cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validity of the prey-trap hypothesis for carnivore-ungulate interactions at wildlife-crossing structures

Wildlife-exclusion fencing and wildlife-crossing structures (e.g., underpasses and overpasses) are becoming increasingly common features of highway projects around the world. The prey-trap hypothesis posits that predators exploit crossing structures to detect and capture prey. The hypothesis predicts that predation events occur closer to a highway after the construction of fences and crossing structures and that prey species' use of crossings increases the probability that predators will attack prey. We examined interactions between ungulates and large carnivores at 28 wildlife crossing structures along 45 km of the Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park, Alberta. We obtained long-term records of locations where ungulates were killed (kill sites) before and after crossing structures were built. We also placed remote, motion-triggered cameras at two crossing structures to monitor predator behavior following ungulate passage through the structure. The proximity of ungulate kill sites to the highway was similar before and after construction of fencing and crossing structures. We found only five kill sites near crossing structures after more than 32,000 visits over 13 years. We found no evidence that predator behavior at crossing structures is affected by prey movement. Our results suggest that interactions between large mammals and their prey at wildlife-crossing structures in Banff National Park are not explained by the prey-trap hypothesis.
Global, Broad, or Specific Cognitive Differences? Using a MIMIC Model to Examine Differences in CHC Abilities in Children With Learning Disabilities

This study was designed to better understand the relations between learning disabilities and different levels of latent cognitive abilities, including general intelligence (g), broad cognitive abilities, and specific abilities based on the Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory of intelligence (CHC theory). Data from the Differential Ability Scales–Second Edition (DAS-II) were used to create a multiple-indicator multiple cause model to examine the latent mean differences in cognitive abilities between children with and without learning disabilities in reading (LD reading), math (LD math), and reading and writing(LD reading and writing). Statistically significant differences were found in the g factor between the norm group and the LD groups. After controlling for differences in g, the LD reading and LD reading and writing groups showed relatively lower latent processing speed, and the LD math group showed relatively higher latent comprehension-knowledge. There were also some differences in some specific cognitive ab...
Adipose tissue as an immunological organ.

Objective This review will focus on the immunological aspects of adipose tissue and its potential role in development of chronic inflammation that instigates obesity-associated co-morbidities.
Cooperative localization of an acoustic source using towed hydrophone arrays

We describe field experiments in which a team of autonomous underwater vehicles cooperatively localize an acoustic source. The team implements a data fusion algorithm to enhance the localization performance of each individual vehicle and implements a decentralized motion control algorithm so that each vehicle maneuvers to minimize the joint localization error of the acoustic source. Each autonomous underwater vehicle is equipped with a custom-designed towed hydrophone array that measures the bearing angle between the array and the acoustic source. The noise statistics of the hydrophone arrays are state-dependent, and a generalized Kalman filter that accounts for the state-dependant measurement noise is utilized for localization.
Plant Interspaces Resulting From Contrasting Grazing Management in Northern Mixed-Grass Prairie: Implications for Ecosystem Function

We assessed plant interspaces in July 2007 using continuous line intercepts in twice-replicated pastures of northern mixed-grass prairie with contrasting grazing treatments: 1) long-term (25 yr) heavily grazed, dominated by the bunchgrass blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), and 2) ungrazed, dominated by the rhizomatous grass western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii). The number of plant interspaces was 26% higher in pastures heavily grazed, but the amount of soil surface occupied by plant interspaces was 27% greater without grazing. Plant interspaces were larger without grazing (14.8 6 1.2 cm, mean 6 1 SE) than heavily grazed (8.9 6 0.4 cm). Plant interspaces represented 87% and 68% of the total soil surface in the ungrazed and heavily grazed communities, respectively. The percentage of soil surface covered by plant interspaces , 20 cm was higher for the heavily grazed (94%) compared to the ungrazed (79%). Litter cover in the plant interspaces was higher without grazing (80 6 1%) compared to the heavily grazed (57 6 3%). Grazing-induced structural changes from a rhizomatous- to a bunchgrass-dominated vegetation community were manifest in the size and distribution of plant interspaces. Ecological consequences for erosion from raindrop impacts in larger plant interspaces in the ungrazed community are likely offset by greater litter cover in these communities; conversely, lower litter cover in heavily grazed pastures may increase erosion potential despite occurrence of smaller plant interspaces and less proportion of the soil surface covered by interspaces. Management practices that increase the cover of litter in plant interspaces should reduce the potential of erosion from water and wind in this semiarid rangeland.
Paecilomyces lilacinus catheter-related fungemia in an immunocompromised pediatric patient

Paecilomyces lilacinus catheter-related fungemia in an immunocompromised child is reported. The presence of a central venous catheter and the patient's immunocompromised status were felt to be predisposing factors for this unusual infection. To our knowledge, this is the first description of P. lilacinus catheter-related fungemia, and our patient may be the youngest reported patient with this mycosis who was cured.
Nonlinear dynamics and tracking control of robotic manipulators

