cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystalline states of a modified fibrinogen.

Fibrinogen has been modified proteolytically by a crude bacterial enzyme to produce highly ordered microcrystalline and crystalline forms (see also Tooney & Cohen, 1972 ; Cohen & Tooney, 1974 ). We present here a description of preparative methods, a survey of the electron microscope image and preliminary chemical and crystallographic data. The modified fibrinogen is largely intact and highly clottable. Many of the electron microscopic images of the modified fibrogen aggregates have a 450 A axial repeat; a number of these ordered forms, including fibrin, can be derived from one or two basic arrays. We infer from these images that fibrinogen is 450 A long and non-polar, i.e. that there is a 2-fold axis perpendicular to the long axis of the molecule. Filaments of fibrinogen bonded end-to-end may be a feature of all these arrays.
The Pharmacologic Effects of a New Analgesic α‐4‐Dimethylamino‐1,2‐Diphenyl‐3‐Methyl‐4‐Propionyloxybutane*

The results of pharmacologic studies with a new analgesic compound are presented. They show analgesic activity in animals with a notable lack of tolerance development and/or respiratory depression.
Chromosomal aberrations in native small mammals (Peromyscus leucopus and Sigmodon hispidus) at a petrochemical waste disposal site: I. Standard karyology.

Examination of standard metaphase chromosome preparations was employed to evaluate the use of resident small mammals as indicators of environmental mutagenesis. Small mammals of two species, (Peromyscus leucopus andSigmodon hispidus) were trapped over a two-year period at a locality polluted with a complex mixture of petrochemical waste products, heavy metals, and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), and from two uncontaminated localities. Significant differences in levels of chromosomal aberrations between animals collected at the contaminated site and the uncontaminated sites were clearly indicated. Increases in lesions per cell and aberrant cells per individual were shown for both species at the contaminated site compared to the control sites. Levels of chromosomal aberrations were not different between the two control sites, however. This study suggests that cytogenetic analysis of resident small mammals is a feasible test model for assessment of environmental mutagenesis.
Treating disgust reactions in contamination-based obsessive–compulsive disorder

Contamination fear associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has features that strongly suggest it is based in part on disgust. In particular, sympathetic magic, or the tendency for disgust-evoking stimuli to transfer that property to previously neutral stimuli, is common in contamination fear. Treatment for OCD typically involves exposure with response prevention for feared stimuli. Unexamined, however, has been the habituation for specific disgust stimuli among individuals with contamination fear. This study is a preliminary investigation with a group of primary contamination fearful participants diagnosed with OCD (C-OC; n = 9) compared to a group with primarily other symptoms of OCD (O-OC; n = 8). All participants were exposed to a set of disgust stimuli that were not associated with anxiety reactions for 30 min across five sessions, and exposed to anxiety-evoking stimuli specific to their OCD symptoms for 30 min. Comparisons showed that, while both groups had reduced disgust reactions, the C-OC group habituated more slowly and to a lesser degree than the O-OC group. No differences existed between the groups for anxiety reduction. The findings suggest that contamination fear is based in part on disgust reactions, and that disgust is amenable to exposure-based interventions.
Structure in auditory word recognition.

Abstract Dominant models of auditory word recognition emphasize the lexical access component of the word identification problem. They thus cast the recognition process as a simple operation matching the input against stored lexical representations or direct activation of those representations. Given this characterization of the problem, it is entirely unclear how the perceiver's knowledge of language structure could facilitate the recognition of words. Yet it may be necessary to appeal to grammatical knowledge to solve many of the outstanding problems in theories of word recognition, e.g., segmentation, coping with variation in the acoustic instantiation of words, and recognizing novel words. The current paper takes seriously the possibility that grammatical knowledge participates in word recognition. It investigates what kinds of information would be helpful for what purposes. It also attempts to sketch in the outlines of the general sort of recognition system which could take advantage of the kinds of regularities found in natural languages.
Current Approaches in Infant Pulmonary Function Testing

Pulmonary function testing in infants has grown from basic measurements of lung mechanics, volumes and breathing patterns to sophisticated measurements of forced expiratory flows, fractional lung volumes, and sensitive tests of small airway function. New tests continue to be developed that extend our understanding of lung function in health and disease. The indications for infant pulmonary function testing continue to be refined. This review highlights studies that involve some of the techniques, their role in detecting abnormalities in different conditions, and the information that they can provide about several diseases in recent years. Impediments to testing, including need for sedation, labor-intensive nature of the tests and lack of large normative data sets, remain obstacles for more widespread use of the techniques.
Equilibrium unfolding of a small low-potential cytochrome, cytochrome c553 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris

To understand general aspects of stability and folding of c-type cytochromes, we have studied the folding characteristics of cytochrome c553 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough). This cytochrome is structurally similar but lacks sequence homology to other heme proteins; moreover, it has an abnormally low reduction potential. Unfolding of oxidized and reduced cytochrome c553 by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) was monitored by circular dichroism (CD) and Soret absorption; the same unfolding curves were obtained with both methods supporting that cytochrome c553 unfolds by an apparent two-state process. Reduced cytochrome c553 is 7(3) kJ/mol more stable than the oxidized form; accordingly, the reduction potential of unfolded cytochrome c553 is 100(20) mV more negative than that of the folded protein. In contrast to many other unfolded cytochrome c proteins, upon unfolding at pH 7.0 both oxidized and reduced heme in cytochrome c553 become high-spin. The lack of heme misligation in unfolded cytochrome c553 implies that its unfolded structure is less constrained than those of cytochromes c with low-spin, misligated hemes.
Amplitude and phase optimization for adaptive antenna arrays via spatially smoothed ESPRIT

The paper presents two adaptive techniques, namely, the phase-only adjustment and the amplitude-phase optimization. In each case it creates multiple nulls to suppress multiple jammers. The adaptive technique is based on forward and backward smoothed ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique), which is capable of handling both coherent and non-coherent narrow-band multiple signals. For the amplitude-phase optimization both current amplitudes and phases are simultaneously adjusted to maximize the SIR (signal-to-interference ratio), which does not require iteration. The phase-only adaptive technique assumed fixed amplitudes while phases are adjusted, which required iterative algorithm. In both cases it is demonstrated to be effective and efficient. Computer simulations for a linear array of 32 elements and eight incoming signals have shown that the optimization technique can create wide as well as deep nulls, which correspond well to jammer widths and strengths. In each case the SIR improves substantially and the phase-amplitude optimization has much better SIR improvement than that of the phase-only adjustment.
Zinc induces a bend within the transcription factor IIIA-binding region of the 5 S RNA gene.

Abstract Binding of Zn 2+ to the 5 S RNA gene sequence of Xenopus borealis results in strong bending of the DNA, as inferred from transient electric birefringence data. The effect is specific for Zn 2+ ; several other divalent ions are not able to induce a bend of a similar magnitude. Using five different fragments that span the binding sequence, we are able to estimate a bend magnitude of at least 55 ° centered at base-pair +65 within the gene. This places the bend within the binding domain of the gene-regulatory protein transcription factor (TF) IIIA. Recent evidence has shown that the protein-DNA complex is also bent. Although our data do not allow us directly to link the two bends, our results suggest that TFIIIA could form a folded structure by stabilizing the same bent conformation that is induced by binding of Zn 2+ . The chemistry of Zn 2+ binding to DNA, and the sequence around the bend center, suggest that the bend is most probably caused by joint co-ordination of Zn 2+ to the N-7 groups of stacked purine residues.
Advice on structuring compilers and proving them correct

The purpose of this paper is to advise an approach (and to support that advice by discussion of an example) towards achieving a goal first announced by John McCarthy: that compilers for higher-level programming languages should be made completely trustworthy by proving their correctness. The author believes that the compiler-correctness problem can be made much less general and better-structured than the unrestricted program-correctness problem; to do so will of course entail restricting what a compiler may be.
Views From the Screen‐Face:: Issues Emerging From an Exploration of the Value of Telematics‐supported Learning

SUMMARY This paper reports on a small‐scale research project designed to explore the value of telematics‐supported learning in higher education. A micro‐ethnographic approach was employed so as to elicit the stories of three students actively engaged in self‐directed learning on screen. Analysis of the data suggests a number of issues that question the assumption that telematics‐supported learning has value. Additionally the research activity has generated a number of methodological issues that are explored in the text.
The packing measure of the graphs and level sets of certain continuous functions

The relationship between the local growth of a continuous function and the packing measure of its level sets and of its graph is studied. For the Weierstrass function with b an integer such that b ≥ 2 and with 0 < α < 1, and for x ∈ Range (W) outside a set of first category, the level set W−1(x) has packing dimension at least 1 − α. Furthermore, for almost all x ∈ Range (W), the packing dimension of f is at most 1 − α. Finer results on the occupation measure and the size of the graph of a continuous function satisfying the Zygmund Λ-condition are obtained.
Pump grating-modulation effects in liquid suspensions of microspheres

Degenerate four-wave mixing is examined for arbitrarily strong pump field interactions using a liquid suspension of Brownian microparticles as the active medium. It is shown that pump-generated interactions act to modulate the field-induced translational particle gratings in a novel way which greatly modifies both the steady-state and the transient properties of such media. Of particular interest is the fact that four-wave mixing in suspensions is radically different for the case of an attractive versus repulsive electrostrictive coupling between the microparticles and the pump radiation.
Influence of gall size on survival and fecundity of Rhopalomyia californica (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a biological-control agent for Baccharis halimifolia (Asteraceae)

