cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adoption of rescue colloid during burn resuscitation decreases fluid administered and restores end-organ perfusion.

Abstract Introduction Traditionally, lactated Ringer’s solution (LR) has been utilized for the resuscitation of thermally injured patients via the Parkland or Brooke formulas. Both of these formulas include colloid supplementation after 24 h of resuscitation. Recently, the addition of albumin within the initial resuscitation has been reported to decrease fluid creep and hourly fluids given. Our institution has previously advocated for a crystalloid-driven resuscitation. Given reports of improved outcomes with albumin, we pragmatically adjusted these practices and present our findings for doing so. Methods Our burn registry, consisting of prospectively collected patient data, was queried for those at least 18 years of age who, between July 2017 and December 2018, sustained a thermal injury and completed a formal resuscitation (24 h). At the attending physician’s discretion, rescue colloid was administered using 25% albumin for those failing to respond to traditional resuscitation (patients with sustained urine output of Results A total of 91 patients with thermal injuries were included: the median age was 40 (IQR 31–57), 73% were male, and 30 patients received rescue albumin. The percentage of total body surface area burned (%TBSA) was greater in those who received rescue albumin (40.3% vs. 34%; p = 0.047). Despite a higher %TBSA in the albumin group, the total LR given during resuscitation was not significantly different between groups (15,914.43 mL vs. 11,828.71 mL; p = 0.129) even when normalized for TBSA and weight (ml LR/kg/%TBSA: 4.31 vs. 3.66; p = 0.129. The average in/out fluid ratio for the rescue group was higher than for the crystalloid group (0.83 ± 0.05 vs. 0.59 ± 0.11; p = 0.06) and returned to normal after colloid administration. Conclusion Rescue albumin administration decreases the amount of fluid administered per %TBSA during resuscitation, and also increases end organ function as evidenced by increased urinary output. These effects occurred in patients who sustained larger burns and failed to respond to traditional crystalloid resuscitation. Our findings led us to modify our current protocol and a related prospective study of clinical outcomes.
Performance Evaluation of Different Freewheeling Device Implementations for SiC MOSFETs with Kelvin Source Connections

This paper discusses the optimization of freewheeling device implementation for SiC MOSFET’s with kelvin source connections. Kelvin contacts permit improved switching speed by reducing error voltages resulting from unwanted current effects. However, Kelvin contacts can also permit the switching transient reverse recovery (RR) phenomenon to be more easily observed. The behavior of the body diode of SiC MOSFETs with Kelvin source connections will be different to that of traditional packages without Kelvin source connections. This paper aims to test whether the body diode of a SiC MOSFET is a limiting factor for high speed switching of MOSFET’s with Kelvin source connections. Two characterization platforms were developed to measure the pulse switching energy and continuous switching efficiency of a ‘phase leg’ SiC MOSFET’s stage with different freewheeling device implementation including SiC MOSFET body diode with and without anti-parallel Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBD). The switching energy and converter efficiency results are presented to quantify the benefits of adding antiparallel SBD on loss reduction and EMI noise mitigation for SiC MOSFETs with Kelvin source.
Building a community of faith: a social justice approach to developing identity in adolescents

Currently, there is a lack of research into educational methods which may help religious youth to develop or maintain religious identities. The aim of this case study was to use and evaluate a soci...
Critical Intersection: Disability and Food Insecurity in Institutions of Higher Education

As more individuals with disabilities seek postsecondary education, they find that their experiences, which are already challenging, are further complicated by food insecurity. This qualitative study illustrates the experiences of students with disabilities using a campus food pantry in order to illuminate how essential this resource is for this population.
Inhibition of leukemia growth by a recombinant gelonin conjugate of anti-FLT3 monoclonal antibody

4114 The receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 is overexpressed in blasts of the majority of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and B-lymphoid leukemia patients. Internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in the juxtamembrane region and point mutations in the kinase domain of FLT3 are found in ~37% of AML patients and are associated with a poor prognosis. We have recently developed a fully human monoclonal antibody (IMC-EB10) which binds with high affinity to FLT3 receptor on human leukemia cells. In the present study, a recombinant gelonin conjugate of the anti-FLT3 antibody was prepared that allows for the release of the gelonin toxin inside the antigen-positive cells. The EB10-Gelonin conjugates were stable in buffers. The conjugate retained the binding and internalizing capabilities of the antibody. EB10-Gelonin selectively killed FLT3-expressing leukemia cells with an IC50 of 0.1 nM and 0.4 nM for SEM-K2 and HL60 cells (both positive for FLT3) and 500 nM for JM1 (negative for FLT3). A gelonin conjugate with a control anti-VE-cadhelin antibody was not active in these cell lines (IC50s ~600 nM for SEM-K2 and 1000 nM for MOLM-14 cells). Prelinimary data show that reatment with the EB10-Gelonin conjugate (4 mg/kg, once weekly x 2) significantly inhibited leukemia growth and increased mouse survival in a SEM-K2 xenograft leukemia model in NOD-SCID mice.
Can Stellar Mass be Measured by Asteroseismology

