cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RGC-5: are they really 661W? The saga continues.

In a recent publication, Krishnamoorthy et al. demonstrated that the purported rat ganglion cell line RGC-5 is in fact of mouse origin and not derived from rat retina (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2013, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54:5712-5719). Furthermore, the authors demonstrated that the cells expressed photoreceptor markers that are also expressed in the 661W cell line. Finally, the manuscript suggested that the RGC-5 cultures may have been contaminated with the 661W cells during the initial stages of establishing the RGC-5 cell line; since the 661W cells were, at the time, in use in the laboratory that generated the RGC-5 cells (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2013, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54:5712-5719). As the originator of the 661W cells, I feel it is imperative that I caution the research community against assuming that RGC-5 stocks obtained from ATCC (catalog PTA-6600, now removed from distribution) or from other laboratories are not completely representative of the 661W cell line. My laboratory has used RGC-5 cells and found that although they share certain features with 661W cells, they also have features that are not part of the characteristics of the 661W cells; including (degree of sensitivity to light (Kanan et al. 2007, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48:40–51; Kanan et al. 2009) and pattern of expression of tyrosine sulfated proteins (Exp. Eye Res. 89:559–567)). This is not to imply that RGC-5 were derived from retinal ganglion cells, but rather to caution that they have features that are not consistent with those found in 661W cells. Because of the RGC-5 cell issue, several vision journals have adopted new policies when reviewing manuscripts using cell lines (Clark et al., 2013, Exp. Eye Res. Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print]; Beebe, D. 2013, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54:5720, Boatright et al. 2013, Mol. Vis. 19:1848–1851). It is now unlikely that any journal will accept a manuscript for publication that uses RGC-5 cells as an in vitro model for retinal ganglion cells. Despite the demonstrations that the RGC-5 cells express similar markers as 661W, those labs that continue to use these cells should not assume that they truly represent 661W cells. This unfortunate issue highlights the need to be vigilant about contamination of cultures, precise in descriptions of lines in use, and above all, quite clear in all cases about the origin and source of cell lines used in research.
Gamma-ray constraints on Na-22 yields in nova explosions

The longitudinal distribution of diffuse 1.275 MeV emission produced by the decay of interstellar Na-22 generated by a limited class of energetic novae-accreting ONeMg white dwarfs is modeled. The probability distributions for the locations of disk novae are derived as functions of Galactocentric cylindrical coordinates. The occurrence rate for novae of all classes in the Galactic disk is about 30/yr. An occurrence rate of about 16/yr is found for spheroid novae of all classes. By comparing these simulation results with HEAO 3 upper limits on diffuse 1.275 MeV emission, upper limits of (3-5.6) x 10 to the -7th solar mass are determined for the mean Na-22 yield for energetic novae generated by accreting ONeMg white dwarfs. These Na-22 limits constrain future models of explosive nucleosynthesis in energetic nova explosions.
Binding nonpolar molecules in an attractive inverse square potential

The existence of stable orbital motion in a static attractive inverse square potential is predicted for nonpolar molecules with anisotropic polarizability interacting with a charged nanotube or nanowire. A simple three-degree-of-freedom model is constructed to illustrate the underlying physics and the binding characteristics. Numerical results using the diatomic molecule I{sub 2} as an example are also presented.
Adoption of the pelvic organ prolapse quantification system in peer-reviewed literature

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the method of describing pelvic organ prolapse in the peer-reviewed literature since the introduction of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POPQ). Study design Representative US and international gynecology and urology journals were selected for review. All prolapse or urinary incontinence articles published in these journals from January to December of 1999 (period 1) and July 2001 to June 2002 (period 2) were hand searched by two independent reviewers. Systems for grading the severity of pelvic organ prolapse were separated into the following categories: POPQ, Baden-Walker system, Beecham system, grade without reference, or nonstandardized system. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analysis. Results A prolapse staging system was not referenced, or a nonstandardized staging system was used in 54.8% of studies. Overall, the POPQ system was the most common system used (22.6%), followed by the Baden-Walker system (19.8%). There was a statistically significant increase in the use of POPQ from period 1 (13.3%) to period 2 (28%) (P = .03). Articles published in gynecology journals were more likely to use the POPQ system than those published in urology journals (29% vs. 14%, P = .009). Conclusion POPQ was the most common system used; however, the staging system was not cited or a nonstandardized staging system was used in more than half of studies.
The Quinhydrone Electrode for pH Determinations in Milk and Dairy Products

