cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining independent and combined accuracy of embedded performance validity tests in the California Verbal Learning Test-II and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised for detecting invalid performance.

The California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) Forced Choice Recognition (FC) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) Recognition Discrimination Index (RD) are embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) assessing material-specific neuropsychological processes (i.e., verbal and visual memory, respectively). Prior research demonstrated the utility of these PVTs independently; however, no study has compared their diagnostic accuracy for identifying invalid performance relative to each other and in combination within a single sample. This cross-sectional study included an adult neuropsychiatric sample who underwent neuropsychological evaluation. Validity groups were determined via independent criterion PVT performance, and consisted of 103 participants with valid and 25 with invalid neurocognitive performance. FC and RD were not significantly correlated (r = .154), yet both differed between validity groups (ηp2 = .14-.19). Previously established FC (≤14) and RD (≤4) cutoffs evidenced 32-40% sensitivity/90-98% specificity, though receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses indicated a more liberal FC cutoff (≤15) was optimal. Logistic regression models utilizing both embedded PVTs indicated that FC did not significantly improve classification accuracy above and beyond RD. Results support the clinical utility of existing cutoffs for FC and RD for independently identifying invalid performance, though the latter showed relatively better ability to detect invalid performance when both are used together.
A Rare Case of Pancreatoblastoma with Intracranial Seeding

Background Pancreatoblastoma is an extremely rare neoplasm that accounts for 0.5% of all pancreatic exocrine tumors. These rare entities typically manifest in the pediatric population but can rarely occur in adults. Systemic seeding has been described before but intracranial metastasis in adults has yet to be described. Case Description A 28-year-old woman with a history of pancreatoblastoma that had been in remission for 51 months after treatment with cisplatin, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and etoposide had presented to the emergency room with chronic recurrent headaches. Conservative management of the headaches failed, which led to a diagnostic workup with magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a well-circumscribed solitary cerebellar lesion. Metastatic disease was suspected, and the patient underwent suboccipital craniotomy for tumor resection with adjuvant gamma knife radiosurgery. Conclusions Central nervous system seeding of pancreatoblastoma is rare, and the available evidence suggests that the strategy we used could be adequate for treating such occurrences.
A self-singularity-capturing scheme for fractional differential equations

We develop a two-stage computational framework for robust and accurate time-integration of multi-term linear/nonlinear fractional differential equations. In the first stage, we formulate a self-sin...
Rapid shift in naming efficiency on a rapid automatic naming task by young Spanish-speaking English language learners

The present study analyzed lexical processing efficiency in Spanish-speaking English language learners (ELLs) and their monolingual English-speaking peers from kindergarten through second grade. Specifically, changes in the patterns of speed and accuracy on a rapid object-naming task were evaluated across languages for the ELL children and across the groups of children. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that ELL children have a rapid shift in language processing efficiency from Spanish to English by the end of kindergarten. Results also showed that by the end of kindergarten ELL children were slightly faster and more accurate in English compared with their monolingual peers. This work provides perspective on how lexical processing is impacted by the development of a dual lexical system. We discuss how lexical density, strength of lexical connections, and environmental constraints may influence this rapid shift in lexical processing efficiency for young Spanish-speaking ELL children.
Quantitative PCR assays to detect humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), shortbelly rockfish (Sebastes jordani), and common murre (Uria aalge) in marine water samples

Abstract Monitoring aquatic species by identification of environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming more common. In order to obtain quantitative datasets for individual species, species-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays are required. Here, we present detailed methodology of qPCR assay design and testing, including in silico, in vitro, and in vivo testing, and comment on the challenges associated with assay design and performance. We use the presented methodology to design assays for three important marine organisms common in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE): humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), shortbelly rockfish (Sebastes jordani), and common murre (Uria aalge). All three assays have excellent sensitivity and high efficiencies ranging from 92% to 99%. However, specificities of the assays varied from species-specific in the case of common murre to the genus-specific shortbelly rockfish assay, to the humpback whale assay which cross-amplified with other two other whale species, including one in a different family. All assays detected their associated targets in complex environmental water samples.
New Challenge of Polymer Industry Towards the 21st Century

Polymer chemistry will undoubtedly be the key-science for the 21st century, and the main action-point will be basic research based on human needs.
From Adaptive Heuristic to Phylogenetic Perspective: Some Lessons from the Evolutionary Psychology of Emotion

This chapter contrasts an approach that stresses the reconstruction of phylogenetic trajectories and in which the role of adaptation is inseparable from that of history with the adaptationist program as outlined by contemporary evolutionary psychologists. The phylogenetic perspective I advocate will allow evolutionary psychology to conduct more rigorous, quantitative tests of adaptive hypotheses and hence establish properly corroborated theories concerning the evolution of mind. Furthermore, the adaptive heuristic, as found in the adaptationist program, has a tendency to send psychologists down blind alleys. I support both these claims with several case studies in actual evolutionary psychology, particularly of the emotions.
Urban Rail Transit Expansions

