cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IS IT WRONG TO EAT ANIMALS

Eating meat appeals, but the cost is measured in millions of slaughtered animals. This has convinced many that vegetarianism is morally superior to a carnivorous diet. Increasingly, those who take pleasure in consuming animals find it a guilty pleasure. Are they correct? That depends on the magnitude of harm done to food animals but also on what sort of a good, if any, meat eating affords people. This essay aims to estimate both variables and concludes that standard arguments for moral vegetarianism are significantly misplaced. That is because the contribution of meat eating to lives of excellence is underestimated and overall harms to animals consequent on practices of meat eating are overestimated. The answer to the question posed in the title is, therefore, “No.”
Presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses: what retinal surgeons should know.

Background Presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses (IOLs) are becoming more popular among patients undergoing cataract surgery. Performing vitrectomy with these lenses can be challenging. Methods A review of the currently available presbyopia-correcting IOLs is performed. The problems with vitrectomy and presbyopia-correcting IOLs are identified, and suggestions are given on minimizing intraoperative complications. Results and conclusions As these lenses gain popularity among patients with cataracts, retinal surgeons need to be aware of the challenges of working through them when performing vitrectomy. However, with careful preoperative evaluation and planning, complications can be avoided.
Some critical properties of sign inverting control for LTI systems with multiple delays

A novel control logic, sign inverting control (SIC) is proposed for linear time-invariant multiple time delay systems (LTI-MTDS). SIC simply inverts the sign of a nominal control logic which is formulated for non-delayed dynamics using any known technique. The main objective of the inversion is to increase the delay robustness of the system. Three necessary and sufficient conditions are provided for SIC to be a viable option. This inversion method gains its strength from a recent paradigm called the Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR). CTCR provides the necessary exact and exhaustive declaration of the stable regions in the domain of the delays for such systems. As the highlight of the paper, the spectral and root tendency invariance properties between the nominal and the SIC applied systems are presented with detailed proofs. Finally, we demonstrate an unexpected feature by an example, that SIC may also be applied to systems which are closed-loop non-delayed unstable for both control schemes.
Pro-tumorigenic effects of transforming growth factor beta 1 in canine osteosarcoma

Background Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is a pleiotropic cytokine that contributes to reparative skeletal remodeling by inducing osteoblast proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Organic bone matrix is the largest bodily reservoir for latent TGFβ1, and active osteoblasts express cognate receptors for TGFβ1 (TGFβRI and TGFβRII). During malignant osteolysis, TGFβ1 is liberated from eroded bone matrix and promotes local progression of osteotropic solid tumors by its mitogenic and prosurvival activities. Hypothesis Canine osteosarcoma (OS) cells will possess TGFβ1 signaling machinery. Blockade of TGFβ1 signaling will attenuate pro-tumorigenic activities in OS cells. Naturally occurring primary OS samples will express cognate TGFβ1 receptors; and in dogs with OS, focal malignant osteolysis will contribute to circulating TGFβ1 concentrations. Animals Thirty-three dogs with appendicular OS. Methods Expression of TGFβ1 and its cognate receptors, as well as the biologic effects of TGFβ1 blockade, was characterized in OS cells. Ten spontaneous OS samples were characterized for TGFβRI/II expressions by immunohistochemistry. In 33 dogs with OS, plasma TGFβ1 concentrations were quantified and correlated with bone resorption. Results Canine OS cells secrete TGFβ1, express cognate receptors, and TGFβ1 signaling blockade decreases proliferation, migration, and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. Naturally occurring OS samples abundantly and uniformly express TGFβRI/II, and in OS-bearing dogs, circulating TGFβ1 concentrations correlate with urine N-telopeptide excretion. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Canine OS cells possess TGFβ1 signaling machinery, potentially allowing for the establishment of an autocrine and paracrine pro-tumorigenic signaling loop. As such, TGFβ1 inhibitors might impede localized OS progression in dogs.
A quantitative histomorphometric comparison of 40 micron thick Paragon sections with 5 micron thick Goldner sections in the study of undecalcified bone.

The value of quantitative histomorphometric analysis of undecalcified stained sections of bone is widely recognized. Five micron thick sections have been regarded as essential to carry out this analysis, but their production requires expensive equipment. Our laboratory was equipped initially only for the production of Paragon®-stained 40µm thick sections. These thicker sections have been used traditionally to guide the planimetric analysis of microradiographs. However, we found that they could be used for the simpler eyepiece graticule histomorphometric analysis in the same way that 5µm sections have been examined. Sequential sections from iliac bone biopsy of 12 different patients with renal osteodystrophy were examined using each method. For 7 histologic features, the analysis of the thick sections compared very well with that of the Goldner-stained thin sections. The correlation coefficients varied from 0.88 for osteoid volume to 0.99 for osteoid surface. Other features compared included active and inactive osteoclastic surface activity. Further evidence of the usefulness of these thicker sections come from three other analyses. The expected close coupling of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity was demonstrated (N=56,r=0.87,P<0.001). For 19 additional patients, two forms of histologic evidence of the degree of hyperparathyroidism correlated very well with the measured immunoreactive PTH (r=0.93 and 0.93). Finally, normal values obtained with our method compare favorably with published normal values.
Effects of incentive and incentive-cue position on short-term retention

