cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault Localization in All-Optical Networks with User and Supervisory Lightpaths

Transparent all-optical networks introduce a challenging problem of achieving efficient and accurate full-coverage fault-localization. In this paper we present a novel and efficient monitoring approach that exploits the benefits of provisioned user lightpaths for in-band monitoring and achieves complete fault localization coverage at the minimum resource cost through the use of complementary supervisory lightpaths. We formulate the problem and present an Integer Linear Program (ILP) solution. An efficient heuristic for provisioning complementary supervisory paths and cycles is also introduced and the solution quality is compared with ILP for different sets of random user lightpaths and different parameters. Extensive numerical comparisons with several recently proposed monitoring algorithms demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach.
Implementing an algorithm to solve large sequential decision analysis models

An implementation is presented of an algorithm to solve large sequential decision analysis models. This implementation in the Pascal programming language does not use special features of Pascal, and is therefore straightforward to translate into other programming languages. Empirical results show that the algorithm requires only a modest personal computer to quickly solve decision trees with several hundred thousand endpoints. This allows the use of decision analysis methods for a variety of management and engineering decisions that are often considered too complex for decision analysis. >
Chromosomal mapping of mouse myelin basic protein gene and structure and transcription of the partially deleted gene in shiverer mutant mice

The gene for mouse myelin basic protein (MBP) was mapped to chromosome 18 by hybridization of cloned MBP probes to DNA from hamster-mouse hybrid cell lines, showing it to be linked to the shiverer mutation which causes abnormal CNS myelination. Genomic blotting experiments show that in the mutants five of six exons which constitute the wild-type gene have been deleted. In shiverer brains the steady state level of transcripts that initiate correctly at the 5' end of the remaining exon 1 is reduced 16-fold. These RNAs are not spliced correctly and are not efficiently polyadenylated. It is proposed that the partial deletion of the MBP gene is an important part of the shiverer lesion.
Growth hormone receptor mutations in children with idiopathic short stature.

Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the GH receptor (GHR) gene result in GH insensitivity syndrome. Previous reports have shown that some heterozygous mutations may induce a partial insensitivity to GH, but others appear to have limited effect on growth. To investigate further these observations, we analyzed the GHR gene in 17 subjects with idiopathic short stature (ISS). All subjects had a height 2 sd or more below the mean and/or abnormal growth velocity. In addition, serum GH levels were 10 ng/mL or more and insulin-like growth factor I levels were normal or low. A novel heterozygous mutation resulting in a valine to isoleucine change (V144I) in exon 6 in the extracellular domain was found in one subject. His mother and one brother had significant short stature and also had the identical mutation. Affected family members also had a polymorphism in exon 6 of the GHR gene, which has been present in other subjects who had short stature and heterozygous mutations of the GHR gene. The other sub...
Awareness and Knowledge of the Youth 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans

Background: To measure parental awareness of government physical activity guidelines and knowledge of the amount of physical activity recommended for youth (ie, 60 minutes per day, 7 days per week) as specified in the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Methods: A cross-sectional national sample of adults responded to physical activity guideline questions added to the HealthStyles survey in 2009 (n = 1552). The prevalence of parents aware of government physical activity guidelines and knowledgeable of the youth physical activity guideline, specifically, was estimated overall and by parental demographic characteristics (sex, education, income level, race/ethnicity, age group, marital status) and body mass index. Results: In 2009, 34.8% of parents reported being aware of physical activity guidelines, and 9.7% were knowledgeable of the amount of physical activity recommended for youth. Conclusions: Many parents lack awareness and knowledge of the youth physical activity guidelines. The low preva...
Using Focus Groups to Create Culturally Appropriate HIV Prevention Material for the Deaf Community

The Washington, DC Department of Health and the HIV/AIDS Administration in collaboration with Deaf-REACH, a Washington, DC community service center for Deaf and Hard of Hearing (HOH) individuals, sponsored a qualitative research study to develop HIV and AIDS prevention materials specifically targeted for the deaf and HOH community. This article describes the process of creating a prevention poster and condom card targeted for Deaf and HOH individuals who use American Sign Language. This study utilized a series of five focus groups with members of the deaf community. The focus groups targeted three areas: (1) assessment of needs; (2) designs for prevention materials in terms of language appropriateness, graphics, and cultural relevance; and, (3) final choice of design and evaluation of language, graphics, and cultural relevance. Results of the initial focus groups indicated that there was a lack of general knowledge about HIV and a lack of culturally specific prevention and education materials, especially ...
Contribution of three life history types to smolt production in a Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) population

The most productive juvenile life history in the Pahsimeroi River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; Idaho, USA) population (in terms of smolt production) is being eliminated. Length at emig...
Fast Path Planning For Robot Manipulators

