cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
H+ + NO(vi = 0) → H+ + NO(vf = 0–2) at ELab = 30 eV with canonical and Morse coherent states

Abstract H + + NO( v i = 0) = H + + NO( v f = 0–2) at E Lab = 30 eV is investigated with the simplest-level electron nuclear dynamics (SLEND) method. In a direct, time-dependent, variational, and non-adiabatic framework, SLEND adopts nuclear classical mechanics and an electronic single-determinantal wavefunction. A coherent-states (CS) procedure recovers quantum vibrational properties from classical mechanics. Besides canonical CS, SU(1,1), SU(2), and Gazeau–Klauder Morse CS are innovatively introduced to treat anharmonicity. SLEND vibrational differential cross, rainbow scattering angles, and H + energy loss spectra compare well with experimental data and with vibrational close-coupling rotational infinite-order sudden approximation results obtained at a higher computational cost.
Sports Versus All Comers: Comparing TV Sports Fans With Fans of Other Programming Genres

Using self-administered questionnaires, this study assessed ways in which the viewing experience for sports fans is similar to—and different from—the viewing experience for fans of other popular programming genres. Compared to fans of other genres, televised sports fans were likely to engage in a variety of pregame planning and information search activities. Their viewing was more likely to be purposive and content oriented. Sports fans were emotionally involved and cared about the outcomes. They also were more likely to check media sources for follow-up information. Fans of other genres were not as active or invested in their favorite programming genre.
A Non-parametric Hidden Markov Clustering Model with Applications to Time Varying User Activity Analysis

Activity data of individual users on social media are easily accessible in this big data era. However, proper modeling strategies for user profiles have not been well developed in the literature. Existing methods or models usually have two limitations. The first limitation is that most methods target the population rather than individual users, and the second is that they cannot model non-stationary time-varying patterns. Different users in general demonstrate different activity modes on social media. Therefore, one population model may fail to characterize activities of individual users. Furthermore, online social media are dynamic and ever evolving, so are users' activities. Dynamic models are needed to properly model users' activities. In this paper, we introduce a non-parametric hidden Markov model to characterize the time-varying activities of social media users. An EM algorithm has been developed to estimate the parameters of the proposed model. In addition, based on the proposed model, we develop a clustering method to group users with similar activity patterns.
ADVERSE EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL LEVELS <25 OR <15 MG/DL ON AT LEAST TWO CONSECUTIVE VISITS IN FOURTEEN RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED, CLINICAL TRIALS OF ALIROCUMAB

Alirocumab added to statin therapy has shown robust reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and can also reduce it to very low levels. Consequences of very low LDL-C levels are not well understood. Therefore, AE rates were examined in patients (pts) who achieved 2 consecutive
Voluntary Social Services in London Schools

future? The sociologists of the London School of Economics are particularly concerned with the fate of the journal, and it is no breach of confidence to state now that plans are under way for a drastic modification of the policy of the Review. Under the leadership of such men as Professor Ginsberg and Mr. Alexander Farquharson, a leading spirit of the Institute, an attempt will be made as soon as the financial status of the organization is adjusted to reestablish a thoroughly scholarly and scientific journal with a large and representative staff of editors and contributors. The controversy between the two groups in the Institute-the one favoring the application of sociology to immediate and local social problems, and the other which insists upon a more theoretical and "pure" type of science-is interesting to American sociologists since it suggests an everpresent problem facing our own Society. It is easy to understand the development of this practical interest in England. In the absence of leadership that might have been expected from strong departments in numerous institutions, and in the presence of the challenging problems of the postwar period the policy adopted was inevitable. It would seem, finally, that the way out lies in the old formula of "both-and," rather than, "either-or." With a journal revamped under the guidance of an increasing number of scientific sociologists, whatever their academic titles, plus the local community surveys, training classes, and social work institutes centering at Le Play House, there is indeed much to anticipate from sociology in England.
Thermally Activated Reactions of Nitrobenzene at the Ge(100)-2 × 1 Surface

The adsorption of nitro compounds on the germanium surface serves as a model system for understanding the formation of interfacial germanium oxynitride. We have studied the adsorption and thermal reactions of nitrobenzene on the Ge(100)-2 × 1 surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A combination of infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption experiments together with density functional theory calculations was used to elucidate possible product structures and their associated reaction mechanisms. Our study suggests that nitrobenzene initially forms a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition product with a Ge(100) surface dimer as the major species. Minor side products are also formed at 300 K. Upon heating, some of the adsorbates molecularly desorb, while a fraction of the adsorbates undergo oxygen atom insertion into the surface, transforming them into triplet nitrene products. The energetics and pathways of nitrobenzene on the Ge surface are discussed in comparison ...
Effects of quantum coherence and interference in atoms near nanoparticles

