cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nature and Operation of Attitudes

This survey of attitude theory and research published between 1996 and 1999 covers the conceptualization of attitude, attitude formation and activation, attitude structure and function, and the attitude-behavior relation. Research regarding the expectancy-value model of attitude is considered, as are the roles of accessible beliefs and affective versus cognitive processes in the formation of attitudes. The survey reviews research on attitude strength and its antecedents and consequences, and covers progress made on the assessment of attitudinal ambivalence and its effects. Also considered is research on automatic attitude activation, attitude functions, and the relation of attitudes to broader values. A large number of studies dealt with the relation between attitudes and behavior. Research revealing additional moderators of this relation is reviewed, as are theory and research on the link between intentions and actions. Most work in this context was devoted to issues raised by the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. The present review highlights the nature of perceived behavioral control, the relative importance of attitudes and subjective norms, the utility of adding more predictors, and the roles of prior behavior and habit.
Environmental Testing Of Flexible Jacketed Fiber Optic Bundles

Because of increased interest in new fiber optic illumination applications within the past few years, product requirements have dictated numerous environmental and mechanical testing techniques to be developed. The purpose of this paper is to describe these parameters and the methods used to define the product capabilities of the incoherent fiber optic bundle. Since the sole purpose of a flexible bundle is to transmit effective light, this basic criteria is utilized to measure the capability of the combined fiber bundle and jacketing in hostile environments including extreme temperature and humidity, mechanical stress, as well as various chemical fluids. The importance of these measurements for customer and manufacturer's product specifications has led to the development of several testing techniques and equipment believed to be unique in this field. Environmental life requirements must be realistically defined according to particular application needs, therefore these tests and variations are presented to be used as a general format for specifications and standards in the industry. In discussing this subject, we shall first consider different applications that required this area of development, the system of transmission measurement utilized, and finally the various environmental tests themselves.© (1970) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Developments in CO 2 research

CO 2 can be a good solvent for many compounds when used in its compressed liq- uid or supercritical fluid state. Above its critical temperature and critical pressure (T c = 31 °C, P c = 73.8 bar), CO 2 has liquid-like densities and gas-like viscosities, which allows for safe commercial and laboratory operating conditions. Many small molecules are readily soluble in CO 2 , whereas most macromolecules are not. This has prompted development of several classes of small molecule and polymeric surfactants that enable emulsion and dispersion polymerizations as well as other technological processes.
Elusive accountabilities in the HIV scale-up: ownership as a functional tautology.

Mounting concerns over aid effectiveness have rendered ‘ownership’ a central concept in the vocabulary of development assistance for health (DAH). The article investigates the application of both ‘national ownership’ and ‘country ownership’ in the broader development discourse as well as more specifically in the context of internationally funded HIV/AIDS interventions. Based on comprehensive literature reviews, the research uncovers a multiplicity of definitions, most of which either divert from or plainly contradict the concept's original meaning and intent. During the last 10 years in particular, it appears that both public and private donors have advocated for greater ‘ownership’ by recipient governments and countries to hedge their own political risk rather than to work towards greater inclusion of the latter in agenda-setting and programming. Such politically driven semantic dynamics suggest that the concept's salience is not merely a discursive reflection of globally skewed power relations in DAH bu...
Explaining Psychological Distress in a Sample of Remarried and Divorced Persons The Influence of Economic Distress

This article analyzes a 1986 national survey (N = 2,081) to examine (a) whether there are differences in psychological distress and economic distress between remarried and divorced persons and (b) if differences in economic distress explain differences in psychological distress between remarried and divorced persons. Findings show that, compared to the currently divorced, the remarried have significantly lower rates of economic distress and psychological distress. Economic distress, particularly a subjective assessment, explains a large proportion of the marital status differences in psychological distress. The most profound influence of economic distress on psychological distress is found for divorced women.
Abnormal morphogenesis of feather structures and pattern in the chick embryo integument. II. Histological description.

The development of skin and feathers in highly feathered scaleless mutants and normal Single Comb White Leghorn chick embryos was analyzed histologically. In addition, the growth of mutant feathers in chorioallantoic membrane culture is reported as a verification of several inferences made from observations of serially staged fixed specimens. The most striking feature of scaleless high line feather development is the widespread appearance of condensed or nearly condensed dermis. The discrete arrangement of normal placodes with underlying condensed dermis is replaced in the mutant by a heterogeneously shaped group of extremely large islands of columnar (“placodized”) epithelium as long as 3,000 μ. The shape and extent of the condensed areas of dermis reflect the shape and extent of the overlying “placodized” epithelium. The polarity of the epidermis in normal feather germs, i.e., thicker epidermis on the posterior surface, is absent in mutant feather germs. This absence of epidermal polarity is reflected in the aberrant outgrowth of the mutant feather primordia. In the mutant, the basal cell layer of the epidermis invades the dermal core of the aberrant feather germs and may form barb vane ridges or feather sheaths. This process has no counterpart in the development of normal down feathers.
How many political parties are there, really? A new measure of the ideologically cognizable number of parties/party groupings

