cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projections from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei to the medial geniculate body.

Direct projections from the cochlear nucleus (CN) to the medial geniculate body (MG) mediate a high-speed transfer of acoustic information to the auditory thalamus. Anderson et al., (2006, Eur. J. Neurosci. 24:491) used anterograde tracers to label the projection from the dorsal CN (DCN) to the MG in guinea pigs. We examined this pathway with retrograde tracers. The results confirm a pathway from the DCN, originating primarily from the deep layers. Labeled cells included a few giant cells and a larger number of small cells of unknown type. Many more labeled cells were present in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). These cells, identifiable as multipolar (stellate) or small cells, were found throughout much of the VCN. Most of the labeled cells were located contralateral to the injection site. The CN to MG pathway bypasses the inferior colliculus (IC), where most ascending auditory information is processed. Anderson et al., (2006) hypothesized that CN-MG axons are collaterals of axons that reach the IC. We tested this hypothesis by injecting different fluorescent tracers into the MG and IC and examining the CN for double-labeled cells. After injections on the same side of the brain, double-labeled cells were found in the contralateral VCN and DCN. Most double-labeled cells were in the VCN, where they accounted for up to 37% of the cells labeled by the MG injection. We conclude that projections from the CN to the MG originate from the VCN and, less so, from the DCN. A significant proportion of the cells send a collateral projection to the IC. Presumably, the collateral projections send the same information to both the MG and the IC. The results suggest that T-stellate cells of the VCN are a major source of direct projections to the auditory thalamus.
Nuclear estrogen receptor targeted photodynamic therapy: Selective uptake and killing of MCF‐7 breast cancer cells by a C17α‐alkynylestradiol‐porphyrin conjugate

We hypothesized that over-expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in hormone-sensitive breast cancer could be harnessed synergistically with the tumor-migrating effect of porphyrins to selectively deliver estrogen-porphyrin conjugates into breast tumor cells, and preferentially kill the tumor cells upon exposure to red light. In the present work we synthesized four (4) conjugates of C17-alpha-alkynylestradiol and chlorin e6-dimethyl ester with varying tether lengths, and showed that all these conjugates specifically bound to recombinant ER alpha. In a cellular uptake assay with ER-positive MCF-7 and ER-negative MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cell-lines, we observed that one such conjugate (E17-POR, XIV) was selectively taken up in a dose-dependent and saturable manner by MCF-7 cells, but not by MDA-MB 231 cells. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells, but not MDA-MB 231 cells, were selectively and efficiently killed by exposure to red light after incubation with E17-POR. Therefore, the combination approach, including drug and process modalities has the potential to be applied clinically for hormone-sensitive cancers in organs where ER is significantly expressed. This could potentially be carried out either as monotherapy involving a photo-induced selective destruction of tumor cells and/or adjuvant therapy in post-surgical treatment for the destruction of residual cancer cells in tissues surrounding the tumor.
Reduction in Possible Healthcare-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infections after Implementing Control Measures

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Clostridium difficile is emerging as a major nosocomial threat worldwide. The incidence of C.diff-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has increased as well as severity and mortality. In early 2005, at an orthopedic specialty hospital, there was a noticeable increase in the number of Clostridium difficile positive titers reported from the microbiology laboratory. From January through April 2005 there were 28 cases of CDAD identified and 13 (46%) occurred in patients who had been hospitalized for greater than 72 hours, indicating possible healthcare associated infection. Most of the cases appeared to be related to surgical prophylaxis until detailed epidemiologic analysis was completed. A room tracer analysis revealed that the 28 patients had been in 42 rooms This prompted the institution of immediate control measures.
Mid and long term outcomes of dural arteriovenous fistula endovascular management with Onyx. Experience of a single tertiary center

Introduction The natural history of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with cortical venous drainage is unfavorable, and treatment is recommended in most cases. Early reports have documented excellent initial clinical and radiographic outcomes after Onyx embolization of DAVFs but little evidence is available regarding the long term durability of this technique. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a database of 63 DAVFs in 53 consecutive patients who underwent Onyx embolization of a DAVF between 2001 and 2012 at our institution. Cognard types I and III were seen most commonly. Results A total of 72 Onyx embolization procedures were successfully completed during the study period, resulting in complete or near complete occlusion by the end of the study period in 58 (92.1%) DAVFs. For DAVFs in which complete or near complete obliteration was attained, stability of obliteration at 6, 12, 24, and 46 months was 100%, 95.4%, 93.8%, and 92.3%, respectively. DAVF recanalization/regrowth was discovered on delayed follow-up angiography in only five instances in which immediate post-embolization angiography revealed complete obliteration. Complications were seen in seven embolization procedures and included cranial nerve palsies (n=3), embolic infarcts (n=2), intraparenchymal hemorrhage (n=1), and unintentional stent deployment (n=1). Conclusions Early evidence has indicated that endovascular Onyx embolization is safe and effective at achieving an initial angiographic cure. Results of our series suggest that angiographic and clinical outcomes of Onyx embolization remain relatively stable at mid and long term follow-up.
Towards Sustainable Facility Location – A Literature Review

