cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Compositional Trust Model for Predicting the Trust Value of Software System QoS Properties

Trust of a software system (i.e., the degree of confidence that a system conforms to its specification) can be defined in terms the composition of trust values for each individual software component (or service) used in the creation of that software system and their interaction patterns. This paper therefore presents the different composition patterns, and the common associations between various quality-of-service (QoS) properties of the composed system for the identified composition patterns. It also presents composition rules for deriving systemic trust values for each composition pattern. Lastly, results from applying the composition patterns to a case study show our trust composition model can predict trust of a composed system with 55% -- 70% uncertainty that increases with system complexity.
The Consequences of Literacy in Pragmatic and Theoretical Perspectives

education, this paper examines critically the effects of literacy on cultural traditions, linguistic behavior, socio-economic organization, cognitive processes, and child development. Attention is given to the question of whether literacy causes new cognitive capabilities or only promotes the deployment of preexisting ones. The paper also considers the implications for anthropological, psychological, and linguistic theories of the increased attention given to the study of literacy and its effects on language, thought, and society. Suggestions are offered about how school curricula and general educational policies could make use of relevant findings in devising literacy programs that are socially and culturally relevant. LITERACY, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, LANGUAGE EVOLUTION, SOCIO- AND EDUCATIONAL LINGUISTICS, EDUCATIONAL POLICY, ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATION.
Melanocytes are deficient in repair of oxidative DNA damage and UV-induced photoproducts

Melanomas occur mainly in sunlight-exposed skin. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients have 1,000-fold higher incidence of melanoma, suggesting that sunlight-induced “bulky” photoproducts are responsible for melanomagenesis. Sunlight induces a high level of reactive oxygen species in melanocytes (MCs); oxidative DNA damage (ODD) may thus also contribute to melanomagenesis, and XP gene products may participate in the repair of ODD. We examined the effects of melanin on UVA (320–400 nm) irradiation-induced ODD and UV photoproducts and the repair capacity in MC and XP cells for ODD and UV-induced photoproducts. Our findings indicate that UVA irradiation induces a significantly higher amount of formamidopyrimidine glycosylase-sensitive ODD in MCs than in normal human skin fibroblasts (NHSFs). In contrast, UVA irradiation induces an insignificant amount of UvrABC-sensitive sites in either of these two types of cells. We also found that, compared to NHSFs, MCs have a reduced repair capacity for ODD and photoproducts; H2O2 modified- and UVC-irradiated DNAs induce a higher mutation frequency in MCs than in NHSFs; and, XP complementation group A (XPA), XP complementation group C, and XP complementation group G cells are deficient in ODD repair and ODD induces a higher mutation frequency in XPA cells than in NHSFs. These results suggest that: (i) melanin sensitizes UVA in the induction of ODD but not bulky UV photoproducts; (ii) the high susceptibility to UVA-induced ODD and the reduced DNA repair capacity in MCs contribute to carcinogenesis; and (iii) the reduced repair capacity for ODD contributes to the high melanoma incidence in XP patients.
Pulmonary and Radiographic Outcomes of VEPTR (Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib) Treatment in Early-Onset Scoliosis.

Background: VEPTR (vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib) expansion thoracoplasty is used to manage thoracic insufficiency syndrome in early-onset scoliosis. Literature regarding the effects of this technique on pulmonary function is scarce. The aim of this study was to report the intermediate-term results of VEPTR expansion thoracoplasty. Methods: Twenty-one children with thoracic insufficiency syndrome underwent VEPTR expansion thoracoplasty from 2002 to 2012 and had complete chart data, preoperative and follow-up radiographs, and pulmonary function tests performed at the index implantation, first expansion, and last expansion. Pulmonary function tests with forced and passive deflation techniques developed for children under general anesthesia were performed prior to the index implantation and each expansion surgery under the same anesthetic conditions. Pulmonary and radiographic parameters were analyzed longitudinally. Results: Mean follow-up was six years, and mean age at implantation was 4.8 years. The mean number of expansion procedures per patient was eleven, and the mean number of pulmonary function tests was ten. The mean interval between surgical procedures was 6.4 months. Mean forced vital capacity (FVC) increased from 0.65 to 0.96 L (p < 0.0001). However, the percentage of the predicted FVC decreased from 77% to 58%. Respiratory system compliance normalized on the basis of body weight, Crs/kg, decreased by 39%, from 1.4 to 0.86 mL/cm H2O/kg. The mean Cobb angle before treatment was 80°, and the mean maximum thoracic kyphosis angle was 57° (range, 7° to 107°). The initial coronal correction was maintained at the time of final follow-up (67°); however, there was a trend toward a decrease in the maximum thoracic kyphosis angle (to 66°, p = 0.08). Clinically apparent proximal thoracic kyphosis occurred in four patients, and spinal imbalance occurred in seven. The mean gain in T1-T12 height during the treatment period was 18 mm (2.9 mm/year). Conclusions: FVC improved over time; however, this increase in lung volume did not keep up with the growth of the child, as the percentage of the predicted FVC decreased, and the chest wall stiffness increased. Coronal correction was maintained, but the increase in proximal thoracic kyphosis is concerning. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Integration of AlN micromechanical contour-mode technology filters with three-finger dual beam AlN MEMS switches

