cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New methodology for computing tsunami generation by subaerial landslides: Application to the 2015 Tyndall Glacier landslide, Alaska

Landslide-generated tsunamis pose significant hazards and involve complex, multiphase physics that are challenging to model. We present a new methodology in which our depth-averaged two-phase model D-Claw is used to seamlessly simulate all stages of landslide dynamics as well as tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation. Because the model describes the evolution of solid and fluid volume fractions, it treats both landslides and tsunamis as special cases of a more general class of phenomena. Therefore, the landslide and tsunami can be efficiently simulated as a single-layer continuum with evolving solid-grain concentrations, and with wave generation via direct longitudinal momentum transfer—a dominant physical mechanism that has not been previously addressed in this manner. To test our methodology, we used D-Claw to model a large subaerial landslide and resulting tsunami that occurred on 17 October 2015, in Taan Fjord near the terminus of Tyndall Glacier, Alaska. Modeled shoreline inundation patterns compare well with those observed in satellite imagery.
Flow visualization study at the interface of alternating pitch tube bundles in a model helical coil steam generator using particle image velocimetry

Abstract A simplified Helical Coil Steam Generator (HCSG) model was constructed to study the flow on the shell side of rod bundles that coil against one another, using a 12-degree single rod bundle interface. The test section maintained a transverse pitch-to-diameter ratio of 2.98 while lateral pitch-to-diameter ratio constantly changed. To resolve optical distortions, experiments used para-cymene to match the refractive index of the test section. Three equally spaced regions of interest along the length of the model each have unique lateral rod pitch ratios. Experiments focused to capture the flow fields at each section between the adjacent coils at Reynolds number of 9,000. Particle image velocimetry is used for velocity measurements. The flow velocity in both the stream-wise (y-axis) and transverse (x-axis) directions for each plane, vorticity and streamline plots, used Reynolds Stresses for u′u′, v′v′ and u′v′ for different geometric coordinates are presented. The wake and center streamline regions between the rod bundles demonstrate the complex flow structures and interactions between local adjacent rods that the changing geometry of the helical coil steam generator produces throughout its configuration. Previous studies on straight tube heat exchanger models identify the formation of vortices behind rods that form dependent on an in-line or staggered tube bundle reliant on the pitch ratios. Averaged flow visualization data for the tested model HCSG suggest that flow characteristics follow their relative location to bundle formations instead of pitch-ratio.
GERAPH : a novel approach to the general solution of pulsed history activation problems

A new numerical method using generalized eigenvector decomposition for the solution of pulsed activation is described and tested. This method allows for the treatment of multiple occurrences of isotopes in the decay scheme including the treatment of an arbitrary number of loops. Preliminary comparisons with existing activation codes show good agreement and confirm that the method produces accurate results.
Behaviorists, Cognitive Behaviorists, and Behavior-Analytic Writers

In the behaviorally oriented chapters resistance varies from a trait of the patient who subtly or flagrantly opposes the purposes of the therapy to instances of behavior that seem to thwart these purposes. The distinction is important. If some persons are too willfully oppositional, lack “motivation,” refuse to cooperate, or are for some reason unable to do so, one may reluctantly have to conclude that they are not suitable for the therapy. If, on the other hand, one regards the patient either for some reason consciously withholding his cooperation or more or less involuntarily reacting to some factor in the therapist, the treatment method, or himself, then a much more complex and discriminating set of possibilities emerges. Neither extreme point of view characterizes the range of behavior therapies or the range of dynamic therapies. Many of the statements about resistance in the behavioral chapters, and indeed a fair portion of the advice about how to handle resistance is quite consistent with a dynamic, psychoanalytic point of view.
Eulogizing Renewable Energy Policy

Across the globe, renewable energy policy is changing. The change is coming so quickly that it appears the world is now on the cusp of a new future. The renewable energy policy of the past is on its way out; a new and different policy is taking its place. That new policy has different end goals, implementing mechanisms, and strategies than its predecessors. This is not just policy evolution but a policy revolution. The labels of the past soon no longer will apply because they are being merged and blurred — and replaced. Using the U.S. electricity sector as its primary lens, this paper traces the historical arc of renewable energy policy, identifies four factors driving the ongoing policy revolution, and then explores likely paths forward — and lessons learned — for renewables policy. In so doing, the paper provides an important overview of both the past and future of renewable energy policy.
Optimizing Tensor Contractions in CCSD(T) for Efficient Execution on GPUs

