cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Through-Substrate Interconnects for 3-D ICs, RF Systems, and MEMS

Through-wafer interconnects can be used to alleviate interconnect scaling issues, ground inductance in Si RFICs, MEMS packaging, and SiP applications. The authors developed a through-substrate interconnect technology with resistance les10, record-low inductance, and sidewall capacitance that approaches theoretical values. Constructing a Faraday cage using through-substrate vias substantially reduced substrate noise for mixed-signal and system-on-chip applications. Equivalent circuit simulations of the Faraday cage provided insight into the substrate noise reduction mechanism
Absolute Rate Constants and Yields of Transients from Hydroxyl Radical and H Atom Attack on Glycine and Methyl Substituted Glycine Anions

The reaction of the amino acid anions, R2N−CR2−CO2- (R = H or methyl), with •OH radicals and H• atoms was quantified with respect to the site of attack, the respective absolute rate constants, and the yields of the primary transients generated in these processes. The method applied was pulse radiolysis with time-resolved optical detection. Specifically investigated amino acids were glycine, alanine, α-methylalanine and N,N-dimethylglycine. Absolute overall rate constants, as determined from the growth of UV absorptions and competition with carbonate, ranged from (1.7−3.6) × 109 M-1 s-1 for the reaction of •OH with the anions of these amino acids, and (0.1−1) × 108 M-1 s-1 for the corresponding reaction with the respective zwitterions. H• atoms react with amino acid anions containing Cα−H bonds with a rate constant of 1.4 × 108 M-1 s-1, whereas k < 107 M-1 s-1 was estimated for the reaction with α-methylalanine. The primary transient radicals from these reactions include aminyl radicals (RN•-CR2−CO2-), α-a...
Early results after pediatric cardiac transplantation with triple immunosuppression therapy

Pediatric heart transplant recipients were previously reported to have higher early mortality and morbidity than do adult patients treated with triple immunosuppression therapy (steroids, azathioprine and cyclosporine). Nineteen patients (11 infants and 8 older children) underwent orthotopic transplantation using triple immunosuppression therapy. Surveillance for cellular rejection and coronary arteriopathy was performed with endomyocardial biopsy and selective coronary angiography in all patients, with continuous monitoring for hypertension and serious infection. Seventeen of 19 patients (89%; 10 infants and 7 older children) are current survivors, with a median follow-up of 29 months (range 17 to 94). There were 5 and 7 episodes of rejection in the first 12 months after transplantation in the infant and older groups, respectively, for actuarial freedom-from-rejection rates of 65% at 3 months and 54% at 12 months. Severe coronary arteriopathy was detected in 1 infant 11 months after transplantation. In the first 12 months after transplantation, there were 3 hospitalizations for infection, and 2 patients needed treatment for hypertension in the infant group, compared with 1 hospitalization for infection, and 4 patients on antihypertensives in the older group. An increased prevalence of noninfectious complications in the infant group led to significantly longer postoperative stays than in the older group (mean 27.3 vs 19.4 days; p < 0.05). The results indicate that cardiac transplantation using triple immunosuppression therapy in infants, children and adolescents is associated with a high survival rate, and low rates of rejection and serious infection.
High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of α-quartz

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments on α-quartz at pressures to 15 GPa reveal structural instabilities that result in its gradual transition to an amorphous state. With increasing pressure the average SiO distance (≈ 1.61 ± 0.01 A) and SiO4 tetrahedral volume (≈ 2.14 ± 0.02 A3 remain constant. Compression of α-quartz results from a dramatic decrease in SiOSi angle and corresponding decrease in inter-tetrahedral (i.e., OO) distances. The onset of amorphization coincides with bending of all SiOSi angles to less than 120° and severe distortion of SiO4 tetrahedra, as oxygens approach a close-packed configuration.
Memory-dependent orientable nonlocal micropolar fluids

Abstract Experiments on polymeric fluids squeezed in microscopic size channels have shown that near the walls orientational and nonlocal effects changes viscosity drastically. In this paper, I develop a nonlocal theory of memory-dependent micropolar fluids with orientational effects. Balance laws are given. Constitutive equations are obtained and thermodynamical restrictions are studied. The solution of the channel flow problem provides an illustrative example. Viscosity predicted is compared favorably with experiments.
Extracellular adenosine signaling in molecular medicine

