cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-6 production after thermal injury: Evidence for nonmacrophage sources in the lung and liver

Background. Thermal injury induces circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6). The liver and lung have been proposed as major sources of IL-6 after injury ; however, multiple cell types within these organs are capable of IL-6 production. In these experiments we further characterize cellular sources of IL-6 after thermal injury by examining tissue macrophage response in the liver and lung and IL-6 production of cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMECs). Methods. Serum, liver and lung tissue, and tissue macrophage IL-6 response was determined in Wistar rats subjected to a 35 to 40 % total body surface area scald injury. Cultured PMEC IL-6 production was determined after treatment with serum from the burned animals. IL-6 bioactivity was assayed by 7TD1 proliferation, and IL-6 messenger RNA levels were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Alveolar macrophages were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. Kupffer cells and PMECs were obtained by enzyme digestion of liver and lungs. Results. Burn increases circulating IL-6 activity through postburn day 3 (388 ± 50 units/0.1 ml versus 80 ± 12 units/0.1 ml in controls). Burn increases lung and liver IL-6 messenger RNA without concurrent increase in the alveolar macrophages or Kupffer cells and persists in the lung after bronchoalveolar lavage. PMECs cultured in the presence of postburn day 3 serum (10% vol) release more IL-6 activity (1118 ± 333 units/culture versus sham rat serum with 288 ± 146 units/culture) than control cultures and have more readily detectable levels of IL-6 messenger RNA. Conclusions. Non-tissue macrophage sources including microvascular endothelium may be a contributing source of IL-6 in the lung after thermal injury.
Improving feedback-integrated scene cancellation nonuniformity correction through optimal selection of available camera motion

Scene-based nonuniformity correction (SBNUC) techniques provide a means of identifying and correcting focal plane array nonuniformity (NU) through algorithmic analysis of the camera output. SBNUC techniques rely almost universally on camera motion to provide a means of separating the scene from the NU pattern. A simulation is developed that is used to explore the role and effect of camera motion on two representative registration-based SBNUC algorithms: interframe registration-based least mean square (IRLMS) by Zuo et al. and feedback-integrated scene-cancellation (FiSC) by Black and Tyo. The effect of camera motion velocity and direction between frames is examined. The high spatial frequency portion of NU is shown to be corrected by both IRLMS and FiSC, and this correction is relatively indifferent to nonzero camera motion parameters. The FiSC algorithm was specifically designed to incorporate the low spatial frequency component into registration-based SBNUC, but demonstrates a strong dependency on camera motion. Techniques for mitigation of camera motion parameter effects through tradespace and buffering are presented and tested. With proper mitigation and camera motion, FiSC is shown to correct most high and low spatial frequency NU with fewer than 100 framepairs repeatedly processed using techniques suitable for real-time processing implementation.
The clutch hypothesis revisited: ascribing the roles of actin-associated proteins in filopodial protrusion in the nerve growth cone.

We seek to understand how the nerve growth cone acts as a sensory motile machine to respond to chemical cues in the developing embryo. This review focuses on filopodial protrusion and F-actin-based motility because there is good evidence that these processes are required for axon guidance. The clutch hypothesis, which states that filopodial protrusion occurs by actin assembly when an actin filament is fixed with respect to the substrate (i.e., a clutch is engaged), was postulated by Mitchison and Kirscher to link protrusion to actin dynamics. Protrusion would require functional modules for movement of material into filopodia, clutching the F-actin, F-actin assembly at the tip, and retrograde flow. In this review, recent studies of actin-associated proteins involved in filopodial protrusion will be summarized, and their roles will be assessed in the context of the clutch hypothesis. The large number of proteins involved in filopodial motility and their complex interactions make it difficult to understand how these proteins act in protrusion. Recently, we have used microscale chromophore-assisted laser inactivation (micro-CALI) for the focal and acute inactivation of specific actin-associated proteins during filopodial protrusion to address their in situ roles. Our findings suggest that myosin V functions in moving membranes or other material forward in extending filopodia, that talin acts in the clutch module, and that zyxin acts in actin assembly at the tip during filopodial protrusion, perhaps by recruiting Ena/VASP family members to promote actin elongation at this site.
Commentary: measuring the candidates on health care.