We offer a new measure of the ideologically cognizable number of political parties/party groupings that is intended to be complementary to the standard approach to counting the effective number of political parties – the Laakso–Taagepera index (1979). This approach allows the possibility of precise measurement of concepts such as polarized pluralism or fragmented bipolarism and is applicable to both unidimensional and multidimensional representations of party locations. Using recent CSES (Comparative Study of Electoral Systems) data on one-dimensional representations of party locations in four real-world examples (two of which are available in an online appendix), we find that Slovenia, treated initially as a five-party system, has its optimal reduction as a two-bloc/party system, as does Spain, which is treated initially as a four-party system. However, Canada, treated initially as a four-party system, has its optimal reduction as a three-bloc/party system if we look at a unidimensional representation of...
In Vitro Haustorium Development in Roots and Root Cultures of the Hemiparasitic Plant Triphysaria Versicolor

Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae invade host plant roots through root organs called haustoria. Parasite roots initiate haustorium development when exposed to specific secondary metabolites that are released into the rhizosphere by host plant roots. While molecular approaches are increasingly being taken to understand the genetic mechanism underlying these events, a limitation has been the lack of a transformation system for parasitic plants. Since the haustorium development occurs in roots of Orobanchaceae, root cultures may be suitable material for transient or stable transformation experiments. To this end, root cultures were obtained from explants, and subsequently calluses, from the hemiparasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor. The cultured roots retained their competence to form haustoria when exposed to host roots, host root exudates, or purified haustorium-inducing factors. The root culture haustoria invaded host roots and initiated a vascular continuity between the parasite and host roots. The ontogeny of haustoria development on root cultures was indistinguishable from that on seedlings roots. Root cultures should provide useful material for molecular studies of haustorium development.
Moment Estimation and Dithered Quantization

This letter examines the influence of low-bit quantization on moment estimators with special emphasis on the 1-bit case. Moment estimators are especially useful if no prior knowledge on the distribution of the observations is available or if an ML approach is analytically intractable or computationally infeasible. In order to arrive at analytical results for this very general case, we focus on a dithered quantization scheme that allows us to specify and analyze its asymptotic behavior. We show that consistency can be retained under mild conditions, and furthermore, we quantify the asymptotic variance. Additionally, we illustrate how to find an estimator that achieves the best performance possible in this scenario. Finally, we bolster our analytical results with simulations for the illustrative case of an AR(1) process and provide a comparison with undithered schemes. A conclusion summarizes this letter's contribution and explores possible areas of application
Pilgerodendron uviferum: The Southernmost Tree-Ring Fire Recorder Species

Abstract: This paper reports on the capability of the long-lived conifer Pilgerodendron uviferum in southwestern South America to record fire scars, making it the southernmost tree-ring fire recording species on Earth. We present detailed descriptions of the fire-scar morphology of this species and compare tree-ring fire-scar dates to independent sources of fire dates. The fire scars found on Pilgerodendron uviferum are morphologically similar to those found on conifers in western North America. All fire scars were crossdated on 80 out of 96 sampled cross-sections collected at 8 dispersed sites. Groups of micro-rings were the most common anatomical feature that impeded crossdating of fire-scar dates. A total of 597 fire-scar tips were successfully crossdated on these 80 cross-sections. The average number of fire scars per cross-section was 7.4, and the full collection of crossdated fire scars spanned from 1570 to 2004 AD. The crossdated fire-scar dates were highly synchronous within stands, and years of a...
Development and application of General Purpose Data Acquisition Shell (GPDAS) at Advanced Photon Source

An operating system shell, named GPDAS (General Purpose Data Acquisition Shell), on MS-DOS-based microcomputers has been developed to provide flexibility in data acquisition and device control for magnet measurements at the Advanced Photon Source. GPDAS is both a command interpreter and an integrated script-based programming environment. It also incorporates the MS-DOS shell to make use of the existing utility programs for file manipulation and data analysis. Features include: alias definition, virtual memory, windows, graphics, data and procedure backup, background operation, script programming language, and script level debugging. Data acquisition system devices can be controlled through the IEEE488 board, a multifunction input/output (I/O) board, a digital I/O board and a Gespac crate via a Euro G-64 bus. GPDAS is now being used for diagnostics R&D and accelerator physics studies as well as for magnet measurements. The hardware configurations are discussed. >
The Moral Mother Syndrome