Biochemically, adenosine belongs to a group of molecules referred to as purines. Purines are heterocyclic aromatic molecules that are among the oldest and most influential biochemical compounds in evolutionary history [1]. They are critical building blocks of the genetic code, and therefore the substrate of life, as represented by DNA. These relatively simple molecules are composed from adenine and guanine, and without these molecules, life as we know it would not be possible [2]. In a wide sense, purines are central to the self-sustained and reproducible existence of nucleotide–protein systems, which form cells and tissues that ultimately resulted in an appearance of Homo sapiens [2]. As such, the purine adenosine is well recognized as molecular building block of the genetic code or as part of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the universal energy currency of biological reactions [3]. Beyond these function, Alan Drury and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi from the University of Cambridge introduced in 1929 the idea that purines could also function as extracellular signaling molecules. They injected extracts from cardiac tissues intravenously into a whole animal. They observed a transient slowing of the heart rate [4]. Following several purification steps, they came to the conclusion that the biologic activity in the extract was an “adenine compound” [4]. Today, we have genetic evidence that the transient heart block induced by intravascular adenosine injection is mediated by the activation of an adenosine receptor [5, 6]. Indeed, adenosine signaling can occur through four distinct adenosine receptors—the Adora1, Adora2a, Adora2b, and Adora3—all of them G-protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine-induced heart block remains the most famous clinical application for adenosine signaling, as intravenous adenosine injection continues to be a mainstay therapy for the diagnosis and treatment of supraventricular tachycardia [7, 8].
The Role of Foreign Direct Investments in the Development of Brazil and India: A Comparative Analysis

Summary In this paper we concentrate on FDI and argue that the contrasting FDI policies in Brazil and India can be traced back to differences in the respective colonial (or semi-colonial) experiences of the two nations during the 19th century. Our comparative analysis of FDI in Brazil and India shows the importance of historical and institutional awareness in gaining an understanding of the manner in which each society perceived the role of foreign investments in their societies. By doing this, we gain an understanding of the reasons these countries adopted different attitudes and policies towards foreign capital.
Levamisole and ryanodine receptors (II): An electrophysiological study in Ascaris suum

Abstract Resistance to antinematodal drugs like levamisole has increased and there is a need to understand what factors affect the responses to these anthelmintics. In our previous study, we examined the role of ryanodine receptors in muscle contraction pathways. Here we have examined interactions of levamisole receptors, ryanodine receptors (RyRs), the excitatory neuropeptide AF2, and coupling to electrophysiological responses. We examined the effects of a brief application of levamisole on Ascaris suum body muscle under current-clamp. The levamisole responses were characterized as an initial primary depolarization, followed by a slow secondary depolarizing response. We examined the effects of AF2 (KHEYLRFamide), 1 μM applied for 2 min. We found that AF2 potentiated the secondary response to levamisole and had no significant effect on the primary depolarization [1] . Further, the reversal potentials observed during the secondary response suggested that more than one ion was involved in producing this potential. AF2 potentiated the secondary response in the presence of 30 μM mecamylamine suggesting the effect was independent of levamisole sensitive acetylcholine receptors. The secondary response, potentiated by AF2, appeared to be dependent on cytoplasmic events triggered by the primary depolarization. Ion-substitution experiments showed that the AF2 potentiated secondary response was dependent on extracellular calcium and chloride suggesting a role for the calcium-activated anion channel. Caffeine mimicked the AF2 potentiated secondary response and 0.1 μM ryanodine inhibited it. 1.0 μM ryanodine increased spiking showing that it affected membrane excitability. A model is proposed showing ryanodine receptors mediating effects of AF2 on levamisole responses.
Molecular analysis of the hotspot of recombination in the murine major histocompatibility complex

Biological and serological assays have been used to define four subregions for the I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the order I-A, I-B, I-J, and I-E. The I-J subregion presumably encodes the I-J polypeptide of the elusive T-cell suppressor factors. Restriction enzyme site polymorphisms and DNA sequence analyses of the I region from four recombinant mouse strains were used to localize the putative I-B and I-J subregions to a 1.0-kilobase (kb) region within the E beta gene. Sequencing this region from E beta clones derived from the two mouse strains: B10.A(3R), I-Jb and B10.A(5R), I-Jk initially used to define the I-J subregion revealed that these regions are identical, hence the distinct I-Jb and I-Jk molecules cannot be encoded by this DNA. In addition, the DNA sequence data also refute the earlier mapping of the I-B subregion. Analysis of the DNA sequences of three parental and four I region recombinants reveals that the recombinant events in three of the recombinant strains occurred within a 1-kb region of DNA, supporting the proposition that a hotspot for recombination exists in the I region. The only striking feature of this hotspot is a tetramer repeat (AGGC)n that shows 80 percent homology to the minisatellite sequence which may facilitate recombination in human chromosomes.
Biomarkers of MS therapies

As more therapies become available for the treatment of MS, developing predictive biomarkers of treatment response is an unmet need. Potential immunological, pharmacogenomics and proteomic biomarkers of MS therapies will be reviewed. We have recently identified two HLA-class II haplotypes as potential biomarkers of clinical response to glatiramer acetate(GA): HLA DR 15+DQ6+; DR17-DQ2− was associated with a favorable response (71%) where as HLA DR15-DQ6-;DR17+DQ2+ was associated with a poor response. A simplified binary predictor (AUC 0.81-0.85) of response to GA involving an increase in IL-10 or IL-4, and reduction in IL18, caspase 1, or TNF-a at 3–6 months into treatment will be discussed. We have also reported significantly higher IL-17A levels at Month 6 ( p =0.036) in relapsing patients treated with IFNβ-1b for 12 months while BDNF levels were significantly higher at Month 3 ( p =0.028) in relapse-free subjects. Change from baseline in IL-4 levels inversely correlated with disability scores whereas change from baseline in IL-10/IFN-gamma ratio inversely correlated with occurrence of relapses. CXCR3+CD8+ T-cells tended to be higher but declined with treatment in relapse-free compared with relapsing subjects. Promising potential biomarkers of response to Natalizumab and its PML complication will be discussed.
Unraveling salt tolerance in crops.