The cecidomyiid midge Rhopalomyta california Felt is native to California where its larvae develop in terminal galls on Baccharis pilularis DC. Galls are usually multichambered and can contain >50 larvae per gall (one larva per chamber). Regression analyses involving >3,500 galls collected on 21 sample dates at two field sites in northern California revealed that average percentage of survival (larva to adult) of R. california was either independent of, or directly related to, gall size (chambers per gall). No inverse density dependence was detected, suggesting that any intraspecific competition that may have occurred in larger galls did not reduce midge survival. This was confirmed in laboratory studies. The apparent inability of the midge's primary parasites to fully exploit host larvae in larger galls also may enhance midge survival in these galls. Under laboratory conditions, however, the mean number of eggs per female was significantly reduced in females that developed in larger galls, suggesting that intraspecific competition among larvae occurred. These patterns, if observed on B. halimifolia L., could influence the effectiveness of R. californica as a biological-control agent for this weed in Australia and elsewhere. It is suggested that response to intraspecific competition be included in preintroductory evaluation of candidate agents in biological control of weeds.
Superconductivity in Tl0.5Pb0.5Sr2Ca1-xRxCu2Oy (R = Ce, ProrTb

Abstract Attempts have been made to fabricate Ce-, Pr-and Tb-substituted Tl 0.5 Pb 0.5 Sr 2 Ca 1- x R x Cu 2 O y superconductors, with the rare-earth element R partially replacing Ca. The samples with Ce substitution have multi-phasic structures and much degraded T c values. On the other hand, a nearly mono-phasic 1212 structure was obtained for the Pr- and Tb-substituted samples. The T c in each of the two substituted materials varies with the concentration x in a way very similar to that in other rare-earth-doped systems, suggesting that the magnetic-pair-breaking effect is negligibly small. The results are also compared with those of the corresponding YBCO system.
Predicting marital satisfaction: Social absorption and individuation versus attachment anxiety and avoidance

The incremental validity of social absorption and social individuation in predicting relationship satisfaction beyond anxious and avoidant attachment was assessed in a sample of 400 heterosexual couples. Results indicated that the actor’s and partner’s social absorption scores and the absolute difference between the partners’ social individuation scores made significant unique contributions to the actor’s satisfaction in a model that included avoidant and anxious attachment. This model accounted for 49% of the variance in the actors’ satisfaction scores. Satisfaction was high when both partners were predisposed toward behavioral interdependence but suffered when the partners were discrepant in their need to cognitively distinguish self and other. Possible explanations for these findings and their implications for marital satisfaction are discussed.
Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2, 3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli.

The functional reconstruction of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol (meso-2,3-BD) biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli have been explored systematically. Pathway construction involved the in vsivo screening of prospective pathway isozymes of yeast and bacterial origin. After substantial engineering of the host background to increase pyruvate availability, E. coli YYC202(DE3) ldhA(ilvC( expressing ilvBN from E. coli and aldB from L. lactis (encoding acetolactate synthase and acetolactate decarboxylase activities, respectively) was able to produce up to 870 mg/L acetoin, with no coproduction of diacetyl observed. These strains were also found to produce small quantities of meso-2,3-BD, suggesting the existence of endogenous 2,3-BD dehydrogenase activity. Finally, the coexpression of bdh1 from S. cerevisiae, encoding 2,3-BD dehydrogenase, in this strain resulted in the production of up to 1120 mg/L meso-2,3-BD, with glucose a yield of 0.29 g/g. While disruption of the native lactate biosynthesis pathway increased pyruvate precursor availability to this strain, increased availability of NADH for acetoin reduction to meso-2,3-BD was found to be the most important consequence of ldhA deletion.
Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities

AbstractHydrology is a fundamental factor influencing ecosystem dynamics, life-history strategies, and diversity patterns in running-water habitats. However, it remains unclear how hydrology may structure the taxonomic and functional composition of communities, especially in systems with high spatiotemporal variability in flow. We examined invertebrate diversity from 7 desert streams in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona, USA, that span a flow permanence continuum from highly intermittent to perennial. We examined the relative roles of flow permanence, habitat size, season, and microhabitat in determining taxonomic and functional structure (according to 7 species traits compiled for 234 taxa) of these communities. We predicted that both functional and taxonomic diversity would be positively related to flow permanence and negatively related to the duration and number of stream drying events. As predicted, increased flow permanence was associated with increased functional richness, functional ev...
Parsing density changes: An outcome-oriented growth management policy analysis

Although a considerable number of studies have examined the effectiveness of growth management programs in curbing sprawl and increasing aggregate densities, less attention has been paid to understanding how these noted density improvements are realized. In this paper, we assess the mechanisms that underlie changes in aggregate population densities and empirically examine detailed density changes under various growth management regimes in the US. Our county-level statistical analysis using recent US Census products and land use change data sets, finds that: (a) states with proactive growth management programs do tend to experience relative density gains, but not in jurisdictions with restrictive local land use regulations and (b) the marginal density gains appear to be attributable in large part to smaller housing vacancy rates and housing price escalations. Not surprisingly, our findings suggest that local structures are critical for achieving desired outcomes. Given the critical role of local action, the realization of compact development requires a tightly woven and integrated policy that not only makes logical sense at state levels, but can be followed and implemented at the local level.
Improved Solid-State Appliance Controls---Circuits and Assembly Techniques

