cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinicians’ Self-assessment of Cultural and Spiritual Competency: Working with Asians and Asian Americans

This study examines clinicians’ own assessment of their cultural and spiritual competency in working with Asians and Asian Americans. Thirty clinicians, who are Asian Ethnic Minority Mental Health Specialists in the Northwest region of the United States, were surveyed to assess their perceived levels of cultural and spiritual competency. The study found that clinicians perceived themselves as being less spiritually competent than culturally competent and that most clinicians acknowledged the need for more training in spirituality.
Adhesion forces between functionalized latex microspheres and protein-coated surfaces evaluated using colloid probe atomic force microscopy

Proteins are important in bacterial adhesion, but interactions at molecular-scales between proteins and specific functional groups are not well understood. The adhesion forces between four proteins [bovine serum albumin (BSA), protein A, lysozyme, and poly-d-lysine] and COOH, NH2 and OH-functionalized (latex) colloids were examined using colloid probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) as the function of colloid residence time (T) and solution ionic strength (IS). For three of the proteins, OH-functionalized colloids produced higher adhesion forces to proteins (2.6–30.5 nN; I S=1m M,T = 10 s) than COOH- and NH2-functionalized colloids (1.6–6.8 nN). However, protein A produced the largest adhesion force (8.1 ± 1.0 nN, T = 10 s) with the COOH-functionalized colloid, demonstrating the importance of specific and unanticipated protein–functional group interactions. The NH2-functionalized colloid typically produced the lowest adhesion forces with all proteins, likely due to repulsive electrostatic forces and weak bonds for NH2–NH2 interactions. The adhesion force (F) between functionalized colloids and proteins consistently increased with residence time (T), and data was well fitted by F = AT n . The constant value of n = 0.21 ± 0.07 for all combinations of proteins and functionalized colloids indicated that water exclusion and protein rearrangement were the primary factors affecting adhesion over time. Adhesion forces decreased inversely with IS for all functional groups interacting with surface proteins, consistent with previous findings. These results demonstrate the importance of specific molecular-scale interactions between functional groups and proteins that will help us to better understand factors colloidal adhesion to surfaces.
Use of a kinetic bioassay procedure to estimate sulfate and cysteine concentrations in sediment

There are often difficulties in estimating the bioavailability of essential nutrients and energy sources for aquatic microorganisms involved in mediating key sedimentary biotransformations. In order to estimate rates of sulfate reduction and putrefaction in sedimentary hydrogen sulfide production, a kinetic bioassay procedure was utilized to confirm the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide precursors determined by standard analytical procedures. Results were suggestive but inconclusive that sulfide production via sulfate reduction and putrefaction adhere to the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model. Nevertheless the kinetic bioa_s~y procedure of Wright and Hobble (Ecology 47, 447-464, 1966) appears to be useful in estimating substrate bioavailability for cysteine and sulfate and perhaps other sedimentary substrates. In addition the method described permits reliable tracer estimates of sulfide production in freshwaters with low sulfate concentrations which might otherwise not be possible.
Computational Infrastructure for Experiments in Cognitive Leverage

The purpose of this paper is to raise some hard and interesting questions about the new relationships possible between humans and their artifacts: What happens when we can have collaborative relationships with our responsive and knowledge-bearing artifacts? What happens when group minds are mediated through new types of computing system that can support new and subtle forms of interaction among thousands of imaginations? The second purpose is to share our work on several enabling technologies that make it possible to experiment with these new types of relationships among humans and machines in new ways. We describe some of the new computing challenges that occur when we have more than one human interacting with the computing systems and with each other. Lastly, we raise some issues about remaining human and creating technology that we can not only llve with but thrive with.
Evaluation of Treatment Effectiveness in the Field of Autism

Evidence-based treatment and the assessment of treatment effectiveness are dependent upon the collection of data during the evaluation process providing information about symptoms, impairment, and abilities. Such an assessment allows for a seamless transition from assessment and diagnosis to effective treatment. Evaluating the effectiveness of a treatment strategy or program is important for interventions designed to address symptoms related to any psychological or developmental disorder. The validity of this entire process is closely related to the tools used during the diagnostic and treatment process. More specifically, the reliability and validity of the tools used will be directly related to the psychometric attributes of the instruments. As in all areas of science, what is learned depends upon the quality of the data generated and the manner in which the findings are interpreted. Scientifically developed diagnostic and assessment instruments yield accurate and informative data. Tests and rating scales developed to provide valid and reliable information about the examinee better informs researchers and clinicians. Tools chosen for diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning have a profound impact on the information obtained and the conclusions reached. The better the tools, the more valid and reliable the decisions and most importantly, the more helpful the information gathered will be in developing a treatment plan, monitoring progress, and documenting treatment effectiveness.
Review Article: Remote Sensing, Surface Residue Cover and Tillage Practice

