cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marginal Mean Models for Dynamic Regimes.

A dynamic treatment regime is a list of rules for how the level of treatment will be tailored through time to an individual's changing severity. In general, individuals who receive the highest level of treatment are the individuals with the greatest severity and need for treatment. Thus, there is planned selection of the treatment dose. In addition to the planned selection mandated by the treatment rules, staff judgment results in unplanned selection of the treatment level. Given observational longitudinal data or data in which there is unplanned selection of the treatment level, the methodology proposed here allows the estimation of a mean response to a dynamic treatment regime under the assumption of sequential randomization.
Electron microscopy studies of precipitation processes in near-equiatomic TiNi shape memory alloys

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy studies based on pervious data obtained from optical microscopy observations were made of precipitation processes in Ti-50at.%Ni and Ti-52at.%Ni shape memory alloys which had been systematically aged. The precipitation sequence is consistent with previous results obtained using conventional metallographic techniques. Morphological and crystallographic characteristics of the various precipitate phases are described in detail.
Multi-Attribute Structural Optimization Based on Conjoint Analysis

Over the last 30 years, there have been tremendous advances in multidisciplinary design optimization techniques to find optimum solutions. Advances have come in areas such as reducing computational cost, developing algorithms for efficient sensitivity analysis, using function approximations, etc. Most of these efforts assumed a single objective function (attribute) and a multitude of constraints. The focus of this paper involves the designer preferences in the multidisciplinary design optimization. The concept of modeling preferences among multi-attribute alternatives is prevalent in consumer product marketing. In this paper, we adopt conjoint analysis, a popular technique used in marketing to assess consumer preferences. This technique is used to obtain part-worths of the attributes, which provide insightful knowledge of the product under study, and which are further used to create new products in the market. This paper presents integration of conjoint analysis and multidisciplinary design optimization applications. A cantilever beam, a fixed plate, and a composite lightweight torpedo are used as examples.
Analysis, characterization, and purification: requirements for toxicological evaluation of 1,4-dithiane

Abstract 1,4-Dithiane is an organo-sulfur chemical associated with production and storage of munitions. Toxicological evaluation of this chemical was scheduled in rats because of the paucity of such information. Prerequisite for the evaluation was the development of gas chromatographic proedures using flame ionization detection to determine the purity of the test chemical and to certify the concentration and stability of the chemical in the dosage form, sesame oil. Mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry procedures are described for assessing the structural character and purity of the test chemical. A procedure for the purification of the test chemical and data concerning its solubility in various solvents are also presented.
The validity of conclusions in evaluation research: A further development of Chen and Rossi's theory-driven approach

Abstract The classical concepts of internal and external validity are explicated with causal models to illustrate the requirements of using a theoretically based model for enhancing the internal and external validity of conclusions drawn from program evaluation studies. Causal models are further used to explicate the utility of incorporating measures pertaining to the rationale or theory of a program into the analysis of data. The implications of random and correlated measurement error for drawing conclusions from models of program effects are explored, again using causal models with unmeasured variables. Corrections for measurement error impose more demanding data requirements in the form of multiple indicators for each dimension or construct incorporated into the analysis, but the omission of such corrections for flaws in measures allows for potentially misleading conclusions ostensibly supported by the empirical data. The general conclusion is that despite the more demanding requirements of the modelling strategy, it promises a greater yield of policy relevant conclusions than do evaluation designs in the “black box” tradition.
Picrosirius red staining of cardiac muscle following phosphomolybdic acid treatment

When the picrosirius red technique was applied to cardiac muscle sections, intense yellow myocyte staining sometimes obscured thin collagenous septa. The picrosirius red technique was modified to include treatment of the sections in 0.2% (w/v) aqueous phosphomolybdic acid prior to staining. With 1-5 min treatment, cytoplasmic staining was eradicated; diminution of collagen staining occurred only with long treatments at much higher concentrations of phosphomolybdic acid. Using this phosphomolybdic acid-picrosirius red technique, collagenous septa as thin as 0.2-0.5 micron and fine collagen fibers making up the septa were clearly discernible. The technique also worked well on sections stained by other techniques and then destained. The phosphomolybdic acid-picrosirius red technique should be useful in experiments designed to investigate the effects of collagen distribution on the electrical and mechanical behavior of cardiac muscle.
The Liberal Moment: Women and Just Debate in South Africa, 1994–1996

This article investigates the extent of women's participation in South African public debate during the Government of National Unity, a two-year period beginning with the country's first non-racial elections of 1994 and ending with the signing of the Constitution in 1996. The new democratic government established basic rights enabling all citizens, regardless of race or gender, to engage in public debate. Were women able to take advantage of this opportunity? What factors advanced or impeded their progress? The first section of the article draws upon analyses of deliberative democracy to construct a model for assessing women's participation in public debate. Part two evaluates the justness of South African debate in four arenas of civic performance, action and argument at three geographic levels. The article argues that the liberal moment in South African politics was dominated by a state that prompted significant institutional reform, dramatically opening the South African public sphere. Nevertheless, se...
Dextromethorphan and dextrorphan as calcium channel antagonists.

