cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemodynamic Mechanisms Responsible for Reduced Subendocardial Coronary Reserve in Dogs With Severe Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Background Reduced subendocardial coronary reserve is a hallmark of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The goal of this study was to determine whether hemodynamic, as opposed to structural, mechanisms were responsible for the reduced subendocardial coronary reserve. Methods and Results The effects of near-maximal vasodilation with adenosine were examined in 10 conscious dogs with LVH (79% increase in ratio of LV weight to body weight) induced by aortic banding in puppies with and without preload reduction. At baseline, LV end-diastolic pressure, LV end-diastolic circumferential and compressive radial wall stresses, and LV myocardial blood flow were similar in dogs with LVH and sham-operated controls, while LV end-systolic circumferential wall stress tended to be greater in the LVH group compared with the control group. In control dogs, adenosine reduced LV circumferential end-systolic and end-diastolic wall stresses and compressive radial subendocardial wall stress; LV subendocardial blood flow increased...
CitiSense: improving geospatial environmental assessment of air quality using a wireless personal exposure monitoring system

Environmental exposures are a critical component in the development of chronic conditions such as asthma and cancer. Yet, medical and public health practitioners typically must depend on sparse regional measurements of the environment that provide macro-scale summaries. Recent projects have begun to measure an individual's exposure to these factors, often utilizing body-worn sensors and mobile phones to visualize the data. Such data, collected from many individuals and analyzed across an entire geographic region, holds the potential to revolutionize the practice of public health.We present CitiSense, a participatory air quality sensing system that bridges the gap between personal sensing and regional measurement to provide micro-level detail at a regional scale. In a user study of 16 commuters using CitiSense, measurements were found to vary significantly from those provided by official regional pollution monitoring stations. Moreover, applying geostatistical kriging techniques to our data allows CitiSense to infer a regional map that contains considerably greater detail than official regional summaries. These results suggest that the cumulative impact of many individuals using personal sensing devices may have an important role to play in the future of environmental measurement for public health.
Relative attitude control of two spacecraft on SO(3) using line-of-sight observations

This paper studies relative attitude control of two spacecraft, considered as rigid bodies. A relative attitude determination scheme and a relative attitude control system are developed based on the line-of-sight (LOS) observations between two spacecraft, and another set of LOS observations to a common object from two spacecraft. The proposed control system is distinct from other attitude formation control systems that require the full absolute attitude of spacecraft and the full relative attitude between them. Assuming that the relative positions of two spacecraft and the common object are fixed, it is shown that the desired relative attitude between two spacecraft is almost globally asymptotically stable. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the desirable properties of the proposed relative attitude control system.
Standard Score Tables for the McCarthy Drawing Tests.

Few adequately normed drawing tests are available for current practice. Two subtests of the McCarthy Scales, Draw-A-Design and Draw-A-Child, are the best normed of all drawing tests for children aged 2½ to 8½ years: however, no age-corrected deviation scaled scores are available for interpretaion, only raw scores and age equivalents. This paper presents scaled scores for use in interpretation of these two drawing tests.
Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Visual Acuity Development in Infants

Supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) has recently been considered for infant formulas in the United States. DHA is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that is derived from the essential fatty acid α-linolenic acid and concentrated in retinal and brain membranes of high biological activity. Inadequate DHA intake alters both neuronal structure and the functional development of visual-sensory, visual-perceptual, and visual-cognitive systems. Visual development may be related to dietary composition and balance of essential fatty acids and/or DHA during the first year of life, especially in infants born prematurely. This review concludes that in premature infants there are transient effects of DHA on visual resolution acuity development. In infants born at term, the benefits of a DHA-supplemented diet during the first year of life on visual development are still unclear. Although existing studies suggest that differences in performance on visual resolution acuity tasks do not persist, there may be sustained or emerging differences in other visually-based processes. Other putative effects of DHA on nonvisually-based processes require more study before supplementation is implemented. ▪ Key Words: docosahexaenoic acids, omega-3, visual acuity, infant nutrition, central nervous system
ON THE NATURE OF IODINE RELEASED BY THYROID SLICES.