The standard I use to evaluate the candidates' positions on health care reform is the Jackson Hole Group initiative, a comprehensive proposal to remedy many sources of market failure and inequity in our present system, to foster an effective, decentralized market in the private sector, and to ensure everyone's access to it.1 , 2 The Jackson Hole Group is an informal group of health profession and industry leaders and policy analysts who meet periodically in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The group's proposal has five key elements, dealing with integrated financing and delivery of health care, managed competition, health insurance for small groups of . . .
Formation of the methylthiol ester of 3-phosphoglyceric acid catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Abstract The enzymic formation of phosphoglyceryl methylthiol ester has been found to be catalyzed by 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase from yeast or from rabbit muscle. The synthesis can occur with 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid and methylmercaptan as substrates, or from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, DPN, and methylmercaptan. The thiol ester formation appears to be reversible and the product can be enzymically arsenolyzed. On the basis of an optical test, aspartic β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase appears to catalyze a reaction with methylmercaptan analogous to the one catalyzed by 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase.
Specificity and Differences in Three Methods of Assessing Trainable Mental Retardates' Reaction Time:

The purposes of this study were to determine the specificity and differences in reaction time that exist among three manual methods of measurement. This dependent variable was measured from onset o...
Proposal for the determination of generation time variability and dormancy of proliferating cell populations by a modification of the grain-count halving method.

Abstract For cell populations in which neither direct observation nor the “labeled mitoses” method can be employed for determining the distribution of generation times, an alternative method is proposed. This alternative approach is a modification of the “grain-count halving” method, in which the halving time of the mean or median grain count in autoradiographs of DNA-labeled cells is equated to the mean or median cell cycle time. The method introduced here is based on the fact that the time required for the mean grain count of labeled cells to halve is dependent both on the time (tO) at which the initial mean grain count is determined (relative to the time of exposure of the cells to tracer), and on the distribution of generation times. A plot of the grain-count halving time vs. tO can be used to obtain a quantitative estimate of the distribution of generation times, as well as to detect a resting or dormant cell fraction, if present. The behavior of this grain-count halving function, denoted by H(tO), can be summarized as follows: (i) at the value of tO corresponding to the midpoint of the first wave of labeled mitoses (a second “PLM” wave is not required by this method), H(t0) is equal to the median generation time (TG) of the population, (ii) if H(tO) is nearly independent of tO over most of its range, the variance of TG's will in general be small, (iii) for a given mean TG, a larger variance will yield a halving function which increases more rapidly with tO in the central portion of its range, (iv) the occurrence of a discontinuity in H(tO) implies that some labeled cells enter a resting or dormant state following division. These statements are illustrated by means of some hypothetical examples. The method is applicable to populations growing exponentially or at steady state; the results are independent of random cell loss and are only moderately affected by loss occurring immediately following mitosis.
Serum protein electrophoresis of some amphibia (Caecilidae, Rhinophrynidae, Microhylidae).

Abstract 1. 1. Serum protein patterns were obtained by starch-gel electrophoresis for several amphibians. 2. 2. Sera of Dermophis costaricense (Caecilidae) contain an albumen and differ thereby from most serum patterns reported for salamanders. 3. 3. Relatively few assayable proteins were found in sera from Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Rhinophrynidae); frogs may parallel fishes in having less complex sera in primitive groups. 4. 4. Different genera of Microhylidae have unusually similar patterns with as many as seven of nine bands apparently homologous between genera. 5. 5. Intergeneric affinities deduced for Microhylid genera from sera parallel those deduced from morphology.
Electronic absorption spectrum of phenyl radical

Abstract The electronic absorption spectrum of matrix-isolated phenyl radical has been determined in the entire 52 000–4 000 cm −1 region. It consists of three band systems corresponding to transitions to three excited electronic states: 2 B 1 , with origin at 510.5 nm/2.43 eV ( e =2.8 L mol −1 cm −1 ); 2 A 1 , with λ max =235.1 nm/5.27 eV ( e =220 L mol −1 cm −1 ), and 2 B 2 with the origin at 211.5 nm/5.86 eV ( e =1650 L mol −1 cm −1 ). These transitions are attributed to the phenyl radical on the basis of the strict correlation of their intensity evolution in simultaneously measured IR and UV–visible spectra. Consistent results were obtained from several independent precursors. The transition symmetries were derived from polarization measurements on photo-oriented samples.
Dermal versus intraparenchymal lymphoscintigraphy of the breast.

Background and Objective: Dermal and intraparenchymal (IP) injections of radiocolloid have been used for lymphoscintigraphic identification of the sentinel node (SN) in breast cancer. Because of our institute’s extensive experience with dermal and IP lymphoscintigraphy for melanoma and breast cancer, we compared patterns of lymphatic migration after both types of injections to identify any differences in drainage patterns or SN identification.
The white blood cell count and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in pertussis.