Abstract Dextromethorphan and dextrorphan, which reduce excitatory amino acid-induced neurotoxicity, decreased K + depolarization-evoked 45 Ca 2+ uptake into brain synaptosomes and cultured neural (PC12) cells. Half-maximal inhibition of synaptosomal 45 Ca 2+ uptake occurred with 48 μM dextromethorphan or 200 μM dextrorphan, which are similar to concentrations associated with protection from excitotoxicity. The ability to decrease Ca 2+ flux through N-type (synaptosomal) and L-type (PC12) voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels may therefore contribute to the neuroprotective effects of these compounds.
A coordinate ascent approach to tomographic reconstruction of label images from a few projections

Our aim is to produce a tessellation of space into small voxels and, based on only a few tomographic projections of an object, assign to each voxel a label from a small predetermined set that indicates one of the components of interest constituting the object. Traditional methods are not reliable due to, among other reasons, the low number of projections. We postulate a low level prior knowledge regarding the underlying distribution of label images, and then directly estimate a label image based on the prior and the projections. We use a coordinate ascent approach for the estimation.
Monocyte Differentiation, Activation, and Mycobacterial Killing Are Linked to Transsulfuration-dependent Redox Metabolism

Modulation of the ambient redox status by mononuclear phagocytes is central to their role in health and disease. However, little is known about the mechanism of redox regulation during mononuclear phagocyte differentiation and activation, critical cellular steps in innate immunity, and microbial clearance. An important intermediate in GSH-based redox metabolism is homocysteine, which can undergo transmethylation via methionine synthase (MS) or transsulfuration via cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). The transsulfuration pathway generates cysteine, the limiting reagent in GSH biosynthesis. We now demonstrate that expression of CBS and MS are strongly induced during differentiation of human monocytes and are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, respectively. The changes in enzyme expression are paralleled by an ∼150% increase in S-adenosylmethionine (accompanied by a corresponding increase in phospholipid methylation) and a similar increase in GSH. Activation with lipopolysachharide or infection with Mycobacterium smegmatis diminished expression of both enzymes to a significant extent and decreased S-adenosylmethionine concentration by ∼30% of the control value while GSH and cysteine concentrations increased ∼100 and 300%, respectively. Blockade of the transsulfuration pathway with propargylglycine suppressed clearance of M. smegmatis by macrophages and inhibited phagolysosomal fusion, whereas N-acetylcysteine promoted phagolysosomal fusion and enhanced mycobacterial clearance 3-fold compared with untreated cells. We posit that regulation of the transsulfuration pathway during monocyte differentiation, activation, and infection can boost host defense against invading pathogens and may represent a heretofore unrecognized antimicrobial therapeutic target.
Recent health insurance trends for US families: Children gain while parents lose

In the past decade, political and economic changes in the United States (US) have affected health insurance coverage for children and their parents. Most likely these policies have differentially affected coverage patterns for children (versus parents) and for low-income (versus high-income) families. We aimed to examine—qualitatively and quantitatively—the impact of changing health insurance coverage on US families. Primary data from interviews with Oregon families (2008–2010) were analyzed using an iterative process. Qualitative findings guided quantitative analyses of secondary data from the nationally-representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (1998–2009); we used Joinpoint Regression to assess average annual percent changes (AAPC) in health insurance trends, examining child and parent status and type of coverage stratified by income. Interviewees reported that although children gained coverage, parents lost coverage. MEPS analyses confirmed this trend; the percentage of children uninsured all year decreased from 9.6 % in 1998 to 6.1 % in 2009; AAPC = −3.1 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] from −5.1 to −1.0), while the percentage of parents uninsured all year rose from 13.6 % in 1998 to 17.1 % in 2009, AAPC = 2.7 % (95 % CI 1.8–3.7). Low-income families experienced the most significant changes in coverage. Between 1998 and 2009, as US children gained health insurance, their parents lost coverage. Children’s health is adversely affected when parents are uninsured. Investigation beyond children’s coverage rates is needed to understand how health insurance policies and changing health insurance coverage trends are impacting children’s health.
Effect of phenobarbital induction, charcoal treatment and storage on the spectral binding characteristics and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity of hepatic microsomes

In the current study we examined this question by removing the residual phenobarbital from microsomes with charcoal. We found that the addition of ethylmorphine to this preparation gave a reverse type I difference binding spectrum and also markedly reduced the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity
Hoabinhian: A Pebble-Tool Complex with Early Plant Associations in Southeast Asia

