cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I. Organizing the Government for Participation in World Affairs.

Looking at the post-war period, it seems obvious that the government of the United States will give more attention to foreign affairs than it has in any comparable period of American history. How can the machinery for conducting foreign relations best be organized to meet these increasing responsibilities?The conduct of foreign relations in the modern world is no simple matter. Technical experts, intelligence systems, ability to negotiate, national political stability, a large and loyal staff of public servants—these are but some of the national requisites for effective participation in world affairs. The mobilization and organization of the best staff resources in the country, the negotiation of national policies, and then of international agreements, constitute a formidable task under any system of government.The conduct of foreign relations is, of course, easiest in a completely authoritarian state. It is made immeasurably more difficult by any division of authority. In most non-authoritarian governments, some division of authority has been found desirable, even at the expense of occasional awkwardness of procedure, because thereby the dangers of usurpation of power are minimized. The United States has gone farther than any democratic country in dividing responsibility in foreign affairs. Not only is there the usual distinction between legislative and executive authority, but the independence of the two branches has been so far underlined that the achievement of over-all government policies (as distinct from legislative and executive policies) is extremely difficult unless the party relationships are just right between the two ends of Pennsylvania Avenue.
Future of the Higher Education Conglomerates: Evolve (in a Hurry) or Go Extinct

Review of : College (Un)bound: The Future of Higher Education and What It Means for Students ; Jeffrey J. Selingo; (2013). New Harvest (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt), Boston, MA. 238 pages.
A brief history of psychotherapy in graphic display.

Students of psychotherapy, faced with the variety of contemporary approaches, and their many major contributors, may find it difficult to see “the forest for the trees.” If overwhelmed, they may uncritically limit their view to that provided by one or a few teachers, or even abandon the whole endeavor in favor of medication treatments. Three maps displaying a brief history of the psychotherapy, some of its major figures, and the primary contributors to 10 current methods, are presented. Potential uses for these maps in student education are discussed.
CALCULUS MUST EVOLVE

ABSTRACT Calculus must evolve or face the prospect of becoming irrelevant. The minimum level of classroom technology now available requires us to rethink the content of our calculus courses. Many of the standard topics have become less important. Other more fundamental mathematical topics can, and should, be emphasized in their place. * Based on a presentation given at the Conference on the Teaching of Calculus held at Harvard University on 12–13 June 1992.
Molecular sensing and processing on photons

Various macroscopic communication, energy harvesting, sensing and processing devices operate by absorbing and emitting photons. For these devices, the Bose distribution equation provides the density of states, probabilities and other essential quantities of the electromagnetic radiation field. Fundamental limits are reached for scaled down mesoscopic devices which utilize conventional principles in order to ensure overall functionality. To enable overall performance and capabilities of sensing and processing devices, microscopic devices have being introduced. These devices operate utilizing quantum phenomena, and, must be examined using quantum mechanics. The fundamentals and device physics of microscopic and macroscopic devices are different. Engineered and natural microscopic photonic devices are examined in this paper.
Surface-escape corrections in “self-scintillation” measurements of beta spectra

Abstract The spectra of the escaping radiations from several materials containing beta emitters were studied, the most important case being that of K 40 contained in KI. The results indicate that the escaping radiation consists of electrons, bremsstrahlung and X-rays. It is shown how a reasonably good correction can be made for the escaping electrons in the measurement of a beta spectrum using the “self-scintillation” method. For high Z materials it is also shown that a further correction is needed for the escaping electromagnetic radiation. Such a correction would be difficult to make so that, in general, it may be better to use low Z scintillating materials containing the radioisotope of interest, particularly for those cases having a high beta end-point energy.
Ca2+-regulated-cAMP/PKA signaling in cardiac pacemaker cells links ATP supply to demand

Rationale In sinoatrial node cells (SANC), Ca2+ activates adenylate cyclase (AC) to generate a high basal level of cAMP-mediated/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of Ca2+ cycling proteins. These result in spontaneous sarcoplasmic-reticulum (SR) generated rhythmic Ca2+ oscillations during diastolic depolarization, that not only trigger the surface membrane to generate rhythmic action potentials (APs), but, in a feed-forward manner, also activate AC/PKA signaling. ATP is consumed to pump Ca2+ to the SR, to produce cAMP, to support contraction and to maintain cell ionic homeostasis.
Patterning activities of vertebrate hedgehog proteins in the developing eye and brain

