cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early events in insect neurogenesis. I. Development and segmental differences in the pattern of neuronal precursor cells.

The earliest events in the development of the central nervous system in insect embryos involve the differentiation of a stereotyped pattern of individually identified neuronal precursor cells, called neuroblasts (NBs), each of which generates a stereotyped family of neuronal progeny. After gastrulation, the midventral region of the ectoderm becomes a neuroepithelium; it is from this sheet of seemingly uniform ectodermal cells that certain cells enlarge to become NBs while the rest of the cells either die or acquire other nonneuronal phenotypes. Here we focus on three aspects of neurogenesis. First, we examine the morphological changes associated with the differentiation of neuronal precursor cells and nonneuronal support cells. The differentiation of each cell type is reflected by its morphology; moreover, the identity of individual cells of certain cell types (e.g., a particular NB) is reflected by their position within the neuroepithelium. Second, we show that there is a characteristic temporal sequence of differentiation in the stereotyped pattern of NBs. Third, we show that this stereotyped pattern of NBs varies in a segment-specific way by the addition or deletion of particular neuronal precursor cells. These studies on the events of early neurogenesis set the stage for the experimental manipulations described in the following paper (C. Q. Doe and C. S. Goodman, 1985 Dev. Biol.110, 206–219).
Factors that contribute to the effectiveness of online learning technology at Oregon State University

approved: __________________________________________________________________ Chris Lee Ward With the rapid development of technology, online learning is increasing significantly and becoming a popular method of education for many universities and colleges around the world. Because of computers and the internet, most online learning today is interactive, and sometimes more interactive than the traditional classroom. Students can interact on equal ground, regardless of their race, gender, and appearance. Even without face-to-face teaching, it is now possible for rapid communication to take place between the teacher and the students using a variety of technological tools to enhance learning, such as conferencing tools, electronic mail, internet mailing lists, and newsgroups. Online education gives students a high level of responsibility for their learning. However, there are many issues that affect their successful completion of online courses. Some of these issues include work overload, lack of technological skills, and feelings of isolation. In addition, course design for effective online learning needs to be modified to fit the online format. Since there is no direct teacher-student contact, course expectations and outcomes must be clearly defined, and timely feedback must be provided. Well-trained online teachers often encourage critical thinking, problem solving, and the discussion of alternative points of view through a variety of available technologies. Because critical pedagogy emphasizes these elements, the researcher further investigated the theory of critical pedagogy as it applies to successful, webbased learning. Critical pedagogy theory emphasizes human factors and addresses many important educational issues, such as diversity, equality, gender, student empowerment, and positive student-teacher interactions. Therefore, the focus of this study was to determine effective factors of online learning, based on the theory of critical pedagogy and best practices for traditional and online teaching. From the literature review, seven criteria were established, including Instructional Design and Delivery, Student Learning Outcomes, Assessments, Student Empowerment, Social Presence, Critical Thinking Skills, and Alignment. Utilizing mixed evaluation methodology, these criteria of effectiveness were used to evaluate online courses at Oregon State University, College of Liberal Arts. In addition, this study examined whether students and teachers differ in their perceptions of online learning and whether or not significant relationships exist between these criteria. Finally, based on an analysis of the study results, the researcher explored elements of an effective online course derived from instructor perspectives, student perspectives, and researcher observations. © Copyright by Ghadeer Zainuddin Filimban April 14, 2008 All Rights Reserved Factors that Contribute to the Effectiveness of Online Learning Technology at Oregon State University by Ghadeer Zainuddin Filimban
Biocidal Properties of Anti-Icing Additives for Aircraft Fuels

The biocidal and biostatic activities of seven glycol monoalkyl ether compounds were evaluated as part of an effort to find an improved anti-icing additive for jet aircraft fuel. Typical fuel contaminants, Cladosporium resinae, Gliomastix sp., Candida sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a mixed culture containing sulfate-reducing bacteria were used as assay organisms. Studies were carried out over 3 to 4 months in two-phase systems containing jet fuel and aqueous media. Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and 2-methoxyethanol were generally biocidal in aqueous concentrations of 10 to 17% for all organisms except Gliomastix, which required 25% or more. 2-Ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, and 2-butoxyethanol were biocidal at progressively lower concentrations down to 1 to 2% for 2-butoxyethanol. The enhanced antimicrobial activity of these three compounds was attributed to cytoplasmic membrane damage because of the correlation between surface tension measurements and lytic activity with P. aeruginosa cells. The mechanism of action of the less active compounds appeared to be due to osmotic (dehydrating) effects. When all requirements are taken into account, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether appears to be the most promising replacement for the currently used additive, 2-methoxyethanol.
Distortion of Doppler ultrasound beam patterns caused by acoustic impedance mismatch at vessel interfaces

