cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: Emmanuel Akyeampong, Robert H. Bates, Nathan Nunn, and James A. Robinson (eds), Africa’s Development in Historical Perspective (2014)

Review of the edited volume: Emmanuel Akyeampong, Robert H. Bates, Nathan Nunn, and James A. Robinson (eds), Africa’s Development in Historical Perspective , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, ISBN 9781107041158 (hardback), 9781107691209 (paperback), 539 pages
Context, Hermeneutics, and Ontology in the Experimental Sciences

I want to challenge the metaphysics of modern philosophy that is so deeply embedded in our language and culture, particularly when it is presupposed by modern culture’s most successful enterprise, modern science. I will show that everyday culture, artistic presentations, and experimental science give evidence that in practice the metaphysics of modern philosophy is often shunted aside and overcome in favor of a more hermeneutic approach. Among philosophies of a hermeneutic kind one thinks of the works1 of W. Dilthey, M. Heidegger, H-G. Gadamer, P. Ricoeur, and those influenced by them,2 as well as, perhaps, the later E. Husserl. I propose to take Heidegger as the key figure of this group, interpreted where necessary, since natural science is not well represented within this tradition, by works drawn from related sources. It is difficult, and probably rash, to challenge the entrenched establishment of modern philosophy rooted in the grand rational tradition of Greece with the sling-shot of Heidegger & his friends. A futile job? A difficult one. Goliath stands on the high ground of well-established facts, objective theory, logical argument, and awe-inspiring technological control, while David is perceived to be a native of secret and hidden places protected by a shield of myth and nihilism that border on the irrational. Ironically, whatever you may think about myth and nihilism, they are not far from what the general educated public believe they spot in today’s culture of scientism. Going to the heart of the matter, the problem is: Whose rationality?
FDA Regulatory Affairs: An Overview for Nurses in Clinical Research

AbstractThe role of the nurse in clinical drug trials is evolving into a specialty with the responsibilities becoming increasingly more complex. The clinical research nurse (CRN) requires more definitive guidelines regarding the legal responsibilities of the position. The focus of this article is on the regulations of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and its practical implications for the nurse participating in clinical trials. The discussion will encompass compliance according to the FDA regulations governing pre-trial preparation, data acquisition and reporting, obligations after completion of the investigation and the regulatory check list that we have found useful in preparing for an FDA audit.
Equipment and Reagents List

TTL series 7400 dual-in-line packages are usually specified. Instructors may optionally substitute alternate equivalent components.
Framing Rawls's Democratic Vision

In this essay I draw from Rawls's archived papers to set out several too often under-appreciated elements of Rawls's distinctively democratic vision.Many readers of Rawls’s published works assume that what most distinguishes his work is his substantive conception of justice. To be sure, it is in certain respects distinctive. But even some of its most distinctive elements – e.g., the difference principle, the lexical ordering of principles of justice and the idea of the basic structure as the first subject of justice – had been anticipated. Some readers find most distinctive the larger (and allegedly shifting) argumentative context of Rawls’s work, whether the universalist and metaphysically ambitious Kantian contractualist framework alleged to frame his early work or the historicist and arguably relativist Hegelian hermeneutic framework alleged to frame his later work. For those exploring Rawls’s archived unpublished papers, lecture notes and letters, what emerges as most distinctive is a consistently maintained set of methodological and meta-philosophical commitments constituting and framing a democratic vision. In this short essay, I briefly sketch a few of these.
Abstract A003: Darpp-32 and t-Darpp are differentially expressed in normal and malignant mouse mammary tissue

Darpp-32 (dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kD) and t-Darpp are expressed in various types of cancer, including several forms of breast cancer. Both are transcribed from the gene PPP1R1B (Protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 1B) via alternative promoters, t-Darpp being an N-terminally truncated version of the full length protein, Darpp-32. Although Darpp-32 is a well-known regulator of neurotransmission, its role in cancer is less well understood. t-Darpp is believed to be a putative oncogene: increasing cellular growth, inhibiting apoptosis and contributing to acquired drug resistance. In humans, Darpp-32 is found in both normal and malignant breast tissue, whereas t-Darpp has only been found in malignant breast tissue. Overall, however, the exact biological functions of these proteins in normal and malignant breast tissues are not well understood, and to date they have only been examined in patient samples, cell lines and xenograft mouse models. The use of transgenic mouse mammary tumor models, such as MMTV-PyVT and MMTV-Neu, to study the roles of Darpp-32 and t-Darpp in breast cancer in vivo have been limited by the lack of knowledge regarding t-Darpp expression in mice. In this study, we investigated Darpp-32 and t-Darpp mRNA and protein expression in normal and malignant mouse mammary tissue. We found that Darpp-32 was expressed in normal mouse mammary tissue and in some breast tumors, whereas t-Darpp was found only in the malignant mammary tissue. t-Darpp was expressed in the majority of breast tumors often at equal or higher levels than Darpp-32. t-Darpp expression did not seem to be correlated with either tumor location or tumor size. This shift in expression from Darpp-32 to t-Darpp during mouse mammary malignant transformation is reminiscent of the expression patterns observed in human breast tissue, suggesting that transgenic mouse mammary tumor models might be an ideal tool for future investigation of Darpp-32 and t-Darpp in breast cancer. Citation Format: Jessica L. Christenson, Kane E. Susan. Darpp-32 and t-Darpp are differentially expressed in normal and malignant mouse mammary tissue. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research: Genetics, Biology, and Clinical Applications; Oct 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2013;11(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A003.
Exploration of the formation ofXLi3N2compounds (X=Sc-Zn) by means of density functional theory

