cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact analysis of network topology change on transmission distance relay settings

One big challenge raised by frequent topology change in today's power system is assessing the system protection security and dependability afterwards. This paper reviews the setting algorithm for the distance relays and proposes an automated setting calculation module. The calculation procedure is broken down into blocks which could be processed in parallel in order to improve the computation speed. The module could be used to assess the system protection vulnerabilities following a topology change in instances when multiple switching actions are done in response to occurrence of cascading faults or as a result of intentional control action. The module performance is tested on New England 39-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems. A sensitivity analysis in the form of N-2 contingency impact on the network relay settings is conducted on both test systems.
Design observations regarding public safety networks

Through this paper we advance an initial set of 12 observations that will form the basis for developing design principles for public safety networks (PSN), and more broadly for inter-organizational systems within the public sector. A public safety network is an interagency collaboration focused on the development and use of information and communication technologies to support the information sharing and functional interoperability needs of public safety organizations engaged in law enforcement, criminal justice, and emergency response. Our goal in presenting this initial set of PSN design observations is to: (1) encourage improved PSN systems design through the development of design principles and (2) increase the attention paid, when designing and developing these forms of information systems, to the co-design of structures of governance and operation that PSN entail.
A Possible Effect of the Magnetic Field Upon the Genetic Code

A book on biomagnetism would be incomplete if it did not mention— at least in a qualitative way—a further mechanism and its relation to biomagnetic phenomena. P.O. Lowdin1 has drawn attention to the fact that the quantum mechanical effect of proton tunneling may show up in some processes in which biological amplification plays a role.
The protozoan-metazoan trophic link in pelagic ecosystems

ABSTRACT The evidence for a qualitatively and quantitatively important trophic link between planktonic Protozoa and higher order metazoan consumers is reviewed. the available data are obtained primarily, but not exclusively, from laboratory studies of calanoid copepod consumers and tintinnid ciliate prey from marine estuarine and nearshore environments. the data indicates that the protozoan-metazoan link is of similar magnitude and importance in the pelagic ecosystems of freshwaters. It is proposed that planktonic Protozoa constitute a high quality, nitrogen-rich food in the diets of their metazoan consumers. Implications of die trophic link to the consumers, prey, and ecosystem are discussed.
Vertically integrated simulation tools for self-consistent tracking and analysis

A modeling, simulation, and analysis code complex, the Gemini package, was developed for the study of single-particle dynamics in the Advanced Light Source (ALS), a 1-2 GeV synchrotron radiation source now being built at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The philosophy behind the package is described, with special emphasis on the vertical approach used. Vertical integration is an approach based on a well-defined model of the storage ring that is preserved at all of the hierarchical and sequential stages of manipulation and aimed at various goals. Thus, all the codes inside the package are consistent with this model. >
Bootstrapping the generalized least-squares estimator in colored Gaussian noise with unknown covariance parameters

It is demonstrated that in problems involving the estimation of linear regression parameters in colored Gaussian noise, the simple least-squares estimator can be significantly suboptimal. When the noise covariance function can be described as a known function of a finite number of unknown nonrandom parameters, it is possible to take advantage of this information to improve upon the least-squares estimator by an appropriate bootstrapping technique. Two examples are given, and comments that may lead to other examples are presented.
Challenging the Stigma of Mental Illness: Different Agendas, Different Goals

This Open Forum describes two agendas for addressing stigma surrounding mental illness: the services agenda, which aims to increase care seeking by decreasing stigma, and the rights agenda, which aims in the spirit of other civil rights efforts to eradicate the discrimination felt by people with mental illness. The two agendas developed independently and tend to embrace different approaches to effecting change in the population. These differences and directions for future research are described.
Diffusing Innovations: Adoption of Serious Educational Games by K-12 Science Teachers.

Innovation is a term that has become widely used in education; especially as it pertains to technology infusion. Applying the corporate theory of diffusing innovation to educational practice is an innovation in itself. This mixed-methods study examined 38 teachers in a science educational gaming professional development program that provided baseline characteristics about personal technology use and post professional development workshop experiences to ascertain characteristics that align with diffusion of innovation theory and educational game development as a new innovation in current pedagogical practices. The posttest-only design tested correlation (ANOVA) between factors, following scale conversion employing Rasch modeling, using the established Ocean Explorers workshop survey to collect data. Results suggested that while none of the demographic factors were significantly correlated with participant perceptions of the workshop, participants' perceptions of the presentation of the material were strongly correlated to their perceptions of the opportunities afforded by the workshop and the level of technological pedagogical content knowledge learning that took place. Frequencies of response ranges from the survey, for each scale, were paired with qualitative data to propose a fit to Rogers' innovation adoption curve and provide a richer description of participant perceptions. Additionally, the findings from this study serve as a framework for professional development of innovative educational technologies for subsequent studies.
“Five Things Physical Therapists and Patients Should Question” Update

In September 2014, the American Physical Therapy Association published the Choosing Wisely list of “Five Things Physical Therapists and Patients Should Question,”1,2 in a partnership with the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Foundation. In April 2015, the ABIM Foundation instituted a new process that requires societies to affirm their lists on an annual basis. In response to this new requirement, APTA reconvened its original Choosing Wisely Work Group (Work Group) in May 2015 to review its list and determine if APTA should affirm or modify its 5 recommendations. The Work Group consisted of APTA staff and staff-appointed physical therapist members representing a broad range of clinical expertise, practice settings, and patient populations. The Work Group was charged with (1) conducting a new literature search and review for Recommendation 1 (“Don't use passive physical agents except when necessary to facilitate participation in an active treatment program”), (2) reviewing the literature published since April 2014 for Choosing Wisely Recommendations 2 through 5, and (3) determining, based on the new …
Abstract P003: Trajectories of Cardiovascular Risk Factors / Outcomes and Atrial Fibrillation in a 25 Year Follow-up: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background: Little attention has been devoted to the timing of risk factor development in relation to atrial fibrillation (AF) diagnosis. We assessed the long term trajectories of risk factors and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, a US community-based cohort. Methods: Our analysis included 2134 individuals with incident AF and 5674 controls matched with cases 1:3 on age, sex, race and center, participating in the ARIC study. Information on incident AF and risk factors / CV outcomes (obesity, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke) was obtained during 5 study exams between 1987 and 2013, and surveillance of CV events through 2010. The prevalence of risk factors / CV outcomes in the period before and after the diagnosis of AF (and the corresponding index date for controls) was modeled using general estimating equations models. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) of risk factors / CV outcomes were calculated, using the index date ±2.5 years as the reference group. The interaction of time with AF was used to compare differences in trajectories. Results: During a median follow-up of 24 years, we observed diverse trajectories in the prevalence of risk factors and CV outcomes among AF patients, with steep increases in the prevalence of stroke, MI and HF during the period close to AF diagnosis, while trajectories for hypertension and diabetes showed monotonic increases, and those for smoking and obesity suggested decreases in prevalence after AF diagnosis (Figure A). The trajectories over time for hypertension, obesity, HF, stroke and MI were significantly different based on AF status, with lower increments among those without AF (Figure A and B). Conclusion: In this large population-based study, trajectories in the odds of risk factors and CV outcomes were diverse, suggesting they could have different roles in the pathogenesis of AF. The prevalence of CV outcomes increased after AF diagnosis, and trajectories differed by AF status. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
CLINICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN TYPE 2 DIABETES: INSIGHTS FROM THE SAVOR-TIMI 53 TRIAL

Even though diabetes is associated with risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), the actual risk factors for SCD in diabetes have not been well described. Deaths were adjudicated by a blinded events committee in SAVOR-TIMI 53, a randomized trial of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with established
Immunologic characterization of lymphocytic leukemias. Methodologic and immunophenotypic considerations

Immunophenotyping has become an important adjunct to the routine morphologic and cytochemical evaluation of leukemias. The development and refinement of immunologic techniques applicable to the general clinical pathology laboratory and the commercial availability of lineage-specific monoclonal antibodies have enhanced this technology as a diagnostic tool. Lymphoid leukemias, in particular, can be accurately identified and subclassified according to their immunologic characteristics, as defined by lymphocyte differentiation antigens. Immunophenotypic classification has also been demonstrated to have prognostic significance for certain acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias. This review considers current immunotyping methods, characteristics of the antibody probes used, and the immunophenotypic characteristics of the acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias.
Bone involvement in chronic rhinosinusitis

The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis remains poorly understood. The mucosal changes associated with this inflammatory disease have been well studied and described but the underlying bony involvement remains poorly defined. Osteitis and osteomyelitis are terms describing the clinical, pathologic, and radiographic appearance of bone involvement, but no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate terminology. It is still unclear whether bone around the sinuses acts as an innocent bystander becoming secondarily involved in the inflammatory process or whether bone plays a more active role in propagating inflammation.
Clinical utility of embedded performance validity tests on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) following mild traumatic brain injury

This study evaluated the clinical utility of two embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) developed for the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: the Effort Index (EI) and the Effort Scale (ES) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Participants were 250 military service members (94.0% male; Age: M = 28.4, SD = 7.6) evaluated following mild TBI on average 7.4 months (SD = 15.6) post-injury. Participants were divided into two groups based on their performance on the Test of Memory Malingering: PVT-Pass, n = 193; PVT-Fail, n = 57. For the EI, recommended cut-offs for extremely probable, highly probable, and probable poor effort were established. A cut-off score of >3 resulted in low sensitivity (.14), high specificity (.99) and positive predictive power (.94), and moderate negative predictive power (.68) and is recommended for identifying highly probable poor effort. For both the EI and ES, cut-offs for probable poor effort were identified; however, classification accuracy was not much improved relative to simply using the sum of the List Recognition and Digit Span raw scores to classify poor effort. It is acknowledged that the use of a different criterion would likely have resulted in different findings. Nevertheless, findings support the use of the EI and the ES as a "red flag" for possible poor effort in mild TBI patients, but suggest that, in most cases, additional PVTs would be required to accurately rule poor effort in or out.
Identification of QTL for Rice Grain Traits Based on an Extra-Large Grain Material

Two hundred and forty recombinant inbred lines(RIL) derived from a cross between japonica rice TD70(with 1000-grain weight of 80 g in 2011) and Kasalath,and its linkage map including 141 SSR markers was used to map QTL controlling grain shape traits(grain length,grain width,grain thickness)in 2010 and 2011.18 QTLs controlling the three grain shape traits were detected on chromosomes 2,3,5,7,9 and 12,respectively,including 5 QTLs for grain length,6 QTLs for grain width and 7 QTLs for grain thickness.Seven QTLs,namely qGL3.1,qGW2,qGW2.2,qGW5.1,qGW5.2,qGT2.3 and qGT3.1 were detected in two years and explained 56.19%,4.42%,29.41%,10.37%,7.61%,21.19% and 17.06% of the observed phenotypic variance,respectively.The marker interval RM1347-RM5699 on chromosome 2 was common marker intervals of grain length,grain width and grain thickness;qGL3.1,qGT3.1 were mapped in the same interval RM6080-RM6832 on chromosome 3.All of the 18 QTLs alleles were derived from the large grain parent TD70.Most of the QTLs are cloned genes and some mapped QTLs.Three QTLs,qGL2.2 on chromosome 2,qGW9 and qGT9 on the chromosome 9 may be new sites.
Theoretical studies on the conformations of psilocin and mescaline.

Molecular orbital calculations and classical potential function calculations were carried out to examine the proposal that the conformations of the hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenylalkylamines are such that their 6-membered aromatic rings and their alkylamino nitrogens are congruent with A ring and N(6) nitrogen atom of lysergic acid diethylamide (the nitrogen of the D ring). The congruent conformation of psilocin is Ψ{C(9)-C(3)-C(β)-C(α)} = 46 ± 10 degrees, φ{C(3)-C(β)-C(α)-N} = 230 ± 20 degrees, θ 1 {C(β)-C(α)-N-C(1N)} = 180 ± 10 degrees, and θ 2 {C(β)-C(α)-N-C(2N)} = 300 ± 10 degrees; that of mescaline is ψ{C(2)-C(1)-C(β)-C(α) = 147 ± 10 degrees and φ{C(l)-C[β]-C(α)-N} = 160 ± 20 degrees. These results show that congruence of psilocin and mescaline with lysergic acid diethylamide is energetically permissible.
Exploring Protein-Protein Interactions Involving Newly Synthesized Mitochondrial DNA-Encoded Proteins

Biogenesis of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes involves the coordinated action of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. As a matter of fact, the structural sub-units forming these multimeric enzymes are encoded in both genomes. In addition, the assistance of nuclear encoded factors, termed assembly factors, is necessary to allow for the expression of the mitochondrial DNA-encoded subunits and to facilitate their maturation, membrane insertion, and further assembly into the corresponding enzymatic complex. These processes involve transient interactions among the newly synthesized mitochondrial products and specific assembly factors. The identification and characterization of these interactions can be achieved by the method described here, consisting of pulling down tagged versions of the assembly factors immediately after radiolabeling the mitochondrial translation products in isolated mitochondria, and analyzing the radiolabeled pulled-down material.
Duodenal acidification: Role of first part of duodenum in gastric emptying and secretion in dogs.

Gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion in response to duodenal acidification were studied in dogs with gastric and duodenal fistulae. The duodenal fistulae were placed about 5 cm distal to the pylorus (first part of the duodenum). Three series of emptying studies were done in 5 dogs. In one series, gastric emptying of a saline meal (300 ml) was studied in response to perfusion of the second part of the duodenum and distally with amounts of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mEq per hr of HC1 at a constant rate of 100 ml per hr. In the second series, only the proximal 5 cm of the duodenum was acidified, and this was accomplished by diverting an acid test meal (300 ml of 40, 80, or 120 mEq per liter of HC1) at the duodenal fistula. In the third series of tests, the acid meals were combined with acid perfusion so that the whole duodenum and proximal jejunum was acidified. Controls consisted of saline test meals (300 ml) and saline perfusion of the duodenum. Gastric emptying with acid in the first part of the duodenum was delayed, and the delay was about equal to perfusion of the rest of the duodenum. Acidification of the whole duodenum caused greatest delay in emptying, and the maximal effect was in response to 12 mEq per hr. Delay in gastric emptying with acid in the proximal 5 cm of the duodenum was rapid and sensitive, and occurred within 1 min and in response to 0.24 to 0.36 mEq of HC1. The effect of allowing acid stimulated by histamine and pentagastrin to bathe the first part of the duodenum (proximal 5 cm) was studied in 3 dogs. This was done by closing the gastric fistula and collecting from the duodenal fistula. It was found that acidification of the first part of the duodenum caused inhibition (40%) of pentagastrin- but not histamine-stimulated acid secretion. These studies indicate that the proximal 5 cm of duodenum (first part) is not only important for inhibition of acid secretion, but is also a powerful and sensitive site for inhibition of gastric emptying.
Differences in Parental Monitoring Components and Their Associated Health Indicators Between Sexual-Minority and Heterosexual Girls

Our study sought to assess whether parental monitoring and their associations with health behaviors differed for heterosexual girls compared to sexual minority girls (girls who identified as lesbian or bisexual, endorsed same-sex attraction, or had same-sex romantic or sexualpartners). We analyzed three components of parental monitoring-adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental knowledge-between heterosexual and sexual minority girls.We also tested if the associations between these three constructs and adolescent relationship abuse, suicidality, heavy drinking, binge drinking, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms were different for heterosexual girls compared to sexual minority girls. Sexual minority girls were less likely to disclose accurately to their parents their location and activities and perceived their parents asked less and knew less about their location and activities than did heterosexual girls. Heterosexual girls who reported higher levels of adolescent disclosure were less likely than were sexual minority girls to report suicidality and anxiety symptoms. Additionally, heterosexual girls who reported higher levels of parental knowledge were also less likely than were sexual minority girls to report anxiety and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that parental monitoring may not be as protective forsexual minority girls as it is for heterosexual girls.
Evapotranspiration from Spider and Jade Plants Can Improve Relative Humidity in an Interior Environment

Citation: Kerschen, E., Garten, C., Williams, K., & Derby, M. (2016). Evapotranspiration from Spider and Jade Plants Can Improve Relative Humidity in an Interior Environment. HortTechnology, 26(6), 803-810. doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH03473-16
Lipid Nanodisc-Templated Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles into Strings and Rings

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit strong fluorescent and electromagnetic properties, which can be enhanced upon clustering and used in therapeutic, imaging, and sensing applications. A combination of gold nanoparticles with lipid nanodiscs can be attractive for AuNP self-assembly and useful in biomedical applications. Using molecular dynamics simulations we show that lipid nanodiscs can serve as templates for AuNP clustering into rings and string-like structures. We demonstrate that equilibrium encapsulation of 1 nm hydrophobically modified AuNPs into lipid nanodiscs composed of a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC) lipids occurs at the rim and results in formation of a ring of gold. The interior of the nanodisc is inaccessible to AuNPs due to the DPPC liquid crystalline order. With temperature increase the lipid order diminishes, initiating the nanodisc transformation into a vesicle, upon which encapsulated AuNPs cluster into a close-packed string or...
Does Marketing Need Reform

In August 2004, a day-long symposium organized by Bentley College was held in Boston to address the question, “Does Marketing Need Reform?” Speakers were asked to address how the marketing function can simultaneously bolster trust with customers and respect within organizations. The event featured 17 speakers and drew approximately 125 attendees. Judging by the response, it appears that this topic hit a hot button for many in the discipline. In this brief essay, we highlight some of the perspectives that were suggested at the symposium.
Nondestructive evaluation techniques for thick concrete

The use of concrete structures has made its long-term performance crucial for the safe operation of commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs), especially with license period extensions to sixty years and possibly beyond. Unlike most metallic materials, reinforced concrete used in NPPs is a heterogeneous material, a composite with a low-density matrix, a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water, and a high-density reinforcement, made up of steel rebar or tendons. This structural complexity makes nondestructive evaluation (NDE) a challenging task. While the standard Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) is adequate for many defects with shallow concrete cover, some defects that are located under deep concrete cover are not easily identified using the standard SAFT techniques. For many degradation mechanisms, particularly defects under deep cover, the use of advanced signal processing techniques is required. A variety of test specimens were evaluated using several advanced signal processing techniques ranging from a large specimen representative of a NPP containment wall (2.134 m x 2.134 m x 1.016 m) with twenty embedded defects, to specimens with accelerated alkali-silica reaction (ASR), and specimens with freeze-thaw damage. The first technique examined in this paper generates frequency banded SAFT reconstructions using wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction. While the frequency banded SAFT reconstructions show a vast improvement over the standard SAFT for defects under deep cover, a second technique, Model Based Iterative Reconstruction (MBIR), has been initiated to address the limitations of the frequency banded SAFT (such as multiple reflections for a single defect).
Sliding scale HCG trigger yields equivalent pregnancy outcomes and reduces ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: Analysis of 10,427 IVF-ICSI cycles

Objective To evaluate pregnancy outcomes and the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) using a sliding scale hCG protocol to trigger oocyte maturity and establish a threshold level of serum b-hCG associated with optimal oocyte maturity. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Academic medical center. Patients Fresh IVF cycles from 9/2004–12/2011. Intervention 10,427 fresh IVF-ICSI cycles met inclusion criteria. hCG was administered according to E2 level at trigger: 10,000IU vs. 5,000IU vs. 4,000IU vs. 3,300IU vs. dual trigger (2mg leuprolide acetate + 1,500IU hCG). Serum absorption of hCG was assessed according to dose and BMI. Main outcome measures Oocyte maturity was analyzed according to post-trigger serum b-hCG. Fertilization, clinical pregnancy, live birth and OHSS rates were examined by hCG trigger dose. Results Post-trigger serum b-hCG 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 mIU/mL was associated with reduced oocyte maturity as compared b-hCG >50 (67.8% vs. 71.4% vs. 73.3% vs. 78.9%, respectively, P<0.05). b-hCG 20–50 mIU/mL was associated with a 40.1% reduction in live birth (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.41–0.87). No differences in IVF outcomes per retrieval were seen for varying doses of hCG or dual trigger when controlling for patient age. The incidence of moderate to severe OHSS was 0.13% (n = 14) and severe OHSS was 0.03% (n = 4) of cycles. Conclusions Moderate stimulation with sliding scale hCG at trigger and fresh transfer is associated with low rates of OHSS and favorable pregnancy rates. Doses as low as 3,300IU alone or dual trigger with 1,500IU are sufficient to facilitate oocyte maturity.
Characterizing Social Determinants of Health for Adolescent Mothers during the Prenatal and Postpartum Periods.

Abstract Purpose Significant racial disparities and continuing poor birth outcomes make adolescent pregnancy a significant public health concern in the United States despite declining pregnancy rates. Social determinants of health are associated with increased likelihood of pregnancy and poor maternal and child health outcomes. This study aims to characterize specific elements of social determinants of health in a cohort of predominantly Latina adolescent mothers. Methods Between February 2007 and August 2008, 106 pregnant adolescents participated in a study with assessments at 20 to 24 weeks of gestation, and at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Survey questions addressed residential mobility, financial support and childcare, and perceived need for and use of community resources. Comparative analysis assessed differences between adolescents by age ( Findings Adolescent mothers experienced high rates of residential mobility, with 59.4% moving at least once in the year before their prenatal survey. Participants relied primarily on public aid (94–96%) and their parents (81–85%) for financial support. Latina participants were more likely than non-Latinas to rely on public aid. Although many participants reported needing financial support and housing, few used available services. Younger adolescents relied less often on the father of the baby for support than older adolescents. Conclusions Adolescent mothers' high rates of residential mobility and increasing reliance on public assistance highlight resource gaps that potentially put them and their children at risk for poor outcomes. Targeted efforts to augment systemic support in these domains are a critical component of addressing health disparities for this population.
Glaucoma filtration surgery in nonhuman primates using taxol and etoposide in polyanhydride carriers.

PURPOSE To determine the effect of taxol and etoposide, hydrophobic drugs with antifibrosis activity, on the outcome of filtration surgery in glaucomatous monkeys. METHODS Elevated intraocular pressure was produced bilaterally in eight cynomolgus monkeys by laser treatment of the trabecular meshwork. Four animals subconjunctivally received a polyanhydride disk containing 1 mg etoposide at the time of posterior lip sclerectomy in one eye; the other eye received an identical disk without drug. Similarly, four animals received a disk containing 50 micrograms of taxol in one eye and a blank disk in the other. RESULTS Eyes treated with taxol had lower intraocular pressures than control eyes from 20 days after surgery until death. Eyes with satisfactory filtration bleb appearance and patent fistulae on histologic examination had lower intraocular pressures. The intraocular pressure was lower and the duration of success longer in the etoposide-treated eyes (mean, 16 days) compared to that of the fellow eyes (mean, 10 days), but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Use of polyanhydride disks containing taxol, but not etoposide, had a marked beneficial effect on intraocular pressure and bleb appearance after experimental filtration surgery in monkeys. The difference between the two agents may result from the greater antiproliferative potency of taxol and its greater duration of release from the polymer.
ACCOUNTING FOR FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION: CURRENT PROBLEMS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Present accounting for foreign currency translation is in a sad state. Several pressing problems have not been covered adequately by authoritative pronouncements; yet, at the same time there exists a multitude of alternative accounting principles which seriously hampers intercompany comparisons. Moreover, present translation procedures largely reflect the economic environment and political conditions that prevailed several decades ago. To overcome these inadequacies the FASB and others interested in accounting for international operations are currently striving to develop new translation standards. It is the purpose of this paper to contribute to these efforts by retracing the evolution of accounting for foreign operations to gain a better understanding of the current problem. Furthermore, such a historical review lends perspective to the need for promulgating standards which are relevant to the significantly increased and still growing international business operations1 in an era characterized by fairly frequent and material changes in foreign exchange rates.
Atomic Structures of Minor Proteins VI and VII in Human Adenovirus.

Human adenoviruses (Ad) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses associated with infectious diseases, but they are better known as tools for gene delivery and oncolytic anticancer therapy. Atomic structures of Ad provide the basis for the development of antivirals and for engineering efforts toward more effective applications. Since 2010, atomic models of human Ad5 have been derived independently from photographic film cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and X-ray crystallography studies, but discrepancies exist concerning the assignment of cement proteins IIIa, VIII, and IX. To clarify these discrepancies, we employed the technology of direct electron counting to obtain a cryo-EM structure of human Ad5 at 3.2-A resolution. Our improved structure unambiguously confirms our previous cryo-EM models of proteins IIIa, VIII, and IX and explains the likely cause of conflict in the crystallography models. The improved structure also allows the identification of three new components in the cavity of hexon—the cleaved N terminus of precursor protein VI (pVIn), the cleaved N terminus of precursor protein VII (pVIIn2), and mature protein VI. The binding of pVIIn2—and, by extension, that of genome-condensing pVII—to hexons is consistent with the previously proposed dsDNA genome-capsid coassembly for adenoviruses, which resembles that of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses but differs from the well-established mechanism of pumping dsDNA into a preformed protein capsid exemplified by tailed bacteriophages and herpesviruses. IMPORTANCE Adenovirus is a double-edged sword to humans: it is a widespread pathogen but can be used as a bioengineering tool for anticancer and gene therapies. The atomic structure of the virus provides the basis for antiviral and application developments, but conflicting atomic models for the important cement proteins IIIa, VIII, and IX from conventional/film cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography studies have caused confusion. Using cutting-edge cryo-EM technology with electron counting, we improved the structure of human adenovirus type 5 and confirmed our previous models of cement proteins IIIa, VIII, and IX, thus clarifying the inconsistent structures. The improved structure also reveals atomic details of membrane-lytic protein VI and genome-condensing protein VII and supports the previously proposed genome-capsid coassembly mechanism for adenoviruses.
Intra-plate volcanism

Zhou and colleagues use a numerical model to investigate the volcanic history of the western US. They show that the majority of volcanism could be explained by mantle flow induced by the long-sunk Farallon plate. In this scenario, hot oceanic mantle from beneath the Pacific Ocean is drawn eastwards, passing through tears in the subducting Juan de Fuca plate.
Real-time path planning and following for nonholonomic unmanned ground vehicles

This paper describes a computationally cost-effective path planning method by combining a hybrid A∗ path planner with potential fields. The proposed real-time path planner is capable of finding the optimal, collision-free path for a non-holonomic unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) in an unstructured environment. First, a hybrid A∗ path planner is designed to find the optimal path through connecting the current position of the UGV to the target in real-time while avoiding any obstacles in the vicinity of UGV. The advantages of the developed path planner are that, by using the potential field techniques and by excluding the nodes surrounding every obstacles, it significantly reduces the search space of the traditional A∗ approach; it is also capable of distinguishing different types of obstacles by giving them distinct priorities based on their natures and safety concerns. Such an approach is essential to guarantee a safe navigation in the environment where humans are in close contact with autonomous vehicles. Then, with consideration of the kinematic constraints of the UGV, a smooth and drivable geometric path is generated. Finally, extensive practical experiments are conducted in a dynamic environment to verify the effectiveness of the proposed path planning methodology.
Abstract 2403: Effect Of Prehospital Cath Lab Activation On Door To Balloon Time Of STEMI Patients Presenting During Normal Workday Hours vs. After Hours

BACKGROUND : We significantly reduced door-to-balloon-time (DBT) after instituting prehospital cath lab activation for STEMI, without EKG transmittal or MD involvement. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the protocol on DBT in normal workday hours (cath lab team is in-house) vs. after-hours (cath lab team is not in-house). METHODS : For all STEMI patients (pts), data are collected prospectively. Since 2001 all pts transported by our institution’s EMS, with symptoms suggesting MI, have had prehospital EKG. In April 2005, we started the following additional protocol (with no other changes in our acute MI program): if the chief complaint is Chest Pain and the Zoll® M Series Interpretive EKG (Marquette 12SL algorithm) reads ``**Acute MI**,” Paramedics call the ED unit coordinator from the scene to activate the cath lab without MD involvement. For all EMS transported pts from Jan 2004 to Jan 2007, we analyzed demographics, symptoms, Zoll interpretation, door-to-EKG-time, and DBT. We compared the time saved before and after protocol change for normal workday hours vs. after hours. Statistics were by Kruskal Wallis and the two-tailed Fisher Exact test. RESULTS: There were 104 patients with STEMI transported in the time period. 36 were excluded: 26 with no chest pain (14 cardiac arrest), 8 with a non-diagnostic Zoll EKG and 2 others. Of 68 eligible patients (65% of all STEMI), 36 had prehospital activation (20 workday, 16 after hours) and 32 did not get prehospital activation (12 Workday and 20 after hours). See table for results. Overall mean DBT was reduced from 86.0 ± 9.6 (CI) min. in the before group to 56.1 ± 7.7 min. in the prehospital activation group. CONCLUSION : Prehospital activation significantly reduces DBT in STEMI patients presenting during both normal workday hours and after hours. Significant time savings and exceptionally short DBTs (
Psychophysics of Sensations Evoked by Stimulation of the Human Central Nervous System

The forebrain neuronal system signaling pain has been poorly characterized. We now show that stimulation of thalamic pain-related nuclei in awake humans produces two different responses. The first is a binary response in which a constant painful sensation is evoked regardless of the pattern of stimulation. The second is an analog response in which nonpainful and painful sensations are graded with intensity of the stimulus, and are better defined than the first, both qualitatively and spatially. These results are consistent with those of functional imaging studies that have identified brain regions activated in a binary fashion by a particular stimulus, while further increases in stimulus intensity do not produce increased activation. Binary response sites may participate in all or none attentional or cognitive aspects of pain. Stimulation of these thalamic regions may also mediate memories of the emotional aspect of intense pain and of chronic pain that sometimes results from intense pains. These pain memories are not evoked by stimulation of the spinothalamic tract, which suggests that they involve conditioning of forebrain structures, rather than simple activation of these structures by a painful stimulus.
Chapter 3 Harnessing Photosynthetic Bacteria for Membrane Protein Production

Publisher Summary Membrane proteins present unparalleled challenges for structural biology initiatives, nascent functional genomics efforts, and drug discovery experiments. To obtain sufficient quantities of membrane proteins for these studies, an expression system based upon the Rhodobacter species of photosynthetic bacteria is being employed. This system exploits this organism's unique physiology whereby strongly induced heterologous expression of target membrane proteins can be coordinated with synthesis of new membranes, thereby favoring membrane insertion of natively folded polypeptides. A series of vectors utilizing promoters responding to oxygen and/or light has been constructed. A variety of engineered host strains is available that carry deletions of one or more native transmembrane complexes, thereby increasing the membrane volume available for the accommodation of foreign protein. Using this approach, data suggest that many target membrane proteins from a variety of organisms can be produced and purified at levels that equal or exceed those of native membrane protein complexes (10 mg/l). Standardized strategies have been developed for semiautomation of cloning and purification. An analysis of nearly 500 expression strains (including representatives encompassing an entire membrane proteome) has shown that ∼60% of the membrane proteins are expressed in Rhodobacter at levels that exceed 1 mg/l of cell culture (many at levels of 10‐20 mg/l) are localized within intracytoplasmic membranes (ICMs), and—most importantly—display structural and functional integrity. The Rhodobacter system represents an advance towards the development of an integrated strategy for obtaining structures of this important class of proteins at a more rapid pace.
Education and Development or Emigration and Remittances: The Cape Verdean Dilemma

Cape Verde is a country prone to droughts with few natural resources and a significant emigration rate. However, the nation is known for its stable political and economic environment. This case study will address several questions. Should Cape Verde continue to develop educational and professional opportunities to decrease imports, increase exports, and decrease emigration? Or, are emigration and the remittances sent back to Cape Verde the best for a tiny nation that at times struggles to provide food for its citizens?
Spatial correlation of native and engineered cartilage components at micron resolution.

Tissue engineering (TE) approaches are being widely investigated for repair of focal defects in articular cartilage. However, the amount and/or type of extracellular matrix (ECM) produced in engineered constructs does not always correlate with the resultant mechanical properties. This could be related to the specifics of ECM distribution throughout the construct. Here, we present data on the amount and distribution of the primary components of native and engineered cartilage (i.e., collagen, proteoglycan (PG), and water) using Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS). These data permit visualization of matrix and water at 25 μm resolution throughout the tissues, and subsequent colocalization of these components using image processing methods. Native and engineered cartilage were cryosectioned at 80 μm for evaluation by FT-IRIS in the mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) regions. PG distribution correlated strongly with water in native and engineered cartilage, supporting the binding of water to PG in both tissues. In addition, NIR-derived matrix peaks correlated significantly with MIR-derived collagen peaks, confirming the interpretation that these absorbances arise primarily from collagen and not PG. The combined use of MIR and NIR permits assessment of ECM and water spatial distribution at the micron level, which may aid in improved development of TE techniques.
Ethanol in Sequestered Hematomas: Quantitative Evaluation

When death is delayed after injury, blood collected from sequestered hematomas (subdural, epidural, and intracerebral) may reflect the presence of ethanol in the circulating blood at the time of the injury. The authors have examined a series of cases in which such a situation occurred and in which a circulating blood ethanol level was determined shortly after the injury. In essentially all of the cases, the ethanol level in the hematoma was lower than that in the blood sample drawn shortly after the injury. In a group of cases where death occurred immediately, ethanol concentrations in sequestered sites approximated those in blood drawn from the aorta. Possible mechanisms for the decrease in the concentration of ethanol in the sequestered hematomas are discussed.
Single-molecule tunnel magnetoresistance of p-type doped polypyrrole

Abstract Single-molecule electric current of pyrrole oligomers, as a model of p-type doped polypyrrole, was studied theoretically using the first-principles calculation method. Elementary excitations in doped polypyrrole, such as polaron and bipolaron, were modeled in this study as cation and singlet-dication, respectively. The oligomer was sandwiched between the ferromagnetic nickel electrodes, of which magnetic alignment was varied from parallel to antiparallel to confirm tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) by a difference of electric currents under each magnetic configuration. Although the values of the electric current of the doping state increased compared to that of the neutral state, the TMR performance of the polaron state deteriorated compared to that of the neutral state, and the TMR performance of the bipolaron exceeded that of the neutral state. Therefore, it was found that the completed p-type doping state of the bipolaron improved the TMR effect performance.
Comments on “Monetary policy announcements and expectations: Evidence from German firms”

Abstract Enders et al. (2019b) find that small expansionary monetary policy surprises lead to increases in firms’ price and production expectations; vice versa for small contractionary monetary surprises. For larger monetary surprises of either direction, the reaction of price and production expectations tends to be dampened back to zero. This finding is explained with a differential, size-dependent mix in monetary policy surprises as regards their actual monetary policy content and their Delphic information content about how the monetary authority views the state of the economy. Policy conclusions from this result for the conduct of monetary policy and its communication are discussed.
Accurate Rendering of Liquid-Crystals and Inhomogeneous Optically Anisotropic Media

We present a novel method for devising a closed-form analytic expression to the light transport through the bulk of inhomogeneous optically anisotropic media. Those optically anisotropic materials, e.g., liquid-crystals and elastic fluids, arise in a plethora of established applications and exciting new research; however, current state-of-the-art methods of visually deducing their optical properties or rendering their appearance are either lacking or non-existent. We formulate our light transport problemunder the context of electromagnetism and derive, from first principles, a differential equation of the transmitted complex wave fields that fully account for the complicated interference phenomena that arise. At the core of our proposed rendering framework is a powerful mathematical representation, carefully crafted to enable us to produce highly accurate analytic approximative solutions for the light transport. This approach is previously unused in computer rendering, and our framework is capable of accurately rendering optically anisotropic materials with spatially varying optical properties at orders-of-magnitude better performance compared to existing methods. We demonstrate a few practical applications of our method, and we validate it against polarized photos of liquid-crystals as well as numerically against numerical solvers and qualitatively against brute-force renderings.
Driving Curiosity: Mars Rover Mobility Trends During the First Seven Years

NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission landed the Curiosity rover on Mars on August 6, 2012. As of August 6, 2019 (sol 2488), Curiosity has driven 21,318.5 meters over a variety of terrain types and slopes, employing multiple drive modes with varying amounts of onboard autonomy. Curiosity's drive distances each sol have ranged from its shortest drive of 2.6 centimeters to its longest drive of 142.5 meters, with an average drive distance of 28.9 meters. Real-time human intervention during Curiosity drives on Mars is not possible due to the latency in uplinking commands and downlinking telemetry, so the operations team relies on the rover's flight software to prevent an unsafe state during driving. Over the first seven years of the mission, Curiosity has attempted 738 drives. While 622 drives have completed successfully, 116 drives were prevented or stopped early by the rover's fault protection software. The primary risks to mobility success have been wheel wear, wheel entrapment, progressive wheel sinkage (which can lead to rover embedding), and terrain interactions or hardware or cabling failures that result in an inability to command one or more steer or drive actuators. In this paper, we describe mobility trends over the first 21.3km of the mission, operational aspects of the mobility fault protection, and risk mitigation strategies that will support continued mobility success for the remainder of the mission.
Caputo Generalized \(\psi \)-Fractional Integral Type Inequalities

Very general univariate and multivariate Caputo \(\psi \)-fractional integral inequalities of Poincare, Sobolev and Hilbert–Pachpatte types are presented. Estimates are with respect to \(\left\| \cdot \right\| _{p} \), \(1\le p<\infty \). Applications are given. See also [5].