cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat-tiger moth arms race.

The night sky is the venue for an ancient arms race. Insectivorous bats with their ultrasonic sonar exert an enormous selective pressure on nocturnal insects. In response insects have evolved the ability to hear bat cries, to evade their hunting maneuvers, and some, the tiger moths (Arctiidae), to utter an ultrasonic reply. We here determine what it is that tiger moths “say” to bats. We chose four species of arctiid moths, Cycnia tenera, Euchaetes egle, Utetheisa ornatrix, and Apantesis nais, that naturally differ in their levels of unpalatability and their ability to produce sound. Moths were tethered and offered to free-flying naive big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus. The ability of the bats to capture each species was compared to their ability to capture noctuid, geometrid, and wax moth controls over a learning period of 7 days. We repeated the experiment using the single arctiid species E. egle that through diet manipulation and simple surgery could be rendered palatable or unpalatable and sound producing or mute. We again compared the capture rates of these categories of E. egle to control moths. Using both novel learning approaches we have found that the bats only respond to the sounds of arctiids when they are paired with defensive chemistry. The sounds are in essence a warning to the bats that the moth is unpalatable—an aposematic signal.
Designing a framework for active worm detection on global networks

Past active Internet worms have caused widespread damage. Knowing the connection characteristics of such a worm very early in its proliferation cycle might provide first responders with an opportunity to intercept a global scale epidemic. We are presenting a scalable framework for detecting, in near-real-time, active Internet worms on global networks, both public and private. By aggregating network error messages resulting from failed attempts at packet delivery, we are able to infer deviant connection behavior of hosts on interconnected networks. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides such error notification. Using a potentially unlimited number of collectors and analyzers, we identify 'blooms' of activity. The connection characteristics of these 'blooms' are then correlated to identify worm-like behavior, and an alert is raised. Promising results have been produced with a simulated Internet worm, demonstrating that new worms can be detected within the first few minutes after release, depending on the level of participating router coverage.
Rapid analysis of DNA strand breaks in soft tissues

A technique was developed to measure rapidly DNA strand breaks in soft tissues. This method measured the rate of alkaline unwinding of DNA, which was proportional to strand breakage. Alkaline unwinding of DNA was done by treating tissue homogenates with NaOH. Single-stranded DNA was removed by extraction with aqueous phenol. DNA unwinding was quantitated by measuring the remaining double-stranded DNA. Using the described technique, a dose-effect relationship was observed between N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and alkaline unwinding of mouse liver DNA.
Developing a Quality System for Quantitative Laboratory-Developed Tests

Abstract Users of laboratory-developed assays face many challenges. In addition to designing an assay, collecting specimens for validation, and completing the validation, they must also design and implement a quality system to ensure continued performance of the assay. The situation is even more complex when dealing with a quantitative assay. This article presents some considerations for navigating the world of quantitative laboratory-developed assays and proposes a paradigm for developing a quality system for these assays.
Origin of lymph node-derived lymphocytes in human hepatic allografts.

Hepatic allograft-derived lymph nodes were examined in the post-transplant period on order to determine the origin of lymphocytes and structural elements of the lymph node. Histologic assessment and immunohistochemical studies verified that T-cell infiltration of donor lymph nodes by recipient-derived lymphocytes occurred early in the post-transplant period. These T cells bore T-cell activation markers, e.g. TAC receptor and HLA-DR antigens. In addition, functional analysis demonstrated alloreactive T cells in secondary proliferation assays. The pattern of alloreactivity in these assays was dependent upon the phenotypic make-up (and therefore origin) of the lymphocytes within the lymph node. A gradual shift in predominance of donor-derived lymphocytes to recipient-derived lymphocytes occurred, but even late in the post-transplant course the stromal elements and a residium of lymphocytes within the lymph nodes continued to bear donor HLA antigens. The possible role of these “passenger” lymphocytes in allograft immunity is discussed.
Partitioning of Printing Ink Solvents Between Cookie Ingredients and Air Before and After Baking

Partitioning (Kp) of printing ink solvents was studied in individual ingredients of cookies with different fat and water content. Structure and moisture changes in ingredients during baking at 260°C for 10 min caused some changes of migration behavior. Kp of toluene and hexane in high fat samples generally remained unchanged but Kp of polar solvents ethyl acetate, isopropanol, and methyl ethyl ketone decreased with decreases in water. Increases in crystallinity diminished Kp values. The order of affinity could be predicted by Hildebrand solubility parameter (δ) value differences between ingredients and non-polar solvents, but predictions for polar solvents were influenced by changes in water content.
CASE STUDY: Effects of a direct-fed microbial on finishing beef cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and in vitro fermentation

