cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 19913: Oxygen Concentration Modulates Human Cardiac Stem Cell Proliferation and Migration

Introduction: Cardiac Stem cells (CSCs) are currently being tested for their efficacy in the treatment of heart failure (HF). However, numerous factors are known to cause significant impairment to the exogenously delivered cell’s survival and regenerative capabilities. Hypoxia is one such stress that is known to contribute to inadequate tissue repair. Here, we test the hypothesis that hypoxia impairs cell proliferation, survival, and migration of human CSCs. Methods and Results: CSCs were expanded from endomyocardial biopsies from patients and selected for CD117 expression. Cultured at standard room air (21% O 2 ), CSCs were transferred to either physiologic (5%) or hypoxic (0.5%) conditions to assess the effect on cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Compared to both room air and hypoxia, the physiological O 2 elevated both proliferation (P 2 to a level comparable to physiologic migration (2-fold, P 2 (1.4-fold, P 2 concentration. Conclusions: Relative to hyperoxia and hypoxia, physiological O 2 concentration promotes cell proliferation and migration. This study provides novel insights into the modulatory effects of O 2 concentration on CSC biology and hasve important implications for refining stem cell therapies.
Microglia-mediated synaptic elimination in neuronal development and disease

It has recently become clear that microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are far more active in the healthy brain than previously thought. Microglia facilitate many stages of brain development by shaping neuronal connectivity via synaptic elimination. Dysfunction of these same processes likely underlies a wide range of neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders.
The Relationship Between Emotional Support and Health-Related Self-Efficacy in Older Prisoners.

Objective: To determine whether emotional support, and proportion of emotional support provided by specific sources (e.g., family, other prisoners, clinicians), is associated with health-related se...
The relationship between attachment dimensions and emotion regulation in individuals who have committed sexual crimes

Using attachment theory as an explanatory theory for sexual offending, this cross-sectional study examined the relationship between attachment and emotion regulation capacities utilising data that were collected from 59 incarcerated adult male sex offenders. Attachment dimensions were measured using the Relationship Scales Questionnaire and the Adult Attachment Survey and emotion regulation capacities were measured using the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale. Findings indicated subjects who were more anxiously attached demonstrated more deficits in emotion regulation. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Soybean and moringa based green biosolvents for low-concentration CO2 capture via a hollow fiber membrane contactor

Abstract Soybean and moringa based green biosolvents were employed for low-concentration CO2 capture via a super-hydrophobic PVDF/Si-R hollow fiber membrane contactor from flue gas. The performance of the hollow fiber membrane contactor was examined in terms of CO2 absorption flux, CO2 absorption efficiency, and CO2 absorption capacity with varied biosolvent concentration, biosolvent flow rate, and feed gas flow rate. In the presence of soybean based CO2 biosolvent, the CO2 absorption flux and CO2 absorption efficiency reached 0.52 mol.m−2.h−1 and 97% for the hollow fiber membrane contactor, respectively. The results showed that the CO2 absorption flux and CO2 absorption efficiency were affected more by concentration and flow rate of the soybean based biosolvent, but less by the feed gas flow rate. The biosolvent concentration exhibited the most significant effect on the CO2 absorption capacity. It was also revealed that the components interactions in the soybean based biosolvent affect the performance of the membrane contactor. The optimal biosolvent concentration, biosolvent flow rate and gas feed rate was 1.0 M, 0.5 ml/min, and 15 ml/min, respectively. Both soybean and moringa based biosolvents exhibited comparable CO2 absorption flux to the conventional solvent of monoethanolamine (MEA).
The politics of foot powder: depoliticizing motherhood during the US War on Terrorism

This article uses the example of mothers of service members during the US War on Terrorism (October 2001 to present) to show how gendered maternal ideology can disempower women to participate in th...
Self- vs proxy-reported mobility using the mobility assessment tool-short form in elderly preoperative patients

Mobility is fundamental to maintenance of an independent lifestyle and can predict clinical outcomes after health events among older individuals. However, certain clinical situations do not accommodate physical or self-assessments. This investigation examines whether proxy-reported assessments of function using the Mobility Assessment Tool-short (MAT-sf) form is a reliable alternative. Sixty-six older persons (≥ age 70) and their proxies were enrolled. Proxies rated patients’ mobility using the MAT-sf as did the patients. The mean age of patients was 78.4 yr. (±6.2); 44% were female and 86% were white. Spouses made up 55% of the proxies, while 39% were children/in-laws. The correlation coefficient between patient and proxy MAT-sf scores was 0.81 (p < 0.01); a comparison of the slope of the regression line relating patient- and proxy-reported MAT-sf to a line of identity showed disagreement (p < 0.01), with proxy reports underreporting patient responses by 8.3% in lower mobility patients. The intra-class correlation characterizing agreement between repeated proxy reports 0.81. Proxy reports of mobility in older patients have good reliability. However, in patients with poor mobility, the proxies tend to report a lower mobility than the patients.
Multiparameter intracellular cytokine staining.