Rabbits were given relabeled iodide of constant specific activity by daily injections or in the diet for varying lengths of time. Even after 24 days’ administration, only 75% of the expected equilibrium value was attained in thyroidal iodine. Thyroid slices from these rabbits were incubated and the media therefrom were examined by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation, chromatography and electrophoresis. About 40–60% of the radioiodine in the slices was released into the medium in 90 min. Of this, about 2 % was TCA-soluble, and, of the soluble iodine, 10–25% was iodide. The TCAsoluble iodine that was not iodide seemed to be partly in the form of peptides. A mathematical analysis is presented which shows that almost all the iodide released by an incubated slice came from a pool other than one usually described by the T/M value
Characterization of Portable Resistive Barrier Plasma Jet and Its Direct and Indirect Treatment for Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and THP-1 Leukemia Cancer Cells

An atmospheric pressure nonthermal resistive barrier plasma (RBP) jet was designed, constructed, and characterized for plasma surface treatment procedures applied in biomedical applications. The RBP source can operate in both dc (battery) and standard 60/50-Hz low-frequency ac excitation and can function effectively in both direct and indirect plasma exposure configurations, depending on the type of treatment targets and applications. The design and construction aspects of the RBP source are presented, including the electrode configuration, electrical, cooling, and gas flow aspects. The RBP jet is tested, and its characteristics such as the propagation velocity of the plasma jet, electrical properties, plasma gas temperature, and nitric oxide concentration are characterized using optical laser plasma shadowgraphy, voltage-current characterization, optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and gas analyzer diagnostic measurements, respectively. Using a laser shadowgraphy diagnostic, we have measured the average propagation velocity of the plasma jet to be 150-200 m/s at 1 cm from the probe end. The discharge power is calculated from voltage-current characterization, and the plasma power is 26.33 W. An OES was applied, and the gas temperature which is equivalent to the nitrogen rotational (Trot) temperatures was measured. After approximately 2 cm from the tip, along the axis, the plasma emission drops, and the high-temperature ceramic fiber-insulated-wire thermocouple probe was used to measure the temperatures of the gas flows along the downstream jet. The addition of a small portable external cooling unit has brought the temperatures of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other gases close to room temperature at the tip of the handheld plasma source unit. The concentrations of the ROS at different spatial distances from the tip of the plasma jet were measured; at a 5-cm distance from the electrode, the nitric oxide level was measured to be in the range of 500-660 ppm, and it drops to ~ 100 ppm at 60 cm. The parts-per-million values of nitric oxides after the cooling unit are observed to be of the same order of magnitude as compared to that of the plasma jet. The portable RBP source was tested to be very effective for the decontamination and disinfection of a wide range of food-borne and opportunistic nosocomial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus, and the preliminary results are presented. The effects of the indirect exposure of the portable RBP source on monocytic leukemia cancer cells (THP-1) were also tested, and the results demonstrate a preference for apoptosis in plasma-treated THP-1 cells under particular plasma parameters and dosage levels.
Enzyme inhibitors XXIV: Bridging hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions on adenosine deaminase

Previous studies have shown that adenosine deaminase has a large hydrophobic region which is important for enzyme inhibitor complex formation with some 9-n-alkyladenines. Further, the enzyme has a hydroxyl binding site which makes a contribution to enzyme inhibitor complex formation in a compound such as 9-(2-hydroxyethyl)adenine. In an attempt to gain information concerning the spatial relationship of these two binding regions, a variety of 9-(1-hydroxy-2-alkyl)adenines were prepared and found to be potent inhibitors of adenosine deaminase. These data argue strongly for the presence of a single binding site for the adenine moiety of the inhibitors and for the close spatial relationship of the hydrophobic region and the hydroxyl binding region on the enzyme.
Changes in the blood of newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, following the administration of hydrocortisone

Adult newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, were injected with suspensions of hydrocortisone acetate (experimentais) or with distilled water (controls). Forty-eight and 72 hours after treatment, blood smears were prepared, and differential counts of leucocytes were made for the experimental and control animals. At 48 hours, the distributions of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes were much the same in the two groups of newts (Table 1). However, by 72 hours after injection, increases in neutrophils and decreases in lymphocytes were obvious in the animals which had received hydrocortisone. Such changes were not seen in the controls (Table 2). The changes in the distribution of the white cells seen 72 hours after treatment are very similar to those known to occur in mammals treated with adrenal steroids and to those described earlier in two species of frogs injected with hydrocortisone. Details of some differences in the responses of the amphibians are discussed.
Estimation of Rician K-Factors from Block-Averaged Channel Measurements

Using simulated data with varying Rician K-factor, averaging block length (N), and sample size (P), this letter proposes and validates two new moment-based, unbiased estimators for block-averaged Rician data and presents a model for their standard errors. One estimator, K1,2, has standard error that varies linearly with K and requires iterative calculation. The other estimator K2,4, has standard error that can be orders of magnitude larger than the estimates, but has a closed-form solution. K2,4 can, however, be recommended when (N ≤ 16, P ≥ 100) if real-time constraints require it. K1,2 is recommended otherwise.
Lipopolysaccharide Core Structures in Rhizobium etli and Mutants Deficient in O-Antigen

