cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular registration without behavioral recall of olfactory sensory input under general anesthesia.

Previous studies suggest that sensory information is “received” but not “perceived” under general anesthesia. Whether and to what extent the brain continues to process sensory inputs in a drug-induced unconscious state remain unclear. One hundred seven rats were randomly assigned to 12 different anesthesia and odor exposure paradigms. The immunoreactivities of the immediate early gene products c-Fos and Egr1 as neural activity markers were combined with behavioral tests to assess the integrity and relationship of cellular and behavioral responsiveness to olfactory stimuli under a surgical plane of ketamine–xylazine general anesthesia. The olfactory sensory processing centers could distinguish the presence or absence of experimental odorants even when animals were fully anesthetized. In the anesthetized state, the c-Fos immunoreactivity in the higher olfactory cortices revealed a difference between novel and familiar odorants similar to that seen in the awake state, suggesting that the anesthetized brain functions beyond simply receiving external stimulation. Reexposing animals to odorants previously experienced only under anesthesia resulted in c-Fos immunoreactivity, which was similar to that elicited by familiar odorants, indicating that previous registration had occurred in the anesthetized brain. Despite the “cellular memory,” however, odor discrimination and forced-choice odor-recognition tests showed absence of behavioral recall of the registered sensations, except for a longer latency in odor recognition tests. Histologically distinguishable registration of sensory processing continues to occur at the cellular level under ketamine–xylazine general anesthesia despite the absence of behavioral recognition, consistent with the notion that general anesthesia causes disintegration of information processing without completely blocking cellular communications.
Dynamic estimation of rotor angle deviation of a generator in multi-machine power systems

Abstract This paper introduces a new approach to obtain the generator rotor angle difference in the multi-machine power system for transient stability studies. It aims to replace the center of inertia (COI) for on-line transient stability assessment. Compared with COI, the proposed method can give more reasonable estimations of rotor angle difference between the individual generator and the multi-machine power system. In addition, it allows generators to have their own references for evaluating transient stability, which is more reasonable and accurate than using COI. Moreover, the proposed technique calculates the rotor angle difference by using the local generator's active and reactive power output. This does not add any extra burden to the communication channel.
The Future in Three Stages: Managing a Health Sciences Collection through Multiple Moves in an Urban Setting

For decades, the Health Professions Library at Hunter College served the college's health professions programs, all housed at one campus. In 2011, part of the library's collection moved to follow the public health department to a new location, and in 2015 the entire library will relocate to an interim space before moving on to its final home several years later in a shared building yet to be constructed. These moves, whether accomplished or anticipated, raise collection management issues in several areas: geographic dispersal of programs, structural reorganization of schools and departments, and collaboration with other departments or outside institutions.
Anatomy and compositional variations within potatoes. IV. Total solids distribution in different cultivars

Distribution of cortical, perimedullary, and pith tissues and total solids content were determined on both a fresh and a dry weight basis for six potato cultivars grown concurrently in three locations in California. At one location, tubers harvested 80 days from planting were 1.0 to 2.5% lower in total solids than tubers harvested at later dates. The high solids cortical tissues ranged from 39 to 51% of whole tubers on a dry basis, and the amount appeared to be related to tuber shape. White Rose and Red LaSoda showed greater difference in per cent total solids between cortical and perimedullary tissues than did Kennebec, Lenape,3 Norchip, and Russet Burbank. The high total solids of the cortical tissues is particularly significant to processing losses. Any method of peeling that removes one half the linear depth of the cortical tissues can result in a loss of 25% or more of total tuber solids, depending upon cultivar and tuber shape.
Headspace gas chromatography for measurement of infinite dilution activity coefficients of C4 alcohols in water

For environmental and other reasons, there is interest in determining values of infinite dilution activity coefficients (γ∞) of organic solutes in volatile solvents, particularly in water. Here, we present a detailed description of a headspace gas chromatograph recently constructed for the measurement of infinite dilution activity coefficients and report values of γ∞ for 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol (iso-butanol) and 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butanol) in water at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K respectively. Our results at 298.15 K compare favorably with previously reported γ∞ data for these compounds. There is no comparable data at 303.15 and 308.15 K. Also, from these data we compute the excess enthalpy at infinite dilution, HE∞, for these compounds in water. Comparisons with published data for HE∞ extrapolated from finite concentration show considerable discrepancies.
Demand-driven execution of static directed acyclic graphs using task parallelism

The dataflow model allows natural expression of parallelism in an application. Applications expressed in the dataflow model can be executed either using the data-driven or the demand-driven schemes. Although both these schemes have their utility in different scenarios, the realization of the demand-driven scheme is not adequately supported in the existing solutions for task parallelism. In this paper, we examine some of the requirements placed by the demand-driven execution scheme on task parallelism. We present PFunc, a new library-based solution for task parallelism that fully supports the demand-driven execution scheme. We compare the runtimes and peak memory consumption of an unsymmetric sparse LU factorization emulation parallelized using both the data- and demand-driven execution schemes. This comparison shows that the demand-driven model provides benefits that necessitate its full support in task parallelism.
Kaposi's sarcoma of the oral cavity in a non-aids patient: case report and review of the literature

