cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The current status of electrical stimulation of the nervous system for the relief of chronic pain

Neuroaugmentation techniques have been in common use for nearly 30 years. Spinal stimulation is the most important treatment mode for many patients with failed back syndrome. Stimulation can replace or supplement reoperation. Stimulation has been shown to be useful in many other chronic pain states and deserves wider application. However, it is not a technique to be used casually. Effective use requires a thorough understanding of the pain states to be treated, appreciation of the comorbidities that accompany chronic pain, an infrastructure to support the patient and the surgeon, and a dedication to lifelong care for the patient with the implant. All of these mean that patients are better handled by a few dedicated individuals than by wide dispersion of the technique among neurosurgeons who see only a few such patients each year. Peripheral nerve stimulation is very effective, but the number of potential candidates is small. Brain stimulation remains investigative and has not yet found a clearly defined place in pain management. If these techniques are to continue to evolve, more basic research on the mechanisms of action will be necessary if efficacy is to be improved. Most of the research to date has been in clinical efficacy. Defining the mechanisms of action will be the next important step.
Steel containment buckling

Abstract Two aspects of buckling of a free-standing nuclear steel containment building were investigated in a combined experimental and analytical program. In the first part of the study, the response of a scale model of a containment building to dynamic base excitation is investigated. A simple harmonic signal was used for preliminary studies followed by experiments with scaled earthquake signals as the excitation source. The experiments and accompanying analyses indicate that the scale model response to earthquake-type excitations is very complex and that current analytical methods may require that a dynamic capacity reduction factor be incorporated. The second part of the study quantified the effects of framing at large penetrations on the static buckling capacity of scale model containments. Results show little effect from the framing for the scale models constructed from the polycarbonate, Lexan. However, additional studies with a model constructed of the prototypic steel material are recommended.
Preservice Preparation of Special Educators to Serve Infants with Handicaps and Their Families: Current Status and Training Needs:

The rapid increase in services for infants with handicaps and their famiies has heightened the need for qualified special education professionals. This article reports the results of a telephone survey to a random sample of preservice training programs, a mail survey sent to programs with an infancy or early childhood focus, and a working conference with leaders in infant personnel preparation. The purpose of those activities was to determine the current status of preparing special educators to work with infants and toddlers with handicaps, as well as with their families, and to identify current needs for training materials and curricula associated with that effort. Results indicated that typical students receive very little content related to infants or families in either undergraduate or graduate special education. Substantially more coverage was found in programs specializing in infancy or early childhood; furthermore, programs with an infancy focus (0-3 years) had more infancy coverage than did progra...
CASE STUDY: Tissue and Blood Selenium Concentrations and Performance of Beef Calves from Dams Receiving Different Forms of Selenium Supplementation12

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of different sources and forms of supplemental Se for beef cows on Se concentrations in their calves. Forty-three Angus cows, 115 to 130 d of gestation, were randomly assigned to receive no Se supplementation (control), one 9-mL injection of barium selenate, a 5-mL injection of sodium selenite every 4 mo, or free-choice minerals containing 26 mg of Se/kg as sodium selenite or Se yeast in addition to pasture. Blood Se was determined at 0 (birth), 30, 90, and 205 d of age. Liver biopsy was performed on all calves at d 205. At birth, blood Se was adequate (>100 μg of Se/L) for all treatments. At d 30 and 90, control, both injectable products, and free-choice selenite treatments produced blood Se in or near adequacy (mean = 82 μg of Se/L), and Se yeast increased blood Se well above adequate at 166 and 182 μg of Se/L for d 30 and d 90, respectively. At 180 d, blood Se concentrations for calves of dams subject to control and injectable treatments were deficient (
Mortality after fracture of the hip in patients who have end-stage renal disease

Thirteen fractures of the hip in twelve patients who had end-stage renal disease were treated over a ten-year period; these injuries included one intertrochanteric fracture, seven non-displaced fractures of the femoral neck, and five displaced fractures of the femoral neck. Twelve of the thirteen fractures were treated with an operation. Six patients (who had a total of six fractures) died within one year after the fracture. Two patients died as the result of sepsis related to the wound; the other four deaths were not directly related to the operation. Although the mortality rate in this group of patients was higher than that in a group of matched patients who had a fracture of the hip but who did not have end-stage renal disease, we were not able to demonstrate that this difference was significant, perhaps because of the small size of the sample. The mortality rate in these twelve patients was significantly higher, however, than that in matched patients who had end-stage renal disease but who did not have a fracture of the hip (p = 0.01).
What's in a name? The Columbia (Paleopangaea/Nuna) supercontinent

