cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to use optics in neural nets: a perspectus

contributions when married with NN techniques.4. Is a NN solution needed for the given problem?These remarks have guided our optical NN philosophy and research.Because of item (1 ), future work should focus on new NN algorithms useful with realistic opticaldevices. Alternatively (and for the quite foreseeable future) a hybrid digital/optical NN (Figure 1 ) ispreferable with training (calculation) of the required weights performed digitally and with the weightsdownloaded to an optical NN processor for on-line classification.
The effects of SKF 525-A on hepatic glycogen and rate of hepatic drug metabolism.

Abstract The level of hepatic glycogen and rates of certain drug metabolisms were studied after administration of SKF 525-A (β-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropyl acetate HCl) to adult rats. SKF 525-A inhibits hepatic drug metabolism within 1 hr, and a significant effect is seen up to 24 hr after administration. SKF 525-A lowers hepatic glycogen to a minimum level in 8 to 12 hr. The recovery of hepatic glycogen and rate of hepatic drug metabolism to control values occurs at the same time after administration of SKF 525-A. The effects of SKF 525-A on certain enzymes of hepatic glycogenesis and glycogenolysis were also studied.
Enhanced formation of dioxins and furans from combustion devices by addition of trace quantities of bromine

Past pilot-scale experimental studies have shown a dramatic increase in the formation of certain chlorinated products of incomplete combustion (PICs) caused by the addition of trace amounts of bromine (Br). Emissions of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, generated as PICs from the fuel-lean combustion of methylene chloride, were enhanced by up to 3 orders of magnitude by introducing Br in the form of methylene bromide at a constant halogen molar input rate with a 1:10 Br/chlorine (Cl) molar ratio. The two chlorinated PICs in question are both potential ring growth precursors, which could lead to enhanced formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs). The experiments described in this paper expand on this earlier work by examining the effect of trace amounts of Br on the formation of PCDDs/PCDFs, in addition to other chlorinated, brominated, and mixed bromo-chloro organic PICs.
On 3-D Motion Estimation From Feature Tracks in 2-D FS Sonar Video

Visual odometry involves the computation of 3-D motion and (or) trajectory by tracking features in the video or image sequences recorded by the camera(s) on some autonomous terrestrial, aerial, and marine robotics platform. For exploration, mapping, inspection, and surveillance operations within turbid waters, high-frequency 2-D forward-scan sonar systems offer a significant advantage over cameras by providing both imagery with target details and attractive tradeoff in range, resolution, and data rate. Operating these at grazing incidence gives larger scene coverage and improved image quality due to the dominance of diffuse backscattered reflectance but induces cast shadows that are typically more distinct than brightness patterns due to the direct reflectance of casting objects. For the computation of 3-D motion by automatic video processing, the estimation accuracy and robustness can be enhanced by integrating the visual cues from shadow dynamics with the image flow of stationary 3-D objects, both induced by sonar motion. In this paper, we present the mathematical models of image flow for 3-D objects and their cast shadows, utilize them in devising various 3-D sonar motion estimation solutions, and study their robustness. We present results of experiments with both synthetic and real data in order to assess the accuracy and performance of these methods.
State of water in osmotic processes

Abstract Osmosis and imbibition depend on solute, or matrix, pressure respectively acting on a boundary. If the boundary is a semipermeable membrane, the pressure is due to the solute or matrix alone; if it is a free surface, the balance of forces gives negative pressure to the solvent, with a consequent lowering of the vapor pressure. Osmotic flux through a dialyzing membrane is purely hydraulic, and is not uniquely determined by vapor pressure and water potential; only in diffusional osmosis are these parameters determinants. Osmotic flux, or swelling, is caused by the gradient of the partial pressure of the water itself. This unified interpretation of osmosis and imbibition is based upon experimentally verified entities: (1) negative fluid pressures, (2) independence of solute and matrix from solvent at equilibrium, (3) a fundamental role for the free solvent surface, and (4) negative solvent pressure produced by drag under nonequilibrium conditions.
Assembly of Aqueous-Cored Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

A synthesis strategy for aqueous-cored calcium phosphate nanoparticles is presented that combines ease of preparation, reproducibility, size control, stability, and mean thickness control. Suspensi...
Knowledge reorganization and reasoning style

Abstract To study the learning of expertise, two closely related stages of expertise in economics reasoning are analyzed and modelled, and a mechanism for going from the first to the second is proposed. Both stages share the same basic concepts and generate plausible economie scenarios, but reasoning in the first stage oversimplifies by focussing on how the goals of a few actors are affected. Reasoning in the second stage produces better arguments by taking into account how all the relevant parts of the economy might be affected. The first stage is modelled by highly interconnected goal forests and very selective, story understanding search heuristics. The second stage is modelled with more explicit links between economie quantities and a more appropriate set of search heuristics. The learning mechanism is a failure-driven process that not only records better arguments as they are seen, but also records the failure of existing inference rules to find these arguments on their own. The collected failures are used to determine which search heuristics work best in which situations.
Pathogen-host-environment relationships in a cabbage-looper nuclear polyhedrosis