In this paper, we present the first demonstration of the monolithic integration of Aluminum Nitride (AlN) micromechanical contour mode technology filters with dual-beam actuated MEMS AlN switches. This integration has lead to the development of the first prototype of a fully-integrated all-mechanical switchable filter. Integration has been demonstrated by using AlN contour-mode MEMS filters at two center frequencies, i.e. 98.7 and 279.9 MHz. The micromechanical switch design used here is a novel three-finger dual-beam topology that improves the isolation and insertion loss of the switch by decreasing the parasitic coupling between the DC and RF signals over a previous AlN MEMS dual beam design. With the use of just one switch fabricated right next to, and integrated with the filter, the AlN MEMS filter is effectively turned off and its pass-band transmission is lowered to the out of band level at 279.9 MHz.
The Effect of Melatonin on Aqueous Humor Flow in Humans during the Day

Background: Aqueous humor flow through the anterior chamber of the eye undergoes a circadian cycle. The rate of flow during the day is twice as high as the rate of flow at night. The pineal hormone, melatonin, also undergoes a circadian cycle. Melatonin levels are high at night, whereas aqueous humor flow is low. The authors studied the effect of oral melatonin on aqueous humor flow in humans. Methods: The effect of melatonin on aqueous humor flow was evaluated in 19 healthy human volunteers in a randomized, masked crossover study with a placebo control. The hormone or placebo was administered orally during the day when endogenous levels of melatonin are low. Aqueous flow was measured by fluorophotometry for 8 hours. Results: The mean rate of flow during melatonin treatment was 2.71 ± 0.64 μl/minute (± standard deviation). The rate of flow during placebo treatment was 2.80 ± 0.66 μl/minute. There is no statistically significant difference between these two rates ( P = 0.4). With a sample size of 19, the study has a power of 92% to detect at least a 15% difference in the rate of flow under the two conditions. Measurement of plasma concentration of melatonin in five subjects confirmed that concentrations after oral dosage reached peaks comparable with the normal endogenous nocturnal peaks. Conclusions: The authors conclude that melatonin concentrations during the day, comparable with plasma concentrations that occur spontaneously during sleep, do not suppress aqueous humor formation. The authors find no support for the idea that plasma melatonin, per se, can suppress aqueous formation or that the circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin is primarily responsible for the circadian rhythm of aqueous humor flow.
Influence of the delocalization error and applicability of optimal functional tuning in density functional calculations of nonlinear optical properties of organic donor-acceptor chromophores.

Nonempirically tuned hybrid density functionals with range-separated exchange are applied to calculations of the first hyperpolarizability (β//) and charge-transfer (CT) excitations of linear "push-pull" donor-acceptor-substituted organic molecules with extended π-conjugated bridges. An unphysical delocalization with increasing chain length in density functional calculations can be reduced significantly by enforcing an asymptotically correct exchange-correlation potential adjusted to give frontier orbital energies representing ionization potentials. The delocalization error for a number of donor-acceptor systems is quantified by calculations with fractional electron numbers and from orbital localizations. Optimally tuned hybrid variants of the PBE functional incorporating range-separated exchange can produce similar magnitudes for β// as Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation (MP2) correlated calculations. Improvements are also found for CT excitation energies, with results similar to an approximate coupled-cluster model (CC2).
Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus DNA and RNA in Semen by the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and semen of 23 men infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were examined for the presence of HIV DNA and RNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a nonisotopic detection assay. None of the men was receiving antiretroviral therapy at the time of collection. Semen samples were separated into cell-free seminal fluid, nonspermatozoal mononuclear cells (NSMC), and spermatozoa. All of the PBMC samples, 17 (74%) of 23 NSMC samples, and none of the spermatozoal samples were positive for HIV gag gene DNA. Of 23 cell-free seminal fluid samples, 15 (65%) were positive for HIV gag gene RNA by PCR. Cell-free HIV RNA was more likely to be present in the semen of men with less than 400 than in those with greater than or equal to 400 cells/mm3 (P less than .04) and was present in all patient with p24 antigen in serum. The presence of HIV DNA in NSMC samples was not related to CD4 cell count, disease status, or the presence of p24 antigen in the serum. This study shows that HIV nucleic acid can be detected by PCR in either the cell-free seminal fluid or NSMC of 87% of semen samples but not in the DNA of spermatozoa from HIV-infected men.
EFFECT OF FRYING AND OTHER COOKING CONDITIONS ON NITROSOPYRROLIDINE FORMATION IN BACON

