cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image-based photo hulls

We present an efficient image-based rendering algorithm that computes photo hulls of a scene photographed from multiple viewpoints. Our algorithm, called image-based photo hulls (IBPH), like the image-based visual hulls (IBVH) algorithm from Matusik et. al. (2000) on which it is based, takes advantage of epipolar geometry to efficiently reconstruct the geometry and visibility of a scene. Our IBPH algorithm differs from IBVH in that it utilizes the color information of the images to identify the scene geometry. These additional color constraints often result in a more accurately reconstructed geometry, which projects to better synthesized virtual views of the scene. We demonstrate our algorithm running in a real-time 3D telepresence application using video data acquired from four viewpoints.
Genetic control of maturity in Tetrahymena pyriformis.

A new mutation, Em , is described for T. pyriformis , syngen 1. This dominant mutation eliminates the normal immature period in heterozygotes but is lethal in the homozygous state. This paper is dedicated to Dr. Ralph Cleland in honor of his 75th birthday.
Optical characterization and tests of closure for Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.

Optical characteristics are a central feature of water quality and are increasingly used as a basis for monitoring concentrations of optically active constituents (OACs) through satellite-based remote sensing. This study presents a robust optical characterization of the near-surface waters of eutrophic Oneida Lake, New York, USA, that features in situ spectral measurements of inherent optical properties (IOPs) and remote sensing reflectance (R rs (λ)), an apparent optical property (AOP) critical to remote sensing initiatives. The IOP measurements included the absorption coefficient, ( a (λ)), and particulate scattering ( b p (λ)) and backscattering ( b bp (λ)) coefficients. Supporting measurements included Secchi depth (SD), the OACs, chlorophyll a , phycocyanin, suspended particulate material, and laboratory determinations of components of a (λ) ( a x (λ)), including colored dissolved organic matter, nonalgal particles, and phytoplankton. The strong spectral patterns of a , a x , and R rs , and more modest wavelength dependencies of b p and b bp , are documented. The credibility of the optical characterizations is demonstrated through (1) the consistency of relationships between SD -1 and b p , and a x and the OACs; (2) the extent of closure between in situ and laboratory measurements of a and a x ; and (3) the extent of closure between predicted R rs spectra, based on the observed IOP ( a and bp ) spectra and application of a widely used radiative transfer relationship, and observations. Major temporal and substantial spatial variations in OACs, IOPs, SD, and R rs (λ) are documented. Much of the variability in the OACs and SD were well predicted by system-specific empirical relationships that used R rs values at specified wavelengths (consistent with the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrophotometer [MERIS]) as the independent variables, supporting the potential for effective monitoring of these features through remote sensing in the future.
Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials.

Purpose of review: This article reviews the literature on vestibularevoked myogenic potential testing, a short latency electromyogram evoked by high acoustic stimuli and recorded via surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Applications and refinements of this technique are described for different patholo gies and in adults and children. Recent findings: Various techniques for electrode placement have been described to elicit a vestibular-evoked myogenic potential response, which has been clinically investigated in normal individuals, under pathological conditions, and in adult and pediatric patients. As vestibular-evoked myogenic potential amplitude is linearly related to the level of background activity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, maintaining steady contraction of the muscle can be challenging in some patients. Summary: Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing may provide additional information about the vestibular system and allow site of lesion testing (e.g. saccule and inferior vestibular nerve) in patients of all ages. Its role has yet to be defined in the diagnosis and treatment of common vestibular disorders, including Meniere’s disease, vestibular neuronitis, labyrinthitis, and other diseases. Further research is needed to support its clinical usefulness in patients with balance disorders, to optimize patient selection, and to establish its cost effectiveness.
Dietary intake data collection: challenges and limitations

The purpose of this paper is to succinctly review the origin of US dietary surveys, the challenges and limitations of obtaining dietary intake data, the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act of 1990, the integrated US federal food survey, and the development of the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) automated multiple-pass method. The USDA has monitored the food consumption patterns of Americans since the late 1890s. In 2002, the US Department of Health and Human Services and the USDA integrated their data collection efforts, with data now collected on a continuous basis. Two 24-hour dietary recalls are obtained using USDA's automated multiple-pass method. By combining their respective areas of expertise, the USDA and the Department of Health and Human Services have increased research opportunities for scientists and provided data foundational for establishing programs and public policy.
Digital sensitivity: predicting signal interaction using functional analysis

Maintaining signal integrity in digital systems is becoming increasingly difficult due to the rising number of analog effects seen in deep submicron design. One such effect, the signal crosstalk problem, is now a serious design concern. Signals which couple electrically may not affect system behavior because of timing or function in the digital domain. If we can isolate observable coupling effects then we can constrain layout synthesis to eliminate them. In this paper, we find that it is possible to predict signal interaction by signal functionality alone, leading to a significant amount of robust switching isolation, independent of parasitics introduced by layout or semiconductor process. We introduce techniques to predict signal interaction using functional sensitivity analysis. In general sequential networks we find that significant switching isolation can be extracted with efficient sensitivity analysis algorithms, thus giving promise to the goal of synthesizing layout free from crosstalk effects.
The Cross-Species A3 Adenosine-Receptor Antagonist MRS 1292 Inhibits Adenosine-Triggered Human Nonpigmented Ciliary Epithelial Cell Fluid Release and Reduces Mouse Intraocular Pressure