Fast path planning is achieved by a special representation of the manipulator and the workspace. A method is devised to work directly with ann postures instead of dealing with individual joint positions. These two aspects, namely representation and posture control, greatly speed up the path finding procedure and make it possible to perform near real-time planning in a reason- ably complex environment. The path planner uses bit maps of the arm and obstacles, and a novel search algo- rithm determines the sequence of postures the arm must take to effect a collision free path. The path planner has been implemented and tested on a PUMA manipulator in a moderately cluttered environment.
End-to-end secure multi-hop communication with untrusted relays is possible

We consider a source-destination pair that can communicate only through a chain of unauthenticated intermediate relay nodes over AWGN links. In this scenario, it is desirable to use these relays-as otherwise communicating with the destination is impossible-without the relays being able to decode the information flowing through them. This in turn is tantamount to treating the relays as eavesdroppers from whom the information needs to be kept secret. An important question then becomes that of identifying the limits of reliable and secure communication in this network in the information theoretic sense. In particular, we ask whether it is possible to achieve a non-vanishing perfect secrecy rate regardless of the number of hops. In this work, we find that the answer is yes and show that a constant secrecy rate for an arbitrary number of hops is achievable by employing the combination of a lattice code and a random code.
Books Worth Reading: Faculty Governance

The Rise & Decline of Faculty Governance: Professional-ization and the Modern American University, by Larry G. Gerber. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. 264 pages. $59.95 Hardbac...
A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy Education.

This paper aims to increase understanding and appreciation of formative assessment and its role in improving student outcomes and the instructional process, while educating faculty on formative techniques readily adaptable to various educational settings. Included are a definition of formative assessment and the distinction between formative and summative assessment. Various formative assessment strategies to evaluate student learning in classroom, laboratory, experiential, and interprofessional education settings are discussed. The role of reflective writing and portfolios, as well as the role of technology in formative assessment, are described. The paper also offers advice for formative assessment of faculty teaching. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the importance of creating a culture of assessment that embraces the concept of 360-degree assessment in both the development of a student’s ability to demonstrate achievement of educational outcomes and a faculty member’s ability to become an effective educator.
Measurement of Renal Tubular Angiotensin II

The proximal tubules play a critical role in providing the kidneys with their ability to regulate body fluid volume and electrolyte composition. One major function is the reabsorption of sodium and other electrolytes which is caused, in part, by angiotensin II (Ang II), a peptide that is made up of eight amino acids. By activating Ang II receptors on both the basolateral and luminal membranes, Ang II serves a major function in determining how the kidney processes.
Synthesis and metal ion extraction of partial-cone di-ionizable p - tert -butylcalix[4]arene-1,2-crown-5 ligands with elongated acidic side arms

Proton di-ionizable calix[4]arene-1,2-crown-5 ligands with elongated pendant side arms are synthesized in the partial-cone conformation. Solvent extraction studies probed the influence of elongated side arms and conformation toward various metal cations. Results of the solvent extraction experiments show that these compounds are poor extractants from aqueous solutions into chloroform for hard alkali metal cations and alkaline earth metal cations and intermediate Pb2+. For soft Hg2+, the ligands with N-(X)sulfonyl carbamoyl ionizable groups exhibit very good to excellent extraction efficiency. In general, the metal ion extraction behavior for the new partial-cone conformers is quite similar to that reported recently for their cone conformational isomers.
Status of the UMC Cosmic Ray Experiment

The UMC Ultra High Energy cosmic ray experiment is a collaboration among the University of Utah, the University of Michigan, and the University of Chicago. It is located at the site of the Fly’s Eye II experiment at Dugway, Utah, at latitude 40.2° and an atmospheric depth of 850gm/cm 2. Extensive air shower (EAS) surface arrays, a large area muon counter array, tracking Cerenkov telescopes, and the Fly’s Eye detector constitute the elements of a versatile cosmic ray observatory for ≳ 1014 eV extensive air showers.
Nitric Oxide Signalling in the Hypothalamus

Publisher Summary The studies of the distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synth NOS and NOS mRNA within the mammalian central nervous system have been conducted using both immunohistochemical and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemical methods. The involvement of NO in the stimulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamic neurons, prompted studies of the role of NO on stress- and cytokine-induced release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and adrenal corticosterone in vivo. NO diffuses to the CRH neuron, where it stimulates prostaglandin-E2 production by activating the cyclooxygenase enzyme. Prostaglandin-E2, through activation of adenylate cyclase, stimulates the generation of cAMP, which induces exocytosis of CRH secretory granules. The localization of NOS within the hypothalamic nuclei involved in autonomic control suggests a potential role for NO as a modulator of neuronal activity within these centers. Elaboration or transmission of the thermogenic signal involves NO production.
A new system for sodium flux growth of bulk GaN. Part II: in situ investigation of growth processes

