cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interferometric methods for three-dimensional target reconstruction with multipass circular SAR

The authors consider three-dimensional (3-D) target construction from SAR data collected on multiple complete circular apertures at different elevation angles. The 3-D resolution of circular SAR systems is constrained by two factors: the sparse sampling in elevation and the limited azimuthal persistence of the reflectors in the scene. Three-dimensional target reconstruction with multipass circular SAR data is further complicated by non-uniform elevation spacing in real flight paths and non-constant elevation angle throughout the circular passes. The authors first study parametric spectral estimation methods that extend standard IFSAR method of height estimation to apertures at more than two elevation angles. Next, they show that linear interpolation of the phase history data leads to unsatisfactory performance in 3-D reconstruction from non-uniformly sampled elevation passes. The authors then present a new sparsity regularised interpolation algorithm to preprocess non-uniform elevation samples to create a virtual uniformly spaced array. The authors illustrate the performance of the proposed method using data from EM simulations and data collected from a wideband X-band airborne sensor.
THE CRYING BABY SYNDROME: THE ROLE OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX

Crying babies present many diagnostic dilemmas. We studied 10 infants, ages 5-24 months (mean 10.8 mo.) who presented with persistent nocturnal crying;some also with postprandial irritability. None had vomiting or weight loss.Mean duration of symptoms was 5.5 mos. Criteria for a GE reflux workup included severe disruption of family life and failure to respond to a milk and soy free diet. Methods: Infants were evaluated by GI series, overnight intraesophageal pH monitoring, and endoscopy. Results:Upper GI series revealed no anatomical abnormalities and significant GE reflux in 3 patients. Overnight pH probe study showed abnormal acid clearance in all patients, correlating with crying and irritability. Endoscopy and biopsy revealed esophagitis in one patient. Follow-up: All patients responded to antacid therapy. 6-24 months after therapy indicates no evidence for recurrence of GER, or chronic esophagitis. Conclusions:1. GER is an important and not uncommon cause of the nocturnal and/or postprandial irritability in infancy.2. Intraesophageal pH probe monitoring appears to be the best method for detecting GER in these patients and correlates well with symptoms. 2. Only 1/10 (10%) of patients had esophagitis on biopsy. 4. None have progressed to chronic esophagitis.
A population-based study of the association between coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and cognitive decline: the Cache County study.

Background The relationship between coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and cognitive decline remains uncertain, in particular with regard to whether there is delayed cognitive decline associated with this procedure. Methods This was a population-based cohort study involving participants in the Cache County Study of Memory Health and Aging. At baseline the study enrolled 5,092 persons age 65 and older and followed them up three years later and again four years after that. Individuals who reported having undergone CABG surgery at study baseline or had this surgery in between follow-up waves were compared to individuals who never reported having the surgery. The main outcome measure was the Modified Mini Mental State (3MS). Multilevel models were used to examine the relationship between CABG surgery and cognitive decline over time. Results Study participants who had CABG surgery evidenced 0.95 points of greater decline relative to baseline on the 3MS at the first follow-up interview after CABG, and an average of 1.9 points of greater decline at the second follow-up interview, than those without CABG (t = −2.51, df = 2,316, p = 0.0121), after adjusting for several covariates, including number of vascular conditions. This decline was restricted to individuals who were more than five years past the procedure and was not evident in the early years after the surgery. Conclusions CABG surgery is associated with accelerated cognitive decline more than five years after the procedure in a long-lived population. This decline is small and its clinical significance is uncertain. We could not find an association between CABG and decline in the first five post-operative years. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ON THE CO-EVOLUTION OF EVOLVING EXPRESSIONS

Perhaps the best known example of user-guided evolution is furnished by evolving expressions, an image generation technique first introduced by Sims. In this version of artificial evolution, images are evolved for aesthetic purposes, hence any fitness measure used must be based on aesthetics. We consider the problem of guiding image evolution autonomously on the basis of computational, as opposed to user-assigned, aesthetic fitness. Due to the difficulty of formulating an absolute criterion for aesthetic fitness, we adopt a coevolutionary approach, relying on hosts and parasites to establish relative criteria for aesthetic fitness. To sustain the coevolutionary arms race, we allow coevolution to proceed in stages. This permits appropriate fitness levels to be maintained within the parasite populations we use to infect host image populations. Using staged coevolution produces two beneficial results: (1) longer survival times for subpopulations of host images, and (2) stable phenotypic lineages for host images.
Community Homogeneity and Consensus on Leadership

(1968). Community Homogeneity and Consensus on Leadership. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 387-396.
Unsteady Thin-Airfoil Theory for Subsonic Flow

An approximate theory has been developed for the unsteady motion of a two-dimensional thin airfoil in subsonic flow. The basic theory is restricted by the condition that (s//?2)2 <^ 1, where e is i/(2n) times the product of the Mach number M and the conventional reduced frequency CM, and ft2 = 1 —M 2. Closed-form expressions are presented for the forces on, the circulation about, and the strength of the vortex wake emanating from a two-dimensional thin airfoil that is subjected to the general class of oscillating upwash distribution whose A dependence may be expanded in a cosine series. Expressions are also set down for three particularly important examples of this upwash distribution, namely the Kemp-type upwash, the convected sinusoidal gust, and the flutter case. Some preliminary comparisons of the present method with the few existing theories for the sinusoidal-gust case reveals good agreement up to at least M = 0.6 and for relatively large values of e.
Early weight-bearing and the correction of anteversion in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip.

