cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposure to e-cigarette aerosol over two months induces accumulation of neurotoxic metals and alteration of essential metals in mouse brain

Despite a recent increase in e-cigarette use, the adverse human health effects of exposure to e-cigarette aerosol, especially on the central nervous system (CNS), remain unclear. Multiple neurotoxic metals have been identified in e-cigarette aerosol. However, it is unknown whether those metals accumulate in the CNS at biologically meaningful levels. To answer this question, two groups of mice were whole-body exposed twice a day, 5 days a week, for two months, to either a dose of e-cigarette aerosol equivalent to human secondhand exposure, or a 5-fold higher dose. After the last exposure, the olfactory bulb, anterior and posterior frontal cortex, striatum, ventral midbrain, cerebellum, brainstem, remaining brain tissue and spinal cord were collected for metal quantification by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and compared to tissues from unexposed control mice. The two-month exposure caused significant accumulation of several neurotoxic metals in various brain areas - for some metals even at the low exposure dose. The most striking increases were measured in the striatum. For several metals, including Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb, similar accumulations are known to be neurotoxic in mice. Decreases in some essential metals were observed across the CNS. Our findings suggest that chronic exposure to e-cigarette aerosol could lead to CNS neurotoxic metal deposition and endogenous metal dyshomeostasis, including potential neurotoxicity. We conclude that e-cigarette-mediated metal neurotoxicity may pose long-term neurotoxic and neurodegenerative risks for e-cigarette users and bystanders.
Treatment Approach for Knee Osteoarthritis with Ipsilateral Femoral Cartilage Tumor: A Case Series

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common pathology affecting the knee joint. Twenty percent of the cartilaginous tumors of bone are in the distal femur. This presents a challenge for treating patients with knee OA who also have ipsilateral distal femur cartilage tumors. We propose a classification system for knee OA with ipsilateral cartilaginous tumor and a treatment approach to address this issue. Intramedullary guides are avoided when performing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in these patients so as not to further contaminate the femur with tumor cells. A non-image-based stereotactic surgical system is favored at our institution to achieve this goal. Seven patients underwent classification and treatment with TKA utilizing this approach. Average final follow-up was 15.3 months. Component alignment averaged 89.2° and all patients had 0° of extension with an average flexion to 107.5°. There were no postoperative complications and no radiographic evidence of component complication, tumor recurrence, or tumor expansion. Few studies have reported on the treatment of knee OA with concurrent cartilaginous tumor of the distal femur. All patients treated with the proposed approach had their OA successfully treated without complication related to their cartilaginous tumor or TKA components. This case series presents a novel classification and treatment algorithm to potentially guide arthroplasty surgeons in approaching these often-concurrent occurring pathologies.
Learning Number Conversions Through Embodied Interactions

In this paper, the researchers report an experimental study on conceptual knowledge learning and application through embodied interactions, expecting that bodily movements would facilitate learning in a positive manner. The intervention was enabled by Unity3D and Kinect V2, and taught novice adult learners the concepts of and conversions between binary and decimal numbers. Fifty-three adult participants were recruited, and randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups. During the intervention, participants in the experimental group manipulated and interacted with the learning materials through their body movements enabled by Kinect; while those in the control group learned the same content but interacted using conventional mouse and keyboard. Pre- and posttests results indicated that embodied interactions facilitated conceptual learning for the participating adult learners. However, compared with the mouse interaction, the embodied interactions did not lead to significantly better knowledge retention and application results. The study outcome implies that embodied interactions do not necessarily lead to better learning performances over traditional mouse-based interactions, and the ‘how’ and ‘how much’ may play critical roles for such interventions. Suggestions and challenges in designing learning systems utilizing embodied interactions enabled by novel technologies are provided.
THE LOCATION OF LIGHTNING-CAUSED WILDLAND FIRES, NORTHERN IDAHO

Elevation, timber type, size and density of stand, position on slope, and slope aspect were assessed as to their effects upon the location of 2088 lightning-caused forest fires in a 1.4 million-hectare tract of northern Idaho. χ2 analysis revealed that relative fire frequency was greatest between 1050 and 1650 m on the upper 1/3 of those slopes which lie perpendicular to dominant storm tracks and which are covered with Hemlock, Alpine Fir and Spruce.
ScCaMKII: CaM-dependent PK II (S. cerevisiae) (Cmk1/cmk2)

Protein kinase activities activated by Ca2+ , and yeast, or mammalian calmodulin were detected in yeast extracts, purified and the corresponding genes isolated. The yeast enzyme are homologous to mammalian CaMKII and, like their mammalian counterparts, are able to phosphorylate a broad range of substrates in vitro when Ca2+/CaM are present. There are two known isoforms of CaMKII in yeast, products of the CMK1 and CMK2 genes. The native form of Cmk1 appears to be an oligomer, most likely a dimer. Cmk1 consists of a catalytic domain followed by a calmodulin-binding region and a putative autoinhibitory region. Cmk2 has a similar overall structure and is also a CaM-binding protein. Binding of the Ca2+/CaM complex is thought to displace the autoinhibitory region, thereby preventing occlusion of the active site of each enzyme. Both Cmk1 and Cmk2 become autophosphorylated in a Ca2+/CaM-dependent manner, possibly at S417 in Cmk1 and T316 and S387 in Cmk2. However, only Cmk2 becomes Ca2+/CaM-independent after autophosphorylation.
The Linguistics of Speech: Statistical evidence from linguistic survey research

