cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shear Elastic Constant C 44 and Phase Transformation of KCl

THE shear elastic constant C44 for KCl, KF and the rubidium halides is of special interest because it decreases with pressure. Born1 and Misra2 pointed out that a vanishing shear elastic constant is a sufficient condition for a phase transformation. This suggestion has been elaborated by Anderson and Demarest3 and by Thomsen4 to postulate that the phase transformation from the NaCl to CsCl structure at high pressure may be associated with the vanishing of C44. If borne out by experiment, this suggestion would be of considerable physical interest. Based on values of the first pressure derivative of C44 for the halides, measured at relatively low pressure, Demarest5 extrapolated C44 to high pressure and showed that the phase transitions actually take place at much lower pressures than those predicted by the vanishing of C44. Such extrapolation, however, does not rule out the possibility of a large downward curvature in the C44/P relation at higher pressures, especially at pressures near the phase transformation leading to a vanishing C44. Thus direct measurement of C44 up to the pressure of phase transformation appears necessary for a test of the hypothesis. I present here experimental results for ultrasonic determination of C44 for a KCl single crystal up to 20 kbar at which pressure it transforms from its NaCl structure to the CsCl structure.
Indigenous Youth Participatory Action Research: Re-visioning Social Justice for Social Work with Indigenous Youths

The NASW Code of Ethics identifies social justice as one of six foundational values of the social work profession. Indigenous communities have long questioned the authenticity of this commitment and rightly so, given the historical activities of social work and social workers. Still, the commitment persists as an inspiration for an imperfect, yet determined, profession. This article presents a theoretical discussion of questions pertinent for social justice in social work practice in Native American communities: Whose definition of social justice should prevail in work with and in Indigenous communities? What can a revisioning of social justice mean to the development of Native communities and for Native youths in particular? What methods or processes of social work are most appropriate for this social justice work? This article presents a case for the practice of youth participatory action research as one method to work for social justice in Native communities.
Time Asymmetry and Quantum Theory of Resonances and Decay

These notes review a consistent and exact theory of quantum resonances and decay. Such a theory does not exist in the framework of traditional quantum mechanics and Dirac's formulation. But most of its ingredients have been familiar entities, like the Gamow vectors, the Lippmann-Schwinger (in- and out-plane wave) kets, the Breit-Wigner (Lorentzian) resonance amplitude, the analytically continued S-matrix, and its resonance poles. However, there are inconsistencies and problems with these ingredients: exponential catastrophe, deviations from the exponential law, causality, and recently the ambiguity of the mass and width definition for relativistic resonances. To overcome these problems the above entities will be appropriately defined (as mathematical idealizations). For this purpose we change just one axiom (Hilbert space and/or asymptotic completeness) to a new axiom which distinguishes between (in-)states and (out)observables using Hardy spaces. Then we obtain a consistent quantum theory of scattering and decay which has the Weisskopf-Wigner methods of standard textbooks as an approximation. But it also leads to time-asymmetric semigroup evolution in place of the usual, reversible, unitary group evolution. This, however, can be interpreted as causality for the Born probabilities. Thus we obtain a theoretical framework for the resonance and decay phenomena which is a natural extension of traditional quantum mechanics and possesses the same arrow-of-time as classical electrodynamics. When extended to the relativistic domain, it provides an unambiguous definition for the mass and width of the Z-boson and other relativistic resonances.
Impact of a cancer screening program on breast cancer stage at diagnosis in a medically underserved urban community.

Abstract Background Our previous report showed that the disparity in breast carcinoma survival between black and white women because of advanced stage of disease at presentation in poor black women is related to their low socioeconomic status and lack of health insurance. This observation led to establishment of a community-oriented free cancer screening service. Study design To evaluate the impact of screening on breast cancer stage at diagnosis, analysis of data from the Harlem Hospital Tumor Registry between 1995 and 2000 was performed and compared with our 1964–1986 report. Results Twenty-three percent of cancers (324 of 1,405) diagnosed between 1995 and 2000 were breast carcinoma. Data confirm that lack of insurance remains a major problem among poor black women. We observed a marked fall, from 49% in our earlier report to 21% in this study, in late-stage (III and IV) disease at presentation. This fall is associated with significant (p Conclusions This study confirms the importance of a free cancer screening program in the improvement of early-stage breast cancer detection, treatment, and survival in a poor urban community.
Rational approximation formulas for computing the positive zeros of J 0 ( x )

