cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural proofs for structure, data, and separation

We propose natural proofs for reasoning with programs that manipulate data-structures against specifications that describe the structure of the heap, the data stored within it, and separation and framing of sub-structures. Natural proofs are a subclass of proofs that are amenable to completely automated reasoning, that provide sound but incomplete procedures, and that capture common reasoning tactics in program verification. We develop a dialect of separation logic over heaps, called Dryad, with recursive definitions that avoids explicit quantification. We develop ways to reason with heaplets using classical logic over the theory of sets, and develop natural proofs for reasoning using proof tactics involving disciplined unfoldings and formula abstractions. Natural proofs are encoded into decidable theories of first-order logic so as to be discharged using SMT solvers.We also implement the technique and show that a large class of more than 100 correct programs that manipulate data-structures are amenable to full functional correctness using the proposed natural proof method. These programs are drawn from a variety of sources including standard data-structures, the Schorr-Waite algorithm for garbage collection, a large number of low-level C routines from the Glib library and OpenBSD library, the Linux kernel, and routines from a secure verified OS-browser project. Our work is the first that we know of that can handle such a wide range of full functional verification properties of heaps automatically, given pre/post and loop invariant annotations. We believe that this work paves the way for deductive verification technology to be used by programmers who do not (and need not) understand the internals of the underlying logic solvers, significantly increasing their applicability in building reliable systems.
Hermansky-pudlak oculocutaneous albinism: Clinical and genetic observations of six patients

Six patients diagnosed as Hermansky-Pudlak oculocutaneous albinos in three unrelated Puerto Rican families were studied for modes of genetic transmission and certain laboratory characteristics. The typical findings of this syndrome include a history of easy bruisability and bleeding tendency, a prolonged bleeding time, abnormal platelet aggregation, and oculocutaneous albinism with a tyrosinase-positive phenotype. This variety of albinism usually exhibits an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, although one of the authors' families appears to manifest an autosomal dominant pattern probably due to pseudodominance. Various explanations of these genetic observations are discussed, including gene frequency, modes of inheritance, and gene linkage along with the geographical backgrounds and clinical and laboratory features of the authors' families.
Impact of the SiC FCI in the DCLL blanket module on the nuclear environment inside a Demo reactor configuration

The effects of the inclusion of the SiC flow channel insert (FCI) in a dual-coolant lithium-lead (DCLL) blanket placed in a representative Demo reactor on various key neutronics parameters are studied. These parameters are: tritium production ratio (TBR), power multiplication (PM), profiles of nuclear heating, peak damage parameters (dpa, helium and hydrogen production rates) in the structure, vacuum vessel and shield, peak heating rate and fast neutron fluence in the TF coils. Various thicknesses and density factors of the FCI are considered. These effects are examined in both radial and toroidal direction by 1-D and 2-D models.
From sink to resurgence: the buffering capacity of a cave system in the Tongass national forest, USA

The Tongass National Forest of Southeast Alaska, USA, provides a unique environment for monitoring the impact of the cave system on water quality and biological productivity. The accretionary terrane setting of the area has developed into a complex and heterogeneous geologic landscape which includes numerous blocks of limestone with intense karstification. During the Wisconsian glaciation, there were areas of compacted glacial sediments and silts deposited over the bedrock. Muskeg peatlands developed over these poorly drained areas. The dominant plants of the muskeg ecosystem are Sphagnum mosses, whose decomposition leads to highly acidic waters with pH as low as 2.4. These waters drain off the muskegs into the cave systems, eventually running to the ocean. In accordance with the Tongass Land Management Plan, one of the research priorities of the National Forest is to determine the contributions of karst groundwater systems to productivity of aquatic communities. On Northern Prince of Wales Island, the Conk Canyon Cave insurgence and the Mop Spring resurgence were continuously monitored to understand the buffering capacity of the cave system. Over the length of the system, the pH increases from an average 3.89 to 7.22. The insurgence water temperature, during the summer months, ranged from between 10oC to 17oC. After residence in the cave system, the resurgence water had been buffered to 6oC to 9oC. Over the continuum from insurgence to resurgence, the specific conductance had increased by an order of magnitude with the resurgence waters having a higher ionic strength. The cave environment acts as a buffer on the incoming acidic muskeg water to yield resurgence water chemistry of a buffered karst system. These buffered waters contribute to the productivity in aquatic environments downstream. The waters from this system drain into Whale Pass, an important location for the salmon industry. The cool, even temperatures, as well as buffered flow rates delivered by the karst systems are associated with higher productivity of juvenile coho salmon.
Blowing in the wind: unanchored patient information work during cancer care

