cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Family Caregivers' Use of Their Adult Care Recipient's Patient Portal From the 2019 Health Information National Trends Survey: Secondary Analysis.

Background: Patient engagement is critical for realizing the value of telehealth modalities such as the patient portal. Family caregiver engagement may also be critical for facilitating the use of the patient portal among adult patients, including older adults. Objective: This study aims to analyze the 2019 Health Information National Trends Survey to characterize family caregivers’ use of their care recipient’s patient portal in terms of sociodemographic, health, and caregiving characteristics and caregivers’ use of their own portal. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the National Cancer Institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey 5 Cycle 3. This survey was administered to 5438 US adults between January and May 2019. We analyzed data from 320 respondents who were identified as family caregivers. We created measures to reflect family caregivers’ use of their care recipient’s and their own portal, caregiver demographic and caregiving characteristics, and care recipient health characteristics. Results: Over half of the caregivers (179/320, 55.9%) reported using their own portal at least once, whereas only one-third (105/320, 32.8%) reported using their care recipient’s record in the previous 12 months. Caregivers using their own portal were significantly more likely to use their care recipient’s portal (odds ratio 11.18; P<.001). Conclusions: Policies should enable patients to designate family caregivers who can access their patient portal. Providers could screen caregivers for challenges in their caregiving responsibilities that may be addressed through the portal so they can better support their adult relatives. Interventions to support family caregivers, especially older caregivers, in using their own portal may facilitate their use of their care recipient’s portal. Trial Registration:
How right now? Supporting mental health and resilience amid COVID-19

The How Right Now communication initiative (HRN) was developed to facilitate resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. HRN was designed as a conduit for promoting mental health and addressing feelings of grief, worry, and stress experienced during this time. This article provides an overview of the rapid, mixed-method, culturally responsive formative research process undertaken to inform the development of HRN. Specifically, it describes how HRN's disproportionately affected audiences (adults aged 65 and older and their caregivers, adults with preexisting physical and mental health conditions, adults experiencing violence, and adults experiencing economic distress) describe and discuss emotional resilience, what they need to be resilient, and what factors contribute to the perceptions of their ability to "bounce back" from the conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection methods included an environmental scan (n >= 700 publications), social listening (n >= 1 million social media posts), partner needs-assessment calls (n = 16), partner-convened listening sessions with community members (n = 29), online focus groups (n = 58), and a national probability survey (n = 731), all in English and Spanish. Results revealed that HRN's audiences have diverse perceptions of what constitutes resilience. However, common factors were identified across populations to support resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic, including informal and formal social support and access to services to meet basic needs, including food and housing resources. Stress, anxiety, depression, and experience with stigma and discrimination were also linked to resilience. Understanding the perspectives and experiences of disproportionately affected populations is vital to identifying supports and services, including the engagement of community stakeholders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Behavior of cattle towards devices to detect food-safety pathogens in feedlot pens

Our objective was to optimize a protocol using rope devices designed to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot pens by (1) determining if the number of devices influenced the percent of cattle sampled, (2) describing when the cattle contacted the devices, and (3) determining if the time of removal or number of devices influenced the recovery or E. coli O157:H7. Overall, 2948 cattle were observed in 24 commercial feedlot pens, eight pens each in the autumn, winter and summer. Three or seven devices per pen were placed near the water tank and over the feed bunk approximately one hour prior to sunset. Cattle were observed for a 2-hour period to measure (1) the duration of time until they made contact with the devices, and (2) the type of contact they had with the devices. One tail from each of the devices was collected at the end of the 2-hour observation period (ending approximately one hour after sundown) and the other tail was collected the next morning to test for the presence of E. coli O157:H7. Recovery of E. coli O157:H7 was not significantly different using three or seven devices (p>0.10), or if devices were left available overnight (p>0.10). The rate of first contacts did not differ between pens with three or seven devices in any of the 30-minute periods of observation (p>0.50). However, regardless of the number of devices in the pen, the first contact rate was highest in the first 30 minutes and decreased significantly with time (p<0.001). Over the 2-hour observation period, a greater percentage of cattle in pens with seven devices had physical (p<0.01), brief oral (p<0.02), or prolonged oral contact (p<0.01) than cattle in pens with three devices. Therefore, to maximize the number of cattle sampled per pen, the number of devices and length of time the devices are available were important factors of the sampling strategy.
Legislatively Establishing a Health Certification Programme for Citrus