Between 1970 and 2000, governments have spent more than $25 billion to establish or expand rail transit infrastructure in 16 major MSAs in the United States. Massive funds have also been invested to maintain and improve existing rail lines. In their paper “Effects of Urban Rail Transit Expansions: Evidence from Sixteen Cities, 1970–2000”, published in 2005 in the Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, Baum-Snow and Kahn evaluate the effectiveness of this spending. With all of this money being spent, Baum-Snow and Kahn set out to answer the question: To what extent has rail transit investments triggered new ridership? Through the use of regression, the authors create a theoretical model to evaluate commuting mode choice adjustments as a result of new rail transit construction. Heterogeneous responses of the public in regards to public transit use of new rail infrastructure are then gathered after using explanatory variables such as the year the system was built, distance to the city center, and physical structure of the metropolitan area as a whole. These results are then used to quantify the welfare benefits and draw conclusions about how successful rail transit projects are across certain cities in the United States. By building off of prior studies and studying 16 U.S. cities throughout 1970–2000, this paper also sheds light on the importance of the variation in the decentralization of MSAs and how city structures impact commuting mode choice in response to new rail infrastructure.
Appreciative Inquiry in Teaching and Learning

This chapter challenges the contemporary narrative that suggests higher education and student learning are in decline. Prescriptions for strengthening pedagogical processes by adapting principles from appreciative inquiry are also discussed.
Wired versus wireless security: the Internet, WAP and iMode for E-commerce

The perceived lack of security in the wireless environment has delayed many initiatives in providing access to E-commerce applications from wireless devices. Many organizations are skeptical that the same kind of security protections that they are used to in the current Internet (wired) E-commerce environment are also available for wireless transactions. We show that these perceptions are misplaced. We describe the security properties and mechanisms available for Internet (wired), WAP based and iMode E-commerce. We find that both WAP and iMode provide excellent security features and are geared to provide other security provisions over and above those commonly available in a wired environment.
Effect of chlorpromazine on rat tissue uptake of 14 C-3-O-methyl-D-glucose.

Abstract The influence of chlorpromazine (CPZ) pretreatment on tissue distribution of 14 C -3-O- methyl- D -glucose (3-MG), a nonutilizable glucose analog, has been investigated in rats. CPZ pretreatment reduced the uptake of label in diaphragm and elevated serum levels when 14 C-3-MG was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). No significant effects were observed in brain and posterior tibialis muscle when issue/serum ratios for each were evaluated. However, no CPZ-induced changes in serum or tissue levels were observed when 14 C-3-MG was intravenously administered. Furthermore, it was found that i.p. administration of CPZ promotes the absorption of both 3-MG and glucose from the peritoneal cavity. The data suggest that the reduction of glucose tolerance in rats after CPZ pretreatment is not due to a direct peripheral effect of CPZ on the permeability of tissue to glucose.
Creativity and Mental Health of Self Renewing Women.

One hundred sl:xty-eight women, most of them mothers of about age o, were tested on the 16 PP Questionnaire as part of a group counsel ing class to help them fiad new life goals. Scores revealed them to be highly intelligent and highly creative as compared to the standard for adult women. Factor direction suggests that self-renewing women as a group might be described as "self-suificient extroverts." This contrasts with Cattell's findings which caused him to describe creative people as "self-sufficient introverts." Mental health scores were average in relation to the general population and above average in relation to other comparison groups of this report, therefore, it was concluded that self-renewing women function within a productive range of psychological health.
A generic protocol for multipoint connections under link-state routing

We propose a protocol for the construction and maintenance of multipoint connections (MCs). The protocol is based on link-state routing: information regarding multipoint connections is broadcast to network switches, which perform all computations locally. The protocol is generic in that it can be used with MCs of different types, including symmetric MCs, receiver-only MCs, and asymmetric MCs. Results of a simulation study show that this generality can be achieved with negligible (in normal traffic periods) to moderate (in very busy periods) signaling overhead.
Red cell exchange: special focus on sickle cell disease

The primary function of red blood cells (RBCs) is to deliver oxygen from the lungs to tissues. Tissue hypoxia occurs when the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is compromised due primarily to 3 causes: (1) a reduction in circulating RBC mass, (2) an increase in circulating RBC mass, or (3) abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) that either does not sufficiently release oxygen to tissues (high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobin) or occludes the microvasculature due to deformed RBCs (sickled RBCs). To improve oxygenation in patients with reduced or increased RBC mass, RBC administration (simple transfusion) or RBC removal (RBC depletion) is performed, respectively. However, for patients with abnormal Hb, RBCs containing abnormal Hb are removed and replaced by healthy volunteer donor RBCs by red cell exchange (RCE). RCE can be performed by manual exchange or by automated exchange using a blood cell separator (erythrocytapheresis). In this review, indications for RCE in sickle cell disease using the evidence-based American Society for Apheresis categories(1) are presented and the rationale for RCE in each disorder are discussed. Simple transfusion versus RCE and manual RCE versus automated RCE are compared. Finally, this review briefly presents some of the challenges of performing erythrocytapheresis in small children and discusses various choices for central venous access during RCE.(2.)
The molecular basis of neurotransmission at the muscarinic receptor.

