cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Apple with Overhead Watering

The effects of overhead watering on the management of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., were examined during 1994-1995. Studies were conducted in small replicated plots of apple, Malus domestica (Borkham), in Yakima, WA. Treatments varied with regard to the timing and length of watering, the amount of water applied, and whether watering was continuous or cycled. Water treatments reduced fruit injury from codling moth by 60-90% versus the untreated control. Moth flight, oviposition, and egg and larval survivorship all were significantly reduced with watering compared with the untreated control in replicated field assays. The major effects of these water treatments on apple trees were the accumulation of mineral deposits and a reduction in fruit size in 1994. Watering only during the evening appeared to minimize these effects. Apple scab, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke), increased during the 2nd yr of this study, but infection levels did not vary among treatments in either year. The potential implementation of overhead watering in apple to improve control of codling moth is discussed.
A study of performance impact of memory controller features in multi-processor server environment

With the growing imbalance between processor and memory performance it becomes more and more important to optimize the memory controller features to obtain the maximum possible performance out of the memory subsystem. This paper presents a study of the performance impact of several memory controller features in multi-processor (MP) server environments that use a DDR/DDR2 based memory subsystem. The results from our studies show that significant performance improvements can be obtained by carefully optimizing the memory controller features. For instance, one of our studies shows that in a system with an in-order shared bus connecting the CPUs and memory controller, an intelligent read-to-write switching memory controller feature can provide the same order of benefit as doubling the number of interleaved memory ranks. Another study shows that much lower average loaded read latency across a wider range of throughput can be obtained by a delayed write scheduling feature.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION: I. Biosynthetic Studies of the Addition of the Carbohydrate Moieties

This study was designed to determine the time in the intracellular life of immunoglobulin when the carbohydrate moieties are added. Plasma cells from a mouse myeloma tumor were exposed to glucosamine-3H (a "bridge" sugar), galactose-3H, or leucine-3H. With each of the above isotopes, the percentage of total radioactive immunoglobulin that has been secreted after different periods of labeling and the extent to which puromycin prevented incorporation into immunoglobulin were determined. The results indicate that both galactose and glucosamine (in its N-acetyl form) become covalently incorporated into immunoglobulin G late in its intracellular life and suggest that glucosamine is also added onto nascent polypeptide chains (i.e., on polyribosomes).
Performance Evaluation of Mobile Multicast Session Initialization Techniques for Remote Software Upload in Vehicle ECUs

Updating software in vehicle Electronic Control Units (ECUs) will become a mandatory requirement for a variety of reasons, for examples, to update functionality of an existing system, add new functionality, remove software bugs and to cope up with ITS infrastructure. Since multicasting is the most efficient method of group communication, updating software in an ECU of a large number of vehicles could benefit from it. In a previous work, we proposed an infrastructure-based mobile multicasting for remote software upload (RSU) in vehicle ECUs where an ECU receives the software from a remote software distribution center using the road side Base Stations (BSs) as gateways. Consequently, we proposed two multicast session establishment techniques based on the degree of trust on the BSs named Fully-trusted (FT) and Semi-trusted (ST) systems. In this paper, we conduct extensive simulation studies to evaluate the performance of these two techniques by finding the average latency to authenticate a vehicle and provide it with the multicast session key by the software provider during multicast session initialization. Simulation results show that the link establishment latency per vehicle of our proposed schemes is in the range of few seconds and the ST system requires two to three times higher time than the FT system.
A Sideband-Mixing Superheterodyne Receiver

Microwave receivers having bandwidths as much as 22 times greater than the intermediate-frequency amplifier bandwidth have been constructed by generating sidebands on a local oscillator signal and utilizing these sidebands as virtual local oscillators. Both a microwave and a vhf local oscillator signal are injected on a crystal to generate an infinite set of sideband signals separated by the frequency of the vhf oscillator and centered about the microwave oscillator. The low-level received signal mixes with one of these generated virtual local oscillator signals to produce the desired IF signal. The two mixing operations can take place in one crystal or two separate crystals. Measurements have been made of tangential sensitivity and conversion loss and indicate that sensitivities greater than -70 dbm and a continuous bandwidth of 700 mc can be achieved with an intermediate-frequency amplifier having 50 mc bandwidth.
Predicted 3D structures of olfactory receptors with details of odorant binding to OR1G1

