cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immersion in Modified Reality: Sensitivity to the Slope (α) of the Amplitude Spectrum is Dependent on the α of Recently Viewed Environments

Abstract Scenes contain many statistical regularities that, if accounted for by the visual system, could greatly benefit visual processing. One such statistic to consider is the orientation-averaged slope (α) of the amplitude spectrum of natural scenes. Human observers are differently sensitive to αs, and they may utilize this statistic when processing natural scenes. Here, we explore whether discrimination sensitivity to α is associated with the recently viewed environment. Observers were immersed, using a Head-Mounted Display, in an environment that was either unaltered or had its average α steepened or shallowed. Discrimination thresholds were affected by the average shift in α: a steeper environment decreased thresholds for very steep reference αs while a shallower environment decreased thresholds for shallow values. We modelled these data with a Bayesian observer model and explored how different prior shapes may influence the ability of the model to fit observer thresholds. We explore three potential prior shapes: unimodal, bimodal and trimodal modified-PERT distributions and found the bimodal prior to best-capture observer thresholds for all experimental conditions. Notably, the prior modes’ position was shifted following adaptation, which suggests that a priori expectations for α are sufficiently malleable to account for changes in the average α of the recently viewed scenes. Author Summary Human observers are sensitive to the statistics of natural scenes. Here, we investigated whether differences in discrimination thresholds to the amplitude spectrum slope (α) of natural scenes is tied to the distribution of α in typical visual environments of humans. We measured discrimination sensitivity to α within the environment of observers in a Head-Mounted Display, which overlaid our stimuli onto a real-time recording of the observer’s environment. Observers were then immersed in a modified environment; the α of each image was steepened or shallowed to shift the distribution of α observers were exposed to. Our adaptation procedure altered discrimination thresholds as they showed an additional peak in sensitivity for α values near the new average α of the modified environment. Our Bayesian modelling indicates that the prior for α is bimodal and sufficiently flexible to adapt to novel environments with different α distributions. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the human visual system continuously adapts to the current statistical structure of its natural environment.
Adaptively Weighted Top-N Recommendation for Organ Matching

Reducing the shortage of organ donations to meet the demands of patients on the waiting list has being a major challenge in organ transplantation. Because of the shortage, organ matching decision i...
Future directions in X‐ray/gamma‐ray observations

Facilities available for X ray and gamma ray astronomical observations in the late 1980s are described, with an emphasis on NASA programs. Current European programs for launching Rosat and Exosat will provide coverage in the 0.4-60 keV energy range. The proposed NASA advanced X ray astrophysics facility is intended to cover the 0.1-8 keV range with higher than 0.5 arcsec resolution. The Japanese Astro-B, scheduled for launch in 1983, observes in the 1-60 keV range. X ray and gamma ray observations are also scheduled for Spacelab flights. The French-Soviet Gamma-1 spark chamber high energy gamma ray telescope is intended for LEO orbit and observations in the energy range above 50 MeV with a 2 deg, 1-5 arcmin resolution. The NASA gamma ray observatory is set for 1988 launch and will feature four instruments to monitor the 60 keV-300 GeV range. Balloon-borne instrumentation will also be launched, with attention given to the medium gamma ray energy range from 1-30 MeV.
Prenatal care utilization and foetal outcomes at Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe

OBJECTIVES To examine the association between adverse infant outcomes and maternal under utilization of prenatal care, among women delivering at Harare Maternity Hospital. DESIGN Hospital based, cross sectional study. SETTING Harare Maternity Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS A random sample of 3,864 pregnant women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prenatal care utilization, maternal socio-demographic information, as well as birth weight and other neonatal outcome characteristics. RESULTS Of the total number of women who participated in this study 3,491 (90%) had at least one prenatal care visit. Women receiving no prenatal care, were more likely to be younger, unmarried and to have been transferred for delivery as compared with women receiving prenatal care. Women receiving no prenatal care were seven times more likely to deliver an infant weighing less than 1,500 grams, adjusted odd ratio (OR) = 7.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.58 to 11.39 as compared with those who booked for care. Newborns of unbooked mothers were more likely to have a low apgar score at birth, adjusted OR = 1.71; to have been admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, adjusted OR = 2.14, and to require intubation, adjusted OR = 3.35. A large proportion of women (31.4%) initiated prenatal care after 30 weeks gestation. CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences between maternal characteristics and foetal outcomes in relation to booking status. Under utilization of prenatal care was associated with sub-optimal foetal outcomes. Improving the socio-economic status of women, their education and access to health care, and family planning methods are all strategies that should contribute to the reduction of adverse foetal outcomes.
IV. Social-indicator models for indirectly assessing mental health service needs: Epidemiologic and statistical properties