Tensor contractions are higher dimensional analogs of matrix multiplications, used in many computational contexts such as high order models in quantum chemistry, deep learning, finite element methods etc. In contrast to the wide availability of high-performance libraries for matrix multiplication on GPUs, the same is not true for tensor contractions. In this paper, we address the optimization of a set of symmetrized tensor contractions that form the computational bottleneck in the CCSD(T) coupled-cluster method in computational chemistry suites like NWChem. Some of the challenges in optimizing tensor contractions that arise in practice from the variety of dimensionalities and shapes for tensors include effective mapping of the high-dimensional iteration space to threads, choice of data buffering in shared-memory and registers, and tile sizes for multi-level tiling. Furthermore, in the case of symmetrized tensor contractions in CCSD(T), it is also a challenge to fuse contractions to reduce data movement cost by exploiting reuse of intermediate tensors. In this paper, we develop an efficient GPU implementation of the tensor contractions in CCSD(T) using shared-memory buffering, register tiling, loop fusion and register transpose. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art.
Testing the relationships between conflict, specialization, and place attachment among members of the American Alpine Club

Abstract Conflict in outdoor recreation has been widely studied for over 50 years. However, its relationship to other dominant constructs within outdoor recreation remains limited. This study examined the relationships between conflict, specialization, and place attachment among North American rock climbers from the American Alpine Club. This analysis tested relationships proposed by Jacob and Schreyer (1980) and Ditton, Loomis, and Choi (1992). Specialization was expected to predict place attachment and conflict. Place attachment was expected to predict conflict. Additionally, the relationship between frequency of viewing problem behaviors and rating them as a problem was tested. No dimension of specialization or place attachment showed a relationship with conflict in the model. The strongest predictor of conflict was the frequency of viewing problem behaviors. Management implications ● The primary predictor of perceiving conflict with other climbers was experiencing problematic behaviors frequently. ● Efforts to decrease overall conflict should focus on determining which types of behaviors are occurring and managing for those behaviors directly. ● Neither attachment to the resource nor specialization had a relationship with conflict, if a user did not experience problematic behaviors frequently they were unlikely to report conflict. ● As expected, the more committed a user was to their sport, the more they were attached to their primary climbing areas. ● Managers should make sure they work with highly committed users, as they will likely be valuable allies.
Defining macrophages in the heart one cell at a time

Macrophages in the heart have dual roles in injury and repair after myocardial infarction, and understanding the two sides of this coin using traditional 'bulk cell' technologies has been challenging. By combining genetic fate-mapping and single-cell transcriptomics, a new study (Nat. Immunol. 2019;20:29-39) reveals how distinct macrophage populations expand and diverge across the healthy heart and after infarction.
Small intestinal Goblet cells and Goblet cell associated antigen passages assist translocation of pathogenic bacteria

The intestinal epithelium forms an essential physicochemical barrier that separates luminal bacteria from underlying immune cells of the intestinal mucosa. Appropriate exposure of the immune cells to luminal antigens is crucial to ensure intestinal homeostasis and to respond to enteric infections. We recently demonstrated a previously unappreciated role of small intestinal (SI) Goblet cells (GCs) in delivering luminal antigens across the epithelium by forming goblet-cell associated antigen passages (GAPs) in the steady state. How pathogenic bacteria affect the formation of SI GAPs and the ability of pathogens to use GAPs as a portal of entry is largely unexplored. Here we report that in conventionally housed mice, luminal exposure to invasive Salmonella typhimurium , but not mutant non-invasive S. typhimurium , results in inhibition of SI GAPs within minutes. Moreover, overriding the ability of GCs to sense the pathogen by deleting MyD88 in GCs or inhibiting EGFR activation downstream of MyD88 during S. typhimurium infection allowed GAP formation, suggesting that GC intrinsic sensing of an invasive pathogen to shut off GAPs is a host defense mechanism. Fluorescent wildtype S. typhimurium preferentially localized around and within GCs forming GAPs. Deletion of GCs prevented the translocation of wildtype S. typhimurium to the SI draining mesenteric lymph node following oral infection, indicating that S. typhimurium uses GCs as a portal of entry. These findings identify a role of GC sensing of an invasive pathogen in inhibiting antigen delivery to the immune system and in limiting the translocation of pathogenic bacteria.
Block copolymer optoelectronic property versus bridge and morphology

Block copolymers containing electron rich conjugated donor block and electron poor conjugated acceptor block connected covalently via non-conjugated bridge units are promising for potential light harvesting applications due to fast photo induced charge separation and slow/controllable charge recombinations. Potential bicontineous and ordered nano-domain donor/acceptor phase separated morphologies of the block copolymer systems are also favorable for Frenkel type exciton dissociations. In this work, a DBfA type block copolymer is being evaluated for light harvesting applications where D is a conjugated donor block, fA is a conjugated and fluorinated acceptor block, and B is non conjugated bridge chain containing different number of methylene units. This study reveals that the photoluminescence PL quenching as well as photoelectric power conversion efficiencies of DBfA type block copolymers decreases from the bridge unit containing one methylene unit up to six methylene units, i.e., the shorter the chain the more efficient photoelectric conversions. However, in a DfA block copolymer where there is no bridge unit, the PL quenching or the photoelectric conversions are not better than the shortest bridge containing one methylene unit, i.e., the photo induced charge separation in DfA still fall in weak electronic coupling regime. This may be accounted for by a twist angle existence between the D and fA conjugated plains. Morphological and optoelectronic correlation studies reveals that the surface roughness of such block copolymer varies nonlinearly with thermal annealing temperature, and that a medium roughness exhibit best or optimal optoelectronic property.
Basal cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: A case report

