cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of the Stability of Ag/BSCCO Tapes

A two-dimensional finite element model has been developed to explore the stability of high-T c Ag/BSCCO superconducting tapes operating at 4.2 K and 20 K. This approach allows the broad range of temperature during a transition and the strong temperature dependence of the material properties of both the superconductor and the Ag stabilizer to be considered explicitly. The magnitude of a 5 ms pulse required to quench the conductor is determined for several cases and it is shown that a three-dimensional model is needed.
Polarizabilities of Pb 2 + and Pb 4 + and ionization energies of Pb + and Pb 3 + from spectroscopy of high- L Rydberg states of Pb + and Pb 3 +

The binding energies of high-$L$ Rydberg levels of Pb${}^{+}$ with $n=19$ or 20 and $6\ensuremath{\leqslant}L\ensuremath{\leqslant}10$ were measured with resonant excitation Stark ionization spectroscopy (RESIS). When combined with previous measurements of members of the $\mathit{nh}$ Rydberg series in Pb${}^{+}$, and analyzed with the long-range polarization model, these determined the polarizability of the $5{d}^{10}6{s}^{2}$ ground state of Pb${}^{2+}$ to be ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$ $=$ 13.62(8) a.u. This value is substantially larger than the estimate published recently based on the measured lifetime of the $6s6{p}^{1}{P}_{1}$ resonance level of Pb${}^{2+}$, 7.9(6) a.u. The difference is mostly due to the polarizability of Pb${}^{4+}$, the $5{d}^{10}$ core of the Pb${}^{2+}$ ion. This was established by observation of resolved fine structure in the excitation of $n=39$, high-$L$ Rydberg levels of Pb${}^{3+}$, using the same RESIS technique. Analysis of this spectra determined the polarizability of Pb${}^{4+}$ to be ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$ $=$ 3.61(4) a.u. Reanalysis of optical spectra of $\mathit{nh}$ and $\mathit{ng}$ levels in Pb${}^{+}$ and Pb${}^{3+}$ in view of the polarizabilities determined in the RESIS studies indicates revised ionization energies of both ions, ${E}_{\mathrm{I}}$(Pb${}^{+}$) $=$ 121245.28(6) cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${E}_{\mathrm{I}}$(Pb${}^{3+}$) $=$ 341 435.1(8) cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Modulation of T helper 1 and T helper 2 immune balance in a murine stress model during Chlamydia muridarum genital infection.

A murine model to study the effect of cold-induced stress (CIS) on Chlamydia muridarum genital infection and immune response has been developed in our laboratory. Previous results in the lab show that CIS increases the intensity of chlamydia genital infection, but little is known about the effects and mechanisms of CIS on the differentiation and activities of CD4+ T cell subpopulations and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The factors that regulate the production of T helper 1 (Th1) or T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines are not well defined. In this study, we examined whether CIS modulates the expressions of beta-adrenergic receptor (β-AR), transcription factors, hallmark cytokines of Th1 and Th2, and differentiation of BMDCs during C. muridarum genital infection in the murine model. Our results show that the mRNA level of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) compared to β1-AR and β3-AR was high in the mixed populations of CD4+ T cells and BMDCs. Furthermore, we observed decreased expression of T-bet, low level of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production, increased expression of GATA-3, and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) production in CD4+ T cells of stressed mice. Exposure of BMDCs to Fenoterol, β2-AR agonist, or ICI118,551, β2-AR antagonist, revealed significant β2-AR stimulation or inhibition, respectively, in stressed mice. Moreover, co-culturing of mature BMDCs and naive CD4+ T cells increased the production of IL-4, IL-10, L-17, and IL-23 cytokines, suggesting that stimulation of β2-AR leads to the increased production of Th2 cytokines. Overall, our results show for the first time that CIS promotes the switching from a Th1 to Th2 cytokine environment. This was evidenced in the murine stress model by the overexpression of GATA-3 concurrent with elevated IL-4 production, reduced T-bet expression, and IFN-γ secretion.
Using a global competence model in an instructional design course before social studies methods: A developmental approach to global teacher education

Abstract This case study describes the design, learning experiences, and student outcomes in one Instructional Design course with an explicit focus on globally competent teaching. We make the argument that forefronting global competence in an Instructional Design course, prior to social studies methods, is a necessary precursor to accelerate students’ progress on a pathway towards teaching for global competence. In support of this argument, we (a) describe the ways in which an Instructional Design course in one university forefronted global competence; (b) explain the short- and long-term outcomes of this design; and (c) highlight four students to illustrate how the Instructional Design course helped to move students along a pathway towards global competence. We nest our approach within a globally competent teaching framework.
Stress Granules in Cancer