Patients do considerable information work. Technologies that help patients manage health information so they can play active roles in their health-care, such as personal health records, provide patients with effective support for focused and sustained personal health tasks. Yet, little attention has been paid to patients' needs for information management support while on the go and away from their personal health information collections. Through a qualitative field study, we investigated the information work that breast cancer patients do in such 'unanchored settings'. We report on the types of unanchored information work that patients do over the course of cancer treatment, reasons this work is challenging, and strategies used by patients to overcome those challenges. Our description of unanchored patient information work expands our understanding of patients' information practices and points to valuable design directions for supporting critical but unmet needs.
The Artistic Dividend: Urban Artistic Specialisation and Economic Development Implications

Over the past two decades, urban and regional policy-makers have increasingly looked to the arts and culture as an economic panacea, especially for the older urban core. The arts' regional economic contribution is generally measured by totalling the revenue of larger arts organisations, associated expenditures by patrons and multiplier effects. This approach underestimates the contributions of creative artists to a regional economy, because of high rates of self-employment and direct export activity, because artists' work enhances the design, production and marketing of products and services in other sectors and because artists induce innovation on the part of suppliers. Artists create import-substituting entertainment options for regional consumers and spend large shares of their own incomes on local arts output. The paper takes a labour-centred view of the arts economy, hypothesising that many artists choose a locale in which to work, often without regard to particular employers but in response to a nur...
Assessing Gilligan Vs. Sommers: Gender-Specific Trends in Child and Youth Well-Being in the United States, 1985–2001

The question of whether boys or girls (and young males and females) have been doing better in terms of their well-being in the United States has been a point of sometimes rancorous debate among feminist and other scholars in recent decades. But suprisingly little systematic empirical inquiry has been devoted to this question. The present study addresses this general question and a number of related questions by application of a recently developed index of child and youth well-being to study trends in well-being. Specifically, sex-specific trends in 28 national-level time series social indicators in seven quality-of-life domains - material well-being, social relationships (with family and peers), health, safety/behavioral concerns, productive activity (educational attainments), place in community (participation in schooling or work), and emotional/spiritual well-being - are reviewed. These indicators are indexed by percentage change from a base year, 1985. Subsequent annual observations through the year 2001 are calculated as a percentage of the base year values. Domain specific summary indices as well as a summary overall well-being index are computed. The results are mixed - they show that for both boys and girls, some of the seven domains of well-being have improved since 1985, while others have deteriorated. Since 1995, overall well-being indices for boys and girls have shown significant improvement and 2001 levels were well above 1985 baseline figures. A direct comparison of male and female well-being reveals that the absolute level of gender differences in the summary well-being index decreased in the late 1980s, increased through the mid-1990s, peaked in 1997, and declined thereafter. It is concluded that gender differences in well-being, when they do exist, are very slight and that overall, both boys and girls in the United States currently enjoy a higher quality of life than they did in 1985. The findings are discussed in relation to recent debates in feminist literature.
A biomechanical comparison of posterior cervical stabilization constructs

The overall aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of cervical lateral mass plate (CLMP) fixation to that of cervical lateral mass rod (CLMR) fixation and transpedicular fixation in providing stability to the cervical spine. Twenty-one cervical spines will be tested intact and with instrumentation in varying degrees of instability including posterior instability, anterior/posterior instability, corpectomy, and reconstructed corpectomy. The biomechanical testing will be conducted on an MTS 858 Mini Bionix testing system with specially designed fixation methods for producing axial torsion, flexion/extension, and lateral bending. Data for each of the constructs in all conditions will consist of stiffness and energy absorption that can be compared across constructs and conditions.
‘Civilized city’: how embedded civil society networks frame the debate on urban green space in Hanoi, Vietnam

This article explores the framing mechanisms used by an embedded civil society network of urban planners, architects, and journalists in the burgeoning city of Hanoi, Vietnam, to structure the terms of debate in a controversy over the use of public space in Reunification Park. The network drew on the values of collectivism, modernization, and nationalism propagated under the socialist government’s ‘civilized city’ campaign in order to pressure the city government to preserve green space in its largest park and cease development plans for a hotel. By analyzing the content of the investigative reporting on the SAS hotel investment controversy in Reunification Park covered by the online journal of the Vietnam Urban Planning and Development Association, this article demonstrates how this embedded civil society network used methods of ‘rightful resistance’ in framing the issue, pressuring the government to be accountable to its own purported values. It shows that there are social movements both associated with...
The Saccharomyces Genome Database: Gene Product Annotation of Function, Process, and Component