Yet another modern development also addresses, though in a different way, Saussure's complaint that “language in its totality is unknowable” – modern methods of sampling and inferential statistics. Probability theory in mathematics, as it is used in inferential statistics, was certainly available to Saussure, but modern applications of the mathematical principles of probability to inferential statistics mostly occurred after his time. Thomas Bayes, for instance, after whom “Bayesian statistics” and “Bayesian probability” and “Bayesian inference” are named (these notions reflect input probabilities, or perceived probabilities, in the drawing of statistical inferences), lived in the eighteenth century, which is also the time that the notion “statistics” originated in connection with census data. Yet it is unlikely that Bayes himself would recognize the concepts to which his name has been attached, which are currently important in domains such as search engine performance and email spam control. Applications of statistics in manufacturing and science, and the great refinement of its potential, only occurred during the twentieth century. William Sealy Gosset, who used the pseudonym “Student” and originated the “Student's t -test,” worked for the Guinness brewery at just about the time that Saussure was teaching the Course . Gosset developed his small-sample test as an industrial tool, for use in quality control in the brewery and to maximize barley yields on its associated farms.
Polymer Surface Dynamics

Classical surface chemistry assumes that solid surfaces are rigid, immobile, and at equilibrium. These assumptions allow one to probe adsorption and wetting or contact angle processes purely from the point of view of the liquid phase, because one assumes that the solid phase does not in any way respond, reorient, or otherwise change in the different liquid environments. Although such assumptions may be partially correct for truly rigid solids, they are generally inappropriate for polymers (see also Chapter 7).
Insult to the Human Cadaver Patellofemoral Joint: Effects of Age on Fracture Tolerance and Occult Injury

The primary objectives of the current study were to conduct fracture and subfracture experiments on 'aged' and 'young' human knee joints to investigate the influence of age on fracture load tolerance and examine each type of joint for the frequency of occult injury. Specifically, we hypothesized: 1) the fracture load of 'aged' human cadaver knees would be greater than 'young' cadavers; 2) subfracture blunt insult to the aged knee would produce fewer incidences of occult microcracks in the calcified cartilage and/or subchondral bone than young specimens with an intact layer of cartillage; 3) intraarticular pressures would not exceed 25 MPa; 4) the stiffness of the knee would be related to the presence or absence of articular cartilage in the patellofemoral joint.
Integrating control and software views in a CACE/CASE toolset

Significant previous and ongoing work exists in the area of computer-aided control engineering toolsets to support the specification and analysis of control systems. Several toolsets exist to support control system design and analysis, and a few tools exist to automatically generate control software. Analogous work on computer-aided software engineering toolsets for high-level specification and analysis of real-time systems also exists. This paper gives an overview of a toolset that extends and integrates work in both these areas to provide a multidisciplinary toolset to support, concurrent engineering of computer-based control systems. Particular emphasis is placed on concepts that appear in the toolsets for both disciplines and on aspects of multidisciplinary development. >
Urinary N-Acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and the Selection of Children for Radiologic Evaluation After Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary levels of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) were measured in 147 consecutively enrolled children younger than 13 years of age with urinary tract infection to determine whether elevated levels were a predictor of urologic abnormalities. The children were classified as having cystitis if results of 0 or 1 of the following tests were positive and as having pyelonephritis if results of greater than or equal to 2 tests were positive: (1) temperature greater than 38 degrees C, (2) serum C-reactive protein greater than 1 mg/dL, (3) erythrocyte sedimentation rate greater than 25 mm/h, and (4) 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin-renal concentrating protein less than 810 mOsm/kg. Urinary NAG to creatinine ratios did not distinguish cases of cystitis from those of pyelonephritis. Urinary NAG was useful in identifying children with cystitis who had vesicoureteral reflux of grades II through V. Of 6 children with cystitis and vesicoureteral reflux, 5 had levels of NAG more than 1 SD above the mean, whereas of 75 children without vesicoureteral reflux, only 15 had such an elevation (P = .003). Of those children with a normal NAG level, 60 (98.4%) had normal radiologic evaluation results, and only 1 child (1.6%) had vesicoureteral reflux. Levels of NAG did not identify children with pyelonephritis who had vesicoureteral reflux. It is concluded that (1) urinary NAG is of no value in localizing the site of urinary tract infection, and (2) an NAG level within 1 SD of the mean in a child with cystitis indicates a low risk of urologic abnormalities, and radiologic evaluation may be omitted unless infection recurs.
Immigration, Masculinity, and Intimate Partner Violence From the Standpoint of Domestic Violence Service Providers and Vietnamese-Origin Women