It has been noted previously that Doppler ultrasound measurements from a coronary guidewire in a circular tube exhibited spectral peaks which were not directly related to hemodynamic phenomena. These peaks were more pronounced with an increase in the acoustic impedance mismatch between the tube walls and the fluid. To determine whether these peaks could be explained by mismatch-induced beam-pattern distortion, the beam pattern of an ultrasound probe inside a circular tube was measured and was used to simulate the Doppler spectrum which would result from Poiseuille flow. The resulting spectra had peaks similar in size to those from guidewire measurements in Poiseuille flow. >
The Molecular Biology of the Paramyxovirus Genus

The Paramyxovirus genus, one of the three genera classified in the family Paramyxoviridae, contains a number of important viruses causing disease in humans and other animals (Table I). Historically parainfluenza, mumps, and Newcastle disease viruses were assigned to the Myxoviridae group based upon common biological properties shared with the influenza viruses (Andrewes et al., 1955; Chanock, 1956; Chanock et al., 1958). However, later studies indicated sufficient biochemical differences, in particular, the molecular organization of the genomes (segmented versus nonsegmented) and the melding of neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activities into a single glycoprotein (paramyxoviruses) versus separate glycoproteins (influenza virus), to reclassify both groups of viruses into the separate taxons Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae (Waterson, 1962; Wildy 1971). A number of viruses, including measles, canine distemper, respiratory syncytial, and mouse pneumonia viruses, do not share cross-reactive antigens with other Paramyxoviridae. However, because of their morphological and biochemical characteristics, they were classified in the Paramyxoviridae family as separate genera (Kingsbury et al., 1978a).
In vivo alterations in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and LDH isoenzymes patterns by acute carbofuran intoxication.

Intoxication with an acute dose of carbofuran (1.5 mg/kg, sc) in male Sprague-Dawley rats evoked severe toxic manifestations characteristic of hypercholinergic preponderance with profound muscle fasciculations and convulsions during 30–60 min, lasting for about 2 h. Lactate dehydrogenase, a “biomarker” cytoplasmic enzyme catalyzing the reversible reaction of lactate-pyruvate, was represented by five electrophoretically distinct isoenzymes in the serum and tissues. The amounts of each isoenzyme in different tissues were widely varied and consequently the patterns were tissue specific. A 24-h time-course following carbofuran administration indicated a two-fold increase in the activity of total LDH in serum and more than 30% in hemidiaphragm and liver. The patterns of LDH isoenzymes in serum revealed a significant (P < 0.01) increase in all the isoenzymes except LDH-4 (64% decrease). Analysis of each tissue revealed characteristic changes in LDH isoenzyme patterns indicating organ-specific tissue damage. These alerations in LDH and its isoenzymes, in addition to acetylcholinesterase inhibition, may be directly or indirectly related to the mechanism(s) of the toxic action, and also provide insight into the site/organ(s) of toxic injury, thus providing an early prognostic indicator.
Sum Rate Analysis of One-Pico-Inside OFDMA Network With Opportunistic Scheduling and Selective Feedback

In this letter, we investigate the sum rate performance of a generic one-pico-inside OFDMA network with opportunistic scheduling policy and the best-M partial feedback design. By a detailed examination of the statistical property of the selected user's signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and its interplay with intercell interference, we derive the exact closed form expression for the sum rate under partial feedback. The general expression incorporates the special interference limited and noise limited scenarios as special cases. The result explains the exact interaction with partial feedback and the approach can be generalized and applied to many related problems.
NEURORADIOLOGY IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

Technical advances made in diagnostic neuroimaging during the past 20 years have played an important role in the practice of ophthalmology. Various diagnostic tests are now routinely used to image the globe, orbit, and intracranial visual pathways. With so many different imaging modalities available, choosing the appropriate study to evaluate a clinical problem has become more difficult. This discussion highlights the current techniques available to image the eye, ocular adnexa, and brain. It also provides guidance on the selection of the appropriate imaging modality and several examples of imaging characteristics of pathologic lesions.
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Reduction of Hydrogen/deuterium back exchange in solution-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange with mass spectrometric analysis

The single biggest problem with solution-phase H/D exchange as a mass spectrometric probe of surface exposure in a protein (or protein complex) is back-exchange of H for D after the initial H/D exchange has been quenched. Back-exchange results in loss of pertinent data and also greatly hampers data analysis. Previously, very fast, cold (0−4 °C) HPLC was performed to help reduce back-exchange, but calculated back-exchange still averages ∼30%. In this report, supercritical fluid chromatography replaces HPLC as the desalting/separation technique prior to mass analysis, providing a dramatic reduction in back-exchange compared to the fast, cold HPLC methods.
Flexible graphite for gasketing, adsorption, electromagnetic interference shielding, vibration damping, electrochemical applications, and stress sensing

