cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the spacel ∞ (S), with the strict topology

Section 1. Introduction Recent work of Conway [6, 7, 8] and of Shields and Rubel [21] has created new interest in the space C (S) of bounded continuous complex valued functions on a locally compact space S, given the fl or strict topology of Buck [4]. In both these papers some of the key proofs were made to depend upon certain results about the simpler space l~= C(N) of bounded complex sequences (N denotes the discrete positive integers). It is our purpose here to discuss rather thoroughly the space (C(S), fl), as a topological vector space, when S is discrete; when convenient or when it is necessary to emphasize that S is discrete we denote (as is fairly standard) this C(S) by I~176 For the sake of clarity and motivation, we indicate in Section 3 some of the known and needed facts about (C(S), fl), for S locally compact, including three results (based on constructions of Conway and of Shields and Rubel) which show how the space (l | fi) arises naturally in the study of general (C(S), fl) and its subspaces. Our basic results on (l~176 fl) and its subspaces may be found in Section 4, including both some new theorems and new proofs of several known results. The material here on the ew* topology and Lemma 4.2 is new and makes it possible to develop this section without using the rather complicated machinery of [8]. At the end of Section 4 a theorem is proved which says that (C(S), fl) is nuclear if and only if it is finite dimensional, a result which says in (l ~ (S), fl) that absolute and unconditional summability ace distinct when S is infinite. The final Section 5 is concerned with some special mappings into Co, with applications. A remark about this paper is perhaps in order: with respect to problems about Schauder bases (see [9]), the space (l ~176 fl) seems to play a role among non-metrisable, non-barrelled spaces analogous to that of the space Co among Banach spaces and thus may well be of some interest to those interested in bases. Indeed, the fact that (l ~ fi) is not barrelled makes essential the use of Conway's theorem that (1 ~~ fl) is a Mackey space (see Section 3), a result he derived from Schur's theorem that in 11, a(l 1, l ~~ and norm convergence for sequences is the same. This result, of course, is known to hold in the dual li(S) of (l ~~ (S), fl) [9, p. 33].
Improving a natural CaMKII inhibitor by random and rational design

Background CaM-KIIN has evolved to inhibit stimulated and autonomous activity of the Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) efficiently, selectively, and potently (IC50 ∼100 nM). The CN class of peptides, derived from the inhibitory region of CaM-KIIN, provides powerful new tools to study CaMKII functions. The goal of this study was to identify the residues required for CaMKII inhibition, and to assess if artificial mutations could further improve the potency achieved during evolution. Methodology/Principal Findings First, the minimal region with full inhibitory potency was identified (CN19) by determining the effect of truncated peptides on CaMKII activity in biochemical assays. Then, individual residues of CN19 were mutated. Most individual Ala substitutions decreased potency of CaMKII inhibition, however, P3A, K13A, and R14A increased potency. Importantly, this initial Ala scan suggested a specific interaction of the region around R11 with the CaMKII substrate binding site, which was exploited for further rational mutagenesis to generate an optimized pseudo-substrate sequence. Indeed, the potency of the optimized peptide CN19o was >250fold improved (IC50 <0.4 nM), and CN19o has characteristics of a tight-binding inhibitor. The selectivity for CaMKII versus CaMKI was similarly improved (to almost 100,000fold for CN19o). A phospho-mimetic S12D mutation decreased potency, indicating potential for regulation by cellular signaling. Consistent with importance of this residue in inhibition, most other S12 mutations also significantly decreased potency, however, mutation to V or Q did not. Conlusions/Significance These results provide improved research tools for studying CaMKII function, and indicate that evolution fine-tuned CaM-KIIN not for maximal potency of CaMKII inhibition, but for lower potency that may be optimal for dynamic regulation of signal transduction.
Ozone-Induced Alteration in β-Adrenergic Pharmacological Modulation of Pulmonary Macrophages

Abstract Ozone is a ubiquitous air pollutant which can affect numerous functions of the respiratory system. However, previous work has not provided any information concerning its ability to modulate pharmacological receptors of pulmonary macrophages. This study examined, using a chemiluminescence assay, the β-adrenergic modulation of pulmonary macrophages harvested from rabbits exposed for 3 hr/day for 5 days to 0.1, 0.3 or 0.6 ppm ozone (O 3 ) or to 3 hr/day for 20 days to 0.1 or 0.3 ppm. Receptor activity was monitored using release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following administration to the cells of the β 2 -receptor agonist, isoproterenol. An O 3 -exposure concentration-dependent response was observed for isoproterenol efficacy following 5-day exposures, in that 0.1 ppm O 3 induced a significant enhancement of β-adrenergic inhibition of ROS production, 0.3 ppm ozone produced no significant change from control, and 0.6 ppm decreased inhibition. No significant effects on β-adrenergic modulation were noted following the 20-day exposures. The results of this study suggest that short-term repeated exposures to O 3 are capable of inducing alterations in the pharmacological functioning of pulmonary macrophages, while longer term exposures may result in adaptation. Alterations in receptor function have implications in terms of pulmonary defense and disease.
Looking through ethnographic eyes at classrooms acting as cultures

