cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The defective interfering particles of equine herpesvirus 1 encode an ICP22/ICP27 hybrid protein that alters viral gene regulation

The genomes of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) defective interfering (DI) particles that mediate persistent infection were shown to encode a unique hybrid open reading frame composed of sequences that encode the 196 N-terminal amino acids of ICP22 linked in-frame to the C-terminal 68 amino acids of ICP27. Previous studies demonstrated that this hybrid gene, designated as ICP22/ICP27. was expressed abundantly at both the mRNA and the protein levels in DI particle-enriched infections, but not in standard EHV-1 infection (Chen et al., 1996 J. Virol. 70, 313-320). Since the ICP22/ICP27 hybrid protein contains portions of two EHV-1 early regulatory proteins, its effect on EHV-1 gene regulation was investigated. In EHV-1-infected cells, the ICP22/ICP27 hybrid protein expressed from plasmid vectors significantly reduced expression of a reporter gene under the control of the EHV-1 immediate-early (IE) gene promoter and early gene promoter, such as the viral ICP27 gene. In uninfected cells, the ICP22/ICP27 hybrid protein moderately down-regulated the IE and ICP22 promoters, up-regulated late gene promoters such as IR5, and altered the regulatory function of the IE and 1CP22 proteins in co-transfected cells. These results demonstrated that DI particles might alter viral gene regulation by expression of a unique hybrid gene encoded on the DI particle genome.
Picrotoxin-Stramonium Antagonism

Conclusions1. Stramonium exhibits an antagonistic action toward the convulsant stimulation of picrotoxin in rats. 2. The antagonistic action of stramonium is limited by an evident stimulant effect in large doses upon the central nervous system. 3. It is suggested that the stimulant action of stramonium in large doses upon the central nervous system may be, in part at least, an explanation of the therapeutic value of stramonium upon the partially destroyed cells of the substantia nigra, in the large doses found desirable in Parkinsonism. 4. There is a possibility that the picrotoxin-stra-monium antagonism might serve as a means of the biological standardization of stramonium.
Hydrogen Embrittlement at Linden Generating Station

During the period from October, 1957, to November, 1961, seventeen waterwall tube failures of the hydrogen-embrittlement type occurred in the three oil-fired, high makeup boilers of No. 1 Unit at Linden Generating Station, which supply steam to an adjacent refinery via an extraction turbine. Further failures have apparently been prevented by (1) reducing heat input to the affected areas by the installation of studded tubes; and (2) improving boiler-water quality by closer control.
Wall Slip Corrections for Couette and Parallel Disk Viscometers

Often for slurries, gels, emulsions, and foams inhomogeneous fluid properties at solid boundaries create “apparent wall slip.” The reduced fluid viscosity at the boundary creates a thin layer of fluid having a large velocity gradient that can be treated as a “slipping layer”. In measurements of fluid viscosity it is necessary to correct for wall slip to determine the true deformation experienced by the bulk of the sample and the true viscosity. The classic earlier techniques for capillaries and Couette geometries were first presented by Mooney. We present a new analysis of the Couette geometry that requires only two measurements rather than the three used by Mooney. We also present a new analysis for flow between rotating parallel disks. The parallel disk geometry has several experimental advantages for measuring fluid viscosities in the presence of wall slip. The analysis of experimental data on a clay suspension and oil‐in‐water emulsion are presented to demonstrate these new techniques.
Synthesis and characterization of a series of sterically-hindered amidines and their lithium and magnesium complexes

A series of sterically hindered amidinate ligands containing terphenyl substituents at the carbon atom of the amidinate backbone have been synthesized in high yields; their lithium derivatives were prepared, including the first two examples of monodentate lithium amidinates. Additionally, two independent routes to magnesium amidinates have been developed, yielding both mono- and bis-amidinate magnesium complexes. The presence of substituents at the 2′, 6′, 2″, and 6″ positions on the terphenyl moieties attached to the amidinate backbone induces a strong steric effect. In the free-base amidines, equilibria between E-syn and Z-syn isomers were dependent upon the size of these groups, while in the lithium amidinates, the steric bulk of these ligands led to the formation of the first monodentate lithium amidinates. Finally, in the magnesium amidinates, short C–N bond lengths and reduced N–C–N bond angles were observed within the amidinate backbone.
Dietary implications of oral health decrements among African-American and white older adults.

