cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grain-scale processes governing shear band initiation and evolution in sands

Abstract A variety of experimental techniques have been used to advance understanding of strain localization phenomena in sands. However, all of these methods have fallen short in characterizing the evolution of the grain-scale processes that necessarily control shear band formation and growth in sands. This paper presents results of application of the non-destructive displacement measurement technique of digital image correlation (DIC) to measure two- and three-dimensional surface displacements on plane strain and axisymmetric sand specimens over short time steps. The abundance of local displacement data, high level of accuracy, and nearly continuous (spatially and temporally) record of displacement evolution afforded by the DIC technique has finally enabled a means to quantify local displacements to particulate-scale intensity. The data have been used to evaluate the local displacement mechanisms leading to the triggering of the formation of persistent shear bands, the timing of shear band formation with regard to the achievement of peak stress, and the character of displacements within fully formed shear bands. Insights are offered regarding the relation between strain localization and global stress–strain behavior, and the ensuing interpretations of shear banding as a hardening or softening phenomenon. Comparison of behavior between plane strain and triaxial tests offer additional perspective on the influences of three-dimensional stresses and boundary conditions on shear banding. The results further shed light on the micro-deformation mechanisms (i.e. buckling columns) responsible for the observed local strain non-uniformities that characterize “steady-state” shear band evolution.
Myocardial involvement in idiopathic hemochromatosis: Morphologic and clinical improvement following venesection

We describe a 31 year old male patient who presented with severe cardiomyopathy caused by primary hemochromatosis. After a stormy course, complicated by heart failure and severe ventricular arrythmias, improvement in clinical status and myocardial function occurred. Depletion of myocardial iron was documented by the technique of serial endomyocardial biopsy. Myocardial iron stores were not yet depleted when hypoferremia and iron deficiency anemia occurred. This is the first reported study of myocardial morphology in a successfully treated patient with hemochromatotic cardiomyopathy.
The Alexandroff property and the preservation of strong uniform continuity

In this paper we extend the theory of strong uniform continuity and strong uniform convergence, developed in the setting of metric spaces in, to the uniform space setting, where again the notion of shields plays a key role. Further, we display appropriate bornological/variational modifications of classical properties of Alexandroff [1] and of Bartle for nets of continuous functions, that combined with pointwise convergence, yield continuity of the limit for functions between metric spaces.
Growth promoting effects of IGF-I on fetal hypothalamic cell lines under serum-free culture conditions

Recent evidence indicates that the insulin-like family of peptides may act as endogenous trophic factors in the central nervous system. To further examine this possibility we have investigated the effects of three insulin-like peptides on the in vitro growth of fetal hypothalamic cell lines. Two virally transformed rat hypothalamic cell lines which have been developed in our laboratory (A-6 and F-12) were used. Cells were plated at varying densities and cultured in the presence or absence of either insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin, or multiplication stimulating activity (MSA or IGF-II), in serum-free medium for 1 wk. Cell growth was assessed by counting or by measuring cellular incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Of the three peptides tested IGF-I was the most potent in eliciting cell growth. Insulin also stimulated growth of both cell lines, but was 100 times less potent for A-6 cells while it was equipotent with IGF-I in F-12 cells. MSA had no effect on either cell line. Both IGF-I and insulin showed dose-response effects in increasing cell growth. We also found that the two cell lines had the greatest response to IGF-I at low cell densities. Finally, time-course experiments suggested that a continued presence of the peptide is essential for the growth-promoting effects. We conclude that IGF-I is a potent growth factor for virally transformed cell lines derived from the rat fetal hypothalamus. Since both IGF-I immunoreactivity and IGF-I receptors have been located in this diencephalic area these results suggest that IGF-I may constitute a mitogenic signal for hypothalamic cells during neurogenesis.
Characteristics of an Ideal Drug for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

When an ideal drug for any medical condition is sought, both its efficacy and safety need to be examined. For the treatment of the complex of symptoms that constitute the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), much of the literature has focused on antipsychotic agents, including both types of D2 blockers: the conventional neuroleptics and the newer atypical agents. Fewer studies have investigated other medications, such as anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, betablockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and cholinergics.
Children, Adolescents, and Media in the U.S.: What are the Next Steps to Take?