article Supercontinents play an important role in Earth's history. The exact definition of what constitutes a super- continent is difficult to establish. Here the argument is made, using Pangaea as a model, that any superconti- nent should include ~75% of the preserved continental crust relevant to the time of maximum packing. As an example, Rodinia reached maximum packing at about 1.0 Ga and therefore should include 75% of all conti- nental crust older than 1.0 Ga. In attempting to 'name' any supercontinent, there is a clear precedent for models that provide a name along with a testable reconstruction within a reasonable temporal framework. Both Pangaea and Rodinia are near universally accepted names for the late Paleozoic and Neoproterozoic su- percontinent respectively; however, there is a recent push to change the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic superconti- nent moniker from "Columbia" to "Nuna". A careful examination of the "Nuna" and "Columbia" proposals reveals that although the term "Nuna" was published prior to "Columbia", the "Nuna" proposal is a bit nebu- lous in terms of the constitution of the giant continent. Details of "Nuna" given in the original manuscript ap- pear to be principally based on previously published connections between Laurentia, Baltica and, to a lesser extent the Angara craton of Siberia (i.e. "the lands bordering the northern oceans"). Therefore the proposal is made that "Columbia" consists of several core elements one of which is "Nuna".
Expectations in Austrian Business Cycle Theory: Market Share Matters

One of the most important objections to the Mises-Hayek business cycle theory is the rational expectations critique. The debate between supporters and critics of the Mises-Hayek theory has not paid sufficient attention to the problem of differences in expectations and the market share in the allocation of production factors. I represent financially the effects that occur under the Austrian business cycle theory in the market of production factors as well as how economic imbalances occur when a central bank follows an expansionary policy and entrepreneurs have different expectations.
The “private function” of gesture in second language speaking activity: a study of motion verbs and gesturing in English and Spanish

This article examines Slobin's concept of thinking for speaking (TFS) in the gesture/speech interface of advanced L2 speakers of English and Spanish. The focus is on the use of motion verbs in the respective languages. English, a satellite-framed language, encodes manner of motion in the verb and indicates path of motion on satellite phrases (e.g. The frog leaped out of the boy's pocket). Spanish, a verb-framed language, encodes path, and only rarely manner of motion, in the verb. If manner is encoded at all, it is done either through lexical phrases (e.g. Tarzan salto de liana a liana‘Tarzan jumped from vine to vine’) or gesture. Using McNeill's notion of growth point, the study suggests that L2 speakers, even at advanced levels, have difficulties manifesting L2 TFS patterns and continue to rely on the patterns internalized in their L1. Shifting from an L1 to an L2 TFS is particularly vexing for the L1 English speakers, because their L1 is richly endowed with manner verbs, while Spanish, their L2, is not. Spanish L1 speakers in L2 English, on the other hand, can rely on the English equivalents of basic manner verbs in Spanish. The analysis also suggests the need for reconsidering how manner verbs are categorized.
Seeding method influences warm-season grass abundance and distribution but not local diversity in grassland restoration.

Ecological theory predicts that the arrangement of seedlings in newly restored communities may influence future species diversity and composition. We test the prediction that smaller distances between neighboring seeds in drill seeded grassland plantings would result in lower species diversity, greater weed abundance, and larger conspecific patch sizes than otherwise similar broadcast seeded plantings. A diverse grassland seed mix was either drill seeded, which places seeds in equally spaced rows, or broadcast seeded, which spreads seeds across the ground surface, into 24 plots in each of three sites in 2005. In summer 2007, we measured species abundance in a 1 m 2 quadrat in each plot and mapped common species within the quadrat by recording the most abundant species in each of 64 cells. Quadrat-scale diversity and weed abundance were similar between drilled and broadcast plots, suggesting that processes that limited establishment and controlled invasion were not affected by such fine-scale seed distribution. However, native warm-season (C4) grasses were more abundant and occurred in less compact patches in drilled plots. This difference in C4 grass abundance and distribution may result from increased germination or vegetative propagation of C4 grasses in drilled plots. Our findings suggest that local plant density may control fine-scale heterogeneity and species composition in restored grasslands, processes that need to be further investigated to determine whether seed distributions can be manipulated to increase diversity in restored grasslands.
Vertebral fractures in two alpaca crias with rickets syndrome.

Case report Two dark-coloured alpaca crias aged 5 and 5.5 months, respectively, born in September in the Pacific Northwest, USA, were presented for evaluation of acute recumbency. Both crias had cervical spine fractures and one had additional fractures in other locations within the spine. Both crias had valgus deformities of the forelimbs and one had similar deformities of the hindlimbs. Both crias showed characteristic radiological signs of rickets syndrome, including wide, irregular physes, cupping of the metaphyses, bowing of long bones, pathological fractures and enlarged costochondral junctions. One cria responded clinically to treatment with parenteral administration of vitamin D. The other cria was euthanased because of the multiple spinal fractures and postmortem examination supported the diagnosis of rickets syndrome. Conclusions Hypovitaminosis D is associated with abnormal bone formation in young growing animals. The clinical and laboratory findings of rickets syndrome in camelids in the Pacific Northwest, and other regions with low annual sunlight exposure, have been described, although there are only few reports of the radiological signs associated with this condition in camelids and other animals. Additionally, vertebral fractures have not been previously reported in animals with rickets syndrome. Because vertebral fractures were identified in both crias in this report, it suggests that this is a common and clinically important manifestation of the disease in alpaca crias. Hence, in geographic regions with low sunlight exposure, rickets syndrome should be considered as a differential diagnosis in crias presenting with clinical signs consistent with vertebral fracture.
Roaming honeypots for mitigating service-level denial-of-service attacks

