cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Pinching in Electron-Hole Plasma

A different kind of current pinching than the familiar Bennett pinch effect has been observed in the electron-hole plasma formed in InSb. The new type of pinching is controlled by temperature rather than pressure. It is initiated by the Bennett pinch effect but dominates conduction immediately after the onset of pinching. The necessary critical condition for the onset of this thermal pinch is that the power into the pinch channel less the heat conduction loss be greater than zero. The radii of eight pinch channels have been measured and found to be an order of magnitude smaller than previously thought (\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ cm). The density within the pinches exceeds ${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and the plasma becomes hot enough to cause melting of the lattice within the channel (M.P.=808\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K).
Stress Factors and Community College Deans: The Stresses of Their Role Identified:

Community college deans responded to a national survey about their perception of stress, using a 41-item stress inventory. Using principal components factor analysis, nine stress factors were identified. Detailed information about the items in each stress factor, including general characteristics, is included. Demographic characteristics of community college deans were identified.
ON BOGOLIUBOV'S KINETIC EQUATION FOR A SPATIALLY HOMOGENEOUS PLASMA

Abstract An integral equation, proposed by Bogoliubov, to determine the time development of the velocity distribution of a spatially homogeneous plasma is considered. It is shown that the time derivative of the velocity distribution can be expressed explicitly in terms of the distribution itself. The resulting kinetic equation has all the required properties, in particular, it satisfies the K -theorem. By means of an excellent approximation it can be reduced to that derived by Landau.
Lorentz angle studies for the SLD endcap Cherenkov Ring Imaging detector

Abstract In the endcaps of the Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detectors for SLD, photoelectrons drift under the influence of crossed electric and magnetic fields. The geometry of the encap design is closely coupled to the Lorentz angle in the chosen drift gas. In this report, we present recent measurements of Lorentz angles and drift velocities in gases suitable for the CRID photon detectors. We compare these measurements to predictions from a theoretical model; good agreement is observed. Based on our results we present a design for detectors operating in a 0.6 T transverse magnetic field.
On the throughput scaling of Cognitive Radio ad hoc networks

Due to the emergence of Cognitive Radio, a special type of heterogeneous networks attracts increasing interest recently, in which a secondary network composed of cognitive users shares the same resources opportunistically with a primary network of licensed users. Network throughput in this setting is of essential importance. Some pioneer works in this area showed that this type of heterogeneous networks performs as well as two stand-alone networks, under the dense network model where the size of a network grows with the node density in a fixed area. A key assumption behind this conclusion is that the density of the secondary network is higher than that of the primary one in the order sense, which essentially decouples the two overlaid networks, as the secondary network dominates asymptotically. In this paper we endeavor to investigate this problem with a weaker condition that the dimensions of the two overlaid networks are on the same order, and consider the extended network model where the size of a network scales with the area with the node density fixed. Surprisingly, our analysis shows that this weaker (and arguably more practical) condition does not degrade either network throughput in terms of scaling law. Our result further reveals the potentials of CR technology in real applications.
MODIFICATION OF THE WAALER-ROSE TEST USING FORMALINIZED SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES.

A slide modification of the Waaler-Rose test was developed using formalinized sheep erythrocytes. Good agreement of the results obtained with the standard procedure and the slide modification was observed. Esseva elaborate un lamina modification del test de Waaler-Rose, con le uso deformalinisate erythrocytos ovin. Esseva notate un bon grado de concordantia con le methodo standard e le modification a lamina porta-objectos.
Peer victimization and peer rejection during early childhood

The development and course of the subtypes of peer victimization is a relatively understudied topic despite the association of victimization with important developmental and clinical outcomes. Moreover, understanding potential predictors, such as peer rejection and emotion regulation, in early childhood may be especially important to elucidate possible bidirectional pathways between relational and physical victimization and rejection. The current study (N = 97) was designed to explore several gaps and limitations in the peer victimization and peer rejection literature. In particular, the prospective associations between relational and physical victimization and peer rejection over the course of 3.5 months during early childhood (i.e., 3 to 5 years old) were investigated in an integrated model. The study consisted of 97 (42 girls) preschool children recruited from four early childhood schools in the northeast of the United States. Using observations, research assistant report, and teacher report, relational and physical aggression, relational and physical victimization, peer rejection, and emotion regulation were measured in a short-term longitudinal study. Path analyses were conducted to test the overall hypothesized model. Peer rejection was found to predict increases in relational victimization. In addition, emotion regulation was found to predict decreases in peer rejection and physical victimization. Implications for research and practice are discussed, including teaching coping strategies for peer rejection and emotional distress.
The inverse scattering transform and squared eigenfunctions for a degenerate 3 × 3 operator

We present the covering set of the squared eigenfunctions for a degenerate 3 × 3 eigenvalue problem. The derivation follows the approach recently outlined by Yang and Kaup on this same equation (J. Math. Phys. 50 023504 (2009)). This eigenvalue problem is important since it serves as the spectral problem for the inverse scattering transform (IST) of the vector NLS equation, the Sasa–Satsuma equation, and a degenerate two-level Maxwell–Bloch system. The use of this covering set would allow one to treat the linear perturbations of these equations in a common and systematic manner. Comparison with previous results on the perturbed continuous spectrum of the Sasa–Satsuma equation is made.
Islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes, 2015: what have we learned from alloislet and autoislet successes?

