cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Model Correlation for Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) launched on August 12, 2005 and began aerobraking at Mars in March 2006. In order to save propellant, MRO used aerobraking to modify the initial orbit at Mars. The spacecraft passed through the atmosphere briefly on each orbit; during each pass the spacecraft was slowed by atmospheric drag, thus lowering the orbit apoapsis. The largest area on the spacecraft, most affected by aeroheating, was the solar arrays. A thermal analysis of the solar arrays was conducted at NASA Langley Research Center to simulate their performance throughout the entire roughly 6-month period of aerobraking. A companion paper describes the development of this thermal model. This model has been correlated against many sets of flight data. Several maneuvers were performed during the cruise to Mars, such as thruster calibrations, which involve large abrupt changes in the spacecraft orientation relative to the sun. The data obtained from these maneuvers allowed the model to be well-correlated with regard to thermal mass, conductive connections, and solar response well before arrival at the planet. Correlation against flight data for both in-cruise maneuvers and drag passes was performed. Adjustments made to the model included orientation during the drag pass, solar flux, Martian surface temperature, through-array resistance, aeroheating gradient due to angle of attack, and aeroheating accommodation coefficient. Methods of correlation included comparing the model to flight temperatures, slopes, temperature deltas between sensors, and solar and planet direction vectors. Correlation and model accuracy over 400 aeroheating drag passes were determined, with overall model accuracy better than 5 C.
Drosophila Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Purification and Partial Characterization

An alcohol dehydrogenase has been purified from two strains of Drosophila melanogaster. This enzyme has a molecular weight of 4.4 × 104 and shows a broad specificity for secondary alcohols. Crude extracts of flies contain multiple forms of the enzyme. One of these forms has been isolated by ion exchange chromatography.
Non-Commutative Integration

The theories of weights, traces and states are often referred as non commutative integration. If the von Neumann algebra in question is abelian, then our theory is precisely the theory of measures and integration. In fact, the weight value of a self-adjoint element is given precisely by the integration of the corresponding function on the spectrum relative to the measure corresponding to the weight. As there are many non-commuting self-adjoint elements in the algebra, we have to consider various spectral measures even if we fix one weight and we can not represent non-commuting self-adjoint elements as functions on the same space. The striking difference between the commutative case and the non-commutative case is the appearance of one parameter automorphism group which is determined by the weight. Namely, weights and/or states determine the dynamics of the system which does not have the commutative counter part. We have explored the relationship between weights and the modular automorphism groups so far. We now further investigate how the dynamics, i.e. the modular automorphism groups, of the algebra relate the different spaces associated with the algebras. First, we study the underlying Hilbert space of the algebra and find the intrinsic pointed convex cone there, which is called the natural cone, in the first section. The theory developed there allows us to view the standard Hilbert space as the square root of the predual of the algebra as well as to represent the automorphism group Aut(M), of a von Neumann algebra M, as the group of unitaries which leaves the natural cone globally invariant.
Microactuators toward microvalves for responsive controlled drug delivery

A responsive controlled drug release system in which the delivery of drugs is achieved by actuating miniature metal or polymeric valves has been introduced. These valves might be actuated under the control of a sensor responding to a specific biological stimulus. This approach offers better reproducibility and easier control than drug release achieved by passive diffusion out of a polymer host matrix. The metal valve systems, which are irreversible, consist of thin suspended non-porous layers that can be electrochemically dissolved or disintegrated by water electrolysis. The reversible polymeric valve systems, also called ‘artificial muscle’, are prepared from a blend of redox polymer and hydrogel that swells and shrinks either by applying a suitable bias or through a specific chemical reaction. In one of the several possible configurations for the artificial muscle valves such as the sphincter configuration, the blend is electropolymerized within an array of holes, which open and close corresponding to the shrinking and swelling of the polymer actuator. The swelling and shrinking property of the blends is characterized by video monitoring and by in situ conductivity measurements. Significantly larger magnitude of swelling and shrinking were observed for the blend than the redox polymer itself. The blend also appeared smoother and more voluminous. The largest actuation was obtained for the blend consisting of polyaniline and poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate)-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidinone). The results demonstrate that it is possible to apply artificial muscle for the fabrication of microactuator valves for responsive controlled drug delivery.
P2X receptors in cochlear Deiters' cells

The ionotropic purinoceptors in isolated Deiters' cells of guinea-pig cochlea were characterized by use of the whole-cell variant of the patch-clamp technique. Extracellular application of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) induced a dose-dependent inward current when the cells were voltage-clamped at −80 mV. The ATP-induced current showed desensitization and had a reversal potential around −4 mV. Increasing intracellular free Ca2+ by decreasing the concentration of EGTA in the pipette solution reduced the amplitude of the ATP-gated current. The order of agonist potency was: 2-methylthioATP (2-meSATP)>ATP>benzoylbenzoyl-ATP (BzATP)>α,β-methyleneATP (α,β,meATP>adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP)>uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP)>adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)=adenosine (Ad). Pretreatment with forskolin (10 μM), 8-bromoadenosine-3′,5′-cyclophosphate (8-Br-cyclic AMP, 1 mM), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 1 mM) or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 1 μM) reversibly reduced the ATP-induced peak current. The results are consistent with molecular biological data which indicate that P2X2 purinoceptors are present in Deiters' cells. In addition, the reduction of the ATP-gated current by activators of protein kinase A and protein kinase C indicates that these P2X2 purinoceptors can be functionally modulated by receptor phosphorylation.
Synthesis and Structural Studies of Metal Complexes of the Biological Ligand 2-Quinaldic Acid: Utilization of the Polymer Pendant Analog PS-2-QA for Selective Aluminum Ion Removal from Aqueous Solution.