Summary Preliminary observations showed that the time interval between the addition of quinhydrone to milk and the potential reading had a highly significant influence upon the potential obtained. In spite of using a constant time interval, however, a difference between the pH obtained with a quinhydrone electrode and a glass electrode was found. The differences (pH glass electrode-pH quinhydrone electrode) averaged 0.08, with a standard deviation of 0.05 for the 60 whole milk samples included in the determinations. Increasing the temperature in the milk-quinhydrone mixture caused increasing differences in the pH values determined by the glass electrode and the quinhydrone electrode in similar milk samples. Increasing amounts of serum solids also increased the differences. When the fat content or the pH of the milk was increased, a decreasing difference between the value measured by the pH glass electrode and pH quinhydrone electrode was observed. Increasing temperature, serum solids, and pH in milk samples were shown to increase the pink color development in the milk-quinhydrone mixture as determined with a Hunter Color and Color Difference Meter, while addition of formaldehyde to the milk prevented the color formation. The results indicated that to obtain the best agreement between the two electrodes with milk samples a temperature of about 19° C. ought to be used, both in the calomel half-cell and in the milk-quinhydrone mixture. The differences observed between the pH of milk obtained with the glass electrode and the quinhydrone electrode probably can be explained by a reaction between quinone and proteins.
A Novel Bioluminescent Mouse Model and Effective Therapy for Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

Adult T-cell /lymphomaleukemia (ATLL) is caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Approximately 80% of ATLL patients develop humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM), a life-threatening complication leading to a poor prognosis. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) are important factors in the pathogenesis of HHM in ATLL and the expression of PTHrP can be activated by nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). NF-kappaB is constitutively activated in ATLL cells and is essential for leukemogenesis including transformation of lymphocytes infected by HTLV-1. Our goal was to evaluate the effects of NF-kappaB disruption by a proteasomal inhibitor (PS-341) and osteoclastic inhibition by zoledronic acid (Zol) on the development of ATLL and HHM using a novel bioluminescent mouse model. We found that PS-341 decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, and down-regulated PTHrP expression in ATLL cells in vitro. To investigate the in vivo efficacy, nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice were xenografted with ATLL cells and treated with vehicle control, PS-341, Zol, or a combination of PS-341 and Zol. Bioluminescent imaging and tumor cell count showed a significant reduction in tumor burden in mice from all treatment groups. All treatments also significantly reduced the plasma calcium concentrations. Zol treatment increased trabecular bone volume and decreased osteoclast parameters. PS-341 reduced PTHrP and MIP-1 alpha expression in tumor cells in vivo. Our results indicate that both PS-341 and Zol are effective treatments for ATLL and HHM, which are refractory to conventional therapy.
Solid-phase synthesis of nucleoside analogues.

The synthesis of a 25 000 member library of nucleoside analogues as discrete compounds in milligram quantities is described. The use of the Nanokan technology developed by IRORI (Discovery Partners International) together with macroporous solid support allowed us to develop a highly reliable and practical synthetic route for the high-throughput derivatization of both the pyrimidine and purine nucleoside scaffold. A 2‘,3‘-acetal linkage of the scaffolds to the solid support proved to be stable enough for the chemical transformations employed, yet labile enough for mild cleavage conditions to yield final products in high purity. The publication represents an example for combining synthetic organic chemistry on advanced scaffolds with the latest technologies of combinatorial chemistry in order to provide both industrial and academic institutions with compounds in high number and quality, thereby accelerating the search for novel biological targets and drug development.
Preparation, characterization and mechanical performance of dense β-TCP ceramics with/without magnesium substitution

Beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) powder was prepared by a two-step process: wet precipitation of apatitic tricalcium phosphate [Ca(9)(HPO(4))(PO(4))(5)(OH)] (beta-TCP 'precursor') and calcination of the precursor at 800 degrees C for 3 h to produce beta-TCP. Magnesium-substituted tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCMP) was produced by adding Mg(NO(3))(2) . 6H(2)O into Ca(NO(3))(2) solution as Mg(2+) source before the precipitation step. The transition temperature from beta-TCP to alpha-TCP increases with the increase of Mg(2+) content in beta-TCMP. beta-TCMP with 3 mol.% Mg(2+) has beta-TCP to alpha-TCP transition temperature above 1,300 degrees C. Dense beta-TCMP (3 mol.% Mg(2+)) ceramics ( approximately 99.4% relative density) were produced by pressing the green bodies at 100 MPa and further sintering at 1,250 degrees C for 2 h. The average compressive strength of dense beta-TCP ceramics sintered at 1,100 degrees C is approximately 540 MPa, while that of beta-TCMP (3 mol.% Mg(2+)) ceramics is approximately 430 MPa.
Literature Circles: Reducing Reading Stress

The concept of literature circles is now familiar in American and Australian literature about reading, but it does not as yet have great currency in this country. This article by Charlotte Keefe may do much to change this as it very lucidly explains the benefits of and teaching strategies underlying the use of literature circles. As Charlotte points out, they may do much to alleviate those of children's problems with reading which stem from not seeing the point and deriving little pleasure from the experience.
On Testing of Implementation Correctness of Protocol Based Intrusion Detection Systems

