cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global flow equations for membrane transport from local equations of motion-II. The case of a single nonelectrolyte solute plus water.

The global flow equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for a single nonelectrolyte solute and water passing through a membrane are obtained by solving the local equations of motion. The method follows that developed for the general, n-solute case in the previous paper ( Mikulecky, 1978 ). It is easily seen in this simple case that the passage from local interactions, formulated as position dependent frictional interactions in the equations of motion, to the global result involves a loss of any simple way of identifying particulars about local information. Two particular cases are analyzed in further detail: the case of no interaction within the pore and the case of constant interaction for both solute and solvent across the pore. In the former case, Onsager reciprocity survives in the global result if a self-consistent definition of the partial viscosity coefficients is used, while in the latter case, reciprocity is lost. Since, in many biologically interesting cases, the presence of interaction of the type considered here is likely to occur, the reciprocity condition should not automatically be assumed to hold.
ENDOCYTOSIS OF LANTHANUM NITRATE IN THE ORGANIC ACID-SECRETING TRICHOMES OF CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.).

The organic acid-secreting trichomes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were exposed to 2.5 mm lanthanum nitrate for 24 hr, and this concentration did not inhibit trichome secretion compared with that of controls. We subsequently used this nontoxic concentration of lanthanum to examine endocytosis. In the stalk cells of these secretory trichomes, exogenously applied lanthanum nitrate was present in cell walls and vacuoles, as well as within both invaginations in the plasma membrane and vesicles in the peripheral cytoplasm between the plasma membrane and the tonoplast. In the head cells, lanthanum nitrate was present in cell walls and in vesicles that form a layer in the cytoplasm around the edge of the head cells, but was not present in vacuoles. We propose that fluid phase endocytosis targeted to the vacuole takes place in the stalk cells and that endocytosis occurs in the head cells to remove excess plasma membrane after the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. This is the first demonstration of endocytosis in secretory trichomes.
Zel'dovich effect and evolution of atomic Rydberg spectra along the periodic table

In 1959, Zel'dovich predicted that the bound-state spectrum of the nonrelativistic Coulomb problem distorted at small distances by a short-range potential undergoes a peculiar reconstruction whenever this potential alone supports a low-energy scattering resonance. However, documented experimental evidence of this effect has been lacking. Previous theoretical studies of this phenomenon were confined to the regime where the range of the short-ranged potential is much smaller than Bohr's radius of the Coulomb field. We go beyond this limitation by restricting ourselves to highly excited s states. This allows us to demonstrate that along the periodic table of elements, the Zel'dovich effect manifests itself as systematic periodic variation of the Rydberg spectra with a period proportional to the cubic root of the atomic number. This dependence, which is supported by an analysis of experimental and numerical data, has its origin in the binding properties of the ionic core of the atom.
The ecological implications of individual fishing quotas and harvest cooperatives

Globally, 75% of fish stocks are fully exploited or overexploited, and fishing pressure continues to threaten marine ecosystems and the cultures and economies that depend on them. Decades of government regulation have largely failed to stem the ecological damage associated with fishing. Designated access privilege (DAP) systems such as individual fishing quotas (IFQs) and harvest cooperatives are one attempt to realign incentives so that fishers no longer race to maximize catches. IFQs are not appropriate for many fisheries. Fortunately, the IFQ debate has drawn attention to the link between incentives that fishers face and the ecological consequences of fishing. Despite important social concerns, preliminary evidence suggests that IFQs encourage cooperation, fisher stewardship, and a slower pace of fishing. This review points to the need to improve the metrics of marine ecosystem health and pursue quantitative methods for assessing the ecological impacts of different management approaches.
Apparent dissociation constants between carbamylcholine, d-tubocurarine and the receptor

Abstract The depolarizing action of carbamylcholine on the monocellular electroplax preparation has been analyzed as a function of concentration. The apparent dissociation constant between carbamylcholine and the acetylcholine receptor was found to be 4.4·10 −5 M. The depolarization due to carbamylcholine is inhibited competitively by d -tubocurarine. The apparent dissociation constant between d -tubocurarine and the acetylcholine receptor was found to be 2.4·10 −7 M.
Creativity in the Later Years: Optimistic Prospects for Achievement

Despite the apparent decline in productivity in the final years of life, seven considerations suggest a far more favorable outlook: the actual magnitude of the age decrement; the role of extrinsic influences; the contingency on career age; the impact of individual differences in creative potential; the interdisciplinary variation in the age curves; the virtual absence of an age decrement on a contribution-for-contribution basis; and the resurgence of creativity in the form of the swan-song phenomenon.
On: “A Method to minimize edge effects in two‐dimensional discrete Fourier transforms” by Yanick Ricard and Richard J. Blakely (GEOPHYSICS, 53, 1113–1117, August 1988).