Neurotransmitters, hormones, and many drugs cause their effects by interacting specifically with their receptors. In most cases these receptors are highly specialized proteins on the outside surface of the cell. For agonists but not antagonists these interactions may induce conformational changes in the receptor molecule. These receptor changes induced by agonists may affect the electrical properties of cells by changing the membrane permeability, which ultimately leads to a biological response. The link between receptor activation and cellular response is mediated by various effecters. It has been hypothesized that receptors and effecters freely diffuse in the plane of the membrane and that coupling of the two takes place after the agonist-receptor complex has formed [l, 21. Effecters may be ion channels or enzymes (e.g. adenylate cyclase). In the case where they are channels, receptor-mediated permeability changes can arise in two possible ways: (a) the channel effector directly couples to the receptor, and conformational changes in the receptor molecule induced by the agonist result in conformational changes in the effector, thereby altering its permeability; or (b) activation of the receptor indirectly leads to the change in permeability by activating some intracellular metabolic pathway that causes the change. Prolonged exposure of receptors to agonist (over-stimulation) may lead to changes in the receptor, the effector, or the receptor-effector coupling. The result is desensitization which is likely a necessary consequence of activation for many neurotransmitter receptors. Different receptors can interact with common effecters and would therefore cause identical changes within the cell when these receptors are activated. In addition, the same receptor could be linked to different effecters on different cell types and, therefore, upon activation cause changes peculiar to the cell type. It is possible that some receptors for a neurotransmitter lack effecters on certain cell types, and in this case the receptors would be nonfunctioning.
southern perspectives on the New Guinea Highlands

The Production of Inequality: Gender and Exchange among the Kewa. LISETTE JOSEPHIDES. Fabricated World: An Interpretation of Kewa Tales. JOHN LEROY. Kewa Tales. JOHN LEROY, ed.
Mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate, a major component of Firemaster 550, is an AHR agonist that exhibits AHR-independent cardiotoxicity in zebrafish

Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant mixture used within polyurethane foam and is increasingly found in house dust and the environment due to leaching. Despite the widespread use of FM550, very few studies have investigated the potential toxicity of its ingredients during early vertebrate development. In the current study, we sought to specifically investigate mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mITP), a component comprising approximately 32% of FM550, which has been shown to cause cardiotoxicity during zebrafish embryogenesis. Previous research showed that developmental defects are rescued using an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) antagonist (CH223191), suggesting that mITP-induced toxicity was AHR-dependent. As zebrafish have three known AHR isoforms, we used a functional AHR2 knockout line along with AHR1A- and AHR1B-specific morpholinos to determine which AHR isoform, if any, mediates mITP-induced cardiotoxicity. As in silico structural homology modeling predicted that mITP may bind favorably to both AHR2 and AHR1B isoforms, we evaluated AHR involvement in vivo by measuring CYP1A mRNA and protein expression following exposure to mITP in the presence or absence of CH223191 or AHR-specific morpholinos. Based on these studies, we found that mITP interacts with both AHR2 and AHR1B isoforms to induce CYP1A expression. However, while CH223191 blocked mITP-induced CYP1A induction and cardiotoxicity, knockdown of all three AHR isoforms failed to block mITP-induced cardiotoxicity in the absence of detectable CYP1A induction. Overall, these results suggest that, while mITP is an AHR agonist, mITP causes AHR-independent cardiotoxicity through a pathway that is also antagonized by CH223191.
Irradiance transmittance through the air/water interface

For some applications the results of atmospheric models can be used as inputs for the computation of underwater irradiance provided that the effect of transmittance through the air-water interface can be accurately estimated. In this work the computations of refraction and transmission through the air-water interface are reviewed, the effect of a variety of atmospheric types investigated, and a simple table provided for estimation of air-water transmittance. The propagation of spectral irradiance as well as the propagation of photosynthetically active radiation is considered.
X-ray phase computed tomography for nanoparticulated imaging probes and therapeutics: preliminary feasibility study