Abstract Results from a series of laboratory experiments confirmed that the time required for lethal infection by the cabbage-looper (Trichoplusia ni) nuclear-polyhedrosis virus is inversely related to dosage level and environmental temperature. When host response to the environment was considered, the time for lethal infection was found to represent a constant percentage of the duration of the larval stage irrespective of environmental temperature. The inference was that pathogen-host interaction was directly related to host-environment response, further emphasizing the intricate relationship between an intracellular parasite and host physiology.
Seismic analysis of cylindrical liquid storage tanks

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of a comprehensive analytical investigation concerning the seismic analysis of ground supported, circular cylindrical liquid storage tanks subject to a horizontal component of earthquake ground motion. A procedure to evaluate the dynamic seismic response of a wide range of cylindrical liquid storage tanks is developed. The procedure, which is applicable to tanks both completely full and partially full with liquid, has been incorporated into a BASIC computer program. Several numerical examples are presented which illustrate application of the procedure and verify its accuracy.
Performing masculinity in the Moroccan theatre: virility, sexuality and Spanish military culture from the African War to the Civil War

This article explores constructions of Spanish masculinity in the first decades of the twentieth century, as Spain engaged in colonialist wars in Morocco; memoirs and literary texts by travellers, soldiers and military leaders such as Francisco Franco and Jose Millan Astray are read alongside theoretical works. I argue that, like European Orientalism, Spanish Orientalism projects onto Moroccan men an image of fanaticism, barbaric violence and ultra‐virile yet ‘polymorphously perverse’ sexuality. However, that particular image of masculinity is just as often re‐assimilated into a Spanish national identity that can never quite manage to assert its fundamental difference from North Africa.
Experimental studies assessing the repeatability of a functional modeling derivation method

This paper presents the results of research attempts to substantiate repeatability and uniqueness claims of a functional model derivation method following a hypothesis generation and testing procedure outlined in design research literature. Three experiments are constructed and carried out with a participant pool that possesses a range of engineering design skill levels. The experiments test the utility of a functional model derivation method to produce repeatable functional models for a given product among different designers. In addition to this, uniqueness of the functional models produced by the participants is examined. Results indicate the method enhances repeatability and leads designers toward a unique functional model of a product. Shortcomings of the method and opportunities for improvement are also identified.
Mercury in hospital dentistry

SUMMARY Amalgam has proved to be among the most versatile and durable of all restorative materials used in the treatment of dental disease. Hospital controls are essential to ensure that it is handled and controlled properly. Each practitioner and staff member should realize the potential hazards associated with mercury, and practice good mercury hygienic measures and control procedures.
THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION

One of the most remarkable features of radioactive changes is the fact that they have extremely low-temperature coefficients, it being impossible to influence the half-life of a radioactive substance by changing the temperature over any range at our command. It is the purpose of this note to show that this is exactly what is to be expected from the known sizes of atomic nuclei, on the basis of the new quantum mechanical explanation of radioactivity [2].
Nanoparticle self-assembly gated by logical proteolytic triggers.

The emergent electromagnetic properties of nanoparticle self-assemblies are being harnessed to build new medical and biochemical assays with unprecedented sensitivity. While current self-assembly assays have displayed superior sensitivity for single molecular targets, development of systems with the capacity to process multiple inputs may more effectively decipher complex disease signatures such as cancer. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of nanoparticles that utilize Boolean logic to simultaneously probe for two proteolytic inputs associated with unique aspects of tumorigenesis (MMP2 and MMP7). Using dynamic light scatting, fluorescence, and MRI, we show that logical AND and OR functions can control the self-assembly of disperse superparamagnetic nanoparticles and enable remote, NMR detection of nanoparticle computation. In the future, by increasing the complexity of assembly triggers, nanoparticles may be tailored to sense a diversity of disease inputs in vitro and potentially in vivo.
Economic Comparison of Home-Care-Based versus Hospital-Based Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia in Children

