transition vesicles which formed at 37°C were of a greater diameter than those formed at 4°C both in situ and in vitro. The findings show parallel responses between the temperature dependency of transition vesicle formation in vitro and in situ and suggest that a subpopulation of the transitional endoplasmic reticulum may be morphologically and functionally homologous to the 16°C compartment observed in virally-infected cell lines grown at low temperatures.
High temperature ferromagnetism of Si/MnAs multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We report on high-temperature (>400 K) ferromagnetism in multilayers consisting of nonmagnetic Si and ferromagnetic MnAs, grown on GaAs (0 0 1) by molecular beam epitaxy. For a Si (1 nm)/MnAs (0.5 nm) multilayer, a coercive field of 344 Oe at 300 K is obtained from hysteresis loop measurements. For this ferromagnetic state, the electronic structure calculations assuming an epitaxial zincblende MnAs with volume conserving tetragonal distortion was performed using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave (FLAPW) method and yielded high spin magnetic moments values for the Mn atoms (3.39 and 3.74 μ B ), which couple antiferromagnetically with their nearest neighbor As or Si atoms.
Exploring the actions behind the words “learning‐centered institution”

More than just labels and symbolic gestures are needed to distinguish a college or university as a place where learning matters most. A president, provost, and vice president for student affairs describe the work of changing a whole campus.
Development and evaluation of home-based speed-of-processing training for older adults.

Abstract Wadley VG, Benz RL, Ball KK, Roenker DL, Edwards JD, Vance DE. Development and evaluation of home-based speed-of-processing training for older adults. Objectives To develop technical parameters for a videotape-based speed-of-processing training protocol, to evaluate the feasibility of self-administration (experiment 1), and to evaluate the protocol's effectiveness (experiment 2). Design A feasibility study (experiment 1) and a pre-post, 4-arm, nonrandomized controlled trial (experiment 2). Setting University research center. Participants A population-based sample (37 men, 47 women; age range, 65−94y) (experiment 1). A population-based sample (age ≥65y) with no prior exposure to the Useful Field of View assessment or speed-of-processing training, no dementia or life-limiting illness, a Mini-Mental State Examination score of greater than 24, corrected far visual acuity of greater than or equal to 20/40, contrast sensitivity of greater than or equal to 1.50 log 10 , and deficient processing speed (experiment 2). For experiment 2, 8 of 189 eligible people declined to participate. The final sample for this experiment included 100 men and 81 women (age range, 65−91y). Interventions Eight to ten 1-hour cognitive training sessions. Main Outcome Measure Posttraining gains in processing speed. Results Self-administration was feasible. Subjects who underwent home-based training improved their processing speed significantly more than either control group (F 3,146 =16.16, P Conclusions People can improve their processing speed at home using readily available technology. Future research should explore the relation of these improvements to driving performance.
Human endothelial colony-forming cells serve as trophic mediators for mesenchymal stem cell engraftment via paracrine signaling

Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are endothelial precursors that circulate in peripheral blood. Studies have demonstrated that human ECFCs have robust vasculogenic properties. However, whether ECFCs can exert trophic functions in support of specific stem cells in vivo remains largely unknown. Here, we sought to determine whether human ECFCs can function as paracrine mediators before the establishment of blood perfusion. We used two xenograft models of human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation and studied how the presence of ECFCs modulates MSC engraftment and regenerative capacity in vivo. Human MSCs were isolated from white adipose tissue and bone marrow aspirates and were s.c. implanted into immunodeficient mice in the presence or absence of cord blood-derived ECFCs. MSC engraftment was regulated by ECFC-derived paracrine factors via platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB)/platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-β signaling. Cotransplanting ECFCs significantly enhanced MSC engraftment by reducing early apoptosis and preserving stemness-related properties of PDGFR-β(+) MSCs, including the ability to repopulate secondary grafts. MSC engraftment was negligible in the absence of ECFCs and completely impaired in the presence of Tyrphostin AG1296, an inhibitor of PDGFR kinase. Additionally, transplanted MSCs displayed fate-restricted potential in vivo, with adipose tissue-derived and bone marrow-derived MSCs contributing exclusive differentiation along adipogenic and osteogenic lineages, respectively. This work demonstrates that blood-derived ECFCs can serve as paracrine mediators and regulate the regenerative potential of MSCs via PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β signaling. Our data suggest the systematic use of ECFCs as a means to improve MSC transplantation.
The inhibitory effects of an observer on instrumental aggression

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of explicit threat of retaliation and guilt on instrumental aggression. Thirty undergraduate females were assigned randomly to one of the three following conditions: (l) no retaliation, (2) retaliation, or (3) no-retaliation/ observer present. Each S supposedly delivered electric shock to a victim (actually a confederate) for 20 trials. Post hoc comparisons of all means disclosed significantly less aggression in Conditions 2 and 3 than in Condition 1. The inhibitory effect of retaliation was consistent with Penner & Hawkins’s (1971) findings. Rosenberg’s s (1965) concept of evaluation apprehension was used to explain the effect of the observer.
Adult Baby/Diaper Lovers: An Exploratory Study of an Online Community Sample

This internet-based study provided descriptive information and exploratory analyses on 1,795 male and 139 female members of the Adult Baby/Diaper Lover (ABDL) community. Based on prior research, some research questions focused on the degree to which ABDL behavior was associated with negative mood states, parental relationships, and attachment style. Based on clinical experience, a second research question focused on discerning two possible subgroups within the ABDL community: persons focused on role play behavior and persons who were primarily interested in sexual arousal in their ABDL behavior. The results showed modest support for the former research questions, but notable support for the last research question. Because of some overlap between the two hypothesized subgroups, additional subgroups may exist. Males in the ABDL community identified their ABDL interests earlier than females and these males may be more focused on sexual aspects of ABDL practices. Both males and females perceived being dominated as important in their ABDL behavior. Most participants were comfortable with their ABDL behavior and reported few problems. ABDL behavior may represent a sexual subculture that is not problematic for most of its participants.
Mung beans processed by solid-state bioconversion improves phenolic content and functionality relevant for diabetes and ulcer management

