cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substorm classification with the WINDMI model

Abstract. The results of a genetic algorithm optimization of the WINDMI model using the Blanchard-McPherron substorm data set is presented. A key result from the large-scale computations used to search for convergence in the predictions over the database is the finding that there are three distinct types of vx Bs -AL waveforms characterizing substorms. Type I and III substorms are given by the internally-triggered WINDMI model. The analysis reveals an additional type of event, called a type II substorm, that requires an external trigger as in the northward turning of the IMF model of Lyons (1995). We show that incorporating an external trigger, initiated by a fast northward turning of the IMF, into WINDMI, a low-dimensional model of substorms, yields improved predictions of substorm evolution in terms of the AL index. Intrinsic database uncertainties in the timing between the ground-based AL electrojet signal and the arrival time at the magnetopause of the IMF data measured by spacecraft in the solar wind prevent a sharp division between type I and II events. However, within these timing limitations we find that the fraction of events is roughly 40% type I, 40% type II, and 20% type III.
A divide-and-conquer algorithm for betweenness centrality

Given a set of target nodes S in a graph G we dene the betweenness centrality of a node v with respect to S as the fraction of shortest paths among nodes in S that contain v. For this setting we describe Brandes++, a divide-and-conquer algorithm that can eciently compute the exact values of betweenness scores. Brandes++ uses Brandes{ the most widelyused algorithm for betweenness computation { as its subroutine. It achieves the notable faster running times by applying Brandes on signicantly smaller networks than the input graph, and many of its computations can be done in parallel. The degree of speedup achieved by Brandes++ depends on the community structure of the input network as well as the size of S. Our experiments with real-life networks reveal Brandes++ achieves an average of 10-fold speedup over Brandes, while there are networks where this speedup is 75-fold. We have made our code public to benet the research community.
Reply to our discussants

Let us begin by thanking our eight discussants. It is an unexpected blessing to have received careful and extensive consideration from such a constructive and fair-minded group. Our reaction to their comments is perhaps better understood with some autobiographical perspective. As is probably evident to any reader, we are not econometricians. This is not to offer an excuse for any shortcomings of our work, but to explain that it was motivated by interests somewhat different than the typical interests of econometricians. We are both applied monetary/macroeconomists, and one of us is particularly interested in the philosophical and methodological problems of empirical economics. We have both done applied work on causal inference in macroeconomics, using concepts and techniques substantially different from those that originate in the work of Clive Granger. In our causal investigations, we have used LSE specification procedures. Our experience has been, contrary to our initial expectation, that the validity of these procedures, which we took to be fairly well established, was more often questioned by referees than was the validity of the causal methodologies that we proposed, and which we regarded as novel. We were faced with a dual problem: on the one hand convincing referees and editors that our applied work made sense; and, on the other hand, assuaging the doubts that were naturally raised in our own minds by intelligent critics. Thus, while we had a natural predisposition towards the LSE approach, we believe that we were genuinely ready to acknowledge whatever results we obtained. Interestingly, while LSE econometricians have generally greeted our paper enthusiastically, opponents of the LSE approach often see the results that we report—even taken at face value—as lending little comfort to LSE practitioners. The key thing to remember is that our goal was not to provide a generalized tool for specification search, but to ask whether it worked in a case in which we thought the LSE approach should work, if it could ever work at all. The five commentaries raise a large number of points. We will not attempt to address them all. Rather, in the remainder of the reply, we would like to consider only some of the larger themes.
Optimality of graphlet screening in high dimensional variable selection

Consider a linear model Y = Xβ+ωz, where X has n rows and p columns and z - N(0, In). We assume both p and n are large, including the case of p ≫ n. The unknown signal vector β is assumed to be sparse in the sense that only a small fraction of its components is nonzero. The goal is to identify such nonzero coordinates (i.e., variable selection). We are primarily interested in the regime where signals are both rare and weak so that successful variable selection is challenging but is still possible. We assume the Gram matrix G = X′X is sparse in the sense that each row has relatively few large entries (diagonals of G are normalized to 1). The sparsity of G naturally induces the sparsity of the so-called Graph of Strong Dependence (GOSD). The key insight is that there is an interesting interplay between the signal sparsity and graph sparsity: in a broad context, the signals decompose into many small-size components of GOSD that are disconnected to each other. We propose Graphlet Screening for variable selection. This is a two-step Screen and Clean procedure, where in the first step, we screen subgraphs of GOSD with sequential χ2-tests, and in the second step, we clean with penalized MLE. The main methodological innovation is to use GOSD to guide both the screening and cleaning processes. For any variable selection procedure β, we measure its performance by the Hamming distance between the sign vectors of β and β, and assess the optimality by the minimax Hamming distance. Compared with more stringent criteria such as exact support recovery or oracle property, which demand strong signals, the Hamming distance criterion is more appropriate for weak signals since it naturally allows a small fraction of errors. We show that in a broad class of situations, Graphlet Screening achieves the optimal rate of convergence in terms of the Hamming distance. Unlike Graphlet Screening, well-known procedures such as the L0/L1-penalization methods do not utilize local graphic structure for variable selection, so they generally do not achieve the optimal rate of convergence, even in very simple settings and even if the tuning parameters are ideally set. The the presented algorithm is implemented as R-CRAN package ScreenClean and in matlab (available at http://www.stat.cmu.edu/~jiashun/Research/software/GS-matlab/).
The Voyager 2 Encounter with Uranus

