cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Place promotion and symbolic characterization of New Songdo City, South Korea

Abstract This paper examines the symbolic characterization of urban space in the publicity and marketing of New Songdo City – a new city under construction in South Korea. Competing with other places, the real estate sector and government actors construct the symbolic characterization of Songdo using various themes and cultural appeals. Songdo has been promoted as a node in the multicentered metropolitan region, a gateway to Northeast Asia and a living space of U-life since the groundbreaking ceremony in 2004. The real estate sector and government actors attach idealized connotations to these representations to mobilize support for their endeavor. In the process of mobilizing support, moreover, they modify these representations to adapt to the changing economic, political and social conditions. Since the wake of the global economic crisis in 2007, Songdo has been branded as a sustainable, green or eco-friendly city in publicity and marketing campaigns. This paper demonstrates that the political economy of urban development intertwines with the social construction of urban meaning and legitimacy.
Does the camera add 10 pounds? Media use, perceived importance of appearance, and weight concerns among teenage girls

Abstract Purpose: To examine the relationship between use of electronic media and perceived importance of appearance and weight concerns among adolescent girls. Methods: Physical measures and self-report surveys were obtained from 837 ninth-grade girls attending public high schools in San Jose, California (mean age=14.9 ± 0.47 years; 36% Latino, 24% White, 22% Asian, 8% Black, 10% other). Correlational and multiple regression analyses were performed with ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), perceived importance of appearance, weight concerns, and media use (based on self-reported average weekly use of television, videotapes, video and computer games, and music videos). Results: Total media use was not significantly related to perceived importance of appearance or weight concerns. When media use was separated into distinct media genres, only hours of watching music videos was related to perceived importance of appearance and weight concerns ( r = 0.12, p r = .08, p Conclusions: Frequent music video use may be a risk factor for increased perceived importance of appearance and increased weight concerns among adolescent girls.
The Role of Audiobooks in Academic Libraries

The decision by the library of LaGuardia Community College to add audiobooks to its collection led librarians to examine the scope and the nature of audiobook use at other college and university libraries. The author created, distributed, and tabulated a survey that recorded a number of traditional uses for these materials as well as a number of interesting new possibilities and challenges.
Economic reform and product quality improvement efforts in the Soviet Union

FOUR YEARS after Gorbachev's rise to power, and after countless articles and debates which have made perestroika a household word, the USSR introduced a draft of a proposed law 'On the Quality of Products and the Protection of Consumer Rights'.1 Placed in the context of some of the more radical reforms that have been discussed, the draft is most striking in its adherence to past attempts to address the problem of poor product quality. At the same time, the proposal does contain some new ideas and variations on old approaches which could turn out to be of considerable practical value in the struggle to move away from the traditional Soviet centrally planned economy. To understand the law and the role it may play during the transition period, as well as other programmes currently in effect such as Gospriemka and KSUKP (the Russian abbreviation for 'Complex System of Management of Output Quality'), it is first necessary to review briefly previous Soviet quality programmes. At the outset a distinction should be made between two different aspects of quality improvement. In designing products engineers set standards and design requirements for all sorts of characteristics such as weights, sizes, material structure, durability and reliability. If a product does not meet the level specified it is said to be defective, and should be either reworked or scrapped. In this context, if the number of defective items is reduced, there has been an improvement in quality. Although it would probably be more appropriate to refer to this as quality of production or stabilisation of product quality, the above usage of quality improvement is quite common. Improvements in product quality also refer to either increases in the level of standards or closer conformance with standards. To quote Golosovsky & Grinchel, 'the improvement in the quality of equipment is viewed as the excess of its parameters over those of conventional aggregate equipment in social production in a given year'.2 Most of the programmes discussed in this article, as well as a large part of Soviet work in this area, deal with the first aspect of quality improvement. One of the first systematic undertakings to improve quality was a programme introduced in 1955 in an aviation plant located in the Saratov region referred to as the method of defect-free product fabrication. Within a short period of time this experiment became known as the 'Saratov system' and Soviet officials claimed that it brought about a significant improvement in product quality. The system consisted of a complex of economic, organisational, educational and engineering measures designed to bring about the production of defect-free output. The
Osteoblast Attachment on Biomaterials as a Function of Surface Charge

