cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transportation infrastructure, river confinement, and impacts on floodplain and channel habitat, Yakima and Chehalis rivers, Washington, U.S.A.

Abstract Although floodplain roads and railroads are recognized as confining features with potentially large environmental impacts, few studies have explored the linkages between these structures and the natural disturbance regime that creates and maintains channel and riparian habitat. This study compares paired floodplain reaches with or without transportation infrastructure confining the riparian zone along the Yakima and Chehalis rivers in Washington State. Channel and floodplain habitat were degraded in the artificially confined reaches. Confined channels were narrower, simpler in planform, and relatively devoid of depositional surfaces such as bars and islands. Floodplains adjacent to confined channels exhibited degraded riparian forest and less refugium habitat such as side channels, ponds, and alcoves important for endangered salmonids and other biota. The results support hypotheses about how human modification of the floodplain landscape disrupts the flow regime and connectivity along riparian corridors. Neither simple buffer zones nor metrics such as valley width index adequately capture the disturbance-based landscape processes that drive riparian and channel habitat integrity. Future studies and indices of valley confinement, a critical driver of fluvial geomorphic processes, need to pay closer attention to artificial confinement of the channel, the riparian zone, and the active floodplain surfaces in order to portray the true constraints on fluvial processes.
Labor in a Massachusetts Cotton Mill, 1853–60

Skilled textile workers migrated from Scotland to Massachusetts in the 1850's because of a large wage differential and low steerage rates for the transatlantic passage. For each one of 56 women weavers in the Lyman Mills, expenditures on current consumption took less than 75 per cent of income. But the circumstances were unusual, so this sample does not permit any conclusions about the role of wage-earners' savings in the accumulation of capital in New England. In this mill, two-thirds of the labor force in 1860 had been working there less than three years. The impact of this high degree of labor mobility on labor relations and on the technology of the industry is tentatively assessed.
Phloxine B, a versatile bacterial stain

The data presented suggest that Phloxine B, a color additive for food, drugs, and cosmetics has a potential use as a nontoxic, faster (<2 min), inexpensive (350 tests for <1 cent material) and simpler to use alternative to Gram staining. Using Phloxine B staining it was possible to differentiate among gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria by visual determination under normal room lighting, light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy. This work demonstrated that Phloxine B can be used as a differential versatile bacterial stain and establishes a correlation between the staining properties of the dye and its bactericidal effect.
Predictors of attributional style change in children

A number of studies have supported the hypothesis that negative attributional styles may confer vulnerability to the development of depression. The goal of this study was to explore factors that may contribute to the development of negative attributional styles in children. As hypothesized, elevated levels of depressive symptoms and hopelessness at the initial assessment predicted negative changes in children's attributional styles over the 6-month follow-up period. In addition, elevated levels of verbal victimization occurring between the 2 assessments, as well as that occurring in the 6 months preceding the initial assessment, prospectively predicted negative changes in children's attributional styles over the follow-up. Further, initial depressive symptoms and verbal victimization during the follow-up continued to significantly predict attributional style change even when the overlap among the predictors was statistically controlled. Contrary to the hypotheses, however, neither parent-reported levels of overall negative life events nor parents' attributions for their children's events predicted changes in children's attributional styles.
Framing the IRA: beyond agenda setting and framing towards a model accounting for audience influence

Coverage of Irish Republican Army (IRA) attacks and the Northern Irish peace process is affected by both the country a media organisation is located and their format. The coverage of the IRA in 1996 was studied in five newspapers based in Ireland, Northern Ireland, the UK and the USA to reveal similarities and differences in language use, stories reported and general emphasis. The frequency of keywords was examined to show that the location a newspaper is based in affects the stories run by the newspaper. However, the format of a newspaper affects the framing of this coverage more than the location. These results were analysed through the lens of two leading theories pertaining to media–public relations: agenda-setting theory and framing theory. While both are shown to be partially useful in explaining the results, a more holistic view that accounts for public influence on media coverage would be even more useful. As a result of this narrow focus on only one part of media–public relations, the two theorie...
Implications of Rhagoletis zephyria Snow, 1894 (Diptera: Tephritidae) captures for apple maggot surveys and fly ecology in Washington State, U.S.A.

Abstract. The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh, 1867) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an introduced quarantine pest of apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosaceae), in Washington State, U.S.A. A morphologically similar native fly, Rhagoletis zephyria Snow, 1894, infests snowberries, Symphoricarpos spp. (Caprifoliaceae), and is also present in Washington. Although it is not a pest of apples, R. zephyria is caught on sticky yellow rectangles baited with ammonia deployed for R. pomonella, which could have implications for apple maggot surveys and understanding differences in the ecology of the flies. Here, we report the relative abundance of R. zephyria and R. pomonella on traps placed in apple maggot host trees during surveys, including in the dry apple-growing regions of central and eastern Washington. Rhagoletis zephyria outnumbered R. pomonella on traps from 3 to 1102 times to one, increasing times required for accurate species identifications and implying that traps that are more specific for R. pom...
Women living with HIV and healthcare reform.