Abstract Objective. Older African‐Americans are at disproportionate risk of chronic, nutritionally‐related diseases. To begin to understand factors that may contribute to the disproportionate prevalence of life‐threatening illnesses among African‐Americans, this study investigates ethnic differences in the prevalence of oral health decrements. Design. The Florida Dental Care Study (FDCS), a longitudinal study of changes in the oral health of 873 subjects age 45 +, was used to explore a broad range of oral health status differences between African‐American and White adults in the United States. The FDCS consists of clinical and self‐reported measures of oral health, sociodemographic information, and other indicators of oral functional status. Results. The prevalence of oral health decrements in this sample using a broad range of clinical and self‐reported measures was substantial. African‐American elders were at a heightened risk of poor oral health profiles, including having fewer teeth and being more lik...
Power, Civilization and the Psychology of Conscience

After the first world war, Paul Valery spoke for the entire generation when he observed that Western civilization had learned that it was mortal, and that “a civilization is as fragile as a life.” Thoughtful people discussed Oswald Spengler's work, began to criticize the idea of progress, revived cyclical theories of cultural decline, and were deeply stirred by the idea that Western civilization was in a state of decay. Since that time there has been no end to jeremiads and diagnoses judging that the crisis of our time is caused by the loss of spiritual convictions, the eclipse of transcendental values, the decline of morality, or the breakdown of traditional belief systems.Frequently, the writings in this genre have offered not sound diagnoses but merely truisms and dolorous representations of symptoms; nevertheless, concealed in them lurks a psychological truth. The breakdown in morality and traditional beliefs, stimulated by rapid social change, mass society and secularization, has helped to devitalize the psychological bearer of conscience and morality: the superego. Historically, the cultivation of the superego had propagated civilized men and a system of internal controls. Now the deterioration of the superego has brought crisis for political power and regression for civilization.
Directed nerve outgrowth is enhanced by engineered glial substrates

In the present study, the influence of astrocyte alignment on the direction and length of regenerating neurites was examined in vitro. Astrocytes were experimentally manipulated by different approaches to create longitudinally aligned monolayers. When cultured on the aligned monolayers, dorsal root ganglion neurites grew parallel to the long axis of the aligned astrocytes and were significantly longer than controls. Engineered monolayers expressed linear arrays of fibronectin, laminin, neural cell adhesion molecule, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that were organized parallel to one another, suggesting that a particular spatial arrangement of these molecules on the astrocyte surface may be necessary to direct nerve regeneration in vivo. In contrast, no bias in directional outgrowth was observed for neurites growing on unorganized monolayers. The results suggest that altering the organization of astrocytes and their scar-associated matrix at the lesion site may be used to influence the direction and the length of adjacent regenerating axons in the damaged brain and spinal cord.
Bubbling fluidized bed characterization using Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT)

Abstract Understanding the fundamentals of gas–solid fluidized beds and, in general, multiphase flows has been a significant task since the conception of gas–solid fluidization and fluid particle systems. Various measurement techniques have been applied in an attempt to better understand the fundamentals of the complex gas–solid flow structures that form in fluidized beds. This information may potentially provide a better design, scale-up, and operation of these systems as well as lead to accurate performance predictions of multiphase flow systems. Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) has now reached a point of development where these multiphase flow structures can be imaged accurately and reliably in three dimensions at good resolutions and sampling rates to provide significant insight into the internal gas–solid flow structures. A 10 cm ECVT sensor was used in order to investigate the bubble behavior of a 10 cm diameter bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) of 185 micron glass beads at various fluidization velocities. Three dimensional images of gas–solid flow structures as well as time average vertical and radial solid fraction profiles are presented in this paper, and average bubble diameter and bubble frequency are discussed and compared to various correlations available in the published literature.
Task-Based Assessment of Phase-Contrast Mammography

Theoretical and computational techniques are used to assess imaging system parameters and investigate the contributions of phase and absorption contrast to object detectability measures in propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast mammography.
Using video representations of teaching in practice-based professional development programs

This article explores how video can be used in practice-based professional development (PD) programs to serve as a focal point for teachers’ collaborative exploration of the central activities of teaching. We argue that by choosing video clips, posing substantive questions, and facilitating productive conversations, professional developers can guide teachers to examine central aspects of learning and instruction. We draw primarily from our experiences developing and studying two mathematics PD programs, the Problem-Solving Cycle (PSC) and Learning and Teaching Geometry (LTG). While both programs feature classroom video in a central role, they illustrate different approaches to practice-based PD. The PSC, an adaptive model of PD, provides a framework within which facilitators tailor activities to suit their local context. By contrast, LTG is a highly specified model of PD, which details in advance particular learning goals, design characteristics, and extensive support materials for facilitators. We propose a continuum of video use in PD from highly adaptive to highly specified and consider the affordances and constraints of different approaches exemplified by the PSC and LTG programs.
The Path Constitution of Technology Artifacts and Organizational Routines: A Morphogenetic Approach

The concept of “path-dependence” has been largely adopted in management and organization theory to indicate how “history matters” in explaining strategic or operational persistence. In contrast, the notion of” path-creation” has been advocated to emphasize the role of human agency and deliberate choice and action. The paper aims at understanding the emergence of both phenomena at very micro-level through examining how the co-evolutionary trajectories (e.g. the path constitution) of organizational routines and its embedded technology artifacts shape a path-dependent or path-breaking dynamic. In addressing the socio-material nature of organizational routines, a critical realistic perspective is explicitly embraced since it is well-suited to explore the technological artifact in both its material and social dimensions. In addition, a morphogenetic approach is adopted to trace the temporal unfolding dynamics that embedded technology and routines. Coherently with critical realism, technology is treated as a dy...
Net Zero Housing: The Architects' Small House Service Bureau and Contemporary Sustainable Single-Family House Design Methods for the United States

