cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How vulnerable are emerging markets to external shocks

Abstract This paper finds that external economic conditions have significant effects on emerging market (EM) economies, accounting for up to half of the variance in their growth rates. Stronger growth in advanced economies generates stronger EM growth, more so for those EMs with stronger trade ties with advanced economies and less so for those that are financially more open. Adverse external borrowing shocks hurt EM growth, more so for those with greater financial openness or those with limited policy space. China itself has become an important external driver of growth in other EMs. However, internal factors also matter in determining EM growth, and in the period since the global financial crisis these factors have been hampering growth for some EMs. The persistent dampening effect from internal factors in recent years suggests that trend growth could be affected as well. In sum, EMs may be entering a more challenging period of slower growth in the period ahead, reflecting both external and internal conditions.
Developing and Integrating a Professional Disposition Curriculum into a Special Education Teacher Preparation Program

Professional dispositions focus on behaviors reflective of effective teaching and professional interactions. The impetus and rationale for this initiative is discussed and the steps and timeline in development outlined. The resulting program is described along with procedures for implementation and proposed next steps.
Liver function in disease and in preoperative evaluation

With proper utilization of the tests discussed there is no question that the management of patients with hepatic disease can be improved. However, of much greater importance than the specific tests is their consistent reproducibility, and the physician's recognition of the potentialities and limitations of these tests under the various conditions of use.
Career Development Predicts Medical School Success

Abstract A prospective, longitudinal design empirically tested the hypotheses that career development indices account for significant amounts of variance in the prediction of medical school success and account for unique variance beyond that of academic predictors of medical school success. Participants included 111 first-year medical students whose progress was followed during the first 2 years of medical school. The results supported the hypotheses. Logistic regression analyses indicated that career development indices accounted for statistically significant amounts of unique variance beyond that of the academic predictors. Implications for the use of career development indices in practice are discussed.
Lymph node choreography: B cells take the lead

The role of T cells in providing help to B cells is well established; however, the converse—that B cells provide signals to help initiate T cell–mediated immunity—is less well appreciated. New data now show B cells modulate the earliest stages of T cell activation in a T helper type 2 response.
Continuous quality improvement: integrating best practice into teacher education

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a framework for continuous, quality, low cost professional development opportunities at the university level to improve the quality of the instructional practices and/or curriculum used in the teacher education program.Design/methodology/approach – Background of the design, needs assessment and implementation of professional development (best practice seminars) based upon the established best practices principles is described.Findings – Provides information about the various seminars that were held each year based upon the faculty needs assessment which is administered biennially. This needs assessment is developed based upon input from the yearly Beginning Teacher Assistance Program survey, P‐12 Regional Professional Development Center Advisory Group, current research and yearly goals set by university departments.Practical implications – A useful framework for other colleges and universities to provide continuous, quality, low cost professional development opportunit...
Quantitative assessment of the effects of microstructure on the stability of retained austenite in TRIP steels

Abstract The stability of retained austenite (RA) in transformation-induced plasticity steels (TRIP) is affected by many factors, including chemical composition, RA grain size, neighboring microconstituents of RA and temperature. The composition and microstructure factors are interrelated, so it is difficult to separate out the influence of each individually. In this investigation, methods were developed to study the effects of RA grain size and neighboring microconstituents in a silicon-alloyed low-carbon (0.2C–1.6Si–1.6Mn) TRIP steel. Uniaxial tensile tests, performed at −20 °C, room temperature (20 °C) and 40 °C, were interrupted at several strain levels. Scanning electron micrographs were obtained from each condition, and RA was quantified using a novel technique called the categorical chord-length distribution (CCLD), which enables microstructural quantification based on specific neighboring microconstituents. The results show that RA adjacent to bainitic ferrite (BF) and fine RA grain size are correlated with higher RA stability. A modified Burke–Matsumura–Tsuchida stability model was developed to kinetically analyze the effects of microstructure on RA transformation. The CCLD and kinetic modeling analysis indicates that the stability of RA inside BF is less sensitive to the testing temperature than RA inside polygonal ferrite (PF), and thermodynamic analysis of the driving force for transformation as a function of temperature and carbon content implies that there is a higher carbon content in RA inside BF. Additionally, nanohardness tests showed that the hardnesses of BF and PF are not significantly different after moderate amounts of deformation. Thus, the enhanced stability of RA inside BF compared to PF is more strongly related to the elevated carbon content of RA inside BF rather than stress partitioning differences for RA adjacent to BF or PF.
Roles for C16-ceramide and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate in Regulating Hepatocyte Apoptosis in Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α signals cell death and simultaneously induces the generation of ceramide, which is metabolized to sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) by ceramidase (CDase) and sphingosine kinase. Because the dynamic balance between the intracellular levels of ceramide and S1P (the “ceramide/S1P rheostat”) may determine cell survival, we investigated these sphingolipid signaling pathways in TNF-α-induced apoptosis of primary hepatocytes. Endogenous C16-ceramide was elevated during TNF-α-induced apoptosis in both rat and mouse primary hepatocytes. The putative acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) inhibitor imipramine inhibited TNF-α-induced apoptosis and C16-ceramide increase as did the knock out of ASMase. Overexpression of neutral CDase (NCDase) inhibited the TNF-α-induced increase of C16-ceramide and apoptosis in rat primary hepatocytes. Moreover, NCDase inhibited liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis in mice treated with d-galactosamine plus TNF-α. This protective effect was abrogated by the sphingosine kinase inhibitor N,N-demethylsphingosine, suggesting that the survival effect of NCDase is due to not only C16-ceramide reduction but also S1P formation. Administration of S1P or overexpression of NCDase activated the pro-survival kinase AKT, and overexpression of dominant negative AKT blocked the survival effect of NCDase. In conclusion, activation of ASMase and generation of C16-ceramide contributed to TNF-α-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. NCDase prevented apoptosis both by reducing C16-ceramide and by activation of AKT through S1P formation. Therefore, the cross-talk between sphingolipids and AKT pathway may determine hepatocyte apoptosis by TNF-α.
Molecular medicine in the 21st century

When Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model for DNA structure in a 2 page Nature article in 1953, no one could have predicted the enormous impact this finding would have on the study of human disease. Over the last decade in particular, major advances have been made in our understanding of both normal biological processes and basic molecular mechanisms underlying a variety of medical diseases. Knowledge obtained from basic cellular, molecular and genetic studies has enabled the development of strategies for the modification, prevention and potential cure of human diseases. This brief overview focuses on the enormous impact molecular studies have had on various aspects of medicine. The inherited cardiac disorder hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is used here as a model to illustrate how molecular studies have not only redefined ‘gold standards’ for diagnosis, but have also influenced management approaches, increased our understanding of fundamental disease-causing mechanisms and identified potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The near-completion of the Human Genome Project, which identifies the 3.2 billion base pairs that comprise the human genome (the so-called ‘Book of Life’), has exponentially heightened the focus on the importance of molecular studies and how such studies will impact on various aspects of medicine in the 21st century. (Intern Med J 2001; 31: 53–59)
Agricultural Sediment Reduction by Giant Cane and Forest Riparian Buffers

The sediment filtering capabilities of giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm.) and forest riparian buffers were compared in a southern Illinois, USA non tile drained agricultural watershed. Giant cane, a bamboo species, serves as important wildlife habitat throughout its native range in the southeastern and lower midwestern United States. Overland flow samples were collected at the field edge and at 3.3 m, 6.6 m, and 10.0 m within the riparian buffers during 19 precipitation events over a 1-year period. On an annual basis, significant sediment reductions occurred by 3.3 m and 6.6 m in the cane and forest buffers, respectively. The giant cane buffer reduced incoming sediment mass by 94% within the first 3.3 m, while the forest buffer reduced sediment by 86% over 6.6 m. Within 10.0 m of the field edge, the cane and forest buffers reduced sediment mass by 100% and 76%, respectively. On a seasonal basis, the cane buffer outperformed the forest buffer. During each of the four seasons, the cane buffer reduced sediment masses within 3.3 m of the field edge, while the forest buffer showed initial reductions occurring at 6.6 m during the summer, fall, and winter. No detectable reductions occurred during the spring in the forested buffer. Reductions in sediment concentrations were less evident compared to mass basis, indicating that infiltration may be a more important sediment reduction mechanism than particle settling. Both the forest and giant cane buffers had relatively high measured soil infiltration rates. Study results indicate that giant cane is an appropriate species to include in riparian buffer restoration designs for sediment control.
Character Proof and the fireside induction

The present research examined psycholegal assumptions about specific acts evidence as a method of character proof. On the basis of “fireside induction” (Meehl, 1971) and social psychological research on inferential processes, it was expected that the logic behind the presumption against specific acts testimony would receive empirical support. In the context of a videotaped automobile negligence trial, nondeliberating experimental jurors were presented with character evidence expressed either in terms of specific acts or in terms of general reputation. Mode of presentation and the amount of testimony also were varied. Only post hoc support for the logic behind the presumption against specific acts testimony was obtained, and several factors that may have constrained its impact were considered.
FORAGE PRODUCTION OF PEARL MILLET HYBRIDS GROWN FROM SEED EXPOSED TO LOW DOSES OF GAMMA RAYS.

