cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some possibilities for unusual light hypernuclei

Some possibilities are considered concerning the stability, formation, and identification of λ-hypernuclei corresponding to core nuclei (generally withI 3/2) away from the stability valley. The identification of such hypernuclei may be rather informative concerning the existence and properties of such little-known nuclei. For neutron-rich species,e.g.8Hλ,8Heλ, etc., the possible confusions of their major decay. modes with (and their separation from) similar well-established modes of more abundant hypernuclei are discussed. The expectation that narrow resonance levels (with lifetimes ≿10-21 s) should exist for certain hypernuclear systems (e.g. the p-4HegL system) is also mentioned briefly, since the production and observation of such resonance states could be achieved with existing techniques.
Infrared Detector For Mid-Infrared Astronomy

Recent developments of infrared detectors and arrays for mid-infrared astronomical observations are discussed with an emphasis on technical issues in designing and fabricating photometers and cameras. The discussion includes a small-scale silicon bolometer array being tested at the Steward Observatory.
Integrating the fragmented regional and subregional socioeconomic forecasting and analysis: a spatial regional econometric input-output framework

This study presents an integrated socioeconomic forecasting and analysis framework: a spatial regional econometric input–output model and its application to the Chicago metropolitan area. The new framework is designed to overcome some limitations of existing models, particularly (1) limited consideration of population–employment interactions and (2) dominance of top-down approach to vertical integration of regional and subregional variables. It captures local and lower level conditions and their effects on macroeconomic variables by using a modified disequilibrium adjustment model that incorporates subregional dynamics into a regional econometric input–output model in a reciprocal, interactive manner, as opposed to a top-down allocation process. The framework also considers both region-wide and subregional level population–employment interactions more systematically. It is demonstrated that the present model can support socioeconomic forecasting and a broad range of analyses, including the examinations of the macroeconomic impacts of local actions.
In Vivo Expression of an Alternatively Spliced Human Tumor Message That Encodes a Truncated Form of Cathepsin B SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRUNCATED ENZYME IN COS CELLS

Abstract Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease whose increased expression is believed to be linked to the malignant progression of tumors. Alternative splicing and the use of alternative transcription initiation sites in humans produce cathepsin B mRNAs that differ in their 5′- and 3′-untranslated ends. Some human tumors also contain cathepsin B-related transcripts that lack exon 3 which encodes the N-terminal signal peptide and 34 of the 62-amino acid inhibitory propeptide. In this study we show that one such transcript, CB(−2,3), which is missing exons 2 and 3, is likely to be a functional message in tumors. Thus, CB(−2,3) was found to be otherwise complete, containing the remainder of the cathepsin B coding sequence and the part of the 3′-untranslated region that is common to all previously characterized cathepsin B mRNAs in humans. Its in vitrotranslation product can be folded to produce enzymatic activity against the cathepsin B-specific substrate,N α-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-Arg-l-Arg-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide. Endogenous CB(−2,3) from the metastatic human melanoma cell line, A375M, co-sediments with polysomes, indicating that it engages the eukaryotic translation machinery in these cells. Epitope-tagged forms of the truncated cathepsin B from CB(−2,3) are produced in amounts comparable to the normal protein after transient transfection into COS cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation show this novel tumor form of cathepsin B to be associated with nuclei and other membranous organelles, where it is likely to be bound to the cytoplasmic face of the membranes. This subcellular distribution was different from the lysosomal pattern shown by the epitope-tagged, full-length cathepsin B in COS cells. These results indicate that the message missing exons 2 and 3 is likely to be translated into a catalytically active enzyme, and that alternative splicing (exon skipping) could contribute to the aberrant intracellular trafficking of cathepsin B that is observed in some human cancers.
Copyright and Obscenity: Towards a National Standard?

(1977). Copyright and Obscenity: Towards a National Standard? Performing Arts Review: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 495-525.
The impact of pultrusion processing parameters on resin pressure rise inside a tapered cylindrical die for glass-fibre/epoxy composites

Pultrusion is a continuous process with application in the manufacture of fiber-reinforced composites. This work is focused on understanding the impact of various pultrusion process control parameters on the pressure-rise phenomenon inside a cylindrical die for glass-fibre/epoxy composites. The important process control parameters in pultrusion manufacturing are the pull speed, fiber volume fraction, viscosity, die heating zones temperature settings, and pre-form plate area ratio (compaction ratio). The pressure rise in the die inlet contributes to a major extent in enhancing fiber wet-out and suppressing void formation in the manufactured composite. A numerical model for evaluating the pressure-rise behavior inside the die inlet is developed on the basis of Darcy's law since the resin flow through the fibers is similar to the flow through porous media. A fixed control-volume-based finite-difference method known as the finite-volume method is employed to solve the governing equations of a three-dimensional axis-symmetric cylindrical die inlet geometry. Also, a variable viscosity model is used to compute the viscosity in the straight portion of the die.
Magnetic field-induced direct–indirect crossover in AlxGa1−xAs