Children and adolescents in the United States now spend >7 hours per day with a variety of different media. Little attention is paid by many parents, educators, and government officials to media effects on young people. This commentary suggests 10 different ways that American society can deal with the impact of media on children and adolescents more effectively.
Philanthropy, the Nonprofit Sector & the Democratic Dilemma

The central dilemma of American democracy is the tension between “voice” and “equality”: between the Constitution's unconditional guarantees of citizens' expressive, associational, and property rights and the legal and political equality that is the foundation of majoritarian decision-making. Philanthropy and nonprofit organizations – which enable citizens to give money and time to support causes in which they believe – have posed this dilemma with unusual force, allowing moneyed minorities to oppose and sometimes overwhelm the popular will. In the past, these assertions of private power have inevitably aroused popular opposition producing legislative and regulatory outcomes that have maintained a balance between voice and equality. Today, with unprecedented accumulations of wealth and legal changes permitting the unrestricted use of wealth in politics, the unchallenged exercise of private power through philanthropy and the nonprofit sector poses grave threats to the democratic process.
Multiple EphB receptor tyrosine kinases shape dendritic spines in the hippocampus

Here, using a genetic approach, we dissect the roles of EphB receptor tyrosine kinases in dendritic spine development. Analysis of EphB1, EphB2, and EphB3 double and triple mutant mice lacking these receptors in different combinations indicates that all three, although to varying degrees, are involved in dendritic spine morphogenesis and synapse formation in the hippocampus. Hippocampal neurons lacking EphB expression fail to form dendritic spines in vitro and they develop abnormal spines in vivo. Defective spine formation in the mutants is associated with a drastic reduction in excitatory glutamatergic synapses and the clustering of NMDA and AMPA receptors. We show further that a kinase-defective, truncating mutation in EphB2 also results in abnormal spine development and that ephrin-B2-mediated activation of the EphB receptors accelerates dendritic spine development. These results indicate EphB receptor cell autonomous forward signaling is responsible for dendritic spine formation and synaptic maturation in hippocampal neurons.
Real-time analysis of T cell receptors in naive cells in vitro and in vivo reveals flexibility in synapse and signaling dynamics

The real-time dynamics of the T cell receptor (TCR) reflect antigen detection and T cell signaling, providing valuable insight into the evolving events of the immune response. Despite considerable advances in studying TCR dynamics in simplified systems in vitro, live imaging of subcellular signaling complexes expressed at physiological densities in intact tissues has been challenging. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse with a TCR fused to green fluorescent protein to provide insight into the early signaling events of the immune response. To enable imaging of TCR dynamics in naive T cells in the lymph node, we enhanced signal detection of the fluorescent TCR fusion protein and used volumetric masking with a second fluorophore to mark the T cells expressing the fluorescent TCR. These in vivo analyses and parallel experiments in vitro show minimal and transient incorporation of TCRs into a stable central supramolecular activating cluster (cSMAC) structure but strong evidence for rapid, antigen-dependent TCR internalization that was not contingent on T cell motility arrest or cSMAC formation. Short-lived antigen-independent TCR clustering was also occasionally observed. These in vivo observations demonstrate that varied TCR trafficking and cell arrest dynamics occur during early T cell activation.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL DETERMINANTS OF THE AEROBIC DIVE LIMIT IN WEDDELL SEAL (LEPTONYCHOTES WEDDELLII) PUPS

The aerobic dive limit, as defined by an increase in plasma lactate levels following dives, has to date only been determined in adult and juvenile Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). However, theoretical aerobic dive limits based on calculated total body oxygen stores, estimated metabolic rates, and dive duration frequencies have been published for several species. Using data collected over the past 3 years in McMurdo Sound. Antarctica, the aerobic dive limit of Weddell seal pups was determined by both the physiological and modeling methods. Time-depth diving recorders deployed on 36 pups between 2 and 14 weeks of age allowed the aerobic dive limit to be predicted from duration-frequency histograms. The aerobic dive limit was also calculated from estimates of total body oxygen stores and predicted diving metabolic rates. Finally, these two estimates were compared with aerobic dive limits determined from post-dive lactate levels in three pups between 5 and 7 weeks old. The aerobic dive limits of pups increased with age, but pup aerobic dive limits were still significantly shorter than those of yearlings and adults. In addition, the aerobic dive limits determined by the three methods were not equivalent for pups, yearlings, or adults, and indicate that care should be taken when modeling methods are used to estimate the aerobic dive limit in other species. Changes in hematocrit, plasma glucose, and plasma lactate levels during and between rest, diving, and recovery in pups were compared to known values for juveniles and adults. Plasma metabolite levels were more highly regulated in older pups, and together with the increasing aerobic dive limit, suggest that Weddell seal pups are not refined divers until after they are weaned, and that their diving ability continues to develop over several years.
MEDIA OBSERVATIONS ON WORLD OPINION DURING THE KUWAITI CRISIS: POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER

This paper discusses the role of political communication in defining the “post-Cold War order” by focusing specifically upon the question of the construction of world opinion by different nations' newspapers. The first section analyzes references to world opinion during the pre-Gulf War Kuwaiti crisis in the New York Times and the Times of India. Topics for discussion include (1) the comparative timing of references to world opinion on the crisis; (2) the comparative emphases on the moral and pragmatic components of world opinion; (3) the two newspapers' evaluations of world opinion on the crisis; and (4) the manner in which both newspapers describe the timing and extent of Iraq's isolation from the world community. The second section correlates these findings with the United Nations activity regarding Iraqi sanctions during the crisis. It is shown that once both newspapers reflected a rough consensus regarding the timing of references to world opinion and the isolation of Iraq, this consensus was reflected in the timing of documents on sanctions in the United Nations. The paper concludes by evaluating the importance of understanding different constructions of world opinion as a means of evaluating the role of political communication in the post-Cold War order.
Self-duality and octonionic analyticity of S7-valued antisymmetric fields in eight dimensions