The Voyager Uranus/Interstellar Mission is the continuation of the NASA program of exploration of the outer solar system. The first phase of the Voyager program included encounters with Jupiter and Saturn as summarized in the Journal of Geophysical Research (volume 86, pages 8123–8841, 1981, and volume 88, pages 8639–9018, 1983). With the successful completion of this first phase a second phase was undertaken with the objectives of exploring the Uranus system and investigating the interplanetary and interstellar media. Additional objectives included preserving the capability for extending the investigations to include an encounter with the Neptune system and a search for the heliopause.
Four Mechanisms in the Reactions of 3-Aminopyrrole with 1,3,5-Triazines: Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder Cycloadditions vs SNAr Reactions via Uncatalyzed and Acid-Catalyzed Pathways

Reaction of 3-aminopyrrole with seven 1,3,5-triazines was studied in a one-step reaction (in situ formation of 3-aminopyrrole) and a two-step reaction (using the tetraphenylborate salt and an amine base). An inverse-electron demand Diels–Alder reaction (IEDDA) was observed with R1 = CF3, CO2Et, and H with the formation of 5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives. SNAr was observed when 2,4,6-trifluoro- or 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine were used—1,3,5-triazines that had leaving groups. If excess 1,3,5-triazine was present the initial SNAr product reacted further, in the presence of acid and water, with another equivalent of 1,3,5-triazine to give compounds containing three linked heterocyclic rings. No reaction was observed with R1 = C6H5 and OCH3. Four mechanisms are proposed to explain the experimental results: uncatalyzed and acid catalyzed inverse electron demand Diels–Alder cascades leading to cycloaddition, and uncatalyzed and acid-catalyzed SNAr reactions leading, respectively, to single and double ...
Why does Low-Luminosity AGN Fueling Remain an Unsolved Problem?

Despite many years of effort, observational studies have not found a strong correla- tion between the presence of any proposed fueling mechanism and low-luminosity AGN. After a discussion of the mass requirements for fueling, I summarize this observational work and provide a number of hypotheses for why the nature of AGN fueling has remained unresolved. In particular, I stress the potential importance of the increasing number of candidate fueling mechanisms with decreasing mass accretion rate, the relevant spatial scales for different fueling mechanisms, and the lifetime of an individual episode of nuclear accretion. The episodic AGN lifetime is a particularly relevant complication if it is comparable to or shorter than the time that the responsible fueling mechanisms are observationally detectable. I conclude with a number of relatively accessible areas for future investigation.
The rise and fall of the ridge

Abstract Recent data from heavy ion collisions at RHIC show unexpectedly large near-angle correlations that broaden longitudinally with centrality. The amplitude of this ridge-like correlation rises rapidly with centrality, reaches a maximum, and then falls in the most central collisions. In this talk we explain how this behavior can be easily understood in a picture where final momentum-space correlations are driven by initial coordinate space density fluctuations. We propose ν n 2 / e n , part 2 as a useful way to study these effects and explain what it tells us about the collision dynamics.
Silylstannylation of allenes and silylstannylation-cyclization of allenynes. Synthesis of highly functionalized allylstannanes and carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds.

Catalyzed by Pd(0), trialkylsilyltrialkylstannane (R3Si−SnR‘3) reagents undergo highly selective additions to 1,2-dien-7-ynes and 1,2-dien-8-ynes to give 2-vinylalkylidenecyclopentanes with silicon and tin substituents on the double bonds. Similar additions of distannanes and borostannanes show that the reactions with silylstannanes are superior in terms of ease of handling of the bifunctional reagents and the isolation of the products after the reaction. The chemo- and regioselectivities are controlled by the enhanced reactivity of the allene unit, while the (Z)-geometry of the exocyclic stannylvinylidene is a consequence of the syn-carbometalation and subsequent reductive elimination from Pd with retention of configuration at the vinyl carbon. Synthesis of highly functionalized pyrrolidines and indolizidines and the reluctance of certain kinds of allenynes and silicon−tin reagents to undergo the cyclization illustrate the scope and limitations of the reaction. Based on the isolation of intermediates, a ...
Group Identification: The Influence of Group Membership on Retail Hardware Cooperative Members’ Perceptions

Due to the increasing popularity of retail cooperatives in hardware retailing, a new competitive dynamic has emerged, a hybrid of intratype/intergroup competition. Individual members of one coopera...
Latent-failure risk estimates for computer control