We induce a direct–indirect band gap crossover in a single AlxGa1−xAs sample by using high magnetic fields. A reduction in the photoluminescence (PL) peak energy and onset of an asymmetric peak lineshape at magnetic fields >38 T result from a competition between the radiative recombination lifetime and the carrier migration time as the alloy becomes indirect. By analyzing the progression of the PL lineshape as the magnetic field is increased we show that the crossover is an alloy disorder-broadened, first-order phase transition.
Scorpionflies as kleptoparasites of web-building spiders

ONLY a few species of spiders and insects are known regularly to inhabit spider webs. Known associations involve predation or commensalism. Spiders of the family Mimetidae invade the webs of other spiders to devour the owner of the web. Small spiders of the genus Argyrodes (Theridiidae) are often seen in the webs of larger spiders, where they seem to consume only small insects ignored by the spiders that constructed the web; this relationship is thus commensalism and not parasitism2. The insect Ranzovius (Hemiptera: Miridae) seems to be a commensal in the webs of certain spiders3; however, R. fennahi may be predaceous on spider eggs4. The tropical hummingbird, Phaethornis superciliosus, has been observed feeding on insects trapped in webs of Nephila clavipes (Araneidae). The hummingbird–Nephila association may be parasitism because although only very small insects are taken by hummingbirds, they may remove a portion of the host's web for nest material5. I report here the kleptoparasitism of the prey of web-building spiders by scorpionflies of the genus Panorpa (Panorpidae), and I consider a likely selective context for the evolution of this unusual feeding strategy in scorpionflies. Field observations were conducted in south-eastern Michigan near Ann Arbor during 1971–74 (ref. 6).
Foils of flexion: the effects of perch compliance on lizard locomotion and perch choice in the wild

Summary Animals in the wild must navigate habitats that vary in structure and complexity. For arboreal animals, perch compliance (flexibility) is a common and variable characteristic, but the effects of perch compliance on arboreal behaviour and locomotion, specifically jumping, have only been examined for primates in the wild. In this study, we observed jumping behaviour of green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis) at a site with perches ranging from highly compliant palm leaflets to sturdy trunks and branches. We measured the characteristics, including compliance, of perches found throughout this habitat, those generally used by the green anole and those used for jumping within this population. We then compared the characteristics of these perch types to better understand how green anoles interact with compliant perches in the wild. We found that green anoles used perches ranging across all compliances found in the habitat, but they selectively jumped from relatively non-compliant perches. Green anoles also tended to jump farthest from relatively sturdy, low-lying perches. Therefore, green anoles avoided the most compliant perches when jumping, likely due to the performance costs associated with compliant perch use. In addition, we discovered that generally, perches become more compliant as they become narrower, but variance in compliance for a given diameter does not allow for the use of diameter as a proxy for compliance in this type of habitat. Thus, studies of compliance effects on small animal movement should include direct measurements of perch compliance. We assert that perch compliance is an important habitat characteristic that influences behaviour and performance in green anoles, and likely many other small jumping animals.
Brain death in infants: Sensitivity and specificity of current criteria

Guidelines for the determination of brain death in children were recently published by a multidisciplinary task force. We report a 3-month-old female who fulfilled these criteria but regained partial cortical and brainstem function for a prolonged period. This patient and similar newborn patients are analyzed with respect to sensitivity and specificity of the suggested criteria. Caution is recommended in assuming irreversibility of absent cerebral function in young infants, even beyond the neonatal period.
Speech perception and phonemic restorations

When a speech sound in a sentence is replaced completely by an extraneous sound (such as a cough or tone), the listene restores the missing sound on the bases of both prior and subsequent context. This illusory effect, called phonemic restoration (PhR), causes the physically absent phoneme to seem as real as the speech sounds which are present. The extraneous sound seems to occur along with other phonemes without interfering with their clarity. But if a silent gap (rather than an extraneous sound) replaces the same phoneme, the interruption in the sentence is more readily localized in its true position and PhRs occours less frequently. Quantitative measures were taken both of the incidence of PhRs and of the direction and extent of temporal mislocalizations of interruptions for several related stimuli under a variety of experimental conditions. The results were connected with other auditory illusions and temporal confusions reported in the literature, and suggestions were made concerning mechanisms employed normally for verbal organization.
Naltrexone and Fluoxetine in Prader-Willi Syndrome