SUMMARY The white blood cell count and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate were studied in 180 hospital patients with a clear-cut diagnosis of pertussis. In children below 6 months, the white blood cell picture favoured a diagnosis of pertussis in only one out of every four or five cases during the first 3 weeks of the disease, but not later. In children over 6 months, absolute leucocytosis and lymphocytosis were noted in the majority during the first 2 weeks of the disease (leucocytosis in 63 % and lymphocytosis in 71 %). During the third and fourth weeks changes in the white cells supported the diagnosis of pertussis in 80% and 50%, respectively. Marked leucocytosis (more than 50,000 leucocytes per mm3. of blood) was noted in 8 cases. I n uncomplicated pertussis the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is usually normal or subnormal and does not appear to vary with the patient's age or the week of the disease.
Reading words in Spanish and English: Mapping orthography to phonology in two languages

English-Spanish bilinguals named visually presented words aloud in each language. The words included cognates (e.g., fruit-fruta) and non-cognate translations (e.g., pencil-ladpiz). The cognates were selected so that the orthographic and phonological similarity of their lexical form in each language varied orthogonally. Cognate naming latencies were influenced by the cross-language match of the orthographic and phonological codes. When the orthographic forms were similar in the two languages, naming latencies were slowed by dissimilar phonology, providing evidence for feed-forward activation from orthography to phonology across languages. When the orthographic forms were dissimilar, the effects of the corresponding phonological match were not statistically reliable. The results suggest that lexical access is non-selective across bilinguals' two languages, and that the degree of consistency between orthographic and phonological codes influences the manner in which cross-language competition is manifest. Fi...
Paper-based piezoresistive MEMS force sensors

This paper describes the development of piezoresistive MEMS force sensors constructed using paper as the structural material. The sensing principle of the paper-based sensor is based on the piezoresistive effect of conductive materials patterned on a paper substrate. The device is inexpensive (∼$0.04/device for materials), simple to fabricate, lightweight, and disposable. The entire fabrication process can be completed within one hour in common laboratories with simple tools (e.g., a paper cutter and a painting knife), without requiring cleanroom facilities. The paper substrate allows easy integration of electrical signal processing circuits onto the paper-based MEMS devices. We demonstrated that the paper-based sensor can measure forces with moderate performance (i.e., detection limit: 120 µN, measurement range: ±16 mN, and sensitivity: 0.84 mV/mN), and applied the sensor to characterizing mechanical properties of soft materials. We also developed a paper-based weighting balance with a measurement range of 15 g and a resolution of 25 mg.
Inflammatory Lymphokines in Hypersensitivity Reactions

The immune system is responsible for both the detection of foreign substances and the response to them. Thus, immunologic function requires both recognition and reaction. Recognition involves the sequence of events by which the immune system is made aware of a foreign substance (antigen). It involves the interaction of the antigen with an appropriate cell surface receptor and leads to the activation of lymphocytes for both proliferation and differentiation. The products of differentiation include not only antibodies, but also memory cells, specialized effector cells, and a variety of nonantibody, hormonelike mediators. These latter agents, which have been shown to play a role in both afferent (inductive stages) and efferent (effector responses) manifestations of immunity, are known as lymphokines.
Effectiveness of Short-Term Cooling and Vitamin E for Alleviation of Infertility Induced by Heat Stress in Dairy Cows

Four experiments were performed to determine whether cooling cows during final maturation of oocytes and early embryonic development or injection of vitamin E at AI prevented adverse effects of heat stress on pregnancy rates in lactating Holstein dairy cows. In Experiment 1, cows were placed in a cooling facility containing sprinklers and forced ventilation or received shade only from 2 to 3 d before until 5 to 6 d after breeding. Although cooling had no effect on detection of estrus, pregnancy rates were increased slightly for cooled cows (8 of 50 cows; 16.0%) compared with those for cows exposed to shade only (2 of 32 cows; 6.2%). In Experiments 2 through 4, cows were administered 3000 IU of vitamin E or placebo i.m. at AI during two consecutive summers and one winter in Florida. Administration of vitamin E had no consistent beneficial effect on pregnancy rates during summer or winter. Short-term cooling improved pregnancy rates slightly in heat-stressed cows, but administration of vitamin E had no beneficial effects on pregnancy rates during heat stress. Further improvements in cooling schemes during early pregnancy and delineation of antioxidant effects are necessary before such systems become practical for improvement of fertility in heat-stressed dairy cows.
Optimal Power Allocation for Linear Dispersion Codes Over Correlated MIMO Channels with Channel State Feedback

The design of spatio-temporal power allocation schemes is considered for space-time coding over spatially correlated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. The focus is on linear dispersion (LD) space-time codes that are constructed to maximize the mutual information between the input of the space-time encoder and the output of the channel. While perfect channel state information (CSI) is assumed at the receiver, three cases are considered for the CSI at the transmitter: 1) perfect CSI is available, 2) only statistical CSI is available, and 3) partial CSI in the form of a B-bit quantized channel information along with the statistical information is available. In all the three cases, it is shown that the optimal temporal power allocation is uniform. The optimal spatial power allocation for the case where only statistical CSI is available was studied previously in [1] where it was shown to be a nontrivial function of the spatial correlation. Here, the cases of perfect and partial CSI are studied. For the perfect CSI case, it is shown that it is optimal to excite only one spatial mode. For the partial and statistical CSI cases, the optimal allocation excites multiple modes, in general. However, it is attractive to use a low-complexity scheme that excites only the dominant spatial mode. We show that this low-complexity scheme is near-optimal in two settings: 1) large receive antenna asymptotics, and 2) for fixed antenna dimensions, when the transmit and receive covariance matrices are ill- and well-conditioned, respectively. Based on the optimal schemes for the extreme cases of perfect and statistical CSI, low-complexity spatial power allocation for the case of partial CSI is considered. Simulation results indicate that even in this case, exciting one spatial mode leads to a minimal loss in performance over the optimal spatial power allocation scheme.
Multipattern string matching on a GPU