It is shown that critical computer controls using unmonitored safety circuits are unsafe. Analysis supporting this result leads to two additional, important conclusions: (1) annual maintenance checks of safety circuit function do not, as widely believed, eliminate latent failure risk; and (2) safety risk remains even if multiple, series-connected protection circuits are used. It is shown analytically that latent failure risk is eliminated when continuous monitoring is used. The models and metrics employed can be applied by designers and reliability analysis in evaluating their specific computer control applications. >
Excitonic switches operating at around 100 K

We report on experimental proof of principle for the operation of excitonic switches at temperatures around 100 K. The devices include the exciton optoelectronic transistor, the excitonic bridge modulator, and the excitonic pinch-off modulator.
Nanostructured Metallic Electrocatalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction

The recent development of nanostructured electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction has attracted much attention because they exhibit unique properties compared to their bulk counterparts. In this minireview, the latest studies on electrocatalytic CO2 reduction with a focus on the advances of nanostructured metallic electrocatalysts are reviewed and discussed. The distinct catalytic properties and potential challenges of nanostructured electrocatalysts are summarized. The behavior of nanosized catalysts in ionic liquid electrolytes is also discussed. Ideas for the design of next-generation electrocatalysts by taking the advantages of nanostructured materials are proposed.
An Ω(n^2/ log n) Speed-Up of TBR Heuristics for the Gene-Duplication Problem

The gene-duplication problem is to infer a species supertree from gene trees that are confounded by complex histories of gene duplications. This problem is NP-complete and thus requires efficient and effective heuristics. Existing heuristics perform a stepwise search of the tree space, where each step is guided by an exact solution to an instance of a local search problem. We improve on the time complexity of the local search problem by a factor of n2/logn, where n is the size of the resulting species supertree. Typically, several thousand instances of the local search problem are solved throughout a stepwise heuristic search. Hence, our improvement makes the gene-duplication problem much more tractable for large-scale phylogenetic analyses.
The urban impacts of the Endangered Species Act: A general equilibrium analysis ✩

We consider the general equilibrium implications of environmental regulations which result in a reduction of otherwise profitable residential development. Critical habitat designation under the Endangered Species Act is an important example. If the regulations affect a significant amount of land, they may have important effects on the rest of the regional economy—increasing rents and densities on lands not subject to the regulation, causing the conversion of lands from alternative uses, increasing the net developed area in the region, and decreasing consumer welfare. We develop a flexible general equilibrium simulation of the economic effects of critical habitat designation, explicitly considering the distributional effects upon owners of different types of land and upon housing consumers. The results of our simulation show that the most significant economic effects of critical habitat occur outside of the designated area. The prices and rents of non-critical habitat lands increase significantly. Incomes are redistributed across landlords, and the well being of housing consumers is further affected through these linkages.
A differential equation approach to minor loops in the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model

The reason for the failure of the differential equations to yield physical minor loops involved in the magnetization in ferromagnetic materials is explained. A modified solution for minor loops is presented which retains the features of D.C. Jiles and D.L. Atherton's (1983) original motor loops, but only requires knowledge of the initial point on each portion of the loop to obtain the solution. This yields a general differential equation formulation for the Jiles-Atherton theory that can be used with circuit simulations having arbitrary excitations and initial conditions for ferromagnetic components. >
Lossless compression of wind plant data

Summary form only given. Substantial quantities of wind plant data are being accumulated as interest and investment in renewable energy grows. These data sets can approach tens of terabytes in size, making their management, storage, manipulation, and transmission burdensome. Lossless compression of the data sets can mitigate these challenges without sacrificing accuracy. This paper develops and analyzes lossless compression algorithms that can be applied to data used in integration studies and data used in wind plant monitoring and operation. The algorithms exploit wind speed-to-wind power relationships, and the temporal and spatial correlations in the data. The Shannon entropy of wind power and speed data is computed to gain insight on the uncertainty of wind power and speed and to benchmark performance of the compression algorithms. The algorithms are applied to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Western and Eastern Data Sets and to actual wind turbine data. The resulting compression ratios are up to 50 percent higher than those obtained by direct application of off-the-shelf lossless compression methods.
Organizational Learning and the Transfer of Knowledge: An Investigation of Quality Improvement

Whereas most prior research on the learning curve has focused on improvements in efficiency, this paper deals with the impact of learning on product quality. The key data are measures of automobile reliability published inConsumer Reports. Analysis yields three findings: (1) Quality improves over the production life of a car model with the same kind of regularity as an efficiency learning curve. Thus, there is a quality learning curve. (2) Unlike in the efficiency domain, however, learning in the domain of product reliability is primarily a function of time, and not of how many cars have gone down the assembly line. Thus, quality depends not on the accumulation of production experience per se, but on the intensity of "off-line" quality improvement activities and on the transfer of knowledge from the general environment over time. (3) In contrast to the traditional injunction, "do not buy a new car in its first year of production," the opposite advice actually seems to apply: In any given year, the newest car models have the best quality. That is, new car-model designs typically include significant quality improvements that are more than enough to outweigh any disruption created in manufacturing by the new model's introduction and that even surpass the incremental improvements made to older, existing car models.
Roles for MicroRNAs in Conferring Robustness to Biological Processes