A growing world population and possible liquid fuel energy shortages are likely to result in worldwide agricultural intensification, and the possible expansion of non-sustainable practices. The adoption of non-sustainable practices could result in the loss of currently productive land, with potential impacts on human welfare and economic viability. One of the easiest techniques to maintain productivity is to maintain surface soil organic matter. However, developing reliable, cost effective and accurate methods for quantifying and monitoring crop residue cover (a major source of soil organic matter) that remains on top of the soil over large spatial extents constitutes a significant challenge. This article reviews potential remote sensing approaches for estimating surface residue cover with a view to mapping tillage practice.
Formulation and Characterization of Orally Dissolving Thin Films containing the German cockroach Blatella germanica (Bla g 2) Allergen

and asthma are among the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Cockroach allergy is an important contributor to asthma morbidity, with a prevalence of 17 to 41%. Immunotherapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for other allergies that contribute to asthma, but several factors have limited its use for cockroach allergy. In this work, a sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) formulation of orally dissolving thin film has been developed for the treatment of hypersensitivity to the German cockroach Bla g 2 allergen. The formulation allows for the incorporation of up to 25 μg/film of the allergen protein, and the film's mucoadhesiveness prolongs the effect of the allergen with the potential for enhanced efficacy. The potency and dose uniformity of the SLIT formulation were characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and other physicochemical properties were evaluated by spectroscopic or mechanistic methods. The films were uniform in weight and thickness, and demonstrated substantial physical strength to allow easy manipulation during manufacturing and dosing. The dosage uniformity, in vitro disintegration and in vitro dissolution profiles of the films were within the acceptance criteria in the United States Pharmacopeia. The developed SLIT methodology possesses the potential to significantly improve immunotherapy for both food and inhalant allergies in adults and children.
Tracking entities in the dynamic world: a fast algorithm for matching temporal records

Identifying records referring to the same real world entity over time enables longitudinal data analysis. However, difficulties arise from the dynamic nature of the world: the entities described by a temporal data set often evolve their states over time. While the state of the art approach to temporal entity matching achieves high accuracy, this approach is computationally expensive and cannot handle large data sets. In this paper, we present an approach that achieves equivalent matching accuracy but takes far less time. Our key insight is "static first, dynamic second." Our approach first runs an evidence-collection pass, grouping records without considering the possibility of entity evolution, as if the world were "static." Then, it merges clusters from the initial grouping by determining whether an entity might evolve from the state described in one cluster to the state described in another cluster. This intuitively reduces a difficult problem, record matching with evolution, to two simpler problems: record matching without evolution, then "evolution detection" among the resulting clusters. Experimental results on several temporal data sets show that our approach provides an order of magnitude improvement in run time over the state-of-the-art approach while producing equivalent matching accuracy.
The Steelworkers Trilogy and the Evolution of Labor Arbitration

This chapter describes the background of the Steelworkers' Trilogy cases, three cases that defined the nature of collective bargaining and the role of arbitration under U.S. labor law. The chapter begins with a discussion of the historical problem of enforcement of collective bargaining agreements from the early 20th century until the Trilogy cases were decided in 1960. It also discusses the history of the use of arbitration as an alternative mechanism to judicial enforcement. The author provides details about the background of the three Trilogy cases, the history of the cases in the lower courts, the legal strategy of Arthur Goldberg and David Feller, and the outcomes in the Supreme Court.
EXCESS INCIDENCE OF TREATMENT OF END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE IN MEXICAN AMERICANS

Mexican Americans are the second largest minority group in the United States (8.73 million people according to the 1980 US census) and are known to have an excess prevalence of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, but similar or lower rates of hypertension when compared with non-Hispanic whites. To our knowledge, no data are available on incidence of end-stage renal disease in this population. Using a data base from the Texas Kidney Health Program, a division of the Texas Department of Health, and the 1980 US census for the state of Texas, the authors calculated age-adjusted incidence of treatment of end-stage renal disease in Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic whites, and blacks for the years 1978-1984. Mexican Americans and blacks have an excess of treatment of end-stage renal disease (all etiologies combined) compared with non-Hispanic whites (incidence ratios of 3 and 4, respectively). For diabetes-related end-stage renal disease, Mexican Americans have an incidence ratio of 6, while blacks have an incidence ratio of 4 compared with non-Hispanic whites. For Mexican Americans, this excess is higher than would be expected on the basis of their underlying prevalence of diabetes. The incidence of hypertensive end-stage renal disease in Mexican Americans was 2.5 times higher than in non-Hispanic whites, which is higher than expected given the lack of excess in their underlying prevalence of hypertension. The high prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans explains some, but not all, of the excess of treatment of end-stage renal disease in this population.
Structural Studies of Plant CESA Support Eighteen CESAs in the Plant CSC