Purpose: Antagonists to A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) lower mouse intraocular pressure (IOP), but extension to humans is limited by species variability. We tested whether the specific A3AR antagonist MRS 1292, designed to cross species, mimicks the effects of other A3AR antagonists on cultured human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial (NPE) cells and mouse IOP. Methods: NPE cell volume was monitored by electronic cell sorting. Mouse IOP was measured with the Servo-Null Micropipette System. Results: Adenosine triggered A3AR-mediated shrinkage of human NPE cells. Shrinkage was blocked by MRS 1292 (IC50 = 42 ± 11 nM, p < 0.01) and by another A3AR antagonist effective in this system, MRS 1191. Topical application of the A3AR agonist IB-MECA increased mouse IOP. MRS 1292 reduced IOP by 4.0 ± 0.8 mmHg at 25-μ M droplet concentration (n = 10, p < 0.005). Conclusions: MRS 1292 inhibits A3AR-mediated shrinkage of human NPE cells and reduces mouse IOP, consistent with its putative action as a cross-species A3 antagonist.
Interdiffusion in the System MgO-MgAl2O4

Interdiffusion coefficients in single-crystal MgO were determined using an MgO-MgAl2O4 diffusion couple. For a concentration of 1 mol% Al2O3 in MgO, the interdiffusion coefficient can be expressed as D=2.0±0.2 exp (−76,000±3,000/RT) for the MgO-MgAl2O4 couple. This relation compares well with previous measurements in the MgO-Al2O3 system. The interdiffusion coefficients, which increased with the mol fraction of cation vacancies, were in the range of 10−8 to 10−10 cm2s−1 for the concentrations and temperatures studied. Diffusion was enhanced below 1640°C if powdered MgAl2O4 was used. Self-diffusion coefficients for Al3+ ions in MgO were calculated; Al3+ diffuses faster than Cr3+ in MgO.
Reduced Levels of DNA Polymerase δ Induce Chromosome Fragile Site Instability in Yeast

Specific regions of genomes (fragile sites) are hot spots for the chromosome rearrangements that are associated with many types of cancer cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the stability of chromosome fragile sites, therefore, has important implications in cancer biology. We previously identified two chromosome fragile sites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that were induced in response to the reduced expression of Pol1p, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase alpha. In the study presented here, we show that reduced levels of Pol3p, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase delta, induce instability at these same sites and lead to the generation of a variety of chromosomal aberrations. These findings demonstrate that a change in the stoichiometry of replicative DNA polymerases results in recombinogenic DNA lesions, presumably double-strand DNA breaks.
Quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance for molecular imaging

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) molecular imaging aims to identify and map the expression of important biomarkers on a cellular scale utilizing contrast agents that are specifically targeted to the biochemical signatures of disease and are capable of generating sufficient image contrast. In some cases, the contrast agents may be designed to carry a drug payload or to be sensitive to important physiological factors, such as pH, temperature or oxygenation. In this review, examples will be presented that utilize a number of different molecular imaging quantification techniques, including measuring signal changes, calculating the area of contrast enhancement, mapping relaxation time changes or direct detection of contrast agents through multi-nuclear imaging or spectroscopy. The clinical application of CMR molecular imaging could offer far reaching benefits to patient populations, including early detection of therapeutic response, localizing ruptured atherosclerotic plaques, stratifying patients based on biochemical disease markers, tissue-specific drug delivery, confirmation and quantification of end-organ drug uptake, and noninvasive monitoring of disease recurrence. Eventually, such agents may play a leading role in reducing the human burden of cardiovascular disease, by providing early diagnosis, noninvasive monitoring and effective therapy with reduced side effects.
Socially augmenting employee profiles with people-tagging

Employee directories play a valuable role in helping people find others to collaborate with, solve a problem, or provide needed expertise. Serving this role successfully requires accurate and up-to-date user profiles, yet few users take the time to maintain them. In this paper, we present a system that enables users to tag other users with key words that are displayed on their profiles. We discuss how people-tagging is a form of social bookmarking that enables people to organize their contacts into groups, annotate them with terms supporting future recall, and search for people by topic area. In addition, we show that people-tagging has a valuable side benefit: it enables the community to collectively maintain each others' interest and expertise profiles. Our user studies suggest that people tag other people as a form of contact management and that the tags they have been given are accurate descriptions of their interests and expertise. Moreover, none of the people interviewed reported offensive or inappropriate tags. Based on our results, we believe that peopletagging will become an important tool for relationship management in an organization.
High-power, pulsed bremsstrahlung source for inducing photofission

