cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypersensitivity Reactions to Platinum Agents and Taxanes

Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to chemotherapy agents can present a serious challenge to treating patients with preferred or first-line therapies. Allergic reactions through an immunologic mechanism have been established for platinum and taxane agents, which are used to treat a wide variety of cancers including gynecologic cancers. Platin HSRs typically occur after multiple cycles of chemotherapy, reflecting the development of drug IgE sensitization, while taxane HSRs often occur on first or second exposure. Despite observed differences between platin and taxane HSRs, drug desensitization has been an effective method to reintroduce both chemotherapeutic agents safely. Skin testing is the primary diagnostic tool used to risk-stratify patients after initial HSRs, with more widespread use for platinum agents than taxanes. Different practices exist around the use of skin testing, drug challenge, and choice of desensitization protocol. Here, we review the epidemiology, mechanism, and clinical presentation of HSRs to platinum and taxane agents, as well as key controversies in their evaluation and management.
Supporting Operations with Financial Hedging: Cash Hedging Versus Cost Hedging in an Automotive Industry

Financial hedging of raw material prices and exchange rates has become an integral part of many manufacturers’ operating practices. Previous empirical research suggests that a desire to avoid ﬁnancial distress and the aﬃliated curtailment in operations is one of the strongest hedge motivations. Taking the hedging motivation as given, we test two data-driven hedging policies to see how eﬀective they are at mitigating ﬁnancial distress in the car manufacturing industry. The ﬁrst policy is the cost hedging policy, under which the carmaker hedges raw material and production input purchases. This policy appears to be widely in use. The car manufacturer needs to trade in aluminum, steel, zinc, and plastic to achieve the cost hedge. The second policy is a cash hedging policy under which the ﬁrm hedges its net cash ﬂow. The ﬁrm solves a stochastic program with a min hedge cost objective and cash ﬂow constraints to construct the cash hedge. Its solution suggests that the ﬁrm needs to trade S&P500, aluminum, and zinc to implement the hedge. Our results further reveal the relative importance of diﬀerent market factors on the automaker’s hedging policy. The most critical drivers of hedging decisions appear to be demand shifts, especially demand elasticity shifts. The least important drivers are car design updates, which change the car’s raw material requirements. This ﬁnding sheds light on why cost hedging, which focuses on hedging raw materials, is less eﬀective than the cash hedging technique, which hedges both costs and demand.
Concomitant sensitivity to orientation, direction, and color of cells in layers 2, 3, and 4 of monkey striate cortex

The receptive field properties of cells in layers 2, 3, and 4 of area 17 (V1) of the monkey were studied quantitatively using colored and broad-band gratings, bars, and spots. Many cells in all regions studied responded selectively to stimulus orientation, direction, and color. Nearly all cells (95%) in layers 2 and 3 exhibited statistically significant orientation preferences (biases), most exhibited at least some color sensitivity, and many were direction sensitive. The degree of selectivity of cells in layers 2 and 3 varied continuously among cells; we did not find discrete regions containing cells sensitive to orientation and direction but not color, and vice versa. There was no relationship between the degree of orientation sensitivity of the cells studied and their degree of color sensitivity. There was also no obvious relationship between the receptive field properties studied and the cells' location relative to cytochrome oxidase-rich regions. Our findings are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that there is a strict segregation of cells sensitive to orientation, direction, and color in layers 2 and 3. In fact, the present results suggest the opposite since most cells in these layers are selective for a number of stimulus attributes.
Diatom-inference Models for Surface-water Temperature and Salinity Developed from a 57-lake Calibration Set from the Sierra Nevada, California, USA

Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected from a suite of 57 lakes that span an elevational gradient of 1360 m (2115 to 3475 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA as part of a multiproxy study aimed at developing transfer functions from which to infer past drought events. Multivariate statistical techniques, including canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), were used to determine the main environmental variables influencing diatom distributions in the study lakes. Lakewater depth, surface-water temperature, salinity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus were important variables in explaining variance in the diatom distributions. Weighted-averaging (WA) and weighted-averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) were used to develop diatom-based surface-water temperature and salinity inference models. The two best diatom-inference models for surface-water temperature were developed using simple WA and inverse deshrinking. One model covered a larger surface-water temperature gradient (13.7 °C) and performed slightly poorer (r2 = 0.72, RMSE = 1.4 °C, RMSEPjack = 2.1 °C) than a second model, which covered a smaller gradient (9.5 °C) and performed slightly better (r2 = 0.89, RMSE = 0.7 °C, RMSEPjack = 1.5 °C). The best diatom-inference model for salinity was developed using WA-PLS with three components (r2 = 0.96, RMSE = 4.06 mg L−1, RMSEPjack = 11.13 mg L−1). These are presently the only diatom-based inference models for surface-water temperature and salinity developed for the southwestern United States. Application of these models to fossil-diatom assemblages preserved in Sierra Nevada lake sediments offers great potential for reconstructing a high-resolution time-series of Holocene and late Pleistocene climate and drought for California.
Formal augmented Newtonian projection methods for continuous-time optimal control problems