Abstract We exhibit two octonionic extensions of the Kalb-Ramond type fields with rank two and four in eigth dimensions. By analogy to the d = 4 (anti-) self-duality of the SU(2) ≈ S 3 quaternionic gauge field we consider the respective d = 8 (anti-) self-duality equations for these nonlinear, S 7 -valued antisymmetric fields. By way of an octonionic 't Hooft ansatz these equations reduce to the same generalized Fueter-Cauchy-Riemann equations over S 8 . Explicit (9 n + 8) parameter S 7 → S 7 mapping solutions, n being a winding number, are found in terms of holomorphic functions of the spacetime octonion. An infinite number of local continuity equations results.
DISSECTING THE GENETICS OF HUMAN HIGH MYOPIA: A MOLECULAR BIOLOGIC APPROACH

Purpose: Despite the plethora of experimental myopia animal studies that demonstrate biochemical factor changes in various eye tissues, and limited human studies utilizing pharmacologic agents to thwart axial elongation, we have little knowledge of the basic physiology that drives myopic development. Identifying the implicated genes for myopia susceptibility will provide a fundamental molecular understanding of how myopia occurs and may lead to directed physiologic (ie, pharmacologic, gene therapy) interventions. The purpose of this proposal is to describe the results of positional candidate gene screening of selected genes within the autosomal dominant high-grade myopia-2 locus (MYP2) on chromosome 18p11.31. Methods: A physical map of a contracted MYP2 interval was compiled, and gene expression studies in ocular tissues using complementary DNA library screens, microarray matches, and reverse-transcription techniques aided in prioritizing gene selection for screening. The TGIF, EMLIN-2, MLCB, and CLUL1 genes were screened in DNA samples from unrelated controls and in high-myopia affected and unaffected family members from the original seven MYP2 pedigrees. All candidate genes were screened by direct base pair sequence analysis. Results: Consistent segregation of a gene sequence alteration (polymorphism) with myopia was not demonstrated in any of the seven families. Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms were found. Conclusion: The positional candidate genes TGIF, EMLIN-2, MLCB, and CLUL1 are not associated with MYP2-linked high-grade myopia. Base change polymorphisms discovered with base sequence screening of these genes were submitted to an Internet database. Other genes that also map within the interval are currently undergoing mutation screening.
Dual heuristic programming excitation neurocontrol for generators in a multimachine power system

The design of nonlinear optimal neurocontrollers that replace the conventional automatic voltage regulators for excitation control of turbogenerators in a multimachine power system is presented in this paper. The neurocontroller design is based on dual heuristic programming (DHP), a powerful adaptive critic technique. The feedback variables are completely based on local measurements from the generators. Simulations on a three-machine power system demonstrate that DHP-based neurocontrol is much more effective than the conventional proportional-integral-derivative control for improving dynamic performance and stability of the power grid under small and large disturbances. This paper also shows how to design optimal multiple neurocontrollers for nonlinear systems, such as power systems, without having to do continually online training of the neural networks, thus avoiding risks of neural network instability.
Antisense RNA that affects Rhodopseudomonas palustris quorum-sensing signal receptor expression

Quorum sensing in the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris involves the RpaI signal synthase, which produces p-coumaroyl-homoserine lactone (pC-HSL) and RpaR, which is a pC-HSL–dependent transcriptional activator. There is also an antisense rpaR transcript (asrpaR) of unknown function. Recent RNAseq studies have revealed that bacterial antisense RNAs are abundant, but little is known about the function of these molecules. Because asrpaR expression is quorum sensing dependent, we sought to characterize its production and function. We show that asrpaR is approximately 300–600 bases and is produced in response to pC-HSL and RpaR. There is an RpaR-binding site centered 51.5 bp from the mapped asrpaR transcript start site. We show that asrpaR overexpression reduces RpaR levels, rpaI expression, and pC-HSL production. We also generated an asrpaR mutant, which shows elevated RpaR levels, and elevated rpaI expression. Thus, asrpaR inhibits rpaR translation, and this inhibition results in suppression of RpaR-dependent rpaI expression and, thus, pC-HSL production. The R. palustris asrpaR represents an antisense RNA for which an activity can be measured and for which a distinct regulatory circuit related to a function is elucidated. It also represents yet another subtle regulatory layer for acyl-homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal-responsive transcription factors.
Biasing techniques for subthreshold MOS resistive grids