The therapeutic potential of pancreatic islet allotransplantation, in which human donor islets are used, as a treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D) has fascinated diabetes researchers and clinicians for decades. At the same time, the therapeutic potential of total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) (in which one’s own islets are used) as a preventive treatment for diabetes in patients who undergo total pancreatectomy for chronic, painful pancreatitis has received relatively less attention. This is ironic, since the latter has been much more effective than the former in terms of successful glucose management and duration of efficacy. The reasons for this disparity can be partially identified. TPIAT receives very little attention in textbooks of internal medicine and general surgery and surprisingly little print in textbooks of endocrinology and transplantation. T1D is much more predominant than TPIAT as a clinical entity. Provision of insulin or replacement of islets is mandatory and a primary goal in T1D. Provision of pain relief from chronic pancreatitis is the primary goal of total pancreatectomy in TPIAT, whereas treatment of diabetes, and certainly prevention of diabetes, has been more of a secondary consideration. Nonetheless, research developments in both fields have contributed to success in one another. In this Perspective, I will provide a brief history of islet transplantation and contrast and compare the procedures of allo- and autoislet transplantation from three major points of view 1) the procedures of islet procurement, isolation, and transplantation; 2) the role and complications of immunosuppressive drugs; and 3) the posttransplant consequences on β- as well as α-cell function.
Hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated by TiO 2 aerogel and porphyrins

Hybrid bulk heterojunctions provide a technically and economically credible alternative to conventional silicon based photovoltaic technologies. New hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated with a TiO 2 aerogel and a series of porphyrins have been studied in this work. The porphyrins act as the sunlight absorber, electron donor, and hole-transporter, while the TiO2 aerogel is the electron acceptor and electron-transporter. The porphyrins are tetraphenylporphyrins with para substituted groups: stilbene branches, hydroxyl and p-methoxyl groups. The films were characterized by AFM and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Photoelectrical characterization was conducted by 2-probe J-V measurements. Highly transparent TiO 2 nanostructured films with transmission in excess of 90% and nanocrystals of about 11 nm in diameter were prepared. The conversion efficiency of the devices was observed to be highly dependent on the hydrophilicity of the porphyrins. Best conversion efficiency for these devices was greater than 0.4%.
N-Model Tests for VLSI Circuits

We define N-model tests that target detection of faults belonging to N specified fault models. We provide a method for deriving minimal tests using integer linear programming (ILP) without reducing the individual fault model coverage. Any test sequences, deterministic, random, functional, N-detect, etc., can be minimized for the given set of fault models. Stuck-at, transition, and pseudo stuck-at Iddq faults are used as illustrations. We generate tests using Mentor Graphics FastScan ATPG tool employing a single fault model at a time. A minimized test set for the three fault models is then obtained by solving the proposed combined ILP problem. For s5378 benchmark circuit we achieved about 50% reduction in the number of vectors and 10% reduction in the Iddq current measurements compared to the originally generated tests. We also propose a reduced complexity ILP approximation.
Business History and the History of Technology

Business enterprise in a market setting is the principal institutional artifact of capitalism, while capitalism itself is the creation of powerful evolutionary forces that were present in the culture of Europe. Those evolutionary forces continue their play into the present, working within the distinctive cultural context determined by an evolving capitalism. Every type and style of history dealing with European society and its offshoots must ultimately face and accommodate this central historical fact if it is to generalize its findings and acquire real intellectual weight and significance.
Loss of BRCA1 leads to an increase in epidermal growth factor receptor expression in mammary epithelial cells, and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition prevents estrogen receptor-negative cancers in BRCA1 -mutant mice

Introduction Women who carry a BRCA1 mutation typically develop "triple-negative" breast cancers (TNBC), defined by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor and Her2/neu. In contrast to ER-positive tumors, TNBCs frequently express high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Previously, we found a disproportionate fraction of progenitor cells in BRCA1 mutation carriers with EGFR overexpression. Here we examine the role of EGFR in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in the emergence of BRCA1-related tumors and as a potential target for the prevention of TNBC.
Data Sources for Biosurveillance