Seeds of three pearl millet varieties (Gahi 1, Millex 22 and Tift 23 × 186) received gamma ray dosages of 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 and 19,200 R just before planting in 1969 and 1970. Repeating 3 times each variety-treatment combination in a 9 × 9 lattice square field test gave coefficients of variability (CVs) of 8·0 and 8·2 per cent for total 1969 and 1970 yields and made average dosage effects 3·4 per cent different than the control—significant ( P =0·05). Millex 22 and Tift 23 × 186 yielded 5·1 and 15·9 per cent more forage respectively than Gahi 1. Exposing seeds to gamma rays ranging from 150 to 9600 R failed to significantly increase forage yields in either year. Exposing seeds to 19,200 R reduced forage yields 9·5 per cent ( P > 0·01). Dry matter yields of 9-day-old seedlings grown in growth chambers tended to parallel field results. Dry weights of 8-day-old seedlings decreased from 1·50 to 0·10g as seed exposure to gamma rays increased from 6 to 54 kR. Gahi I was most tolerant of heady gamma ray seed treatment. No evidence of radiation-induced stimulation was observed.
Glioma formation, cancer stem cells, and akt signaling.

Several recent reports have provided evidence that cancer is initiated by a rare fraction of cells called “cancer stem cells” which are multipotent, self-renewing subset of the tumor. However, several issues regarding the biology and techniques of isolating these cells from solid tumors remain to be clarified. In addition, experimental data supports two possibilities for glioma cell of origin. First, that stem cells or early progenitors are transformed and show variable differentiation of their progeny during tumor development. Second, that more differentiated glia are transformed by genetic events that lead to a loss of differentiation maintenance. In human gliomas, these two theories are not mutually exclusive. In this review we will summarize both theories, and highlight outstanding issues that remain to be resolved.
Comparison of electrical, optical and plasmonic on-chip interconnects based on delay and energy considerations

With continued shrinking of device dimensions on chip, major advancements in intra chip interconnect technology are required to minimize delay, energy dissipation and cross-talk. In this paper, two alternative on-chip interconnect technology options are studied, namely the plasmonic and optical interconnects. It is shown that plasmonic interconnects can be 3 orders of magnitude faster than minimum sized CMOS interconnects at the 2016 technology node. However, their propagation length is limited to few microns and hence they can be used only as short local interconnects. Energy per bit of plasmonic interconnects is shot-noise limited and it increases exponentially with interconnect length. Cross-over length beyond which plasmonic interconnects become less energy efficient compared to CMOS interconnects is calculated. It is found to be 10 µm for Ag cylindrical plasmonic waveguides of 100-nm diameter embedded in SiO 2 dielectric at free-space wavelength of 1µm. Although plasmonic interconnects show potential as future local interconnects, plasmonic switches are needed for their implementation at the GSI(GigaScale Integration) level. Without plasmonic switches the energy and circuit overhead associated with signal conversion will be prohibitive. Optical interconnects, on the other hand, are limited to be used only at the global level due to the fundamental limitations on their size. Although the native interconnect delay of optical interconnects is quite less, their bandwidth density is limited due to the fundamental limitations on the minimum pitch. Wavelength division multiplexing is identified as one of the solutions towards increasing the bandwidth density of optical interconnects. Critical length beyond which optical interconnects offer higher bandwidth compared to copper interconnects is identified to be equal to the chip edge in absence of WDM. In presence of 4 channel WDM, the critical length improves to 0.4cm. Critical length assessment based on energy comparison with CMOS interconnect is evaluated to be 0.15cm.
Structure-activity relationship of cytokinins: crystal structure and conformation of 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin).

Abstract The crystal structure of 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) was determined from three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data. The N 6 -substituent is distal to the imidazole ring. The molecules are linked across centers of inversion by pairs of N(6)-H···N(7) and N(9)-H···N(3) hydrogen bonds, utilizing the Hoogsteen sites for base pairing. From an analysis of the conformational preferences of cytokinins, an “active conformation” favourable for eliciting maximal cytokinin activity is proposed. The loss of cytokinin activity due to various chemical modifications such as the substitution at N 1 , alteration of the methylene bridge, is correlated to the inability of cytokinins to achieve the active conformation.
Sensitization of pancreatic cancer cells to radiation by cerium oxide nanoparticle-induced ROS production.

Side effect of radiation therapy (RT) remains the most challenging issue for pancreatic cancer treatment. In this report we determined whether and how cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to RT. CONP pretreatment enhanced radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production preferentially in acidic cell-free solutions as well as acidic human pancreatic cancer cells. In acidic environments, CONPs favor the scavenging of superoxide radical over the hydroxyl peroxide resulting in accumulation of the latter whereas in neutral pH CONPs scavenge both. CONP treatment prior to RT markedly potentiated the cancer cell apoptosis both in culture and in tumors and the inhibition of the pancreatic tumor growth without harming the normal tissues or host mice. Taken together, these results identify CONPs as a potentially novel RT-sensitizer as well as protectant for improving pancreatic cancer treatment.
Evaluating the nature of hassles and uplifts in the retail shopping context