Abstract The case discussed is of a 9-year-old boy with a diagnosis of Prader-Willi, compulsive eating, severe skin picking, mild mental retardation, and behavioral problems. Prehospital, hospital, and posthospital course is reviewed. An approach using fluoxetine and naltrexone shows a marked improvement in weight control, skin picking, and behavior. Obesity and self-mutilation are discussed with regard to the use of fluoxetine and naltrexone.
Moment Tensor Inversion of Ground Motion from Mining-Induced Earthquakes, Trail Mountain, Utah

A seismic network was operated in the vicinity of the Trail Mountain mine, central Utah, from the summer of 2000 to the spring of 2001 to investigate the seismic hazard to a local dam from mining-induced events that we expect to be triggered by future coal mining in this area. In support of efforts to develop ground-motion prediction relations for this situation, we inverted ground-motion recordings for six mining-induced events to determine seismic moment tensors and then to estimate moment magnitudes M for comparison with the network coda magnitudes M c. Six components of the tensor were determined, for an assumed point source, following the inversion method of McGarr (1992a), which uses key measurements of amplitude from obvious features of the displacement waveforms. When the resulting moment tensors were decomposed into implosive and deviatoric components, we found that four of the six events showed a substantial volume reduction, presumably due to coseismic closure of the adjacent mine openings. For these four events, the volume reduction ranges from 27% to 55% of the shear component (fault area times average slip). Radiated seismic energy, computed from attenuation-corrected body-wave spectra, ranged from 2.4 × 105 to 2.4 × 106 J for events with M from 1.3 to 1.8, yielding apparent stresses from 0.02 to 0.06 MPa. The energy released for each event, approximated as the product of volume reduction and overburden stress, when compared with the corresponding seismic energies, revealed seismic efficiencies ranging from 0.5% to 7%. The low apparent stresses are consistent with the shallow focal depths of 0.2 to 0.6 km and rupture in a low stress/low strength regime compared with typical earthquake source regions at midcrustal depths.
Liposomal doxorubicin in ovarian, peritoneal, and tubal carcinoma: a retrospective comparative study of single-agent dosages.

Abstract Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative activity and tolerance of liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent ovarian, peritoneal, and tubal carcinoma at an initial dose of 40 or 50 mg/m 2 every 4 weeks. Methods. A retrospective single-institution study was performed on patients who received liposomal doxorubicin from 1/97 to 12/00. Demographic data, liposomal doxorubicin dose, dose reductions, response, and progression-free and overall survival were recorded. Results. Seventy-eight patients, 38 treated at 40 mg/m 2 and 40 treated at 50 mg/m 2 , were identified. There was no difference with respect to patient age, performance status, percentage of patients who were platinum resistant or paclitaxel resistant, or tumor bulk. The response rate in this highly resistant population was 13.5 and 7.7% for liposomal doxorubicin at 40 and 50 mg/m 2 every 4 weeks, respectively. Stable disease was observed in 49 and 51% of patients treated with liposomal doxorubicin at a dose of 40 and 50 mg/m 2 every 4 weeks, respectively. The progression-free survival for patients with responding and stable disease was similar. Dose reductions were required in 27.5% of patients treated at 50 mg/m 2 versus no patients treated at 40 mg/m 2 ( P 2 versus 16% of patients treated at 40 mg/m 2 ( P = 0.14). Conclusion. Liposomal doxorubicin at a dose of 40 mg/m 2 appears to be as active as liposomal doxorubicin at a dose of 50 mg/m 2 in ovarian, peritoneal, and tubal carcinoma and is better tolerated based on the frequency of dose reductions and treatment delays.
Nature of the Boulder Batholith of Montana

The Boulder batholith formed as a thin and shallow mass that spread over a floor of premagmatic rocks and that was covered for the most part only by its own volcanic ejecta. The original roof consists of volcanic rocks of the same age and composition as the intrusive rocks beneath it. Eastward, the volcanic overflow from the batholith lies upon prebatholithic sedimentary rocks and may have been pushed eastward over them. The westernmost part of the batholith, by contrast, is roofed by prebatholithic sedimentary rocks, which are remnants of an eastward-thrust mass. All premagmatic rocks dip beneath both the north and south ends of the batholith, which lies atop the downtilted stratigraphic piles. The ends of the batholith are scalloped by wide cusps, which mark lobate advances of bathtub-shaped plutons. The plunges of the axes of the narrow, tightly squeezed anticlinal horns between the cusps flatten into the batholith, and the floors of the cusps presumably flatten correspondingly. The straight east margin of the batholith may be controlled by a single, flanking fold of the floor rocks, rolled down in front of the spreading plutonic mass. The batholith was emplaced during a small part of the period of regional eastward thrust faulting of miogeoclinal and foreland-basin strata over the cratonic crystalline basement. The spreading batholith produced westward, reversed overturning in structures to the west, and to the east and south, it caused outward spreading in an arcuate bulge broadly concentric to itself. The bottom of the Boulder batholith is not exposed. Analogy with complexes of greater age and deeper erosion elsewhere suggests that a migmatite terrain formed where feeder magma rose through the crust and was in part enveloped by older rocks flowing back under the spreading batholith. Away from feeder zones, the outer part of the batholith presumably is underlain by sedimentary rocks whose metamorphism decreases downward beneath the granite.
Underwater Weighing Using the Hubbard Tank vs the Standard Tank

