cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extrusion Blow Molding of Polymeric Blends Based on Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer and High Density Polyethylene

Abstract This work is concerned with the extrusion blow molding of polymeric blends containing thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), using a single screw extruder. The TLCP is synthesized from terephthalic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroquinone and hydroquinone derivatives, the melting point of which is 280 °C. Because the TLCP is usually processed at much higher temperatures than HDPE, the thermal stability of HDPE at elevated temperature is evaluated. It is shown that HDPE is relatively stable in the processing temperature range of the TLCP used in this work (260 to 300 °C). Bottles are successfully produced from the blends containing 10, 20 and 50 wt% TLCP. The TLCP/HDPE blend bottles exhibit enhanced modulus relative to pure HDPE. However, the improvement in tensile strength is marginal. At 10 and 20 wt% TLCP contents, the TLCP phase exists as platelets aligning along the machine direction, while a co-continuous morphology is observed for the blend con...
A Critique of Archaeological Reason: Structural, Digital, and Philosophical Aspects of the Excavated Record

In A Critique of Archaeological Reason, Giorgio Buccellati presents a theory of excavation that aims at clarifying the nature of archaeology and its impact on contemporary thought. Integrating epistemological issues with methods of data collection and the role and impact of digital technology on archaeological work, the book explores digital data in order to comprehend its role in shaping meaning and understanding in archaeological excavation. The ability of archaeologists to record in the field, rather than offsite, has fundamentally changed the methods of observation, conceptualization, and interpretation of deposits. Focusing on the role of stratigraphy as the center of archaeological field work, Giorgio Buccellati examines the challenges of interpreting a 'broken tradition'; a civilization for which there are no living carriers today. He uses the site of Urkesh in Syria, where he has worked for decades, as a case study to demonstrate his theory.
Aural Rehabilitation as Comprehensive Hearing Health Care

In a 10-year-old publication, the author defined aural rehabilitation holistically and indicated that the evidence for effectiveness fell as one moved through the areas of function, activity, parti...
Occult type I or III endoleaks are a common cause of failure of type II endoleak treatment after endovascular aortic repair.

Abstract Objective Most type II endoleaks have a benign natural history, but 6% to 8% are associated with sac enlargement and respond poorly to treatment. Our aim was to evaluate whether these enlargements are associated with delayed or occult type I and III endoleaks. Methods Patients with interventions for endoleak after endovascular aortic repair from 2000 to 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Patient demographics, comorbidities, endoleak type, secondary procedures, aortic sac growth (≥5 mm), and mortality were collected. Successful treatment was defined as endoleak resolution with no further aortic sac growth. Secondary procedures, ruptures, endograft explant, and death were captured. Results There were 130 patients diagnosed with a primary type II endoleak after endovascular aortic repair at a median of 1.3 months (interquartile range, 1.0-13.3 months). One hundred eighteen had their initial treatment for a primary type II. Twelve of the 130 were initially stable and observed, but were treated for a delayed type I or III endoleak. The 130 patients underwent 279 procedures for endoleaks (mean of 2.2 ± 1.3) over 6.9 ± 3.8 years of follow-up. Of the 118 patients treated for primary type II endoleaks, 26 (22.0%) later required interventions for delayed type I and III endoleaks. The mean time to intervention for a delayed type I or III endoleak was 5.4 ± 2.8 years. Overall, there were 16 type IA, 11 type IB, 2 type III, 7 combined type IA/IB, and 2 type IA/III delayed endoleaks. The odds of harboring a delayed type I or III endoleak was 22.0% before the first attempt at type II endoleak treatment, 35.1% before the second, 44.8% before the third, and 66.6% before the fourth attempts. Rapid aortic sac growth of ≥5 mm/y before initial endoleak treatment was associated with increased risk for delayed type I or III endoleak (47.8 vs 14.1%; P = .003). Patients with delayed type I or III endoleaks had a lower successful treatment rate (8.3% vs 52.3%; P = .001) than those with only type II endoleaks. Late rupture was increased with delayed type I or III endoleak (P = .002), whereas mortality (P = .96) and aortic-related mortality (P = .46) were similar. Graft explant (P = .06) trended toward an increase with a delayed type I or III endoleak, but was not statistically significant. Conclusions Failed attempts treating type II endoleaks and/or a rapid aortic sac growth of 5 mm/y or greater should raise the suspicion of a delayed or occult type I or III endoleak. Occult endoleaks are associated with decreased chance of endoleak resolution.
Follow-up study on vision health readiness in the military

A retrospective study reviewed medical records of military personnel who had participated in a vision readiness study the previous year. The review evaluated (1) the number of personnel who returned for an eye examination (as recommended), (2) the number of dilated eye examinations, (3) the number of optical devices ordered, (4) the number of patients requiring continuing treatment, (5) the types of eye disease in personnel who were classified as nondeployable in the original study, and (6) the relationship between patient vision complaints and the need for spectacles. Analyses revealed 44% of military personnel have never had a comprehensive eye examination. Of these personnel who never had an eye examination, 15% to 26% could improve their vision with spectacles. Finally, even though having an eye examination is important, whether or not the individual has had a comprehensive eye examination should not be a significant criterion for deployment.
Hot Accretion Disks and the High Energy Background

