cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiscal forearms: Taxation as the lifeblood of the modern liberal state

For nearly all advanced industrialized nation-states, taxation is the central source of public revenue. Indeed, taxation is the one policy area without which nearly all of the other functions and aspects of the modern state would not be possible. Thus, to continue the Bourdieuian metaphor of a body politic that frames this edited volume, taxation is the lifeblood of the effective, modern, liberal state. Like blood itself, taxation does much more than provide material sustenance for the body politic. Because taxation is one of the most widely and persistently experienced relationships that individuals have with their government, it helps us define the meaning of fiscal citizenship. Taxation institutionalizes the concept of a social contract between the state and its citizens, between the sovereign and its subjects. This paper, which is part of a collection of essays, explores the central role of taxation to the development of an effective, modern state. After reviewing some of the classic social and economic literature on how taxation is the key link between war and state formation, this paper investigates how scholars have recently begun to go beyond the conventional view of taxation as simply a source of material resources, to examine the historical relationship between taxation and citizenship. There is perhaps no better example of how taxation has shaped social and cultural conceptions of fiscal citizenship than the U.S.’s adoption of direct and progressive taxation in the early twentieth century. Using the United States during this period as a case study, this paper shows how American reformers deliberately deployed a particular vision and idiom about taxation to help lawmakers and ordinary Americans reimagine the financial basis of government programs.
Intersectional Identities, Identity Dimensions, and Academic Contingencies of Self-Worth

ABSTRACTMany people rely on academic performance as an important part of their self-concept, or have academic contingencies of self-worth. We compared academic contingencies of self-worth in three groups of participants, who varied in their feelings about two minority identities: sexual minority Asian/Pacific Islanders, straight Asian/Pacific Islanders, and sexual minority Whites. Comparing pairs of groups that shared one marginalized social identity, we confirmed our hypothesis that participants’ feelings about their racial identity related to contingent self-worth differently based on their sexuality; in contrast, participants’ feelings about their sexual identity related to contingent self-worth in the same way regardless of race. The group defined by the intersection of two minority social identities (Asian/Pacific Islander and sexual minority) is of particular interest.
Putting the People Back into the Pueblos

This chapter takes a bioarchaeological approach to understanding the Chaco Phenomenon by assessing changes, shifting patterns of site complexity, and population demography over time and throughout the San Juan Basin. To accomplish this we cannot focus solely on the biological bodies but also understand the archaeological context in which the bodies were recovered. The value of a bioarchaeological perspective is that it includes an archaeological reconstruction of sites, the mortuary context for burials when it was available, as well as the reconstruction of the demographic profile of the population.
Stable Hydrazyls and Push–Pull (Capto-Dative) Aminyl Free Radicals

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is at present the preferred method for studying free radicals. Push–pull aminyls show exceptional stability, which is explained satisfactorily by Linnett's double-quartet theory in terms of electronic spin. Stable hydrazyls such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-diphenyl-1-cyanohydrazyl can actually be viewed as push–pull aminyls. A consequence of Linnett's theory is the increased bond order for the NN bond in hydrazyls, which is confirmed experimentally by X-ray crystallography and the high intramolecular rotation barrier. For aminyls and hydrazyls whose nitrogen center is not part of a ring, this survey lists the variety of electron donors and electron acceptors known so far. Keywords: aminyl and hydrazyl stable free radicals; nitrogen-centered persistent free radicals; push–pull stabilization; capto-dative stabilization; merostabilization; electron paramagnetic resonance spectra
A Multimodal Approach to Teaching Cultural Competency in the Doctor of Pharmacy Curriculum

Objective. To assess first-year pharmacy students' grades and preferred teaching styles within a multimodal teaching approach for developing cultural competency during a required Pharmaceutical Care I course. Methods. A lecture, two active-learning exercises (global bead and trading places), and an in-class quiz were used to teach students about cultural competency in preparation for a practicum. A four-hour practicum consisting of videos, structured discussion, counseling, and a survey were used in this multimodal approach. Student quiz and practicum grades and survey results were analyzed. Reflection responses were collected. Results. Students scored an average of 86.1% on the in-class quiz and 92.6% on the practicum. Average rankings on the Trading Places exercise demonstrated a change in students' individual biases. Students perceived the practicum, lecture, and Worlds Apart videos to be the most useful elements of the cultural competency curriculum. Conclusion. The practicum and lecture were the teaching methods most preferred by students for conveying cultural competency; however, students agreed that all of the teaching methods used helped them to achieve the desired learning objectives. Students' grades improved from the quiz to the practicum, which may indicate enhanced cultural knowledge via a multimodal teaching approach.
An add-on adaptive optical module for laser scanning microscopy (Conference Presentation)