Theoretical calculations show that the detailed pattern of frequencies from stellar oscillations can in principal produce data that can determine stellar masses independent of other input data.
D'Agents: Future Security Directions

Our mobile-agent system, D’Agents (http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~agent/), assigns an RSA public/private key pair to each machine and agent owner. When the agent leaves its home machine, it is digitally signed with the owner’s private key. The destination machine verifies the signature and assigns a set of owner-specific access permissions to the agent (such as which files it can access), which are then enforced at the user level. Unfortunately, this straightforward approach is insufficient. We identify three main areas of future work.
Gateways for accessing fault tolerance domains

Enterprise applications can be structured as domains, where each domain contains objects that are replicated for fault tolerance, with the replication being managed by a fault tolerance infrastructure local to the domain. Gateways can allow unreplicated clients to benefit from the fault tolerance services of the replicated servers, without compromising replica consistency within the fault tolerance domain. For CORBA-based enterprise applications, the gateway mechanisms can be implemented transparently to the ORB and to the application using interception; specific enhancements to existing ORBs make it possible for unreplicated clients to enjoy a higher degree of reliability.
Role of epidermal growth factor, prostaglandin, and sulfhydryls in stress-induced gastric lesions

Abstract Epidermal growth factor promotes the growth of and protects gastric mucosa against various ulcerogens, including stress, but little is known about its role in the pathogenesis of stress ulcerations. In this study, Wistar rats with intact and resected salivary glands were exposed to water-immersion and restraint stress. During 2–14 hours of water-immersion restraint stress, the formation of gastic ulcerations increased progressively and the duration of stress was accompanied by a decrease in DNA synthesis in the gastric mucosa. Following sialoadenectomy, a significant increase in the number of stress ulcerations and further reduction in DNA synthesis were observed. Exogenous epidermal growth factor and dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 significantly reduced the ulcerations in the stressed rats with intact salivary glands, but this reduction was significantly less pronounced after sialoadenectomy. Water-immersion restraint stress also resulted in about 50% reduction in mucosal prostaglandin E 2 generation, and the pretreatment with indomethacin, which suppressed prostaglandin E 2 by about 90%, almost doubled the number of stress ulcerations and abolished the gastroprotective effect of exogenous epidermal growth factor (but not dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 ) against the stress lesions. An inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase activity by difluoromethyl ornithine also augmented stress-induced ulcerogenesis and abolished the protective action of epidermal growth factor while the administration of spermine almost completely prevented stress ulcerations in rats both without and with pretreatment with difluoromethylornithine. Water-immersion restraint stress also significantly reduced mucosal content of glutathione. Cysteamine increased tissue glutathione and reduced stress ulcerations but N -ethylmaleimide, an sulfhydryl blocker, decreased mucosal content of glutathione without affecting the stress ulcerations. This study indicates that the stress ulcers are accompanied by the reduction in mucosal synthesis of DNA, prostaglandin, and glutathione and that the presence of salivary glands attenuates the stress ulcerogenesis probably by releasing epidermal growth factor which acts, in part, by enhancing ornithine decarboxylase activity, mucosal growth, and prostaglandin and glutathione formation.
A Library for Composite Symbolic Representations

In this paper, we present the design and the implementation of a composite model checking library. Our tool combines different symbolic representations, such as BDDs for representing boolean logic formulas and polyhedral representations for linear arithmetic formulas, with a single interface. Based on this common interface, these data structures are combined using what we call a composite representation. We used an object-oriented design to implement the composite symbolic library. We imported CUDD (a BDD library) and Omega Library (a linear arithmetic constraint manipulator that uses polyhedral representations) to our tool by writing wrappers around them which conform to our symbolic representation interface. Our tool supports polymorphic verification procedures which dynamically select symbolic representations based on the input specification. Our symbolic representation library forms an interface between different symbolic libraries, model checkers, and specification languages. We expect our tool to be useful in integrating different tools and techniques for symbolic model checking, and in comparing their performance.
Gas-liquid chromatographic measurement of guanidino acids.