Optical properties of ensembles of realistic quantum emitters coupled to plasmonic systems are studied by using adequate models that can take into account full atomic geometry. In particular, the coherent effects such as forming ``dark states,'' optical pumping, coherent Raman scattering, and the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) are revisited in the presence of metallic nanoparticles. It is shown that the dark states are still formed but they have more complicated structure, and the optical pumping and the STIRAP cannot be employed in the vicinity of plasmonic nanostructures. Also, there is a huge difference in the behavior of the local atomic polarization and the atomic polarization averaged over an ensemble of atoms homogeneously spread near nanoparticles. The average polarization is strictly related to the polarization induced by the external field, while the local polarization can be very different from the one induced by the external field. This is important for the excitation of single molecules, e.g., different components of scattering from single molecules can be used for their efficient detection.
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 5-2005. A 53-year-old man with depression and sudden shortness of breath.

A 53-year-old man had decreased energy and appetite after losing his job; he came to the emergency department for psychiatric evaluation. A diagnosis of major depressive disorder was made; on the medical-clearance evaluation, a pulmonary infiltrate and a high white-cell count were found. While awaiting admission, he became short of breath; pulmonary edema was observed.
Ukrainian and American identities as predictors of marital and parenting attitudes within the acculturating Ukrainian-American community

ABSTRACTThe Ukrainian-American community represents a unique acculturating community with respect to sociohistorical context, as well as specific demographic and cultural characteristics. The Ukrainian immigrant experience reflects the identity formed in relation to its challenges faced during the twentieth century and its complex relationship with the former Soviet Union. The purpose of this study was to examine the process of acculturation within the Ukrainian community in the United States and to examine how acculturation processes are related to attitudes on childrearing and traditional family formation. The participants for this sample included 188 participants drawn from the Ukrainian diaspora in Central New York. Analyses demonstrated the unique influence of religious beliefs and the simultaneous unique influence of both American identity and Ukrainian identity on attitudes towards traditional marriage formation and parenting. American identity was associated with more liberal attitudes towards div...
Orthogonal Higher Order Structure of the WISC-IV Spanish Using Hierarchical Exploratory Factor Analytic Procedures:

As recommended by Carroll, the present study examined the factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition Spanish (WISC-IV Spanish) normative sample using higher order exploratory factor analytic techniques not included in the WISC-IV Spanish Technical Manual. Results indicated that the WISC-IV Spanish subtests were properly aligned with theoretically proposed factors; however, application of the Schmid and Leiman procedure found that the g factor accounted for large portions of total and common variance, whereas the four first-order factors accounted for small portions of total and common variance. Implications for clinical interpretation of the measurement instrument are discussed.
FTCAM: An Area-Efficient Flash-Based Ternary CAM Design

This paper presents a Ternary Content-addressable Memory (TCAM) design which is based on the use of floating-gate (flash) transistors. TCAMs are extensively used in high speed IP networking, and are commonly found in routers in the internet core. Traditional TCAM ICs are built using CMOS devices, and a single TCAM cell utilizes 17 transistors. In contrast, our TCAM cell utilizes only two flash transistors, thereby significantly reducing circuit area. We cover the chip-level architecture of the TCAM IC briefly, focusing mainly on the TCAM block which does fast parallel IP routing table lookup. Our flash-based TCAM (FTCAM) block is simulated in SPICE, and we show that it has a significantly lowered area compared to a CMOS based TCAM block, with a speed that can meet current ( $\sim$ 400 Gb/s) data rates that are found in the internet core.
Review on impact of electric car charging and discharging on power grid

With the development of high-storage battery and electric vehicle, the number of the electric vehicles will rise dramatically because of reduction costs, so that the random charging and discharging behavior of which will bring new challenges to safe and stable operation of urban power grids. Based on the charging equipment and charging discharging characteristics of electric vehicles, the impact of electric vehicle charging behavior on load balance, power capacity, power quality, environment and other aspects is analyzed, and the applications of V2G pattern in the fileds of the connection between electric car and power grid, load shifting, frequency adjustment, and compatible operation with new energy resources are discussed. Also this paper looks forward to future research on dynamic operation mechanism of urban distribution network including a number of electric vehicles, the coordinate and economic operation of electric vehicles with power grid, and the various scene development of V2G.
Protective Effects of Dihydrolycorine on Myocardial Ischemia Induced by Isoproterenol in Mice