Wavefront-shaping devices incorporated into optical microscopy systems are capable of correcting sample-induced aberrations and recovering diffraction-limited imaging performance. The widespread dissemination and application of adaptive optical techniques, however, requires easy integration of adaptive optical modules, both in terms of hardware and software, into existing microscopes. We built an adaptive optical module with reduced complexity and simplified integration by utilizing a novel segmented deformable mirror and a standalone control software program. We demonstrated its ability to improve image brightness and resolution at depth in the mouse, zebrafish, and fly brains in vivo.
PDM/EDM as Integration Layer for Continous Workflows Based on Relevant Product Data

PDM and PLM are presently being widely discussed in the automotive industry. The car manufacturers demonstrate quite different technological approaches and advances. Nevertheless, the practical implementation is often insufficient.
Gene Transfer into Hemopoietic Progenitors: Implications for Bone Marrow Transplantation

Hemopoietic progenitor cells have been considered an ideal target for gene therapy of many single gene disorders currently treated by bone marrow transplantation as they are easily obtained and manipulated ex vivo. Furthermore genetic modification of stem cells could be sufficient to repopulate the hemopoietic and lymphoid system of an individual for their entire life. However, the level of gene transfer obtained with current gene transfer techniques as wells as concerns about the expression and regulation of new genes in such cells has delayed the use of gene therapy in most patients with these conditions (Miller, 1992; Anderson, 1992). In contrast gene marking studies allow clinically biological questions to be addressed even with the limited efficiency of gene transfer available with current vectors. In our initial studies in autologous bone marrow transplantation (AMBT), we used gene marking techniques to determine the source of relapse after ABMT and to learn more about the biology of normal marrow reconstitution. In follow up studies we are evaluating the efficacy of purging and the effect of growth factors on reconstitution. We are also using gene marking to monitor the efficacy of an adoptive transfer approach in patients at high risk of developing EBV lymphoproliferation following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Dynamic Young's modulus and vibration damping for cryomilled NiAl-AlN composites : 5-20% AlN concentrations

High-temperature, high-strength nickel aluminidealuminum nitride (NiAl-AlN) composites have been created by utilizing a reaction milling process called cryomilling. These composites have similar compressive properties to those of single crystal Nibased superalloys [1]. Researching new NiAl-AlN composites may lead to high-strength, high-temperature alternatives to expensive superalloys [2]. High-intensity ball milling of NiAl powder in a liquid nitrogen-®lled attritor chamber was performed at NASA's Lewis Research Center to produce these high-strength, high-temperature NiAl-AlN composites. Through the cryomilling process, the NiAl particles became fragmented and the near-surface regions became supersaturated with nitrogen. Aluminium nitride (AlN) precipitated within the nitrogen-rich layers during powder consolidation operations at high temperatures [1, 3]. The powder was consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIP'ing) for 5%-AlN and 20%-AlN specimens. The 10%-AlN specimen was extruded. Hot isostatic pressing is a process of forming powder compacts at high temperatures. During HIP'ing, the powder was sealed in a metal container and was then simultaneously heated and compacted in a pressurized inert gas container. HIP'ing pressurized the powder isostatically. Although this process permits complex shapes to be produced, it is time-consuming and expensive [4]. The extrusion process is similar to the HIP'ing technique in that the powder was also sealed in a metal container. The container was then forced through a die to form the needed shape. The extrusion process, unlike the HIP'ing technique, does not allow complex shapes to be formed. Aluminum nitride (AlN) is an advanced ceramic that provides good electrical insulation and has a high thermal conductivity. Its high thermal conductivity allows it to dissipate and remove heat quickly. AlN has a density of 3260 kg my3 and a Young's modulus of 35.6 GPa [5]. The Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Composite Oscillator Technique (PUCOT) was utilized in this experiment to determine the dynamic Young's modulus and damping characteristics for the NiAl-AlN. Measurements of the dynamic Young's modulus and vibration damping were made for each specimen at 150 kHz, at temperatures ranging from 218C to 900 8C. Details about the PUCOT can be found elsewhere [6, 7]. This research complements that done recently by Wolfenden, Coan, and Hebsur on NiAl-AlN systems with concentrations of 1 and 30% AlN [8]. Table I contains the density and Young's modulus for the specimens of different compositions at room temperature (21 8C). Tables II±IV show the hightemperature results for the 5%, 10%, and 20% AlN
Application of cascade PID plus feedforward in automatic denitration control

Generally, single PID loop plus feedforward control was adopted for the automatic denitration control in the power plant. When the ammonia pressure, unit load or NOx concentration of SCR inlet changes drastically, the adjustment control could not respond quickly, and the hysteresis is obvious. Based on the strategy of cascade PID plus feedforward control, a mathematical model for predicting the NOx concentration of the chimney inlet is constructed, which can reflect the boiler combustion conditions in real time. When the unit is in AGC-R mode, the feedforward control signals can be provided in time to adjust the ammonia injection flow, which can overcome the control problem caused by the characteristic of large hysteresis, and reduce the control overshoot and ammonia slip, and save the ammonia injection.
Colorimetric Detection of Mutant β-Amyloid(1–40) Membrane-Active Aggregation with Biosensing Vesicles

