cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exchange Narrowing: Magnetic Resonance Line Shapes and Spin Correlations in Paramagnetic KMn F 3 , RbMn F 3 , and Mn F 2

Analyses of line shapes and correlation functions are made to investigate the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ EPR and ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ NMR in Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, KMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, and RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$. Quantitative comparison of theory and experiment is now possible for these systems, and the standard theoretical approximations have proven to be inadequate. However, the form of the exchange interaction and broadening mechanisms is simple enough to allow us to extend earlier work by calculating higher-order moments and higher-order times in the short-time expansion of the correlation function than are usually feasible. We investigate several model line profiles consistent with the second and fourth moments for EPR in the infinite temperature limit. Agreement with experimental line-widths is obtained only for line shapes whose wing structure is non-Lorentzian, in contrast to the truncated Lorentzian forms usually adopted. The correlation functions characteristic of these profiles are obtained for the purpose of comparison with direct calculations later. We present short-time expansions (to fourth order) of the correlation functions, and we find that they decay more slowly than the Gaussian form usually assumed. The NMR correlation can be obtained for all times by a small interpolation between the short-time solutions and the predictions of a diffusion model for long times. The resulting function is consistent with that obtained from the line-profile analysis and both are in substantial agreement with previous spin-correlation studies. The linewidths predicted from this analysis and the moment method are both in agreement with experiment.
A neural network system for matching dental radiographs

This paper addresses the problem of creating a postmortem identification system by matching image features extracted from dental radiographs. We lay the architecture of a prototype automated dental identification system (ADIS), which tackles the dental image matching problem by first extracting high-level features to expedite retrieval of potential matches and then by low-level image comparison using inherent features of dental images. We propose the use of learnable inherent dental image features for tooth-to-tooth image comparisons. We treat the tooth-to-tooth matching problem as a binary classification problem for which we propose probabilistic models of class-conditional densities. We also propose an adaptive strategic searching technique and use it in conjunction with back propagation in order to estimate system parameters. We present promising experimental results that reflect the value of our approach.
Building a Strategic Business Framework for Proactive Decision-Making in the Supply Chain Industry

The supply chain has become an essential part of any industry and it already has been regarded as a separate big industry. Any company in a contemporary business arena must be involved in the supply chain industry entirely or partly. Some companies use their own resources and others outsource various functions from professional service providers. As the supply chain industry becomes mature and complex, the competition in the industry is much stronger than before. High performance in the back-end of the supply chain is not enough to guarantee the success of a company in the dynamic market. It should be integrated and coordinated with the front-end of the company's supply chain and all these plans should be considered strategic business factors as a whole. From this point of view, this paper has adopted the techniques of strategic and competitive analysis typically used for enterprise consulting and has applied them to the supply chain industry. From this study we have constructed a strategic business framework which we propose for companies to use as a basis for proactive decision making.
Valuing Ecosystem Services for Coastal Wetland Protection and Restoration: Progress and Challenges

Coastal wetlands, such as marshes, mangroves and forested swamps, are in decline globally. Although considerable progress has been made in quantifying and valuing some of the key ecosystem goods and services provided by these habitats, fundamental challenges remain. The biggest challenge is inadequate knowledge to link changes in ecosystem structure and function to the production of valuable goods and services. Another problem is that very few ecosystem services are marketed. This review discusses recent advances in overcoming these challenges. To illustrate key valuation issues, the paper introduces three case studies from the US Gulf Coast state of Louisiana: quantifying ecosystem services and the 2012 Master Plan for coastal Louisiana; valuing storm protection by marsh in southeast Louisiana; and oil spills and the Natural Resource Damage Assessment approach to wetland compensation in lieu of restoration. The paper concludes with some final remarks on the state of coastal wetland valuation for protection and restoration.
High-speed holographic system for full-field transient vibrometry of the human tympanic membrane

Understanding of the human hearing process requires the quantification of the transient response of the human ear and the human tympanic membrane (TM or eardrum) in particular. Current state-of-the-art medical methods to quantify the transient acousto-mechanical response of the TM provide only averaged acoustic or local information at a few points. This may be insufficient to fully describe the complex patterns unfolding across the full surface of the TM. Existing engineering systems for full-field nanometer measurements of transient events, typically based on holographic methods, constrain the maximum sampling speed and/or require complex experimental setups. We have developed and implemented of a new high-speed (i.e., > 40 Kfps) holographic system (HHS) with a hybrid spatio-temporal local correlation phase sampling method that allows quantification of the full-field nanometer transient (i.e., > 10 kHz) displacement of the human TM. The HHS temporal accuracy and resolution is validated versus a LDV on both artificial membranes and human TMs. The high temporal (i.e., 100k data points) resolution of our HHS enables simultaneous measurement of the time waveform of the full surface of the TM. These capabilities allow for quantification of spatially-dependent motion parameters such as energy propagation delays surface wave speeds, which can be used to infer local material properties across the surface of the TM. The HHS could provide a new tool for the investigation of the auditory system with applications in medical research, in-vivo clinical diagnosis as well as hearing aids design.
Correlation of shape and habit with sediment grain size for selected species of the bivalve Anadara

