cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chernobyl: Geographic considerations

This paper discusses the geographic considerations that could effect the long range consequences of the Chernobyl accident. First, the explosion and fire lofted the radionuclides that were released, so the areas that should have been most severely effected were the areas that were downwind of the accident. Curiously, the Soviets have not mentioned the number of casualties from these areas. A second consideration is that Chernobyl is located upstream from the Dnieper River which is the source for six major reservoirs. These reservoirs provide drinking water, industrial and irrigation water, and recreational and commercial fishing for over six million people. The Soviets say that they have taken measures to prevent the radioactive contamination of the Dnieper but they neglected to explain the methods used to accomplish this feat.
Does Electricity Storage Innovation Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

In the electricity sector, innovation in large-scale storage is anticipated to reduce costs and improve performance. The effect on greenhouse gas emissions of lower storage costs depends on the interactions between storage and the entire grid. The literature has disagreed on the role of storage in reducing emissions. Using a stylized model, we show that the effect of storage costs on emissions depends on the supply responsiveness of both fossil and renewable generators. Under typical conditions in the United States, lower storage costs are more likely to reduce emissions when wind investment responds to equilibrium electricity prices and when solar investment does not. Simulations of a computational model of grid investment and operation confirm these predictions. Moreover, because of its effect on coal and natural gas–fired generation, introducing a carbon dioxide emissions price may increase the likelihood that lower storage costs will reduce emissions.
Neural activity reveals effects of aging on inhibitory processes during word retrieval

Word retrieval difficulties are one of the most frustrating problems for older adults. Poorer access to phonological representation of the target word has been postulated as the underlying deficit,...
In vivo footprinting of protein-DNA interactions.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on in vivo footprinting of protein–DNA interactions. In vitro DNA binding studies by DNase I footprinting or band-shift is the most popular method for searching for protein–DNA interactions. These methods have been used to great advantage in many systems. The value of in vivo dimethyl sulfate (DMS) footprinting is based on the ability of DMS to interact with the genome in its natural state to reveal points of protein–DNA interactions of the native chromatin within living cells. These interactions precisely define cis elements as areas of protein contacts and provide a characteristic set of nucleotide interactions that serve as a unique signature of any given protein–DNA interaction. Thus DMS footprinting offers the ability to define cis elements, the ability to determine whether the elements are occupied by transacting factors during any given stress response, and the ability to distinguish even subtle differences in the binding signature that might indicate the occupancy of an element by a different factor.
On being ultimately composed of atoms

Mereological atomism is the thesis that everything is ultimately composed of atomic parts, i.e., parts lacking proper parts. Standardly, this thesis is characterized by an axiom that says, more simply, that everything has atomic parts. Anthony Shiver has argued that this characterization is satisfied by models that are not atomistic, and is therefore inadequate. I argue that Shiver’s conclusion can and ought to be resisted, for (i) the models in question are atomistic in the intended sense, and (ii) even though the standard characterization does not say that everything is composed of atoms, it implies so. If there is a sense in which the relevant models are problematic, it lies elsewhere.
Seeds as Vehicles for Pathogen Importation

Since the 1900s, consumer demand for new plant products gave opportunity for many plant pathogens to disseminate to new areas on imported seeds. New markets for plant commodities encouraged plant breeders to begin collecting seed stocks from abroad. The birth of new seed companies extend their markets to new area. These events began the global dissemination of many seedborne pathogens. Many seedborne pathogens gained entry and escaped detection by specific traits that favored their dissemination. Three recent case scenarios are presented that illustrate how plant pathogens that passively employ the seed coats of their host achieved global dissemination and permanence in each patho-system. Evidence is presented to show that asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) seed produced in the US acted as a vehicle for disseminating one vegetatively compatible group (VCG) of a pathogenic fungus on asparagus called Fusarium proliferatum throughout new plantings in Australia. Similarly, public demand for Mediterranean cuisine in the US and abroad during the last 20 years led to an increase in the importation of basil (Ocimum basilicum) seed along with an inconspicuous fungus called Fusarium oxysporum. The fungus caused a destructive disease called Fusarium wilt of basil that appeared in over 25 separate locals spanning three continents. The third example demonstrated how new developments in lupine (Lupinus spp.) cultivars and increased public demand led to the global dispersal of a seedborne pathogen called Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Each case highlights how these pathogens use seeds, humans, and particular traits to disperse globally in short period of time.
Lung volume reduction surgery: nonpharmacological approach.