Abstract In this fourth of a six-article series, six existing statistical procedures or “models” for indirectly estimating the prevalence of need for alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health (ADM) services in a large region or state and across its smaller subareas are described and critiqued in terms of their epidemiologic and statistical characteristics. These models capitalize upon demonstrated or assumed epidemiologic relationships between the predictor variables and different categories or components of need for ADM services, at least in clinical patient groups. Five of the six models reviewed produce quantitative estimates of general-population prevalence rates for ADM service needs in different subregions or subareas, while the sixth provides only a ranking of subareas with respect to need. This analytic review and critique indicated that several of the models were impressive with respect to their basic methodology and epidemiologic sophistication. However, they all displayed some shortcomings, ranging from minor problems such as reliance upon potentially outdated decennial census data to more serious ones involving the methodological core of the procedure and/or miscalibration of the model's parameters. The least problematic model on an a priori basis appeared to be a Synthetic Estimation procedure, although several other models were felt to have greater potential for improvement in predictive accuracy. Specific advantages and disadvantages of each model are listed and summarized for consideration by ADM services planners, both to encourage implementation of such models for indirectly assessing need for ADM services across a number of regions or state subareas, and to facilitate selection by state or local planners of one or more models appropriate to their particular situation.
Why Did the Chicken Cross the Border? An Investigation of Government Responses to Import Surges in Senegal, Cameroon and Ghana

Over the last twenty-two years as more developing countries have lowered trade barriers and liberalized their economies, they have experienced a rising number of import surges, primarily in food commodities. The rapid, dramatic increase in the importation of specific food commodities has potentially negative effects on domestic markets and food producers. This paper explores how governments have differed in their response to food commodity import surges. It examines the case of poultry import surges in West Africa. Since 1984, developing countries have experienced close to 700 cases of poultry import surges, a rapid rise in the importation of frozen chicken legs and thighs. Fifty percent of these surges have occurred in Africa, and twenty five percent in West Africa. Poultry surges have dramatically undermined domestic poultry production. As a result, domestic producers have demanded that their governments respond with stricter trade policies. This study employs data gathered from newspaper coverage, policy papers and a small number of interviews with poultry producers and experts in Senegal to investigate how the Cameroonian, Senegalese and Ghanaian governments have responded to the flood of poultry imports between 1999 and 2008 and consequent producer demands. The main finding of the paper is that producer associations’ strategies, particularly whether they work first to change consumer opinions before focusing on political lobbying, and the degree of trade dependence of in a country are the primary determinants of how a government will respond to demands for stricter trade policies.
The Geowall a three dimensional viewing system: tutorial presentation

The Geowall is a passive stereo system that can present data visualizations and spatial concepts which in the past have been hard to grasp and difficult to understand. Evidence suggests that 3d objects are easier to understand than a 2d representation of the same object Evidence also supports the idea that some 3d models are easier to understand when they are presented in 3d stereo view. The geosciences have quickly adopted the Geowall to display information and ideas from the realms of seismology, geology, and hydrogeology to name a few. Here large amounts of data, such as those gathered from seismic stations in a large geographical area, are presented with the perspective of 3 dimensions thereby giving viewers a faster and more complete understanding of the data and the events surrounding the generation of the data. 3d stereo viewing not only enhances geosciences but can be applied to other disciplines as well.
Planar dielectric image line antenna arrays using Y-junctions

Dielectric image line (DIL), a rectangular dielectric cylinder on a ground plane, is an open low-loss transmission line for millimeter-wave frequencies. By introducing periodic gratings, linear leaky wave antenna arrays have been made from DIL. A DIL power divider can be constructed by widening the width of its input line and then splitting the dielectric into two output arms. Two planar arrays fed by dielectric image line Y-junctions are described. Planar arrays are used to reduce the radiation patterns' beamwidth in two orthogonal planes. Beam scanning, using an electro-mechanical actuator, is demonstrated for one of the planar antennas.
Bicyclic organo-peptides as models for carbohydrate binding proteins.