Ss recalled CCC trigrams differing in incentive value, temporal position of incentive cue, and length of retention interval. Recall varied as a function of incentive and retention interval, but was unrelated to cue position. Additional evidence suggested that differential learning and covert rehearsal may mediate the facilitative effects of incentive.
Shifting Ideologies? Re-examining Media Bias

This research note engages the current research on measuring media bias. I present a reanalysis of the results found in Groseclose and Milyo (2005) and show that the original parameter estimates of the ideological positions of media outlets are not stable over time. Using the same data but analyzed over different periods of time, I find a different conclusion than the previous article. I examine four-year rolling time periods and find that the data produce different parameter estimates in the early- to mid-1990s as compared to after 2000, with all analyzed outlets appearing more moderate or conservative in later time periods. My results indicate that the estimated positions are sensitive observations in the data and the time period of observation of the outlet.
Differences in inflammatory and thrombotic markers between unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Background Unstable coronary syndromes are characterised by increased inflammatory process and endothelial activation. However, the underlying mechanisms of the acute coronary syndromes are still obscure. We evaluated the differences of inflammatory and thrombotic markers, at the acute phase of unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods The population of the study consisted of 216 subjects: 136 patients with UA, 57 patients with AMI and 23 healthy controls. Blood samples were taken by their admission to the hospital. Inflammatory and thrombotic markers were measured by ELISA. Results Patients with UA had significantly higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble vascular cells adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) ( p p p p p p p Conclusions Patients with unstable coronary syndromes had increased levels of IL-6, sVCAM-1 and vWF as well as decreased levels of ATIII and PrtC by their admission. However, patients with AMI had higher levels of all the endothelium-derived inflammatory (e.g. sVCAM-1) of thrombotic/fibrinolytic (e.g. tPA and vWF) markers, compared to those with UA. These findings imply that patients with myocardial infarction show further increase of endothelium-derived inflammatory and thrombotic markers compared to patients with unstable angina, in response to a similar proinflammatory stimuli.
Subtypes of Suicidal and Assaultive Behaviors in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: A Research Note

Among 129 adolescent psychiatric inpatients, four subgroups of suicidal and/or assaultive behaviors were identified. A suicidal-only subgroup with no evidence of assaultive behavior was characterized by depression, drug abuse and environmental stresses. An assaultive-only subgroup with no evidence of suicidal behavior exhibited aggressive symptoms and violence at home. A subgroup with both suicidal and assaultive behaviors experienced accidents and family violence. A fourth subgroup had neither suicidal nor assaultive behavior. This subgroup showed eating disorders, depression, minimal assaultiveness and few peer friendships.
Asymptotically convergent modified recursive least-squares with data-dependent updating and forgetting factor

Continual updating of estimates required by most recursive estimation schemes often involves redundant usage of information and may result in system instabilities in the presence of bounded output disturbances. This paper investigates an algorithm which has the capability of eliminating these difficulties. Based on a set theoretic assumption, the algorithm yields modified least-squares estimates with a forgetting factor. It updates the estimates selectively depending on whether the observed data contain sufficient information. The information evaluation required at each step involves very simple computations. In addition, the parameter estimates are shown to converge asymptotically to a region around the true parameter at an exponential rate.
Phase transitions in rocks under shock compression.

Abstract The zero-pressure densities of some rock Hugoniots in their high-pressure phases are determined. Comparison of these densities with experimental results on phase transitions of a number of rock-forming minerals suggests that the predominant transition in Stillwater bronzitite and Bushveld bronzitite is pyroxene → spinel + stipoverite (stishovite). Pyroxene in Healdsburg diabase and Centreville diabase is likely to transform in the same way. Experimental results on the olivine → spinel transition predict a density too low for the shocked Twin Sisters dunite. The postulate of Birch, that rocks transform to mixtures of closely packed oxides at pressures comparable to those in the lower mantle, explains very well the density increase associated with the shock-induced transition in Twin Sisters dunite. The same theory also predicts with reasonable accuracy the zero-pressure density of Westerly granite shocked above 400 kilobars. Except Twin Sisters dunite, none of these shocked rocks has zero-pressure density comparable to that of the lower mantle.
Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction

Abstract An evaluation of a solvent extraction system employing supported liquid membranes has recently been completed by Rockwell Hanford Operations. The focus was on a pilot-scale, tube and shell arrangement configured for continuous operation. The tube bundle consisted of 333 polypropylene-iiricroporous fibers with a total surface of 3.6 m2. Results are reported for the evaluation of operating parameters such as flow rates and corresponding aqueous pressure differences, solvent impregnation techniques, and test system durability. Chemical and physical test results, including permeability data, are also reported for the systems nitrate ion/nitric acid/tertiary amine and (nonradioactive) Group IA-IIA metal/nitric acid/ phosphoric acid extractant.
CREATING A NEW RACIAL ORDER: HOW IMMIGRATION, MULTIRACIALISM, GENOMICS AND THE YOUNG CAN REMAKE RACE IN AMERICA