Background. Not every patient with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The “classic” form of KS is rare, and is associated with an indolent course. It is very distinct from AIDS-associated KS in which oral involvement is common and may be the initial presenting feature of this disease. Two other types of KS are recognized, the African and renal transplant-associated, which also are rarely associated with oral involvement. Methods. We present the case of a 76-year-old man of Mediterranean ancestry who was found to have a biopsyproven classical KS lesion of the hard palate. The patient was followed by the Radiation Therapy and Otolaryngology Services during and after his treatment. A review of the literature was also conducted. Results. Radiotherapy was ineffective at a dose considered “standard” for KS in AIDS patients (1,500 cGy), but was effective when continued to 4,800 cGy. A 24-month follow-up showed no evidence of recurrence in the oral cavity. Conclusions. KS of the oral cavity, is almost always associated with AIDS in the United States, However, it can occur in any of the four types of KS. Although this neoplasm is typically highly radiosensitive, the treatment for each patient needs to be individualized. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A review of childhood obesity prevention interventions targeting African American children

Obesity is a significant public health concern. Unfortunately, obesity affects minority youth populations disproportionately, with African Americans (AAs) 1.4 times as likely to be obese as non-Hispanic whites. There are a variety of reasons for the disparity of the obesogenic risk in AA children. In addition to genetic factors, cultural differences related to the nutritional habits, level of physical activity and acceptance of surplus weight among AAs play a major role in the development of obesity in this population. Considering these high-risk behaviors, and the associated barriers, the Institute of Medicine has expressed an urgent need to initiate childhood obesity interventions among diverse ethnic groups. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to review existing childhood obesity prevention interventions targeting AA children that were published between 2005 and 2010. This review was limited to interventions in which the population included more than 35% of AA children and adolescents. There was...
Visceral fat is associated with an adverse increase in the thickness of the wall of the ascending thoracic aorta

Findings When comparing the 1st and 4th quartiles of IP fat (1st quartile mean = 59 + 2.5 cm3, 4th quartile mean = 245 + 5.5 cm3), the minimum, maximum, and mean AOWT was 15% (p = 0.002), 18% (p = 0.001), and 18% (p < 0.001) larger, respectively, in the 4th quartile relative to the 1st quartile. Higher IP fat was associated with higher AOWT in participants < or ≥ 65 years of age (Figure 1). There were similar associations with RP fat, but no relationship was found between AOWT and SC fat. In the multivariate model, IP fat remained associated with minimum, maximum, and mean AOWT after accounting for age, gender, height, diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease (p = 0.01, 0.01 and 0.01, respectively).
Smallpox Inoculation in Colonial New Jersey: A Contemporary Account

Gerlach writes about and transcribes a manuscript in Rutgers' Special CollectionsÂ "The General Method of Enoculation as now Practised."Â This work the only known account of variolization in Colonial New Jersey and is especially interesting because of its vivid and detailed exposition of the inoculation procedure from initial preparation to the treatment of after-effects.
Self-Efficacy to Avoid Suicidal Action: Factor Structure and Convergent Validity among Adults in Substance Use Disorder Treatment

Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) are at high risk of suicidal behaviors, highlighting the need for an improved understanding of potentially influential factors. One such domain is self-efficacy to manage suicidal thoughts and impulses. Psychometric data about the Self-Efficacy to Avoid Suicidal Action (SEASA) Scale within a sample of adults seeking SUD treatment (N = 464) is provided. Exploratory factor analysis supported a single self-efficacy construct. Lower SEASA scores, or lower self-efficacy, were reported in those with more severe suicidal ideation and those with more suicide attempts, providing evidence for convergent validity. Implications of measuring self-efficacy in the context of suicide risk assessment are discussed.
The past vs. the tiny: historical science and the abductive arguments for realism

Abstract Scientific realism is fundamentally a view about unobservable things, events, processes, and so on, but things can be unobservable either because they are tiny or because they are past. The familiar abductive arguments for scientific realism lend more justification to scientific realism about the tiny than to realism about the past. This paper examines both the “basic” abductive arguments for realism advanced by philosophers such as Ian Hacking and Michael Devitt, as well as Richard Boyd’s version of the inference to the best explanation of the success of science, and shows that these arguments provide less support to historical than to experimental realism. This is because unobservably tiny things can function both as unifiers of the phenomena and as tools for the production of new phenomena, whereas things in the past can only serve as unifiers of the phenomena. The upshot is that realists must not suppose that by presenting arguments for experimental realism they have thereby defended realism in general.
Disease-specific changes in regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) expression in schizophrenia.

