cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrapment of a floating thrombus in the right atrium by persistent Chiari's network: A barrier to massive pulmonary embolism

Syncope may be a manifestation of pulmonary embolism. Occlusion of a pulmonary artery with cardiac output drop, sometimes resulting in cardiac arrest, is the main underlying mechanism. In this letter we describe the case of a patient in which the persistence of a long remnant of the embryonal Chiari's network could have worked as an anatomic barrier preventing massive pulmonary embolism and cardiac arrest.
Spectral characteristics of nonstationary random processes — a critical review

Abstract This article analyzes the approaches to defining “spectral characteristics” derived from the spectral functions of nonstationary random processes. The processes considered are those for which an evolutionary power spectrum as designated by Priestley can be defined. Two basic approaches to defining spectral characteristics are reviewed. The first, characterized as geometric, leads to Vanmarke's spectral moments, which have proven to be very useful characteristics for stationary processes. However, these moments may be infinite for nonstationary processes, which creates problems for applications. The second approach, viewed as nongeometric, is based on Di Paola's pre-envelope covariances. The advantages and deficiencies of both approaches are discussed. It is also shown that the nongeometric spectral characteristics can be directly defined from the frequency domain as integrals of the one-sided auto- and cross-spectra of the evolutionary process and its derivatives. These nongeometric spectral characteristics are then used in defining parameters that characterize the central frequency and the bandwidth of evolutionary processes. To this end, the probability distributions of the process envelope are analyzed. It is demonstrated that suitable central frequencies and bandwidth factors can be defined from the probability density functions of the derivatives of the envelope and the phase.
Histologic Correlates of Progression-Free Interval and Survival in Ovarian Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Unlike other ovarian epithelial cancers, histologic measures of differentiation of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma have not been found to be reliable predictors of progression-free interval and survival. Forty-two consecutively treated patients with pure ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma were identified and all histologic materials were reviewed. The following histologic features were assessed: architectural pattern (tubular/tubulocystic, papillary, solid, and mixed), average and maximal mitotic activity per 10 high-power fields (hpf's), percentage of cells with clear cytoplasm, and nuclear grading (both Fuhrman et al .'s ( Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 6, 655-663, 1982) and Christopherson et al .'s ( Cancer 49, 1511-1523, 1982) methods). Surgical stage was most predictive of survival ( P P = 0.05) but was not predictive of progression-free interval ( P = 0.28). Survival and progression-free interval in patients with tumors of mixed architectural pattern tended to be shorter than those for patients where one type did predominate, but this was not statistically significant ( P = 0.06). The tubulocystic pattern was not predictive of patient outcome nor was either method of nuclear grading. Stage and average mitotic activity seem to be the best predictors of survival for patients with ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma, while architectural pattern and nuclear grading are not as reliable.
Quality of monitoring for metabolic effects associated with second generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia on public insurance

Second generation antipsychotics (SGA) are associated with new onset diabetes, dyslipidemia and significant weight gain. Patients with schizophrenia are also at an increase risk of developing metabolic disorders, making routine metabolic monitoring important in patients with schizophrenia. The objective of our study was to identify glucose and lipid monitoring rates in Kansas Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia who received long-term SGA therapy both before and after metabolic concerns of SGA had been introduced in the medical literature and after publication of metabolic monitoring guidelines from professional organizations in 2004. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using health care claims of Kansas Medicaid enrollees (age 18-64 years) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and receiving long-term SGA. Proportions of these patients receiving annual blood glucose and serum lipid laboratory tests were calculated for two periods: 2002-2003 and 2005-2007. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine associations between demographic characteristics and monitoring outcomes. Among 2204 persons in the 2002 cohort, 23% received annual blood glucose monitoring and 10.1% received lipid monitoring. Among 1646 persons in the 2006 cohort, 75.3% received blood glucose monitoring and 52.5% received lipid monitoring. Our findings showed significant increases in blood glucose and lipid monitoring rates observed across a 4-year period in Kansas Medicaid enrollees with schizophrenia receiving SGA. The large rise in monitoring over time may be due to increase awareness of metabolic concerns by mental health care specialists, whom patients with schizophrenia are likely to receive their care from.
Hormonal Contraception and Blood Lead Levels in Inner-City Adolescent Girls

