cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slow virus infections

Slow viruses produce diseases whose incubation periods range from several months to many years. Because of this long latency period, the lack of inflammation produced by these diseases and the lack of recoverable virus particles, it is only recently that the association has been made between the viruses and the diseases they cause. The detailed study of kuru, a neurologic affliction of a remote tribe of cannibals in New Guinea, was responsible for the synthesis of new and previously gathered information into a unified framework to explain not only kuru but other diseases as well. Since then, animal models, transmission experiments and histologic and biochemical studies have unveiled new links connecting viruses to previously obscure neurologic, neurophthalmic and ophthalmic entities.
Feynman's Relativistic Chessboard as an Ising Model

Feynman has described a chessboard model for a one-dimensional relativistic quantum problem which yields the correct kernel for a free spin-1/2 particle moving in one spatial dimension. This chessboard problem can be solved as an Ising model, using the transfer matrix technique of statistical mechanics. The 2×2 transfer matrix represents the infinitesimal time evolution operator for the two eigenstates of the velocity operator.
Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial to assess the role of overdrive and triggered prevention pacing therapies in reducing atrial fibrillation: the Study of Atrial Fibrillation Reduction (SAFARI).

Background Rhythm control in selected patients diagnosed with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a clinically important goal. The role of pacing therapies for maintaining that goal remains unclear, despite considerable study effort. Several pacing strategies have been evaluated to treat AF, including various prevention pacing therapies (PPTs) designed to suppress known triggers of AF. The inconsistent results and difficulty interpreting the results of past studies stems in part from variability in trial designs, patient populations, and end points. Methods The SAFARI is the largest, multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial that aims to address many of the design limitations of previous trials to delineate better the role of PPTs. The primary end point for the study is total AF burden as reported by the device. Patients are selected to include only those with paroxysmal AF and to exclude those without documented arrhythmias. A 1-month postimplant lead stabilization period followed by a 3-month run-in period is incorporated into the design to help exclude patients with no AF after implantation or patients in whom the accuracy of the device reported AF burden is suspect. A suite of 6 PPTs is used to treat multiple different triggers of arrhythmia. Data will be gathered for10 months. Enrollment of 546 patients was completed in January 2005; patient follow-up visits are expected to be completed in November 2005. Conclusion By using a study design that addresses the limitations of previous trials, SAFARI will help significantly refine our understanding of the role of pacing to prevent AF.
What Are the Causes of Late-Life Depression?

Depression, including MDD, remains a serious public health concern across the lifespan and especially in the elderly. Despite a lower overall percentage of depressed elders, when compared with their younger counterparts,3 the expected increasing numbers of seniors point to an even greater necessity for health professionals to be aware of the specialized needs of elders. The consequences of untreated or partially treated late-life depression are dire. There are higher mortality rates from both suicide4 and medical illness.5,6 Geriatric depression is also costly. In one study, total health care costs were 47% to 51% higher and outpatient costs were 43% to 52% higher for depressed elders when compared with non-depressed patients, even after adjustment for chronic medical illness. This increase was seen in every component of health care costs, with only a small percentage caused by mental health treatment.7 This issue of the Psychiatric Clinics of North America offers a comprehensive review of late-life depression. This article appraises several facets of geriatric depression, including a description of geriatric depression and recent epidemiologic studies highlighting the incidence and prevalence of old-age depression. The evidence regarding the cause of late-life depression is addressed from a biopsychosocial perspective. This review is crafted to be extensive, although not exhaustive. Particular attention is focused on vascular depression and the relationship between depression and cognitive impairment.
A Note on the Perception and Production of Phonological Variation.

description of prosodics in comparison to previously recommended methods. The results certainly suggest that the method is useful in describing the prosodic variation accompanying other sociolinguistic variation, inasmuch as the method was able to distinguish not only between linguistically diverse speakers (as independently determined) but also between two different contexts. Finally, the results also suggest that prosodic variation, like phonological variation, is in part a function of the contexts in which speech is produced.
Farfield inflight measurements of high-speed turboprop noise

A flight program was carried out to determine the variation of noise level with distance from a model high speed propeller. Noise measurements were obtained at different distances from a SR-3 propeller mounted on a JetStar aircraft, with the test instrumentation mounted on a Lear jet flown in formation. The propeller was operated at 0.8 flight Mach number, 1.12 helical tip Mach number and at 0.7 flight Mach number, 1.0 helical tip Mach number. The instantaneous pressure from individual blades was observed to rise faster at the 0.8 M flight speed, than at the 0.7 M flight speed. The measured levels appeared to decrease in good agreement with a 6 dB/doubling of distance decay, over the measurement range of approximately 16 m to 100 m distance. Further extrapolation, to the distances represented by a community, would suggest that the propagated levels during cruise would not cause a serious community annoyance.
Mechanistic Investigation of Benzene C−H Activation at a Cationic Platinum(II) Center: Direct Observation of a Platinum(II) Benzene Adduct

