cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intersectional Criminology: Interrogating Identity and Power in Criminological Research and Theory

Intersectional criminology is a theoretical approach that necessitates a critical reflection on the impact of interconnected identities and statuses of individuals and groups in relation to their experiences with crime, the social control of crime, and any crime-related issues. This approach is grounded in intersectionality, a concept developed from the tenets of women of color feminist theory and activism. To demonstrate how intersectionality is useful in criminology, this article reviews a sampling of feminist and critical research conducted on Black girls’ and women’s experiences with crime, victimization, and criminal legal system processes. This research demonstrates the interlaced social impacts of race, gender, femininity/masculinity ideals, sexuality, and socioeconomic class. This article also provides a basis for widely deploying an intersectional approach throughout the field of criminology across all social identities and statuses.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome: electromyography in a frequency domain analysis

The Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), has a multifactorial etiology and affects approximately 7 to 15% of the population, mostly women, youth, adults and active persons. PFPS causes anterior or retropatelar pain that is exacerbated during functional motor gestures, such as up and down stairs or spending long periods of time sitting, squatting or kneeling. As the diagnostic evaluation of this syndrome is still indirect, different mechanisms and methodologies try to make a classification that distinguishes patients with PFPS in relation to asymptomatic. Thereby, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the characteristics of the electromyographic (EMG) signal in the frequency domain of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) in patients with PFPS, during the ascent of stairs. 33 young women (22 control group and 11 PFPS group), were evaluated by EMG during ascent of stairs. The VMO mean power frequency (MPF) and the VL frequency 95% (F95) were lower in symptomatic individuals. This may be related to the difference in muscle recruitment strategy exerted by each muscle in the PFPS group compared to the control group.
Correspondence between electron binding energy and chemisorption reactivity of iron clusters.

New experiments in a fast-flow reactor have uncovered a strong correlation between the reactivity of free iron clusters and cluster ionization thresholds: Clusters with low thresholds efficiently add molecular hydrogen, and the relative rates of this reaction closely follow variations in cluster-electron binding energy. This correspondence can be understood in terms of a requirement for metal-to-hydrogen charge transfer in the activation of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ bond.
On the presentation and production of design research artifacts in HCI

This paper reviews diverse examples of "research through design" in HCI. Various forms and functions of design research artifacts are highlighted, including 3 general types: (1) operational design prototypes and products, (2) conceptual and material design studies and experiments and (3) design proposals. The role of both design artifacts and the research publication itself are highlighted. These roles are further explicated through the concepts of verbal articulation, design articulation, and concept-things. As concluding questions/provocations, the notions of thingly publications, pure design research, and making design research artifacts more public are offered for the HCI community and DIS conference in particular
Agonistic Behavior of the Northern Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys Leucogaster Breviauritus)

A study of agonistic behavior of captive northern grasshopper mice was made in enclosures measuring not less than 15 X 15 feet. Observations demon¬strated the pattern of aggression in both inter- and intraspecific encounters. Data showed that dominant-subordinate relationships were maintained by nonviolent agonistic encounters. A line of small burrows effectively marked the edge of the well defended territory.
Large amplitude oscillatory shear flows for a model of a thixotropic yield stress fluid

Abstract It has recently been shown that the PEC (partially extending strand convection) model of Larson is able to describe thixotropic yield stress behavior in the limit where the relaxation time is large. In this paper, we discuss the behavior of the model under an imposed periodic shear force τ ( t ) = A + B sin ( ω t - Φ ) . We identify regimes of fast, slow and yielded dynamics and discuss the overall behavior of the system in dependence of the parameters A , B , ω and Φ . The method of averaging turns out to be a crucial mathematical tool for the analysis. The scale of the period of the oscillation relative to the times over which yielding and unyielding occur has a crucial influence on the qualitative dynamics.
Using impact assessment study designs for addressing impacts to species of conservation concern

Impact assessments are a valuable tool for investigating the effects of human-induced and natural perturbations on ecosystems and wildlife, including species of conservation concern. The breeding range of the golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia), a federally endangered species, is located in a region with increasing development that includes housing, road construction and maintenance, and other land-use conversions; along with wildfire, oak wilt, and other disturbances. Although many of these actions are assumed to have deleterious effects on warbler occurrence or fitness, there is limited research directly investigating impacts of these activities to date. Many of these threats cannot be investigated within a fully manipulative study framework because it is rarely possible or even appropriate to replicate treatments. We conducted impact assessment studies investigating the effects of military training and highway construction on the warbler. We use these studies to provide examples that demonstrate how common challenges in investigating impacts can be addressed during planning and implementation by using alternative study design and sampling strategies to effectively assess the impact of perturbations on species of interest. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Vinylmetallics as ligands. V. Bis(triphenylphosphine)(vinyltrimethylsilane)platinum(0)