Certain continuous-time optimal control problems with smooth objective functions, simple convex admissible control input sets, and terminal state equality constraints can be treated efficiently with formal Newtonian projection schemes and augmented Lagrangian techniques. The required gradients, Newtonian scaling operators, and second-order multiplier update formulas are determined by systems of forward and backward initial value problems for differential equations derived from a Hamiltonian function. In practice, the latter problems are solved approximately with finite-difference methods at a cost of O(k) flops per iteration, where k is the number of subintervals in the finite-difference grid. Substantial portions of the work can be organized for parallel computation. >
Solute location in a nanoconfined liquid depends on charge distribution

Nanostructured materials that can confine liquids have attracted increasing attention for their diverse properties and potential applications. Yet, significant gaps remain in our fundamental understanding of such nanoconfined liquids. Using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of a nanoscale, hydroxyl-terminated silica pore system, we determine how the locations explored by a coumarin 153 (C153) solute in ethanol depend on its charge distribution, which can be changed through a charge transfer electronic excitation. The solute position change is driven by the internal energy, which favors C153 at the pore surface compared to the pore interior, but less so for the more polar, excited-state molecule. This is attributed to more favorable non-specific solvation of the large dipole moment excited-state C153 by ethanol at the expense of hydrogen-bonding with the pore. It is shown that a change in molecule location resulting from shifts in the charge distribution is a general result, though how the solute position changes will depend upon the specific system. This has important implications for interpreting measurements and designing applications of mesoporous materials.
Type II diabetes permanent remission by surgery of the foregut.

Bariatric surgery offers a safe and effective treatment of type II diabetes for morbidly obese persons with complete and permanent remission as well as a clear reduction in mortality. Current data suggest that surgical treatment could be extended to merely overweight and even slender diabetes patients. Bariatric surgery also offers invaluable new approaches for research into type II diabetes. Evidence that the foregut plays a decisive role in the pathogenesis of the disease opens promising opportunities for improved treatment of this serious disease.
Coupled flow and geomechanics modeling for fractured poroelastic reservoirs

The design and evaluation of hydraulic fracture modeling is critical for efficient production from tight gas and shale plays. The efficiency of fracturing jobs depends on the interaction between hydraulic (induced) and naturally occurring discrete fractures. We describe a coupled reservoir-fracture flow model which accounts for varying reservoir geometries and complexities including non-planar fractures. We utilize different flow models such as Darcy and Reynold’s lubrication equation for fractures and reservoir to closely capture the physics. Furthermore, the geomechanics effects have been included by considering a multiphase Biot’s model. An accurate modeling of solid deformations necessitates a better estimation of fluid pressure inside fracture. We model the fractures and reservoirs explicitly, which allows us to capture the flow details and impact of fractures more accurately. The approach presented here is in contrast with existing averaging approaches such as dual and discrete-dual porosity models where the effects of fractures are averaged out. A fracture connected to an injection well shows significant width variations as compared to natural fractures where these changes are negligible. Furthermore, the capillary pressure contrast between the two is accounted for by utilizing different capillary pressure curves. We present several numerical tests including a field scale case study, to illustrate the above features and their impact on recovery predictions.
Application of the discrete wavelet transform to identification of questioned documents

Identification of questioned documents (QDs) is the process of associating documents produced by an unknown writer with labeled archival samples. Here we use the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to extract characteristics of letters and words of archival database samples, and questioned documents that need to be identified. Using standard clustering techniques, database document characteristics are categorized into distinct classes. These classes are labeled by the names of the known database writers. Identification of QDs is then made on the basis of the distance between QD characteristics and the database classes. We provide preliminary examples on a database of documents that was generated by nine writers. Seven different DWTs (and a voting scheme) were employed to make decisions about the QD's associations. The high success rate in identification of these samples indicates the potential that DWT-based method have in QD identification. >
Information from USDA's Nutrient Data Bank

The United States Department of Agriculture's Nutrient Data Bank contains a wealth of information on the composition of foods. These data are made available to the public through Agriculture Handbook No. 8, Composition of Foods: Raw, Processed, Prepared, its computerized form-the USDA Nutrient Data Base for Standard Reference, and other publications. Food components in Agriculture Handbook No. 8 include proximate components, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, cholesterol, phytosterols, and amino acids. Other tables and data sets containing food components of special interest such as vitamins D and K, selenium, and sugars, are also available. This paper describes how to obtain the data in either printed or electronic form. Information on obtaining the data through the Nutrient Data Bank Bulletin Board or the Internet is also presented.
Bicuspid Aortic Valves Experience Increased Strain as Compared to Tricuspid Aortic Valves

