cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Unrestricted Immigration on Labor Markets

In a now-classic, natural-experiment-based study of immigration economics, David Card demonstrated in 1990 that the Mariel Cuban migrants had no significant immediate effect on native wages or unemployment rates in Miami. This chapter extends Card’s findings to two European cities that experienced sudden waves of migration comparable to the Mariel Boatlift in south Florida: Marseille, France, which faced the influx of Pieds-Noirs and Harkis “repatriates” from Algeria in 1962; and Dublin, Ireland, which received thousands of new European Union, “Accession 8” citizens from Eastern Europe beginning in 2004. On the basis of qualitative and quantitative evidence, this study concludes that rapid, “uncontrolled” migration had no statistically significant effect on employment and appears to have boosted wages in some sectors.
Growth discontinuities at borders

I document the existence of discontinuities in short- and long-term growth rates of satellite-recorded nighttime lights per capita across national borders, with growth rates of nighttime lights increasing abruptly as one crosses a border from a slower-growing country into a faster-growing one. I show that growth discontinuities are not driven by any special set of borders, or by differences in geographic and climatic conditions on the different sides of borders. I investigate multiple explanations for growth discontinuities, including differences in the determinants of growth across borders and differences in the extent to which borders form barriers to flows of goods, capital or people. I present evidence that differences in the quality of the rule of law are consistently helpful in explaining differences in growth between two countries at their border, and conclude that national-level variables such as institutions and policies may have rapid and important effects on growth.
Development of a More Sensitive and Specific Chromogenic Agar Medium for the Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrio Species

Foodborne infections in the US caused by Vibrio species have shown an upward trend. In the genus Vibrio, V. parahaemolyticus is responsible for the majority of Vibrio-associated infections. Thus, accurate differentiation among Vibrio spp. and detection of V. parahaemolyticus is critically important to ensure the safety of our food supply. Although molecular techniques are increasingly common, culture-depending methods are still routinely done and they are considered standard methods in certain circumstances. Hence, a novel chromogenic agar medium was tested with the goal of providing a better method for isolation and differentiation of clinically relevant Vibrio spp. The protocol compared the sensitivity, specificity and detection limit for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus between the new chromogenic medium and a conventional medium. Various V. parahaemolyticus strains (n=22) representing diverse serotypes and source of origins were used. They were previously identified by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and further verified in our laboratory by tlh-PCR. In at least four separate trials, these strains were inoculated on the chromogenic agar and thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar, which is the recommended medium for culturing this species, followed by incubation at 35-37 °C for 24-96 hr. Three V. parahaemolyticus strains (13.6%) did not grow optimally on TCBS, nonetheless exhibited green colonies if there was growth. Two strains (9.1%) did not yield the expected cyan colonies on the chromogenic agar. Non-V. parahaemolyticus strains (n=32) were also tested to determine the specificity of the chromogenic agar. Among these strains, 31 did not grow or exhibited other colony morphologies. The mean recovery of V. parahaemolyticus on the chromogenic agar was ~96.4% relative to tryptic soy agar supplemented with 2% NaCl. In conclusion, the new chromogenic agar is an effective medium to detect V. parahaemolyticus and to differentiate it from other vibrios.
Abstract 2148: Ras-mediated evasion of detachment-induced cell death involves differential signaling pathways for metabolism and anoikis

In order for successful metastasis to occur, cells must overcome anoikis, a caspase-dependent cell death process triggered by detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, recent studies have revealed that ECM-detached cells must also rectify detachment-induced metabolic defects that compromise cell survival. However, the precise signals involved in the inhibition of anoikis and the restoration of proper cell metabolism during ECM-detachment are poorly understood. Of particular interest to our studies is the oncogene Ras, which is constitutively active in approximately 30% of all cancers and is well known to be regulate cell death pathways and metabolism. We have discovered that Ras facilitates the survival of ECM-detached cancer cells by utilizing distinct signaling pathways to block anoikis and regulate metabolism. Using MCF-10A cells engineered to overexpress oncogenic Ras and HCT116 cells (which contain an activating Ras mutation), we investigated the signaling pathways downstream of Ras that facilitate the survival of ECM-detached cells. Interestingly, we discovered that while Ras-mediated PI(3)K signaling is critical for rectifying metabolic defects during ECM-detachment, the downstream effector is not Akt, but rather SGK-1. SGK-1 stimulates glucose uptake, enhances ATP generation, promotes luminal filling in 3-dimensional cell culture, and drives anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Interestingly, our data also indicate that oncogenic Ras utilizes an entirely distinct signaling pathway to block anoikis. We discovered that Ras diminishes the expression of the phosphatase PHLPP1. This inhibits the dephosphorylation-induced activation of a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of pro-apoptotic p38 MAPK. In aggregate, these data unveil a novel survival strategy utilized by ECM-detached cancer cells and implicate both SGK-1 and PHLPP1 function downstream of Ras during ECM-detachment. The molecular mechanisms unveiled here could be utilized for the design of novel therapies that eliminate ECM-detached, metastatic cancer cells with Ras mutations through simultaneous modulation of SGK-1 and PHLPP1. Citation Format: Joshua A. Mason, Calli Versagli, Amy Leliaert, Sienna Durbin, Cassandra Buchheit, Zachary Schafer. Ras-mediated evasion of detachment-induced cell death involves differential signaling pathways for metabolism and anoikis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2148. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2148
Evaluation and optimization of procedures for target labeling and hybridization of cDNA microarrays.

