cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SDQR migrations in Caenorhabditis elegans are controlled by multiple guidance cues and changing responses to netrin UNC-6

The netrin guidance cue, UNC-6, and the netrin receptors, UNC-5 and UNC-40, guide SDQR cell and axon migrations in C. elegans. In wild-type larvae, SDQR migrations are away from ventral UNC-6-expressing cells, suggesting that UNC-6 repels SDQR. In unc-6 null larvae, SDQR migrations are towards the ventral midline, indicating a response to other guidance cues that directs the migrations ventrally. Although ectopic UNC-6 expression dorsal to the SDQR cell body would be predicted to cause ventral SDQR migrations in unc-6 null larvae, in fact, more migrations are directed dorsally, suggesting that SDQR is not always repelled from the dorsal source of UNC-6. UNC-5 is required for dorsal SDQR migrations, but not for the ventral migrations in unc-6 null larvae. UNC-40 appears to moderate both the response to UNC-6 and to the other cues. Our results show that SDQR responds to multiple guidance cues and they suggest that, besides UNC-6, other factors influence whether an UNC-6 responsive cell migrates toward or away from an UNC-6 source in vivo. We propose that multiple signals elicited by the guidance cues are integrated and interpreted by SDQR and that the response to UNC-6 can change depending on the combination of cues encountered during migration. These responses determine the final dorsoventral position of the SDQR cell and axon.
Trends in demographics, charges, and outcomes of patients undergoing excision of sporadic vestibular schwannoma.

ObjectiveTo assess demographics, charges, and outcome measures by temporal and volume analysis in the treatment of vestibular schwannoma.DesignCross-sectional analysis.Setting, Subjects, and Method...
An evaluation of a training package for community canvassing behaviors1

Basic to the development of most community-based volunteer programs, neighborhood service centers, and other social service agencies is a program of outreach to the people of the community to be served. Such outreach programs often disseminate information on the service agency by canvassing the residents of the target community. The effectiveness of such programs is sometimes reduced by the failure of the project director to specify appropriate behaviors and the inability of community workers to generate the desired behaviors following only general, unspecific instructions. This study evaluated the effects of an instructional package on the community canvassing behaviors with four trainees: three university field-work students and a low-income staff member of a neighborhood service center. The package, consisting of written instructions, quizzes, and feedback, was designed to teach specified target behaviors for presenting information specific to the neighborhood service center (Information Presentation), wearing appropriate apparel (Appearance), making introductory comments (Greeting Behaviors), indicating “interest” in the neighborhood resident (Contact Behaviors), and handling sensitive comments relating to race, religion, and politics (Sensitivity Behaviors). Target behaviors were observed in simulated situations in which scripted statements by a confederate (person playing the role of the neighborhood resident) permitted direct observation of trainee performance in response to a consistent set of conversational stimuli. The effect of the package on the performance of community canvassing behaviors was analyzed by a multiple-baseline design across behavioral categories. The overall mean percentage of target behaviors increased from 38% during baseline to 94% after training for Information Presentation; from 16% to 97% for Contact Behaviors; and, from 24% to 96% for Sensitivity Behaviors. (The Appearance and Greeting Behaviors of all trainees were at near-mastery levels before training.) The results suggested that the instructional package was responsible for the increased percentage of target behaviors observed in simulated situations. In addition, the results of two generalization tests suggested that the observed effects were not limited to either a few conversational stimuli or to a single person playing the role of the neighborhood resident. It was concluded that a more comprehensive validation of this social-skills training program might formally address a number of additional questions: (1) generalization of target behaviors to actual home settings; (2) social validation of the target responses selected for training; (3) generalization to measures of neighborhood resident behavior, and (4) satisfaction of neighborhood residents with the performance of trained community canvassers. This study is suggestive of a technology for systematically validating programs designed to teach complex social skills.
Civil War and Territory? Drawing Linkages Between Interstate and Intrastate War

One of the central components in our understanding of interstate war involves the role of territory and how disputes over territory escalate to war (Senese and Vasquez, 2008). Bremer (1992) demonst...
Head Ultrasound Screening in Premature Neonates Weighing More Than 1,500 g at Birth

• During a 14-month period, 112 consecutively born neonates with a birth weight between 1,501 and 2,000 g were screened by cranial ultrasonography. Nineteen patients (17%) had abnormal scans. Of these abnormalities, 14 (13%) were germinal matrix hemorrhage and/or intraventricular hemorrhage. Although the incidence of hemorrhage in these larger premature neonates is less than that which has been described in neonates with a birth weight less than 1,500 g, the severity of the hemorrhage, mortality (21%), morbidity, and outcome were similar to those seen in smaller neonates. More than half of the hemorrhages identified were severe, ie, grades III and IV. The clinical picture in these neonates was striking in that each suffered severe birth asphyxia and/or required ventilation shortly after birth. Therefore, screening all larger premature neonates is probably not warranted and selective screening will be adequate to identify those neonates who need intervention or would benefit from developmental follow-up. ( AJDC 1984;138:817-820)
Fabrication of a layered microstructured polycaprolactone construct for 3-D tissue engineering