This paper briefly explores a crucial component of Sinhala nationalism that is articu lated through the reiteration of a moral and maternalised historical role model, namely, the legendary queen Vihara Maha Devi, within particular cultural and political spaces in Sri Lanka. Describing this phenomenon as the 'Moral Mother Syndrome', the author extends its original delineation by Micaela di Leonardo—as providing the framework for an ideology that primarily 'speaks for peace'—to one that speaks for peace through a call to violence that is nevertheless formulated as being moral and just due to it being prentised upon an argument about the vulner ability and victimisation of the majority community, the Sinhalese.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum following Cesarean Delivery

Abstract Background: Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, chronic inflammatory disease that can develop after minor trauma or surgery. Most reports of this condition developing after abdominal surgery have been reported following ostomy formation. A number of systemic diseases have been associated with this disorder, most commonly inflammatory bowel disease, though 40–50% of cases have no associated systemic disease. Case: A 32-year-old woman developed spiking fever and purulent appearing wound discharge with a rolled erythematous border after cesarean delivery. Her condition worsened despite various regimens of intravenous antibiotics and local treatment. Pyoderma gangrenosum was diagnosed. Treatment with steroids resolved the lesion, and associated systemic diseases were not found. Conclusion: Consideration of the diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum in cases of apparent wound infections unresponsive to antibiotics should result in early diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Bioenergetics of photoheterotrophic bacteria in the oceans

Photoheterotrophic microbes, such as proteorhodopsin (PR)-based phototrophic (PRP) and aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, are well known to be abundant in the oceans, potentially playing unique roles in biogeochemical cycles. However, the contribution of phototrophy to the energy requirements of these bacteria has not been quantitatively examined to date. To better understand the implications of photoheterophy in the oceans, we calculated energy benefits and costs of phototrophy and compared net benefits with maintenance costs. Benefits depend on the number of photosynthetic units (PSUs), absorption cross-section area of each PSU as function of wavelength, the in situ light quality, and the energy yield per absorbed photon. For costs we considered the energy required for the synthesis of pigments, amino acids and proteins in each PSU. Our calculations indicate that AAP bacteria harvest more light energy than do PRP bacteria, but the costs of phototrophy are much higher for AAP bacteria. Still, the net energy gained by AAP bacteria is often sufficient to meet maintenance costs, while that is not the case for PRP bacteria except with high light intensities and large numbers of proteorhodopsin molecules per cell. The low costs and simplicity of PR-based phototrophy explain the high abundance of proteorhodopsin genes in the oceans. However, even for AAP bacteria, the net energy yield of phototrophy is apparently too low to influence the distribution of photoheterotrophic bacteria among various marine systems.
Process optimization tweaking tool (POTT) and its application in controlling oxidation thickness

This computer utility extracts process data from a manufacturing statistical process control database, calculates oxidation times appropriate to recenter the thickness to the desired process mean, and inserts the values of new oxidation times directly into furnace oxidation recipes resident in the main BTU host computer so that production furnace recipes downloaded to the furnace controller automatically contain the new oxidation times. The major attributes of POTT are summarized and its application in controlling oxidation thickness for silicon integrated-circuit fabrication as well as results obtained using two different retargeting strategies are described. >
Parent-Adolescent Communication about Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Druguse

For this study, 67 adolescent African American and Caucasian adolescents were interviewed about their parent-adolescent conversations regarding alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use. Analyses indicated that fewer than half of the youth had engaged in a conversation with one or more parent about ATOD use and that significantly more adolescents felt closest to and preferred talking with their mothers about risky topics than to other family members. Moreover, the results suggested that parental antidrug messages were part of the ongoing discourse of family life rather than structured in an isolated “drug talk,” as is advocated in contemporary media. This article argues for a clearer definition of the parent-adolescent conversation, discusses implications for targeting mothers as prevention agents, and introduces risksocialization theory.
Assessing the viability of a clumpy mnn9 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in the manufacture of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins

Demonstration of the viability of cryopreserved cell bank used to make a biopharmaceutical product is an important indicator of the ability to consistently manufacture over a long period of time, and is mandated in regulatory guidances. A mnn9 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chosen for its inability to hypermannosylate vaccine antigens, has a clumpy growth tendency due to the inactivation of the gene MNN9 (wild-type), complicating the interpretation of conventional viability measurements useful for single cells. Therefore, two growth-based measurements as well as staining by a membrane-impermeable dye were examined for their ability to reflect changes in viability of a clumpy mnn9 (defective) strain. The cell clumps proved to be stable to mixing, and variability of agar-plate-based viable counts (VC) of undisrupted suspensions of this clumpy mnn9 strain was consistent with variability observed for cell banks of a non-clumpy MNN9 strain. Both the VC and the growth times in an oxygen-sensing broth-based microplate assay corresponded well with shake-flask growth times for a set of stressed and unstressed samples, although the correlation was highest between the two broth-based systems. Counts of trypan-blue-stained cells within clumps also increased with time of stress, suggesting that this method could be adapted as a simple index of viability as well.
Coordination in Human-Agent-Robot Teamwork