The cellulose synthesis in plants is carried by a large multi-subunit transmembrane protein complex known as cellulose synthesis complex (CSC). The structural information on plant cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins that constitute CSC has remained challenging over years due to inherent complexities in the CSC leading to speculations and debates on the composition of CSC and the number of cellulose chains in a microfibril. Here, we report our findings on the structural properties of catalytic domain of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA1 (ATCESA1CatD) analyzed using small-angle scattering and computational modeling techniques. Our main findings include low resolution structures of ATCESA1CatD in monomeric and trimeric complex forms that provide the first experimental evidence supporting the self-assembly of CESAs into stable trimeric complexes. This is of immense importance in the context of CSC formation by plant CESAs and addresses a long standing question in plant biology - how many CESAs in the plant cellulose synthesis complex? Further, the scattering data in combination with computational modeling provided insight into the potential arrangement the monomers in the catalytic trimer and the relative arrangement of P-CR and CSR regions that are unique in the plants. Comparison of the size of the trimer complex with the dimensions of CSCs from TEM images provides compelling evidence that each lobe of a CSC contains three CESAs rather than the long-standing model of six CESAs within each lobe of a rosette CSC. To our knowledge, these studies are the first experimental evidence that CESA trimers form the lobes of rosette CSCs providing strong support for the hexamer of trimers model that synthesizes an 18-chain cellulose microfibril as the fundamental product of cellulose synthesis in plants.
Religion and the marketplace in the United States

Compared to other industrialized nations, the United States seems to be full of religion. Even a cursory glance at any national political campaign, especially in the so-called Bible Belt South, wil...
Coherent Oscillations of Breathing Modes in Metal Nanoshells

We study coherent oscillations of radial breathing modes in metal nanoparticles with a dielectric core. Vibrational modes are impulsively excited by a rapid heating of the particle lattice that occurs after laser excitation, while the energy transfer to a surrounding dielectric leads to a damping of the oscillations. In nanoshells, the presence of two metal surfaces leads to a substantially different energy spectrum of acoustic vibrations. The lowest and first excited modes correspond to in-phase (n=0) and anti-phase (n=1) contractions of shell-core and shell-matrix interfaces respectively. We calculated the energy spectrum as well as the damping of nanoshell vibrational modes in the presence of surrounding medium, and found that the size-dependences of in-phase and anti-phase modes are different. At the same time, the oscillator strength of the symmetric mode is larger than that in solid nanoparticles leading to stronger oscillations in thin nanoshells.
Subcategories of topological algebras

In addition to exploring constructions and properties of limits and colimits in categories of topological algebras, we study special subcategories of topological algebras and their properties. In particular, under certain conditions, reective subcategories when paired with topological structures give rise to reective subcategories and epireective subcategories give rise to epireective subcategories.
Boundary Troubles: Here, There, Design, Make, Research

We stage a dialogue between two areas of growing interest in HCI: making cultures and research through design. Both have only recently gained momentum, and so each of their proponents are demarcating--often too sharply--who and what is to be included in their programs to legitimate their work as a concern of and contribution to HCI. Drawing from diverse engagements with making and research through design, the panelists and discussant will explore positions concerning the relationship between research, design, and making. An underlying goal of the panel is to revisit the inclusionary and exclusionary impulses central to the necessary activities of research agenda formation, theory and methodology construction, and legitimation for both making and research through design.
Reliability analysis under epistemic uncertainty

Abstract This paper proposes a probabilistic framework to include both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty within model-based reliability estimation of engineering systems for individual limit states. Epistemic uncertainty is considered due to both data and model sources. Sparse point and/or interval data regarding the input random variables leads to uncertainty regarding their distribution types, distribution parameters, and correlations; this statistical uncertainty is included in the reliability analysis through a combination of likelihood-based representation, Bayesian hypothesis testing, and Bayesian model averaging techniques. Model errors, which include numerical solution errors and model form errors, are quantified through Gaussian process models and included in the reliability analysis. The probability integral transform is used to develop an auxiliary variable approach that facilitates a single-level representation of both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. This strategy results in an efficient single-loop implementation of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and FORM/SORM techniques for reliability estimation under both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. Two engineering examples are used to demonstrate the proposed methodology.
Fabrication of compliant three-dimensional microstructures as surface coatings for dry contact thermal conductance enhancement

