cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Assessment of Advanced Inspection Methods for Wind Turbine Blades Using a Focused WINDIE Experiment.

Wind turbine blades pose a unique set of inspection challenges that span from very thick and attentive spar cap structures to porous bond lines, varying core material and a multitude of manufacturing defects of interest. The need for viable, accurate nondestructive inspection (NDI) technology becomes more important as the cost per blade, and lost revenue from downtime, grows. NDI methods must not only be able to contend with the challenges associated with inspecting extremely thick composite laminates and subsurface bond lines but must also address new inspection requirements stemming from the growing understanding of blade structural aging phenomena. Under its Blade Reliability Collaborative program, Sandia Labs quantitatively assessed the performance of a wide range of NDI methods that are candidates for wind blade inspections. Custom wind turbine blade test specimens, containing engineered defects, were used to determine critical aspects of NDI performance including sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability, speed of inspection coverage, and ease of equipment deployment. The Sandia Wind NDI Experiment (WINDIE) was completed to evaluate fifteen different NDI methods that have demonstrated promise for interrogating wind blades for manufacturing flaws or in-service damage. These tests provided the information needed to identify the applicability and limitations of advanced inspection methods for wind turbine blades. Ultimately, the proper combination of several inspections methods may be required to produce the best inspection sensitivity and reliability for both near-surface and deep, subsurface damage. Based on these results, phased array ultrasonics was selected for further development and introduction at blade manufacturing facilities. Hardware was developed and customized to optimize UT sensitivity and deployment to address blade inspection needs. Inspection procedures were produced and beta tested at blade production facilities. This study has identified one optimum overall NDI method while determining complimentary NDI methods that can be applied to produce a comprehensive blade inspection system. The detection of fabrication defects helps enhance plant reliability and increase blade life while improved inspection of operating blades can result in efficient blade maintenance, facilitate repairs before critical damage levels are reached and minimize turbine downtime.
Systematic Relationships of the Bolivian Tuco-Tucos, Genus Ctenomys (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae)

Evolutionary relationships and taxonomic identity of seven nominal species ( Ctenomys boliviensis , C. conoveri , C. frater , C. leucodon , C. lewisi , C. opimus , C. steinbachi ) and an undescribed species of Bolivian tuco-tuco were examined using allozymes. These species represent all previously described subgenera of Ctenomys . Twenty-one presumptive genetic loci were resolved and, among the species of Ctenomys , 17 of these were polymorphic. Patterns of intraspecific and interspecific variation, in general, agreed with the current taxonomy for members of this group, although little differentiation was found between C. frater and C. lewisi . The allozymic data suggest that C. boliviensis , as currently recognized, may be paraphyletic. Octodon degus was included as an outgroup for phylogenetic analyses. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of these data indicate that C. opimus was the earliest species to diverge from the group, followed by C. leucodon , and then two lineages, one that included C. boliviensis and C. steinbachi and one that included C. lewisi , C. frater , Ctenomys sp., and C. conoveri . These species are distributed either in the lowlands or highlands in Bolivia and the proposed evolutionary relationships indicate that the historical zoogeography of tuco-tucos has been more complex than a simple lowland-highland vicariant event.
Considerations, Adaptation, and Sharing

Adaptability and agility are essential in planning, preparing, and executing deception operations. Deception planners must be prepared to respond so that they can still achieve their goals even when it seems that everything is going wrong. This chapter brings together considerations for the cyber-D&D planner, covering the realities of utilizing cyber-D&D. Applying cyber-D&D poses risk and has the potential for unintended consequences. Cyber-D&D operations can be compromised, and even the best-laid plans can fail. Although the defender can gain advantages by using D&D in each phase of the kill chain, utilizing cyber-D&D TTPs always involves challenges and potential drawbacks. We review some of these to inform and encourage cyber-D&D cadres to explore these considerations early in the planning phases of cyber-D&D operations.
Mechanical characterization of soft materials using high speed photography and split hopkinson pressure bar technique

High-speed photography in conjunction with the viscoelastic Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique was used to study soft material behavior under dynamic loading conditions. The real-time strains recorded using high speed photography were also used for validating the existing viscoelastic SHPB model. Polyurethane, sculpturing clay, sorbothane and bologna were tested as examples of soft materials. The dynamic compressive strength of clay increased by 4 orders of magnitude compared to the static compressive strength. The dynamic strength of sorbothane increased by 3 orders of magnitude compared to the manufacturer specified static values. Only dynamic experiments, between strain rates of 2700 and 3700/sec, were performed on bologna. All the four materials showed very high strain-rate dependence. The tested materials showed similar stress-strain plots. Clay, Sorbothane and Bologna were very compliant up to 30 to 35% strains followed by a stiffer region where the stresses increased rapidly to the maximum values. The specimens were in stress equilibrium for significant time durations and specimen peak stresses where achieved during this period.
Surgical management of primary bone sarcomas.