Intracellular cytokine staining is a popular method for visualizing cellular responses, most often T-cell responses to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. It can be coupled with staining for other functional markers, such as upregulation of CD107 or CD154, as well as phenotypic markers that define specific cellular subsets, e.g., effector and memory T-cell compartments, NK cells, or monocytes. Recent advances in multicolor flow cytometry instrumentation and software have allowed the routine combination of 12 or more markers, creating some technical and analytical challenges along the way, and exposing a need for standardization in the field. Here, we will review best practices for antibody panel design and procedural variables for multicolor intracellular cytokine staining, and present an optimized protocol with variations designed for use with specific markers and sample types.
Passive and Active Rehabilitation After First Rib Resection

It is clear to all that patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) require rehabilitation following first rib resection. The post-­surgical treatment protocol described below has been designed using published research evidence together with 22 years of clinical experience treating pre- and post-surgical patients with (NTOS). Breathing training is performed before and after surgery. Pre-surgical breathing training is focused on relaxing the accessory breathing muscles by emphasizing the diaphragm. This helps to unload the hyperactive accessory breathing muscles. Post-operative training emphasizes diaphragmatic breathing to reduce the mechanical load on the surgical site but also emphasizes periodic full inhalation to maximize lymphatic flow and mobilize the brachial plexus in an attempt to reduce excessive scar formation around the surgical site. Manual cutaneous and subcutaneous mobilization of the scar, once it is healed enough to tolerate gentle stretching, is addressed, as are range of motion exercises to emphasize restoration of both neural and musculoskeletal movements. Retraining of the core stabilizers is helpful, as is cardiac re-conditioning with walking training. Finally, periods of rest are encouraged to minimize the opportunity of over-exercise and the symptom flares that this can cause.
David Oliver: "Why did they put her on a geriatric ward?"

Geriatricians sometimes field formal complaints and informal calls for concern. Patients’ families can be unhappy that their loved one has been admitted or transferred to a geriatric medicine ward, whatever the quality of care or communication. Sometimes it isn’t even a geriatric medicine ward. Fellow patients in 21st century acute medical units or wards are often older, frailer, or more cognitively impaired than the public might expect. I’ve seen this misunderstanding often in my work as an independent expert reviewer for courts, regulators, or complaint resolution. For doctors who have devoted their professional career to the care of the oldest and most medically complex patients, and for the skilled multidisciplinary teams of nurses and allied health professionals we work closely with, such complaints can be unsettling. Why are relatives, and …
Unsupervised learning by a nonlinear network with Hebbian excitatory and anti-Hebbian inhibitory neurons.

This paper introduces a rate-based nonlinear neural network in which excitatory (E) neurons receive feedforward excitation from sensory (S) neurons, and inhibit each other through disynaptic pathways mediated by inhibitory (I) interneurons. Correlation-based plasticity of disynaptic inhibition serves to incompletely decorrelate E neuron activity, pushing the E neurons to learn distinct sensory features. The plasticity equations additionally contain "extra" terms fostering competition between excitatory synapses converging onto the same postsynaptic neuron and inhibitory synapses diverging from the same presynaptic neuron. The parameters of competition between S$\to$E connections can be adjusted to make learned features look more like "parts" or "wholes." The parameters of competition between I-E connections can be adjusted to set the typical decorrelatedness and sparsity of E neuron activity. Numerical simulations of unsupervised learning show that relatively few I neurons can be sufficient for achieving good decorrelation, and increasing the number of I neurons makes decorrelation more complete. Excitatory and inhibitory inputs to active E neurons are approximately balanced as a result of learning.
Quantitative EEG Spectrograms: Diagnostic efficacy in Intensive care and Epilepsy Monitoring units and the common seizure mimickers. (P3.266)