Abstract Study Objective Physiological states of estrogen deficiency can lead to bone demineralization. Lead is stored in bone and may be released into blood during demineralization. The contraceptive injection depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is associated with estrogen deficiency and bone demineralization and, we hypothesized, may be associated with toxic blood lead levels in adolescents at high risk for lead exposure. We sought to compare blood lead levels in inner-city adolescent girls using DMPA with levels in those using oral contraceptive pills (OCP) and those taking no hormones and to examine the influence of lead exposure and reproductive history on blood lead levels in the total sample. Design Cross-sectional survey of a clinical convenience sample. Setting Inner-city adolescent clinic in an academic medical center. Participants 174 females aged 13–21 years; 86% minority ethnicity. Interventions None Main Outcome Measures Measurement of blood lead levels and an 82-item questionnaire examining lead exposure and reproductive history. Results 28 subjects were using DMPA, 25 used OCPs, and 121 used no hormones. Mean blood lead level in the total sample of 174 was 1.6 μg/dL, SD = 1.1. Many subjects had environmental risk factors for lead exposure and 15% reported one or more past pregnancies. Mean blood lead levels for subjects with the various environmental and reproductive risk factors ranged from 1.2 μg/dL to 2.0 μg/dL and were not different from levels for subjects without such risk factors. Mean blood lead levels for subjects in the 3 hormonal groups were significantly different (2.1 vs. 1.2 vs.1.5 μg/dL in DMPA, OCP, and no hormone groups respectively, P = 0.007). We dichotomized the blood lead levels into “High” ≥4 μg/dL, or “Low” P = 0.012). Conclusions Despite reported high-risk exposure to lead and the possibility of long-term accumulation of lead in bone, we did not find elevated blood levels in our sample. However, DMPA-treated girls were significantly more likely to have higher mean blood lead levels than OCP users and non-hormone users. In addition, DMPA users were more likely to have blood lead levels more than two standard deviations above the mean for the sample as a whole than untreated girls. Further studies are needed to examine low-level lead poisoning in adolescents and the consequences of contraceptive choices on bone health.
Chronic maternal hepatitis B infection and premature rupture of membranes.

QA 35-year-old pregnant Vietnamese woman has chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection which is hepatitis B e antigen-positive. She has spontaneous rupture of her membranes at 38 weeks gestation but does not go into labor. The usual obstetric practice would be to discharge her home until labor develops. Because she is hepatitis B antigen-positive and the timing of perinatal hepatitis B viral transmission is unclear, should labor in such circumstances be induced now, i.e. at 38 weeks, to reduce the risk of viral transmission to her infant? Induction of labor, however, also is associated with a small risk of failure and resulting need for a cesarean section. What is the increased risk to her infant of becoming infected with HBV if labor were to be delayed by two or more days?
Paleomagnetism of Upper Devonian reefal limestones, Canning basin, Western Australia

Two conflicting models have been proposed for the middle Paleozoic position of Gondwana with respect to Euramerica. A pole from Morocco (Msissi Norite) that may be of Late Devonian age suggests that a broad ocean (∼3,000 km) separated the northern continents from Gondwana, whereas results from Mauritania (Gneiguira Supergroup) indicate that this ocean had closed by Devonian time. Detailed thermal and alternating-field demagnetization experiments have been carried out on red and gray limestones from seven sites (89 samples) in an essentially undeformed Late Devonian reef complex, northern Canning basin, Western Australia. After minor tilt correction, the site mean characteristic directions average 42.7°/−28.9° (declination/inclination) with k = 61.6 and α95 = 7.8°. These results position northwestern Australia at 15°S latitude in the Late Devonian, a paleolatitude consistent with the presence of a well-developed reefal sequence. An early age is inferred for these magnetizations on the basis of the occurrence of mixed polarities and the fact that no post-Devonian directions for Australia resemble the observed declinations and inclinations. If the Smith and Hallam reconstruction for Gondwana is used, the paleomagnetic pole calculated for the Late Devonian of Western Australia agrees with the Msissi Norite result from Morocco and suggests that an ocean still separated Gondwana from Euramerica in the Late Devonian. The pole measured from the Gneiguira Supergroup in Mauritania may be based on remagnetizations of late Paleozoic age. The directions determined from Canning basin limestones are similar in inclination to but differ by 40° in declination from paleomagnetic results from the Upper Devonian Comerong Volcanics, Lachlan fold belt, southeastern Australia. Canning basin samples are from the stable craton, and Comerong Volcanics samples are from the Tasman fold belt. The discrepancy between the two Australian results may be best explained by tectonic rotation of the Comerong Volcanics locality.
Genomic cloning, structure, and regulatory elements of the 1α,25(OH)2D3 down-regulated gene for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor

Abstract The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) mRNA and protein are negatively and tissue-specifically regulated in the kidney by 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 . A 17-kb PKI clone, isolated from a chick genomic library, revealed that the PKI gene consists of two exons separated by a 4.5-kb intron. A 411-bp upstream region (constituting 93 bp upstream and 318 bp downstream from the transcriptional start site) containing a putative negative VDRE (nVDRE) fused to the luciferase gene was used for transient transfections of primary cultures of chick kidney cells. Luciferase activity was significantly down-regulated in response to 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 . This result suggests that the promoter region containing the putative nVDRE plays a pivotal role in the negative regulation of PKI gene transcription.
Breast cancer in a man 30 years after radiation for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma

A man developed breast cancer 30 years after chest radiation for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. At least eight previous cases of radiation-associated breast cancers have been reported in males, but this man represents the first to develop breast cancer following a childhood malignancy.
Cushing syndrome in the McCune-Albright syndrome.

