cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algebraic properties of cryptosystem PGM

In the late 1970s Magliveras invented a private-key cryptographic system calledPermutation Group Mappings (PGM). PGM is based on the prolific existence of certain kinds of factorization sets, calledlogarithmic signatures, for finite permutation groups. PGM is an endomorphic system with message space ℤ|G| for a given finite permutation groupG. In this paper we prove several algebraic properties of PGM. We show that the set of PGM transformations ℐG is not closed under functional composition and hence not a group. This set is 2-transitive on ℤ|G| if the underlying groupG is not hamiltonian and not abelian. Moreover, if the order ofG is not a power of 2, then the set of transformations contains an odd permutation. An important consequence of these results is that the group generated by the set of transformations is nearly always the symmetric group ℒ|G|. Thus, allowing multiple encryption, any permutation of the message space is attainable. This property is one of the strongest security conditions that can be offered by a private-key encryption system.
Comparative Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin, Azlocillin, and Tobramycin Alone and in Combination in Experimental Pseudomonas Sepsis

Ciprofloxacin, azlocillin, and tobramycin, used alone and in combination, were studied in a model of lethal pseudomonas sepsis in rats. Ciprofloxacin alone at all doses studied and tobramycin alone at the highest dose reduced mortality significantly compared with saline controls. In contrast, survival was not improved with either azlocillin alone at all doses studied or lower doses of tobramycin alone. The combination of ciprofloxacin and azlocillin was synergistic in rats with systemic pseudomonas infection. Ciprofloxacin was rapidly absorbed, and effective levels persisted for 1-4 hr relative to the dose administered. These data suggest that ciprofloxacin may be a potent agent, either alone or in combination with azlocillin, in the treatment of severe pseudomonas infections.
Can TRACE Extreme-Ultraviolet Observations of Cooling Coronal Loops Be Used to Determine the Heating Parameters?

Recent analysis of relatively cool (~1 MK) active region loops observed with TRACE has suggested that these loops have been heated impulsively and are cooling through the TRACE bandpasses. In this Letter we explore the evolution of cooling loops to determine if the TRACE EUV observations can be used to determine the magnitude, duration, and location of the energy release. We find that the evolution of the apex density and temperature in an impulsively heated cooling loop depends only on the total energy deposited (not the magnitude, duration, or location of the energy deposition) after the loop cools past an "equilibrium point," where the conductive and radiative cooling times are comparable. Hence, observations must be made early in the evolution of a loop to determine the heating parameters. Typical TRACE observations of cooling loops do not provide adequate information to discriminate between different heating scenarios.
First-order transition in frustrated quantum antiferromagnets

Etude d'un modele d'Heisenberg quantique frustre bidimensionnel avec des couplages des premier, second et troisieme voisins (modele J 1 -J 2 -J 3 ). On se place pres de la limite de la phase antiferromagnetique. Les corrections quantiques levent la degenerescence classique accidentelle et assurent une largeur d'hysteresis non nulle pour la transition de 3eme plus proche voisin entre les phases commensurables (π,π) et (π,o). Une valeur finie de J 3 est donc necessaire pour produire une transition continue a travers la phase intermediaire desordonnee
Modeling Transition Rates Using Panel Current-Status Data: How Serious is the Bias?

Studies of disability dynamics and active life expectancy often rely on transition rates or probabilities that are estimated using panel survey data in which respondents report on current health or functional status. If respondents are contacted at intervals of one or two years, then relatively short periods of disability or recovery between surveys may be missed. Much published research that uses such data assumes that there are no unrecorded transitions, applying event-history techniques to estimate transition rates. In recent years, a different approach based on embedded Markov chains has received growing use. We assessed the performance of both approaches, using as a criterion their ability to reproduce the parameters of a “true” model based on panel data collected at one-month intervals. Neither of the widely used approaches performs particularly well, and neither is uniformly superior to the other.
The Role of the NFAT Signaling Pathway in Retinal Neovascularization

Purpose. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), a transcription factor downstream of VEGF, in angiogenic cell behaviors of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC), and to assess the efficacy of NFAT signaling inhibitors in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR).
Analysis of Likert-scale data revisited.