Successful surgical management of patients with bone sarcomas requires a coordinated effort between orthopedic and medical oncologists. Limb-salvage techniques have been refined to preserve function without compromising local tumor control or overall survival in the overwhelming majority of patients. The reconstruction methods selected must be based on specific anatomic and oncologic factors, patient expectations, and anticipated functional demands.
The Linear Filter for a Single Time Series

This chapter contains sections titled: 3.0 Formulation of the General Filter Problem, 3.1 Minimization Problem for Filters, 3.2 The Factorization of the Spectrum, 3.3 Prediction and Filtering, 3.4 The Error of Performance of a Filter; Long-lag Filters, 3.5 Fillers and Ergodic Theory, 3.6 Computation of Specific Filter Characteristics, 3.7 Lagging Filters, 3.8 The Determination of Lag and Number of Meshes in a Filter, 3.9 Detecting Filters for High Noise Level, 3.91 Filters for Pulses, 3.92 Filters Having Characteristics Linearly Dependent on Given Charaderistics, 3.93 Computation of Filter: Resume
Cognitive Computing and the Future of Health Care Cognitive Computing and the Future of Healthcare: The Cognitive Power of IBM Watson Has the Potential to Transform Global Personalized Medicine

Welcome to the era of cognitive health care, a new partnership between human beings and technology with the goal of transforming health care on a global scale.
BHP Billiton's $40 Billion Hostile Bid for Potash Corp

BHP Billiton Limited (BHP), the world's largest natural-resources company, launched a $130-per-share bid for Potash Corporation, Inc., (POT) of Saskatchewan, Canada, the world's largest integrated fertilizer and related industrial and feed products company and the largest producer of potash worldwide by capacity. The acquisition was aimed at meeting BHP's corporate strategy of becoming a leading global miner of potash. Although the initial offer was refused by POT's board and management, it did not dissuade BHP management from commencing the offer through newspaper advertisements beginning on August 20, 2010. The offer remained open for acceptance until 11:59 p.m. on October 19, 2010. Students will learn how BHP planned to finance the takeover. Excerpt UVA-C-2331 Rev. May 19, 2014 BHP Billiton's $ 40 Billion Hostile Bid for Potash CorP BHP Billiton Limited (BHP) was the world's largest natural-resources company, and its many diversified businesses produced aluminum, copper, coal, iron ore, gold, lead, silver, and diamonds. Its operations spanned the globe, and the heaviest concentrations were in Asia and Europe. The company's employee and contractor base, totaling almost 100,000, was spread across more than 25 countries. Revenues exceeded $ 50 billion, and BHP's market capitalization approximated $ 144 billion. On August 18, 2010, BHP launched a $ 130-per-share bid for Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan, Inc., (POT), the world's largest integrated fertilizer and related industrial and feed products company and the largest producer of potash worldwide by capacity. In 2009, POT estimated its operations represented 11% of global production and 20% of global potash capacity. It owned and operated five potash mines in Saskatchewan, Canada, and one in New Brunswick, Canada. BHP's bid valued POT at just under $ 40 billion, a premium of 20% over the most recent closing price (Exhibit 1). The acquisition was aimed at meeting BHP's corporate strategy of becoming a leading global miner of potash. In a press release issued the day of the offer, BHP stated: . . .
A Word After a Word After a Word Is Power: The Thesis and the Imperative of Social Work Writing

ABSTRACTSocial workers must be writers. The thesis provided students with an important opportunity to hone crucial writing and critical thinking skills, which enhanced their abilities to serve their clients. I share what I learned working with thesis writers about the significance of social work writing. I also discuss ways social workers should and can develop their writing as a powerful tool for advancing knowledge, practice and social justice. Although I describe encounters with students and teachers, to maintain their privacy, I have changed some details and all identifying information.
The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review

The gastrointestinal microbiome is a diverse consortium of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that inhabit the gut of all mammals. Studies in humans and other mammals have implicated the microbiome in a range of physiologic processes that are vital to host health including energy homeostasis, metabolism, gut epithelial health, immunologic activity, and neurobehavioral development. The microbial genome confers metabolic capabilities exceeding those of the host organism alone, making the gut microbiome an active participant in host physiology. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and computational biology have revolutionized the field of microbiomics, permitting mechanistic evaluation of the relationships between an animal and its microbial symbionts. Changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome are associated with diseases in humans and animals including inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, immune-mediated conditions, and neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder. While there remains a paucity of data regarding the intestinal microbiome in small animals, recent studies have helped to characterize its role in host animal health and associated disease states. This review is intended to familiarize small animal veterinarians with recent advances in the field of microbiomics and to prime them for a future in which diagnostic tests and therapies will incorporate these developments into clinical practice.
Total Syntheses of the Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids (±)-Alstoscholarisine B and C

Total syntheses of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (±)-alstoscholarisine B and C were accomplished starting from a readily available indole-2-acetic ester and an α,β-unsaturated N-sulfonyllactam.
Absorption, distribution, and excretion