Context: Cushing syndrome (CS) is a rare but potentially fatal feature of McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). Optimal management, prognostic features, and long-term follow-up of this disorder have not been described. Setting: The study was conducted at an academic tertiary care center. Patients: A total of 112 patients participating in a natural history study at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) were evaluated, and 21 published cases were reviewed. Interventions: Subjects received observation, medical management, or bilateral adrenalectomy. Main Outcome Measures: We measured prevalence, prognostic factors, and natural history. Results: The prevalence of CS among NIH patients was 7.1%. The median age at diagnosis was 3 months. Clinical features included “Cushingoid facies” (66.7%), failure to thrive (60.0%), low birth weight (50.0%), liver disease (36.7%), and heart disease (26.7%). Six patients (20.0%) died, four after adrenalectomy. Death was more likely in patients with comorbid heart disease (odds ratio, 13.3; P < 0.05). Of 23 survivors, 13 underwent adrenalectomy, and 10 exhibited spontaneous resolution. Two patients with spontaneous resolution who were tested later in life (3 and 15 yr after resolution) continued to have low-level, autonomous adrenal function with biochemical adrenal insufficiency. Compared to MAS patients without CS, patients with CS were more likely to have a cognitive/developmental disorder (44.4 vs. 4.8%; P < 0.001; odds ratio, 8.8). Conclusions: Comorbid heart and liver disease were poor prognostic markers and may indicate the need for prompt adrenalectomy. The high incidence of cognitive disorders indicates a need for close developmental follow-up and parental counseling. Patients with spontaneous resolution of CS may develop adrenal insufficiency, and they require long-term monitoring.
Early evacuation of clotted blood in hemothorax using thoracoscopy: case reports.

Hemothorax complicated by clotting of the blood is traditionally treated with thoracotomy. Successful treatment using early thoracoscopy in two patients is described. A third patient, in whom thorascopic evacuation failed, is also discussed. Early timing of the procedure appears to enhance the opportunity for adequate drainage of the thorax with lung re-expansion
An Examination of the Cognitive Processes Used to Handle Employee Job Problems

This study examined the cognitive processes involved in handling job problems in two business organizations. Two situational characteristics, discrepancy between a goal and performance and the freq...
Unnormalized probability: A different view of statistical mechanics

All teachers and students of physics have absorbed the doctrine that probability must be normalized. Nevertheless, there are problems for which the normalization factor only gets in the way. An important example of this counter-intuitive assertion is provided by the derivation of the thermodynamic entropy from the principles of statistical mechanics. Unnormalized probabilities provide a surprisingly effective teaching tool that can make it easier to explain to students the essential concept of entropy. The elimination of the normalization factor offers simpler equations for thermodynamic equilibrium in statistical mechanics, which then lead naturally to a new and simpler definition of the entropy in thermodynamics. Notably, this definition does not change the formal expression of the entropy based on composite systems that I have previously offered. My previous definition of entropy has been criticized by Dieks, based on what appears to be a misinterpretation. I believe that the new definition presented here has the advantage of greatly reducing the possibility of such a misunderstanding—either by students or by experts.
The 5′ terminus of the precursor ribosomal RNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The 5' terminus of Saccharomyces cereviasiae 35S pre rRNA was mapped on the rDNA using two methods: 1) Suitable restriction endonuclease fragments were hybridized to total high molecular weight RNA and extended with reverse transcriptase to the 5' end of the RNA template. 2) Other restriction fragments spanning the 5' terminus of 35S pre rRNA and radioactively labeled at their ends were hybridized to high molecular weight RNA and the non hybridized nucleic acids were digested with S1 nuclease. On the basis of these experiments, the 5' terminus of 35S pre rRNA was placed approximately 670 nucleotides upstream from the 17S rRNA coding region. The exact position was determined by reverse transcription as above, but in the presence of dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, which served as a way of sequencing the 5' terminal region. 35S pre rRNA synthesis is initiated at a site in EcoRI restriction fragment B which is 48 nucleotides upstream from the EcoRI cleavage site in the coding strand.
Efficacy of pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy with hypofractionated simultaneous integrated boost to the prostate for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer

The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy as well as acute and late toxicities of pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with hypofractionated simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to the prostate for patients with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. A retrospective analysis was performed of 66 patients treated definitively with pelvic SIB-IMRT in a prospective fashion; all of whom also received androgen suppression. The IMRT plans were designed to deliver 70 Gy in 28 fractions (2.5 Gy/fraction) to the prostate while simultaneously delivering 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions (1.8 Gy/fraction) to the pelvic lymph nodes. Forty-four high-risk (GS 8–10, PSA > 20 or ≥ T2c) patients and 22 intermediate-risk (GS7, 10 < PSA < 20 or cT2b) patients received SIB-IMRT. The 3-year and 4-year rates of actuarial freedom from biochemical failure (FFbF) for all patients receiving SIB-IMRT were 89.5 and 83.9 %, respectively. Prostate cancer-specific survival at 3- and 5-year post RT completion was 98.2 and 90.6 %, respectively. Pelvic IMRT utilizing a simultaneous integrated boost to the prostate appears to be a safe treatment regimen for high- and high-intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients, allowing them to be treated in an accelerated fashion without compromising biochemical control, freedom from distant metastasis, or prostate cancer-specific survival.
A mathematical model simulating fish losses near power plants using rotenone data