Perhaps, the single biggest issue facing the design professions in the United States, and interior design in particular, is consumption. According to Phil Harrison, President and CEO of Perkins + Will (2010), architects today can easily handle the challenges of sustainable materials, water, and site using known technologies. The major challenge to sustainability is to produce a zero energy use, carbon-neutral solutions. Harrison argues there is no excuse for architects and designers in the twenty-first century not to use the easily available innovative water strategies, nontoxic, renewable, and recyclable materials and apply common knowledge about how to best site a building to maximize natural daylighting, prevailing winds, and sun cycles for thermal heating and natural cooling. This paper addresses how the approach of the Architects' Small House Service Bureau (ASHSB) to single-family houses during the early twentieth century offers a significant model for addressing some of the challenges of net zero carbon housing solutions and sustainable houses in the United States. The ASHSB incorporated in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1919 in response to the need for affordable small houses that were also designed well. The principles upon which the ASHSB defined design excellence inform today's need for sustainable and smaller single-family house design. Members of the ASHSB dedicated themselves to the production of small house designs that maximized materials, minimized waste, and capitalized on synergies with manufacturers and builders. The members believed in social equity, economy, and ecology—the three-part approach informing twenty-first century sustainable design, including residential design efforts. Thus, the organization and its members' designs provide a template for how to approach this daunting issue.
New fluorescence probes for monitoring the kinetics of laser‐initiated polymerization

Several new fluorescence probes useful for following photopolymerization have been characterized. Among these are probes which can be used in rapidly gelling monomer mixtures and for photochemical polymerization initiated by very high laser powers. Systems which can be used with polyolacrylates and either with visible initiators or with UV initiators are reported. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaporative water loss and tissue dehydration of hamsters in the heat.

Abstract 1. 1. Male golden hamsters exposed to 40°C could maintain body temperature below 43.5°C for 2–3 hr and evaporated an average of 10 mg H2O/g · hr. 2. 2. The evaporation of saliva groomed onto body surfaces accounted for 70 per cent of all evaporation while estimates of respiratory and cutaneous evaporation accounted for 22 and 8 per cent respectively. 3. 3. Desalivation greatly reduced evaporative water loss and heat tolerance. Both the submaxillary-sublingual and parotid glands secreted hypotonic saliva and either set alone produced sufficient saliva to significantly increase evaporative water loss. 4. 4. Water losses were initially supplied by the loss of plasma water. Relative dehydration from vascular, muscular and cutaneous water compartments at the onset of heat exhaustion was less severe in the hamster than in the laboratory rat but hamster muscle and skin contained less water before heat stress than rat tissues. 5. 5. The skin of the hamster contained significantly more fat than the skin of the laboratory rat and kangaroo rat and was better vascularized. The relative thickness of the stratum corneum was significantly thicker and the ventral skin less vascularized in the kangaroo rat than in either the hamster or laboratory rat.
Cilia-driven fluid flow in the zebrafish pronephros, brain and Kupffer's vesicle is required for normal organogenesis

Cilia, as motile and sensory organelles, have been implicated in normal development, as well as diseases including cystic kidney disease, hydrocephalus and situs inversus. In kidney epithelia, cilia are proposed to be non-motile sensory organelles, while in the mouse node, two cilia populations, motile and non-motile have been proposed to regulate situs. We show that cilia in the zebrafish larval kidney, the spinal cord and Kupffer's vesicle are motile, suggesting that fluid flow is a common feature of each of these organs. Disruption of cilia structure or motility resulted in pronephric cyst formation, hydrocephalus and left-right asymmetry defects. The data show that loss of fluid flow leads to fluid accumulation, which can account for organ distension pathologies in the kidney and brain. In Kupffer's vesicle, loss of flow is associated with loss of left-right patterning, indicating that the 'nodal flow' mechanism of generating situs is conserved in non-mammalian vertebrates.
Large-scale atomistic simulations of nanoindentation and crack propagation under compression

Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed on parallel computers to study nanoindentation-induced amorphization in silicon carbide crystal. The load-displacement response exhibits an elastic shoulder followed by a plastic regime consisting of a series of load drops. Analyses of bond angles, local pressure and shear stress, and shortest-path rings show that these load drops are related to dislocation activities under the indenter. We have found that amorphization is driven by the coalescence of dislocation loops and that there is a strong correlation between load-displacement response and ring distribution. Current efforts focus on large-scale MD simulations of (a) nanoindentation in amorphous and nanophase SiC and (b) crack propagation in amorphous and nanostructured SiO/sub 2/ under compression.
The influence of the 11‐year solar cycle on the quasi‐biennial oscillation