Burrowing ability was experimentally determined for a range (3–150 g) of sizes of the blood ark, Anadara ovalis, in sieved sediments ranging from very coarse sand (-1 φ) to silt (>4 φ). Small individuals (<5 g) could penetrate the complete range of sieved sediments, but the ability to reburrow apparently decreases with size (age) so that adults larger than 50 g can only reburrow in fine sands (2.5–3.0φ). This semi-infaunal species has a length/height ratio of 1.16 and is most commonly found in sand. The infaunal A. cheninitzi and A. braziliana, with L/H values of 1.10 and 1.18, respectively, are also most common in sands. The ovate (L/H ratio = 1.07–1.25) forms of the Pliocene A. trilineata from the Kettleman Hills of California are inferred to have been infaunal, based on the absence of muricid boreholes and the infrequent occurrence of epizoans. Ovate specimens are restricted to fine sands (2–3φ) in the Etchegoin and San Joaquin Formations, sediment textures into which the adults could probably reburrow. Elongated shell morphotypes (L/H = 1.5–1.67) have muricid boreholes and epizoans concentrated posterodorsally on the inferred exposed portion of the shells in life position. Populations of elongated shells were associated with gravelly, sandy and silty sediments, as is the living epibyssate A. lienosa (L/H = 1.72) and A. transversa (L/H = 1.48).□Anadarids, burrowing, epifounal, infaunal, Pliocene, sediment influence.
The viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic

DEFENSIVE mimicry has long been a paradigm of adaptive evolution by natural selection1–3. Mimics, models and predators in a batesian mimicry system (unpalatable model, palatable mimic) exist in a very different selective milieu from those in a mullerian system (involving ≳2 unpalatable 'co-models')1,4–6. Consequently, the incorrect characterization of a mimicry relationship obscures the natural histories of populations involved and undermines attempts to test general mimicry theory by means of empirical studies of specific systems. Here, we reassess the classic case of mimicry involving viceroy butterflies, Limenitis archippus (Cramer) (Nymphalidae), and two species they purportedly mimic: the monarch, Danaus plexippus (L.), and the queen, Danaus gilippus (Cramer) (Nymphalidae: Danainae). Viceroys are historically considered palatable (batesian) mimics7,8 of the chemically defended9 danaines. Our experiment refutes this interpretation by revealing that viceroys are as unpalatable as monarchs, and significantly more unpalatable than queens from representative Florida populations. This implies that viceroys are mullerian co-mimics of the danaines and prompts a comprehensive reassessment of this widely cited exemplar of mimicry.
Effect of healthy aging on renal vascular responses to local cooling and apnea

Sympathetically mediated renal vasoconstriction may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in older adults, but empirical data in support of this concept are lacking. In 10 young (26 ± 1 yr) and 11 older (67 ± 2 yr) subjects, we quantified acute hemodynamic responses to three sympathoexcitatory stimuli: local cooling of the forehead, cold pressor test (CPT), and voluntary apnea. We hypothesized that all stimuli would increase mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and renal vascular resistance index (RVRI) and that aging would augment these effects. Beat-by-beat MAP, heart rate (HR), and renal blood flow velocity (from Doppler) were measured in the supine posture, and changes from baseline were compared between groups. In response to 1°C forehead cooling, aging was associated with an augmented MAP (20 ± 3 vs. 6 ± 2 mmHg) and RVRI (35 ± 6 vs. 16 ± 9%) but not HR. In older adults, there was a positive correlation between the cold-induced pressor response and forehead pain (R = 0.726), but this effect was not observed in young subjects. The CPT raised RVRI in both young (56 ± 13%) and older (45 ± 8%) subjects, but this was not different between groups. Relative to baseline, end-expiratory apnea increased RVRI to a similar extent in both young (46 ± 14%) and older (41 ± 9%) subjects. During sympathetic activation, renal vasoconstriction occurred in both groups. Forehead cooling caused an augmented pressor response in older adults that was related to pain perception.
Echocardiographic predictors of prognosis after first acute myocardial infarction.