The origin of the high energy (X-ray and gamma-ray) background may be attributed to discrete sources, which are usually thought to be active galactic nuclei (AGN) (cf.Rothschild et al. 1982, Bignami et al. 1979). At X-rays a lot of information has been obtained with HEAO-1 in the spectral range 2–165 keV. At gamma-rays the background has been estimated from the Apollo 15 and 16 (Trombka et al. 1977) and SAS-2 (Bignami et al. 1979) observations. A summary of some of the observations (Rothschild et al. 1982) is shown in Figure 1. The contribution of AGN to the diffuse high energy background is uncertain at X-rays although it is generally estimated to be in the 20–30% range (Rothschild et al. 1982). At gamma-rays, in the range 1–150 MeV, AGN (specifically Seyfert galaxies) could account for all the emission.
Nystagmus in Children

The most common forms of nystagmus in infancy and childhood differ clinically and pathophysiologically from adult-onset nystagmus. Acquired nystagmus in both childhood and adulthood may often be associated with neurological lesions involving the vestibular and ocular motor pathways in the brainstem and/or cerebellum. On the basis of the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of the nystagmus and any associated neurological signs or symptoms, neurotopical localization can often be inferred and then confirmed by neuroimaging.
Promoting intercultural friendship among college students

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the efficacy of a semester-long buddy project in facilitating intercultural friendship development. Results of pre-, post-, and follow-up surveys show significant improvements in knowledge and attitude; correlations between post-project knowledge, attitude, and interest in continued contact; and correlations between interest in continued contact and actual contact in the follow up. The majority of the participants evaluated the project as effective for friendship formation. Of the follow-up respondents, 23% developed friendships with their former buddies. The project serves as an example for assignments with the potential for friendship development, which is essential for optimal intergroup contact.
Fabrication and Thermoelectric Characterization of Transition Metal Silicide-Based Composite Thermocouples.

Metal silicide-based thermocouples were fabricated by screen printing thick films of the powder compositions onto alumina tapes followed by lamination and sintering processes. The legs of the embedded thermocouples were composed of composite compositions consisting of MoSi2, WSi2, ZrSi2, or TaSi2 with an additional 10 vol % Al2O3 to form a silicide–oxide composite. The structural and high-temperature thermoelectric properties of the composite thermocouples were examined using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and a typical hot–cold junction measurement technique. MoSi2-Al2O3 and WSi2-Al2O3 composites exhibited higher intrinsic Seebeck coefficients (22.2–30.0 µV/K) at high-temperature gradients, which were calculated from the thermoelectric data of composite//Pt thermocouples. The composite thermocouples generated a thermoelectric voltage up to 16.0 mV at high-temperature gradients. The MoSi2-Al2O3//TaSi2-Al2O3 thermocouple displayed a better performance at high temperatures. The Seebeck coefficients of composite thermocouples were found to range between 20.9 and 73.0 µV/K at a temperature gradient of 1000 °C. There was a significant difference between the calculated and measured Seebeck coefficients of these thermocouples, which indicated the significant influence of secondary silicide phases (e.g., Mo5Si3, Ta5Si3) and possible local compositional changes on the overall thermoelectric response. The thermoelectric performance, high sensitivity, and cost efficiency of metal silicide–alumina ceramic composite thermocouples showed promise for high-temperature and harsh-environment sensing applications.
A Brief Report of Sexual Violence among Universities with NCAA Division I Athletic Programs

Violence against women on college campuses continues to be a pervasive public health problem with approximately one in five women experiencing sexual assault and one in nine women experiencing rape while in college. The current study examined relationship and sexual violence among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I universities. Based on previous research, Division I universities seem to report higher rates of sexual assault, but within-group differences have yet to be examined. The data include 1422 four-year private and public institutions with at least 1000 students who submitted Clery data (2014) on rape, domestic and dating violence, and stalking. Division I campuses reported significantly higher reports of violence against women compared to Division II, III, and universities with no athletic programs. There were no differences in violence reported across the three subdivisions within Division I, however, certain conferences reported significantly higher relationship and sexual violence within the football bowl and football championship subdivisions. These findings have important implications for targeting higher risk campuses, such as the Big 10, Big 12, Ivy League, Pac-12, and SEC with much needed sexual assault prevention programs.
Cyclic composition operators on separable locally compact metric spaces

Abstract We show that if a homeomorphism of a separable locally compact metric space has a unique fixed point that is attracting or repelling, then its corresponding composition operator is cyclic. On the real line, we show that a composition operator is cyclic if and only if its symbol has at most one fixed point. Other results on the real line and circle are also discussed.
My Skin, My Eyes: Re-reading Racial Identity Using White Privilege and White Racial Shame Frameworks