Facility location methods play a crucial role in specifying the optimum location options for various types of facilities. A question that arises is what makes a facility location decision a sustainable one? Facility location, also known as location analysis, is a known concept in the literature, but sustainable facility location is not. This requires appropriately defining the concept and framing the problem in order to address the relevant issues. Facility location models in the existing literature do not effectively include all the requirements of sustainable development. This paper serves as a discussion of the current literature concerning the sustainability aspects of the location problem. The aim is to conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify the characteristics of the sustainable facility location problem and propose a framework for classification of sustainability characteristics. The study shows that the location literature has steadily progressed toward considering not only economic but also social and environmental criteria in location decisions; but that many steps remain to be taken toward developing location models that integrate all three aspects of sustainability into decision making. The main motivation for the current study is to provide a foundation from which issues of sustainable development can be built into facility location and siting models.
Effects of Presession Pairing on the Challenging Behavior and Academic Responding of Children with Autism

Keiki Educational Consultants, Inc., Honolulu County, HI, USAPresession pairing is an antecedent-based procedure in which an instructor engages with preferred itemswithachildforafewminutesbeforeaninstructionalsession.Althoughthisprocedurehasbeendescribedin manualized treatment guidelines for working with children with autism, there are currently no directinvestigationsofwhetherthismanipulationhasabeneﬁcialimpactontargetrespondingorthechild’sso-cial interactions. Functional analyses with three children with autism showed escape or attention and es-cape as reinforcers for their challenging behavior. Preference assessments identiﬁed highly andmoderately preferred stimuli. In the context of a multiple baseline across participants design, the partic-ipants exhibited fewer challenging behaviors when instructional sessions were preceded by presessionpairing than when they were not. Academic responding showed modest increases. Subsequently, in thepresence of presession pairing with a novel task, the participants emitted no challenging behavior andsimilarorhigherlevelsofaccurateacademicresponding.Oneparticipantwasavailableforamaintenancesession without presession pairing 5months later and showed near-zero levels of challenging behaviorand comparable levels of accurate academic responding. The implications of the ﬁndings and future di-rections are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water sorption and glass transition temperatures in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

Abstract Water sorption isotherms and glass transition temperatures of raspberries were determined to understand interactions between water and biopolymers. Water adsorption and desorption isotherms of raspberries were determined with an isopiestic method. Thermal transitions of raspberries equilibrated at selected water concentrations using adsorption and desorption were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The sorption isotherm data were modeled by BET and GAB equations, while the plasticizing influence of water on glass transition was modeled by the Gordon–Taylor equation. Equilibrium water concentrations varied at equivalent water activities during adsorption and desorption indicating occurrence of hysteresis and irreversibility of thermodynamic processes. The monolayer water concentrations of 0.099 and 0.108 kg water/kg dry raspberry solids obtained by BET and GAB models during desorption were larger than those during adsorption (0.059 and 0.074 kg water/kg dry raspberry solids). The glass transition temperature of raspberries decreased with increasing water concentrations. The Gordon–Taylor parameters Tgs and k obtained for raspberries during adsorption were 42.6 °C and 4.73 and during desorption were 44.9 °C and 5.03, respectively. The characteristic glass transition temperature of the maximally freeze concentrated solution T ′ g was −63.1 ± 5 °C and the onset of ice crystal melting temperature T ′ m was −32.3 ± 0.4 °C. Although the water activity differed significantly at equivalent water concentrations obtained using absorption or desorption, the glass transition temperatures of raspberries were dependent on the concentration of water present not the method of equilibration.
Minimal solvable nonic fields

For each solvable Galois group which appears in degree 9 and each allowable signature, we nd polynomials which dene the elds of minimum absolute discriminant.
Cortical Regions Involved in Perceiving Object Shape

The studies described here use functional magnetic resonance imaging to test whether common or distinct cognitive and/or neural mechanisms are involved in extracting object structure from the different image cues defining an object's shape, such as contours, shading, and monocular depth cues. We found overlapping activations in the lateral and ventral occipital cortex [known as the lateral occipital complex (LOC)] for objects defined by different visual cues (e.g., grayscale photographs and line drawings) when each was compared with its own scrambled-object control. In a second experiment we found a reduced response when objects were repeated, independent of whether they appeared in the same or a different format (i.e., grayscale images vs line drawings). A third experiment showed that activation in the LOC was no stronger for three-dimensional shapes defined by contours or monocular depth cues, such as occlusion, than for two-dimensional shapes, suggesting that these regions are not selectively involved in processing three-dimensional shape information. These results suggest that common regions in the LOC are involved in extracting and/or representing information about object structure from different image cues.
Geared up to stretch: pennate muscle behavior during active lengthening

