cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching space-group diagrams to chemistry students through a peer-tutoring approach

Peer tutoring is a teaching strategy that offers a creative way of getting students more involved and accountable for their own learning in college-level chemistry courses. The authors have found that the `Symmetry and Space Group Tutorial' [Jasinski & Foxman (2007). Symmetry and Space Group Tutorial, V1.55. http://people.brandeis.edu/~foxman1/teaching/indexpr.html] lends itself well to a peer-tutoring approach in a crystallography course for chemistry students. This in-class activity provides an opportunity for students to learn space-group diagrams, understand basic symmetry concepts, organize what they have learned, and explain it to their peers, which leads to a deeper overall understanding of the subject. We report on our experience in planning peer tutoring, advise on best practices, and demonstrate the positive impact on student learning and engagement.
A War by Any Other Name... Reduces the Size of Your 'N' by 20%:Case Selection and the Correlates of War (COW) Inter-State War Data Set

Building on Babones (2013), this paper makes three main arguments that complement a call for a multi-method and interpretive approach to studying conflict in international relations, rather than the overly formal empirical approach that dominates conflict studies. First, in a closer reading of cases selected for inclusion in the Correlates of War (COW) inter-state war data set, some serious questions regarding case inclusion, coding, typological categorization, and empirical accuracy become evident. Approximately, 22 of the 95 inter-state wars listed (or 23%) are questionable upon closer historical reading of the cases. Second, as a related product of the first point, issues with typological distinctions within the various COW categories of conflict (i.e., “types” of war) become problematic. The definitions and distinctions are unnecessarily Eurocentric, artificially temporally bound in such a way as to bias the inclusion and exclusion of cases, and overly state-centric in a manner that marginalizes many cases of conflict. Recommendations are made to modify this. Third, this paper raises some larger issues with regard to the blind acceptance of raw empiricism that is present in the field of political “science”. This is especially telling when historical data sources, such as COW, are used as the basis for real-world policy-making (e.g., democracy promotion based on the democratic peace phenomenon) that in turn justifies future conflict or military intervention.
The Positive Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability

Abstract Narver and Slater's (1990) finding of a positive relationship between market orientation and business profitability is retested in a broad sample of product and service businesses operating in a variety of industries. The assessment of the extent of market orientation is provided by the chief marketing officer, and profitability is assessed by the general manager, thus avoiding the problem of common respondent bias. The analysis of the influence of culture on business performance is extended by including a measure of entrepreneurial orientation in the study. The influence of a market orientation on business profitability is then compared with that of an entrepreneurial orientation. The regression coefficient for market orientation (.662) is higher in this replication than in the original study (.501), and the pairwise correlation coefficient for the relationship between market orientation and profitability is very similar in both studies (.362 and .345, respectively). No relationship is found between entrepreneurial orientation and business profitability. Thus, by drawing a sample from a more diverse population, avoiding the common respondent bias problem, and comparing the effect of a market orientation to that of an entrepreneurial orientation, the findings from this balanced replication increase confidence in the importance and generalizability of the market orientation–profitability relationship found in the 1990 Narver and Slater study.
Esophageal electric fields are predictive of atrial cardioversion success—a finite element analysis

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a debilitating cardiac arrhythmia, one potential treatment of which is external cardioversion. Studies have shown external cardioversion success is affected by electrode placement and that esophageal electric fields (EEFs) during low strength shocks have the potential to be used in determining patient-specific optimal electrode placements during animal experiments. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between EEFs and atrial defibrillation thresholds (ADFTs) during computer simulations using an anatomically realistic computer model of a human torso. Methods: Over 600 electrode placements were simulated during which EEFs were compared to ADFTs. Results: There was no single optimal electrode placement with multiple electrode placements resulting in similarly low ADFTs. There was over 40% difference in the ADFTs between the most and least optimal electrode configurations. There was no correlation between EEFs and ADFTs for all electrode placements, but a strong negative correlation when small shifts from clinically relevant electrode placements were performed. Conclusions: These results suggest a small shifts protocol from clinically relevant electrode placements has the potential to increase the probability of successful cardioversion on the first shock and reduce the cumulative number of shocks and energy to which patients are exposed.
Commercial Contract Law: Contracts, Courts, and the Construction of Consent

Contract law sometimes acknowledges that the legal construct of “objective consent” is distinct from actual subjective consent. But contract law also labors to obscure this distinction and conflate the two concepts — indeed, the very term “objective consent” performs this function. Economic analysis of law sometimes engages in a similar conflation by treating the efficiency of an arrangement — as determined by a theorist or judge — as a perfect proxy for subjective consent to that arrangement. Basing contractual obligations on judicial assessments of outward phenomena means contract law depends at least in part on judges’ subjective notions of policy and fairness. Conflating this court-centered process with subjective consent is descriptively inaccurate. It is also faulty normative reasoning, as it invokes simple libertarian rhetoric to justify a more complex, statist process. The conflation problem is especially relevant with respect to form contracts, which fit uneasily with traditional notions of subjective consent. Courts and theorists should avoid the easy invocation of “consent” as the basis of contract law and instead be more specific in disclosing — and defending — the normative assumptions behind their prescriptions.
Basal and insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle sugar transport in endotoxic and bacteremic rats

Membrane glucose transport with and without insulin was studied in soleus muscle from 5-h endotoxic rats (40 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide), and in soleus and epitrochlearis muscl...
Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES): dissection for the critical view of safety during transcolonic cholecystectomy.