1. From this study it appears that we have not used skeletal traction and derotation osteotomies frequently enough, although their use has become more frequent as this routine of treatment has been developed. 2. There is no correlation between the acetabular index and good and poor results. 3. Uncorrected abnormal anteversion does affect the results adversely. 4. Correction of anteversion by osteotomy decreases the necessity for open reduction. 5. Anteversion should be corrected before a turndown shelf operation or intraarticular procedures are done. 6. No specific degree of anteversion can be accepted as a definite indication for derotation osteotomy in all ages. The younger the child, the more likely it is that the "natural growth processes" will correct the anteversion. Any doubt should be resolved in favor of doing the osteotomy. In the author's opinion 30 degrees of anteversion is an indication for doing a derotation osteotomy. 7. It is the author's belief that the subtrochanteric area is the proper site for the derotation osteotomy. 8. The walking cast used after reduction does not appear to increase the incidence of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head.
Fermions and gauge vector mesons at finite temperature and density. I. Formal techniques

We construct the thermodynamic potential for quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics at finite temperature and density. We find the thermodynamic potential as a functional of the full propagators and vertices. This functional is stationary under variations of the full propagators and vertices by virtue of the Schwinger-Dyson equations, and may be interpreted as a classical action. We also discuss the renormalization of the propagators and vertices.
Chu spaces and their interpretation as concurrent objects

A Chu space is a binary relation Open image in new window from a set A to an antiset X defined as a set which transforms via converse functions. Chu spaces admit a great many interpretations by virtue of realizing all small concrete categories and most large ones arising in mathematical and computational practice. Of particular interest for computer science is their interpretation as computational processes, which takes A to be a schedule of events distributed in time, X to be an automaton of states forming an information system in the sense of Scott, and the pairs (a, x) in the Open image in new window relation to be the individual transcriptions of the making of history. The traditional homogeneous binary relations of transition on X and precedence on A are recovered as respectively the right and left residuals of the heterogeneous binary relation Open image in new window with itself. The natural algebra of Chu spaces is that of linear logic, made a process algebra by the process interpretation.
The Effect of Historic District Designation on Single‐Family Home Prices

The designation and regulation of local historic districts in Baltimore, Maryland started in 1964. Structures within these districts are required to maintain exteriors in the style of the historical significance of the neighborhoods. Prior studies in other cities have shown that the designation did not always lead to an increase in restoration activities in these areas. This paper analyzes the effect of the designation on transaction prices and finds historic districts do have higher prices than identical non-historic districts.
Optical properties of sea water in the infrared

We have made quantitative measurements of the ratio of the infrared spectral reflectance of standard sea water at near-normal incidence to the corresponding spectral reflectance of pure water at 27°C. The infrared spectral reflectance of standard sea water was determined from the measured ratio and the known optical constants for pure water. The real n(ν) and the imaginary k(ν) parts of the complex index of refraction of standard sea water were then determined by Kramer-Kronig methods. The results obtained for the standard sea water are compared with previous results obtained for pure water and with previous studies of sea water.
Technical authority in the media: public debate on the Strategic Defense Initiative

In this paper, I will examine the role of technical authorities in the US news media debate about the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) in the mid-1980's. I argue that individuals either appropriated or attacked technical authority as suited the individual's political views. In the first section, I show that although scientists opposed to SDI attacked both its technical and strategic wisdom, proponents of SDI limited their authority to questions of feasibility. In the second section, I show how the political activism of scientific opponents throughout 1985 and 1986 led proponents of SDI to heighten their emphasis on the distinction between strategic and technical authority. In the third section, I argue that the use of technical authorities by opponents of SDI reflects an underlying ideology about the arms race that actually drove the debate. In inclusion, I will point to some limitations inherent in using technical authority in a debate driven by ideology.
Congestion estimation for 3-D circuit architectures

Three-dimensional (3-D) routing is an important step in deep submicrometer very large-scale integrated design. Given a 3-D grid graph and a set of two-terminal nets to be routed, we propose a probabilistic model to calculate the routing density (congestion) on each edge of the grid graph. The routing density provides a direct congestion estimation. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method on routing benchmarks.
Complementary models and smoothing

