cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Dietary Kudzu Leaf Meal (Pueraria montana Var. lobata) and Alfalfa Meal Supplementation Effect on Broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Organ Parameters.

This research study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of kudzu leaf meal (KLM) and alfalfa meal (AM) on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, and organ parameters. Kudzu leaf meal and AM were added at rates of 6% and 7.3%, respectively, to a complete broiler starter diet. Three treatments (control (complete broiler starter diet), KLM supplementation; and AM supplementation) with four replicates were fed to 217 male broilers over a 21 d battery cage grow out. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with battery cage representing the experimental unit. Birds on KLM and AM had a lower average body weight, lower cumulative feed consumption, and a higher adjusted feed conversion than control (p 0.05). Although broilers on KLM did not perform as well as those in the control group, these results are indicative that kudzu is safe to use in poultry production and has a high potential as a protein supplement in tropical regions with a low availability of commercial protein feedstuffs.
Hemophilia and von Willebrand Disease: A Review of Emergency Department Management.

Abstract Background Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease (VWD) are the most common congenital coagulation factor deficiencies. Patients with these disorders who experience bleeding complications are often initially managed in the emergency department (ED). Objective of the Review This review will focus on the emergency department management of patients with these disorders and provide an update on current treatment options. Discussion The mainstay of management is initial stabilization, control of bleeding when possible, and administration of specific factors. Early coordination of care with hematology is critical. Conclusions Emergency medicine providers must have an understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies in order to optimally care for these complex patients.
Submicropulse electron-beam dynamics correlated with short-range wakefields in Tesla-type superconducting rf cavities

We report direct observations of submicropulse beam centroid shifts (head-tail kicks) correlated with short-range wakefields generated by off-axis electron-beam steering in Tesla-type superconducting rf cavities. The experiments were performed at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) Facility using its unique configuration of a photocathode rf gun injecting beam into two separated nine-cell cavities. The cavities are in series with corrector magnets and beam position monitors (BPMs) located before, between, and after them. The off-axis steering in the cavity was guided by the rf BPM data and higher-order mode circuitry targeting the first and second dipole passbands. The centroid shifts of up to 300 μm from head to tail of the ∼10-ps-long micropulses at 500 pC/b in a 3-MHz pulse train were measured via optical transition radiation at a downstream screen with a Hamamatsu C5680 synchroscan streak camera. We also showed that we could compensate such kicks from the first cavity with the short-range wakefields (SRWs) in the second cavity, and we observed the dilution of the beam size in the tail of the pulses. A simple numerical model of the SRW effect in a single Tesla cavity is compared to the experiment successfully. In principle, these fundamental results may be scaled to cryomodule configurations of major free-electron laser (FEL) facilities such as the European XFEL, Linac Coherent Light Source or LCLS-II XFEL, and the conceptual international linear collider.
‚Mit Haut und Haar‘ – Somatismen in der modernen Liebeslyrik

Obwohl eine beachtliche Anzahl von linguistischen Monographien und Aufsatzen zu somatischen Phraseologismen vorliegt, handelt es sich dabei hauptsachlich um vergleichende Textuntersuchungen zwischen zwei oder mehr Sprachen. Von Interesse ist jedoch auch, den eigentlichen Gebrauch, die Funktion und die Bedeutung dieser Somatismen in der mundlichen und schriftlichen Kommunikation zu analysieren. Beispielsweise spielen diese gefuhlshaften Ausdrucke besonders in der Liebeslyrik schon seit Jahrhunderten eine erhebliche Rolle. Der Aufsatz zeigt an Hand von Gedichten von Autorinnen und Autoren wie etwa Erich Fried, Walter Helmut Fritz, Ulla Hahn, Heinz Kahlau oder Sarah Kirsch, dass emotionelle Empfindungen in der modernen Liebeslyrik durch korperbezogene Sprichworter und Redensarten zum Ausdruck kommen. Es handelt sich in diesen Gedichten kaum um romantische Gefuhlsoffenbarungen, sondern eher um realistische und ehrliche Aussagen uber das Scheitern der Liebe, die Lieblosigkeit unter Menschen und die Frage, ob echte Liebe noch moglich ist.
Abstract 18607: Intra-ventricular Papillary Muscle Banding vs. Undersized Mitral Annuloplasty to Treat Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation in a Chronic Swine Model

Introduction: Intra-ventricular papillary muscle banding (PMB), is a new mitral repair technique for ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), which reduces lateral distance between the two muscles to relieve leaflet tethering (Fig A). In this study, we compared the hemodynamic efficacy of PMB against undersized mitral annuloplasty (UMA) and the combination of PMB and UMA, in a chronic swine IMR model. Methods: Six swine were induced with chronic IMR via percutaneous infarction of the postero-lateral wall of the left ventricle(LV), and followed to 6 weeks to develop >3+ IMR. At 6 weeks, via a left atriotomy an adjustable PMB externalized through the LV wall, and an adjustable UMA suture externalized through the anterior annulus were implanted (Fig B1,B2). The animals were weaned from bypass, and physiological swine hemodynamics of 90/65 mm Hg were achieved at 75 bpm. PMB was done such that 50% reduction in the lateral distance between the muscles was achieved, and UMA reduced septal-lateral annular dimension t...
Countering Persistent Kernel Rootkits through Systematic Hook Discovery