Complex defects in neuronal signaling may underlie the dysfunctions that characterize schizophrenia. Using cDNA microarrays, we discovered that the transcript encoding regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) was the most consistently and significantly decreased in the prefrontal cortex of all schizophrenic subjects examined. The expression levels of ten other RGS family members represented on the microarrays were unchanged and hierarchical data analysis revealed that as a group, 274 genes associated with G-protein signaling were unchanged. Quantitative in situ hybridization verified the microarray RGS4 data, and demonstrated highly correlated decreases in RGS4 expression across three cortical areas of ten subjects with schizophrenia. RGS4 expression was not altered in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with major depressive disorder or in monkeys treated chronically with haloperidol. Interestingly, targets for 70 genes mapped to the major schizophrenia susceptibility locus 1q21–22 were present on the microarrays, of which only RGS4 gene expression was consistently altered. The combined data indicate that a decrease in RGS4 expression may be a common and specific feature of schizophrenia, which could be due either to genetic factors or a disease- specific adaptation, both of which could affect neuronal signaling.
The Neoechinorhynchus of Turtles: Specimen Base, Distribution, and Host Use

Distribution and host use of the 9 species of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) described from turtles are summarized from a comprehensive evaluation of the specimen base in the major parasitology museums of the United States. Each specimen in each lot was examined and its identity verified, if possible. Verified specimens were used to construct a specimen-based known distribution and list of definitive hosts for each species. Five species (Neoechinorhynchus chrysemydis, Neoechinorhynchus emydis, Neoechinorhynchus emyditoides, Neoechinorhynchus pseudemydis, and Neoechinorhynchus stunkardi) have broad distributions in North America, whereas Neoechinorhynchus chelonos and Neoechinorhynchus lingulatus are currently known only from eastern states, and Neoechinorhynchus magnapapillatus is known from the eastern Atlantic seaboard, Florida, and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Neoechinorhynchus schmidti is known only from Mexico. Host use is confined largely to emydid turtles; reports from turtles in other families are sporadic, and most of the turtle species of North America have not been surveyed adequately for acanthocephalans. The specimen base for the species of Neoechinorhynchus of turtles is unsuitable for most taxonomic purposes; it is composed of small lots of specimens with few identifiable worms that are, on average, in poor physical condition. Future biodiversity studies of this group will require significant new specimen collections to answer questions of host use, evolutionary relationships, and biogeography.
HISTOLOGIC MATURATION IN BILATERAL WILMS' TUMOR

The phenomenon of maturation of a malignant to a benign neoplasm is definitely known to occur in only one pediatric tumor, namely neuroblastoma. In Wilma' tumor there is evidence of variation in the relative histopathologic make-up of the malignancy; however, there has been no description of maturation of Wilms' to a benign tumor, either with or without treatment. In our series of sixty-eight Wilms' tumors seen since 1956 we have nine patients with bilateral involvement. All were treated similarly, with surgical resection of the more involved kidney, radiation therapy to the resected kidney bed and contralateral tumor, and variable courses of vincristine, actinomycin D and adriamycin. Six of these patients are alive and well. In two of these six bilateral cases we have evidence of histologic transition to a benign rhabdomyoma in the residual mass. A third patient, dying as a result of concomitant progressive nephritis, showed autopsy evidence of residual rhabdomyoma. The capacity for maturation of bilateral Wilms' may have played a role in the favorable courses we have observed in our patients with bilateral disease. Further therapeutic research should explore the possible use of agents promoting maturation of transformed cells.
Content framework for operational environmental remote sensing data sets: NPOESS concepts

Over the history of remote sensing, the complexity and volume of data sets have increased unremittingly. The complexity of the data sets has led to the need for more descriptive metadata. The volume, resulting from both increased precision and range in the data sets, has led to the need for efficient data and portable handling techniques. Further, the precision calls for greater detail in describing and documenting the manner in which the data was collected and calibrated. This paper describes one view of the optimal product design for NPOESS requirements.
Total Synthesis of Geranylgeranylglyceryl Phosphate Enantiomers: Substrates for Characterization of 2,3-O-Digeranylgeranylglyceryl Phosphate Synthase

To determine the enantioselectivity of (S)-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase (DGGGPS) from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, we developed an efficient enantioselective route to the enantiomeric geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphates (R)-GGGP and (S)-GGGP. Previous routes to these substrates involved enzymatic conversions due to the lability of the polyprenyl chains toward common phosphorylation reaction conditions. The synthesis described herein employs a mild trimethyl phosphite/carbon tetrabromide oxidative phosphorylation to circumvent this problem. In contrast to previous results suggesting that only (S)-GGGP can act as the prenyl acceptor substrate, both (R)-GGGP and (S)-GGGP were found to be substrates for DGGGPS.
NEPTUNE: Transforming Ocean and Earth Sciences with Distributed Submarine Sensor Networks Wired to Next Generation Internet