Abstract We report recent results of bulk GaN crystal growth using the sodium flux method in a new crucible-free growth system. We observed a (0001) Ga face (+c-plane) growth rate >50 µm/h for growth at a N2 overpressure of ~5 MPa and 860 °C, which is the highest crystal growth rate reported for this technique to date. Omega X-ray rocking curve (ω-XRC) measurements indicated the presence of multiple grains, though full width at half maximum (FWHM) values for individual peaks were 1020 atoms/cm3. By monitoring the nitrogen pressure decay over the course of the crystal growth, we developed an in situ method that correlates gas phase changes with precipitation of GaN from the sodium-gallium melt. Based on this analysis, the growth rate may have actually been as high as 90 µm/h, as it would suggest GaN growth ceased prior to the end of the run. We also observed gas phase behavior identified as likely characteristic of GaN polynucleation.
Prospect utilitarianism: A better alternative to sufficientarianism

Ever since the publication of Harry Frankfurt’s “Equality as a Moral Ideal” (Ethics 98(1):21–43, 1987), the doctrine of sufficiency has attracted great attention among both ethical theorists and political philosophers. The doctrine of sufficiency (or sufficientarianism) consists of two main theses: the positive thesis states that it is morally important for people to have enough; and the negative thesis states that once everybody has enough, relative inequality has absolutely no moral importance. Many political philosophers have presented different versions of sufficientarianism that retain the general spirit of what Frankfurt had proposed in his seminal work. However, all of these different versions of sufficientarianism suffer from two critical problems: (a) they fail to give right answers to lifeboat situations, and (b) they fail to provide continuous ethical judgments. In this paper, I show a version of utilitarianism that solves these problems while retaining the major attractions of sufficientarianism. I call it “prospect utilitarianism.” In addition, I show that prospect utilitarianism can avoid standard objections to utilitarianism and has aspects that can appeal to both prioritarians and egalitarians as well.
Use of immersive virtual environments for occupant behaviour monitoring and data collection

With the recent advancements in the field of virtual reality, occupants can now be immersed into virtual built environments, where they have the ability to visualize and interact with the environment. Researchers also have the ability to collect and observe various behavioural choices impacting performance of built environments (e.g. shading control, lighting preferences, use of appliances, etc.) in such environments. They can further create realistic occupant-related models for more accurate building performance simulation (BPS). This paper identifies the benefits and limitations of using immersive virtual environments (IVEs) for collecting and modelling occupant behaviours while highlighting how such information could improve BPS results. Furthermore, a number of lessons learned and best practices for designing IVE-based experiments, current shortcomings of such environments, and future research opportunities for adopting such technologies towards improving building design and operations, specifically f...
Periodical Archaeology: Digital Production, Critical Discourse and Textual Communities in Emigre

Published in 1989, Emigre magazine’s eleventh issue, Ambition/Fear: Graphic Designers and the Macintosh Computer, contains vivid artifacts of a discipline’s first encounter with digital tools. From the aesthetics of bitmaps to the expressive interventions made possible by new access to typesetting controls, not to mention the self-publishing venture of the magazine itself, this issue combines modernist and postmodern agendas in a model construction of text-based community. Looking closely at Emigre #11 and more passingly at later issues, this article analyses the technical, critical, and cultural production that would shape Emigre as a medium for typographic demonstration and discussion among peers. DOI : 10.18146/2213-7653.2016.263
THE ICONOGRAPHIC CHOICES OF THE MINUCII AUGURINI: RE-READING RRC 242 AND 243

The coinage of the Minucii Augurini (RRC 242 and 243) has received extensive scholarly commentary (Crawford 1974, 273-6; Wiseman 1996; Evans 2011; Elkins 2015, 21-2), but a holistic comparative approach to the iconography of these two types leads to new conclusions regarding likely compositional prototypes in other media, the motivations behind the design choice, and the attributes and identification of the figures. All this helps explain compositional variations between the two coin types that previous scholars have found problematic. A wide range of comparative evidence is used including glass paste intaglios, Etruscan tomb decoration, relief depictions and archaeological finds of priestly implements, further coin imagery, and literary testimony, especially Plut. Mor . 89F.
Evidence for a naturally occurring post-glacial acid sulfate weathering event in northwestern Indiana, USA.