Many locomotor activities require muscles to actively lengthen, dissipate energy and decelerate the body. These eccentric contractions can disrupt cytoskeletal structures within myofibrils and reduce force output. We examined how architectural features of pennate muscles can provide a protective mechanism against eccentric muscle damage by limiting fascicle lengthening. It has been previously shown that the angled fibers of pennate muscles change orientation when shortening. This change in fiber orientation can amplify fascicle shortening, resulting in a velocity advantage at the level of the muscle–tendon unit (MTU) that is characterized by a gear ratio (MTU velocity/fascicle velocity). A muscle's architectural gear ratio (AGR) has been shown to vary as a function of force during shortening, while AGR during lengthening remains largely unknown. We independently measured fascicle length and MTU length in vitro in the bullfrog plantaris. We characterized the muscle's force–velocity curve and AGR during both shortening and lengthening across a broad range of forces (10–190% peak isometric force). AGR was measured during the isotonic portion of each contraction, to eliminate possible contributions of series elasticity to MTU length changes. We found that gear ratio varies with force during both shortening and lengthening contractions. The highest AGR was observed during lengthening contractions, indicating that lengthening of the MTU can occur with relatively little stretch of the fascicle. As fascicle strain is considered an important determinant of muscle damage, a high gear ratio may afford pennate muscles protection against the damaging effects of active lengthening.
Role of Egg-Laying Experience in Avoidance of Superparasitism by Fruit Fly Parasitoid Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The effect of prior oviposition experience on the avoidance of superparasitism was investigated in the solitary endoparasitoid Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a highly successful biological control agent of tephritid fruit fly pests. Individual female wasps, either naive or having prior egg-laying experience in unparasitized hosts, were allowed to sequentially visit two coffee berries, each infested with a clutch of host eggs of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). One of the two berries had been previously exploited by a conspecific female or the test-female herself. The wasp was allowed to visit the previously exploited or unexploited berry first while either in the presence or absence of a conspecific female. Naive wasps readily accepted previously parasitized hosts only when they visited the previously exploited fruit first. In contrast, wasps that had experienced prior oviposition, and wasps that visited the unexploited berry first, never accepted previously parasitized hosts, even when the test wasps contained relatively high egg-load or had been exposed to hosts in the presence of conspecific females. These results demonstrate a dramatic effect of egg-laying experience on the avoidance of superparasitism by this parasitoid. We discuss the adaptive value of avoiding superparasitism in relation to the mechanism of intraspecific competition in this species.
Partnership Instability, School Readiness, and Gender Disparities

Trends in family formation during the past several decades have increased children's exposure to mothers' partnership instability, defined as an entrance into or exit from a coresidential union or a dating partnership. Instability, in turn, is associated with negative outcomes for children and adolescents. This study uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine associations between mothers' partnership instability and children's school readiness, differences between coresidential and dating transitions, and the moderating role of child gender. Mothers' partnership transitions are negatively associated with children's verbal ability and positively associated with boys' behavioral problems at age five. In general, coresidential and dating transitions have similar effects on school readiness. The findings have important implications for our understanding of the growing gender gap in educational attainment.
Outcome and Life Satisfaction of Adults with Myelomeningocele

Abstract Background Myelomeningocele (MMC) commonly causes impairments in body structure and functions as well as cognitive disabilities that can have an adverse effect on adult life. Improved medical care has resulted in increased numbers of individuals with MMC surviving to adulthood, however little is known about the impact of MMC on the lives of adults age 25 years or older. Objective To gain a better understanding of outcomes in education, employment, relationships, reproduction and life satisfaction of adults with MMC. Methods A primarily quantitative multiple-choice questionnaire designed to capture outcomes in education, employment, relationships and reproduction, along with a previously validated life satisfaction checklist (LiSat-11), was completed by adults with MMC. Relationships between demographic variables, outcomes and life satisfaction were determined using cross tabulation analysis, logistic regression and linear regression. Results Ninety adults with MMC, age 25–85 years (median age 32), reported a diverse range of outcomes in education, employment, relationships and reproduction. The most consistent variable associated with difficulty attaining adult milestones was hydrocephalus, the presence of which reduced the likelihood of living independently (p ≤ 0.001), having a partner (p = 0.003) and reproducing (p ≤ 0.001), but did not contribute to reduced life satisfaction. Conclusions Adults with MMC, especially those without hydrocephalus, can obtain gainful employment, live independently, form partner relationships and have children, and these achievements contribute to life satisfaction. While MMC does not affect overall reported life satisfaction for adults, attention should be paid to specific domains with less reported satisfaction.
Structural interpretation of mutations and SNPs using STRAP-NT