With the scientific progress in cancer biology, pharmacology and biomedical engineering, the nano-biotechnology based imaging probes and therapeutical agents (namely probes/agents) - a form of theranostics - are among the strategic solutions bearing the hope for the cure of cancer. The key feature distinguishing the nanoparticulated probes/agents from their conventional counterparts is their targeting capability. A large surface-to-volume ratio in nanoparticulated probes/agents enables the accommodation of multiple targeting, imaging and therapeutic components to cope with the intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. Most nanoparticulated probes/agents are synthesized with low atomic number materials and thus their x-ray attenuation are very similar to biological tissues. However, their microscopic structures are very different, which may result in significant differences in their refractive properties. Recently, the investigation in the x-ray grating-based differential phase contrast (DPC) CT has demonstrated its advantages in differentiating low-atomic materials over the conventional attenuation-based CT. We believe that a synergy of x-ray grating-based DPC CT and nanoparticulated imaging probes and therapeutic agents may play a significant role in extensive preclinical and clinical applications, or even become a modality for molecular imaging. Hence, we propose to image the refractive property of nanoparticulated imaging probes and therapeutical agents using x-ray grating-based DPC CT. In this work, we conduct a preliminary feasibility study with a focus to characterize the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and contrast-detail behavior of the x-ray grating-based DPC CT. The obtained data may be instructive to the architecture design and performance optimization of the x-ray grating-based DPC CT for imaging biomarker-targeted imaging probes and therapeutic agents, and even informative to the translation of preclinical research in theranostics into clinical applications.
Direction of translation in phage S13 as determined from the sizes of polypeptide fragments of nonsense mutants.

Abstract The direction of translation for phage S13 was determined by comparing the sizes of polypeptide fragments of gene I nonsense mutants with the genetic map order of the mutants.
Are filtration rates for the rough tunicate Styela plicata independent of weight or size

The filtration rate of the rough tunicate Styela plicata was determined as an aid for potential use as a bioremediator of algae and bacteria contamination in estuarine waters. Filtration rates were calculated hourly over a period of six hours for tunicates (16.8 to 57.8 grams) exposed to two targeted concentrations (105 and 106 cells mL−1) of the microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. (n = 7 per treatment) and the bacteria Escherichia coli (n = 6 per treatment). Filtration rates for individual tunicates exposed to microalgae differed as much as 3520 mL hr−1 within an hour and 2349 mL hr−1 with bacteria. However, the average filtration rate of tunicates exposed to microalgae at 105 cells mL−1 was 3065 mL hr−1 animal−1(± 1284 mL hr−1 s.d.), 3252 mL hr−1 animal−1 (± 1039 mL hr−1 s.d.) at 106 cells mL−1 and 3158 mL hr−1 animal−1 when combined. The average filtration rate with bacteria at 105 cells mL−1 was 4654 mL hr−1 animal−1 (± 810 mL hr−1 s.d.), 2296 mL hr−1 animal−1 (± 1460 mL hr−1 s.d.) at 106 cells mL−1 and 34...
Raman spectroscopy: probing the border between near-field and far-field spectroscopy

We have performed Raman spectroscopy using a near-field scanning optical microscope. The small sample volume coupled with the light-starved nature of the Raman effect makes nano-Raman studies difficult. We present results showing near-field effects in an investigation of Rb-doped KTP. These effects include a change in selection rules due to the presence of a z-polarization component in the near-field, a surface-enhancement effect in near-field Raman data, a reduced Rayleigh tail, and simultaneous topography with the near-field probe. An image taken within a Raman feature demonstrates that nano-Raman imaging is indeed possible if the near-field instrument has considerable long-term stability.
The Synthesis and Properties of P-, P′- Disubstituted Phenyl Thiolbenzoates:

Abstract A class of nematic liquid crystals, the p-, p′- Disubstituted phenyl thiolbenzoates, I, are reportyed. The phenyl thiolbenzoates have higher melting points and higher clearing points than the oxygen analog phenylbenzoates. This increased nematic stability affords the formulation of liquid crystalline systems with high clearing points. The phenyl thiolbenzoates were synthesized by condensation of a benzoyl chloride and thiophenol. The thiophenols were prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis of the corresponding xanthate esters. The results indicate that the phenyl thiolbenzates show good potential for use in field effect display devices.
Bilateral optic disk edema and blindness as initial presentation of acute lymphocytic leukemia

Abstract PURPOSE: To report bilateral optic disk edema and blindness as the unusual initial presentation of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in an adult. METHODS: A 19-year-old man presented with a history of headaches, back pain, and 10 days of worsening vision that progressed to blindness. Ocular examination revealed light perception acuity in the right eye and no light perception in the left eye. Fundus examination revealed bilateral profound optic disk edema, tortuous vessels, and retinal hemorrhages. Acute lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed with complete blood count and bone marrow biopsy. Head computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, were normal. Lumbar puncture revealed normal opening pressure. Ocular ultrasonography showed bilateral optic nerve enlargement. DESIGN: Interventional case report and literature review. RESULTS: The presumptive diagnosis of leukemic infiltration of the optic nerves was made, and urgent radiotherapy, intrathecal methotrexate, and intravenous daunorubicin were instituted. Visual acuity improved to hand motions in the right eye. CONCLUSIONS: Acute lymphocytic leukemia can rarely present in adults as visual changes due to leukemic optic nerve infiltration. Radiation treatment should be considered as an urgent treatment modality for this rare condition.
Structural properties and partial protein sequence analysis of the major dermatan sulfate proteoglycan of pigeon aorta

Dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (DSPG) were extracted from intima-media of grossly normal aortic tissue of White Carneau pigeons and were purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel followed by size exclusion chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B. The major aortic DSPG had an average size of 310 kDa. The core protein resulting from treatment of the PG with chondroitinase ABC: (1) was found to be approximately 48 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (2) was recognized by monoclonal antibody (Mab) 2-B-6 but not by Mab 3-B-3 on Western blots, indicating the presence of delta Di-4S and absence of delta Di-6S; (3) was glycosylated with Asn-linked oligosaccharides; (4) contained a high content of Asx, Glx and Leu, similar to that found for core proteins of this size from other tissues and species and (5) contained an N-terminal sequence (Asp-Glu-Gly-Xaa-Ala-Asp-Met-Pro-Pro-Xaa-Asp-Asp-Pro-Val- Ile-(ile)-Gly-Phe-), which was similar to sequences of DSPG core proteins previously described as 'decorin' and distinct from DSPG described as 'biglycan'. The results suggest that the major DSPG of aorta can be classified as a decorin molecule. The overall size of the DSPG in aorta was larger than decorin molecules described in non-arterial tissues of other species. Evidence is presented to conclude the larger size results from more than one dermatan sulfate-glycosaminoglycan chain.
Performance of the Mayo-IBM PAC system

The Mayo Clinic and IBM (at Rochester, Minnesota) have jointly developed a picture archived system for use with Mayo's MRI and CT imaging modalities. This PACS is made up of over 50 computers that work cooperatively to provide archival, retrieval and image distribution services for Mayo's Department of Radiology. This paper will examine the performance characteristics of the system.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Teacher perspectives on linguistics in TESOL teacher education

This paper reports on a study of 61 students and alumni of graduate programmes that specialise in training English language teachers. The goal was to examine the views of these students and alumni regarding the importance and/or relevance of linguistic theory for their pedagogical practice and to determine whether differences in perceptions were dependent upon varying years of teaching experience. Both rating data and responses to open-ended questions were collected. Results indicate that respondents across groups held positive views regarding the role of linguistic theory for their development as teachers, and they expressed interest in more direct linkages between theory and practice in their academic programmes. We discovered, however, that a U-shaped response pattern emerged: the most novice and most experienced teachers were more optimistic about the value of theory than those whose years of teaching experience fell somewhere between these two groups. Possible reasons for this developmental pattern a...
A Semantic Differential Measure of Attitudes Toward Black American Patients

The development of an instrument measuring attitudes toward black American patients using a semantic differential technique is described. Subjects were 242 white senior students enrolled in baccalaureate degree, associate degree, and diploma nursing programs. The instrument consisted of 20 bipolar adjective scales for positive and negative racial stereotypes. A factor analysis resulted in five factors which accounted for the majority of the variance, with 30.2% for Factor I Evaluation. An alpha reliability of .84 for the same factor revealed a high level of internal consistency. To obtain an attitude score, the eight bipolar adjective scales comprising Factor I were summed and the scores obtained were in the neutral range. There were no significant differences among the attitudes of baccalaureate degree, associate degree, or diploma nursing students. Comparisons also were made between the perceptions of students toward black Americans and toward black American patients, with the latter perceived more favorably.
Expression of the IGF system in primary and immortalized porcine ovarian granulosa cells

Abstract We have established a novel granulosa cell line derived from porcine ovarian follicles (4–6 mm in diameter). This cell line, MDG2.1, was obtained by transfection of freshly cultured cells with the plasmid pSV3neo. Doubling time for MDG2.1 cells is 24–36 h. Northern analysis for RNAs of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) regulatory system indicates that RNAs for IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, and IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) 2–6, but not IGFBP-1, are expressed in MDG2.1 cells. The secretion of IGFBPs from MDG2.1 cells shows > 10-fold levels of the 24 kDa form, reduced secretion of other IGFBPs, with no change in the total amount of IGFBP secreted, as compared to primary cells cultured under identical conditions. Use of endoglycosidase F indicated that several IGFBPs are posttranslationally modified. This cell line is a useful model and plasmid transfection target system to investigate IGFBP action in ovarian granulosa cells.
Prevalence of interatrial block in a general hospital population.

The present investigation showed a very high prevalence of IAB in a hospital population. Above the age of 60 years, more patients in sinus rhythm had IAB than those without it. Considering the consequences of atrial fibrillation, including subsequent stroke in such patients, it is essential that IAB be recognized early because it is associated with a higher incidence of abnormalities in atrial excitability 10 and significant electromechanical dysfunction of the left atrium. 5,6 .
Symbolic kinetic analysis of two-dimensional maps

Abstract Symbolic dynamics is used to partition phase space for the Henon attractor and the Chirikov-Taylor map. The method used for constructing the generating partitions appears to be applicable to many dynamical systems. The discretized time evalution equation is used to calculate statistical properties such as the correlation function.
The Weber-Fechner law and the all-or-None Theory