[1] The zonally averaged CHEM2D photochemical-dynamical middle atmosphere model is used to investigate the effect of the 11-year cycle in solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiance on the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in equatorial lower stratospheric zonal wind. Model calculations show the duration of the westerly (easterly) phase of the modeled QBO is ∼1 month shorter (longer) at solar maximum than at solar minimum. This effect is most apparent when the modeled QBO period is 28 months, and it is dependent on the magnitude of the imposed solar UV variations. The model results also show that a realistic simulation of the semi-annual oscillation in equatorial zonal wind is necessary to produce solar cycle changes in QBO behavior. This is the first fully interactive modeling study to show that changes in solar UV can influence the behavior of the QBO, and lends support to the current working theory of sun-climate connections.
The impact of information technology on performance in the not-for-profit sector

Abstract The relation between IT usage and performance has been a central question in the AIS literature since the late 1990s. Empirical research has not yet examined whether organizational-level differences in how IT is used are associated with performance, nor whether the lagged performance effects found in for-profit settings carry over to a not-for-profit setting. Spending on information technology (IT) in K-12 schools has grown significantly in the U.S. over the past decade and performance in this sector has significant spillover effects in other sectors. This study examines the effects on performance of a change in how IT is used on a continuum from an automation role to an informating/transforming approach. A sample of over 6300 organizations (schools) having over 700,000 students in grades 3, 8 and 11 is examined. Both short-term (year-over-year) and longer-term (four-year) performance effects are investigated. We find that a change in how IT is used is associated with an increase in performance in two of the three school levels, and that these mean effects are comparable in magnitude to those found for IT spending in for-profit settings. These effects only become positive after four years, and vary across school level. This is the first study to provide large sample evidence of the performance effect of a change in how IT is used at the organizational level. This has significant implications for research investigating the effects of investments in IT on organizational performance and for stakeholders including policy makers, managers, legislators and taxpayers.
Social change and conservation misrepresentation in Africa

Concomitant with the increasing denouncement of African game legislation as inappropriate law imposed by a former colonial authority, is the attack upon traditional, i.e. total protection, practice of conservation. It is increasingly argued by a school of neo-populist thinkers, that local people should be allowed to exploit protected areas in accordance with their own traditions and beliefs. Examples of alleged injustice or practice are consistently misrepresented with a view to replacing traditional conservation practice with left-wing political dogma, proponents claiming a mandate from the Caracas 1992 IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas.
Small parachute flight data acquisition system

Sandia National Laboratories does extensive parachute design and testing. In support of that work, Sandia's Telemetry Department has designed and fielded a small, inexpensive data acquisition system. The system has been used in over fifty parachute and water entry tests. It consists of a microprocessor controlled unit which digitizes up to eight channels of signal-conditioned analog data and stores the data in memory for readout after the test. The system is also capable of doing control functions such as releasing the parachute at a predetermined time after unit release. 4 refs., 7 figs.
Pregnancy after hemipelvectomy: a case report and review of the literature

Hemipelvectomy is a most radical attempt at cure of malignant tumors of the pelvis and the upper portion of the femur. Pregnancy following this severely mutilating operation is rare. Despite the considerable loss of pelvic support patients do remarkably well. A case of pregnancy following hemipelvectomy is presented and represents the 16th report in the English literature. The anatomic consequences of hemipelvectomy are described and a review of the past 61 years experience with pregnancy following this operation is presented.
Nuclear factor-κB is upregulated in colorectal cancer

Background. Chemoresistance may involve the anti-apoptotic transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The purpose of this study was to determine whether chemotherapy induces NF-κB activation in a human colon cancer cell line (SW48) and whether NF-κB is constitutively activated in colorectal cancer. Methods. SW48 cells were incubated with gemcitabine hydrochloride (Gemzar) in the presence and absence of the 26s proteasome inhibitor, MG132, and NF-κB binding (electrophoretic mobility shift assay), DNA synthesis (tritiated thymidine uptake), cell viability (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay), and apoptosis (caspase-3 activity) were measured at 24 hours. NF-κB binding (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) was also assayed in 10 colorectal cancer tumors. Results. SW48 cells demonstrated constitutive NF-κB binding that was enhanced by gemcitabine hydrochloride in a dose-dependent manner. MG132 inhibited NF-κB binding and enhanced gemcitabine hydrochloride's inhibition of DNA synthesis (gemcitabine hydrochloride = 73% ± 1.4% vs gemcitabine hydrochloride + MG132 = 6% ± 0.4%, P <.05), cell killing (gemcitabine hydrochloride = 87% ± 2.0 vs gemcitabine hydrochloride + MG132 = 25% ± 1.3%, P <.05), and caspase-3 activity (gemcitabine hydrochloride = 870 ± 17.4 vs gemcitabine hydrochloride + MG132 = 1075 ± 20.4, P <.05). NF-κB binding was increased in 8 of 10 colorectal cancer tumors compared with adjacent normal mucosa. Conclusions. Gemcitabine hydrochloride enhances NF-κB binding in a colorectal cancer cell line, whereas inhibition of NF-κB enhances gemcitabine hydrochloride's antitumor activity. NF-κB is also activated in human colorectal cancer. NF-κB may identify chemoresistant tumors, whereas inhibition of NF-κB may be a novel, biologically based therapy. (Surgery 2001;130:363-9).
Minor constituents in planetary atmospheres: Ultraviolet spectroscopy from the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory data between 2000 and 3600 A, obtained by the Wisconsin Experimental Package objective grating scanning spectrometer, are used to set upper limits to the abundances of many minor constituents in the atmospheres of Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Venus.
Non-perturbative effects in heavy quarkonia