The authors of this paper have created a very valuable method for approximating the two‐dimensional continuous spectrum by repeatedly rotating a rectangular sampling grid and averaging the resulting spectra. The authors state that their rotational transform “eliminates artifacts associated with the orientation of the rectangular sampling window.” However, I believe that one aspect of their method, the interpolation process, actually creates artifacts:
Estimates of Power Consumed by Mixing in the Ocean Interior

Abstract Much attention has focused on the power required for driving mixing processes in the ocean interior, the thermohaline circulation, and the related meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Recent estimates range from roughly 0.5 to 2 TW (1 TW = 1 × 1012 W), based on differing arguments for the closure of the MOC mass budget. While these values are both O(1) TW, the thermodynamic implications of the estimates are significantly different. In addition, these numbers represent an integral constraint on the global circulation, and the apparent discrepancy merits careful examination. Through basic thermodynamic considerations on water mass mixing, a mechanical power consumption of 3 ± 1 TW is found to be consistent with a basic knowledge of the distribution and magnitude of oceanic turbulence diffusivities. This estimate is somewhat independent of any specific model for mass closure of the MOC. In addition, this estimate is based on a thermocline diffusivity of only 0.1 cm2 s−1, with enhanced diffusivi...
What's your diagnosis? Labial swelling and perianal ulceration.

Crohns Disease (CD) is an inflammatory granulomatous condition which can affect any segment of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus. Anywhere from 20% to 40% of patients with CD have associated skin findings. Cutaneous CD can be split into two types. The most common lesions are those which are contiguous with GI tract mucosa such as perioral or perianal lesions. Then there are lesions that are not contiguous and these are most commonly referred to as metastatic CD. Although one third of cases of CD present before age 20 cutaneous CD is very rare in these younger patients. As of the most recent large case series reported only 14 patients younger than age 18 have been described with cutaneous CD in the English language literature. (excerpt)
On the role of the dnaB protein of Escherichia coli in the replication of λ bacteriophage DNA

The interaction between the dnaB protein of E. coli and the gene P product of λ bacteriophage was investigated by measuring the cleavage of closed circular phage DNA after infection of two temperature sensitive dnaB mutants, JG28 and To534 groP - B. Cleavage of superhelical DNA from a λπB mutant phage was observed after infection of either strain whereas superhelical DNA from a wild type phage was only cleaved after infection of JG28. When DNA synthesis in infected cells was blocked by incubation at the nonpermissive temperature, no inhibition of superhelical phage DNA cleavage was observed. It is concluded that in conditions where the dnaB protein has lost the capacity to function in nucleotide polymerization, it is capable of interacting with the λ replication gene products to introduce a break in the phage DNA.
Air pollution and human aggression.

Investigating the effect of irritant air pollution upon human aggression, it was found that exposure to secondary cigarette smoke significantly increased aggression in both angered and nonangered s...
Defects in multilayer plastic films I: Interface defects in extrusion

This paper deals with defects in multilayer plastic films in the extrusion process. A methodology to link process parameters and fluid rheology to onset of certain types of defects is developed. The defects considered include zigzag features that can form on the surface or interfaces in the extruded multilayer films, and parabolic and finger-like features that can form at the interfaces. The zigzag defects occur due to excessive shear and the parabolic and viscous-finger defects develop in response to flow perturbations. Novel approaches to predict the formation of the latter defects based on steady-state flow calculations are presented in this paper. Tendency of formation of parabolic defects can be evaluated based on steady-state calculations, and possibility of formation of viscous fingers can be explored based on energy considerations. It has also been shown that a process window can be developed by simultaneously considering the process requirements for elimination of these defects.
How local is local? Determining the boundaries of local food in practice

This paper addresses the question of how local can be defined in practice. It contributes to the growing literature on local food systems and particularly our understanding of what counts as local and the elements that influence those contours. While most of our conceptions of local food tend to rely on an articulation of either proximity traveled or relationship between entities, I argue that a more nuanced and complete understanding must take account of both of these aspects. I draw on a dataset of locally oriented farm and food-related establishments in southern New England to identify how far local food travels in this region and how interconnected local food establishments are with one another and use these and other measures to tease out the tension between proximity and relationship as measures of local. I find that these two aspects (how far food travels and the number of connections with other local food entities) not only are connected to each other in a complex dynamic, but also are bound up with other structural factors as well (such as size, type of operation, and proximity to an urban center).
TOPICAL VITAMIN-A-ACID THERAPY FOR CUTANEOUS METASTATIC MELANOMA

Two patients with cutaneous metastatic melanoma were treated with a topical retinoid, beta-all-trans-retinoic acid. Complete regression of the treated lesions was noted in one patient and a partial response was seen in the other patient. The mechanism of anti-tumour action of the retinoids is not completely known but binding to intracytoplasmic receptors with promotion of cellular differentiation, alteration of membranes, and immunological adjuvant effects may be involved.
Chromatic Polynomials of Mixed Hypercycles