This paper describes the use of intense, pulsed bremsstrahlung for inducing photofission in fissionable material. 8-MV bremsstrahlung triggers photofission in depleted uranium (DU). Particle-in-cell and Monte-Carlo codes model the source, gamma and neutron production and transport, and detector response. A variety of detectors have been fielded successfully to measure fission in DU from delayed-neutron, delayed-gamma, and prompt-neutron signals. This work represents the first clean measurement of prompt photofission neutrons in an intense, pulsed-power environment.
A Multiyear, Large-Scale Comparison of Arthropod Populations on Commercially Managed Bt and Non-Bt Cotton Fields

Field studies were conducted in 2000 Ð2002 to compare foliage-dwelling arthropod populations on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) (Bollgard) cotton and non-Bt (conventional) cotton season-long in South Carolina, Georgia, northern Alabama, and southern Alabama. For each of these four regions, three or four paired Þelds were sampled weekly in each of the 3 yr. Each pair of Þelds consisted of a Bt and a non-Bt cotton Þeld, both at least 5 ha in size. The dominant arthropod taxa collected included target pests (heliothine moths and Spodoptera spp.), nontarget pests (stink bugs and plant bugs), and generalist natural enemies (Geocoris spp., Orius spp., Solenopsis invicta (Buren), ladybeetles, and spiders). Where target pests were present, particularly Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), their numbers were consistently signiÞcantly lower in the Bt cotton Þelds. Natural enemy populations generally were not signiÞcantly different between the Bt and the non-Bt cotton Þelds (50% of all comparisons) and, where signiÞcant differences were present, natural enemy abundance usually was higher in theBt than the non-Bt cotton Þelds. These differences were correlated with lower insecticide use on the Bt than the non-Bt cotton Þelds, particularly in South Carolina, where target pest pressure was heaviest. When presented with insect eggs or larvae as prey items, the larger natural enemy populations inBt cotton Þelds exhibited signiÞcantly higher predation rates. These results show that Bt cotton has no signiÞcant adverse impacts on the nontarget arthropod populations studied and, compared with insecticide-treated non-Bt cotton, Bt cotton supports higher natural enemy popula- tions with signiÞcant positive impacts on biological control.
Toddler behavior following polysomnography: effects of unintended sleep disturbance.

Study Objectives: Childhood sleep disorders are consistently shown to affect behavior and cognition, but first-night effects on these measures are generally unknown. We sought to examine how sleep in the home versus the laboratory differed among healthy toddlers and how such differences relate to standardized scores on assessments the morning following polysomnography. Design, Setting, and Participants: Twenty healthy 14-month-olds wore actigraphs during nighttime sleep at home for 5 nights preceding and during standard overnight laboratory polysomnography. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II) were administered once the morning after polysomnography. Measurements and Results: All subjects had normal polysomnography. Sleep-start times at home and during polysomnography did not differ, whereas, during polysomnography, subjects awoke earlier (p = .008, d = .58), their total sleep time (p <. 001, d = 1.1) and sleep efficiency (p = .004, d = .57) were reduced, and they had shorter sleep-bout lengths (p = .004, d = .03), less immobility (p = .003, d = .62), and greater average activity during sleep (p <. 001, d = .98). Standardized assessments were not affected by differences between home and polysomnography night sleep, but children with greater emotional regulation difficulty had a lower percentage of immobility (r = -0.67, p = .001) and increased sleep fragmentation (r = -0.60, p = .005) during polysomnography. Conclusions: Although sleep-onset times were preserved, sleep in the laboratory was disrupted, compared with at home. These differences did not affect standardized scores, but the magnitude of the difference was associated with worse emotional regulation. The effects of sleep disturbance during polysomnography, or the influence of poor emotional regulation on sleep in the laboratory, should be considered in studies of young
Plasmonic magnetization during circularly polarized excitation (Presentation Recording)

In contrast with linearly polarized excitation, which necessarily has zero magnitude electrical field twice during an optical cycle, the electrical field vector of circularly polarized light has constant magnitude. During an optical cycle the electric field vector rotates in the plane normal to the wave propagation. Consequently, if plasmonic structures are resonant with circularly polarized excitation, it is possible for them to exhibit regions of strongly modified carrier density for the duration of the optical cycle. Here, we study a class of achiral toroid and ‘sun burst’ nano-patterned plasmonic surfaces that show persistent, circulating charge density waves during circularly polarized illumination. The direction of the continuously circulating wave (clockwise or counterclockwise) depends on the handedness of the incident beam. Our interest stems from whether these charge density waves can support circular electric currents (DC) manifest experimentally as static magnetic fields during illumination. Using full-wave optical modeling (FDTD method), and mechanistic calculations of the circulating potential acting on electrons in the toroid resonators, we outline the conditions that maximize optical excitation of both circulating displacement currents and electron transport currents. We show that in the limit of very weak coupling to the solenoid-like electron transport, or when 1 G, can be expected. We discuss scanning probe measurements for monitoring the induced magnetic field, as well as the relationship between this phenomenon and the inverse Faraday effect observed in continuous media.
Abstract 486: The Effects of Weekend Admission on the Outcomes and Management of Ruptured Aortic Aneurysms