The applications of flexible graphite are reviewed. They include gasketing, adsorption, electromagnetic interference shielding, vibration damping, electrochemical applications, and stress sensing.
On a stress resultant geometrically exact shell model. Part VII: Shell intersections with -DOF finite element formulations

Abstract If the mid-surface of a shell is smooth, the classical theory describes the orientation of the director field attached to the mid-surface by two independent (rotational) degrees of freedom. At a shell intersection, where this smoothness assumption no longer holds, it is shown that the director field in the full nonlinear continuum shell equations must be necessarily described by three degrees of freedom. This added degree of freedom, however, is totally unrelated to the so-called drill rotation, widely used as a means of tackling the shell intersection problem. A computational procedure involving a trivial modification of the global singularity-free update procedure described in Part III of this work is described, which completely resolves the shell intersection problem without introducing ‘drill springs’ or related ad-hoc devices. The proposed approach leaves unchanged standard finite element formulations in terms of 5 DOF/node, affects only the global update formulae and exhibits excellent performance, as illustrated by representative numerical simulations.
WHAT ABOUT ISAAC?: Rereading Fear and Trembling and Rethinking Kierkegaardian Ethics

In this essay I offer a reading of Fear and Trembling that responds to critiques of Kierkegaardian ethics as being, as Brand Blanshard claims, “morally nihilistic,” as Emmanuel Levinas contends, ethically violent, and, as Alasdair MacIntyre charges, simply irrational. I argue that by focusing on Isaac's singularity as the very condition for Abraham's “ordeal,” the book presents a story about responsible subjectivity. Rather than standing in competition with the relation to God, the relation to other people is, thus, inscribed into this very relation. Fear and Trembling, I contend, advocates a bidirectional responsibility that is constitutive of subjectivity itself and, as such, actually resonates with certain aspects of Levinasian ethics. I conclude by suggesting that Abraham's ordeal is not due to the conflict between a nonreligious duty and the duty to God, but instead reflects a tension that is internal to the life of faith itself.
Properties of a Collective Excitation in Quasi-One-Dimensional Antiferromagnets

Contributions of magnon-phonon coupling and magnon-magnon interactions to the formation of localized solitons in common quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnets are closely studied and discussed by using Makhankov's and Pang's method with double-sublattice model. The anomalous effect in the (CH3)4NMnCl3 system is also discussed by using these results.
Psychology, epistemology; and skepticism in Hume's argument about induction

Since the mid-1970s, scholars have recognized that the skeptical interpretation of Hume’s central argument about induction is problematic. The science of human nature presupposes that inductive inference is justified and there are endorsements of induction throughout Treatise Book I. The recent suggestion that I.iii.6 is confined to the psychology of inductive inference cannot account for the epistemic flavor of its claims that neither a genuine demonstration nor a non-question-begging inductive argument can establish the uniformity principle. For Hume, that inductive inference is justified is part of the data to be explained. Bad argument is therefore excluded as the cause of inductive inference; and there is no good argument to cause it. Does this reinstate the problem of induction, undermining Hume’s own assumption that induction is justified? It does so only if justification must derive from “reason”, from the availability of a cogent argument. Hume rejects this internalist thesis; induction’s favorable epistemic status derives from features of custom, the mechanism that generates inductive beliefs. Hume is attracted to this externalist posture because it provides a direct explanation of the epistemic achievements of children and non-human animals—creatures that must rely on custom unsupplemented by argument.
Oxygen Lability on Thin Oxide Films on Mo(110)

The formation and lability of doubly bound, terminal oxygen in thin-film oxides thermally grown on Mo(110) is studied using reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and the implications for studies of oxidation reactions on these films is discussed. Isotopic labeling studies show that there is facile exchange of terminal oxygen with oxygen in high coordination sites mediated by defects, even for temperatures on the order of 100 K. The nature and heterogeneity of the MoO moieties depends strongly on the temperature used for oxidation. There are two different MoO species on an oxide prepared at high temperature, 1200 K, signified by vibrational peaks in the range of 995−999 and 1017−1026 cm-1, attributed to MoO moieties on terraces and at steps, respectively. Oxidation at lower temperature, 800 K, yields a more homogeneous film based on selective population of the peak in the range of 995−999 cm-1. The presence of the higher frequency peak is associated wit...
Bee1, a Yeast Protein with Homology to Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Is Critical for the Assembly of Cortical Actin Cytoskeleton

Yeast protein, Bee1, exhibits sequence homology to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), a human protein that may link signaling pathways to the actin cytoskeleton. Mutations in WASP are the primary cause of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, characterized by immuno-deficiencies and defects in blood cell morphogenesis. This report describes the characterization of Bee1 protein function in budding yeast. Disruption of BEE1 causes a striking change in the organization of actin filaments, resulting in defects in budding and cytokinesis. Rather than assemble into cortically associated patches, actin filaments in the buds of Δbee1 cells form aberrant bundles that do not contain most of the cortical cytoskeletal components. It is significant that Δbee1 is the only mutation reported so far that abolishes cortical actin patches in the bud. Bee1 protein is localized to actin patches and interacts with Sla1p, a Src homology 3 domain–containing protein previously implicated in actin assembly and function. Thus, Bee1 protein may be a crucial component of a cytoskeletal complex that controls the assembly and organization of actin filaments at the cell cortex.
US emergency department performance on wait time and length of visit.