The ability of crop plants to tolerate high salt concentrations is an agriculturally useful trait. A new study in rice shows that allelic variation in OsHKT8, which encodes a Na+ transporter, contributes to the enhanced capacity of a salt-tolerant variety to maintain shoot K+ homeostasis under NaCl stress.
Fibrinolysis and cancer.

Although Trousseau 1 was the earliest observer who noted the association between cancer and thrombosis, it was Billroth 2 who first described the presence of tumor cells within a thrombus 2 . He believed that this was a means by which tumors metastasize
Computerized patient scheduling in outpatient residency practices.

• A computerized appointment system is described that accommodates the special needs unique to residency training programs. Appointments are scheduled automatically according to the type of problem with which the patient presents to the office as well as the differing time requirements of faculty physicians and residents at various levels of training. The system provides for the easy and flexible scheduling of residents and the automation of appointment reminders. (AJDC. 1989;143:1333-1336)
Random chain scission of polyethylene terephthalate by light determination of active wavelength

A simple procedure is presented for determining the wavelength or wavelength region principally responsible for the random chain scission of a given polymer film under poorly-defined polychromatic irradiation conditions.
Seasonal variations in the concentration of microcystin‐LR in two lakes in western Texas, USA

Seasonal variations in the concentration of microcystin-LR (MCLR) in Buffalo Springs Lake (BSL) and Lake Ransom Canyon (LRC; both locations in Lubbock, TX, USA) were monitored from 2003 to 2004. In BSL, the average concentrations of MCLR were 1.78 ± 1.43 μg/L (mean ± SD; range, 0.177–4.914 μg/L) in spring, 0.41 ± 0.096 μg/L (range, 0.191–0.502 μg/L) in summer, 0.46 ± 0.41 μg/L (range, 0.205–1.598 μg/L) in fall, and 1.04 ± 0.71 μg/L (range, 0.096–2.428 μg/L) in winter. In LRC, the corresponding concentrations were 1.08 ± 1.29 μg/L (range, 0.2–5.83 μg/L) in spring, 0.83 ± 0.46 μg/L (range, 0.315–1.671 μg/L) in summer, 0.44 ± 0.03 μg/L (range, 0.368–0.555 μg/L) in fall, and 0.78 ± 0.52 μg/L (range, 0.225–2.130 μg/L) in winter. In both lakes, the seasonal fluctuation of MCLR concentrations correlated positively with dissolved oxygen and negatively with temperature and pH.
Workload characterization of cryptography algorithms for hardware acceleration

Data encryption/decryption has become an essential component for modern information exchange. However, executing these cryptographic algorithms is often associated with huge overhead and the need to reduce this overhead arises correspondingly. In this paper, we select nine widely adopted cryptography algorithms and study their workload characteristics. Different from many previous works, we consider the overhead not only from the perspective of computation but also focusing on the memory access pattern. We break down the function execution time to identify the software bottleneck suitable for hardware acceleration. Then we categorize the operations needed by these algorithms. In particular, we introduce a concept called 'Load-Store Block' (LSB) and perform LSB identification of various algorithms. Our results illustrate that for cryptographic algorithms, the execution rate of most hotspot functions is more than 60%; memory access instruction ratio is mostly more than 60%; and LSB instructions account for more than 30% for selected benchmarks. Based on our findings, we suggest future directions in designing either the hardware accelerator associated with microprocessor or specific microprocessor for cryptography applications.
Influence of Mixing Vehicle on Dissociation of Calcium Hydroxide in Solution

The antimicrobial effects of aqueous preparations of calcium hydroxide have been demonstrated in the past. Calcium hydroxide, when dissolved in water, dissociates into hydroxide and calcium ions. The presence of hydroxide ions in a solution makes it antimicrobial. Recently it was shown that the use of glycerin as a mixing vehicle facilitates placement of calcium hydroxide in the root canals. The influence of nonaqueous mixing vehicles on the dissociation of calcium hydroxide is not clearly understood. In this study the conductivity of aqueous and nonaqueous solutions of calcium hydroxide was measured. The conductivity values for saturated solutions of calcium hydroxide in water was 7.3 ± 3 mS/cm. The conductivity of calcium hydroxide in pure glycerin or propylene glycol was essentially zero. It was concluded that use of nonaqueous mixing vehicles may impede the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide as a root canal dressing.
Appropriate proton pump inhibitor use among older adults: a retrospective chart review.