Bioactive materials such as calcium phosphate ceramics and bioactive glasses enhance bone tissue formation and then bond to bone tissue. In our work, we question what particular surface feature or features of bioactive materials are responsible for the bone tissue response. In this study we have uncoupled surface charge from surface chemistry, energy, and topography and have examined osteoblast adhesion to titanium surfaces of varying surface charge. We have shown that a negative surface charge promotes osteoblast adhesion by approximately 60% over a neutral surface and that conversely, a positive surface charge inhibits osteoblast adhesion by about 20%. Continued examination of surface characteristics that control cellular responses are warranted with the eventual goal of applying those desirable surface characteristics to any structural biomaterial for bone implant or tissue engineering applications.
Encouraging speech and vocalization in children with autistic spectrum disorder

Technology can improve the life of those with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Specifically, some children with ASD are not fortunate enough to acquire the ability to communicate with language on their own. With language being an important method of communication, socialization, and interacting with the world, these children need researchers to develop new solutions to help teach vocalization and speech. Without speech, these children will have difficulty communicating their needs, wants, and emotions, as well as being able to function within society at large. This paper examines the existing HCI research on ASD, as well as proposes a new direction for investigation.
Development of cross-modal processing

The ability to process and integrate cross-modal input is important for many everyday tasks. The current paper reviews theoretical and empirical work examining cross-modal processing with a focus on recent findings examining infants' and children's processing of arbitrary auditory-visual pairings. The current paper puts forward a potential mechanism that may account for modality dominance effects found in a variety of cognitive tasks. The mechanism assumes that although early processing of auditory and visual input is parallel, attention is allocated in a serial manner with the modality that is faster to engage attention dominating later processing. Details of the mechanism, factors influencing processing of arbitrary auditory-visual pairings, and implications for higher-order tasks are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
ESTIMATING SEX OF MAYA SKELETONS BY DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF LONG-BONE MEASUREMENTS FROM THE PROTOHISTORIC MAYA SITE OF TIPU, BELIZE

Discriminant functions were developed using long-bone robusticity measurements of 82 individuals from the protohistoric Maya site of Tipu, Belize. All individuals were sexed using nonmetric morphological indicators, particularly those of the pelvis. These functions are designed to provide a means of determining the sex of fragmentary prehistoric Maya skeletons. The equations ranged in accuracy from 77.5% to 100%. The reliability of these equations was tested using a jackknife method on the Tipu sample and by applying the equations to small samples of prehistoric skeletons from the sites of Seibal, KOB Swamp, Laguna de On, and Chau Hiix. The vast majority of the equations applied to the test cases succeeded in correctly estimating the sex based on pelvic and cranial features. A more reliable technique for sex determination of poorly preserved skeletal remains will allow a whole new range of archaeological and bioanthropological hypotheses concerning sex and gender among the ancient Maya to be investigated and considered.
The role of symmetry in building up zeolite frameworks from layered zeolite precursors having ferrierite and CAS layers

Layered zeolite precursors represent an emerging class of materials that expand the zeolite field in a new direction and have already produced new intriguing discoveries. One is a new fundamental insight that a zeolite framework can assemble by two pathways, directly in 3-D and via a layered precursor. Also new types of materials such as pillared and delaminated zeolites have been synthesized. Starting with the discovery of MCM-22 precursor in 1990s, other framework structures have now been obtained by topotactic condensation, including classical zeolites such as sodalite and ferrierite. The recent structural diversity observed with FER and CAS layers, which were found to produce two frameworks each, i.e. FER/CDO and CAS/NSI, respectively, are herein rationalized as resulting from the absence of in-plane mirror symmetry. A systematic treatment is envisioned, such as consideration of translational and pseudo-translational interactions in condensation of elementary shapes into close-packed assemblies, providing a blueprint for a general approach to analyze new precursors in the future. Other already documented instances of structural diversity include the presence of both types of packing in one preparation (CAS and NSI) and incomplete pairing of silanols connecting FER layers in ESR-12.
On equatorial spread F: Establishing a seeding hypothesis