Objective To investigate the protective effect of dihydrolycorine on myocardial ischemia injury induced by isoproterenol sc in rats.Methods The myocardial ischemia injury model was developed by 20 mg/kg of isoproterenol sc in rats.The activities of serum lactate dehdrogenase(LDH) and creatine kinase(CK),the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),Glutathione Peroxidase(GSH-Px) and levels of malondialdehyde(MDA) content of myocardium and myocardial mitochondria as well as the activity of ATPase of myocardial mitochondria were all measured. Results In the model group,the activities of CK and LDH in serum were increased,the content of MDA in heart and mitochondria increased whereas the enzyme activities of SOD and GSH-Px of myocardium and myocardial mitochondria decreased.The activity of myocardial mitochondria ATPase was also decreased significantly(P0.05 or P0.01 vs normal group).In rats treated with 10,20 and 40 mg/kg dihydrolycorine,LDH and CK release and MDA content were decreased,while the enzyme activities of SOD,GSH-Px and ATPase were increased in a dose-dependent manner(P0.05 or P0.01 vs model group).Conclusion The results show that dihydrolycorine decreases the release of CK and LDH in serum and the levels of MDA in myocardium and mitochondria,improves the activities of total SOD,GSH-Px in myocardium and mitochondria as well as the activities of the mitochondria ATPase,which suggests that dihydrolycorine could protect myocardium from ischemia induced by isoproterenol in rat.
The pharmacology and therapeutics of diuretics in the pediatric patient.

Diuretics act at several sites along the nephron to inhibit the reabsorption of electrolytes and water. Although most often used to treat water and salt retention, diuretics have a wide variety of other uses in infants and children. Renal development and physiology are briefly considered prior to a discussion of the pharmacology of individual diuretics.
Generalized Vlasov-Jones foundation model: A foundation of grade 4

A generalization of the Vlasov-Jones continuum approximation to an isotropic, linearly elastic foundation is presented. The generalization is achieved by not requiring that displacement components parallel to the foundation surface vanish. It is found that the new model is a foundation of grade 4 whereas the Vlasov-Jones model is a foundation of grade 2. The boundary value problem for the interaction of a classical, thin plate and a generalized Vlasov-Jones foundation is formulated and found to be of an unusual, nonlinear type. A procedure is proposed for the approximate solution of this boundary value problem. There is some discussion of the dependence of the foundation moduli, or parameters, on the applied loading and plate as well as the implications of this dependence for foundation models in general.
Business Cycles and Labor Income Shares in Emerging Economies

Conventional wisdom states that the labor income share is stable and countercyclical. This paper claims that this conventional wisdom is not valid in emerging economies. Using annual labor income shares data of 40 years around the world, we find three empirical regularities. First, labor income shares are rarely stable and are as volatile as output. Second, labor income shares in emerging economies are twice as volatile as those in advanced economies. Third, on average, labor income shares in emerging economies are procyclical, whereas they are countercyclical in advanced economies.
Modeling Bicycling to Elementary and Junior High Schools with Bike Rack Counts

The decline in active travel to school and the concomitant rise in numbers of children being driven to school in the United States over recent decades have affected the health of school-age children and contributed to environmental problems. In response, communities throughout the country are stepping up efforts to increase active travel, including bicycling, but they have few tools available to them to assess the potential effectiveness of proposed strategies. The purpose of this study was to develop a model with aggregated school-level data of the factors associated with bicycling to elementary and junior high schools and to examine the effectiveness of this model in predicting bicycling to school. With the use of repeated observations of bike rack counts at 11 public schools in Davis, California, binomial multilevel regression models that included factors thought to influence bicycling to school were specified. The models indicated that comfortable bicycling routes, the racial and economic makeup of th...
Embracing Our Eroticism: A Foucauldian Discourse Analysis of Women’s Eroticism

ABSTRACTWomen’s sexuality has been examined through political, religious, scientific, and social lenses. Despite advances, discourses driving sexual expression embody double standards, pathologizing, and silencing. Women’s own experiences are largely ignored in existing literatures. Foucauldian discourse analysis (FDA) is a qualitative methodology rooted in Foucault’s examinations of power and discourse construction. In this FDA, 111 women answered questions about their erotic definitions, experiences, and barriers to expression. Discourses emerging from the data included my own definitions, free but caged, voices of influence, and caution. These discourses are situated within social and institutional contexts, and therapeutic considerations discussed.
A Review of Equine Grazing Research Methodologies

Abstract Recently, there has been a renewed interest and an increase in published research on equine grazing and pasture management. The objectives of this paper are to review equine grazing research methodologies with an aim to encourage standardized research procedures. This review highlights standard methods used in equine pasture-related research, including use of climate data and soil type; seed bed preparation and grazing management; determining forage nutritive value; defining forage maturity; tracking horse health parameters; evaluating different grazing systems; and future technologies. This review covers in-depth discussions on determining forage biomass yield, forage populations, ground cover, persistence, forage intake, and grazing behavior. Specifically, mechanical harvesting, hand clipping, rising plate meter, and falling plate meter are all methods used to determine forage biomass yield. Frequency grid, point sampling, visual assessment, Natural Resources Conservation Service pasture condition score, and the double Dominant, Abundant, Frequent, Occasional, Rare (DAFOR) scale can be used to track forage populations, ground cover, and persistence of pasture species. Three primary methods have been used when estimating horse forage intake including the difference between pre- and postgrazing herbage mass, the difference in pre- and postgrazing bodyweight, and use of digestibility and fecal output markers. Equine grazing behavior has been described by investigating preference, pre- and post-sward height, and bite and mastication rate. Awareness of key methodologies should encourage movement toward research protocol standardization that will allow for scientific comparisons and application of pasture-related research results across the horse industry.
Developing high-resolution urban scale heavy-duty truck emission inventory using the data-driven truck activity model output