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a protein misfolding disease commonly characterized by neuritic amyloid plaques and proteinaceous fibrillar aggregate deposits composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates. The dynamic aggregation of Aβ forms toxic, nanoscale aggregate species which proceed from oligomers to fibrils. Currently, there is need for rapid and direct detection of Aβ peptide aggregation and interaction with lipid membranes, as detecting an interaction with various lipid environments will provide insights to better understand how interactions may modulate membrane function on cellular surfaces, leading to the progression of AD. The goal of this study was to utilize a colorimetric, biomimetic, vesicle-binding assay as a biosensor to detect and investigate the occurrence of neurodegenerative disease-associated protein aggregation and interaction with lipid membranes. Lipid/polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicles were exposed to monomeric preparations of Wild Type Aβ(1–40) or point mutations in Aβ with amino acid substi...
Prophage-Mediated Disruption of Genetic Competence in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a major cause of soft tissue infections in dogs and occasionally infects humans. Hypervirulent multidrug-resistant (MDR) MRSP clones have emerged globally. The sequence types ST71 and ST68, the major epidemic clones of Europe and North America, respectively, have spread to other regions. The genetic factors underlying the success of these clones have not been investigated thoroughly. Here, we performed a comprehensive genomic analysis of 371 S. pseudintermedius isolates to dissect the differences between major clonal lineages. We show that the prevalence of genes associated with antibiotic resistance, virulence, prophages, restriction-modification (RM), and CRISPR/Cas systems differs significantly among MRSP clones. The isolates with GyrA+GrlA mutations, conferring fluoroquinolone resistance, carry more of these genes than those without GyrA+GrlA mutations. ST71 and ST68 clones carry lineage-specific prophages with genes that are likely associated with their increased fitness and virulence. We have discovered that a prophage, SpST71A, is inserted within the comGA gene of the late competence operon comG in the ST71 lineage. A functional comG is essential for natural genetic competence, which is one of the major modes of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria. The RM and CRISPR/Cas systems, both major genetic barriers to HGT, are also lineage specific. Clones harboring CRISPR/Cas or a prophage-disrupted comG exhibited less genetic diversity and lower rates of recombination than clones lacking these systems. After Listeria monocytogenes, this is the second example of prophage-mediated competence disruption reported in any bacteria. These findings are important for understanding the evolution and clonal expansion of MDR MRSP clones. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is a bacterium responsible for clinically important infections in dogs and can infect humans. In this study, we performed genomic analysis of 371 S. pseudintermedius isolates to understand the evolution of antibiotic resistance and virulence in this organism. The analysis covered significant reported clones, including ST71 and ST68, the major epidemic clones of Europe and North America, respectively. We show that the prevalence of genes associated with antibiotic resistance, virulence, prophages, and horizontal gene transfer differs among clones. ST71 and ST68 carry prophages with novel virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Importantly, site-specific integration of a prophage, SpST71A, has led to the disruption of the genetic competence operon comG in ST71 clone. A functional comG is essential for the natural uptake of foreign DNA and thus plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria. This study provides insight into the emergence and evolution of antibiotic resistance and virulence in S. pseudintermedius, which may help in efforts to combat this pathogen.
Chapter 9 – Gamete Transport and Fertilization

The process of fertilization, or conception, involves fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (ovum) to form a new individual. Because each gamete is haploid (N), fertilization restores the normal diploid (2N) chromosomal complement. Fertilization, however, is more than the simple fusion of gametes in that it is preceded by and requires a series of precisely timed events. Once sperm are deposited in the female reproductive tract, they travel a relatively long distance and overcome several obstacles before reaching the ovum. Similarly, the ovum travels through a portion of the female reproductive tract before it is fertilized. Not only do the gametes move to the appropriate regions of the female tract but they undergo important processes of physical and biochemical maturation that are a prerequisite for fertilization.
Case Study: STEM Contribution in Indian IT Clusters

This chapter provides a general introduction to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education in India and how it has helped to establish IT clusters. Technopolis cities in India were especially affected by STEM education, which led to the emerging trend of integration of STEM education and technology policy in select regions in India. Policies were implemented to support STEM education in primary schools through Ph.D. level, in addition to Indian government development of STEM models to support twenty-first century technology development and education reform. This chapter concludes with common as well as unique aspects of STEM education in the technopolis of India.
Firearm Use in Violent Crime: Examining the Role of Premeditation and Motivation in Weapon Choice