The purpose of this study was to determine whether underwater weighing in the Hubbard tank is a valid and reliable method for estimating body composition. Thirty healthy subjects were weighed underwater for four separate trials; each trial consisted of five weighings. The first trial was completed in a standardized sit-in underwater weighing tank, and the last three trials were completed in a Hubbard tank. Validity was determined by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient across the four underwater trials, which resulted in r = .077 or higher. The coefficient of variation was found to be 1.22 percent for the sit-in tank and 1.23 percent for the Hubbard tank. A paired t test between the two methods was significant at the .001 level. Reliability for the Hubbard tank method was determined by the repeated measures analysis of variance across the three trials and found not to be significant. The intraclass correlation for the three Hubbard tank trials resulted in R = .997. In addition, the interrater reliability between the two researchers who made independent observations of the weight scale resulted in r = .999 for the standardized sit-in tank and r = .998 for the Hubbard tank. Therefore, the Hubbard tank appears to be valid, reliable, and equally effective as the standardized sit-in underwater weighing tank for determining body composition. Because the paired t test was significant, however, the two methods should not be interchanged; one or the other method should be used, but not both.
Adaptive control of time-varying systems: an application to the attitude-momentum control of the space station

The authors consider an application of adaptive techniques to control the space station in orbit with a moving payload. The nonadaptive counterpart of this problem has been considered by B. Wie et al. (1984). Such a controller, designed to tolerate constant parametric uncertainty, may exhibit unsatisfactory behavior when the variation of the system parameters is not sufficiently slow. Motivated by this practical problem, the theory and application of adaptive techniques in up-dating the parameters of the controller designed by Wie et al. is discussed. The main theoretical problem arising in this application is associated with the adaptive identification and control of multivariable linear time-varying systems. Other theoretical problems arise from the decentralized nature of the controller of Wie et al., and a hybrid implementation of the adaptive control scheme to reduce the required computational effort. Such problems have been studied individually in the literature, and are integrated in the present study to provide a complete theoretical justification of the adaptive approach to the application at hand. >
Work reduction in financial simulations

We investigate the possibility of efficiency gains from schemes that reduce the expected cost of a simulated path, which allows more paths given a fixed computational budget. Many such schemes impart bias, so we look at the bias-variance tradeoff in terms of mean squared error. The work reduction schemes we consider are fast numerical evaluation of functions, such as the exponential, as well as changes to simulation structure and sampling schemes. The latter include descriptive sampling, reducing the number of time steps, and dispensing with some factors in a multi-factor simulation. In simulations where computational budgets are tightly constrained, such as risk management and calibration of financial models, using cheaper, less accurate algorithms can reduce mean squared error.
Fuzzy logic control of wind tunnel temperature processes

The application of fuzzy logic controllers (FLC's) to the control of nonlinear processes, typically controlled by a human operator, is a topic of much study. Recent application of a microprocessor based FLC to the control of temperature processes in a wind tunnel has proven to be very successful. The control of the wind tunnel temperature processes requires the ability to monitor temperature feedback from several points and to accommodate varying operating conditions in the wind tunnel. The FLC has an intuitive and easily configurable structure which incorporates the flexibility required to have such an ability. The design and implementation of the FLC is presented along with process data from the wind tunnel under automatic control. >
Possibilistic sonar data modeling for mobile robots

Sonar sensors are widely used in mobile robots applications such as navigation, map building, and localization. The performance of these sensors is affected by the environmental phenomena, sensor design, and target characteristics. Therefore, the readings obtained from these sensors are uncertain. This uncertainity is often modeled by using Probability Theory. However, the probablistic approach is valid when the available knowledge is precise which is not the case in sonar readings. In this paper, the behavior of sonar readings reflected from walls and corners are studied, then new models of angular uncertainty and radial imprecision for sonar readings obtained from corners and walls are proposed. These models are represented by using Possibility Theory, mainly possibility distributions.
Evaluation of urinary tract calculi in children