Abstract Background: The hedgehog (hh) family of secreted signaling proteins is responsible for developmental patterning in a variety of systems, including the neural tube, limbs and somites. Within the neural tube, at the level of the spinal cord, products of the vertebrate gene sonic hedgehog (shh) are proposed to function as a ventral patterning influence, with the capability of inducing floor plate and motor neurons. Results We report the isolation of tiggy-winkle hedgehog (twhh), a novel member of the zebrafish hh gene family. Both twhh and shh are expressed in the ventral midline of the embryonic zebrafish neural tube and brain, but twhh expression becomes limited to the neural tube, whereas shh is also expressed in the notochord. Both genes are expressed in the developing brain, in domains that include a discrete region in the floor of the diencephalon, located between the sites of the future optic stalks. Using pax-2 and pax-6 as markers of proximo-distal fate within the developing eye, we found that ectopic expression of either hh gene promoted proximal fates and suppressed distal fates. In contrast, proximal fates were lost in cyclops mutant embryos, which lack twhh - and shh -expressing forebrain cells. Both twhh and shh proteins undergo autoproteolytic processing in vivo; a fragment corresponding to the amino-terminal cleavage product was sufficient to carry out all signaling activities associated with twhh in eye and brain development. Conclusion These findings suggest that secreted signals encoded by members of the hedgehog gene family, emanating from the ventral midline of the neural tube, not only play important roles in dorso-ventral patterning of the brain but also appear to constitute an early patterning activity along the proximo-distal axis of the developing eyes.
Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Flame Spread Over Water-in-Oil Emulsions

Flame spread characteristics are studied for water-in-oil emulsion layers floating on top of a water body — similar to a scenario in which an accidental oil spill occurs in open, rough sea. A comprehensive mathematical model is developed and numerical solution is obtained for the ignition and flame spread process which takes into account the emulsion break up into oil and water due to heating, oil vaporization, combustion of oil vapor mixed with air in open atmosphere, radiative and convective heat feed back from flames to the condensed phase (consisting of emulsion, oil, and water), and continuation of the emulsion breaking resulting in flame spread till the oil is consumed. Numerical results are compared with experiments conducted on Arabian Medium Crude oil emulsions made with up to 20% weathered oil (light fraction evaporated, by volume), having up to 50% water content in the emulsions. The flame spread rate decreased as the water content and the weathering level increased, with a reasonable agreement between experiments and model. The long term objective of this work is to assist the application of in situ burning as a measure for the cleanup of weathered and emulsified oils.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Reply to "Comment on 'Ruby at high pressure. I. Optical line shifts to 156 GPa' "

Reponse des auteurs concernant un commentaire qui mettait en cause l'interpretation de resultats obtenus par fluorescence
Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. Surgical decision making based on predictors of paralysis and recovery.

Objective This article reviews the current knowledge of predictors of paralysis and the potential for neurologic recovery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis involving the cervical spine. The primary goal is to prevent the onset of an irreversible neurologic deficit. Summary of background data Use of the posterior atlantodental interval of less than 14 mm as measured from lateral cervical radiographs is a reliable screening tool for identifying high risk patients who require further evaluation with magnetic resonance or computed tomography/myelography. The primary technical objective of surgery in patients with impending neurologic deficit is stabilization of the diseased spine segments and relief of spinal cord compression via reduction of subluxation or direct decompression. Complications are not uncommon, but tend to occur less frequently in patients who have surgical intervention before the onset of severe myelopathy. Pain relief is good when a solid arthrodesis is achieved, and neurologic recovery is most favorable when severe cord compression is not present preoperatively. Conclusion An improved understanding of the natural history, physical findings, and radiographic parameters will allow the construction of a management strategy for timely intervention in rheumatoid patients with progressive cervical disease.
The importance of plastic energy dissipation (PED) to the heating and melting of polymer particulates in intermeshing co‐rotating twin‐screw extruders

Unlike the melting in single-screw extruders (SSEs), which has been extensively studied and modeled, the so-called “dissipative melting” occurring in intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruders (Co-TSEs) is still not well understood and modeled. In this article, the heating/melting phenomena and mechanisms in Co-TSEs are briefly examined from the energy point of view. Experiments are carried out on the heating/melting behavior of a typical semicrystalline polymer (polypropylene) with two different particulate forms (pellets, powder) and an amorphous polymer (polystyrene), both in different screw configurations. The results of this work show clearly the importance of plastic energy dissipation (PED) of individual pellets in the partially filled kneading section and polymer particulate assemblies, when densified, to the heating/melting of polymer particulates in Co-TSEs. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 19: 287–299, 2000
Performance enhancement of subthreshold circuits using substrate biasing and charge-boosting buffers

Subthreshold circuits are ideal for ultra low power applications. However, they suffer from low operating speeds. By improving the speed of subthreshold circuits their application spectrum can be expanded. In this paper, two existing biasing methods and a new approach to substrate biasing to improve the performance of subthreshold circuits is presented. We derive an approximate expression for the drain current of MOS transistor when substrate biased. We also present a new performance enhancement technique using charge-boosting-buffers to improve the performance of subthreshold circuits. A performance-enhanced standard cell library is built by implementing these techniques on a standard subthreshold cell library. When the enhanced library is applied on ISCAS85 benchmark circuits a 10 times improvement in frequency with an overhead of approximately 2 times in the energy-delay product is observed.
NOX4-Dependent Hydrogen Peroxide Overproduction in Human Atrial Fibrillation and HL-1 Atrial Cells: Relationship to Hypertension