Interactive, Internet-linked sensor-robotic networks are the next-generation approach to enabling long-term 24/7/365 surveillance of major remote or dangerous processes that are central to the habitability of our planet. The NEPTUNE ocean observatory program will be a leader in this approach. The observatory's 1400-mile network of heavily instrumented fiber-optic/power cable will convert a major sector of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate and its overlying ocean off the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia into an internationally accessible interactive, real-time natural laboratory reaching millions of users or viewers via the Internet. NEPTUNE is being designed to provide scientists, educators, policy makers, and the public with unprecedented forms of novel information about a broad host of natural and human-induced processes operating within the ocean basins. Data management and visualization challenges include handling large volumes of multidisciplinary data streams; assimilating real-time data into models; and providing data discovery and visualization tools that enable collaborative discovery by groups of researchers.
Abstract PR2: Stroma-derived matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) confers resistance to anti-EGFR therapy through cell-extrinsic activation of ERBB2/ERK/JUN pathway

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been studied historically for their role in tissue invasion and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment also produces MMPs that may influence other tumor behaviors, as recent mouse models suggest in the intestine and other sites. We examined MMP9 expression in 642 cases of human colorectal cancer (CRC) in relation to clinicopathological features and mutations. MMP9 antibody (Ab) unambiguously stained mesenchymal cells in 104 cases (16.2%) and gave weaker stromal staining in another 12.8%. High stromal MMP9 expression correlated most strongly with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP-high) in tumors (multivariate odds ratio – OR – 2.45, 95% confidence interval – CI – 1.41 to 4.27, p=0.0015) and also with absence of tumor KRAS mutations (multivariate OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.87, p=0.011). The latter association suggested KRAS allelic status as one reason for heterogeneity in CRC cell line responses to MMP9. Four out of 6 KRAS WT cell lines proliferated significantly more in the presence of exogenous MMP9, while 4 of 5 KRAS Mut lines failed to respond. This led us to ask if stromal MMP9 expression might predict the outcome of treatment with anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab, allowing KRAS WT tumors to bypass mAb blockade of EGFR-KRAS pathway activation. We retrospectively evaluated MMP9 expression by immunohistochemistry on primary tumors and progression-free survival (PFS) in 86 patients who had received chemotherapy combined with cetuximab as first-line or salvage therapy. Tumors from 29 patients (33.8%) harbored mutant KRAS. PFS of patients with MMP9 high ;KRAS WT tumors (median 3.5 months) was lower than that of patients with low or no stromal MMP9 expression and KRAS WT tumors (median 5.8 months, 95% CI for the hazard ratio 1.135-2.179). Patients with KRAS Mut tumors showed no significant difference in PFS with respect to MMP9 expression (2.55 months and 2.25 months in the MMP9 high and MMP9 neg/low subgroups, respectively). Thus, low stromal MMP9 expression in KRAS WT tumors predicted a better outcome with cetuximab treatment than high MMP9 expression. In CRC cell lines that grow faster in response to MMP9, this factor activates ERBB2 and ERK/JUN signaling. Together, these findings suggest that stroma-derived MMP9 may help tumors bypass common mutational mechanisms for constitutive growth factor pathway activation and confer resistance to anti-EGFR therapy through cell-extrinsic activation of the ERBB2/ERK/JUN pathway. Stromal MMP9 expression may thus predict cetuximab response in KRAS WT CRCs and have value in selecting patients for treatment. This proffered talk is also presented as Poster A26.
127 INFLUENCE OF AGE ON LAMB LEFT VENTRICULAR POSTERIOR WALL WEIGHT, ECHO THICKNESS, AND CONTRACTION-RELAXATION SEQUENCES

127 INFLUENCE OF AGE ON LAMB LEFT VENTRICULAR POSTERIOR WALL WEIGHT, ECHO THICKNESS, AND CONTRACTION-RELAXATION SEQUENCES
Surgical coronary revascularization in geriatric patients.

Surgical coronary revascularization, especially in geriatric patients, is technically demanding and requires careful patient selection, selection of type of procedure, and postoperative care. Recent advances in coronary revascularization, especially in the variety of minimally invasive approaches and beating heart surgery, has enabled surgeons to operate upon elderly patients with improved results.
Investigation of Domain Motions in Bacteriophage T4 Lysozyme

Abstract Hinge-bending in T4 lysozyme has been inferred from single amino acid mutant crystalline allomorphs by Matthews and coworkers. This raises an important question: are the different conformers in the unit cell artifacts of crystal packing forces, or do they represent different solution state structures? The objective of this theoretical study is to determine whether domain motions and hinge-bending could be simulated in T4 lysozyme using molecular dynamics. An analysis of a 400 ps molecular dynamics simulation of the 164 amino acid enzyme T4 lysozyme is presented. Molecular dynamics calculations were computed using the Discover software package (Biosym Technologies). All hydrogen atoms were modeled explicitly with the inclusion of all 152 crystallographic waters at a temperature of 300 K. The native T4 lysozyme molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated hinge-bending in the protein. Relative domain motions between the N-terminal and C-terminal domains were evident. The enzyme hinge bending sites re...
SU-E-T-460: Impact on Delivered Dose Accuracy of a Moving Target in Different Types of Plan

