cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning about representational modality: design and programming projects for knowledge-based AI

Many AI courses include design and programming projects that provide students with opportunities for experiential learning. Design and programming projects in courses on knowledge-based AI typically explore topics in knowledge, memory, reasoning, and learning. Traditional AI curricula, however, seldom highlight issues of modality of representations, often focusing solely on propositional representations. In this paper, we report on an investigation into learning about representational modality through a series of projects based around geometric analogy problems similar to the Raven's Progressive Matrices test of intelligence. We conducted this experiment over three years, from Fall 2010 through Fall 2012, in a class on knowledge-based AI. We used the methodology of action research in which the teacher is also the researcher. We discovered that students found these projects motivating, engaging, and challenging, in several cases investing significant time and posting their work online. From our perspective, the projects accomplished the goal of learning about representational modality in addition to knowledge representation and reasoning.
ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIAL CUES, FRAMING, AND JUSTICE: EFFECTS ON MANAGEMENT'S ETHICAL DECISIONS

This project was designed as a laboratory study to investigate the effects of organizational social cues (OSC), decision framing, and justice on managerial decision making in ethical situations. The OSC (ethical/ unethical), the framing (gain/loss), and the justice conditions (fair/unfair) were manipulated within a managerial in‐basket exercise. Participants read information about the organization and their situation within it. Next, they read scenarios and made several decisions involving ethical considerations. Results suggest that OSC and the experience of fairness or unfairness significantly influenced the managerial ethical decisions. Ethical OSC resulted in significantly more ethical decisions. Also, those in an “experienced fairness” justice condition made significantly more ethical decisions. The gain/loss framing did not significantly influence ethical decisions.
Zionist Women of the 1920s: The Voice of Nation Building

Candidates for admission to the Agricultural College for Young Women at Nahalal expressed the sensibilities of a generation of young Jewish women who were attracted to the Zionist movement in the late 1920s. Zionism offered them the chance to create a novel identity for women as equals of men by devoting their labor to the settlement project. Hopeful applicants embraced an energetic ideal of self-sufficiency that blurred the traditional gender boundaries both of Palestine and of Europe. Like their male colleagues, they spoke in the public and universal voice of ideology and tied their desire for equality to the nation's bandwagon.
Zwitterion-Stabilized Silica Nanoparticles: Toward Nonstick Nano

Using a short-chain zwitterionic organosiloxane, silica nanoparticles were stabilized against aggregation by high ionic strength and/or proteins. Turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering showed that "zwitterated" nanoparticles did not exhibit a significant increase in hydrodynamic radius. When challenged with 3 M NaCl or 50% fetal bovine serum, aggregation was inhibited for at least 24 h, longer with mild heat treatment, which produced nanoparticles with zero net surface charge. These findings suggest "zwitteration" of silica-capped nanoparticles provides excellent stability for in vivo circulation diagnostics and therapies.
Correction to “A Linearized, Low Phase Noise VCO Based 25 GHz PLL With Autonomic Biasing”

The authors of the above-named article [ibid., vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1138-1150, May 2013] used a different variable, tB, for the bias tuning knob in equation (3) as compared to in the rest of the paper. Using the consistent variable, Vg, bias, for the bias tuning knob, the equation is revised.
Acute hunger of rat pups elicits increased kyphotic nursing and shorter intervals between nursing bouts: implications for changes in nursing with time postpartum.

Earlier findings, based on limited behavioral observations, indicate that nursing behavior in rats declines dramatically in duration over time postpartum-despite increasing ingestion of milk by rat pups to meet their growth and metabolic needs-although hungry pups elicit more nursing than do well-nourished pups. The authors compared the nursing pattern in detail for 6 hr on Days 7 and 14 and induced hunger in pups acutely with mammary-duct-ligated dams unable to provide milk. Compared with Day 7, on Day 14, supine nursing and the interval between nursing bouts increased, whereas hovering over pups and kyphotic nursing decreased. When pups were increasingly hungry, these age-related changes were counteracted. Thus, the ingestive motivation of pups largely regulates the nursing pattern over time.
Reduction potentials of beta-substituted free base porphyrins

Abstract Reduction potentials for twenty-three beta-substituted free base porphyrins are reported, along with substituent partial potentials and correlations are made with porphyrin basicity and reactivity.
Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures

The S s looked through a series of about 600 stimuli selected at random from an initially larger population. They were then tested for their ability to recognize these “old” stimuli in pairs in which the alternative was always a “new” stimulus selected at random from the stimuli remaining in the original population. Depending upon whether this original population consisted solely of words, sentences, or pictures, median Ss were able correctly to recognize the “old” stimulus in 90, 88, or 98% of the test pairs, respectively. Estimated lower bounds on the informational capacity of human memory considerably exceed previously published estimates.
Recovering effective amplitude and phase roughness of EUV masks

Roughness in EUV masks can be induced at the substrate or during the deposition process in the multilayer, and this roughness causes speckle when the mask is used for imaging. The 13.5-nm wavelength light penetrates into the multilayer and interacts mostly with the roughness that is replicated through the multilayer. AFM measurements of the substrate or surface cannot fully capture the effect of the roughness on imaging. We present a method to extract the phase and amplitude roughness from measurements taken using an actinic microscope. The method is non-iterative and is able to properly consider partial coherence, aberrations, and image noise. It works by applying the small phase approximation to linearize the step of taking the intensity from electric field. We also analyze the sensitivity of the method to various miscalibrations that might occur when applying it to measured data.
Beauty is in the 'we' of the beholder: Greater agreement on facial attractiveness among close relations

Scientific research on facial attractiveness has focused primarily on elucidating universal factors to which all raters respond consistently. However, recent work has shown that there is also substantial disagreement between raters, highlighting the importance of determining how attractiveness preferences vary among different individuals. We conducted a typical attractiveness ratings study, but took the unusual step of recruiting pairs of subjects who were spouses, siblings, or close friends. The agreement between pairs of affiliated friends, siblings, and spouses was significantly greater than between pairs of strangers drawn from the same race and culture, providing evidence that facial-attractiveness preferences are socially organized.
On the resonant interaction of neutral disturbances in two inviscid shear flows

The second-order resonant interaction of two disturbances which are neutrally stable on a linear basis is investigated for cases when the mean flow is, first, an inviscid, homogeneous jet and, secondly, a stably stratified, antisymmetric shear layer for which the linear eigen-solutions are regular. For the former case, the periodic nature of the neutral disturbances is unaffected by the interaction. For the latter, the interaction can lead to an O(e½) temporal growth rate of one disturbance, where e is a characteristic disturbance amplitude.
Therapists’ Assessment and Treatment of Internet Infidelity Cases

In this study, we investigated through an Internet survey of 508 practicing marriage and family therapists which treatment decisions varied by gender of the client and background variables of therapists. The subjects responded to several typical Internet infidelity scenarios. We varied the gender of the person initiating the infidelity for half of one sample. We also asked the family therapy participants to respond to how they might assess and treat each presenting problem. They also evaluated problem severity, prognosis of the case, number of sessions necessary for treatment, and the extent to which a therapist would focus individually or relationally. Results indicate that there were differences in how therapists assessed and treated clients based on client gender, therapists' age, therapists' gender, how religious therapists reported they were, and the extent of therapists' personal experience with infidelity.
Species of thought: A comment on evolutionary epistemology

The primary outcome of natural selection is adaptation to an environment. The primary concern of epistemology is the acquistion of knowledge. Evolutionary epistemology must therefore draw a fundamental connection between adaptation and knowledge. Existing frameworks in evolutionary epistemology do this in two ways; (a) by treating adaptation as a form of knowledge, and (b) by treating the ability to acquire knowledge as a biologically evolved adaptation. I criticize both frameworks for failing to appreciate that mental representations can motivate behaviors that are adaptive in the real world without themselves directly corresponding to the real world. I suggest a third framework in which mental representations are to reality as species are to ecosystems. This is a many-to-one relationship that predicts a diversity of adaptive representations in the minds of interacting people. As “species of thought”, mental representations share a number of properties with biological species, including isolating mechanisms that prevent them from blending with other representations. Species of thought also are amenable to the empirical methods that evolutionists use to study adaptation in biological species. Empirical studies of mental representations in everyday life might even be necessary for science to succeed as a normative “truth-seeking” discipline.
Speech perception takes precedence over nonspeech perception

Some components of a speech signal, when made more intense, are heard simultaneously as speech and nonspeech--a form of duplex perception. At lower intensities, the speech alone is heard. Such intensity-dependent duplexity implies the existence of a phonetic mode of perception that takes precedence over auditory modes.
Solution and transport of water in oxides

First, the dissolution of water into different types of oxides is discussed, including the influence of the water pressure and the oxygen activity. Then the transport of water, i.e. of hydrogen–containing species, in such oxides and its dependence on the water pressure and the oxygen activity is analyzed. Hydrogen–containing species of relevance in this context are water molecules, protons and OH groups. Crystalline and amorphous oxides are considered. Following these more general discussions, some specific experimental observations on the solution and the transport of water and hydrogen–related species in oxides are reviewed and discussed. These observations were made by members of different scientific communities, i.e. by earth scientists, glass scientists, solid state electrochemists, etc. Finally, a few possible consequences of the observations made and of conclusions drawn from them for the high temperature oxidation of alloys in water–containing atmospheres are discussed.
Efficiency of a Good But Not Linear Set Union Algorithm

TWO types of instructmns for mampulating a family of disjoint sets which partitmn a umverse of n elements are considered FIND(x) computes the name of the (unique) set containing element x UNION(A, B, C) combines sets A and B into a new set named C. A known algorithm for implementing sequences of these mstructmns is examined It is shown that, if t(m, n) as the maximum time reqmred by a sequence of m > n FINDs and n -- 1 intermixed UNIONs, then kima(m, n) _~ t(m, n) < k:ma(m, n) for some positive constants ki and k2, where a(m, n) is related to a functional inverse of Ackermann's functmn and as very slow-growing.
Electrostatic Edge Modes in a Dielectric Wedge

The dispersion relations are obtained for electrostatic modes localized in the vicinity of the edge of a dielectric wedge formed by the intersection of two semi-infinite planes making an interior angle of $2\ensuremath{\alpha}$. The dielectric constant of the medium is assumed to be isotropic. The resulting modes can be classifed as even or odd under reflection in the plane bisecting the wedge. Their frequencies are functions of one continuously varying quantum number. The general results obtained are specialized to yield the dispersion relations for edge optical modes and edge plasmons. Properties of dielectric edge modes are compared and contrasted with corresponding properties of surface modes.
Efficient AKNN spatial network queries using the M-Tree

Aggregate K Nearest Neighbor (AKNN) queries are problematic when performed within spatial networks. While simpler network queries may be solved by a single network traversal search, the AKNN requires a large number costly network distance computations to completely compute results. The M-Tree index, when used with Road Network Embedding, provides an efficient alternative which can return estimates of the AKNN results. The M-Tree index can then be used as a filter for AKNN results by quickly computing a superset of the query results. The final AKNN query results can be computed by sorting the results from the M-Tree. In comparison to Incremental Euclidean Restriction (IER), the M-Tree reduces the overall query processing time and the total number of necessary network distance computations required to complete a query. In addition, the M-Tree filtering method is tunable to allow increasing performance at the expense of accuracy, making it suitable for a wide variety of applications.
Current surgical concepts for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a relatively common disorder with potentially serious psychologic and physiologic consequences. A comprehensive method of evaluation is described. Presurgical tests are mandatory in order to logically direct surgical treatment. Current surgical treatment and new techniques are discussed.
Studies on the control of protein synthesis in low temperature acclimation

Abstract 1. 1. Various aspects of the liver protein synthetic system of toadfish acclimated to 21 and 10°C were examined in vitro . 2. 2. Liver homogenates incorporate amino acids into protein with Q 10 about 2·5 over 10–30°C. 3. 3. Ribosomes occur primarily in polyribosomes as in rat liver. 4. 4. No difference in aminoacyl-tRNA ∗ synthetase activity was found in the two acclimation groups. 5. 5. Aminoacyl transferase activity was 60 per cent greater in 10°C-acclimated fish. 6. 6. The results are discussed in relation to possible control points in the protein synthetic system.
Fish eggs and larvae of the Chesapeake Bay: observations on the problem of identifying field mortalities of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) larvae from preserved samples

This study considered the rate at which striped bass larvae disintegrate following death as well as the ability of experienced taxonomists to distinguish larvae which were liver or dead on collection from preserved samples. The rate of disintegration was dependent on age (size) of the larvae with pro-larvae being unrecognizable in 8 to 16 h following death (17 to 19°C). Post-larvae decomposed somewhat more slowly, but were unrecognizable as to species after 16 h. Experienced taxonomists were unable to distinguish pro- and post-larvae which had been live or dead prior to preservation. However, the viability of metamorphosed larvae could readily be distinguished.
EPITHELIAL GROWTH CAUSED BY STIMULATION WITH VARIOUS SMEAR METHODS AS DEMONSTRATED BY MITOTIC STASIS WITH COLCHICINE

It has been reported by Wade and Doisy (1) that vaginal smears repeated 2 or 3 times a day cause an increase in the number of epithelial layers of the vagina of the spayed rat and sometimes confuse the result of tests of estrogens. Twenty-five per cent of the animals smeared 3 times a day showed cornification at the end of the third day. Smears were made with swabs, “a small amount of cotton (wrapped) about the end of a toothpick,” the swab being rotated a few times in the vagina. It seemed to us that this might explain some of the variable results reported by Young (2) after frequent smearing in the guinea pig during heat. The following experiment was carried out in order to determine whether frequent stimulation of the vagina by the cotton swab method of making smears would induce growth of the epithelium to a degree which would confuse the usual sequence of cells in the smear. For controls, other animals were smeared gently by inserting uncovered toothpicks. In these experiments we had the added advant...
Computational Analysis of Mine Blast on a Commercial Vehicle Structure

The kinematic response (including plastic deformation, failure initiation and fracture) of a soft‐skinned vehicle (represented by a F800 series single‐unit truck) to the detonation of a landmine shallow‐buried in (either dry or saturated sand) underneath the vehicle’s front right wheel is analyzed computationally. The computational analysis included the interactions of the gaseous detonation products and the sand ejecta with the vehicle and the transient non‐linear dynamics response of the vehicle. A frequency analysis of the pressure versus time signals and visual observation clearly show the differences in the blast loads resulting from the landmine detonation in dry and saturated sand as well as the associated kinematic response of the vehicle. It is noted that the dominant vehicle structural response to the blast is similar to the first torsional structural mode shape obtained through an eigenvalue analysis of the system. Tailoring the vehicle modal response may result in more desirable modes of failure.
Implementation of a microgrid central controller in a laboratory microgrid network

When distributed generation (DG) units operate in a microgrid environment, there is a need for coordinated operation between the DGs, the utility grid and the loads. A Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC) can keep track of the status from the systemic point of view and command the local microsource controllers (MC) to ensure system stability. In various modes of operation, vis-a-vis grid-connected, islanded and during transition from grid-connected to islanded mode and vice versa, the MGCC can support the MCs by feeding the necessary information to contribute towards stable system operation. This paper discusses the implementation of the MGCC for a laboratory test system.
Peripheral Thermoregulation: Foot Temperature in Two Arctic Canines

Arctic foxes and gray wolves maintain their foot temperature just above the tissue freezing point (about -1°C)when standing on extremely cold snow, or when the foot is immersed in a -35°C bath in the laboratory. Proportional thermoregulation stabilized the subcutaneous temperature of the foot pad to a precision of ± 0.7°C (largest deviations). Selective shunting of blood-borne body heat through a cutaneous vascular plexus in the foot pad accounted for more than 99 percent of measured heat loss from the pad surface. Maximum energetic efficiency is achieved because the unit of heat exchange is located in the pad surface which contacts the cold substrate rather than throughout the pad.
Speciational history of North American Haemorhous finches (Aves: Fringillidae) inferred from multilocus data.

Abstract We investigated species relationships and timing of speciation in North American Haemorhous finches by using a mitochondrial phylogeographic approach combined with a multilocus species tree reconstruction. Haemorhous purpureus and H. cassinii were strongly supported as sister taxa, and H. mexicanus was sister to H . purpureus + H. cassinii . Our divergence times indicated that diversification within Haemorhous occurred progressively from the Late Miocene into the Pleistocene. Our inferred pattern of speciation demonstrates the complexity of the origins of North American birds, and provides additional evidence that a single cause for speciation in closely related North American birds, such as Late Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles, is unlikely.
Weak Definability in Infinitary Languages

We shall prove that if a model of cardinality K can be expanded to a model of a sentence 0 of LA+,O, by adding a suitable predicate in more than K ways, then, it has a submodel of power , which can be expanded to a model of 0 in >mu ways provided that A, K,,4 satisfy suitable conditions. ?
The effect of substrate on the microstructure and tensile properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel

Abstract Nanocrystalline nickel was fabricated on copper substrates using electrodeposition techniques. The microstructure and the crystallographic texture of the copper substrate were varied by cold rolling and subsequent annealing. This study revealed that the annealed copper substrates result in nickel deposits with finer grain sizes than the cold-rolled substrates do. This difference is suggested to be associated with the change in planar texture, which is expected to affect the nucleation rate of crystals on the substrate. The results of this study suggest that the size of crystals formed immediately on the substrate affects the size of the grains through the thickness of deposits. Tensile properties were found to depend on the average grain size, the grain size distribution, and the co-deposition of hydrogen.
Extended Practice and Aerobic Exercise Interventions Benefit Untrained Cognitive Outcomes in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis

Background A recent NIH State of the Science conference on interventions to reduce or delay Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline in older adulthood suggested cognitive engagement and aerobic exercise held promise for healthy individuals, but were inconclusive.
Competing or coordinating: IT R&D investment decision making subject to information time lag

In this paper, we apply a dynamic option-game framework to examine the impact of information time lag on Research and Development (R&D) investment in innovative information technology (IT) industry. We focus on incentives of competition and coordination in R&D. Our results show that shorter information time lag may induce firms to coordinate their investments and avoid over-investment. The threshold of information time lag developed in this paper can facilitate managerial decisions on whether to compete or coordinate R&D investments.
Art works in international trade theory

Abstract Competitive International Trade Theory has frequently been criticized for its intensive use of diagrams (as opposed to more formal mathematics, such as calculus and algebra), prompted by its typical use of small dimensional models. This paper selects ten diagrams useful in capturing the essence of important trade theory and illustrating their usefulness even in higher-dimensional cases.
MITOCHONDRIAL PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDES IN THE OXIDATION OF ISOCITRATE AND MALATE.

CHAPPEL1,2 has shown that the rate of uptake of oxygen by rat liver mitochondria, with isocitrate in the presence of malate, is greater than the sum of that observed when either substrate is present alone. Since the oxidation of both isocitrate and malate is linked to pyridine nucleotides, the composition of pyridine nucleotides during the oxidation of these substrates was measured.
Volume fraction analysis of human coronal dentin

A systematic point-count method was utilized to determine the volume fractions of peritubular and intertubular matrix in human coronal dentin. Contrary to previous thought, it was found that peritubular dentin represents a relatively large fraction of human coronal dentin, particularly in the inner one-half of the dentin, where the relative volumes of the two matrices were approximately equal.
Moving Ahead with Undergraduate Computational Science Programs (Abstract Only)

The use of computation alongside the natural sciences is moving research forward at unprecedented rates. Computational scientists are in high demand, and the undergraduate level is a great place to begin training students for work in this area. Furthermore, studies have shown that applied programs such as computational science are attractive to students and aid in retention. Yet, the number of undergraduate computational science programs remains very limited. Throughout informal conversations with colleagues who were interested in combining computing and science, we repeatedly heard 2 reasons why a computational science program was missing from their institution: 1) they lacked counterparts in the natural sciences who were interested in working with them and 2) their department couldn't support the change in personnel or curriculum that they thought was required to introduce and maintain a computational science program. Addressing the first concern, this poster displays some of what was learned from interviews with 20 natural scientists regarding how they currently or might work with a computational counterpart. Our hope is that this information might be used in conversations with reluctant natural scientists. Addressing the second concern, this poster summarizes the content of computational science programs that currently exist for undergraduates, including majors, minors, computational tracks in science majors or science tracks in computational majors, and science or computational courses with complementary material. Our hope is that this summary will encourage colleagues that, given such variety, there is a place for some form of computational science at their institution.
Interaction between photoactivated rhodopsin and the C-terminal peptide of transducin α-subunit studied by FTIR spectroscopy

Structural changes in the complex formed between photolyzed bovine rhodopsin and a synthetic 11-mer peptide corresponding to the C-terminal region of the transducin α-subunit (Gtα) were analyzed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A complex with a protonated Schiff base appears at the beginning, accompanying the formation of an α-helix. This complex evolves into another which abolishes the original structure but retains the protonated Schiff base. This complex exhibits the same spectral shape as that of the final stable complex with an unprotonated Schiff base. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum for the formation of this final complex was compared to that with transducin [Nishimura, S., Sasaki, J., Kandori, H., Matsuda, T., Fukada, Y., and Maeda, A. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 13267−13271]. A large part of the frequency shifts of the peptide carbonyl vibrations which form upon complex formation with transducin but are absent with the synthetic 11-mer peptide must be structural changes in...
The Type III Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor Milrinone and Type V PDE Inhibitor Dipyridamole Individually and Synergistically Reduce Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

: The effects of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors milrinone and dipyridamole were studied in an in situ perfused rabbit lung model in which the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was elevated by infusion of the thromboxane-A2 mimetic U46619. Dose-response curves for reduction of elevated PVR were generated for each of these drugs. The EC50 for milrinone was approximately 2 μM. The EC50 for dipyridamole was approximately 0.2 μM. In separate experiments, 0.1 μM milrinone was found to reduce elevated PVR by 4.6±2.4%, 0.06 μM dipyridamole reduced elevated PVR by 8.2±2.8%, whereas the combination of 0.1 μM milrinone and 0.06 μM dipyridamole reduced elevated PVR by 41.9±7.3%. In more limited experiments, it was determined that the PDE type V inhibitor zaprinast also caused a synergistic reduction of PVR when used with milrinone. We concluded that both the type III PDE inhibitor milrinone and the type V PDE inhibitors dipyridamole or zaprinast are effectively able to reduce elevated PVR and that the combination of PDE type III and type V inhibitors is synergistic in the ability to reduce elevated PVR. We speculate that type V PDE may play a more important role than type III PDE in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone. It is proposed that the combination of milrinone and dipyridamole has the potential to be useful in the clinical treatment of elevated PVR.
Ionic conduction in Cd-substituted Ag3SBr

Abstract Substitution of divalent cadmium for monovalent silver in Ag 3 SBr can be effected at low concentrations. Room temperature X-ray diffraction measurements confirm that uniform solid solutions of Ag 3−2 x Cd x SBr are formed within the compositin range 0⩽ x ⩽0.10. The effect of Cd substitution in superionic Ag 3 SBr is minimal. However, in the covalent phase of this compound, Cd substitution significantly reduces the activation energy for ionic mobility as a result of the cationic vacancies which accompany chemical replacement.
Dimensions of Family Assessment: A Critical Review*

A review of the literature on dimensions of family assessment is presented. Assessment strategies are grouped into four types: single concept notions, theoretical notions, broadly based clinical lists, and empirically derived approaches; and each is critically reviewed. A summary of major assessment dimensions and an ordering of these dimensions using cultural and developmental principles as contextual assessment categories is presented.
Women's perceptions about the etiology of urinary incontinence.

Abstract Objective: Incontinent women have low rates of care seeking and treatment, some of which may be explained by their beliefs about the causes of their own urine loss. As little is known about these beliefs, our aim was to qualitatively assess what women perceive as the etiology of their urinary incontinence (UI). Methods: In a written survey on urinary symptoms administered to female HMO enrollees aged 30–90 years, incontinent women were asked the open-ended question: “Why do you think you lose urine?” Qualitative analyses of the responses identified themes, which were quantified and organized into major categories. Subjects were assigned multiple themes/categories as indicated. Relationships between major categories and subject/incontinence characteristics were explored. Results: Of the 1458 women with incontinence who completed the survey, 1192 (82%) responded to the open-ended question. Qualitative analyses identified 23 themes, with 5 themes cited by ≥10% of subjects: pelvic floor/bladder muscl...
Phylogenetic relationships among ferns and gymnosperms; an overview

Ferns and gymnosperms are two of the most important traditionally recognized groups of vascular plants, but both are unnatural when viewed in terms of phylogenetic systematics. That is to say that neither consists of a monophyletic group. Nevertheless, both continue to be recognized as informal groupings of plants because representatives of each have similar grades of structural and reproductive features, and because many aspects of their natural relationships remain equivocal. Monophylesis for some traditionally recognized groups of pteridophytes and gymnosperms is fairly well established, but is unresolved or highly suspect for others. The latter include fernssensu lato, filicalean ferns, seed ferns and coniferophytes. Some recent studies also question whether conifers represent an unnatural assemblage. However, a taxon that includes the Marsileales and Salviniales recently has been interpreted to be monophyletic. Comparisons of results from phylogenetic analyses using either morphological or molecular characters provide a basis for assessing the strengths of systematic hypotheses and suggest fruitful avenues for future study. It is clear from all approaches that the greatest impediment to resolution of phylogenetic relationships in the inadequate rate at which new data are being developed.
“I think therefore I am”: New prospects for neural prostheses

Abstract Three categories of neuro-prosthetics are being developed and used in increasing frequency to ameliorate neurologic disability. They are sensory receivers, motor effectors and brain ‘stimulators’. The interfaces necessary to drive these devices are critical for their functioning. The following is a brief commentary on brain machine interface.
Cryogenic grinding of indomethacin polymorphs and solvates: Assessment of amorphous phase formation and amorphous phase physical stability

Abstract The effect of cryogenic grinding on five crystal forms of indomethacin (IMC) was investigated with particular interest in the formation of amorphous phase. Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that amorphous phase formation took place for all three polymorphs (γ, α, and δ) and one solvate (IMC methanolate). In the latter case, a postgrinding drying stage was needed to remove desolvated methanol from the ground amorphous product because methanol destabilized amorphous IMC presumably via a plasticizing effect. The crystal structure of another solvate, IMC t‐butanolate, was unaffected by grinding, indicating that amorphous phase formation on grinding does not occur in all cases. Ground amorphous materials possessed similar glass transition temperatures but significant differences in physical stability as assessed by both isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization. It is argued that physical factors, namely residual crystal phase and specific surface area, determine the isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of ground amorphous samples as opposed to intrinsic differences in the structure of the amorphous phase.
T-lymphocyte/monocyte interaction in response to phytohemagglutinin.

Abstract Macrophage cooperation has been shown to be necessary for the thymus-derived lymphocyte to express many of its differentiated functions. The importance of macrophage-lymphocyte interaction has been extended to the study of nonimmunogenic mitogenesis. Utilizing human macrophages and T-cells prepared separately to greater than 98% purity, we have demonstrated a marked degree of dependence of the T-cell upon the macrophage for mitogenesis in response to phytohemagglutinin. The degree of dependence observed is greater than that seen with other human systems and on the order of that seen in the highly purified nonhuman systems. The nature of the physical interaction between the macrophage and the T-cell was visualized using conventional light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Lymphocytes were observed to form a semirosetting pattern around the macrophage very early following mitogenic stimulation. The lymphocytes were observed to proceed through early blastogenesis while in direct contact with the macrophage.
Inconsistency in U.S. Accounting Standards: The Treatment of Interest

Consistency is an essential part of financial reporting: it applies both to the continuous use of the same accounting principles by an entity from period to period, and to consistency between various accounting principles used by the same entity. In the development of accounting standards, risks to users of inconsistencies can be reduced by good disclosure requirements, particularly so between various pronouncements. A study examining the treatment of interest found inconsistencies in two-thirds of the relevant U.S. GAAP pronouncements.
Laboratory-scale evaluation of fluidized bed reactor technology for biotreatment of maleic anhydride process wastewater

Fluidized bed reactor (FBR) technology has emerged in recent years as an attractive approach for the biotreatment of chemical industry wastestreams. A laboratory-scale FBR study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of utilizing FBR technology for the biotreatment of maleic anhydride wastewater generated during manufacturing operations. The maleic anhydride wastestream contains a mixture of maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP). The FBR removed >98% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) from the wastewater at a chemical loading rate of 4.86 kg of COD m−3 bed day−1. Maleic acid, fumaric acid or phthalic acid were not detected in the FBR effluent indicating removal of these diacids. Residues of DBP adsorbed to granular activated carbon (GAC) stabilized at low levels indicating that the >99% removal efficiency for DBP in the FBR resulted from microbial degradation. Solids measurements showed microbial biomass levels on the GAC ranging from 10500 to 32400 mg L−1 and effluent solids production ranged from 0.027 to 0.041 kg solids kg−1 COD treated. This laboratory-scale study demonstrated that FBR technology was highly effective for the biotreatment of the maleic anhydride wastestream and may offer several advantages over traditional activated sludge systems.
POLYCATION EFFECTS ON ELECTRONIC SPECTRA OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS IN PROGRAMMED ELECTROSTATIC ASSEMBLIES

A polysaccaride, chitosan, has been used to study polycation effects on electronic spectra of conjugated polymers in programmed electrostatic assemblies. Conjugated polyelectrolytes, poly[2-(3-thienyl)-ethanolhydroxycarbonylmethylurethane] (HPURET) and polydiacetylene from 5,7-dodecadiyn-1,12-bis-(hydroxycarbonylmethylurethane) (HP4BCMU), were assembled from aqueous solution alternately with the polycation, poly (diallydimethylammonium) chloride [PDADMAC], and with the polysaccharide cation, chitosan. Switching polycations did not significantly change the visible absorption spectra for HP4BCMU multilayers. The optical properties of the regiorandom polythiophene, HPURET, depend distinctly on the polycation and the pH of the solution, showing significant differences on visible absorption maxima of the assemblies ranging from 435 nm to 516 nm. After the assemblies were exposed to vapor of aqueous ammonia, they showed UV-vis maxima further red shifted and an enhanced emission intensity, compared to those of t...
Complete assignment of 19F, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of monomers and precursors towards bridge trifluoromethylated poly(p-phenylenevinylene).

The complete assignment of 19F, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 11 trifluoromethylated and four bistrifluoromethylated monomers for bridge trifluoromethylated poly(p-phenylenevinylene) is described. The combination of one-dimensional 19F, 1H and 13C spectra, long-range fluorine couplings and the two-dimensional techniques of direct and long-range HETCOR (J = 140 and 8 Hz) permitted full resonance assignment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The driving force for glide of a threading dislocation in a strained epitaxial layer on a substrate

Abstract T he process of epitaxial growth of a very thin layer onto a substrate crystal is considered for the particular situation in which the layer and substrate materials have the same crystal structure and orientation but different lattice parameters. Under these conditions, the layer grows with an intrinsic elastic strain determined by the mismatch in lattice parameters. The associated stress in the crystalline layer provides a driving force for the nucleation and motion of defects, primarily dislocations. The focus here is on the glide of a dislocation extending from the free surface of the layer to the layer-substrate interface, the so-called threading dislocation. A general definition of driving force for glide of a threading dislocation is introduced on the basis of work arguments. The definition is then applied to calculate the driving force for steady motion of an isolated threading dislocation in a strained layer, and the result includes Matthews' critical thickness concept as one of its features. Next, a kinetic equation for glide of a dislocation in semiconductor materials is proposed to estimate the glide rate of a threading dislocation in these low mobility materials. Finally, for the case of cubic materials, the general definition of driving force is applied to estimate the additional driving force on a threading dislocation due to an encounter with a dislocation on an intersecting glide plane. The results indicate that this effect is significant in blocking the glide of a threading dislocation for large mismatch strains and for layer thicknesses near the critical thickness.
Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: An improving prognosis

Abstract Endodermal sinus tumors of the ovary have historically carried a dismal prognosis. Recently, reports of survivors receiving the benefit of early, aggressive, combination chemotherapy following surgery have appeared in the literature. Two more survivors, similarly treated at our institutions, are reported in this paper. One of these patients has subsequently had a normal pregnancy. There is reason to believe that this aggressive and rapidly fatal disease of young women can now be controlled in a significant percentage of cases. In a review of 86 reported cases of endodermal sinus tumors treated with surgery followed immediately by multidrug chemotherapy, 58% are surviving from 3 months to several years. In addition, in early stage disease, it appears that fertility may be preserved without sacrificing treatment results.
Teaching the computer subjective notions of feature connectedness in a visual scene for real-time vision

We discus a tool kit for usage in scene understanding where prior information about targets is not necessarily understood. As such, we give it a notion of connectivity such that it can classify features in an image for the purpose of tracking and identification. The tool VFAT (Visual Feature Analysis Tool) is designed to work in real time in an intelligent multi agent room. It is built around a modular design and includes several fast vision processes. The first components discussed are for feature selection using visual saliency and Monte Carlo selection. Then features that have been selected from an image are mixed into useful and more complex features. All the features are then reduced in dimension and contrasted using a combination of Independent Component Analysis and Principle Component Analysis (ICA/PCA). Once this has been done, we classify features using a custom non-parametric classifier (NPclassify) that does not require hard parameters such as class size or number of classes so that VFAT can create classes without stringent priors about class structure. These classes are then generalized using Gaussian regions which allows easier storage of class properties and computation of probability for class matching. To speed up to creation of Gaussian regions we use a system of rotations instead of the traditional Psuedo-inverse method. In addtion to discussing the structure of VFAT we discuss training of the current system which is relatively easy to perform. ICA/PCA is trained by giving VFAT a large number of random images. The ICA/PCA matrix is computed by features extracted by VFAT. The non-parametric classifier NPclasify it trained by presenting it with images of objects having it decide how many objects it thinks it sees. The difference between what it sees and what it is supposed to see in terms of the number of objects is used as the error term and allows VFAT to learn to classify based upon the experimenters subjective idea of good classification.
Slip-resistance on icy surfaces of shoes, crampons and chains — A new machine

Abstract Bruce, M., Jones, C. and Manning, D.P., 1986. Slip-resistance on icy surfaces of shoes, crampons and chains — a new machine. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 7: 273–283. A new machine for measuring friction of shoe solings is described. Shoes and attachments such as crampons and chains worn by a test subject are dragged across the substrate, the horizontal force being measured by a load cell. The machine was used to measure coefficient of friction (COF) on ice and was capable of discriminating between very low friction readings. There was good correlation between the horizontal force recorded by two test subjects using the same shoes. There was also a good correlation between hardness of solings and friction. The highest friction values were generated by the softest materials. It is likely that on ice the optimum hardness is in the range 20 to 30 Shore A. Friction of the worst solings was half the value of the best and it should therefore be possible to reduce accidents on ice by specifying the softest solings. Nevertheless, friction from solings cannot be expected to give complete protection from slipping accidents on smooth ice and only crampons give adequate friction values. Chains attached to shoes have been found to be dangerous on smooth ice.
Bridging the gap from theory to practice: the path toward innovation in human-computer interaction

How do we break away from existing tools and techniques in HCI and truly innovate in a way that benefits the next generation of computer users? Today, too many of our technological designs and inventions are "one off" point designs, not building on or contributing to a theoretical foundation of understanding around human perception, cognition, social behavior and physical movement. Of course, these point designs can be successful in and of themselves, so why bother with theory and models? In order to mature as a field in a way that benefits users, it can be argued that we need to work more closely together and with an awareness of multiple disciplines, including not just the computer science and engineering arenas, but also psychology, sociology, and any field of human behavior. Of course, this could be a daunting task-how do we know that important improvements in user interface design can be obtained?I will present a series of examples of what I consider to be significant contributions to the field of HCI, each based on a multidisciplinarian, theory-driven approach. I hope to challenge the audience to creatively consider ways that their own work could be more theoretically motivated, and what it might take for more of us to move forward in that direction.
On a method to deduce friction-induced temperatures from thermal strain measurements in the dry sliding of metallic pairs

Abstract This paper proposes a procedure to utilize thermal strains as a thermometric mean to recover the temperature distribution in tribo-specimens. The procedure is demonstrated in relation to strain data obtained by the analysis of the so-called “ Double Exposure Speckle Grams ”. Total strain components, are resolved into: elastic, plastic, and thermal. These in turn are used to construct a system of difference equations, the solution of which, yields a complete characterization of the strain fields. Thermal strains are subsequently fed in a look-up table containing the coefficient of thermal expansion- for the test material at different temperatures to yield the temperature distribution. The results are validated by comparison to an analytical model and, relevant experimental data.
Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of formaldehyde in a methane/air diffusion flame

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence has been observed form the formaldehyde A 1 A 2 -X 1 A 1 electronic transition in a well characterized, laminar methane/air diffusion flame burning at atmospheric pressure. This represents the first optical measurement in flames of naturally occurring formaldehyde, an important intermediate in the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Both 355 nm and tunable dye laser excitation of fluorescence are demonstrated. The observed fluorescence signals are corrected for partition function effects and for estimated collisional quenching rates to obtain relative concentration profiles.