The term "Hoabinhian" has been applied to "mesolithic" assemblages from all parts of mainland Southeast Asia. Recent excavation in north Thailand has yielded the first associated carbon-14 dates and provided evidence for the early (about 7000 B. C.) domestication of plants in Southeast Asia.
The pre-history of Kenneth Arrow's social choice and individual values

The purpose of this article is to give an historical sense of the intellectual developments that determined the form and content of Kenneth Arrow's path-breaking work published in 1951. One aspect deals with personal influences that helped shape Arrow's own thinking. A second aspect is concerned with the early history of the general theory of relations, which is mainly centered in the nineteenth century, and also with the essentially independent modern development of the axiomatic method in the same time period. Arrow's use of general binary relations and of axiomatic methods to ground, in a clear mathematical way, his impossibility theorem marks a turning point in welfare economics, and, more generally, in mathematical economics.
A Clinical Analysis and Follow-Up Study of Five Hundred and Two Cases of Carcinoma of the Lung*

SUMMARY An otherwise fatal disease, primary carcinoma of the lung, can be satisfactorily treated by surgical removal of the entire organ. Surgical measures short of total pneumonectomy are not efficacious. Postoperative mortality and longevity are at least as good as, if not better than, the postoperative results following the surgical treatment of carcinoma of other organs.
A maximum property of Cauchy's problem for the wave operator

The first maximum property of Cauchy's problem for a class of linear hyperbolic equations of second order was formulated by WEINBERG~R [11] for the case of two independent variables. Further results for Cauchy's problem, in the case of two independent variables, have been obtained by PROTTER [6] and GLOISTEHN [5]. In the case of more than two independent variables, WEINSTE~ [13; 14] was the first to obtain a maximum property of an initial value problem for a class of linear partial differential equations of second order that contains the wave equation. WEINSTEIN'S formulation of a maximum property of Cauchy's problem for the wave equation has been extended by CARROLL [1] to equations that admit distribution valued solutions and by WEINBERGER [12] and the author [8; 9; 10] to hyperbolic operators with variable coefficients. The main purpose of this paper is to establish the following maximum property of Cauchy's problem for the wave operator L,
Analysis of Escherichia coli O157 clinical isolates by multilocus sequence typing

Background Although many strain typing methods exist for pathogenic Escherichia coli, most have drawbacks in terms of resolving power, interpretability, or scalability. For this reason, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is an appealing alternative especially when applied to the typing of temporal and spatially separated isolates. This method relies on an unambiguous DNA sequence analysis of nucleotide polymorphisms in housekeeping genes and has shown a high degree of intraspecies discriminatory power for bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells predict coronary artery disease severity.

Background Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may play an important role in the body's defense against atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown an association between EPC numbers and the presence of traditional coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors. The relationship between EPC numbers and the severity of atherosclerosis is, however, not known. Methods EPC counts were measured by quantitative cell culture in 122 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The association between patients' EPC count and the presence of multivessel CAD and traditional cardiac risk factors was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results The median age of the study population was 58 years; 37% had multivessel CAD, 29% had diabetes, and 14% had myocardial infarction this admission. EPC counts did not vary significantly with most established cardiac risk factors but were lower in diabetics versus nondiabetics and trended toward lower numbers in older patients. EPC count was the second strongest predictor of multivessel CAD, after patient age. Patients with multivessel disease had significantly lower EPC counts than those without (median, 3 vs 13; P P Conclusion This study demonstrates an inverse relationship between circulating EPCs and CAD severity, independent of traditional risk factors. If confirmed in ongoing studies, this may represent an important new diagnostic and therapeutic target for coronary disease treatment.
Evaluation of ureterointestinal anastomosis: Wallace vs Bricker.

Purpose: There are no published reports to our knowledge comparing the complication rates of the 2 most frequently used ureterointestinal anastomoses. We compared the Bricker method vs the Wallace method in terms of stricture rate.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of the cystectomy database at our institution covering 1997 to 2003 was conducted. Patients were reviewed in terms of type of anastomosis, stricture formation, intervention, radiation therapy, type of diversion, operating room time, sex and age.Results: A total of 237 patients at our institution underwent cystectomy during the time evaluated. Of these patients, 33 had incomplete data, 2 were anephric and did not require diversion, and 4 patients underwent LeDuc anastomosis. These patients were excluded from analysis, leaving 198 patients, 86 (43%) undergoing Bricker and 112 (56%) undergoing Wallace. Bricker anastomoses were considered 2 anastomotic units while Wallace anastomoses were considered a single unit. Therefore, there were 1...
Networking at 60 GHz: The emergence of multiGigabit wireless