Biological systems use a variety of mechanisms to maintain their functions in the face of environmental and genetic perturbations. Increasing evidence suggests that, among their roles as posttranscriptional repressors of gene expression, microRNAs (miRNAs) help to confer robustness to biological processes by reinforcing transcriptional programs and attenuating aberrant transcripts, and they may in some network contexts help suppress random fluctuations in transcript copy number. These activities have important consequences for normal development and physiology, disease, and evolution. Here, we will discuss examples and principles of miRNAs that contribute to robustness in animal systems.
Completions of pro-spaces

For every ring R, we present a pair of model structures on the category of pro-spaces. In the first, the weak equivalences are detected by cohomology with coefficients in R. In the second, the weak equivalences are detected by cohomology with coefficients in all R-modules (or equivalently by pro-homology with coefficients in R). In the second model structure, fibrant replacement is essentially just the Bousfield-Kan R-tower. When Open image in new window the first homotopy category is equivalent to a homotopy theory defined by Morel but has some convenient categorical advantages.
Synthesis of 1-methyl-3-phenylpyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridines via a methylation of 4-phthalimino-3-phenylpyrazoles and optimization toward highly potent corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 antagonists

Abstract 1-Methyl-3-phenylpyrazolo[4,3- b ]pyridines were synthesized via a cyclization reaction of 1-methyl-4-amino-3-phenylpyrazoles 8 with ethyl acetoacetate. Optimization of this series of compounds resulted in CRF 1 antagonists with subnanomolar binding affinity. Compounds bearing a polar group such as methoxy or hydroxy were also found to be very active.
A comparative study of SVDquartets and other coalescent-based species tree estimation methods

Species tree estimation is challenging in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), which can make gene trees different from the species tree. Because ILS is expected to occur and the standard concatenation approach can return incorrect trees with high support in the presence of ILS, "coalescent-based" summary methods (which first estimate gene trees and then combine gene trees into a species tree) have been developed that have theoretical guarantees of robustness to arbitrarily high amounts of ILS. Some studies have suggested that summary methods should only be used on "c-genes" (i.e., recombination-free loci) that can be extremely short (sometimes fewer than 100 sites). However, gene trees estimated on short alignments can have high estimation error, and summary methods tend to have high error on short c-genes. To address this problem, Chifman and Kubatko introduced SVDquartets, a new coalescent-based method. SVDquartets takes multi-locus unlinked single-site data, infers the quartet trees for all subsets of four species, and then combines the set of quartet trees into a species tree using a quartet amalgamation heuristic. Yet, the relative accuracy of SVDquartets to leading coalescent-based methods has not been assessed. We compared SVDquartets to two leading coalescent-based methods (ASTRAL-2 and NJst), and to concatenation using maximum likelihood. We used a collection of simulated datasets, varying ILS levels, numbers of taxa, and number of sites per locus. Although SVDquartets was sometimes more accurate than ASTRAL-2 and NJst, most often the best results were obtained using ASTRAL-2, even on the shortest gene sequence alignments we explored (with only 10 sites per locus). Finally, concatenation was the most accurate of all methods under low ILS conditions. ASTRAL-2 generally had the best accuracy under higher ILS conditions, and concatenation had the best accuracy under the lowest ILS conditions. However, SVDquartets was competitive with the best methods under conditions with low ILS and small numbers of sites per locus. The good performance under many conditions of ASTRAL-2 in comparison to SVDquartets is surprising given the known vulnerability of ASTRAL-2 and similar methods to short gene sequences.
Emerging Issues in Rangeland Ecohydrology: Vegetation Change and the Water Cycle

Rangelands have undergone—and continue to undergo—rapid change in response to changing land use and climate. A research priority in the emerging science of ecohydrology is an improved understanding of the implications of vegetation change for the water cycle. This paper describes some of the interactions between vegetation and water on rangelands and poses 3 questions that represent high-priority, emerging issues: 1) How do changes in woody plants affect water yield? 2) What are the ecohydrological consequences of invasion by exotic plants? 3) What ecohydrological feedbacks play a role in rangeland degradation processes? To effectively address these questions, we must expand our knowledge of hydrological connectivity and how it changes with scale, accurately identify “hydrologically sensitive” areas on the landscape, carry out detailed studies to learn where plants are accessing water, and investigate feedback loops between vegetation and the water cycle.
Finding driver pathways in cancer: models and algorithms

