cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS KEBANGRUTAN USAHA DENGAN MULTIPLE DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS / MDA (Z-SCORE) MODEL ALTMAN PERTAMA MENGGUNAKAN MS. ACCESS PROGRAMMING

Progress of a company is absolutely necessary in the face of global competition today. In the era of globalization and free market, companies are required to continue developing and developed with a very high competitive level. There are many factors that affect the progress of a company starting from the factor of human resources, financial resources external to the company. None of the companies that want their business so that the necessary bangrut planning is good and earnest efforts for the company to move forward and survive. Financial statements is one indicator that can measure whether the company was in good health or not. There are many methods of analysis that can be used to measure the performance of the company. One is the method of Altman Z-score. Altman Z-score is the most famous models in predicting bankruptcy of enterprises. This highly accurate method for measuring whether a company in financial difficulties or not. Because of financial difficulties was the beginning of the bankruptcy business. Altman Z-score model using data from the report noted that financial-data to be processed into an accurate data. The model is then combined with MS. Access Programming to produce an application that is fast, precise and accurate in predicting bankruptcy of enterprises.
Rapunzel syndrome presenting as biliary obstruction

Abstract Trichobezoars are characterized as a mass of matted hair retained in the stomach. Rapunzel syndrome is characterized by a gastric trichobezoar extending beyond the pylorus and most often presents with symptoms of intestinal obstruction including abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Here we report an unusual presentation of Rapunzel syndrome causing biliary obstruction.
Slow-release chlorine dioxide gas treatment as a means to reduce Salmonella contamination on spices

Abstract Salmonella enterica is a major food safety issue for the spice industry. Slow-releasing chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas from self-contained sachets, which can be employed in a small-scale operation, was evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing Salmonella contamination on black pepper, cumin, and sesame seed. Three levels of chlorine dioxide gas (100, 200, or 500 mg ClO2/kg spice) were applied to Salmonella-inoculated spices. Spices were sampled immediately after treatment, and at 1, 10, and 30-days post-treatment. The combined effect of ClO2 gas treatment and storage time on Salmonella numbers on spices was evaluated. Salmonella reductions on black pepper, cumin, and sesame seed samples ranged from 0.81 to 2.74 log CFU/g after ClO2 treatment. Storage time also had a significant impact on Salmonella numbers, as numbers decreased by up to 2.50 log CFU/g over 30 days of storage. Self-contained ClO2 releasing sachets could provide small food processors a post-lethality treatment alternative for spices.
The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry-The 2010 Experience

The American College of Medical Toxicology Case Registry was established in 2010 as a method of identifying cases cared for by medical toxicologists at participating institutions. The Registry allows for the extraction of information from medical records making it the most robust multicenter database on chemical toxicities in existence. The current report is a summary of the data collected in 2010. All cases seen by medical toxicologists at participating institutions were entered on a database. Information characterizing patients entered in 2010 was tabulated. Over the course of 2010, the number of institutions contributing cases grew from 4 to 50. Three thousand nine hundred forty-eight cases were entered. Emergency departments were the most common source of consultations, accounting for approximately 50% of the cases. The most common reason for consultations was for pharmaceutical overdoses, which occurred in 42% of the patients. The most common classes of agents were non-opioid analgesics (14%), sedative/hypnotics/muscle relaxants (10%), ethanol (8%), and opioids (8%). N-acetylcysteine was the most common antidote used, followed by opioid antagonists, sodium bicarbonate, and physostigmine. Anti-crotalidae Fab fragments were administered in 72% of the cases in which an antivenin was used. Signals were detected suggesting the possibility that amlodipine and metoprolol were associated with greater toxicity than had been previously recognized. The Registry can identify and characterize patients who have sufficient toxicity to require a consultation by a medical toxicologist. Hypotheses for further investigation emerged from the data. The Registry appears to be a potentially powerful tool for toxicovigilance and research.
Forging the future: is the injury prevention community a learning organisation?

It is 70 years since John Gordon wrote ‘The epidemiology of accidents’ in the American Journal of Public Health 1 and 55 years since Haddon W Jr and colleagues edited the text book ‘ Accident Research: Methods and Approaches ’ published by Harper and Row.2 Thirty years ago, the First World Conference on Accident and Injury Prevention was held in Stockholm. Twenty-five years ago, Injury Prevention published our first issue. In the modern form, injury prevention is no longer new. Does the field of injury prevention yet have the level of self-confidence required to step forward with purpose into the future? I was at an international meeting recently where there was much reference to ‘the injury prevention community’. At this same meeting, there was also much discussion about how the injury prevention community needs to be more effective in influencing governments, institutions, industry, funders and members of the public to better support our community’s activities and goals. “If other people listened to us more and took our …
Martyrs made in the sky: the Zénith balloon tragedy and the construction of the French Third Republic's first scientific heroes

Following the balloon's invention in 1783, the French greeted the technology with enthusiasm, speculating extensively about its potential scientific and practical applications. However, the lack of...
A Method for the Early Evaluation of the Effects of Storage and Additives on the Stability of Parenteral Fat Emulsions