Abstract This paper develops four near-minimax rational approximation formulas for computing the positive zeros js, s = 1,2,… of the Bessel function J0(x). Discrete best approximation techniques are used in each case to numerically determine the coefficients for the rational function that minimizes the maximum relative error over the discrete domain s = 1,2,…. These coefficients are then replaced by nearby rational numbers to obtain a convenient near-minimax approximation formula. Each of the resulting four approximations can be used to accurately compute j, for any s ⩾ 1. The maximum relative error for the four rational functions we develop range from 2.2 × 10−4 for the first approximation, down to 1.6 × 10−15 for the fourth approximation.
Weed and disease incidence in no-till facultative wheat in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Abstract Weeds and diseases are major problems in the tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)/summer fallow (WW/SF) cropping system of the low precipitation zone (≤300 mm) of the Pacific Northwest. Computer models have estimated that no-till spring crops may reduce soil erosion susceptibility by 95%. However, these annual cropping systems were not economically viable alternatives to the WW/SF rotation. Late-planted WW, also examined as an alternative, was similarly not viable with 35% lower grain yields than WW planted at the normal seeding date for the area. In 2002, two facultative wheat (FW) rotations were incorporated into a long-term, multidisciplinary field study to compare weed and disease incidence with a WW/reduced tillage summer fallow (WW/RSF) system for 4 years. Facultative wheat, not synonymous with late-planted WW, is often derived from SW by WW crosses and exhibits strong photosensitivity and partial sensitivity to vernalization. The two FW systems compared with WW/RSF were no-till FW/no-till spring wheat (FW/SW) and no-till FW/chemical fallow (FW/ChF). Facultative wheat was planted in early-November compared to WW planted in early-September and SW in the following March. Although 16 weed species were present during the study, Bromus tectorum and Salsola tragus were the most pervasive weeds and were found at the highest densities in FW following SW (FW(SW)). Populations of B. tectorum were often 90% higher in FW(SW) than in either WW or FW following ChF. The FW/ChF, WW/RSF, and SW following FW had similarly low weed populations when averaged over 4 years. Facultative wheat had less root disease than WW throughout the study. Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) was severe in SW in 2005, but did not affect either FW. Based on the low weed and disease incidence coupled with the no-till planting of FW, the FW/ChF system showed promise as an alternative sustainable system to WW/SF.
α7 Nicotinic receptor-mediated protection against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in PC12 cells

Abstract Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell cultures exhibited a concentration-dependent loss of cells and increase in intracellular oxidative stress when exposed to ethanol for 24 h. Selective activation of α7 nicotinic receptors with the agonist DMXB (3 μM) attenuated both of these actions of ethanol in a manner that was in turn blocked with the nicotinic antagonist methyllyconitine (1 μM). These results suggest that the cytoprotection conferred by α7 nicotinic receptor agonists may be mediated at least in part by reducing the formation or accumulation of reactive oxygen species.
The effect of potato trap crops and fallow on decline of Globodera rostochiensis

SUMMARY The effects of 1 to 6 wk growth of resistant and susceptible potato cultivars on Globodera rostochiensis population decline were studied in pot and microplot experiments. In pot experiments, potato plants were hand pulled or killed with glyphosate herbicide at weekly intervals for 4 or 6 wk after shoot emergence. In microplot experiments, potato plants were killed with glyphosate herbicide weekly for 4 wk after shoot emergence. After 4 wk the number of viable eggs had declined more in pots where potato plants were grown (66–87%) than in pots of fallow soil (35%). Although decline in numbers of viable eggs under resistant and susceptible cultivars did not differ significantly, there was a trend towards greater decline under resistant plants. Duration of plant growth was positively correlated with decline in viable eggs when plants were killed with glyphosate but not when they were hand pulled. However, in microplot experiments using glyphosate, decline in viable eggs after 1 wk of potato plant growth (55%) was not different from that after 4 wk (57%). Numbers of viable eggs in fallow soil declined less 5 cm deep (34%) than 15 cm deep (50%). All of the viable eggs contained in cysts on the soil surface died within 5 months, probably due to high temperature.
Geometric significance of the spinor Lie derivative. II

The formulas for the Lie covariant differentiation of spinors are deduced from an algebraic viewpoint. The Lie covariant derivative of the spinor connection is calculated, and is given a geometric meaning. A theorem about the Lie covariant derivative of an operator in spin space that was stated in Part I of this work is discussed.
Non-linear constitutive equations for strongly bonded fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites

Abstract The structure of constitutive equations for non-linear multiaxial behaviour of transversely isotropic, fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites subjected to proportional loading has been investigated. Results from an experimental programme have been combined with numerical simulations of the composite behaviour for complex stress states to reveal the full structure of the equations. It was found that the non-linear response can be described by a quadratic flow potential, based on the polynomial stress invariants, together with a hardening rule that is dominated by two different hardening mechanisms.
Affinity purification of Csk protein tyrosine kinase based on its catalytic requirement for divalent metal cations.