Coordination is an essential ingredient of a teamwork- centered approach to autonomy. In this paper, we discuss some of the challenges and requirements for successful coordination, and briefly how we have used KAoS HART services framework to support coordination in a multi- team human-robot field exercise.
Tailored lighting intervention for persons with dementia and caregivers living at home

Abstract Objectives Light therapy has shown promise as a nonpharmacological treatment to help regulate abnormal sleep-wake patterns and associated behavioral issues prevalent among individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer disease and related dementia (ADRD). The present study investigated the effectiveness of a lighting intervention designed to increase circadian stimulation during the day using light sources that have high short-wavelength content and high light output. Methods Thirty-five persons with ADRD and 34 caregivers completed the 11-week study. During week 1, subjective questionnaires were administered to the study participants. During week 2, baseline data were collected using Daysimeters and actigraphs. Researchers installed the lighting during week 3, followed by 4 weeks of the tailored lighting intervention. During the last week of the lighting intervention, Daysimeter, actigraph, and questionnaire data were again collected. Three weeks after the lighting intervention was removed, a third data collection (post-intervention assessment) was performed. Results The lighting intervention significantly increased circadian entrainment, as measured by phasor magnitude, and sleep efficiency, as measured by actigraphy data, and significantly reduced symptoms of depression in the participants with ADRD. The caregivers also exhibited an increase in circadian entrainment during the lighting intervention; a seasonal effect of greater sleep efficiency and longer sleep duration was also found for caregivers. Conclusions Ambient lighting interventions designed to increase daytime circadian stimulation can be used to increase sleep efficiency in persons with ADRD and their caregivers and may also be effective for other populations such as healthy older adults with sleep problems, adolescents, and veterans with traumatic brain injury.
Refined Stress Analysis of Human Aortic Heart Valves

The stress analysis of a human aortic valve is performed with a view toward the design, fabrication, and testing of a new prosthetic trileaflet aortic heart valve. Silicon castings of freshly excised human valves provide an accurate description of the leaflet surface. Close-range photogrammetry was used to obtain a contour map of the surface and digitalized grid point coordinates of sufficient accuracy to compute local curvatures for use in the thin shell finite element method analysis. Both principal stress resultants orientations and contour map representations are plotted. These data provide a highly accurate description of the distribution, directionality, and magnitude of the stresses in the normal leaflet of the human aortic valve. The results indicate that at a pressure of 114.7 mm Hg, with a nominal leaflet thickness of 0.6 mm, the maximum in-plane stress is about 23 g/mm².
Self-tuning histograms: building histograms without looking at data

In this paper, we introduce self-tuning histograms. Although similar in structure to traditional histograms, these histograms infer data distributions not by examining the data or a sample thereof, but by using feedback from the query execution engine about the actual selectivity of range selection operators to progressively refine the histogram. Since the cost of building and maintaining self-tuning histograms is independent of the data size, self-tuning histograms provide a remarkably inexpensive way to construct histograms for large data sets with little up-front costs. Self-tuning histograms are particularly attractive as an alternative to multi-dimensional traditional histograms that capture dependencies between attributes but are prohibitively expensive to build and maintain. In this paper, we describe the techniques for initializing and refining self-tuning histograms. Our experimental results show that self-tuning histograms provide a low-cost alternative to traditional multi-dimensional histograms with little loss of accuracy for data distributions with low to moderate skew.
Matthew Kahle on the Five-Point Problem

I first met Matt on April 17, 1987. He was an 8th-grader, and his mom brought him to the Fourth Colorado Mathematical Olympiad. Matt was holding in his hands his baby sister. A month later I met the three in Washington, D.C., where Matt was on the Colorado team for National Competition of MATHCOUNTS (and I was a national judge). The following year, in 1988, Matt won third prize in the Colorado Mathematical Olympiad. His grades in school were low; even his geometry grade was a C. I asked his fine math teacher Judy Williamson.
Phone-based motivational interviewing to increase self-efficacy in individuals with phenylketonuria

