cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical design of biological systems

It may seem premature to worry about the design of of living systems when we do not yet fully understand their operation. However, the path to understanding is clear, and design will inevitably follow. It's not too early to think about how this might be structured.
In Defense of Relational Direct Realism

Abstract: According to proponents of relational direct realism, veridical perceptual experiences are irreducibly relational mental states that include as constituents perceived physical objects or intrinsic aspects of them. One consequence of the theory is the rejection of the causal theory of perception. This paper defends the relational theory against several objections recently developed by Paul Coates. He argues that the required experiential relation is incoherent and unmotivated. The argument that it is incoherent commits a fallacy. In reply to the argument that it is unmotivated, I suggest that the relational theorist's appeal to transparency provides sufficient motive and, when properly clarified, defeasibly justifies the theory as well. Coates also argues that rejection of the causal theory leaves relational theorists without any way of determining which object is perceived or of accommodating our scientific understanding of perceptual experiences as causally dependent on physical objects. I reply that relational theorists are able to provide the required explanations and discuss how the relational theory is consistent with this scientific understanding of perceptual experience.
The unexpected but understandable dynamics of mating, paternity and paternal care in the ocellated wrasse

Although theory generally predicts that males should reduce paternal care in response to cues that predict increased sperm competition and decreased paternity, empirical patterns are equivocal. Some studies have found the predicted decrease in male care with increased sperm competition, while even more studies report no effect of paternity or sperm competition on male care. Here, we report the first example, to our knowledge, of paternal care increasing with the risk and intensity of sperm competition, in the ocellated wrasse ( Symphodus ocellatus ). Theory also predicts that if paternal care varies and is important to female fitness, female choice among males and male indicators traits of expected paternal care should evolve. Despite a non-random distribution of mating success among nests, we found no evidence for female choice among parental males. Finally, we document the highest published levels of extra-pair paternity for a species with exclusive and obligate male care: genetic paternity analyses revealed cuckoldry at 100 per cent of nests and 28 per cent of all offspring were not sired by the male caring for them. While not predicted by any existing theory, these unexpected reproductive patterns become understandable if we consider how male and female mating and parental care interact simultaneously in this and probably many other species.
The Richness of Ambiguity: A Mencian Statement and Interpretive Theory and Practice in Premodern China

The four-character statement “ Yi yi ni zhi ” 以意逆志 by Mencius on how to interpret the Book of Poetry has won praise from critics of all persuasions for nearly a millennium. How could this Mencian statement become a credo for so many different and often mutually opposed interpretive traditions? The extraordinary “versatility” of the Mencian statement, this article suggests, has much to do with the rich inherent ambiguity of uninflected classical Chinese. By adroitly exploiting the ambiguities of the words yi 意, ni 逆, and zhi 志 as well as its syntax, traditional Chinese critics continually reinterpreted the Mencian statement in away that justified their novel interpretive approaches. So, by investigating the continual reinterpretation of the Mencian statement, this article maps out the rise of diverse interpretive approaches from pre-Han times through the Qing. It also discovers two distinctive thrusts of these approaches and sheds light on the underlying dynamic unity of the Chinese interpretive tradition.
Implementing PII honeytokens to mitigate against the threat of malicous insiders

In the past several years, extensive research has been performed in various honeypot technologies, including honeynets, honeywalls, and honeytokens, primarily to gather information about external threats. Little to no research has been performed on how honeytokens, pieces of digital information designed to attract and trace illicit uses of data, can be implemented to catch one of the most dangerous threats, the trusted insider. The goal of this work is to detect, identify, and confirm insider threats, specifically threats that are after personally identifiable information (PII) data.
Ovarian salvage in bilaterally complicated severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Objective To report the management of 2 cases of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) bilaterally complicated by rupture and late subsequent torsion. Design Two case reports. Setting Obstetrics and Gynecology department of a hospital. Patient(s) Case 1: Severe OHSS complicated by massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage and bilateral extensive ovarian rents and rupture at multiple sites. Case 2: Twin IVF pregnancy and late severe OHSS complicated further by subsequent bilateral torsion. Intervention(s) Case 1: Diagnosed by clinical, hematologic, and ultrasound findings. Resuscitation, laparotomy, and meticulous ovarian repair with suture, glue, and hemostat affected bilateral ovarian conservation. Case 2: Diagnosed clinically and confirmed by color Doppler. Left salpingoopherectomy was performed because of a devitalized left ovary; 3 days later laparoscopic right ovarian detorsion and aspiration was possible as early Doppler diagnosis was made. Main Outcome Measure(s) Case 1: ovarian conservation. Case 2: ovarian conservation and continuation of pregnancy. Result(s) Case 1: Recovery and normal serum FSH and E 2 2 months postsurgery. Case 2: Continuation of pregnancy and the remaining ovary was healthy at abdominal delivery. Conclusion(s) Two cases of bilaterally complicated severe OHSS in which the patients' safety and bilateral ovarian integrity were at jeopardy. The cases are presented to define the importance of awareness, early diagnosis, and intervention, as well as the use of various methods and techniques to affect preservation of ovarian integrity and reserve.
Paleoterrain model of the Yamato Marsh, Palm Beach County, Florida