Introduction Carbohydrate recognition is one of the most sophisticated recognition processes in biological systems. This process mediates many important aspects of cell-cell recognition, such as inflammation, cell differentiation, tumor cell colonization and metastasis. However, due to its complexity and weak binding affinities, carbohydrate recognition by natural systems is still poorly understood. On the other hand, studies on synthetic carbohydrate receptors could make significant contributions to a better understanding of this process and lead to the development of new therapeutics. Given the importance of the carbohydrate recognition, it is not surprising that design and synthesis of artificial receptors for these important biological substrates attracted a great deal of attention in biomimetic chemistry. Current efforts are mainly focused on design of the receptors for complexation of monosacharides or short oligosaccharides. This crude simplification has been based on the structural studies of the lectins, revealing that carbohydrate binding sites are typically shallow binding pockets where only binding of the terminal sugar moieties of complex polysaccharides can occur. Binding of an individual lectin to monosaccharide substrate is extremely weak; the dissociation constant (Kd) for these complexes are typically in the 0.1-10 mM. This is largely due to the solvent-exposed nature of the lectin binding sites, which make few direct contacts with monosaccharide substrate. Carbohydrate binding protein mimicking molecules using the peptide based systems represent particularly attractive approach for the development of artificial carbohydrate receptors. As a model system we chose a cyclic cationic decapeptide antibiotic polymyxin B, which is known to bind the lipid A moiety of LPS with the high affinity. Using standard Fmoc SPPS we prepared cyclic polymyxin analogue 1 bridged with a bipyridine group in order to introduce structural constraints pertaining to the stabilization of peptide’s binding conformation, and to incorporate additional hydrogen-bonding acceptor site. Therefore, this bicyclic organo-peptide receptor molecule possesses the necessary three-dimensional structure, limited flexibility and lipophilic binding pocket where binding can occur through a combination of hydrophobic interaction and possibly hydrogen bonds between receptor molecules and carbohydrate substrates.
Solitary waves on a coasting high-energy stored beam

In this work we derive evolution equations for the nonlinear behavior of a coasting beam under the influence of a resonator impedance. Using a renormalization group approach we find a set of coupled nonlinear equations for the beam density and the resonator voltage. Under certain conditions, these may be analytically solved yielding solitary wave behavior, even in the presence of significant dissipation in the resonator. We find long-lived perturbations, i.e. droplets, which separate from the beam and decelerate towards a quasi-equilibrium state, in good agreement with simulation results.
Examination of Proposed DSM‐5 Changes to Pathological Gambling in a Helpline Sample

Objectives To examine the effect of proposed the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) changes to pathological gambling relative to DSM-IV criteria in a large gambling helpline sample (N = 2,750). Changes in prevalence rates, the diagnostic utility of the illegal acts criterion, and severity of alternative diagnostic formulation thresholds were examined. Method Callers to the helpline completed a semistructured interview and DSM-IV criteria were assessed. Results Without lowering the diagnostic threshold, removal of the illegal acts criterion resulted in loss of diagnostic status in less than 2% of helpline callers. The DSM-IV prevalence rate in this sample was 81.2%, and DSM-5 formulations with lowered thresholds of 4, 3, and 2 symptoms increased prevalence rates by 9% to 17%. However, item-level symptom endorsement suggested that subclinical gamblers experience significant adverse consequences. Conclusions Lowered thresholds may lead to earlier provision of treatment to gamblers and prevent escalation of the disorder, while being more consistent with diagnostic thresholds of other addiction disorders.
A scalable performance prediction heuristic for implementation planning on heterogeneous systems

Despite speedups of 10x to 1000x, effective usage of multi-core and heterogeneous systems has largely been limited to experts due to increased application design complexity resulting from the requirement for significantly different algorithms for different device types and amounts. Compiler and high-level synthesis research has attempted to address this problem but is fundamentally limited to the algorithm specified by the high-level code. Thus, future compilers will need to choose from numerous implementations/algorithms for a given function when optimizing for a multi-core heterogeneous system. This emerging problem, which we refer to as the implementation planning problem, requires compilers and similar tools to rapidly determine performance of a particular implementation on different devices for all possible input parameters. To help solve the implementation planning problem, we introduce a heuristic that repeatedly selects statistically significant input values, measures actual execution time, and then statistically analyzes the results to predict the execution time for all inputs within requested accuracy and confidence levels. We evaluated the heuristic using twelve examples on three different platforms with up to 16 microprocessor cores and a field-programmable gate array, achieving an average prediction error of 6.2% and a root-mean-squared error of 7.4%, which required an average of only 463 samples and 51 seconds to complete.
Large and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in the GH3 anterior pituitary cell line.

Single Ca2+-activated K+ channels were studied in membrane patches from the GH3 anterior pituitary cell line. In excised inside-out patches exposed to symmetrical 150 mM KCl, two channel types with conductances in the ranges of 250–300 pS and 9–14 pS were routinely observed. The activity of the large conductance channel is enhanced by internal Ca2+ and by depolarization of the patch membrane. This channel contributes to the repolarization of Ca2+ action potentials but has a Ca2+ sensitivity at −50 mV that is too low for it to contribute to the resting membrane conductance. The small conductance channel is activated by much lower concentrations of Ca2+ at −50 mV, ad its open probability is not strongly voltage sensitive. In cell-attached patches from voltage-clamped cells, the small conductance channels were found to be active during slowly decaying Ca2+-activated K+ tails currents and during Ca2+-activated K+ currents stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone induced elevations of cytosolic calcium. In cell-attached patches on unclamped cells, the small conductance channels were also active at negative membrane potentials when the frequency of spontaneously firing action potentials was high or during the slow afterhyperpolarization following single spontaneous action potentials of slightly prolonged duration. The small conductance channel may thus contribute to the regulation of membrane excitability.
The effects of water‐level manipulation on the benthic invertebrates of a managed reservoir