The effect of a non-zero vacuum gluon-condensate on heavy quarkonia is discussed. As a function of the quark mass, it is determined which low lying levels of the spectrum are dominated by the one-gluon-exchange potential.
Interaction of human osteoblasts with bioinert and bioactive ceramic substrates.

The objective of this study was to compare adhesion, replication, and differentiation of human osteoblasts (OPC1 cell line) on two different ceramic substrates: a bioinert alumina (A12O3), and a bioactive hydroxyapatite (HAp). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning microscopy were used to assess production and distribution of specific osteoblast proteins. Cells grew readily on HAp and alumina. On alumina and HAp, OPC1 cells produced distinctive cell-to-cell and cell-to-scaffold filopodia and microextensions. OPC1 cells proliferated faster on HAp than on alumina substrates. Adhesion was further assessed by observing production of the protein vinculin. On alumina, vinculin was detected throughout the cytoplasm, with some peripheral punctate regions. On HAp, OPC1 cells developed few punctate peripheral regions of vinculin; rather, the protein was strongly localized within the cytoplasm. Finally, we measured accumulation of the marker osteopontin (OPN). OPN was first detectable on day 5 and increased through day 11 of culture on alumina. OPC1 cells on HAp produced substantial amounts of OPN beginning at day 5, with apparent secretion from the cells by culture day 11. These results suggest that the function of osteoblasts is strongly affected by the properties of ceramic surfaces, and rapid attachment of osteoblasts may result in earlier differentiation on HAp than on alumina. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Nanorose and lipid detection in atherosclerotic plaque using dual-wavelength photothermal wave imaging

Atherosclerosis and specifically rupture of vulnerable plaques account for 23% of all deaths worldwide, far surpassing both infectious diseases and cancer. In atherosclerosis, macrophages can infiltrate plaques which are often associated with lipid deposits. Photothermal wave imaging is based on the periodic thermal modulation of a sample using intensity modulated light. Intensity modulated light enters the sample and is absorbed by targeted chromophores and generates a periodic thermal modulation. We report use of photothermal wave imaging to visualize nanoroses (taken up by macrophages via endocytosis) and lipids in atherosclerotic plaques. Two excitation wavelengths were selected to image nanoroses (800 nm) and lipids (1210 nm). Atherosclerotic plaque in a rabbit abdominal artery was irradiated (800 nm and 1210 nm separately) at a frequency of 4 Hz to generate photothermal waves. The radiometric temperature at the tissue surface was recorded by an infrared (IR) camera over a 10 second time period at the frame rate of 25.6 Hz. Extraction of images (256 × 256 pixels) at various frequencies was performed by Fourier transform at each pixel. Frequency amplitude images were obtained corresponding to 800 nm and 1210 nm laser irradiation. Computed images suggest that the distributions of both nanorose and lipid can be identified in amplitude images at a frequency of 4 Hz. Nanoroses taken up by macrophages are distributed at the edges of lipid deposits. Observation of high concentration of nanoroses in atherosclerotic plaque confirms that nanoroses are present at locations associated with lipid deposits.
Theory of the Lithium Two-Alpha-Reactions. I. Angular Distribution of Li 7 ( p , α ) α