Resume LA LOI WEBER-FECHNER ET LA THEORIE TOUT-OU-RIEN On presente de Pevidence des domaines de vision, de sens de pression, et de sens musculaire, pour montrer que la relation logarithmique appelee la Loi Weber-Fechner existe vraiment peu souvent. La relation apparente semble ětre une approximation pour la mi-region d'une courbe integrale de distribution rapportant les seuils des recepteurs aux logarithmes du stimulus, ou pour l'etendue d'une serie de telles courbes integrales de distribution correspondant a plusieurs groupes separes de recepteurs. Cette conception de la soi-disant Loi Weber-Fechner Concorde avec la nature tout ou rien de la mecanique du systeme nerveux. L'addition, avec l'intensite de plus en plus grande du stimulus, de plus de recepteurs comme leurs seuils d'excitation sont atteints, est un principe qui semble expliquer quantitativement beaucoup des donnees ordinairement resumees sous la Loi Weber-Fechner. La courbe d'apprentissage est aussi ogivale dans des conditions experimentaies b...
Pulpal anodal blockade of trigeminal field potentials elicited by tooth stimulation in the cat

Abstract Trigeminal field potentials elicited by monopolar and bipolar stimulation of the canine tooth pulp in the barbiturate-anesthetized cat were recorded to characterize the effects of direct current anodal blocks on pulpal excitability. Anodal blocking currents ranging as high as 50 μa result in a dose-dependent attenuation of pulp excitability. An induction time, inversely related to the blocking current and lasting up to several minutes, is required for the establishment of a new steady-state level of excitability. Blocks of these low current intensities or of short duration are rapidly (seconds) reversible upon block cessation. In general, blocking currents greater than 50 μa further attenuate pulpal excitability in a dose-dependent manner and if terminated immediately were also rapidly reversible. However, following any prolonged administration of these more intense blocking currents, pulpal excitability did not return to control values but was seen to fall within tens of seconds to some intermmediate value which was then maintained for the duration of the monitoring interval (10 min). For all intensities, application of the blocking current to the occlusal end of the tooth was required for the effects to be widespread throughout the pulp chamber.
Masking and the identification of characters presented simultaneously and sequentially to the parafovea.

The effects of masking and simultaneous vs sequential exposure on identification accuracy of parafoveally presented pairs of stimuli were examined in four experiments. When masking figures were continuously present in positions not occupied by stimulus characters, accuracy of identification was significantly poorer on the relatively central member of a pair when members were simultaneously exposed and when the central member was exposed second. When masking figures were not used, performance was significantly poorer on the central member only when pair members were exposed simultaneously. Requiring the identification of both members of the pair produced a different ordering of overall accuracy among the simultaneous and sequential conditions from when only one member was identified. It was concluded that asymmetric lateral inhibition of feature extraction operated only when target and nontarget were simultaneously present. An additional source of asymmetric disruption occurs when masking figures flanking the target change before or with the appearance of the target.
1151 TIME-RELATED POTENTIATION OF THE PULMONARY HYPERTENSIVE RESPONSE TO BOLUS GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI IN CONSCIOUS PIGS

Infusions of Group B Streptococci; (GBS) cause pulmonary hypertension in acutely instrumented lambs. We developed a chronic piglet model to further study this response. We placed a pulmonary artery electromagnetic flow transducer plus pulmonary, aortic, left atrial and central venous catheters. After > 4 days recovery, animals were given 1×108 heat killed GBS type III (strain M732)/kg as a rapid bolus each weekday for 10 days. The table shows the mean ± SD change in mean pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) for each day. The average increase in Ppa on days 8, 9 and 10 was 230% greater than on days 1, 2 and 3. Other variables changed little, if any, and returned to baseline within 1-2 minutes while pulmonary pressure was elevated for 6 ± 1.5 minutes on days 8, 9, and 10. These data document a previously unreported time-related potentiation in the pulmonary hypertensive response to bolus GBS in conscious piglets. Investigations into the mechanism(s) underlying this response are under way. Further work with this model may improve our understanding of the host response to infectious challenge.
Grain-boundary chemistry and intergranular corrosion in alloy 825

Alloy 825, a former candidate material for radioactive high-level waste containers, was investigated to assess its thermal stability and the time-temperature conditions for sensitization. Alloy specimens with a carbon content of 0.01 wt pct in the mill-annealed (MA) and solution-annealed (SA) conditions were studied after thermal exposure to temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 800 °C for periods of up to 1000 hours. Sensitization was evaluated by using corrosion tests that were correlated to grainboundary chemistry analyses. Sensitized microstructures were found to contain M23C6-type carbides and a chromium-depleted region in the vicinity of the grain boundaries. Thermal aging at 700 °C for 100 hours resulted in the highest sensitization. While heat treatment at 640 °C showed a progressive development of sensitization with time, healing was found to occur after aging at 800 °C for 100 hours. The degree of sensitization, quantified by an equivalent chromium-depleted-zone size, correlates well with the corrosion rate in the nitric acid test. Thermodynamic models were used to calculate the interfacial chromium concentration, chromium depletion profile, and the depleted-zone width. Comparisons between experimental measurements and model calculations indicate that reliable prediction depends on the selection of key model parameters.
Defective Motile Cilia in Prickle2-Deficient Mice

