cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GENDER AND THE LIMITS OF INCLUSION: SHOULD MULTTCULTURALISM “INCLUDE” FUNDAMENTALISMS?

Abstract A conceptual analysis of multiculturalism and religious fundamentalism suggests that fundamentalism is a cultural expression which should be “included” within the fabric of the cultural diversity the multicultural movement celebrates. Doing so, however, reveals a contradiction between multiculturalism's inclusion and empowerment agendas, since fundamentalists’ values regarding gender often directly contradict those of the multicultural movement. This dilemma suggests the need for an alternative conceptual basis for multiculturalism which can respect differences without turning a blind eye to oppression.
Reabsorption and intracellular transport of cytochrome c and lysozyme in rat kidney.

Renal uptake and degradation of cytochrome c and lysozyme were investigated, using preparations that were labelled by means of covalent coupling of either protein to iodinated tyramine-cellobiose. Following proteolytic digestion, the label remains ‘trapped’ within intracellular organelles. Within 15 min after intravenous injection, 43% of the [1251]tyramine-cellobiose-cytochrome c and 29% of the [1311]tyramine-cellobiosd ysozyme were recovered in the kidneys. Isopycnic sucrose-gradient frac-tionation indicates that the two proteins initially exhibit closely similar intracellular distributions, being associated with vesicles of an equilibrium density slightly lower than that of plasma membranes. However, within 5 min after injection, the two proteins exhibit distinctly different distribution profiles. The [1251]tyramine-cellobiose-cytochrome c is localized predominantly in the lysosomal fraction of the gradient. The [1311]tyramine-cellobiose-lysozyme is also translocated to the lysosomal fraction, but at a much lower rate. For both proteins, the rates of intracellular degradation correlate with their rates of translocation. The observed difference in their kinetics of intracellular movement suggests that the two proteins are translocated at different rates into transport vesicles.
News From the Capital: The Story of Washington Reporting

On January 17, 1969, Eric Sevareid referred to news as the other industry in Washington. On other broadcasts he has said that politics and news were the capital s two businesses. His remarks reflect the fact that news and its related fields of public relations and lobbying have grown to mammoth proportions.Mr. Marbut places this other industry in perspective in his historical survey of reporting from the nation s capital. Of particular interest in this timely book is his analysis of the stresses and strains in reporting which have taken place in the last quarter-century, giving rise to such incidents as the U-2 and the Bay of Pigs news imbroglios."
Load mechanics of the midcarpal joint

The midcarpal joint was studied in upper extremities of fresh cadavers with the use of a static positioning frame, pressure-sensitive film, and a microcomputer to analyze the contact prints. The contact area on the proximal side of the midcarpal joint was found to consist generally of four areas; the scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid, the scaphoid-capitate, the lunate-capitate, and the triquetrum-hamate. The contact areas accounted for less than 40% of the available joint surface, even under loads of 118 pounds. The distribution of load through the midcarpal joint was scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid 23%, scaphoid-capitate 28%, lunate-capitate 29%, and triquetrum-hamate 20%. The midcarpal joint, like the radiocarpal joint, appears to transmit load through distinct areas and through a relatively small portion of the available joint surface.
Tutoring interventions within special education settings: A comparison of cross-age and peer tutoring†

In two experiments, cross-age and peer tutoring interventions conducted within special education settings were compared. In Experiment 1, learning disabled (LD) and behaviorally disordered (BD) students acted as tutors of younger LD and BD students. In Experiment 2, same-age LD and BD students alternated tutor and tutee roles. In both experiments, tutors and tutees exhibited academic gains. Only in Experiment 1, however, were attitudinal gains observed. Implications for future research and practice are given.
Multidimensional Inverse Heat Conduction Using the Monte Carlo Method

The Monte Carlo method is used to solve inverse heat conduction problems when the surface temperature is spatial and time dependent. The standard random walk is modified to deal with curved boundaries. The proposed random walk has all the characteristics of the floating random walk, except its step size is small. This is a uniquely flexible method with excellent accuracy and it is computationally fast. The method is used to solve one- and three-dimensional heat conduction problems and the results are presented. A procedure is described to improve the accuracy of the solution, then used to calculate heat transfer from a cylindrical surface cooled by a stream of air
Plasma cells in muscle in inclusion body myositis and polymyositis.