Abstract Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used, but not always with a clear indication. Nonindicated use is of particular concern among older adults, who may have multiple comorbidities and take more medications, increasing their risk for adverse drug reactions. Objective: This study examined the appropriateness of PPI use at an outpatient geriatric practice and the association between particular patient characteristics and appropriate use of these medications. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of a group of randomly identified community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years with a current prescription for a PPI (as of August 2006) from a geriatric ambulatory care practice within an urban academic medical center. The main outcome was appropriateness of PPI use, categorized as indicated, possibly indicated, or not indicated, based on US Food and Drug Administration-approved indications and national gastroenterology guidelines. Results: Out of ~2500 patients in the geriatric practice, 702 (~28%) were identified as having a current prescription for a PPI. From these, 110 charts were randomly selected for review, of which 10 were excluded based on predefined criteria. The sample was 79% female and 46% white, with a mean age of 82.8 years (range, 66–99 years). PPI use was indicated in 64% of these patients, possibly indicated in 7%, and not indicated in 29%. Compared with indicated PPI use, nonindicated use was significantly associated with use for Conclusion: Almost 30% of patients receiving a PPI in this academic geriatric practice had no documented indication for PPI use.
Regulation of interleukin-13 by type 4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors in allergen-specific human T lymphocyte clones

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a proinflammatory cytokine of T cell origin. Structural and functional studies suggest a key role for IL-13 in the genesis of chronic allergic inflammation; as such, its pharmacologic inhibition is of potential clinical utility. We studied the pharmacologic regulation of IL-13 expression by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors in a panel of Amb a 1 (a major allergen of short ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia)-specific T cell clones derived from a ragweed allergic, asthmatic subject. Proliferative responses of these cells were down-regulated by rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor (% inhibitionmax = 67%; IC50 = 20 μM). While the PDE3 inhibitor siguazodan provided no independent efficacy (IC50 > 10−4M), an increased efficacy of rolipram in the presence of 10−5 M siguazodan was noted at 10−6, 10−5, and 10−4 M rolipram (P < 0.03, 0.01, and 0.04, respectively). The EC50 values remained unchanged between assays using the PDE4 inhibitor with or without the PDE3 inhibitor. Both IL-13 gene expression and protein secretion into culture supernatants were down-regulated by the PDE4 inhibitor (P ⩽ 0.005). Once again, the use of a PDE3 inhibitor provided no independent efficacy (P ⩾ 0.2), and in this instance, increased efficacy of the PDE4 inhibitor with the PDE3 inhibitor was not apparent (P ⩾ 0.3). IL-13 production from clones with Th0, Th1, and Th2 phenotypes appeared equally sensitive to treatment with the PDE4 inhibitor. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory effects of PDE4 inhibitors may be mediated, in part, by down-regulation of IL-13.
Patterns of Natural Language Use: Disclosure, Personality, and Social Integration:

When people write about their deepest thoughts and feelings about an emotionally significant event, numerous benefits in many domains (e.g., health, achievement, and well-being) result. As one step in understanding how writing achieves these effects, we have developed a computer program that provides a “fingerprint” of the words people use in writing or in natural settings. Analyses of text samples indicate that particular patterns of word use predict health and also reflect personality styles. We have also discovered that language use in the laboratory writing paradigm is associated with changes in social interactions and language use in the real world. The implications for using computer-based text analysis programs in the development of psychological theory are discussed.
Experimental demonstration of an acoustic magnifying hyperlens.

Like their optical counterparts, acoustic metamaterials are capable of manipulating sound waves in unusual ways. An acoustic hyperlens is now demonstrated that is capable of magnifying subwavelength acoustic waves, and could therefore find applications in medical imaging or underwater sonar. Acoustic metamaterials can manipulate sound waves in surprising ways, which include collimation, focusing, cloaking, sonic screening and extraordinary transmission1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14. Recent theories suggested that imaging below the diffraction limit using passive elements can be realized by acoustic superlenses or magnifying hyperlenses15,16. These could markedly enhance the capabilities in underwater sonar sensing, medical ultrasound imaging and non-destructive materials testing. However, these proposed approaches suffer narrow working frequency bands and significant resonance-induced loss, which hinders them from successful experimental realization. Here, we report the experimental demonstration of an acoustic hyperlens that magnifies subwavelength objects by gradually converting evanescent components into propagating waves. The fabricated acoustic hyperlens relies on straightforward cutoff-free propagation and achieves deep-subwavelength resolution with low loss over a broad frequency bandwidth.
Fate and kinetic modeling of reactivity of alkanesulfenic acids and thiosulfinates in model systems and onion homogenates.