This paper discusses solid-state appliance controls both from the standpoint of techniques for producing circuit assemblies and in terms of some recent improvements in circuits useful for appliance applications.
Induced stresses in core-shell latex

Abstract A Finite Element model to analyze the internal residual stress in a core-shell latex particle composed of polystyrene and acrylonitrile is developed. The internal stress distribution is postulated to control the stability of the resulting latex. The internal residual stress distribution is assumed generated by a thermal expansion mismatch of the two different materials with corresponding different thermal properties. Variation of thermal and materials properties in the graft region due to the composition changes of the materials is included. Several models with different amounts of graft region and without a graft region are investigated. The results of the analysis show that the hoop tension stress in acrylonitrile increases considerably with decreasing graft region. This greater hoop tension stress is one of the contributing factors that causes more failure in the acrylonitrile in less grafted or nongrafted latex particles, allowing phase separation of the polystyrene out of the shell. In this paper, the effect of the graft region on the internal stress distribution has been quantified, allowing a core-shell system to be designed for reduced residual stresses.
Calcium regulates troponin-tropomyosin binding in the reconstituted thin filament

Abstract Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy technique was used to determine the binding constant of troponin for IAEDANS-labeled tropomyosin under various conditions. In the absence of actin, Ca does not affect the binding between troponin and tropomyosin. The presence of actin greatly strengthens troponin-tropomyosin binding in the absence of Ca. However, Ca weakens troponin-tropomyosin binding by about 2.5-fold in the reconstituted filament. It is suggested that the Ca-regulated binding may serve as a molecular switch for the troponin molecule to get “on” and “off” the actin-myosin interaction site regulating muscle contraction-relaxation cycles.
Implementation of a Documentation System of Evidence-Based Processes for the Insertion of Central Venous Catheters

ISSUE: Evidence-based guidelines are established for the prevention of central line associated bloodstream infections. Record review did not provide a reliable consistent means of determining if established practices occurred. Documentation was scarce if present at all and typically stated only that a line was inserted. PROJECT: Critical Care Unit (CCU) Nursing Staff were currently required to complete pre-procedure pause or time out documentation form for insertion of central lines; an additional form was not well received. CCU Staff reviewed the IHI and CDC documentation tools and felt them too lengthy. Infection Control worked with CCU Staff to solicit suggestions for documentation resulting in staff recommending and developing their own form that incorporated the IHI components, time out, hair removal, and multiple other indicators. Their efforts resulted in development of a documentation tool that would provide accurate consistent information of processes in place before, during and after central line insertions. The documentation tool would be beneficial to staff, quick, and incorporate other already required indicators, such as procedural pause. The use of check boxes resulted in less narrative for staff and easier acceptance. The tool also served as a reminder of important components related to positive outcomes for patients with central lines, particularly for areas performing line insertions infrequently. To educate staff as to the importance of following and documenting the established processes, storyboards were developed, discussion with staff by the CCU Manager and ICP occurred. A copy of completed forms is faxed to infection control as one means of data collection. This allows monitoring of compliance with time out, hand hygiene, type of catheter used, proper hair removal if indicated, and IHI Central Line Bundle with the exception of daily review for necessity of line. Random review for compliance with all components of the IHI Central Line Bundle is still conducted as recommended by IHI; one central documentation area in the medical record evidences all but one of the bundle components. Data collection is quicker and study results are made available to staff via their information board in real time. Results are tracked for compliance with all items on the documentation tool not just IHI Central Line Bundle. RESULTS: Collaboration resulted in the development and implementation of a documentation tool that is user friendly, efficient, eliminates narrative and allows quick retrieval of information. Physicians requested a preprinted sticker for their progress notes to streamline their documentation as well. LESSONS LEARNED: Solicitation of staff involvement in formulating change is essential for success; do not duplicate existing processes, incorporate them. Start small, and then extend to other clinical settings.
A fast and memory-efficient N-gram language model lookup method for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition

Abstract Recently, minimum perfect hashing (MPH)-based language model (LM) lookup methods have been proposed for fast access of N-gram LM scores in lexical-tree based LVCSR (large vocabulary continuous speech recognition) decoding. Methods of node-based LM cache and LM context pre-computing (LMCP) have also been proposed to combine with MPH for further reduction of LM lookup time. Although these methods are effective, LM lookup still takes a large share of overall decoding time when trigram LM lookahead (LMLA) is used for lower word error rate than unigram or bigram LMLAs. Besides computation time, memory cost is also an important performance aspect of decoding systems. Most speedup methods for LM lookup obtain higher speed at the cost of increased memory demand, which makes system performance unpredictable when running on computers with smaller memory capacities. In this paper, an order-preserving LM context pre-computing (OPCP) method is proposed to achieve both fast speed and small memory cost in LM lookup. By reducing hashing operations through order-preserving access of LM scores, OPCP cuts down LM lookup time effectively. In the meantime, OPCP significantly reduces memory cost because of reduced size of hashing keys and the need for only last word index of each N-gram in LM storage. Experimental results are reported on two LVCSR tasks (Wall Street Journal 20K and Switchboard 33K) with three sizes of trigram LMs (small, medium, large). In comparison with above-mentioned existing methods, OPCP reduced LM lookup time from about 30–80% of total decoding time to about 8–14%, without any increase of word error rate. Except for the small LM, the total memory cost of OPCP for LM lookup and storage was about the same or less than the original N-gram LM storage, much less than the compared methods. The time and memory savings in LM lookup by using OPCP became more pronounced with the increase of LM size.
The growth and structure of oxide films formed on single crystal (100) and polycrystalline Cr between 550 and 900 °C