The synthetic reactions of quinaldic acid (2-QA, 1), a ligand with potential implications in Al(3+) ion biological transport and in pharmaceutical applications and of use for the removal and recovery of Al(3+) ions from environmental waste sites, were studied with tri- and divalent metal ions that encompass Al(3+), Fe(3+), Ga(3+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Mn(2+), and Co(2+). The Al(3+), Fe(3+), and Ga(3+) metal ion complexes, 2-4, of 1 were characterized by FT-IR, FAB/MS, NMR, and elemental analysis and provided the following structural formula with 1 of 2-QA(4)M(2)(m-OH)(2).S, where S = H(2)O or pyridine. In the case of the Ga(3+ )analog, 4.Py, the unequivocal m-OH dimer structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis [space group, P1; a = 13.387(3) A; b = 14.016(2) A; c = 14.549(2) A; alpha = 87.74(2) degrees; beta = 73.44(2) degrees; gamma = 82.61(2) degrees; Z = 2; volume = 2592.6 A(3)]. A description of the X-ray crystal structure of 2-QA(4)Ga(2)(m-OH)(2).4 pyridine, 4.Py, will also be presented. The corresponding bis(2-QA) metal complexes of Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Mn(2+), and Co(2+), 5-8, were also studied and all provided a formula of 2-QA(2)M.1.5 H(2)O, which were also characterized by many of the above-mentioned spectroscopic techniques. The polymer-supported (PS) version of 1, PS-2-QA, bonded to modified, macroporous 6% cross-linked polystyrene-divinylbenzene beads, was synthesized by an electrophilic substitution reaction on the aromatic ring of a 2-QA derivative, ethyl 2-quinaldate, with the chloromethylated precursor, PS-CH(2)Cl, followed by subsequent ester hydroysis to the free PS-2-QA ligand. The PS-2-QA ligand was found to selectively remove Al(3+) ions from aqueous acidic solution (pH = 3-5) in the presence of other divalent metal ions, namely, Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Mn(2+), and Co(2+) as well as a trivalent metal ion, Cr(3+).
Sequencing parallel machining operations by genetic algorithms

Parallel machines (mill/turn machining centers) provide a powerful and efficient machining alternative to the traditional sequential machining process. The underutilization of parallel machines due to their operating complexity has increased interest in developing an efficient methodology for sequencing the parallel machining operations. This paper presents a mixed integer programming model for sequencing parallel machining operations. A genetic-based algorithm for finding an optimal parallel operation sequence on parallel machines is proposed. Two new genetic operators for solving order-based genetic algorithms and computational experiments are also included.
Commutators and certain II1-factors

Recently some progress has been made in the structure theory of commutators in von Neumann algebras [I]-[3]. The theory is far from complete, however, and one of the most intractable of the unsolved problems, is that of determining the commutators in a finite von Neumann algebra. A commutator in a finite von Neumann algebra must, of course, have central trace zero, and is not unreasonable to hope that the commutators in such an algebra are exactly the operators with central trace zero. However, despite considerable effort, this has been proved only in case the algebra is a finite direct sum of algebras of type I, [4]. In this note, we consider a certain class of factors of type II, discovered by Wright [13], and we show that every Hermitian operator with trace zero in such a factor is a commutator in the factor. This is accomplished by first proving that every Hermitian operator with central trace zero in an arbitrary finite von Neumann algebra of type I is a commutator in the algebra. Finally, we turn our attention to the problem of characterizing the linear manifold [GY, ac] p s anned by the commutators in an arbitrary von Neumann algebra 67 of type II, . We give three characterizations; in particular we show that [G?, ol] coincides with the set of all linear combinations C& ariEi where Cbi Qi = 0 and each E4 is equivalent in GZ to I Ei .
CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase: insights into regulatory mechanisms and novel functions.