L'auteur repond aux critiques de Rasmussen (1989) sur le probleme de l'influence des donnees ordinales (dans des echelles de type Likert) sur la validite statistique
Electroless deposition of gold and platinum for metallization of the intrapore space in porous gallium nitride

Abstract The metallization of porous gallium nitride (PGaN) via electroless deposition of Au and Pt is presented. PGaN is generated via the Pt-assisted electroless etching of hydride vapor phase epitaxy GaN. Ultrathin Pt films are sputtered onto the GaN surface, and etching is carried out in a 1:2:2 solution of CH 3 OH:HF:H 2 O 2 . In the case of electrodeposition of Au, the reduction of a Au plating solution by formaldehyde results in the deposition of Au particles which tend to cluster and fill the nanopores. The high surface activity of Au towards PGaN biases Au deposition on PGaN toward cluster formation. For Pt, either Pt clusters or thin film coatings can be obtained by the careful selection of the deposition bath conditions. More importantly, in all cases the electroless deposition of metals on PGaN is extremely sensitive to the conditions of the surface and the plating bath. In particular there is a fine line between conditions which produce smooth coatings and those resulting in clustering. Moreover, the narrow size of the pores, on the order of 80 nm, raises issues of mass transport of the metal plating solution inside the pores, contributing to the production of clustered deposits. Overall the electroless deposition process is more controllable for the deposition of Pt than of Au.
A microprocessor system for multifunctional control of upper-limb prostheses via myoelectric signal identification

The paper deals with the problem of controlling artificial limbs in cases where several limb functions require control. These situations are of importance, especially to above-elbow upper-extremity amputees. Here, classical EMG (myoelectric) controllers have failed in the past, since they were based on only determining existence or nonexistence of an EMG signal. Recent work by Lyman et al. at UCLA has approached this multifunctional (MF) control problem via using a large number of electrodes, though still considering only a limited part of the EMG spectrum. The present approach is based on earlier work by Graupe et al. [4], considering the whole spectrum of the EMG signal via identifying its time series model such that several limb functions can be controlled from a single signal site. However, the present work subsequently employs parallel filtering to discriminate between the various limb functions of interest to achieve fast discrimination and control as required for practical applications, since this allows the identification itself to be performed off line. Real-time on-line results are presented in the paper, as recently obtained from tests carried out on a 1969 Vietnam above-elbow amputee who had most severe (90 percent) nerve and muscle loss at his stump, and could therefore not use more than one or two electrode pairs. The results, where complete discrimination was achieved within 0.15 to 0.2 seconds using 8-bit Intel 8080 microprocessors at double precision (incorporating hardware multipliers), have yielded an 85 percent success rate in discrimination between four to five limb functions using a single electrode pair. It is noted that the amputee mentioned had no previous EMG actuation training whatsoever.
Scaling shared-bus multi-processors with multiple buses and shared caches: a performance study

Abstract The main limitation of shared-bus multiprocessors is that the common bus tends to be the primary source for contention, and thus imposes a limit on the number of processors in the system. Alternative architectural features are necessary to reduce the memory bandwidth demands and to increase the bus bandwidth. In this paper, we investigate the cost-performance effects of two enhancements: higher bus transaction rates, e.g., through the use of multiple buses, and shared two-level caches. The performance figures are obtained via simulation with loads derived from traces of real applications, some of which show a significant skew in the distribution of memory bank access. A new multiple bus scheme, called multiple interleaved buses, is described and analysed. This scheme is a generalization of previous approaches, and attempts to balance performance and cost trade-offs in a snoopy-cache multiprocessor environment. The results from simulation show that multiple interleaved buses perform almost as well as multiple independent buses, but with simpler and less costly implementation. Furthermore, multiple interleaved buses are shown to deliver much better performance than interleaved buses when the skew of accesses across the interleaves is large. Shared second-level caches have been shown to be very effective in the design space under consideration. Such systems might offer considerable implementation economies with relatively small design cost. We show that depending on the design point in question, bus operation buffers might be useful in shared second level caches by reducing the effects of high skew and greater multiprocessing level. With the presence of these buffers, the uses of shared caches resulted in only a small throughput degradation.
Registration and 3D visualization of large microscopy images

Inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene in mouse embryos causes tissue infiltrations into critical sections of the placenta, which has been shown to affect fetal survivability. Our collaborators in cancer genetics are extremely interested in examining the three dimensional nature of these infiltrations given a stack of two dimensional light microscopy images. Three sets of wildtype and mutant placentas was sectioned serially and digitized using a commercial light microscopy scanner. Each individual placenta dataset consisted of approximately 1000 images totaling 700 GB in size, which were registered into a volumetric dataset using National Library of Medicine's (NIH/NLM) Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK). This paper describes our method for image registration to aid in volume visualization of tissue level intermixing for both wildtype and Rb - specimens. The registration process faces many challenges arising from the large image sizes, damages during sectioning, staining gradients both within and across sections, and background noise. These issues limit the direct application of standard registration techniques due to frequent convergence to local solutions. In this work, we develop a mixture of automated and semi-automated enhancements with ground-truth validation for the mutual information-based registration algorithm. Our final volume renderings clearly show tissue intermixing differences between both wildtype and Rb - specimens which are not obvious prior to registration.
An EM algorithm for estimating SPECT emission and transmission parameters from emission data only