Abstract Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the bacterial outer membrane, and for Rhizobium spp. has been shown to play a critical role in the establishment of an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with a legume host. Many genes required for O-chain polysaccharide synthesis are in the lps α region of the CE3 genome; this region may also carry lps genes required for core oligosaccharide synthesis. The LPSs from several strains mutated in the α region were isolated, and their mild acid released oligosaccharides, purified by high performance anion-exchange chromatography, were characterized by electrospray- and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, NMR, and methylation analysis. The LPSs from several mutants contained truncated O-chains, and the core region consisted of a (3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosomic acid) (Kdo)-(26)-α-Galp-(16)-[α-GalpA-(14)]-α-Manp-(15)-Kdop (3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosomic acid) (Kdo)pentasaccharide and a α-GalpA-(14)-[α-GalpA-(15)]-Kdop trisaccharide. The pentasaccharide was altered in two mutants in that it was missing either the terminal Kdo or the GalA residue. These results indicate that the lps α region, in addition to having the genes for O-chain synthesis, contains genes required for the transfer of these 2 residues to the core region. Also, the results show that an LPS with a complete core but lacking an O-chain polysaccharide is not sufficient for an effective symbiosis.
The yield stress of foamy sands

The yield stress of a mixture of foam and solids, or foamy sand, was investigated theoretically using a two-dimensional (2-D) periodic model. The range of solid fractions considered ranged from about 40 to 68%. The yield stress of a foamy sand increases with gas fraction at a given solid fraction and increases with solid fraction at a given gas fraction. At a fixed fraction of solid plus gas, yield stress is relatively insensitive to gas or solid fraction alone. There exists a maximum liquid fraction above which the yield stress disappears. These trends agree with those reported for foamy sands encountered in tunneling through soft sediments and proppant-laden fracturing fluids used in the petroleum industry.
The evaporation and growth of droplets having more than one volatile constituent

Abstract This paper presents a theory which describes the evaporation and growth of droplets containing an arbitrary number of nonvolatile and volatile constituents. The method is a generalization of Mason's (1971) procedure for calculating the growth of aqueous droplets. A separate differential equation is written for the mass of each volatile ingredient and then the system of equations is solved numerically. Droplets were found to evaporate or grow depending on whether a generalized saturation ratio is less than or greater than unity. Stable equilibrium states can exist only for droplets containing nonvolatile ingredients, regardless of the atmospheric composition. Sample calculations were done for droplets containing water and propylene glycol, and for droplets containing water, propylene glycol and sodium chloride. These are common ingredients of aerosols used for the treatment of respiratory diseases. It was found that propylene glycol, although much less volatile than water, can nevertheless evaporate rapidly from droplets in the respirable size range. The implications for respiratory therapy are discussed.
Transportation Sustainability: What Can Intelligent Transportation Systems Offer?

The article highlights some of the research being conducted on the use of intelligent transportation system and intelligent vehicle system technologies to reduce vehicle fuel consumption and emission levels. This article highlights some of the work being conducted on (i) developing vehicle fuel consumption and emission models that can be calibrated using publically available data; (ii) studying the impact of driver routing decisions on their fuel consumption level; (iii) developing eco-routing systems that minimise the fuel consumption and carbon footprint of urban transportation networks; (iv) developing intelligent eco-cruise control and eco-adaptive cruise control systems; and (v) vehicle connectivity possibilities with traffic signal controllers to reduce vehicle fuel consumption levels in the vicinity of traffic signalised intersections.
Deep reflections from Southern California blasts

Two records showing reflections from the Mohorovicic discontinuity at normal incidence have been obtained from large quarry blasts in Southern California. Each record shows a strong reflection with corrected travel time near 10.6 sec. An earlier reflection appears near 9.0 sec Strong reflections were also obtained at distances slightly beyond critical. Computations of the thickness of the crust near the quarries have been made using velocity data obtained from blast and earthquake refraction studies. The results using any crustal model that fits the refraction data or by assuming a single-layer crust agree closely. In this area the Mohorovicic discontinuity is 32 km below sea level, and the mean velocity in the crust is 6.2 km/sec The data give additional evidence for the existence of a zone in which velocity decreases with depth.
Pixel-oriented Treemap for multiple displays

We have developed a Pixel-oriented Treemap visualization intended for use on multiple displays with collaborating users. It visualizes the health and status of about a million devices with a Treemap layout. In this paper we describe how we found useful pieces of the VAST 2012 Challenge MC1dataset and discuss how users interacted with this visualization during the analysis.
Photoisomerization of molecular van der Waals aggregates. Structural assignments of isomeric forms of 1-chlorobutane/perylene via rotational coherence spectroscopy

Abstract Van der Waals complexes of perylene with 1-chlorobutane, prepared under supersonic jet conditions, exist in three distinct isomeric forms distinguishable by their spectral red-shifts of 265,238 and 184 cm −1 . Following vibronic excitation at 355 cm −1 , two of these isomers yield similarly shaped and broadened fluorescence bands of ≈ 180 cm −1 width, suggesting a rapid isomerization. A third isomer is not coupled, showing a distinct spectrum even for a vibrational energy of 700 cm −1 . Structure determinations of all three isomers are reported using rotational coherence spectroscopy. The existence is demonstrated of three remarkably different binding sites for 1-chlorobutane on the perylene surface.
Fibromyalgia: unspeakable suffering, a prevalence study of alexithymia.