The purpose of this paper is to consider how white identity is maintained, in part, by the way itsm eaning is interpreted, and to explore how different frameworks for discussing the influence of whiteness affect the ways white teachers might take up their white identities. I argue that using a feminist poststructural approach (Butler, 1993; Davies, 2003; Kumashiro, 2002; St. Pierre, 2000), by re-reading one’s stories of racial identity, can mobilize white teachers for anti-racist action in a contextualized manner, situating identity as both made by and making larger social discourses about whiteness. I share the poem “Bule”, published in Infinite Rust, where I write about my white identity in the context of living outside of Jakarta, Indonesia for two years. I model the re-reading process by critically interpreting “Bule” using two frameworks for understanding whiteness: the white privilege framework, popularized by Peggy McIntosh (1988),and the white racial shame framework, created by Reverend Thandeka (1999). I chose to re-read a poem about identity because by virtue of its form, a poem can reveal knowledge as partial andidentity as shifting. This allows me to think about racial identity as a performance that protects and maintains white supremacy, and also a performance I have agency to disrupt. While I take both frameworks and their implications seriously, I conclude by discussing how Thandeka’s framework allows for a more nuanced, situated interpretation of whiteness. I hope that my example of writing and re-reading an autobiographical account of white identity contributes to second wave white teacher identity study's goal to avoid essentializing whiteness in order to understand it with complexity as it functions psychologically and sociopolitically (Jupp & Lensmire, 2016; Jupp, Berry & Lensmire, 2016; Lensmire, 2013; Tanner, 2018).
Can the GDPR and Freedom of Expression Coexist

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) imposes important transparency and accountability requirements on different actors who process personal data. This is great news for the protection of individual data privacy. However, given that “personal information and human stories are the raw material of journalism,” what does the GDPR mean for freedom of expression and especially for journalistic activity? This essay argues that, although EU states seem to have taken their data protection obligations under the GDPR seriously, efforts to balance this against the right to freedom of expression have been more uneven. The essay concludes that it is of key importance to ensure that the GDPR's safeguards for data privacy do not compromise a free press.
Trajectories of childhood anxiety disorders in two generations at high risk.

BACKGROUND The course of anxiety disorders during childhood is heterogeneous. In two generations at high or low risk, we described the course of childhood anxiety disorders and evaluated whether parent or grandparent major depressive disorder (MDD) predicted a persistent anxiety course. METHODS We utilized a multigenerational study (1982-2015), following children (second generation, G2) and grandchildren (third generation, G3) of generation 1 (G1) with either moderate/severe MDD or no psychiatric illness. Psychiatric diagnoses were based on diagnostic interviews. Using group-based trajectory models, we identified clusters of children with similar anxiety disorder trajectories (age 0-17). RESULTS We identified three primary trajectories in G2 (N = 275) and G3 (N = 118) cohorts: "no/low anxiety disorder" during childhood (G2 = 66%; G3 = 53%), "nonpersistent" with anxiety during part of childhood (G2 = 16%; G3 = 21%), and "persistent" (G2 = 18%; G3 = 25%). Childhood mood disorders and substance use disorders tended to be more prevalent in children in the persistent anxiety trajectory. In G2 children, parent MDD was associated with an increased likelihood of being in the persistent (84%) or nonpersistent trajectory (82%) versus no/low anxiety trajectory (62%). In G3 children, grandparent MDD, but not parent, was associated with an increased likelihood of being in the persistent (83%) versus nonpersistent (48%) and no/low anxiety (51%) trajectories. CONCLUSION Anxiety trajectories move beyond what is captured under binary, single time-point measures. Parent or grandparent history of moderate/severe MDD may offer value in predicting child anxiety disorder course, which could help clinicians and caregivers identify children needing increased attention and screening for other psychiatric conditions.
Variation of the Ratio H c 3 H c 2 in the Immediate Vicinity of T c

We have measured the ratio $\frac{{H}_{c3}}{{H}_{c2}}$ for tin-rich Sn-In alloys and for indium-rich In-Bi alloys in the immediate vicinity of ${T}_{c}$. For the Sn-In system this ratio decreases as ${T}_{c}$ is approached. Similar behavior has been recently reported by Ostenson and Finnemore for pure Nb. The In-Bi alloys, however, show a marked increase in $\frac{{H}_{c3}}{{H}_{c2}}$ as the critical temperature is approached.
Response to Open Peer Commentaries "Rethinking the Ethical, Legal, and Clinical Foundations of Informed Consent and Shared Decision-Making for Brain Death Determination".