A key regulatory enzyme in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, CTP:cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase (CCT), catalyzes the formation of CDP-choline. This review discusses the essential features of CCT and addresses intriguing new insights into the catalytic and regulatory properties of this complex enzyme. Characterization of a lipid-binding segment in rat CCT is described and the role of lipids in CCT activation is discussed. An analysis of the phosphorylation domain is presented and possible physiological rationales for reversible phosphorylation of CCT are discussed. The nuclear localization of CCT is examined in the context of multiple CCT isoforms, as is recent evidence establishing a potential link between CCT activity and vesicular transport.
A collection of kinesthetic learning activities for a course on distributed computing: ACM SIGACT news distributed computing column 26

Kinesthetic learning is a process where students learn by actively carrying out physical activities rather than by passively listening to lectures. Pedagogical research has indicated that kinesthetic learning is a fundamental, powerful, and ubiquitous learning style. It resonates with many students across all disciplines and levels of education. The adoption of kinesthetic approaches in college classrooms, however, has been hampered by the difficulty of designing effective activities, as well as the perceived challenges of coordinating these activities. On the other hand, courses on distributed computing, by the very nature of the material they cover, are uniquely suited to exploiting this learning technique. We have developed and piloted a collection of kinesthetic activities for a senior undergraduate or graduate-level course on distributed systems. We give detailed descriptions of these exercises and discuss factors that contribute to their success (or failure). Our hope is that others will adopt these particular activities in their own distributed systems courses as well as use these examples as a pattern for developing new activities.
Effects of full-facility variable tolling on traveler behavior : evidence from a panel study of the SR-520 corridor in Seattle.

Variable tolling was implemented on the SR-520 Bridge in the Seattle, Washington, region in 2011 as part of a federally funded initiative to reduce traffic congestion. R-520 tolls varied by time of day up to a maximum of $3.50 each way ($5 for nontransponder payments). A nearby parallel facility, Interstate 90, remained a toll-free alternative across Lake Washington. Tolling was accompanied by investments in public transit and traffic management technologies and by efforts to promote telecommuting. A two-stage panel survey approach was used to analyze the impacts of this tolling program on corridor users' daily travel choices. In each survey wave, more than 3,000 respondents from roughly 2,000 households completed a 2-day travel diary, with additional detail on trips in the Lake Washington corridor, plus a personal survey on general travel behavior and attitudes. Key survey findings included a marked decrease in respondents' travel in the corridor after tolling, particularly on SR-520, which experienced a...
Reconciling the needs of architectural description with object-modeling notations

Complex software systems require expressive notations for representing their software architectures. Two competing paths have emerged. One is to use a specialized notation for architecture, an architecture description language (ADL). The other is to adapt a general-purpose modeling notation, such as UML. The latter has a number of benefits, including familiarity to developers, close mapping to implementations, and commercial tool support. However, it remains an open question as to how best to use object-oriented notations for architectural description, and, indeed, whether they are sufficiently expressive, as currently defined. In this paper, we take a systematic look at these questions, examining the space of possible mappings from ADLs into UML. Specifically, we describe (a) the principal strategies for representing architectural structure in UML; (b) the benefits and limitations of each strategy; and (c) aspects of architectural description that are intrinsically difficult to model in UML using the strategies.
Further Comparative Analyses of Pretest-Posttest Research Designs

Abstract An alternative method of analysis for randomized pretest-posttest experiments is proposed. It yields treatment contrasts identical to those from ordinary analysis of covariance and also provides adjusted gain scores for each treatment group.
UNUSUAL CATHETER TIP PLACEMENT FROM ATTEMPTED CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERIZATION

Percutaneous catheterization of the subclavian and internal jugular veins is rapid and has overall complication rates from 0% to 11.2%. Noncentral placement of catheter tips has been reported in 1% to 16% of all cases. Two previously unreported locations for noncentral placement of catheter tips are described.
Boundary-Finding Scheme And The Problem Of Complex Object Localization In Computed Tomography Images

The problems of intelligent image processing by computer, especially the processing of medical images like computed tomography scans, is examined in light of current image segmentation techniques. It is concluded that part of the problem lies in the lack of knowledge about how to guide low-leveiprocesses from higher level goals. An iterative boundary-finding scheme is presented which may aid in this guidance, and results from using specific criteria in the general framework to locate kidneys in abdominal computed tomography scans are presented and discussed. The problem of complex object localization in images is discussed, and some avenues for further research are indicated.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Involvement of the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway in the desensitization of bradykinin responses of cultured rat sensory neurons

Abstract Bradykinin (BK) excites a subset of dorsal root ganglion neurons by inducing an inward cation current (I BK ) that strongly desensitizes and is accompanied by elevations in cGMP. We have examined the links between cGMP metabolism and I BK . The BK dose dependencies of I BK activation, desensitization, and cGMP production are comparable. Stimulation (with sodium nitroprusside [NP] or 8-bromo-cGMP [88r-cGMP]) or inhibition (with methylene blue, hemoglobin, and nitric oxide synthase [NOS] inhibitors) of cGMP levels did not mimic or diminish I BK . However, desensitization was affected by the following agents: first, desensitization was enhanced by NP and reduced by NOS inhibitors. Second, the effects of NOS inhibitors could be overcome by 8Br-cGMP or l-arginine. Third, 8Br-cGMP modification of desensitization required receptor occupancy. We conclude that the NO-cGMP pathway affects a component of I BK desensitization at the receptor or G protein level.
A copula-based closed-form binary logit choice model for accommodating spatial correlation across observational units