Nitrosopyrrolidine (NO-Pyr) formation in bacon is primarily dependent on frying temperature and not time. Cooking methods affect the amount of NO-Pyr formed: pan frying produces the highest level of NO-Pyr with variable concentrations formed on baking, broiling and cooking in a “baconer.” Microwave oven treatment produced the lowest amount of NO-Pyr. A model system study of the decarboxylation of nitrosoproline shows this precursor, which may be present in bacon, is maximally converted to NO-Pyr at 185°C near the recommended temperature for frying.
Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition with a high risk of death. The standard metrics used to define and monitor the progression of AKI, such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, are insensitive, nonspecific, and change significantly only after significant kidney injury and then with a substantial time delay. This delay in diagnosis not only prevents timely patient management decisions, including administration of putative therapeutic agents, but also significantly affects the preclinical evaluation of toxicity thereby allowing potentially nephrotoxic drug candidates to pass the preclinical safety criteria only to be found to be clinically nephrotoxic with great human costs. Studies to establish effective therapies for AKI will be greatly facilitated by two factors: (a) development of sensitive, specific, and reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis/prognosis of AKI in preclinical and clinical studies, and (b) development and validation of high-throughput innovative technologies that allow rapid multiplexed detection of multiple markers at the bedside.
Catalan in the twenty-first century: romantic publics and cosmopolitan communities

Abstract The politics surrounding identity in Catalonia traditionally have been based in a monolingual Romantic ideal that pits Catalan and Castilian against each other as two mutually exclusive languages and corresponding identities. Public discourses and debates over language policy often still draw on these traditional assumptions about language. In contrast, in the language contact zones where actual speakers live, there has been a collective restructuring of language resources over recent decades. Not only autochthonous Catalan native speakers but also individuals of varying social, ethnic, and linguistic backgrounds now routinely mobilize varying forms of Catalan in varying combinations and for varying purposes in daily life. New sociolinguistic solutions, problems, and possibilities have emerged, particularly around new immigration and polylingualism brought by globalization from both above and below since the millennium. In addition to the intrinsic interest of the apparent success of Catalan lang...
Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Cyclopropenimines as Enantioselective Brønsted Base Catalysts.

We recently demonstrated that chiral cyclopropenimines are viable Bronsted base catalysts in enantioselective Michael and Mannich reactions. Herein, we describe a series of structure-activity relationship studies that provide an enhanced understanding of the effectiveness of certain cyclopropenimines as enantioselective Bronsted base catalysts. These studies underscore the crucial importance of dicyclohexylamino substituents in mediating both reaction rate and enantioselectivity. In addition, an unusual catalyst CH···O interaction, which provides both ground state and transition state organization, is discussed. Cyclopropenimine stability studies have led to the identification of new catalysts with greatly improved stability. Finally, additional demonstrations of substrate scope and current limitations are provided herein.
Linking action training to bureaucratic reorientation and institutional reform

This article explores the use of action-training methods in a highly centralized and control-oriented public sector. It focuses on the Technical Assistance and Training Programme for Departmental Development Corporations (PATC-CORDES), an innovative programme in Peru initially supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Successive sections review a particularly influential alternative to conventional classroom training proposed by Honadle and Hannah (1982); provide relevant background; describe PATC-CORDES organization and objectives; examine its training activities; assess the resulting institutional impacts; and posit important insights from the case study. The PATC-CORDES experience demonstrates that action-training methods can produce positive results in agencies that are part of a rigid public sector and, more importantly, that such methods can be linked to bureaucratic reorientation and institutional reform. Perhaps the most interesting and controversial conclusion is that recruitment of central administrators to lead training exercises can be a useful tactic for bureaucratic reorientation. The article is based on review of documents, reports, and evaluations prepared by persons working for USAID/Peru, PATC-CORDES, and departmental development corporations (CORDES); extensive interviews with political leaders, managers, and professionals in these same organizations; analysis of Peruvian legislation; and other references cited in the text.
Revisiting overdiagnosis and fatality in thyroid cancer.

Objectives: To examine the rates of incidence and fatality in cohorts of patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer from 1975 to 1999. Methods: This study uses National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results data and derives hazard functions in order to examine the fatality in thyroid cancer. Results: The study documents forms of rapidly evolving and fatal tumors as well as forms of tumor that evolve more slowly to cause death. It demonstrates that the incidences of nonfatal forms of thyroid cancer have risen dramatically in the years from 1975 to 1999—mostly due to papillary carcinomas—but that the incidences of fatal forms of thyroid cancer have remained nearly constant. Conclusions: The results of this study support the notion that many thyroid cancers are part of a reservoir of nonfatal tumors that are increasingly being overdetected and overdiagnosed.
Feasibility of End Mill Cooling Using the Venturi Effect With Compressed Air