Summary 1. Reservoir creation and management can enhance many ecological services provided by freshwater ecosystems, but may alter the natural conditions to which aquatic biota have adapted. Benthic macroinvertebrates often reflect environmental conditions, and this community may be particularly susceptible to water-level changes that alter sediment exposure, temperature regime, wave-induced sediment redistribution and basal productivity. 2. Using a before–after control–impact experimental design, we assessed changes in macroinvertebrate community structure corresponding with changes in water-level management in two lentic systems in the Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, U.S.A. Littoral zone (depths 1–5 m) benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled in Rainy Lake (control system) and Namakan Reservoir (impact system) in 1984–85, and again in 2004–05 following a change in water-level management that began in January 2000. The new regime reduced the magnitude of winter drawdown in Namakan Reservoir from 2.5 to 1.5 m, and allowed the reservoir to fill to capacity in late May, a month earlier than under the prior regime. Rainy Lake water levels were not altered substantially. 3. We found changes in macroinvertebrate community structure in Namakan Reservoir relative to Rainy Lake at 1–2 m depths but not at 3–5 m depths. These shallower depths would have been most directly affected by changes in sediment exposure and ice formation. 4. In 2004–05, Namakan Reservoir benthos showed lower overall abundance, more large-bodied taxa and an increase in non-insect invertebrates relative to 1984–85, without corresponding changes in Rainy Lake. 5. Changes in the benthic community in Namakan may reflect cooler water in spring and early summer as well as lower resource availability (both autochthonous production and allochthonous inputs) under the new regime.
Sexual abuse in Greece: management in two different settings.

SEXUAL ABUSE has not been an area of study by Greek child psychiatrists. Very little is written in Greek, and no programs with adequate organization and experience exist which effectively deal with the problem. In Livingston’s study of 100 consecutive children admitted in a psychiatric ward, 13 were sexually abused [ 11. In one of the few child psychiatry inpatient units in Greece, 6 of 34 children were sexually abused [2]. No data on prevalence exists in Greece. There is strong suspicion that a great number of these cases go unreported. While the number of sexual abuse cases treated in child psychiatry and child abuse clinics is low, newspaper reports and private practice referrals suggest that this problem occurs in all social classes in Greece and requires further study and intervention efforts. The goal of our study was to look primarily at the differences of management and followup of sexual abuse cases in two agencies: (1) the Psychiatric Department of Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, and (2) the Department of Social Services (DSS). We also looked at differences of social and psychiatric data from patients in these two settings. Background on the system of state-run children’s villages will help understand the situation in Greece. Eight villages were created after World War II for the protection of orphans. In each village 40-80 children live separated into units of 8-10 children. The children go to school in the village and are helped in their studies by child counselors, usually teachers. A child may enter this system through voluntary placement by parents or through court-ordered placement.
The visualization of the photosynthetic coupling factor in embedded spinach chloroplasts.

Spinach chloroplast lamellae were stained with aqueous uranyl acetate immediately after glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation but before dehydration and embedding. Under these conditions, the lamellae are shown in thin sections to have 95-A x 115-A coupling factor particles on their surfaces. The particles can be seen only on the matrix side of nonopposed thylakoids, and are shown to occur on both stromal and granal lamellae, regardless of the organization of the lamellae into stacks. It is estimated that, in native, fully coupled chloroplast lamellae, there is on the average one coupling factor for every 500 chlorophyll molecules. The morphological appearance of the particles is not affected by a variety of buffers, by changes in illumination or temperature, or by alterations in the energy state of the membranes during preparation. The particles can be removed from the membranes with low concentrations of Na 2 EDTA, and the photophosphorylating activity of the membranes is concomitantly lost. Both the activity and the appearance of the particles can be restored to the membranes by rebinding EDTA-extracted coupling factors to the uncoupled membranes.
Note on the Parallel Analysis Criterion for Determining the Number of Common Factors or Principal Components

A brief history of parallel analysis is given, and the application of the parallel analysis criterion is illustrated with three examples, using both squared multiple correlations and unities in the...
Decoding Subjective Evaluations: How Stereotypes Provide Shifting Standards