A classic resistive network implemented using MOS transistors suffers from nonlinearity in the subthreshold exponential parameter /spl kappa/ that arises due to varying V/sub GB/ and V/sub BS/. We show two biasing techniques that alleviate these effects. The first technique always uses transistors with constant gate-to-bulk voltage. The second technique uses a novel bulk-to-source biasing scheme to ensure zero bulk-to-source voltage. We propose a PMOS spatial filtering circuit that employs this scheme to extend the range of linearity of subthreshold resistive networks. Measured experimental results from a 1.5um CMOS process show that our spatial filtering circuit has less than 5% variation in space-constant over a measured 94dB (100fA-5nA) dynamic range as opposed to a conventional spatial filtering circuit, which for the same variation has a measured dynamic range of less than 80dB (100fA-1nA). Our techniques should be useful in translinear MOS circuits where linear operation over a wide dynamic range of input currents is important.
Righteousness on two wheels: Bikers as a secular sect

The study concerns itself with a comparison of the value system of bikers, those who pursue a life‐style centered around motorcycles, with that of a religious sect Several parallels are drawn with the religious sect, in the function of the life‐style of bikers as well as the degree of commitment. The study is the product of several years of participant observation by the author.
Role differences in gatekeeper perceptions of school-based drug and sexuality education programs: a cross-sectional survey

Using a mail survey, we collected data on attitudes and opinions about school drug/ sexuality education from 606 individuals representing 106 junior and senior high schools in Illinois. Respondents from five role groups (principals, district administrators, school board members, teachers and parents) completed questions regarding perceptions of student risk behaviors and effects of school health programs in four areas: drug/alcohol use, tobacco use, AIDS/STDs and teen pregnancy. For each program area, we analyzed six constructs across respondent groups: perceived seriousness of problem, perceived prevalence of problem, perceived acceptance of school program, perceived program effectiveness on student attitudes and behavior, and satisfaction with school program. To test role differences, MANOVA and random-effects regression model analyses were performed. Significant differences in role perceptions were found for all constructs except perceived program effectiveness on student attitudes. Overall, teachers and parents responded similarly to each other and different from other groups. They tended to be less satisfied with school programs, view programs as less effective and perceive other role groups as less accepting. We discuss the discrepancy in role perceptions in the context
Design Rules, Volume 1: The Power of Modularity

The evolution of the computer industry since its beginnings is staggering, and the rate of change is only increasing. However, Carliss Baldwin and Kim Clark in their book “Design Rules, Volume 1: The Power of Modularity,” set out to plumb the depths of the forces that have generated so much upheaval in the structure of the computer industry over its fifty-year history. The result is an impressive study, in which the authors convincingly explain the portion of changes targeted for this volume. The book impresses because of its breadth and depth, its generality and precision, and its theory and application. The authors accomplish this by developing a new theory built from fundamental principles relating to the process of design, value, and organization.
Snl-1, A Highly Selective Inorganic Crystalline Ion Exchange Material for Sr2+ in Acidic Solutions

A new inorganic ion exchange material, called SNL-1, has been prepared at Sandia National Laboratories. Developmental samples of SNL-1 have been determined to have high selectivity for the adsorption of Strontium from highly acidic solutions (1 M HNO{sub 3}). This paper presents results obtained for the material in batch ion exchange tests conducted at various solution pH values and in the presence of a number of competing cations. Results from a continuous flow column ion exchange experiment are also presented.
Reported Thought as a Stance-Taking Device in Korean Conversation

Analyses of 34 cases of direct reported thought found in ordinary Korean conversations illustrate a routine practice in the use of reported thought—reenacting a prior thought to demonstrate how the speaker's current stance originated. Often, such thoughts are not simply momentary, isolated thoughts in passing but are consequential thoughts that convey layers of the speaker's sense of values or viewpoints that matter in everyday life. Through reenacting her or his prior thought, in particular in a rhetorical question format, the speaker transforms a private thought into a public matter subject to other participants' collaborative stance-taking. Reported thought serves as an interactional resource for participants to share their viewpoints and values. The study also discusses how the format of Korean reported thought, in which reporting frame devices appear after the quote, plays an important role in performing these actions in interaction.
IPL: a multidatabase transaction specification language

A multidatabase system (MDBS) integrates preexisting and heterogeneous databases in a distributed environment. A multidatabase transaction is a consistent and reliable execution of an application over a multidatabase system. The authors summarize the characteristics of multidatabase transactions and present a multidatabase transaction specification language, the InterBase Parallel Language (IPL). IPL allows users to write MDBS transactions by specifying all associated actions, their sequences, control flow, and data flow among subtransactions, and yet retaining the autonomies of the preexisting software systems. IPL also allows users to specify different commit protocols for different subtransactions and to control the atomicity and isolation granularity of an MDBS transaction. IPL components and design issues are described in detail. The implementation of IPL is also discussed. >
High Dietary Zinc and Fasting as Methods of Forced Resting: A Performance Comparison

