cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELEASE OF NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES BY BREWER'S YEAST. IV. ENERGETICS IN SHOCK EXCRETION OF AMINO ACIDS.

Abstract Lewis, M. J. (University of California, Davis), and H. J. Phaff. Release of nitrogenous substances by brewer's yeast. IV. Energetics in shock excretion of amino acids. J. Bacteriol. 89:960–966. 1965.—When suitably grown yeast cells are suspended in a solution of fermentable sugar, amino acids from the internal pool are rapidly released from the cells, a phenomenon referred to as shock excretion. After approximately 2 to 3 hr, in the presence of excess sugar, the amino acids are almost completely reabsorbed. This observation has been further studied with particular reference to the energy-yielding reactions of the cell. It has been established that amino acid release increases more rapidly with a rise in incubation temperature than does fermentation rate. Amino acid release cannot be inhibited by the common uncouplers of adenosine triphosphate synthesis (azide, arsenate, or 2,4-dinitrophenol) at concentrations adequate to prevent reabsorption of amino acids—an energy-requiring event. Inhibitors which completely inhibit the dissimilation of glucose (such as iodoacetate and fluoride) or those preventing entry of glucose into the cell (uranyl acetate) are effective in preventing amino acid release. It was concluded that shock excretion of amino acids is independent of energy-yielding reactions, but may be the result of changes in the state of the cell contingent upon the continuous flow of a fermentable sugar across the cell membrane.
Multifrequency-based range estimation of RFID Tags

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a rapidly developing wireless communication technology for electronically identifying, locating, and tracking products, assets, and personnel. RFID has become one of the primarily means to construct a real-time locating system (RTLS) that tracks and identifies the location of objects in real time using simple, inexpensive tags attached to or embedded in objects and readers that receive the wireless signals from these tags to determine their locations. Most RFID tag localization techniques heavily rely on precise estimation of the range between a reader and the tags. Traditionally, range information is obtained from the received signal strength indication (RSSI). Such approach is inaccurate, particularly in a complicated propagation environment. Recent development on phase difference of arrival (PDOA) allows coherent signal processing for improved range estimation performance. Exploiting multiple frequencies may further improve the range estimation performance. In this paper, we focus on multifrequency-based techniques to achieve several important advantages in the range estimation of passive or semi-passive RFID tags. The use of well designed multiple frequencies allows effective phase upwrapping and elimination of the range ambiguity problem which may be encountered in PDOA methods. In a complicated propagation environment, the mutifrequency-based techniques provide frequency diversity for robust range estimation when signals are highly faded at some frequencies. These advantages not only yield improved range estimation accuracy of RFID tags in various applications, but also enable robust range estimation in challenging scenarios.
A Text Searching Tool to Identify Patients with Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an uncommon but important cause of liver disease that is challenging to diagnose and identify in the electronic medical record (EMR). To develop an accurate, reliable, and efficient method of identifying patients with bonafide DILI in an EMR system. In total, 527,000 outpatient and ER encounters in an EPIC-based EMR were searched for potential DILI cases attributed to eight drugs. A searching algorithm that extracted 200 characters of text around 14 liver injury terms in the EMR were extracted and collated. Physician investigators reviewed the data outputs and used standardized causality assessment methods to adjudicate the potential DILI cases. A total of 101 DILI cases were identified from the 2564 potential DILI cases that included 62 probable DILI cases, 25 possible DILI cases, nine historical DILI cases, and five allergy-only cases. Elimination of the term “liver disease” from the search strategy improved the search recall from 4 to 19 %, while inclusion of the four highest yield liver injury terms further improved the positive predictive value to 64 % but reduced the overall case detection rate by 47 %. RUCAM scores of the 57 probable DILI cases were generally high and concordant with expert opinion causality assessment scores. A novel text searching tool was developed that identified a large number of DILI cases from a widely used EMR system. A computerized extraction of dictated text followed by the manual review of text snippets can rapidly identify bona fide cases of idiosyncratic DILI.
The Hilo Harbor Tsunami Model

The city and harbor of Hilo, located on the northeast coast of the island of Hawaii, have been severely damaged by numerous tsunamis. It was decided that the best approach to arriving at a feasible solution to the problem would be by conducting hydraulic model studies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problems which were encountered prior to and during the model testing. Discussions will include such factors as the selection of the distorted model scale, the type of wave generator used in reproducing the tsunami bore, the test conditions employed during model operation, and the requirements in tsunami behavior which had to be met before the verification of the model was deemed acceptable. This paper will also cover results of the study regarding the causes of tsunami bore formation in Hilo and the various possible schemes of protection. The tests described and the resultant information presented herein, unless otherwise noted, were obtained from research conducted under the Hilo Harbor Model Study of the United States Army Corps of Engineers by the Honolulu Engineer District. The permission granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this information is appreciated.
Two-Component Protein Hydrogels Assembled Using an Engineered Disulfide-Forming Protein–Ligand Pair