PURPOSE To evaluate and optimize methods of target labeling and microarray hybridization using eye gene microarrays. Standardized protocols that consistently produce low background and high intensity hybridization with small amounts of starting RNA are needed to extract differentially expressed genes from a pool of thousands of unaltered genes. METHODS Two identical aliquots of RNA from P19 cell line were labeled with Cy3 or Cy5 dyes using four different methods and self-against-self hybridization was performed on mouse eye gene arrays. The validity and reproducibility of these protocols were further examined using target RNAs isolated from wild-type or neural retinal leucine zipper (Nrl) knockout mouse retinas. Hybridizations were also carried out on human gene array slides with different amounts of starting RNA from human retina. RESULTS Using self-against-self hybridization, we optimized the protocols for direct labeling (R-square = 0.93), aminoallyl indirect labeling (R-square = 0.97), Genisphere 3DNA labeling (R-square = 0.96), and for microarray hybridization and washing. Although small amounts of initial RNA can be used in TSA method, inconsistent labeling was encountered under our experimental conditions. When retinal RNA targets from Nrl+/+ and Nrl-/- mice were tested by direct and aminoallyl indirect labeling protocols, both produced varying hybridization results with low intensity spots and non-uniform backgrounds. However, the Genisphere 3DNA labeling procedure consistently yielded strong hybridization and R-square values of 0.92 or higher. Furthermore, expression profiles were compatible with prior knowledge of this mouse model. Serial analysis of hybridizations with various starting amounts of RNA showed that the Genisphere 3DNA protocol could produce reliable signal intensity with 3 microgram of total RNA. CONCLUSIONS We have systematically evaluated and optimized methods for target labeling, microarray hybridization and washing. These procedures have been used for expression profiling with 3 microgram of starting RNA. Our studies should encourage further use of microarray technology for gene profiling during eye development and in retinal diseases.
Sharing News and Views About Evolution in Social Media

We have harnessed social media to meet our evolved needs to communicate, learn, and form and maintain social connections. For many of us, especially those of us who reside in the American South, beliefs about evolution are constitutive of self-identity and community affiliation. As such, these beliefs are resistant to change. These beliefs may be challenged by educators, scientists, and journalists. But we tend to interpret these challenges as threats, and we tend to employ social media to reinforce our solidarity with like-minded others. It can prove difficult to teach evolution or cover it objectively as a journalist, since the topic so readily triggers emotions that discourage or even short-circuit analytical thought. Journalists may be tempted to pander to emotions, to create stories about evolution that provoke and alarm viewers. This chapter positions social media in its evolutionary context; considers the distinctive aspects of social media users in the South; and reviews trends in religious affiliation that portend continued resistance to human evolution in the South even as acceptance grows elsewhere.
Brownian Ratchet Mechanism for Faithful Segregation of Low-Copy-Number Plasmids

Bacterial plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA that provides selective advantages for bacterial survival. Plasmid partitioning can be remarkably robust. For high-copy-number plasmids, diffusion ensures that both daughter cells inherit plasmids after cell division. In contrast, most low-copy-number plasmids need to be actively partitioned by a conserved tripartite ParA-type system. ParA is an ATPase that binds to chromosomal DNA; ParB is the stimulator of the ParA ATPase and specifically binds to the plasmid at a centromere-like site, parS. ParB stimulation of the ParA ATPase releases ParA from the bacterial chromosome, after which it takes a long time to reset its DNA-binding affinity. We previously demonstrated in vitro that the ParA system can exploit this biochemical asymmetry for directed cargo transport. Multiple ParA-ParB bonds can bridge a parS-coated cargo to a DNA carpet, and they can work collectively as a Brownian ratchet that directs persistent cargo movement with a ParA-depletion zone trailing behind. By extending this model, we suggest that a similar Brownian ratchet mechanism recapitulates the full range of actively segregated plasmid motilities observed in vivo. We demonstrate that plasmid motility is tuned as the replenishment rate of the ParA-depletion zone progressively increases relative to the cargo speed, evolving from diffusion to pole-to-pole oscillation, local excursions, and, finally, immobility. When the plasmid replicates, the daughters largely display motilities similar to that of their mother, except that when the single-focus progenitor is locally excursive, the daughter foci undergo directed segregation. We show that directed segregation maximizes the fidelity of plasmid partition. Given that local excursion and directed segregation are the most commonly observed modes of plasmid motility in vivo, we suggest that the operation of the ParA-type partition system has been shaped by evolution for high fidelity of plasmid segregation.
Cognitive and Behavioral Resilience Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men Living with HIV.