The platinum(II) methyl cation [(N−N)Pt(CH3)(solv)]+BF4- (N−N = ArNC(Me)C(Me)NAr, Ar = 2,6-(CH3)2C6H3, solv = H2O (2a) or TFE = CF3CH2OH (2b)) is prepared by treatment of (N−N)Pt(CH3)2 with 1 equiv of aqueous HBF4 in TFE. Reaction of a mixture of 2a and 2b with benzene in TFE/H2O solutions cleanly affords the platinum(II) phenyl cation [(N−N)Pt(C6H5)(solv)]+BF4- (3). Investigations of the kinetics and isotopic labeling experiments indicate that reaction of 2 with benzene proceeds via benzene coordination, reversible oxidative addition of benzene C−H bonds, reversible formation of a methane C,H-σ complex, and final dissociation of methane. Under conditions where [(N−N)Pt(CH3)(H2O)]+BF4- (2a) is the major starting complex, rate-determining benzene coordination to 2b is implicated by the observed kinetic rate law (inverse first order in [H2O] and first order in [C6H6] to 3.8 M) and the small kinetic deuterium isotope effect for C6H6 vs C6D6 (kH/kD = 1.06 ± 0.05 at 25 °C). When deuterated benzenes C6D6 and 1,...
External cause-specific summaries of occupational fatal injuries. Part I: an analysis of rates.

BACKGROUND: Industries and occupations vary with respect to the incidence of fatal injuries and their causes. METHODS: Fatalities from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatality database (years 1983-1994) serve as the basis for examining external cause of death code specific rates. Industries and occupations are compared with respect to rate and frequency of fatal injuries. In addition, external causes of injury (E-codes) are examined across all industries and occupations as well as within industries and occupations to evaluate which events would be identified by frequency ordered comparisons versus injury rate ordered comparisons. RESULTS: Machinery, electric current, homicide, falls, and transportation-related events are identified by high frequency and rate of occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The external cause categories of homicide, machinery-related, motor-vehicle-related, electric current, and falls, account for over one-half of all occupational fatal injuries. Targeted interventions in homicide may be especially warranted in sales and service occupations and in the retail trade and services industries. In addition, younger workers might be targeted for special interventions designed to identify hazardous practices, procedures, and solutions to reduce fatalities associated with electrocution or falls from buildings. Language: en
The Depiction of Corruption in English-Language Indian Fiction

India stereotypically is regarded as a country riddled with corruption, although international surveys indicate that it ranks in about the middle of the world's nations in terms of corruption. The article surveys novels and short stories by more than two dozen writers, primarily native Indians, to discover how they depict episodes of corruption. It determines that they focus particularly on miscreant behavior in politics and the government, the police, petty officials, the postal service, transportation, and on smuggling. The writers flesh out and make more vivid information that is presented in criminological writing about corruption in India.
The Seebeck coefficient and phonon drag in silicon

We present a theory of the phonon-drag Seebeck coefficient in nondegenerate semiconductors, and apply it to silicon for temperatures 30 < T < 300 K. Our calculation uses only parameters from the literature, and previous calculations of the phonon lifetime. We find excellent agreement with the measurements of Geballe and Hull [Phys. Rev. 98, 940 (1955)]. The phonon-drag term dominates at low temperature, and shows an important dependence on the dimensions of the experimental sample.
Structural and Sedimentologic Evolution of a Miocene Supradetachment Basin, Silver Peak Range and Adjacent Areas, West-Central Nevada

The Silver Peak region of west-central Nevada provides a unique opportunity to study the history of a supradetachment basin, its deformed basement, and the detachment fault itself. The region experienced Late Cretaceous to Paleogene plutonism and stretching of a Neoproterozoic through Ordovician miogeoclinal section. Upper-crustal thinning above the Mineral Ridge pluton was accommodated by development of gently dipping schistosity in Neoproterozoic strata, and a mosaic of low-angle attenuation faults in overlying Cambrian strata. Middle and Late Miocene detachment faulting accommodated approximately 8-15 km of northwest transport of hanging-wall strata. The Mineral Ridge detachment fault apparently reactivated the basal decollement of the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene attenuation faults. The Esmeralda basin evolved in the hanging wall of the detachmentfault system, and represents subsidence over a significantly broader region than modern extensional basins. The supradetachment basin fill consists of three ...
Manipulation and the Causal Markov Condition

