cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Analysis of Shock Waves in General Media

A thermodynamic comparison is made between propagating shock waves and smooth waves, in arbitrary media and for arbitrary deformations. for two classes of shock wave: weak shocks; and shocks of arbitrary strength that propagate under steady-state conditions. It is shown that the thermodynamic differences between shocks and smooth waves are slight for weak shocks, and nil for steady-state shocks. This legitimizes both the derivation of restrictions on steadily propagating shock waves by the analysis of suitably-chosen smooth waves, and the use of a purely mechanical constitutive model in the derivation of these restrictions. An important specific application of this approach to deriving shock wave restrictions is provided by analyzing a very broad class of rate-independent elastic-plastic materials. It is shown that positive-definiteness of the elastic modulus tensor and normality of the plastic deformation-rate tensor to the yield surface. together with standard weak conservation laws and compatibility requirements. greatly restrict the permissibility of shock waves. This is especially so in quasi-static deformations, but strong restrictions on the permissible types and speeds of dynamically propagating shock waves are also shown to result. These analyses are first performed within a small-displacement-gradient formulation, for which the results are highly restrictive and easily interpreted. The finite deformation versions of the calculations are then performed. Some examples of the implications of the results to problems in quasi-static and dynamic elastic-plastic crack growth are also provided. for isotropic materials and for ductile single crystals.
The Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Inorganic Chemistry

Publisher Summary The two observables of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of primary interest to the chemist in the elucidation of the electronic and geometrical structures of molecules are the chemical shifts of nuclei and nuclear spin-spin coupling constants. These two parameters can be and have been used with great success in purely empirical fashion for determining the structures of molecules. A few examples illustrating the power of NMR in molecular structure determination will be given in a later section. Additionally, however, we have in chemical shifts and spin-spin coupling constants two observables, which can be measured to a high degree of accuracy and which in principle reflect rather sensitively environments of individual atoms and properties of bonds in molecules. It is one of the chief tasks of theoreticians today to translate as quantitatively as possible chemical shifts and coupling constants into such molecular quantities as charge distributions, bonding hybrids, and bond angles and lengths.
America's Baseball Underground: The State of the Women's National Pastime

In times of economic hardship in the United States, traditional views of masculinity dominate social discourse and the popular imagination, perhaps as a way of compensating for loss of men’s actual economic power. War and sports take exaggerated prominence as reminders of masculine power. Sports during times of crisis provide emotional refuge and distraction from economic hardship. But what happens to women’s sports, particularly when they seek access to sports most intimately associated with American national identity? This paper is a preliminary study for a book that will explore the hidden world of contemporary women’s baseball in the United States with interviews and oral histories of players, coaches and organizers. The study focuses on the exclusion of American girls and women from the national pastime as a template for exclusion from access from the rewards of full civic participation, with particular focus on homophobia as a parallel to racism. Exclusion from baseball, and the ideological insistence on the masculinity of athletics deprives women of access to economic and emotional comfort in times of hardship and plenty.
Unconditional Self-Acceptance and Responses to Negative Feedback

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT; Ellis, 1995) contends that esteeming oneself—favorably or unfavorably—is illogical (implying an objective basis for evaluating global worth) and counterproductive (making one prone to depression in the wake of setbacks, anxiety otherwise). A healthier outlook requires unconditional self-acceptance (USA). We evaluated predictions regarding USA in a nonclinical university student sample. Consistent with REBT, participants scoring high on a USA questionnaire, controlling for self-esteem level, reported being low in proneness to depression and in self-esteem lability. They also were more objective in evaluating their performance on a public speaking task and were less apt to denigrate people who provided negative evaluations of their speeches. Predictions regarding impression management, willingness to try another speech, and mood or state self-esteem reactivity to feedback were not supported. Discussion focused on implications for research on USA as well as applied implications for therapy or prevention programs.
Following the Flag or Following the Charter? Examining the Determinants of UN Involvement in International Crises, 1945–2002

This paper compares the explanatory power of two models of UN intervention behavior: (i) an “organizational mission model” built around the proposition that variations in the amount of resources that the UN devotes to different conflicts primarily reflect the degree to which a conflict poses a challenge to the UN's organizational mandate of promoting international peace and stability and (ii) a “parochial interest model” that revolves around the purely private interests of the five veto-holding members of the UN Security Council (the so-called P-5), i.e., interests that are either unrelated to or at odds with the UN's organizational mandate. Examining data on UN conflict management efforts in more than 270 international crises between 1945 and 2002, we find that measures of the severity and escalatory potential of a conflict are significantly better predictors of the extent of UN involvement in international crises than variables that measure P-5 interests that do not align with the UN's organizational mission of acting as a global peacemaker. This suggests that the UN adheres more closely to the humanitarian and security mission laid out in its Charter than critics of the organization often suggest.
Transcription Factor Activity Mapping of a Tissue-Specific In Vivo Gene Regulatory Network