The recent article by Clark et al.1 provides important insight into the impact of Massachusetts healthcare reform on women's access to important health screening services. While the investigators showed that healthcare reform, in general, had a positive impact on the receipt of screening services, the authors do note that a large proportion of women (31%) required state safety-net funds to pay for these important screening services. The impact of healthcare reform on the health and well-being of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women should also be an important consideration. Women account for 20% of the new infections in the United States and have higher rates of mortality, hospitalizations, and HIV-related and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining illnesses compared with their male counterparts.2–5 Prior to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act implementation, 50% of HIV-infected women relied upon Medicaid for health insurance coverage.5 Despite this publicly funded insurance system, research demonstrated that many women found it difficult to remain in clinical care.6,7 With the implementation of healthcare reform, the proportion of women gaining Medicaid coverage will increase with another large proportion of women gaining health insurance through exchanges. As eligibility for Medicaid is often determined on a monthly basis based on income, many HIV-infected women may find themselves “churning” between the healthcare exchange and Medicaid and finding it difficult to receive the care that they need. Currently the Ryan White HIV/AIDS program, a federally funded payer of last resort, supplies HIV-related treatment and care services to approximately 500,000 patients living with HIV in the United States.8 Much like that which was described in Massachusetts, it is necessary that safety net services like the Ryan White program continue to provide treatment and care services for this vulnerable population.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF COMPRESSIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER (POLY ETHER KEETONE KEETONE) AT HIGH STRAIN RATES.

Experimental results are presented for the mechanical properties of Poly Ether Keetone Keetone (PEKK) in compression at high strain rates ranging from 534 s"1 to 1927 s"1 . Results of quasi- static tests are also presented. All the tests were conducted at room temperature. High strain rate tests were conducted using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) and the quasi static tests were conducted in an Instron machine. The material exhibits elastic - plastic behaviour at strain rates below and around 950 s"1, above which the behaviour is typical of that of a ductile material with upper and lower yield points and an ultimate strength slightly higher than the upper yield strength. The yield stress, yield strain and modulus of elasticity are presented for different strain rates. The data from the 22 dynamic tests and 8 quasi static tests are statistically analyzed . The dynamic test results are represented by equations and compared to the static test results. Significant increase in compressive yield strength and decrease in yield strain are observed at high strain rates compared to those of the material at quasi static tests.
Prenatal ultrasound findings of linear nevus sebaceous and its association with cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung

BACKGROUND Nevus sebaceous is a congenital hamartomatous skin lesion that is commonly associated with other abnormalities and is most frequently located on the face and head. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports of the ultrasonographic appearance of nevus sebaceous or of an association with cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. CASE A patient was referred at 25 weeks' gestation with multiple fetal anomalies, including echogenic soft-tissue structures external to the cranium and face, a large right-side intrathoracic mass, and abdominal ascites. After a preterm delivery, nevus sebaceous and a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung were diagnosed. Neonatal death occurred secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia. CONCLUSION Nevus sebaceous should be considered in the differential diagnosis when echogenic soft-tissue structures are seen on prenatal ultrasound. A detailed ultrasound examination is warranted to rule out other associated abnormalities.
Fate of Staphylococcus aureus in Whipped Butter.

This study determined growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus strains 100-A, 196-E, 254, 473, 505, and 521 in whipped butter made by whipping butter produced from inoculated cream or in whipped butter inoculated after manufacture. Cream was inoculated to contain ca. 104 to 105 S. aureus /ml and then was held at 4°C for 3 d, at 22°C for 36 h, or at 37°C for 24 h. After incubation, cream was churned to obtain butter which then was either lightly salted (1.0%, w/w) or left unsalted. Fresh sweet cream also was churned to obtain sweet cream butter which was lightly salted or left unsalted. Sweet cream butter was inoculated to contain ca. 105 S. aureus /g. Butter containing S. aureus was brought to 15°C and whipped for 5-7 min with a three-speed hand mixer. Whipped butter was held at 4, 10, 15, and 25°C for up to 6 weeks. Whipping of butter influenced growth and survival of all strains of S. aureus . Whipped butter inoculated after churning and before whipping was a better medium for growth of the pathogen than was whipped butter made from butter that had been churned from inoculated cream. Whipping of butter had a greater effect than salt on the ability of S. aureus to grow or survive. Variability among strains also was important in determining growth and survival of S. aureus in whipped butter.
"Fireflies Flashing in Unison": Percival Lowell, Edward Morse and the Birth of Planetology

La collaboration de differentes disciplines scientifiques a abouti a la naissance de la planetologie. Analyse de l'origine et du context histori- que de ce concept
Can the International Criminal Court contribute to the Responsibility to Protect