Ternary lithium nitrides $X$Li${}_{3}$N${}_{2}$ are known to form for the 3$d$ transition elements $X$ $=$ Sc, Fe. We explore the formation of such compounds for other 3$d$ elements by means of density functional theory using the crystal structures of ScLi${}_{3}$N${}_{2}$ and FeLi${}_{3}$N${}_{2}$ as templates. Enthalpies of formation, including electronic and phonon contributions, are calculated for the most thermodynamically stable structures. Stability with respect to known binary and ternary compounds is also investigated in order to assess prospects for phase formation. While the $X$ $=$ Ni, Cu, and Zn phases are thermodynamically unstable with respect to metal $X$, Li${}_{3}$N, and N${}_{2}$ gas, and thus unlikely to form, our results suggest that the $X$ $=$ Ti, V, Cr, Mn, and Co compounds merit attempts at synthesis. In the case of FeLi${}_{3}$N${}_{2}$, we find an antiferromagnetic configuration lower in energy than the ferromagnetic state previously identified.
NT-01UTILITY OF TEMOZOLOMIDE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ANAPLASTIC ASTROCYTOMA: A COMPARISON OF SURVIVAL IN THE ERA PRIOR TO AND FOLLOWING TEMOZOLOMIDE.

BACKGROUND: Addition of temozolomide (TMZ) to standard radiation has become common clinical practice in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA). Prospective trials will ultimately inform its utility but results will not be available for years. Three retrospective studies have questioned whether TMZ improves survival over radiation alone but have methodologic limitations to their conclusions. OBJECTIVE: To determine survival trends in patients with AA prior to and following the inclusion of TMZ into standard clinical practice. METHODS: A retrospective single-institution study was conducted of all patients >18 years with newly diagnosed AA treated from Sept 1995 to Dec 2012. Based on an institutional shift toward the incorporation of TMZ into treatment regimens around Jan 2004, patients receiving treatment before (i.e. pre-TMZ) and after (i.e. post-TMZ) this time. Demographic, clinical, radiographic and pathologic data were collected. Median overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates. RESULTS: A total of 196 patients were identified for inclusion; 74 pre- and 122 post-TMZ; mean age 46.5 + /-14.6 yrs; 57% male; 86% white, 9% black and 5% other ethnicity. Most tumors were supratentorial (69%) though infratentorial (4%), spinal (2%) and other locations (25%) were included. Extent of surgery included biopsy (31%), subtotal (37%) and gross total resection (32%). Chemotherapy was administered in only 12% pre-TMZ (n = 9, TMZ in 1, PCV in 2, and gliadel in 6) and 94% post-TMZ (n = 115, TMZ in all). Of all patients, 88% pre- and 54% post-TMZ were deceased. While median OS was 34.7 months pre-TMZ (95% CI 22.5-62.9) and only 28.1 post-TMZ (95% CI 19.3-40.2), only 56% of those remaining alive post-TMZ have reached median survival. CONCLUSION: The addition of TMZ to radiation for patients with AA is common. While longer OS was observed pre-TMZ, a substantial number of patients post-TMZ have not yet reached median survival and continued follow up is ongoing.
Topical triamcinolone acetonide/carboxymethylcellulose foam for acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis/nasal polyposis.

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRS/NP) is a medical disease that is managed more effectively after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Despite topical treatment with intranasal ...
Critical behavior of a noncritical field: destruction of smectic order at the smectic A-C tricritical point and implications for de Vries behavior.

Critical behavior near the smectic $A\text{\ensuremath{-}}C$ tricritical point is studied using renormalization group techniques. Critical fluctuations induce a singular softening of the smectic bulk modulus in the $A$ phase. At the tricritical point, the quasi-long-range positional order of the smectic layers is destroyed. Despite this loss of order, dislocations remain bound so that smectic elasticity is retained but becomes anomalous, i.e., length scale dependent. The critically induced large layer fluctuations lead to negative thermal expansion of the layers in the $A$ phase and may explain the origin of de Vries behavior. Experimental predictions are given for the temperature dependence of the smectic bulk modulus, x-ray structure factor, and layer spacing in the $A$ phase.
Business sustainability research: A theoretical and integrated perspective

Global investors demand, regulators require, and companies disclose their sustainability performance information, and scholars have started to conduct research on sustainability performance, reporting and assurance. The goal of firm value creation can be achieved when management considers the interests of all stakeholders and integrates all five economic, governance, social, ethical, and environmental (EGSEE) dimensions of sustainability performance into managerial strategies, actions and reporting. This paper provides a synthesis of research on sustainability and presents a theoretical framework consisting of theories and standards relevant to all five EGSEE dimensions of sustainability performance and risks and their integration into corporate culture, business models and reporting in creating stakeholder value.
Women and breast cancer.