Successful artificial tissue scaffolds support regeneration by promoting cellular organization as well as appropriate mechanical and biological functionality. We have previously shown in vitro that 2-D substrates with micrometer-scale grooves (5 microm deep, 18 microm wide, with 12 microm spacing) can induce cell orientation and ECM alignment. Here, we have transferred this microtopography onto biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) thin films. We further developed a technique to layer these cellularized microtextured scaffolds into a 3-D tissue construct. A surface modification technique was used to attach photoreactive acrylate groups on the PCL scaffold surface onto which poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEG-DA) gel could be photopolymerized. PEG-DA serves as an adhesive layer between PCL scaffolds, resulting in a VSMC-seeded layered 3-D composite structure that is highly organized and structurally stable. The PCL surface modification chemistry was confirmed via XPS, and the maintenance of cell number and orientation on the modified PCL scaffolds was demonstrated using colorimetric and imaging techniques. Cell number and orientation were also investigated after cells were cultured in the layered 3-D configuration. Such 3-D tissue mimics fabricated with precise cellular organization will enable systematic testing of the effects of cellular orientation on the functional and mechanical properties of tissue-engineered blood vessels.
Implementing guided wave mode control by use of a phased transducer array

A multichannel time-delay system has been built and applied to a transducer array for implementing guided wave mode control. The time-delay system has a capability of sending high energy controllable tone-burst signals from eight independent channels with arbitrary time delays from 0 to 30 /spl mu/s with resolution of 0.025 /spl mu/s. Software time delays are also provided for summing up received signals of each channel. Theoretical discussions indicate the impact of the time delay capability on the bandwidth and sensitivity improvement of a transducer array for guided wave generation. Determination of both physical and software time delay values is based on a knowledge of dispersion curves and element spacing. Based on reference signals, a non-knowledge-based automatic time-delay searching algorithm was introduced for guided wave mode selection. Experiments were conducted with a phased comb transducer array mounted on a carbon steel pipe. The experimental results show that signal to noise ratio has been greatly improved by use of the time-delay system. Some other benefits of the phased array, including unidirection generation and mode control flexibility, are discussed.
Testing and Development of a 30-kVA Hybrid Inverter: Lessons Learned and Reliability Implications

A 30-kVA Trace Technologies hybrid power processor was specified and tested at the Sandia inverter test facility. Trace Technologies involving the control system, in response to suggestions made modifications, primarily by Sandia and Arizona Public Service (APS) personnel. The modifications should make the inverter more universally applicable and less site-specific so that it can be applied in various sites with minimal field interaction required from the design engineer. The project emphasized the importance of battery management, generator selection, and site load management to the performance and reliability of hybrid power systems.
On the Response of pH to Inorganic Nutrient Enrichment in Well-Mixed Coastal Marine Waters

Recent concerns about declining pH in the surface ocean in response to anthropogenic increases of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have raised the question of how this declining baseline of oceanic pH might interact with the much larger diel and seasonal variations of pH in coastal marine ecosystems. Nutrient enrichment, which can amplify both production and respiration, has the potential to reduce or exacerbate the impacts of ocean acidification in coastal waters. Here, we present results from a multi-year experiment in which replicate phytoplankton-based mesocosms with a 5-m deep well-mixed water column (salinity = 27–31) and intact benthic community were exposed to a gradient in daily inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and silica (Si) addition. We show that the response of water column pH to nutrient enrichment was the greatest during the autotrophic winter-spring period, and there was no significant decline in pH across treatments during the heterotrophic summer-fall period. We believe that the differences in response lie in the seasonal cycles of production and respiration, where spring production peaks are large and discrete, and respiration is more temperature-driven but occurs diffusely throughout the year. The observed basification associated with enhanced nutrient inputs may have consequences for phytoplankton community structure, some species of submersed aquatic vegetation, cycling of Si, and perhaps other ecological processes.
Interaction between Explant Size and Cultivar Affects Shoot Organogenic Competence of Watermelon Cotyledons

Organic competence of different explant sizes and locations on watermelon seedlings was determined by calculating the percentage of cotyledon explants that produced adventitious shoots. About 52% (214/412) of explants prepared from the proximal region of cotyledons formed shoots, whereas only ≈6% (24/411) of distal explants did so. Shoot formation was limited to the proximal end of basal explants but was not restricted to any specific region on distal ones. The percentage of explants that produced harvestable shoots was greater from basal halves than basal quarters in 'Sweet Gem', 'Crimson Sweet', and 'Minilee', but explant size did not affect adventitious shoot regen- eration of 'Yellow Doll', resulting in significant interaction between cultivar and explant size. This study indicates that cultivars that respond poorly to in vitro procedures may have fewer cells competent for shoot regeneration, requiring special care during explant preparation.
Analysis and Estimation of the Yield Stress of Dispersions