A modeling technique has been produced by combining remote sensing with geologic history for building a paleoterrain model that enables visualization of topography prior to anthropogenic development. The model's foundation is comprised of LIDAR data and stratigraphic sequences for describing the local geologic history. The Yamato Marsh, located in Palm Beach County, Florida, is a paleowatershed that was chosen for this study. The paleoterrain model of the marsh site can be utilized further in understanding land-use impacts on the surrounding environment. In conclusion, the final model of the Yamato Marsh successfully offers insight as well as a glimpse at a geomorphic feature that no longer exists.
A novel interaction of magnesium translocation with the supply of phosphorus to roots of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Abstract. The role of phosphorus (P) in leaf magnesium (Mg) concentrations and photosynthesis was investigated in field and glasshouse experiments with grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., cvs. Chenin blane. Chardonnay, and Carignane). In the field, leaves of vines growing on soil with low available P exhibited symptoms of Mg deficiency and had low P and Mg concentrations. The rate of photosynthesis for leaves of untreated control vines was approximately 0.7 nmol CO2 cm 2 s 1. When P fertilizer was applied to the soil, Mg deficiency symptoms were eliminated, and leaf P and Mg concentrations increased to above critical levels. When Mg was applied as a foliar spray, leaf Mg increased to above critical levels, but leaf P did not change significantly. In both experiments, the rate of photosynthesis increased to greater than 1.0 nmol CO2 cm 2 s 1 after nutrient applications. Thus, under low soil P conditions, leaf photosynthesis was limited by leaf Mg concentrations. In glasshouse experiments in which vines were grown with and without P for three seasons, Mg accumulated in large roots of - P vines to approximately twice the concentration found in roots of + P vines. Analysis of the xylem exudate from detopped plants showed that Mg concentration in xylem sap of + P vines was twice as great as that in - P vines. When P was supplied to - P vines, the concentration of Mg increased to the concentration of + P vines within 2 days. The results show that the translocation of Mg from roots to shoots of grapevine is dependent upon P supply to the roots and suggest that Mg translocation is more sensitive than uptake to P supply.
Nurturing Confidence in Preservice Elementary Science Teachers

This study examined changes in personal science teaching self-efficacy (PSTE), outcome expectancy (STOE), and science conceptual understanding and relationships among these in preservice teachers. Seventy preservice teachers enrolled in science teaching methods courses participated in this study. PSTE, STOE, and science conceptual understanding increased significantly during participation in the course. The study established that novice learners with minimal prior knowledge could not be expected to understand and employ core concepts in their learning schema without extensive guidance. The relationship between science learning confidence and science teaching confidence has not been theoretically delineated in the area of science teacher education. Findings suggest there may be important connections between the 2 for preservice teachers that would be fruitful areas for future research.
Application of a nonlinear viscoelastic model to glassy, particulate-filled polymers

In previous studies, a nonlinear viscoelastic formalism for unfilled glassy polymers was developed, which employed a potential energy material clock. Awide variety of responses ranging from temperature-dependent mechanical yield to enthalpy relaxation could be predicted accurately with one physical parameter set. The current investigation assessed the applicability of this approach to highly filled polymers (over 50 vol %). The particulate composites were treated as homogeneous continua, and model parameters were extracted directly from characterization tests developed for unfilled polymers. The predictions agreed surprisingly well with experimental data.
Segmental absence of intestinal musculature: an increasingly reported pathology.

Abstract Background Segmental absence of the intestinal musculature (SAIM) is a known but clinically rare entity involving partial or complete absence of the intestinal muscularis propria. Clinical presentation is consistent with peritonitis, and treatment involves an emergent laparotomy, bowel resection, and reanastamosis or possible ostomy creation. Diagnosis results from histopathologic evaluation of the resected intestinal specimen. Most of the publications are case reports. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all surgical pathology files at a tertiary pediatric hospital from 2003 to 2010, identifying children who were noted to have absence of intestinal musculature on pathology. Patients meeting criteria were reviewed in detail, and data regarding clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, radiologic findings, treatment, and outcome were recorded. Results Five patients were identified between 2003 and 2010 who received the diagnosis of SAIM. Patient age ranged from 1 to 99 days of life. All children were born preterm by cesarean section, had a mean birth weight of 828 ± 338 g, and were intubated after birth. Conclusions The 5 patients presented are reviewed and contrasted with previous cases presented in the literature. Theories of pathogenesis and classification are discussed, and the cases are labeled as primary versus secondary SAIM.
Efficient histogramming of large-scale geospatial rasters in supporting of web-based queries