Abstract Fish losses like impingement on cooling water intake screens play an important role in the overall physical impact on the aquatic ecosystem by power-plant operations. Of the long list of potential causes for fish losses, three most significant factors are examined, i.e. fish population dynamics, water temperature and the hydrodynamics of the cooling water body. A semi-empirical, comprehensive model has been developed employing inexpensively sampled site specific far-field data on which the submodels for flow patterns, temperature and fish population are based. These submodels are directly adaptable to other sites and alternative case studies; the population submodel, for example, could also be employed for investigating the impact of increased fish mortality caused by toxic materials, excessive fishing, etc. The comprehensive model together with the systems analysis approach presented can be used as a planning tool for the optimal design and location of proposed power plants and for the minimization of aquatic ecosystem impacts due to existing plants. The impingement model was successfully applied to Arkansas Nuclear One (lake with long intake canal) and Browns Ferry (river with short intake canal).
Bi-frequency pendulum 2: modeling apodization, Fourier and adiabatic following in optics

Teaching optical phenomena with the use of analogies to the motion of bi-frequency pendulum on a rotary platform is described. Adiabatic following in liquid crystals and in quantum mechanics is visualized. Particular examples include also diffraction by an edge and Fourier properties of a step function.
Air pollution models as descriptors of cause-effect relationships

The problem of air pollution modeling is treated beginning from a philosophical standpoint, in which a model is viewed as a ‘universal statement’ and a complementary set of ‘singular statements’ from which specific cause-effect relationships are deduced; proceeding to the formulation of a specific model from fundamental physical principles. In the course of the analyses, a number of basic issues are examined. These include the types of information that an air pollution model is capable of providing (it is shown that specific events are not predictable, only the set of possible events can be described); the problem of model ‘validation’ (even with a perfect model and error-free input data and observations, discrepancies will exist between predicted and observed quantities); the character and representation of long-range dispersion (the conventional concepts of transport and diffusion become ill-defined when applied within the context of longrange dispersion models); and other topics relevant to the use of models in decision making processes.
Air traffic controller performance and acceptability of multiple UAS in a simulated NAS environment

Previously, we showed that air traffic controllers (ATCos) rated UAS pilot verbal response latencies as acceptable when a 1.5 s delay was added to the UAS pilot responses, but a 5 s delay was rated as mostly unacceptable. In the present study we determined whether a 1.5 s added delay in the UAS pilots' verbal communications would affect ATCos interactions with UAS and other conventional aircraft when the number and speed of the UAS were manipulated. Eight radar-certified ATCos participated in this simulation. The ATCos managed a medium altitude sector containing arrival aircraft, en route aircraft, and one to four UAS. The UAS were conducting a surveillance mission and flew at either a "slow" or "fast" speed. We measured both UAS and conventional pilots' verbal communication latencies, and obtained ATCos' acceptability ratings for these latencies. Although the UAS pilot response latencies were longer than those of conventional pilots, the ATCos rated UAS pilot verbal communication latencies to be as acceptable as those of conventional pilots. Because the overall traffic load within the sector was held constant, ATCos only performed slightly worse when multiple UAS were in their sector compared to when only one UAS was in the sector. Implications of these findings for UAS integration in the NAS are discussed.
Dissociative ionization of H 2 in an attosecond pulse train and delayed laser pulse

The ionization of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ in a single attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse generates a nuclear wave packet in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${}^{+}$, which is entangled with the emitted photoelectron wave packet. The nuclear wave-packet dynamics can be observed by dissociating ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${}^{+}$ in a delayed IR laser pulse. If ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is ionized by a sequence of XUV pulses of an attosecond pulse train, whether or not the corresponding sequence of nuclear wave packets in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${}^{+}$ is detected as a coherent or incoherent superposition depends on whether and how the photoelectrons are observed. We simulate the nuclear dynamics in this XUV-pump--IR-probe scenario and analyze our numerical results for both single attosecond pump pulses and pump-pulse trains of different lengths and temporal spacings between individual XUV pulses. By superimposing nuclear wave packets in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${}^{+}$ generated by individual pulses in the pump-pulse train incoherently, we calculate proton kinetic energy release spectra that are in good qualitative agreement with the recent experiment of Kelkensberg et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 123005 (2009)].
Dipole source localization in the study of EP generators: a critique.