The capacity of cells to organize complex biochemical reactions in intracellular space is a fundamental organizational principle of life. Key to this organization is the compartmentalization of the cytoplasm into distinct organelles, which is frequently achieved through intracellular membranes. Recent evidence, however, has added a new layer of flexibility to cellular compartmentalization. As such, in response to specific stimuli, liquid-liquid phase separations can lead to the rapid rearrangements of the cytoplasm to form membraneless organelles. Stress granules (SGs) are one such type of organelle that form specifically when cells are faced with stress stimuli, to aid cells in coping with stress. Inherently, altered SG formation has been linked to the pathogenesis of diseases associated with stress and inflammatory conditions, including cancer. Exciting discoveries have indicated an intimate link between SGs and tumorigenesis. Several pro-tumorigenic signaling molecules including the RAS oncogene, mTOR, and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) have been shown to upregulate SG formation. Based on these studies, SGs have emerged as structures that can integrate oncogenic signaling and tumor-associated stress stimuli to enhance cancer cell fitness. In addition, growing evidence over the past decade suggests that SGs function not only to regulate the switch between survival and cell death, but also contribute to cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Although much remains to be learned about the role of SGs in tumorigenesis, these studies highlight SGs as a key regulatory hub in cancer and a promising therapeutic target.
Sociodemographic disparity in the nutritional status among children and adolescents in Zhejiang Province.

To explore the sociodemographic disparity in the nutritional status including BMI, vitamin D and vitamin A status among children and adolescents in Zhejiang Province. Weight, height serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and serum retinol were assessed in 2818 children and adolescents (6–17 years of age), using ten investigation sites in Zhejiang Province including urban and rural areas data from the China National Nutritional Study 2016–2017, which is a nationally representative cross-sectional study, to form provincial representative sample of Zhejiang Province. Sociodemographic disparity was explored. The prevalence of low weight, eutrophic, overweight and obese were 6.7%, 70.4%, 11.6%, and 11.2%, respectively. Significant difference was observed on BMI between males and females (P < 0.05), and between urban and rural areas (P < 0.05). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, inadequacy, normal and appropriate were 1.8%, 34.9%, 46.4% and 16.9%, respectively. Significant difference was observed on the concentration of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) both between genders and between living areas (P < 0.05). The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, marginal deficiency and appropriate were 4.5%, 24.7%, and 70.9%, respectively. Significant difference was observed on the concentration of retinol between living area (P < 0.05). Overweight and obesity, deficiency and inadequacy of vitamin D, deficiency and marginal deficiency of vitamin A were prevalent among children and adolescents. There were disparities between genders and between living areas on the nutritional status. Regional and sex-specific guidelines and public health policies for children and adolescent nutrition are needed.
Environmental Distress and Physiological Signals: Examination of the Saliency Detection Method

AbstractBurgeoning attention has recently been paid to measuring and assessing the effects of urban built environments on pedestrians’ physiological signals (e.g., gait patterns, blood volume pulse...
Effects of direct current stimulation on synaptic plasticity in a single neuron.

Abstract Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (DCS) has lasting effects that may be explained by a boost in synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP). We hypothesized that this boost is the result of a modulation of somatic spiking in the postsynaptic neuron, as opposed to indirect network effects. To test this directly we record somatic spiking in a postsynaptic neuron during LTP induction with concurrent DCS. Methods We performed rodent in-vitro patch-clamp recordings at the soma of individual CA1 pyramidal neurons. LTP was induced with theta-burst stimulation (TBS) applied concurrently with DCS. To test the causal role of somatic polarization, we manipulated polarization via current injections. We also used a computational multi-compartment neuron model that captures the effect of electric fields on membrane polarization and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Results TBS-induced LTP was enhanced when paired with anodal DCS as well as depolarizing current injections. In both cases, somatic spiking during the TBS was increased, suggesting that evoked somatic activity is the primary factor affecting LTP modulation. However, the boost of LTP with DCS was less than expected given the increase in spiking activity alone. In some cells, we also observed DCS-induced spiking, suggesting DCS also modulates LTP via induced network activity. The computational model reproduces these results and suggests that they are driven by both direct changes in postsynaptic spiking and indirect changes due to network activity. Conclusion DCS enhances synaptic plasticity by increasing postsynaptic somatic spiking, but we also find that an increase in network activity may boost but also limit this enhancement.
An adaptive behavioral immune system: a model of population health behavior