Background: Previous immunohistochemical studies of muscle from patients with inclusion body myositis and polymyositis found many more T cells than B cells, suggesting a role for intramuscular cell-mediated immune mechanisms rather than humoral mechanisms. Methods: Microarray studies were performed on muscle biopsy specimens from 40 patients with inclusion body myositis (IBM; n = 23), polymyositis (PM; n = 6), and without neuromuscular disease (n = 11). Reverse transcription PCR of selected immunoglobulin gene transcripts was performed on two patient samples. Qualitative immunohistochemical studies for B-cell lineage cell surface markers were performed on 28 muscle specimens and quantitative studies performed on a subset of 19 untreated patients with IBM or PM. CD138+ cells were isolated from muscle using laser capture microdissection, and immunoglobulin transcripts were PCR amplified to determine the presence or absence of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements unique to the B-cell lineage. Results: Immunoglobulin gene transcripts accounted for 59% in IBM and 33% in PM of the most stringently defined highest differentially expressed muscle transcripts compared with normal. Plasma cells, terminally differentiated B cells expressing CD138 but not CD19 or CD20, are present in IBM and PM muscle in numbers several times higher than B cells. Conclusions: There are differentiated B cells in the form of CD138+ plasma cells within the muscle of patients with inclusion body myositis and polymyositis. The principle of linked recognition of B-cell activation predicts several strategies for autoantigen discovery that could not otherwise be pursued through the study of the infiltrating T-cell population alone.
Violence against animals: an epistemological inquiry

Abstract What follows is an attempt to outline some of the more important conceptual and theoretical considerations regarding the relationship(s) between man and animal in the Western world. More specifically, I am interested in how man justifies the killing of animals and acts of violence against them. The human condition testifies to the cruelty and violence of man to man and man to animal. While the former has significantly been tamed over the centuries, the latter continues on a scale of significant proportion. There is no attempt here to answer the question, “why do men inflict violence and suffering on animals.” Rather, I endeavor to offer a more modest perspective and paint a conceptual picture of what has been argued as man’s dominion over animals and therefore man’s right to treat animals as he sees fit. I will also present a counter argument which claims that man has a duty and responsibility to treat animals in humane ways.
Asymptotics of the Christoffel Functions on a Simplex in Rd

We obtain the asymptotics of the Christoffel functions for certain Jacobi-type weight functions on the standard simplex in Rd. We also establish a sharp upper bound of the asymptotics for a large class of weight functions on the simplex.
The feasibility of neuropsychological endophenotypes in the search for genes associated with bipolar affective disorder.

Objective: Efforts to identify genetic loci for bipolar disorder (BPD) have thus far proved elusive. The identification of processes mediating between genotype and phenotype (endophenotypes) may help resolve the carrier status of family members in genetic studies of polygenetic disorders with imperfect penetrance, such as BPD. We reviewed the literature to determine if neuropsychological measures could be used as effective endophenotypes to aid molecular genetic studies searching for genes predisposing to BPD. Methods: Four prerequisites for endophenotypic markers are described, and a critical review of relevant literature was undertaken to determine if neurocognitive measures satisfy these four requirements in BPD. Results: We found evidence that executive functions and declarative memory may be candidate neurocognitive endophenotypes for BPD. However, we cannot exclude other areas of cognition as being affected by BPD susceptibility genes, given the limits of the current knowledge of the neuropsychology of BPD. In particular, the paucity of studies measuring cognition in healthy relatives of BPD patient limits conclusion regarding familial aggregation of particular neurocognitive deficits (i.e. attention). Furthermore, the effects of clinical state and/or medication usage on cognitive functioning in BPD probands should be further explored. Conclusions: Molecular genetic studies of BPD may benefit from the application of select neuropsychological measures as endophenotypic markers. The use of these markers, once defined, may improve power for detecting genes predisposing to BPD and may help to better define diagnostic criteria.
Human nature: an economic perspective

An economist writing on the topic of human nature is surely expected to talk about decision making by narrowly selfinterested rational agents. These agents are assumed to choose among all possible options the one that maximizes their expected gain, de1⁄2ned variously as utility, pro1⁄2t, income, wealth, and so on, depending upon the standard model invoked. Moreover, ceteris paribus, the particular context of the decision is irrelevant in the standard model. But I will not be ful1⁄2lling such a simplistic expectation; neither am I going to claim that people are not motivated by self-interest. In fact, on balance, I believe we have more to learn about what constitutes self-interest by observing humans in a variety of contexts than we have to teach using models based on traditional assumptions about self-interest. This is because my half-century involvement in the development of experimental economics long ago revolutionized the way I think about economics. Market and other group decision-making experiments have deepened my understanding and respect for the power of human beings to create institutions that enable them to discover ingenious new ways to pursue and satisfy their interests. This creative process is neither deliberate nor consciously visible to the participants. From an economist’s point of view, the most compelling feature of human nature is sociality. It has been our species’ capacity for social exchange that has enabled task specialization and the production above bare subsistence that has supported investment in the creation and utilization of knowledge. As can be seen in the ethnographic record, in daily life, and in laboratory experiments, whether it is goods or favors that are exchanged, exchange promises gains that humans seek relentlessly in all social interactions. Focusing on narrow, easily modeled, a priori conceptions of self-interest distracts us from this underlying truth.
A mixed integer genetic algorithm used in biological and chemical defense applications