Background Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), an emerging field in minimally invasive surgery, is driving the development of new technology and techniques. The NOTES approach has several proposed benefits including potentially decreased abdominal pain, wound infections, and hernia formation [1, 2, 3, 4]. Cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed NOTES procedures to date [5, 6, 7]. To perform a safe cholecystectomy and reduce potential bile duct injuries, the cystic duct and artery must first be identified. Establishing this critical view of safety before ligation and division has been shown to reduce bile duct injuries associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy [8]. This video shows that the critical view of safety can be attained with endoscopic dissection.
Cellular Organization of the Testis and Spermatogenesis in Fishes

Synopsis. Tubular structure of the teleost testis can be divided into two basic types distinguished from each other by the distribution of spermatogonia. In most teleosts, spermatogonia occur along the length of the tubules, but in atheriniform fishes they are confined to the terrriinus of the tubule. Variations in these testis-types are discussed particularly in light of modifications leading to the production of spermatozeugmata or spermatophores. Teleost boundary cells are located immediately outside of the tubule basement mem? brane. Previous reports homologizing "lobule boundary cells" with Leydig or Sertoli cells are in error. Leydig cells have been described for species of teleosts wherein they have previously been thought to be absent and are a typical component of the interstitium. Sperm morphology reflects mode of reproduction. Nuclear elongation, coupled with possible elongation of the sperm midpiece, is characteristic of most species wherein fer? tilization is internal. Teleost sperm lack an acrosome.
The Effect of Different Incubation Systems on the In Vitro Metabolism of Norethynodrel

Abstract The in vitro metabolism of norethynodrel by male rat liver has been studied under a number of different incubation conditions. Both the postmitochondrial supernatant and the microsomal pellet were used as the enzyme source. Optimum incubation conditions for norethynodrel metabolism have been determined with respect to cofactor requirements. The presence of either sucrose, EDTA, Mg 2+ or nicotinamide alone or in combination in the incubation medium did not increase substrate metabolism. Maximum product formation occurred using a simple potassium phosphate buffer and a NADPH regenerating system.
Spatial interferometry in the mid-infrared region

The potential of high-resolution spatial interferometry for detailed mapping and precision astrometry in the mid-infrared region, somewhat analogous to interferometry now done in the microwave region, is discussed from an instrumental point of view. Some results from a prototype system and from tests of atmospheric properties are given. The design of a more advanced two-telescope system now under construction is outlined. This involves movable telescopes of 1.65 m aperture and of high precision, using heterodyne detection of infrared in the 10 Μm atmospheric window.
On polarimetric, interferometric, polarimetric-interferometric & RP-differential-POL-IN-SAR sensing & imaging of the terrestrial covers

With the un-abating global population increase our natural resources are stressed as never before, and the global day/night monitoring of the terrestrial covers from the mesosphere to the litho-sphere becomes all the more urgent. Microwave radar sensors are ideally suited for space imaging because those are almost weather independent, and microwaves propagate through the atmosphere with little deteriorating effects due to clouds, storms, rain, fog and haze. Globally humidity, haze and cloudiness are increasing at a rather rapid pace, whereas only 20 years ago all of those covered only 48% of the globe, today those have increased to about 62% and within another 20 years may exceed 80% for irreversible reasons. Thus, optical remote sensing from space especially in the tropical and sub-tropical vegetated belts will become rather ineffective, and microwave remote sensing technology must now be advanced strongly and most rapidly hand in hand with digital communications technology because operationally it is more rapidly available especially for disaster mitigation assistance.
Rapid 3D Isotropic Cartilage Assessment with VIPR MRI