Honeypots have been proposed to act as traps for malicious attackers. However, because of their deployment at fixed (thus detectable) locations and on machines other than the ones they are supposed to protect, honeypots can be avoided by sophisticated attacks. We propose roaming honeypots, a mechanism that allows the locations of honeypots to be unpredictable, continuously changing, and disguised within a server pool. A (continuously changing) subset of the servers is active and providing service, while the rest of the server pool is idle and acting as honeypots. We utilize our roaming honeypots scheme to mitigate the effects of service-level DoS attacks, in which many attack machines acquire service from a victim server at a high rate, against back-end servers of private services. The roaming honeypots scheme detects and filters attack traffic from outside a firewall (external attacks), and also mitigates attacks from behind a firewall (internal attacks) by dropping all connections when a server switches from acting as a honeypot into being active. Through ns-2 simulations, we show the effectiveness of our roaming honeypots scheme. In particular, against external attacks, our roaming honeypots scheme provides service response time that is independent of attack load for a fixed number of attack machines.
The Liberalism of Fear and the Counterrevolutionary Project

Much of Catherine Lu's response resonates in tone and substance with my article. Like me, Lu speaks in the language of moral psychology and relies heavily on the later work of that preeminent moral psychologist among liberal theorists, Judith Shklar. She agrees, moreover, with both Shklar and me that victimhood (and the fear it produces) is morally damaging more often than not, and that the recent literature on human rights, which focuses on the relation of victim and perpetrator, tends to let the beneficiaries of systemic injustice off the hook. Lu and I, thus, share much common ground that other respondents might have contested, and I am grateful that her perceptive criticisms focus on points within my argument that I am pleased to elaborate.
Know Thyself and Become What You are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being

In an effort to strengthen conceptual foundations of eudaimonic well-being, key messages from Aristotle’s Nichomacean Ethics are revisited. Also examined are ideas about positive human functioning from existential and utilitarian philosophy as well as clinical, developmental, and humanistic psychology. How these perspectives were integrated to create a multidimensional model of psychological well-being [Ryff, C.D.: 1989a, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57(6), pp. 1069–1081] is described, and empirical evidence supporting the factorial validity of the model is briefly noted. Life course and socioeconomic correlates of well-being are examined to underscore the point that opportunities for eudaimonic well-being are not equally distributed. Biological correlates (cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, immune) of psychological well-being are also briefly noted as they suggest possible health benefits associated with living a life rich in purpose and meaning, continued growth, and quality ties to others. We conclude with future challenges in carrying the eudaimonic vision forward.
Optimal surgical treatment of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast.

Background: The roles of breast conservation and surgical evaluation of the contralateral breast in the treatment of lobular carcinoma of the breast remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare local recurrence, 5-year survival, and incidence of contralateral breast cancer in women with lobular carcinoma to that in women with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Methods: Women with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular breast carcinoma (ILC) diagnosed during the years 1984 to 1994 were identified through a statewide tumor registry. The women were divided into groups based on their histology and treatment (breast conservation or modified radical mastectomy). The incidences of contralateral breast cancer, local recurrence, and 5-year survival were compared within each histologic group and treatment category. Results: During the period 1984 to 1994, 4886 women were diagnosed with invasive lobular or ductal breast carcinoma. Of these, 316 (6.5%) had infiltrating lobular cancer. The 5-year survival rates were 68% and 71% for ILC and IDC, respectively (p=0.5). The local recurrence rates were 2.8% and 4.3% for ILC treated with lumpectomy and axillary nodal dissection (LAND) and modified radical mastectomy (MRM), respectively, which were not significantly different from that obtained with IDC (LAND=2.5%, MRM=2.1%). The incidence of contralateral breast cancer during the period was 6.6% and 6.5% for ILC and IDC, respectively. Conclusions: Invasive lobular carcinoma can be safely treated with breast conservation with no difference in local recurrence or survival. In the absence of a suspicious finding on clinical or radiologic examination, routine contralateral breast intervention is not recommended.
A Nanoscale Memory Interface Scheme based on Hierarchical Memory Mapping

This paper presents a nanoscale to microscale interface for crossbar based memory architectures based on multi-stage memory mappers. By designing each stage carefully and by adding sufficient number of stages the total interface module size can be reduced to a size that is 3% to 5% the size of a one-stage mapper implemented in microscale. Thus most of the area advantage in using nanoscale memories can be retained. This architecture is also technology-independent and fault-tolerant. We have developed a model which relates the various design parameters to the size of the interface module and examined these design issues in depth.
Maximizing throughput in wireless networks via gossiping