In this article we used an orienting framework of interactional ethnography to make visible classrooms acting as cultures. We examined the interactional patterns from two different classrooms as participants jointly negotiated and constructed meaning. We first demonstrated how participants began to construct a classroom culture in the first weeks of school. Next, we examined how taking up an ethnographic perspective assisted a teacher candidate to successfully enter an ongoing classroom culture. In the last analytic sequence, we followed the discursive practices surrounding a fifth grade student who re-entered an ongoing classroom culture after an absence of four months. The results showed that using ethnographic skills of observation and interpretation assisted both the teacher candidate and the returning student to become communicatively and culturally competent members, by recognising the social and academic patterned practices that were already taking shape through the classroom interactions.
Omental transfer for the treatment of mediastinitis in an infant.

Mediastinitis following congenital heart surgery is relatively uncommon but is usually seen in the setting of postoperative low cardiac: output. Conservative treatment utilizing debridement and irrigation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We report the successful application of the omental transfer technique in the treatment of mediastinitis in a 6 month old.
Reporter gene expression in cones in transgenic mice carrying bovine rhodopsin promoter/lacZ transgenes

Rhodopsin gene expression has been used as a model system to study the mechanisms regulating photoreceptor gene expression. Previous transgenic experiments using rhodopsin promoter/lacZ fusion constructs identified some of the cis-acting DNA elements responsible for photoreceptor cell-specific expression. However, the issue of rod specificity vs. photoreceptor (rod and cone) specificity of the elements was not resolved. To address this issue, the specificity of reporter gene expression in the retinas of transgenic mice carrying bovine rhodopsin promoter/lacZ (beta-galactosidase) fusion genes was assessed using X-gal staining and electron microscopy. Two independent transgenic lines, one carrying a rhodopsin promoter fragment extending from -2174 to +70 base pairs (bp) relative to the messenger RNA start site and another line carrying a fragment from -222 to +70 bp, both showed reporter gene expression in cones as well as rods, although the level of staining appeared to be less in the cones than in the rods. These results demonstrate that the -2174 to +70 bp and -222 to +70 bp bovine rhodopsin promoter fragments are not rod-specific in transgenic mice and indicate that the existence of rod promoter mediated-expression in cones must be considered when interpreting results from transgenic experiments utilizing the rhodopsin promoter.
Test suite reduction and prioritization with call trees

This paper presents a tool that (i) constructs tree-based models of a program's behavior during testing and (ii) employs these trees while reordering and reducing a test suite. Using either a dynamic call tree or a calling context tree, the test reduction component identifies a subset of the original tests that covers the same call tree paths. The prioritization technique reorders a test suite so that it covers the call tree paths more rapidly than the initial test ordering. In support of program and test suite understanding, the tool also visualizes the call trees and the coverage relationships. For a chosen case study application, the experimental results show that call tree construction only increases testing time by 13%. In comparison to the original test suite, the experiments show that (i) a prioritized suite achieves coverage much faster and (ii) a reduced test suite contains 45% fewer tests and consumes 82% less time
Observation of "hook effects" in the inhibition and dose-response curves of biotin assays based on the interaction of biotinylated glucose oxidase with (strept)avidin

The inhibition of highly biotinylated enzymes by avidin and streptavidin has been used in the development of homogeneous assays for biotin and other analytes. Usually, this inhibition occurs in a similar fashion for both avidin and streptavidin. Specifically, the curves that relate the inhibition of the enzymatic activity with the concentration of avidin or streptavidin have a sigmoidal shape; I.e., the inhibition of the enzyme-biotin conjugates increases gradually with increasing amounts of avidin or streptavidin and arrives at a plateau at high binding protein concentrations. However, when these two biotin-specific binding proteins interact with biotinylated glucose oxidase a significant difference in their inhibitory action is observed. In particular, the inhibition curves have a sigmoidal shape for streptavidin, while those for avidin exhibit a maximum ("hook") at low avidin concentrations. This difference in the reactivity of the two proteins with biotinylated enzymes influences both the shape of the dose-response curve and the detection limits of homogeneous enzyme-linked competitive binding assays for biotin.
Discriminating Between Preservation and Reperfusion Injury in Human Cardiac Allografts Using Heart Weight and Left Ventricular Mass