Background Fibromyalgia patients often present with multiple somatic concerns in a pattern suggestive of underlying depression. The psychological construct of alexithymia complicates the recognition of psychiatric disorders. Objective To measure the prevalence of alexithymia among fibromyalgia patients and compare this with the prevalence among general medicine and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Methods The Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) and the Beck depression inventory (BDI) were administered to 50 patients in each of three experimental groups: fibromyalgia, general medicine and rheumatoid arthritis. Logistic regression was used to test for differences in the prevalence of alexithymia among experimental groups, first unadjusted and then adjusted for baseline and demographic variables. In addition, ANOVA was used to analyze the numeric scores of the TAS-20, the BDI and the three alexithymia components measured by the TAS-20. Results The prevalence of alexithymia in fibromyalgia patients (44%) was significantly higher than in either the general medicine group (8%; P=0.001) or the rheumatoid arthritis group (21%; P=0.023). Alexithymia was strongly associated with moderate to severe depression χ 2 = 49.3, P Conclusion Fibromyalgia patients are more likely than general medicine patients or patients with rheumatoid arthritis to have difficulty identifying and describing feelings, and to have higher alexithymia scores. Moderate to severe depression is also more prevalent in fibromyalgia patients, and, when controlled for, the difference in alexithymia scores becomes insignificant.
Symbolic uses of the Berlin Wall, 1961–1989

This essay presents the argument that samples from public discourse during the period 1961–1989 reveal several different symbolic uses of the Berlin Wall. Not only are these differences interesting from the point of view of rhetorical theory, they may reflect something of the never‐completed struggle between the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union, between the cultures these nations have made, and between the nations these cultures have made.
Children’s compliance as a function of type of instructions and payoff for noncompliance

The role of reinforcement loss and instruction type (positive and negative) in children’s compliance with adult instructions was studied using a 2 by 2 factorial design. During daily sessions 32 first- and second-grade children played a two-choice discrimination game in which one response earned two tokens (redeemable for toys) and the other earned eitner one or 0 tokens (depending upon the group to which Ss were assigned). On successive trials either one or both responses were available. When botn responses were available, the child nad to choose between them. After S showed a preference for the response that paid higher magnitude reinforcement, tne adult entered and gave eitner positive (“I want you to …,” “Do X”) or negative (“I don’t want you to …,” “Don’t do Y”) instructions. After tnese instructions E left and S played alone. Compliance witn eitner instruction involved S’s choosing the lower paying response. Results snowed that the adult’s negative instructions were more effective than positive instructions, regardless of whether compliance meant the child’s forfeiting one or two tokens. Boys were significantly more compliant than girls. Results are discussed in terms of tneir relevance to resistance to temptation.
Time-domain wave-oriented data processing of scattering by nonuniform truncated gratings

In a companion paper [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A11, 2675 ( 1994)] we investigated wave-oriented processing techniques that extract from frequency-domain (FD) scattering data for nonuniform truncated thin-wire or strip gratings the wave phenomenology that ties features in data to scattering mechanisms that are responsible for these features. The resulting observable-based parameterization (OBP) should be useful for construction of wave-based algorithms aimed, through forward and backward propagation routines, at design, classification, and imaging. The processing strategy projects the data, which are assembled on an elevated track at height z parallel to the grating-plane coordinate x, onto the (x, kx) phase-space subdomain by means of windowed Fourier transforms; here kx is the spatial spectral wave number corresponding to x. The (x, kx) phase-space distributions and their information content for various grating configurations are analyzed in detail and are related to previously derived analytic scattering models based on truncated local Floquet modes (FM’s) and on FM-modulated edge diffractions. We explore time-domain (TD) wave-oriented processing techniques for scattering by truncated gratings produced by a pulsed incident plane wave. By spatial–temporal resolution, the TD data base adds to the FD processing options. Time (t)–frequency (ω) phase-space distributions implemented through windowed transforms extract from TD data new TD phenomenology, TD-OBP, that differs fundamentally from that in the frequency domain: strongly dispersive TD-FM’s with prolonged time-varying frequency response ωm(t), where m is the FM index, and temporally well-resolved weakly dispersive impulselike edge diffractions. These phenomenologies extracted from the TD scattering data are interpreted in terms of, and shown to be in agreement with, previously developed analytic TD scattering models. The (t, ω) processing is applied to pulsed plane-wave scattering data produced for various grating configurations by previously calibrated numerical reference codes and reveals the changes in (t, ω) footprints that are attributable to departures from strict canonical truncated periodicity. Short-pulse TD excitation is found to resolve the element structure within each scattering cell directly, in contrast to (t, ω) processing, in which element-structure information is tied indirectly to the FM excitation strengths.
The origins of the gauge system for medical equipment.