We prospectively studied 490 patients who had a first myocardial infarction and performed a complete 2-dimensional echocardiographic study ≤48 hours of admission. In addition to left ventricular ejection fraction, multiple echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular systolic and diastolic performances were found to be independent predictors of 2-year mortality rate and congestive heart failure.
r-Mode Oscillations and Spin-down of Young Rotating Magnetic Neutron Stars

Recent work has shown that a young, rapidly rotating neutron star loses angular momentum to gravitational waves generated by unstable r-mode oscillations. We study the spin evolution of a young, magnetic neutron star including the effects of both gravitational radiation and magnetic braking (modeled as magnetic dipole radiation). Our phenomenological description of nonlinear r-modes is similar to, but distinct from, that given by Owen and colleagues in 1998, in that our treatment is consistent with the principle of adiabatic invariance in the limit when direct driving and damping of the mode are absent. We show that while magnetic braking tends to increase the r-mode amplitude by spinning down the neutron star, it nevertheless reduces the efficiency of gravitational wave emission from the star. For B 1014(νs/300 Hz)2 G, where νs is the spin frequency, the spin-down rate and the gravitational waveforms are significantly modified by the effect of magnetic braking. We also estimate the growth rate of the r-mode due to electromagnetic (fast magnetosonic) wave emission and due to Alfven wave emission in the neutron star magnetosphere. The Alfven wave driving of the r-mode becomes more important than the gravitational radiation driving when B 1013(νs/150 Hz)3 G; the electromagnetic wave driving of the r-mode is much weaker. Finally, we study the properties of local Rossby-Alfven waves inside the neutron star and show that the fractional change of the r-mode frequency due to the magnetic field is of order 0.5(B/1016 G)2(νs/100 Hz)-2.
Reduced Vth Temperature Dependence in Bi-Dithiolbenzene in Parallel Arrangement-Impact of the Intermolecular Spacing

Numerical simulations have been performed to study the effect of the temperature T on the electronic transport through a small group of molecular assembly system (MAS) by presenting I-V and G-V characteristics analysis for different geometry structures. The model involves 1,4-dithiolbenzene (DTB) (HSC6H4SH) molecules stacked in one dimension (1D). The MAS contains two DTB molecules packed in parallel geometrical arrangement. The relationship between the threshold voltage Vth and d the intermolecular spacing (which involves the -orbital interactions) is investigated when T ranges from 50 to 325 K. At fixed temperature, the system in the regime of stronger -interactions obtained with close DTB molecular unit (d=3.3A), reduces Vth. Vth decreases approximately by 2.2 V when d changes from 3.3 to 6.9 A. The temperature rise effect is another important factor that could reduce Vth . When T increases from 50 to 325 K, Vth decreases linearly, approximately by 1.2 V. More importantly, our simulation results correspond to L. Cai et al’s experimental results[24], the threshold voltage for switching molecular wire decreases as the temperature increases.
Constrained acetabular components

Abstract Between May 1987 and October 1990, 21 constrained acetabular components were used in revision total hip arthroplasty at the University of California, San Francisco. In 18 patients, the device was placed for a chronically dislocating total hip arthroplasty. In the remaining three, intraoperative instability during revision total hip arthroplasty necessitated its use. At the minimum 2-year follow-up evaluation (average, 31 months; range, 24–64 months), 15 patients (71%) experienced no further dislocations or subluxations. There were eight dislocations in the remaining six patients (29%). The average Harris hip score at the follow-up evaluation was 76 points (range, 32–100 points). For those patients who redislocated (n = 6), an increased acetabular abduction angle of the metallic acetabular cup, averaging 70°, was the only predictive factor of failure of the constrained cup ( P
Two‐dimensional model of geometric effects in thin film crystal orientation

A simple two‐dimensional model is employed to derive the fraction of oriented crystalline area in thin film crystallization processes, and to assess the influence of various physical parameters upon the extent of orientation. The final expressions, which are given as averages over probability distributions, are shown to be precise via comparisons with numerical calculations. We find that for a given film thickness the seed (nucleus) density and nucleus orientation probability distribution have a dramatic influence upon the extent of orientation, while the crystal growth rate anisotropy has a smaller effect.
Fuzzy Decision Making in Politics: A Linguistic Fuzzy-Set Approach (LFSA)

In this article I use linguistic fuzzy-set theory to analyze the process of decision making in politics. I first introduce a number of relevant elements of (numerical and linguistic) fuzzy-set theory that are needed to understand the terminology as well as to grasp the scope and depth of the approach. I then explicate a linguistic fuzzy-set approach (LFSA) to the process of decision making under conditions in which the decision makers are required to simultaneously satisfy multiple criteria. The LFSA approach is illustrated through a running (hypothetical) example of a situation in which state leaders need to decide how to combine trust and power to make a choice on security alignment.
Hydro-physical characteristics of selected media used for containerized agriculture systems

