cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depositional theme of a marginal marine evaporite

We have reconstructed the depositional environment of the gypsum-carbonate-shale sequence that comprises the Upper Permian Bellerophon Formation of the southeastern Alps in northern Italy. This formation, which reaches a maximum thickness of 600 m, is roughly divided into two facies: (a) a lower dolomite-gypsum facies, and (2) an upper micritic-skeletal limestone facies. It directly overlies, with transitional contact, a thick red-bed sequence (alluvial fanglomerates, fluviatile sandstones and flood-plain siltstones) and is sharply overlain by Lower Triassic calcarenites (oolites, grapestones, pellets, flat-pebble conglomerates). The lower evaporite facies rocks are found in well-defined cycles, each of which, from bottom to top, consists of (A) thin-bedded, worm-burrowed, vuggy ‘earthy’ micritic dolomite, (B) massive to poorly laminated dark grey to black sandy dolomite carrying isolated gypsum nodules, (C) layered (thin-bedded) nodular gypsum (commonly with ‘enterolithic’ folds) with fragmented partings of dolomite, and (D) massive ‘chicken-wire’ nodular gypsum. At Passo di Valles, just east of Predazzo, and 50 km from the basin margin, we measured forty-six consecutive complete cycles, with an average thickness of 3 m per cycle. We interpret the cyclic sequence as having been deposited in a prograding shallow lagoon—sabkha complex. The worm-burrowed ‘earthy’ dolomite mud accumulated in a shallow hypersaline subtidal lagoon. The black sandy dolomite was an ‘intertidal’ sand-flat devoid of algal mats and constantly churned by burrowers (likely crustaceans). As the shoreline prograded lagoonward evaporative concentration of the groundwater induced diagenetic growth of anhydrite nodules (now gypsum) within the porous sandy dolomite. The layered nodular and ‘chicken-wire’ gypsum of the cycle cap is an extreme product of such displacive intra-sediment growth of anhydrite (now gypsum) above the water table of a completely exposed sabkha, such as is found in the Persian Gulf today. We have observed the same cyclically arranged lithologies in two other evaporite sequences in Italy: the Triassic Raibl Formation of the Southern Alps and the Upper Triassic Burano Formation of the central Apennines. We suggest that this mode of deposition is likely a very common one for at least the early stages of marine evaporite accumulation.
STANDING CROPS OF NATURAL FISH POPULATIONS IN BRACKISH‐WATER OIL FIELD PIPELINE CANALS1

Brackish-water oil field pipeline canals located in coastal Louisiana were rotenoned so that mariculture studies could be conducted. Standing crops within the canals ranged from 133 to 369 kg per ha, with an average minimum wholesale value of $38.80 per ha. Centrarchids and channel catfish were found in lower salinity canals (5.5 to 8.5 ppt), but not in a higher salinity canal (25 ppt). Sea catfish, oyster toadfish, and gray snapper were found only in the latter. The canals contained from 15 to 28 different fish species, with clupeids, sparids, and sciaenids predominating. Standing crops within pipeline canals are apparently higher than in surrounding areas, but potential brood stock may never reproduce because they are trapped within the canals.
Avalanche statistics and time-resolved grain dynamics for a driven heap.

We probe the dynamics of intermittent avalanches caused by steady addition of grains to a quasi-two-dimensional heap. To characterize the time-dependent average avalanche flow speed $v(t)$, we image the top free surface. To characterize the grain fluctuation speed $\ensuremath{\delta}v(t)$, we use speckle-visibility spectroscopy. During an avalanche, we find that the fluctuation speed is approximately one-tenth the average flow speed, $\ensuremath{\delta}v\ensuremath{\approx}0.1v$, and that these speeds are largest near the beginning of an event. We also find that the distribution of event durations is peaked, and that event sizes are correlated with the time interval since the end of the previous event. At high rates of grain addition, where successive avalanches merge into smooth continuous flow, the relationship between average and fluctuation speeds changes to $\ensuremath{\delta}v\ensuremath{\sim}{v}^{1/2}$.
Orbit/deorbit analysis for the Mars rover sample return mission

Four astrodynamic problems involved in a combined Mars rover and surface sample return mission projected for the early 1990s are explored. Two of the problems are associated with the satisfaction of the specific mission requirements at Mars, calling for the initial orbit entered into at Mars to be highly eccentric and to have a very low periapsis altitude (about 250 km). The problem of placing an areosynchronous communications satellite in orbit around Mars is then discussed. Finally, the problem of deorbiting to a specified landing site from a highly eccentric orbit is considered.
A spherical cavity-expansion penetration model for concrete targets

