cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Groundbreaking' or Broken? An Analysis of SEC Cyber-Security Disclosure Guidance, Its Effectiveness, and Implications

In October 2011, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) responded to mounting concern about the threat of cyber-attacks on corporate America by issuing staff guidance on when publicly traded companies should disclose information about cybersecurity vulnerabilities and attacks in their annual public filings. This SEC cybersecurity disclosure guidance has escaped serious analysis until now. Using case studies and paying particular attention to the comment letters sent by the SEC to registrants to prompt greater disclosure, this article concludes that the guidance both procedurally overreaches and substantively underachieves. It overreaches because, while it is facially a nonlegislative rule, it has had the practical effect of binding private conduct as if it were a legislative one, violating the Administrative Procedure Act. It underachieves because the disclosures it requires are vague, similar across industries and companies, and bring little information to the marketplace. In particular, it fails to resolve an information asymmetry problem — between corporate managers and stockholders — that the disclosure laws are meant to address. To resolve these defects, the SEC should elevate cybersecurity disclosure guidance and issue it as a legislative rule, after a notice and comment period. Notice and comment rulemaking would contribute to sounder policy by allowing stakeholders to offer their expertise and experience at the front-end of the rulemaking process, improving the rule and its acceptability among the public. This guidance offers a counterexample to those who say that agencies do not commonly use guidance documents to make important policy decisions outside of the notice and comment process. The experience with this guidance also suggests the limits of agency creativity during periods of political ossification, and it challenges the simple verity that economic security and national security have merged.
Assessing outcomes to determine whether symptoms related to hypertension justify renal artery stenting

Objective The goal of the study was to determine the blood pressure (BP) response to renal artery stenting (RAS) for patients with hypertension urgency, hypertension emergency, and angina with congestive heart failure (angina/congestive heart failure [CHF]). Methods Patients who underwent RAS for hypertension emergencies (n = 13), hypertension urgencies (n = 25), and angina/CHF (n = 14) were included in the analysis. By convention, hypertension urgency was defined by a sustained systolic BP ≥ 180 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 120 mm Hg, while the definition of hypertension emergency required the same BP parameters plus hypertension-related symptoms prompting hospitalization. Patient-specific response to RAS was defined according to modified American Heart Association reporting guidelines. Results The study cohort of 52 patients had a median age of 66 years (interquartile range 58-72). The BP response to RAS varied significantly according to the indication for RAS. Hypertension emergency provided the highest BP response rate (85%), while the response rate was significantly lower for hypertension urgency (52%) and angina/CHF (7%; P = .03). Only 1 of 14 patients with angina/CHF was a BP responder. Multivariate analysis showed that hypertension urgency or emergency were not independent predictors of BP response to RAS. Instead, the only independent predictor of a favorable BP response was the number of preoperative antihypertensive medications (odds ratio 7.5; 95% confidence interval 2.5-22.9; P = .0004), which is another indicator of the severity of hypertension. Angina/CHF was an independent predictor of failure to respond to RAS (odds ratio 118.6; 95% confidence interval 2.8-999.9; P = .013). Conclusions Hypertension urgency and emergency are clinical manifestations of severe hypertension, but the number of preoperative antihypertensive medications proved to be a better predictor of a favorable BP response to RAS. In contrast, angina/CHF was a predictor of failure to respond to stenting, providing further evidence against the practice of incidental stenting during coronary interventions.
Oxfordian Sedimentation in Western Interior, USA: ABSTRACT

Upper Jurassic Oxfordian sediments of Wyoming, Montana, and eastern Idaho were deposited in part of an elongate inland seaway extending southward from the present Arctic. This seaway contained a complex of tectonic elements which influenced significantly the geographic distribution of depositional environments. On the western edge of the Oxfordian seaway (in eastern Idaho), a clastic wedge sequence is developed. Farther east, toward the center of the seaway, complex sequences of marine bars and channels are represented around the edges of the Wind River, Big Horn, and Powder River basins. On the north in Montana, and east in the Black Hills, more typical prodeltaic sequences are developed. Sediment dispersal directions in this seaway were complex due to the interaction of tides, regional currents, depositional environment, and storms. Of these 4 controlling factors, storms may have had the most profound influence, particularly in marine-bar and channel environments. Evidence for storms may be found in coquinoid sandstones. These sandstones are of 2 distinct geometries: (1) sheetlike lags interbedded with silty shales, representing the deposition of reworked shallow benthos in deeper water areas; and (2) channel-fill lags incised into marine bar sediments, representing scours in a shallow marine environment. Vertical successions of Oxfordian sediments display an initial transgressive sequence followed by a well-marked regressive sequence. End_of_Article - Last_Page 606------------
Reduced production of digestive proteases and the efficacy of enteral and parenteral nutrition on inflammatory bowel disease.

Correlation with CT showed circumfer-ential mural thickening, most marked atC7-T2, measuring up to 1.5 cm. Thedistal esophagus was of normal caliber.Upper endoscopy was reattempted bythe surgical unit in theater under generalanesthetic. Successful passage and dila-tation of the stricture was performed.Esophageal biopsies were taken, whichshowed ulcerated mucosa with nonspe-ciﬁc inﬂammatory changes. There wasno granulomatous inﬂammation identi-ﬁed. There was no dysplasia or malig-nancy seen.Distinguishing esophageal CDfrom its differentials, in particular reﬂuxesophagitis, can be difﬁcult, as a well-deﬁned diagnostic criteria is yet to beestablished. Noncaseating granulomasoccur in less than 25% of cases
Interactive Mesostructures withVolumetric Collisions

This paper presents a technique for interactively colliding with and deforming mesostructures at a per-texel level. It is compatible with a broad range of existing mesostructure rendering techniques including both safe and unsafe ray-height field intersection algorithms. This technique is able to replace traditional 3D geometrical deformations (vertex-based) with 2D image space operations (pixel-based) that are parallelized on a GPU without CPU-GPU data shuffling and integrates well with existing physics engines. Additionally, surface and material properties may be specified at a per-texel level enabling a mesostructure to possess varying attributes intrinsic to its surface and collision behavior. Furthermore, this approach may replace traditional decals with image-based operations that naturally accumulate deformations without inserting any new geometry. This technique provides a simple and efficient way to make almost every surface in a virtual world responsive to user actions and events. It requires no preprocessing time and storage requirements of one additional texture or less. The algorithm uses existing inverse displacement map algorithms as well as existing physics engines and can be easily incorporated into new or existing game pipelines.
Cycles on Nash algebraic models of smooth manifolds

A Nash algebraic model of a compact smooth manifold M is a pair (X, X 0 ) where X is a nonsingular real algebraic set and X 0 is the union of some connected components of X such that X 0 is diffeomorphic to M. We study the homology classes on X 0 represented by algebraic subsets of X contained in X 0 for various Nash algebraic models (X, X 0 ) of M.
Copyright: The New Law's Major Revisions Affecting Writers

The copyright reform bill should become law in January, 1978. Among its major revisions are the extension of protection for life plus fifty years and the mitigation of penalties for either omission of notice or “innocent infringement.” For the first time the law specifically identifies “fair use” and certain other copying practices as user rights. The issues of integrity of text and the use of protected text within computer systems have not been treated. The law's text itself remains general in the hope that it will prove to be a flexible vehicle for the future. An era of informal agreements and litigation between publishers and users can be anticipated. Scientific and technical publishing must be recognized as a special area within the publishing community on the verge of change.
What is dynapenia

Dynapenia (pronounced dahy-nuh-pē-nē-a, Greek translation for poverty of strength, power, or force) is the age-associated loss of muscle strength that is not caused by neurologic or muscular diseases. Dynapenia predisposes older adults to an increased risk for functional limitations and mortality. For the past several decades, the literature has largely focused on muscle size as the primary cause of dynapenia; however, recent findings have clearly demonstrated that muscle size plays a relatively minor role. Conversely, subclinical deficits in the structure and function of the nervous system and/or impairments in the intrinsic force-generating properties of skeletal muscle are potential antecedents to dynapenia. This review highlights in the contributors to dynapenia and the etiology and risk factors that predispose individuals to dynapenia. In addition, we address the role of nutrition in the muscular and neurologic systems for the preservation of muscle strength throughout the life span.
Long range heteronuclear chemical shift correlation with one bond modulation decoupling: phenanthro[1,2-b]thiophene

Long range heteronuclear chemical shift correlation has become an extremely useful technique for complex spectral assignment and structure elucidation. The sensitivity is higher than that afforded by 13C-13C double quantum INADEQUATE experiment. The long range heteronuclear correlation provides the means of establishing connectivities across heteroatoms. Early attempts to use long range heteronuclear chemical shift correlation by simply optimizing the delays for long range couplings met with varied success. Long range coupling responses to protonated carbon resonances can be modulated by the one bond coupling of the protonated carbon. These modulations can lead to precipitous valleys in the response curve and a corresponding loss of connectivity information. A newly reported pulse sequence employing a BIRD pulse midway through the Δ2 refocusing delay “decouples” one bond modulation effects substantially increasing the likelihood of observing the desired connectivities. The application of this technique is reported for phenanthro[1,2-b]thiophene. Unequivocal assignment of the title compound is reported using heteronuclear chemical shift correlation and long range correlation with modulation decoupling. The assignment took a total of < 15 hours of spectrometer time.
Insect societies as divided organisms: The complexities of purpose and cross-purpose

Individual organisms are complex in a special way. The organization and function of their parts seem directed toward a purpose: the survival and reproduction of that individual. Groups of organisms are different. They may also be complex, but that is usually because their parts, the individual organisms, are working at cross-purposes. The most obvious exception to this rule is the social insects. Here, the individuals cooperate in complex ways toward the common goal of the success of the colony, even if it means that most of them do not reproduce. Kin selection theory explains how this can evolve. Nonreproductive individuals help in the reproduction of their kin, who share and transmit their genes. Such help is most favored when individuals can give more to their kin than they give up by not reproducing directly. For example, they can remain at their natal site and help defend a valuable resource ("fortress defenders"), or they can ensure that at least one adult survives to care for helpless young ("life insurers"). Although kin selection explains the extensive cooperation and common purpose of social insect colonies, it also predicts a certain amount of cross-purpose and conflict behavior. Kin selection has predicted how workers and queens disagree over sex ratios, how potential queens struggle to be the colony's head, how workers try to produce sons, and how other workers often prevent them. Kin selection analysis of cooperation and conflict in social insects is one of the outstanding achievements of evolutionary theory.
Automated space planning

This paper both reviews current procedures and introduces new ones for the automated generation of two-dimensional arrangements. General properties of the task and some sufficiency conditions for dealing with it are identified. The treatment of these properties in existing programs are reviewed. The task is also organized into its component decision rules. One exemplification of these rules is described which utilizes the sufficiency conditions and is implemented in the General Space Planner (GSP) program in operation at Carnegie-Mellon University [3], [4]. The performance of GSP in solving a set of spatial arrangement tasks is described and some future extensions outlined. A secondary purpose of this paper is to more fully introduce this problem domain to the artificial intelligence literature . Not only is it on interesting problem class now only the province of humans, but it has wide application. Throughout the presentation, both the commonalities and disparities of this task domain with other AI tasks are explicated.
Monte Carlo analysis of real‐space transfer in a three‐terminal device

Real‐space transfer (RST) in three‐terminal devices is analyzed in detail with a Monte Carlo model including size‐quantization effects. A double heterojunction structure is considered with In0.25Ga0.75As as the narrow band gap material. Schrodinger’s and Poisson’s equations are solved self‐consistently in one dimension to compute the subband energies and wave functions which are then used to calculate scattering rates for the two‐dimensional electron gas. Electrons are injected at one end of the channel segment and the probability of RST, time required for RST etc. are calculated. Variation of these quantities with respect to longitudinal and transverse electric fields and electron density is studied. We point out that this approach is more relevant to a three‐terminal device like the real‐space transfer transistor than previous approaches which focus on steady‐state velocity‐field characteristics. We also compare the results with a semiclassical model that ignores size‐quantization and observe that quant...
Re-Claiming Biblical Women: Feminist (Jewish) Re-Readings of Hebrew Narratives

In the last three decades, biblical feminist scholarship has proliferated in ways that could not have been imagined by the early practitioners of this theory, myself included. Not only have a number of manuscripts, diction aries, reference works, commentaries, and companions been published, but increasingly feminist criticism has become an acceptable, if not normative, approach among several other leading contemporary approaches to the field of Bible Studies. Hardly a female character in the Hebrew Bible has evaded a contemporary interpretation. The proliferation of monographs in the field has further spawned a diversity of approaches and theories adding to the question of gender the analytic categories of class, nation, race, and culture. Critical approaches taking aim at biblical ideologies of ethnocentrism, monotheism, and androcentrism have routinely been questioned and debated by reconstructive and appropriative approaches, influenced largely by femi nist theological readings, notably Womanist, Latina, Lesbian, and Post colonial readings, which often consider biblical women as models of empowerment rather than embodiments of patriarchal thinking. Jewish scholars have been active in the field of biblical studies, though little has been done to elaborate a theoretical articulation of a distinctly Jewish femi nist approach to the Hebrew Bible. These two books may signal an interesting development of a specifically Jewish feminist scholarship on the Hebrew Bible, though neither one of the authors explicitly identifies her reading in such terms. Schneider's book pays special attention to the double meanings of consonantal Hebrew, taking the grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and Masoretic blocking of the Masoretic Text of Genesis?(parashot rather than later sequencing of chapters).
A modeling study of ice–water processes for Lake Erie applying coupled ice-circulation models

Abstract A hydrodynamic model that includes ice processes and is optimized for parallel processing was configured for Lake Erie in order to study the ice–water coupling processes in the lake. A hindcast from April 2003 to December 2004 with hourly atmospheric forcing was conducted. The model reproduced the seasonal variation of ice cover, but the development of ice extent in January and its decay in March somewhat preceded the observations. Modeled lake circulation in ice-free seasons is consistent with previous studies for Lake Erie. Thermal structure of the lake was reasonably comparable to both satellite-derived observations and in-situ measurements, with mean differences ranging from − 2 °C to 4 °C, depending on the season. The impacts of ice–water stress coupling and basal melting of ice were examined based on numerical experiments. The results show that: 1) ice–water stress coupling significantly dampens the subjacent lake circulation in winter due to packed ice cover that slows down the surface water, and 2) basal melting of ice contributes to widespread ice cover in the lake. The demonstrated model validity could lead to further studies of ice–water processes in the lake, including interannual variation and impacts on ecosystems.
PI3 kinase is involved in cocaine behavioral sensitization and its reversal with brain area specificity

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is an important signaling molecule involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, and phagocytosis, and may participate in various brain functions. To determine whether it is also involved in cocaine sensitization, we measured the p85{alpha}/p110 PI3K activity in the nuclear accumbens (NAc) shell, NAc core, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) following establishment of cocaine sensitization and its subsequent reversal. Naive rats were rank-ordered and split into either daily cocaine or saline pretreatment group based on their locomotor responses to an acute cocaine injection (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.). These two groups were then injected with cocaine (40 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline for 4 consecutive days followed by 9-day withdrawal. Cocaine sensitization was subsequently reversed by 5 daily injections of the D{sub 1}/D{sub 2} agonist pergolide (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.) in combination with the 5-HT{sub 3} antagonist ondansetron (0.2 mg/kg, s.c., 3.5 h after pergolide injection). After another 9-day withdrawal, behavioral cocaine sensitization and its reversal were confirmed with an acute cocaine challenge (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.), and animals were sacrificed the next day for measurement of p85{alpha}/p110 PI3K activity. Cocaine-sensitized animals exhibited increased PI3K activity in the NAc shell, and this increase was reversed by combined pergolide/ondansetron treatment, which also reversed behavioral sensitization.more » In the NAc core and PFC, cocaine sensitization decreased and increased the PI3K activity, respectively. These changes, in contrast to that in the NAc shell, were not normalized following the reversal of cocaine-sensitization. Interestingly, daily injections of pergolide alone in saline-pretreated animals induced PI3K changes that were similar to the cocaine sensitization-associated changes in the NAc core and PFC but not the NAc shell; furthermore, these changes in saline-pretreated animals were prevented by ondansetron given 3.5 h after pergolide. The present study suggests that selective enhancement of the PI3K activity in the NAc shell may be one of key alterations underlying the long-term cocaine sensitization. To the extent cocaine sensitization is an important factor in human cocaine abuse, pharmacological interventions targeted toward the NAc shell PI3K alteration may be useful in cocaine abuse treatment.« less
A synaptogenic amide N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide promotes hippocampal development

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the n-3 essential fatty acid that is highly enriched in the brain, increases neurite growth and synaptogenesis in cultured mouse fetal hippocampal neurons. These cellular effects may underlie the DHA-induced enhancement of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory functions. We found that N-docsahexaenoylethanolamide (DEA), an ethanolamide derivative of DHA, is a potent mediator for these actions. This is supported by the observation that DHA is converted to DEA by fetal mouse hippocampal neuron cultures and a hippocampal homogenate, and DEA is present endogenously in the mouse hippocampus. Furthermore, DEA stimulates neurite growth and synaptogenesis at substantially lower concentrations than DHA, and it enhances glutamatergic synaptic activities with concomitant increases in synapsin and glutamate receptor subunit expression in the hippocampal neurons. These findings suggest that DEA, an ethanolamide derivative of DHA, is a synaptogenic factor, and therefore we suggest utilizing the term ‘synaptamide’. This brief review summarizes the neuronal production and actions of synaptamide and describes other N-docosahexaenoyl amides that are present in the brain.
Right to left intracardiac shunt: A unique presentation of metastatic cardiac disease

A 54 year old man presented with signs and symptoms of severe hypoxemia. He had a history of a nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma that was thought to have been totally eradicated 2 years earlier. He was found to have a right to left interatrial shunt through a patent foramen ovale due to tricuspid valve obstruction by a solitary cardiac metastasis. No other such reported case of a metastatic cardiac lesion could be found.
Optimal flow path design of unidirectional AGV systems

SUMMARY This paper describes an alternative formulation of the AGV flow path layout (FPL) problem which was first formulated by Gaskins and Tanchoco (1987) as a zero-one integer programming problem. A computationally efficient procedure is proposed which is based on the branch-and-bound technique. An algorithm for satisfying the reachability condition for nodes in the AGV flow path network is also presented. A simple illustrative example is discussed to demonstrate the procedure, and a more complex problem is also given.
A variation calculation of the rate of evaporation of small droplets

Abstract A model for slowly evaporating drops is set up and approximated numerically by a variation calculation based on a theorem of Cercignani. The calculations were carried out for an extended range of Knudsen number and indicated that the popular Fuchs-Sutugin formula is almost a universally valid approximation for a wide range of pressures, condensation coefficients, mass ratios and intermolecular potentials. Discrepancies were found, however, when the method was used to interpret an old set of data on the rate of evaporation of diamyl sebacate droplets suspended in air. Since the present calculation agrees well with several other extended range calculations, it is suggested that a more sophisticated model is required for the dynamics of molecules adsorbing on and departing from a liquid surface in contact with an inert ambient gas.
Maximizing poling efficiency of a 3-layer NLO polymer-based structure using conductive polymer cladding layers

Conductive cladding layers for electrode poled nonlinear optic (NLO) polymer waveguides have been investigated for use in electro-optic (EO) switching devices. Dropping most of the poling field across the NLO core material optimized poling efficiencies, which in turn allows for lower poling voltages and in-situ poling. In addition, this method has the potential for realizing higher EO coefficients, shorter devices, and lower operating voltages than conventional devices with passive claddings. Poling efficiency enhancement has been achieved for 2-layer structures resulting in the lowest poling voltage to date, 300 V, for a 2 micrometers thick NLO polymer core layer and a 2 micrometers thick Baytron P/PVA)polyethylene dioxythiphene/polystyrene sulfonate in polyvinyl alcohol) conductive cladding layer. This has rendered up to 13 times increase in the effective EO coefficient. New results are presented from extending the concept to 3-layer device structures using the conductive polymer material for both the top and bottom cladding. Our results show that conductive claddings for NLO polymer waveguides will be realizable in actual devices.
Efficient markets and great lakes timber: A conservation issue reexamined

Abstract “… the forest resource is one which, under the active competition of private enterprise, is apt to deteriorate … that the maintenance of continued supplies as well as of favorable conditions is possible only under the supervision of permanent institutions with whom present profit is not the only motive. It calls preeminently of the state to counteract the destructive tendencies of private exploitation.” (Bernhard E. Fernow, Chief, Division of Forestry, USDA, 1886, and drafter of 1891 legislation which established the National Forest Reserves. Economics of Forestry, New York: Crowell and Company, 1902, p. 20)
Response and critique

This paper is being published when there is concerned discussion about the relationship of psychiatry to the community mental health movement. The number of psychiatrists in CMHCs has dropped considerably. Some would say that the CMHCs are pushing psychiatrists out while others would point the finger in the opposite direction, suggesting that psychiatrists are abandoning the CMHCs. In any case, the matter is important enough for the American Psychiatric Association and the National Council of Community Mental Health Centers to be planning a national meeting on the topic. If psychiatrists continue to diminish in numbers in CMHCs or if they are only to be part-time prescription signers, there is little point in trying to train more of them for such careers. If they are to have more significant involvement, it is essential to explore the relationships between academic programs and CMHCs. The concerns on each side reflect more than suspicion by the CMHCs that the academic programs will rip them off and by the academic chairmen that the resident will be used for service instead of being educated. The problems reflect the current criticisms of the CMHCs, namely that they have changed from the original health services model to a social activist model, that they have adopted anti-medical attitudes relegating psychiatrists to signing prescriptions or insurance forms, and that they have given undue emphasis to unproven prevention programs while neglecting the seriously mentally ill. Such criticisms are of intense concern to those of us who early identified the CMHC as the basic delivery system for the public sector and who have advocated a model of community mental health as developed in the mid 1960's. To have a successful relationship between an academic program and a CMHC there must be an underlying assumption that the CMHC movement will continue (hopefully more like the original than the present model) and that it will involve psychiatrists in appropriate numbers and professionally meaningful roles. If so, all psychiatrists ought to get a significant clinical experience in such a center. The issue is not one of "control"--academic departments have long been placing students in clinical settings which they don't control. A basic issue in the relationship is that the CMHC must recognize that the reason for a student being assigned to any clinical setting is to learn--not just to give service. Whether the
Hydrogen storage on pyrolyzed chicken feather fibers

Abstract Pyrolyzed chicken feather fibers (PCFF) that were prepared by two-step process (215 °C/15 h + 400–450 °C/1 h) demonstrated a significant H 2 adsorption uptake due to their microporous nature. Considering their large availability, cost and H 2 storage capability, PCFF can be a significant, environmentally friendly and bio-renewable candidate to address the H 2 storage problem. A wide range of microporosities was obtained when the second step pyrolysis temperature was maintained between 400 and 450 °C for 0.5–2 h. The optimal H 2 storage was obtained using 1 h pyrolysis in this temperature range. The maximum excess H 2 storage capacity was 1.5 wt% at 77 K and at pressures below 2 MPa. The notable H 2 adsorption of PCFF below 1 MPa can be justified by the abundance of microporosity, and the nanopores available for H 2 penetration. The estimated adsorption energy for PCFFs, 5–6 kJ/mol was in the range of typical physisorption materials indicating the easy recovery of H 2 .
Differential selectivity of 5-fluorouracil and 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine in cultured human B lymphocytes and mouse L1210 leukemia

The role of differential metabolic activation of a 5-fluorouracil (FU) prodrug, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (dFUR), in achieving selective cytotoxicity was investigated in cultured human (dFUR), in achieving selective cytotoxocity was investigated in cultured human B lymphocytes and murine leukemia L1210 cells. B cells were cross-sensitive to FU and dFUR. On the other hand, leukemia L1210 cells were sensitive to FU but resistant to dFUR. The difference in the biological activities of FU and dFUR in B and L1210 cells correlated with (a) the metabolism of dFUR to FU by intact B (60% conversion) and L1210 (no conversion) cells, and (b) the phosphorylase activity of B (660 nmoles converted in 2 hr per mg protein) and L1210 (undetectable) cells. The intracellular metabolism of FU and dFUR was studied using a reversed-phase ion-pair high pressure liquid chromatographic assay. FU and dFUR shared similar metabolic pathways in B cells; their anabolites included FU ribose and deoxyribose nucleosides and nucleotides. In L1210 cells, FU was anabolized to 5-fluorouridine triphosphate and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate, whereas dFUR was present mainly as the unchanged drug. Further metabolism studies using dFUR with tritium label in either the FU moiety or the altered sugar moiety established that the metabolic pathway of dFUR to cytotoxic FU anabolites in the B cells was via phosphorolysis to FU. These data indicate that, on a cellular level, an FU prodrug such as dFUR, which is activated by cytosolic enzyme, has a different selectivity from that of FU, and that the basis of differential selectivity is the initial phosphorolysis to FU.
Reliability and Sensitivity of Paired Comparisons and Category Rating in Children

Children’s subjective judgments of speech clarity using the methods of paired comparisons and category rating were evaluated in this investigation. Eighty children with normal hearing between the a...
Purification of glutathione S-transferase from lamb muscle and its effect on lipid peroxidation

Lamb muscle contained 0.4 mg glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) per gram of tissue. On storage at 1°C, 20% of the activity was lost after 3 weeks. Glutathione S-transferase was isolated from lamb muscle by affinity chromatography on S-hexyglutathione Sepharose 6B. One major form of the enzyme was present in the purified preparation, a dimer with subunit molecular weight of 22 900 and isoelectric point of 6.7. This enzyme fits into the Pi class on the basis of substrate specificity. Linoleic acid hydroperoxides and trans, trans-2,4-decadienal, products of linoleate peroxidation, were both substrates (0.11 and 0.24 μmol min−1 mg−1 protein respectively). Glutathione S-transferase inhibited copper-stimulated peroxidation of arachidonate in the presence of glutathione. The inhibition was only slightly less efficient in the absence of glutathione. The latter effect probably arises from the presence of enzyme-bound glutathione (4–5 mol mol−1 enzyme subunit) and also from a small but significant glutathione-independent peroxidase activity. The latter was detected using an HPLC assay which monitors formation of product directly. Reduced glutathione per se showed only a slight inhibition of arachidonate peroxidation.
Acute Coronary Occlusion in Pigs: Effects of Acetyl Strophanthidin

Transient occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in pigs produced haemodynamic changes of left ventricular failure. Administration of acetyl strophanthidin before a second occlusion led to less marked haemodynamic changes.
Abstract Residuation over Lattices

The idea of residuation goes back to Dedekind [3], † who introduced it in the theory of modules. It has since had extensive applications in the theory of algebraic modular systems [6], in the theory of ideals [8], and in certain topics of arithmetic [9]. On account of its fundamental role in several fields of modern algebra, it is desirable to consider residuation abstractly. A postulational treatment also is a necessary preliminary to the investigation of the structure properties of the residual. We give such an abstract formulation.
Compound 30.4, an unusual chlorinated 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one derivative from corn (Zea mays)

Abstract An unusual chlorinated 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one derivative has been isolated from young corn roots. Its structure was established by spectroscopic techniques ( 1 H-, 13 C-NMR, EI and CI-MS, UV and IR) and by correlation with known benzoxazinone derivatives. The assignments of all protons could be made by 1 H shift-correlated 2-D NMR techniques. The chlorinated benzoxazine derivative has been confirmed to be naturally occurring in a second carefully planned growth-chamber experiment.
The first enantiospecific synthesis of (−)-koumidine via the intramolecular palladium-catalyzed enolate driven cross coupling reaction. The stereospecific introduction of the 19-(Z) ethylidene side chain

Abstract The stereospecific synthesis of (−)-koumidine was realized by replacement of triphenylphosphine with tricyclohexylphosphine in the enolate driven palladium-catalyzed cross coupling process.
The Teacher's Role in Facilitating Memory and Study Strategy Development in the Elementary School Classroom

The efforts of 69 elementary school teachers to instruct children in cognitive processing activities were observed. Although the teaching of such activities was relatively infrequent, it varied by grade (occurring more often in grades 2-3 than in higher or lower grades) and by the content of instruction. Teachers of grade 4 and above more often provided rationales for the use of cognitive strategies than did teachers of younger children. In a second study, children of three achievement levels were selected from classrooms in which teachers varied in their use of suggestions regarding cognitive processes. Subsequent to training in the use of a memory strategy, children's performance on a maintenance trial was evaluated: Among average and low achievers, those whose teachers were relatively high in strategy suggestions showed better maintenance and more deliberate use of the trained strategy than did children whose teachers rarely made strategy suggestions. The role of school experience in the development of children's memory skills is discussed.
Trends in Toilet Training and Voiding Habits among Children with Down Syndrome.

Purpose: Children with Down syndrome are at risk for lower urinary tract dysfunction and delayed toilet training. Comparative studies regarding voiding function in the Down syndrome population are lacking. We assessed urinary continence and voiding function in patients with Down syndrome and a control group.Materials and Methods: A questionnaire designed to assess toilet training, continence status, symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction and prior evaluation of urological complaints was sent to parents of 326 children with Down syndrome who had been seen at our institution previously. The same survey was administered to parents of patients without Down syndrome. Data were compiled, and descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed.Results: A total of 77 patients comprised the Down syndrome group and 78 patients without Down syndrome comprised the control group. Average age of reported toilet training completion was 5.5 years in children with Down syndrome and 2.2 years in controls. ...
Evaluation of Zinc Seed Treatments for Rice

Zinc seed treatments for rice (Oryza saliva L.) were previously evaluated as an alternative to soil-applied Zn. Recommendations concerning the effectiveness of Zn seed treatments were never clearly stated. Our objectives were to evaluate the utility of Zn seed treatments for supplying Zn to rice grown on soils prone to Zn deficiency. In 1998, a study with three cultivars compared Zn-treated seeds [2.8 g Zn (kg seed) -1 ] with a control and 11 kg Zn ha -1 as ZnSO 4 applied to the soil. Because tissue Zn concentration did not differ among cultivars, a single cultivar, Drew, was used in studies at two locations in 1999. The control and the soil-applied Zn were compared with seeds that were treated with three rates of ZnSO 4 and ZnEDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Analysis showed net seed concentrations of 1.0, 2.2, and 4.7 g Zn (kg seed) -1 as ZnSO, and 1.4, 2.8, and 5.7 g Zn (kg seed) -1 as ZnEDTA. In 1998, neither visual Zn deficiency symptoms nor significant yield differences were observed among treatments. Soil-applied Zn and Zn seed treatments increased tissue Zn concentration by 11.9 and 4.7 mg Zn kg -1 , respectively, above that of the control (19.7 mg Zn kg -1 ). In 1999, Zn deficiency occurred at both locations, Measurements of dry matter, tissue Zn concentration, and grain yield showed that Zn-treated seed performed equal to or better than soil-applied Zn. These data suggest that seed Zn concentrations between 2.2 to 5.7 g Zn (kg seed) -1 are an economical alternative to soil-applied Zn.
Growth of eutectic alloy thin films

Abstract Eutectic alloy thin films of PbSn, CdPb and AlAl 2 Cu were directionally solidified to yield fault-free structures with a range of spacings at a given growth rate. Computer-simulated two-dimensional growth is stable over a range of spacings that decreases with the amplitude of the perturbation in spacing. Faults form in the unstable regime below the critical spacing, while above the critical spacing plates bend to eliminate variations in the spacing. Defects in the films were observed to generate V-shaped waves of bent plates that provide a mechanism for increasing the lamellar spacing. Computer-simulated microstructures of the non-linear model are consistent with the observed structures. At rapid solidification rates, submicron periodic structures were produced in these thin film eutectics.
The Trimetallic Structural Motif in Group 13 Chemistry

Abstract In the context of this Comment, a trimetallic complex will be defined as one in which three group 13 metals are contained in one complex by either one or two multidentate ligands. This motif has been observed sporadically in the literature throughout the years. Up until the present work, however, this unique structural arrangement has not been the focus of a systematic study. This Comment will comprise a discussion of such complexes, focusing on those employing the Salan class of ligands. Members of the Salan class of tetradentate (-N2O2) ligand, N,N′-bis(o-hydroxybenzyl)-1,2-diaminoethane (SaleanH4), N,N′-bis(o-hydroxybenzyl)-1,3-diaminopropane (SalpanH4), N,N′-bis(o-hydroxybenzyl)-1,2-diaminobenzene (SalophanH4), N,N′-bis(o-hydroxybenzyl)-1,2-diamino(4,5-dimethyl)benzene (SalomphanH4), form unique, monomeric trimetallic complexes when combined with three equivalents of MR3 (where M = Al, Ga; R = Me, Et, iBu). The aluminum complexes form cis ligand complexes with Salpan, Salophan and Salomphan a...
A Respectful World: Merleau-Ponty and the Experience of Depth

The everyday experience of someone, or something, getting in one’s face reveals a depth that is the difference between a world that is intrusive and a world that is respectful. This depth, I argue, should be conceived, not in feet and inches, but in terms of violation and honor. I explore three factors that contribute to this depth’s emergence. First, I examine our body’s capacity, at the level of sense experience, for giving the world a figure/ground structure; this structure insures that most of the world we are in constant contact with, nonetheless, keeps its distance as background. I demonstrate the importance of this figure/ground structure to the depth of our world by considering the experience of people with autism; for those with autism, this structure seems to be, if not entirely missing, at least substantially less robust than our own. Next, I examine our body’s ability, at the level of more personal experience, to handle the world; our handling of the world, which rests on the acquisition of specific skills, transforms things that could easily assault us into the usually motionless objects we tend to take for granted. I demonstrate the importance of these skills to the depth of our world by considering the experience of Gregg Mozgalla; until recently, Mozgalla, who has cerebral palsy, could only “lurch,” rather than walk, through the world. Finally, I draw on the work of the artist Mierle Ukeles to examine the maintenance work that other people, at a broader social level, perform; other’s maintenance work keeps in good condition a world that, by falling into bad condition, could easily intrude on us.
Effect of in vivo ethanol administration on adenosinetriphosphatase activity of subcellular fractions of mouse brain and liver.

Abstract Adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activities of mouse brain synaptosomal fraction and microsomal and purified mitochondrial fractions of mouse brain and liver were studied following acute and chronic ethanol administration. At 1 and 3 hours after intraperitoneal injection of 4g/kg body weight of ethanol, brain mitochondrial activity was significantly increased over levels in untreated animals by 34% and 57% respectively. A significant increase in liver mitochondrial ATPase activity was observed 3 hours after the injection of ethanol. After 2 weeks of continuous oral ethanol administration, ATPase activities in the mitochondrial fractions of brain and liver were significantly increased 64% and 27% over levels in untreated animals. The increase in mitochondrial ATPase activity was shown to be predominantly Mg ++ dependent, ouabain insensitive ATPase and not DNP-activated ATPase. Synaptosomal and microsomal ATPase activities were not affected by acute and chronic in vivo administration of ethanol.
Human Vaccines and Their Importance to Public Health

Few medical interventions compete with vaccines for their cumulative impact on health and well-being of entire populations. Routine immunization of children in the United States now targets 16 vaccine-preventable diseases; and vaccines are now routinely given across the lifespan. Immunization efforts achieved the global eradication of smallpox, as well as the elimination of polio, measles, and rubella from the Americas. The childhood vaccine series including DTP, polio, MMR, Hib, hepatitis B, and varicella vaccines is estimated to prevent 14 million infections, avoid 33,000 premature deaths, and save $9.9 billion in direct medical costs as well as $33 billion in indirect costs for each U.S. birth cohort fully vaccinated. Newer vaccines such as pneumococcal conjugate, rotavirus, and hepatitis A vaccines have also reduced illness and hospitalizations among the target populations but also have amplified benefits beyond their direct effects through reduced transmission from those immunized to other groups. Although for most of the 20th century there was a substantial delay between a vaccine's introduction in developed countries and its broad use in poor countries, newer global public–private partnerships and advocacy are leading to accelerated uptake of new and underutilized vaccines. Since the Measles Initiative was established in 2001, more than 700 million children worldwide have received a measles vaccination and an estimated 4.3 million childhood measles deaths have been averted. The full impact of increasing routine immunization further and implementing new vaccines against pneumonia and diarrhea agents in the poorest countries could prevent more than 2 million additional childhood deaths each year.
Long-term effects of sexual experiences with siblings and nonsiblings during childhood

Long-term differences in young adults' sexual behavior and adjustment following preadolescent sibling and nonsibling peer childhood sexual experiences were investigated. Questionnaire data were collected from 526 undergraduate college students. Of this sample, 25 (5%) reported having had only a sibling sexual encounter, 61 (12%) reported having had both a sibling and a nonsibling childhood sexual experience, 236 (45%) reported having had only a nonsibling sexual experience, and 204 (39%) reported no sexual experience with another child prior to age 13. No differences were found between the sibling, nonsibling, and no-experience groups on a variety of adult sexual behavior and sexual adjustment measures, including incidence of premarital intercourse, age at first intercourse, number of intercourse partners, sexual satisfaction, sexual arousal, and sexual dysfunctions. It was concluded that adult sexual adjustment is not negatively or positively influenced by typical early childhood sexual experiences among similar-aged siblings.
Spectral Properties of Generalized Cesàro Operators

We investigate spectral properties of operators on H2 of the form $$ \mathcal{C}_g (f)(z) = \frac{1} {z}\int\limits_0^z {f(t)g(t)dt} . $$ We describe the fine spectrum when g is a rational function. We also provide useful relations for these operators in the Calkin algebra.
On the Value of Soft Bones in Faunal Analysis

It is argued here that faunal analysts should count soft skeletal parts (such as the articular ends of limb bones) as well as hard parts (such as limb bone shaft fragments). If soft parts are not counted, it is impossible to assess and correct for density-mediated attrition, and inaccurate parameter estimates result. This argument is supported by computer simulations showing that the method of abcml (analysis of bone counts by maximum likelihood) yields much more accurate estimates when articular ends are counted than when they are not. This is not merely the result of more being better than less, for even worse results were obtained from simulations with a hypothetical skeleton in which all skeletal parts are as hard as the hardest shaft fragment. Because these bones do not vary in hardness, their counts are devoid of information about attrition. The estimates that result are biased, with broad confidence intervals. Accurate estimates require that archaeologists count soft bones as well as hard ones.