A maximum-likelihood (ML) expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm (called EM-IntraSPECT) is presented for simultaneously estimating single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) emission and attenuation parameters from emission data alone. The algorithm uses the activity within the patient as transmission tomography sources, with which attenuation coefficients can he estimated. For this initial study, EM-IntraSPECT was tested on computer-simulated attenuation and emission maps representing a simplified human thorax as well as on SPECT data obtained from a physical phantom. Two evaluations were performed. First, to corroborate the idea of reconstructing attenuation parameters from emission data, attenuation parameters (/spl mu/) were estimated with the emission intensities (/spl lambda/) fixed at their true values. Accurate reconstructions of attenuation parameters were obtained. Second, emission parameters /spl lambda/ and attenuation parameters Cl were simultaneously estimated from the emission data alone. In this case there was crosstalk between estimates of /spl lambda/ and /spl mu/ and final estimates of /spl lambda/ and /spl mu/ depended on initial values. Estimates degraded significantly as the support extended out farther from the body, and an explanation for this is proposed. In the EM-IntraSPECT reconstructed attenuation images, the lungs, spine, and soft tissue were readily distinguished and had approximately correct shapes and sizes. As compared with standard EM reconstruction assuming a fix uniform attenuation map, EM-IntraSPECT-provided more uniform estimates of cardiac activity in the physical phantom study and in the simulation study with tight support, but less uniform estimates with a broad support. The new EM algorithm derived here has additional applications, including reconstructing emission and transmission projection data under a unified statistical model.
How Do Organizations Matter? Mobilization and Support for Participants at Five Globalization Protests

A key challenge to understanding the eruption of globalization protest since the late 1990s is the lack of data on the protesters themselves. Although scholars have focused increasingly on these large protest events and the transnational social movements that play a role organizing them, information about the protesters remains scant. We address this research gap by analyzing survey data collected from a random sample of protesters at five globalization protests in three countries. By disaggregating protesters from the local area and protesters who traveled to the protest event, the role that organizations play becomes clear: SMOs mobilize non-local participants and coordinate travel to protest events. These data also suggest answers to the broader questions that have emerged about global civil society. In contrast to the expectations in recent scholarship, we find very few protesters came from outside of the countries in which the protests were taking place. Instead, we conclude that SMOs use the Internet to connect domestically grounded activists to transnational struggles and to mobilize them to participate in large-scale protest events. In other words, organizations do, indeed, matter in the globalization movement and have significantly expanded the protesting population beyond local citizens.
On Accounting-Based Valuation Formulae*

This paper considers accounting-based valuation formulae. Its initial focus is on two problems related to residual income valuation (RIV). First, insofar valuation depends on theresent value of expected dividends per share, applying RIV requires clean surplus accounting on a per share basis. Awkwardly, equity transactions that change the number of shares outstanding generally imply eps ≠ Δ bvps − dps. A clean surplus equality holds only if one “re-conceptualizes” either end-of-period bvps or eps as a forced “plug”. Second, one cannot circumvent the per share issue by evaluating RIV on a total dollar value basis unless one introduces relatively subtle MM-type restrictions. In light of RIV’s unsatisfactory aspects, the paper proposes an alternative to RIV. This new approach maintains a strict eps-focus. It derives by replacing bvps t in RIV with eps t +1 capitalized (i.e. divided by r). One obtains a formula such that the current market price equals next-period expected earnings capitalized plus the present value of expected abnormal earnings growth, referred to as AEG. A number of propositions then demonstrate the advantages of the AEG approach as compared to RIV. These results follow because eps t+1 capitalized generally approximates market price better than bvps t .
Androgen-dependent regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B in the sexually dimorphic spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus.