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are important components in the strategy of defense in depth for network security. Whether an IDS detects intrusions correctly or not depends on the correctness of both its design and the implementation. A survey of the literatures over the last decade reveals various methodologies for the evaluation and testing of network intrusion detection algorithms. However most of these efforts focus on signature based and anomaly based network IDSs. There is another approach of detection known as protocol based detection or protocol anomaly detection. In this paper, we propose an approach for testing the correctness of implementations of protocol based intrusion detection systems. We demonstrate that by adapting protocol conformance testing methodologies we can effectively test the correctness of the implementations.
Active zone density is conserved during synaptic growth but impaired in aged mice

Presynaptic active zones are essential structures for synaptic vesicle release, but the developmental regulation of their number and maintenance during aging at mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the distribution of active zones in developing, mature, and aged mouse NMJs by immunohistochemical detection of the active zone-specific protein Bassoon. Bassoon is a cytosolic scaffolding protein essential for the active zone assembly in ribbon synapses and some brain synapses. Bassoon staining showed a punctate pattern in nerve terminals and axons at the nascent NMJ on embryonic days 16.5–18.5. Three-dimensional reconstruction of NMJs revealed that the majority of Bassoon puncta within an NMJ were attached to the presynaptic membrane from postnatal day 0 to adulthood, and colocalized with another active zone protein, Piccolo. During postnatal development, the number of Bassoon puncta increased as the size of the synapses increased. Importantly, the density of Bassoon puncta remained relatively constant from postnatal day 0 to 54 at 2.3 puncta/μm2, while the synapse size increased 3.3-fold. However, Bassoon puncta density and signal intensity were significantly attenuated at the NMJs of 27-month-old aged mice. These results suggest that synapses maintain the density of synaptic vesicle release sites while the synapse size changes, but this density becomes impaired during aging. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:434–452, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Animal Navigation: Memories of Home

Sea turtles memorize the magnetic coordinates of their natal beach, returning to that combination of parameters to lay eggs decades later. The intervening secular (year-to-year) variation in field intensity and inclination can lead the nesting females to a series of predictably different beaches.
Family history of psychosis negatively impacts age at onset, negative symptoms, and duration of untreated illness and psychosis in first-episode psychosis patients

Family history (FH) of psychosis has been a focus of investigations attempting to explain the heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Previous studies have demonstrated that FH is associated with earlier age at onset, severity of positive and negative symptoms, and the duration of untreated illness (DUI). The current study examined the impact of FH on the clinical presentation and help-seeking behaviors of a well-characterized, first-episode sample. The present study utilized the Symptom Onset in Schizophrenia (SOS) Inventory, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and structured interviews on FH to examine these relationships in a large (n = 152) sample of predominantly African American patients. Results showed that patients with a first-degree FH of psychosis had a younger age at onset of both the prodrome and psychosis, but did not differ in duration of prodromal period. Furthermore, FH and sex interacted to influence severity of negative, but not positive symptoms. Finally, FH interacted with sex to influence both the DUI and DUP in that only males with FH had longer DUI and DUP. The findings have implications for understanding the impact of specific family-related mechanisms on both clinical and help-seeking factors, as well as for informing future family-based intervention efforts.
Unconjugated bilirubin contributes to early inflammation and edema after intracerebral hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype with significant mortality and morbidity. The role of unconjugated bilirubin (UBR) in ICH brain injury is not well understood. Therefore, we studied the effects of UBR on brain injury markers and inflammation, as well as mechanisms involved therein. We induced ICH in mice by infusion of autologous whole blood with vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) or UBR. We found that UBR led to an increase in edema (P0.05), but a decrease in nitrate/nitrite formation (7.0±0.40 nmol/mg versus 5.2±0.70 nmol/mg protein, P0.05) and no change in protein carbonyls. Unconjugated bilirubin was also associated with an increase in neutrophil infiltration compared with ICH alone, as determined by both immunofluorescence and flow cytometry (36%±3.2% versus 53%±1.3% of CD45+ cells, P0.05). In contrast, we observed reduced perihematomal microglia immunoreactivity in animals receiving UBR (P0.05). Using in vitro techniques, we show neutrophil activation by UBR and also show that protei...
Analytical Instrumentation for Process Monitoring and Control

Automatic analytical instrumentation may be classified into three broad categories: instruments which measure physical properties of chemical compounds, instruments which automate procedures of analytical chemistry, instruments which perform a quantitative separation of the constituents of a mixture. Each of these categories will be discussed. The process gas chromatograph will be discussed in considerable detail.
Continuing the Open‐Space Preservation Dialogue: A Response to Howell‐Moroney*

