cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earlier stress exposure and subsequent major depression in aging women.

Objective Despite evidence that stress exposure earlier in the life course may have long-term consequences for psychopathology, most models of vulnerability for late life depression are limited to current stressors or to retrospective reports of stress history. This study estimates the influences of earlier stressors assessed longitudinally on subsequent major depressive disorder (MDD) in women at average age 60 (range 50–75). Method MDD, negative life events (NLE), and marital stress were assessed multiple times in a community-based sample of 565 women followed for three decades. Adverse events experienced in childhood also were assessed prior to outcome. Results Greater childhood adversity, earlier high levels of NLE and marital stress, and a more rapid increase in marital stress over time elevated the odds of MDD at average age 60 independent of all stressors and other salient risk factors. Childhood adversity was mediated in part by intervening risks. Prior depression, earlier poor health status, a more rapid deterioration in health with age, and current disability owing to physical problems also were related independently to later MDD. Conclusions These findings support the enduring effects of earlier stress burden on MDD in women into old age and, in light of the increasing proportion of older women in the population, have important clinical implications for identification and treatment of those at risk for depression. Findings also underscore the need to develop resources to counteract or buffer similar stress exposure in younger generations of women. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Resilience

This article introduces this special issue on resilience by briefly reviewing its history and how contemporary researchers and theorists deliberate it today. Resilience, as a concept, emerged primarily from the work of Norman Garmezy, Emmy Werner, and Ruth Smith. It has transformed the field and shifted research, theory, and practice paradigms to a focus on strengths rather than deficits.
Top-Down Inputs Enhance Orientation Selectivity in Neurons of the Primary Visual Cortex during Perceptual Learning

Perceptual learning has been used to probe the mechanisms of cortical plasticity in the adult brain. Feedback projections are ubiquitous in the cortex, but little is known about their role in cortical plasticity. Here we explore the hypothesis that learning visual orientation discrimination involves learning-dependent plasticity of top-down feedback inputs from higher cortical areas, serving a different function from plasticity due to changes in recurrent connections within a cortical area. In a Hodgkin-Huxley-based spiking neural network model of visual cortex, we show that modulation of feedback inputs to V1 from higher cortical areas results in shunting inhibition in V1 neurons, which changes the response properties of V1 neurons. The orientation selectivity of V1 neurons is enhanced without changing orientation preference, preserving the topographic organizations in V1. These results provide new insights to the mechanisms of plasticity in the adult brain, reconciling apparently inconsistent experiments and providing a new hypothesis for a functional role of the feedback connections.
The influence of technology anxiety on consumer use and experiences with self-service technologies

Abstract The explosion of new technologies is revolutionizing the retail environment. Yet, not all consumers choose to use the new technologies nor do all consumers see these changes as improvements. In this research, we explore usage patterns and benefits of using self-service technologies (SSTs) based on a sample of 823 consumers. We also assess the influence of individual characteristics, specifically technology anxiety (TA) and particular demographics, on SST usage patterns and satisfaction levels. The findings indicate that respondents with higher levels of TA use fewer SSTs and that TA is a better, more consistent predictor of SST usage than are demographic variables. In addition, TA was found to influence overall levels of satisfaction, intentions to use the SST again and the likelihood of participating in positive word-of-mouth for those consumers who had an initially satisfying experience.
Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis

Non-typhoidal Salmonella represents an important human and animal pathogen world-wide. Most human salmonellosis cases are foodborne, but each year infections are also acquired through direct or indirect animal contact in homes, veterinary clinics, zoological gardens, farm environments or other public, professional or private settings. Clinically affected animals may exhibit a higher prevalence of shedding than apparently healthy animals, but both can shed Salmonella over long periods of time. In addition, environmental contamination and indirect transmission through contaminated food and water may complicate control efforts. The public health risk varies by animal species, age group, husbandry practice and health status, and certain human subpopulations are at a heightened risk of infection due to biological or behavioral risk factors. Some serotypes such as Salmonella Dublin are adapted to individual host species, while others, for instance Salmonella Typhimurium, readily infect a broad range of host species, but the potential implications for human health are currently unclear. Basic hygiene practices and the implementation of scientifically based management strategies can efficiently mitigate the risks associated with animal contacts. However, the general public is frequently unaware of the specific disease risks involved, and high-risk behaviors are common. Here we describe the epidemiology and serotype distribution of Salmonella in a variety of host species. In addition, we review our current understanding of the public health risks associated with different types of contacts between humans and animals in public, professional or private settings, and, where appropriate, discuss potential risk mitigation strategies.
A Hybrid Mobility Solution Approach for Dynamically Loaded Misaligned Journal Bearings