Background Myocardial edema caused by injury during preservation or reperfusion can affect cardiac function after heart transplantation. This study was designed to distinguish these forms of injury in human allografts. Methods and Results In 15 donor hearts preserved in University of Wisconsin solution, heart weight (HW) was obtained immediately after explantation and after transport before implantation. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated separately in 18 patients with the use of epicardial two-dimensional echocardiograms obtained both before explantation from the donor and after transplantation and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. While changes in LVM could be due to preservation or reperfusion injury, changes in HW can only be due to edema occurring during transport. HW averaged 339±24 g (mean±SE) before and 340±24 g after transport ( P =NS); however, LVM increased 14 g, from 164±8 to 178±11 g ( P <.05, paired t test). LVM increased in 10 of 18 patients (56%). No correlation was demonstrated between duration of ischemia (mean, 172±13 minutes) and changes in HW or LVM. Two patients died as a result of primary graft failure. In the first, HW increased 54 g, 2 SD above the mean. In the second, LVM increased 66 g, 2 SD above the mean, but HW changed minimally. Conclusions While current preservation methods result in minimal change in HW during transport, reperfusion injury frequently increases LVM. LVM determination by two-dimensional echocardiography may prove valuable in detecting allograft injury.
Literacy Behaviors of Deaf Preschoolers during Video Viewing

A pressing concern in the education of deaf children is their lack of academic success as measured by literacy rates. Most deaf children finish high school reading below a fourth-grade level. Educational television programs have successfully fostered preschool hearing children's emergent literacy skills. As for preschool deaf children, however, there has been only limited research on whether this medium can be effective. This study uses descriptive analyses to determine the type and frequency of literacy behaviors that preschool deaf children engage in while viewing an educational video in American Sign Language. Children were videotaped during three such sessions, and the videos were coded for literacy-related engagement behaviors. The results of this study indicate that preschool deaf children engaged in a variety of such behaviors regardless of age and ASL exposure and that these behaviors increased after multiple video viewings.
Do Sensitive Parents Foster Kind Children, or Vice Versa? Bidirectional Influences between Children's Prosocial Behavior and Parental Sensitivity.

Bidirectional theories of social development have been around for over 40 years (Bell, 1968), yet they have been applied primarily to the study of antisocial development. In the present study, the reciprocal relationship between parenting behavior and children's socially competent behaviors were examined. Using the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care data set (NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, 2005), bidirectional relationships between parental sensitivity and children's prosocial behavior were modeled using latent variables in structural equation modeling for mothers and fathers, separately. Children and their parents engaged in structured interactions when children were 54-month-olds, 3rd graders, and 5th graders, and these interactions were coded for parental sensitivity. At 3rd, 5th, and 6th grades, teachers and parents reported on children's prosocial behavior. Parental education and child gender were entered as covariates in the models. The results provide support for a bidirectional relationship between children's prosocial behavior and maternal sensitivity (but not paternal sensitivity) in middle childhood. The importance of using a bidirectional approach to examine the development of social competence is emphasized.
Aircraft dynamics, wind tunnel testing, and CFD flow visualization of two linked UAVs flying at close proximity

This paper presents an analysis of close proximity aerodynamics and aircraft dynamics of two Linked UAVs. As the UAVs approach each other for wingtip docking there will be strong aerodynamic coupling between their wings tips. Lifting line and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation as well as wind tunnel testing of close proximity effects on lift, drag, roll, pitch and yaw moments for two UAV wings has been performed. The proximity aerodynamics effects between the UAVs wings were analyzed as a function of its relative position in all three directions. A look-up library of aerodynamic forces and moments for relative positions and angles of attack between the two UAVs has been developed. In this study we examined how the close proximity aerodynamics affects the dynamics and stability of the UAVs. The aircraft dynamics analysis is done in Simulink, which will include the close proximity aerodynamic look-up library. An aerodynamic disturbance intensity field will be generated, utilizing both simulation and wind tunnel data, to determine a trajectory for the two UAVs to approach each other for docking.
Hydrothermal effects on organic matter—high vs low temperature components