We develop GPU adaptations of the Aho-Corasick string matching algorithm for the the case when all data reside initially in the GPU memory and the results are to be left in this memory. We consider several refinements to a base GPU implementation and measure the performance gain from each refinement. Experiments conducted on an NVIDIA Tesla GT200 GPU that has 240 cores running off of a Xeon 2.8GHz quad-core host CPU show that our Aho-Corasick GPU adaptation achieves a speedup between 8.5 and 9.5 relative to a single-thread CPU implementation and between 2.4 and 3.2 relative to the best multithreaded implementation.
Women in Nonmetropolitan Areas: A Time-Budget Survey

Space–time budgets for women in two isolated nonmetropolitan towns in western Colorado were compiled in order to develop a basis for analyzing the effects of these environments on activity patterns. Compared with the time budgets of women in urban US areas, these responses showed large surpluses in the categories of leisure, free time, and leisure travel, and few hours spent in full-time employment, even by those who claim a full-time job outside the home. A time-geographic interpretation of these findings suggests possible explanations for the observed time allocations.
Cytokine Receptors and Jak-STAT Signaling

This Teaching Resource provides lecture notes and slides for a class covering interferons, their receptors, and Jak-STAT signaling and is part of the course "Cell Signaling Systems: A Course for Graduate Students." The lecture begins with a discussion of the different families of cytokines and their receptors and then proceeds to describe how cytokine receptor interactions lead to the activation of different members of the STAT family of transcription factors.
Chromospheric activity in the late A- and early F-type stars of open clusters — II. Pleiades and Alpha Persei

We report observations of the He iλ5876 (D3) line in the late A- and early F-type stars in the Pleiades and Alpha Persei star clusters used to determine chromospheric activity levels. This represents the first sample of young stars in this temperature range with chromospheric activity measurements. We find the same average activity level in the young early F stars as in Hyades-age stars and field stars. In addition, the young star sample shows the same large star-to-star variation in activity as seen in the older stars. Thus, as a whole, chromospheric activity in this photospheric temperature range remains the same over nearly a factor of 100 in stellar age (50 Myr to 3 Gyr), in striking contrast to the behaviour of later-type stars. In the five late A stars we find three certain detections of D3 and one likely detection. This includes the bluest star yet observed with a chromospheric D3 line, Pleiades star HII 1362 at (B−V)0=0.22, making it one of the earliest stars with an observed chromosphere. The late A stars have D3 equivalent widths comparable to the weakest early F stars. However, when comparing D3 measurements in the young late A stars with older late A stars, we find evidence for a slight decrease in activity with age based on the large number of non-detections in the older stars. We find an apparently linear relationship between the activity upper limit and B−V over our entire range of B−V. Extrapolated blueward, this relationship predicts that the chromospheric D3 line would disappear for all stars at B−V≈0.13.
Response to cardiac resynchronization therapy predicts survival in heart failure: a single-center experience.

Objective: To determine whether survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is related to improvement in clinical or echocardiographic parameters. Background: In clinical trials, CRT improved symptoms, left ventricular (LV) structure, function, and survival. In clinical practice, response to CRT is highly variable and whether survival benefit is confined to those patients who experience improvement in clinical status or cardiac structure and function is unclear. Methods: This is a single-center study of patients receiving clinically indicated CRT between January 2002 and December 2004. Results: Of 309 patients (age 68 ± 11 years, 83% male) receiving CRT at our institution during the study period, 174 returned for follow-up and 127 had repeat echocardiography. Baseline clinical characteristics and survival were similar among those who did or did not return for follow-up. In paired analyses, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (−0.56 ± 0.07, p < 0.0001), ejection fraction (EF, 6.3 ± 0.7%, P < 0.0001), LV dimension (−2.7 ± 0.6 mm, P < 0.0001), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP, −4.6 ± 1.3 mm Hg, P = 0.0007), and MR severity grade (−0.20 ± 0.05, P = 0.0002) improved after CRT. Survival after CRT was associated with decrease in NYHA class (risk ratio [RR]= 0.43, P = 0.0004), increase in EF (RR = 0.94, P = 0.02), and decrease in PASP (RR = 0.96, P = 0.03). Change in EF and NYHA class were correlated (r =−0.46, P < 0.0001) and, adjusting for this covariance, change in NYHA (P = 0.04) but not EF (P = 0.12) was associated with improved survival. Conclusion: Patients who experience improved symptoms, ventricular function, and/or hemodynamics have better survival after CRT. These data enhance understanding of the relationship between CRT clinical response and survival benefit in clinical practice.
DXA: potential for creating a metabolic map of organ-tissue resting energy expenditure components.

Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that tissue-organ components can be derived from DXA measurements, and in turn, resting energy expenditure (REE) can be calculated from the summed heat productions of DXA-estimated brain, skeletal muscle mass (SM), adipose tissue, bone, and residual mass (RM). Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were divided into five groups of adults <50 years of age. The specific metabolic rate of RM was developed in 13 Group I healthy subjects and a DXA-brain mass prediction formula in 52 Group II subjects. SM, adipose tissue, and bone models were developed based on earlier reports. The composite REE prediction model (REEp) was tested in 154 Group III subjects in whom REEp was compared with measured REE (REEm). Features of the developed model were determined in 94 normal-weight men and women (Group IV) and seven spinal cord injury patients and healthy matched controls (Group V). Results: REEp and REEm in Group III were highly correlated (y = 0.85x + 233; r = 0.82, p < 0.001), and no bias was detected. Both REEm (mean ± SD, 1579 ± 324 kcal/d) and REEp (1585 ± 316 kcal/d) were also highly correlated (r values = 0.85 to 0.98; p values < 0.001) and provided similar group values to REE estimated by the Harris-Benedict equations (1597 ± 279 kcal/d) and Wang's composite fat-free mass–based REE equation (1547 ± 248 kcal/d). New insights into the sources and distribution of REE were provided by analysis of the demonstration groups. Discussion: This approach offers a new practical and educational opportunity to examine REE in subject groups using modeling strategies that reveal the magnitude and distribution of fundamental somatic heat-producing units.
Limited feedback space-time coding in correlated MIMO channels

Space-time codes have been designed over the last decade to enhance the reliability of open-loop fading wireless systems. However, recent technological advances have enabled the possibility of low-rate feedback from the receiver to the transmitter. The focus of this work is on the implications of this feedback in a point-to-point MIMO system with a coherent receiver and a general model for spatial correlation that is known at the transmitter. We assume that B bits of quantized channel information are available at the transmitter. Coding over space-time is then studied by considering the family of linear dispersion (LD) codes that meets an additional orthogonal condition, which leads to a decoding complexity comparable to orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC). Our results show that, when B is small, a space-time coding scheme that is equivalent to beamforming and does not code across time is optimal in a weak sense in that it maximizes the average received SNR. As B increases, this weak optimality transitions to optimality in a strong sense characterized by the maximization of the average mutual information. Hence, from a system designer's perspective, our work suggests that beamforming may not only be attractive from a low-complexity viewpoint, but also from an information-theoretic viewpoint.
Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) For Cold Environments

Landsat-4 was launched into a near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit on July 16, 1982. It is the largest and most complex of NASA's earth resources satellites. Landsat-4's instrument payload includes two remote sensors. The Multispectral Scanner Subsystem (MSS) is an electro-optical scanning radiometer with four spectral bands in the visible and near infrared, which was also carried aboard Landsats 1, 2, and 3. The second sensor, the Thematic Mapper (TM), represents a more advanced remote sensing instrument than the MSS. It uses a scanning mirror assembly to collect data from a 15.4 deg angle on both forward and reverse scans. It is pointed out that the improved spatial, spectral, and radiometric characteristics of TM have significant implications for satellite remote sensing in cold environments. The expected improvements are discussed, giving attention to snow, ice, water, soil, and land cover.
REE and trace element variations in accessory minerals and hornblende from the strongly zoned McMurry Meadows Pluton, California

The zoned McMurry Meadows Pluton has been examined for REE and trace element variations in hornblende, sphene, apatite, allanite and zircon. Mineral separates (17), were analysed by INAA from four granitoids spanning the compositional range of the pluton (60%–75% SiO2). All of the phases examined exhibit significant compositional variations, with sphene having the largest changes in chondrite normalised REE patterns. Compositional variations in these minerals are related to paragenetic sequence and, as the whole rocks become more evolved, increases in partition coefficients; not subsolidus re-equilibration. Hornblende is only a dominant site for REE in granites where sphene is a later crystallising phase, otherwise allanite (LREE only) and sphene are the dominant whole rock sites for REE. Zircon and apatite normally contribute less than 10% each to the whole rock abundance of REE. Three zircon samples contain only small compositional differences and are interpreted as having crystallised from the bulk magma prior to differentiation. Zr variation in the pluton is nonlinear, first increasing and then decreasing with whole rock fractionation. A simple process, analogous to “restite unmixing” applied to the Zr variation, defines a bulk magma composition of about 63% SiO2, before differentiation of the zoned pluton. The modelled bulk magma need only have evolved by about 2·5% silica and still have produced the entire compositional range (60–75% SiO2) observed in the pluton.
Operating systems for mobile computing

The need for specialized operating systems to host mobile computers and provide application development opportunities has risen due to the proliferation of cell phone users. Because phones have become such pervasive and affordable mobile computers, developers and users need a development environment that allows more of its users to create unique and specialized applications that are affordable. This paper provides a comparison of Android, the Symbian Operating System and Apple's Mac Operating System that identifies the role of an operating system in forwarding a successful mobile technology. It also demonstrates the need for operating systems that are open-sourced and that provide an easier way to develop applications.
The 2014 Bernard B. Brodie award lecture-epoxide hydrolases: drug metabolism to therapeutics for chronic pain.