Olfactory receptors (ORs) are responsible for mediating the sense of smell; they allow humans to recognize an enormous number of odors but the connection between binding and perception is not known. We predict the ensemble of low energy structures for the human OR1G1 (hOR1G1) and also for six other diverse ORs, using the G protein-coupled receptor Ensemble of Structures in Membrane BiLayer Environment complete sampling method that samples 13 trillion different rotations and tilts using four different templates to predict the 24 structures likely to be important in binding and activation. Our predicted most stable structures of hOR1G1 have a salt-bridge between the conserved D3.49 and K6.30 in the D(E)RY region, that we expect to be associated with an inactive form. The hOR1G1 structure also has specific interaction in transmembrane domains (TMD) 3-6 (E3.39 and H6.40), which is likely an important conformational feature for all hORs because of the ~94 to 98 % conservation among all hOR sequences. Of the five ligands studied (nonanal, 9-decen-1-ol, 1-nonanol, camphor, and n–butanal), we find that the 4 expected to bind lead to similar binding energies with nonanol the strongest.
Correcting home-range models for observation bias

Home-range models implicitly assume equal observation rates across the study area. Because this assumption is frequently violated, we describe methods for correcting home-range models for observation bias. We suggest corrections for 3 general types of home-range models including those for which parameters are estimated using least-squares theory, models utilizing maximum likelihood for parameter estimation, and models based on kernel smoothing techniques. When applied to mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) location data, we found that uncorrected estimates of the utilization distribution were biased low by as much as 18.4% and biased high by 19.2% when compared to corrected estimates. Because the magnitude of bias is related to several factors, future research should determine the relative influence of each of these factors on home-range bias.
Fission xenon in Wausau, Wisconsin granite

Mass spectrometric analyses of xenon released by stepwise heating of large granite samples from Wausau, Wisconsin reveal (i) a low temperature, xenon-rich fraction which is slightly enriched in the light isotopes in the manner expected from mass fractionation of atmospheric xenon, and (ii) a high temperature fraction which is enriched in the heavy isotopes of xenon in the manner expected from the spontaneous fission of 238U. These analyses reveal no evidence of the anomalous fission yields which would be produced in spontaneous chain reactions.
Recombination and Afterglow in Nitrogen and Oxygen

Measurements were made on pure ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, using standard microwave cavity techniques, of the coefficient of electron recombination, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. Pressures ranged from 3 to 30 mm Hg. Spectrograms were obtained of the afterglow. Higher vibrational levels of the second positive bands are enhanced relative to those obtained from electronic excitation. Goldstein-Kaplan bands, the green bands of Gaydon, and the Herman bands in the range 7000-9000 A were also relatively much stronger. The (0,0) first negative band was observed 1500 microseconds after the end of the discharge. Light intensity measurements by means of a photomultiplier tube showed a peculiar behavior of the relative intensities of the first positive and second positive bands. The number of photons emitted was large as compared to the number of electron-ion pairs recombining.In the afterglow of oxygen the only light observed was the (0,0) atmospheric band and weak radiation in the region 3500 A to 4500 A, which is thought to be a continuum. The continuum decreases in intensity as though it were the result of a two-body process.
Spectral Förster resonance energy transfer detection of protein interactions in surface-supported bilayers.

Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), a fluorescence detection technique, is often used for sensing molecular interactions in solution and in membranes. Here we show that (1) FRET spectra can be recorded in single bilayers, supported on a surface, and (2) the fluorescein/rhodamine dye pair is an adequate reporter of FRET when spectral detection is used. Thus, measurements pertaining to molecular interactions in membranes can be carried out in supported bilayers. Spectral FRET has advantages over imaging FRET, which monitors only signal amplitudes at certain wavelength. There are also advantages to performing spectral FRET measurements in supported bilayers as compared to free liposomes in suspension. However, the spectral properties of dyes can be altered in an unexpected manner in an ordered bilayer structure on a surface, such that fluorescence detection in surface-supported bilayers is not always trivial.
Evaluation of the stability of nonfouling ultrathin poly(ethylene glycol) films for silicon-based microdevices.

The creation of nonfouling surfaces is one of the major prerequisites for microdevices for biomedical and analytical applications. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a water soluble, nontoxic, and nonimmunogenic polymer has the unique ability of reducing nonspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion and, therefore, is generally coupled with a wide variety of surfaces to improve their biocompatibility. The performance of these modified surfaces for long-term biomedical applications largely depends on the stability of these PEG films. To this end, we have investigated the stability of covalently coupled ultrathin PEG films on silicon in aqueous in vivo like conditions for a period of 4 weeks. The PEG-modified silicon substrates were incubated in PBS (37 °C, pH 7.4, 5% CO2) for different periods of time and then characterized using the techniques of ellipsometry, contact angle measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The ability of the PEG-modified surfaces to control protein ...
Phase Regeneration of DPSK Signals Based on Symmetric-Pump Phase-Sensitive Amplification in Bismuth Oxide Highly Nonlinear Fiber