Kernel rootkits, as one of the most elusive types of malware, pose significant challenges for investigation and defense. Among the most notable are persistent kernel rootkits, a special type of kernel rootkits that implant persistent kernel hooks to tamper with the kernel execution to hide their presence. To defend against them, an effective approach is to first identify those kernel hooks and then protect them from being manipulated by these rootkits. In this paper, we focus on the first step by proposing a systematic approach to identify those kernel hooks. Our approach is based on two key observations: First, rootkits by design will attempt to hide its presence from allrunning rootkit-detection software including various system utility programs (e.g., psand ls). Second, to manipulate OS kernel control-flows, persistent kernel rootkits by their nature will implant kernel hooks on the corresponding kernel-side execution paths invoked by the security programs. In other words, for any persistent kernel rootkit, either it is detectable by a security program or it has to tamper with one of the kernel hooks on the corresponding kernel-side execution path(s) of the security program. As a result, given an authentic security program, we onlyneed to monitor and analyze its kernel-side execution paths to identify the related set of kernel hooks that could be potentially hijacked for evasion. We have built a proof-of-concept system called HookMap and evaluated it with a number of Linux utility programs such as ls, ps, and netstatin RedHat Fedora Core 5. Our system found that there exist 35 kernel hooks in the kernel-side execution path of lsthat can be potentially hijacked for manipulation (e.g., for hiding files). Similarly, there are 85 kernel hooks for psand 51 kernel hooks for netstat, which can be respectively hooked for hiding processes and network activities. A manual analysis of eight real-world rootkits shows that our identified kernel hooks cover all those used in them.
Trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium species: chemistry, genetics, and significance.

Several species of the genus Fusarium and related fungi produce trichothecenes which are sesquiterpenoid epoxides that act as potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Interest in the trichothecenes is due primarily to their widespread contamination of agricultural commodities and their adverse effects on human and animal health. In this review, we describe the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway in Fusarium species and discuss genetic evidence that several trichothecene biosynthetic genes are organized in a gene cluster. Trichothecenes are highly toxic to a wide range of eukaryotes, but their specific function, if any, in the survival of the fungi that produce them is not obvious. Trichothecene gene disruption experiments indicate that production of trichothecenes can enhance the severity of disease caused by Fusarium species on some plant hosts. Understanding the regulation and function of trichothecene biosynthesis may aid in development of new strategies for controlling their production in food and feed products. Images
Peopling of the Americas

Abstract Study of the prehistory of an Americas has proceeded through successive cycles, in which archaeologists have assumed or postulated hypotheses of migration and development, have searched for evidence with which to test these hypotheses, and have abandoned them when the evidence proved to be contradictory. We are completing the current cycle and must seek new hypotheses that better fit our present evidence. The available data are reviewed to show the inaccuracy of the current hypotheses and to develop new ones. It is suggested that the first Indians arrived during a Lower Lithic age, marked by the manufacture of irregular flakes, trimmed only on their edges. This age may have started as early as 30,000 BP. South of the Laurentide ice sheet, the Lower Lithic age began to give way about 14,000 BP to a Middle Lithic Age. This was marked by a variety of types of bifacially chipped projectile points which seem to have developed locally: Folsomoid points in Anglo-America, Joboid points in the Circum-Caribbean region, and Magelloid points in western and southern South America. North of the ice sheet, the place of the Middle Lithic age was taken by an Upper Lithic age, marked by microblades of Asiatic origin. These appear to have reached the Bering Strait region about 14,000 BP. The dichotomy between the Middle and Upper Lithic ages lasted until the retreat of the ice ca. 8000 BP.
Optofluidic Intracavity Spectroscopy of Canine Lymphoma and Lymphocytes

Intracavity transmission spectra of single canine lymphoma cells are distinct from noncancerous lymphocytes. An effective index model yields a nuclear size vs. refractive index relationship and clarifies the impact of mode confinement on wavelength shift.
Predicting Residual Thermal Stresses in Friction Stir Welding

Sequentially coupled finite element models of the friction stir welding process have been proposed to study the residual stresses caused by the thermal cycles during friction stir welding of metals. This is a two step simulation process. In the first step, the thermal history is predicted from an input torque based thermal model. The temperature history generated by the thermal model is then sequentially coupled to a mechanical model that predicts the residual stresses. The model does not deal with the severe plastic deformations within the weld nugget and the thermo-mechanically affected regions, a fact that may cause modeled results to deviate from experimentally measured residual stresses. The model is three dimensional and uses temperature dependent material and thermophysical properties.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Domain of attraction of nonlinear functional difference systems