This paper presents a hybrid mobility solution approach to the analysis of dynamically loaded misaligned journal bearings. Mobility data obtained for misaligned bearings (calculated from a finite element representation of the Reynolds equation) are compared with existing curve-fitted mobility maps representative of a perfectly aligned bearing. A relative error analysis of mobility magnitude and direction provides a set of misaligned journal bearing configurations (midplane eccentricity ratio and normalized misalignment angle) where existing curve-fitted mobility map components based on aligned bearings can be used to calculate the resulting journal motion. For bearing configurations where these mobility maps are not applicable, the numerical simulation process proceeds using a complete finite element solution of the Reynolds equation. A set of numerical examples representing misaligned main and connecting rod bearings in a four-stroke automotive engine illustrate the hybrid solution method. Substantial savings in computational time are obtained using the hybrid approach over the complete finite element solution method without loss of computational accuracy.
The importance of ubiquitination and sumoylation on the transforming activity of HTLV Tax-1 and Tax-2

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) are two closely related human retroviruses. HTLV-1 is associated with an aggressive Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) while there is no evidence for an association of HTLV-2 with any human malignancies. The two viruses encode transactivator proteins, Tax-1 and Tax-2 respectively. In ATL, Tax-1 is thought to play a central role in the transformation of a normal T-cell into a leukemic cell; however, it has not been entirely clear how post-translational modifications of Tax-1 influence its transforming activity. Here, we discuss three recent papers that report on the ubiquitination and sumoylation of Tax-1 and Tax-2. We comment on their divergent findings implicating the importance (or lack of importance) of these modifications and other events on Tax activation of NF-κB as related to cellular transformation.
A Cool Scheduler for Multi-Core Systems Exploiting Program Phases

Rapid growth of cloud computing services have led to creation of large scale enterprise data centers which consume great amounts of energy. Data centers usually have an service level agreement (SLA) between the clients and the service providers, which specify the terms and quality of service to be provided. In this paper, we consider a situation in a data center where multiple user applications are executing on a multi-core system and each application may have a specified SLA requirement. We design a voltage and frequency scheduler (the “cool” scheduler) that can be used in enterprise data centers to provide CPU energy saving under the specified SLA requirement by exploiting the applications’ run-time program phases. Our design greatly improves the computation efficiency compared to other recently published works. The scheduler is built into the Linux kernel and evaluated against SPEC CPU2006 and Phoronix Test Suite on a quad-core system. Experiment result demonstrates that our cool scheduler achieves 25.8% energy saving on average with 8.7% performance loss under the given SLA requirement (10% allowed performance loss). Our design achieves 35.8% and 31.6% more energy saving compared to two of the most advanced related works.
Infant Attachment Security and Affective-Cognitive Information Processing at Age 3

Three-year olds' attention toward and memory of affectively laden information presented in specially designed puppet shows were examined to test the hypothesis, based on Bowlby's theory of attachment and the internal-working-model construct central to the theory, that children with secure attachment histories (measured at 12 months) would prove less distractable during positive than negative events and would remember positive events more accurately than negative events, with the reverse being true of children with insecure attachment histories Support for this hypothesis emerged in the case of memory but not attention (for which no attachment effects emerged), even when infants' temperament-emotionality and general verbal intelligence were taken into consideration Results are discussed in terms of life-course implications of affective-cognitive information processing and directions for future research
Information Processing and Attention Dysfunctions in Schizophrenia

Abnormalities of information processing have played a central role in understanding schizophrenia since the time of Kraepelin and Bleuler. Clearly, schizophrenia spectrum patients have profound problems focusing attention on salient cues and overcoming the disrupting effects of distracting stimuli. Theoretically, such patients are rendered vulnerable to stimulus inundation, cognitive fragmentation, and thought disorder induced by this inability to adequately process self-generated cognitive cues and stimuli from the complex world that surrounds us. Adding to the strength of such theories, investigators have made considerable progress in clarifying the functional significance and neurobiological basis of information-processing/attentional dysfunctions. This article focuses on our understanding of information-processing/attentional dysfunctions in schizophrenia. The relevant material will be presented in four parts: (1) an overview; (2) a review of specific, conceptual issues in information-processing research of the group of schizophrenias, including the roles of antipsychotic medications and generalized versus specific deficits; (3) a review of 10 common techniques used to tap the information processing and attention dysfunctions of schizophrenia patients; recent advances and novel applications of these techniques in "boundary" populations such as high-risk children and schizotypal patients are discussed and psychopharmacological probes, animal models, and basic strategies are also reviewed; and (4) an integration and suggestions for future directions in information-processing/attention research in schizophrenia. Overall, information-processing research provides an important viewpoint from which we can understand the group of schizophrenias.
Event-triggered distributed optimization in sensor networks

