cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embryology of the Dipsacaceæ: I. Glands, the male and female gametophytes

A comparative account of some aspects of the embryology in three members of the Dipsacaceae,viz., Dipsacus leschenaultii, Scabiosa caucasica andCephalaria ambrosioides is presented. In all the three species the flowers are borne on globose capitula. InCephalaria the outermost flowers in the capitula are functionally male, since the ovule does not develop beyond the initial stages.
Sources of isomorphism in the Milwaukee voucher school sector

In this article, 25 years of data are utilized from nonprofit schools operating in the United States’ oldest and largest private school voucher program to test theories of isomorphism. We find that...
A survey of submesoscale currents

Submesoscale currents are pervasive throughout the ocean. They have intermediate space and time scales—neither mesoscale nor microscale—that have made them elusive for measurements and modeling until recently. In this brief article, a survey is presented of their primary characteristics and interpretive explanations, intended for a broad audience of physical and biogeochemical oceanographers. Besides their identifying scales, submesoscale currents are distinctive in their flow patterns, their essential dynamical processes, and their consequences for transport, mixing, and dissipation in the general circulation. There are two primary submesoscale populations, a frontal one in the near-surface layer with its typically reduced stratification, and another vortical one, generated in topographic wakes, that (sparsely) fills the oceanic interior.
Equus zebra hartmannae (Mrs. Hartmann’s mountain zebra)

Delicate satellites are often seen in ideal preparations at the short arm of the submetacentric elements shown here as number 3.
CSF Pressure, Volume, and Post‐Dural Puncture Headache: A Case‐Control Study and Systematic Review

Objectives (1) To perform a systematic literature review to evaluate associations between post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) and opening pressure (OP), closing pressure (CP), and volume of cerebrospinal fluid (V) removed. (2) To perform a case-control study to evaluate pressure-volume index (PVI) as a novel risk factor for PDPH. Background According to the International Classification of Headache Diagnoses, 3rd Edition (ICHD-3), the diagnosis of PDPH requires documentation of intracranial hypotension. However, this remains an unproven concept. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted, searching Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Ovid EMBASE, OVID MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Study inclusion required a comparison of headache incidence following a LP as a function of OP, CP, and/or V. A retrospective, case-control study with 1:1 matching was conducted utilizing ICHD-3 criteria. Patients with factors that could influence CSF pressure were excluded. Results In our case-control study, we did not identify a paired difference in either median (95% CI) elastance (0.05 [-0.09, 0.11], P = .503) or PVI (4.53 [-7.98, 19.97], P = .678). We identified 22 references, evaluating V (n = 14), OP (n = 11), and/or CP (n = 4). There was no convincing evidence for an association of PDPH with either OP or CP. A minority of studies documenting an association with V included patients with high-volume CSF removal, and/or stratified patients by the timing of the headache onset. Conclusions The overall risk of PDPH does not appear to be influenced by OP, CP, V or PVI. PDPH may be related to V in instances of high-volume removal, and depend on the timing of outcome assessment. Future revision of criteria should consider the existence of immediate and delayed PDPH subtypes, and not presume intracranial hypotension as a mandatory feature.
Novel Risk Scoring System for Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND The International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) criteria are the gold standard for risk-stratifying patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). We developed a novel risk scoring system for patients with mRCC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 100 ICI-treated patients with mRCC at Winship Cancer Institute from 2015 to 2018. Several baseline variables were collected, including markers of inflammation, body mass index (BMI), and sites of metastatic disease, and all were considered for inclusion in our risk scoring system. Upon variable selection in multivariable model, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), BMI, and number and sites of metastases at baseline were used for risk score calculation. Patients were categorized using four-level risk groups as good (risk score = 0), intermediate (risk score = 1), poor (risk score = 2), or very poor (risk score = 3-4). Cox's proportional hazard model and the Kaplan-Meier method were implemented for survival outcomes. RESULTS Most patients were male (66%) with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (72%). The majority (71%) received anti-programmed cell death protein-1 monotherapy. Our risk scoring criteria had higher Uno's concordance statistics than IMDC in predicting overall survival (OS; 0.71 vs. 0.57) and progression-free survival (0.61 vs. 0.58). Setting good risk (MLR <0.93, BMI ≥24, and D_Met = 0) as the reference, the OS hazard ratios were 29.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.64-238.9), 6.58 (95% CI, 0.84-51.68), and 3.75 (95% CI, 0.49-28.57) for very poor, poor, and intermediate risk groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Risk scoring using MLR, BMI, and number and sites of metastases may be an effective way to predict survival in patients with mRCC receiving ICI. These results should be validated in a larger, prospective study. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE A risk scoring system was created for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. The results of this study have significant implications for practicing oncologists in the community and academic setting. Importantly, these results identify readily available risk factors that can be used clinically to risk-stratify patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
A contemporary and comprehensive analysis of the costs of stroke in the United States.