A major challenge in the design of wireless networks is the need for distributed scheduling algorithms that will efficiently share the common spectrum. Recently, a few distributed algorithms for networks in which a node can converse with at most a single neighbor at a time have been presented. These algorithms guarantee 50% of the maximum possible throughput. We present the first distributed scheduling framework that guarantees maximum throughput. It is based on a combination of a distributed matching algorithm and an algorithm that compares and merges successive matching solutions. The comparison can be done by a deterministic algorithm or by randomized gossip algorithms. In the latter case, the comparison may be inaccurate. Yet, we show that if the matching and gossip algorithms satisfy simple conditions related to their performance and to the inaccuracy of the comparison (respectively), the framework attains the desired throughput.It is shown that the complexities of our algorithms, that achieve nearly 100% throughput, are comparable to those of the algorithms that achieve 50% throughput. Finally, we discuss extensions to general interference models. Even for such models, the framework provides a simple distributed throughput optimal algorithm.
Isolation, Identification, and Quantitation of 2-Ethyl-2-Phenylmalondiamide, A Primidone Metabolite

A new analytical method for 2-ethyl-2-phenylmalondlamlde (PEMA), a primidone metabolite, is reported. The combined use of computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allows positive Identification. Off-line mass fragmentography yields rapid quantltation using phenobarbital as an internal standard. The preparation of PEMA from phenobarbital |a described. Solubility and spectral data such as UV, IR, NMR, El-MS and CI-MS are shown. Clinical blood levels of PEMA are investigated and two fatal cases involving PEMA are reported.
RESIDUAL NITRITE AND TOTAL MICROBIAL PLATE COUNTS OF HAMS AS INFLUENCED BY TUMBLING AND FOUR INGOING NITRITE LEVELS

The effects of tumbling and ingoing nitrite levels on residual nitrite and on surface and subsurface total plate counts were evaluated in defatted, cured hams. Total microbial counts of tissue obtained during the tumbling process and following cooking were not affected by tumbling. Hams with each of the three nonzero levels of nitrite had counts, prior to cooking, which were consistently lower than those for hams with no added nitrite. Residual nitrite in hams tumbled intermittently for 18 hr was significantly lower than in non-tumbled hams. Following cooking this difference in residual nitrite still existed, but was not significant.
TRPV1 is a novel target for omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids are essential for proper neuronal function, and they possess prominent analgesic properties, yet their underlying signalling mechanisms are unclear. Here we show that n-3 fatty acids interact directly with TRPV1, an ion channel expressed in nociceptive neurones and brain. These fatty acids activate TRPV1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, enhance responses to extracellular protons, and displace binding of the ultrapotent TRPV1 ligand [3H]resiniferatoxin. In contrast to their agonistic properties, n-3 fatty acids competitively inhibit the responses of vanilloid agonists. These actions occur in mammalian cells in the physiological concentration range of 1–10 μm. Significantly, docosahexaenoic acid exhibits the greatest efficacy as an agonist, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid and linolenic acid are markedly more effective inhibitors. Similarly, eicosapentaenoic acid but not docosahexaenoic acid profoundly reduces capsaicin-evoked pain-related behaviour in mice. These effects are independent of alterations in membrane elasticity because the micelle-forming detergent Triton X-100 only minimally affects TRPV1 properties. Thus, n-3 fatty acids differentially regulate TRPV1 and this form of signalling may contribute to their biological effects. Further, these results suggest that dietary supplementation with selective n-3 fatty acids would be most beneficial for the treatment of pain.
Immunoreactive insulin levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of genetically obese Zucker rats

Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations were measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of four-month old genetically obese Zucker rats, their heterozygote lean littermates, and age-matched normal-weight Wistar rats. Basal plasma IRI was 201 + 35 microU/ml (means +/- SEM) in the obese animals and was significantly elevated compared to both lean Zucker rats (18 +/- 2.4 microU/ml, P less than 0.001) and Wistar rats (12 +/- 2.4 microU/ml, P less than 0.001). The mean CSF IRI concentration of fasted obese Zucker rats was 1.59 +/- 0.19 microU/ml; this was significantly higher than the CSF IRI level of either fasted Zucker lean rats (0.31 +/- 0.08 microU/ml, P less than 0.001) or Wistar rats (0.34 +/- 0.12 microU/ml, P less than 0.001). Plasma and CSF IRI concentrations were increased in free-feeding as compared with fasted animals. These data provide evidence that endogenous CSF insulin is derived from circulating plasma insulin in the rat and suggest that the hyperphagia and obesity of the Zucker fatty rat are not due to an inability of circulating insulin to gain access to the CSF.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Policy offers protection from harassment” by Marcia McNutt”]

I certainly agree with the second paragraph of the accompanying reply. I cringe when a friend says that he would have liked to comment on a female colleague's stunning blue jacket, but feared that his compliment would be misinterpreted. Or when an AGU member hesitates to walk his female dinner companion back to her hotel for fear that she would resent being considered a potential victim. I think that the entire country has lost its common sense when it comes to male/female issues. I hope my male coworkers will always feel comfortable offering to carry my new computer if I cannot lift it, and I hope that they will not be offended if I insist on actually wiring it up.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Multiphase Boron-Carbon-Silicon Ceramics