An ontology is a highly structured form of controlled vocabulary. Each entry in the ontology is commonly called a term. These terms are used when talking about an annotation. However, each term has a definition that, like the definition of a word found within a dictionary, provides the complete usage and detailed explanation of the term. It is critical to consult a term's definition because the distinction between terms can be subtle. The use of ontologies in biology started as a way of unifying communication between scientific communities and to provide a standard dictionary for different topics, including molecular functions, biological processes, mutant phenotypes, chemical properties and structures. The creation of ontology terms and their definitions often requires debate to reach agreement but the result has been a unified descriptive language used to communicate knowledge. In addition to terms and definitions, ontologies require a relationship used to define the type of connection between terms. In an ontology, a term can have more than one parent term, the term above it in an ontology, as well as more than one child, the term below it in the ontology. Many ontologies are used to construct annotations in the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD), as in all modern biological databases; however, Gene Ontology (GO), a descriptive system used to categorize gene function, is the most extensively used ontology in SGD annotations. Examples included in this protocol illustrate the structure and features of this ontology.
Characterization of Gas-charged Sediments from Joint Inversion of Qp and Qs

Seismic attenuation is an effective indicator of the presence of gas. However, quantitatively inverting rock physics models of attenuation is difficult because of large errors in attenuation estimates, the nonlinearity of these models, and their generally large number of input parameters (high dimensionality). In this paper, we propose to estimate properties of gascharged sediments by jointly inverting Pand S-wave quality factors, which are inversely proportional to attenuation. We use the Dvorkin-Mavko attenuation model to functionally link Qp and Qs to key sediment properties of interest, such as water saturation and porosity. At first, the centroid-frequency-shift method is used to estimate the quality factor from OBS data of Finneidfjord, Norway, since it is a statistic-like method that can be used for broad bandwidth and high attenuation seismic data. Then, forward modeling is constructed as Dvorkin-Mavko attenuation model, which is sensitive to the gas saturation at different frequency bands. Lastly, we use a generic algorithm to do a joint Qp and Qs inversion process, computing the distribution of various parameters. The advantage of applying generic algorithm is its good performance on global optimization and feasibility of imposing a relatively realistic constraint on the search. We find good performance and agreeable values for gas saturation. But the ambiguity problem of the solution still needs to be further researching.
Prediction of Critical Pulmonary Shunts in Infants

As a first step toward the development of closed-loop medical cyber-physical systems, this paper presents a monitor for blood oxygen concentration that predicts critical drops in oxygen levels caused by pulmonary shunts in infants. Although blood oxygen concentration is one of the most closely monitored vital signs in modern operating rooms, it cannot be measured noninvasively and is currently monitored by a time-delayed proxy—the hemoglobin oxygen saturation. To predict sharp drops in blood oxygen concentration, we employ available noninvasive respiratory measurements and build a parameterized physiological model of the circulation of these gases through the cardiopulmonary system. Since the model parameters (e.g., metabolic rate) are unknown and vary greatly across patients, we utilize a parameter-invariant detector designed to provide a constant false alarm rate for different patients regardless of the values of the parameters and robust to missing measurements. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the detector on real patient data collected during surgeries performed at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. As evaluated on 61 patients experiencing a drop in blood oxygen concentration, the detector achieves a detection rate of about 85% with a potentially life-saving early warning of 90 s on average. In addition, it achieves a false alarm rate of 0.95 false alarms per hour (about 0.5% of the tests) across 314 patients who did not experience a pulmonary shunt.
Benjamin Waterhouse and the Introduction of Vaccination

[Editor's note: This account of the introduction of vaccinia into the United States and of the remarkable clinical trial developed for the smallpox vaccine is excerpted from J. B. Blake, Benjamin Waterhouse and the Introduction of Vaccination (Yale University Department of the History of Medicine Monograph Series no. 33, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957). A detailed bibliography is included in this fine monograph. Footnotes are deleted from this article because of space constraints.]
Vitamin D Metabolism in Pregnancy and Lactation

Publisher Summary The primary role of vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation is in the regulation of calcium metabolism of the mother and fetus. Significant changes in maternal calcium metabolism occur during pregnancy, lactation, and after weaning, to provide the calcium needed for fetal bone mineral accretion, for the synthesis of breast milk, and for the restoration of the maternal skeleton. Reproductive hormones have important effects on calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, and during pregnancy and lactation their actions work in concert with the vitamin D endocrine system to ensure the calcium needs are met for fetal bone mineral accretion, for breast milk production, and to maintain circulating maternal calcium concentrations. During pregnancy, the primary strategy to secure additional calcium is by increases in serum concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D and intestinal calcium absorption. During lactation, maternal bone is demineralized, possibly due to the lactation-induced amenorrhea, in order to secure adequate availability of calcium for breast milk production. After weaning and the return of menses, maternal bone density increases. Recently it has been suggested that low maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy may influence pregnancy outcomes and disease development and growth of the offspring later in childhood or adulthood.
Fully integrated AFE for WCDMA