Cancer sequencing projects are now measuring somatic mutations in large numbers of cancer genomes. A key challenge in interpreting these data is to distinguish driver mutations, mutations important for cancer development, from passenger mutations that have accumulated in somatic cells but without functional consequences. A common approach to identify genes harboring driver mutations is a single gene test that identifies individual genes that are recurrently mutated in a significant number of cancer genomes. However, the power of this test is reduced by: (1) the necessity of estimating the background mutation rate (BMR) for each gene; (2) the mutational heterogeneity in most cancers meaning that groups of genes (e.g. pathways), rather than single genes, are the primary target of mutations. We investigate the problem of discovering driver pathways, groups of genes containing driver mutations, directly from cancer mutation data and without prior knowledge of pathways or other interactions between genes. We introduce two generative models of somatic mutations in cancer and study the algorithmic complexity of discovering driver pathways in both models. We show that a single gene test for driver genes is highly sensitive to the estimate of the BMR. In contrast, we show that an algorithmic approach that maximizes a straightforward measure of the mutational properties of a driver pathway successfully discovers these groups of genes without an estimate of the BMR. Moreover, this approach is also successful in the case when the observed frequencies of passenger and driver mutations are indistinguishable, a situation where single gene tests fail. Accurate estimation of the BMR is a challenging task. Thus, methods that do not require an estimate of the BMR, such as the ones we provide here, can give increased power for the discovery of driver genes.
Fat Content Influences the Color, Lipid Oxidation and Volatiles of Irradiated Ground Beef

Ground beef with 10, 15 or 20% fat were added with none, 0.05% ascorbic acid + 0.01% α-tocopherol, or 0.05% ascorbic acid + 0.01% α-tocopherol + 0.01% sesamol, and irradiated at 0 or 2.5 kGy. The meat samples were displayed under fluorescent light for 14 days at 4° C. Irradiation increased both lipid oxidation and total volatiles, especially aldehydes, but decreased redness of ground beef over the 14 days storage period regardless fat content. The production of alcohol greatly increased in nonirradiated ground beef during storage due to microbial growth. Adding antioxidants such as ascorbic acid + α- tocopherol was effective in minimizing lipid oxidation, volatile production and color changes in irradiated ground beef, but fat content had little effect on the quality parameters of irradiated and nonirradiated ground beef. Therefore, up to 20% fat would not affect quality changes of irradiated ground beef if ascorbic acid + α- tocopherol is added.
Plasma lenses for ultrashort multi-petawatt laser pulses

An ideal plasma lens can provide the focusing power of a small f-number, solid-state focusing optic at a fraction of the diameter. An ideal plasma lens, however, relies on a steady-state, linear laser pulse-plasma interaction. Ultrashort multi-petawatt (MPW) pulses possess broad bandwidths and extreme intensities, and, as a result, their interaction with the plasma lens is neither steady state nor linear. Here, we examine nonlinear and time-dependent modifications to plasma lens focusing, and show that these result in chromatic and phase aberrations and amplitude distortion. We find that a plasma lens can provide enhanced focusing for 30 fs pulses with peak power up to ∼1 PW. The performance degrades through the MPW regime, until finally a focusing penalty is incurred at ∼10 PW.
Characterizing phishing threats with Natural Language Processing

Spear phishing is a widespread concern in the modern network security landscape, but there are few metrics that measure the extent to which reconnaissance is performed on phishing targets. Spear phishing emails closely match the expectations of the recipient, based on details of their experiences and interests, making them a popular propagation vector for harmful malware. In this work we use Natural Language Processing techniques to investigate a specific real-world phishing campaign and quantify attributes that indicate a targeted spear phishing attack. Our phishing campaign data sample comprises 596 emails - all containing a web bug and a Curriculum Vitae (CV) PDF attachment - sent to our institution by a foreign IP space. The campaign was found to exclusively target specific demographics within our institution. Performing a semantic similarity analysis between the senders' CV attachments and the recipients' LinkedIn profiles, we conclude with high statistical certainty (p < 10−4) that the attachments contain targeted rather than randomly selected material. Latent Semantic Analysis further demonstrates that individuals who were a primary focus of the campaign received CVs that are highly topically clustered. These findings differentiate this campaign from one that leverages random spam.
Minding the Happiness Gap: Political Institutions and Perceived Quality of Life in Transition

Abstract Along with political and economic changes, the fall of the socialist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union brought about fundamental institutional reforms. Several studies have examined the causes of the increasing unhappiness that accompanied the transition process, including deteriorating public goods, rising inequality, income volatility, stagnating labor market conditions and changing norms. However, few papers have sought explanations for the life satisfaction differentials between transition and non-transition economies. In this paper, I specifically examine the life satisfaction gap between post-socialist and advanced countries and the role of political institutions for explaining this gap. My results imply that both macro-economic factors and the rule of law explain the overall life satisfaction differential between the advanced and transition societies. The rule of law played an additional role in reducing the happiness gap in the 1990s and may have even reversed it in the post-crisis years. As institutions and macro-economic conditions continue to improve, post-socialist countries may complete their transformation processes and achieve quality-of-life levels comparable with those in the West.
Learning by Doing: How to Develop a Cross-Platform Web App.