Many countries have implemented plant material certification programmes to preserve or rebuild certain agricultural sectors. These programmes aim to produce and distribute high quality planting materials that are free from systemic diseases and pests. Certification programmes generally requirements for nurseries, growers and other purveyors of plants. Only those varieties of plants that have been registered and approved by the competent national authority; that have been evaluated, indexed and found free from any systemic diseases; and that thrive in the region may be certified. Generally, the agricultural ministry administers certification programmes, although the competent authority will vary by country. Many different crops throughout the world are subject to certification. Citrus is one of the major cultivated fruit crops in the world, grown in more than 100 countries throughout the tropical, sub-tropical and Mediterranean climate regions. For most of these countries, citrus is a significant export. South Africa, for example, exported over one million metric tonnes of oranges in the 2008/2009 marketing year, whereas the world export total was over three million tonnes. Citrus is also one of the crops most susceptible to and most easily harmed by pathogens transmitted through plant propagation, a type of plant reproduction whose object is to preserve the unique characteristics of a desirable plant from one generation to the next. Different types of plant propagation include grafting (uniting two plants to make them grow as a single plant by inserting one or more buds of one plant – the scion – into the rootstock or stock of the other) and budding (common for propagating young citrus trees: here the scion, consisting of a single bud, is attached just underneath the bark). As will be discussed in more detail below, citrus diseases range from prokaryotic (bacteria and mollicute, i.e. without a cell wall) to fungal (true fungi and oomycetes, i.e. pathogens that look like fungi but on a molecular level more closely resemble algae) to viral (true viruses and viroids, i.e. viruses without proteins). Some diseases, such as citrus tristeza, huanglongbing and witches’ broom, are so serious that they can cripple, debilitate or even destroy a citrus industry in a country or region. A citrus certification programme producing disease tested propagative material is one of the most efficient ways to eliminate or contain graft transmissible and other citrus diseases. This paper is designed as a resource for national or sub-national governments that are interested in designing and implementing a citrus certification programme. The paper first provides a background to the diseases and transmission vectors to which citrus species are susceptible. It then outlines examples of certification programmes, voluntary and mandatory, and then provides a detailed description of the specific elements of a certification programme and the legislation needed to put it in place.
ABAS-II Assessment Methods

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the basic information about administering, scoring, and interpreting the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-Second Edition (ABAS-II), which is a comprehensive norm-referenced rating scale that measures adaptive behavior and skills displayed by individuals from birth through 89 years. The five forms of the ABAS-II provide tools that can be used for a variety of assessment purposes, including for individuals experiencing difficulties with daily skills needed for effective functioning in their environments. They provide an opportunity for respondents to rate the adaptive behavior and skills of an individual targeted for an assessment. The use of the ABAS-II, in conjunction with other assessment methods in a multi-dimensional and multi-method approach, assists professionals with diagnoses, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and planning and evaluating interventions. A description of the ABAS-II is provided and information found in the ABAS-II manual is summarized. The information is intended to provide a foundation for information discussed in subsequent chapters and illustrates possible uses of the ABAS-II.
Service rate control for jobs with decaying value neal master and nicholas bambos

The task of completing jobs with decaying value arises in a number of application areas including healthcare operations, communications engineering, and perishable inventory control. We consider a system in which a single server completes a nite sequence of jobs in discrete time while a controller dynamically adjusts the service rate. During service, the value of the job decays so that a greater reward is received for having shorter service times. We incorporate a non-decreasing cost for holding jobs and a non-decreasing cost on the service rate. The controller aims to minimize the total cost of servicing the set of jobs. We show that the optimal policy is non-decreasing in the number of jobs remaining - when there are more jobs in the system the controller should use a higher service rate. The optimal policy does not necessarily vary monotonically with the residual job value, but we give algebraic conditions which can be used to determine when it does. These conditions are then simplified in the case that the reward for completion is constant when the job has positive value and zero otherwise. These algebraic conditions are interesting because they can be verified without using algorithms like value iteration and policy iteration to explicitly compute the optimal policy. We also discuss some future modeling extensions.
Anatomy of CD1-lipid antigen complexes.

CD1 proteins bind lipids to form antigen complexes that contact T-cell receptors and activate T cells. Recent crystal structures of CD1 proteins show that their antigen-binding grooves are composed of up to four pockets (A′, C′, F′ and T′) and two antigen portals (C′ and F′). Although certain structural features are conserved among CD1 proteins, the grooves of CD1a, CD1b and CD1d differ in the number, shape and connectivity of their antigen-binding pockets. Here, we outline how the portals and pockets of CD1 antigen-binding grooves influence ligand specificity and facilitate the presentation of a surprisingly diverse set of antigenic lipids, glycolipids, lipopeptides and even small, non-lipidic molecules.
Aggressive fibromatosis involving the paramandibular soft tissues: A study with the aid of electron microscopy