The large swathes of unlicensed spectrum available worldwide at 60 GHz offer the potential for an order of magnitude increase in wireless link speeds, to multiGigabit rates, relative to current technology. Oxygen absorption and rain attenuation bound the attainable range outdoors using this band, while blockage by walls and furniture limits the range indoors. However, these are the same features that make 60 GHz ideally suited for short-range networks with aggressive spatial reuse, both indoors (with link ranges of the order of 10 meters) and outdoors (with link ranges of the order of 100 meters). With the rapid scaling of silicon processes, low-cost CMOS implementations for 60 GHz radios are becoming available. However, the design of commercially viable multiGigabit networks based on such radios must account for the unique physical attributes of “millimeter wave” communication, and often requires a drastic rethinking of design guidelines established for wireless networking at lower carrier frequencies. In this paper, we give a flavor of the technical issues involved through an overview of a subset of our recent research in this area, including modeling and design of indoor 60 GHz networks, interference analysis for outdoor 60 GHz mesh networks and its implication for medium access control design, and analysis and prototyping of spatial multiplexing in line-of-sight indoor channels.
Remote-Raman Spectroscopy at Intermediate Ranges Using Low-Power cw Lasers

A portable Raman system is described that has been developed for line-of-site spectral measurements of remotely located samples at intermediate ranges. Raman spectra were measured at distances up to 20 m with the use of a 40-mm-diameter collection optic (f/500) and at 16.7 m with a 22-mm-diameter collection optic (f/750). In all cases, low-power cw lasers were used with powers ranging from 23 to 100 mW. The system consists of a small f/4 image-corrected spectrograph with a liquid-nitrogen-cooled CCD detector and has been demonstrated with both an argon-ion laser, emitting at 488 nm, and an 809-nm diode laser. Applications of the system include monitoring of organic and inorganic compounds at toxic waste sites during remediation, process monitoring, and remote detection of highly toxic materials.
On the Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations in general relativity

We introduce a new formulation of the Oppenheimer‐Volkoff (O‐V) equations, a system of ordinary differential equations that models the interior of a star in general relativity, and we use this to give a completely rigorous mathematical analysis of solutions. In particular, we prove that, under mild assumptions on the equation of state, black holes never form in solutions of the O‐V equations. As a corollary, this implies that the portion of the empty‐space Schwarzschild solution inside the Schwarzschild radius cannot be obtained as a limit of O‐V solutions having non‐zero density. We also prove that if the density ρ at radius r is ever larger than \(\frac{3}{4\pi}\frac{M(r)}{r^3},\) where M(r) is the total mass inside radius r, then M must become negative for some positive radius. We interpret M 0 implies that the pressure tends to infinity before r=0.
Long-range allosteric transitions in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase plays a key role in both pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis by catalyzing the production of carbamoyl phosphate from one molecule of bicarbonate, two molecules of MgATP, and one molecule of glutamine. The enzyme from Escherichia coli consists of two polypeptide chains referred to as the small and large subunits, which contain a total of three separate active sites that are connected by an intramolecular tunnel. The small subunit harbors one of these active sites and is responsible for the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia. The large subunit binds the two required molecules of MgATP and is involved in assembling the final product. Compounds such as L-ornithine, UMP, and IMP allosterically regulate the enzyme. Here, we report the three-dimensional structure of a site-directed mutant protein of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from E. coli, where Cys 248 in the small subunit was changed to an aspartate. This residue was targeted for a structural investigation because previous studies demonstrated that the partial glutaminase activity of the C248D mutant protein was increased 40-fold relative to the wild-type enzyme, whereas the formation of carbamoyl phosphate using glutamine as a nitrogen source was completely abolished. Remarkably, although Cys 248 in the small subunit is located at ∼100 A from the allosteric binding pocket in the large subunit, the electron density map clearly revealed the presence of UMP, although this ligand was never included in the purification or crystallization schemes. The manner in which UMP binds to carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is described.
Ability of surface-active antioxidants to inhibit lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsion.

Lipid oxidation in dispersed lipids is prevalent at the oil–water interface where lipid hydroperoxides are decomposed into free radicals by transition metals. Free radical scavenging antioxidants are believed to be most effective in lipid dispersions when they accumulate at the oil–water interface. The surface activity of antioxidants could be increased by their conjugation to hydrocarbon chains. In this study, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) was conjugated with either a butyl or dodecyl group. The HPA conjugates were more effective at decreasing interfacial tension than unconjugated HPA, indicating that they were able to adsorb at lipid−water interfaces. However, free HPA was a more effective antioxidant than butyl and dodecyl conjugates in Menhaden oil-in-water emulsions as determined by both lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The increased antioxidant activity of free HPA could be due to its more effective free radcial scavenging activity and its higher concentration in ...
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD: Targeting Executive Dysfunction