Abstract Containerized plant production represents an extremely intensive agricultural practice with large amounts of moisture and fertilizer application. Hydro-physical characteristics such as water infiltration, texture and structure, particle size distribution affect the quality of the media used in containerized agricultural systems and the water availability to plants. Water retention characteristics depend on particle size distribution as well as the composition of the media used. Materials with coarser particles allow faster percolation of water and also retain relatively higher amounts moisture per unit weight due to higher porosity, while draining faster due to smaller surface area per unit weight. Faster drainage can result into airflow through coarser materials causing the media to dry. The objectives of this study were to characterize the selected hydro-physical properties of plant growth media that are commonly used by nurseries in South Florida. Characterization of the plant growing media can allow modeling of soil–water interactions and development of best management practices for more efficient use of water and agrochemicals by nurseries. Experimental analyses were performed to characterize the plant growth mixtures in terms of particle size distribution and hydraulic conductivity using three different methods (i.e., constant head permeability, falling head permeability test, and tension infiltrometer test). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by constant head method ranged from 0.029 to 0.042 cm/s (104–151 cm/h) and by falling head method ranged from 0.078 to 0.112 cm/s (281–403 cm/h). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by tension infiltrometer ranged from 0.02 to 0.34 cm/h. Understanding water retention and permeation characteristics of the plant growing media could assist development of best management practices (BMP) for containerized agricultural systems for efficient management of irrigation water and agrochemical use.
Neuropeptide G-protein-coupled receptors, their cognate ligands and behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans

Despite a simple nervous system, the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits complex behaviors. The identification of peptide ligands for a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) has provided insight into the neuronal circuitry involved in the regulation of feeding behavior in this worm. Progress in this regard has been accelerated by the discovery that functional expression of worm GPCRs in mammalian cells can be highly temperature dependent. Gene silencing and behavioral analysis has further identified several putative peptide GPCRs that are implicated in reproduction and locomotion. These studies suggest that these peptide GPCRs are legitimate targets for the discovery of novel anthelmintic agents.
A Novel Computerized Portable Pupillometer Detects and Quantifies Relative Afferent Pupillary Defects

AbstractPurpose: A test of validation study was conducted to investigate the use of a novel computerized portable pupillometer to detect and quantify relative afferent pupillary defects (RAPDs).Materials and methods: Binocular pupillary response curves were recorded in patients with RAPDs clinically graded by an examiner (n = 32) and in normal subjects (n = 31) with RAPDs simulated using quantifiable dimmed light intensities. In 14 normal subjects, testing was repeated within two months. Pupillary constriction amplitude (CA), velocity (CV) and onset latency (COL) were used to calculate RAPDs.Results: RAPDs in normal subjects were 0.16 ± 0.12 log units (LU) (range = 0–0.38). In retested normals, inter-visit variability was 0.21 ± 0.12 LU (range = 0–0.42). Significant correlation was found between RAPD values and dimmed light intensity in normal subjects (Pearson’s r = 0.87, p < 0.0001) and between clinician and pupillometer grading of RAPDs in patients (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001). Using the upper limit of the o...
Time-dependent ozone depletion potentials for short- and long-term forecasts

Assessments of long-term ozone depletion by CFCs have relied on their relative effects as quantified by ozone depletion potentials (ODPs). These long-term ODPs, based on steady-state atmospheric impacts, are not appropriate for making shorter-term (decade-scale) forecasts. Time-dependent ODPs, derived using an empirical approach, show that some of the hydrochlorofluorocarbons proposed as replacements for CFCs may induce significant ozone destruction in the short term.
Effect of spherical pores on the strength of a polycrystalline ceramic

Bending tests on a ceramic material, lead zirconate-titanate, with varying amounts of porosity, show that the decrease in strength due to spherical pores is much less than would be expected from the stress concentration factor. Using the Weibull probabilistic approach to brittle strength, it is shown that reasonable predictions may be made for the median strength for porosity up to about ten percent.
Prognostic Value of Megatroponinemia After Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the prognostic value of megatroponinemia (troponins >100 ng/mL), as a predictor of major adverse cardiac events such as recurrent angina, myocardial infarction, and death in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Methods Over a period of 2 years, we identified 27 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction and troponin I values >100 ng/mL. These patients were followed-up for the short term during their hospitalization as well as for an intermediate term of 18±14 months after their initial presentation with acute myocardial infarction for major adverse cardiac events including recurrent angina, myocardial infarction, and death. Results Of the 27 patients, one died 5 days after myocardial infarction and 26 were discharged home in stable condition, with few requiring timely intervention. Six patients were lost to follow-up. Five patients died during follow-up, 4 from recurrent myocardial infarction and 1 died from metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Twelve patients had non-fatal myocardial infarction, with 10 being acute ST elevation; 3 patients had recurrent angina. Conclusion Patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction and troponins >100 ng/mL have continued incremental risk of excessive major adverse cardiac events during short and intermediate follow-up period.
Affect, Cognition, and Urban Vegetation Some Effects of Adding Trees Along City Streets