Dr. Bernard Brodie’s legacy is built on fundamental discoveries in pharmacology and drug metabolism that were then translated to the clinic to improve patient care. Similarly, the development of a novel class of therapeutics termed the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors was originally spurred by fundamental research exploring the biochemistry and physiology of the sEH. Here, we present an overview of the history and current state of research on epoxide hydrolases, specifically focusing on sEHs. In doing so, we start with the translational project studying the metabolism of the insect juvenile hormone mimic R-20458 [(E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene], which led to the identification of the mammalian sEH. Further investigation of this enzyme and its substrates, including the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, led to insight into mechanisms of inflammation, chronic and neuropathic pain, angiogenesis, and other physiologic processes. This basic knowledge in turn led to the development of potent inhibitors of the sEH that are promising therapeutics for pain, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, arthritis, and other disorders.
Hybrid (Particle-Fluid) Modeling of Pulsed Plasma Thruster Plumes

Integration of a pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) onboard spacecraft requires the evaluation of potential plume/spacecraftinteractionsthatcanbedetermined through plumemodelingand characterization.APPTplume model, numerical results, and comparisons with experiments are presented. The physical characteristics of PPT plumesare reviewed e rst, and theoutstanding modeling issuesrelated to theunsteady,partially ionized, collisional PPT plume plasma are presented. The PPT plume model is axisymmetric and based on a hybrid particle ‐euid approach. Neutrals and ions are modeled with a combination of the direct simulation Monte Carlo and a hybridparticle-in-cell method. Electronsaremodeled asa masslesse uid with a momentum equation that includeselectric e elds, pressure gradients, and collisional contributions from ions and neutrals. The nontime-counter methodology isusedforneutral ‐neutral,elasticion ‐neutral,and charge-exchangecollisions. Ion ‐electron collisionsaremodeled with the use of a collision force e eld. Electric e elds are obtained from a charge conservation equation under the assumption of quasi neutrality. Thecodeincorporates subcycling forthetimeintegration and unsteady particle injection.SimulationsareperformedusingPPTconditionsrepresentativeofa NASAJohn H.GlennResearch Center atLewisFieldlaboratory-modelPPToperatingatdischargeenergiesof 5,20,and40J.Theresultsdemonstratethe expansion of the neutral and ion components of the plasmoid during a pulse, thegeneration of low-energy ions and high-energy neutrals due to charge-exchange reactions, and the generation of neutral and ion backe ow. Numerical predictions are compared with unsteady plume electron density data and show good quantitative agreement. Backe ow predictions are presented for the three discharge energy levels considered.
The Yuquot Whalers'Shrine

The Yuquot Whalers'Shrine, Aldona Jonaitis with Research Contributions by Richard Inglis. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1999. xiv, 233 pp. illustrations, references, index.
Climate Variability Inferred from a Continuously Stratified Model of the Ideal-Fluid Thermocline*

Climate variability in the subtropical gyre interior induced by anomalous surface thermal forcing, Ekman pumping, mixed layer depth variability, and anomalous subpolar water formation is examined, using a continuously stratified model of the ideal-fluid thermocline. Cooling (heating) induces a negative (positive) potential vorticity perturbation in the ventilated thermocline, and the associated density perturbations propagate downstream in the form of second and higher baroclinic modes. The second baroclinic mode resembles the traditional second baroclinic mode because it has a thermal structure with cooling (warming) in the upper thermocline and warming (cooling) in the lower thermocline. Anomalous Ekman pumping can also induce density perturbations that propagate westward in the form of the first baroclinic mode. In addition, if the outcrop lines are nonzonal, there are density perturbations that propagate downstream in the form of the second or third baroclinic modes. Perturbations in the sea surface elevation are mostly confined to the region of anomalous forcing. On the other hand, when the low potential vorticity anomaly in the subpolar mode water spreads into the subtropical basin, both the unventilated and ventilated thermocline move downward. Consequently, temperature at a given depth seems to increase.
Idiosyncratic Risk and Expected Returns of Equity Real Estate Investment Trusts

Executive Summary. Researchers have extensively debated the relevance of idiosyncratic risk in determining asset returns. Merton (1987) suggests that investors would consider idiosyncratic risk rel...
Sources of Sexuality Information for University Students

