cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF THE INTERDOMAIN BASIC REGION OF CYTOCHROME F ON ITS REDOX REACTIONS IN VIVO

The prominent interdomain basic surface region seen in the high-resolution structure of the active lumen-side C-terminal fragment of turnip cytochrome f, containing the conserved Lys58,65,66 (large domain) and Lys187 (small domain), has been inferred from in vitro studies to be responsible for docking of its physiological oxidant, plastocyanin. The effect of the putative docking region of cyt f on its reactivity in vivo was tested by site-directed mutagenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Three charge-neutralizing mutants were constructed involving: (i)the two lysines (Lys188Asn-Lys189Gln) in the small domain, (ii) the three lysines (Lys58Gln-Lys65Ser-Lys66Glu) in the large domain, and (iii) all five of these lysines spanning both domains. All mutants grew phototrophically. The mutants displayed a 20-30% increase in average generation time, and comparable decreases in rates of steady-state oxygen evolution and the slow (millisecond) electrochromic 515 nm band shift. The magnitude of the changes was greatest in the 5-fold Lys-minus mutant (Lys58Gln-Lys65Ser-Lys66Glu-Lys188Asn-Lys189G ln). The mutants showed a small increase (approximately 25%) in the t1/2, from 0.2 to 0.25 ms, of cyt f photooxidation, far less than anticipated (ca. 100-fold) from in vitro studies of the effect of high ionic strength on the cyt f-PC interaction. The t1/2 of cyt f dark reduction via the Rieske protein increased from 5-6 ms in the wild type to 11-12 ms in the 5-fold Lys-minus mutant. Cells grown phototrophically in the absence of Cu, where cyt c6 is the electron acceptor of cyt f, displayed net rates of cytochrome photooxidation that were slightly faster than those in the presence of Cu, which also decreased by a factor of < or = 25% in the Lys-minus mutants. It was concluded that (a) the net effect of electrostatic interaction between cytochrome f and its electron acceptor in vivo is much smaller than measured in vitro and is not rate-limiting. This may be a consequence of a relatively high ionic strength environment and the small diffusional space available for collision and docking in the internal thylakoid lumen of log phase C. reinhardtii. (b) The efficiency of electron transfer to cytochrome f from the Rieske protein is slightly impaired by the neutralization of the lysine-rich domain.
Isolating fetal nucleated red blood cells from maternal blood: The baylor experience—1995

In our previous work we have isolated fetal cells from maternal blood and used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosome-specific probes to detect aneuploidy. Current efforts in the Baylor College of Medicine programme are focusing on obtaining consistency in flow-sorting methodology and on determining sensitivity and specificity. To this end, systematic evaluation of five glycophorin A (gly A) antibodies all produced agglutination, leading us to abandon the use of gly A antibodies for positive selection of fetal cells. Conversely, we have found LDS-751 to be useful for nuclear selection. CD45 negative selection can best be accomplished by the use of flasks coated with goat antibodies against mouse antibodies. Positive selection by flow sorting for either CD71+ cells or gamma-globin-positive cells seems to be successful. Using these two approaches, we have recently detected male (fetal) cells in pregnancies in which the fetus was 46,XY in 10 of 18 and in 12 of 14 cases, respectively.
Effect of Continuous Fluoride Gel Use on Plaque Fluoride Retention and Microbial Activity

Twelve consecutive wk of daily five-minute topical applications of 1% NaF gel by non-cancer control subjects did not significantly affect plaque concentrations of Streptococcus mutans or Lactobacillus spp. Plaque F- levels increased 150% (P <.001), while production of acetate and lactate decreased 40% (P < .007) and 66% (P < .001), respectively. Long-term (12 wk to more than five yr) fluoride gel use by post-irradiation xerostomic cancer patients was associated with increases in plaque F- and decreases in acidogenesis similar to those observed in the control subjects. Plaque concentrations of cariogenic organisms increased during the first yr of radiation-induced xerostomia and fluoride gel use, before starting to decline. Although sustained fluoride treatment increased (P <.001) the ratio of fluoride-resistant to fluoride-sensitive strains, the number of patients harboring detectable S. mutans was diminished (P < .001).
INHALED NITRIC OXIDE DECREASES LIPID PEROXIDATION IN RATS EXPOSED TO OXYGEN. ▴ 2318

Previously, we found that 70% of rats exposed to >95% O2 with 100 PPM inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) survived while only 7% of rats exposed to>95% O2 without iNO survived (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:A757, 1995). To further investigate the protective effects of iNO on O2 toxicity we measured the following variables in rats exposed to 60 hours of either 21% O2, >95% O2 or >95% O2+100 PPM NO; pleural effusion (PE, ml), hematocrit (hct) and in the isolated perfused lungs pulmonary artery pressure (Pa, Torr) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn, ml/Torr). Biochemical assays were then carried out on the blood free lung including; total protein (mg), glutathione (reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG),μmol/mg protein), and the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal(4HNE) (nmol/mg protein). Results (mean ± SE):Table ANOVA with Neuman-Keuls *different from control p 95% O2 p<0.05
Lack of Evidence for Rotavirus by Polymerase Chain Reaction/Enzyme Immunoassay of Hepatobiliary Samples from Children with Biliary Atresia