Abstract One in every 12 women will develop breast cancer; the incidence increases with age, dietary fat intake, caloric intake, height, and weight. The 10-year survival rate of breast cancer patients who refuse therapy is virtually zero. Segmental mastectomy plus radiation and lumpectomy, combined with systemic (adjuvant)chemotherapy, are alternatives under investigation at the National Institutes of Health that may increase the survival rate by decreasing metastatic complications.
An impressed field modeling on a linear antenna

Antenna radiative pattern and input impedance are related to the antenna current distribution. The latter, in turn, is determined by the distribution of an impressed (external) electric field on the antenna surface. Therefore, the proper description of the distribution of the impressed electric field on the antenna surface is the important starting point in a theoretical discussion of antenna problems. This paper, in particular, considers the distribution of an impressed field on a radiating linear' cylindrical antenna driven from a gap. Consider the cylindrical antenna (Fig. 1) of the radius ρ. The antenna is driven from the gap of a width w. The driving electric field Eg on the gap is parallel to the antenna surface and does not depend on azimuth φ, i.e. Eg x = Eg 4 = 0; Eg z = Eg(z); |z| < w/2 (1).
Spectral unmixing using the beta compositional model

This paper introduces a beta compositional model as a mixing model for hyperspectral images. Endmembers are represented via beta distributions, hereafter referred to as betas, to constrain endmembers to a physically-meaningful range. Two associated spectral unmixing algorithms are described and applied to simulated and real hyperspectral imagery.
Characterization of erythrocyte membrane tension for hemolysis prediction in complex flows

Hemolysis is a persistent issue with blood-contacting devices. Many experimental and theoretical contributions over the last few decades have increased insight into the mechanisms of hemolysis in both laminar and turbulent flows, with the ultimate goal of developing a comprehensive, mechanistic hemolysis model. Many models assume that hemolysis scales with a resultant, scalar stress representing all components of the fluid stress tensor. This study critically evaluates this scalar stress hypothesis by calculating the response of the red blood cell membrane to different types of fluid stress (laminar shear and extension, and three turbulent shear and extension cases), each with the same scalar stress. It was found that even though the scalar stress is the same for all cases, membrane tension varied by up to three orders of magnitude. In addition, extensional flow causes constant tension, while tank-treading in shear flow causes periodic tension, with tank-treading frequency varying by three orders of magnitude among the cases. For turbulent flow, tension also depends on eddy size. It is concluded, therefore, that scalar stress alone is inadequate for scaling hemolysis. Fundamental investigations are needed to establish a new index of the fluid stress tensor that provides reliable hemolysis prediction across the wide range of complex flows that occur in cardiovascular devices.
Osteoporosis from the Perspective of a Radiologist

(1996). Osteoporosis from the Perspective of a Radiologist. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 59-62.
The Internship Supervisor and Experiential Learning

Past studies have addressed the role of the university, student interns and the faculty supervisor; here the authors attempt to fill in a missing piece of the experiential learning process by examining the role and importance of the often over looked internship supervisor. A survey was developed and distributed to 343 recent internship supervisors. Their responses show that many of these supervisors view internships as an important professional and educational experience. We argue here that the internship supervisor can maximize her effectiveness when operating within a strong educational infrastructure facilitated by an engaged and competent faculty advisor.
Geographic Maps and Infinity

It is, of course, not just for the sake of beauty that mathematicians study inversion, for the subject turns up in many different branches of science, sometimes quite unexpectedly. We will discuss here one such case—the role inversion plays in cartography, the science of map making.
Some Difficulties That People May Have with Sleep

Not regularly getting sufficient good quality sleep results in an accumulation of sleep debt that causes many negative effects in people’s lives. Yet most people are not aware of just how sleepy they are and the problems this causes for them. They continue to leave insufficient time for their sleep. For others, the problem is with their circadian rhythm of sleep such as the effects of jet lag and shift work. Related to this is sleepiness in the workplace. Other people suffer from events that happen during their sleep such as snoring and a group of problems called parasomnias. These are undesirable and usually unpleasant behavioral occurrences or experiences happening primarily or exclusively during sleep. Common examples are sleep walking, nightmares, sleep terrors, bed wetting, teeth grinding, sleep talking, and feeling paralyzed upon awakening. Also included are violence, eating, and sex that occur while asleep.
Characterization of Bio-Inspired Synthetic Hair Cell Sensors