Background/Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia with patients dying frequently of stroke. In view of the unclear etiologies of AF and a potential role of oxidative stress, the present study examined cardiac ROS production and NADPH oxidase (NOX) expression in AF patients. Methods and Results: Patients with AF were older than those without (58.8±11.7 vs. 47.8±19.2, p=0.047). Whereas total O2·- production (determined by electron spin resonance) was similar in patients with and without AF, H2O2 production was more than doubled in AF patients (149.8±26.28 vs. 66.9±7.14 pmol/mg/min, p=0.0055), which correlated well with a doubling in NOX isoform 4 (NOX4) expression. AF patients with co-existing hypertension had three-fold higher H2O2 production compared to those without (239.0±125.1 vs. 83.6±51.3 pmol/mg/min, p=0.003). Treatment of HL-1 atrial cells with angiotensin II, a known modulator of atrial structural remodeling, resulted in upregulation of NOX4 and H2O2 production, further implicating a potential role of NOX4 in atrial remodeling. Conclusions: Our data represent the first implication that NOX4-derived H2O2 may play an important role in the etiologies of AF. Key words：atrial fibrillation (AF) ■ hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) ■ NADPH oxidase ■ NOX4 ■ hypertension ■ HL-1 cells ■ angiotensin II
Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union

Our purpose in this article is to determine the degree to which the cultural requisites to democracy are present in the contemporary political culture of the USSR. We focus on support for core democratic rights, liberties, and institutions. Data for this project come from a survey of 504 citizens of the Moscow Oblast conducted between February 17, 1990, and March 4, 1990. In absolute terms, support for democratic values is fairly widespread in the Moscow Oblast. We found significant levels of endorsement of competitive elections and for many democratic rights and liberties such as liberty and the norms of democracy. Many of the scales measuring support for democratic rights were intercorrelated, leading us to hypothesize the existence of a general underlying dimension of democratic values. The best predictors of attitudes toward general democratic values were education, gender, and age. The better educated, males, and the young tended to be more supportive of democratic institutions and processes. We take...
A Revision of Acanthinus (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). Viii. the Australian Species

The known Old World species, all from northeastern Australia, are treated: Acanthinus pallipes (Lea), and 2 new species, A. australiensis (Cape York Peninsula Queensland), and A. blackburni (North Queensland). They seem not to be closely related to any New World, species.
BCL6 expression correlates with the t(1;19) translocation in B-lymphoblastic leukemia.

Objectives: Study to date suggests that BCL6 protein expression in B-cell neoplasia predominates in germinal center–derived tumors, but less is known regarding its expression in B-lymphoblastic leukemia. Therefore, we designed a comprehensive study of BCL6 expression in B-lymphoblastic leukemia. Methods: BCL6, LMO, and HGAL protein expression in B-lymphoblastic leukemia was investigated using immunohistochemical staining of paraffin-embedded bone marrow specimens. Cryptic TCF3 (E2A)- PBX1 rearrangements were investigated using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: Six (12%) of 52 B-lymphoblastic leukemias demonstrated BCL6 protein expression, with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemias containing a t(1;19) translocation demonstrating the strongest staining (three of three). Additional t(1;19) cases beyond the screening study showed similar results. Public microarray expression database mining showed that BCL6 messenger RNA expression levels in B-lymphoblastic leukemia correlated with the protein expression findings. Finally, other markers of B-cell development correlated with BCL6 expression in t(1;19) B-lymphoblastic leukemia cases, with LMO2 and HGAL proteins expressed in six (67%) of nine and eight (89%) of nine cases, respectively. Conclusions: BCL6 expression is present in a subset of B-lymphoblastic leukemias, especially in cases containing the 1;19 translocation. Investigation for TCF3 (E2A)- PBX1 rearrangements may be useful in BCL6-positive B-lymphoblastic leukemia.
Testing the Limits of ICP-MS: Determination of Trace Elements in Ground Water at the Part-Per-Trillion Level

An ICP-MS, equipped with an ultrasonic nebulizer and active-film multiplier detector, is used to attempt to determine 54 trace elements directly in ground water. Lithium, arsenic, rubidium, strontium, barium, and antimony are found in the microgram-per-liter (part-per-billion = ppb) range. Most of the other elements are present at nanogram-per-liter (part-per-trillion = ppt) concentrations. Ion exchange preconcentration is utilized in order to improve the sensitivity for measuring the rare earth elements that exist at concentrations as low as 0.05 ppt for lutetium, thulium, and terbium. The formation of molecular species in the plasma produces false positive results for some of the elements. The presence of silicon or carbon dioxide interferes with the measurement of scandium, strontium interferes with rhodium and palladium, and barium interferes with europium. Correction procedures for these interferences are discussed. All together, the concentrations of the 54 elements in water from four Nevada springs span almost seven orders of magnitude.
Nutritional changes in the oral cavity