Biosurveillance requires a synthesis of analytic approaches derived from the natural disaster, public health, medical, meteorological, and social science communities, among others, and it is the cornerstone of early disease detection. Biosurveillance includes the analyses of timely data, often fusing time series of many different types of data, to infer the status of public health rather than solely exploiting data having diagnostic specificity. This paper summarizes major systems dedicated to such an endeavor with emphasis on those that use formal reporting sources and those that use open source collection. Although, individual systems have different missions and approaches, there are many complementarities among them that if creatively exploited could be the basis of an effective global biosuveillance enterprise. Keywords: biosurveillance; global; alert; outbreaks; epidemic; detection; health
Analysis of Effects of LED Rectangular Rapid-Flash Beacons on Yielding to Pedestrians in Multilane Crosswalks

This study examined the effects of LED rectangular rapid-flash yellow beacons (RRFBs) in uncontrolled marked crosswalks in three experiments. In Experiment 1, the RRFB system was evaluated with a twoand a four-beacon system at four multilane crossings. Results showed a marked increase in motorist yielding behavior over the baseline for the two-beacon system and a small but statistically significant further increase with the four-beacon system. The second experiment compared a traditional pedestrian overhead yellow flashing beacon and a traditional side-mounted yellow flashing beacon with the RRFB system. The results showed that the traditional overhead and side-mounted yellow flashing beacons produced a minimal increase in yielding, whereas the RRFB system produced a marked increase in yielding behavior. A third experiment examined the effectiveness of the RRFB system at 19 sites in St. Petersburg, Florida, as well as three additional sites, two in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, and one in the Washington, D.C., area. Results indicated that baseline daytime yielding behavior increased from an average of 2% to 86% at the 19 St. Petersburg sites and was 85% at the 2-year follow-up. A time-series intervention regression modeling was employed that estimated the parameters of the model based on a double bootstrap methodology. The results of this analysis confirmed a highly significant level change following the introduction of the RRFB that showed no sign of decay over time. Similar results were obtained at the District of Columbia and Chicago suburb sites. Probe data collected after dark revealed an even larger effect with yielding levels at the middle to high 90% level.
Appendectomy in pregnancy: evaluation of the risks of a negative appendectomy

Abstract Background In pregnant women, a high negative appendectomy (NA) rate often is reported; however, the outcome of pregnancy after a NA is not well studied. Methods Among 1,696 consecutive patients (728 men and 968 women) who underwent an appendectomy at our institution (1996–2005), 87 pregnant women were identified. Postoperative surgical and obstetric outcomes were analyzed based on the final pathologic report of the appendix (normal appendix, inflamed, or perforated). Results The NA rate was significantly higher in pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women (36% vs 14%; P P = NS), and highest (14%) in the perforated group, although this difference did not reach statistical significance ( P = .3). Wound infections were most frequent in the perforated group ( P Conclusions NA during pregnancy is not free of risk to the fetus. We recommend careful assessment to avoid unnecessary exploration when appendicitis is suspected in pregnant women.
Diel and seasonal movements by adult Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) in the Eel River, northwestern California

In late summer and fall, radio-tagged adult Sacramento pike- minnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) at three sites in the Eel River of north- western California moved more at night than during the day. Fish moved up to 535 m at night and returned to their original positions the follow- ing morning. Adult Sacramento pikeminnow at all sites occupied only pools during the day, but at one site moved through high gradient riffles and occupied fast water habitats at night. Adult Sacramento pikeminnow at the upstream limit of their range in one Eel River tributary moved downstream up to 23 km during the winter and tended to return to their original position the following spring, where they remained through the summer. Fish radio tagged at downstream sites exhibited more variable behavior, moving 2-92 km over ≤ 393 days. Our observations suggest that the most appropriate scale of consideration for attempts to manage this species or estimate population size includes entire river drainages.
Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux after Puberty

Vesicoureteral reflux is uncommonly diagnosed and treated after puberty. The natural history of uncorrected VUR after puberty is not documented. Postpubertal patients with recurrent pyelonephritis and VUR should be considered for treatment. Ureteral reimplantation, endoscopic injections, and laparoscopic or robotic ureteral reimplantation may be utilized. Endoscopic injection is an appealing option for these patients. The role of laparoscopic or robotic ureteral reimplantation in these patients is evolving.
First results from the micro pin array detector (MIPA)