The oxidation of polycrystalline and (100) Cr at temperatures from 550–900°C and 5 × 10−3 to 5 × 10−1 torr oxygen pressure, choosing surface pretreatments such that only adherent, uniform, pore-free polycrystalline α-Cr2O3 is produced, show long term parabolic growth kinetics with an activation energy ∽ 51 kcal mol−1. Oxide layers, produced by sequential oxidation in 18O2 and 16O2, were suitable for the application of polyatomic SIMS to elucidate the extent of oxygen transport in the growing oxides and the mechanism for their growth. The data show that the predominant growth mechanism is by outward cation transport, with a small yet significant amount of inward oxygen diffusion down oxide grain boundaries. ∽ 1% of the oxide is created within the film as a result of this inward diffusion. Oxygen diffusion coefficients were found to be orders of magnitude higher than oxygen self diffusion coefficients in Cr2O3 but much too low to account for the observed oxidation rates.
Pitting Corrosion of Cast Metallurgy Aluminum-Beryllium Alloys in Sulfuric Acid Solutions

Abstract Four casting alloys of aluminum-beryllium ranging in a Be composition from 15 wt% to 68 wt% were tested in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solutions of pH 2 and 4. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests of the Al-Be alloys demonstrated passive behavior and positive hysteresis. Following cyclic polarization testing, all alloys showed preferential corrosion of the Be-rich phase in the forms of pitting or phase boundary attack with evidence of crystallographic etching. Total pit surface area in the Be phase was proportional to the volume fraction of the Al phase. Immersion test specimens showed uniform corrosion of the Al phase at pH 4, while the Be phase showed phase boundary and crystallographic attack at pH 2. Corrosion potentials were most noble for alloys with the highest Be wt% while corrosion current density decreased with Be wt%. A lower pH increased the corrosion rate for all alloys.
Emerging from imaginary time

Recent models in quantum cosmology make use of the concept of imaginary time. These models all conjecture a join between regions of imaginary time and regions of real time. We examine the model of James Hartle and Stephen Hawking to argue that the various ‘no-boundary’ attempts to interpret the transition from imaginary to real time in a logically consistent and physically significant way all fail. We believe this conclusion also applies to ‘quantum tunneling’ models, such as that proposed by Alexander Vilenkin. We conclude, therefore, that the notion of ‘emerging from imaginary time’ is incoherent. A consequence of this conclusion seems to be that the whole class of cosmological models appealing to imaginary time is thereby refuted.
Amnioinfusion survey: prevalence, protocols, and complications.

Objective: To determine whether amnioinfusion is associated with labor and delivery complications, and whether complication type and reported incidence are related to infusion method. Methods: Questionnaires regarding amnioinfusion experience were sent to every academic obstetrics and gynecology department in the United States (78 maternal-fetal medicine fellowship directors or, if the department did not have a fellowship, 206 residency directors). A literature review on amnioinfusion was also performed. Results: Seventy-six percent of fellowship directors and 62% of residency directors responded to our survey, representing 644,910 deliveries per year and at least 22,833 amnioinfusions per year. A wide variety of infusion protocols were reported. Forty-nine centers reported at least one associated complication; none was significantly associated with any of the various aspects of the many protocols ( P > .05). The mean number (± standard error of the mean) of amnioinfusions performed annually was similar between centers that did (261 ± 48) and did not (154 ± 29) report complications ( P = .06). The literature review suggested that amnioinfusion is efficacious and relatively safe. Conclusion: Amnioinfusion is performed nationwide according to widely varying protocols with few associated complications. Neither the method employed nor the number of infusions performed appears to significantly increase the risk of having a complication.
Calibrating and constructing models of protein folding

Prediction is more than testing established theory by examining whether the prediction matches the data. To show this, I examine the practices of a community of scientists, known as threaders, who are attempting to predict the final, folded structure of a protein from its primary structure, i.e., its amino acid sequence. These scientists employ a careful and deliberate methodology of prediction. A key feature of the methodology is calibration. They calibrate in order to construct better models. The construction leads to knowledge of how to construct or build an object. Thus, prediction serves a cognitive goal of model construction and not just model or theory testing. The kind of knowledge that results is relevantly different than theoretical knowledge.
Influence of microstructural instabilities on elevated temperature creep deformation of Inconel* 690