We developed a spherical, cavity-expansion penetration model for concrete targets. Target constitutive descriptions idealized pressure-volumetric strain as incompressible or linear compressible and idealized shear strength-pressure as Mohr-Coulomb with a tension cutoff. We showed these idealized material descriptions were reasonable approximations to triaxial material data. Predictions from the compressible penetration model are in good agreement with depth of penetration data for a 30.5-mm-diameter, 1.60 kg, ogive-nose, rod projectile for striking velocities to 1100 m/s.
An Inhibitor of the Binding of Thyroid Hormones to Serum Proteins Is Present in Extrathyroidal Tissues

Extrathyroidal tissues of man and the rat contain a potent inhibitor of the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins and to an anion-exchange resin. The inhibitor is heat-labile and nondialyzable. It acts by reducing the binding affinity of thyroid hormones to serum proteins, not by reducing the number of binding sites. The tissue inhibitor is similar in several characteristics to an inhibitor described previously in the serum of some critically ill patients, suggesting that the tissue inhibitor may leak into the circulation in severe illnesses.
EFFECT OF BAKING AND TOASTING ON THE PROTEIN QUALITY AND LYSINE AVAILABILITY OF BREAD1

The protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR), the protein digestibility in vivo (in rats) and in vitro (multienzyme digestion), and the lysine availability in vivo (in rats) and in vitro (fluorodinitrobenzene method) of unbaked bread mix, bread, crust, crumb, and bread toasted at two levels of darkening were determined. Compared to an adjusted PER of 0.75 for the unbaked bread ingredients, the PER of the entire loaf was 0.46, but that of the crumb was 0.91, while the crust showed a negative PER, —0.23. The corresponding NPR's were 1.51, 1.22, 1.62, and 0.69. Light toasting reduced the PER of the bread to 0.40 (NPR 1.11) and dark toasting to 0.16 (NPR 0.95). The protein digestibility decreased as the bread ingredients were exposed to greater amounts of heat (baking, light and dark toasting), but the crumb protein of untoasted bread was slightly more digestible in vivo than the protein of the raw bread ingredients. The total lysine content also decreased with increasing exposure to heat, the crumb lysine content being an exception. The available lysine content, as measured by either the biological or the chemical methods, suffered significant decrease as the heat exposure increased, and correlated very highly with PER (available lysine in vivo vs PER, r = 0.988; available lysine in vitro vs PER, r = 0.979).
Aluminum than films with in-plane modulated superconducting structures

Abstract We have investigated superconducting properties of aluminum thin films with periodically modulated regions of different transition temperatures (Tc). These samples are made by microlithography and reactive ion etching techniques. They provide a simple and flexible alternative to metallic superlattices previously used in studying the effects of periodicity and anisotropy on superconductivity. Results indicate that these films show global superconducting behavior with properties determined by modulation length scales.
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is a mammotrophic factor released by neurointermediate lobe cells after estrogen treatment.

When neurointermediate lobe (NIL) cells from ovariectomized rats are exposed to 17 beta-estradiol (E2) in vitro, they release a substance that rapidly induces the recruitment of additional PRL cells into the secretory pool. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that this mammotrophic factor is alpha MSH. Cocultures of anterior pituitary and NIL cells were incubated for 18 h, exposed to various treatments for 3 h, and then subjected to a reverse hemolytic plaque assay to quantify the percentage of all pituitary cells that released PRL. Combined exposure to E2 and NIL cells caused a significant increase in the fraction of anterior pituitary cells that released PRL, and the presence of TRH during the reverse hemolytic plaque assay did not affect the magnitude of the response. Treatment with dopamine (which inhibits alpha MSH release) reversed the recruitment of PRL secretors induced by E2 stimulation of NIL cells. Likewise, immunoneutralization with an antiserum directed against alpha MSH abolished t...
Comment on spanning trees for multibody dynamic simulation

Abstract The results of [1] are generalized to accept an arbitrary search method for the construction of a spanning tree of the mechanical system graph.
Applications of genetic technologies to cancer screening, prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment

Purpose: To help oncology nurses to appreciate genetic contributions to carcinogenesis; to learn how genetic changes are connected to biological mechanisms underlying cancer initiation, promotion, and progression; and to become familiar with new genetic technologies being incorporated into clinical oncology practice. Data sources: Review of published professional journals and oncology textbooks. Conclusions: Molecular genetic approaches with high sensitivity and specificity offer new hope for the improved evaluation of potential carcinogens, cancer prevention, early and accurate diagnosis, more reliable prognosis, and effective treatment and monitoring of cancer. Effective translation of molecular technologies will require development of improved methods, clinical validation studies, high-quality control, multisite clinical outcome studies, and development of multidisciplinary collaborations. Implications for nursing practice: Oncology nurses are incorporating new genetic technologies into the following areas of practice: patient education, cancer prevention and control, diagnostic and prognostic testing, and treatment.
Trichodiene Synthase. Probing the Role of the Highly Conserved Aspartate-Rich Region by Site-Directed Mutagenesis†