Abstract Purpose: HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (Y-GBMSM). Resilience remains understudied among Y-GBMSM living with HIV, but represents a potentially important framework for improving HIV-related outcomes in this population. We sought to explore cognitive and behavioral dimensions of resilience and their correlates among Y-GBMSM to gain insights to inform future interventions. Methods: Our study sample consisted of 200 Y-GBMSM living with HIV enrolled in a multisite study of the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN). Participants completed a one-time, self-administered structured questionnaire, including validated scales capturing a range of cognitive, behavioral, demographic, and psychosocial data. Utilizing these data, we examined cognitive and behavioral dimensions of resilience and their potential psychosocial correlates using linear regression modeling. Results: Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that...
Pediatric Asthma in the Community Emergency Department: Room for Improvement and Aligned Incentives

Abstract Asthma is a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits in children. Over 80% of children who visit an ED go to a general, not a pediatric-specific, ED. The treatment children with asthma receive in general EDs is not as compliant with national guidelines as is treatment in pediatric-specific centers. Several studies document improvements in pediatric asthma care through quality improvement initiatives, but few address the emergency care of pediatric asthma in the community setting. National programs such as Pathways for Improving Pediatric Asthma and Translating Emergency Knowledge for Kids provide resources to community EDs for improving pediatric asthma care. More research is needed to determine if programs such as these, as well as partnerships at the local level, can have a positive impact on the emergency care of pediatric asthma. It is essential that we bridge the gaps in care between community and pediatric-specific EDs to improve the quality of emergency care for the over 7 million children in the US with asthma.
Geology of Mars

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the former interpretations of Mars and provides an explanation of map of Mars. The dark patches on the moon were thought to be oceans of water and likewise the dark markings on the disk of Mars. The chapter discusses polar phenomena and orbital relations of Mars. Every martian year, the shrinking polar cap of the summer hemisphere develops a dark border. There is a marked consequence of orbital eccentricity and time of solstice in Mars. The chapter describes orbital eccentricity and seasonal meteorology of Mars. It also elucidates erosion on Mars. On Mars, water erosional transport does not exist and wind transport is minor in comparison. The chapter further discusses seasonal phenomena: indicators of certain topographic features of Mars and consequences of impact from foreign bodies in Mars. With a lesser force of gravity, the crust of Mars should be two to three times thicker from the standpoint of rock weight and pressure. Water plays a very dominant role in terrestrial geology, geomorphology, and mineralogy. However, on Mars, it must be quite different. In the absence of oceans, no sedimentary beds of limestone, sandstone, shale, cemented conglomerate, and volcanic tuff could have formed. The chapter reviews some mineralogical consequences in Mars. It mentions some of the more common minerals likely to be missing on Mars.
Exhaustive Enumeration of the Semiregular Two-dimensional Structures

In the preceding two chapters we generated semiregular structures by truncations and stellations of the regular structures found in Chapter 9. However, we shall find presently that we have by no means exhausted all possible semiregular structures in two dimensions. As we have found the means of determining the permitted connectivities to join the two-dimensional cells (polyhedra) into three-dimensional structures, it is important to ascertain that we are aware of all possible cells. To this purpose, we shall find all possible solutions of equation (9-5): $$ \frac{1} {{\overline r }} + \frac{1} {{\overline n }} = \frac{1} {2} + \frac{1} {l} $$ (9-5)
APPLICATION OF HPLC/GFAA FOR ARSENIC IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

ABSTRACT The combination of high performance liquid chromatography and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HPLC/GFAA) is a powerful tool for speciating environmentally labile metallic or metalloid elements. The sample extract is passed through the HPLC to effect speciation. The nature of the eluting solvent can be changed (with solvent programming) to obtain the species of interest. Samples of the HPLC effluent are periodically automatically injected into the GFAA, where the species are reduced to metallic or metalloid element. Care must be taken not to change the chemical compound or oxidation state during sample preparation. Thus, arsenic compounds were analyzed in extracts of air, water, and soil samples by HPLC using an 8% crosslinked quaternary ammonium type anion exchange resin (Bio-Rad Aminex A-27) column with solvent programming from water to 0.2 M ammonium carbonate. The HPLC effluent stream was sampled every 43 seconds during the 45 minute analysis time. Quantitation was performed by summation of the absorption measurements at the proper retention times for each species and comparing results to known standards. Trimethylarsine oxide, arsenite, dimethylarsinic acid, methanearsonic acid, and arsenate were eluted in sequence from this column. Air residues of 0.05 ug/m 3 , water residues to 0.05 mg/L, and soil residues above 0.5 ppm As were speciated.
Simulating Myocardium Oxygen Dynamics