The purpose of this study was to examine sources of sexuality information and to determine which of those sources have had the most influence on university students' sexual learning. Two hundred th...
Epidemiology of fibromuscular dysplasia: A review of the literature

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory disease of medium sized arteries that has been described in multiple anatomic territories with a wide variety of manifestations (e.g. beading, stenosis, occlusion, aneurysm, or dissection). While the first case of FMD is thought to have been described over 75 years ago, the causes, natural history, and epidemiology of FMD in the general population remain incompletely understood. This article reviews important historical and contemporary contributions to the FMD literature that inform our current understanding of the prevalence and epidemiology of this important disorder. A particular focus is given to studies which form the basis for FMD prevalence estimates. Prevalence estimates for renal FMD are derived from renal transplant donor studies and sub-studies of clinical trials of renal artery stenting; however, it is unclear how well these estimates generalize to the overall population as a whole. Newer data are emerging examining the genetic associations and environmental interactions with FMD. Significant contributions to the understanding of FMD have come from the United States Registry for Fibromuscular Dysplasia; however, many unanswered questions remain, and future studies are required to further characterize FMD epidemiology in general populations and advance our understanding of this important disorder.
The pRb-Cdh1-p27 autoamplifying network.

In proliferating cells, the SCFSkp2ubiquitin ligase targets the CDK inhibitor p27 for proteolysis. A study now shows that the tumour suppressor pRb promotes the APC/CCdh1–mediated degradation of Skp2, resulting in the accumulation of p27.
Nonbacterial infections of the fetus and newborn.

In this article, only those aspects of congenital infection which pertain to the developing nervous system are emphasized. Congenital syphilis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus infection are discussed. Together they are referred to as the TORCH complex, and as a group account for tire majority of nonbacterial infections of the newborn.
Una Revisión De La Investigación Básica Y Aplicada Sobre El Trastorno De Ansiedad Generalizada (A Review of Basic and Applied Research on Generalized Anxiety Disorder)

Spanish Abstract: El Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (TAG) ha sido descrito como el trastorno de ansiedad “basico”. Esta conceptualizacion surge por su temprana aparicion, la cronicidad de su curso, y la resistencia al cambio. Esta vision tambien esta basada en los estudios que muestran que la aparicion del TAG puede temporalmente preceder la aparicion de otros trastornos. Tambien ha llevado a ciertas especulaciones, como por ejemplo que el TAG es un trastorno del cual pueden emerger otros trastornos emocionales (Brown, Barlow, y Liebowitz, 1994).En esta revision se proporcionara primero una descripcion del TAG y sus criterios diagnosticos principales asi como datos sobre su epidemiologia. Luego se revisaran las teorias etiologicas del trastorno. Tambien se discutiran los aspectos psicofisiologicos, cognitivos, el procesamiento de informacion, la personalidad y los rasgos del procesamiento emotivo encontrados en personas con TAG. Finalmente, se concluye con una discusion acerca de los estudios de resultados de tratamientos y sobre la identificacion de predictores de los resultados de tratamiento que se han realizado en individuos con TAG.English Abstract: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) has been described as the "basic" anxiety disorder. This conceptualization stems from its early onset, chronic course, and resistance to change. This view is also based on studies showing that GAD onset may temporally precede the onset of other disorders. It has also led to some speculation that GAD is a disorder from which other emotional disorders may emerge (Brown, Barlow, & Liebowitz, 1994). This review will first provide a description of GAD and its primary diagnostic criteria as well as data on the epidemiology of GAD. Next we will review the theories of etiology for the disorder. Following this, we will discuss the psychophysiological, cognitive, information processing, personality, and emotional processing features found in persons with GAD. Finally, we will conclude with a discussion of the treatment outcome studies and studies identifying predictors of treatment outcome that have been conducted on GAD individuals.
Aerial detection of seed-bearing female Ailanthus altissima: a cost-effective method to map an invasive tree in forested landscapes.

We present an aerial mapping method to efficiently and effectively identify seed clusters of the invasive tree, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle across deciduous forest landscapes in the eastern United States. We found that the ideal time to conduct aerial digital surveys is early to middle winter, when Ailanthus seed clusters persist and there is no interfering leaf cover. Because of the color, quantity, and seedpod arrangement, female seed-bearing Ailanthus trees are very conspicuous from the air. With use of digital sketchmapping technology from helicopters, seed-bearing Ailanthus trees were mapped at a rate of 2,000–4,000 acres/hour (809–1,618 ha/hour). We estimated mapping costs at approximately $0.40/acre ($1.00/ha). We were able to relocate, within 100–200 ft, 88–95% of the aerially mapped seed-bearing Ailanthus trees using handheld consumer-grade global positioning systems (GPS) units. This provided enough accuracy to locate seed-bearing Ailanthus for single-stem injection herbicide treatments. To apply these methods to map seed-bearing Ailanthus, land management agencies that already use digital mapping technology (equipment and software) for surveys of insect and disease outbreaks will have minimal costs beyond helicopter time.
Non-quasi-static modeling of heterojunction bipolar transistors