Air quality modelers often rely on regional travel demand models to estimate the vehicle activity data for emission models, however, most of the current travel demand models can only output reliable person travel activity rather than goods/service specific travel activity. This paper presents the successful application of data-driven, Spatial Regression and output optimization Truck model (SPARE-Truck) to develop truck-related activity inputs for the mobile emission model, and eventually to produce truck specific gridded emissions. To validate the proposed methodology, the Cincinnati metropolitan area in United States was selected as a case study site. From the results, it is found that the truck miles traveled predicted using traditional methods tend to underestimate — overall 32% less than proposed model— truck miles traveled. The coefficient of determination values for different truck types range between 0.82 and 0.97, except the motor homes which showed least model fit with 0.51. Consequently, the emission inventories calculated from the traditional methods were also underestimated i.e. −37% for NOx, −35% for SO2, -43% for VOC, −43% for BC, −47% for OC and - 49% for PM2.5. Further, the proposed method also predicted within ∼7% of the national emission inventory for all pollutants. The bottom-up gridding methodology used in this paper could allocate the emissions to grid cell where more truck activity is expected, and it is verified against regional land-use data. Most importantly, using proposed method it is easy to segregate gridded emission inventory by truck type, which is of particular interest for decision makers, since currently there is no reliable method to test different truck-category specific travel-demand management strategies for air pollution control.
Precipitation Identification with Bispectral Satellite Information Using Deep Learning Approaches

AbstractIn the development of a satellite-based precipitation product, two important aspects are sufficient precipitation information in the satellite-input data and proper methodologies, which are used to extract such information and connect it to precipitation estimates. In this study, the effectiveness of the state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) approaches to extract useful features from bispectral satellite information, infrared (IR), and water vapor (WV) channels, and to produce rain/no-rain (R/NR) detection is explored. To verify the methodologies, two models are designed and evaluated: the first model, referred to as the DL-IR only method, applies deep learning approaches to the IR data only; the second model, referred to as the DL-IR+WV method, incorporates WV data to further improve the precipitation identification performance. The radar stage IV data are the reference data used as ground observation. The operational product, Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artifici...
Prospective identification, tracking, and targeting of cancer-initiating cells in breast cancer and glioma via low proteasome activity

4997 Abstract 4997 has been selected for inclusion in the AACR’s Annual Meeting press program and is therefore embargoed until date and time of press briefing or scientific presentation, whichever comes first. The abstract is scheduled for scientific presentation and will be posted to this site at or after the following date and time: 4/15/2008 2:00 PM.
Total synthesis of cyclopiamide A and speradine E

Abstract Described is a total synthesis of the related alkaloids, cyclopiamide A and speradine E, via a unified strategy that also delivers the natural product aspergilline A. Key steps include metal-free conversion of a malonyl chloride and propargylamine to an intermediate pyrrolinone and a palladium catalyzed decarboxylation/aromatization sequence that delivers the requisite tetracyclic core.
In Defense of Dogma: Why There Cannot be a Relativistic Quantum Mechanics of (Localizable) Particles

IN SOME QUARTERS, AT LEAST, IT COUNTS as the “received view” that there cannot be a relativistic, quantum mechanical theory of (localizable) particles. In the attempt to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity theory, that is, one is driven to a field theory; all talk about “particles” has to be understood, at least in principle, as talk about the properties of, and interactions among, quantized fields. I want to suggest, today, that it is possible to capture this thesis in a convincing “no-go theorem”. Indeed, it seems to me that various technical results on the “non-localizability” of particles in (so-called) relativistic quantum mechanics, going back some thirty years, are best understood as versions of such a theorem.1
Elementary Number Theory

This chapter focuses on the elementary number theory. It emphasizes on all integers, which may be positive, negative, and zero. The set in a number theory is denoted by, Z = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, …} and whenever one writes any of the symbols a, b, c, d , ……, x, y, z , …. the symbols will represent the elements of Z. When it is given a, b ∈ Z with a ≠ 0, one can say that a divides b when there exists c ∈ Z such that ac = b . It should be noted that the statement a | b includes the fact that a ≠ 0; thus, according to the definition, 0 does not divide any integer. For a ≠ 0, one notes that the integers a and – a are distinct, with one of them positive and the other negative. When it is given a, b ∈ Z with a > 0, then a may divide b or it may not; however, there always exists an expression for b in terms of a , and this expression also settles the question of divisibility. An integer p > 1 is said to be prime when 1 and p are its only positive divisors; if p > 1 is not prime, then it is a composite number. Every integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a finite product of primes.
Teen Intervention Project--Cherokee (TIP-C).