Abstract The past and present nutritional history of a patient can be gleaned from a careful and judicious study of the oral structures. The past history is inscribed in the fully formed and calcified teeth, the present in the condition of the soft tissues.
A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating Factors Associated With Depression During Medical Internship

Context Although the prevalence of depression among medical interns substantially exceeds that of the general population, the specific factors responsible are not well understood. Recent reports of a moderating effect of a genetic polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the serotonin transporter protein gene on the likelihood that life stress will precipitate depression may help to understand the development of mood symptoms in medical interns. Objectives To identify psychological, demographic, and residency program factors that are associated with depression among interns and to use medical internship as a model to study the moderating effects of this polymorphism. Design A prospective cohort study. Setting Thirteen US hospitals. Participants Seven hundred forty interns entering participating residency programs. Main Outcome Measures Subjects were assessed for depressive symptoms using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a series of psychological traits, and the 5-HTTLPR genotype prior to internship and then assessed for depressive symptoms and potential stressors at 3-month intervals during internship. Results The PHQ-9 depression score increased from 2.4 prior to internship to a mean of 6.4 during internship ( P P P = .002). Conclusions There is a marked increase in depressive symptoms during medical internship. Specific individual, internship, and genetic factors are associated with the increase in depressive symptoms. Published online April 5, 2010 (doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.41).
Partial purification and characterization of mouse peritoneal exudative macrophage elastase.

Abstract Mouse peritoneal exudate macrophage elastase can be significantly purified with 60% recovery of the starting activity by affinity chromatography against SDS-treated α-elastin covalently linked to agarose beads. The enzyme has an apparent M r of 26 500 based on SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular sieving chromatography on Sephadex gel gives a M r for macrophage elastase of 21 000–28 000. The enzyme is not inhibited by chloromethyl ketone inactivators specific for pancreatic and leukocyte elastase nor by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Macrophage elastase also does not bind to tritiated diisopropylphos-phorofluoridate. The enzyme is inhibited by EDTA and thus appears to be a metallo-protease. Macrophage elastase is resistant to human α1-proteinase inhibitor and to human and mouse α2-macroglobulin. In view of its lack of susceptibility to these endogenous serum proteinase inhibitors, macrophage elastase may play an important role in physiological and pathological remodeling of connective tissues.
Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders and streptococcal infections: role of otolaryngologist.

Objective: To increase awareness and understanding of the putative role of streptococcal infection in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in children and to discuss therapeutic options in this group of patients. Methods: Case illustration and literature review. Results: Two siblings, one with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and one with a tic disorder, had tonsillectomy for recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis. At the latest follow-up visit (11 mo postoperatively), both patients exhibited significant improvement in their psychiatric illnesses. We discuss these cases as well as the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Conclusion: PANDAS is an active area of research investigating the relationship between streptococcal infections and the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder or tic disorders (or both) in children. The etiopathogenesis of PANDAS is thought to reflect autoimmune mechanisms and involvement of the basal ganglia of susceptible hosts. Because otolaryngologists evaluate a large portion of pediatric patients with recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis, it is important to be aware of this association and to manage these patients appropriately.
Nutrient (N, P) loads and yields at multiple scales and subbasin types in the Yukon River basin, Alaska

[1] Loads and yields of dissolved and particulate nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were measured and modeled at three locations on the Yukon River (YR) and on the Tanana and Porcupine Rivers in Alaska during 2001–2005. Total export of N and P upstream of Yukon Delta averaged 120 Gg N a−1 and 56 Gg P a−1, respectively, with 43.5% of total N (TN) as dissolved organic N, and 98% of total P (TP) as particulate phosphorus. Approximately half of the annual export of TN and TP occurred during spring. Hydrologic yields of TN (5.6–13.3 mmol N m−2 a−1) and TP (0.8–9.0 mmol P m−2 a−1) were least in the Porcupine basin and greatest in the Tanana basin and were proportional to water yield. Comparison of current and historical dissolved organic matter (DOM) export from the basin indicates decreased DON export with respect to total water discharge during summer and autumn in recent decades. Any possible climate-related change in annual water discharge will result in proportional changes in N and P export.
Routing with off-network control: a novel paradigm for scalable design in very large sensor networks