Abstract 1. (1) The decision to solve the inverse problem in terms of one or more localized generators implies the assumption of a particular generator model. This assumption permits carrying out inverse dipole estimation. However, it is perilous to justify the procedure on the basis of the result. 2. (2) Goodness of fit is a necessary but not sufficient criterion of model adequacy. A particular quantitative inverse solution has meaning only if it is accompanied by consideration of sensitivity to small changes in all of the free modeling parameters and estimates of perturbing factors including noise and forward calculation uncertainties.
Preventing Neonatal Hepatitis B Infection During the Perinatal Period

In the United States, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a growing problem with serious long-term consequences. Because previous vaccination programs have been ineffective in lowering the incidence of HBV, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control now recommend a comprehensive plan to reduce transmission of the virus. This article explores the epidemiology of HBV infection, the use of hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccines, and current recommendations for eliminating transmission of HBV during the perinatal period.
The adsorption of cyclohexane on alcohol modified alumina substrates

Abstract Adsorption isotherms have been obtained for cyclohexane on a 2.72 m 2 /g alumina at 0 and −15°C. The alumina was first pretreated with either fluorocarbon or aliphatic alcohols to approximate monolayer coverage. The isotherms show Henry's law behavior and isosteric heats of adsorption show that molecular interactions are very weak. Calculated heats of adsorption agree well with experimental values.
Magnetic and pairing correlations in coupled Hubbard planes

We use quantum Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the magnetic and pairing correlations of two-dimensional Hubbard sheets coupled by an interlayer hopping ${\mathit{t}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$. We find that large ${\mathit{t}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ reduces in-plane magnetic correlations despite the increased lattice coordination, and also see evidence for a crossover to a spin-liquid phase where there is no long-range magnetic order in the ground state. Superconducting correlations are reduced by the interlayer coupling at the temperatures accessible to the simulations.
Thermal features at volcanoes in the cascade range, as observed by aerial infrared surveys

There have been no substantial changes in the thermal patterns at the summit of Mount Rainier in the period September 1964–September 1966, within the detection limits of the infrared instrumentation. Some differences in radiance are attributed to differences in snow cover. The highest apparent temperature is at a snow-free area on the west flank of the summit cone, several hundred feet below the west crater rim. An anomaly at this site was recorded on both infrared surveys, but no prior reports of thermal activity here have been made by ground parties. Other anomalous thermal zones at the summit are on the northern quadrants of both crater rims. A very small, low-temperature fumarole reported on Mount Adams was not detected, nor were any other thermal manifestations recorded. One anomaly consisting of a close-spaced cluster of thermal spots was detected at The Boot on Mount St. Helens and corresponds to a known fumarole area. The only thermal feature seen on Mount Shasta is near the summit at a thermal spring that has been observed by many climbers. Two anomalies were found on the north flank of Lassen Peak. Thermal activity had not been previously reported at either site, though one is in a known solfatarized area. No ground investigation has been made at the other location. Much of the other thermal activity in the Lassen Peak area is in the northeast quadrant of Brokeoff Caldera. Most of these features are well documented in the literature; others not previously described are in fairly accessible areas and doubtless result from springs and fumaroles related to Brokeoff Caldera.
A role for carbohydrates in immune evasion in AIDS

Rhesus monkeys were infected with mutant forms of simian immunodeficiency virus lacking dual combinations of the 4th, 5th and 6th sites for N-linked glycosylation in the external envelope glycoprotein of the virus. When compared with sera from monkeys infected with the parental virus, sera from monkeys infected with the mutant viruses exhibited markedly increased antibody binding to specific peptides from this region and markedly increased neutralizing activity. These results demonstrate a role for N-linked glycosylation in limiting the neutralizing antibody response to SIV and in shielding the virus from immune recognition.
Identification of L-cell growth stimulating antibody as anti-actin

Anti-L-cell antisera having potent cell growth stimulatory properties were shown by Western blotting to have predominant specificity toward a protein with a molecular weight of 42K which we identified as actin. Extractions of L cells, based upon the known insolubility of cytoskeletal proteins (including actin) in Triton X-100 and the solubility of actin in low ionic strength Ca2+ and ATP-containing buffer, led to actin-enriched preparations that retained immunoreactivity with the anti-L-cell antisera. The 42-kDa antigen binds to deoxyribonuclease I, has a pI = 5.2-5.4, and has an amino acid composition, including the presence of 3-methylhistidine, compatible with compositions determined for actins from other sources. Rabbit antiserum specific for this 42-kDa protein, isolated by SDS-PAGE, reproduced the cell growth stimulation by the anti-L-cell antisera and absorption of the antiserum with purified L-cell actin eliminated this stimulation. Moreover, these antibodies bind to the microfilaments of 3T3 fibroblasts. When purified actins were used as soluble antigen inhibitors of the immune reactivity of antiserum to 42-kDa protein with intact L cells, rabbit thymus actin competed with the surface molecules on L cells and reduced the stimulatory effect of the antiserum by 80% at an actin concentration of 150 micrograms/ml. Chicken muscle actin reduced the antibody stimulation effect by only 24% at the same protein concentration, and mouse muscle actin was ineffective as an inhibitor. The F(ab')2 fraction of anti-42K IgG was effective in stimulating L cells, thus documenting the immune nature of the actin-anti-42K interaction. We conclude that anti-actin antibodies, upon binding to actin-like cell surface determinants on L cells, stimulate cellular metabolism.
Three-dimensional evaluation of interradicular spaces and cortical bone thickness for the placement and initial stability of microimplants in adults