The understanding that immunity could be strengthened in the general population (e.g., through vaccine interventions) supported global advances upon acute infectious disease epidemics in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. However, in the twenty-first century, global populations face chronic disease epidemics. Research demonstrates that diseases largely emerge from health risk behavior. The understanding of how health behavior, like the biological immune system, can be strengthened in the general population, could support advances in the twenty-first century. To consider how health behavior can be strengthened in the general population, the authors present a theoretical model of population health behavior. The model operationalizes health behavior as a system of functions that, like the biological immune system, exists in each member of the population. Constructs are presented that operationalize the specific decisions and habits that drive health behavior and behavior change in the general population. The constructs allow the authors to present parallels (1) among existing behavior change theories and (2) between the proposed system and the biological immune system. Through these parallels, the authors introduce a model and a logic of population-level health behavior change. The Adaptive Behavioral Immune System is an integrative model of population health behavior.
Review of chemotherapy-associated paronychia

Chemotherapy-associated paronychia (CAP) is an inflammation of the nail folds in response to various chemotherapeutic medications. Altered proliferation of keratinocytes or nail matrix stem cells is thought to be a major causative factor. Prophylactic tetracyclines, topical povidone-iodine, and general irritation avoidance measures are among some of the recommended interventions for CAP. Appropriate recognition and treatment of CAP are important for prevention of chemotherapy dose reduction or medication discontinuation.
Improving Cancer Screening Rates in Primary Care via Practice Facilitation and Academic Detailing: A Multi-PBRN Quality Improvement Project.

Purpose In the United States, cancer screening rates are often below national targets. This project implemented practice facilitation and academic detailing aimed at increasing breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rates in safety-net primary care practices. Methods Three practice-based research networks across western and central New York State partnered to provide quality improvement strategies on breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening. Pre/postintervention screening rates for all participating practices were collected annually, as were means across all practices over 7 years. Simple ordinary least squares linear regression was used to calculate the trend for each cancer type and test for statistical significance (ie, P≤0.05), using the ordinal time point as a fixed effect. Results An overall increase in mean screening rates was seen over the duration of this project for colorectal (24.6% preintervention to 48.0% in year 7 of intervention; P<0.001) and breast cancer (37.0% preintervention to 48.6% in year 7; P=0.460). Mean cervical cancer screening rates decreased (35.5% preintervention to 31.4% in year 7; P=0.209). Success in increasing screening rates varied across regions of New York State. Conclusions Practice facilitation and academic detailing were successful in significantly increasing, on average, colorectal cancer screening rate. Cervical cancer screening showed an overall decrease, likely due to difficulties for primary care practices in tracking and implementation, as many patients seek this service at outside gynecology facilities. Regional differences, guideline changes, and practice reorganization each may have played a part in observed trends. A standardization of queries being used to pull screening rates is an important step in increasing the reliability of these data.
Observations on female nesting and male behavior of Stictia signata (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in Brazil

The behavior of a nesting aggregation of Stictia signata near Santarem. Brazil is described. Information on burrow structure, digging and provisioning behavior, prey records, placement of the egg, and male territoriality is provided. Males defended territories in the nesting aggregation against conspecific males. Males exhibited an attachment to specific territorial sites, which they periodically abandoned and later reoccupied during the course of a morning.
Theory and Design of Digital Communication Systems: Random signal analysis

Introduction So far we have studied deterministic signals that are used to carry information. As far as the receiver is concerned, the stream of transmitted digital waveforms that carries information symbols is a random signal because the information is random. Also, as the transmitted signal travels through the channel, it is modified by noise, which is a random signal and is often referred to as a random process . Therefore, the receiver receives the transmitted signal plus noise. Such a channel is called an additive noise channel. Furthermore, wireless signals such as cellular signals and wireless LAN and MAN signals always travel through a time-varying multipath fading channel, which causes the signal envelopes to vary randomly. The time-varying phenomenon arises from Doppler shift , which is the result of the motion of the transmitters and/or receivers. The multipath fading is the result of the destructive interference of signal rays that travel via randomly delayed and attenuated paths. Therefore, the received signal itself becomes a random signal. To analyze random signals in communication receivers we need to know their statistics. In this section we explore some tools necessary for such a task. We divide the discussion into reviews of probability theory and random variables, and study of random processes and their applicability to communication theory.
Blood flow, not hypoxia, determines intramucosal PCO2

Monitoring tissue hypoxia in critically ill patients is a challenging task. Tissue PCO2 has long been proposed as a marker of tissue hypoxia, although there is considerable controversy on whether the rise in CO2 with hypoxia is caused by anaerobic metabolism and excess CO2 production or by the accumulation of aerobically produced CO2 in the setting of blood flow stagnation. The prevention of increases in intestinal PCO2 in aggressively resuscitated septic animals supports the notion that tissue CO2 accumulation is a function of decreases in blood flow, not of tissue hypoxia.
Enhanced visual authoring using operation history