Protein tyrosine kinase Csk requires two Mg2+ ions for activity: one magnesium is part of the ATP-Mg complex, and the second free Mg2+ ion is required as an essential activator. Zn2+ can bind to this site to replace Mg2+, which inhibits Csk kinase activity. The binding is reversible and removal of Zn2+ results in an active Csk apoenzyme. In this communication, we report that this tight binding can be used as a mechanism for affinity purification of Csk. When bacterial cell lysate containing overexpressed GST-Csk was applied to a column of Zn2+-iminodiacetic acid immobilized to agarose, Csk was specifically retained by the column. Since the binding of Csk to Zn2+ is not affected by up to 200 mM NaCl, high ionic strength conditions were used in the purification procedure, minimizing nonspecific binding due to ionic interactions. Washing the column with 200 mM NaCl and 50 mM imidazole removed virtually all other proteins from the column while Csk remained bound. The retained Csk enzyme was eluted with 1 M imidazole. The 1 M imidazole-eluted fraction contained pure Csk that had a specific activity similar to the enzyme purified by a glutathione-agarose affinity column.
Highly efficient lithium composite anode with hydrophobic molten salt in seawater

Abstract A lithium composite anode (lithium/1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazoleum hexafluorophosphate (BMI + PF 6 − )/4-VLZ) for primary lithium/seawater semi-fuel-cells is proposed to reduce lithium–water parasitic reaction and, hence, increase the lithium anodic efficiency up to 100%. The lithium composite anode was activated when in contact with artificial seawater (3% NaCl solution) and the output was a stable anodic current density at 0.2 mA/cm 2 , which lasted about 10 h under potentiostatic polarization at +0.5 V versus open circuit potential (OCP); the anodic efficiency was indirectly measured to be 100%. With time, a small traces of water diffused through the hydrophobic molten salt, BMI + PF 6 − , reached the lithium interface and formed a double layer film (LiH/LiOH). Accordingly, the current density decreased and the anodic efficiency was estimated to be 90%. The hypothesis of small traces of water penetrating the molten salt and reaching the lithium anode—after several hours of operation—is supported by the collected experimental current density and hydrogen evolution, electrochemical impedance spectrum analysis, and non-mechanistic interface film modeling of lithium/BMI + PF 6 − .
Gender and ethnic differences in hand hygiene practices among college students.

Background Poor hand hygiene on college campuses can be improved by promoting handwashing behavior. This observational study was conducted to evaluate gender and race/ethnic differences in hand hygiene practices among college students. Methods Hand hygiene practices in college students were evaluated in 4 settings (soap and water; soap and water and visual prompts; soap and water and hand sanitizers; and soap and water, hand sanitizers, and visual prompts). The degree of hand hygiene (ie, adequate handwashing time, use of hand sanitizer, and hand-drying method) also was evaluated at various locations on campus. Results Overall, 72.9% of students washed their hands, 58.3% practiced hand hygiene (using either soap or hand sanitizer), and 26.1% washed their hands adequately. Hand sanitizer use was low when students were given the option, and paper towel was the most common hand-drying method. In general, hand hygiene practices were better in academic buildings than in the student recreation center. Visual prompts improved handwashing behavior only among students in the "other" ethnic category, but not by gender. Conclusions Handwashing is the most effective way of preventing the spread of infectious diseases, and our findings have implications for the design of effective hand hygiene education programs in college students.
Some Applications of Covariance Identities and Inequalities to Functions of Multivariate Normal Variables

Abstract We apply general covariance identities and inequalities to some functions of multivariate normal variables. We recover, in particular, a recent covariance identity due to Siegel and provide simple estimates on the variance of order statistics. We also present some computations.
On vector-valued amarts and dimension of banach spaces

If (Xn)n~ N is an amart of class (B) taking values in a Banach space with the Radon-Nikodym property, then Xn converges weakly a.s., as proved in [4]. Examples exist in [4] and [7] which show that strong convergence may fail, but recently Alexandra Bellow [2] proved the following result: A Banach space E is finite-dimensional if (and only if) every E-valued amart of class (B) converges strongly a.s. We prove here that if p is fixed, 1 < p < o% then a Banach space E is finite-dimensional if (and only if) every LV-bounded E-valued amart converges weakly a.s. The point of this is that in the amart convergence theorem for an infinitedimensional Banach space, the assumption (B) cannot be weakened any more than the conclusion that weak a.s. convergence holds can be strengthened. Let (E2,~,P) be a probability space, N = { 1 , 2 . . . . }, and let (~),EN be an increasing sequence of a-algebras contained in ~ . A stopping time is a mapping r: s w { oo }, such that {7 = n} ~o~ for all n EN. The collection of bounded stopping times is denoted by T; under the natural ordering Tis a directed set. (The notation and the terminology of the present note are close to those of our longer article [7].) Let E be a Banach space and consider a sequence (X, ) ,~ of E-valued random variables adapted to (~),~N, i.e. such that X~: s is d -s t rongly measurable. We will write E X (expectation of X) for the Pettis integral [9] of the random variable X. The sequence (X,) is called an amart iff each X, is Pettis integrable and limr r EXr exists in the strong topology of E. An adapted sequence (Xn) is said to be of class (B) iff
Asymmetric Dependence, Representation, and Cognitive Science

Analyse de la theorie de la dependance asymetrique des representations mentales developpee par J. Fodor. L'A. montre que la position de Fodor est inapplicable a la science cognitive contemporaines traitant de la transduction, de la detection des elements caracteristiques et de la reconnaissance de l'objet
Psychological Mechanisms of Effective Cognitive–Behavioral Treatments for PTSD