Phase regeneration of a phase-noise degraded NRZ-DPSK signal is demonstrated experimentally using a symmetric-pump phase-sensitive amplifier in bismuth oxide highly nonlinear fiber. Record phase-sensitive gain of more than 12 dB is obtained.
Requirement for CD44 in Activated T Cell Extravasation into an Inflammatory Site

Leukocytes extravasate from the blood into inflammatory sites through complementary ligand interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells. Activation of T cells increases their binding to hyaluronate (HA) and enables CD44-mediated primary adhesion (rolling). This rolling could be induced in vivo in murine V β 8 + T cells in response to specific superantigen stimulation; it was initially found in lymph nodes, then in peripheral blood, and finally within the peritoneum, the original inflamed site. The migration of V β 8 + cells into the peritoneal cavity was dependent on CD44 and HA, as shown by inhibition studies. Thus, CD44-HA interactions can target lymphocytes to specific extralymphoid effector sites.
The Aztec Templo Mayor: A Visualization

This article documents research in the field of virtual reconstructions of the past. It makes the point that in order to truly develop the bases of a solid appreciation of cultural patrimonies, historic virtual reconstructions need to incorporate a willingness to achieve higher digital modeling and rendering qualities. And, they should also be well integrated into history courses at all education levels and through a variety of means of communication. In other words, our ability to explore, to interpret and to appropriately use digital tools needs to aspire to greater and more penetrating abilities to reconstruct the past. As a case study, the paper presents the theoretical reconstruction of the Aztec Templo Mayor in Mexico (1). The presentation describes how a variety of digital approaches was used to grasp and appreciate the very significant architectural contributions of the early inhabitants of the Americas.
The blood flow of the brain.

The rigidity of the skull and the inertial characteristics and incompressibility of its contents cause the elastic cerebral arteries and veins to act over brief periods of time like rigid tubes of relatively small diameter. Poiseuille's law is applicable to their behavior. The use of this law, in combination with the fact that, during brief intervals, the total volume of the cerebral arteries and veins remains constant, permits derivation of a mathematical expression for the average arterial flow in terms of an average arterial radius. The differentiated equation has five positive roots which represent maxima and minima of the average flow in terms of the average arterial radius. The theoretical results have physiological implications and potential clinical usefulness, which are discussed.
The Gender Discourse in Therapy Questionnaire: A Tool for Training in Feminist-Informed Therapy

Although accredited Marriage and Family Therapy programs require training in gender issues, therapists in training settings may still have difficulty identifying the influences of gender discourse on clients' lives and on therapeutic practices. The Gender Discourse in Therapy Questionnaire was developed as a tool for observational and textual analysis of therapy processes in conversations about gender and gender-related power. It has been used in exploratory process research, and here was used by four therapists in a Marriage and Family Therapy doctoral program to determine its usefulness as a clinical training aid. Each of the four therapists responded to the questionnaire with regard to a recent therapy session. In addition, therapists provided feedback regarding the questionnaire's usefulness as a training tool. Therapists' responses to the questionnaire and their reflections on its usefulness indicate that the instrument helped to identify gender discourse that had previously gone unnoticed and foster...
Psoriasis Severity and the Prevalence of Major Medical Comorbidity: A Population-Based Study

Importance Despite the growing literature on comorbidity risks in psoriasis, there remains a critical knowledge gap on the degree to which objectively measured psoriasis severity may affect the prevalence of major medical comorbidity. Objective To examine the prevalence of major medical comorbidity in patients with mild, moderate, or severe psoriasis, classified objectively based on body surface area involvement, compared with that in patients without psoriasis. Design, Setting, and Participants Population-based cross-sectional study of patient data from United Kingdom–based electronic medical records; analysis included 9035 patients aged 25 to 64 years with psoriasis and 90 350 age- and practice-matched patients without psoriasis. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of major medical comorbidity included in the Charlson comorbidity index. Results Among patients with psoriasis, 51.8%, 35.8%, and 12.4%, respectively, had mild, moderate, or severe disease based on body surface area criteria. The mean Charlson comorbidity index was increasingly higher in patients with mild (0.375 vs 0.347), moderate (0.398 vs 0.342), or severe psoriasis (0.450 vs 0.348) (each P P Conclusions and Relevance The burdens of overall medical comorbidity and of specific comorbid diseases increase with increasing disease severity among patients with psoriasis. Physicians should be aware of these associations in providing comprehensive care to patients with psoriasis, especially those presenting with more severe disease.
What explains instability in foster care? Comparison of a matched sample of children with stable and unstable placements