The combination of sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SedFFF) and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) is shown to provide a detailed record of the droplet sizes present in fat emulsions commonly used in parenteral nutrition. The technique presented has been used to record size distribution data for a particular emulsion (Liposyn-II), demonstrating its high stability and lot-to-lot uniformity. The technique is also able to demonstrate how additions of small amounts of electrolytes [0.45% (w/v) NaCl, 0.05% (w/v) CaCl2] tend to destabilize the emulsion, suggesting some caution in the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) mixtures. In contrast, a 1:1 mixture with human serum caused no sign of instability in the Liposyn-II. Using the emulsion as a carrier for lipophilic drugs necessitates adding solutions of the drug in nonaqueous solvents, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide). This solvent's destabilizing effect results in a droplet coalescence that becomes severe after 3–5 days following a 10% (v/v) addition, while a 5% (v/v) addition reaches the same level of coalescence in 10 days.
Intravenous bisphosphonate therapy in children with spinal muscular atrophy

This is the first report on safety and efficacy of intravenous bisphosphonates (IV BP) for treatment of disuse osteoporosis and low bone mineral density (BMD) in children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). IV BP appears to be safe and effective in fracture rate reduction. However, caution is necessary given the occurrence of an atypical femur fracture. Children with SMA are at high risk for fragility fractures and low BMD. IV BP have been used for treatment of disuse osteoporosis in pediatrics. However, safety and efficacy of IV BP in the SMA population has not been reported. Retrospective chart review of IV BP for treatment of disuse osteoporosis and low BMD in children with SMA at a tertiary pediatric center from 2010 to 2018 Eight patients (50% female; 75% SMA type 1; median age at first infusion 6.7 years) receiving a total of 39 infusions (54% pamidronate, 46% zoledronic acid) were included in this report. Acute phase reactions occurred following 38% and 3% of initial and subsequent infusions, respectively. BMD trended toward improvement at 1 year post-treatment. Among six patients who had > 2 years of follow-up, fracture rate decreased from 1.4 to 0.1 fracture/year. An atypical femur fracture was observed in one patient. These findings suggest that in children with SMA, IV BP therapy appears to be safe with minimal acute side effects and effective to reduce fracture rate. Caution is still needed given the occurrence of an atypical femur fracture in SMA population.
IMPACTS OF BEETLE KILL ON MODELED STREAMFLOW RESPONSE IN THE NORTH PLATTE RIVER BASIN

A beetle epidemic across the western United States has resulted in the death of millions of acres of forests. This beetle outbreak, referred to as “beetle kill”, has caused many to believe that such dramatic changes in land cover could potentially alter the hydrology of the impacted regions. One of the most important hydrological processes that beetle kill has the potential to impact is streamflow. This research evaluates the hydrologic impacts on streamflow from land cover change due to beetle kill in the North Platte River Basin (NPRB) (Colorado and Wyoming, USA) by utilizing the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. Utilizing the National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) dataset from 2005 / 2006 (onset of “beetle kill”) to more current conditions (2009), a decrease in tree cover of 16% to 40% was estimated. This decrease in tree cover was applied to VIC modeled streamflow from 1950 to 2000. The VIC model predicted a minimal increase in streamflow of approximately 5% which was not statistically significant.
Understanding rate effects in injection-induced earthquakes.

Understanding the physical mechanisms that underpin the link between fluid injection and seismicity is essential in efforts to mitigate the seismic risk associated with subsurface technologies. To that end, here we develop a poroelastic model of earthquake nucleation based on rate-and-state friction in the manner of spring–sliders, and analyze conditions for the emergence of stick-slip frictional instability—the mechanism for earthquakes—by carrying out a linear stability analysis and nonlinear simulations. We find that the likelihood of triggering earthquakes depends largely on the rate of increase in pore pressure rather than its magnitude. Consequently, fluid injection at constant rate acts in the direction of triggering seismic rupture at early times followed by aseismic creep at late times. Our model implies that, for the same cumulative volume of injected fluid, an abrupt high-rate injection protocol is likely to increase the seismic risk whereas a gradual step-up protocol is likely to decrease it.
Abstract TP81: MiR122 Modulates Nos2 to Improve Stroke Outcomes After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Based upon our previous findings that microRNA-122 (miR-122) was decreased in peripheral blood of both humans and rats after ischemic stroke, we hypothesized that elevating miR-122 in blood might i...
Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial on Trigger Point Injections With 1% Lidocaine Versus Conventional Approaches for Myofascial Pain in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Myofascial neck and back pain is an increasingly common chief symptom in the emergency department. Currently, there are no widely accepted conventional therapies, and there is little evidence on the efficacy of interventions such as trigger point injections (TPIs). Objective This study evaluates whether TPIs with 1% lidocaine can improve myofascial back and neck pain compared with conventional therapies. Secondary outcomes include changes in length of stay and number of opioid prescriptions on discharge. Methods This single-center, prospective, randomized, pragmatic trial was carried out in patients clinically determined to have myofascial back or neck pain. Patients were randomized into the experimental arm (TPI with 1% lidocaine) or the control arm (standard conventional approach). Numeric Rating Scores (NRS) for pain and additional surveys were obtained prior to and 20 min after the intervention. Results The NRS for pain was lower in the TPI group compared with the control group after adjustment for initial pain (median difference –3.01; 95% confidence interval –4.20 to –1.83; p Conclusions TPI is an effective method for managing myofascial pain in the emergency department. This study indicates it may improve pain compared with conventional methods, reduce length of stay in the emergency department, and reduce opioid prescriptions on discharge.
An Interview with Miriam Schcolnik: Reading, E-Reading and Writing and Their Assessment