15 We color the vertices of each of the edges of a C−hypergraph (or cohyper16 graph) in such a way that at least two vertices receive the same color and in 17 every proper coloring of a B−hypergraph (or bihypergraph), we forbid the 18 cases when the vertices of any of its edges are colored with the same color 19 (monochromatic) or when they are all colored with distinct colors (rainbow). 20 In this paper, we determined explicit formulae for the chromatic polynomials 21 of C−hypercycles and B−hypercycles. 22
The Small Saphenous Vein as a Route for Intravenous Injection in the White Rat

A NUMBER of years ago, in searching for an accessible vessel from which blood could readily be obtained several times a week, we found that the small saphenous vein could easily be visualized and entered through the skin on the dorsum of the rat's foot. This vessel has since proved far more satisfactory than the commonly used tail vein for either bleeding or injection1,2. The technique of injection by this route has been briefly, but obscurely, described2, and it thus remains not generally known.
Optimal control of terminal processes using neural networks

Feedforward neural networks are capable of approximating continuous multivariate functions and, as such, can implement nonlinear state-feedback controllers. Training methods such as backpropagation-through-time (BPTT), however, do not deal with terminal control problems in which the specified cost function includes the elapsed trajectory-time. In this paper, an extension to BPTT is proposed which addresses this limitation. The controller design is reformulated as a constrained optimization problem defined over the entire field of extremals and in which the set of trajectory times is incorporated into the cost function. Necessary first-order stationary conditions are derived which correspond to standard BPTT with the addition of certain transversality conditions. The new gradient algorithm based on these conditions, called time-optimal backpropagation through time, is tested on two benchmark minimum-time control problems.
The Germ Plasm of Drosophila: An Experimental System for the Analysis of Determination

The posterior polar plasm of Drosophila melanogaster may provide a model for understanding processes involved in cellular determination during early embryonic development. The presence of germ cell determinants in the posterior tip of the egg has been demonstrated by transplanting this material to new locations and showing that cells, induced at the site of transplantation, can function as germ cells. Furthermore, by utilizing similar procedures, the posterior polar plasm of late stage oocytes has been shown to be functional in inducing germ cells, thus demonstrating that the active components are formed during oogenesis. A number of maternal effect mutations affecting germ cell formation have been analyzed ultrastructurally and the mutant phenotype described. Ultrastructural studies have focused on polar granules, the unique organelle of the polar plasm, and these studies indicate that they are nonmembrane bound structures containing RNA and protein. Although ultrastructural observations have suggested that the protein components of polar granules may be continuous in the cytoplasm of germ cells during the whole life cycle, nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrid pole cells indicate that the structure of the polar granule is dependent upon the nucleus in each new generation of oocytes. Finally, attempts are being made to obtain a purified polar granule fraction in order to test their role in germ cell determination. Initial results indicate that clusters of ribosomes are attached to polar granules. Pole cells have recently been isolated as an enriched source of polar granules. These isolated cells will also provide an opportunity to analyze the unique traits of these cells at the time that they become segregated from the remaining cells of the embryo.
Colonic ulcerations in a patient with short-bowel syndrome.

Peptic ulcer disease, lower abdominal colicky pain, increasing diarrhea, and ulcers of the colon and rectum developed in a patient more than one year after he had an extensive resection of the small bowel. Parenteral adinistration of cimetidine, with blood levels of 2.00 mg/ml, caused resolution of the colonic ulcerations and other symptoms, after orally administered cimetidine had failed to produce a measurable blood concentration level.
Diagnostic efficacy of genitourinary symptoms and abnormal vaginal discharge for the recognition of lower genital tract infection in adolescent females

Abstract Clinicians frequently rely on a history of genitourinary symptoms or the appearance of vaginal discharge to diagnose infections of the vagina and cervix. To determine the diagnostic efficacy of these clinical criteria, we studied 254 unselected abolescent females presenting for reproductive health care. Of the 254 subjects, 105 (41%) had one or more lower genital tract infections (LGTI). Genitourinary symptoms were found to have a sensitivity of 48%, specificity of 78%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 61%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 68% for the detection of LGTI. When abnormal vaginal discharge was used as an indicator of LGTI, the sensitivity was 65%, specificity 89%, PPV 81%, and NPV 78%. These data suggest that genitourinary symptoms and the appearance of vaginal discharge are inadequate indicators of the presence or absence of lower genital tract infection in adolescent females.
The first imido complex of osmium(VI), [CpOs(NH)(CH2SiMe3)2][SO3CF3]