We present a method for separating and measuring guanidino acids by gas—liquid chromatography. Compared to ion-exchange techniques, this system is faster, more sensitive, requires smaller sample volumes, is independent of colorimetric reactions, and permits simultaneous determination of both amino and guanidino acids. N -Trifluoroacetyl- n -butyl esters are formed and then are separated by using a column containing a mixed silicone liquid phase coated on Chromosorb W-HP. Analytical recoveries from plasma ranged from 86 to 112% and were optimal when purification and derivatization were done without prior protein precipitation. Speculations as to the cause of this interference by protein include coprecipitation, protein-binding, and cyclization of the guanidines in the acids used for denaturation. Evidence presented suggests that all three occur: ultrafiltrability is diminished in the presence of protein and nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrates cyclization of some of these esters.
Estimating the distribution function of a transformed random vector

Frequently a random vector Y with known distribution function is readily observed. However, the random variable of interest is a transformation of Y say h(Y), and sample values of h are expensive to evaluate. The objective is to estimate the distribution function of using only a small sample on Y. Four estimators are proposed for use when Y is discrete. A Monte Carlo study of the estimators is presented This estimation problem frequently arises when Y is a parameter in a mathematical programming problem and h(Y) is the optimal objective function value. Two examples of this type are presented.
Identification of transduction elements for benzodiazepine modulation of the GABA(A) receptor: three residues are required for allosteric coupling.

Modulation of GABA A receptors by benzodiazepines (BZDs) is believed to involve two distinct steps: a recognition step in which BZDs bind and a conformational transition step in which the affinity of the receptor for GABA changes. Previously, using γ 2 /α 1 chimeric subunits (χ), we demonstrated that although the N-terminal 167 γ 2 amino acid residues confer high-affinity BZD binding, other γ 2 domains couple BZD binding to potentiation of the GABA-mediated Cl − current ( I GABA ). To determine which γ 2 regions couple binding to potentiation, we generated χs with longer N-terminal γ 2 segments for voltage-clamp experiments in Xenopus oocytes. Chimeras containing greater than the N-terminal 167 γ 2 residues showed incremental gains in maximal potentiation for diazepam enhancement of I GABA . Residues in γ 2 199–236, γ 2 224–236 (pre-M1), and particularly γ 2 257–297 (M2 and surrounding loops) are important for BZD potentiation. For several positive BZD modulators tested, the same regions restored potentiation of I GABA . In contrast, β-carboline inverse-agonism was unaltered in chimeric receptors, suggesting that structural determinants for positive and negative BZD allosteric modulation are different. Dissection of the γ 2 257–297 domain revealed that three residues in concert, γ 2 T281, γ 2 I282 (M2 channel vestibule), and γ 2 S291 (M2–M3 loop) are necessary to impart full BZD potentiation to chimeric receptors. Thus, these residues participate in coupling distant BZD-binding events to conformational changes in the GABA A receptor. The location of these novel residues provides insight into the mechanisms underlying allosteric coupling for other members of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily.
A Scalable GF(p) Elliptic Curve Processor Architecture for Programmable Hardware

This work proposes a new elliptic curve processor architecture for the computation of point multiplication for curves defined over fields GF(p). This is a scalable architecture in terms of area and speed specially suited for memory-rich hardware platforms such a field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This processor uses a new type of high-radix Montgomery multiplier that relies on the precomputation of frequently used values and on the use of multiple processing engines.
Dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase of Bacillus licheniformis. Quaternary structure, kinetics, and stability in the presence of sodium chloride and substrates

Abstract Dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase ( l -aspartate-β-semialdehyde hydro-lyase (adding pyruvate and cyclising), EC 4.2.1.52) obtained from Bacillus licheniformis was purified to homogeneity. Its molecular weight was 108 000 to 117 500, depending on the concentration of NaCl and substrates present, and it contained four subunits of identical molecular weight (28 000). The K m values for pyruvate and l -aspartic semialdehyde were approximately 5.3 and 2.6 mM, respectively. It was previously shown that pyruvate and a high sodium chloride concentration contributed to the stability of the enzyme. The effect of these substances and the other substrate, l -aspartic semialdehyde, on molecular weight was determined. None of these three substances significantly affected the apparent molecular weight. The effect of sodium chloride, pyruvate, and l -aspartic semialdehyde on enzyme structure was studied by determining the effect of their presence on inactivation of the enzyme by several chemical denaturants and heat. Pyruvate dramatically protected against inactivation by all of the denaturants. Sodium chloride protected against inactivation by sodium dodecyl sulfate, guanidine · HCl, urea, and heat, but somewhat facilitated inactivation by ethanol. l -Aspartic semialdehyde had no significant effect on inactivation by sodium dodecyl sulfate and ethanol; it rendered the enzyme slightly more sensitive to inactivation by guanidine · HCl and urea. The thermal melting curve obtained for the enzyme in the presence of l -aspartic semialdehyde was biphasic. The activity was reduced approximately 50% by heating for 30 min at temperatures between 50 and 80°C. Only by heating at temperatures above 80°C did the inactivation become complete. The partially inactivated enzyme could be reactivated by heating after removal of the l -aspartic semialdehyde. Pyruvate prevented the partial inactivation and facilitated reactivation. The only difference detected between the native enzyme and the partially inactivated form of the enzyme was that the latter had a reduced V. It is known that in other spore-formers, dihydrodipicolinate synthase increases in activity late in sporulation. This increase may be important for normal sporulation to occur. The possibility is discussed that the intracellular pool sizes of pyruvate and l -aspartic semialdehyde might have an influence on the level of dihydrodipicolinate synthase activity, by controlling the amount of partial inactivation of the enzyme that occurs in vivo.
Research on Relay Protection of Distribution Network System with Distributed Generation