Jennifer Hochschild, Vesla Weaver and Traci Burch, CREATING A NEW RACIAL ORDER: HOW IMMIGRATION, MULTIRACIALISM, GENOMICS AND THE YOUNG CAN REMAKE RACE IN AMERICA, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton U...
Phenobarbital specifically increases the hepatocellular uptake of sulfobromophthalein-glutathione

The transport of sulfobromophthalein glutathione was studied in perfused livers isolated from phenobarbital treated and control rats. Phenobarbital increased the cell size and the uptake of sulfobromophthalein glutathione. The effect on uptake is specific since in phenobarbital treated livers each unit of hepatocyte surface area takes up more sulfobromophthalein glutathione than controls. The cellular hypertrophy does not involve all cell functions; total and specific content of cytosolic fatty acid binding protein for example, were unchanged by phenobarbital. The increase in Vmax and influx rate constant for sulfobromophthalein glutathione uptake suggest that phenobarbital increases the amount of membrane carriers or their rate of cycling.
PLASTICITY AND THE CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT IN SHELLS

The plastic deformations and the crack opening displacement, δ, in cylindrical shells with an axial or circumferential crack and spherical shells with a meridional crack are considered. It is assumed that outside the perturbation zone of the crack the shell is subjected to uniform membrane loads perpendicular to the crack. The plastic strip model is used to calculate the plastic zone size. The crack opening displacement is calculated as the crack surface displacement at the crack tips by using the conventional superposition technique. In cylindrical shells with an axial crack the crack surface displacement perpendicular to the shell surface (i.e., the bulging) is also evaluated. The results are applied to a set of existing experimental data on the fracture of cylindrical shells. The tentative conclusion is that in dealing with the fracture of thin-walled structures, among various fracture models δ=constant appears to be the most satisfactory criterion.
Forest History Snapshot: Forest Industry Woodlands Operations Locations Prior to Mergers and Acquistions

Forestry industry was a major owner of timberland in the United States over most of the twentieth century. This timberland was seen as a cost-effective means to supply their lumber and pulp mills. They were an important owner, with some of the most productive and intensively-managed timberlands in the country. Beginning in the 1980s, other investors realized the value of timberland assets and actively pursued acquisition of the forest products companies and their timberland assets. Mergers and acquisitions were common within the industry as a means to discourage takeovers. These timberlands were traditionally managed by woodlands operations located near the mills. These operations defined classic timber towns, with names like Crossett, Georgetown, Bogalusa, and Millinocket becoming synonymous with the mill and the woodlands. Woodlands operations are nearly extinct as few mills still own timberlands; what might remain is a small wood procurement organization at the same location. These woodlands operations were an important part of forest history and their locations provide much insight into the historical patterns of industrial forest management. Major forest industry woodlands operations are identified by geography and size as a means to record a fading historical artifact of forest history.
Thymidine uptake by circulating leukocytes in chronic myelocytic leukemia before and after therapeutic splenectomy

Twenty patients with P1 + chronic myelocytic leukemia (17, with one or more manifestations of poor near-term prognosis) underwent therapeutic splenectomy. Circulating leukocyte thymidine uptake (3H-TdR) was determined before and after the procedure. Nine patients (Group I) had prompt, marked decrease in 3H-TdR (more than 4- to 30-fold) while 11 (Group II) had negligible to 3-fold decreases. There were no significant differences between the groups in pre-splenectomy duration of disease, leukocyte count, hemoglobin level, spleen weight, or 3H-TdR, but Group II had significantly more overtly blastic patients. Comparable increases in platelet counts and hemoglobin were seen in both groups, but better control of leukemia of significantly longer duration was achieved in 7/9 patients of Group I vs 4/11 patients in Group II (P < 0.001). Group I had longer survival (median, 14 months after splenectomy vs 4 months: P < 0.01). These data are consistent with selective removal of more aggressive clones of leukemic cells in Group I. 3H-TdR may serve as an index of such effects and may provide an early indication of the overall clinical response to splenectomy.
Design, performance, and reliability of a high-angular-resolution wide-angular-range large-aperture fully-automated UV scatterometer

Design and performance of Fully Automated Ultraviolet Spectrographic Tester (FAUST) providing Bidirectional Scatter Distribution Function (BSDF) measurements at wavelengths ranging from the vacuum ultraviolet to the infrared has been described in details. The instrument is capable of measuring both very near (3 arcseconds) and very wide angle (over 120 degrees) scatter off both highly specular (mirrors and gratings) and highly diffuse surfaces for +/- 90 degrees incidence angle variations. Scatterometer dynamic range of over 11 orders of magnitude has been demonstrated. Stray light reduction techniques practicing for instrument signature improvement are discussed. Principles of light sources and detectors choice, instrument automation and calibration are explained. Instrument signature data along with some examples of a list of scatter measurements and gratings efficiency measurements performed by the use of FAUST are also presented here.
Cholera vaccine will reduce antibiotic use.