Two premises establish an ethical and legal requirement for informed surrogate consent1 prior to conducting an apnea test as part of the diagnosis of death by neurologic criteria (DNC). First, apne...
An Interdisciplinary Framework for Citizen-Centered Smart Cities and Smart Living

Rapid population growth and urbanization have led to increasing demands for management, healthcare, safety, among many other concerns, resulting in the recent formation and worldwide investment in IoT and ICT-enabled smart cities. Citizen-centric approaches toward the development of research solutions within these smart city environments focus on the citizen, their attributes, values, roles, and responsibilities to improve applicability, accessibility, and public value of technologies. In this work, an integrated and interdisciplinary framework for the implementation of citizen-centric research toward smart cities is proposed. Two example case studies are described as initial proofs of concept for applying the framework in specific areas. The first is a solution for indoor localization and information discovery targeted at citizens who are blind or visually impaired, while the second is the implementation of Virtual Reality (VR) sports stadium attendance within a smart stadium testbed environment. Finally, a new graduate program which integrates multiple disciplines to train the next generation of smart city leaders is presented.
Asymmetric unbiased fluctuations are sufficient for the operation of a correlation ratchet

Abstract We study correlation ratchets with mean-zero (unbiased) nonequilibrium noise with a nonvanishing correlation function of odd order greater than one. Asymmetric noise of this type can induce a subtle bias into nonequilibrium systems which can interact with other biasing influences, such as a spatial asymmetry, in a complicated way. Since temporal asymmetry has to be regarded as a generic property of nonequilibrium systems, these effects are expected to be ubiquitous in nature.
A Framework for Detecting Polarity Inversion Lines from Longitudinal Magnetograms

Magnetic polarity inversion line (PIL) in solar active regions have been recognized as essential features for the occurrence of solar flares and the prediction of the flaring phenomenon. In this work, we provide a software framework that detects PILs from the line-of-sight (LoS) or the radial component of the magnetic field vector in active region magnetogram patches. The PIL detection procedure is based on an edge detection technique along with magnetic field strength and PIL size filter. First, we identify positive and negative polarity regions with a magnetic field strength threshold. Then, we utilize the Canny edge detector and morphological operations to both positive and negative regions to identify coarse PILs. Finally, we generate PILs by applying magnetic field strength and PIL size filter to the coarse PILs as mentioned above. Moreover, we provide feature extraction functions to obtain the properties of PILs (i.e., PIL size, the area of polarity inversion, the masked unsigned flux of enclosing PIL, convexity, eigenvalues, fractal dimension, and Hu moments of PIL shape), and produce three PIL-related binary masks (i.e., PIL, the region of polarity inversion, and the convex hull of PIL) for each Longitudinal magnetogram patch. We also provide a qualitative evaluation of our module. The detection results for a well known active region (NOAA AR 11158) are shown as proof of concept.
Beam exchange of a circulator cooler ring with an ultrafast harmonic kicker

In this paper, we describe a harmonic kicker system used in the beam exchange scheme for the circulator cooling ring (CCR) of the Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider. By delivering an ultrafast deflecting kick, a kicker directs electron bunches selectively in/out of the CCR without degrading the beam dynamics of the CCR optimized for ion-beam cooling. We will discuss the design principle of the kicker system and demonstrate its performance with various numerical simulations. In particular, the degrading effects of realistic harmonic kicks on the beam dynamics, such as 3D kick field profiles interacting with the magnetized beam, are studied in detail with a scheme that keeps the cooling efficiency within allowable limits.
Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis as a Critical Target in Cancer

Cancer cells preferentially accumulate iron (Fe) relative to non-malignant cells; however, the underlying rationale remains elusive. Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are critical cofactors that aid in a wide variety of cellular functions (e.g., DNA metabolism and electron transport). In this article, we theorize that a differential need for Fe–S biogenesis in tumor versus non-malignant cells underlies the Fe-dependent cell growth demand of cancer cells to promote cell division and survival by promoting genomic stability via Fe–S containing DNA metabolic enzymes. In this review, we outline the complex Fe–S biogenesis process and its potential upregulation in cancer. We also discuss three therapeutic strategies to target Fe–S biogenesis: (i) redox manipulation, (ii) Fe chelation, and (iii) Fe mimicry.
PoreMatMod.jl: Julia package for in silico post-synthetic modification of crystal structure models

PoreMatMod.jl is a free, open-source, user-friendly, and documented Julia package for modifying crystal structure models of porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). PoreMatMod.jl functions as a find-and-replace algorithm on crystal structures by leveraging (i) Ullmann's algorithm to search for subgraphs of the crystal structure graph that are isomorphic to the graph of a query fragment and (ii) the orthogonal Procrustes algorithm to align a replacement fragment with a targeted substructure of the crystal structure for installation. The prominent application of PoreMatMod.jl is to generate libraries of hypothetical structures for virtual screenings via molecular simulations. For example, one can install functional groups on the linkers of a parent MOF, mimicking post-synthetic modification. Other applications of PoreMatMod.jl to modify crystal structure models include introducing defects and correcting artifacts of X-ray structure determination (adding missing hydrogen atoms, resolving disorder, and removing guest molecules).
Social workers and the development of the NAACP