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of BeefPro (CE however, steers fed BeefPro tended (P = 0.10) to have a greater carcass-adjusted final BW. Steers fed BeefPro tended (P 0.55) did not differ between treatments on a live-weight or carcass-adjusted basis. In the in vitro study, the same treatments as in the performance study were used in high-concentrate substrates to determine IVDMD and gas production kinetics. Neither gas production kinetics nor IVDMD was altered by BeefPro at 21.2 mg/kg of DM compared with control (P ≥ 0.10). Although in vitro data did not provide evidence of alterations in ruminal fermentation by including BeefPro in substrates, feedlot performance data suggest that BeefPro, when fed daily at a dose of 200 mg per steer, can have positive effects on DMI and ADG of finishing beef cattle.
Predictive Validity of the Test of Infant Motor Performance as Measured by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency at School Age

Background and Purpose. As the survival rate of infants who are born prematurely increases, the need for accuracy in early identification and prediction of developmental outcome in these infants is imperative. This study examined the predictive validity of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) and the relationship between perinatal risk and motor performance in children who are of school age. Subjects and Methods. A stratified, random sample of 35 children was selected from subjects who had been examined using the TIMP and the Problem-Oriented Perinatal Risk Assessment System (POPRAS). The subjects were between 32 weeks gestational age and 4 months postterm (mean age=10 days postterm). The stratification was based on age at the time of TIMP administration (AGE) and on POPRAS scores. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) was administered to the children at a mean age of 5.75 years. Predictive values were calculated and correlation and regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between the TIMP and POPRAS scores and the BOTMP score. Results. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve and a cutoff z score of −1.6, the TIMP's sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were .50, 1.00, 1.00, and .87, respectively. The correlation between TIMP and BOTMP scores, with AGE controlled, was .36, and the correlation between POPRAS and BOTMP scores was −.55. Thirty-seven percent of BOTMP variance was accounted for collectively by POPRAS scores, TIMP scores, and AGE. Discussion and Conclusion. The TIMP and POPRAS may be viable instruments that can be used together to identify infants who are at risk for poor long-term motor performance.
Relapse Prevention as an Appropriate Model for the Treatment of Sexual Harassers

There are several important similarities among sexual harassment and sexual offending which support the adaptation of the RP model to sexual harassers. First and foremost, they can be viewed as problems of self-control. Second, sexual harassers are more likely to sexually harass certain people in certain situations, thus an analysis of high-risk situations is appropriate. Third, research has indicated that cognitive distortions and the problem of immediate gratification (PIG) are issues in both sexual offending and sexual harassment. Fourth, both sexual harassment and sexual offending result in significant victimization of another individual, and thus victim empathy may be a point of intervention. Furthermore, there may be an element of fantasy to sexual harassment (Sandberg & Marlatt, 1989). Finally, another similarity for sexual harassment and sexual abuse is seen in the definitions of lapses and relapses. In both sexual harassment and abuse, a lapse can be defined as engaging in behavior related fantasy, willful elaboration, a formulation of a plan of action or engaging in the undesired behavior. A relapse would be the overt undesired behavior or a return to “baseline” or pre-treatment levels of function.
The Determinants of State Legislator Support for Restrictive Voter ID Laws

We examine state legislator behavior on restrictive voter identification (ID) bills from 2005 to 2013. Partisan polarization of state lawmakers on voter ID laws is well known, but we know very litt...
Analysis on Small-Medium firms' Technical Compatibility of Imitation Strategy

The paper describes the technology imitation behavior by introducing the efficiency coefficient of imitation,converts the compatibility cost to endogenous cost of imitation and degree of compatibility.From the point of the compatibility,this paper analyzes the compatibility choice in the course of improving quality of product by imitation strategy in the market with network externalities.Results show that in the premise of indistinctive effect of imitation,small-medium firms are inclined to choose compatibility in order to share installed base for the sake of reducing the gap between large-scale firms and themslves.When efficiency of imitation satisfies the definite condition,there is the optimal degree of technical compatibility,which maximizes the samll-medium firms' profit.
Primary Approach to Effect and Significance of Distance Education in Vocational Education of Editorial and Publishing Profession

According to the requirement of The State Press and Publication Administration,stuffs in publishing profession must undertake continuous education and post training of editorial and publishing profession.However,heavy publication tasks restrict editors to be released from production to take on learning.There is shortage of pertinence and practicability in traditionally vocational education so that it will influence the effect of continuous education and post training.The contradiction mentioned above can be solved by distance education on line to improve and spread the effect and significance of vocational education in editors.
Nutritional evaluation of poultry by-product meal as a protein source for ruminants: effects on performance and nutrient flow and disappearance in steers.