While current MRI technology is adequate for imaging severe cartilage degeneration, significant increases in resolution are necessary to image early changes and defects in cartilage. Though MRI advocates often tout its 3D capabilities, most clinical scans consist of a series of 2D thick slices with gaps in between. Partial volume artifact can cause several low grade lesions to be missed or incompletely characterized. Robust fat suppression is also necessary to provide high contrast between bone and cartilage. Commonly available clinical 3D techniques are largely based on sequences which spend considerable amounts of scan time suppressing fat instead of imaging. We present a method that provides a comprehensive 3D evaluation of cartilage in the knee with isotropic resolution and bright fluid through T2-like contrast. Termed VIPR-SSFP, the method separates fat and water and thus spends the entire exam imaging cartilage and relevant joint tissues. A single VIPR-SSFP scan may be reformatted into multiple orthogonal or oblique reformats where the variable thickness of the reformat allows a trade-off between SNR and partial volume artifact. The radial trajectory in VIPR-SSFP is ideally suited to exploit larger coil arrays using the parallel imaging strategy known as PILS. Relative to our previous work, we have reduced voxel volume by 100%, demonstrating 0.56 mm isotropic resolution at 1.5T and 0.33 mm at 3.0T in a five minute scan, using a new eight channel coil. Improved cartilage assessment is demonstrated in a study of nearly 100 patients through reduction in partial volume artifact.
Transforming America’s Universities to Compete in the “New Normal”

The challenges faced today by U.S. colleges and universities have been accelerated by the current economic downturn, but they are not the result of it. Consequently, we should not expect a sudden reversal of fortune when the economy rebounds. Changing demographics and spending priorities coupled with increasing competition and demands for accountability mean that universities face a “new normal” in which they must embrace a clear vision of the future, including access and opportunity for all learners and a culture of entrepreneurship and service.
An overload protection circuit for Van de Graaff accelerator drive motors

Abstract A circuit is described which protects Van de Graaff accelerator drive motors against overloads. The circuit is fast reacting, inexpensive, extremely sensitive, and is installed external to the accelerator.
Prevalence of Antibodies against Canine Parvovirus and Canine Distemper Virus in Wild Coyotes in Southeastern Colorado

Serum from 72 wild coyotes (Canis latrans) in southeastern Colorado (USA) was collected and analyzed for prevalence of antibody to canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) from 1985 to 1988. The prevalence of antibodies to CPV and CDV was 71% and 57%, respectively, for the 4 yr of the study. Prevalence of antibody to CPV did not differ among years, between sexes, or with age. Prevalence of antibody to CDV did not differ among years or between sexes, but was significantly higher in adults (62%) than juveniles (33%). Prevalence of antibodies against CPV and CDV in southeastern Colorado was comparable to results reported in other serologic surveys in the western United States.
Kinks in disordered coupled Peierls chains

The theory of sharp kinks in a disordered Peierls chain is extended to broad kinks and kinks in coupled chains. Both the finite kink width and the chain coupling reduce the expected kink density. The estimated disorder strength does not considerably contribute to the tail in the optical absorption.
Three-dimensional nonlinear analyses of scarf repair in composite laminates and sandwich panels

A special-purpose analysis tool based on the finite element method is presented for parametric design studies of composite laminates and sandwich panels with scarf repairs. This design tool provides the complete three-dimensional stress and strain fields in scarf-repaired panels without any requirements on the nature of the lamination and the type of loading. The adherends are modeled using a plate element based on a higher-order single-layer theory, and the adhesive is modeled using a solid element. The higher-order nature of the plate theory makes it suitable for analyzing thick laminates and sandwich panels comprised of numerous plies. The model takes into account geometric nonlinearity in the adherends and assumes a bilinear stress-strain relationship for the adhesive. The responses of composite laminates with single- and double-sided repairs and sandwich panels with both full and partial repairs of the top face sheets are investigated.
Evaluation and control mechanisms of volume and freshwater export through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in a high‐resolution pan‐Arctic ice‐ocean model

[1] This study examined the 1979–2004 volume and freshwater fluxes through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and into the Labrador Sea using a high resolution (∼9 km) coupled ice-ocean model of the pan-Arctic region to provide a reference, compare with limited observational estimates, and investigate control mechanisms of this exchange. The 26-year mean volume and freshwater fluxes through Nares Strait were 0.77 Sv ± 0.17 Sv and 10.38 mSv ± 1.67 mSv respectively, while those through Lancaster Sound amounted to 0.76 Sv ± 0.12 Sv and 48.45 mSv ± 7.83 mSv respectively. The 26-year mean volume and freshwater fluxes through Davis Strait were 1.55 Sv ± 0.29 Sv and 62.66 mSv ± 11.67 mSv while the modeled Fram Strait branch provided very little (∼2%) freshwater into the Labrador Sea compared to the total CAA input. Compared to available observations, the model provides reasonable volume and freshwater fluxes, as well as sea ice thickness and concentration in the CAA. In Nares Strait and Lancaster Sound, volume flux anomalies were controlled by the sea surface height (SSH) gradient anomalies along the straits and freshwater anomalies were highly correlated with the volume anomalies. At least half of the variance in the time series of SSH gradient anomaly was due to SSH anomalies in northern Baffin Bay. The West Greenland Current (WGC) exhibits seasonality, with cross shelf flow (into the Labrador Sea) peaking in January/February/March, while reducing the northward flow across eastern Davis Strait. We hypothesize that the eddy-reduced northward flow of WGC results in the lower volume and SSH in Baffin Bay. This maximizes the SSH gradients between the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay, leading to maximum winter volume fluxes through Nares Strait and Lancaster Sound. Model limitations include the insufficient spatial resolution of atmospheric forcing (especially to account for the effects of local topography), the representation of river runoff into Hudson Bay and coastal buoyancy currents, low mobility of modeled ice, and incomplete depiction of ice arching. Many of these issues are expected to be resolved with increased model grid cell resolution, improved sea ice and ocean models and more realistic atmospheric forcing.
Ethical Aspects of Genetic Testing in the Workplace