Recently, researchers at Virginia Tech have developed biologically-inspired hair cell sensors that utilize the transport mechanism between cells to sense a variety of physical inputs. The cells consist of a hair-like, hydrogel-supported structure that is encapsulated in a lipid bilayer membrane. The membrane itself is capable of producing a change in capacitance when the hair is excited, which is measured by electrodes mounted in the base of the cell. This paper presents the results of modeling the dynamic response of the synthetic hair cell for a variety of boundary conditions and non-contact excitation methods so that the response can be related to the electrical output of the sensor. A finite element analysis of the synthetic hair is performed for rigid mounting conditions, which is then altered to account for varying degrees of stiffness in the mounting medium at the base of the hair. The finite element model is subsequently validated using high-speed imaging techniques and a closed-form solution. The model is then used to characterize the dynamic behavior of the hair cell sensor due to non-contact methods of excitation, such as base excitation.
Static response of a rigid strip bonded to an elastic layer

The problem of a rigid, bonded, rectangular indenter acting on a plane, transversely isotropic elastic layer is solved. The layer is fixed to a rigid foundation and the cases of applied moment and horizontal displacement are considered. In the first case the moment per unit rotation and horizontal displacement are calculated, while in the latter case the horizontal load per unit displacement and the associated torque are found. From the two problems influence coefficients are calculated and their values are given for different materials and layer thicknesses.
Differences in hepatocellular carcinoma risk, predictors and trends over time according to etiology of cirrhosis

Background and aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk is high in cirrhosis. We sought to describe differences in HCC risk, predictors and trends over time according to etiology of cirrhosis. Methods We identified 116,404 patients with cirrhosis diagnosed between 2001–2014 in the VA healthcare system and determined incident HCC cases occurring from the date of cirrhosis diagnosis until 01/31/2017. Patients were divided by cirrhosis etiology into hepatitis C virus (HCV, n = 52,671), alcoholic liver disease (ALD, n = 35,730), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD, n = 17,354), or OTHER (n = 10,649). Results During a mean follow-up of 4.3 years, 10,042 new HCC cases were diagnosed. Patients with HCV had >3 times higher incidence of HCC (3.3 per 100 patient-years) than patients with ALD (0.86/100 patient-years), NAFLD (0.90/100 patient-years) or OTHER (1.0/100 patient-years), an association that persisted after adjusting for baseline characteristics. HCC incidence was 1.6 times higher in patients with cirrhosis diagnosed in 2008–2014 (2.47/100 patient-years) than in 2001–2007 (1.55/100 patient-years). Independent predictors of HCC among all cirrhosis etiologies included: age, male sex, Hispanic ethnicity, high serum alpha fetoprotein, alkaline phosphatase and AST/√ALT ratio and low serum albumin and platelet count. Diabetes was associated with HCC in ALD-cirrhosis and NAFLD-cirrhosis, and BMI in ALD-cirrhosis. Conclusions HCC risk is 3 times greater in cirrhotic patients with HCV than ALD or NAFLD. HCC risk continues to increase over time in analyses extending to 2017 in cirrhosis of all etiologies. Multiple readily available risk factors for HCC were identified that were influenced by cirrhosis etiology and could be used to develop HCC risk estimation models.
Savings Opportunity from Improved CKD Care Management.

CKD is a major public health issue in the United States, affecting nearly one in seven United States adults.[1][1] This progressive condition is associated with high rates of comorbidity. For example, more than two thirds of Medicare patients older than 65 years old with CKD have cardiovascular
Religious and Spiritual Expressions of Young People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Although the importance and influence of spirituality in the lives of youth and young adults have garnered much attention, few studies have focused on the religious and spiritual lives of young peo...
Feeding and Ovipositional Responses of Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Simple and Complex Asian Elm Hybrid Selections

Abstract Nine recently developed simple and complex Asian hybrids with Ulmus davidiana, U. japonica, U. parvifolia, U. pumila, U. szechuanica and/or U. wilsoniana parentage were evaluated in no-cho...
Dynamic susceptibility and photoemission in the t-t'-J model.

We consider the slave-fermion--Schwinger-boson decomposition of a {ital t}-{ital J} model for a two-dimensional antiferromagnet in which the next-nearest-neighbor hopping is taken into account by an explicit {ital t}{prime} term. This technique is particularly suitable to describe systems with low hole density, as in the parent phases of high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} superconducting (HTSC) materials, and we examine the experimental consequences of the model. Using mean-field states which admit finite spiral and off-diagonal order, we compute first the dynamic susceptibility {chi}({bold q},{omega}) from fluctuations in the boson (spin) degrees of freedom, and investigate a selected parameter regime for the model to seek features consistent with inelastic neutron scattering experiments on underdoped HTSC crystals. We find peaks in the scattered intensity at incommensurate wave vectors ({pi}{plus_minus}2{ital k}{sub 0},{plus_minus}{pi}) and ({pi},{plus_minus}{pi}{plus_minus}2{ital k}{sub 0}), but within our approximation the {bold q}-integrated susceptibility as a function of frequency and temperature resembles that from spin-wave theory, which does not contain the scaling behavior over all values of {omega}/{ital T} found experimentally. We show also the form of the nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time {ital T}{sub 1}{sup {minus}1}({ital T}), which measures the zero-frequency limit of the susceptibility. The imaginary part of the physical electron Green functionmore » is a convolution of both fermionic (hole) and bosonic Green functions, and so incorporates the effect of spin dynamics on the charge motion. We calculate the photoemitted intensity, a direct experimental measurement of this quantity, focusing on its behavior near the hole pockets at ({plus_minus}{pi}/2,{plus_minus}{pi}/2) which characterize this type of model. The peak photocurrent occurs not at the hole Fermi surface, but at points separated from it by {bold k}{sub 0} due to the boson incommensuration.« less
Transposon Mutagenesis in Chlamydia trachomatis Identifies CT339 as a ComEC Homolog Important for DNA Uptake and Lateral Gene Transfer.