The reactions ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha})\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d,\ensuremath{\alpha})\ensuremath{\alpha}$ have a special interest because the Bose statistics and consequent even parity of the final pair of alphas simplifies the analysis. It is assumed on reasonable grounds that ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ has odd parity and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ even. This means that only $p,f\ensuremath{\cdots}$ protons entering ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ are relevant to this reaction and only entering $s,d\ensuremath{\cdots}$ deuterons of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$. An expression for the energy variation of the angular distribution in the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ reaction is derived from the dispersion formula, with the specific assumption that only two levels of the compound nucleus, having angular momentum 0 and 2, are important in the range of energies employed in the experiments. (An alternative assumption is investigated but is more involved and it is considered less plausible.) The angular factor is $1+A(E){cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}+B(E){cos}^{4}\ensuremath{\theta}$. A formula for $A(E)$ as far as it results from entering $p$ waves has been derived previously by Critchfield and Teller, but it may not be adjusted to fit the data in the energy range up to 3 Mev even within the rather large experimental uncertainty. The effect of entering $f$ waves is also included in the present analysis, and this contribution is not only essential to the existence of $B(E)$ but also makes it possible to obtain agreement with the recent measurements of $A(E)$. Certain matrix elements are treated as arbitrary parameters in obtaining this fit. In addition to the low-energy node apparent in the early data, a second node of $A(E)$ is required at higher energy. The formula derived for $B(E)$ contains the same resonance denominator as does $A(E)$ and is compatible with the present experimental results. The contrasting facts, first that the easy entrance of $s$ waves makes the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d,\ensuremath{\alpha})\ensuremath{\alpha}$ reaction symmetric at very low energies and second that the $p$ waves responsible for the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ reaction at low energies may introduce asymmetry, are associated in a simple way with the qualitative experimental observation that both $A(E)$ and $B(E)$ rise more quickly in the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ reaction than in the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ reaction as the bombarding energy is increased from zero. Presentation of a detailed formulation of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ reaction is deferred until a later paper.
Nonlinear Kinematic Tolerance Analysis of Planar Higher Pairs

This paper presents a nonlinear kinematic tolerance analysis algorithm for higher pairs based on configuration space construction. The input is a pair of planar parts whose profiles consist of line and circle segments. Each part translates along a planar axis or rotates around an orthogonal axis. The part shapes and motion axes are parameterized by a vector of tolerance parameters with range limits. The algorithm constructs a generalized configuration space, called a contact zone, that bounds the worst-case kinematic variation over the tolerance parameter range. The zone specifies the variation of the pair at every configuration and in every operating mode. It reveals qualitative changes in kinematic function, such as jamming, that can be caused by parameter variations. Case studies show that the algorithm is more accurate and detects more failure modes than a prior algorithm that computes a linear approximation of the contact zone.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The cast aluminum denture base. Part II: Technique

A technique to wax-up and cast an aluminum base and a method to incorporate the base into the final denture base has been discussed. This technique does not use induction casting, rather it uses two casting ovens and a centrifugal casting machine.
XANES analysis of organic residues produced from the UV irradiation of astrophysical ice analogs

Organic residues formed in the laboratory from the ultraviolet (UV) photo-irradiation or ion bombardment of astrophysical ice analogs have been extensively studied for the last 15 years with a broad suite of techniques, including infrared (IR) and UV spectroscopies, as well as mass spectrometry. Analyses of these materials show that they consist of complex mixtures of organic compounds stable at room temperature, mostly soluble, that have not been fully characterized. However, the hydrolysis products of these residues have been partly identified using chromatography techniques, which indicate that they contain molecular precursors of prebiotic interest such as amino acids, nitrile-bearing compounds, and amphiphilic compounds. In this study, we present the first X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy measurements of three organic residues made from the UV irradiation of ices having different starting compositions. XANES spectra confirm the presence of different chemical functions in these residues, and indicate that they are rich in nitrogenand oxygen-bearing species. These data can be compared with XANES measurements of extraterrestrial materials. Finally, this study also shows how soft X rays can alter the chemical composition of samples.
Fundamental Concepts of Probability

(a) Filtrations of a Measurable Space. Let (Ω, ℱ) be a measurable space, and let (I, ≤) be a linearly ordered set. A filtration of (Ω, ℱ) is a map t↦ℱ(t) from I into the class of sub σ algebras of ℱ, increasing in the sense that If (Ω, ℱ, ℱ(•)) is a filtered measurable space and if the index set I is an interval in ℝ ordered by ≤, define ℱ+(t)= ⋂ s>t ℱ(s) for tin I to get a filtration ℱ+(•) with ℝ (t)⊂ℱ+(t) for t in I. The filtration ℱ(•) is said to be right continous if ℱ(•)=ℱ+(•). In particular, ℱ+(•) is necessarily right continous.
Peripheral neuropathies in clinical practice

Based on the history and physical examination, it is often possible to arrive at a relatively specific diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. The clinical history and examination are often sufficient to create a more focused and appropriate laboratory evaluation, counseling for the patient as to long-term prognosis, and options for clinical management.
On the Construction of Multivariate (pre) Wavelets

A new approach for the construction of wavelets and prewavelets on R d from multiresolution is presented. The method uses only properties of shift- invariant spaces and orthogonal projectors from L2(R d) onto these spaces, and requires neither decay nor stability of the scaling function. Furthermore, this approach allows a simple derivation of previous, as well as new, constructions of wavelets, and leads to a complete resolution of questions concerning the nature of the intersection and the union of a scale of spaces to be used in a multi- resolution. We present a new approach for the construction of wavelets and prewavelets on R a from multiresolution. Our method, which is based on our earlier work (BDR), (BDR1), uses only properties of shift-invariant spaces and orthogonal projectors from L2(R a) onto these spaces, and requires neither decay nor stability of the scaling function. Furthermore, this approach allows us to derive in a simple way previous constructions of wavelets, as well as new constructions, and to settle completely certain basic questions about multiresolution. A univariate function ~ E L2(R ) is called an orthogonal wavelet if its normalized, translated dilates ~kj.k:= 2k/2r j, k rZ, form an orthonormal basis for L~(R). In other words, this system is complete and satisfies the orthogonality conditions
Does It Take Democrats to Democratize? Lessons From Islamic and Secular Elite Values in Turkey