The domain of attraction of nonlinear functional difference systems is studied. A sufficient condition for determining the domain of attraction is given based on a non-negative parameter matrix whose spectral radius ρ is less than one and on the characteristic space associated with ρ.
Concrete teaching: hooks and props as instructional technology

Hooks and props are mental or physical images used in the classroom which help students as they learn new topics. Concrete and constructive teaching are essential in introductory programming courses. In this paper we discuss active teaching and some ideas using physical props and images that in our experience have enhanced the teaching and learning process.
Mast Cells and Gastrointestinal Dysmotility in the Cystic Fibrosis Mouse

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) has many effects on the gastrointestinal tract and a common problem in this disease is poor nutrition. In the CF mouse there is an innate immune response with a large influx of mast cells into the muscularis externa of the small intestine and gastrointestinal dysmotility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of mast cells in gastrointestinal dysmotility using the CF mouse (Cftrtm1UNC, Cftr knockout). Methodology Wild type (WT) and CF mice were treated for 3 weeks with mast cell stabilizing drugs (ketotifen, cromolyn, doxantrazole) or were treated acutely with a mast cell activator (compound 48/80). Gastrointestinal transit was measured using gavage of a fluorescent tracer. Results In CF mice gastric emptying at 20 min post-gavage did not differ from WT, but was significantly less than in WT at 90 min post-gavage. Gastric emptying was significantly increased in WT mice by doxantrazole, but none of the mast cell stabilizers had any significant effect on gastric emptying in CF mice. Mast cell activation significantly enhanced gastric emptying in WT mice but not in CF mice. Small intestinal transit was significantly less in CF mice as compared to WT. Of the mast cell stabilizers, only doxantrazole significantly affected small intestinal transit in WT mice and none had any effect in CF mice. Mast cell activation resulted in a small but significant increase in small intestinal transit in CF mice but not WT mice. Conclusions The results indicate that mast cells are not involved in gastrointestinal dysmotility but their activation can stimulate small intestinal transit in cystic fibrosis.
Comparing the Asthma APGAR System and the Asthma Control Test™ in a Multicenter Primary Care Sample

Objective: To compare asthma control assessment using the Asthma APGAR system, a tool developed by primary care clinicians, in a multicenter primary care sample with the Asthma Control Test (ACT� )/ Childhood Asthma Control Test (CACT� ), a tool developed by asthma specialists. Patients and Methods: Thisisasubstudyofamulticenter,randomized,controlledpragmatictrial thattests the effectiveness of the Asthma APGAR system in primary care practices. As part of the study, enrolled patients completed both the ACT� /CACTand the Asthma APGAR system between March 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011. Kappa and McNemar statistics were used to compare the results of questionnaires. Results: Of the 468 patients in our sample, 306 (65%) were classified as not controlled by the ACT� / CACTor the Asthma APGAR system. The overall agreement was 84.4%, with a kappa value of .68 (substantial agreement) and a McNemar test P value of .35 (suggesting no significant difference in the direction of disagreement). Of those with poor control as defined by the Asthma APGAR system, 23.8% (73) had no controller medications and 76.5% (234) were seldom or sometimes able to avoid identified triggers for their asthma. Of those who stated that they had been prescribed controller medications, 116 of 332 (35%) stated that they did not use the controller medication on a daily basis. Conclusion: The Asthma APGAR system and the ACT� /CACTsimilarly assess asthma control in a multicenter primary careebased sample. The Asthma APGAR system identified an "actionable item" in more than 75% (234) of the individuals with poor asthma control, thus linking an assessment of poor asthma control with a management strategy.
The Transdiagnostic Road Map to Case Formulation and Treatment Planning: Practical Guidance for Clinical Decision Making

A transdiagnostic approach to case formulation and treatment planning is a welcome sight in a time when the field of psychology is shifting to view psychological disorders as existing along a conti...
Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge

Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. By Deborah J. Yashar. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 365p. $37.99.This is an excellent book and a worthy addition to the series of volumes on collective violence and political movements in the Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics. Building on Deborah Yashar's earlier work with indigenous groups in Mexico and Guatemala and the strategies they have devised in “a global fight for democracy and justice” (p. xiii), the book uncovers a powerful and common theme in the indigenous voices of the region: a demand for inclusion, equality, local autonomy, and authentic citizenship. In short, it is about identity and rights and how and why indigenous movements arise, develop, and succeed in this struggle to attain them.
Induction of melanotic tumours in the white ('partial albino') Syrian hamster.