Protonation of Os(η5-C5H5)(N)(CH2SiMe3)2 with either HBF4 or CF3SO3H at low temperature produces a thermally unstable imido complex, [Os(η5-C5H5)(NH)(CH2SiMe3)2][X] (X = BF4, SO3CF3). The imido com...
Spatially variable liming rates: A method for determination

The variability of soil acidity and crop liming requirements in a field in East Texas were examined. Sixty-eight soil samples were taken in a systematic manner from the field. Geostatistical techniques were used to analyze the soil acidity variability of the samples and assist in developing a liming application rate map for the field. Soil pH, soil texture, and buffer pH variations showed spatial dependence. Application of the average recommendation rate for the field would have resulted in an overapplication of lime in 9 to 12% of the field and an underapplication on 37 to 41% of the field. Varying lime application within the field so different areas receive appropriate rates would have caused a greater total lime application of 8 to 28%, depending on recommendation method, compared to the mean application rate. The data indicated the application of lime “where needed” could maximize application benefits.
Symbolic experiential journeys: An introduction

This introductory article describes the origins of this special issue on Symbolic-Experiential Family Therapy. It goes on to elaborate the basic assumptions of Carl Whitaker's approach which emerge as unifying themes in the contributors' articles. It concludes with a tribute to Whitaker.
Major Themes in the Work of Donald Appleyard

This article reviews major themes in the work of the late Donald Appleyard, who died suddenly in an automobile accident this past September. Written by his former research assistant, the article highlights his contributions to the field of environment and behavior, covering his research and publications, his teaching, and his professional career.
Role of biological activity and biomass distribution in air biofilter performance.

Abstract The effects of temporal and spatial changes in biological activity and biomass amount on biofilter performance were investigated in a lab-scale trickle-bed air biofilter at a toluene loading of 46.9 g m−3 h−1 under two different experimental strategies, namely, periodic backwashing at a rate of 1 h once a week and 2 d starvation. Analysis of the overall reaction for toluene metabolism revealed that cell synthesis was relatively favored over toluene oxidation in the inlet section of the biofilter, but over time its oxidation became favored throughout the biofilter bed. Periodic in situ backwashing with media fluidization effectively made even spatial distribution of biomass along the bed media, by which consistent high removal performance in the biofilter has been attained. After 2 d starvation, the ratio of the biofilm EPS to the total biomass increased along the media bed depth, while the total biomass in the media bed subsequently decreased. The presence of sufficient biomass and microbial activity favorably influenced biofilter reacclimation after restart-up following starvation.
Learning Dysregulated Pathways in Cancers from Differential Variability Analysis

Analysis of gene sets can implicate activity in signaling pathways that is responsible for cancer initiation and progression, but is not discernible from the analysis of individual genes. Multiple methods and software packages have been developed to infer pathway activity from expression measurements for set of genes targeted by that pathway. Broadly, three major methodologies have been proposed: over-representation, enrichment, and differential variability. Both over-representation and enrichment analyses are effective techniques to infer differentially regulated pathways from gene sets with relatively consistent differentially expressed (DE) genes. Specifically, these algorithms aggregate statistics from each gene in the pathway. However, they overlook multivariate patterns related to gene interactions and variations in expression. Therefore, the analysis of differential variability of multigene expression patterns can be essential to pathway inference in cancers. The corresponding methodologies and software packages for such multivariate variability analysis of pathways are reviewed here. We also introduce a new, computationally efficient algorithm, expression variation analysis (EVA), which has been implemented along with a previously proposed algorithm, Differential Rank Conservation (DIRAC), in an open source R package, gene set regulation (GSReg). EVA inferred similar pathways as DIRAC at reduced computational costs. Moreover, EVA also inferred different dysregulated pathways than those identified by enrichment analysis.
Shape changes in goose erythrocytes

Goose erythrocytes were subjected to agents and treatments that produce echinocytosis in human erythrocytes. In the presence of the ionophore A23187 and calcium at greater than micromolar concentrations, goose red cells retained their normal ellipsoidal symmetry, but developed extensive semiregular membrane wrinkles or corrugations. Metabolic NTP (nucleoside triphosphate) depletion, induced either by iodoacetamide or by incubating the cells without a substrate, initially produced a similar cell corrugation, but after prolonged incubation most cells became spherical with the nucleus displaced to the cell periphery. The echinocytic agents indomethacin and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine had no effect on the gross morphology of goose erythrocytes.
The influence of ultraviolet radiation on the pigeon's color discrimination