Renal stone disease remains a significant health problem in the adult population, with the incidence of urolithiasis estimated to be as high as 12%.1 The true incidence in childhood is not known, but a frequency of two children per million UK population per annum has been suggested.2 Understanding the factors involved in urinary stone formation and the appropriate investigations for a child presenting with signs and symptoms of renal stone disease, will allow for earlier recognition of the problem and may assist in the prevention of recurrent stone formation. The term “nephrocalcinosis” implies an increase in calcium content in the kidney, and is distinct from urolithiasis (stone in the urinary tract), although the two conditions may coexist. Nephrocalcinosis occurs less frequently than urolithiasis and may be focal, occurring in an area of previously damaged parenchyma, or generalised, usually as a result of an underlying metabolic disorder. The incidence and composition of renal stones differs significantly with regard to geographic region.3 In European children infection related stones predominate. These stones are often located in the upper urinary tract, are composed of struvite (magnesium ammonium calcium phosphate), and are frequently related to proteus urinary tract infection.2 Hypercalciuria is the most common metabolic cause of stones in Western children. No diagnosis is determined in a quarter of cases. If more detailed investigations are undertaken it is possible that the number of “idiopathic” cases will decrease. The aim of this paper is to increase awareness of the importance of urolithiasis in children and to suggest an outline of investigations that will assist the physician in elucidating any underlying disorder. The formation of renal calculi is a complex process and depends on the interaction of several factors, including:
Effects of turbulence‐mediated larval behavior on larval supply and settlement in tidal currents

Intertidal gastropod larvae retract their vela and sink in strong turbulence, and this behavior potentially increases settlement in turbulent coastal habitats. We incorporated turbulence-induced sinking behavior of mud snail larvae (Ilyanassa obsoleta) in a vertical advection-diffusion model to characterize behavioral effects on larval supply and settlement in a tidal channel. Throughout flood and ebb tides, larvae that sink in turbulence have higher near-bed concentrations than passive larvae. This high supply of larvae enables behaving larvae to settle more successfully than passive larvae in strong currents characteristic of tidal inlets. Unlike passive larvae, those that sink in turbulence settle more successfully in stronger currents than in weaker ones and would concentrate their settlement in energetic tidal zones. Turbulence-mediated behavior may give intertidal larvae a greater ability to select habitats and may reduce larval mortality rates due to settlement failure.
Vitamin A depletion causes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and PARP-1-dependent energy deprivation

A significant unresolved question is how vitamin A deprivation causes, and why retinoic acid fails to reverse, immunodeficiency. When depleted of vitamin A, T cells undergo programmed cell death (PCD), which is enhanced by the natural competitor of retinol, anhydroretinol. PCD does not happen by apoptosis, despite the occurrence of shared early events, including mitochondrial membrane depolarization, permeability transition pore opening, and cytochrome c release. It also lacks caspase-3 activation, chromatin condensation, and endonuclease-mediated DNA degradation, hallmarks of apoptosis. PCD following vitamin A deprivation exhibits increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), drastic reductions in ATP and NAD+ levels, and activation of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) -1. These latter steps are causative because neutralizing ROS, imposing hypoxic conditions, or inhibiting PARP-1 by genetic or pharmacologic approaches prevents energy depletion and PCD. The data highlight a novel regulatory role of vitamin A in mitochondrial energy homeostasis.—Chiu, H.-J., Fischman, D. A., Hammerling, U. Vitamin A depletion causes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and PARP-1-dependent energy deprivation.
Coalition games for transmitter cooperation in wireless networks

Cooperation between rational users has emerged as a new networking paradigm to improve the performance of wireless networks. In this paper, transmitter cooperation between wireless nodes in a Gaussian multiple access channel is studied under the framework of coalitional game theory. The stability of the grand coalition, the coalition of all users, is studied by modeling the game in partition form, in contrast to previous approaches using characteristic form games, in scenarios with infinite and finite cooperation capacity between transmitters. In both cases, irrespective of the channel gains, the grand coalition is shown to be the sum rate optimal and stable, in the sense that users do not have any incentive to leave the coalition.
Phrase Structure and X‐Bar Theory

The phrase structure of an expression is its structure in terms of the subexpressions of which it is composed and the categories to which they belong. X-bar theory is a family of related theories of phrase structure. Keywords: syntax; phrase structure; categories; heads; projections
“To save them from the dangers to their faith”: Documenting student life at catholic women’s colleges

Abstract This article explores the history of Catholic women's colleges and former women's colleges in the United States, with specific focus on student life in the mid-twentieth century. In the peak year 1956-1957, 42,900 young Catholic (and sometimes non-Catholic) women attended about 116 colleges, a significant proportion of the higher educational sector. These colleges helped acculturate many children of Irish, German, Eastern European and Italian families to middle-class American society, at the same time creating a specifically female and Catholic culture on the college campuses. This culture, which was characterized by the ideals of femininity, religion, and service, can be reconstructed through materials in the college archives: for example, through minutes of faculty committees and student organizations, records of college events, photographs, audio-visual material, scrapbooks, catalogs, and student publications. The archives of Catholic women's colleges are important in that they document a litt...
A 19-Year Study of Microtine Population Fluctuations Using Time-Series Analysis