This paper presents a novel architectural solution to address the problem of scalable routing in very large sensor networks. The control complexities of the existing sensor routing protocols, both flat and with traditional hierarchy, do not scale very well for large networks with potentially hundreds of thousands of embedded sensor devices. This paper develops a novel routing solution Off-Network Control Processing (ONCP) that achieves control scalability in large sensor networks by shifting certain amount of routing functions "off-network". This routing approach, consisting of "coarse grain" global routing, and distributed "fine grain" local routing is proposed for achieving scalability by avoiding network-wide control message dissemination. We present the ONCP architectural concepts and analytically characterize its performance in relation to both flat and traditional hierarchical sensor routing architectures. We also present ns2-based experimental results which indicate that for very large networks, the packet drop, latency and energy performance of ONCP can be significantly better than those for flat sensor routing protocols such as Directed Diffusion and cluster-based traditional hierarchical protocols such as CBRP.
First Experiment to Produce Λ-Hypernuclei Using Electron Beam at JLab

The first experiment producing Λ-hypernuclear spectroscopy using the high-precision electron beam has been carried out at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab). A zero degree tagging technique for the scattered electrons was applied and the hypernuclear spectrometer system (HNSS) was successfully used to measure spectra from the (e, e′ K+) reaction. The best energy resolution obtained thus far in hypernuclear spectroscopy with magnetic spectrometers, near or below 1 MeV, was achieved. This paper describes the general technique of HNSS and the preliminary results for the and systems. A new phase of experiment on hypernuclear spectroscopy is approved for the future with much higher yield and quality and even better energy resolution.
Efficient finite-edge diffraction using conservative from-region visibility

Abstract We present a fast algorithm to accelerate geometric sound propagation in complex 3D scenes. Our approach computes propagation paths from each source to the listener by taking into account specular reflections and higher-order edge diffractions around finite edges in the scene. We use the well known Biot–Tolstoy–Medwin (BTM) diffraction model along with efficient algorithms for region-based visibility to cull away primitives and significantly reduce the number of edge pairs that need to be processed. The performance of region-based visibility computation is improved by using a fast occluder selection algorithm that can combine small, connected triangles to form large occluders and perform conservative computations at object-space precision. We show that our approach is able to reduce the number of visible primitives considered for sound propagation by a factor of 2–4 for second order edge diffraction as compared to prior propagation algorithms. We demonstrate and analyze its performance on multiple benchmarks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first algorithm that uses object-space visibility algorithms to improve the performance of finite-edge diffraction computation for geometric sound propagation.
Pulmonary Venous-Bronchial Fistula following Left Atrial Pressure Line Insertion: Iatrogenic Cause of Air Embolism following Cardiac Surgery

A 65-old patient sustained massive air embolism after the needle used for left atrial pressure line insertion punctured the posterior wall of the superior pulmonary vein, entering the middle lobe bronchus and causing a pulmonary venous-bronchus fistula. This is an apparently heretofore unrecognized potential cause of massive air embolism following cardiac surgery.
Analyticity and reflectivity for first order systems of elliptic type in two independent variables

Abstract Analyticity and reflectivity results are established for first order elliptic semilinear systems in two independent variables. The results are obtained by adaption and modifications of techniques used by Garabedian in establishing similar results for second order systems.
Methodology for estimating thermodynamic parameters and performance of working fluids for organic Rankine cycles

Abstract In this paper, a simple methodology of applying the Peng–Robinson (P–R) EoS (Equation of State) to easily, quickly, and inexpensively evaluate and screen the performance potentials of many thousands of working fluids in ORC (organic Rankine cycles) is presented. The P–R EoS can be applied both to well-described (considerable experimental data is available) and not-so-well-described (little or no experimental data is available) working fluids. For not-so-well-described working fluids the P–R EoS can be constructed from thermodynamic parameter estimates using simple group contribution methods. In particular, they can be used to estimate the critical state properties, ideal gas specific heat at constant pressure, and acentric factor from knowing only a working fluid's molecular structure and its NBP (normal boiling point) temperature. The simulations presented in this paper represent a large variety and number of working fluids for several different ORC applications and operating conditions. The simulations using the P–R EoS based on knowing only a working fluid's molecular structure and its NBP temperature showed comparable accuracies to simulations based on using much more complex EoS based on large amounts of experimental data.
Infections during severe primary undernutrition and subsequent refeeding: paradoxical findings.

Background : Our earlier uncontrolled observations during primary famine and subsequent refeeding did not suggest that severe undernutrition inevitably increases vulnerability to infection. Some infections appeared suppressed by famine but reactivated by refeeding. Aims : To examine prospectively the occurrence of infections in a large cohort of primary famine victims before and during refeeding. Methods : From 1973 to 1993, 4382 famine victims aged 14 or more with an estimated weight loss greater than 25% were weighed and examined for infection before and after one, two, three and four weeks ofrefeeding. In 137, serum C-reactive protein was measured in an effort to detect latent asymptomatic infections before and after two weeks ofrefeeding. Refeeding diets included wheat, sorghum, millet, ghee and milk powder. Results : Mean weight loss ± SD was 28.7 ± 2.3%. Before refeeding overt infections were found in 4.9%, an incidence rising to 29.1% at two weeks of refeeding and declining after four. Those developing infections gained more weight at two weeks, 4.6 3 ± 0.81 kg, than those never infected, 3.94 ± 0.76 (p = < 0.001 t test). C-reactive protein levels confirmed the presence of latent infections before refeeding. Conclusions : Severe undernutrition can suppress certain infections, mostly those due to intracellular pathogens and especially P. falciparum. Refeeding reactivates suppressed infection and can increase vulnerability to certain new infections especially ofviral origin. Those gaining weight the most rapidly may be at greatest risk. Refeeding with foods alien to local culture could play a role in reactivating latent infections. Our findings may be limited to severe undernutrition and not apply to lesser forms or secondary undernutrition in hospital patients. These studies were done during charitable provision of medical care to famine victims.
Automating Content Extraction of HTML Documents