Although there is a plethora of research documenting the relationship between firearms and violence, we know little about the influence of offenders’ motivation and premeditation as they relate to the choice of weapon for the commission of a violent crime. In this study, we examined a sample of 375 violent crime inmates incarcerated in the New Jersey Department of Corrections. We addressed two research questions: what variables influence the use of a firearm in a violent crime, and do premeditation and motivation increase the odds that an offender will use a firearm in a violent crime? We found that premeditation and motivation are robust covariates of firearm use, which aligns with Rational Choice Theory; this suggests that firearms are used as tools to gain compliance and facilitate the commission of a crime. As a result, prevention strategies that focus on restricting access to firearms to at-risk populations and those that focus on interrupting the cycle of violence may help reduce firearm-related violence, particularly in premeditated events.
The Information Content in Analytic Spot Models of Broadband Precision Light Curves

We present the results of numerical experiments to assess degeneracies in light curve models of starspots. Using synthetic light curves generated with the Cheetah starspot modeling code, we explore the extent to which photometric light curves constrain spot model parameters, including spot latitudes and stellar inclination. We also investigate the effects of spot parameters and differential rotation on one's ability to correctly recover rotation periods and differential rotation in the Kepler light curves. We confirm that in the absence of additional constraints on the stellar inclination, such as spectroscopic measurements of vsin i or occultations of starspots by planetary transits, the spot latitude and stellar inclination are difficult to determine uniquely from the photometry alone. We find that for models with no differential rotation, spots that appear on opposite hemispheres of the star may cause one to interpret the rotation period to be half of the true period. When differential rotation is included, the changing longitude separation between spots breaks the symmetry of the hemispheres and the correct rotation period is more likely to be found. The dominant period found via periodogram analysis is typically that of the largest spot. Even when multiple spots with periods representative of the star's differential rotation exist, if one spot dominates the light curve the signal of differential rotation may not be detectable from the periodogram alone. Starspot modeling is applicable to stars with a wider range of rotation rates than other surface imaging techniques (such as Doppler imaging), allows subtle signatures of differential rotation to be measured, and may provide valuable information on the distribution of stellar spots. However, given the inherent degeneracies and uncertainty present in starspot models, caution should be exercised in their interpretation.
Arm Current Overshoot Reduction for Submodule Open-circuit Fault Reconfiguration in Modular Multilevel Converters

Modular multilevel converters (MMC) are popular for high-voltage, high-power electric energy conversion. To improve the reliability of MMCs, fault diagnosis and tolerant control have been studied by many researchers. Fault reconfiguration, one important step of the fault tolerant control, has become a challenge, especially under high-voltage operation. Arm current overshoot occurs during the reconfiguration if the MMC does not provide redundant submodules (SMs). Existing publications focus on the fault detection and localization. This work investigates the reconfiguration and proposes a suppression control strategy for the overcurrent. The strategy does not require redundant SMs. The proposed method is simulated in Matlab/Simulink and validated by experiments based on a three-phase MMC using an RL load.
Surface Modified Electrodes in a Microfluidic Biosensor

Since the mass-transport phenomenon is quite different in an electrochemical cell setting versus a fluidic-channel setting, it is logical to ask if all the optimization and enhancement discussed in Chaps. 2, 3, and 4 are still applicable to a microfluidic biosensor. This question is better answered by examining the situation in a microfluidic setting. This chapter begins with the development of a fluidic sensor device with microchannel for fluid transport and target detection by multiple microelectrodes made of standing nanopillars. After examining the effects of flow rate, channel height and width, it presents case studies of glucose detection using the developed fluidic sensor device in which all electrodes have their surfaces morphologically modified with nanopillars and its enzyme electrode functionalized using the polypyrrole/GOx method with and without the addition of nanoparticles.
Conjugation of 2,6-Dichloroindophenol with Mitochondrial Thiol Groups

Abstract Substantial quantities of 2, 6-dichloroindophenol are bound to mitochondrial constituents. It is likely that binding is mediated by conjugation of dye to thiol groups, since reaction conditions favoring binding are completely analogous to conditions favorable for the conjugation of dye to isolated thiol compounds. Thus, procedures which promote the maintenance of reduced 2, 6-dichloroindophenol (addition of dl-β-hydroxybutyrate, KCN, antimycin A, rotenone, or ascorbate) inhibited the rate of conjugation. Addition of 2, 4-dinitrophenol favored the formation of oxidized dye and concomitantly promoted conjugation. The conjugation of dye was completely inhibited by addition of an amount of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate which corresponded well with the thiol content of mitochondria reported by others. Conjugation of dye with thiol groups readily accounts for certain inhibitory effects reported by others and indicates that 2, 6-dichloroindophenol may alter the properties of native systems. Thus much caution is warranted in the interpretation of studies in which 2, 6-dichloroindophenol, and other actual or potential quinoids are used.
Atom-Atom Scattering in the Field of a Laser

Atom-atom scattering is a much richer phenomenon than electron-atom scattering in that there are a greater number of degrees of freedom and consequently a greater number of physical effects which can be observed in it. The introduction of the laser into either problem further enriches them but the degree of enrichment of the atom-atom problem is greatest when the scattering occurs at low relative energy. We therefore restrict our discussion to this problem, which can also be considered an introduction to the theory of laser-controlled chemistry.
Comments on "A new mechanistic parachor model to predict dynamic interfacial tension and miscibility in multicomponent hydrocarbon systems" by S. Ayirala and D. Rao [J. Colloid Interface Sci. 299 (2006) 321-331].