There are many problems in security and defense that require a robust optimization technique, including those that involve the release of a chemical or biological contaminant. Our problem, in particular, is computing the parameters to be used in modeling atmospheric transport and dispersion given field sensor measurements of contaminant concentration. This paper discusses using a genetic algorithm for addressing this problem. An example is given how a mixed integer genetic algorithm can be used in conjunction with field sensor data to invert a forward model to obtain the meteorological data and source information necessary for prediction of the subsequent concentration field. A new mixed integer genetic algorithm is described that is a state-of-the-art tool capable of optimizing a wide range of objective functions. Such an algorithm is used here for optimizing atmospheric stability, wind speed, wind direction, rainout, and source location. We demonstrate that the algorithm is successful at reconstructing these meteorological and source parameters despite moderate correlations between their effects on the sensor data.
Characteristics of Telemental Health Service Use by American Indian Veterans

Objective:This study examined use by American Indian and Alaska Native veterans of services provided by specialty telemental health clinics focused on posttraumatic stress disorder. These clinics offer services via videoconferencing to address challenges faced by rural veterans in accessing care. Methods:A retrospective chart and electronic medical record review was conducted for 85 male veterans who used services at two rural telemental health clinics from 2001 through 2006. Service use and other characteristics were documented before and after their initial telemental health intake. Results:After intake, patients' use of any health services (both general medical and mental health services) significantly increased (p<.01), as did the proportion receiving psychotropic medication (p<.01). Conclusions:This first examination of service use by American Indian and Alaska Native veterans at specialty telemental health clinics will help inform research and clinical strategies for improving telemental health for ...
Development and Use of Tide Models in Alaska Supporting VDatum and Hydrographic Surveying

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Ocean Service uses observations, hydrodynamic models and interpolation techniques to develop many of its products and services. We examine how two projects, computation of tidal datums for vertical datum transformation and the estimation of tidal characteristics for hydrographic surveys, are being developed in Alaska and how they may be more seamlessly integrated. Preliminary VDatum development for Alaska is in progress for the Alaska Panhandle through the setup of a high resolution tide model that will be used to compute spatially varying tidal datums. Tide models such as these can be used for other projects that traditionally rely on estimation of tides in between data locations, such as the planning for hydrographic surveys that need correctors to adjust bathymetry to the chart datum. We therefore also examine how an existing model in western Alaska can be used for better supporting hydrographic survey planning. The results show that integration of tide models with nearshore observations can provide improved information for these correctors and future work will further evaluate this methodology with existing VDatum tide models.
Calculation of asymmetric vortex separation on cones and tangent ogives based on a discrete vortex model

The boundary value problem for vortex separation at zero sideslip on cones and tangent ogives is set up by means of a discrete vortex model. The nonlinear algebraic equations for the boundary value problem admit multiple, physically feasible solutions, including the symmetric and asymmetric vortex solutions. Multiple solutions are proposed as an alternative explanation of the existence of asymmetric vortex separation at zero sideslip.
The role of popular mobilizations in the struggle for the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

In spite of the best efforts of Canada's first ministers, the debate leading up to the enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was characterized by the mobilization of several demanding factors of the Canadian populace. The Hays-Joyal hearings on the Constitution provided a formal setting for popular participation, and in fact drew submissions from a variety of special interest groups. Significantly, the minimal class representation in both the formal and informal processes of Charter construction was in stark contrast to the militant interventions of women's and Native's lobbies. In spite of the resistance of the politicians, and in spite of internal weaknesses, these movements were able to impose some elements of their collective demands on the otherwise limited vision of rights in Canada. Their voices were in fact heard over the din of federal-provincial squabbling.
EDGE CRACK DETECTION USING A GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE BASED EDDY CURRENT SENSOR

Abstract Detection of cracks near sharp edges is a challenging problem in eddy current inspection of metal parts and structures, especially in the aircraft industry. This is because the edge itself causes a strong disruption of the eddy current flow in the crack region. With conventional probes, the large signal due to the edge can completely mask that produced by the crack. An effective solution for separating the two signals is the use of an eddy current probe comprising a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor placed in the center of a pancake-type excitation coil. The sensor detects only the magnetic field along its sensitive axis and is not influenced by fields applied in perpendicular directions. By orienting the sensitive axis parallel to the edge direction, the edge signal is eliminated. Moreover, in this measuring configuration, the presence of the edge enhances the crack signal, leading to higher sensitivity and improved spatial resolution for edge cracks as compared to inside cracks. Measurement o...
LP‐5: Late‐News Poster: Thin Retardation Film for Parallax Free Reflective Guest‐Host Liquid Crystal Display