The purpose of this study was to analyze hepatobiliary samples of patients with biliary atresia for rotavirus groups. A, B, and C, because group A rotavirus had been used to produce an animal model of the disease and group C rotavirus had been found in hepatobiliary samples from one group of patients. Biliary remnants and liver tissue from 10 biliary atresia and 14 control patients with other liver diseases were examined for rotavirus groups A, B, and C using nonisotopic, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay. Biliary atresia patients had a median age of 3 mo and were from a confined geographic area. Rotaviral stocks from groups A and C were used as polymerase chain reaction-positive controls. The limits of detection for rotaviral RNA from these two groups were respectively, 5 plaque-forming units and 50 tissue culture infectious doses (ID50). Tissue culture was 100-fold less sensitive for groups A and C than the polymerase chain reaction. The nested nonisotopic probes hybridized in solution only with their homologous target DNAs as determined by the enzyme immunoassay, or by Southern blot hybridization. Although it was possible to detect mRNA from a beta-actin housekeeping gene in all of the hepatobiliary samples, no evidence of rotaviral RNA was found in either the biliary atresia or the negative control group. In conclusion, rotavirus is not a common viral etiology of biliary atresia.
Triple-negative breast carcinoma in African American and Caucasian women: clinicopathology, immunomarkers, and outcome.

Purpose Breast cancers are often classified on the presence/absence of hormone receptors, and growth factor oncogenes (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2). Triple-negative breast cancers, negative for these markers, do not benefit from targeted therapy. We compared clinicopathologic parameters and immunohistochemical markers of prognostic and/or predictive significance, and outcome between African American and Caucasian triple-negative breast cancer patients. Methods Invasive triple-negative breast cancers from African American (n=94) and Caucasian (n=68) patients were studied. Clinicopathologic features (age, tumor size, grade, lymph node status, angiolymphatic invasion, visceral metastases) and survival (overall and progression free) were compared. Marker expression (CK5, CK7, CK8, CK14, CK18, CK19, vimentin, CD44, c-Kit, epidermal growth factor receptor, p-cadherin, p53, p63, topoisomerase II, androgen receptor, Ki-67) was assessed in tissue microarrays. Results Significant differences between African American and Caucasian women were observed for mean age and tumor size. African Americans had a trend toward greater lymph node involvement than Caucasians. The following markers were found in significantly different frequencies between the 2 groups: CK5, CK8, CK19, c-Kit, androgen receptor, and high Ki-67. African Americans show shorter overall and progression-free survival. Other clinicopathologic parameters, markers, and outcome were present at similar frequencies. Discussion African American triple-negative breast cancers were more aggressive, occurring at a younger age, being larger, with higher proliferation, patients more frequently dying of disease, and with a trend toward positive lymph node status. Heterogeneity of marker expression suggests variation in the genetics of breast carcinomas in different races.
An activated trifluoromethyl group as a new synthon for 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole and 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine systems

Treatment of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine 1a and 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzamine 1b with lithium 2-aminoethylamide gives 2-(4-aminophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 3a and 2-(2-aminophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 3b, respectively. Similar reactions of 1a and 1b with lithium 3-aminopropylamide produce the respective 2-(aminophenyl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines 4a and 4b. 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzenamine 1c is recovered unchanged from analogous mixtures. The mechanism is discussed.
Viremic dissemination of mouse hepatitis virus-JHM following intranasal inoculation of mice.

Using a sensitive infant mouse bioassay to detect infectious virus, the pattern of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) JHM dissemination in blood and other tissues was examined during the first 5 days following intranasal inoculation. MHV replicated in nasal turbinates of both susceptible BALB and resistant SJL mice from days 1 through 5, but BALB mice had higher titers on days 1 and 2. Viremia was detectable on days 1 through 5 in BALB mice, but only on days 3 and 5 in SJL mice. Transient virus replication occurred in the lungs of both mouse genotypes at 1 and 2 days, then ceased. This correlated with more consistently demonstrable virus in blood collected from the left atrium of the heart, compared to jugular vein, portal vein and right atrial blood. Virus was associated equally with the plasma and cellular fractions of blood on day 3, but was primarily in the buffy coat of the cellular fraction on day 5. Interferon-α/β was detected in serum and spleen, but not liver or brain of BALB mice or in any tissue of SJL mice. BALB serum and spleen interferon was first detected at 36h, peaked between 48 and 72h, and was undetectable by 108h. The distribution of virus in nose, cervical, axillary and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patch, thymus, bone marrow and liver was examined at 1, 2, and 3 days. The resulting pattern suggested lymphatic spread of virus to cervical lymph node and mesenteric lymph node as pathways of dissemination in addition to viremia.
Estimation of diagonal motion in 3D ultrasound imaging using a modified transducer