Web pages often contain clutter (such as unnecessary images and extraneous links) around the body of an article that distracts a user from actual content. Extraction of "useful and relevant" content from web pages has many applications, including cell phone and PDA browsing, speech rendering for the visually impaired, and text summarization. Most approaches to making content more readable involve changing font size or removing HTML and data components such as images, which takes away from a webpage's inherent look and feel. Unlike "Content Reformatting," which aims to reproduce the entire webpage in a more convenient form, our solution directly addresses "Content Extraction." We have developed a framework that employs an easily extensible set of techniques. It incorporates advantages of previous work on content extraction. Our key insight is to work with DOM trees, a W3C specified interface that allows programs to dynamically access document structure, rather than with raw HTML markup. We have implemented our approach in a publicly available Web proxy to extract content from HTML web pages. This proxy can be used both centrally, administered for groups of users, as well as by individuals for personal browsers. We have also, after receiving feedback from users about the proxy, created a revised version with improved performance and accessibility in mind.
CAMAC Stand-Alone Control System (CAMSAC)

A multi-task programmable stand alone control system (CAMSAC) has been developed at NAL for the purpose of testing or controlling CAMAC modules/systems. Functionally the CAMSAC module acts as a branch driver and communicates with CAMAC crates via the Type A-1 crate controller, thus numerous crates may be used with this control scheme.
NICE: combining constructionism, narrative and collaboration in a virtual learning environment

Maria Roussos, Andrew E. Johnson, Jason Leigh, Christina A.Vasilakis, Craig R. Barnes, and Thomas G. Moher {mroussos,ajohnson,jleigh,cvasilak,cbarnes,moher}@eecs.uic.edu Electronic Visualization Lab (EVL) & Interactive Computing Environments Lab (ICE) University of Illinois at Chicago 851 S. Morgan St., Room 1120 Chicago, IL 60607-7053 USA +1.312.996-3002 +1.312.413-7585 (FAX) nice@ice.eecs.uic.edu http://www.ice.eecs.uic.edu/~nice/
A Failure to Demonstrate Changes in Sexual Interest in Pedophilic Men: Comment on Müller et al. (2014)

Muller et al. (2014) presented data representing test–retest results from penile plethysmography testing (PPT) among 43 men diagnosed with pedophilia. They claimed to have found evidence for impressive change in PPT-measured preferences for child versus adult stimuli and asserted that ‘‘this represents a significant challenge to the hypothesis that sexual interest in men with pedophilia is unchangeable.’’ Although it would be both newsworthy and uplifting if Muller et al. had indeed shown that meaningful changes in such preferences occurred among pedophilic men, unfortunately the data presented by Muller et al. do not come close to establishing this. In this critique, I explain why the data by Muller et al. fail to show meaningful changes in PPT-measured arousal patterns. The main concern is this: PPT arousal patterns have measurement error (and there are indications that the data of Muller et al. include substantial measurement error). Thus, to show that a man’s change in PPT indices is meaningful, one must demonstrate that the change does not simply reflect measurement error, a necessary step that Muller et al. did not even attempt. I suggest some ways of accomplishing this in future research.
Patterns of Economic Restructuring in Industrial-based Metropolitan Areas:

The restructuring of the US economy has involved the divergence of employment growth in the manufacturing sector from that in the aggregate economy. It is hypothesised that the negative consequence...
Models for Multi-Specie Chemical Reactions Using Polynomial Stochastic Hybrid Systems

A procedure for constructing approximate stochastic models for chemical reactions is presented. This is done by representing the population of various species involved in a chemical reaction as the continuous state of a polynomial Stochastic Hybrid System (pSHS). An important property of pSHSs is that the dynamics of all the statistical moments of its continuous states, evolves according to a infinite-dimensional linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Under appropriate conditions, this infinite-dimensional ODE can be accurately approximated by a finite-dimensional nonlinear ODE, the state of which typically contains the moments of interest. In this paper, for a very general class of chemical reactions, we provide existence and uniqueness conditions for these finite-dimensional nonlinear ODEs. Furthermore, explicit formulas to construct them are also provided. To illustrate the applicability of our results, we construct an approximate stochastic model for a decaying and dimerizing chemical reaction set. Moment estimates obtained from the finite-dimensional nonlinear ODE are compared with estimates obtained from a large number of Monte Carlo simulations.
Fusogenic vesicular stomatitis virus for the treatment of head and neck squamous carcinomas.