This report involves time-series statistical analysis (including concurrent physical and community variables) of the population dynamics of 4737 voles (Microtus californicus) trapped over 19 yr while emigrating from two study enclosures on a Northern California grassland. Population fluctuations of voles, as documented in the literature as well as in this study, generally cannot be described by periodic or regularly cyclic equations, but rather are either random or occasionally pseudoperiodic where autoregressive correlation explains irregular cycles on the basis of the popu- lation's previous demographic history. For these two California vole populations, an autoregressive component accounted for approximately a third of the total variability in the population, while random extrinsic environmental variation explained almost all of the remaining variation. Weather played a key determinant role, influencing microtine populations both directly, and indirectly through an effect on vegetation. The distinction between periodic, pseudoperiodic, and random fluctuations in vole populations, and indeed in wildlife populations in general, cannot be dismissed as merely a question of semantics, because each entails a specific ecologic interpretation. The demographic characteristics of microtine rodents, although fluctuating more dramatically, were similar to those of other rodents.
AnalogySpace: reducing the dimensionality of common sense knowledge

We are interested in the problem of reasoning over very large common sense knowledge bases. When such a knowledge base contains noisy and subjective data, it is important to have a method for making rough conclusions based on similarities and tendencies, rather than absolute truth. We present Analogy Space, which accomplishes this by forming the analogical closure of a semantic network through dimensionality reduction. It self-organizes concepts around dimensions that can be seen as making distinctions such as "good vs. bad" or "easy vs. hard", and generalizes its knowledge by judging where concepts lie along these dimensions. An evaluation demonstrates that users often agree with the predicted knowledge, and that its accuracy is an improvement over previous techniques.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MR IMAGING PROFILE OF TITANIUM PEDICLE SCREWS

AbstractObjective: We compared the MR imaging profile of three different types of titanium pedicle screw implants in common usage in a human cadaveric model. We additionally compared the change in temperature during imaging among three constructs.Material and Methods: Titanium-based lumbar pedicle screw/rod constructs from three manufacturers were implanted sequentially in a human cadaveric spine. MR imaging was then performed using both conventional spin-echo sequences and advanced imaging pulse sequences. Changes in tissue temperature were also measured during imaging to assess differences among the various implants. MR images were compared in a blinded fashion by two neuroradiologists.Results: No significant differences in imaging profile were noted between the three types of titanium implants with regards to their MR artifact profile. Fast spin-echo sequences led to a decrease in perceptible MR artifacts. Moreover, there were no significant differences in temperature increase among the three manufactu...
Inflammation and intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus are associated with alterations in the microbiome

Background & Aims Gastroesophageal reflux causes inflammation and intestinal metaplasia and its downstream sequelum adenocarcinoma in the distal esophagus. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased approximately 6-fold in the United States since the 1970s, accompanied with a significant increase in the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Despite extensive epidemiologic study, the cause for GERD and the unexpected increases remain unexplainable. Microbes are among the environmental factors that may contribute to the etiology of GERD, but very little research has been done on the esophageal microbiome, particularly in its relation to GERD. This is the first comprehensive reported correlation between a change in the esophageal microbiome and esophageal diseases. Methods Biopsy samples of the distal esophagus were collected from 34 patients. Host phenotypes were histologically defined as normal, esophagitis, or Barrett's esophagus (intestinal metaplasia). Microbiomes from the biopsy samples were analyzed by bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene survey and classified into types using unsupervised cluster analysis and phenotype-guided analyses. Independence between host phenotypes and microbiome types were analyzed by Fisher exact test. Results Esophageal microbiomes can be classified into 2 types. The type I microbiome was dominated by the genus Streptococcus and concentrated in the phenotypically normal esophagus. Conversely, the type II microbiome contained a greater proportion of gram-negative anaerobes/microaerophiles and primarily correlated with esophagitis (odds ratio, 15.4) and Barrett's esophagus (odds ratio, 16.5). Conclusions In the human distal esophagus, inflammation and intestinal metaplasia are associated with global alteration of the microbiome. These findings raise the issue of a possible role for dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of reflux-related disorders.
Is amplify-and-forward practically better than decode-and-forward or vice versa?