Introduction The objective of this retrospective study was to measure interradicular space, thickness of cortical bone, and alveolar process width at prospective microimplant placement sites in order to understand both safety and stability aspects of microimplant placement by using cone-beam 3-dimensional volumetric images. Methods Initial 3-dimensional images of 60 adult patients (30 men, 30 women; mean age, 27.1 years) were reoriented by using a standardized protocol. Interradicular space, cortical bone thickness, and alveolar process width were obtained at the alveolar processes from canine to second molar at 3 different vertical levels from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Palatal bone thickness was measured along the midpalate at 5 different distances from the distal edge of the incisal foramen. Peripheral palatal bone thickness was also measured at analogous locations, and cortical bone thickness of the retromolar pad was measured. Results Maxillary interradicular distances ranged from 1.6 to 3.46 mm and tended to increase from the CEJ to the apex. They were the greatest between the second premolar and the first molar. Mandibular interradicular distances ranged from 1.99 to 4.25 mm and tended to be greater than maxillary interradicular spaces. Maxillary and mandibular buccal cortical bone thicknesses were 1.12 to 1.33 mm and 1.25 to 2.98 mm, respectively. In both jaws, buccal cortical bone thickness tended to increase from the CEJ to the apex. Alveolar process widths were 3.74 to 5.78 mm in the maxilla and 3.11 to 7.84 mm in the mandible. Along the midpalate, palatal bone 20 to 25 mm from the incisive foramen had 7.04 mm and 6.99 mm thickness, respectively. The retromolar pad areas showed 1.96 to 2.06 mm thicknesses of cortical bone. Conclusions In the alveoloar process, 1 mm or more cortical bone thickness can be expected in the posterior dentition area. Safe locations for microimplant placements with adequate interradicular space are between the second premolar and the first molar in the maxillary buccal alveolar bone, between the molars in the maxillary palatal alveolar bone, and interradicular spaces from the first premolar to the second molar in the mandibular buccal alveolar bone. The midpalatal area and the retromolar pad area are also excellent locations for microimplant placement. Because of limited interradicular spaces, the recommended diameter of a microimplant is 1.2 to 1.6 mm for placement in the alveolar bone, and the recommended length is 6-7 mm.
Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannides)

Phylogenetic relationships among the Tyrannides were assessed using over 4000 base pairs of nuclear recombination activating 1 (RAG-1) and 2 (RAG-2) DNA sequence data from about 93% of all described genera, which represents the most complete assessment of relationships for this diverse New World radiation to date. With this sampling we propose a significantly expanded interpretation of higher-level relationships within the group. The Tyrannides are shown to be comprised of six major lineages, all of which represent traditional family-level taxa (sensuFitzpatrick, 2004a and Snow, 2004a,b; del Hoyo et al., 2004): (i) manakins (Pipridae); (ii) cotingas (Cotingidae); (iii) the sharpbill (Oxyruncus) + onychorhynchine flycatchers (Onychorhynchini); (iv) tityrines (Tityridae); (v) rhynchocycline flycatchers (Rhynchocyclidae); and (vi) the tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae). In addition, the RAG data recovered isolated lineages with uncertain relationships, including Neopipo, Platyrinchus, Piprites, and Tachuris. The Pipridae are the sister-group to all the other Tyrannides. Within the latter, the clade ((Oxyruncidae + Tityridae) + Cotingidae) is the sister-group of the Tyrannoidea. Within the Tyrannoidea, the Rhynchocyclidae and their allies are sisters to Neopipo + Tyrannidae. Using our phylogenetic hypothesis, we propose the first comprehensive phylogenetic classification that attempts to achieve isometry between the tree and a classification scheme using subordination and phyletic sequencing. This study thus provides a phylogenetic framework for understanding the evolution of this diverse New World assemblage, and identifies many avenues for further systematic study. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
A comparison of the surface activities of human apolipoproteins A-I and A-II at the air/water interface.

Abstract Surface pressure (π) and adsorption isotherms for human apolipoproteins A-I and A-II at the air/water interface have been determined and used to deduce the probable molecular structures of the monomolecular films. The surface concentrations were measured using the surface radioactivity method to monitor the adsorption of reductively [14C]methylated apoproteins. Apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-II are extremely surface-active proteins and adsorb to exert maximal π values of 22 and 24 mN · m−1 respectively, at a steady-state subphase concentration of about 3 · 10−5 g/100 ml (equivalent to 11 and 17 nM for apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-II, respectively). At saturation monolayer coverage, the average molecular areas for apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-II are 15 and 13 A2/residue, respectively. These packing densities are consistent with monolayers consisting largely of α-helical protein molecules lying with the long axes of the helical segments in the plane of the interface. Comparison of the molecular packings of spread and adsorbed monolayers of these proteins indicates that at low π values, the adsorbed films are more expanded, but at high π values, the molecular packing in both types of film is the same.
Little Words: Their History, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Acquisition edited by LEOW, RONALD P., HÉCTOR CAMPOS, & DONNA LARDIÈRE