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) norm asserts that states have duties beyond their borders to help avoid, respond to, and prevent recurrence of circumstances that produce massive human rights vi...
Molecular and Immunological Methods for the Diagnosis of Clostridial Diseases

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on molecular and immunological methods for the diagnosis of clostridial diseases. The majority of work has concentrated on three species, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium botulinum , and Clostridium perfringens . Application of molecular methods that are both more sensitive and more specific than those currently used improve the rapidity and accuracy of diagnosis, and results may challenge dogma regarding the etiology, natural history, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of clostridial diseases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nucleic acid probe-based methods, and immunological assays have been applied to detection of C. botulinum toxin genes and toxins. Immunoassays have also been applied to detection of botulinum toxin. Many of these assays are in a standard enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) format, although some have adopted unique detection systems. The key components in diagnostic systems for diseases caused by C. perfringens are evaluation of clinical signs and gross and microscopic lesions, bacteriologic culture of appropriate specimens, and detection of toxins in pathologic specimens, and in supernatant fluids of pure cultures.
Adver-Where? Comparing the Effectiveness of Banner Ads and Video Ads in Online Video Games

ABSTRACTBanner ads, video ads, and advergames constitute a large portion of online gaming spending, yet no prior research has incorporated them simultaneously to determine if any separate or joint effects exist, and if so to what extent. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to test the effects of ad types on brand recall and attitude within two different but very common game settings (advergame or nonbranded game). Study 1 found that preroll video ads outperformed banner ads quite robustly in the nonbranded game, but these effects dissipated in the advergame. Building on these findings, Study 2 manipulated the location of video ads. The midroll ad position was more influential than the preroll and no-ad conditions, followed by the postroll position, thereby indicating a modest pattern of recency effects, especially in the nonbranded game. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Therapeutic Hypothermia During Neonatal Transport: Active Cooling Helps Reach the Target

Perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) can lead to severe neurodevelopmental outcome and death. Therapeutic hypothermia is neuroprotective for infants with moderate-to-severe HIE. However, therapeutic hypothermia is only offered at high-level regional neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), necessitating the need to transport sick infants to referral centers. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether active cooling on transport is more effective than passive cooling in achieving temperatures in the treatment target range (33°C–34°C) on arrival to the Texas Children's Hospital (TCH) NICU. This was a retrospective quasi-experimental study of 42 infants who were transported to TCH for treatment of perinatal HIE between August 2012 and April 2016. Active cooling using a continuous core temperature servo-controlled cooling device (CritiCool) began in January 2014; before that, passive cooling on transport was used. Passive cooling was initiated by turning off external heating devices. Fourteen inf...
Separation of Variables

Some PDE can be split into pieces that involve distinct variables. For PDE that admit separation, it is natural to look for product solutions whose factors depend on the separate variables.
Proof Without Words: Tangent Double Angle Identity

SummaryA visual proof of the tangent double angle identity, 1/tan(2Θ) = (1/tan(Θ) − tan(Θ))/2.
The Impact of Liver Disease on Drug Metabolism

Any drug that is introduced to the body must be eliminated by either metabolism or excretion. The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism. Hepatic drug clearance depends upon liver blood flow, metabolic activity, and degree of protein binding. Cirrhosis may alter any or all of these variables. Caution must be exercised to interpret the impact of cirrhosis on drug metabolism.
Spatial Relativism: toward a fine-grained approach for capturing the effect of space in MP research.

The authors explore the largely marginalized role of distance or ‘space’ in multinationality and performance research from a liability of foreignness perspective. Treating space as though it is lia...
Discontinuing Psychiatric Medications: A Survey of Long-Term Users

Objective:Individuals undergoing long-term psychiatric treatment frequently choose to stop taking psychiatric medications. To enhance service user choice and prevent undesirable outcomes, this first U.S. survey of a large sample of longer-term users sought to increase knowledge about users’ experience of medication discontinuation.Methods:A sample of 250 U.S. adults with a diagnosis of serious mental illness and a recent goal to stop up to two prescribed psychiatric medications, which they had taken for at least nine months, completed a web-based survey about experiences, strategies, and supports during discontinuation.Results:About half (54%) met their goal of completely discontinuing one or more medications; 46% reported another outcome (use was reduced, use increased, or use stayed the same). Concerns about medications’ effects (for example, long-term effects and side effects) prompted the decision to discontinue for 74% of respondents. They used various strategies to cope with withdrawal symptoms, whi...
Role of RNA modifications in brain and behavior