My first clue that Adrian Liserio's and my article on determinants of antisprawl measures might be controversial was a rather peevish note I received from a slow-growth planning consultant asking if our work had been funded by developers (no, but contributions are always welcome). Although agreeing with our finding that low population density was unconnected to the appearance or passage of these ballot measures, he believed the significant link we did find between demographics (ethnicity; income) and success to be false. Now, Professor Howell-Moroney presents a reasoned critique from the other side rejecting our thesis that ballot outcomes are unrelated to low density. Although the (albeit mostly positive) unexpected attention has been intriguing and educational, our conclusions are unshaken. The role played by density is complex and debatable, but it remains clear that low density did not drive open-space votes in 1998 and 1999. In this response I reiterate the findings of our 2002 Social Science Quarterly article by correcting Howell-Moroney' s misinterpretations of our research design and pointing out logical lapses in his arguments. However, I begin by stating that I am bolstered by the dialogue our article appears to have stimulated. The rapid development of open space represents a disturbing case a crucial national issue that is inexplicably ignored to an alarming degree by local, state, and federal government. Increased scholarly attention to not just open-space loss, but the dynamics of public reaction to this loss, is therefore a welcome trend that transcends academic disagreement over methods and outcomes. That said, I believe that exploring some of these disagreements will advance this field of study. My responses to the preceding article are meant not to engage in academic one-upmanship but to identify and grapple with some key concepts that will inform future work. In short, while I maintain that Howell-Moroney' s claims to weaken and indeed
Explaining Fertility Differences Among U.S. Protestants

The hypothesis that Protestant fertility patterns result from differences in social characteristics among denominations is set against the hypothesis that doctrinal differences lead members of conservative denominations to have both higher wanted and unwanted fertility. Data for white couples from the 1965 National Fertility Survey support the doctrine hypothesis for wanted fertility among conservative Protestants low in formal participation. It is suggested that couples who follow conservative doctrine and have larger families participate less frequently because of conflicting demands associated with larger families. Further analysis with a measure of participation less sensitive to differences in family size produces results consistent with this argument. (authors)
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibits Surfactant Protein C Gene Transcription

Pulmonary surfactant protein C (SP-C) is a 3.7-kDa, hydrophobic peptide secreted by alveolar type II epithelial cells. SP-C enhances surface tension lowering activity of surfactant phospholipids that is critical to the maintenance of alveolar volume at end expiration. The proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), decreased SP-C mRNA within 24 h of intratracheal administration to mice. In vitro, TNF-α decreased SP-C mRNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner, reducing the steady state levels of SP-C mRNA by 3-5-fold. In contrast, TNF-α induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in both mouse lung and murine lung epithelial cell lines. Nuclear run-on analysis demonstrated that transcription of both the endogenous SP-C gene and a human SP-C promoter-driven transgene was inhibited by TNF-α. TNF-α decreased mouse SP-C-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase mRNA in stably transfected murine lung epithelial cells. Deletion analysis of the SP-C promoter region demonstrated that TNF-α inhibited gene expression in constructs containing 320 base pairs 5′ from the start of transcription of the mouse SP-C gene. Inhibition of surfactant protein C gene transcription by TNF-α may contribute to the abnormalities of surfactant homeostasis associated with pulmonary injury and infection.
High-performance Al:polymer:Al trilayer optical disk.

A sputter-deposited trilayer structure of the form Al:fluorocarbon:Al has been developed which exhibits very high carrier-to-noise ratios (~60 dB) at acceptable power levels. It performs well on systems based on either the Ar+ laser or the GaAs diode laser. The high performance is due to bubble formation in the spacer layer. The structure can be overcoated with no qualitative change in performance properties and an acceptable (20–50%) increase in power requirements.
Micro-end-milling—II. Extending tool life with a Smart Workpiece Holder (SWH)

Abstract A new procedure is proposed to extend tool life. The new procedure uses a Smart Workpiece Holder (SWH), which monitors the cutting force and reduces the metal removal rate when it predicts tool breakage possibility. The response includes a quick move in the opposite of the feed direction by using a piezo-electric actuator and by reducing the feed rate. The proposed system was tested with mild steel and aluminum workpieces. Based on the experimental results, better than 50% of the tool breakage cases could be predicted and tool life can be increased more than 30%.
Yosef Salmon. Religion and Zionism: First Encounters. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 2002. xxvii, 399 pp.

This is a translation and slight modification of Dat ve-Ziyyonut: Imutim Rishonim (1990), a Hebrew collection of articles previously published by Yosef Salmon. In this English volume, some sections of the Hebrew edition were omitted, some were altered, and two recent articles were added. The thirteen articles address the period from 1818 (the writings of Hatam Sofer) until 1922 (the founding of Ha-Poءel ha-Mizrachi) and ask how religious Jews—especially those who were drawn toward the hope of restoring the Jewish people to Zion—dealt with the challenges presented by the increasingly secular Jewish national movement. This question is at the center of Salmon's body of research on East European Zionism.
Conformational analysis of phosphatides: Mapping and minimization of the intramolecular energy