L'A. argumente sur le bien-fonde des liens inter-organisationnels ayant soutenu le mouvement social qui a abouti a la creation de l'Association Nationale pour l'Avancement des Personnes de Couleur (NAACP) en 1910. Travailleurs sociaux, journalistes, religieux, leaders politiques, aussi bien Noirs que Blancs, ont contribue au mouvement. L'appel lance a l'issue de l'anniversaire de Lincoln a joue un role central dans ce succes. L'A. note cependant les difficultes de communication professionnelle inter-raciale, les Blancs sous-estimant les competences des Noirs
Book review: Practice-based research in social work: A guide for reluctant researchers

The new book, Practice-Based Research in Social Work: A Guide for Reluctant Researchers, fills an important gap in our shelf of research textbooks. Depending on one's perspective, the text is eithe...
DETERMINATION OF THE NEUTRON POLARIZATION FROM THE $sup 13$C($sup 3$He,n)$sup 15$O/sub g.s./ REACTION FROM 2.9 TO 3.9 MeV.

Angular distributions of the polarization of neutrons produced in the $^{13}\mathrm{C}(^{3}\mathrm{He}, n)^{15}\mathrm{O}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}$ reaction have been obtained at 2.95, 3.45, and 3.85 MeV. The polarization at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} lab at six additional energies between 3.0 and 3.9 MeV was measured also. Scattering from $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ contained at a high pressure in a scintillation cell served as the neutron polarization analyzer. The three angular distributions were somewhat similar in shape, in that they showed large negative minima around 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} lab and zero or positive polarization around 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} lab. Preliminary attempts to describe the polarization using an $l=0$ diproton-stripping-reaction approach were unsuccessful, but this is attributed to inadequate knowledge of the optical-model parameters.
Efficient geometric algorithms for robot kinematic design

This article addresses the problem of designing a robotic mechanism such that it end-effector frame comes closest to reaching a set of desired goal frames. We formulate this as an optimization problem, in which the kinematic parameters are selected to minimize the total distance between the end-effector frame and each goal frame. The objective function is defined in terms of a class of distance metrics on the rigid body motions that are invariant with respect to choice of fixed reference frame. A main contribution of this article is an explicit expression for the gradient of this objective function with respect to the kinematic parameters. With this analytic gradient, efficient optimization algorithms can now be developed for the design of general spatial mechanisms. Our design methodology is illustrated with an example involving the base positioning of two cooperating robots.
Synergistic effect of supplemental enteral nutrients and exogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 on intestinal adaptation in a rat model of short bowel syndrome

BACKGROUND Short bowel syndrome (SBS) can lead to intestinal failure and require total or supplemental parenteral nutrition (TPN or PN, respectively). Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a nutrient-dependent, proglucagon-derived gut hormone that stimulates intestinal adaptation. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether supplemental enteral nutrients (SEN) modulate the intestinotrophic response to a low dose of GLP-2 coinfused with PN in a rat model of SBS (60% jejunoileal resection plus cecectomy). DESIGN Rats were randomly assigned to 8 treatments by using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design and maintained with either TPN or PN for 7 d. The 3 main treatment effects were the following: transection or resection (TPN alone), +/- SEN (days 4-6), and +/- GLP-2 (100 mug . kg body wt(-1) . d(-1)). RESULTS The treatments induced differential growth of duodenal and jejunal mucosa. Significant differences in villus height, crypt depth, dry mass, and concentrations of protein and DNA were observed between the treatments and TPN alone (SEN: 15-59% increase; GLP-2: 14-84% increase; and SEN + GLP-2: 63-160% increase). Plasma concentrations of bioactive GLP-2 were significantly greater with GLP-2 infusion (TPN alone: 25 +/- 9 pmol/L; SEN: 29 +/- 10 pmol/L; GLP-2: 59 +/- 31 pmol/L; SEN + GLP-2: 246 +/- 40 pmol/L) and correlated with mucosal growth. Jejunal sucrase activity (in U/cm) was significantly greater with SEN than without SEN. SEN + GLP-2 induced dramatic mucosal growth and greater plasma concentration of GLP-2 (SEN x GLP-2 interaction, P < 0.0001). Resection significantly increased expression of proglucagon mRNA in colon. CONCLUSIONS Combination treatment with SEN and GLP-2 induced a synergistic response resulting in greater mucosal cellularity and digestive capacity in parenterally fed rats with SBS. This shows that SEN improve the intestinotrophic response to exogenous GLP-2, possibly by stimulating enterocyte proliferation and differentiation.
Twelve Best Practices for Team Training Evaluation in Health Care