Objective: To assess the sensitivity of Persyst trending tools for seizure detection in the Intensive Care and Epilepsy Monitoring Units. Background: Perysyst 12 QEEG trending tools (seizure probability trend, Relative Asymmetry spectrogram, FFT spectrogram, Rhythmicity spectrogram and amplitude integrated EEG) were analyzed for seizure detection. Design/Methods: A total of 901 seizures amongst a cohort of 88 patients (44 successive patients each in the ICU and EMU cohorts) were evaluated retrospectively. Seizure patterns were identified in the raw EEG. Apparent seizures were identified by a epileptologist in 4–6 hour epochs containing one or more seizures from Persyst QEEG spectrograms without reference to the raw EEG. Results: Seizure probability trend had the overall highest sensitivity for seizure identification, identifying 659/ 901(73%) of seizures. This measure was more sensitive in the EMU, with 353/439 (80%) of seizures detected in the EMU vs. 306/462 (66%), in ICU. Similarly Relative Asymmetry spectrograms were more sensitive in the EMU than in the ICU, identifying 217(49%) vs. 263(57%) in the EMU vs. ICU respectively. False positive identification of seizures occurred more frequently in the EMU, where there were 125 false positives vs. 353 true positive seizure detections (2.8 true positives per false positive) as compared to 90 false positive vs. 306 true positive seizure detections in the ICU (3.4 true positives per false positive). In the EMU, common causes of false positive included eating, head scratching, non-pathological movement in sleep and nonepileptic events. Common etiologies for false positive in the ICU were bed percussion, respirator and chest physical therapy artifact as well periodic EEG patterns including SIRPIDs, GPEDS and LPDs. Conclusions: These data suggest that QEEG spectrograms may be more sensitive for detecting seizures in the EMU than in the ICU setting. At the same time, seizure detections in QEEG may be less likely to represent a true seizure in the EMU. Disclosure: Dr. Goenka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boro has nothing to disclose.
Moments of Active Reflection: Eddies

Eddies are calm spaces out of the river current where kayakers can rest. As a learning metaphor, eddies represent spaces within the curriculum where students and teachers can engage in deep, critical reflection or take a break from learning tasks to plan future strategies. These reflections are active, as students are remaining within their learning mindset. Teachers can create eddies by purposefully including reflective questions within critical literacy or critical mathematics handouts, as well as during class discussions. Eddies are also important for teachers to reflect and plan on their own instruction and to assess student learning. This chapter shares student and teachers’ reflections on race as well as student reflections on their learning to plan group research projects.
Vascularized Olecranon Bone Graft: An Anatomical Study and Novel Technique.

Purpose Autologous bone grafting is commonly used in reconstructive hand surgery. Various sources of nonvascularized autologous bone grafts have been described in the literature. However, in some situations, a vascularized bone graft may be needed. Popular vascularized bone grafts are taken from the distal radius, iliac crest, and medial femoral condyle. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of harvesting a free vascularized bone flap from the proximal ulna. Methods Latex was injected via the brachial artery to facilitate visualization of perforators in 10 cadaveric specimens. Dissections were performed of the olecranon; all periosteal perforators were noted, and their lengths and diameters recorded. Corticocancellous bone flaps with their supplying pedicles were harvested. Three additional fresh specimens were injected with india ink via the pedicles to demonstrate perfusion of the harvested bone flap. Results Consistent vascular anatomy supplied the olecranon. A perforator from the posterior ulnar recurrent artery supplied the proximal ulna and olecranon, from which a vascularized bone flap can be harvested. Branches to the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle may allow chimeric flaps to be harvested. Average pedicle length was 5.8 cm and average pedicle diameter was 2.4 mm. India ink injection of the pedicles showed perfusion of the periosteum as well as intraosseous cancellous bone. Conclusions A vascularized olecranon free flap can be harvested based on the posterior ulnar recurrent artery. Vascular anatomy is consistent and flap harvest is simple and straightforward in all cadaveric specimens. Clinical relevance A vascularized olecranon free flap represents a potential new surgical option when vascular bone flap reconstruction is considered.
Sá, Lúcia. Life in the Megalopolis: Mexico City and São Paulo. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.

At the start of her latest book, Lucia Sa explains the intellectual trajectory that led her to a study of the Latin American megacities of Mexico City and Sao Paulo by way of Mario de Andrade’s Macunaima: “in order to recover his muiraquita, the eponymous Mario de Andrade traveled from one end of Brazil to the other, the Amazon to Sao Paulo, and in a sense, having completed Rain Forest Literatures (2004), this is what I have attempted to do in this study” (x). Such a work, following one on the literatures of the Amazon, underscores Sa’s admirable commitment to exploring the literary and cultural extremes of her native Brazil, while at the same time incorporating other materials that make a more comparative discussion with internal indigenous cultural elements or other Latin American societies possible.
Study of Vertical Features of Snow, Graupel and Hail on A Global Scale Using Gpm Products

In the current GPM DPR level-2 algorithm, there is a surface snowfall identification flag that detects surface snowfall using dual-frequency reflectivity profile from DPR. As shown in figure 1, for each Ku and Ka band matched footprint, surface snowfall exists when the flag equals 1, and 0 represents surface snowfall not existent. This identification algorithm is built upon a precipitation type index (PTI) defined in (1).
Cancer-related diagnostic and treatment capabilities of hospitals in the context of racial residential segregation