Purpose: To test the feasibility of providing a cultural school-based substance abuse intervention for Cherokee adolescents and to examine the relationship between Cherokee self-reliance, substance abuse, and stress. Research Design: A 10-week group intervention was implemented over a 3-year period for Cherokee adolescent substance abusers. Pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and 90-day post-intervention measures of Cherokee self-reliance, substance abuse, and stress were administered to 108 Cherokee adolescent high school students who participated in the intervention. Findings: Immediate and 90-day post-intervention substance abuse rates were significantly lower than pre-intervention rates. Cherokee self-reliance scores were significantly increased. Perceived stress scores were significantly lower immediately post-intervention but increased 90-day post-intervention. Conclusions: The Teen Intervention Project - Cherokee is an effective and culturally appropriate school-based intervention for Cherokee adolescent substance abusers.
Five focused strategies for increasing retention in Computer Science 1

Increasing retention of students in computer science-particularly in the first course-is a frequently studied and much discussed topic in the discipline. This paper presents a multi-faceted approach which is practical and which can be generalized to small college settings. In particular, the authors describe strategies for building a sense of community among the students, increasing opportunities for programming practice and success, adopting a high-quality supporting software set, and making use of motivating assignments. As a result, 95% of students (128 of 134) who began the course in the fall semester for the years 2005--2009 persisted to the point of receiving a final grade.
3D Magneto-Optical Trap of Yttrium Monoxide.

We report three-dimensional trapping of an oxide molecule (YO), using a radio-frequency magneto-optical trap (MOT). The total number of molecules trapped is $\ensuremath{\sim}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$, with a temperature of 4.1(5) mK. This diversifies the frontier of molecules that are laser coolable and paves the way for the second-stage narrow-line cooling in this molecule to the microkelvin regime. Futhermore, the new challenges of creating a 3D MOT of YO resolved here indicate that MOTs of more complex nonlinear molecules should be feasible as well.
Correlating Structural and Functional Heterogeneity of Immobilized Enzymes.

Many nanobiotechnology applications rely on stable and efficient integration of functional biomacromolecules with synthetic nanomaterials. Unfortunately, the reasons for the ubiquitous loss of activity of immobilized enzymes remain poorly understood due to the difficulty in distinguishing between distinct molecular-level mechanisms. Here, we employ complementary single-molecule fluorescence methods that independently measure the impact of immobilization on the structure and function (i.e., substrate binding kinetics) of nitroreductase (NfsB). Stochastic statistical modeling methods were used to unambiguously quantify the effects of immobilized NfsB structural dynamics on function, allowing us to explicitly separate effects due to conformation and accessibility. Interestingly, we found that nonspecifically tethered NfsB exhibited enhanced stability compared to site-specifically tethered NfsB; however, the folded state of site-specifically tethered NfsB had faster substrate binding rates, suggesting improve...
Structural Basis for Finding OG Lesions and Avoiding Undamaged G by the DNA Glycosylase MutY.

The adenine glycosylase MutY selectively initiates repair of OG:A lesions and, by comparison, avoids G:A mispairs. The ability to distinguish these closely related substrates relies on the C-termin...
Fritz Hasenöhrl and E = mc2