In their Policy Forum (“The cholera crisis in Africa,” 15 May, p. [885][1]), S. Bhattacharya et al. articulate important reasons for advocating vaccine development and deployment as a primary response to cholera epidemics in Africa and elsewhere. There is one more reason: Preventing cholera
Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves of Radio-Frequency in Isothermal Plasmas: Collision Cross Section of Helium Atoms and Ions for Electrons

The elements of the theory of interaction of radio-frequency electromagnetic waves in gaseous discharge plasmas are reviewed. The applicability of this phenomenon of wave interaction to the measurement of quantities involved in fundamental processes in such plasmas is considered.A measurement of the "effective" electron-atom collision frequency in helium, found to be 3.12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$/sec/mmHg for room temperature electrons (\ensuremath{\sim}300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K), gives a value for the probability of collision for momentum transfer, ${P}_{m}$, of the helium atom equal to 24.0 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 1 mm Hg.An experimental determination of the "effective" electron-ion collision frequency (for singly charged ions) has also been determined which closely agrees with earlier theoretical predictions. The ratio of the effective cross sections, associated with electron collisions, of ions and helium atoms in the room temperature isothermal plasma is \ensuremath{\sim}3.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ at an ion density of ${10}^{11}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$.
Bioinspired THz applications for chemical analysis and microorganism fingerprinting

This report presents THz spectroscopy as a valuable tool to discover unique signatures in a variety of analytes. Biomolecules and bacterial spores have been demonstrated to have characteristic signatures in the absorption patterns. Examples presented are the absorption band of thymine and the double bands of Bacillus sp. spores. In the case of thymine, the absorption band exactly matched the results of molecular modeling at 1.27 THz. The signatures are associated with collective polar vibrations within the structures of the materials, and can be used for fingerprint type sensing.
Determination of the absolute configurations of natural products via density functional theory calculations of optical rotation, electronic circular dichroism, and vibrational circular dichroism: the cytotoxic sesquiterpene natural products quadrone, suberosenone, suberosanone, and suberosenol A acetate

The determination of the absolute configurations (ACs) of chiral molecules using the chiroptical techniques of optical rotation (OR), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) has been revolutionized by the development of density functional theory (DFT) methods for the prediction of these properties. Here, we demonstrate the significance of these advances for the stereochemical characterization of natural products. Time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations of the specific rotations, [α]D, of four cytotoxic natural products, quadrone (1), suberosenone (2), suberosanone (3), and suberosenol A acetate (4), are used to assign their ACs. TDDFT calculations of the ECD of 1 are used to assign its AC. The VCD spectrum of 1 is reported and also used, together with DFT calculations, to assign its AC. The ACs of 1 derived from its [α]D, ECD, and VCD are identical and in agreement with the AC previously determined via total synthesis. The previously undetermined ACs of 2−4, derived f...
Nutlin's two roads toward apoptosis.

Commentary to: Molecular mechanisms of nutlin-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma: Evidence for p53-transcription-dependent and -independent pathwaysManujendra N. Saha, Hua Jiang and Hong Chang
Shock physics for nonideal detonations of metallized energetic explosives

The nonideal behavior of condensed explosives with metal particle loading has been studied by many researchers. These previous studies have shown that the explosives behavior is different than that predicted by equilibrium codes (generally lower detonation velocities and pressures are observed or measured), although under many circumstances an increase in performance of metallized explosives is observed. To investigate these phenomena, an unsteady, one-dimensional model is presented that simulates the buildup toward steady detonation of an organic explosive (HMX) containing dispersed aluminum (A1) particles. Heat liberated by secondary oxidation reactions of A1 with the products of the initial decomposition of the explosive is modeled, and parametric studies are presented in which the delay time and the rate of the A1 reactions are varied. Endothermic processes are also considered. Results indicate that induction delay for the A1 particles, combined with endothermic processes, alter the structure of the reaction zones and produce a secondary shock wave that never reaches the detonation wave front. The results of the model are shown to be in agreement with the observed nonideal behaviors of metallized explosives. Future work with the model will include the interaction of the predicted reaction zone structure with a compressible media.
Small firms and the value of improvements in corporate governance mechanisms