A technique for electron multiplication in gas is being developed that lends itself to easy fabrication with lithographic techniques. Moreover, the electrical characteristics of the resulting device are very stable. Comprising an array of anode pins that are recessed into a closely-packed hexagonal cathode, the micro-pin array (MIPA) represents a promising addition to micro-pattern detectors with two-dimensional sensitivity. We describe the electrostatic rationale behind the MIPA detectors design, the fabrication technique, and X-ray results that illustrate electrical stability and high rate capability.
A Simulation-based Approach to Risk Assessment and Mitigation in Supply Chain Networks

Abstract We present in this paper a simulation-based approach to evaluate the risk associated with supply chain disruptions caused by failures in some supply chains nodes and measure the impact of such disruptions on supply chain key performance measures (KPIs) of interest. The proposed framework enables analysts and managers to repeatedly assess the risk to their supply chains based on various simulated scenarios and identify the most critical nodes whose disruption will have the highest impact on the KPIs of interest. As a result, companies can focus on the most critical supply chain assets and develop targeted mitigation plans that minimize their risk.
Three dimensional characterization and modeling of particle reinforced metal matrix composites: part I Quantitative description of microstructural morphology

In this first of a two part sequence of papers, 3-D microstructures of Si particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites are computationally constructed by assembling digitally acquired micrographs obtained by serial sectioning. The material samples considered vary in volume fraction and in particle size. Furthermore, equivalent microstructures with actual particles replaced by ellipses (in 2-D) or ellipsoids (in 3-D) are computationally simulated for efficiency. The equivalent microstructures are tessellated by a particle surface based algorithm into a mesh of Voronoi cells. Various 3-D characterization functions are developed to identify particle size, shape, orientation and spatial distribution in the actual materials and to compare with 2-D micrographs. Through this analysis, differences between 2- and 3-D characterization are established. Results indicate that it may not be sufficient to use 2-D section information for characterizing detailed microstructural features like particle shapes, orientations and near-neighbor distances. The second part of this sequence of papers will describe the important relationship of these features to damage evolution in these same materials. This sequence of papers is perhaps one of the first on 3-D physical characterization of the phase and damage structure for this class of materials.
Land Quanlity and Diversion Decision Under U.S. Coommodity Programs

Field level distributions of land quality are used to explain diversion decisions under U.S. commodity programs. Regression results for North Carolina indicate that differences in the yield potential of soils may influence the opportunity costs of land diversions. These effects increase with farm size. For large farms, a decrease in mean soil quality on a field relative to the farm mean or an increase in the coefficient of variation of quality within a field increases the proportion of land diverted within a field. There is no evidence that small farmers respond to land quality distributions in making diversion decisions.
Elastic Scattering of Protons from Li 7

Differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of protons from ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ were measured over the energy range 1350 kev-3000 kev at the center-of-mass angles 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 130\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 167\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The various proton groups scattered from different elements in the lithium target and target backing were separated by a magnetic analyzer. The 167\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} data agreed well with the earlier work at 166.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} by Bashkin and Richards. At all six angles the curves showed a maximum at about 2000 kev, a dip at 2230 kev, and an anomaly near the 1882 kev ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p, n){\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ threshold. Exclusive of the anomaly, the energy dependence of the data suggests the presence of two interfering levels in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$.
Longitudinal Potential Flow about an Arbitrary Body of Revolution with Application to the Airship "Akron"

The flow potentials for axial flow about any arbitrary surface of revolution of easy form are found by a new use of the classical ellipsoidal harmonic solutions of Laplace's Equation in three dimensions. From the flow potentials the surface velocity and pressure are computed in the usual way. The treatment is applicable to the solution of the potential flow about a number of bodies of practical importance. For example, it is equally applicable to airships, to fuselages which are bodies of revolution, to engine nacelles or to submarines which are deeply submerged. In order to compare the theoretical and experimental pressures in a specific case of interest, the surface pressures over the U. S. Airship "Akron" are computed and compared with the Langley Field measurements on a 1/40 scale model. The agreement is excellent. The longitudinal inertia coefficient is also found, in the case of the application to the "Akron," from the flow velocity potential and added to the effective coefficient of the boundary layer as determined from the Langley Field results. The total coefficient so found agrees well with values previously assumed.
Are Social Enterprises Viable Models for Funding Nonprofits