We conducted three studies with steers to evaluate poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a supplemental N source for ruminants. An in situ study compared the solubility, degradation rate, and ruminal escape of PBM N with blood meal (BM), corn gluten meal (CGM), and soybean meal (SBM) N. Additionally, an 84-d growth study (n = 95, 228+/-5 kg BW) and a digestion trial (6 x 6 Latin square) were conducted. The basal diet for the growth and digestion studies consisted of 49% corn silage, 36% cottonseed hulls, and 15% supplement (DM basis). Sources of supplemental N (% of total supplemental N) were 100% SBM and 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% PBM, with urea used to balance for N. In situ ruminal escape N (25.2, 55.3, 86.7, and 98.9% for SBM, PBM, CGM, and BM, respectively) was greater (P .48) were observed in these variables for 100% PBM compared with 100% SBM. Duodenal N flow and small intestinal N disappearance increased linearly (P .19) by treatment; however, 100% SBM decreased (P < .04) bacterial CP synthesis (g bacterial N/kg OM disappearance from the stomach) compared with 0 and 100% PBM. In vivo ruminal escape N of PBM and SBM was 40.6 and 13.7%, respectively. Ruminal NH3 N decreased linearly (P < .001) as PBM increased. These data suggest that PBM can replace SBM as a source of supplemental N for steer calves that consume a diet based on corn silage and cottonseed hulls.
Impact of noise sources and optical design on defect sensitivity for EUV actinic pattern inspection

In this paper, we discuss the impact of various noise sources and optical design on defect sensitivity for bright field EUV actinic pattern inspection. The result shows that an optimum pixel size is needed to maximize the defect signal to noise ratio (SNR) to balance the impact of increasing signal strength and photon shot noise from defect signal and the background pattern intensity (mask layout image) and speckle noise from the mask blank roughness. Moreover, we consider defocus showing that the EUV mask phase effect has an asymmetric impact on pattern defect SNR’s throughfocus. The impact of defocus limits inspection performance based on defect SNR. Using critical defect sizes in a case study, we show the defect SNR performance of the limiting case and discuss the possibility to utilize the phase effect of EUV mask absorber to improve the defect SNR by introducing a nominal defocus into the inspection system. A 50% improvement on SNR is achieved by introducing a -50 nm nominal defocus into the bright field inspection system to operate at a higher defect SNR region.
CD34+ Cell Derived Macrophages Are Protected from HIV-1 Challenge by Intrabody-Mediated Reduction of CCR5.

Abstract The three main coreceptors that HIV-1 uses for viral entry are CD4 and the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and/or CCR5. Viral tropism dictates which chemokine receptors are used for viral entry. Naturally occurring CCR5 gene polymorphisms resulting in gene deletion (delta 32) results in loss of receptor expression and provides protection from CCR5 using viruses. There are no known deleterious effects of CCR5 loss in mice or in humans. The focus of our studies is to limit infection of myeloid cells by CCR5 using HIV-1s by decreasing CCR5 cell surface expression. We have successfully accomplished this by using HIV-1 vectors to deliver an intrabody directed against CCR5. The CCR5-specific intrabody gene, containing the endoplasmic KDEL sequence, produces a single chain antibody that sequesters CCR5 in the endoplasmic reticulum. We show that >= 93% of THP-1s, a myelomonocytic cell line, transduced with CCR5 intrabody genes stably expressed intrabodies for 6 months. Of cells expressing intrabody, CCR5 was decreased at least 80% on the cell surface. In macrophages derived from CD34+ cells, CCR5 gene expression was maintained at initial transduction levels throughout the 3-week culture period. Colony forming assays (CFU) were performed to assess the effect of intrabody expression on hematopoietic development. No differences were seen in numbers of CFU and colony types when comparing parental, control vector, and intrabody expressing cells (n = 3). To determine the level of protection afforded by CCR5 intrabody expression, macrophages were exposed to JR-FL, a CCR5 using HIV-1, at 0.3 and 0.51 multiplicity of infection. Cultures were maintained for 15 – 23 days and evaluated for p24, a measure of viral replication, at 3 – 8 day intervals. At the end of culture it was found that macrophages expressing CCR5 intrabody generated 42-, 57-, 52-fold less p24 as compared to parental and control vector containing macrophages. Thus, CCR5 intrabody expression drastically decreased viral load. Therefore, reduction of CCR5 through vector delivery of intrabody genes to CD34+ cells should reduce the likelihood of infection of myeloid cells, their function as viral reservoirs, and has promising therapeutic potential. Currently, studies are underway to evaluate this modality of treatment in humanized NOD/SCID mice.
Verbalizing the Rule in a Sorting Task: A Comparison of Normals and Retardates and Methods of Stimulus Presentation

Retardates with a mean MA of 6.3 and a mean CA of 12.8 were matched with normal MA and CA controls and presented with a multidimensional sorting task. The groups did not differ appreciably in number of trials to reach a sorting criterion; but probability of verbalizing the solution, once criterion was reached, was a direct function of age and IQ, with retardates being inferior to both Ma and Ca controls. For the younger normals, the successive method yielded more frequent verbalization of the correct concept than the simultaneous method, but this effect was not significant for the retardates. The relevant stimulus dimension also determined success in verbalizing the rule.
Towards an Interdisciplinary Focus on Sound in Ethnobiology Research