In this paper, an augmented nonlinear mathematical model of multi-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulators, actuated by electric motors is derived using the Lagrangean equations of motion. A motion control problem for nonlinear highly-coupled manipulators is solved using the Lyapunov theory and admissibility concept. An example is presented to demonstrate the application of the Lagrangean concept in analysis and modeling, and the use of the Lyapunov-based design method in synthesis of nonlinear controllers. The analytical and numerical results are performed and documented.
Relational database operations modeling with UML

Many existing software applications involve complex application layer implemented in 00 programming languages and at the same time use relational database systems as back-end data store. Modeling the whole system in a consistent manner will help developers and end users better understand the application. Application layer and database layer sometimes are tightly coupled together in some legacy systems; however, most people use UML and ER modeling to model these two layers respectively, which creates lots of inconsistencies. Database operations can 7 be properly modeled using ER modeling. In this work we present an extension to UML data modeling profile and use concrete examples to illustrate how to model relational database operations using UML. Atomic database operations are modeled based on our framework and are used as building blocks to model more complex database operations.
Heterogeneity of specific-IgE responses in workers sensitized to acid anhydride compounds

Abstract Acid anhydride compounds cause IgE-mediated respiratory sensitization in the workplace. In this study reaginic responses in four workers sensitized to phthalic anhydride (PA), hexahydrophthalic (HHPA), or himic anhydride (HA) were determined by direct RAST by use of PA-human serum albumin (HSA), HPPA-HSA, and HA-HSA methylcellulose disc substrates. RAST inhibition of binding to anhydride-HSA substrates was done with various concentrations of sodium salts, lysine, and HSA conjugates of PA, HHPA, HA, and trimellitic anhydride (TMA) in order to characterize cross-reactivity and specificity of humoral responses in these workers. Molar concentrations of anhydride bound to lysine and HSA carriers were assayed by protein hydrolysis followed by gas Chromatographic analysis. Significant direct RAST binding against PA-HSA, HHPA-HSA, and HA-HSA was found in all four workers. PA-HSA-IgE binding in one PA-sensitive worker (no. 1) was inhibited significantly by PA-HSA alone and not by sodium PA or PA lysine. In contrast, another PA-sensitized worker (no. 2) exhibited 50% inhibition of PA-HSA binding by PA-HSA (1 × 10 −9 M), PA-lysine (7 × 10 −8 M), and NaPA (1 × 10 −7 M); no inhibition of PA-HSA by heterologous HHPA-, HA-, or TMA-inhibitory reagents was found in either of the PA workers. RAST binding to HHPA-HSA in the HHPA-sensitive worker was inhibited by HHPA-HSA alone. In the HA-sensitive worker, 50% inhibition of HA-HSA substrate was accomplished by HA-HSA (5 × 10 −11 M), HA-lysine (5 × 10 −9 M), NaHA (8 × 10 −9 M), and also 2 log 10 concentrations less of respective HHPA but not with PA-inhibiting reagents. In this study, acid anhydride-induced reaginic responses were heterogeneous and differed between individuals. Hapten-specific new antigenic determinants were demonstrated in some workers (PA no. 2 and HA), whereas new antigenic determinants with relatively less hapten specificity were present in others (PA no. 1 and HHPA), Haptenic cross-reactivity between HA, PA, and HHPA allergenic determinants in the HA-sensitive worker was also demonstrated.
Clearing and Settling Financial Transactions, Circa 2000

In order for a market to exist, there must be a mechanism to convey whatever is traded conveniently and safely between parties to the trades. Moreover, the scope of the market can only be as large as the community of traders who have access to such means of transfer. In particular, in a large market, traders who do not know one another must deliver assets and money in order to complete their trades. Each trader will only be willing to do so if he is confident that the reciprocal payment or asset transfer due to him will also be made. Such trust in the integrity of the market must be supported by formal, institutionalised safeguards.
Age Is a Risk Factor for Chemotherapy-Induced Hepatopathy With Vincristine, Dactinomycin, and Cyclophosphamide

Purpose To evaluate the spectrum of and determine the risk factors for the development of liver toxicity (hepatopathy) after therapy with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) for rhabdomyosarcoma in children and adolescents. Patients and Methods We prospectively captured all events of hepatopathy occurring on the ongoing Children's Oncology Group intermediate risk protocol, D9803, for children with rhabdomyosarcoma. Patients enrolled onto this trial were randomly assigned to receive either VAC alone or VAC alternating with vincristine, topotecan, and cyclophosphamide. In addition, we reviewed the toxicity database and requested additional information for all patients with elevated bilirubin or transaminase levels. Risk factors were analyzed. Results Of 339 patients enrolled through August 2002, 18 developed hepatopathy. All events were captured by mandated toxicity reporting and filing of MedWatch forms, with no additional cases found after the additional search of the database. Four chil...
Phosphate enhances myosin-powered actin filament velocity under acidic conditions in a motility assay