Abstract The preparation and some reactions of the compound, bis(triphenylphosphine) (vinyltrimethylsilane)platinum(0) are reported.
Association of size-resolved airborne particles with foot traffic inside a carpeted hallway

Abstract The effect of foot traffic on indoor particle resuspension was evaluated by associating non-prescribed foot traffic with simultaneous size-resolved airborne particulate matter (PM) concentrations in a northern California hospital. Foot traffic and PM were measured every 15 min in a carpeted hallway over two 27-h periods. The PM concentration in the hallway was modeled based on the foot traffic intensity, including the previous PM concentration via an autocorrelation regression method based on the well-mixed box model. All 5 size ranges of PM, ranging from 0.75–1 μm to 5–7.5 μm, were highly correlated with foot traffic measurements for both monitoring periods (p
The enzymatic neuron as a reaction-diffusion network of cyclic nucleotides

Recent evidence suggests that the cyclic nucleotides play a central role in the intracellular processing of neural signals. The dynamics of this system may be seen as a realization of the enzymatic neuron model. Enzymatic neurons are formal neurons which map binary afferent signals into patterns of excitation across an abstract membrane. The distribution of enzyme-like elements called excitases enables a set of local threshold functions to determine the firing activity of the neuron. This paper analyzes the basic properties of enzymatic neurons in a simple continuous-time framework, and shows how they may be presented as reaction-diffusion networks which model the cyclic nucleotide system. We present the results of computer simulations of this neuron and discuss its implications for selectional learning and its relation to conventional two-factor systems. One fundamental property of the reaction-diffusion neuron is its so-called “double-dynamics” property; examination of this property and its contribution to the computing power of the neuron provides some insight into the obscure relation between microscopic and macroscopic models of computation.
The Golden Code is Fast Decodable

The golden code is a full-rate full-diversity space-time code for two transmit antennas that has a maximal coding gain. Because each codeword conveys four information symbols from an M-ary QAM alphabet, a maximum-likelihood decoder based on a conventional sphere detector has a worst-case complexity of M4. In this paper we present a new algorithm for maximum-likelihood decoding of the golden code that has a worst-case complexity of only 2M3. We thus prove that the golden code is fast decodable, a fact that has evidently been overlooked in prior work. Furthermore, in contrast to the overlaid Alamouti codes, which are fast decodable on quasistatic channels but not on time-varying channels, the golden code is fast decodable on both quasistatic and rapid time-varying channels.
Benefits of anaemia treatment on cognitive function

The role of anaemia in the pathogenesis of abnormal cognitive function in haemodialysis patients is only partly understood. Several contemporary studies have assessed cognitive function in haemodialysis patients using neuropsychological and neurophysiological tests, comparing the results obtained over a wide range of haematocrits before and after treatment with epoetin. Of the neurophysiological tests, which measure electrical impulses from the brain in the presence or absence of specific stimuli, the cognitive event-related potential (ERP) has been particularly useful in evaluating this issue. Changes in amplitude (increase) and latency (decrease) of a specific wave form (P300) seen in the ERP correlate with improved cognitive function in haemodialysis patients following initiation of dialysis therapy. Similar effects are also evident when haematocrit is increased. Marsh et al. (Kidney Int 1991; 39: 155- 163) examined the effect of increasing haematocrit with epoetin therapy on the P300 amplitude and latency, and noted that after increasing haematocrit to 23.7-36% over 12 months with epoetin, P300 amplitude increased (P<0.025), and several neuropsychological test scores were significantly improved. Grimm et al. (Kidney Int 1990; 38: 480-486) found a significant decrease in P300 latency and statistically non-significant improvements in P300 amplitude when haematocrit was increased to 22.7 30.6%. Improvement in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and P300 latency has also been reported by others, including Sagales et al. (Kidney Int 1993; 44: 1109-1115). The effect of complete reversal of anaemia (haematocrits 31.6-42.9%) on cognitive function was recently revealed by Pickett et al. (Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 1122-1130), who found improvement in several cognitive ERP manoeuvres and a significant decrease in EEG slowing (P<0.02) at higher haematocrits. Taken together, these various studies suggest that graded increments in haematocrit following epoetin therapy have a progressive effect on improving cognitive function in haemodialysis patients.
Identification, psychiatric diagnosis, and preconsultation management of medical and surgical patients who eventually receive a psychiatric consultation.