Purpose: To investigate the impact on delivered target dose of tumor motion inside of the lung. The delivered dose of a moving target was measured and compared among 3D conformal, low‐modulated IMRT, VMAT and high‐ modulated IMRT and VMAT plan.Method: A Dynamic Thorax Phantom (Model 008A) from CIRS Tissue Simulation & Phantom Technology was scanned using Philips CT scanner with both standard and 4D mode. The GTV, the implanted 3 cm target in the left lung of the phantom, was drawn based on both 4D CT MIP and standard CT mode. To simplify the process, PTV is the same as 4D‐GTV in this phantom planning study. The prescription is 2 Gy for one fraction and dose normalization is to isocenter, where the chamber (TN31014_00703 from PTW, Freiburg, Germany) located. Five different plans were generated using Pinnacle treatment planning system version 9.0 for 6 MV photon beams from Elekta Beam ModulatorLINAC with MLC leaf width of 4 mm. A measured chamber dose is compared to the calculated dose to the chamber volume. The volume of the target from 4D CT is compared to the volume detected from CBCT. Results: The chamber measurement shows the difference between measured and planned are −0.28%, 0.91%, −0.08%, 4.36% and 1.02% respectively. The volume of GTV from 4DCT is 32.5 cm3, 11.5 cm3 from standared and 23.7 cm3 from CBCT. Conclusions: An increased difference between measured and planned is observed with increasing modulation of the IMRT and VMAT plan. The difference in volume detected by daily CBCT and by 4DCT needs to be followed up and a guideline in daily IGRT needs to be worked out. More detailed studies with film dosimetry to address the effect in 2D dose distribution is underway.
Sensitizing Anthrax Lethal Toxin-resistant Macrophages to Lethal Toxin-induced Killing by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Abstract Macrophages from different inbred mouse strains exhibit striking differences in their sensitivity to anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx)-induced cytolysis. Although LeTx-induced cytolysis of macrophages plays an important role in the outcome of anthrax infection, the sensitivity of macrophages in vitrodoes not correlate with in vivo susceptibility to infection of Bacillus anthracis. This divergence suggests that additional factors other than LeTx are involved in the cytolysis of LeTx-resistant macrophages in vivo. We found that LeTx-resistant macrophages became sensitive to LeTx-induced cytolysis when these cells were activated by bacterial components. Tumor necrosis factor-α induced by bacterial components was a key factor that cooperated with LeTx in inducing LeTx-resistant macrophage death. Tumor necrosis factor-α/LeTx-induced death of LeTx-resistant macrophages was dependent on mTor (mammalian targetof rapamycin), but independent of caspases. Our data indicate that host responses to anthrax infection contribute to cytolysis of LeTx- resistant macrophages.
Standards for judgments of unilateral impairments in muscle strength.

A secondary analysis of a data base of isometric strength measures from 136 asymptomatic adults (50–79 years) was conducted to estimate the normal difference between dominant and nondominant side strengths. Measures of strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from 13 muscle actions were expressed as a ratio, dominant side strength:nondominant side strength. The ratios indicated that the dominant side was stronger on average but that the normal range of differences between sides could reach 23.2 to 40.2%, depending on the action. The findings do not provide much support for the convention of using a 10% difference in strength between sides to designate impairment.
Ethics and human reproduction: international perspectives.

Three moral principles provide the basis for analyzing ethical issues relating to human reproduction. The principle of liberty guarantees a right to freedom of action. The utilitarian principle defines Tightness for a society or group as the greatest good for the greatest number. And justice requires that everyone have equitable access to necessary goods and services. The principles are applied to family planning services, using demographic data and cultural facts from countries and regions throughout the world.
RENEWAL OF FATTY ACIDS IN THE MEMBRANES OF VISUAL CELL OUTER SEGMENTS

The renewal of fatty acids in the visual cells and pigment epithelium of the frog retina was studied by autoradiographic analysis of animals injected with tritiated palmitic, stearic, or arachidonic acids. Most of the radioactive material could be extracted from the retina with chloroform-methanol, indicating that the fatty acids had been esterified in lipids. Analysis of the extracts, after injection of [3H]palmitic acid, revealed that the radioactivity was predominantly in phospholipid. Palmitic acid was initially concentrated in the pigment epithelium, particularly in oil droplets which are storage sites for vitamin A esterified with fatty acid. The cytoplasm, but not the nucleus of these cells, was also heavily labeled. Radioactive fatty acid was bound immediately to the visual cell outer segment membranes, including detached rod membranes which had been phagocytized by the pigment epithelium. This is believed to be due to fatty acid exchange in phospholipid molecules already situated in the membranes. Gradually, the concentration of radioactive material in the visual cell outer segment membranes increased, apparently as a result of the addition of new phospholipid molecules, possibly augmented by the transfer from the pigment epithelium of esterified vitamin A. Injected fatty acid became particularly concentrated in new membranes which are continually assembled at the base of rod outer segments. This localized concentration was short-lived, apparently due to the rapid renewal of fatty acid. The results support the conclusion that rods renew the lipids of their outer segments by membrane replacement, whereas both rods and cones renew the membrane lipids by molecular replacement, including fatty acid exchange and replacement of phospholipid molecules in existing membranes.
Photon-decay modes of the giant dipole resonance in even- A Nd isotopes