DELLA PORTA et al. 1 first reported the induction of melanotic tumours in the skin of Syrian golden (agouti) hamsters after topical applications of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). This finding was afterwards confirmed by these and other investigators2–5. Ghadially and Barker5 have postulated that the melanotic lesions arise from dermally situated perifollicular networks of melanocytes intimately associated with certain hair follicles. They suggest that the proximity of dermal melanocytes to sebaceous glands of hair follicles renders them especially vulnerable to the action of carcinogens topically applied to the skin. Recently, Illman and Ghadially6 have reported the induction of melanotic tumours in the general body skin of white (‘partial albino’) Syrian hamsters during repeated topical applications (22 weekly treatments) of 2 per cent DMBA in acetone. It is noteworthy that white hamsters characteristically possess a white hair coat, and grossly detectable pigmentation is restricted to the skin of the ears, perineum and genitals; a darkening of eye colour may occur with advancing age7,8. Whiteness of hair coat is a genetically determined trait inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive7,8. The purpose of this communication is to report observations made in our laboratory on the occurrence of melanotic lesions in white hamsters treated with DMBA.
BLOW-UP SOLUTIONS OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL HEAT EQUATION DUE TO A LOCALIZED MOVING SOURCE

The problem examined is that of a localized energy source which undergoes planar motion along the surface of a reactive-diffusive medium. This is representative of a laser beam that is moving across the flat surface of a combustible material during a cutting, welding or heat treating process. The mathematical model for this situation is a heat equation in two-dimensions with a nonlinear source term, which is localized around a reference point that is allowed to move. Results are derived that indicate the roles played by the size, strength and motion of the localized source in determining whether or not a blow-up occurs.
A generalized Banach-Mazur theorem

For every infinite cardinal a we let Ca, be the set of all real-valued continuous functions on a product of a closed unit intervals with the supmetric. It is shown that Ca has separability degree a. Further, the classical theorem of Banach and Mazur is generalized by showing that every metric space of separability degree a is isometric to a subspace of ca
An inquiry into medication meanings, illness, medication use, and the transformative potential of chronic illness among African Americans with hypertension.

Abstract Background Hypertension is a chronic illness with serious economic and clinical consequences. The asymptomatic nature of this condition contributes to the challenge of persistent medication use. Objectives The objectives of this qualitative study were to explore perceptions of medication meanings, illness, identity, and biographical disruption among people with hypertension, and to examine how salient themes and categories relate to medication use. Methods In-person interviews were conducted with 20 participants. Eligibility criteria included being 18 years or older, diagnosed with hypertension, and currently taking antihypertensive drug treatment. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed with grounded theory methodology using coding techniques and constant comparison. Results All participants were African American and most were between 45 and 64 years. Key themes including perceptions of the medication being effective, lifesaving, part of life, and a reminder of the regimen were found to have a positive impact on medication use. Themes including fear of side effects, fear of dependency, forgetting to take medication, the medication being a hassle, and the experience of medication-related sexual side effects were found to be negatively related to medication use. Participants were cognizant of consequences of uncontrolled hypertension, and illness control was important to them. Biographical disruption was minimal. Taking medications and changing diet were the most significant changes in the lives of participants after being diagnosed with hypertension. Achievement of lifestyle modifications had a positive impact on identity. Conclusions Findings contribute to our understanding of medication use behavior and have implications for patient education and counseling.
Construction of a desorption chemical-ionization probe for activated field-desorption emitters

Abstract A probe, current-control unit and air lock have been constructed and an ion source modified to permit rapid insertion of activated field-desorption emitters into the reactive plasma of a quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a pulsed positive-ion—negative- ion chemical ionization source.
Effects of patient involvement and esthetic preference on denture acceptance

Abstract The results of this investigation indicate that the crucial variable in the patients' acceptance of their dentures was their involvement in the process of denture selection and not the esthetic quality of the dentures they received. Further research using other patient populations and more experienced dentists is necessary to determine the value of these findings.
Diffusion in a multicomponent lattice Boltzmann equation model.

Diffusion phenomena in a multiple component lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) model are discussed in detail. The mass fluxes associated with different mechanical driving forces are obtained using a Chapman-Enskog analysis. This model is found to have correct diffusion behavior and the multiple diffusion coefficients are obtained analytically. The analytical results are further confirmed by numerical simulations in a few solvable limiting cases. The LBE model is established as a useful computational tool for the simulation of mass transfer in fluid systems with external forces. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Spin Polarization Measurement of Homogeneously Doped Fe1–xCoxSi Nanowires by Andreev Reflection Spectroscopy

We report a general method for determining the spin polarization from nanowire materials using Andreev reflection spectroscopy implemented with a Nb superconducting contact and common electron-beam lithography device fabrication techniques. This method was applied to magnetic semiconducting Fe1–xCoxSi alloy nanowires with x = 0.23, and the average spin polarization extracted from 6 nanowire devices is 28 ± 7% with a highest observed value of 35%. Local-electrode atom probe tomography (APT) confirms the homogeneous distribution of Co atoms in the FeSi host lattice, and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) establishes that the elemental origin of magnetism in this strongly correlated electron system is due to Co atoms.
The impact of rubella immunisation on the incidence of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome and rubella-related terminations of pregnancy in South Australia.