Objective:To determine whether the leaflets of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) experience increased strain when compared to tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) leaflets.Background:The population at highest risk of aortic valve calcification (AVC) are individuals with BAVs. Currently, efforts to medically treat AVC are hampered by a limited understanding of the biomechanical forces involved in the molecular pathogenesis of AVC.Methods:Surgically created BAVs and control TAVs were placed into a left heart simulator. Strains were calculated by comparing the distances between points on the aortic valve (AoV) leaflet during various time points during a simulated cardiac cycle.Results:The fused leaflets of BAVs experience significantly more strain during systole when compared to TAVs. Specifically, BAVs experience 24% strain (P < .0001) in the radial direction, parallel to the direction of blood flow, as compared to TAVs. There was peak difference of 4% (P < .001) in the circumferential direction.Discussion:Based upon the...
X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF FLUORIDE ON HUMAN BONE APATITE.

Abstract 1. 1. X-ray diffraction studies were performed on a series of human bones containing varying amounts of fluoride. A rise in fluoride content was accompanied by an increase in bone apatite crystal size and/or a decrease in crystal strain in a direction perpendicular to the c-axis, with the mean crystal size in the c-axis direction remaining at a value of 96 ± 9.6 A regardless of the fluoride content. Details and criticism of the X-ray methods are given and a new template X-ray method is described for obtaining an estimate of crystallinity of poorly crystallized apatite samples. Evidence is furnished to show that fluoride substitutes for hydroxyl ion in the bone apatite phase. 2. 2. It is suggested that the improvement of crystallinity results from the increased crystal growth rate following a greater nucleation rate both of which are due to the higher supersaturation resulting from the presence of fluoride in the serum and the final crystalline phase. 3. 3. It is also suggested that a more stable bone apatite is produced by (a) the improved crystallinity and (b) the isomorphous substitution of fluoride in the apatite structure.
Selection of GM2, fucosyl GM1, globo H and polysialic acid as targets on small cell lung cancers for antibody mediated immunotherapy

Glycolipids GM2, GD2, GD3, fucosyl GM1, sialyl Lewis a (sLea) and globo H, and polysialic acid on embryonal NCAM, are cell-surface antigens expressed on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) biopsy specimens. They are all candidates for inclusion in a polyvalent, antibody-inducing vaccine or for adoptive therapy with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SCLC. To identify the minimum optimal combination of target antigens on SCLC and to confirm that antibodies against this combination might be able to mediate complement activation and lysis in the majority of cases, we tested ten SCLC cell lines with fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assays using mAbs against these seven target antigens individually or pooled in different combinations. We find that (1) none of these mAbs demonstrated strong FACS reactivity with more than 6 of the 10 cell lines, (2) no mAb had strong CDC reactivity with more than 4 of the cell lines, (3) when the mAbs were pooled, nine cell lines were strongly positive by FACS and nine cell lines were strongly positive by CDC, and (4) mAbs against GM2, FucGM1, globo H and polysialic acid was the minimum optimal combination for inducing FACS reactivity. The addition of mAbs against sLea, GD2 and GD3 had no additional impact by FACS and only minimal additional impact in CDC assays. H345, the only cell line that had less than 30% CDC with the four mAb pool was strongly positive by FACS. To understand the lack of correlation between FACS and CDC in the case of H345, the ten cell lines were screened for expression of complement resistance factors CD55 and CD59. Three cell lines were strongly positive for CD55 and eight were strongly positive for CD59. Overall, no correlation was seen between expression of either of these factors on the ten cell lines and sensitivity to CDC. In the case of H345 however, complement resistance of H345 is demonstrated to be mediated primarily by CD59, and in the presence of mAb against CD59, the four mAb MEM-43 pool induced strong (94%) CDC. CD59 inhibits membrane attack complex formation but not activation of earlier complement components. Consequently, all ten cell lines are good targets for complement activation by the four antibody pool and for elimination by effector mechanisms including complement mediated inflammation and opsonization. These findings support our plan to develop a tetravalent vaccine against SCLC targeting GM2, fucosyl GM1, globo H and polysialic acid.
Training of trainers for community primary health care workers.

Training community-based health care workers in developing countries is essential to improving the quality of life in both rural and urban areas. Two major obstacles to such training are the tremendous social distance gap between these community workers and their more highly educated and upper class trainers (often medical officers) and the didatic formal educational system. Bridging the gap demands a participant-centered field-oriented approach which actively involves the trainee in the design implementation and evaluation of the training program. A description of a philosophic learning approach based on self-initiated change; educational objectives related to planning organizing conducting and evaluating training; and specific learning methodologies utilizing participatory learning non-formal educational techniques field experience continuing feedback and learner participation are reviewed. Included are: role playing story telling case studies self learning and simulation exercises visuals and Portapak videotape. The educational objectives and training methodologies described in this plan can be successful only if they are carried out in a setting similar to the 1 in which the primary health care workers will work in the future. At least 1/2 of the training must take place in a village setting and the medical officers must spend evenings as well as days intermingling with local people sleeping in similar housing and eating similar food. Such total immersion may violate some of the class orientations of trainers but should result in at least a minimal empathy with local conditions. The means of providing sufficient comforts along the way to keep the immersion approach from drowning the trainees remains the work of the master trainer of trainers.
Empirical modeling of light availability in rivers