Abstract A study was conducted to compare fasting and high dietary zinc as procedures to induce a forced rest of laying hens. Five to six replicates (25 hens each) of Single Comb White Leghorn hens laying approximately 60% were fasted for 10 days (fasted) or fed either 10,000 ppm zinc (10 Zn) or 20,000 ppm zinc (20 Zn) for a period of 4 days. A fourth treatment consisted of feeding 20,000 ppm zinc for 8 days (20 Zn-8). During the rest-inducing period, hens consumed little of either high zinc diet. Four-day intake by 20 Zn hens averaged 17.6 ± .2 g/hen/day compared to 32.6 ± 1.5 g/hen/day (X ± SEM) for 10 Zn hens. Those fed 20 Zn-8 consumed the least amount, 12.6 ± .2 g/hen/day during the 8 days of high zinc feeding. Body weight loss of hens in this last group was comparable to hens fasted for 10 days (fasted), i.e., 24.6 ± .3% vs. 27.6 ± .4%. Weight loss of hens in the remaining two groups reflected, to some extent, differences in feed consumption. The 20 Zn hens lost significantly more body weight during the 4-day period when compared with 10 Zn hens (16.2 ± .4% vs. 11.9 ± .5%). Each treatment resulted in a sharp drop in egg production. By the 5th day, fasted, 20 Zn, and 20 Zn-8 hens had ceased producing eggs. Egg production by 10 Zn hens declined at a slightly slower rate. There were considerable differences in post-rest egg production among the various treatments. Although all groups were producing equally in the 6th week of the experiment, peak production (Weeks 9 to 15) was highest in fasted hens (74.9%), lowest (65.5%) in 20 Zn hens and intermediate in 10 Zn hens and 20 Zn-8 hens producing at 70.0 and 71.1%, respectively. Overall, for the 7-month experiment 20 Zn and 20 Zn-8 hens both produced significantly fewer eggs when compared with fasted hens. There was no significant difference between the number of eggs produced by the latter group and those produced by 10 Zn hens. These results suggest that feeding a high zinc diet as a means of inducing a rest offers no advantage over simple fasting.
Cereal sprouts: composition, nutritive value, food applications

The practice of sprouting of cereal grains has become popular in the western world. Sprouted grains are thought of as having exceptional nutritive value. Sprouting is easy and can be done without sophisticated equipment. Untreated seeds of good quality and high germination percentage are placed in an environment of adequate water, a desirable temperature, and a certain composition of gases in the atmosphere for several days for sprouting. The sprouts can be kept for a few days to over a week under refrigeration. They can be used in many different foods including breakfast items, salads, soups, casseroles, pasta, and baked products. Sprouting of grains causes increased enzyme activity, a loss of total dry matter, an increase in total protein, a change in amino acid composition, a decrease in starch, increases in sugars, a slight increase in crude fat and crude fiber, and slightly higher amounts of certain vitamins and minerals. Most of the increases in nutrients are not true increases, however. They simply reflect the loss of dry matter, mainly in the form of carbohydrates, due to respiration during sprouting. As total carbohydrates decreases, the percentage of other nutrients increases. There are no nutritional evaluations of cereal sprouts in humans. Animal studies with cattle, pigs, chickens, and rats have failed to show a superior nutritive value of sprouted grains over ungerminated grains. Studies with humans are not likely to produce more encouraging results.
Microelectrode Velocity Effects and Aquatic Eddy Covariance Measurements under Waves

AbstractInterest in validating the eddy covariance (EC) technique under wave-induced flows led to a series of experiments in a 104-m-long large wave flume (LWF) using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and two oxygen microelectrodes (tips ~2 mm apart) mounted on a sturdy tripod. Four additional ADVs positioned within the flume provided comparative near-bed velocity measurements during experiments with irregular waves over a sand bed. These measurements revealed that modifications of local turbulence by the tripod frame were insignificant. However, errors in velocity measurements were at times observed for setups where the microelectrode tips protruded into the ADV’s measurement volume. Disparate oxygen microelectrode velocity effects (stirring sensitivities) combined with response time offsets were also identified as problems, adding biases to EC flux derivations. Microelectrode velocity effects were further investigated through modeling designed to mimic the LWF data, and through examination of a 12-h...
Total Cross Section for ( γ , π − ) Reactions in the Δ Region

Total cross sections for $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($\ensuremath{\gamma}$,${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$)$^{12}\mathrm{N}$ and $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$($\ensuremath{\gamma}$,${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$)$^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ have been measured from threshold to 360 MeV photon energy by detecting the radioactivity of the residual nuclei, thereby singling out the ground state of $^{12}\mathrm{N}$ and the ground and first excited states of $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$. The cross sections are found to peak at about 40 MeV pion energy and then to fall gradually. In contrast to pion charge exchange and other photopion experiments, these results are well reproduced both in shape and in magnitude by distorted-wave impulse-approximation calculations.
Characterization of the Reacting Flowfield in a Liquid-Fueled Stagnation Point Reverse Flow Combustor