The dynamic changes in thiosulfinate profiles were studied in reaction systems containing a crude onion alliinase, S-alk(en)yl-l-cysteine sulfoxide substrates (1) and preformed thiosulfinates (4). Regioisomeric excesses of one of two possible heterologous 4 species (RS(O)SR‘, where R ≠ R‘) could be manipulated under conditions where alliinase, 1, and 4 levels were varied. Regioisomeric excesses could be explained by a thiosulfinate (4)/alkanesulfenic acid (2) trapping mechanism, with the greatest control over product profile governed by the rate of 2 generation in the system. The series of reactions existing in this dynamic reaction system was kinetically modeled with reasonable fits to the experimental data. The application of the 4/2 trapping strategy to manipulate thiosulfinate and related organosulfur product profiles in diluted onion homogenates was demonstrated using exogenous MeS(O)SMe (4a), PrS(O)SPr (4c), and AllS(O)SAll (4d) as the preformed thiosulfinate. Keywords: Thiosulfinate; alkanesulfenic...
Perioperative renal protection

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant cause of perioperative patient morbidity and mortality. The definition of AKI has recently changed and further research is underway to identify clinically relevant biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of the syndrome. AKI is often multi-factorial in origin and patients with certain preoperative risk factors are at elevated risk of perioperative AKI. An anesthesiologist's main objective for perioperative renal protection is prevention by maintenance of euvolemia, preservation of adequate renal perfusion, and avoidance of nephrotoxins. This review will address the definition and diagnosis of AKI, identify patients at risk of AKI, and critically appraise management options for perioperative renal protection.
Evaluating the Michigan Access Management Program: Findings and Lessons Learned

As state departments of transportation (DOTs) and local transportation agencies make difficult funding decisions in these financially constrained times, access management improvements provide a cost-effective alternative for improving the safety and operation of roadways. Mindful of the benefits of implementing access management treatments, the Michigan DOT has conducted an access management program since 2002. The Michigan DOT contracted with the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) to provide recommendations for adjustments to the Michigan access management program. As a result of the evaluation, TTI identified lessons learned related to the importance of (a) continuing support and funding for the access management program, (b) a clear access management policy statement, (c) coordination and cooperation between state and local transportation agencies, (d) continued training, (e) interagency coordination across state DOT divisions, (f) continued review and update of technical documentation and guidance, ...
Needs, resources and climate change: Clean and efficient conversion technologies

Energy “powers” our life, and energy consumption correlates strongly with our standards of living. The developed world has become accustomed to cheap and plentiful supplies. Recently, more of the developing world populations are striving for the same, and taking steps towards securing their future energy needs. Competition over limited supplies of conventional fossil fuel resources is intensifying, and more challenging environmental problems are springing up, especially related to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. There is strong evidence that atmospheric CO2 concentration is well correlated with the average global temperature. Moreover, model predictions indicate that the century-old observed trend of rising temperatures could accelerate as carbon dioxide concentration continues to rise. Given the potential danger of such a scenario, it is suggested that steps be taken to curb energy-related CO2 emissions through a number of technological solutions, which are to be implemented in a timely fashion. These solutions include a substantial improvement in energy conversion and utilization efficiencies, carbon capture and sequestration, and expanding the use of nuclear energy and renewable sources. Some of these technologies already exist, but are not deployed at sufficiently large scale. Others are under development, and some are at or near the conceptual state.
Tensile Behavior of Single-Crystal Tin Whiskers

The growth of metallic (predominantly Sn) whiskers from pure metallic platings has been studied for over 50 years. While the phenomenon of Sn whiskering has been studied for decades, very little is known about the mechanical properties of these materials. This can be attributed to the difficulty in handling, gripping, and testing such fine-diameter and high-aspect-ratio whiskers. We report on the stress–strain behavior of Sn whiskers inside a dual-beam focused ion beam (FIB) with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Lift-out of the whiskers was conducted in situ in the FIB, and the whiskers were tested using a microelectromechanical system tensile testing stage. Using this technique, the whiskers had minimum exposure to ambient air and were not handled by hand. SEM images after fracture enabled reliable calculation of the whisker cross-sectional area. Tests on two different whiskers revealed relatively high tensile strengths of 720 MPa and 880 MPa, respectively, and a limited strain to failure of 2% to 3%. For both whiskers, the Young’s modulus was between 42 GPa and 45 GPa. It is interesting to note that the whiskers were quite strong and had limited ductility. These findings are intriguing and provide a basis for further work to understand the effect of Sn whisker mechanical properties on short circuits in electronics.
Infanticide by Males and Its Implications

Infanticide by Males and Its Implications. Carel P. van Schaik and Charles H. Janson. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.569 pp.
Do Child Abuse and Interparental Violence Lead to Adulthood Family Violence