The photon-decay modes of the giant dipole resonance (gdr) in the nuclei $^{142,146,148,150}\mathrm{Nd}$ were investigated via elastic and inelastic photon scattering. Considerable inelastic scattering was seen into the first excited state of each nucleus. In $^{148}\mathrm{Nd}$ and $^{150}\mathrm{Nd}$, scattering into several higher levels was also resolved and found to be quite weak. The data are interpreted in the context of both the dynamic collective model and interacting boson model. In these models, the photon decays of the gdr to excited states are a consequence of the coupling between the giant resonance and collective surface degrees of freedom, such as rotations and vibrations. The present data provide the first experimental test of the photon-decay predictions of these models across an entire transitional chain. Both models give an excellent account of the data.
Stage II Sleep Alters Infants' Short Latency Somatosensory Evoked Potentials

To evaluate the effects of stage II sleep on short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SLSEP) to median nerve stimulation, we studied 16 normal infants from two to twelve months of age. SLSEP were recorded during waking and stage II sleep. Four channels of parasagittal EEG and behavioral observations were used to classify states. Compared with SEP in the waking state, cerebral potentials in stage II sleep were of much lower amplitude, even vanishing entirely in several infants. In addition, the change from waking to stage II sleep produced significantly longer latencies of the peaks N1, P1, and P2. We suggest performing SLSEP in infants in the waking state in order to assess cerebral somatosensory function.
A Binned Approach to Cloud-Droplet Riming Implemented in a Bulk Microphysics Model

Abstract This paper presents the development and application of a binned approach to cloud-droplet riming within a bulk microphysics model. This approach provides a more realistic representation of collision–coalescence that occurs between ice and cloud particles of various sizes. The binned approach allows the application of specific collection efficiencies, within the stochastic collection equation, for individual size bins of droplets and ice particles; this is in sharp contrast to the bulk approach that uses a single collection efficiency to describe the growth of a distribution of an ice species by collecting cloud droplets. Simulations of a winter orographic cloud event reveal a reduction in riming when using the binned riming approach and, subsequently, larger amounts of supercooled liquid water within the orographic cloud.
Fluidic Control of Separation Over a Hemispherical Turret

Active control of flow separation over a hemispherical turret, that is, a surface-mounted hemispherical shell, is demonstrated in wind-tunnel experiments at Reynolds numbers up to 706,000. Control is applied using high-frequency(St D ) > 10) actuation effected by a meridional array of individually addressable synthetic jet actuators. The control effectiveness is assessed and characterized using high-resolution particle image velocimetry, hot-wire anemometry, and surface pressure distributions. Measurements of the baseline flow indicate that separation occurs in a horseshoe pattern across the hemisphere with the apex at the plane of symmetry. High-frequency actuation results in a substantial reduction in the extent of the recirculating flow domain downstream of the turret by delaying separation, decreasing the reattachment length, and concomitantly suppressing the energy of the fluctuating motions. As a consequence, the core of the recirculating vortex is displaced toward the juncture between the hemisphere and the surface and its cross-sectional area is substantially diminished. Furthermore, the estimated turbulent kinetic energy in the controlled flow is decreased significantly, especially at the large scales. Deliberate tripping of the flow just upstream from the actuators' array improves the spanwise control authority. It is also demonstrated that the motions within the recirculating domain can be regularized by amplitude modulation of the actuation waveform, thereby inducing large-scale coherent motions that have externally referenced phase and passage frequency, which would make them suitable for adaptive optical corrections.
Optimal primer selection for clonality assessment by polymerase chain reaction analysis III. Intermediate and high-grade B-cell neoplasms

Abstract Previous studies have reported that low-grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders have variable B-cell monoclonality detection rates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. For instance, monoclonal B-cell populations from chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma are most often readily amplified with a single primer pair, whereas follicular lymphomas and plasma cell neoplasms require alternative strategies to approach these higher diagnostic sensitivity standards. Because most published reports have not focused on the variation in PCR B-cell monoclonality detection among subtypes of intermediate and high-grade B-cell neoplasms, additional information is necessary to determine primer selection strategies and identify problematic tumor subtypes within this group. The current investigation, the third part in a series, was aimed at documenting the efficiency of B-cell monoclonality detection by PCR in 71 aggressive B-cell neoplasms of various types using a comprehensive approach. A predetermined panel of primer sets was used in an algorithmic fashion. Specifically, all samples were analyzed with the standard VH-FRIII/JH assay previously shown to have the highest efficiency of monoclonality detection within low-grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Negative samples were further evaluated with primer sets in the following order until a positive result was observed, or all primer sets were used: (1) bcl-2 /JH, (2) VH-FRI family specific/JH, and (3) VH-FRI consensus/JR. Forty-three (61%) of the 71 B-cell neoplasms evaluated with VH-FRIII/JH showed monoclonal B-cell populations. Sequential use of the three reserve primer sets in samples negative with this initial primer pair resulted in an overall improvement in PCR detection from 61% to 82% (58 of 71 specimens) ( P P > .25]); diffuse large cell lymphoma, 33 specimens (I = 52% to F=85% [ P P
Globally optimal maneuver of distributed systems