The authors apply the concept of complementary models introduced by Weinert and Desai (1983) to derive forwards and backwards Markovian models for the smoothing error process. By exploring the structure of the complementary models they show that, under certain restrictions, only two simple structured models exist, one that runs forwards in time and another than runs backwards in time. The forwards complementary model leads to a forwards Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) smoothing formula and to a backwards Markovian model for the error, whereas the backwards model leads to a backwards RTS formula and to a forwards error model. The two models for the smoothing error can be derived one from the other by a forwards-backwards transformation that preserves the sample paths. Finally, by using a combination of the two complementary models another proof of the two-filter smoothing formula is given. >
ASC/PYCARD and Caspase-1 Regulate the IL-18/IFN-γ Axis during Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular pathogen that resides within neutrophils and can cause fever, pancytopenia, or death. IFN-γ plays a critical role in the control of A. phagocytophilum ; however, the mechanisms that regulate IFN-γ production remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that apoptotic specklike protein with a caspase-activating recruiting domain (ASC)/PYCARD, a central adaptor molecule in the Nod-like receptor (NLR) pathway, regulates the IL-18/IFN-γ axis during A. phagocytophilum infection through its effect on caspase-1. Caspase-1 - and asc -null mice were more susceptible than control animals to A. phagocytophilum infection due to the absence of IL-18 secretion and reduced IFN-γ levels in the peripheral blood. Moreover, caspase-1 and ASC deficiency reduced CD4 + T cell-mediated IFN-γ after in vitro restimulation with A. phagocytophilum . The NLR family member IPAF/NLRC4, but not NALP3/NLRP3, was partially required for IFN-γ production in response to A. phagocytophilum . Taken together, our data demonstrate that ASC and caspase-1 are critical for IFN-γ-mediated control of A. phagocytophilum infection.
Uniaxial-strain mechanical detwinning of CaFe 2 As 2 and BaFe 2 As 2 crystals: Optical and transport study

The parent compounds of iron-arsenide superconductors, AFe2As2 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba), undergo a tetragonal to orthorhombic structural transition at a temperature TTO in the range 135 to 205 K depending on the alkaline earth element. Below TTO the free standing crystals split into equally populated structural domains, which mask intrinsic, in-plane, anisotropic properties of the materials. Here we demonstrate a way of mechanically detwinning CaFe2As2 and BaFe2As2. The detwinning is nearly complete, as demonstrated by polarized light imaging and synchrotron X-ray measurements, and reversible, with twin pattern restored after strain release. Electrical resistivity measurements in the twinned and detwinned states show that resistivity, �, decreases along the orthorhombic ao-axis but increases along the orthorhombic bo-axis in both compounds. Immediately below TTO the ratio �bo/�ao = 1.2 and 1.5 for Ca and Ba compounds, respectively. Contrary to CaFe2As2, BaFe2As2 reveals an anisotropy in the nominally tetragonal phase, suggesting that either fluctuations play a larger role above TTO in BaFe2As2 than in CaFe2As2, or that there is a higher temperature crossover or phase transition.
Improving Syntactic Coordination Resolution using Language Modeling

Determining the correct structure of coordinating conjunctions and the syntactic constituents that they coordinate is a difficult task. This subtask of syntactic parsing is explored here for biomedical scientific literature. In particular, the intuition that sentences containing coordinating conjunctions can often be rephrased as two or more smaller sentences derived from the coordination structure is exploited. Generating candidate sentences corresponding to different possible coordination structures and comparing them with a language model is employed to help determine which coordination structure is best. This strategy is used to augment a simple baseline system for coordination resolution which outperforms both the baseline system and a constituent parser on the same task.
Laser optical in-circuit measurement system for immunity applications

During immunity testing (ESD, EFT) of a digital circuit, the waveforms of critical signal nets need to be measured for analyzing the failure mechanism. However, it is difficult to measure the induced voltage in the circuit under test due to the unwanted coupling by the non-ideal shielding of the probe cable, especially, if large common mode currents are present. Fiber optical connection avoids this problem. Semiconductor lasers have frequently been used for converting the voltage into an optical signal. The paper shows novel implementations of powering the laser, leading to a small, low cost optical probe.
Design, Modeling, and Characterization of Embedded Capacitor Networks for Core Decoupling in the Package

Embedded passives are gaining in importance due to the reduction in size of electronic products. Capacitors pose the biggest challenge for integration in packages due to the large capacitance required for decoupling high performance circuits. Surface mount discrete (SMD) capacitors become ineffective charge providers above 100 MHz due to the increased effect of loop inductance. This paper focuses on the importance of embedded capacitors above this frequency. Modeling, measurements, and model to hardware correlation of these capacitors are shown. Design and modeling of embedded capacitor arrays for decoupling processors in the midfrequency band (100 MHz-2 GHz) is also highlighted in this paper.
Stacking Multiple Transgenes at a Selected Genomic Site via Repeated Recombinase-Mediated DNA Cassette Exchanges