[1] A comprehensive explanation for the complex climatology of the so-called equatorial spread F (ESF) has eluded researchers for more than 70 years. Recently, however, a seeding hypothesis has been proposed, which appears to provide the final major piece of this puzzle. The hypothesis is based on the discovery that a direct link exists between regions of deep convective activity in the troposphere, where atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) are spawned, and the occurrence frequency of ESF during solstices. The objective here is to answer two questions that may impede the general acceptance of this hypothesis. We first show why seed plasma perturbations should develop from GW-driven neutral-wind perturbations, but only when the GW source region is located very close to the magnetic dip equator. We then reexamine this relationship using a data set on GW source regions that is better matched (in time and longitudinal coverage), than that used previously, to the data set on ESF activity used by Tsunoda (2010a). We conclude that seeding is indeed playing an important role in the development of ESF.
Lubricated wear of fiber-reinforced polymer composites

Abstract The specific wear rates of fibrous polymer composites in water and oil lubricants were investigated by means of tribological data, microscopy, and phenomenological modeling. The wear rate is a function of mechanical, tribological, and material parameters, and a theoretical expression of wear rate has been derived from the concepts of crack propagation, damage accumulation, and classical mechanics. The observed wear rate data as a function of sliding velocity or normal load appear to be explainable using the proposed wear equation.
Displacement fields from point cloud data: Application of particle imaging velocimetry to landslide geodesy

[1] Acquiring spatially continuous ground-surface displacement fields from Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) will allow better understanding of the physical processes governing landslide motion at detailed spatial and temporal scales. Problems arise, however, when estimating continuous displacement fields from TLS point-clouds because reflecting points from sequential scans of moving ground are not defined uniquely, thus repeat TLS surveys typically do not track individual reflectors. Here, we implemented the cross-correlation-based Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method to derive a surface deformation field using TLS point-cloud data. We estimated associated errors using the shape of the cross-correlation function and tested the method's performance with synthetic displacements applied to a TLS point cloud. We applied the method to the toe of the episodically active Cleveland Corral Landslide in northern California using TLS data acquired in June 2005–January 2007 and January–May 2010. Estimated displacements ranged from decimeters to several meters and they agreed well with independent measurements at better than 9% root mean squared (RMS) error. For each of the time periods, the method provided a smooth, nearly continuous displacement field that coincides with independently mapped boundaries of the slide and permits further kinematic and mechanical inference. For the 2010 data set, for instance, the PIV-derived displacement field identified a diffuse zone of displacement that preceded by over a month the development of a new lateral shear zone. Additionally, the upslope and downslope displacement gradients delineated by the dense PIV field elucidated the non-rigid behavior of the slide.
The specific inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus replication by toyocamycin

Abstract Toyocamycin, an adenosine analog, inhibited the reproduction of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) by greater than 99%. The drug appeared to act preferentially at the level of replication since intracellular genome length 42 S RNA synthesis and the formation of viral nucleocapsids were inhibited by 90%, whereas VSV mRNA synthesis was reduced only by 50–60%. The VSV mRNAs were all polyadenylated in toyocamycin-treated cells, although the length of their poly(A) sequences increased slightly with increasing concentrations of the drug. Toyocamycin was incorporated into all intracellular VSV RNA species. In spite of the significant substitution of toyocamycin for adenosine into both the heteropolymeric and poly(A) regions of the VSV mRNAs, they were biologically functional since the viral L, G, N, NS, and M proteins were synthesized at about 20–40% of control values, levels approximately proportional to the amount of the mRNAs present.
Tunable cw solid state laser action in the 2-μm region