Many problems in sensor networks can be formulated as optimization problems. Existing distributed optimization algorithms typically rely on choosing a step size to ensure convergence. In this case, the communication between sensor nodes occurs each time the computations are carried out. Since in sensor networks, the energy required for communication can be significantly greater than the energy required to perform computation, it would be beneficial if we can somehow separate communication and computation. This paper presents such a distributed algorithm called the event-triggered algorithm. Under event triggering, each agent broadcasts to its neighbors when a local “error” signal exceeds a state dependent threshold. We give a general class of problems in sensor networks where the event-triggered algorithm can be used. In particular, this paper uses the data gathering problem as an example. We propose an event-triggered distributed algorithm and prove its convergence. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the number of message exchanges by two orders of magnitude compared to commonly used dual decomposition algorithms. It also enjoys better scalability with respect to the depth of the tree and the maximum branch number of the tree.
Macro-driven circuit design methodology for high-performance datapaths

Datapath design is one of the most critical elements in the design of a high performance microprocessor. However datapath design is typically does manually, and is often custom style. This adversely impacts the overall productivity of the design team, as well as the quality of the design. In spite of this, very little automation has been available to the designers of high performance datapaths. In this paper we present a new “macro-driven” approach to the design of datapath circuits. Our approach, referred to as SMART (Smart Macro Design Advisor), is based on automatic generation of regular datapath components such as muxes, comparators, adders etc., which we refer to as datapath macros. The generated solution is based on designer provided constraints such as delay, load and slope, and is optimized for a designer provided cost metric such as power, area. Results on datapath circuits of a high-performance microprocessor show that this approach is very effective for both designer productivity as well as design quality.
Who's in the "Hole"?

This study focuses on a description and analysis of the uses and abuses of solitary confinement as a mechanism of social control in prison. The author examines the deterrent and labeling effects of experiences with the "prison's prison" and the personal and criminalistic attributes of 706 inmates of the Washington State Penitentiary at Walla Walla. The study encompasses a decade replete with 'turmoil in the prison (1966-1975). Contrary to what was expected, the investigation reveals that being, or doing time, in the "hole" has little deterrent effect on subsequent experiences with punitive solitary confinement.
Detecting BGP anomalies with wavelet

In this paper, we propose a BGP anomaly detection framework called BAlet that delivers both temporal and spatial localization of the potential anomalies. It requires only a simple count of BGP update messages collected over a certain period. We first investigate the self-similarity in BGP update traffic and present a quantitative validation. The strength of wavelet analysis in handling signals with scaling property and earlier success in applying it for network anomaly detection motivate us to apply the same technique on BGP routing traffic. Later by clustering the anomalies detected at different locations, BAlet is capable of identifying possible network-wide anomalous events. Our method does not rely on any information within the BGP messages, and serves as a complementary tool to reduce the candidate data set for further detailed root cause analysis. We evaluate BAlet on real BGP data sets that are known to contain anomalies. Results show that it is capable of detecting network-wide events such as message volume surges caused by slammer worm attack, and separating affected ASes from the rest.
Designing the perfect green product: SLCA in reverse

Traditional life-cycle assessment begins with a product and examines its environmental impacts throughout its life cycle. An alternative approach is to proceed in reverse: to examine the need that the product is designed to fulfill, to determine the minimal environmental impacts that could be engendered by filling that need, and thereby to design the "perfect green product" for the purpose. This approach, termed reverse life-cycle assessment (RLCA), is demonstrated by examining the environmental impacts attributable to a generic washing machine of current design, and then by reviewing other ways in which the provisioning of clean clothing may be accomplished. RLCA, as used here, is shown to encourage systems thinking and to identify opportunities for innovation in design and in marketing of environmentally-responsible products in ways that would be unlikely to arise from a traditional streamlined LCA (SLCA).
Association of proinsulin and hepatic steatosis in a random, population-based sample.

Objective: Proinsulin may represent a predictive marker for assessing insulin resistance and reduced b-cell function. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between hepatic steatosis, proinsulin and other parameters in a random, population-based sample. Design: Cross-sectional study, conducted in south-western Germany. Methods: Upper abdominal ultrasound examinations were performed in 343 subjects (147 females, 196 males; average age 40.0G11.5 years). Proinsulin, the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio and other laboratory parameters were determined, and the BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and other anthropometric data were documented. Results: Hepatic steatosis was observed in 80 subjects (23.3%: 29.6%, males; 15.0%, females). Multivariate analysis showed an association with hepatic steatosis for male gender (PZ0.0212), advancing age (PZ0.0241), elevated BMI (P!0.0001), elevated WHR (PZ0.0024), alanine aminotransferase (PZ0.0046), proinsulin (PZ0.0403) and proinsulin-to-insulin ratio (PZ0.0116). Conclusions: There is an association between elevated proinsulin concentrations and hepatic steatosis.
Cell attachment, collagen binding, and receptor analysis on bovine articular chondrocytes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate collagen receptors on primary bovine articular chondrocytes from full-thickness and different layers of bovine articular cartilage. Cytometric studies with antibodies showed that approximately 56% of the chondrocytes from the superficial layer and 29% of the chondrocytes from the deep layer bound anti-annexin V. A similar tendency was found for α and β1 integrin antibodies. Flow cytometric analysis initially detected annexin V on chondrocytes following isolation; the level of detection subsequently decreased by 24 hours, whereas that of α5 and β1 integrins increased. Treatment of chondrocytes with collagenase at 24 hours restored the initially high epitope recognition of annexin V, indicating masking of annexin V by newly formed collagen matrix. There was little effect on detection levels for β1 integrin. Contrary to the specific matrix receptor expression, chondrocytes from superficial and deep layers differed little in attachment to immobilized types I and II collagens. However, the attachment was more effectively inhibited with anti-annexin V than with integrin antibodies. Competition studies with preparations of soluble collagens revealed a preferential binding of bovine type-II collagen compared with bovine type-I collagen. Anti-annexin V antibodies inhibited binding of type-II collagen more effectively than anti-α5 or anti-β1 integrin antibodies. Evidently, under the in vitro conditions of this study, annexin V is the quantitatively predominant type-II collagen receptor on bovine articular chondrocytes. This opens a discussion of the possibly dualistic metabolic/mechanical annexin V-integrin receptor elements.
Control of Corpus Luteum Function in the Pregnant Rabbit: Role of Estrogen and Lack of a Direct Luteotropic Role of the Placenta*