Specific compositions of boron-carbon-silicon ceramics exhibit improved abrasive wear and good thermal shock resistance, but require bulk sintering at temperatures in excess of 2100K. The formation of such phases by chemical vapor deposition was investigated in the temperature range of 1073–1573K. Methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3), boron trichloride, and methane were chosen as reactant gases, with hydrogen as a carrier gas and diluent. The coatings were deposited in a computer-controlled, hot-wall reactor at a pressure of 33 MPa (200 Torr). Below 1473K the coatings were amorphous. At higher temperatures non-equilibrium reactions controlled the deposition process. The most common coating consisted of a silicon carbide matrix and a silicon boride, SiB6, dispersed phase. Multiphase coatings of B+B4C+SiB6 and SiC+SiB6+SiB14 were also deposited by controlling the partial pressure of methane and boron trichloride. Non-equilibrium thermodynamic analysis qualitatively predicted the experimentally deposited multiphase coatings.
Abstract 639: Fructose Potently Stimulates NKCC2 Trafficking in rat Thick Ascending Limbs

Fructose consumption has increased dramatically in the last 30 years and is directly linked to the epidemic of obesity, type-2 diabetes and also hypertension. A moderately high fructose intake induces salt-sensitive hypertension and enhances urinary excretion of fructose. Despite the potential implications of fructose in renal salt handling, very little is known about its effect along the nephron. The thick ascending limb (TAL) reabsorbs 25% of filtered NaCl, primarily via the apical Na/K/2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2). Enhanced NKCC2 activity and trafficking is related to salt-sensitive hypertension in genetic animal models. Thus, we hypothesized that fructose acutely stimulate NKCC2 trafficking to the apical surface of TALs. To test this hypothesis we measured membrane and total NKCC2 expression as well as phosphorylation of NKCC2 at Ser126 and Thre96,101 in suspensions of rat TALs. We found that acute treatment (20 minutes) of TALs with fructose potently enhanced apical surface NKCC2 in a concentration-dependent manner (Baseline: 100%; fructose 1 mM= 122 ± 5%, fructose 5 mM= 49 ± 10%, fructose 10 mM = 201 ± 59%; p
High-mobility BaSnO3 grown by oxide molecular beam epitaxy

High-mobility perovskite BaSnO3 films are of significant interest as new wide bandgap semiconductors for power electronics, transparent conductors, and as high mobility channels for epitaxial integration with functional perovskites. Despite promising results for single crystals, high-mobility BaSnO3 films have been challenging to grow. Here, we demonstrate a modified oxide molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) approach, which supplies pre-oxidized SnOx. This technique addresses issues in the MBE of ternary stannates related to volatile SnO formation and enables growth of epitaxial, stoichiometric BaSnO3. We demonstrate room temperature electron mobilities of 150 cm2 V−1 s−1 in films grown on PrScO3. The results open up a wide range of opportunities for future electronic devices.
ELUCIDATION OF THE MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE REACTIVE METABOLITE DICLOFENAC ACYL GLUCURONIDE CAN MEDIATE TOXICITY

We have previously reported that mice lacking the efflux transporter Mrp3 had significant intestinal injury after toxic diclofenac (DCF) challenge, and proposed that diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DCF-AG), as a substrate of Mrp3, played a part in mediating injury. Since both humans and mice express the uptake transporter OATP2B1 in the intestines, OATP2B1 was characterized for DCF-AG uptake. In vitro assays using human embryonic kidney (HEK)-OATP2B1 cells demonstrated that DCF-AG was a substrate with a maximal velocity (Vmax) and Km of 17.6 ± 1.5 pmol/min per milligram and 14.3 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. Another key finding from our in vitro assays was that DCF-AG was more cytotoxic compared with DCF, and toxicity occurred within 1-3 hours of exposure. We also report that 1 mM DCF-AG caused a 6-fold increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 3 hours. Investigation of oxidative stress through inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) revealed that DCF-AG had 100% inhibition of SOD at the highest tested dose of 1 mM. The SOD and ROS results strongly suggest DCF-AG induced oxidative stress in vitro. Lastly, DCF-AG was screened for pharmacologic activity against COX-1 and COX-2 and was found to have IC50 values of 0.620 ± 0.105 and 2.91 ± 0.36 μM, respectively, which represents a novel finding. Since cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition can lead to intestinal ulceration, it is plausible that DCF-AG can also contribute to enteropathy via COX inhibition. Taken in context, the work presented herein demonstrated the multifactorial pathways by which DCF-AG can act as a direct contributor to toxicity following DCF administration.
Stem cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer: analysis of tumor contamination.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy, engraftment kinetics, effect of bone marrow tumor contamination, and safety of high-dose therapy and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) support for patients with responding metastatic breast cancer. Forty two patients underwent G-CSF (10 μg/kg) stimulated PBPC harvest. PBPC and bone marrow aspirates were analyzed by histologic and immunocytochemical methods for tumor contamination. Thirty-seven patients received high-dose therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide 6 g/m2, thiotepa 500 mg/m2, and carboplatin 800 mg/m2 (CTCb) given as an infusion over 4 d followed by PBPC reinfusion and G-CSF (5 μg/kg) support. No transplant related deaths or grade 4 toxicity was recorded. CD34+ cells/kg infused was predictive of neutrophil and platelet recovery. With a median follow-up of 38 months, three year survival was 44% with relapse-free survival of 19%. Histological bone marrow involvement, found in 10 patients, was a negative prognostic factor and was associated with a median relapse-free survival of 3.5 months. Tumor contamination of PBPC by immunohistochemical staining was present in 22.5% of patients and found not to be correlated with decreased survival. G-CSF stimulated PBPC collection followed by a single course of high dose chemotherapy and stem cell infusion with G-CSF stimulated marrow recovery leads to rapid, reliable engraftment with low toxicity and promising outcome in women with responding metastatic breast cancer.
Comparison of Directional Wave Data Quality from Two Different Monitoring Systems