The paper evaluates the relative merits of amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF), the two basic modes of cooperative communications, in practical systems. Specifically, the paper considers the case where the two user channels are slow fading with similar channel qualities and the inter-user channel is some 10 dB better. Through evaluation of the excess information rate, analysis of the worst-case error rate, and simulations using practical turbo codes, it is consistently shown that the two modes are practically on a par with each other. Furthermore, the study points to inter-user outage as the detrimental factor, and location, rather than the specific cooperative strategy, as the key element in cooperative communications.
Systems testing and statistical test data coverage

Coverage is often used to determine when unit modules have been sufficiently tested. It is difficult to apply the same approach to whole systems. An additional problem is that coverage has no obvious reliability interpretation. A form of coverage called statistical coverage is described that solves some of the problems of systems level coverage and which also has a reliability interpretation. Statistical coverage is based on ideas from statistical testing. Statistical testing is reviewed and new results are introduced that are needed for statistical coverage, and which can also be applied to statistical testing.
A cell and burst level control framework for integrated video and image traffic

The authors review the results of a two-level control framework for integrated video and image traffic in an ATM multiplexer. The framework gives priority to video traffic, and uses flow control on the image traffic in order to prevent congestion while improving its throughput. It functions on two levels, or time scales. Buffer management and scheduling are done at the level of cell arrivals and departures, or microsecond time scales, while flow control is done at the burst level, or millisecond time scales. The control framework guarantees upper bounds on cell loss rates for both video and image traffic over a defined control interval, with a specified probability. >
Multi-Reanalysis Climatology of Intermountain Cyclones

Abstract The topography in and around the Intermountain West strongly affects the genesis, migration, and lysis of extratropical cyclones. Here intermountain (i.e., Nevada or Great Basin) cyclone (IC) activity and evolution are examined using the ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim) the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis from 1989 to 2008, the period during which all three are available. The ICs are defined and tracked objectively as 850-hPa geopotential height depressions of ≥40 m that persist for ≥12 h. The monthly distribution of IC center and genesis frequency in all three reanalyses is bimodal with spring (absolute) and fall (secondary) maxima. Although the results are sensitive to differences in resolution, topographic representation, and reanalysis methodology, both the ERA-Interim and NARR produce frequent IC centers and genesis in the Great Basin cyclone region, which extends from the southern “high” Sierra to northwest Utah, and the Canyonlands cyclone reg...
In Four ACA Expansion States, The Percentage Of Uninsured Hospitalizations For People With HIV Declined, 2012–14

This study examines the influence of the Affordable Care Act’s optional state Medicaid expansion on insurance coverage and health outcomes for hospitalized patients with HIV. I used data from the State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for all hospitalizations of patients with HIV from 2012 through the first six months of 2014 in four states that expanded their Medicaid programs and two states that did not. I found that the percentage of hospitalizations of uninsured people with HIV in the four expansion states fell from 13.7 percent to 5.5 percent in the study period, while the percentage in the two nonexpanding states increased from 14.5 percent to 15.7 percent. I also found that hospitalized patients with HIV who did not have insurance were 40 percent more likely to die during their hospital stays than comparable patients with insurance.
Contribution of probenecid-sensitive anion transport processes at the brain capillary endothelium and choroid plexus to the efficient efflux of valproic acid from the central nervous system.

The steady-state brain-to-free plasma concentration ratio of valproic acid (VPA) is well below unity, which suggests that it is efficiently removed from the central nervous system (CNS) by specialized transport processes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether probenecid (PBD)-sensitive anion transporters at the choroidal epithelium and brain capillary endothelium are involved in the clearance of VPA from the CNS of the rabbit. Unlabeled VPA was infused i.v. to achieve a steady-state plasma concentration while a tracer concentration of 3H-VPA was introduced into the ventricles by ventriculocisternal (VC) perfusion. In two treatment groups, PBD was administered by direct placement into the VC perfusate or by a combination of an i.v. priming dose and continuous infusion. In the control group, no other treatments were given. PBD administered by either route had no effect on the steady-state VC extraction of 3H-VPA (approximately 57%). Coadministration of PBD through the VC perfusate had no apparent effect on the blood-brain distribution of unlabeled VPA. In the i.v. PBD group, the concentration in the brain of systemically administered VPA increased 1.5- to 2-fold in all regions compared with that in control animals. Because neither the total nor the free plasma concentration of VPA was affected by PBD, the increase in brain VPA concentration reflected a blockade of VPA efflux across the brain capillary endothelium. These results suggest that PBD-sensitive transport at the brain capillary endothelium is the main route of VPA efflux from the CNS.
Attorney Mistakes, Client Losses: New Visions after Vision Point