Study objective Prolonged emergency department (ED) wait time and length of visit reduce quality of care and increase adverse events. Previous studies have not examined hospital-level performance on ED wait time and visit length in the United States. The purpose of this study is to describe hospital-level performance on ED wait time and visit length. Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of a stratified random sampling of 35,849 patient visits to 364 nonfederal US hospital EDs in 2006, weighted to represent 119,191,528 visits to 4,654 EDs. Measures included EDs' median wait times and visit lengths, EDs' median proportion of patients treated by a physician within the time recommended at triage, and EDs' median proportion of patients dispositioned within 4 or 6 hours. Results In the median ED, 78% (interquartile range [IQR], 63% to 90%) of all patients and 67% (IQR, 52% to 82%) of patients who were triaged to be treated within 1 hour were treated by a physician within the target triage time. A total of 31% of EDs achieved the triage target for more than 90% of their patients; 14% of EDs achieved the triage target for 90% or more of patients triaged to be treated within an hour. In the median ED, 76% (IQR 54% to 94%) of patients were admitted within 6 hours. A total of 48% of EDs admitted more than 90% of their patients within 6 hours, but only 25% of EDs admitted more than 90% of their patients within 4 hours. Conclusion A minority of hospitals consistently achieved recommended wait times for all ED patients, and fewer than half of hospitals consistently admitted their ED patients within 6 hours.
Light-Trap Response and the Dv/D Ratio in the Culex Pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae)

The responses to CDC miniature light traps of Culex pipiens from Lyons, Illinois, Cx. p. quinquefasciatus from New Orleans, Louisiana, and their hybrids were compared in a series of 1-h trials in walk-in test chambers. Culex p. pipiens showed the greatest attraction, and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus the least. Hybrids were attracted more than quinquefasciatus but less than pipiens . Capture rates of females exceeded those of males by 10 to 30% (with 1 exception). The same order of response, pipiens > hybrids > quinquefasciatus , characterized both sexes. Analysis of the DV/V ratios of trapped and untrapped hybrid males showed the former to be significantly more “pipiens-like” than the latter. Trapped and untrapped males of the parent subspecies could not be distinguished in terms of DV/D.
Langmuir flow effects in the laser gyro

Langmuir flow effects have been investigated in the laser gyro by measuring the integral of the beat frequency while tuning the frequency of oscillation. The results are in agreement with the traveling-wave Lamb model. The presence of the dc discharge tube walls gives rise to gas circulation in the laser gyro cavity. If the oppositely directed traveling waves see a net gas flow the gyro exhibits a null shift which depends on the magnitude and direction of the discharge current unbalance causing the net gas flow. The null shift is shown to be due to the mode pulling and pushing associated with the anomalous dispersion exhibited by the gain atoms.
A training outline for conducting psychotherapy process ratings: An example using therapist technique

Aims: This study addresses the effects of structured training on the development of coding skills used in psychotherapy process research. Method: Participants included graduate trainees enrolled in an APA approved Clinical PhD programme. A course outline for training is reviewed and examined in relation to ratings of therapist techniques used during psychotherapy sessions. Results: The effects of this structured training protocol for raters resulted in good to excellent levels of interrater reliability. Different groups of raters were compared along multiple factors such as level of graduate training, training received on a particular measure, and psychotherapy experience. Discussion: The implications of these findings for rater training in psychotherapy process research are discussed.
Phasing the Mirror Segments of the Keck Telescopes: The Broadband Phasing Algorithm

In a previous paper, we described a successful technique, the broadband algorithm, for phasing the primary mirror segments of the Keck telescopes to an accuracy of 30 nm. Here we describe a complementary narrow-band algorithm. Although it has a limited dynamic range, it is much faster than the broadband algorithm and can achieve an unprecedented phasing accuracy of approximately 6 nm. Cross checks between these two independent techniques validate both methods to a high degree of confidence. Both algorithms converge to the edge-minimizing configuration of the segmented primary mirror, which is not the same as the overall wave-front-error-minimizing configuration, but we demonstrate that this distinction disappears as the segment aberrations are reduced to zero.
Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,2-diol, and propane-1,3-diol at temperatures from 278.15 K to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar heat capacities C p , φ and apparent molar volumes V φ were determined for aqueous solutions of ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,2-diol, and propane-1,3-diol at temperatures T from 278.15 K to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa. The molalities m investigated ranged from 1.0 mol · kg − 1 to about 0.02 mol · kg − 1 . We used a vibrating tube densimeter (DMA 512P, Anton PAAR, Austria) to determine the densities and volumetric properties. Heat capacities were obtained using a twin fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter (NanoDSC 6100, Calorimetry Sciences Corporation, American Fork, UT, U.S.A.). The results were fit by regression to equations that describe the surfaces ( V φ , T , m ) and ( C p , φ , T , m ). Infinite dilution partial molar volumes V 2 o and heat capacities C p ,2 o were obtained over the range of temperatures by extrapolation of these surfaces to m = 0 mol · kg − 1 .
Factors that predispose to premature rupture of the fetal membranes