The Stagnation Point Reverse Flow (SPRF) combustor has been shown to operate stably while producing ultra-low NOx emissions over a range of loadings and equivalence ratios in both gas and liquid fueled operation. In nonpremixed gaseous operation, low NOx levels have been attributed to initial shielding of fuel from hot products allowing internal premixing of fuel and air to nearly the global equivalence ratio before burning. Various optical diagnostic techniques, such as chemiluminescence imaging and laser scattering, are employed to elucidate the combustion processes of this novel combustor in liquid-fueled operation. While the overall flow features are similar for both gas and liquid fuels, the combustion characteristics and NOx performance are strongly controlled by fuel dispersion and evaporation in liquid operation. Here, fuel dispersion is controlled by varying the placement of the fuel injector, which is centrally located within the annular air inlet tube. When the liquid injector is located in plane with the exit of the air annulus, the fuel remains initially shielded from the high temperature return products (similar to the gaseous case) producing a highly lifted flame. On the other hand, injecting the liquid upstream produces a more well-dispersed fuel pattern at the reactant inlet. This leads to a reduction of the equivalence ratio in the fuel consuming reaction zones. Hence the NOx emissions were found to be lower for this less shielded injector configuration over the range of global equivalence ratios and loadings investigated. Thus it is conjectured that the added delay caused by fuel evaporation before mixing and combustion can occur, changes the optimal shielding required for liquid-fueled operation.
Fetus in fetus:a clinical and pathological analysis of 13 cases

Purpose To study the clinicopathological features of fetus in fetus. Methods 13 cases of fetus in fetus were examined by macroscopy and microscopy. Results The age of the cases ranged from 1 month to 3.5 years (average 7.8 months),and 5 cases were males,8 females. The masses situated in retroperitoneal area (8 cases),in abdominal cavity (4 cases),in sacrococcygeal area (1 case). Macroscopically,13 cases presented with vertebral axis,6 cases with rudimentary limbs. 2 cases had double fetus in fetus. The ultrastructural examination presented all cases consisted of mature tissues of three germinal cell layers,8 cases showed nerve component and 7 cases showed digestive tract. Conclusions It is not difficult to diagnose fetus in fetus by macroscopy and microscopy,but should pay attention to exist possibility of malignancy. The relationship of fetus in fetus and teratoma deserves further study.
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Non-Communicable Chronic Disease in Zhongshan

Objective(1)To investigate the prevalence and the risk factors associated with non-communicable chronic disease(NCD) in Zhongshan,and(2) to develop the preventive measures for control and prevention of NCD.Methods Stratified random cluster sampling and multi-factor analysis were used to analyze the risk factors associated with NCD.Results The prevalence rate of hypertension,COPD,cancer,coronary heart disease,stroke,and diabetes mellitus was 18.51%,6.65%,0.89%,2.79%,0.78%,and 2.07%,respectively.The risk factors of NCD were age,smoking,over-weight,and familial history of disease.Conclusion The occurrence of NCD is correlated with the life style and behavior.Having a normal life style and eating habits may reduce the incidence of NCD.
Optimal navigation policy for an autonomous agent operating in adversarial environments

We consider an autonomous vehicle navigation problem, whereby a traveler aims at traversing an environment in which an adversary tries to set an ambush. Optimal strategies are computed as random path distributions, a realization of which is the path chosen by the traveler. Theoretical optimal policies are derived under assumptions from the Minimal Cut-Maximal Flow literature. Numerical approaches to compute such optimal strategies are proposed. These numerical approaches, which borrow from randomized path planning techniques, can be implemented for high-dimensional configuration spaces. The methodology developed allows for the application of ambush games on complex environments for realistic applications regarding vehicle routing in adversarial settings.
Bullying and Harassment of Students with Disabilities in Schools: Legal Considerations and Policy Formation.

Bullying is a common occurrence in U.S.’s schools and is currently at the forefront of national attention. Unfortunately, students with disabilities are frequently the targets of peer-on-peer bullying. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal ramifications when students with disabilities are bullied in school settings. We address court cases, state educational agency decisions, Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) guidance, and Office of Civil Rights (OCR) rulings that have held that bullying may violate Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act. School personnel must address the bullying of students with disabilities in a quick and efficient manner. In fact, these decisions show that when bullying is not stopped, school district officials and personnel may be subjecting their school districts to legal risks. We end by proposing how school district officials can develop legally sound policies for identifying, investigating, and resp...
Pediatric Small Bowel Transplantation: An Update