Abstract The impact of hassles and uplifts on human cognition and behavior has been studied extensively in psychology. This research examines the hassles/uplifts framework in the context of retail shopping. Included are two studies that identify the events that shoppers perceive as a hassle or uplift, evaluate the unpleasantness/pleasantness of the event, and examine whether there are individual differences in shopper experiences of these events. Results show that while gender differences are minor, there are indeed differences in perceptions of these events for those individuals who vary in shopping orientation and atmospheric responsiveness.
Policy versus politics: post-Hurricane Katrina lower-income housing restoration in Mississippi

Much of the discourse post-Hurricane Katrina focuses on recovery efforts in New Orleans. Meanwhile, the Mississippi Gulf Coast receives relatively little attention. Mississippi exemplifies how state political-economic ideology counters federal plans or policy intentions through a neoliberalism, accompanied by neoconservative values, favoring economic development and higher-income households over housing opportunities for lower-income groups. The particular case of East Biloxi describes how neoliberal and neoconservative interests influenced post-disaster land-use and other decisions threatening the lower-income and racially diverse community. Thinking broadly, a housing policy that includes restoration of lower-income households matters very little when state officials controlling implementation do not value government intervention that could further racial justice and social equity. Opportunities for racial justice and social equity may occur through a community sector that not only strengthens the socia...
Jupiter Formed with More Tar than Ice

Elemental abundances in Jupiter determined from Galileo probe measurements are compared to recently revised solar system abundances. When normalized to the abundance of sulfur, the most abundant refractory rock-forming element reliably determined in Jupiter's atmosphere by the Galileo probe, abundances of argon, krypton, and xenon are 1 times solar, the observed oxygen is depleted by a factor of 4, and carbon is enriched 1.7 times. The fairly uncertain nitrogen abundance ranges from 1 to 3 times solar. The oxygen abundance in Jupiter derived from the observed atmospheric water abundance is only a lower limit to the total planetary oxygen because oxygen is also bound to rock-forming elements such as magnesium or silicon sequestered deep in the planet. The sulfur abundance constrains the amount of rock-forming elements on Jupiter. Considering the amount of oxygen bound to silicate rock, the total oxygen abundance on Jupiter of 0.47 times solar system indicates an overall oxygen depletion by about a factor of 2. The hydrogen and helium abundances in the Jovian atmosphere are depleted (0.48 and 0.39 times solar system, respectively). These relative depletions may indicate the extent of hydrogen and helium partitioning from the molecular envelope into Jupiter's metallic layer. A formation scenario for Jupiter is proposed to explain the relative oxygen depletion and, at the same time, the relative carbon enrichment. In essence, the model assumes that at the time of Jupiter's formation, abundant carbonaceous matter was present near 5.2 AU rather than abundant water ice, increasing the surface mass density of solids in the solar nebula accretion disk. Carbonaceous matter, which has high sticking probabilities, was the agent that sped up accumulation of solid matter of proto-Jupiter. This led to runaway accretion of the planet. Major consequences of this scenario are that the water ice condensation front (the snow line) typically placed near 5.2 AU in solar nebula models must be replaced by a carbonaceous condensation/evaporation front (the tar line) and that the snow line is located farther out in the solar nebula.
Effect of Polydispersity on Viscoelasticity and Shear Thickening in Aqueous Solutions of Hydrocarbon End-Capped Poly(ethylene oxide)

The linear viscoelastic and shear thickening behavior in aqueous solutions of model hydrophobically end-capped poly(ethylene oxide) were examined. Comparisons are made between monodisperse samples,...
Electromotive Effect of Concentration of Tissue Membranes as the Result of HCl Formation

ConclusionsThe experiments show that water soluble acid, manifestly HCl, is formed from KC1 and fatty acid, whenever an electromotive effect of concentration arises at the pha& boundary. It seems likely that a reaction oi the kind described is also a factor in the formation of free HC1 in the glands of the stomach.The theory of phase boundary potentials, referred to above, cannot be set forth in detail in this preliminary communication.
Docetaxel-induced Meibomian duct inflammation and blockage leading to chalazion formation

We report a 71-year male with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer who was treated with weekly docetaxel for 12 weeks and developed significant eye irritation and dryness during treatment. Subsequently, the patient presented with a lower eyelid mass, which on excision was demonstrated to be a chalazion. Docetaxel induced Meibomian duct inflammation and blockage is the likely cause of this presentation in a patient with no history of eyelid masses in the past.
An experimental epidemiological study of Talfan virus infection in pigs