Abstract Background Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is commonly diagnosed in the cutaneous head and neck; however, the oral cavity is a rare primary site. Case presentation An 82-year-old female presented with a lesion of the retromolar trigone. Biopsy was consistent with squamous cell carcinoma. The patient underwent composite excision, modified radical neck dissection, and submental myocutaneous free flap reconstruction. Final pathology revealed BCC. The patient remains disease-free and continues to follow up for surveillance 6 months after treatment. Conclusion Diagnosis of intraoral BCC remains a challenge due to its histologic resemblance to other neoplasms. Treatment is most commonly wide local excision. We report the first case of intraoral BCC that was excised followed by free flap reconstruction.
A View from the Bench: Adjudicating Same Sex Divorce & Child Custody

Same-sex divorce is on the horizon in light of the 2015 legalization of same-sex marriage. Since most divorce case law is based on heteronormative presumptions, the authors were curious to understa...
Randomized controlled trial of a breast cancer Survivor Stories intervention for African American women

Abstract Rationale Video-based interventions hold promise for improving quality of life (QoL) among African American breast cancer patients. Objective An interactive, cancer-communication intervention using African American breast cancer survivors' narratives was tested in a randomized controlled trial to determine whether viewing survivor stories improved newly diagnosed African American breast cancer patients' QoL. Method Participants were 228 African American women with non-metastatic breast cancer interviewed five times over two years; 120 controls received standard medical care, and 108 intervention-arm participants also received a tablet-computer with survivor stories three times in 12 months. Growth curve models were used to analyze differences between arms in change in eight RAND 36-Item Health Survey subscales, depressive symptoms, and concerns about recurrence. Additional models explored the effects of intervention usage and other intervention-related variables on QoL among patients in the intervention arm. Results Models showed no effect of study arm on QoL, depressive symptoms, or concerns about recurrence. Longer use of the intervention was associated with an increase in concerns about recurrence and decline in three QoL subscales: emotional wellbeing, energy/fatigue, and role limitations due to physical health. Conclusion Although no significant impact of the intervention on QoL was observed when comparing the two study arms, in the intervention arm longer intervention use was associated with declines in three QoL subscales and increased concerns about recurrence. Women with improving QoL may have interacted with the tablet less because they felt less in need of information; it is also possible that encouraging patients to compare themselves to survivors who had already recovered from breast cancer led some patients to report lower QoL. Future work is warranted to examine whether adding different stories to this cancer-communication intervention or using stories in conjunction with additional health promotion strategies (e.g., patient navigation) might improve QoL for African American breast cancer patients.
Preliminary research on the cultural heritage of the Yanhecheng region in Beijing

A new classification system for the cultural heritage of Yanhecheng region is provided based on field surveys and literature research. The distribution pattern and resource evaluation of this heritage is achieved through a detailed analysis. The cultural heritage of the Yanhecheng region is divided into 16 types based on their existing form,distribution and function. Military cultural heritage dominates the region,which has military buildings related to the Great Wall. These buildings were built mainly in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. The Yanhecheng region is regarded as the standard for research on military,political and cultural events of the Ming Dynasty because of its relatively aggregated,distinctive and high level of cultural heritage.
Experimental investigation of aerodynamic drag and flow characteristics of circular cylinder with microfiber coating

Abstract A microfiber coating with a hair-like structure is studied as a passive drag reduction device applied on a cylinder. The coating is applied in the flow-separated region of the cylinder to determine its effect on the wake. Flow around a cylinder is studied under the subcritical regime with a Reynolds number of 6.1 × 104 based on the cylinder diameter. The length of the microfiber is 8% of the cylinder diameter. After application of the microfiber coating, the dominant wake-frequency in the flow associated with the Karman-Vortex formation rose and moved further downstream of the cylinder. The frequency increase and the location of the dominant wake-frequency, which corresponds to the vortex’s formation length, are dependent on the coverage of the coating on the cylinder. These changes in the flow features result in drag reduction. The amount of drag reduction is dependent on the coverage of the microfiber coating in the flow-separated region. A maximum drag reduction of 16% is achieved.
Importance of pharmacist-patient relationship in people living with HIV and concomitant opioid use disorder