The gauge system for sizing medical catheters and equipment is used widely around the world. Yet both its origins and its interpretation, in terms of conventional measurements, have long been obscure. The gauge, formally known as the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge, was developed in early 19th century England. Developed initially for use in wire manufacture, each gauge size arbitrarily correlates to multiples of .0010 inches. This sizing system was the first wire gauge recognized as a standard by any country (Great Britain, 1884). It was first used to measure needle sizes in the early 20th century. Today it is used in medicine to measure not only needles, but also catheters and suture wires. However, owing to the potential confusion inherent in using a gauge system, the iron wire gauge is rarely used in manufacture of nonmedical equipment.
Model for Harnessing the Device Stiffness in Dynamic Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Single-molecule force spectroscopy methods use optical traps or tiny cantilevers to impose controlled forces to individual molecules for studying their mechanical behavior and transitions along specific paths called reaction coordinates. A powerful application of these sophisticated approaches is the extraction of activation energy barriers and intrinsic rates of transition from measurements of the rupture force, i.e., when the molecules stretched at a speed undergoes sudden unfolding.Existing analyses of force measurements relies heavily on theoretical models for reliable extraction of kinetics and energetic properties. Despite significant advances, there remain large gaps in fully exploiting the experiments and their analyses. Specifically, the effect of pulling device stiffness or compliance has not been comprehensively captured. Hence, the best models for extracting molecular parameters can only be applied to measurements obtained from soft pulling devices (e.g., optical tweezers) and result in well-documented discrepancies when applied to stiff devices (e.g., AFM). This restriction makes pulling speed the only control parameter in the experiments, making reliable extraction of molecular properties problematic and prone to error.Here we present an analytical model derived from physical principles for extracting the intrinsic rates and activation free energies from rupture force measurements that is applicable to the entire range of pulling speeds and device stiffnesses. The model therefore is not restricted to the analyses of force measurements performed with soft pulling devices only. On the contrary, the model allows better design of experiments that specifically exploit device stiffness as a control parameter in addition to pulling speed for a more reliable estimation of energetic and kinetic parameters. The model also helps explain previous discrepancies noted in rupture forces measured with devices of different effective stiffnesses and provides a framework for modeling other stiffness-related issues in single-molecule force spectroscopy.
The impact of sectoral shifts in industry on U.S. energy demands

Abstract Shifts among economic sectors within manufacturing have had significant effects on industrial energy demand since 1973. At least one-third of the reduction in U.S. energy intensity for fossil fuels can be attributed to sectoral shifts over this historical period. Shifts among economic sectors will continue to be an important source of uncertainty in forecasting industrial energy demand. Without greater consensus on the major causes of these shifts, analysts will be unable to separate how much of the past shifts can be reversed with changed energy and economic conditions and how much will remain embedded in the economic structure. Standard economic projections anticipate a continuation of the shift away from large industrial energy-using sectors, although at a slower rate. The Wharton economic projections used recently in an Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) study indicated a decline rate of about half that experienced during the 1973–1981 period. Even so, this effect alone could contribute as much as 0.5% per annum to the rate of decline in aggregate energy intensity within manufacturing.
Stability of ideal fcc twin boundaries

Abstract Ideas from continuum mechanics are used to derive an elastic stability inequality for a boundary between two different materials under quasi-static, homogeneous conditions. The terms in this inequality are interpreted for the case of an ideal twinning plane between two variants of a face-centered cubic material. High quality potentials for Ni and Cu are used in molecular dynamics calculations to calibrate relevant energies and displacements near the twinning plane. It is found that in comparison with direct molecular dynamics calculations the inequality predicts the critical stress that initiates movement of the twinning plane in Ni within 1.9% and within 1.3% for Cu. Although the predicted and calculated critical stresses are only upper bounds for the more realistic case of an imperfect boundary, the calculations give considerable insight into the interplay of energies that lead to boundary motion.
The synthesis and properties of Cd2P3Cl, Cd2P3Br, and Cd2P3I