Abstract This comment points out an error of interpretation of experimental results reported in [J. Colloid Interface Sci. 299 (2006) 321–331].
Effect of salinity and its composition on the accumulation of selenium by alfalfa

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was grown in greenhouse sand culture to examine the effect of salinity composition and concentration on Se accumulation by plants. In a 2×2×4 factorial experiment, salinity was added as either C1− or SO 4 2− salts to the irrigating solution to achieve an electrical conductivity of 0.5, 1.5–3.0, or 6.0 dS m−1. Selenium was added to the nutrient solution at a concentration of 0.25 or 1.0 mg Se(VI)I−1. Following the third cutting, the roots were washed and all plant material analyzed for dry weight and Se. Plant biomass production decreased with additions of either Se or salinity, regardless of composition. In the presence of Se, the yield reduction was greater with Cl− salinity than with SO 4 2− salinity. Plant Se accumulation was reduced from 948 mg Se kg−1 to 6 mg Se kg−1 in the presence of SO 4 2− salts (0.5 mmol SO 4 2− l−1vs. 40 mmol SO 4 2− l−1) due to an apparent Se(VI) −SO 4 2− antagonism. This Se−SO 4 2− antagonism prevented accumulation of Se and reduced Se-induced toxicity. A lesser antagonistic effect on Se accumulation was observed between Cl−, and Se. A synergistic interaction between SO 4 2− and Se(VI) increased plant S concentrations in the presence of the relatively low basal SO 4 2− concentrations but not at the higher solution SO 4 2− concentrations. In many areas, soil and water containing high Se concentrations also contain large amounts of SO 4 2− . The occurrence of SO 4 2− with Se reduces plant accumulation of Se(VI) and may lower the risk of Se overexposure to animals feeding on forage material grown in high Se−SO 4 2− regions.
Emotion Perception in Asperger’s Syndrome and High-functioning Autism: The Importance of Diagnostic Criteria and Cue Intensity

This study compared emotion perception accuracy between children with Asperger’s syndrome (AS) and high-functioning autism (HFA). Thirty children were diagnosed with AS or HFA based on empirically supported diagnostic criteria and administered an emotion perception test consisting of facial expressions and tone of voice cues that varied in intensity. Participants with AS and the typically developing standardization sample of the emotion perception instrument had the same mean emotion perception accuracy, whereas participants with HFA performed significantly worse. Results also provided preliminary evidence for a difference in accuracy perceiving low-intensity tone of voice cues between participants with HFA and AS. Future research to build on these initial findings should include attention to tone of voice, underlying processing, and cue intensity.
On the Mechanism of Ligand-Assisted, Copper-Catalyzed Benzylic Amination by Chloramine-T

The mechanism of hydrocarbon amination by chloramine-T derivatives catalyzed by (diimine)copper complexes has been investigated. The initial synthetic study of the reactions revealed ligand-acceler...
Relations among Academic Enablers and Academic Achievement in Children with and without High Levels of Parent-Rated Symptoms of Inattention, Impulsivity, and Hyperactivity.

This study examined the relationships among academic enablers (i.e., engagement, interpersonal skills, motivation, study skills) and academic achievement in children with and without high levels of parent-rated symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (Symptoms of IIH Group). The study included 69 participants (29 [42%] in the IIH Group and 40 [58%] in the Comparison Group),with33boysand36girlsinthethirdthroughfifthgrades.Theresearchersfoundsignificant differences on the measure of academic enablers, including engagement, interpersonal skills, motivation, and study skills, in which participants in the Comparison Group received higher scores. In addition, several academic enablers mediated the relationship between symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity and the academic outcomes of reading and teachers’ ratings of total academic skills. C � 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The current study examined the relationships among academic enablers and academic achievementforchildrenwithandwithouthighlevelsofparent-ratedsymptomsofinattention,hyperactivity, and impulsivity. High levels of these symptoms are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the current study is not focused on children with a formal diagnosis of ADHD;itconcentratesonchildrenwithhighlevelsofsymptomsassociatedwithADHD:inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Professionals in the schools are often confronted with the challenge of working with students who are inattentive or hyperactive; yet, these children do not meet the criteria for a mental health disorder. Children who have problems with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are at risk for lower academic achievement (DeShazo, Lyman, & Klinger, 2002; DuPaul et al., 2006; Rapport, Scanlan, & Denney, 1999; Zentall, Smith, Lee, & Wieczorek, 1994). It has been reported that up to 80% of children with ADHD symptoms (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) exhibit associated academic problems (Cantwell & Baker, 1991). Regardless of a diagnosis (e.g., ADHD) that may or may not be appropriate, it is important to understand how these behaviors (i.e., inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity) are linked to academic achievement. Furthermore, it is important to investigate whether any other behaviors (e.g., motivation) mediate or explain the relationships between academic achievement and inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Given the large number of children with symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity who experience academic difficulties, it is important to continue conducting research to learn what variables are associated with academic achievement among these children.
How Does Family Status Affect Staff’s View of Employee Benefits?