Elevated levels of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) are believed to inhibit muscular force by reversing myosin's force-generating step. These same levels of P(i) can also affect muscle velocity, but the molecular basis underlying these effects remains unclear. We directly examined the effect of P(i) (30 mM) on skeletal muscle myosin's ability to translocate actin (V(actin)) in an in vitro motility assay. Manipulation of the pH enabled us to probe rebinding of P(i) to myosin's ADP-bound state, while changing the ATP concentration probed rebinding to the rigor state. Surprisingly, the addition of P(i) significantly increased V(actin) at both pH 6.8 and 6.5, causing a doubling of V(actin) at pH 6.5. To probe the mechanisms underlying this increase in speed, we repeated these experiments while varying the ATP concentration. At pH 7.4, the effects of P(i) were highly ATP dependent, with P(i) slowing V(actin) at low ATP (<500 μM), but with a minor increase at 2 mM ATP. The P(i)-induced slowing of V(actin), evident at low ATP (pH 7.4), was minimized at pH 6.8 and completely reversed at pH 6.5. These data were accurately fit with a simple detachment-limited kinetic model of motility that incorporated a P(i)-induced prolongation of the rigor state, which accounted for the slowing of V(actin) at low ATP, and a P(i)-induced detachment from a strongly bound post-power-stroke state, which accounted for the increase in V(actin) at high ATP. These findings suggest that P(i) differentially affects myosin function: enhancing velocity, if it rebinds to the ADP-bound state, while slowing velocity, if it binds to the rigor state.
Fascinating rhythm: a primer on chaos theory and its application to cardiology.

Abstract Recent advances in nonlinear mathematics have led to the development of a science called “chaos” and its application to biology and cardiology. We discuss the basics of chaotic behavior, comparing and contrasting it with periodic and random behavior. Also discussed is the way in which nonlinear systems can become chaotic and the applications of chaos to cardiac arrhythmias. Finally, we describe the methods used to study nonlinear systems and seemingly random behavior. Five tools of nonlinear dynamics are described (phase plane plots, return maps, Poincare sections, fractal dimensions, and spectral analysis). A glossary is included that explains much of the basic vocabulary of chaos theory.
The future of poverty and development in Africa

Purpose – This paper aims to examine how the conceptualization of development has evolved and how, given emerging global economic trends, this might affect the development industry in Africa. It explores the interplay of ideas and practice, identifies key global drivers and considers their significance for Africa over the next generation.Design/methodology/approach – Adopting a historical approach, the paper chronicles the changes in the epistemological foundations of development thinking over 60 years of development theory and practice. It also explores how concurrent changes in the international context for development have influenced both the thinking on and management of development. The paper undertakes a scenario analysis in search of an African development narrative that is more appropriate to the challenge of African prosperity over the next 20‐30 years.Findings – It is shown that the contemporary view of development represents an epistemological shift from a perspective defined by the actual expe...
Marriage, Identity, and the Tale of Mestra in the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women

Fragment 43a of the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women tells the lively tale of Mestra, a female shape-shifter who supports her father through serial marriages. I argue that this narrative demonstrates a typical mythic pattern, in which female shape-shifting is both a method of avoiding marriage and emblematic of an unmarried woman's unstable social position. I argue further that this version of Mestra's story in particular represents an attempt to mediate a question that was becoming increasingly important in sixth-century Athens, namely: to which household does a bride belong, her father's or her husband's?
Towards DRAM-Flash hybrid: Dual-speed low-voltage ferroelectric and charge memory

We present a one-transistor low-voltage hybrid ferroelectric and charge nonvolatile memory with dual switching speed. The device can be operated in two modes: 1) fast (10 ns-1 μs) DRAM-like mode with hours of retention, benefiting from ferroelectric (FE) switching, and 2) slow Flash-like mode (100 μs-1 ms) with long retention, resulting from charge injection. The combined FE and charge mechanisms offer additive memory window (MW) and cancelling retention fields. The hybrid memory was fabricated with PZT as the FE and Au nanocrystals (NCs) as charge storage nodes. Simulations incorporating FE switching dynamics were performed to corroborate the two-step program process as well as provide useful insight into hybrid design.
Advances in asthma, allergy mechanisms, and genetics in 2006

This review discusses the main advances in animal models of allergic airway disease and genetics of asthma and allergy published in the Journal in 2006. This work highlighted and extended what has become the central dogma of allergic pathogenesis by highlighting the mechanisms involved in inducing a T(H)2 response and in determining how T(H)2 cytokines induce the allergic airway disease phenotype. By so doing, they have identified a considerable number of potential therapeutic targets. Genetic analyses, on the other hand, revealed novel, potentially important candidate genes, confirmed known ones, and refined our understanding of the putative role played by others, sometimes positively, sometimes negatively. These data reiterate allergic inflammation is a classic complex genetic disease-that is, a disorder in which multiple and distinct genetic determinants variously interact with one another and with relevant environmental exposures to result in clinical phenotypes that, although superficially similar, involve distinct genetic pathways and represent the outcome of distinct pathogenetic mechanisms.
Thermal transport in superconductor/normal-metal structures