Previous literature has raised the question as to why the identification by non-psychiatrists of psychopathology among inpatients does not lead to rapid psychiatric consultation requests. For patients who at some point received psychiatric consultation, charts from general medical (N = 62) and general surgical wards (N = 57) were examined for time of psychopathology recognition (documentation), length of hospital stay, time of psychiatric consultation, pre-consultation trial psychiatric management and psychiatric diagnosis. Of the total group, 66 per cent (N = 78) had documented recognition at admission, and of these recognized at admission, 54 per cent (N = 42) were referred early (in the first third) in their hospital stay. The combined group of patients with psychosis and neurosis were more likely to be recognized at admission, and given pre-consultation trial management, than the combined group of patients with personality disorder or transient situational disturbance. Once recognized at admission, th...
Using Empathy to Improve Intergroup Attitudes and Relations

Recently, social psychologists have given considerable attention to the possibility that empathy can be used to improve intergroup attitudes and relations. For this possibility to bear practical fruit, it is important to know what is meant by empathy because different researchers use the term to refer to different psychological states. It is also important to understand how each of these empathy states might affect intergroup relations by reviewing theory and research on the psychological processes involved, and it is important to consider the limitations of each form of empathy as a source of improved intergroup relations. Finally, it is important to consider the role of different empathy states in existing programs designed to improve intergroup relations, whether in protracted political conflicts, in educational settings, or via media. In this article, we pursue each of these goals.
Spinal Cord Compression and Myelopathies

Patients with signs and symptoms of acute myelopathy require urgent ­neurologic evaluation focused upon the identification and management of treatable disorders. MRI of the spine is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate for a compressive lesion. When cord compression is present, surgical treatment is usually indicated. When compression is not detected, an analysis of precise lesion localization, nonneurological clinical features, MRI findings, and serologic studies narrow the differential diagnosis. The key diagnostic considerations include demyelinating, vascular, inflammatory, infectious, and paraneoplastic disorders. Empiric high-dose corticosteroid treatment is often indicated in noncompressive myelopathy; additional investigations are important to identify patients with relapsing or progressive disorders who may benefit from preventive therapies. Patients whose symptoms continue to progress after initial immunosuppressive treatment may benefit from plasmapheresis and occasionally from biopsy for definitive diagnosis.
Transitioning Hispanic Seniors from High School to College

Hispanic seniors who were on track to graduate in May 2006 were invited to participate in a program to help them make a successful transition from high school to college. Data indicated that this group might benefit from direct assistance in the college application process. The goal of the intervention was to work with the identified students during the fall semester and to increase the number of Hispanic students who applied to college. The program was evaluated by comparing the number of Hispanic students who applied to college by May 1, 2005, to those Hispanic seniors who applied to college by May 1, 2006. There was a 5% increase in the number of Hispanic seniors who applied to college by May 1, 2006, compared to May 1, 2005. Additionally, there was a 16% increase in Hispanic students who applied to a college by January 2006 compared to the previous year.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and change in aortic valve calcium.

Methods: Rates of change in volumetric AVC scores were determined retrospectively for 123 patients who had undergone 2 serial electron beam computed tomographic scans. The mean (±SD) interscan interval was 2.5 (±1.7) years; 80 patients did not receive ACEIs and 43 received ACEIs. The relationship of ACEI use to median rates of AVC score change (both unadjusted and adjusted for baseline AVC scores and coronary heart disease risk factors) was determined. We also examined the relationship of ACEI use to the likelihood of and adjusted odds ratio for definite progression (AVC change 2 times the median interscan variability). Results: Unadjusted and adjusted median rates of AVC score change were significantly higher in the no-ACEI group than in the ACEI group (adjusted median AVC changes [95% confidence interval]: relative, 28.7%/y [18.9%-38.5%/y] vs 11.0%/y [�1.9% to 24.0%/y],P=.04; absolute: 25.1/y [19.7-30.5/y] vs 12.2/y [4.5-19.9/y], P=.02). The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for definite AVC progression was significantly lower for patients who received ACEIs (0.29 [0.11-0.75],P=.01). Conclusions: This retrospective study finds a significant association between ACEI use and a lower rate of AVC accumulation. The results support the need for prospective, randomized trials of ACEIs in calcific aortic valve disease. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:858-862
Factors affecting regression of mitral regurgitation following isolated coronary artery bypass surgery