Abstract Empirical intramolecular energy calculations were carried out on molecular fragments related to phosphatides in order to find the preferred conformations. The energy was mapped as a function of several pairs of torsional angles in progressively larger molecular fragments, with energy minimization being carried out at each map point with respect to other significant variables. The energy mapping results were used as starting points for energy minimization on diheptanoyl L-α-phosphatidic acid-C, which consisted of the named molecule plus a carbon atom attached to one of the phosphate oxygens. It was found that there are 6 pairs of values for 2 of the torsional angles at the 3-way branch point in the glyceryl group which give sterically acceptable conformations; only 4 of these are compatible with lipid bilayer structure in that they can give a parallel arrangement of the acyl chains. The several acceptable conformations of the phosphate and acyl ester groups within each of these conformational classes are enumerated. The results obtained may be used as a guide for further experimental and theoretical work on phosphatide structures.
A School-Based Approach to HIV Prevention for Inner-City African-American and Hispanic Adolescent Females

This study examined the efficacy of a school-based HIVIAIDS prevention intervention for African-American and Hispanic adolescent females. Participants, 60 high school freshmen enrolled in an inner-city parochial high school, were randomly assigned to either HIVIAIDS prevention or attention-placebo womanhood interventions. Significant ethnic differences were found, with African- American adolescents reporting notably higher levels of sexual assertiveness and comfort discussing AIDS preventivc behaviors, as compared to Hispanic adolesccnt females. Further, both African-American and Hispanic participants who received the HIV/AIDS prevention intervention increased their knowledge of AIDS, more so than participants in the attention-placebo condition. These findings highlight the importance of culture in the design of relevant and sensitive HIV/AIDS prevention interventions for ethnic minority youth.
Mexican Immigrants and the Use of Cognitive Assessment Techniques in Questionnaire Development.

The aim of this article is to identify the measurement challenges involved in obtaining sensitive health outcomes from Mexican women in both settled and unsettled segments of the United States population and to suggest how cognitive assessment techniques might be better employed to construct culturally and linguistically appropriate survey instruments. These objectives will be illustrated through a project with recent Mexican immigrants in North Carolina that constructs items to measure last menstrual period—an important indicator in gauging the gestational age of a fetus. Guidelines for conducting focus groups and cognitive interviews with this population are emphasized.
The effect of molecular structure on borosilicate glass leaching

The leaching behavior of several sodium borosilicate glasses has been characterized using a combination of pH stat titrations. elemental solution analyses, elemental depth profiling via elastic recoil detection analysis and Rutherford backscattering. sodium diffusion measurements, and 11B NMR measurements on both leached and unleached glass. Leaching results indicate that the molecular structure of the glass controls glass dissolution by establishing the distribution of ion exchange sites, hydrolysis sites, and the access of water to those sitas. There is no correlation between sodium leaching and sodium diffusion in the unaltered glass. For most borosilicates in most environments, network hydrolysis controls the kinetics of glass dissolution.
Interacting with the National Database for Autism Research (NDAR) via the LONI Pipeline workflow environment

Under the umbrella of the National Database for Clinical Trials (NDCT) related to mental illnesses, the National Database for Autism Research (NDAR) seeks to gather, curate, and make openly available neuroimaging data from NIH-funded studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). NDAR has recently made its database accessible through the LONI Pipeline workflow design and execution environment to enable large-scale analyses of cortical architecture and function via local, cluster, or “cloud”-based computing resources. This presents a unique opportunity to overcome many of the customary limitations to fostering biomedical neuroimaging as a science of discovery. Providing open access to primary neuroimaging data, workflow methods, and high-performance computing will increase uniformity in data collection protocols, encourage greater reliability of published data, results replication, and broaden the range of researchers now able to perform larger studies than ever before. To illustrate the use of NDAR and LONI Pipeline for performing several commonly performed neuroimaging processing steps and analyses, this paper presents example workflows useful for ASD neuroimaging researchers seeking to begin using this valuable combination of online data and computational resources. We discuss the utility of such database and workflow processing interactivity as a motivation for the sharing of additional primary data in ASD research and elsewhere.
Nonrepetitive time: An objective index of job variety

Abstract Seeking to improve job analysis and design techniques, the study examines certain aspects of work structure. A novel objective job descriptor based on summation of the durations of different elementary tasks within the work cycle is defined and termed Nonrepetitive Time (NRT). NRT's and Cycle-Times (CT) were measured for eight jobs in one organization and six jobs in another. Their values were correlated with each other and with questionnaire-assessed subjective descriptors labeled “variety,” “complexity,” “interest,” “monotony,” “physical energy required,” and “contact with co-workers.” Results show NRT to be more highly correlated with the first four descriptors than CT, while “complexity” yielded best concordance. Factor analysis yielded a single factor loaded highly with complexity, variety, and interest. The term “varexity” is suggested for this factor, which correlates highly with NRT. It is pointed out that as an objective job characteristic NRT should prove useful in predicting worker preferences and hence optimizing job design for the performance of a given operation.
Inhibition of Protein and Lipid Oxidation in Beef Heart Surimi-like Material by Antioxidants and Combinations of pH, NaCl, and Buffer Type in the Washing Media†