Motile cilia play diverse roles across phyla and cell types, and abnormalities in motile cilia lead to numerous disease states, including hydrocephalus. Although motile ciliary abnormalities in Prickle2 mutants have not yet been described, the planar cell polarity genes, including Prickle2, are implicated in the development and function of motile cilia. This report evaluates Prickle2-deficient mice for dysfunction in processes known to depend on functioning motile cilia. Prickle2-deficient mice do not develop hydrocephalus, but do display abnormal morphology and motility in the motile cilia of the ependyma. The morphology of tracheal motile cilia is also abnormal. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Prickle2 is required for normal ependymal motile cilia development and function.
A Modified Parainguinal Approach for Cryptorchidectomy in Horses An Evaluation in 107 Horses

A modified parainguinal approach was used to castrate 119 abdominal cryptorchid horses. The operative time ranged from 10 to 30 minutes. Follow-up information was obtained for 107 horses. Swelling, more severe than that expected in routine castrations, was reported in six horses. An incisional abscess had to be drained in one horse and one horse died of unexplained causes 3 days after the surgery.
Testis-Specific and Sex-Associated Hexokinases in Drosophila melanogaster

Hexokinases of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated by starchgel electrophoresis. A hexokinase is present in both sexes during earlier stages of development, but it persists only in male adults. In addition, in this species there is a testis-specific hexokinase which is first observed during the pupal period.
Inhibition of the acetylcholine receptor by histrionicotoxin.

Abstract 1 The action of C5-decahydrohistrionicotoxin (C5-HTX) has been investigated on the extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors of denervated rat muscle. 2 C5-HTX causes both a rapid and slow reduction in amplitude of iontophoretic ACh potentials evoked at all frequencies from the extrajunctional receptors. 3 C5-HTX also causes a time-dependent inhibition of the iontophoretic potentials evoked at frequencies greater than 0.02 Hz. This inhibition was observed either alone or superimposed upon desensitization, and may be caused by a similar mechanism to desensitization.
Canned Salmon Curd Reduced by Use of Polyphosphates

Significant reduction of curd in canned salmon prepared from frozen fish was achieved. Prior to being placed in the can, salmon steaks or pieces were given dips of a few seconds to 2 min in sodium poly-phosphate in concentrations from 5% to saturated. Curd was effectively reduced in canned pink and sockeye salmon prepared from fish in frozen storage for up to a year, to a level at least equivalent to canned salmon prepared from fresh fish. Improvements in flavor and texture were noted. A simple scoring system is presented for evaluating canned salmon based upon visual scoring of curd present on the surface of canned product.
Vaccinia virus DNA topoisomerase I preferentially removes positive supercoils from DNA

Type I DNA topoisomerases homologous to Escherichia coli topoisomerase I normally only remove negative supercoils from DNA. Topoisomerases I from various eukaryotes share sequence homology and remove both positive and negative supercoils from DNA. Here we report that vaccinia virus topoisomerase I has significant difference in substrate preference from the other homologous type I topoisomerases. Vaccinia virus topoisomerase I shows a definite preference for removal of positive supercoils. In contrast, topoisomerase I from human, wheat germ and Saccharomyces cerevisiae has little preference between positive and negative supercoils. The vaccinia enzyme may have evolved for functions required for optimal viral growth.
Notes on the Uses and Scope of City Planning Theory

This mapping article highlights two concerns about city planning theory: its uses and roles in urban planning, and its scope. Regarding its main uses or functions, there are four: explanation, prediction, justification, and normative guidance. Each of these four roles is briefly explained before moving on to the core of the article regarding the scope of planning theory, as the use of city planning theory bears directly on its reach, and vice versa. This discussion addresses the question of the contribution of planning theory to urban development, and suggests how to explain that contribution.
Rationality of executive compensation schemes and real accounting changes