This paper describes one factor that may affect staff perception of compensation—the staff member’s economic contribution to the family budget.
Built environment and health behaviors among African Americans: a systematic review.

Context An overall understanding of environmental factors that affect weight-related behaviors and outcomes in African American adults is limited. This article presents a summarization of the literature on the built environment and its association with physical activity, diet, and obesity among African Americans. Evidence acquisition A systematic review was conducted by searching the PubMed electronic database from inception to July 31, 2007, reviewing bibliographies of eligible articles, and searching authors' personal databases using various search terms for the built environment, physical activity, diet, and obesity. Eligible articles were observational studies that included a study population ≥90% African American (or subgroup analysis), adults (≥18 yrs), and were published in English; final article data abstraction occurred from October 2007 through February 2008. Evidence synthesis A total of 2797 titles were identified from the initial search, and 90 were deemed eligible for abstract review. Of these, 17 articles were eligible for full review and ten met all eligibility criteria. The median sample size was 761 (234 to 10,623), and half of the articles included only African Americans. Light traffic, the presence of sidewalks, and safety from crime were more often positively associated with physical activity, although associations were not consistent (OR range = 0.53–2.43). Additionally, perceived barriers to physical activity were associated with obesity. The presence of supermarkets and specialty stores was consistently positively associated with meeting fruit and vegetable guidelines. Conclusions With relatively few studies in the literature focused on African Americans, more research is needed to draw conclusions on features of the built environment that are associated with physical activity, diet, and obesity.
Recalibration of Mount Wilson doppler measurements

A new calibration of the spectrograph at the Mount Wilson 150-foot Tower Telescope demonstrates that all reported solar Doppler rates to date measured at λ5250.2 with this instrument are too high by a factor of 0.55%.
Rapid Hydrolysis of Organophosphorous Esters Induced by Nanostructured, Fluorine‐Doped Titania Replicas of Diatom Frustules

Three-dimensional microscale assemblies of fluorine-doped titania nanoparticles were synthesized from silica-based diatom microshells (frustules) via a shape-preserving reactive conversion process (as per the method of Unocic et al.). The nanostructured F-doped titania frustules were found to induce rapid hydrolysis of the organophosphorous esters, methyl paraoxon, and methyl parathion (insecticides and nerve agent mimics), under mild conditions (pH 4.5-7.9, 22°C) and in the absence of light. Fluorine doping of the titania frustules, which altered the surface Lewis acidity, was found to have a strong impact on the rate of hydrolysis.
A developmental study of the cuticular hydrocarbons of Sarcophaga bullata.

Abstract The accumulation of cuticular hydrocarbon was measured throughout the life of Sarcophaga bullata. Less than 5 μg hydrocarbon per insect are present until the third larval instar when synthesis increases the quantity present to 10 to 20 μg by pupariation. The rate of synthesis increases at this time to 5 to 8 μg/day and continues until 40 to 45 μg are present per insect. This amount remains constant until several days before the pupal-adult ecdysis when synthesis again occurs. The rate of synthesis by these pharate adults is >20 μg/day. When the adult emerges it contains between 90 and 100 μg which increases slightly during the adult stadium. Two periods of rapid accumulation of cuticular hydrocarbon are observed: (1) during pupariation and the 3 day period following pupariation, and (2) during the 4 day period preceding the pupal-adult ecdysis. When pupariation is inhibited by contact with water, the rate of hydrocarbon biosynthesis also fails to increase.
Self-efficacy and its application in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a critical review

Symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, a prevalent progressively disabling disease affecting one or both knee joints requires extensive selfmanagement. Self-efficacy, a psychological attribute generally denoting one’s perceived belief about their ability to successfully perform a particular behavior, including health behaviors, is a significant predictor of psychological well-being, adherence to prescribed treatments, and pain coping mechanisms in persons with various forms of chronic disease, including arthritis. This paper examines the available peer-reviewed research published over the last 35 years detailing: i) the concept of self-efficacy, ii) the relationship between self-efficacy and adjustment to arthritis, iii) the research concerning self-efficacy in the context of knee osteoarthritis disability, and iv) some promising approaches for promoting the wellbeing of adults with knee osteoarthritis through the application of self-efficacy theory and other approaches. Based on this data, directions for future research and practice are offered.
Pagophagia improves neuropsychological processing speed in iron-deficiency anemia