The distinction at the level of light microscopy between aggressive fibromatosis and low-grade malignancies with fibroblastic features may be difficult. An electron microscopic study of four cases of aggressive fibromatosis of the mandibular soft tissue was undertaken to determine whether any ultrastructural characteristics could be identified that would aid in a more uniform distinction between these lesions. The pertinent findings include the identification of cells of fibroblastic derivation showing a range of organelle-poor to organelle-rich features, cytoplasmic microfibrils, and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum profiles. These features are discussed in the light of previously published findings of other forms of aggressive fibromatosis and closely related lesions. The study reaffirms that although electron microscopy may be useful in confirming the cell of origin in these lesions, the accurate diagnosis of fibrous tumors still rests with the proper correlation of clinical and light microscopic features. Clinical follow-up of the cases supports both the diagnosis of aggressive fibromatosis and the recommended treatment of adequate local excision.
Image Processing in a Science Classroom The Role of Students’ Understanding of the Technology

This dissertation explores capabilities o f high school science students for reasoning about representational displays of data. Like Galileo, the students were attempting to understand astronomical observations. On the one hand, the students had the advantage of using the latest tools and data of astrophysicists. These included high-resolution digital images created by attaching very sensitive digital cameras to telescopes, revealing objects far fainter and in greater detail than could be seen through Galileo’s telescope. The students also used image enhancing computer software as a tool for displaying and analyzing the digital image data. On the other hand, these powerful tools have vastly compounded the potential for being deceived by appearances. Indeed, this is a problem not just for students and scientists, but all of us, whenever we try to make sense o f computer-generated displays of data. Recently, such displays have accompanied front-page newspaper articles, as shownin Figure1-1. So it is timely to explore ways for students to develop their capabilities for interpreting informative, but deceptive computer-generated representational displays o f data. The students’ substantial capabilities for interpreting image displays made this study possible. When high school physics and astronomy teacher Richard Lohman and I first introduced image-processing activities, we were struck by the variety of interpretations that were invented by his students. Over the years, we sought ways to help students build upon their capabilities for interpreting image displays. We tried to create image-processing based activities where students’ inventiveness was valued over their ability to learn any particular methods. We tried to find image data that could be interpreted in different ways. We often encouraged each student to create multiple methods. And we tried to ensure that students had adequate resources for creating and critically evaluating their methods. In these ways I learned how to engage students in articulating and evaluating interpretations o f a variety o f image data in the context o f various data analytic tasks. Analyzing a corpus of student-generated interpretations, I’ve identified intellectual resources that contribute to their interpretive capabilities. Not surprisingly, students’ perceptual capabilities may be their most fundamental resource for interpreting the visually rich image displays. In particular, students frequently focus their attention on particular visual attributes, such as those identified in Figure 1-2, and base their interpretations upon what the visual attributes suggest. A few examples will illustrate the range of students’ capabilities for interpreting visual attributes. I begin with examples demonstrating the best of the students’ work.
Neurogenically mediated leakage of plasma protein occurs from blood vessels in dura mater but not brain

Utilizing 125I-BSA administered intravenously, a simple, reliable, and sensitive method was established for the detection of plasma protein extravasation in the dura of rats and guinea pigs following chemical, electrical, or immunological stimulation. Extravasated 125I-BSA or Evans blue was noted in the dura and conjunctiva but not in the temporalis muscle of saline-perfused rats following intravenous capsaicin, 1 mumol/kg. Capsaicin-induced extravasation was mediated by unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers since leakage did not develop in adult animals in whom these fibers were destroyed by capsaicin pretreatment (50 mg/kg) as neonates. An ipsilateral increase in Evans blue and 125I-BSA was found in the dura, eyelids, lips and gingival mucosa, and snout following electrical stimulation of the rat trigeminal ganglion. This increase was also C-fiber dependent. Among those peptides contained in perivascular afferent fibers and administered intravenously, substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), but not calcitonin gene-related peptide, caused a dose-dependent extravasation in the dura and conjunctiva of rats. Neonatal capsaicin pretreatment did not attenuate SP- nor NKA-induced effects in the dura and actually increased extravasation in the conjunctiva. Intravenous administration of 5-HT or bradykinin to normal adult rats or adult rats pretreated as neonates with capsaicin increased levels of 125I-BSA in both the dura and the conjunctiva. Histamine and prostaglandin E2, on the other hand, caused protein leakage in the conjunctiva but not in the dura of rats; however, histamine did induce extravasation in the dura of guinea pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Scalable Nanomanufacturing of Metasurfaces Using Nanosphere Photolithography

We report on using Nanosphere Photolithography (NPL) for submicron patterning of Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS). NPL is a combination of two techniques; colloidal nanolithography — where nanospheres form a self-assembled hexagonal close-packed (HCP) array when dispensed on a surface, and photonic jets — which are created when light is incident onto a microsphere in contact with a surface. NPL creates a mask-free HCP hole array in the photoresist. This pattern can be used with evaporation and lift-off to create an array of antenna elements, constituting the FSS. Alternatively, electrodeposition techniques can be used to deposit the metal elements. The later is particularly appealing as it lends itself to reel-to-reel fabrication techniques. Finally, we demonstrate that geometries other than simple hole arrays can be patterned in the photoresist by exposing the microsphere array with off normal incidence light.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The interaction of nonionic detergents with protein in paper electrophoresis.