We review experiments over the last ten years on thermal transport in mesoscopic normal metals in contact with a superconductor. The main focus of this effort has been on the exploration of coherent thermal effects in mesoscopic normal-metal/superconductor structures, i.e. effects in which the phase of the quasiparticles participating in thermal transport is important. Coherence in thermal transport manifests itself as oscillations of the thermal conductance and the thermopower of mesoscopic devices with an externally applied magnetic field.
A Picture Is Worth . . . ? Photo Elicitation Interviewing With Formerly Homeless Adults

We report on the use of photo elicitation interviewing (PEI) with 13 participants in a qualitative study of formerly homeless men and women with serious mental illness. Following a respondent-controlled approach, participants were asked to take up to 18 photographs visually portraying positive and negative aspects of their lives and to subsequently narrate the meaning of the photos in a one-on-one interview. Thematic analysis of the photos (N = 205) revealed two approaches to PEI: (a) a “slice of life” and (b) “then vs. now.” Examples show how PEIs yielded deeper, more elaborate accounts of participants’ lives compared to earlier verbal-only interviews. Participants spoke of the benefits of PEI and preferred taking positive as opposed to negative photographs depicting their lives. Implications of PEI as a means of complementing verbal-only data are discussed. By moving away from predetermined content and meaning, respondent-controlled PEIs enhance empowerment and enable creativity.
Woman, Man, Dog, Tree: Two Decades of Intimate and Monumental Bodies in Pina Bausch's Tanztheater

You're right in demanding that the artist have a conscious relation to his work, but you are confusing two ideas: solving a problem and posing a problem correctly. —Anton Chekhov, Letters to A.S. Suvorin Choreography too will reassume tasks of a realistic nature. It is a mistake of recent time that it has nothing to do with the depiction of “people as they really are.” […] In any case a theater that bases everything on Gestus cannot do without choreography. —Bertolt Brecht, Little Organon All lije Murphy, is figure and ground. —Samuel Beckett, Murphy
The Metabolic Physiology of Soil Microorganisms

This chapter presents an overview of the physiological strategies employed by soil microorganisms. To survive and grow, soil microbes require a carbon source, an energy source, and a means of transferring electrons. The biochemical transformations that soil microbes undertake are governed by the principles of redox reactions and chemical thermodynamics. In addition to phylogenetic diversity, the soil microbial community comprises a large diversity of metabolic strategies, which can be fit into a metabolic classification system. Following this broad introduction, the chapter presents examples of specific soil microorganisms and associated biogeochemical transformations for each metabolic class. The full spectrum of soil microbial metabolism can be synthesized into a simplified conceptual model of multiple interconnected cycles of electrons. This model relates the microscale reactions mediated by soil microorganisms in their search for energy to global biogeochemical cycles.
Affine Term Structure Models

Publisher Summary The quest for understanding what moves bond yields has produced an enormous literature with its own journals and graduate courses. Those who want to join the quest are faced with considerable obstacles. The literature has evolved mostly in continuous time, where stochastic calculus reigns and partial differential equations spit fire. The knights in this literature are fighting for different goals, which makes it often difficult to comprehend why the quest is moving in certain directions. Bond yield movements over time can be captured by simple vector auto regressions in yields and maybe other macroeconomic variables. Several aspects of bond yields, however, set them apart from other variables typically used in vector auto regression studies. One aspect is that bonds are assets and that bonds with many different maturities are traded at the same time. Bonds with long maturities are risky when held over short horizons, and risk-averse investors demand compensation for bearing such risk. Arbitrage opportunities in these markets exist unless long yields are risk-adjusted expectations of average future short rates. Movements in the cross section of yields are, therefore, closely tied together.
Large-Scale Continuous Immersion System for Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Flame Retardant and Conductive Nanocoatings on Fabric