This demonstration paper reports our design and implementation of a Web-based system that supports efficient histogramming of large-scale geospatial rasters using either rectangular or arbitrarily shaped polygons interactively drawn by users at the client side. By combining two performance boosting techniques, namely materialized histograms and compressed tiles, experiments using 50 random Region of Interests (ROIs) show that our approach is several times faster than straightforwardly scanning all raster tiles that intersect with the ROIs.
Tegaserod for Treating Chronic Constipation in Elderly Patients

Objective:To evaluate data that address the safety and efficacy of tegaserod for the management of chronic constipation (CC) in elderly patients.Data Sources:Primary literature was identified through MEDLINE (1966–January 2007) and EMBASE (2002–January 2007) using the search terms tegaserod, elderly, and constipation. Additional information was requested from the pharmaceutical manufacturer.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of tegaserod for treating CC were considered for inclusion. Emphasis was placed on data relevant to use of tegaserod in the elderly and on CC.Data Synthesis:Two efficacy trials evaluated tegaserod for treating constipation. They enrolled a total of 331 elderly patients, comprising approximately 13% of study patients. Tegaserod was effective for improving constipation in the overall study populations; no significant adverse events were noted. However, both studies lacked a subgroup analysis in the elderly. Diarrhea occurred more commo...
Digital post-linearization of a Wideband Low Noise Amplifier for ultra-wideband wireless receivers

The scaling of CMOS Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA) comes with a reduction in supply voltage and increase in field mobility effect resulting in deterioration in linearity. This tradeoff between CMOS transistor scaling and linearity is becoming more and more important as we transition into nano-scale CMOS LNA architectures. As a result, new techniques for the linearization of LNAs while maintaining an above average impedance matching, noise figure, power consumption, and gain are required. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for the adaptive post-distortion of a low power capacitor cross-coupled common gate low noise amplifier which results in compensation of the LNAs third order inter-modulation (IM3) product.The proposed technique is shown to provide excellent improvement in the third order input intercept point (IIP3) with the third order inter modulation tone running parallel with the fundamental tone over a 3GHz to 10.6GHz frequency range in a two tone test.
Speech-Language Assessment in the Clinical Setting

Time constraints are a significant factor for clinic-based and school-based speech-language pathologists. Yet, with a planning process that incorporates parent information and accounts for child temperament, a comprehensive speech and language assessment can be completed within a 90-minute time frame. A parent questionnaire is completed prior to the assessment date, focusing on developmental history, including information about family history of learning difficulties and episodes of otitis media. Standardized and nonstandardized procedures are included in the assessment process in order to obtain clinically relevant information and provide parents and public service agencies with necessary qualifying scores. The Bankson-Bernthal Test of Phonology (BBTOP; Bankson & Bernthal, 1991) is the choice of instruments for standardized articulation/phonology testing, whereas the Preschool Language Scale-3 (PLS-3; Zimmerman, Steiner, & Pond, 1992) and a spontaneous language sample are recommended as language measures...
Trust in Complex Work Systems: A Focus on Information and Communication Technologies

Trust is a multifaceted construct in complex work systems. It affects relationships between individuals, the organizations they work in, and how they use information and communication technologies. Trust mediates the acceptance of information and communication technologies; studying people’s trust and how they trust can thus identify appropriate design features and implementation strategies for technology use in the workplace. This article discusses the types of trust that influence work system outcomes with a focus on information and communication technologies. A model integrating different types of trust is presented, illustrating the interrelationship between trust concepts and how attitudes about information and communication technologies might facilitate or inhibit trust at the interpersonal and organizational levels.
Gendered Innovations in Biomedicine and Public Health Research

Innovations surrounding sex and gender have transformed many aspects of biomedical and public health research in the past three decades. Cardiology offers one of the best developed examples of gendered innovations: Sex and gender analyses have shown, for example, that cardiovascular disease (CVD), long defined as primarily a male disease, is the number one killer of adult women. Analyzing sex differences in CVD has led researchers to understand that heart attack symptoms differ by sex,1 that diagnostic tests, such as the exercise treadmill, differ in efficacy between men and women,2 and that aspirin is not a good primary preventive measure against heart attack in women.3
FRRC HIGHLIGHT: This note highlights a seminal paper published in Free Rad. Res. Comms. 1, 163-172 (1986) THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSITIVE ANALYSIS FOR 8-HYDROXY-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE

We were fortunate to be able to first show that 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) could be sensitively quantitated (to 20 femto moles) by the use of HPLC with electrochemical detection.' This method provides a means to help assess the role of activated oxygen attack on DNA (and RNA) and as such provides data to understand oxidative stress' in biological systems. Tiger in Blake's poem by that title could refer to sagacity, defiance and doubt, but it is equally clear that serendipity, dependence upon the creative and rigorous observations of other researchers and determination fueled by curiosity and dissatisfaction must play an equally important role in exploring new areas and approaches scientifically. Perhaps all three aspects were operating to help make our first observations possible. It is important to acknowledge the following set of circumstances which significantly contributed: (a) Dr. S. Nishimura's generosity in providing us with an authentic standard of 8-OHdG, (b) Dr. P. Wong's collaborative expertise whose training in HPLC-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) derives from the pioneering efforts on this analytical technique in biological systems by Drs. L. Blank and R. Adams, (c) our first efforts to use HPLC-ED to detect reduced spin-adducts' and hydroxyl free radical reaction products of phenol and salicylate4 and (d) a persistent fascination with the fundamental chemistry of the toxic aspects of oxygen on biological systems and especially oxygen free radical reactions with nucleic acids.' Since the earlier observations, 8-OHdG has been demonstrated to be formed in the DNA of several biological systems undergoing oxidative stress."" Nishimura's group has found, using a wide range of systems, a positive correlation between 8-OHdG formation in DNA and conditions enhancing cancer We have demonstrated that certain chromium salts and betel nut quid, agents responsible for cancer development, cause formation of 8-OHdG in Of significance is the fact that Kuchino et al." demonstrated that 8-OHdG in the DNA template caused miscoding not only of the complementary base but bases on either side of 8-OHdG. It has also been demonstrated that the 8-OHdG content of mitochondria1 DNA is higher than that of nuclear DNA. Along this same line, we have noted that the 8-OHdG content of plant chloroplast DNA is higher than nuclear DNA, and that ozone injured plants have a higher content of 8-OHdG in their chloroplast DNA."
5-HT1A and 5-HT4 receptors mediate inhibition and facilitation of fast synaptic transmission in enteric neurons

The actions of 5-hydroxtryptamine (5-HT)1A and 5-HT4 receptor agonists on fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in myenteric neurons of guinea pig ileum were studied in vitro. Intracellul...
Effect of microwave radiation on the stability of frozen cefoxitin sodium solution in plastic bags

The effect of microwave radiation on the stability of frozen cefoxitin sodium solutions was investigated. The i.v. fluids used as vehicles for the 1-g admixtures of cefoxitin sodium were 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection in 50-ml and 100-ml polyvinyl chloride flexible containers. The antibiotic small-volume parenteral solutions were frozen at -20 degrees C for 72 hours and thawed by microwave radiation. Before and after the freeze-thaw process, the solutions were observed for changes in appearance with a light and dark field visual surveillance technique. In addition, pH determinations were made with a microprocessor ionanalyzer, and high-performance liquid chromatographic determinations of concentration were performed. No significant drug concentration changes were detected and no visible changes were observed. The pH changes were minimal. Microwave radiation can reduce thawing time of antibiotic admixtures. In this study, the stability of cefoxitin sodium solutions was not affected by the freeze-thaw process.
Toward a cumulative science of functional integration: A meta-analysis of psychophysiological interactions

Much of the work in cognitive neuroscience is shifting from a focus on single brain regions to a focus on the connectivity between multiple brain regions. These inter-regional connectivity patterns contribute to a wide range of behaviors and are studied with models of functional integration. The rapid expansion of the literature on functional integration offers an opportunity to scrutinize the consistency and specificity of one of the most popular approaches for quantifying connectivity: psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis. We performed coordinate-based meta-analyses on 284 PPI studies, which allowed us to test (a) whether those studies consistently converge on similar target regions and (b) whether the identified target regions are specific to the chosen seed region and psychological context. Our analyses revealed two key results. First, we found that different types of PPI studies-e.g., those using seeds such as amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and contexts such as emotion and cognitive control, respectively-each consistently converge on similar target regions, thus supporting the reliability of PPI as a tool for studying functional integration. Second, we also found target regions that were specific to the chosen seed region and psychological context, indicating distinct patterns of brain connectivity. For example, the DLPFC seed reliably contributed to a posterior cingulate cortex target during cognitive control but contributed to an amygdala target in other contexts. Our results point to the robustness of PPI while highlighting common and distinct patterns of functional integration, potentially advancing models of brain connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2904-2917, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modiomytilus, a new mytilid bivalve from the Tertiary of southern Patagonia

ABSTRACr-Modiomytilus n. gen. is described from Tertiary sediments exposed in the southwestern comer of Santa Cruz province (Argentina). This large mytilid is characterized by its ornamentation of strong comarginal undulations, its smooth ligamentary ridge, and its relatively large anterior adductor muscle. Two new species are assigned to it: Modiomytilus argentinensis n. sp., from the Centinela Formation (Miocene) south of Lago Argentino, and Modiomytilus mercerati n. sp., from the Rio Turbio Formation (Eocene) in Sierra Dorotea. Although other species belonging to this new taxon and previously referred to Mytilus have been described from Tertiary sediments in the region, none are known so far from rocks of comparable age outside Patagonia.
Performing reflexive caring: rethinking reflexivity through trauma and disability