Research on perception and ecological knowledge in ethnobiology has primarily focused on sight, in tandem with taste, smell, and touch. Sound, however, has been largely neglected as a topical or methodological focus. This review addresses research in ethnomusicology and soundscape ecology to suggest how attention to sound could open new avenues and add value to ethnoecological research.
Recycling in Context

The recycling of metals is widely viewed as a fruitful sustainability strategy, but information on the degree to which recycling is actually occurring is limited in scope and detail. In this chapter we define various metrics for the recycling of metals and present current information on recycled content (RC), end-of-life recycling rates (EOL-RR), and old scrap ratios (OSR) for 60 metals of the periodic table. Because of growth in metal use over time, and because metal in-use lifetimes can be many years to several decades, many RC values are low and will remain so for the foreseeable future. In addition, because relatively low efficiencies often exist in the collection and processing of most discarded products, because of inherent limitations in recycling processes, and because primary material is often relatively abundant and low cost (thereby keeping down the price of scrap), many EOL-RR are very low but have the potential for improvement. Only 12 metals (Co, Fe, Mn, Nb, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Sn and Ti) have the EOL-RR above 50% at present. Only Nb, Pb and Ru have an RC above 50%, although 15 metals are in the 25–50% range. Thirteen metals have an OSR >50%. Improving recycling performance will be increasingly challenging as materials integration continues its rise.
Investigation of the role of von Willebrand factor in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Von Willebrand factor (vWF) has been implicated to function as a cofactor in platelet aggregation induced by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) plasma. To investigate further this role of vWF, we have used rabbit monospecific anti-FVIII/vWF antibodies and a monoclonal antibody to platelet glycoprotein Ib (GP Ib) that blocks the ristocetin- induced platelet aggregation. The monoclonal anti-platelet GP Ib antibody inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by ristocetin in the presence of normal plasma, but not that by any of the five TTP plasma samples. The TTP plasma samples from five patients were incubated with the monospecific antibodies to FVIII/vWF. In all of the samples, the FVIII/vWF:Ag was drastically reduced; however, there was almost no effect on the platelet-aggregating activity. Therefore, it is concluded that vWF is unlikely to play a major role in platelet aggregation induced by majority of TTP plasmas and that the site of platelet GP Ib, to which vWF binds in the presence of ristocetin, is not involved in TTP plasma-induced aggregation.
Passive Solar Heating in the United States of America and its Potential for Conservation of Conventional Energy Sources

In the past several years Americans have become increasingly aware of the difficulties and costs involved in securing reliable and plentiful sources of energy and in making investments to upgrade the efficiency with which energy is put to use in the residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors. Our continued dependence on imported sources of crude petroleum coupled with the current nuclear energy debate and the environmental uncertainties underlying large-scale coal development have stimulated the search, study, and commercialization planning of cost-effective renewable resource energy applications.
On the Expressiveness of ACP

De Simone showed that a wide class of languages, including CCS, SCCS, CSP and ACP, are expressible up to strong bisimulation equivalence in Meije. He also showed that every recursively enumerable process graph is representable by a Meije expression. Meije in turn is expressible in aprACP (ACP with action prefixing instead of sequential composition).
THE LOCATION OF CYTOCHROMES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the location of cytochromes in Escherichia coli. In a study discussed in the chapter, Escherichia coli, strain B, was grown, harvested, and the cell free extracts were made by grinding with alumina powder, and extracting with 0.005 M 2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropane-1:3-diol (tris) buffer pH 7.3 containing 0.01 M magnesium acetate. There is no evidence in bacterial cells for respiratory granules homogeneous in size and shape: the cytochromes are usually attached to granules of widely different sizes in the extracts and these granules probably derive from the breakdown of a larger structure, the cell membrane. Under some conditions, all the cytochrome system is bound to ghosts or cell membrane preparations, however, probably containing still some wall material. The ribonucleoprotein particles, which are uniform in size and seem to fill the bacterial cytoplasm, do not bear any cytochrome pigments. In E. coli extracts, granules bearing cytochromes can be separated from ribonucleoprotein particles. Moreover, the ghosts lysed in the presence of 0.01 M magnesium ions contain all the cytochromes of the cell.
Synthesis of a mixed cluster/binuclear compound. Electrochemical properties and X-ray diffraction structure of Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co2(CO)6}]