In many machining applications tool wear is a major problem. Cutting edges on tools wear out with repeated use leading to their inevitable failure. This tool failure causes a poor surface finish on the work piece being cut. Currently cutting fluid is applied during the cutting process to extend the life of a tool and is effective. Cutting fluid is considered a hazardous material which causes problems during disposal. Disposal of hazardous waste can be expensive causing a push to find alternate green cooling methods. This paper focuses on the feasibility of using the venturi effect on compressed air to replace water based cutting fluids. The two processes are to be compared on the grounds of cooling of the tool and work piece as well as chip removal. Cooling comparisons will be made through the examination of a straight channel cut, and chip removal will be gauged by how large of a mass the air streams can move. It was found that, in these areas, an accelerated stream of compressed air through the correct diameter nozzle outperforms the liquid cutting fluid in both aspects during end milling operations. These findings lead the authors to believe that in the future compressed air, or other pressurized gas, will be the most economical and effective green cooling technique.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Institutional Change and Ethnoterritorial Party Representation at the European Level: The Complementary Effect of Multiple Levels of Government

Over the past forty years, Western European countries have faced both pressures to decentralize and, conversely, pressures to transfer competencies to the supranational level of the EU. Despite the joint occurrence of these processes, the existing literature has typically explored only their separate effects. This paper begins to fill this lacuna by examining the effect of decentralization on the European electoral fortunes of some of decentralization’s most prominent supporters, ethnoterritorial parties. Consistent with the claim that ethnoterritorial parties in decentralized regions still see the European Union as a useful arena for expressing enhanced regionalist identities and pursuing additional political and financial legitimacy, cross-sectional time-series analyses reveal that decentralization increases the vote shares of ethnoterritorial parties in European Parliamentary elections. Thus, counter to the fears that increasing the number of levels of government will create competing centers of power and serve to demobilize voters, these results suggest that – for at least some parties – these political environments prove complementary.
Genetic control of red cell osmotic fragility

Among normal mouse strains, natural genetic variation offers the potential to investigate the structure and function of cell membranes. One such polymorphism between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J is a difference in erythrocyte sensitivity to osmotic lysis. The genetic basis for erythrocyte osmotic fragility differences between mouse strains C57BL/6 and DBA/2 was examined through analyses of their serial backcross progeny, recombinant inbred (ri) strains (BXD), and congenic C57BL/6 strains with allelic differences at Hbb or Fv-2. The data indicate that the fragility difference between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 is the result of allelic differences at a minimum of two segregating loci. One of these might be linked to, but is not identical with the gene encoding the beta chain of hemoglobin (Hbb). Allelic differences at Fv-2, a gene known to control the proportion of erythroid precursors in the S phase, and at Hba, the structural locus of hemoglobin alpha chain also appear to exert no major influence on red cell osmotic fragility. Furthermore, the fact that red cells from one of the RI strans (BXD-31) are strikingly more resistant than those from the resistant parental strain DBA/2 leads to the conclusion that the degree of resistance/susceptibility for either strain is determined by the combined contributions of gene effects not all of which act in the same direction. We also found that red cells from strans C57BL/6 and DBA/2 differ in their uptake of 51Cr. This result suggests the possibility that red cell osmotic fragility differences may be due in part to differences in ion metabolism or membrane transport.
A preliminary examination of over-the-counter medication misuse rates in older adults.

Abstract Background Older adults are the largest consumers of over the counter (OTC) medications. Of the older adults who are at risk of a major adverse drug event, more than 50% of these events involve an OTC medication. Objective To explore how older adults select and hypothetically use OTC medications and if the selected medications would be considered safe for use. Methods Walking interviews were conducted with 20 community-dwelling older adults in a community pharmacy. Each participant selected an OTC medication for a hypothetical pain and sleep scenario. Data were analyzed for four types of misuse: drug–drug interaction, drug–disease interaction, drug–age interaction, and excess usage. Results At least one instance of potential misuse was found in 95% of participants. For sleep medications, drug–drug interactions and drug–age interactions were more common, affecting 50% and 65% of participants respectively. The most common type of misuse noted in the pain products selected was that of drug–drug interaction, with a total of 39 occurrences, affecting 60% of the participants. Conclusions OTC misuse is common among older adults, and it is important for older adults to seek out resources, such as a pharmacist, to help them make safe OTC decisions.
DOE46168 Final Report

The research objectives of this grant were to observe and to quantify nanoscale electrostatic and magnetic fields using the technique of off-axis electron holography. There have been two major areas of activity during the current reporting period, which spans September 2011 through December 2015; i) measurement of the 2D electrostatic potential distributions across complex semiconductor heterojunctions and devices; and ii) investigation of the remanent states and magnetization reversal mechanisms in magnetic thin films and nanostructures.
User Models of Consumer Products - The Initial Encounter

When consumers are introduced to a new product, they begin to develop a conceptual model immediately. If this initial experience occurs at the point of sale, their model will be based chiefly on information on the product packaging and price. To understand consumer-product interactions, a greater understanding of how packaging information is incorporated into product models at the initial encounter is needed. Sixty participants were shown thirty-six unfamiliar brands of general consumer products ranging from nutritional supplements to household cleaners. Product packaging was manipulated to produce variations in the product name, price, and endorsements from a variety of groups including government agencies and celebrities. Significant differences in perceptions of product effectiveness and purchase intentions were found depending on endorsement source, product price, participant income, education, and age.
Systematic modulation of quantum (electron) tunneling behavior by atomic layer deposition on nanoparticulate SnO2 and TiO2 photoanodes.