The cycle of violence posits that victimized children grow up to victimize others. Three forms of the cycle have never been tested: whether exposure to physical victimization and interparental violence additively or interactively increase risk for adulthood (a) child abuse perpetration; (b) partner abuse perpetration; or (c) partner abuse victimization. These hypotheses were tested in a nationally representative data set (1985 National Family Violence Survey) comprising 6,002 participants. Dually exposed, compared to singly exposed, women had significantly increased risk for adulthood family violence. Frequency of family-of-origin violence predicted adulthood child and partner abuse through both main and interactive effects.
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Diet is a key component of a healthy lifestyle in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The role of long-chain omega-3 (n–3) fatty acids (LCFAs) in the development of T2DM remains unresolved. Objective: We examined the association between dietary LCFAs and incidence of T2DM in 3 prospective cohorts of women and men. Design: We followed 195,204 US adults (152,700 women and 42,504 men) without preexisting chronic disease at baseline for 14 to 18 y. Fish and LCFA intakes were assessed at baseline and updated at 4-y intervals by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Results: During nearly 3 million person-years of follow-up, 9380 new cases of T2DM were documented. After adjustment for other dietary and lifestyle risk factors, LCFA intake was positively related to incidence of T2DM. The pooled multivariate relative risks in 3 cohorts across increasing quintiles of LCFAs were as follows: 1 (reference), 1.00 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.09), 1.05 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.13), 1.17 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.28), and 1.24 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.40) (P for trend < 0.001). Compared with those who consumed fish less than once per month, the relative risk of T2DM was 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.39) for women who consumed ≥5 servings fish/wk (P for trend <0.001). Conclusions: We found no evidence that higher consumption of LCFAs and fish reduces the risk of T2DM. Instead, higher intakes may modestly increase the incidence of this disease. Given the beneficial effects of LCFA intake on many cardiovascular disease risk factors, the clinical relevance of this relation and its possible mechanisms require further investigation.
Relativistic Particle and Relativistic Fluids: Magnetic Moment and Spin-Orbit Interactions

We consider relativistic charged-particle dynamics and relativistic magnetohydrodynamics using symplectic structures and actions given in terms of coadjoint orbits of the Poincar\'e group. The particle case is meant to clarify some points such as how minimal coupling (as defined in the text) leads to a gyromagnetic ratio $g=2$ and to set the stage for fluid dynamics. The general group-theoretic framework is further explained and is then used to set up Abelian magnetohydrodynamics including spin effects. An interesting new physical effect is precession of spin density induced by gradients in pressure and energy density. The Euler equation (the dynamics of the velocity field) is also modified by gradients of the spin density.
Memory sharing predictor: the key to a speculative coherent DSM

Recent research advocates using general message predictors to learn and predict the coherence activity in distributed shared memory (DSM). By accurately predicting a message and timely invoking the necessary coherence actions, a DSM can hide much of the remote access latency. This paper proposes the Memory Sharing Predictors (MSPs), pattern-based predictors that significantly improve prediction accuracy and implementation cost over general message predictors. An MSP is based on the key observation that to hide the remote access latency, a predictor must accurately predict only the remote memory accesses (i.e., request messages) and not the subsequent coherence messages invoked by an access. Simulation results indicate that MSPs improve prediction accuracy over general message predictors from 81% to 93% while requiring less storage overhead.This paper also presents the first design and evaluation for a speculative coherent DSM using pattern-based predictors. We identify simple techniques and mechanisms to trigger prediction timely and perform speculation for remote read accesses. Our speculation hardware readily works with a conventional full-map write-invalidate coherence protocol without any modifications. Simulation results indicate that performing speculative read requests alone reduces execution times by 12% in our shared-memory applications.
A 650 V rated RESURF-type LDMOS employing an internal clamping diode for induced bulk breakdown without EPI layer

A new LDMOS employing an internal clamping diode is proposed in order to prevent surface breakdown which is a weak point of RESURF Type LDMOS. The clamping diode of N+/N-/P-well/P-sub was fabricated by cutting n-well located below drain contact and inserting p-well. Breakdown stabilization was realized by inducing bulk breakdown at the clamping diode without the increase of Ron,sp (specific on resistance) when width of p-well was designed to 12 um.
Structural and Electrical Characterization of Highly Tetrahedral-Coordinated Diamond-Like Carbon Films Grown by Pulsed-Laser Deposition

Highly tetrahedral-coordinated-amorphous-carbon (a-tC) films deposited by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) on silicon substrates are studied. These films are grown at room-temperatures in a high-vacuum ambient. a-tC films grown in this manner have demonstrated stability to temperatures in excess of T = 1000°C, more than sufficient for any post-processing treatment or application. Film surfaces are optically smooth as determined both visually and by atomic-force microscopy. PLD growth parameters can be controlled to produce films with a range of sp2 - sp3 carbon-carbon bond ratios. Films with the highest yield of sp3 C-C bonds have high resistivity, with a dielectric permittivity constant s σ 4, measured capacitively at low frequencies (1–100 kHz). These a-tC films are p-type semiconductors as grown. Schottky barrier diode structures have been fabricated.
Dispersal of American House Dust Mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in a Residence

American house dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, were marked by adding a 4% solution of Sudan Red 7B, a microbiological stain, to mite rearing media. Marked mites were released onto a downstairs couch in a 2-story residence. Two children sat on the couch for ≍3 h after which their clothes were examined for stained mites. Various parts of the house and family vehicle were vacuum sampled, and dust samples examined for presence of marked mites. Results of 2 trials showed the presence of marked mites on clothing, upstairs in the residence, as well as in the family vehicle. Clothing is shown to be a significant factor in the dispersal of American house dust mites. Even if concentrated in a small area (1 couch), mites were able to disperse throughout the house and into a family vehicle within a matter of weeks.
O-Glycosylation Regulates Ubiquitination and Degradation of the Anti-Inflammatory Protein A20 to Accelerate Atherosclerosis in Diabetic ApoE-Null Mice