An approach for acquiring 3D data using a modified transducer array was previously described. This array employs one “Imaging” array and two “Tracking” arrays placed perpendicular to the Imaging array. Any component of diagonal motion due to imperfect elevational scanning has the potential to cause dimensional error in the 3D reconstruction. In this paper, diagonal motion is determined by examining the ratio of cross-correlation values, between successive image frames, from both the Imaging array data sets and the Tracking array data sets. The elevational translation is computed using a speckle tracking method on the Tracking array data if there is more elevational motion than azimuthal motion. Similarly, the speckle tracking is performed on the Imaging array data if there is more azimuthal motion. The angle of motion and the translational component derived from one of the two orientations of arrays allows computation of the component of translation in the other direction. MATLAB simulations and experimental result illustrate that the error in speckle tracking was dependent on the angle of the diagonal motion, and that there were distinct rates of decorrelation from each array for different diagonal motions.
Symptom Presentation and Symptom Meaning Among Traumatized Cambodian Refugees: Relevance to a Somatically Focused Cognitive-Behavior Therapy.

Among psychologically distressed Cambodian refugees, somatic complaints are particularly prominent. Cambodians interpret anxiety-related somatic sensations in terms of “Wind” (khyâl), an ethnophysiology that gives rise to multiple catastrophic interpretations; and they have prominent trauma-memory associations to anxiety-related somatic symptoms. In this article, we detail some of the common sensation-related dysphoric networks of Cambodian refugees, focusing on catastrophic cognitions and trauma associations. We argue that delineating symptom-related dysphoric networks is crucial to successfully adapt cognitive-behavioral interventions to treat panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder among Cambodian refugees, and that such an approach may be useful for the culturally sensitive adaptation of cognitive-behavior therapy for other traumatized non-Western groups.
Classification of eating disorders

Investigations in the past ten years have provided demographic, clinical, and physiological data in the field of eating disorders. Classification of the eating disorders at present varies from country to country and from investigator to investigator. This article discusses the controversies and problems in the current state of classification of the eating disorders.
Ultrasound finding of peripelvic urine extravasation in ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

Pylosinus backflow is usually associated with acute obstruction and occurs as the result of increased hydrostatic pressure in the renal pelvis. Microruptures or tears occur at the calyceal fornix. The extravasating urine may then be absorbed by lymphatics, rupture into veins, or dissect in the renal sinus [1]. As extravasating urine extends from the peripelvic tissues into the perirenal space, it becomes easily visualized by ultrasound as a perirenal fluid collection. We describe the ultrasound finding of decreased peripelvic echogenicity in an infant with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and peripelvic urine extravasation. To our knowledge this finding on ultrasound has not been previously described. If not for the peripelvic decreased echogenicity, the resulting pelvic decompression may have otherwise mimicked a nonobstructed kidney.
Bacterial Complications of Primary Varicella in Children

Bacterial complications of varicella in 84 patients younger than 16 years of age (48 females; median age, 2.9 years) who required hospitalization between 1985 and 1995 were retrospectively analyzed. The purpose of the study was to describe demographics, clinical manifestations, bacteriology, and factors affecting outcome. Seventy-six percent of patients were younger than 5 years of age. The eldest children in households were significantly underrepresented (P = .00025). Skin infections occurred in 61 patients (73%), and deep-seated infections and/or shock occurred in 23 (27%). The latter complications were significantly associated with thrombocytopenia (P = .011) and bacteremia (P = .014) at the time of admission, prolonged fever (P = .001), prolonged hospitalization (P < .0001), intensive care management (P < .0001), and fatal outcome (P = .019). Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (59% of isolates) and Staphylococcus aureus (28%) were the predominant isolates. Before and after 1990, five (31%) of 16 and 13 (62%) of 21 streptococcal complications, respectively, were invasive infections (P = .09). These data underscore the need for universal immunization against chickenpox.
Channeling in direct dark matter detection II: channeling fraction in Si and Ge crystals