Introduce the current development of distributed generation, the structure and protection configuration of existing distribution network, and the fault current insert of different kinds of distributed generation was introduced. Through the distribution network in different positions to join distributed generation, the influence of the join of distributed generation on the existing protection of distribution network was analyzed, which included the serious interference to the sensitivity and selectivity of the original protection, the refusal of line protection, the action error of non- fault line protection. The influence of distributed generation on automatic reclosing, and the effect between fuses was discussed, to some extent, and base on the discussion some appropriate countermeasures are proposed.
Judith Buddenbaum: Sine Qua Non of the Study of Media and Religion

With this 10th anniversary issue comes a key question: How, in a relatively short time, has a popular topic in media studies become a field in its own right? The answer cannot be addressed without ...
Stop Sexual Abuse in Special Education: An Ecological Model of Prevention and Intervention Strategies for Sexual Abuse in Special Education

Children with disabilities are 3.4 times more likely to be sexually abused than their nondisabled peers. Moreover, the abuse will likely be committed by someone they know and trust such as a parent, sibling, teacher, day care provider, priest, or coach. Given this, it is critical that schools implement sexual abuse prevention and intervention programs for children with disabilities. Prevention and intervention programs based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model infused with the three categories of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary as espoused by the Centers for Disease Control is proposed.
An empirical examination of cost-adjusting in outpatient clinics

Abstract This paper presents an empirical methodology for examining cost-adjusting in relation to multiple-output health care providers. The methodology is subsequently implemented using a sample of California outpatient clinics. The empirical evidence is that these clinics do cost-adjust; that is, the clinics respond to low Medicare reimbursement by using lower quality to control the marginal costs of those patient groups not insured under a government-sponsored plan. In addition, clinics do not cost-adjust with respect to Medi-Cal patients, implying that various government reimbursement systems have different effects on a provider’s cost-adjusting behavior.
Lattice simulations of quark forces at finite temperature.

We have performed a systematic study of the static quark-antiquark potential in the presence of light dynamical fermions. The potential has been extracted from measurements of Wilson line correlation functions on a 16[sup 3][times]4 lattice. In the low-temperature QCD phase the effects of dynamical fermions on the confining quark potential are demonstrated. In the high-temperature plasma phase we analyze the screening mass for different quark masses and different numbers of flavors at a range of temperatures. It is found that the inclusion of dynamical fermions enhances screening effects significantly. The screening mass shows a strong temperature dependence and our results suggest that [ital J]/[psi] suppression might be effective for temperatures [ital T][congruent][ital T][sub [ital c]].
Geometric Control of Surface Leakage Current and Noise in Lithium Drifted Silicon Radiation Detectors

Lithium drifted silicon radiation detectors exposed to normal ambient have been shown to have a surface n-type layer which extends from the "n" side over to the " p" side of the device. In this paper a continuation of the study of surface problems is presented, and a successful method for the control of leakage current and noise due to surface breakdown is shown. Noise measurements carried out on Li-drifted silicon devices show clearly the existence of two mechanisms for surface noise generation. One has the characteristics of shot noise, while the second one is much noisier than shot noise. Surface potential measurements correlated with light probe scanning give indication as to the origin of the currents which cause the two types of noise. The measurements also suggest the desirability of increasing the resistivity of the surface layer, and show that this can be attained by increasing the magnitude of the internal fields normal to such surface. One possible way of increasing the magnitude of the fields normal to the exposed junction surface consists in shaping the Si crystal so that, after the Li drifting process has been completed, regions of high fields exist within the compensated region. A comparison of cylindrical, planar, and "inverted T" types of p-i-n devices shows the superiority of the third type of device in that it is possible to apply high bias (between 150 and 200 V/mm at room temperature) before the onset of the high noise mechanism.
Guanine nucleotide-induced shift in binding affinity for β-adrenergic agonists in rat reticulocyte and turkey erythrocyte membranes