Ultrathin films of TiO2, ZrO2, and Al2O3 were conformally created on SnO2 and TiO2 photoelectrodes via atomic layer deposition (ALD) to examine their influence upon electron transfer (ET) from the electrodes to a representative molecular receptor, I3–. Films thicker than 2 A engender an exponential decrease in ET time with increasing film thickness, consistent with tunneling theory. Increasing the height of the barrier, as measured by the energy difference between the transferring electron and the bottom of the conduction band of the barrier material, results in steeper exponential drops in tunneling rate or probability. The variations are quantitatively consistent with a simple model of quantum tunneling of electrons through square barriers (i.e., barriers of individually uniform energy height) that are characterized by individually uniform physical thickness. The findings demonstrate that ALD is a remarkably uniform and precise method for modifying electrode surfaces and imply that standard tunneling th...
Age and reproductive status influence dominance in wild female Phayre's leaf monkeys

In group-living mammals, social dominance can be achieved and maintained via kin support, winner–loser effects and individual differences in resource-holding potential (RHP). When dominance is based on RHP, the likelihood of winning is also influenced by the incentive to compete. For females, this equation can be quite complex, as both age and reproductive state can alter the relative value of resources and the risks associated with fighting. For example, females that are young, pregnant or lactating may have high nutritional demands, while lactating females also face risks associated with offspring survival. To date, however, there have been few studies investigating how such factors influence female agonistic relationships. Here, we use 2 years of data to evaluate how age and reproductive state influence the probability of winning, focusing on two groups (5–9 and 10–12 females) of wild Phayre's leaf monkeys, Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus, at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Consistent with previous studies, we found that young females and pregnant females were more likely to win dyadic interactions in the smaller group, PA. By contrast, the likelihood of winning was unrelated to age in the larger group, PB. Moreover, differences between reproductive states were less pronounced in PB, with females that were pregnant or in early lactation being more likely to win compared to females that were cycling. The deviating results for PB were likely associated with a greater number of competitors and small age differences intensifying intrasexual competition. These results highlight the importance of individual as well as demographic factors in female dominance relationships. In this population, females with high nutritional demands are more likely to win agonistic encounters, suggesting that female–female competition occurs primarily over access to resources.
SU-A-BRC-06: The Path of an Academic Physicist

This year's Annual Student Meeting consists of a panel of professionals who have pursued a traditional education in medical physics and have since pursued a variety of careers. These range from chief medical physicist, small business founder, FDA scientist, industry R&D scientist, and academic researcher. Each panelist will discuss their education, positions that they have held leading to their current one, and factors that influenced them to pursue their careers. Time will be left at the end of the talk to open the floor for questions from students and trainees. Discussion between the presenters and participants is encouraged. Learning Objectives: 1.The audience will learn about how to prepare for a career in medical physics. 2.The audience will be able to consider some of the widely different job opportunities open to medical physicists. 3.The audience will gain a better understanding of some future challenges facing medical physics graduates. N. Childress, I am the owner of Mobius Medical Systems, LP.
An Exploration of Older Men's Social Lives and Well-Being in the Context of a Coffee Group

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to better understand older men's experiences with social leisure in the form of a coffee group. Data collection included participant observation at two different coffee groups and semi-structured interviews with 14 older men who attended the groups. Data were analyzed thematically using open and axial coding (Merriam, 2009). Several themes emerged that provided insights into their coffee group experiences and the meanings they attributed to participation. The group was important as an emotional outlet where the men could express their feelings in a supportive environment. The group promoted social engagement and connectedness, offering them a sense of purpose and social interaction. Participants also felt a sense of belonging through the group and expressed that it facilitated experiences of valued fun and enjoyment. Overall, the findings suggest that the coffee group served as a facilitator of emotional health and well-being.
TH-CD-207A-01: Evaluation of Lung Tumor Motion Management Strategy with Dynamic MRI