Objectives This study investigates the efficacy of recombinant fusogenic VSV [rVSV-NDV/F(L289A) or rVSV-F] in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) . Study Design and Setting The in vitro replication and cytotoxicity of rVSV-F were studied in two human SCC cell lines, in one murine SCC cell line, and in human keratinocytes. The effects on tumor size and animal survival were investigated following in vivo rVSV-F treatment of floor-of-mouth tumor model C3H/HeJ mice. Results Recombinant VSV-F preferentially induced rapid syncytia formation, and replicated in ( P P −13 ) all three SCC lines tested. The virus had no observable effect on human keratinocytes. Tumor size was smaller ( P P Conclusion/significance Recombinant VSV-F confers a modest survival benefit for HNSCC in this orthotopic murine model. This oncolytic virus holds promise as a novel cancer treatment for recurrent HNSCC.
Minimax design of neural net controllers for highly uncertain plants

This paper discusses the use of evolutionary programming (EP) for computer-aided design and testing of neural controllers applied to problems in which the system to be controlled is highly uncertain. Examples include closed-loop control of drug infusion and integrated control of HVAC/lighting/utility systems in large multi-use buildings. The method is described in detail and applied to a modified Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer (CMAC) neural network regulator for systems with unknown time delays. The design and testing problem is viewed as a game, in that the controller is chosen with a minimax criterion i.e., minimize the loss associated with its use on the worst possible plant. The technique permits analysis of neural strategies against a set of feasible plants. This yields both the best choice of control parameters and identification of that plant which is most difficult for the best controller to handle. >
Methanol coupling in the zeolite chabazite studied via Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics

We have used Car–Parrinello constrained molecular dynamics to study the coupling of two molecules of methanol in the zeolite chabazite to form ethanol and water. We have chosen to study this reaction because it represents the formation of the first C–C bond, which is thought to be the rate limiting step for the MTO and MTG processes. We have elucidated a new mechanism for this reaction that does not require the prior formation of surface methoxy groups or dimethyl ether intermediates. The mechanism involves stable intermediates of methane and protonated formaldehyde. We have also calculated an upper bound of the free energy barrier for the overall reaction, and found that it compares favourably with the rough experimental measurements available. Finally, we consider what are the natural reaction coordinates for the methanol–methanol coupling process.
Phase Relations in the System Lead—Oxygen

Most of the known oxides of lead including the intermediate oxides Pb12O19 and Pb2O3 have been prepared under equilibrium conditions. Precise X-ray powder data have been obtained for the intermediate oxide phases. Solid-vapor equilibrium data have been obtained for reactions in the system lead-oxygen over the range 200° to 900° C and 3 to 1400 bars Po2. Pressure-temperature univariant equilibrium curves are presented for the reactions PbO2⇋ Pb12O19+ oxygen, Pb12O19⇋ Pb3O4+ oxygen, and Pb3O4⇋ PbO + oxygen. The enthalpies of reaction are, respectively, 26.8, 34.6, and 33.7 kcal per mole. Eutectic melting between PbO and Pb3O4 occurs at 875° C and 124 bars. A stability field for Pb2O3 exists above 1000 bars PO2 at 600° C. Approximate resistivity data are presented.
Long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on the productivity of subsequent stands of Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest.

Abstract The carryover effects of N fertilization on five coastal Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) plantations were studied. “Carryover” is defined as the long-term impact of N fertilizer added to a previous stand on the growth of a subsequent stand. Average height and diameter at 1.3 m above-ground (DBH) of 7–9-year-old Douglas-fir trees and biomass and N-content of understory vegetation were assessed on paired control (untreated) and urea-N-fertilized plots that had received cumulative additions of 810–1120 kg N ha−1 to a previous stand. Overall productivity was significantly greater in the fertilized stands compared to the controls. In 2006, the last growth measurement year, mean seedling height was 15% greater (p = 0.06) and mean DBH was 29% greater (p = 0.04) on previously fertilized plots compared to control plots. Understory vegetation biomass of fertilized plots was 73% greater (p = 0.005), and N-content was 97% greater (p = 0.004) compared to control plots. These results show that past N fertilization markedly increased seedling growth in these plantations as well as biomass and N-content of understory vegetation in a subsequent rotation. These findings suggest that N fertilization could potentially increase site productivity of young Douglas-fir stands found on low quality sites in the Pacific Northwest 15–22 years after application by a carryover effect. These plantations have not yet reached the age where marketable materials can be harvested from them, and the growth of trees should be monitored over a longer time period before potential impacts on older stands, if any, can be determined.
Fossils provide better estimates of ancestral body size than do extant taxa in fishes

Albert, J.S., Johnson, D.M. and Knouft, J.H. 2009. Fossils provide better estimates of ancestral body size than do extant taxa in fishes. — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 90 (Suppl. 1): 308‐335 The use of fossils in studies of character evolution is an active area of research. Characters from fossils have been viewed as less informative or more subjective than comparable information from extant taxa. However, fossils are often the only known representatives of many higher taxa, including some of the earliest forms, and have been important in determining character polarity and filling morphological gaps. Here we evaluate the influence of fossils on the interpretation of character evolution by comparing estimates of ancestral body size in fishes (non-tetrapod craniates) from two large and previously unpublished datasets; a palaeontological dataset representing all principal clades from throughout the Phanerozoic, and a macroecological dataset for all 515 families of living (Recent) fishes. Ancestral size was estimated from phylogenetically based (i.e. parsimony) optimization methods. Ancestral size estimates obtained from analysis of extant fish families are five to eight times larger than estimates using fossil members of the same higher taxa. These disparities arise from differential survival of large-bodied members of early branching lineages, and are not statistical or taphonomic artefacts. Estimates of ancestral size obtained from a limited but judicious selection of fossil fish taxa are more accurate than estimates from a complete dataset of extant fishes. Journal: Acta Zoologica, 11th International Symposium on Early Vertebrates: Symposium volume
Intermittent vs Continuous Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy for High-Risk Bleeding Ulcers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance Current guidelines recommend an intravenous bolus dose of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) followed by continuous PPI infusion after endoscopic therapy in patients with high-risk bleeding ulcers. Substitution of intermittent PPI therapy, if similarly effective as bolus plus continuous-infusion PPI therapy, would decrease the PPI dose, costs, and resource use. Objective To compare intermittent PPI therapy with the currently recommended bolus plus continuous-infusion PPI regimen for reduction of ulcer rebleeding. Data Sources Searches included MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases through December 2013; US and European gastroenterology meeting abstracts from 2009 to 2013; and bibliographies of systematic reviews. Study Selection Randomized trials of patients with endoscopically treated high-risk bleeding ulcers (active bleeding, nonbleeding visible vessels, and adherent clots) comparing intermittent doses of PPIs and the currently recommended regimen (80-mg intravenous bolus dose of a PPI followed by an infusion of 8 mg/h for 72 hours). Data Extraction and Synthesis Duplicate independent data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment were performed. Data were pooled using a fixed-effects model or a random effects model if statistical heterogeneity was present. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was rebleeding within 7 days; additional predefined outcomes included rebleeding within 3 and 30 days, need for urgent intervention, mortality, red blood cell transfusion, and length of hospital stay. The primary hypothesis, defined before initiation of the literature review, was that intermittent use of PPIs was noninferior to bolus plus continuous infusion of PPIs, with the noninferiority margin predefined as an absolute risk difference of 3%. Results The risk ratio of rebleeding within 7 days for intermittent vs bolus plus continuous infusion of PPIs was 0.72 (upper boundary of 1-sided 95% CI, 0.97) and the absolute risk difference was −2.64% (upper boundary of 1-sided 95% CI, −0.28%, which is well below the predefined noninferiority margin of 3%). Risk ratios for rebleeding within 30 days and 3 days, mortality, and urgent interventions were less than 1 and mean differences for blood transfusion and hospital length of stay were less than 0, indicating that no summary estimate showed an increased risk with intermittent therapy. The upper boundaries of 95% CIs for absolute risk differences were less than 1.50% for all predefined rebleeding outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Intermittent PPI therapy is comparable to the current guideline-recommended regimen of intravenous bolus plus a continuous infusion of PPIs in patients with endoscopically treated high-risk bleeding ulcers. Guidelines should be revised to recommend intermittent PPI therapy.
Antibiotic Prescription Pattern for Viral Respiratory Illness in Emergency Room and Ambulatory Care Settings

Objective: To evaluate the current practice pattern of antibiotic prescription rate in viral respiratory tract infection diagnosed children among different specialty health care providers. Methods: The study was a retrospective case review study where a random sample of 1200 child care visits coded as viral respiratory infections in primary care provider’s office, convenient care clinic, or emergency room in 2006 were analyzed. Results: Overall, the antibiotic prescription rate was 30%. The prescription rate was 3.7 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.90-7.31) higher for bronchitis patients and 2.5 times (95% CI = 1.46-4.30) higher for viral pharyngitis patients than for common cold patients. Antibiotics were written more by emergency physicians (odds ratio [OR] = 11.04; 95% CI = 5.78-21.10) and family practitioners (OR = 5.22; 95% CI = 2.99-9.10) than by pediatricians. Conclusion: Although not recommended, children seen in the emergency room and family practitioner’s office are more likely to receive...