Objective: Fate of MR following CABG is variable. Predictors of MR regression following CABG alone are not known. Methods: From our surgical registry, CABG patients with both pre-operative and post-operative resting echocardiograms at our institution were screened. Of the 523 patients identified, 92 had 3C (nZ65) or 4C (nZ27) MR on the pre-operative echocardiogram on a 0‐4 scale, who had isolated CABG. MR regression was correlated with clinical, operative, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables. Results: Patient characteristics: age 68G11 years, 62% male, and LVEF 37G15%. MR grade decreased from 3.3G0.5 to 2.3G1.2 post-CABG. Residual 3 or 4C MR post-CABG was present in 43 (47%) patients. Regression of MR (nZ49) was associated with reductions in LV end-diastolic (PZ0.006) and end-systolic (PZ0.0005) dimensions, improvement in LVEF (PZ0.01), longer cross-clamp time (PZ0.04), use of beta-blockers (PZ0.04) and lower presence of CVA as a possible marker of lower atherosclerotic burden (PZ0.03). There was a trend towards increased mortality (PZ0.3) with residual 3‐4C MR over a mean follow-up of 3.9 years. Conclusions: In nearly half of patients with 3‐4C MR, MR does not regress with CABG alone. Residual MR may be associated with increased mortality. Regression of MR is related to LV size reduction and improvement in LV function. Presence of myocardial viability, adequate revascularization, lack of excessive atherosclerotic burden and therapy with beta-blockers and ace-inhibitors may be critical for MR regression following CABG alone. Q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Measuring research benefits in an imperfect market: reply to Holloway

Voon's original claim (Voon, 1994) was that the benefits of generating through research a parallel shift in a monopolist's marginal cost curve exceeded the benefits from generating the same shift if the curve represented the market supply curve for a competitive industry. As we noted in a subsequent comment, this result was wrong, with Voon's error being due to the use of incmrect normalization procedures in his simu­ lation analysis. We further articulated the general principle that welfare from an innovation in a mono­ poly industry would be greater than in a structurally­ equivalent competitive industry if and only if the deadweight loss due to monopoly decreased as a consequence of that innovation. Finally, we opined that this condition will normally not be met in mono­ poly or other imperfectly competitive structures because, in seeking to capture benefits from the inno­ vation, a monopoly or oligopoly industry will generate less output expansion than would occur under perfect competition, thereby causing the deadweight loss to increase.
Physics and New York City

When I was approached by the editors of Physics in Perspective to prepare an article on New York City for The Physical Tourist section, I was happy to do so. I have been a New Yorker all my life, except for short-term stays elsewhere on sabbatical leaves and other visits. My professional life developed in New York, and I married and raised my family in New York and its environs. Accordingly, writing such an article seemed a natural thing to do. About halfway through its preparation, however, the attack on the World Trade Center took place. From my apartment house I watched as the South Tower collapsed. Writing about New York and the role it has played in the history of physics in the United States and the world has now taken on a very different meaning.
Police Patrol service optimization based on the spatial pattern of hotspots

Many algorithms have been developed to optimize police patrol services. Previous studies have mainly focused on determining the important locations (e.g., crime hotspots) and identifying important routes based on the topology of road networks. However, the impact of the patterns of hotspots on patrol route selections and the collective performance of patrol activities were rarely considered in these studies. In addition, some algorithms lack a mechanism to ensure the randomness in patrolling and some are not efficient enough for real-time applications. In this study, we propose an approach to determine sets of patrol routes, which can help to optimize the collective efforts of multiple patrol activity. In our approach, we integrate the Getis-Ord Gi* with the Cross Entropy approach to produce randomized optimal patrol routes. We also address how to ensure the randomness in the route identification using the Cross Entropy approach. Our results indicate that our approach can help to improve the collective performance of police patrol service and it is also efficient enough for real-time application.
Glucocorticoids Differentially Regulate the Expression of CRFR1 and CRFR2α in MIN6 Insulinoma Cells and Rodent Islets

Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3), member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptide hormones, is released from β-cells to potentiate insulin secretion. Ucn 3 activates the CRF type-2 receptor (CRFR2) but does not activate the type-1 receptor (CRFR1), which was recently demonstrated on β-cells. While the direct actions of Ucn 3 on insulin secretion suggest the presence of cognate receptors within the islet microenvironment, this has not been established. Here we demonstrate that CRFR2α is expressed by MIN6 insulinoma cells and by primary mouse and human islets, with no detectable expression of CRFR2β. Furthermore, stimulation of MIN6 cells or primary mouse islets in vitro or in vivo with glucocorticoids (GCs) robustly and dose-dependently increases the expression of CRFR2α, while simultaneously inhibiting the expression of CRFR1 and incretin receptors. Luciferase reporters driven by the mouse CRFR1 or CRFR2α promoter in MIN6 cells confirm these differential effects of GCs. In contrast, GCs inhibit CRFR2α promoter activity in HEK293 cells and inhibit the expression of CRFR2β in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells and differentiated C2C12 myotubes. These findings suggest that the GC-mediated increase of CRFR2α depends on the cellular context of the islet and deviates from the GC-mediated suppression of CRFR1 and incretin receptors. Furthermore, GC-induced increases in CRFR2α expression coincide with increased Ucn 3-dependent activation of cAMP and MAPK pathways. We postulate that differential effect of GCs on the expression of CRFR1 and CRFR2α in the endocrine pancreas represent a mechanism to shift sensitivity from CRFR1 to CRFR2 ligands.
Immunohistochemical localization of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor in human hypothalamus and brainstem.