Abstract Background While several studies have determined direct costs associated with stroke there is a paucity of research involving indirect costs, especially in younger patients. Aim Perform a cost of illness analysis for ischemic and non-traumatic hemorrhagic stroke in the US involving both direct and indirect costs in all age groups. Methods Nationally representative data was obtained from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2003–2014). Subjects were dichotomized based on reported history of stroke. Two-part econometric models were used to estimate the adjusted incremental direct expenditure for patients with stroke. We used generalized linear model with family gamma, log link for the adjusted analysis of annual wage, a negative binomial regression model for the adjusted analysis of missed-work day, and a logistic regression model to estimate the probability of full-year employment. Loss of productivity due to premature death was computed using Present-Value of one life and annual number of deaths from 2014 National Vital Statistics. All costs are represented in 2016 US-dollar values. Results Out of 253,235,052 participants, 8,101,159 (3.2%) reported history of stroke. Weighted samples of 10,155 stroke participants and 314,694 control group were compared. Adjusted annual direct costs for each stroke participant was $4317 (95% CI: $3828–$4807) greater than control resulting in a net $38 billion incremental expenditure. Based on salary difference, missed workdays, and mortality, indirect cost from under-employment was $38.1 billion and from premature mortality was $30.4 billion. Conclusion Total aggregate of $103.5 billion expenditure was incurred with 66% being from indirect costs based on 2016 US-dollar values.
Chronic Opioid Use Is Associated With Surgical Site Infection After Lumbar Fusion.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, database review. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the association between preoperative opioid use and postoperative infection requiring operative wound washout in elective lumbar fusion patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Numerous peer-reviewed publications have conducted multivariate analyses of risk factors for surgical site infection. However, few have explored preoperative opioid use. Opioids have been widely prescribed preoperatively for pain management, but their effect on postsurgical infection is currently inconclusive. METHODS We retrospectively queried the PearlDiver national insurance claims database and included patients from 2007 to 2017 with a history of lumbar fusion. Any interbody fusion history designated exclusion. We stratified patients by single or multilevel procedures and conducted univariate analyses of previously documented infection risk factors, as well as our variable of interest, chronic preoperative opioid use. Variables associated (P < 0.100) with the outcome measure of 90-day postoperative infection treated with operative irrigation and wound debridement were included in a multivariate analysis. RESULTS A total of 12,519 patients matched our inclusion criteria. Among the single-level cohort, only diabetes was observed to be associated with infection requiring operative wound washout and thus no subsequent regression was performed. For the cohort of patients who underwent multilevel fusion, chronic opioid use, diabetes, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hypertension trended toward significance in the univariate analysis and were included in a logistic regression model. In the multivariate analysis, chronic opioid use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.435, P = 0.025), diabetes (OR = 1.591 P = 0.003), and congestive heart failure (OR = 1.929, P = 0.003) were identified as independent risk factors for infection requiring operative wound washout. CONCLUSION In this analysis, preoperative opioid use was significantly associated with infection requiring operative wound washout in multilevel lumbar fusion patients. Limiting opioid consumption may have the benefit of reducing the risk of infection following spine surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Proficiency Testing of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Techniques

In this issue of the Journal, Jenny and Jackson-Tarentino (1) have carefully analyzed data from the New York State Department of Health therapeutic drug monitoring proficiency testing program to determine …
Large-Scale Loop Detector Troubleshooting Using Clustering and Association Rule Mining

AbstractThe archived data from traffic sensors are used in a wide range of traffic management applications. However, missing or invalid data are becoming an important concern. This study proposes a...
Incorporating a Race Salience Subscale Into the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS)

In this study, we examined the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on an expanded version of the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) consisting of the original six subscales—Assim...
An Educational Initiative for Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellows in Palliative Care: Initiation of a Case-Based, Simulation Curriculum

Introduction: The importance of Palliative Care (PC) and End of Life (EOL) Care for children in the PICU is recognized. Census data indicate that over 50% of PICU admissions have conditions necessitating PC (1). However, staff struggle providing this care with notable outcomes (2-4). Families without robust PC suffer inferior outcomes by symptom scores, cost, and length of life (5-7). This lapse is partly attributable to knowledge and skills gaps of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (PCCM) providers. Pediatricians report low confidence managing EOL symptoms, conflict, emotional distress, and communicating difficult …
Efficient Abnormal Motion Change Detection Based on Translational Velocity Indicator