Purpose of review This review aims to revise the current nonpharmacologic methods used in the care of patients undergoing Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS)
Crystal structure of (S)-sec-butyl­ammonium l-tartrate monohydrate

The title hydrated mol­ecular salt, C4H12N+·C4H5O6−·H2O, was prepared by deprotonation of enanti­opure l-tartaric acid with racemic sec-butyl­amine in water. Only one enanti­omer was observed crystallographically, resulting from the combination of (S)-sec-butyl­amine with l-tartaric acid. The sec-butyl­ammonium moiety is disordered over two conformations related by rotation around the CH–CH2 bond; the refined occupancy ratio is 0.68 (1):0.32 (1). In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked through a network of O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, between the ammonium H atoms, the tartrate hy­droxy H atoms, and the inter­stitial water, forming a three-dimensional supra­molecular structure.
Sensor embedded knee sleeve for post-operative ACL patients

This paper describes a sensor-embedded knee sleeve designed to emulate the eye and coaching ability of a physical therapist by 1) taking accurate kinematic knee measurements and 2) incorporating the expertise of a physical therapist into feedback for the wearer. Patients recovering from ACL ruptures undergo a long rehabilitation process during which they work with a physical therapist to recover their normal gait pattern. However, research has shown that unnoticed gait irregularities can contribute to osteoarthritis later in life. Thus, these patients would likely benefit from gait observation and feedback outside of the therapist's office. The team developed a prototype of the knee sleeve using inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed above and below the knee to measure flexion angle. The team validated this method through testing with clinical-grade motion-capture technology. In the pursuit of providing feedback, the team developed a data processing script that is capable of recognizing gait and calculating metrics such as stride length, step count, flexion and extension angles, and others. Working with local experts in physical therapy, future efforts will focus on understanding how these metrics can be used to inform gait retraining.
Land application of paunch manure and blood.

This book reports methods to profitably process most animal processing by-products into animal feeds or other salable products. There are some animal processing by-products that are of such low value that even minimal processing is not profitable. Products of very low value will include manure from holding pens, paunch manure, partially digested feed in stomachs and intestines of slaughtered animals and, in cases where no other use can be found, blood from animal slaughtering. These products are often disposed of at significant cost to the processor, yet they contain significant amounts of the plant nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S). When applied to cropland at agronomic rates, they are beneficial as fertilizer. Usually pretreatment of these materials before land application is not necessary. However, pretreatment before application may be necessary to avoid odor or insect vector problems. This approach to the paunch and blood ‘problem’ is both of net benefit to the processor and an ecologically sound solution.
Looking Back: Retrospective Study Methods for HCI

Many people infer reasons for behavior without actually knowing. Two methods that can be used to actually gain insight into thought processes are the think-aloud protocol and retrospective cued recall. These two methods gather natural user behavior fairly unobtrusively over a period of time while allowing for some insight into what people are thinking as they are doing. These methods can be used to understand the reasons for tasks that require focused attention. In this chapter we illustrate these ideas in the domain of “searching on the Internet,” but these methods are broadly applicable.
The Economics of Bypass Surgery

A treatment for coronary artery disease that extends survival and permits physical rehabilitation must have an important impact on American society. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in men 35 to 65 years old,1 traditionally the most economically productive members of our society. It has been estimated that cardiovascular disease cost the nation $26.7 billion in 1977.2 Loss due to cardiac disability has been estimated at $8 billion, not counting other “hidden” costs such as losses in management skill and production know-how and cost involved in training new personnel. Approximately $19 billion was expended for treatment of cardiovascular disease in 1977 in the United States (Figure 26), a classification that includes stroke, rheumatic heart disease, and hypertension in addition to coronary heart disease.
Feasibility of Online Nutrition Education in the Workplace: Working Toward Healthy Lifestyles.

Abstract Objective Determination of feasibility of online nutrition education in the federal workplace. Design Pretest–posttest pilot study with data collection occurring from September to December, 2016. Setting Two US Department of Agriculture workplaces. Participants Convenience sample of 26 federal government employees. Posttest response rate was 85% (22 of 26 employees). Intervention A 12-week online nutrition education program designed and taught by registered dietitian nutritionists. Variables Measured Program component satisfaction, use, and understanding ratings and clinical measures including body composition, blood pressure, and skin carotenoid level (biomarker for fruit and vegetable intake). Analysis Paired t tests to determine whether significant changes occurred after the intervention. Results Mean number of class videos viewed and program components used were 7 and 5 (out of 12 for both). Mean program component ratings ranged from 4.0 to 4.7 (n = 12, maximum score of 5) for the surveyitems motivated/helped me to eat healthier. Statistically significant decreases were observed in body mass index, percent body fat, and visceral fat level. Conclusions and Implications Online nutrition education in the federal workplace is feasible for some employees as evidenced by the program components’ high satisfaction and understanding ratings and high retention rate. Limited evidence was apparent for the intervention's positive impact on health outcomes.
Information Systems: Process and Practice