The corpus luteum is essential for pregnancy maintenance in the rabbit and appears to require two luteotropins: estrogen from ovarian follicles and a placental luteotropic factor. We have investigated the role of the placental luteotropic factor in maintaining corpus luteum function in the pregnant rabbit in the absence of estrogen. In Exp 1, follicular estrogen was withdrawn on day 21 of pregnancy by ovulating follicles with 10 IU hCG. In Exp 2, estrogen was withdrawn in hypophysectomized pregnant rabbits on day 21 by removing an estradiol (E2) implant. In the presence of this estrogen implant, luteal function and pregnancy are maintained after hypophysectomy, performed on day 4 of pregnancy. In both experiments, fetoplacental viability was ensured by treating the rabbits with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). In both Exp 1 and 2, withdrawal of estrogen on day 21 of pregnancy caused a dramatic decline in serum progesterone concentrations by day 22. Serum progesterone concentrations remained low, and corpora lutea regressed, although viable fetuses were maintained with MPA. In animals not receiving MPA, estrogen withdrawal caused the loss of luteal function, followed by abortion on days 23-24. In contrast, estrogen replacement (via E2 implant) on day 22 in Exp 1 was fully capable of restoring serum progesterone concentrations to pretreatment values on days 24-27 in MPA-treated rabbits. In rabbits not receiving MPA, estrogen replacement also restored serum progesterone concentrations and prevented abortion. These results provide further evidence that estrogen is essential for normal luteal function in the pregnant rabbit. In the absence of estrogen, the rabbit placenta maintained by the progestagen MPA has no direct luteotropic activity.
Community Partnerships and Impacts

Achieving reciprocity and mutual benefit from service-learning and community engagement collaborations between higher education institutions and their communities is essential to making such ventures impactful, responsible, and sustainable. Framing these collaborations as “partnerships” helps those in the field hold themselves and their colleagues (on and off campus) accountable to such standards of practice as centering community voice in agenda setting, assessing mutually beneficial opportunities and needs, and evaluating outcomes important to all stakeholders. In practice, building partnerships that integrate the research and learning aims of higher education into community-driven agendas for addressing urgent societal issues calls for deep and lasting attention to relationship-building among students, faculty, administrators, and community partners. The articles in this section of IJRSLCE focus intensely on impacts and outcomes from sustained engagement in the design and articulation of reported collaborations.
Civil aeromedical standards: year 2000 plus

Civil aviation medical standards are continuing to evolve from those established in the World War I era. For example, the whispered voice test standards, the uncorrected visual acuity standards, and other holdovers have been modified, and these and others are now undergoing further modification. U.S. civil pilot ECG's are all now being sent by telephone to the FAA, and, beginning in 1992, some Aviation Medical Examiners are sending the airman physical examinations to the FAA by telephone. By 1994, the vast majority of these examinations are to be sent electronically. As cognitive function is the primary factor in safe flight operations, computerized assessments of this aspect will be accomplished routinely in the next century, taking precedence over physical characteristics which in earlier times were given priority. Language: en
Lesser metatarsophalangeal instability: presentation, management, and outcomes.

Background: Lesser metatarsophalangeal (MTP) instability is a common cause of forefoot pain. In this prospective study, we looked at its presentation, management and outcome. Methods: We studied ch...
Cultivation of the gonococcus