The translational velocity indicator(TVI) estimation is a simple and convenient way of solving for objects’ motion direction without segmentation or tracking. Based on this, we defined and distinguished the change level of image sequences by defining Abnormality Coefficient (AC). An abrupt increase in AC can indicate the happening of abnormal motion change. To gauge the accuracy of judgment, we also introduced the width of S-band which is related to the size of the field of view. TVI, AC, and S-band can be estimated from videos captured by a single camera and do not require the detection of image information in detail. The proposed method is computationally efficient and simple to implement. Our motivation stems from the limited number of provided screens and a large number of monitoring cameras require the videos or image sequences ordered by change level. We demonstrate the TVI method by applying it on two video sequences, and the results show that the method can distinguish the different change levels for sequences with and without abnormal motion change; the S-band method is applied on another two video sequences and it successfully shows different sizes of the field of view.
Increased IL-6 and Potential IL-6 trans-signalling in the airways after an allergen challenge.

Background In asthma, IL-6 is a potential cause of enhanced inflammation, tissue damage and airway dysfunction. IL-6 signalling is regulated by its receptor, which is composed of two proteins, IL-6R and GP130. In addition to their membrane form, these two proteins may be found as extracellular soluble forms. The interaction of IL-6 with soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) can trigger IL-6 trans-signalling in cells lacking IL-6R. Conversely, the soluble form of GP130 (sGP130) competes with its membrane form to inhibit IL-6 trans-signalling. Objectives We aimed to analyse IL-6 trans-signalling proteins in the airways of subjects after an allergen challenge. Methods We used a model of segmental bronchoprovocation with an allergen (SBP-Ag) in human subjects with allergy. Before and 48 h after SBP-Ag, bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) allowed for the analysis of proteins in BAL fluids (BALFs) by ELISA, and membrane proteins on the surface of BAL cells by flow cytometry. In addition, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and used proteomic data to further inform on the expression of the IL-6R subunits by eosinophils, bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts. Finally, we measured the effect of IL-6 trans-signalling on bronchial fibroblasts, in vitro. Results IL-6, sIL-6R, sGP130 and the molar ratio of sIL-6R/sGP130 increased in the airways after SBP-Ag, suggesting the potential for enhanced IL-6 trans-signalling activity. BAL lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils displayed IL-6R on their surface and were all possible providers of sIL-6R, whereas GP130 was highly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts. Finally, bronchial fibroblasts activated by IL-6 trans-signalling produced enhanced amounts of the chemokine, MCP-1 (CCL2). Conclusion and clinical relevance After a bronchial allergen challenge, we found augmentation of the elements of IL-6 trans-signalling. Allergen-induced IL-6 trans-signalling activity can activate fibroblasts to produce chemokines that can further enhance inflammation and lung dysfunction.
Variation in Management and Outcomes of Children With Complicated Pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the characteristics of children hospitalized with complicated pneumonia at US children’s hospitals and compare these characteristics with those of children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS: We identified children hospitalized with complicated pneumonia (parapneumonic effusion, empyema, necrotizing pneumonia, or lung abscess) or CAP across 34 hospitals between 2011 and 2019. We evaluated differences in patient characteristics, antibiotic selection, and outcomes between children with complicated pneumonia and CAP. We, also, assessed seasonal variability in the frequency of these 2 conditions and evaluated the prevalence of complicated pneumonia over the 9-year study period. RESULTS: Compared with children hospitalized with CAP (n = 75 702), children hospitalized with complicated pneumonia (n = 6402) were older (a median age of 6.1 vs 3.4 years; P CONCLUSIONS: Complicated pneumonia more frequently occurs in older children and accounts for higher rates of resource use, compared to CAP.
Investigating Matschie's Tree Kangaroos With ‘Modern’ Methods: Digital Workflows, Big Data Project Infrastructure, and Mandated Approaches for a Holistic Conservation Governance

Abstract Matschie's tree kangaroo (also known as Huon tree kangaroo Dendrolagus matschiei) is only found in the Huon Peninsula of Papua New Guinea and is poorly understood. Essential metrics like science-based habitat maps or abundance and distribution estimates are missing in a reliable large-scale fashion. While the Matschie's tree kangaroo is an ancient but cryptic species and understandably difficult to investigate due to the difficulty in accessing its habitat, the statuses of many tropical communities worldwide are likewise in equal dire need of urgent, science-based conservation management. Available modern study methods are presented and readily available for use for inference in order to help safeguard this species in a very complex socio-economic environment. Those concepts cover geographic information systems (GIS) – open source and commercial software – and (digital) database techniques, different information sources including available open access data in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility website and the relevance of citizen science. Linked with many publicly available GIS and Remote Sensing layers freely available online ‘in the cloud’, data mining is discussed using ‘latest’ and ‘best’ AI and Machine Learning ensembles, namely stochastic boosting and bagging. A standardized predictive modeling workflow is suggested to show how such methods can help obtain more reliable and updated online status-reports in real-time for this species and its habitats. The evolution of field database delivery, international data sharing online, GIS, software algorithms, cloud computing, workflows, and ISO-compliant metadata is set in context with conservation progress and sustainable landscapes worldwide. This will better serve nations, their people, and ancient livelihoods in an otherwise globally operating and highly complicated telecoupled supply chain that currently marginalizes the environment.
Analysis of Clinician and Patient Factors and Completion of Telemedicine Appointments Using Video.