Abstract Since 2002, many firms have been required to alter their board of directors and committees to increase management monitoring. Kinney and McDaniel (1989) and Chhaochharia and Grinstein (2007) provide empirical evidence suggesting that investments in corporate governance may differ based on firm size, and that under-investing in monitoring may be more pronounced in smaller firms. To further test whether the benefits of recent changes in companies' governance mechanisms accrue to smaller firms that have underinvested in governance, we examine the stock market reaction to changes in board structure over the twenty-four months following the passage of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. We construct a new composite measure of board structure and regress buy-and-hold abnormal returns on changes that occur in the Board Structure Index, finding that improvements in corporate governance quality result in economically significant abnormal returns accruing only to the smaller firms with weak initial board structures.
Genetic Algorithm Approach for Resource Allocation in Multi-User OFDM Systems

A novel genetic algorithm application is proposed for adaptive power and subcarrier allocation in multi-user OFDM systems. The proposed method is compared with Eshan's [Ehsan Bakhtiari and Babak H. Khalaj, "A new Joint Power and Subcarrier Allocation Scheme for Multiuser OFDM Systems", 14th IEEE Proceedings on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Beijing, China, Vol. 2, PP 1959 -1963, Sept 7 -10, 2003.] power and subcarrier allocation algorithm and Wang's modified genetic algorithm [Yongxue Wang et al.,"Adaptive Subcarrier and Bit Allocation for Multiuser OFDM System Based on Genetic Algorithm", IEEE 2005.]. Our method has fast convergence and can handle large allocations of subcarriers to users without performance degradation. The simulation results show that our approach is a viable alternative to existing methods for optimum resource allocation.
End-tidal carbon dioxide levels predict cardiac arrest

End-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) correlates with cardiac output during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cardiac arrest patients. Increasing CO2 during CPR can also indicate the return of spontaneous circulation.
Mass spectral analysis of a homologous series of S- and O-alkylglycerols

Abstract Tentative identification of S-alkylglycerols can be accomplished by separation of their isopropylidene derivatives using thin-layer chromatography followed by gas-liquid chromatography. However, their absolute identification is only rigorously determined by mass spectral analysis of the individual components separated by gas-liquid chromatography. In this report mass spectra of S-alkylglycerols (C 10 -C 18 ) are presented and compared with those of the O-alkylglycerol. All mass spectra exhibit a base peak at m / e 101 (characteristics of the isopropylidene moiety). The M + peak is very weak in all cases, whereas the M + -15 is intense (5–40% base). No other ions are noted in the high mass region of the O-alkylglycerol derivatives, but characteristic fragments (especially the R–S + ions) are found in the spectra of the S-alkylglycerols. High resolution mass spectrometry substantiated the empirical formulas proposed for the high mass ions.
The Counselor as an Applied Behavioral Scientist.

The swirl of change—instant history—coupled with contemporary human problems makes it imperative that counselors shed their complacencies and “truths” in order to doubt, question, and examine all that they now do. Counseling viewed as a highly complex, social-psychological phenomenon demands counselors who are applied behavioral scientists. Our outrageous wordology and one-method-one-technique orientation, along with confused “scientific-versus-humanistic” thinking, has severely impeded progress. Counseling should follow from client problems rather than be a predetermined, prescribed, and stylized activity. Social modeling in groups, systematic desensitization, and contingency management techniques are illustrative of how counselors can function as applied behavioral scientists.
Thermal enzymes. VIII. Properties of a heat-stable inorganic pyrophosphatase.

A highly active inorganic pyrophosphatase from a thermophilic bacterium has been partially purified and studied in some detail. The enzyme was dependent upon magnesium ions for activation and was activated to a lesser extent by cobalt. Neither calcium nor manganese was effective as an activating ion. The pH-activity curve was quite broad and exhibited a distinct plateau in the range from pH 5.5 to pH 9.5. The usual Lineweaver-Burk plot of (S)v versus (S) did not give a straight line. Plotting (S)2v versus (S)2 gave a straight line from which Ks was calculated to be 5 × 10−3. Evidence is presented that the formation of a complex metallosubstrate is necessary for the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate by the enzyme. The energy of activation was found to be 21,000 cal./mole in the range from 45 to 70 °C. and 34,400 cal./mole in the range 30–45 °C. Apparent thermodynamic values were calculated from heat-inactivation data. The most unusual of these were the entropies of activation, ΔS++. For a 20-min. period of inactivation the mean ΔS++ value was 13.0 cal./mole/deg. After a 40-min. period of inactivation, the ΔS++ value was 45 cal./mole/deg. The low ΔS++ values suggest that there may be inherent structural differences in the thermal enzymes which render them less vulnerable to the denaturing effects of heat.
Degeneration of neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus following transient ischemia due to raised intracranial pressure: excitotoxic degeneration mediated via non-NMDA receptors?