Very thin quarter lambda plate was fabricated using liquid crystal polymer, aiming to use for parallax free high contrast G-H reflective displays. UV curable LC polymer was aligned by either by rubbed polyimide or UV alignment process. The film was thin enough by optimization of monomer composition, so that the voltage loss was small enough when the film is placed between two electrodes inside cell. Contrast ratio of the G-H cell using this film was almost comparable to that using commercially available dispersion compensated multiplayer film.
Design curves for temperature rise in sliding elliptical contacts

The issue of thermal management of two components sliding against each other plays an important role in the proper functioning of the machine components. Jaeger, using his and Blok's hypotheses, presented the curves to compute the average and the maximum temperature rise in square and band shaped interfaces. It is often observed that designers refer to those curves even in scenarios when the contact geometry is different. In many cases, a more accurate temperature distribution is needed and using a constant heat partition to evaluate the temperature rise at the interface can lead to over-design or under-design of the components. In this study the authors apply a recently developed methodology of obtaining the temperature distribution at the interface of two sliding semi-infinite bodies by partitioning the heat between them in such a way that the temperature at every point in the interface is same for both the bodies. Elliptical contacts with a semi-ellipsoidal heat distribution are considered. In order to aid designers, curve fit equations are presented to calculate maximum temperature and average temperature rise in non-dimensional form over a wide range of Peclet numbers, thermal conductivity ratios and ellipticity ratios.
Personal epistemology and teacher education

edited by Jo Brownlee, Gregory Schraw, and Donna Berthelsen, London, Routledge, 2011, 295 pp., £85 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-415-88356-6 Scholars in teacher education have long considered how one’s id...
Tabletop reflection mode coherent diffractive imaging of periodic nano-structures with 100 nm resolution

We report the first reflection-mode coherent diffraction imaging using a tabletop short wavelength light source. A novel imaging scheme can probe metalic nano-pillar arrays with ∼100 nm resolution.
POPULATION CHANGE IN MIDDLE WESTERN VILLAGES: A STATISTICAL APPROACH1

ABSTRACT The population of many villages in the Middle West is increasing, even though these villages have lost most of their central place functions. Proximity to a large city is more influential than population as a factor explaining the increase of the village population. The pattern of village population growth is too complex to be satisfactorily explained by any simple set of statistical variables.
Ultrasonic measurements on polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract Temperature dependent ultrasonic attenuation data of polycrystalline YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 at 10 MHz show a plateau between 220 and 250 K, and slope changes at 263, 135 and 97 K. The attenuation does not display a sharp decrease at T c as would be described in the BCS theory. Around 255 K, the sound velocity in the sample increases from its room temperature value by more than 10%.
Publication Productivity and Career Advancement by Female and Male Psychology Faculty: The Case of Italy

Colorado State UniversityIn the United States, women tend to publish less than men do and to be overrepresented atthe lower ranks of academia. This study examined the scienti c productivity and careerstatus of female and male psychology faculty in Italian universities. Psychology wasselected as a discipline because for decades, it has had a female majority among itsdoctorates.Italywasthecasestudycountrybecauseithasoneofthehighestrepresentationsofwomenamonguniversityfaculty.Thisstudysquestionswere:Whatistherepresentationof female psychology academics across faculty and high administration ranks? Is thepublication productivity of female psychology academics different from that of their malepeers?Finally,whatinstitutionalfactorsareassociatedwithpublicationproductivityamongpsychology academics? Our study focused on the 511 university psychology professors(250 women and 261 men) listed in 2004 in the Italian Ministry of Education Universityand Research website. We examined scienti c productivity over 7 years, from 1998 to2004,usingPsycINFO.Wefoundthatwomenrepresentedtwothirdsofassistantprofessorsbut only one third of full professors and department chairs. Overall, women publishedsomewhat less (approximately one third less) than men, especially in international journalsand as senior authors. However, consistent with prior evidence, when multiple predictorswere considered together, both academic rank and institutional setting, but not sex-of-faculty,wereassociatedwithpublicationoutput.Thisstudycon rmspriorobservationsthatastrongfemaledoctoralpipelineandscienti cproductivityareveryslowatin uencingtheunderrepresentation of women at the top ranks of academia.Keywords:
Effect of vancomycin dose on treatment outcomes in severe Clostridium difficile infection