Do political-Islamic elites need to be democrats for participation in democracy, how do their values compare to secular elites’, and how do their values change through participation and affect democratization itself? A comparative-systematic content analysis of three Islamic-conservative and two pro-secular Turkish newspapers over nine years shows that, overall, political-Islamic elites adopt democratic political values. Furthermore, they began to view that liberal-democratic rights and freedoms serve their interests. However, value democratization, and, thus, moderation and democratization, is not a linear and inexorable process automatically resulting from participation or socioeconomic development. It occurs through ruptures such as conflicts with secular actors, and interdependently through the interactions of secular and religious actors. Hence, religious actors’ adoption of more democracy may paradoxically make some secular actors less democratic. The consolidation of pluralistic democracy requires ...
Not the Power to Destroy: An Effects Theory of the Tax Power

The Supreme Court’s “new federalism” decisions impose modest limits on the regulatory authority of Congress under the Commerce Clause. According to those decisions, the Commerce Clause empowers Congress to use penalties to regulate interstate commerce, but not to regulate noncommercial conduct. What prevents Congress from penalizing non-commercial conduct by calling a penalty a tax and invoking the Taxing Clause? The only obstacle is the distinction between a penalty and a tax for purposes of Article I, Section 8. In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (NFIB), the Court considered whether the minimum coverage provision in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) imposes a penalty or a tax by requiring most individuals to either buy health insurance or make a payment to the Internal Revenue Service. Writing for the Court, Chief Justice Roberts concluded that the minimum coverage payment is a tax for constitutional purposes, even though Congress called it a penalty. This Article develops an effects theory to distinguish between penalties and taxes. We believe that it provides the best theoretical justification of the tax-power holding in NFIB. The effect of a penalty is to prevent conduct, thereby raising little revenue, whereas the effect of a tax is to dampen conduct, thereby raising revenue. Three opposing characteristics of an exaction give incentives for preventing or dampening conduct, and thus provide criteria for distinguishing between penalties and taxes. A pure penalty condemns the actor for wrongdoing; she must pay more than the usual gain from the forbidden conduct; and she must pay at an increasing rate with intentional or repeated violations. Condemnation coerces expressively and relatively high rates with enhancements coerce materially. Alternatively, a pure tax permits a person to engage in the taxed conduct; she must pay an exaction that is less than the usual gain from the taxed conduct; and intentional or repeated conduct does not enhance the rate. Permission does not coerce expressively and relatively low rates without enhancements do not coerce materially. The ACA’s required payment for non-insurance has a penalty’s expression and a tax’s materiality. Its constitutional identity depends on the reasonable expectations of Congress concerning its effect. If Congress could have reasonably concluded that the exaction will dampen — but not prevent — the general class of conduct subject to it and thereby raise revenue, then courts should interpret it as a tax regardless of what the statute calls it. If Congress could have reasonably concluded only that the exaction will prevent the conduct of almost all people subject to it and thereby raise little or no revenue, then courts should interpret it as a penalty. In the case of the minimum coverage provision, the Congressional Budget Office predicts that the exaction for non-insurance will dampen uninsured behavior but not prevent it, thereby raising several billion dollars in revenue each year. Accordingly, the exaction is a tax for purposes of the tax power. Draft of March 10, 2012 online.
Adaptive co-channel speech separation and recognition

An improved technique of co-channel speech separation, S-AADP/LMS, and its integration with automatic speech recognition is presented. The S-AADF/LMS technique is based on the algorithms of accelerated adaptive decorrelation filtering (AADP) and LMS noise cancellation, where a switching between the two algorithms is made depending upon the active/inactive status of the co-channel signal sources. The AADF improves the previous adaptive decorrelation algorithm in terms of system stability and estimation efficiency, and leads to better estimation of time-varying and reverberant channels. The S-AADF/LMS further improves the estimation accuracy when only one source signal remains active during certain periods of time. A coherence-function based source signal detection algorithm is also presented, which is successfully used in the switching between AADF and LMS and in extracting speech signals from leakage-corrupted background. Experiments were conducted under a simulated environment based on the measurements made of certain real room-acoustic conditions, and the results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technique for co-channel speech separation and recognition.
n-Channel MISFETs on long wavelength p-Hg 1-x Cd x Te