Importance Telemedicine provides patients access to episodic and longitudinal care. Policy discussions surrounding future support for telemedicine require an understanding of factors associated with successful video visits. Objective To assess patient and clinician factors associated with successful and with failed video visits. Design, setting, and participants This was a quality improvement study of 137 846 scheduled video visits at a single academic health system in southeastern Wisconsin between March 1 and December 31, 2020, supplemented with patient experience survey data. Patient information was gathered using demographic information abstracted from the electronic health record and linked with block-level socioeconomic data from the US Census Bureau. Data on perceived clinician experience with technology was obtained using the survey. Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome of interest was the successful completion of a scheduled video visit or the conversion of the video visit to a telephone-based service. Visit types and administrative data were used to categorize visits. Mixed-effects modeling with pseudo R2 values was performed to compare the relative associations of patient and clinician factors with video visit failures. Results In total, 75 947 patients and 1155 clinicians participated in 137 846 scheduled video encounters, 17 190 patients (23%) were 65 years or older, and 61 223 (81%) patients were of White race and ethnicity. Of the scheduled video encounters, 123 473 (90%) were successful, and 14 373 (10%) were converted to telephone services. A total of 16 776 patients (22%) completed a patient experience survey. Lower clinician comfort with technology (odds ratio [OR], 0.15; 95% CI, 0.08-0.28), advanced patient age (66-80 years: OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.26-0.30), lower patient socioeconomic status (including low high-speed internet availability) (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.77-0.92), and patient racial and ethnic minority group status (Black or African American: OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.69-0.81) were associated with conversion to telephone visits. Patient characteristics accounted for systematic components for success; marginal pseudo R2 values decreased from 23% (95% CI, 21.1%-26.1%) to 7.8% (95% CI, 6.3%-9.4%) with exclusion of patient factors. Conclusions and relevance As policy makers consider expanding telehealth coverage and hospital systems focus on investments, consideration of patient support, equity, and friction should guide decisions. In particular, this quality improvement study suggests that underserved patients may become disproportionately vulnerable by cuts in coverage for telephone-based services.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Searches and Seizures: Regulate Law Office Searches

The Act prohibits the issuance and execution of a search warrant for documents in an attorney's possession absent a showing of probable cause that the attorney committed a crime, or that the attorney has possession of the place to be searched and the documents will be hidden or destroyed. The Act also prohibits warrantless law office searches and provides procedural protections which regulate the search and the disposition of potentially privileged documents.
Marketing and the Consumer

Marketing is an open and non-coerced exchange of values between the marketer and the consumer. The consumer is the final user of the utility in the exchange, and is the focus of marketing efforts developed to create enough perceived consumer value to precipitate the exchange. Society has set very broad limits on the freedom of choice within these exchanges. The marketer's information is usually far superior to the knowledge of the consumer leading to the “knowledge gap.” During his term, US President John F. Kennedy announced a bill of rights for the consumer intended to help address this. Keywords: marketing; consumer; consumer bill of rights
Intraoral blue nevi. Report of two additional cases.

Abstract Two additional intraoral blue nevi are described, bringing the total number reported nine. One of these occurred on the hard palate; the other on the vermilion border of the lower lip.
Currency, Identity, and Nation-Building: National Currency Choices in the Post-Soviet States

Newly independent states issue currencies for both economic and political reasons. Politically, the national currency demonstrates their sovereignty and juridical independence to international audiences, and helps create common ties and unifying symbols within the country. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, all fifteen successor states faced the problem of creating, or at least reinforcing, new national identities to replace decades of Soviet identity-building. This paper shows how state leaders chose images on their currencies to fit with their visions of develop national identity. I create a typology of symbols available to national leaders and track which symbols all fifteen countries used on every banknote issued since independence.Based on that data, I make three main claims. First, each state had several different kinds of images it could use, so state leaders had the chance to choose from a menu of historically viable options. Some states emphasized their medieval heritage, others the development of 19th century nationalism, and others their 20th century modernization. This evidence suggests that national leaders act as if national identity is malleable. Second, contrary to some predictions, these countries’ currencies are not converging on a European or a post-modern model. Post-Soviet states have chosen a diverse set of symbols for their currencies and there is no single pattern that dominates. Third, I argue that differences in imagery are partially predictable by differences in regime type. More democratic states are more likely to choose to put individuals–poets, linguists, scientists, musicians, and other cultural figures–on their currencies. They are also more likely to include representations of women, although images of women are still rare. Authoritarian regimes are harder to predict: perhaps precisely because they have more autonomy from society their currency choices vary more.
The Bend: A Speculation on History and Science