Owing to its unique fatty acid structure, valproate exhibits a number of distinct pharmacokinetic characteristics in comparison to other aromatic and/or heterocyclic anticonvulsants. The pharmacokinetics of valproate have been the subject of regular reviews over the two decades of valproate’s usage as an anticonvulsant [1–4]. This chapter provides a summary of the salient features of the pharmacokinetics of valproate, and additionally, perspectives on emerging areas of investigation, such as the role of cell membrane barrier transport in governing the brain distribution of valproate and the biochemical basis of drug interactions between valproate and other anticonvulsants.
Meeting peasants where they are: cultivating agroecological alternatives in neoliberal Guatemala

Social movements increasingly embrace agroecology as an integral part of food sovereignty. This essay has two related aims: first, to highlight the barriers to agroecology and explore how these can...
Female Meiosis: Synapsis, Recombination, and Segregation in Drosophila melanogaster .

A century of genetic studies of the meiotic process in Drosophila melanogaster females has been greatly augmented by both modern molecular biology and major advances in cytology. These approaches, and the findings they have allowed, are the subject of this review. Specifically, these efforts have revealed that meiotic pairing in Drosophila females is not an extension of somatic pairing, but rather occurs by a poorly understood process during premeiotic mitoses. This process of meiotic pairing requires the function of several components of the synaptonemal complex (SC). When fully assembled, the SC also plays a critical role in maintaining homolog synapsis and in facilitating the maturation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) into mature crossover (CO) events. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating not only the structure, function, and assembly of the SC, but also the proteins that facilitate the formation and repair of DSBs into both COs and noncrossovers (NCOs). The events that control the decision to mature a DSB as either a CO or an NCO, as well as determining which of the two CO pathways (class I or class II) might be employed, are also being characterized by genetic and genomic approaches. These advances allow a reconsideration of meiotic phenomena such as interference and the centromere effect, which were previously described only by genetic studies. In delineating the mechanisms by which the oocyte controls the number and position of COs, it becomes possible to understand the role of CO position in ensuring the proper orientation of homologs on the first meiotic spindle. Studies of bivalent orientation have occurred in the context of numerous investigations into the assembly, structure, and function of the first meiotic spindle. Additionally, studies have examined the mechanisms ensuring the segregation of chromosomes that have failed to undergo crossing over.
VA mobile apps for PTSD and related problems: public health resources for veterans and those who care for them

Many public health agencies, including the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), have identified the use of mobile technologies as an essential part of a larger strategy to address major public health challenges. The VA’s National Center for PTSD (NCPTSD), in collaboration with VA’s Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention and the Defense Health Agency inside the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), has been involved in the development, evaluation, and testing of 15 mobile apps designed specifically to address the needs and concerns of veterans and others experiencing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These applications include seven treatment-companion apps (designed to be used with a provider, in conjunction with an evidence-based therapy) and eight self-management apps (designed to be used independently or as an adjunct or extender of traditional care). There is growing evidence for the efficacy of several of these apps for reducing PTSD and other symptoms, and studies of providers demonstrate that the apps are engaging, easy-to-use, and provide a relative advantage to traditional care without apps. While publicly available apps do not collect or share personal data, VA has created research-enabled versions of many of its mental health apps to enable ongoing product enhancement and continuous measurement of the value of these tools to veterans and frontline providers. VA and DoD are also collaborating on provider-based implementation networks to enable clinicians to optimize implementation of mobile technologies in care. Although there are many challenges to developing and integrating mHealth into care, including cost, privacy, and the need for additional research, mobile mental health technologies are likely here to stay and have the potential to reach large numbers of those with unmet mental health needs, including PTSD-related concerns.
Robust Collision Avoidance via Sliding Control

Recent advances in perception and planning algorithms have enabled robots to navigate autonomously through unknown, cluttered environments at high-speeds. A key component of these systems is the ability to identify, select, and execute a safe trajectory around obstacles. Many of these systems, however, lack performance guarantees because model uncertainty and external disturbances are ignored when a trajectory is selected for execution. This work leverages results from nonlinear control theory to establish a bound on tracking performance that can be used to select a provably safe trajectory. The Composite Adaptive Sliding Controller (CASC) provides robustness to disturbances and reduces model uncertainty through high-rate parameter estimation. CASC is demonstrated in simulation and hardware to significantly improve the performance of a quadrotor navigating through unknown environments with external disturbances and unknown model parameters.
Inhalation of 1-1-difluoroethane: A Rare Cause of Pneumopericardium

We report a case of a 32-year-old man with a past medical history of ethanol use disorder who was brought in unresponsive after inhaling six to 10 cans of the computer cleaning product, Dust-Off. After regaining consciousness, he endorsed severe, pleuritic chest and anterior neck pain. Labs were notable for elevated cardiac enzymes, acute kidney injury, and his initial electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed a partial right bundle branch block with a prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc). On chest X-ray as well as chest computed tomography, the patient was found to have pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, and subcutaneous emphysema. The patient's course was uneventful and he was discharged home two days later after extensive substance abuse cessation counseling. Intentionally inhaling toxic substances, also known as "huffing," is a dangerous new trend with significant consequences that clinicians need to be aware of and suspect in young patients presenting with chest pain. We present a rare case of pneumopericardium induced by inhalation of Dust-Off (1-1-difluoroethane).
Adverse events in IBD therapy: the 2018 update.