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare health-care resource utilization and outcomes among children treated for low-risk febrile neutropenia (FN) in a hospital-based setting with those treated in a home-care-based setting. Methods The perspective of this retrospective, cohort study was the health payer. We collected health-care utilization and treatment outcome data from medical records of 63 children (26 boys and 37 girls) with low-risk, chemotherapy-induced FN who were treated at the University of Arizona (27 children, the hospital-based group) and University of New Mexico (36 children, the home-care-based group). We identified 144 FN episodes (72 episodes in each group). Health-care utilization included physician visits, home-care visits, laboratory visits, outpatient visits, hospital days, intensive care unit days, medical tests and studies, and medications used to manage FN (e.g., filgrastim, antimicrobials, and ancilliary drugs and supplies). We applied uniform charges, based on those used at the University of New Mexico in 1998. We collected outcomes of the FN treatment (success vs. failure and time to resolution, defined as number of days of antibiotic therapy). Rates of positive blood cultures during treatment were also compared. Data were analyzed using nonparametric Mann–Whitney U tests for continuous data and chi-square analysis for categorical data. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by varying the amount of total resource utilization, as well as utilization of specific health-care resources. Results There was no difference in outcome; all episodes of treatment in both groups resulted in successful recovery from FN. Time to resolution of FN was 8.3 ± 2.7 days for home-care FN episodes versus 7.3 ± 3.6 days for hospital FN episodes ( P =.064). Median charge per FN episode was significantly ( P P P P P =.012). Conclusions We found that management of low-risk FN in a home-care-based setting was associated with significantly lower median total charges with no differences in outcome.
Femtosecond dynamics of transition states: the classical saddle-point barrier reactions

In this Letter, we report molecular dynamics studies of the transition state (A+BC) of saddle-point barrier reactions. We compare the theoretical findings with direct experimental observation of reaction times and kinetic energy distributions for the IHgI system. The results account for the dynamics of two- and three-body recoil from the transition state to final products and elucidate the nature of concerted (symmetric) and non-concerted (asymmetric) motions of the nuclei.
Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen

Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen. By Jillian Schwedler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 252p. $80.00. Many attribute the failure of democratization in the Islamic world to the existence of antidemocratic Islamist movements. Why should democratization move forward when the main beneficiaries would allow for “one person, one vote, one time”? Jillian Schwedler in Faith in Moderation refutes this common argument head-on. Schwedler, however, is not merely content in presenting two Islamist parties as “moderate” to show how Islam is not monolithic. She has a more analytical project in which she urges us to unpack many of our assumptions about regime transitions in the Middle East and in general. Her argument targets the linkage between the inclusion of Islamist opposition groups in politics and the effects of their participation in moderating their ideology and behavior. Her treatment of this topic, based in social movement theory, deserves our attention.
Role of bridging ligand .pi.-acidity in determining the nature of the lowest excited states of binuclear complexes of nickel(0). Ligand-centered (M2 .fwdarw. .mu.-LCT), metal-centered (.mu.-L .fwdarw. M2CT), and intraligand (IL) lowest excited states for the series of complexes Ni2(.mu.-L)(CNMe)2(PPh2CH2PPh2)2 (L = CNR, CNMe(R)+, NO+)

The spectroscopy and photochemistry of the series of binuclear Ni(0) complexes Ni 2 (μ-L)(CNMe) 2 (dppm) 2 (dppm=bis(diphenylphosphino) methane) with either bridging isocyanide ligands, bridging aminocarbyne ligands or bridging NO + , have been examined
The Ashwell-Morell receptor regulates hepatic thrombopoietin production via JAK2-STAT3 signaling

The hepatic Ashwell-Morell receptor (AMR) can bind and remove desialylated platelets. Here we demonstrate that platelets become desialylated as they circulate and age in blood. Binding of desialylated platelets to the AMR induces hepatic expression of thrombopoietin (TPO) mRNA and protein, thereby regulating platelet production. Endocytic AMR controls TPO expression through Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and the acute phase response signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in vivo and in vitro. Recognition of this newly identified physiological feedback mechanism illuminates the pathophysiology of platelet diseases, such as essential thrombocythemia and immune thrombocytopenia, and contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of thrombocytopenia observed with JAK1/2 inhibition.
The “Rashomon Effect” Reconsidered

1959a An Anthropologist at Work: Writings of Ruth Benedict. London: Secker and Warburg. 1959b Cultural Contexts of Puberty and Adolescence. Bulletin of the Philadelphia Association for Psychoanalysis 9:59-79. 1959c Apprenticeship under Boas. In The Anthropology of Franz Boas. Walter Goldschmidt, ed. Pp. 29-45. Washington: American Anthropological Association, Memoir 89. 1972 Blackberry Winter: My Earlier Years. New York: Morrow.
GroEL/S substrate specificity based on substrate unfolding propensity.