Abstract The elevated temperature creep behaviour of Inconel 690 has been examined from 900 to 1200°C (0·7–0·9Tm ) at constant stresses between 6 and 33 MPa (σ/μ = 1·4 × 10-4 to 9·5 × 10-4 ). Two complementary strain–time responses were observed. A normal strain–time response, characterised by decreasing creep rate with increasing time until steady state, was observed under all normalised stresses at 900°C. Under these conditions creep deformation was associated with intragranular dislocation climb and glide. A second periodic oscillatory strain–time response was observed at higher temperatures (1050–1200°C) and intermediate to low stresses (σ/μ = 1·65 × 10-4 to 4·5 × 10-4 ). Under these conditions repetitive grain boundary sliding and migration controlled creep deformation.The creep behaviour at 1000°C exhibited both strain–time responses. While intermediate stress exposure (σ/μ = 3·3 × 10-4 to 4·2 × 10-4) resulted in an oscillatory response, exposure at either lower or higher normalised stresses resulte...
Association between postoperative hypothermia and adverse outcome after coronary artery bypass surgery

Abstract Background . We examined the effect on outcome of mild hypothermia ( Methods . We performed a retrospective database analysis of 5,701 isolated CABG patients requiring CPB, operated upon from January 1995 to June 1997. Patients were classified as either hypo- ( Results . Overall, patients admitted to the ICU with BCT p = 0.02), prolonged mechanical ventilation ( p = 0.007), packed red blood cell transfusion ( p = 0.001), ICU ( p = 0.01), and hospital ( p = 0.005) length of stay. Conclusions . BCT of less than 36°C, upon ICU admission, has a significant association with adverse outcome after CABG with CPB.
BB intermeson potentials in the quark model

In this paper we derive quark model results for scattering amplitudes and equivalent low energy potentials for heavy meson pairs, in which each meson contains a heavy quark. This ``BB'' system is an attractive theoretical laboratory for the study of the nuclear force between color singlets; the hadronic system is relatively simple, and there are lattice gauge theory (LGT) results for ${V}_{\mathrm{BB}}(r)$ which may be compared to phenomenological models. We find that the quark model potential (after lattice smearing) has qualitative similarities to the LGT potential in the two ${B}^{*}{B}^{*}$ channels in which direct comparison is possible, although there is evidence of a difference in length scales. The quark model prediction of equal magnitude but opposite sign for $I=0$ and $I=1$ potentials also appears similar to LGT results at intermediate r. There may however be a discrepancy between the LGT and quark model $I=1$ $\mathrm{BB}$ potentials. A numerical study of the two-meson Schr\"odinger equations in the $(b\overline{q})(b\overline{q})$ and $(c\overline{q})(c\overline{q})$ sectors with the quark model potentials finds a single BB ``molecule,'' in the $I=0$ ${\mathrm{BB}}^{*}$ sector. Binding in other channels might occur if the quark model forces are augmented by pion exchange.
Energy and angular distributions of photons from medical linear accelerators

For accurate three‐dimensional treatment planning, new models of dose calculations are being developed which require the knowledge of the energy spectra and angular distributions of the photons incident on the surface of the patient. Knowledge of the spectra is also useful in other applications, including the design of filters and beam modifying devices and determination of factors to convert ionization chamber measurements to dose. We have used Monte Carlo code (egs) to compute photon spectra for a number of different linear accelerators. Both the target and the flattening filter have been accurately modeled. We find the mean photon energy to have a value lower than the generally perceived value of one‐third the maximum energy. As expected, the spectra become softer as the distance from the central axis increases. Verification of the spectra is performed by computing dose distributions and half‐value layers in water using the calculated spectra and comparing the results with measured data. We also examined the angular distributions of photons incident on the surface of the phantom. In currently used models of dose computations, it is assumed that the angular distribution of photons with respect to fan lines emanating from the source is negligible. Although the angular spread of photons with respect to the incident direction has been found to be small, its contribution to the diffuseness of the beam boundaries is significant.
Infectious pulmonary complications in lung transplant recipients.

Pulmonary infections are the most common cause of morbidity in the lung transplant population. Prompt recognition and treatment is necessary to prevent poor outcomes. An understanding of the temporal relationship between immunosuppression and the risk for developing infection can assist the clinician with appropriate treatment. Bacterial pneumonia is common within the first 4 months after transplantation whereas cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection or disease becomes prevalent after the discontinuation of prophylaxis in at-risk patients. Fungal infections, especially aspergillosis, can be fatal if not treated early and the risk for infection is present throughout the transplant period. Community-acquired viral infections present with upper-respiratory symptoms and wheezing that may lead to a chronic decline in lung function. Suspicion of a pulmonary infection in these immunosuppressed individuals should lead to an urgent diagnostic bronchoscopy and empiric antimicrobial therapy.
DT-ICAN: A Disruption-Tolerant Information-centric Ad-Hoc Network