Abstract Objective To evaluate distribution of hospital-level cancer diagnosis and treatment technologies along dimensions of racial residential segregation. Study design Cross-sectional analysis of residential segregation and availability of technologies associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment. Methods American Hospital Association data were merged with American Community Survey data, and hospital was the unit of analysis. Isolation index and Atkinson's index were calculated for racial residential segregation for the census tract in which the hospital is located based on the composite census block groups. Logistic regression was used to model presence of cancer technologies as a function of percent below poverty (scaled 1–10), number of neighboring hospitals, and rural status. Results Segregation measured by isolation index was associated with the availability of some technologies, independent of percentage below 125% poverty line, number of neighboring hospitals, and rural status. Diagnostic cancer technologies, such as CT scan (odds ratio [OR] = 0.928, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.894, 0.964), ultrasound (OR = 0.961, 95% CI: 0.927, 0.997), mammography (OR = 0.943, 95% CI: 0.914, 0.974), optical colonoscopy (OR = 0.932, 95% CI: 0.904, 0.961), and full-field digital mammography (OR = 0.948, 95% CI: 0.920, 0.977) and therapeutic cancer technology such as chemo therapy (OR = 0.963, 95% CI: 0.934, 0.992) appear to be less available in neighborhoods with higher isolation index. However, when segregation is measured by Atkinson's index, CT scan (OR = 1.064, 95% CI: 1.010, 1.121), ultrasound (OR = 1.087, 95% CI: 1.035, 1.141), mammography (OR = 1.094, 95% CI: 1.049, 1.141), and optical colonoscopy (OR = 1.053, 95% CI: 1.012, 1.095) are more available in neighborhoods with higher Atkinson's index. Conclusion These results suggest that cancer diagnostic capabilities in segregated areas are in the pathway between residential segregation and cancer treatment process, and future studies should evaluate individual-level associations.
An Open-Source, Vender Agnostic Hardware and Software Pipeline for Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology Workflow

Although machine learning (ML) has made significant improvements in radiology, few algorithms have been integrated into clinical radiology workflow. Complex radiology IT environments and Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) pose unique challenges in creating a practical ML schema. However, clinical integration and testing are critical to ensuring the safety and accuracy of ML algorithms. This study aims to propose, develop, and demonstrate a simple, efficient, and understandable hardware and software system for integrating ML models into the standard radiology workflow and PACS that can serve as a framework for testing ML algorithms. A Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine/Graphics Processing Unit (DICOM/GPU) server and software pipeline was established at a metropolitan county hospital intranet to demonstrate clinical integration of ML algorithms in radiology. A clinical ML integration schema, agnostic to the hospital IT system and specific ML models/frameworks, was implemented and tested with a breast density classification algorithm and prospectively evaluated for time delays using 100 digital 2D mammograms. An open-source clinical ML integration schema was successfully implemented and demonstrated. This schema allows for simple uploading of custom ML models. With the proposed setup, the ML pipeline took an average of 26.52 s per second to process a batch of 100 studies. The most significant processing time delays were noted in model load and study stability times. The code is made available at “ http://bit.ly/2Z121hX ”. We demonstrated the feasibility to deploy and utilize ML models in radiology without disrupting existing radiology workflow.
Speech Imperialization? Situating American Parrhesia in an Isegoria World

This article explores the ideological origins of the American free-speech tradition. It analyzes the two principal categorizations of free speech in classical antiquity: isegoria, the right to voice one’s opinion, and parrhesia, the license to say what one pleases often through provocative discourse, thus grounding modern free-speech epistemology and jurisprudential philosophy in a sociohistorical context. Part 1 reviews the First Amendment corpus juris. A progression of incrementally absolute judicial holdings promotes parrhesia, highlighting democratic utility over individual self-actualization; thus, Americans no longer view freedom of speech as an end ipso facto. While Athenian democracy recognized the need for provocative speech, certain institutional and social constraints, such as dokimasia, established standards of truth and accountability. Part 2 frames the historical developments of isegoria and parrhesia for modern analysis. The author begins by discussing isegoria’s principal aims, namely, promoting individual self-actualization and effective democratic governance. The European free-speech tradition, which views the individual as the locus of power, favors the former. The American tradition, which ‘depersonizes’ civil liberties such that the collective becomes the locus of control, favors the latter. Part 3 identifies the colonial developments in Anglo-American history that account for present-day U.S. free-speech permissiveness. It shows that the American preference for parrhesia-based absolutism was born from British imperialism and censorship. Part 4 suggests a need to reexamine free speech-understandings in the context of new-media proliferation and digital content regulation. The dominance of U.S.-based social media companies injects the American speech tradition into cultures with disparate free-speech philosophies and practices.
Associations Between Preschool Sleep Problems and Observed Dimensions of Elementary Classroom Engagement.