Visualization of residue positions in protein alignments and mapping onto suitable structural models is an important first step in the interpretation of mutations or polymorphisms in terms of protein function, interaction, and thermodynamic stability. Selecting and highlighting large numbers of residue positions in a protein structure can be time-consuming and tedious with currently available software. Previously, a series of tasks and analyses had to be performed one-by-one to map mutations onto 3D protein structures; STRAP-NT is an extension of STRAP that automates these tasks so that users can quickly and conveniently map mutations onto 3D protein structures. When the structure of the protein of interest is not yet available, a related protein can frequently be found in the structure databases. In this case the alignment of both proteins becomes the crucial part of the analysis. Therefore we embedded these program modules into the Java-based multiple sequence alignment program STRAP-NT. STRAP-NT can simultaneously map an arbitrary number of mutations denoted using either the nucleotide or amino acid sequence. When the designations of the mutations refer to genomic sites, STRAP-NT translates them into the corresponding amino acid positions, taking intron–exon boundaries into account. STRAP-NT tightly integrates a number of current protein structure viewers (currently PYMOL, RASMOL, JMOL, and VMD) with which mutations and polymorphisms can be directly displayed on the 3D protein structure model. STRAP-NT is available at the PDB site and at http://www.charite.de/bioinf/strap/ or http://strapjava.de.
Demonstration and evaluation of an innovative water main rehabilitation technology: Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) lining

As many water utilities are seeking new and innovative rehabilitation technologies to extend the life of their water distribution systems, information on the capabilities and applicability of new technologies is not always readily available from an independent source. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed an innovative technology demonstration program to meet this need. The purpose of the demonstration program is to evaluate rehabilitation technologies that have the potential to reduce costs and increase the effectiveness of the operation, maintenance, and renewal of aging water distribution and wastewater conveyance systems. This paper provides an impartial assessment of the effectiveness and cost of a cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining technology for water main rehabilitation. This project demonstrated an innovative Class IV rehabilitation technology that met the project requirements and as part of the evaluation, multiple utilities expressed their willingness to use the technology in the future. The demonstration provided valuable information on the design, installation, and QA/QC of CIPP used to rehabilitate water mains, and makes recommendations for continued improvements in the process used for internal reinstatement of services. One issue that requires more study is the effect of pre-rehabilitation cleaning process on the service connection reinstatement process. Other issues contributing to the need for external reinstatement that should be studied and improved upon include: flush service connections that cannot be identified in smaller diameter pipes and difficulty drilling service connections located in folds.
Common sense clarified: The role of intuitive knowledge in physics problem solving

Over the last two decades, a significant body of research has documented the nature of intuitive physics knowledge—the knowledge of the world that students bring to the learning of formal physics. However, this research has yet to document the roles played by intuitive physics knowledge in expert physics practice. In this article, I discuss three related questions: (1) What role, if any, does intuitive knowledge play in physics problem solving? (2) How does intuitive physics knowledge change in order to play that role, if at all? (3) When and how do these changes typically occur? In answer to these questions, I attempt to show that intuitive physics knowledge can play a variety of roles in expert problem solving, including some roles that are central and directly connected to equations. This research draws on observations of college students working in pairs to solve physics problems. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 535-555, 2006
What Plain English Really Is

This article responds to the article Against Plain English: The Case for a Functional Approach to Legal Document Preparation by Professor David Crump of the University of Houston Law Center. In this article, I first highlight some insights and suggestions that Professor Crump got right - things he wrote that I agree with. Next, I suggest several authors, articles, and books that Professor Crump should have dealt with, discussed, or at least cited in an article that criticizes plain English. Then I address six of Professor Crump's points that I disagree with. Finally, I try to give a fuller picture of plain English; I hope to correct some mistakes and debunk some myths.
Sex Squad: engaging humour to reinvigorate sexual health education

AbstractThe Sex Squad is a collective of US-based college students, who create and perform monologues, scenes and musical parodies for ninth graders (ranging in age from 13 to 15). The Sex Squad is the central element in the AMP! programme for adolescent sexual health, developed at the University of California – Los Angeles in collaboration with the HIV/AIDS Prevention Unit of the Los Angeles Unified School District. In this case study, grounded primarily in arts-based approaches to sexual health, we, the founders, draw on our own experiences with, and critical reflections on, Sex Squad to make a case for including humour in sexual health education. In particular, we are committed to investigating how the arts can radicalise sexual health education, to increase its effectiveness, but also to reinforce sex as a valuable and pleasurable aspect of the human experience.
On The Dysfunctional Consequences of Salesperson Exhaustion

Salespeople are particularly susceptible to stress given the nature of their roles. This research examines emotional exhaustion as a facilitator of dysfunctional sales behaviors and accentuates the importance of leadership processes in mitigating stress. Results indicate that leader member exchange is sequentially related to emotional exhaustion, salesperson deviance (organizational, frontline), and turnover intentions. Managerial implications are discussed along with suggestions for enhancing salesperson-manager relationships and mitigating salesperson deviance.
Influenza in commercial broiler breeders.