Abstract Hydrothermal activity and sea-bed mounds have been explored in Guaymas Basin, Central Gulf of California by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, piston coring, dredging and diving with the D.S.R.V. Alvin. The deep-seated magmatic heat flow causes extensive thermal alteration of both organic and mineral matter, especially in the case of the south rift of Guaymas Basin. This results in hydrothermal circulation with concomitant migration of organic pyrolysate to the seabed. The bitumen at depth of DSDP Sites 477 and 481 contained thermogenic components such as primary olefins, thermodynamically stabilized molecular markers [17α(H) hopanes], and elemental sulfur, with traces of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The major components were n-alkanes with no carbon number predominance and unresolvable complex branched and cyclic hydrocarbons (hump), which are typical of mature petroleum and were generated by the heat from the intrusives and magma. Dredge samples recovered from a mound in Guaymas Basin contained petroleum of a thermogenic origin as confirmed by the presence of: gasoline range hydrocarbons; a broad distribution of n-alkanes (C13-C33, no carbon number predominance), hump, pristane and phytane; olefins and PAH; and large amounts of aromatic/naphthenic and asphaltic material. Similar petroleums, subsequently recovered from other active mounds in the southern rift by the D.S.R.V. Alvin, had analogous compositions, ranging from volatile to heavy oils. In pyrrhotite chimneys the extractable organic matter consisted of mainly higher molecular weight PAH. These petroleums are derived from the immature, primarily marine organic matter at depth by thermal alteration. Rapid quenching by hydrothermal removal and migration, followed by condensation at the sea-bed, results in the manifestations of oil as part of the sulfide formations. Exterior, exposed oil samples are degraded and leached, whereas interior samples are essentially unaltered. The PAH are high temperature resynthesis-aromatization products that condense in the hottest parts of the vent systems.
Mixed connective tissue disease in a child

T h e episode of D I C could have resolved spontaneously; however, the rap id clearance of soluble circulat ing fibrin coincident with the inst i tut ion of hepar in therapy suggests that hepar in may have been ins t rumenta l in l imit ing the process. Fur thermore , all previously repor ted newborn infants with Listeria sepsis and petechiae not t reated with hepar in have died. T h e findings, therefore, suggest that a short course of hepar in should be given to infants with Lister ia sepsis in whom int ravascular coagulat ion is documented. R E F E R E N C E S
Buckling Analysis of Anisotropic Curved Panels and Shells with Variable Curvature

A buckling formulation for anisotropic curved panels with variable curvature is presented in this paper. The variable curvature panel is assumed to consists of two or more panels of constant but different curvatures. Bezier functions are used as Ritz functions Displacement (C(sup 0)), and slope (C(sup 1)) continuities between segments are imposed by manipulation of the Bezier control points. A first-order shear-deformation theory is used in the buckling formulation. Results obtained from the present formulation are compared with those from finite element simulations and are found to be in good agreement.
The Effects of Electron Screening Length and Emitter Quasi-Bound States on the Polar-Optical Phonon Scattering in Resonant Tunneling Diodes

Polar optical phonon (POP) scattering is one of the dominant scattering mechanisms contributing to the valley current in GaAs and InP based resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs). We systematically explore two model parameters which determine the strength of the POP scattering enhanced valley current: 1. the electron screening length and 2. the length of the emitter electron accumulation region included in the simulation. When emitter quasi-bound states are included in the simulation, reasonable agreements with experiment can be obtained with screening lengths of 15 to 30 nm.
The Transport of Live Fish

YOUR readers may be interested to know of an experiment with the transport of live fish I am making, and so far successfully. I left Brisbane on April 16, taking with me four specimens of Ceratodus. This remarkable fish is doubtless sufficiently well known to your subscribers to render a description on my part unnecessary.
Examining Teacher Choices for Science Museum Worksheets

Preservice and inservice teachers were asked to examine 2 considerably different museum-based worksheets and to choose which, if any, they might use if they were conducting a science field trip for upper elementary or middle school students. The more detailed, survey-oriented worksheet was chosen more frequently than the open-ended, concept-oriented worksheet. Although different rationales were given for these preferences, findings suggest that teaching experience was not strongly related to worksheet choice. Furthermore, while particular worksheet characteristics were valued by some teachers, others perceived these same characteristics as a drawback. The study suggests that teacher perspectives toward museum visits are quite complex and that these viewpoints must be taken into account when looking to improve learning experiences during school field trips.
Optically pumped helium - a spin dependent probe

In the 25 years since the first optical pumping experiments in helium were reported, there have been an astonishing variety of applications. We describe briefly the use of spin-polarized helium to measure interplanetary magnetic fields, to probe spin-dependent nuclear and atomic collisions, to investigate surface properties of materials, and to study the quantum properties of a spin-polarized Fermi system.
Sonographic characteristics of the neonatal cry of infants exposed to drugs in utero, — report of work in progress