A three-compartment model, consisting of erythrocytes, plasma, and tissue was simulated on a hybrid computer in the unsteady-state to predict myocardium oxygen tensions under normal and pathological conditions. The model includes nonequilibrium oxygen dissociation characteristics for the red cells with superimposed flow and metabolic rate changes. It was assumed that both flow velocity and metabolic rate varied as pure harmonic functions 180 degrees out of phase. Results indicate that under normal conditions, heart tissue tension remains essentially constant at a mean value rather than oscillating. It appears that this is primarily due to the frequency characteristics of the total physiological system and that myoglobin capacitance becomes important mainly at the lower heart rates.
Simple Hepatic Cysts/Choledochal Cysts

Cystic lesions of the liver can be malignant or benign, congenital or acquired. They represent a broad group of disorders that differ in presentation, etiology, and prevalence. Diagnosis requires a comprehensive history and physical as well as appropriate imaging studies. Simple hepatic cysts are symptomatic when they become large, and most do not require any intervention. Choledochal cysts are rare and most are diagnosed in childhood. Patients generally present with non-specific symptoms but once diagnosed should undergo curative resection. In this chapter we will discuss the diagnosis and management of patients with simple hepatic as well as choledochal cysts.
A service oriented architecture for exploring high performance distributed power models

Power grids are increasingly incorporating high quality, high throughput sensor devices inside power distribution networks. These devices are driving an unprecedented increase in the volume and rate of available information. The real-time requirements for handling this data are beyond the capacity of conventional power models running in central utilities. Hence, we are exploring distributed power models deployed at the regional scale. The connection of these models for a larger geographic region is supported by a distributed system architecture. This architecture is built in a service oriented style, whereby distributed power models running on high performance clusters are exposed as services. Each service is semantically annotated and therefore can be discovered through a service catalog and composed into workflows. The overall architecture has been implemented as an integrated workflow environment useful for power researchers to explore newly developed distributed power models.
Professional and Business Ethical Challenges

The first part looks at corruption and whistleblowing and presents the Wells Fargo accounting fraud (2016), the FIFA corruption scandal (2016) and the whistleblowing case Wigand v. Brown & Williamson (1996). Film discussions include the adaptation of the Wigand case in The Insider (1999), and the fictional scenarios in The Fugitive (1993) and The Shawshank Redemption (1994). The second part considers outsourcing and downsizing, including examples of General Electric and Levi Strauss & Co. Downsizing cases include corporations such as General Motors, Boing, and General Electric. The fictional scenarios are discussed in Outsourced (2006), Two Days, One Night (2014), Up in the Air (2009), and The Company Men (2010). The third part considers business competition and innovation. Presented cases include Mattel Inc. v. MGA Entertainment Inc. (2005–2008), Adidas America Inc. v. Payless ShoeSource Inc. (1994–2009), and Robert Kearns against Ford and Chrysler (1978–1992). The following films are discussed: an adaptation of Kearns’ case in Flash of Genius (2008), Tucker the Man and His Dream (1988), Joy (2015), and The Founder (2016).
Do Support and Strain With Adult Children Affect Mothers' and Fathers' Physical Activity?

Physical activity is central to health. Parents tend to have lower levels of physical activity than the childless, however, little is known about how adult child–parent relationship quality matters...
Who's the Guinea Pig?: Investigating Online A/B/n Tests in-the-Wild

A/B/n testing has been adopted by many technology companies as a data-driven approach to product design and optimization. These tests are often run on their websites without explicit consent from users. In this paper, we investigate such online A/B/n tests by using Optimizely as a lens. First, we provide measurement results of 575 websites that use Optimizely drawn from the Alexa Top-1M, and analyze the distributions of their audiences and experiments. Then, we use three case studies to discuss potential ethical pitfalls of such experiments, including involvement of political content, price discrimination, and advertising campaigns. We conclude with a suggestion for greater awareness of ethical concerns inherent in human experimentation and a call for increased transparency among A/B/n test operators.
Chronic alcohol exposure alters circulating insulin and ghrelin levels: role of ghrelin in hepatic steatosis.