Two experiments demonstrated the pigeon's sensitivity to ultraviolet light. In Experiment I, pigeons' responses were reinforced on a multiple schedule with a variable-interval reinforcement schedule in one component and extinction in the other component. Response rates were quite different in the two components where the 520-nm stimuli signalling each component differed only in that one of them contained a 366-nm ultraviolet component. In Experiment II, pigeons were trained to peck one side key when two halves of a split field were of different wavelength and to peck another side key when they were of the same wavelength. Initially, field halves contained both "visible" and ultraviolet components of energy. Discrimination performance improved when the ultraviolet component was removed from one field half. It was argued that the critical change in the stimulus was a color change, rather than a brightness one, or a fluorescence of structures in the pigeon's eye.
Simplified Method for Calculating Flow, Mean Circulation Time and Downslope from Indicator-Dilution Curves

Summary1. A new graphical method for calculating flow, downslope and mean circulation time from semilogarithmic plots of indicator-dilution concentration-time curves is described. 2. The advantages of employing this method of calculation include speed and accuracy.
Simultaneous determination of 15 phenylurea herbicides in rice and corn using HPLC with fluorescence detection combined with UV decomposition and post-column derivatization

Abstract A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 phenylurea herbicides (fenuron, tebuthiuron, metoxuron, monuron, chlortoluron, fluometuron, isoproturon, diuron, monolinuron, metobromuron, buturon, siduron, linuron, chlorbromuron, and neburon) in rice and corn samples by HPLC with fluorescence detection combined with UV decomposition and post-column derivatization. After extraction with acetonitrile and evaporation, the herbicides were redissolved in n-hexane and purified on a Florisil solid-phase extraction column. HPLC separation was carried out on a C18 column with water–acetonitrile gradient elution. UV decomposition was carried out under a 254-nm UV lamp. The method was evaluated in terms of the limits of detection and quantification. The linearity was satisfactory, with a correlation coefficient of >0.9980. Precision and recovery studies were evaluated at three concentration levels for each matrix. Good precision was obtained, with relative standard deviation in the range 1.5–9.6% for spiked rice samples and 0.9–9.9% for spiked corn samples. Recovery (n = 6) ranged between 75.3% and 104.3% for rice and between 75.0% and 105.1% for corn. The intra-day precision (n = 5) for the 15 herbicides in rice and corn samples spiked at an intermediate level was between 1.5% and 7.1%, and the inter-day precision over 10 days (n = 10) was between 6.4% and 15.6%.
Health and educational outcomes of children who experienced severe neonatal medical complications

To determine the long-term developmental and educational outcomes of a sample of low birthweight infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), the authors conducted developmental assessments and interviews 8 years after the initiation of an early intervention project. At the time of the follow-up, 62% of the children were experiencing some developmental or behavior problems, with visual impairments, cerebral palsy, and attention deficits occurring most frequently. Grade of IVH and the number of days spent in the neonatal intensive care unit were the best predictors of later developmental delays. The sample also scored below average on school achievement; approximately 30% of those in school were eligible for special education services. These findings corroborate results from investigations with similar populations whose birth characteristics put them at risk for subsequent developmental delay.
A quantitative method for evaluating bivarlate flow cytometric data obtained using monoclonal antibodies to bromodeoxyuridine

A method is presented for analyzing data from bivariate analysis of cell populations exposed to bromodeoxyuridine and subsequently examined both for the presence of BrdUrd and for the cellular DNA content. It is shown that certain features may be defined in the bivariate data which are constant independent both of cell type and, within limits, experimental variability. These landmark features include the ratio of red, DNA, fluorescence of G2 + M cells to G1 cells, the ratio of green fluorescence corresponding to the non-specific binding of unlabeled G2 + M cells to unlabeled G1 cells, and the distribution of green fluorescence in unlabeled cells. The landmarks make it possible to standardize rules for establishing the separation line between-labeled and unlabeled cells as required in these experiments to obtain estimates of cytokinetic parameters. Values obtained for the DNA synthesis time and the potential doubling time which result from different decision rules for distinguishing labeled from unlabeled are compared in two murine tumor lines. The potential doubling time, but not the DNA synthesis time is shown to depend sensitively on the separation line. Suggestions are presented for analyzing clinical data with this procedure.
Laser applications to chemical and environmental analysis: an introduction.

This issue of Applied Optics features papers on the application of laser technology to chemical and environmental analysis. Many of the contributions to this issue, although not all, result from papers presented at the 1996 OSA Topical Meeting on Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis, which was held in Orlando, Florida, in March 1996. This successful meeting, with nearly 100 participants, continued the tradition of earlier Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis (LACA) meetings. The title change reflects an expended scope and an even greater emphasis on environmental analysis than the previous four LACA meetings. © 1997 Optical Society of America
Microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detector for fast measurements of aromatic amino acids.