The Great Recession and its aftermath have forced nonprofits to seek out new and different ways to address their challenges. In order to make change that is sustainable and scalable, additional fun...
The impact of prior stroke on the outcome of patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Abstract Aims The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of prior cardiovascular events (CVE) on outcome in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods and results Patients with severe AS undergoing TAVR between May 2007 and March 2015 were included and categorized to patients with and without prior stroke, defined as embolic, hemorrhagic stroke and transit ischemic attack. Baseline, procedural characteristics, in-hospital outcomes, and 1-month and 1-year mortality were compared in accordance with the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus. A cohort of 662 consecutive patients with severe AS undergoing TAVR were included in the analysis. Of these, 120 patients had prior stroke, and 542 without. Transfemoral access was used in 78% (571), and pre-TAVR balloon aortic valvuloplasty was performed in 87% (574). Patients with prior stroke had a higher mean Society of Thoracic score compared to those without (10.1% versus 8.8%, respectively; p = 0.006) and higher rates of atherosclerotic disease involving the coronary, peripheral, and carotid arteries. Patients with prior stroke also had more occurrence of in-hospital minor stroke (3.3% versus 0.7%; p = 0.04). Nevertheless, similar mortality rates were recorded at 1, 6, and 12 months, and there were no significant differences in major stroke, bleeding, or post-procedure hospital stay between both groups. Conclusion Prior history of stroke infers a higher risk for in-hospital minor stroke, yet no impact on other outcomes post TAVR. Therefore, history of prior stroke should not be considered an exclusion criterion for TAVR in patients with severe AS.
Abstract 815: Patterns of metagene activation in ovarian cancer subtypes

High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is a complex and aggressive disease. Recently, three or four gene expression-based subtypes, which may be differentially associated with survival, have been reported in several populations. To identify the biological functions that define the subtypes, we determined the extent to which metagenes—linear combinations of gene expression vectors—were differentially activated across subtypes, could be reliably identified across populations, and showed consistent associations with survival. We previously clustered HGSC samples using gene expression data from TCGA, Tothill (GSE9891), Yoshihara (GSE32062), and Mayo (GSE74357) to identify subtypes across populations. We found subtype-specific genes within each population through differential expression analysis (p Five metagenes were consistently identified and significantly associated with HGSC subtypes (p Metagenes that are consistently and statistically significantly associated with subtype may be indicative of functional differences between HGSC subtypes. The contrast in hazard estimates for metagenes associated with subtype 2 may indicate that the metagenes capture survival signal distinct from the subtype association. Future work associating metagene activity with subtype uncertainty may better enable the refinement of subtype definitions and the development of subtype specific treatment strategies. Citation Format: James Rudd, Emily K. Shea, Gregory P. Way, Casey S. Greene, Jennifer A. Doherty. Patterns of metagene activation in ovarian cancer subtypes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 815.
Return From Exile

Rwanda’s political system, based upon ethnic stratification, was targeted for destruction by the large Tutsi diaspora living in neighboring states. This combustible situation was then inflamed by an invasion of Banyarwanda Tutsi from Uganda, which in turn engendered external intervention in support of the Habyarimana government. An intractable civil war then produced almost one million more refugees by early 1993, and it later served to mask the emerging genocide.1 Sovereignty fell by the wayside as regional ethnic dynamics gained precedence.
Analysis and simulations of space radiation induced single event transients

Spacecraft electronics are affected by the space radiation environment. Among the different types of radiation effects that can affect spacecraft electronics is the single event transients. The space environment is responsible for many of the single event transients which can upset the performance of the spacecraft avionics hardware. In this paper we first explore the origins of single event transients, then explore the modeling of a single event transient in digital and analog circuit. The paper also addresses the concept of crosstalk that could develop among digital circuits in the present of a SET event. The paper ends with a brief discussion of SET hardening. The goal of the paper is to provide methodologies for assessing single event transients and their effects so that spacecraft avionics engineers can develop either hardware or software countermeasures in their designs.
North African merchant networks of the western Mediterranean: New approaches to the nineteenth century

ABSTRACTThis article examines recent attempts to write the history of Moroccan merchant networks in the western Mediterranean corridor in the nineteenth century. Morocco was not formally colonized until 1912, but the second half of the nineteenth century was a period of rapid political, cultural, and economic change in Morocco as European imperial powers intensified their rivalry for commercial and political predominance on the southern shore of the western Mediterranean. This is particularly true following a series of new treaty agreements with European powers in the 1850s and 1860s and after a disastrous military defeat by Spain in 1860 that plunged the Moroccan state into debt. The historiography of the period, however, has tended to focus on the role of European consuls and merchants to the neglect of their Moroccan counterparts. Looking at a variety of North African merchant families situated in several Mediterranean port cities, this article highlights their role in weaving Morocco more tightly into...
Alonso Quijano o el relativismo inmutable