Current guidelines recommend vancomycin 125 mg four times daily for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). However, the optimal dose of vancomycin has not been elucidated. This study was conducted to evaluate outcome differences in patients with severe CDI treated with either low-dose (≤500 mg daily) or high-dose (>500 mg daily) oral vancomycin. The medical records of 78 patients with severe CDI were evaluated retrospectively. The primary outcome was time to clinical cure of CDI, defined as the first day of resolution of diarrhoea for ≥48 h without development of a complication. Other endpoints included cure rates, complication rates and recurrence rates. Overall, 48 patients (61.5%) achieved clinical cure at Day 10 after treatment initiation. The cure rates in the high-dose and low-dose vancomycin groups were 60% and 64%, respectively (P = 0.76). Using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for baseline discrepancies, vancomycin dose was not independently associated with clinical cure. No difference in time to cure, complication rates or mortality was observed between the groups. There was a trend towards lower rates of recurrence associated with higher doses of oral vancomycin (12% vs. 1.9%; P = 0.09). In conclusion, these data suggest that there is no difference in treatment outcomes between high-dose and low-dose vancomycin for the treatment of severe CDI. The potential difference in recurrence rates between the groups warrants further investigation.
The Use of Metaphor by Prospective Elementary Teachers to Understand Learning Environments.

The study of learning environments as a topic in preservice education programs has not been addressed in great detail. Classroom learning environments research has traditionally been addressed with survey instruments with scales classified by Moos's scheme for classifying human environments. This study examines learning environments through metaphor. The goals of this interpretive study are to determine if classroom observations by prospective teachers can satisfy Moos's scheme for classifying human environments, to determine the value of using metaphor to understand learning environments, and to explore the implications for science teacher education.
Motorized Vehicles for Children: A New Public Health Problem

Pomerantz et al1 have added to the expanding literature showing the severe public health issue created by children using motor vehicles. Numerous authors have shown the dangers of children operating motorized vehicles for decades, yet authorities are slow to mandate age limits, safety measures (helmets, etc), and training (licenses). The Pomerantz et al article only describes 2-wheeled vehicles, but the problem relates to all sorts of motorized vehicles that are available to children at younger and younger ages. Manufacturers now … Address correspondence to Dennis W. Vane, MD, MBA, Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, 111 Colchester Ave, Fletcher 460, Burlington, VT 05401. E-mail: dennis.vane{at}vtmednet.org
Research Directions for Engineering Big Data Analytics Software

Many software startups and research and development efforts are actively trying to harness the power of big data and create software with the potential to improve almost every aspect of human life. As these efforts continue to increase, full consideration needs to be given to the engineering aspects of big data software. Since these systems exist to make predictions on complex and continuous massive datasets, they pose unique problems during specification, design, and verification of software that needs to be delivered on time and within budget. But, given the nature of big data software, can this be done? Does big data software engineering really work? This article explores the details of big data software, discusses the main problems encountered when engineering big data software, and proposes avenues for future research.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HYDRAULIC-CONTROL WAVE-MAKER (HCW) FOR THE STUDY OF COMBINED WAVES AND FLOWS

The aim of the research presented here is to develop a new experimental device which would permit the study of multi-scale and vertically-variable oceanographic flows using a system called the Hydraulic-Control Wave-maker (HCW). Both the inlet and outlet flume boundaries are composed of an adjustable set of vertical baffles. Each baffle is connected to an individual flow control system, such that the vertical distribution of flow is entirely controllable. In such a system, any arbitrary flow can be reasonably created, and different sets of baffles can be connected to different reservoirs to create vertical density profiles. In this study, before constructing the experimental device, numerical analyses to verify the method of HCW, such as its ability to generate waves are carried out. Moreover, the small physical model with one baffle connected to our own flow control system is developed by ourselves. Long and short sine wave are generated by a small-scale HCW and the snapshots are presented. In practical, thus, The possibility of system can be confirmed.
Forest structure influences on rainfall partitioning and cloud interception: A comparison of native forest sites in Kona, Hawai'i

Abstract Vegetation can play a major role in the hydrologic ecosystem service tradeoffs resulting from land use change: by affecting the volume of rain water that reaches the ground surface, vegetation affects water supply. But because canopy interception of rainfall is affected in complex and competing ways by forest structure and ambient weather conditions, both of which vary at small and large scales, predicting the impacts of vegetation change is challenging. We explore rainfall and cloud interception in two native forests sites on leeward Hawai’i Island and find that although our study forests are superficially similar, with identical dominant species and no history of logging, throughfall in one forest is nearly double that in the other. Using micrometeorological and vegetation data collected over 20 months, we examine the dominance of different hydrologic processes at each site. Direct fog water input accounted for at least 12% of total water input in the North forest site, an average of about 0.1 mm/day, and 27% of total water input in the South forest, an average of 0.3 mm/day. In the North forest, canopy interception of rainfall dominates, and annual throughfall amounts to only 64% of rainfall. A large canopy surface area and low rainfall rates cause the high rate of interception. Direct interception of clouds by the canopy dominates in the South forest, where throughfall is 113% of rainfall. Increased throughfall at this site is not attributable to increased fogginess. Instead, taller trees and a denser mid-canopy increase canopy surface area, causing increased cloud interception. The denser forest structure is likely a result of cattle exclusion and limited grazing in this forest. This study illustrates the effects of subtle differences in vegetation structure on hydrologic fluxes and, by extension, the hydrologic effects of land use change. It also underscores the importance of replicate sites in ecohydrologic investigations.
Tetrahydropterin: Reduction of cytochrome c and coupled phosphorylation at mitochondrial site 3