Addition of polyoxyethylene nonionic detergents to the buffer in paper electrophoresis results in alteration of the rate of migration and shape of protein peaks. At low detergent concentrations, disruption of paper-protein binding leads to faster migration and sharper peaks. At high detergent concentrations, interaction of detergent with protein leads to slower migration and broader peaks. On glass-fiber paper, which binds protein less strongly than ordinary cellulose filter paper, only slowing of migration occurs upon addition of detergent to the buffer. Electrophoresis of polysaccharides using buffer-containing detergent results only in a slight increase in migration.
Flight planning in the future collaborative environment

■ Future flight planning services provide feedback prior to filing on what is expected to happen to a flight given a plan - Deterministic (e) and uncertain (η) component to cost - Allows improved selection of optimal flight plan - Prior work shows benefits of feedback on e - This work focused on obtaining η using feedback, data sharing and simulation ■ Example applied to MIT restriction illustrates: - Statistics of restrictions obtained → 50% correct alerting at 142 minutes look-ahead - Proposed blending of feedback with historical. Improves correlation over historical or feedback alone in an example. - When feedback is given on a restriction, it tends to be correct (false alerts are low) - Larger study required ■ Impact of restrictions can be large enough to warrant shift of optimal route choice ■ Simulation approach can be extended to other types of feedback
The Vitamin A Requirements of Dairy Cows for Production of Butterfat of High Vitamin A Value. II. Vitamin A Per se

Summary 1.Feeding experiments have been completed to determine the minimum vitamin A requirements of dairy cows for the production of butter of maximum vitamin A value. 2.When the source of vitamin A in the ration was vitamin A per se (fish liver oil), this requirement was satisfied with a daily intake of 200,000 units. 3.In this series of experiments, vitamin A per se was found to be approximately three times as effective as carotene in dehydrated alfalfa hay.
Effect of Daily Feed Intake on Feed Efficiency of Juvenile Channel Catfish

Abstract Pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed to satiation typically have lower feed efficiency (the ratio of weight gain to feed consumption) than fish fed a restricted ration. It is not clear whether the reduction in feed efficiency of fish fed to satiation is caused by wasted feed or by less efficient feed utilization. Two studies were conducted using 110-L flow-through aquaria to evaluate the relationship among the feed intake, growth rate, and feed efficiency of juvenile channel catfish. In experiment 1, 20 fish averaging 46 g were fed once daily at 0.5% to 3.0% of body weight (BW) or to satiation for 2 weeks. In experiment 2, 15 fish averaging 37 g were fed once daily at 1.0% to 3.0% BW or to satiation for 4 weeks. Fish in the satiation group were fed as much as they would consume within 40 min, and the remaining feed pellets were removed and counted to determine the amount of feed consumed. In both experiments, weight gain increased as feed intake increased. Feed efficiency improved ...
Detection of TEM-induced reciprocal translocations in F1 sons of CD-1 male mice: Comparison of sequential fertility evaluation and cytogenetic analysis

To determine the positive and negative classification error rates associated with the HTA in our laboratory, F1 sons of TEM-exposed CD-1 male mice were evaluated by the sequential fertility method with subsequent cytogenetic analysis. Males who sired three litters of size 10 or less when mated to primiparous females from either the B6C3F1 or the BCF1 strain were classified as partial steriles. When meiotic chromosome analyses revealed the presence of at least two cells containing multivalent figures, males were classified as translocation heterozygotes. When the fertility evaluation and the cytogenetic analysis were compared, normal fertility was observed on 5 of 83 (6.02 %) translocation-bearing F1 males mated to B6C3F1 tester females and on 3 of 83 (3.61 %) F1 males mated to BCF1 tester females. Thus, the false-negative error rates were 6.02% and 3.61% with these two tester strains. Multivalent figures were not observed in the meiotic chromosomes of 410 F1 males. Of these, 12 (2.93%) had reduced fertility when mated to the B6C3F1 tester strain as did 7 (1.71%) mated to the BCF1 strain. Thus, the false-positive error rates with these two tester strains were 2.93% for the B6C3F1 strain and 1.71 % for the BCF1 strain. Our results indicate that nonzero error rates, both false-positive and false-negative, are associated with the sequential mating method HTA. In addition, the magnitude of these error rates was influenced not only by the tester female strain but also by the genotype of the F1 male.
“Summing UP”: The Physics of NCT

Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT) is a binary system for treating tumors in which both an agent, usually B-10, and thermal neutrons are directed to a tumor where they combine and release lethal radiation. Directing the agent to the tumor is mainly a chemistry and biology problem, while the production, targeting and effects of the neutrons is mainly a physics problem.
Interface roughness:what is it and how is it measured