Much progress in our understanding of RNA metabolism has been made since the first RNA nucleoside modification was identified in 1957. Many of these modifications are found in noncoding RNAs but recent interest has focused on coding RNAs. Here, we summarize current knowledge of cellular consequences of RNA modifications, with a special emphasis on neuropsychiatric disorders. We present evidence for the existence of an "RNA code," similar to the histone code, that fine-tunes gene expression in the nervous system by using combinations of different RNA modifications. Unlike the relatively stable genetic code, this combinatorial RNA epigenetic code, or epitranscriptome, may be dynamically reprogrammed as a cause or consequence of psychiatric disorders. We discuss potential mechanisms linking disregulation of the epitranscriptome with brain disorders and identify potential new avenues of research.
Psychological Theories of Child Development: Implications for the Christian Family

Three major groups of psychological theories represent contemporary currents of thought as to the nature of the developing child. The psychoanalytic perspective sees the newborn as being in a state...
Miscellaneous Elimination, Substitution, and Addition Reactions

The pyrolysis of amine oxides is a reliable synthesis of un-rearranged olefins. However, its importance has largely been reduced by the development of the Wittig reaction. The method of transforming amine oxide to methylenecyclohexane by pyrolysis reaction plays a significant role in the degradation of naturally occurring nitrogen-containing compounds. The method of choice for the reduction of keto groups to methylenes remains the Wolff-Kishner reaction. Originally, the hydrazone formation was carried out in a separate step, followed by decomposition with base under pressure. The Huang-Minion modification allows the reaction to be carried out in a single flask using a high boiling solvent to facilitate the decomposition of the hydrazone. The hydrolysis of nitriles catalyzed by boron trifluoride is a reliable process for conversion to the corresponding amide. Diazomethane is a yellow gas that is toxic and explosive, but must be handled safely in solution in ether. It reacts immediately with an acid to liberate nitrogen and form the methyl ester. Normal Fischer esterification of tertiary alcohols is unsatisfactory because the acid catalyst required causes dehydration or rearrangement of the tertiary substrate.
Flow cytometry assay for rapid analysis of DNA strand breaks

A method is described of analyzing breaks within nuclear DNA using flow cytometry of extracted nucleoids. Breaks in the DNA molecule are detected by the relaxation of supercoiled topological domains and may be observed at a frequency of 1:5 × 105 bp or better. This represents an improvement over previous methods of such analyses in that both the speed of data accumulation is increased due to the elimination of potentially confounding factors of extended lysis incubation and the use of DNA intercalators. Such a technique may find application in studies which require very rapid assessment of rare breaks within the linear DNA molecule, data may be recorded with minimal cell processing approximately 60–90 seconds after lysis of live cellular material.
Abstract and Concrete Response on the Similarities Subtest of the WAIS as a Function of Sex.

The study considered the problem of multiple responses made to items of the Similarities subtest of the WAIS. Protocols of 100 undergraduates evenly divided by sex were reexamined by three judges. ...
Evaluation of Polymeric Materials Used in the Manufacture of Disk Handling Cassettes

A test matrix was developed to evaluate materials used to construct containers intended for use with parts susceptible to contamination. Types of materials tested include polypropylene (glass-filled), ULTEM (polyetherimide), polycarbonate, ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), PBT (polybutyleneterephthalate), PEEK (polyether-ether-ketone), and black antistatic polycarbonate. The ULTEM and polycarbonate proved to be the most satisfactory for handling magnetic recording disks during various manufacturing processes.
IGF System and Breast Cancer

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway stimulates tumorigenesis and growth in breast cancer cells and can play a pivotal role in malignant progression. As a result, clinical efforts to target IGF action, namely via receptor-based strategies, are currently underway. While IGF-targeted therapies have shown activity in early clinical trials, benefits are seen in only a minority of patients suggesting that IGF pathway markers beyond the type I IGF receptor (IGF-1R) alone may improve patient stratification. This overview evaluates multiple facets of IGF pathway contribution in breast tumors and examines both current and future obstacles facing the clinical advancement of IGF-targeted therapeutics.
Pompe disease: how to solve many problems with one solution.

Glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII) is a rare and often fatal neuromuscular disorder caused by a defect in the gene for acid α-glucosidase (GAA), a lysosomal enzyme that metabolizes glycogen to glucose.
IMPROVING MENTAL HEALTH CARE ACCESS, ENGAGEMENT, AND DELIVERY AMONG DIVERSE, UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS

It is well-established that racial/ethnic minority older adults, and other underserved groups, including older adults with severe mental illness, have unmet need for mental health care. Mental health services researchers use a variety of methodologies, such as surveys, interventions, qualitative interviews, and large-scale data analytic techniques, to better assess this unmet need for care, as well as to identify and implement methods to improve access to, engagement in, and delivery of high quality care. This session will highlight some of the truly exceptional and diverse work that has been done in the area of geriatric mental health services research. Using mental health services research methodology, speakers will present data on disparities in mental health care, prevention of mental illness, health promotion, and technology. Particular attention will be paid to the diversity of methods mental health services researchers employ in order to address the diverse and complex mental health needs of older adults.
Predicting protocol completion in randomized clinical trials (RCTs): The occurrence of adverse events in the first treatment cycle.