Several psychotherapies have been established as effective treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) including prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy, and cognitive therapy for PTSD. Understanding the key mechanisms of these treatments, i.e., how these treatments lead to therapeutic benefits, will enable us to maximize the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of these therapies. This article provides an overview of the theorized mechanisms for each of these treatments, reviews the recent empirical evidence on psychological mechanisms of these treatments, discusses the ongoing debates in the field, and provides recommendations for future research. Few studies to date have examined whether changes in purported treatment mechanisms predict subsequent changes in treatment outcomes. Future clinical trials examining treatments for PTSD should use study designs that enable researchers to establish the temporal precedence of change in treatment mechanisms prior to symptom reduction. Moreover, further research is needed that explores the links between specific treatment components, underlying change mechanisms, and treatment outcomes.
A quantitative study relating observed shear in photospheric magnetic fields to repeated flaring

In this paper a quantitative evaluation of the shear in the magnetic field along the neutral line in an active region during an epoch of flare activity is presented. Shear is defined as the angular difference in the photosphere between the potential magnetic field, which fits the boundary conditions imposed by the observed line-of-sight field, and the observed magnetic field. For the active region studied, this angular difference (shear) is non-uniform along the neutral line with maxima occurring at the locations of repeated flare onsets. It is suggested that continued magnetic evolution causes the field's maximum shear to exceed a critical value of shear, resulting in a flare around the site of maximum shear. Evidently, the field at the site of the flare must relax to a state of shear somewhat below the critical value (but still far from potential), with subsequent evolution returning the field to the critical threshold. This inference is drawn because several flares occured at sites of maximum photospheric shear which were persistent in location.
Remote sensing of soil moisture: implications for groundwater recharge

Remote sensing provides information on the land surface. Therefore, linkages must be established if these data are to be used in groundwater and recharge analyses. Keys to this process are the use of remote sensing techniques that provide information on soil moisture and water-balance models that tie these observations to the recharge. Microwave remote sensing techniques are used to map the spatial domain of surface soil moisture and to monitor its temporal dynamics, information that cannot be measured using other techniques. The physical basis of this approach is presented with examples of how microwave remote sensing is utilized in groundwater recharge and related studies.
Comparison of Channel Wing Theoretical and Experimental Performance

Inter-city air passenger travel is increasing more rapidly than the capacity of air traffic infrastructure. Delays and congestion are projected to continue increasing despite growth in air traffic control, use of larger aircraft, and airport capacity enhancement projects. Therefore, there is a need to improve service in short-haul markets that permit rapid and convenient air travel between metropolitan areas. This research evaluates the channel wing concept to enable Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) capabilities on a quartermile strip, allowing industrial or business complexes access to aviation services on their own property. This concept could minimize speed and range penalties while enabling STOL. The channel wing wind-tunnel testing was conducted at varying angles of attack, power settings, and velocities. From these tests, a better understanding of the channel wing lift and drag characteristics was obtained. Predicted performance characteristics of the channel wing using the Blick Theory did not have good correlation with wind-tunnel experimental data. This may be due to poor airfoil data at low Reynolds number that was used to make the lift coefficient predictions. The experimental data did show an improvement in the maximum lift coefficient that could be obtained. The wing stall characteristics were also changed from those of a conventional wing.
Differential responsiveness to cocaine in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice

The present study compared cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and cocaine IV self-administration in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice. In the locomotor activity experiment, these strains were tested for hyperlocomotion after IP cocaine injection (0–60.0 mg/kg), using a Digiscan Animal Activity Monitoring System. In the cocaine IV self-administration experiment, they were compared for their ability to acquire and maintain cocaine self-administration in operant chambers with levers as the manipulanda. Animals were first trained to respond for food as a reinforcer (condensed milk solution); they were then submitted to surgical IV insertion of an indwelling catheter, and required to respond for IV cocaine (0.25–4.0 mg/kg per injection) as a reinforcer. DBA/2J mice showed significantly higher maximal cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, more rapid acquisition of cocaine self-administration, and significantly lower rates of cocaine self-administration. Cocaine concentration in the brains of DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice failed to differ following IP injection, suggesting that distribution factors were not involved in the differential responses to cocaine. Although not conclusive, this pattern of effects may suggest that cocaine has greater reinforcing efficacy in DBA/2J mice, confirming genetic make-up as a determinant factor in cocaine taking behavior.
Über das „Stocken“ von Farben