Abstract This study investigates what characteristics explain placement instability for children in foster care. Using a matched sample of children experiencing stable and unstable placements, bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors for placement instability. The study also examines specific reasons for placement changes for a group of children who experienced multiple placements. Findings from this study highlight the following three components that contribute to placement stability for children in foster care: a) a caregiver's commitment to a child's legal permanence; b) the absence of a child's mental health diagnosis; and c) placements with a relative caregiver. The findings of the study also illustrate that while system- or policy-related reasons explain the largest proportion of placement changes for children's earlier stay in foster care, a majority of placement changes are attributed to either foster family-related or child behavior-related reasons over time. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Hemolytic Syndrome Following the Insertion of a Lucite Ball Valve Prosthesis into the Cardiovascular System

Permanent bypass of the aortic valve was accomplished in the dog by placing a lucite conduit containing a Hufnagel valve between the left ventricular apex and thoracic aorta. Red cell destruction was produced by the valve in this position and was accompanied by hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, anemia, reticulocytosis and renal hemosiderosis. Red cell survival, as determined with Cr51, was markedly shortened.
Designing a Business Process course that addresses the needs of today's managers

Today's managers are adopting a more comprehensive approach to business through designing and implementing Business Processes (BP) that cut across functional boundaries. Unfortunately, most business school curricula emulate the older, traditional organisational structure consisting of functional silos. Consequently, a significant gap exists between the skills that today's graduates need to succeed and their business education. We present an innovative, transdisciplinary approach to teaching BPs which includes a 'practicum' where students apply their classroom learning to analysis of a BP in an actual company. This approach has received very positive feedback from both students and the participating companies.
On Stochastic Games with Stationary Optimal Strategies

We study two-person zero-sum stochastic games in which the state and action spaces are finite. We give both necessary and sufficient conditions for the players to have stationary optimal strategies in the infinite-stage game.
Photoelectrochemical behavior and surface characterization of some lanthanum-based perovskite oxide electrodes

Abstract The photoelectrochemical response of a number of perovskite oxide anodes, prepared by heating titanium or tungsten-coated discs with a paste of La 2 O 3 with each of the oxides, Cr 2 O 3 , RuO 2 , PtO 2 , Au 2 O 3 and Co 2 O 3 , have been studies. The titanium-supported photoanodes exhibited a higher photoactivity, for oxygen evolution, compared to the tungsten-supported electrodes. From the photoelectrochemical spectra of La 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 /Ti and La 2 O 3 RuO 2 /Ti, the band gaps were calculated to be 2.0 and 2.8 eV, respectively. A mixed spectral response was observed for the lanthanides of gold and cobalt. The absolute efficiency for the biased cells containing La 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 /Ti and La 2 O 3 RuO 2 /Ti as photoanodes was as high as 5% for the solar spectrum. High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectra for the atomic constituents of the La 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 /Ti photoanode, at various depths from the surface, were obtained. The most intense chromium peak was identified as arising from lanthanum chromite (LaCrO 3 ), while titanium in the +4 oxidation state was detected on the surface at low intensity. It was observed that the major product of the reaction between La 2 O 3 and Cr 2 O 3 was LaCrO 3 , the minor product being La 2 (CrO 4 ) 3 . The photoresponse of the La 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 /Ti electrode material was attributed to LaCrO 3 and/or La 2 (CrO 4 ) 3 , which have known d-d band splitting in the range 1.6–2.2 eV.
Sodium and proton diffusion MRI as biomarkers for early therapeutic response in subcutaneous tumors.

The ability to quantitate early effects of tumor therapeutic response using noninvasive imaging would have a major impact in clinical oncology. One area of active research interest is the ability to use MR techniques to detect subtle changes in tumor cellular density. In this study, sodium and proton diffusion MRI were compared for their ability to detect early cellular changes in tumors treated with a cytotoxic chemotherapy. Subcutaneous 9L gliosarcomas were treated with a single dose of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Both sodium and diffusion imaging modalities were able to detect changes in tumor cellularity as early as 2 days after treatment, which continued to evolve as increased signal intensities reached a maximum ~8 days posttreatment. Early changes in tumor sodium and apparent diffusion coefficient values were predictive of subsequent tumor shrinkage, which occurred ~10 days later. Overall, therapeutical induced changes in sodium and diffusion values were found to have similar dynamic and spatial changes. These findings suggest that these imaging modalities detected similar early cellular changes after treatment. The results of this study support the continued clinical testing of diffusion MRI for evaluation of early tumor treatment response and demonstrate the complementary insights of sodium MRI for oncology applications. D 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A Superconvergent Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Elliptic Problems