The Effects of Weekend Admission on the Outcomes and Management of Ruptured Aortic Aneurysms Objective: Ruptured aortic aneurysm is a condition with a high rate of mortality that requires prompt surgical intervention. It has been noted that in some conditions requiting such prompt intervention, in-hospital mortality is increased in patients admitted on the weekends as compared to patients admitted on weekdays. We sought to determine if this was indeed the case for both ruptured thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysm and elucidate the possible reasons. Methods: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a publicly available database of inpatient care, we analyzed the incidence of mortality among patients admitted on the weekends compared to weekdays for ruptured aortic aneurysm. Ultimately the care of over 7,000 patients was analyzed for the primary endpoints. We adjusted for demographics, comorbid conditions, hospital characteristics, rates of surgical intervention, timing of surgical intervention and u...
Justice Antonin Scalia: Living in Another World

For Justice Antonin Scalia, the Constitution that came into formal existence in 1789 is a normative island that must be fortified against eroding foreign and modernist influences. The infrequent invasions that the island experiences, and to which Scalia submits, are wrought through the upheavals of constitutional amendments. Otherwise, Scalia prefers that his constitutional island not be spoiled by interpretive engineers of the Constitution.
Abstract 206: Accumulation of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations Impairs Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Activation and participation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in regeneration are critical for effective repair in the wake of pathologic injury. Stem cell activation and commitment involve increased energy demand and mitochondrial biogenesis. To date, little attention has been paid to the importance of mitochondria in CPC survival, proliferation and differentiation. CPC function is reduced with age but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more susceptible to oxidative attacks than nuclear DNA due to its proximity to the mitochondrial respiratory chain and lack of protective histone-like proteins. With age, mtDNA accumulates mutations that can impair mitochondrial respiration and increase ROS production. In this study, we examined the effects of accumulating mtDNA mutations on CPC proliferation and survival. We have found that incubation of uncommitted c-kit+ CPCs in differentiation medium increased mitochondrial mass and expansion of the mitochondrial network, which c...
Probing Octahedral Tilting in Dion-Jacobson Layered Perovskites With Neutron Powder Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy

Two new Dion-Jacobson type layered perovskite solid solutions, RbCa 2-x Sr x M 3 O 10 ( M = Nb, Ta; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2), were prepared and studied by X-ray powder diffraction, neutron powder diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray powder diffraction confirmed single-phase solid solution formation with continuous expansion of the idealized primitive tetragonal unit cell with increasing strontium content. Neutron powder diffraction studies of selected samples revealed lower symmetries and larger unit cells, as necessitated by octahedral tilting within the perovskite slabs, compared to the idealized primitive cell. As the average size of the A -cation in the perovskite slab is varied from Sr 2+ to Ca 2+ , more extensive octahedral tilting is introduced. Vibrational modes of the perovskite slab observed using Raman spectroscopy show subtle changes as a function of calcium/strontium content and more intriguing differences between the isostructural niobates and tantalates.
Fluorine-18 labeled FP-21399 for lymph node PET imaging

1394 Objectives: FP-21399, a bis-azo naphthalene sulfonate dye, is reported to be a HIV fusion inhibitor and to accumulate in human lymph nodes. F-18 labeled FP-21399 could allow a more accurate assessment of lymph nodes using positron emission tomography thereby improving diagnosis of lymphoma and related diseases. Methods: FP-21399 (5mg) in DMSO (100uL) was added to a sealed vial containing dried K18F/kryptofix and heated at 170C for 10 min. Once cooled, the mixture was diluted with water, loaded onto a C-18 SepPak and washed with 20 mL of water. F-18 labeled FP-21399 was eluted with acetonitrile, solvent evaporated, and redissolved in PBS. The radiolabeled compound eluted at the same retention time as starting material. The F-18 radiolabeled compound was tested for its preliminary biodistribution in mice and MicroPET imaging in rats was performed. Results: Mediastenial lymph node uptake was over 4.4% ID/g at 5 minutes and cleared slowly to 2.1 and 2.09 ID/g at 30 and 50 minutes, respectively. MicroPET images of two rats following administration of the radiolabeled agent clearly show radioactive accumulation in the neck and mesentery lymph nodes. Conclusions: F-18 labeled FP-21399 is a potential PET tracer that could provide imaging insight in patients undergoing HIV and lymph node related disease diagnosis and treatment.
Collection and analysis of leak spectral signatures for application to the ISS

Pressurized space vehicles of all types are at risk of depressurization due to leaking air. This project addresses the issue of leak detection by analyzing airborne noise through Fourier Decomposition and Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). Based on the leaking material, size of the leak, and pressure gradient, different sounds will be produced. Once a large amount of these sounds have been recorded, we will use the resulting database for the detection of leaks and identification of the leaking material. This leak database will include aluminum, steel, fabric, rubber, and plastic.
Abstract 5010: Differences in DNA methylation between the African and European HapMap populations