The age of human civilization is given the name “the bend” based on a re-examination of the emergence of science, science theory content, and history. Civilization, existing over its course, in darkness to the nature of its partnership with the elements, oscillates in a romance that alternates between logical explanation, the rational, and illogical as they are presented to him from the external. Its’ course, set on the logical sorting of the worlds elements, life experience, necessarily reflects those conditions, and thus emerges to parallel perceptions in a similar manner. If in reflections alternate conditions do not exist that do not exceed his perceptions and physically applied cognitions a potentially blinded, self defining course exists. Both civilization and separate nature are, in this circumstance, though mutually equal as entities of perspective dependant logic and illogic, potentially pursue parallel though unequal courses. It is necessarily the case that actual path differentials, composed of logical and illogic are the real enumerator of life kinds footing. Prominent scholarly works, judged to be exemplary of historical behavior and that focus on the emergence of path will be critically examined in order to argue that civilization and its’ external spaces are modulated differentially-one, (civilization), by its’ own will as a construct of the experienced logical and illogical, the other (nature) by its’ empathy for the future, the open, a repulsion of the past but not the contiguity of its’ path. The era of human civilization will be named the “bend” to reflect both an innate property of nature and an evolved division between the course of nature and that of mankind.
International Dispute Settlement and the Role of International Adjudication

This article presents an overview of the general characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of international adjudication, including arbitration and judicial settlement. The article first questions whether adjudication is necessary for effective legal order, noting that: (1) even in national legal systems most disputes are settled, if at all, in other ways than by formal court decision; (2) national legal systems may, in any case, not be an appropriate model for the international legal order; and (3) the character of international tribunals is, in any event, very different from that of national legal systems.The article then suggests some advantages and disadvantages of international adjudication as compared with other dispute-settlement techniques. Some possible advantages of adjudication are that it is (1) positive; (2) impartial; (3) principled; (4) authoritative; (5) impersonal; (6) serious; (7) orderly; (8) may reduce tensions and buy time; (9) precedential and may help develop law; (10) system reinforcing. Some possible disadvantages of adjudication are that it: (1) involves the chance of losing; (2) is unpredictable; (3) may not be impartial; (4) involves imposed settlement; (5) may involve illusory or superficial settlement; (6) is adversarial and potentially escalating; (7) may freeze the dispute and the parties’ options; (8) is inflexible; (9) is conservative; (10) may be inconvenient and costly; (11) may be too precedential; (12) may be ineffective; and (13) may be used for propaganda or harassment purposes.The article concludes with a discussion of some advantages and disadvantages of adjudication by a permanent court in contrast to ad hoc arbitrators, of the role of international adjudication in international governance, and of U.S. policy concerning the role of the International Court of Justice and other international adjudicatory tribunals, suggesting reasons why the U.S. should support the Court and a strengthened role for international adjudication.This article is reprinted in M.E. O’Connell, INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT (Ashgate/Dartmouth 2003), Chpt. I (Library of Essays in International Law). A companion article by the author in “an Overview of International Dispute Settlement” appears in the Emory Journal of International Dispute Settlement, Vol. 1, No.1, (Fall 1986), pp. 1-32.
Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of health care providers towards the mentally ill in Delta State, Nigeria.

This study aimed at chronicling the socio-cultural impediments to the favourable dispositional postures of health care providers despite their huge knowledge of the illness towards the mentally sic...
The utility of functional gene arrays for assessing community composition, relative abundance, and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea.

Abstract Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) transform ammonium to nitrite, an essential step in the complete mineralization of organic matter, leading to the accumulation of nitrate in oxic environments. The diversity and community composition of both groups have been extensively explored by sequence analysis of both 16S rRNA and amoA (encoding the critical enzyme, ammonia monooxygenase subunit A) genes. In this chapter, the power of the amoA gene as a phylogenetic marker for both AOB and AOA is extended to the development and application of DNA microarrays. Functional gene microarrays provide high throughput, relatively high resolution data on community composition and relative abundance, which is especially useful for comparisons among environments, and between samples in time and space, targeting the microbial group that is responsible for a biogeochemical transformation of interest, such as nitrification. In this chapter, the basic approaches to the design of probes to represent the target groups AOB and AOA are described, and the protocols for preparing hybridization targets from environmental samples are provided. Factors that influence the hybridization results and determine the sensitivity and specificity of the assays are discussed. A few examples of recent applications of amoA microarrays to explore temporal and spatial patterns in AOB and AOA community composition in estuaries and the ocean are presented. Array data are lower resolution than sequencing, but much higher throughput, thus allowing robust statistics and reproducibility that are not possible with large clone libraries. For specific functional groups, arrays provide more direct information in a more economical format than is possible with next generation sequencing.
Minimal activators that bind to the KIX domain of p300/CBP identified by phage display screening.