Yield stress affects mass transport, presents processing constraints during production and is responsible for functional performance of final products. Yield stress is of particular importance in suspensions and dispersions such as paints, printing, inks, catsup, salad dressings, cements, and clay slurries. The yield stress dominates the apparent viscosity at low shear rates, and is directly responsible for the coating characteristics, shape retention, and solvent holding capability of the dispersions. Yield stress also presents processing limitations in the form of material losses as residues remaining adhered to pipes and vessels, increased pumping requirements to initiate flow, and decreased overall rate or effects of processing. Yield stress remains a particularly important rheological property of suspensions and dispersions as it is a common and useful parameter for quality control, product identity, and for evaluating functional performance.
Polarized Partition Relations and Almost-Disjoint Functions

Publisher Summary Two functions f and g from ω 1 to ω are almost disjoint if [a: f( a)=g(a)] is countable. The nonexistence of a family F of pair-wise almost disjoint functions from ω 1 to ω with| F| = א ­2 is known to be of very high consistency strength. If a family of א 2 functions is given from ω 1 to ω that are almost disjoint taken at a time, then there is such a family that is pair-wise almost disjoint. The main result of this chapter is consistent with CH + 2 א1 ≥ א 3. The chapter illustrates a theorem that implies the consistency with 2 א1 large of the assertion that there is no family of א 3 pair-wise almost disjoint functions from ω 1 to ω.
Deconstructing hegemonic masculinity: The roles of antifemininity, subordination to women, and sexual dominance in men’s perpetration of sexual aggression.

The aim of this investigation was to examine a theoretically based mechanism by which men's adherence to antifeminine norms is associated with their perpetration of sexual aggression toward intimate partners. Participants were 208 heterosexual men between the ages of 21-35 who had consumed alcohol in the past year. They were recruited from a large southeastern United States city. Participants completed self-report measures of hegemonic masculinity (i.e., antifemininity, sexual dominance), masculine gender role stress, and sexual aggression toward an intimate partner during the past 12 months. Results indicated that adherence to the antifemininity norm and the tendency to experience stress when in subordinate positions to women were indirectly related to sexual aggression perpetration via adherence to the sexual dominance norm. Thus, the men who adhere strongly to these particular hegemonic masculine norms may feel compelled to be sexually aggressive and/or coercive toward an intimate partner in order to maintain their need for dominance within their intimate relationship. Implications for future research and sexual aggression prevention programming are discussed.
Negotiating Wifely Virtues: Guilt, Memory and Grieving Husbands in Seventeenth-Century China

This article attempts to examine how three seventeenth-century literati husbands mourned and wrote about their late wives. It argues that when the biographer of a deceased woman and her grieving husband coincided in the same person, the biographical narrative could be complicated considerably with Confucian biographical conventions of the “exemplary” becoming more likely to be challenged in moments of intensely private grief and, especially,deep personal guilt. The overlap between the biographical (private memories of a man’s deceased spouse) and the autobiographical (his own self-redemption agenda) adds to a husband’s need to re/negotiate and redefine wifely virtues in order to accommodate the personal feeling of his roles as husband/biographer, who, in the moment of mourning, may be more interested in the unique than the typical as memory tends to be retained better if a deceased person is remembered as an individual distinctly different from others.
A Plea for Perlocutions

After staging the shipwreck of the constative-performative distinction halfway through How To Do Things With Words, J.L. Austin goes on famously to “make a fresh start on the problem.” He relinquishes the original opposition between making statements and doing things and then introduces a ternary account of speech acts. He distinguishes between locutionary acts (in which we produce sounds with “a certain sense and a certain reference”[95]), illocutionary acts (in which we perform acts such as “asking or answering a question, giving some information… announcing a verdict...and the numerous like” [98-99]), and perlocutionary acts (in which we “produce consequential effects upon the feelings, thoughts or actions of an audience, or of the speaker, or of other persons”[101]). For all the philosophical ink that has been spilled on Austin, not much has been devoted to perlocutions. Locutions and illocutions get almost all the action.Stanley Cavell has been one of the few philosophers to emphasize the importance of the perlocutionary for speech act theory. In his forward to the second edition of Shoshana Felman’s The Scandal of the Speaking Body and in his essay “Performative and Passionate Utterances,” Cavell assumes, as Stephen Mulhall puts it, that Austin believes that “the perlocutionary effect of any utterance [is] extrinsic to its sense and force” and thus that the perlocutionary can be opposed to the illocutionary act. Because Austin maintains that the illocutionary is conventional and the perlocutionary is not (121), Cavell argues that illocutions come down on the side of the Law, while perlocutions give voice to Desire. Where the illocutionary is scripted and prescribed, the perlocutionary opens up space for improvisations. According to Mulhall, Cavell proposes a radical innovation to Austin’s theory by suggesting that the perlocution is “as internal to any genuine speech-act as are its locutionary and illocutionary dimensions.” I am going to argue in this essay that Cavell does not really revise Austin’s theory. He gives voice to what Austin actually says.
Age-related spontaneous lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis is accompanied by dysfunctional T regulatory cells