Dr. Miriam Schcolnik (emerita) is the former Director of the Language Learning Center of the Division of Foreign Languages at Tel Aviv University. For three decades she coordinated and taught EAP (English for Academic Purposes) courses as well as a course in Technology in Language Teaching. She has developed many online learning environments, multimedia courseware packages, EFL textbooks, and teachers' resource books. Her research interests are e-reading and writing, and the use of digital tools to facilitate language learning and communication.
Taking the land to make the city: a bicoastal history of North America

Mary Ryan’s Taking the Land to Make the City peels back the historic layers of place-making in both time and space. Her sweeping, yet contained, history drills into two points on the continental ma...
Immune Reconstitution Following TCRαβ/CD19-Depleted Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancy in Pediatric Patients

Abstract TCRαβ/CD19-depleted HCT has been used with excellent outcomes in pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies, and several studies have demonstrated rapid immune reconstitution in the nonmalignant setting. However, immune recovery following TCRαβ/CD19-depleted hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for malignancy remains incompletely elucidated. Furthermore, the majority of studies to date have used haploidentical and matched unrelated donors. Here we report results of immune reconstitution following TCRαβ/CD19-depleted HCT for hematologic malignancy in 51 pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies, the majority of whom received grafts from unrelated donors. Grafts were from matched unrelated (n = 20), mismatched unrelated (n = 20), and haploidentical (n = 11) donors. The median CD34+ cell dose was 10.2 × 106/kg (range, 4.54 to 20 × 106/kg), and the median TCRαβ+ cell dose was 2.53 × 104/kg (range, 0 to 44.9 × 104/kg). Conditioning was myeloablative with either busulfan or total body irradiation, cyclophosphamide, and thiotepa. Thirty-three patients also received rabbit antithymocyte globulin. No prophylactic post-transplantation immune suppression was routinely given. Forty-three patients received rituximab on day +1 for recipient positive Epstein-Barr virus serology. Forty-nine patients (96%) engrafted with a median time to neutrophil recovery of 13 days (range, 8 to 30 days). Thirty-seven patients (73%) are alive at a median follow-up of 25 months (range, 6 to 50 months). Nine patients (18%) developed grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and 5 patients (11%) developed extensive chronic GVHD. Twenty-six patients (51%) experienced viral reactivation. T cell reconstitution was rapid with significant numbers of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells present on first assessment at 4 months post-HCT, and significant numbers of naive CD4+ T cells were present by 8 months post-HCT. Chronic GVHD was associated with delayed T cell recovery; however, T cell reconstitution was not affected by underlying diagnosis, donor source, TCRαβ+ T cell dose, conditioning regimen, or use of antithymocyte globulin. B cell recovery mirrored T cell recovery, and i.v. Ig was discontinued at a median of 8 months (range, 4 to 22 months) post-HCT in patients alive and relapse-free at last follow-up. Immune reconstitution is rapid following TCRαβ/CD19-depleted HCT in pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies. Donor graft source, haploidentical or unrelated, did not affect immune reconstitution. Viral reactivation is common in the first 100 days post-HCT, indicating that improved T cell defense is needed in the early post-HCT period.
What Makes a Dark Pattern... Dark?: Design Attributes, Normative Considerations, and Measurement Methods

There is a rapidly growing literature on dark patterns, user interface designs—typically related to shopping or privacy—that researchers deem problematic. Recent work has been predominantly descriptive, documenting and categorizing objectionable user interfaces. These contributions have been invaluable in highlighting specific designs for researchers and policymakers. But the current literature lacks a conceptual foundation: What makes a user interface a dark pattern? Why are certain designs problematic for users or society? We review recent work on dark patterns and demonstrate that the literature does not reflect a singular concern or consistent definition, but rather, a set of thematically related considerations. Drawing from scholarship in psychology, economics, ethics, philosophy, and law, we articulate a set of normative perspectives for analyzing dark patterns and their effects on individuals and society. We then show how future research on dark patterns can go beyond subjective criticism of user interface designs and apply empirical methods grounded in normative perspectives.
Genome Engineering in Cyanobacteria: Where We Are and Where We Need To Go