A continuous immersion system has been developed to deposit multifunctional, multilayer thin films using layer-by-layer assembly. An initial demonstration of this device is presented here by coating cotton fabric, a complex three-dimensional substrate, with a flame-retardant recipe composed of chitosan (CH) and poly(sodium phosphate) (PSP) and a conductive recipe composed of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes stabilized with sodium deoxycholate. Electron microscopy images reveal an unaltered weave structure for the conductive coating and the formation of a CH/PSP protective thermal barrier on fabric coated by the machine. Flame retardant and conductivity measurements of continuously coated fabric achieve properties comparable to handmade samples, and the large-scale coater showed a high level of consistency. This unique device provides an important proof-of-concept and lays the groundwork for scale-up to an industrial-scale system that could be used to produce these na...
Outcomes of Patients Discharged to Skilled Nursing Facilities After Acute Care Hospitalizations.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate previously independent older patients discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and identify risk factors for failure to return home and death and development of a predictive tool to determine likelihood of adverse outcome. BACKGROUND Little is known about the likelihood of return to home, and higher than expected mortality rates in SNFs have recently been described, which may represent an opportunity for quality improvement. METHODS Retrospective cohort of older hospitalized patients discharged to SNFs during 2007 to 2009 in 5 states using Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services linked minimum data set data from SNFs. We assessed mortality, hospital readmission, discharge to home, and logistic regression models for predicting risk of each outcome. RESULTS Of 416,997 patients, 3.8% died during the initial SNF stay, 28.6% required readmission, and 60.5% were ultimately discharged home. Readmission to a hospital was the strongest predictor of death in the years after SNF admission (unadjusted hazard ratio, 28.2; 95% confidence interval, 27.2-29.3; P < 0.001). Among all patients discharged to SNFs, 7.8% eventually died in an SNF and overall 1-year mortality was 26.1%. Risk factors associated with mortality and failure to return home were increasing age, male sex, increasing comorbidities, decreased cognitive function, decreased functional status, parenteral nutrition, and pressure ulcers. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of older patients discharging to SNFs never return home. A better understanding of the natural history of patients sent to SNFs after hospitalization and risk factors for failure to return to home, readmission, and death should help identify opportunities for interventions to improved outcome.
Unsaturated polyester resins for vacuum pressure impregnation

The vacuum-pressure impregnation process has steadily gained acceptance in the manufacture of form-wound and random-wound motors in the past decade. With production experience having demonstrated the effectiveness of this procedure, interest in the process has extended to the repair shop segment of the industry. The varied and unpredictable product mix in a repair shop, however, can create a significantly different set of criteria for choice of a VPI impregnant than those required by original equipment manufacture. Solventless unsaturated polyester resins, with their inherent characteristics for excellent tank stability, high thermal capability and excellent electrical properties, offer an alternative to the repair shop industry that is better suited to its wide range of process and performance requirements.
From Explanation to Knowledge

Building upon the insights of the previous chapter concerning the nature of explanation and its relation to understanding this chapter argues for a close connection between explanation and evidential support. That is to say, this chapter argues that the degree to which a given body of evidence supports believing that a particular proposition is true depends upon how well that proposition explains the evidence or is explained by the best explanation of that evidence. The upshot of this explanationist view of evidential support is that explanation is an integral component of epistemic justification. As a result of detailing this explanationist view of evidential support, this chapter offers a clear conception of when we should accept claims in science as well as an account of epistemic justification more generally. Thus, the chapter establishes a very close connection between scientific inference and the justification we might have for any of our beliefs.
Rereading Russell and Wittgenstein

Since its publication in 1921, Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus has attracted a broad variety of interpretations. The work has been viewed as a revolution in the metaphysics of logic, with Wittgenstein inventing the truth-tables and ushering in modern logic and even modal logic. It has been viewed as the holy text of the antimetaphysical doctrines of logical empiricism – a work attempting to establish a foundational observation language grounding empirical (scientific) discourse in an effort to show that all philosophical or metaphysical propositions are pseudo-propositions. Wittgenstein's attraction to the tragic lives of Schopenhauer, Weininger, and Kierkegaard has been a resource for irrationalist interpretations as well. Rejecting both logic and metaphysics as the focus of the Tractatus , they herald its entries on solipsism, value, religion, and mysticism as central to its message. Therapeutic interpretations attempt an even more radical break than do irrationalist interpretations. The therapeutic reading denies that there is any positive philosophical theory in the work. On this reading, the Tractatus is against philosophical theory and offers a treatment for the condition of thinking that there are riddles that must be solved by a philosophical theory. Thus, we find diametric opposition among even the most prominent philosophical interpretations of the Tractatus . We find those that take its central focus to be in epistemology, ontology, logic, semantics, ethics, religion, mysticism, or all of these together. We find interpretations of the text as realist, physicalist, phenomenalist, solipsist, idealist, existentialist, irrational, and therapeutic.
891 Animal-drawn vehicles: establishing a national ‘recommended practice’ to improve their visibilty on roads