Abstract The new compounds Cd 2 P 3 X where X = Cl, Br, or I were prepared by chemical transport. They are isotypic, monoclinic, with space group C2 c , and cell dimensions: Cd 2 P 3 Cl, a = 7.988 ± 0.001A, b = 8.988 ± 0.001A, c = 7.555 ± 0.001A, β = 100.91 ± 0.05°; Cd 2 P 3 Br, a = 8.089 ± 0.001A, b = 9.089 ± 0.001A, c = 7.535 ± 0.001A, β = 100.36 ± 0.05°; Cd 2 P 3 I, a = 8.255 ± 0.001A, b = 9.304 ± 0.001A, c = 7.514 ± 0.001A, β = 99.66 ± 0.05°. They range in color from red for X = Cl to black for X = I and are semiconductors. They are hydrolytically stable but undergo an unusual reaction in conc HCl in which bubbles are evolved leaving an orange, flaky, amorphous form of P. Solid solutions of these compounds were prepared. The relationship of semiconducting properties to crystal structure is discussed.
Comparative analysis and associated failure mechanisms of magnetic media in advanced linear tape drives

Flexible magnetic tape is widely used for data storage and archival, as future generation of tapes and drives will continue to increase overall storage capacities and data transfer rates. Tape portability, robust drive operation, longevity of magnetic media, and improved performance of head–tape interface under long-term use are required for magnetic tape to maintain a stronghold in the field of storage devices. Comparative studies were performed to investigate differences in performance of various cartridges in impact, tapes under long-term durability, and contamination of head–tape interface in advanced linear tape drives. A drop test was performed in which various cartridges were dropped from varying heights. Cartridge damage was recorded and indexed. Reinforced cartridge casing promotes good stability at low height impact, while casing significant plastic deformation in increased-height drops. Contamination and durability studies were performed in which debris generation, tape edge damage, tape cupping profiles, and error data was collected and analyzed for studies of head–tape interface. Most significant loose debris generation occurs as a result of wear at the tape edges, while adherent debris is related to tape binder system, and causes increases in drive error rate. Cleaning brushes have been incorporated into the design of drives to reduce the accumulation of all types of debris. A study was performed to determine the effectiveness of brushes on head surface cleaning. The use of brushes in drives was shown to be helpful in removal of both loose and adherent debris types. The effect of relative humidity at the interface was examined, and it was found that high relative humidity acts as a lubricant at the head–tape interface, helping to reduce tape wear. Low relative humidity can have differing effects on the interface performance, as it has shown to either increase or decrease debris accumulation, depending upon tape characteristics.
EXPLAINING TURNOUT IN GUBERNATORIAL PRIMARIES

Voter turnout in gubernatorial primary elections varies tremendously from state to state. This analysis hypothesizes that the highly variable turnout is the result of specific circumstances unique to each election and to each state. Using multiple regression analysis, turnout in gubernatorial primaries was examined from 1968 to 1980. The analysis identified five variables that contribute to the variance in turnout across states.
The prediction of the crack-opening behavior of part-through fatigue cracks under the influence of surface residual stresses

Abstract The crack opening behavior of part-through fatigue cracks is modeled using a three-dimensional boundary integral analysis. The predictions show excellent agreement with observed behavior for a corner crack in a Ti-6Al-4V specimen with and without the presence of compressive surface residual stresses. Also, the analysis predicts a lenticular crack opening through-the-thickness when compressive surface stresses are present. The implications of this result for future studies are discussed.
Serial pattern learning of temporal intervals

The problem was to determine how rats adjust the times of their lever responses to repeating sequences of interfood intervals. In Experiment 1, rats were trained on an interval schedule of reinforcement with a 12-element Fleshler-Hoffman series with a mean of 60 sec; the order was as follows: ascending, random with repetition, random with replacement, random without replacement. In Experiment 2, rats were trained with a 10-element ascending or descending series (from 20 to 29 sec), and in a ramp procedure in which these intervals increased and then decreased repeatedly. In the ascending, descending, and ramp conditions (but not in the random conditions), postreinforcement pause (PRP) was a function of the interval. PRP was most highly correlated with an interval later in the series. Theories of conditioning and timing based on the averaging of past experience must be modified to account for such anticipatory behavior.
Targeting pro-invasive oncogenes with short chain fatty acid-hexosamine analogues inhibits the mobility of metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Per-butanoylated N-acetyl-d-mannosamine (Bu4ManNAc), a SCFA-hexosamine cancer drug candidate with activity manifest through intact n-butyrate-carbohydrate linkages, reduced the invasion of metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells unlike per-butanoylated-d-mannose (Bu5Man), a clinically tested compound that did not alter cell mobility. To gain molecular-level insight, therapeutic targets implicated in metastasis were investigated. The active compound Bu4ManNAc reduced both MUC1 expression and MMP-9 activity (via down-regulation of CXCR4 transcription), whereas “inactive” Bu5Man had counterbalancing effects on these oncogenes. This divergent impact on transcription was linked to interplay between HDACi activity (held by both Bu4ManNAc and Bu5Man) and NF-κB activity, which was selectively down-regulated by Bu4ManNAc. Overall, these results establish a new therapeutic end point (control of invasion) for SCFA-hexosamine hybrid molecules, define relative contributions of molecular players involved in cell mobi...
What communication methods work for sports events? An analysis of the FedEx St. Jude Classic.