Abstract Sleep has clear importance for academic success. However, most research in this area has focused on older children and adolescents and has used narrow measures of academic achievement, overlooking the importance of early sleep problems in shaping children's classroom behaviors that support academic success. Using a community sample (N = 276, 50% female), the current study examined associations between parent-reported preschool sleep problems (Mage = 3.84, SD = 0.83) and three dimensions of classroom engagement coded during live classroom observations in the first grade (Mage = 6.72, SD = 0.34). The moderating role of family socioeconomic status (SES) was also considered. A multivariate multilevel model found that more preschool sleep problems were associated with less focused engagement (defined as involvement in academic tasks, such as writing or asking questions), but more competing responses (defined as inappropriate or distracting behaviors). Preschool sleep problems were not associated with task management (defined as preparation for academic tasks, such as locating classroom materials). Although family SES did not moderate any of these associations, higher income-to-needs ratios in preschool were associated with more focused engagement and fewer competing responses. Findings highlight the role of early sleep problems in classroom behaviors that facilitate academic success. Targeting sleep problems prior to the school transition may serve as a useful approach to optimizing learning conditions during this key developmental period.
Influence of TiO2 on the densification behaviour of Yb2O3

Abstract The effect of temperature and heating rate on the densification of ytterbia (Yb2O3), with and without titania (TiO2) doping was investigated. It is shown that up to a certain doping level, titania doping enhances the densification behaviour of ytterbia. The effect of titania doping on crystal structure confirms that titania is substitutionally incorporated in ytterbia up to the solubility limit, which corresponds well with the densification results. The increased densification rate of titania-doped ytterbia is attributed to the formation of cation vacancy and lattice distortion. Using constant heating rate experiments, the activation energy for densification has been calculated and it is shown that in the intermediate density range (60 % to 85 %), the activation energy is independent of the density. Titania doping increases the activation energy for densification.
Knowledge management: A model for organizational learning

Abstract This paper presents a model developed with the help of the Knowledge Management Special Interest Group (KM-SIG) of the Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing-International (CAM-I) with organizational implications for managing knowledge. The KM-SIG model rests on knowledge domains that exist in an organization's environment. Firms engage in knowledge management practices for the purpose of filtering knowledge into its core, stable processes where that knowledge can be used to produce value for the firm. The model presented in this paper identifies the route knowledge takes in this filtering process. The filtration mechanisms that accomplish this process are project teams, knowledge communities, communities of practice and knowledge networks.
Disseminated Eosinophilic Collagen Disease

A patient with disseminated eosinophilic collagen disease as reported in the Scandanavian and European literature and perhaps described under various titles—such as eosinophilic leukemia, Loeffler’s syndrome, parietal endocarditis,16 and allergic granulomatosis17—is presented. The major clinical findings are dermal edema and erythema with pruritus and scaling; skeletal muscle pain, tenderness, and weakness; severe arthralgias and stiffness of small and weightbearing joints; hepatomegaly; and conspicuous lack of adenopathy. Blood examination shows normochromic anemia with intense neutrophilic leukocytosis and eosinophilia. Granulocytic leukemoid features eventually appear resembling chronic to subacute myelogenous or eosinophilic leukemia. Cardiac failure or infection is the usual cause of death. At autopsy there is generalized eosinophilic and neutrophilic with lesser mononuclear infiltrations of many organs, particularly the skin, myocardium, and skeletal muscle. The etiology is unknown. Environmental toxicities and hyperimmunity perhaps to drugs, bacterial products, or sustained autoantigenic stimuli are suggested possible explanations. Corticosteroids afford some symptomatic stabilization but the disease pursues a persistent downhill course.
Reviving the Milgram Obedience Paradigm in the Era of Informed Consent

Participants repeatedly chose between 25 s of cartoon video followed by 5 s of time-out and 5 s of cartoon video followed by 25 s of time-out. In the first 15 min, participants chose the former schedule on 80% of trials. In the second 15 min, they were instructed to choose only the latter. When informed that leaving would not be a problem for the researcher because enough data were already collected, approximately 20% quit. When participants were additionally instructed that most participants withdrew, approximately 50% of them quit, a result supporting Milgram’s (1965a) hypothesis that disobedience increases when it appears to be normative. As in Milgram’s experiments, participants were more likely to withdraw on early trials than on later trials. Operant procedures involving instructions to choose a mildly aversive schedule offer an alternative to simulations as a way of investigating the conflicts and escape processes characteristic of the Milgram obedience paradigm.
A proposed model for the continued professionalisation of student affairs in Africa

This article presents a model that can inform the continued professionalisation of student affairs as both a field and a practice in Africa. After providing a brief overview of the African post-secondary educational climate and establishing student affairs as an internationally recognised profession, I analyse three pieces authored or co-authored by Mirko Noordegraaf (2003; 2007; 2011) that develop the concepts of socially constructed professionalism, management of practices-in-transition and hybrid professionalism. I then employ these concepts to create a professionalisation model that incorporates an awareness of the complex and diverse nature of African student affairs work. I next examine two key areas present across the modern African post-secondary environment – career education and distance learning – and discuss how the model can guide student affairs professionalisation and practice when working in these important educational spaces. I conclude by briefly commenting on the potential for practitioners in the African context to develop new pathways forward for the international student affairs community.
REE inverse modeling of HSDP2 basalts: Evidence for multiple sources in the Hawaiian plume