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a method to track and examine the correlation between the 3D motion of a lung tumor and an external surrogate with dynamic MRI. Methods: Dynamic MRI was obtained from lung cancer patients. To examine the motion correlation between external surrogates and the tumor, we placed four fiducials on the patient's chest at different locations. We acquired a contiguous multi-slice 2D cine MRI (sagittal) to capture the lung and whole tumor, followed by a two-slice 2D cine MRI (sagittal) to simultaneously track the tumor and fiducials. To extract real-time motion, we first reconstructed a phase-binned 4D-MRI from the multi-slice dataset using body area as the respiratory surrogate and a groupwise registration technique. The reconstructed 4D-MRI provided 3D template tumor volumes. Real-time 3D tumor position was calculated by 3D-2D template matching, registering 3D tumor templates and the cine 2D frames from the two-slice tracking dataset. External surrogate 3D trajectories were derived via matching a 3D geometrical model of the fiducial to image features on the 2D cine (two-slice) tracking datasets. Thus, we could analyze the correlation between the 3D trajectories of the tumor and external fiducials. Results: We tested our method on four lung cancer patients. 3D tumor motion correlated with the external surrogate signal, but showed a noticeable phase mismatch. The 3D tumor trajectory showed significant cycle-to-cycle variation, while the external surrogate was not sensitive enough to capture such variations. Additionally, surrogate signals obtained from fiducials at different locations showed noticeable phase mismatch. Conclusion: Our preliminary data show that external surrogate motion has significant variance in relation to tumor motion. Consequently, surrogate-based therapy should be used with caution. Quantitative evaluation of conventional tumor motion management methods such as the internal-target-volume-based approach as well as external-surrogate-based gating, are underway. This work was supported by NIH/NCI under grant R21CA178455.
Monolayer-mediated patterning of integrated electroceramics

Integrated electroceramic thin-film devices on semiconducting or insulating substrate materials offer a wide variety of attractive attributes, including high capacitance density, nonvolatile memory, sensor/actuator ability, and other unique electrical, electromechanical, magnetic and optical functions. Thus the ability to pattern such electroceramic thin films is a critical technology for future device realization. Patterned oxide thin-film devices are typically formed by uniform film deposition followed by somewhat complicated post-deposition ion-beam or chemical etching in a controlled environment i.e., a subtractive method. We review here an upset technology, a different way of patterning, by an additive approach, which allows for the selective deposition of electroceramic thin layers without such post-deposition etching. In this method, substrate surfaces are selectively functionalized with hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers to modify the adhesion of subsequently deposited solution-derived electroceramics. The selective functionalization is achieved through microcontact printing (μ-CP) of self-assembled monolayers of the chemical octadecyltrichlorosilane on substrates of current technical interest. Subsequent sol-gel deposition of ceramic oxides on these functionalized substrates, followed by lift-off from the monolayer, yields high quality, patterned oxide thin layers only on the unfunctionalized regions. A variety of micron-scale dielectric oxide devices have been fabricated by this method, with lateral resolution as fine as 0.5 μm. In this paper, we review the monolayer patterning and electrical behavior of several patterned electroceramic thin films, including Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 [PZT], LiNbO3, and Ta2O5. A multilevel example is also given which combines selective MOCVD deposition of metal electrodes and sol-gel patterned PZT for Pt//PZT//Pt//Si(100) ferroelectric memory cells.
Molecular beam epitaxy of high-resistivity AlSb for room-temperature radiation detectors

We have applied MBE to grow very high quality, potentially detector-grade AlSb material. Using semi-insulating GaAs substrates, 3 micrometers of AlSb was grown by MBE for preliminary characterization studies. In undoped samples, an average Hall mobility of 1200 cm2/Vs was found, with a Hall carrier concentration of 1010 cm−3 and a resistivity of 106 Ω-cm. Intentionally doped samples were grown using GaTe for n-type and Be for p-type conductivity in the AlSb layer to understand doping concentration effects. Further growth and measurements are being performed, carrier lifetime is being studied, and diodes are being grown by MBE to test the material for radiation response.
Lattice and magnetic dynamics in perovskite Y 1 − x La x TiO 3

Inelastic neutron scattering combined with the dynamic pair density function (DPDF) analysis were used to investigate the magnetic and lattice dynamics in the orbitally active ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{TiO}}_{3}$ as it crosses the antiferromagnetic (AFM) to ferromagnetic (FM) phase boundary. Upon doping, the FM state present in ${\mathrm{YTiO}}_{3}$ is suppressed on approaching a critical concentration of ${x}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}0.3$ in which ${T}_{C}\ensuremath{\simeq}0$, and is replaced by the AFM phase of ${\mathrm{LaTiO}}_{3}$. Below ${x}_{c}$, magnetic scattering from spin waves is dominant at low energies. At ${x}_{c}$ with a ${T}_{C}\ensuremath{\simeq}0$, magnetic scattering is also observed and is most likely due to AFM fluctuations. At the same time, local atomic fluctuations extending to 50 meV are observed above and below the magnetic transitions from $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1$ that show distinct characteristics with $x$. From Y to La, a clear difference is observed in the phonon density of states as a function of doping as well. At $x=0.15$ and 0.3, low-energy modes involving predominantly the rare-earth ion become suppressed with increasing temperature, while in $x=1$, strong suppression of phonon modes across a wide range in energy is observed above ${T}_{N}$. It is likely that in the Y heavy samples, phonon modes below 20 meV have a stronger influence on the orbital excitations, while in ${\mathrm{LaTiO}}_{3}$, a strong phonon dependence is observed upon cooling up to ${T}_{N}$.
Social interactions in different environments impacts and motivates reproductive displays in college students