Abstract We review the evidence for a naturally occurring acid sulfate weathering event along the southern shore of Lake Michigan that was initiated ~ 15,000 years BP (before present) at the close of the Wisconsin Glaciation. The evidence includes: (1) “unproductive black soils” that were encountered when settlers drained the wetlands in the area for agriculture, (2) areas of soils that have anomalously low base saturation and are classified into ultic subgroups in a region where typic subgroups are the norm, (3) unexpectedly high arsenic concentrations in streambed sediments of the Kankakee River, (4) pyrite, jarosite, and gypsum in cobbles from outwash deposits in the areas, and (5) identification of a modern day “unproductive black soil” with a surface soil pH of 2.1. We propose that the acid sulfate weathering event was initiated when the Lake Michigan Lobe of the Wisconsin Glacier eroded pyrite-rich bedrock and deposited it in an outwash fan in front of the Valparaiso Moraine, where sorting by water depleted calcium carbonate-rich fine material relative to pyrite-rich coarse material. Acid sulfate weathering on the higher landscape positions led to well-drained soils depleted of calcium and magnesium and resulted in anomalously low base saturation and soils now classified into ultic subgroups. Calcium, iron and sulfate moved to adjacent wetlands in the lower lying landscape positions, where reduction of iron and sulfate resulted in the precipitation of secondary pyrite in the accumulating organic material. Drainage of these wetlands for agriculture beginning in the late 1800s exposed the secondary pyrite to oxygen and initiated a second cycle of acid sulfate weathering that led to some of the reports of “unproductive black soils.” These soils developed extremely low pH upon drainage. Some of these highly acid conditions exist today. Arsenic in the original pyrite is moving through the landscape and is manifested in the unexpectedly high arsenic contents in streambed sediments of the Kankakee River that drains the area. This work shows that a whole landscape approach is necessary to understand how seemingly unrelated observations are all manifestations of a single natural phenomenon.
Quotas Operandi: Examining the Distribution of Voting Power at the IMF and World Bank

ABSTRACTExisting work suggests that status hierarchies in the world polity are primarily realized through uneven participation rates in international organizations. Meanwhile, hierarchies that exist within these organizations remain neglected. I fill this gap by examining the unequal distribution of voting power at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank between 1951 and 2010. I first show that, while gross domestic product levels are converging between countries, votes at the IMF and World Bank are not. I then examine country-level factors associated with quota votes at the IMF and share votes at the World Bank. Net of the variables that comprise the official voting formulas, social networks tend to play a prominent role in how votes are allocated. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of examining power, material interests, and discretion within world polity institutions.
La represión del deseo en el cine cubano

This article explores the “playboy” as a sexual antihero in three of the most representative films of Cuban cinema, Memorias del subdesarrollo (1968), Cecilia (1981), and Fresa y Chocolate (1994). The visual censorship of these antiheroes reflects the moral architecture of a political system that, at least during the 1960s, tried to “dictate” the intimate life of its citizens. Through a detailed analysis of the three films, it seeks to demonstrate that this repression of desire transcends the condemnation of a visual patriarchy, joining Hollywood cinema in the sanction of sexual appetite. The repressions of film protagonists Sergio, Leonardo and Diego represent a conservative and bourgeois morality, despite some legitimate intentions such as the irony over the male desire of the camera or the integration of the homosexuality in revolutionary Cuba.
Phenomenological Analysis of Reactor Data for Neutrino Oscillations

Reactor data from experiments performed at different distances is analyzed without using any theoretically calculated reactor \(\bar \nu _e\) spectra. The data does not support the no oscillation hypothesis and exhibits distance dependence in the form of depletion of \(\bar \nu _e\) (of energy >μ 6 MeV) with increase in distance from 6.5m to 11.2m. Three solutions with oscillations among two neutrinos jointly fit 2 2 2 the data. These have the (δm2, sin2 20) values: (˜.9 eV2, ˜.29); (˜2.2 e\(\bar \nu _e\), ˜.17); (˜3.7 eV2, ˜.23). Each one of these solutions is within the (68% CL) allowed region in the (m2, sin2e) space of Boehm et al.’s analysis of their own experiment at 8.7m. The reactor \(\bar \nu _e\) e spectrum deduced in conjunction with each of these oscillation solutions is found to be compatible with the spectrum obtained by inversion of the measured beta spectrum from fission of 235U.
Anne Applebaum. Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine.

Book review of Anne Applebaum . Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine . McClelland & Stewart, 2017. xxxii, 464 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Selected Bibliography. Index. $42.00, cloth.
Assessment of information availability for environmental impact assessment of engineered nanomaterials