Abstract Incubation of rat liver mitochondria with tetrahydropterin results in ATP production with a P:O ratio of 0.85, consistent with the entry of reducing equivalents into the mitochondrial electron transport chain at cytochrome c . No evidence for an enzymatic reduction of cytochrome c was found. The reduction of either soluble or mitochondrial cytochrome c was not diminished by superoxide dismutase or anaerobic conditions, indicating that the reaction is not dependent on the autoxidation of the reduced pterin and the formation of an active species of oxygen. The experiments indicate a potential pathway for the production of ATP coupled to the oxidation of NADPH through the activity of NADPH-dependent pteridine reductases.
X-t-programming a binary gas stream.

The composition of a mixture of two gas stream can be programmed readily and sensitively as a linear, exponential, or other function of time. Four methods are described, each using at least one hydrostatic head and flow resistor. Gravity flow or pumping of a hydrostatic liquid or scheduled electrolytic generation of an additive determines the course of the concentration-time curve between chosen initial and final plateaus.
Cheshire Cat supervenience

Supervenience therefore is a concept with little to offer. It lacks conceptual clarity and is unable to explain the dependency relation without relying on it too heavily. Its mechanism of operation is unclear unless a projectivist analysis is used, but serious problems remain with such an account, and, even if it does apply to aesthetic or moral properties, and even secondary properties, we cannot see how it might apply to the chemical and physical world and to the mind/brain problem. Whatever characteristics make it plausible in one realm debar it from the other, and even if it is restricted to the ethical realm we cannot see how supervenience applies to our prudential values, the basic attitudes that orient our moral and aesthetic outlook. This is the second aspect to the “Cheshire Catness” of supervenience; the harder you look at it the more insubstantial it becomes. It fades away into the background, leaving just its smile. But, like any smile, there is more gap than substance, and “supervenience” does nothing to fill that gap. Still the smile lingers, the haunting question of the connection between natural and moral-aesthetic properties. This is an important question and needs to be addressed, but supervenience does not address it. It merely labels it, and, by labelling it confers a spurious air of lucidity without shedding any but the most fractured light.
Molecular Connectivity Study of Muscarinic Receptor Affinity of Acetylcholine Antagonists

A correlation between three molecular connectivity indexes and the muscarinic receptor affinity of 104 acetylcholine antagonists was found. Analysis of structure from these indexes reveals not only the importance of the onium and the bulky portions of the molecule but also their virtual independence of each other on the affinity. Analysis of the onium group portion of the molecules indicates that its contribution to the experimental affinity is virtually constant through a variety of structural variations. The influence of the bulky side chains, in contrast, is quite structure dependent. The equation relating connectivity indexes to muscarinic affinity of antagonists is capable of predicting the affinity of other antagonists as well as a number of agonist molecules.
Trends in outcome and costs of coronary intervention in the 1990s

Our objective was to examine trends in outcome and cost of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between 1990 and 1999. PCI has become the most common form of myocardial revascularization in recent years, rivaling the more established coronary artery bypass surgery. There has been increasing interest in improving outcome of PCI while also seeking to minimize cost. A total of 21,755 patients undergoing PCI were evaluated. Clinical data were gathered from the Emory Cardiovascular Database and financial data from the UB92 formulation of the hospital bill. Charges were reduced to cost using departmental cost-to-charge ratios. Costs were inflated to 1999 dollars using medical care inflation rates. Mortality varied without a significant trend from 0.63% to 0.44% (p = 0.64). The Q-wave myocardial infarction rate decreased from 0.68% to 0.40% (p = 0.0003). Emergent coronary surgery decreased from 3.50% to 1.25% (p <0.0001). Mean hospital inflation-adjusted cost decreased from $10,478 to $8,367 (p <0.0001). Length of stay after the procedure decreased from 2.8 to 1.8 days (p <0.0001). Outcome of PCI continues to improve, with a decrease in coronary surgery and Q-wave myocardial infarction but with no significant change in mortality. This was accomplished while also decreasing costs and length of stay. Whether these favorable trends will continue remains to be seen.
Multiplication of Swiss 3T3 cells in a serum-free medium