A wealth of physical interaction data between transcription factors (TFs) and DNA has been generated, but these interactions often do not have apparent regulatory consequences. Thus, equating physical interaction data with gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is problematic. Here, we comprehensively assay TF activity, rather than binding, to construct a network of gene regulatory interactions in the C. elegans intestine. By manually observing the in vivo tissue-specific knockdown of 921 TFs on a panel of 19 fluorescent transcriptional reporters, we identified a GRN of 411 interactions between 19 promoters and 177 TFs. This GRN shows only modest overlap with physical interactions, indicating that many regulatory interactions are indirect. We applied nested effects modeling to uncover information flow between TFs in the intestine that converges on a small set of physical TF-promoter interactions. We found numerous cell nonautonomous regulatory interactions, illustrating tissue-to-tissue communication. Altogether, our study illuminates the complexity of gene regulation in the context of a living animal.
Increased Rat Brain Cytochrome C Correlates with Degree of Perinatal Copper Deficiency Rather than Apoptosis

Reductions in copper due to dietary restriction or transporter deficiency in brindled mice or humans with Menkes disease lead to reduced cuproenzyme activities, mitochondrial abnormalities, neurodegeneration and early mortality. The mechanisms for observed neuropathology remain unknown. Some researchers studying mutant mice suggest brain apoptosis as a possible factor based on changes in transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and increased cytosolic cytochrome c and decreased Bcl-2 levels. Perinatal copper deficiency was induced in Holtzman rats during late gestation and lactation to investigate the role of apoptosis in the developing brain. Analysis of 13- and 24-d-old (P13 and P24) brains from male copper-deficient and copper-adequate rats revealed no difference in cytosolic cytochrome c or total Bcl-2 levels. Cerebellar TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity were higher in the P12 copper-deficient than in the copper-adequate pups. However, TUNEL staining decreased and caspase-3 activity was not detected at P24 even though pups were more copper deficient based on cortex copper, Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase and cytochrome c oxidase activities. This suggests that neuronal apoptosis is not enhanced by dietary copper deficiency in the brain. Lower Bcl-2 levels were detected in the copper-deficient rat hearts, consistent with apoptotic processes in mice reported by others. A robust enhancement of cytochrome c was observed in the total brain extracts and purified brain mitochondria of copper-deficient pups. Higher cytochrome c appeared to be correlated with the degree of copper deficiency and seemed to be associated with increased mitochondrial mass, because higher levels of voltage-dependent anion channel and mitochondrial complex I were also detected. The biochemical mechanisms for elevated cytochrome c are not known nor are the physiological consequences.
Surface Strains Due to Face Loading of a Slot in a Layered Half-Space

A solution is presented that will allow the compliance method for residual stress measurement to be applied to layered materials. The solution is for surface strains due to arbitrary normal stress loading on the faces of a slot in a layered half-space. The materials are homogeneous isotropic elastic with different elastic constants and the slot may penetrate into the substrate. The solution is accomplished using the body force method and the solution for a point force in two bonded half spaces. The results indicate that, for residual stress measurement, the effects of the substrate properties are significant for materials with elastic moduli differing by 50 percent or more when the slot penetrates to at least one-half of the layer thickness.
Longitudinal relationships among visual acuity and tasks of everyday life: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation study.

Purpose. To study the relationships among visual and physical function trajectories of aging adults.
Treatment for Hoarding Behaviors: A Review of the Evidence

This article reviews the empirical literature on treating clients with hoarding behaviors, including psychosocial treatments, mainly cognitive behavioral, and pharmacotherapy. Standard treatments used for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) such as medication and/or behavior therapy have been associated with poor treatment response for those with hoarding. Recent prospective pharmacotherapy research suggests that serotonergic medication may be helpful to OCD patients with or without hoarding. A multi-component cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) designed specifically for hoarding has shown promising results especially in trials of individual therapy with periodic home visits. Social work researchers have played a prominent role in the development and testing of this CBT intervention and development of instruments to assess hoarding treatment outcomes. This CBT intervention has demonstrated modest success when delivered individually in an open trial and a waitlist-controlled trial, and in quasi-experimental studies of group treatment modalities, including in-person and web-based groups as well as bibliotherapy-based support groups. Overall, evidence supports the use of specialized CBT methods to improve hoarding symptoms. Future testing may include controlled trials with more diverse samples.
Molecular biomarkers for aflatoxins: from adducts to gene mutations to human liver cancer