Our studies are the first to report that ethanol-induced increases in ghrelin contribute to impaired insulin secretion, which results in the altered lipid metabolism observed in adipose and liver t...
Moving photoacoustic sources: Acoustic waveforms in one, two, and three dimensions and application to trace gas detection

The photoacoustic effect is governed by a wave equation with a source term proportional to the time derivative of the optical heat deposition per unit volume and time. Although the typical configuration for generation of the photoacoustic effect makes use of pulsed or amplitude modulated optical beams, the form of the source term in the wave equation indicates that a continuous optical source moving in an absorbing medium is capable of sound generation as well. Here, the properties of simple sources moving in one, two, and three space dimensions are reviewed. The salient feature of sources moving in one-dimension at sound speed is that the amplitude of the acoustic wave increases with time without bound according to linear acoustics. Two schemes, one in the time-domain and the other in the frequency-domain, that take advantage of this principle for increasing the sensitivity of trace gas detection are reviewed.The photoacoustic effect is governed by a wave equation with a source term proportional to the time derivative of the optical heat deposition per unit volume and time. Although the typical configuration for generation of the photoacoustic effect makes use of pulsed or amplitude modulated optical beams, the form of the source term in the wave equation indicates that a continuous optical source moving in an absorbing medium is capable of sound generation as well. Here, the properties of simple sources moving in one, two, and three space dimensions are reviewed. The salient feature of sources moving in one-dimension at sound speed is that the amplitude of the acoustic wave increases with time without bound according to linear acoustics. Two schemes, one in the time-domain and the other in the frequency-domain, that take advantage of this principle for increasing the sensitivity of trace gas detection are reviewed.
Computation of Nonlinear Wave Kinematics During Propagation and Runup on a Slope

An efficient Boundary Element Method (BEM) solving fully nonlinear waterwave problems in the physical space has been developed in our earlier papers. Its detailed numerical features have been presented elsewhere. In the present paper, this method is applied to the computation of the interaction between highly nonlinear solitary waves and plane steep and gentle slopes. Kinematics of the waves is calculated during propagation and runup on a slope. In particular, the internal velocity field above the slope and the pressure force on the slope are computed in detail during runup and rundown of the wave. The results show features of the wave flow such as jet-like up-rush, stagnation point and breaking during backwash. A comparison is made with accurate experimental results (runup, surface elevations), with orther fully nonlinear solutions, and also with the predictions of the Shallow Water Wave Equation. The results show that the BEM used here is capable of accurately describing the wave flow and interaction with a plane slope(2.88° to 90°), in great detail.
Investigating the Transition from Elevated Multicellular Convection to Surface-based Supercells during the Tornado Outbreak of 24 August 2016 Using a WRF Model Simulation

AbstractOn 24 August 2016, a tornado outbreak impacted Indiana, Ohio, and Ontario with 26 confirmed tornadoes. Elevated multicellular convection developed into surface-based supercells that produce...
Effect of Pore Solution Composition on Cesium Leachability of Cement-Based Waste Forms

The relationship of pore solution composition to observed leach behavior for cesium-doped, cement-based waste form has been demonstrated. A leaching model is proposed, based on early diffusion and homogenization of the pore solution and leachant followed by re-equilibration of the waste form with the greater pore solution (pore solution plus leachant) over the long term.
Relationships Among Self-Reported Hearing Problems, Psychological Distress, and Cardiovascular Disease in U.S. Adults, National Health Interview Survey 1997–2017

Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the hypothesis that the relationship between hearing problems and cardiovascular disease (CVD) includes a connection to psychological distress. De...
Contact-aided invariant extended Kalman filtering for robot state estimation:

Legged robots require knowledge of pose and velocity in order to maintain stability and execute walking paths. Current solutions either rely on vision data, which is susceptible to environmental an...
Rome in the historical imagination of G. K. Chesterton’s Everlasting Man

Roman civilization is at the heart of G.K. Chesterton’s historical imagination. Nowhere is this more evident than in his 1925 book The Everlasting Man, which challenged a materialist, evolutionary ...
Private security and the public sector in France: regulatory processes, administrative restructuring and prospects

This article introduces the progressive development of French private security and analyzes the accelerated changes in its roles since the 2015 Paris Attacks. It describes the evolution of private security’s legal framework and the operational framework supporting it. This sector’s structuring needs and means are then discussed. This development indicates a major change in the French model: the concept of Security is being redefined.
Triflic acid mediated sequential cyclization of ortho-alkynylarylesters with ammonium acetate

Abstract A triflic acid (TfOH) mediated sequential cyclization of ortho-alkynylarylesters and ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) was reported. The reaction took place via a Bronsted acid-mediated intramolecular cyclization of ortho-alkynylarylesters followed by an ammonium acetate participated substitution reaction, forming isoquinolin-1-ones as the major products. Different from most of the known synthetic methods of isoquinolin-1-ones, no metal catalyst was required in the reported reaction. The regioisomers – isoindolin-1-ones were obtained together with isoquinolin-1-ones in a few cases. The intermediate compounds – isochromen-1-ones and isobenzofuran-1-ones were also isolated. The interconversion experiments showed that the regioisomers formed during the Bronsted acid induced intramolecular cyclization of ortho-alkynylarylesters. A natural product – ruprechstyril was prepared in a moderate yield employing the new method.
Detecting mTBI by Learning Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Widefield Calcium Imaging Data Using Deep Learning