A simple criterion was derived for evaluation and comparison of directional wave data quality from two underwater measuring systems - a point gage system consisting of a pressure transducer and a bi-axial current meter (PUV gage), and a slope array consisting of four pressure transducers. By using this criterion to the measured field data, it was demonstrated that directional wave data analyzed from PUV gage contain absolutely better quality than those from pressure array gages. Further examination of the pressure array data alone showed that the resolved directional wave quality was worser for long waves than short waves. However, the flaw of directional wave data quality from pressure array gages can be mended by forcing simple linear corrections on the analyzed directional data with a maximal tolerance to the criterion introduced in the present study.
Control of ducted fan aircraft using redundant effectors

Controllability and stability of ducted fan air vehicles is a challenging problem due to thei r complex nonlinear aerodynamics and dynamic behavior. At the same time, the combination of vanes and rotor pitch controls can provide unique control characteristics for these vehicles. A dynamic inversion controller is designed for a tandem ducted fan air vehicle to achieve desired response characteristics across the flight envelope. The controller includes an inner loop that controls the attitude and an outer loop that controls translational motion. In this study, it is desired for the vehicle to perfor m translational maneuvers with minimum pitch and roll angles. This is obtained by modifying the control mixing and the model inversion controller to use a combination of cyclic pitch and vanes to generate a lateral or longitudinal propulsive force. Simula tion results of the controller show that the use of vanes decreased the pitch and roll angles considerably for lateral and longitudinal translation maneuvers.
The Importance of Self-Sputtering by Low Energy Ions in Partially Ionized Beam Deposition

In ion-assisted deposition techniques such as partially ionized beam deposition, ions derived from the depositing material itself concurrently bombard the surface during thin film growth. The ion percentage in the deposition beam ranges from less than 0.1% to 100% (Ion Beam Deposition) with the ion energy varying between a few eV and several keV. When the sputtering yield of the self-sputtering is greater than one, there is a critical ion percentage, for a given ion energy, above which no net deposition can be obtained. The self-sputtering yield is shown to have a square root dependence on the ion energy above the threshold energy by fitting the experimental data obtained from the literature. The critical ion percentage for Al, Cu, Au, Ag, and C is then calculated and plotted as a function of the ion energy so that deposition and no-deposition regions are illustrated in terms of the ion energy and ion percentage.
Biosystematics of the Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) complex.

The validity of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, D. brevicomis Leconte, D. mexicanus Hopkins, D. vitei Wood, D. approximatus Dietz, and D. adjunctus Blandford as distinct species is supported by breeding experiments, karyology, male genitalia, and external morphology. The most recent synonymies proposed for this group, D. frontalis (= arizonicus Hopkins), D. brevicomis (= barberi Hopkins), and D. adjunctus (= convexifrons Hopkins), are corroborated. D. frontalis from several localities in the southeastern United States, Arizona, and Mexico produced fertile hybrids in all combinations tested. D. brevicomis from Arizona paired with beetles from California produced larvae readily. Pairings of D. mexicanus or D. brevicomis with D. frontalis produced no larvae. No breeding experiments were conducted with D. vitei , D. adjunctus , or D. approximatus . Karyotypes of all species were distinguishable by chromosome number, configuration of sex chromosomes, or size and centric position in autosomes. Male meiotic formulae were: D. frontalis , 7AA + XyP; D. mexicanus , 5AA + XyP; D. brevicomis and D. approximatus , 5AA + neo-XY; D. adjunctus 6AA + neo-XY. D. vitei was not studied cytologically. Seminal rods of male genitalia readily distinguished all species of the D. frontalis complex. Previously described details of the external morphology were insufficient to separate D. frontalis , D. mexicanus , and D. vitei with confidence. Mean pronotal widths differed significantly in all species comparisons except D. brevicomis vs. D. mexicanus . Under strong illumination, the pronotum and elytra of D. vitei were equally pigmented, whereas the elytra of D. frontalis and D. mexicanus were lighter than the pronotum. D. frontalis occurs at elevations of less than 2,000 m on east and west coastal-facing slopes of the Mexican Sierra Madre ranges where its key hosts are Pinus oocarpa and P. teocote. D. mexicanus occurs at 1,800–2,500 m in the central Mexican highlands and in semiarid forests of P. leiophylla and P. montezumae on interior slopes of the Sierra Ranges. The known range of D. vitei is extended to northeastern Mexico; its key host from Central America northward is P. pseudostrobus. D. frontalis apparently occurs frequently in association with D. vitei , but neither species was identified in association with D. mexicanus . The occurrence of D. mexicanus in Central America is not confirmed.
Test Performance and Rated Economic Status of Individual School Communities: An Exploratory Study:

Average family income was used in categorizing individual metropolitan school communities: “lower,” below $3500; “middle,” $3500 to $6500; “upper,” above $6500. Mean performance on the Metropolitan Achievement Test (Grades 1-8), the Essential High School Content Battery (Grade 10), and the Differential Aptitude Test (Grades 9 and 11) was positively related to economic status for both all-white and all-Negro schools in a city school system (Nashville, Tenn.) and in a surrounding county school system (Davidson County, Tenn.) with both suburban and semi-rural school communities.
Structure and Lipid Binding Preferences of the Alternatively Translated Region of PTEN-Long

PTEN-Long is a 576-amino acid translational variant of phosphatase and tension homolog on chromosome ten (PTEN), a tumor suppressor gene and antagonist to phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling.PTEN-Long (PTEN-L) exhibits an alternative translation region (ATR) with additional 173 N-terminal amino acids to the normal PTEN open reading frame.Several studies have demonstrated that PTEN-Long is secreted from cells, can exist outside the cell and can enter other cells via a yet to be determined mechanism. PTEN-L may have therapeutic uses by restoring a functional tumor suppressor protein to tumor cells. A computational analysis reported that the N-terminal ATR part of PTEN-L is largely unstructured and has the potential to interact with a variety of proteins. The ATR region of PTEN-L is evolutionary conserved and contains a polyarginine stretch with homology to cell permeable peptides. Using CD and FTIR spectroscopy, we confirmed that the ATR region of PTEN-L is intrinsically disordered. It is not very well understood if PTEN-L ATR shares the same protein-protein, protein-lipid activity and mechanism of regulation as normal PTEN. Our FTIR studies with lipid mixtures of PC, PS, and PI(4,5)P2 did not reveal an observable structural change to PTEN-L ATR upon lipid binding. We are currently delineating the lipid binding preferences of the ATR part of PTEN-L as well as the full-length protein.
Corporate governance following mass privatization

Abstract Using vouchers to privatize state-owned firms was an innovative but controversial aspect of transition. In the Czech Republic, voucher privatization created a large group of minority shareholders who coexisted with large shareholder–managers who controlled firms. Critics allege that the structure of shareholdings and regulatory failures allowed pervasive theft of corporate assets, much of it financed by irresponsible bank lending, and led to a financial crisis and an economic downturn. I argue that neither anecdotal evidence of managerial malfeasance nor the theories of tunneling and looting provide strong evidence for this view of corporate governance in the Czech Republic. A lack of small shareholder protection seems to have imposed small costs on the economy, and it may have facilitated rather than hampered the restructuring of firms.
Determining Dredge-Induced Turbidity and Sediment Plume Settling within an Intracoastal Waterway System

ABSTRACT Wang, P. and Beck, T.M., 2017. Determining dredge-induced turbidity and sediment plume settling within an intracoastal waterway system. The intracoastal waterway (IWW) is a continuous navigation channel that often extends across seagrass beds and other sensitive habitats throughout the Gulf and Atlantic Coast estuaries of the United States. Turbidity increase associated with an IWW dredging operation in west-central Florida and subsequent dredge plume subsidence were measured with optical backscatter sensors and acoustic Doppler velocimeters, which also measured in situ wave and current conditions. The field experiments were conducted over a dense seagrass bed. Sediment in the study area is dominantly composed of fine, well-sorted quartz sand, typical of Florida estuaries. The dredge plume temporally increased the turbidity to more than 400 mg/L around a midwater depth. The settling of the dredge plume and sediment resuspension were calculated with commonly used empirical formulas for noncohesive...
Outcomes of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) treated with reirradiation (RRT) at Mayo Clinic.

6064 Background: RRT is offered as definitive (DRRT) or post-operative (PRRT) treatment for patients (pts) with loco-regionally recurrent (LRR) or new primary (NP) HNSCC in previously irradiated vo...
The Study of Nonfluency

As discussed in Chapter 1, stuttering is manifested as a unique disturbance in the forward movement, or continuity, of speech—a disturbance in fluency.
Sleep Loss, Jet Lag, and Shift Work*

The evolution of industrial society has been associated with major changes in the behavioral control of the sleep–wake cycle and in the environmental light–dark cycle. The availability of electrical lighting has made extended activity hours and around-the-clock operations possible. Misalignments among endogenous circadian rhythms, sleep–wake cycle, and light–dark cycle are highly prevalent in the working population and also affect millions of travelers who use rapid air transportation across time zones. While it is the common perception that sleep loss, jet lag, and shift work are stressful, there are remarkably few studies of either subjective or objective markers of stress in these conditions.
Thoracoscopic Resection of Large Thymic Cyst Extending into the Left Neck

Abstract Introduction: This video shows a total thoracoscopic resection of a large thymic cyst extending into the left neck in a 15-month-old boy. Materials and Methods: Our patient was found to ha...
Morphologic features of chronic rejection in kidney and less commonly transplanted organs.