Three studies examined how subjective evaluations relevant to stereotypes are translated into open-ended descriptions (Study 1) and into objective judgments and Likert-type ratings (Studies 2 and 3). We expected that stereotypes would create an implicit context or standard that individuals would use to “decode” subjective evaluations and against which targets would be judged. Although Study 1 found much similarity in descriptions of mothers and fathers evaluated as “good” or “bad,” this similarity was more apparent than real. As predicted by the shifting standards model, Study 2 demonstrated that subjective evaluations were decoded using gender stereotypes as standards, with a woman described as either a “very good” parent or an “alright” parent judged objectively to perform significantly more parenting behaviors than a similarly described man. Likert-type ratings failed to reveal this difference. In fact, evaluatively dissimilar targets (an “alright” mother and a “very good” father) were rated to beobjectivelythe same on some dimensions but overallsubjectivelydifferent. Study 3 extended these findings using race stereotypes and judgments of math ability. Thus, the “same” traits were deceptively not quite the same at all: they had different behavioral expectations associated with them, depending on the target's group membership.
Prospective Preference Assessment of Patients' Willingness to Participate in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy Versus Proton Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose To investigate patients’ willingness to participate (WTP) in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with proton beam therapy (PBT) for prostate cancer (PCa). Methods and Materials We undertook a qualitative research study in which we prospectively enrolled patients with clinically localized PCa. We used purposive sampling to ensure a diverse sample based on age, race, travel distance, and physician. Patients participated in a semi-structured interview in which they reviewed a description of a hypothetical RCT, were asked open-ended and focused follow-up questions regarding their motivations for and concerns about enrollment, and completed a questionnaire assessing characteristics such as demographics and prior knowledge of IMRT or PBT. Patients’ stated WTP was assessed using a 6-point Likert scale. Results Forty-six eligible patients (33 white, 13 black) were enrolled from the practices of eight physicians. We identified 21 factors that impacted patients’ WTP, which largely centered on five major themes: altruism/desire to compare treatments, randomization, deference to physician opinion, financial incentives, and time demands/scheduling. Most patients (27 of 46, 59%) stated they would either “definitely” or “probably” participate. Seventeen percent (8 of 46) stated they would “definitely not” or “probably not” enroll, most of whom (6 of 8) preferred PBT before their physician visit. Conclusions A substantial proportion of patients indicated high WTP in a RCT comparing IMRT and PBT for PCa.
Genetics of uterine leiomyomata.

Leiomyomata represent the most common gynecologic tumors in women of reproductive age and are the primary indication for hysterectomy in the United States. Cytogenetic and genetic studies have in recent years advanced our understanding of the etiology of these tumors. Cytogenetic aberrations involving chromosomes 6, 7, 12, and 14 constitute the major chromosomal abnormalities seen in leiomyomata and have led to the discovery that disruptions or dysregulations of HMGIC and HMGIY contribute to the development of these tumors. Based on the finding of a variety of other consistent chromosomal aberrations detected in these tumors, other genes with fundamental roles in the pathobiology of uterine leiomyomata await identification. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:235-245, 2000.
Pseudo-variational principles and non-linear surface waves in a dissipative fluid

Abstract This paper is concerned with the evolution of non-linear surface waves in a dissipative fluid. A pseudo-variational principle and the ideas regarding the evolution of a slowly varying wavetrain in a dispersive and dissipative medium are used to develop an averaged Lagrangian method and then to treat the evolution of a modulated finite-amplitude gravity wave on the surface of a dissipative fluid. A modified non-linear Schrodinger equation is derived to describe the modulation of the wave-amplitude in a dissipative medium. It is shown that the effect of dissipation is to stabilize the modulation by reducing the growth rate.
Performance measurement in military operations: information versus incentives

We explore the impact of strategic assessment efforts on military organizations at war. To do so, we construct a model to explore the impact of a principal’s choice among imperfect performance metrics for a military operation. In doing so, the principal must consider both the incentivizing and informational properties of the metric. We show the conditions under which uncertainty regarding the nature of the agent, as well as uncertainty regarding the operational environment, drives a metric choice that induces pathological behavior from the agent. More specifically, a poor metric choice can create an overly optimistic assessment and end up prolonging the conflict. We illustrate the model’s insights in the cases of World War II and the Vietnam War.
Multiple spacecraft flux rope modeling of the Bastille Day magnetic cloud

The Bastille Day magnetic cloud in July 2000 occurred with NEAR in conjunction with the Earth at a radial distance of 1.76 AU and 1.9° from the Earth-Sun line. Propagation time from ACE at 0.99 AU to NEAR indicates the cloud did not decelerate significantly between the Earth and 1.76 AU. Using a non-force-free, kinematic flux rope model we find the rope contained 130 TWb of magnetic flux, was oriented with clock and cone angles of 50° and 83°, and had a radius of 0.25 AU at ACE. At NEAR its radius had expanded to 0.43 AU. Simultaneous modeling of ACE and NEAR data indicate the axial and poloidal magnetic fields vary as R−1.4 and R−1.2 where R is heliocentric distance. Magnetosheath thicknesses of 0.14 AU and 0.23 AU indicate the rope cross section is elongated normal to the cloud axis and the radial direction.
Co-crystallization of isomorphic substances