Genome engineering of cyanobacteria is a promising area of development in order to produce fuels, feedstocks, and value-added chemicals in a sustainable way. Unfortunately, the current state of genome engineering tools for cyanobacteria lags far behind those of model organisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we present the current state of synthetic biology tools for genome engineering efforts in the most widely used cyanobacteria strains and areas that need concerted research efforts to improve tool development. Cyanobacteria pose unique challenges to genome engineering efforts because their cellular biology differs significantly from other eubacteria; therefore, tools developed for other genera are not directly transferrable. Standardized parts, such as promoters and ribosome binding sites, which control gene expression, require characterization in cyanobacteria in order to have fully predictable results. The application of these tools to genome engineering efforts is also discussed; the ability to do genome-wide searching and to introduce multiple mutations simultaneously is an area that needs additional research in order to enable fast and efficient strain engineering.
Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease and Nephrotic Syndrome

The prevailing pandemic of type 2 diabetes and hypertension has led to a dramatic rise in the incidence of chronic kidney disease worldwide. Chronic kidney disease and proteinuria are associated with cardiovascular disease and profound alteration of lipid metabolism and serum lipid and lipoprotein profile. The associated lipid disorders play a major role in progression of renal and cardiovascular disease in this population. The nature and mechanisms of lipid abnormalities in kidney disease vary depending on the presence and severity of proteinuria, renal failure, renal replacement modalities (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplantation), dietary and drug regimens, and preexistent genetic disorders of lipid metabolism.
Externally and Internally Functionalized Copper(II) β-Diketonate Molecular Squares

Five functionalized bis(β-diketones) and their Cu(II) molecular squares are described. The new bis(β-diketones), m-pbhxH2 (3), 5-MeO-m-pbaH2 (4), 5-BuO-m-pbaH2 (5), 2-MeO-m-pbaH2 (6), and 2-MeO-m-pbprH2 (7), were prepared by reaction of the corresponding aldehydes with phospholenes, as we previously reported for m-pbaH2 (1) and m-pbprH2 (2). Ligand 3 has long alkyl chains in its β-diketone moieties, while ligands 4–7 have alkoxy substituents on their aromatic rings. When treated with Cu2+, the new bis(β-diketones) 3, 4, 5, and 7 afford molecular squares, Cu4(m-pbhx)4 (10), Cu4(5-MeO-m-pba)4 (11), Cu4(5-BuO-m-pba)4 (12), and Cu4(2-MeO-m-pbpr)4 (13), respectively. Two of the new molecular squares, 10 and 12, contain longer-chain substituents and are soluble in a wider range of organic solvents. The other squares, 11 and 13, contain external and internal methoxy groups, respectively, and they show smaller changes in solubility. Single-crystal X-ray analyses are reported for three of the molecular squares wit...
From Time Immemorial: Indigenous Peoples and State Systems

From Time Immemorial: Indigenous Peoples and State Systems. Richard J. Perry. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. 302 pp.
Virtual experts for imagery registration and conflation

The unique human expertise in imagery analysis should be preserved and shared with other imagery analysts to improve image analysis and decision-making. Such knowledge can serve as a corporate memory and be a base for an imagery virtual expert. The core problem in reaching this goal is constructing a methodology and tools that can assist in building the knowledge base of imagery analysis. This paper provides a framework for an imagery virtual expert system that supports imagery registration and conflation tasks. The approach involves two strategies: (1) recording expertise onthe-fly and (2) extracting information from the expert system in an optimized way. The second strategy is based on the theory of monotone Boolean functions.
Towards human-robot coordination: skill modeling and transferring via hidden Markov model

Automatic modeling and transferring human skill to a robot is an important step towards creating an intelligent robot in a cooperative environment where humans and robots can complement and enhance each other's performance in a reciprocal manner. We first classify two distinct categories of skills, i.e., action skill and reaction skill. Then we address how the hidden Markov model can be used for modeling these two types of human skill. We focus on the reaction learning scheme and discuss the issues and problems associated with the hidden Markov model approach.
BALANCING INTRAPRENEURIAL INNOVATION VS. ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIN-OFFS DURING PERIODS OF TECHNOLOGICAL FOMENT (SUMMARY)

The period immediately after a technological discontinuity allows an innovative startup to exploit a period of ferment and great uncertainty. Meanwhile, mature innovators must develop intrapreneurial capabilities to compete with these new entrants. Using multiple data sources, we examine the innovation capabilities of Linkabit, a firm that exploited the opportunities related to digital communications, and how those capabilities were transferred to informal spinoffs which formed at twice the rate of Fairchild Semiconductor. We discuss the contingent value of innovation capabilities for early stages in a technological regime, as well as the conflicting goals of intrapreneurial development vs. restraining entrepreneurial exodus.
Airbag Effects on the Out-of-Position Child