A review of the different techniques of nonquasi-static (NQS) modeling of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) is presented. NQS modeling techniques can be divided into two categories: (a) physical models that are based on Gummel-Poon model and (b) empirical models that depend on parameter extractions. The nature of these models and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in this paper.
NEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE TREATMENT OF LANCE ADAMS SYNDROME; A CASE REPORT

Since Lance and Adams published their observations on 4 cases of post hypoxic action myoclonus in 1963, few case reports and animal studies followed, all attempted to find the best treatment and understand the pathology of the disease. In light of the rarity of the condition, no large studies were conducted. Meanwhile, because of the complexity of the pathology and the diffuse cerebral involvement, no clear guidelines regarding the treatment were established. Dysfunction in neural circuits rather than structural pathology is well documented. Several pathways were suggested. GABAA receptor activation is thought to have the most significant impact on suppression of myoclonus. We report a case of Lance Adams Syndrome that partially responded to clonazepam pre diagnosis but now ran out of treatment. Upon presentation to neurology, clinical diagnosis was established confirmed by multi-imaging modalities while off medications. Very few studies have reported detailed clinical scaled assessment of the response to treatment. We used the unified myoclonus scale to assess the response to each medication after reaching steady state and after each dose change. Gabapentin then Valproate then clonazepam then levetriacetam were tested respectively. Gabapentin paradoxically worsen post hypoxic myoclonus. Mutli-drug regimen had synergistic effect when compared to mono-therapy.
Pregnant Women and Influenza H1N1

In 2009, uncontained transmission of novel H1N1 influenza rapidly became a worldwide pandemic and concern. Infected pregnant women were identified at high risk for H1N1 influenza complications that included an increased mortality rate that was greater than the general population affected by the disease. Major worldwide effort has been done over the last year to develop a strategy for containment of H1N1 transmission, disease prevention, and vaccination development.
Parental perception of child's body mass index and health within primary care.

Background and purpose Overweight and obesity are sensitive issues to address with pediatric patients during any visit. Patients and families may not recognize that their child is overweight or obese and may not be ready to make change. The goals for this study were to collect overall statistics on the clinic in regards to weight status of children presenting for well child visits and to capture parental perception of the child's weight status in relation to child's age. Methods A consecutive sample of parents and caregivers with a child aged 2–18 completed the survey and consented for the study on the day of the survey during a well child visit. Conclusions Parents, regardless of culture and age tended to underestimate the weight of their child. These findings further support the literature in that the younger the child, the more likely it is that the parent underestimates their weight status. Implications for practice Interventions should include early education with parents on what a healthy weight is and how it can predict future health. Addressing and recognizing early concerns and assessing parental perception can be important if educational messages are delivered throughout the span of the early years.
The distribution and composition of high‐velocity lower crust across the continental U.S.: Comparison of seismic and xenolith data and implications for lithospheric dynamics and history

The composition of the continental lower crust is not well known. High seismic wavespeeds may indicate mafic or garnet-bearing material, with implications for emplacement history, evolution, and rheological and dynamic behavior. In this contribution, we use recent seismic results from the EarthScope Transportable Array, compilations of active source studies, and selected xenolith studies to attempt to map the distribution of high-velocity lower crust across the continental U.S. and assess its relationship to proposed emplacement and destruction-related mechanisms such as under-and intraplating, collision, extension, heating, cooling, hydration, and delamination. Thin layers of high-velocity lower crust related to regional processes are found scattered throughout the continent. Thicker layers in large areas are found in the central and eastern U.S. in areas with thick crust, bounded roughly by the Rocky Mountain Front. Emplacement processes likely originally spanned this boundary, and the difference between the two domains may reflect garnet growth with cooling and aging of continental crust in much of the central and eastern U.S., while crustal thickness and lithospheric temperatures in the western U.S. are unfavorable for growth and maintenance of thick layers of high-velocity garnet-bearing lower crust.
25th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education, July 29–August 2, 2018, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana

The 25th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education (BCCE), will be held July 29–August 2, 2018, hosted by the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. BCCE provides opportunities for interacting with chemistry instructors of all levels in formal and informal settings. Join colleagues for professional growth and social networking, and discover how Chemical Education is Golden.
Modeling and traversal of pliable materials for tracked robot navigation

In order to fully exploit robot motion capabilities in complex environments, robots need to reason about obstacles in a non-binary fashion. In this paper, we focus on the modeling and characterization of pliable materials such as tall vegetation. These materials are of interest because they are pervasive in the real world, requiring the robotic vehicle to determine when to traverse or avoid them. This paper develops and experimentally verifies a template model for vegetation stems. In addition, it presents a methodology to generate predictions of the associated energetic cost incurred by a tracked mobile robot when traversing a vegetation patch of variable density.