A method based on microchip capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection was developed for the rapid separation and direct detection of oxidizable aromatic amino acids (without prior derivatization). The working electrode was a thick-film carbon strip electrode positioned opposite the outlet of the separation channel. Factors influencing the separation and detection processes were examined and optimized. The five aromatic amino acids, tyrosine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan, p-aminobenzoic acid, and m-aminobenzoic acid, can be well separated within 5 min using a separation voltage of 2000 V and a 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) run buffer containing 50 mM sodium dodecylsulfate. Most favorable amperometric detection was obtained at +0.95 V. Linear calibration plots are observed for micromolar concentrations of the oxidizable amino acids. The new protocol offers good stability and for reproducibility, with relative S.D. of less than 5% for both migration times and peak currents (n=8). It should be useful for the analysis of aromatic amino acids, as desired for life sciences.
Entitlement theories of justice: from Nozick to Roemer and beyond

In Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Robert Nozick contrasts entitlement theories of justice and “traditional” theories such as Rawls', utilitarianism or egalitarianism, and advocates the former against the latter. What exactly is an entitlement theory (or conception or principle) of justice? Nozick's book offers two distinct characterizations. On the one hand, he explicitly describes “the general outlines of the entitlement theory” as maintaining “that the holdings of a person are just if he is entitled to them by the principles of justice in acquisition and transfer, or by the principle of rectification of injustice (as specified by the first two principles of just acquisition and transfer)” (Nozick, 1974, p. 153). On the other hand, his famous “Wilt Chamberlain” argument against alternative theories is first said to apply to (all) “non-entitlement conceptions” (p. 160), and later to any “end-state principle or distributional patterned principle of justice” (p. 163) — which amounts to an implicit characterization of an entitlement conception (theory, principle) as a conception of justice which is neither end-state nor patterned.
A Comparison of Articaine and Lidocaine for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the degree of pulpal anesthesia obtained with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Using a crossover design, inferior alveolar nerve blocks were randomly administered, in a double-blind manner, using 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, at two separate appointments, to 57 subjects. A pulp tester was used to test for anesthesia, in 4-min cycles for 60 min, of the molars, premolars, central, and lateral incisors. Anesthesia was considered successful when two consecutive 80 readings were obtained within 15 min and the 80 reading was continuously sustained for 60 min. Using the articaine solution, successful pulpal anesthesia ranged from 4 to 54% from the central incisor to the second molar. Using the lidocaine solution, successful pulpal anesthesia ranged from 2 to 48%. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the articaine and lidocaine solutions. We concluded that 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was similar to 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve blocks.
Enhancement of oxidation resistance of silicon carbide by high-dose and multi-energy aluminum implantation

High-dose and multi-energy aluminum implantation of {alpha}-SiC (0001) was carried out to achieve a broad aluminum distribution extending from the sample surface to a depth of approximately 350 nm. Oxidation resistance of the implanted crystals was studied in 1 atm flowing oxygen at 1300C. Aluminum implantation resulted in a 45% improvement in the oxidation resistance of {alpha}-SiC as compared with unimplanted crystals due to the formation of structurally dense mullite (3Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}.2SiO{sub 2}) in the oxidation scale.
Superlens imaging theory for anisotropic nanostructured metamaterials with broadband all-angle negative refraction

We show that a metamaterial consisting of aligned metallic nanowires in a dielectric matrix has strongly anisotropic optical properties. For filling ratio $fl1/2$, the composite medium shows two surface plasmon resonances (SPRs): the transverse and longitudinal SPR with wavelengths ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{t}l{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{l}$. For $\ensuremath{\lambda}g{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{l}$, the longitudinal SPR, the material exhibits $\text{Re}\text{ }{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}l0$, $\text{Re}\text{ }{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}g0$, relative to the nanowires axis, enabling the achievement of broadband all-angle negative refraction and superlens imaging. An imaging theory of superlens made of these media is established. High performance systems made with Au, Ag, or Al nanowires in nanoporous templates are designed and predicted to work from the infrared up to ultraviolet frequencies.
Dynamic Assessment in Disease Management

Successful disease management programmes embrace continuous quality improvement (CQI) to assure adherence to best medical practices. This review discusses the concept of dynamic assessment as an adjunct to CQI. Whereas CQI focuses on refining the performance of disease management with respect to a fixed body of knowledge, dynamic assessment refers to endowing disease management programmes with the ability to adapt to changes in medical knowledge and changes in the clinical status of patients. The complementary nature of CQI and dynamic assessment are illustrated through the description of an ideal disease management programme for coronary heart disease.
REGIONAL AND LOCAL SPECIES RICHNESS IN AN INSULAR ENVIRONMENT: SERPENTINE PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA

We asked how the richness of the specialized (endemic) flora of serpentine rock outcrops in California varies at both the regional and local scales. Our study had two goals: first, to test whether endemic richness is affected by spatial habitat structure (e.g., regional serpentine area, local serpentine outcrop area, regional and local measures of outcrop isolation), and second, to conduct this test in the context of a broader assessment of environmental influences (e.g., climate, soils, vegetation, disturbance) and historical influences (e.g., geologic age, geographic province) on local and regional species richness. We measured endemic and total richness and environmental variables in 109 serpentine sites (1000-m 2 paired plots) in 78 serpentine-containing regions of the state. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to simultaneously relate regional richness to regional- scale predictors, and local richness to both local-scale and regional-scale predictors. Our model for serpentine endemics explained 66% of the variation in local endemic richness based on local environment (vegetation, soils, rock cover) and on regional endemic richness. It explained 73% of the variation in regional endemic richness based on regional environment (climate and productivity), historical factors (geologic age and geographic province), and spatial structure (regional total area of serpentine, the only significant spatial variable in our analysis). We did not find a strong influence of spatial structure on species richness. However, we were able to distinguish local vs. regional influences on species richness to a novel extent, despite the existence of correlations between local and regional conditions.
Ergodic partition of phase space in continuous dynamical systems

The theory of ergodic partition of phase space in discrete dynamical systems is extended to continuous dynamical systems or flows. This makes it possible to identify invariant sets of measure-preserving flows such as Hamiltonian flows. The extended theory is applied to an analysis of transient stability of multi-machine power systems.
Radar detection of gas seepage associated with oil and gas deposits

The use of a simple X-band radar for the location of underground oil and natural gas deposits based on the seepage of gas into the atmosphere is discussed. The validity of the original explanation offered by others is questioned and it is suggested that the observed radar echoes may be due to the effect of turbulence induced in the atmosphere by the seeping gases. >
Relationships among measures of retail salesperson performance

A lack of understanding of the relationships among measures of salesperson performance exists in practice and in the retailing/sales management literature. This article examines the relationships among three commonly used measures—one outcome (sales volume) and two judgmental measures (managerial evaluations and salesperson self-evaluations). We empirically demonstrate that not all judgmental measures are related to outcome measures; that is, salesperson self-evaluations are significantly related to sales volume, but managerial evaluations are not. The study also examines the efficacy of retailers using short outcome-measuring periods for evaluation purposes. The results suggest that outcome measure variance within salespeople for short periods is high and therefore these data should be used with caution.
The Neutron Time-of-Flight Cross Section Program at the University of Kentucky - Adventures in Analysis II

Elastic and inelastic neutron differential cross sections are measured at the University of Kentucky Accelerator Laboratory (www.pa.uky.edu/accelerator/) at incident energies in the fast neutron region. The labo- ratorys facilities and instrumentation will be described and our measurement and analysis procedures outlined. Many corrections are required for neutron scattering experiments and the analysis utilizes information from many other cross section data sets and model calculations. Exploring and understanding the limitations of the foundational information and procedures are important for controlling the accuracy of the cross section results. We are examining the limitations in neutron detection efficiency, the normalization of (n,n � γ) cross sections, background reduction, spectrum stripping techniques, and attenuation and multiple scattering corrections. The resulting differential cross sections provide information on the compound elastic and coupled channels reaction mechanisms important for advanced reactor designs.
A New Electromechanical Viscometer Designed for Biological Fluids

A new type of electronically driven viscometer with digital readout is described. The advantages of this instrument are that only small samples are required for analysis, fluid perturbations are minimal, cyclical measurements can be carried out rapidly and the system is small and moderate in cost.
Absence of the Complement Anaphylatoxin C3a Receptor Suppresses Th2 Effector Functions in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Allergy

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung resulting in airway obstruction. The airway inflammation of asthma is strongly linked to Th2 lymphocytes and their cytokines, particularly IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which regulate airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil activation, mucus production, and IgE secretion. Historically, complement was not thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma. However, our previous reports have demonstrated that complement contributes to bronchial hyperreactivity, recruitment of airway eosinophils, IL-4 production, and IgE responses in a mouse model of pulmonary allergy. To define the complement activation fragments that mediate these effects, we assessed the role of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a in a mouse model of pulmonary allergy by challenging C3aR-deficient mice intranasally with a mixed Ag preparation of Aspergillus fumigatus cell culture filtrate and OVA. Analysis by plethysmography after challenge revealed an attenuation in airway hyperresponsiveness in C3aR-deficient mice relative to wild-type mice. C3aR-deficient mice also had an 88% decrease in airway eosinophils and a 59% reduction in lung IL-4-producing cells. Consistent with the reduced numbers of IL-4-producing cells, C3aR-deficient mice had diminished bronchoalveolar lavage levels of the Th2 cytokines, IL-5 and IL-13. C3aR knockout mice also exhibited decreases in IgE titers as well as reduced mucus production. Collectively, these data highlight the importance of complement activation, the C3a anaphylatoxin, and its receptor during Th2 development in this experimental model and implicate these molecules as possible therapeutic targets in diseases such as asthma.
Beyond the Transcript: Factors Influencing the Pursuit of Science and Mathematics Coursework