Gently trypsinized Swiss 3T3 cells inoculated into medium MCDB 402 attach readily to polylysine-coated surfaces and remain viable for several days in the absence of exogenously added protein. Short-term multiplication under defined conditions can be obtained by supplementing the MCDB 402 with fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin (INS), and dexamethasone (DEX). Addition of bovine plasma fibronectin further improves attachment and viability. This system does not require initial plating in serum or the addition of poorly defined extracts for cellular attachment or for multiplication. In the complete system minus FGF, cells plated at a low density attach to the culture surface and become quiescent. The addition of FGF or PDGF 48-72 h after plating stimulates a high level of DNA synthesis during the following 24 h. EGF also stimulates DNA synthesis in these cells, but to a lesser extent. Insulin and dexamethasone are not needed for the initial DNA synthesis response to FGF, but are needed for continuing multiplication over a period of several days. This system provides a means for studying the effects of specific mitogens on Swiss 3T3 cells in the absence of undefined supplements, and without complications due to density-dependent inhibition.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE 1980s

This article addresses the rapidly changing situation in higher education in the People's Republic of China. Although it is impossible to predict the nature of the final product, there can be little doubt that the present vibrant period of intellectual searching and questioning in China is having beneficial effects on Chinese higher education, and on educational exchange with foreign universities. The article examines the state of higher education in China today and investigates why, rather than just the “ten bad years” of a Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) for the entire country, higher education has suffered from a full “twenty bad years.” The effects of constant changes in the Party line and the use of class struggle to achieve objectives in higher education are examined as they relate to university administration, curriculum, the university structure, faculty, and libraries. The article focuses on the issues that are now being raised, and the parameters within which future changes in higher education will occur.
Cambio cultural y contacto en la Prehistoria de la Europa mediterránea

The historically documented importance of seafaring commerce has served as a charter for the interpretation of Mediterranean prehistory. Within the normativist framework that prevailed until recently, any similarity in the particulars of archaelogical assemblages could be proof of a commerce of ideas. By limiting the notion of commerce t0 quantifiable exchanges, processualists have argued for the autonomous development of each region within the prehistoric Mediterranean, a perhaps excessively restricted view. World-systems approaches offer the opportunity to give processual weight to intersocietal contacts, but only are successful when the social and economic structure of both center and periphery is adequately understood.
Chemical Structure and Properties: A Modified Atoms-First, One-Semester Introductory Chemistry Course

A one-semester, introductory chemistry course is described that develops a primarily qualitative understanding of structure–property relationships. Starting from an atoms-first approach, the course examines the properties and three-dimensional structure of metallic and ionic solids before expanding into a thorough investigation of molecules. In addition to bonding, geometry, molecular orbitals, and intermolecular attractions, other structural topics are included, such as stereochemistry, conformation, and factors that influence the strength of Bronsted acids. Where appropriate, related considerations in biochemistry are highlighted. The course provides a common basis to majors and nonmajors for further study in chemistry and also serves as a platform to illustrate a variety of topics of current research interest.
An accurate mass tag strategy for quantitative and high-throughput proteome measurements.

We describe and demonstrate a global strategy that extends the sensitivity, dynamic range, comprehensiveness and throughput of proteomic measurements based upon the use of polypeptide''accurate mass tags'' (AMTs) produced by a global protein enzymatic digestion. The two stage strategy exploits Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR) to first validate polypeptide AMTs for a specific organism, tissue or cell type from''potential mass tags'' identified using conventional tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods, providing the basis for subsequent measurements without the need for MS/MS. A single high resolution capillary liquid chromatography separation combined with high sensitivity, high resolution and accurate FTICR measurements is shown to be capable of characterizing polypeptide mixtures of significantly more than 105 components with mass accuracies of < 1 ppm, sufficient for broad protein identification using AMTs. Attractions of the approach include the capability for automated high confidence protein identification, broad and unbiased proteome coverage, the capability for exploiting stable-isotope labeling methods to realize high precision for relative protein abundance measurements, and the potential for study of mammalian proteomes when combined with additional sample fractionation. The strategy is demonstrated by selected examples using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Deinococcus radiodurans, and mouse melanoma cells.
Cultural Shock and Adaptation

Multicultural domestic and international relations create cultural shock for both immigrant and resident groups. This article addresses the nature, stages, and causes of cultural shock to provide broad guidelines for managing cultural shock experiences in a variety of circumstances. Cultural shock is described from psychophysiological and sociocultural perspectives. The nature of cultural shock experiences suggests that resolution be addressed through cognitive orientation and behavioral adjustment involving recognition of cultural shock characteristics and implementation of strategies for its resolution. Adaptive strategies for guiding constructive interventions are summarized from an integration of literature on cultural shock adaptation, cross-cultural training effectiveness, and intercultural effectiveness.
Immediate postgadolinium spoiled gradient-echo MRI for evaluating the abdominal aorta in the setting of abdominal MR examination