Chronic rejection is characterized by morphological evidence of destruction of the transplanted organ. The injury to the organ is associated with collagenization of variable degree. The destruction and fibrosis of the organ is probably the result of 1) direct alloimmune cytotoxic injury (i.e., acute and/or ongoing rejection) of the organ tissue, and 2) end-organ ischemic injury secondary to fibroproliferative endarteritis (i.e., chronic vascular rejection). The cardinal morphological feature of chronic rejection in all allografts is fibroproliferative endarteritis, which is characterized by widening of the subendothelial space due to a cellular fibrosis which may have an onion-skin appearance with a PAS or silver stain. Macrophages with foamy cytoplasm and lymphocytes may be present in this fibrotic tissue. The smooth muscle wall may show foci of fibrosis as well, if involved by previous necrotizing rejection. These features are commonly found in needle core biopsies of kidney allografts and may involve the interlobular, arcuate, and interlobar arteries. They are less commonly found in pancreatic needle biopsies, and only rarely in hepatic and pulmonary allograft biopsies, rendering the diagnosis of chronic rejection often difficult to establish. Though the vascular lesions may not be apparent in biopsies, they are typically found in explanted organs where larger vessels can be examined. Thus, the diagnosis of chronic rejection may rest upon other and in some instances less specific abnormalities, usually ischemic in origin due to vascular lesions and consequent decreased perfusion of the graft.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MOUSE ALLOANTIBODIES WHICH BLOCK CML BY REACTING WITH KILLER CELLS

ABSTRACT In an attempt to produce alloantibodies to T cell receptors, hyperimmune anti-lymphocyte sera raised in mice of various strain combinations have been tested for their ability to block allogeneic CML in the absence of complement at the T killer cell level. Although most of the sera failed to show significant inhibitory effects, some C3H anti-B10.BR antisera were found to be capable of significantly inhibiting CML. This effect was attributable to antibodies reacting with the killer population rather than the target cells, since the sera inhibited B10 anti-C3H CML but not C3H anti-B1O CML. Among mouse strains tested, sensitivity of killer cells to the inhibitory effect correlated well with the strain distribution of the Lyt-2.2 antigen. In order to study the relationship between the antigen(s) responsible for the blocking effect and Lyt-2 -linked genes as well as Igh-C -linked genes, killer cells from Lyt-2 congenic and Ig congenic strains were tested. Among B6, B6.Ly2.1, C3H.SW and CWB strains, only the B6 strain was significantly sensitive despite the fact that in the presence of complement the same sera were toxic to >98% of 5 day in vitro sensitized cells of B6 and B6.Ly2.1 strains with comparable titers. These results indicate that the target molecules reactive with the blocking antibodies are encoded by genes linked to or identical with Lyt-2 , and that coating killer cells with antibodies of other specificities does not affect the killer cell functions.
Prognostic significance of geriatric assessment.

e18140Background: More than 60% of cancer patients are older adults, and by 2020 the proportion of older adults with cancer will rise to 70%. Objective: To assess risk factors for overall survival ...
Feminist Principles in Global Affairs: Undiplomatic Practice

Feminist analysis of international relations has been a significant disruptor, revealing that the defense of ‘national sovereignty’ has allowed states to protect patriarchal preferences, not only blocking women’s rights but contributing to some of the most destructive features of national and international decision-making such as conflict-propensity. Efforts to institutionalize gender equality domestically and internationally have been troubled by the need to work with patriarchal states to build capacities to challenge male dominance. The recent emergence of feminist foreign policy (FFP) shows it may be possible to institutionalize feminist principles in international relations in ways that challenge the use of ‘national sovereignty’ as an excuse for discrimination against women. But for FFP to deliver a significant course correction in international affairs, its practitioners must accept that ending diplomatic silence on abuses of women has costs. It can bring diplomatic isolation or trigger domestic protest since it may make transnational business arrangements, including arms deals, contingent on respect for women’s rights.
Prospective clinical validation of 3D printed nasopharyngeal swabs for diagnosis of COVID-19.

Abstract COVID-19 greatly disrupted the global supply chain of nasopharyngeal swabs, and thus new products have come to market with little data to support their use. In this prospective study, 2 new 3D printed nasopharyngeal swab designs were evaluated against the standard, flocked nasopharyngeal swab for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Seventy adult patients (37 COVID-positive and 33 COVID-negative) underwent consecutive diagnostic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing, with a flocked swab followed by one or two 3D printed swabs. The “Lattice Swab” (manufacturer Resolution Medical) demonstrated 93.3% sensitivity (95% CI, 77.9%–99.2%) and 96.8% specificity (83.3%–99.9%), yielding κ = 0.90 (0.85–0.96). The “Origin KXG” (manufacturer Origin Laboratories) demonstrated 83.9% sensitivity (66.3%–94.6%) and 100% specificity (88.8%–100.0%), yielding κ = 0.84 (0.77–0.91). Both 3D printed nasopharyngeal swab results have high concordance with the control swab results. The decision to use 3D printed nasopharyngeal swabs during the COVID-19 pandemic should be strongly considered by clinical and research laboratories.