Background: Accelerated atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia is a recognized independent risk factor for heightened atherogenesis in diabetes mellitus (DM). However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying glucose damage to the vasculature remains incomplete. Methodology/Principal Findings: High glucose and hyperglycemia reduced upregulation of the NF-kB inhibitory and atheroprotective protein A20 in human coronary endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) cultures challenged with Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF), aortae of diabetic mice following Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection used as an inflammatory insult and in failed vein-grafts of diabetic patients. Decreased vascular expression of A20 did not relate to defective transcription, as A20 mRNA levels were similar or even higher in EC/SMC cultured in high glucose, in vessels of diabetic C57BL/6 and FBV/N mice, and in failed vein grafts of diabetic patients, when compared to controls. Rather, decreased A20 expression correlated with post-translational O-Glucosamine-N-Acetylation (O-GlcNAcylation) and ubiquitination of A20, targeting it for proteasomal degradation. Restoring A20 levels by inhibiting O-GlcNAcylation, blocking proteasome activity, or overexpressing A20, blocked upregulation of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and phosphorylation of PKCbII, two prime atherogenic signals triggered by high glucose in EC/SMC. A20 gene transfer to the aortic arch of diabetic ApoE null mice that develop accelerated atherosclerosis, attenuated vascular expression of RAGE and phospho-PKCbII, significantly reducing atherosclerosis. Conclusions: High glucose/hyperglycemia regulate vascular A20 expression via O-GlcNAcylation-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. This could be key to the pathogenesis of accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. Citation: Shrikhande GV, Scali ST, da Silva CG, Damrauer SM, Csizmadia E, et al. (2010) O-Glycosylation Regulates Ubiquitination and Degradation of the Anti
Nanolithography Using Hierarchically Assembled Nanowire Masks

A general and scalable method has been developed for patterning nanometer scale lines hierarchically over large areas using nanowires as masks for etching and deposition. Core-shell nanowires with controlled diameter and shell dimensions were aligned with nanometer to micrometer scale pitches using a Langmuir-Blodgett approach and then transferred en mass to planar substrates. Transferred nanowires were used as deposition masks to define metal lines with pitches from the nanometer to micrometer scale over centimeter square areas. Hierarchical parallel nanowire arrays were also prepared and used as masks to define nanometer pitch lines in 10 × 10 Im 2 arrays repeated with a 25 Im array pitch over centimeter square areas. This nanolithography method represents a highly scalable and flexible pathway for defining nanometer scale lines on multiple length scales and thus has substantial potential for enabling the fabrication of integrated nanosystems.
Proposed Modifications to the Duke Criteria for the Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis

Although the sensitivity and specificity of the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) have been validated by investigators from Europe and the United States, several shortcomings of this schema remain. The Duke IE database contains records collected prospectively on >800 cases of definite and possible IE since 1984. Databases on echocardiograms and on patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at Duke University Medical Center are also maintained. Analyses of these databases, our experience with the Duke criteria in clinical practice, and analysis of the work of others have led us to propose the following modifications of the Duke schema. The category "possible IE" should be defined as having at least 1 major criterion and 1 minor criterion or 3 minor criteria. The minor criterion "echocardiogram consistent with IE but not meeting major criterion" should be eliminated, given the widespread use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Bacteremia due to S. aureus should be considered a major criterion, regardless of whether the infection is nosocomially acquired or whether a removable source of infection is present. Positive Q-fever serology should be changed to a major criterion.
Energopolitics and the Anthropology of Energy

: [energy, energopolitics, environment, anthropology of energy, energy transition, political anthropology]
3-nitrotyrosine attenuates respiratory syncytial virus infection in human bronchial epithelial cell line.

3-Nitrotyrosine (NO2Tyr), an l-tyrosine derivative during nitrative stress, can substitute the COOH-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin, posttranslationally altering microtubular functions. Because infe...
Hospice Care for Persons With Dementia: The Growth of Access in US Nursing Homes

Background/Rationale: Persons with dementia often die in nursing homes (NHs); however, concerns exist about their low use of Medicare hospice. Methods: For 1999 through 2006 in all US states and DC we merged NH resident assessment data with Medicare claims and enrollment data to identify NH decedents with dementia and hospice use. We studied two groups, those with advanced dementia and those with mild-to-moderately severe dementia. Results: Across study years, 22.2% of all NH decedents had mild-to-moderately severe dementia and 19.6% had advanced dementia. In 1999, 14.5% of decedents with advanced and 13.2% with mild-to-moderately severe dementia accessed hospice, increasing to 42.5% and 37.9% respectively in 2006. Between 1999 and 2006, mean days of hospice stays increased from 46 to 118 for advanced dementia and from 39 to 79 for mild-to-moderately severe dementia. These mean length of stay differences resulted from a relatively lower proportion of short hospice stays (≤ 7 days) together with higher pro...
Broadcast scheduling algorithms for radio networks