Abstract Transient global ischemia was produced in rats by cisternal fluid infusion, producing a negative cerebral perfusion pressure by elevating the intracranial pressure (ICP) 25–50 mm Hg above mean arterial pressure (MAP). Animals were allowed to survive for 2–7 days following a transient ischemic episode of 5–30 min. The brains were examined for signs of ischemic degeneration in Nissl-stained sections and adjacent sections reacted with antisera against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or aspartate aminotransferase (AAT). Neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (RT), a pure population of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons which project their axons to thalamic relay nuclei, wer found to have the lowest threshold for degeneration in this model, consistently undergoing degeneration under conditions which completely spared the hippocampal CA1 from degeneration. Whereas it took up to 30 min of complete ischemia to produce degeneration of CA1 neurons when ICP was raised using room temperature infusion fluids, 15 min of ischemia under these conditions was sufficient to produce extensive degeneration of neurons in the entire ventral 3/4 of the RT. Prolonged (>25 min) episodes of partial ischemia (ICP⩽MAP) were also sufficient to produce massive degeneration of RT neurons. The lesion in the RT was most clearly evident in sections reacted with antisera to GFAP, labeling intensely reactive protoplasmic astrocytes within the regions of the RT where neuronal degeneration had occurred. Neuronal loss and accompanying proliferation of microglial cells were evident in Nissl-stained sections but the extent of the neuronal loss was most clearly obvious in sections reacted with an antisera to AAT, an enzyme present in detectable quantities in GABAergic neurons. Pretreatment with the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 at doses sufficient to completely prevent massive degeneration of the hippocampal CA1 failed to prevent the degeneration of RT neurons, suggesting that if RT degeneration involves an excitotoxic process it acts through non-NMDA receptors.
A role for cyclic AMP in expression of developmentally regulated genes in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract Starved cells of Dictyostelium discoideum begin to synthesize a new class of developmentally regulated proteins at about 13 hr of the 24-hr developmental program, concomitant with the formation of tips on the tight cell aggregates [Alton, T. H. & Lodish, H. F. (1977) Dev. Biol. 60, 180--206]. Continued synthesis of these proteins is normally dependent upon the integrity of the multicellular aggregates, because cells that have been disaggregated at 13 hr and shaken in suspension for 5 hr do not make these proteins. We show here that addition of 20 microM cyclic AMP to suspension cultures of disaggregated 13-hr cells caused synthesis of most of these late proteins to be maintained. Translation in an in vitro wheat germ system of total cellular RNA isolated from these cyclic AMP-stimulated suspension cells, or from normal aggregates, generated several proteins that were not encoded by the RNA isolated from equivalent suspension cells which had not been treated with cyclic AMP or from preaggregation cells. We conclude that cyclic AMP has a direct role in maintaining the synthesis of aggregation-dependent Dictyostelium proteins and in maintaining the level of the corresponding mRNAs.
Locus of Control as a Determinant of Information Seeking

Rotter's (1966) internal-external control scale was administered to 182 students enrolled in introductory psychology. The data supported the hypothesis that the amount of task relevant infor mation sought by internals and externals would not differ in situations in which the degree of control was specific, but that internals would seek more information than externals when the degree of control was vague. The hypothesis that subjects who were informed that their outcome depended entirely on their own task performance would seek more information than subjects who were informed that their outcome was a function of chance was not supported.
The psychotherapist's contribution to the treatment process

It is probably safe to say that there is nothing that has not been done to try to help people who have what is called “mental illness”–soft music and scalding in hot water, snake pits and electric current through the brain, stinging showers, starvation, milk diets, tranquilizing drugs and free association and casting out of devils and good hard work–but none can yet be said to be truly effective. Psychotherapy, especially since the days of Freud, has come to mean a treatment that is made up mainly of talk, a verbal exchange between the patient and the person who is trying to help him. With the development of this kind of treatment, it has been increasingly recognized that psychotherapy is characterized not only by its techniques, but also by the personal relationship between the patient and his therapist. This being so, the therapist himself, his background, attitudes, experiences, and personality must be put under the microscope for careful scrutiny and analysis if valid knowledge about how to treat mental illness is to be obtained.
IODINE METABOLISM IN SURVIVING HUMAN AND CANINE THYROID SLICES

AMETHOD of studying iodine metabolism in surviving thyroid slices of animals by adding radioiodine to a fixed volume of incubating medium was developed by Morton and Chaikoff (1942, 1943) and by Schachner, Franklin and Chaikoff (1944). With minor modifications, this method has been employed by all subsequent workers. Freinkel and Ingbar (1955a, 1955b), Morton, Chaikoff and Rosenfeld (1944) and Fawcett and Kirkwood (1953) have established that stable iodine added to the medium interferes with accumulation of radioiodine in the thyroid slice. During a study of the behavior of canine and human thyroid slices by this method, it was found that variable but appreciable quantities of I127 of the thyroid slice entered the medium. The quantity of I127 lost from the tissue was sufficient to lower significantly the specific activity of the iodine in the medium, thus interfering with the accumulation of I131 by the slice.
Burning creates contrasting demographic patterns in Polygala lewtonii (Polygalaceae): a cradle-to-grave analysis of multiple cohorts in a perennial herb