The European Group on Ethics and New Technologies, which advises the European Commission, has published an opinion paper on ethical aspects of genetic testing in the workplace. The paper goes well beyond the usual ethical issues, presenting a summary of genetic testing in the workplace in the United States and Europe and criteria for appropriate testing. Unlike many other documents on ethics, it pays close attention to the problem of false-positive and false-negative test results. Although no genetic tests are currently appropriate for screening workers or applicants for jobs in which occupational hazards exist, inappropriate testing has occurred and regulations are needed to ensure that only appropriate testing is used in the future. Workers or their representatives should be involved in deciding when and how genetic testing in the workplace is done.
Production and Partial Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody to Rat Anterior Pituitary Somatotrophs

A cell type-specific monoclonal antibody (Mab) against a cell surface antigen of rat anterior pituitary somatotrophs has been generated by fusion of a nonsecreting mouse myeloma line with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with enzymatically dispersed anterior pituitary cells of adult random cycling female rats. Hybridomas were initially screened for antibodies to cell surface antigens by an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay using rat anterior pituitary cells and smooth muscle cells of aorta as positive and negative controls, respectively. Positive clones were further checked for cell type specificity by immunofluorescence. Mab WHC-1 is an immunoglobulin M (IgM) with K-light chains and is cytotoxic in the presence of complement. Based on double immunofluorescence, this Mab reacted with 22.5 ± 2.0% (±SEM) of the anterior pituitary cells of adult random cycling female rats. Among them, about 93.5 ± 1.4% were somatotrophs, and only 4.1 ± 1.2% were mammotrophs. Approximately two thirds of the somatotrophs we...
Earthquake survivor detection using life signals from radar micro-Doppler

Detection of human activity behind barriers such as walls and debris is a topic of relevance for earthquake survivor detection. The preferred sensors are radars since they have the ability to penetrate deep through dielectric barriers. Doppler radars are used to recognize signs of life by recognizing micro-Doppler signatures of human activity, such as arm swinging, breathing, and torso bending. Such movements induce different types of Doppler spectra depending on the manner in which limbs and other body parts move, which can be analyzed by several well-known time-frequency approaches, including the recently-developed empirical mode decomposition (EMD) analysis. We have developed simple models to characterize the above activities, and analyzed the Doppler signals induced using EMD. A comparison of these simulated results with actual measured data using a millimeter-wave CW radar system shows good agreement.
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of Nonaromatic Taxoids: Effects of Alkyl and Alkenyl Ester Groups on Cytotoxicity

Several new nonaromatic taxoids are synthesized by means of the β-lactam synthon method. These include taxoids modified with 3-methylbut-2-enoate, 3-methylbutanoate, and cyclohexanecarboxylate groups in place of the benzoate at the C-2 position. In addition, taxoids with 2-methylprop-1-enyl, 2-methylpropyl, (E)-prop-1-enyl, and cyclohexyl groups at the C-3‘ position are also prepared in combination with the modifications at C-2. The alkyl and alkenyl ester groups at C-2 displayed pronounced effects on the in vitro cytotoxicity. Two of the fully aliphatic taxoids possess similar or stronger activity than paclitaxel and docetaxel. It is clear that the 2-benzoate does not play a unique role, and replacement with the appropriate alkyl and alkenyl groups provides taxoids with equivalent or superior activity.
An improved drug infusion pump for injecting nanoliter volumes subcortically in awake rats

Abstract A new drug infusion pump capable of injecting nanoliter volumes of drug solution into the brains of awake rats has been constructed which incorporates a new “turntable” commutator and a compact tubing compressor mechanism requiring no gears. Injector cannulas inserted into guide cannulas permanently mounted in the rat's skull are connected to the drug pump by spring-protected, PE 10 tubing. Drug solutions are delivered when the pump rollers compress the drug-filled PE 10 tubing. An additional animal-activated switch and motorized mechanism rotates the drug pump in response to the animal's movements so that the PE 10 drug reservoir is not twisted. Testing the drug pump's performance in vivo with injections of 14 C-nicotine into the caudate nucleus shows that drug delivery is both reliable and reproducible.
Scleritis Associated with Systemic Vasculitic Diseases