Most pediatric patients with irreversible intestinal failure are dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN) and eventually develop life-threatening complications from long-term PN. Intestinal transplantation is now an accepted treatment for the pediatric population developing irreversible intestinal failure resulting from either short gut syndrome or functional bowel problems with preserved length. Over the years several modifications in immunosuppressive strategies and refinements in the surgical techniques have helped lower the mortality and improve the outcomes of intestinal transplantation. Despite this, we continue to face the unresolved challenge of graft loss from chronic rejection and significant morbidity from infectious complications and drug toxicities with aggressive immunosuppression. However, positive weight gain and growth reported in pediatric recipients along with freedom from PN indicate successful gastrointestinal autonomy after intestinal transplantation. A preserved quality of life, with cognitive, psychosocial, and physical functions comparable to healthy normal children, makes intestinal transplantation a reasonable option for irreversible intestinal failure.
Association of CD20 positivity (+) with event free survival (EFS) in children with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) following solid organ transplantation (SOT)

8070 Background: The roles of CD20 and EBV as prognostic features for development and survival of pediatric PTLD after SOT are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated the safety and efficacy of cyclophosphamide, prednisone and rituximab (CPR) in CD20+ PTLD (Orjuela/Cairo, CCR 2005) Methods: All patients (pts), =25 yrs with PTLD in the past 15 yrs were analyzed and classified according to presence of detectable EBV or CD20 by IHC or ISH. Overall survival (OS) and EFS were estimated using Kaplan-Meier, significance was assessed by t-test comparison and Mantel-Cox. Results: 41 SOT pts (28 heart, 8 liver, 4 kidney) had PTLD (53.6% female) at a median of 38.8 months (mo) post SOT (4–43); Age 14–263 mo. Of 35 evaluable tumors, 29 (82.9%) had detectable EBV, while 22 (62.9%) expressed CD20 antigen. All pts had immunosuppression reduced, followed by chemo- and immunotherapy as needed. In pts with =9 mo follow-up after PTLD (n = 38) (median 49 mo, 10–184) OS is 73.2% and PTLD related EFS is 63%. Pts with EBV...
Quantifying collagen orientation in breast tissue biopsies using SLIM (Conference Presentation)

Breast cancer is a major public health problem worldwide, being the most common type of cancer among women according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO has further stressed the importance of an early determination of the disease course through prognostic markers. Recent studies have shown that the alignment of collagen fibers in tumor adjacent stroma correlate with poorer health outcomes in patients. Such studies have typically been carried out using Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy. SHG images are very useful for quantifying collagen fiber orientation due their specificity to non-centrosymmetric structures in tissue, leading to high contrast in collagen rich areas. However, the imaging throughput in SHG microscopy is limited by its point scanning geometry. In this work, we show that SLIM, a wide-field high-throughput QPI technique, can be used to obtain the same information on collagen fiber orientation as is obtainable through SHG microscopy. We imaged a tissue microarray containing both benign and malignant cores using both SHG microscopy and SLIM. The cellular (non-collagenous) structures in the SLIM images were next segmented out using an algorithm developed in-house. Using the previously published Fourier Transform Second Harmonic Generation (FT-SHG) tool, the fiber orientations in SHG and segmented SLIM images were then quantified. The resulting histograms of fiber orientation angles showed that both SHG and SLIM generate similar measurements of collagen fiber orientation. The SLIM modality, however, can generate these results at much higher throughput due to its wide-field, whole-slide scanning capabilities.
Intercalated fibers and their physical properties

Intercalation provides a unique method for modification of the properties of carbon fibers. A brief review of some of the physical properties of intercalated graphite fibers is given. The use of a variety of characterization methods is discussed, including x-ray diffraction, transport measurements, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy and high magnetic field phenomena. The behavior of intercalated graphite fibers and bulk graphite is contrasted.
The Historical Orbit of Eritrea's Agony

Their suffering under racist Italian colonialism pushed Eritreans to retreat into their millennia-old Ethiopian identity. However, suffocation under Ethiopian political oppression and cultural chauvinism led them to don a distinct counter identity of Eritrean-ness. Subsequently, the thirty-year war between the forces of chauvinism (Ethiopia) and the forces of secession (Eritrea) has exposed the unimaginativeness of nationalism. Rather than seeking a mere redress to the legitimate grievances upon which it was constructed, Eritrean nationalism veered into a false consciousness of exceptionalism (Eritreanism), which per force became a zero-sum game for secession. When a divorce was finalized in 1991, both Ethiopia and Eritrea ended up being losers—the former lost access to the sea and the latter lost Ethiopia. By failing to deliver peace, democracy, and prosperity, secession has proven to be against the self-interests of the Eritrean people, so much so that now the very idea of Eritrea verges on death. Thus, based on emotion rather than cognition, nationalism can be a dysfunctional project. However powerful it may be, it does not have to lead to secession.
Cellular Origin of Androgen Receptor Pathway-Independent Prostate Cancer and Implications for Therapy.