SUMMARY. Influenza was detected in a flock of broiler breeders during routine serological monitoring. Although there were no clinical signs, egg production may have been affected in hens on one story of a two-story breeder house. Intensive measures were taken to avoid transmission to other farms. Two months after the flock was found to be serologically positive, sentinel hens were placed in the flock, and they became serologically positive 1 month later. In spite of this evidence for virus being present in the flock, no detectable transmission to any other farm occurred. RESUMEN. Reporte de Caso-Influenza en reproductoras pesadas. Se detect6 influenza en un lote de reproductoras pesadas durante examenes serologicos rutinarios. Aunque no se observaron signos clinicos, la producci6n de huevos pudo haber sido afectada en las aves situadas en uno de los dos pisos de la caseta donde estaban las aves. Se tomaron medidas rigurosas para evitar la transmisi6n a otras granjas. Dos meses despues de haber encontrado el lote serologicamente positivo, se colocaron aves centinelas en el lote y estas resultaron serol6gicamente positivas un mes despu&s. A pesar de la evidencia de que el virus estuvo presente en el lote, no se detect6 transmisi6n a ninguna otra granja.
Ion Implantation and Annealing in III–V Multilayer Heterojunctions

This paper reviews the status of implantation and annealing in III–V multilayer heterojunctions. The limitations on diffusion doping of multilayers are noted. Current heterojunction device applications for implantation are summarized. Issues relevant to the annealing of multilayers are discussed, including Si migration in modulation doped structures, the effectiveness of rapid annealing in reducing SI diffusion, and impurity enhanced diffusion in superlattices. The formation of damage in multilayers and the unique properties of strained multilayers are also discussed. Finally, implant activation studies are summarized.
Analysis of the Reasons of Experimental Failure Caused by the Unqualified Nitric Acid

Objective To seek the reasons that give rise to the failure in the determination of iron and zinc in wheat flour.Methods The nitric acids fromdifferent habitats were used to carry on the blank test with the perchloric acid,the digestion blank value was assayed.Results The nitric acids from different habitats were used in the digestion,and the blank value of iron and zinc was different;After the wet digestion,iron and zinc blank value from Shanghai habitat was much higher than that of other habitat;The purity grade of reagent has effect on the blank digest value.Conclusion The use of unqualified nitrate result in digestion failure;the pre-test plays an important role in screening and optimizing reagents.
Main Parameters Measurement Methods of Steam Turbine and Electro-hydraulic Governing System

Main Parameters Measurement methods of steam turbine and electro-hydraulic governing system are studied,including PID parameters of electric-hydraulic converter,time constant of speed measurement element,time constant of generator power measurement element and time constants of prime mover model.Tests are designed and performed to acquire these parameters.The correctness and practicality of these methods are proved by results of simulation and practical tests.
Relationship between Dynamic Strength and Dynamic Endurance

(1970). Relationship between Dynamic Strength and Dynamic Endurance. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 115-116.
Laparotomy for visceral ischemia and gangrene.

In the six centuries since mesenteric ischemia was first described, multiple factors have been investigated as predictors of bowel viability with little consensus. We retrospectively examined all cases of exploratory laparotomy for suspected bowel ischemia over an 8.5-year period. Patients were grouped into those who had a "positive laparotomy" with findings of bowel ischemia, bowel gangrene, or both (PL) and those who had a "negative laparotomy" with no evidence of compromised bowel (NL). Of the 114 patients, 86 (75%) were in the PL group and 28 (25%) in the NL group. The significant differences between the two groups were the higher prevalence of females in the PL group versus the NL group [71% vs 50% (P = 0.04)] and the younger age in the NL group versus the PL group [64 ± 19 vs 76 ± 14 (P = 0.0002)]. The groups did not significantly differ with respect to preoperative comorbidities and results of laboratory studies. Two patients in NL group had pneumatosis intestinalis on abdominal CT. One patient in PL group had a negative visceral angiogram. There was no difference in mortality between the groups. No single preoperative study reliably predicted positive findings at laparotomy in our series.
Expanding disclosure of conflicts of interest: the views of stakeholders.

n the early 199os, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) adopted a policy for the management of conflicts of interest on the part of clinical investigators (45 CFR 50.6045). This policy emphasized disclosure of potential or actual conflicts to institutional officials who would then develop strategies for managing them. The policy was adopted as an alternative to an earlier proposal that had emphasized mandated standards and mandated external disclosures.' Recent studies of the actual operation of conflict of interest policies cast doubt on the adequacy of the approach adopted by the NIH.',3 They indicate that as a result of the discretion allowed to institutional officials, there currently exist few uniform standards and very little accountability. These studies have suggested that to increase accountability, the scope of disclosure should be widened.
Australian singer, American features: Performing authenticity in country music