Background The horse is the main mode of transportation for Anabaptist populations and as a result, horse-drawn vehicles are involved in a high percentage of injury crashes with the motoring public. Members of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers established an Engineering Practice for animal-drawn buggies and wagons, and recently updated this Practice to include low-profile pony carts in 2014. The recommended practice was created as a consensus document to establish a unique and consistent identification system for animal-drawn vehicles on public roads. Many outreach efforts engage the Anabaptist communities to adopt these national practices with varying degrees of compliance depending upon the geographic region and local culture. Methods The process relied on a social marketing framework. Social marketing techniques are used to influence a target audience to voluntarily accept, reject or modify a behaviour for the benefit of individuals, groups, or society as a whole. The study was directed by safety staff at The Ohio State University and utilised a five-step approach including: a needs assessment, identification of potential lighting and marking schemes, consensus among the various stakeholders, revision of an existing engineering practice, and dissemination of the standard to encourage adoption of a uniform lighting and marking pattern. Results Nearly two years was needed to develop consensus among Anabaptist stakeholders and members of the professional engineering society. The lighting scheme incorporated elements from each group, and was evaluated for its practical application, affordability, and visibilty. Conclusions The revised Engineering Practice enhanced the previous national standard for animal-drawn vehicles and created a consistent lighting and marking pattern. Building consensus between the two groups proved to be a challenging task, yet their collective efforts identified plausible solutions for a roadway safety issue.
Application of independent component analysis to remove linear dependencies in EEG recorded in hippocampus

Linear cross-spectral and nonlinear cross-bispectral analysis techniques were applied to EEG data recorded simultaneously in two subfields (CA1 and dentate gyrus) of the hippocampus in freely behaving neonatal rats during REM sleep. Linear dependencies between the two sites were specifically removed using independent component analysis (ICA). The cross-spectrum and the cross-bispectrum computed prior to ICA processing were compared with those after ICA processing to determine its effects. Our results indicate that ICA almost completely extracts the linear relationship in the theta frequency band between CA1 and the dentate gyrus. It is noted also that ICA processing significantly decreases the quadratic phase coupling (QPC) between the two hippocampal subfields.
Intrinsic Stability, Time Delays and Transformations of Dynamical Networks

The dynamics of most real networks are time delayed. These time delays are important as they can often have a destabilizing effect on the network’s dynamics. Here we introduce the notion of intrinsic stability, which is stronger than the standard notion of stability used in the study of network dynamics or more generally in the study of multidimensional systems. The difference between a stable and an intrinsically stable network is that an intrinsically stable network maintains its (intrinsic) stability as nondistributed time-delays are incorporated into or removed from the network. Importantly, determining whether a network is intrinsic stability is fairly easy for concrete systems. Therefore, one can analyze the stability of a time-delayed network by analyzing the stability of the much simpler undelayed version of the network. One can simplify this analysis even further by removing the network’s implicit time-delays, which further reduces the network to a lower-dimensional system which can be used to gain improved stability estimates of the original unreduced network. A network can also be expanded in ways that preserves its intrinsic stability, which suggests how a network with an evolving structure can maintain its stability as it grows. Thus, intrinsic stability is the property that ensures the stability not only of a network but also of its reductions, expansions, and its time-delayed variants. We illustrate these results and techniques on various examples of Cohen–Grossberg neural networks.
Using publicly available social and spatial data to evaluate progress on REDD+ social safeguards in Indonesia

Abstract Countries are grappling with how to monitor and evaluate the social impacts of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) at national and sub-national scales as they develop REDD+ safeguard information systems (SIS). Given limited resources for social safeguard measuring, reporting and verification (MRV), and the fact that REDD+ is a performance based mechanism requiring monitoring over the medium to long-run, there is a need to develop SIS that are low cost, rigorous, and sustainable over time. Of critical importance are approaches that adequately operationalize social safeguards, provide opportunities for ongoing MRV, and are feasible in terms of within country human and financial capital. In this paper we provide an illustration of how publicly available social and spatial data can be used for the quantitative evaluation of the social impacts of early REDD+ activities using the example of Kalimantan, Indonesia. Our analysis suggests that in the very early stages REDD+ projects are doing a reasonably good job of protecting rights (Safeguard #3), and are having a negative impact on human welfare (Safeguard #5). Other social safeguards could not be effectively evaluated due to lack of appropriate indicators in publicly available population representative datasets. Our experience suggests that there are several opportunities and challenges for countries as they move forward with REDD+ SIS. We find that for Indonesia there is sufficient data to estimate impacts for some, but not all, aspects of REDD+ social safeguards. More recently collected data have greater potential for the linking of social and spatial datasets, and fairly straight forward matching methods can be applied to construct appropriate treatment and comparison groups. Challenges include limited ability to operationalize some safeguards using existing data sources, lack of geo-referencing in several publicly available datasets, incompatibility of data layers in terms of their spatial and temporal resolution and frequency, and the complexity of generating appropriate counterfactual scenarios. Despite the limitations of existing data sources, we recommend against designing entirely new systems for REDD+ SIS. Strengthening ongoing national and sub-national data collection efforts to include appropriate geo-referenced indicators for the full range of REDD+ social safeguard indicators, and integration of carbon and social MRV systems are important avenues to explore.
Conclusion: Institutional Dimensions of Knowledge System Design and Analysis

This volume indicates that knowledge generation and technical change processes in agriculture, and perhaps throughout the economy, are evolving in important ways. Beyond specifying the rationale for and mechanics of these developments, the book raises our appreciation of the political and economic stakes involved. The position of the university in socio-technical systems is a leading theme. The university is an exemplar of a public resource in the broadest sense. Debate as to what functions it performs and which groups it services represents a point of entry to a set of overarching questions: what is the role of collective institutions in society, on what basis are claims to public resources deemed to be legitimate, and what mechanisms are available to the state to shape socioeconomic and technical development.
A Review of a Workers' Compensation Database 2003 to 2013: Patient Factors Influencing Return to Work and Cumulative Financial Claims After Rotator Cuff Repair in Geriatric Workers' Compensation Cases.