Don Quijote expresa la naturaleza conflictiva de un hombre a caballo entre el mundo medieval y el renacentista. A traves de la figura del caballero andante la obra dramatiza las transformaciones sociales ocurridas con el advenimiento de la imprenta. El Quijote es el primer Alonso Quijano (preimprenta) leido por el segundo Alonso Quijano (post-imprenta); es el hombre medieval que ya no es leido por el hombre renacentista que esta por ser; representa al hombre instalado en el umbral de un modo de percepcion inclusivo, sostenido en la naturaleza multidimensional de la palabra oral, y un modo de percepcion exclusivo, cuyo metodo de conocimiento se basa en el analisis y en la desarticulacion rigurosa de las diversas capas que conforman el escenario de lo “real”. Se trata de una personalidad dividida, Quijano/ Quijote, que oscila entre la idealizacion de la percepcion como instancia individual y absoluta de la experiencia y el perspectivismo, conciencia de que lo unico inmutable es la mutabilidad de la experiencia, pues todo punto de vista supone un determinado posicionamiento con respecto al plano de “lo real”. Don Quijote representa al hombre engrosado sobre si mismo, y se transforma por esto en una meta-lectura de la identidad. Marshall McLuhan, autor de The Gutenberg Galaxy, sostiene que con la imprenta, asi como con cada nueva tecnologia, al hombre le fue dado reinventar su humanidad. Dicha reinvencion provocaria un cambio radical en la percepcion y modos de relacionamiento del hombre medieval:
Psychological and Biological Theories of Child and Adolescent Traumatic Stress Disorders

In order to assess and treat child and adolescent traumatic stress disorders, clinicians need a guiding theoretical framework for conceptualizing the origins, course, and contributing (risk and protective) factors for these disorders. The current chapter therefore provides an overview of the leading psychobiological theories of childhood traumatic stress disorders. The chapter begins with a brief historical chronology of the dominant theories, followed by a summary of the scientific research that has informed theory development in the traumatic stress field. Then the major current theories of child and adolescent traumatic stress disorders are described, including learning/conditioning, cognitive/information processing, interpersonal/resources, developmental, and intergenerational theories. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of these theories for clinical assessment and treatment of childhood traumatic stress disorders.
Cervical cancer outcomes with the elimination of access to care disparities.

e17585 Background: Previous studies suggest lack of insurance and quality of care variations may drive disparities in cervical cancer (CC) survival, while equitable care may close these gaps. SEER ...
Catch and Release: Engineered Allosterically Regulated β-Roll Peptides Enable On/Off Biomolecular Recognition

Alternative scaffolds for biomolecular recognition are being developed to overcome some of the limitations associated with immunoglobulin domains. The repeat-in-toxin (RTX) domain is a repeat protein sequence that reversibly adopts the β-roll secondary structure motif specifically upon calcium binding. This conformational change was exploited for controlled biomolecular recognition. Using ribosome display, an RTX peptide library was selected to identify binders to a model protein, lysozyme, exclusively in the folded state of the peptide. Several mutants were identified with low micromolar dissociation constants. After concatenation of the mutants, a 500-fold increase in the overall affinity for lysozyme was achieved leading to a peptide with an apparent dissociation constant of 65 nM. This mutant was immobilized for affinity chromatography experiments, and the on/off nature of the molecular recognition was demonstrated as the target is captured from a mixture in the presence of calcium and is released in ...
Perinatal outcomes associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine perinatal outcomes associated with cholestasis of pregnancy according to bile acid level and antenatal testing practice.Study design: Retrospect...
Process evaluation and flowsheet development for the recovery of rare earth elements from coal and associated byproducts

Coal and coal byproducts produced annually contain a sufficient amount of rare earth elements (REEs) to meet current U.S. demand. The REEs exist in the form of minerals, ion-adsorbed elements associated with clays, and chemically bonded elements within the organic coal matrix or host mineral. Researchers at three universities collaborated to evaluate the effectiveness of existing physical and chemical concentration processes for the recovery of the REEs. The efforts found that physical separation processes can increase the total REE content in the thickener underflow material collected from a Central Appalachian coal cleaning facility from around 300 ppm to values greater than 17,500 ppm on an ash basis. Leaching followed by solvent extraction was found to be the most effective to recover the REEs from coarse middlings materials collected from multiple coal basins, as indicated by recovery values exceeding 80 percent. Based on material characterization data and process evaluations conducted for several potential feed coal sources, economic recovery of the REEs will require byproduct production of both clean coal and REE concentrate using a process flowsheet that is unique for each source.
Development of Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Model in Hind Limb Amputated Rats.