Phage P22 wild-type (WT) coat protein does not require GroEL/S to fold but temperature-sensitive–folding (tsf) coat proteins need the chaperone complex for correct folding. WT coat protein and all variants absolutely require P22 scaffolding protein, an assembly chaperone, to assemble into precursor structures termed procapsids. Previously, we showed that a global suppressor (su) substitution, T166I, which rescues several tsf coat protein variants, functioned by inducing GroEL/S. This led to an increased formation of tsf:T166I coat protein:GroEL complexes compared with the tsf parents. The increased concentration of complexes resulted in more assembly-competent coat proteins because of a shift in the chaperone-driven kinetic partitioning between aggregation-prone intermediates toward correct folding and assembly. We have now investigated the folding and assembly of coat protein variants that carry a different global su substitution, F170L. By monitoring levels of phage production in the presence of a dysfunctional GroEL we found that tsf:F170L proteins demonstrate a less stringent requirement for GroEL. Tsf:F170L proteins also did not cause induction of the chaperones. Circular dichroism and tryptophan fluorescence indicate that the native state of the tsf: F170L coat proteins is restored to WT-like values. In addition, native acrylamide gel electrophoresis shows a stabilized native state for tsf:F170L coat proteins. The F170L su substitution also increases procapsid production compared with their tsf parents. We propose that the F170L su substitution has a decreased requirement for the chaperones GroEL and GroES as a result of restoring the tsf coat proteins to a WT-like state. Our data also suggest that GroEL/S can be induced by increasing the population of unfolding intermediates.
Growth in Number of Journals and Papers in the General Field of Dairy Science in the United States

Prior to the establishment of the Journal of Dairy Science and for a considerable time after its inception, one of the most important media of publication was the experiment station bulletin. A comprehensive bibliography of the bulletins pertaining to the dairy industry from 1881 to 1947 was compiled by Albert R. Conley of the Ohio State University (1). In it can be seen that as early as the 1880's a number of bulletins were published d e a l i n g w i t h some phases of dairy research. I n this category fall many experiment station bulletins bearing numbers from one to ten, indicating they were among the earliest ones published. In recent years, howJoseph Tobias ever, this form of publication has to some extent given way to scientific and trade journal articles, part icularly in the field of dairy manufactures, chemistry, and bacteriology. Increase in number of publications. The growth of dairy publications is in no small measure related to the growth of the dairy industry. I t is estimated that in 1850 there were 6.5 million cows in this country. By 1890 the number rose to 16.5 million and by 1910 to 22 million. The period from 1870 to 1910 was marked not only by a large increase in the number of dairy cattle but also by a considerable improvement in milk production per cow. The manufacture of but ter in creameries was also on an upgrade. I t is not surprising that during this period a number of dairy publications appeared for the first time. Prior to 1870, dairy publications were limited in number. A list of agricultural periodicals which appeared between 1810 and 1910 was prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture (2). The earliest recorded dairy publication was the Dairyman's Record, which was published in Little Fa]ls, N. Y., in the years 1859 to ]860. I t was succeeded by the Dairy Farmer, which appeared in the years 1860 to 1863. The only other periodicals listed as having appeared prior to 1880 were Farm and Dairy, established in 1874 at Ames, Iowa; Practical Dairyman, founded in Chatham, N. Y., in 1872; and the American Dairyman and Butter, Cheese and Egg Reporter, established in New York in 1872.
Relating singular values and discrepancy of weighted directed graphs

Various parameters have been discovered which give a measurement of the "randomness" of a graph. We consider two such parameters for directed graphs: the singular values of the (normalized) adjacency matrix and discrepancy (a measurement of how randomly edges have been placed). We will show that these two are equivalent by bounding one by the other so that if one is small then both are small. We will also give a related result for discrepancy of walks when the indegree and out-degree at each vertex is equal. Both of these results follow from a more general discrepancy property of nonnegative matrices which we will state and prove.
Eosinophilic granular cells in oligodendrogliomas. An ultrastructural study

In three cases of oligodendrogliomas, atypical cells rich in eosinophilic cytoplasm, resembling plump astroyctic or astroblastic cells, were studied under the electron microscopy. These cells showed finely granular cytoplasm with routine hematoxylin-eosin preparation; ultrastructurally, they exhibited abundant, round cytoplasmic bodies of autophagic-vacuole type, in addition to other fine structures characteristic of oligodendroglioma cells.
Initial size distributions and hygroscopicity of indoor combustion aerosol particles

Cigarette smoke, incense smoke, natural gas flames, propane fuel flames, and candle flames are contributors of indoor aerosol particles. To provide a quantitative basis for the modeling of inhaled aerosol deposition pattern, the hygroscopic growth of particles from these five sources as well as the source size distributions were measured. Because the experiments were performed on the bases of particles of single size, it provided not only the averaged particle's hygroscopic growth of each source, but also the detailed size change for particles of different sizes within the whole size spectrum. The source particle size distribution measurements found that cigarette smoke and incense smoke contained particles in the size range of 100–700 nm, while the natural gas, propane, and candle flames generated particles between 10 and 100 nm. The hygroscopic growth experiments showed that these combustion aerosol particles could grow 10% to 120%, depending on the particle sizes and origins
Long-term seizure outcome following corpus callosotomy in children.