This paper explores the relationship between a manipulability conception of causation and the causal Markov condition (CM). We argue that violations of CM also violate widely shared expectations—implicit in the manipulability conception—having to do with the absence of spontaneous correlations. They also violate expectations concerning the connection between independence or dependence relationships in the presence and absence of interventions.
Genetic Parentage and Local Population Structure in the Socially Monogamous Upland Sandpiper

Abstract. For a single lineage of birds, the diversity of mating systems and parental care among shorebirds (Charadrii) is high, which has made them an important group for investigations of the evolution of social mating systems. From 2003 to 2007, we studied a population of the Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) at Konza Prairie Biological Station in northeastern Kansas. Our objectives were to determine the genetic mating system of this socially monogamous shorebird and to determine whether spatial patterns of philopatry and nest placement might affect opportunities for extra-pair mating. We used six microsatellite markers to estimate rates of extra-pair paternity in 58 family groups (107 parents, 184 offspring). We found that 30% of broods contained extra-pair offspring, representing 15% of chicks, the highest rate of extra-pair paternity ever reported in a socially monogamous shorebird. High rates of extra-pair paternity were not due to the degree of relatedness between partners in mated pairs, an...
Self-pacing in eliminating chronic smoking: Serendipity revisited?

Forty chronic smokers participated in a multisession treatment program designed both as a further assessment of the self-pacing procedure reported by Lando and Davison (1975) and as a partial replication of earlier aversive conditioning procedures. Subjects were randomly assigned to self-pacing, aversive conditioning, or a nonaversive control. A significant overall treatment effect emerged favoring aversive conditioning. Results did not support either the effectiveness of self-pacing or the cognitive dissonance explanation advanced for the Lando and Davison (1975) findings. Unfortunately, subjects in all conditions tended to increase smoking, eliminating specific between-group effects by the time of a 6-month follow-up.
Television viewing and unhealthy diet: implications for children and media interventions.

The concern over increasing rates of obesity and associated health issues has led to calls for solutions to the potentially unhealthy influence of television and food advertising on children's diets. Research demonstrates that children's food preferences are acquired through learning processes, and that these preferences have long-lasting effects on diet. We examined food preferences and eating behaviors among college students, and assessed the relative influence of 2 potential contributors: parental communication and television experience. In line with previous studies with children, prior television experience continued to predict unhealthy food preferences and diet in early adulthood, and perceived taste had the most direct relationship to both healthy and unhealthy diets. In addition, both television experience and parenting factors independently influenced preferences and diet. These findings provide insights into the potential effectiveness of alternative media interventions to counteract the unheal...
Multivariate calibration of spectra obtained by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of plutonium oxide surrogate residues

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to determine elemental concentration of plutonium oxide surrogate (cerium oxide) residue for monitoring the fabrication of lanthanide borosilicate glass. Quantitative analysis by LIBS is affected by the severe limitation of variation in the induced plasma due to changes in the matrix. Multivariate calibration was applied to LIBS data to predict the concentrations of Ce, Cr, Fe, Mo, and Ni. A total of 18 different samples were prepared to compare calibration from univariate data analysis and from multivariate data analysis. Multivariate calibration was obtained using Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS). Univariate calibration was obtained from background-corrected atomic emission lines. Calibration results show improvement in the coefficient of determination from 0.87 to 0.97 for Ce compared to univariate calibration. The root mean square error also reduced from 7.46 to 2.93%. A similar trend was obtained for Cr, Fe, Mo, and Ni also. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using LIBS for online process monitoring in a hazardous waste management environment.
Taiwanese Preschoolers' Emergent Reading Behaviours with an Unfamiliar Storybook.

Eighty-two Taiwanese preschoolers aged three and four years (boys = 40; girls = 42) were recruited from Tainan, Taiwan, for a parent–child storybook-reading research project. The Taiwanese preschoolers’ emergent reading behaviours were videotaped in a solo storybook-reading task. The children's most frequent emergent reading behaviours were: ‘browses pages’ (23%) and ‘describes pictures using verbs and adjectives’ (22%). Next most frequent reading strategies were: ‘labels pictures’ (19%) and ‘creates dialogues/monologues (story-like)’ (15%). Eight per cent of the children showed unwillingness to read the storybook; 4% noticed words by pointing at the words; 9% of the children tried to spell Chinese phonics to sound out Chinese characters; and 4%of the children tried to read some or all of the text. Three-year-olds used more ‘label and describe’ reading behaviours than did four-year-olds (p = .01); four-year-olds read some text independently more than three-year-olds did (p = .03). More boys than girls ref...
Vagus nerve stimulation in ischemic stroke: old wine in a new bottle.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is currently FDA-approved for treatment of both medically refractory partial-onset seizures and severe, recurrent refractory depression which have failed to respond to medical interventions. Because of its ability to regulate mechanisms well-studied in neuroscience, such as norepinephrine and serotonin release, the vagus nerve may play an important role in regulating cerebral blood flow, edema, inflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and neurotrophic processes. There is strong evidence that these same processes are important in stroke pathophysiology. We reviewed the literature for the role of VNS in improving ischemic stroke outcomes by performing a systematic search for publications in Medline (1966-2014) with keywords “vagus nerve stimulation AND stroke” in subject headings and key words with no language restrictions. Of the 73 publications retrieved, we identified 7 studies from 3 different research groups that met our final inclusion criteria of research studies addressing the role of vagus nerve stimulation in ischemic stroke. Results from these studies suggest that VNS has promising efficacy in reducing stroke volume and attenuating neurological deficits in ischemic stroke models. Given the lack of success in Phase III trials for stroke neuroprotection, it is important to develop new therapies targeting different neuroprotective pathways. Further studies of the possible role of VNS, through normally physiologically active mechanisms, in ischemic stroke therapeutics should be conducted in both animal models and clinical studies. In addition, recent advent of a non-invasive, transcutaneous VNS could provide the potential for easier clinical translation.
Normal development of refractive state and ocular component dimensions in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri).