Over the past 30 years there have been extensive efforts to investigate the association between aflatoxin exposure and human liver cancer. These studies have been hindered by the lack of adequate dosimetry data on aflatoxin intake, excretion, and metabolism in people, as well as by the general poor quality of worldwide cancer morbidity and mortality statistics. These realities have spurred the efforts to develop new technologies to assess exposure status and risk for aflatoxins, and these agents are among the few environmental carcinogens for which quantitative risk assessments have been attempted. One of the goals of these risk assessments has been the development of primary and secondary preventive intervention methods to lower the human health impact from aflatoxin exposures. The long-term goal of the research described herein is the application of biomarkers to the development of preventive interventions for use in human populations at high risk for cancer. Several of the aflatoxin-specific biomarkers have been validated in epidemiologic studies and are now available for use as intermediate biomarkers in prevention trials. The development of these aflatoxin biomarkers has been based upon the knowledge of the biochemistry and toxicology of aflatoxins gleaned from both experimental and human studies. These biomarkers have been utilized subsequently in experimental models to provide data on the modulation of the markers under different situations of disease risk. This systematic approach provides encouragement for preventive interventions and should serve as a template for the development for the development and validation of other chemical-specific biomarkers and their application to cancer or other chronic diseases.
The effect of magnesium substitution on the hardness of synthetic and biogenic calcite

Biogenic minerals often contain inorganic and organic impurities that are believed to harden and toughen the material. However, because of the complexity of these systems, it is difficult to deconvolute the effect of each of these impurities on the hardness of the material. We have created single-crystal samples with a range of magnesium concentrations and measured their hardness while controlling for orientation. We find that hardness increases linearly with magnesium content and that magnesium impurities could account for ∼20% of the increased hardness in biogenic calcite from the mollusk Atrina rigida when compared with pure geologic calcite.
The role of serum in the in vitro assay of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis.

Abstract Serum affects lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro by facilitating cell-cell interactions. Assays using low killer and target cell concentrations in plastic tissue culture dishes and dependent upon rocking to facilitate lysis, require serum lipid to prevent the adhesion of cells to the plastic surface of the dish. This adhesion prevents the cells from freely moving and making the killer-target cell contact essential for lysis. If the assay is performed in microtest plates with high cell concentrations in smaller volumes, rocking is not necessary to promote lysis and serum is not required. In addition, we have observed that glucose facilitates lysis in the absence of serum.
Toward a Data Spillage Prevention Process in Hadoop using Data Provenance

Recent data breaches involving large companies have demonstrated that the loss of control over protected and confidential data can become a serious threat to business operations and national security. As the use of Hadoop continues to grow rapidly, the development of methods for addressing security challenges related to Hadoop becomes imperative, and in this paper, we describe our efforts to remedy one such challenge, data spillage. We discuss our work in developing a conceptual framework for collecting provenance data and investigating data spillage within our Hadoop cluster and review some preliminary finding from our test case looking at data spillage in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). We also distill our lessons learned and mention activities already underway to continue this work.
An atom probe study of grain boundary and matrix chemistry in microalloyed NiAl

Abstract The atom probe field ion microscope (APFIM) has been used to perform a quantitative study of the grain boundary and matrix chemistry in NiAl microalloyed with either boron, carbon or beryllium. Boron was observed to segregate to grain boundaries whereas carbon and beryllium did not. Atom probe measurements of the matrix chemistry revealed severe depletion of the solute in the boron- and carbon-doped alloys. Field ion imaging, atom probe analyses and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the matrix revealed ultrafine MB 2 - and MC-type precipitates ranging in size between 2 and 20 nm in diameter in the boron- and carbon-doped NiAl. The number densities of these precipitates were estimated by atom probe analyses to range between 1 × 10 20 m −3 and 1 × 10 23 m −3 for precipitates of 20 and 2 nm diameter, respectively. Atom probe analyses of the matrix in beryllium-doped NiAl revealed that almost all the beryllium was in solid solution. This was consistent with the fact that ultrafine beryllide precipitates were not detected in the atom probe. The enormous increase in yield stress in the boron- and carbon-doped alloys is predominantly due to a precipitation hardening effect. The relatively small increase in yield stress in beryllium-doped NiAl is due to a weak substitutional solid solution hardening effect.
Ronald J. Konopka (1947–2015)

Ron Konopka was found dead of an apparent heart attack in his Pasadena, CA home on February 14, 2015. Konopka was my close contemporary and began graduate school at Caltech in 1967. He published his thesis work along with his mentor Seymour Benzer in what is perhaps the single most influential paper in circadian rhythms (Konopka and Benzer, PNAS 68, 2112–2116). The field has spent much of the subsequent 45 years deciphering the meaning and validating (over and over again) the importance of this Rosetta stone.
Comparison of the response of bovine and human neutrophils to various stimuli.