We present the development of a two-component self-assembling protein hydrogel. The building blocks of the hydrogel are two liquid-phase protein block copolymers each containing (1) a subunit of the trimeric protein CutA as a cross-linker and (2) one member of a PDZ-domain-containing protein-ligand pair whose interaction was reinforced by an engineered disulfide linkage. Mixing of the two building blocks reconstitutes a self-assembling polypeptide unit, triggering hydrogel formation. This hydrogel exhibits extremely high solution stability at neutral and acidic pHs and in a wide range of temperatures (4-50 °C). Incorporation of a "docking station peptide" binding motif into a hydrogel building block enables functionalization of the hydrogel with target proteins tagged with a "docking protein". We demonstrated the application of an enzyme-functionalized hydrogel in a direct electron transfer enzymatic biocathode. These disulfide-reinforced protein hydrogels provide a potential new material for diverse applications including industrial biocatalysis, biosynthesis, biofuels, tissue engineering, and controlled drug delivery.
Dom Quentin's Memoir on the Text of the Vulgate

In 1907, His Holiness, Pope Leo XIII appointed a Commission to revise and re-edit the text of St. Jerome's Latin version of the Bible, known as the Vulgate and accepted by the Roman Church as its standard text of Holy Scripture. The undertaking was assigned, most appropriately, to the Benedictine Order, which from the days of Cassiodorus to those of Mabillon and from Mabillon to the present time has a record of scholarly achievement that for depth and continuity no other organization, sacred or secular, can match. Far-reaching plans were formulated, and a veritable laboratory of textual research was established at the Benedictine monastery of St. Anselm on the Aventine. The methods employed for listing and assorting the manuscripts and for securing collations and photographs are described in two reports, entitled “The Revision of the Vulgate,” published at St. Anselm's in 1909 and 1911. The present writer had the pleasure of visiting the monastery in 1912, under the guidance of the learned Abbot, now Cardinal, Gasquet. An imposing amount of material had already at that time been collected, but the stupendous character of the undertaking hardly promised definite results, certainly not a final and authoritative text, within the limits of the present generation. And yet Dom Quentin, to whom the task of editing the text was assigned in 1907, has succeeded after nearly fifteen years of unremitting toil, in presenting a new survey of the history of the text of the Vulgate and a precise method for determining its original form.
The rising incidence of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks in the United States and the association with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea.

ObjectiveTo determine the national rates of spontaneous CSF leaks and to determine the association with risk factors.Study DesignRetrospective review from 2002 to 2012.SettingUniversity HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) database of 127 of the leading academic medical centers in the United States (81 cen
Mechanical Reinforcement in Polymer Melts Filled with Polymer Grafted Nanoparticles

We critically leverage the fact that polymer grafted nanoparticles behave akin to block copolymers to systematically vary nanoparticle dispersion and critically examine its role on the mechanical reinforcement in liquid-polymer-based nanocomposites. The nanoparticles are noncontacting, and we perform rheological measurements 80K above the polymer’s glass transition temperature. Our rheology results unequivocally show that reinforcement is maximized by the formation of a transient, but long-lived, percolating polymer–particle network with the particles serving as the network junctions.
Abstract 2975: Transgenic mouse model of Twist1-induced metastasis reveals genes highly prognostic for human hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a top global cancer health concern due to its high rate of mortality and increasing incidence. HCC lethality is largely attributable to its poor response to existing therapy and frequent diagnosis at late stage of disease, consequently resulting in HCC that progresses to local invasion and distant metastasis. Expression of Twist1 has been correlated with cancer invasion and metastasis, but a causal role has yet to be established for autochthonous tumors. Here, we report a new conditional transgenic mouse model of Twist1- and MYC-induced primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Expression of MYC alone produced primary tumors, but failed to induce metastasis, while Twist1 co-expression with MYC caused extra-hepatic metastases to the lymph nodes, spleen, peritoneum, and lungs. Moreover, Twist1 expression caused an increase in circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Combined Twist1 and MYC inactivation resulted in sustained regression of both primary and metastatic HCC as shown by X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and the suppression of metastasis as measured by a loss of CTCs. Importantly, gene expression profiling illustrated that our mouse model of Twist1/MYC-induced liver cancer was representative of human HCC. Moreover, we exploited the Twist1-induced progression to identify a gene signature in Twist1/MYC tumors that is highly predictive of metastasis in human HCC patients, as well as prognostic for overall survival. Hence, we show that Twist1 expression can causally induce stepwise disease progression to metastasis in primary HCC, allowing for the identification of a gene signature that is highly predictive of clinical outcome in human liver cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2975. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2975
Meaning-based coping, chronic conditions and quality of life in advanced cancer & caregiving