Background: DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating gene transcription, and the genome-wide landscape of DNA methylation is altered in cancer: hypermethylation and silencing of tumor suppressor genes as well as hypomethylation of repetitive elements and target genes can contribute to cancer initiation and progression. As a complex trait itself, there is considerable inter-individual and inter-ethnic variability in DNA methylation patterns. To further explore the baseline variation of DNA methylation and its regulation, we have gathered genome-wide DNA methylation data on individual CpG methylation sites in a collection of human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from the HapMap Project. Methods: We profiled DNA methylation in 73 unrelated African (YRI - Yoruba people from Ibadan, Nigeria) and 60 European ancestry (CEU - Caucasians from Utah, US) LCLs using the Illumina Human Methylation 450 BeadChip. This chip interrogates >485,000 CpG methylation sites per sample at single-nucleotide resolution and assigns each site an average beta value for methylation level. We controlled for potential batch effect due to array hybridization using COMBAT and removed probes that contained known SNPs or mapped ambiguously to the reference genome. In our final analysis dataset, we included 46,236 probes on autosomes that showed relatively high variation (top 25% percentile) across the LCL samples based on coefficient of variation. The Wilcox rank sum test was performed to identify differential methylation sites between the YRI and CEU samples. Results: In total, 988 CpG probes (708 genes) were found to be differentially methylated between these two populations (p −6 , false discovery rate −4 ). The differentially methylated sites were enriched in pathways and Gene Ontology terms such as “cell adhesion,” “ECM-receptor interaction,” and pathways involved in development such as WNT and Hedgehog. Conclusions: A substantial number of CpG methylation sites were differentially methylated between individuals of African and European ancestry. These differentially methylated CpG sites appeared to be enriched in certain genomic regions and pathways. Future integration of this dataset with other available resources of these samples (e.g., genotypes, mRNA expression) will help elucidate the complex networks of genetic and epigenetic regulation (e.g., through modified cytosine quantitative trait loci, mQTLs), and their contribution to complex traits, such as drug response. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5010. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5010
PM-IRRAS Determination of Molecular Orientation of Phosphonic Acid Self-Assembled Monolayers on Indium Zinc Oxide.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of phosphonic acids (PAs) on transparent conductive oxide (TCO) surfaces can facilitate improvement in TCO/organic semiconductor interface properties. When ordered PA SAMs are formed on oxide substrates, interface dipole and electronic structure are affected by the functional group properties, orientation, and binding modes of the modifiers. Choosing octylphosphonic acid (OPA), F13-octylphosphonic acid (F13OPA), pentafluorophenyl phosphonic acid (F5PPA), benzyl phosphonic acid (BnPA), and pentafluorobenzyl phosphonic acid (F5BnPA) as a representative group of modifiers, we report polarization modulation-infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) of binding and molecular orientation on indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO) substrates. Considerable variability in molecular orientation and binding type is observed with changes in PA functional group. OPA exhibits partially disordered alkyl chains but on average the chain axis is tilted ∼57° from the surface normal. F13OPA...
A Method of Obtaining Summary Scores From Semantic Differential Data

(1967). A Method of Obtaining Summary Scores From Semantic Differential Data. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 77-85.
Traumatic injury in the United States: In-patient epidemiology 2000-2011.

Background Trauma is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States (US). This analysis describes trends and annual changes in in-hospital trauma morbidity and mortality; evaluates changes in age and gender specific outcomes, diagnoses, causes of injury, injury severity and surgical procedures performed; and examines the role of teaching hospitals and Level 1 trauma centres in the care of severely injured patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective descriptive and analytic epidemiologic study of an inpatient database representing 20,659,684 traumatic injury discharges from US hospitals between 2000 and 2011. The main outcomes and measures were survey-adjusted counts, proportions, means, standard errors, and 95% confidence intervals. We plotted time series of yearly data with overlying loess smoothing, created tables of proportions of common injuries and surgical procedures, and conducted survey-adjusted logistic regression analysis for the effect of year on the odds of in-hospital death with control variables for age, gender, weekday vs. weekend admission, trauma-centre status, teaching-hospital status, injury severity and Charlson index score. Results The mean age of a person discharged from a US hospital with a trauma diagnosis increased from 54.08 (s.e.=0.71) in 2000 to 59.58 (s.e.=0.79) in 2011. Persons age 45-64 were the only age group to experience increasing rates of hospital discharges for trauma. The proportion of trauma discharges with a Charlson Comorbidity Index score greater than or equal to 3 nearly tripled from 0.048 (s.e.=0.0015) of all traumatic injury discharges in 2000 to 0.139 (s.e.=0.005) in 2011. The proportion of patients with traumatic injury classified as severe increased from 22% of all trauma discharges in 2000 (95% CI 21, 24) to 28% in 2011 (95% CI 26, 30). Level 1 trauma centres accounted for approximately 3.3% of hospitals. The proportion of severely injured trauma discharges from Level 1 trauma centres was 39.4% (95% CI 36.8, 42.1). Falls, followed by motor-vehicle crashes, were the most common causes of all injuries. The total cost of trauma-related inpatient care between 2001 and 2011 in the US was $240.7 billion (95% CI 231.0, 250.5). Annual total US inpatient trauma-related hospital costs increased each year between 2001 and 2011, more than doubling from $12.0 billion (95% CI 10.5, 13.4) in 2001 to 29.1 billion (95% CI 25.2, 32.9) in 2011. Conclusions Trauma, which has traditionally been viewed as a predicament of the young, is increasingly a disease of the old. The strain of managing the progressively complex and costly care associated with this shift rests with a small number of trauma centres. Optimal care of injured patients requires a reappraisal of the resources required to effectively provide it given a mounting burden.
Endothelium, vasopressin receptors, and resistance to DOCA-salt hypertension