Data from in-depth interviews with Vietnamese immigrant women residing in the United States and both interviews and a focus group with service providers for abused Vietnamese immigrants suggest a c...
Spectrophotometric and chromatographic investigations of the oil of sapium sebiferum

1. Absorption spectra of stillingia oil and its acids indicate the presence of a new fatty acid with a smooth absorption band having a maximum at 2600 A and an inflection at 3100 A. This light absorptive property appears to be associated with the optical activity and high refractive index. The light absorption and optical activity are reduced by heat in the absence of air. 2. The unknown constituent can be concentrated by chromatographic adsorption of the ethyl esters in alcohol solution on an alumina column. 3. Chromatography of stillingia oil indicates that it can be separated into fraction having widely different properties.
Comparing Price Forecast Accuracy of Natural Gas Models and Futures Markets

The purpose of this article is to compare the accuracy of forecasts for natural gas prices as reported by the Energy Information Administration's Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO) and the futures market for the period from 1998 to 2003. The analysis tabulates the existing data and develops a statistical comparison of the error between STEO and U.S. wellhead natural gas prices and between Henry Hub and U.S. wellhead spot prices. The results indicate that, on average, Henry Hub is a better predictor of natural gas prices with an average error of 0.23 and a standard deviation of 1.22 than STEO with an average error of -0.52 and a standard deviation of 1.36. This analysis suggests that as the futures market continues to report longer forward prices (currently out to five years), it may be of interest to economic modelers to compare the accuracy of their models to the futures market. The authors would especially like to thank Doug Hale of the Energy Information Administration for supporting and reviewing this work.
Aberrations of Wood and GRIN rod lenses

Previously, fifth-order algebraic raytracing formulas for radial gradients have been derived by a method of successive approximations. These formulas are here extended to the trace of optical path lengths in radial gradients. Also, the formulas are exploited to obtain algebraic formulas for third- and fifth-order aberrations of Wood and GRIN rod lenses.
Tension icosahedron as a structure for use in terrestrial and outer space environments

Abstract An icosahedron is a regular polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 triangular faces. An icosahedral shell has one of the largest volumes for its surface area, and is thus most desirable for structures made of large numbers of identical components, e.g. Fuller's geodesic domes. A modified form, the so-called tension icosahedron, has six edges which are compression elements (e.g. beams) and 24 edges which are tension elements (e.g. wires or cables). These modifications make it a structure which (1) can withstand loads that are greater than those for traditional structures, (2) has omnidirectional stability, independent of gravity, (3) can be folded into a compact form and then unfolded on demand, and (4) can be easily assembled into larger and more complex structures that retain the properties found in the single unit. In this paper, we quantify these attractive features, through computer modeling. These structures should be useful in terrestrial and outer space environment as a unit which has maximum static and dynamic stability for a minimum weight and which could be used in a modular construction of bigger structures.
The Activity of Pax3 and Zic1 Regulates Three Distinct Cell Fates at the Neural Plate Border

In Xenopus, the neural plate border gives rise to at least three cell populations: the neural crest, the preplacodal ectoderm, and the hatching gland. To understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the formation of these lineages, we have analyzed the role of two transcription factors, Pax3 and Zic1, which are among the earliest genes activated in response to neural plate border-inducing signals. At the end of gastrulation, Pax3 and Zic1 are coexpressed in the neural crest forming region. In addition, Pax3 is expressed in progenitors of the hatching gland, and Zic1 is detected in the preplacodal ectoderm. Using gain of function and knockdown approaches in whole embryos and animal explants, we demonstrate that Pax3 and Zic1 are necessary and sufficient to promote hatching gland and preplacodal fates, respectively, whereas their combined activity is essential to specify the neural crest. Moreover, we show that by manipulating the levels of Pax3 and Zic1 it is possible to shift fates among these cells. These findings provide novel information on the mechanisms regulating cell fate decisions at the neural plate border.
Mobile Computing in Higher Education: Faculty Perceptions of Benefits and Barriers.

Using data from a survey of faculty at a university that is planning to adopt campus-wide mobile computing, this study examined the faculty's perceptions toward the potential benefits of and barriers to mobile computing in higher education. The study also examined the role of three moderating variables associated with the faculty's current use of related technologies in the formation of perceptions about the benefits and barriers. The findings can help explicate the faculty's perceptions toward mobile computing to support educational activities. Such understanding will prove helpful to academic and technology administrators who are planning to adopt mobile computing.
Group decoupling theory for a generalized linear multivariable control system

The problem of decoupling groups of inputs and outputs is unified and solved for a generalized multivariable linear control system involving most classes of linear systems, namely, time-invariant, time-varying, time-delay systems with derivatives in the input variables, systems in non-Markovian form, etc.
Managing severe airspace flow programs: The Airlines' side of the problem