Abstract Elastase release, oxidant production and cytoplasmic Ca2+ fluxes bovine and human neutrophils were compared using sensitive kinetic assays on a photon-counting spectrofluorometer. The stimulants used were phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), cytochalasin B, zymosan opsonized with bovine complement (bOZ) or human complement (hOZ), calcium ionophore, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and concanavalin A (Con A). The respiratory burst of bovine and human neutrophils was stimulated by PMA and OZ but not by cytochalasin B, or calcium ionophore. Con A weakly stimulated this response in human neutrophils but not bovine. FMLP stimulated the respiratory burst of human but not bovine neutrophils. For evaluation of elastase release, human neutrophils were pretreated with cytochalasin B for 5 min and then stimulated. Cytochalasin B alone did not stimulate elastase release from human neutrophils. Phorbol myristate acetate, calcium ionophore, hOZ, FMLP and Con A did stimulate human neutrophils pretreated with cytochalasin B to release elastase. Human serum OZ was also able to stimulate elastase release from human neutrophils not pretreated with cytochalasin B. Some bovine neutrophils released elastase in response to cytochalasin B alone. Those bovine neutrophils that did not release elastase in response to cytochalasin B alone released elastase when stimulated with Con A or calcium ionophore after cytochalasin B pretreatment. Bovine neutrophils did not release elastase in response to FMLP or PMA withor without cytochalasin B pretreatment, but did release elastase in response to bOZ alone. Total elastase activity of bovine neutrophils was determined to be about 50 times less than that of human neutrophils. Intracellular calcium fluxes were stimulated in human neutrophils by calcium ionophore, FMLP, hOZ and Con A but not by PMA or cytochalasin B. Bovine neutrophil calcium fluxes were stimulated by calcium ionophore, Con A and bOZ; cytochalasin B also stimulated bovine neutrophils to increase cytoplasmic calcium concentration. Cytoplasmic calcium fluxes were not stimulated in bovine neutrophils by PMA or FMLP. In summary, human and bovine neutrophils respond similarly to calcium ionophore and OZ, but differently to PMA, cytochalasin B, Con A and FMLP.
How to access and process FDA drug approval packages for use in research

FDA databases contain valuable information on unpublished studies, but it can be difficult to find. This article explains where to look and provides tips on how to make documents easier to use
The revival of Confucianism in Chinese schools: a historical-political review

This article examines the “back to tradition” movement in Chinese schools and its political nature. It focuses on the launch of the “education in Chinese traditional virtues” project in the 1980s and various new developments at the present time, which continue a revival of Confucianism in Chinese society and education. The paper looks into the domestic and international background of the movement, the political nature of the Confucian tradition, and the government's support for the movement. The essay explores a resurgence of Confucianism in Chinese schools through moral education and the larger political purpose it serves. The article reveals how a popular grass roots education movement reflects particular social and political needs during changing times and how pedagogical functions of an education initiative become entangled with, and even overshadowed by, political demands within a politically centralised system.
Esophageal stricture and web secondary to Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Esophageal stricture and web are described in a 14-year-old girl who presented with a history of progressive dysphagia subsequent to an episode of Stevens-Johnson syndrome at the age of 4.
Characterization of naturally occurring auxotrophic mammalian cells.

In a previous study, several cultured cell lines were detected which are naturally occurring auxotrophs. In this investigation, the enzyme deficiencies involved are described. It is demonstrated that the Chinese hamster cell lines CHO(Kl), YH21, RJK-36, and CHW-1102 are deficient in cystathionase and argininosuccinate synthetase. In addition, CHO (Kl) and CHW-1102 were found to lack argininosuccinate lyase. CHW-1102 cells were also found to be unable to proliferate in medium containing branchedchain α-keto acids in place of the corresponding L-amino acids since CHW-1102 cells lack branched-chain aminotransferase.
Macro and microtribological studies of CrO2 video tapes

Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and its modification-friction force microscopy (FFM) are becoming increasingly important in the understanding of friction, wear, lubrication and nanomechanical property measurements. We describe modified AFM and FFM techniques and present data on microtribological studies of two CrO2 video tapes. Macro-scale friction measurements were also made on the two tapes. We have observed that macro-scale friction is higher than that on micro-scale. Lower values of micro-scale friction as compared to macro-scale friction may be because of less ploughing contribution in micro-scale friction measurements. The directionality effects observed in micro-scale friction may come from the asymmetrical transfer of wipe material or from the calendering. Differences in the macro-scale friction in the two tapes appear to correlate with the changes in scratch resistance, wear resistance and the hardness of the tape surface on a micro-scale to nano-scales. It is demonstrated that AFM/FFM techniques are valuable in the fundamental understanding of tribology of magnetic tapes.
Self-reported alcohol and nicotine use and the ability to control occipital EEG in a biofeedback situation.

Abstract Forty college-aged males, identified as either users or non-users of alcohol and nicotine, underwent four, 40-min eyes-closed occipital alpha (8–13 Hz, 10μV) biofeedback sessions over a 4-week period. One-half of the subjects attempted to enhance their alpha density while the other half attempted to suppress it. Analyses of the alpha control scores indicated that non-users of alcohol and nicotine were superior to users of these substances in the self-regulation of occipital alpha density. The possibility that individuals with poor cortical regulatory ability might be predisposed to use such cortically active substances as alcohol and nicotine was discussed, as were several limitations of the present data.
Temporal changes in PCB and DDE levels among a cohort of frequent and infrequent consumers of Great Lakes sportfish.

