cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Discounting in Renewable Resource Planning under Risk

Renewable resource planning and management projects entail evaluating economic and ecological criteria in the long term. During the past decade or so, dual discounting––ecological criteria discounted at a smaller rate than that for economic criteria––has been proposed for such projects as an alternative to the prevailing single-discounting scheme, out of theoretical and empirical considerations. We focus on how to apply this principle in planning problems that involve a multitude of risk in the attendant biological-economic system. A stochastic dynamic programming framework is introduced which allows dual discounting rates and finds the optimal decisions (passively) adapting to changes in the system. Furthermore, we show how to evaluate the variances of the criteria in this framework. With a case study of managing public forestlands in the US Pacific Northwestern region for both timber return and habitat preservation for the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), we illustrate the impacts that the dual-discounting scheme has on the trade-off between conflicting management objectives, the optimal planning strategy, the temporal development of the portion of the forestlands suitable for owl habitats, as well as its steady-state expected value and standard deviation.
Andreev reflection at the normal-metal/heavy-fermion superconductor Ce Co In 5 interface

The dynamic conductance across nanoscale junctions consisting of a normal-metal (N) and a heavy-fermion superconductor (HFS) is measured over a wide temperature range $(60\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK})$. The N/HFS $(\mathrm{Au}∕\mathrm{Ce}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{In}}_{5})$ contact is shown to be in the Sharvin limit. The background conductance develops a gradual asymmetry with decreasing temperature starting at the heavy-fermion liquid coherence temperature, ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}45\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, to the onset of superconducting coherence, ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}=2.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The enhanced subgap conductance observed below ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ arises from Andreev reflection. This enhancement is an order of magnitude smaller ($\ensuremath{\sim}13.3%$ at $400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$) than that observed for N/conventional superconductors but consistent with other N/HFS data reported. Attempts to fit to the full conductance curve as a function of temperature with extended Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk models, including those that account for the breakdown of the Andreev approximation and renormalizations of the Fermi momenta, clearly show that existing models cannot account for our data. We provide a theoretical framework for understanding the N/HFS Andreev conversion process.
Gravity in two-time physics

The field theoretic action for gravitational interactions in $d+2$ dimensions is constructed in the formalism of two-time (2T) physics. General relativity in $d$ dimensions emerges as a shadow of this theory with one less time and one less space dimensions. The gravitational constant turns out to be a shadow of a dilaton field in $d+2$ dimensions that appears as a constant to observers stuck in $d$ dimensions. If elementary scalar fields play a role in the fundamental theory (such as Higgs fields in the standard model coupled to gravity), then their shadows in $d$ dimensions must necessarily be conformal scalars. This has the physical consequence that the gravitational constant changes at each phase transition (inflation, grand unification, electroweak, etc.), implying interesting new scenarios in cosmological applications. The fundamental action for pure gravity, which includes the spacetime metric ${G}_{MN}(X)$, the dilaton $\ensuremath{\Omega}(X)$, and an additional auxiliary scalar field $W(X)$, all in $d+2$ dimensions with two times, has a mix of gauge symmetries to produce appropriate constraints that remove all ghosts or redundant degrees of freedom. The action produces on-shell classical field equations of motion in $d+2$ dimensions, with enough constraints for the theory to be in agreement with classical general relativity in $d$ dimensions. Therefore this action describes the correct classical gravitational physics directly in $d+2$ dimensions. Taken together with previous similar work on the standard model of particles and forces, the present paper shows that 2T physics is a general consistent framework for a physical theory. Furthermore, the 2T-physics approach reveals more physical information for observers stuck in the shadow in $d$ dimensions in the form of hidden symmetries and dualities, that are largely concealed in the usual one-time formulation of physics.
Mapping dysregulated lipid metabolism in disease using chemoproteomic and metabolomic platforms (476.3)

Cancer cells possess fundamentally altered metabolism that drives every aspect of cancer pathogenicity. While targeting dysregulated metabolism shows great promise for cancer therapy, most research has focused on well-understood pathways in metabolism (i.e. Warburg), and has largely ignored the majority of metabolic pathways despite indications of their importance to cancer, leaving untapped the large therapeutic potential that remains in the unexplored metabolic genome. Here, we will discuss progress towards performing massively parallel metabolic mapping studies to identify nodal altered metabolic pathways underlying cancer pathogenesis.
Parity violation in elastic electron-deuteron scattering Light-front dynamics

Abstract We develop a relativistic formalism for the evaluation of the axial form factor of the deuteron in the hamiltonian form of the light-front dynamics. We calculate the parity-violating assymmetry in the elastic cross sections for electrons initially polarized in the beam direction and for polarized recoil deuterons. These asymmetries are sensitive to the presence of strangeness in the nucleon. Calculations are performed for momentum transfers up to 5 (GeV/ c ) 2 . The consistency relations for the matrix elements of the electromagnetic and axial currents are examined.
9. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionization

Publisher Summary The chapter offers information on matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI), which is the most successful solid-state biopolymer ion source. The evolutionary process leading to MALDI began in the 1970s, with the introduction of the plasma desorption solid-state ion source. In this ion source, a peptide sample was deposited on a thin metal film by drying a few microliters of a peptide solution. MALDI has the capability of selectively producing ions representative of a mixture of biopolymer molecules present at a concentration of one micromolar in the presence of other organic and inorganic ions and molecules at one million-fold higher concentrations. The chapter outlines the development of solid-state ion sources for biopolymer analysis. Tandem mass spectrometry techniques have also been employed to gain sequence information from peptide and protein ions formed using MALDI. There have been numerous reports of the investigations of MALDI for the mass spectrometric analysis of oligonucleotides. MALDI has several advantages over other techniques for the analysis of synthetic polymers. It allows for the generation of intact, high mass polymer ions, which can be detected with minimal mass discrimination using time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzers. With the use of Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), the limitations on mass accuracy and mass resolution of TOF mass analyzers can be overcome.
Prospective trial of penicillamine in primary sclerosing cholangitis

We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of penicillamine in primary sclerosing cholangitis. In a randomized, prospective, double-blind trial, 39 patients received penicillamine (250 mg t.i.d.) and 31 received a placebo. The two groups were highly comparable at entry with regard to clinical, biochemical, radiologic, and hepatic histologic features. Although a predictable cupruresis and a decrease in levels of hepatic copper were achieved in patients taking penicillamine, there was no beneficial effect on disease progression within 36 mo or on overall survival. Progressive symptoms, deterioration in serial hepatic laboratory values, or histologic progression on sequential liver biopsy specimens were similar in both groups, occurring in >80% of the entire study population. The development of major side effects led to the permanent discontinuation of penicillamine in 21% of the patients taking the drug. We conclude that the use of penicillamine in primary sclerosing cholangitis is not associated with a beneficial effect on disease progression or survival, and has considerable toxicity. The study also suggests that primary sclerosing cholangitis is a progressive disease in many patients.
Functional verification of ECL circuits including voltage regulators

Three major steps in designing emitter-coupled logic (ECL) circuits are generating correct functional behavior, guaranteeing design rules are obeyed, and verifying delay behavior. Previous ECL simulators have not addressed the checking of design rules, and have not included voltage regulators. In the authors' functional verifier, the circuit partitioning module divides the circuit into current source trees and identifies voltage regulators. The reference voltages generated by the voltage regulators are calculated using electrical simulation techniques, and a simplified Ebers-Moll transistor model is used to calculate current sharing in emitter-coupled transistors of the switching subcircuits. The functional verification approach introduced can be used to verify circuit functionality under varying operating conditions of power supply voltage, temperature and device parameters, and, in addition, to detect design errors such as deep transistor saturation, excessive emitter current and voltage margin violations. For an industrial benchmark circuit with 842 transistors, the authors' functional verifier performs the functional simulation and detects design errors over 800 times faster than the DC and transient analysis of simulation program with IC emphasis (SPICE)3. >
The Use of an Experimental Room for Monitoring of Airborne Concentrations of Microorganisms, Glass Fibers, and Total Particles

An experimental room was used as a microcosm for studies of airborne particles and microorganisms in indoor environments. The interior of the room measures 4 by 4 by 2.2 m high and has a hardwood floor and the walls and ceiling are sheetrocked and coated with interior latex paint. Exterior walls are 11.4-cm thick plywood panels consisting of two outer sections of plywood insulated with fiber glass batts. The ceiling is of similar construction with 17.1-cm thick panels. Attached to the room entrance is an anteroom equipped with a HEPA-filtered air shower to reduce mixing of air resulting from entering and exiting during experiments. The room is equipped with a computer-controlled heating, ventilation, and cooling system. Temperature, relative humidity, air flow, and room pressure can be continuously monitored by probes located in the room and air handling system components. Several research projects have been conducted using this room including monitoring the potential for airborne glass fibers released from rigid fibrous ductboard, comparisons of commercially available samplers for monitoring of airborne fungal spores, and a study on the efficacy of vacuum bags to minimize dispersal of particles, including fungal spores from fungal-contaminated carpet. During studies designed to monitor airborne fiberglass, airmore » samples were taken in the room serviced by new rigid fibrous glass ductwork, and the results were compared to those obtained in the room with bare metal ductwork installed. Monitoring of airborne fungal spores using the Andersen six-stage sampler, the high flow Spiral Biotech sampler, the Biotest RCS Plus sampler, and the Burkard spore trap sampler was performed following the release of Penicillium spores into the room through the supply register. Dispersal of carpet-associated particles and fungal spores was measured after vacuuming using conventional cellulose vacuum bags in comparison to recently developed bags.« less
FACT Disrupts Nucleosome Structure by Binding H2A-H2B with Conserved Peptide Motifs