This paper presents a heuristic-based approach for minimizing airlines’ schedule disruptions and operation costs associated with severe airspace flow programs. It considers primary decisions made by flight dispatchers such as flight slot substitution and rerouting outside the boundaries of the flow-constrained area. A two-stage heuristic is developed. In the first, a linear approximation of the problem is used to screen inefficient routing and slot substitution alternatives. The second stage examines possible solution improvements through trading flight assignments for every pair of conflicting routes. A genetic algorithm is developed and used to benchmark the performance of the two-stage heuristic. In the algorithm, flight route and slot allocation schemes are modeled as chromosomes. The fitness of these chromosomes measures the magnitude of schedule disruption and overall operating cost. A set of experiments that compare the performance of the two heuristics considering airspace flow programs with different levels of severity is presented.
Complications caused by extramembranous placement of intrauterine pressure catheters

A case report is described in which the inadvertent placement of a standard intrauterine pressure catheter in a laboring woman caused partial abruptio placentae and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Altering catheter placement technique and giving attention to aspects of placement can help avoid mishaps, and awareness of possible complications can lead to earlier diagnosis with increased appropriate intervention. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1034-5.)
Infixation and segmental constraint effects: UM and IN in Tagalog, Chamorro, and Toba Batak

Abstract The proper understanding of infixation continues to be a matter of debate among linguists. The data presented in this paper show that infixation in Austronesian languages is not exclusively due to Prosodic Morphology, but instead is significantly influenced by the segmental phonology as well. Specifically, infixation may be blocked if it would create dissimilation environments in the first bimoraic foot of the morphological base. To capture this asymmetric effect, it is proposed that OCP-type markedness constraints may be sensitive to positional domains. The analysis also accounts for the alternatives to infixation that individual languages employ. Blocking creates a morphological gap in Tagalog. In contrast, infixation in Chamorro competes with prefixation plus metathesis, whereas prefixation with assimilation is observed in Toba Batak. The investigation of Chamorro also uncovers the phonological conspiracy that infixation and metathesis are both driven by the prosodic requirement that syllables must have onsets.
Effects and correction of magneto-optic spatial light modulator phase errors in an optical correlator

Here we study the optical phase errors introduced into an optical correlator by the input and filter plane magneto-optic spatial light modulators. We measure and characterize the magnitude of these phase errors, evaluate their effects on the correlation results, and present a means of correction by a design modification of the binary phase-only optical-filter function. The efficacy of the phase-correction technique is quantified and is found to restore the correlation characteristics to those obtained in the absence of errors, to a high degree. The phase errors of other correlator system elements are also discussed and treated in a similar fashion.
HSP 70 synthesis in clinical hyperthermia patients: Preliminary results of a new technique

Abstract Purpose : Although thermotolerance may be an important variable in clinical hyperthermia, few means have been described to measure its effect or duration in the clinical setting. This study was undertaken to determine if heat shock protein 70 could be used as an assay to predict the presence of retained thermotolerance in human tumors. Methods and Materials : Tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing hyperthermia and assayed for heat shock protein 70 synthesis. Eight patients having advanced, persistent, or recurrent malignant tumors had open-ended thermometry catheters placed into the lesion being heated. Through these catheters, tissue samples were obtained using a fine needle aspiration technique. Attempts were made to obtain samples before and after the first three heat treatments. Some samples were labeled immediately with radioactive methionine (35S) at 37°C for 4–8 hr, others were given a test heat dose in vitro and then labeled. Protein synthesis profiles were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Results : Preliminary results show that it is possible to obtain tissue from hyperthermia patients in a safe and practical manner, that the rate of heat shock protein 70 synthesis can be measured in a variety of tumors, and that the persistence of thermotolerance in the clinical setting can be shown by the inability to reinduce heat shock protein 70 synthesis. Conclusion : The measurement of heat shock protein 70 using the described technique may provide an assay for retained thermotolerance in clinical hyperthermia. Technical difficulties which need to be addressed include obtaining sufficient tissue in all patients, confirming the presence of tumor in the obtained tissue, and obtaining tissue at more frequent intervals to best determine the kinetics of thermotolerance.
The perception of effectiveness of merged information services organizations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the perceptions of chief information officers and academic deans with respect to the effectiveness of merged information services organizations (MISOs) at liberal arts colleges.Design/methodology/approach – This study is descriptive exploratory survey research. A survey of chief information officers (CIOs) and academic deans of liberal arts colleges with merged information services organizations was undertaken. In addition to a general assessment of the MISO, a taxonomy of expected benefits was developed from the literature. Respondents provided information on both the general effectiveness of the MISO and its delivery of the expected benefits. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected.Findings – The paper finds that both CIOs and academic deans had a favorable impression of the MISO and believed it was effective in providing support and delivering expected benefits. Concerns were raised that the MISO organization requires staff development time...
The Transition to Amphetamine Abuse