Abstract Country music, while performed globally, is strongly associated with the Southern United States. Non-American Anglophone country artists like Keith Urban, an Australian country singer, thus represent transnational dialect contact. I examine Urban's use of three variables: price monophthongization, (ING), and coda / r /. When compared to American artists, Urban heavily style shifts between speech and song; however, the artists perform similarly in song. I argue that authenticity is commodified, pushing artists to perform authenticity by indexing values enregistered as authentic. Urban strongly style shifts because as an outsider, language use is the only strategy available for such a performance.
Tea as Hero Crop? Embodied Algorithms and Industrial Reform in India

In India, an industrial reform movement called ‘Tea 2030’ is underway. Tea 2030 is driven by concern about two numbers: tea prices, determined by expert tasters in auction houses, and labor costs, ...
Digital Transformation and Consumer Requirements

This chapter explores the effects of the digital global economy and the ways in which software requirements are constructed. From this perspective, digital transformation involves a type of reengineering, but one that is not limited to rethinking just how systems work together, rather the entire business itself. Digital transformation also affects the risks that organizations must take and has established a shrinking s-curve. Ultimately, this chapter emphasizes the need to engineer software without users and without traditional input sources. This approach presents analysts with a new challenge on how to design systems that may not have definitive and defined requirements, establishing the need for a new technique that uses an analytical risk model.
Measurement of the moments of the hadronic invariant mass distribution in semileptonic B decays

Using 180 pb -1 of data collected with the CDF II detector in Run II of the Tevatron, we measure the first two moments of the invariant mass-squared distribution of the charm-hadron system in semileptonic B decays. We measure directly the first two moments of the D ** component for a minimum lepton momentum in the B rest frame of 0.7 GeV/c to be 〈 m D ∗ ∗ 2 〉 = ( 5.83 ± 0.16 s t a t ± 0.08 s y s t ) GeV 2 , 〈 ( m D ∗ ∗ 2 − 〈 m D ∗ ∗ 2 〉 ) 2 〉 = ( 1.30 ± 0.69 s t a t ± 0.20 s y s t ) GeV 4 . After combining them with the known contributions from D and D ∗ we find for the moments of the charm-hadron system 〈 M X c 2 〉 − m D ¯ 2 = ( 0.459 ± 0.037 s t a t ± 0.065 s y s t ) GeV 2 , 〈 ( M X c 2 − 〈 M X c 2 〉 ) 2 〉 = ( 1.04 ± 0.25 s t a t ± 0.12 s y s t ) GeV 4 , where m D ¯ is the spin-averaged D mass and the systematic error is dominated by the uncertainty in the branching ratios used in the combination of the D , D ∗ and D ∗ ∗ pieces. From the moments we determine the non-perturbative HQET parameters Λ and λ 1 in the pole and IS mass schemes.
Caspase inhibitors for the treatment of liver disease: friend or foe?

Because of the liver’s function in the body as both a filter for toxins and an innate immune organ, the liver is predisposed to cellular turnover. Under healthy conditions, this occurs through the ...
The preliminary evidence supports the use of spaced retrieval paired with a visual aid for teaching individuals with mild to moderate dementia to use compensatory strategies during oral intake in a controlled environment1

1Abstracted from: Benigas, J.E. & Bourgeois, M. (2016). Using spaced retrieval with external aids to improve use of compensatory strategies during eating for persons with dementia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 25(3), 321–334.Source of funding and disclosure of interest: Source of funding not reported. Original authors reported that there were no conflicts of interest.
Novel approach to bridge the gaps of industrial and manufacturing engineering education: A case study of the connected enterprise concepts

The revolution caused by the advancement of technology, globalization and internet-enabled manufacturing is rapidly changing the manufacturing industry and requires engineers with different and more diverse knowledge than provided by traditionally-based curricula. In order to fill the emerging gap in engineering education we, educators, have to start thinking about preparing students for the future. This paper describes our efforts to address the 21st century workforce challenges and opportunities. We present a novel multidisciplinary education approach through a case study example from a recently implemented course. This course was part of a larger institution-wide industry-university partnership to address the education gap in industrial and manufacturing engineering programs, beginning with the Connected Enterprise Concepts (CECs). The program started with developing a multi-faceted partnership with local companies and leaders in the manufacturing industry, and cross-disciplinary collaboration between Faculty members from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM). We present the framework within which this course, the first of its kind, was initiated, designed and implemented. We will also provide the initial results of students' survey and propose a way to address the challenges.
Light verbs and the syntax of aspect in Yiddish