This study focuses on accommodating spatial dependency in data indexed by geographic location. In particular, the emphasis is on accommodating spatial error correlation across observational units in binary discrete choice models. We propose a copula-based approach to spatial dependence modeling based on a spatial logit structure rather than a spatial probit structure. In this approach, the dependence between the logistic error terms of different observational units is directly accommodated using a multivariate logistic distribution based on the Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstein (FGM) copula. The approach represents a simple and powerful technique that results in a closed-form analytic expression for the joint probability of choice across observational units, and is straightforward to apply using a standard and direct maximum likelihood inference procedure. There is no simulation machinery involved, leading to substantial computation gains relative to current methods to address spatial correlation. The approach is applied to teenagers’ physical activity participation levels, a subject of considerable interest in the public health, transportation, sociology, and adolescence development fields. The results indicate that failing to accommodate heteroscedasticity and spatial correlation can lead to inconsistent and inefficient parameter estimates, as well as incorrect conclusions regarding the elasticity effects of exogenous variables.
Reduction of foliar dislodgable pesticide residues from orange trees through spray-washing with water or lime solution.

The volume of water applied is the single important factor in reducing foliar dislodgable residues by tree-washing with an oscillating boom spray rig, and none of the other washing parameters tested could be altered so as to increase washing efficiency and allow a reduction in the amount of water used. The additiion of lime to the washing solution did not enhance dissipation of foliar dislodgable residues of parathion or dioxathion.
Metabolism of extracellular nucleotides in human airways by a multienzyme system

Extracellular nucleotides are involved in the control of mucociliary clearance (MCC) in human airways. Because of their therapeutic potential for obstructive lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), we investigated nucleotide metabolism on airway epithelial surfaces. The mucosal surface of human nasal and bronchial epithelial cells in culture dephosphorylated ATP into ADP, AMP, and adenosine. Bronchial cells hydrolyzed ATP at a faster rate than nasal cells, 3.8 ± 0.5 nmol.min -1 cm -2 and 2.2 ± 0.4 nmol.min -1 cm -2 , respectively. The ratios of ATP/ADP hydrolysis for bronchial and nasal epithelia were 2.9 ± 0.6 and 2.1 ± 0.4, respectively. Divalent cations were required for ATP hydrolysis (Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ ) and pH dependency profile revealed two peaks, at pH 7.5 ad 9.0. Kinetic analysis supported the coexpression of more than one ATP-hydrolyzing activity on nasal (K m = 17 ± 2 μM, 129 ± 5 μM, and 405 ± 12 μM) and bronchial (Km = 12 ± 5 μM and 136 ± 8 μM) epithelial cells. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed the coexpression of all three families of ATP-hydrolyzing ectoenzymes: ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases, and alkaline phosphatases. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the presence of a multienzyme system in human airways, with the capacity to control ATP concentrations under physiological and pathological cond tions. The identification of the major enzyme(s) responsible for ATP hydrolysis in human airways may leac to the development of specific inhibitors that would improve nucleotide-based treatments of MCC in patients with CF.
Why Ceramic Engines

Oil is still a problem for the U.S. and its allies. Transportation uses 61 percent of U.S. oil and its share is increasing, so more efficient technology should be concentrated there. Trucks' share of oil use is increasing because they are already much more efficient than autos. The primary truck opportunities are streamlining, more efficient engines, and shifting freight to railroads. More efficient engines are possible using ceramics to allow elimination of cooling systems and better use of waste exhaust heat. A 60 percent improvement seems possible if ceramics can be made tough enough and durable enough.
Photoreceptors of cubozoan jellyfish

The anatomically sophisticated visual system of the cubozoan jellyfish Carybdea marsupialis is described. Individual cubomedusae have eight complex eyes, each with a cornea, lens, and retina of ciliated photoreceptor cells, eight slit ocelli, and eight dimple ocelli. The photoreceptor cells of the complex eyes are bipolar and resemble vertebrate rod cells. Each photoreceptor has an outer cylindrical light-receptive segment that projects into a vitreous space that separates the lens and the retina, an inner segment rich in pigment granules, and a basal region housing the nucleus. The outer segment is a modified cilium with a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules plus stacks of membrane. These stacks of membrane form numerous discs that are oriented transversely to the long axis of the cell. The outer segment is connected to the inner segment by a slender stalk. The basal end of each photoreceptor forms an axon that projects into an underlying layer of interneurons. Each ocellus is composed of ciliated photoreceptor cells containing pigment granules. Rhodopsin-like and opsin-like proteins are found in the membrane stacks of the outer segments of the photoreceptors of the complex eyes. An ultraviolet-sensing opsin-like protein is present in the inner segments and basal regions of some of the photoreceptors of the complex eyes. Rhodopsin-like proteins are also detected in the photoreceptors of the slit ocelli. The cellular lens, composed of crystallin proteins, shows a paucity of organelles and a high concentration of homogeneous cytoplasm. Neurons expressing RFamide (Arg-Phe-amide) comprise a subset of interneurons found beneath the retinas of the complex eyes. RFamide-positive fibers extend from these neurons into the stalks of the rhopalia, eventually entering into the subumbrellar nerve ring. Vision may play a role in the navigation, feeding, and reproduction of the cubomedusae.
Antiviral Effects of Amphotericin B Methyl Ester

