cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge-Based Organizational Learning for Instructional Improvement

In the business literature, a line of reasoning about harnessing knowledge for organizational improvement goes something like this: Knowledge is a highly valuable asset to the firm because it contributes to solutions to pressing organizational problems. However, knowledge is difficult to tap into, either because it is diffused across members of the organization and, as such, is not visible to the organization as a whole or because it resides outside of the organization altogether. Therefore, the challenge to organizational leaders is to collect, make explicit, and disseminate the knowledge that tacitly resides within and outside of the organization to help the organization succeed. The extent to which leaders can tap the knowledge of organizational members and/or capture outside knowledge and distribute it across the organization will contribute to the firm’s ability to maximize its advantages, improve as an organization, and successfully operate in a competitive environment.
Tracing the Source of Liquidity for Distressed Housing Markets

We show that profit-seeking institutional investors can provide valuable liquidity and spur the recovery of distressed housing markets. Using a quasi-natural experiment wherein investors purchased pre-packaged distressed home portfolios from the government-sponsored enterprises, we find that properties located within 0.25 miles of bulk-sold properties sell for 1.4% more than homes located farther away. This spillover effect is greater for foreclosed homes (4.3%), homes that are similar to the bulk-sold homes (2.5%), and homes in highly distressed neighborhoods (7.4%). Our results highlight asset disposition through pooling and institutional participation as a potential market-driven channel for the recovery of distressed housing markets.
Optimal Measurement Policy for Linear Measurement Systems With Applications to UAV Network Topology Prediction

Dynamic network topology can pose important challenges to communication and control protocols in networks of autonomous vehicles. For instance, maintaining connectivity is a key challenge in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks. However, tracking and computational resources of the observer module might not be sufficient for constant monitoring of all surrounding nodes in large-scale networks. In this article, we propose an optimal measurement policy for network topology monitoring under constrained resources. To this end, We formulate the localization of multiple objects in terms of linear networked systems and solve it using Kalman filtering with intermittent observation. The proposed policy includes two sequential steps. We first find optimal measurement attempt probabilities for each target using numerical optimization methods to assign the limited number of resources among targets. The optimal resource allocation follows a waterfall-like solution to assign more resources to targets with lower measurement success probability. This provides a $\text{10}\%$ to $\text{60}\%$ gain in prediction accuracy. The second step is finding optimal on-off patterns for measurement attempts for each target over time. We show that a regular measurement pattern that evenly distributed resources over time outperforms the two extreme cases of using all measurement resources either in the beginning or at the end of the measurement cycle. Our proof is based on characterizing the fixed-point solution of the error covariance matrix for regular patterns. Extensive simulation results confirm the optimality of the most alternating pattern with up to 10-fold prediction improvement for different scenarios. These two guidelines define a general policy for target tracking under constrained resources with applications to network topology prediction of autonomous systems.
Sibling Violence: The Missing Piece in Family Violence Policy

Social work has played an integral role in the conceptualization and implementation of policy aimed at prevention and intervention of various forms of family violence. Seminal federal policies to address child abuse and neglect (Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act), elder abuse (Elder Justice and Older Americans Acts), and intimate partner violence (Violence Against Women and Family Violence Prevention and Services Acts) all focus on specific types of violence in the family. To date, however, there are no federal policies specifically addressing physical and/or emotional sibling violence (Perkins, Coles, & O’Connor, 2017; Perkins & O’Connor, 2016). This article examines the exclusion of policy addressing physical and emotional sibling violence considering other family violence policies. Along with prevalence, consequences, and associative factors connected to sibling violence, definitional issues that impede the creation of policy to address this form of family violence are highlighted. Children as a marginalized population, deserving the attention of social workers through policy advocacy will be discussed as well as psychoeducation and interprofessional collaboration that may facilitate the creation of policies aimed at addressing this form of family violence.
Patient Risk Assessment and Optimization

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is among the most common and successful orthopedic procedures. Significant advances in perioperative care have enabled rapid recovery, with mobilization hours after the procedure. Rapid recovery programs require a standardized, multidisciplinary approach to patient care. When successfully implemented, rapid recovery TJA is a safe, cost-efficient, and patient-friendly strategy resulting in decreased hospital lengths of stay, improved patient functional outcomes, and no increase in hospital readmission or complication rates. As the volume of patients undergoing rapid recovery TJA expands, it is critical to develop evidence-based protocols to avoid an increase in complications. This chapter describes the evaluation and treatment of potential surgical candidates and provides insight into factors necessary for a safe and successful transition to rapid recovery TJA, including patient selection and risk assessment, multidisciplinary care coordination, and standardization of perioperative and postoperative protocols.
Intrinsic coupling between twinning plasticity and transformation plasticity in metastable β Ti-alloys: A symmetry and pathway analysis