Abstract Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is important for the expression of catecholamine-dependent adenylate cyclase activity in a wide variety of membrane preparations, including those obtained from rat reticulocytes and turkey erythrocytes. Another generally recognized effect of GTP—to decrease the binding affinity of β-adrenergic agonists for β receptor sites—has not been demonstrable, until recently, in these two membrane preparations. The present study was designed to evaluate possible guanine nucleotide effects on agonist binding under clearly defined experimental conditions. In the absence of magnesium and EDTA, the approximate binding constant K D (app) , for isoproterenol did not change significantly in the presence of the GTP analogue, guanyl-5′-yl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p], for either rat reticulocytes (14.0 ± 3.6 vs 19.5 ± 1.8 μ M; P > 0.10) or turkey erythrocytes (2.66 ± 0.92 vs 2.33 ± 0.07 μ M; P > 0.10). When magnesium (10 mM) and EDTA (1 mM) were both present, the K D (app) for isoproterenol improved 23-fold in the rat reticulocyte to 0.62 ± 0.1 μ M (P μ M (P K D (app) for isoproterenol occurring at a magnesium concentration of 0.1 mM. When binding experiments were conducted in the presence of magnesium and EDTA, Gpp(NH)p caused a marked decrease in agonist affinity in membranes of rat reticulocytes (0.62 ± 0.10 to 9.3 ± 3.3 μ M; P μ M; P
The elaboration of concepts in three biology textbooks: Facilitating student learning

As the levels of scientific literacy and science achievement have become issues of concern, the necessity of investigating possible causes becomes more urgent. Since textbooks have been shown to have a tremendous impact on curriculum, this is one variable of science instruction that needs further investigation. The purpose of this article is to describe how three biology books present the content related to photosynthesis through the construct of elaboration. The textbooks were selected for their differences in target audiences, as defined by student abilities. Results are discussed in terms of quantity of elaboration, relevance of ideas used to elaborate major concepts, relationship of the nature of elaboration to intended readers, and the general relationship between how texts present information and student learning.
Definitions of territoriality used in the study of variation in vertebrate spacing systems

Abstract Both species and populations within species display variation in spacing patterns, and the number of published reports documenting this variation is increasing rapidly. The potential for instructive comparisons is high, but the comparative approach requires common terminology. Vague or implicit definitions of spacing systems undermine the rigour of comparisons. Papers were reviewed that examined interspecific and intraspecific variation in spacing systems to determine the degree to which definitions currently produce a common terminology. This report describes and classifies the 48 conceptual and operational definitions of territoriality found in the literature. Only 12% of the papers gave an operational definition of territoriality. The single criterion of ‘defended area’ was used in 50% of the papers, and the other 50% used other definitions which often consisted of multiple criteria. These definitions were variants of three main themes: defended area, exclusive area, and site-specific dominance, and authors used up to three criteria to define territoriality. Conceptual and operational definitions differed because different questions were asked and because of logistical problems, such as collecting the same data on different species or populations. The taxonomic group being studied also seemed to determine which type of definition was chosen. Although defended area was used most often across four classes of vertebrates, researchers studying mammals chose spatial criteria, for example, amount of home range overlap, more often than researchers studying other taxa. Workers pursuing research in this area can enhance their contribution by using clear conceptual and operational definitions of territoriality, making them explicit at the outset.
Production and comprehension show divergent constituent order preferences: Evidence from elicited pantomime

All natural languages develop devices to communicate who did what to whom. Elicited pantomime provides one model for studying this process, by providing a window into how humans (hearing non-signers) behave in a natural communicative modality (silent gesture) without established conventions from a grammar. Most studies in this paradigm focus on production, although they sometimes make assumptions about how comprehenders would likely behave. Here, we directly assess how naive speakers of English (Experiments 1 & 2), Korean (Experiment 1), and Turkish (Experiment 2) comprehend pantomimed descriptions of transitive events, which are either semantically reversible (Experiments 1 & 2) or not (Experiment 2). Contrary to previous assumptions, we find no evidence that Person-Person-Action sequences are ambiguous to comprehenders, who simply adopt an agent-first parsing heuristic for all constituent orders. We do find that Person-Action-Person sequences yield the most consistent interpretations, even in native speakers of SOV languages. The full range of behavior in both production and comprehension provides counter-evidence to the notion that producers’ utterances are motivated by the needs of comprehenders. Instead, we argue that production and comprehension are subject to different sets of cognitive pressures, and that the dynamic interaction between these competing pressures can help explain synchronic and diachronic constituent order phenomena in natural human languages, both signed and spoken.
Reconsidering the History of Design Survey

In art and design programmes across the USA, the ‘ history of design survey ’ remains the fi rst, and sometimes the only, formal exposure most design students will have to design history, especially that of the premodern period. In contrast to the model of the art history survey, in which painting and sculpture dominate, history of design surveys consider a range of disciplines from textile and furniture design to landscape, graphics and new media. Moreover, the history of design survey is an opportunity to introduce students not only to design history but also to the culture of these various disciplines within design practice. This greatly expands the scope of what is already a broad chronological study. The continuing debate within the fi eld of design history over the very nature of what constitutes design further complicates teaching a survey. This paper presents a case study of ‘ History of Design, 1850 – 2000 ’ , the introductory-level design history survey course taught to design students at Parsons The New School for Design, New York. It is based on an overview of history of design courses currently being taught in the USA and on discussions with instructors in the fi eld. It examines the challenges as well as the opportunities of teaching design history surveys and sets the Parsons course within continuing debates by exploring the ways history of design surveys might address more closely the needs and goals of future design practitioners. The article is intended to elucidate methodological and pedagogical perspectives that will help history of design surveys remain relevant to design students and useful in framing the fi eld and propelling it forward. It invites disciplinary discussions of new strategies and approaches for teaching and learning the history of design.
Hard thermal loop resummation of the free energy of a hot gluon plasma

