cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Male gametophyte in maize: II. Pollen vigor in inbred plants

The competitive ability of pollen from inbred plants in mixed pollinations in this study is not merely maintained but enhanced through successive generations of selfing. The data presented suggest two conclusions: 1) the possible existence of pollen-stylar interactions during successive selfings, which select for certain pollen genotypes, those best suited for rapid growth through “self” styles; and 2) the presence of sporophytic vigor in the heterotic F1 sporophyte, or its absence in the “depressed” F7 sporophyte, is not necessarily demonstrated in the gametophytic generation, perhaps because it can be overwhelmed by other factors, e.g. gametophytic response to selection.
Gas‐phase electrophilic addition reactions of chlorinated alkyl ions

Chemical ionization was used to study gas-phase electrophilic addition reactions of chloromethyl ions ([CHxCl3-x]+, x = 0, 1, 2) with a number of substituted benzenes (C6H5Y, Y = NH2, OH, CHO, CN, NO2). Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry was used to characterize the reaction products with respect to the site of electrophilic addition (ring v. substituent). In some cases, examination of secondary reaction products (ion–molecule adduct which has undergone an elimination reaction in the ion source) aided in establishing the original site of electrophilic addition. Aniline, benzonitrile and nitrobenzene exhibited preferential substituent interaction, while phenol and benzaldehyde gave a mixture of ring and substituent reaction products. These gas-phase results differ considerably from solution-phase Friedel–Crafts alkylation; however, they are consistent with the notion of preferential σ-bond formation at polarizable centers of negative charge.
Utility of Complementary Molecular Reactivity and Molecular Recognition (CMR/R) Technology and Polymer-Supported Reagents in the Solution-Phase Synthesis of Heterocyclic Carboxamides

The use of our recently reported chemical library purification strategy in the development of a herbicidal lead, N-(3-benzoylphenyl)-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (3), is described. The approach applying fundamental properties of complementary molecular reactivity and molecular recognition (CMR/R) as the basis for a general purification strategy was utilized. Polymeric reagents were used in the synthesis to generate reactive species involved in product formation, and complementary molecular reactivity/molecular recognition polymer 8 (CMR/R polymer 8) was used in the solution-phase syntheses of building blocks, primary libraries, and lead refinement libraries. An extension of the CMR/R methodology was applied, utilizing a sequestration enabling reagent (SER), transforming a reactant into an electrophilic species sequestrable by CMR/R polymer 8. This library purification strategy enabled rapid lead generation and lead refinement to afford herbicide 27o. The CMR/R solid-phase purif...
Lateral Movement of Auxin in Phototropism

Lateral movement of indoleacetic acid-1-(14)C in corn coleoptiles was measured as radioactivity moving laterally following unilateral application of the auxin. The data suggest that there is an endogenous lateral movement of auxin, and that phototropic stimulation of the coleoptile depresses lateral movement towards the light and enhances lateral movement away from the light. The lateral movement was found to be principally as indoleacetic acid. In experiments using sunflower hypocotyl sections, evidence is also presented to support the suggestion that lateral redistribution of auxin may be effected by a deflection of auxin around a barrier to basipetal transport.
Classification of spoken words using surface local field potentials

Cortical surface potentials recorded by electrocorticography (ECoG) have enabled robust motor classification algorithms in large part because of the close proximity of the electrodes to the cortical surface. However, standard clinical ECoG electrodes are large in both diameter and spacing relative to the underlying cortical column architecture in which groups of neurons process similar types of stimuli. The potential for surface micro-electrodes closely spaced together to provide even higher fidelity in recording surface field potentials has been a topic of recent interest in the neural prosthetic community. This study describes the classification of spoken words from surface local field potentials (LFPs) recorded using grids of subdural, nonpenetrating high impedance micro-electrodes. Data recorded from these micro-ECoG electrodes supported accurate and rapid classification. Furthermore, electrodes spaced millimeters apart demonstrated varying classification characteristics, suggesting that cortical surface LFPs may be recorded with high temporal and spatial resolution to enable even more robust algorithms for motor classification.
Dopant induced valence transition and fermion pairing in a model of superconducting copper oxides

Abstract We propose that doping of the semiconducting copper oxides leads to a valence transition, as opposed to a simple valence fluctuation. The model explains seemingly conflicting experiments in the high T c oxides, and also provides a unified theoretical approach for superconductivity in several other systems with strong Coulomb correlation.
Barriers to colorectal cancer screening in community health centers: A qualitative study