Abstract A theoretical model is developed to predict the separation factor in the co-crystallization of a compound with an isomorphic impurity. This model envisions reversible surface reactions for the crystallization of each of the two substances and predicts that the separation factor depends on the overall rate constants of the forward and the reverse reactions. According to this model the separation factor approaches the ratio of the equilibrium constants at small rates of crystallization and approaches the ratio of the forward rate constants at large rates of crystallization. Moreover, this theory shows how isomorphic impurities can concentrate in the solid phase upon crystallization. These theoretical conclusions were in agreement with the experimental results obtained from the crystallization of ammonium perchlorate with KMnO4 and K+-impurity. The average values of the separation factors were obtained for these two systems.
Microwave helicon propagation and helicon-excited electron paramagnetic resonance in Hg 1 − x Mn x Te

Helicon waves can be exploited for the study of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of localized spins in high-conductivity semiconductors when the free carriers have a small effective mass and a high mobility. It is shown that in an electron plasma helicons have precisely the polarization required to elicit EPR, and the plasma background then actually enhances the resonance intensity. Helicon-excited EPR is investigated at 35.0 GHz in ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$, a narrow-gap semiconductor with localized ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ spins, using transmission experiments. The effect is investigated as a function of temperature, manganese concentration, and free-electron concentration. Microwave helicon transmission also provides a measure of the free-electron concentration and mobility. Considerable attention is given to the determination of these electrical transport parameters in ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ from the helicon measurements. It is shown that, when electrical parameters are known, the value of the dynamic magnetic susceptibility of the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ spin system can also be determined in the experiment.
US Senate campaigns, negative advertising, and voter mobilization in the 1998 midterm election

Abstract The most prominent theories of electoral participation focus on the individual-level characteristics of citizens as the primary determinants of voter turnout. However, seeking to re-incorporate “politics” into the study of electoral participation, scholars have increasingly turned their attention toward the stimulus provided by political campaigns. A major point of emphasis within this research has been whether negative campaigns mobilize or demobilize citizens. Findings thus far have been mixed. We further this line of inquiry by conducting a broad-based study of the impact of state-level campaigns on individual voter turnout. Merging media market-level measures of television campaign advertising in US Senate elections with individual-level data from the 1998 National Election Study and the Voter Supplement File of the November 1998 Current Population Survey, we find strong support for a mobilization effect. We further demonstrate that the mobilization effect of these advertising campaigns results almost entirely from the volume of negative ads aired. Our results help to clarify the role of campaigns in general, and negative campaigning in particular, in bringing voters to the polls.
Survival of the hermit crab, Clibanarius vittatus, exposed to selenium and other environmental factors.

Recent investigations of water quality criteria have frequently examined the effects of a pollutant; however, a more realistic investigation would consider effects of multiple environmental factors and their interactions with the pollutant. Awareness of selenium as a pollutant is increasing. The growing sulfur and petroleum industries are only two of the potential sources of the element on the Texas coast. Geologically, selenium occurs widely and can enter the environment via the weathering of rocks and soils (NAS 1976). The element may also enter the environment as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels (Fleming et at. 1979; Bertine & Goldberg 1971; Gutenmann and Bache 1976). It can also be a runoff contaminant from soil dressing containing selenium in selenium deficient areas (GisselNielson and Gissel-Nielson 1973). Since selenium tends to accumulate in sediments (Sidelnikova 1970), dredging operations might also increase available selenium in the marine environment.
Comparisons of the Analgesic Effects of Oral and Intramuscular Oxymorphone and of Intramuscular Oxymorphone and Morphine in Patients with Cancer

The relative analgesic potency of oral and intramuscular oxymorphone was evaluated in a double-blind crossover comparison of graded single doses in patients with chronic pain due to cancer. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), oral oxymorphone was 1/6 as potent as the intramuscular form. In terms of peak effect, however, oral oxymorphone was only 1/14 as potent. These values are almost identical to those obtained in a previous study comparing oral with intramuscular morphine. The analgesic effect of oral oxymorphone rose to a peak later and had a longer duration than the effect of intramuscular oxymorphone. Intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine were also compared in a similar patient group. Intramuscular oxymorphone proved to be 8.7 times as potent as morphine in terms of total analgesic effect and 13 times as potent in terms of peak effect. In roughly equinalgesic doses, the occurrence of side effects was qualitatively and quantitatively similar for oral and intramuscular oxymorphone and for intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine.
Multi-level biomedical ontology-enabled service broker for web-based interoperation

Web services have recently become a new trend for gathering biomedical information. However, it is not easy to integrate and obtain a concise/complete query result among hundreds of services. In this paper, we propose a multi-level ontology-enabled service broker architecture for dynamically integrating web services in the biomedical domain. By incorporating temporal concept, new enhanced QoS parameters allow service requesters to control more querying factors in order to precisely invoke corresponding service operations. We also define a Unified Biomedical Service Interface (UBSI) as a service deployment standard. Our ultimate goal is to construct a public, scalable, and interoperable biomedical service platform based on UBSI to benefit scientists in data searching and publishing.
Muscle-related differences in mechanomyography frequency-force relationships are model dependent.