Abstract Background PLWHA commonly suffer from chronic pain that is often treated with opioids, leading to subsequent opiate use disorders. As the majority of Americans live in close proximity to a pharmacy, community pharmacists are well equipped to interact with PLWHA. Few data quantify the needs of PLWHA with OUD, or how they utilize community pharmacists. Objectives To characterize the perceptions of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and using opioid medications on the interaction with pharmacists. Methods For this study, a qualitative approach was used. A key purpose of interviews is to encourage and inspire the subject to share a significant event of his/her life with the interviewer. Recruitment for face-to-face interviews with PLWHA continued until saturation was achieved. The Theory of Planned Behavior was used to assess the findings from this study. Sixteen interviews were transcribed verbatim and content analysis was performed by two researchers using Dedoose®, a qualitative software. Codes were grouped based on similarities into categories that facilitated the emergence of themes. Results Content analysis revealed two major themes. The first theme presents the subjects' beliefs and opinions about pharmacists' interactions when picking up their opioid prescriptions. Several subjects described encounters with the pharmacists that facilitated a trustful relationship. In the second theme, the analysis showed that the relationship with community pharmacists could be improved by having a more in-depth counseling about opioid medication and abuse. Conclusions These data highlight how PLWHA would like to interact with pharmacists when picking up opioid prescriptions. These results depicted how some subjects are using the pharmacists as a vital resource for medication information. These findings also demonstrated how for some subjects a more detailed counseling session when they receive opioid medications could be crucial in changing their behavior. Thus, community pharmacists are well positioned to reduce the usage of opioid medications and change PLWHA behavior and attitudes toward opioid prescriptions.
TH‐AB‐303‐03: Real‐Time Error Estimation for Real‐Time Motion Prediction

Purpose: A critical component of real-time MLC tracking is to incorporate motion prediction in order to account for system latency, the time between the occurrence of motion and MLC leaf repositioning, so as to avoid geometric and dosimetric errors. In this work, we address a major limitation of current motion prediction algorithms – estimating the inherent error in prediction in real-time. We propose using an ensemble of real-time predictors to reduce overall prediction error, and provide a quantitative metric to trigger beam holds based on a user-defined error threshold. Methods: An ensemble of eighteen kernel density estimation (KDE)-based estimators was implemented in parallel and deployed on motion traces recorded from ten lung cancer patients. For each trace, the ensemble generated a sequence of predictions for a look-ahead time of 250ms, typical for many real-time systems. Each predictor, and the ensemble as a whole, was evaluated based on their root-mean-square error (RMSE) with respect to the original data, and assigned a beam hold score between 0 (perfect) and 1 to quantify the number of false beam holds and false beam releases. Results: The average execution time of the KDE-ensemble was 16ms, well below the 250ms look-ahead. For all traces, the ensemble produced a lower RMSE and hold score than any of the individual constituent predictors. For the worst-case motion trace, the minimum RMSE(hold score) for individual predictors was 0.912cm(0.340) compared to 0.854cm(0.305) for the KDE-ensemble predictor. The hold score for individual estimators was ∼0.6 when error estimates were not used to assert beam holds. Conclusion: The KDE-ensemble approach results in improved motion prediction. More importantly, it also provides real-time estimations of prediction error, thus addressing a major gap in current motion prediction algorithms. Such error prediction can be utilized to assert beam-holds during MLC tracking, preventing serious geometric and dosimetric errors. Funding for this work was provided by Elekta Limited.
HIV-1 alters pathology and bacterial dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in co-infected humanized mice (MPF1P.765)

Over a third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). HIV infection significantly increases risk for M.tb infection and reactivation and TB is the most common cause of death among people with HIV. We have developed a humanized mouse model of HIV-1/M.tb co-infection as an investigative tool to study co-infection biology. Humanized mice were infected intravenously with a macrophage-tropic strain of HIV-1 (JR-CSF) or mock (BSA), and 3 weeks later were infected intranasally with M.tb (H37Rv). Animals became productively infected with HIV-1, as confirmed by serum ELISA for HIV-1 p24 capsid protein and detection of viral RNA by using qPCR. We further observed that HIV infected cells were localized to sites of inflammation and bacterial replication in the lung of HIV-1/M.tb co-infected animals as determined by immunohistochemistry staining for p24. The number of CD4+T cells in peripheral blood did not differ among M.tb- and M.tb/HIV-1-infected groups, indicating that the immune impairments due to HIV-1 were independent of peripheral T cell loss at this stage of co-infection. Consistent with clinical observations in co-infected human patients, greater mycobacterial dissemination was observed in M.tb/HIV-1 co-infected mice compared animals infected with M.tb only. These results suggest promise for use of the humanized mouse as a model to understand co-infection pathobiology and as a translational tool to develop vaccines and therapies.
More Than a Pipeline Problem: Labor Supply Constraints and Gender Stratification Across Academic Science Disciplines