We present the world's first integrated analog front-end (AFE) and audio codec IC supporting the WCDMA standard. This chip was fabricated on Intel's 0.18/spl mu/m flash +logic +analog (FLA) process technology using a 0.35/spl mu/m feature size analog transistor. The AFE transmit path contains a 10-bit segmented R2R D/A, self-calibrated active RC filter and programmable gain amplifier (PGA) with a self tuning offset correction circuit. The receive path includes a programmable gain active RC filter and an 8-bit A/D with built-in offset correction. The AFE operates at 2.7 V with a current consumption of 55 mA, and total active area of 15 mm/sup 2/.
Impact of age and comorbidity on treatment of non-small cell lung cancer recurrence following complete resection: A nationally representative cohort study

Abstract Objective Older patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are less likely to receive guideline-recommended treatment at diagnosis, independent of comorbidity. However, national data on treatment of postoperative recurrence are limited. We evaluated the associations between age, comorbidity, and other patient factors and treatment of postoperative NSCLC recurrence in a national cohort. Materials and methods We randomly selected 9001 patients with surgically resected stage I–III NSCLC in 2006–2007 from the National Cancer Data Base. Patients were followed for 5 years or until first NSCLC recurrence, new primary cancer, or death, whichever came first. Perioperative comorbidities, first recurrence, treatment of recurrence, and survival were abstracted from medical records and merged with existing registry data. Factors associated with active treatment (chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery) versus supportive care only were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results Median age at initial diagnosis was 67; 69.7% had >1 comorbidity. At 5-year follow-up, 12.3% developed locoregional and 21.5% developed distant recurrence. Among patients with locoregional recurrence, 79.5% received active treatment. Older patients (OR 0.49 for age >75 compared with 75 compared with Conclusion Older patients independent of comorbidity, patients with substance abuse, and women were less likely to receive active treatment for postoperative NSCLC recurrence. Studies to further characterize these disparities in treatment of NSCLC recurrence are needed to identify barriers to treatment.
Minimization of System-Level Losses in VSI-Based Induction Motor Drives: Offline Strategies

Applications of motor drives, ranging from automotive traction to more-electric aircraft, have widely varying speed and torque demands. With extensive use of inverter-fed drives, loss minimization techniques for such applications have evolved over the past few decades. Previous work on loss minimization has mainly focused on specific drive components. Component-level loss minimization, however, will not guarantee minimum total loss in the drive system. In this paper, a system-level loss minimization method is developed using a comprehensive loss model, to achieve true minimum total loss in the system. The total loss obtained is lower for the proposed system-based minimization than the component-based methods such as machine loss minimization, torque maximization per stator ampere, and dc-link loss minimization. Simulation and experimental results for a sample drive cycle are presented to verify the benefits of the proposed scheme for an induction motor drive. Results suggest system loss reduction of about 7%, when compared to machine-based optimization, in high-variability applications.
Formative evaluation of an innovative program to prepare non-technical majors to join advanced manufacturing workforce

The manufacturing industry has been thriving recently after decades of defection offshore and outsourcing. The manufacturing industry in the state of Massachusetts is particularly strong. Massachusetts and other US states report shortage of enough skilled workforce to fill advanced manufacturing positions such as robotics operators, programmers, CNC programmers, CAD operators, and QA personnel, to name a few. The labor shortage is attributed to the lack of STEM pipeline of students who are interested to pursue STEM careers including manufacturing. This paper describes an innovative approach of how to re-train non-technical majors (liberal arts graduates) for a second career to join the manufacturing workforce. The paper focuses on the formative evaluation of the approach. It covers the evaluation instruments including survey forms, data collection, data analysis, and insightful conclusions. The formative evaluation is conducted by a professional external evaluation organization and administered to the first cohort in a three-year NSF funded program.
National Youth Service Day: A Youth Development Strategy

A growing number of studies show connections between youth participation in service and service-learning opportunities and positive behavior outcomes. Building on this data, the article presents National Youth Service Day (NYSD) as a program that can be incorporated into ongoing activities to enhance youth development goals. The paper describes the program’s components– building a network of support organizations, offering project planning grants, providing service-learning materials, and developing a media and advocacy campaign. Examples of NYSD projects show how project planners are using the program to learn and practice academic and non-academic skills. A review of evaluations to date indicates the program is annually increasing its output measures. Participants’ responses show that the program is also contributing to positive behavioral changes, in particular related to young people’s increasing awareness about specific community issues and their own competency in addressing them.
Ocean heave cancellation for a maritime infrasound sensor