Introduction: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis affect an increasing number of patients, and utilization of immune suppressant and biologic therapies is also increasing. These agents are linke...
Association of a Simulated Institutional Gender Equity Initiative With Gender-Based Disparities in Medical School Faculty Salaries and Promotions.

Importance Despite progress in narrowing gender-based salary gaps, notable disparities persist in the scientific community. The significance of pay difference may be underestimated, with little data evaluating its effect on lifetime wealth after accounting for factors like time to promotion and savings. Objectives To characterize gender disparities in salary and assess the outcomes associated with a gender equity initiative (GEI). Design, Setting, and Participants Quality improvement study with simulations of salary and additional accumulated wealth (AAW) using retrospectively reviewed Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine annual salary and promotion data. All academic faculty were included in the faculty salary analysis from 2005 (n = 1481) and 2016 (n = 1885). Main Outcomes and Measures Salary and longitudinal promotion data from 2005 to 2016 were used to estimate gender-based differences in salary and time to promotion. The effect of these differences on total salary and AAW, including retirement and salary-based investments, was simulated for a representative male and female faculty member over a 30-year career in 3 scenarios: (1) pre-GEI, (2) post-GEI, and (3) in real time for GEI, beginning with and progressing through these initiatives. Results Analyses of salaries of 1481 faculty (432 women) in 2005 and 1885 faculty (742 women) in 2016 revealed that a decade after GEI implementation, the overall mean (SE) salary gap by gender decreased from −2.6% (1.2%) (95% CI, −5.6% to −0.3%) to −1.9% (1.1%) (95% CI, −4.1% to 0.3%). Simulation of pre-GEI disparities correlated with male faculty collecting an average lifetime AAW of $501 416 more than the equivalent woman, with disparities persisting past retirement. The AAW gap decreased to $210 829 in the real-time GEI simulation and to $66 104 using post-GEI conditions, reflecting success of GEI efforts. Conclusions and Relevance Even small gender-based salary gaps are associated with substantial differences in lifetime wealth, but an institutional commitment to achieving equitable promotion and compensation for women can appreciably reduce these disparities. The findings of this study support broad implementation of similar initiatives without delay, as results may take more than a decade to emerge. A modifiable version of the simulation is provided so that external users may assess the potential disparities present within their own institutions.
When Data-Driven Decision Making Becomes Data-Driven Test Taking: A Case Study of a Midwestern High School:

This case study examines how district administrators and high school mathematics and science teachers use data in instructional decision making and what challenges they face in the current accounta...
Absence of indicators of the influence of its physicians on a society's health: Impact of physician care on society

Abstract There are no established indicators for measuring the influence of its private physicians on a society's health. For a brief period the age-adjusted death rate, an important indicator of the public health effort, also served to reflect a portion of the influence of the personal physician system. Particular medical interventions could be linked to specific sites in the pathogenesis of microbial disease in a way not yet permitted by the available knowledge of the common nonmicrobial diseases. Our national allocations for health cannot be made rationally until we develop indicators for measuring incremental investments in either system, but especially for the personal physician system. For death rates per se fail to accurately reflect the workings of this system which is concerned primarily with prolonging effective life by preserving or restoring function in an individual person.
Effectiveness of School-based Health Center Delivery of a Cognitive Skills Building Intervention in Young, Rural Adolescents: Potential Applications for Addiction and Mood.

Abstract Purpose Uniquely positioned, school nurses address two of the most critical adolescent health issues – addiction and mood. Cognitive behavioral therapy, the mainstay in management of adolescent mood disorders, demonstrates promise in the treatment and prevention of addictive behaviors. Quality decision-making may protect adolescents from substance abuse. Executive function, a neurocognitive aspect of decision-making, involves impulse control, future thinking, and behavioral regulation. Further, the continuum of addition implicates executive function, which makes executive function a viable target for prevention and treatment of substance use. This pilot study examined the effectiveness of a nurse-led cognitive skills training intervention, Creating Opportunities for Personal Empowerment, on executive function and mood in a novel population and setting. Design and methods The study sample included adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 15 years and enrolled in a rural school-based health center. Fifteen (n = 15) adolescents completed the seven-week cognitive skills building intervention led by a nurse practitioner. Researchers measured executive function, anxiety, and depression at: baseline, after the intervention series, and three-months later. Results One domain of executive function – behavioral regulation – improved, as did anxiety. Depression showed short-term improvement. Metacognition did not change over time. Conclusions Preliminary results indicate that cognitive skills building delivered by school nurses may enhance aspects of executive function linked with addiction and coping, such as behavioral regulation. Further, this intervention may also improve mood in this population. Practice implications Delivery of cognitive skills training by school nurses could be an accessible, effective piece in addressing addiction and mood in young, rural adolescents.
Is the Potable Water System an Advantageous Preinfection Niche for Bacteria Colonizing the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

ABSTRACT People with cystic fibrosis are susceptible to lung infections from a variety of bacteria, a number of which also reside in the potable water system, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Burkholderia cepacia complex, and nontuberculosis Mycobacteria. Here, I propose chemical and physical aspects of the potable water system along with bacterial lifestyle strategies in this system that may enhance successful colonization of cystic fibrosis lungs by these bacteria, including iron and copper levels, lipids, and low growth rates within low-oxygen biofilms.
[Final evaluation of medium- and long-term program of schistosomiasis control in Baise City].