Abstract Talfan virus was introduced experimentally into a small herd of MD pigs by the oral dosing of one litter of piglets with virus cultivated in PK cells. Serum samples from all pigs in the herd were examined for Talfan neutralizing antibodies at monthly intervals for 8 months, and virus isolation from rectal swabs was attempted at weekly or monthly intervals for the same period. Samples from the colon were collected for virus isolation from pigs at slaughter. The infection produced diarrhoea in suckling piglets and in one gilt, and nervous signs in suckling piglets, one gilt and one boar during the first 5 weeks of the experiment. Thereafter, clinical disease attributed to Talfan virus was not apparent. In the early (epidemic) phase of the infection, pigs of all ages excreted virus for a period up to 8 weeks and developed circulating antibodies which persisted at fairly high levels throughout the experiment. Piglets born one month or more after the introduction of Talfan virus excreted virus only after weaning and developed a circulating antibody response to Talfan in the post-weaning period.
Beyond Attachment: Widening the Analytic Focus about the American Jewish Relationship to Israel

In this article, I briefly review the competing claims of the two sets of authors (Cohen and Kelman versus the Sasson team), noting their points of convergence and divergence. Second, for all of their differences, implicit in their analyses I detect an under-explicated conception of the relationship between Jews in America and Israel, one that warrants a fresh exploration going forward, leading me to call for much-needed exploratory research about these questions. Finally I situate the discussion about needed future research in terms of the how we ought to envision the relationship between “town and gown” in creating knowledge about and for the Jewish communal-organizational world.
Caloric Analyses of the Distribution of Energy in Ripened Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Caloric analyses of the distribution of energy were carried out for Suregrow 125 and DPL-50 cotton plants 40, 101, and 115 days after emergence and for ripened cotton. For these analyses, plants were harvested, dried, weighed, and subsequently analyzed for protein, crude fat, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogen-free solubles, and total gossypol according to standard AOAC methods. In ripened cotton, approximately twice as much caloric energy was found to be released in the combustion of seed in comparison with lint. About half of the caloric content was constituted in lint and seed, the remainder apportioned to vegetative tissues. With 40-day-old plants, the content of nitrogen-free solubles was high and decreased steadily through the 101st and 115th days after emergence with a concomitant increase in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Keywords: Caloric analysis; Gossypium hirsutum L.; ripened cotton; energy distribution
Constitutive Expression of a XEGIP in Potato Results in Phenotypic Changes Suggesting Endogenous Inhibition of Cell Wall Growth

One mechanism for plant defense is the production of proteinaceous inhibitors that block the function of pathogen-produced cell wall-modifying enzymes. The xyloglucanase-specific endoglucanase inhibitor protein (XEGIP) is proposed to exist principally to block pathogen family 12 xyloglucan-specific endoglucanases. The role of XEGIP in plant defense was tested by generating transgenic XEGIP-overexpressing potato plants. Overexpression of an endogenous XEGIP in potato resulted in major changes in plant phenotype. Short petioles, small, thick leaves, reduced root formation, and distorted tuber shape resulted from XEGIP overexpression. Susceptibility to late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, was not altered. For the XEGIP tested (AY321357), there are previously unreported alterations in plant development that can be attributed to constitutive expression of XEGIP. The principal role of at least this XEGIP may be regulation of plant-encoded enzymes.
Laparoscopic cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC in patients with limited pseudomyxoma peritonei of appendiceal origin

Introduction. Increasing numbers of patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) of appendiceal origin are being evaluated with a low tumor burden. We explored a minimally invasive approach for this group of patients. Materials and Methods. We designed a protocol in which patients with a PMP diagnosis would have a diagnostic laparoscopy. If limited carcinomatosis (PCI ≤ 10) is identified, the procedure will continue laparoscopically. If extensive carcinomatosis (PCI > 10) is found, then the procedure will be converted to an open approach. Results. From December 2008 to December 2011, 19 patients had a complete cytoreduction and HIPEC: 18 of them (95%) were done laparoscopically and 1 of them (5%) was converted to an open procedure. Mean PCI was 4.2. Grade 3 morbidity was 0, and one patient (5%) experienced a grade 4 complication, needing a reoperation for an internal hernia. There were no mortalities. Mean length of hospital stay was 5.3 days. At a mean follow-up of 17 months (1–37) all 19 patients are alive and free of disease. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC via the laparoscopic route is feasible and safe and should be offered to patients with limited pseudomyxoma peritonei of appendiceal origin.
Electrical Modeling of Lithographic Imperfections

Lithographic wavelength of 193nm has been used for past few generations of patterning and is likely to remain in use for next few technology generations (at least till 28nm technology half-node) as well. This deep sub-wavelength patterning has resulted in wafer shapes not resembling drawn rectilinear shapes. The resulting non-rectangular devices and wires are not handled by current generation modeling and analyses methods. In this paper, we present a survey of electrical modeling methods for such lithographic imperfections especially on transistor layers. We also discuss use contexts of such models as well as briefly present electrical implications of the likely future patterning candidate, namely double patterning.
Separating the influence of the cortex and foam on the mechanical properties of porcupine quills.