The tetrahedrane cluster Co3(Co)9(μ3-CCO2CH2C≡CH) reacts with Co2(CO)6 to furnish the pentacobalt compound Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co2(CO)6}] in high yield. Functionalization of the pendant alkyne group by Co2(CO)6 was ascertained by IR and NMR spectroscopies (1H and 13C), and the solid-state structure of Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co2(CO)6}] was unequivocally established by X-ray diffraction analysis. Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co2(CO)6}] crystallizes in the triclinic space group $${P\bar 1}$$ , a = 7.9674(5), b = 13.208(1), c = 13.3094(9) A, α = 76.257(6), β = 79.123(6), γ = 86.403(6)°, V = 1335.8(2) A3, Z = 2, and d calc = 2.016 g/cm3. The electrochemical properties of Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co2(CO)6}] were examined by cyclic voltammetry and the first reduction wave was found to be a reversible, one-electron reduction associated with the tricobalt moiety. No evidence for electronic communication between the Co3 and Co2 portions of the complex was observed. The results of extended Huckel MO calculations on Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co2(CO)6}] establish the nature of the LUMO in Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co2(CO)6}].
Insect-specific viruses: from discovery to potential translational applications

Over the past decade the scientific community has experienced a new age of virus discovery in arthropods in general, and in insects in particular. Next generation sequencing and advanced bioinformatics tools have provided new insights about insect viromes and viral evolution. In this review, we discuss some high-throughput sequencing technologies used to discover viruses in insects and the challenges raised in data interpretations. Additionally, the discovery of these novel viruses that are considered as insect-specific viruses (ISVs) has gained increasing attention in their potential use as biological agents. As example, we show how the ISV Nhumirim virus was used to reduce West Nile virus transmission when co-infecting the mosquito vector. We also discuss new translational opportunities of using ISVs to limit insect vector competence by using them to interfere with pathogen acquisition, to directly target the insect vector or to confer pathogen resistance by the insect vector.
Unraveling the Mysteries of Fog

Is fog the Rodney Dangerfield of the elements? It gets no respect from weather aficionados. When fog is in the forecast, do scores of “fog chasers” pile into their vehicles to travel hundreds of mi...
PTPN22 interacts with EB1 to regulate T cell receptor signaling

Abstract PTPN22 has been reported as an important negative regulator of T cell signaling. Here we identified EB1 as an associated protein of PTPN22 via 2-hybrid and mass spectrometry screening. Recently the phosphorylation of EB1 has been proved in the regulation of T cell receptor (TCR) mediated signaling pathway. Our results shown that PTPN22 interacted with EB1 through the P1 domain of PTPN22, and regulated the Y247 phosphorylation site of EB1. The subsequent results suggest that PTPN22 interacts with EB1 and regulate the phosphorylation of EB1, which results in the regulation of the expression of T cell activation markers of CD25 and CD69, and the phosphorylation levels of the T cell signaling molecules, such as ZAP-70, LAT and Erk, ultimately resulting in NFAT transcription factors entering the nucleus and regulating the secretion of cytokine IL-2. This newly identified interaction between PTPN22 and EB1 may play an important role in TCR signal pathways.
Abstract WP483: Clinical Social Work Perspective Positively Impacts Comprehensive Stroke Center

Background: The Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) scope of practice is similar to other healthcare providers in conducting assessments, providing diagnoses and recommending treatment plans. Th...
Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

Tubulointerstitial nephritis, indicating an inflammatory process in the tubulointerstitial compartment, is traditionally divided between acute and chronic diseases. In the pediatric intensive care unit, more commonly seen is a child with acute illness, who developed acute kidney injury. The etiologies of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis are divided between medications, infectious, immune-mediated, and others. Besides the increase in serum creatinine concentration, the clinical and laboratory findings are not specific, and the definitive diagnosis can be established only by kidney biopsy. The latter however is indicated only under special circumstances. No specific therapy is available, but treatment includes stopping the offending agent, corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents, and when indicated renal supportive therapy. Prognosis in general is good but some cases might be left with chronic renal damage.
Case Report and Review of Raoultella Planticola Urinary Tract Infection

This case report includes a brief review of Raoultella planticola infections in the literature and describes a case of a mildly immunocompromised patient who presents with signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection. Three days after hospitalization, the patient’s urine sample had a culture speciation of Raoultella planticola. The infection was found to be resistant only to ampicillin and the patient was subsequently started on amoxicillin/clavulanate upon discharge. Largely thought to be nonpathogenic, R. planticola infection is now believed to be opportunistic and a discussion of risk factors in this patient is reviewed.
Concordance between gene expression in peripheral whole blood and colonic tissue in children with inflammatory bowel disease.