Employing a nationally representative sample of science faculty in U.S. colleges, we investigate 3 explanations for persisting differences in women's faculty representation across science fields even after adjusting for women's variable representation among doctoral recipients. First, we examine labor market factors: (a) differential growth rates and “critical mass” in the supply of women doctoral recipients, (b) growth or contraction in academic and nonacademic job opportunities, and (c) presence of foreign-born scholars. Second, we control for institutional explanations such as differential rates of faculty unionization and less receptivity to women at prestigious or research-oriented universities and fields that are “applied,” “soft,” or “nonlife” sciences. Third, gender role explanations are addressed by controlling for gender differences in work experience, work interruptions, and the prestige of doctoral credentials. After finding that none of these explanations account fully for distinctive patterns among science fields in the faculty gender composition, we discuss how they may reflect differences in academic “cultures.”
Reducing Risks and Losses in Coastal Cities: Planning, Practice and Sociotechnical Systems

One way to assess whether governments (at any level) learn from their disaster experience is to examine two similar events at different points in time. We investigate and compare the 1989 EXXON VALDEZ oil spill disaster with the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil platform and oil spill disaster to ascertain how governmental law and policy, implemented in an intergovernmental realm, has changed or advanced. One goal is to outline what coastal local government officials need to know to ensure sustainability of their jurisdictions in the face of hazard and disaster risk. The study recounts both incidents and recommends intergovernmental analysis informed by the theories of nested sets, distributed cognition, and socio-technical systems.
The Moderating Role of Mood and Personal Relevance on Persuasive Effects of Gain- and Loss-Framed Health Messages

We predicted that mood would moderate the relation between message framing and two outcome variables, message evaluation and behavioral intention, when the message was personally relevant to the target audience. Participants (N = 242) were randomly assigned to an experimental condition in which a positive or negative mood was induced. Participants then read and evaluated a health message that emphasized potential benefits or risks associated with a vaccine. As predicted, participants who received a loss-framed message reported higher message evaluation and intention scores but only when the message was personally relevant and they were in a positive mood.
Phosphate-binding loop and Rab GTPase function: mutations at Ser29 and Ala30 of Rab5 lead to loss-of-function as well as gain-of-function phenotype

Ras-like GTPases contain a structurally conserved GTP-binding domain. An important element of the GTP-binding domain is the phosphate-binding loop, which contains two Gly residues (Gly(12) and Gly(13)) in Ras. Because the two Gly residues are crucial for normal Ras function, it is intriguing that they are not conserved in other Ras-like GTPases, including the Rab GTPases; for example, the equivalent residues in Rab5 are Ser(29) and Ala(30). The present study builds on earlier biochemical characterizations of the Rab5 mutants containing substitutions at Ala(30) and provides a comprehensive analysis of the structure-function relationship of the Rab5 phosphate-binding loop. We have generated 19 new mutants containing amino acid substitutions at Ser(29) and determined whether these Ser(29) mutants, as well as the Ala(30) mutants, remain able to stimulate the endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase in baby hamster kidney cells. A total of 11 mutants lose the activity of stimulating endocytosis. Of these 11 mutants, 9 are defective in membrane association. In contrast, 27 mutants remain able to stimulate endocytosis. Five of them induce a novel cellular phenotype: cell rounding and detachment from culture dishes. They also induce super-large early endosomes such as the constitutively activated Rab5:Q79L mutant. Biochemical results suggest that the constitutive activation of Rab5 requires an increased nucleotide exchange rate and/or decreased GTPase activity. This study establishes functional significance for the phosphate-binding loop of Rab5 and shows that mutations in this region lead to either a loss-of-function or a gain-of-function phenotype, indicating a structure-function relationship distinct from that of Ras.
Exoplanets--Seeing Is Believing

Direct observations have been made of the infrared and optical signatures of planets orbiting distant stars.
The Microstructure of Martensite and Its Implications for the Shape-Memory Effect

Crystalline solids undergoing martensitic phase transformation display fine scale microstructure. The microstructure plays an important role in determining the macroscopic properties of these solids. The aim of this investigation is to understand what role the lattice parameters of the material play in determining the microstructure and consequently the macroscopic properties. The lattice parameters measure the size and shape of the crystal lattices and may be determined experimentally. In particular, the aim here is to determine if the lattice parameters of the technologically significant shape-memory alloys are special in any respect.
Numerical study of source localization with non-line-of-sight effects based on time difference of arrival method