[1] While the influence of hydrology and geomorphology on ecosystem-limiting factors in rivers has been well studied, particularly habitat availability and nutrient cycling, the more fundamental limitation of light availability has received much less attention. Characterizing light regimes in rivers is optically complex and requires consideration of five hydrogeomorphic controls: topography, riparian vegetation, channel geometry, optical water quality, and hydrologic regime. To generalize and quantify these hydrogeomorphic controls, we developed an empirical model that predicts both spatial and temporal variability of photosynthetically active radiation reaching the riverbed (benthic PAR). We applied this benthic light availability model (BLAM) to two dissimilar systems: a large, turbid river and a small, optically clear river. Comparisons between the two systems revealed that the dominant control on temporal light availability for the large river was discharge, which accounted for 90% of the variation. A dominant temporal control for the small river did not emerge, but instead was found to be a function of both above-canopy PAR and discharge. Spatially, water depth accounted for 99% of the variation in benthic PAR for the large river, and riparian shading accounted for 93% of the variation for the small river. Channel orientation also had a major influence, where an E-W configuration increased benthic PAR by as much as 108% relative to a N-S configuration. BLAM predictions agreed well with measured benthic PAR, within 39% on average over a 9-d period. BLAM is the first model to quantify benthic PAR using all five hydrogeomorphic controls, and thus provides a new tool for investigating the role of light in fluvial ecosystem dynamics and for establishing light availability targets in water resource management.
Labor and vaginal delivery with maternal aortic aneurysm.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Maternal aortic aneurysm can be an unsettling finding for the practicing obstetrician. However, thoracic surgeons generally do not treat asymptomatic aortic aneurysms that are less than 6 cm in diameter in otherwise healthy adults. CASE: A young nullipara was incidentally found to have a 4.5-cm thoracic aortic aneurysm during prenatal care. After extensive counseling and discussions with thoracic surgeons, anesthesiologists, and perinatologists, the patient requested a trial of labor and underwent an uncomplicated assisted vaginal delivery of a healthy female infant. CONCLUSION: A vaginal delivery occurred safely in a woman with an asymptomatic aortic aneurysm that was less than 6 cm in diameter and not associated with Marfan’s syndrome.
EXACT SOLUTION OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT PROBLEM WITH ELASTIC AND INELASTIC SCATTERING.

Abstract A gas of charged particles making elastic and inelastic collisions is assumed to be in a uniform steady state in a uniform steady electric field. Supposing the gas obeys a one-dimensional Boltzmann equation, this is solved exactly for the case of energy-independent elastic and inelastic mean free paths, together with the assumption of isotropic scattering. (Of course, the inelastic mean free path is taken to be infinite for those particles with too little energy to be inelastically scattered). The drift velocity and temperature are obtained from the velocity distribution, and their dependences on electric field strength are displayed. The results exhibit many features in common with other theories and with experiments on n-type germanium at liquid-nitrogen temperature.
Gender disparity in radial and femoral arterial size: an ultrasound study.

Sir: Arterial catheterization is a common intensive care unit (ICU) procedure. We have previously found that women are more likely to fail catheter attempts [1]. Few prior studies have investigated gender differences in arterial size. Men have larger left main and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries, independently of body surface area (BSA) [2]. Herity et al. [3] found increased LAD size in hearts transplanted from female donors to male recipients. Krejza et al. found men have larger carotid arteries [4]. Babuccu et al. [5] studied the diameters of radial, thoracodorsal, and dorsalis pedis arteries in pediatric patients and found that age, weight, and male gender are associated with larger size. The radial and femoral arteries are commonly used for arterial catheter placement. We studied arterial size in these locations to determine whether men have larger arteries. The study was conducted over a 4-month period beginning 11 May 2005 in the medical ICU of an urban teaching hospital. The study was approved by the Beth Israel Medical Center Institutional Review Board and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for written informed consent was waived. An Acuson Cypress 7.5 MHz ultrasound probe with 0.1-mm resolution was used (Siemens, Malvern, Pa., USA). Arterial diameter was measured in the transverse orientation of arterial diameter in systole. Measurements were taken during three different cardiac cycles and averaged. Radial arteries were measured 2 cm proximal to the distal wrist crease. Femoral arteries were measured one-third of the way from the pubic symphysis to the superior iliac crest. Based on clinical observations prior to the study we estimated that men’s femoral arteries would be 1 mm larger than women’s, and that their radial arteries would be 0.5 mm larger. Setting α at 5% and β at 20%, we calculated that 30 patients would be required to detect this difference in femoral arteries, and 36 patients would be required for radial arteries. Associations between demographic characteristics and arterial size were assessed by
Infection of cats by injection with DNA of a feline immunodeficiency virus molecular clone.