Recently, Information-Centric Network (ICN) has been attracting much attention with its promising future as next-generation Internet architecture. While ICN is scalable and efficient in Internet, concerns are raised when ICN is deployed in frequently-disruptive vehicular ad-hoc networks. In this paper, we introduce DT-ICAN, which provides low-cost, bandwidth efficient network operations to conquer disruptions while preserving the context awareness of ICN. We implement DTICANSIM, an open-source simulator for DT-ICAN in Qual Net. We evaluate the trade-off between the performance gain in data availability and the overhead due to epidemic dissemination using real-world traces. Our results show that DT-ICAN improves the file retrieval rate by 45% compared to traditional multi-hop ICN in real-world scenario, proving the necessity of providing an opportunistic networking option when end-to-end connectivity is unavailable for VANET ICN.
Multivariable state feedback for output tracking MRAC for piecewise linear systems with relaxed design conditions

The adaptive state feedback control problem for multivariable piecewise linear systems with switched parameters is considered in this paper. A direct state feedback model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is developed based on high frequency gain matrix decompositions. This scheme relaxes a key design condition, namely the high frequency gain matrices sharing a common L matrix in their LDS decompositions, required by an existing adaptive control scheme. Under the usual slow system parameter switching condition, closed-loop stability (signal boundedness) and small output tracking error in the mean square sense are achieved. The proposed scheme is simulated on linearized NASA GTM models to demonstrate its effectiveness in tracking performance improvement. I. INTRODUCTION
The99mTc-labeled RBC scan: A diagnostic method for lower gastrointestinal bleeding

The experience with 62 /sub 99m/Tc-labeled in vivo scans performed for lower gastrointestinal bleeding is discussed. Thirty-seven scans were deemed positive. The tendency of scans to become positive correlated with observations of active bleeding. Five patients had fulminant hemorrhage, necessitating emergency operation. In this group, scanning accurately located the bleeding sources prior to intervention. Seven other patients having later operations bled less rapidly. The bleeding site was localized accurately by scanning in three of these patients. Two studies were falsely positive and two were negative, whereas angiography was positive in two patients studied. Labeled RBC scanning is a useful technique in the early evaluation of patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, obviating the need of arteriography in some cases.
Activation and inhibition of carboxypeptidase G1 by divalent cations

Abstract The metal requirements of carboxypeptidase G1, an exopeptidase derived from Pseudomonas stutzeri and active against glutamyl- and aspartyl-terminal peptides, have been investigated. When the enzyme is rendered metal-free by incubation with the chelating resin, Chelex 100, the resulting inactive enzyme is re-activated only by Zn2+, which produces a progressive increase in hydrolytic activity over the concentration range 10−7-5·10−5 M. Prior addition of heavy metals such as Co2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, or Mn2+ to the metal-free enzyme inhibits reconstitution of the active Zn2+ complex. Addition of these inhibitory cations to the fully constituted Zn2+-enzyme complex produces no inhibition. Atomic absorption analysis of the active enzyme indicates the binding of four atoms of Zn2+ per enzyme molecule, or two atoms to each of the two enzyme subunits. There was a partial irreversible loss of carboxypeptidase G1 activity following brief exposure to either a metal binding resin or low pH. In both instances, bovine serum albumin (10 mg/ml) substantially protected the enzyme from inactivation.
Investigation of Metal Flow in Non-Isothermal Forging Using Ring and Spike Tests

Summary The Finite Element Method based computer code ALPID has been used to simulate the deformation of ring and flange-shaft (spike) type parts under non-isothermal conditions. In case of rings, good correlation has been found between predictions and experimental data provided the friction factor and the heat transfer coefficient have realistic values. In case of spike forging, the effect of die chilling upon metal flow has been investigated for the different cases of heat transfer between the dies and the deforming billets from Ti6242 alloy. The results and the conclusions agree qualitatively with observations made in forging practice.
Differences in temporal appearance associated with activity in the chromatic and achromatic systems

The temporal appearances of spatially coincident increments that activate the chromatic or achromatic system are different. Whereas near-threshold stimuli that are detected by the chromatic system appear to come on gradually, increments detected by the achromatic system appear to flash or step on. This difference in perception is consistent with previous reports that show differences in the temporal properties of the two systems.
Insertion of dioxygen into a platinum-hydride bond to form a novel dialkylhydroperoxo Pt(IV) complex

The selective catalytic oxidation of alkanes using inexpensive and environmentally friendly oxidants is of immense interest to the chemical community and of great potential benefit to the world economy and ecology. Since the earliest reports that the oxidative addition of alkane C-H bonds to transition metal species can occur with high selectivities, substantial research effort has focused on the functionalization of the metal alkyl hydride products. The authors report that Pt(IV) dialkyl hydride complex reacts cleanly with dioxygen to produce a dialkyl Pt(IV) hydroperoxide species. Of potential relevance to the development of alkane oxidation systems is that the Pt(IV) dialkyl hydride reactant is analogous to compounds formed by intermolecular oxidative addition of alkane C-H bonds to Pt(II). The novel Pt(IV) product has been crystallographically characterized and displays an {eta}-hydroperoxide linkage.
The mechanism of renal transport and excretion of ethylenediaminetetraacetate with interspecies comparisons.