Abstract Objective To measure change in patient activation and self-efficacy in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) before and after a 6-month phone-based motivational interviewing (MI) intervention and determine the feasibility of implementing dietary counseling for PKU using an MI approach. Methods Participants ( n = 31) included preadolescents (7–12 years), adolescents (13–17 years), and adults (18–35 years) with early-treated PKU. Participants completed online questionnaires assessing self-reported stage of change (SOC), patient activation, and self-efficacy for PKU self-management behaviors. The intervention included monthly phone-based dietary counseling using MI during which participants set monthly goals. Results Patient activation and self-efficacy were significantly different by age group (both p p = 0.002). Preadolescents did not have a significant change in self-efficacy ( p = 0.79). There was no increase in patient activation for preadolescents or adolescents/adults ( p = 0.19 and p = 0.24, respectively). Indicators of learning problems were not significantly associated with self-efficacy ( p = 0.33) or patient activation ( p = 0.83). Conclusion These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing phone-based dietary counseling for PKU using MI. This study also supports further investigation of MI as an intervention approach to improving self-efficacy and self-management behaviors in adolescents and adults with PKU.
IsoLATEing: Identifying Counterfactual-Specific Treatment Effects with Cross-Stratum Comparisons

Instrumental variables (IV) estimates of causal effects can be difficult to interpret when the counterfactual to treatment mixes multiple alternatives. I explore identification of multiple counterfactual-specific local average treatment effects from a single quasi-experiment using interactions of an instrument with stratifying controls. I derive the general form of such IV estimands and establish identification under mean-independence of complier treatment effects with respect to the stratification. Under weaker conditional independence assumptions, identification is achieved with a novel non-parametric weighting approach. I use this framework to estimate the returns to GED certification in a sample that includes individuals who would otherwise obtain a traditional high school diploma as well as those who would otherwise drop out. The theoretical results may also offer a strategy to adjust for endogenous attrition in randomized trials; I illustrate this through a re-analysis of the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment.
Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) : Larval location, mortality, and leaf area consumption on Bacillus thuringiensis-treated cotton

A commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki Berliner (Javelin) was evaluated 2 d after application at 0.02.5,0.1, and 0..5 kg/ha to cotton leaves and terminals for its effect on location, mortality, and leaf area consumption of exposed bollworm, Helicocerpa zea (Boddie), larvae. On leaves held in paper cups the percentage of larvae in the control was typically higher on the lower than upper surface, and results were similar at all B. thuringiensis rates and times. Increasing the B. thuringiensis rate also significantly decreased leaf area consumption, which was correlated inversely with larval mortality. Application of B. thuringiensis to cotton terminals resulted in a decrease in the percentage of live larvae located on meristematic tissue and squares at all sampling times (3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) and an increase in the percentage on the holding cup surface and the terminal leaves. except at 48 h. The percentage of live larvae on the meristematic tissues and squares at the 2 highest B. thuringiensis rates after 6 h had been reduced 36 and 50% and 73 and 64%, respectively. from the control. These results show that within hours of B. thuringiensis application to cotton terminals there is a significant shift in the location of H. zea larvae away from meristematic tissue and squares to expended leaves or off the terminal, or both. This suggests that adequate B. thuringiensis consumption causes larval movement to locations where larvae are less damaging.
Effect of Bile, Sodium Salts of Bile Acids, and Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Bacteriophagic Action.

Previous investigators record different observations on the effect of bile on bacteriophagic action. Hauduroy,1 Jong and Hauduroy,2 and d'Herelle3 found that bile was decidedly inhibitory, whereas Caublot,4 in observations extending over a period of two years, obtained no evidence of an inhibitory action of bile on bacteriophage.In the studies, recorded here, of the action of bile on bacteriophage, B. coli, B. typhosus and B. dysenteriae Shiga and Mt. Desert strains were used with bacteriophages obtained from stool filtrates and from culture filtrates. In no case was there any inhibition of the bacteriophage in the presence of bile, although the bile was added to broth medium in concentrations of 10 per cent and 50 per cent. Filtered bile was tested as well as bile sterilized by heat, and a peptone medium was substituted for beef infusion broth, but the end result was always the same, the bile never inhibited the bacteriophage.Bachmann and Aquino5 report that, in their experiments, bile stimulated the pro...
FILTRATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE BY FIBROUS FILTER TIP

Several fibrous filter tips for cigarette smoke have been examined to establish the relation between the filter efficiencies and filter properties: kinds of fiber, fiber denier per filament, cross section of fiber, volume fraction of fiber, weight fraction of fibers and filter making methods.Filtration efficiency ΔE for the tips is given aswhere k: filtration coefficient, ef: filter porosity, L: filter length, dfm: modified diameter of fiber, n: exponent.For total particulate matter (TPM) filtration efficiency, k and n are determined as 8.4×10-4 and 1.22, respectively. k value for nicotine in cigarette smoke depends on the kinds of fiber in the filter tip.From the viewpoint of the low resistance - high efficiency, effective filtration is achieved by longer filter length, finer denier per filament, non-circular cross section of fiber and greater affinity between fiber and cigarette smoke.
Natural-like replication of an unnatural base pair for the expansion of the genetic alphabet and biotechnology applications.