ABSTRACT Transposon mutagenesis is a widely applied and powerful genetic tool for the discovery of genes associated with selected phenotypes. Chlamydia trachomatis is a clinically significant, obligate intracellular bacterium for which many conventional genetic tools and capabilities have been developed only recently. This report describes the successful development and application of a Himar transposon mutagenesis system for generating single-insertion mutant clones of C. trachomatis. This system was used to generate a pool of 105 transposon mutant clones that included insertions in genes encoding flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenase (C. trachomatis148 [ct148]), deubiquitinase (ct868), and competence-associated (ct339) proteins. A subset of Tn mutant clones was evaluated for growth differences under cell culture conditions, revealing that most phenocopied the parental strain; however, some strains displayed subtle and yet significant differences in infectious progeny production and inclusion sizes. Bacterial burden studies in mice also supported the idea that a FAD-dependent monooxygenase (ct148) and a deubiquitinase (ct868) were important for these infections. The ct339 gene encodes a hypothetical protein with limited sequence similarity to the DNA-uptake protein ComEC. A transposon insertion in ct339 rendered the mutant incapable of DNA acquisition during recombination experiments. This observation, along with in situ structural analysis, supports the idea that this protein is playing a role in the fundamental process of lateral gene transfer similar to that of ComEC. In all, the development of the Himar transposon system for Chlamydia provides an effective genetic tool for further discovery of genes that are important for basic biology and pathogenesis aspects. IMPORTANCEChlamydia trachomatis infections have an immense impact on public health; however, understanding the basic biology and pathogenesis of this organism has been stalled by the limited repertoire of genetic tools. This report describes the successful adaptation of an important tool that has been lacking in Chlamydia studies: transposon mutagenesis. This advance enabled the generation of 105 insertional mutants, demonstrating that numerous gene products are not essential for in vitro growth. Mammalian infections using these mutants revealed that several gene products are important for infections in vivo. Moreover, this tool enabled the investigation and discovery of a gene critical for lateral gene transfer; a process fundamental to the evolution of bacteria and likely for Chlamydia as well. The development of transposon mutagenesis for Chlamydia has broad impact for the field and for the discovery of genes associated with selected phenotypes, providing an additional avenue for the discovery of molecular mechanisms used for pathogenesis and for a more thorough understanding of this important pathogen.
Review: Iversen: Architect of Ipoh and Modern Malaya, by Ruth Iversen Rollitt

Ruth Iversen Rollitt Iversen: Architect of Ipoh and Modern Malaya Penang, Malaysia: Areca Books, 2015, 240 pp., 130 color and 51 b/w illus. $105 (cloth), ISBN 9789675719226 Berthel Michael Iversen (1906–76) was born in Denmark, but his entire professional career played out in Malaya, where he worked from 1928 to 1966. For more than three decades, he was one of the major figures working to create a distinctive Southeast Asian architectural modernism. Examining his career offers a means of probing the specifics by which modernism flourished in the region. In this book on her father's life and work, Ruth Iversen Rollitt relies on a number of materials that she inherited, including letters, unpublished memoirs written by her parents, and office documents (including hundreds of photographs). Iversen was a prodigious chronicler. Starting from his first days in Southeast Asia, in 1922, he dutifully wrote letters to his mother. Annually, he updated his unpublished cartoon memoir, “The Unfinished.” These sources provide Rollitt's book with scores of illustrations. Tackling Iversen's life and career requires specific linguistic skills, which Rollitt has; she counts as her native tongues English and Malay, and, as a child, she became fluent in the languages of her parents, Danish and Dutch. She was born in 1938 in the Malayan state of Perak, whose capital, Ipoh, was Iversen's center of operations. Rollitt is not an academic, but while writing her book she made the rounds of archives in Southeast Asia, and she relies heavily on contemporary press coverage. Iversen's output is important because it is an accomplished and understudied body of work, and looking at it enriches our understanding of modernism as a global phenomenon. Rollitt's book plays its part in explaining modernism's development in a vibrant corner of Asia, and in turn it prompts historians to reconsider modernism itself. Iverson directly discussed modernism quite early on, and he and his partner, Hendrik van Sitteren, were examples of the role that Europeans played in modernism's spread. Their …
Then and Now—A Look Inside the Lives of 11 Women Presidents of the IADR:

Extraordinary women scientists—past, current, and elected presidents of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR)—showcase pathways for success and leadership. In this series of auto...
Chance-Constrained Optimal Distribution Network Partitioning to Enhance Grid Resilience

This paper formulates a chance-constrained optimal distribution network partitioning (ODNP) problem addressing uncertainties in load and renewable energy generation; and presents a solution methodology using sample average approximation (SAA). The objective is to identify potential sub-networks in the existing distribution grid; that are likely to survive as self-adequate islands if supply from the main grid is lost. {This constitutes a planning problem.} Practical constraints like ensuring network radiality and availability of grid-forming generators are considered. Quality of the obtained solution is evaluated by comparison with: a) an upper bound on the probability that the identified islands are supply-deficient, and b) a lower bound on the optimal value of the true problem. Performance of the ODNP formulation is illustrated on a modified IEEE 37-bus feeder. It is shown that the network flexibility is well utilized; the partitioning changes with risk budget; and that the SAA method is able to yield good quality solutions with modest computation cost.
Sustained nutrition impact of a multisectoral intervention program two years after completion

Progress on the nutrition Sustainable Development Goals has been slow. More attention is needed on the 'sustainable' part, focused on impact lasting beyond programme implementation. To determine sustained impact of a multisectoral nutrition intervention that provided water, sanitation, hygiene, livelihood, health and nutrition support (2013-2015) in eastern Chad, we utilize longitudinal household data collected 2 years (2017) after the intervention ended. Between 2013 and 2015, children (6-59 months) in the multisectoral intervention were less likely to be severely wasted, underweight and had a higher weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) compared with the control. To measure sustained programme impact, we use data on six nutrition indicators from 517 children between 2015 and 2017. We ran three models: a generalized linear model on cross-sectional child cohorts; a mixed-effects model on household panel data; and a mixed-effects model on child panel data. For children who were born during the programme, we saw significant improvement in underweight, weight for age z-scores (WAZs) and height-for-age z-scores (HAZs). Boys 6-23 months born after the end of the programme, on the other hand, were significantly more likely to be underweight or wasted and had lower WHZ and WAZ compared with boys born during the programme and girls born during and after the programme. Corresponding to the literature from sub-Saharan Africa, boys appear to be more vulnerable to malnutrition, which might be why they are more sensitive to programme cessation. Future monitoring, evaluations and research need to consider impact sustainability and that it might not be homogeneous across age and gender.
Utility of COVID-19 Decision Rules Related to Consecutive Decline in Positivity or Hospitalizations: A Data-driven Simulation Study

The White House issued Guidelines for Opening Up America Again to help state and local officials when reopening their economies. These included a "downward trajectory of positive tests as a percent of total tests within a 14-day period." To examine this rule, we computed the probability of observing continuous decline in positivity when true positivity is in decline using data-driven simulation. Data for COVID-19 positivity reported in New York state from April 14 to May 5, 2020, where a clear reduction was observed, were used. First, a logistic regression model was fitted to the data, considering the fitted values as true positivity. Second, we created observed positivity by randomly selecting 25,000 people per day from a population with those true positivity for 14 days. The simulation was repeated 1,000 times to compute the probability of observing a consecutive decline. As sensitivity analyses, we performed the simulation with different daily numbers of tests (10 to 30,000) and length of observation (7 and 21 days). We further used daily hospitalizations as another metric, using data from the state of Indiana. With 25,000 daily tests, the probability of a consecutive decline in positivity for 14 days was 99.9% (95% CI: 99.7% to 100%). The probability dropped with smaller numbers of tests and longer lengths of consecutive observation, because there is more chance of observing an increase in positivity with smaller numbers of tests and longer observation. The probability of consecutive decline in hospitalizations was [~]0.0% regardless of the length of consecutive observation due to large variance. These results suggest that continuous declines in sample COVID-19 test positivity and hospitalizations may not be observed with sufficient probability, even when population probabilities truly decline. Criteria based on consecutive declines in metrics are unlikely to be useful for making decisions about relaxing COVID-19 mitigation efforts.
Systematic Review of Violence Prevention Economic Evaluations, 2000-2019.

Context Health economic evaluations (e.g., cost-effectiveness analysis) can guide the efficient use of resources to improve health outcomes. This study aims to summarize the content and quality of interpersonal violence prevention economic evaluations. Evidence acquisition In 2020, peer-reviewed journal articles published during 2000–2019 focusing on high-income countries were identified using index terms in multiple databases. Study content, including violence type prevented (e.g., child abuse and neglect), outcome measure (e.g., abusive head trauma clinical diagnosis), intervention type (e.g., education program), study methods, and results were summarized. Studies reporting on selected key methods elements essential for study comparison and public health decision making (e.g., economic perspective, time horizon, discounting, currency year) were assessed. Evidence synthesis A total of 26 economic evaluation studies were assessed, most of which reported that assessed interventions yielded good value for money. Physical assault in the community and child abuse and neglect were the most common violence types examined. Studies applied a wide variety of cost estimates to value avoided violence. Less than two thirds of the studies reported all the key methods elements. Conclusions Comprehensive data collection on violence averted and intervention costs in experimental settings can increase opportunities to identify interventions that generate long-term value. More comprehensive estimates of the cost of violence can improve opportunities to demonstrate how prevention investment can be offset through avoided future costs. Better adherence to health economic evaluation reporting standards can enhance comparability across studies and may increase the likelihood that economic evidence is included in violence prevention decision making.
How well do audit textbooks currently integrate data analytics