We studied the distribution of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT-1) receptor using a polyclonal rabbit antibody in two human brains. AT-1 receptor immunoreactivity was detected in several hypothalamic nuclei, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, ventrolateral medulla, pontine nuclei, and inferior olivary nucleus. This provides direct evidence of neuronal localization of the AT-1 receptor in autonomic and motor areas in human brain.
Pidilizumab in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Introduction: The programmed death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint pathway is an emerging target in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Pidilizumab is an mAb that binds to PD-1 and is a safe and ...
Thermal effects in a dual-clad ytterbium fiber laser

We present experimental results of temperature tuning in a dual-clad ytterbium fiber laser. We varied the temperature of the fiber from 0 to 100 °C and found significant changes in operating wavelength, power, and threshold. Over this range, the wavelength shifted at a rate of 0.2 nm/°C, and the lasing threshold increased by a factor of 2.
Measuring the Composition of Voluntary Groups: A Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis.

Les AA. examinent des donnees collectees aupres de 128 groupes volontaires a partir d'une analyse multicaracteristiques-multimethodes. Ils s'attachent plus particulierement a l'etude des tailles, de la composition sexuelle, de la composition par âge et de la composition organisationnelle. Pour evaluer ces caracteristiques, les enqueteurs ont interroge un echantillon d'individus appartenant a ces groupes, en second lieu un de leurs dirigeants et enfin ils ont evalue ces caracteristiques par des mesures effectuees lors d'un congres. Ils montrent que les mesures sont sensiblement les memes
The Marian Tradition and the Reality of Women

After a brief explanation of the feminist theological perspective, this essay explores three critiques from that perspective of the marian tradition, highlighting ways in which the symbol of Mary has been used to the detriment of the full humanity and dignity of women. A reinterpretive move than examines three parallel possibilities for a new naming of Mary which would cohere with the full liberation of all human beings. No definitive resting point is arrived at, the conclusion being that a renewed theology of Mary will emerge only with renewed attitude and praxis regarding women in the churches.
Determinants of Analyst Following

This study explores analyst following of companies in terms of equity analysts' potential trading and underwriting revenues and costs. Using measures of equity securities trading, equity securities issuance, risk, corporate disclosure, insider and institutional ownership, and complexity, we develop a series of empirical models predicting the direction and significance of associations between these hypothesized determinants and analyst following and test these models by applying OLS regression analysis to 1996 data from about 200 operating firms. Our results are generally significant and in the directions predicted in our hypotheses. They suggest that analyst following is positively related to equity trading, equity issuance and corporate disclosure, and negatively related to risk, insider and institutional ownership (organizational structure) and complexity. However, we find that some results are highly sensitive to the specification of other variables in the models. This research extends prior work by modeling analyst following in terms of explicit trading and underwriting revenues and costs, by integrating a number of previously independently-studied determinants of analyst following, by applying an improved measure of firm complexity, and by assessing the sensitivity of estimated coefficients and relationships to the specification of the model.
The Two-Minute Radiologist

Brief patient encounters can be challenging for a radiologist on a busy service. We often meet patients for the first time (without the benefit of an established patient-physician relationship), break bad news to patients who are often more comfortable discussing difficult and stressful medical results with their primary care providers, and are asked management-related questions immediately following a brief review of complicated studies. Without dedicated clinic time, these encounters are often considered disruptive to the daily workflow. Our goal in this article is to increase awareness of some steps radiologists can take to make brief patient encounters more effectual and thus foster greater patient satisfaction. 2 It helps to start the conversation by explaining that radiologists play a different role than most clinicians and focusing our discussions on imaging findings and not on detailing the management plan. We outline 6 steps and 4 tips based on our personal experience with brief patient interactions that we found especially effectual.
News Shock and Long-Run Consumption Risk

I study the long-run consumption risk reflected in news shock, a shock to expectations about future productivity. I identify news shock using a structural Vector Autoregression analysis. News shocks cause persistent future consumption growth and explain a large share of consumption movements in the long-run. Consistent with the long-run consumption risk hypothesis, I find that news shocks have a significantly positive risk premium in the cross section of asset returns. I also find that news shocks explain the size premium.
Brain protection--human data and potential new therapies