Trichodiene synthase catalyzes the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate to the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon trichodiene. The enzyme normally requires a divalent cation, Mg2+, which can be substituted by Mn2+. Trichodiene synthase from Fusarium sporotrichioides has a highly conserved aspartate rich region, aa 100−104 (DDSKD). Three mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in which each aspartate residue was individually replaced by glutamate. The mutants were each overexpressed and purified to homogeneity. The importance of Asp100 and Asp101 for catalysis was established by the observation of an increase in Km as well as a reduction in kcat in the corresponding Glu mutants. Replacement of the Asp104 residue with Glu had little effect on either Km or kcat. All three mutants produced anomalous sesquiterpene products in addition to trichodiene when incubated with farnesyl diphosphate. Interestingly, when Mg2+ was replaced by Mn2+ in the incubation buffer, the kcat/Km of both wild type trichodiene syn...
Strength-Fatigue Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strengthened Prestressed Concrete T-Beams

Strengthening concrete girders with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) is becoming an increasingly common practice as more research investigations are favorably qualifying the technique. However, important behavioral aspects, such as fatigue in prestressed concrete beams, are yet to be adequately evaluated. An experimental program was conducted to test five pretensioned, prestressed concrete T beams designed for specific prestressing strand stress ranges under live-load conditions. The experimental testing consisted of precracking the beams, strengthening them with carbon FRP, and mechanically loading them to study the effect of increasing the live load on strand fatigue. The beams were either loaded monotonically to ultimate capacity or cyclically fatigued and then loaded monotonically to failure. All the beams were monotonically loaded past their cracking moment at midspan prior to strengthening, to simulate girders in the field. Beam 1 was tested as a control specimen under static loading up to failure. Beams 2 and 3 were strengthened with carbon FRP to have a design stress range of 124 MPa (18 ksi) under service load condition. Beams 4 and 5 were strengthened to have a higher stress range of 248 MPa (36 ksi). For all the strengthened beams, the failure mode observed was FRP rupture. The results favorably qualify the application of FRP strengthening to increase the live load of concrete beams prestressed with straight strands.
SURVEY OF PRACTICAL TRAINING IN INFORMATION SCIENCE.

This paper presents a survey of practical training being conducted in the United States. All the universities known by the authors to have programs to train information scientists and all the industrial organizations known or thought to have programs for this type of training were surveyed. No qualitative assessments are made by the authors. Rather, quantitative results of the survey are presented on various program characteristics. Tables 1 & 2 summarize certain facts about the programs of the organizations.
Nanotechnologies for efficient solar energy conversion and storage

We describe nanotechnologies that improve the conversion efficiency of solar energy into electricity, and enhance the round-trip efficiency of energy storage systems. We describe nanostructures that enhance light concentration, light trapping, photon absorption, charge generation, carrier multiplication, hot electron extraction, charge transport, and current collection in photovoltaic systems, as well as nanomaterials that enhance the efficiency of electrochemical processes, boost gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, reduce the rate of self-discharge, increase the peak power rating, and extend the cycle life of secondary batteries.
A controller design for multi-body large angle maneuvers

Active large angle slewing maneuvers of a multi-body flexible dynamic system are investigated. An appropriate state variable transformation and a feedback linearization technique are employed to transform the dynamics of the nonlinear system to a new state that is more amenable to control design procedures. Closed-loop feedback algorithms are implemented to perform slewing maneuvers, while simultaneously suppressing flexural vibrations of the system. Stability of this class of nonlinear systems is also investigated, whereby a sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of the system is established. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the proposed active control algorithms.
Ethics and Nostalgia in the Contemporary Novel

Images of loss and yearning played a crucial role in literary texts written in the later part of the twentieth century. Despite deep cultural differences, novelists from Africa, the Caribbean, Great Britain, and the United States share a sense that the economic, social, and political forces associated with late modernity have evoked widespread nostalgia within the communities in which they write. In this original and wide-ranging study, John J. Su explores the relationship between nostalgia and ethics in novels across the English-speaking world. He challenges the tendency in literary studies to characterise memory as positive and nostalgia as necessarily negative. Instead, this book argues that nostalgic fantasies are crucial to the ethical visions presented by topical novels. From Jean Rhys to Wole Soyinka and from V. S. Naipaul to Toni Morrison, Su identifies nostalgia as a central concern in the twentieth-century novel.
On the constraints of quantum gravity in the loop representation

Abstract Based on Ashtekar's new variables there are two different representation for canonical quantum gravity, the connection representation and the loop representation. In contrast to the situation in the connection representation, it is not straightforward to obtain the constraints of quantum gravity in the loop representation. Classically, the constraints expressed in terms of the Ashtekar variables can be obtained from the loop variables in the limit where loops are shrunk to a point. We give precise meaning to this shrinking process at the classical and quantum level and find as the corresponding operator the area derivative on the space of loop functionals. This enables us to derive the diffeomorphism and hamiltonian constraints of quantum gravity in the loop representation in terms of the area derivative. In particular, the hamiltonian constraint arises in exactly the form already obtained by Gambini, but we do not resort to a formal transform between the connection and the loop representation. We interpret the hamiltonian constraint in terms of a generalized version of the shift operator introduced by Rovelli and Smolin.
Optimising the Use of β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists in Coronary Artery Disease