Objectives To describe the impact of rubella immunisation on the incidence of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome and rubella-related terminations of pregnancy in South Australia, and to identify factors associated with a re-emerging problem. Design and Methods A population-based descriptive study using data from South Australian notifications of disease, births and terminations of pregnancy, the rubella immunisation programme, antenatal rubella antibody screening and paediatric hospital case records. Setting South Australia (population 1.48 million people; 20,000 births per year). Main outcome measures Incidence of rubella (age-sex specific), congenital rubella syndrome and rubella-related terminations of pregnancy; antenatal rubella sero-positive rates; rubella immunisation uptake rates. Results Rubella notification rates in 1990–1996 were significantly higher for males than females for ages 15–34 years. There were five cases of congenital rubella syndrome notified in 1980–1996 compared with at least 20 confirmed or compatible cases in 1965–1979. Rubella-related terminations of pregnancy are now rare, with the last termination for maternal rubella being in 1993. The antenatal rubella sero-positive rate in 1995 was 96.7%, but was significantly lower among Asian women born overseas (78.6% among those 30 years or older). Vaccination uptake rates in schoolgirls decreased between 1990 and 1994 (91.2% to 86.9%). Conclusions Since the introduction of rubella immunisation, the incidence of rubella infection among women of reproductive age, and of rubella-related terminations, has fallen. Congenital rubella syndrome has not been notified since 1990 but its risk persists with a recent increase in rubella notifications, a fall in school immunisation rates, a relatively low antenatal sero-positive rate among older Asian women born overseas and the trend towards giving birth at older ages. Effective immunisation programmes must be maintained, particularly in schools and for young children and migrant women.
Nonsmooth Optimization Method for VLSI Global Placement

The common objective of very large-scale integration (VLSI) placement problem is to minimize the total wirelength, which is calculated by the total half-perimeter wirelength (HPWL). Since the HPWL is not differentiable, various differentiable wirelength approximation functions have been proposed in analytical placement methods. In this paper, we reformulate the HPWL as an $l_{1}$ -norm model of the wirelength function, which is exact but nonsmooth. Based on the $l_{1}$ -norm wirelength model and exact calculation of overlapping areas between cells and bins, a nonsmooth optimization model is proposed for the VLSI global placement problem, and a subgradient method is proposed for solving the nonsmooth optimization problem. Moreover, local convergence of the subgradient method is proved under some suitable conditions. In addition, two enhanced techniques, i.e., an adaptive parameter to control the step size and a cautious strategy for increasing the penalty parameter, are also used in the nonsmooth optimization method. In order to make the placement method scalable, a multilevel framework is adopted. In the clustering stage, the best choice clustering algorithm is modified according to the $l_{1}$ -norm wirelength model to cluster the cells, and the nonsmooth optimization method is recursively used in the declustering stage. Comparisons of experimental results on the International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD) 2005 and 2006 benchmarks show that the global placement method is promising.
Triorthotolyl phosphate inhibition of carboxylesterases and potentiation of procaine toxicity

Groups of mice were given single doses of triorthotolyl phosphate (TOTP) (1–125 mg/kg, i.p.) 18hr prior to sacrifice or procaine challenge. A dose-dependent decrease was recorded in liver carboxylesterase hydrolysis of diethyl succinate, triacetin and procaine. TOTP pretreatment shortened the time to onset and prolonged the duration of procaine (175 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced loss of righting ability. The correlation coefficient for inhibition of liver procaine hydrolysis and prolongation of procaine action was 0.97 (P < 0.0001). No deaths were observed in procaine-injected controls yet mortality after procaine injection in TOTP-pretreated mice increased as a function of the TOTP pretreatment dose. In addition, plasma procaine concentrations after procaine injection (150 mg/kg, i.p.) reached peak levels sooner, remained elevated longer and were 3-fold higher in the TOTP-pretreated mice as compared to corn oil-pretreated procaine-injected controls. Results demonstrate potentiation of procaine toxicity by TOTP and suggest that this results from inhibition of procaine metabolism in vivo.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of triptonide, triptriolide, and triptophenolide in ethyl acetate extract of tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F

Abstract To monitor the composition of extracts of the Chinese herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF), a rapid, selective, and sensitive reverse phase HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of some of the major or active diterpenoid components, triptonide (1), triptophenolide (2), and triptriolide (3). Ethyl acetate extracts of TwHF were extracted with chloroform, filtered, and then purified by passage through mixed columns of silica gel and alumina B for 1 and 2, and an alumina B cartridge for 3. The columns were eluted with ethyl acetate: chloroform, 1: 9, for 1 and, 3 :7, for 2. The alumina B cartridge was washed with ethyl acetate : chloroform, 1 : 9 and then 3 was eluted with ethyl acetate: methanol, 8 : 2.
Attention to pattern orientation: Negative cortical potentials, reaction time, and the selection process ☆