In 1904, the year before Einstein’s seminal papers on special relativity, Austrian physicist Fritz Hasenohrl examined the properties of blackbody radiation in a moving cavity. He calculated the work necessary to keep the cavity moving at a constant velocity as it fills with radiation and concluded that the radiation energy has associated with it an apparent mass such that \(E = \tfrac{3} {8}mc^2\). In a subsequent paper, also in 1904, Hasenohrl achieved the same result by computing the force necessary to accelerate a cavity already filled with radiation. In early 1905, he corrected the latter result to \(E = \tfrac{3} {4}mc^2\). This result, i.e., \(m = \tfrac{4} {3}E/c^2\), has led many to conclude that Hasenohrl fell victim to the same “mistake” made by others who derived this relation between the mass and electrostatic energy of the electron. Some have attributed the mistake to the neglect of stress in the blackbody cavity. In this paper, Hasenohrl’s papers are examined from a modern, relativistic point of view in an attempt to understand where he went wrong. The primary mistake in his first paper was, ironically, that he didn’t account for the loss of mass of the blackbody end caps as they radiate energy into the cavity. However, even taking this into account one concludes that blackbody radiation has a mass equivalent of \(m = \tfrac{4} {3}E/c^2\) or \(m = \tfrac{5} {3}E/c^2\) depending on whether one equates the momentum or kinetic energy of radiation to the momentum or kinetic energy of an equivalent mass. In his second and third papers that deal with an accelerated cavity, Hasenohrl concluded that the mass associated with blackbody radiation is \(m = \tfrac{4} {3}E/c^2\), a result which, within the restricted context of Hasenohrl’s gedanken experiment, is actually consistent with special relativity. (If one includes all components of the system, including cavity stresses, then the total mass and energy of the system are, to be sure, related by m = E/c2.) Both of these problems are non-trivial and the surprising results, indeed, turn out to be relevant to the “\(\tfrac{4} {3}\) problem” in classical models of the electron. An important lesson of these analyses is that E = mc2, while extremely useful, is not a “law of physics” in the sense that it ought not be applied indiscriminately to any extended system and, in particular, to the subsystems from which they are comprised. We suspect that similar problems have plagued attempts to model the classical electron.
Preparing Teacher Candidates with Global Competencies: Taking Action on the Global Water Crisis with Service Learning

Clean water is a basic necessity for sustaining life. Not only important for drinking, water is also necessary for good health and sanitation. The United Nations emphasizes the need for clean water...
SARS-CoV-2 Positivity rates are lower in school compared with local rates in Brooklyn, New York.

The World Health Organization (WHO) classified the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak as a pandemic in March 2020. In-person school instruction in the United States (U.S.) was closed to reduce social interaction and potentially minimize infectious disease transmission1 . New York City (NYC) re-opened public and private school September 2020 with preventive measures. However, few reports have addressed the contribution of school safety protocols to rates of infection in private schools and their communities.
Disease-driven reduction in human mobility influences human-mosquito contacts and dengue transmission dynamics

Heterogeneous exposure to mosquitoes determines an individual's contribution to vector-borne pathogen transmission. Particularly for dengue virus (DENV), there is a major difficulty in quantifying human-vector contacts due to the unknown coupled effect of key heterogeneities. To test the hypothesis that the reduction of human out-of-home mobility due to dengue illness will significantly influence population-level dynamics and the structure of DENV transmission chains, we extended an existing modeling framework to include social structure, disease-driven mobility reductions, and heterogeneous transmissibility from different infectious groups. Compared to a baseline model, naive to human pre-symptomatic infectiousness and disease-driven mobility changes, a model including both parameters predicted an increase of 37% in the probability of a DENV outbreak occurring; a model including mobility change alone predicted a 15.5% increase compared to the baseline model. At the individual level, models including mobility change led to a reduction of the importance of out-of-home onward transmission (R, the fraction of secondary cases predicted to be generated by an individual) by symptomatic individuals (up to -62%) at the expense of an increase in the relevance of their home (up to +40%). An individual's positive contribution to R could be predicted by a GAM including a non-linear interaction between an individual's biting suitability and the number of mosquitoes in their home (>10 mosquitoes and 0.6 individual attractiveness significantly increased R). We conclude that the complex fabric of social relationships and differential behavioral response to dengue illness cause the fraction of symptomatic DENV infections to concentrate transmission in specific locations, whereas asymptomatic carriers (including individuals in their pre-symptomatic period) move the virus throughout the landscape. Our findings point to the difficulty of focusing vector control interventions reactively on the home of symptomatic individuals, as this approach will fail to contain virus propagation by visitors to their house and asymptomatic carriers.
“There Is an Eye on Us”: International Imitation, Popular Representation, and the Regulation of Homosexuality in Senegal:

Drawing on data from Senegal, this article develops the concept of pockets of world society to explain how adherence to a liberal vision of gay rights emerges within an otherwise illiberal legal la...
Transfectant influenza viruses as antigen delivery vectors.

Publisher Summary Reverse genetics techniques that allow the genetic manipulation of the influenza virus genome has been developed. It is now possible to engineer transfectant influenza viruses bearing specific mutations into their genomic RNAs. Several molecular strategies have recently been applied to recover transfectant influenza virus vectors expressing novel antigens. The potential use of such vectors as live vaccines against different pathogens and/or diseases is discussed in the chapter. Influenza A viruses comprise different virus subtypes, according to the antigenicity of their external glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA). The segmented nature of the genome of the virus facilitates the exchange of virus segments between human and avian strains infecting the same cell, resulting in novel human strains. Apart from antigenic shift, influenza A viruses also undergo antigenic drift. This process involves the selection of viruses bearing point mutations in the HA and NA genes that change their antigenic properties. The HA protein is the most important antigenic component of the virus for the induction of a neutralizing antibody response against the virus.
X-ray Diffraction Studies of ε-41-Dinitrophenyl-Ribonuclease-S