The channeling of the ion recoiling after a collision with a WIMP changes the ionization signal in direct detection experiments, producing a larger signal scintillation or ionization than otherwise expected. We give estimates of the fraction of channeled recoiling ions in CsI crystals using analytic models produced since the 1960's and 70's to describe channeling and blocking effects.
Effects of moderate and high glycemic index meals on metabolism and exercise performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pre-exercise ingestion of meals with moderate and high glycemic indexes (GI) affects glucose availability during exercise and exercise performance time. Six male volunteers (22 +/- 1 years; 80.4 +/- 3.7 kg; VO(2peak), 54.3 +/- 1.2 ml. kg(-1). min(-1)) ingested 75 g of carbohydrate in the form of 2 different breakfast cereals, rolled oats (moderate GI, approximately 61; MOD-GI) or puffed rice (high GI, approximately 82; HI-GI), combined with 300 mL of water; or water alone (control). The trials were randomized, and the meals were ingested 45 minutes before the subjects performed cycling exercise (60% VO(2peak)) to exhaustion. Venous blood samples were drawn to measure glucose, free fatty acids (FFAs), glycerol, insulin (INS), epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. A muscle biopsy specimen was obtained from the vastus lateralis before the meal and immediately after exercise for glycogen determination. Before exercise, both test meals elicited significant (P <.05) hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia compared with control. The glycemic response was higher (P <.05) at the start of exercise after the HI-GI meal than after the control. During exercise, plasma glucose levels were higher (P <.05) at 60 (5.2 +/- 0.1, 4.2 +/- 0.2, and 4.6 +/- 0.1 mmol. L(-1)) and 90 (4.8 +/- 0.1, 4.1 +/- 0.1, and 4.3 +/- 0.1 mmol. L(-1)) minutes after the MOD-GI meal than after either the HI-GI or control. Total carbohydrate oxidation was greater (P <.05) during the MOD-GI trial than in control and was directly correlated with exercise performance time (r =.95, P <.0001). Pre-exercise plasma FFA levels were suppressed (P <.05) 30 and 45 minutes after ingestion of the HI-GI meal and 45 minutes after the MOD-GI meal compared with control. At 30, 60, and 120 minutes of exercise, FFAs remained suppressed (P <.05) for both test meals compared with control. At exhaustion, plasma glucose, INS, FFA, glycerol, EPI, and NE levels and muscle glycogen use were not different for all trials. Exercise time was prolonged (P <.05) after the MOD-GI meal compared with control, but the HI-GI trial was not different from control (MOD-GI, 165 +/- 11; HI-GI, 141 +/- 8; control, 134 +/- 13 minutes). Thus, in contrast to the HI-GI meal or control, the MOD-GI breakfast cereal ingested 45 minutes before exercise enhanced performance time, maintained euglycemia for a longer period during exercise, and resulted in greater total carbohydrate oxidation during the exercise bout. We conclude that a MOD-GI meal provides a significant performance and metabolic advantage when consumed 45 minutes before exercise.
Decoupled earnings: An institutional perspective of the consequences of maximizing shareholder value

Recent accounting scandals have brought focus on the role of management in financial statement manipulation. This focus on micro-behavior does not capture the complexities of earnings management. T...
RESPONSE BIAS IN FOLLOW-UP STUDIES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS

The problems of response bias in longitudinal studies of college students are examined. An extensive follow-up questionnaire was sent to 1,253 college seniors who had participated in a similar survey as freshman four years earlier. Careful measure of student responsiveness in relation to various techniques designed to increase the proportion of responders (e.g., postcard, telephone contact) were kept.
Immunostaining of rat brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons and skeletal muscle for calcium channel alpha2-delta (α2-δ) type 1 protein

Alpha2-delta (alpha2-delta) is a membrane-spanning auxiliary protein subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels found in muscle and brain. Of the four subtypes of alpha2-delta, only alpha2-delta types 1 and 2 (alpha2-delta-1 and alpha2-delta-2) bind the drugs gabapentin (Neurontin) and pregabalin (Lyrica). Although recent findings indicate that drug binding to alpha2-delta-1 is required for pharmacology of pregabalin and gabapentin, previous work has not addressed the location of alpha2-delta-1 protein within nervous tissues. A monoclonal antibody to alpha2-delta-1 revealed intense immunostaining in certain areas of rat brain, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and skeletal muscle, with weaker staining in heart muscle, gut and liver. Little immunostaining was seen in spleen, kidney, thymus and lung. Staining was dense in some regions of the CNS including spinal dorsal horn, anterior olfactory nucleus, anterior amygdala, basolateral (ventral) amygdala and cortical amygdala, and the piriform, perirhinal, insular and entorhinal cortices. In hippocampus, staining was heterogeneous with greater density in areas of glutamate terminals (mossy fiber endings on CA3 pyramidal cells and perforant path endings on granule cells and CA1 stratum radiatum). Moderate staining occurred in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, superficial layers of neocortex, periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens shell and tegmental nucleus. We propose that areas of dense alpha2-delta-1 staining in brain and spinal cord are likely sites of action for the analgesic, anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like actions of pregabalin and gabapentin in animal models.
The copper vapor laser for treatment of cutaneous vascular and pigmented lesions.

background. Clinical experience has shown that a variety of skin lesions are treatable with rapidly pulsed yellow and green light of the copper vapor laser. objective. To review the development, use, complications, and efficacy of the copper vapor laser when utilized for cutaneous lesions. methods. Articles were identified through a MEDLINE search, review of these articles' bibliographies, and advice from expert physicians who have used the copper vapor laser. results. A variety of vascular and pigmented cutaneous lesions are effectively treated with the copper vapor laser. A distinct advantage for hypertrophic or cobblestoned port-wine stains and most types of facial telangiectasia is seen when this laser's results are compared with the results of other available laser systems. Complications, including scarring, are rarely observed. conclusion. The copper vapor laser is a useful addition to the family of lasers that are used for cutaneous conditions.
Preparing Lecture Handouts with a Word Processor