Protein and lipid oxidation and their inhibition by various washing media were monitored during the preparation of beef heart surimi-like material. Lipid oxidation was measured as increases in thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substances and conjugated dienes, and protein oxidation was determined as formation of protein carbonyls. Water-soluble antioxidant tripolyphosphate (0.2%) and lipid-soluble antioxidants propyl gallate (0.02%) and α-tocopherol (0.2%), added to the washing solution, were effective inhibitors of both lipid and protein oxidation. Ascorbate (0.2%) also inhibited lipid oxidation but caused an increase in protein carbonyls. Phosphate buffer (25 mM NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4), high final pH (7.0) of surimi pellet, and the presence of salt (0.1 M NaCl) all inhibited both protein and lipid oxidation during storage. Several processing options are thus available for the preparation of shelf-stable surimi-like material from beef hearts for possible utilization in formulated meat products. Keywords: Beef ...
Globalization, Ideology, and Narratives of the East Asian Financial Crisis

In his paper, "Globalization, Ideology, and Narratives of the East Asian Financial Crisis," Ezra Yoo-Hyeok Lee analyzes the narratives of the East Asian financial "crisis" in 1997-98, arguing that it took place in the course of restructuring the world economy so that the first world would keep its hegemonic power. The East Asian financial crisis spread rapidly to the rest of the globe and in this urgent situation, the IMF: International Monetary Fund played its now typical role as a "savior of the world." Before the financial crisis, the East Asian economy was considered to be an exemplary model from which Western countries could learn. But after the financial crisis, in the course of "saving" East Asian countries, the IMF produced a completely different discourse that was readily accepted in the West. The IMF claimed that the lack of the "transparency" and cronyism of the East Asian economy were the main causes of the financial crisis in the region. The IMF then began to "restructure" the East Asian economy that had already been structured over the last three decades according to the Western "standard" without considering carefully enough the impact on the lived experience of East Asian people. Lee examines how the IMF constructs a new Orientalism in order to rationalize its harsh cure for the East Asian financial crisis and attempts to unmask the doubleness of the Western economy, particularly the American economy, by analyzing how the discourse of "transparency" is applied differently to its own economic problems, as, for instance, in the case of Enron. Ezra Yoo-Hyeok Lee, "Globalization, Ideology, and Narratives of the East Asian Financial Crisis" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.3 (2005):
Toward an International Relations Theory of National Innovation Rates

The ability of nations to innovate technologically plays an important causal role in both security studies and international political economy. Explanations for national differences in technological capabilities, however, have had little place in international relations theory. This gap is partly the result of assumptions made by scholars that the rate and direction of technological change are determined by a state's domestic institutions and policies. This article will bring together recent findings about the political economy of technological innovation in order to show that much of this conventional wisdom is incorrect. Instead, it will be shown that, due to the distributive nature of technological change, different combinations of domestic tensions and external security concerns motivate elites to pursue or eschew a technologically competitive economy. Institutions are not causal, they are merely instrumental. Recent findings in the economic development literature therefore have important implications...
Sand waves on an epicontinental shelf: Northern Bering Sea

Abstract Sand waves and current ripples occupy the crests and flanks of a series of large linear sand ridges (20 km × 5 km × 10 m high) lying in an open-marine setting in the northern Bering Sea. The sand wave area, which lies west of Seward Peninsula and southeast of Bering Strait, is exposed to the strong continuous flow of coastal water northward toward Bering Strait. A hierarchy of three sizes of superimposed bedforms, all facing northward, was observed in successive cruises in 1976 and 1977. Large sand waves (height 2 m; spacing 200 m) have smaller sand waves (height 1 m; spacing 20 m) lying at a small oblique angle on their stoss slopes. The smaller sand waves in turn have linguoid ripples on their stoss slopes. Repeated studies of the sand wave fields were made both years with high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, side-scan sonographs, underwater photographs, current-meter stations, vibracores, and suspended-sediment samplers. Comparison of seismic and side-scan data collected along profile lines run both years showed changes in sand wave shape that indicate significant bedload transport within the year. Gouge marks made in sediment by keels of floating ice also showed significantly different patterns each year, further documenting modification to the bottom by sediment transport. During calm sea conditions in 1977, underwater video and camera observations showed formation and active migration of linguoid and straight-crested current ripples. Current speeds 1 m above the bottom were between 20 and 30 cm/s. Maximum current velocities and sand wave migration apparently occur when strong southwesterly winds enhance the steady northerly flow of coastal water. Many cross-stratified sand bodies in the geologic record are interpreted as having formed in a tidal- or storm-dominated setting. This study provides an example of formation and migration of large bedforms by the interaction of storms with strong uniform coastal currents in an open-marine setting.
Do experiments and astrophysical considerations suggest an inverted neutrino mass hierarchy