Social environments can have an impact on the interactions between the sexes, specifically pre-courtship behaviors. Sexual selection theory may explain social interactions of the sexes, where males display and attract mates more than females. These behaviors may intensify in a sexual environment. It was hypothesized that individuals would display more in a sexualized environment compared to a non-sexualized location. This research sampled N = 880 participants at a university in a southern state in North America and asked which unisex sunglasses they preferred. While the most popular non-showy sunglasses were selected the most, showy new arrival sunglasses were selected more often when the surveyor's behavior was flirty, compared to normal behavior and dressing sexy. Thus, social interactions such as flirting between the sexes impacted the behaviors of others and increased the intensity of reproductive displays. At the location with sexualized behaviors and dress, individuals selected the non-showy sunglasses, possibly to draw attention to their bodies in swimsuits, whereas at the non-sexy location, new arrivals were chosen at a higher frequency, possibly to stand out when wearing normal clothes. The sexes chose to stand out at equal frequencies as did single participants and people in a relationship, suggesting that all individuals are trying to display and attract mates equally. Social environments impacted display behaviors and the motivation to display is discussed.
Microglial CX3CR1 is required for M2 polarization after intracerebral hemorrhage (INC1P.350)

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs when a blood vessel ruptures in the brain parenchyma, activating microglia. Once activated, microglia may polarize into an M1, pro-inflammatory phenotype, or an M2 phenotype associated with wound repair. Microglia express the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, which regulates microglial neurotoxicity. We have previously shown that mice with CX3CR1-null microglia have worse functional outcomes 14 days after ICH. We hypothesize that CX3CR1-null microglia fail to transition to an M2 phenotype and do not aid in tissue repair. C57BL/6 (WT) and CX3CR1 GFP/GFP (CX3CR1-null) mice were irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrow from CD45.1 mice to make bone marrow chimeras. ICH was induced by injecting 20ul of WT whole blood into the right striatum. WT mice were sacrificed 1-14 days after ICH to examine changes in gene expression. Microglia were sorted and qRT-PCR was performed. Chimeras were sacrificed 14 days after ICH and perihematomal regions were harvested for intracellular staining (ICS). At 12 hours after ICH, microglia have high IL-6 gene expression (M1). However, M2 markers arginase-1, TGF-β and SOCS3 increase over time, suggesting microglia transition from M1 to M2 over the first 2 weeks after ICH. By ICS, CX3CR1-null microglia had significantly less CD206 (p
Right Ventricular Pacing: Can More of a Bad Thing Be Good?

See Article by Cronin et al Implantable cardioverter–defibrillators (ICDs) have been shown to prolong life both in the setting of secondary prevention after a malignant ventricular arrhythmia and primary prevention in patients with a severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). As with most therapies, the overall benefit of the ICD is a balance between its beneficial and detrimental effects. Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias is clearly the primary benefit of the ICD. Unfortunately, as we study outcomes in patients with pacemakers and ICDs, we have identified potential adverse effects that may counterbalance the beneficial effects. It has become increasingly apparent that the ICD shocks that terminate ventricular tachyarrhythmias can not only prevent a sudden death but also paradoxically increase the subsequent risk of death primarily via progression of heart failure. Programming interventions that lead to the withholding of ICD shocks for all but the fastest and more sustained ventricular arrhythmias have been shown to reduce the overall risk of death among ICD recipients. Similarly, though some patients might have severely symptomatic bradycardia or pauses without ventricular pacing from a pacemaker or ICD, this pacing itself, especially when it occurs too frequently, can lead to many important adverse outcomes, including atrial fibrillation, new or worsened heart failure, and increased mortality.1–4 In this issue, Cronin et al5 show an association between increased right ventricular (RV) pacing and an increased risk of the need for an appropriate ICD shock. With higher percentages of cumulative and weekly RV pacing, there was a trend toward an increased risk that a patient would receive a shock, although this risk, when compared with that associated with <1% RV pacing, did not become statistically significant until …
Xerography and the Photocopy Machine