Objective To evaluate the monitoring results of medium- and long-term program of schistosomiasis control in Baise City, so as to provide the reference for the elimination of schistosomiasis. Methods The data of schistosomiasis control in Baise City from 2004 to 2015 were collected and analyzed. Results By the end of 2015, the total number of regular screening serum tests for schistosomiasis in the planning period was 10 244 person-times, with 649 positive cases. The number of feces tests was 2 158 person-times in the permanent resident population, and the number was 2 683 person-times in the floating population. The Oncomelania hupensis snail survey area was 150.04 hm2, and the accumulated snail control area was 2.03 hm2. No schistosomiasis patients or schistosome-infected snails were found. Conclusions The effect of medium- and long-term program of schistosomiasis control is effective in Baise City, and the criterion of schistosomiasis elimination has been achieved.
Noise Characteristics of Operational Real‐Time High‐Rate GNSS Positions in a Large Aperture Network

Large earthquakes are difficult to model in real-time with traditional inertial seismic measurements. Several algorithms that leverage high-rate RT-GNSS positions have been proposed and it has been...
Integrating Digital Health into the Curriculum-Considerations on the Current Landscape and Future Developments.

The intercession of widespread Internet access and use of mobile devices and wearables has increased the attention to the field of digital health as a novel means of providing patient care. Althoug...
Chapter 7 – Emission Inventories

This chapter describes bottom-up methods for estimating emissions from oil and gas sources. Specific examples are provided for four types of approaches: source sampling, emission factors, computer models, and engineering calculations. Source sampling is illustrated by leak detection results from the City of Fort Worth Natural Gas Air Quality Study conducted in 2010. Flare emission factors from the US EPA’s AP-42 database are used to compute CO and NOx emission rates from the combustion of natural gas. Emissions estimation software is exemplified by the American Petroleum Institute’s E&P TANK model for working, standing, and flashing emissions from petroleum production field storage tanks. Blowdown emissions are computed by means of the displacement equation. Techniques for extrapolating site-specific emissions estimates to the basin scale, and for projection of emission inventories to future years, are also presented. Lastly, the role of permitting programs in facilitating emissions estimates for midstream point sources is discussed.
Performance of position-sensitive resistive silicon detectors in the Forward Array Using Silicon Technology (FAUST)

Abstract The silicon telescopes of the Forward Array Using Silicon Technology (FAUST) have been recently upgraded with silicon detectors which use resistive charge-splitting to measure the position of charged particles. This is in addition to the measurement of the total energy that these charged particles deposit in the detector. The upgrade results in increased angular resolution with a much smaller number of signals than silicon strip detectors with similar resolution. A novel method of calibration has been used to demonstrate the efficacy of these position-sensitive detectors, and the detectors have been used in a commissioning experiment.
New generations: new trends in the spa industry

Today's tourism market is a scene of rapid changes that equally affect the demand and the supply side. In the spa industry market, due to the presence of both wellness and medical services, a wide range of generations appear as consumers, with different expectations toward the service providers. Therefore, the changes taking place in the present and the upcoming years are worth exploring, which, in addition to the changes in consumer habits, visualize the expansion of consumer needs. Current article attempts to describe the expected spa services by examining the nature of generations and identifying future changes that can be predicted. The author primarily tries to summarize the market trends that contribute significant changes, using international and national secondary resources and the professional experience gained in the industry.
Diagnostic Accuracy of a Direct Panfungal Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Performed on Stained Cytology Slides

Molecular techniques are increasingly being applied to stained cytology slides for the diagnosis of neoplastic and infectious diseases. Such techniques for the identification of fungi from stained ...
Using learning management software data to compare students' actual and self-reported viewing of video lectures.