The recent results from the Los Alamos neutrino oscillation experiment, together with assumptions of neutrino oscillation solutions for the solar and atmospheric neutrino deficit problems, may place powerful constraints on any putative scheme for neutrino masses and mixings. Assuming the validity of these experiments and assumptions, we argue that a nearly unique spectrum of neutrino masses emerges as a fit, if two additional astrophysical arguments are adopted: (1) the sum of the light neutrino masses is {similar_to}5 eV, as large scale structure simulations with mixed cold plus hot dark matter seem to suggest; and (2) {ital r}-process nucleosynthesis originates in neutrino-heated ejecta from type II supernovae. In this fit, the masses of the neutrinos must satisfy {ital m}{sub {nu}{ital e}}{approx}{ital m}{sub {nu}{ital s}}{approx}2.7 eV (where {nu}{sub {ital e}} is split from a sterile species {nu}{sub {ital s}} by {similar_to}10{sup {minus}6} eV) and {ital m}{sub {nu}{tau}}{approx}{ital m}{sub {nu}{mu}}{approx}1.1 eV (where these species are split by {similar_to}10{sup {minus}2} eV). We discuss alternative neutrino mass spectra that are allowed if we decline to adopt certain experiments or astrophysical models.
OHIO MOTOR-CARRIER PREFERENCES FOR INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS/COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS INNOVATIONS

The results of a survey sent to 400 motor carriers registered with the Ohio Trucking Association are reported. The survey was designed to lend insight on motor-carrier preferences for seven innovations of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) that deal with the interface between government agencies and commercial vehicle operators. A rating scale was used and interpreted in such a way that it allowed for more meaningful and theoretically acceptable analyses than have been seen to date in the field of ITS/commercial vehicle operations (CVO). The 93 responses to the survey showed a marked preference for the innovations. The respondents preferred innovations facilitating application processes to those reducing en route time. Within the category of application processes they preferred one-stop operations to electronic data interchange concepts. Within the one-stop operations category they preferred the model most difficult to implement from an institutional perspective, one in which the government agencies would consolidate their authority in a single motor-carrier agency. The results did not depend on the size of the carrier or on the carrier's status as private or for-hire. The importance and limitations of these findings are discussed, as well as why they are surprising.
Normative Wave V Latency-Intensity Functions Using the EARTONE 3A Insert Earphone and the Radioear B-71 Bone Vibrator

Early auditory evoked response (ABR) audiometry is useful for estimating auditory sensitivity in infants and other difficult-to-test populations. Several investigations advocate using bone-conducted stimuli, in addition to air-conducted stimuli, for screening infants with hearing loss or for ascertaining the presence and magnitude of a conductive hearing loss. The present study was designed to gather normative Wave V latency-intensity data with an insert earphone (EARTONE 3A) and a bone vibrator (Radioear B-71). Forty normal-hearing subjects were tested with air-conducted and bone-conducted clicks at intensities of 55, 40, 30, 20, and 10 dB SL. The stimulus waveforms showed a click onset delay of 0.1 ms for the 3A insert earphone. It is important to note that our ABR latencies were not adjusted to account for these differences. The results revealed that both the air-conduction and bone-conduction functions exhibited Wave V latencies of 7.0 ms at 55 dB SL. Although both functions exhibited increased latencies as intensity decreased to 10 dB SL, the air-conducted clicks yielded somewhat longer latencies than the bone-conducted clicks. To allow direct comparison of the air-conduction and bone-conduction latency-intensity function, the bone-conduction function must be corrected by approximately +0.3 ms at 40 dB, +0.4 ms at 30 dB, +0.5 ms at 20 dB, and +0.8 ms 10 dB nHL. No correction is needed at 55 dB. The present study suggests that it may not be appropriate to apply a single correction value (e.g., 0.5 ms) to the entire latency-intensity function. If clinicians elect to use published latency-intensity data, they must employ procedure similar to those that were used to collect the normative data. Otherwise, individual clinics should generate normative latency-intensity data using well-defined procedures. An alternative to generating latency-intensity functions is to compare ABR air-conduction and bone-conduction thresholds. This procedure is advantageous because threshold responses are not as sensitive as latency measures to slight changes in instrumentation and procedures. The normative air-conduction and/or bone-conduction values presented in this investigation are offered as a baseline for either latency-intensity or threshold comparisons.
A model of dual organizational identification in the context of the multinational enterprise

Integrating organizational behavior research on Social Identity Theory (SIT), Self-Categorization Theory (SCT), and organizational identification with international management research, we develop a model of dual organizational identification (DOI) for subsidiary managers in multinational enterprises (MNEs). We conceptualize the DOI construct in terms of relative magnitude and form and then present a model that specifies a set of contextual antecedents at the organizational and country levels of analysis as well as individual and organizational level consequences related to subsidiary manager role issues. Specifically, we suggest that type of MNE impacts the relative magnitude of DOI, while type of MNE, cultural distance, and institutional distance affect the form of DOI. In turn, relative magnitude of DOI is posited to impact fulfillment of subsidiary manager roles, subsidiary-parent cooperation, and knowledge transfer. Form of DOI affects the experience of role conflict by subsidiary managers. We conclude with a discussion of the contribution of our model to the organizational behavior and international management literatures, its implications for research, and some possible theoretical extensions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 on amphibian melanophores and iridophores.