The 2-micron spectral region containing several strong molecular absorption bands such as carbon dioxide and water is reviewed. Tunable CW-laser action from resonantly pumped trivalent thulium is considered. A thulium-laser operating scheme is presented, and attention is given to the laser transition and laser cavity. The tuning range of a CW Tm:YAG laser at room temperature is analyzed, along with its output spectrum. Tunable laser performance in YAG codoped with trivalent thulium and trivalent holmium is investigated, and it is concluded that the output efficiency is better for the codoped laser than for the singly doped Tm(3+) laser in the range of 2.09 - 2.12 micron, but the overall tuning range and efficiency is better for the singly doped laser
Scintillators and applications : cerium-doped materials

Scintillator materials are widely used for the detection of ionizing radiation in a variety of applications including high energy and nuclear physics, astrophysics, geophysical exploration, medical imaging, security inspection, and industry. Research involving the use of photoluminescence, radioluminescence, thermoluminescence, and synchrotron radiation is underway to further our fundamental understanding of the factors affecting scintillator performance and to discover improved materials. The importance of defects and their effects on energy transfer and overall scintillation efficiency are illustrated by considering recent results for cerium-activated crystals and glasses.
A micro-level approach to rural development planning: the case of piped water in Sierra Leone

Abstract This study addresses the need to incorporate analysis of the target area and the target population at the micro level as part of plan implementation strategies in less developed countries, especially in Africa. Such micro-level studies have several benefits, amongst which are the ease and low costs of data compilation and the potential for local input. To demonstrate these points, the proposed government distribution of water supply facilities in two villages in Sierra Leone, West Africa, is compared with an alternative distribution. While the government strategy attempts to maximize areal coverage, the alternative distribution attempts to minimize walking distance. It is shown that accessibility to the water supply facilities can be improved under the alternative approach.
Analysis of subcritical crack growth in dental ceramics using fracture mechanics and fractography.

Objectives The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the flexural strengths and critical flaw sizes of dental ceramic specimens will be affected by the testing environment and stressing rate even though their fracture toughness values will remain the same.
The Centrality of Public Morality in John Rohr's Work

(2012). The Centrality of Public Morality in John Rohr's Work. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 629-634.
Ultrastructural associations between dopamine terminals and local circuit neurons in the monkey prefrontal cortex: a study of calretinin-immunoreactive cells ☆

Dopamine terminals in the monkey prefrontal cortex (PFC) synaptically target the distal dendrites of both pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons. We sought to determine whether the latter input includes the innervation of interneurons that utilize calretinin (CalR) as a calcium-binding protein. Sections through prefrontal area 9 of cynomolgus monkeys were processed by immunoperoxidase for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to label dopamine varicosities and by pre-embedding immunogold for CalR. Electron microscopic examination of layers 1-3 revealed numerous TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) terminals, but few were located in the vicinity of CalR-ir dendrites. Although close appositions were sometimes detected between these labeled processes, no synaptic inputs from TH-ir terminals to CalR-ir dendrites were observed. However, in adjacent sections from the same animals, TH-ir terminals were observed to synapse on GABA-ir dendrites. These findings suggest that dopamine afferents to the monkey PFC target the subclasses of GABA interneurons that do not contain CalR.
Detection of fullerenes (C60 and C70) in commercial cosmetics.

Abstract Detection methods are necessary to quantify fullerenes in commercial applications to provide potential exposure levels for future risk assessments of fullerene technologies. The fullerene concentrations of five cosmetic products were evaluated using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to separate and specifically detect C60 and C70 from interfering cosmetic substances (e.g., castor oil). A cosmetic formulation was characterized with transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed that polyvinylpyrrolidone encapsulated C60. Liquid-liquid extraction of fullerenes from control samples approached 100% while solid-phase and sonication in toluene extractions yielded recoveries of 27–42%. C60 was detected in four commercial cosmetics ranging from 0.04 to 1.1 μg/g, and C70 was qualitatively detected in two samples. A single-use quantity of cosmetic (0.5 g) may contain up to 0.6 μg of C60, demonstrating a pathway for human exposure. Steady-state modeling of fullerene adsorption to biosolids is used to discuss potential environmental releases from wastewater treatment systems.
Impact of feedbacks on Chihuahuan desert grasslands: Transience and metastability