Graphical editors have introduced great flexibility to the designer's workflow, providing powerful digital tools and enabling the creation of complex and compelling designs. This thesis presents methods for improving these interactions by leveraging operation history. Much instrumentation and activity logging in software has been for the purpose of debugging, that is, for the benefit of the programmer or analyst. Our work addresses the mining of operation history for the benefit of the end user. We present three main contributions in this area. First, we introduce selection expansion, a method for facilitating the reuse of complex multiple-item selections by identifying items that are likely to be edited together. We then discuss an extension of this work, soft grouping, which gives users more control than standard selection and more flexibility than standard grouping. Finally, we present an interactive visualization of operation history, interactive storyboards, which enables in-context browsing and manipulation of operation history. We demonstrate these approaches in the context of vector graphics editing and present the results of pilot studies using our software implementation. While this thesis focuses on the usage patterns of graphic designers, many of the strategies could be generalized to other domains. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
The Structure of the Bovine Pancreatic Secretory Trypsin Inhibitor—Kazal's Inhibitor III. DETERMINATION OF THE DISULFIDE BONDS AND PROTEOLYSIS BY THERMOLYSIN

Abstract The three disulfide bonds of bovine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor were assigned on the basis of the structures of cystine peptides isolated from thermolysin hydrolysates of the native inhibitor prepared at pH 6.5. The peptides were isolated by chromatographic procedures with Sephadex G-75, Sephadex G-25, and Dowex 50-X2. Five major cystine peptides were oxidized with performic acid and the cysteic acid fragments were separated by chromatography on Dowex 50-X2 and by high voltage paper electrophoresis. The cysteic acid peptides were located in the amino acid sequence of the inhibitor (Greene, L. J., and Bartelt, D. C., J. Biol. Chem., 244, 2646 (1969)) on the basis of amino acid composition and end group determination. Cystine peptides corresponding to disulfide bonds I–V, II–IV, and III–VI were isolated in 55, 44, and 91% yield, respectively. Intermediates in the degradation of the inhibitor by thermolysin having either one or two peptide bonds hydrolyzed per molecule were isolated. The sites of hydrolysis were identified as the peptide bonds Ile-Leu (residues 2 to 3) and Glu-Val (residues 12 to 13).
Model-Based statistical testing of a cluster utility

As High Performance Computing becomes more collaborative, software certification practices are needed to quantify the credibility of shared applications. To demonstrate quantitative certification testing, Model-Based Statistical Testing (MBST) was applied to cexec, a cluster control utility developed in the Network and Cluster Computing Group of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. MBST involves generation of test cases from a usage model. The test results are then analyzed statistically to measure software reliability. The population of cexec uses was modeled in terms of input selection choices. The J Usage Model Builder Library (JUMBL) provided the capability to generate test cases directly as Python scripts. Additional Python functions and shell scripts were written to complete a test automation framework. The resulting certification capability employs two large test suites. One consists of “weighted” test cases to provide an intensive fault detection capability, while the other consists of random test cases to provide a statistically meaningful assessment of reliability.
All-optical wavelength shifting of microwave subcarriers by using four-wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier

Summary form only given. In this paper, we report the first demonstration of all-optical wavelength shifting over 1-THz 9-nm for two microwave subcarriers using four wave mixing (FWM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier with a power penalty as low as 0.5 dB. In our experiment, the RF spectrum is unaffected by wavelength shifting. Such a transparent wavelength shifter is a critical component in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks.
The implementation of a document retrieval system

The significant advances made in theoretical and experimental research in information retrieval have many implications for system design. One possible design for a document retrieval system based on these advances is presented. A major part of this system design has been implemented as a bibliography filing and retrieval system for the Computer Science department at the University of Massachusetts. The implementation issues considered here are functionality, user interface and file organization. The main point of this implementation was to demonstrate that an efficient, effective and flexible system can be constructed using modern techniques.
What really is DNA? Remarks on the changing ASPECTS OF A SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses remarks on the changing aspects of a scientific concept. The development of a scientific problem, in general, passes through four stages: (1) formulation; (2) oversimplification; (3) anarchy; and (4) solution. For a scientific concept to be formulated successfully, a concerted interaction of many requisites must occur. The chapter studies a painstaking study of the chemical composition of salmon sperm. The main illustration is that the bulk of the defatted sperm is constituted by a single substance that is regarded as an insoluble salt-like compound between an organic base very rich in nitrogen (termed as “protamine” and investigated in detail) and a nuclein rich in phosphorus and playing the role of the acid. The occurrence of proteins is also indicated and it is pointed out that the presence of the components in such constant proportions is certainly of particular importance.
Analysis of Two-Equation Turbulence Models for Recirculating Flows.