This paper, originally published in 1972, describes experiments of air bag systems conducted considering the out-of-position child. Baboons of approximately the same weight as a child were used to provide the most realistic evaluation of potential injuries. The experiments were conducted with a prototype right front passenger air bag system. Five distinct positions were chosen to represent the out-of-position child. Findings indicated that the deploying air bag in the system studied had sufficient force to propel 29-34 lb baboon over the front seat back. With the present configuration of the air bag as studied, there is danger of head and internal organ injuries to a child during static inflation.
Circulating microRNA-320a and microRNA-486 predict thiazolidinedione response: Moving towards precision health for diabetes prevention

Introduction The aims of this study were to compare microRNA (miR) expression between individuals with and without insulin resistance and to determine whether miRs predict response to thiazolidinedione treatment.
Case study of multithreaded in-core isosurface extraction algorithms

A comparative, empirical study of the computational performance of multithreading strategies for Marching Cubes isosurface extraction is presented. Several representative data-centric strategies are considered. Focus is on in-core computation that can be performed on desktop (single- or dual-CPU) computers. The study's empirical results are analyzed on the metrics of initialization overhead, individual surface extraction time, and total run time. In addition, an analysis of cache behavior and memory storage requirements is presented.
Novel method for measuring Dicke narrowing by wavelength modulation spectroscopy

Summary form only given. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy signals exhibit features of frequency derivatives of the lineshape profile. Detection at the modulation frequency, f, yields signals that approximate the first derivative, and detection at the frequency Nf yields a signal that approximates the N/sup th/ derivative. Second harmonic (2f) detection has been used frequently in the past, while we have recently demonstrated several advantages of higher harmonic detection. These include an increased sensitivity to density fluctuations, and an increased resolution of overlapping lines.
Treatment of the unstable (acute) slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, the most common hip disorder in adolescence, traditionally has been classified according to symptom duration. An acute slip is 1 in which there are symptoms for 3 weeks. An acute-on-chronic slip is characterized by a combination of both with a recent exacerbation of symptoms. This classification system is misleading because it does not consider stability. A stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis has a good prognosis, but an unstable slip has a guarded prognosis. The priorities in treating an unstable (acute) slip are (1) to avoid avascular necrosis, (2) to avoid chondrolysis, (3) to prevent further slip, and (4) to correct deformity. The last priority, correcting the deformity, is associated with a high incidence of complications including avascular necrosis and chondrolysis, so manipulative reduction under anesthesia or an acute corrective osteotomy is not recommended. To address these priorities in treatment, the authors recommend preoperative bed rest to decrease the synovitis and intraarticular effusion. Operative stabilization is done in an elective fashion once the synovitis has subsided. The technique includes careful patient positioning on the fracture table, which may cause an incidental reduction, but no attempt is made to do a manipulative reduction. The technique is dependent on radiographic control. The femoral head and neck must be well visualized on the anteroposterior and lateral intensifier images before the operation is started. The slipped capital femoral epiphysis is stabilized with a single central screw, and nonweightbearing ambulation with crutches is recommended until a satisfactory painless range of motion has returned.
Climate science: Storm instigation from below

The relationship between soil moisture and rainfall has proved tricky to pin down. An analysis of close to 4,000 Sahelian storms suggests that certain soil-moisture patterns enhance the likelihood of rainfall.
Explaining Language Use

In his John Locke lectures, Hilary Putnam argues “that certain human abilities – language speaking is the paradigm example – may not be theoretically explicable in isolation,” apart from a full model of “human functional organization,” which “may well be unintelligible to humans when stated in any detail.” The problem is that “we are not, realistically, going to get a detailed explanatory model for the natural kind ‘human being’,” not because of “ mere complexity” but because “we are partially opaque to ourselves, in the sense of not having the ability to understand one another as we understand hydrogen atoms.” This is a “ constitutive fact” about “human beings in the present period,” though perhaps not in a few hundred years (Putnam 1978). The “natural kinds” human being and hydrogen atom thus call for different kinds of inquiry, one leading to “detailed explanatory models,” the other not, at least for now. The first category is scientific inquiry, in which we seek intelligible explanatory theories and look forward to eventual integration with the core natural sciences; call this mode of inquiry “naturalistic,” focusing on the character of work and reasonable goals, in abstraction from actual achievement. Beyond its scope, there are issues of the scale of full “human functional organization,” not a serious topic for (current) naturalistic inquiry but more like the study of everything, like attempts to answer such pseudo-questions as “how do things work?” or “why do they happen?”
New multipliers modulo 2/sup N/-1

Techniques for computing the product of two N-bit integers modulo 2/sup N/-1 from their k-bit byte decompositions are presented. A modulus 2/sup N/-1 is chosen, as multiplication performed in this modulus can be reconstructed from the cyclic convolution between the sequences of the k-bit bytes of the decomposed numbers. It is shown that cyclic convolutions can be computed using only additions and squaring operations but not two-operand multiplications. Since the squaring operation is a one-operand operation, significant savings in ROM bits can be obtained if look-up tables are used. >
Choosing an Appropriate Measure of Diarrhoea Occurrence: Examples from a Community-Based Study in Rural Kenya