A panel discussion on interface roughness was held at the Fall 1992 Materials Research Society meeting. We present a summary of the results presented by the invited speakers on the application and interpretation of X-ray reflectivity, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), photoluminescence and transmission electron microscopy. A transcript of the moderated discussion is provided in the final section.
Combinational portable raman probes: C-nanotubes for theranostics application

Recently portable Raman probes have emerged into markets with a variety of applications including carbon nanotube (CNTs) characterization. Aqueous dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown a lot of promise towards biomedical application like drug / gene delivery vectors, photo-thermal therapy, and photoacoustic imaging. In this study we report the simultaneous detection and irradiation of carbon nanotubes in live cancer cells using a portable Raman probe. A portable handheld Raman instrument was utilized for dual purpose, as a CNT detector and as an irradiating laser source. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were dispersed in an aqueous solution using a lipid-polymer (LP) coat which formed highly stable dispersions both in buffer and cell media. The LP coated SWCNTs and MWCNTs aqueous dispersions were characterized by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The cellular uptake of the LP dispersed SWCNTs and MWCNTs was carried out using confocal microscopy, where the FITC labeled nanotube conjugates were found internalized by the breast cancer cells confirmed by Z-stack fluorescence confocal imaging. The in vitro biocompatibility of SWCNTs and MWCNTs, assessed using cell viability MTT assay, found that the nanotube dispersions did not hinder the cell proliferation of breast cancer cells at the dosages tested. Breast cancer cells treated with SWCNTs and MWCNTs were simultaneously detected and irradiated live in vitro using the portable Raman probe. Apoptotic TUNEL assay carried out on the breast cancer cells fixed after laser irradiation confirmed the cell death only in presence of the nanotube dispersions. For the first time we show that both SWCNTs and MWCNTs could be selectively irradiated by specifically detecting the CNTs in cancer cells using a simple handheld Raman instrument in three dimensionally grown cell culture. A combination of handheld Raman instrumentation used along with carbon nanomaterials could help treat various diseases like cancer.
Bond strength and surface characterization of a Ni-Cr-Be alloy.

Abstract Objectives. Since resin composite cements adhere directly to base metal surfaces, the composition and integrity of the surface oxide layer is considered critical for adequate bonding. The aims of this study were to determine the tensile bond strength, and assess predominant surface oxides and oxide layer depth on the surface of a Ni-Cr-Be alloy after subjecting the alloy to various surface treatments. Methods. Cylinders of Ni-Cr-Be (Rexillium III, Jeneric/Pentron) were cast and the following test groups were investigated: Group 0: no furnace oxidation, no air abrasion; Group 1: air fired, starting temperature 650°C, ending temperature 1000°C (1 min hold); Group 2: same firing sequence under vacuum; Group 3: same air firing sequence followed by air abrasion with 50 μm Al2O3; Group 4: vacuum fired, air abraded with 50 μm Al2O3; Group 5: air fired, air abraded with 280 μm Al2O3; Group 6: vacuum fired, air abraded with 280 μm Al2O3; Group 7: no furnace oxidation, air abraded with 50 μm Al2O3; and Group 8: no furnace oxidation, air abraded with 280 μm Al2O3. The oxide composition of three cylinders per group was analyzed with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Twenty cylinders from each group were bonded together with Panavia 21 (Kuraray), stored in water for 30 d, and tensile tested. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple-Range test (p=0.05). Results. Furnace oxidation brough Be to the surface and increased the oxide thickness. Air abrasion removed the oxide layer and resulted in surfaces containing significant amounts of Al2O3. Bond strengths for Group 0 were significantly lower than bond strenghts for Groups 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, but not significantly different from bond strengths for Groups 2 and 7 (p Significance. Results of this study suggest differences in oxide composition and thickness due to various surface treatments. Furnace oxidation did not significantly affect bond strength and may not be required as a separate step for metal preparation if a resin adhesive is used.
Spin relaxation in semiconductor quantum wells

A survey of the current theoretical understanding of the spin relaxation processes of electrons and holes in confined systems of quasi-two dimensions is given. The theoretical framework is used to form a bridge between the electronic properties and the recent time-resolved polarization measurements. Spin relaxation mechanisms surveyed include single-particle spin flips via spin-orbit interaction and electron-hole-pair spin flips via exchange interaction.
On the Elementary Electrical Charge and the Avogadro Constant

The experiments herewith reported were undertaken with the view of introducing certain improvements into the oil-drop method [1] of determining e and N and thus obtaining a higher accuracy than had before been possible in the evaluation of these most fundamental constants.
The co-occurrence of substance P-like immunoreactivity and dynorphin-like immunoreactivity in striatopallidal and striatonigral projection neurons in birds and reptiles