(1972). The Transition to Amphetamine Abuse. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 5, The Politics of Uppers and Downers, pp. 105-111.
TRPM5 is critical for linoleic acid-induced CCK secretion from the enteroendocrine cell line, STC-1

Fatty acid-induced stimulation of enteroendocrine cells leads to release of the hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK) that contribute to satiety. Recently, the fatty acid activated G protein-coupled receptor GPR120 has been shown to mediate long-chain unsaturated free fatty acid-induced CCK release from the enteroendocrine cell line, STC-1, yet the downstream signaling pathway remains unclear. Here we show that linoleic acid (LA) elicits membrane depolarization and an intracellular calcium rise in STC-1 cells and that these responses are significantly reduced when activity of G proteins or phospholipase C is blocked. LA leads to activation of monovalent cation-specific transient receptor potential channel type M5 (TRPM5) in STC-1 cells. LA-induced TRPM5 currents are significantly reduced when expression of TRPM5 or GPR120 is reduced using RNA interference. Furthermore, the LA-induced rise in intracellular calcium and CCK secretion is greatly diminished when expression of TRPM5 channels is reduced using RNA interference, consistent with a role of TRPM5 in LA-induced CCK secretion in STC-1 cells.
Prospective, randomized, endoscopic-blinded trial comparing precolonoscopy bowel cleansing methods

PURPOSE: Recent reports have suggested that precolonoscopy bowel preparation is easier to tolerate if a small volume solution is used. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare three oral solutions for colonoscopy to determine any changes in either patient compliance or cleansing ability. METHODS: Four hundred fifty patients were prospectively randomized to receive either a standard 4-liter polyethylene glycol solution, a newer sulfatefree 4-liter polyethylene giycol solution, or a 90-ml oral sodium phosphate preparation. Before and after bowel preparation all patients were weighed, and serum electrolytes as well as phosphate, magnesium, calcium, and osmolarity were measured. In addition, a detailed questionnaire was used to assess side effects and patient satisfaction. Endoscopists blinded to the type and quantity of preparation used scored the type of residual stool and the percentage of bowel wall visualized for each segment of colon and for the overall examination. Nurses recorded all procedure times as well as the quantity of irrigation and aspiration. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty-two agematched and sex-matched patients completed all phases of the trial. There were no clinically significant changes in weight or in any biochemical parameters. There was, however, asymptomatic hyperphosphatemia in the sodium phosphate group (P<0.01).The length of time to the cecum was similar for all three groups, with a higher volume of fluid suctioned for sodium phosphate (P< 0.01).Overall, endoscopists scored sodium phosphate as “excellent” or “good” in 90 percent vs.70 percent and 73 percent after the polyethylene glycol or sulfate-free lavage, respectively (P<0.01). Paniculate or solid stool was found in all segments of the colon more frequently after both large volume preparations than after sodium phosphate (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the frequency or intensity of any of the 11 side effects questioned. Eighty-three percent of the patients who received the sodium phosphate preparation stated they would take this same preparation again,vs.only 19 percent and 33 percent for polyethylene glycol and the sulfate-free lavage, respectively (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The smaller volume oral sodium phosphate was not associated with any clinically significant problem, caused no increase in the incidence of side effects, was preferred by patients, and was more effective in colonic cleansing. However, the hyperphosphatemia seen may limit its use in patients with impaired renal function.
On the etiology of aging.

Abstract Amino acid racemization is presented as an hypothesis for the cause of aging. Effects on important biomolecules resulting from changes in their three-dimensional conformations and resulting changes in activities and specificities are discussed. Aging is viewed as a natural process associated with attaining thermodynamic equilibrium.
A retrieval pattern-based inter-query learning approach for content-based image retrieval

This paper presents a retrieval pattern-based inter-query learning approach for image retrieval with relevance feedback. The proposed system combines SVM-based low-level learning and semantic correlation-based high-level learning to construct a semantic matrix to store retrieval patterns of a certain number of randomly chosen query sessions. User's relevance feedback is utilized for updating high-level semantic features of the query image and each database image. Extensive experiments demonstrate our system outperforms three peer systems in the context of both correct and erroneous feedback. Our retrieval system also achieves high retrieval accuracy after the first iteration.
Closure to “Numerical Oscillations in Pipe-Filling Bore Predictions by Shock-Capturing Models” by J. G. Vasconcelos, S. J. Wright, and P. L. Roe