The article reviews the book "Little Words: Their History, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Acquisition," edited by Ronald P. Leow, Hector Campos and Donna Lardiere.
Platelet and Fibrinogen Kinetics with [75Se]‐Selenomethionine in Patients with Myeloproliferative Disorders

Summary: Simultaneous platelet and fibrinogen kinetics were determined with a cohort label, [75Se]selenomethionine, in three patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML), three with subacute myelogenous leukaemia (SML) and three with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MF). In the CML group platelet survival was normal to increased (10.5–14.0 days), platelet turnover was essentially within the control range (22 000–51 000 platelets/μ/day), fibrinogen survival was prolonged (11.0–19.0 days) and fibrinogen turnover decreased (0.12–0.32 mg/ml/day). In two patients with MF platelet survival was decreased (5.0–7.5 days) and platelet turnover sharply increased (215 000–385 000 platelet/μl/day): one of these patients had multiple thrombotic episodes with an associated decrease in fibrinogen survival (4.0 days) and increased fibrinogen turnover (0.85 mg/ml/day): the other patient had no haemorrhagic or thrombotic episodes and his fibrinogen survival and turnover were within normal limits. Four patients, three with SML and one with MF, presented with thrombocytopenia. Kinetic studies were performed to aid in selecting those patients that might benefit from splenectomy. Splenectomy was performed in two with excellent results. Platelet and fibrinogen kinetics are important adjuncts to the study of the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and therapy of the myeloproliferative disorders.
A comprehensive thermodynamic study of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene☆☆☆★

Abstract The heat capacity of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene was studied from 11 to 350 K by adiabatic calorimetry. The enthalpy of fusion is 12.79 kJ mol −1 at the triple-point temperature 306.520 K. The enthalpies of combustion of both the solid and the supercooled liquid were measured at 298.15 K. A value for the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔH f o (298.15 K), of (66.3 1 ± 1.2 2 ) kJ mol −1 was obtained for the solid and (78.5 0 ± 1.1 6 ) kJ mol −1 for the supercooled liquid. The enthalpy of vaporization for the supercooled liquid at 298.15 K was obtained from vapor-pressure measurements made in the range 353 to 418 K. This was combined with the enthalpy of formation of the supercooled liquid to derive the enthalpy of formation of the ideal gas at 298.15 K, (155.1 ± 1.6) kJ mol −1 . Another value of ΔH f o (298.15 K) for the ideal gas was derived from the value for the solid by use of values of { H s ( T ) − H o (0)} for the liquid and solid; this value of ΔH f o (298.15 K) is 155.4 kJ mol −1 . Both differ significantly from the value of ΔH f o (298.15 K), (174.9 ± 8) kJ mol −1 , estimated by Shaw, Golden, and Benson. Chemical thermodynamic properties for the ideal gas in the range 298.15 to 350 K were calculated.
Ventilation of the North Atlantic and North Pacific: Subduction Versus Obduction

Abstract Ventilation in the North Atlantic and North Pacific is examined by analyzing the Levitus climatological data and the Hellerman and Rosenstein wind stress data. Ventilation between the permanent pycnocline and the overlying seasonal pycnocline and mixed layer consists of two physical processes: subduction and obduction. Subduction takes place mainly in the subtropical basin where surface water is irreversibly transferred into the permanent pycnocline below. Obduction takes place in the subpolar basin where water from the permanent pycnocline is irreversibly transferred into the mixed layer above. Veatilation in the North Atlantic and North Pacific can be clarified into four physically different regions: the subductive region, the obductive region, the ambiductive region where both subduction and obduction take place, and the insulated region where neither subduction nor obduction occurs. Although the total subduction rates in these two oceans are comparable, the total obduction rates are considera...
ISLAMIC IDENTITY AND POLITICAL MOBILIZATION IN RUSSIA: CHECHNYA AND DAGESTAN COMPARED

Muslims in Russia are often alleged (most recently by President Putin) to be potential Islamists, ready to support the radical Chechen separatist project of establishing an Islamic state in the Caucasus. This article challenges this claim, which assumes that Muslims in Russia form a coherent group based on religious identity, and as such, share a set of common political preferences that oppose the central state. The article demonstrates instead that: (1) Russian Muslims practice various forms of Islam; (2) religious belief and practice is not always correlated with anti-Moscow political mobilization; (3) ethnicity, rather than always reinforcing Muslim identity, interacts with Islam in complex ways throughout Russia's ethnic republics, and (4) Muslims in Russia have largely opposed radical Islamic movements during the past 15 years and most likely will continue to do so. These points are supported by an analysis of Islam, identity and politics in Dagestan and Chechnya, the two republics in Russia that hav...
Quartz Microbalance Studies of an Adsorbed Helium Film

The resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillating in the thickness-shear mode changes by virtue of the mass loading due to any type of film laid down on its surfaces. For a helium film only the normal fraction remains rigidly coupled to the substrate motion. Adsorption isotherms of He-4 measured with this technique show clear departures from conventional nonsuperfluid behavior. We attribute this effect to the onset and presence of superfluidity in the film.
Nonlinear optical effects during femtosecond photodisruption