In this manuscript we investigate the convergence properties of a minimal dissipation local discontinuous Galerkin(md-LDG) method for two-dimensional diffusion problems on Cartesian meshes. Numerical computations show O(h p+1) $\mathcal{L}^{2}$ convergence rates for the solution and its gradient and O(h p+2) superconvergent solutions at Radau points on enriched p-degree polynomial spaces. More precisely, a local error analysis reveals that the leading term of the LDG error for a p-degree discontinuous finite element solution is spanned by two (p+1)-degree right Radau polynomials in the x and y directions. Thus, LDG solutions are superconvergent at right Radau points obtained as a tensor product of the shifted roots of the (p+1)-degree right Radau polynomial. For tensor product polynomial spaces, the first component of the solution's gradient is O(h p+2) superconvergent at tensor product of the roots of left Radau polynomial in x and right Radau polynomial in y while the second component is O(h p+2) superconvergent at the tensor product of the roots of the right Radau polynomial in x and left Radau polynomial in y. Several numerical simulations are performed to validate the theory.
Hepatic Suppression of Sensitization to Antigen absorbed into the Portal System

THE position of the liver between the gastrointestinal tract and the general circulation provides certain metabolic advantages. If, in addition, the liver functions to prevent sensitization to potential antigens contained in food and absorbed into the portal system, then this interposition is also immunologically important.
Consistency-driven data quality management of networked sensor systems

With more and more real deployments of wireless sensor network applications, we envision that their success is nonetheless determined by whether the sensor networks can provide a high quality stream of data over a long period. In this paper, we propose a consistency-driven data quality management framework called Orchis that integrates the quality of data into an energy efficient sensor system design. Orchis consists of four components, data consistency models, adaptive data sampling and process protocols, consistency-driven cross-layer protocols and flexible APIs to manage the data quality, to support the goals of high data quality and energy efficiency. We first formally define a consistency model, which not only includes temporal consistency and numerical consistency, but also considers the application-specific requirements of data and data dynamics in the sensing field. Next, we propose an adaptive lazy energy efficient data collection protocol, which adapts the data sampling rate to the data dynamics in the sensing field and keeps lazy when the data consistency is maintained. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation to the proposed protocol based on both a TOSSIM-based simulation and a real prototype implementation using MICA2 motes. The results from both simulation and prototype show that our protocol reduces the number of delivered messages, improves the quality of collected data, and in turn extends the lifetime of the whole network. Our analysis also implies that a tradeoff should be carefully set between data consistency requirements and energy saving based on the specific requirements of different applications.
Real time and post-deposition optical analysis of interfaces in CdTe solar cells

Real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RT-SE) in the near-infrared to ultraviolet range, as well as pre-deposition and post-deposition mid-infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (IR-SE) have been applied as probes of the formation of optical interfaces in sputter-deposited CdS/CdTe solar cell structures. Both optical probes are configured for reflection from the film side of the solar cell structure. One focus of this work is to assist in the development of optical models to be used for both on-line analysis and quantum efficiency modeling. Toward this goal, RT-SE during CdS deposition has provided information on (i) [transparent conducting oxide (TCO)]/CdS interface formation — the extent to which the TCO surface roughness is conformally covered by the depositing CdS film; (ii) CdS bulk layer growth, and (iii) CdS surface roughness evolution and the final roughness thickness, which influences interface formation with the overlying CdTe. Pre-deposition and post-deposition IR-SE has also proven valuable for exploring the TCO free electron characteristics and the CdS optical properties that determine their near-infrared absorption spectra. The TCO characteristics have been observed to change with the over-deposition of the semiconductor films.
Wet and dry deposition monitoring in Southeastern Michigan

Abstract Wet and dry deposition as collected by a bucket were measured at two sites in southeastern Michigan for two years. The precipitation had an average pH of 4.27 and a SO 2− 4 to NO − 3 ratio of 2.0. Particulate dry deposition velocities of 0.6 cm s −1 for SO 2− 4 and NO − 3 and > 2 cm s −1 for Cl − , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ,Na + and K + were calculated. The ambient particle composition, dry bucket collection and wet deposition were compared at two sites, one urban and the other rural. Higher ambient particle concentrations and dry deposition rates were measured at the urban site than the rural site, indicating the influence of local emissions. However, local emissions had no effect on the wet deposition concentrations. The influence of more distant source regions was examined by separating the precipitation events by wind direction. The events from the south and east had the highest SO 2− 4 to NO − 3 ratios, which corresponded to the areas with the highest sulfur emissions. NO − 3 showed no directional dependence. Wet deposition was examined for the effect of storm type and seasonal trends. Contrary to a recent study on Long Island, we found higher concentrations of H + , SO 2− 4 and NH + 4 in winter rain compared to snow. The wet deposition concentrations of H + , SO 2− 4 , and NH + 4 were highest in the summer, while only Na + and Cl − concentrations were highest in the winter, presumably due to winter road salting. The total deposition of acidic ions was highest in the summer and lowest in the winter, due both to lower concentrations and lower precipitation volumes in the winter. The dry deposition as collected by a bucket accounted for 1 % of total H + deposition, 21 % of SO 2− 4 deposition, 27% of NO − 3 deposition, 50% of Cl − deposition and 61 % of Ca 2+ deposition.
Wittgenstein's Naturalism