The discussers would like to congratulate the authors for a very interesting paper, in which the gradual flow regime transition i.e., in the absence of a pipe-filling bore front —an outstanding issue in interface tracking models for flow regime transition—was addressed. The proposed model is in this regard an improvement on the family of models presented by Song et al. 1983 and Cardle and Song 1988 , among others. Based on the discussers’ experience in modeling tunnel systems, gradual-flow regime transitions should probably be more common than pipe-filling bores, even though some extreme inflow conditions, which could be very important for design purposes, may require pipe-filling bore modeling. The discussers would like to make a few comments and raise some issues: 1. Geysering events are not necessarily characterized solely by water jets, as investigated by Vasconcelos 2005 . Experiments and field evidence indicate that such phenomena could also be triggered by air pocket expulsion through water-filled vertical shafts in stormwater systems. Careful consideration of the air pocket entrapment is required when dealing with flow-regime transition events. 2. There is already available an alternative to model flowregime transition other than Preissmann slot or interface tracking-based models, namely the TPA model of Vasconcelos et al. 2006 . The TPA model overcomes the limitations of Preissmann-slot models of modeling subatmospheric flows, while retaining a single set of equations to simulate both free-surface and pressurized flows. Indeed as the authors mentioned, flow-regime transition models constructed with shock-capturing approaches may develop numerical oscillations in the vicinity of pipe-filling bores. However, Vasconcelos et al. 2006 propose an approach to attenuate such oscillations. More recently, Vasconcelos et al. 2009 address this issue, and other techniques to attenuate these numerical oscillations are proposed. 3. The discussers doubt that the proposed model would be able to handle a depressurization scenario in which pressurized flows are succeeded by free-surface flows. In such cases, the flow regime interface would be characterized by air intrusion
NON-PARABOLIC MARCHING ALGORITHM FOR SOUND FIELD CALCULATION IN THE OCEAN WAVEGUIDE

An algorithm is presented for calculating sound field in the inhomogeneous ocean waveguide. It does not involve parabolic approximation and can be considered as principally exact (at least for 2D inhomogeneities of the sound speed field). On the other hand, it is “marching” and can be easily implemented as a computer code (note, that marching in this case proceeds in “backward” direction, i.e. towards the source). Those features of the code are similar to couple mode algorithm (COUPLE) developed originally by R. Evans. The principal difference is that suggested code does not assume piecewise constant approximation of the waveguide properties with respect to horizontal coordinates. As a result, the horizontal steps of marching can be increased significantly. The estimate of the efficiency of the approach as compared to stepwise couple modes method is given. The results of the code testing with the help of benchmark problem as well as calculation of sound propagation through a strong inhomogeneity formed by the sub-arctic front are presented. The present version of the code can be used to calculate entries of scattering matrix (S-matrix) for the ocean waveguide as well as travel times of different modes (derivatives of phases of corresponding entries with respect to frequency). A priori restrictions on S-matrix (reciprocity and energy conservation) are also given, and some objective quantitative criterion of the accuracy of the numerical algorithms formulated in terms of S-matrix is suggested.
Effect of dietary fat and cholesterol on circulating lipids and aortic ultrastructure of squirrel monkeys

Abstract To determine the relative lipemic and atherogenic potential of small increments of saturated fat (22% of calories) and cholesterol (30 mg/100 kcal), 32 young adult male squirrel monkeys were fed one of four diets containing corn oil (unsaturated) or coconut oil (saturated) with or without cholesterol for 6 months. Coconut oil initiated a hypercholesterolemia, but cholesterol was needed to sustain this increase. Cholesterol added to coconut oil also produced a hyperphospholipidemia and a transient glyceridemia. Monkeys fed saturated fat had significantly more aortic atheromas than those fed unsaturated fat. Cholesterol did not appear to influence the severity of atherosclerosis when supplemented at this level, nor did it affect the ultrastructural differences described between the animals fed the two types of fat.
Substituted 2‐Pyrones and 5,6‐Dihydropyrones

A series of substituted 2-pyrones and 5,6-dihydropyrones have been synthesized and investigated for their inhibitory activity toward human leukocyte elastase, procine pancreatic elastase and chymotrypsin.
In vivo transcriptionally coupled assembly of Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits

Abstract Evidence is presented that ribosome assembly in bacteria may occur concurrently with transcription of ribosomal RNA. Bacterial folded chromosomes (nucleoids), which contain nascent ribosomal RNA, were isolated and analyzed for the presence of ribosomal proteins by quantitative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For each ribosomal protein on the nucleoid the relative mass, NR1, and the mean frequency of occurrence, F, were calculated. These data yield a frequency gradient for ribosomal proteins associated with the transcriptional complex. The possibility that this gradient represents a general in vivo assembly order for the addition of these proteins to 16 S and 23 S RNA is discussed.
What workers want: a global perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in global worker preferences for job attributes and incentives at the national cultural level, knowledge that is key to the architecture of effective human resource systems. Design/methodology/approach – A Bayesian latent growth curve (LGC) model was used to test data from the World and European Values Surveys from the time periods 1981 to 2005. Findings – Results (based on Bayesian LGC analysis) indicate that employee-related beliefs about what is attractive in a job do change considerably over time, with pay, then employment security having the highest priorities. Equally important, demand for good pay and a job that matches one’s abilities are the fastest growing global worker desires. Originality/value – These findings of national culture’s active evolution in the workplace indicate a need for scholars, leaders in practice – especially human resource managers – to rethink our cultural conceptualizations for model building and global job des...
Optimal power allocation for GSVD-based beamforming in the MIMO Gaussian wiretap channel