[1] A simplistic model of grass-shrub dynamics was used to investigate the role of grass demographic processes on grassland-shrubland dynamics when grasses are in competitive advantage over shrubs. The model suggests that a feedback between grass biomass and soil erosion may cause an abrupt transition to a shrubland state. The model explains how a simple change in either grass recruitment or grass mortality, presumably linked to climate change or grazing, could produce changes in Holocene flora and the conversion of grasslands to shrublands, which has been observed throughout the southwestern U.S. in the past 150 years.
Liquid chromatographic determination of para-substituted N,N-dialkylaniline N-oxides.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of p-substituted N,N-dialkylaniline N-oxides [N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxide (DMANO), N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine N-oxide, N,N-diethylaniline N-oxide, N-ethyl-N-methylaniline N-oxide (EMANO), p-cyano-N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxide (pCNDMANO), and N-phenylpyrrolidine N-oxide (PPNO)] has been developed. It uses an octadecylsilica column, a mobile phase of methanol—phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, adjusted by triethylamine) and ultraviolet detection. N-Oxides were eluted in the order of hydrophilicity except for PPNO, which eluted between DMANO and EMANO. The number of theoretical plates and the detection limit under optimized conditions were between 2400 (DMANO) and 5400 (pCNDMANO) and between 2.3 μM (pCNDMANO) and 30 μM (PPNO), respectively. The concentration of N-oxides recovered from enzyme reaction mixtures by solid-phase extraction using Sep-Pak C18 (prior to chromatography) was also optimized with regard to the sensitivity and interference.
Effect of electrical charges and fields on injury and viability of airborne bacteria.

In this study, the effects of the electric charges and fields on the viability of airborne microorganisms were investigated. The electric charges of different magnitude and polarity were imparted on airborne microbial cells by a means of induction charging. The airborne microorganisms carrying different electric charge levels were then extracted by an electric mobility analyzer and collected using a microbial sampler. It was found that the viability of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, used as a model for sensitive bacteria, carrying a net charge from 4100 negative to 30 positive elementary charges ranged between 40% and 60%; the viability of the cells carrying >2700 positive charges was below 1.5%. In contrast, the viability of the stress-resistant spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger (used as simulant of anthrax-causing Bacillus anthracis spores when testing bioaerosol sensors in various studies), was not affected by the amount of electric charges on the spores. Because bacterial cells depend on their membrane potential for basic metabolic activities, drastic changes occurring in the membrane potential during aerosolization and the local electric fields induced by the imposed charges appeared to affect the sensitive cells' viability. These findings facilitate applications of electric charging for environmental control purposes involving sterilization of bacterial cells by imposing high electric charges on them. The findings from this study can also be used in the development of new bioaerosol sampling methods based on electrostatic principles.
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL METAL Mo2 S3

The elastic properties of Mo2S3 were measured by the vibrating reed technique. The Young's modulus increased by 0.5% below the monoclinic-triclinic phase transition. A thermally activated internal friction peak not associated with a phase transition was found at a lower temperature.
Synthesis of carbasugar C-1 phosphates via Pd-catalyzed cyclopropanol ring opening.

The stereoselective syntheses of 2,3-dideoxy-4-oxo-5a-carba-α-d-rhamnopyanose 1-phosphate, 2,3-dideoxy-5a-carba-α-d-rhamnopyranose 1-phosphate, 5a-carba-α-d-rhamnopyranose 1-phosphate, 5a-carba-β-d-digitoxopyranose 1-phosphate, and 5a-carba-α-l-rhamnopyranose 1-phosphate have been achieved from d-quinic acid. The routes rely upon a Simmons−Smith cyclopropanation and diastereospecific ring opening of cyclopropanol under Pd/C hydrogenation condition to set up the α-methyl ketone. A sequence of diastereoselective reduction, dihydroxylation, and/or Myers’ reductive 1,3-rearrangement were used to install the desired stereochemistry.
Monitoring and removal of CO in blasting operations