Article-at-a-Glance Background Evaluation and measurement are the building blocks of effective skill development, transfer of training, maintenance and sustainment of effective team performance, and continuous improvement. Evaluation efforts have varied in their methods, time frame, measures, and design. On the basis of the existing body of work, 12 best practice principles were extrapolated from the science of evaluation and measurement into the practice of team training evaluation. Team training evaluation refers to efforts dedicated to enumerating the impact of training (1) across multiple dimensions, (2) across multiple settings, and (3) over time. Evaluations of efforts to optimize teamwork are often afterthoughts in an industry that is grounded in evidence-based practice. The best practices regarding team training evaluation are provided as practical reminders and guidance for continuing to build a balanced and robust body of evidence regarding the impact of team training in health care. The 12 Best Practices The best practices are organized around three phases of training: planning, implementation, and follow-up. Rooted in the science of team training evaluation and performance measurement, they range from Best Practice 1: Before designing training, start backwards: think about traditional frameworks for evaluation in reverse to Best Practice 7: Consider organizational, team, or other factors that may help (or hinder) the effects of training and then to Best Practice 12: Report evaluation results in a meaningful way, both internally and externally. Conclusions Although the 12 best practices may be perceived as intuitive, they are intended to serve as reminders that the notion of evidence-based practice applies to quality improvement initiatives such as team training and team development as equally as it does to clinical intervention and improvement efforts.
Students do rate different academic fields differently

Research on the variables that may bias student ratings has largely found these variables to have little influence. One exception concerns academic fields. Institutions and individuals should decide how they will take academic-field differences into consideration when they interpret student ratings.
Long-term autopsy findings following radical prostatectomy.

Abstract In reviewing the Johns Hopkins Hospital records of over 1,000 radical prostatectomies performed since 1904, only 10 men have had a subsequent autopsy. All were managed by radical perineal prostatectomy without adjunctive therapy; 4 individuals had pathologic Stage B disease, and 6 men had pathologic Stage C cancer. The mean time interval between surgery and death was 8.9 years and 8.8 years for pathologic Stages B and C patients, respectively. Four patients (2 pathologic Stage B and 2 pathologic Stage C) had no evidence of disease, either local or distant, at autopsy. Two men (I pathologic Stage B and 1 pathologic Stage C) had only microscopic foci of local recurrence without distant metastases. Four other patients (1 pathologic Stage B and 3 pathologic Stage C) had bulky distant metastases; of these, 1 had no local disease, and 3 patients had only microscopic recurrence in the pelvis. No patient had gross pelvic recurrence, and no individual with microscopic local disease had symptoms secondary to that recurrence. Four patients (1 pathologic Stage B and 3 pathologic Stage C) died of prostatic cancer secondary to distant metastases. These data suggest: (1) radical prostatectomy alone provides excellent local control of the primary tumor, irrespective of the pathologic stage; (2) in patients where bulky metastatic disease was responsible for death, distant dissemination may have occurred prior to radical prostatectomy since all patients had either no pelvic disease or only microscopic local recurrence.
The effects of decision reversibility and decision importance on children's decision making

Abstract While adult decision making literature is extensive, little is known about decision making in children. The purpose of the present research was to examine how young children's decision making is affected by decision reversibility, and to a lesser extent, decision importance. In Experiment I, it was found that preschool, first, and third graders in an irreversible condition took more time and were more consistent in their decision making than children in a reversible condition. In Experiment 2, it was found that first and third grade children in an irreversible condition took more predecisional information than children in a reversible condition. Similar results were found in Experiment 3, as first and third graders thought more time and information was needed for irreversible and/or important decisions than reversible and/or unimportant ones. These results suggest that even young children are affected by manipulations of the decision situation, although age-related differences found across the experiments also suggest that basic decision processes, such as the ability to seek out predecisional information, develop rapidly with age.
Slow potentials in the turtle olfactory bulb in response to odor stimulation of the nose and electrical stimulation of the olfactory nerve.

Summary The olfactory bulb of the gopher tortoise and box turtle was investigated anatomically by the use of a silver technique and electrophysiologically by evoked responses from odor stimulation of the nose and electrical stimulation of the olfactory nerve. Anatomically the bulb in both species of turtle revealed the usual 7-layer structure, but considerable species differences existed in the distribution of the lamina. In particular, the dorsal hemisphere of the box turtle bulb was found to lack olfactory nerve input even anterior to the large accessory olfactory bulb. The bulbar evoked potential to odor stimulation was a series of 3 slow potentials: wave I, a monophasic event of about 150 msec duration; wave II, a non-oscillatory potential usually more than 1 sec duration; and wave III, an oscillatory potential superimposed on wave II. The electrically evoked response recorded at bulb surfaces with afferent input also consisted of 3 component potentials: N 1 appeared as a negative inflection on the ascending phase of N 2 , a larger amplitude negative wave of 40–50 msec duration, which was followed by a longer lasting positive wave. Bulb surface regions receiving olfactory nerve input were defined by surface negativity of N 2 and waves I and II. In the partially deafferented box turtle bulb, it was shown that olfactory nerve fibers from the lateral aspect of the nerve innervated lateral and ventrolateral bulb, while ventromedially situated fibers innervated ventromedial bulb.
Natural abundance 17O NMR study of α-substituted methyl acetates