Using an immunofluorescence procedure that allows the simultaneous labeling of tissue for two different antigens, substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) and dynorphin-like immunoreactivity (DLI) were observed to co-occur extensively in striatal neurons of the avian and reptilian basal ganglia and in fibers and terminals in the projection targets of the avian and reptilian striata. Thus, SPLI and DLI apparently co-occur extensively in striatopallidal and striatonigral projection neurons of the avian and reptilian basal ganglia. Since basal ganglia organization is fundamentally similar among amniotes, the present results suggest that SPLI and DLI may also co-occur extensively in striatal neurons in mammals.
Three-Dimensional Structures by Two-Dimensional Vibrational Spectroscopy

The development of experiments that can generate molecular movies of changing chemical structures is a major challenge for physical chemistry. But to realize this dream, we not only need to significantly improve existing approaches but also must invent new technologies. Most of the known protein structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction and to lesser extent by NMR. Though powerful, X-ray diffraction presents limitations for acquiring time-dependent structures. In the case of NMR, ultrafast equilibrium dynamics might be inferred from line shapes, but the structures of conformations interconverting on such time scales are not realizable.This Account highlights two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D IR), in particular the 2D vibrational echo, as an approach to time-resolved structure determination. We outline the use of the 2D IR method to completely determine the structure of a protein of the integrin family in a time window of few picoseconds. As a transmembrane protein, this class of structu...
Abstract 4760: ER-β/Sp/NFκB/FLIP axis: Potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Emergence of hormone-refractory prostate cancer is fatal for lack of effective, durable systemic therapeutic strategies. Therefore, discovery of novel approaches and agents that can prevent development of therapeutically resistant disease and its progression is critical for successful management of prostate cancer (PCA). One of the reasons for the inability to implement such strategies is an incomplete understanding of molecular events associated with the development of therapeutically resistant disease. Previously, we reported the anti-tumorigenic potential of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) both in vitro and in vivo. We showed that (i) transcription factor Sp1 activates while Sp3 inhibits Sp1-mediated transactivation of anti-apoptotic gene FLIP in androgen independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells, and that (ii) 2-ME2-mediated tumor growth inhibitory effects were accompanied by transcriptional down-regulation of FLIP through 745 bp (-503/+242) sequence elements. In order to fully understand the underlying molecular mechanism of 2-ME2 induced down-regulation of FLIP, we generated exonuclease deletion constructs and performed transient transfection assays. These studies led to identification of -121/+242 sequence containing putative bindings sites for NFκB, CREB and AR in addition to Sp1 with maximal promoter activity in androgen responsive (LNCaP) and androgen independent (PC-3 and DU145) cells. Using ChIP assays, we also observed the enrichment of these factors to the endogenous FLIP promoter. Furthermore, androgen stimulation enhanced promoter activity and recruitment of Sp1, NFκB to the FLIP promoter region in LNCaP cells. Surprisingly, we found DHT but not R1881 decreased FLIP promoter activity in DU145 cells. Further molecular investigations indicated enhanced expression of AKR1C3 (aldo-keto reductase) that catalyzes the conversion of DHT to 3β-Adiol (a potent ligand for ER-β) in response to 2-ME2 treatment in DU145 cells. In addition, not only 3β-Adiol treatment reduced proliferation of prostate cancer cell significantly but co-transfection with ER-β reduced FLIP promoter activity. Taken together, these results implicate an important role for ER-β/Sp/NFκB/FLIP in mediating 2-ME2 induced tumor growth inhibitory effects. Supported by VA-Merit Award and CA 135451 (APK). Citation Format: Huiyoung Yun, Jianping Xie, Izhar Singh Batth, Rong Li, Rita Ghosh, Addanki Pratap Kumar. ER-β/Sp/NFκB/FLIP axis: Potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4760. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4760
Shortwave aerosol radiative forcing over cloud‐free oceans from Terra: 2. Seasonal and global distributions

[1] Using 10 months of collocated Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) scanner and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol and cloud data from Terra, we provide estimates of the shortwave aerosol direct radiative forcing (SWARF) and its uncertainties over the cloud-free global oceans. Newly developed aerosol angular distribution models (ADMs) (Zhang et al., 2005), specifically for different sea surface conditions and aerosol types, are used for inverting the CERES observed radiances to shortwave fluxes while accounting for the effect of aerosol optical properties on the anisotropy of the top of atmosphere (TOA) shortwave radiation fields. The spatial and seasonal distributions of SWARF are presented, and the MODIS retrieved aerosol optical depth (t0.55) and the independently derived SWARF show a high degree of correlation and can be estimated using the equation SWARF = 0.05 � 74.6 t0.55 + 18.2 t0.55 Wm � 2 (t0.55 < 0.8). The instantaneous TOA SWARF from Terra overpass time is � 6.4 ± 2.6 W m � 2 for cloud-free oceans. Accounting for sample biases and diurnal averaging, we estimate the SWARF over cloud-free oceans to be � 5.3 ± 1.7 W m � 2 , consistent with previous studies. Our study is an independent measurementbased assessment of cloud-free aerosol radiative forcing that could be used as a validation tool for numerical modeling studies.
Characteristics of light-dependent inorganic carbon uptake by isolated spinach chloroplasts.