As mobile devices become prevalent, there is always a need for apps. How hard is it to develop an app, especially a cross-platform app? The paper shares an experience in a project that involved the development of a student services web app that can be run on cross-platform mobile devices. The paper first describes the background of the project, the clients, and the proposed solution. Then, it focuses on the step-by-step development processes and provides the illustration of written codes and techniques used. The goal is for readers to gain an understanding on how to develop a mobile-friendly web app. The paper concludes with teaching implications and offers thoughts for further development.
Exemplary centre, administrative periphery : rural leadership and the new order in Java

Politics in Priangan history the new order in Saryendar the new order economy the ideology of the notion of "community" Sundanaese notions of power and leadership community politics in action Saryendar leadership and the new order community politics and state leadership.
Economic Growth of Singapore in the Twentieth Century: Historical Gdp Estimates and Empirical Investigations

Research on Singapore’s economic history has been complicated by the absence of economic data on pre-independence Singapore. This book aims to fill the gap by presenting a time-series of historical GDP estimates for the periods 1900-39 and 1950-60. The new data presented in the book sheds light on two key aspects of Singapore’s economic history, namely the relationship between economic instability and growth, as well as the government’s fiscal policy towards economic growth. As the first comprehensive empirical economic history of twentieth-century Singapore, this book is a valuable reference source for academics and graduate students interested in development and empirical economics.
Accuracy, Speed and Robustness of Policy Function Iteration

Policy function iteration methods for solving and analyzing dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models are powerful from a theoretical and computational perspective. Despite obvious theoretical appeal, significant startup costs and a reliance on grid-based methods have limited the use of policy function iteration as a solution algorithm. We reduce these costs by providing a user-friendly suite of MATLAB functions that introduce multi-core processing and Fortran via MATLAB's executable function. Within the class of policy function iteration methods, we advocate using time iteration with linear interpolation. We examine a canonical real business cycle model and a new Keynesian model that features regime switching in policy parameters, Epstein---Zin preferences, and monetary policy that occasionally hits the zero-lower bound on the nominal interest rate to highlight the attractiveness of our methodology. We compare our advocated approach to other familiar iteration and approximation methods, highlighting the tradeoffs between accuracy, speed and robustness.
Non-autoreducible Sets for NEXP

We investigate autoreducibility properties of complete sets for NEXP under different polynomial-time reductions. Specifically, we show that under some polynomial-time reductions there are complete sets for NEXP that are not autoreducible. We show that settling the question whether every complete set for NEXP under non-adaptative reduction is autoreducible under NOR-truth-table reduction either positively or negatively would lead to major results about the exponential time complexity classes.
Zeros of modular forms of half integral weight

We study canonical bases for spaces of weakly holomorphic modular forms of level 4 and weights in $$\mathbb {Z}+\frac{1}{2}$$ and show that almost all modular forms in these bases have the property that many of their zeros in a fundamental domain for $$\Gamma _0(4)$$ lie on a lower boundary arc of the fundamental domain. Additionally, we show that at many places on this arc, the generating function for Hurwitz class numbers is equal to a particular mock modular Poincare series, and show that for positive weights, a particular set of Fourier coefficients of cusp forms in this canonical basis cannot simultaneously vanish.
Silver vanadium diphosphate Ag2VP2O8: Electrochemistry and characterization of reduced material providing mechanistic insights

Silver vanadium phosphorous oxides (AgwVxPyOz) are notable battery cathode materials due to their high energy density and demonstrated ability to form in-situ Ag metal nanostructured electrically conductive networks within the cathode. While analogous silver vanadium diphosphate materials have been prepared, electrochemical evaluations of these diphosphate based materials have been limited. We report here the first electrochemical study of a silver vanadium diphosphate, Ag2VP2O8, where the structural differences associated with phosphorous oxides versus diphosphates profoundly affect the associated electrochemistry. Reminiscent of Ag2VO2PO4 reduction, in-situ formation of silver metal nanoparticles was observed with reduction of Ag2VP2O8. However, counter to Ag2VO2PO4 reduction, Ag2VP2O8 demonstrates a significant decrease in conductivity upon continued electrochemical reduction. Structural analysis contrasting the crystallography of the parent Ag2VP2O8 with that of the proposed Li2VP2O8 reduction product is employed to gain insight into the observed electrochemical reduction behavior, where the structural rigidity associated with the diphosphate anion may be associated with the observed particle fracturing upon deep electrochemical reduction. Further, the diphosphate anion structure may be associated with the high thermal stability of the partially reduced Ag2VP2O8 materials, which bodes well for enhanced safety of batteries incorporating this material.
THE LAW AS A POVERTY FIGHTING INSTRUMENT: REFLECTIONS ON LAW, DEVELOPMENT AND EMPOWERMENT OF THE POOR