Solanto, Introduction. Therapist Guide. Solanto, The Adult with ADHD and the Development of the Treatment Program. Solanto, Marks, Wasserstein, Diagnostic Evaluation of ADHD in Adults. Solanto, Marks, Wasserstein, How to Be a Successful Therapist: A Guide to Substance and Style. Solanto, Marks, Wasserstein, Mitchell, Profiles of Patient Response to the Treatment: Tailoring Therapy to Individual Cases. Wasserstein, Solanto, Marks, Modifying the Treatment for Use in Individual Therapy. Marks, Evidence Base for Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Treatment Manual. Resources.
Putting communities of practice in their place

The study of language, gender, and sexuality has enthusiastically embraced the concept community of practice. Now the field needs to take the concept further in two directions: (1) The comparative direction examines different but similar kinds of communities of practice to explore generalizations about how practice contributes to the linguistic construction of gender and sexuality; (2) The relational direction locates communities of practice in relation to a world beyond – to other communities of practice, to social networks, to institutions (e.g. schools, churches, prisons), and to more global imagined communities (e.g. nations, women). For each direction, we mention exemplary studies, emphasizing that the construct community of practice does not offer new analytic units or replace other concepts, but provides fresh perspectives on familiar social units and enriches analyses drawing on other analytic concepts. Only an interdisciplinary research community where researchers connect their work can put communities of practice in their proper place.
Identification of two functionally different calcium stores in atrial myocytes

SESSION 25: CASES III: Hereditary Arrhythmogenic Disorders Thursday, May 5, 2005 4:30 p.m.–6:00 p.m.
Power subsystem for Skylab radiometer/scatterometer/altimer experiment

Spacecraft electrical systems must satisfy a demand for short duration pulses and long term or dc levels as the spacecrafts electronic equipment is operated. During these operational periods, the spacecraft bus undergoes wide variations in power demand which can cause voltage fluctuations and out of specification conditions to occur if adequate design provisions are not incorporated. This paper describes the power subsystem of the Radiometer/Scatterometer/Altimeter Experiment for Skylab 1, and the design implemented to provide a high quality bus to supply widely varying power demands. Some of the load conditions considered include initial turn-on of power and the associated inrush current; low frequency operation of a traveling wave tube; bursts of calibration pulses; periodic high power radar pulsing; waveguide switch operation; antenna gimbal slewing; and heater control circuitry to provide constant temperature. Power processing circuits are also discussed, including a pulse-width modulated voltage regulator, dc-to-dc conversion for isolation, and additional converters to provide various voltage levels.
Noise Analysis of Photoconductive Terahertz Detectors

The noise performance of photoconductive terahertz detectors is analyzed and the tradeoff between low-noise and high-responsivity operation of photoconductive detectors is investigated as a function of device parameters and operational settings. The analysis is conducted on two general photoconductive detector architectures, symmetrically pumped and asymmetrically pumped photoconductive detector architectures. The results indicate that the highest signal-to-noise ratios are offered by the symmetrically pumped and asymmetrically pumped detector architectures for the photoconductive detectors based on short-carrier lifetime and long-carrier lifetime semiconductors, respectively.
Observations on the Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow in Complete Heart Block

The simultaneous effects of right ventricular pacing on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cardiac function in complete heart block have not been reported. Catheters in the jugular bulb, right ventricle, and pulmonary and brachial arteries of five patients, aged 49 to 78 years, allowed studies at initial rates of 30 to 40 and during the tenth minute of pacing at 60, 70, 90, and 100 per minute. Mean initial cardiac output (CO) was 2.8 L per minute and increased 29% to 3.6 at a rate of 60 per minute (P<0.01). Simultaneous mean control CBF was also low, but rose to 118% of control with pacing (P<0.05). Systemic, cerebral, and pulmonary vascular resistances declined with these increases in flow as the elevated mean venous and arterial pressures remained stable. Mean arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions and pH were normal at all rates. The parameters measured were not materially altered by pacing at rates above 60 per minute. The changes in CBF were well correlated with those of CO (r=0.81, P<0.01) and unrel...
Absolute Determination of Spins of Neutron Resonances and the Hyperfine Coupling Constant in Er-167

The spins of the four lowest neutron resonances in ${\mathrm{Er}}^{167}$ have been determined by measuring the transmission of polarized neutrons through a sample of polarized erbium nuclei. The determination of the spins depends solely on the transmission effect and is independent of any assumption about the sign of the nuclear magnetic moment or the direction of the effective field at the target nuclei. The spins were found to be $J=I+\frac{1}{2}=4$ for the 0.460-eV resonance and $J=I\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}=3$ for the resonances at 0.584, 6.10, and 9.6 eV. The nuclear polarization of the sample, obtained as function of the sample temperature at a fixed energy, was fitted to a theoretical curve, using the magnetic and electric hyperfine splitting constants as fitting parameters. The values found for the magnetic and electric hfs constants are, respectively, $\frac{A}{k}=\ensuremath{-}0.085\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and $\frac{P}{k}=\ensuremath{-}0.005\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Taking the nuclear magnetic moment of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{167}$ to be $\ensuremath{-}0.56{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, the corresponding effective magnetic field at the nucleus is 7.26 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{6}$Oe.
Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells

In this report, we review studies of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T-reg). Although lagging a few years behind the discovery of these cells in the mouse, the equivalent population of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells has also been isolated from human peripheral blood, thymus, lymph nodes and cord blood. In general, the characteristics of this T cell subset are strikingly similar between mouse and man. In the recent explosion of research reports on human CD4+CD25+ cells, although the majority of the characteristics ascribed to these cells appear to be consistent, contrasting results have been found primarily in regards to potential involvement of TGFbeta and production of IL-10. One explanation for this variability may reside in the fact that markedly different techniques are used to isolate human CD4+CD25+ T-reg cells and thus may result in the comparison of T-reg populations that differ in cellular composition and/or activation state. Another potential explanation for differences in human T-reg function may rest on the extreme variability of the culture conditions and TCR stimuli that have been used to test the functional properties of these cells in vitro. The strength of the TCR signal provided to the culture greatly affects the functional outcome of the co-culture and can result in the difference between suppression and full activation. Surprisingly, it appears that stronger stimulation has a greater and more rapid effect on the T-resp cell than on the T-reg cell as it causes T-resp cells to quickly become resistant to suppression. Thus, the details of in vitro culture conditions may at least partially account for disparate findings in regard to the functional characterization of human CD4+CD25+ cells. Here we review the evidence regarding the identification of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and their possible mechanism(s) of function.
A comparison between children who stutter and their normally fluent peers on a story retelling task

Narratives produced during a story-retelling task by 12 children who stutter and matched normally fluent peers were compared. Each narrative was analyzed for inclusion of story grammar components and level of sophistication. Additionally, the narratives produced by the children who stuttered were analyzed to determine the existence of a relationship between stuttering frequency and level of sophistication of the narrative. There were no significant group differences in the narratives and a weak relationship between narrative complexity and stuttering frequency. Qualitative analysis of the narratives revealed three subgroups of children who stutter, indicating that for some of these children, subtle language impairment may be a component of the fluency disorder.
Eμ/Sμ transposition into Myc is sometimes a precursor for T(12;15) translocation in mouse B cells

Misguided immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR) has been implicated in the origin of Myc-activating chromosomal translocations, T(12;15), in BALB/c mouse plasmacytomas (PCTs). CSR has also been involved in the progression of T(12;15); for example, the approximation of Myc to the 3'-C alpha enhancer. This study provides evidence for an additional mechanism by which aberrant CSR may facilitate T(12;15): transposition of Ig heavy-chain (IgH) sequences to Myc. Five IgH transposons containing the intronic heavy-chain enhancer, E mu, and a truncated switch mu region, S mu, were found in the first intron of Myc in lymph node cells of IL-6 transgenic BALB/c mice. In two cases E mu/S mu transposition primed Myc to get involved in apparent trans-chromosomal CSR to C gamma 1, presumably leading to T(12;15). Translocations preceded by E mu/S mu transposition can sometimes be distinguished from de novo translocations by molecular fingerprints in translocation breakpoint regions (Ig switch region [S] inversions and unusual gene orders in composite S regions). The presence of such fingerprints in some PCTs suggests that the tumors sometimes evolve from transposition-bearing precursors. We propose that E mu/S mu transposition to Myc may facilitate plasmacytomagenesis by sensitizing Myc to undergo T(12;15) translocation. T(12;15), in turn, juxtaposes Myc to the 3'-C alpha enhancer, which appears to be required for deregulating Myc in a manner that is conducive to PCT development.
Clinical significance of lymph vessel density in T3 colorectal carcinoma

The purpose of the present study is to characterise the lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in the T3 colorectal carcinoma and to correlate it with N status, grading and presence of tumour budding. A total of 56 cases of T3 colorectal carcinoma were retrieved from the pathology’s archive of Klinikum Augsburg. All slides were stained immunohistochemically with D2-40 (lymphatic endothelium) and with pancytokeratin to assess the tumour budding. Tumour budding and lymph vessel density were investigated independently by BM and CC. The highest density of lymphatic vessels was counted both in tumour centre (ILVD) and at the periphery of the tumour (PLVD) within an area of 0.24 mm2. Due to the strong intra-observer (BM and CC) difference in ILVD and PLVD, all cases were re-evaluated establishing a consensus that has been used for the further analyses. There was a significant difference between PLVD and ILVD (12 ± 4 versus 6 ± 3; P < 0.001). Moreover, we found a non-significant trend towards high PLVD in the cases with nodal metastasis versus the negative one, 13 ± 5/hpf versus 11 ± 4 (P = 0.072). There was no association between tumour budding and ILVD and PLVD (P = 0.249 and 0.38). Colorectal carcinoma induces lymphangiogenesis. A higher PLVD could increase the capability of cancer cell to invade the lymphatic system. However, the obvious difficulties in immunohistochemical evaluation and the rather small differences between nodal positive and negative cases in T3 colorectal cancer seem to limit the clinical value of LVD evaluation.
Validation of Spanish version of Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) patient symptom scale