The light-dependent accumulation of radioactively labeled inorganic carbon in isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts was determined by silicone oil filtering centrifugation. Intact chloroplasts, dark-incubated 60 seconds at pH 7.6 and 23°C with 0.5 millimolar sodium bicarbonate, contained 0.5 to 1.0 millimolar internal inorganic carbon. The stromal pool of inorganic carbon increased 5- to 7-fold after 2 to 3 minutes of light. The saturated internal bicarbonate concentration of illuminated spinach chloroplasts was 10- to 20-fold greater than that of the external medium. This ratio decreased at lower temperatures and with increasing external bicarbonate. Over one-half the inorganic carbon found in intact spinach chloroplasts after 2 minutes of light was retained during a subsequent 3-minute dark incubation at 5°C. Calculations of light-induced stromal alkalization based on the uptake of radioactively labeled bicarbonate were 0.4 to 0.5 pH units less than measurements performed with [14C]dimethyloxazolidine-dione. About one-third of the binding sites on the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase were radiolabeled when the enzyme was activated in situ and 14CO2 bound to the activator site was trapped in the presence of carboxypentitol bisphosphates. Deleting orthophosphate from the incubation medium eliminated inorganic carbon accumulation in the stroma. Thus, bicarbonate ion distribution across the chloroplast envelope was not strictly pH dependent as predicted by the Henderson-Hasselbach formula. This finding is potentially explained by the presence of bound CO2 in the chloroplast.
Prefrontal cortex projections to the basilar pons in rhesus monkey: implications for the cerebellar contribution to higher function ☆

The feedforward limb of the cerebrocerebellar system is directed largely through the corticopontine pathway. We determined the extent to which higher order corticopontine projections are derived from prefrontal associative cortices by injecting anterograde tracers into multiple prefrontal regions in rhesus monkeys. Most prefrontopontine projections were derived from the dorsolateral and dorsomedial convexities, including areas 8A, 46 dorsal, 9, and 10; and lighter projections arose from medial and ventrolateral cortices. These findings strengthen the observation that the cerebrocerebellar system incorporates associative cerebral regions, and they enhance the notion that the cerebellum participates in the organization of cognitive function.
HIGH-RESOLUTION CARS MEASUREMENT OF RAMAN LINEWIDTHS OF DEUTERIUM

Address of Authors: Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433
Descartes before the horse: I clone, therefore I am: the hepatitis C virus in current perspective.

Abstract ▪In an unprecedented approach to viral discovery, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was cloned before it was established by conventional methods of viral detection or by genomic characterization...
Sidetrack and Recompletion Risks in Oil Fields: III. Recompletion and Production Modeling with Time

The inclusion of models of production of oil with time and of selling price, costs and their temporal variations, all influence the timing decision of when to undertake a recompletion to another horizon relative to potential residual gains from a currently producing horizon. In this paper we show how models of such effects can be incorporated into the evaluation of whether, and when to undertake recompletion. Three simple numerical illustrations are given to demonstrate the influence of different choices of production models on the assessment of the best time to undertake a recompletion job.
Reconciliation of Kinetic Data for Organic Crystal Growth in Supercritical-CO2: Exploiting a Molecular Collision Theory Viewpoint, with Implications for Precipitator Process Design

Exploiting a molecular “collision-theory” viewpoint, we reformulate and correct for systematic effects of fluid-phase solute diffusion, reported growth-rate data for {001} naphthalene single crystal surfaces under supercritical CO2-conditions at low supersaturations, S. By considering dimensionless incorporation probabilities, e(S, T, ...;{hkl}) for this prototypical organic crystal, we initiate the process of quantifying the environment-dependence of e as a rational route to crystal growth rate predictions at molecular volume fractions, ϕ, ranging all the way from ideal vapors (ϕ ≪ 1) to liquid-like densities (ϕ ≃ 0.64). Our rational “ansatz” for predicting growth species collision fluxes enables a two-stage data-reduction process. First we infer “apparent” incorporation probabilities, eapp, ignoring fluid-phase solute diffusion effects. Second, we recover their intrinsic counterparts, using eapp and invoking rational transport estimates for the prevailing crystal size/flow conditions. Treating available...
An investigation of flow line operating characteristics during start-up

The start-up period of flow line operation is investigated in this study. Mathematical functions representing time-dependent start-up phenomena-—manufacfcuring progress and early failure of equipment—are described and incorporated in a stochastic model of the system. A set of performance measures capable of describing start-up characteristics is presented. The model is applied to several example configurations to evaluate the approach and to identify salient features of the start-up period. Primary contributions of the paper are (1) the modelling approach which might be applied to study start-up phenomena (manufacturing progress and early failure of equipment) and (2) description of several results which are expected to characterize flow line start-up operations in general.
Characterization of Carbon Deposits from Jet Fuel on Inconel 600 and Inconel X Surfaces