Castration of adult male rats causes the dendrites of androgen-sensitive motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) to retract. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), via activation of tyrosine receptor kinase B (trkB), has been implicated in mediating androgen effects on SNB dendrites. We used in situ hybridization to demonstrate that SNB motoneurons in gonadally intact adult male rats contain mRNA for both BDNF and trkB. Two weeks after gonadectomy, both transcripts were significantly decreased in SNB motoneurons but not in the non-androgen-responsive motoneurons of the adjacent retrodorsolateral nucleus (RDLN).Inasecondexperiment,targetperinealandfootmuscles of SNB and RDLN motoneurons, respectively, were injected with the retrograde tracer Fluorogold, and then immunocytochemistry was performed to examine the distribution of BDNF and trkB proteins in SNB and RDLN motoneurons and their glutamatergic afferents. Confocal analysis revealed that gonadectomy induces a loss of BDNF protein in SNB dendrites but not in RDLN dendrites. TestosteronetreatmentofcastratespreventedthelossofBDNFfrom SNB dendrites. Confocal analysis also revealed trkB protein in SNB and RDLN dendrites and in their glutamatergic afferents. Gonadectomy had no discernable effect on trkB protein in SNB or RDLN motoneurons or in their glutamatergic afferents. These results suggest that androgen maintains a BDNF-signaling pathway in SNB motoneurons that may underlie the maintenance of dendritic structure and synaptic signaling. (Endocrinology 148: 3655–3665, 2007)
Local feature analysis based clustering algorithm with application to polymer model reduction

We are interested in model reduction for the dynamics of large scale systems that contain a collection of spatially oriented points, in particular, a polymer system. Local feature analysis (LFA) introduces a specific state reduction algorithm that offers a topographic representation. In this paper, we propose a new LFA based clustering algorithm for system model reduction with application to the polymer system. The contribution is two-fold. First, a new sparsification algorithm is developed for LFA and offers a simple soft clustering rule. Compared to the existing empirical sparsification algorithm, the proposed method provides theoretical foundation. Second, we apply the proposed algorithm to a bulk glass polymer system in order to group atoms into superatoms, which is a critical step for polymer system model reduction. Several simulations are carried out to illustrate the application of the developed algorithm to the polymer dynamics.
Hierarchical segmentation of cervical and lumbar vertebrae using a customized generalized Hough transform and extensions to active appearance models

The paper describes a semi-automatic segmentation method for application to cervical and lumbar X-ray images. The method consists of a three stage, coarse to fine, segmentation process utilizing the generalised Hough transform for one stage, and active appearance models for two stages. Customizations to these algorithms are introduced, and segmentation results for 273 cervical X-ray images and 262 lumbar X-ray images are presented.
Spatial distribution of overwrite interference on film disks

A method is described for distinguishing the type of overwrite mechanism present in recording media and for determining the spatial distribution across the track. Measurements were made on ferrite, thin-film, and metal-in-gap (MIG) ferrite heads on thin-film and particulate disks using this method. Depending upon the overwrite conditions, the overwrite interference may be uniformly distributed across the track or may be concentrated at the track-edges. The method is useful at high track densities where the track edge interference may be significant. All three heads show the same general behavior, the differences reflecting the greater effectiveness in overwriting by the lower-flying thin-film and MIG heads. >
The Beginnings of Numerical Weather Prediction and General Circulation Modeling: Early Recollections

Publisher Summary This chapter presents early recollections of Joseph Smagorinsky on the beginning of numerical weather prediction and general circulation modeling. The formation of the Meteorology Group at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton and its first numerical forecasts on the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) were key events in the early history of numerical weather prediction. Based on John von Neumann's radically new logical ideas for a stored program computer using William's cathode ray tube technology as a storage device, an Electronic Computer Project was established in 1946 at the IAS. The latter half of 1954 was a busy period of assembling the new group, preparing the computer program for the IAS three-level (900,700, and 400 mbar) quasigeostrophic model, and setting up an operational system for receiving and processing data and for disseminating results. The IBM 701 was delivered early in 1955 and the first 36 hour forecast was produced from 1500Z April 18, 1955 initial conditions. From 1960 onward, subsequent developments, both in numerical weather prediction and in general circulation and climate modeling were exponential in their growth and significance.
Persistent formation control of multi-robot networks

This paper presents a method for controlling formations of mobile robots. In particular, the problem of maintaining so-called ?persistent formations? while moving the formation from one location to another is defined and investigated. A method for accomplishing such persistent formation motions is presented, and the method is demonstrated in simulation and with a prototype network of robots.
Dimension reduction and graphical exploration in regression including survival analysis

Recent advances in dimension reduction and visualization can greatly facilitate the exploratory and diagnostic stages of a regression analysis. This paper contains an expository discussion of selected methodology that came from these advances. Various applications are described, including new results on survival regressions with censoring. All of the methodology described in this paper is available in Arc, a recently released computer program that integrates many standard regression methods with recent developments in regression graphics. Arc implementations are indicated throughout the discussion.
Blocking Analysis of Limited-Reconfigurable Optical Networks