Recombinase-mediated DNA cassette exchange (RMCE) has been successfully used to insert transgenes at previously characterized genomic sites in plants. Following the same strategy, groups of transgenes can be stacked to the same site through multiple rounds of RMCE. A gene-silencing cassette, designed to simultaneously silence soybean (Glycine max) genes fatty acid ω-6 desaturase 2 (FAD2) and acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase 2 (FATB) to improve oleic acid content, was first inserted by RMCE at a precharacterized genomic site in soybean. Selected transgenic events were subsequently retransformed with the second DNA construct containing a Yarrowia lipolytica diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene (DGAT1) to increase oil content by the enhancement of triacylglycerol biosynthesis and three other genes, a Corynebacterium glutamicum dihydrodipicolinate synthetase gene (DHPS), a barley (Hordeum vulgare) high-lysine protein gene (BHL8), and a truncated soybean cysteine synthase gene (CGS), to improve the contents of the essential amino acids lysine and methionine. Molecular characterization confirmed that the second RMCE successfully stacked the four overexpression cassettes to the previously integrated FAD2-FATB gene-silencing cassette. Phenotypic analyses indicated that all the transgenes expressed expected phenotypes.
Modeling costly learning and counter-learning in a defender-attacker game with private defender information

In asymmetric war scenarios (e.g., counter-terrorism), the adversary usually invests a significant time to learn the system structure and identify vulnerable components, before launching attacks. Traditional game-theoretic defender-attacker models either ignore such learning periods or the entailed costs. This paper fills the gap by analyzing the strategic interactions of the terrorist’s costly learning and defender’s counter-learning and defense strategies in a game with private defender information. Our model allows six possible attacker strategies: (a) attack immediately; (b) learn and attack; (c) learn and not attack; (d) learn and attack when appearing vulnerable and not attack when appearing invulnerable; (e) learn and not attack when appearing vulnerable and attack when appearing invulnerable; and (f) not attack. Our results show that four of the six strategies (a, d, e, f) are possible at equilibrium and the other two (b, c) are strictly dominated. Interestingly, we find that the counterintuitive strategy (e) could be at equilibrium, especially when the probability that the target appears vulnerable given it is invulnerable is sufficiently high. Our results also show that the attacker’s learning cost has a significant impact on both the attacker’s best responses and the defender’s equilibrium deception and defense strategies. Finally, we study the attacker’s values of perfect information and imperfect information, which provide additional insights for defense and counter-learning strategies.
Surveying Lattice-Ordered Fields

The object of what follows is to give a brief overview of the theory of lattice-ordered fields. While I have included no proofs, I have tried to give ample references for anyone interested in seeing the details. Section 1 briefly sketches the history behind the subject and section 2 recalls some basic definitions. The remainder reviews what is presently known: section 3 describes methods of constructing lattice-ordered fields; section 4 concerns the maximal totally ordered subfield; section 5 considers lattice-ordered fields as vector lattices; section 6 describes representations of lattice-ordered fields by means of power series fields; section 7 discusses the number of different compatible lattice orderings; section 8 deals with extensions to total orders; section 9 investigates the lattice-ordering of simple algebraic extensions of totally ordered fields; and section 10 lists some open questions. Of course not all results are mentioned below. I have chosen those that seem to me to be the most fundamental and the most interesting.
Light-Activated Reversible Imine Isomerization: Towards a Photochromic Protein Switch.

Mutants of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II (CRABPII), engineered to bind all-trans-retinal as an iminium species, demonstrate photochromism upon irradiation with light at different wavelengths. UV light irradiation populates the cis-imine geometry, which has a high pKa , leading to protonation of the imine and subsequent "turn-on" of color. Yellow light irradiation yields the trans-imine isomer, which has a depressed pKa , leading to loss of color because the imine is not protonated. The protein-bound retinylidene chromophore undergoes photoinduced reversible interconversion between the colored and uncolored species, with excellent fatigue resistance.
Normal Stress-Only Versus Standard Stress/Rest Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Similar Patient Mortality With Reduced Radiation Exposure