Human gene therapy approaches involving transcription factors often rely on artificial activation domains for transcriptional activation. These domains are often large (e.g., 80 amino acids for VP16), recruit multiple co-activation complexes at once, and offer no fine control over the level of transcription. In an attempt to understand the sequence and structural requirements of a minimal mammalian activator, we employed a molecular diversity approach with a peptide phage display library composed of random eight-amino acid peptides. Using the KIX domain of the mammalian co-activators p300 and CBP as target, we discovered a family of synthetic binding peptides. These peptides share significant homology with natural KIX domain ligands, and are shown to bind an overlapping, yet distinct, surface of p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP). When fused to a heterologous DNA binding domain, these synthetic peptides function as titratable, modular, and potent transcriptional activators in living cells through specific recruitment of p300/CBP, with the level of transcriptional activation proportional to the affinity of the synthetic peptide for the KIX domain. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a molecular diversity approach can be used to discover minimal, co-activator domain-specific synthetic activators, and that transcriptional activation can be modulated as desired at the level of co-activator recruitment.
Recent Bottomonium and Charmonium Results from CLEO

Recent results from the CLEO experiment on decays and partial widths of various bottomonium and charmonium resonances are presented. New measurements of the di-electron partial widths for the 3 bound-state Upsilons and the J/psi are discussed. A determination of the total hadronic cross section for the psi(3770) is made, which solves a 20-year-old puzzle. The Y(4260) state is confirmed and its decay into 2 new modes is measured.
Pathogenesis of Bronchiectasis

The pathogenesis of bronchiectasis cannot be explained by a single cause. The current model is a vicious cycle of inflammation and altered response to infection. This cycle depends not only on the type and virulence of the pathogen but also on the host immune response. In this response, too much or too little can damage the airways or fail to clear the pathogen, thus increasing the probability of further infection. This review describes the changes and advancement in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis, including mechanisms of injury and host factors.
Toward a Theory of Man-Tool System Design Applications to the Consumer Product Area

The man-tool system is important in many human factors areas but particularly so for consumer products where competition and other aspects are forcing particular attention to be paid to consumer satisfaction and tool performance. A first-order descriptive model of the man-tool system is presented together with a short description of a directed procedure for man-tool design which has been found useful in several different areas of consumer product design. It is essential that tool design be approached from the systems viewpoint, in order to provide a sound basis for research and design, leading to prototypes having a high chance of being successful for the user and/or the client with the minimum amount of iteration in the design process. The psychophysical sensitivity to moment-of-inertia as a component of tool "feel" is also presented, together with a discussion of some pitfalls in the necessary task of eliciting useful design words from the user. Language: en
PACAP 1-38 as an Inhaled Bronchodilator in Guinea Pigs In Vivo

Abstract Linden, A., L.-O. Cardell, S. Yoshihara, P. Stjarne and J. A. Nadel. PACAP 1-38 as an inhaled bronchodilator in guinea pigs in vivo. Peptides 19(1) 93–98, 1998.—The effect on total pulmonary resistance (R1) was examined for inhaled PACAP 1-38, PACAP 1-27 and VIP in anesthetized, ventilated guinea pigs. Two minutes after inhalation, PACAP 1-38 (36 ± 6%), PACAP 1-27 (42 ± 9%) and VIP (48 ± 19%) inhibited the increase in R1 (% inhibition of histamine-induced R1 prior to inhalation) caused by histamine IV, whereas the vehicle (−1 ± 10%) did not. This inhibitory effect lasted five times longer for PACAP 1-38 (> 50 min) than for PACAP 1-27 and VIP (
Reiter's Keratitis

• A distinctive keratitis occurs commonly in Reiter's syndrome. In three patients with Reiter's keratitis, two demonstrated the typical features of prodromal conjunctivitis, subepithelial and anterior stromal infiltrates, ragged epithelial erosions, and spontaneous resolution. A third case of rare, severe keratitis in addition had an associated finding of disciform keratitis. To our knowledge, this last finding has not previously been reported. Chlamydia has been implicated as an etiologic agent in Reiter's syndrome. Giemsa's stain of corneal epithelial cells in one of our patients disclosed intracytoplasmic inclusions that resembled those seen in Chlamydia -caused conjunctivitis. The patient also exhibited a rising serum titer to Chlamydia antigen.
Excitation induced emission color change in conjugated polymers