Etude du naturalisme philosophique developpe par Wittgenstein a partir de son analyse anti-intellectualiste de l'utilisation reguliere des mots et de l'application des regles linguistiques. Par comparaison avec le naturalisme de Hume, l'A. montre que la philosophie du langage de Wittgenstein repose sur une structure pre-existante de perceptions et d'actions, saisissant le comportement spontane des hommes a la limite de la neurobiologie et de la psychologie
Time, Culture, and Stories of the Self

The theoretical core of the James-Mead model of the dynamic self (Kashima, Gurumurthy, Ouschan, Chong, & Mattingley, 2007) takes seriously both the temporal nature of identity and the fundamental s...
A thermodynamic study of viton elastomer

The temperature coefficients of the retractive force at successive fixed lengths were measured for a Viton fluoroelastomer sample. At each elongation the sample was held for at least 40 hr. before the tension measurement in order to minimize the relaxation effect. The range of elongations covered was confined to α values smaller than 1.65 because of the limited tensile strength of the sample. The results show departures from the predictions of simple gaussian theory of rubber elasticity in two respects. First, the tension f at 45°C. follows the Mooney equation with nonvanishing C2 values (2C1 = 3.324 kg./cm.2 and 2C2 = 2.865 kg./cm.2). Secondly, the internal energy makes a negative contribution to the elastic force, and moreover the ratio of the internal energy component to the total tension fe/f decreases with increasing α. The thermodynamic behavior of the Viton sample is thus qualitatively similar to that observed previously with a natural rubber network, except that the internal energy makes positive contribution in the latter. The experimental results were also compared with recent theories which purport to improve upon the simple Gaussian theory of rubber elasticity, but it is found that none of them can explain the results in satisfactory detail.
An Autoethnography of a Hacceity: A-Wo/man-to-Eat-Androgen

In poststructural autoethnography, there is a tension between a desire to write the self and a knowing that there is no stable self to write. A few have recently attempted to theoretically and empirically work through this tension (De Freitas & Paton; Gannon; Jackson & Mazzei; Phillips, Harris, Larson, & higgins; Reinertsen). In this article, I attempt to represent a nonsubjectified “self,” relying on the construct of hacceity (Deleuze & Guattari). Writing a hacceity is an ethical move. In consciously refusing to represent a humanist self, this project seeks to think, constitute, and represent “me” differently in order that “I” may come to live differently, for how I conceive myself directly functions in how I live in this world. Specifically, this autoethnography, wherein “auto” is understood as a desubjectified individuation, will represent hacceities of wo/man in assemblages of anabolic—androgenic steroids.
An Approach to Teaching Control System Design and Application

This paper describes a one semester laboratory and classroom course entitled "Control System Design and Applicaton", the goal of which is to bridge the gap between theory and practice for beginning controls engineers. Our intention is that students having completed the course wil be prepared to design and implement basic controllers upon entry to industry, or alternatively, as beginning graduate students to be able to directly begin the pursuit of thesis work involving experimental and/or applied research. The course reinforces and expands upon classical controls concepts taught in our required senior level "Dynamic Systems and Controls" course, then introduces modern controls concepts and finally digital control. Lab sessions cover use of PC's for data acquisition and control, computer aided control system design, a DC motor parameter identification experiment, analog simulation of DC motor contol, analog implementation of DC motor control, and digital implementation of DC motor control. Informal reports are written for each lab session. The culmination of the course is a desig project where students find or devise a plant and go through the complete process of modelling, actuator/sensor specification, assignment of control objectives, and design and simulation of controllers using first classical and then modern controls concepts.
Sorbent membranes: device designs, evaluations and potential applications.

For the biomedical application of sorbents in extracorporeal circulation, the system must be free of particle release and must be biocompatible. In addition, because of the wide range of biochemical abnormalities generally seen in the disease state, the use of multiple sorbents should be possible. Based on these criteria, the Enka sorbent Cuprophan membranes have been selected for evaluation. Sorbent membranes are of two general types: sorption and sorption-dialysis. Coil, parallel plate and capillary designs have been constructed and tested employing sorption-dialysis charcoal membranes of film and hollow fiber configurations. The results have indicated potential advantages. By design, the sorbent membranes prevent direct interaction of the sorbent with blood cells and prevent particle release, making chronic applications safe. Devices employing sorbent fibers are particularly suited to select applications where higher sorbent contents are required or ultrafiltration is not desired. In an effort to optimize the application of sorbents and the sorbent membranes with regard to the quantity of sorbent employed and the length of treatment, a general scheme for evaluation of sorbent systems has been established involving three phases: 1) equilibrium isotherm studies to determine the selectivity and capacity of the sorbent system for the solute, 2) kinetic studies to determine mass transfer properties of the sorbent system in the absence of fluid dynamic resistance and 3) device evaluation to determine overall mass transfer properties. Studies show that, in device designs, it is possible to separate the effects of sorption and fluid dynamics and to design around the limiting parameters.
Present SLAC Accelerator Computer Control System Features