Editors Christine Urquhart, Faten Hamad, Dina Tbaishat, and Alison Yeoman have compiled a series of essays that provides a holistic view of how information is stored and organized in information sy...
Conducting a Multicenter Trial: Learning from the JUPITER (Justifying Patellar Instability Treatment by Early Results) Experience

Multicenter trials in orthopedic surgery can have substantial advantages over single-center trials, including increasing enrollment resulting in enhanced statistical power and increased diversity of providers and patient populations resulting in improved generalizability of results (Chung et al., Plast Reconstr Surg. 126(2):515–23, 2010). However, they have a unique set of challenges related to the need for coordination and cooperation across multiple sites. In this chapter we use the JUPITER (Justifying Patellar Instability Treatment by Early Results) study as an example and discuss how a multicenter trial can be divided into several stages: discussion, planning, execution, and presentation/publication. At each stage, it is critically important that the investigators work closely together in a collaborative and supportive fashion and are willing to compromise work toward consensus. Specific recommendations regarding the conduct of orthopedic multicenter trials are provided.
Practitioners’ Perceptions of and Use of Triple P

A challenge of large-scale adoptions of Triple P is low uptake among accredited practitioners. The purpose of this study was to understand facilitators to program use among 249 practitioners in seven counties involved in a large-scale adoption of Triple P. In an adjusted ordinal logistic regression including length of accreditation and county, the frequency with which practitioners used Triple P was higher among those who perceived a more positive parent response to Triple P services and among those practitioners who perceived Triple P to fit better within their typical services. Agency support was not associated with frequency of use.
Quantum dot microcavity lasers on silicon substrates

Abstract Analogous to the historical scaling of CMOS technology governed by “Moore's Law,” monolithic photonic integration on Si allows optical systems previously restricted to bulky, bench-scale apparatuses to be developed in compact form factors with small-footprint and low energy consumption. Currently, direct heteroepitaxial growth of quantum dot (QD) lasers on Si has gained strong momentum. Exceptional device performance rivals what has been achieved through heterogeneous integration. Breakthroughs in reliability rapidly progress to a point warranting discussion for near-term commercial viability. By light confinement in small volumes with resonant recirculation, microcavity lasers promise to complement the rise of Si photonics by populating these chips with small-footprint and low-threshold light sources. The dense, energetically confined, and spatially isolated QD gain medium is utilized for circumventing crystal defects in heteroepitaxy, as well as for scaling to ultra-small dimensions in microcavities. The former allows for laser growth and processing up to 450 mm Si wafer with minimal compromise in light emission efficiency, and the latter enables device miniaturization for ultra-dense photonic integration with complex functionality and economy of scale. This chapter provides an introduction to this technology, then follows with technological demonstrations of QD microcavity devices, and finally, presents an outlook of using III-V/Si epitaxy to form a bandwidth scale-up, energy scale down, volume manufacturable Si photonics solution.
Motivating Participation Through Political Ads: Comparing the Effects of Physiology and Self-reported Emotion

With numerous scholars expressing interest, and in some cases concern, over the impact of televised campaign ads on participation, it is vital that our understanding of the effects of political advertising be based on sound assumptions. Yet research regarding emotion and politics relies almost exclusively upon self-reported measures. How does reliance on self-reported measures of emotion impact our understanding of the short-term motivational forces that impact political participation? Using a randomized experiment with carefully manipulated campaign advertisements, I find evidence that an alternative measure of emotional response, physiological arousal, is a powerful predictor of citizens’ willingness to participate in politics. Arousal is not simply a proxy for self-reported emotion, but rather, a different and complementary measure of the emotional experience. I also explore the relationship between arousal and self-reported emotion and find evidence that the translation of arousal into self-reported emotion depends in part on characteristics of the message such as partisan tone and on characteristics of the individual such as political knowledge.
A Blood Pressure and Heartbeat Anomaly Detection and Notification Mobile Application System (BPHADNS)

This work presents the development of a blood pressure and heartbeat anomaly detection and notification tool as an Android application that allows fast detection of abnormalities in a patient's vital signs and reports it to the relevant hospital or clinical personnel. The vital signal data will be obtained from the health sensors via a Bluetooth connection. The collected data, in our case a set of simulated data, will be analyzed for anomalies, which if detected will then generate an alert to be sent to doctor or clinical personnel. This notification will be received by the doctor (or any clinical personnel or health sector worker having the same application) who is registered by the user as their responsible clinical personnel while registering for the app. The security aspect of the system is governed by the fine-grained permission methodology which dictates that only relevant permissions required for the proper functioning of the application should be provided to the application. Additionally, the encryption and decryption of the alerts being sent make the system more secure.
The role of complexity theory and network analysis for examining child welfare service delivery systems

In response to the ongoing call for a complex systems approach for understanding and informing child welfare practice and policy, this article presents a context-specific conceptual framework that ...
Cartilage-targeting ultrasmall lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for the prevention of cartilage degradation.

Current drug delivery approaches for the treatment of cartilage disorders such as osteoarthritis (OA) remain inadequate to achieve sufficient drug penetration and retention in the dense cartilage matrix. Herein, we synthesize sub-30 nm lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles functionalized with collagen-targeting peptides for targeted drug delivery to the cartilage. The nanoparticles consist of a polymeric core for drug encapsulation and a lipid shell modified with a collagen-binding peptide. By combining these design features, the nanoparticles can penetrate deep and accumulate preferentially in the cartilage. Using MK-8722, an activator of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as a model drug, the nanoparticles can encapsulate the drug molecules in high capacity and release them in a sustained and controllable manner. When injected into the knee joints of the mice with collagenase-induced OA, the drug-loaded nanoparticles can effectively reduce cartilage damage and alleviate the disease severity. Overall, the ultrasmall targeted nanoparticles represent a promising delivery platform to overcome barriers of dense tissues for the treatment of various indications, including cartilage disorders.
Moving toward Mastery: Changes in Student Perceptions of Clerkship Assessment with Pass/Fail Grading and Enhanced Feedback.

Clerkship grades contribute to a summative assessment culture in clerkships and can therefore interfere with students’ learning. For example, by focusing on summative, tiered clerkship grades, stud...
Step 1: Backgrounder for an Exercise in Disaggregation

Questions pertaining to the character and content of the “American People” have assumed center stage. What exactly is an American? Who or what comprise the People? What are the constitutive sociocultural, political, and economic ordering principles of the American People and society? Is there, in actuality, an authentic, distinct, and viable national American political identity or community? Or are the cavernous ruptures, fissures, and balkanization that seem to permeate law, society, and politics in the present indicative of a genuine crisis of legitimacy, cohesion, and national community? What is the role of the U.S. Supreme Court in this milieu? How does it impact law and policy? From a sociocultural, economic, political, and ideological perspective, the Court’s singular proclamations as to what the Constitution means, its purpose, and how it is to be perceived and implemented have profound consequences for representational politics and notions of what constitutes the American polity.
CT-based Structural Rigidity Analysis Is More Accurate Than Mirels Scoring for Fracture Prediction in Metastatic Femoral Lesions.

Background Controversy continues regarding the appropriate assessment of fracture risk in long bone lesions affected by disseminated malignancy.
Papaverine hydrochloride: Its questionable value as a vasodilating agent for use in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases

Abstract The effectiveness of papaverine hydrochloride intravenously as a vasodilator was studied in a series of eighteen subjects, which included thirteen who suffered from thromboangiitis obliterans, three who had arteriosclerosis obliterans, and two normals. Four patients with Raynaud's syndrome were also observed, but are not included in the statistical analysis. Compared with the simple water immersion procedure for securing vasodilatation, papaverine hydrochloride is ineffective and uncertain in action.
Nursing computer use studies

The use of computers is becoming common among youth, some of whom save their first $1,000 to buy their own computer, and they soon become fluent in a number of computer languages. They write their own programs, develop new games they can sell or swap, and on occasion contribute to the improvement in the way their school's computer system is operated. They develop electronic bulletin boards to share information, form software companies with shareholders, and one 15-year old boy helped his physician-father manage his practice better by developing an accounts payable program and another program that charts patients' medical progress. These enterprising youths are not awed particularly by the computer and see it as a tool that works for them. They see the technology as something that allows them to be creative, but after awhile some students wonder where that will lead them and they may think of computer design, developing robots, and artificial intelligence as further challenges.
Barnase and barstar: Expression of its cloned inhibitor permits expression of a cloned ribonuclease

Barnase is the extracellular ribonuclease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and barstar its specific intracellular inhibitor. The gene for barstar has now been cloned and sequenced. When the wild-type gene for barnase is reconstructed from its previously cloned parts on the same plasmid as the barstar gene, the lethal effect of its expression is suppressed. A plasmid has been devised which directs the secretion of 100 mg per active barnase liter by Escherichia coli and another which provides large (500 to 1000 mg/l) yields of barstar. The structure of these plasmids and the derived 89 amino acid sequence of barstar are reported.
Estimation of the number of operating sensors in sensor network

This paper investigates the estimation of the number of operating sensors in a wireless sensor network. The basic model considered is equivalent to an urn model with replacement. For this model, we propose an estimator based on the good-turing nonparametric estimator of the missing mass. We show how this estimator can be applied to other related problems like estimation of class histograms. It is also shown that the estimator proposed is robust to model changes; more exactly its performance degradation is small when it is applied to a batch sampling model that models a receiver with multiple packet reception (MPR) capabilities. A modified estimation method that takes into account the batch sampling model is given and its performance is discussed.
Approximate Greatest Common Divisors of polynomials and the optimal solution

The Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of many polynomials is central to linear systems problems and its computation is a nongeneric problem. Defining the notion of “approximate” GCD, measuring and computing the strength of the approximation and determining the “best approximation” are challenging problems. This paper uses the Sylvester Resultant representation of the GCD of many polynomials, and the corresponding factorisation of generalised resultants. We define the notion of “approximate GCD” and then indicate how to compute the “optimal approximate GCD” of a given order, or degree and the corresponding order of the approximation. This optimisation problem is defined as a distance problem in a projective space and it is shown to have an analytic solution.
Systems Biology Approaches for Studying Sphingolipid Signaling

The importance of sphingolipid metabolism and bioactive sphingolipid products in cancer development and disease progression is now well established (see other chapters in this volume). However, much remains unknown in terms of the signaling mechanisms and downstream pathways affected by sphingolipids in cancers, such as which sphingolipid pathway is involved, which sphingolipid species contributes to a specific cancer’s biologic response, and which regulatory pathways are modulated by these bioactive sphingolipids. Due to the connectivity of sphingolipid metabolic network, it is difficult to address the above questions using conventional experimental approaches because manipulation of any one enzyme often results in a metabolic “ripple effect” across the network that are not easy to predict. In this chapter, we introduce a systems biology framework for deciphering signaling roles of distinct sphingolipid species and enzymes and for exploring novel mechanisms involving these pathways. These approaches have been successfully developed, applied, and validated in yeast systems. One component of the framework involves systematically perturbing sphingolipid metabolism using physiological and pharmacological approaches while monitoring lipidomic and transcriptomic responses to the perturbations are monitored; then different computational models are designed and applied to reveal relationship between specific sphingolipid species with transcriptomic modules, as a means to reveal signaling roles of distinct sphingolipid species. This component has successfully identified specific signaling pathways regulated by phytosphingosine-1-phosphate and clearly demonstrated that distinct ceramides encode disparate cellular signals. Another component of the framework concentrates on systematically identifying novel genes that could influence the activity of sphingolipid pathways. More specifically, we mined the literatures of yeast genes, constructed an Ontology Fingerprint of for each gene and developed an Ontology Fingerprint derived gene network, which were used to discover novel genes that modulates the activities of the sphingolipid pathway. This approach expanded our knowledge of the sphingolipid pathway by finding novel genes whose functions have not been associated with the pathway before. In summary, we show that systems biology approaches can effectively complement the experimental research and have a great potential to enhance the research of sphingolipids in cancers.
Synthesis: its evolution and what you can do with it today

An overview of synthesis technology is provided, with emphasis on its evolution and the benefits of synthesis technology today. The author provides information on how to make a more educated evaluation of the tools and technologies which are available in the marketplace. Specific evaluation criteria for a synthesis tool are summarized. >
Amniotic fluid levels of phospholipase A2 in fetal rats with retinoic acid induced myelomeningocele: the potential "second hit" in neurologic damage.

AbstractObjectives: There is growing evidence of ongoing, in utero neurological damage in fetuses with myelomeningocele (MMC). Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has known neurotoxic properties and is predominantly present in its secretory isoform (sPLA2) in meconium, the passage of which is increased in MMC fetuses. The objective of this study was to determine if amniotic fluid (AF) levels of PLA2 are elevated in a rat model of MMC.Methods: Timed pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were gavage fed 60 mg/kg/bodyweight retinoic acid (RA) in olive oil at embryonic day 10 (E10). Amniocentesis was performed at multiple gestational time points on MMC fetuses, RA-exposed fetuses without MMC and control fetuses. AF PLA2 levels were analyzed by a fluorescent enzyme activity assay. PLA2 isoforms were determined by measuring activity in the presence of specific inhibitors.Results: There was no difference in AF PLA2 activity between groups on E15. PLA2 activity was significantly increased in MMC fetuses on E17, E19 and E21 (p < 0.001...
Characteristics of Adopted Thoroughbred Racehorses in Second Careers

The unwanted horse issue continues to be a major concern in the U.S. equine industry. Nonprofit organizations dedicated to rescuing, retraining, and rehoming unwanted horses are critical in minimizing this problem. This study utilized data collected nationwide from organizations that provide these services for thoroughbreds retired from racing to identify individual horse characteristics that influenced length of stay at the adoption facility as well as characteristics that increased the probability that an adopted horse would be returned to the facility. The results suggested that horses with fewer activity limitations were rehomed more quickly (p < .01), as were gray horses (relative to bays, p < .03) and stallions (relative to geldings, p < .04). Older horses took longer to rehome (p < .05). Interestingly, the results also suggested that gray horses were more likely to be returned to the facility postadoption (p < .02). Results from this study could benefit thoroughbreds retired from racing, nonprofit organizations, end consumers, and the thoroughbred racing industry.
Linear feature space projections for speaker adaptation

We extend the well-known technique of constrained maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) to compute a projection (instead of a full rank transformation) on the feature vectors of the adaptation data. We model the projected features with phone-dependent Gaussian distributions and also model the complement of the projected space with a single class-independent, speaker-specific Gaussian distribution. Subsequently, we compute the projection and its complement using maximum likelihood techniques. The resulting ML transformation is shown to be equivalent to performing a speaker-dependent heteroscedastic discriminant (or HDA) projection. Our method is in contrast to traditional approaches which use a single speaker-independent projection, and execute speaker adaptation in the resulting subspace. Experimental results on Switchboard show a 3% relative improvement in the word error rate over constrained MLLR in the projected subspace only.
Motivation for Collective Action: Group Consciousness as Mediator of Personality, life Experiences, and Women’s Rights Activism

Prior research on political activism focused on direct predictors of collective action (e.g., life experiences), with little attention paid to what psychologically motivates individuals to act. The group consciousness literature provides an obvious psychological motive for activism, but ignores individual difference variables that differentiate people who develop group consciousness from those who do not. This article integrates the two literatures on activism and group consciousness, and presents a model whereby group consciousness mediates relationships between collective action and personality and life experiences. The general model was evaluated empirically by examiningfeminist consciousness and women's rights activism in two samples. Feminist consciousness was found to mediate relationships between activism and a number of personality and life experience variables, including low authoritarianism, political salience, sexual oppression, and education about women's position in society. The possible extension of this model to other kinds of political activism is discussed.
The Impact of Completion Arteriography on Results and Technique of Carotid Surgery

With the intent of minimizing the occurrence of technical defects, we adopted the routine use of completion arteriography for carotid surgery. Fifty-six procedures were performed. Postoperative TIAs occurred twice (3.6%). Technical deficits, judged to be unacceptable, were identified and corrected in eight cases. Six of the defects requiring repair occurred in the first 11 cases. Only two of the last 45 required revision. A single stroke occurred when an intimal flap was overlooked on an inadequate arteriogram. An intimal laceration attributable to the arteriogram was readily identified and repaired. An unexpected benefit of completion arteriography has been its educational value with respect to surgical technique. Our early experience with unsuspected technical defects has led us to place greater emphasis on assuring luminal adequacy and avoiding arterial kinks. As a consequence, operative revisions have been required much less frequently. We strongly believe that intraoperative assessment to assure the technical adequacy of carotid reconstruction is imperative if optimal results are to be obtained. Routine completion arteriography proved highly satisfactory for this purpose, and its use improved operative technique.
Liver microsomal polypeptides from Fischer-344 rats affected by age, sex, and xenobiotic induction.

Abstract In order to investigate age and sex as determinants of hepatic cytochromes P-450, the polypeptide compositions of liver smooth microsomes from Fischer-344 rats were examined using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis ( G. P. Vlasuk and F. G. Walz, Jr. (1980) Anal. Biochem. 105, 112). The effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene treatments were investigated using sexually immature (1 month), young adult (3 months), middle aged (12 months), and senescent (26 months) animals of both sexes. The appearance of five major microsomal polypeptides characterized sexual maturation in males. The only qualitative difference in the patterns of xenobiotic-induced polypeptides were found for young adult and middle-aged males where cytochrome P-450a ( D. Ryan, P. E. Thomas, D. Korzeniowski, and W. Levin (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 1365) was not induced by phenobarbital. A number of major microsomal polypeptides which might represent unidentified forms of cytochrome P-450 in untreated males and females were markedly decreased in a specific manner as a result of phenobarbital and/or 3-methylcholanthrene treatments. Microsomes from females of all ages tested and immature males were essentially indistinguishable on the basis of their total cytochrome P-450 contents and polypeptide patterns. Untreated senescent males were characterized by a reversion of their microsomal polypeptide patterns and total cytochrome P-450 contents to those for females and sexually immature males. In addition, phenobarbital-induced levels of total cytochrome P-450 for senescent males were the lowest observed for all of the groups tested even though their pattern of induced polypeptides was qualitatively the same as that for females.
Discovering quasi-equivalence relationships from database systems

Association rule mining has recently attracted strong attention and proven to be a highly successful technique for extracting useful information from very large databases. In this paper, we explore a generalized affinity-based association mining which discovers quasi-equivalent media objects in a distributed information-providing environment consisting of a network of heterogeneous databases which could be relational databases, hierarchical databases, object-oriented databases, multimedia databases, etc. Online databases, consisting of millions of media objects, have been used in business management, government administration, scientific and engineering data management, and many other applications owing to the recent advances in high-speed communication networks and large-capacity storage devices. Because of the navigational characteristic, queries in such an information-providing environment tend to traverse equivalent media objects residing in different databases for the related data records. As the number of databases increases, query processing efficiency depends heavily on the capability to discover the equivalence relationships of the media objects from the network of databases. Theoretical terms along with an empirical study of real databases are presented.
Spatially Encoded Fourier Transform Spectroscopy in the Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared

A spatial (Sagnac triangular common path) interferometer is described and evaluated for obtaining spectra in the 200-950 nm wavelength region. The interferometer has no moving parts, requires no entrance or exit slits, and is easy to align. A linear CCD is employed as the detector, allowing spectra to be simultaneously acquired. The performance of the interferometer is demonstrated for atomic emission and solution absorbance spectra. A method to remove the fixed-pattern response of the detector and optical system is demonstrated which effectively increases the dynamic range of the resulting spectra.
Distribution and Trophic Importance of Anthropogenic Nitrogen in Narragansett Bay: An Assessment Using Stable Isotopes

Narragansett Bay has been heavily influenced by human activities for more than 200 years. In recent decades, it has been one of the more intensively fertilized estuaries in the USA, with most of the anthropogenic nutrient load originating from sewage treatment plants (STP). This will soon change as tertiary treatment upgrades reduce nitrogen (N) loads by about one third or more during the summer. Before these reductions take place, we sought to characterize the sewage N signature in primary (macroalgae) and secondary (the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria) producers in the bay using stable isotopes of N (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C). The δ15N signatures of the macroalgae show a clear gradient of approximately 4‰ from north to south, i.e., high to low point source loading. There is also evidence of a west to east gradient of heavy to light values of δ15N in the bay consistent with circulation patterns and residual flows. The Providence River Estuary, just north of Narragansett Bay proper, receives 85% of STP inputs to Narragansett Bay, and lower δ15N values in macroalgae there reflected preferential uptake of 14N in this heavily fertilized area. Differences in pH from N stimulated photosynthesis and related shifts in predominance of dissolved C species may control the observed δ13C signatures. Unlike the macroalgae, the clams were remarkably uniform in both δ15N (13.2 ± 0.54‰ SD) and δ13C (−16.76 ± 0.61‰ SD) throughout the bay, and the δ15N values were 2–5‰ heavier than in clams collected outside the bay. We suggest that this remarkable uniformity reflects a food source of anthropogenically heavy phytoplankton formed in the upper bay and supported by sewage derived N. We estimate that approximately half of the N in the clams throughout Narragansett Bay may be from anthropogenic sources.
Exploring the impact of constraints in quantum optimal control through a kinematic formulation

Abstract The control of quantum dynamics with tailored laser fields is finding growing experimental success. In practice, experiments will be subject to constraints on the controls that may prevent full optimization of the objective. A framework is presented for systematically investigating the impact of constraints in quantum optimal control simulations using a two-stage process starting with simple time-independent kinematic controls, which act as stand-ins for the traditional dynamic controls. The objective is a state-to-state transition probability, and constraints are introduced by restricting the kinematic control variables during optimization. As a second stage, the means to map from kinematic to dynamic controls is presented, thus enabling a simplified overall procedure for exploring how limited resources affect the ability to optimize the objective. A demonstration of the impact of imposing several types of kinematic constraints is investigated, thereby offering insight into constrained quantum controls.
Simulated lidar waveforms for understanding factors affecting waveform shape

Full-waveform LIDAR is a technology which enables the analysis of the 3-D structure and arrangement of objects. An in-depth understanding of the factors that affect the shape of the full-waveform signal is required in order to extract as much information as possible from the signal. A simple model of LIDAR propagation has been created which simulates the interaction of LIDAR energy with objects in a scene. A 2-dimensional model tree allows controlled manipulation of the geometric arrangement of branches and leaves with varying spectral properties. Results suggest complex interactions of the LIDAR energy with the tree canopy, including the occurrence of multiple bounces for energy reaching the ground under the canopy. Idealized sensor instrument response functions incorporated in the simulation illustrate a large impact on waveform shape. A waveform recording laser rangefinder has been built which will allow validation or model results; preliminary collection results are presented here.
Digital mammography: tradeoffs between 50- and 100-micron pixel size