Abstract A variety of environmentally persistent contaminants of the Great Lakes Basin are able to bioaccumulate in the aquatic food chain and pose a threat to the health and reproductive success of people and wildlife that depend on locally caught fish as a source of dietary protein. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (DDE) has been linked to higher rates of cancer, reproductive problems, and endocrine disorders. To investigate the effects of exposure to persistent contaminants of the Great Lakes Basin, the health departments of five Great Lakes states formed a health-assessment consortium. Between 1988 and 1994, the consortium collected demographic and fish consumption information from 2548 licensed charter boat captains, 182 anglers, and 1667 referents. Between 1994 and 1995, a subset of 619 participants in this study provided additional fish consumption information and donated blood samples that were analyzed for PCBs and DDE. Follow-up studies conducted between 2001 and 2005 re-assessed fish consumption rates and blood levels of PCBs and DDE in 293 of these individuals. While there was a trend for increasing overall fish consumption among most participant groups, sportfish and Great Lakes sportfish consumption decreased significantly in the captains over the study period. Serum DDE concentrations, which were highest in men in the captain and angler groups, declined in 90% of study participants. Mean DDE levels fell from 5.6 to 3.2 μg/L. Total PCB levels declined in 80% of participants with the mean concentration falling from 4.2 to 2.8 μg/L. Annual declines in serum DDE and PCB concentrations averaged 4.6% and 3.5%, respectively.
Linguistically Mediated Tool Use and Exchange by Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)

It is surprising that, given the enduring interest in the ability of apes to communicate symbolically with one another, all language work with apes has hitherto concentrated upon their ability to demonstrate language functions and syntax in interaction with human beings (Fouts 1974a; Gardner & Gardner 1969, 1971; Patterson 1977; Premack 1976a; Rumbaugh 1977; Terrace & Bever this volume). As Steklis and Harnad (1976) point out, the true adaptive function of language lies in the ability it confers upon man to transmit specific information in an abstract, context-free form. Previous work with apes has, for the most part, placed a highly sophisticated and competent, language-using human being in the role of either the receiver or the transmitter in every linguistic interchange. This essentially allows the chimpanzee to “fill in the blanks” while the nature of the interchange is basically structured by the human being. Anecdotal reports on chimpanzees learning American Sign Language (ASL) have suggested that the animals are communicating with one another through signs (Fouts 1973, 1974a; Gardner & Gardner 1978); however, what is not clear in any of these cases is (1) whether the chimpanzees were indeed gesturing to one another and not to the humans who were nearby, (2) whether the ASL gestures used were essentially different from the nonverbal gestures reported for wild chimpanzees, (3) whether the recipient of the gesture altered his behavior in specific response to the gesture, or (4) whether the animals were capable of reversing transmitter’s and receiver’s roles.
Mono- and Dilithiation of Primary Amine/Secondary Amine Mixtures: Transamination, Solvation, and Cocomplexation

Addition of 1 equiv of N,N,2,2-tetramethylpropanediamine (4) to 1 equiv of either lithium dibenzylamide (1) or lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (2) results in the exclusive formation of the pr...
The effects of substrate surface roughness on the morphology of plasma-polymerized ethylene

Abstract : Effects of the surface roughness of substrate material on the morphology of polyethylene film deposited by rf plasma reaction were investigated by replica electron microscopy. Aluminum plates which have various degrees of surface roughness were prepared by electropolishing. Some evidences of a gas-phase-polymerization which was not affected by the substrate morphology were also observed. (Modified author abstract)
Occupancy of the Dictyostelium cAMP Receptor, cAR1, Induces a Reduction in Affinity Which Depends upon COOH-terminal Serine Residues

Many G-protein-coupled receptors display a rapid decrease in ligand binding following pretreatment with agonist. cAR1, a cAMP receptor expressed early in the developmental program of Dictyostelium, mediates chemotaxis, activation of adenylyl cyclase, and gene expression changes that bring about the aggregation of 105 amoebae to form a multicellular structure. Occupancy of cAR1 by cAMP initiates multiple desensitization processes, one of which is an apparent reduction in binding sites. In transformed cells expressing cAR1 constitutively, Scatchard analyses revealed that this apparent loss of ligand binding is largely due to a significant reduction in the affinity of cAR1 for cAMP. A parallel increase in the dose dependence of cAR1-mediated cAMP uptake was observed. Consistent with these findings, proteolysis of intact cells and immunofluorescence suggested that cAR1 remains on the cell-surface following cAMP treatment. Finally, agonist-induced loss of ligand binding is impaired in cAR1 mutants lacking a cluster of cytoplasmic serine residues, which are targets of cAMP-induced phosphorylation.
Lack of association of TPH2 exon XI polymorphisms with major depression and treatment resistance [3]

Lack of association of TPH2 exon XI polymorphisms with major depression and treatment resistance
Inhibition of β-lactamases by monocyclic acyl phosph(on)ates