The thermal contact resistance between two surfaces is a pervasive hurdle to effective heat transport in avionics, telecommunications, data center, and other electronics thermal management applications. A novel concept for dry contact thermal conductance enhancement is presented that utilizes a custom-made projection micro-sterolithography (μSL) system to fabricate ‘spring-like’ 3D microstructures which are used as a dry surface coating that allows conformal interface contact at low to moderate pressures (on the order of 10s of kPa or lower). We fabricate two kinds of spring structures to demonstrate viable mechanical deformation performance for such applications: 300 µm-tall Belleville spring and 500 µmtall zigzag spring structures. The mechanical compliance of these heuristic microstructure designs is experimentally characterized. The compliance of these structures would allow them to conform to mating surfaces with ∼10s of µm waviness.
Phosphorescent OLEDs for solid-state lighting

Abstract: Several properties of phosphorescent emitters and various device architectures enable high-efficacy white phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). For example, white OLEDs (WOLED) can avail of phosphorescent exciplex states that efficiently produce very broad emission. The level of efficacy suggests that WOLEDs could be used for solid-state lighting applications, so tools and methods have been developed to screen new materials and to model electro-optical characteristics for the optimization of device efficiency. After two decades of research on WOLEDs, commercialization of devices is close to widespread adoption because of many advances in the technology, and the next decade may clarify the success of phosphorescent OLEDs for solid-state lighting.
Autonomous microgrid power management using Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper proposes a study of an optimal power management for an autonomous microgrid (MG), applied to real data of an islanded grid distribution system which is located in south Algeria. To perform this study, an objective function is proposed, to minimize fuel cost, active power losses and improve voltage profile. The objective function is solved using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. In the aim to investigate the impact behavior of photovoltaic (PV) on the overall system which is composed of PV plant and diesel generators, several cases-study are carried out to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed objective function. The simulation is performed with MATLAB/M-file and the results are presented and discussed.
Role of Nitrogenase and Ferredoxin in the Mechanism of Bioelectrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation by the Cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis SA-1 Mutant Immobilized on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Electrodes

Abstract Current ammonia production methods are costly and environmentally detrimental. Biological nitrogen fixation has implications for low cost, environmentally friendly ammonia production. It has been shown that electrochemical stimulation increases the ammonia output of the cyanobacteria SA-1 mutant of Anabaena variabilis , but the mechanism of bioelectrocatalysis has been unknown. Here, the mechanism of electrostimulated biological ammonia production is investigated by immobilization of the cyanobacteria with polyvinylamine on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated polyethylene. Cyclic voltammetry is performed in the absence and presence of various substrates and with nitrogenase repressed and nitrogenase derepressed cells to study mechanism, and cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis spectroscopy are used to identify redox moieties in the spent electrolyte. A bioelectrocatalytic signal is observed for nitrogenase derepressed A. variabilis SA-1 in the presence of N 2 and light. Results indicate that the redox protein ferredoxin mediates electron transfer between nitrogenase and the electrode to stimulate ammonia production.
Ref-1/APE1 as a Transcriptional Regulator and Novel Therapeutic Target in Pediatric T-cell Leukemia

The increasing characterization of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has led to the identification of multiple molecular targets but has yet to translate into more effective targeted therapies, particularly for high-risk, relapsed T-cell ALL. Searching for master regulators controlling multiple signaling pathways in T-ALL, we investigated the multifunctional protein redox factor-1 (Ref-1/APE1), which acts as a signaling "node" by exerting redox regulatory control of transcription factors important in leukemia. Leukemia patients' transcriptome databases showed increased expression in T-ALL of Ref-1 and other genes of the Ref-1/SET interactome. Validation studies demonstrated that Ref-1 is expressed in high-risk leukemia T cells, including in patient biopsies. Ref-1 redox function is active in leukemia T cells, regulating the Ref-1 target NF-κB, and inhibited by the redox-selective Ref-1 inhibitor E3330. Ref-1 expression is not regulated by Notch signaling, but is upregulated by glucocorticoid treatment. E3330 disrupted Ref-1 redox activity in functional studies and resulted in marked inhibition of leukemia cell viability, including T-ALL lines representing different genotypes and risk groups. Potent leukemia cell inhibition was seen in primary cells from ALL patients, relapsed and glucocorticoid-resistant T-ALL cells, and cells from a murine model of Notch-induced leukemia. Ref-1 redox inhibition triggered leukemia cell apoptosis and downregulation of survival genes regulated by Ref-1 targets. For the first time, this work identifies Ref-1 as a novel molecular effector in T-ALL and demonstrates that Ref-1 redox inhibition results in potent inhibition of leukemia T cells, including relapsed T-ALL. These data also support E3330 as a specific Ref-1 small-molecule inhibitor for leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(7); 1401-11. ©2017 AACR.
The Art of Being Cool: The Pursuit of Black Masculinity, T. Ransaw. African American Images, Sauk Village, IL (2013), 178 pp.