We investigate scheduling problems associated with radio networks using models based on graphs. Scheduling in networks is typically solved using graph coloring algorithms. In many cases the coloring algorithms are based on simplifying assumptions about the network structure. We show the limitations of the current models and propose modifications. The current models do not address the nonuniform transceiver/transmitter networks and they over-restrict transceiver interconnections. We develop algorithms which are more specific to the domain of radio network scheduling. We compare the performance of the earlier algorithms to our algorithms. The results are analyzed with respect to both execution time and quality of solution for networks of various sizes and densities.
Long-period signal processing results for LASA, NORSAR, and ALPA.

Summary A detailed discussion is given of various signal processing techniques for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of the Rayleigh wave of an event. These methods are evaluated on the basis of their performance using LASA data, as well as complexity of implementation. The problem of detecting one Rayleigh wave in the presence of the coda of another larger Rayleigh wave is also considered. A detection method is proposed and its performance is evaluated and shown to be quite impressive. Analysis of long-period noise at NORSAR has been performed and the results are presented. In addition, the results of a simultaneous analysis of long-period noise at ALPA and LASA are also given.
A simplified approach to implant-supported metal-ceramic reconstruction

Restoring the edentulous patient with an implant-supported fixed complete denture prosthesis is a challenging procedure. The patient's occlusal vertical dimension, centric relation position, esthetics, and phonetics should be maintained throughout the restorative process, while the patient is traditionally wearing a removable prosthesis. This article presents an alternative treatment philosophy that addresses these concerns and guides the restorative process using a fixed provisional restoration made from the patient's removable complete dentures.
OHIO HARDWOOD SAWLOG PRICE TRENDS

We examined the 52-yr sawlog price trends for the 10 commercial hardwood tree species in Ohio. Data were compiled from the Ohio Timber Price Report for four log grades (Prime, #1, #2, Blocking) covering the years 1960-2011, and average annual percentage rates of change in both nominal and real sawlog prices were determined. We further compared real log grade price movements within each species. Nominal prices for all log grades of all species increased at significant annual rates. However, real price change rates varied with approximately two-thirds of the species-grade combinations not significantly differing from zero. Real Blocking log prices declined at significant annual rates for seven species. Only white oak contained log grades (Prime and #1 only) with significantly increasing real prices. Four groups were identified based on differences observed, or not observed, when comparing initial price levels of log grades and rates of change within each species. Initial price differences generally occurred between the higher (Prime and #1) and lower (#2 and Blocking) grade logs. Rate of price change differences were more a result of declining Blocking log prices than increasing high-grade log prices with the exception of white oak.
Superionic conduction of silver in homogeneous chalcogenide glasses

Fast ion conducting glasses are of key interest for their potential applications in energy conversion/storage, memory, display and sensor technologies. However, the best contenders in this class of materials suffer from the lack of thermodynamic stability against phase separation, devitrification and moisture attack. We report the finding of novel off-stoichiometric glass-forming chalcogenide alloys in the system Ag–Ga–Ge–Se characterized by modified random networks that overcome these debilitating problems and at the same time display superionic silver conduction at ambient temperature. Combined application of multi-nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provides a fundamental understanding of the potential energy landscape for silver ion transport in these materials.
Saturations of gambling houses

Suppose that X is a Borel subset of a Polish space. Let ℙ(X) be the set of probability measures on the Borel σ-field of X. We equip ℙ(X) with the weak topology. A gambling house Γ on X is a subset of X × ℙ(X) such for each x e X, the section Γ(x) of Γ at x is nonempty. Assume moreover that Γ is an analytic subset of X × ℙ(X). Then we can associate with Γ optimal reward operators GΓ, RΓ, and MΓ as follows: $$\begin{gathered}(G_\Gamma u)(x) = \sup \{ \smallint ud\gamma :\gamma \in \Gamma (x)\} ,x \in X, \hfill \\(R_\Gamma u)(x) = \sup \int {u(x_t )dP_\sigma ,x \in X} \hfill \\\end{gathered}$$ where u is a bounded, Borel measurable function on X, the sup in the definition of RΓ is over all measurable strategies σ available in Γ at x and Borel measurable stop rules t (including t ≡ 0), x t is the terminal state and P σ the probability measure on H, the space of infinite histories, induced by σ; $$(M_\Gamma g)(x) = \sup \int {gdP_\sigma ,x \in X,}$$ where g is a bounded, Borel measurable function on H and the sup is over all measurable strategies σ available in Γ at x. The aim of this article is to describe the “largest” houses or “saturations” for which the associated operators are the same as the corresponding operators for the original house. Our methods are constructive and will show that the saturations are again analytic gambling houses.