We calculate the free energy of a hot gluon plasma to leading order in hard-thermal-loop perturbation theory. Effects associated with screening, gluon quasiparticles, and Landau damping are resummed to all orders. The ultraviolet divergences generated by the hard-thermal-loop propagator corrections can be canceled by a counterterm which depends on the thermal gluon mass. The deviation of the hard-thermal-loop free energy from lattice QCD results for T{gt}2T{sub c} has the correct sign and roughly the correct magnitude to be accounted for by next-to-leading order corrections. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
The silviculture of transformation — a commentary

Abstract The present trend towards transformation of forests is the result of public dissatisfaction with the appearance and perceived unnaturalness of plantations. Many foresters are reacting to this political pressure by pursuing a complete shift from plantations to single-tree selection forestry. Many other options exist that can provide the structural variability desired while using simpler management strategies and our existing knowledge of even-aged stands. These include systems to produce two- or three-aged stands, or enhancing the variability of existing even-aged stands.
Alanine-Dependent Reactions of 5’-Deoxypyridoxal in Water

The non-enzymatic reaction of 5'-deoxypyridoxal (DPL) with l-alanine in water at 25 degrees C was investigated. DPL reacts with alanine to form an imine, which then undergoes deprotonation at the alpha-amino carbon of alanine to form a resonance delocalized DPL-stabilized carbanion. At early reaction times the only detectable products are pyruvate and the dimeric species formed by addition of the alpha-pyridine stabilized carbanion to DPL. No Claisen-type products of addition of the alpha-amino carbanion to DPL, as was previously reported to form from the reaction between DPL and glycine [K. Toth, T.L. Amyes, J.P. Richard, J.P.G. Malthouse, M.E. Ni Beilliu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 10538-10539], are observed. The electrophile reacts instead at the alpha-pyridyl carbon. This dimer is in chemical equilibrium with reactants. At longer reaction times about 50% of DPL is converted to 5'-deoxypyridoxamine, the thermodynamically favored product of formal transamination of DPL.
Molecular weight dependence of diblock copolymer segregation at a polymer/polymer interface

Utilizing forward recoil spectrometry (FRES), we wave determined the segregation isotherm which describes the interfacial excess z * i of diblock copolymers of poly(d 8 -styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (dPS-PVP) at the interface between the homopolymers PS and PVP as a function of O∞, the volume fraction of diblock copolymer remaining in the host homopolymer. All the samples were analyzed after annealing at temperatures and times sufficient to achieve equilibrium segregation
Optimizing ethanol production selectivity

Lactococcus lactis metabolizes glucose homofermentatively to lactate. However, after disruption of the gene coding for lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, a key enzyme in NAD^+ regeneration, the glycolytic flux shifts from homolactic to mixed-acid fermentation with the redirection of pyruvate towards production of formate, acetate, ethanol and CO"2. A mathematical model of the pyruvate metabolism pathway that enhances ethanol production was developed from in vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) time-series measurements that describe the dynamics of the metabolites in L. lactis. Both Michaelis-Menten and S-system models capture the observed in vivo dynamics of the glycolysis pathway in L. lactis, while prior models describe only the in vitro dynamics. The models provide insight into the maximization of selectivity of ethanol with respect to acetate and CO"2 as undesired products in multiple reactions. High concentrations of NADH and acetyl-CoA and low concentrations of pyruvate and NAD appear to maximize ethanol selectivity.
Detection of dinoflagellates by the light scattering properties of the chiral structure of their chromosomes

Abstract One of the most prominent properties of dinoflagellates is their large sized and highly chromosome-laden nucleus, which contains dozens of cylindrically shaped chromosomes. With such high chromatic concentration, these chromosomes condense into ordered helical structures and were claimed to be responsible for the large circular polarization effects observed in the light scattering from dinoflagellates. In previous research, a thin helix model of a chromosome was used to compare the Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) and the analytical Born approximation calculations. However, for such a simplified model only modest qualitative agreements with experimental measurements were achieved. Moreover, only one chromosome in one nucleus was simulated, overlooking the effects of interactions between chromosomes. In this work, we adopt the helical plywood liquid crystal model with a capsule shape, in which parallel fibrils lie in plains perpendicular to the helix axis and the orientations of these fibrils twist at a constant angle between two neighboring layers. The ADDA code is applied to calculate the 16 Mueller matrix elements of light scattering from a single chromosome and from the nucleus, which is composed of a collection of randomly positioned and randomly orientated chromosomes. Special attention is paid to the S 14 Mueller matrix element, which describes the ability of differentiating left and right circularly polarized light. Our results show that large S 14 back scattering signals from the dinoflagellate nucleus results from the underlying helical structures of its chromosomes. These signals are sensitive to the light wavelength and pitch of the chromatic helix, the latter of which is species specific. Therefore, detecting back scattering S 14 signal could be a promising method to monitor dinoflagellates such as Karenia brevis , the causal agent of the Florida red tide.
Ab initio calculation of the static structural properties of Be