Objective This study examined the relationship between the number of co-existing health problems (patient comorbidities and caregiver chronic conditions) and quality of life (QOL) among patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers and assessed the mediating and moderating role of meaning-based coping on that relationship. Methods Data came from patients with advanced cancers (breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate) and their family caregivers (N = 484 dyads). Study hypotheses were examined with structural equation modeling using the actor-partner interdependence mediation model. Bootstrapping and model constraints were used to test indirect effects suggested by the mediation models. An interaction term was added to the standard actor-partner interdependence model to test for moderation effects. Results More patient comorbidities were associated with lower patient QOL. More caregiver chronic conditions were associated with lower patient and caregiver QOL. Patient comorbidities and caregiver chronic conditions had a negative influence on caregiver meaning-based coping but no significant influence on patient meaning based coping. Caregiver meaning-based coping mediated relationships between patient comorbidities and caregiver health conditions and patient and caregiver QOL. No significant moderating effects were observed. Conclusions Despite the severity of advanced cancer for patients and caregivers, the co-existing health problems of one member of the dyad have the potential to directly or indirectly affect the wellbeing of the other. Future research should consider how the number of patient comorbidities and caregiver chronic conditions, as well as the ability of patients and caregivers to manage those conditions, influences their meaning-based coping and wellbeing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Troubleshooting and Maintenance of HITACHI 7080 Automatic Biochemical Analyzer

Describes briefly the common analyses on the troubleshooting for HITACHI 7080 automatic biochemical analyzer, puts forward the right way of troubleshooting solutions, and discusses the effective method of daily maintenance.
Analysis on Disease Spectrum of Notifiable Infectious Diseases in Penglai City from 1956 to 2008

[Objectives]To analyze the prevalence trend of infectious diseases A and B in Penglai city from 1956 to 2008,provide the theoretical basis for making measures of prevention and control of infectious disease.[Methods]The epidemic data of infectious diseases in Penglai city from 1956 to 2008 were analyzed with method of descriptive epidemiology.[Results]From 1956 to 2008,the morbidity and mortality of notifiable infectious diseases A and B showed a declining trend,the highest and the lowest overall morbidity was 7521.35/100,000(1957) and 103.48/100,000(2007) respectively,and the average annual morbidity was 671.29/100,000.The highest mortality was 55.81/100,000(1958),and average annual mortality was 5.90/100,000.The proportion of infectious diseases types changed obviously.From 1950's to 1960's,the respiratory infectious disease was dominant,and the first five diseases was influenza,measles,pertussis,epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and hepatitis.After 1990's,the intestinal infectious disease was dominant.During 2000—2008,the first five infectious diseases was viral hepatitis,tuberculosis,dysentery,gonorrhea and syphilis.[Conclusion]The working emphasis should be focused on the prevention and control of the intestinal and respiratory infectious disease,and pertinence of measures should be considered.Meanwhile,prevention and monitoring of blood and sexually transmitted diseases should be strengthened.
Management of the Frail Elderly With Breast Cancer

By the year 2030 most patients with breast cancer will be aged 65 years or more and many will be frail. Frailty implies diminished physiologic reserve; contributors include diminished organ function, comorbidities, impaired physical function, and geriatric syndromes. Time-efficient tools for assessing frailty are being developed and, once validated, can be used to identify frail cancer patients and help direct therapy. Screening mammography in frail patients is questionable, and a clinical breast exam is likely to identify breast cancers that warrant intervention. Hormonal therapy may be a reasonable primary therapy in older frail women with hormone receptor-positive lesions. For estrogen receptor--and progesterone receptor-negative lesions, excision of the primary tumor may be adequate. Adjuvant hormonal therapy may be appropriate in frail elders with high-risk hormone receptor-positive breast cancer; chemotherapy is rarely indicated regardless of tumor status. The majority of frail elders with metastases will have hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, and endocrine therapy should be considered; those with receptor-negative tumors may be treated with single-agent chemotherapy or supportive care measures. Oncologists need to acquire the skills to appropriately identify frail elders so they select appropriate therapies that will minimize toxicity and maintain quality of life.
Manipulating Genes and Gene Copy Number by Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Transfection

Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) provide a well-characterized resource for studying the organization and activity of entire genes, replicons, and other large genomic loci. Protocols and parameters that influence the efficient transfection of these large DNA molecules into cells in culture were described here. By carefully optimizing the conditions for the formation of compact transfection complexes, BACs can be introduced into a variety of mammalian cells with reasonable efficiency. In addition, by cotransfection with a dihydrofolate reductase or hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase BAC, stable cell lines can be generated that carry 2-15 tandem chromosomal copies of the BAC of interest, thus providing a new avenue for studying gene dosage effects.
Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor

Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor. By Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson. xiv and 379 pp.; bibliog., index. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2013. $24.62 (paper), isbn 0822355035...
What classical American philosophers missed : Jane Addams, critical pragmatism, and cultural feminism

Examinant les raisons possibles de l'oubli des femmes dans la philosophie classique americaine, l'A. etudie les themes de la relation des genres et de l'experience des femmes qui sont absents du domaine du feminisme et du pragmatisme. Analysant le pragmatisme critique et le feminisme culturel dans l'oeuvre de J. Addams, l'A. montre comment la theorie du point de vue offre une strategie pertinente pour combler les lacunes de la philosophie classique americaine
A Review of What the Best Law Teachers Do by Michael Hunter Schwartz, Gerald F. Hess, and Sophie M. Sparrow

In What the Best Law Teachers Do, Michael Hunter Schwartz, Gerald F. Hess, and Sophie M. Sparrow sought to identify what attributes and practices contribute to excellent law-school teaching. Their results are both revealing and inspiring, and suggest ways a variety of individuals — not just law professors, but also supervisors, mentors, and career coaches — can make a difference in beginning lawyers’ lives.
The documentation of Byelorussian art: a selected annotated bibliography

A selected, annotated list of books on Byelorussian art and architecture is preceded by a brief introduction to the history of the Byelorussian people and Byelorussian culture from the medieval Principality of Polatsk to present day independence. Byelorussian culture survives in spite of oppression from both Tsarist Russia and from the USSR which permitted cultural expression but only on its own somewhat unpredictable terms. A number of books on Byelorussian art were published during the Soviet era, and especially in the post-Stalinist period, but generally in Russian as distinct from Byelorussian. Some material on Byelorussian topics has also been published in the USA and the United Kingdom.
Management of Posterior Shoulder Instability in the Contact Athlete

Posterior shoulder instability represents a unique pathologic subset affecting the glenohumeral-capsulolabral complex. Precise diagnosis and operative management have traditionally been challenging and often resulted in mixed clinical outcomes. However, recent advances in our understanding of pathogenesis and mechanisms of injury, as well as technological developments, have led to successful functional outcomes, high rate of return to sport, and return to previous level of play for the contact athlete. This article discusses important operative indications to consider, physical examination findings leading to poor response to treatment, and the value of precise assessment and recognition of concomitant injuries. Preferred arthroscopic and open stabilization techniques will also be described with subsequent discussion of superiority of techniques specific for the contact athlete subgroup.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy II/III and Feeding Problems

Researchers at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan studied the prevalence and risk factors of feeding and swallowing problems in 108 genetically confirmed patients with types II and III spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), age range 3-45 years, 60 with type II and 48 with type III.
Transport of Fecal Indicators from Beach Sand to the Surf Zone by Recirculating Seawater: Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Modeling

Recirculating seawater is an important component of submarine groundwater discharge, yet its role in transporting microbial contaminants from beach sand to coastal water is unknown. This study investigated the extent to which recirculating seawater carries fecal indicators, Enterococcus and bird-associated Catellicoccus, through the beach subsurface. Laboratory experiments and numerical modeling were performed to characterize the transport of fecal indicators suspended in seawater through medium-grained beach sand under transient and saturated flow conditions. Enterococcus was measured both by culture (cENT) and DNA assay (tENT), and Catellicoccus (CAT) by DNA assay. There were differences between transport of tENT and CAT compared to cENT through laboratory columns containing beach sands. Under transient flow conditions, first-order attachment rate coefficients (katt) of DNA markers were greater (∼10 h–1) than katt of cENT (∼1 h–1), although under saturated conditions katt values were similar (∼1 h–1). F...
Forced Victims or Willing Migrants? Contesting Assumptions About Child Trafficking