To assess the reproducibility and image quality of immediate postgadolinium chelate spoiled gradient-echo MRI in demonstrating disease of the abdominal aorta. All patients (27 patients: 21 men, 6 women) with substantial disease of the abdominal aorta, who underwent abdominal MR examinations at 1.5 T between 1991 and 1995, were entered in the study. Patients were referred for evaluation of suspected aortic disease (14 patients) or other abdominal diseases (13 patients). Three experienced investigators manually measured luminal and external aortic wall diameters and rated image quality, definition of inner and outer walls, extent of disease, and presence of other abdominal abnormalities, in an independent fashion. A cardiovascular surgeon then rated all studies to determine whether clinical management could be based on the MR findings alone. There was 98 to 99% agreement in measurements of luminal and external wall diameter between the three investigators. Overall image quality was rated as good in 77.8 to 88.9% of patients. A total of 31 additional nonaortic abdominal abnormalities were detected by all observers. The cardiovascular surgeon rated 25 of 27 studies as adequate to determine clinical management based on MR findings alone. Immediate postgadolinium spoiled gradient-echo MRI is a reproducible technique for the demonstration of abdominal aortic disease and possesses good image quality. Advantages of this technique include simultaneous evaluation of other nonvascular diseases of the abdomen, short examination time, and easy implementation as part of routine abdominal MRI scanning protocol.
The Charleston Policy on Cocaine Use During Pregnancy: A Cautionary Tale

The conflict between pregnant women freely using cocaine and the well-being of fetuses presents a difficult social problem. Since 1985, at least 200 women, in thirty states, have been criminally prosecuted for using illicit drugs or alcohol during pregnancy. Such policies enjoy considerable public and political support. Nonetheless, treatment programs that include referral to law enforcement officials raise serious ethical and legal issues for hospitals and health care providers. In this paper, we assess the development of one medical university's controversial treatment program for pregnant women addicted to cocaine. In October 1989, the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) instituted a new program, called the Interagency Policy on Management of Substance Abuse During Pregnancy (Interagency Policy), designed “to ensure appropriate management of patients abusing illegal drugs during pregnancy.” This program required some pregnant women to seek drug counseling and prenatal care under the threat of criminal sanctions.
Purification of Nucleic Acids from Whole Blood Using Isotachophoresis

We present and demonstrate a novel technique for the purification of nucleic acids from biological samples using isotachophoresis (ITP). We demonstrate a simple and rapid method to achieve ITP-based extraction, preconcentration, and purification of DNA from nanoliter volumes of whole blood. We show that ITP purification yields genomic DNA samples which can be quantitated with fluorescence measurements and are immediately compatible with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (e.g., a PCR-friendly solution free of significant inhibitors). We hypothesize ITP purification is applicable to processing of a wide range of complex biological samples.
Role of CYP2A13 in the bioactivation and lung tumorigenicity of the tobacco-specific lung procarcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: in vivo studies using a CYP2A13-humanized mouse model

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is abundant in tobacco smoke, is a potent lung procarcinogen. The present study was aimed to prove that transgenic expression of human cytochrome P450 2A13 (CYP2A13), known to be selectively expressed in the respiratory tract and be the most efficient enzyme for NNK bioactivation in vitro, will enhance NNK bioactivation and NNK-induced tumorigenesis in the mouse lung. Kinetic parameters of NNK bioactivation in vitro and incidence of NNK-induced lung tumors in vivo were determined for wild-type, Cyp2a5-null and CYP2A13-humanized (CYP2A13-transgenic/Cyp2a5-null) mice. As expected, in both liver and lung microsomes, the loss of CYP2A5 resulted in significant increases in Michaelis constant (K m) values for the formation of 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanal, representing the reactive intermediate that can lead to the formation of O(6)-methylguanine (O(6)-mG) DNA adducts; however, the gain of CYP2A13 at a fraction of the level of mouse lung CYP2A5 led to recovery of the activity in the lung, but not in the liver. The levels of O(6)-mG, the DNA adduct highly correlated with lung tumorigenesis, were significantly higher in the lungs of CYP2A13-humanized mice than in Cyp2a5-null mice. Moreover, incidences of lung tumorigenesis were significantly greater in CYP2A13-humanized mice than in Cyp2a5-null mice, and the magnitude of the differences in incidence was greater at low (30mg/kg) than at high (200mg/kg) NNK doses. These results indicate that CYP2A13 is a low K m enzyme in catalyzing NNK bioactivation in vivo and support the notion that genetic polymorphisms of CYP2A13 can influence the risks of tobacco-induced lung tumorigenesis in humans.
On-Spool PMD Estimation Method for Low-PMD Fibers With High Repeatability by Local-DGD Measurement Using POTDR

A new polarization mode dispersion (PMD) estimation method by measuring local differential group delay using polarization optical time-domain reflectometry (POTDR) is proposed. This method has very high repeatability and is effective for low-PMD fibers, whereas conventional PMD measurement methods have large measurement uncertainty. This method is also applicable to the outer layers of on-spool fibers to estimate their off-spool PMD