Depletion mode MISFETs have been fabricated and operated on long wavelength (λ c = 11.0 µm) Hg 1-x cd x Te for the first time. Current voltage characteristics of the devices are presented and discussed. The surface mobility of electrons has been calculated from these data to be \sim 6 \times 10^{4} cm2/Vs the highest ever observed on a Hg 1-x Cd x Te to MISFET. Small signal parameters are also derived from current voltage characteristics. The operation of a Hg 1-x cd x Te MISFET as an amplifier with gain is demonstrated, and data on a fully integrated Hg 1-x cd x Te source follower circuit is presented and discussed.
Cognitive packet networks: QoS and performance

Reliability, security, scalability and QoS (quality-of-service) have become key issues as we envision the future Internet. The paper presents the "cognitive packet network" (CPN) architecture in which intelligent peer-to-peer routing is carried out with the help of "smart packets" based on best-effort QoS goals. Since packetized voice has stringent QoS requirements, we then discuss the choice of a "goal" and "reward" function for this application and present experiments we have conducted for "voice over CPN". Its performance is detailed via several measurements, and the resulting QoS is compared with that of the IP routing protocol under identical conditions showing the gain resulting from the use of CPN.
Do Risk Factors Explain the Increased Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Among California Asian Adults

Asian subgroup-specific information on type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is scarce. Using the California Health Interview Survey 2007 data, we examined Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Filipinos, and Vietnamese adults (n = 3,688) and Caucasian adults (n = 33,981) for the prevalence of DM and risk factors. The age-adjusted prevalence of DM was the highest among Filipinos (8.05%) followed by Japanese (7.07%), Vietnamese (7.03%), and Koreans (6.3%). Chinese (5.93%) was the only Asian group studied whose prevalence was lower than Caucasians (5.94%). From multiple logistic regression, after adjusting for risk factors, Japanese had the highest likelihood of DM (OR = 1.75, CI = [1.12-2.73], P < 0.05), followed by Filipinos (1.66, [1.13-2.43], P < 0.01), and Koreans (1.59, [1.00-2.52], P < 0.05), relative to Caucasians. Our results suggest that even after accounting for lifestyle and other risk factor differences between Caucasians and key Asian subgroups in California, Japanese, Filipinos, and Koreans have a 1.6-1.75 greater likelihood of DM compared to Caucasians.
Autologous bone grafting with adjunctive use of acellular dermal matrix for alveolar cleft defects: early outcomes.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Alveolar bone grafting remains the standard for alveolar cleft repair. Compromised oral and/or nasal closure may impede healing and result in graft failure or persistent fistulae. Incorporating acellular dermal matrix into these repairs may protect the bone graft during mucosal healing by providing an additional layer of soft tissue coverage. Methods: A retrospective review of alveolar bone grafts undertaken at our cleft–craniofacial center from 2005 to 2007 was performed. The use of acellular dermal matrix for nasal and/or oral lining augmentation was determined. A minimum 3 months' follow-up was required for inclusion. Outcomes included (1) mucosal disruption, (2) time to complete mucosal healing, (3) bone graft exposure, (4) postoperative bone graft incorporation using the Chelsea scale, and (5) canine eruption through the graft site. Results: In total, 35 patients were included. Of those, 15 patients (four girls, 11 boys; seven Veau III, eight Veau IV) received acellul...
Identifying Signatures of Selection in Genetic Time Series

Both genetic drift and natural selection cause the frequencies of alleles in a population to vary over time. Discriminating between these two evolutionary forces, based on a time series of samples from a population, remains an outstanding problem with increasing relevance to modern data sets. Even in the idealized situation when the sampled locus is independent of all other loci, this problem is difficult to solve, especially when the size of the population from which the samples are drawn is unknown. A standard χ(2)-based likelihood-ratio test was previously proposed to address this problem. Here we show that the χ(2)-test of selection substantially underestimates the probability of type I error, leading to more false positives than indicated by its P-value, especially at stringent P-values. We introduce two methods to correct this bias. The empirical likelihood-ratio test (ELRT) rejects neutrality when the likelihood-ratio statistic falls in the tail of the empirical distribution obtained under the most likely neutral population size. The frequency increment test (FIT) rejects neutrality if the distribution of normalized allele-frequency increments exhibits a mean that deviates significantly from zero. We characterize the statistical power of these two tests for selection, and we apply them to three experimental data sets. We demonstrate that both ELRT and FIT have power to detect selection in practical parameter regimes, such as those encountered in microbial evolution experiments. Our analysis applies to a single diallelic locus, assumed independent of all other loci, which is most relevant to full-genome selection scans in sexual organisms, and also to evolution experiments in asexual organisms as long as clonal interference is weak. Different techniques will be required to detect selection in time series of cosegregating linked loci.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Basically, the World Wide Web is a distributed hypermedia system, with information stored in the form of web pages, which are linked to each other using web links (better known by their official names URI or URL). This property of the web makes it necessary to have a means of accessing remote information from any system retrieving information from the web’s database (which is formed by all web pages which are available world wide). This method of accessing remote information is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is one of the key components of the web. The underlying model of the protocol is that of a client/server architecture, where the client wants to retrieve some information from the web and contacts a web server to do so.