. Managerial preference for accounting methods is examined with respect to the effects of the chosen methods on executives' annual compensation (salary and bonus). Two propositions are considered: (a) the bonus-hypothesis, and (b) the rationality of compensation schemes. While the former asserts a tie between compensation and accounting income, the latter stipulates a connection between the real (cash flow) consequences of the choice of accounting methods and executives' compensation. Two accounting method changes were used: (a) the change in pension costing and funding (which increases both income and operating cash flows), and (b) the change in inventory valuation method to LIFO (which decreases income and increases cash flows). Unexpected compensations in the switch-year were correlated with the effects of each accounting change on income. The results suggest that top executives' salary and bonus payments increased in the switch-year beyond levels predicted by the pre-switch compensation parameters. Several validation checks were also performed using comparison samples. Furthermore, the effects of these two accounting changes on income were found to correlate with unexpected compensation in the directions predicted by the hypothesis of rationality of compensation schemes. Resume. Les preferences de la direction quant aux methodes comptables sont examinees relativement aux effets des methodes retenues sur la remuneration annuelle des dirigeants (salaries et gratifications). Deux propositions sont envisagees: (a) l'hypothese de gratification, et (b) la rationalite des systemes de remuneration. Alors que la premiere proposition affirme l'existence d'un lien entre la remuneration et le benefice comptable, la seconde est a l'effet qu'il existe une relation entre les consequences reelles (flux de tresorerie) de la methode comptable choisie et a remuneration des dirigeants. Deux types de changement de methode comptable furent consideres: (a) le changement dans la comptabilisation des couts et la capitalisation des regimes de retraite (augmentant a la fois le benefice comptable et le flux monetaire d'exploitation), et (b) le changement de methode d'evaluation des stocks pour DEPS (diminuant e benefice comptable et augmentant les flux de tresorerie). Les remunerations imprevues versees dans l'annee ou il y eut changement ont ete correlees aux effets de chaque modification comptable sur le benefice.
Time-lapse movies and the diurnal time budget and activity patterns of Cataleptodius floridanus, a tropical intertidal xanthid crab

ABSTRACT Time-lapse cinematography was used to record the daily activity patterns and the specific behaviors performed in a dense population of a small xanthid crab, Cataleptodius floridanus, on Glover's Reef, Belize, Central America. The crabs' activities were filmed in the extreme low intertidal zone on Long Cay, Glover's Reef, where the population exceeds 100 individuals/ m2 in coral rubble. Daylong films taken at a rate of one frame/15 s showed that few or no C. floridanus were active outside their burrows when the tide was high. Activity levels increased as the tide fell, and greatest activity occurred during low tides in the afternoon. To obtain detailed records of the time crabs allocated to various activities, films were made at two frames/s for 30 min during peak activity periods. An average crab spent about 68% of its time inside its burrow out of sight. Of the remaining time 23% was spent feeding, about 3% coming out of the burrow, 2% going into the burrow, 2% performing burrow maintenance tasks, and less than 1% in each of the following categories: extended foraging bouts, stone rolling, agonistic encounters, and courtship. Entrances and exits from burrows were quick, averaging less than seven s each, but burrow-tending bouts averaged 40 s long, and feeding episodes averaged almost 70 s. Most of the crabs stayed within a few cm of their burrow entrances.
Translational Energy Dependence and Potential Energy Surfaces of Gas Phase SN2 and Addition−Elimination Reactions

The translational energy dependence of several gas-phase SN2 and carbonyl addition−elimination reaction rate constants has been measured in an FT-ICR. The relative energy dependences of the reactions are qualitatively consistent with variations in the reaction potential surfaces that are inferred from their thermal rate constants, which comprise a wide range of reaction efficiencies. Furthermore, the observed energy dependence of each reaction agrees quantitatively with RRKM calculations of the reaction rate constants. We conclude that, although nonstatistical dynamics are observed in some SN2 reactions, statistical reaction rate theory is, in general, an accurate means of interpreting the translational energy dependence of bimolecular ion−molecule reaction rate constants.
Locating boundaries between mapping units

A linear discriminant function can be used to place the boundary between two mapping units, if multiple measurements are available for samples collected from both units. The function is calculated using samples of known group membership, then is applied to classify samples of unknown group identity. The plot of the discriminant index on a map of the study area locates the contact between the two groups. Boundary position can be evaluated by comparing data models based upon the boundary with the distributions of the original variables. This method is applied to locate the boundary between two soil mapping units. Samples of two contrasting soils were collected on a gridded sampling pattern positioned at the contact between two mapping units. Samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties, including sand content, silt content, and pH. The boundary was located, then separately evaluated with respect to the sand, silt, and pH measurements. The discriminant score boundary corresponded closely to the sand content measurements, but did not match the silt or pH distributions.
Rigorous coupled wave theory solution of phi-periodic circular cylindrical dielectric systems

A state variable electromagnetic (EM) analysis technique called rigorous wave coupled theory (RCWT) (used for the EM and optical analysis of planar diffraction gratings) is applied to determine the radiation and scattering that arises from phi-periodic circular cylindrical dielectric systems which have arbitrary radial and azimuthal, inhomogeneous, permittivity variation. The RCWT state matrix equations and the associated boundary matrix equations (derived from a multi-layer cylindrical ladder analysis) are presented and solved for the cases: (1) when a plane wave (TM polarization, electric field parallel to the cylinder axis) is incident on the phi-periodic dielectric cylinder and (2) when an electric line current source excites EM radiation inside the phi-periodic dielectric cylinder. Numerical examples of plane wave scattering and line source radiation from phi-periodic dielectric cylinder systems are presented. Comparisons for the first time of scattering and radiation from inhomogeneous step profile ...