ABSTRACTYou care about difference. In this exigent mood we begin to rework reflexivity through disability and trauma studies. Using performative writing, we trouble you, me, and we in order to uncouple analytical rigor from individual bodies and identities. As we consider violence, injury, and ability, we complicate an imperative for personal disclosure. While continuing to insist on accountability to privilege, we highlight queer vulnerabilities, alternative representation, and non-normative emotion. We draw together readers and writers in a recursive textual process, a feminist ethic attentive to inequality and suffering. We call this methodological presence with others reflexive caring.
Delayed Emergence From Anesthesia: A Simulation Case for Anesthesia Learners.

Introduction Delayed emergence is failure to regain consciousness following general anesthesia. It commonly involves altered mental status and respiratory compromise leading to increased morbidity,...
The Case of Taiwan: Perceptions of College Students About the Use of the TOEIC® Tests as a Condition of Graduation

This study uses online surveys and phone interviews with Taiwanese college students to investigate their perceptions of using the TOEIC® test scores to meet an English-language graduation requirement. Results indicate that students have positive views about the use of the TOEIC test scores for graduation and believe that preparing to take the test has a positive impact on their language proficiency and future employment prospects. The TOEIC test scores are also perceived favorably by the participants as having high levels of reliability and validity. The study provides empirical evidence to support the use of the TOEIC test as a high-stakes test for college exit requirement in Taiwan and has implications for similar test use in other countries
Determinants of FDI into Latin America: An Empirical Study

This paper seeks to examine the determinants of FDI into Latin America with an aim to make policy recommendations to boost FDI into the region. Using data for 17 Latin American countries for the period from 1990 to 2013 and two-way fixed effects method of estimation, the paper is an attempt to explore whether the macroeconomic factors like inflation, exchange rate, risk factors like return on investment or institutional factors like good governance are instrumental in attracting FDI. The results suggest that infrastructural development, human capital and good governance play crucial roles in promoting FDI inflows into the region. Higher labor costs seem to inhibit FDI inflows. The results have three fundamental policy implications. The host country governments may take measures like investment in education, infrastructure and improving governance to attract FDI.
Technique for the administration of high-dose-rate brachytherapy to the bile duct using a nasobiliary catheter.

Abstract Purpose Cholangiocarcinoma patients who are potential candidates for liver transplantation may be treated with high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy using a minimally invasive nasobiliary catheter in an effort to escalate the radiotherapy dose to the tumor and maximize local control rates. This work describes the equipment, procedures, and quality assurance (QA) that enables successful administration. Methods and Materials This work describes the nasobiliary catheter placement, simulation, treatment planning, treatment delivery, and QA. In addition, a chart review was performed of all patients who received endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for HDR bile duct brachytherapy at our institution from 2007 to 2017. The review evaluated how many patients were treated and the number of patients who could not be treated because of anatomic and/or equipment limitations. Results From 2007 to 2017, 122 cholangiocarcinoma patients have been treated with HDR brachytherapy using a nasobiliary catheter. Three patients underwent catheter placement but did not receive brachytherapy treatment due to catheter migration between placement and treatment or because the HDR afterloader was unable to extend the source wire into the treatment site. Periodic QA is recommended for ensuring whether the HDR afterloader is capable of extending the source wire through an extensive and curved path. Conclusions Intraluminal HDR brachytherapy with a nasobiliary catheter can be successfully administered. Procedures and QA are described for ensuring safety and overcoming technical challenges.
Fragment Size Distribution for Ice Particle Impacts on a Glass Plate

This work presents the results of an experimental study of ice particle impacts on a flat glass plate. The experiment was conducted at the Ballistics Impact Laboratory of NASA Glenn Research Center. The main objective of the experiment was to gain understanding about the modifications needed to the experimental configuration for a future parametric study at a larger range of values for particle diameters and other parameters. This was achieved by studying the effect of the velocity of an impacting ice particle on the post-impact fragment size and distribution for a reduced range of impacting particle diameters. Pre-impact particle diameter and velocity data were captured with a high-speed side camera. Post-impact fragment data were captured in a single frame with a 29-megapixel camera located above and normal to the target. Repeat runs were conducted for ice particles with diameters ranging from 1.7 to 2.9 millimeters, impacting at velocities between 39 and 98 meters per second. The fragment areas were measured, and the corresponding equivalent diameters and histogram distributions were calculated. Analysis of the data showed that the average equivalent diameter for the fragments in a run was an order of magnitude smaller than the diameter of the impacting ice particle. The histograms for equivalent diameter distribution were nonnormal with long tails, with most of the fragments having equivalent diameters concentrated toward the minimum value of the fragment size that could be resolved. Factors affecting the accuracy of the data during the digital imaging analysis were identified. Needed modifications to the setup to handle small size ice particles and other testing conditions were also identified.
High-order active filters