The normal development of refractive state, ocular components and simple visually-guided behaviors was examined in maternally-reared tree shrews. Six groups consisting of 5 animals each were anesthetized and examined after 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days of normal binocular visual exposure. Measures in the 75-day group provided values for an unproved schematic eye of the tree shrew. Cycloplegic refraction showed a marked hyperopia (+25 D) at eye opening which decreased rapidly during the first 15 days of visual exposure and stabilized near the value (+5 D) expected in an eye of this axial length (approx. 7.8 mm). Corneal radius increased slightly during development. Anterior segment depth, measured by A-scan ultrasonography, seemed to complete most of its development at an earlier age (15–30 days of visual exposure) than did other ocular parameters. Lens thickness increased steadily throughout development. Vitreous chamber depth increased rapidly until 15 days of visual exposure, and then decreased because the lens thickness increased more rapidly than axial length. Crude orienting to, and following of, large objects developed shortly after eye opening (median age at onset, 5 and 6 days, respectively). Triggered visual placing responses developed at about the same time that the refractive state completed the rapid drop from highly hyperopic values. The slowed rate of ocular development after 15 days of visual exposure may be related to increased retinal activity that is permitted by neural maturation and by the presence of a relatively well-focussed retinal image. The increased activity may influence the final dimensions of the eye to coordinate the axial length with the focal length of the eye.
Model-driven data acquisition in sensor networks

Declarative queries are proving to be an attractive paradigm for ineracting with networks of wireless sensors. The metaphor that "the sensornet is a database" is problematic, however, because sensors do not exhaustively represent the data in the real world. In order to map the raw sensor readings onto physical reality, a model of that reality is required to complement the readings. In this paper, we enrich interactive sensor querying with statistical modeling techniques. We demonstrate that such models can help provide answers that are both more meaningful, and, by introducing approximations with probabilistic confidences, significantly more efficient to compute in both time and energy. Utilizing the combination of a model and live data acquisition raises the challenging optimization problem of selecting the best sensor readings to acquire, balancing the increase in the confidence of our answer against the communication and data acquisition costs in the network. We describe an exponential time algorithm for finding the optimal solution to this optimization problem, and a polynomial-time heuristic for identifying solutions that perform well in practice. We evaluate our approach on several real-world sensor-network data sets, taking into account the real measured data and communication quality, demonstrating that our model-based approach provides a high-fidelity representation of the real phenomena and leads to significant performance gains versus traditional data acquisition techniques.
Occurrence of Ergasilus megaceros Wilson, 1916, in the Sea Lamprey and Other Fishes From North America

Ergasilus megaceros (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) was recovered from the nasal fossae (lamellae) of the olfactory sac in 1 (1.8%) of 56 sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus Linne, 1758, collected in May 2002 from the Cheboygan River, Michigan. Although the sea lamprey is a new host record for E. megaceros, this fish species may not be a preferred host because of its low prevalence. Ergasilus megaceros is the second ergasilid species reported from the sea lamprey in North America. This is the third report of an ergasilid species infecting the nasal fossae of fishes in North America, with E. rhinos being the only other species reported from this site.
A Call for Cultural Democracy.