The methyl ester of amphotericin B (AME) is water soluble, retains antifungal activity, and is significantly less toxic in mammals than amphotericin B. In contrast to amphotericin B, which is not water soluble, AME exhibits antiviral effects against vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, Sindbis virus, and vaccinia virus in a plaque reduction assay. No antiviral effects could be demonstrated against the unenveloped adenovirus type 4 or echovirus type 11. The extent of virus inactivation was found to be dependent upon the AME concentration, contact time, and temperature. No consistent effect of the virus concentration on the probability of plaque-forming unit inactivation could be determined. The antiviral effects of AME were partially antagonized by the presence of serum. Binding of AME to vesicular stomatitis virus was demonstrated by the comigration of drug and virus in linear sucrose gradients. AME represents a new class of antiviral agents with activity at concentrations relevant to therapeutics. Sterol components of the host cell membrane that become incorporated into the viral envelope are postulated as the site of reaction with AME.
Rheological behavior of multiwall carbon nanotubes with polyelectrolyte dispersants

Abstract The rheological behavior of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polyelectrolyte dispersants (poly(acrylic acid) and poly(aspartic acid)) was investigated. The zeta potential of MWCNT slurries with adding dispersants and the optimum amount of dispersants for MWCNT slurries were measured. The Krieger–Dougherty equation was fitted to experimental data with varying solid loadings. The fitted results of MWCNT slurries showed the high intrinsic viscosity and the low maximum solid loading because of the high aspect ratio and the strong van der Waals force of MWCNTs. Poly(acrylic acid) stabilized MWCNT slurries had a lower maximum solid loading and a higher intrinsic viscosity ( ϕ m = 0.16, [ η ] = 43) compared to poly(aspartic acid) stabilized MWCNT slurries ( ϕ m = 0.21, [ η ] = 41.47). These differences may be caused by the different chemical structures of dispersants.
Research to products

Because of the budgetary stridency, the future of long term Federal support for Smart Materials and Structures Technology is uncertain. Because of the near-term focus of commercial R&D industry is unlikely to invest large amounts of private funds without near term product sales. Therefore there is a need to accelerate the development of products from the Smart Materials and Structure research. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Advanced Materials and Processing Program endeavors to encourage productization through innovative government/industry programs. This paper discusses these issues in the context of the DoD dual-use technology strategy.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Far-infrared / submillimeter astronomy: Recent achievements and future possibilities

We discuss some recent astronomical results from the Herschel Space Observatory, and indicate future directions for astronomy and astrophysics enabled by submillimeter/far-infrared observations. A huge amount remains to be done, but it will require improved ground-based, suborbital, and space facilities. New technology enabling large format detectors of different types is also needed. Efforts underway in all of the above areas will be discussed as time permits.
String Rewriting Systems

Basing on the definitions from [15], semi-Thue systems, Thue systems, and direct derivations are introduced. Next, the standard reduction relation is defined that, in turn, is used to introduce derivations using the theory from [1]. Finally, languages generated by rewriting systems are defined as all strings reachable from an initial word. This is followed by the introduction of the equivalence of semi-Thue systems with respect to the initial word.
Quantum Dot (QD) Fluorochromes for Exploration of Nanocompartments in Living Cells

Photostable, highest emission QD fluorochromes are introduced for enzyme-organelle studies in nanocompartments of living cells. Progress towards intracellular localizations is foreseeable using high-resolution digital photography applied to genomics, proteomics, diagnostics-prognostics, and drug trials.
Effect of depressed left ventricular function on hemodynamics of normal St. Jude Medical prosthesis in the aortic valve position.

Abstract To evaluate the effect of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction on Doppler-derived transprosthetic hemodynamic indexes in patients with normally functioning St. Jude aortic valve prostheses, 74 consecutive patients were studied. LV ejection fraction was assessed by using Simpson's biplane rule. The 34 patients with normal ejection fraction (≥0.51) (group A) generally had the highest values of peak (31 ± 13 mm Hg) and mean (16 ± 6 mm Hg) gradients, whereas 19 patients with moderate to severe reduction of ejection fraction (≤0.31) (group C) had the lowest values (17 ± 6 and 9 ± 3 mm Hg, respectively) (p
High Transverse Momentum Secondaries in cosmic ray interactions up to 107 GeV

Recent observation of secondary π 0 's from cosmic ray interactions with primary energy (E) between 10 4 and 10 7 GeV confirm the recent discovery in FNAL and CERN ISR experiments of a component of the proton-proton interaction, growing with energy, yielding an unexpected number of high transverse momentum ( p T ) secondaries. That the underlying dynamics is very different from the component of hadron interactions yielding the bulk of small p T pions is confirmed by cosmic ray experiments in the observed invariant mass, multiplicity, and most strikingly in the p T distribution of the secondaries. Furthermore a comparison of the measurements with accelerator data supports the validity up to 10 7 GeV of scaling laws in the variable x T = 2 p T /√ s (√ s ≅ 2 mE ) suggested by constituent models of hadrons. Further tests of these models, accessible with the existing low statistics, but extremely high-energy cosmic ray data, are discussed, e.g. the multiple core or jet structure of the produced π 0 's.
Alteration of T cell function in healthy persons with a history of thymic x-irradiation

Abstract The possible late effects of x-irradiation to the infantile thymus were investigated by studying immune functions in 12 healthy persons with a history of thymic x-irradiation and healthy control subjects. No differences were found in serum immunoglobulin values, humoral antibody levels, lymphocyte counts, and lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin, vaccinia virus, purified protein derivative (PPD), and allogeneic cells. The irradiation group exhibited cellular hyperresponsiveness to streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD). In contrast, mean skin and in vitro lymphocyte responses to Candida albicans were depressed in the patients with thymic irradiation. A dissociation of these two Candida responses was found in only 1 of 14 healthy control subjects but m 7 of 12 irradiated individuals. While thymic irradiation did not result in impaired immunologic defenses leading to clinical disease, it caused alterations in T cell responses similar to those reported in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.
Impaired T-cell activation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production was studied in T lymphocytes from 32 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 27 healthy volunteers. The IL-2 production by phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cells from SLE patients was significantly depressed compared to control values, with a correlation between degree of depression and disease activity. The depressed IL-2 production by SLE T cells are largely reversed by the addition of either phorbol ester (PMA) or partially by a calcium ionophore. SLE T cells had significantly lower peak increases in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) than controls after stimulation by PHA or by a monoclonal antibody against the CD3 antigen. This abnormality was found even in T cells from patients with mild disease activity or in those whose T cells produced normal amounts of IL-2. Calcium ionophore produced similar increases in [Ca2+]i in SLE patients as in normals. These results suggest that a major component of the defect responsible for decreased IL-2 production by SLE lymphocytes is proximal to protein kinase C activation and may involve impaired signal transduction after activation of the antigen receptor complex.
Electric Field Asymmetry in the Photosynthetic Reaction Center

The initial charge-separation steps of photosynthesis occur in the photosynthetic reaction center, which is a membrane-integral protein-pigment complex. The photosynthetic pigments comprise four bacteriochlorophylls, two bacteriopheophytins, two quinones, one carotenoid and one non-heme iron. Although these pigments are arranged in a pseudo C2-symmetry (L- and M-branch), electron transfer occurs almost exclusively along the L-branch. One possible explanation for this unidirectionality is based on the asymmetry of the protein electrostatic fields, which leads to a better stabilization of the charge-separated intermediates in the active L-branch. The vibrational Stark effect provides a way to measure electrostatic fields in proteins and we exploit this effect to compare electric fields between the L- and M-branch by using the carbonyl groups of the pigments involved in the electron transfer reaction.
Autoreactive responses to an environmental factor: 1. phthalate induces antibodies exhibiting anti-DNA specificity

Environmental factors have been implicated in the induction of autoimmune disorders. We report here that a common chemical, phthalate, used widely in synthetic polymers and cosmetics induces serum anti-self DNA antibodies in BALB/c, NZB and autoimmune-prone NZB/W F1 mice. The latter group experiences a high mortality, and significantly higher anti-DNA antibody levels along with nephritis and other histopathologic changes in kidney. Comparison of amino acid sequences of an anti-phthalate BALB/c B-cell hybrid, 2C3 with the known database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information reveals a striking homology between the variable regions of 2C3-Ig (gamma1, kappa) and an anti-DNA antibody, BV04-01 (gamma2b,kappa) isolated from the lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice. The homology is 98% for kappa light chain and 70% for gamma heavy chain. Like 2C3-Ig, BV04-01 also has specificity for d(pT)4. Furthermore, the light chains of both 2C3-Ig and BV04-01 are products of Vkappa1 gene. To understand the nature of anti-phthalate responses in general, hybridomas generated from phthalate-keyhole limpet haemocyanin-primed BALB/c splenocytes were characterized. The study identifies cross-reactive populations that strongly bind phthalate, DNA, or both. Of the 14 hybridomas evaluated, six express the same Vkappa1 gene-derived light chain as 2C3, and bind both phthalate and ds and ss-DNA. They specifically recognize the oligonucleotides, d(pT)4, and d(pT)10. Additionally, when antisera raised against idiopeptides corresponding to 2C3-Ig hypervariable regions are allowed to react with 2C3-Ig, their binding is blocked specifically by both d(pT)4 and phthalate. This study clearly demonstrates that phthalate exposure leads to activation of a significant number of autoreactive B-cells, with the consequence of a significant pathogenic progression in susceptible NZB/W F1 mice but not in non-autoimmune-prone BALB/c.
Family Structure, Glass Ceiling, and Traditional Explanations for the Differential Rate of Turnover of Female and Male Managers

Abstract This longitudinal study investigated differential turnover rates between male and female managers employed by 20 Fortune 500 corporations. Data were first collected from the sample in 1989. By 1991, 26% of the female managers had left their 1989 employers compared with 14% of the male managers. Contrary to the stereotype articulated by Schwartz (1989) and perpetuated in the popular press, female managers’ intentions to leave were not predicted by their family structure (dual-earner status or number of children), but instead by perceptions of lack of career opportunity in their current company and other traditional work-related predictors of turnover, such as job dissatisfaction and disloyalty to the current company. Although the study does not rule out the possibility that in other contexts, female managers may leave their organizations for work and family reasons, in this sample, females were leaving their organizations in higher proportions than males, and they were doing so for career-related concerns.
Identification of Inhibitors of Melittin Using Nonsupport-bound Combinatorial Libraries

A strategy has been developed for the identification of inhibitors of toxins or regulatory proteins. This approach is based on blocking the access of such proteins to their biological targets during their solution transport. This approach uses the strength of nonsupport-bound synthetic combinatorial libraries (SCLs) for the study of acceptor-ligand interactions. A non-receptor assisted toxin, melittin, was selected for the present study to illustrate this application of the SCL approach. Hexapeptide SCLs were assayed for their ability to inhibit the cytolytic activity of melittin toward bacterial and erythrocyte cells. Over 20 inhibitory hexapeptides were identified following the screening and deconvolution processes from millions of sequences. The identified inhibitory peptides appeared to interact directly with melittin. These interactions appear to decrease melittin's ability to undergo lipid- and/or polysaccharide-induced conformational changes, and are demonstrated by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy.
Malrotation with volvulus of the transverse colon and duodenal obstruction secondary to Ladd's bands

Colonic volvulus is a relatively uncommon cause of large bowel obstruction, accounting for 10% of colonic obstructions. Volvulus of the transverse colon is quite rare, accounting for only 4-11% of all reported cases of colonic volvulus (Kerry RL, Ransom HK. Volvulus of the colon: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Arch Surg 1969;99:215-221). We report an unusual case of documented volvulus of the transverse colon in a young man with intestinal malrotation and concomitant duodenal obstruction by Ladd's bands.
Substitution reactions of metallic complexes of 2,2′,2″-triaminotriethylamine. XVI. Kinetics of the (oxalato)(2,2′,2″-triaminotriethylamine) cobalt(III) cation in dilute and concentrated acid

Abstract The main emphasis in the study has been the investigation of the kinetics of the stepwise reactions of [Co(tren)C2O4]+ ion [tren = 2,2’,2”-triaminotriethylamine, N(CH2CH2NH2)3] in both dilute and concentrated acids, as well as the characterization in solution of some new Co(III) tren complexes. The aquation reaction was conducted in 1.0 M HClO4 solution under various conditions. Protonation of a carbonyl oxygen in the complex appeared to increase the lability of the Co—O moiety, leading to a unidentate oxalate ligand. The stepwise anation of [Co- (tren)C2O4]+ to [Co(tren)Cl2]+ in concentrated HCl was also followed. Both systems react by a dissociative reaction mechanism.
Attributions of responsibility for date and stranger rape

This study examined the effects of the victim-perpetrator relationship on college students' attributions of responsibility for rape. In addition, the rape specificity of these attributions was investigated. College females and males read one of six scenarios that depicted a rape or a proposition, and that varied according to the victim-perpetrator relationship (steady dating partners/acquaintances on a first date/strangers). Then they rated seven responsibility attributions for the rape or proposition. Results indicated that most forms of victim responsibility were stronger for the rape and proposition on a date than for the incidents between strangers, and the findings concerning the perpetrator's responsibility were mixed. The pattern of both victim- and perpetrator-responsibility attributions suggests that both a rape and proposition on a date, compared to incidents between strangers, elicit stronger sex role and sexual attributions. Moreover, male subjects, in comparison to female subjects, gave higher ratings to several responsibility attributions, and these, also, are linked to sex role and sexual considerations. Further, the data revealed that only the perpetrator-responsibility attributions were stronger for the rape than the proposition.
Correlation of otosclerotic foci and degenerative changes in the organ of corti and spiral ganglion

Statistical analyses of histopathologic findings in the cochlea and spiral ganglion of 37 temporal bones with otosclerosis, 12 controls of similar age, and seven controls with normal hearing were performed. In temporal bones with otosclerosis there was significant atrophy of the spiral ligament and stria vascularis in regions with endosteal involvement by otosclerosis, compared with regions without endosteal involvement (P < .0001). There was more generalized atrophy of the stria vascularis in cochleae with two or more sites of endosteal involvement by otosclerosis than in cochleae with only one site of endosteal involvement (P < .02), cochleae in temporal bones with otosclerosis but without endosteal involvement (P < .05), or cochleae of controls of similar age (P < .007). In addition, there was more atrophy of the spiral ligament in cochleae with two or more sites of endosteal involvement than in cochleae of similar age from the control group (P < .03). In temporal bones with otosclerosis, there was no significant difference in counts of outer hair cells and density of spiral ganglion cells between regions demonstrating endosteal involvement by otosclerosis and regions without such involvement. However, total outer hair cell counts were lower in cochleae with two or more sites of endosteal involvement of otosclerosis than in cochleae with one site of endosteal involvement (P < .04), cochleae in temporal bones with otosclerosis but without endosteal involvement (P < .02), or cochleae from individuals of similar age but without otosclerosis (P = .05). Comparison of the mean bone conduction threshold, as measured in life, in temporal bones with otosclerosis compared with the air conduction threshold in aged-matched controls, demonstrated that only cochleae with two or more sites of endosteal involvement had a mild but statistically significant (P = .05) decrease in hearing. There was no evidence to support the concept that otosclerotic foci without stapedial fixation frequently cause significant degeneration of the cochlea or elevation of bone conduction thresholds.
Stimulation-evoked saccades from the dorsomedial frontal cortex of the rhesus monkey following lesions of the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus.

This study examined whether signals for the generation of eye movements from the dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) reach brainstem oculomotor centers either through the frontal eye fields (FEF) or through the superior colliculi (SC). The DMFC was stimulated when the monkeys studied were intact and after either one FEF or one SC was ablated. Following lesions of either the FEF or SC, the topographic order of the DMFC was largely preserved. After either lesion, stimulation of anterior DMFC sites still evoked saccades that terminated in contralateral space, and stimulation of posterior DMFC sites still evoked saccades that terminated in central space. The probability of evoking saccades decreased and the latency to evoke saccades increased as fixation neared the termination zone (a restricted region within craniotopic space) both before and after either lesion. Ablation of the SC, but not of the FEF, eliminated the saccadic inhibition to visual targets which resulted when the DMFC was stimulated in the intact animal. The findings suggest that additional channels besides those coursing through the FEF and SC are utilized by the DMFC to access the saccade generator in the brainstem.
A Review of the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis and the Use of Intra-articular Platelet Therapy for Joint Disease in Animals and Humans

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease in humans and domestic animals. It causes significant clinical problems and substantial health care costs. In the absence of disease-modifying medical intervention, therapy is currently restricted to palliative measures prior to surgical intervention. We review the pathogenesis, as well as conservative and emerging restorative therapeutic approaches, including cytokines, stem cells, and platelets. The various methods of platelet concentrate preparations and their reported outcomes are discussed. Data collected from the use of intra-articular platelet therapy (IAPT) in dogs are reviewed, which suggest that this approach may delay or in some cases even obviate the need for surgical intervention.
Intercultural interaction and the categorization process: A conceptual analysis and behavioral outcome

Abstract Intercultural interaction is seen as a situation in which the way others' behavior is categorized (that is, given meaning) is often inaccurate or inappropriate due to unfamiliar cues. These errors cause incorrect expectation, which other research has found to cause decreases in problem solving ability, adaptability, and health. A better understanding of this phenomena can be gained through an awareness of how information is believed to be organized in meaningful ways in human thought: information is classified (categorized) on the basis of similarity. Since people vary in their category “width,” an understanding of “category width” should give useful insight into intercultural inferences. A review of three studies in fact supports the validity of this categorization approach in making predictions about individual's reactions to people of other cultures at both the attitudinal and behavioral level. Overall, the concepts of categorization and category width are seen as unifying constructs which bring together not only a number of intercultural phenomena but also have implications for understanding and training individuals in an intercultural context.
Epicureanism and Early Modern Naturalism

It is often suggested that certain forms of early modern philosophy are naturalistic. Although I have some sympathy with this description, I argue that applying the category of naturalism to early modern philosophy is not useful. There is another category that does most of the work we want the category of naturalism to do – one that, unlike naturalism, was actually used by early moderns.
Chemically imaging the effects of the addition of nanofibrillated cellulose on the distribution of poly(acrylic acid) in poly(vinyl alcohol)

The distribution of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in model laminates of nanocellulose and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) was investigated by FTIR chemical imaging. The method was effective in spatially discerning the three components of the composite. PAA can potentially improve the performance of nanocellulose reinforced PVOH by not only crosslinking the PVOH matrix but also improving the adhesion between PVOH and nanocellulose by forming ester linkages with both of them. However, PAA was found to migrate out of the PVOH matrix and concentrate in the nanocellulose layer of the laminate. This led to a PAA-depleted region in the matrix near the nanocellulose layer, which would likely lead to a weak interphase and limited stress transfer between the fiber and matrix in the heat-treated composite. Methods for improving the distribution of the PAA need to be investigated to optimize performance. This is the first chemical imaging study of nanocellulose materials using synchrotron-based vibrational spectroscopy.