β-Adrenoceptor antagonists (β-blockers) provide multiple benefits to patients with coronary artery disease. The 2001 American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) guidelines for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI) recommend initiating β-adrenoceptor blockade in all post-MI patients and continuing therapy indefinitely. Atenolol and metoprolol have been shown to decrease vascular mortality in the acute-MI period. In the post-MI period timolol provided a 39% reduction in mortality in the Norwegian Multicenter Study group and propranolol was associated with a 26% reduction in mortality in BHAT (Beta-blocker Heart Attack Trial). β-Adrenoceptor antagonist therapy results in reduction of myocardial oxygen demand and is therefore also effective for the treatment of angina pectoris.
The NIP graph of a social welfare function

We consider the fraction of pairs of m distinct alternatives on which a social welfare function f may be nondictatorially independent and Pareto when the domain of f satisfies the free k-tuple property. When k = 4 we improve the existing upper bound to \({\frac{1}{\sqrt{m - 1}}}\) . When there are at least 26 alternatives and \({k\ge \frac{m}{2}-1}\) we obtain an original upper bound, \({\frac{2(m + 2)}{m(m - 1)}}\) . To obtain these results we define and analyze the graph formed from the nondictatorial independent and Pareto pairs and combine the results of this analysis with known results from extremal graph theory.
Translational energy study of CH3 photofragments following (n, π*) excitation of acetone

Abstract Excitation of a molecular beam of acetone at 266 nm leads to methyl photofragments that have been examined by resonant multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analysis of the arrival time profile of CH 3 + reveals a broad translational energy distribution for vibrationless methyl photofragments, with mean energy E T = 45.8 ± 4.0 kJ mol −1 . The CH 3 0 0 photofragments are ejected isotropically in space. The mean photofragment recoil energy for two-body dissociation agrees with a recent determination of the acetone dissociation barrier height. Results are discussed in the context of related experiments on α-cleavage dynamics of acetic acid.
Perception, Transparency, and the Language of Thought

My topic is the idea that perception is, in G.E. Moore's words, diaphanous or transparent. As I shall understand this idea-what I shall be calling the transparency view-it consists in two claims, one about the contents of perception, the other about the introspective availability of other aspects of the perceptual state. About the contents of perception, the view holds that the properties we are aware of in perception are normally properties of the objects perceived; with respect to introspection, the view holds that introspection of our perceptual state reveals no additional properties. Often philosophers who subscribe to the first transparency claim also subscribe to the second-well-known examples are Gilbert Harman (1990) and Michael Tye (1994)-but it is possible to accept the first claim but not the second: for example, Ned Block (1995), who believes that our ordinary unreflective perceptual experience is of colored objects, also thinks that we become aware of qualitative features of our perceptual state-what Block calls qualia-upon introspection. 1
Proteoglycans in the nervous system

Proteoglycans are ubiquitous cell-surface and secreted glycoproteins that are involved in diverse cellular behaviors. The identities of several nervous system proteoglycans, including many of the major species in the mammalian brain, have recently come to light. In addition, recent studies have given new insights into the roles of proteoglycans in nervous system development and function.
Can Professional Environments in Schools Promote Teacher Development? Explaining Heterogeneity in Returns to Teaching Experience:

Although wide variation in teacher effectiveness is well established, much less is known about differences in teacher improvement over time. We document that average returns to teaching experience mask large variation across individual teachers and across groups of teachers working in different schools. We examine the role of school context in explaining these differences using a measure of the professional environment constructed from teachers responses to state-wide surveys. Our analyses show that teachers working in more supportive professional environments improve their effectiveness more over time than teachers working in less supportive contexts. On average, teachers working in schools at the 75th percentile of professional environment ratings improved 38% more than teachers in schools at the 25th percentile after 10 years.
Attenuation of ultraviolet radiation in streams of northern Michigan

AbstractWe measured the attenuation of ultraviolet B (UVB) and ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation in 32 streams located within the Ontonagon River watershed on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. Attenuation coefficients (Kd) of UVB and UVA ranged widely among these streams, but generally translated into relatively shallow 1% transmission depths into the water column (2–45 cm for UVB and 6–103 cm for UVA). Both Kd UVB and Kd UVA were positively correlated with stream dissolved organic C concentration (DOC, range 2–35 mg C/L). Absorbance coefficients of dissolved matter (ad) of UVB and UVA also were strongly correlated with DOC. Kd UVA (but not Kd UVB) was weakly related to the concentration of particulate organic C and DOC molar absorptivity. DOC-specific Kd UVB was, on average, higher in streams of our study compared to previously published values from lakes and wetlands. We developed a statistical model that predicts UVB flux to benthic organisms. The model incorporates information on water depth, DOC conc...
BMP signaling plays a role in visceral endoderm differentiation and cavitation in the early mouse embryo