The purpose of this study was to examine the surface mechanomyographic mean power frequency (MMG MPF)–force relationships with linear regression models applied to the absolute and log-transformed values for the first dorsal interosseous (FDI), vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles. Thirteen healthy males performed isometric ramp contractions of the leg extensors and index finger from 10 to 80 % of their maximal voluntary contraction with MMG sensors positioned on the VL, RF, and FDI. Simple linear regression models were fit to the absolute and log-transformed MMG MPF–force relationships. Skinfold thickness measurements were taken at each sensor site. There were significant differences for the slopes from the log-transformed MMG MPF–force relationships between the FDI and the leg extensors (P < 0.001) but not the absolute model (P = 0.168). The Y-intercepts were greater for the FDI than the leg extensors for the absolute (P < 0.001) and log-transformed models (P < 0.001), which reflected similar muscle-related differences (P < 0.001) for skinfold thickness. However, there were no significant correlations between Y-intercepts and skinfold thicknesses. Differences in the patterns of response between the FDI and leg extensors were only quantified with the log-transformed model.
Center for Women's Studies and Gender Research, University of Florida, 1994–2000

Abstract Issues of gender theory, interdisciplinary education, and resistance to conventional academic hierarchies inform and qualify our programmatic charge to renovate a historic structure for the recently established Center for Women's Studies and Gender Research at the University of Florida. Although a clear, insistent design vision guides our proposal, we believe this vision should be implemented without the hero-architect rhetoric we were trained to deliver. Instead, we hope that participation in ongoing campus decision-making processes will contribute thoughtful commentary on gender and education to the project's evolution. To carefully cultivate the larger context will entail absorption into the process of institutional bureaucracy, advocating the proposal's value interstitially rather than autonomously.
Effect of Hypothermia on Hypoxic-Ischemic (HI) Brain Damage in Neonatal Rats 174

Background. The brain energy metabolism of severly birth-asphyxlated human infants shows a secondary energy fallure (SEF) after 2-4 days.
Informal Science Educators’ Views about Nature of Scientific Knowledge

Publications such as Surrounded by science: Learning science in informal environments [Fenichel, M., & Schweingruber, H. A. (2010). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press] and Learning science in informal environments: People, places, and pursuits [National Research Council. (2009). Washington, DC: National Academy Press] have documented a recent trend advocating a greater awareness and value of Nature of Science (NOS), also known as Nature of Scientific Knowledge [see Lederman, N. G. (2007). Nature of science: Past, present, and future. In S. K. Abell & N. G. Lederman (Eds.), Handbook of research on science education (pp. 831–879). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum], for informal science learning experiences. However, little in the literature addresses what informal science educators know about science and, in particular, the views they have about NOS. In this study, informal science educators were asked to fill out an online version of the Views of Nature of Scientific Knowledge—Form C questionnaire [A...
Locomotion of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

Abstract The locomotion of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) cultured on glass slides in the presence and absence of chemotactic attractant was studied using high magnification cinemicrography. Views from above and the side indicate that PMN move by extending onto the substratum a lamellipodium into which the cellular contents flow. These observations suggest that lamellipodia are extended by the flattening of a fold of membrane which moves out from the cell body. The tail and retraction fibers invariably observed at the rear of moving PMN are derived from lamellipodia which had been extended but into which the cellular contents did not flow. Thus the original adhesions of lamellipodia to the substratum are maintained until movement of the cell eventually breaks the retraction fibers. There is no evidence for gel-sol transformations in these cells. Cytoplasmic flow is continuous in moving cells and occurs throughout the entire width of the cell. Lamellipodia are randomly produced on all sides of a cell. Chemotactic movement is characterized by preferential flow of the cellular contents into lamellipodia on the side nearest to the attractant.
NOVEL CHEMISTRY OF CARBON BOUND TO COBALT IN ORGANOCOBALT COMPLEXES RELATED TO B12

A rare Co−N−C three-membered ring has been formed by a novel pathway involving a facile interligand nucleophilic addition of an equatorial nitrogen donor to a ligated axial carbon in some organocobalt complexes. The highly distorted structure of a typical resulting complex provides clear experimental evidence useful in assessing hypotheses and computations concerning Co−C bond activation in B12 chemistry. Treatment of R = −CH2X (X = halogen) derivatives of imine/oxime B12 models of the type [LCo((DO)(DOH)pn)R]+ with base afforded major products with striking NMR spectral features in common, e.g., two one-proton olefinic doublets (J ≈ 3 Hz) and two one-proton singlets. The X-ray structure for the pyridine (py) derivative [pyCo(N-CH2-CHEL)]+ (1) reveals two unexpected features: a three-membered metallocycle containing an η2-aminomethylene group, and an enamine (N−CCH2) in place of one imine moiety (NC−CH3). The C−Co−N ring angle is acute (43.7°) with the distortion of the coordination sphere concentrated i...
Generation of squeezed light by intracavity frequency doubling.