We synthesized a panel of unnatural base pairs whose pairing depends on hydrophobic and packing forces and identify dTPT3-dNaM, which is PCR amplified with a natural base pair-like efficiency and fidelity. In addition, the dTPT3 scaffold is uniquely tolerant of attaching a propargyl amine linker, resulting in the dTPT3PA-dNaM pair, which is amplified only slightly less well. The identification of dTPT3 represents significant progress toward developing an unnatural base pair for the in vivo expansion of an organism’s genetic alphabet and for a variety of in vitro biotechnology applications where it is used to site-specifically label amplified DNA, and it also demonstrates for the first time that hydrophobic and packing forces are sufficient to mediate natural-like replication.
Enhancement of Enzyme Activity by Confinement in an Inverse Opal Structure

We report on the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on a silica inverse opal matrix mounted in a configuration to allow reactant to flow through it. Our data show a turnover rate enhancement of up to a factor of ca. 10 for GOx immobilized on the inverse opal structure relative to that of the same enzyme immobilized on a planar silica surface. The surface-immobilized GOx exhibits a factor of 2 turnover rate enhancement relative to that of the enzyme in aqueous solution. The observed enhancements result from two factors, one based on the geometric confinement imposed by the inverse opal structure and the other related to the structural stabilization of GOx because of its (covalent) immobilization on silica. The geometrically derived enhancement predicted by a simple model is mediated by the reaction kinetics of GOx with glucose. These data underscore the significant turnover rate enhancements for catalytic reactions achievable through nanoconfinement.
Effect of contralateral cold on pain tolerance

Fourteen Ss reported pain threshold and quit point in trials in which either right, left, or both hands were immersed in an ice water mixture. The contralateral cold stimulation resulted in significant elevation in both pain threshold and quit point for both right and left hands. The data also indicated that even nonpainful contralateral cold elevated pain threshold; this latter effect showed adaptation.
SY24-2ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE: FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TO TREATMENT

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the main cause of cirrhosis. Patients with advanced ALD can develop episode(s) of liver failure named “alcoholic hepatitis” (AH). The most effective therapy for ALD is alcohol abstinence and targeted therapies are urgently needed. The development of new drugs for ALD is hampered by …
Protection and Control Module of Motor of Shearer Based on TMS320F2812

In order to make on-line monitoring and earlier fault diagnosis of motor of shearer effectively,a protection and control module of motor of shearer based on TMS320F2812 was designed,and designs of hardware circuit and software of the module were introduced in details.The protection and control module can monitor running state of motor of shearer real-timely to achieve protection function of overheating,overload,short circuit and phase failure of motor of shearer.At the same time,the module can analyze harmonic of running current of motor of shearer to achieve self-diagnosis function of stator and rotor.The testing result in mine showed that the module has high reliability and good real-time.
Educating students for the future.

(Fam Med 2005;37(4):237-8.) Declining Numbers of Students Entering Primary Care During Match season, family medicine residency program directors and medical school department chairs alike contemplate who will choose careers in family medicine and will the numbers continue to decline. We, as do educators in other disciplines, face changing priorities in our student bodies and worry about the future of the profession we hold dear. Educators in primary and secondary schools are also perturbed, and their worries extend to the media and the legislatures in communities across the country. At a national education summit held in Washington, DC, at the end of February, Virginia Governor Mark Warner noted that three out of 10 students who enter high school in the United States do not graduate. Four out of 10 students who do graduate lack the skills and knowledge to go on to college or to succeed in the workforce. Meanwhile, the chair of Microsoft Corporation, Bill Gates, commented that “Our schools were designed 50 years ago to meet the needs of another age.” He called for a restructuring of US high school education so that students could be equipped to meet the needs of growing global competition. As in our primary schools, so in our schools of higher education, the environment influencing our students has changed and so have the choices of these students. The steady decline in students entering careers in family medicine began in the mid-1990s and continues. As we strive to slow and even reverse this decline, we must be vigilant in identifying the environment in which we serve so we can appropriately address the situation.
Addressing Livelihood Issues in Conservation-oriented Projects: A Case Study of Pulicat Lake, Tamil Nadu, India

In most conservation-oriented projects in India, livelihood issues are most often secondary to the goals of conservation. Current environmental discourse in India posits two divergent views: one advocates strict conservation and maintenance of the sanctity of protected areas; the other emphasises that people living in protected areas should not be alienated from these areas by a strict administrative regime. The latter view supports the vital role of local communities in effective conservation and natural resource management. This chapter, and the insights derived from the case study of World Wide Fund India’s (WWFI) ecological restoration project on Pulicat Lake in south India, endorse the latter view. By providing an in-depth account of the project, and by reflecting on the inherent flaws in the project framework, the chapter attempts to bring out the importance of livelihood issues in conventional conservation or ecological restoration projects.
Natural Experiments on the Effects of Mass Media Violence on Fatal Aggression: Strengths and Weaknesses of a New Approach