The lecture is the most widely used and most highly criticized medium of instruction in higher educa tion. While its roots go back to Socrates and Plato, oral lecturing was made popular in the medieval universities. Prior to the invention of movable type, the lecturer read to students from the few books that were available. In fact, the term lecture is derived from the Latin word legere which means "to read" (Hoover 1980). The oral lecture has survived in universities in part because of inertia. But also the lecture has certain ad vantages: it is economical; takes less time to prepare than other media; can be current in content and geared for a particular audience; can draw attention to impor tant points (Komza, Belle, and Williams 1978); and can provide an overview, criticism, intensity, enthusiasm, drama, humor, and warmth unlike that of printed mate rial (Gage and Berliner 1979). On the other hand, there are also disadvantages to lecturing: it does not allow students an active and direct involvement with the information being presented; it is a one-way communication that may encourage intellec tual passivity; it does not encourage creativity and problem-solving; the student retention rate is poor (Komza, Belle, and Williams 1978); and the note-taking process may interfere with students' understanding of the lecture (Aiken, Thomas, and Shennum 1975). Fur thermore, an underlying assumption is that all students
Churches and the Urban Poor: Interaction and Social Distance

Although the social isolation of the urban poor has been well documented, the analysis has only alluded to, and rarely detailed, the isolation of the urban poor from churches and other religious institutions. This article outlines fmdings from survey research conducted in three low-income housing complexes in Indianapolis, focusing on the extent to which the housing complex residents had been contacted by churches, had attended churches, and had become members of churches. The survey data confirms both a scarcity of direct church-initiated contact with low-income neighbors; and a significantly smaller percentage of church attendance and membership among the housing complex sample than among Americans in general. A number of socio-cultural factors are proposed as explanation for low levels of interaction between churches and low-income populations, including cultural predispositions by churches and the urban poor toward one another.
Sociocultural factors that affect pregnancy outcomes in two dissimilar immigrant groups in the United States.

Objective To compare perinatal risks and outcomes in foreign- and U.S.-born Asian-Indian and Mexican women. Study design We evaluated 6.4 million U.S. vital records for births during 1995–2000 to white, foreign- and U.S.-born Asian-Indian and Mexican women. Risks and outcomes were compared by use of χ2 and logistic regression. Results With the exception of increased teen pregnancy and tobacco use, the favorable sociodemographic profile and increased rate of adverse outcomes seen in foreign-born Asian Indians persisted in their U.S.-born counterparts. In contrast, foreign-born Mexicans had an adverse sociodemographic profile but a low incidence of low birth weight (LBW), whereas U.S.-born Mexicans had an improved sociodemographic profile and increased LBW, prematurity and neonatal death. Conclusions Perinatal outcomes deteriorate in U.S.-born Mexican women. In contrast, the paradoxically increased incidence of LBW persists in U.S.-born Asian-Indian women. Further research is needed to identify the social and biologic determinants of perinatal outcome.
A technique for facilitated visualization and dissection of the vitreous base, pars plana, and pars plicata

• We describe a technique to facilitate visualization of the vitreous base, pars plana, and pars plicata during vitreous surgery. This technique takes advantage of an externally applied fiberoptic light source coupled with scleral depression to enable direct viewing of the ciliary processes and anterior vitreous base. No special instrumentation or alteration in pars plana vitrectomy techniques is required. We have used this technique to enhance anterior dissection during vitrectomy surgery in the aphakic and pseudophakic eye associated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, epithelial down-growth syndromes, and postvitrectomy fibrin formation.
PAX8 discriminates ovarian metastases from adnexal tumors and other cutaneous metastases

Background: The distinction of metastatic ovarian carcinoma from other metastatic carcinomas and primary adnexal lesions in the skin is often difficult. PAX8 is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in development of the Mullerian system and has been shown to be a useful discriminatory marker between ovarian and breast carcinomas. Identification of ovarian cutaneous metastases may be of benefit in patients with familial breast-ovarian carcinoma syndrome. Methods: PAX8 immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 24 cases of metastatic adenocarcinomas to the skin and compared with 7 cases of primary adnexal lesions and also compared with p63 immunohistochemical staining results. Patients with metastatic adenocarcinomas had clinically documented primary malignancies, and patients with primary adnexal carcinomas had no known history of another adenocarcinoma. Results: Cutaneous ovarian and renal cell carcinoma metastases (2/2 and 8/8, respectively) showed positive nuclear expression of PAX8. PAX8 immunohistochemical staining in primary adnexal and other cutaneous metastases was completely negative (0/7 and 0/16, respectively). The p63 expression profile supported the distinction between adnexal and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Conclusions: Although cutaneous ovarian metastasis is a rare phenomenon, the prognosis is extremely poor. PAX8 expression is a useful marker that effectively discriminated metastatic ovarian carcinomas from metastatic breast carcinomas and primary adnexal tumors. Fujiwara M, Taube J, Sharma M, McCalmont TH, Kim J. PAX8 discriminates ovarian metastases from adnexal tumors and other cutaneous metastases.
Control of compressor surge with Active Magnetic Bearings

The design of an active surge controller, which employs Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) to stabilize the flow in the compressor, is presented in this paper. The axial tip clearance of an unshrouded centrifugal impeller from a single stage compressor is modulated relative to the static shroud to induce a pressure variation in the compressor output pressure. This fast-response, high-precision control of the output pressure is employed to stabilize the compressor operating in surge condition. The control law for the tip clearance is derived based on a recently introduced mathematical model, and the performance of the controller is tested through simulation.
Radical Prostatectomy: Is Complete Resection of the Seminal Vesicles Really Necessary?