Introduction: The long-term outcome of pediatric patients undergoing corpus callosotomy (CC) for palliative control of medically intractable seizures is presented. Methods:
The impact of dysmenorrhea on daily activities

Abstract Dysmenorrhea has been considered a leading cause of occupational and school absenteeism among women, yet little is known about its actual impact and factors relating to its impact. Questionnaires about menstrual experiences, activities missed due to dysmenorrhea, perceptions of the consequences of missing these activities and questionnaires concerned with self-control and attitudes toward menstruation were administered to 293 college women twice, in a retrospective and prospective manner. Multiple regressions indicated that activity changes were influenced by menstrual symptoms, feelings of debilitation and perceived consequences of the activities missed. Although pain was a significant predictor of activities missed, results indicated that other cognitive factors accounted for a significant portion of the variance in predicting missed activities. These results were found in spite of the finding that the majority of women reported using medications specifically marketed for menstrual pain.
Technological opportunity and the growth of knowledge: A Schumpeterian approach to measurement

A model of endogenous growth, based on Schumpeter's notion of trustified capitalism, is developed and applied to firm-level data for the period 1973–1991. The model relates the market value of a firm to its current profits and to its R&D expenditures. The relationship depends upon the expected rate of knowledge growth, the expected value of an innovation and the elasticity of the R&D production function. Over the sample period, investors expected knowledge to grow at an average rate of 5 percent, a measure which reflects both process innovations and new product discoveries. Elasticities of the R&D production functions are estimated for thirteen industry groups and interpreted as measures of technological opportunity. There is no evidence of secular decline in technological opportunity over the sample period, but there is some evidence of diminishing returns to R&D intensity. Variations in technological opportunity over time are not correlated across industries. In contrast, the expected rates of knowledge growth at the industry level are highly correlated with the aggregate expected rate.
Kinematics of late Mesozoic thrusting, Pilot Mountains, west-central Nevada, U.S.A.

Abstract The northern Pilot Mountains of west-central Nevada, consist of a complexly deformed terrane of imbricate thrust nappes composed of rocks of Permian(?), Triassic through Jurassic, and possible Cretaceous ages. Three episodes of fold and thrust generation are recognized on the basis of folded thrusts and thrusted folds, and deformation and emplacement of the nappes is constrained as having occurred during the late Mesozoic. Folds are apparently coeval with thrust faults, and fold geometry is used in determining approximate directions of thrust displacement. The history of thrust displacement is complex and involves three directions of motion on a regionally extensive detachment surface, the Luning thrust. The first motion, from NW to SE, results in displacements of the order of several tens of kilometres and is the probable result of NW-SE regional compression. The final two episodes of motion are NE-SW followed by E-W; they result in small displacements and are possibly the product of gravity sliding of the thrust sheet into depressions in the autochthon. Sites of downwarp in the autochthon may have been formed either by load induced subsidence or regional compression.
Practical Research Strategies for Reducing Social and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Obesity.

Adult and childhood obesity and related adverse outcomes are most common among racial/ethnic minorities and socio-economically disadvantaged populations in the United States. Research approaches to obesity developed in mainstream populations and deploying new information technologies may exacerbate existing disparities in obesity. Current obesity management and prevention research priorities will not maximally impact this critical problem unless investigators explicitly focus on discovering innovative strategies for preventing and managing obesity in the disadvantaged populations that are most affected. On the basis of our research experience, four key research approaches are needed: (1) elucidating the underlying social forces that lead to disparities; (2) directly involving community members in the development of research questions and research methods; (3) developing flexible strategies that allow tailoring to multiple disadvantaged populations; and (4) building culturally and socio-economically tailored strategies specifically for populations most affected by obesity. Our experience with a community-based longitudinal cohort study and two health-center-based clinical trials illustrate these principles as a contrast to traditional research priorities that can inadvertently worsen existing social inequities. If obesity research does not directly address healthcare and health-outcome disparities, it will contribute to their perpetuation.
Residency Training and Use of Strategies to Promote Community Child Health One Year After Graduation

Abstract Objective Training pediatricians to understand child health in the context of community and to develop skills to engage with community organizations remain priorities for residency education in the United States. Our objectives were to: 1) determine use of strategies to influence community child health by graduates of the Community Pediatrics Training Initiative (CPTI); and 2) to identify personal, practice, and residency program factors associated with use of strategies 1 year after residency. Methods Analysis of data from the Dyson Initiative National Evaluation included surveys of physicians ("graduates") 1 year after residency and surveys of CPTI program leaders. Graduates reported personal and practice characteristics and use of one or more strategies to influence community child health. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to examine associations between personal, practice, and programmatic factors with use of strategies. Results Of the 511 graduates (68% participation), 44% reported use of one or more strategies. After adjusting for residency site, time spent in general pediatrics, and program emphasis on individual level advocacy, we found that graduates were more likely to report using strategies if they felt responsible for improving community child health (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.5–6.9), had contact with a person who provides guidance about community pediatrics (aOR 1.8, CI 1.2–2.6), or trained in a program that places great emphasis on teaching population level advocacy skills (aOR 2.3, CI 1.3–4.2). Conclusions Personal perspectives and residency education influence community involvement, even early in pediatricians' careers. Efforts are needed to understand how content and delivery of training influence community engagement over time.
TREAT: a bioinformatics tool for variant annotations and visualizations in targeted and exome sequencing data