It is estimated that 25 per cent of pregnancies in the United States are complicated by some form of substance abuse. Cocaine use has been on the increase. In some parts of the country 10 per cent of all deliveries are made problematic by maternal cocaine addiction. This report is based on a comparison of cry characteristics of neonates born to drug‐using mothers who also used cocaine and those born to women who were not drug‐users. All infants were full term. Pain cries were elicited by snaps with a rubber band against the foot, on two occasions during the first 48 hours of life. Cry data were processed at Kay Elemetrics via DSP Sona‐Graph 5500. Fundamental frequencies [F#dg] of cries of newborn infants whose mothers used drugs including cocaine, show wide individual differences, ranging between 340 and 700 Hz on the first occasion, with a mean of 480 Hz. This exceeds values for normal infants in the same nursery as well as mean Hz's for normal infants reported by Thoden and Koivisto [330‐410 Hz] and Mic...
An examination of the distinction between nouns and verbs: Associations with two different kinds of motion

Four experiments provide evidence that people are biased to associate particular types of motion with nouns and different types of motion with verbs. Novel nouns and verbs were related to two types of motion: (1) path, or the direction of motion of one character with respect to the other character, and (2) movement orientation, or the direction a character was facing as it moved. Subjects associated verbs more strongly with path than with movement orientation. In contrast, they associated nouns more strongly with movement orientation than with path. Movement orientation was associated with both object categories and verbs, inconsistent with a complete division of labor between these two types of categories. These results are consistent, however, with the notion that people are biased to associate verbs with relations between objects, whereas they are biased to associate object categories with motions defined with respect to the object carrying out those motions.
Fresnel diffraction in a coherent convergent electron beam

The Fresnel diffraction fringes observed in high magnification shadow images obtained in a scanning transmission electron microscope with a field emission source are strikingly different from those observed with parallel incident radiation. The intensities and spacing of the fringes often vary very little instead of dying away rapidly with distance from the shadow edge. Calculations based on a simple wave-optics formulation show good agreement with observed intensity distributions.
Perceptions of the Media and the Public and their Effects on Political Participation in Colombia

This study investigates whether perceptions of the media and the public are related to political participation in Colombia. Communication researchers have built a large body of literature on hostile media perceptions and the projection effect, respectively. This study links these perceptual effects with each other and with political participation. Analyzing survey data from a representative sample of Colombian adults in urban areas, we show a direct relationship between hostile media perceptions and participation but no direct relationship between projection and participation. Hostile media perceptions and projection are negatively related. Results suggest that perceived media bias attenuates projection but increases political engagement.
PROTEIN UPTAKE INTO MULTIVESICULAR BODIES AND STORAGE GRANULES IN THE FAT BODY OF AN INSECT

The fat body in Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) takes up protein from the blood throughout the larval stage before pupation. Depending upon the phase of development, the protein appears in multivesicular bodies, in large storage granules, and in structures of intermediate form. There are three phases in the 8 days of the last larval stage; the first devoted to growth (molting to 66 hr), the second to synthesis for storage or export (M + 66 to M + 156 hr), and the third to preparation for pupation (M + 156 to pupation at M + 192 hr). From M + O to M + 156 and from M + 180 to M + 188 hr, protein is taken up into multivesicular bodies. Larger MVB's form a continuous series with the protein granules formed from M + 162 to M + 180 hr. Blood proteins increase in concentration and amount from M + 66 to M + 156 hr at the same time as the fat body cells have a high rate of incorporation of amino acids and a structure appropriate for protein synthesis. During granule formation, both amino acid incorporation and blood protein concentration decrease. Since foreign proteins injected into the blood appear in the granules, they are probably made mainly from sequestered blood. Protein uptake involves two stages: concentration between the cells, and ingestion in pinocytotic vesicles. The vesicles fuse to become MVB's or storage granules, depending upon their rates of growth and the addition of lytic enzymes. Since MVB's do not accumulate in the fat body and since many of them contain acid phosphatase and appear empty, they are presumed to be concerned in protein turnover.
Forecast Encompassing as the Necessary Condition to Reject Futures Market Efficiency: Fluid Milk Futures

The traditional necessary condition for futures market inefficiency is the existence of alternative forecasting methods that produce mean squared forecast errors smaller than the futures market. Here, a more exacting requirement for futures market efficiency is proposed—forecast encompassing. Using the procedure of Harvey and Newbold, multiple forecast encompassing is tested using Chicago Mercantile Exchange fluid milk futures. Time series models and USDA experts provide competing forecasts. Results suggest milk futures do not encompass the information contained in the USDA forecasts at a two-quarter horizon. While the competing forecasts generate positive revenues, it is unlikely that returns exceed transaction costs in this relatively new market.
Prolactin message in brain and pituitary of adult male rats is identical: PCR cloning and sequencing of hypothalamic prolactin cDNA from intact and hypophysectomized adult male rats