Toxic fumes produced by detonating explosives in surface mining and construction operations pose potential hazards to workers and the public. Blasting operations produce both toxic and nontoxic gaseous products; the toxic products are mainly carbon monoxide (CO) and the oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Since 1988, there have been 17 documented incidents in the United States and Canada in which carbon monoxide (CO) is suspected to have migrated through ground strata into occupied enclosed spaces as a result of proximate trench blasting or surface mine blasting. These incidents resulted in 39 suspected or medically verified carbon monoxide poisonings as well as one fatality. At worst people may be fatally poisoned and the least to be expected is increased public objections to blasting. Local and state agencies could demand a cessation of the blasting requiring more expensive mechanical means to break the rock. This paper discusses the most feasible means of preventing CO migration, mitigating CO that has migrated, and detecting CO in an underground enclosed space and may help reduce the exposure of unsuspecting area residents to carbon monoxide and help prevent the implementation of unnecessary regulations and limitations on blasting. Single-hole shots and small-scale multiple-hole blasts were performed that indicate promising means of prevention and mitigation.
Judgments of recency and their relation to recognition memory.

Subjects went through a list of 550 high- and low-frequency words (Experiment 1) or concrete and abstract words (Experiment 2) in which individual items were repeated at lags of 5 to 30 other items. They made old versus new recognition decisions on each word and followed each “old” response with a numerical judgment of recency (JOR). Recognition judgments displayed the mirror effect. Conditionalized on recognition, JORs were shorter for low-frequency words than for high-frequency words, and shorter for concrete words than for abstract words. This was true at every lag, suggesting that recognition and JOR may have a common basis. However, recognition confidence ratings obtained in Experiment 3 proved much less sensitive than JOR to test lag. Memory models applicable to multiple judgment tasks will be needed to account for such findings.
Teaching to the Test...Not! Balancing Best Practice and Testing Requirements in Writing.

High-stakes testing and accountability in the United States cloak the real purpose of assessment—diagnosing learning to inform instruction. Standardized testing drives curricula in many states. Teachers may feel pressured to “teach to the test,” although they know it is not best practice. The authors discuss how using several evidence-based approaches to writing instruction—writing workshop and the witing process, 6 + 1 Traits, and modes of writing—can accomplish two goals: providing high-quality instruction, and preparing students for success in standardized writing tests. They stress that assessment is a component of instruction, not an end unto itself, and that the goal of instruction is to produce lifelong learners, not test takers.
Nondestructive quality assurance testing of chemically processed wood

This paper presents a nondestructive testing method to measure the depths of the penetration of preservatives in treated wood. It also shows that it is feasible to correlate impedance changes in an eddy current response with the physical characteristics of chemically processed wood. Experimentally this will be a accomplished by using the eddy current test system at varying frequencies to collect data (impedance changes of the test probe) from test samples having different concentrations and depths of penetration of preservatives. This data will be used to show the correlation between impedance changes due to variations in the penetration and concentration of preservatives in treated wood.
Isolation and characterization of the mitochondrial DNA from the Florida spiny lobster, Panulirus argus

Abstract 1. 1. Mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA were isolated from the digestive gland of Panulirus argus. 2. 2. The mitochondrial DNA has an average contour length of 5.13 μm which corresponds to a molecular weight of 10.10 × 106 daltons. 3. 3. The molecular weight based on agarose gel electrophoresis of restricted individual DNA samples ranges from 10.04 to 10.4 × 106 daltons. 4. 4. Restriction endonuclease analysis with Bam H1 and Eco R1 demonstrate variation in nucleotide sequence between individual lobsters.
Reconstruction of Dynamic Renal Tomographic Data Acquired by Slow Rotation