The time difference of arrival (TDOA) positioning method is a classic method that is used to determine the unknown location of a transmitting wireless device, based on the time differences in the signals that are received at different receivers. In this investigation the method is studied for two-dimensional (2-D) problems for simplicity, using a vertical dipole source radiating a carrier wave that is modulated by a baseband signal. By maximizing the cross-correlation between the signals arriving at any two receivers, the TDOA between these two receivers is estimated. In principle, only three receivers are needed for source localization in 2-D problems in the absence of noise, using the TDOA between any two pairs of receivers. However, the accuracy can be influenced significantly by non-line-of-sight effects when multiple walls, realistic ground effects, and scattering objects are added to the propagation route. A more accurate result can be obtained by using a modified method discussed here, which incorporates a transfer function that relates the field at a given receiver to the dipole source amplitude as a function of frequency. A “processed signal” is calculated at each receiver by de-embedding the transfer function from the received signals and multiplying back by a free-space propagation term for each frequency in the signal spectrum, thus removing the effects of the environment and calibrating the channel back to free space. Since the transfer function is different at each possible source position, an iterative method is proposed to do the localization.
Structure and origin of marginal banks off Eastern Brazil

Abstract The Abrolhos and Royal Charlotte Banks, on the eastern continental margin of Brazil, appear to be east—west fracture zone ridge that have been buried by sediment. The volcanic activity that formed these ridges occurred in, and may possibly have been confined to, the Eocene. Mid-plate volcanism of this type is usually associated with hot spots, but could arise through reactivation of weak points along old fractures. Volcanism may have occurred in response to a worldwide reorganization of oceanic plates that took place at this time and to the weakening of old fractures at the Brazilian margin. More likely, to us, is the possibility that the activity occurred in response to hot spot activity centered nearby on the Vitoria—Trindade Ridge (which is an active hot spot trace that crossed the Brazilian coast just south of the Abrolhos Bank in Eocene times). The fortuitous juxtaposition of weakened fracture zones (caused by plate reorganization) and nearby hot spot activity, may have resulted in the volcanic centers that are now buried beneath the Banks. Other volcanics, presumably dating from the same period, form a cluster of nearby seamounts and guyots, like Besnard Bank and the seamounts between Abrolhos and Royal Charlotte Banks. The volcanics beneath the banks form the seaward edges of Brazil's marginal basins. Sedimentation has filled the basins and has built the margin seawards over the volcanic massifs. Internal structuring on Abrolhos Bank is caused by both buried volcanics and salt diapirism, the effects of which can be differentiated by magnetic anomalies.
Periodicity of eating: Implications for human food consumption

Abstract The literature review summarizes pertinent research on the effects of meal frequency. Metabolic adaptation including morphological and physiological changes in laboratory animals is reported. Earliest research supported the hypothesis that meal frequency did influence metabolic functions and therapy affected weight gain or loss. More recent research in laboratory animals indicates that erroneous conclusions may have been drawn by misinterpretation of research results, and that meal frequency does not influence changes in body fat nor weight. Implications of animal research to man is reported and the contemporary meal habit that includes snacking is discussed.
Hierarchical trust management for wireless sensor networks and its application to trust-based routing

In this work, we propose a highly scalable cluster-based hierarchical trust management protocol for wireless sensor networks to effectively deal with selfish or malicious nodes. Unlike prior work, we consider multidimensional trust attributes derived from communication and social networks to evaluate the overall trust of a sensor node. Our peer-to-peer trust evaluation method leverages the cluster-based hierarchical structure for efficient communications. We develop a probability model using stochastic Petri net techniques to analyze the performance of the proposed trust management protocol. We validate the protocol design by comparing subjective trust generated as a result of protocol execution against objective trust obtained from actual node status. We apply our hierarchical trust management protocol to trust-based geographical routing as an application. Our results demonstrate that trust-based geographic routing under identified design settings can approach the ideal performance level achievable by flooding-based routing in message delivery ratio and message delay without incurring substantial message overhead. Furthermore, it can significantly outperform traditional geographic routing protocols that do not use trust concept in selecting forwarding nodes in message delivery ratio over a wide range of design parameter settings.
Point Defect Concentrations in Barium Titanate Revisited

An analytic link between the oxygen partial pressure and the concentrations of the point defects for given temperatures and A/B conditions is presented for perovskites. A clear distinction between three different conditions is made. These are the sintering conditions, an intermediate metastable state, and a low-temperature metastable state. The analytical solution for a metastable state resulting from nonequilibrated metal vacancies permits a more accurate and self-consistent approach to calculating the equilibrium constants from conductivity–P(O2) data. One of the reasons for the higher accuracy is that there is no need to divide the existence regime into subregimes with different approximations to the electroneutrality equation (Brouwer approximation). An excellent fit of the experimental conductivity data to a single function with only two adjustable parameters over all conductivity–P(O2) space is obtained. The relative importance of frozen-in metal vacancies and foreign acceptors is discussed for BaTiO3.
Growth and maintenance respiration in leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera L. exposed to long‐term carbon dioxide enrichment in the field