Summary: TREAT (Targeted RE-sequencing Annotation Tool) is a tool for facile navigation and mining of the variants from both targeted resequencing and whole exome sequencing. It provides a rich integration of publicly available as well as in-house developed annotations and visualizations for variants, variant-hosting genes and host-gene pathways. Availability and implementation: TREAT is freely available to non-commercial users as either a stand-alone annotation and visualization tool, or as a comprehensive workflow integrating sequencing alignment and variant calling. The executables, instructions and the Amazon Cloud Images of TREAT can be downloaded at the website: http://ndc.mayo.edu/mayo/research/biostat/stand-alone-packages.cfm Contact: ude.oyam@fisA.niassoH; ude.oyam@erreiPnaeJ.rehcoK Supplementary information: Supplementary data are provided at Bioinformatics online.
The mean of linear signed rank statistics under alternatives

An expression is presented for the mean of a linear signed rank statistic for the one sample location model. Several examples are given to illustrate its application.
Internal strength properties of river ice jams

Abstract River ice jams can cause extreme flood events with major consequences to infrastructure, riverside communities, and aquatic life. The emerging issue of climate change and the growing appreciation of related ecological linkages underscore the need for process-based predictive capability, such as theoretical advances and numerical modelling. A key element of such capability is the internal strength of the rubble comprising an ice jam, which is quantified by a few empirical constants, most notably the angle of internal friction, φ . Though this angle is considered a material property, there is considerable variation in reported values, which derive from applications of established theoretical concepts to actual case studies. The source of this discrepancy is identified by re-examining the theoretical formulations of ice jam stability and noting certain restrictive assumptions that were made in early literature. A less restrictive analysis takes into account the three-dimensional state of stress within an ice jam and leads to a more correct formulation. The resulting φ -values are consistent with experimental data obtained with specially-designed experimental setups. Relevant information can also be gleaned from more recent developments, intended to describe the dynamic evolution of ice accumulations into ice jams, via adaptations of constitutive laws that were originally developed for sea and lake ice. Analysis of the constitutive equations indicates that it is only when full lateral confinement occurs and the static (ice jam) condition is approached that φ can be considered a material constant. For this late phase of ice jam formation, the constitutive law appears to under-predict the value of φ while over-predicting the ratio of lateral-to-streamwise stresses.
An Investigation of Condensation Heat Transfer Performance of HFC-134a on Single Enhanced Tubes (RP-984)

Tests to measure shell-side heat transfer coefficients were performed on a single-tube test facility. HFC-134a was condensed on the horizontal test tube with cold water working as the coolant. Two 19.1 mm (0.75 in.) outer diameter (OD) enhanced tubes, one a two-dimensional (2D) finned tube and the other a three-dimensional (3D) enhanced tube, were used to construct the test section. For comparison purposes, a smooth tube of the same nominal diameter was also tested. The experiments were conducted over a heat flux range of 3155 to 63 100 W/m2 (1000 to 20,000 Btu/h·ft2) at saturation temperatures of 40 and 45°C (104 and 113°F). The tests revealed that the shell-side heat transfer coefficient dropped as heat flux increased. The enhanced tubes significantly improved the condensation heat transfer effectiveness compared with the smooth tube, with the 3D enhanced tube having the highest heat transfer coefficients. Specifically, the 2D tube had heat transfer coefficients that were 8.0 times better than the smoot...
A prototype for integrative review and meta-analysis of nursing research

Meta-analysis has gained international recognition as a statistical approach to research synthesis. What is missing in research reviews, however, is the systematic compilation of results from non-experimentally designed studies. An approach is described which extends the rigours of integrative research review and meta-analysis to descriptive studies. A model for conceptualizing a systematically derived research synthesis is presented with selected accompanying generic elements. The model serves as a prototype for application to a variety of topical areas of interest. Generic elements contained in the prototype may be tailored to specific topics with relative ease. Resources and time required for topic development from conceptualization through to dissemination can be considerably reduced by adaptation of the generic elements.
Endosomal colocalization of melanocortin-3 receptor and β-arrestins in CAD cells with altered modification of AKT/PKB

The melanocortin 3-receptor is involved in regulating energy metabolism, body fluid composition and inflammatory responses. Melanocortin receptors function by activating membrane bound adenylate cyclase. However, the literature reports indicate that some G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) can also activate mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways consequent to their endocytosis. These studies were undertaken to evaluate the role of these pathways in MC3R signaling in brain-stem neuronal cells. Recruitment of arrestins is implicated in the activation of secondary pathways by GPCRs and our data shows the colocalization of either arrestin B1 or B2 with MC3R in endosomes. An alteration in PKB phosphorylation pattern was observed in MC3R expressing cells independent of agonist stimulation. MC3R transfectants exhibited increased proliferation rates and inhibition of PKB pathway with triciribine abrogated cell proliferation in both vector control and MC3R transfectants. PKB is constitutively active in proliferating CAD cells but could be further activated by culturing the cells in differentiation medium. These studies suggest that the AKT/PKB pathway plays an important role in the proliferation of CAD cells and suggest a link between MC3R and cell growth pathways that may involve the alteration of AKT/PKB signaling pathway.
Nanophase Magnetic Materials: Synthesis and Properties