Purpose: Scleritis may occur associated with systemic vasculitic diseases. The detection of systemic vasculitic diseases in patients with scleritis is a sign of poor general prognosis because it indicates potentially lethal systemic complications. This study was undertaken to analyze the ocular prognosis of patients with scleritis and the different systemic vasculitic diseases. Methods: Patient characteristics, scleritis type, and ocular complications were evaluated in 82 patients with scleritis with systemic vasculitic diseases; comparisons were made between patients with scleritis with a specific systemic vasculitic diseases and patients with scleritis with the other systemic vasculitic diseases. Results: Patients with scleritis with Wegener granulomatosis had more necrotizing scleritis (79%, P = 0.0001), decrease in vision (79%, P = 0.014), and peripheral ulcerative keratitis (50%, ~ = 0.0139) than patients with scleritis with the other systemic vasculitic diseases. Patients with scleritis with spondyloarthropathies had less decrease in vision (8%, P = 0.001) and peripheral ulcerative keratitis (0%, P = 0.0256) than patients with scleritis with the other systemic vasculitic diseases. Patients with scleritis and systemic lupus erythematosus had less necrotizing scleritis (0%, P = 0.0412) than patients with scleritis with the other systemic vasculitic diseases. Conclusions: Ocular prognosis of scleritis with systemic vasculitic diseases varies depending on the specific systemic vasculitic diseases: scleritis in spondyloarthropathies or in systemic lupus erythematosus is usually a benign and self-limiting condition, whereas scleritis in Wegener granulomatosis is a severe disease that can lead to permanent blindness; scleritis in rheumatoid arthritis or relapsing polychondritis is a disease of intermediate severity, which should be monitored closely for the development of ocular complications.
Complexity lower bounds for polygonal billiards.

Polygonal billiards have zero topological entropy. Complexity is a finer measure of their asymptotic behavior. In this article we show an explicit quadratic lower bound for the complexity of the billiard in an arbitrary polygon.
Factors affecting the outcome of excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy: a preliminary multivariable regression analysis

Multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate the combined effects of some preoperative and operative variables on the change of refraction following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for myopia (PRK). This analysis was performed on 152 eyes (at 6 months postoperatively) and 156 eyes (at 12 months postoperatively). The following variables were considered: intended refractive correction, patient age, treatment zone, central corneal thickness, average corneal curvature, and intraocular pressure. At 6 months after surgery, the cumulative R2 was 0.43 with 0.38 attributed to the intended correction and 0.06 attributed to the preoperative corneal curvature. At 12 months, the cumulative R2 was 0.37 where 0.33 was attributed to the intended correction, 0.02 to the preoperative corneal curvature, and 0.01 to both preoperative corneal thickness and to the patient age. Further model augmentation is necessary to account for the remaining variability and the behavior of the residuals.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tobacco intervention teachable moments for pediatric otolaryngologists: Atopy and second hand smoke exposure among children

Abstract Objectives Pediatric otolaryngology clinics have tremendous access to children with allergic conditions, yet no research has evaluated in this setting environmental tobacco smoke and the occurrence of atopic diseases. Methods Caregivers or parents of 201 consecutive patients in a Hungarian pediatric otolaryngology clinic were queried on otolaryngologic conditions; self-reported diagnoses of atopic diseases; and tobacco smoke exposure. Results A history of asthma was reported in 10.3% of children; 38.7% had at least one parent who smoked. Fifteen out of the 20 children with asthma (75.0%) had at least one parent who smoked. Having a diagnosis of hay fever and having a parent who smoked greatly increased the odds of having a diagnosis of asthma. Conclusions Second hand smoke exposure among children in an otolaryngology clinic was common, and was associated with co-existing atopic conditions. Pediatric otolaryngologists have an important opportunity to address parental smoking as part their care of children.
Historical data as an explicit component of land information systems

Abstract A variety of geographical and land information systems is increasingly employed to manage and analyse spatial distributions and attributes. However, common to many applications are temporal as well as spatial considerations; data are time- as well as space-specific. Current spatial information systems acknowledge temporal data but neglect to make explicit use of them for historical analysis even though organizations using these systems routinely require this for a variety of procedures for decision making and for the evaluation of data quality. Historical information is examined in the context of three prototype land information systems. Though the primary focus of these systems varies, common themes and problems are discussed. In each case, managing historical information is complicated by changes in the spatial units of analysis as well as in the attributes associated with those units. Several important issues that follow from the historical aspect of land data are identified and categorized in...
The differential impact of self-monitoring on smoking behavior: An exploratory