Neuroprotective therapy for acute ischemic stroke is the focus of considerable animal and human research. Several agents have progressed through human clinical trials and hold great promise both as single agents and adjuncts to thrombolytic therapy. Cytoprotective therapy is aimed at interfering with the ischemic cascade in penumbral tissue in regions of reduced cerebral blood flow. The ischemic cascade involves failure of adenosine triphosphate-driven ion pumps and consequent cell swelling and lactate accumulation. The cascade continues to involve excitatory amino acid-mediated injury which involves calcium dysregulation. Human studies which have progressed from previous animal work have focused on inhibiting excitatory amino acid-mediated injury, preventing free-radical effects, and blocking intracellular accumulation of calcium. The clinical use of these neuroprotective agents is definitely on the horizon, while active research continues.
Patterned wafer geometry (PWG) metrology for improving process-induced overlay and focus problems

Prime silicon wafers are ideal substrates for lithographic patterning, with tight flatness specifications for focus control. Process engineers are painfully aware that in-process product wafers can substantially depart from this ideal substrate. Wafer processing can induce non-flatness leading to focus problems, or distort the wafer leading to overlay issues. Thus processes from outside the lithography sector can impact yield by ruining lithographic pattern quality. Double-sided optical interferometric metrology is the standard method to assess the flatness of blank silicon wafers. In the last several years, a similar Patterned Wafer Geometry (PWG) metrology tool is able to measure in-process patterned wafers. The apparent surface seen by an interferometer may be different than the true surface due to transparent thin films, a discrepancy that we call "false topography". Modeling results will demonstrate the use of a thin opaque film to reduce the problem. PWG metrology offers compelling advantages for the practical investigation of process-induced focus and overlay problems. The paper will include several examples of process learning from PWG metrology.
Ethnic Differences Among Assistant, Associate, and Full Professors at Texas 4-Year Universities

Examined in this study was the change in Black and Hispanic faculty employment at the Assistant, Associate, and Full Professor levels at 4-year universities (n = 36/39 universities) in Texas for the years 2003 and 2009. The number and percent of Black and Hispanic faculty members increased at all three levels of employment between the years 2003 and 2009. Although statistically significant increases were present at all levels except for Black Full Professors, the effect sizes reflected trivial increases. The rapid ethnic diversification of the student population at institutions of higher education in Texas has not been mirrored in its faculty.
Nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase activity modulates radiation-induced lung injury

Radiotherapy as a primary treatment for thoracic malignancies induces deleterious effects, such as acute or subacute radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Although the molecular etiology of RILI is controversial and likely multifactorial, a potentially important cellular target is the lung endothelial cytoskeleton that regulates paracellular gap formation and the influx of macromolecules and fluid to the alveolar space. Here we investigate the central role of a key endothelial cytoskeletal regulatory protein, the nonmuscle isoform of myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK), in an established murine RILI model. Our results indicate that thoracic irradiation significantly augmented nmMLCK protein expression and enzymatic activity in murine lungs. Furthermore, genetically engineered mice harboring a deletion of the nmMLCK gene (nmMLCK(-/-) mice) exhibited protection from RILI, as assessed by attenuated vascular leakage and leukocyte infiltration. In addition, irradiated wild-type mice treated with two distinct MLCK enzymatic inhibitors, ML-7 and PIK (peptide inhibitor of kinase), also demonstrated attenuated RILI. Taken together, these data suggests a key role for nmMLCK in vascular barrier regulation in RILI and warrants further examination of RILI strategies that target nmMLCK.
ON THE EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL IMPRINTING.

The idea that sexual imprinting may generate sexual selection and possibly lead to speciation has been much discussed in the ethological literature. Here the feasibility of three such hypotheses is investigated using mathematical models of sexual selection in which mating preferences are acquired through imprinting and hence dependent upon the parental phenotypes. The principal findings are the following. (1) Sexual imprinting reduces the likelihood of novel adaptive traits spreading through a population, except in some circumstances in which there is heterozygote advantage. (2) Asymmetrical mating preferences, acquired through imprinting, can generate sexual selection for traits that impair survival. (3) The conditions under which sexual imprinting will maintain a genetic polymorphism in a population are fairly restricted. (4) Sexual imprinting can act as a barrier to gene flow minimizing the impact of migration and preserving and accentuating genetic differences between populations. The findings suggest that sexual imprinting may be of considerable evolutionary significance.
Comparative Toxicities of Selected Insecticides Against Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Moths

Comparative toxicities of 23 insecticides to adult pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), were determined by topical application. The smaller male was more susceptible than the female; however, the values were not significantly different. The moths were slightly more susceptible when the insecticides were applied to the thoracic dorsum than when they were applied to the abdominal venter. For doses applied to the dorsum, LD50, values at 48 h after treatment ranged from 0.0016 µg per male for cyfluthrin to 1.81 µg per male for malathion. These data may serve as reference values to determine if resistance to any of the insecticides develops in field populations of the pink bollworm; they may also aid in the selection of an insecticide for use in a spray program aimed at the adult moth or for use as an adulticide in a sex pheromone-insecticide (attracticide) system.
Diversity Training in the Workplace: Modeling the Evolution of the Field and New Directions