This paper considers a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Gaussian wiretap channel model, where there exists a transmitter, a legitimate receiver and an eavesdropper, each equipped with multiple antennas. Perfect secrecy is achieved when the transmitter and the legitimate receiver can communicate at some positive rate, while ensuring that the eavesdropper gets zero bits of information. In this paper, the perfect secrecy rate of the multiple antenna MIMO wiretap channel is maximized for arbitrary numbers of antennas under the assumption that the transmitter performs beamforming based on the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD). More precisely, the optimal allocation of power for the GSVD-based precoder that maximizes the achievable secrecy rate is derived. Numerical results are presented to illustrate that the achievable secrecy rate of the GSVD-based precoding approach is nearly identical to that of the optimal scheme.
Critical Issues for the Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities in the Adult Population.

Response to intervention (RTI) has little application to the identification of and access to accommodations for adults with learning disabilities (LD). However, the critical topics raised during the reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA; 2004) pertaining to LD eligibility criteria are similar to ongoing concerns about the provision of appropriate accommodations for adults. The real issues being challenged include three major points: (a) the relation of LD to achievement, (b) the role of clinical judgment in eligibility criteria, and (c) the purpose of diagnostic assessments. Study of the adult population is critical to a better understanding of the issues surrounding the diagnosis of LD. A review of recent research with the adult population will provide the basis for our support of the use of specific cognitive and linguistic processing measures in the diagnostic methodology for LD. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 889–899, 2006.
Using similarity links as shortcuts to relevant web pages

Successful navigation from a relevant web page to other relevant pages depends on the page linking to other relevant pages. We measured the distance to travel from relevant page to relevant page and found a bimodal distribution of distances peaking at 4 and 15 hops. In an attempt to make it easier to navigate among relevant pages, we added content similarity links to pages. With these additional links, significantly more relevant documents were close to each other. A browser plug-in or other tool that provides links to pages similar to a given page should increase the ability of web users to find relevant pages via navigation.
'Professional rehabilitation nursing': an elective course for nursing students.

An elective course, “Professional Rehabilitation Nursing,” was developed at the University of Louisville School of Nursing to examine the scope of professional nursing practice in selected cardiac, neurologic, and pulmonary rehabilitation settings. In this elective, rehabilitation professionals presented content in their respective areas of expertise. Course methods focused on group discussions and client contact in rehabilitation settings. Students praised the course as informative and enjoyable.
Mechanisms of cerebrovascular O2 sensitivity from hyperoxia to moderate hypoxia in the rat.

Cerebrovascular dilation over PaO2 ranging from hyperoxia to moderate hypoxia is unexplained. We hypothesize that tissue acidosis is the cause. Local cortical cerebral blood flow (LCBF), tissue hydrogen ion concentration [H+]t, and tissue Po2 (Pto2) were measured with microelectrodes in the parietal cortex of 18 rats during a 30-min steady state on 60 to 10% inspired O2 (Pao2, 300 to 40 torr) during 40% N2O analgesia. Five rats kept on 60% O2/40% N2O served as controls. In 18 rats at a Pao2 of 275 ± 7 torr (X ± SEM) and Paco2 of 35 ±1 torr, cerebral values were: LCBF = 129 ± 23 (X ± SEM) ml · 100 g−1 · min−1; [H+], = 62 ± 6 nM; and Pto2 = 25 ± 3 torr. As Pao2 was reduced from about 300 to 40 torr, changes in these variables in percentage of control with respect to Pao2, were described by the following equations, all at P < 0.0001: LCBF = 85.9 + 5,572/Pao2; [H+]t = 97.15 + 1,012/Pao2; and = 108.8 − 3,492/Pao2. Simultaneous solution of the LCBF and [H+]t equations at various Pao2 revealed a slope of 8.82%...
Turbulent heat transfer downstream of a contraction-related forward-facing step in a duct

Experiments were performed to investigate the axial distribution of the heat transfer coefficient downstream of an abrupt contraction in a flat rectangular duct. The contraction was created by the presence of a forward-facing step in one of the walls of the duct. The flow arriving at the step was hydrodynamically developed and isothermal. In the contracted duct, the duct wall that constituted the continuation of the step was maintained at a uniform temperature different from that of the entering flow, while the other walls were adiabatic. During the course of the experiments, the Reynolds number of the flow in the contracted duct ranged from 4,000 to 24,000, while the ratio of the post-contraction to the precontraction duct heights took on values of 1 (no contraction), 0.8, 0.6, and 0.4. In the presence of the contraction, the axial distribution of the Sherwood number increased at first, attained a maximum, and then decreased monotonically to a fully developed value. In contrast, the no-contraction Sherwood number decreased monotonically and subsequently became fully developed. At a given Reynolds number, the peak Sherwood number for the contraction case was virtually independent of the contraction ratio and exceeded the largest measured Sherwood number for the no-contractionmore » case by about a factor of two.« less
Time to Pay Attention: Attentional Performance Time-Stamped Prefrontal Cholinergic Activation, Diurnality, and Performance