Two studies explored cognitive and affective reactions to vegetation in urban settings. In Study 1, subjects viewed a line drawing of an urban street with or without the presence of vegetation (trees & shrubs). The addition of vegetation affected subjects' cognitions about the quality of life in the area as well as about the land-use of the area. Subjects also reported higher levels of positive affect when they viewed a tree-lined city street. In Study 2, subjects viewed slides taken before or after vegetation was added along a thoroughfare in a suburb of a large metropolitan area. Again vegetation affected perceptions of the quality of life in the area, the local land-use, and self-reported emotional responses to the setting. The results suggest that the impacts of vegetation are largely affective, but cognitions, particularly about the quality of life in an area are also influenced by its presence. This pattern of results did not enable us to ascertain the evolutionary or cultural origins of people's re...
Study on Thermal Properties of Hybrid Journal Bearing for Super High Speed Grinding Machine

As the high speed bearings, hybrid journal bearings are usually used in high and super high speed grinding machine spindle system. Since the bearing operates under high speed conditions, the excessive temperature rise of bearing is a key factor to lower the accuracy of the spindle system and limit the bearings working speed, so restrict the bearing applications. In this paper, the model of hybrid journal bearing is established to analyze the heat mechanism. In addition, the temperature field distribution for the certain hybrid journal bearing at high speed is studied by ANSYS considering the heat transfer characters between fluid and solid. The experiment of temperature for hybrid journal bearing system in super high speed grinding machine is also performed. The thermal properties and the measure for controlling temperature rise of such bearings are analyzed.
The effect of light on melatonin secretion in the cultured pineal glands of Anolis lizards.

Melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland, is important for regulating circadian rhythms in many animals. Light at night causes an acute suppression of melatonin in nearly all vertebrate species. A previous study found that light failed to suppress melatonin in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. This is a surprising result given that the Anolis pineal gland is intrinsically photosensitive, is a key pacemaker controlling locomotor activity, and can be directly entrained to a light–dark cycle. To find out if the lack of photic suppression is widespread in the Anolis genus, we investigated the acute effects of light on melatonin secretion in five different species of Anolis using flow-through tissue culture. We administered a two-hour pulse of bright light to isolated pineal glands during the night. The results show photic suppression of melatonin in all five Anolis species, but the suppression is weak relative to that seen in other vertebrates. Moreover, Anolis species differ in the magnitude of the effect. These findings are discussed in the context of vertebrate pineal evolution and the ecology of Anolis lizards. Given their extensive phylogenetic and ecological divergence, Anolis lizards provide a promising system for investigating the ecology and evolution of circadian organization.
One Bug or Another: Promiscuous T Cells Form Lifelong Memory

As humans age, their T cell repertoire becomes dominated by cells exhibiting "memory" characteristics. In this issue of Immunity , Su et al. (2013) demonstrate that a large percentage of virus-specific CD4 + T cells also exhibit a memory phenotype in unexposed adults.
The Human Microbiome and Probiotics: Implications for Pediatrics

Steady advances in our knowledge of the composition and function of the human microbiome at multiple body sites including the gut, skin and airways will likely contribute to our understanding of mechanisms of probiotic action by beneficial microbes. Microbe:microbe and microbe:human interactions are important considerations as we select probiotics for pediatric patients in the future. Although our knowledge about the composition of the microbiome is progressing rapidly, many gaps exist about the functional capacity and metabolic machinery of the human microbiome. Based on a limited amount of data, probiotics appear capable of altering the composition and function of the microbiome. Probiotics may be part of dietary strategies that combine ways to enhance microbiome function with nutrients that may be converted to active compounds promoting human health. Probiotics have yielded beneficial effects in numerous studies in the context of different diseases in pediatric gastroenterology. These disease states include necrotizing enterocolitis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, acute gastroenteritis and irritable bowel syndrome. In the skin and airways, it is unclear if probiotics can affect the function of the microbiome to reduce the impact of diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. An enhanced understanding of the effects of probiotics on the microbiome should facilitate selection of optimal probiotic strains for specific diseases in the future.
Meta-analysis of Interventions With Co-occurring Disorders of Severe Mental Illness and Substance Abuse: Implications for Social Work Practice

Objective: A quantitative analysis of 15 empirical studies is conducted to determine effective interventions with the dually diagnosed. Method: Client and practitioner characteristics, types of int...
Rethinking Poverty through the Eyes of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank

This essay investigates factors that caused shifts in the policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank which culminated in new frameworks for poverty alleviating initiatives. The introduction of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) in 1996 as well as the subsequent broadening and expanding of this program into the Enhanced HIPC Initiative coupled with the implementation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers in 1999, were some of the strongest initiatives to date by the institutions to address poverty in the poorest countries. Institutional characteristics of the IMF and the World Bank are found to be an important explanatory factor for their differing approaches to alleviating and understanding poverty. The World Bank has evolved to be able to address poverty as a societal and developmental issue, as a result of the formation of programs to include input from the poor themselves. The IMF has been slower in this evolutionary process and is still more likely to focus on macroeconomic issues that affect the poor such as high inflation and slower economic growth.
A shift in the dominant toxin-producing algal species in central California alters phycotoxins in food webs.