Establishment of infection of animals with a viral clone will be important for investigating viral determinants of pathogenesis and monitoring sequence changes in the viral genome in vivo and may find utility as a means of immunization with live-attenuated virus. To test the efficiency of intramuscular (i.m.) injection of cloned proviral plasmid DNA for establishing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats, groups of cats were inoculated by the i.m. route with 300, 100, or 30 micrograms of plasmid DNA containing the infectious molecular clone, FIV-pPPR. A fourth group of cats was inoculated intradermally with 30 micrograms of FIV-pPPR plasmid DNA. For comparison, a fifth group received 10(3) TCID50 of a live virus stock of FIV-pPPR by intraperitoneal inoculation. Inoculation by i.m. injection with 100 to 300 micrograms of infectious FIV-pPPR proviral DNA produced infection detectable by both antiviral antibody and virus isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Inoculation by i.m. injection with 30 micrograms of proviral DNA resulted in infection in two of three inoculated cats. Intradermal injection with 30 micrograms of proviral DNA induced infection in one of three cats. Induction of antiviral antibody and viremia was delayed in cats inoculated with 30 micrograms compared to cats inoculated with either 100 or 300 micrograms of proviral DNA. This study indicates that cloned FIV proviral DNA may replace infectious virion preparations as inocula for pathogenesis and immunization studies.
PULMONIC REGURGITATION FOLLOWING STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENDOCARDITIS: AN INTRACARDIAC PHONOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY.

Isolated pulmonic regurgitation was found in a 30-year-old man 5 years after an episode of bacteriologically proved and successfully treated staphylococcal endocarditis. Intracardiac phonocardiography was useful in confirming the diagnosis, and simultaneous intracardiac pressure and sound recording afforded a plausible explanation for the unusual murmur of organic pulmonic insufficiency.
Biochemical and behavioral anxiolytic-like effects of R(+)HA-966 at the level of the ventral tegmental area in rats.

Rationale: R(+) HA-966, a weak partial agonist at the glycine/NMDA receptor complex, has been shown to have anxiolytic-like actions on restraint stress-induced mesoprefrontal dopamine metabolism. Objective: This study investigates the putative anxiolytic, R(+) HA-966, applied locally at the level of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), on the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear. Methods: Ten to 14 days after cannula implantation, rats were subjected to the acquisition session (10×5 s tone paired with 0.5 s, 0.8 mA footshock) followed about 24 h later by the expression session (ten tones only) of a conditioned fear protocol. Rats were treated with R(+) HA-966 (15 μg/VTA) or saline before either the acquisition or expression sessions. Other rats were injected with saline or R(+) HA-966 (10 μg/side), intra-medial prefrontal cortex, on the expression day. Results: R(+)HA-966, intra-VTA, prevented stress-induced changes in mesoprefrontal, but not mesoaccumbal, dopamine metabolism and was associated with a reduction in fearful responses to physical (footshock) and psychological (conditioned fear) stressors. Additionally, rats treated with R(+)HA-966 intra-VTA before the acquisition session were less fearful at the beginning of the expression session. Local injection of R(+)HA-966 into medial prefrontal cortex did not have anxiolytic-like behavioral or biochemical actions but diminished the expression of exploratory behavior in non-stress, control rats. Conclusions: These studies indicate that the stress-induced activation of the mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons is necessary for the normal expression of fearful behaviors.
The effects of road-surface conditions, age, and gender on driver-injury severities

Drivers' adaptation to weather-induced changes in roadway-surface conditions is a complex process that can potentially be influenced by many factors including age and gender. Using a mixed logit analysis, this research assesses the effects that age, gender, and other factors have on crash severities by considering single-vehicle crashes that occurred on dry, wet, and snow/ice-covered roadway surfaces. With an extensive database of single-vehicle crashes from Indiana in 2007 and 2008, estimation results showed that there were substantial differences across age/gender groups under different roadway-surface conditions. For example, for all females and older males, the likelihood of severe injuries increased when crashes occurred on wet or snow/ice surfaces-but for male drivers under 45 years of age, the probability of severe injuries decreased on wet and snow/ice surfaces - relative to dry-surface crashes. This and many other significant differences among age and gender groups suggest that drivers perceive and react to pavement-surface conditions in very different ways, and this has important safety implications. Furthermore, the empirical findings of this study highlight the value of considering subsets of data to unravel the complex relationships within crash-injury severity analysis.
The Foundation and Growth of the New British Universities