Infrasound is very low frequency airborne acoustic energy in the frequency band of 3.3 mHz to 20 Hz, that is inaudible to human beings. Natural sources of infrasound include earthquakes, meteors, volcanoes, tsunamis, auroras, and ocean swells. Among anthropogenic sources are atmospheric and underground nuclear explosions. Because of their low frequency, infrasound waves experience little attenuation, and can therefore propagate to, and be detectable from, very long distances. Land-based infrasound microbarometer sensors and networks have the capability of detecting these signals. In this paper, we investigate the fielding of microbarometer sensors in the maritime environment, on boats, buoys, or unmanned surface vehicles (USV). A particular problem to be overcome is the effect of ocean heave on sensor performance. Ocean heave induces interfering pressure fluctuations on the sensor which may obscure the infrasound signal of interest. In this paper, an ocean-heave cancellation method is developed and applied to infrasound data collected with a sensor deployed onboard a ship at sea. The results show the performance of this approach in cancelling ocean heave-induced interference on infrasound sensors fielded in the maritime environment.
Evaluating discriminating power of single-criteria and multi-criteria models towards inventory classification

Single-criteria and various multi-criteria models are compared.Models are tested for their ability to classify inventory.Discriminating power test is introduced.Drawback of using single-criteria and R model is captured.Effectiveness of using criteria in descending order is highlighted. Single-criteria and multi-criteria models both are used with regards to inventory classification. In this paper, we evaluated single-criteria and multi-criteria models in terms of their feasibility in classifying inventory items for a given dataset. We introduced discriminating power test. We used two datasets with lead time as the first criterion. We compared the scores of the models. We also modified ZF model and used descending ranking order criteria constraint to address the infeasibilities. Results show that using criteria in descending order reduces the classification infeasibility. Later, we proposed a probability distribution to find the probability of infeasibility for a given dataset against a number of identical scoring items.
Ultrasound diagnosis of fetal hypospadias: Accuracy and outcomes.

Summary Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the positive predictive value of a prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of hypospadias when compared with postnatal diagnosis based on physical exam. Methods We retrospectively identified all pregnant women between 2004 and 2014 who were either referred to our fetal care center carrying a fetus with an ultrasound diagnosis of possible hypospadias or who had a new diagnosis of hypospadias after imaging in our center. Results A total of 32 cases of possible hypospadias were identified, with our fetal center ultrasound suggesting hypospadias in 25 of the 32 cases (78%). Of the 25 cases, 18 infants were confirmed to have hypospadias on postnatal physical exam ( Table ), reflecting a positive predictive value of 72%. Twenty-one of twenty-five cases with suggested hypospadias on ultrasound were found to have either hypospadias or another penile anomaly on postnatal physical exam, reflecting a positive predictive value for any genital anomaly of 84%. Infants with confirmed hypospadias often had several associated GU anomalies on postnatal clinical exam. Conclusions Our single center experience with the fetal ultrasound diagnosis of hypospadias demonstrates a high positive predictive value for a penile anomaly (21/25, 84%), and a moderately high positive predictive value for the specific diagnosis of hypospadias (18/25, 72%) when compared with the postnatal diagnosis. Table . Diagnosis of hypospadias by fetal ultrasound versus physical exam. Case Fetal ultrasound diagnosis of hypospadias a Physical exam diagnosis of hypospadias a Classification of hypospadias b Other genitourinary findings 1 + + Proximal Severe chordee, penoscrotal transposition 2 + + Proximal Moderate chordee 3 + + Glanular Mild chordee 4 + + Proximal Significant chordee 5 + + Proximal Severe chordee 6 + + Glanular Undescended testes 7 + + Proximal Undescended testes 8 + + Proximal Severe chordee 9 + + Proximal Bifid scrotum 10 + + Distal None 11 + + Distal Mild chordee 12 + + Proximal Mild chordee 13 + + Proximal Bifid scrotum 14 + + Proximal Severe penoscrotal transposition 15 + + Proximal Marked chordee 16 + + Proximal Penoscrotal transposition 17 + + Not documented None 18 + + Not documented None 19 + − NA Penopubic epispadias 20 + − NA None 21 + − NA Bladder exstrophy 22 + − NA Mild penoscrotal transposition 23 + − NA None 24 + − NA None 25 + − NA None a + or − refers to whether or not the patient was diagnosed with hypospadias. b The Hadidi classification system was used [4] .
Mississippi River sustenance of brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) in Louisiana coastal waters

Brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) are abundant along the Louisiana coast, a coastline that is heavily influenced by one of the world’s largest rivers, the Mississippi River. Stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur (CNS) isotopes of shrimp and their proventriculus (stomach) contents were assayed to trace riverine support of estuarine-dependent brown shrimp. Extensive inshore and of fshore collections were made in the Louisiana coastal zone during 1999–2006 to document shrimp movement patterns across the bay and shelf region. Results showed an unexpectedly strong role for nursery areas in the river delta in supporting the offshore fishery, with about 46% of immigrants to offshore regions arriving from riverine marshes. Strong river influences also were evident offshore, where cluster analysis of combined CNS isotope data showed three regional station groups related to river inputs. Two nearer-river mid-shelf station groups showed isotope values indicating river fertilization and productivity responses in the benthic shrimp food web, and a deeper offshore station group to the south and west showed much less river inf luence. At several mid-shelf stations where hypoxia is common, shrimp were anomalously 15N depleted versus their diets, and this d15N difference or mismatch may be useful in monitoring shrimp movement responses to hypoxia.
An optimized library for reference-based deconvolution of whole-blood biospecimens assayed using the Illumina HumanMethylationEPIC BeadArray.