Background:Workers’ compensation status is associated with poor outcomes after rotator cuff repair surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyze a database of geriatric workers’ compensation pa...
"Lost in translation: Seeing the forest by focusing on the trees".

A complex process translates messenger RNA (mRNA) base sequence into protein amino acid sequence. Transfer RNAs must recognize 3-base codons in the mRNA to insert the correct amino acids into the g...
Abstract IA17: New ways of targeting Ras

Activating K-Ras mutations occur frequently in many cancers, and account for about one million cancer deaths per year worldwide. Currently, no therapies exist that target K-Ras directly, and K-Ras cancers are very difficult to treat. Indeed, they are excluded from treatment with targeted agents such as tarceva and vemurafenib. The K-Ras protein is a member of a large family of related proteins, of which H-Ras and N-Ras are the closest relatives. Ablation of all three Ras genes is likely to be toxic, as these proteins are essential in most signaling transduction pathways. We therefore need to target the mutant oncoprotein itself, or target K-Ras, without affecting H-Ras or N-Ras. The striking similarity of these proteins makes this task challenging, together with the fact that the K-Ras gene expresses two splice variants, K-Ras 4A and K-Ras 4B, each of which can contribute to cancer. Nevertheless, differences do exist between these proteins, and ways in which these can be exploited will be discussed. One approach takes advantage of unique properties of K-Ras 4B, the other targets an amino acid that is shared between K-Ras isoforms, but is not present in H-Ras or N-Ras, or other members of the Ras family. K-Ras processing can be prevented by compounds that block the CAAX box cysteine. We have identified compounds that interact covalently with this cysteine and block prenylation by farnesyl transferase or geranylgeranyl transferase. These compounds reduce expression of K-Ras in cells and have specificity for K-Ras relative to H-Ras and N-Ras and represent another approach to targeting K-Ras specifically. We have also used new biophysical methods to target K-Ras, including second harmonic generation. This method detects small allosteric changes in proteins, and thus allows identification of small molecules that bind to K-Ras at novel allosteric sites. Drug resistance is likely to be a problem with Ras inhibitors, as it is for all types of cancer therapies. We have identified an approach to killing drug resistant cells that appears effective against a wide range of resistance mechanisms. This was achieved by targeting persister cells that survive targeted agents, but have unique properties that make them vulnerable to attack. The implications of this new strategy will be discussed. Citation Format: Frank McCormick. New ways of targeting Ras [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR International Conference: New Frontiers in Cancer Research; 2017 Jan 18-22; Cape Town, South Africa. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(22 Suppl):Abstract nr IA17.
What Is a Clinic? Relationships and the Practice of Organizational Ethnography.

This article examines the practices of ethnographers carrying out research in and, especially, on organizations. Ethnographers studying organizations, like other ethnographers, emphasize close obse...
An explicit basis for C 1 quartic by various bivariate splines

We establish the dimension of the space of $C^1 $ bivariate piecewise quartic polynomials defined on a triangulation of a connected polygonal domain. Our approach is to construct a minimal determining set and an associated explicit basis for the space. For general triangulations, the minimal determining set must be defined globally.
Recent Research on Chaco: Changing Views on Economy, Ritual, and Society

Current research on Chaco Canyon and its surrounding outlier communities is at an important juncture. Rather than trying to argue for the presence or absence of complexity, archaeologists working in the area are asking different questions, especially how Chacoan political, economic, ritual, and social organization were structured. These lines of inquiry do not attempt to pigeonhole Chaco into traditional neoevolutionary types, but instead seek to understand the historical trajectory that led to the construction of monumental architecture in Chaco Canyon and a large part of the northern Southwest in the 10th through 12th centuries. This review discusses the conclusions of current research at Chaco including definitions of the Chaco region, recent fieldwork, histories of Chaco archaeology, chronology, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, demography, political organization, outlier communities, economic organization, social organization, ritual, violence, and the post-Chacoan reorganization. Although many issues are hotly debated, there is a growing concensus that power was not based in a centralized political organization and that ritual organization was a key factor in the replication of Chacoan architecture across a vast regional landscape. Exactly how ritual, social, and political organization intersected is a central question for Chaco scholars. The resolution of this problem will prove to be of interest to all archaeologists working with intermediate societies across the globe.
Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Among Women.