e17700 Background: Patients may not complete treatment protocol due to treatment intolerance or occurrence of severe or prolonged adverse events (AEs). It was of interest to evaluate the effect of ...
The effect of suprainguinal fascia iliaca block on the recovery of patients after arthroscopic hip surgery

BACKGROUND Adolescent and young adult patients undergoing arthroscopic hip surgery experience significant pain in the immediate postoperative period. There is a small body of evidence that indicates suprainguinal fascia iliaca blocks can improve comfort during recovery from this intervention. Our hypothesis was that patients undergoing hip surgery would consume fewer opioids and have less pain in the perioperative time frame if they received the block as part of their analgesic regimen. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the outcomes of 716 patients, including 275 who received a suprainguinal fascia iliaca block, and 441 who did not have a block. Inclusion criteria included all age groups and American Society of Anesthesiologists, functional classes 1-2. Patients who received other concurrent procedures or those with incomplete data sets were excluded. We utilized a regional anesthesia database that combined data from various repositories into one web-based relational system. The primary outcomes were total opioid consumption and pain scores in the recovery room. Secondary outcomes included opioid side effects, block-related complications, and total recovery room time. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate opioid consumption, side effects, and total recovery times. Pearson chi-square was applied to assess the level of pain between the two groups. RESULTS Total opioid consumption was significantly less in the block group compared to those not receiving a block (0.28 mg/kg vs 0.35 mg/kg, P < 0.001, 95% CI of difference in medians 0.04-0.10 mg/kg), but there was no statistical difference in pain scores. Patients with the regional block had a lower frequency of emesis in the PACU (0.7% vs 4.3%; P < 0.005, 95% CI of difference: 2-25) and shorter PACU times (93 vs 108 minutes, P < 0.001, 95% CI of difference: 8-23 minutes). CONCLUSION Our study supports the clinical effectiveness of suprainguinal fascia iliaca blocks in young patients undergoing arthroscopic hip surgery.
Building Random Alloy Surfaces from IntermetallicSeeds: A General Route to Strain-Engineered Electrocatalysts with High Durability

Pt-based catalysts are common in fuel cells but suffer from high cost and poor durability. To overcome these limitations, earth-abundant metals are often incorporated with Pt in core@shell architectures or through alloy formation. Here, the concepts of a core@shell architecture, alloyed surfaces, and high-durability intermetallics are integrated into one nanostructure platform using seed-mediated co-reduction (SMCR). Specifically, random alloy PtM (where M = Ni, Co, Cu, or Fe) shells are deposited on intermetallic PdCu B2 seeds. Control of shell thickness and Pt:M ratios is also demonstrated, providing a general route to strain-engineered alloyed surfaces. The performance of these nanocatalysts was evaluated for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as a function of shell thickness and shell composition, where PtCu and PtNi shells showed a 230% and 270% activity increase, respectively, compared to the Pt reference. This evaluation is coupled with Tafel plot analysis which shows significant changes in the Ta...
Bending the Parabola, Breaking the Circle: The Idea of a Cusp in Gravity's Rainbow

Among the images from mathematics appearing throughout Gravity's Rainbow, two particular curves dominate. One, of course, is the titular parabola, which, as Steven Weisenburger points out, symbolizes "disease, dementia, and destruction" (10). The second is the circle. Weisenburger observes that "drinking games and dances move in circles; the Herero villages used to be arranged mandala-like; and in every episode are windmills, buttons, windows, eyes, Ferris wheels, roulette wheels, rocket insignia, and other cast-down indexes of the novel's grand cycling" (11); and "Gravity's Rainbow is not arch-shaped, as is commonly supposed. It is plotted like a mandala" (9). The book's circular structure becomes readily apparent in the last episode, when the descent of the rocket toward the movie theater seems to reflect the "screaming […] across the sky" (GR 3) that begins the novel.
Acute toxicity of essential oils to the pest slug Deroceras reticulatum in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays

The gray field slug, Deroceras reticulatum, is a key pest of seed crops. There is an increasing interest in developing new chemical controls due to limited management options. Essential oils, being non-toxic to humans and exempt from pesticide registration and residue tolerance requirements under US federal law (Sect. 25(b) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act), could be safe and easily implementable alternatives. In this study, the most toxic essential oils to D. reticulatum adults of 13 plant-derived essential oils and one synthetic toxin (caffeine) were determined based on Lethal Concentration 50 values produced in a laboratory Petri dish bioassay. Thyme, spearmint, and pine oil were the most lethal, causing 50% mortality of D. reticulatum at concentrations of 0.148, 0.153, and 0.176% (v/v), respectively. Thyme and spearmint oil were then tested in a greenhouse microcosm experiment and a separate phytotoxicity assessment. In the greenhouse, slugs were added to containers planted with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and the containers were sprayed with either 0.5% (v/v) essential oil emulsion, Slug-Fest (industry standard molluscicide), surfactant control at 1% (v/v), or water control. Both oils caused 97.5% mortality of slugs, performing comparably to metaldehyde. Phytotoxic effects were assessed by spraying oils on seedlings and adult plants of two cultivars each of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). No definitive signs of phytotoxicity were observed upon visual inspection, and there were no differences in chlorophyll content or biomass between treated and untreated plants.
Aspirin-intolerance syndrome: Report of a case