This paper applies the concept of the marketing communications audit to one company's involvement with a Professional Golf Association (PGA) tournament event. According to Hargie and Tourish (2000), communications audits aid a firm in evaluating and improving the effectiveness of marketing communications strategies. The current paper applies the audit to Federal Express (FedEx) and the St. Jude Classic. FedEx's involvement in the tournament as the title sponsor serves the firm's business on multiple levels; business-to-consumer; business-to-business; and, firm to community. The audit reveals the FedEx marketing communication messages resonate well with the various targeted segments; yet, based on the audit's results, FedEx could improve on the effectiveness by reallocating resources to the most effective media.
High-resolution crosswell imaging of a West Texas carbonate reservoir; Part 5, Core analysis

We conducted a core analysis program to provide supporting data to a series of crosswell field experiments being carried out in McElroy Field by Stanford University’s Seismic Tomography Project. The objective of these experiments is to demonstrate the use of crosswell seismic profiling for reservoir characterization and for monitoring CO2 flooding. For these west Texas carbonates, we estimate that CO2 saturation causes P‐wave velocity to change by −1.9% (pooled average, range = −6.3 to +0.1%), S‐wave velocity by +0.6% (range = 0 to 2.7%), and the P‐to‐S velocity ratio by −2.4% (range = −6.4 to −0.3%). When we compare these results to the precisions we can expect from traveltime tomography (about ±1% for P‐ and S‐wave velocity and about ±2% for the P‐to‐S velocity ratio), we conclude that time‐lapse traveltime tomography is sensitive enough to resolve changes in the P‐wave velocity, S‐wave velocity, and P‐to‐S velocity ratio that result from CO2 saturation. We concentrated here on the potential for CO2 sat...
Positive outcomes enhance incidental learning for both younger and older adults.

Previous studies suggest that memory encoding is enhanced when people are anticipating a potential reward, consistent with the idea that dopaminergic systems that respond to motivationally relevant information also enhance memory for that information. In the current study, we examined how anticipating and receiving rewards versus losses affect incidental learning of information. In addition, we compared the modulatory effects of reward anticipation and outcome on memory for younger and older adults. Forty-two younger (aged 18 - 33 years) and 44 older (aged 66 - 92 years) adults played a game involving pressing a button as soon as they saw a target. Gain trials began with a cue that they would win $.25 if they pressed the button fast enough, loss trials began with a cue that they would avoid losing $.25 if they pressed the button fast enough, and no-outcome trials began with a cue indicating no monetary outcome. The target was a different photo object on each trial (e.g., balloon, dolphin) and performance outcomes were displayed after the photo disappeared. Both younger and older adults recalled and recognized pictures from trials with positive outcomes (either rewarding or loss avoiding) better than from trials with negative outcomes. Positive outcomes were associated with not only enhanced memory for the picture just seen in that trial, but also with enhanced memory for the picture shown on the next two trials. Although anticipating a reward also enhanced incidental memory, this effect was seen only in recognition memory of positive pictures and was a smaller effect than the outcome effect. The fact that older adults showed similar incidental memory effects of reward anticipation and outcome as younger adults suggests that reward-memory system interactions remain intact in older age.
Recurrent listeria monocytogenes meningitis in a patient with acute leukemia

A patient with acute leukemia who developed Listeria monocytogenes meningitis on two occasions is reported. During the first episode he was able to respond with adequate granulocytes in his cerebrospinal fluid; he recovered on antibiotic therapy. The second episode occurred when he was severely granulocytopenic and he died of his infection. This apparently is the first reported case of recurrent listeria meningitis.
Optical spectroscopy of surfaces: Reflectance studies of chemisorption

A high precision technique has been used to study the small changes in near-normal incidence reflectance R caused by chemisorption of gases on an atomically clean metal surface maintained in ultrahigh vacuum. Examples are given for O2, CO, and H2 on Mo(100) in the photon energy range 1.9 <ℏω < 4.8eV. The relative reflectance change ΔRR is negative and reaches as much as 1%. Structure that appears in ΔR(e), where e=exposure (pressure × time), is attributed to different binding configurations of the adatoms as observed, e.g., in LEED experiments. The dependence of ΔRR on ℏω suggests the presence of adsorbate-induced surface states within a few eV of the Fermi energy. Possible approaches to determining the dielectric function of the surface region from the data are discussed.
Review of Interventions Designed to Address Drinking Among Soldiers