Causes of premature rupture of the fetal membranes were explored in a study of 25,820 pregnancies. Fourteen risk factors were analyzed using multivariate analysis. The following maternal factors had a positive association with premature ruptures: advanced maternal age, non-white race, multiparity, instrumentation of the cervix prior to pregnancy, cigarette smoking, incompetent cervix, low pregnancy weight gain, and recent coitus.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Detection of Damage in Out of Plane Fatigued Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials

Current applications require an understanding of the relationships that exist between the functional characteristics of composite material systems and the long-term behavior of those materials under mechanical loading. In the present work, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy was used to characterize damage initiation and progression in woven glass/epoxy composites that were fatigued loaded out of plane. A systematic approach was taken to establish a proof of concept that electrochemical impedance at different frequencies of excitation in woven glass/epoxy composites is related to the development of damage in that material under cyclic end-loaded bending. Impedance spectroscopy measurements were found to show large, consistent, and clear distinctions as damage developed, and also proved capable of detecting non-visual localized damage in thin specimens.
Limit cycles for successive projections onto hyperplanes in Rn

Abstract In this paper we consider successive orthogonal projections onto m hyperplanes in R n, where m ⩾ 2 and n ⩾ 2. A limit cycle is defined to be a sequence of points formed by projecting onto each of the hyperplanes once in a prescribed order, with the last projection giving the starting point. Several examples, including triangles, quadrilaterals, regular polygons, and arbitrary collections of lines in R 2, are solved for the limit cycle. Limit cycles are found in various ways, including by a limiting process and by solving an mn × mn linear system of equations. The latter approach will produce all the limit cycles for an arbitrary ordered set of m hyperplanes in R n.
Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics

1. Introduction 2. Some concepts and how they apply to Russia 3. Symptoms of the failure of democracy 4. The Russian condition in global perspective 5. The structural problem: grease and glitter 6. The policy problem: economic statism 7. The institutional problem: superpresidentialism 8. Can democracy get back on track?
Acid neutralizing processes in an alpine watershed front range, Colorado, U.S.A.-1: Buffering capacity of dissolved organic carbon in soil solutions

Abstract Soil interstitial waters in the Green Lakes Valley, Front Range, Colorado were studied to evaluate the capacity of the soil system to buffer acid deposition. In order to determine the contribution of humic substances to the buffering capacity of a given soil, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH of the soil solutions were measured. The concentration of the organic anion, Ai−, derived from DOC at sample pH and the concentration of organic anion, Ax− at the equivalence point were calculated using car☐yl contents from isolated and purified humic material from soil solutions. Subtracting Ax− from Ai− yields the contribution of humic substances to the buffering capacity (Aequiv.−). Using this method, one can evaluate the relative contribution of inorganic and organic constituents to the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of the soil solutions. The relative contribution of organic acids to the overall ANC was found to be extremely important in the alpine wetland (52%) and the forest-tundra ecotone (40%), and somewhat less important in the alpine tundra sites (20%). A failure to recognize the importance of organic acids in soil solutions to the ANC will result in erroneous estimates of the buffering capacity in the alpine environment of the Front Range, Colorado.
Agouti-related protein containing nerve terminals innervate thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.

Gene expression for agouti-related protein (AGRP), an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin receptors, has been localized to the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, where it colocalizes with neuropeptide Y (NPY). Having reported that the NPY innervation of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) originates primarily from NPY-producing neurons in the arcuate nucleus, here we examined the possibility that TRH neurons in the PVN are similarly innervated by AGRP nerve terminals. Using immunohistochemistry, AGRP-containing cell bodies were found almost exclusively in the arcuate nucleus, but their projections were distributed widely in the hypothalamus, most conspicuously in the paraventricular (PVN), arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, and the posterior hypothalamic area. Ablation of the arcuate nucleus by the neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate obliterated nearly all AGRP-immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus. In the PVN, double-labeling light and electron microscopic ...
Spin waves at the surface of ferromagnetic alloys: A cluster-bethe-lattice approach

Abstract Spin-wave spectra at the surface of binary alloys with either one or two ferromagnetic components are studied by means of a cluster-Bethe-lattice approximation and a Heisenberg Hamiltonian. The surface can be magnetically harder than the bulk over a range of temperatures. Applications to FeCo are presented.
Kinetic simulations of ultra-intense laser-plasma interactions and a novel method of generating odd harmonics