Human trafficking continues to capture the imagination of the global public. Gut wrenching narratives about children sold into domestic servitude appear on front pages of major international newspapers, in academic journals, and books sold in university and commercial bookstores. Public discourse emphasizes the particular vulnerability of trafficked children, related to bio-physiological, social, behavioural, and cognitive phases of the maturation process and underscores the necessity to act in the children’s best interest. Trafficked children are nearly always portrayed as hapless victims forced into the trafficking situation and hardly ever as actors with a great deal of volition participating in the decision to migrate. In this chapter, I contest some of the prevailing assumptions about trafficked children and adolescents , especially issues of volition and agency, vulnerability and resiliency, victimhood and survivorship. I contest some of the myths “woven from solid data, conjecture, cultural assumptions, and organizational and political agendas” (Frederick in The wretched of the earth (Richard Philcox, Trans.) (Reprint ed.). New York: Grove Press 2005, 127–128) about the forced nature of the trafficking process and juxtapose them with the experiences as narrated by the survivors of child trafficking. I contrast the image of “the forcibly trafficked child” whose childhood had been lost and needed to be reclaimed with the diversity of experiences and voices that need to be heard in order to facilitate long-term economic and social self-sufficiency of survivors of child trafficking.
More Formulas for Implied Volatility

The model-free asymptotic formulas for the implied volatility established in Chap. 9 are rather universal. It is shown in Chap. 10 that these formulas imply several known results, e.g., R. Lee’s moment formulas and the tail-wing formulas due to S. Benaim and P. Friz. Various new results can also be obtained from the model-free formulas, for example, sharp asymptotic formulas for the implied volatility in the Hull-White model, the Stein-Stein model, the Heston model, and in some stochastic volatility models with jumps. Chapter 10 also treats the “volatility smile”. This expression was coined to describe an observed feature of at-the-money options to have a smaller implied volatility than in-the-money or out-of-the-money options. The contents of Chap. 10 include a result of E. Renault and N. Touzi concerning the existence of volatility smile in uncorrelated stochastic volatility models. The chapter also discusses the SVI parameterization of the implied variance introduced by J. Gatheral.
Gradualisme ou big bang ? Une analyse dynamique

En soulignant, dans cet article, l'incapacite du gouvernement a controler l'ensemble du systeme economique, les conflits potentiels au sein de ce systeme, et son ajustement, nous montrons qu'une strategie de reforme optimale etablit un compromis entre les performances economiques a court terme et la vitesse de transition, tout en maintenant un niveau de richesse qui permette de preserver le processus de reforme. En general, la strategie de big bang n'est pas optimale, bien qu'elle puisse l'etre approximativement sous des conditions tres strictes : un niveau de richesse suffisamment important pour assurer contre l'echec total, une vitesse d'ajustement elevee, des conflits moderes au sein du systeme economique, un degre reduit d'incertitude et un taux d'escompte social faible. De maniere caracteristique, un sentier de reforme optimal est graduel ; il commence par un choc moyen que contraint le niveau de richesse initiale, et se poursuit par une serie de petits chocs et d'arrets momentanes. Toutefois, ce sentier optimal differe de la reforme graduelle adoptee par la Chine, laquelle privilegie la croissance economique a court terme plutot que l'ajustement du systeme.
Renal adaptation to metabolic acidosis in senescent rats

In this study, we compared results obtained in senescent rats with young rats given an equivalent acid load. We examined the renal changes by giving equivalent acid loads for 48 h to both 6- and 24-mo-old rats. The basal excretion of ammonium was the same in both groups, whereas titratable acids, phosphate, and Ca2+ excretions were increased in the senescent animal. After administration of the acid load, ammonium, phosphate, Ca2+, and titratable acid excretions increased in both age groups, but there were greater absolute increases in ammonium and titratable acid excretions in the young rats. The total acid excreted by the 24-mo rats was reduced 50 (day 1) and 25% (day 2) compared with the young rats, which was reflected by the more severe acidosis in those animals. The portion of total acid excreted as titratable acids in senescent animals was also increased during acidosis when compared with the young animals. In isolated proximal tubule brush-border membrane vesicles, acidosis increased Na+-H+ exchange and decreased Na+-dependent phosphate transport in both age groups. We also found that the basal activity of the Na+-H+ exchanger was not changed with age but the Na+-dependent phosphate transporter was less in the 24-mo rat. The results suggest that physiological regulation of these renal processes remains intact in the aged rat but the responses may be reduced or delayed in the senescent animal.
CSF HSV PCR Testing in Adults and Children with Meningitis and Encephalitis

Background Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common treatable cause of meningitis and encephalitis. Delayed antiviral therapy is associated with worse clinical outcomes in HSV encephalitis.
Functional networks underlying item and source memory: shared and distinct network components and age-related differences.