What are the educational and cultural barriers that limit opportunities and ultimately the life chances of young African American males in contemporary society? How might we draw from the existing,...
An analytical approximation for the macroscopic fundamental diagram of urban traffic

Abstract This paper shows that a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) relating average flow and average density must exist on any street with blocks of diverse widths and lengths, but no turns, even if all or some of the intersections are controlled by arbitrarily timed traffic signals. The timing patterns are assumed to be fixed in time. Exact analytical expressions in terms of a shortest path recipe are given, both, for the street’s capacity and its MFD. Approximate formulas that require little data are also given. For networks, the paper derives an upper bound for average flow conditional on average density, and then suggests conditions under which the bound should be tight; i.e., under which the bound is an approximate MFD. The MFD’s produced with this method for the central business districts of San Francisco (California) and Yokohama (Japan) are compared with those obtained experimentally in earlier publications.
Face to Face: facial close-ups and joint attention in Science and the Visual Arts

This essay examines the contrasting visions of the expressive powers of the human face—both from neuroscientific approaches rooted in Darwin which argue for a codified system of six basic emotions universally recognized (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise) and from the visual arts of cinema, television and portraiture painting that rely on facial close-ups to represent an emotional fluidity that is always subjective. As a means of reconciling the two approaches, it turns to the current study of infants by developmental psychologists (like Peter Mundy and Daniel Stern) who stress the importance of an infant’s ability to read the mother’s face, which facilitates joint attention, the acquisition of verbal language and social interactions with the world. Although Stern’s imaginative dialogues sound literary and subjective, his description of the infant’s encounter with the mother’s face is actually consistent with the explanation by neuroscientist Antonio Damasio (1999) of how consciousness is first launched in the “core self.” By treating the mother’s face as the crucial object in the infant’s early development and by perceiving this encounter awash in reflective feelings (which Damasio distinguishes from basic emotions shared with other species), he helps explain the dichotomy between the two systems of emotive facial expressions: reading the specific codified emotions (in humans and other species) versus experiencing the flow of (what Damasio calls) “background feelings” that continuously play across the human face. By emphasizing the theories of Bela Balazs and films of Ingmar Bergman and Chick Strand, which literally teach us how to read these background feelings moving across the human face, this essay claims facial close-ups do not distract us from our social circumstances or political action as Walter Benjamin argued. Instead they can have an ideological edge in a wide range of genres as they enable us to see this emotional engagement in joint attention both as a form of interpellation and as a means of survival—not only for infants but for all those engaged with the visual narrative arts.
Visualizing Intercellular Tensile Forces by DNA-Based Membrane Molecular Probes

Mechanical forces play critical roles in collective cell behaviors such as cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Extensive efforts have been made to measure forces between cells and extracellular matrices. However, force studies at cell–cell junctions remain a challenge. Herein, we reported a novel strategy to construct membrane DNA tension probes to visualize tensile forces at cell junctions. These lipid-modified probes can self-assemble onto cell membranes with high efficiency and stability. Upon experiencing tensile forces generated by neighboring cells, unfolding of the probes leads to a large increase in the fluorescence intensity. Compatible with readily accessible fluorescence microscopes, these easy-to-use membrane DNA tension probes can be broadly used to measure intercellular tensile forces.
Future Directions in Chronic Illness Care

People are living longer with diseases, and the integration of care across multiple diseases will become more complex. Chronic care delivery will evolve toward goal-directed care, underscoring the growing need for clear and ongoing communication about patient values and goals, contributing to more nuanced decision-making. To facilitate a higher order of chronic illness care, cognitively based specialties – particularly primary care – will need to have usable, clear decision support that integrates both treatment and illness consequences across multiple morbidities. The sites of chronic illness care will move outside of the medical exam room, and reimbursement will no longer be transaction based. To help patients negotiate the complexity of health-care delivery and behavior change, integrated health-care systems will need to promote access to care and involve community-based organizations as part of the therapeutic landscape.
Being without time: Temporality and the white gaze

In 1906, Edward Johnson was kidnapped from his prison cell in Chattanooga, Tennessee by a white mob. The kidnappers hung him from the Walnut Street Bridge and shot hundreds of bullets through his b...
Pluralism, Antirealism, and the Units of Selection