The gonococcus was first cultivated by Bumm1 on coagulated human placental serum in 1885, six years after its discovery by Neisser.2 Wertheim3 used a peptone agar with serum as a medium; the serum was inoculated with the infected material and added to the fluid agar in the proportion of two to one. Wassermann4 used pig serum agar with glycerol and nutrose. Thalman5 cultivated the gonococcus on plain agar, using a medium which in reaction was between the neutral points of litmus and phenolphthalein. He emphasized the importance of the reaction of the medium. Vannod6 isolated and maintained several strains of gonococcus on plain agar. Gurd 7 suggested a medium of nutrient agar with a small quantity of defibrinated sterile human blood. Martin8 published a review of methods of cultivating the gonococcus and of its differentiation from other gram-negative diplococci. He used beef infusion agar, the reaction of which was 0.6% acid to phenolphthalein, and moistened the surface with inactivated human serum. Hirshfelder0 published a new formula using bullock testicular infusion agar. Warden10 used a culture medium which contained ascitic or hydrocele fluid, blood or blood serum; later he used defibrinated rabbit blood with salt-free veal-peptone-agar, neutral to phenolphthalein, the medium being dried until the surface cracked. Vedder11 described a starch agar, the reaction of which was 0.2 to O.Sfc acid to phenolphthalein. Hall12 made a testicular infusion agar. Thomson13 used agar with human blood plasma. The more recent contributions on the cultivation of the gonococcus deal chiefly with the oxygen tension requirements and the importance of hydrogen-ion concentration. Nowak, in 1908, and Wherry and Oliver14 reduced the oxygen tension for the cultivation of the gonococcus with a growth of B. subtilis. Chapin l5 suggested the cultivation of the gonococcus in an atmosphere of CO-. Ruediger16 felt that the exclusion of air was
Enhancement of jet fuel range alkanes from co-feeding of lignocellulosic biomass with plastics via tandem catalytic conversions

Abstract Enhanced carbon yields of jet fuel range alkanes were manufactured from co-feeding of lignocellulosic biomass with plastics. The consecutive processes proceeded via the co-feed catalytic microwave-induced pyrolysis and hydrogenation process. In the co-feed catalytic microwave pyrolysis by using ZSM-5 as the catalyst, parent ZSM-5 fabricated by hydrothermal and calcined treatments contributed to the increase of surface area as well as the formation of more mesopores. Liquid organics with enhanced carbon yield (40.54%) were more principally lumped in the jet fuel range from the co-feed catalytic microwave pyrolysis performed at the catalytic temperature of 375 °C with the plastics to biomass ratio of 0.75. To manufacture home-made Raney Ni catalyst, the BET surface area, pore surface area, and pore volume of the home-made Raney Ni catalyst were considerably improved when the Ni–Al alloy was dissolved by the NaOH solution. In the hydrogenation process, we observed the three species of raw organic derived from the co-feed catalytic microwave pyrolysis were almost completely converted into saturated hydrocarbons under a low-severity condition. The improved carbon yield (38.51%) of hydrogenated organics regarding co-reactants of biomass and plastics predominantly match jet fuels. In the hydrogenated organics, over 90% selectivity toward alkanes with the carbon number in the jet fuel range was attained. In this respect, these hydrogenated organics with high amounts of renewable cycloalkanes can be potentially served as high-density jet fuels or additives for blending with civilian jet fuels.
Acute vascular trauma. Fundamentals of management.

The prime principles in the management of vascular trauma are control of hemorrhage, restoration of major arterial pathways, adequate debridement of wounds, control of venous bleeding, recognition of inadequate arterial circulation secondary to compression or contusion, relief of arterial spasm, and prevention of closed-compartment compression. While the majority of arterial injuries are immediately evidenced by serious hemorrhage, delayed arterial rupture is a more insidious problem and should always be considered as a possible sequela of serious trauma.
Discussion on Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Hotel Industries in China

This paper analyzes those problems s uch as the system,handlers and development of collectiviza-tion,etc.still existing in the hote l industries of our country and discu sses the countermeasures that the hotel industries will take to respond to new challenges and grasp new opportuni ties.
Specific Binding of [3H]Kainic Acid to Receptor Sites in Rat Brain

The binding of [3H]kainic acid to washed membranes from rat forebrain was saturable with dissociation constants at 2° of 4-16 nM and 27-66 nM for high and low affinity binding, respectively. The Hill coefficients for binding to high and low affinity sites were 0.99 and 0.85, respectively. At 2° [3H]kainic acid receptor binding reached equilibrium by 60 minutes. Dissociation of the ligand-receptor complex at 2° was biphasic. The kinetically-determined dissociation constant for the high affinity binding site corresponded well with the value obtained in equilibrium studies. Of the substances tested, kainic acid and quisqualic acid were the most potent in competing for [3H]kainic acid binding sites. L-glutamic acid was 40-fold less potent than kainic acid itself but 2500 times more effective than D-glutamic acid; dihydrokainic acid was 200-fold less potent than kainic acid at the low affinity site and 1000-fold less active in competing for binding to the high affinity site. Among the poor displacers of [3H]kainic acid (IC50 > 0.1 mM at 50 nM [3H]kainic acid) were D- and L-aspartic acids as well as several proposed glutamate antagonists. In brain, there was considerable variation in the regional distribution of high affinity binding sites: striatum > frontal cortex = hippocampus > cerebellum > medulla-pons; more than 90% of the total specific binding in the cerebellum and medulla-pons was to low affinity sites. Thus, on the basis of the kinetics of binding, differential affinity for competitors and differences in regional distribution in brain, the high and low affinity binding sites represent independent entities. Negligible specific binding was obtained (< 1 fmole/mg tissue) in liver, lung, kidney and intestine. Ablation of the intrinsic neurons of the caudate nucleus by injecting 10 nmole of kainic acid 28 days before sacrifice was associated with a 57-64% reduction in high and low affinity binding in this region. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank A. Hunter Thompson for providing excellent technical assistance and Victoria Rhodes, Princie Campbell and Carol Kenyon for preparing the manuscript. We are also grateful to Dr. Morley Hollenberg for his helpful comments and Dr. Kathleen Biziere for her contributions.
Safety of Computer Interpretation of Normal Triage Electrocardiograms.