AbstractPurpose: We determined the frequency of prostate cancer extension into the distal 1 cm. of seminal vesicles, and reconsidered whether complete excision of the seminal vesicles during radical prostatectomy is always necessary.Materials and Methods: After en bloc removal with the specimen in 71 consecutive radical prostatectomies, the distal 1 cm. of each seminal vesicle was transected and separately analyzed for tumor involvement.Results: Mean patient age was 61.8 years (range 40 to 72). Preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA) ranged from 0.8 to 37 ng./dl. (median 7.3), and 18 patients had a PSA of 10 or more. Clinical stages were T1b in 1 case T1c in 37, T2a in 12, T2b in 10, T2c in 6 and T3a in 1. Preoperative Gleason sums ranged from 4 to 8 (median 6) with 21 patients (30 percent) having a sum of 7 or more.Of 71 patients 12 (17 percent) had seminal vesicle invasion (5 bilaterally). In no case did tumor extend into the distal 1 cm. of the seminal vesicle. PSA at diagnosis ranged from 4.2 to ...
New-generation taxoid SB-T-1214 inhibits stem cell-related gene expression in 3D cancer spheroids induced by purified colon tumor-initiating cells

Growing evidence suggests that the majority of tumors are organized hierarchically, comprising a population of tumor-initiating, or cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for tumor development, maintenance and resistance to drugs. Previously we have shown that the CD133high/CD44high fraction of colon cancer cells is different from their bulk counterparts at the functional, morphological and genomic levels. In contrast to the majority of colon cancer cells expressing moderate levels of CD133, CD44 and CD166, cells with a high combined expression of CD133 and CD44 possessed several characteristic stem cell features, including profound self-renewal capacity in vivo and in vitro, and the ability to give rise to different cell phenotypes. The present study was undertaken for two aims: a) to determine stem cell-related genomic characteristics of floating 3D multicellular spheroids induced by CD133high/CD44high colon cancer cells; and b) to evaluate CSC-specific alterations induced by new-generation taxoid SB-T-1214. Selected CSC phenotype was isolated from three independent invasive colon cancer cell lines, HCT116, HT29 and DLD-1. A stem cell-specific PCR array assay (SA Biosciences) revealed that colonospheres induced by purified CD133high/CD44high expressing cells display profound up-regulation of stem cell-related genes in comparison with their bulk counterparts. The FACS analysis has shown that the 3D colonospheres contained some minority cell populations with high levels of expression of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and c-Myc, which are essential for stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. Single administration of the SB-T-1214 at concentration 100 nM-1 μM for 48 hr not only induced growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death in these three types of colon cancer spheroids in 3D culture, but also mediated massive inhibition of the stem cell-related genes and significant down-regulation of the pluripotency gene expression. PCR array and FACS data were confirmed with western blotting. Importantly, viable cells that survived this treatment regimen were no longer able to induce secondary floating spheroids and exhibited significant morphological abnormalities. We report here that a new-generation taxoid SB-T-1214 possesses significant activity against colon cancer spheroids induced by and enriched with drug resistant tumorigenic CD133high/CD44high cells and efficiently inhibited expression of the majority of stem cell-related genes. Our data indicates that the previously observed long-term efficacy of SB-T-1214 against drug resistant colon tumors in vivo may be explained by the down-regulation of multiple stem cell-related genes in the tumorigenic cell population, in addition to its known efficacy as a mitotic poison against proliferating cancer cells.
An open trial of aripiprazole augmentation for SSRI non-remitters with late-life depression.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole augmentation in elderly depressed patients who did not reach remission after treatment with an SSRI. Method Outpatients 50 years and older with major depressive disorder not remitting after adequate treatment with an SSRI were eligible for the study. In the 6-week long augmentation phase, antidepressants were continued without change and aripiprazole was titrated if needed to a maximum dose of 15 mg per day. Patients were evaluated at the study endpoint on an intent to treat basis, and the primary outcome measure was remission of depression as measured by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) ≤ 10. Results Twenty patients having mean age 63.0 ± 9.6 years old, HRSD 20.0 ± 4.2, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 21.0 ± 9.8, Clinical Global Impression—Severity (CGI—S) 3.7 ± 0.9, and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) 29.2 ± 1.0 entered the study. At the study endpoint, mean HRSD was 7.6 ± 5.9, BDI 9.1 ± 9.3, and CGI—S 1.9 ± 1.1. A 50% remission rate of depression was observed after six weeks of augmentation with aripiprazole. Twenty five percent of subjects did not complete the study. The most frequent side effects observed were dry mouth (25%), agitation/anxiety (20%), and drowsiness (15%). Conclusion In this study 50% of depressed patients not remitting after an adequate trial of an SSRI achieved a final HRSD ≤ 10 when given aripiprazole augmentation. Open trials such as this require follow up in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing hypotheses about visual pigments underlying deutan color vision