Abstract Self-assembly preparative techniques in confined media that lead to magnetic materials with nanometer dimensions are described. Synthesis of nanoparticles using the restricted environments offered by surfactant systems such as water-in-oil microemulsions (reverse micelles) provide excellent control over particle size, inter-particle spacing, and particle shape. These environments have been used in the synthesis of γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, MnFe2O4, CoFe2O4, Fe and Fe/Au with particle sizes ranging from 10–20 nm. The controlled environment of the reverse micelle also allows sequential synthesis, which can produce a core-shell type structure (e.g., iron nanoparticles with gold coatings). Lyotropic liquid crystal media also offer template effects for the synthesis of non-spherical magnetic nanostructures. The structures, theory and modeling concepts and novel physical properties of these materials are discussed with emphasis given to the differences between course and fine grained magnetic materials.
Phenolics of Quercus rubra wood

Abstract Sixteen phenolics are positively identified in oak wood; seven had not been reported in oaks. Several additional phenolics are tentatively identified. Bark is briefly investigated. Lyoniside is shown to be lyoniresinol 2a- O -xyloside.
4.3.1 Effectiveness of Systems Engineering Techniques on New Product Development: Results from Interview Research at Corning Incorporated

This paper reports on the findings from interview research conducted by a joint team from the Systems Engineering Directorate at Corning Incorporated and the Systems Engineering Program at Cornell University to test for systems engineering (SE) effectiveness in product development in a commercial setting. Between April 2008 and March 2009, the team conducted 19 interviews of systems engineers and project managers within Corning to evaluate the extent to which they used a range of systems engineering techniques, and the effectiveness of those techniques in improving project performance. Both quantitatively and anecdotally, the expectation of a correlation was met, with strongly performing projects having generally higher use of SE, and struggling projects having difficulties that could be traced back to shortcomings in the use of SE. Both the findings and the underlying methodology are discussed, with the aim of interesting others in the field in repeating this type of research within other enterprises.
The effects of extraverted temperament on agoraphobia in panic disorder.

Panic disorder (PD) involves various maladaptive cognitive and behavioral responses. Among the most impairing behavioral responses to panic are interoceptive, experiential, and situational avoidance tactics. Interoceptive avoidance involves refusing substances (e.g., caffeine) or activities (e.g., exercise) that elicit panic-like symptoms. Experiential avoidance refers to attempts to control panic via medications or distraction. Situational avoidance, which has been described as “the most palpable and impairing aspect of PD” (p. 148, White, Brown, Somers, & Barlow, 2006), involves a refusal to enter or tendency to escape from feared environments (e.g., bridges, crowds, elevators). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) describes agoraphobia (AG) as anxiety linked to situations from which escape might be difficult or help may be unavailable in the event of panic symptoms. As fear of being in certain situations is often accompanied by a refusal to enter situations, situational avoidance is an important AG criterion. Because AG is most frequently diagnosed as comorbid with PD in clinical settings (i.e., PD with AG; Brown, Campbell, Lehman, Grisham, & Mancill, 2001), it is no surprise that conceptual models of AG have been strongly influenced by PD theories (e.g., Barlow, 2002).
Polyorchidism and rete testis adenoma: ultrasound and MR findings

Polyorchidism is an uncommon congenital anomaly. It is associated with an increased frequency of testicular malignancy, cryptorchidism, inguinal hernia, and torsion. Sonography may be used to confirm the clinically suspected diagnosis. We present a case of polyorchidism in which a rete testis adenoma was present in one of the tsticles. Sonographic and magnetic resonance findings are illustrated.
19-(R)- and 19-(S)-Hydroxydihydrokoumine from Gelsemium elegans

Abstract An alkaloid extract of the whole plant of Gelsemium elegans has afforded two new koumine-related alkaloids, 19-( R )-hydroxydihydrokoumine and 19-( S )-hydroxydihydrokoumine, whose structure and stereochemistry were deduced by spectral methods and confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Detection of Ketenimine (CH2CNH) in Sagittarius B2(N) Hot Cores