Abstract Although the medial temporal lobes (MTLs) are critical for both item memory (IM) and source memory (SM), the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex play a greater role during SM than IM. It is unclear, however, how these differences translate into shared and distinct IM versus SM network components and how these network components vary with age. Within a sample of younger adults (YAs; n = 15, Mage = 19.5 years) and older adults (OAs; n = 40, Mage = 68.6 years), we investigated the functional networks underlying IM and SM. Before functional MRI scanning, participants encoded nouns while making either pleasantness or size judgments. During functional MRI scanning, participants completed IM and SM retrieval tasks. We found that MTL nodes were similarly interconnected among each other during both IM and SM (shared network components) but maintained more intermodule connections during SM (distinct network components). Also, during SM, OAs (compared to YAs) had MTL nodes with more widespread connections. These findings provide a novel viewpoint on neural mechanism differences underlying IM versus SM in YAs and OAs.
The Significance of Spirituality for Individuals with Chronic Illness: Implications for Mental Health Counseling

Understanding the significance of spirituality for individuals with chronic illness is advantageous to mental health counselors because it combines knowledge from multiple disciplines to find approaches useful to help individuals create meaning and purpose in their lives. Chronic illness is defined by not only the physical but also the mental and spiritual effects of the disease. This review of the literature addresses ways spirituality can help people with chronic illness and what it means to individuals undergoing physical and emotional challenges as a result of their illness. Recommendations are provided for how mental health counselors can help clients with chronic illness explore spirituality.
LOW TEMPERATURE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: MECHANISM AND SYNTHESIS

Low temperature techniques are used to distinguish photochemical processes from photochemical-thermochemical processes in the photochemistry of organic compounds. Intermediates in photochemical-thermochemical processes are identified by spectroscopic techniques, chemical behavior on warming, and chemical trapping. Low temperature techniques are used to synthesize a variety of novel reactive organic compounds.
How a Blockchain Network Can Ensure Compliance With Clean Development Mechanism Methodology and Reduce Uncertainty About Achieving Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

Abstract This chapter provides recommendations for transferring value between different Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects over distributed ledgers. The recommendations provided are conceptual and based upon features and protocols available currently. New Market Mechanisms can also exchange digital carbon credits within their individual mechanisms, on a multinational level using various Blockchain networks. Global partnerships will be nurtured by providing a platform with embedded fiduciary instruments to areas having limited digital infrastructure. Creating a single Blockchain token that is compliant with all global, national, and subnational regulations, at the onset, is unrealistic; but, we can expect cryptocurrencies to create greater value than traditionally issued Carbon Emission Reduction (CER) credits. Discussion will convert as to how CDM projects can benefit from Blockchain improvements. The CDM can transition legacy data into new Blockchain tools creating greater value with a borderless ledger of immutable data that increase liquidity of CERs and shortens the validation processes.
Multi-parametric T 2 * magnetic resonance fingerprinting using variable echo times.

The use of quantitative imaging biomarkers in the imaging of various disease states, including cancer and neurodegenerative disease, has increased in recent years. T1 , T2 , and T2 * relaxation time constants have been shown to be affected by tissue structure or contrast infusion. Acquiring these biomarkers simultaneously in a multi-parametric acquisition could provide more robust detection of tissue changes in various disease states including neurodegeneration and cancer. Traditional magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) has been shown to provide quick, quantitative mapping of T1 and T2 relaxation time constants. In this study, T2 * relaxation is added to the MRF framework using variable echo times (TE). To demonstrate the feasibility of the method and compare incremental and golden angle spiral rotations, simulated phantom data was fit using the proposed method. Additionally, T1 /T2 /T2 */δf MRF as well as conventional T1 , T2 , and T2 * acquisitions were acquired in agar phantoms and the brains of three healthy volunteers. Golden angle spiral rotation was found to reduce inaccuracy resulting from off resonance effects. Strong correlations were found between conventional and MRF values in the T1 , T2 , and T2 * relaxation time constants of the agar phantoms and healthy volunteers. In this study, T2 * relaxation has been incorporated into the MRF framework by using variable echo times, while still fitting for T1 and T2 relaxation time constants. In addition to fitting these relaxation time constants, a novel method for fitting and correcting off resonance effects has been developed.
From Whose Womb Did the Ice Come Forth? Augustine of Hippo, Gregory the Great, and Thomas Aquinas on Job 38:29:

Against the backdrop of current debates over womb-imagery for God, this article examines the writings of Augustine of Hippo, Gregory the Great, and Thomas Aquinas on Job 38:29 (‘From whose womb did...
Investigating The Effects Of Secondary Electron Emission On Streamer Formation Near Dielectric Particles Using A PIC-DSMC Code