This paper examines the globally optimal maneuver of distributed systems undergoing large overall rigid-body motion and small relative elastic motion. Using floating coordinates the rigid-body motion and the elastic motion are decoupled thereby allowing the globally optimal maneuver problem to be separated into components associated with the rigid-body and elastic motions. The maneuvers are performed using distributed maneuvering forces based on modal measurements. The modal measurements are extracted from the physical measurements using modal filters. Rest-to-rest maneuvers of a uniform beam illustrate the decentralized nature of the globally optimal solutions.
Exercise, fluid, and nutrition recommendations for the postgastric bypass exerciser.

UNLABELLED To review the literature for nutritional, fluid, and exercise recommendations in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. DATA SOURCES PubMed (1980 - October 2008). The bibliographies of selected literature were reviewed for additional sources. A systematic review of the literature is presented. There is little high-quality evidence to support any recommendations currently. Most recommendations are expert opinion. Nutritional deficiencies are common. Routine screening and nutrient replacement is adequate for most deficiencies. Increased physical activity before surgery is associated with improved quality of life. Walking is adequate as a primary activity after surgery. Pedometers may serve as a useful tool to help guide exercise recommendations. There is need for further research upon specific exercise recommendations.
A Novel Approach for Toe Off Estimation During Locomotion and Transitions on Ramps and Level Ground

Identification of the toe off event is critical in many gait applications. Accelerometer threshold-based algorithms lack adaptability and have not been tested for transitions between locomotion states. We describe a new approach for toe off identification using one accelerometer in over ground and ramp walking, including transitions. The method uses invariant foot acceleration features in the segment of gait, where toe off is probable. Wavelet analysis of foot acceleration is used to derive a unique feature in a particular frequency band, yielding estimated toe off occurrence. We tested the new method for five conditions: over ground walking (W), ramp ascending (RA), ramp descending (RD); transitions between states (W-RA, W-RD). Mean absolute estimation error was 17.4 ± 12.5, 13.8 ± 8.5, and 22.0 ± 16.4 ms for steady states W, RA, and RD, 20.1 ± 15.5, and 17.1 ± 13.7 ms for transitions W-RA and W-RD, respectively. Algorithm performance was equivalent across all pairs of transition and locomotion state except between RA and RD ( $p = 0.03$ ), demonstrating adaptability. The db1 wavelet outperformed db2 across states and transitions $(p . The presented algorithm is a simple, robust approach for toe off detection.
Brazilian logistics: a time for transition

Este artigo descreve as dimensoes da logistica usadas por empresas de classe mundial para diferenciar suas capacidades em relacao aos concorrentes. Estas dimensoes, que tem sido identificadas por meio de pesquisa internacional, produzem empresas com excelencia logistica. Tais dimensoes sao aqui apontadas e descritas. Usando estas dimensoes como base, o artigo desenvolve as implicacoes para os gerentes de logistica brasileiros ao serem requisitados para a transicao a um nivel de classe mundial de desempenho logistico.
Few body problems in atomic and molecular physics

Abstract In this article, I present a short summary and review of recent developments in the application of traditional few-body methods to atomic and molecular physics, proffering selective examples which demonstrate the new insights being obtained in the description of processes occurring in these areas of few-body physics.
The Nucleocapsid of Hepatitis B Virus Is Both a T-Cell-Independent and a T-Cell-Dependent Antigen

One characteristic of the immune response during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans is the vigorous production and subsequent persistence of antibodies of immunoglobulin (Ig) classes M and G to the nucleocapsid antigen (HBcAg). In this study HBcAg was shown to be similarly immunogenic in mice. When injected into athymic (nude) B10.BR and athymic BALB/c mice, HBcAg induced IgM and IgG class antibodies to HBc in spite of the absence of T cells in nude mice. In euthymic mice, HBcAg efficiently stimulated T-cell proliferation in vitro and helper T-cell function in vivo. The dual functions of HBcAg as a T-cell-independent and a T-cell-dependent antigen may explain its enhanced immunogenicity. Denaturation of HBcAg yields a nonparticulate antigen designated HBeAg; when HBeAg was used as the immunogen, antibody production required helper T-cell function. Although HBcAg and HBeAg are serologically distinct, they are structurally related, and in these experiments were highly cross-reactive at the T-cell level. These results suggest that the elevated levels of IgM antibodies to HBc and the enhanced immunogenicity of HBcAg during HBV infection in humans reflect the ability of HBcAg to directly activate B cells to produce antibodies to HBc in the presence or absence of HBcAg- or HBeAg-sensitized T cells.
An attempt to reconcile subsidence rates determined from various techniques in southern Louisiana