At E4.0 the inner cell mass of the mouse blastocyst consists of a core of embryonic ectoderm cells surrounded by an outer layer of primitive (extraembryonic) endoderm, which subsequently gives rise to both visceral endoderm and parietal endoderm. Shortly after blastocyst implantation, the solid mass of ectoderm cells is converted by a process known as cavitation into a pseudostratified columnar epithelium surrounding a central cavity. We have previously used two cell lines, which form embryoid bodies that do (PSA1) or do not (S2) cavitate, as an in vitro model system for studying the mechanism of cavitation in the early embryo. We provided evidence that cavitation is the result of both programmed cell death and selective cell survival, and that the process depends on signals from visceral endoderm (Coucouvanis, E. and Martin, G. R. (1995) Cell 83, 279-287). Here we show that Bmp2 and Bmp4 are expressed in PSA1 embryoid bodies and embryos at the stages when visceral endoderm differentiation and cavitation are occurring, and that blocking BMP signaling via expression of a transgene encoding a dominant negative mutant form of BMP receptor IB inhibits expression of the visceral endoderm marker, Hnf4, and prevents cavitation in PSA1 embryoid bodies. Furthermore, we show that addition of BMP protein to cultures of S2 embryoid bodies induces expression of Hnf4 and other visceral endoderm markers and also cavitation. Taken together, these data indicate that BMP signaling is both capable of promoting, and required for differentiation of, visceral endoderm and cavitation of embryoid bodies. Based on these and other data, we propose a model for the role of BMP signaling during peri-implantation stages of mouse embryo development.
Interfacial tension of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) with other polymer melts

The interfacial tension of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) with various thermoplastics of different compostion and polarity has been carried out using the breaking thread and pendent drop methods. The value of the polyethylene (PE)/PPS interfacial tension is found to be intermediate between PE/polysulfone and PE/polycarbonate. The highest interfacial tension for PPS found in the systems studied was with polyamide-6 followed by PE. The lowest values were with polysulfone followed by polystyrene. The effects of small additions of polysulfone and polystyrene in PPS on interfacial tension is studied with various thermoplastics. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat.

The corticofugal projection from 12 auditory cortical fields onto the medial geniculate body was investigated in adult cats by using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or biotinylated dextran amines. The chief goals were to determine the degree of divergence from single cortical fields, the pattern of convergence from several fields onto a single nucleus, the extent of reciprocal relations between corticothalamic and thalamocortical connections, and to contrast and compare the patterns of auditory corticogeniculate projections with corticofugal input to the inferior colliculus. The main findings were that (1) single areas showed a wide range of divergence, projecting to as few as 5, and to as many as 15, thalamic nuclei; (2) most nuclei received projections from approximately five cortical areas, whereas others were the target of as few as three areas; (3) there was global corticothalamicthalamocortical reciprocity in every experiment, and there were also significant instances of nonreciprocal projections, with the corticothalamic input often more extensive; (4) the corticothalamic projection was far stronger and more divergent than the corticocollicular projection from the same areas, suggesting that the thalamus and the inferior colliculus receive differential degrees of corticofugal control; (5) cochleotopically organized areas had fewer corticothalamic projections than fields in which tonotopy was not a primary feature; and (6) all corticothalamic projections were topographic, focal, and clustered, indicating that areas with limited cochleotopic organization still have some internal spatial arrangement. The areas with the most divergent corticothalamic projections were polysensory regions in the posterior ectosylvian gyrus. The projection patterns were indistinguishable for the two tracers. These findings suggest that every auditory thalamic nucleus is under some degree of descending control. Many of the projections preserve the relations between cochleotopically organized thalamic and auditory areas, and suggest topographic relations between nontonotopic areas and nuclei. The collective size of the corticothalamic system suggests that both lemniscal and extralemniscal auditory thalamic nuclei receive significant corticofugal input.
A statistical model of low temperature blister formation in helium-implanted metals

Abstract A model of the growth of large bubbles in solids during ion implantation is presented. In this model, the random formation of “vacancies” or defect clusters in a lattice is simulated by Monte Carlo methods. Lattice defects within a certain cutoff distance of one another are assumed to coalesce and rearrange themselves in as near to spherical geometry as possible. This iterative process of coalescence and rearrangement continues until all defects are farther apart than the cutoff distance. Then a new random defect is introduced and the process continues. In this way, isolated defects agglomerate into the larger bubbles. This process, rather than the radiation displacement of atoms directly on the bubble surface, dominates the growth. It is found that the growth rate of the largest bubble is slow until a critical concentration is reached, after which the bubble grows at an accelerated rate. The defect concentration and bubble density at which this occurs are in agreement with recent experimental ev...
Teen Mothers Parenting their Own Teen Offspring The Moderating Role of Parenting Support

This study investigated whether parenting support moderated relations between age of mother at childbirth and parental responsiveness and monitoring. The sample included 212 African American families living in urban public housing; Offspring were entering adolescence when data were collected. Parenting support was measured by assessing the perceived assistance mothers received with parenting tasks. Child maternal and observer reports of maternal responsiveness and child and maternal reports of monitoring were used to measure parenting behaviors. Multigroup structural equation modeling was employed to examine the hypotheses. Results indicated that parenting support moderated the association between age of mother at childbirth and monitoring. Specifically the younger a mother is when she has her child the less she monitors her child but only if she perceives that she is receiving little parenting support. Among mothers who reported higher levels of parenting support no relationship existed between age of mother and monitoring behavior. (authors)
Antecedents to Fechner's law: the astronomers J. Herschel, W. R. Dawes, and N. R. Pogson.

The history of the stellar magnitude scale is briefly traced from the second century b.c. until the middle of the nineteenth century. It becomes clear that astronomers formulated “Fechner's Law” by about 1850. While Fechner is credited with the grander view of things, the contention is made that the astronomers John Herschel, W. R. Dawes, and N. R. Pogson have not been given their due by historians of psychology.
Application of the stoichiometric displacement model of retention to anion-exchange chromatography of nucleic acids

The stoichiometric displacement model has been refined in its application to anion-exchange chromatography. The revised stoichiometric displacement model has been shown to be valid for anion-exchange chromatography with respect to all particulars of the model tested. It has been shown that the use of displacing agent activity is not a necessary condition for valid application of the stoichiometric displacement model to anion-exchange chromatography. While the cation of the displacing salt can influence anion-exchange chromatography, the data indicate that the displacing anion is of primary importance. It has been shown that solutes with three-dimensional structure have Zn value to solute charge ratios less than unity, and that the stoichiometric displacement model may be useful as a probe of solute three-dimensional structure.
The TEM and its Optics

This chapter is an introduction to the transmission electron microscope (TEM), using ray diagrams to discuss its essential optical design and its component subsystems. Bright- and dark-field imaging are explained, as is selected area diffraction, convergent beam diffraction, high-angle annular dark field imaging, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Some practical issues of spectroscopy, diffraction, and imaging are discussed. Both glass lenses and magnetic lenses are described, and their focusing action is explained by ray tracing and by phase distortions of the wavefront. Brightness and other issues underlying image resolution are described, and limits of resolution are presented for different high-resolution methods.
The surprising dynamics of scaffolding proteins

The function of scaffolding proteins is to bring together two or more proteins in a relatively stable configuration, hence their name. Numerous scaffolding proteins are found in nature, many having multiple protein-protein interaction modules. Over the past decade, examples of scaffolding complexes long thought to be stable have instead been found to be surprisingly dynamic. These studies are scattered among different biological systems, and so the concept that scaffolding complexes might not always represent stable entities and that their dynamics can be regulated has not garnered general attention. We became aware of this issue in our studies of a scaffolding protein in microvilli, which forced us to reevaluate its contribution to their structure. The purpose of this Perspective is to draw attention to this phenomenon and discuss why complexes might show regulated dynamics. We also wish to encourage more studies on the dynamics of "stable" complexes and to provide a word of caution about how functionally important dynamic associations may be missed in biochemical and proteomic studies.
Glass transition and melting behavior of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite, studied by electrical resistance measurement

DC electrical resistance measurement was applied to investigate the glass transition and melting behavior of carbon fiber reinforced nylon-6 composite. The electrical resistance exhibited temperature dependencies that were attributed to the matrix molecular movements associated with structural transitions. The electrical resistance was affected by the degree of crystallinity and the thermal oxidative degradation, which were governed by the thermal history. The resistance results are consistent with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results. The resistance is more sensitive to the glass transition than DSC.
Prolonged expression of zinc finger immediate-early gene mRNAs and decreased protein synthesis following kainic acid induced seizures

In the present study in situ hybridization was used to study the effect of kainic acid induced seizures on the expression of the zinc finger immediate-early genes (IEGs) NGFI-A, NGFI-B, NGFI-C, egr-2; egr-3 and Nurr1. Kainic acid markedly induced these IEGs especially in hippocampus, cortex and amygdala by 30 min. This induction gradually decreased and returned to baseline by 24 h in most regions. However, in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of hippocampus known to be damaged by kainic acid the expression of all the IEGs except egr-2 remained elevated for 24 h. NGFI-A, NGFI-B, NGFI-C and to a lesser extent, Nurr1, remained elevated also in the subcortical region of the temporal lobe. By 24 h incorporation of 14C-leucine decreased in the piriform cortex, amygdala, and in the CA1 and CA3 subfields, but not in CA2 and dentate gyrus. These areas showing decreased protein synthesis in the hippocampus by 24 h showed prolonged IEG induction, whereas IEG expression returned to control levels in areas showing normal protein synthesis. In the temporal lobe decreased protein synthesis coexisted with decreased IEG expression, whereas areas in the vicinity of the region showing decreased protein synthesis demonstrated elevated IEG expression. The decreased protein synthesis was localized in areas where extensive neuronal death has occurred. This prolonged IEG induction in the hippocampus, which has been linked with neuronal death, could solely represent a prolonged mRNA turnover caused by disrupted protein synthesis. The prolonged IEG expression in the temporal lobe appeared to be localized in regions where the cells are in stress, but still viable. The sustained IEG expression might therefore either represent a stress response by which the neurons are trying to protect themselves or, alternatively, the IEG response may be an early sign indicating that these cells are initiating a pathway leading to programmed cell death.
Rapid Aggregation of Biofuel-Producing Algae by the Bacterium Bacillus sp. Strain RP1137

Algal biofuels represent one of the most promising means of sustainably replacing liquid fuels. However, significant challenges remain before alga-based fuels become competitive with fossil fuels. One of the largest challenges is the ability to harvest the algae in an economical and low-energy manner. In this article, we describe the isolation of a bacterial strain, Bacillus sp. strain RP1137, which can rapidly aggregate several algae that are candidates for biofuel production, including a Nannochloropsis sp. This bacterium aggregates algae in a pH-dependent and reversible manner and retains its aggregation ability after paraformaldehyde fixation, opening the possibility for reuse of the cells. The optimal ratio of bacteria to algae is described, as is the robustness of aggregation at different salinities and temperatures. Aggregation is dependent on the presence of calcium or magnesium ions. The efficiency of aggregation of Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1 is between 70 and 95% and is comparable to that obtained by other means of harvest; however, the rate of harvest is fast, with aggregates forming in 30 s.
Adversarial behavior in complex adaptive systems: an overview of ICST's research on competitive adaptation in militant networks

There is widespread agreement among scholars and practitioners that terrorism scholarship suffers from a lack of primary-source field research [1]. The absence of solid ethnographic research has yielded studies that suffer from a lack of rigorous analysis and often result in opinion masquerading as analysis. This dearth of field work stems in part from a failure to integrate ethnographic research into computational modeling efforts. The project outlined in this paper seeks to redress this deficiency by combining the strengths of ethnographic field research with sophisticated computational models of individual and group behavior. Specifically, we analyze data from interview transcripts, news reports, and other open sources concerning the militant activist group Al-Muhajiroun and the terrorist groups Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Using competitive adaptation as a comparative organizational framework, this project focuses on the process by which adversaries learn from each other in complex adaptive systems and tailor their activities to achieve their organizational goals in light of their opponents' action.
A Class of Decentralized Routing Algorithms Using Relaxation

An important problem in packet-switched communication networks is the optimal assignment of routes to the message packets. An optimal routing assignment is one which chooses network paths for the packets in a way that minimizes some cost function, typically average message delay. A class of optimal routing algorithms is described which utilize a type of iterative computation known as relaxation. Computation is decentralized in the sense that each node computes its routing strategy using only information supplied from adjacent nodes. Being iterative, the algorithms are inherently adaptive. The routing computation is based conceptually on an electrical network analog for the optimization problem. We show that a simple, convergent relaxation procedure can be used to "solve" the analog network, thereby yielding the optimal routing strategy. A simple example is presented to illustrate the method. In general, the computational load compares favorably with other (centralized) methods, although further work is needed to obtain quantitive comparisons in specific cases.
Automatic Identification of Change Points for the System Testing Process

The application of the CDM model has proven to be effective and accurate. The piecewise approximation used relies on the proper identification of re-calibration points. These points are identified based on the observation of the testing process. However, not all change points are easily identifiable. In this paper, we present a new technique for the automatic identification of change points which increases the applicability and accuracy of 'the CDM model. In addition, identification of change points can also be used to increase the understanding of the general behavior of a testing process by providing an expected signature for future projects
GQBE: Querying knowledge graphs by example entity tuples

We present GQBE, a system that presents a simple and intuitive mechanism to query large knowledge graphs. Answers to tasks such as “list university professors who have designed some programming languages and also won an award in Computer Science” are best found in knowledge graphs that record entities and their relationships. Real-world knowledge graphs are difficult to use due to their sheer size and complexity and the challenging task of writing complex structured graph queries. Toward better usability of query systems over knowledge graphs, GQBE allows users to query knowledge graphs by example entity tuples without writing complex queries. In this demo we present: 1) a detailed description of the various features and user-friendly GUI of GQBE, 2) a brief description of the system architecture, and 3) a demonstration scenario that we intend to show the audience.
Perinatal depression : treatment options and dilemmas

The treatment of depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period raises unique concerns about safety for the developing fetus and the infant. An increasing number of studies suggest adverse effects from untreated stress, anxiety and depression as well as adverse effects from antidepressant and other psychotropic medications. Even when studies suggest a lack of short-term adverse effects with some medications, the paucity of systematic longitudinal follow-up studies investigating the development of children exposed to medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding causes apprehension. This review's objective is to highlight what is currently known about the negative effects of untreated disease and exposure to psychotropic medication, the treatment dilemmas confronting women with perinatal depression and issues that future studies should address so that a woman with perinatal depression can make an optimally informed decision.
OSA Syndrome and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Clinical Outcomes and Impact of Positive Airway Pressure Therapy.