Genome-wide methylation arrays are powerful tools for assessing cell composition of complex mixtures. We compare three approaches to select reference libraries for deconvoluting neutrophil, monocyte, B-lymphocyte, natural killer, and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell fractions based on blood-derived DNA methylation signatures assayed using the Illumina HumanMethylationEPIC array. The IDOL algorithm identifies a library of 450 CpGs, resulting in an average R2 = 99.2 across cell types when applied to EPIC methylation data collected on artificial mixtures constructed from the above cell types. Of the 450 CpGs, 69% are unique to EPIC. This library has the potential to reduce unintended technical differences across array platforms.
Geomechanical characterization of a caprock-reservoir system in the Northern Appalachian Basin: Estimating spatial variation of in situ stress magnitude and orientation

AbstractAssessing the mechanical integrity of the caprock-reservoir system is necessary to evaluate the practical storage capacity for geologic CO2 storage. We used a combination of well-log and ex...
Some Challenges to the Deductive Model

This chapter takes up additional challenges to the deductive model of virtue ethics developed in this book. The first is the particularist challenge to a model of virtue ethics grounded in ethical principles. John McDowell offers the most focused attack among different types of moral particularism to the model of virtue ethics offered in this book. The next challenge comes in the form of questions about the scope of the type of realist virtue ethics developed in the previous chapters. Some have argued that although the Aristotelian model of practical reasoning is powerful, it is not broad enough to generate the kinds of principles needed for a robust ethical theory. A last challenge arises when we wonder about whether it is possible to justify exceptionless moral precepts or inalienable rights solely on the basis of Aristotelian virtue theory. An attempt is made to see how this justification might go.
Markets and Pricing

Revenue is just price times volume so getting the right price is critical to growing revenue. If a company sets its price too low, it will leave profit on the table. If a company sets its price to high, it will not reach optimum sales. The relationship of price to cost drives gross margin and a company with too low a gross margin is destined to fail.
Ion exchange determination of strontium-89 and strontium-90 in milk: collaborative study

Eleven collaborators performed a second collaborative study of an ion exchange method for determining /sup 89/Si and /sup 90/Si. For milk containing 29.0 and 197 pCi/l of /sup 89/Sr, the results at 2 levels were: average 31.0, 199.6; range 26--36, 164--290; standard deviation 151.; pCi/l of /sup 90/Sr, the results were: average 32.5, 149.9; range error 0.9, 2.8. The method has been adopted as official first action. (auth)
Representative Microstructure Finite Elements for Collagen Gels

We present a method for simulation of collagen gels and more generally for materials comprised of a fibrillar network. The method solves a representative microstructural problem on each finite element in lieu of a constitutive equation. The method captures key features of microstructural rearrangement while maintaining the ability to perform simulations on the (large) functional length scale.
NONLINEAR OSCILLATIONS IN TRIGGERED SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter explains nonlinear oscillations in triggered systems. The study of the sharp changes that can be triggered in dynamical systems leads to many new problems, some of which have simple and, essentially, complete solution. The chapter describes a rather complementary mode of behavior: the system is said to be G-oscillating if there exists g ∈ G such that the dynamical system has a periodic, nonconstant solution. The goal is to find conditions on the structure function s so as to secure this property. The results presented in the chapter allow analyzing the nonlinear oscillatory phenomena that take place at the boundary of the region of mutability. This leads to sharper, necessary, and sufficient conditions of mutability for the systems studied and also allows determining a class of mutable systems of maximal structure. The chapter presents problems evolved from the theory of absolute stability of nonlinear control systems.
Keep your laziness in check

We introduce StrictCheck: a property-based random testing framework for observing, specifying, and testing the strictness of Haskell functions. Strictness is traditionally considered a non-functional property; StrictCheck allows it to be tested as if it were one, by reifying demands on data structures so they can be manipulated and examined within Haskell. Testing strictness requires us to 1) precisely specify the strictness of functions, 2) efficiently observe the evaluation of data structures, and 3) correctly generate functions with random strictness. We tackle all three of these challenges, designing an efficient generic framework for precise dynamic strictness testing. StrictCheck can specify and test the strictness of any Haskell function---including higher-order ones---with only a constant factor of overhead, and requires no boilerplate for testing functions on Haskell-standard algebraic data types. We provide an expressive but low-level specification language as a foundation upon which to build future higher-level abstractions. We demonstrate a non-trivial application of our library, developing a correct specification of a data structure whose properties intrinsically rely on subtle use of laziness: Okasaki's constant-time purely functional queue.
Outside Timbuktu's divine cover:

During the armed conflict in northern Mali in 2012 and 2013, internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees from the town of Timbuktu had to make sense of and negotiate the hardships of occupation and displacement. They did so through a social-metaphysical ethic of privacy called sutura, which informs everyday attitudes and practices, particularly those relating to work and the built environment. Although sutura framed displacement, it made certain hardships more difficult to overcome, since it became almost impossible for people to maintain sutura outside the sacred space of Timbuktu. Privileging sutura as a local religio-cultural framework within the context of crisis links broader structural issues with everyday lived experience. It also identifies existential limitations that displaced communities might encounter when attempting to navigate certain hardships. [crisis, displacement, ethics, lived space, sutura, privacy, Islam, Timbuktu, Mali] Pendant le conflit arme dans le nord du Mali en 2012 et 2013, les personnes deplacees et les refugies de la ville de Tombouctou ont du subir et negocier les difficultes de l'occupation et du deplacement. Ils l'ont fait a travers une ethique sociale-metaphysique de l'intimite appelee sutura, qui a informe les attitudes et les activites quotidiennes, en particulier celles relatives au travail et a l'environnement bâti. Bien que sutura a encadre l'experience du deplacement, certaines obstacles (problemes) ont devenus plus difficiles a surmonter, a cause de l'impossibilite pour les gens de maintenir sutura en dehors de l'espace sacre de Tombouctou. Privilegier la sutura en tant que cadre religio-culturel local dans le contexte de la crise, peut relier les problemes structurels plus larges avec l'experience quotidienne vecue. Il identifie egalement les limites existentielles que les communautes deplacees pourraient rencontrer lorsqu'elles tentent de surmonter certaines difficultes. [crise, deplacement, ethique, espace habite, sutura, intimite, Islam, Tombouctou, Mali]
Physician-Centered Outcomes for Skin Cancer Treatment: A Single-Day Modified Delphi Process to Assess the Importance of Themes in Skin Cancer Management

Background Success in skin cancer treatment is determined through outcome measurement. Patients and physicians may prioritize different outcomes of care, and identification of such may enhance patient-centered care. Objective To identify gaps between patient and physician attitudes toward skin cancer outcomes. Materials and methods A single-day, 21-patient, modified, in-person Delphi process to solicit and rate the importance of skin cancer-related outcomes was conducted. Twelve masked dermatologic surgeons rated patient-generated outcomes in a 2-round modified Delphi process. Each item was rated on a 1 to 9 scale (1, least important; 9, most important) using the Qualtrics web platform (Qualtrics, Provo, UT). Results of the physician ratings were compared with the patient ratings. Results A list of 53 skin cancer treatment-related themes and outcomes was generated. Eight items were ranked by physicians as "very high" (>80% importance), 5 as "high" (>70% importance), 19 as intermediate, and 21 as low. The physician and patient panels' ratings were concordant for 56% of items, whereas 7 outcome items showed a 2-category discordance. Conclusion Physicians and patients were concordant regarding skin cancer treatment on multiple spheres. Areas of discordance include patient fear of unknown future risk, recurrence, or empowering patients to make treatment choices, and may be areas of continued improvement for delivery of patient-centered care.
A Long Timescale Stimulus History Effect in the Primary Visual Cortex

Abstract Responses of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) are often understood as encoding the current visual stimulus. Yet, some studies indicate that temporal contingency effects exist in the responses of neurons in early sensory areas. We explored if the recent stimulus history would alter the response of V1 layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in head-fixed awake mice during presentation of sequences of complex images. The activity of individual neurons was sparse, such that either one or none of the images in the sequence typically yielded a strong response. We then substituted an image preceding this primary image in order to determine if responses to the primary image were affected. We found that the amplitude of the neuron’s response could be significantly altered by substitutions up to five images back from the primary image, even when the substituted image elicited virtually no response by itself. This stimulus history effect was heterogeneous across the population, with some cells showing facilitation and others suppression. For individual cells, the history effect was robust and reproducible across days. Our data show that responses of V1 neurons not only reflect the current stimulus but also encode, through their response amplitude, information about multiple images previously presented as far as 1000 msec in the past. This might enable V1 to retain information about the extended trajectory of past stimuli and perform complex temporal computations that are as of yet not appreciated.
Abstract P2-05-09: Withdrawn

This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Connelly L, Tsang Mui Chung S. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-05-09.
Suppression of voluntary ethanol intake in mice under constant light and constant darkness.