We report the luminescence color change of poly-(2,5-dioctyl para-phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) through variations of the excitation intensity. PPE can exist in one of two phases in a chloroform solution; one is a single molecule phase, and the other is an aggregate phase, where the benzene rings of the adjacent polymer chains stack on top of each other. Only the latter exhibits the intensity dependent color change.The other shows regular photoluminescence; that is, only the emission intensity itself depends on the excitation intensity. The phase change occurs reversibly, and therefore, two ways of changing the emission color are possible. PPE will therefore contribute strongly to future color tuning applications.
Language, thought and color: recent developments

The classic issue of color naming and color cognition has been re-examined in a recent series of articles. Here, we review these developments, and suggest that they move the field beyond a familiar rhetoric of 'nature versus nurture', or 'universals versus relativity', to new concepts and new questions.
The relative effect of unionization and interjurisdictional competition on municipal wages

This study analyzes the effect on municipal employee wages of interjurisdictional competition in municipal service markets. The impact of market conditions are analyzed utilizing a bureaucracy model of local governmental decision making. The study develops hypotheses concerning the degree of competition in this market, constructs empirical measures of competition, and investigates the relationship between competition and wage levels for three categories of municipal workers. The empirical results suggest that local market conditions may be as important a determinant of local wages as local labor market conditions, including union membership. Also, the wage effect of unionization appears to be greater in less competitive local government environments.
STUDIES OF THE SIMULATION OF DRIFTING OIL BY POLYETHYLENE SHEETS

Abstract Rudimentary, comparative tests in laboratory tanks suggested that thin, polyethylene sheet will drift with the uppermost layer of surface water and thereby simulate the movement of an oil slick in the ocean. A series of drift experiments with circular polyethylene sheets in Narragansett Bay showed that both tidal currents and surface with friction were of equal importance in producing the motion of a thin surface layer. In Narragansett Bay, theoretical predictions of the surface motion suggested that errors in the available tidal-current charts produce the major uncertainty in estimates of this motion.
Comparative methodology as a means for assessing the impact of feminization and professionalization on librarianship

Une etude historique de l'emploi feminin dans le secteur des bibliotheques en France, aux Etats-Unis et en Grande-Bretagne est presentee depuis la fin du XIXeme siecle. Des indicateurs juridiques, sociaux, economiques et socio-psychologiques definissent le statut actuel des bibliothecaires-femmes
Cervical necrosis and sinus tract formation secondary to a dentoalveolar infection: report of a case.

Abstract Orocutaneous sinus tracts of the head and neck region have been reported with some regularity. Diagnosis requires discrimination from local skin infection, infected dermoid cysts, carcinoma, dacryocystitis, pyogenic granuloma, mycotic infection, foreign body reaction, noma, osteomyelitis, and traumatic lesions. Those of an odontogenic nature are a special challenge because the presenting symptoms or location are not always indicative of dental infection. The patient very often does not have dental pain, and the sinus tract may not be immediately adjacent to the involved tooth. Results of cursory dental examination may be unremarkable, with the teeth appearing to be in good repair and not sensitive to percussion. Patients may have experienced intermittent remission of the symptoms, further masking the source. The following report describes a case in which the diagnosis of odontogenic infection was not made until surgical exploration of the sinus tract was done.
A computerized perimeter for assessing modality-specific visual field loss

The characterization of visual field loss provides a valuable diagnostic metric for studying the effects of damage to the retina, optic nerve or visual cortex. We describe a tool, the Quadrant Vision Perimeter (QVp), to rapidly and accurately measure visual fields. In addition to measuring the location of visual deficits, the tool can assess modality-specific field loss (e.g., impaired detection of luminance, motion, depth and color) and severity of the deficit. We present validation and normalization for parameters of visual attributes, as well as exemplar comparisons of visual fields obtained automatically using QVp to standardized perimeters for three stroke patients. Patient visual fields are compared among visual features to assess modality-specific deficits, and over time, to measure fine changes in visual fields, due either to spontaneous recovery or visual degradation.
Vacancy and Cation Distribution in Yttria-Doped Ceria: An 89Y and 17O MAS NMR Study

The local structure and dynamics of oxide ions in yttria-doped ceria (YDC, 5 to 30% Y2O3) were studied using high-resolution 89Y and 17O MAS NMR spectroscopy at ambient temperature and high temperatures to 500 °C. Eight-, seven-, and six-coordinated yttrium cations are clearly resolved in 89Y MAS NMR spectra, and their relative populations were measured. The derived average coordination number of yttrium is smaller than that for a random distribution of oxygen vacancies, suggesting that there is strong association between yttrium cations and vacancies and there is the possibility of pairing of two yttrium cations with one vacancy. In the 17O MAS NMR spectra, resonances for oxygens with different coordination environments are resolved and are assigned to oxygens with different numbers of yttrium cations in the first coordination sphere. The relative intensities of the 17O resonances also deviate from those expected from a random distribution, again indicating possible pairing of yttrium cations. High-tempe...
INVESTIGATION OF LIGHT-INDUCED CONFORMATION CHANGES IN SPIROPYRAN-MODIFIED SUCCINYLATED POLY(l-LYSINE)