The stem construction in Yiddish is a type of light verb construction in which a light verb (heading an LVP) takes an Asp(ect)P complement, which in turn takes a VP complement (cf. Travis 1992). The AspP is headed by an aspectual operator, yielding a “diminutivized event” interpretation. A puzzling fact about the stem construction is that the verbal elements seem to reflect an OV order, while Yiddish is in other respects a VO language. This OV-like ordering is a consequence of incorporation. A second, more restricted, type of light verb construction in Yiddish is also discussed, in which the thematic element is an indefinite NP complement. Here there is no AspP; the light verb takes a VP complement which is headed by a null verb which itself takes the predicate nominal as its complement. In both constructions, the light verb semantically selects for a complement which denotes some sort of diminutivized event; the differing distribution of the verbal and nominal forms of the light verb construction results from semantic differences between the Asp operator and the indefinite determiner.
Investigation of an Opioid Prescribing Protocol After Third Molar Extraction Procedures.

Purpose The United States is experiencing an epidemic of opioid overdoses and deaths. The relation between prescription opioids and opioid abuse is well documented. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons and other dentists are proportionately among the most prevalent prescribers of opioids. Practitioners are looking for evidence-based ways to decrease excess opioid prescriptions and adequately manage postoperative pain. The authors recently analyzed the impact of a mandated nonopioid prescribing protocol at their institution. Although broad guidelines have been useful for treating postoperative pain, there are no procedure-specific guidelines for managing pain after third molar extraction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an opioid prescribing protocol was sufficient to decrease opioid prescribing after third molar extractions. Materials and Methods This retrospective study compared the use of opioids prescribed for patients undergoing third molar extraction before introducing and after implementing a postoperative opioid prescribing protocol. The inclusion criterion was third molar extraction performed at the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN) during the fourth quarters of 2015 and 2017 with complete records. Results The number of opioid prescriptions decreased and the number of nonopioid analgesics prescribed increased for all procedure codes after implementation of the protocol. Higher Current Dental Terminology (CDT) codes were associated with increased opioid prescriptions, indicating increased surgical difficulty was a rationale for opioid prescriptions. The mean number of opioid tablets per prescription was 15.9 in 2015 and decreased to 11.5 in 2017. No statistical difference was observed for average tablets for various CDT codes. Conclusion Data from this study suggest an acute postoperative pain opioid prescribing protocol leads to fewer opioid prescriptions after third molar extraction procedures, less variance in opioid prescribing among practitioners, a decreased number of opioid tablets prescribed per patient, and safe and effective management of acute postoperative pain.
Global radiation signature from early structure formation

We use cosmological hydrodynamic zoom-in simulations to study early structure formation in two dark matter (DM) cosmologies, the standard CDM model, and a thermal warm DM (WDM) model with a particle mass of $m_{\chi}c^{2}=3\ \mathrm{keV}$. We focus on DM haloes with virial masses $M\sim 10^{10}\ M_{\odot}$. We find that the first star formation activity is delayed by $\sim 200\ \mathrm{Myr}$ in the WDM model, with similar delays for metal enrichment and the formation of the second generation of stars. However, the differences between the two models in globally-averaged properties, such as star formation rate density and mean metallicity, decrease towards lower redshifts ($z\lesssim 10$). Metal enrichment in the WDM cosmology is restricted to dense environments, while low-density gas can also be significantly enriched in the CDM case. The free-free contribution from early structure formation at redshifts $z>6$ to the cosmic radio background (CRB) is $3_{-1.5}^{+13}\%$ ($8_{-3.5}^{+33}\%$) of the total signal inferred from radio experiments such as ARCADE 2, in the WDM (CDM) model. The direct detection of the $\mathrm{H_{2}}$ emission from early structure formation ($z\gtrsim 7.2$), originating from the low-mass haloes explored here, will be challenging even with the next generation of far-infrared space telescopes, unless the signal is magnified by at least a factor of 10 via gravitational lensing or shocks. However, more massive haloes with $M\gtrsim 10^{12}\ M_{\odot}$ may be observable for $z\gtrsim 10$, even without magnification, provided that our extrapolation from the scale of our simulated haloes is valid.
Intraparenchymal Application of Mature B Lymphocytes Improves Structural and Functional Outcome after Contusion Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Cerebral contusion causes neurological dysfunction mediated in part by inflammatory responses to injury. B lymphocytes are dynamic regulators of the immune system that have not been system...
Atypical Response to Caregiver Touch in Infants at High Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Atypical response to tactile input is associated with greater socio-communicative impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study examined overt orienting to caregiver-initiated touch in 12-month-olds at high risk for ASD (HRA) with (HRA+) and without (HRA−) a later diagnosis of ASD compared to low-risk comparison infants. Findings indicate that infants that go on to receive a diagnosis of ASD may more frequently fail to shift their attention in response to caregiver touch and when they do, they may be more likely to orient away from touch. Additionally, failure to respond to touch predicts ADOS severity scores at outcome suggesting that atypical response to touch may be an early indicator of autism severity.
Incontinence Care Needs in a US rural border region:: Perspectives of promotoras