Fire drives the population dynamics of many plants. By following successive cohorts of Polygala lewtonii Small (Polygalaceae), a short-lived herb endemic to fire-maintained Florida sandhills, in both burned and unburned microsites, we investigated how fire affected vital rates throughout cohort lifetimes. We followed cohorts from before to 6 years after a prescribed fire in 220 25-cm-radius quadrats, recording survival and seedling recruitment quarterly, and growth and fecundity annually. Fire effects were most pronounced in the first 2 post-burn quarterly censuses, when cohorts in burned (v. unburned) quadrats had seven-fold higher seedling recruitment, significantly higher seedling survival, and a 16.7% gain (v. 1.2% loss) in quadrat occupancy. Plants in burned (v. unburned) quadrats also flowered earlier, were more likely to survive to reproduce and had longer lifespans. The negative effects of density on survival were relaxed in burned quadrats for the first 2 censuses. Burning creates contrasting demographic trajectories for burned v. unburned cohorts. In burned microsites, higher seedling recruitment and survival, earlier flowering and longer lifespans combine to produce a greater contribution to the seedbank and, thus, to population viability. The present study documents the pyro-demographic mechanisms linking the life history of a perennial herb with a frequent fire regime.
Scintiscanning in Malignant Lymphomatous Involvement of Bone

The reported radiographic and autopsy incidence of lymphomatous involvement of bone has been reviewed. Results of 19 patients with malignant lymphoma studied with bone scintiscans and roentgenograms are presented. Scintiscans were positive in 84.2% of the patients and roentgenograms were positive in only 10.5%. Bone marrow biopsy was positive in only three out of 16 cases. Necropsy material obtained from vertebral bones which were positive on scanning revealed histological evidence of disease in all the six cases. The scintiscan is an excellent means of evaluating early lymphomatous involvement of bone and the incidence in relatively asymptomatic patients is probably much greater than can be appreciated roentgenographically or suspected clinically. The early detection of osseous involvement may be an important guide to therapy.
Controlling the use of hazardous materials in research and development laboratories

Abstract The author describes a systematic approach for controlling the use of hazardous materials in a large industrial research and development complex. The basic concepts, although fundamental, require the pooling of several technical disciplines. Although, a system may be in place and is functioning effectively, new governmental restraints are constantly occurring, hence, the program is continually expanding.
Home, school partnerships in family child care: providers’ relationships within their communities

Professional family child care providers’ work with children from birth through age five can be exemplary, particularly with regard to building stable and substantive relational ties. Such long‐term engagements with client children and their families offer potential for strong partnership with families and local contexts over time. This paper explores providers’ stories that illustrate such a favourable connection: how continuity between providers, parents and neighbourhood schools becomes a mutually beneficial relationship.
Patient Preparation and Performance of PET/CT Scans in Pediatric Patients

Appropriate patient preparation is necessary for high-quality PET and PET/CT imaging in children and adolescents. Standard adult protocols and techniques will sometimes give suboptimal results, so attention to specific pediatric protocols is important. Additionally, attempts should be made to limit radiation doses, as pediatric patients are more sensitive to the effects of radiation. Administered [F-18]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose activities may be reduced using weight based protocols, and CT parameters should be reduced to appropriate pediatric levels, with low-dose localization settings used when diagnostic-quality CT images are not needed. Complicating factors, such as patient motion and brown adipose-tissue uptake, are more commonly encountered in pediatric patients, and appropriate measures should be taken to limit their impact on imaging.
“Aloha”: An In‐House Nursing Home Vacation

This article describes a weeklong in-house "vacation" that was held at a Department of Veterans Affairs nursing home. The author provides the guidelines used to plan, implement, and evaluate the project. The in-house nursing home vacation was successful, as measured by the number of residents in attendance, their positive evaluations, and their desire to repeat the experience. The primary reason for the success of this program was the number and strength of the interactive partnerships.
Explanatory Models of Female Pubertal Timing: Discordances Between Cultural Models of Maturation and the Recollection and Interpretation of Personal Developmental Experiences

Given the ambiguity surrounding the source of the continuing trend toward earlier menarche observed in Westernized nations, several competing explanatory models have emerged regarding variation in pubertal timing. While a biomedical model proposes that predominantly constitutional characteristics shape the maturation timetable, an alternative framework derived from Life History Theory (LHT) evolutionary principles emphasizes the influence of psychosocial factors on development. Working with a sample of women 19–25 years of age (N = 103) drawn from two Southeastern U.S. colleges, we combined cultural consensus analysis with retrospective self-report regarding childhood stress and menarcheal timing to investigate whether reported developmental experiences align with cultural models regarding factors that should drive pubertal timing. Results suggest a robust cultural model consistent with a biomedical framework concentrating principally on constitutional characteristics. However, participants’ personal developmental recollections support an association between higher childhood stress and earlier menarche. These findings support LHT predictions that early reproductive maturation is an evolutionary adaptive response to chronic childhood stress as well as clarify the extent to which cultural models of factors contributing to puberty concord with developmental experiences.
Enlightenment and the Idea of Public Reason