In the 1960s, the British university system experienced a period of expansion, reorganization, and development unprecedented in its eight-hundred-year history. Older civic universities such as Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds underwent enlargement; a younger civic university, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, separated from its parent institution, Durham University; and one Scottish institution, Heriot-Watt, and ten former colleges of advanced technology were elevated to university status. A more fundamental change in the landscape of British universities, however, occurred with the creation of nine entirely new institutions: the Universities of Sussex (1961), York (1963), East Anglia (1963), Essex (1964), Lancaster (1964), Kent (1965), Warwick (1965), Stirling (1967), and Ulster (1968).
A New Species of Falcaustra (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) in Nactus pelagicus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) From Tanna Island, Vanuatu

Falcaustra tannaensis n. sp. (Ascaridida: Kathlaniidae) from the large intestine of Nactus pelagicus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) is described and illustrated. Falcaustra tannaensis represents the first species from Oceanica to be assigned to the genus and is distinguished from other species of Falcaustra by the distribution pattern of caudal papillae (8 precloacal, 2 adcloacal, 10 postcloacal, and 1 median), length of spicules (2.43-2.68 mm), and presence of a pseudosucker.
The Candida glabrata adhesin Epa1p causes adhesion, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion by innate immune cells.

While Candida albicans is the most significant fungal pathogen for humans, Candida glabrata accounts for an increasing number of infections. Little is known about how C. glabrata interacts with the innate immune system, the first line of defense against such organisms. The C. glabrata adhesin Epa1p was previously shown to bind mammalian epithelial cells. We hypothesized that Epa1p mediates unique, nonopsonic binding to macrophages, leading to induction of immune responses. We found that Epa1p mediated adhesion by both C. glabrata (Cg) and transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc(EPA1) ) to human macrophage-like cells, including Thp1 and U937 lines, and donor PBMCs. Adhesion was distinct from described mechanisms such as Dectin-1. Epa1p expression was necessary and sufficient for S. cerevisiae binding and phagocytosis, the latter of which was actin-mediated. Sc(EPA1) induced inflammatory cytokine production (IL-8 and TNF-α) by human PBMC-derived macrophages. Despite expressing Epa1p and binding to macrophages, Cg avoided phagocytosis and cytokine induction. In contrast to human results, in murine cell models (RAW264.7, J774A.1, and C57BL/6-derived cells), Epa1p-mediated binding was only revealed after blocking the Dectin-1 system. Recognition of Epa1p represents a novel mechanism by which human innate immune cells bind fungi, and for Sc(EPA1) results in phagocytosis and subsequent cytokine production.
Automatic model selection for partially linear models

We propose and study a unified procedure for variable selection in partially linear models. A new type of double-penalized least squares is formulated, using the smoothing spline to estimate the nonparametric part and applying a shrinkage penalty on parametric components to achieve model parsimony. Theoretically we show that, with proper choices of the smoothing and regularization parameters, the proposed procedure can be as efficient as the oracle estimator [J. Fan, R. Li, Variable selection via nonconcave penalized likelihood and its oracle properties, Journal of American Statistical Association 96 (2001) 1348-1360]. We also study the asymptotic properties of the estimator when the number of parametric effects diverges with the sample size. Frequentist and Bayesian estimates of the covariance and confidence intervals are derived for the estimators. One great advantage of this procedure is its linear mixed model (LMM) representation, which greatly facilitates its implementation by using standard statistical software. Furthermore, the LMM framework enables one to treat the smoothing parameter as a variance component and hence conveniently estimate it together with other regression coefficients. Extensive numerical studies are conducted to demonstrate the effective performance of the proposed procedure.
Rating scales in the assessment of child behavior

Abstract A critical element of any treatment approach is the assessment of behavioral functioning and outcome. Numerous techniques have become accepted as parts of behavioral assessment, but rating scales, though often used by researchers and clinicians, have been largely neglected in discussions of behavioral assessment. This article will describe how child behavior rating scales may be used in conjunction with other techniques for descriptive and evaluative functions throughout five assessment stages. Special attention will be paid to differential utility and applicability according to these identified phases and functions.
HISTORY OF QUANTITATIVE ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS

Quantitative microanalysis is based on empirical adjustment of simple models of electron-target interaction. The accuracy of analysis depends on measurements of X-ray emission from homogeneous well-characterized standard materials. As better standards and larger and faster computers become available, simplistic models can be replaced and the quality of adjustment improved. It is also possible to include some secondary processes such as excitation of X-rays by high-energy secondary electrons which were overlooked in the past.
CLINICAL UTILITY OF WECHSLER MEMORY SCALE-REVISED AND PREDICTED IQ DISCREPANCIES IN CLOSED HEAD INJURY