Early diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is of great interest to the neuroscience and medical communities. Widefield optical imaging of neuronal populations over the cerebral cortex in animals provides a unique opportunity to study injury-induced alternations in brain function. Using this technique, along with deep learning, the goal of this paper is to develop a framework for the detection of mTBI. Cortical activities in transgenic calcium reporter mice expressing GCaMP6s are obtained using widefield imaging from 8 mice before and after inducing an injury. Two deep learning models for differentiating mTBI from normal conditions are proposed. One model is based on the convolutional neural network-long short term memory (CNN-LSTM), and the second model is based on a 3D-convolutional neural network (3D-CNN). These two models offer the ability to capture features both in the spatial and temporal domains. Results for the average classification accuracy for the CNN-LSTM and the 3D-CNN are 97.24% and 91.34%, respectively. These results are notably higher than the case of using the classical machine learning methods, demonstrating the importance of utilizing both the spatial and temporal information for early detection of mTBI.
Reactive oxygen species oxidize STING and suppress interferon production

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of cellular respiration that can promote oxidative stress and damage cellular proteins and lipids. One canonical role of ROS is to defend the cell against invading bacterial and viral pathogens. Curiously, some viruses, including herpesviruses, thrive despite the induction of ROS, suggesting that ROS are beneficial for the virus. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that ROS impaired interferon response during murine herpesvirus infection and that the inhibition occurred downstream of cytoplasmic DNA sensing. We further demonstrated that ROS suppressed the type I interferon response by oxidizing Cysteine 147 on murine stimulator of interferon genes (STING), an ER-associated protein that mediates interferon response after cytoplasmic DNA sensing. This inhibited STING polymerization and activation of downstream signaling events. These data indicate that redox regulation of Cysteine 147 of mouse STING, which is equivalent to Cysteine 148 of human STING, controls interferon production. Together, our findings reveal that ROS orchestrates anti-viral immune responses, which can be exploited by viruses to evade cellular defenses.
Neuroimaging and Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disease which has a significant deleterious impact in both cognitive and motor functions. Cognitive rehabilitation studies have increased steadily over the past 20 years, showing significant improvements in cognitive functioning with treatment. However, relatively few of these studies have included neuroimaging techniques to examine the neural mechanisms of treatment effectiveness following cognitive rehabilitation. The few that have been conducted however have generally shown a positive relationship between increased brain activation and/or connectivity on MRI and treatment effectiveness. The preliminary uses of new neuroimaging techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct stimulation, have also been positive, but still need to be refined and studied further. New approaches such as real-time fMRI may provide additional tools, which may further help to understand the mechanisms associated with treatment effectiveness and neural plasticity. In the end, the discovery of mechanisms associated with effective cognitive rehabilitation may help guide our understanding of which treatments may be best for improving the quality of life of persons with MS.
Cradle to grave environmental impact evaluation of the consumption of potato and tomato products.

Abstract This study discusses the environmental life cycle impacts of potato and tomato supply chains in a “cradle-to-grave” perspective. The principal focus is to evaluate the processed products, while fresh products are also briefly discussed. Processed products included are potato-chips, frozen fries and dehydrated flakes, and tomato-pasta sauce. The functional unit (FU) is 1 kg product(s), eaten at the consumer stage. Life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling has utilized multiple mechanistic crop models to estimate the crop yields, crop nutrient uptakes and irrigation water requirements. The farming systems represent the primary crop reporting districts where the selected crops are produced on a commercial scale in the United States. The post-harvest system was constructed utilizing the data collected from a processing plant and from other available studies. LCA modeling also constituted handling of co-products (e.g. starch in potatoes) and biowaste. A wide range of environmental impact categories were selected for the evaluation, which showed environmental differences between fresh and processed products. For instance, global warming potential for potato-fresh, chips, fries and dehydrated was 0.97, 0.85, 1.21 and 0.65 kg CO2-eq/FU respectively. For fresh tomato and tomato sauce, it was 0.74 and 1.5 kg CO2-eq/FU respectively. Likewise, fossil resource scarcity for fresh potatoes was higher than chips and dehydrated flakes, but lower than fries. Water consumption was slightly higher in fresh potatoes compared to the processed products. Similar impact patterns were found in fresh and processed tomato products. For most of the impact categories, processing and the agriculture systems were the major contributors. The contribution from the consumer stage varied with the ways the product is prepared, e.g. whether fries are oven heated or deep-fried in oil. Environmental mitigation measures include, the use of drip irrigation (for potatoes), and reducing: food miles, food waste and the use of secondary packaging materials.
Flow boiling in geometrically modified microchannels