In this chapter, an incarcerated student in Illinois discusses the issue of cheating/plagiarism in the prison context and weighs in on the value of vocational education compared to degree-granting academic programs in prison.
The US demonstration poloidal coil

The United States Demonstration Poloidal Coil (US-DPC) has been built and will be tested at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). The 2-m-diameter, 30-kA, Nb/sub 3/Sn solenoid is designed for 10-T operation with charging and discharging from zero to full field at ramp rates of up to 10 T/s. The fabrication is described. A summary of problems encountered in the manufacture of the wind-react-insulate coil made from cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) is given.
Hand in the cookie jar: an experimental investigation of equity-based compensation and managerial fraud

The use of equity-based compensation is an increasingly popular means by which to align the incentives of top management with those of the shareholders. However, recent theoretical and empirical research indicates that the use of equity-based compensation has the unintended consequence of creating the incentive to commit managerial fraud of the type being reported in the press. This paper reports experimental evidence that shows that the amount of fraud committed by subjects is positively correlated with the level of equity, as is the level of effort. In addition, the amount of fraud that is committed is negatively correlated with the probability of detection and subjects' risk aversion. The experimental design permits the identification of causal relations in the directions just noted.
Photonic 100 Gb/s serial-to-parallel converter

We demonstrate full demultiplexing of a single 100 Gb/s time division multiplexed optical data stream into eight parallel 12.5 Gb/s streams. The device is based on lithium niobate intensity modulators and requires no nonlinear optical elements.
An adaptive quantization scheme for distributed consensus

The problem of distributed average consensus with quantized data is considered in this paper. We firstly propose a simple modification to the classical consensus protocol. Under a condition that the quantization noise variance converges to zero, the proposed protocol achieves a consensus in a mean squared sense and the consensus value is equal to the average of the initial state. Based on this result, we develop an adaptive quantization scheme which can adaptively adjust its quantization threshold and step-size by learning from previous runs, in a way such that the quantization noise variance at each sensor decreases to zero. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Accuracy of 7-8-9 Rule for Endotracheal Tube Placement in Nepalese Neonates

Introduction: Neonatal intubation is done for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia, for surfactant therapy or for airway protection. When correctly placed, endotracheal tube (ETT) tip should be at mid tracheal position which is half way between the clavicles and the carina to prevent complications of ventilation. Objective: To assess the accuracy of 7-8-9 Rule in neonates at Kanti Children’s hospital. Methodology: Prospective observational study was conducted in neonates who required oral intubations from July 2009 to December 2009 at NICU of Kanti Children’s Hospital. The initial ETT depth of insertion was determined using admission weight in the 7-8-9 Rule calculation. This depth was compared to the midtracheal depth to determine clinical accuracy of the 7-8-9 Rule. Results: Mean gestation age of the 69 infants was 36.01 weeks (26 to 42 weeks) and weight was 2411 g( 900 g to 3800 g ). 7 (10.1%) neonates weighed 1000 g or less, 19 (27.5%) weighed between 1001 to 2000 g, 31 ( 44.9%) weighed between 2001 to 3000 g, 12(17.4%) weighed between 3001 to 4000 g. The accuracy of 7-8-9 rule in clinical setting with auscultation and Chest x-ray resulted in ETT depth 0.11 cm above midtracheal position. (-1.5 to 1.5 cm). Using this rule ET tube was placed 0.11 cm above the mid tracheal position. Conclusions: The 7-8-9 Rule appears to be an accurate clinical method for endotracheal tube placement in Nepalese neonates. Keywords: Intubation; Neonate; Mid Tracheal Position DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v31i3.4299 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2011;31(3): 175-179
Medical and obstetric complications among pregnant women aged 45 and older.

Objective The number of women aged 45 and older who become pregnant is increasing. The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of medical and obstetric complications among women aged 45 and older. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify pregnant woman during admission for delivery. Deliveries were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9-CM) codes. Using ICD-9-CM codes, pre-existing medical conditions and medical and obstetric complications were identified in women at the time of delivery and were compared for women aged 45 years and older to women under age 35. Outcomes among women aged 35–44 were also compared to women under age 35 to determine if women in this group demonstrated intermediate risk between the older and younger groups. Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for pre-existing medical conditions and medical and obstetric complications for both older groups relative to women under 35. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were also developed for outcomes at delivery among older women, while controlling for pre-existing medical conditions, multiple gestation, and insurance status, to determine the effect of age on the studied outcomes. Results Women aged 45 and older had higher adjusted odds for death, transfusion, myocardial infarction/ischemia, cardiac arrest, acute heart failure, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, acute renal failure, cesarean delivery, gestational diabetes, fetal demise, fetal chromosomal anomaly, and placenta previa compared to women under 35. Conclusion Pregnant women aged 45 and older experience significantly more medical and obstetric complications and are more likely to die at the time of a delivery than women under age 35, though the absolute risks are low and these events are rare. Further research is needed to determine what associated factors among pregnant women aged 45 and older may contribute to these findings.
Generalized inverses: Uniqueness proofs and three new classes