Abstract Lightweight thin cylinders filled with a foam have applications as collapsible energy absorbers for crashworthy and flotation applications. The local buckling compressive strength and Young’s modulus are dependent on material and geometrical properties. Porcupine quills have a thin cortex filled with closed-cell foam, and are entirely composed of α-keratin. The cortex carries the majority of the compressive load, but the foam is able to accommodate and release some of the deformation of the cortex during buckling. The presence of the foam increases the critical buckling strength, buckling strain and elastic strain energy absorption over that of the cortex. Good agreement is found between experimental results and modeled predictions. A strain distribution map of the foam close to the buckled cortex demonstrates that the deformation of the cells plays an important role in accommodating local buckling of the cortex. The robust connection between the foam and cortex results in superior crushing properties compared to synthetic sandwich structure where the foam normally separates from the shell. The foam/cortex construction of the quill can guide future biomimetic fabrications of light weight buckle-resistant columns.
Chaperone-Mediated In Vitro Disassembly of Polyoma- and Papillomaviruses

Hsp70 chaperones play a role in polyoma- and papillomavirus assembly, as evidenced by their interaction in vivo with polyomavirus capsid proteins at late times after virus infection and by their ability to assemble viral capsomeres into capsids in vitro. We studied whether Hsp70 chaperones might also participate in the uncoating reaction. In vivo, Hsp70 coimmunoprecipitated with polyomavirus virion VP1 at 3 h after infection of mouse cells. In vitro, prokaryotic and eukaryotic Hsp70 chaperones efficiently disassembled polyoma- and papillomavirus-like particles and virions in energy-dependent reactions. These observations support a role for cell chaperones in the disassembly of these viruses.
TestosterICs: a low-cost functional chip tester

Students in VLSI design courses find the opportunity to fabricate their chip designs very exciting and motivational. However, testing the chips after fabrication can be a hassle for both students and faculty. In collaboration with Sun Microsystems Laboratories, we have developed a functional chip tester that applies test vectors at low speed to check logical operation. The tester supports packages with up to 256 pins and operates over a range of 1.2-6.5 volts. It reads test vectors directly from IRSIM files and can be programmed through a Java API. The tester can also be used to drive scan chains and other control signals in conjunction with a high-speed signal generator and oscilloscope to test chips at speed. We have released the chip tester plans in open-source form and manufactured 20 units for other universities.
Neuromuscular Control and Ankle Instability

Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) are common injuries in athletics and daily activity. Although most are resolved with conservative treatment, others develop chronic ankle instability (AI)—a condition associated with persistent pain, weakness, and instability—both mechanical (such as ligamentous laxity) and functional (neuromuscular impairment with or without mechanical laxity). The predominant theory in AI is one of articular deafferentation from the injury, affecting closed-loop (feedback/reflexive) neuromuscular control, but recent research has called that theory into question. A considerable amount of attention has been directed toward understanding the underlying causes of this pathology; however, little is known concerning the neuromuscular mechanisms behind the development of AI. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available literature on neuromuscular control in uninjured individuals and individuals with AI. Based on available research and reasonable speculation, it seems that open-loop (feedforward/anticipatory) neuromuscular control may be more important for the maintenance of dynamic joint stability than closed-loop control systems that rely primarily on proprioception. Therefore, incorporating perturbation activities into patient rehabilitation schemes may be of some benefit in enhancing these open-loop control mechanisms. Despite the amount of research conducted in this area, analysis of individuals with AI during dynamic conditions is limited. Future work should aim to evaluate dynamic perturbations in individuals with AI, as well as subjects who have a history of at least one LAS and never experienced recurrent symptoms. These potential findings may help elucidate some compensatory mechanisms, or more appropriate neuromuscular control strategies after an LAS event, thus laying the groundwork for future intervention studies that can attempt to reduce the incidence and severity of acute and chronic lateral ankle injury.
Optimal server scheduling in nonpreemptive finite-population queueing systems

We consider a finite-population queueing system with heterogeneous classes of customers and a single server. For the case of nonpreemptive service, we fully characterize the structure of the server's optimal service policy that minimizes the total average customer waiting costs. We show that the optimal service policy may never serve some classes of customers. For those classes that are served, we show that the optimal service policy is a simple static priority policy. We also derive sufficient conditions that determine the optimal priority sequence.
The issues in autologous transfusion