PURPOSE Student engagement is typically measured by class attendance and questionnaires. Learning management systems (LMS) provide additional sources of objective data that can evaluate student performance. This study compared dental students' self-report of course video viewing with LMS data. METHODS Dental students in a 2018 flipped pediatric dentistry course were given a questionnaire after course completion that captured self-reported course video viewing. Student data and time spent on videos were extracted from the LMS and matched to the questionnaire. McNemar's test evaluated differences between self-reported and matching LMS data. RESULTS Of the 109 enrolled students, 99 (91%) completed the questionnaire. Most students self-reported that they watched more than half of the videos (71%), re-watched at least once (89%), and watched at times other than 8 a.m.-5 p.m. (80%). Of the 104 students with data from the LMS, 40% of students watched more than half of the videos, 49% re-watched at least one video, and 60% watched between 8 a.m.-5 p.m. LMS data showed 14 (13%) students did not watch any videos. Significant differences were found between self-reported video viewing and matched LMS video data in (1) percentage of videos watched, (2) number of times videos were re-watched, and (3) most frequent time for watching the videos (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION Technology is a tool that helps instructors more accurately track students' study habits compared to observation or self-report. When evaluating time spent watching videos via an LMS, students tend to overestimate the amount of viewing time.
Days Out of Institution Following Tracheostomy and Gastrostomy Placement in Critically Ill Older Adults.

Rationale Tracheostomy and gastrostomy tubes are frequently placed during critical illness for long-term life-support, with the majority placed in older adults. Large knowledge gaps exist regarding outcomes expressed as most important to patients. Objectives To determine days alive and out of institution and mortality after tracheostomy and gastrostomy placement during critical illness; to evaluate associations between health states prior to critical illness and outcomes. Methods In this retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) who received a tracheostomy, gastrostomy, or both, we determined number of days alive and out of institution (DAOI) following procedure date; 90-day, 6-month, and 1-year mortality; hospital discharge destination; and hospital length of stay. We used claims from the year prior to admission to define eight mutually exclusive pre-ICU health states (permutations of one or more of: Cancer, Chronic Organ Failure, Frail, Robust) and assessed their association with DAOI in 90 days and 1-year mortality. Results Among 3,365 patients who received a tracheostomy, 6,709 patients who received a gastrostomy tube, and 3,540 patients who received both procedures, the median DAOI in the first 90 days after placement was 3 (IQR 0-46), 12 (0-61), and 0 (0-37), respectively. Over half died within 180 days. 1-year mortality was 62%, 60%, and 64%, respectively. When compared to the Robust state, all other pre-ICU health states were associated with loss of DAOI and increased 1-year mortality; however, between the seven non-Robust pre-ICU health states, there were no differences in outcomes. Conclusions Medicare beneficiaries with prior comorbidity who received tracheostomy, gastrostomy tube, or both during critical illness spent few days alive and out of institution and had high short- and long-term mortality.
Affective Characteristics in School and Corporate Environments: Their Conceptual Definitions

During the 1960s the cognitive domain received much attention from educators as proponents and critics argued the merits and evils of behavioral objectives, often utilizing the framework for the cognitive domain suggested in the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I (Bloom, 1956). In 1964, the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook II: The Affective Domain (Krathwohl et al., 1964) was published but received little attention, in light of the debate over behavior objectives and the apparent national consensus that the primary aims of schooling were in the cognitive domain. In his article, “Assessing Educational Achievement in the Affective Domain,” Tyler (1973) discussed the growing awareness in the late 1960s and early 1970s of the need for schools to attend to the affective domain when developing their learning goals and objectives.
Journey to the Center of Biology

According to Eric Lander and Robert Weinberg, the greatest achievement in biology over the past millennium has been the elucidation of the mechanism of heredity. In this month9s essay, they chronicle this scientific adventure and its implications for 21st century biology. Their widely accessible tale spans from Gregor Mendel9s 19th century pea experiments, to the discovery of DNA, to today9s extraordinarily revealing arena of genomic science and technology.
CLOSURE ON ANALYSIS OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION: NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE

AN ARBITRARY CHOICE OF BASE MOTIONS WAS NOT MADE IN SELECTING THE RECORD OBTAINED AT TAFT AS THE BASE ROCK MOTION AT NIIGATA. THE CHOICE OF THIS RECORD AS A REASONABLE ESTIMATE OF THE BASE ROCK MOTION AT NIIGATA IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH RECOGNIZED SEISMOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS. THE NUMERICAL CORRELATION OF RELATIVE DENSITY TO STANDARD PENETRATION RESISTANCE MISTAKENLY ATTRIBUTED TO TERZAGHI AND PECK WAS ACTUALLY THAT REPORTED BY GIBBS AND HOLTZ, WHO PRESUMABLY ASSIGNED THE NUMERICAL VALUES TO THIS CORRELATION. DONOVAN SUGGESTED THAT A SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER DAMPING RATIO SHOULD HAVE BEEN USED. HOWEVER, HIS ESTIMATE OF THE DAMPING RATIO WAS BASED ON DATA FOR SATURATED CLAYS. AVAILABLE TEST DATA FOR BOTH CLAYS AND SANDS INDICATE THAT SANDS HAVE HIGHER DAMPING RATIOS THAN DO CLAYS UNDER THE SAME AVERAGE CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN. SEVERAL APPROXIMATIONS HAD TO BE MADE BECAUSE OF LIMITED AVAILABLE DATA CONCERNING THE VARIOUS FACTORS INCORPORATED IN THE ANALYSES. THE GREATEST UNCERTAINTY EXISTED REGARDING THE MODULUS VALUES FOR SANDS AND THE ACCURACY WITH WHICH CYCLIC LOADING TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST DATA WERE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BEHAVIOR OF SOIL UNDER THE STRESS CONDITIONS DEVELOPED IN THE FIELD. IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT BOTH THE DYNAMIC MODULI AND DAMPING RATIOS OF SOILS VARY WITH THE MAGNITUDE OF THE STRAINS TO WHICH THE SOIL IS SUBJECTED. THESE VARIATIONS HAVE BEEN ASCERTAINED FROM THE RESULTS OF VIBRATORY AND CYCLIC LOADING TESTS PERFORMED ON REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT SOILS. DATA ARE PRESENTED ON MODULI AND DAMPING RATIOS FOR MEDIUM SANDS RELATIVE DENSITY 75%. AN EQUIVALENT LINEAR ELASTIC LUMPED-MASS SOLUTION WAS USED TO CHOOSE APPROPRIATE MODULI AND DAMPING RATIOS THAT ARE COMPATIBLE WITH THE AVERAGE STRAINS DEVELOPED. THE SAND PROFILES IN BOTH THE HEAVY DAMAGE AND LIGHT DAMAGE ZONES WERE REANALYZED USING THIS METHOD OF ANALYSIS. EACH OF THESE PROFILES WAS SUBJECTED TO THE BASE MOTION AND THE TIME HISTORIES OF SHEAR STRESS AT VARIOUS DEPTHS WITHIN THE PROFILE WERE DETERMINED. THE METHOD OF CALCULATING THESE TIME HISTORIES AND THE FINAL STEP IN ASSESSING THE LIQUEFACATION POTENTIAL ARE PRESENTED. REFERENCES: ANALYSIS OF SOIL LIQUEFACATION: NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE, H. B. SEED, I. M. IDRISS, JOURNAL OF THE SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, PROCEEDINGS PAPER 5233, MAY 1967.
The Digital Divide: its Continued Relevance

In the United States the digital divide entered the public discourse in the mid-1990s. Over the next two decades, a number of national, regional, and local interventions were implemented to bring information and communication technologies (ICT) to populations who would otherwise go lacking in access to these resources. Some argued that these gains in broadening access to ICT suggested a closing of the digital divide and that the United States was now a nation online. However, as access increased, new and evolving divides in the quality of access, the skills to effectively use online resources, and the availability of culturally salient online content emerged. This article discusses these new and evolving divides, and argues for the continued relevance of the digital divide as an issue for policy makers, educators, researchers, and communities. Keywords: digital divide; social inclusion; inequality
Effect of onset age of strabismus on the binocular responses of neurons in the monkey visual cortex.

PURPOSE. By 6 weeks of age, neurons in the monkey’s primary visual cortex acquire qualitatively adult-like binocular response properties and behaviorally stereopsis emerges. In this study, it was determined whether the onset of strabismus has a more severe impact on cortical binocularity before or after this critical developmental age. METHODS. Infant monkeys were fit with a light-weight helmet which held a total of 27 diopters of base-in prisms in front of their two eyes for a fixed period of two weeks. For one group of infant monkeys, prism-rearing began at 2 weeks of age and for a second group, the onset was at 6 weeks of age. Immediately after the rearing period, i.e., at 4 weeks and 8 weeks of age, respectively, extracellular single-unit recording methods were used to determine the nature and severity of alterations in the binocular response properties of V1 neurons. Dichoptic sinewave gratings were used as visual stimuli. RESULTS. In comparison to normal age-matched infants, V1 neurons in both strabismic groups exhibited reductions in sensitivity to interocular spatial phase disparities (disparity sensitivity) and a higher prevalence of binocular inhibitory interactions (binocular suppression). However, the reduction in disparity sensitivity and the magnitude of binocular suppression were much greater in the late (6 ‐ 8 weeks) than the early (2‐ 4 weeks) onset group. CONCLUSIONS. Discordant binocular signals due to brief periods of early strabismus have more serious effects on the development of binocular properties of V1 neurons if they occur shortly after rather than before the emergence of stereopsis (i.e., when the binocular connections are relatively more mature but the visual cortex still shows a high degree of plasticity). (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:948 ‐954)
Commentary--Attachment in Middle Childhood: Looking Back, Forward, and Within.