This study investigated the impact of self-monitoring on smoking patterns of internal and external smokers. Eighty-nine Ss charted their smoking behavior (number of cigarettes per day) on a daily basis for 4 consecutive weeks, after which personality measures were administered. Self-monitoring produced wide changes in reported cigarette consumption, although this procedure did not change significantly smoking behavior for the entire sample. Ss were divided arbitrarily into three categories: Ss who increased 20 cigarettes or more, Ss who decreased 20 cigarettes or more, and Ss who increased or decreased up to 19 cigarettes. Negative affect traits, locus of control, and self-concept variables did not differentiate increasers, decreasers, or maintainers. Ss who increased consumption reported greater reinforcement value from solitary related as opposed to socially oriented functions than the decreasers and the maintainers. Future studies should explore the meaningfulness of an intervention designed to improve the smoker's social interactions.
Altered brain and muscle amino-acid levels due toremote injury during glutamine supplementation

Abstract Glutamine (GLN) has aroused considerable interest among clinicians andnutritionists after studies demonstrated conclusively profound GLN depletion during critical illness. Although the brain plays an important role in GLN metabolism, little is known concerning changes in cerebral handling of GLN following injury. We have evaluated in a rat trauma (bilateral femur fractures) model, the nutritional efficacy of GLN-rich diet and the remote injury-induced changes in amino-acid (AA) contents of brain and muscle tissues. Both control and traumatised rats were starved for 2 days and then pair-fed for 4 days, either a basic liquid diet (BioServ # F1259) or an isonitrogenous test diet which contained the same basic diet from which 10% nitrogen (N) was replaced by GLN-N. Protein efficiency ratio as well as plasma levels of anabolic growth hormone and insulin did not change due to GLN-enriched diet. Remote injury-induced changes in GLN and glutamic acid (GLU) during GLN-rich diet were minimal in brain tissues; whereas GLN levels were decreased in plasma and muscle, GLU levels were increased in plasma and decreased in muscle tissues. The AA levels of brain tissues, in general, were maintained within narrow limits during GLN supplementation in control and injured rats. An increased influx of tryptophan and increased synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin were suggested due to GLN-enriched diet.
In vivo energy transfer studies in photosynthetic systems by subpicosecond timing

New fennosecond energy transfer measurements in the light harvesting complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2. 4. 1 are reported. It is found that at room tremperature the time for the B800-to-B850 energy transfer is 0. 7 ps. In addition new in vivo and in vitro femtosecond transient absorption studies and fluorescence quantum yield measurements of the carotenoid spheroidene indicate that carotenoid to bacteriochiorophyll energy transfer may take place not only from the carotenoid Si state but also from the S2 state. 1.
Reinventing Our Work: New and Emerging Roles for Academic Librarians

Technology, globalization, and increasing competition for students, faculty, and research dollars have significantly affected the teaching and research efforts on our campuses. In response to meeting new and emerging user needs, libraries are crafting new roles and responsibilities for librarians by both reinventing more traditional positions as well as creating new job roles that require skill sets that, at present, are not learned through library and information science education and training. This paper will examine the impacts, benefits, and tensions that this changing workforce has on academic libraries, with a particular focus on a content analysis of selected job vacancy announcements in the last decade.
A Unified Theory of Voting: Directional and Proximity Spatial Models

1. Introduction Part I. Models of Voter Behavior: 2. Alternative models of issue voting 3. A unified model of issue voting: proximity, direction, and intensity 4. Comparing the empirical fit of the directional and proximity models for voter utility functions 5. Empirical model fitting using the unified model: voter utility 6. Empirical fitting of probabilistic models of voter choice in two-party electorates 7. Empirical fitting of probabilistic models of voter choice in multiparty electorates Part II. Models of Party or Candidate Behavior and Strategy: 8. Equilibrium strategies for two-candidate directional spatial models 9. Long-term dynamics of voter choice and party strategy 10. Strategy and equilibrium in multicandidate elections 11. Strategy under alternative multicandidate voting procedures.
Particle Treatment of the Eye

The most common primary adult ocular tumor is uveal melanoma, with approximately 1,500 new cases being diagnosed annually in the United States. Approximately equal proportions of males and females are affected. These melanomas are much less common than cutaneous melanomas, and occur infrequently in blacks. For most of the twentieth century, enucleation was the standard treatment, providing both effective treatment and an accurate histologic diagnosis. However, immediate blindness was the price paid for these benefits.
A Monte Carlo simulation comparing hydrocarbons as stopping gases for position sensitive neutron detectors

Abstract Various neutron detectors are being developed for the next generation user facilities, which incorporate new as well as existing approaches for the detection of thermal neutrons. Improvements in neutron detector efficiency, detector size and position resolution have occurred over the last three decades and further advances are expected in the next ten years. Since gas detectors are expected to continue in a key role for future thermal neutron experiments, it is advantageous to review some of the criteria for the choice of proton/triton stopping gases for gas-based detectors. Monte Carlo simulations, using the group of programs “Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter”, have been run to determine key performance characteristics for neutron detectors which utilize the reaction 3 He(n,p)t. This paper will focus on investigating the use of three common hydrocarbons and CF 4 as stopping gases for thermal neutron detectors. A discussion of these gases will include their behavior in terms of proton and triton range, ion distribution and straggle.
Surgical closure of the tricuspid valve for pulmonary atresia, intact ventricular septum, and right ventricle to coronary artery communications