Ketenimine (CH2CNH) has been detected in absorption toward the star-forming region Sagittarius B2(N) with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope by means of three rotational transitions: 716-808 at 41.5 GHz, 819-909 at 23.2 GHz, and 918-100, 10 at 4.9 GHz. Ketenimine has a sparse rotational spectrum below 50 GHz. From transition line strength arguments, the spectral lines found are the ones most likely to be detected, and they occur in spectral regions that have little possibility of confusion with other molecular species. Partially resolved hyperfine structure is apparent in the 4.9 GHz transition, which has energy levels ~50 K above the ground-state level; the absorption seen in this transition appears to be emanating from gas in close proximity to the LMH hot core that has a systemic LSR velocity of +64 km s-1. By comparison, the 41.5 and 23.2 GHz transitions have lower energy levels of ~33 and ~41 K, respectively, and show absorption against the two star-forming Sgr B2(N) hot cores with systematic LSR velocities of +64 (the LMH) and +82 km s-1. These ketenimine data show that the hot core at +82 km s-1 is cooler than the hot core at +64 km s-1. Ketenimine is likely formed directly from its isomer methyl cyanide (CH3CN) by tautomerization driven by shocks that pervade the star-forming region.
In Vivo Assessment of Antiviral Reactivity in Chronic HIV Infection

AbstractPurpose and Method: Chronic infection with HIV renders individuals incapable of mounting an effective host antiviral response, as defined by in vitro assays. Therefore, to determine whether antiviral reactivity could be detected in vivo, we interrupted effective antiviral treatment prospectively in nine chronically infected aviremic individuals. Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) was administered before and after treatment interruption to compensate for any potential IL-2 production deficiency. In vivo antiviral reactivity was monitored subsequent to the interruption of antiviral therapy via viral and lymphocyte dynamics. The study was terminated when the plasma HIV RNA concentration reached a plateau, defined as four successive determinations that were <25% from the mean. Results: Plasma viral relapse occurred in all participants; reaching a peak concentration within 2.5 weeks. However, over the subsequent 2 weeks viremia was reduced an order of magnitude coincident with a 2-fold lymphocytosis of the ...
Arizona State University Satellite 1 (ASUSat1): Low-Cost, Student-Designed Nanosatellite

On 27 January 2000 at 03:03:06 (coordinated Universal time) Arizona State University Satellite 1 (ASUSat1) was launched into space. The launch was the culmination of six years of effort by over 400 students. ASUSat1 is aninnovative nanosatellite bringing new concepts for low-power, low-mass, highly constrained designs. Its primary mission was Earth imaging, with several secondary missions including attitude and orbit determination, amateur-radio communications, passive stabilization techniques, and composite-material research. After the successful launch and deployment of ASUSat1, the satellite operated for 14 h. In spite of this, the team collected telemetry from and commanded the satellite and verified many of the design concepts incorporated into the satellite. A majority of components and subsystems performed as designed and built by the students, including the Marmon clamp deployment mechanism, boom deployer, microswitches, tape antennas, gravity-gradient stabilization system, carbon-composite structure, boot-loader software, computer, modem, receivers, transmitter, passive thermal control, thermal sensors, power storage and regulation system, dynamics board, sun/Earth sensors, and ground station. Following the on-orbit failure of ASUSatI, the team conducted an investigation to single out the problem. Even though no specific problem was identified, the team has noted several design and system-level issues to be taken as lessons learned from this project to future student satellite projects.
Complementary, alternative, and putative nontroponin biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome: new resources for future risk assessment calculators.

A B S T R A C T Biomarkers, other than cardiac troponin, with potential sensitivity and selectivity that provide diagnostic and prognostic insights into the tissue–specific injury processes underlying acute coronary syndrome and their possible use in risk stratification algorithms are discussed. Such biomarkers may be useful as complementary or alternative to cardiac troponin (I or T) assays in early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, as well as for monitoring acute coronary syndrome progression and prognosis assessment. The information included in this article is based on a critical analysis of selected published biomedical literature accessible through the United States National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE-PubMed and Scopus search engines. The majority of articles cited in this review and perspective, except for a few historical publications
Renal hamartoma. Current concepts of diagnosis and surgical management.

Abstract Five new cases of renal hamartomas are presented. Diagnostic methods, including ultrasound, and a plan of management are discussed. An unusual documentation of growth of a solitary hamartoma over a five-year period is presented.
Peer code review in open source communitiesusing reviewboard

Peer code review is an effective method to reduce the number of defects and maintain source code integrity. Peer re-views in most of the Open Source Software (OSS) communities are conducted via mailing list, which are difficult to manage at times. Code review tools aim to ease the review process and keep track of the review requests. In this paper, we describe preliminary results of our study to evaluate code review process using a popular open source code review tool (ReviewBoard) in OSS communities. Some of our study findings are similar to the findings of previous studies on code reviews. In the projects under our study, we found that, most of the revisions are not submitted for peer review. More than 80% of the review requests are responded by two or less number of reviewers. Top committers of the projects are also top contributors of code reviews. Most of the review requests get prompt feedback within a day; however, some requests might wait for feed-back for a long time. Most importantly, we have identified some interesting directions for future research.