Colorectal cancer screening rates are low among disadvantaged patients; few studies have explored barriers to screening in community health centers. The purpose of this study was to describe barriers to/facilitators of colorectal cancer screening among diverse patients served by community health centers. We identified twenty-three outpatients who were eligible for colorectal cancer screening and their 10 primary care physicians. Using in-depth semi-structured interviews, we asked patients to describe factors influencing their screening decisions. For each unscreened patient, we asked his or her physician to describe barriers to screening. We conducted patient interviews in English (n = 8), Spanish (n = 2), Portuguese (n = 5), Portuguese Creole (n = 1), and Haitian Creole (n = 7). We audiotaped and transcribed the interviews, and then identified major themes in the interviews. Four themes emerged: 1) Unscreened patients cited lack of trust in doctors as a barrier to screening whereas few physicians identified this barrier; 2) Unscreened patients identified lack of symptoms as the reason they had not been screened; 3) A doctor's recommendation, or lack thereof, significantly influenced patients' decisions to be screened; 4) Patients, but not their physicians, cited fatalistic views about cancer as a barrier. Conversely, physicians identified competing priorities, such as psychosocial stressors or comorbid medical illness, as barriers to screening. In this culturally diverse group of patients seen at community health centers, similar barriers to screening were reported by patients of different backgrounds, but physicians perceived other factors as more important. Further study of these barriers is warranted.
Agreement between obstructive airways disease diagnoses from self-report questionnaires and medical records

Abstract Objective To evaluate agreement between self-reported obstructive airways disease (OAD) diagnoses of asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema obtained from the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) monitoring questionnaires with physician diagnoses from FDNY medical records. Method We measured sensitivity, specificity, and agreement between self-report and physician OAD diagnoses in FDNY members enrolled in the World Trade Center (WTC) monitoring program who completed a questionnaire between 8/2005–1/2012. Using logistic models, we identified characteristics of those who self-report a physician diagnosis that is also reported by FDNY physicians. Results 20.3% of the study population (N = 14,615) self-reported OAD, while 15.1% received FDNY physician OAD diagnoses. Self-reported asthma had the highest sensitivity (68.7%) and overall agreement (91.9%) between sources. Non-asthma OAD had the lowest sensitivity (32.1%). Multivariate analyses showed that among those with an OAD diagnosis from FDNY medical records, inhaler use (OR = 4.90, 95% CI = 3.84–6.26) and respiratory symptoms (OR = 1.55 [95% CI = 1.25–1.92]–1.77 [95% CI = 1.37–2.27]) were associated with self-reported OAD diagnoses. Conclusion Among participants in the WTC monitoring program, sensitivity for self-reported OAD diagnoses ranges from good to poor and improves by considering inhaler use. These findings highlight the need for improved patient communication and education, especially for bronchitis or COPD/emphysema.
The Reaction of Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-0-benzoyl-3-0-benzyl-β-D-galactopyranoside with 1,1-Dichloromethyl Methyl Ether

Abstract When methyl 2,4,6-tri-0-benzoyl-3-0-benzyl-β-D-galacto-pyranoside (JO is treated in purified chloroform at 55-60′ with excess of dichloromethyl methyl ether in the presence of a catalytic amount of freshly fused zinc chloride for 1 h the corresponding α-glycosyl chloride 2 can be isolated by column chromatography in 75-80% yield. Compound 2 is an important intermediate in the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing a glycosyl-3-0-galactosyl sequence. Under the described reaction conditions the conversion 1 - 2 is accompanied by a slow anomerisation of 1 to give methyl 2,4,6-tri-0-benzoyl-3-0-benzyl-α-D-galactopyranoside. Prolonged treatment of 2 with the used excess of the reagent results in complete debenzylation of the substrate and the conversion of the putative 2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl chloride into the corresponding 3-0-formyl and 3-0-dichloromethyl derivatives.
Molecular characterization of a consistent 4.5-megabase deletion at 4q28 in prostate cancer cells

Spectral karyotyping of prostate cell lines LNCaP, DU145, PC3, and 22RV demonstrated structural chromosome rearrangements involving the distal long arm of chromosome 4. In all but 22RV, these are nonreciprocal translocations between chromosomes 4 and 10. In 22RV, an apparently reciprocal t(2q;4q) is seen. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of the chromosome 4 translocation breakpoints demonstrated that deletions were associated with all of the translocations, resulting in a net loss of chromosome material. Overlapping deletions in 4q28∼34 were seen in LNCap, DU145, and 22RV, which defined an approximately 4.5-megabase pair common region of deletion. The deletion in PC3 was more proximal on 4q, involving the 4q21∼q26 region. A meta analysis of high-resolution definition of losses of chromosome material from published studies demonstrates that loss of 4q material may occur in at least 50% of primary tumors. This analysis defines a series of genes in the critical 4q region, which is potentially associated with prostate tumor development.
Neurobehavioral effects of triadimefon, a triazole fungicide, in male and female rats☆