The cyclic acyl phosph(on)ates, 1-hydroxy-5-phenyl-2,6-dioxaphosphorinone(3)-1-oxide, its 4-phenyl isomer, and the phosphonate (2-oxo) analogue of the latter inhibited typical class A (TEM-2) and c...
δ-Opioid-receptor activation by [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin and morphine inhibits substance P release from trigeminal nucleus slices

The release of substance P (SP) from spinal dorsal horn slices is partially inhibited by micromolar concentrations of selective delta-opioid receptor agonists. In the present study, we have examined the effect of nanomolar concentrations of [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE, delta-opioid receptor agonist) and low micromolar of concentrations morphine on K(+)-evoked SP release from rat trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) slices. DPDPE and morphine inhibited SP release with an apparent maximal effect at 3 nM and at 3 microM, respectively. DPDPE and morphine produced U-shaped concentration-response curves that were completely autoinhibited at 100 nM DPDPE and 1 microM morphine. The inhibition of SP release produced by 3 nM DPDPE and 3 microM morphine was blocked by the opioid receptor antagonists naloxone (30 nM; non-selective) and ICI 174,864 (0.3 microM; delta-selective) but not by nor-binaltorphimine (3 nM n-BNI; kappa-selective), naloxonazine (1 nM; micro 1-selective) or beta-funaltrexamine (20 nM beta-FNA; mu-selective). These findings indicate that delta-opioid receptor-mediated inhibition of SP release from TNC can be achieved by nanomolar concentrations of selective delta-opioid receptor agonists. Activation of delta-opioid receptors by morphine might be involved in the residual analgesia observed after mu 1-opioid receptor blockade and in the analgesia produced by high doses of morphine.
Formation and Decomposition of Bis(chloromethyl) Ether in Aqueous Media

Abstract Reports that bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) is carcinogenic have prompted numerous investigations into the formation and decomposition of the compound. In this study, it is shown that the compound forms rapidly in a chloromethylating medium (HC1-HCHO-ZnC12) at low levels (100 ppm) and attains a fairly steady concentration of 300-500 ppm. Methods for destroying BCME are discussed including the rates of destruction in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Although BCME is considered reactive, it is not readily decomposed by water or aqueous base because of its low solubility. In homogeneous media such as MeOH-H2O. the rate of hydrolysis is much faster. The reaction of BCME with aqueous ammonia is very fast and a reaction path to hexamethylenetetramine is suggested. Gaseous BCME reacts rapidly with aqueous systems, particularly alkaline solutions, due to greater contact efficiency.
T cell antigen CD28 binds to the GRB-2/SOS complex, regulators of p21ras

The T cell molecule CD28 provides a co-stimulatory signal that is required for T cell proliferation, and has been implicated in the control of T cell anergy. An important clue to the signaling mechanism of CD28 is the finding that CD28 can bind to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) by means of a cytoplasmic phospho-YMNM (pYMNM) motif. A remaining issue concerns whether CD28 can recruit other intracellular signaling molecules. In this study, we show that CD28 uses the same pYMNM motif to recruit a second intracellular protein, GRB-2. CD28-associated GRB-2, as detected by anti-GRB-2 immunoblotting, was found in human peripheral T cells, HPB-ALL and Jurkat cells. As in the case of PI 3-kinase, antibody-induced cross-linking of CD28 induces a time-dependent recruitment of GRB-2. Likewise, mutation of the pY-191 residue within the pYMNM motif reduces GRB-2 binding. Peptide binding studies show that the SH2 domain of GRB-2 binds to the pYMNM motif with an affinity comparable to GRB-2/SHC, but some 10- to 100-fold lower than the CD28/PI 3-kinase. Despite this, CD28/GRB-2 and CD28/PI 3-kinase complexes are found to co-exist in peripheral T cells. Finally, immunoblotting shows that CD28 also associates with the gene product of the human homolog of the Drosophila Son of sevenless gene (SOS), a GRB-2-complexed guanine nucleotide exchange factor responsible for converting p21ras to a GTP-bound active state. CD28-associated GRB2/SOS is likely to serve an important link in the regulation of p21ras and lymphokine expression mediated by CD28.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in two tropical monodominant trees

Mycorrhizae, symbioses between plant roots and fungi, are found in virtually all terrestrial plant ecosystems. Substantial evidence indicates that mycorrhizal associations are beneficial to both partners. In most systems, the fungus benefits the host plant by effectively scavenging nutrients and in return, utilizes carbohydrates produced by the plant (Allen 1991, Harley & Smith 1983). Moreover, both major types of mycorrhizae, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) and ectomycorrhizae (EM), can alter the outcome of competitive interactions between host plants (Allen & Allen 1984, Hartnett et al. 1993, Hetrick et al. 1989, Newman et al. 1992, Perry et al. 1989). Early studies focused primarily on temperate mycorrhizae, but more recently, ecologists have turned toward the tropics. In contrast to the temperate zone, where trees tend to be EM, the majority of tropical tree species surveyed thus far form VAM (Janos 1983). Some notable exceptions of tropical trees forming EM occur in the plant families Dipterocarpaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae and Myrtaceae. Although tropical forests are typically diverse, many tree species in these five families grow in persistent, monodominant stands which can extend for hundreds of hectares (Connell & Lowman 1989). Janos (1983, 1985) has suggested that under low nutrient or seasonal conditions, EM may be more efficient than VAM at scavenging nutrients. Furthermore, EM may be able to absorb organic nitrogen (Alexander 1983), decompose organic litter (Trojanowski et al. 1984) and/or protect the host's roots from herbivory or pathogen attack (Marx 1972). Hence, the ability of some tropical trees to associate with EM has been hypothesized to give them a competitive advantage by which they can achieve local or regional dominance
Methionine-enkephalin facilitates the cardiovascular response to epinephrine in the conscious dog