Prolactin (PRL), or a PRL-like molecule has been identified in the central nervous system and other tissues by numerous investigators. The previous finding of PRL in brain persisting for weeks following hypophysectomy led us, and others, to conclude the brain and central nervous system PRL is synthesized locally. Also, our previous results showing PRL mRNA in hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic brain regions using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques, along with this report that the sequence of the PRL message in the brain is identical to that found in the anterior pituitary solidifies our, and others, hypothesis that PRL is synthesized in many locations other than the traditional one (anterior pituitary). The actual sequencing of hypothalamic PRL cDNA produced from RT-PCR of mRNA from intact or hypophysectomized rats demonstrates unequivocally that brain PRL mRNA is identical to anterior pituitary prolactin mRNA.
Real Fish Attack Simulated Plankton

Watching a cat chase a laser pointer across the floor makes us wonder how they can so easily be fooled. Yet, cats, humans, and many other animals respond readily to simulations as if they were real. On page 1212 of this issue, Ioannou et al. ( 1 ) report the creation of a virtual world in which real animals interact with simulated groups. In their study, simulated zooplankton ( Daphnia ) interact with each other and are attacked by real fish. The results shed light on fundamental questions in evolutionary biology.
Influence of prenatal stress on behavioral, endocrine, and cytokine responses to adulthood bacterial endotoxin exposure.

Prior research suggests that prenatal stress, among other effects, can lead to hyper-reactivity of the offspring's hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and alterations in immune function. These stress-induced changes have been linked to a greater propensity to develop depression or anxiety disorders. Furthermore, prenatally stressed offspring may be more susceptible to certain diseases. The immune alterations induced by prenatal stress exposure may disrupt the normal communication between the immune system, endocrine system, and central nervous system, potentially making prenatally stressed individuals more vulnerable to the negative aspects of immune activation, including cytokine-induced cognitive deficits and anxiety. The present study investigated whether prenatal stress would exaggerate these detrimental effects of peripheral immune activation. We hypothesized that prenatally stressed subjects would be hypersensitive to endotoxin administration and would therefore show exaggerated learning deficits, increased anxiety-like behavior, and increased peripheral and central interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. The observed results only partially supported our hypotheses, as prenatally stressed subjects showed evidence, albeit modest, of increased anxiety-like behavior following endotoxin administration relative to non-stressed controls. While prenatal stress exposure or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration independently impaired learning, the data failed to support the hypothesis that prenatally stressed subjects would show exaggerated cognitive deficits, engendered via enhanced peripheral and central IL-1β levels, following immune activation. Collectively, the data suggest that although prenatal stress exposure led to increases in anxiety-like behavior following endotoxin exposure, it did not appear to increase susceptibility to LPS-induced cognitive decline or elevations in proinflammatory cytokine production.
The impact properties of laminated composites containing ultrahigh carbon (UHC) steels

Abstract An ultrahigh carbon (UHC) steel/mild steel laminated composite and a UHC steel/UHC steel laminate have been successfully manufactured by a roll-bonding procedure. Impact properties of these laminates, as well as of monolithic samples of the steels contained in these laminates, have been determined in the crackarrestor orientation over the temperature range 25 to −196°C. Both notched and unnotched samples of the laminated composite and laminate have been tested. Extremely low ductile-to-brittle temperatures of −140°C, and very high shelf energies (>325 J), have been found both for the laminated composites and the laminates. This remarkably good behavior is shown to be a result of notch blunting by delamination within the laminates.
A Developmental Perspective on Technology in Language Education

Is technology a tool for language learning, or is language learning a tool with which people can access technology? This article suggests that both language and technology are tools for individual and societal development. The article introduces a developmental approach to integrating technology in language education, based on consideration of both product and process. It then illustrates these concepts through analysis of a large, U.S.-funded English language developmental program in Egypt. Two projects are examined: a teacher education program on computers in English language teaching and a basic English methodology course taught via videoconferencing. The analysis indicates that a developmental approach is critical to successful integration and use of technology in language education programs.
Lower extremity above-knee prosthesis-associated erectile dysfunction

Blunt pelvic and perineal trauma has been previously reported to result in site-specific veno-occlusive dysfunction and/or site-specific cavernosal artery insufficiency. We herein describe a case of erectile dysfunction in a young previously potent amputee. We postulate that the erectile dysfunction is associated with a newly described form of blunt trauma, that is, site-specific compression from a perineal weight-bearing lower extremity above-knee prosthetic device. It is hypothesized that when the force exerted by the above-knee prosthesis is directed medially towards the ischiopubic ramus, the penile crura and common penile arterial blood supply become susceptible to crush-like injury, since they are in fixed anatomic locations in the perineum sandwiched between the compressive force and the bone. Clinical evaluation of the erectile dysfunction in this patient revealed site-specific corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction and site-specific common penile arterial occlusive pathology in the precise region of the contact of the above-knee prosthesis with the perineum. Further research is needed in above-knee prosthesis design to prevent erectile dysfunction.
Calculation of the infrared spectra of proteins