Abstract Triadimefon is a widely used systemic fungicide, yet there is little published information on its effects in mammals. This study describes the effects of triadimefon in male and female rats using a functional observational battery (FOB), motor activity (measured in a figure-eight maze), and operant performance (responding under a fixed-interval 3-min schedule). For the FOB, Long-Evans hooded rats were tested immediately before dosing and 0.5, 4, 24, and 48 hr after IP dosing with either vehicle, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg triadimefon. Prominent effects of triadimefon (100 and 300 mg/kg) included increased arousal, stereotypies involving repetitive sniffing, head bobbing, and pacing, and self-mutilation. Dose-related handling-induced convulsions, changes in reflexes and sensory reactivity, hypothermia, and body weight loss were also significant findings. Doses of 30, 75 and 150 mg/kg triadimefon increased figure-eight maze activity whereas 300 mg/kg decreased activity. Habituation of activity during the session as well as the spatial distribution within the maze were also affected by triadimefon. Overall rates of responding maintained by fixed-interval milk reinforcement were increased at 30 and 56 mg/kg, and decreased at 100 and 200 mg/kg. Responding within the 3-min fixed-interval was also affected, with low rates normally occurring early in the interval markedly increased. These effects on operant performance were similar to those seen following d-amphetamine, and were attenuated by pretreatment with chlorpromazine (0.5 mg/kg). On many measures, female rats appeared to be somewhat more sensitive than males. Recovery was evident in some measures the day after dosing, but the effects of high doses (≥100 mg/kg) were typically prolonged (several days). Thus triadimefon produced a unique neurotoxic syndrome which is similar in many aspects to that produced by CNS stimulants.
Contribution of insectivorous avifauna to top down control of Lindera benzoin herbivores at forest edge and interior habitats

Predation of herbivorous Lepidoptera larvae by insectivorous avifauna was estimated on Lindera benzoin in edge and interior habitats at two sites in eastern Pennsylvania (USA). Clay baits modeled after Epimecis hortaria (Geometridae) larvae, the primary herbivore of L. benzoin at our study sites, were used to estimate predation by birds. In both habitat types, models were placed on uninjured L. benzoin leaves as well as on leaves that had prior insect herbivore damage. Rates of model attack were greater, and model longevity reduced, in forest edge plots compared to interiors. Naturally occurring herbivore damage on L. benzoin was greater in forest interiors. However, model attack was not significantly greater on leaves with prior herbivory damage, suggesting that birds do not effectively use this type of leaf damage as a cue in their foraging. Our findings are consistent with a contribution of bird predation towards top-down control of herbivory in this system. We further discuss these results in a broader context considering the possible effects of habitat type on leaf quality, leaf defense, and herbivore performance.
Static polarizabilities of single-wall carbon nanotubes

The static electric polarizability tensor of single-wall carbon nanotubes is calculated within the random-phase approximation using a simple tight-binding model and a classical correction to include local fields. We find that the polarizability for constant fields parallel to the cylindrical axis is highly dependent on the details of the tube`s electronic structure. In contrast, the polarizability for fields perpendicular to the axis only depends on the tube radius. The relative magnitudes of these two quantities suggests that under the application of a randomly oriented electric field, nanotubes acquire dipole moments pointing mainly along their axes, with the size of the dipole inversely proportional to the square of the minimum direct band gap.
Microbial growth thermodynamics

Abstract In this paper we consider the application of thermodynamics to microbial growth processes including fermentations and photosynthesis. We show how thermodynamic analysis can lead to accurate energy balance (heat load) calculations; indeed accurate enough for measured heat loads to be a probe of fermenter operations. We also show how a second law analysis can be used to test the consistency of fermentation data, and to provide limits on cell mass production and on the cell mass/product mix in a fermentation.
Genetic basis of variable exon 9 skipping in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mRNA

Variable in-frame skipping of exon 9 in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mRNA transcripts (exon 9-) occurs in the respiratory epithelium. To explore the genetic basis of this event, we evaluated respiratory epithelial cells and blood leukocytes from 124 individuals (38 with cystic fibrosis (CF), 86 without CF). We found an inverse relationship between the length of the polythymidine tract at the exon 9 splice branch/acceptor site and the proportion of exon 9- CFTR mRNA transcripts. These results strongly indicate a genetic basis in vivo modulating post-transcriptional processing of CFTR mRNA transcripts.
A simplified analysis of parameters controlling dewatering in accretionary prisms

Abstract One of the many dynamic geologic processes taking place at subduction zones is the compaction-driven dewatering of seafloor sediments as they are accreted to the overriding plate. The rate of dewatering is equal to the divergence of the sediment matrix velocity field. This rate can be estimated analytically if simplifying assumptions are made about the geometry of the prism and motion of the sediments. The analytical expression depends only on the sediment accretion velocity, thickness of the accreted section, prism taper angle, and sediment porosity distribution. A sensitivity analysis of the solution shows that the fluid production distribution is relatively insensitive to the sediment porosity distribution. However, the solution is very sensitive to the taper angle of the wedge. High-angle wedges expel almost all of the incoming water within 20 km, while low-angle wedges may retain a significant fraction of the incoming water for 50 or more kilometers. Thickness of the incoming section is also important. Dewatering of thin accreted sections is more concentrated near the toe of the wedge. Analyses of transects through the Northern Barbados, Makran, Vancouver, and Nankai accretionary prisms illustrate a range of dewatering rates and spatial distributions of dewatering.
Comparison of the visually evoked response in drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients and normal controls