Methionine-enkephalin (ME) is present in high concentrations in the adrenal medulla; it is co-stored with catecholamines in chromaffin vesicles, and released together with catecholamines during adrenal stimulation. We have examined the interactions of intravenously administered bolus doses of ME and epinephrine (EPI) in the conscious dog. EPI, 1.0 microgram/kg, increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 104 +/- 6 to 130 +/- 11 mm Hg, while reflexly reducing heart rate(HR) from 103 +/- 13 to 83 +/- 13 beats/min (bpm). ME, 5.0 micrograms/kg, increased MAP from 106 +/- 7 to 122 +/- 7 mm Hg and increased HR from 111 +/- 12 to 139 +/- 14 bpm. EPI and ME administered together increased MAP in apparently additive fashion from 106 +/- 6 to 153 +/- 12 mm Hg, and also increased HR from 102 +/- 10 to 114 +/- 17 bpm. ME, 1.0 microgram/kg, exerted a similar effect. Thus, in these concentrations, ME exerts a co-operative influence upon the EPI cardiovascular response in the conscious, neurologically intact dog, probably by inhibiting baroreceptor reflexes. These findings suggest a possible role for ENK as an excitatory stress hormone.
Some Institutional Problematics of Excess Burden Analytics

Excess burden is used widely throughout public finance for both normative and positive analyses. Although it is generally treated as a universal quality of all but lump-sum taxation, the author argues to the contrary that it is not a universal quality of taxation but is at most a contingent feature of a subset of the possible institutional frameworks within which fiscal outcomes emerge. The conventional excess burden analytics transpose results from individual experiments where they do apply onto market experiments where they do not apply. In many respects, excess burden is like a grin without a cat, to borrow from Dennis Robertson’s assessment of Keynes’s liquidity preference theory of interest.
Effective metal screening and Schottky-barrier formation in metal-GaAs structures

The Fermi-level movement in a Schottky barrier is investigated using a bimetal thin-film structure. The functional dependence of the barrier height on the inner metal thickness is formulated in terms of the metal effective screening length and the interface trap states. This model is used to describe experimental results on Pt-Ti-GaAs and Ti-Pt-GaAs diodes. It is found that the effective screening lengths for Pt and Ti are 6.5 and 7.0 AA, respectively, significantly greater than the ideal values of the theory of N.F. Mott and H. Jones (1958). This indicates that the potential drop inside the metal electrode can evolve over several monolayers in a Schottky contact. >
Emission-Line Profiles in Planetary Nebulae

This research was undertaken with the idea of measuring as accurately as possible the internal-velocity distribution in planetary nebulae, in order to compare the observational measurements with hydrodynamical models of expanding nebulae. Much of the work was done in collaboration with J. S. Miller and D.W. Weedman. All the observational data were obtained photographically with the Coude spectrograph of the 100-inch telescope at Mt. Wilson, using an image rotator, a 900 line/mm grating, and an F/5.2 camera, giving a dispersion of about 4 A/mm in the blue and about 6 A/mm in the red. The measured velocity resolution is approximately 5–6 km/sec. The data for five nebulae have been published (Osterbrock et al.,1966) while data for three more, NGC 2392, NGC 3242, and IC 418 are discussed here for the first time.
Scapholunate Ligament Repair and Capsulodesis

Falls on an outstretched arm resulting in wrist hyperextension can cause scapholunate dissociation, the most common form of carpal instability. These injuries can be diagnosed by a thorough history and physical examination combined with radiographic views that show a widened scapholunate interval. Surgical repair of the scapholunate ligament can be performed provided there is sufficient ligament to repair and in the absence of degenerative changes of the radioscaphoid articulation. This article details the surgical technique for repair of the scapholunate ligament followed by a capsulodesis to provide a dorsal tether to prevent pathologic scaphoid flexion.
Correlates of life satisfaction among persons with spinal cord injury

Abstract Objective: To analyze the correlates of life satisfaction for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Study Design: Survey; follow-up of subjects studied prospectively since onset of injury. Participants: A total of 2,183 persons with SCI, from 1 to 20 years postinjury, self-selected for annual research (and clinical) follow-up by one of 18 model systems of SCI care. Results: Life satisfaction, as measured with the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), is associated with several demographic, social, functional, and clinical characteristics. Stepwise linear regression analysis resulted in a predictor model that included the following: sex (beta weight: .07; p p p p p p p Conclusions: Life satisfaction after SCI can be reliably measured by means of the SWLS. Correlates of subjective well-being parallel those suggested by earlier studies and those for the population at large. The effects of life satisfaction on social participation, health, and other aspects of life need further study.
Aneuploidy in late-step spermatids of mice detected by two-chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization.