Although the impairments in cognitive performance that result from shifting or disrupting daily rhythms have been demonstrated, the neuronal mechanisms that optimize fixed-time daily performance are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that daily practice of a sustained attention task (SAT) evokes a diurnal activity pattern in rats. Here, we report that SAT practice at a fixed time produced practice time-stamped increases in prefrontal cholinergic neurotransmission that persisted after SAT practice was terminated and in a different environment. SAT time-stamped cholinergic activation occurred regardless of whether the SAT was practiced during the light or dark phase or in constant-light conditions. In contrast, prior daily practice of an operant schedule of reinforcement, albeit generating more rewards and lever presses per session than the SAT, neither activated the cholinergic system nor affected the animals' nocturnal activity pattern. Likewise, food-restricted animals exhibited strong food anticipatory activity (FAA) and attenuated activity during the dark phase but FAA was not associated with increases in prefrontal cholinergic activity. Removal of cholinergic neurons impaired SAT performance and facilitated the reemergence of nocturnality. Shifting SAT practice away from a fixed time resulted in significantly lower performance. In conclusion, these experiments demonstrated that fixed-time, daily practice of a task assessing attention generates a precisely practice time-stamped activation of the cortical cholinergic input system. Time-stamped cholinergic activation benefits fixed-time performance and, if practiced during the light phase, contributes to a diurnal activity pattern.
Cardiovascular Effects of Reserpine, Yohimbine, and Reserpine—yohimbine Mixtures on Intact Anesthetized Dog

Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters plus responses to periodically injected epinephrine were monitored for 5 hr. in the anesthetized dog after single intravenous injections of saline, reserpine, yohimbine, or reserpine-yohimbine mixtures. Whole root Rauwolfia serpentina contains reserpine-like and yohimbine-like alkaloids and is widely used and classified as a reserpine-like agent. However, qualitative results in the present study indicate interactions between reserpine and yohimbine when administered concurrently, with end results incorporating the time-response profiles of both agents when given singly.
A high-throughput energy-aware medium-access-control protocol for wireless sensor networks

The paper proposes a throughput and energy-aware medium-access-control protocol for wireless sensor networks. This innovative approach aggressively eliminates the wasted energy while increasing the throughput. The proposed throughput and energy-aware medium-access-control protocol solves the energy inefficiency caused by idle listening and overhearing. Communication is handled using the built-in synchronisation. Mobility and scalability are supported by the history-independent establishment of communication. Simulation experiments have been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to some recently proposed energy-efficient protocols.
Performance of a Cross-Cooled Desiccant Dehumidifier Prototype

A cross-cooled desiccant dehumidifier prototype was constructed and tested. The cross-cooled dehumidifier prototype was constructed in the form of a cube with a side dimension of 0.6 m. The cooling was achieved by passing air through rectangular channels perpendicular to the process channels which are lined with desiccant sheets, consisting of 9 ..mu..m Syloid 63 silica gel held in a Teflon web. The process for the manufacture of the silica gel sheets was developed at the Illinois Institute of Technology. The performance of the dehumidifier prototype was parametrically studied in a test bed that simulates the performance of a cross-cooled desiccant cooling system. The system was tested over a range of operating conditions typically encountered in field installations of such systems. The performance parameters studied are moisture cycle, cooling capacity, and coefficient of performance.
Ventricular Arrhythmia and Stokes-Adams Syndrome: Report of a Case

An unusual case of ventricular arrhythmia is reported with electrocardiograms showing complete attacks of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter and ventricular fibrillation. The etiologyis unknown. Large doses of quinidine, to the point of toxicity, seemed to halt the arrhythmia but did not prevent its recurrence. Ephedrine was given with resulting immediate improvement and no recurrence of the arrhythmia. It is suggested that ephedrine may be of value in treating Stokes-Adams attacks due to ventricular arrhythmia in which there is no heart block but an underlying bradycardia.
Attempts to Detect Resonance Scattering in Zn 67 ; The Effect of Zero-Point Vibrations

Unsuccessful attempts to detect the Mossbauer effect in the 93-kev gamma ray from the 9.1-usec level of Zn/sup 67/ are described. The conditions were: (1) source vibration with a rms velocity of approximately 10/sup -3/ cm/sec; (2) sources of Ga/sup 67/ dissolved In Al--Zn alloy (95--5 wt.%), in polycrystalline zinc, In a single zinc crystal, and in an irradiated copper foil; and (3) absorbers of Al--Zn alloy (90--10 wt.%), polycrystalllne zinc, single zinc crystals. and natural sphalerite (ZnS). No resonant absorption greater than 0.3% under any of the above conditions was found. A possible reason for this failure is a difference between the Debye temperatures of the source and absorber leading to differences in the frequency. Therefore, the only source-absorber combina tion expected to show resonant absorption would be that using zinc directly, and the effect then was probably too small to be detected. (D.L.C.)