The blocking performance of limited-reconflgurable all-optical networks is investigated in this paper. Reconfigurability is achieved by reconflgurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) and tunable transponders. An analytical model is developed adopting a share-per-node model for the sharing of transponders within a reconfigurable node. The set of wavelengths that can be added/dropped at a reconfigurable node depends on the constraints of ROADMs as well as the (possibly limited or narrowly) tunable transponders. The size of the wavelength set to which a transponder is tunable (tuning range), and the number of transponders are the key parameters that affect the blocking. A lightpath request can be established depending on the transponders' ability to tune to the available wavelengths along the route. We call this constraint as wavelength termination constraint. Both analytical and simulation results show that narrowly tunable transponders achieve a similar performance as widely tunable transponders. The effect of the number of transponders or the number of ports of a ROADM on blocking is also investigated.
User-Centric Performance Analysis of Market-Based Cluster Batch Schedulers

This paper presents a performance analysis of market-based batch schedulers for clusters of workstations. In contrast to previous work, we use user-centric performance metrics as the basis for system evaluation. Each user is modeled as having a utility function for each job which measures value delivered to the user as function of execution time. Summing over all utility functions in the workload, we use aggregate utility as a measure of overall value delivered to users. With aggregate utility as the performance metric, simulations are used to quantify the performance of both market-based and traditional batch scheduling algorithms under a variety of synthetic work-loads. Results show that an auction-based batch scheduling algorithm improves performance by a factor of up to 2-5x for sequential workloads and up to 14x for highly parallel workloads compared to traditional scheduling algorithms.
Effect of GastroGard and three compounded oral omeprazole preparations on 24 h intragastric pH in gastrically cannulated mature horses

Summary Reasons for performing study: Ulceration of the squamous gastric mucosa is commonly associated with intensive training programmes in horses, but only one compound (‘Gastrogard’) has been subjected to controlled scrutiny as to therapeutic efficacy. Objectives: To compare the gastric acid inhibitory efficacy of one manufactured (‘GastroGard’) and 3 generic pharmacy-compounded preparations of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (OME) in the mature horse. Hypothesis: All OME preparations tested would induce a clinically acceptable effect. Methods: Six healthy mature gastrically cannulated horses of various breeds, 3 mares and 3 geldings, were used. Each product was administered per os once daily (0730 h) at an equivalent dose of 4 mg OME/kg bwt, in a randomised complete repeated measures design for sequence of individual preparation treatment per horse. There was a minimum of 14 days between treatment regimens. A portable unit that recorded pH continuously was attached to a recording electrode fixed within the gastric lumen via the gastric cannula. Three 24 h recordings were made one day before and during Days 2 and 7 after commencement of a 7 day treatment with each of the 4 individual preparations. The horses were fed as usual throughout the study. Results: Only the GastroGard and one other preparation induced a significant increase over baseline in mean percentage of time that the pH was >4.0 and mean median intragastric pH, during the first 14 and 12 h post treatment respectively, forboth Days 2 and 7 post treatment. Both these products had a vehicle pH >8.0, in contrast to the 2 less effective products, where the vehicle pH was <6.0. Conclusions: OME at 4 mg/kg per os s.i.d. can effectively maintain intragastric pH at an accepted anti-ulcerogenic level for at least 12 h post administration in mature horses. In contrast to GastroGard, it should not be expected that all compounded preparations of OME are equally effective in achieving this performance. It appears that vehicle pH might play an important part in determining preparation efficacy. Potential relevance: Optimal timing for daily dosing of athletic horses with an effective OME preparation, in order to suppress gastric squamous ulceration, might be 4–8 h prior to a training session.
How many membrane proteins are there

One of the basic issues that arises in functional genomics is the ability to predict the subcellular location of proteins that are deduced from gene and genome sequencing. In particular, one would like to be able to readily specify those proteins that are soluble and those that are inserted in a membrane. Traditional methods of distinguishing between these two locations have relied on extensive, time-consuming biochemical studies. The alternative approach has been to make inferences based on a visual search of the amino acid sequences of presumed gene products for stretches of hydrophobic amino acids. This numerical, sequence-based approach is usually seen as a first approximation pending more reliable biochemical data. The recent availability of large and complete sequence data sets for several organisms allows us to determine just how accurate such a numerical approach could be, and to attempt to minimize and quantify the error involved. We have optimized a statistical approach to protein location determination. Using our approach, we have determined that surprisingly few proteins are misallocated using the numerical method. We also examine the biological implications of the success of this technique.
Assessment of the Sella Turcica Volume in Dwarfed Children