Abstract Autologous transfusion should be recognized by patients and physicians as an important measure to provide safer transfusion therapy. This should be suggested to patients in general good health (who are not obviously frail) who have no significant medical problems and no likelihood of severe reaction, who can take iron supplements, and who have at least a 10% chance of using blood during surgery or are having surgery in which the average use is one or more units. Such patients should receive iron supple-mentation beginning 1 week before the first autologous donation, and should donate one to five units on a weekly basis, but no more frequently than every 72 hours, with their last unit donated 72 hours before surgery. Elderly individuals may donate if the risk of donor reaction seems low. In children and adults, the amount of blood removed should be reduced in proportion to the blood volume if the individual does not meet the standard weight of 50 kg for a 450-mL donation. "Fail-safe" identification systems should be used; these will insure that the correct donor/patient receives the transfusion. Processing of the units is preferred but still optional. Use of these units as homologous units should not be done unless the donor has a hematocrit level acceptable to an autologous donor, meets all the criteria for recipient safety, the unit is processed and negative for all viral markers, and the donor has recently (eg, within 3 years) participated in the volunteer donor program. The unit should be transfused to the patient in situations in which homologous blood would be indicated. Safeguards to prevent volume overload are needed when the unit is stored as whole blood. Future research objectives should include the use of recombinant erythropoietin to prevent donation-induced anemia, delineation of medical conditions which should contraindicate the donation, and determination of the real costs involved in autologous transfusion. Education of the general public, patients, and physicians about the desirability of autologous transfusion should proceed. Third-party carriers also need to be educated about the cost implications and the need to pay for this activity. However, such education should also stress that autologous units will only cover planned, elective surgery and that major blood needs for emergency surgery, trauma, and chronic transfusion will still need to be met by homologous blood from altruistic community blood donors.
Experimental evidence for gyromagnetic damping in magnetic heads determined by impedance measurements up to 9 GHz

In this paper, we have developed an electrical circuit model of the impedance of an inductive write element that reproduces measured impedances to within 10% up to 9 GHz and allows interpretation in terms of the physical structure of the head. The model is used to extract the complex inductance of the magnetic yoke region of the head as a function of frequency, which is assumed to be linearly proportional to the yoke material permeability (after subtraction of the coil inductance). A clear negative excursion of the real part of the permeability is seen in the analysis, indicating gyromagnetic damping as the dominant loss mechanism, since eddy currents cannot produce a negative real part of the permeability.
Buoyancy Arrest and Shelf–Ocean Exchange

When steady flow in a stratified ocean passes between the continental slope and open ocean, its ability to cross isobaths is potentially limited by buoyancy arrest. If the bottom Ekman transport vanishes and there are no interior stresses, then steady linear flow on an f plane must be geostrophic and follow isobaths exactly. The influence of arrest on cross-shelf transport is investigated here to establish 1) whether there are substantial penetration asymmetries between cases with upwelling and downwelling in the bottom boundary layer; 2) over what spatial scales, hence in what parameter regime, buoyancy arrest is important; and 3) the effects of depth-dependent interior flow. The problem is approached using scalings and idealized numerical models. The results show that there is little or no asymmetry introduced by bottom boundary layer behavior. Further, if the stratification is weak or moderate, as measured by a slope Burger number s 5 aN/f (where a is the bottom slope, N is buoyancy frequency, and f is the Coriolis parameter), buoyancy arrest does not exert a strong constraint on cross-isobath exchange.
The effects of team leader race on performance evaluations: An attributional perspective

Using attribution theory, this study examined the effects of team leader race on subordinate performance evaluations. The authors found that the team leader’s performance was a major determinant of...
Recognition of foreign oviposition-marking pheromone in a multi-trophic context

Both phytophagous and parasitic insects deposit oviposition-marking pheromones (OMPs) following oviposition that function to inform conspecifics of a previously utilized host of reduced suitability. The blueberry maggot fly, Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), deposits eggs individually into blueberries and then marks the fruit surface with an OMP which reduces acceptance of fruit for oviposition by conspecifics. Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a parasitic wasp attacking larval R. mendax which also deposits an OMP, signaling conspecifics of a wasp-occupied host. Behavioral studies were conducted testing the hypothesis that the OMP of the parasitic wasp modifies the oviposition behavior of its host fly. In this study, we show that the OMP of D. alloeum is recognized by R. mendax, and female flies will reject wasp-marked fruit for oviposition. Thus, we present a rare demonstration of pheromonal recognition between animals occupying different taxonomic orders and trophic levels. This chemical eavesdropping may enhance the ability of the fly to avoid fruit unsuitable for larval development.
The perils and promises of microbial abundance: novel natures and model ecosystems, from artisanal cheese to alien seas.

Microbial life has been much in the news. From outbreaks of Escherichia coli to discussions of the benefits of raw and fermented foods to recent reports of life forms capable of living in extreme e...
DYNAMICS OF FORAGING BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED WITH VARIATION IN HABITAT AND FORAGE AVAILABILITY IN CAPTIVE BLACK BRANT (BRANTA BERNICLA NIGRICANS) GOSLINGS IN ALASKA

Abstract We conducted an experiment to study the effect of gosling density on food abundance and feeding behavior of Black Brant (Branta bernicla) goslings in two habitat types important to Black Brant on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: (1) Carex subspathacea grazing lawns and (2) slough levees that contain Triglochin palustris. Within each habitat, we manipulated grazing pressure by allowing goslings to graze specific plots every 6, 9, or 12 days. We randomly assigned six goslings to one of six treatment groups (three grazing frequencies × two habitats). Biomass of C. subspathacea was higher in lightly grazed plots (grazed every 12 days) than in the heavily grazed plots (grazed every 6 days). Offtake in C. subspathacea was also greater in the lightly grazed plots. Within C. subspathacea stands, proportion of time spent feeding varied among grazing intensities. Goslings within heavily grazed plots spent more time feeding than goslings in lightly grazed plots. Within slough levee habitat, there were no ...
Some Aspects of the Mathematical Modeling of Wavefront Controllers for Adaptive Optics Systems