We report on the computer simulation results for a new laser plasma interaction regime, concentrating on the collisionless, kinetic nature of the plasma motion. It is found that even for normal incidence, the absorption of the laser light by the plasma electrons near critical can be as high as 60%, and that the temperature of the hot electrons produced can be predicted simply by knowing the associated ponderomotive potential of the incident laser. We also describe a new odd harmonic generation mechanism due to the interaction of the laser with the plasma electrons near critical.
A mm-sized wirelessly powered and remotely controlled locomotive implantable device

Fully autonomous implantable systems with locomotion can revolutionize medical technology, and include applications ranging from diagnostics to minimally invasive surgery. However, the extreme power requirements of fluid locomotion impose significant design challenges. Using highly efficient and scalable electromagnetic propulsion systems [1], these locomotive devices become possible. Recent work shows that mm-sized antennas in tissue achieve optimal power transfer efficiency in the low-GHz range [2]. Combining this power transfer method with the highly efficient propulsion, a fully wireless locomotive implant capable of moving at 0.53cm/s has been realized in 65nm CMOS with a 2mm × 2mm receive antenna and a 0.6×1mm2 die size with a 2W 1.86GHz carrier. The design consists of an RF frontend, bandgap reference, regulator, demodulator, digital control, and configurable high-current drivers for the propulsion system as shown in Fig. 17.6.1.
Diversity and specificity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 functions

The balance of protein phosphorylation is achieved through the actions of a family of protein serine/threonine kinases called the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The propagation of MAPK signals is attenuated through the actions of the MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). The MKPs specifically inactivate the MAPKs by direct dephosphorylation. The archetypal MKP family member, MKP-1 has garnered much of the attention amongst its ten other MKP family members. Initially viewed to play a redundant role in the control of MAPK signaling, it is now clear that MKP-1 exerts profound regulatory functions on the immune, metabolic, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. This review focuses on the physiological functions of MKP-1 that have been revealed using mouse genetic approaches. The implications from studies using MKP-1-deficient mice to uncover the role of MKP-1 in disease will be discussed.
Generation of stable transgenic C. elegans using microinjection.

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1. The plasmid DNA rearranges to form extrachromosomal concatamers that are stably inherited, though not with the same efficiency as actual chromosomes 2. A gene of interest is co-injected with an obvious phenotypic marker, such as rol-6 or GFP, to allow selection of transgenic animals under a dissecting microscope. The exogenous gene may be expressed from its native promoter for cellular localization studies. Alternatively, the transgene can be driven by a different tissue-specific promoter to assess the role of the gene product in that particular cell or tissue. This technique efficiently drives gene expression in all tissues of C. elegans except for the germline or early embryo 3. Creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized for a range of experimental paradigms. This video demonstrates the microinjection procedure to generate transgenic worms. Furthermore, selection and maintenance of stable transgenic C. elegans lines is described.
Differences in Patterns of Adaptation in Conjugal Bereavement: Their Sources and Potential Significance

Several different patterns of adaptation over the first eighteen months of bereavement represented by levels of subjective stress (Impact of Event Scale) and depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) were identified in a sample of 131 widowed men and women. Adaptation patterns identified for both subjective stress and depression included: low-stable distress, high-stable distress, ascending distress, and descending distress. Discriminant function analyses yielded a single significant function which discriminated between the different courses of adaptation for both subjective stress and depression. Inspection of the variables correlated with this function—anticipatory grief, concurrent stressors, social support, and spiritual support—suggested that it represented the person's ability to cope with the stress of bereavement. Implications for community interventions, theory development, and future research were discussed.
Simple Parametric Analysis of Animal Tumorigenicity Data

Abstract The usual onset/death model for tumorigenicity data can be characterized by the tumor incidence rate and the conditional death rates for tumor-free and tumor-bearing animals. If the tumor is unobservable in live animals, however, these rates are difficult to estimate without cause-of-death data or numerous sacrifices. This article proposes simple but flexible parametric models for another set of functions that can be estimated directly from survival/sacrifice data. These estimates can be transformed to obtain estimates of and suggest parametric models for other functions of interest, such as the tumor incidence rate, the conditional death rates, and the relative risk. No cause-of-death data are needed and, due to its parametric nature, the analysis requires few sacrifice times. This approach makes no assumptions about the degree of tumor lethality, nor is the tumor assumed to operate independently of other diseases. The huge ED 01 study provides an excellent basis for assessing the proposed param...
CONTRAST ECHOAORTOGRAPHY AS AN AID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RIGHT‐TO‐LEFT SHUNTING PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