Background Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a novel approach to postamputation neuroma pain; however, this has not been explicitly studied. The purpose of this study was to develop a TMR model in hind limb amputated rats. Methods Ten hind limbs from 5 Sprague Dawley cadaver rats were used. Sciatic nerve, main branches of the sciatic nerve (common peroneal, tibial, sural), motor branches from the sciatic nerve to the biceps femoris and cauda femoris, gluteal nerve and its motor branches to the semimembranosus, and biceps femoris and femoral nerve were dissected to look for consistent nerve anatomy that can be used for TMR in the rat hind limb amputation model. Transfemoral amputation was performed and two types of coaptations were made: common peroneal nerve to motor branch to biceps femoris and tibial nerve to motor branch to semimembranosus. Results The total surgical time for the dissection, amputation, and coaptation of nerves was ∼90 minutes. A total of 100 nerves were dissected in 10 rat hind limbs. Anatomical dissections were straightforward to perform. Anatomy of the dissected nerves was consistent. Hind limb amputations were performed without damaging the target muscles and nerves. Nerve lengths were sufficient for coaptation without any tension. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on TMR model in hind limb amputated rats. This model will allow for mechanical, electromyography (EMG), and histological analysis for future assessment of neuroma prevention.
Hardening by slip-twin and twin-twin interactions in FeMnNiCoCr

Abstract To enhance strain hardening of alloys beyond levels accessible by forest hardening slip-twin interactions and twin-twin interactions have been proposed. The high entropy alloy FeMnNiCoCr constitutes a prominent example of exceptionally pronounced strain hardening instigated by profuse slip-twin/twin-slip and twin-twin interaction at cryogenic temperatures. In the current study, we perform uniaxial straining experiments on single crystals at 77 K. The Tension crystal shows the potential ease of twin progression for slip-twin interaction (softening) in contrast to the difficulty for twin advancement in Tension, Tension and Compression cases (hardening). The corresponding self and latent hardening coefficients derived from the data reveal that slip-twin latent moduli are much smaller than twin-twin latent moduli. Unlike previous undertakings, this study demonstrates a novel approach to assess latent hardening where plastic straining is implemented in a monotonic fashion and primary and latent systems operate simultaneously. To predict the flow stress depending on crystal orientation and as a function of strain a numerical model is proposed using the obtained hardening moduli. It emerges that the magnitude of residual Burgers vectors originating from twin-related reactions can explain the experimental hardening/softening trends. These results hold considerable promise for a quantitative description of strain hardening in metals and alloys.
Management of genital herpes.

Appropriate management of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections involves establishing the diagnosis; counselling regarding the source, natural history and risk of transmission of infection; and, in many cases, use of antiviral chemotherapy. This chapter will summarize recent advances in the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of genital herpes, including recent trials with investigational drugs. A review of the clinical presentation and natural history of genital herpes and recent progress in our understanding of the risk of sexual transmission of infection is beyond the scope of this chapter. Issues of asymptomatic shedding and risk of transmission are discussed in the chapter by Corey, this volume.
Mechanism of Specific Tumor-Cell Lysis by Alloimmune T Lymphocytes: Resolution and Characterization of Discrete Steps in the Cellular Interaction

A cytolytic thymus-derived lymphocyte (CTL)* is a specialized cell the recognized function of which is immune killing. CTLs are generated by a process of antigen-induced clonal selection, proliferation, and differentiation. Each CTL apparently recognizes a single H-2 alloantigen. CTL targets are eukaryotic tissue cells bearing specific membrane-associated antigen, such as virus-infected autologous cells, grafted cells of genetically different origin, tumor cells, or autologous cells made more immunogenic by chemical modification. CTLs are believed to play a uniquely important role in physiological immune tissue destruction (for which serum immunoglobulins are usually insufficient), probably utilizing mononuclear phagocytes as an amplifying mechanism.
Genetic Hypercalciuria: A Major Risk Factor in Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are prevalent, cause considerable morbidity though little mortality. The most common metabolic abnormality in patients with kidney stones is hypercalciuria, which is a complex metabolic trait that is dependent on three major organs: the amount of dietary calcium absorbed, any net calcium released from bone resorption in excess of formation, and the extent to which filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the renal tubule. Each of these calcium fluxes is under control of number of factors and hormones, including parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D. Whether a patient forms a kidney stone is dependent not only on the magnitude of the hypercalciuria but also on urinary volume, excretion of other ions, including oxalate, citrate, and phosphate, and on local factors in the urinary tract. Hypercalciuria, and resultant stone formation, is a partially inherited trait. Given the many determinants of not only urine calcium excretion, but also the other factors that determine whether a patient will form a kidney stone, it is clear that multiple genetic loci are involved. In this chapter, we will describe the progress made in understanding the genetic basis for hypercalciuria and stone formation in both experimental models and in man.
Software for Groups: Theory and Practice