Mesenteric artery rings from Wistar and Wistar-Furth rats subcutaneously treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and 1% NaCl drinking water were used to measure endothelial modulation of contractile sensitivity and vasopressin receptor function and affinity. DOCA-salt hypertension reduced contractile sensitivity to arginine vasopressin (AVP) and did not affect contractile sensitivity to norepinephrine in arteries from Wistar rats. Endothelial removal caused a threefold increase in contractile sensitivity to AVP and norepinephrine in DOCA-salt hypertensive Wistar rats. In Wistar-Furth rats, DOCA-salt treatment did not affect contractile sensitivity to AVP, lysine vasopressin, oxytocin, and norepinephrine or the affinity of the vasopressin receptor for agonists or antagonists. Removal of endothelium did not affect vasopressin contractile sensitivity but caused a 15-fold increase in contractile sensitivity to norepinephrine in untreated or DOCA-salt-treated Wistar-Furth rats. These data show that reduced vasopressin receptor function and increased endothelial function that compensate for increased contractile sensitivity in arteries from DOCA-salt hypertensive Wistar rats are not the cause of resistance of DOCA-salt-treated Wistar-Furth rats to the development of enhanced contractile sensitivity and hypertension.
Impacts of ±800 kV DC Power Transmission From Jiuquan to Hunan on Transient Voltage Stability of Hunan Power Grid

According to the planned data of Hunan power grid for the year of 2015,the influence of transmitting power via ±800 kV HVDC transmission line from Jiuquan to Hunan power grid on transient voltage stability of Hunan power grid is simulated by power system analysis software package(PSASP).Simulation results show that under the power transmission from Jiuquan to Hunan via ±800 kV HVDC transmission line the number of being operated generating units in Hunan power grid as well as the capacity of switched over capacitor banks are reduced correspondingly,however the reactive power loss of 500 kV electromagnetic looped network in East Hunan will increase,and after the disturbance the ±800 kV HVDC system will absorb large amount of reactive power from 500 kV electromagnetic looped network in East Hunan,thus the ability of voltage recovery of Hunan power grid after the disturbance will be weakened and the transient voltage stability level of Hunan power grid will be decreased.
Corporate Governance and the Goal of the Firm: In Defense of Shareholder Wealth Maximization

This essay is based on my keynote address at the 2016 annual meeting of the Eastern Finance Association. I propose that misunderstandings about the traditional model of corporate governance, with its emphasis on shareholder wealth maximization, contribute to negative societal attitudes about corporations. I discuss the implications of shareholder wealth maximization for other corporate stakeholders, the dangers of deviating from shareholder wealth maximization, and the roles that the media and the government play in the governance of corporations.
Chaucer’s Background

WHEN Geoffrey Chaucer was born, Edward III, of the House of Plantagenet, was on the throne. Edward III was the son of the weak Edward II and of Isabella of France, who, while she was regent, had with her lover Mortimer misruled the realm as badly as her murdered husband had done before her. Although guilty of breaches of good faith, frivolity, extravagance, and self-indulgence, Edward III made a sincere effort to reform the government. He succeeded in large measure and on the whole was a fairly good ruler. A man of imposing physique but of moderate intelligence, he kindled a spirit of patriotism in his people by his stirring military victories against the Scots and the French. Edward III was first of all an ardent soldier whose chief desire was for military glory, but he was also deeply concerned with the forms of religion. His excess of animal spirits, however, prevented attainment of true spirituality. As he grew old, he turned from military adventures to amatory ones; in his last senile years he was completely dominated by Alice Perrers. When he died in 1377, the only fruit of his extensive conquests that remained in English hands was the city of Calais.
Normal incident SiGe/Si multiple quantum well infrared detector