A surgical approach is reported for a patient with pulmonary atresia, intact ventricular septum, and right ventricle to coronary artery communications through sinusoids. A shunt procedure was performed at two days of age; the right ventricular outflow tract was not opened. At subsequent catheterization, the tricuspid valve was temporarily closed with a balloon catheter and no change was seen in the ECG. At five months of age, the right ventricle was plicated and a patch was sewn over the tricuspid valve. One year after surgery, neither the right ventricular cavity nor the sinusoids could be demonstrated at angiocardiography; ECG changes of left ventricular ischemia have resolved, and the child is growing normally.
Reactivity to challenge with carbon dioxide as a prospective predictor of panic attacks

Fear responding induced by carbon dioxide was prospectively evaluated as a risk factor for the development of anxiety pathology in a nonclinical sample (N=404) followed for 2 years. Baseline response to a CO(2) challenge was a very strong predictor of future panic attacks (though not for panic disorder or other anxiety disorders).
Quantification of the kinetocardiogram.

The clinical interpretation and use of low-frequency precordial movements (kinetocardiograms) has been hampered by the inability to quantify the records. Digital procedures are presented by which the curve forms are normalized both in length and in amplitude to minimize variations in amplitude and cycle length from patient to patient. This allows for analyses of amplitude variations due to diseases. A mean complex and ±1 standard deviation for normal kinetocardiograms are presented from 102 subjects.
Maxima of entries of Haar distributed matrices

Let Γ n =(γ ij ) be an n×n random matrix such that its distribution is the normalized Haar measure on the orthogonal group O(n). Let also W n :=max1≤ i , j ≤ n |γ ij |. We obtain the limiting distribution and a strong limit theorem on W n . A tool has been developed to prove these results. It says that up to n/( log n)2 columns of Γ n can be approximated simultaneously by those of some Y n =(y ij ) in which y ij are independent standard normals. Similar results are derived also for the unitary group U(n), the special orthogonal group SO(n), and the special unitary group SU(n).
Globalization and legal change: The “Americanization” of European law?

Intensified global economic competition, economic liberalization, and the rise of EU governance have led some observers to argue that there has been a trend toward the “Americanization” of the European “way of law.” This article addresses that contention, focusing on legal change in European member states. It first describes ways in which the American legal tradition has differed most sharply from the national legal systems of Western Europe (including Great Britain) and the political and economic factors that account for this “American legal distinctiveness.” Similar political and economic factors currently are at work in Europe, the article acknowledges, creating incentives for legal convergence. But it also argues that European legal culture and the political organization of European national states generate path-dependent forces that impede European movement toward American ways of law, and it discusses six important differences between European and American law that remain entrenched and are unlikely to disappear.
Underground Nuclear Power Parks: Power Plant Design Implications

The siting of nuclear power plants underground, along with associated reprocessing, fuel manufacturing, and high level waste disposal facilities offer many advantages. Security costs are substantially less, radiative package transportation issues are eliminated, and political issues of high level waste storage and disposal are largely eliminated. Keeping the site preparation costs to a minimum requires that the underground facilities accommodate several power producing units (nominally 6 GW or more). However, significant redesign and placement of components can make it possible to accomplish most of the underground excavation with tunnel boring machines. These latter issues are addressed in this paper.© 2008 ASME
Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy of hemophilia A incorporating a porcine factor VIII transgene and nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens

Insufficient expression of factor VIII (fVIII) is a major hurdle in the development of successful nucleic acid treatments for hemophilia. However, we recently showed that under myeloablative and reduced-intensity total body irradiation (TBI) conditioning, transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transduced with recombinant retroviruses containing B domain-deleted porcine fVIII (BDDpfVIII) sequences provides curative fVIII levels in a hemophilia A mouse model. In the current study, we tested BDDpfVIII activity after nonmyeloablative conditioning with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, or fludarabine and immunosuppressive agents CTLA4-Ig + anti-CD40L or anti-(murine)thymocyte serum (ATS). ATS is similar in action to anti-(human)thymocyte globulin (ATG), which is used clinically with busulfan in bone marrow transplantations to increase donor cell engraftment. Mice conditioned with busulfan + ATS and that received a transplant of BDDpfVIII-transduced stem-cell antigen 1-positive cells exhibited moderate levels of donor cell chimerism (between 20% and 60%) and achieved sustained fVIII levels more than 1 U/mL. Similar results were observed in mice preimmunized with human fVIII and conditioned with 5 Gy TBI + ATS or busulfan + ATS. These data demonstrate that it is possible to achieve sufficient fVIII expression after transplantation of BDDpfVIII-transduced HSCs following low-toxicity pretransplantation conditioning with targeted immunosuppression, potentially even in the context of preexisting inhibitors.
Entropy bounds for perfect matchings and Hamiltonian cycles