Natural abundance 17O NMR chemical shift data for 10 substituted methyl acetates and 7 analogs, recorded in acetonitrile at 75°C, are reported. Variation in the carbonyl and single-bond oxygen signal are observed for formal α-substitution and do not correlate with inductive effects. The data appear to be consistent with γ effects for analogous systems.
Pensions, Politics, and Judicial Tenure: An Empirical Study of Federal Judges, 1869–2002

When Article III judges conclude active service, they effectively abdicate their seat and enable the president and Senate to select a successor. Some judicial scholars have concluded that political factors-both within and across institutions-largely influence this decision. Analyzing judicial turnover, year by year, this article finds that judges have increasingly synchronized their departure from active service with qualifying for their judicial pension. By comparison, political and institutional factors appear to have little influence on turnover rates. These findings contradict much of the existing scholarship on judicial turnover and also offer more viable alternatives for judicial reform.
Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in American Blood Donors

A national survey was conducted in 1969-1972 for the purpose of determining the range of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in various segments of the American population. Venous blood samples for COHb analysis were obtained from 29,000 blood donors living in urban, suburban, and rural communities across the United States. For comparative purposes, COHb measurements were made on samples obtained from 11 volunteers breathing air free of carbon monoxide (CO) or air with known concentrations of CO. The mean COHb saturation of four adults breathing CO-free air was 0.45%. Fortyfive percent of all the nonsmoking blood donors tested had COHb saturations of more than 1.5% This indicated that exposure to CO in excess of that permitted by the Air Quality Standards was widespread and occurring regularly. Tobacco smoking was the single most important factor responsible for the highest COHb saturations observed. The other chief factors influencing the COHb saturation were the geographical location of the individual, occupation, and the existing meteorological conditions. (JAMA229:1187-1195, 1974)
The temporal pattern of attachment behavior in the context of imprinting

Newly hatched ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) were trained to peck a pole for brief presentations of a moving imprinting stimulus, a reinforcer which like brain stimulation reward, engenders priming aftereffects. In subsequent daily 2-hr sessions reinforced peck responses tended to occur in bursts. The length of a burst was independent of the length of temporally adjacent bursts and interburst intervals. The probability of initiating a burst decreased as a function of the time since the last burst. The probability of continuing a current burst increased as responding within the burst proceeded. These findings imply that the temporal pattern of attachment behavior reflects a priming effect superimposed upon a low, but non-zero probability of responding. As such the data are consistent with the view that attachment represents an addiction-like process and that it may be mediated by the opiate-like peptides.
Electroencephalogram during a cycle of addiction to keto-bemidone hydrochloride.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects on the electroencephalogram of single and repeated doses of the potent synthetic analgesic agent, keto-bemidone, were studied in 5 men. 2. 2. Single doses of 20.0 to 30.0 mgm. of the drug produced no effect on the electroencephalograms except for a drop in mean alpha frequency, which occurred in 4 out of 10 records. 3. 3. During an addiction period of about 60 days, during which a dose level of 290.0 to 450.0 mgm. was maintained, more or less continuous slow activity appeared in the records of all subjects, and in 3 there was a concomitant increase in fast activity at the expense of the middle range. Clinically, the subjects were sedated and somnolescent, but the clinical effects could not be correlated quantitatively with the severity of the changes in the electroencephalograms. In 2 subjects with abnormal control electroencephalograms, paroxysmal high voltage slow, and spike and dome activity appeared early during addiction, but were not noted again later in the addiction period. No clinical seizures were observed. 4. 4. During the height of the abstinence syndrome after abrupt withdrawal of keto-bemidone, slow activity reappeared in the electroencephalogram. In the subjects who exhibited paroxysmal activity during addiction, paroxysmal high voltage slow and also bursts of high voltage 18 cycles per sec. activity appeared in the electroencephalograms during the withdrawal period, without overt seizures. 5. 5. The relation of these findings to the physiological basis of the abstinence syndrome is discussed. 6. 6. The particular danger of the continued use of this drug by persons with subclinical or overt epilepsy is stressed.
Posttransplant Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic derangements associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. MS has become a major health concern worldwide and is considered to be the etiology of the current epidemic of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition to cardiovascular disease, the presence of MS is also closely associated with other comorbidities including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The prevalence of MS in patients with cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease is not well established and difficult to ascertain. Following liver transplant, the prevalence of MS is estimated to be 44–58%. The main factors associated with posttransplant MS are posttransplant diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. In addition to developing NAFLD, posttransplant MS is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality that is 2.5 times that of the age- and sex-matched individuals. Additionally, the presence of posttransplant MS has been associated with rapid progression to fibrosis in individuals transplanted for HCV cirrhosis. There is an urgent need for well-designed prospective studies to fully delineate the natural history and risk factors associated with posttransplant MS. Until then, early recognition, prevention, and treatment of its components are vital in improving outcomes in liver transplant recipients.
Impact of Evapotranspiration on Dry Season Climate in the Amazon Forest