Abstract Background Although lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), its contribution to prediction remains controversial. Objectives This study examined the association and clinical utility of Lp(a) with incident CVD in women. Methods A turbidimetric assay assessed Lp(a) in 3 cohorts of women (the WHS [Women’s Health Study] [N = 24,558], a case-cohort sample from the WHI [Women’s Health Initiative] Observational Study [n = 1,815 cases, subcohort n = 1,989], and the JUPITER [Justification for Use of Statins in Prevention] trial [n = 2,569]) and in men from JUPITER (n = 5,161). A WHS derivation sample (n = 16,400) determined the form of association with incident CVD. This was tested in WHS validation data (n = 8,158) and the other study samples. Models including traditional CV risk factors but with and without Lp(a) were compared using risk reclassification. Results In the WHS, there was a curvilinear association, with increased CVD risk among those with Lp(a) >50 mg/dl, but only among women with total cholesterol (TC) >220 mg/dl. In the WHS test sample, there was a small but significant change in the C-statistic (0.790 to 0.797; p = 0.035) but no improvement in measures of reclassification. This pattern was replicated among women in the WHI and JUPITER trial. In contrast, there was a strong association of Lp(a) with CVD among men with low TC levels in JUPITER. Conclusions In 3 cohorts of women, Lp(a) was associated with CVD only among those with high TC, and improvement in prediction was minimal. These data have implications for Lp(a) in clinical practice among women and for trials of Lp(a)-lowering agents.
Mix and Match

A 50-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receives a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) from a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched (10/10 antigens) related donor (peripheral blood stem cells [PBSC] collected via apheresis with stimulation by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF] and containing at least 5 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg) post-induction chemotherapy and myeloablative conditioning. The patient and donor ABO/Rh types and antibody screens are shown below (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA] anticoagulant samples).
Nutrition literacy predicts adherence to healthy/unhealthy diet patterns in adults with a nutrition-related chronic condition.

Objective To describe the relationship between adherence to distinct dietary patterns and nutrition literacy. Design We identified distinct dietary patterns using principal covariates regression (PCovR) and principal components analysis (PCA) from the Diet History Questionnaire II. Nutrition literacy was assessed using the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument (NLit). Cross-sectional relationships between dietary pattern adherence and global and domain-specific NLit scores were tested by multiple linear regression. Mean differences in diet pattern adherence among three predefined nutrition literacy performance categories were tested by ANOVA. Setting Metropolitan Kansas City, USA. Participants Adults (n 386) with at least one of four diet-related diseases. Results Three diet patterns of interest were derived: a PCovR prudent pattern and PCA-derived Western and Mediterranean patterns. After controlling for age, sex, BMI, race, household income, education level and diabetes status, PCovR prudent pattern adherence positively related to global NLit score (P l 0·001, β = 0·36), indicating more intake of prudent diet foods with improved nutrition literacy. Validating the PCovR findings, PCA Western pattern adherence inversely related to global NLit (P = 0·003, β = -0·13) while PCA Mediterranean pattern positively related to global NLit (P = 0·02, β = 0·12). Using predefined cut points, those with poor nutrition literacy consumed more foods associated with the Western diet (fried foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat, processed foods) while those with good nutrition literacy consumed more foods associated with prudent and Mediterranean diets (vegetables, olive oil, nuts). Conclusions Nutrition literacy predicted adherence to healthy/unhealthy diet patterns. These findings warrant future research to determine if improving nutrition literacy effectively improves eating patterns.
First identification and thermodynamic characterization of the ternary U(VI) species, UO2(O2)(CO3)2(4-), in UO2-H2O2-K2CO3 solutions

In alkaline carbonate solutions, hydrogen peroxide can selectively replace one of the carbonate ligands in UO2(CO3)3(4-) to form the ternary mixed U(VI) peroxo-carbonato species UO2(O2)(CO3)2(4-). Orange rectangular plates of K4[UO2(CO3)2(O2)].H2O were isolated and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Crystallographic data: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/ n, a = 6.9670(14) A, b = 9.2158(10) A, c = 18.052(4) A, Z = 4. Spectrophotometric titrations with H 2O 2 were performed in 0.5 M K 2CO 3, with UO2(O2)(CO3)2(4-) concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.55 mM. The molar absorptivities (M(-1) cm(-1)) for UO2(CO3)3(4-) and UO2(O2)(CO3)2(4-) were determined to be 23.3 +/- 0.3 at 448.5 nm and 1022.7 +/- 19.0 at 347.5 nm, respectively. Stoichiometric analyses coupled with spectroscopic comparisons between solution and solid state indicate that the stable solution species is UO2(O2)(CO3)2(4-), which has an apparent formation constant of log K' = 4.70 +/- 0.02 relative to the tris-carbonato complex.