Nuclear medicine renal studies can be performed using slow-rotation SPECT, but reconstruction of such data is largely underdetermined. Methods: A new method of reconstruction of data acquired using slow camera rotations was developed. In this method we used a factor model of the data in which the factors and factor coefficients were determined by modeling their relationship directly with the projection measurements. This was done by solving a least-squares problem that fits the projections of factors and factor coefficients to the projection data with nonnegativity constraints imposed on the solution. The method was tested on computer simulations and applied to experimental renal 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine canine and patient studies. Results: Computer simulations showed that the extracted time–activity curves of kidneys agreed well with the simulated curves for data with noise levels similar to those in the experimental studies. In the canine study, the method showed that >2 factors were necessary to adequately reproduce the kinetics of the kidney. In the patient study, the method was able to extract separate factors that correspond to the kidney cortex and the kidney pelvis. Conclusion: The computer simulation, the canine study, and the patient study all show that reconstructions of the data obtained with 1 detector displayed artifacts, whereas reconstructions of the data obtained with 2 and 3 detectors were free of artifacts. Computer simulations showed that the method gives accurate results that allow quantitation.
The limited job prospects of displaced workers : evidence from two cities in China

The economic restructuring in China over the past decade has resulted in displacement of millions of workers who had been employed in the state sector. This has posed tremendous challenges economically, socially, politically, and culturally. For several years, Chinese policies attempted to cushion the shock by requiring state-owned enterprises to provide living allowances and reemployment services to workers that had been displaced. There have been relatively few empirical studies that have tracked the experiences of these displaced or xiagang workers. This study uses survey data from two large industrial cities to analyze the labor market situation of over 2,000 workers two years after they had been observed as displaced and unemployed. The findings point to the high rates of labor force withdrawal of xiagang workers and the relatively low proportion who find another wage job in the formal sector. It also documents the large number of workers who find work in the informal sector which seems to act as an important safety net. Not surprisingly, education is an important determinant of pos-tlayoff labor market outcomes. Active labor market interventions do not seem to make a substantial difference although there is some evidence from the duration analyses that training does help workers find employment more quickly than they would have otherwise.
Cognitive Analysis of the Summarization of Longitudinal Patient Records

Electronic health records contain an abundance of valuable information that can be used to guide patient care. However, the large volume of information embodied in these records also renders access to relevant information a time-consuming and inefficient process. Our ultimate objective is to develop an automated summarizer that succinctly captures all relevant information in the patient record. In this paper, we present a cognitive study of 8 clinicians who were asked to create summaries based on data contained in the patients’ electronic health record. The study characterized the primary sources of information that were prioritized by clinicians, the temporal strategies used to develop a summary and the cognitive operations used to guide the summarization process. Although we would not expect the automated summarizer to emulate human performance, we anticipate that this study will inform its development in instrumental ways.
Immobilized enzymes: Electrokinetic effects on reaction rates in a porous medium

The effect of the internal diffusion and electrical surface charge on the overall rate of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme immobilized on a porous medium are examined. Effectiveness factors have been calculated which compare the global reaction rate to that existing in the absence of the internal diffusion and/or the electrical field. The surface charge, assumed to arise from the dissociation equilibria of the acidic and basic surface groups of the enzyme, generates an electrical double layer at the pore surface. The double-layer potential is governed by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. It is shown that the diffusion potential can be characterized by a modulus which depends upon the surface reaction rate, the charges and diffusivities of the substrate and products, the ionic strength, and the pore dimensions. The flux of a charged species in the pore occurs under the influences of the concentration gradient and the electrical potential gradient. The governing equations are solved by an iterative numerical method. The effects of pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration on the rates of two different hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by immobilized papain are examined. The release of H+ in one of the reactions causes the lowering of internal pH, and also a constancy of the internal pH when the external pH in creases beyond a certain value. The latter reaction also shows a maximum in the reaction rate with respect to enzyme concentration. The reaction not involving H+ as a product shows a maximum in the reaction rate with respect to external pH, but a monotonic increase in the reaction rate as the enzyme concentration increases.
Hub Group Implements a Suite of OR Tools to Improve Its Operations