Maxillofacial pain is often managed by the use of mild analgesics, such as acetylsalicylic acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The following is a review of an idiosyncratic phenomenon that could prove life-threatening following ingestion of these pharmaceuticals. A thorough review of the patient's past medical history with an understanding of this syndrome may alleviate such a danger.
Lessons for the United States from Post-Colonial Constitutionalism

Davis wrote admiringly of how the South African Constitutional Court interpreted South Africa’s post-apartheid constitution as a command to remember and apply the lessons of past atrocities when determining the range of freedom owed to South Africa’s people.
On eternal domination and Vizing-type inequalities

We show sharp Vizing-type inequalities for eternal domination. Namely, we prove that for any graphs G and H, γ∞(G⊠H)≥α(G)γ∞(H), where γ∞ is the eternal domination function, α is the independence nu...
Feasibility and outcomes from an integrated bridge treatment program for opioid use disorder

Objective With a significant proportion of individuals with opioid use disorder not currently receiving treatment, it is critical to find novel ways to engage and retain patients in treatment. Our objective is to describe the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a program that used emergency physicians to initiate a bridge treatment, followed by peer support services, behavioral counseling, and ongoing treatment and follow-up. Methods We developed a program called the Houston Emergency Opioid Engagement System (HEROES) that provides rapid access to board-certified emergency physicians for initiation of buprenorphine, plus at least 1 behavioral counseling session and 4 weekly peer support sessions over the course of 30 days. Follow-ups were conducted by phone and in person to obtain patient-reported outcomes. Primary outcomes included percentage of patients who completed the 30-day program and the percentage for successful linkage to more permanent ongoing treatment after the initial program. Results There were 324 participants who initiated treatment on buprenorphine from April 2018 to July 2019, with an average age of 36 (±9.6 years) and 52% of participants were males. At 30 days, 293/324 (90.43%) completed the program, and 203 of these (63%) were successfully connected to a subsequent community addiction medicine physician. There was a significant improvement (36%) in health-related quality of life. Conclusion Lack of insurance is a predictor for treatment failure. Implementation of a multipronged treatment program is feasible and was associated with positive patient-reported outcomes. This approach holds promise as a strategy for engaging and retaining patients in treatment.
Do Both Petty and Serious Female Offenders Have Shorter Incarcerations than Their Male Counterparts? Testing the Universality of Chivalrous Treatment

While numerous studies have unpacked gender-based disparities in judges’ sentencing decisions, few studies have examined the gender gap in correction settings. This study examines inmates’ gender g...
Pharmacokinetics of Immunomodulators

Immunopharmacology is a relatively new but rapidly developing discipline devoted to unraveling the pharmacological basis of agents whose primary target is the immune system. Presently, considerable attention is being directed to the therapeutic application of these agents for their activity to augment or suppress the responsiveness of various cellular constituents of the immune network. Such immunotherapeutic approaches to modulate immunologic mechanisms can be considered analogous to the well-established therapeutic application of diverse pharmacological agents to treat pathophysiological states resulting from dysfunction of the cardiovascular, renal, nervous, or other systems. Thus, the goal of immunopharmacology is to regulate chemically the activity of the immune system for biological and therapeutic benefit.
Shubnikov—de Haas Effect in SrTi O 3

The magnetoresistance of semiconducting SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been investigated in high magnetic fields (up to 150 kOe). In the temperature range 1.4-2.1 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, for fields of more than 50 kOe, well-developed Shubnikov-de Haas-type oscillations have been observed. The data support a conduction band consisting of spheroids along the $〈100〉$ crystalline axes, having 3 minima at the points ${X}_{3}$. The periods of oscillation as well as the temperature dependence of the amplitude and the magnetic fields saturation lead to the following values for the transverse and longitudinal effective masses: ${m}_{t}=1.5{m}_{0}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15%$; ${m}_{l}=6.0{m}_{0}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30%$.
Representational Standing: US ex rel Stevens and the Future of Public Law Litigation