In the eighteenth century and since, diverse projects have been announced under the banner of “enlightenment.” One of the philosophically most influential was espoused by Kant in “What is Enlightenment?” with the injunction: “Have the courage to use your own understanding!” This has often been connected with his strong notion of rational autonomy and interpreted in individualist terms. But that essay immediately goes on to declare that thinking for oneself is best done not alone but in concert with others, and thence to define enlightenment in terms of the “freedom to make public use of one’s reason,”2 which is the topic of the remainder of the essay. The same interdependence between using one’s own reason and reasoning in concert with others is stressed in Kant’s account of the maxims of common human understanding in the Critique of Judgment: the first maxim, “to think for oneself,” is balanced by the second, “to think from the standpoint of everyone else.” And it is also central to his account of justice in “Perpetual Peace” and other political writings, where publicity is said to be no less a condition of right than is individual consent. Elsewhere Kant characterizes the public use of reason ideally as open, critical, free of coercion, and subject to the requirements of consistency and coherence. On this reading, Kant’s enlightenment project envisioned the gradual extension of the public use of reason, so understood, to all domains of cultural and political life. Is this today a viable project?
Retrograde Transpopliteal Approach of Iliofemoral Lesions

Purpose: Aim of this study is to present our initial experience with the use of the retrograde popliteal artery access in patients with certain anatomic lesions. Methods: Between September 2008 and September 2010, 24 patients underwent a transpopliteal retrograde subintimal recanalization. Instead of its usage when antegrade recanalization failed, the “facedown” technique was preferred as a first choice in patients with common femoral artery stenosis or occlusion, proximal lesions of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) with no stump, severe obesity, tandem iliac, and SFA lesions. Results: Technical success was achieved in 91.7% of patients.The complication rate was 12.5%. The primary patency at 6, 12, and 18 months was 86.4%, 65.8%, and 65.8%, respectively. Conclusions: The retrograde popliteal artery approach can be considered as the primary SFA recanalization strategy in carefully selected patients, with competitive immediate and midterm results.
Toughness in Integrative Bargaining

This article introduces a new measure of bargaining toughness. Previous measures of toughness have been based on simple averages and are suitable for use only in situations of distributive bargaining. By contrast, the proposed measure is based on dynamical information and can easily be used in integrative bargaining scenarios. The key to defining such a measure is to utilize the feasible outcome sets of Nash (1950) and to represent the bargainer's concessions by a path in the feasible outcome set. By mathematically modeling the speed with which the bargainer concedes, it becomes possible to develop a measure of bargaining toughness that takes into account not only how much the bargainer has conceded, but how fast he or she has done so.
Tabu Search and Benders Decomposition Approaches for a Capacitated Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design Problem

We consider a network design problem in a multiproduct closed-loop supply chain setting consisting of remanufacturing facilities and finite-capacity manufacturing, distribution, and collection facilities that serve a set of retailers. We first present a mixed-integer linear program to determine the optimal locations of the collection centers and remanufacturing facilities along with the integrated forward and reverse flows such that the total cost of facility location, processing, and transportation associated with forward and reverse flows in the network is minimized. Second, we devise two tabu search heuristics---sequential and random neighborhood search procedures---in which we effectively combine search functions using move and exchange neighborhoods to improve efficiency in exploring the solution space. We also suggest a transshipment heuristic to quickly, but effectively, estimate the objective function value (goodness) of a feasible solution in the course of a tabu search. Third, we present a Benders decomposition solution approach that incorporates the tabu search heuristics as well as Benders cuts that are strengthened to facilitate faster convergence and improved computational efficiency, especially for large-scale instances. While the solutions using tabu search heuristics make the applicability of the Benders decomposition approach possible via providing initial upper bounds and facilitating the generation of good initial Benders cuts, the lower bounds obtained by the Benders approach computationally verify the high quality of the tabu search heuristic solutions. We present computational results illustrating the efficient performance of the solution algorithms in terms of both solution quality and time, especially for larger size problems.
VICUR: A human-vision-based algorithm for curve reconstruction

In this paper, a new algorithm, named VICUR, is presented for curve reconstruction problem. From a set of unorganized points, the proposed algorithm can construct curves that look natural to human vision. The VICUR algorithm is based on two connectivity criteria: proximity and good continuation from the prominent Gestalt principles of perception. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of VICUR.
Aerosol size distributions - Remote determination from air-borne measurements of the solar aureole

Aerosol-size distributions were determined remotely using an airborne scanning photometer. This instrument consists of a sunshade, optics, and a large-dynamic-range photodetector-amplifier system that scans about the vertical, recording both the direct attenuated solar beam and the diffuse sky radiance in the almucantar of the sun at an effective wavelength of 0.54 micron. Inversion of the measured radiances determined aerosol radii from approximately 0.2 to 8.0 microns. Data were taken during flights over western Lake Superior and southwestern Wisconsin. Inverted aerosol-size distributions are compared with results obtained by other methods.