Improvements in mammography equipment related to a decrease in pixel size of digital mammography detectors raise questions of the possible effects of these new detectors. Mathematical modeling suggested that the benefits of moving from 100 to 50 micron detectors were slight and might not justify the cost of these new units. Experiments comparing screen film mammography, a storage phosphor 100 micron digital detector, a 50 micron digital breast spot device, 100 micron film digitization and 50 micron film digitization suggests that object conspicuity should be better for digital compared to conventional systems, but that there seemed to be minimal advantage to going from 100 to 50 microns. The 50 micron pixel system appears to provide a slight advantage in object contrast and perhaps in shape definition, but did not allow smaller objects to be detected.
Core Electron Densities of Coronal Polar Plumes

The electron density in the cores of coronal polar plumes that is determined from observations will depend upon the assumed electron density distribution through the plume in a direction normal to its axis. Core electron densities obtained by Saito (1965) and by Newkirk and Harvey (1968) were derived using different assumed electron density profiles, and are not in agreement. We have re-discussed Saito's data using Newkirk and Harvey's electron density profile and find that the disagreement persists. Whether this indicates a true variation in electron density in plume cores cannot now be stated. Errors in the electron densities derived here may arise through errors in measuring the angles θ and α which enter into the analysis. While plausible variations in θ produce no appreciable errors in core electron density, plausible variations in α may introduce appreciable errors into the determinations of that quantity.
Protocols for Multisatellite Military Networks

An analytical evaluation of network control protocols such as Token Passing, TDMA, Adaptive TDMA, and Reservation Assignment with TDMA orderwire has been performed for networks consisting of single and multibeam satellites including propagation delays and interleaver effects. Of all the protocols analytically evaluated, it is shown that the Token Passing protocol is the best for EHF tactical networks, which consist of many low-duty cycle terminals, and that performance of the TDMA protocol is the worst for this application. As the interleaver span is increased, the performance of all the protocols degrades uniformly. A simulation model was developed for a Reservation Assignment protocol with Slotted-Aloha orderwire, including multiple priorities of users. Its performance was evaluated, and it is shown that this protocol is ideally suited for networks with many network terminals requiring short, bursty data communications capability. Another simulation model was developed for an In-Band Network Control protocol with congestion control and multiple user priorities. This protocol is a good candidate for tactical networks that require interoperability.
Effect of Upstream Signal on Nonpriority Movement Capacity and Delay

A methodology is described for estimating the capacity of and the delay to nonpriority movements at a two-way stop-controlled (TWSC) intersection in the presence of an upstream signalized intersection. The methodology is centered around the capacity of and the delay to the major-street left-turn movement; however, it is also directly applicable to the minor-street right-turn movement. With some adjustment, the methodology can also be applied to minor-street left and through movements. The findings indicate that upstream signals have a significant effect on the capacity and delay of nonpriority movements at TWSC intersections. Specifically, the traffic platoons formed by the signals tend to increase capacity and decrease delay. The magnitude of the effect of the upstream signal is dependent on the amount of platoon dispersion that takes place as the platoon travels down the street. Several factors affect the rate of platoon dispersion, including travel distance, level of driveway activity, and the arterial...
Non-peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists. 3. design and discovery of a centrally constrained inhibitor

Abstract Analysis of platelet aggregation inhibition results and rotational isomer preferences has provided an understanding of inhibitory potency for m-phthalic acid analogs 7–7. Constraint of the N-terminal amide led to compound 9, which is potent, selective, and orally active.
THERMODYNAMIC AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IMIDAZOLE-2-THIOLS (IMIDAZOLE-2(3H)-THIONES)

Abstract The oxidation and reduction potentials for eight imidazole-2-thiols [imidazole-2-thiol (1a), 1-methyl-(1b), 4,5-dimethyl- (1c), 1,4,5-trimethyl- (1d), 4,5-diphenyl- (1e), benz- (1f), 5-methylbenz- (1g), and 5-nitrobenzimidazole-2-thiol (1h)] have been determined in ethanenitrile-hydrogen chloride solution. Substituent effects on E(ox) are observed and are discussed. The pKa's for thiols 1a, 1b, and 1c have been determined as a function of pH in buffer solutions at five temperatures and constant ionic strength of 0.10 M using ultraviolet spectroscopy. The ΔHo (kJ/mol) and ΔSo (J mol−1 K−1) for imidazole-2-thiol (1a), 1-methylimidazole-2-thiol (1b), and 4,5-dimethylimidazole-2-thiol (1c) are 38.2 and –92.9, 34.1 and –107.5, and 45.2 and –80.3, respectively.