This review provides a view of the evolution of diversity training in the workplace via models-by-decade for the 1990’s, the 2000’s, and the 2010’s. A picture is worth a thousand words, and this review offers a unique visual comparison of each decade. The scope of this review includes the quantitative empirical research conducted about diversity training in the workplace setting. The articles include peer reviewed journal publications which were published in the English language literature between January 1990 and September 2012. Each model and the corresponding quantitative research of diversity training in the workplace for each decade is presented and discussed. A new directions model which includes suggested areas for future research is presented. Several issues of the field are identified and discussed.
Bureaucracy, Administration and Authority: European State Formation Reconsidered

This article is an attempt to push the state formation literature away from a reified model of power and towards a more properly sociological account that takes seriously social organization and not merely administration. The argument can be summarized as follows. The focus on administration in the state formation literature has led to conceptual and empirical problems because it fails to adequately account for what is actually going on within the bureaucracy and simply assumes that the organizational forms are sufficient to induce particular patterns of behavior. It is, in effect, held that the mere existence of modern administrative structures produces particular categories of good administrative outcomes. Against this perspective I seek to show the following that the rise of administration did not: 1) lead to a transformation of the nature of authority (i.e. it remained patrimonial and therefore operated according to a different logic than is implied by the state formation literature); and 2) lead to a shift in a more coercive form of governance: it remained, instead, fundamentally a legal, contractual and even moral relationship between the crown and the principle urban and landed elites and therefore the consequences of the emergence of administration have been misunderstood. I seek to show this in three sections. The first examines the state formation literature from Weber to the recent shift towards authority. The second section examines the nature of political authority in Europe during the early modern period by examining the evolution of the political structure of European monarchies. The final section seeks to address head-on the fundamental problem of the change in military organization over the early modern period in order to demonstrate that even in the most coercive administrative organs of the state - the army - the overall patterns of change and continuity has been misunderstood. If the emergence of the ‘modern’ military administrative structure did not produce a ‘modern’ army then it is time to reconsider some deeply held assumptions about power and social order.
Smoothing algorithm for contextual phone concatenation in speech synthesis

A hidden Markov model(HMM)-based English speech synthesis system was built using contextual phone concatenation to improve speech synthesis quality for natural speech.The smoothing algorithm is the key module to ensure both spectrum and prosody continuity between segments.This method flexibly concatenates the segments to generate relatively natural speech.The basic synthesis unit is the phone,which reduces the number of concatenative points and the distortion.A smoothing algorithm is used to smooth the phone sized units in the system.Test results show that the method smooths the discontinuity between segments and generates good speech.
Transplantation of the canine hind limb. Surgical technique and methods of immunosuppression for allotransplantation. A preliminary report.

Using registered beagle dogs, experiments were performed (1) to develop a technique for the transplantation of a hind limb, (2) to evaluate continuous immunosuppression using antilymphocyte serum, azathioprine, and hydrocortisone to prevent rejection of the transplanted limb, and (3) to explore the effectiveness of an immunological tolerance regimen in which tire host received a brief but intensive treatment with immunosuppressive agents and then was given donor leukocytes as antigen (cross-transfusion or donor spleen cells) with or without prior thymectomy or postoperative splenectomy. The survival times of skin allografts with and without immunosuppressive therapy were also explored. The mean survival times of the skin allografts were ten days with no treatment, eighteen days with azathioprine, 43.2 days with antilymphocyte serum alone, and 73.6 days with rabbit antilymphocyte serum given to dogs with induced tolerance to rabbit immune gamma globulin. Roughly 50 per cent of the transplantations were technical failures, the result of venous or arterial thromboses. Two reimplantations (autografts) were successful, one dog having a virtually normal limb, the other having mild disability at the time of writing, presunmably the result of incomplete regeneration of the peroneal nerve. Six dogs had technically successful limb transplantation (allografts) combined with continuous immunosuppression. Their limbs remained intact for twnty-four, thirty, fifty-three, sixty, seventy-one, and 112 days, respectively. Of these six dogs, three died with their limbs intact (two from generalized sepsis and one from bonemarrow suppression), two were killed because of uncontrollable wound sepsis, and one was killed after it had mauled its unprotected insensitive limb. In these animals it was difficult to titrate the immunosuppression so that rejection was prevented while sepsis and the toxic effects of the immunosuppressive agents were avoided. In three dogs an attempt was made to induce specific immunological tolerance to donor transplantation antigens. Of these dogs, one had rejectins of the transplanted limb at 200 days, another was in good health with motor and sensory function in the limb at 300 days, and the third, followed only sixty days had a wound infection that seemed to have responded to antibiotic therapy at the time of writing. Therefore, tolerance induction had been accomplished in at least two animals. In all instances the first sign of limb rejection was the appearance of small ulcerations of the skin which progressed if appropriate increase in immunosuppression were not made. If rejection was prevented, wound healing, union of the osteosynthesis, and nerve regeneration appeared to progress in essentially the same fashion as after reimplantation. The possible implications of these preliminary experiments in terms of future developments in limb transplantation are discussed briefly.
7 Alcohol, drugs, and adolescent homicide: a case-control study