Abstract In addition to conventional dislocation plasticity, mechanical twinning and structural phase transformations are another two important plasticity carriers. Although both are symmetry-breaking processes and theories to treat each of them individually have been well-established, the intrinsic coupling between the two has not been investigated. Here we employ a phase transition graph approach to analyze systematically deformation modes arising from the interplay between mechanical twinning and phase transformations. Using metastable β Ti-alloys as an example, we show that mechanical twinning and phase transformations are intrinsically coupled in the symmetry-breaking processes, which results in multiple interconnected transformation and non-transformation deformation pathways and characteristic twinning modes. This work not only reveals the physical origin of unique twinning modes (e.g., {332}, {5 8 11} and {3 9 10} twins) and extended core structures of twin boundaries (e.g., nested twins) observed in experiments, but also provides a new insight into the enhanced plasticity of metastable β Ti-alloys through coupled twinning and transformation pathway engineering.
It’s Worth a Shot: Can Sports Combat Racism in the United States?

Racism has stained this country throughout its history, and racism persists today in the United States, including in sports. Sports represents a reflection of society, but it can also provide a powerful means to combat racism. This article examines the state of racism in society and sports today, as well as historically. It also provides background on how racism develops and how it can be countered. The article also analyzes what is currently being done to address racism through sports in the United States, and then it provides practical and tangible ways sports can be used to battle racism. Several opportunities exist to utilize sports in the battle against racism. Since racial biases can begin in children as young as age four, the article promotes the three E’s to fight racism using sports — education and experience that occur early in one’s life. Education and experiences through sports for young children of different races that allow them to interact meaningfully will help overcome implicit biases and racial stereotypes. Sports can also subvert racism by providing opportunities and access to jobs for minorities in leadership positions. This article concludes that if sports can create any type of positive impact in combatting racism, which it can, then those efforts are shots worth taking.
Combining Quality of Service and Quality of Experience to Visualize and Analyze City Services

Research is rich in analyzing performance and quality of city services (e.g., the frequency and timeliness of the), while the quality of experience is usually overlooked. This research combines the quality of service and the quality of experience into a single multi-faceted framework. The proposed framework incorporates visualizations and implements urban analytics to compare QoS and QoE. Discrete event simulations and Markov Chain Models are created to model city services’ behavior and simulate events. At the same time, resilience metrics are used to evaluate the quality of the service. Data mining of social media, natural language processing, and emotion analysis techniques are employed to measure the QoE. The framework is implemented to analyze how services react to different types of service disruptions (e.g., weather, maintenance, attacks) through time and their effect on customers. This research’s main findings are related to the differences in resilience of the services during disruptions, while QoE reveals additional issues associated with their use. The proposed framework is illustrated through transportation services, providing insights on their performability and customer’s perception of the service. Future work involves collecting data on other services to test the framework further, as well as improving the layers of superimposed data for explorations and visualizations, thereby creating a decision-making tool for stakeholders.
Potential benefits of carrier collaboration in vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery

This paper investigates the potential benefits of collaboration among less than truckload (LTL) carriers in fulfilling pickup and delivery jobs. It adopts the commonly used centralized collaborativ...
Periodic Signal Denoising: An Analysis-Synthesis Framework Based on Ramanujan Filter Banks and Dictionaries

Ramanujan filter banks (RFB) have in the past been used to identify periodicities in data. These are analysis filter banks with no synthesis counterpart for perfect reconstruction of the original signal, so they have not been useful for denoising periodic signals. This paper proposes to use a hybrid analysis-synthesis framework for denoising discrete-time periodic signals. The synthesis occurs via a pruned dictionary designed based on the output energies of the RFB analysis filters. A unique property of the framework is that the denoised output signal is guaranteed to be periodic unlike any of the other methods. For a large range of input noise levels, the proposed approach achieves a stable and high SNR gain outperforming many traditional denoising techniques.
Temporally independent association of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome and optic neuritis.

To describe three patients that developed temporally distinct episodes of optic neuritis and multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and imaging studies of three women evaluated at a tertiary referral center for both optic neuritis and MEWDS. Three otherwise healthy women, aged 17, 36, and 41, developed temporally separated episodes of optic neuritis and MEWDS. The time periods between the two events were 3, 48, and 60 months, and in two of the three cases, the optic neuritis event preceded the episode of MEWDS. No patient endorsed prodromal flu-like symptoms prior to developing vision loss. The mean presenting visual acuities were better with the optic neuritis episode (LogMAR 0.360, Snellen 20/46) than with retinal event (LogMAR 0.684, Snellen 20/97). All three patients had improvement in vision, with mean visual acuity of 20/29 (LogMAR 0.165) at last follow-up. One patient later developed idiopathic noninfectious posterior uveitis and another developed multiple sclerosis requiring treatment. While a rare association, patients can develop both optic neuritis and MEWDS within the same eye at different time points. It is unknown whether such patients are at even higher risk of developing systemic autoimmune disease than are patients with either MEWDS or optic neuritis alone.
“Vegetative Epistemology”: Francis Glisson on the Self-Referential Nature of Life

The aim of this paper is to examine Francis Glisson’s theory of perception insofar as it concerns the lowest class of living beings: plants. Plants have a special status, they are located between inanimate objects and animals in the hierarchy of being. Unlike the former, they are organic, but unlike the latter they are unconscious. Peculiar to Glisson is the claim that vegetative organization requires self-referential perception. In light of traditional epistemology, this claim may sound puzzling, because we tend to associate self-representation with conscious thought. In order to make sense of Glisson’s self-referential, but unconscious perceptions, the first part of the paper investigates the role of perception in the vegetative process of organization. The second part is a comparative study on two ways of drawing the distinction between unconscious perceptions and conscious sensations. The first one is the Cartesian approach as outlined by Antoine Arnauld in the early 1680s, the second one is Glisson’s theory. In light of the comparison it is argued that Glisson’s is a higher order theory of sensation in which the phenomenon of consciousness requires the delimitation of the all-inclusive, self-referential nature of perception.
Effects of supervised exercise therapy on blood pressure and heart rate during exercise, and associations with improved walking performance in peripheral artery disease: Results of a randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Objective Supervised exercise therapy (SET) improves walking ability in people with peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the effects of SET on cardiovascular health in PAD remain unclear. Using data from a randomized clinical trial, this post hoc analyses investigated the effects of a 6-month SET intervention, compared with a control group, on changes in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) during a graded treadmill exercise test in people with PAD. Methods We randomized 210 participants with PAD to either SET (3× weekly) or control (1× weekly health lectures) for 6 months. A graded treadmill exercise test, 6-minute walk test, and Walking Impairment Questionnaire were completed at baseline and the 6-month follow-up. BP and HR were measured at the end of each 2-minute stage of the graded treadmill exercise test. Mixed effects regression models compared the overall mean 6-month change in systolic BP, diastolic BP, pulse pressure (PP), and HR during the first 5 stages of the graded treadmill exercise test between groups. Results Of the 210 randomized participants with PAD, 176 (67 ± 9 years; 72 [41%] female, 115 [65%] Black) completed the graded treadmill exercise test at baseline and the 6-month follow-up. Compared with the control group at the 6-month follow-up, SET significantly decreased overall mean systolic BP (–12 mm Hg; P Conclusions In people with PAD, compared with a control group, SET improved cardiovascular health, measured by changes in BP and HR during exercise. The degree of improvement in cardiovascular health correlated with the degree of improvement in walking performance in people with PAD. NCT: 01408901.
Pathologic features and molecular identification of parelaphostrongylosis in a sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii).

We report the pathologic features, local inflammatory response immunophenotype, and molecular identification results of cerebral nematodiasis in a young sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii) from Texas. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of cerebral nematodiasis by Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in a sitatunga, a bovid species introduced into the USA, and the first characterization of the local inflammatory response immunoprofile in this condition. A molecular identification method based on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded-polymerase chain reaction was described. These results contribute to knowledge on geographical distribution and host spectrum of P. tenuis, and highlight the relevance of this nematodiasis in naive translocated or introduced bovid species into endemic areas.
Using Identity Theory to Understand Homophily in Groups

People tend to form ties with similar others; this is homophily. We examine the processes that undergird homophily from an identity theory perspective, thereby studying the relationship between the self and group ties. We argue that homophily is initially due to shared identity meanings that when verified in interaction, stabilize and reinforce homophily. Verification and homophily also can make more prominent and salient the identities that people claim, and over time, strong social bonds develop, a sense of “we-ness,” and increased social distance from dissimilar others. We discuss the critical role that person identities such as the moral identity play in influencing homophily in groups. We apply our ideas to our current politics in the United States by discussing how one’s moral identity and one’s political identity coalesce to facilitate political polarization.
Rural Residence Predicts Lower Cardiac Mortality and Better Mental Health Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION Previous studies have found higher rates of heart disease and worse mental health outcomes among individuals residing in rural areas. To our knowledge, no research has used county-level data to measure the effect of "ruralness" (the degree to which a county is rural) on heart disease and mentally unhealthy days while controlling for other sociodemographic factors. This study analyzes the effect of ruralness on heart disease death rates and the average number of mentally unhealthy days on a county-level. METHODS Linear regressions were performed using county-level data to analyze the effect of "Ruralness" on heart disease death rates and mental unhealthiness while controlling for confounding variables. Geographic analysis was also used. RESULTS Higher rural-urban continuum codes predict lower rates of cardiac mortality (β = -.075 deaths per 100,000 people/continuum code, t = -4.36, P <.001) and fewer mentally unhealthy days (β = -.265 monthly mentally unhealthy days/continuum code, t = -16.45, P < .001). CONCLUSION Being from a rural area correlates with lower rates of heart disease death and mental unhealthiness after controlling for sociodemographic confounders. This adds nuance to the previously reported trend of heart disease being more prevalent in rural areas.
Behavioral Nudges as Patient Decision Support for Medication Adherence: The ENCOURAGE Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Background Medication adherence is generally low and challenging to address because patient actions control healthcare delivery outside of medical environments. Behavioral nudging changes clinician behavior, but nudging patient decision-making requires further testing. This trial evaluated whether behavioral nudges can increase statin adherence, measured as the proportion of days covered (PDC). Methods In a 12-month parallel-group, unblinded, randomized controlled trial, adult patients in Intermountain Healthcare cardiology clinics were enrolled. Inclusion required an indication for statins and membership in SelectHealth insurance. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to control or nudges. Nudge content, timing, frequency, and delivery route were personalized by CareCentra using machine learning of subject motivations and abilities from psychographic assessment, demographics, social determinants, and the Intermountain Mortality Risk Score. PDC calculation used SelectHealth claims data. Results Among 182 subjects, age averaged 63.2±8.5 years, 25.8% were female, baseline LDL-C was 82.5±32.7 mg/dL, and 93.4% had coronary disease. Characteristics were balanced between nudge (n=89) and control arms (n=93). The statin PDC was greater at 12 months in the nudge group (PDC: 0.742±0.318) compared to controls (PDC: 0.639±0.358, p=0.042). Adherent subjects (PDC ≥80%) were more concentrated in the nudge group (66.3% vs. controls: 50.5%, p=0.036) while a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization was non-significant (nudges: 6.7% vs. control: 10.8%, p=0.44). Conclusions Persuasive behavioral nudges driven by artificial intelligence resulted in a clinically important increase in statin adherence in general cardiology patients. This precision patient decision support utilized computerized nudge design and delivery with minimal on-going human input.
The Martial Imagination: Cultural Aspects of American Warfare

Martial experiences and the mythologies that surround them have profoundly affected the ways in which Americans think of themselves. Wars identify the heroes who help define national character, provide the stories for the grand narratives of belonging and sacrifice, and serve as markers for essential moments of transformation. However, only in the last several years have scholars begun using the term "cultural history of American warfare" to identify the study of how public discourse formulates these defining myths and narratives. This volume brings together scholarship from diverse fields in a common mission to demonstrate the usefulness and significance of studying the cultural history of American warfare. The Martial Imagination: Cultural Aspects of American Warfare canvasses the American war experience from the Revolution to the War on Terror, examining how it infuses legitimacy and conformity with an urgency that contorts ideas of citizenship, nationhood, gender, and other pliable categories. The multidisciplinary scholarship in this volume represents the varied perspectives of cultural history, American studies, literary criticism, war and society, media studies, and public culture analysis, illustrating the rich dialogues that epitomize the cultural history of American warfare. Bringing together both recognised and emerging scholars, this book is the first anthology to feature essays on this topic, comprising research from twelve authors who represent a wide range of experiences and disciplines. Their work uncovers new and surprising understandings of the American war experience that reveal the ways in which culture makers have grappled with the trauma of war, salvaged meaning from the meaningless, or advanced some ulterior agenda.
Turbulence in the Wake of a Delta Wing

Although the aerodynamics of delta wings has been studied extensively, remarkably little attention has been devoted to the downstream wake. In the present work we study the large- and small-scale turbulent structure in the trailing vortex wake, with a view to understanding the basic instabilities, vertical mixing and decay rate of the primary vortex pair. In our experimental work we use both a water towing tank and a wind tunnel. Our approach involves flow visualization, including PIV and also point-velocity measurements, as well as analytical studies. Initial experiments employed a novel technique of flying delta wings in free flight through water to completely eliminate any disturbances from struts or the towing mechanism.
Islet function and stress hyperglycemia: plasma glucose and epinephrine interaction

Catecholamines and a number of other hormones released during stress states contribute to the development of hyperglycemia by directly stimulating glucose production and interfering with tissue disposal of glucose. However, hyperglycemia stimulates the secretion of insulin and inhibits the secretion of glucagon, effects that will diminish the degree of hyperglycemia resulting from direct actions of stress hormones on glucose production and disposal. The key additional role of catecholamines in the development of stress hyperglycemia is interference with the normal feedback control of insulin and glucagon secretion by circulating glucose levels. Although pancreatic islet responses to hyperglycemia may be modulated by catecholamines, any increase of insulin secretion or suppression of glucagon secretion that does occur may be important for limiting the degree of elevation of circulating glucose that results. Thus, plasma insulin and glucagon levels during stress states will reflect the interaction between the opposing effects of hyperglycemia and catecholamines. Diabetic patients who have impaired islet responses to glucose will be particularly prone to the development of marked hyperglycemia during stress states because they may be unable to respond to the influence of hyperglycemia in counteracting adrenergic inhibition of insulin secretion and stimulation of glucagon secretion.
Obfuscating point functions with multibit output

We construct obfuscators of point functions with multibit output and other related functions. A point function with multibit output returns a fixed string on a single input point and zero everywhere else. Obfuscation of such functions has a useful application as a strong form of symmetric encryption which guarantees security even when the key has very low entropy: Essentially, learning information about the plaintext is paramount to finding the key via exhaustive search on the key space. Although the constructions appear to be simple and modular, their analysis turns out to be quite intricate. In particular, we uncover some weaknesses in the current definitions of obfuscation. One weakness is that current definitions do not guarantee security even under very weak forms of composition. We thus define a notion of obfuscation that is preserved under an appropriate composition operation. The constructions can use any obfuscator of point functions under the proposed definition. Alternatively, they can use perfect one way (POW) functions with statistical indistinguishability, or with computational indistinguishability at the price of somewhat weaker security.
Post-Newtonian smoothed particle hydrodynamics calculations of binary neutron star coalescence. II. Binary mass ratio, equation of state, and spin dependence

Using our new post-Newtonian SPH ~smoothed particle hydrodynamics! code, we study the final coalescence and merging of neutron star ~NS! binaries. We vary the stiffness of the equation of state ~EOS! as well as the initial binary mass ratio and stellar spins. Results are compared to those of Newtonian calculations, with and without the inclusion of the gravitational radiation reaction. We find a much steeper decrease in the gravity wave peak strain and luminosity with decreasing mass ratio than would be predicted by simple point-mass formulas. For a NS with a softer EOS ~which we model as simple G52 polytropes! we find a stronger gravity wave emission, with a different morphology than for a stiffer EOS ~modeled as G53 polytropes as in our previous work!. We also calculate the coalescence of NS binaries with an irrotational initial condition, and find that the gravity wave signal is relatively suppressed compared to the synchronized case, but shows a very significant second peak of emission. Mass shedding is also greatly reduced, and occurs via a different mechanism than in the synchronized case. We discuss the implications of our results for gravity wave astronomy with laser interferometers such as LIGO and for theoretical models of gamma-ray bursts ~GRBs! based on NS mergers.
Strategies for Optimizing Acute Ischemic Stroke Care by Reducing Door to Needle Time in a Major Academic Center (P4.280)

Objective: The evaluation of the stroke alert pathway for delays and identify improvements and resolutions to mitigate out-of-window tPA delivery. Background: Intravenous tPA in patients with acute ischemic stroke has been demonstrated to be the only level 1A treatment for acute ischemic stroke. The current Target: Stroke Quality Improvement Initiative sets a Door to Needle (DTN) time goal of less than 60 minutes. According to recently published data, the national DTN average is 69 minutes. On January 1st, 2014, our institution9s DTN was 72 minutes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted by identifying data from the neurology initial encounter documentation which identified specific time metrics deemed critical to tPA administration. Between January 1, 2014 and July 31, 2014, 22 eligible patients were identified. The DTN times of tPA administration for these eligible patients that presented to the emergency department were compared to all patients who received tPA in 2013. Results: By identifying specific time metrics, including “door to neurology evaluation” and “door to decision”, we were then able to implement novel strategies in drug preparation and tPA eligibility determination, which reduced the median DTN time from 72 minutes to 47 minutes within just 7 months. In addition, the proportion of patients receiving tPA within 60 minutes increased from 48[percnt] to 75[percnt]. Conclusion: Through the identification and analysis of key metrics in the acute stroke pathway by the neurology team, DTN times were significantly improved within a brief period of time. As the benefits of IV tPA are time dependent, it is critical that hospitals work to optimize acute stroke protocols. By implementing the innovative changes of the neurology house staff, institutions nationwide can achieve similar rapid gains in DTN times and provide effective treatment to a greater percentage of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Disclosure: Dr. Abraham has nothing to disclose. Dr. Oksienik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Skidmore has received personal compensation for activities with Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. as a consultant. Dr. Tzeng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pineda has nothing to disclose.
Scale and Subnational Resource Management: Transnational Initiatives in the Salish Sea Region

Transboundary water resources are very challenging to manage, generating numerous unresolved management issues. North America possesses two different spatial contexts in which transboundary water resource management issues exist, the arid U.S.–Mexico border region and the humid U.S.–Canada border region. Past work on the U.S.–Mexico border has explored a range of institutional arrangements by which resources are managed, with a special focus on both existing and new institutions and how the locus of policy formulation may vary across scale. In this article, I explore water resource issues in the U.S.–Canadian transboundary context through a comparative examination of management frameworks in the westernmost section on the U.S.–Canada border. Specifically, I examine the Cascadia Corridor region within which the Salish Sea and smaller nested watersheds lie, exploring how concepts of devolution, regionalization, subnational participation, and spatial scale have unfolded in transboundary management efforts in the region.
Case Studies in Indentured Servitude in Colonial America

The image of America as a land of freedom and opportunity emerged long before its establishment as an independent nation. After Columbus and other early explorers discovered the rich and vast territories of North America, it was only a matter of time before a frenzied and hopeful mass of European peoples would follow them across the Atlantic. In the early stages of development, the institution of indentured servitude provided substantial numbers of Europeans with both a means of living as well as the possibility of future prosperity. Emigrants would enter contracts of servitude that required labor for a designated period of time, after which the individual received freedom and usually a small tract of land. The nature of indentured servitude as well as the experiences of several individual emigrants encourage a re-examination of the “landof-opportunity” paradigm. In particular, the auto-biographical accounts of John Harrower and William Moraley provide great insight into early American life, a rollercoaster of devastating hardships made tolerable by periods of prosperity and improvement. Harrower and Moraley’s accounts indicate that indentured servitude did offer an instrument for self betterment but also reveal that the idealistic view of America fell far short of reality. This article is available in Constructing the Past: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol9/iss1/9 Constructing the Past 55 Case Studies in Indentured Servitude in Colonial America Jackie Hill While Europe groans, distress’d by hostile War, No fears disturb the industrious Planters Care: No unjust Sentence we have cause to fear; No arbitrary Monarch rules us here. Our Laws, our Liberties, and all are ours 1 The image of America as a land of freedom and opportunity emerged long before its establishment as an independent nation. After Columbus and other early explorers discovered the rich and vast territories of North America, it was only a matter of time before a frenzied and hopeful mass of European peoples would follow them across the Atlantic. In the early stages of development, the institution of indentured servitude provided substantial numbers of Europeans with both a means of living as well as the possibility of future prosperity. Emigrants would enter contracts of servitude that required labor for a designated period of time, after which the individual received freedom and usually a small tract of land. The nature of indentured servitude as well as the experiences of several individual emigrants encourage a re-examination of the “land-of-opportunity” paradigm. In particular, the auto-biographical accounts of John Harrower and William Moraley provide great insight into early American life, a rollercoaster of devastating hardships made tolerable by periods of prosperity and improvement. Harrower and Moraley’s accounts indicate that indentured servitude did offer an instrument for selfbetterment but also reveal that the idealistic view of America fell far short of reality. 1 William Moraley, The Infortunate (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State UP, 1992), 30.
Startup shear of a highly entangled polystyrene solution deep into the nonlinear viscoelastic regime

We have employed optical particle tracking velocimetry to directly visualize the deformation field of a highly entangled polystyrene/diethyl phthalate (PS/DEP) solution (entanglement density Z = 61) in a parallel plate geometry. To probe the existence of shear banding, startup shear tests were carried out deep into the nonlinear viscoelastic (NLVE) regime. By roughening the surface of the rheometer plates, wall slip was effectively suppressed. In the presence of edge fracture and prior to it, steady-state shear banding was not seen as evidenced by velocity profiles that were linear for most of the shear tests. An exception was for an extremely high Weissenberg number Wi = 255, for which weak transient banding was observed. For the PS/DEP system studied, the results suggest that in the absence of wall slip, shear banding is not a steady-state phenomenon and weak shear banding is observed only in the transient state and this could possibly correlate with the edge fracture effects.
ICC collaboration with JTD

The global respiratory initiatives founded by the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the World Health Organization (WHO) were created in 1992 in collaboration with Drs. Claude Lenfant, Director of NHLBI, Suzanne Hurd, Director of the Division of Lung Diseases, NHLBI, and Nikolai Khaltaev of the Non-communicable Diseases Branch of WHO; Lawrence Grouse, MD, PhD was the Coordinator and Executive Director of these initiatives. Global leaders in respiratory medicine such as Profs. Romain Pauwels, Nanshan Zhong, Tim Clark, and others brought the new clinical practice guidelines to colleagues worldwide.
The Strongest Facets of the Acyclic Subgraph Polytope Are Unknown

We consider the acyclic subgraph polytope and define the notion of strength of a relaxation as the maximum improvement obtained by using this relaxation instead of the most trivial relaxation of the problem. We show that the strength of a relaxation is the maximum of the strengths of the relaxations obtained by simply adding to the trivial relaxation each valid inequality separately. We also derive from the probabilistic method that the maximum strength of any inequality is 2. We then consider all (or almost all) the known valid inequalities for the polytope and compute their strength. The surprising observation is that their strength is at most slightly more than 3/2, implying that the strongest inequalities are yet unknown. We then consider a pseudo-random construction due to Alon and Spencer based on quadratic residues to obtain new facet-defining inequalities for the polytope. These are also facetdefining for the linear ordering polytope.
Radiographic evaluation of periapical healing after obturation of infected root canals: an in vivo study

Katebzadeh N, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Radiographic evaluation of periapical healing after obturation of infected root canals: an in vivo study. International Endodontic Journal, 33, 60–65, 2000. Aim To radiographically compare periapical repair of roots with infected root canals obturated in one-step or with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) intracanal medication in two steps. Methodology Standardized preoperative periapical radiographs were taken of 72 roots of vital dogs' teeth. All roots were then aseptically instrumented to ISO size 45. As negative controls, 12 roots were aseptically obturated. The remaining roots were infected with dental plaque and closed. Six weeks later, apical periodontitis was radiographically confirmed in the infected roots. The roots were divided into the following groups: group 1, one-step (n=24); roots were irrigated with 10 cc saline, obturated, and permanently restored. Group 2, Ca(OH)2 (n=24); roots were treated as in group 1, except that after saline irrigation Ca(OH)2 medicament was placed in the canal 1 week before obturation. Group 3, positive control (n=12); the roots were irrigated with saline, access permanently closed but canals not obturated. Group 4, negative control (n=12); previously aseptically obturated roots were permanently restored. After 6 months, standardized postoperative radiographs were obtained. Three independent evaluators blinded to the treatment groups evaluated the preoperative and postoperative radiographs. The evaluators were instructed to rate each root, based on changes on the radiographs, as failed, improved or healed. Results Radiographically, the percentage of cases that completely healed were similar for the one-step and Ca(OH)2 groups (35.3% vs. 36.8%). However, the Ca(OH)2 group had fewer failed cases (15.8% vs. 41.2%) and more improved cases (47.4% vs. 23.5%) than the one-step group. Conclusion Power statistics demonstrated that at 43 cases per group, Ca(OH)2 treatment would be statistically superior to one-step treatment. We consider this number to be clinically important.
A Dramatic Millimeter Wavelength Flare in the Gamma-Ray Blazar NRAO 530

We present 3 mm wavelength VLBI observations and up to 30 yr of monitoring at radio through submillimeter wavelengths of the gamma-ray blazar NRAO 530. We discuss the dramatic flare that tripled the millimeter wavelength flux in 1994 and 1995 following three decades of increasing activity. VLBI observations during the flare show the creation of new components in a bent jet on subparsec scales. The components move at an apparent velocity of 7c. The observations also imply expansion in a separate component with a speed greater than 26c. We apply synchrotron self-Compton models to the core and jet to determine magnetic field strengths, particle densities, and Doppler boosting factors. We are unable to provide a satisfactory physical explanation for the high apparent velocity component. The increase in millimeter and radio wavelength fluxes is correlated with a rise in the gamma-ray flux detected by EGRET. We show that gamma-ray detections do not always occur during or immediately prior to a millimeter wavelength flare, contrary to assertions in the literature. We associate the VLBI component creation with the gamma-ray activity, although not with a specific flare. We consider what may distinguish gamma-ray blazars from other variable, flat-spectrum radio objects. Our data strengthen the correlation between superluminal motion and gamma-ray emission in blazars. The distribution of jet misalignment angle for 28 EGRET sources, determined from a survey of the literature, does not differ significantly from that of other blazars. This suggests that the geometries of gamma-ray blazars do not differ from those of gamma-ray-quiet blazars on the scales sampled by VLBI.
Respiratory care protocols in postanesthesia care

Respiratory care protocols have been developed for specific therapies that include the following: oxygen titration, weaning from mechanical ventilation, sampling arterial blood gases, managing bronchospasm and secretions, treating atelectasis, endotracheal extubation, and managing the postextubation airway. Although relatively little attention has been given to using protocols in postanesthesia care, this environment lends itself to applying protocols. In this context, studies have examined and support the use of protocols for titrating supplemental oxygen, weaning patients from mechanical ventilation, and sampling arterial blood gases. As with other previously mentioned respiratory protocols, these protocols have shown efficacy for improving allocation of respiratory care services, cost savings, and favorable clinical outcomes. On this basis, while recognizing the need for further studies, respiratory care protocols implemented by respiratory therapists can be beneficial in the postanesthesia care setting.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dimeric Furanoid Macroheterocycles: Discovery of New Anticancer Agents

A recently developed dimerization/macrocyclization was employed to synthesize a series of macroheterocycles which were biologically evaluated, leading to the discovery of a number of potent cytotoxic agents (e.g., 27: GI50 = 51 nM against leukemia CCRF-CEM cell line; 29: GI50 = 99 nM against melanoma MDA-MB-435 cell line). Further biological studies support an apoptosis mechanism of action for these compounds involving deregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and suppression of mitochondrial function in cancer cells.
Coping strategies and continued drug use among methadone maintenance patients

Drug addiction has been conceived as a maladaptive means of coping utilized by individuals unable or unwilling to deal with stresses in more adaptive ways. Although a growing body of evidence supports the link between alcohol abuse and maladaptive coping styles, there is relatively little empirical support for the connection between maladaptive coping and other kinds of drug use. The present study employed a cross-sectional design to assess coping and drug use in a sample of 276 methadone maintenance patients. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the factor structure of the coping measure and the relationship between coping and unauthorized drug use. The results suggest that coping and drug use are related in this population and that this relationship is different for Black patients than for White patients.
Inductive consistency in knowledge-based decision support systems

Abstract Efforts to integrate knowledge into Decision Support Systems have lead to approaches that incorporate induction techniques to derive rules from data. Such integration efforts create a new integrity control challenge for Knowledge-Based Decision Support Systems. The challenge is recognizing and coping with change. In this paper, we analyze the inductive consistency relationship that exists between data and inductively derived rules and present a strategy for recognizing violations of the inductive consistency relationship. The recognition of integrity problems provides a first defense toward refining knowledge in a Knowledge-Based Decision Support System.
On the electrochemical preparation of the neutral complexes M[S4C4(CN)4], M(mnt)2, M = Ni, Pd, Pt.

Persistent blue-to-purple solutions of the complexes M[S4C4(CN)4], M(mnt)2, M = Ni, Pd, Pt have for the first time been prepared by anodic electrolysis. Solids isolated from more concentrated solut...
Forced exercise blocks learned helplessness in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana).

For three consecutive days, two groups of adult female cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) (ns=10) received inescapable shock. 24 hr. later one group was exposed to 10 min. of forced exercise on a treadmill while the other group received no exercise. Both groups were then run in a shuttlebox escape task. The cockroaches exposed to forced exercise did not become helpless in the shuttlebox escape task.
A semi-explicit parallel solver for viscous incompressible flows

Abstract An incompressible viscous flow solver is parallelized using a database management program GPAR developed for parallel/domain decomposition. The approach presented involves subdivision of the flow domain into sub-domains called solution blocks and distribution of the solution blocks to network of computers. The equations for each block are solved in block solvers, while the information exchange between neighboring blocks is achieved via interface solvers. The data structure for communication between block and interface solvers are provided by GPAR. The incompressible flow solver is based on the fractional step method in which the momentum equations are solved explicitly while the pressure equation is solved implicitly. Results are presented illustrating the performance of the algorithms with increasing number of blocks and processors.
Stability of and motion aboutL 4 at three-to-one commensurability

The stability ofL 4 and the motion aboutL 4 in the restricted problem of three bodies is investigated when there is three-to-one commensurability between the long and short periods of motion, that is, when the mass ratio μ has the value μ=μ0.013516.... The two time scale method is used (1) to show thatL 4 is an unstable equilibrium point when μ=μ3, (2) to determine for what initial conditions periodic orbits occur when μ≈μ3, (3) to determine the stability of the periodic orbits, and (4) to investigate the boundedness of the motions aboutL 4 when μ≈μ3.
Message Bus Architectures - Simplicity in the Right Places

There will always be a new latest and greatest architecture for satellite ground systems. This paper discusses the use of a proven message-oriented middleware (MOM) architecture using publish/subscribe functions and the strengths it brings to these mission critical systems. An even newer approach gaining popularity is Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs). SOAs are generally considered more powerful than the MOM approach and address many mission-critical system challenges. A MOM vs SOA discussion can highlight capabilities supported or enabled by the underlying architecture and can identify benefits of MOMs and SOAs when applied to differing sets of mission requirements or evaluation criteria.
Measurement of stress wave asymmetries in hypervelocity projectile impact experiments

Asymmetries in both structure and ejecta are observed around a number of craters on planetary surfaces. Similar asymmetries have been documented for hypervelocity impact experiments. Such asymmetries arise from the stress front developed around oblique impacts. The onset angle for asymmetric stress distributions indicates that geologic asymmetries should be present in a significant fraction of impact structures.