Objectives Frequent interruptions within the emergency department may lead to errors that negatively impact patient care. The immediate review of electrocardiograms (ECGs) obtained from triage patients is one source of interruption. Limiting triage ECGs requiring immediate attending review to those interpreted by the computer as abnormal may be one way to reduce interruption. We hypothesize that triage ECGs interpreted by the computer as “normal ECG” are unlikely to have clinical significance that would affect triage care. Methods All triage ECGs performed at the University of North Carolina were collected between November 14, 2014, and March 3, 2015, according to a standard nursing triage protocol using GE machines running Marquette 12SL software. Triage ECGs with a computer interpretation of “normal ECG” were compared to an attending cardiologist's final interpretation. Triage ECGs for which the cardiologist's interpretation differed from the computer interpretation of normal ECG were presented to two emergency physicians (EPs) blinded to the goals of the study. The physicians were asked to evaluate the ECG for clinical significance. Clinical significance was defined as any change from normal that would alter triage care. Triage ECGs were considered true negatives if either the cardiologist agreed with the normal computer interpretation or if both EPs agreed that the ECG did not show clinical significance. Results A total of 855 triage ECGs were collected over 16 weeks. A total of 222 (26%) were interpreted by the computer as normal. The negative predictive value for a triage ECGs interpreted by the computer as “normal” was calculated to be 99% (95% confidence interval = 97% to 99%). Of the ECGs with a computer interpretation of normal ECG, 13 had an interpretation by an attending cardiologist other than normal. Two attending EPs reviewed these triage ECGs. One of the 13 ECGs was found to have clinical significance that would alter triage care by one of the EPs. The stated triage intervention was “bed immediately.” Conclusions Our data suggest that triage ECGs identified by the computer as normal are unlikely to have clinical significance that would change triage care. Eliminating physician review of triage ECGs with a computer interpretation of normal may be a safe way to improve patient care by decreasing physician interruptions.
Teaching NeuroImages: Radiographic progression in late-onset Rasmussen encephalitis.

A 20-year-old man presented who had epilepsy onset at age 15 with a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure, and after 2 years of seizure freedom, experienced emergence of dyscognitive and hypermotor seizures, and in the most recent 18 months, a progressive pattern of dyscognitive and focal motor complex- and simple-partial status epilepticus involving the left extremities. EEG showed multifocal ictal and interictal multifocal epileptiform abnormalities before settling into frequent right central-parietal seizures and slowing. Neuroimaging showed progressive right hemispheric atrophy and hypometabolism (figure), common findings in adult-onset Rasmussen encephalitis.1 No autoimmune or paraneoplastic markers were found. The patient began and continues treatment with monthly IV gamma globulin (IV immunoglobulin) for adult-onset Rasmussen encephalitis.2
And we dare not write anymore than that which Latin has: Ælfric’s Grammar and the history of the simplified description of the English verbal system

AbstractLinguistic treatments of the Germanic verbal system, including that in English, have presented it as having only two tenses, and thus representing a drastically simplified system in compari...
[21] Development of antireceptor antibodies using synthetic peptides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of antireceptor antibodies using synthetic peptides. Drug manipulations of dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system are usual therapies given to alleviate psychomotor disturbances such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tardive dyskinesia, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and cocaine addiction. As the site of drug action, the precise cellular distribution patterns for the dopamine receptors have become an important experimental focus due to the critical role for this neurotransmitter in these prevalent neurological dysfunctions. Pharmacology can distinguish two functional classes of dopamine receptors, the D1 and D2 subfamilies. These are defined by their unique ligand recognition characteristics and the selective activation of different transduction systems following agonist binding to the receptor. The morphological detection of these two dopamine receptor families can be achieved through analysis of in vitro ligand binding, using fresh frozen tissue slices. The receptor subtypes can be distinguished individually by anatomical techniques, such as in situ hybridization histochemistry, which can localize cells containing the dopamine receptor messenger RNAs.
Stereoselective interactions of organic cations with the organic cation transporter in OK cells.