A classical theory held that deuteranomaly was caused by the replacement of the normal M cone pigment by an anomalous M pigment, which was spectrally red-shifted. Two assumptions associated with that theory were: (1) that there was a single, fixed L pigment, shared by deuteranomals and normals; (2) and that everyone had two genes for cone pigments on the X-chromosome. Those two assumptions are now known to be invalid and, with regard to red-green color vision, an alternate theory, introduced by Alpern et al. in the 1970s, has enjoyed renewed attention. It holds that photopigment spectra are inherently variable and form “clusters.” Those with normal color vision are supposed to have drawn one pigment from each cluster, but deuteranomaly arises when what would normally be the L and M pigments are both drawn from the L cluster. Both the Alpern theory and the classical one continue to play important roles in current thinking. However, we present evidence here from ERG flicker photometry that observed similarities and differences between the distributions of spectral sensitivity functions of deuteranopes and deuteranomalous trichromats are intermediate between what might be predicted by Alpern's theory and what would be predicted by the classical theory. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, S106–S111, 2001
Investigation of Acoustic Emission During Fatigue Loading of Composite Specimens

Strain and load controlled fatigue tests were run on boron-aluminum and boron-epoxy angle-plied specimens. Acoustic emission data was recorded using a gating technique that eliminated most extraneous noise. Various material parameters were monitored during the test. A good corre lation between acoustic emission and damage extent and propagation was obtained. This was evidenced by an apparent first order linear relationship between dynamic compliance and totalized acoustic emission. A basis for an energy based failure model is formulated and discussed.
Time course of changes in neuromuscular properties following stroke

To characterize the natural history of stroke effects on neuromuscular properties in elbow muscles, we tracked changes in elbow mechanical properties in hemiparetic stroke survivors after stroke. Using a parallel cascade system identification technique, we estimated intrinsic and reflex mechanical properties at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months post stroke. At each time point, we examined neuromuscular changes during variations in mean elbow joint angle. Modulation of intrinsic and reflex properties was assessed using small amplitude pseudorandom positional perturbations at different mean elbow angles, over the entire range of motion. We identified two patterns of stroke effects on neuromuscular properties. In Group 1, intrinsic stiffness increased continuously after the stroke. In Group 2, it decreased continuously over this interval. Analogous results were recorded for reflex stiffness. These different recovery patterns may reflect the simultaneous emergence of two opposing mechanisms; i.e. brain recovery and secondary effects on neuromuscular properties. It follows that the progress of recovery may not reflect a single mechanism, and could depend on which mechanism is dominant at each time point.
Spinal glia and chronic pain

Abstract Therapeutic management of chronic pain has not been widely successful owing to a lack of understanding of factors that initiate and maintain the chronic pain condition. Efforts to delineate the mechanisms underlying pain long have focused on neuronal elements of pain pathways, and both opiate- and non–opiate-based therapeutics are thought largely to target neurons. Abnormal neuronal activity at the level of spinal cord “pain centers” in the dorsal horn leads to hypersensitivity or a hyperalgesic response subsequent to the initial painful stimulus. Only recently has the experimental literature implicated nonneuronal elements in pain because of the realization that glial-derived signaling molecules can contribute to and modulate pain signaling in the spinal cord. Most notably, glial proinflammatory mediators within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord appear to contribute to self-perpetuating pain. Chronic pain is modeled experimentally through a variety of manipulations of sensory nerves including cutting, crushing, resection, and ligation. The cellular and molecular responses in the spinal cord due to these manipulations often reveal activation of 2 types of glia: microglia and astrocytes. The activation states of both microglia and astrocytes are complex and may be driven by underlying chronic neuropathology and/or a chronically “primed” condition that accounts for their contribution to chronic pain. Recent evidence even suggests that opioid tolerance and withdrawal hyperalgesia may be initiated and maintained via actions of microglia and astroglia. Together, these recent findings suggest that glia will serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pain. To fully exploit glia as novel therapeutic targets will require a greater understanding of glial biology, as well as the identification of agents able to control the glial reactions involved in chronic pain, without interfering with beneficial glial functions.
An efficient PML implementation for the ADI-FDTD method

A novel implementation of the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorber for the alternating-direction implicit finite-difference time-domain method is proposed and implemented. It is shown that, compared to the traditional PML implementation, the performance of the proposed PML is more efficient for large Courant numbers.
Targeting prostate cancer angiogenesis through metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1)