A multicolor procedure employing fluorescence in situ hybridization is described for detecting chromosomal domains and germinal aneuploidy in late-step spermatids in mice using DNA probes specific for repetitive sequences near the centromeres of chromosomes 8 and X. These probes were nick-translated with biotin- or digoxigenin-labeled nucleotides, and were detected with FITC or rhodamine. Probe and hybridization specificities were confirmed using metaphase chromosomes from spleen and bone marrow cells as well as from primary and secondary spermatocytes. Late-step spermatids, identified in testicular preparations by their hooked shape, yielded compact fluorescence domains in ∼ 50% and > 99% of cells when hybridized with probes for chromosomes X and 8, respectively. In a survey of > 80,000 late-step spermatids from 8 healthy young adult C57BL/6 or B6C3F1 mice, ∼ 3/10,000 spermatids had fluorescence phenotypes indicative of X-X or 8–8 hyperhaploidy. These frequencies are consistent with published frequencies of aneuploidy in meiotic metaphase II and first cleavage metaphases of the mouse, providing preliminary validation of sperm hybridization for the detection of aneuploidy. No significant animal or strain differences were observed. In addition, the hyperhaploidy frequencies for murine spermatids were indistinguishable for those for sperm from healthy men obtained by a similar hybridization procedure. These procedures for detecting aneuploid male gametes are examples of “bridging biomarkers” between human and animal studies. They have promising applications for investigations of the genetic, reproductive, and toxicological factors leading to abnormal reproductive outcomes of paternal origin. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Central auditory pathways mediating the rat middle ear muscle reflexes

The middle ear muscle (MEM) reflexes function to protect the inner ear from intense acoustic stimuli and to reduce acoustic masking. Sound presented to the same side or to the opposite side activates the MEM reflex on both sides. The ascending limbs of these pathways must be the auditory nerve fibers originating in the cochlea and terminating in the cochlear nucleus, the first relay station for all ascending auditory information. The descending limbs project from the motoneurons in the brainstem to the MEMs on both sides, causing their contraction. Although the ascending and descending pathways are well described, the cochlear nucleus interneurons that mediate these reflex pathways have not been identified. In order to localize the MEM reflex interneurons, we developed a physiologically based reflex assay in the rat that can be used to determine the integrity of the reflex pathways after experimental manipulations. This assay monitored the change in tone levels and distortion product otoacoustic emissions within the ear canal in one ear during the presentation of a reflex-eliciting sound stimulus in the contralateral ear. Preliminary findings using surgical transection and focal lesioning of the auditory brainstem to interrupt the MEM reflexes suggest that MEM reflex interneurons are located in the ventral cochlear nucleus.
Cationic ring‐opening polymerization of bicyclic amide acetals

Various bicyclic amide acetals were synthesized from the cycloaddition reactions of 2-substituted-2-oxazolines with styrene oxide. Ring-opening polymerization of the bicyclic amide acetals occurred upon heating in the presence of methyl tosylate. Characterization of the bicyclic amide acetals and their polymers was accomplished by NMR and elemental analysis. Vapor pressure osmometry showed the highest polymer molecular weight was only 2,400. The mechanisms for cycloaddition and polymerization are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantum chemical calculations on thioridazine

Quantum chemical CNDO/2 calculations for the conformational preference of the side chain of thioridazine as a function of angle indicated the crystallographically determined structure gave the lowest energy. There is also a small region of conformational flexibility within the first 90° of rotation of the side chain. This is commensurate with the results which we had obtained previously for our similar calculations for promazine and its Cl and CF3 derivatives, perazine and its Cl and CF3 derivatives, and for the hypothetical hitherto unknown N-piperidinopromazine and its Cl and CF3 derivatives. The conformational profile of thioridazine resembles that of the perazines. The calculated gross atomic populations on the alkyl nitrogen in thioridazine was within the range we had previously found necessary for neuroleptic activity.
Weakly non-linear instability of non-parallel shear flows

Abstract A spectral theory proposed by Plaschko and Hussain [Phys. Fluids A 27, 1603 (1984)] for the downstream evolution of non-linearly interacting waves in a non-parallel shear flow is further developed and extended so that it can provide dominant contributions to the non-linear terms by subharmonic components at frequencies ω n (n = 2, 3, 4, …) , where ω is a given frequency of the fundamental mode. The results are consistent with the experimental observations. The theory also is generalized to take into account three-dimensional disturbances acting on three-dimensional base flows with or without spanwise variations.