The current functional organization and state of software development of the computer control system of the Stanford Linear Accelerator is described. Included is a discussion of the distribution of functions throughout the system, the local controller features, and currently implemented features of the touch panel portion of the system. The functional use of our "triplex" of PDP11-34 computers sharing common memory is described. Also included is a description of the use of "pseudopanel" tables as data tables for closed loop control functions.
Psychiatric genetics and the future of personalized treatment.

Well before the sequencing of the human genome in 2003, family and twin studies had established that psychiatric disorders are both familial and heritable. But identifying the genes involved has been a formidable challenge. At the same time, there has been an urgent need to unlock the biological basis of psychiatric disorders. While psychotropic drugs are helpful for many and life-saving for some, there is a striking fact about available drug therapies: they are all based on serendipitous discoveries and biological insights that date to the 1950s and 1960s. When it comes to treating psychiatric disorders, we are still living in the “Mad Men” era. Lithium has been the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder ever since John Cade reported its mood stabilizing effects in 1949. All current antipsychotic medications target the D2 dopamine receptor, just as the first medicines in this class did in the 1950s. Antidepressants have relied on variations of the monoamine hypothesis that was articulated in the mid-1960s. The shortcomings of available psychotropics are well-known. The results of large-scale effectiveness studies of mood and psychotic disorders (STAR*D, CATIE, and STEP-BD) are sobering: roughly 30% of depressed patients treated for 14 weeks with an SSRI achieved remission [1];25% of patients with schizophrenia remained on their initial medication by 18 months [2]; and 50% of bipolar patients who achieved recovery from a mood episode relapsed within two years despite best-practice treatment. [3] A major hope hanging on genetic studies has been that they can break this therapeutic impasse, There are three main avenues by which genetic research may inform efforts towards personalized medicine. First, by identifying DNA variants associated with risk of disease, genetic studies may point us toward new treatment targets. The discovery that a specific gene or set of genes confers risk for illness raises the possibility that drugs that target that gene (or genes) may have therapeutic effects. Second, genetic studies may clarify diagnostic boundaries in ways that could inform treatment selection or identify etiologically-related subgroups that might preferentially benefit from a given treatment. And third, pharmacogenetic studies may yield genetic profiles that predict response to available treatments. The following sections address each of these avenues and the state of the science to date.
Filtering of shrew DDoS attacks in frequency domain

The shrew distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are periodic, bursty, and stealthy in nature. They are also known as reduction of quality (RoQ) attacks. Such attacks could be even more detrimental than the widely known flooding DDoS attacks because they damage the victim servers for a long time without being noticed, thereby denying new visitors to the victim servers, which are mostly e-commerce sites. Thus, in order to minimize the huge monetary losses, there is a pressing need to effectively detect such attacks in real-time. Unfortunately, effective detection of shrew attacks remains an open problem. In this paper, we meet this challenge by proposing a new signal processing approach to identifying and detecting the attacks by examining the frequency-domain characteristics of incoming traffic flows to a server. A major strength of our proposed technique is that its detection time is less than a few seconds. Furthermore, the technique entails simple software or hardware implementations, making it easily deployable in a real-life network environment
Risk of Cancer Among Firefighters in California, 1988–2007

Background Most studies of firefighter cancer risks were conducted prior to 1990 and do not reflect risk from advances in building materials. Methods A case–control study using California Cancer Registry data (1988–2007) was conducted to evaluate the risk of cancer among firefighters, stratified by race. Results This study identified 3,996 male firefighters with cancer. Firefighters were found to have a significantly elevated risk for melanoma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–2.1), multiple myeloma (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.0–1.8), acute myeloid leukemia (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.0–2.0), and cancers of the esophagus (OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.2–2.1), prostate (OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.3–1.7), brain (OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.2–2.0), and kidney (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.0–1.6). Conclusions In addition to observing cancer findings consistent with previous research, this study generated novel findings for firefighters with race/ethnicity other than white. It provides additional evidence to support the association between firefighting and several specific cancers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:715–729, 2015. © 2015 This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Clinical significance of left atrial volume in clinical outcomes of heart transplant recipients.