Abstract Given any ring R with 1 and any a , b , c ∈ R , then, generalizing ideas of J.J. Koliha and P. Patricio in 2002 and of Z. Wang and J. Chen in 2012, a is called “ ( b , c ) -pseudo-polar” if there exists an idempotent p ∈ R such that 1 − p ∈ ( b R + J ) ∩ ( R c + J ) , p b and c p ∈ J (where J denotes the Jacobson radical of R) and p lies in the second commutant of a. This p is shown to be unique whenever it exists. A new outer generalized inverse y of a, called the ( b , c ) -pseudo-inverse of a, is also defined, and the existence of y is shown to imply that a is ( b , c ) -pseudo-polar, and hence that y is itself unique. Generalizing results of Koliha, Patricio, Wang and Chen, further connections between the ( b , c ) -pseudo-polar and ( b , c ) -pseudo-invertible properties are found, and the ( b , c ) -pseudo-invertibility of a 1 a 2 is shown to imply a corresponding property for a 2 a 1 . Two further types of uniquely-defined outer generalized inverses are also introduced.
Mid-infrared graphene detectors with antenna enhanced light absorption and photo-carrier collection

We demonstrated antenna-assisted mid-infrared graphene detectors at room temperature with more than 200 times enhancement of responsivity ( 0.4 V/W at l0=4.45 mm) compared to devices without antennas (l2 mV/W).
Other Minds: The Use and Uses of Oral Argument

Why do appellate judges, in moments of candor, complain about the general quality of oral arguments? Why do we see so many oral arguments that fall short of the mark? I think there are basically two reasons. The first is that many appellate advocates do not take the purpose and possibilities of oral argument seriously enough. For them, the role of oral argument in the decision of an appeal is analogous to that of the appendix in the physiology of the human body. Perhaps it once served a purpose, but now its only function is to cause pain. The second reason is related to the first, namely that many advocates, because they do not take seriously the role of oral argument in the appellate process, do not see the need to think strategically about what they might hope to accomplish at oral argument, and how best to accomplish it. They forget that the purpose of oral argument is persuasion, and that persuasion requires being attentive both to one's listener and her concerns and to one's own concerns. I would like to say something about both of these points.
Baseball in Japan

(1930). Baseball in Japan. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 9-52.
The Sources of Public Opinion for American Foreign Policy Officials

Public opinion is increasingly being considered an important factor in foreign policy decisions. This article thus examines what sources of information foreign policy officials actually use to represent public opinion. A linkage model is hypothesized with communications between government and the public following five paths: elites, interest groups, the news media, elected officials, and the mass, or general, public. The data show that the elite and interest group paths are least used, paths based on the news media and elected officials are most used, with mass opinion sources of moderate importance. Further data show that the use of any one path depends to some extent upon the types of issues with which officials deal, and the institutional position and ideology of individual officials. Foreign policy officials are often skeptical about public opinion polls; however, in using their own alternative “operational” sources, such officials may be more receptive to public input than previously thought. The results of this study are compared with Bernard Cohen's The Public's Impact on Foreign Policy (1973). This comparison finds a significantly diminished use of elite sources to represent public opinion, most likely a result of officials' sense of the “lessons” of Vietnam.
A Critique of Interspecific Territoriality and Character Convergence

Cody (1969) suggested that species may converge in appearance or voice because similarities increase interspecific aggressiveness, which leads to the individuals of two species maintaining mutually exclusive territories in a common habitat. The advantage of such behavior is that it results in the exclusion of food competitors within the individuals' territories. Thus, according to Cody, interspecific territoriality is adaptive. In 1971 I published an interpretation of observed cases of interspecific territoriality, in which I assumed that interspecific territoriality was aggression that evolved in intraspecific contexts but was misdirected toward individuals of other species which possessed similar features that normally stimulated intraspecific territorial aggression (Murray 1971). I argued that mutual interspecific territoriality is maladaptive for at least one of the species because the subordinate species would eventually be excluded from otherwise optimal habitat, but I did not exclude the possibility of the existence of cases of adaptive interspecific territoriality. The two hypotheses, then, seem contradictory. The first assumes that cases of mutual interspecific territoriality are adaptive, while the second assumes that they are not. Some authors studying birds (Barlow et al. 1970, Brown and Orians 1970, Cheke 1971, Rohwer 1972, 1973, Kroodsma 1973, Emlen et al. 1975), fishes (Myrberg and Thresher 1974), hermit crabs (Hazlett 1972 a, b), and flowers (Levin and Schaal 1970) have found Cody's hypothesis reasonable. It has appeared as an annual review article (Cody 1973) and as a portion of a book (Cody 1974), and has been described in at least two ecology textbooks (Ricklefs 1973, Smith 1974). Because Cody's hypothesis is widely accepted and is contradictory to my own, I wish to examine it and the evidence for it in some detail.
Histochemical specificity of phosphatases.