A long-wavelength ( approximately 10- mu m) quantum-well (QW) infrared detector with normal incident detection was fabricated using p-type Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x//Si multiple QWs. Photocurrent is measured as a function of the incident beam polarization. With a beam polarized parallel to the growth plane (90 degrees polarization, normal incidence), a photocurrent peak is observed at near 7.2 mu m with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 80 meV. On the other hand, when the beam is polarized along the growth direction (0 degrees polarization), a peak is observed at near 8.6 mu m with FWHM of about 80 meV. With the non-optimized detector, the peak photoresponsivity of 0.3 A/W and detectivity of D* approximately 1.0*10/sup 9/cm square root Hz/W at 77 K are obtained for both polarizations. The results of normal incident detection demonstrate the feasibility of Si-based long-wavelength IR detectors and focal plane arrays with the advantage of monolithic integration with Si integrated circuits. >
Conduction in In2O3/YSZ heterostructures: Complex interplay between electrons and ions, mediated by interfaces

Thin film In2O3/YSZ heterostructures exhibit significant increases in electrical conductance with time when small in-plane electric fields are applied. Contact resistances between the current electrodes and film and between the current electrodes and substrate are responsible for the behavior. With an in-plane electric field, different field profiles are established in the two materials, with the result that oxygen ions can be driven across the heterointerface, altering the doping of the n-type In2O3. A low frequency inductive feature observed in AC impedance spectroscopy measurements under DC bias conditions was found to be due to frequency-dependent changes in the contact resistance.
Definitions, Terminology, and Measurement

Weight management is the practice of aiming for and achieving a healthy body weight, a major tool in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. An expanded definition determines the line between a healthy and unhealthy weight considering absence of disease, body size and shape, and physical and psychological ability to function. The definition of body weight standards is important to health professionals in planning and providing guidance for lifestyle choices about food, eating, physical activity, and using weight-related products and services as are mind-body influences, natural healing power, and cultural beliefs and preferences. Many terms, “obesity,” “overweight,” “fat,” and “big,” are used by health professionals and the media.
Continuing Issues Regarding Evidence-Based Practice in Practice

In the preceding chapters, we have attempted to show how social workers can use evidence based-practice (EBP) to enhance practice with their clients, and how to incorporate the principles of EBP into clinical decision-making processes. We think that the EBP process is a “public idea” that is actively shaping public opinion about healthcare practices (Tanenbaum, 2003). It is also shaping funding and administrative practices, research funding priorities, and even research education for mental health professionals. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) and EBP have many supporters.
Quadrature Rules with End-Point Corrections: Comments on a Paper by Garloff, Solak and Szydelko

Garloff, Solak and Szydelko [1] have proposed a modified trapezoidal rule quadrature with correction terms involving two points outside the range of integration. The rule is exact for cubics. We show: 1) There is an arbitrary factor in their formula but it would require a complex value to make the quadrature exact for quintics. 2) An analogous quadrature can be based on the midpoint rule. 3) By combining the two rules the quadrature is made exact for quintics. Furthermore the procedure is progressive so that the number of divisions can be doubled without wasting function evaluations. 4) The method can be used for integrands which are not real beyond an endpoint such as (x 1/2 and (xlnx which vanish at the endpoints by defining (f (endpoint-(x) as -(f (endpoint+(x).
Quantitative Modeling of the Temperature Dependence of the Kinetic Parameters for Zirconium Amine Bis(Phenolate) Catalysts for 1-Hexene Polymerization

The chemical kinetics for a series of three zirconium amine bis(phenolate) catalysts for poly 1-hexene polymerization have been examined as a function of temperature. Detailed modeling of the experimental data has yielded the activation parameters for many of the reaction rate constants, including those for propagation, initiation, chain transfer, and monomer misinsertion and recovery. While existing literature is sparse, the results herein generally agree with previously published values; specifically, for the propagation rate constant, the magnitude of the enthalpy of activation is low (12 kcal mol–1 and below), and the magnitude of the entropy of activation is moderate (up to −27 cal mol–1 K–1). With regard to the remaining rate constants, Arrhenius behavior is observed in most cases despite the complexity of the temperature dependence in the two-step adsorption/insertion kinetics. The rate expression for these reactions approaches an Arrhenius form in certain limiting cases of the relative elementary ...
Perception of nonnative tonal contrasts by Mandarin-English and English-Mandarin sequential bilinguals

This study examined the role of acquisition order and crosslinguistic similarity in influencing transfer at the initial stage of perceptually acquiring a tonal third language (L3). Perception of tones in Yoruba and Thai was tested in adult sequential bilinguals representing three different first (L1) and second language (L2) backgrounds: L1 Mandarin-L2 English (MEBs), L1 English-L2 Mandarin (EMBs), and L1 English-L2 intonational/non-tonal (EIBs). MEBs outperformed EMBs and EIBs in discriminating L3 tonal contrasts in both languages, while EMBs showed a small advantage over EIBs on Yoruba. All groups showed better overall discrimination in Thai than Yoruba, but group differences were more robust in Yoruba. MEBs' and EMBs' poor discrimination of certain L3 contrasts was further reflected in the L3 tones being perceived as similar to the same Mandarin tone; however, EIBs, with no knowledge of Mandarin, showed many of the same similarity judgments. These findings thus suggest that L1 tonal experience has a particularly facilitative effect in L3 tone perception, but there is also a facilitative effect of L2 tonal experience. Further, crosslinguistic perceptual similarity between L1/L2 and L3 tones, as well as acoustic similarity between different L3 tones, play a significant role at this early stage of L3 tone acquisition.
Positron Emission Tomography Detects In Vivo Expression of Disialoganglioside GD2 in Mouse Models of Primary and Metastatic Osteosarcoma