A number of large terrestrial telescope facilities are planning to utilize adaptive optics technology to improve the resolution of their instruments [3], [8], [9], [11], [19]. Telescopes operating in the atmosphere are limited by the seeing conditions at the telescope observational site. At an excellent seeing site such as Mauna Kea the atmosphere affords diffraction limited telescope performance at optical wavelengths to aperture sizes of approximately .3m. The consequence of this limit on astronomical observation is that although a large telescope such as Keck has tremendous light gathering power, the resolution of the 10m instrument is not significantly greater than the resolution of a .3m telescope.
Interaction of glutamine and arginine on cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia

Glutamine is purported to inhibit recycling of citrulline to arginine and to limit nitric oxide release in vitro. However, vasoactive effects of glutamine have not been clearly demonstrated in vivo. During hyperammonemia, impaired cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2) is related to glutamine accumulation. We tested the hypotheses that 1) glutamine infusion in the absence of hyperammonemia impairs cerebrovascular CO(2) reactivity and 2) arginine infusion preserves CO(2) reactivity during glutamine infusion and during hyperammonemia. Pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats were equipped with a closed cranial window for measuring pial arteriolar diameter. Intravenous infusion of 3 mmol. kg(-1). h(-1) of L-glutamine for 6 h produced threefold increases in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations. Dilation to hypercapnia was reduced by 45% compared with that of a time control group at 6 h but not at 3 h of glutamine infusion. Coinfusion of 2 mmol. kg(-1). h(-1) of L-arginine with glutamine maintained the hypercapnic vasodilation at the control value. Infusion of ammonium acetate at a rate known to produce threefold increases in cortical tissue glutamine concentration resulted in no significant hypercapnic vasodilation. Coinfusion of arginine with ammonium acetate maintained hypercapnic vasodilation at 60% of the control value. Arginine infusion did not augment hypercapnic vasodilation in a control group. We conclude that glutamine modulates cerebrovascular CO(2) reactivity in vivo. Glutamine probably acts by limiting arginine availability because the vascular inhibitory effect required >3 h to develop and because arginine infusion counteracted the vascular effect of both endogenously and exogenously produced increases in glutamine.
Measurement of vehicle trajectories using 3D laser radar

A measurement system using 3-D imaging laser radars and real-time image processing to quantitatively measure and characterize inter-vehicular motion (i.e., the vehicle motion environment, VME) in real-world traffic settings is being developed by the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) under a subcontract with the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI), who has a cooperative agreement with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The system will be deployed at the roadside to acquire data on vehicle centroid and heading trajectories that will be used to study vehicle dynamics and accident causation. This effort is a direct response to the recognized need for a fundamental understanding of the vehicle motion environment to aid in the development of automotive active safety technologies for Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) applications. This paper presents overviews of the national initiative for crash avoidance research, the role of the VME Program and the vehicle motion environment measurement system (i.e., VME-MS). Simulation studies were conducted in support of the image and data processing algorithm development. The motivation for and the implementation, capabilities and results of these simulation studies are presented.
Amniotic fluid catecholamines and metabolites in intrauterine growth retardation

Abstract Simultaneous determinations of amniotic fluid levels of the catecholamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E), and the intraneuronal metabolites of DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and NE, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG), were made, by radioenzymatic assay, in pregnancies resulting in growth-retarded (n = 14) normal (n = 63) infants. Significant elevations in the mean concentrations of (p 0.0005), and DOPEG(p
Changing Shapes of Supply Chains- How the Internet Could Lead to a More Integrated Procurement Function

In this paper, the authors outline how the Internet may change the procurement function in a more profound way than is typically anticipated. By altering the conditions that traditionally determined the distinction between direct and indirect procurement, as well as between strategic and transactional tasks, innovative applications allow new organizational arrangements that can ultimately change the shape of the supply chain.
Small-Molecule Suppression of β-Lactam Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens

Recent efforts toward combating antibiotic resistance in bacteria have focused on Gram-positive bacteria; however, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria pose a significant risk to public health. An orthogonal approach to the development of new antibiotics is to develop adjuvant compounds that enhance the susceptibility of drug-resistant strains of bacteria to currently approved antibiotics. This paper describes the synthesis and biological activity of a library of aryl amide 2-aminoimidazoles based on a lead structure from an initial screen. A small molecule was identified from this library that is capable of lowering the minimum inhibitory concentration of β-lactam antibiotics by up to 64-fold.