Der „spontane“ Anstieg der Viskositat in Farbmischungen bis zum Festwerden, der als „Stocken“ allgemein bekannt ist, wird als kolloidchemisches Problem betrachtet. Die wesentliche Veranderung besteht in einem Anstieg der Viskositat des Farbbindemittels, der kolloidchemisch von derselben Natur ist wie der bei der Umwandlung von flussigen Olen in konsistente Fette hervorgerufene Viskositatsanstieg. Der Hauptfaktor beim Stocken irgendwelcher Farbmischungen besteht in den Moglichkeiten zur Entstehung von Metallseifen, wobei diese a) von der Reaktionsfahigkeit der im Pigment vorhandenen Base und b) von der Verfugbarkeit von Fettsauren abhangen. Die so gebildeten Metallseifen losen sich nicht mehr im Farbbindemittel auf, sie werden im Gegenteil Losungsmittel fur letzteres (werden solvatisiert). Dieser umgekehrte Typ der Losung bestimmt den fortschreitenden Anstieg der Viskositat bis zum Punkte der Verfestigung der gesamten Farbmischung. Der Grad des Stockens hangt a) von der Menge der gebildeten Metallseife und b) von ihrer Natur ab. Da weder die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration noch die Titrationsaziditat eines Oles ein Mas fur die Art der anwesenden Fettsaure ist, so ist keiner von beiden Werten ein Mas fur die Stockungsneigung eines Ols, denn fur den Grad der Solvatation ist letzten Endes die Art der gebildeten Seife wesentlich. Wenig Stearat hat mehr Einflus als viel Oleat. Was die Base betrifft, so sind bei der praktischen Farbenherstellung die Seifen des Aluminiums wegen ihrer grosen Solvatationskapazitat von der grosten Wichtigkeit.
Comparison of 2D, 3D high dose and 3D low dose gated myocardial 82Rb PET imaging

We compared 2D, 3D high dose (HD) and 3D low dose (LD) gated myocardial Rb-82 PET imaging in 16 normal human studies. The main goal in the paper is to evaluate whether the images obtained by a 3D LD studies are still of comparable clinical quality to the images obtained with the 2D HD or 3D HD studies. All 2D and 3D HD studies were performed with 2220 MBq of Rb-82. The 3D LD were performed with 740 MBq of Rb-82. A GE Advance PET system was used for acquisition. Polar maps were created and used to calculate noise among (NAS) and within (NWS) the segments in the noise analysis. In addition, the contrast between left ventricular (LV) wall and LV cavity was also analysed. For 13 subjects, ejection fraction (EF) on 2D and 3D studies was calculated using QGS program. For the H20 reconstruction filter, the mean contrast in mid-ventricular short-axis slice was 0.33 ± 0.06 for 2D studies. The same contrast for the 3D HD studies was 0.38 ± 0.07 and for 3D LD, it was 0.34 ± 0.08. For the 6 volunteers where 3D HD was used, NAS was 3.64*10-4 and NWS was 1.79*10-2 for 2D studies, and NAS was 3.70*10-4 and NWS was 1.85*10-2 for 3D HD studies, respectively. For the other 10 volunteers where 3D LD was used, NAS was 3.85*10-4 and NWS was 1.82*10-2 for the 2D studies, and NAS was 5.58*10-4 and NWS was 1.91*10-2 for the 3D LD studies, respectively. For the sharper H13 filter, the data followed the same pattern, with slightly higher values of contrast and noise. EF values in 2D and 3D were close. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.90. The average difference from 13 subjects was 8.3%. 2D and 3D HD gating Rb-82 PET cardiac studies have similar contrast, ejection fractions and noise levels. 3D LD gating imaging, gave comparable results in terms of contrast, EF and noise to either 2D or 3D HD gating PET imaging. 3D LD PET gated imaging can make Rb-82 PET cardiac imaging more affordable with significantly less radiation exposure to the patients.
Criteria for safety related nuclear plant operator actions: A preliminary assessment of available data

Abstract The need for a quantitative data base on the reliability of nuclear power plant operators has long been recognised by human factors and reliability analysts, and the great need for further assessment of operator performance under accident conditions has been dramatically emphasised by the incident at Three Mile Island-2. In the US, an effort has been under way for a number of years to develop a design standard to define when required manual operator action can be accepted as part of a nuclear plant design basis. Insufficient data are available to provide quantitative guidelines for the standard. To provide the necessary data base to support such standards and the necessary quantitative assessment of operator reliability, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission is sponsoring a study at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to develop the data base. A preliminary assessment, completed in April 1979, concluded that sufficient data from US operating experience did not exist to provide an adequate data base. A programme of research using full-scope nuclear plant simulators and results that are correlated to field data was suggested. That programme was recently initiated. This paper reviews the approach, results and conclusions of the preliminary assessment and summarises the planned research programme of simulator studies.
MR imaging of the meniscus

It should be the goal of any radiologist who interprets MRI examinations of the knee to be able not only to recognize normal meniscal anatomy and accurately diagnose meniscal pathology, but also to develop a better grasp of the surgical implications of the imaging findings. By thinking more like an arthroscopist, one can provide a more clinically relevant report, and by doing so, add value to the work-up of a patient who presents with a potential meniscal tear.
Physical interpretation of frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy

Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy is a method for imaging the surface of metals, semiconductors and insulators in ultrahigh vacuum with true atomic resolution. The imaging signal in this technique is the frequency shift $\ensuremath{\Delta}f$ of an oscillating cantilever with eigenfrequency ${f}_{0},$ spring constant k and amplitude A, which is subject to tip-sample forces ${F}_{\mathrm{ts}}.$ Here, we present analytical results of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{f(f}_{0},k,A)$ for several basic classes of ${F}_{\mathrm{ts}}.$ With these results, a method to calculate images is derived and demonstrated with an example.
Field equations for gravity and matter

Abstract The possibility is explored that Einstein's equation straightforwardly generalized to include Fermi-type coordinates and torsion can serve as the field equation for some other fields besides the gravitational field. We find that (i) the electromagnetic field and (ii) the instanton solution of the Yang-Mills gauge field equation satisfy the generalized field equations.
Domain-wall renormalization-group study of the random Heisenberg model.

The random Heisenberg model with a Gaussian distribution of nearest-neighbor interactions is studied for the pure spin-glass case where the average interaction vanishes. The distribution of domain-wall energies at zero temperature is calculated using a spin-quench algorithm to find the ground-state energy for finite lattices. A renormalization-group transformation is set up which preserves the domain-wall energy distribution when the lattice parameter is changed. In the strong-coupling regime (zero temperature) the model iterates toward weak coupling and therefore exhibits a ``phase transition at zero temperature'' in both two and three dimensions. The correlation-length exponent is \ensuremath{\nu}=0.714\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015 in two dimensions and \ensuremath{\nu}=1.54\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19 in three dimensions. The lower critical dimension is four.
Coordinated capillary and myocardial growth in response to thyroxine treatment.

BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone-induced cardiac hypertrophy is a model of enhanced physiological growth and angiogenesis. This study addressed the growth and geometry of the capillary bed in relation to the development of cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS Thyroxine was administered daily (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.) for 5 or 10 days to Fischer 344 rats. After obtaining ventricular function and hemodynamic data, the hearts were perfuse fixed, and specimens from the left ventricle (LV) were subjected to image analysis to determine indices of capillary growth. RESULTS After 5 days of treatment, prior to cardiac enlargement, capillary length density was significantly greater in the epimyocardium of the thyroxine rats than in the controls (saline injected). Most of the increase could be attributed to an increase in capillary numerical density, but some enhancement in capillary profile axial ratio suggests that enhanced tortuosity or formation of oblique channels also occurred. After 10 days of treatment, all capillary parameters (length, volume, and surface densities) were similar to the controls despite a 30% enlargement of the LV. We estimate that total LV capillary length increased by 14% during the first 5 days and by 9% during the next 5 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that capillary angiogenesis precedes the development of ventricular enlargement due to thyroxine administration. Therefore, angiogenesis in this model is not stimulated by the presence of hypertrophy.
A conserved DNA structural control element modulates transcription of a mammalian gene

The mammalian dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene promoters contain several conserved sequence elements which bind protein, and yet there are other conserved DNA sequences that do not footprint. We report here that mutation of one of these conserved non-footprinting regions increases transcription from this promoter both in vitro and in vivo. We show that this conserved region is flanked by sites hypersensitive to cleavage by methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fe(II). Furthermore, multimers of a double-stranded oligonucleotide comprised of this region display faster migration through polyacrylamide than control DNA. The difference in mobility is not the result of bending, nor does the primary sequence contain features that would predict altered mobility. We propose that this 'Structural Control Element' is rigid and down-regulates transcription by inhibiting interactions between proteins binding adjacent to this region.
International year of the family 1994: Family and gender equity in education∗

“Building the smallest democracy at the heart of society,” is the motto of the International Year of the Family being celebrated during 1994. The year 1994 has been designated by the United Nations to highlight issues concerning families locally, nationally, and globally during the year and to suggest recommendations for changes in policies and programs. Since 1975, when the world celebrated International Women's Year, and again, in 1979 during International Year of the Child, evidence has been accruing regarding gender disparities in all countries. It is discouraging, yet perhaps not surprising, that in 1994 the world still awaits gender equity, even though a considerable amount of progress has been made since 1975. ∗Presented at the Non‐governmental Organization Forum on InternationalYear of the Family 1994 held in Valletta, Malta, November 30 through December 3, 1993.
Visual Pigments and Vitamins A of the Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis

DARTNALL1 has recently reported extracting what he describes as a new visual pigment from the retina of the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis. It is a purple substance, which in Dartnall's preparations has an absorption maximum (λmax.) at 514–516 mμ. Its difference spectrum—the difference in absorption between it and the products of its bleaching—has λmax. 521 μ at pH. about 8.6. Dartnall argues, largely on the basis of analogies with the behaviour of other types of preparation, that the absorption maximum of the Xenopus pigment in reality lies at 519 μ. I see no reason, however, for rejecting his measurements, which are as stated. They show the properties of the Xenopus pigment to be intermediate between those of rhodopsin and porphyropsin. The absorption spectrum of rhodopsin ordinarily has λmax. 500 ± 2mμ, that of porphyropsin λmax. 522 ± 2 mμ. The Xenopus pigment, with λmax. about 515 mμ, might on this basis consist of a mixture of about 70 per cent porphyropsin and 30 per cent rhodopsin. Its difference spectrum is similarly intermediate : λmax. of rhodopsin lies at about 500–502 mμ., that of porphyropsin at about 525–530 mμ. in such mildly alkaline solutions as Dartnall employed; so that again the Xenopus pigment, with difference λmax. 521 mμ, appears to be a mixture of about two-thirds to four-fifths porphyropsin with one-third to one-fifth rhodopsin.
Reproductive studies in the iron-deficient rat.

Severe iron-deficient anemia was produced in the rat by diet. Controls consisted of animals raised on the same diet but injected with iron intra-peritoneally. The deficient rats were bred and found to have normal numbers of corpora leutea of pregnancy and implantation sites. Resorptions were very common, and only about 25% of the deficient fetuses were viable on day 20. The peak mortality occurred on about day 12 of gestation. The viable fetuses were smaller than the controls, and a predominance of females was found. More eye defects occurred in the deficient groups, but a significantly increased gross defect rate over controls did not occur. The deficient maternal hemoglobins dropped during pregnancy, and the maternal and fetal hemoglobins on day 20 of gestation averaged 4.5 and 4.7 gm/dl, respectively. Partial treatment of the deficient animals by iron injection on days 0 and 7, or on day 7, prevented embryonic and fetal loss and partially corrected both fetal and maternal hemoglobin concentrations.
Curiosity, Inquiry and the Geographical Imagination. Daniel W. Gade. New York: Peter Lang, 2011. xvii and 307 pp., maps, ills., notes, bibliog., index. $59.95 cloth (ISBN 978-1-4331-1541-7)

The life of the mind escapes the boundaries of institutions and disciplines. One aspect of this can be seen in the flourishing publication records after what used to be called retirement. During th...
Design of a Heterospecific, Tetrameric, 21-Residue Miniprotein with Mixed α/β Structure

Summary The study of short, autonomously folding peptides, or "miniproteins," is important for advancing our understanding of protein stability and folding specificity. Although many examples of synthetic α-helical structures are known, relatively few mixed α/β structures have been successfully designed. Only one mixed-secondary structure oligomer, an α/β homotetramer, has been reported thus far. In this report, we use structural analysis and computational design to convert this homotetramer into the smallest known α/β-heterotetramer. Computational screening of many possible sequence/structure combinations led efficiently to the design of short, 21-residue peptides that fold cooperatively and autonomously into a specific complex in solution. A 1.95 A crystal structure reveals how steric complementarity and charge patterning encode heterospecificity. The first- and second-generation heterotetrameric miniproteins described here will be useful as simple models for the analysis of protein-protein interaction specificity and as structural platforms for the further elaboration of folding and function.
Microstructure and strengthening of creep-tested cryomilled NiAl-AlN

The B2 intermetallic NiAl is considered to be a prime candidate material for use as very high temperature structural components in gas turbine engines. The mechanical grinding of prealloyed NiAl powder in liquid nitrogen (cryomilling) results in an intermetallic matrix composite where micron sized particle free aluminide cores (grains) are surrounded by thin mantles comprised of nanometer sized AlN particles and NiAl grains. Under high temperature, slow strain rate conditions both compressive and tensile creep testing have shown that the mechanical strength of hot extruded cryomilled NiAl approaches the levels exhibited by advanced NiAl-based single crystals and simple Ni-based superalloys. Transmission electron microscopy of cryomilled materials tested between 1,100 and 1,300 K revealed little, if any, dislocation structure within the mantle regions, while the NiAl cores contained subgrains and dislocation networks after testing at all strain rates between 10{sup {minus}4} and 10{sup {minus}8} s{sup {minus}1}. These and other microstructural observations suggest that creep strength is the result of a fine NiAl grain/subgrain size, the inability of dislocations to move through the mantle and stabilization of the microstructure by the AlN particles.
Cloud Management: Challenges and Opportunities

Cloud computing offers on-demand access to shared resources and services, hosted in warehouse sized data centers at cloud providers. Effective management of these shared resources and services is one of the key requirements for the delivery of cloud computing. However, there are several challenges to achieve effective cloud management. These include scale, multiple levels of abstraction, federation, sustainability, and dynamism. In this paper, we outline these challenges, and then describe specific examples of new management architectures that address these challenges. We focus on driving principles for the new designs, and give an illustration of its deployment on Open Cirrus - a research cloud test bed. Overall, the paper provides open issues and challenges in cloud management for the research community to address.
The Function of Symbols that Bind and Divide