Thirteen cooperative male drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients, and 11 mentally normal male controls were studied. The VER was recorded from scalp leads O1, O2, Oz, C3 and C4 to combined ear reference (A1--A2). The stimulus was an unpatterned flash of single intensity. Compared to normal controls, there were no consistent differences in wave peak latencies or amplitudes for chronic schizophrenics in any brain area tested. When the chronic schizophrenic patients were separated on the basis of high and low tryptophan uptake, using the Frohman--Gottlieb criteria, the high uptake group exhibited normal VERs while in the occipital regions the low tryptophan uptake group exhibited prolonged latencies and an increased amplitude for wave V when compared to normals. From BPRS scores the high tryptophan subgroup indicated a greater degree of psychopathology than the low tryptophan subgroup. The results obtained do not support an indole hallucinogen hypothesis for process schizophrenia.
Do patients at risk of sleep apnea have an increased risk of cardio-respiratory complications during endoscopy procedures?

Patients with sleep apnea (OSA) have an increased risk of perioperative complications. The purpose of this study is to assess whether OSA increases the risk of cardio-respiratory complications in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures with conscious sedation. A prospective study over a 7-month period was performed. All patients undergoing upper, lower, or combined endoscopy were asked to fill in the Berlin questionnaire. The questionnaire was scored, and patients were classified as high or low risk for sleep apnea based on the suggested scoring criteria. Patients who had previously undergone a sleep study were excluded. Demographics and co-morbidities were identified from the electronic medical record. Procedure type, amount of sedation, and minor and major complications were identified from the endoscopy flow sheet. The minor complications were defined as hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypoxemia, and bradypnea (respiratory rate <8 breaths/min). Major complications included chest pain, arrhythmia, altered mental status, respiratory distress, and a minor complication that required a significant intervention, such as use of a reversal agent, atropine, up-titration of oxygen for hypoxemia, or prolonged observation. Procedures were performed in 904 patients: colonoscopies, 68.0%; upper endoscopies, 22.8%; and combined procedures, 9.2%. Five hundred fifty-three patients were identified as low risk (61.2%), and 351 were identified as high risk (38.8%). The mean age was 59.5 ± 10.5 years, mean body mass index was 28.9 ± 6.6, mean neck circumference was 16.2 ± 6.3 in., and 91.4% were males. The median Charlson co-morbidity index was 1 (25–75% percentage range 0–2). All patients received midazolam and fentanyl during endoscopy. The median and 25–75% range for midazolam and fentanyl dosages were 5 mg, 4–6 mg and 100 μg, 75–125 μg, respectively. Minor complications were observed in 10.56% of low-risk patients and 10.63% of high-risk patients (p = not significant (NS); odds ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval 0.65–1.56). Major complications were observed in 3.25% of low-risk patients and 1.9% of high-risk patients (p = ns; odds ratio, 0.6; 95% confidence interval 0.26–1.46). For patients undergoing endoscopy procedures under conscious sedation, the presence of OSA does not clearly increase the risk of cardiopulmonary complications.
Characterization of PEG-mediated electrofusion of human erythrocytes

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and electrofusion were applied together in a simple and highly efficient cell fusion method. PEG (8000 M(r)) was used to bring human erythrocytes into contact, and a single 4.4kV/cm, 80 microseconds duration pulse was applied to cell suspensions. The fusion yield (FY) is PEG concentration-dependent. A maximum FY (50%) was found at about 10% PEG. Higher PEG concentrations (> 10%) suppressed FY caused by colloid osmotic shrinkage. Morphological changes, such as colloidal osmotic swelling and shrinking, and the expanding and contraction of fusion lumen, when suspension media were changed from PBS to isotonic 15% dextran solutions, was examined by microscopy. FY was found to depend on both simple osmotic and colloidal-osmotic swelling. From the swelling behavior, we propose two types of electropores: the pre-fusion sites between cell pairs, and electropores on each individual cell connecting intracellular and extracellular space. The latter type is responsible for the colloidal osmotic swelling and shrinking of cell which, together with simple osmotic swelling, is responsible for expanding the pre-fusion sites into fusion lumens. Resealing of electropores resulted in reducing FY, but the FY can be restored by simple osmotic shock. Apparently, PEG plays two opposite roles in this fusion method; one is to promote pre-pulse and post-pulse cell-cell contact, protecting pre-fusion sites, and the other suppresses FY by colloid osmotic shrinkage of cells after pulsing, especially when high PEG concentration is used. 10% PEG 8000 represents the optimal combination of these properties.
EXAFS studies of La1−xGax metallic glasses