Pagophagia (compulsive ice chewing) has long been associated with iron deficiency anemia, but prior attempts to account for this craving have been unsatisfactory. We hypothesize that chewing ice triggers vascular changes that lead to preferential or increased perfusion of the brain. This would result in increased alertness and processing speed in anemic patients, but not in healthy controls who are already at ceiling, and would explain why anemic individuals crave ice. Preliminary support for this hypothesis was found in two studies. In Study 1, non-anemic subjects reported very low rates of pagophagia (only 4%) while anemic subjects reported significantly higher rates (56%). In Study 2, chewing ice dramatically improved response time on a neuropsychological test, but only for anemic individuals. In a small randomized controlled trial, iron deficient anemic subjects and healthy controls were assigned to chew ice or drink tepid water and then took a continuous performance test that measures response time, response time variability, errors of impulsivity and errors of inattention. In the water condition, anemic subjects performed significantly worse than healthy controls. Chewing ice had no effect on the performance of healthy controls, but significantly improved the performance of anemic patients. Potential explanations include activation of the dive reflex, which would lead to peripheral vasoconstriction and preferential perfusion of the brain or, alternatively, sympathetic nervous system activation, which would also increase blood-flow to the brain.
STUDIES ON CELL METABOLISM AND CELL DIVISION : VIII. THE DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE (COZYMASE) CONTENT OF EGGS OF ARBACIA PUNCTULATA.

1. The diphosphopyridine nucleotide content of Arbacia eggs has been measured manometrically and found to be approximately 250–500 micrograms per gm. wet weight of eggs, the value varying with individual egg samples and with the state of development of the eggs. Of the total diphosphopyridine nucleotide present, approximately 25–40 per cent is in an alkali-stable, presumably the dihydro, form. 2. Tests for triosephosphate and glutamic acid dehydrogenases carried out on Arbacia egg cytolysates were negative.
Interfacial phenomena involving liquid metals and solid oxides in the Mg–Al–O system

The wetting of ceramic surfaces by aluminum alloys has been reexamined using a chemical system where interfacial reactions and oxide film effects could be isolated. The system Al–Mg–O was chosen since it is technologically important and high-purity, well-characterized materials are readily available. Magnesium alloyed with the aluminum sessile drop and silicon picked up from the experimental apparatus cause an initial reduction in contact angle by altering the protective nature of the oxide film formed on the sessile drop. Evidence of spreading is observed as an intermediate process in the reactive sessile drop pairs. Reaction products formed between the Al–Mg alloys and sapphire (Al2O3), spinel (MgAl2O4), or periclase (MgO) can be interpreted with predicted phase equilibria and the measured loss of magnesium from the sessile drop. Only the rate of the periclase alloy interaction was rapid enough to result in a continuous product layer after 24 h at 800 °C. The volatilization of all of the magnesium from the sessile drop resulted in the formation of a true Al–Al2O3 interface. The contact angle for a true Al–Al2O3 interface is 88 ± 5 deg at 800 °C. The liquid-solid interfacial energy is 1688 ergs/cm2.
Filtration combustion of a methane wave in air for oxygen-enriched and oxygen-depleted environments

In this work, filtration combustion waves formed in a packed bed of randomly arranged alumina pellets are studied experimentally. Methane is used as a fuel: the oxygen content of the oxidizer is varied from 10% to 30%. Five oxidizer compositions (10, 15, 21, 25, and 30%) are comparatively analyzed focusing on combustion temperatures, combustion wave velocities, and pollutant characteristics. The studied range of equivalence ratios spans from 0.1 to 2 covering the superadiabatic and underadiabatic combustion waves formed in ultralean, lean, rich, and ultrarich regions. It is found that combustion temperature drops with oxygen enrichment while the absolute propagation rate increases. The opposed variation of adiabatic and combustion temperatures strongly affects regimes of superadiabatic (downstream) and underadiabatic (upstream) wave propagation. For certain oxidizer compositions, the combustion tempertures more than twice exceed the adiabatic temperatures of respective homogeneous flames. To help understand the thermal and chemical structure of filtration combustion wave, two important minor products, oxides of nitrogen (NO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, were sampled from the product stream. The analysis of emission levels suggests strong influence of equivalence ratio and oxygen enrichment on CO emissions due to the variation of the combustion chemistry and contraction/extension of the reaction zone relative to the characteristic pore size. The prompt mechanism is identified as a major pathway of NO 2 formation. Variation of NO with equivalence ratio in filtration combustion reproduces a characteristic bell shape pertinent to homogeneous flames, extending it to the ultralean and ultrarich regions.
Relationship of prenatal care and perinatal morbidity in low-birth-weight infants.