In Chapters 9 and 10, we laid the foundation for general, high-order active filters. In Chapter 9, several basic principles and useful tools were developed. In Chapter 10, we concentrated on the various second-order filter sections - the biquads. We considered several design criteria and formulas for obtaining element values of some better-known biquad circuits.
Personaler Zeitbezug der Gefühle

Eine Merkmalsuntersuchung, wie sie das vorige Kapitel gibt, wird der Totalitat des Gefuhlserlebens nicht gerecht; denn jedes Gefuhl wird jeweils unter ganz verschiedene Merkmalsgesichtspunkte gestellt. Es muss deshalb eine anders orientierte Betrachtung die konkrete Ganzheit jedes Gefuhlsphanomens und die konkrete Fulle aller Gefuhlserscheinungen zu ihrem Recht kommen lassen. Als Leitfaden dient uns hierzu der Lebensvollzug der Person in der Zeit. Die personale Zeit der Menschen erstreckt sich von der jeweiligen Gegenwart aus mit unsymmetrischer Polaritat in die Zukunft und in die Vergangenheit; die Gefuhle stehen zu diesen drei Zeitphasen in wesentlicher Beziehung. Zwar gehoren alle Gefuhle, indem sie erlebt werden, der Gegenwart des Erlebenden an. Aber uber diese rein faktische Zeitgebundenheit reicht ihre personale Bedeutung weit hinaus. Neben den „Praesenzgefuhlen”, die auch bedeut-tungsmafsig der Gegenwart zugeordnet sind, gibt es Gefuhle, die in die Zukunft „vorgreifen”, und solche, die in die Vergangenheit „ruckgreifen”.
Efficacy and nontarget impact of zinc phosphide-coated cabbage as a ground squirrel management tool.

BACKGROUND Effective management of ground squirrels relies on an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. Rodenticides may be included in an IPM program, but they must be efficacious with minimal impact on nontarget species. A zinc phosphide-coated green bait may meet these requirements. We established a study in northeastern California to test zinc phosphide-coated cabbage as a management tool for Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi). We specifically addressed factors that would influence the efficacy of a baiting program, as well as potential exposure risk to nontarget species. RESULTS We found that prebaiting was an important application strategy, and efficacy increased as ground squirrel abundance increased. Efficacy was also greater in western portions of the study area, likely due to greater bait consumption at western sites. Belding's ground squirrels fed most heavily on cabbage during mid-morning and late afternoon; bait applications shortly before these time periods would increase bait consumption while minimizing nontarget risk. Bait uptake was greatest around burrow entrances. The only nontarget species observed feeding on cabbage was the California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus), although they were never observed feeding on treated cabbage. CONCLUSION Zinc phosphide-coated cabbage can be an efficacious tool for managing ground squirrels, but there will be limitations on where and how it can be used effectively. It posed a low risk to nontarget species present in our study area, but nontarget risk could vary regionally. The use of a zinc phosphide-coated green bait should only be one part of an IPM strategy for managing ground squirrels. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
High–Speed electron beam curing of thick electrode for high energy density Li-ion batteries

Abstract Electron beam curing is demonstrated as a promising method for high speed, low cost and environmentally friendly battery electrode manufacturing. This work reports transfer of this process to pilot scale equipment and evaluation of electrochemical performance in prototype 1.5 Ah pouch cells. Thick LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) composite electrodes with an areal loading of 25 mg cm−2 (∼4 mAh cm−2) are successfully cured at a line speed of 500 feet per minute at 275 keV. Compared to the NMC532 cathode processed via a conventional coating method, the electron beam cured electrodes show higher capacity fade in the first 100 cycles, but similar fade rate afterwards. Further improvement strategies are proposed and discussed. This work demonstrates that electron beam curing is a promising method for manufacturing thick battery electrodes at high speeds and low capital/operation cost.
Moore’s proof, theory-ladenness of perception, and many proofs

I argue that if we allow that Moore’s Method, which involves taking an ordinary knowledge claim to support a substantive metaphysical conclusion, can be used to support Moore’s proof an external world, then we should accept that Moore’s Method can be used to support a variety of incompatible metaphysical conclusions. I shall refer to this as “the problem of many proofs”. The problem of many proofs, I claim, stems from the theory-ladenness of perception. I shall argue further that this plethora of proofs for incompatible positions leads to a darker form of skepticism, one which maintains that each of the dogmatic views is probably false. We will conclude by considering various ways a Moorean might respond to these difficulties.
Removal of Renal Cell Carcinoma Extending into the Right Atrium using Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Profound Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest

AbstractAn operation is indicated in patients with renal cancer growing into the inferior vena cava and right atrium because the tumor in the right atrium presents an immediate risk to life if acute obstruction of the tricuspid valve or pulmonary emboli occur. In addition, patients treated by such an operation may enjoy reasonable survivals. We believe that the best technique for operative management includes cardiopulmonary bypass, profound hypothermia and total circulatory arrest. Although perhaps seemingly complicated, it is the only technique that simplifies the operative dissection and permits as complete removal as possible of the cancer without the risk of tumor embolization or uncontrollable hemorrhage.
Malingering, conversion and factitious disorders. The emotional and monetary costs to the healthcare delivery system.

Dear Editor,We would like to describe the case of a 30 year old otherwise healthy but obese Caucasian lady who was admitted to our hospital on two occasions separated by about four months. The admi...
Measurement of Individual Risk Preference for Decision-Making in SHM

Effective decision-making methods have a large importance for sustainable management of infrastructure. Modern decision-making processes are increasingly data-based and sensor technologies enable data-based decision-making processes to be implemented in infrastructure management. In all decision-making, data-based or not, risk preferences of decision maker are a key consideration, and can explain why even rationally acting individuals could end up making different decisions under the same circumstances. Previous work in the field has shown that when using expected utility framework in a multistakeholder setting, differences in stakeholder risk preferences have large impacts on the optimal decisions. A key result in literature establishes the importance of risk-attitude measurement in infrastructure manager selection by showing that large discrepancies in risk attitudes can create a situation where a SHM system has a negative monetary value. As a first step in developing better decision procedures we have created a risk attitude measurement scale for infrastructure management purposes. The scale is derived from a widely utilized Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) Scale, which utilizes a riskreturn framework where risk taking is decomposed using perceived risks and benefits. We conducted a pre-test of the scale with a select student population. The pre-test results are encouraging in terms of quality of our scale and also give early evidence that SHM decision-making differs from ordinary maintenance decision-making.
Direct observation of the hcp-bcc phase transition and melting along the principal Hugoniot of Mg

Time-resolved x-ray diffraction was used to examine the phase evolution of polycrystalline Mg shocked along the principal Hugoniot to states that span multiple phase boundaries into the liquid. The diffraction data indicate that the hcp-bcc phase boundary lies above 27 GPa, with the hcp-bcc transition occurring within nanoseconds of loading. Experiments at 55 GPa reveal a mixture of bcc and liquid, indicating incipient melt occurring 10--15 GPa lower than previously reported, with complete melting observed at 63 GPa.
Heat and Mass Transfer: A Biological Context, 2nd ed.

This text, as the name implies, covers heat and mass transfer calculations in the context of biological and agricultural applications. It assumes an ability of the student to properly apply and solve differential (and some partial differential) equations and assumes at least an introduction to the thermodynamics of biological systems. Its primary audience is assumed to be junior-year students in biological engineering and/or agricultural and food engineering programs. It is also appropriate for students with a background in bioprocessing, biomedical engineering, waste and environmental engineering, and the like in preparation for senior-level design project work.
Synthesis of DNA Origami Scaffolds: Current and Emerging Strategies

DNA origami nanocarriers have emerged as a promising tool for many biomedical applications, such as biosensing, targeted drug delivery, and cancer immunotherapy. These highly programmable nanoarchitectures are assembled into any shape or size with nanoscale precision by folding a single-stranded DNA scaffold with short complementary oligonucleotides. The standard scaffold strand used to fold DNA origami nanocarriers is usually the M13mp18 bacteriophage’s circular single-stranded DNA genome with limited design flexibility in terms of the sequence and size of the final objects. However, with the recent progress in automated DNA origami design—allowing for increasing structural complexity—and the growing number of applications, the need for scalable methods to produce custom scaffolds has become crucial to overcome the limitations of traditional methods for scaffold production. Improved scaffold synthesis strategies will help to broaden the use of DNA origami for more biomedical applications. To this end, several techniques have been developed in recent years for the scalable synthesis of single stranded DNA scaffolds with custom lengths and sequences. This review focuses on these methods and the progress that has been made to address the challenges confronting custom scaffold production for large-scale DNA origami assembly.
High Contrast Reflectance Imaging of Enamel Demineralization and Remineralization at 1950-nm for the Assessment of Lesion Activity