Comparisons between Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) indexes and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) IQ scores have been proposed to identify severity of memory deficits. However, many neurologic conditions reduce both intellectual and memory functioning, and thus, examining differences between these scores may be of little value. Closed head injured subjects who completed the WMS-R were divided into either mild injury (MI, n = 41) or moderate/severe (SI, n = 41) injury groups based on trauma severity indicators and were matched on age and level of education. The Oklahoma Premorbid Intelligence Estimation (OPIE), a regression formula that takes into account demographic variables as well as IQ performance, was calculated for each subject. Discrepancy scores were calculated between predicted IQ scores and WAIS-R IQ and WMS-R indexes. SI head-injured subjects displayed significantly larger discrepancies (19 points) between OPIE scores and Delayed Recall Indexes from the WMS-R than the MI subjects (10 points). Significantly larger percentages of subjects in the SI group displayed significant (>SD) reductions in many of the WMS-R and WAIS-R scores from estimates than subjects in the MI group. Comparing current memory functioning to estimates of premorbid intellectual ability appears to be a sensitive indicator of presence and degree of intellectual and memory dysfunction in head trauma patients. Results also provide evidence that estimates of premorbid intellectual ability can serve as estimates of premorbid memory functioning.
Adsorption of Liquid Mixtures on Silicalite-1 Zeolite: A Density-Bottle Method

A technique that measures the effective density of a zeolite after adsorption from the liquid phase was developed to measure the absolute amounts of liquid mixtures adsorbed on zeolites without using a nonadsorbing solvent. Since the fugacities of the adsorbing components in solution can be dramatically different with or without the addition of a nonadsorbing solvent, this technique measures mixture isotherms that can be used for analyzing pervaporation through zeolite membranes. A nonideal solution, methanol/acetone, was used as an example to show that its adsorption isotherms on silicalite-1 zeolite at 294 K differ dramatically from those measured with the nonadsorbing solvent method. The methanol/acetone fugacity ratio is different for the two methods because of different concentrations in the liquid phase. Methanol preferentially adsorbs on silicalite-1 at low methanol concentrations and acetone preferentially adsorbs at high methanol concentrations. The density bottle method was used to show that n-h...
The mechanism of Na+ transport by rabbit urinary bladder.

The mechanism of Na+ transport in rabbit urinary bladder has been studied by microelectrode techniques. Of the three layers of epithelium, the apical layer contains virtually all the transepithelial resistance. There is radial cell-to-cell coupling within this layer, but there is no detectable transverse coupling between layers. Cell coupling is apparently interrupted by intracellular injection of depolarizing current. The cell interiors are electrically negative to the bathing solutions, but the apical membrane of the apical layer depolarizes with increasingIsc. Voltage scanning detects no current sinks at the cell junctions or elsewhere. The voltage-divider ratio, α, (ratio of resistance of apical cell membrane,Ra, to basolateral cell membrane,Rb) decreases from 30 to 0.5 with increasingIsc, because of the transportrelated conductance pathway in the apical membrane. Changes in effective transepithelial capacitance withIsc are predicted and possibly observed. The transepithelial resistance,Rt, has been resolved intoRa, Rb, and the junctional resistance,Rj, by four different methods: cable analysis, resistance of uncoupled cells, measurements of pairs of (Rt, α) values in the same bladder at different transport rates, and the relation betweenRt andIsc and between α andIsc.Rj proves to be effectively infinite (nominally 300 kΩ μF) and independent ofIsc, andRa decreases from 154 to 4 kΩ μF with increasingIsc. In the resulting model of Na+ transport in “tight” epithelia, the apical membrane contains an amiloride-inhibited and Ca++-inhibited conductance pathway for Na+ entry; the basolateral membrane contains a Na+−K+-activated ATPase that extrudes Na+; intracellular (Na+) may exert negative feedback on apical membrane conductance; and aldosterone acts to stimulate Na+ entry at the apical membrane via the amiloride-sensitive pathway.
Zero bias anomalies in AlAl2O3Al tunnel junctions doped with Fe

Abstract We report the observation of an anomalous conductance maximum at zero bias in iron doped AlAl2O3Al tunnel junctions at 4.2°K. This conductance maximum is converted into a resistance maximum at higher doping levels. Magnetic field dependence is also reported.
Effect of temperature and dissolved oxygen on the growth kinetics of Pseudomonas putida F1 growing on benzene and toluene.

Abstract Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration on the rates of growth and substrate (benzene and toluene) degradation by the toluene degrading strain, Pseudomonas putida F1. Over a range of temperature from 15 to 35 °C the maximum specific growth rate followed the Topiwala–Sinclair relationship when either benzene or toluene served as the sole carbon and energy source. Oxygen limited growth followed Monod saturation kinetics with the specific growth rate given as a function of the dissolved oxygen concentration. The oxygen half-saturation coefficient was found to be approximately 1 mg/l regardless of whether benzene or toluene was the substrate. Similar experiments with Burkholderia ( Ralstonia ) pickettii PKO1 for grown on toluene revealed an oxygen half-saturation coefficient of 0.7 mg/l.
Robust stability analysis of the heat shock response in E. coli