The influence of secondary electron emission from dielectric surfaces on streamer formation at near atmospheric pressures was investigated using a PIC-DSMC model that includes secondary emission and photoemission from the dielectric surfaces 1. In the current study, a coaxial geometry filled with high permittivity dielectric $( \varepsilon _{r}=100)$ rutile (TiO 2 ) particles was modeled as a 2D parallel plate configuration comprised of brass electrodes, with the anode driven at 200 kV/μsec, to simulate a lightning insult, and the cathode held at ground potential. A periodic structure was established whereby 3 dielectric particles, each 225 μm x 100 μm (h x w) and separated by 15 μm spanned a 250 μm gap, the outermost making contact with the cathode and the inner touching the anode. The high permittivity and sharp corners of the rutile particles facilitate the onset of electrical breakdown at lower voltages than would occur in their absence 2. Prior to the application of a voltage across the gap, a source of cosmic rays is impinged upon both the rutile and conductor surfaces. The free electrons that form during this period rapidly attach to highly electronegative free molecular oxygen that is long lived at room temperature in the absence of a field. When the anode is electrically driven, strong electric fields arise at the corners of the dielectric particles causing acceleration of the $\mathrm {O}_{2}^{-}$ and subsequent collisional detachment of electrons, creating an initial seed density. A fraction of these electrons, along with ions, metastables, and photons, participate in surface reactions whereby secondary electrons are emitted, each characteristic of energy dependent emission probabilities, $\gamma _{\mathrm{e}}, \gamma _{\mathrm{I}}, \gamma _{\mathrm{m}}$, and $\gamma _{\mathrm{p}}$, respectively. By scaling γ for each species over a few orders of magnitude and spanning a broad spectrum of energies to include both potential energy (Auger) and kinetic energy exchange mechanisms, we seek to determine the sensitivity of this parameter to timescales for streamer formation and propagation across the gap.
Transfusion reactions and cognitive aids.

Purpose of reviewAlthough the overall safety of blood transfusion is high, adverse events do still occur. Much research on transfusion reactions was done in nonperioperative patients. Fortunately, important contributions to the perioperative literature have been made in the last several years, speci
Interpolated retrieval effects on list isolation: Individual differences in working memory capacity

We examined the effects of interpolated retrieval from long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) on list isolation in dual-list free recall and whether individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) moderated those effects. Ninety-seven subjects completed study–test trials that included two study lists separated by either an exemplar generation task (LTM retrieval) or a two-back task (STM retrieval). Subjects then completed an externalized free recall task that allowed for the examination of response accessibility and monitoring. Individual differences in WMC were assessed using three complex span tasks: operation span, reading span, and rotation span. Correct recall and intratrial intrusion summary scores showed no effect of interpolated retrieval on either response accessibility or monitoring. However, serial-position curves for correct recall of List 1 showed larger primacy in the two-back than in the exemplar generation task for high-WMC subjects. We interpreted these results from a context change perspective, as showing that interpolated LTM retrieval accelerated context change for subjects who processed the context more effectively. We consider the implications of these findings for models of memory.
Personalized Chimerism Test that Uses Selection of Short Tandem Repeat or Quantitative PCR Depending on Patient's Chimerism Status

Chimerism testing is used to monitor engraftment and risk of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies. Although short tandem repeat (STR) method is widely used among clinical laboratories, quantitative PCR (qPCR) provides better sensitivity (0.1%) than STR (1% to 5%) but is less accurate than STR for patients in mixed chimerism. qPCR chimerism allows evaluation of residual recipient cells as a surrogate of measurable residual disease. To achieve higher sensitivity and accuracy, we applied qPCR or STR based on patient chimerism status (recipient alleles
Prolonged functional optical sensitivity in non-human primate motor nerves following cyclosporine-based immunosuppression and rAAV 2 -retro mediated expression of ChR2

Peripheral optogenetic stimulation of motor activity offers enticing advantages over traditional functional electrical stimulation for the purposes of reanimating paralyzed muscles. When facilitated by intramuscular injection of viral gene therapy constructs, however, the process of transducing light sensitive ion channels along motor nerves faces several challenges including uptake of the virus at the neuromuscular junction as well as evasion of both virus and expressed gene products from the immune system. These hurdles to successful peripheral motor gene therapy are often amplified when attempting to translate these techniques to non-human primates. In this study, we examined the efficacy of a systemic immunosuppression regimen and use of a designer adeno-associated virus in prolonging functional opsin expression in targeted peripheral nerves of a macaque. Using a regimen of daily cyclosporine and either an intramuscular or intraneural injection of an rAAV2-retro based vector, we observed functional nerve expression of ChR2 via EMG activity locked to optical stimulation of a targeted nerve for up to 24 weeks post-injection. Throughout this experiment, we observed a gross timeline of expression including an initial increase of ChR2 expression over 9-13 weeks followed by an eventual decline after cessation of the immunosuppression regimen. These results suggest a potential strategy for successful translation of peripheral motor gene therapy to human subjects.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation: A Spatiotemporal Case Cluster Analysis.