The two-equation kappa-epsilon model is used to analyze turbulent separated flow past a backward-facing step. It is shown that if the model constraints are modified to be consistent with the accepted energy decay rate for isotropic turbulence, the dominant features of the flow field, namely the size of the separation bubble and the streamwise component of the mean velocity, can be accurately predicted. In addition, except in the vicinity of the step, very good predictions for the turbulent shear stress, the wall pressure, and the wall shear stress are obtained. The model is also shown to provide good predictions for the turbulence intensity in the region downstream of the reattachment point. Estimated long time growth rates for the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate of homogeneous shear flow are utilized to develop an optimal set of constants for the two equation kappa-epsilon model. The physical implications of the model performance are also discussed.
Role of Metabolic Energy in the Transport of β-Galactosides by Streptococcus lactis

Streptococcus lactis (ATCC 7962) accumulated thiomethyl-β-galactoside (TMG) and other galactosides against concentration gradients when the cells were supplied with a metabolizable substrate, such as glucose. The accumulated TMG was free and not phosphorylated. In the absence of glucose, TMG rapidly entered the cell to a concentration equal to that of the medium. Agents that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation abolished active transport but not the carrier-facilitated entry of TMG. Evidence that the transport carriers were functional in the absence of glucose or in the presence of uncoupling agents included the demonstration of counterflow, which depends on competitive inhibition for the carrier for exit.
A Review of ULF Interactions with Radiation Belt Electrons

Energetic particle fluxes in the outer zone radiation belts can vary over orders of magnitude on a variety of timescales. Power at ULF frequencies, on the order of a few millihertz, have been associated with changes in flux levels among relativistic electrons comprising the outer zone of the radiation belts. Power in this part of the spectrum may occur as a result of a number of processes, including internally-generated waves induced by plasma instabilities, and externally generated processes such as shear instabilities at the flanks or compressive variations in the solar wind. Changes in the large-scale convective motion of the magnetosphere are another important class of externally driven variations with power at ULF wavelengths. The mechanism for interaction between ULF variations and the radiation belts may result in (or require) pitch angle scattering, or may conserve the first two adiabatic invariants of particle motion. Of the latter class of interactions, radial diffusion describes the result when ULF variations lead to stochastic motion among the particle populations, and has been studied extensively as a description of radial transport within the belts. Rates of radial diffusion depend strongly on the characteristics of the driving ULF waves. This work is intended as a non-exhaustive review of radiation belt interactions with ULF waves, outlining the current theories and methods in studying the interaction, and describing pertinent wave properties.
Automated diagnosis of ischemic heart disease using dilated discrete Hermite functions

A novel method for extraction and classification of ischemic features from electrocardiograms, based on the dilated discrete Hermite expansion, is described. The discrete Hermite functions used for the expansion are eigenvectors of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix that commutes with the centered Fourier matrix. A choice of 50 Hermite coefficients and a dilation parameter were sufficient to reconstruct the ECG with all essential features preserved. The performance was measured using percentage RMS difference (PRD). The 50 coefficients and the dilation parameter contain information about the shape of the ECG and a committee neural network classifier with these 51 input parameters was trained to identify ischemic features. A sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 94% was achieved. This technique can also be used for training neural networks to identify other abnormalities of the ECG.
Properties of metal-semiconductor contacts—II: Numerical solutions for intrinsic material

Abstract Part I of this paper was concerned mainly with an explicit solution to the problem of contacts on intrinsic material. The principal result was the prediction of a linear log j vs V a dependence in the forward direction, with a slope of 2 qV a / kT , instead of the more familiar qV a / kT expected for the simplest extrinsic case, V a being the voltage applied to the contact barrier itself. The present paper deals with numerical solutions of the same transport equations, free from the approximations which are necessary in the course of analytic treatments to make the problem soluble. Some of the evaluated relationships refer to semi-infinite models, and some to models of severely restricted size. Solutions in the form of one-dimensional contours of potential, field and carrier concentration are provided, as well as the relationship between the injection ratio and current density. Inasmuch as the computations concern the injection region, they confirm (qualitatively and quantitatively) the previous calculations made by linearized analytic methods; inasmuch as they include the entire barrier region, they represent new solutions to a complementary aspect of the total problem.
Motivating engineering freshmen with "buzz-words": high-tech applications in introductory engineering courses

Conventional approaches to engineering education require that fundamental principles be taught in the freshman year and high-tech applications presented in the junior/senior years. This paper proposes an alternate approach wherein freshman engineering students are exposed to high-tech applications, suitably modified and with minimal theory, based on "buzz-words" that are propagated in the media. The authors believe that this approach will enhance student motivation and improve retention. The paper describes two freshman engineering class projects that have been used for implementing this technique.
Membrane biofilm development improves COD removal in anaerobic membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment.