In both humans and animal models, the development of Sjogren syndrome (SS) and non-SS keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) increases with age. Here, we investigated the ocular surface and lacrimal gland (LG) phenotype of NOD.B10.H2b mice at 7–14, 45–50, and 96–100 weeks. Aged mice develop increased corneal permeability, CD4+ T-cell infiltration, and conjunctival goblet cell loss. Aged mice have LG atrophy with increased lymphocyte infiltration and inflammatory cytokine levels. An increase in the frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) was observed with age in the cervical lymph node (CLN), spleen, and LG. These CD4+CD25+ cells lose suppressive ability, while maintaining expression of Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) and producing interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). An increase of Foxp3+IL-17+ or Foxp3+IFN-γ+ cells was observed in the LG and LG-draining CLN. In adoptive transfer experiments, recipients of either purified Tregs or purified T effector cells from aged donors developed lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis, whereas recipients of young Tregs or young T effector cells failed to develop disease. Overall, these results suggest inflammatory cytokine-producing CD4+Foxp3+ cells participate in the pathogenesis of age-related ocular surface disease.
The Impact of Cultural Differences on Cloud Computing Ecosystems in U.S. and China

Cloud computing is the next hype in the IT world. U.S. and China is considered among the most powerful countries in the world, not only in general, but also in cloud computing. However, the cloud computing ecosystems in U.S. and China are developing drastically different as a result of cultural differences between the two countries. It is important for businesses and investors to understand the cultural differences, dominant players, and different cloud evolution paths to make right investment decisions in the cloud in these two different environments. In this paper, we categorize functionalities in cloud computing service and compare structural differences in U.S. and China. Our results indicate that cultural differences between these two major players determine the power distribution among cloud functionalities. Storage and processing service providers such as Microsoft and Google dominate the cloud architecture in U.S., but in China could computing service is owned by organizations that provide the network.
Suggestions for Future Corpus-Based Text Painting Analyses: A Response to Strykowski

This commentary provides multiple suggestions for future research on text painting that have been inspired by Strykowski's (2016) quantitative analysis of height-related musical imagery. For example, musical features such as meter, harmony, and position may be incorporated to expand the scope of the research. The commentary concludes by referencing two additional corpora that may further benefit the quantitative study of text painting, namely, repertories that contain a dearth of word-painting, and an upcoming digital repository of Tasso-based madrigals.
Who Owns the Victorians

Abstract: In contrast to Peter K. Andersson, Steinbach argues that there is a great deal of scholarly work on working-class Victorians and that the works of Norbert Elias and Michel Foucault are not particularly influential. She argues, first, that ‘middle class’ and ‘respectability’ are terms more useful to Victorian Studies than Andersson’s ‘bourgeoisie’ and ‘civilized’; second, that interdisciplinarity is too difficult to achieve and maintain, both on the individual and the institutional levels. She concludes by proposing that Victorian Studies instead commit to a multidisciplinary model.
Theoretical Confirmation of the Low Experimental 3 C / 3 D f -Value Ratio in Fe xvii

Radiative transition probabilities ($A$ values) are computed for the Fe xvii $L$-shell lines in a Breit-Pauli configuration-interaction method with the autostructure atomic structure code. It is shown that, by carefully taking into account the fine-tuning of the relativistic coupling and $2p$-orbital relaxation, the measured $A$ values of the $M1$ and $M2$ lines and, for the first time, the low $f(3C)/f(3D)$ oscillator-strength ratio are satisfactorily reproduced by the theory. The present ratio $f(3C)/f(3D)=2.82$ compares well with the measurement of $2.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.23$ by x-ray laser spectroscopy.
Assessing the Plain Language Planner for Communication About Common Palliative Care Medications