Objective To expand existing statistical methods to identify clusters of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) cases in the neonatal intensive care unit. Methods In an academic, tertiary referral center, possible NEC or SIP clusters were identified using a binomial distribution scan test. The incidence-density rate (IDR) was calculated as the number of cases per 1,000 patient-days during each possible cluster and compared with the baseline IDR. A structured chart review compared cluster and noncluster cases. Spatial clustering analyzed the physical distribution of cases using the Grimson Test. Repeat analysis included only SIP cases. Result The initial scan identified 3 suspected temporal clusters. IDR comparison confirmed only 1 cluster. Analysis of SIP only cases revealed similar results. Physical proximity was not a significant factor. Chart review of the SIP and NEC cases revealed significant increases during the confirmed cluster of small for gestational age infant births and indomethacin treatment. Chart review of the SIP only cases in the confirmed cluster revealed no significant differences. Conclusion Statistical methods distinguish whether suspected case clusters represent a significant increase in baseline incidence. True clusters warrant detailed investigation including spatial analysis and chart review. This approach may have application in other disease processes and populations.
Narcos addiction: A three-decade content analysis of the representation of Colombia in The New York Times and on IMDb.com:

Building on research into media representation of countries and agenda-setting theory, a content analysis analyzed the way Colombia was portrayed in The New York Times headlines and IMDb plot summa...
Parking futures: Shared automated vehicles and parking demand reduction trajectories in Atlanta

Abstract The coming of automated vehicles (AVs) and Mobility-on-Demand (MoD services) is expected to reduce urban parking demand and correspondingly alter the urban parking landscape in a significant way. Multiple modeling efforts have already demonstrated that Shared AVs (SAVs) have promising potential to decrease urban parking demand. However, previous studies have only examined SAV parking demand at one point in time, with various market penetrations. It remains unclear what the demand reduction trajectory will be like during the transition period when there is a mix of SAVs, Privately-Owned AVs (PAVs), Shared Conventional Vehicles (SCVs), and Conventional Private Vehicles (CPVs). This study fills this gap by developing an agent-based simulation model to examine the spatially and temporally explicit parking reduction trends with mixed travel modes from 2020–2040. The results indicate that in the most optimal AV and MoD adoption scenario, the parking demand will decrease by over 20% after 2030, especially in core urban areas. Meanwhile, the parking demand in residential zones may double, which could lead to transportation equity concerns. Additionally, parking relocation may also induce environmental issues by generating a considerable amount of empty Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT). To reap the benefits brought by AVs and MoD systems and to mitigate the accompanying social and environmental issues, our results suggest that proactive policymakers in the next decade will need to modify land use regulations for both new developments and existing parking infrastructure in commercial and residential zones, as well as update travel demand management policies.
Impact of sex and age on metabolism, sympathetic activity, and hypertension

In this brief review, we summarize the current knowledge on the complex interplay between metabolism, sympathetic activity and hypertension with a focus on sex differences and changes with age in humans. Evidence suggests that in premenopausal women, sex hormones, particularly estrogen exerts a profound cardioprotective effect which may be associated with favorable metabolic profiles, as well as lower sympathetic activity and blood pressure at rest and any given physiological and environmental stimuli compared with men of a similar age. Along this line, premenopausal women seem to be generally protected from obesity-induced metabolic and cardiovascular complications. However, postmenopausal estrogen deprivation during midlife and older age has a detrimental impact on metabolism, may lead to adipose tissue redistribution from the subcutaneous to abdominal area, and augments sympathetic activity. All these changes could contribute significantly to the higher prevalence of hypertension and greater cardiometabolic risk in older women than older men. It is proposed that obesity-related hypertension has a neurogenic component which is characterized by sympathetic overactivity, but the impact of sex and age remains largely unknown. Understanding sex and age-specific differences in obesity and sympathetic neural control of blood pressure is important in the prevention and/or risk reduction of cardiometabolic disorders for both men and women.
The Role of Market Forces in U.S. Health Care.

The Role of Market Forces in U.S. Health Care The weaknesses associated with market-based health care systems are severe, but that does not mean the market should be abandoned. Relatively increment...