Environmental impact assessments of engineered nanomaterials can be hampered by the lack of data/information and thus delay the development of effective regulatory policies. To address this issue, a systematic approach (termed here “IANano”) was developed and demonstrated for assessing information availability for environmental impact assessment (EIA) of engineered nanomaterials. In IANano, following the typical EIA process, the required information elements for exposure and hazard potential assessments are classified based on major categories, sub-categories, and attributes. Scores for the different information attributes are then assigned, based on a selected scoring scale and weights, and aggregated up to the level of exposure and hazard potential information (EPI and hazard potential information [HPI], respectively), considering both available and unavailable information, via the Dempster-Shafer algorithm. The utility of IANano was demonstrated for several specific EIA scenarios for nano-TiO2, nano-Cu-CuO, and nano-ZnO. For the three nanomaterials, in each of the different EIA scenarios, the EPI scores were lower than the HPI scores, consistent with the more abundant information available for hazard attributes. For nano-TiO2, the exposure potential information (EPI) scores were in the range of 0.33–0.72 and higher by 60–50% and 42–46% relative to nano-Cu-CuO and nano-ZnO, respectively, for all EIA scenarios. For the scenario of direct release of engineered nanomaterials to the aquatic environment, the HPI scores for nano-Cu-CuO and nano-ZnO were greater by factors of 2.6 and 1.3, respectively, relative to the EPI scores. Results of the present study suggest that information screening, as illustrated via IANano, can be valuable for ranking the adequacy of the available information for conducting specific EIAs and for identifying information needs.
Charming top decays with a flavor changing neutral Higgs boson and W W at hadron colliders

We investigate the prospects for discovering a top quark decaying into one light Higgs boson (${h}^{0}$) along with a charm quark ($c$) in top-quark pair production at the CERN LHC and future hadron colliders. A general two Higgs doublet model is adopted to study the signature of flavor changing neutral Higgs interactions with $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c{h}^{0}$, followed by ${h}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}W{W}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\overline{)E}}_{T}$, where ${h}^{0}$ is the $CP$-even Higgs boson and ${\overline{)E}}_{T}$ stands for missing transverse energy from neutrinos. We study the discovery potential for this flavor changing neutral Higgs signal and physics background from dominant processes with realistic acceptance cuts as well as tagging and mistagging efficiencies. Promising results are found for the LHC running at 13 and 14 TeV center-of-mass energy as well as future pp colliders at 27 and 100 TeV.
Acute Infectious Thyroiditis (Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis)

Acute infectious thyroiditis is a rare inflammatory thyroid disease that is caused by bacterial or fungal infection. Pyriform sinus fistula is an underlying abnormality most commonly found in patients with acute infectious thyroiditis, and this is the route of the infection in such patients. This congenital fistula is considered an embryonic remnant related to the migration of the C cells from their anlage, the ultimobranchial body, to the thyroid. In detecting pyriform sinus fistulae, barium swallow studies are more sensitive than any other modality. A careful search of the hypopharynx discloses an internal fistula originating from the apex of the pyriform recess. The abscess or acute inflammation present in patients with a pyriform sinus fistula readily subsides, if adequate drainage is performed and intravenous empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics are given. Because recurrence of the inflammation is very common, a definitive treatment such as fistulectomy or chemocauterization should be performed. As acute infectious thyroiditis through a pyriform sinus fistula may mimic subacute thyroiditis in early period of the inflammation, differential diagnosis is important to refrain from erroneous prescription of prednisolone, which aggravates the inflammation. Other rare types of acute infectious thyroiditis include infected thyroid nodules and injury or perforation of the cervical esophagus.
Desigualdad global, poder y el mundo unipolar: implicancias para la educación en Trabajo Social

James Midgley hace un llamado a que la preocupacion tradicional del trabajo social respecto de la desigualdad en el ingreso y la riqueza como tambien de las opresiones etnicas, de genero y culturales, sea ampliada hacia un entendimiento de como las relaciones globales de poder operan y afectan las condiciones sociales con que los trabajores sociales primariamente intervienen.
NEW ANTI-TUMOR AGENTS. 3. PHENOLIC BENZOPYRAN LACTONE AND AMINE DERIVATIVES

2-Aminopyridine, sesamol and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde condense to form a Mannicb base 3b which reacts with tetronic acid to yield lactone 4c. Cyclization of 4c yields the benzopyran lactone 1b; this inhibits growth of tumors in NCI in vitro tests. Alkaline hydrolysis of acetylated and methylated intermediate lactones, e.g. 4e, in the presence of acetone leads to the formation of novel lactones, e.g., of type 6, which incorporate the acetone nucleus. Compound 6 is of interest since it inhibits tumor growth in vitro and has been selected by NCI for ongoing in vivo testing with human cancers. Heating 3b with mixtures of propionaldehyde and secondary amines such as morpholine leads to 3-methylbenzopyrans containing the amine nucleus, e.g. 7b. Unlike 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl compounds, e.g. 7a, phenolic analogs of type 7b do not inhibit growth of tumors in vitro.
Wireless Telemetry System With Independent Power and Data Frequency Resonance