Homicide is the second leading cause of death for teens in the United States. Individual alcohol and drug use are important influences on teens’ risk of homicide. Yet, risk created by others around adolescents, in their families and neighbourhoods is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether individual, family, or neighbourhood exposures to alcohol and other drugs each increase the risk of homicide. We conducted a population based case-control study including 162 homicide victims ages 13 to 20 years old and 176 matched controls living in Philadelphia over a 3 year period. Case data were collected from multiple sources: police, medical examiner and child death review team and others. Control data were collected using a random digit dial assessing alcohol and drug exposures. After adjusting, adolescents who were under the influence of an illegal substance at the time of the incident were 4.82 (p
Dual mechanisms for Na-K-Cl cotransport regulation in airway epithelial cells

To investigate cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of basolateral Na-K-Cl cotransport in airway epithelia, we determined saturable basolateral [3H]bumetanide binding, a measure of functioning cotransporters, in primary cultures of canine tracheal and human nasal epithelial cells, including cells from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). As we previously reported [M. Haas, L. G. Johnson, and R. C. Boucher. Am. J. Physiol. 259 (Cell Physiol. 28): C557-C569, 1990], isoproterenol and hypertonic cell shrinkage produce an equivalent stimulation of [3H]bumetanide binding to dog tracheal cells. We now find that apical ATP and UTP, which stimulate apical Cl channels and Cl secretion in normal and CF airway cells by an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-independent mechanism (S. J. Mason, A. M. Paradiso, and R. C. Boucher. Br. J. Pharmacol. 103: 1649-1656, 1991), increase basolateral [3H]bumetanide binding to dog tracheal cells to the same extent as do isoproterenol and hypertonic shrinkage. The stimulatory effects of ATP and UTP on binding are inhibited by apical addition of a Cl channel blocker, the indanyloxyacetic acid derivative IAA-94 (0.2 mM), or by raising basolateral K concentration ([K]b) from 3.3 to 40 mM, suggesting these effects are secondary to apical Cl efflux via channels. Apical IAA-94 and increased [K]b also inhibit stimulation of binding by isoproterenol by approximately 50%, suggesting that part (but not all) of the effect of the beta-agonist on basolateral cotransport is secondary to apical Cl efflux, with an additional component of direct stimulation of cotransport via cAMP. In support of this interpretation, we find that isoproterenol and a membrane-permeable cAMP analogue increase [3H]bumetanide binding to primary cultures of CF nasal epithelial cells, in which significant cAMP-mediated stimulation of apical Cl efflux does not occur. [3H]bumetanide binding to CF nasal cells is also stimulated by apical ATP, and levels of saturable [3H]bumetanide binding to CF cells are 1.3-1.5 times those in non-CF nasal cells under both basal and stimulated conditions. The results suggest that basolateral Na-K-Cl cotransport in airway cells may be upregulated in two distinct ways: 1) directly via a cAMP-dependent cascade, and 2) as a secondary response to apical Cl channel activation. Both of these mechanisms appear to be intact in CF.
Design and Preparation of a Multimeric Self-Cleaving Hammerhead Ribozyme

The activity of a ribozyme can be impaired by additional sequences at the 5' and 3' termini of the catalytic sequence. To approach this problem, a system was designed that minimizes sequences upstream and downstream from active regions of a hammerhead ribozyme and allows delivery of a large number of active molecules. A self-cleavable multimeric molecule was prepared by placing a ribozyme target sequence (derived from the core region of the hepatitis B virus [HBV]) upstream and downstream from the catalytic sequence. This construct was cloned in tandem into in vitro expression vectors. 32P-UTP-labeled transcripts of the multimeric construct, as well as non-self-cleaved monomeric ribozyme controls, and substrate were synthesized. The multimeric ribozyme molecule efficiently self-cleaved to release monomeric ribozymes lacking any extra upstream and downstream sequences. In addition, monomers were substantially more active against the HBV target RNA than the non-self-cleavable ribozymes. Up to 80% degradation of the target RNA was achieved by a tenfold molar excess of a pentameric construct. We conclude that ribozymes can be produced as a multimeric tandem of self-cleavable molecules, the monomers of which are more active than monomeric ribozymes and highly efficient in cleavage of target transcripts.