Background and objectives Previous studies have shown that large changes in the diffuse reflectivity of caries lesions during drying with air can be used to assess lesion activity. The largest changes occur at short wavelength infrared (SWIR) wavelengths coincident with high water absorption. The strongest water absorption in the SWIR occurs at 1950 nm. In this study changes in the reflectivity of simulated lesions with varying degrees of remineralization was measured at 1500-2340 nm and at 1950 nm as the samples were dried with air. Study design/materials and methods Twenty bovine enamel surfaces each with five treatment windows were exposed to two demineralization/remineralization regimens to produce simulated lesions of varying depth, severity, and mineral gradients. An extended range tungsten-halogen lamp with a long pass filter (1500-2340 nm) and a broadband amplified spontaneous emission source centered near the peak of the water-absorption band at 1950-nm were used as light sources and an extended range InGaAs camera (1000-2340 nm) was used to acquire reflected light images as the samples were dried with air. Lesions were also assessed using digital microscopy, polarized light microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and transverse microradiography. Results Both wavelength ranges showed extremely high lesion contrast (>0.9) for all six lesion treatment windows in both models. The change in contrast (ΔI) was significantly higher for the 1950 nm broadband source for all the intact lesion windows compared with the 1500-2340 nm wavelength range. Conclusion SWIR light at 1950 nm yields extremely high contrast of demineralization and appears to be the optimum wavelength for the assessment of lesion activity on tooth coronal surfaces. Lasers Surg. Med. 00:00-00, 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Long Term Field Emission Current Stability Characterization of Planar Field Emitter Devices

Lateral field emission devices have been characterized and degradation tested for >1000 h to study stability and reliability. Two types of planar device structures, diode and bowtie, were studied. These nanoscale devices have 10–20 nm tip to tip or tip to collector dimensions with the tips fabricated from Au/Ti. Typical currents of 2–6 nA at 6 V were measured. The devices were placed on lifetime tests in a vacuum of 1000 h. Seven total devices were tested with one failing at 300 h. and three of the devices showed <5% degradation in current until 1400 h when testing was stopped, and three other devices showed a sudden drop of ≈20% ranging from 700 to 900 h. Optical microscope images of one of the devices that failed catastrophically at 350 h show physical arc damage where the bond pad narrows to the emitter trace. Scanning electron microscope images of a bowtie part that completed 1400 h of operation showed no obvious erosion or damage to the tips.
Hydrogels derived from acellular porcine corneal stroma enhance corneal wound healing.

Abstract Acellular cornea derived hydrogels provide significant advantages in preserving native corneal stromal keratocyte cells and endothelial cells. However, for clinical application, hydrogel physical properties need to be improved, and their role in corneal epithelial wound healing requires further investigation. In this study, an acellular porcine corneal stroma (APCS) hydrogel (APCS-gel) was successfully prepared from 20 mg/ml APCS, demonstrated optimal light transmittance and gelation kinetic properties and retained critical corneal ECM of collagens and growth factors. Compared with fibrin gel, the APCS-gel had a higher porosity ratio and faster nutrition diffusion with an accompanying improvement in the proliferation of primary rabbit corneal epithelial cells (RCECs) and stromal cells (RCSCs). These corneal cell types also displayed improved viability and cellular infiltration. Furthermore, the APCS-gel provides significant advantages in the preservation of RCECs stemness and enhancement of corneal wound healing in vitro and in vivo. After 7 days of culture, 3-4 layers of RCECs were formed on the APCS-gel in vitro, while only 1-2 layers were found on the fibrin gel. More corneal stem/progenitor cell phenotypes (K12-, p63+, ABCG2+) and proliferation phenotypes (Ki67+) were detected on the APCS-gel than fibrin gel. Using a corneal epithelial wound healing model, we also found faster reepithelization in corneas that received APCS-gel compared to fibrin gel. Additionally, our APCS-gel demonstrated better physical and biological properties when compared to Tisseel, a clinically used type of fibrin gel. In conclusion, our APCS-gel provided better corneal epithelial and stromal cell biocompatibility to fibrin gels and due to its transparency and faster gelation time could potentially be superior for clinical purposes. Statement of significance Extracellular matrix (ECM) can be used to provide tissue specific physical microstructure and biochemical cues for tissue regeneration. Here, we produced an ECM hydrogel derived from acellular porcine cornea stroma (APCS-gel) that retained critical biological characteristics of the native tissue and provided significant transparency and fast gelation time. Our data demonstrated that the APCS-gel was superior to clinically used fibrin gel, as the APCS-gel showed high porosity and permeability, better corneal stromal keratocytes infiltration, increased cellular proliferation and retention of corneal epithelial cells stemness. The APCS-gel improved corneal wound healing in vitro and in vivo. This APCS-gel may have clinical utility for corneal diseases, and the more general approach used to make this hydrogel might be used in other tissues.
Technologien der Eingabegeräte

In diesem Kapitel werden alle Gerate und Technologien behandelt, die zur manuellen oder automatischen Eingabe von Daten in Informationssysteme dienen. Eine Ausnahme bildet lediglich die Eingabe von physikalischen Werten, der das folgende Kapitel gewidmet ist.