Moisture recycling can be an important source of rainfall over the Amazon forest, but this process relies heavily upon the ability of plants to access soil moisture. Evapotranspiration (ET) in the Amazon is often maintained or even enhanced during the dry season, when net radiation is high. However, ecosystem models often over predict the dry season water stress. The authors removed unrealistic water stress in an ecosystem model [the Simple Biosphere Model, version 3 (SiB3)] and examined the impacts of enhanced ET on the dry season climate when coupled to a GCM. The ‘‘stressed’’ model experiences dry season water stress and limitations on ET, while the ‘‘unstressed’’ model has enhanced root water access and exhibits strong drought tolerance. During the dry season in the southeastern Amazon, SiB3 unstressed has significantly higher latent heat flux (LH) and lower sensible heat flux (SH) than SiB3 stressed. There are two competing impacts on the climate in SiB3 unstressed: cooling resulting fromlower SHand moistening resulting fromhigher LH. During the average dry season, the cooling plays a larger role and the atmosphere is more statically stable, resulting in less precipitation than in SiB3 stressed. During dry season droughts, significantly higher LH in SiB3 unstressed is a necessary but not sufficientcondition for stronger precipitation. The moistening effect of LHdominates when the Bowen ratio (BR 5 SH/LH) is .1.0 in SiB3 stressed and precipitation is up to 26% higher in SiB3 unstressed. Animplication of thisanalysis isthatforest conservationcould enabletheAmazontocopewith drying conditions in the future.
Noncompete clauses: a contract provision that has exhausted its usefulness?

Purpose Noncompete clauses (NCs) are common in many physician employment agreements, including those of radiologists. NCs restrict radiologists' ability to perform services for anyone other than their employers, not only during the term of employment but also for a period of time after employment ends. Although courts frown on the post-termination portion as a restraint of trade, in most states, NCs will be enforced if they are deemed reasonable in duration and geography. However the practice of radiology has changed. Teleradiology is common, and improvements in telecommunications and portable devices allow radiologists to perform their services virtually anywhere. In light of these changes, are NCs still necessary for radiologists? Methods Eighty-six University of Maryland radiology residency alumni for whom e-mail information was available were asked to complete an online survey regarding whether they are subject to NCs, the key terms of their NCs, and their views on the continuing usefulness of NCs. A review of all state and federal cases published in the Westlaw law database in which radiologists' NCs were adjudicated was also performed. Results Twenty-one alumni from our residency program completed the survey, representing a 24.4% response rate; 57.1% of respondents are subject to NCs. Of that group, post-termination restrictions ranged from 1 to 2 years in duration, and geographic limitations ranged from 7 to >50 miles from the employer's practice. Respondents were split as to the impact of teleradiology, with 36.8% feeling that NCs are now more necessary and 26.3% feeling that NCs are less necessary. Searches of Westlaw revealed 7 cases on point, which upheld as reasonable NCs ranging from 1 to 5 years in duration and imposing geographic limitations of 15 to 40 miles from the employer's practice. Conclusions Although the practice of radiology has undergone significant changes, this survey shows that NCs are still widely used and are still being enforced in many courts. It is unclear whether NCs still make sense in today's practice, but it may be important to modify them to explicitly address the practice of teleradiology. NCs are common and have been upheld in court, although radiologists are split on their usefulness in this era of teleradiology. Contracts should specifically address teleradiology in NC provisions.
Ambrosia Beetle Host Selection Among Logs of Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, and Western Red Cedar with Different Ethanol and α-Pinene Concentrations

Logs from Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii; western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla; and western red cedar, Thuja plicata, were left in the forest through winter. In April, segments from these logs were removed and randomly positioned adjacent to one another allowing ambrosia beetles to select their preferred host. In early June the tissues of Douglas fir and western hemlock logs contained significantly higher ethanol concentrations and ambrosia beetle (Trypodendron lineatum and Gnathotrichus spp.) densities than logs of western red cedar. Low beetle attack densities in western red cedar were probably a consequence of low ethanol concentrations. Although Douglas fir tissues produced significantly higher ethanol concentrations than western hemlock, the beetles did not effectively discriminate between these two conifer species. Ethanol and α-pinene were significant covariates for the ambrosia beetle densities. α-Pinene concentrations were highest in the phloem of western red cedar, intermediate in Douglas fir, and nearly absent in western hemlock. α-Pinene did not synergize the beetle's response to ethanol or to ethanol + pheromone during host selection, and it may have functioned as a deterrent.