In an important article, Kim Sterelny and Philip Kitcher (1988) challenge the common assumption that for any biological phenomenon requiring a selectionist explanation, it is possible to identify a uniquely correct account of the relevant selection process. They argue that selection events can be modeled in any of a number of different, equally correct ways. They call their view 'Pluralism,' and explicitly connect it with various antirealist positions in the philosophy of science. I critically evaluate Sterelny and Kitcher's Pluralism along with its attendant antirealist theses. In particular, I argue that there are serious problems with their pluralistic antirealism regarding units of selection. By correctly diagnosing these problems a more adequate position can be constructed. I defend such a position, which I designate Inclusive Hierarchical Monism, and show how it captures the important virtues of Sterelny and Kitcher's approach while avoiding its problems.
The Verification Universe

In this chapter we take the reader through a typical microprocessor’s life-cycle, from its first high-level specification to a finished product deployed in a enduser’s system, and overview the verification techniques that are applied at each step of this flow. We first discuss pre-silicon verification, the process of validating a model of the processor at various levels of abstraction, from an architectural specification to a gate-level netlist. Throughout the pre-silicon phase, two main families of techniques are commonly used: formal methods and simulation-based solutions. While the former provide mathematical guarantees of design correctness, the latter are significantly more scalable and, consequently, are more commonly used in the industry today. After the first few prototypes of a processor are manufactured, validation enters the post-silicon domain, where tests can run on the actual silicon hardware. The raw performance of in-hardware execution is one of the major advantages of post-silicon validation, while lack of internal observability and limited debuggability are its main drawbacks. To alleviate this, designers often augment their creations with special features for silicon state acquisition, which we review here. After an arduous process of pre- and post-silicon validation, the device is released to the market and finds its way into a final system. Yet, it may still contain subtle bugs, which could not be exposed earlier by designers due to very compressed production timelines. To combat these escaped errors, vendors and researchers in industry and academia have began investigating alternative dynamic verification techniques:with minimal impact on the processor’s performance, these solutions monitor its health and invoke specialized correction mechanisms when errors manifest at runtime. As we show in this chapter, all three phases of verification, pre-silicon, post-silicon and runtime, have their unique advantages and limitations, which must be taken into account by design houses to attain sufficient verification coverage within their time and cost budgets and to avoid major catastrophes caused by releasing faulty processor products to the commercial market.
Classification of eye gestures using machine learning for use in embedded switch controller

The classification of signals captured by sampling devices through analysis is a powerful tool with application spanning nearly every industry. Using such classification on real time signals to detect different events or anomalies provides a fast and reliable way of implementing monitoring or control systems. Machine learning classification models include support vector machines (SVM), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision trees, and many more. These algorithms separate labelled datasets based on features extracted from the inputs. In the assistive technology field, the use of eye tracking technology provides patients of quadriplegia, ALS, or other neurodegenerative disease with the ability to control speech devices using their eyes. To provide a low-cost alternative to the existing costly devices, an electrooculography (EOG) controller was utilized for obtaining signal data and classifying gestures. A dataset consisting of these gestures was collected over several trials and classified using an SVM, KNN, and decision tree's algorithm with a moving window buffer suitable for an embedded device with peak overall accuracies of 96.8%, 96.9%, and 95.4% respectively. The trained models are converted to C code and uploaded to an ATmega328p AVR microcontroller. Using a decision tree implementation, the intentional blink signal classification is successfully predicted with an accuracy of 97.33% accuracy and filters out unintentional blinks with 100% accuracy on the embedded device.
Endomorphisms of R Associated with Symmetric Line-Pairs in R2

Before defining LR-sequences for trapezoidal curves given by Eq. (1.1), it is convenient to consider the transformations of the real line R into itself obtained by repeated composition of the two lines ζx and ζ(2–x) occurring in Eq. (1.1), and of their inverses. Thus, for each x e R, and for each fixed real parameter ζ with domain R-{0}, the transformations Lζ and Rζ are defined, respectively, by $$\begin{gathered} {{\text{L}}_{\zeta }}{\text{ : }}x{\text{ }} \to {\text{ }}\zeta {\text{x ,}} \hfill \\ {{\text{R}}_{\zeta }}{\text{ : }}x{\text{ }} \to {\text{ }}\zeta {\text{(2 - x) }}{\text{.}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ (2.1) .
SoC Security Policies: The State of the Practice

Security assurance is a highly complex and crucial component of modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. In particular, SoC designs include significant sensitive information that must be protected for unauthorized access. Security policies specify the protection requirements for each asset at different stages in system execution or system life cycle. This chapter introduces SoC security policies and discusses the current state of their practice on security policy enforcement.
An Effective Corner Increment-Based Algorithm for the Two-Dimensional Strip Packing Problem