Membrane biofilm development was evaluated to improve psychrophilic (15°C) anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treatment of domestic wastewater. An AnMBR containing three replicate submerged membrane housings with separate permeate collection was operated at three levels of membrane fouling by independently controlling biogas sparging for each membrane unit. High membrane fouling significantly improved permeate quality, but resulted in dissolved methane in the permeate at a concentration two to three times the equilibrium concentration predicted by Henry’s law. Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA targeting Bacteria and Archaea and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting the methyl coenzyme-M reductase (mcrA) gene in methanogens indicated that the membrane biofilm was enriched in highly active methanogens and syntrophic bacteria. Restoring fouled membranes to a transmembrane pressure (TMP) near zero by increasing biogas sparging did not disrupt the biofilm’s treatment performance, suggesting that microbes in the foulant layer were tightly adhered and did not significantly contribute to TMP. Dissolved methane oversaturation persisted without high TMP, implying that methanogenesis in the biofilm, rather than high TMP, was the primary driving force in methane oversaturation. The results describe an attractive operational strategy to improve treatment performance in low-temperature AnMBR by supporting syntrophy and methanogenesis in the membrane biofilm through controlled membrane fouling.
The Origin of Adenovirus DNA Replication

Current efforts to understand regulation of replication and cell growth often focus on initiation of DNA replication at an origin sequence. It is most likely, although not yet proven in eukaryotes, that the ultimate step in the regulation of the G to S transition in the cell cycle is the priming of DNA synthesis at an origin. The study of this process in eukaryotic cells has progressed slowly, and most of the attention has centered upon the replication of virus DNAs in infected cells. Although this provides practical advantages, it may be limited in its generality since viral DNAs replicate many times throughout the course of an infection, disregarding the constraints normally placed upon chromosome replication. Nevertheless, an understanding of the mechanism of initiation in eukaryotes is necessary, and the availability of virus origins dictates that they be studied first.
Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Elbow using the Docking Technique

BackgroundMedial collateral ligament insufficiency of the elbow with resultant valgus instability in throwing athletes is typically treated with free tendon graft reconstruction as described by Jobe.HypothesisImproved results could be obtained with the use of the docking technique.Study DesignUncontrolled retrospective review.MethodsThe study group consisted of 36 athletes who had symptomatic insufficiency of the medial collateral ligament confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and by surgical findings. Average follow-up was 3.3 years. Key elements of the docking technique included a muscle-splitting approach without routine transposition of the ulnar nerve, routine arthroscopic assessment, treatment of associated lesions, and docking the two ends of the tendon graft into a single humeral tunnel.ResultsThirty-three of 36 patients (92%) returned to or exceeded their previous level of competition for at least 1 year, meeting the Conway-Jobe classification criteria of “excellent.” All 22 professional or col...
The Body of Evidence to Support a Protective Role for Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Delaying Chronic Disease. Overview

Recent evidence introduces the possibility that lutein and zeaxanthin may protect against the development of the two common eye diseases of aging, cataract and macular degeneration. This potential and the lack of other effective means to slow the progression of macular degeneration have fueled high public interest in the health benefits of lutein and zeaxanthin and the proliferation of supplements containing them on pharmacy shelves. An understanding of the biologic consequences of limiting or supplementing with these carotenoids is only beginning to emerge. Some epidemiologic evidence supports a role in eye disease and, to a lesser extent, cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, the overall body of evidence is insufficient to conclude that increasing levels of lutein and zeaxanthin, specifically, will confer an important health benefit. Future advances in scientific research are required to gain a better understanding of the biologic mechanisms of their possible role in preventing disease. Additional research is also required to understand the effect of their consumption, independent of other nutrients in fruits and vegetables, on human health. The newly advanced ability to measure levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in the retina in vivo creates a unique opportunity to contribute some of this needed evidence.
Short-term conflict resolution for unmanned aircraft traffic management

Ensuring safety and providing timely conflict alerts to small unmanned aircraft is important to their integration into civil airspace. We propose several algorithms for short-term conflict avoidance as part of an automated traffic management system. The goal is to balance aircraft safety and efficiency subject to environmental and aircraft uncertainty. The proposed controllers generate advisories for each aircraft to follow, and are based on decomposing a large Markov decision process and fusing their solutions. We separate the problem into pairwise encounters that are solved offline. The solutions to these encounters are then combined online to produce a locally optimal solution using an iterative search technique. As a result, the methods scale well and the global problem can be solved efficiently. We demonstrate the controllers by evaluating them against baseline algorithms in simulation.
Measurement of the Economic Efficiency of Central-Fabrication-versus Carcass-Meat-Handling Systems