To determine the maximum range of coupling between side-chain photochromism and polypeptide conformation change, we modified the carboxylate side chains of succinylated poly(L-lysine) with a spiropyran to form polypeptide I. The extent of modification was determined to be 35.5%. The spacer group length between the polypeptide alpha-carbon and the dye was 12 atoms, providing minimum polypeptide-dye interaction. Conformation changes were monitored by circular dichroism as a function of light adaptation and solvent composition (hexafluoroisopropanol [HFIP] vs trifluoroethanol [TFE]). Under all solvent compositions, the dark-adapted dye was in the merocyanine form. Light adaptation by visible light converted the dye to the spiropyran form. When dissolved in TFE, I adopted a helical conformation insensitive to light adaptation. With increasing percentage HFIP, a solvent-induced helix-to-coil transition was observed around 80% (vol/vol) HFIP. At 100% HFIP, both light- and dark-adapted forms of I were in the coil state. Near the midpoint of the solvent-induced helix-to-coil transition, light adaptation caused conformation changes. Applying helix-to-coil transition theory, we measured a statistically significant difference in coil segment-HFIP binding constant for light- vs dark-adapted solutions (6.38 +/- 0.03 M-1 vs 6.56 +/- 0.03 M-1), but not for the nucleation parameter sigma (1.2 +/- 0.4 10(-3) vs 1.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(-3). The small binding constant difference translated to a light-induced binding energy difference of 17 cal/mol/monomer. Near the midpoint of the helix-to-coil transition, collective interactions between monomer units made possible the translation of a small energy difference (less than RT) into large macromolecular conformation changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Return, Risk and Cost of Equity for Stock S&L Firms: Theory and Empirical Results

This study examines the current deregulated environment for and the financial position of savings and loan associations. It is argued that in a less regulated, more competitive environment managers of savings and loan associations will have to become more proficient in using financial management techniques to assure the survival and the return to profitability of their associations. One aspect of financial management is a more careful estimation of and use of the cost of equity capital, especially for the increasing number of associations that have converted from mutual to stock organizations. Different approaches to the estimation of the cost of equity capital are discussed and monthly stock prices of 35 stock savings and loan associations are used to estimate representative costs of equity capital.
Knowledge management: The magic is in the culture!

Knowledge management (KM) has been gaining recognition for improving customer responsiveness, fostering innovation, and leading generally to more efficient knowledge workers. Spending on KM initiatives is expected to increase substantially in the growth stage of the market over the next 5 years. Research indicates that since the KM concept emerged in the early 1990s, many ambitious KM initiatives have failed to achieve their full potential. Users and analysts are beginning to blame the limited success on overemphasis on technology. This article addresses the issue of human interaction and the role of corporate culture in implementing KM initiatives. The author makes specific recommendations for optimizing the KM environment and architecture. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Power loading on the first wall during disruptions in TFTR

Heating of the first wall of TFTR due to disruptions is investigated experimentally using an extensive array of thermocouples. By comparing results from discharges with and without disruptions, we extract effects due to the disruption alone. Disruptions preferentially heat the same areas which are heated during discharges without disruptions. Hot areas are inward protrusions or regions unshielded by neighboring areas. Peaking factors in the toroidal direction, defined as peak temperature divided by average toroidal temperature, as a function of poloidal angle, are calculated. For nondisruptive discharges, the peaking factor varies between 2 and 4. For the disruptive portion of a discharge only, the peaking factor near the midplane, where most of the energy is deposited, ranges from 3 to 5. Further away from the midplane, the peaking factor can reach 28, although the heat load is less in that region.
Analysis of the piat with Anglo and Mexican-American children

Abstract This study analyzed the utility of the PIAT when administered to separate samples of Anglo and Mexican-American children using the WRAT and WISC-R as comparative measures. Thirty-one Mexican-American and 31 Anglo-American children were matched on the basis of sex, age, SES, educational placement, and reason referred for psychological assessment. All children were administered the PIAT, WRAT, and WISC-R. Partial intercorrelations (CA held constant) among the PIAT subtest raw scores and subtests of the WRAT purporting to measure the same construct were performed. Adequate concurrent validity was found for the PIAT Mathematics, Spelling, and Reading Recognition subtests for both Anglo and Mexican-American children. Analysis of subtest means and concurrent validity between ethnic groups showed general equivalence with the exception of WISC-R Verbal IQ means, which was significantly lower for the Mexican-American group. Implications for assessing Mexican-American children are discussed.