The 2-D strip packing problem is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. Given a strip with fixed width and infinite height, the aim of strip packing is to pack a set of rectangles with known widths and heights into the strip such that the used height of the strip is minimized. In this paper, we address the 2-D strip packing problem without guillotine constraint and present an effective corner increment-based algorithm. First, a corner increment-based rectangle selection strategy is adopted in a constructive heuristic way. Second, by using the AVL tree and the segment tree, the constructive heuristic is efficiently implemented. Finally, a multi-start random local search is combined to improve the solution. Experimental results on a wide range of benchmark instances show that the proposed algorithm is effective, especially for large instances.
Toward synergistic performance of integrated solar-wind hybrid energy harvesting structures

This paper considers aerodynamic interactions among an array of tensioned ribbon energy harvesters capable of harvesting both wind and solar energy. Each harvester consists of a thin-film solar cell ribbon supported in tension by a pair of piezoelectric bimorph beams in an inverted-U configuration. These ribbons experience aeroelastic flutter when subjected to crossflow, and the energy from these vibrations can be harvested through the piezoelectric beams. The effect of wind speed on the interaction between two fluttering inverted U-shaped aeroelastic energy harvesters configured in a tandem array was investigated, as previous work suggests that synergistic wake interactions can occur between multiple fluttering energy harvesters. An experimental apparatus was constructed and two thin-film solar ribbons were placed in tandem at a fixed separation distance. Each ribbon was given an applied pre-tension, and wind tunnel testing was performed for a range of wind speeds between 7.5 m/s and 12.5 m/s for each ribbon when fluttering in isolation and when fluttering in tandem. Tandem array efficiency was calculated from the experimental data, and it was determined that there is a wind speed at which peak tandem array efficiency (significantly greater than unity) occurs. It was found that this peak corresponds to the wind speed at which constructive interference due to frequency lock between the two fluttering ribbons begins. Results also show tandem efficiency benefits in both the downstream and upstream harvester, as opposed to previous results that show benefits primarily in the downstream harvester. It is hypothesized that these upstream benefits are due to possible base excitations in the apparatus that have been transmitted by the downstream harvester.
Anesthesia recovery after ophthalmologic surgery at an ambulatory surgical center.

Purpose To examine anesthesia recovery duration after ophthalmologic procedures performed at an ambulatory surgical center (ASC) and provide information that could be used to increase postanesthesia recovery unit efficiency. Setting Ambulatory surgical center at tertiary medical center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Health records of adult patients having ophthalmologic procedures at an ASC from July 1, 2010, through September 30, 2016 were reviewed, and anesthesia recovery duration was calculated. Potential associations were assessed between clinical factors and prolonged recovery (upper 10th percentile of recovery duration by anesthesia type [general, intravenous sedation, or topical]). Results Among 20 116 procedures, the median recovery was 36 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 28 to 48); general anesthesia had the longest recovery (79 minutes; IQR, 52 to 104 minutes) (P Conclusions Anesthesia recovery after ophthalmologic procedures at an ASC was associated primarily with the procedure and anesthesia type. Prolonged recoveries were associated with intraoperative fentanyl use, severe postoperative pain, and postoperative opioid requirements.
Preventable incidence of carcinoma associated with adiposity, alcohol and physical inactivity according to smoking status in the United States

The changing profile of lifestyles and their intricate relationships with smoking indicate the importance of accounting for smoking status when assessing cancer preventability. We assessed the association of body mass index, weight change, alcohol intake, and physical activity with risk of total carcinoma among 53,195 smokers and 62,842 nonsmokers in two prospective cohorts. Then, leveraging the national prevalence estimates, we calculated the population attributable risk (PAR) for healthy lifestyle defined as body mass index ≥18.5 and <27.5 kg/m2, mid-life weight change of ≤20 pounds, no or moderate alcohol drinking (≤1 and 2 drinks/day for women and men, respectively), and weekly moderate or vigorous physical activity of at least 150 minutes. The PAR (95% CI) for healthy lifestyle was 18% (14–22%) in nonsmokers and 14% (10–19%) in smokers among women, and 20% (12–27%) in nonsmokers and 11% (5–17%) in smokers among men. While adiposity accounted for a substantially higher proportion of carcinoma cases in nonsmokers than smokers (16% versus 2% in women, 15% versus 2% in men), alcohol contributed more in smokers than nonsmokers (7% versus 3% in women, 8% versus 1% in men). When more strict criteria were used to define healthy lifestyle, the PAR estimates further increased (for women: 37% in smokers and 32% in nonsmokers; for men: 15% and 24%, respectively). In conclusion, lifestyle modification has great potential to reduce cancer risk in both smokers and nonsmokers. Weight control and reducing alcohol consumption should be prioritized for cancer prevention in nonsmokers and smokers, respectively.
Teachers Empowered to Advance Change in Mathematics: Modules for preK-8 Mathematics Methods Courses