[1] The rare earth element (REE) concentrations of lavas from the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP2) can be used to provide additional constraints on phase equilibria and the nature of the Hawaiian source. Major element analyses separate Mauna Kea lavas into two distinct populations, a high-silica and a low-silica suite. The low-silica samples can be separated stratigraphically into an upper low-silica alkalic series and a low-silica tholeiitic group that occurs deeper in the section. These contrasting groups could result from different extents of source partial fusion, or lithologically distinct source regions, or some combination of both factors. Petrologic modeling is performed to calculate that primary magma compositions contain about 20% MgO, and can be formed by 8–15% melting of a depleted mantle source for low-silica alkalic and high-silica lavas, respectively. The low-silica tholeiites could be generated by higher degrees of melting of a more fertile source. REE ratios and various isotopic systems reinforce the division of the low-SiO2 samples into the upper alkalic series, characterized by high Gd/Yb, and the deeper low-silica tholeiitic group, with low Gd/Yb. REE inverse modeling of fractionation-corrected basalts is consistent with lower degrees of melting to generate the late-stage alkalic lavas, with garnet present as a residual phase. The relatively constant Gd/Yb for low-silica tholeiites suggests that garnet is not an important residual phase during partial melting, implying higher extents of melting. The low-silica tholeiites are characterized by relatively enriched isotopic signatures that are consistent with contributions from a primitive source or from recycled subduction components. High 3He/4He associated with the low-silica lavas could derive from primitive mantle, mass transfer from the core, or from a refractory lithospheric contribution to a recycled subduction package. However, the combination of major element, REE and isotopic data suggests that the deeper low-silica suite is sampling the relatively fertile, interior part of the Hawaiian plume, whereas the high-silica lavas are extracted from the more depleted periphery; later alkalic lavas are generated from a depleted source as the volcano moves off the hot spot.
Sequence and deletion analysis of the recombination enhancement gene (ref) of bacteriophage P1: evidence for promoter-operator and attenuator-antiterminator control.

Abstract The ref gene of bacteriophage P1 stimulates recombination between two defective lacZ genes in the Escherichia coli chromosome (lac x lac recombination) and certain other RecA-dependent recombination processes. We determined the DNA sequence of the 5' portion of the ref gene and tested various regions for functionality by inserting DNA fragments lacking increasing amounts of 5' sequence into plasmid and lambda phage vectors and measuring the ability of the constructs to stimulate lac x lac recombination. The region found essential for Ref activity in the absence of external heterologous promoters encodes two presumptive promoters, pref-1 and pref-2, whose -10 regions fall in a nearly perfect 13-base-pair (bp) tandem repeat. The -10 region of the putative pref-1 is part of a phage P1 c1 repressor recognition sequence. The first two ATG codons in the ref reading frame are, respectively, 90 and 216 bp downstream from the putative promoter-operator region. Deletion analysis indicated that translation can initiate at either ATG (although neither is associated with a canonical ribosome-binding sequence) and that the 42 amino acids in between are not indispensable for Ref stimulation of lac x lac recombination. However, the shorter reading frame appears to encode a less active polypeptide. The 91-bp leader region between the putative promoter-operator and the first ATG contains 30 codons in frame with the ref structural sequence, but its frame can be shifted without affecting Ref activity. The leader region ends with an apparent rho-independent termination sequence (attenuator). Deletion of 18 bp of early leader sequence drastically reduced Ref activity, even when ref was driven by a heterologous promoter (plac). An 8-bp internal deletion in the putative attenuator sequence relieved this requirement for the early leader sequence. This latter observation, along with nucleotide complementarity between portions of the early leader and attenuator sequences, are consistent with preemption of attenuation by the early leader.
Lung inflammation and fibrosis: an alveolar macrophage-centered perspective from the 1970s to 1980s.