Epidemiological studies which aim to identify protective or risk factors for diarrhoea may rely on any of several established measures of disease occurrence, including cumulative incidence, (CI), incidence density (ID), and point prevalence (P); each with its own strengths and limitations. Comparison of these measures was afforded by a community-based study in rural Kenya in which the incidence and prevalence of diarrhoea were measured simultaneously but by independent means in the same group of children. In a cohort study, CI and ID among 138 infants (aged 0-6 months) were 26.1% and 1.41 episodes per 100 infant-weeks, respectively. Among 111 toddlers (aged 18-29 months) CI and ID were 39.6% and 1.96 episodes per 100 toddler-weeks, respectively. In a cross-sectional study of these children, the Ps among infants and toddlers were 9.8 and 6.1%, respectively. Data on incident cases required more time and resources to obtain and evidenced more underreporting of diarrhoea episodes relative to the prevalence data. Other community-based studies have reported the ID of diarrhoea five times more often than any other measure, but appear to have calculated ID incorrectly. The infrequency with which CI and P are reported does not reflect their actual utility.
Long-term operation and reliability study of a 1200-V, 880-A all-SiC dual module

SiC MOSFETs are now commercial available and have demonstrated improved efficiency and higher operating temperatures over state of the art silicon components. Ongoing research activities have produced a massively-paralleled all-SiC module to examine the feasibility and reliability of high-current all-SiC modules. This paper documents a reliability study for a 1200-V, 880-A all-SiC dual MOSFET module operated in an experimental circuit. Over 500 hours of circuit runtime has been accumulated and MOSFET characteristics were routinely evaluated. The switches demonstrated a high degree of stability in leakage current, forward resistance, junction temperature rise, and switching energies as all of these characteristics changed less than 14%. With this demonstration of reliability, the substantial benefits of a massively paralleled all-SiC module can be utilized by design engineers for future power electronic systems.
Panel Unit-Root Tests of OECD Stochastic Convergence

This paper uses three panel unit-root tests and finds that real per capita GDP for OECD countries and a European subsample converge stochastically for the period 1948–87 but not for the entire sample of 1900–87. For the postwar period, the differential in income gaps or speed of adjustment is eliminated at an annual rate of 4–8% for OECD economies, and 6–9% for European economies.
Contributions of executive function and spatial skills to preschool mathematics achievement

Early mathematics achievement is highly predictive of later mathematics performance. Here we investigated the influence of executive function (EF) and spatial skills, two generalizable skills often overlooked in mathematics curricula, on mathematics performance in preschoolers. Children (N=44) of varying socioeconomic status (SES) levels were assessed at 3 years of age on a new assessment of spatial skill (Test of Spatial Assembly, TOSA) and a vocabulary measure (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, PPVT). The same children were tested at 4 years of age on the Beery Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) as well as on measures of EF and mathematics. The TOSA was created specifically as an assessment for 3-year-olds, allowing the investigation of links among spatial, EF, and mathematical skills earlier than previously possible. Results of a hierarchical regression indicate that EF and spatial skills predict 70% of the variance in mathematics performance without an explicit math test, EF is an important predictor of math performance as prior research suggested, and spatial skills uniquely predict 27% of the variance in mathematics skills. Additional research is needed to understand whether EF is truly malleable and whether EF and spatial skills may be leveraged to support early mathematics skills, especially for lower SES children who are already falling behind in these skill areas by 3 and 4 years of age. These findings indicate that both skills are part of an important foundation for mathematics performance and may represent pathways for improving school readiness for mathematics.
Impact of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation on the Tumor Burden Before Liver Transplantation for Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma

The very early experience with liver transplantation (LT) for cholangiocarcinoma (CC) was dismal because of the poor survival outcomes and the high recurrence rates. However, LT for CC in conjunction with neoadjuvant chemoradiation recently has shown encouraging results, although the data are extremely limited. At our institution between 2001 and 2008, 22 CC patients underwent protocol orthotopic LT at a median age of 45 years (range = 24-63 years). At a median follow-up of 601.5 days (range = 111-1388 days), the median survival time of the cohort was 3.3 years. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities were 90%, 70%, and 63%, respectively, whereas the historical 5-year survival rates were 0% to 18% for intrahepatic CC and 23% to 26% for extrahepatic CC when patients underwent transplantation without neoadjuvant therapy. These encouraging survival rates for patients with this type of tumor, which is difficult to diagnose and treat, are no less significant when they are compared to the national 1- and 3-year survival rates (86% and 68%, respectively) of patients undergoing deceased donor LT for malignant neoplasms of the liver (as reported by the United Network for Organ Sharing). In our series, disease recurrence was significantly associated with a larger residual tumor [6.3 versus 2.0 cm (mean values), P = 0.008] and with a shorter waiting time for LT after the chemoradiation protocol [18 versus 56 days (mean values), P = 0.04]. Our LT protocol for CC was found to be promising for patients with truly extrahepatic CC and for patients within stages I to IIB of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging system (100% survival at a median follow-up of 2.2 years), but the results were notably poor for patients with stage III extrahepatic CC (median survival = 1.2 years). These observations highlight the need for accurate preoperative staging of CC for ideal LT recipient selection and the importance of a low tumor burden and a longer wait after neoadjuvant therapy. More effective chemoradiation regimens for reducing the tumor burden and the appropriate timing of LT after neoadjuvant chemoradiation require further research.
Some specific staining reactions of potassium ferricyanide in cells of guinea pig testes.