In California, the toxic algal species of primary concern are the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and members of the pennate diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, both producers of potent neurotoxins that are capable of sickening and killing marine life and humans. During the summer of 2004 in Monterey Bay, we observed a change in the taxonomic structure of the phytoplankton community—the typically diatom-dominated community shifted to a red tide, dinoflagellate-dominated community. Here we use a 6-year time series (2000–2006) to show how the abundance of the dominant harmful algal bloom (HAB) species in the Bay up to that point, Pseudo-nitzschia, significantly declined during the dinoflagellate-dominated interval, while two genera of toxic dinoflagellates, Alexandrium and Dinophysis, became the predominant toxin producers. This change represents a shift from a genus of toxin producers that typically dominates the community during a toxic bloom, to HAB taxa that are generally only minor components of the community in a toxic event. This change in the local HAB species was also reflected in the toxins present in higher trophic levels. Despite the small contribution of A. catenella to the overall phytoplankton community, the increase in the presence of this species in Monterey Bay was associated with an increase in the presence of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in sentinel shellfish and clupeoid fish. This report provides the first evidence that PSP toxins are present in California's pelagic food web, as PSP toxins were detected in both northern anchovies (Engraulis mordax) and Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax). Another interesting observation from our data is the co-occurrence of DA and PSP toxins in both planktivorous fish and sentinel shellfish. We also provide evidence, based on the statewide biotoxin monitoring program, that this increase in the frequency and abundance of PSP events related to A. catenella occurred not just in Monterey Bay, but also in other coastal regions of California. Our results demonstrate that changes in the taxonomic structure of the phytoplankton community influences the nature of the algal toxins that move through local food webs and also emphasizes the importance of monitoring for the full suite of toxic algae, rather than just one genus or species.
Conventional war across the Taiwan Strait

The Nationalist government in Taiwan has been a constant and visible challenge to the Beijing regime's claim to be the legitimate government of all China since the inception of the People's Republic in 1949. Accordingly, Beijing's political objective has been to compel Taipei to accede to reunification on its terms. To be sure, other more pressing political goals absorbed China's attention during the cold war, but since the late 1980s the growing independence movement on Taiwan coupled with the collapse of the Soviet Union has returned the Taiwanese issue to a prominent place among China's strategic concerns. Chinese leaders in Beijing, nowassiduously cultivating Chinese nationalism as a force for internal political stability, could not ignore this mounting challenge to their authority and to the integrity of China. In 1992, a Chinese offidal with "ties to senior generals" stated, "If Taiwan declares independence, we'll have to attack them." More recently, Beijing held a series of missile tests and military maneuvers near Taiwan between July 1995 and March 1996 to demonstrate its resolve.'
Writing Instruction for the “Young Ladies” of Teos: A Note on Women and Literacy in Antiquity

Historians of rhetoric have provided research over the last three decades that has significantly advanced our knowledge of women in the rhetorical tradition. These achievements, while often stunning, have also exposed the need for more primary research, particularly in classical rhetoric where a wealth of evidence awaits study. Such evidence is frequently found in nontraditional sources and, correspondingly, calls for nontraditional methods of analysis. The need and merits of this view are presented in two ways. First, an overview of nontraditional sources offers new insights to the literacy of Greek, Roman, and Etruscan women. Second, a more specific and detailed illustration of the research potential of this perspective is presented by deciphering an inscription from Teos, a small but important Greek city that is now a part of Turkey. The epigraphical evidence available from the archaeological site at Teos reveals that young women had systematic education in advanced stages of writing. Such findings cha...
Multichannel monolithic quartz crystal microbalance gas sensor array.