The story of the invention of the photocopy machine – or the “Xerox machine” as many call it – dramatizes both cherished and contested features of intellectual property. It dramatizes the myth of the lone inventor, here Chester Carlson, born poor and disadvantaged, who made his fortune from the invention but not before toiling in a patent office and in his own start-up for decades. But the development of the Xerox machine is also the story of collaboration and teamwork, which is essential to most innovation with social impact. The origin of the Xerox machine demonstrates how need, a passion for puzzles, and the creative spirit motivate everyday inventors. And its success in the marketplace implicates the role of business leverage and profit in productive creativity and innovation. The story is about rivals and claims of stealing ideas as well as about inevitable influence and borrowing, both which structure and inform incremental and ground-breaking invention. And if these tensions aren’t enough, the intellectual property that protected the Xerox machine forbids copying and yet the Xerox machine is used to make copies. While the Xerox machine is a tool for making exact copies, it often facilitates transformative creativity from innumerable writers, artists and musicians. The story of the Xerox machine is a microcosm of debates surrounding the proper purpose and scope of intellectual property and an object lesson in how irreconcilable dualities inform the everyday practice of intellectual property.
Self Reflections of Undergraduate Students on Using Web-Supported Counterintuitive Science Demonstrations

Analysis of self-reflections of undergraduate education students in a project involving web-supported counterintuitive science demonstrations is reported in this paper. Participating students (N = 19) taught science with counterintuitive demonstrations in local elementary school classrooms and used web-based resources accessed via wireless USB adapters. Student reflections to seven questions were analyzed qualitatively using four components of reflection (meeting objectives/perception of learning, dynamics of pedagogy, special needs accommodations, improving teaching) deriving 27 initial data categories and 12 emergent themes. Overall the undergraduates reported meeting objectives, engaging students in pedagogically relevant learning tasks including, providing accommodations to students with special needs, and gaining practice and insight to improve their own teaching. Additional research is needed to arrive at generalizable findings concerning teaching with web-supported counterintuitive science demonstrations in elementary classrooms.
A performance-based evaluation of chemically similar (carbonate) tempers from Late Prehistoric (AD 1200-1700) Ohio: Implications for human selection and production of ceramic technology.

Purpose This study was designed to assess the mechanical properties of two calcium carbonate tempers, limestone and burnt shell. These tempers have been previously compared, in separate studies, to silicate-based grit or sand temper and, relative to the latter, are assumed to possess similar mechanical properties. However, their simultaneous use at the Morrison Village site begs the question: do these two calcium carbonate tempers indeed possess similar mechanical properties? In order to assess their performance characteristics, a side-by-side controlled experimental test was conducted to determine the degree of similarity in providing increased vessel strength and toughness. Methods Standardized ceramic test samples were systematically prepared via a set, explicit protocol. An Instron Series IX universal testing machine configured with a four-point flexural test jig was used to perform a flexural strength test of the test samples. The Instron load and deflection data were used to calculate three values related to mechanical performance: peak load, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity. Results All four comparative tests clearly show substantial differences in peak load, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity. These differences are statistically significant for each performance attribute in every iteration of the experiment and as indicated by Mann-Whitney U Tests. Conclusions These results do not support the hypothesis that limestone and burnt shell offer the same performance characteristics. These results have implications for our understanding of prehistoric human selection of temper and the evolution of ceramic technology. Although both carbonate-based tempers are currently thought to offer the same benefits during the initial phase of pottery production, their contrasting post firing properties would have provided distinct benefits in different contexts. Future assessments of the Morrison Village ceramic assemblage should focus on residue analysis, or other functional indicators, to support or falsify this hypothesis.
Video microscopy of cerebrocortical capillary flow: response to hypotension and intracranial hypertension.

Although autoregulation of cerebral blood flow is well established, the response of cerebral capillary circulation to reduced cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether red cell flow velocity in individual capillaries of the cerebral cortex is maintained during acute decreases in CPP. Microcirculation of the superficial parietal cerebral cortex of adult barbiturate-anesthetized artificially ventilated rats was visualized using a new design of closed-perfused cranial window and epifluorescent-intensified video microscopy. Fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled red blood cells (FRBC) injected intravenously were used as markers of capillary flow. CPP, defined as mean arterial pressure minus intracranial pressure, was reduced by controlled hemorrhage or by stepwise elevation of local intracranial pressure. The movement of FRBC in the parenchymal capillary network was video recorded at each pressure level, and FRBC velocity in each capillary was measured off-line with use of the dual-window digital cross-correlation technique. FRBC flux in the capillaries was measured by automated cell counting. FRBC velocity at normal perfusion pressure was 1.47 +/- 0.58 (SD) mm/s and changed little in the perfusion pressure range of 70-120 mmHg. The autoregulatory index in this pressure range was 0.0049 mm.s-1.mmHg-1. Opening of previously unperfused capillaries was not observed. FRBC flux correlated with FRBC velocity, but the latter was maintained in a narrower range than FRBC flux, suggesting a decrease in capillary diameter or hematocrit with decreasing perfusion pressure. The results suggest that flow autoregulation is associated with the maintenance of capillary flow velocity and that capillary recruitment does not contribute to flow autoregulation in the rat cerebral cortex.