The CHARMM22 force field with associated partial charges is used to calculate the infrared spectra of a number of small proteins and some larger biothreat proteins. The calculated high-frequency region, from about 2,500 to 3,500 cm−1, is dominated by stretching modes of hydrogen bonded to other atoms, and is very similar in all proteins. There is a peak at 3,430 cm−1 whose intensity is predicted by these calculations to be a direct measure of arginine content. The calculated low-frequency THz region, up to 300 cm−1, is also very similar in all the proteins and just reflects the vibrational density of states in agreement with experimental results. Calculations show that the intermediate-frequency region between 500 and 1,200 cm−1 shows the greatest difference between individual proteins and is also the least affected by water absorption. However, to match experimental measurements in the amide region, it was necessary to reduce the hydrogen partial charges.
Updated evidence in support of diet and exercise interventions in cancer survivors.

AbstractBackground. A growing body of evidence suggests that diet and exercise behaviors and body weight status influence health-related outcomes after a cancer diagnosis. This review synthesizes the recent progress in lifestyle interventions in light of current guidelines put forth by the American Cancer Society (ACS), the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). Methods. The PubMed database was searched for terms of cancer survivor(s) or neoplasms/survivor, cross-referenced with MeSH terms of lifestyle, health behavior, physical activity, exercise, body weight, obesity, weight loss, diet, nutrition, and intervention studies and limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that had retention rates exceeding 75%. Results. There has been an increase in the number and methodological rigor of the studies in this area, with 21 RCTs identified in the past three years. Results suggest that physical activity interventions ...
Micro‐determination of cyclic AMP levels in human epidermis, dermis and hair follicles

SUMMARY In order to study the biological and possible pathological roles of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophsphate (cyclic AMP) in the skin, it is mandatory to measure cyclic AMP in 50–100 μg of microdissected epidermis, dermis or appendages. In the present study, we ofter a method of extracting cyclic AMP from less than 100 μg of tissue, removing contaminating nucleotides and scaling down Gilman's method to fit the analysis of small amounts of tissue. Cyclic AMP levels in the dermis, epidermis, and hair follicles (bulbs) were approximately 1, 2 and 3.5 pmols/μg dry weight tissue respectively. This procedure is applicable to the measurement of cyclic AMP levels in limited foci of healthy or diseased skin.
SURFACE AREA OF CALCINED LIMESTONES OBTAINED BY NITROGEN ADSORPTION AND MERCURY PENETRATION MEASUREMENTS

ABSTRACT Two sets of limestones, one from Kentucky and one from Spain, have been used in a study to compare the surface areas from nitrogen adsorption and mercury penetration. As a first approximation for the higher area materials, the surface areas obtained by the two experimental methods are in reasonable agreement and either method could be employed. However, a consistent trend is established when the ratio of surface areas are considered for decreasing nitrogen. The mercury penetration area becomes increasingly greater than the nitrogen area as the nitrogen area becomes smaller.
Production of immunoreactive forms of growth hormone by the Burkitt tumor serum-free cell line sfRamos.

Tumor B-cell mitogenesis may be regulated by autocrine secretions that cross-react immunologically with neuroendocrine peptides. This hypothesis is supported by our recent report that immunoreactive human PRL (ir-hPRL) is produced by and required for the continuous growth of sfRamos, a Burkitt tumor serum-free cell line. Further support for the hypothesis is provided in this study. The data illustrate that antiserum immunoglobulin fraction G (IgG) to synthetic human GH (NIDDK anti-synth hGH IC-4), but not nonimmune serum IgG, completely inhibited sfRamos proliferation. In addition, anti-synth hGH, but not nonimmune serum, identified several polypeptides in sfRamos spent medium that were not in serum-free control medium, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions and the Western immunoblot procedure. The ir-hGH polypeptides were in the 35- to more than 300-kilodalton (kDa) range, with a 48-kDa polypeptide as a major component. A polypepti...
Assessment of collaboration in online courses

New educational dynamics require new assessment strategies. In this article, three strategies for evaluating the collaboration of learners are presented and discussed: assessment of participation in conferences, assessment of competence and collaborative assessment. These strategies have been investigated in a course taught entirely at distance by the AulaNet, which supplies some mechanisms for the application of these new assessment strategies.
A smoothed projection method for singular, nonlinear Volterra equations