Abstract Subsidence rates determined from geodetic releveling observations since 1920 in southern Louisiana are consistently higher than subsidence rates determined from radiocarbon data in the same region over Holocene timescales. Radiocarbon-based subsidence rates are similar to numerically modeled shallow sedimentary compaction rates at similar timescales, while recent geodetic observations are an order of magnitude higher. Possible explanations for the dramatic recent increase in regional subsidence rates suggested by the geodetic data that are considered here include: (1) a recent increase in regional contributions from faulting; (2) the recent contribution of a regional, high-impact process such as fluid withdrawal; (3) accuracy in one or more of the datasets; and (4) a strong dependence of subsidence rates upon the time frame over which different techniques are used. Faulting and regional groundwater withdrawals appear insufficient to explain the high regional geodetic rates. The contribution of regional depressurization from deep fluid withdrawals remains unknown. Estimate errors are likely smaller than the magnitude of the discrepancies between rates from different datasets. Observations of subsidence rates may be biased by measurement duration.
Carbon Distribution from the Pyrolysis of Tire-Derived Fuels

Products from the pyrolysis of tire-derived fuels (TDFs) were investigated with various analytical techniques and under various final pyrolysis temperatures and heating rates. The pyrolytic products are classified as char (solid product), pyrolysis oil (liquid), and gas. Principal functional groups of the TDF and pyrolysis oil were confirmed by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ ATR). The byproducts in the pyrolysis oil fraction were individually quantified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major products are one- and two-ring methyl-substituted aromatic isomers. Byproduct formation mechanisms of TDF pyrolysis were hypothesized based on the products identified. The mechanisms for aromatic hydrocarbons formation were found to be associated with polymer degradation, methyl displacement, and the Diels-Alder reactions. Our study indicated that GC-MS coupled with FT-IR is sufficient to investigate the semivolatile and volatile organic species from the decomposition of complex polymeric materials such as tires.
Tensile Strain Capacity Equations for Strain-Based Design of Welded Pipelines

Various industry efforts are underway to improve or develop new methods to address the design of pipelines in harsh arctic or seismically active regions. Reliable characterization of tensile strain capacity of welded pipelines is a key issue in development of strain-based design methodologies. Recently, improved FEA-based approaches for prediction of tensile strain capacity have been developed. However, these FEA-based approaches require complex, computationally intensive modeling and analyses. Parametric studies can provide an approach towards developing practical, efficient methods for strain capacity prediction. This paper presents closed-form, simplified strain capacity equations developed through a large-scale 3D FEA-based parametric study for welded pipelines. A non-dimensional parameter is presented to relate the influence of flaw and pipe geometry parameters to tensile strain capacity. The required input parameters, their limits of applicability and simplified equations for tensile strain capacity are presented. The equations are validated through a comprehensive full-scale test program to measure the strain capacity of pressurized pipelines spanning a range of pipe grades, thickness, weld overmatch and misalignment levels. It is shown that the current simplified equations can be used for appropriate specification of weld and pipe materials properties, design concept selection and the design of full-scale tests for strain-based design qualification. The equations can also provide the basis for codified strain-based design engineering critical assessment procedures for welded pipelines.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Use of arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure as indirect objective physiologic markers to predict aspiration.

If an indirect bedside variable can reliably predict whether an objective instrumental dysphagia evaluation is needed, time and money can be saved without compromising patient care. To date, the search for a reliable indirect subjective marker of aspiration has not been successful. However, research on indirect objective markers of aspiration is alluring. The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes, if any, in the physiologic parameters of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, and blood pressure during simultaneous objective confirmation of aspiration status with Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES®). Sixty adult subjects were divided into 4 groups of 15. Group 1 did not require supplemental oxygen and did not aspirate. Group 2 did not require supplemental oxygen and exhibited aspiration. Group 3 required supplemental oxygen and did not aspirate. Group 4 required supplemental oxygen and exhibited aspiration. Simultaneous SpO2, heart rate, and blood pressure measurements were collected at 1-min intervals, i.e., pre-FEES baseline for 5 min; during FEES; and post-FEES for 5 min. Results indicated no significant differences in SpO2 levels based on aspiration status or oxygen requirements for any of the 4 groups. A consistent pattern of higher heart rate values during FEES and continuing for 5 min post-FEES was observed for all 4 groups. A consistent pattern of higher blood pressure values during FEES and then lower blood pressure values post-FEES was observed for all 4 groups. It was concluded that the use of changes in SpO2, heart rate, or blood pressure values as indirect objective markers of aspiration was not supported.