In May 2000, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. U.S. ex rel. Stevens, a seemingly predictable 11th Amendment case. In upholding the plaintiff's Article III standing to bring that case, however, the Court suggested a theory of "representational standing" that holds the potential to radically transform the entire body of law governing the ability of private citizens to seek, through the federal courts, the vindication of broadly-held public interests. Over the past 30 years, the Court's increasingly restrictive standing jurisprudence has effectively precluded private citizens from playing a meaningful role in public law litigation. Properly understood, Stevens marks a significant shift in this jurisprudence. By proposing that Article III standing may, under certain circumstances, be based on the creation of partial assignments or true agency relationships between private citizens and the government, the Stevens Court, wittingly or not, has provided legislators with a roadmap for reintegrating private citizens in the enforcement of public laws. The goal of this article is to unpack the theory of representational standing suggested in Stevens. By discerning the rules that will govern the application of this theory, this article contemplates the potentially revolutionary implications of representational standing for public law litigation.
Economic Performance of the OIC Countries and the Prospect of an Islamic Common Market

This paper examines economic performance of the OIC member countries and analyzes the prospect of Islamic common market by analyzing trade data within a gravity model framework. There is scope of trade creation for OIC member countries if all impediments to trade and business can be eliminated. The paper also examines various sub-regional grouping within the context of gravity model, and finds that D8 comprising eight bigger OIC member countries is trade creating. For example, two countries in D8 block would trade 22 times more among themselves than two otherwise-similar country in outside the block would. The paper suggests a number of policy parameters which if followed will lead to more trade among member countries. The issue of Islamic common market should be examined further in light of new data and changed global perspectives. This paper is complements and extends Hassan (2002) and Hassan and Islam (2001), where similar conclusions were derived and policies were suggested.
The Mocking Mermaid: Maps And Mapping In Kenneth Slessor’s Poetic Sequence The Atlas, Part Four

Midway through composing his five-poem sequence The Atlas (ca. 1930), the acclaimed Australian poet Kenneth Slessor suddenly wrote “Southerne Sea” in his poetry journal. He’d just chosen John Speed’s famous double-hemisphere map, A New and Accurat Map of the World (1651/1676), as the epithet of his fourth poem “Mermaids.” Unlike the cartographic epigraphs introducing the other poems, however, this map has little to do with “Mermaids,” which is a riotous romp through seas of fantastic creatures, and a paean to the maps that gave such creatures immortality. The map features a vast “Southerne Unknowne Land,” but no mythical beasts. And while it names “Southerne Sea” and “Mar del Zur,” neither “Mermaids” nor The Atlas mentions Australia or the Southern Sea. Moreover, Slessor’s sailors are “staring from maps in sweet and poisoned places,” yet what the poem describes are “portulano maps,” replete with compass roses and rhumb lines—features notably absent on A New and Accurat Map of the World. My paper, the fifth part of the first full-scale examination of Slessor’s ambitious but poorly understood sequence, retraces his creative process to reveal why he chose the so-called Speed map. In the process, it extricates the poem from what Slessor originally called “Lost Lands Mermaids” in his journal, details his debt to the ephemeral map catalogue in which he discovered his epigraph, and, finally, offers alternative cartographic representations for “Mermaids.” Among them, Norman Lindsay’s delightful frontispiece for Cuckooz Contrey (1932), the collection in which The Atlas debuted as the opening sequence.
Unspoken Truths and Misaligned Interests: Political Parties and the Two Cultures of Civil Litigation

Author(s): Yeazell, Stephen C | Abstract: During the last four decades the United States has witnessed first the emergence and then the disappearance of civil litigation as a topic of partisan debate in national politics.nFollowing two centuries in which neither party thought the topic worth mention, in the last decades of the twentieth and first of the twenty-first century, both parties made it part of their agendas. Republican candidates and presidents denounced litigation as a blight; Democratic candidates and presidents embraced it as a panacea.nThis Essay traces the emergence of this issue, the apparent oddness of the two parties’ stances toward civil litigation, and the ways in which both parties chose to ignore salient characteristics of modern civil litigation—the unspoken truths of my title.nFinally, I’ll tentatively suggest some reasons for the disappearance of this issue—at least temporarily—from the political scene.n
Changes in the Lake Michigan food web following dreissenid mussel invasions: A synthesis

Abstract Using various available time series for Lake Michigan, we examined changes in the Lake Michigan food web following the dreissenid mussel invasions and identified those changes most likely attributable to these invasions, thereby providing a synthesis. Expansion of the quagga mussel ( Dreissena rostriformis bugensis ) population into deeper waters, which began around 2004, appeared to have a substantial predatory effect on both phytoplankton abundance and primary production, with annual primary production in offshore (> 50 m deep) waters being reduced by about 35% by 2007. Primary production likely decreased in nearshore waters as well, primarily due to predatory effects exerted by the quagga mussel expansion. The drastic decline in Diporeia abundance in Lake Michigan during the 1990s and 2000s has been attributed to dreissenid mussel effects, but the exact mechanism by which the mussels were negatively affecting Diporeia abundance remains unknown. In turn, decreased Diporeia abundance was associated with reduced condition, growth, and/or energy density in alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ), lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ), deepwater sculpin ( Myoxocephalus thompsonii ), and bloater ( Coregonus hoyi ). However, lake-wide biomass of salmonines, top predators in the food web, remained high during the 2000s, and consumption of alewives by salmonines actually increased between the 1980–1995 and 1996–2011 time periods. Moreover, abundance of the lake whitefish population, which supports Lake Michigan's most valuable commercial fishery, remained at historically high levels during the 2000s. Apparently, counterbalancing mechanisms operating within the complex Lake Michigan food web have enabled salmonines and lake whitefish to retain relatively high abundances despite reduced primary production.
Electroweak-scale mirror fermions, μ→eγ and τ→μγ