SummaryNineteen different substrates were used in this study on the histochemical specificity of phosphatases. With 18 substrates no indication of the presence in paraffin-embedded mammalian tissues of phosphatases other than the common non-specific alkaline and acid variety was found. With one of the substrates, p-chloranilidophosphonate, a strikingly different picture of enzymatic distribution was observed in the acid range, but otherwise the pattern of distribution of enzymatic activity in any given organ was constant and independent of the substrate used.
Parents, homevoters, and public school employees: An analysis of voting patterns in the 2012 Georgia Charter Schools Amendment Referendum

ABSTRACTGeorgia’s 2012 Charter Schools Amendment was the first successful statewide school choice referendum in the United States. This amendment permitted the state to authorize new charter schools, thereby creating a way for charter creators to bypass local school boards. This study analyzes voting on this state constitutional amendment and finds that support was higher among counties with lower achieving public schools, more school-aged children, more adults having college degrees, more private school enrollment, more homeowners, and lower public school employment. There was also a positive correlation between Democratic voters and support for the amendment–this result differs from previous research and the heavily Republican legislative vote authorizing the public referendum.
Narrowing the field of high-k gate dielectrics: intrinsic electronically-active bonding defects in nanocrystalline transition metal oxides

Gate dielectrics comprised of nanocrystalline HfO 2 in gate stacks with thin SiO 2 /SiON interfacial transition regions display significant asymmetries with respect to trapping of Si substrate injected holes and electrons. Based on spectroscopic studies, and guided by ab initio theory, electron and hole traps in HfO 2 and other transition metal elemental oxides are assigned to O-atom vacancies and possibly interstitials as well. These may be clustered at internal grain boundaries. Three potential engineering solutions for defect reduction are identified: i) deposition of ultra-thin, ≪ 2 nm, HfO 2 dielectric layers, in which grain boundary formation is suppressed by effectively eliminating inter-primitive unit cell -bonding interactions, ii) chemically phase-separated high HfO 2 content silicates in which inter-primitive unit cell π-bonding interactions are suppressed by nanocrystalline grain size limitations resulting from SiO 2 inclusions amd/or film thickness, and iii) non-crystalline Ti/Zr/Hf Si oxynitrides without grain boundary defects. However, each of these potential engineering solution dielectrics displays pre-existing as well as stress- induced defects.
In Vivo Regulatable Mouse Models of NRAS(V12)-Driven Acute Systemic Mastocytosis and Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Abstract NRAS is commonly mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloproliferative disease (MPD), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Despite intense scrutiny, the specific contribution Ras activation makes in the development of these diseases has not been determined. In an effort to create a model in which to study the effects of Ras dysregulation in hematopoietic disease, we have developed separate founder lines of transgenic mice with the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) driven by the Vav hematopoietic promoter in one line, and NRAS(V12) driven by the tetracycline responsive element (TRE) in the other. Multiple lines were established for each transgene. The TRE-NRAS(V12) lines also have a linked internal ribosome entry site (IRES) - human truncated CD2 cDNA so that transgene expression can be monitored easily by flow cytometry. When the Vav-tTA and TRE-NRAS(V12) lines are crossed, doubly transgenic animals uniformly develop Mast Cell Leukemia (MCL) or Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis (ASM) between two and four months of age. Disease is characterized by tissue infiltrates of large, well-differentiated C-kit, Gr-1+ mast cells in the spleen, liver, skin, lungs and lymph nodes. Skin lesions are especially prominent in affected mice. Analysis of bone sections show small to large foci of similarly well differentiated mast cells. Expression of the TRE-NRAS(V12) transgene and mast cell disease is repressible by administration of doxycycline in the drinking water of affected animals showing that NRAS(V12) is required to initiate and maintain ASM/MCL in this model. One of the TRE-NRAS(V12) lines, when crossed to Vav-tTA transgenic mice, results in AML (characterized by peripheral white blood cell counts greater that 30X10^3/ul and a differential count of greater that 20% blasts in some animals) with underlying mild mast cell disease. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that expression of oncogenic NRAS is sufficient to initiate myeloid leukemia and the leukemic cells require NRASV12 expression for continued survival. These models will be useful for studying the role of RAS dysregulation in hematopoietic disease in general, as well as in mast cell MPD's and AML. Mice develop disease with 100 per cent penetrance in a period of time amenable to pharmacologic intervention and cooperating mutagenesis studies. In addition, the model offers the opportunity to evaluate changes in the hematopoietic system in response to transgene repression and derepression by virtue of the tetracycline transactivator system. This work was sponsored by the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society of America (LLS 7019-04, Specialized Center of Research) and the Leukemia Research Fund.
Localization of limit sets and stability of systems of the neutral type with nonmonotone Lyapunov functionals