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Bluemn et al. report that ∼20% of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers express neither AR nor neuroendocrine genes and show AR pathway-independent growth, driven instead by a FGFR/MAPK/ID1 signaling cascade. These results provide a strong rationale for co-targeting AR bypass pathways with initial AR antagonism.
O4 The association of sport specialisation with the incidence of foot and ankle injuries in high school athletes

Design Prospective cohort. Objectives To compare the incidence of FoAI in high school athletes with low, moderate or high levels of sport specialisation. Background Sport specialisation has been shown to be associated with increased risk of injuries in high school athletes presenting in clinical settings. However, the association of sport specialisation and incidence of foot or ankle injuries (FoAI) has not been studied prospectively in high school athletes. Methods Subjects (male and female, grades 9–12) were recruited from 29 Wisconsin high schools during the 2015/16 school year. Specialisation was determined using an established 3 item scale. Athletic trainers reported athletic exposures and FoAI for each subject for each sport season during the entire school year. Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Ratios (HR, [95% CI]) were calculated to investigate the association between FoAI and sport specialisation while controlling for sex, sport and previous injury. Results A total of n=1411 subjects (Female=50%, Age=16.1±1.1 years.) enrolled in the study and participated in 1 59 321 athletic exposures. Subjects were classified as being LOW (59.6%), MOD (26.6%) or HIGH (13.8%) specialisation. One hundred two subjects (7.2%) sustained a FoAI that caused them to miss a median of 7.0 [3.0, 17.2.] days. Injuries were acute (78.6%) or gradual/recurrent (21.4%) onset. Common injuries included ligament sprains (70.9%), muscle/tendon strains (10.3%) and tendonitis/tenosynovitis (8.5%). The incidence of FoAI for MOD subjects was higher than LOW subjects (HR=1.66 [1.01–2.73] p=0.048). The incidence of FoAI for HIGH subjects was higher than LOW subjects (HR=2.12 [1.06–4.26] p=0.034). Conclusions High school athletes with MOD or HIGH sport specialisation were more likely to sustain a FoAI than athletes with LOW specialisation. Sports medicine providers need to educate parents and interscholastic athletes regarding the increased risk of FoAI for athletes who specialise in a single sport.
A CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF MODEL SELECTION IN CLASSIFICATION - Multiple Local Models vs One Global Model

A key concept in model selection is to understand how model complexity can be modified to improve in generalization performance. One design alternative is to increase model complexity on a single global model (by increasing the degree of a polynomial function); another alternative is to combine multiple local models into a composite model. We provide a conceptual study that compares these two alternatives. Following the Structural Risk Minimization framework, we derive bounds for the maximum number of local models or folds below which the composite model remains at an advantage with respect to the single global model. Our results can be instrumental in the design of learning algorithms displaying better control over model complexity.
Improving Referee-Selection and Manuscript Evaluation

To maximize the chance that manuscripts will be evaluated by the most competent referees, four systematic procedures arc proposed. One expands the pool of potential referees. Another selects a set of people from that pool to evaluate a given manuscript. The third solicits from them judgments along five scales. The fourth procedure combines these judgments into a form of consensus to help the editor make a decision. The five scales involve measures of relevance to the journal’s objectives, significance of the problem, validity of the results, novelty and clarity. Limited experiments with field trials over the past five years with the Journal of the Association for Computing Machines show that implementations of some aspects of these procedures help to improve the quality of accepted papers. The quality of a paper is interpreted primarily as a likelihood of its being appropriately cited. Analysis of these algorithms leads to interesting research problems, such as the possibility of non-subjective measures of quality by the use of modified co-citation counts. The use of computer conferencing to aid communication among referees, and among them, the author and editors, is analyzed for its potentialities and constraints.
Bifurcations in Neuron Dynamics

Bifurcations play important roles in analysis of dynamical systems; they express qualitative changes in behavior. A typical example of a bifurcation in neuron dynamics is the transition from rest to periodic spiking activity. Generation of a single spike is a bifurcation phenomenon too: It can result when the rest potential is close to a bifurcation point, which is often referred to as its threshold value. We discuss these and similar issues in this chapter.
Video Analysis Algorithms for Automated Categorization of Fly Behaviors

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a well established model organism used to study the mechanisms of both learning and memory in vivo. This paper presents video analysis algorithms that generate data that may be used to categorize fly behaviors. The algorithms aim to replace and improve a labor-intensive, subjective evaluation process with one that is automated, consistent and reproducible; thus allowing for robust, high-throughput analysis of large quantities of video data. The method includes tracking the flies, computing geometric measures, constructing feature vectors, and grouping the specimens using clustering techniques. We also generated a Computed Courtship Index (CCI), a computational equivalent of the existing Courtship Index (CI). The results demonstrate that our automated analysis provides a numerical scoring of fly behavior that is similar to the scoring produced by human observers. They also show that we are able to automatically differentiate between normal and defective flies via analysis of their videotaped movements.