Relative economic efficiency is measured for a selected sample of retail meat departments using the UOP (unit output price) profit model developed by Lau and Yotopoulos. The analysis suggests that central fabrication is currently more efficient for some, but not all, independent retail meat departments. The analysis also suggests that the relatively new UOP profit model is superior to the more traditional Farrell linear programming technique for evaluating relative efficiency.
Morphological characterization of the alimentary tract of Antarctic fishes and its relation to feeding habits

Morphological and morphometric characteristics of the alimentary tract in 22 species of carnivorous antarctic fishes were studied. It is shown that all of these species have similar, well-developed Y-shaped stomachs with generally thick (0.5–1.0 mm) walls. The relative stomach lengths are also similar, ranging from 9.8 to 22.2% of body length. Relative intestine lengths, a characteristic frequently used as an indicator of the kind of food eaten by a species, are also remarkably similar among most species (31 to 67%). Notothenia gibberifrons, a conspicuous benthos feeder, has a significantly longer intestine (91%), probably as an adaptation to the quantity of undigestible material (mud) incorporated with its faunal prey. These values fit within or below the limits (60–150$) of relative intestine length described in the literature for carnivorous fishes. The number of pyloric caecae is in general relatively low and fairly constant in each species. It is concluded that the morphological features studied could represent similar adaptations of these antarctic fishes to a similar carnivorous diet.
Control of cytoplasmic dynein force production and processivity by its C-terminal domain

Cytoplasmic dynein from the yeast S. cerevisiae behaves distinctly from mammalian dyneins, despite structural conservation. Here, Nicholas et al. identify a C-terminal domain in mammalian dynein that restricts force generation and travel distance, which, when removed, allows mammalian dynein to behave like its yeast counterpart.
Algebraic automorphisms of smooth affine surfaces

Smooth acyclic affine surfaces will in this paper be referred to as homology planes. In a remarkable paper [R] Ramanujam exhibited an example of a smooth contractible affine surface R not homeomorphic to the complex plane. Quite recently Gurjar-Miyanishi have produced an infinite number of distinct smooth contractible affine surfaces, one of Kodaira dimension 2 and the rest of Kodaira dimension 1. These are referred to as GM and G(u) respectively. Here u ranges over a certain discrete set. (See section 6). See [GM] also. One of the main results of this paper is this theorem:
Comparative histopathological effects of chemically contaminated sediment on marine organisms

Comparative pathological effects in three species of fish and six species of invertebrates were investigated using a chemically contaminated sediment from Black Rock Harbor (BRH), Connecticut, USA. Substances contained in BRH sediment are known to be genotoxic, carcinogenic, co-carcinogenic and tumor-promoting. Proliferative lesions were observed in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) external, oral and esophageal epithelial surfaces, renal vascular and nephroblastic elements, and the pancreatic islets. Islet lesions included cystic adenomas and a diffuse islet proliferative condition, nesidioblastosis. In addition, pathology was enhanced when winter flounder were fed mussels (Mytilus edulis) previously exposed to BRH sediment. Neoplastic lesions developed in kidney tubule epithelia, gills, some regions of the gastrointestinal tract, neural elements and heart of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to BRH sediment for 30 days in the laboratory. In addition, renal carcinomas in three oysters had metastasized to the viseral ganglion. Lesions were also found in oysters exposed in situ in BRH and Long Island Sound for 30 or 36 days. Digestive diverticula, gills and kidneys appeared to be the prime organs affected in mussels, soft-shelled clams (Mya arenaria) and oysters exposed to BRH sediment. Mucous cell activity increased greatly in corals (Astrangia densa) while no microscopic lesions were detectable in lobster (Homarus americanus) exposed in the laboratory. Myxomas were also found in the hearts of < 5% of the mussels exposed in the laboratory.
Secure, selective group broadcast in vehicular networks using dynamic attribute based encryption

Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) provides an encrypted access control mechanism for broadcasting messages. Basically, a sender encrypts a message with an access control policy tree which is logically composed of attributes; receivers are able to decrypt the message when their attributes satisfy the policy tree. A user's attributes stand for the properties that he currently owns. A user should keep his attributes up-to-date. However, this is not easy in CP-ABE because whenever one attribute changes, the entire private key, which is based on all the attributes, must be changed. In this paper, we introduce fading function, which renders attributes “dynamic” and allows users to update each attribute separately. We study how choosing fading rate for fading function affects the efficiency and security. We also compare our design with CP-ABE and find our scheme performs significantly better under certain circumstance.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of the two-dimensional Rayleigh-Taylor instability