This commentary discusses the articles that comprise this special issue on attachment in middle childhood. Central to this discussion is the distinction between verbal, strategic, and conscious responses to questionnaires as compared to verbal and nonverbal, automatic and largely unconscious responses to interviews. Both methods have been developed to study attachment in middle childhood, often leading to divergent results. Research going forward should include both types of methods in order to maximize the potential for meaningful research and effective clinical work. Ongoing issues of importance for the field include the need to take account of differential susceptibility theory, culture-specific influences, and possible gender differences. This commentary is organized into three sections—looking within, looking behind, and looking ahead—a tripartite distinction that reflects developmental as well as theoretical and applied perspectives vital to hold in mind when researching attachment in middle childhood. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short-Term Resilience Processes in the Family

The authors review naturalistic studies of short-term processes that appear to promote resilience in children in the context of everyday family life and argue that warm and supportive family interactions foster resilience through their cumulative impact on children's emotional and physiological stress response systems. In the short-term, these family interactions promote the experience and expression of positive emotion and healthy patterns of diurnal cortisol. Over time, these internal resources - a propensity to experience positive emotion and a well-functioning hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis system -enhance a child's capacity to avoid, or limit, the deleterious effects of adversity. This article highlights naturalistic research methods that are well suited to the study of these short-term resilience processes and points to clinical applications of our conceptual and methodological approach.
Alternative Treatments For Melanoma: Targeting BCL-2 Family Members to De-Bulk and Kill Cancer Stem Cells

For the first time new treatments in melanoma have produced significant responses in advanced diseases, but 30–90% of melanoma patients do not respond or eventually relapse after the initial response to the current treatments. The resistance of these melanomas is likely due to tumor heterogeneity, which may be explained by models such as the stochastic, hierarchical, and phenotype-switching models. This review will discuss the recent advancements in targeting BCL-2 family members for cancer treatments, and how this approach can be applied as an alternative option to combat melanoma, and overcome melanoma relapse or resistance in current treatment regimens.
Falsely Increased i-STAT Chloride Results for Blood Samples with Increased Urea

Decentralized testing is becoming more common as technology lends itself to the development of accurate point-of-care testing devices. The i-STAT® System (Abbott) is used at our institution in two same-day outpatient surgery centers to measure electrolytes, urea nitrogen, glucose, and hematocrit in whole blood by use of the “6+ cartridge”. Our quality assurance program compares results from the i-STAT to those from the central laboratory on a weekly basis. Central laboratory values for sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, and urea are obtained from plasma of the same heparin-anticoagulated patient sample collected before surgery. After implementing the i-STAT at the second outpatient surgery center (October 2000), we observed an unusually high frequency of i-STAT chloride concentrations that were ≥6 mmol/L higher than results from the Dimension RxL (Dade Behring) in the central laboratory. This phenomenon occurred with all five i-STAT devices that are rotated through both decentralized testing areas. Samples from 176 patients were compared from October 2000 through mid-April 2001. Although all of the other analytes showed good agreement between the i-STAT and the central laboratory, 59 of the 176 samples (34%) produced chloride values on the i-STAT that were ≥6 mmol/L higher than the RxL values. i-STAT chloride values were ≥8 mmol/L higher than the laboratory values for 31 samples and ≥10 mmol/L higher for 10. This exceeded our acceptability standards for intermethod agreement and prompted investigation. All quality-control values were acceptable during this time, and our decentralized testing staff could identify no operator errors. All patients with a chloride ≥6 mmol/L higher by the i-STAT method also had an abnormally high urea nitrogen [reference interval, 2.9–8.9 mmol/L (80–250 mg/L)]. The magnitude of the increased chloride values from the i-STAT increased in a roughly linear fashion with increasing urea concentrations (Fig. 1A⇓ ). Of 176 samples tested during …
Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes cerebrovascular dilation during cortical spreading depression in rabbits

We examined the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in cortical spreading depression (CSD)-induced dilation of rabbit pial arterioles. In urethan-anesthetized rabbits instrumented with a closed cranial window, CSD induction with KCl dilated pial arterioles from 86 +/- 10 to 132 +/- 13 (mean +/- SE, n = 6) microns (a 54 +/- 9% increase). Topical administration of 12.8 microM CGRP-(8-37), a competitive inhibitor of the CGRP receptor, reduced CSD-induced pial dilation from 54 +/- 9% baseline to 33 +/- 9% (P < 0.05). Removal of the receptor antagonist from the brain surface restored CSD-induced dilation to 59 +/- 11% (P < 0.05, compared with the response with the antagonist present). In other animals, we showed that this dose of the CGRP antagonist attenuated arteriolar dilation to topically applied 10(-7) M CGRP (n = 5), but it did not alter arteriolar dilation to arterial hypercapnia. We also evaluated the dilator potency of substance P (SP) compared with CGRP. Dilation with 10(-7) M SP was only 22 +/- 11%, whereas arterioles dilated to 57 +/- 7% above baseline diameter with 10(-7) M CGRP. We conclude that CGRP contributes to the transient arteriolar dilation that is characteristic of CSD.
Genetic Analyses of ENDOTHIA PARASITICA: Linkage Data for Four Single Genes and Three Vegetative Compatibility Types

The loci cre, met and ts segregate independently in Endothia parasitica. The phenotype brown (br) seems to be determined by an allele at or very near the cre locus. The vegetative compatibility types (v-c) 5 and 39 are determined by different alleles at a locus that is not linked to cre, met or ts. Analysis of two crosses of v-c 5 strains by v-c 10 strains provides evidence that these two v-c groups are different at 5 or more v-c loci.