Wireless power and data transmission systems are important components in bioelectronics. Achieving resonance at the data transmission frequency without negatively impacting the efficiency at the power transmission frequency may enhance data transmission capability. In this letter, a new system referred to as tuned inductor four capacitor is proposed to achieve resonance at the data transmission frequency of a wireless telemetry system without significantly affecting the efficiency at the power transmit frequency; as a result, this leads to increased voltage and current gains and reduced reflections at the data transmit frequency when compared to an equivalent, traditional, two-coil system. The performance of the proposed design is demonstrated through a system implementation characterized by a transmit coil of 40 mm diameter and receive coil of 15 mm diameter, with a distance between them varied from 17 to 40 mm. This system is experimentally compared with the equivalent two-coil system that has the same transmit and receive coil footprint and layout but conventional transmitter matching circuitry. Results show that, at the data telemetry frequency, there is no reflection, the voltage gain is 60% higher than that of the traditional two-coil system, whereas the current gain is 250% higher.
Respecting the Coupled Dynamics: Haptic Feedback Carries both Power and Information

Haptic feedback provided in the axis of a motor task cannot be removed without changing the motor task itself. Haptic feedback couples the biomechanics of the backdrivable body to the dynamics of the environment and establishes a conduit for both power and information exchanges. To isolate the roles of haptic feedback in information exchange and power exchange, we devised a task without haptic feedback that preserved the motor challenge of controlling the coupled dynamics. We placed an identified model of a participant’s biomechanics in the virtual environment and coupled it to the original task dynamics. Visual feedback was provided to substitute for the missing haptic feedback. We compared the performance of N=5 participants in the same motor task with and without haptic feedback and in the new task without haptic feedback. The presence of the coupled dynamics in the task predicted the match across conditions rather than the feedback modality. Our results provide support to the idea that rather than controlling their environment, humans control the coupled dynamics of their body and environment.
Politicians in Newspaper News: Who Attracts Coverage in Kenyan Politics:

The present research examines the coverage of 349 Kenyan politicians in four English national newspapers between 2013 and 2017. Within the contexts of media coverage based on news values, and repor...
Who refers parents with intellectual disabilities to the child welfare system? An analysis of referral sources and substantiation

Abstract Parents with intellectual disabilities (ID) have higher rates of child welfare involvement than their non-disabled peers. One common explanation for the high rates of child welfare involvement is that they are more likely to be referred to child protection because of their substantial, ongoing involvement with professionals who are mandated reporters. Professionals are the largest overall source of child protection referrals in the United States, however prior to this study, there has not been any exploration into referral sources in cases specifically involving parents with ID in the United States. This study explored report sources to child welfare using the 2014 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System data, comparing parents with ID, parents with other disabilities, and parents with no disabilities. Secondary data analysis showed that parents with ID and parents with other disabilities had higher odds of referral by social services personnel than parents without disabilities. Additionally, among cases that entered the system from both professional and non-professional report sources, caregivers with an ID had higher odds of case substantiation than those whose caregiver did not have an ID. Implications for practice, policy and future research are discussed.
Appendix: Patient Extrication

This chapter will discuss how to properly extricate a patient in a variety of environments and situations. We will also introduce various pieces of equipment which can be used for proper extraction.
FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Tumor Mutational Burden–High Solid Tumors

The FDA approved pembrolizumab on June 16, 2020, for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic tumor mutational burden-high [TMB-H; ≥10 mutations/megabase (mut/Mb)] solid tumors, as determined by an FDA-approved test, that have progressed following prior treatment and who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options. FDA granted the approval based on a clinically important overall response rate (29%; 95% confidence interval, 21-39) and duration of response (57% of responses lasting ≥ 12 months) in the subset of patients with TMB-H solid tumors (n = 102) spanning nine different tumor types enrolled in a multicenter single-arm trial (KEYNOTE-158). The efficacy of pembrolizumab was supported by the results of whole-exome sequencing (WES) analyses of TMB in additional patients enrolled across multiple pembrolizumab clinical trials, and a scientific understanding of the effects of PD-1 inhibition. Overall, the adverse event profile of pembrolizumab was similar to the adverse event profile observed in prior trials that supported the approval of pembrolizumab in other indications. This approval of pembrolizumab is the first time that the FDA has approved a cancer treatment for an indication based on TMB, and the fourth based on the presence of a biomarker rather than the primary site of origin.
Real-Time Adaptive Sensor Attack Detection in Autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) tightly couple information technology with physical processes, which rises new vulnerabilities such as physical attacks that are beyond conventional cyber attacks. Attackers may non-invasively compromise sensors and spoof the controller to perform unsafe actions. This issue is even emphasized with the increasing autonomy in CPS. While this fact has motivated many defense mechanisms against sensor attacks, a clear vision on the timing and usability (or the false alarm rate) of attack detection still remains elusive. Existing works tend to pursue an unachievable goal of minimizing the detection delay and false alarm rate at the same time, while there is a clear trade-off between the two metrics. Instead, we argue that attack detection should bias different metrics when a system sits in different states. For example, if the system is close to unsafe states, reducing the detection delay is preferable to lowering the false alarm rate, and vice versa. To achieve this, we make the following contributions. In this paper, we propose a real-time adaptive sensor attack detection framework. The framework can dynamically adapt the detection delay and false alarm rate so as to meet a detection deadline and improve the usability according to different system status. The core component of this framework is an attack detector that identifies anomalies based on a CUSUM algorithm through monitoring the cumulative sum of difference (or residuals) between the nominal (predicted) and observed sensor values. We augment this algorithm with a drift parameter that can govern the detection delay and false alarm. The second component is a behavior predictor that estimates nominal sensor values fed to the core component for calculating the residuals. The predictor uses a deep learning model that is offline extracted from sensor data through leveraging convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). The model relies on little knowledge of the system (e.g., dynamics), but uncovers and exploits both the local and complex long-term dependencies in multivariate sequential sensor measurements. The third component is a drift adaptor that estimates a detection deadline and then determines the drift parameter fed to the detector component for adjusting the detection delay and false alarms. Finally, we implement the proposed framework and validate it using realistic sensor data of automotive CPS to demonstrate its efficiency and efficacy.
Cardiac Amyloid Heart Disease in Racial/Ethnic Minorities: Focus on Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy

Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis is a morbid, life-threatening disease. Gradual amyloid fibril deposition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden death. Once thought to be rare, transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis is simply under-recognized and underdiagnosed. Moreover, a significant burden of transthyretin amyloidosis exists among certain racial and ethnic populations, such as African Americans, due to the relatively high prevalence of amyloidogenic transthyretin mutations in these groups. In recent years, bone scintigraphy imaging has enabled a non-invasive way to diagnose this disease in certain cases. Furthermore, effective therapies have emerged for transthyretin amyloidosis. These treatments appear to be most effective if started before significant amyloid deposition has occurred. Despite these advances, significant barriers remain for promoting the early and accurate diagnosis of transthyretin amyloidosis, particularly among African American and Hispanic populations. Therefore, raising disease awareness and promoting targeted screening are of upmost importance to improve outcomes for this disease.
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Elicit Different Responses in Immunologically Naïve and Pre-Immune Humans.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, the authorization of vaccines for emergency use has been crucial in slowing down the rate of infection and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. In order to investigate the longitudinal serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 natural infection and vaccination, a large-scale, multi-year serosurveillance program entitled SPARTA (SARS SeroPrevalence and Respiratory Tract Assessment) was initiated at 4 locations in the U.S. The serological assay presented here measuring IgG binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) detected antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination with a 95.5% sensitivity and a 95.9% specificity. We used this assay to screen more than 3100 participants and selected 20 previously infected pre-immune and 32 immunologically naive participants to analyze their antibody binding to RBD and viral neutralization (VN) responses following vaccination with two doses of either the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 or the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine. Vaccination not only elicited a more robust immune reaction than natural infection, but the level of neutralizing and anti-RBD antibody binding after vaccination is also significantly higher in pre-immune participants compared to immunologically naive participants (p<0.0033). Furthermore, the administration of the second vaccination did not further increase the neutralizing or binding antibody levels in pre-immune participants (p=0.69). However, ~46% of the immunologically naive participants required both vaccinations to seroconvert.
Regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA prevalence in sea urchin embryos: Rates of appearance and turnover for specific sequences

Complementary DNA clones representing cytoplasmic poly(A) RNAs of sea urchin embryos were hybridized with metabolically labeled cytoplasmic RNA preparations and the rates of appearance and of decay for each transcript species were determined at the blastula-gastrula stage of development. The prevalence of the transcripts chosen for this study ranged, on average, from about one molecule per cell to a few hundred molecules per cell. The embryos were labeled continuously for 18 hours with [3H]guanosine, beginning at 24 hours post-fertilization. The amount of cytoplasmic [3H]poly(A) RNA that hybridized to each cloned sequence was determined and the specific activity of the [3H]GTP pool was measured in the same embryos. Rate constants for the entry of each transcript species into the cytoplasm, and for its decay were extracted from these data. The embryo transcript species identified by the cloned probes displayed a range of stabilities. Half-lives of only a few hours were measured both for a very rare sequence and for a moderately prevalent sequence. Other newly synthesized transcripts, including sequences that first appear during embryonic development, as well as sequences also represented in maternal RNA, are far more stable. We conclude that cytoplasmic RNA turnover rate is a major variable in the determination of the cytoplasmic level of expression of embryo genes. The entry rates of the transcripts into the cytoplasm also varied, from a few molecules per embryo per minute to several hundred, depending on the sequence. By comparing the mass of transcripts of a given sequence in the embryo to the mass of transcripts of that sequence accumulating as a result of new synthesis, the point at which embryo transcription accounts for the major fraction of the cytoplasmic molecules could be estimated. This calculation showed that for some sequences maternal transcripts persist well beyond gastrulation, while other embryo poly(A) RNA species are largely the product of transcription in the embryo nuclei from the blastula stage onwards. There is no single stage at which all maternal transcripts are suddenly replaced by newly synthesized embryo transcripts. Primary transcription rates were measured for two sequences by determining accumulation of label in these RNA species soon after addition of [3H]guanosine to the cultures. Comparing these rates to the cytoplasmic entry rates, we did not detect a significantly greater nuclear transcription of the sequence homologous to the cloned probe.
a-b anisotropy of the normal-state resistivity of untwinned YBa2Cu3O7- delta.