Calcium ions are required in the medium for the full darkening action of melanocyte- stimulating hormone, but not for its second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, on isolated frog skin. Thus, the possible effect of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 was studied, using the skin of Rana pipiens . It is a potent darkening agent over the range of 1–2 μM, as measured by reflectance change and microscopic observation. During the darkening response to A23187, melanosome dispersion takes place in both dermal and epidermal melanophores, as well as aggregation of iridophore reflecting platelets. The darkening is slowly reversible in Ringer's solution, thus it is not due to toxicity. The darkening is partially dependent on the presence of calcium in the medium under certain conditions, suggesting that the response involves both the uptake and release of calcium ions. Cytochalasin B reversibly inhibits the darkening produced by A23187. Since this drug is known to bring about the breakdown of microfilaments, its inhibitory action is in accord with the concept that the ionophore is stimulating microfilament function. A23187 administered to tissue cultured embryonic salamander ( Ambystoma maculatum ) melanophores produced an irreversible rounding up of the cells, suggesting a toxic effect. The results with frog skin are interpreted as supporting the concept that the action of melanocyte-stimulating hormone involves the production of pigment granule movements as a result of the interaction of calcium ions with intracellular microfilaments and possible also the breakdown of microtubules. The mobilization of calcium ions could be brought about by cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
Interventions in Health Care Settings to Promote Healthful Eating and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents

Abstract Background. Physical activity and nutrition are related to multiple health problems during youth and to chronic diseases in adulthood. Health care providers have many opportunities to counsel young people about health behaviors. Method. Policy documents and descriptive data on nutrition and physical activity interventions for youth in primary care were reviewed. Results. U.S. children and adolescents made 29.5 million office visits in 1995, and 6.5 million were for well visits. About 80% of young people have seen a physician during the past year. Many organizations recommend that health care providers counsel children and adolescents about nutrition and physical activity. Many pediatricians counsel patients about physical activity and nutrition, but they have low confidence in the success of these efforts. Bright Futures and Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services are two national programs with specific guidelines for counseling. No studies could be located that evaluated youth physical activity or nutrition interventions in primary care. Programs for adults in primary care are sometimes effective, but they must target behavior change and be of sufficient intensity and duration. School programs can be effective, but they are much more intensive than is feasible for primary care. It is likely that effective programs for youth in primary care will require interactions with patients and families beyond the clinic encounter. Barriers to effective counseling include lack of financial incentives, provider knowledge and skills, and tested interventions. Conclusion. There is sufficient promise of public health benefit to justify development and evaluation of youth nutrition and physical activity interventions in primary care. The design of programs should be in formed by behavior change theories, knowledge of opportunities within health care settings, research on determinants of health behaviors, and lessons learned from research on similar types of interventions.
Most comfortable and uncomfortable loudness levels: Six decades of research

This article critically reviews the influence of such factors as psychophysical testing method, stimulus type, and instructional set on most comfortable loudness (MCL) and uncomfortable loudness (U...
The unsaturated fatty acid requirement in Escherichia coli Temperature dependence and total replacement by branched-chain fatty acids

Abstract The present study evaluates the unsaturated fatty acid requirement in Escherichia coli. A derivative of a double mutant defective both in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and in fatty acid degradation has been selected which grows equally well on anteisopentadecanoate ( 12-Me-14:0 ) or cis-Δ 9 - octadecenoate ( cis-δ 9 -18:1 ). When this strain is grown for many generations on 12-Me-14:0 , there is extensive incorporation of this analogue into the membrane phospholipid and essentially no detectable unsaturated fatty acids residues in any lipid-containing structures of the cell envelope. Secondly, as the maximal growth temperature of E. coli is approached, the minimum content of unsaturated fatty acid required by this strain for growth decreases to a few percent and is associated with the appearance of substantial amounts of 12:0 (8%) and 14:0 (50%) in the phospholipid. These experiments demonstrate that the cis unsaturated fatty acids of E. coli phospholipids can be replaced by residues which possess no special electronic configuration. Hence, the unsaturated fatty acids do not participate in specific interactions with other membrane components but serve a general role of controlling the packing of paraffin chains in the membrane bilayer.