Abstract Six subjects were instructed to give an RT response to one of 3 stimuli randomly presented at a rate of 1/720–1180 msec. The stimuli were diffuse light flashes and grating light flashes with 9′ black and white bars oriented either horizontally or vertically. Attention was controlled by having the subject give an RT response within 375 msec following the relevant stimulus. Evoked potentials to the relevant and irrelevant stimuli were recorded monopolarly over the occipital (O z ), central (C z ), and frontal (F z ) areas of the cortex. Occipital potentials following relevant, as compared to irrelevant, flashes were relatively more negative between 150 and 250 msec poststimulus (O z :N235 potential). The early portion of the negative potential (150–200 msec) reflected selection between diffuse and patterned flashes but not between the orientations of the pattern in the flashes. The later portion of the negative potential (200–250 msec) reflected selection between the orientations of the pattern in the flashes. These results support the hypothesis that occipital potentials following relevant and irrelevant stimuli reflect not only differential processing of relevant and irrelevant information but also reflect a progressive change in the unit or specificity of the differential processing — early and late portions of the negative potential reflecting differential processing on the basis of first the general and then the specific characteristics of the relevant stimulus respectively. In contrast, frontal cortical potentials following relevant stimuli were slightly positive between 150 and 250 msec poststimulus (F z :P235 potential). The unique scalp distribution of these early attention effects suggests that O z :N235 reflects an intramodality underlying process localized in extrastriate visual cortex. A late positive potential peaking at about 370 msec following relevant stimuli (P370) was evident at all electrodes, although it had a central-occipital maximum. Since this potential followed the RT responses, it appeared to reflect processes other than those directly involved in the selective response to relevant stimuli.
The Political University: Policy, Politics, and Presidential Leadership in the American Research University

Research universities are unique in American education in the degree to which they are sensitive to policies of the national government. The author of this study contends that it is impossible to understand the recent past, the present and the future of the university without understanding the political process that determines those policies - including the various ways universities have tried, with mixed results, to shape them to their own ends. Drawing on 30 years of professional experience, particularly as administrator of Stanford University and president of the Association of American Universitites, the author offers an insider's perspective on research universities, the AAU and the Washington agenda. He discusses the problems and prospects of American research universities in light of such issues as shifting federal policies, resource constraints, increased partnerships with business and industry, and the changing needs and perceptions of the larger society. The book also brings other perspectives to the discussion - those of 12 former university presidents, all of whom served through the 1980s, all of whom left office around 1990 for various reasons, and none of whom will ever hold a presidency again. In their discussions, they examine the complex political process on which the modern research university depends - and through which the modern university president must lead constituents.
Interactions of γT273 and γE275 with the β Subunit PSAV Segment that Links the γ Subunit to the Catalytic Site Walker Homology B Aspartate Are Important to the Function of Escherichia coli F1Fo ATP Synthase

In Escherichia coli F1Fo ATP synthase, γT273 mutants that eliminate the ability to form a hydrogen bond to βV265 were incapable of ATP synthase-dependent growth and ATPase-dependent proton pumping,...
Statistical inference for Lorenz curves using simulated critical values

Abstract This paper suggests an improvement in the traditional testing procedure of dominance relations associated with empirical Lorenz curves and their generalizations. This improvement is based on simulating the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic. The simulation approach asymptotically dominates the traditional approach since the traditional method for calculating critical values establishes an upper bound for the simulated critical value. A gain in power is demonstrated in the empirical part of the paper dealing with the evolution of the distribution of disposable income in Finland between 1971 and 1994.
Study about effects of self-similar IP network traffic on queuing and network performance

The paper examines self-similar properties of real communication network traffic data over a wide range of time scales. These self-similar properties are very different from the properties of traditional models based on Poisson and Markov-modulated Poisson processes. Advanced self-similar models of sequentional generators and fixed-length sequence generators, and efficient algorithms that are used to simulate self-similar behaviour of IP network traffic processes are developed and applied. Simulations and numerical results are shown and analysed. Furthermore, simulations with stochastic and long range dependent traffic source models are conducted; and efficient algorithms for buffer overflow simulation in finite buffer single server model under self-similar traffic load are developed and applied. Simulations and numerical results are shown and analysed.
Free Radical Formation in Novel Carotenoid Metal Ion Complexes of Astaxanthin