summary Specific respiration rate (SRR) was mathematically partitioned into its growth and maintenance components for leaves of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) after 3 yr of CO2 enrichment in open-top field chambers. Despite the absence of a CO2 effect on individual leaf expansion or specific growth rate (SGR), increasing the CO2 concentration to ambient +150 or +300 cm3 m−3 decreased SRR by 28 to 45% compared with ambient-grown controls. These lower leaf respiration rates were correlated with reduced leaf nitrogen concentrations. As described by the two-component model of growth and maintenance respiration, SRR was a linear function of SGR. Ambient-grown leaves had a growth respiration coefficient of 704 mg CO2 g−1 dry mass compared with 572 and 570 mg CO2 g−1 for leaves grown at the two higher CO2 concentrations. Leaves from the elevated CO2 treatments had an average maintenance respiration coefficient of 88 mg CO2 g−1 dry mass d−1 compared with 135 mg CO2 g−1 d −1 for leaves from the ambient treatment. Incorporating these growth and maintenance coefficients into a leaf growth simulation model indicated that total respiration would be reduced by 21 to 26 % for a leaf exposed to + 150 or + 300 cm3 m−3 CO2 throughout its 50-d lifespan compared with one grown at ambient CO2 conditions. Reductions in total respiration were dominated by a lower rate of maintenance respiration, while the contribution of a lower specific rate of growth respiration was largely offset by a greater dry mass for leaves grown at elevated CO2 concentrations. Although reductions in the respiratory loss of carbon could be beneficial, respiration is unlikely to decrease without a concomitant decrease in other metabolic processes. Whether these reductions are beneficial or detrimental to the long-term growth of plants exposed to elevated CO2 remains unresolved.
Superior vena cava Doppler flow velocity patterns in pericardial disease

Doppler superior vena cava (SVC) flow patterns were studied in 34 patients with pericardial disease and in 8 normal adults; the pulse transducer on the echocardiographic instrument was used for respiratory monitoring, rather than a separate nasal thermistor-based device. First expiratory SVC diastolic flow velocities (Dfe) did not differ in normal subjects and patients with hemodynamically insignificant pericardial effusions (23 +/- 3 cm/s and 29 +/- 13 cm/s, difference not significant). Dfe were less than 15 cm/s only in the 14 patients with cardiac tamponade (9 +/- 3 cm/s, p less than 0.01). A ratio of systolic to diastolic flow velocity less than or equal to 1.1 in the first expiratory beat distinguished constrictive pericarditis from all other groups (p less than 0.01), although not from restrictive cardiomyopathy. Expiratory ablation of diastolic SVC flow mimicking cardiac tamponade was not observed in constrictive pericarditis. Respiratory variation in SVC flow velocities was slight in normal subjects and patients with constrictive pericarditis, increased in patients with hemodynamically insignificant pericardial effusions (p less than 0.01) and greatest in patients with cardiac tamponade (p less than 0.01). Quantitative analysis of SVC flow velocity patterns is a useful addition to the echocardiographic evaluation of pericardial disease.
Spike-timing-dependent synaptic modification induced by natural spike trains

The strength of the connection between two neurons can be modified by activity, in a way that depends on the timing of neuronal firing on either side of the synapse. This spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) has been studied by systematically varying the intervals between pre- and postsynaptic spikes. Here we studied how STDP operates in the context of more natural spike trains. We found that in visual cortical slices the contribution of each pre-/postsynaptic spike pair to synaptic modification depends not only on the interval between the pair, but also on the timing of preceding spikes. The efficacy of each spike in synaptic modification was suppressed by the preceding spike in the same neuron, occurring within several tens of milliseconds. The direction and magnitude of synaptic modifications induced by spike patterns recorded in vivo in response to natural visual stimuli were well predicted by incorporating the suppressive inter-spike interaction within each neuron. Thus, activity-induced synaptic modification depends not only on the relative spike timing between the neurons, but also on the spiking pattern within each neuron. For natural spike trains, the timing of the first spike in each burst is dominant in synaptic modification.
Analysis of seed set among ten plants of Bromus inermis

Seed fertility index measured by seed set under bags was studied in a diallel cross of 10 selected smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermisLeyss) plants. Specific combining ability had the most influence on fertility percentage, followed by the environmental effect. The influence of general combining ability was quite low.
Immunochemical Visualization and Quantitation of Cyclic AMP in Single Cells

Adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger in signaling pathways governing many cellular processes. To define the subcellular localization and relative abundance of cAMP, we developed a novel immunochemical approach based on acrolein fixation to visualize cAMP within cells. We describe here the fixation and immobilization of cAMP within cells and the production of specific, high titer polyclonal antibodies that recognize cAMP. Relative levels of cAMP immunofluorescence were quantitated in glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, Schwann cells, and glioma cells) that were either untreated or treated with activators of endogenous adenylyl cyclase to raise cAMP levels. In treated cells, cAMP immunofluorescence is strongly localized in the perinuclear cytoplasm.
Model compound study of the pathways for aromatic hydrocarbon formation in soot.