Abstract Mung bean substrate was enriched with phenolic antioxidants and levo-dihydroxy phenylalanine ( l -DOPA) through solid-state bioconversion (SSB) by Rhizopus oligosporus, with the goal to enhance health-linked functionality. The alpha-amylase inhibition linked to diabetes management and Helicobacter pylori inhibition linked to peptic ulcer management were investigated in bioprocessed extracts. The protein content and β-glucosidase activity of the substrate which are indicators of effective fungal colonization, increased with growth. The phenolic content increase with growth was linked to fungal β-glucosidase activity, indicating phenolic mobilization. The antioxidant activity as measured by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) inhibition method were high (65%) initially and increased to 90% on day 12, than maintained higher levels during the rest of growth. The antioxidant activity measured by β-carotene assay was high between days 4–8 when phenolic levels increased. Fungal-linked superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was high in late stages indicating quenching of reactive oxygen species. The l -DOPA content was low during early growth stage (0.6–0.7 mg/g DW) and gradually doubled to 1.2 mg/g DW in late stages. The α-amylase inhibition potential was moderately high during early stages (days 0–2) followed by higher inhibition during days 4–10 which correlate to higher phenolic content. The change in the antimicrobial activities of the extracts against H. pylori was high on day 4 and was associated with high antioxidant activity but not high phenolic content. Elevated inhibition on day 8 directly correlated with high total phenolics content suggesting the role of phenolic mobilization. The major implication from this research is that SSB is a good strategy to improve the phenolic content of mung beans for enhanced functionality with improved antioxidant activity that contributes to α-amylase inhibition relevant to potential diabetes management and H. pylori inhibition linked to peptic ulcer management. Industrial relevance Solid State Bioconversion (SSB) of mung bean by R. oligosporus is a good strategy to enhance ingredient functionality due to mobilization of phenolic antioxidants. Such enhanced phenolic antioxidant activity potentially contributes to health-relevant functionality such as amylase inhibition for diabetes management and H. pylori inhibition for peptic ulcer management. Optimization of such SSB systems at industrial scale can help large-scale low cost production of such health-relevant ingredients.
International developments in counseling 1977–1986: some observations

This article gives a historical overview of international developments in counseling during the first ten years of publication of the International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 1977–1986. Observations from counselors on five continents on significant societal events during this era and the response of the counseling profession to these events are summarized along with a brief literature review.
Training Scientific Thinking Skills Evidence From an MCAT2015-Aligned Classroom Module

The present study reports on the development and evaluation of a classroom module to train scientific thinking skills. The module was implemented in two of four parallel sections of introductory ps...
Exact Solution of a Boltzmann-Equation Model for Oscillatory Photoconductivity

The photoconductive response of some semiconductors to monoenergetic excitation shows structure which is associated with the emission of optical phonons. A model for oscillatory photoconductivity based on the Boltzmann equation has been suggested and partly investigated by Stocker and Kaplan (SK). An exact solution of the SK Boltzmann equation is presented in this paper. A model valid for small electric fields is derived from the exact solution which retains the main features of the SK model in a form particularly amenable to calculation. The properties of the small-field model are illustrated by two series of calculations. In the first series of calculations, the composition of a dip in the photoresponse caused by the proximity of an optical phonon emission threshold to the electron injection energy is analyzed. The shape and "intensity" of a dip depend on the relative values of the recombination lifetime, the strength of acoustical and optical phonon scattering, and the electric field. A second series of calculations was designed to show how the periodic repetition of dips in the photoresponse as a function of electron injection energy can be inhibited or destroyed by competition from other optical phonons.
Chemically Induced Magnetism in Atomically Precise Gold Clusters

Comparative theoretical and experimental investigations are reported into chemically induced magnetism in atomically-precise, ligand-stabilized gold clusters Au25 , Au38 and Au55 . The results indicate that [Au25 (PPh3 )10 (SC12 H25 )5 Cl2 ](2+) and Au38 (SC12 H25 )24 are diamagnetic, Au25 (SC2 H4 Ph)18 is paramagnetic, and Au55 (PPh3 )12 Cl6 , is ferromagnetic at room temperature. Understanding the magnetic properties resulting from quantum size effects in such atomically precise gold clusters could lead to new fundamental discoveries and applications.
Adverse events associated with itraconazole in 189 patients on chronic therapy

Itraconazole was administered at doses of 50-400 mg/day to 189 patients with a variety of systemic mycoses for a median of five months. Adverse reactions possibly due to itraconazole were seen in 74 patients (39%). Mild gastrointestinal reactions were most common; other reactions including hypertriglyceridaemia, hypokalaemia and liver enzyme elevations occurred less frequently. No fatal reactions have been noted and toxicity has rarely led to a discontinuation of therapy. Chronic therapy with itraconazole appears well tolerated by the majority of patients.
Software support for irregular and loosely synchronous problems

A large class of scientific and engineering applications may be classified as irregular and loosely synchronous from the perspective of parallel processing. We present a partial classification of such problems. This classification has motivated us to enhance FORTRAN D to provide language support for irregular, loosely synchronous problems. We present techniques for parallelization of such problems in the context of FORTRAN D.