Multichannel Monolithic Quartz Crystal Microbalance (MQCM), in which an array of electrodes is fabricated on a monolithic quartz wafer, is a very attractive approach for miniaturization using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems(MEMS) technology for high throughput chemical or biological sensor systems. In this paper, we demonstrate and validate a monolithic QCM sensor array for gas detections. The monolithic QCM sensor array chip was fabricated using a simple, straightforward method. Four pairs QCM electrodes on a single AT-cut 10 MHz quartz plate were fabricated in both symmetric and asymmetric designs. Their resonance and sensing properties were thoroughly characterized and compared with a single regular QCM under the same conditions by using parallel multichannel QCM instruments. It is confirmed that each QCM in the MQCM behaves like an independent oscillator that responds to mass and/or viscosity change. Various factors that may affect the MQCM performance, such as the fabrication design, the numbers of ...
Body shape variation within and among three species of darters (Perciformes: Percidae)

– Using geometric morphometric (GM) techniques, we quantified intra and interspecific variation in female body shape using five collections each of Etheostoma caeruleum Storer, Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque, and Etheostoma stigmaeum (Jordan). Nested multivariate analysis of variance showed significant variation in body shape among populations (Wilks' Λ = 0.0687, F144,7585.1 = 19.35, P < 0.0001), as well as among species (Wilks' Λ = 8.7 × 10−6, F24,2 = 28.18, P = 0.0348). Etheostoma caeruleum displayed greater body depth relative to both E. nigrum and E. stigmaeum, whereas E. nigrum displayed a compressed arrangement of mid-body landmarks relative to both E. stigmaeum and E. caeruleum. The broader implications of these findings highlight the value of geometric morphometrics as both an exploratory and analytical approach. Conclusions drawn from comparisons among moderately differentiated darter species in future studies of body size and shape are likely robust to intraspecific variation within species, and will permit more rigorous investigations into the ecomorphology of these benthic stream fishes.
Assessment of down-looking GPR sensors for landmine detection

Down-looking ground penetrating radar (DLGPR) has been used extensively for landmine detection. Most operational prototype systems and data collection devices use multiple transmit and receive antennas that are directed downward and mounted at the front or bottom of a moving platform. The resultant 3D datasets generated by these devices have commonalities that lend themselves to systematic analysis. While in-air measurements allow for GPR antenna characterization, it has been difficult to compare the effectiveness of a specific GPR antenna configuration as applied to the landmine detection problem. We have developed software and analysis techniques to bridge the gaps in understanding that exist between GPR antenna characterization and assessment of DLGPR landmine detection systems. We examine several datasets that were collected over an identical set of buried landmines by different DLGPR systems, and compare the mine signatures by using a simple measure of effectiveness. The simplicity of the metric allows one to separate the effects of the system from the algorithms designed to enhance mine detection performance.
Developmental control ofAmoebidium parasiticum

Summary Reproduction in Amoebidium parasiticum may occur either by walled sporangiospores or naked amoebae. Amoebagenesis had previously been seen only when the host molted ( Chatton, 1906 ) or when it was crushed. Sephadex fractionation of the host extract (Cladocera) has implicated calcium, glucose, and various amino acids as being essential for the induction of the amoeba-cyst phase. The calcium requirement is relatively high (0.01 M ) and cannot be replaced by magnesium or other tested ions. Both developmental phases of this epizoite may now be obtained in defined, minimal media.
Intracerebroventricular injection of hemicholinium-3 lowers blood pressure in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats but not in normotensive rats

Abstract Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) in doses of 10–20 μg causes a dose-related decrease in the blood pressure of conscious spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rats but not of normotensive rats. HC-3 also reduces heart rate (HR) in both SH and normotensive rats. The bradycardia was blocked by intravenous injection of methylatropine, implicating increased vagal activity as a cause of the response. The decrease in HR also was blocked by icv injection of atropine but not by icv injection of mecamylamine, suggesting that the bradycardia is mediated via central muscarinic receptors. In contrast, the fall in blood pressure in SH rats was not influenced by intravenous administration of methylatropine or by the icv injection of either atropine or mecamylamine.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis of the body composition of children and adolescents with sickle cell disease

Abstract Objectives: To examine the body composition of children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) using bioelectrical impedance analysis and to determine if the impedance parameters resistance, reactance, and phase angle are able to distinguish between subjects with SCD and age- and gender matched controls. Study design: Total body resistance and reactance were obtained for a total of 53 subjects with SCD (27 male and 26 female) between 10 and 18 years of age and 49 control subjects (23 male and 26 female). The fat-free mass, body cell mass, phase angle, and capacitance were also determined. Group comparisons were made using the 2-sample t test. Results: Male subjects with SCD had significantly lower fat-free mass (37.5 ± 8.8 vs 43.9 ± 12.3 kg, P =.04), body cell mass (17.4 ± 4.3 vs 21.7 ± 5.8 kg, P =.005), and body fat (3.7 ± 2.6 vs 6.6 ± 4.7 kg, P =.008) compared with controls. No significant differences in any body composition components were found for the female subjects. Both male and female subjects had significantly lower phase angle measurements ( P Conclusions: Bioelectrical impedance analysis can be used to determine body composition differences in children with SCD. The phase angle may provide a useful method to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in patients with SCD. (J Pediatr 2002;140:681-7)
Technology Readiness as a Business Strategy