This chapter provides an overview of the mathematics modules developed in the Teachers Empowered to Advance Change in Mathematics (TEACH Math) project. We designed these modules to support preK-8 prospective teachers in learning to integrate mathematics, children’s mathematical thinking, and their cultural, linguistic, and community-based funds of knowledge in mathematics instruction. We first discuss the process by which we designed and researched these modules in our university preK-8 mathematics methods courses. We then describe each module, the goals, and the activities within each module. The three modules are Mathematics Learning Case Study, Community Mathematics Exploration, and Classroom Practices. We conclude with considerations for mathematics teacher educators for using the modules in their mathematics methods courses.
Evolution of giant molecular clouds across cosmic time

Author(s): Guszejnov, D; Grudic, MY; Offner, SSR; Boylan-Kolchin, M; Faucher-Gigere, CA; Wetzel, A; Benincasa, SM; Loebman, S | Abstract: Giant molecular clouds (GMCs) are well studied in the local Universe, however, exactly how their properties vary during galaxy evolution is poorly understood due to challenging resolution requirements, both observational and computational. We present the first time-dependent analysis of GMCs in a Milky Way-like galaxy and an Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC)-like dwarf galaxy of the FIRE-2 (Feedback In Realistic Environments) simulation suite, which have sufficient resolution to predict the bulk properties of GMCs in cosmological galaxy formation self-consistently. We show explicitly that the majority of star formation outside the galactic centre occurs within self-gravitating gas structures that have properties consistent with observed bound GMCs. We find that the typical cloud bulk properties such as mass and surface density do not vary more than a factor of 2 in any systematic way after the first Gyr of cosmic evolution within a given galaxy from its progenitor. While the median properties are constant, the tails of the distributions can briefly undergo drastic changes, which can produce very massive and dense self-gravitating gas clouds. Once the galaxy forms, we identify only two systematic trends in bulk properties over cosmic time: a steady increase in metallicity produced by previous stellar populations and a weak decrease in bulk cloud temperatures.With the exception of metallicity, we find no significant differences in cloud properties between the MilkyWay-like anddwarf galaxies.These results have important implications for cosmological star and star cluster formation and put especially strong constraints on theories relating the stellar initial mass function to cloud properties.
Occult breast carcinoma presenting with axillary lymph node metastases.

Carcinoma oculto de mama con presentacion de metastasis a nodos linfaticos axilares Antecedentes: El carcinoma oculto de la mama es una entidad poco comun. La mayoria de las series reportadas comprenden periodos prolongados de tiempo y, por lo tanto, muestran una gran variabilidad en el abordaje tanto diagnostico como terapeutico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la experiencia reciente con este tipo de presentacion en una institucion de los Estados Unidos: la Universidad de Alabama en Birmingham (UAB). Metodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente los datos clinicopatologicos de mujeres que se presentaron con metastasis axilares de adenocarcinoma con un primario desconocido, asi como un examen clinico y radiologico normal de la mama en la UAB entre 1985 y 1998. Resultados: Se identificaron diez pacientes con una edad promedio de 56 anos. Sesenta por ciento eran caucasicas y postmenopausicas. Todas las pacientes tenian diagnostico histopatologico de adenocarcinoma metastasico en ganglios axilares compatible con primario de mama. Todas, a excepcion de una paciente, fueron sometidas a diseccion axilar y nueve pacientes recibieron algun tipo de tratamiento local en la mama. Tres pacientes fueron sometidas a mastectomia sin evidencia de carcinoma invasor en el especimen quirurgico y seis pacientes recibieron radioterapia en la mama. Todas recibieron quimioterapia. Con seguimiento promedio de 48 meses, dos pacientes desarrollaron recurrencia local en la axila y cuatro desarrollaron metastasis a distancia y fallecieron a consecuencia de la enfermedad. Al ultimo seguimiento, seis pacientes se encontraban vivas sin evidencia de enfermedad. Conclusiones: En presencia de metastasis axilares de adenocarcinoma en mujeres sin evidencia de neoplasia mamaria, no se requiere una evaluacion exhaustiva. Se recomienda una diseccion axilar completa para control local asi como para obtener informacion pronostica. Aparentemente un abordaje conservador de la mama es factible sin comprometer el control local ni la sobrevida.