It is in the intent of this chapter to develop a basic understanding of the function and role of divisive symbols within post-violence or reconciliation settings. Whether these symbols are flags, ethnic labels, commemorations, or other social representations, they serve as a way for members of a society to both communicate heritage and socially connect with other members of a group—both past and present. In analyzing the conflict, understanding these divisive symbols can be of critical importance due to the emotional responses that these symbols elicit. Given this strong response, one can conclude that these symbols are similar to what Volkan (2006) refers to as a “hot place” or a “physical location that individually and collectively induces (or reinduces) immediate and intense feelings among members of an ethnic or other large group” (p. 137). These emotions can lead to some members of the culture being filled with a sense of pride and connection with their social group, while at the same time these symbols can create strong feelings of oppression or even hatred among others.
The effect of high-level chlorine carcass drench on the recovery of Salmonella and enumeration of bacteria from broiler carcasses

A study was conducted to determine the bacteriological effect of exposing processed broiler carcasses to a high (10-fold increase) concentration chlorinated drench. During each of 6 replicate trials, eviscerated prechill carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing plant and chlorine-treated carcasses were subjected to a 1-min drench in 500 mL of a 500 mg/kg chlorine solution (sodium hypochlorite). Water-drenched carcasses were treated the same way except water was used in place of chlorinated water drench. Control carcasses were not drenched. All carcasses were then subjected to a whole carcass rinse (WCR) in 450 mL of buffered peptone water, from which 50 mL of the rinsate was removed for enumeration of total aerobic bacteria (APC), Escherichia coli, and total coliforms (TC). The entire carcass was then incubated 24 h at 37°C (whole carcass enrichment, WCE) for recovery of Salmonella. Levels of bacteria recovered from WCR were lower by 0.6 log10 cfu/mL for APC, 0.8 for E. coli, and 0.9 for TC when carcasses were drenched with water compared with undrenched control levels. Similarly, the levels of bacteria recovered from WCR were further lower by 1.0 log10 cfu/mL for APC, 0.5 for E. coli, and 0.5 for TC, when carcasses were drenched with 500 mg/kg of chlorine compared with water. However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in prevalence of Salmonella among the treatments (29% positive for control, 26% positive for water, 38% positive for chlorinated). These results indicate that drenching eviscerated carcasses with water or chlorinated water at 500 mg/kg significantly, but minimally, reduces the numbers of APC, E. coli, and TC bacteria recovered compared with undrenched carcasses. However, neither drenching carcasses with water or high chlorine had an effect on the prevalence of Salmonella that remain with the carcass as determined by WCE. The results of this study confirms the importance of maintaining and replenishing free chlorine for optimal antimicrobial activity, because chlorine at 500 mg/kg was rapidly used within 1 min of exposure to the carcass to <10 mg/kg.
Parent/caregiver health literacy among children with special health care needs: a systematic review of the literature.

Background Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) are children with medical or behavioral diagnoses that require services beyond those generally needed by pediatric populations. They account for a significant portion of pediatric health care expenditures and often have complicated treatment regiments. Health literacy has recently been recognized as a key indicator of quality chronic disease self-management and parental/caregiver health literacy of CSHCN is an understudied area. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the available evidence of studies investigating parent/caregiver health literacy of CSHCN.
Mast Cells and Wound Healing

Background: Mast cells (MC) are ubiquitous resident cells, traditionally viewed as effector cells of allergic reactions that can store and synthesize de novo many mediators upon activation by a variety of stimuli. Exciting new insights are unveiling MC involvement in the pathogenesis of connective tissue disorders including wound healing and fibrosis. The Problem: Abnormal wound repair is associated with an increased number of MC strategically located around blood vessels. Therapeutic local manipulation of MC population and reactivity may help improve and even prevent impaired repair processes for which there is no cure. Basic/Clinical Science Advances: Chymase, a MC-restricted protease, is pre-stored in MC cytoplasmic granules with other mediators. The development of a highly specific inhibitor targeting chymase established its pivotal effect on fibrosis pathogenesis in a mouse model of silica-induced fibrosis. This novel finding evokes the potential therapeutic relevance of chymase inhibition to prevent...
Interchanging fill rate constraints and backorder costs in inventory models

This paper shows that fill rate constraints and backorder costs are interchangeable in dynamic newsvendor models. We establish monotone mappings between the set of optimal polices with backorder costs and the set of optimal policies with fill rate constraints. This clarifies the extent to which a parametric analysis of optima in one case can be performed via an algorithm directed at the other case. In a sense that is made precise, it is unnecessary to study both cases of a model; either case alone is sufficient.
Root map characterization of interference location in a wide aperture antenna array

The utility of the root map (RM), commonly used for two-dimensional filter stability tests, as applied to the weights of an adaptive rectilinear antenna array to estimate interference direction-of-arrival is demonstrated. Contrary to the adaptive pattern, the cancellation pattern root map is shown to possess separate properties which allow accurate location of a single interference. One advantage of the RM method is that it requires fewer sample points than scanning-based algorithms, yet realizes superior resolution. Another advantage is that the RM method remains highly robust with both low SNR and with steering vector (pointing) errors. >