Abstract Seasonal variations in photoperiod are associated with alterations in human mood and behavior. Similarly, manipulation of the environmental lighting regimen can exert pronounced effects on affective behavior in experimental animals. These observations may be due, in part, to light-induced alterations in circadian rhythms, but it seems likely that other, non-circadian factors also contribute. Several studies have shown that voluntary alcohol (ethanol) consumption can be affected by lighting conditions in rodents, suggesting that photoperiodic variation may account for seasonal and geographic patterns of human alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, the existing animal data are somewhat inconsistent, and little work in this area has been performed in mice. In the present study, we monitored circadian activity rhythms and voluntary ethanol consumption under standard 12:12 light–dark (LD) cycles, and in constant light (LL) and constant darkness (DD). Experiment 1 employed male C3H/He inbred mice, while Experiment 2 employed males and females from a genetically heterogeneous line (WSC). Relative to LD conditions, ethanol intake and ethanol preference were reduced under both LL and DD in both experiments. Because similar effects were seen in both LL and DD, neither circadian disruption nor a classical photoperiodic mechanism are likely to account fully for these findings. Instead, we suggest that the absence of circadian entrainment may function as a mild stressor, resulting in reduced ethanol consumption.
Du Châtelet and Descartes on the Roles of Hypothesis and Metaphysics in Natural Philosophy

In this chapter, I examine similarities and divergences between Du Châtelet and Descartes on their endorsement of the use of hypotheses in science, using the work of Condillac to locate them in his scheme of systematizers. I conclude that, while Du Châtelet is still clearly a natural philosopher, as opposed to modern scientist, her conception of hypotheses is considerably more modern than is Descartes’, a difference that finds its roots in their divergence on the nature of first principles.
Fe nanoparticles encapsulated in MOF-derived carbon for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and methyl orange in water

Abstract Herein, magnetic C@Fe nanocatalyst was prepared via the direct carbonization of Fe-BDC (benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid) metal organic framework and utilized for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methyl orange (MO). The nanocatalyst was characterized using VSM, TEM, SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD and TGA instruments. The nanocatalyst showed excellent catalytic performance and good reusability. The calculated apparent rate constant was 1.34 min−1 and 0.92 min−1 for the 4-NP and MO reduction, which is higher than that of numerous previously reported nanocatalysts. Consequently, magnetically recoverable C@Fe nanocatalyst could be considered as a promising nanocatalyst due to their easy preparation and excellent activity.
Rare K Decays

While the Standard Model employing SU(3) × SU(2) × U(l) has had remarkable success in describing and predicting emperical results, it is also recognized that it is not a complete theory of nature. Outstanding issues such as the gauge heirarchy problem, particle family replication, and the number of Higgs bosons have motivated extensions which involve technicolor, supersymmetry, leptoquarks, and composite leptons , to mention a few. Phenomenological features of all of these models include the existence of new physics at energies higher than the masses of the weak bosons, and the possibility of flavor changing neutral currents, (FCNC’s). It is the latter feature which might permit processes such as K L 0 → μe, K μe 0 , and K + → π + μe, K πμe + , to be observed in our laboratories. Thus in the early 1980’s several experiments were undertaken to search for these decay modes.
Abstract P179: Time Restricted Feeding Improves Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Rhythms as Well as Activation of NOS3 and AMP Kinase in Mice on a Chronic High Fat Diet

Irregular timing of food intake increases cardiometabolic disease and hypertension risk. A chronic high fat diet (HFD) leads to loss of endothelial function and reduced activation of endothelial NO...
Biodistribution of adeno-associated virus type 2 with mutations in the capsid that contribute to heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.

Abstract We compared the phenotypes of three mutant AAV2 viruses containing mutations in arginine amino acids (R585, R588 and R484) previously shown to be involved in AAV2 heparan sulfate binding. The transduction efficiencies of wild type and mutant viruses were determined in the eye, the brain and peripheral organs following subretinal, striatal and intravenous injection, respectively, in mice and rats. We found that each of the three mutants (the single mutant R585A; the double mutant R585, 588A; and the triple mutant R585, 588, 484A) had a unique phenotype compared to wt and each other. R585A was completely defective for transducing peripheral organs via intravenous injection, suggesting that R585A may be useful for targeting peripheral organs by substitution of peptide ligands in the capsid surface. In the brain, all three mutants displayed widespread transduction, with the double mutant R585, 588A displaying the greatest spread and the greatest number of transduced neurons. The double mutant was also extremely efficient for retrograde transport, while the triple mutant was almost completely defective for retrograde transport. This suggested that R484 may be directly involved in interaction with the transport machinery. Finally, the double mutant also displayed improved transduction of the eye compared to wild type and the other mutants.