For a graph G = (V,E) and x: E → ℜ+ satisfying Σe∋υ x e = 1 for each υ ∈ V, set h(x) = Σe x e log(1/x e ) (with log = log2). We show that for any n-vertex G, random (not necessarily uniform) perfect matching f satisfying a mild technical condition, and x e =Pr(e∈f), $$H(f) < h(x) - \frac{n}{2}\log e + o(n)$$ (where H is binary entropy). This implies a similar bound for random Hamiltonian cycles. Specializing these bounds completes a proof, begun in [6], of a quite precise determination of the numbers of perfect matchings and Hamiltonian cycles in Dirac graphs (graphs with minimum degree at least n/2) in terms of h(G):=maxΣe x e log(1/x e ) (the maximum over x as above). For instance, for the number, Ψ(G), of Hamiltonian cycles in such a G, we have $$\Psi (G) = exp_2 [2h(G) - n\log e - o(n)].$$.
Polarized 3He(e,e'n) Asymmetries in Three Orthogonal Measurements

Asymmetry measurements were conducted in Jefferson Lab's experimental Hall A through electron scattering from a polarized {sup 3}He target in the quasi-elastic polarized-{sup 3}He(e,e'n) reaction. Measurements were made with the target polarized in the longitudinal direction with respect to the incoming electrons A_L, in a transverse direction that was orthogonal to the beam-line and parallel to the q-vector A_T, and in a vertical direction that was orthogonal to both the beam-line and the q-vector (A_y^0). The experiment measured $A_y^0$ at four-momentum transfer squared Q^2 of 0.127 (GeV/c)^2, 0.456 (GeV/c)^2, and 0.953 (GeV/c)^2. The A_T and A_L asymmetries were both measured at Q^2 of 0.505 (GeV/c)^2 and 0.953 (GeV/c)^2. This is the first time that three orthogonal asymmetries have been measured simultaneously. Results from this experiment are compared with the plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) and Faddeev calculations. These results provide important tests of models that use 3He as an effective neutron target and show that the PWIA holds above Q^2 of 0.953 (GeV/c)^2.
Recent advances in human protozoan parasites of the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract An attempt was made in this report to present an update on the recent development on intestinal protozoan infections in humans. Except for a few historical references the review covers the period from 1980 to the time of writing, mid-1985. The emphasis was on the more important parasites and an effort made to cover the latest developments in their biology, epidemiology and pathogenesis. During preparation of this paper I was impressed with the plethora of papers published on some parasites and the paucity of reports on others. There are an increasing number of papers on Cryptosporidium sp. and the interest in the organisms should continue. Furthermore, it will be of interest to follow the association between Blastocystis hominis and disease. These are essentially new protozoan parasites of man, and one wonders how many more intestinal protozoan parasitosis are still waiting to be found. Like the Cryptosporidium sp., it may be a matter of finding the right diagnostic technique to detect the unknown organism. Giardiasis continues to be a cause of diarrhea among various groups especially campers who are drinking untreated water and G. lamblia as well as E. histolytica are being found more frequently in homosexuals with and without AIDS. The ability to predict virulence in strains of E. histolytica by enzyme patterns is intriguing but some skeptics still prefer the older test for virulence by cecal scoring in animals. New animal models are being evaluated and new techniques applied to the study of pathogenic protozoa. In the future the use of new biotechnological methods will most certainly lead to a better understanding of intestinal protozoa as well as of other parasitic organisms.
Quantum Monte Carlo in the interaction representation: Application to a spin-Peierls model

A quantum Monte Carlo algorithm is constructed starting from the standard perturbation expansion in the interaction representation. The resulting configuration space is strongly related to that of the stochastic series expansion (SSE) method, which is based on a direct power-series expansion of $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}H).$ Sampling procedures previously developed for the SSE method can therefore be used also in the interaction representation formulation. The method is tested on the $S=1/2$ Heisenberg chain. Then, as an application to a model of great current interest, a Heisenberg chain including phonon degrees of freedom is studied. Einstein phonons are coupled to the spins via a linear modulation of the nearest-neighbor exchange. The simulation algorithm is implemented in the phonon occupation-number basis, without Hilbert space truncations, and is exact. Results are presented for the magnetic properties of the system in a wide temperature regime, including the $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limit where the chain undergoes a spin-Peierls transition. Some aspects of the phonon dynamics are also discussed. The results suggest that the effects of dynamic phonons in spin-Peierls compounds such as ${\mathrm{GeCuO}}_{3}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{NaV}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ must be included in order to obtain a correct quantitative description of their magnetic properties, both above and below the dimerization temperature.