Abstract The auditing profession is undergoing a transformation, becoming heavily reliant on computerized systems to produce data analytic reports. As a result, the demand for accounting graduates with knowledge in data analytics (DA) has increased. Because textbooks remain the primary educational resource in a college classroom, we sought to determine the extent to which textbooks include DA content and provide a summary of our findings to assist auditing educators in locating this content. Our primary analysis includes the examination of the six most commonly used audit textbooks and one book on DA for accountants. For each text, we evaluated (1) the degree to which textbooks have integrated current and emerging technologies into the written chapter content; (2) the degree to which auditing textbooks have students perform specific DA activities, using DA software; and (3) the degree to which these problems follow the AICPA’s five-step process for planning and performing audit DA. We also provide a Detailed Analysis section for each text in which we summarize both in-chapter and end-of-chapter DA exercises. Recognizing the large amount of DA resources available online such as case studies and datasets, we also provide a review and summary of this content, thereby providing auditing educators a wide variety of options for including DA in their classroom. Finally, based on our review of these resources, we provide recommendations for educators, textbook authors, and publishers to consider when developing DA educational materials. Our purpose is to contribute to the discussion on auditing curriculum and whether trends in practice are reflected in the course resources.
MiR-17-92 Cluster-Enriched Exosomes Derived from Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improve Tissue and Functional Recovery in Rats after Traumatic Brain Injury

Exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication by delivering microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) to recipient cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that multi-potent mesenchymal str...
The Benefits of Transaction-Level Data: The Case of Nielsen Scanner Data

This study uses Nielsen scanner data to illustrate the benefits of transaction-level data. Specifically, we explore whether granular consumer purchases contain incremental value-relevant information about the corresponding manufacturers. Using weekly consumer purchases data generated by point-of-sale systems from 2006 to 2018, which capture around $2 trillion of U.S. retail sales, we construct a measure of aggregated consumer purchases at the firm-quarter level, and find that it strongly predicts manufacturer revenues. In addition, analyst forecasts of revenues have predictable errors and revisions, which implies that analysts do not fully incorporate the information in consumer purchases in a timely manner. Exploring investment implications, we find that hedge portfolios that buy (sell) stocks of firms with high (low) abnormal consumer purchases generate annualized returns on the magnitude of 14% to 19% depending on specification. This return predictability holds after controlling for risk factors and firm characteristics, and is robust across time. Finally, about 36% of the quarterly hedge returns are concentrated over the three-day window around earnings announcements, which suggests that the returns result from the correction of biased expectations rather than risk. These findings suggest that consumer purchases convey useful insights into firm fundamentals, shedding light on the benefits of using transactional data for market participants.
Association between modified frailty index and surgical outcomes in intradural skull base surgery.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of preoperative frailty on short-term outcomes following intradural resection of skull base lesions. The 2005-2017 ACS-NSQIP database was queried for 30-day post-operative outcomes of patients undergoing intradural resection of the skull base, extracted by CPT codes 61601, 61606, 61608, and 61616. Five-item modified frailty index (mFI) was calculated based on the history of diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, chronic hypertension, and functional status. A total of 701 patients (58.8% female, 72.0% white) were included with a mean age of 51.8 ± 14.7 years. Compared to patients with mFI = 0 (n = 403), patients with mFI ≥ 1 (n = 298) were more likely to have higher rates of reoperation (13.4% vs. 8.7%, p = 0.045), medical complications (20.5% vs. 9.2%, p < 0.001), surgical complications (13.8% vs. 8.4%, p = 0.024), discharge to non-home facility (DNHF) (24.8% vs. 13.3%, p < 0.001), and prolonged length of hospitalization (7.3 ± 6.8 days vs. 5.6 ± 5.0, p = 0.003). Moreover, mFI = 1-3 was also associated with higher BMI, non-white race, high ASA, and older age (all p < 0.05). Upon adjusting for age, BMI, race, ASA score, and surgical site, multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that higher mFI (treated as a continuous variable) was associated with higher odds of medical complications (OR = 1.630, CI = 1.153-2.308, p = 0.006), surgical complications (OR = 1.594, CI = 1.042-2.438, p < 0.031), and LOS ≥ 10 days (OR = 1.609, CI = 1.176-2.208, p = 0.003). In conclusion, the 5-item mFI can be an independent predictor of several important short-term surgical outcomes following intradural resection of skull base lesions, warranting further investigations into its clinical utility.
“He was Drugged up on Something...” Portrayals of Drugs and Violence on Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) as System Justification:

We conducted a content analysis of the first two and last two seasons of the popular crime drama Crime Scene Investigation (CSI), to determine the extent to which depictions of the intersection of ...
Instant Messaging: between the messages

Many studies have examined Instant Messaging server logs containing messages that were sent. Such studies cannot address questions about client activity during message composition because the necessary information is not available at the server. This study examines keystroke level data to understand what is happening between the sending of messages. Sixteen pairs of participants used Instant Messaging to solve a problem. Even though this task was designed to fully involve the participants' attention, only 43% of the time was spent actually typing messages. An average of 12% of that composition time was spent revising text that had already been written, often making substantial changes. These results demonstrate an opportunity for improvement of user interface features to better inform the user about the other person's activity in order to improve the efficiency of message composition.
Seasonal Change on Titan

Titan displays seasonal changes in the distribution of gas and hazes in its atmosphere, in the character of its methane clouds, and in its temperatures and winds. While Cassini has observed some of these changes in detail, some are observable from Earth, and the period of most rapid change may be just about to begin in the years after equinox.
QoS routing in multi-domain networks

With increasing number of mission critical applications and associated traffic volume on commercial and DoD IP networks, it is becoming increasingly critical for the network infrastructure to be more aware of the quality of service (in a broad sense of the word) requirements and use this awareness in routing, differential treatment of packets, in management-level resource provisioning and allocation. In this paper, we focus on the implication of these requirements on the routing architecture and protocols. In particular, we argue that the inter domain routing protocols like the border gateway protocol (BGP) and its integration with the interior gateway protocol (IGP) need to account for the diversity in the QoS requirements of the applications, users, and mission. The solution we suggest involves allowing multiple inter-AS routes for the same source destination pair, propagation of multiple routes, and of multiple QoS-affecting metrics in the BGP UPDATE messages. These enhancements allow routes to be matched with application requirements and hence allow satisfaction of applications QoS requirements at minimal cost. In order to keep the solution scalable, we limit the propagation of information to non-dominated routes, and design a small set of QoS metrics. Details of the protocols and quantitative analysis will be presented in future papers. Our approach, along with IntServe and DiffServe based QoS capabilities, and traffic engineering extensions of intra domain routing protocols, provide a framework for end-to-end QoS-aware networking.
Umbilical cord compression associated with amniotomy: Laboratory observations

Impairment of umbilical cord blood flow has been associated with periodic fetal heart rate changes termed "variable decelerations." These patterns may be observed after amniotomy. A chronic fetal rhesus monkey preparation has been used to investigate this clinical observation. Loss of amniotic fluid produced variable deceleration patterns, while restoration of amniotic fluid volume eliminated such changes. These experimental data demonstrate that amniotic fluid may be critical in protection of the cord and maintenance of normal umbilical cord blood flow.
A fresh look at low-power mobile computing

We challenge the apparent consensus that next-generation mobile devices must necessarily provide resource-intensive capabilities such as on-device Java implementations to support advanced applications. Instead, we propose an architecture that exploits the high "last mile" bandwidth in third generation wireless networks to enable the largest part of such applications to run inside a base station, effectively reducing the mobile device to a dumb terminal. We discuss some implications of this architecture, with respect to hand-off, confidentiality while roaming in potentially hostile networks, and the need for a server-transparent segmentation of applications into a computational and a user interface component.
Principles of Glacier Mechanics: Flow and fracture of a crystalline material

Before proceeding to a more theoretical discussion of the dynamics of glaciers, it will be useful to present a brief introduction to the voluminous literature on deformation or creep of ice. We will begin by looking at deformation processes on an atomic scale and then introduce empirical and semi-empirical relations that provide a macroscopic description of the deformation. Finally, we will show how principles of linear fracture mechanics can be used to predict crevasse depth. Crystal structure of ice There are nine known crystalline forms of ice, but seven of them are stable only at pressures in excess of about 200 MPa, and the eighth, a cubic form, ice Ic, is stable only at temperatures below about -100°C (Figure 4.1). As the highest pressures and lowest temperatures in glaciers on Earth are about 40 MPa and -60°C, respectively, these eight forms need not concern us. We thus restrict our attention to the common form of terrestrial ice, ice Ih. The structure of ice Ih is shown, in stereoscopic view, in Figure 4.2a. It is a hexagonal mineral (hence the “h”) with a rather open structure in which every oxygen atom, represented by the large circles in Figure 4.2a, is bonded to four additional oxygen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron. The tetrahedra are joined together in such a way that the oxygens form hexagonal rings with the O=O bonds zigzagging lightly up and down as one progresses around the ring (Figure 4.2b); three of the oxygens thus lie 0.09 nm above the other three.
Impact of Chronic Condition Status and Severity on the Time to First Dental Visit for Newly Medicaid‐Enrolled Children in Iowa

Objective To assess the extent to which chronic condition (CC) status and severity affected how soon children had a dental visit after enrolling in Medicaid.