To explore the mechanisms for formation of aromatic hydrocarbons as precursors to soot, a model system using combustion of biphenyl in a fuel rich flame is studied. The soots acquired at three different temperatures are solvent extracted and the extract characterized by both GCMS and high resolution mass spectrometry. A description of the NMR results for the whole soots has been published (1). The production of most products could be rationalized from the coupling of biphenyls and subsequent aromatic species and the addition of acetylenes to existing aromatic molecules. Early work by Badger on pyrolysis of hydrocarbons is used in developing these schemes (2). The reaction schemes to produce larger aromatic hydrocarbons will be discussed. Richter and Howard have discussed in detail potential reaction mechanisms in the formation of aromatics as precursors to soot (3).
Does Fiscal Federalism Promote Regional Inequality? An Empirical Analysis of the OECD, 1980–2005

Sorens J. Does fiscal federalism promote regional inequality? An empirical analysis of the OECD, 1980–2005, Regional Studies. This paper explores the relationship between fiscal federalism, understood as institutionalized regional economic self-rule, and convergence in regional per capita incomes. The principal economic argument against fiscal federalism is that, unless paired with generous equalization grants, it will enhance regional inequalities by reducing inter-regional redistribution. Does the evidence support this claim? Multilevel spatial regressions on primary sub-national jurisdictions in twenty-five Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries show that lower-income regions tend to catch up with higher-income regions only when they enjoy substantial economic powers. Indeed, there is more convergence across member states of the European Union than across regions within almost any of the European Union member states. Fiscal federalism may pose less serious tradeoffs tha...
The use of N-terminal immobilization of PTH(1-34) on PLGA to enhance bioactivity.

The objective of this work was to control orientation of bioactive molecules immobilized on a biodegradable substrate to improve their accessibility for binding to cell surface receptors and, therefore, to increase bioactivity. The osteotropic peptide, parathyroid hormone (1-34) (PTH(1-34)), was used to demonstrate the approach. To this end, the intrinsic N-terminal serine residue was oxidized to create an aldehyde group that specifically bound to hydrazide-derivatized poly(lactide-co-glycolide) under neutral conditions to form a hydrazone bond. Use of dihydrazide spacers significantly increased the amount of peptide immobilized compared to simple adsorption or direct, random attachment. In probing accessibility of immobilized PTH(1-34), attachment using longer dihydrazide spacers enhanced binding of an antibody against an epitope in the N-terminal region of the peptide. The longest spacer also increased binding of a C-terminal antibody. Furthermore, substrates with peptide tethered via spacers stimulated intracellular synthesis of cAMP, with activity increasing with dihydrazide length. PTH(1-34) immobilized using the longest spacer was significantly more effective than both random binding and adsorption. Site-directed binding of bioactive peptides to surfaces presents biomolecules for binding with cells so as to enhance interaction with receptors, and therefore the approach may be useful for obtaining preferred localized tissue responses.
Controlled Unilateral Isometric Force Generated by Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Rat Hindlimb

Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) has often been used to restore stereotypic locomotor movements after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, restoring freeform movement requires specific force generation and independently controlled limbs for changing environments. Therefore, a second stimulus location would be advantageous, controlling force separately from locomotor movements. In normal and transected rats treated with mineral oil or saline, EES was performed at L1-L6 vertebral levels, caudal to spinal segments typical for locomotion, identifying secondary sites capable of activating hindlimb musculature, producing unilateral force at the paw. Threshold for generating force was identified and stimulation amplitude and duration varied to assess effects on evoked forces. Stimulation at L2 and L3 vertebral levels elicited negative vertical forces from extensor musculature while stimulation at L4 and L5 elicited positive vertical forces from flexion musculature. Thresholds were unchanged with transection or hydration method. Peak force magnitude was significantly correlated to stimulus amplitude, and response duration significantly correlated to stimulus duration in all animals. No differences were found in correlation coefficients or slopes of the regression for force or duration analyses with spinal condition or hydration method. This model demonstrates the ability to induce controlled forces with EES after SCI.
Half-kink lattice solution of the 6 model

Investigation of a great number of physical systems shows that a scaled Landau free energy density of the form describes a first-order phase transition. To study the formation of static domain walls in these systems we include a spatial gradient (Ginzburg) term of the scalar order parameter . At the transition temperature (Tc) the potential has three degenerate minima corresponding to an asymmetric domain wall (i.e. a half-kink solution). We have obtained the associated kink lattice solution, its energy of formation and asymptotic kink--kink interaction. In addition, we report a `pulse' lattice solution below Tc.
Thermal Stresses in a Long Circular Shell with Axial Temperature Variation

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