FACT, a heterodimer of Spt16 and Pob3, is an essential histone chaperone. We show that the H2A-H2B binding activity that is central to FACT function resides in short acidic regions near the C termini of each subunit. Mutations throughout these regions affect binding and cause correlated phenotypes that range from mild to lethal, with the largest individual contributions unexpectedly coming from an aromatic residue and a nearby carboxylate residue within each domain. Spt16 and Pob3 bind overlapping sites on H2A-H2B, and Spt16-Pob3 heterodimers simultaneously bind two H2A-H2B dimers, the same stoichiometry as the components of a nucleosome. An Spt16:H2A-H2B crystal structure explains the biochemical and genetic data, provides a model for Pob3 binding, and implies a mechanism for FACT reorganization that we confirm biochemically. Moreover, unexpected similarity to binding of ANP32E and Swr1 with H2A.Z-H2B reveals that diverse H2A-H2B chaperones use common mechanisms of histone binding and regulating nucleosome functions.
This Exhibition is about now: Tasmanian Aboriginality at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery

This article focuses on the design and execution of two exhibits about Tasmanian Aboriginality at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. The first is a Tasmanian Aboriginal group exhibit from 1931, which was heavily informed by ideologies of Tasmanian primitivity and extinction. The second is 2008's tayenebe, a celebration of the resurgence of fiber work among Tasmanian Aboriginal women. In each instance, the Tasmanian Aboriginal people are on display, but the level of community control and subtext is notably different. This article builds on discussions of cultural revitalization and reclamation by showing the process and how it is depicted for public consumption. [cultural revitalization, representation, indigeneity, Tasmania, Australia]
A radioimmunoassay search for measles and distemper antigens in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis brain tissues

Abstract Solid-phase direct sandwich radioimmunoassays have been developed which will detect measles antigen in as little as 20 μg of SSPE brain, measles antigen in 5 × 10 4 pfu/ml of measles virus, and canine distemper antigen in 5 × 10 5 pfu/ml of this virus. Using these assays, a search was carried out for measles and distemper antigens in CNS autopsy tissue from 3 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Even in 1000-fold higher concentrations of MS brain (20 mg), antigens of neither virus were detected. Additional studies were carried out using similar radioimmunoassays but employing IgG from 2 MS patients as probes against MS brain specimens, including IgG and acute plaque material from the same individual. However, no reaction between MS IgG and MS brain was detected. Thus no evidence was found for foreign antigen in the MS brains nor for autoantibody which reacted with brain tissue antigens. It is concluded that either measles or distemper are not present in acute MS lesions, or that they are present in such small amounts that their detection will require techniques even more sensitive than those used in the present study.
The management of the red eye for the generalist.

Patients often present to primary care physicians with acute or chronic red eyes. Benign conditions may be evaluated and treated by primary, care practitioners. Red eyes due to serious conditions may be vision threatening and require early detection and referral.
Reconstruction of the symphysis pubis to repair a complex midline hernia in the setting of congenital bladder exstrophy

A 40-year-old man with congenital midline defect and wide pubic symphysis diastasis secondary to bladder exstrophy presented with a massive incisional hernia resulting from complications of multiple prior abdominal repairs. Using a multi-disciplinary team of general, plastic, and urologic surgeons, we performed a complex hernia repair including creation of a pubic symphysis with rib graft for inferior fixation of mesh. The skin graft overlying the peritoneum was excised, and the posterior rectus sheath mobilized, then re-approximated. The previously augmented bladder and urethra were mobilized into the pelvis, after which a rib graft was constructed from the 7th rib and used to create a symphysis pubis using a mortise joint. This rib graft was used to fix the inferior portion of a 20 × 25 cm porcine xenograft mesh in a retro-rectus position. With the defect closed, prior skin scars were excised and the wound closed over multiple drains. The patient tolerated the procedure well. His post-operative course was complicated by a vesico-cutaneous fistula and associated urinary tract and wound infections. This resolved by drainage with a urethral catheter and bilateral percutaneous nephrostomies. The patient has subsequently healed well with an intact hernia repair. The increased intra-abdominal pressure from his intact abdominal wall has been associated with increased stress urinary incontinence. Although a difficult operation prone to serious complications, reconstruction of the symphysis pubis is an effective means for creating an inferior border to affix mesh in complex hernia repairs associated with bladder exstrophy.
A numerical dosimetry study for pediatric transcranial magnetic stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to study brain function and is being investigated as a possible treatment for a variety of neurological disorders and neuropsychiatric diseases. Most studies implementing TMS utilize adult subjects but the method may also be a beneficial tool in the treatment of pediatric patients. It is known that the structure of pediatric brains differ to those of adults and the use of scaled adult head models for studying exposure to electromagnetic radiation may provide erroneous results. In this study numerical calculations have been performed incorporating high-resolution anatomically realistic human models of varying age to accurately determine how field induced by TMS depends upon the age of the patient. Results show that different protocols should be considered when conducting TMS experiments with pediatric patients to ensure desired neurological effects are achieved in a safe manner.
Implantation of hydroxyapatite granules into superplastic titanium alloy for biomaterials

Abstract Hydroxyapatite granules (32–50 μm in diameter) were spread over a superplastic titanium alloy substrate and pressed to implant the granules in the substrate. The more the stress increases, the deeper the granules were buried. Under 17 MPa for 10 min at 750°C, the only tops of the granules, which were surrounded by the alloy, were exposed and they were firmly stuck in the substrate. The granules and the titanium alloy were closed, and a reactive layer was formed at the interface between both of them. The implantation process of granules is divided in the following two steps. (1) First, the granules are implanted in the depth which is corresponding to the diameter with small stress. (2) Second, the whole of specimen is composed, and titanium alloy moves to the upper parts of the granules. Therefore, this composite is expected to be applied to artificial bones, like artificial hip joints and dental roots, as new biomaterials.
A genome-wide association study in europeans and South asians identifies 5 new Loci for coronary artery disease.

### Study Hypothesis Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several common variants associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) by 10% to 30%. The authors state that these loci explain only a small proportion of the predicted genetic risk and that all of the current loci for CAD and MI by GWAS have been discovered in European populations. The authors hypothesized that discovery of new susceptibility loci of smaller effect sizes would be aided by conducting much larger studies in addition to an emphasis on early-onset CAD and clearly defined clinical end points. Therefore, they assembled the Coronary Artery Disease (C4D) Genetics Consortium.1 ### How Was the Hypothesis Tested? The authors performed a meta-analysis of 4 large GWAS of CAD, 2 of European ancestry (PROCARDIS and HPS) and 2 of South Asian ancestry (PROMIS and LOLLIPOP), with ≈575 000 genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a discovery data set comprising 15 420 individuals with CAD (cases) (8424 Europeans and 6996 South Asians) and 15 062 control subjects. They observed little evidence for ancestry-specific associations, supporting the use of combined analyses. Furthermore, the authors state that because all individuals were genotyped on the same platform (whole-genome Illumina BeadChips), a meta-analysis of actual genotypes rather than imputed data enabled analysis of low-frequency variants (1% to 5%), which have been excluded from GWAS either because of sample size or because imputation has been required to combine data from different genotyping platforms. After the meta-analysis, they selected 59 SNPs from 50 loci that showed potential new associations from the meta-analysis of the European and South Asian studies (41 SNPs; P <1.0×10−4), the European-only meta-analysis (8 SNPs; P <3.0×10−5), the South …
Assessing the feasibility of a high-temperature, helium-cooled vacuum vessel and first wall for the Vulcan tokamak conceptual design

Abstract The Vulcan conceptual design (R = 1.2 m, a = 0.3 m, B0 = 7 T), a compact, steady-state tokamak for plasma–material interaction (PMI) science, must incorporate a vacuum vessel capable of operating at 1000 K in order to replicate the temperature-dependent physical chemistry that will govern PMI in a reactor. In addition, the Vulcan divertor must be capable of handling steady-state heat fluxes up to 10 MW m−2 so that integrated materials testing can be performed under reactor-relevant conditions. A conceptual design scoping study has been performed to assess the challenges involved in achieving such a configuration. The Vulcan vacuum system comprises an inner, primary vacuum vessel that is thermally and mechanically isolated from the outer, secondary vacuum vessel by a 10 cm vacuum gap. The thermal isolation minimizes heat conduction between the high-temperature helium-cooled primary vessel and the water-cooled secondary vessel. The mechanical isolation allows for thermal expansion and enables vertical removal of the primary vessel for maintenance or replacement. Access to the primary vessel for diagnostics, lower hybrid waveguides, and helium coolant is achieved through ∼1 m long intra-vessel pipes to minimize temperature gradients and is shown to be commensurate with the available port space in Vulcan. The isolated primary vacuum vessel is shown to be mechanically feasible and robust to plasma disruptions with analytic calculations and finite element analyses. Heat removal in the first wall and divertor, coupled with the ability to perform in situ maintenance and replacement of divertor components for scientific purposes, is achieved by combining existing helium-cooled techniques with innovative mechanical attachments of plasma facing components, either in plate-type helium-cooled modules or independently bolted, helium-jet impingement-cooled tiles. The vacuum vessel and first wall design enables a wide range of potential PFC materials and configurations to be tested with relative ease, providing a new approach to reactor-relevant PMI science.
Treating the Gifted Client

Abstract Treating gifted individuals can be both rewarding and challenging. As clients, they often present a thorough understanding of the therapy plan and offer worthwhile perspectives. However, t...
Popper and the non-Bayesian tradition: Comments on Richard Jeffrey

My first serious encounter with Popper's work occurred after several years of graduate work in philosophy which in turn had been preceeded by several years of graduate work in physics. Like many scientists who read Popper, including such notables as Herman Bondi and John Eccles, I found that many of Popper's views harmonized well with my previous scientific experience. In fact, so favorable was my impression of his work that I began a dissertation on Popper's Philosophy of Science. I soon found, however, that the arguments Popper offered for those intuitively appealing views did not measure up to my newly acquired philosophical standards. Moreover, it also became clear that Popper had misunder stood, or at least misrepresented, his opponents, especially Carnap. Indeed, the misrepresentation often seemed so great as to be perverse, even willful. I abandoned the proposed dissertation on Popper. The point of these autobiographical remarks is to show the basis of my personal sympathy with Professor Jeffrey's feelings of frustration in dealing with Popper and his followers. Moreover, I wish to indicate my approval of his attempt to make clear in public how some of these feelings were generated. Nevertheless, while I reject the details of most of Popper's views and would not employ his arguments, much less his mode of argumentation, there is a serious sense in which I think that Popper's general position must be defended against the arguments in the latter parts of Jeffrey's paper. This is because Popper represents an important tradition in epistemological thought. Indeed, this tradition constitutes the major alternative to the tradition now represented by a Bayesian verifica tionism of the sort Jeffrey advocates. In what follows, therefore, I will first indicate some major components of the two traditions, one Bayesian, one non-Bayesian. It will be clear, I think, why Jeffrey and Popper are on opposing sides. Having distinguished the two traditions, I will then at tempt to show that the general Popperian insights which Jeffrey recasts
Uncoupling of Energy-Linked Functions of Corn Mitochondria by Linoleic Acid and Monomethyldecenylsuccinic Acid

Linoleic acid and monomethyldecenylsuccinic acid were tested as uncoupling agents for energy linked functions of corn mitochondria. 2,4-dinitrophenol was used as a standard for comparison. Both compounds uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation, released oligomycin-blocked respiration, and accelerated adenosine triphosphatase. Linoleic acid uncoupled calcium-activated phosphate accumulation and the increase in light scattering that accompanies the accumulation. Unlike dinitrophenol, linoleic acid at 0.1 mm had a destructive effect on membrane semipermeability. Kinetic studies indicated that dinitrophenol and linoleic acid compete with phosphate for active sites in oxidative phosphorylation.Some linoleic acid is taken up by respiring mitochondria and a major share of the uptake is incorporated into phospholipids. Calcium ion and oligomycin promote the uptake, but coenzyme A does not. It is deduced that fatty acid probably attacks the non-phosphorylated intermediate, I approximately X, producing X approximately acyl. Uncoupling results from breakdown of X approximately acyl, but sufficient X approximately acyl is maintained to serve as a source of activated fatty acid.
A comparison of the phase evolution in Ni, Al, and Ti powder mixtures synthesized by SHS and MA processes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the phase evolution of the Ni, Al, and Ti powder mixtures with a composition of Ni60.1Al27.2Ti12.7 during both self-propagating high-temperature (SHS) and mechanical alloying (MA) processes. The DSC thermal analysis of this powder mixture, from 20 to 1200 °C, shows that there are two exothermic and two endothermic reactions in the SHS process. The phases presented in heat-treated powders and in MA samples were then identified by using X-ray diffraction and were also examined metallographically. Data obtained from thermal analysis, XRD experiments, and microstructure examination may be well-interpreted in terms of the Ni–Al binary and Ni–Al–Ti ternary phase diagrams. The growth of the γ′ phase at the expense of the β phase during heat treatment was analyzed kinetically, and the results show that grain boundary diffusion is responsible for the γ′ growth in samples heat treated at lower temperatures (670 or 875 °C), whereas volume diffusion becomes a dominant mechanism for the higher heat-treatment temperature (1165 °C) in the SHS process. The sequence of formation of stable intermetallic phases was β–Ni(Al,Ti), γ′–Ni3(Al,Ti), and β′–Ni2AlTi when annealed from room temperature to 1200 °C, and this sequence of formation of phases was the same as that revealed in the MA process.
Air conditioning market saturation and long-term response of residential cooling energy demand to climate change

Abstract Existing state-level models relating climate parameters to residential electricity consumption indicate a nominal sensitivity of 2–4% for each degree Celsius increase in ambient temperatures. Long-term climate change will also impact electricity consumption through corresponding increases in the market saturation of air conditioning. In this paper we use air conditioning market saturation data for 39 US cities to develop a generalized functional relationship between market saturation and cooling degree days. The slope of this saturation curve is particularly high for cities that currently have low to moderate saturation. As a result, the total response of per capita electricity consumption to long-term warming may be much higher than previously thought. A detailed analysis of 12 cities in four states shows that for some cities changes in market saturation may be two to three times more important than the role of weather sensitivity of current loads. While actual behavioral response to climate change will be more complicated than that captured in our model of market saturation, this approach provides a new perspective on the sensitivity of space conditioning electricity consumption in the US to climate change.
Exploring differences in our common future(s): the meaning of vulnerability to global environmental change

Abstract We share a future of environmental changes that entails different consequences for people and regions. Vulnerability, a central concept in understanding these distributions is receiving increasing attention, although little consensus exists about its meaning and implications. An overview of the definitions, factors and explanations of vulnerability raises issues of values and policy converging around vulnerability. Four issues are discussed in greater detail: (1) the relationship between dimensions of vulnerability (exposure, resistance, the ability to resist harm, and resilience, the capacity to recover from impacts); (2) the relationship between biophysical and social distributions of vulnerability; (3) the emergence of vulnerability as a characteristic of relationships across social scales; and (4) the role of temporal sequences or cycles in creating ‘windows of vulnerability.’
Distinct Signaling Functions for Shc Isoforms in the Heart

Thrombin activates protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and engages signaling pathways that influence the growth and survival of cardiomyocytes as well as extracellular matrix remodeling by cardiac fibroblasts. This study examines the role of Shc proteins in PAR-1-dependent signaling pathways that influence ventricular remodeling. We show that thrombin increases p46Shc/p52Shc phosphorylation at Tyr239/Tyr240 and Tyr317 (and p66Shc-Ser36 phosphorylation) via a pertussis toxin-insensitive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation pathway in cardiac fibroblasts; p66Shc-Ser36 phosphorylation is via a MEK-dependent mechanism. In contrast, cardiac fibroblasts express β2-adrenergic receptors that activate ERK through a pertussis toxin-sensitive EGFR transactivation pathway that does not involve Shc isoforms or lead to p66Shc-Ser36 phosphorylation. In cardiomyocytes, thrombin triggers MEK-dependent p66Shc-Ser36 phosphorylation, but this is not via EGFR transactivation (or associated with Shc-Tyr239/Tyr240 and/or Tyr317 phosphorylation). Importantly, p66Shc protein expression is detected in neonatal, but not adult, cardiomyocytes; p66Shc expression is induced (via a mechanism that requires protein kinase C and MEK activity) by Pasteurella multocida toxin, a Gαq agonist that promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. These results identify novel regulation of individual Shc isoforms in receptor-dependent pathways leading to cardiac hypertrophy and the transition to heart failure. The observations that p66Shc expression is induced by a Gαq agonist and that PAR-1 activation leads to p66Shc-Ser36 phosphorylation identifies p66Shc as a novel candidate hypertrophy-induced mediator of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and heart failure.
This is a Pedagogical Essay on Voice

Rhetorical voice is rarely discussed in business, professional, or technical communication textbooks, despite its strategic importance in aligning writer and audience so that persuasion can occur. This article identifies those aspects of the rhetorical situation that shape voice and presents a heuristic that writers can use to identify the components of voice and to construct their personae.
Radial compression and controlled cutting of carbon nanotubes

Utilizing high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, in tandem with molecular dynamics simulations, we conduct a fundamental study of the mechanical force–structure relationship of carbon nanotubes. We study the response of tubes to asymmetrical radial compressive forces, which are directly related to observed structure distortions in HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy). We show that the magnitude of such forces can be readily estimated and is related to the shape of the distortion, characterized by percent compression and the radius of the tube, as well as the number of layers for very narrow tubes. The elasticity and resilience of the walls depend on the tube radius and the number of layers. We further suggest that even very large forces produce reversible, elastic distortions, indicating that radial mechanical forces should not be a feasible method to cut a nanotube without causing severe structural damage.
On the Stein phenomenon under divergence loss and an unknown variance-covariance matrix

The paper develops a general class of shrinkage estimators for estimating the normal mean, which dominates the sample mean in three or higher dimensions under a general divergence loss. In the process, the earlier works of James and Stein [11] and Efron and Morris [5] are generalized considerably.
Radiation recall associated with insulin growth factor 1R antibody

A 34-year-old white male presented to an outside hospital in March 2005 with sudden onset of persistent abdominal pain. Computed tomographic (CT) abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a 3-cm soft tissue mass contiguous with loops of small bowel. Exploratory laparotomy with simple excision revealed a 4-cm wellcircumscribed pancreatic endocrine tumor with negative surgical margins and no evidence of lymphovascular invasion. Postoperatively, he was managed expectantly with serial labs and scans. After 11 months, he developed increasing fatigue and progressive nausea and vomiting. Restaging CT scans showed the interval development of multiple small hepatic lesions, and a liver-directed biopsy confirmed metastatic pancreatic endocrine tumor. He clinically progressed on temozolomide-bevacizumab (May 2006 to June 2006), and was switched to streptomycin-doxorubicin with stable disease after 1 cycle. In an attempt to render the patient with no evidence of disease, right hepatectomy and a partial left hepatectomy was performed in August 2006 to remove more than 15 metastatic lesions with clean surgical margins.
Mechanical properties and the laminate structure of Arapaima gigas scales

The Arapaima gigas scales play an important role in protecting this large Amazon basin fish against predators such as the piranha. They have a laminate composite structure composed of an external mineralized layer and internal lamellae with thickness of 50-60 μm each and composed of collagen fibers with ~1 μm diameter. The alignment of collagen fibers is consistent in each individual layer but varies from layer to layer, forming a non-orthogonal plywood structure, known as Bouligand stacking. X-ray diffraction revealed that the external surface of the scale contains calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. EDS results confirm that the percentage of calcium is higher in the external layer. The micro-indentation hardness of the external layer (550 MPa) is considerably higher than that of the internal layer (200 MPa), consistent with its higher degree of mineralization. Tensile testing of the scales carried out in the dry and wet conditions shows that the strength and stiffness are hydration dependent. As is the case of most biological materials, the elastic modulus of the scale is strain-rate dependent. The strain-rate dependence of the elastic modulus, as expressed by the Ramberg-Osgood equation, is equal to 0.26, approximately ten times higher than that of bone. This is attributed to the higher fraction of collagen in the scales and to the high degree of hydration (30% H(2)O). Deproteinization of the scale reveals the structure of the mineral component consisting of an interconnected network of platelets with a thickness of ~50 nm and diameter of ~500 nm.
U.S. Migration, Translocality, and the Acceleration of the Nutrition Transition in Mexico

Migrant flows are generally accompanied by extensive social, economic, and cultural links between origins and destinations, transforming the former's community life, livelihoods, and local practice...
Bayesian inference for neural electromagnetic source localization: analysis of MEG visual evoked activity

We have developed a Bayesian approach to the analysis of neural electromagnetic (MEG/EEG) data that can incorporate or fuse information from other imaging modalities and addresses the ill-posed inverse problem by sarnpliig the many different solutions which could have produced the given data. From these samples one can draw probabilistic inferences about regions of activation. Our source model assumes a variable number of variable size cortical regions of stimulus-correlated activity. An active region consists of locations on the cortical surf ace, within a sphere centered on some location in cortex. The number and radi of active regions can vary to defined maximum values. The goal of the analysis is to determine the posterior probability distribution for the set of parameters that govern the number, location, and extent of active regions. Markov Chain Monte Carlo is used to generate a large sample of sets of parameters distributed according to the posterior distribution. This sample is representative of the many different source distributions that could account for given data, and allows identification of probable (i.e. consistent) features across solutions. Examples of the use of this analysis technique with both simulated and empirical MEG data are presented.
Conducting user experiments in recommender systems

There is an increasing consensus in the field of recommender systems that we should move beyond the offline evaluation of algorithms towards a more user-centric approach. This tutorial teaches the essential skills involved in conducting user experiments, the scientific approach to user-centric evaluation. Such experiments are essential in uncovering how and why the user experience of recommender systems comes about.
An investigation of collisional excitation from the metastable level of orthohelium in a low pressure RF helium plasma

The population densities of nine electronic levels in orthohelium have been determined by plasma emission spectroscopy at the center of an RF inductively sustained helium plasma at pressures of 0.7, 3.0, and 10.6 torr. In addition, the population densities of the same levels were determined at 0.7 torr in the presence of 10 per cent neon to check the effect of draining the orthohelium 23S metastable level by resonance transfer to the 2s level of neon. The level densities in the pure helium case indicatedthat the orthohelium levels were non-Boltzmann populated. The n ≤ 4 levels had a local excitation temperature of about 0.38 eV at 0.7 torr, while the n > 4 levels departed significantly from this low level behavior. The helium population densities in the presence of neon decreased substantially at 0.7 torr while the excitation temperature remained about the same over the n ≤ 4 levels. Calculations based on a simplified rate equation for the 23P level show that collisional excitation from the 23S metastable level competes below 10 eV and dominates below 2.0 eV with direct excitation from the ground state as the primary populating mechanism for the 23P level.
Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids

Abstract Prompted by the discovery of the Olduvai Hominid 7 hand (Homo habilis) in 1960, studies of primate hands were conducted in order to understand better the functional morphology of the earliest hominids and the evolution of tool behavior. Since Napier's work in the early 1960s, the hand bones of a number of other species have been recovered in East and South Africa. New hominid finds and a prolific archaeological record have broadened our perspective on the evolution of tool behavior inAustralopithecus, Paranthropus, and earlyHomo. A debate is underway at this time on the questions of what exactly we can glean from the fossil record regarding the evolution of tool behavior and what are the best approaches to interpreting the evidence. I support the model of Napier that identified morphological correlates ofprecisionandpowergrasping in the hands of extant primates and in early hominid hand bones. At the same time, I question both the underlying rationale and attempts to identify more subtle aspects of precision grasping, based on present evidence.
Eurocurrency deposit risk

Since Eurocurrency deposits normally bear an interest rate that exceeds domestic bank deposit rates, many have assumed that Eurodeposits are necessarily riskier then domestic deposits. The authors dispute this. They dissect the legal and practical facets of Eurocurrency deposit risk. concluding that it is possible to build a matrix of sovereign risks governing Eurocurrency deposits and to assemble a combination that minimizes risk for any particular depositor. International banks, therefore, do have some influence over the degree of sovereign risk faced by the depositor.
Effect of Calcaneal Lengthening on Relationships among the Hindfoot, Midfoot, and Forefoot*

To better understand the bony component of pes planus and the means by which the Evans calcaneal lengthening corrects them, we studied the standing radiographs of seven adult patients who had undergone calcaneal lengthening to treat symptomatic pes planus. Weightbearing AP and lateral views done preoperatively and postoperatively were used for the study. For each set of films, the following parameters were measured: on the lateral view; overall length of the calcaneus, lateral talometatarsal angle, lateral talocalcaneal angle, and the calcaneal pitch angle; and on the dorsoplantar view, the talometatarsal and talocalcaneal angle. In addition, the relative coverage of the talus by the navicular was described by an angular measurement based on the relationship of the center of the talus to the center of the navicular. The average improvements in lateral talocalcaneal angle (a reflection of hindfoot valgus) was 6.4 degrees when the long axis of the calcaneus was used and 6.8 degrees when the inferior surface of the calcaneous was used for the measurement. The lateral talometatarsal angle improved an average 11.3 degrees (from an average of 19.7 degrees to 8.4 degrees). The dorsoplantar talometatarsal angle (a measure of forefoot adduction/abduction) improved 15.8 degrees (preoperative average 26.8 degrees, postoperative average 11 degrees). The calcaneal pitch angle improved an average 10.8 degrees (preoperative average 3.2 degrees, postoperative average 14 degrees). The relationship between the talus and navicular was defined by an angular measurement based on the center of each articular surface before and after correction using this measurement. An average improvement of 26 degrees occurred in the alignment of these two articular surfaces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A cell-specific role for the adrenal gland in regulating CRH mRNA levels in rat hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons after cellular dehydration

In the rat, the cellular dehydration induced by water deprivation rapidly increases CRH mRNA in magnocellular neurosecretory neurons, but gradually reduces mRNA levels in hypothalamic paraventricular parvicellular neurosecretory neurons. Using in situ hybridization we investigated a possible role for corticosterone as a mediator of the effects of water deprivation on the levels of CRH mRNA in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Following adrenalectomy and water deprivation, the reduction of CRH mRNA in the medial parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus was inhibited. However, replacement of low-doses of corticosterone to dehydrated adrenalectomized animals was not sufficient to reduce parvicellular CRH mRNA levels to those seen in intact dehydrated animals. Neither adrenalectomy nor corticosterone replacement had any effect on the increased CRH mRNA levels in magnocellular neurosecretory neurons. We conclude that an intact adrenal gland is required for the decreased levels of CRH mRNA seen during water deprivation in parvicellular paraventricular neurosecretory neurons, but not magnocellular neurosecretory neurons. These effects may be mediated by the increased corticosterone secretion seen during water deprivation.
Short communication: Jersey × Holstein crossbreds compared with pure Holsteins for body weight, body condition score, fertility, and survival during the first three lactations

Crossbred cows (n=80) resulting from the use of Jersey (JE) semen on their pure Holstein (HO) dams were compared with pure HO cows (n=77) for body weight, body condition score, fertility, and survival during their first 3 lactations. Cows were in 2 research herds of the University of Minnesota and calved from September 2003 to June 2008. The JE × HO crossbred cows had significantly less body weight during the first (-56 kg), second (-67 kg), and third (-82 kg) lactations than pure HO cows. However, JE × HO cows had significantly greater body condition score during the first (2.94 vs. 2.84), second (2.97 vs. 2.84), and third (2.99 vs. 2.87) lactations than pure HO cows. For fertility, JE × HO cows had fewer days to first breeding during the first (-10.6d), second (-8.4d), and third (-12.3d) lactations than pure HO cows. Crossbred cows were not significantly different from pure HO cows for number of services during first lactation; however, JE × HO cows had significantly fewer services (2.2) than pure HO cows (2.7) during the second lactation. Also, JE × HO cows had significantly fewer days open than pure HO cows in the first (-24 d), second (-42 d), and third (-42 d) lactations. For survival, JE × HO cows were not significantly different from pure HO cows for percentage of cows calving a second time; however, a tendency existed for a higher percentage of JE × HO cows (63.8%) than pure HO cows (49.4%) to calve a third time, and a higher percentage of JE × HO cows calved a third time within 28, 34, and 40 mo of first calving than pure HO cows.