Recent studies have suggested that certain organic cations, such as pindolol and the diastereomers, quinine and quinidine, may be stereoselectively secreted by the kidney in humans. The goal of this study was to determine if the enantiomers of pindolol, verapamil, and disopyramide and the diastereomers, quinine and quinidine, interact stereoselectively with the organic cation transporter in the brush border membrane of the opossum kidney cell line. All organic cations tested inhibited the uptake of tetraethylammonium (TEA). The IC50 values (mean ± SD) were as follows: quinine (17 ± 2 µM), quinidine (51 ± 13 µM), S-(–)-pindolol (23 ± 4 µM), R-( + )-pindolol (30 ± 4 µM), S-(–)-verapamil (0.4 ± 0.04 µM), R-( + )-verapamil (7 ± 2 µM), R-(–)-disopyramide (27 ± 4 µM), and S-( + )-disopyramide (66 ± 12 µM). Each individual organic cation pair showed significant stereoselective differences in their IC50 values, with quinine, S-(–)-pindolol, S-(–)-verapamil, and R-(–)-disopyramide being the more potent species. Both enantiomers of pindolol, quinine, and quinidine appear to exhibit simple competitive inhibition of TEA uptake based upon a derived slope similar to 1.0, using a sigmoidal inhibition model. The enantiomers of verapamil and disopyramide exhibited a slope of much less than 1.0, suggesting a more complex interaction of these organic cations with the TEA transporter. Our results suggest that organic cations stereoselectively interact with the organic cation transporter in the brush border membrane of OK cells. Stereoselective interactions with the organic cation transporter may be responsible for the stereoselective renal clearance of basic drugs known to occur in humans.
Symbiodiniumfunctional diversity and clade specificity under global change stressors

Coral bleaching episodes are increasing in frequency, demanding examination of the physiological and molecular responses of corals and their Symbiodinium to climate change. Here we quantify bleaching and Symbiodinium photosynthetic performance of Siderastrea siderea from two reef zones after long-term exposure to thermal and CO2-acidification stress. Molecular response of in hospite Symbiodinium to these stressors was interrogated with RNAseq. Elevated temperatures reduced photosynthetic efficiency, which was highly correlated with bleaching status. However, photosynthetic efficiencies of forereef symbionts were more negatively affected by thermal stress than nearshore symbionts, indicating greater thermal tolerance in nearshore corals. At control temperatures, CO2-acidification had little effect on symbiont physiology, although forereef symbionts exhibited greater photosynthetic efficiencies than nearshore symbionts. Transcriptome profiling revealed that S. siderea were dominated by clade C Symbiodinium, except under thermal stress, which caused shifts to thermotolerant clade D. Comparative transcriptomics of conserved genes across symbiotic partners revealed few differentially expressed Symbiodinium genes when compared to corals. Instead of responding to stress, clade C transcriptomes varied by reef zone, with forereef Symbiodinium exhibiting enrichment of genes associated with photosynthesis. Our findings suggest that functional variation in photosynthetic architecture exists between forereef and nearshore Symbiodinium populations.
The Sequencing of Action

Any theory of action must deal with three basic questions: What is the structure of the components representing skilled behavior? How are these components activated in proper sequence? And how are these components timed or produced at the appropriate rate? The previous chapter examined the first of these problems, the structure of the components for organizing everyday actions, and the present chapter examines the second, how these components become activated in proper sequence.
Disproportionate Insider Control and the Demand for Audit Quality

SUMMARY We examine the relationship between disproportionate insider control, enabled through dual-class share structures, and the demand for audit quality. Using a comprehensive hand-collected sam...
Harnessing biosynthesis and quantitative NMR for late stage functionalization of lead molecules: Application to the M1 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) program.

Abstract A facile method for late stage diversification of lead molecules for the M1 PAM program using biosynthesis is described. Liver microsomes from several species are screened to identify a high turnover system. Subsequent incubations using less than 1 mg of substrate generate nanomole quantities of drug metabolites that are purified, characterized by microcryoprobe NMR spectroscopy, and quantified to known concentrations to enable rapid biology testing. The late-stage diversification of lead compounds provides rapid SAR feedback to the medicinal chemistry design cycle.
Boundary Value Estimation of the Range of an Analytic function

Let S be a set of complex numbers and G a function analytic in D = {∣z∣ < 1}. Denote the nontangential limit of G at eiθ, if it exists, by G(eiθ) and write G(eiθ) ∈ S a.e. to mean that, for almost all θ, the limit does exist and belongs to S.
Effects of organic and metal contamination on the etch rate of acid baths - Implications for extended acid use

Appreciable quantities of hazardous acid wastes are generated during electroplating operations. These acids are typically disposed of when their etching rates have dropped below some critical threshold. It has often been assumed that the acid etch rates are primarily limited by the build-up in metals concentration. In this paper, we demonstrate that acid etch rates are highly sensitive to the presence of organic/ colloidal impurities. Consequently, the removal of such impurities by soluble silicates, ultrafiltration or carbon adsorption improves the etch rates of acids even in the presence of substantial metal contamination.
Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado using horizontal path- integrated column measurements

Abstract. We performed 7.5 weeks of path-integrated concentration measurements of CO2 , CH4 , H2O , and HDO over the city of Boulder, Colorado. An open-path dual-comb spectrometer simultaneously measured time-resolved data across a reference path, located near the mountains to the west of the city, and across an over-city path that intersected two-thirds of the city, including two major commuter arteries. By comparing the measured concentrations over the two paths when the wind is primarily out of the west, we observe daytime CO2 enhancements over the city. Given the warm weather and the measurement footprint, the dominant contribution to the CO2 enhancement is from city vehicle traffic. We use a Gaussian plume model combined with reported city traffic patterns to estimate city emissions of on-road CO2 as ( 6.2 ± 2.2 ) × 10 5 metric tons (t) CO2 yr −1 after correcting for non-traffic sources. Within the uncertainty, this value agrees with the city's bottom-up greenhouse gas inventory for the on-road vehicle sector of 4.5×105 t CO2 yr −1 . Finally, we discuss experimental modifications that could lead to improved estimates from our path-integrated measurements.
Quantum simulation of scattering in the quantum Ising model

We discuss real-time evolution for the quantum Ising model in one spatial dimension with ${N}_{s}$ sites. In the limit where the nearest-neighbor interactions $J$ in the spatial directions are small, there is a simple physical picture where qubit states can be interpreted as approximate particle occupations. Using exact diagonalization, for initial states with one or two particles, we show that for small $J$, discrete Bessel functions provide very accurate expressions for the evolution of the occupancies corresponding to initial states with one and two particles. Boundary conditions play an important role when the evolution time is long enough. We discuss a Trotter procedure to implement the evolution on existing quantum computers and discuss the error associated with the Trotter step size. We discuss the effects of gate and measurement errors on the evolution of one- and two-particle states using four and eight-qubits circuits approximately corresponding to existing or near-term quantum computers.
Supermode theory of phase-locked semiconductor laser arrays

Many of the observed characteristics of phase- locked semiconductor laser arrays1,2 are not yet fully understood. In particular, the exact nature of the mutual coherence among the array elements, which has a direct impact on its far-field pattern and its longitudinal mode structure, is still unclear. In this work, we present an optical model of phase-locked. arrays, which explains some of their observed features.
Auto-Correlation Based Sensing of Multiple Wi-Fi BSSs for LTE-U CSAT

LTE-U (LTE-Unlicensed) is designed to coexist with Wi-Fi in the unlicensed band by balancing its duty cycle according to the number of coexisting Wi-Fi access points (APs) it detects. For example, an LTE-U base-station (BS) will reduce its duty cycle from 50\% to 33\% when it senses an increase in the number of co-channel Wi-Fi basic service sets (BSSs) from one to two. But the problem of detecting how many Wi-Fi BSS' are operating on the channel in real-time, without decoding the Wi-Fi header, still remains. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm that solves the problem by using an auto-correlation (AC) function on the Wi-Fi preamble and setting appropriate detection thresholds to infer the number of Wi-Fi BSSs operating on the channel. Performing auto-correlation on the Wi-Fi preamble is a much simpler operation than decoding the entire Wi-Fi packet, which is what would be needed if one were to decode the MAC header to identify the BSS. We implement and experimentally validate the proposed AC detector and demonstrate that there is a differentiable pattern of AC events between one and two Wi-Fi APs. From the collected AC events, we determine a suitable threshold for reliable detection of Wi-Fi APs. We show that using an AC threshold of $N_E = 0.8$, we can achieve a probability of detection ($P_D$) of 0.9 with a probability of false alarm ($P_{FA}$) of less than 0.02. Finally, we demonstrate that the performance of the proposed AC detector is superior in terms of $P_D$ and $P_{FA}$ compared with the energy detector (ED).
In-hospital acute kidney injury.

Background Hospital-acquired acute kidney injury is associated with increased mortality and has major public health implications. The incidence of in-hospital AKI in Eastern Saudi Arabia is not known. Aims To determine the incidence of in-hospital acute kidney injury in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Methods A single centre, retrospective cohort study at a major community hospital between July 2015 and July 2017. Results A total of 26 383 patients were hospitalized and 293 (1.11%) were diagnosed with acute kidney injury. Drug-induced AKI was diagnosed in 38 (13%) patients, while 255 (87%) patients had acute kidney injury not attributed to drugs. Full recovery of renal function was observed in 39% and 44% in the drug induced and non-drug induced acute kidney injury groups, respectively. Conclusions acute kidney injury is a serious complication in hospitalized patients. Full recovery of renal function was observed in a minority of patients.
Serum vitamin D status in sick cats with and without cholestatic liver disease

ObjectivesVitamin D deficiency accompanies chronic cholestatic liver disease (CLD) in humans. The vitamin D status of cats with CLD is unknown. The objectives of this study were to describe serum v...