Abstract The renal transport and excretion of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was studied by conventional steady-state techniques in conscious dogs, calves, and rats. Concentrations of 250–400 μ m EDTA were maintained in the plasma during the period of study. The average ratio C EDTA /C inulin measured for the 3 species ranged from 0.94 to 0.97. The clearance ratio was unaffected by alterations in urine pH or rate of urine flow or by the administration of p -aminohippurate (PAH), probenecid, or N 1 -methyl nicotinamide. The intravenous injection of CaEDTA, producing initial plasma concentrations in excess of 1 m m , did not affect the renal clearance of either EDTA or inulin. Likewise, the administration of PAH was without effect on the distribution volume of EDTA in the body or its rate of disappearance from the plasma. The data indicate that the mechanism for the renal excretion of EDTA is glomerular filtration.
Quantifying Double-Strand Breaks and Clustered Damages in DNA by Single-Molecule Laser Fluorescence Sizing

Fluorescence from a single DNA molecule passing through a laser beam is proportional to the size (contour length) of the molecule, and molecules of different sizes can be counted with equal efficiencies. Single-molecule fluorescence can thus determine the average length of the molecules in a sample and hence the frequency of double-strand breaks induced by various treatments. Ionizing radiation-induced frank double-strand breaks can thus be quantified by single-molecule sizing. Moreover, multiple classes of clustered damages involving damaged bases and abasic sites, alone or in combination with frank single-strand breaks, can be quantified by converting them to double-strand breaks by chemical or enzymatic treatments. For a given size range of DNA molecules, single-molecule sizing is as or more sensitive than gel electrophoresis, and requires several orders-of-magnitude less DNA to determine damage levels.
Effects of chronic heart failure in rats on the recovery of microvascular PO2 after contractions in muscles of opposing fibre type

Chronic heart failure (CHF) impairs muscle O2 delivery (QO2) and, at a given O2 uptake (VO2), lowers microvascular O2 pressures (PmvO2: determined by the QO2-to-VO2 ratio), which may impair recovery of high-energy phosphates following exercise. Because CHF preferentially decreases QO2 to slow-twitch muscles, we hypothesized that recovery PmvO2 kinetics would be slowed to a greater extent in soleus (SOL: ∼84% type I fibres) than in peroneal (PER: ∼14% type I) muscles of CHF rats. PmvO2 dynamics were determined in SOL and PER muscles of control (CON: n= 6; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, LVEDP: ∼3 mmHg), moderate CHF (MOD: n= 7; LVEDP: ∼11 mmHg) and severe CHF (SEV: n= 4; LVEDP: ∼25 mmHg) following cessation of electrical stimulation (180 s; 1 Hz). In PER, neither the recovery PmvO2 values nor the mean response time (MRT; a weighted average of the time to 63% of the overall response) were altered by CHF (CON: 66.8 ± 8.0, MOD: 72.4 ± 11.8, SEV: 69.1 ± 9.5 s). In marked contrast, SOL PmvO2, at recovery onset, was reduced significantly in the SEV group (∼6 Torr) and PmvO2 MRT was slowed with increased severity of CHF (CON: 45.1 ± 5.3, MOD: 63.2 ± 9.4, SEV: 82.6 ± 12.3 s; P < 0.05 CON vs. MOD and SEV). These data indicate that CHF slows PmvO2 recovery following contractions and lowers capillary O2 driving pressure in slow-twitch SOL, but not in fast-twitch PER muscle. These results may explain, in part, the slowed recovery kinetics (phosphocreatine and VO2) and pronounced fatigue following muscular work in CHF patients.
2014 William Allan Award Introduction: Stuart Orkin1

It is a great pleasure and privilege to introduce Stuart Orkin, the 2014 recipient of the William Allan Award, the highest honor of our society. Orkin’s research is unmatched for its cumulative impact on the genetic basis of blood diseases and fundamental aspects of mammalian development. His work is a paradigm for the application of molecular genetics to medicine.
How to Fake 1000 Registers

Large numbers of logical registers can improve performance by allowing fast access to multiple subroutine contexts (register windows) and multiple thread contexts (multithreading). Support for both of these together requires a multiplicative number of registers that quickly becomes prohibitive. We overcome this limitation with the virtual context architecture (VCA), a new register-file architecture that virtualizes logical register contexts. VCA works by treating the physical registers as a cache of a much larger memory-mapped logical register space. Complete contexts, whether activation records or threads, are no longer required to reside in their entirety in the physical register file. A VCA implementation of register windows on a single-threaded machine reduces data cache accesses by 20%, providing the same performance as a conventional machine while requiring one fewer cache port. Using VCA to support multithreading enables a four-thread machine to use half as many physical registers without a significant performance loss. VCA naturally extends to support both multithreading and register windows, providing higher performance with significantly fewer registers than a conventional machine