Microchannels are a promising solution for high-heat-flux thermal management scenarios, including high-performance microelectronics cooling and power electronics cooling. However, thermohydraulic instabilities result from the rapid vapor bubble formation. The prior literature has examined several methods, including constricted inlet microchannels, expanding microchannels, and auxiliary jetting microchannels, to mitigate the effect of these instabilities. Computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer (CFD/HT) modeling of the flow boiling phenomena in these microchannel configurations has seen limited examination, and one-to-one numerical comparisons of the different mitigation strategies have not been performed. In the present investigation, CFD/HT analyses using a three-dimensional (3D) volume of fluid model coupled with a phase-change model for the interfacial heat and mass transfer were performed for multiple microchannel configurations (constricted inlet, expanding, and auxiliary jetting microchannels). A benchmark case of a rectangular microchannel was examined to quantify baseline thermohydraulic performance. Results demonstrated slight to significant thermal performance improvements for all cases, and significant pressure benefits for the expanding and jetting cases, consistent with experimental results in the literature. Bubble dynamics and visualization for the baseline and alternative configurations are provided to give insight into their underlying physics, and the differences in performance were investigated and compared with available literature.
Distinct recruitment of feedforward and recurrent pathways across higher-order areas of mouse visual cortex.

Summary Cortical visual processing transforms features of the external world into increasingly complex and specialized neuronal representations. These transformations arise in part through target-specific routing of information; however, within-area computations may also contribute to area-specific function. Here, we sought to determine whether higher order visual cortical areas lateromedial (LM), anterolateral (AL), posteromedial (PM), and anteromedial (AM) have specialized anatomical and physiological properties by using a combination of whole-cell recordings and optogenetic stimulation of primary visual cortex (V1) axons in vitro. We discovered area-specific differences in the strength of recruitment of interneurons through feedforward and recurrent pathways, as well as differences in cell-intrinsic properties and interneuron densities. These differences were most striking when comparing across medial and lateral areas, suggesting that these areas have distinct profiles for net excitability and integration of V1 inputs. Thus, cortical areas are not defined simply by the information they receive but also by area-specific circuit properties that enable specialized filtering of these inputs.
MOTION IN A PLANE

This chapter develops the theory of linear motion with constant acceleration, or uniformly accelerated motion to illustrate the concepts of velocity and acceleration, and to show how equations are used to describe motion. The principle of superposition as it applies to the vector quantities position, velocity, and acceleration is considered in the chapter. It also discusses the theory of uniformly accelerated motion to motion in a plane. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration all satisfy the principle of superposition. This principle is used to consider the horizontal and vertical parts of projectile motion. The theory of linear motion is applied, with only minor adjustments in notation, to problems involving motion in a plane. In uniform circular motion, the speed of a particle is constant, but the direction of the velocity vector changes with time. These changes are associated with acceleration—called centripetal—directed radially toward the center of rotation. If the speed of a particle in circular motion changes, another component of the acceleration—called tangential—is directed tangent to the path of the particle.
Capabilities, Transaction Costs, and Firm Boundaries: An Integrative Theory

While the literature on firm boundaries has been greatly influenced by transaction cost economics, strategy scholars often emphasize the importance of capabilities considerations in these decisions. This has led to a debate that, we suggest, has generated more heat than light. We argue that the two sets of considerations are in fact so intertwined dynamically that treating them as independent, competitive explanations is fundamentally misleading. We offer a theoretical synthesis of transaction cost and capabilities approaches to firm boundaries that seeks to overcome each approach’s limitations, and provides a unified and logically consistent understanding of boundary decisions.
Energy efficiency of many-to-one communications in wireless networks

This paper analyzes the energy consumption in a wireless network where communication occurs in a many-to-one fashion. The main motivation for this work comes from a large class of data-gathering wireless sensor networks. We consider and compare both flat and clustering network structures. We derive the ideal or minimum energy consumption required in both cases. We examine how the energy consumption is affected by the range of transmission of the nodes and the size of the area where the network is deployed. We also examine how the number of clusters affects energy consumption.
FIBRINOGEN CLOTTING AND FIBRINO-PEPTIDE FORMATION BY STAPHYLOCOAGULASE AND THE COAGULASE-REACTING FACTOR.

Abstract Drummond, Margaret C. (Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.) and Morris Tager. Fibrinogen clotting and fibrino-peptide formation by staphylocoagulase and the coagulase-reacting factor. J. Bacteriol. 85:628–635. 1963.—The mechanism of fibrinogen clotting by staphylocoagulase and the coagulase-reacting factor (CRF) was studied from the standpoint of the products of the reaction, and compared with thrombin clotting of fibrinogen. Both clotting principles effect clotting with the release of nonprotein nitrogenous material, which can be resolved into three peptides by Dowex-50 chromatography. On the basis of the sedimentation constants, electrophoretic mobilities, and end-group analyses of these peptides, it appears that the products of fibrinogen clotting by coagulase-CRF and by thrombin are similar.
Neonatal aphakia is associated with altered levels of dopamine metabolites in the non-human primate retina