Abstract An ab initio calculation of the static structural properties of Be is presented. The total structural energy is calculated using pseudopotentials and the local density-functional formalism with the atomic number as the only input. The lattice constant, Poisson's ratio, and the bulk modulus are predicted by calculating the total energy of the system. The deviations of the calculated results for lattice constants c, a , and c/a are approximately 1% when compared with experimental results. Poisson's ratio and the bulk modulus are also in reasonably good agreement with the measured values.
Neutron lifetime experiments using magnetically trapped neutrons: optimal background correction strategies

Abstract In the first stage of each run of a neutron lifetime experiment, a magnetic trap is filled with neutrons. In the second stage of each run, decay events plus background events are observed. In a separate experiment, background is measured. The mean lifetime is estimated by fitting a two parameter exponential model to the background-corrected data. For two models of the background signal, I determine the optimal ratio of the number of “background-only” measurements to the number of primary “neutron decay plus background” measurements. Further, for each run, I determine the optimal allocation of time for filling and for observing decay events. For the case where the background consists of an activated material (aluminum) plus a stationary Poisson process, the asymptotic standard error of the lifetime estimate computed from the background-corrected data is lower than the asymptotic standard error computed from the uncorrected data. For the case where the background is a stationary Poisson process, background correction is desirable provided that the background intensity is sufficiently small compared to the rate at which neutrons enter the trap.
Breast-Feeding and Working Outside the Home

The purpose of the study was to describe a population of women who successfully combined breast-feeding with maintaining employment. Ninety-six women responded to a questionnaire that covered: reasons for breast-feeding, reasons for returning to employment, working conditions, physiological problems, effect on self-concept, guilt feelings, techniques, sources of information, support systems, and the relationship with the father. Most of the women reported that continuing to work outside the home while successfully breast-feeding resulted in positive effects on their self-image and their relationship with the father. Over half experienced engorgement and milk leakage. Most had the support and help of their co-workers and husbands. Many women suggested it would be helpful to receive breast-feeding information about combining breast-feeding with working and to experience open discussion on the topic with other mothers.
Bringing the Museum into the Classroom

Field trips to science institutions offer an opportunity for teachers to spark student interest and to supplement their classroom teaching with vivid experiences of science and nature. At the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York City, education is central to our mission, and all content is developed to support learning. Museum exhibition and education staff produce media-rich content that is scientifically authoritative, thanks to collaboration with members of the museum's research staff of more than 200 active scientists. Digital technology opens new avenues to bring these resources into the classroom to extend a class field trip or to bring the museum to classrooms outside the New York City region.
Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of inherited spike-wave epilepsy: two mutant gene loci with independent cerebral excitability defects.

Abstract Two recessive gene loci controlling cerebral excitability in the mouse ( tg , chr 8 and stg , chr 15) share generalized neocortical spike-wave seizures as a common mutant phenotype. Although the primary molecular defects are unknown, homozygous tg mutants display a gene-linked hyperplasia of central noradrenergic axons originating in the locus ceruleus, and early selective lesions of these fibers correct the epileptic phenotype in the adult. In contrast, we find that stg homozygotes, despite a more severe seizure disorder, show no alterations in regional noradrenergic fiber innervation, and seizure frequency is unaffected by neonatal noradrenergic depletion. These mutations demonstrate that excessive synchronous neuronal discharges alone are insufficient to trigger abnormal growth of locus ceruleus fibers, and reveal the existence of two distinct intervening brain neuromodulatory mechanisms, norepinephrine (NE)-dependent and NE-independent, underlying the inheritance of this common pattern of epilepsy.
Spectral evidence for sublimates and adsorbates on Io

The results of laboratory studies of sulfur adsorbates and sublimates are presented to explain the observed spectral reflectance of Io. The hemispherical and bidirectional spectral reflectances of typical sublimate phases of Na2S, NaHS, K2S and mixtures thereof with free sulfur were measured under varied temperature and particle-irradiation conditions. It is found that Na2S, K2S and NaHS have absorption bands at all the key wavelengths of Io's spectrum in the UV and visible ranges, and as a group can account for much of Io's spectral reflectance in the 0.25- to 5.0-micron range. It is also concluded that adsorbed gases, possibly H2S and SO2, believed to be formed by reactions in the sublimate phase, also contribute to the IR spectrum of Io's surface.
Report of Workplace Violence by Hispanic Nurses