Abstract Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements have been performed on the Ga edge of several LaGa metallic glasses, using an in-lab spectrometer. The results obtained are compared with earlier experiments on the same materials where X-ray diffraction and isomorphous substitution were used to determine partial pair correlation functions. This is, therefore, a rigorous test of the EXAFS technique when applied to strongly disordered materials, such as metallic glasses. It is found that the glass La 80 Ga 20 has a comparatively simple local Ga environment and that the EXAFS for this glass can be described very well with a single asymmetric shell of La atoms surrounding each Ga atom. As the Ga concentration is increased, however, it is found that the local Ga environment becomes more complicated. Traditional methods of EXAFS analysis, based on nonlinear least squares curve fitting, are then unable to distinguish between several different possible local Ga environments. It is suggested that, if EXAFS is to provide quantitative information about the local environment in metallic glasses, new methods of analysis will have to be employed and spectra of exceptional quality will have to be collected.
Acculturation, Enculturation, Perceived Racism, Minority Status Stressors, and Psychological Symptomatology Among Latino/as:

The purpose of this study was to examine the possible relations between perceived racism and minority status stressors as experienced by Latino/ as and their mental health functioning, as operationalized in terms of somatization, anxiety, and hostility. In addition, the potentially protective moderating role of enculturation and potentially harmful moderating role of acculturation on these relationships were investigated. As hypothesized, the results indicated that perceived racism and minority status stressors were positively correlated with somatization, anxiety, and hostility. Although enculturation did moderate the relationship between perceived racism and minority status stressors and anxiety and hostility, it was in an unexpected direction. Results did not indicate that acculturation played a moderator role.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Novel Zn-Triazole-Benzenedicarboxylate Frameworks

Three new metal−organic coordination polymers were synthesized hydrothermally using Zn2+ ion, 1,2,4-triazole, and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC): Zn5(H2O)2(C2H2N3)4(C8H4O4)3·3.9H2O (1), Zn2(C2H2N3)2(C2H3N3)(C8H4O4)·2.5H2O (2), and Zn4(H2O)2(C2H2N3)4(C8H4O4)2·14H2O (3). Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their thermal properties were examined by thermogravimetric analysis. Structure 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/n space group with a = 10.192(2) A, b = 17.764(4) A, c = 24.437(5) A, β = 91.19(3)°, and V = 4423.3(15) A3. Structure 2 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group with a = 7.797(2) A, b = 10.047(2) A, c = 13.577(3) A, α = 110.18(3)°, β = 105.46(3)°, γ = 93.90(3)°, and V = 947.0(3) A3. Structure 3 crystallizes in monoclinic P21/n space group with a = 13.475(3) A, b = 26.949(5) A, c = 13.509(3) A, β = 95.18(3)°, and V = 4885.7(17) A3. In structure 1, the units of the triazole−Zn polyhedra are linked by BDC in a zigzag fashion to create the sta...
The ethical practice of psychotherapy: easily within our reach

Psychotherapists confront a myriad of ethical dilemmas as they endeavor to provide effective services. This issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session on Ethics in Psychotherapy provides psychotherapists with thoughtful reviews, case examples, and practical guidance in the major areas of ethics. Following this brief introduction, the subsequent seven articles cover Informed consent; confidentiality, privilege, and their limits; treatment of minors and their families; business matters of practice (e.g., money, fees, bartering, advertising); clinical competence and scope of practice; boundaries and nonsexual multiple relationships; and termination and abandonment. This issue is designed to promote ethical practice, to provide guidance on common ethical dilemmas, and to prevent ethical challenges before they occur.
Tracking invariant manifolds with differential forms in singularly perturbed systems

Abstract A technique is developed for finding homoclinic orbits in singularly perturbed systems. The desired orbit lies near a singular solution that has both fast and slow time scales. The orbit is to be constructed as the transverse intersection of a center-stable and center-unstable manifold, which requires tracking the invariant manifolds near the singular solution. The main technical advance is the Exchange Lemma, which allows one to convert information about transversality of manifolds associated with the singular limit equations to information about behavior of the invariant manifold as it leaves a neighborhood of a slow segment of the singular solution. The computations for this lemma are done with the use of differential forms, and the lemma is applied to prove the existence of a homoclinic orbit in a class of singularly perturbed equations.
Developing a Conceptual Framework of Employee Well-Being (EWB) by Applying Goal Concepts and Findings from Personality-Social Psychology

This paper reports an attempt to develop a foundation of a theory of employee well-being (EWB) by borrowing concepts and findings from research in personality-social psychology. The proposed conceptual framework has four central principles: The principle of goal selection based on valence, the principle of goal selection based on expectancy, the goal implementation principle, and the goal attainment principle. These principles have corollaries expanding the logic of the proposed theoretical relationships. Specifically, the principle of goal selection based on valence has nine corollaries: Approach versus avoidance goals, goal meaningfulness, high- versus low-level goals, goals related to cultural norms, goals related to deprived needs, goals related to basic versus growth needs, intrinsic versus extrinsic goals, goals producing flow, and autonomy in goal setting. The principle of goal selection based on expectancy has five corollaries: Goal-motive congruence, goal-cultural value congruence, goal-resources congruence, goal conflict, and adapting goals to changes in circumstances. The principle of goal implementation has two corollaries: Goal concreteness and goal commitment. Finally, the goal attainment principle has three corollaries: Recognition of goal attainment, intensity versus frequency of positive feedback, and progress reports.
Youth Mentoring Relationships in Context: Mentor Perceptions of Youth, Environment, and the Mentor Role