Contrast echocardiography has traditionally been used in conjunction with conventional echocardiography to document right-to-left intracardiac shunting congenital anomalies. This technique does not clearly demonstrate shunting of blood in patients with right-to-left patent ductus arteriosus, as the shunt is extracardiac. We used a variation of contrast echocardiography, contrast echoaortography, to confirm the presence of a right-to-left shunting patent ductus arteriosus in two dogs.
Prescriber and staff perceptions of an electronic prescribing system in primary care: a qualitative assessment

Background The United States (US) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 has spurred adoption of electronic health records. The corresponding meaningful use criteria proposed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services mandates use of computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems. Yet, adoption in the US and other Western countries is low and descriptions of successful implementations are primarily from the inpatient setting; less frequently the ambulatory setting. We describe prescriber and staff perceptions of implementation of a CPOE system for medications (electronic- or e-prescribing system) in the ambulatory setting.
The effect of cell-free and erythrocyte-containing perfusion in rat livers

Abstract The isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) has been used to evaluate various aspects of hepatic metabolism. However, varying perfusion compositions, specifically differing concentrations of erythrocytes (RBC), make comparisons difficult. We evaluated oxygen and glucose consumption, sodium and potassium release, and hepatic enzyme release in rat livers perfused with either cell-free (CF) or 10% RBC-containing perfusates for 90 min. Perfusate oxygen content and hepatic oxygen consumption were increased in RBC vs CF perfusion ( VO 2 = 0.0208 ± 0.002 (RBC) vs 0.0107 ± 0.001 (CF) ml O 2 /min/g). Glucose consumption was increased in CF perfusion (0.295 ± 0.048 (CF) vs 0.173 ± 0.065 (RBC) mg/min/g). Sodium, potassium, and alkaline phosphatase release were not increased in either CF or RBC perfusion. SGOT and SGPT release occurred in both perfusion systems, although significantly greater elevations were documented by 75 min in CF perfusion. Bile flow was significantly elevated with RBC perfusion. High-power light microscopy and electron microscopy documented more cellular and subcellular injury in CF perfusion. We conclude that perfusion with 10% RBCs is associated with less cellular injury and enhanced oxygen delivery to the isolated perfused rat liver.
Delivering school-based mental health services by school psychologists: Education, training, and ethical issues†

Consistent with the priority goals of the 2002 Future of School Psychology Conference, the National Association of School Psychologists' Blueprint for Training and Practice III advocates for school psychologists becoming “leading mental health experts in schools.” In this regard, the present article reviews the prevalence and incidence of children's mental health problems in the schools, followed by a historical overview of the nature of school-based mental health services. We discuss education and training issues and related ethical and professional practice issues that focus on the ethics codes of the National Association of School Psychologists and the American Psychological Association that are associated with the delivery of mental health services by school psychologists. Recommendations are offered for graduate-level coursework and field experiences in the delivery of school-based mental health services, as well as future directions for research in this area. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of several metals on spore, biomass, and geosmin production byStreptomyces tendae andPenicillium expansum

Cultures ofStreptomyces tendae andPenicillium expansum grown on Actinomyces and Czapek's media, respectively, were exposed to 5 mg L−1 of manganese, magnesium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc, supplied as sulfate salts. Only copper markedly increased geosmin (1α, 10β-dimethyl-9α-decalol), biomass, and spore production. inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric analysis ofS. tendae andP. expansum cells did not indicate an accumulation of copper. Both 1 and 5 mg L−1 copper, as copper sulfate, increased total geosmin production in cultures ofS. tendae on several media, but decreased production on others, suggesting that substrate composition affects responses to copper.
Baryon-number violation at accelerator energies

We study an SU/sub 5/ grand unified model with a stable proton. Proton stability is ensured by requiring that all interactions conserve a global quantum number chi called ''chromality'' and that the proton be the lightest particle to have chinot =0. Minimally implemented, these ideas require a doubling of fermions (conveniently labeled ''standard'' and ''exotic'') in each family and the introduction of a 5 and 45 of Higgs fields. The model may then have a relatively light color-triplet Higgs field h/sup ..cap alpha../, which can mediate the baryon-number-nonconserving decays of exotic fermions to the standard ones. We examine the phenomenology of the model and put bounds on the masses of the particles it postulates. In particular, we find that a color triplet h/sup ..cap alpha../ of mass m/sub h/> or approx. =10/sup 2/m/sub W/ is consistent with all the low-energy data currently available. This gives rise to the logical possibility of observing baryon-number-nonconserving events at accelerators, provided that the exotic fermions are light enough to be produced there. We study the production and decay of exotic fermions in planned e/sup +/e/sup -/ and p-barp facilities. We find that if they exist in the relevant mass range they could be producedmore » in sufficient numbers (typically 10/sup 3/--10/sup 4/ exotic pairs per day at CERN LEP, the Stanford Linear Collider and Fermilab Tevatron I, and approx. =10/day at the CERN SPS) for the phenomenon of baryon-number violation to be observed. Other signatures include the decay of the exotic fermions a macroscopic distance from the production vertex and the presence of two high-energy charged leptons of the same sign among the decay products.« less
Further Developments in the Methodology of Surface Analysis by FT-IR: Quantitative Aspects of Diffuse Reflectance Methods