The sella turcica volumes of normal children, children with idiopathic hypopituitarism and children dwarfed from other causes, have been compared to determine whether sellar volume is a function of body size or of chronological age. These data were used to assess the value of such measurements in the diagnosis of pituitary dwarfism. The mean volume for the non-hypopituitary dwarfs was less than that of the normal children when the groups were compared by age. When compared by height, however, the group means were not significantly different. Thus, linear growth failure from causes other than growth hormone deficiency may result in proportionate retardation in sellar growth. The mean volume of the growth hormone deficient group was significantly less than either the normal children or the non-hypopituitary control dwarfs, when compared by both age and height. These findings suggest that the pituitary gland of many patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism is abnormally small. The sella volumes of 1/3 of the...
The Command and Control Communications and Information Network Analysis Tool (C3INAT)

The development of a large scale communications system is complicated by the great scope of design considerations. C3INAT simplifies this problem by use of a stratified model which separates command and control (C/sup 2/) and communication submodels which may be developed independently. C3INAT then integrates the two submodels so that a communication system may be evaluated in light of its effect on C/sup 2/. C3INAT also provides efficient interfaces to existing databases and the modular General Simulation System (GSS). Its output is compatible with most database and statistical analysis packages. >
Adult Domestic Violence in Cases of International Parental Child Abduction

This article discusses the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and its impact on battered mothers and their children seeking safety in the United States. We discuss relevant articles of the convention, the extent to which adult domestic violence is present in cases of international parental abduction, and cases in which battered mothers have contested the forced return of their children to an abusive partner. We conclude with recommended steps needed in research, training, and legislation that may increase the likelihood of safe outcomes for battered mothers and their children.
N-cadherin Expression in Breast Cancer: Correlation with an Aggressive Histologic Variant – Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma

Upregulation of N-cadherin in epithelial tumor cells has been shown to contribute to the invasive/metastatic phenotype. It remains however to be determined whether N-cadherin is increased in human breast cancers with enhanced malignant potential. We examined a large number of invasive breast cancer specimens (n=114) for N- and E-cadherin. These specimens compared invasive duct carcinomas (IDCs) of varying histologic grades with an aggressive subtype, invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast (MPAP), which has a high propensity for lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis. Staining scores for N- and E-cadherin were compared between non-MPAP and MPAP IDCs, and between the invasive and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of each IDC using statistical analysis. We found that N-cadherin was expressed in 76% of MPAP and 52% of non-MPAP carcinomas, and E-cadherin in 57% of MPAP and 36% of non-MPAP tumors. More MPAP (25%) compared to non-MPAP (5%) tumors expressed both cadherins. Of the two cadherins, N-cadherin was significantly associated with MPAP tumors (p=0.033) compared to E-cad (p=0.171). Moreover, in the majority of tumors that were positive for N-cadherin, the staining scores were increased in the IDC relative to intraductal components, and this effect was more dramatic in the MPAP carcinomas. This difference for N-cadherin was greater than the corresponding difference for E-cadherin in the MPAP group (p=0.005), whereas such changes were not significant in the non-MPAP group (p=0.10). Thus, N-cadherin is associated with tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential and may contribute to tumor progression.
The natural history of a psychotherapy group for battered women

This paper presents the authors' experience with evaluation and treatment of battered women and assesses the implications of the work. Assuming that battered women have special problems requiring modifications of psychiatric treatment methods currently available, we chose to work with them in a consciousness-raising, problem-oriented group designed to address those special problems. Assessment includes a description of changes in the women and modifications in the treatment during the course of therapy, an indication of persistent problems in the treatment of battered women, particularly the high drop-out rate, and suggestions for further treatment modifications that might help therapists to avoid the common pitfalls of work with these patients. Language: en
CEO Bonuses, Relative Performance Evaluation, and Pay-for-Luck

This study investigates whether the inconsistent findings on the implementation of relative performance evaluation (RPE) can be explained by CEOs’ control over their pay process and by the interaction of RPE with pay-for-luck. Using a sample of CEO bonus compensation awards from 1992 to 2008, we test whether there is asymmetric use of RPE and pay-for-luck that indicates CEO power over the compensation process. Specifically we identify the conditions under which a CEO would or would not prefer, ex post, the implementation of RPE and pay-for-luck and analyze whether the sensitivity of bonus compensation to industry-adjusted firm performance varies depending on industry performance and firm performance relative to the industry. Our results suggest that CEO bonus compensation is more sensitive to industry-adjusted performance when the firm outperforms its industry benchmark (asymmetric RPE) and when the industry benchmark is positive (asymmetric pay-for-luck), consistent with CEO manipulation of the pay process to extract rents from the firm. We also find that there is a limit to the magnitude of this rent extraction, however, since CEOs are not paid for good luck when they are already being paid for beating the industry benchmark (that is, there is no evidence of double-dipping). In sum, our findings are consistent with a weak implementation of RPE (which may be efficient contracting), where the manager is shielded from extremely bad outcomes but at the same time not excessively rewarded when the combination of firm and industry performance (i.e., talent and luck) is extremely good.
Signals and Strategies in Hiring Faculty of Color