Youth mentoring is primarily understood as a relationship between mentor and mentee, yet mentors often enter into home, school, and other community settings associated with youth they serve, and interact regularly with other people in mentees' lives. Understanding how and why mentors negotiate their role as they do remains underexplored, especially in relation to these environmental elements. This qualitative study drew on structured interviews conducted with professional mentors (N = 9) serving youth at risk for adjustment problems to examine how mentors' perceptions of their mentees and mentee environments informed their sense of how they fulfilled the mentoring role. Mentors commonly characterized problems youth displayed as byproducts of adverse environments, and individual-level strengths as existing "in spite of" environmental inputs. Perceptions of mentees and their environments informed mentors' role conceptualizations, with some mentors seeing themselves as antidotes to environmental adversity. Mentors described putting significant time and effort into working closely with other key individuals as well as one-on-one with mentees because they identified considerable environmental need; however, extra-dyadic facets of their roles were far less clearly defined or supported. They described challenges associated with role overload and opaque role boundaries, feeling unsupported by other adults in mentees' lives, and frustrated by the prevalence of risks. Community-based mentoring represents a unique opportunity to connect with families, but mentors must be supported around the elements of their roles that extend beyond mentor-mentee relationships in order to capitalize more fully on the promise of the intervention.
The affine invariant analytic blossom

The definition of the analytic blossom introduced in (Morin and Goldman, 2001) attributes a special role to the value zero. Hans-Peter Seidel (private communication) pointed out that this definition is somehow troublesome, since the underlying domain is affine, and therefore all points in the domain should play the same role. In this short paper, we address this issue and propose a more general definition of the blossom of an analytic function that is not linked with the zero of the coordinate system.
Racial and Gender Differences in Stroke Severity, Outcomes and Treatment in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background Previous research has indicated that women and blacks have worse outcomes after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Little research has been done to investigate the combined influence of race and gender in the presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with AIS. We sought to determine the association of race and gender on initial stroke severity, thrombolysis, and functional outcome after AIS. Methods AIS patients who presented to 2 academic medical centers in the United States (2004-2011) were identified through prospective registries. In-hospital strokes were excluded. Stroke severity, measured by admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), neurologic deterioration (defined by a ≥2-point increase in NIHSS score), and functional outcome at discharge, measured by the modified Rankin Scale, were investigated. These outcomes were compared across race/gender groups. A subanalysis was conducted to assess race/gender differences in exclusion criteria for tPA. Results Of the 4925 patients included in this study, 2346 (47.6%) were women and 2310 (46.9%) were black. White women had the highest median NIHSS score on admission (8), whereas white men had the lowest median NIHSS score on admission (6). There were no differences in outcomes between black men and white men. A smaller percentage of black women than white women were treated with tPA (27.6% versus 36.6%, P P = .0005). Black women had decreased odds of poor functional outcome relative to white women (odds ratio [OR] = .85, 95% confidence interval [CI] .72-1.00), but after adjustment for baseline differences in age, NIHSS, and tPA use, this association was no longer significant (OR = 1.2, 95% CI .92-1.46, P = .22). Black women with an NIHSS score less than 7 on admission were at lower odds of receiving tPA than the other race/gender groups, even after adjusting for arriving within 3 hours and admission glucose (OR = .66, 95% CI .44-.99, P = .0433). Conclusion Race and gender were not significantly associated with short-term outcome, although black women were significantly less likely to be treated with tPA. Black women had more tPA exclusions than any other group. The primary reason for tPA exclusion in this study was not arriving within 3 hours of stroke symptom onset. Given the growth in incident strokes projected in minority groups in the next 4 decades, identifying factors that contribute to black women not arriving to the emergency department in time are of great importance.
What Leads Some Ordinary Arab Men and Women to Approve of Terrorist Acts Against the United States

Findings from representative national surveys in Algeria and Jordan show that neither religious orientations, judgments about Western culture, nor economic circumstances account for variance in approval of terrorist acts against U.S. targets. Alternatively, in both countries, approval of terrorism against the United States is disproportionately likely among men and women with negative judgments about their own government and about U.S. foreign policy. Taken together, these findings suggest that approval of terrorism is fostered by negative attitudes toward actors considered responsible for the political and economic status quo. Given that Algeria and Jordan have had different experiences with respect to terrorism and also differ in demographic, political, and economic structure, identical findings from these dissimilar countries suggest that the observed relationships are not country specific and may apply more generally.
Modified design and use of a high-pressure environmental stage for laboratory X-ray powder diffractometers