O artigo mostrar dois lados da lei; aquele que e utilizado como um mecanismo de defesa das poderosas elites, e por isso e caracterizado como um obstaculo a mudanca, e um outro a quem e como um instrumento de luta contra as desigualdades, a luta por direitos humanos ou economicos, funcionando como um mecanismo de mudanca, uma forca legal dos pobres, uma vez que um crescimento economico nao e suficiente para promover a prosperidade na America Latina. Para enfrentar essas desigualdades e obstaculos, alguns procedimentos devem ser tomados, como na area da educacao, do ensino dos direitos, por exemplo, ou na politica, sendo mais eficaz ou eliminando a corrupcao, ou, ao facilitar a participacao dos pobres nos processos democraticos; etc. O fortalecimento da lei para os necessitados, desta forma, poderia ser retomado em uma especie de praticas que possam ajuda-los a estar proximos das praticas forense, tornando mais faceis, rapidos, menos onerosos, menos burocraticos os procedimentos letais, a resolucao alternativa de litigios, como nas Cortes arbitrais, etc, e garantir o direito de voto, o acesso a uma boa educacao e um elevado nivel de riqueza. Isso poderia ser alcancado por iniciativas publicas, internacionais, financeiras e de iniciativa privadas, todas juntas.
A CFD–CSD coupled-analysis of HART-II rotor vibration reduction using gurney flaps

Abstract A dynamically deployed Gurney flap was examined as an active control device for rotor vibration reduction. A CFD–CSD coupled analysis was carried out to include the aeroelastic effects and to maintain trimmed state. The four-bladed HART-II model was used as a representative rotor. A modeling method for dynamically deployed Gurney flap was established using dynamic wall boundary condition and infinitely thin flap model. 2-D analyses were performed to investigate the unsteady air load response to the Gurney flap deployment, specifically the time lag effects, and the initial flap deployment schedules were established. The four-per-revolution deployments of the Gurney flap on lower and upper surfaces were simulated and the resulting vertical vibratory loads were compared with the baseline rotor. The simulations indicate that an 83% reduction of the four-per-rev vibratory load may be achieved while maintaining the trim state without significant performance penalty. It was also shown that the four-per-revolution vibratory load may also be virtually eliminated using an optimized deployment of the Gurney flap. Potential of individual control of segmented Gurney flaps targeting multiple signals was also demonstrated by suppressing eight-per-rev components of vibratory loads while minimizing four-per-rev vertical load simultaneously.
Multi-input Functional Encryption for Unbounded Arity Functions

The notion of multi-input functional encryption MI-FE was recently introduced by Goldwasser et al. [EUROCRYPT'14] as a means to non-interactively compute aggregate information on the joint private data of multiple users. A fundamental limitation of their work, however, is that the total number of users which corresponds to the arity of the functions supported by the MI-FE scheme must be a priori bounded and fixed at the system setup time. In this work, we overcome this limitation by introducing the notion of unbounded input MI-FE that supports the computation of functions with unbounded arity. We construct such an MI-FE scheme with indistinguishability security in the selective model based on the existence of public-coin differing-inputs obfuscation for turing machines and collision-resistant hash functions. Our result enables several new exciting applications, including a new paradigm of on-the-fly secure multiparty computation where new users can join the system dynamically.
Leveraging Learners for Teaching Programming and Hardware Design at Scale

In a massive open online course (MOOC), a single pro-gramming or digital hardware design exercise may yield thousands of student solutions that vary in many ways, some superficial and some fundamental. Understanding large-scale variation in student solutions is a hard but important problem. For teachers, this variation can be a source of pedagogically valuable examples and expose corner cases not yet covered by autograding. For students, the variation in a large class means that other students may have struggled along a similar solution path, hit the same bugs, and can offer hints based on that earned expertise. We developed three systems to take advantage of the solu-tion variation in large classes, using program analysis and learnersourcing. All three systems have been evaluated using data or live deployments in on-campus or edX courses with thousands of students.
Group size and cooperation among strangers

Abstract We study how group size affects cooperation in an infinitely repeated n -player Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game. In each repetition of the game, groups of size n ≤ M are randomly and anonymously matched from a fixed population of size M to play the n -player PD stage game. We provide conditions for which the contagious strategy ( Kandori, 1992 ) sustains a social norm of cooperation among all M players. Our main finding is that if agents are sufficiently patient, a social norm of society-wide cooperation becomes easier to sustain under the contagious strategy as n increases toward M . In an experiment where the population size M is fixed and conditions identified by our theoretical analysis hold, we find strong evidence that cooperation rates are higher with larger group sizes than with smaller group sizes in treatments where each subject interacts with M − 1 robot players who follow the contagious strategy. When the number of human subjects increases in the population, the cooperation rates decrease significantly, indicating that it is the strategic uncertainty among the human subjects that hinders cooperation.
The local Langlands correspondence in families and Ihara's lemma for U(n)