Using plain language to communicate about oncology and palliative care medications and symptoms is recommended as a communication strategy to address patient/family health literacy demands. This study tested the Plain Language Planner©, a provider tool for communicating about medication and symptoms using plain language. Prior to and immediately following an oncology and palliative care nurse educational session, participants (n = 87) role-played about a symptom and medication. Common symptoms (nausea, constipation, and anxiety) and medications were selected. Self-evaluation and peer evaluation addressing the extent of plain language used during the role-play were rated. Plain language characteristics improved post educational role-play sessions for nurses. The largest improvement in plain language was the inclusion of the brand and generic names of medication in relating the drug to the symptom. The pocket guide provided during the educational session was consulted by 86% of nurses during the postsession role-play. Brief training with the Plain Language Planner may improve provider communication and meet patient/family health literacy needs. This resource may be a valuable asset to other health-care disciplines working in oncology and palliative care contexts.
Chronic rhinosinusitis: Endotypes, biomarkers, and treatment response

It is increasingly recognized that chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) comprises a spectrum of different diseases with distinct clinical presentations and pathogenic mechanisms. Defining the distinct phenotypes and endotypes of CRS affects prognosis and, most importantly, is necessary as the basis for making therapeutic decisions. The need for individualized definitions of pathogenic mechanisms before initiating therapy extends to virtually all therapeutic considerations. This is clearly crucial with antibiotics, where, barring an influence from their off-target anti-inflammatory pharmacologic effects, an understanding of the role of the individual biome predicts likelihood of therapeutic benefit. However, this need for identifying individual phenotypes and endotypes also extends to the agent that is currently considered the mainstay of treatment of CRS, specifically glucocorticoids. As with asthma, it is recognized that a large minority of patients with CRS have a steroid-resistant phenotype, identification of which will preclude use of these agents with their potential side effects. Identification of endotypes is also becoming increasingly imperative because targeted biotherapeutic agents, such as anti-IgE and anti-cytokine antibodies, are becoming available. These agents are likely to benefit patients in whom the targeted mediator is not only expressed but demonstrably driving a central mechanism in that patient. In summary, the treatment of CRS is at an exciting crossroad. On the positive side, numerous therapeutics are in development that seem likely to have a positive effect in our patients with this condition. The challenge is that these therapies will require targeted individualized treatments based on identifying subjects with the relevant endotype.
Fatty Liver Syndrome (Steatosis)

Overview • Fatty liver syndrome (i.e., steatosis) is due to excess accumulation of TG in liver cells.
Relevance in Information Systems Research

Information Systems as an academic discipline makes two contributions to society. The first, knowledge exploration, is the creation of new knowledge that is not -- and should not be relevant to today's practitioner. The goal of knowledge exploration is to change the future, not improve the present. The second, knowledge exploitation, is the dissemination of knowledge to serve current practice (and to train future practitioners, our students). While I believe we have done a good job of knowledge exploration, I believe we need develop new vehicles to promote, nurture, and validate knowledge exploitation much like our academic cousins in Medicine, Engineering, and Computer Science. The debate over the relevance of academic research in the Information Systems community and the business school as a whole has a long history (AACSB, 1997). For much of the 20 th century, most business schools focused on very practical and relevant applied research. The Carnegie report (Pierson, 1959) was highly critical of this focus, and provoked a sharp turn to more "scientific" research like that of our cousins in the Arts and Sciences. Almost 30 years later, the Porter-McKibbin report (1988) was highly critical of the focus on theoretical research, and argued for greater focus on research relevant to practitioners. Over the last dozen years, we have seen many rapid changes and upheavals as new technologies have swept over organizations, and the research relevance debate resurfaced. Some believe that we as IS researchers watched from the sidelines rather than led these changes, and that our research is increasingly seen as irrelevant to the IS practitioners leading and responding to these changes. I believe there is truth in this charge: much IS research is irrelevant to practice. So shouldn't we as a discipline rush to embrace greater relevance? Well, no and yes.
On the Efficacy of Openness in Close Relationships

(1981). On the Efficacy of Openness in Close Relationships. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 5, Communication Yearbook 5, pp. 109-124.
Cortical thickness in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury including sports-related concussion

Abstract This investigation explored whether differences in cortical thickness could be detected in children who sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) compared to those with orthopedic injury (OI) and whether cortical thickness related parental reporting of symptoms. To achieve this objective, FreeSurfer®-based cortical thickness measures were obtained in 330 children, 8 to 15 years of age, with either a history of mTBI or OI. Imaging was performed in all participants with the same 3 Tesla MRI scanner at six-months post-injury, where a parent-rated Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) was also obtained. Robust age-mediated reductions in cortical thickness were observed, but no consistent group-based differences between the mTBI and OI groups were observed. Also, the relation between mechanism of injury (i.e., sports-related, recreational, fall, motor vehicle accident or other) and cortical thickness was examined. Injuries associated with any type of abuse were excluded and children with OI could not have experienced a MVA. Mechanism of injury did not differentially relate to cortical thickness, although in the fall group, parental rating using the PCSI showed increased symptom reporting to be associated with reduced cortical thickness in the left interior frontal, temporal pole and lateral temporal lobe as well as in the right temporal pole. Results from these preliminary findings are discussed in terms of injury variables and developmental factors associated with mTBI in childhood.
Long-term incarceration and the moral limits of punishment

This thesis, inquiring into the permissibility of long-term incarceration, maintains that two sets of reasons determine the moral limits of punishment. First, the reasons that justify the infliction of penal harm will only license “proportionate” or “parsimonious” means of realizing our penal aims. Part I, searching for these reasons, conceives of the criminal law as a system of protections, upon which all citizens rely for their assured liberty. An offender weakens this system by contributing to the threat of “criminality.” The state is thereby entitled, and only entitled, to harm him as a means of “erasing” his criminality contributions, generally by deterring would-be future offenders. This precludes long-term incarceration in most, but not all cases, given the tenuous relationship between penal severity and deterrence. The second set of reasons opposes degrading punishments. Is long-term incarceration impermissibly degrading, irrespective of its proportionality or usefulness otherwise? Part II gains traction by considering torture, the exemplar of degrading treatment. I define torture as the intentional infliction of a suffusive panic. I argue that it is egregiously “disrespectful” of the human capacity to realize value. It converts a diachronic being capable of building a good life through time into a synchronic being whose awareness is restricted to a maximally terrible present. Meanwhile, a prison sentence is “long-term,” I argue, if it severely risks ruining an inmate’s life, just in virtue of the amount of time that he is separated from society and thereby deprived of certain associational goods (e.g. a family and career). Long-term incarceration for reasons of retribution or deterrence intentionally inflicts this life-ruining harm. It is thus impermissibly disrespectful of a person’s value-generating capacities, I conclude, akin to penal torture. Long-term incarceration for the reason of incapacitation, however, whereby the state is not motivated to harm the offender, can be legitimate.
Understanding and Improving Enforcement and Compliance with Drinking Water Standards

The quality of public drinking water poses a critical risk to public health, yet U.S. public water systems (PWSs) frequently produce water that violates drinking water standards. The causes of such violations and the effects of enforcement actions on reducing those violations remain poorly understood. We use a ten-year database of water quality violations across 2487 Connecticut (CT) water systems to test a novel analytical model that investigates drivers of water quality violations and explores the effects of enforcement actions by the state drinking water program (DWP) on the durations of violations. PWS characteristics associated with increased violations in CT include: state-ownership, groundwater dependence, and rural location. Non-transient, non-community (NTNC) systems committed fewer violations overall, but their violations lasted significantly longer than those committed by other PWS types. PWSs respond differently to formal versus informal enforcement actions, with informal enforcement actions (i.e. a letter and technical assistance) curbing duration of violations more effectively than the comparatively punitive, formal enforcement actions. Lastly, we find the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s enforcement targeting tool (ETT) somewhat helpful for restoring PWS compliance in combination with informal enforcement action, but our analysis suggests the ETT is less effective in isolation. We demonstrate a novel analytical model that provides actionable information to state DWPs charged with enforcing drinking water standards to protect the quality of public water supplies.
Cradle-to-Gate Greenhouse Gas Emissions for TwentyAnesthetic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Based on Process Scale-Upand Process Design Calculations

Comparative life-cycle assessment (LCA) of pharmaceutical drugs would enable clinicians to choose alternatives with lower environmental impact from options offering equivalent efficacies and compar...
Healthcare spending and utilization following antireflux surgery: examining costs and reasons for readmission.

While clinical outcomes have been reported for anti-reflux surgery (ARS), there are limited data on post-operative encounters, including readmission, and their associated costs. This study evaluates healthcare utilization during the 90-day post-operative period following ARS including fundoplication and/or paraesophageal hernia (PEH) repair. Data were analyzed from the Truven Health MarketScan® Databases. Patients older than 16 years with an ICD-9 procedure code or Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) code for ARS and a primary diagnosis of GERD during 2012–2014 were selected. Healthcare spending and utilization on emergency department (ED) visits, performance of outpatient endoscopy, and readmission were examined. Reasons for readmission were classified based on ICD-9 code. A total of 40,853 patients were included in the cohort with a mean age of 49 years and females comprising 76.0%. Mean length of stay was 1.4 days, and 93.0% of patients underwent a laparoscopic approach. The mean cost of the index surgical admission was $24,034. Readmission occurred in 4.2% of patients, and of those, 26.3% required a surgical intervention. Patients requiring one or more related readmissions accrued additional costs of $29,513. Some of the most common reasons for readmission were related to nutritional, metabolic, and fluid and electrolyte disorders. Presentation to the ED occurred in 14.0% of patients, and outpatient upper endoscopy was required in 1.5% of patients, but with much lower associated costs as compared to readmission ($1175). The majority of patients undergoing ARS do not require additional care within 90 days of surgery. Patients who are readmitted accrue costs that almost double the overall cost of care compared to the initial hospitalization. Measures to attenuate potentially preventable readmissions after ARS may reduce healthcare utilization in this patient population.
Conceptual Design of Tactical Solar Power UAV

The purpose of this research is to study and design a concept of the tactical solar power UAV. The mission requirements derived from military applications: Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) ISR (which including a longer operation time) 8 hours (, 350-1000 meters service ceiling, and less than 5 kg for take-off weight. This paper, a conceptual design of solar power UAV mainly based on Noth's methodology. A simple program coding created for sizing solar power UAV by using Scilab. In addition, the vortex lattice method) XFLR5 program (also employed to evaluate the basic aerodynamic characteristics for three different low-Reynolds number airfoils. The wing incident angle was then designed. From the conceptual design results, the coding indicated that the solar power UAV is the conventional type of aircraft, which is provided 4 meters in wingspan (Aspect ratio 13 (, 3.88 kg for take-off weight, and 69.13% for solar area to wing area ratio.
Demand-Driven Risk and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns

Firms that concentrate their activities towards goods with higher income elasticity are more exposed to demand-driven risk since the consumption of high-consumption households is more exposed to aggregate shocks. These firms earn higher risk-adjusted equity returns. A portfolio that goes long on the most exposed firms and short on the least exposed gets an abnormal risk-adjusted annual return of 7.5%. This risk does not seem to be coming from competition. A portfolio that goes long in firms exposed to demand-driven risk and competitive pressure and short on firms not exposed to demand-driven risk nor competitive pressure earns an abnormal risk-adjusted annual return of 14%.
Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genetic Testing

As genotyping technologies have precipitously decreased in cost since the completion of the Human Genome Project, personal genetic testing has increasingly been marketed to consumers. Genetic predisposition testing is now available for an ever-expanding list of genetic mutations associated with diseases including breast cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as qualities such as ancestry, intelligence, and athleticism. These tests that are sold to consumers over the internet, outside of the health care system, are part of an emerging industry of direct-to-consumer (DTC) personal genetic testing. The DTC personal genetics industry provides consumers personal genetic information that interprets genotypic data into categories of relative risk and probability. Scientific and economic developments in the field of human genetics have produced a changing landscape of genetic products and services available to the public, which has fueled policy debates over questions of access, clinical and personal utility, and privacy. In addition, DTC personal genetic testing has been a focus of discourse on the potential for geneticization of social identity and questions over the meaningful extrapolation of individual genetic differences for group memberships. DTC personal genetic testing has challenged traditional approaches to genetic tests to a model of open access. The turn to the market creates new ethical, legal, and social questions as DTC personal genetic testing shifts responsibilities from the health care provider to the consumer, posing questions over who may interpret genetic information and for what purposes.
Myeloid cells: The Trojan horse for T cell invasion into the brain

C-type lectin receptors on myeloid cells regulate the activation and infiltration of T cells into the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Abstract 237: Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease in Transgender Persons in The United States

Background: There is a paucity of data regarding prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and corresponding cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in transgender individuals. We sought to assess the pr...
Signaling roles of phosphoinositides in the retina.

The field of phosphoinositide signaling has expanded significantly in recent years. Phosphoinositides (also known as phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs) are universal signaling molecules that directly interact with membrane proteins or with cytosolic proteins containing domains that directly bind phosphoinositides and are recruited to cell membranes. Through the activities of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphoinositide phosphatases, seven distinct phosphoinositide lipid molecules are formed from the parent molecule, phosphatidylinositol. PIP signals regulate a wide range of cellular functions, including cytoskeletal assembly, membrane binding and fusion, ciliogenesis, vesicular transport, and signal transduction. Given the many excellent reviews on phosphoinositide kinases, phosphoinositide phosphatases, and PIPs in general, in this review, we discuss recent studies and advances in PIP lipid signaling in the retina. We specifically focus on PIP lipids from vertebrate (e.g., bovine, rat, mouse, toad, and zebrafish) and invertebrate (e.g., Drosophila, horseshoe crab, and squid) retinas. We also discuss the importance of PIPs revealed from animal models and human diseases, and methods to study PIP levels both in vitro and in vivo. We propose that future studies should investigate the function and mechanism of activation of PIP-modifying enzymes/phosphatases and further unravel PIP regulation and function in the different cell types of the retina.
Storage Based Built-In Test Pattern Generation Method for Close-to-Functional Broadside Tests

Built-in self-test (BIST) eliminates the need for an expensive tester, and reduces the security vulnerabilities of scan design. This paper describes a BIST approach that combines the following features. (1) It is based on storage of test data on-chip to achieve complete fault coverage. (2) Every entry of the stored test data is used for applying several different tests to reduce the amount of stored test data. (3) The test data is derived from functional broadside tests, and the applied tests maintain close-to-functional operation conditions to avoid overtesting of delay faults. Experimental results are presented for benchmark circuits to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Fully Endoscopic Resection of an Epidermoid Cyst of the Cerebellopontine Angle: Bilateral Resection via a Unilateral Approach.

Background and importance Epidermoid cysts are rare, benign intracranial neoplasms that typically arise at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and can be extensive lesions that intricately involve many critical neurovascular structures. We describe the case of a patient who presents with the classic picture of CPA epidermoid cyst and describe the value of the 4K endoscope for resection, which is illustrated in our accompanying surgical video. Clinical presentation The patient presents with headache, nausea, and vomiting accompanied by dizziness and balance issues. Radiographic imaging demonstrated a large lesion highly consistent with epidermoid cyst which involved the left CPA, encircled the basilar artery, and extended to the opposite side. Surgery was planned with a small left-sided retrosigmoid craniotomy with use of a 2-dimensional 4K endoscope to aid in resection, particularly of the contralateral side. This approach was successful with gross total resection apparent at 14-mo follow-up. Conclusion We describe the use of a fully endoscopic technique from a unilateral approach for resection of a lesion that extended in the CPA bilaterally. Additionally, we highlight the relevant neuroanatomical and neurovascular structures in this highly critical intracranial region which is well-visualized through endoscopy in the associated surgical video.
Ultra‑Low Loading Pt/CeO 2 Catalysts: Ceria Facet Effect Affords Improved Pairwise Selectivity for Parahydrogen Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy

Oxide supports with well-defined shapes enable investigations on the effects of surface structure on metal-support interactions and correlations to catalytic activity and selectivity. Here, a modified atomic layer deposition technique was developed to achieve ultra-low loadings (8-16 ppm) of Pt on shaped ceria nanocrystals. Using octahedra and cubes, which expose exclusively (111) and (100) surfaces, respectively, the effect of CeO2 surface facet on Pt-CeO2 interactions under reducing conditions was revealed. Strong electronic interactions result in electron-deficient Pt species on CeO2 (111) after reduction, which increased the stability of the atomically dispersed Pt. This afforded significantly higher NMR signal enhancement in parahydrogen-induced polarization experiments compared with the electron-rich platinum on CeO2 (100), and a factor of two higher pairwise selectivity (6.1 %) in the hydrogenation of propene than any previously reported monometallic heterogeneous Pt catalyst.
Papillary Muscle Rupture Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Tale of Teamwork

A 52-year-old man presented with acute onset of chest pain and was found to have an inferolateral ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and acute mitral regurgitation due to papillary muscle rupture. This case describes a rare, potentially fatal mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
Widespread Pressure Delivered by a Weighted Blanket Reduces Chronic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Pleasant sensation is an underexplored avenue for modulation of chronic pain. Deeper pressure is perceived as pleasant and calming, and can improve sleep. Although pressure can reduce acute pain, its effect on chronic pain is poorly characterized. The current remote, double-blind, randomized controlled trial tested the hypothesis that wearing a heavy weighted blanket – providing widespread pressure to the body – relative to a light weighted blanket would reduce ratings of chronic pain, mediated by improvements in anxiety and sleep. Ninety-four adults with chronic pain were randomized to wear a 15-lb. (heavy) or 5-lb. (light) weighted blanket during a brief trial and overnight for one week. Measures of anxiety and chronic pain were collected pre- and post-intervention, and ratings of pain intensity, anxiety, and sleep were collected daily. After controlling for expectations and trait anxiety, the heavy weighted blanket produced significantly greater reductions in broad perceptions of chronic pain than the light weighted blanket (Cohen's f = .19, CI [-1.97, -.91]). This effect was stronger in individuals with high trait anxiety (P = .02). However, weighted blankets did not alter pain intensity ratings. Pain reductions were not mediated by anxiety or sleep. Given that the heavy weighted blanket was associated with greater modulation of affective versus sensory aspects of chronic pain, we propose that the observed reductions are due to interoceptive and social/affective effects of deeper pressure. Overall, we demonstrate that widespread pressure from a weighted blanket can reduce the severity of chronic pain, offering an accessible, home-based tool for chronic pain. The study purpose, targeted condition, study design, and primary and secondary outcomes were pre-registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04447885: “Weighted Blankets and Chronic Pain”). Perspective: This randomized-controlled trial showed that a 15-lb weighted blanket produced significantly greater reductions in broad perceptions of chronic pain relative to a 5-lb weighted blanket, particularly in highly anxious individuals. These findings are relevant to patients and providers seeking home-based, nondrug therapies for chronic pain relief.