Background We sought to determine the impact of OSA syndrome (OSAS) on symptoms and quality of life (QoL) among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, we assessed adherence and response to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy in this population. Methods This was a case-controlled observational cohort study at the Sleep Disorders Center of an academic military medical center. Two hundred consecutive patients with PTSD underwent sleep evaluations. Patients with PTSD with and without OSAS were compared with 50 consecutive age-matched patients with OSAS without PTSD and 50 age-matched normal control subjects. Polysomnographic data, sleep-related symptoms and QoL measures, and objective PAP usage were obtained. Results Among patients with PTSD, more than one-half (56.6%) received a diagnosis of OSAS. Patients with PTSD and OSAS had lower QoL and more somnolence compared with the other groups. Patients with PTSD demonstrated significantly lower adherence and response to PAP therapy. Resolution of sleepiness occurred in 82% of patients with OSAS alone, compared with 62.5% of PAP-adherent and 21.4% of nonadherent patients with PTSD and OSAS ( P P Conclusions In patients with PTSD, comorbid OSAS is associated with worsened symptoms, QoL, and adherence and response to PAP. Given the negative impact on outcomes, the possibility of OSAS should be considered carefully in patients with PTSD. Close follow-up is needed to optimize PAP adherence and efficacy in this at-risk population.
The occurrence and significance of motile erythrocytes in human blood and marrow in anemic states.

1. With the aid of supravital studies and dark-field illumination, "motile" erythrocytes (capable of self initiated amoeboid-like change in form and, in some cases, movement from place to place) may be found in the peripheral blood of cases of anemia, particularly those of the macrocytic variety. 2. These motile erythrocytes are usually hypochromic, contain mitochondria and neutral red-stainable granules, all of which are attributes of normal but immature red cells. 3. Motile erythrocytes similar to those found in the blood of human patients with anemias are found in the blood of normal rabbits and mice. 4. In the marrow of patients with macrocytic anemias, megaloblasts and megalocytes may be found which give rise to motile erythrocytes by budding. 5. Poikilocytosis, motility, paleness, content of mitochondria and neutral red stainable granules, and origin by budding from a large parent cell do not differentiate the erythrocytes of pernicious anemia from those of other anemic states.
Surface Modification of Poly (alkyl/Arylphosphazene) Thin Films

Poly (methylphenylphosphazene) (PMPP) is an example of a unique class of inorganic polymers with alternating–(P=N)–backbones. Chemical modification of bulk PMPP can result in changes of physical properties such as chemical resistance, onset temperature of thermal degradation, elasticity, and flexibility. Surface modification of PMPP allows tailoring of the chemical properties at the polymer interface while maintaining the integrity of the bulk polymer. In this research, PMPP thin films were treated to form carboxylate or carboxylic acid groups at the surface. Surface modification was monitored by following changes in contact angle. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions of carboxylated PMPP surfaces allow for mesoscale interactions of thin polymer films.
PM-03ROLE OF Olig2 PHOSPHORYLATION IN PEDIATRIC GLIOMA FORMATION

Malignant gliomas are a leading cause of tumor-related mortality in children. Current therapies often have significant adverse effects on brain development and are largely ineffective against aggressive gliomas. The development of rational therapies has been limited by poor information regarding the cell of origin for pediatric glioma and the relevant underlying genetic alterations. Recent findings now reveal that mutations existing in pediatric glioma are different than those seen in adult gliomas. For example, BRAFV600E activating mutations are associated with deletion of the tumor suppressor gene, p16 (Ink4a-Arf), in about 15% of pediatric gliomas. We have generated a faithful genetic mouse model in which there is concomitant activation of BRAFV600E and deletion of Ink4a-Arf in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) leading to the generation of pediatric high-grade glioma. OPCs have been shown to be a potential cell of origin for glioma and expression of Olig2 is found in 100 percent of human pediatric and adult high-grade gliomas. Given that Olig2 is also required for normal myelin development, targeting all Olig2-expressing cells with small molecule inhibitors would likely have detrimental effects. We have recently found that Olig2 protein is present in a phosphorylated form that promotes proliferation of adult glioma cells. In this study, we demonstrate that phospho-Olig2 is expressed in tumorigenic oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and is required for pediatric glioma generation. In addition, we found that phospho-Olig2 and Olig2 interact with different proteins, some of which are feasible drug targets. This study gives insights into new therapies by understanding key protein interactions in normal oligodendrocyte development as well as in tumorigenic oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.