Some problems in algorithmic group theory have good, well-understood, solutions as far as theory is concerned. This often is because of considering problems from other areas as solved, or because of ignoring practical aspects that are rarely if ever spelled out. This article considers some such aspects that have turned out to be difficult in the context of writing group theoretic software.
Neonatal alveolar macrophages upregulate cytokine gene transcription via p38 MAPK signaling but fail to secrete cytokines in response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in premature and newborn infants. We examined the role of alveolar macrophages (AMΦs) in a model of RSV infection. Additionally, the contribution of MAPK signaling to cytokine expression was delineated via p38 inhibitor SB203580. AMΦs isolated from neonatal and adult sheep were infected with BRSV in vitro with or without SB203580 pre-treatment. Expression of cytokine mRNA and protein secretion was determined. Results showed that RSV infection induced IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 gene expression. Furthermore, RSV induction of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA in neonatal and adult AMΦs, as well as IL-10 protein from adult AMΦs, was p38 MAPK-dependent. Significantly higher IL-1β mRNA was detected in RSV-infected neonatal AMΦs than adult cells. Paradoxically, neonatal AMΦs did not secrete IL-1β, IL-4, or IL-10. Inhibition of cytokine secretion by RSV may contribute to the increased susceptibility and severity of disease in neonates.
National Quality Forum guidelines for comparing outcomes and resource use.

Using quality and resource-use measures in combination allows us to compare the expenditures used to reach the same outcome, sidestepping value-laden disputes about which outcomes are worthwhile.
What Planners and Land Use Professionals Understand About Karst

Developing a comprehensive understanding of the impact and effectiveness of karst-related land use regulations requires accurate knowledge of what these regulations actually do and how they work. To that end, land use planners and related professionals in six states were surveyed regarding their knowledge, understanding and opinions of karst-related land use regulations in their local areas. The survey’s questions touched on six broad themes in karst protection regulation, including karst knowledge in the planning community, pervasiveness of karst regulations, preferred regulatory techniques, the motivations that drove implementation of these regulations, the influence of different stakeholder groups on the process, and the overall effectiveness of the regulations. This chapter describes and analyzes the results of this survey and makes several recommendations regarding karst-related land use regulation based on the responses of survey participants.
Juxtafacet cysts as a cause of low back pain.

A case of persistent low back pain occurring in association with facet joint synovial cysts is presented. A history of low back pain and negative plain radiographs illustrate the nonspecific nature of the problem these cysts cause. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clearly demonstrates the presence of lumbar facet joint cysts. Our patient underwent a L5-S1 laminectomy prior to presenting with a new episode of low back pain. Workup, including computed tomography (CT) scan and MRI, confirmed the presence of bilateral synovial cysts at the L4-5 level. Our patient exhibited a partial clinical improvement after surgical excision of bilateral facet joint cysts.Intraspinal synovial or ganglion cysts of the facet joints are rarely diagnosed. They originate from the synovium of the facet articulation. They can be a source of low back pain1 and present an important diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Their presence can be easily overlooked using standard radiological techniques2 which may only demonstrate nonspecific degenerative changes such as disc space narrowing and osteophytes. If the patient undergoes surgery and the cyst is not identified preoperatively, the patient may be left with persistent back pain. Computed tomography scan and myelogram have been shown to demonstrate cystic lesions with calcified walls typical of facet joint cysts.3,4 In our case MRI definitively identified what was suspected on the CT scan. It is proposed that MRI is also a valuable, if not better imaging technique of the identification of these cysts.
Funny Judges: Judges as Humorous, Judges as Humourists

There are far fewer jokes about judges in circulation in the United States than there are jokes about lawyers. Unlike the generally critical tone of lawyer jokes, American jokes about judges reveal an idealised portrait of the judge, exhibiting a specificity and detail that is unusual (or absent) in jokes about other occupational, professional, or governmental roles. The jokes reveal a detailed set of expectations about judges by portraying instances of violation of those ideals. I surmise that, to a considerable extent, it is the judges themselves along with others in the professional legal community who are the producers, tellers and audience for these jokes. It remains to be seen whether and how the changing role of real-life judges will be reflected in the corpus of jokes about judges.
An empirical study of U.S. hospital quality: Readmission rates, organizational culture, patient satisfaction, and Facebook ratings

Reducing hospital readmission rates has been increasingly important as a measure of hospital quality and safety performance. While in recent years hospitals have emphasized the importance of organi...
Communication of Alcohol Facts and Hazards by a Warning Poster

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether a warning poster would effectively convey alcohol-related information to college students. In experiment 1, a warning poster containing alcohol f...
Twenty-year Follow-up of Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen-matched Kidney and Bone Marrow Cotransplantation for Multiple Myeloma With End-stage Renal Disease: Lessons Learned.

Background.Specific immune tolerance of transplanted organs in association with either transient or sustained lymphohematopoietic chimerism has been demonstrated in several preclinical animal models and clinically in patients who are full donor chimeras after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation