cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endogenously produced 20-HETE modulates myogenic and TGF response in microperfused afferent arterioles.

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid (20-HETE) modulates vascular tone in large cerebral and renal arteries through inhibition of the large conductance, calcium sensitive potassium (BK) channel activity. However, the role of 20-HETE in modulating tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and the myogenic response in the afferent arteriole (Af-Art) is unknown. The present study examined the effects of inhibitors of the synthesis and action of 20-HETE on the myogenic and TGF responses of isolated rabbit and mouse Af-Arts. Luminal diameter decreased by 9.2 ± 0.5% in mice and 8.9 ± 1.3% in rabbit Af-Art when the perfusion pressure was increased from 60 to 120 mmHg. Administration of a 20-HETE synthesis inhibitor, HET0016 (1 μM), or a selective 20-HETE antagonist, 6, 15-20-hydroxyeicosadienoic acid (6, 15-20-HEDE, 10 μM) completely blocked the myogenic response of both rabbit and mouse Af-Art, while addition of 5, 14-20-HEDE (10 μM), a 20-HETE agonist, restored the myogenic response in vessels treated with HET0016. Increases in NaCl concentration from 10 to 80 mM of the solution perfusing the macula densa constricted the Af-Art of rabbits by 6.0 ± 1.4 μm (n = 5). Addition of a 20-HETE agonist to the tubular perfusate potentiated the TGF-mediated vasoconstrictor response. This response was blocked by addition of a 20-HETE antagonist (6, 15-20-HEDE, 10 μM) to the vascular perfusate. These studies indicate that locally produced 20-HETE plays an important role in modulating the myogenic and TGF responsiveness of the Af-Art and may help explain how deficiencies in the renal formation of 20-HETE could promote the development of hypertension induced glomerular injury.
Yeast dsRNA viral transcriptase pause products: identification of the transcript strand

ScV-L is a double-stranded RNA virus of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The virus possesses a capsid-associated transcriptase activity the product of which is a single-stranded RNA complementary to only one strand of the double-stranded RNA template (L). We show that the U-rich 3' terminus of L is the initiation site of transcription and that a number of pause products are made. One prominent product has the sequence pppGAAAAAUUUUUAAAUUCAUAUAACUOH.
A LOOK AHEAD AT TRANSPLANTATION

In the following remarks, I am going to concentrate on some specific problems which have not been solved or upon which more research effort needs to be invested. The first concerns Organ Preservation.
Fitz –Hugh–Curtis syndrome in a male patient

Fitz–Hugh–Curtis syndrome is a condition characterized by inflammation of the liver capsule with concomitant pelvic inflammation without involvement of liver parenchyma. It is classically seen in young women who present with sharp, pleuritic right upper quadrant pain, usually but not always accompanied by symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and is frequently confused with biliary tract disease. Rarely the syndrome has been reported in males, hematogenous and lymphatic spread to liver is thought to be the underlying mechanism. Serological tests and computed tomography (CT) scan may aid in diagnosis of Fitz–Hugh–Curtis syndrome. Definitive diagnosis is made by laparoscopy, which provides both diagnostic and therapeutic benefits. We report a case of Fitz–Hugh–Curtis syndrome in a young male patient, which was diagnosed and treated by laparoscopy. We also include a review of the literature.
Coherent Optical Intersatellite Crosslink Systems

High-capacity intersatellite communication crosslinks will allow more efficient and reliable operation of satellite systems. This paper surveys present and future coherent optical communication technology and its application to intersatellite links.
Maturational changes in heart rate and heart rate variability in low birth weight infants.

To provide insight into the maturation of neural mechanisms responsible for variability in heart rate during quiet and active sleep, 6-hour continuous electrocardiographic recordings and simultaneous minute-by-minute behavioral activity state assignments were performed in 61 healthy, growing low birth weight infants. The infants weighed 795-1600 g at birth and ranged between 31-38 weeks in postconceptional age. During this age interval there was a decrease in heart rate during quiet sleep and an increase in both time domain and frequency domain measures of the variability in cardiac interbeat intervals. In quiet sleep, global variability, measured as SD of R-R intervals, increased in relation to age, as did higher frequency variability, measured as the square root of the mean of squared successive differences in R-R intervals. Developmental changes in the 0.5-2.0 Hz spectral power band of RR-interval variability, another measure of high frequency variability, paralleled the changes seen in the time domain measure. Evaluation of patterns of changes in the magnitude and direction of successive interbeat intervals provided evidence that the incidence of sustained accelerations or decelerations increased whereas the incidence of no change in consecutive RR-intervals decreased as infants matured. Among the various measures of heart rate variability, the incidence of sustained change and no change in successive interbeat intervals were most closely related to postconceptional age in both sleep states. The overall decrease in heart rate, increase in heart rate variability, and increase in the pattern of changes in interbeat interval with postconceptional age are consistent with the maturation of the autonomic cardio-regulatory activity from 31-38 weeks age.
Characteristics of activity coefficient models for liquid solutions

Liquid–phase activity coefficient models (or excess Gibbs energy models) with three or fewer adjustable parameters are often sufficient to model the liquid solutions present for the vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) or the vapor–liquid–liquid equilibria (VLLE) calculations of phase equilibria. Our purpose here is to show the flexibility of three such equations in the correlation and prediction of (1) extrema and inflection points on the popular ln γivs. x1 diagram for binary solutions, (2) liquid–liquid phase splitting, and (3) homogeneous azeotropes. The empirical equations investigated here are (a) the two-constant Margules model, (b) the van Laar model, and (c) the three-constant NRTL model. New mathematical procedures lead to new graphs and equations, which allow the reader to identify the presence of any of the above three phenomena by inspection without performing detailed calculations such as a Gibbs energy minimization for liquid phase splitting. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 854–861, 2004
Quantitative interpretation of complex unsteady flows via high-image-density particle image velocimetry

Representative classes of unsteady separated flows are interpreted using high-image-density particle image velocimetry,l which allows determination of the instantaneous, sectional streamline patterns and distributions of vorticity. Comparison of these instantaneous realizations in two orthogonal planes reveals fundamental mechanisms of distortion of the vorticity concentrations. Furthermore, by acquiring successive images closely spaced in time, it is possible to construct 3D volume representations of iso-vorticity. These quantitative approaches reveal limitations of interpreting patterns of instantaneous and ensemble-averaged flow structure.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Preparation of multichain poly-α-amino acids and polypeptidyl proteins in dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract Multichain poly-α-amino acids were prepared from polylysine and N -carboxyamino acid anhydrides in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide with no detectable formation of linear poly-α-amino acids. Polypeptidyl proteins also were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide. The average molecular weights of linear poly-ϵ-carbobenzoxy- l -lysine and poly-γ-benzyl- l -glutamic acid produced in dimethyl sulfoxide were of an intermediate molecular weight range with a single, broad distribution of species.
Correlation of the Antemortem Coronary Arteriogram and the Postmortem Specimen

Correlative studies were carried out on the coronary arteriograms made during diagnostic procedures and on the specimens obtained at necropsy in 10 cases of coronary heart disease. Of the 134 segments of coronary arteries available for both studies, 44 (33%) were given false-negative arteriographic diagnosis of obstructive atherosclerosis. Factors which may underlie this discrepancy include (1) radiographic technic, (2) projection used, (3) a slitlike lumen adjacent to the atheroma, (4) comparison of severely obstructed segments involved but less severely obstructed, and (5) misinterpretation from the specimen of obstruction present in life.
Comparison of plain radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of bone tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Bone tunnel widening poses a problem for graft fixation during revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Large variability exists in the utilization of imaging modalities for evaluating bone tunnels in pre-operative planning for revision ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to identify the most reliable imaging modality for identifying bone tunnels and assessing tunnel widening, and specifically, to validate the reliability of radiographs, MRI, and CT using intra- and inter-observer testing. Data was retrospectively collected from twelve patients presenting for revision ACL surgery. Five observers twice measured femoral and tibial tunnels at their widest point using digital calipers in coronal and sagittal planes. Measurements were corrected for magnification. Tunnel identification, diameter measurements, and cross-sectional area (CSA) calculations were recorded. A categorical classification of tunnel measurements was created to apply clinical significance to the measurements. Using kappa statistics, intra- and inter-observer reliability testing was performed. CT demonstrated excellent intra- and inter-observer reliability for tunnel identification. Intra- and inter-observer reliability was significantly less for MRI and radiographs. CT revealed superior reliability versus either radiographs or MRI for CSA analysis. Intra-observer kappa scores for tibial CSA using CT, radiographs, and MRI were 0.66, 0.5, and 0.37, respectively. Inter-observer kappa scores for tibial CSA using CT, radiographs, and MRI were 0.65, 0.39, and 0.32, respectively. Our results demonstrate CT is the most reliable imaging modality for evaluation of ACL bone tunnels as proven by superior intra- and inter-observer testing results when compared to MRI and radiographs. Radiographs and MRI were not reliable, even for simply identifying the presence of a bone tunnel.
Rate Considerations in Electric Glass Melting

With the expanding market for glass, the advent of strict pollution control, and the shortage and increasing cost of natural gas, the interest in electric melting has heightened dramatically in the past few years. Most of this interest to date has centered on the technical aspects such as control, element and furnace design, etc. The factors of power cost in melting are evaluated. A discussion of typical utility rates, an analysis of the electric melting load, and the integration of that load with a normal glass plant load are included. A basis for determining incremental melting costs is established and possibilities for reducing power costs discussed.
Abstract 5529: Imaging and therapy with rituximab anti-CD20 immunotherapy in an animal model of central nervous system lymphoma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Purpose: To evaluate monoclonal antibody (mAb) delivery, tumor volumetrics on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and efficacy in a rat model of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma when delivery of rituximab and/or methotrexate to the brain was optimized with osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD). Experimental Design: Female nude rats with intracerebral human MC116 B-cell lymphoma xenografts underwent baseline MRI and were randomized into five groups (n = 6/group): 1) BBBD saline control; 2) methotrexate with BBBD; 3) rituximab with BBBD; 4) rituximab and methotrexate with BBBD; and 5) intravenous rituximab. Tumor volumes were assessed by MRI at 1 week and rats were followed for survival. Results: BBBD increased delivery of 90Y-radiolabeled mAb in the CNS lymphoma model. Control rats showed 201 +/- 102% increase in tumor volume on MRI 1 week after entering the study and median 14 day survival (range 6-33). Tumor growth on MRI was slowed in the methotrexate treatment group, but survival time (median 7 days, range 5-12) was not different from controls. Among 17 evaluable rats treated with rituximab, 10 showed decreased tumor volume on MRI. All rituximab groups had increased survival compared to control, with a combined median of 43 days (range 20-60, P<0.001). There were no differences by route of delivery or combination with methotrexate. Conclusions: Rituximab was effective at decreasing tumor volume and improving survival in a CNS lymphoma model, and was not affected by combination with methotrexate or by BBBD. We suggest that rituximab warrants further study in human primary CNS lymphoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5529. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5529
Large-Scale Cross-Stratification in the St. Peter Sandstone

Large-scale cross-stratification is present in the St. Peter Sandstone of southern Wisconsin. Sets of cross-bedding are as much as 35 ft thick and are made up of thick master fore-set units which contain sets of smaller scale, internal cross-stratification. The master fore-set units occur as two types of cross-stratification: convex upward, planar and convex downward, tangential. Both the large-scale master fore-set bedding and the small-scale internal fore-set bedding dip toward the southwest, parallel to the regional paleocurrent pattern. The large-scale cross-stratification in the St. Peter Sandstone is the result of internal structures developed in large migrating sand waves, dunes, banks, or ridges.
An approximate method of elastic-plastic fracture analysis for nozzle corner cracks

Two intermediate test vessels with inside nozzle corner cracks have been pressurized to failure at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) by the Heavy Section Steel Technology (HSST) Program. Vessel V-5 leaked without fracturing at 88°C (190°F), and Vessel V-9 failed by fast fracture at 24°C (75°F) as expected. The nozzle corner failure strains were 6.5 and 8.4 percent, both considerably greater than pretest plane-strain estimates. The inside nozzle corner tangential strains were negative, implying transverse contraction along the crack front. Therefore, both vessels were reanalyzed, considering the effects of partial transverse restraint by means of the Irwin β I c formula. In addition, it was found possible to accurately estimate the nozzle corner pressure-strain curve by either of two semi-empirical equations, both of which agree with the elastic and fully plastic behavior of the vessels. Calculations of failure strain and fracture toughness corresponding to the measured final strain and flaw size are made for both vessels, and the results agree well with the measured values.
Models of High‐Temperature, Environmentally Assisted Embrittlement in Ceramic‐Matrix Composites

The intermediate-temperature oxidation embrittlement, or pest, effect found in ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) is shown to have features analogous to stress corrosion cracking. The behavior involves crack growth upon oxidation of the fibers or the fiber coatings to form an oxide that weakens the fibers. It has reaction- and diffusion-controlled regimes. The former occurs at low stresses. The latter occurs at higher stresses. It is controlled by oxygen ingress through the matrix cracks. There is also a crack growth threshold. Expressions for the crack velocity above the threshold are derived as well as the stress dependence of the rupture life.
Fixed languages and the adult languages of ol schemest

The fixed language of an endomorphism of a free monoid is shown to be method that provides a concide description of the basis of the fixed language. A supplementary disscussion shown that the adult language of an OL scheme is free and provides a simple listing procedure for the basis element.
A radiating one-dimensional current sheet configuration

The structure of the x-independent (one-dimensional) forced current sheet including a self consistent By component is investigated for the case of small normal field component, Bz/B0 much less than 1. A hybrid (kinetic ions, massless fluid electrons) simulation model is used to demonstrate that such a current sheet has a time-dependent structure which radiates incompressible Alfven waves with amplitude of the order of the asymptotic (lobe) field strength B0. The central density enhancement acts as the source of a propagating wavetrain in which Bx rotates into By and back again. One of the characteristic signatures of the radiating current sheet is the presence of a reversal in Bx (or By) without a corresponding increase in density.
Slow wall motion in oxidized permalloy films

Slow domain wall motion, persisting to liquid helium temperatures, is reported for an oxidized permalloy thin film. Films protected from oxidation or reduced in dry hydrogen after oxidation fail to exhibit this phenomenon at any temperature between 300 and 5 °K. Observations are made using the magneto-optic Kerr effect and the motion is also shown directly by a lapsed-time photographic technique. The behavior is closely correlated with the hystersis loop contraction characteristic of the oxidized film at very low temperatures. Measured slow wall velocities range from 10−1 to 10−3 cm/s; the logarithm of the velocity varies linearly with the applied magnetic field, with a slope that increases with increasing temperature. Dans le cas d'un film mince en permalloy oxyde, on examine les mouvements lents des parois de domaines, tels qu'ils subsistent aux temperatures de l'helium liquide. Les films proteges de l'oxydation ou reduits dans l'hydrogene sec apres oxydation ne revelent ce phenomene pour aucune temperature dans l'intervalle de 300 a 5 °K. On procede a des observations qui utilisent l'effet magneto-optique de Kerr, et le mouvement est rendu apparent par une technique de photographie en temps ecoule. L'evolution est en correlation etroite avec la propriete de contraction de la boule d'hysteresis du film oxyde a tres basse temperature. Les vitesses de deplacement lent des parois sont de l'ordre de 10−1 a 10−3 cm/s; le logarithme de la vitesse croǐt lineairement avec le champ magnetique applique, et la pente augmente a temperature croissante.
The effectiveness of preterm-birth prevention educational programs for high-risk women: a meta-analysis.

Objective To evaluate whether preterm-birth prevention educational programs are effective at reducing neonatal mortality, low birth weight (LBW), and preterm delivery. Data Sources A MEDLINE literature search of Englishlanguage studies was performed, supplemented by a bibliography search of original research and review articles to locate studies assessing preterm-birth prevention programs. Method of Study Selection We identified 31 studies that reported results from trials evaluating preterm-birth prevention programs. From this group, only the six randomized controlled trials evaluating preterm-birth prevention education programs satisfied criteria of homogeneity to be included in a meta-analysis. One of these six studies was a subset of another study and was excluded except when reporting outcomes that were not included in the larger report. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two independent reviewers assessed study methodology and identified the following outcomes: LBW frequency, preterm birth frequency, neonatal survival, birth weight, gestational age at delivery, and preterm labor diagnosis rates. When data were combined using meta-analytic techniques, no significant benefits were found for preterm-birth education programs in preventing neonatal death (cumulative relative risk [RR] 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99–1.01), LBW rates (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88–1.11), or preterm delivery rates (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.92–1.27). The only statistically significant effect of preterm birth education programs appears to be an increase in the frequency at which preterm labor is diagnosed (RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.41–2.08). Conclusion Preterm-birth prevention educational programs appear to have little benefit in reducing preterm birth and may result in an increased rate of diagnosis of preterm labor.
A generalized view on Galilean invariance in stabilized compressible flow computations

SUMMARY The present work presents a generalized interpretation and further elaborations on the significance of Galilean invariance in compressible flow computations with stabilized and variational multi-scale methods. In the present work, the use of a matrix-operator description of Galilean transformations provides an improved setting for the understanding of the key issues, and the development of more general approaches to Galilean-invariant stabilization. Copyright c 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The harmonic mean formula for probabilities of unions: applications to sparse random graphs

Abstract Under a symmetry condition, the probability of a union of events can be expressed in terms of the harmonic mean number of events which occur, conditioned on a specific event occuring. This leads to improvements of Boole's inequality in settings where standard inclusion-exclusion techniques fail. Applications to asymptotic independence numbers and partition numbers of sparse random graphs are given.
A Re-examination of the Crater near Crestone, Colorado*

The Crestone Crater is an elliptical bowl measuring 355 feet by 246 feet with a mean depth of 23 feet. It lies in unconsolidated sand on the surface of an alluvial fan at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountain Range in the San Luis Valley, Colorado (37° 54′ N, 105° 39′ W). Aerial photographs show the crater as a striking feature in its setting on a gently undulating terrain. We examined the site in August 1963 to appraise the possibility that it was formed by meteorite or comet impact. The crater and its vicinity were mapped at two-foot contour intervals, and two lines of auger-hole samples, eight feet deep, were collected across the crater. Sand from the rim and floor is similar in grain size and composition to that several miles to the north and south. It is barren of meteoritic debris, nickel-iron spherules, rock flour, and impact glass. The crater is less than half as deep relative to its diameter as known meteorite explosion craters. Furthermore, topographic profiles indicate that the crater does not form a depression in the land surface. The crater rim is a positive feature enclosing a basin that has a floor approximately level with the surface of the alluvial fan on which it lies. In the absence of any mineralogic or topographic evidence of impact or explosion, we conclude that this landform is not meteoritic or cometary in origin.
Patterns and scales of phytoplankton variability in estuarine-coastal ecosystems.

Phytoplankton variability is a primary driver of chemical and biological dynamics in the coastal zone because it directly affects water quality, biogeochemical cycling of reactive elements, and food supply to consumer organisms. Much has been learned about patterns of phytoplankton variability within individual ecosystems, but patterns have not been compared across the diversity of ecosystem types where marine waters are influenced by connectivity to land. We extracted patterns from chlorophyll-a series measured at 84 estuarine–coastal sites, using a model that decomposes time series into an annual effect, mean seasonal pattern, and residual “events.” Comparisons across sites revealed a large range of variability patterns, with some dominated by a recurrent seasonal pattern, others dominated by annual (i.e., year-to-year) variability as trends or regime shifts and others dominated by the residual component, which includes exceptional bloom events such as red tides. Why is the partitioning of phytoplankton variability at these three scales so diverse? We propose a hypothesis to guide next steps of comparative analysis: large year-to-year variability is a response to disturbance from human activities or shifts in the climate system; strong seasonal patterns develop where the governing processes are linked to the annual climate cycle; and large event-scale variability occurs at sites highly enriched with nutrients. Patterns of phytoplankton variability are therefore shaped by the site-specific relative importance of disturbance, annual climatology, and nutrient enrichment.
Life course transitions and the future of fandom

We explore the future of media fandom through integrating insights from gerontology, human development, fan studies, and marketing. Given population aging and the dismantling of the normative 20th-...
A suboptimal nonlinear active suspension

A nonlinear optimal control law based on a quartic cost function is developed, and applied to a quarter-car vehicle model. For small disturbances, the performance is similar to the "soft" linear suspension, but for large disturbances, the suspension travel and wheel hop are reduced at the expense of larger body acceleration. The nonlinear suspension controller qualitatively emulates an LQ controller gain scheduled by RMS input levels, and provides a safer ride than the linear controller.
Maternal smoking as a model for environmental epigenetic changes affecting birthweight and fetal programming

Although the association between maternal smoking and low birthweight infants has been well established, the mechanisms behind reduced fetal growth are still being elucidated. While many infants are exposed to tobacco smoke in utero, not all are born growth restricted or small for gestational age. Many hypotheses have emerged to explain the differential response to in utero maternal tobacco smoke exposure (MTSE). Studies have shown that both maternal and fetal genotypes may contribute to the discrepant outcomes. However, the contribution of epigenetic changes cannot be ignored. In this review we address two important questions regarding the effect of MTSE on the fetal epigenome. First, does exposure to maternal tobacco smoke in utero alter the fetal epigenome? Secondly, could these alterations be associated with the reduced fetal growth observed with MTSE?
High Efficiency RF Power Amplifier Designed With Harmonic Real-Time Active Load-Pull

In this work, a high efficiency p-HEMT radio frequency power amplifier (PA) is designed using a new multiharmonic real-time active load-pull using the large signal network analyzer. This technique synthesizes a large set of instantaneous load mismatches to quickly find the optimal harmonic impedances, so as to achieve high PA efficiency in a shortened design cycle. At 2 GHz a demo power amplifier implemented with a p-HEMT demonstrated a power added efficiency (PAE) of 68.5% for 18.0 dBm output power, while achieving a maximum PAE of 75% below the 1 dB compression point for 18.6 dBm output power.
Small-cell lung cancer-associated autoantibodies: potential applications to cancer diagnosis, early detection, and therapy

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive lung cancer subtype and lacks effective early detection methods and therapies. A number of rare paraneoplastic neurologic autoimmune diseases are strongly associated with SCLC. Most patients with such paraneoplastic syndromes harbor high titers of antibodies against neuronal proteins that are abnormally expressed in SCLC tumors. These autoantibodies may cross-react with the nervous system, possibly contributing to autoimmune disease development. Importantly, similar antibodies are present in many SCLC patients without autoimmune disease, albeit at lower titers. The timing of autoantibody development relative to cancer and the nature of the immune trigger remain to be elucidated. Here we review what is currently known about SCLC-associated autoantibodies, and describe a recently developed mouse model system of SCLC that appears to lend itself well to the study of the SCLC-associated immune response. We also discuss potential clinical applications for these autoantibodies, such as SCLC diagnosis, early detection, and therapy.
Postcolonialism and the Study of the Middle Ages

This article focuses on the use of postcolonial criticism in the study of the European Middle Ages. It concentrates on two issues critiqued in particular by historians: anachronism and applicability. The article is thus structured around two questions: Why should medievalists explore contemporary postcolonial issues instead of strictly medieval ones? And why should the tools of postcolonial theory be considered applicable to medieval societies and times?
Questioning the metrics for performance evaluation

This paper is a summary of the authorpsilas presentation in the panel entitled ldquoPublish or Perish: An Evaluation of the Quality, Quantity, Ethics and Review Process of IEEE/PES Publicationsrdquo given at the IEEE Power Engineering Society 2008 General Meeting. This paper summarizes the publication metrics that are part of the academic performance evaluation of tenure track electrical and computer engineering faculty members at U.S. institutions. In particular, the performance metrics are discussed relative to promotion criteria.
Roger R.D. Revelle 1909–1991

Roger Randal Dougan Revelle was born on March 7, 1909, in Seattle, Wash. He received a bachelor's degree in geology from Pomona College, Claremont, Calif., in 1929 and a doctorate in oceanography in 1936 from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. He remained at Scripps and rose through its academic ranks. During World War II he served in the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships and subsequently was involved in the establishment of the Office of Naval Research. From 1951–1964 he served as director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. In 1964 he founded the Harvard University Center for Population Studies and assumed the Richard Saltonstall Chair as professor of population policy. He returned to UC at San Diego as professor of science and public policy in 1975, a position he held until his death on July 15, 1991.
Uncooled micromachined bolometer arrays on flexible substrates

This paper reports progress on the development of micromachined infrared microsensors on flexible polymer substrates. The flexible substrates were formed by spin-coating polyimide films (HD Microsystems PI-5878G) on silicon wafer carriers. Semiconducting Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) was used as the thermistor. The microbolometer was fabricated using a polyimide (HD Microsystems PI2737) sacrificial mesa and titanium electrode arms. The YBCO thermistor was suspended above the substrate by the electrode arms after the sacrificial layers have been removed by micromachining. The polyimide substrate was then removed from the silicon wafer carrier to complete the fabrication of the infrared microsensors on a flexible polyimide substrate. The measured thermal conductance of the microbolometers ranged from 9.07x10 -6 W/K for a non-micromachined to 4.0x10 -7 W/K for a micromachined sensor. As a result, the responsivity and detectivity were measured to be as high as 6.1x10 4 V/W and a 1.2x10 8 cmHz 1/2 /W, respectively, with a 970 nA current bias. This level of performance is comparable to similar micromachined detectors fabricated on silicon substrates.
A picture is worth a thousand words: the application of camera trapping to the study of birds

This study reviews the use of remotely triggered still cameras, known as camera traps, in bird research and suggests new methods useful for analyzing camera trap data. Camera trapping may be most appropriate for large, ground-dwelling birds, such as cracids and pheasants. Recent applications include documentation of occurrence of rare species and new species records, nest predation studies and behavioural studies including nest defence, frugivory, seed dispersal, and activity budgets. If bird postures are analyzed, it may be possible to develop behavioural time budgets. If birds are marked or individually identifiable, abundance may be estimated through capture-recapture methods typically used for mammals. We discourage use of relative abundance indices based on trapping effort because of the difficulty of standardizing surveys over time and space. Using the Great Argus Pheasant Argus argusianus, a cryptic, terrestrial, forest bird as an example, we illustrate applications of occupancy analysis to estimate proportion of occupied habitat and finite mixture models to estimate abundance when individual identification is not possible. These analyses are useful because they incorporate detection probabilities < 1 and covariates that affect the sample site or the observation process. Results are from camera trap surveys in the 3,568 km2 Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Indonesia. We confirmed that Great Argus Pheasants prefer primary forest below 500 m. We also find a decline in occupancy (6–8% yr−1). Point estimates of abundance peak in 2000, followed by a sharp decline. We discuss the effects of rarity, detection probability and sampling effort on accuracy and precision of estimates.
The Gubernatorial Coattails Effect: Federalism and Congressional Elections in Brazil

Competition for executive-level offices can influence competition for legislative office, and federal institutions can provide an "opportunity structure" that shapes partisan competition. In Brazil, unlike in systems where the presidential election might drive congressional elections, electoral incentives are state-centered. Candidates for Congress focus on the gubernatorial race, not the presidential race. Specifically, the effective number of candidates competing in the gubernatorial race in each state (electoral district) determines the effective number of lists competing in congressional elections in each state in Brazil. In this article, I use OLS regression analysis of electoral data from Brazil's democratic elections to test this proposition. Regression analysis confirms that the effective number of candidates for governor, and not the effective number of candidates for president, drives the effective number of lists competing in the legislative election.
Overyielding among plant functional groups in a long‐term experiment

A recent debate among ecologists has focused on mechanisms by which species diversity might affect net primary productivity. Communities with more species could use a greater variety of resource capture characteristics, leading to greater use of limiting resources (complementarity) and therefore greater productivity (overyielding). Recent experiments, however, have shown a variety of relationships between diversity and productivity. In an experiment on serpentine grassland communities spanning 8 years, we found that overyielding increased several years after plot establishment. Overyielding varied greatly depending on the functional characteristics of the species involved and the biotic and abiotic environment (particularly water availability). While functional differences among species led to strong complementarity and facilitation, these effects were not sufficient to cause significant transgressive overyielding or consistent increases in productivity with increased plant diversity. These results suggest that greater absolute production with greater diversity may be restricted to particular species combinations or environmental conditions.
Assessment of gene flow across a hybrid zone in red-tailed chipmunks (Tamias ruficaudus).

The role of hybridization in animal speciation is controversial and recent research has challenged the long-standing criterion of complete reproductive isolation to attain species status.Thespeciation-with-gene-flowmodelpositsthatthegenomeissemi-permeableand hybridization may be a phase in the process of divergence. Here, we apply these concepts to a previously identified zone of mtDNA introgression between the two strongly morphologically differentiated subspecies of red-tailed chipmunk (Tamias ruficaudus )i n the US Inland Northwest. Using multilocus genotype data from the southern, older contact zone, we demonstrate that neutral gene flow is unusually low between the subspecies across the Lochsa River. This is geographically congruentwith the discontinuityin bacular morphology, indicatingthattheclineofmitochondrialDNA(mtDNA)haplotypesisdisplaced.Furthermore, we elucidate the evolutionary forces responsible by testing hypotheses of lineage sorting andhybridization.WedeterminedthatintrogressivehybridizationisthecauseofmtDNA/ morphology incongruence because there are non-zero levels of migration and gene flow. Although our estimate of the age of the hybrid zone has wide credibility intervals, the hybridization events occurred in the Late Pleistocene and the divergence occurred in the Middle Pleistocene. Finally, we assessed substructure within and adjacent to the hybrid zone and found that the hybrid zone constitutes a set of populations that are genetically differentiated from parental sets of populations; therefore, hybridization in this system is not likely an evolutionary sink, but has generated novel combinations of genotypes.
THE SPECTER OF MARXISM

Martin Malia's first book, originally a Harvard doctoral dissertation (1951), was devoted to the ideological prehistory of the Bolshevik Revolution. The book was "a study of ideologies much more than politics," ideology defined as the outcome of various "pressures" on the psyches of certain individuals, in this case, of Alex ander Herzen, the bastard son of a rich Russian landowner who left him the means to spend the bulk of his adult life in a comfortable exile in western Europe. There, as the paradigmatic eastern European "gentry revolutionary," he elaborated his theory of a peculiarly Russian form of socialism based on the peasant commune as it had been described not long before by a visiting German sociologist, August von Haxthausen. The commune's revolutionary potential was to be unleashed by the cajolings of a radicalized, gentry-origin intelligentsia: radicalized by their reading of German romantic idealism and their understanding of the parallel development of social ism in western Europe, and spurred on by Herzen's privately printed revolution ary incitements smuggled into the reactionary Russia of Nicholas I, the infamous "Gendarme of Europe." The Russian or peasant socialism that Herzen thus fa thered by 1855, with its "fully democratic and apocalyptic ideal of revolution," furnished the ideological basis of the revolutionary Populism of the 1860s and 1870s in Russia, which in turn inspired the radical or Marxist intelligentsia right down to 1917. Herzen was no Bolshevik avant la lettre; his doctrine, Malia em phasized, was too amorphous, ambiguous, and anarchistic for that. But Malia did project, to make the connection explicit, that revolution when it came to Russia would be, given these origins, a uniquely Russian "intelligentsia revolution."2
Use of Stay-in-Place Forms for Concrete Bridge Decks in Tennessee

Bridge decks, concrete or otherwise, represent one of the most heavily deteriorated components of typical highway bridges. Bridge construction continues to proceed at high volume, and in the past, bridge repair, rehabilitation, and replacement increased as well. Enormous amounts of funding are required to support initial construction and repairs as needed. This national trend is also evident within the Tennessee bridge inventory, which currently numbers approximately 20,000, with a majority of the structures utilizing concrete cast-in-place decks. Because of the increasing volume of work and limited funding, efficient methods of constructing and repairing concrete bridge decks have been of interest during the past decades. Durable, high-quality bridge decks have been constructed in Tennessee with three primary forming systems: temporary forms and falsework and stay-in-place form systems consisting of precast concrete panels and permanent steel forms. Each of these form systems is discussed, with a descrip...
Encoding program executions

Dynamic analysis is based on collecting data as the program runs. However, raw traces tend to be too voluminous and too unstructured to be used directly for visualization and understanding. We address this problem in two phases: the first phase selects subsets of the data and then compacts it, while the second phase encodes the data in an attempt to infer its structure. Our major compaction/selection techniques include gprof-style N-depth call sequences, selection based on class, compaction based on time intervals, and encoding the whole execution as a directed acyclic graph. Our structure inference techniques include run-length encoding, context free grammar encoding, and the building of finite state automata.
Dynamic Interplay among Tectonics, Sedimentation, and Petroleum Systems: An Introduction and Overview

In the past few decades, the petroleum industry has seen great exploration successes in petroliferous sedimentary basins worldwide; however, the net volume of hydrocarbons discovered each year has been declining since the late 1970s, and the number of new field discoveries per year has dropped since the early 1990s. We are finding hydrocarbons in more difficult places and in more subtle traps. Although geophysical and engineering technologies are crucial to much of the exploration success, fundamentally, the success is dependent on innovative play concepts associated with spatial and temporal relationships among deformation, deposition, and hydrocarbon accumulation. Unraveling the dynamic interplay among tectonics, sedimentation, and petroleum systems in the subsurface is a challenge and relies on an integrated approach that combines seismic imaging, well logging, physical and/or computational modeling, as well as outcrop analogs. In recent decades, an increasing coverage of high-quality three-dimensional (3-D) seismic data, along with state-of-the-art 3-D visualization technologies, extensive well tests, sophisticated modeling capabilities, and field (outcrop) analogs, has significantly added to our understanding of subsurface complexities in structure, stratigraphy, and petroleum systems. This volume is intended to provide a snapshot of the most recent advances in petroleum exploration by presenting state-of-the-art reviews and overviews, current case studies, and the latest modeling results. The reviews and overviews offer the current status of knowledge in extensional, strike-slip, and contractional tectonic settings, as well as their influence on sedimentation and hydrocarbon accumulation. The case studies cover diverse geologic settings, with special reference to the most prolific high-profile frontier sedimentary basins, such as those in west Africa, east Africa, east Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, South China Sea, Russian Arctic, and the Mediterranean Sea. The models provide both numerical and physical simulations of basin structures as well as their spatial variation and temporal evolution in response to different tectonic processes. The objective of this volume is to contribute toward an enhanced understanding of the spatial and temporal relationships among tectonics of different structural styles, syntectonic sedimentation, and hydrocarbon accumulation. Achieving this objective is the key to overcoming the challenges that we face in the exploration for hydrocarbons in complex reservoirs, subtle traps, and in increasingly difficult places at a time of growing global demand for energy.
Non-Literal Word Sense Identification Through Semantic Network Path Schemata

When computer programs disambiguate words in a sentence, they often encounter non-literal or novel usages not included in their lexicon. In a recent study, Georgia Green (personal communication) estimated that 17% to 20% of the content word senses encountered in various types of normal English text are not fisted in the dictionary. While these novel word senses are generally valid, they occur in such great numbers, and with such little individual frequency that it is impractical to explic i ty include them all within the lexicon. Instead, mechanisms are needed which can derive novel senses from existing ones; thus allowing a program to recognize a significant set of potential word senses while keeping its lexicon within a reasonable size.
An examination of the effect of positive and negative performance on the relative weighting of strategically and non-strategically linked balanced scorecard measures

ABSTRACT: Kaplan and Norton (1992,1996)) espouse that performance measures in a balanced scorecard (BSC) should be linked to strategy. However, the BSCs of many firms include both strategically linked and non-strategically linked measures. Banker et al. (2004) provide initial evidence on evaluators' weightings of strategically linked (SL) and non-strategically linked (NSL) measures when evaluating performance in settings in which managers always performed better than the target level on every performance measure. They found that when evaluators have a sufficient understanding of the firm's strategy, they weight SL measures more than NSL measures when evaluating performance. The purpose of the current study is to examine performance evaluations when, relative to the target level of performance, managers exhibit favorable performance on some measures and unfavorable performance on other measures. We contend that evaluators will exhibit a negativity bias such that negative performance information is weighte...
Event Listener Analysis and Symbolic Execution for Testing GUI Applications

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are composed of virtual objects, widgets, which respond to events triggered by user actions. Therefore, test inputs for GUIs are event sequences that mimic user interaction. The nature of these sequences and the values for certain widgets, such as textboxes, causes a two-dimensional combinatorial explosion. In this paper we present Barad, a GUI testing framework that uniformly addresses event-flow and data-flow in GUI applications generating tests in the form of event sequences and data inputs. Barad tackles the two-dimensional combinatorial explosion by pruning regions of the event and data input space. For event sequence generation we consider only events with registered event listeners, thus pruning regions of the event input space. We introduce symbolic widgets which allow us to obtain an executable symbolic version of the GUI. By symbolically executing the chain of listeners registered for the events in a generated event sequence we obtain data inputs, thus pruning regions in the data input space. Barad generates fewer tests and improves branch and statement coverage compared to traditional GUI testing techniques.
INACTIVATION OF PEPSIN BY IODINE: II. ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE l-MONO-IODOTYROSINE FROM PARTIALLY IODINATED PEPSIN

1. Pepsin solutions were iodinated at pH 5.0–6.0 until 10–20 per cent of the activity was lost and 1/20 (0.7 per cent) of the saturating amount of iodine had been introduced into the protein molecule. After alkaline hydrolysis 65 per cent of the original iodine was accounted for as mono-iodotyrosine although only 42 per cent was isolated as a crystalline product. No evidence was obtained to support the possibility that any group other than tyrosine in pepsin was iodinated. 2. Some of the properties of the crystalline l-mono-iodotyrosine were determined and compared to those of di-iodotyrosine. 3. One iodinated pepsin preparation was crystallized. The crystal form was the same as that of the original pepsin. A solubility curve of the crystals demonstrated that it was very different from pepsin and had nearly constant solubility.