Abstract The goal of this paper is to reformulate the conjectural Ihara lemma for U ( n ) in terms of the local Langlands correspondence in families π ˜ Σ ( ⋅ ) , as developed by Emerton and Helm. The reformulation roughly takes the following form. Suppose we are given an irreducible mod l Galois representation r ¯ = r ¯ m , which is modular of full level (and small weight), and a finite set of places Σ, none of which divides l. Then π ˜ Σ ( r m ) exists, and has a global realization as a localized module of l-integral algebraic modular forms, where r m is the universal deformation of r ¯ of type Σ. This is unconditional for n = 2 , where Ihara's lemma is an almost trivial consequence of the strong approximation theorem. We emphasize that throughout we will work with banal primes l > n . That is, those for which # k ( v ) i ≢ 1 (mod l), where 1 ≤ i ≤ n , for v ∈ Σ . A weakening of this assumption (quasi-banal) is ubiquitous in [CHT] (particularly in their Chapter 5 on the non-minimal case and Ihara), where the mod l representation theory of GL n ( F v ˜ ) plays a pivotal role. We will need actual banality, to ensure the functors we define are exact. Banality also removes many of the subtleties in the Emerton–Helm correspondence. For example, in yet unpublished work [Hel13] , Helm shows that local Langlands in families do exist in the banal case, although we do not use his result. We should stress that our main result has been common knowledge among experts for some time, but its proof has never appeared in print.
STAT3 impairs STAT5 activation in the development of IL-9-secreting T cells

Th cell subsets develop in response to multiple activating signals, including the cytokine environment. IL-9-secreting T cells develop in response to the combination of IL-4 and TGF-β, although they clearly require other cytokine signals, leading to the activation of transcription factors including STAT5. In Th17 cells, there is a molecular antagonism of STAT5 with STAT3 signaling, although whether this paradigm exists in other Th subsets is not clear. In this paper, we demonstrate that STAT3 attenuates the ability of STAT5 to promote the development of IL-9-secreting T cells. We demonstrate that production of IL-9 is increased in the absence of STAT3 and cytokines that result in a sustained activation of STAT3, including IL-6, have the greatest potency in repressing IL-9 production in a STAT3-dependent manner. Increased IL-9 production in the absence of STAT3 correlates with increased endogenous IL-2 production and STAT5 activation, and blocking IL-2 responses eliminates the difference in IL-9 production between wild-type and STAT3-deficient T cells. Moreover, transduction of developing Th9 cells with a constitutively active STAT5 eliminates the ability of IL-6 to reduce IL-9 production. Thus, STAT3 functions as a negative regulator of IL-9 production through attenuation of STAT5 activation and function.
Crystalline and glassy phases in the Cs/Bi/As/S system.

The quaternary Cs2S/Bi/As/S system was studied in an attempt to introduce two different asymmetric but isoelectronic building units, namely, [BiIIIxSy] and [AsIIIxSy], in a single structure. Reactions with a comparatively lower equivalent of arsenic in the Cs2S/Bi/As/S mixture led to the crystalline compound Cs3Bi(AsS4)2. The structure features tetrahedral [AsVS4]3– connected to BiIII centers to give infinite 1/∞[Bi(AsS4)23–] chains. When the basicity was raised in these low arsenic fluxes by increasing the Cs2S fraction, the crystalline compound Cs9Bi(AsS4)4, also featuring [AsVS4]3– anions, was formed. On the other hand, arsenic-rich mixtures of Cs2S/Bi/As/S led to the formation of the glassy phase Cs2BiAs3S7, which contains AsIII species. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis indicate the presence of AsIII-containing [AsnS2n+1] fragments in the glass structure. Several glasses in the series Csn–1BiAsnS2n+1 were also prepared using soli...
Regioselective cope rearrangement and prenyl transfers on indole scaffold mimicking fungal and bacterial dimethylallyltryptophan synthases.

Aromatic prenyltransferases are an actively mined enzymatic class whose biosynthetic repertoire is growing. Indole prenyltransferases catalyze the formation of a diverse set of prenylated tryptophan and diketopiperazines, leading to the formation of fungal toxins with prolific biological activities. At a fundamental level, the mechanism of C4-prenylation of l-tryptophan recently has surfaced to engage a debate between a “direct” electrophilic alkylation mechanism (for wt DMATS and FgaPT2) versus an indole C3–C4 “Cope” rearrangement followed by rearomatization (for mutant FgaPT2). Herein we provide the first series of regioselectively tunable conditions for a Cope rearrangement between C3 and C4 positions. Biomimetic conditions are reported that effect a [3,3]-sigmatropic shift whose two-step process is interrogated for intramolecularity and rate-limiting general base-promoted mechanism. Solvent polarity serves a crucial role in changing the regioselectivity, resulting in sole [1,3]-shifts under decalin. A...
Hydrothermal synthesis and properties of Ce1−xGdxO2−δ solid solutions

Abstract The structure, ionic and electronic conductivities of Ce1−xGdxO2−δ (x=0–0.30) solid solutions, prepared in a wide substitutional range for the first time hydrothermally, were investigated. The uniformly small particle size (41–68 nm) of the hydrothermally prepared materials allows sintering of the samples into highly dense ceramic pellets at 1300–1400 °C, a significantly lower temperature than 1600–1650 °C, which is required for ceria solid electrolytes prepared by solid state techniques. The solubility limit of Gd2O3 in CeO2 was determined to be over 30 mol %. The maximum conductivity, σ600 °C∼7.53×10−3 S cm−1 with Ea=0.58 eV, was found at x=0.25.