Neonatal aphakia is associated with retardation of the axial elongation of the neonatal eye. In contrast, form deprivation increases axial elongation, an effect that has been associated with decreased retinal dopamine metabolism. The present investigation was conducted to test the hypothesis that neonatal aphakia induces an effect on the levels of retinal dopamine opposite to form deprivation. Lensectomy and vitrectomy were performed on the right eyes of rhesus monkeys at approximately 1 week of age; their left eyes were unmanipulated. Axial length was measured by A-scan ultrasonography. Prior to surgery, mean axial length of the right and left eyes was identical. Following lens removal, both eyes continued to elongate, however the aphakic eyes elongated at a slower rate resulting in a significant shorter axial length compared to that of the unmanipulated eye. Removal of the crystalline lens had no effect on steady-state dopamine levels in either central or peripheral retina. However, levels of the dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid were significantly elevated in central retina, but not in the peripheral retina of aphakic eyes. Our results support the hypothesis that dopamine is a component of the retinal signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation of eye growth and emmetropization.
Clinical teachers as role models: perceptions of interns and residents in a Lebanese medical school

OBJECTIVE To identify the characteristics and learning impact of role models as perceived by interns and residents in an Arabic Middle Eastern country, Lebanon. METHODS A structured and self-administered questionnaire was sent to the cohort of interns (n = 34) and residents (n = 66) training in a Lebanese university hospital. The questionnaire contained pre-specified items related to professional and personal characteristics of positive and negative role models, as well as to the impact of these models on professional learning and career choices. Responders were asked to recognise and to rank-order the items associated to their identified models. RESULTS A total of 88 responders (97%) had positive role models and 87 responders (96%) had negative role models in their current training programme. Characteristics identified most frequently and ranked most highly by the trainees were related to clinical skills in positive role models and to inadequate humanistic and collaborative attitudes in negative models. Role modelling had a positive impact on the achievement of clinical skills for 55% of the responders, and on the acquisition of humanistic and collaborative attitudes for 30% of them. Thirty-eight per cent of the trainees were influenced by their role models in the choice of their specialities. Responses were generally comparable between levels of training and between medical and surgical specialities. CONCLUSION Clinical teachers, practising in a non-occidental cultural and medical learning environment, are considered very frequently as role models by their interns and residents and have a positive impact on their professional learning and career choices. Strategies to reinforce role modelling are needed in Lebanon, in order to pass a broad spectrum of professional values to our students.
Cytosolic calcium regulates ion channels in the plasma membrane of Vicia faba guard cells

THE molecular mechanisms by which Ca2+ controls a variety of ion transport-associated cellular functions in higher plant cells1, including movements of stomatal pores, remain unknown. Stomatal pores regulate the gas exchange in leaves. Openings of stomatal pores are mediated by an increase in the intracellular potassium and anion content of guard cells2,3. Voltage-dependent K+ channels4–7 and hyperpolarizing H+ pumps8,9 have been identified as mechanisms controlling stomatal movements. But depolarizing mechanisms required for K+ efflux during stomatal closing remain unknown. Indirect evidence suggests that Ca2+ triggers stomatal closing and inhibits stomatal opening10–12. Using patch-clamp techniques13, we show here that elevated (micromolar) concentrations of cytosolic Ca2+ in guard cells block inward rectifying K+ channels. Furthermore, elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ leads to the activation of a voltage-dependent depolarizing conductance with a permeability to anions. The Ca2+-induced modulation of ion channels reported here could provide a molecular basis for Ca2+-dependent regulation of stomatal movements in leaves.
Zidovudine antagonizes the action of pyrimethamine in experimental infection with Toxoplasma gondii.

Abstract The effect of zidovudine (azidothymidine; AZT) on the action of pyrimethamine against Toxoplasma gondii was investigated. Zidovudine was found to antagonize the toxoplasmacidal effect of low concentrations of pyrimethamine in vitro, and in vitro synergism of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine against T. gondii was reversed by zidovudine. Zidovudine also antagonized the therapeutic effect of pyrimethamine in mice acutely infected with T. gondii.
Solid phase synthesis of peptide vinyl sulfone and peptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitors

Abstract The solid phase synthesis of the known proteasome inhibitor ZL3VS, using Kenner's safety catch protocol, is described. This methodology has been extended to the synthesis of various novel peptide vinyl sulfone and peptide epoxyketone derivatives.
Rhetoric and Semiotic in C. S. Peirce.

A philosopher and scientist of enormous scope, Charles Sanders Peirce created a semiotic framework to accommodate science, art, and practical persuasion. This essay outlines Peirce's program of Speculative Rhetoric, understood as the means for “rendering signs effective,” and examines the philosophy of signification in which it is rooted.