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether a normal stress-only single-photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion tomography (SPECT) study confers the same prognosis as a normal SPECT on the basis of evaluation of stress and rest images. Background Current guidelines recommend stress and rest imaging to confirm that a SPECT study is normal. Methods We determined all-cause mortality in 16,854 consecutive patients who had a normal gated stress SPECT. Median follow-up was 4.5 years. A stress-only protocol was used in 8,034 patients (47.6%), whereas 8,820 (52.4%) had both stress and rest imaging. Results The overall unadjusted annual mortality rate in patients who had a normal SPECT with a stress-only protocol was lower than in those who required additional rest imaging (2.57% vs. 2.92%, p = 0.02). After adjustment for baseline clinical characteristics no significant differences in patient mortality were seen between the 2 imaging protocols, but the stress-only group received a 61% lower radiopharmaceutical dosage. Independent predictors of worse survival included increasing age, male sex, diabetes, history of coronary artery disease, and inability to exercise (all p Conclusions Patients determined to have a normal SPECT on the basis of stress imaging alone have a similar mortality rate as those who have a normal SPECT on the basis of evaluation of both stress and rest images. Our results support that additional rest imaging is not required in patients who have a normally appearing initial stress study. A significant reduction in radiation exposure can be achieved with such an approach.
Criteria for Evaluating Borrowers' Repayment Potential

HE agricultural industry has experienced developments in the past 20 years that have made capital in general, and more specifically nonowned capital, increasingly important as a factor in production. Total agricultural production in the United States has continually increased in the past 20 years even in light of declining labor (man-work-hours) and a fairly constant supply of agricultural land [1, 4]. Current projections give no indication of a reversal in these trends. Therefore, we have reason to believe that agriculture will continue to become more capital intensive [5, 6]. Only 20 years ago farmers spent less than 50 percent of their gross farm income on purchased inputs whereas today 70 to 80 percent of their gross income is spent on purchased inputs and the projection is for this figure to increase [3]. Since it is highly probable that capital accumulation on most farms will not keep pace with the capital needed to purchase advanced technology, external sources of financing in the form of credit will become increasingly important [6]. As credit becomes an increasingly larger portion of the agricultural capital base, the allocation of such in the most productive and efficient manner becomes paramount in importance. Hence, the objectives of this study are (1) to determine relevant variables for evaluating loan applications and develop indicators for determining the success or failure of a potential borrower and (2) to examine changes in the above variables over a period of time to determine trends or characteristics which would provide some guidance in identifying potential repayment difficulties.
An Extended ER Algebra to Support Semantically Richer Queries in ERDBMS

In this paper we present the foundations for a semantically rich main-memory DBMS based on the entity-relationship data model. The DBMS is fully operational and performs all queries that are illustrated in the paper. So far, the ER model is mainly used as a conceptual model and mapped into the relational model. Semantics like the relationships among entities or the cardinality ratio constraints are not explicit in the relational model. This paper treats the ER model as a logical model for the user and we use the relational as the physical model in our ER model based DBMS - ERDBMS. We use CISC (complex instruction set computing) operators but implement them efficiently in main-memory data storage. This paper concentrates on the extended ER algebra. Our high-level query language ERSQL and the main memory implementation are elaborated in [14].
The Incidence of Chain Store Taxes

1 I wish to express appreciation to Professor C. F. Phillips of Colgate University, who read the original manuscript, for several suggestions which have been incorporated into the final draft of the article. 2 That is, as to which groups in the economic system finally bear the burden of the levy, after all changes produced by the tax have occurred. 3 Lee, Maurice W., "Anti Chain Store Tax Legislation," Journal of Business of the University of Chicago 12: 9, July 1939. ' Note Morrill, A. H., "It's The Poor Who Pay a Sales Tax," Nation's Business, 20: 46-51, February, 1932. The chain store argument on incidence usually stops at this point, the conclusion being that the consumers pay in full. 6 It is assumed for the moment that the chains are of approximately equal size both as to number of units and average volume of business per store; thus the tax is a uniform percentage of receipts for all chains.
Legal consequences and ethical dilemmas of pain perception in persistent vegetative states.

"Persistent vegetative state" (PVS) describes brain-damaged patients who survive their injuries in a sleeplike, insensible state, with periodic awakenings. Due to technological advances, such individuals can sustain biological existence for prolonged periods of time. Their existence results in a dichotomy between the legal and medical interpretations of persistent vegetative states, giving rise to ethical conflicts. The author reviews the limitations in our understanding of what PVS signifies for the afflicted individual, and explores the conflicts arising from such limitations that may impact an individual's right to live or die. The author concludes that the medical community has yet to adopt consistent clinical criteria to diagnose PVS and that a universal standard for PVS is needed to avoid the abuse of vegetative individuals' rights.
The IRS's Misuse of Scarce Compliance Resources in the Exempt Organization Area

This paper briefly explains why the IRS’s adoption of an abbreviated application form (Form 1023-EZ) for organizations seeking recognition of their tax exemption under section 501(c)(3) results in a misuse of scarce compliance resources in the exempt organization area.
Optimal backwashing in dead-end bacterial microfiltration with irreversible attachment mediated by extracellular polymeric substances production

Abstract Microfiltration and ultrafiltration are methods of removing colloidal impurities from water and wastewater. One of the major issues when dealing with the practical implementation of membranes is the reduction of water productivity as the foulants accumulate on the membrane surface or within the pores. Membrane regeneration by periodic backwashing is an effective method of reducing fouling; however, to date the timing and duration of the backwashing for effective fouling control is largely only empirically determined. In this manuscript, we present an optimal control formulation to determine the timing and duration for membrane regeneration by backwashing. In this formulation, we use the direction of the flow as the control variable and make predictions regarding the optimal protocol. We explicitly include irreversible attachment due to bacterial deposition and biofilm formation on the membrane and demonstrate that irreversible attachment of bacteria has important ramifications for the effective timing of hydraulic backwashes as well as the efficiency in producing clean water. In particular, we find that irreversible attachment and additional fouling due to exo-polymeric substance (EPS) production and biofilm formation decreases the maximum filtration volume. Additionally, as the effectiveness of membrane regeneration declines, the timing of the cycling is also altered. In general, including the role of EPS in biofouling substantially changes predictions of backwashing timing and implies important considerations for practical predictions.
Listening in the Ocean: New Discoveries and Insights on Marine Life from Autonomous Passive Acoustic Recorders

Passive acoustics provides a near perfect ocean observatory sensor for biological activity in fishes. For species whose sounds have been documented, we can use passive acoustic recording to learn about their ecology. In this chapter we review the history of the development of passive acoustics research on fishes. Today, fish passive acoustic monitoring is in a rapid stage of development as an additional tool for fisheries research. The latest studies have focused on temporal and spatial patterns of sound production of fishes, including many commercially important species such as groupers and cods. These studies have been conducted with long-term fixed passive acoustic recorders and more recently with gliders and other autonomous platforms. These methods are complementary, as long-term recorders provide excellent temporal coverage and gliders provide excellent spatial coverage. The greatest impediment to further advance is that for most fishes we still do not know what sounds they make. We suggest that miniature acoustic tags may be one way to increase our library of known fish sounds. The main challenges remaining are the development of tools to automatically analyze large datasets, and experimental studies to enable quantification of fish numbers and spawning using passive acoustics.
EXCITE-VM: Extending the Virtual Memory System to Support Snapshot Isolation Transactions

Multi-core programming remains a major software development and maintenance challenge because of data races, deadlock, non-deterministic failures and complex performance issues. In this paper, we describe EXCITE-VM, a system that provides snapshot isolation transactions on shared memory to facilitate programming and to improve the performance of parallel applications. With snapshots, an application thread is not exposed to the committed changes of other threads until it receives the updates by explicitly creating a new snapshot. Snapshot isolation enables low overhead lockless read operations and improves fault tolerance by isolating each thread from the transient, uncommitted writes of other threads. This paper describes how EXCITE-VM implements snapshot isolation transactions efficiently by manipulating virtual memory mappings and using a novel copy-on-read mechanism with a customized page cache. Compared to conventional software transactional memory systems, EXCITE-VM provides up to 2.2× performance improvement for the STAMP benchmark suite and up to 1000× speedup for a modified benchmark having long running read-only transactions. Furthermore, EXCITE-VM achieves a 2× performance improvement on a Memcached benchmark and the Yahoo Cloud Server Benchmarks. Finally, EXCITE-VM improves fault tolerance and offers features such as low-overhead concurrent audit and analysis.
A survey of Bratteli information source theory

We survey recent results on Bratteli-Vershik information sources, which are sources that live on a Bratteli diagram, a type of graph with a countable infinity of vertices and edges that are split into levels. The results are valid when the underlying Bratteli diagram satisfies a regularity condition. These results include an ergodic decomposition theorem, Shannon-McMillan-Breiman theorem, and theorems in source coding theory. The results are obtained using the Vershik transformation that is associated with a Bratteli diagram. It is explained how some previously known results in source coding for finite-alphabet stationary sequential information sources are obtainable from source coding results for Bratteli-Vershik sources.
Mechanically assisted crevice corrosion in metallic biomaterials: a review

Mechanically assisted crevice corrosion (MACC) of metallic biomaterials continues to be a concern for highly loaded medical devices for spinal, dental, cardiovascular and orthopaedic applications. Increasing usage of modularity (multiple-component system) and mixed-alloy metal–metal junctions in orthopaedic surgery gives the surgeon increased intraoperative flexibility for choosing optimal components; however, these design changes can accelerate corrosion reactions and significantly impact local biological processes and mechanical integrity of the implants. The goal of this review is to discuss the MACC processes observed in modular implants especially in orthopaedic hip prosthesis. The concept associated with MACC is described to provide insight into why corrosion is a critically important factor in the long-term performance of devices. Specific examples of MACC in vivo followed by summary of in vitro testing and recent biological assessments of orthopaedic implants are discussed.
Embodied Conceivability: How to Keep the Phenomenal Concept Strategy Grounded

The Phenomenal Concept Strategy (PCS) offers the physicalist perhaps the most promising means of explaining why the connection between mental facts and physical facts appears to be contingent even though it is not. In this article, we show that the large body of evidence suggesting that our concepts are often embodied and grounded in sensorimotor systems speaks against standard forms of the PCS. We argue, nevertheless, that it is possible to formulate a novel version of the PCS that is thoroughly in keeping with embodied cognition, focuses on features of physical concepts, and succeeds in explaining the appearance of contingency.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase from rat liver: two forms having different meta:para methylation ratios.

Abstract Cytoplasmic catechol-O-methyltransferase activity from rat liver was resolved by gel filtration into two enzymes: a major form having an estimated molecular weight of 23,000 and a minor one of 45,500. The relative abundance of these forms in liver is about 5:1, respectively. Microsomal catechol-O-methyltransferase constituted only 2% of the total liver activity. After solubilization by sonication most of the microsomal enzyme showed a molecular weight in excess of 100,000, but some 23,000 - enzyme was also released. The bound enzyme thus may represent an aggregate form of the soluble activity. The two cytoplasmic enzymes differ in several properties, including pH optima and thermal stability. The two forms also differ in the extent of methylation of the para hydroxyl group, the larger enzyme having a meta : para methylation ratio twice that obtained with the smaller form.
Toward logic tailored for computational complexity

Whereas first-order logic was developed to confront the infinite it is often used in computer science in such a way that infinite models are meaningless. We discuss the first-order theory of finite structures and alternatives to first-order logic, especially polynomial time logic.
Sex Differences in Prevalence of Emergency Department Patient Substance Use

Abstract Purpose Substance use and misuse is prevalent in emergency department (ED) populations. While the prevalence of substance use and misuse is reported, sex-specific trends in ED populations have not been documented. We set out to determine the sex-specific prevalence of ED patient substance use during this current epidemic. Methods A retrospective electronic data abstraction tool, developed for quality-improvement purposes, was used to assess ED visits in 3 hospitals in northeastern Pennsylvania. All patients with ED diagnosis codes for substance use F10.000 through F 19.999 (excluding F17 codes for nicotine) were abstracted for network ED visits at all 3 hospitals. Data points included ED clinical enrollment site, primary substance used, sex, date of ED visit, disposition (including left without being seen, left against medical advice, discharged, admitted, and treatment in rehabilitation) for 18 months (January 1, 2016 through July 31, 2017). The categorical parameters of sex, clinical enrollment site, diagnosis, date of ED visit, and disposition status were summarized as a proportion of the subject group. Time series analysis was used to assess trends in substance use and misuse visits by patient sex. Findings A total of 10,511 patients presented to the EDs during the study time period with a final diagnosis of a substance use−related reason and were included in the analysis. The mean age for these patients was 43.6 (SD 16.4) years, and the majority was male (65.6%, n = 6900). The most common substance in the final diagnosis for the ED visit was alcohol (54.3%; 95% CI, 53.3–55.2), followed by opioids (19.2%; 95% CI, 18.4–19.9) and cannabis (14.4%; 95% CI, 13.7–15.0). Females tended to be younger than males (42.4 years vs 44.3 years; P Implications There are sex-specific differences in prevalence of patients presenting with substance use in the ED setting.
Deep UQ: Learning deep neural network surrogate models for high dimensional uncertainty quantification

Abstract State-of-the-art computer codes for simulating real physical systems are often characterized by vast number of input parameters. Performing uncertainty quantification (UQ) tasks with Monte Carlo (MC) methods is almost always infeasible because of the need to perform hundreds of thousands or even millions of forward model evaluations in order to obtain convergent statistics. One, thus, tries to construct a cheap-to-evaluate surrogate model to replace the forward model solver. For systems with large numbers of input parameters, one has to address the curse of dimensionality through suitable dimensionality reduction techniques. A popular class of dimensionality reduction methods are those that attempt to recover a low-dimensional representation of the high-dimensional feature space. However, such methods often tend to overestimate the intrinsic dimensionality of the input feature space. In this work, we demonstrate the use of deep neural networks (DNN) to construct surrogate models for numerical simulators. We parameterize the structure of the DNN in a manner that lends the DNN surrogate the interpretation of recovering a low-dimensional nonlinear manifold. The model response is a parameterized nonlinear function of the low-dimensional projections of the input. We think of this low-dimensional manifold as a nonlinear generalization of the notion of the active subspace. Our approach is demonstrated with a problem on uncertainty propagation in a stochastic elliptic partial differential equation (SPDE) with uncertain diffusion coefficient. We deviate from traditional formulations of the SPDE problem by lifting the assumption of fixed lengthscales of the uncertain diffusion field. Instead we attempt to solve a more challenging problem of learning a map between an arbitrary snapshot of the diffusion field and the response.
Flow in Locally Constricted Tapered Tubes

The problem of flow in a locally constricted tube is one which is often encountered in the circulation of blood through the blood vessels. In particular, permanent local constriction occurs as a result of either localized injury or certain types of occlusive vascular disease such as atherosclerosis which affects only a small portion of a blood vessel rather than a large segment.
Therapy for Crohn's Disease: a Review of Recent Developments.

To review recent advances in the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Several key advances are highlighted, including the increasing role of treatment algorithms and where new therapies can be used most effectively, the appropriate use of therapeutic drug monitoring, optimal management of post-surgical patients, and the role of multi-disciplinary clinics. The last several years have seen a number of exciting developments in the field of Crohn’s therapy. This review covers research advances including updated treatment algorithms focusing on identifying patient risk as well as the role of drug monitoring in managing the disease. We also review the optimal management of post-surgical patients as well as new biologics and biosimilars. Finally, we describe innovations in care delivery including multi-disciplinary clinics and emerging evidence from developing therapeutics.
Dynamic descriptions of personality disorder in the DSM-5.

The DSM-5 introduces dimensional, psychodynamic criteria for identifying healthy personalities and personality disorders.
Functional MRI Studies of Memory in Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease

In the human brain, functionally and anatomically defined systems exist for encoding, consolidating, and retrieving memories of experiences (episodic memory); accumulating and accessing factual information in a body of knowledge (semantic memory); and actively processing and manipulating information (working memory). These three memory systems can be distinguished from other nondeclarative memory systems such as procedural learning and priming [1–4]. Brain-behavior studies using a variety of approaches from lesion-based research to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrate distinct though highly interrelated neural circuitry for episodic, semantic, and working memory [3, 5]. Each of these memory systems, despite their close interaction, is affected somewhat differently by aging and dementia.
COLLABORATIVE BOOK REVIEW: Baker, D. P. (2014). The Schooled Society: The Educational Transformation of Global Culture

For many years the discussion of education as a global and social institution has been prevalent in Comparative and International Education. In his book, The Schooled Society, David P. Baker offers up a unique perspective on a much-discussed theoretical framework in which to view education as an institution. Through this work, Baker uses a multidisciplinary approach to explain the influence that mass education has on societies and informs the readers of new educational paradoxes that are being discussed in the field. Not only is The Schooled Society an explanation of educational influence on society, but it also provides reason for further research to be done to explain the existing paradoxes found in modern society and education. The following book review, informed by the wide span of each contributing reviewer
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Failures in Thin Film Resistors

Field failures of nichrome thin film resistors have been investigated recently for several pieces of space flight hardware. These failures have involved resistance shifts ranging from a few percent to complete open circuits. Failure analysis and duplication of these failures have revealed that the failures were caused by electrostatic discharge. The failure characteristics and the circuit conditions necessary for failure have been studied for several types of thin film resistors including nichrome and tantalum nitride resistive elements. The effects of latent damage and resistive pattern design will also be discussed.
Uveal Metastases from Solid Tumors

Because the uveal tract is a highly vascular structure with a low-flow microenvironment, it is well suited for seeding of circulating cancer cells. Numerous studies have shown that uveal metastases are the most common intraocular malignancies in adults. The most common primary cancers metastasizing to the uvea are breast and lung cancers. The most common symptom of uveal metastasis is blurred vision; however, patients may also present with vision loss, intraocular pain, scotoma, floaters, photopsias, and metamorphopsia. Treatment modalities include observation, external-beam radiation therapy, chemotherapy, plaque brachytherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, and enucleation. For many patients, uveal metastasis is associated with advanced systemic disease, which portends a poor prognosis; however, early diagnosis and treatment of uveal metastasis can result in good visual outcomes and high rates of ocular salvage.
Is diabetic foot care efficacious or cost effective

The incidence of diabetes-related lower extremity amputations continues to increase in the developed and developing world, costing nearly $2 billion and an estimated 2,600 patient-years of hospital stay per year in the United States alone. However, the federal government and private healthcare providers fail to place preventative intervention high on their respective healthcare policy agendas. This manuscript briefly evaluates literature that might support or refute the value of structured, regular care of the diabetic foot and wound. Although the literature is still glaringly sparse, an emerging body of research supports the fact that aggressive, proactive care may result in fewer lower extremity amputations and possibly a higher quality and quantity of life for patients with diabetes.
Serum electrolyte abnormalities caused by drugs.

Many drugs cause electrolyte disorders. With a number of agents this effect is an extension of the pharmacology for which the drug is normally used. In this case, clinicians tend to have a higher level of awareness and, by anticipation, institute sufficient preventive measures. For many other drugs, however, the electrolyte disorder is a ‘side’ effect, detected as an adverse reaction. Unfortunately, these latter disorders tend to be less readily recognized.