Flow reactor experiments were conducted to study carbon deposit formation from decomposition of a jet fuel (JP-8) at 500 °C and 500 psig for 5 h on the surface of two superalloys, Inconel 600 and Inconel X. The deposits collected on superalloy surfaces were characterized by temperature-programmed oxidation, size exclusion microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Significantly lower deposition on Inconel X compared to that on Inconel 600 was attributed to the presence of minor elemental components, such as Al, Ti, Nb, and Ta in the Inconel X alloy.
Relative risk of deterioration after mild closed head injury

In this prospective study, a series of 1812 consecutive mild head injured adult patients who visited the hospital emergency department were assessed. Twenty-eight patients (1.5%) deteriorated after head injury; 23 of these (1.3% of the series) required surgical intervention. Five patients (0.3%) deteriorated due to non-surgical causes [post-traumatic seizure 2, syndrome of inapproapriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 3]. Most of the deterioration occurred within the first 24 hours (57%). Post-traumatic headache was found in 280 patients (15.5%) and 84 patients (4.6%) suffered post-traumatic vomiting. The relative risk is calculated. Age over 60, presence of drowsiness, focal motor weakness, post-traumatic headache and vomiting has increased risk of deterioration (p < 0.001). This study suggests that post-traumatic headache and vomiting deserve more clinical attention rather than being considered as post-traumatic syndrome only.
Age-related increases in mitogenic responses and natural immunity to a syngeneic fibrosarcoma in rats

Abstract An increase in natural (innate) immunity with age (through 65 weeks) of NBR rats to a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (MCA) is described. This increase is characterized by the appearance of spontaneous tumor regressor animals and an increase in the incidence of tumor non-takes by rats 45 weeks of age and older when compared to younger animals. Age-related changes were observed in the in vitro proliferative responses of normal unfractionated and nylon wool fractionated spleen cells to Con A, PHA and irradiated MCA tumor cells. Certain of these different proliferative responses either increased and/or decreased independently at different ages. Relative to normal spleen cell proliferative responses, tumor progressors have decreased proliferative responses and tumor regressors display increased proliferative responses. The significance of this in light of current aging research is discussed.
Fabrication of sloped sidewalls by inductively coupled plasma etching for silicon micro-optic structures

Current work on deep-reactive ion etching has primarily focused on creating vertical sidewalls for microelectromechanical system and electronics applications. For micro-optical and micro-optoelectromechanical system structures control of the sidewall angles other than vertical is as important as the ultimate depth. In this work, we investigate the control of sidewall profiles using an inductively coupled plasma technique. The material systems being investigated on blanket samples are silicon and silicon dioxide with CF4, CHF3, and SF6 chemistries. Micro-optic structures are created by photolithography and CHF3 gas has been explored to achieve a wide range of etch rates, smooth etch profiles, and sidewall angles. The etch profiles are characterized by scanning electron microscopy.
Perceptions of Marriage Preparation among College-Educated Young Adults with Greater Family-Related Risks for Marital Disruption:

This study assessed levels of motivation to participate in marriage preparation and whether the manner in which marriage preparation programs are produced, priced, placed, or promoted needs to diff...
Effect of temperature on the morphology and kinetics of surface pattern formation in thin block copolymer films.

Hole formation and growth on the top layer of thin symmetric diblock copolymer films, forming an ordered lamellar structure parallel to the solid substrate (silicon wafer) within these films, is investigated as a function of time (t), temperature (T), and film thickness (l), using a high-throughput experimental technique. The kinetics of this surface pattern formation process is interpreted in terms of a first-order reaction model with a time-dependent rate constant determined uniquely by the short-time diffusive growth kinetics characteristic of this type of ordering process. On the basis of this model, we conclude that the average hole size, λh, approaches a steady-state value, λh(t→∞) ≡ λh,∞(T), after long annealing times. The observed change in λh,∞(T) with temperature is consistent with a reduction of the surface elasticity (Helfrich elastic constant) of the outer block copolymer layer with increasing temperature. We also find that the time constant, τ(T), characterizing the rate at which λh(t) appro...
Simulating multivariate g-and-h distributions

The Tukey family of g-and-h distributions is often used to model univariate real-world data. There is a paucity of research demonstrating appropriate multivariate data generation using the g-and-h family of distributions with specified correlations. Therefore, the methodology and algorithms are presented to extend the g-and-h family from univariate to multivariate data generation. An example is provided along with a Monte Carlo simulation demonstrating the methodology. In addition, algorithms written in Mathematica 7.0 are available from the authors for implementing the procedure.