Abstract The structures of e-41 dinitrophenyl-ribonuclease-S (e-41-DNP-RNase-S) and its complexes with 3'-pyrimidine nucleotides have been determined crystallographically at 2 and 3 A resolution, respectively, using the difference Fourier technique. In addition, the binding of Cu2+, UO22+, and PtCl4-2 to crystalline RNase-S and e-41-DNP-RNase-S have been compared. 1. The 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) group of crystalline e-41-DNP-RNase-S binds to the protein in a cleft bounded by the side chains of Gln-11, Asn-34, Asp-38, and Arg-39, and the protein backbone between Asn-34 and Asp-38. It does not physically block the active site. As a result of the interaction between the DNP group and the enzyme, the distance between the e-amino group of Lys-41 and the phosphate group bound at the active site increases by 3 A. 2. There are conformational differences between RNase-S and e-41-DNP-RNase-S which require protein shifts of at least 0.5 to 1.0 A throughout the entire molecule. Some of these shifts may result from the effect of the DNP groups upon the crystal packing. 3. 3'-Pyrimidine nucleotides bind to crystalline RNase-S and e-41-DNP-RNase-S in the same way, and with no significant difference in their binding constants. 4. The binding of 3'-pyrimidine nucleotides to crystalline e-41-DNP-RNase-S reduces the magnitude of the conformational difference between it and RNase-S. However, the position of the DNP group is not affected. 5. The positions or occupancies of several metal ion-binding sites are slightly different in crystalline RNase-S and e-41-DNP-RNase-S.
Strategic Style in Pared-Down Poker

This chapter deals with the manner of making diagnoses and decisions, called strategic style, in a gambling game called Pared-down Poker. The approach treats style as a mental mode in which choices are constrained by expected utilities. The focus is on two classes of utility, i.e., money and effort, and how cognitive styles compare to normative strategies in optimizing these utilities. The insights are applied to real-world concerns like managing the war against terror networks and assessing the risks of system failures. After “Introducing the Interactions” involved in playing poker, the contents are arranged in four sections, as follows. “Underpinnings of Utility” outlines four classes of utility and highlights the differences between them: economic utility (money), ergonomic utility (effort), informatic utility (knowledge), and aesthetic utility (pleasure). “Inference and Investment” dissects the cognitive challenges of playing poker and relates them to real-world situations of business and war, where the key tasks are inference (of cards in poker, or strength in war) and investment (of chips in poker, or force in war) to maximize expected utility. “Strategies and Styles” presents normative (optimal) approaches to inference and investment, and compares them to cognitive heuristics by which people play poker–-focusing on Bayesian methods and how they differ from human styles. The normative strategy is then pitted against cognitive styles in head-to-head tournaments, and tournaments are also held between different styles. The results show that style is ergonomically efficient and economically effective, i.e., style is smart. “Applying the Analysis” explores how style spaces, of the sort used to model individual behavior in Pared-down Poker, might also be applied to real-world problems where organizations evolve in terror networks and accidents arise from system failures.
Pitfalls in Using Sodium Hypochlorite as a Seed Disinfectant in 14C Incorporation Studies

Seeds sterilized with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) retained sufficient amounts to interfere with studies of amino acid metabolism of the sterilized seeds during germination. Repeated washing in water did not remove NaOCl completely. However, soaking the seeds for 10 min in 0.01 n HCl removed NaOCl completely, without reducing germinability.Residual NaOCl reacted with the amino acids and reduced their concentrations in the incubation media. This reaction resulted in high production of CO(2) and low uptake of amino acids by the seeds. Decarboxylation of the amino acids occurred in the incubation medium outside the seed, was independent of the presence of seeds in the reaction, and therefore was not related to amino acid metabolism by the seeds. Effects of NaOCl on uptake, incorporation, and CO(2) production from indoleacetic acid were similar to those of the amino acids studied.
The neurally controllable internet browser (BrainBrowser)

The Internet has become an important part of our daily lives, with browsers serving as the main tool of navigation. For users with severe disabilities, access to the Internet can be crucial to quality of life, providing a myriad of services and opportunities. The GSU BrainLab is researching methods of controlling computer interfaces directly with brain signals, to assist users who are completely paralyzed and have no other means of interaction. Adapting a web browser for neural control provides us a unique opportunity to study navigation issues for assistive technology. The Neural Internet BrainBrowser project is currently exploring new human computer interaction paradigms, web usability concepts, and interface serialization techniques.
Detection and properties of l-histidinol dehydrogenase in wheat germ