The quantitative aspects of diffuse reflectance FT-IR are explored for standard E-glass/AAPS (N-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane) treated samples. Nondestructive sample preparation procedures are used. One generates calibration curves by plotting the normalized integrated intensity of the coupling agent bands in the 2990-2800 and 1700-1500 cm−1 regions vs. the concentration of the treatment solution. The data are derived by DRIFT spectroscopy, and the above results are plotted for the overlayer technique as well as for no overlayer. The scatter in the quantitative data due to fiber orientation effects has been measured and is found to be significant (20-30%). However, averaging over several orientations of the fibers results in a linear dependence of the integrated intensities of the coupling agent bands on solution concentration. The well-known breakpoint that has been observed for other coupling agent systems does not appear in the curve derived from the averaged spectra. The above-mentioned scatter is eliminated by the use of KBr overlayers on the samples. Linear calibration curves relating band intensity to concentration can be constructed. When the overlayer procedure is used, breakpoints do occur in the calibration curves. The position of these breakpoints agrees well with observations for the similar coupling agent γ-APS.
Comparison of Edge Detector Performance through Use in an Object Recognition Task

This paper presents an empirical evaluation methodology for edge detectors. Edge detector performance is measured using a particular edge-based object recognition algorithm as a “higher-level” task. A detector's performance is ranked according to the object recognition performance that it generates. We have used a challenging train and test dataset containing 110 images of jeep-like images. Six edge detectors are compared and results suggest that (1) the SUSAN edge detector performs best and (2) the ranking of various edge detectors is different from that found in other evaluations.
Production of fuels and chemicals using solar photothermochemistry

Abstract Use of solar energy for the production of fuels and chemicals by a photothermochemical technique where the entire solar spectrum can be used is discussed. The solar radiation is split into long and short wavelengths, the long wavelengths are used for a thermal process and the short wavelengths are utilized for a quantum process.
Regulation of BDNF expression in primary neuron culture by LY392098, a novel AMPA receptor potentiator.

Abstract The effects of a novel AMPA receptor potentiator (LY392098) on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were examined in primary neuron culture. The addition of either AMPA or LY392098 to cortical neurons elicited a time and concentration dependent increase in mRNA encoding BDNF. Moreover, co-addition of subeffective concentrations of AMPA (1 μM) and LY392098 (1 μM) resulted in dramatic increases in both BDNF mRNA (>25-fold) and protein (∼7-fold) levels, whilst no changes in either NT-3 or NT-4 mRNA were detected. More modest (∼1.5–2.5-fold) elevations in BDNF mRNA and protein expression were also produced by combinations of AMPA and LY392098 in cerebellar granule cell neurons. In contrast, AMPA and LY392098, either alone or in combination, did not elevate BDNF mRNA levels in primary astroglial cultures. Maximum elevations in BDNF mRNA and protein were produced by 6–12 h of AMPA receptor activation 1–3 h of AMPA receptor activation were required to elevate BDNF mRNA levels. AMPA receptor-mediated increases in BDNF mRNA and protein were abolished by the AMPA antagonist, NBQX, but were unaffected by the NMDA antagonist, MK-801. In cortical neuron cultures, activation of both L-type Ca +2 channels and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases contribute to AMPA receptor-mediated increases in BDNF mRNA. The ability of LY392098 to increase the expression of BDNF in primary neuron culture indicates this and related biarylpropylsulfonamides may be useful in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Search for compact sources of cosmic photons above 200 TeV.

From April 1988 to February 1990 we used a two-level array of scintillators to search in the cosmic radiation for compact sources of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays above 200 TeV. Counters on the surface measured the size and direction of extensive air showers while counters buried 3 m below ground measured their muon content. Showers induced by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays are expected to have many fewer muons than those initiated by hadrons so the selection of muon-poor showers should greatly reduce the background of hadronic showers. Three objects, Cygnus X-3, the Crab nebula, and Hercules X-1, were examined in detail. Searches were made on short and long time scales and source periodicity was used, where applicable, to enhance any possible signals. We found no evidence for any compact sources.
Visible light photon counters as high quantum efficiency photodetectors and applications

The visible light photon counters (VLPCs) have been developed as a result of the joint work between the UCLA and the Rockwell International Science Center since 1988. The VLPCs with quantum efficiencies approaching 80% and having avalanche gains of 30000, rate capabilities of 50 millions per second per millimeter square with a time resolution better than one nanosecond have been applied to high energy particle physics research, medical imaging and particle astrophysics. A survey of VLPC development with some results and applications is presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.