Left atrial volume (LAV) is surgically kept enlarged in heart transplant (HT) recipients. On the other hand, LAV has been known an independent predictor of various cardiovascular diseases and is associated with exercise capacity of HT recipients. Thus, we evaluated the hypothesis that LAV is still associated with clinical outcomes in HT recipients whose left atria are artificially enlarged. Clinical outcomes over 5 years after HT were retrospectively evaluated in 35 HT recipients who had a LAV measurement with echocardiography at 1 year after HT at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center. The LAV was derived from a stacked disc method using apical 4 and 2 chamber views. The average LAV normalized to body surface area was 38.3 ± 9.9 ml/m2 (mean ± SD) at 1 year after HT. Two deaths and one drop-out occurred during 5-year follow up. A total of 552 cardiac symptom-related hospitalizations occurred in the recipients. The average time to first hospitalization was 166 ± 279 days and average number of hospitalizations of each recipient was 15 ± 16. The indexed LAV failed to correlate with the time to first hospitalization and number of hospitalizations of each recipient (Spearman’s p-value; 0.141 and 0.519 respectively). When the patients were divided to groups of large LAV (n = 17) and small LAV (n = 18) using the cut off value of the mean LAV, no significant difference was noted in mortality, hospitalization, and new onset of atrial fibrillation between the groups. Although our study is limited by a retrospective study design and relatively small number of patients, our results implicate that LAV is not significantly associated with clinical outcomes in HT recipients over 5 years after HT.
Mechanical properties of the dorsal fin muscle of seahorse (Hippocampus) and pipefish (Syngnathus).

The dorsal and pectoral fins are the primary locomotor organs in seahorses (Hippocampus) and pipefish (Syngnathus). The small dorsal fins beat at high oscillatory frequencies against the viscous medium of water. Both species are able to oscillate their fins at frequencies likely exceeding the point of flicker fusion for their predators, thus enhancing their ability to remain cryptic. High-speed video demonstrated that seahorse dorsal fins beat at 30-42 Hz, while pipefish dorsal fins oscillate at 13-26 Hz. In both species, the movement of the fin is a sinusoidal wave that travels down the fin from anterior to posterior. Mechanical properties of seahorse and pipefish dorsal fin muscles were tested in vitro by the work loop method. Maximum isometric stress was 176.1 kN/m(2) in seahorse and 111.5 kN/m(2) in pipefish. Work and power output were examined at a series of frequencies encompassing the range observed in vivo, and at a number of strains (percent length change during a contractile cycle) within each frequency. At a given strain, work per cycle declined with increasing frequency, while power output rose to a maximum at an intermediate frequency and then declined. Frequency and strain interacted in a complex fashion; optimal strain was inversely related to cycle frequency over most of the frequency range tested. Seahorse dorsal fin muscle was able to generate positive work at higher cycling frequencies than pipefish. Both species produced positive work at higher frequencies than have been reported for axial and fin muscles from other fish.
Plate-injection into a separated supersonic boundary layer. Part 2. The transition regions

The model proposed by Smith & Stewartson (1973), to describe the separated boundary layer induced by strong injection over a finite length of a flat plate in a supersonic mainstream, is shown to provide the basis for a fully consistent solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for this problem, valid in the limit of infinite Reynolds number. The solution takes the form of asymptotic expansions in each of a large number of overlapping regions of the flow field, which are consistently matched across areas of common validity.
MicroRNA-27a decreases the level and efficiency of the LDL receptor and contributes to the dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis

Abstract Rationale A strong risk factor for atherosclerosis– the leading cause of heart attacks and strokes– is the elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. The LDL receptor (LDLR) is the primary pathway for LDL-C removal from circulation, and their levels are increased by statins –the main treatment for high blood LDL-C. However, statins have low efficiency because they also increase PCSK9 which targets LDLR for degradation. Since microRNAs have recently emerged as key regulators of cholesterol homeostasis, our aim was to identify potential microRNA-based therapeutics to decrease blood LDL-C and prevent atherosclerosis. Methods and results We over expressed and knocked down miR-27a in HepG2 cells to assess its effect on the expression of key players in the LDLR pathway using PCR Arrays, Elisas, and Western blots. We found that miR-27a decreases LDLR levels by 40% not only through a direct binding to its 3′ untranslated region but also indirectly by inducing a 3-fold increase in PCSK9, which enhances LDLR degradation. Interestingly, miR-27a also directly decreases LRP6 and LDLRAP1, two other key players in the LDLR pathway that are required for efficient endocytosis of the LDLR-LDL-C complex in the liver. The inhibition of miR-27a using lock nucleic acids induced a 70% increase in LDLR levels and, therefore, it would be a more efficient treatment for hypercholesterolemia because of its desirable effects not only on LDLR but also on PCSK9. Conclusion The results presented here provide evidence supporting the potential of miR-27a as a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of atherosclerosis.