The popularity of supercritical CO2 for materials processing makes the in situ study of pressures up to 10 MPa in the laboratory particularly interesting. This paper describes a modified design for a 12.4 MPa (1800 psi) variable-temperature pressure vessel based on an existing cell reported by Koster van Groos, Guggenheim & Cornell [Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2003), 74, 273–275]. The modifications satisfied the demands of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers design code 31.3, leading to legal design registration, construction and subsequent hydrostatic test. The thinner windows that the finite element analysis indicated as sufficient allow for rapid data collection, even using a laboratory-based Mo source. This type of application is demonstrated with a time-resolved data set showing the crystallization of a polylactic acid–clay nanocomposite under 6.8 MPa CO2.
Modeling the glueball spectrum by a closed bosonic membrane

We use an analogy between the Yang-Mills theory Hamiltonian and the matrix model description of the closed bosonic membrane theory to calculate the spectrum of glueballs in the large ${N}_{c}$ limit. Some features of the Yang-Mills theory vacuum, such as the screening of the topological charge and vacuum topological susceptibility, are discussed. We show that the topological susceptibility has different properties depending on whether it is calculated in the weak coupling or strong coupling regimes of the theory. A mechanism of the formation of the pseudoscalar glueball state within pure Yang-Mills theory is proposed and studied.
Transport scaling in the collisionless‐detrapping regime in stellarators

Stellarator transport scalings with electric field, geometry, and collision frequency in the reactor‐relevant collisionless‐detrapping regime are determined from numerical solutions of the drift kinetic equation. A new geometrical scaling, proportional to e3/2t rather than ete1/2h, is found, where et is the inverse aspect ratio and eh is the helical ripple. With the new scaling, no reduction in energy confinement time is associated with large helical ripple, which provides design flexibility. Integral expressions for the particle and heat fluxes that are useful for transport simulations are given.
Alteration of DNA Primary Structure by DNA Topoisomerase I. Isolation of the Covalent Topoisomerase I−DNA Binary Complex in Enzymatically Competent Form

DNA ligation by DNA topoisomerase I was investigated employing synthetic DNA substrates containing a single strand nick. Site-specific cleavage of the DNA by topoisomerase I in proximity to the nick resulted in uncoupling of the cleavage and ligation reactions of the enzyme, thereby trapping the covalent enzyme−DNA intermediate. DNA cleavage could be reversed by the addition of acceptor oligonucleotides containing a free 5‘-OH group and capable of hybridizing to the noncleaved strand of the “suicide substrates”. Utilizing acceptors with partial complementarity, modification of nucleic acid structure has been obtained. Modifications included the formation of DNA insertions, deletions, and mismatches. To further evaluate the potential of topoisomerase I to mediate structural transformations of DNA, acceptor oligonucleotides containing nucleophiles other than OH groups at the 5‘-end were studied as substrates for the topoisomerase I-mediated ligation reaction. Toward this end, oligonucleotides containing 5‘-...
Linear and nonlinear analysis of an unstable, but well-posed, one-dimensional two-fluid model for two-phase flow based on the inviscid Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

Abstract For nuclear reactor safety analysis, the one-dimensional two-fluid model equations are solved numerically with the first order upwind method because of its robust stability. In the present two-fluid model for horizontal stratified flow, surface tension is included because it makes the model well-posed. However, this is not done in industrial applications and numerical viscosity provides linear stabilization even when the model is ill-posed. It is now shown that numerical viscosity also provides nonlinear stabilization; meaning that the wave growth is bounded when the flow is unstable (e.g., in case of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability). The formation of kinematic shocks in the presence of numerical viscosity provides the dissipation mechanism needed to stop the wave growth. However, numerical viscosity varies with the mesh size, which means that even though the unstable model is well-posed and meets von Neumann and nonlinear stabilization requirements, the solution does not converge for some short wavelengths greater than 2Δ x . Furthermore, when the mesh size is large, significant artificial viscosity is added to the continuity and momentum equations and the model may become over-stabilized. A more scientific approach is proposed: to add a physical dissipation mechanism instead of numerical viscosity, i.e., Reynolds stresses. This approach has two advantages: first, the one-dimensional two-fluid model converges under severe dynamic conditions, such as the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, and second, a higher order numerical method may be used instead of the first order upwind scheme without experiencing numerical excursions.
Identification and functional analysis of epigenetically silenced microRNAs in colorectal cancer cells.