Background Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are non-specific. We hypothesized that mRNA profiles could (1) identify genes and pathways involved in disease pathogenesis; (2) identify a molecular signature that differentiates IBD from other conditions; (3) provide insight into systemic and colon-specific dysregulation through study of the concordance of the gene expression. Methods Children (8–18 years) were prospectively recruited at the time of diagnostic colonoscopy for possible IBD. We used transcriptome-wide mRNA profiling to study gene expression in colon biopsies and paired whole blood samples. Using blood mRNA measurements, we fit a regression model for disease state prediction that was validated in an independent test set of adult subjects (GSE3365). Results Ninety-eight children were recruited [39 Crohn’s disease, 18 ulcerative colitis, 2 IBDU, 39 non-IBD]. There were 1,118 significantly differentially (IBD vs non-IBD) expressed genes in colon tissue, and 880 in blood. The direction of relative change in expression was concordant for 106/112 genes differentially expressed in both tissue types. The regression model from the blood mRNA measurements distinguished IBD vs non-IBD disease status in the independent test set with 80% accuracy using only 6 genes. The overlap of 5 immune and metabolic pathways in the two tissue types was significant (p<0.001). Conclusions Blood and colon tissue from patients with IBD share a common transcriptional profile dominated by immune and metabolic pathways. Our results suggest that peripheral blood expression levels of as few as 6 genes (IL7R, UBB, TXNIP, S100A8, ALAS2, and SLC2A3) may distinguish patients with IBD from non-IBD.
In MS: Immunosuppression is passé.

Abstract Importance Prolonged and significant alterations of the immune system by immunosuppression makes multiple sclerosis (MS) patients susceptible to opportunistic infections and malignancies over long periods of treatment. Observations A reasonable clinical and practical definition of immunosuppression is a temporary or permanent alteration of the body's immune system and subsequent lack of ability to fight infections and malignancies. Immunosurveillance is the sine qua non of the immune system. Immunosurveillance is the constant process by which the immune system looks for and recognizes foreign pathogens such as bacteria and viruses or pre-cancerous or cancerous cells in the body. Immunomodulation (a decrease or increase in pitch or tone – in this case a decrease) maintains immunosurveillance. Immunosuppression (quashing, stamping out) impedes immunosurveillance by one mechanism or another. Immunosuppressive agents need to be administered continually in order to maintain effectiveness. In contrast, immune reconstitution therapies (IRTs) are short course agents that are initially immunosuppressive but ultimately immunomodulatory and can provide significant decreased disease activity over time without retreatment. Conclusions and Relevance The goal of disease modifying therapies in MS is effectiveness over long periods of time with minimal risk. The preservation, reduction or elimination of immunosurveillance should be an important consideration in deciding on the optimal disease modifying treatments (DMT) for an individual MS patient. IRTs have the advantage of providing long term control of disease activity with short term immunosuppression followed by long term immunomodulation without retreatment. For most MS patients with mild or modest disease activity, initial immunomodulation followed by IRT for breakthrough disease may be the best option. In MS, immunosuppression may be passe.
Successful International Strategic Alliances

International strategic alliances are long-term, collaborative agreements in which two or more companies of different nationalities work as partners in one or more markets while competing in others. Strategic alliances have become quite popular for companies that are aspired to expand their marketing efforts internationally. Not all of these strategic alliances are successful. The purpose of this study is to identify the success factors for firms involved in international strategic alliances in high-technology industries. It is found that three factors “need” for the marketing, financial, management or technological resource which each partner is able to provide; the relative amount of resources each partner “commits” to the alliance; and the consequence of failure to the partners are important factors in determining the success of alliances.
Evolutionary Response to Resource Deprivation: Parallelism and Nonmonotonicity

Establishing reliable frameworks for predicting unknown outcomes from empirical observations is of great interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Strong predictability in evolutionary responses has been previously demonstrated by the repeated observation of similar phenotypes or genotypes across multiple natural or experimental populations in analogous environments. However, the degree to which evolutionary outcomes can be predicted across environmental gradients, or in fluctuating environments, remains largely unexplored. Presumably, the phenotypic evolution in an intermediate environment could be interpolated from the evolved phenotypes observed in two extreme environments, but this assumption remains to be fully tested. Here, we report on the experimental evolution of Escherichia coli under three nutritional transfer periods: every day, every 10 days, and every 100 days, representing increasing severity in feast/famine cycles. After 900 days of experimental evolution, populations experiencing intermediate durations of starvation had evolved longer times to reach maximum growth rate, smaller colony sizes, higher biofilm formation, and higher mutation rates than populations evolving in the other environmental extremes. Because the intermediately starved populations exhibit significantly high molecular parallelism, these distinct phenotypes are likely due to non-monotonic deterministic forces instead of increased stochastic forces commonly associated with fluctuating environments. Our results demonstrate novel complexities associated with evolutionary predictability across environmental gradients and highlight the risk of using interpolation in evolutionary biology.
Accounting Policy Changes and Misstatement Risk