We establish robust stability results for the bacterial heat stress response by using a reduced - order model with different time-scales under parameter perturbations and determine conditions that ensure the existence of asymptotically stable equilibria of the perturbed system. It is assumed that the system uncertainties are limited by the upper bounds of their norms. We derive a Lyapunov function for the coupled system and a maximal upper bound for the fast time scale associated with the unfolded proteins state.
Transport and outflow to the North Atlantic in the lower marine troposphere during ICARTT 2004

An analysis of pollution plumes emitted from sources in the Northeastern US was based on observations from the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) 2004 field campaign. Particular attention was given to the relation of these plumes to coastal transport patterns in lower tropospheric layers throughout the Gulf of Maine (GOM) and their contribution to large-scale pollution outflow from the North American continent. Using measurements obtained during a series of flights of the NOAA WP-3D and the NASA DC-8, a unique quasi-lagrangian case study was conducted for a freshly emitted plume emanating from the New York City source region in late July 2004. The initial development of this plume stemmed from the accumulation of boundary layer pollutants within a coastal residual layer where weak synoptic forcing triggered its advection by mean southwesterly flow. As the plume tracked into the GOM, analysis showed that the plume layer vertical structure evolved into an internal boundary layer form, with signatures of steep vertical gradients in temperature, moisture and wind speed often resulting in periodic turbulence. This structure remained well-defined during the plume study, allowing for the detachment of the plume layer from the surface and thus minimal deposition and plume-sea surface exchange. In contrast, lateral mixing with other low-level plumes was significant during its transit and facilitated in part by persistent shear driven turbulence which further contributed to the high spatial variability in trace gas mixing ratios. The impact of the plume inland was assessed using observations from the AIRMAP air quality network. This impact was noticeably detected as a contribution to poor surface ozone conditions and significant elevations of other major pollutants to levels equaling the highest observed that summer. Further contributions to larger-scale outflow across the North Atlantic was also observed and analyzed.
The emotional consequences of false positive mammography: African-American women's reactions in their own words.

ABSTRACT High false positive rates associated with screening for breast cancer in the United States have an unintended psychological consequence for women (Lerman et al., 1991) that has raised concerns in recent years (Sox, 1998). This study uses inductive qualitative analysis of open-ended interviews with 45 African American women living in New York City who were part of a larger study of women and their experiences after receiving an abnormal mammogram. Themes resulting from the analyses included: inadequate provider-patient communication, anxieties exacerbated by waiting and wondering, and fears of iatrogenic effects of follow-up tests such as biopsies and repeat mammograms. While more research is needed on message-framing strategies for women entering mammographic testing and follow-up, modest changes in service de livery such as improved medical communication can help to alleviate fears and enhance trust.
INVESTIGATING IDEOLOGICAL CLARITY IN TEACHER EDUCATION

Set in a graduate-level multicultural literacy course, this qualitative study draws on Bakhtin's theories of ideological becoming and a hybrid of critical discourse analysis (CDA) methods (Gee, 1996; Fairclough, 1995; 2003) to explore the complexities of learning to teach culturally and linguistically diverse students. We investigated how eight beginning teachers' ideologies were constructed and reconstructed by closely examining the struggles and tensions teachers expressed in one multicultural literacy course. This research adds to the literature about how beginning teachers might better address cultural and linguistic diversity in literacy instruction. The study also describes the types of activities that can facilitate the development of teachers who are interested and committed to working with culturally and linguistically diverse students.
Has the time come for bibliometrics and the h-index in academic radiology?

Appearing in this issue of Academic Radiology is an article by Rad and colleagues entitled ‘‘The H-index in Academic Radiology’’ (1). In this work, authors from the Mayo Clinic have produced what is, to the best of my knowledge, the first peer-reviewed publication using the H-index to characterize publications by members of academic radiology departments (1). There have been several excellent published descriptions of the H-index in particular (2,3) and bibliometrics in general (4–6); please see these articles for details. In brief, the H-index was introduced around 2005 by Hirsch, ostensibly for use in evaluating publications by specific authors in physics (2). In general terms, higher H-indices are ‘‘better’’ (2). The H-index is based on a list of publications ranked in descending order by the times cited, and the value of H is a representation of the number of articles (n) in the list that have n or more citations (2). Among other reasons, this metric may be useful because it presumptively discounts the disproportionate weight of highly cited articles or articles that have not yet been cited (2–6). Some authors have suggested that breakpoints or thresholding could be applied to the H-index results to evaluate the career of an academician (4–6). It is in a similar vein that the authors of ‘‘The H-index in Academic Radiology’’ report their work here (1). In addition to something akin to proof of principle/concept and an apparently novel application to diagnostic radiology, these authors suggest that the H-index could be used to establish thresholds for decisions such as academic promotion (1). I found their article to be well-written, interesting, timely, and thought-provoking. There are many reasons why I suggest that now is the time for academic radiology to explore bibliometrics and be actively involved in its study and implementation in our academic communities. I am fond of using an approach using ‘‘pearls and pitfalls’’ and will employ that approach here.