Abnormal microRNA (miRNA) expression has been linked to the development and progression of several human cancers, and such dysregulation can result from aberrant DNA methylation. While a small number of miRNAs is known to be regulated by DNA methylation, we postulated that such epigenetic regulation is more prevalent. By combining MBD-isolated Genome Sequencing (MiGS) to evaluate genome-wide DNA methylation patterns and microarray analysis to determine miRNA expression levels, we systematically searched for candidate miRNAs regulated by DNA methylation in colorectal cancer cell lines. We found 64 miRNAs to be robustly methylated in HCT116 cells; eighteen of them were located in imprinting regions or already reported to be regulated by DNA methylation. For the remaining 46 miRNAs, expression levels of 18 were consistent with their DNA methylation status. Finally, 8 miRNAs were up-regulated by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment and identified to be novel miRNAs regulated by DNA methylation. Moreover, we demonstrated the functional relevance of these epigenetically silenced miRNAs by ectopically expressing select candidates, which resulted in inhibition of growth and migration of cancer cells. In addition to reporting these findings, our study also provides a reliable, systematic strategy to identify DNA methylation-regulated miRNAs by combining DNA methylation profiles and expression data.
Diverse Perceptions of the Informed Consent Process: Implications for the Recruitment and Participation of Diverse Communities in the National Children's Study

We examined the experiences, perceptions, and values that are brought to bear when individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds consider participating in health research. Fifty-three women from Latino, Asian American, Middle Eastern, or Non-Latino, White backgrounds participated in seven English or Spanish focus groups facilitated by trained investigators using a standard protocol. Investigators described the National Children’s Study (NCS) and then asked questions to elicit potential concerns, expectations, and informational needs. Group sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using qualitative thematic methods. A major theme that emerged during focus groups was participant self-identification as a member of a cultural group or community when raising issues that would influence their decision to participate in research. A related theme was the belief by some that communities may differ in the ease of participation in the NCS. Identified themes related to the informed consent process included perceived risks, anticipated burden, perceived benefits, informational needs, and decision-making strategies. Although themes were shared across groups, there were cultural differences within themes. Findings indicated that individuals from diverse backgrounds may have different perspectives on and expectations for the research process. To effectively recruit representative samples, it will be important to address a range of issues relevant for informed consent and to consider the impact of participation on both individuals and communities.
Long wave chaos and systemic economic transformation

Abstract The possibility of long wave economic cycles are considered under both market capitalism and command socialism. Capitalist long waves can be generated by a two‐stage multiplier‐accelerator model and socialist long waves can be generated by an equivalent model strictly for investment cycles. Under certain conditions chaotic dynamics can occur at turning points in both cases. It is argued that a systemic crisis leading to a systemic transformation is most likely to occur at such a point.
Asymptotic Behaviour of Velocity Profiles in the Prandtl Boundary Layer Theory

Consider the Prandtl boundary layer equation for the steady two-dimensional laminar flow of an incompressible viscous fluid past a rigid wall. On the basis of an arbitrary velocity profile at some initial position on the wall, the analysis presented shows that, for a power law streaming speed U(x) = C(x + d)$^m$ (m $\geqslant$ 0), the velocity profile which develops downstream is asymptotically given by the well known Falkner-Skan similarity solution. Moreover, for a streaming speed satisfying (6), the velocity profile which develops downstream is asymptotically unique, though of course the particular form of the resulting profile depends on the precise nature of the exterior stream. The rate of convergence for this asymptotic behaviour is estimated, as well as corresponding rates for the convergence of the skin friction coefficient. This result verifies the tacit assumption of a number of writers that the downstream velocity profile is essentially independent of the initial profile, and also supplies a theoretical justification for the role of similar solutions in boundary layer theory. We also prove the existence of concave velocity profiles whenever the pressure gradient is favourable. It follows that, for streaming speeds which correspond to a favourable pressure gradient, concave velocity profiles play somewhat the same role as similarity profiles do for a power law streaming speed.
Image Filtering Driven by Level Curves

This paper presents an approach to image filtering that is driven by the properties of the iso-valued level curves of the image and their relationship with one another. We explore the relationship of our algorithm to existing probabilistically driven filtering methods such as those based on kernel density estimation, local-mode finding and mean-shift. Extensive experimental results on filtering gray-scale images, color images, gray-scale video and chromaticity fields are presented. In contrast to existing probabilistic methods, in our approach, the selection of the parameter that prevents diffusion across the edge is robustly decoupled from the smoothing of the density itself. Furthermore, our method is observed to produce better filtering results for the same settings of parameters for the filter window size and the edge definition.
Using game theory to predict supply chain cooperation

The motivation for this research was to understand under what conditions supply chain cooperation might be feasible and under what circumstances it is not. Whereas previous research focuses on dyads in a supply chain, our research seeks to examine a possible factor that can explain why truly cooperative supply chains involving more than two firms are a rarity among independent firms. This research extends the use of game theory to demonstrate the potential impact of a multiple-tier supply chain agreement.
Cost-effective wearable sensor to detect EMF

In this paper we present the design of a cost-effective wearable sensor to detect and indicate the strength and other characteristics of the electric field emanating from a laptop display. Our Electromagnetic Field Detector Bracelet can provide an immediate awareness of electric fields radiated from an object used frequently. Our technology thus supports awareness of ambient background emanation beyond human perception. We discuss how detection of such radiation might help to "fingerprint" devices and aid in applications that require determination of indoor location.