Since the early 1960s, we have witnessed a national phenomenon as colleges and universities have undertaken a mission to increase the representation of people of color 1 on their faculties. Despite more than four decades of equal opportunity, affirmative action, and, most recently, diversity policies—men and women of color still represent only a small percentage of those in faculty positions. In reality, faculty hiring is the area in which diversity policies have been least successful. The overall pattern of representation of faculty of color is a result of individual hiring decisions. Therefore, to understand how the racialethnic composition of university faculties is produced (and reproduced) we focus on the individual hire (Konrad & Pfeffer, 1991). This chapter proposes a model of signaling that explains the exchange of information between applicant and organization in the faculty hiring process. We begin by highlighting changes in the representation of faculty of color by type of institutions from 1994 to 2004.
The Relationship Between Optimism, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms in Hispanic Mothers and Fathers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study examined gender differences in the relationship between dispositional optimism, coping, and depressive symptoms of Hispanic mothers (n = 46) and fathers (n = 43) of children with autism spectrum disorder. Coping was hypothesized to mediate the relationship between optimism and depressive symptoms. The results revealed that mothers reported greater depressive symptoms and greater use of positive and support coping than fathers; however, both mothers and fathers reported similar levels of optimism and use of avoidant coping. In addition, positive and avoidant coping strategies mediated the association between optimism and depressive symptoms for both mothers and fathers. Clinical implications for this study include interventions for improving optimistic outlooks as well as interventions that improve parents’ coping skills and therefore reduce negative outcomes.
Response to tissue injury of lymphoid tissue previously altered by castration, thyroidectomy and thyroid feeding.

ConclusionsLymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, thymus and spleen) which had been altered by various experimental conditions was capable of shrinkage in response to injury of subcutaneous tissues by formalin injections.
Tension in Generalized Geometric Sequences

Bill Goldbloom Bloch (bbloch@wheatonma.edu) received his B.A. from Reed College in 1987 and his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley, under the direction of Charles Pugh in 1993. He is interested in anything and everything, which frequently gets in the way of mathematics. Currently, he is coping with the exponential growth of his family and the consequent exponential decline of his free time.
Overlap of Opinion Leadership: A Reply

graphic characteristics of this group might increase or decrease our reliance on their self-reports. Thus, respondents who report high social activity are more likely to be opinion leaders than are respondents whose contacts are limited. If these respondents are, in fact, opinion leaders, it would still be useful to know if they are opinion leaders in all areas or just in product categories. Also, is the proportion of opinion leaders higher or lower in a sample willing to spend 7 to 9 hours on the interview than in the general population? Even if we conclude that there are some generalized opinion leaders, this group forms only a small minority among the 69% of the respondents who were opinion leaders for some product category. The great majority of opinion leaders are then monomorphic. Based on these results, it is hard to agree with the conclusion that opinion leadership overlap across product categories is a common phenomenon, except for very closely related product categories, such as packaged food products and household cleansers and detergents.
The Japanese Social Structure and the Source of Mental Strains of Japanese Immigrants in the United States

sentful of his presence. Perhaps some physical or social hardship, either real or imagined, is created by the presence of the member of the third generation. This resentment may be reflected in an unfavorable conception of old people in general. On the other hand, Table 5 discloses that students who have never lived in the home with an old person but have frequent close contacts with them have a more favorable over all conception of them. The students in this category agree with only 27.8 percent of the statements. These students can theoretically associate with old people on a permissive basis, not being "forced" to live with them. The routine of their daily lives is not disrupted by the presence of a member of the third generation. Somewhat more difficult to explain is the fact that these stereotyped conceptions are agreed to least of all (27.7 per cent) by students who say their contact with old people is frequent, yet casual or impersonal. It may be that such situations arise in secondary group relations which theoretically call for exemplary behavior on the part of old people. Under these circumstances there is little possibility that the older persons would display behavior patterns that would be displayed in primary group setting. Students never having lived in a home with an old person and having only casual relations with the aged would be in no position to say off-hand whether they like to give advice, are often sick or lonely, or that they are slow to catch new ideas. In any event the currently held idea that more intimate contacts lead to a breakdown of unfavorable attitudes in minority racial and ethnic group relations cannot be carried over to apply to the feelings which college students in this sample seem to hold toward old people. The acceptance or rejection of these statements is determined by some circumstances other than the objectively determined fact of living with, having lived with, or never having lived with an old person, and the more subjectively determined frequency and intimacy of close contacts which these students have with old people.
Weapon and drug offenses and juvenile disproportionate minority contact: An impact assessment and practical discussion