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the strengths and weaknesses of a new approach of natural experiments on the effects of mass media violence on fatal aggression. This chapter reviews the nonlaboratory experiments linking mass media violence with subsequent fluctuations in suicide, homicide, and accidents. Taken together, these natural experiments provide the first systematic body of evidence suggesting that some types of mass media violence tend to elicit fatal aggression among the United States adults. This evidence provides a valuable supplement to laboratory and field experiments and suggests that mass media violence exerts serious effects not only in the laboratory but in the real world as well. The laboratory experiment provides the social psychologist with an exceptionally powerful tool for testing causal hypotheses. In contrast to some other approaches, the experiment allows the investigator to assess hypotheses quickly, cheaply, and rigorously. Finally, these advantages are counterbalanced by a well-known limitation—it is difficult to generalize confidently from the behavior studied in the laboratory to everyday behavior in the real world.
Blast furnace operation with prereduced burdens

The prereduction of blast furnace burdens results in large coke savings and greatly increased productivity. These benefits are obtained whether the raw material is a high-grade pellet or a low-grade ore. The percent changes in coke rate and production rate are a function of prereduction. Reduced material can be injected through the tuyeres and yield both coke savings and increased productivity.
Integer and Fractional Self Adjoint Operator Opial Inequalities

We present here several integer and fractional self adjoint operator Opial type inequalities to many directions. These are based in the operator order over a Hilbert space. It follows [3].
Abstract 355: MYH9 E1841K Mutation Enhances Susceptibility to Angiotensin-II Induced Proteinuria and Podocyte Injury That is Ameliorated by AT1 Receptor Inhibition.

The MYH9 gene encodes the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) demonstrated that intronic variants of the MYH9 gene are associated with non-diabetic kidney disease and hypertension-attributed ESRD in African-Americans. However, the causal functional variants of MYH9 have remained elusive. Rare autosomal-dominant missense mutations in MYH9 cause macrothrombocytopenia, and are occasionally associated with development of nephropathy. The E1841K mutation is the most common MYH9 missense mutation and has been associated with nephropathy in some carriers. To determine the role of the MYH9 E1841K mutation in the development of kidney disease, we studied a mouse line carrying the E1841K mutation. On a mixed genetic background (129S6 and C57BL/6), there was no difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) between wild-type (WT, -/-) and mice with the E1841K mutation (designated as E1841K (+) : +/- and/or +/+) at baseline or after high salt diet (HSD,6 % NaCl). There was also no difference in albumin/creatinine (A/C ratio) at baseline or after HSD between groups. We next assessed the effects of the E1841K mutation in response to angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion @1000 ng/kg/min for 28 days via mini-osmotic pump. Despite similar increases in SBP after Ang II (WT 197 ± 4 mm Hg, n=15; E1841K +/- 197 ± 3 mm Hg, n=9; E1841K +/+ 199 ± 5 mm Hg; n=6), E1841K(+) mice displayed severe proteinuria in a dose-dependent manner (A/C ratio (ug/mg): WT 806±94, E1841K +/- 1341±293, E1841K +/+ 2209± 366, p=0.001, ANOVA ). By light microscopy, WT mice had only mild mesangial expansion, whereas E1841K +/+ mice had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and large amounts of proteinaceous casts. By electron microscopy, WT mice had intact podocytes, whereas, E1841K +/+ mice displayed severe podocyte foot process effacement/fusion. Treatment of E1841K (+) mice with candesartan, an angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) inhibitor, significantly prevented Ang II-induced hypertension and proteinuria ( E1841K (+) (n=6; +/- (n=4) and +/+ (n=2)): SBP = 138 ± 4 mm Hg, A/C ratio = 111 ± 47 ug/mg; p ≤ 0.0001 vs. untreated), and ameliorated podocyte foot process effacement in E1841K +/+ mice. In conclusion, the MYH9 E1841K mutation predisposes to AT 1 R mediated podocyte injury.
Generic expansion and Skolemization in NSOP 1 theories

Abstract We study expansions of NSOP 1 theories that preserve NSOP 1 . We prove that if T is a model complete NSOP 1 theory eliminating the quantifier ∃ ∞ , then the generic expansion of T by arbitrary constant, function, and relation symbols is still NSOP 1 . We give a detailed analysis of the special case of the theory of the generic L-structure, the model companion of the empty theory in an arbitrary language L. Under the same hypotheses, we show that T may be generically expanded to an NSOP 1 theory with built-in Skolem functions. In order to obtain these results, we establish strengthenings of several properties of Kim-independence in NSOP 1 theories, adding instances of algebraic independence to their conclusions.
Military service, deployments, and exposures in relation to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis survival.