The a-b anisotropy of the normal-state resistivity ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{a}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{b}}$ of untwinned ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ has been studied on six crystals using the Montgomery method. ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{a}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{b}}$ increases with increasing temperature and reaches a (sample-dependent) value of 1.2--1.85 near room temperature. The wide variation of this value is attributed to the high sensitivity of the chain resistance to oxygen disorder. The temperature dependence of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{a}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{b}}$ can be modeled by a parallel circuit of metallic chains and superconducting planes with excess conductivity due to superconducting fluctuations in the planes at temperatures below 150 K.
Invertebrate Specific D1-like Dopamine Receptor in Control of Salivary Glands in the Black-Legged Tick Ixodes scapularis

The control of tick salivary secretion, which plays a crucial role in compromising the host immune system, involves complex neural mechanisms. Dopamine is known to be the most potent activator of salivary secretion, as a paracrine/autocrine factor. We describe the invertebrate-specific D1-like dopamine receptor (InvD1L), which is highly expressed in tick salivary glands. The InvD1L phylogenic clade was found only in invertebrates, suggesting that this receptor was lost in vertebrates during evolution. InvD1L expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells was activated by dopamine with a median effective dose (EC50 ) of 1.34 μM. Immunohistochemistry using the antibody raised against InvD1L revealed two different types of immunoreactivities: basally located axon terminals that are colocalized with myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) and SIFamide neuropeptides, and longer axon-like processes that are positive only for the InvD1L antibody and extended to the apical parts of the acini. Both structures were closely associated with the myoepithelial cell, as visualized by beta-tubulin antibody, lining the acinar lumen in a web-like fashion. Subcellular localizations of InvD1L in the salivary gland suggest that InvD1L modulates the neuronal activities including MIP/SIFamide varicosities, and leads the contraction of myoepithelial cells and/or of the acinar valve to control the efflux of the luminal content. Combining the previously described D1 receptor with its putative function for activating an influx of fluid through the epithelial cells of acini, we propose that complex control of the tick salivary glands is mediated through two different dopamine receptors, D1 and InvD1L, for different downstream responses of the acinar cells.
Analysis and boundary condition of the lattice Boltzmann BGK model with two velocity components

In this paper, we study the two dimensional lattice Boltzmann BGK model (LBGK) by analytically solving a simple flow in a 2~-D channel. The flow is driven by the movement of upper boundary with vertical injection fluid at the porous boundaries. The velocity profile is shown to satisfy a second-order finite-difference form of the simplified incompressible Navier-Stokes equation. With the analysis, different boundary conditions can be studied theoretically. A momentum exchange principle is also revealed at the boundaries. A general boundary condition for any given velocity boundary is proposed based on the analysis.
Optical switching of nematic liquid crystal film arising from induced electric field of localized surface plasmon resonance

We have developed an all-optical method to control the in- and out-of-plane spatial orientation of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) molecules by leveraging the highly localized electric fields produced in the near-field regime of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) layers. A 1-2 micron thick NLC film is deposited on a close-packed drop-cast AuNP layer, excited with tunable optical sources and the transmission of white light through it analyzed using polarization optics as a function of incident light wavelength, excitation power and sample temperature. Our findings, supported by simulations using discrete-dipole approximations, establish the optical switching effect to be repeatable, reversible, spectrally-selective, operational over a broad temperature range, including room temperature, and requiring very small on-resonance excitation intensity (0.3 W/cm2). For the case of the in-plane switching we have additionally demonstrated that controlling the incident excitation polarization can continuously vary the alignment of the NLC molecules, allowing for grayscale transmission.
Issues of academic integrity in U.S. dental schools.

Evidence of violations of academic integrity can be identified at all levels of education. A survey on academic integrity was mailed in 1998 to the academic deans of all fifty-five U.S. dental schools, with a response rate of 84 percent. This survey showed that reported incidents of academic dishonesty occur in most dental schools, with the average school dealing with one or two cases a year. The most common incidents of dishonest behavior involved copying or aiding another student during a written examinations; the second most common involved writing an untrue patient record entry or signing a faculty member9s name in a patient chart. Respondents indicated the major reason for failure to report academic dishonesty was fear of involvement because of time and procedural hassles and fear of repercussions from students and peers.