The cell membrane glycolipid GD2 is expressed by multiple solid tumors, including 88% of osteosarcomas and 98% of neuroblastomas. However, osteosarcomas are highly heterogeneous, with many tumors exhibiting GD2 expression on 99%, P < 0.05). These results support the utility of GD2 imaging with PET to measure GD2 expression in osteosarcoma and thus maximize the clinical impact of anti-GD2 immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: In situ assessment of all GD2-positive osteosarcoma sites with a novel PET radiotracer could significantly impact anti-GD2 immunotherapy patient selection and enable noninvasive probing of correlations between target expression and therapeutic response.
Conservation of an Ancient Oxidation Response That Controls Archaeal Epigenetic Traits Through Chromatin Protein Networks

Abstract Epigenetic variants of the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus called SARC have evolved heritable traits including extreme acid resistance, enhanced genome integrity and a conserved “SARC” transcriptome related to acid resistance. These traits appear to result from altered chromatin protein function related to the heritable hypomethylation of chromatin proteins Cren7 and Sso7D. To clarify how this might occur, ChIPseq and Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry (AP-MS) were used to compare Cren7 and Sso7D genome binding sites and protein networks between lineages (wild type and SARC) and culture pH (pH 1 and 3). All SARC transcriptome loci were bound by these chromatin proteins but with invariant patterns indicating binding alone was insufficient to mediate the SARC traits. In contrast, chromosome association varied at other loci. Quantitative AP-MS was then used to identify protein interaction networks and these included transcription and DNA repair proteins implicated in the evolved heritable traits that varied in abundance between SARC and wild type strains. Protein networks included most of the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis pathway including serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), whose abundance varied widely with culture pH. Because epigenetic marks are coupled to SAM pools and oxidative stress in eukaryotes, occurrence of a similar process was investigated here. Archaeal SAM pools were depleted by treatment with SAM pathway inhibitors, acid or oxidative stress and, like eukaryotes, levels were raised by vitamin B12 and methionine supplementation. We propose that in archaea, oxidation-induced SAM pool depletion acting through an SHMT sensor, drove chromatin protein hypomethylation and thereby protein network changes that established the evolved SARC epigenetic traits. Significance Statement Archaea and eukaryotes share many molecular processes, including chromatin-mediated epigenetic inheritance of traits. As with eukaryotes, archaeal protein complexes were formed between trait-related proteins and chromatin proteins, subject to chromatin protein methylation state. Oxidation-induced depletion of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) pools likely resulted in chromatin protein hypomethylation. Subsequent chromatin enrichment of serine hydroxymethyltransferase as a response to oxidative stress could modulate methylation at specific genomic loci. The interplay between archaeal metabolism and chromatin appear consistent with patterns observed in eukaryotes and indicate the existence of an ancient oxidation signal transduction pathway controlling epigenetics.
Fourier Multipliers whose Multiplier Norm is an Attained Value

Let 1≦p≦∞, and denote by J p J P(R) the set of tempered distributions u on the real line R such that the transformation →u* , defined initially for infinitely differentiable with compact support, extends to a bounded linear operator (which we shall denote by [u]) from L P(R) to L P(R) (this for p>∞; for P = ∞, the closure of the set of test functions is of course the set of continuous functions *) in L∞ (R).)
Predicting octanol/water partition coefficients for the SAMPL6 challenge using the SM12, SM8, and SMD solvation models

Blind predictions of octanol/water partition coefficients at 298 K for 11 kinase inhibitor fragment like compounds were made for the SAMPL6 challenge. We used the conventional, "untrained", free energy based approach wherein the octanol/water partition coefficient was computed directly as the difference in solvation free energy in water and 1-octanol. We additionally proposed and used two different forms of a "trained" approach. Physically, the goal of the trained approach is to relate the partition coefficient computed using pure 1-octanol to that using water-saturated 1-octanol. In the first case, we assumed the partition coefficient using water-saturated 1-octanol and pure 1-octanol are linearly correlated. In the second approach, we assume the solvation free energy in water-saturated 1-octanol can be written as a linear combination of the solvation free energy in pure water and 1-octanol. In all cases here, the solvation free energies were computed using electronic structure calculations in the SM12, SM8, and SMD universal solvent models. In the context of the present study, our results in general do not support the additional effort of the trained approach.
Sex, gender, and intersex: anthropological, medical, and ethical critiques and proposals

The problems of intersex have received little attention from both Catholic Magisterium and theologians. Early in 2019, the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education issued a document intended to ...