Guinea pig testes were processed for electron microscopy by prefixing in phosphate-buffered aldehyde and postfixing in 1% OsO 4 plus 0.05 M potassium ferricyanide [(K 3 Fe(CN) 6 )]. The K 3 Fe(CN) 6 enhanced the staining of glycogen, which was located predominantly in the Sertoli cells, and decreased the staining of ribosomes. The K 3 Fe(CN) 6 also selectively stained some of the small vesicles associated with the forming faces of spermatid Golgi apparatus, the nuclear envelope under the acrosome, and the ground substance of spermatid and spermatozoa mitochondria. This last staining reaction was subdued or absent from spermatocytes, spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells.
Temperature rise produced by various visible light generators through dentinal barriers

This study evaluated and compared the heat generated by seven brands of light-curing units by measuring the temperature elevation from the ambient temperature through the use of a digital thermocouple-thermometer with a needle probe placed at three locations in the dentin. The results of this study indicated a wide range of differences in temperature rise among the tested light-curing units. In all three locations of probe placement, the Translux unit produced the least temperature elevation.
Clonidine, administered intracerebroventricularly in mice, produces an anti-analgesic effect which may be mediated spinally by dynorphin A (1-17).

Abstract Clonidine, administered intracerebroventricularly, was shown to have two actions in the tail-flick test in mice: an overt anti-analgesic and a latent analgesic effect. The antianalgesic effect was demonstrated by antagonism of the antinociceptive response to morphine, administered intrathecally. This anti-analgesic effect was attentuated by naloxone and nor-binaltorphimine, given intrathecally. Given intracerebroventricularly by itself, clonidine had no antinociceptive effect; however, the administration of naloxone and nor-binaltorphimine intrathecally uncovered the latent antinociceptive action of clonidine given intracerebroventricularly. This sensitivity to the opioid antagonists, given intrathecally, indicated that an endogenous anti-analgesic opioid might mediate the actions of clonidine at the spinal level. The putative opioid was postulated to be dynorphin A (1–17). Analgesia induced by intrathecally administered morphine was attentuated by the intrathecal administration of dynorphin A (1–17) at doses of less than 10 pg (5 fmol). This action of dynorphin was blocked by naloxone (5 fg, 0.014fmol) and nor-binaltorphimine (10 ng, 12.3 pmol) at doses which did not block mu and kappa receptors in the spinal cord. The authors propose that clonidine, given intracerebroventricularly, activates an anti-analgesic system which descends spinally and is mediated by dynorphin A (1–17) in the spinal cord. This antianalgesic effect of dynorphin A (1–17) appears to be a new function for dynorphin A (1–17).
Borax Methylene Blue: A Spectroscopic And Staining Study

Borax methylene blue is quite stable at room temperatures of 22-25 C. At 30 C polychroming is slow; during 50 days in a water bath at this temperature the absorption peak moves from 665 to 656 nm. At 35 C, the absorption peak reaches 660 nm in 7 days, 654 nm in 14. At 60 C polychroming is rapid, the absorption peak reaching 640-620 nm in 3 days. When the pH of the borax methylene blue solutions, normally about 9.0, is adjusted to pH 6.5, the absorption peak remains at 665 nm even when incubated at 60 C for extended periods. When used as a blood stain 0.4 ml borax methylene blue (1% methylene blue in 1% borax), 4 ml acetone, 2 ml borax-acid phosphate buffer to bring the solution to pH 6.5, and distilled water to make 40 ml, with 0.2 ml 1% eosin added just before using, an excellent Nocht-Giemsa type stain is achieved after 30 minutes staining. The material plasmodia P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. berghei stain moderate blue with dark red chromatin and green to black pigment granules. The study confirms Malachowski's 1891 results and explains Gautier's 1896-98 failure to duplicate it.
Inhibin and epithelial membrane antigen immunohistochemistry assist in the diagnosis of sex cord-stromal tumors and provide clues to the histogenesis of hypercalcemic small cell carcinomas

Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors are a morphologically diverse group of neoplasms that can mimic the appearance of other ovarian tumors. Because the treatment and prognosis of sex cord-stromal tumors differs substantially from those of other ovarian neoplasms, the development of an immunohistochemical panel to support the diagnosis of the former group of tumors would be useful. In this report, the utility of immunostaining for inhibin alpha, epithelial membrane antigen, MIC2 gene protein product, and keratin in the differential diagnosis of sex cord-stromal tumors was assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. In addition, the immunohistochemical staining pattern of ovarian small cell carcinomas (SCCs), hypercalcemic type, was analyzed in an attempt to clarify the histogenesis of these tumors. Thirty-two (97%) of 33 granulosa cell tumors (GCTs), 10 (91%) of 11 Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (SLCTs), and 4 (8%) of 51 carcinomas showed inhibin alpha immunopositivity. None of the 3 lymphomas, 5 carcinoids, 6 dysgerminomas, or 12 SCCs showed inhibin alpha positivity. Eighteen (55%) GCTs, 6 (55%) SLCTs, 6 (12%) carcinomas, and 7 (58%) SCCs showed MIC2 gene expression. None of the GCTs and only one SLCT showed epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) positivity, although 92% of surface epithelial carcinomas and 75% of SCCs were immunoreactive. These data suggest that detection of inhibin immunoreactivity in an ovarian tumor that is EMA-negative provides both sensitive and specific support for the diagnosis of a sex cord-stromal tumor. Because SCCs generally stain for EMA but not for inhibin, it appears that SCCs probably represent a variant of surface epithelial tumor rather than a type of sex cord-stromal tumor.
Determination of micellar self-diffusion coefficients by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A method is described by which the diffusion coefficients of electrically charged micelles can be determined using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The determination is based on a theory for the dispersion, at low electric field strengths, of analytes that are solubilized by only the micellar phase. The dispersion is represented by contributions from instrumental sources and from longitudinal diffusion. The latter depends on the micellar diffusion coefficient. The theory is used to determine the micellar diffusion coefficients of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate in three solutions having different surfactant concentrations. These diffusion coefficients compare very favorably with those determined by diffusion-ordered two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. An argument is presented justifying that the diffusion coefficients determined by MEKC are self-diffusion coefficients.
Dynamic Testing of the Tilting Pad Journal Bearing

A method of selective vibration orbits has been used to dynamically test a 0.076 m (3 in) diameter, five shoe tilting pad journal bearing that has different values of preload and L/d ratio. The experimentally obtained stiffness and damping coefficients are discussed, with particular reference to the effect on these coefficients of increasing preload as a result of enlarging the pad clearance. The paper presents an uncertainty analysis of the experimental results, and compares these results with theoretical data obtained from a thermo-hydrodynamic model of the bearing. Presented at the 48th Annual Meeting in Calgary, Alberta, Canada May 17–20, 1993
Reflexive and volitional voice fundamental frequency responses to an anticipated feedback pitch error.

The pitch-shift reflex is a corrective voice fundamental frequency (F0) response triggered by a sudden shift or “error” in auditory feedback pitch. We investigated how anticipating a voice pitch error affects the pitch-shift reflex and volitional voice F0 responses. Adults sustained the vowel/u/at a comfortable pitch and pressed a button to deliver a 100 cent, 100 ms auditory feedback pitch shift immediately or after a random delay. Pitch shift direction was either constant (up) or randomized (up or down). Onset anticipation often resulted in an anticipatory voice F0 change, but stimulus direction predictability did not affect the responses. When pitch error onset and direction were both anticipated, some participants produced an ideomotor voice F0 change that partially imitated the error, but they produced no apparent pitch-shift reflex. Results imply that when voice pitch errors are anticipated, volitional voice F0 responses may reduce or enhance voice F0 stability.
Organization of ATPA coding and 3′ flanking sequences associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in Phaseolus vulgaris L.

A region of the mitochondrial genome associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Phaseolus vulgaris was flanked by two different repeated sequences designated x and y. The DNA sequence of the CMS-unique region and a portion of each flanking repeat was determined. Repeat x contained a complete coding copy of the F1 ATPase subunit A (atpA) gene, as well as an open reading frame (orf) predicting a protein of 209 amino acids. The TGA termination codon of the atpA gene and the ATG initiation codon of orf209 were overlapping. These reading frames were oriented with their 3' ends proximal to the CMS-unique region. The CMS-unique region of 3736 nucleotides contained numerous orfs. The longest of these predicted proteins being of 239, 98 and 97 amino acids. The 3' coding and 3' flanking regions of orf98 were derived from an internal region of the higher plant chloroplast tRNA alanine intron. The region of repeat y immediately adjacent to the CMS-unique region contained the 111 carboxy-terminal coding residues of the apocytochrome b (cob) gene. This segment was oriented with its 5' end proximal to the CMS-unique region, but cob gene sequences were not fused to an initiation codon within the unique region.
British Nonelite Road Running and Masculinity: A Case of “Running Repairs”?

A figurational framework is employed to analyze aspects of the phenomenon of mass nonelite road running in Britain, using data derived primarily from a series of 48 in-depth interviews with a range of participants. More particularly, the article explores the motivations of nonelite runners in the context of social change over their life course. It argues that many changes in Britain since the 1950s have involved shifts in power ratios to the relative disadvantage of the middle-class men in their thirties and forties, who dominate the entry at many events and have undermined traditional bases of masculine identity in work and the home. The data indicate that many nonelite runners, male and female, believe they enjoy the respect and admiration of nonparticipants through a demonstration of physical prowess that running long distances involves, a capacity traditionally more closely associated with the male.