We suggest new approaches to the study of the asymptotic stability of equilibria for equations of the neutral type. Nonmonotone indefinite Lyapunov functionals are used. We investigate the localization of solutions with respect to the level surfaces of a Lyapunov functional and a functional estimating the derivative of the Lyapunov functional along the solutions. By using solution localization tests, we obtain new conditions for the asymptotic stability of equilibria for equations of the neutral type with bounded right-hand side. We present asymptotic stability tests that do not impose any a priori stability condition on the difference operator. A generalization of the Barbashin–Krasovskii theorem for nonmonotone indefinite Lyapunov functionals is proved for autonomous equations.
Fabrication of circular microfluidic channels through grayscale dual-projection lithography

Circular microfluidic channels are in great demand since they are more realistic in mimicking physiological flow systems, generating axis-symmetrical flow, and achieving uniform shear stress. A typical microchannel with rectangular cross section can induce non-physiological gradients of shear rate, pressure, and velocity. This paper presents a novel method of fabricating microfluidic channels with circular and elliptical cross sections through grayscale dual-projection lithography. Our method utilizes two projecting systems to expose grayscale image face-to-face and simultaneously polymerize the photocurable material. The cross-sectional profiles of the fabricated microchannels are consistent with mathematical predictions and, therefore, demonstrate the capability of controlling the channel shapes precisely. Customized circular microchannels can be generated with complex features such as junctions, bifurcations, hierarchies, and gradually changed diameters. This method is capable of fabricating circular channels with a wide range of diameters (39 μm–2 mm) as well as elliptical channels with a major-to-minor axis ratio up to 600%. Microfluidic devices with circular cross sections suitable for particle analysis were made as a demonstrative application in nanoparticle binding and distribution within a mimetic blood vessel. A ready-to-use microfluidic device with customized circular channels can be fabricated within 1 h without the need of clean room or expensive photolithography devices.
How Cells Can Control Their Size by Pumping Ions

The ability of all cells to set and regulate their size is a fundamental aspect of cellular physiology. It has been known for sometime but not widely so, that size stability in animal cells is dependent upon the operation of a sodium pump, through the so-called pump-leak mechanism (Tosteson & Hoffman, 1960). Impermeant molecules in cells establish an unstable osmotic condition, the Donnan effect, which is counteracted by the operation of a sodium pump, creating an asymmetry in the distribution of Na+ and K+ staving off water inundation. In this paper, which is in part a tutorial, I show how to model quantitatively the ion and water fluxes in a cell that determine the cell volume and membrane potential. The movement of water and ions is constrained by both osmotic and charge balance, and is driven by ion and voltage gradients and active ion transport. Transforming these constraints and forces into a set of coupled differential equations allows us to model how the ion distributions, volume and voltage change with time. I introduce an analytical solution to these equations that clarifies the influence of ion conductances, pump rates and water permeability in this multidimensional system. I show that the number of impermeant ions (x) and their average charge have a powerful influence on the distribution of ions and voltage in a cell. Moreover, I demonstrate that in a cell where the operation of active ion transport eliminates an osmotic gradient, the size of the cell is directly proportional to x. In addition, I use graphics to reveal how the physico-chemical constraints and chemical forces interact with one another in apportioning ions inside the cell. The form of model used here is applicable to all membrane systems, including mitochondria and bacteria, and I show how pumps other than the sodium pump can be used to stabilize cells. Cell biologists may think of electrophysiology as the exclusive domain of neuroscience, however the electrical effects of ion fluxes need to become an intimate part of cell biology if we are to understand a fundamental process like cell size regulation.
Contingent Faculty, Online Writing Instruction, and Professional Development in Technical and Professional Communication

ABSTRACTTechnical and professional communication (TPC) programs rely on contingent faculty to achieve their curricular mission. However, contingent faculty lack professional development opportunities. In this article, the author reports survey results (N = 91) and three cases studies that provide information on contingent faculty and their preparation for online teaching and then provides a three-step approach for TPC program administrators and faculty to follow so that programs can create sustainable professional development opportunities for contingent faculty to teach online.
Excited Markov Chain Monte Carlo MIMO detector with 8-antenna 802.11ac testbed demonstration

The development of low complexity, high performance spatial-multiplexing MIMO detectors continues to be an important area of research capable of increasing the spectral efficiency and capacity of wireless networks. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) detector has shown promise as a high performance method with low complexity growth. We present a solution to the high SNR stalling problems of previous MCMC detectors. Near-MAP performance is verified in simulation and in real-world measurements on an 8-antenna MIMO testbed using the 802.11ac WiFi protocol. This demonstration shows that the channel models predominantly used in the MCMC literature are too well-conditioned to provide an understanding of performance and complexity for indoor channels. Additional information is provided on the methods and techniques to match simulation to measurement and to construct a low cost and effective 8-antenna MIMO testbed.