The alveolar inflammatory reaction, important for amplifying host defenses in the lungs, is in part under the cellular control of the pulmonary alveolar macrophage, which can initiate and modulate the reaction. A chronic, poorly regulated reaction can cause tissue dysfunction including fibrosis. This historical perspective will review the efferent function of alveolar macrophages that elicits inflammation through secretion of several chemokines, examining how some of these were identified from normal macrophages, and later investigated in lung fibrosis, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The focus is on two chemokines: interleukin-8 (IL-8) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4).
Combination of cyclosporine and splene-ctomy suppresses interleukin-6 production and major histocompatibility complex class II expression and prolongs cardiac xenograft survival

Although untreated Lewis rat recipients will reject a transplanted hamster heart in 3 days, accommodation of heart xenografts can be induced by treatment with cyclosporine and splenectomy, improving graft survival to greater than 50 days. Both humoral and cellular arms of the immune system may be involved in the mechanisms responsible for the prolongation of graft survival. Our objective was to study the impact of cyclosporine and splenectomy on the deposition of antibodies, complement, or both within the graft. We also compared the cellular component of inflammation in treated recipients with that in untreated controls. Inbred male Lewis rats given cyclosporine 15 mg/kg per day were splenectomized 2 days after they had received heterotopic heart transplants from Golden Syrian hamsters. Recipients of syngeneic grafts or untreated xenografts served as controls. Plasma interleukin-6 activity was measured in a standard proliferation assay with 7TD1 hybridoma cells. Deposition of immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, and complement in heart tissue was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Cells infiltrating the graft that expressed major histocompatibility complex class II antigens were identified by immunohistochemical staining with 0X6 antibodies. In xenograft recipients receiving immunosuppression, interleukin-6 activity, immunoglobulin M and complement deposition were significantly reduced, graft infiltration was mild, and cardiac function was good compared with the results in those without treatment 3 and 10 days after implantation. Inflammatory cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II antigens were significantly reduced in immunosuppressed xenograft recipients (2.8 ± 0.4 cells/high power field) compared with those in xenogeneic controls (9.5 ± 0.6 cells/high power field; p
/sup 10/B+ /sup 13/C and /sup 11/B+ /sup 12/C reactions from 4 to 9 MeV/nucleon

Reaction products arising from the interaction of $^{11}$B${+\mathrm{}}^{12}$C and $^{10}$B${+\mathrm{}}^{13}$C have been studied in the energy range 4${E}_{\mathrm{lab}(\mathrm{B})9}$ MeV/nucleon. From the total fusion cross sections for the two entrance channels, the critical angular momenta have been extracted and then compared as a function of compound nucleus excitation energy. Even though a limitation in the fusion cross section was observed, no common limitation was found in the critical angular momenta for these two systems up to at least a $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ excitation energy of 60 MeV. Above this excitation energy, the experimental uncertainties make this point less clear. Up to an excitation energy of 60 MeV in $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$, a fusion limitation based on reaching a critical density of compound nucleus states like the yrast or ``statistical'' yrast line cannot be responsible for the fusion cross section limitations observed for these entrance channels. The present data suggest that competing entrance channel processes are responsible for the observed fusion cross section limitations.
Ultra-early evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in severely head-injured patients using xenon-enhanced computerized tomography

The role of cerebral ischemia in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury is unclear. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements with 133Xe have thus far revealed ischemia in a substantial number of patients only when performed between 4 and 12 hours postinjury. But these studies cannot be performed sooner after injury, they cannot be done in patients with intracranial hematomas still in place, and they cannot detect focal ischemia. Therefore, the authors performed CBF measurements in 35 comatose head-injured patients using stable xenon-enhanced computerized tomography (CT), simultaneously with the initial CT scan (at a mean (+/- standard error of the mean) interval of 3.1 +/- 2.1 hours after injury). Seven patients with diffuse cerebral swelling had significantly lower flows in all brain regions measured as compared to patients without swelling or with focal contusions; in four of the seven, cerebral ischemia (CBF less than or equal to 18 ml/100 gm.min-1) was present. Acute intracranial hematomas were associated with decreased CBF and regional ischemia in the ipsilateral hemisphere, but did not disproportionately impair brain-stem blood flow. Overall, global or regional ischemia was found in 11 patients (31.4%). There was no correlation between the presence of hypoxia or hypertension before resuscitation and the occurrence of ischemia, neither could ischemia be attributed to low pCO2. Ischemia was significantly associated with early mortality (p less than 0.02), whereas normal or high CBF values were not predictive of favorable short-term outcome. These data support the hypothesis that ischemia is an important secondary injury mechanism after traumatic brain injury, and that trauma may share pathophysiological mechanisms with stroke in a large number of cases; this may have important implications for the use of hyperventilation and antihypertensive drugs in the acute management of severely head-injured patients, and may lead to testing of drugs that are effective or have shown promise in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
A modeling framework for second law analysis of low-temperature combustion engines:

Low-temperature combustion has shown the potential to provide solutions for future clean and efficient powertrain systems. Traditional approaches using the first law of thermodynamics have been established for describing energy flows within engine systems and comparing losses between low-temperature and traditional combustion modes. An augmented approach, using the second law of thermodynamics, can be utilized to gain insight into the exergy flows within the system and thus identify areas of irreversibilities and inefficiencies. The present article aims at introducing the required framework for the second law analysis of low-temperature combustion concepts and demonstrating its application to boosted homogeneous charge compression ignition engines. The framework consists of a combination of the first law and second law expressions combined with the University of Michigan homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion model and was applied on a modeled light-duty four-cylinder boosted homogeneous charg...
Output Feedback Reset Control of General MIMO LTI Systems