In Vision Point of Sale, Inc. v. Haas, 875 N.E.2d 1065 (Ill. 2007), the Illinois Supreme Court answered in the negative the following certified question: "In determining whether 'good cause' exists under Supreme Court Rule 183 for the grant of an extension of time to remedy an unintentional noncompliance with a procedural requirement, may the court take into consideration facts and circumstances of record that go beyond the reason for noncompliance?" The question arose in a case involving noncompliance with a deadline for responses to requests to admit. In answering no, while the court suggested that good cause for noncompliance may encompass some, but not all, attorney acts of mistake, inadvertence or neglect, unfortunately it was otherwise murky on what attorney conduct satisfies good cause. It said such a "determination is fact-dependent" and "rests within the sound discretion" of the trial court.The following guidelines are suggested for such "good cause" inquiries: (1) favor extensions requested before, not after, the relevant time period has expired; (2) avoid punishing clients for attorney mistakes; (3) do not employ local rules that impose significant burdens on the parties and go beyond statewide norms.
Titanium α-ω phase transformation pathway and a predicted metastable structure

As titanium is a highly utilized metal for structural lightweighting, its phases, transformation pathways (transition states), and structures have scientific and industrial importance. Using a proper solid-state nudged elastic band method employing two climbing images combined with density functional theory DFT + U methods for accurate energetics, we detail the pressure-induced $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ (ductile) to $\ensuremath{\omega}$ (brittle) transformation at the coexistence pressure. We find two transition states along the minimal-enthalpy path and discover a metastable body-centered orthorhombic structure, with stable phonons, a lower density than the end-point phases, and decreasing stability with increasing pressure.
Designing and Conducting Research in Health and Human Performance: Book Review

In the first edition of Designing and Conducting Research in Health and Human Performance authors Matthews and Kostelis have created a useful and practical text for the undergraduate student in the fields of health and human performance. By using relevant and practical examples and by including each aspect of the research process from identifying the problem to presenting the research, Matthews and Kostelis keep student learning at the forefront of the book. Although difficult to highlight many errors with, or omissions in, the text a few minor technicalities arise. However, the authors have placed emphasis where it should be placed and in the end the reader of this text can more fully engage in the undergraduate research process.
Design and Analysis of Enhanced Catalysis in Scaffolded Multienzyme Cascade Reactions

New developments in nucleic acid nanotechnology and protein scaffold designs have enabled unparalleled control over the spatial organization of synthetic multienzyme cascade reactions. One of the goals of these new technologies is to create nanostructured enzyme cascade reactions that promote substrate channeling along the cascade and, in doing so, enhance cascade catalysis. The concept of substrate channeling has a long and rich history in biochemistry and has established methods of evaluation and quantification. In this Perspective, we review the most common of these methods and discuss them in the context of engineered multienzyme systems and natural bifunctional enzymes with known mechanisms of substrate channeling. In addition, we use experimental data and the results of simulations of coupled-enzyme reactions to develop a set of preliminary design rules for engineering multienzyme nanostructures. The design rules address the limitations on interenzyme distance and active site orientation in substrat...
Temporal Patterns in Pre-Fledgling Survival and Brood Reduction in an Osprey Colony

Temporal patterns in pre-fledgling mortality were examined in a coastal North Carolina Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) colony by checking nests weekly throughout two breeding seasons. Individuals experienced high weekly survival during incubation (> 90%), but exhibited a dramatic drop in survival at two to three weeks after hatching. The mortality pattern was identical in both years of study and was characteristic of both early and late nesters. This mortality appeared related to food-stress and occurred when nestlings entered the steep phase of logistic growth. Survival data were also used to test O'Conner's brood reduction model. The model predicted that brood reduction should occur in the population and should be manifested as fratricide, rather than infanticide or suicide. Nestling behavior was in accordance with the prediction of the model in that sibling aggression was common, but parents appeared to feed whichever nestling begged most vigorously. The calculations suggested that this population barely exceeds the threshold for fratricide, an interesting result considering the facultative nature of brood reduction in Ospreys.
Effect of Ca2+ on the Steady-State and Time-Resolved Emission Properties of the Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensor CatchER

We previously designed a calcium sensor CatchER (a GFP-based Calcium sensor for detecting high concentrations in the high calcium concentration environment such as ER) with a capability for monitoring calcium ion responses in various types of cells. Calcium binding to CatchER induces the ratiometric changes in the absorption spectra, as well as an increase in fluorescence emission at 510 nm upon excitation at both 395 and 488 nm. Here, we have applied the combination of the steady-state and time-resolved optical methods and Hydrogen/Deuterium isotope exchange to understand the origin of such calcium-induced optical property changes of CatchER. We first demonstrated that calcium binding results in a 44% mean fluorescence lifetime increase of the indirectly excited anionic chromophore. Thus, CatchER is the first protein-based calcium indicator with the single fluorescent moiety to show the direct correlation between the lifetime and calcium binding. Calcium exhibits a strong inhibition on the excited-state ...