We examine how various types of accounting policy changes affect financial misstatement risk and the ways auditors mitigate that risk. We find greater misstatement risk for both idiosyncratic and industry-wide accounting policy changes and that auditors play an important role in mitigating these risks in some situations but not others. Higher quality auditors appear to mitigate the misstatement risk from industry-wide changes, but not idiosyncratic changes. Misstatement risk is also mitigated when auditors communicate accounting policy changes through explanatory paragraphs and preferability letters and when they identify material weaknesses. Our evidence suggests that accounting policy changes are associated with a heightened risk of misstating the financial statements and auditors do not fully mitigate these risks in their audits.
Activation of the MAPK pathway mediates resistance to PI3K inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Inhibitors of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) that target the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway have revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Mutations associated with resistance to BTK inhibitors have been identified, but limited data are available on mechanisms of resistance to PI3Kδ inhibitors. Here we present findings from longitudinal whole-exome sequencing of cells from patients with multiply relapsed CLL (N = 28) enrolled in trials of PI3K inhibitors. The nonresponder subgroup was characterized by baseline activating mutations in MAP2K1, BRAF, and KRAS genes in 60% of patients. PI3Kδ inhibition failed to inhibit ERK phosphorylation (pERK) in nonresponder CLL cells with and without mutations, whereas treatment with a MEK inhibitor rescued ERK inhibition. Overexpression of MAP2K1 mutants in vitro led to increased basal and inducible pERK and resistance to idelalisib. These data demonstrate that MAPK/ERK activation plays a key role in resistance to PI3Kδ inhibitors in CLL and provide a rationale for therapy with a combination of PI3Kδ and ERK inhibitors.
Role of diet in the development and progression of erectile dysfunction

Abstract Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition that affects a large percentage of men and can have a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life. In addition to nonmodifiable risk factors, such as age, genetics, hormones, and inflammatory responses, Several modifiable risk factors have been associated with ED, including diet, exercise, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. Despite this modifiable component in the pathophysiology of ED, research into diet and lifestyle interventions for this condition has been fairly limited. This chapter will focus on the modifiable aspects of ED, including dietary components, such as dietary fats, sodium, red meat, vegetables, fruit, and nuts.
The Trade-offs of Domain Adaptation for Neural Language Models.

In this paper, we connect language model adaptation with concepts of machine learning theory. We consider a training setup with a large out-of-domain set and a small in-domain set. As a first contribution, we derive how the benefit of training a model on either set depends on the size of the sets and the distance between their underlying distribution. As a second contribution, we present how the most popular data selection techniques -- importance sampling, intelligent data selection and influence functions -- can be presented in a common framework which highlights their similarity and also their subtle differences.
Mössbauer characterization of the metal clusters in Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase VFe protein.

The VFe protein of alternative nitrogenase, isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii, strain LS15 and designated as Av1', has been investigated by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The Mossbauer spectrum of the dithionite-reduced Av1', recorded at 4.2 K with a 60-millitesla magnetic field applied parallel to the gamma-beam, is a superposition of three spectral components: 1) a complex spectrum (the M component) with magnetic hyperfine structures attributed to the paramagnetic FeV cofactor, 2) a component (the P component) consisting of three quadrupole doublets identifiable as the Fe2+, D, and S doublets similar to those observed for the P cluster pairs in MoFe proteins, and 3) a minor (4% of total absorption) quadrupole doublet attributable to adventitiously bound iron. The observed 4.2-K parameters for the Fe2+ (delta EQ = 2.99 mm/s and delta = 0.64 mm/s), D (delta EQ = 0.75 mm/s and delta = 0.63 mm/s), and S (delta EQ = 1.2 mm/s and delta = 0.65 mm/s) iron sites and their temperature dependence are very similar to those observed for the P cluster pairs in the conventional MoFe proteins. Similar to those of the MoFe protein, strong field spectra indicate that these doublets are associated with a diamagnetic system. Their percent absorption intensities (Fe(2+)/D/S = 13.0:32.2:6.8) determined at 4.2 K after the removal of the contributions from the adventitiously bound iron are comparable to those of the P cluster pairs in MoFe proteins. These observations established that Av1' also contains P cluster pairs that are identical, in both composition and quantity, to those of the MoFe proteins; i.e. each molecule contains two P cluster pairs and each pair is formed by two Fe2+, five D, and one S iron sites. Considering that 52% absorption of the P component corresponding to two 8Fe clusters, the remaining 48% absorption determined for the M component is consistent with two 7Fe-containing FeV cofactors/molecule of Av1'. The fact that both P cluster pairs are found in the diamagnetic states implies that the S = 3/2 and S = 1/2 signals detected in earlier EPR measurements are associated with the FeV cofactor and suggests a spin mixture for the FeV cofactor in the dithionite-reduced Av1'.
Latent Dirichlet Bayesian co-clustering

Co-clustering has emerged as an important technique for mining contingency data matrices. However, almost all existing co-clustering algorithms are hard partitioning, assigning each row and column of the data matrix to one cluster. Recently a Bayesian co-clustering approach has been proposed which allows a probability distribution membership in row and column clusters. The approach uses variational inference for parameter estimation. In this work, we modify the Bayesian co-clustering model, and use collapsed Gibbs sampling and collapsed variational inference for parameter estimation. Our empirical evaluation on real data sets shows that both collapsed Gibbs sampling and collapsed variational inference are able to find more accurate likelihood estimates than the standard variational Bayesian co-clustering approach.
Quantification of measurement error in DTI: theoretical predictions and validation