BACKGROUND Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) is overexpressed in many forms of cancer types but its role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and metastasis has not been explored. In this study, we addressed the functional and biological role of MTA1 in PCa. METHODS Gene expression profiling was used to determine MTA1 overexpression during PCa cell–bone interaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect MTA1 on tissue microarrays (TMA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31, and Ki67 in xenografts. We used retroviral or lentiviral RNAi transduction of PCa cells to establish MTA1 knockdowns. RT-PCR, Western blot, invasion, and endothelial cell migration assays were used to characterize the cells in vitro. The role of MTA1 in PCa tumorigenesis was evaluated in mouse xenografts. RESULTS We identified MTA1 as a component of bone metastasis signature in PCa, which suggested a possible role for MTA1 in PCa progression and metastasis. MTA1 was expressed at higher levels in PCa cell lines than in normal prostate epithelial cells. Silencing MTA1 significantly suppressed the invasion and angiogenic activity of the cells in vitro and delayed tumor formation and development in mouse xenografts. Tumors that express MTA1 had higher proliferative indices, secreted higher levels of VEGF and were more vascularized. Analysis of the human TMA showed positive correlation between MTA1 nuclear localization/staining intensity and PCa aggressiveness. CONCLUSIONS MTA1 pro-angiogenic and pro-invasive functions create permissive environment for PCa tumor growth and likely support metastasis. Taken together with its predictive values, MTA1 can be utilized both as a prognostic marker and a therapy target in PCa. Prostate 71:268–280, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rapid and Precise Control of Sniffing During Olfactory Discrimination in Rats

Olfactory perception relies on an active sampling process, sniffing, to rapidly deliver odorants from the environment to the olfactory receptors. The respiration cycle strongly patterns the flow of...
Monitoring Specific T-Cell Responses to Melanoma Vaccines: ELISPOT, Tetramers, and Beyond

The molecular identification of antigens expressed preferentially in tumor cells has enabled the development of antigen-specific vaccines against human cancer. The majority of human tumor antigens characterized to date have been isolated from melanoma cells based on class I major histocompatibility
Using and Abusing the Financial Markets: Money Laundering as the Achilles' Heel of Terrorism

Efforts to stop the spread of international terrorism continue to be lead stories on all major news outlets. However, an important, and often overlooked, aspect of counterterrorism is the unscrupulous use of both domestic and international financial markets. This powerful and dangerous weapon of terrorism is addressed through our article by specifically discussing how both the government and the citizens ought to address the eradication of such unscrupulous use. In order to effectuate this discussion, we first examine the laws on the books before the 9/11 attacks to determine whether approaching terrorism financing in the same way as traditional money laundering was proper. Then, after determining such a venture to not be adequate, we examine the nature of terrorism financing to determine what efforts need to be taken to make terrorism financing legislation adequate and effective. Lastly, the article undertakes the task necessary in any counterterrorism discussion, the act of balancing competing interests. Here, the government has an interest in protecting the citizenry. Competing against that interest is the interest of individuals' freedoms. The specific competing interest here is the right to freely exercise religion. Weighing back, then, to the government is the unscrupulous use of financial networks under a false pretense of religious exercise. Throughout this morass of interests, the concluding recommendations highlight that the answers are neither purely governmental nor individual. Rather, the government and the people must each take up their own responsibilities to effectuate an end to the abuse of financial markets in the name of terrorism financing.
Coordination of Autophagy and the Proteasome in Resolving Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Macroautophagy is a cellular degradation mechanism that involves the delivery of cytosolic components (macromolecules or organelles) by the autophagosome to the lysosome for degradation. In mammalian cells, macroautophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system are 2 major mechanisms to eliminate abnormal proteins accumulated in pathological conditions. Here, the coordination of the 2 pathways to alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress is reviewed. Also discussed is the regulatory role of macroautophagy and proteasome activity in cell survival and death, as well as the recent discoveries leading to novel strategies of simultaneous control of the proteasome and autophagy activity in anticancer treatment.
Long-term outcomes of parent-assisted social skills intervention for high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders

This study aims to evaluate the long-term outcome of Children's Friendship Training, a parent-assisted social skills intervention for children. Prior research has shown Children's Friendship Training to be superior to wait-list control with maintenance of gains at 3-month follow-up. Participants were families of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder who completed Children's Friendship Training 1-5 years earlier. They were recruited through mail, phone, and email. Information collected included parent and child completed questionnaires and a phone interview. Data were collected on 24 of 52 potential participants (46%). With an average of 35-month follow-up, participants had a mean age of 12.6 years. Results indicated that participants at follow-up were invited on significantly more play dates, showed less play date conflict, improved significantly in parent-reported social skills and problem behaviors, and demonstrated marginally significant decreases in loneliness when compared to pre-Children's Friendship Training.
Loyalty: The Influences of Satisfaction and Brand Community Integration

This paper empirically explores the relative impacts of satisfaction, brand community integration, and consumer experience on customer loyalty as expressed by future purchase intentions and behavior. Data drawn from qualitative research and a survey of 1000 patrons of a Native American casino who indicate a willingness to engage in formal marketing relationships indicate that satisfaction yields to brand community integration as a key driver of loyalty. We discuss important implications of the findings for marketing theory and practice.
Physiologic assessment of renal artery stenosis: will history repeat itself?

Renal artery stenosis resulting in renovascular hypertension is an increasingly recognized clinical problem, with an incidence between 5% and 10% ([1][1]). Unilateral renal artery stenosis with 2 normally functioning kidneys can result in renal hypoperfusion and increased release of renin by the