The nation's middle schools suffer from a shortage of qualified science and mathematics teachers. To address this need, one university in the southwest has developed the Modeling Institute, a master's degree program for in-service elementary educators interested in teaching science and mathematics at the middle school level. Identifying the profile of teachers interested in pursuing additional coursework in science and mathematics is necessary to more effectively attract candidates and to better facilitate the program. Thus, we administered an online survey to in-service teachers to uncover needs and influencing factors. Data revealed that the majority (60%) of 324 in-service teachers are interested in pursuing additional education, beyond that reflected on their current transcript, as a route to becoming more competent in teaching and integrating science and mathematics. The present study provides a plausible profile of K-8 certified teachers interested in pursuing a master's degree program or postbaccalaureate coursework to achieve content expertise in science and mathematics. Such a profile can assist universities in designing math- and science-related programs that meet the needs of in-service teachers and districts they serve by increasing the number of teachers who are qualified (by transcript and test scores) and competent in their content.
Composition of the Samail ocean crust

The plutonic rocks of the Samail ophiolite in the southeastern Oman Mountains formed in a spreading-ridge magma chamber that was repeatedly replenished by primitive magma. An average composition of the parent magma for the Samail ocean crust is calculated by mass balance of the igneous stratigraphy. The average parent magma was in equilibrium with most early-formed cumulus minerals from the ophiolite and is very similar to primitive mid-ocean ridge basalt. The magma is basaltic—in contrast to the picritic melts proposed as parents for some ophiolites. Although the average parent magma composition is basaltic, field evidence suggests that individual batches of magma that fed the magma chamber varied in composition because of mantle processes. The primary mantle melts were probably picritic, but owing to reaction during ascent through the upper mantle and mixing or density entrapment within an open-system crustal-level magma chamber, these picritic melts were probably not erupted on the seafloor.
Direct adaptive control of partially known nonlinear systems

A direct adaptive control strategy for a class of single-input/single-output nonlinear systems is presented. The major advantage of the proposed method is that a detailed dynamic nonlinear model is not required for controller design. The only information required about the plant is measurements of the state variables, the relative degree, and the sign of a Lie derivative which appears in the associated input-output linearizing control law. Unknown controller functions are approximated using locally supported radial basis functions that are introduced only in regions of the state space where the closed-loop system actually evolves. Lyapunov stability analysis is used to derive parameter update laws which ensure (under certain assumptions) the state vector remains bounded and the plant output asymptotically tracks the output of a linear reference model. The technique is successfully applied to a nonlinear biochemical reactor model.
Measuring 87Sr/86Sr variations in minerals and groundmass from basalts using LA-MC-ICPMS

We outline a technique which uses laser ablation (LA) sampling and multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) to obtain relatively accurate in situ Sr isotope ratios in a range of common geologic materials. We have undertaken a thorough evaluation of potential elemental and molecular interferences including Ca dimers and Ca argides, Fe dioxides, Ga and Zn oxides, doubly charged REEs and Hf, and singly charged Kr and Rb. Critical interferences include Kr, Rb, and doubly charged Er and Yb ions, while molecular species have only a limited impact on Sr isotope ratios. To demonstrate the accuracy of this technique, we have analyzed minerals, including marine carbonate, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene, which offer differing concentrations of interfering elements. Unlike most previous studies, we have chosen samples that are not abnormally enriched in Sr to show the potential utility of this technique. In addition, we offer the first in situ LA-MC-ICPMS analyses of fine-grained basaltic and basaltic andesite groundmass, which are critically dependent on accounting for interfering Rb and REEs. We also address potential complications and pitfalls associated with the technique and LA-MC-ICPMS in general. Current results are more accurate than any previously attained on a wider range of materials and will allow for detailed assessments of additional interferences, baseline inaccuracies, and potential pit-related or material-related fractionation. The accuracy and reproducibility of Sr isotope ratios obtained with this technique will allow for the identification of processes involved in magmagenesis, the determination of crystal residence ages, and aid in studies involving biological materials such as otoliths, bones and teeth.
MALDI‐MS analysis and imaging of small molecule metabolites with 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene (DAN)

1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) has previously been reported as an effective matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry of phospholipids. In the current work, we investigate the use of DAN as a matrix for small metabolite analysis in negative ion mode. DAN was found to provide superior ionization to the compared matrices for MW < ~400 Da; however, 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) was found to be superior for a uridine diphosphate standard (MW 566 Da). DAN was also found to provide a more representative profile of a natural phospholipid mixture than 9-AA. Finally, DAN and 9-AA were applied for imaging of metabolites directly from corn leaf sections. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.