Abstract Objectives To translate the previously described Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) questionnaire into Spanish using a back-translation technique and to validate the Spanish version in a group of bilingual women with symptoms consistent with interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome. Methods Bilingual women with complaints of urinary urgency/frequency and/or pelvic pain were randomized to complete initially either the Spanish version or the original English version of the PUF questionnaire followed by the questionnaire in the other language. To evaluate retest reliability, subjects completed the Spanish version a second time 1 week later. Demographic information, including age, ethnic origin, and primary language, was obtained. Paired t tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests for total PUF score, its two domain scores, and each item were used to assess the difference between the Spanish and English versions. Test and retest reliability of the Spanish version was similarly assessed. Agreement between the Spanish and English versions was assessed by weighted kappa statistics and 95% confidence intervals for each item. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant, and kappa values greater than 0.7 were considered to indicate good agreement. Results No statistically significant difference was found in the mean or median scores (ie, item, symptom, bother, total) between the English and Spanish versions. Good agreement between English and Spanish versions in all eight items was demonstrated by weighted kappa statistics. The Spanish version demonstrated retest reliability among total scores and seven of eight items when administered 1 week later. Conclusions The Spanish PUF questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for the evaluation and treatment of patients with interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome.
The Vortex Principle: Systems Engineering with a Twist

Many models have been used to describe the processes that engineers should be following to provide effective engineering solutions for today's problems. Each model has drawn attention to the fact that engineering requires a disciplined approach to problem resolution. However, these models are failing to capture the concepts of information abstraction as it applies toward effective system decomposition. Appropriate application of abstract reasoning, however, is necessary for effective communication of a system definition. This paper presents an engineering process model that depicts the iterative flow of requirements and design along a vortex that follows an appropriate breakdown of abstracted system components.
Optimum number of kanbans between two adjacent workstations in a JIT system

Abstract Just-in-Time (JIT) production is a philosophy that calls for reducing work-in-process (WIP) inventory to aid process improvement and reduce process variability. The basic idea of JIT production is to produce the right amount of product at the right time. Unfortunately JIT production has been misinterpreted by some as a method that can achieve zero or minimal WIP with a lot size of one. There are no models or theories to achieve the JIT goals and, in particular, to help determine when and where to maintain this minimal inventory. A kanban system acts as the nerve of a JIT production system whose functions are to direct materials just-in-time to workstations in stages of manufacturing, and to pass information as what and how much to produce for workstations in the preceding stage. Indeed, the number of kanbans between two adjacent workstations decides the inventory level of that pair of workstations. With the objective to minimize WIP inventory level, one model dealing with two cases of production configuration is developed for deciding the optimum number of kanbans between two adjacent workstations. One case is for the one station to one station configuration (see Section 3 for explanation). The other case is for the multiple station to one station configuration. This model is then solved using a Markov Process approach. The reason for using a Markov process is that we consider the demand of finished products and the production rates of stations as stochastic processes with exponential distribution. In this paper, the model and solution procedure are detailed along with numerical examples.
Domain decomposition based coupling between the lattice Boltzmann method and traditional CFD methods-Part I: Formulation and application to the 2-D Burgers' equation

The lattice Boltzmann method is being increasingly employed in the field of computational fluid dynamics due to its computational efficiency. Floating-point operations in the lattice Boltzmann method involve local data and therefore allow easy cache optimization and parallelization. Due to this, the cache-optimized lattice Boltzmann method has superior computational performance over traditional finite difference methods for solving unsteady flow problems. When solving steady flow problems, the explicit nature of the lattice Boltzmann discretization limits the time step size and therefore the efficiency of the lattice Boltzmann method for steady flows. To quantify the computational performance of the lattice Boltzmann method for steady flows, a comparison study between the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the alternating direction implicit (ADI) method was performed using the 2-D steady Burgers' equation. The comparison study showed that the LBM performs comparatively poor on high-resolution meshes due to smaller time step sizes, while on coarser meshes where the time step size is similar for both methods, the cache-optimized LBM performance is superior. Because flow domains can be discretized with multiblock grids consisting of coarse and fine grid blocks, the cache-optimized LBM can be applied on the coarse grid block while the traditional implicit methods are applied on the fine grid blocks. This paper finds the coupled cache-optimized lattice Boltzmann-ADI method to be faster by a factor of 4.5 over the traditional methods while maintaining similar accuracy.
HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN A RARE AND INTRODUCED OENOTHERA ALONG THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST

Abstract Interspecific hybridization has increasingly become regarded as a serious threat to the genetic integrity and persistence of rare plants. Oenothera glazioviana (Onagraceae) is a horticultural species that has escaped cultivation and now threatens the narrow Pacific coastal endemic O. wolfii with hybridization. Reports of morphologically intermediate and ecologically aggressive forms prompted this investigation into the extent of hybridization over the range of O. wolfii. In particular, this study identifies populations of pure and hybrid origins. We used multivariate methods to characterize the morphological variation of Oregon and northern California coastal Oenothera populations. Putatively pure O. wolfii and O. glazioviana individuals do not overlap in many floral characteristics. We found morphologies ranging between the 2 species in northern California populations, however, supporting the inference of hybridization. Remote O. wolfii populations in Oregon were smaller in almost all characters...
Pseudostatistical analysis of LSI circuits

A method for simulating statistical circuit performance that uses process parameters as input variables, will be covered.
Jump-diffusion algorithm for multiple target recognition using laser radar range data

Many automatic target recognition ~ATR! algorithms are intimately tied to the particular sensor they are designed for, and are not readily adapted to other kinds of sensors. Grenander’s pattern theory seeks a conceptual separation between the underlying representation of a scene, the sensors used to observe that scene, and the algorithm used to perform inference using the underlying representation and the sensor model. In this paradigm, a hypothesized scene, simulated from the characteristics of the hypothesized scene elements, is compared to the collected data by a likelihood function based on sensor statistics. The likelihood is combined with prior knowledge to form a Bayesian posterior distribution. One can explore different algorithms that exploit the same underlying representation and sensor model to determine which algorithm is the most efficient. Similarly, by employing a common representation, a particular algorithm designed for one sensor may be readily modified to employ another sensor ~either instead of or in addition to the original sensor! by just inserting the new sensor model. In Ref. 4, we presented an algorithm for patterntheoretic inference of forward-looking IR ~FLIR! scenes. The logical and computational engine of the algorithm is built around a jump-diffusion process, which provides the dynamic flexibility to accommodate scenes of differing complexity. An ATR algorithm must have continuous and discrete aspects, since discovering the number of objects in a scene and recognizing their types is fundamentally different than deducing their orientations and positions. The ‘‘jump’’ and ‘‘diffusion’’ components respectively handle the discrete and continuous aspects of this search. The implemented jump-diffusion process may
The influence of dose fractionation on acute and late reactions in patients with postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast

The clinical courses of 418 patients with breast carcinoma who received postradical-mastectomy radiation therapy to the internal mammary and supraclavicular are were revied in order to determine the normal tissue tolerance with various time-dose fractionation radiation regimens. Four different dose fractionation schedules wereemplyed during the period 1958-1968 at Memorial Hospital: 4900 rads/10f/32d; 4410 rads/9f/30d; 5000 rads/13f/18d; and 4600 rads/20f/28d. There was no difference in the acute reaction or local recurrence rate of the tumor in the irradiated area among the four fractionation schemes, but the late effects were quite different. Patients who received 4900 rads in 10 fractions in 32 days had a 33% incidence of subcutaneous fibrosis.A similiar dose in 13 fractions in 21/2-3 weeks resulted in about 17% subcutaneous fibrosis. No significance of these clinical findings is discussed in relation to the various formulae currently being used to express time-dose equivalence.
The Transformation of Political Institutions: Investments in Institutional Resources and Gradual Change in the National Party Committees

Institutional theorists have made major progress in recent years examining gradual processes of endogenous institutional change. Building on this line of theorizing, this article highlights an often overlooked source of incremental change in political institutions: investments in institutional resources. Unlike path-dependent processes, which are relatively open at the front end and relatively closed at the back end, resource investments made in one period serve to widen an institution's path and enhance its capacity to undertake a broader range of activities in subsequent periods. Drawn out over time, these investments can gradually transform institutional operations and purposes. To illustrate these dynamics, this article reconsiders the transformation of the national party committees into “parties in service” to their candidates. The most influential theoretical explanation for this change is supplied by actor-centered functionalist accounts that either ignore the parties' institutional forms or treat them as mere reflections of actors' preferences. As an alternative, I suggest that investments in two types of institutional resources—human resources and information assets—were integral to the process through which each party changed. Piecemeal investments in these resources gradually enabled each national party committee to provide a wider range of campaign services to its candidates, thereby producing ostensibly new “functions” over time. Though the process of institutional change unfolded at very different times in each party, the same dynamics were on display in both cases.