The carotenoid astaxanthin forms novel metal ion complexes with Ca(2+), Zn(2+), and Fe(2+). MS and NMR measurements indicate that the two oxygen atoms on the terminal cyclohexene ring of astaxanthin chelate the metal to form 1:1 complexes with Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) at low salt concentrations 0.2 mM) of salt, 2:1 metal/astaxanthin complexes were formed in ethanol. In the presence of Ca(2+) and Zn(2+), salts the lifetime of the radical cation and dication formed electrochemically decreased relative to those formed from the uncomplexed carotenoid. DFT calculations showed that the deprotonation of the radical cation at the carbon C3 position resulted in the lowest energy neutral radical, while proton loss at the C5, C9, or C13 methyl groups was less favorable. Pulsed EPR measurements were carried out on UV-produced radicals of astaxanthin supported on silica-alumina, MCM-41, or Ti-MCM-41. The pulsed EPR measurements detected the radical cation and neutral radicals formed by proton loss at 77 K from the C3, C5, C9, and C13 methyl groups and a radical anion formed by deprotonation of the neutral radical at C3. There was more than an order of magnitude increase in the concentration of radicals on Ti-MCM-41 relative to MCM-41, and the radical cation concentration exceeded that of the neutral radicals.
1H and 13C NMR studies of sirohydrochlorin (factor II) and its 20-methyl derivative (factor III)

Abstract The complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of sirohydrochlorin octamethylester (7) and its 20-methyl derivative (8) was accomplished by the use of NOESY, COSY, DEPT, CH correlation and HMBC experiments. Evidence from 13C NMR spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations indicates that the methyl group at position 20 affects the relative stability of the tautomeric forms of these isobacteriochlorins.
Analyzing Shifts in International Conflict from Quality of Life Indicators

Selected quality of life indicators are linked to international conflict in the study. The primary analytic tool used is discriminant function analysis. Increased conflict appears to be linked to general government revenue increases, but expenditure decreases, along with decline and stagnation in certain measures of quality of life as indicated by such variables as infant mortality, calorie consumption, GNP growth rates and private consumption. It appears that management problems at home may lead to conflict abroad. If the finding has causal implications, efforts to assist states in areas such as agriculture, infant mortality, private consumption, etc., might help reduce conflict proneness in the international system Replication of these findings upon other data and other time periods, of course, would help strengthen this line of argument. In addition to what was found, it is interesting to note what was not found; that is, many variables which, from a theoretical perspective, could be expected to be linked to conflict were not. These included: defense expenditures/GNP, educational expenditures/GNP, military manpower, military manpower/working population, political rights, civil rights and political discrimination.
Ultraviolet A Radiation Induces Rapid Apoptosis of Human Leukemia Cells by Fas Ligand–Independent Activation of the Fas Death Pathway¶

Endogenous cellular chromophores absorb ultraviolet A radiation (UVA, 290-320 nm), the major UV component of terrestrial solar radiation, leading to the formation of reactive oxidizing species that initiate apoptosis, gene expression and mutagenesis. UVA-induced apoptosis of T helper cells is believed to underlie the UVA phototherapy for atopic dermatitis and other T cell-mediated inflammatory skin diseases. We have evaluated the involvement of the Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) pathway in rapid UVA-induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. UVA-induced apoptosis was not inhibited by pretreatment with a neutralizing anti-Fas antibody, although the same UVA treatment initiated cleavage of caspase-8 and subsequent processing of Bid and caspase-3-like proteases. Inhibition of caspase-8 by Lle-Glu (OMe)-Thr-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone completely blocked caspase-3 cleavage and apoptosis in UVA-treated cells, suggesting that apoptosis was initiated by the Fas pathway. This inference was supported by demonstrating that immunoprecipitates obtained from UVA-treated cells using anti-Fas antibody contained caspase-8 and Fas-associating protein with death domain (FADD). In addition, Fas clustering in response to UVA treatment was observed by immunofluorescence microscopy. These data support a mechanism for rapid, UVA-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells involving initial formation of the Fas-FADD-caspase-8 death complex in an FasL-independent manner.
It Takes a Village - or Does It? A Longitudinal Analysis of Social Support in Teen Mothers and its Relationship to Maternal Self-Esteem Around Parenting

lescents. Response rate was 52%. Predictor variables included knowledge about healthcare consent laws on emergency services, contraception, drug treatment and STIs, knowledge about reporting requirements on statutory rape, drug use and child abuse including sex with minors, knowledge of federal research regulations and SAHM guidelines, and self-efficacy in reviewing protocols. For the outcome variable, participants read a brief hypothetical research scenario of a single, anonymous survey of 11-14 year-olds about their sexual behaviors, including oral, vaginal, and anal sex. Participants were asked to provide a pediatric risk categorization and to state whether they felt it was approvable. We created a composite outcome variable combining correct risk classification (Category 1) and assessment of approvability, with higher scores indicating correct risk categorization and approvability. Structural equation modeling (AMOS 21.0; all p<.05) was invoked to evaluate structural relationships. Results: Participants (N total 1⁄4 159) included 9 IRB staff, 68 IRB membersand117 investigators (multiplerolespossible). Investigators included both adolescent researchers as well as subspecialists such as pediatric oncologists and gastroenterologists whose research includes adolescent aged participants. 41% of the sample correctly identified the scenario as a risk category 1 and 53% reported it as approvable. Respondents who correctly answered about Indiana healthcareconsent lawforsexually transmitteddiseasediagnosisand treatment scored better on their overall assessment of the scenario’s risk category and approvability (B1⁄4 .22). Knowing that providers do notneed to report consensual sex between two14-year-olds similarly scored better on their overall assessment of the scenario’s risk categoryandapprovability (B1⁄4 .12).However, beliefs thatadolescentmay consent for contraception services predicted lower scores (B 1⁄4 -.17). Other predictors were non-significant. Conclusions: Risk categorization and approval of adolescent protocols is related to clinical knowledge of health care consent laws and mandated reporting requirements. The negative association of beliefs about consent for contraception may be due to Indiana law’s silence on the issue and resultant misperceptions. Our findings suggest that adolescent providers, with their intimate knowledge of adolescent-related laws, regulations and best practices, may be positioned best to evaluate adolescent research, and that IRBs should have adolescent health representation on their boards. Sources of Support: IU Health Values Grant.
Effects of dietary limitations of histidine, methionine, or threonine on the susceptibility of mice to infection with salmonella typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes

Abstract The effects of dietary limitations of histidine, methionine, or threonine on the susceptibility of mice to Salmonella Pultyphimurium and Listeria monocytogenes were investigated. Weanling CF1 or SW mice fed diets limited in 75% histidine or threonine but not methionine were more susceptible to S. typhimurium. Mice fed diets limited in 75% methionine or threonine were more susceptible to L. monocytogenes. Mice frow two of the experimental dietary groups challenged with 6 times the 50% lethal dose of S. typhimurium cells on day 5 after immunization with 108 heat killed cells exhibited a lower resistance than the control group, however, by day 8 after immunization, all dietary groups developed adequate resistance. The increased susceptibility of mice to S. typhimurium was reversed by replenishing the diet after 2 weeks with the limiting amino acid, histidine or threonine. The replenishment of the diet was not effective to reverse the increased susceptibility of mice to L. monocytogenes. The increased susceptibility to L. monocytogenes is likely to be due to the impairment of mouse cell mediated immunity which is not reversible by dietary replenishment.
Multiple phase transitions in rare earth tetraborides at low temperature

Abstract We report the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of single crystals of PrB 4 , GdB 4 , TbB 4 , HoB 4 and TmB 4 , both parallel and perpendicular to the tetragonal c-axis. We also present low temperature resistance measurements on crytals of GdB 4 through TmB 4 . Two magnetic phase transitions are found for TbB 4 , DyB 4 , HoB 4 and TmB 4 . For the latter two compounds, the lower transitions appear to be first order. For HoB 4 , we have measured the low temperature specific heat. The lower transition in TbB 4 and HoB 4 is rapidly depressed upon dilution with YB 4 .
Militarized disputes, incidents, and crises: Identification and classification

The Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) dataset was generated as part of the broader data‐generation efforts of DDIR. The paper (1) briefly lays out the underlying rationale and procedures used in developing the MID dataset, (2) highlights some conceptual and empirical problems associated with the dataset, (3) discusses the conceptual and empirical distinctions made among incidents, disputes, crises, and wars, and (4) offers suggestions for updating and expanding the MID dataset.
Texas 9-1-1: Emergency telecommunications and the genesis of surveillance infrastructure

Abstract Infrastructures of surveillance—everyday, taken-for-granted, institutionalized and technically mediated practices which identify, observe, and analyze individual actions—permeate society. These infrastructures mediate the production of social knowledge and action toward individuals. This article examines the genesis of one such infrastructure, namely the coordinated practices of identifying and locating mobile phone users during emergency (9-1-1) calls. Implementing this infrastructure has entailed creating and coordinating systems to locate wireless phones, to deliver the emergency calls to the appropriate service agency, and to deliver appropriate services to the emergency event. This implementation has occurred within historically specific regulatory, political, cultural, technological, and economic contexts and has specific implications for general surveillance practice. Focusing primarily on the state of Texas, this article examines the development of systems which store and deliver individuals’ geographic location. It argues that, despite privacy laws tightly restricting the use of information generated in the 9-1-1 process, and despite the special purpose to which the 9-1-1 system is dedicated, the wireless 9-1-1 initiative has created the infrastructure for a general purpose locational surveillance infrastructure capable both of surveilling broad patterns of activities and of responding to particular individuals. Moreover, the infrastructure is more available to police agencies and to well-established and well-funded corporate entities than to grass roots organizations. This trend is driven by the need to coordinate a national emergency response system within a fractured telecommunication industry, by the desire of marketers to understand and address their customers’ habits of mobility, and by an increasing willingness of police agencies to include widespread surveillance under the rubric of “emergency services.” Policy responses such as greater ability to opt out of the surveillance system, public oversight of emergency operations, and greater public access to the infrastructure itself might mitigate the most harmful potential social effects of this infrastructure, while distributing its benefits in a more democratic and egalitarian way.