Background Military veterans may have higher rates of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mortality than non-veterans. Few studies, with sparse exposure information and mixed results, have studied relationships between military-related factors and ALS survival. We evaluated associations between military-related factors and ALS survival among U.S. military veteran cases. Methods We followed 616 medical record-confirmed cases from enrollment (2005–2010) in the Genes and Environmental Exposures in Veterans with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis study until death or July 25, 2013, whichever came first. We ascertained vital status information from several sources within the Department of Veterans Affairs. We obtained information regarding military service, deployments, and 39 related exposures via standardized telephone interviews. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals. We adjusted for potential confounding and missing covariate data biases via inverse probability weights. We also used inverse probability weights to adjust for potential selection bias among a case group that included a disproportionate number of long-term survivors at enrollment. Results We observed 446 deaths during 24,267 person-months of follow-up (median follow-up: 28 months). Survival was shorter for cases who served before 1950, were deployed to World War II, or mixed and applied burning agents, with HRs between 1.58 and 2.57. Longer survival was associated with exposure to: paint, solvents, or petrochemical substances; local food not provided by the Armed Forces; or burning agents or Agent Orange in the field with HRs between 0.56 and 0.73. Conclusions Although most military-related factors were not associated with survival, associations we observed with shorter survival are potentially important because of the large number of military veterans.
Social Media Experience: Impact on employee mental well-being

Social media use is increasing among the general population as well as in workplace settings. Many organizations now require or inadvertently expect employees to use social media as part of their o...
Mitigation of flutter vibration using embedded shape memory alloys

Abstract Aeroelastic flutter is a major concern for designers of planes, boats, turbines and other systems that experience aerodynamic loading. The typically undesirable phenomenon can cause aircraft instability, high cycle fatigue, excess noise, and in some cases catastrophic failure. This research aims to quantify the effect of embedded shape memory alloys (SMA) as an active suppression system to mitigate vibrations induced by aeroelastic flutter through an experimental investigation. A silicone plate with embedded SMA wire was designed. A subsonic wind tunnel was utilized to actuate flutter vibration. Control samples were created using the same dimensions and silicone material. One control sample contained embedded aluminum wire while the other sample contained no embedded material. Frequencies at the tip of the fluttering plates were calculated using a Fast Fourier Transfer (FFT) at varying temperatures. Experiments resulted in an average natural frequency shift of 44.6% at the sample tip upon actuation of the SMA material. Two dimensional vibrational scanning tests revealed three vibration modes in the fluttering flags. A first bending mode revealed a tip amplitude decrease of 34.4% upon actuation of the embedded SMA material. A second bending mode revealed a tip amplitude decrease of 33.6%. A torsional mode revealed a tip amplitude decrease of 60.7%. The frequency of the embedded aluminum wire sample remained relatively constant at low and high temperatures, leading to the conclusion that the frequency shift of the SMA sample was a result of the shape memory effect.
Associated characteristics and impact on recurrence and survival of free-floating tumor fragments in the lumen of fallopian tubes in Type I and Type II endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objective This study sought to evaluate characteristics of cases of free-floating tumor fragments within the lumen of fallopian tubes (‘floaters’) on final pathology for Type I and Type II endometrial adenocarcinoma, including relationships with disease recurrence and mortality. Methods A single institution experience of 1022 consecutive cases of uterine cancer presenting between 2005 and 2010 was retrospectively reviewed, with data extraction from electronic medical records. Associations of floaters with baseline characteristics were studied with logistic regression, and relationships with disease recurrence and survival were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models. Results Among 816 included cases of Type I or Type II endometrial adenocarcinoma, floaters were identified on final pathology for 20 patients (2.5%). Patient characteristics of cases with floaters mirrored the overall sample. With adjustment, presence of floaters trended towards association with laparoscopic/robotic approach (OR = 3.84; 95%CI 0.98-15.1), and was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion (OR = 9.65; 95%CI 2.35-39.6) and higher stage disease. Although floaters were associated with increased risk of recurrence in unadjusted analysis (HR = 3.22; 95%CI 1.41-7.37), after adjustment for disease type, stage, and patient comorbidities, no evidence for impact on disease recurrence or overall survival was found. Conclusions The presence of floaters is rare. Floaters were generally associated with more extensive disease, but no evidence was found to show any independent prognostic impact on risk of recurrence or death. In agreement with prior research, this study found a trend towards association of floaters with laparoscopic/robotic approach, indicating the possibility of floaters sometimes being the result of trauma from uterine manipulator insertion.