Heavy and abusive alcohol use is a major health problem facing military service members. We reviewed literature on alcohol intervention programs targeting military personnel to assess the methodolo...
Unloading of Right Ventricle and Clinical Improvement after Ultrasound-Accelerated Thrombolysis in Patients with Submassive Pulmonary Embolism

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) can be devastating. It is classified into three categories based on clinical scenario, elevated biomarkers, radiographic or echocardiographic features of right ventricular strain, and hemodynamic instability. Submassive PE is diagnosed when a patient has elevated biomarkers, CT-scan, or echocardiogram showing right ventricular strain and no signs of hemodynamic compromise. Thromboemboli in the acute setting increase pulmonary vascular resistance by obstruction and vasoconstriction, resulting in pulmonary hypertension. This, further, deteriorates symptoms and hemodynamic status. Studies have shown that elevated biomarkers and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction have been associated with increased risk of mortality. Therefore, aggressive treatment is necessary to “unload” right ventricle. The treatment of submassive PE with thrombolysis is controversial, though recent data have favored thrombolysis over conventional anticoagulants in acute setting. The most feared complication of systemic thrombolysis is intracranial or major bleeding. To circumvent this problem, a newer and safer approach is sought. Ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis is a relatively newer and safer approach that requires local administration of thrombolytic agents. Herein, we report a case series of five patients who underwent ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis with notable improvement in symptoms and right ventricular function.
Ultra high energy cosmic rays and magnetic fields

Abstract We follow the propagation of ultra high energy protons in the presence of random and regular magnetic fields and discuss some of the changes in the angular and energy distributions of these particles introduced by the scattering in the magnetic fields.
Egr3-Dependent Muscle Spindle Stretch Receptor Intrafusal Muscle Fiber Differentiation and Fusimotor Innervation Homeostasis

Muscle stretch proprioceptors (muscle spindles) are required for stretch reflexes and locomotor control. Proprioception abnormalities are observed in many human neuropathies, but the mechanisms involved in establishing and maintaining muscle spindle innervation and function are still poorly understood. During skeletal muscle development, sensory (Ia-afferent) innervation induces contacted myotubes to transform into intrafusal muscle fibers that form the stretch receptor core. The transcriptional regulator Egr3 is induced in Ia-afferent contacted myotubes by Neuregulin1 (Nrg1)/ErbB receptor signaling and it has an essential role in spindle morphogenesis and function. Because Egr3 is widely expressed during development and has a pleiotropic function, whether Egr3 functions primarily in skeletal muscle, Ia-afferent neurons, or in Schwann cells that myelinate Ia-afferent axons remains unresolved. In the present studies, cell-specific ablation of Egr3 in mice showed that it has a skeletal muscle autonomous function in stretch receptor development. Moreover, using genetic tracing, we found that Ia-afferent contacted Egr3-deficient myotubes were induced in normal numbers, but their development was blocked to generate one to two shortened fibers that failed to express some characteristic myosin heavy chain (MyHC) proteins. These “spindle remnants” persisted into adulthood, remained innervated by Ia-afferents, and expressed neurotrophin3 (NT3), which is required for Ia-afferent neuron survival. However, they were not innervated by fusimotor axons and they did not express glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which is essential for fusimotor neuron survival. These results demonstrate that Egr3 has an essential role in regulating gene expression that promotes normal intrafusal muscle fiber differentiation and fusimotor innervation homeostasis.
Solidification of highly supercooled liquid metals and alloys

Abstract The amount of liquid supercooling is an important factor in determining microstructural development by controlling phase selection during nucleation and morphological evolution during rapid crystal growth. While supercooling is an inherent feature of many solidification techniques, the deepest supercoolings and most controlled studies have been possible in droplet samples. Liquid dispersal into fine droplets yields an effective nucleant isolation which allows for supercoolings approaching 0.3–0.4 Tm before the onset of solidification. At high supercooling, the nucleation of an equilibrium phase may be superseded by metastable product structures to produce a transition in solidification kinetics. In this case, the use of metastable phase diagrams is important for the interpretation and predication of product structures and pathways for metastable phase formation during solidification and solid state treatments. At the same time, a consideration of competitive nucleation and growth and thermal history is essential in the analysis of structure formation. These features highlight a number of reaction paths and provide a basis for an effective alloy design and microstructure control strategy.