Workplace violence (WPV) against nursing professionals is common. This pilot study explored the association between WPV and victim characteristics including the interpersonal risk factor of prior childhood or adult violence and gender characteristics among 90 Hispanic nurses practicing in Texas. Personal factors such as the nurses' age, clinical setting worked, years of experience, and basic education were not found to be associated with WPV. Gender and a history of violence were found to be significantly associated with WPV. Recommendations include recognition of history of childhood and/or adult violence and gender as risk factors in orientation and health care-training programs for violence prevention.
Training objectives of a well developed geriatrics program.

: The Department of Family Practice and Community Health of the University of Minnesota Medical School is composed of six affiliated units. Each unit is allied with a hospital complex and operates an independent family practice clinic. Since each unit has unique demographic characteristics, general objectives for training residents in geriatric medicine have been developed. Cognitive, attitudinal and skill objectives also have been identified. The unit director implements the general objectives by using the special strengths of that particular unit.
Modeling clustered ordered categorical data: A survey

Summary This article surveys various strategies for modeling ordered categorical (ordinal) response variables when the data have some type of clustering, extending a similar survey for binary data by Pendergast, Gange, Newton, Lindstrom, Palta & Fisher (1996). An important special case is when repeated measurement occurs at various occasions for each subject, such as in longitudinal studies. A much greater variety of models and fitting methods are available than when a similar survey for repeated ordinal response data was prepared a decade ago (Agresti, 1989). The primary emphasis of the review is on two classes of models, marginal models for which effects are averaged over all clusters at particular levels of predictors, and cluster-specific models for which effects apply at the cluster level. We present the two types of models in the ordinal context, review the literature for each, and discuss connections between them. Then, we summarize some alternative modeling approaches and ways of estimating parameters, including a Bayesian approach. We also discuss applications and areas likely to be popular for future research, such as ways of handling missing data and ways of modeling agreement and evaluating the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Finally, we review the current availability of software for using the methods discussed in this article. Resume Cet article passe en revue diverses strategies pour la modelisation de variables de reponse qualitatives et ordinales, quand les donees presentent des phenomenes de grappes. II prolonge une etude similaire realisee pour les variables dichtomiques par Pendergast et al (1996). Les mesures repetees a plusieurs reprises pour chaque individu, par exemple dans les etudes longitudinales, constituent un cas particulier important. II existe a present une variete beaucoup plus grande de modeles et de methodes d'ajustement, que lors de la relisation d'une etude similarire pour les variables ordinales et repetees il ya une dizaine d'annees (Agresti, 1989). II est mis particulierement l'accent sur deux Deux types de modeles, les modeles, marginaux pour lesquels on prend la moyenne des effets sur toutes les grappes pour des niveaux donnes des variables explicatives, et les modeles, par grappes pour lesquels les effets sont pris en compte au niveau de chaque grappe.Nous presentons les deux types de modeles, dans le cas de variables ordinales, brosons un panorama de la litterature pour chacun des deux types, et discutons les relations entre eux. Puis nous reurmons d'autres approches pour la modelisation et l'estimation de parametres, notamment une approche bayesienne, Nous discutons aussi de applications et des domaines qui devraien susciter de nouvelles rechlles recherches, par exemple les methodes de trailtement des donnees manquantes ou d'eualuation de l'exactitude de tests. Enfin, nous considerons la disponibilite actuelle de logiciesl pour mettre en oeuvre les methodes discutees dans cet article.
The assembly of tropical tree communities – the advances and shortcomings of phylogenetic and functional trait analyses

Tropical tree communities present one of the most challenging systems for studying the processes underlying community assembly. Most community assembly hypotheses consider the relative importance of the ecological similarity of co-occurring species. Quantifying this similarity is a daunting and potentially impossible task in species-rich assemblages. During the past decade tropical tree ecologists have increasingly utilized phylogenetic trees and functional traits to estimate the ecological similarity of species in order to test mechanistic community assembly hypotheses. A large amount of work has resulted with many important advances having been made along the way. That said, there are still many outstanding challenges facing those utilizing phylogenetic and functional trait approaches to study community assembly. Here I review the conceptual background, major advances and major remaining challenges in phylogenetic- and trait-based approaches to community ecology with a specific focus on tropical trees. I argue that both approaches tremendously improve our understanding of tropical tree community ecology, but neither approach has fully reached its potential thus far.
The history and future of T-cell depletion as graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Despite significant progress in the past 20 years, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). T-cell depletion (TCD) of the donor graft offers the potential for prevention of GVHD without