Abstract Objective Lack of or no prenatal care (NPC) is associated with preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW). Our purpose was to determine whether LBW infants delivered after NPC have worse outcomes than LBW infants with prenatal care (PC). Study design Eight thousand sixty-five consecutive women delivered at six hospitals in Shelby County, Tenn, were evaluated regarding clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes depending on the occurrence of PC. Infant and LBW infant outcomes were evaluated on the basis of the occurrence of PC. Multivariate analysis was performed for neonatal outcomes adjusting for race, plurality, antenatal steroids, amnionitis, and ponderal index. A P value less than .05 was considered significant. Results NPC women were more likely multiparous (80% vs 65%), African American (70% vs 61%), and uninsured (25% vs 4%), P P P ≤.001 for each, and had more fetal distress in labor, P = .02. NPC infants had increased mortality, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Among LBW infants, NPC was associated with premature rupture of membranes, antepartum hemorrhage, amnionitis, and ACD. Controlling for other factors, NPC LBW infants had increased mortality (17% vs 9%), respiratory distress syndrome (31% vs 24%), intraventricular hemorrhage (10% vs 5%), retinopathy (13% vs 9%), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (11% vs 7%), P ≤.04 for each. Conclusion In addition to increasing PTB and LBW, NPC is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality among LBW infants after controlling for confounding factors.
5-fluorouracil-induced small bowel toxicity in patients with colorectal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Diarrhea and oral mucositis are the most frequently reported gastrointestinal side effects caused by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Diarrhea may be severe in 10–30% of patients and is schedule-dependent. 5-FU-induced gastrointestinal toxicity predominantly affects the upper and the lower gastrointestinal tract. The current study describes 5-FU-induced small bowel toxicity as an entity that to the authors' knowledge has not been reported previously in patients with colon carcinoma receiving 5-FU-based therapy. METHODS The authors report a series of six patients with colorectal carcinoma who developed acute small bowel toxicity after treatment with 5-FU and leucovorin. RESULTS Six patients developed a clinical picture of acute abdominal pain and diarrhea. Small bowel damage was documented by laparotomy in two patients, by colonoscopy in one patient, and by abdominal computed tomography scan in three patients. The course was complicated by recurrence of symptoms in one patient who was rechallenged with 5-FU and leucovorin, but the remaining four patients were rechallenged safely with lower doses of 5-FU and leucovorin after the acute toxicity episode. A possible explanation for this toxicity is 5-FU-induced vasospasm and/or decrease in fibrinolytic activity that results in decreased mucosal blood flow. CONCLUSIONS 5-FU-induced small bowel toxicity is a potentially severe toxicity that may occur in patients with colon carcinoma or other malignancies who are receiving 5-FU-based therapy. [See editorial on pages 1099-100, this issue.] Cancer 1999;86:1129–34. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Segmentation of crystalline lens in photorefraction video

With an increase in the percentage of people over the age of 65 years or older, there is a growing interest in finding ways to slow or reverse some of the effects of aging on the human body. One of these effects is the loss in the ability of the human eye to visually focus on near objects. Understanding the properties of the natural lens and the associated mechanisms of accommodation will greatly increase our knowledge to identify alternate solutions to reverse this phenomenon. Towards that end, a technique called photorefraction is currently being used in laboratory studies involving monkeys. To quantitate the lens properties, there is a need to accurately measure monkey lenses in images produced by this technique. In this paper, we present two probabilistic methods for segmenting the lens from photorefraction video sequences. Results of the developed methods are compared and evaluated against ground-truth segmentations. In addition, the results obtained are also compared to those obtained by a level set segmentation method.
Landscape variation in microarthropod response to calcium addition in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem

Summary Loss of base cations from soils of the northeastern US may adversely influence forest health. A watershed-level calcium (as wollastonite, CaSiO3) addition experiment was initiated at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA, in fall 1999 to examine responses of forest ecosystem structure and function to restoration of exchangeable Ca that was lost over previous decades. We quantified the response of soil microarthropods to Ca addition as part of this larger study, and we also quantified microarthropod response to smaller scale (1×2 m plots) wollastonite additions within one site in an untreated reference watershed. We observed a small increase in pH in the surface organic horizon, accompanied by a decline in microarthropod abundance per gram organic matter three years following wollastonite application. However, responses varied among microarthropod groups, across years, and among study plots that were distributed along an elevation gradient in treatment and reference watersheds. Collembola declined in the treatment relative to the reference watershed in the second year but recovered in the third year following wollastonite application, whereas oribatid, prostigmatid, and mesostigmatid mites all declined in the treatment relative to the reference watershed by the third year following treatment. The largest treatment responses were observed in two base-poor hardwood stands, whereas at a slightly less poor hardwood site we found the least abundant and least variable microarthropod populations, and no response was observed to either the watershed or the plot-level treatments. Our results demonstrate that soil microarthropods are sensitive to relatively small changes in soil Ca, but that landscape position must be considered in testing responses of these soil biota to soil base status.
A construction of regular magic squares of odd order

Abstract A magic square is an n × n array of numbers whose rows, columns, and the two diagonals sum to μ. A regular magic square satisfies the condition that the entries symmetrically placed with respect to the center sum to 2 μ n . Using circulant matrices we describe a construction of regular classical magic squares that are nonsingular for all odd orders. A similar construction is given that produces regular classical magic squares that are singular for odd composite orders. This paper is an extension of [3] .