Several nonlinear effects (i.e., continuum generation, self-focusing, and material damage) were studied during femtosecond photodisruption. Numerical aperture dependence of white-light continuum generation and material damage were determined and a relation between the two effects was shown. We showed the possibility of reducing nonlinear side effects and at the same time ensuring precise cut by using lenses of a suitable numerical aperture for refractive surgery, cell surgery, and tissue dissection. Other side effects associated with optical breakdown in model substance were also discussed.
Aerobic capacity during two-arm and one-leg ergometric exercise

Previous studies have shown that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) measured during two-arm cranking and one-leg cycling is about 70–78 per cent of VO2 max measured during two-leg cycling. The present study investigated the maximal physiological responses of eight healthy untrained males during two-arm, one-leg, and two-leg ergometric exercise. Two-arm cranking and one-leg cycling were found to be 55 and 66 per cent of two-leg VO2 max, respectively. The % VO2 max at which the anaerobic threshold occurred during the two-arm and one-leg exercise conditions were 57 and 68 per cent, respectively. These findings suggest that when the active muscle mass is limited, a progressive exercise test using one leg may elicit a higher VO2 max than with two arms.
Ins and Outs Modulating Hepatic Triglyceride and Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

In conjunction with the expanding clinical interest in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there has been a rapid increase in experimental research to understand hepatic triglyceride homeostasis. Hepatic triglyceride content is modulated by factors affecting liver fatty acid uptake, synthesis and oxidation, and triglyceride secretion. Physiological and pharmacologic investigations in humans and animals, and genetic experiments (Table 1) like those reported in this issue have elucidated these pathways.
The oxidation mechanism of dilute Ni-Cr alloys

Abstract Metallographic and electron microprobe analyses of oxide films formed on 90Ni-10Cr revealed duplex NiO scales overlying Cr 2 O 3 . The Cr 2 O 3 existed as continuous thin films when formed above 900 °C and as a band of particles when formed at lower temperatures. The thin Cr 2 O 3 film prevented vacancy transfer across the oxide-metal interface and severely restricted plastic flow of NiO, thereby leading to massive voids at the NiO-Cr 2 O 3 interface. The outer NiO layer was dense and columnar, containing very little chromium; the inner NiO layer was porous and equiaxed, containing much chromium. Grain boundaries of the alloy were much more oxidation resistant than the grains. The films over the boundaries had no inner NiO layer and were characteristic of films formed on alloys containing more than 20%Cr. The oxidation mechanism is basically ismilar to that proposed by Wood and Hodgkiess, but this study suggests a more important role of vacancy disposition and plasticity of the oxide scales.
Impact of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on etiology and susceptibilities of pathogens causing human immunodeficiency virus-associated bacteremia.

The impact of chronic prophylactic administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) on the ecology and the antimicrobial susceptibilities of bloodstream pathogens in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients was studied using a retrospective chart review. Eighty-nine patients with advanced HIV infection developed 124 episodes of bacteremia with 156 pathogenic isolates. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae tended to be less common among patients receiving SXT. Isolates from patients receiving SXT were likelier (75%) to be resistant to 20 μg of SXT/ml than those from patients not receiving SXT (33%) (P < 0.001).
Complementary Stability and Loop Shaping for Improved Human–Robot Interaction

Robots intended for high-force interaction with humans face particular challenges to achieve performance and stability. They require low and tunable endpoint impedance as well as high force capacity, and demand actuators with low intrinsic impedance, the ability to exhibit high impedance (relative to the human subject), and a high ratio of force to weight. Force-feedback control can be used to improve actuator performance, but causes well-known interaction stability problems. This paper presents a novel method to design actuator controllers for physically interactive machines. A loop-shaping design method is developed from a study of fundamental differences between interaction control and the more common servo problem. This approach addresses the interaction problem by redefining stability and performance, using a computational approach to search parameter spaces and displaying variations in performance as control parameters are adjusted. A measure of complementary stability is introduced, and the coupled stability problem is transformed to a robust stability problem using limited knowledge of the environment dynamics (in this case, the human). Design examples show that this new measure improves performance beyond the current best-practice stability constraint (passivity). The controller was implemented on an interactive robot, verifying stability and performance. Testing showed that the new controller out-performed a state-of-the-art controller on the same system
Attitudes of Black Adults Toward Community Mental Health Centers

The attitudes of 4l1 black adults toward community mental health centers (CMHCs) and their relationship to seven demographic and sociocultural characteristics were assessed. Fewer than 20 percent of subjects had negative attitudes toward CMHCs, about 34 percent had positive attitudes, and about 47 percent had neutral attitudes. Female gender, married status, and a high level of racial consciousness were associated with more positive attitudes toward CMHCs but explained only about 11 percent of the variation in attitudes. The author suggests that mental health clinicians and service planners become more knowledgeable about the attitudes and values of all segments of the black community.