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the incontinence care needs of rural, primarily Hispanic, community dwelling adults living along the U.S.-Mexico border of southern New Mexico from the perspective of the community health workers, or promotoras, who serve this community.Sample: Community health workers (promotoras) attending a regional meeting were invited to participate in a focus group format to discuss their experiences with urinary incontinence; 25 promotoras provided verbal and/or written feedback.Method: A participatory action framework guided this focus group session, which followed an outreach presentation on basic concepts of urinary incontinence. Participant feedback and discussion solicited following the presentation was used to assess perceived community needs for incontinence care and bladder health promotion. Participants’ verbal feedback and written responses to open-ended questions were analyzed by methods of qualitative content analysis for themes depicting perceived needs of their community for bladder health education and behavioral strategies to alleviate incontinence.Findings: The following themes were identified: predisposing conditions, treatments tried, home remedies, psychosocial effects, and training requested. Promotoras’ comments revealed the lack of information regarding the causes and associated factors of urinary incontinence, the lack of understanding of available behavioral treatment options and how to perform behavioral strategies to promote continence. Promotoras identified the negative effects of urinary incontinence on psychosocial health and asked for strategies to help rural adults cope with this condition.Conclusion: Themes identified will guide the content development of future train-the-trainer sessions for community health workers or promotoras in urinary incontinence self-care strategies. Train-the-trainer sessions were identified through methods of participatory action to be the preferred strategy for bladder health promotion outreach to rural adults living in areas with limited access to medical services. Keywords: incontinence, rural, promotoras, Hispanic, qualitative, needs assessment, participatory action, community health worker DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v19i1.546
Evolution of the Mechanical Properties of Lead Free Solder Joints Subjected to Mechanical Cycling

Solder joint failure is one of the primary reasons for the failure of electronic packages. When electronic components are subjected to environments with temperature gradients, the solder joints present in them undergo a fatigue thermomechanical state due to differences in the Thermal Expansion Coefficients (CTEs)of the different assembly materials. Understanding the mechanical cyclic properties of these lead-free solder joints has thus become a necessity to improve the reliability of these packages. In this study, we have characterized the mechanical cyclic induced microstructural evolution and consequent changes in mechanical properties of individual solder joints. The testing of individual joints is important because there are significant variations of properties between actual joints and conventional bulk samples (e.g. dog-bone, rectangular, or lap shear samples). The test assemblies in this study were (3⨯3)BGA packages composed of total nine 0.75 mm diameter lead free solder joints that were formed by reflowing solder spheres soldered onto 0.55 mm diameter Cu pads on FR4 coupons. The solder joints were cycled using a Micromechanical tester along with a newly designed fixture which facilitates the tester to cycle a solder joint individually. The solder joints tested were of different alloys thus also giving an idea of the effect of the addition of various dopants on the mechanical cyclic properties. The joints were cycled for various durations including to failure. Nanoindentation tests were performed on the specimens to study the evolution in mechanical properties (e.g. elastic modulus, hardness and creep strain rate)of the solder joints as a function of duration of cycling. The prime objective of this study was to better understand the damage accumulation and evolution of a specific solder joint due to mechanical cyclic fatigue loading.
Utility of the baseline cardiac imaging in the treatment decision for young patients with acute leukemia.

e18005 Background: Anthracyclines, the backbone of acute leukemia induction regimens, are associated with risk of cardiotoxicity. Routine cardiac imaging is routinely performed before induction tre...
Jesús Ponce Cárdenas (ed.), Lope de Vega y el humanismo cristiano. Iberoamericana-Vervuert, Madrid-Frankfurt/M., 2018; 205 pp. (Biblioteca Áurea Hispánica, 124)

El volumen Lope de Vega y el humanismo cristiano, editado por Jesus Ponce Cardenas, abre un campo de estudio hasta ahora casi inexplorado. Si bien la abundancia de obra critica en torno a la poesia barroca espanola podria sugerir lo contrario, haciendonos pensar que se trata de un terreno suficientemente cubierto, lo cierto es que, mas alla de la estetica, mistica y ascetica de las grandes figuras religiosas espanolas, se descubre un ambito poco estudiado en su profundidad y avatares filosoficos, a menudo casi despachado dentro del a veces poco preciso titulo de “poesia religiosa”: me refiero al humanismo cristiano del que trata el volumen, en la pluma de nuestro mas prolifico poeta espanol, Lope de Vega
Terrorism and internet censorship

The internet provides a powerful tool to terror organizations, enhancing their public messaging, recruitment ability, and internal communication. In turn, governments have increasingly moved to dis...