Abstract A modified Galerkin method previously used to approximate the solution of nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the second kind with smooth kernels is generalized to include such equations with singular, monotone kernels of convolution type. Several singular kernel approximations are considered, including positive convolution operators and integral splines. The main results relating to the original integral equation supply error estimates resulting from using the kernel approximations and an approximating system of ordinary differential equations.
PORE-SCALE ANALYSIS OF BULK VOLUME CHANGE FROM CRYSTALLINE INTERLAYER SWELLING IN Na+- AND Ca2+-SMECTITE

Water-vapor sorption experiments were conducted to quantify bulk volume change of compacted expansive clay specimens resulting from interlayer hydration and dehydration in the crystalline swelling regime. Effects of interlayer cation type and pore fabric are examined by comparing results for natural Na+-smectite and Ca2+-smectite specimens compacted over a range of initial bulk densities. Transitions in interlayer hydration states are reflected in the general shape of the sorption isotherms and corresponding relationships between humidity and volume change. Hysteresis is observed in both the sorption and volume-change response. Volume change for Ca2+-smectite specimens is significantly greater than for Na+-smectite over the entire range of packing densities considered. Loosely compacted specimens result in less volume change for both clays. Results are interpreted in light of a conceptual framework based on previous SEM and TEM observations of particle and pore fabric for Na+ and Ca2+ smectite at high suctions. A pore-scale microstructural model is developed to quantitatively assess changes in interlayer and interparticle void volume during hydration. Modeling suggests that the relatively small volume changes observed for Na+-smectite are attributable to a reduction of interparticle void volume as expanding quasicrystals encroach into surrounding larger-scale pores. Volume change hysteresis is attributed to unrecovered alterations in interparticle fabric required to accommodate the swelling process. The results provide new insight to address volume change upscaling, hysteresis, and the general evolution of bi-modal pore fabric during crystalline swelling.
Sending or Receiving Stations? The Dual Influence of Railroads in Early 20th-Century Great Plains Settlement

This study investigates how railroads shaped settlement patterns in the twentieth century US Great Plains using railroad, population census, and environmental data. The substantive question speaks to recent theoretical and methodological interests in contextual and ecological issues. Drawing from theories of transportation and development, I use spatially-oriented techniques to empirically test long-held claims about the relationship of railroads to population development. The Great Plains is a region where settlement is commonly attributed to railroad expansion. Study results show a complex relationship between county population growth and the presence of railroads during the period after the railroad heyday and before the widespread adoption of the automobile, 1900–1930. Counter to the nineteenth century pattern, the association between population change and railroads is negative. Yet the relationship is conditioned by the stage of county development; in the first decade, railroads are receiving stations for counties with smaller population density and sending agents for more settled places; the reverse is observed during the 1920s; and no significant relationship exists during the 1910s. Spatial effects are addressed in the analysis, and theoretical and statistical implications for scholarship concerning transportation and spatial units of analysis are discussed.
Is there a role for decision aids in advanced breast cancer

Background . A diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer (BC) forces patients and providers to make difficult treatment decisions.Objective. To pilot test a decision aid (DA) for advanced BC.Design . P...
Competition and Cooperation: Effects of Value Dissensus and Predisposition to Help

Two studies were conducted in order to investigate the effects of cooperation and competition on performance and satisfaction. In Study One, it was hypothesized that the effects of cooperation vs. competition may be exacerbated by perceptions of value differences. Value dissensus did interact with the cooperation-competition variable for the satisfaction measure, but not for the performance measure. A main effect for performance was found, however, due to subjects in the cooperative condition performing significantly better than subjects in the competitive condition. In Study Two, an attempt was made to discover when cooperation may have advantages over competition. It was hypothesized that people who highly valued employee citizenship behavior would work better in a cooperative environment. An interaction was found suggesting individuals who highly value the helping dimension of citizenship behavior perform better under cooperative incentives than similar individuals under competitive conditions.
SELECTIVE MEDIA FOR THE ISOLATION OF PASTEURELLA PESTIS.

Knisely, Ralph F. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), Lois M. Swaney, and Harold Friedlander. Selective media for the isolation of Pasteurella pestis . J. Bacteriol. 88: 491–496. 1964.—Several selective media are described that were successfully used to isolate virulent and avirulent strains of Pasteurella pestis from material heavily contaminated with other organisms. These media are comparatively easy to prepare, consist of readily available ingredients, and usually require no adjustment of the pH. One of the selective media described permits excellent recovery and the growth of large, easily distinguishable colonies of P. pestis in 48 hr at 26 C, and also allows the detection of fewer numbers of P. pestis organisms in soil than a previously recommended selective medium. The inhibition of other organisms frequently present in clinical specimens is described. Images