Abstract The Lepton Flavor Violating (LFV) processes μ → e γ and τ → μ γ are estimated in a model of electroweak-scale right-handed neutrinos. The present bounds on the branching ratios, B ( μ → e γ ) 1.2 × 10 −11 , B ( τ → μ γ ) 6.8 × 10 −8 (BaBar) and 4.5 × 10 −8 (Belle), put strong constraints on the parameters of the model. This constraint links low energy rare decay processes to high-energy phenomena (e.g., decay lengths of the mirror charged leptons which are important in the search for the telltale like-sign dilepton events present in the model of electroweak-scale right-handed neutrinos). The model can be tested at future colliders (LHC, ILC) and at MEG and/or B factories.
pMOSFET Performance Enhancement With Strained $ \hbox{Si}_{1 - x}\hbox{Ge}_{x}$ Channels

The inversion-layer hole mobility in MOSFETs with thin silicon-germanium (Si1-xGex) channels grown pseudomorphically on Si is calculated using a self-consistent 6 × 6 k ·p Poisson-Schrodinger mobility simulator calibrated to experimental and simulation data. The addition of uniaxial compressive stress to the inherent biaxial compressive strain of the pseudomorphic Si1-xGex layer is found to further enhance hole mobility by up to 2.5×. Two-dimensional device simulations are used to assess the benefit of the Si1-xGex heterostructure channel for boosting the ON-state current (Ion) of p-channel MOSFETs with a gate length (Lg) of 18 nm; the results show a moderate (10%-40%) improvement over a bulk-Si MOSFET.
Differential proximity probing of two DNA binding sites in the Escherichia coli recA protein using photo-cross-linking methods.

The DNA strand-exchange reaction catalyzed by the Escherichia coli RecA protein occurs between the two DNA binding sites that are functionally distinct. Site I is the site to which a DNA molecule (...
SU‐E‐T‐338: Investigations of Fidelity of Dose Delivery at High Dose Rate of Flattening Filter Free (FFF) Beams in VMAT on TrueBeam™

Purpose: To assess dosimetric fidelity of Varian TrueBeam™ in flattening filter‐free (FFF) modes by dose measurements comparing high versus low dose rate irradiation, particularly for volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. Methods: Measurements with a 22cm‐diameter cylindrical PMMA phantom ScandiDos Delta4 multi‐diode detector system and Farmer‐type(0.6 cm3) and PinPoint™(0.015 cm3) cylindrical ionization chambers in rectangular Plastic Water™ phantoms were used to compare photon beam irradiation from 10MV(10XFFF) at 400 and 2400 MU/min and 6MV(6XFFF) at 400 and 1400 MU/min dose rates, respectively, on a Varian TrueBeam™. Two setups were studied: square fields and VMAT plans optimized for stereotactic body radiotherapy treatment of lungtumors. VMAT plans were tested both with and without periodic gating from the Varian RPM™ position‐management gating system. Quantitative comparisons were based on mean and maximum relative dosimetric error (RDE) measured between the two dose rates. Results: Reproducibility was very good for all measurements. For square fields, RDEs of 0.3–0.4% were found with ionization chamber measurements, with negligible contribution from recombination in the detectors. The Delta4 showed consistently higher mean RDE of ∼0.8% for 10XFFF square fields. For non‐gated VMAT plans, mean RDE was ∼1.1% for 10XFFF. Error was independent of delivereddose for square fields. For VMAT plans, RDE increased as dose fraction size decreased. Finally, comparison between gated VMAT plans at high and low dose rates demonstrated a maximum error in low‐dose regions, of 1.5% and 2.3% for 10XFFF and 6XFFF respectively. Conclusions: There is a dosimetric error of the order of ∼0.4 % for 10XFFF for TrueBeam at its highest dose rates. From measurements using the Delta4, VMAT treatment plan deliveries were found to be independent of dose rate to within ∼0.5%. Overall, very good agreement was found between irradiation at high and low dose rates across the spectrum of our measurements.
Coulomb interactions in Anderson localized disordered systems

Abstract The effect of Coulomb electron-electron interactions on some electronic properties of Anderson localized disordered systems are discussed. The paper reviews in part previous work on the Coulomb gap and on many-electron hopping. Still unpublished work on sequentially correlated hopping, on quantum effects, and on non-ergodic behavior is also included. Where possible, comparison between theoretical and experimental work is made.