The presence of Rician noise in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) introduces systematic errors in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements. This paper evaluates gradient direction schemes and tensor estimation routines to determine how to achieve the maximum accuracy and precision of tensor derived measures for a fixed amount of scan time. We present Monte Carlo simulations that quantify the effect of noise on diffusion measurements and validate these simulation results against appropriate in-vivo images. The predicted values of the systematic and random error caused by imaging noise are essential both for interpreting the results of statistical analysis and for selecting optimal imaging protocols given scan time limitations.
Treatment of Acute Neuroleptic‐Induced Movement Disorders

Acute extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS), including dystonia, parkinsonism, and akathisia, are associated with the use of virtually all neuroleptic agents. They may be alleviated by reducing the neuroleptic dosage, switching to a lower-potency drug, or administering an adjunctive agent such as an anticholinergic, amantadine, benzodiazepine, or beta-blocker. Akathisia may be only partly dispelled by anticholinergics; alternatives are beta-blockers, benzodiazepines, and clonidine. In patients receiving long-term neuroleptic therapy, both the prophylactic use and the duration of treatment with concomitant anti-EPS drugs are controversial. Administration of prophylactic anti-EPS drugs should be based on the likelihood that the patient will develop EPS, as well as the risk of adverse reactions resulting from extended use of the agents in a specific patient. The decision to continue anti-EPS therapy should be reevaluated frequently, especially in elderly patients.
Lamivudine compared with newer antivirals for prophylaxis of hepatitis B core antibody positive livers: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

There is concern over the development of de novo hepatitis B in patients receiving liver transplants from hepatitis B surface antigen negative, hepatitis B core antibody positive donors. Current practice is to place such patients on indefinite lamivudine prophylaxis; however, there is a small risk of breakthrough infection and newer antivirals for hepatitis B are available. The objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of lamivudine compared with the newer agents, tenofovir and entecavir, in the prophylaxis setting using a Markov model. Three strategies were examined which consisted of either lamivudine or entecavir monoprophylaxis with tenofovir add-on therapy after breakthrough or tenofovir monoprophylaxis with emtricitabine add-on therapy after breakthrough. In the base case scenario, lamivudine was the most cost-effective option at a threshold of $100 000 per quality-adjusted life-year and this remained robust despite parameter uncertainty. Tenofovir had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $3 540 194.77 while other strategies were superior to entecavir therapy. Until drug costs decrease, lamivudine remains the most cost-effective option for hepatitis B prophylaxis in the liver transplant setting.
Diabetes Care for Emerging Adults: Recommendations for Transition From Pediatric to Adult Diabetes Care Systems

During childhood and adolescence, there is a gradual shift from diabetes care supervised by parents and other adults to self-care management. The actual change from pediatric to adult health care providers signals a more abrupt change that requires preparation by patients, their families, and their health care providers. A number of publications from the U.S. and other countries have highlighted substantial gaps in care during this transition period between pediatric and adult care that often arise in later adolescence and the subsequent developmental stage of life termed “emerging adulthood.” This is a critical time when patients not only assume responsibility for their diabetes self-care and interactions with the health care system but when they become more independent, potentially moving out of their parents’ home to attend college or to join the workforce (1). In the context of these transitions and the developmental issues of this age-group, gaps in diabetes care can result in suboptimal health care utilization, deteriorating glycemic control, increased occurrence of acute complications, emergence of chronic complications of diabetes that may go undetected or untreated, and psychosocial, behavioral, and emotional challenges. With the increasing incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood, there is an increase in the absolute numbers of youth with diabetes in this transition period, highlighting the need for a framework of care and education for this population and a call for additional research in this area. Substantial challenges relating to the transitional period include the following:
So Close Yet So Far: Integrating Global Strategy and Nonmarket Research

The reciprocal influence that market and nonmarket (governments and civil society organizations) actors exert on one another has grown more direct and forceful during the last decade. However, whether current global strategy research sufficiently accounts for nonmarket aspects of the global environment is still a contested issue. In this article, we provide some perspective to this debate through a three-pronged approach. First, we evaluate the extent to which international strategy articles published in business and management journals from 2001 to 2011 integrate market and nonmarket aspects of the global environment. Our study reveals limited advancement in this direction, albeit with some encouraging signs. Second, we illustrate the potential benefits of more integrative research by showcasing the new insights provided by three articles of recent publication that explicitly chose to investigate the interaction of market and nonmarket actors in the global context. Finally, we suggest new directions for theoretical and empirical integrative research.