This paper presents a systematic Lyapunov-based approach for output-feedback reset control of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems with a general multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The reset controller consists of a base linear controller and a reset law that enforces resets to the controller states. Based on the extended Lyapunov-like function (ELF) technique, the reset controller with guaranteed exponential stability and weighted L 2 -gain performance is synthesized by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) with linear search over two scalar variables. A numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Implementing a Childhood Obesity Prevention Coalition in a Tribal Community in the Southwest

This study examines how a community coalition strategy for childhood obesity prevention was implemented through Healthy Kids Tribal Community (HKTC) in an American Indian community in the rural southwest. HKTC conceptualized health promotion using indigenous epistemology connecting past, present, and future. HKTC has been able to engage people in the community using a novel approach that integrates message framing and prevention strategies with local cultural meanings, language, and symbols. These innovations affected the implementation and outcomes of the initiative. The experience of implementing a childhood obesity coalition in a tribal context provides unique insights for understanding how community members can effectively adapt and "culturally situate" imported strategies to be meaningful for implementation in a small, relatively cohesive community. However, lack of funding and participation challenges remain obstacles to greater integration and coordination of HKTC within the tribal community.
Students' Contribution to Their College Costs and Intellectual Development.

This study examines the relationship between college students' development in maturity and intellectual development with their degree of fiscal responsibility for their expenses during college. Two hundred seventy-six seniors or 64% of a sample of 431 freshmen were retested with the Perceived Self Questionnaire (PSQ) or the Scale of Intellectual Development (SID). Controlling for freshmen's PSQ or SID levels, seniors who financed at least 75% of their college education were less dualistic or rigid in their thinking, were more committed to their life's goals, had a firmer sense of direction and stability, and had a greater ability at expressing their values and thoughts than seniors who did not contribute toward their college expenses.
End-stage renal disease due to polyomavirus in a cardiac transplant patient

Background A 51-year-old male orthotopic cardiac transplant recipient experienced a prolonged rejection episode immediately after transplantation. Three years and 5 months after transplantation, he presented with lower extremity swelling; at this presentation, the patient's serum creatinine level was 345 µmol/l (3.9 mg/dl), his urinalysis was trace positive for both protein and blood, the urinary sediment had no casts and his 24-hour urine collection showed 750 mg protein. The patient's renal function deteriorated over the next month, with his serum creatinine level reaching a peak of 530 µmol/l (6 mg/dl). He died 4 years and 3 months after transplantation as a result of an arrhythmia. Investigations Physical examination, urine and blood analyses, ultrasound-guided renal biopsy and autopsy. Diagnosis Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy with the development of end-stage renal disease. Management Adjustment of immunosuppressive therapy and initiation of hemodialysis.
Optical absorption in heavily doped silicon

Optical-absorption measurements at 300 and 4 K on a series of heavily doped Si:As and Si:B samples are reported. The interband contribution is isolated and confronted with the predictions of an electron-gas calculation. Disorder effects are observed and impurity-derived states are found to play a significant role, invalidating the electron-gas model at concentrations lower than ${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The gap shrinkage follows a critical behavior, going to zero at the insulator-metal transition and varying approximately linearly with concentration at high doping. The discrepancy between device-based and optical determinations of the gap shrinkage is discussed.
Distinct Frequency-Dependent Regulation of Nerve Terminal Excitability and Synaptic Transmission by IA and IK Potassium Channels Revealed by Drosophila Shaker and Shab Mutations

Regulation of synaptic efficacy by nerve terminal excitability has not been extensively studied. We performed genetic and pharmacological dissections for presynaptic actions of K+ channels in Drosophila neuromuscular transmission by using electrophysiological and optical imaging techniques. Current understanding of the roles of the Shab IK channel and its mammalian Kv2 counterparts is relatively poor, as compared with that for Shaker IA channels and their Kv1 homologues. Our results revealed the striking effect of Shab mutations during high-frequency synaptic activity, as well as a functional division in synaptic regulation between the Shaker and Shab channels. Shaker channels control the basal level of release, indicated by a response to single nerve stimulation, whereas Shab channels regulate repetitive synaptic activities. These observations highlight the crucial control of nerve terminal excitability by Shaker and Shab channels to confer temporal patterns of synaptic transmission and suggest the potential participation of these channels, along with the transmitter release machinery, in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.
The Structure and Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Bone

Compact bone can be modeled as a complex hierarchical composite interrelating both structure and material properties on four levels of structural organization: molecular, ultrastructural, microscopic, and macroscopic.