Abstract The presence and partial characterization of the properties of l -histidinol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.23), the enzyme catalysing the last step in the pathway of histidine biosynthesis, has been described in higher plants for the first time. The activity has been found in cell-free extracts from wheat germ, turnip root, radish root and squash fruit. The enzyme has been partially purified and characterized from extracts of acetone powders of wheat germ. DEAE-cellulose chromatography revealed two peaks of histidinol dehydrogenase activity. In one there was a rapid reduction of NAD + in the absence of histidinol; however, the rate was stimulated by the addition of histidinol. The rate in the absence of substrate became quite low after several min and the histidinol-dependent rate was then easily observed. The second peak of activity did not reduce NAD + unless l -histidinol was present in the assay mixture. The K m s for l -histidinol and NAD + were determined for this latter enzyme. The values obtained at saturating concentrations of the other substrate were l -histidinol, 8.8 μM and NAD + , 0.14 mM. The product of the dehydrogenase reaction was histidine as determined by paper chromatography.
Effects of Reader's Knowledge, Text Type, and Test Type on L1 and L2 Reading Comprehension in Spanish

The present study examined how a reader's subject knowledge, the analogy versus nonanalogy difference in text type, and type of test (written recall, sentence completion, and multiple choice) affect first language (L1) and second language (L2) reading comprehension. There were three participant groups: (a) 53 native Costa Ricans enrolled in advanced English as a Foreign Language courses in San Jose, Costa Rica; (b) 102 university-level students of intermediate Spanish in the United States; and (c) 138 university students of advanced Spanish in the United States. The participants read two scientific passages, two versions each (Hammadou, 2000). Analysis of covariance revealed that subject knowledge related significantly to reading comprehension as measured by three assessment tasks. However, the addition of analogies to scientific texts did not compensate for the lack of subject knowledge. There was no overall positive effect of the analogy text type on L1 and L2 comprehension as measured by recall, sentence completion, and multiple choice tests. The positive effect for the nonanalogy version held for the recall task. The participants scored higher on the nonanalogy version of both texts than on the analogy version when assessed by the recall test; no such differences emerged for either passage on the sentence completion and multiple choice tests.
Thermochemical remanent magnetization in Jurassic silicic volcanics from Nevada, U.S.A.

Characteristic magnetizations from Middle Jurassic dacitic to andesitic subaerial volcanics (the Fulstone and Artesia Formations) in the Buckskin Mountain Range, western central Basin and Range Province, are well-grouped, generally display univectorial decays to the origin in demagnetization and have hematite blocking temperatures restricted almost entirely to above 620°C. Petrographic, rock magnetic and electron microprobe investigations confirm that nearly pure hematite is the essential magnetic phase (up to about 10 vol. %) occurring as a replacement of coarse fitaniferous magnetite phenocrysts and fine groundmass particles, as a secondary alteration product of ferromagnesian phenocrysts and as a mobilized phase filling cracks and other open spaces. The presence of antipodal directions in each flow unit and in interbedded volcanoclastic units (some having retained magnetite as a major magnetic phase) and magnetite-dominated remanences in time-equivalent intrusives cutting the flows indicates that the volcanics acquired their hematite remanence, a faithful record of the geomagnetic field, in high-temperature, teric oxidation during and following their emplacement, not during a later thermal event such as regional metamorphism. The remanence is probably a thermochemical remanent magnetization, although part may be of thermoremanent origin.
Performance Evaluation of Oracle Semantic Technologies with Respect to User Defined Rules

Ontology-based reasoning systems have a native rule base but allow also for the addition of application domain-specific rules. Previous work, comparing the performance of these systems, mainly considered performance with supported rule bases. In this paper we present an evaluation of Oracle as an ontology reasoning system with respect to domain-specific rule bases, in the context of a question/answer system called Science Web.
Metal concentrations and trace metal Al and Fe ratios in soil of the Chenier Plain, Southwest Louisiana coastal zone

Soil baseline metal concentrations were determined in 220 surface soil samples collected from the Chenier Plain area of southwest coastal Louisiana. Regression relationships between Al, Fe, and various metals were calculated from the data set. The use of these relationships to identify enhanced metal contents in the Chenier Plain soils is presented. Statistical analyses showed an average Al concentration of 1.6% with a maximum concentration of 4.8% and a minimum concentration of 1.3 mg kg−1. Al concentration in the sediments was positively correlated at the 1% significance level to Cu (r = 0.577**), Pb (r = 0.936**), Cr (r = 0.969**), Ni (r = 0.830**), Cd (r = 0.617**), and Zn (r = 0.506**), but only a 5% significance correlation was found with Mn (r = 0.148*). Average Fe concentration was 1.2% with a maximum value of 3.4% and a minimum concentration of 9.3 mg kg−1. Fe concentration in the sediments was positively correlated at the 1% significance level to Cu (r = 0.586**), Pb (r = 0.847**), Cr (r = 0.875...