A lattice Boltzmann model for multicomponent fluid flows is used to simulate the two-dimensional Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The dynamical processes of the instability, varying from linear growth to mixing, have been simulated. The results agree with experiments, analytical studies, and other numerical simulations. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Diffusion studies in liquid potassium and rubidium

Abstract Self-diffusion coefficients were determined for liquid potassium and rubidium. The types of measurements made were self-diffusion of K and Rb as a function of temperature at one atmosphere pressure, the pressure dependence of self-diffusion coefficients of K and Rb, and the temperature dependence of selfdiffusivity at constant molar volume. The self-diffusion coefficients in liquid K and Rb at 1 atmosphere pressure could be represented by the following expressions. DK(354°K−868°K) = −2·443 × 105 + 5·344 × 10−10(T°K)2cm2/secDRb(337°K−856°K) = −1·479 × 10−5 + 3·824 × 10−10(T°K)2cm2/sec. The empirical equation for both K and Rb may be expressed as D D m = 1.665 [( T T m ) 2 − 0.399] . The linear dependence of D vs T2 for both Rb and K, observed in the present investigation, tends to offer support to the predictions of the fluctuation theory proposed by Swalin. The experimental data also agree quite well with the dense gas-like model of Ascarelli and Paskin. The activation volumes calculated from the data were 1.5 ± 0.5 cm3/mol and 1.2 ± 0.4 cm3/mol for liquid K and Rb respectively.
Correlation Between Unsteady Loading and Tip Gap Flow Occurring in a Linear Cascade Produced by Simulated Stator-Rotor Interaction

The response of a compressor rotor blade tip to disturbances simulating unsteady stator rotor interaction in the casing region of a turbomachine such as an axial propulsion pump or axial compressor has been studied. The measurements were performed using 24 microphones embedded in the surfaces of two blades of a linear cascade with tip gap and single sensor-hot wire anemomemetry within the tip gap at a single tip gap (tg /c = 0.033). The unsteady velocity measurements were made perpendicular to the blade camber line at the same locations at which the microphones were embedded. Relative motion of the blade tips and casing was simulated with a moving endwall. Unsteady periodic inflow from an upstream stator row was modeled using a set of vortex generators attached to, and moving with the endwall. The unsteady pressure was measured at eight tip gaps (tg /c = 0.00825, 0.0165, 0.022, 0.033, 0.045, 0.057, 0.079, 0.129) along the chord and the span of the blades for a blade chord Reynolds number of 390,000. Upon initial investigations, the pressure fluctuations appear to be almost a linear variation with tip gap up to tg /c = 0.057. With increasing tip gap past this, the pressure fluctuations begin to decrease. Both the pressure and velocity fluctuations increase significantly near the trailing edge of the cascade blade suggesting that the response involves both viscous and inviscid mechanisms.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo Simulations of Ad-Dimer Diffusion on the Silicon (100) Surface

We present Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) simulations of the Si (100) surface. Taking into account the known anisotropy produced by surface reconstruction, we examine the diffusion properties of Si ad-dimers on the surface as a function of temperature and compare these results with those of recent STM measurements.
Behavioral and neurochemical effects of dietary tyrosine in young and aged mice following cold-swim stress.

Abstract The effects of dietary supplements of L-tyrosine on aggressive behavior, locomotor activity, and brain neurochemical changes were assessed in young and aged mice following cold-swim stress. Male CF-1 mice, ages 3 months and 21 months, were maintained on a semi-synthetic basal diet for one week, pretested for aggressive behavior and locomotor activity, then switched to diets modified by the addition of tyrosine or casein (control). After one week on the diet supplements, half of the mice were stressed by cold water swim and all were again subjected to behavioral testing. Members of each group were sacrificed for analysis of amino acids and monoamines in brain tissue and corticosterones in blood. It was found that tyrosine supplementation induced a marked increase in aggressive behavior in young, nonstressed mice but not in aged mice. Stress decreased the aggressiveness of both young and aged mice, and tyrosine prevented this stress-induced decrease in both groups. Young mice exhibited no changes in locomotion as a function of stress or diet. However, tyrosine prevented decreases in locomotion observed on second testing of both stressed and nonstressed older mice. The effect of stress was to lower levels of brain norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in both young and aged mice. Tyrosine supplementation increased brain tyrosine and DA in both groups. Brain serotonin levels were lower in the aged mice compared to the younger ones, and this was associated with relatively higher concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. It appears that tyrosine supplementation was effective in reducing the effects of stress in the aged animals, possibly by virtue of its relationship to catecholamine metabolism.