AbstractResearch on the targeted enforcement of weapons and drug offenses suggests that policies and street-level decisions around those offenses may play a role in disproportionate minority involvement with the justice system. Little research has directly examined the relative influence of these types of offenses on juvenile justice decisions. The analyses were completed using official case records from police agencies (n = 11) and juvenile courts (n = 6) as well as data from focus groups (n = 8) and key informant interviews (n = 56) conducted with personnel in those agencies. The quantitative data used here comprise records from 87,983 cases with measures of youth socio-demographics, case characteristics, offense type, and key juvenile court outcomes. The findings suggest that, although the effects of race as well as weapons and drug-offenses vary across outcome decisions and with the introduction of controls for other relevant factors, race-based disparities often persist in multivariate models. Qualit...
Adult Protective Services Workers Assess the Effectiveness of Mandatory Reporting of Elder Maltreatment in Michigan

Mandatory reporting is the method by which most states deal with the problem of elder abuse. However, the effectiveness of this approach has been the topic of little research. In this study, we report on a series of qualitative interviews with workers involved in the mandatory reporting process in the State of Michigan. The workers were involved either as mandated reporters or as representatives of the state who receive the reports (Adult Protective Services workers). Numerous problems were identified, including inadequate staffing in the state agency responsible for receiving reports of elderly abuse, lack of a standardized mechanism for submitting reports, poor training in a variety of areas for both reporters and APS workers, inadequate communication and coordination among agencies involved in the process, confidentiality concerns at all levels, inability of agencies to identify persons responsible for previous abuse of the elderly, and lack of involvement of knowledgeable workers in the establishment ...
Structural and Photophysical Studies of Phosphorescent Three-Coordinate Copper(I) Complexes Supported by an N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand

A series of four neutral luminescent three-coordinate Cu(I) complexes (IPr)Cu(N∧N), where IPr is a monodentate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) and N∧N denotes monoanionic pyridyl-azolate ligands, have been synthesized and characterized. A monomeric, three-coordinate geometry, best described as distorted trigonal planar, has been established by single-crystal X-ray analyses for three of the derivatives. In contrast to the previously reported (IPr)Cu(N∧N) complexes, the compounds described here display a perpendicular orientation between the chelating N∧N ligands and the imidazolylidene ring of the carbene ligand. The geometrical preferences revealed by X-ray crystallography correlate well with the NMR data. The conformational behavior of the complexes, investigated by variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, indicate free rotation about the CNHC–Cu bond in solution. The complexes display broad, featureless luminescence at both room temperature a...
The Study of Capability of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at All Levels to Deal with Influenza Pandemic in AnHui Province

Objective To study the capability of centers for disease control and prevention to deal with Influenza(Flu) Pandemic in Anhui Province and provide a basis for the establishment of Health emergency response capacity and disease control system.Methods The capability to deal with Flu Pandemic related work,such as the division and responsibilities,the preparations,the material reserves,training and exercises,were investigated by questionnaire method and on-site assessment.Results There were 113 CDCs at municipal and county levels who took on the prevention and control function of Flu Pandemic,and there were 103 of them whose functional departments were department of infectious diseases or contingency dispose office.Related detections were developed in 87 CDCs,and the general monitoring work of influenza-like illness was carried out in one CDCs.23 governments had established a special leading group for dealing with Flu Pandemic.113 CDCs at municipal and county levels conducted various health education activities through newspapers,TV,radio and Internet.The equipments in municipal CDCs were obviously higher than that in county CDCs,and CDCs at all levels reserved 266 310 antiviral agents totally.Knowledge related Flu Pandemic had been trained in 113 CDCs at municipal and county levels by higher leadership.Conclusions Capability to Deal with Influenza Pandemic for CDCs at all levels were still insufficient for practical needs now,and the capability construction of CDCs should be further enhanced.
SiC BJT proportional base driver with collector-emitter voltage measurement and a switching regulator

The biggest concern about SiC BJTs is the power consumed by its driver since a continuous current is needed through the base to maintain the BJT on. This paper focuses on the optimization of SiC BJT base drivers during the conducting state. Previous proportional base drivers used measurements of the collector current to adjust the base current. A different approach is presented in this paper, based on measurements of the collector-emitter voltage. This solution avoids the need for costly high bandwidth current sensors and a DSP/FPGA to process the current measurement. Also, a new method to avoid high voltage decoupling devices is presented to measure the BJT voltage drop, which is later used as a reference for a high speed switching regulator that serves as the voltage supply for the driver. As a result, the base current is instantaneously adjusted to the collector current, minimizing the driver consumption.