Planning technology development and making use of available technologies are an integral part of a successful strategic business plan. Businesses have neglected their role in training and updating their potential managers in the area of technology management. Universities, in general, have not yet integrated technology awareness and forecasting with management training. Deals with the necessity of exposing future managers to the four areas of technology planning and forecasting, technology project management, the impact of technologies on the social system, as well as the impact of technologies on different world economies.
An Autoradiographic Assessment of the Incorporation of H3-Uridine Into DNA and RNA of Osteoblasts of Aging Mice

Intracellular labeling of DNA and RNA after H3-uridine administration was investigated au to radio-graphically during aging. Five to 78 weeks old mice were injected with 5 μCi of H3-uridine/gm of body weight and were killed from 15 minutes to 30 days later. Five μm decalcified sagittal sections of femora were treated with RNAase, DNAase or appropriate buffers. Autoradiographs were prepared and grain counts were made over diaphyseal periosteal osteoblasts. Both DNA and RNA incorporated H3-uridine. RNA label was 88 to 95% of the total cell label. DNA labeling ranged from 2 to 5%. DNA labeling appeared slightly increased after longer exposure to H3-uridine, whereas, RNA labeling remained relatively unaltered. With increasing age, incorporation into DNA decreased, whereas, RNA label showed a slight increase. A variable amount of non-specific label was undigested by either enzyme and may reflect insoluble conversion and/or degradation products. Apparently, some conversion of uridine into a DNA precursor occurs...
Pressor Effects of Norepinephrine After Drastic Reduction of Sodium Intake

The mechanisms whereby dietary sodium restriction leads to decreased arterial blood pressure is obscure. Previously reported studies of patients with arterial hypertension showed a lessened pressor response to norepinephrine after sodium restriction. In the present investigations, reduction in pressor response to norepinephrine during the low sodium period was observed only occasionally; sodium restriction decreases blood pressure in some hypertensive patients by other unknown mechanisms.
Total cross sections of π±, K±, p and on protons and deuterons between 200 and 370 GeV/c

Abstract Total cross sections of π ± , K ± , p and p on protons and deuterons have been measured at 6 momenta between 200 and 370 GeV/ c .
The cellular basis for the induction of antigen‐specific T8 suppressor cells

The cellular basis for the generation of antigen-specific T8 suppressor cells with high doses of antigen has been studied. We separated the T4 subset of human T cells into T4+2H4+ and T4+2H4- subpopulations with a recently developed monoclonal anti-2H4 antibody. T8 cells could be consistently activated to suppress a primary anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody response in vitro with unfractionated T4 cells or with the T4+2H4+ subset but not the T4+2H4- subset. In contrast, the T4+2H4- subset functioned as the helper inducer for the anti-DNP antibody response. With keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-stimulated T4+2H4+ cells we could efficiently induce antigen-specific suppressor activity of fresh T8 cells. In contrast, the T4+2H4+ subset could not effect suppression in the absence of T8 cells. Our findings indicate that the T4+2H4+ subset of human T cells is the suppressor inducer of specific T8 cells in an antigen-specific DNP-KLH system.
Texture Evolution in Al(Cu) Interconnect Materials

An investigation of the microstructural evolution of Al(Cu) thin films deposited on a variety of interlevel dielectric (ILD) layers was performed. A combination of X-ray texture measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to link the texture behavior of the as-deposited Al(Cu) films at different thicknesses to the observed morphological development within the films. Three regimes of texture were revealed, corresponding to (1): Al(Cu) island growth and individual island coalescence, (2): fully coalesced film and the onset of grain growth and (3): extensive grain growth. The first and last of these regimes exhibited offset (111) texture, in which the maximum diffracted intensity from Al (111) is offset from the substrate normal. However, the position of maximum offset texture differed between the first and third stages of growth, indicating that two different mechanisms were responsible. The offset (111) texture observed in the third regime of Al(Cu) film microstructure was due to the faceting of grain surfaces. The time required for the films to reach these three stages depended on the effective diffusivity of the Al atoms on the ILD surfaces, which differed in chemistry and topography.
METHOD OF EVALUATING SUBSTATION RECORDS OF HAIL AND THUNDER

Abstract Cooperative substation records of hail and thunder incidences have been used as a source of data to develop more accurate and detailed average patterns of these phenomena. Since the accuracy and completeness of records by volunteer observers are generally considered questionable, a method of determining accurate substation records of thunder and hail was devised. The evaluation method relies strongly on comparisons of substation data with those from nearby first-order stations. The number of stations with accurate hail records was found to be greater than the number with accurate thunder records. Reliable records of both events in Illinois and surrounding States have provided very useful information.