Squeezed states of light are generated by the process of second-harmonic conversion within an optical cavity resonant at both fundamental and harmonic frequencies. Observations of squeezing are made by analyzing the spectral density of photocurrent fluctuations produced by the total field reflected from the nonlinear cavity. Reductions in photocurrent noise of 13% relative to the coherent-state or shot-noise level are achieved for frequency offsets near 4 MHz.
The human-sheep chimeras as a model for human stem cell mobilization and evaluation of hematopoietic grafts' potential.

Objective To investigate whether the sheep xenograft model of human hematopoiesis can be used to mimic mobilization of human hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Material and Methods Sheep transplanted with 3.6 × 10 6 CD34 + from human adult bone marrow were mobilized 1.5 years posttransplantation with human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for 5 days. At day 3 and 4 of mobilization, human cells were harvested from peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) and were injected into secondary sheep recipients (n = 6) and these animals were analyzed for the presence of human cells in their BM and PB, starting at 3.5 months posttransplantation. Results Maximum mobilization of human cells in PB occurred at day 3, with a 21-fold increase in total numbers of human cells, and a recovery of 5.5 × 10 4 /mL CD34 + . In the BM, maximal numbers of human cells were achieved at day 4, with a 6.3-fold increase and a recovery of 1.5 × 10 4 /mL CD34 + cells. PB and BM mobilized human cells were then transplanted into new sheep recipients, and analysis at 3.5 months posttransplantation demonstrated that levels of human cell engraftment in BM of the group transplanted with mobilized PB were significantly lower than those transplanted with BM cells (0.6% ± 0.1% vs 8.0% ± 1.8%). Furthermore, in sheep transplanted with mobilized PB, the levels of human cells in circulation remained 2.5-fold higher than the levels of human cells found in their BM. Conclusion Mobilization of human cells in the sheep model parallels human PB and BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) mobilization in healthy human donors in their ability to engraft, differentiate, and repopulate secondary hosts. Thus, this model can become a useful tool to study mobilization regimens, mechanisms, and quality of products obtained.
Wide Awake With Anxiety

The Poetry of Petrarch, translated by David Young Petrarch's Guide to the Holy Land: Itinerary to the Sepulcher of Our Lord Jesus Christ, with an introductory essay, translation, and notes by Theodore J. Cachey, Jr My Secret Book, by Francis Petrarch, translated by J. G. Nichols, foreword by Germaine Greer
Singular limit of an energy minimizer arising from dewetting thin film model with van der Waal, born repulsion and surface tension forces

In this paper, we consider a singular elliptic equation modeling steady states of a dewetting thin film model with both van der Waals and Born repulsion force. We show that as the Born repulsion force tends to zero, the energy minimizers, passing to a subsequence if necessary, converge to a Dirac mass located on the boundary. We also identify the blow up profile of the energy minimizers.
Late outcome of survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with left ventricular ejection fractions ≥50% and without significant coronary arterial narrowing☆

Abstract In a retrospective survey of 1,195 survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, 43 patients were identified in whom left ventricular ejection fraction was ≥0.50 and in whom no coronary artery stenosis of ≥50% luminal diameter were present. Thirteen (30%) of these patients had hypokinesia on left ventriculography, and 20 patients (47%) had a persistently abnormal electrocardiogram. Seven patients (16%) had recurrent out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during an average follow-up of 86 ± 54 months. The presence of either wall motion or electrocardiographic abnormalities defined patients with a several-fold higher risk of recurrent cardiac arrest than those without such abnormalities. The risk for recurrent cardiac arrest within 5 years was 30% in those with abnormal electrocardiograms versus 5% in the others (p Although cardiac arrest is unusual in patients without major structural heart disease, its recurrence in such survivors is common. Patients at relatively high risk for recurrent ventricular fibrillation can be identified by their youth and by abnormalities detected on the surface 12-lead electrocardiogram or by contrast left ventriculography.
Synthesis of deuterated and tritiated gossypol

We report here the synthesis of deuterated and tritiated gossypol by exchange with labelleled water using trifluoroacetic acid as the catalyst. In the case of D2O in tetrahydrofuran, the exchange is complete in 45 minutes at 75°C as determined by a 1H-NMR spectrum.