Hub Group, a North American intermodal freight rail transportation company, developed an integrated production decision support system to improve its yield management and container allocation. The system combines a suite of analytical tools, including forecasting, error distribution analysis, expected value-based heuristics, and optimization tools to improve the decision making of Hub's frontline employees. It is important to note that the production decision support system was structured to fit within Hub's existing organizational structure, business processes, and information technology systems to reduce project risk, development costs, and operational disruption. In 2008, the system's first full year of use, Hub improved its revenue per load by 3 percent and increased its container velocity by 5 percent. These improvements led to a net return of $11 million in cost savings, which equals 22 times Hub's initial investment during that first year of operation.
Canine Right and Left Ventricular Cell and Sarcomere Lengths after Banding the Pulmonary Artery

Canine hearts were fixed with glutaraldehyde at zero transmural pressure 17 to 48 weeks after main pulmonary arterial banding. Tissues were taken from the trabeculae carneae at the ventricular right base, right apex, left base, and left apex. They were placed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Epon 812, stained with Azure II methylene blue, and sectioned at M fi. The mean cell lengths of the hearts with main pulmonary arterial banding were greatest at the right base, 105 ±5 fj, and left base, 103 ± 5.7 fx. (The means ± SE are given.) The mean cell length at the left apex was 95 ± 4 //, and that at the right apex was 92 ± 5 p. All were greater (P < 0.001) than the cell lengths of normal hearts, 71 ± 1.5 ft. The mean sarcomere lengths of the right ventricle with main pulmonary arterial banding (right base, 2.04 ± 0.006 fj.; right apex, 2.18 ±0.004 fi) were less than those of normal hearts (right base, 2.41 ±0.006 fi; right apex, 2.46± 0.003 fj,). The mean sarcomere length of the left base with main pulmonary arterial banding (2.10 ±0.01 p) was less than the normal (2.16 ± 0.002 fji); however, the mean sarcomere length of the left apex with main pulmonary arterial banding (2.28 ±0.005 fi) was the same as the normal. With main pulmonary arterial banding, both the right and left ventricular cell lengths increased more at the bases than at the apexes, and the sarcomere • lengths decreased in the right base, right apex, and left base.
OFDM-MIMO communication systems in a Rayleigh faded environment with imperfect channel estimates

This paper presents the performance of mobile orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems with imperfect knowledge of the channel matrix. MIMO systems typically require a channel matrix, which can be determined initially from a training sequence. However, mobile communication systems exhibit a time-varying channel matrix and have time and frequency selective fades which result in performance degradation of the MlMO system. Channel tracking methods can be used to estimate the time-varying channel matrix but cannot in practice be error free. This paper presents results of V-BLAST (vertical Bell Laboratories layered space-time) MlMO simulations using the geometric wideband time-varying channel model (GWTCM) with Rayleigh faded environments and imperfect channel matrix knowledge. Flat fading is assumed for each OFDM subcarrier. OFDM-MIMO architectures such as OFDM coupled with V-BLAST can be easily implemented by exploiting the built-in and flexible multi-channel architectures of advanced software defined radios (SDR).
Electrical Characteristics of 18650 Li-Ion Cells at Low Temperatures

Low temperature electrical performance characteristics of A&T, Moli, and Panasonic 18650 Li-ion cells are described. Ragone plots of energy and power data of the cells for different temperatures from 25 °C to −40 °C are compared. Although the electrical performance of these cells at and around room temperature is respectable, at temperatures below 0 °C the performance is poor. For example, the delivered power and energy densities of the Panasonic cells at 25 °C are ∼800 W l−1 and ∼100 Wh l−1, respectively, and those at −40 °C are <10 W l−1 and ∼5 Wh l−1. To identify the source for this poor performance at subambient temperatures, both two- and three-electrode impedance studies were made on these cells. The two-electrode impedance data suggests that the cell ohmic resistance remains nearly constant from 25 to −20 °C but increases modestly at −40 °C while the overall cell impedance increases by an order of magnitude over the same temperature range. The three-electrode impedance data of the A&T cells show that the increase in cell resistance comes mostly from the cathode electrolyte interface and very little either from the anode electrolyte interface or from the ohmic resistance of the cell. This suggests that the poor performance of the cells comes mainly from the high cathode–electrolyte interfacial impedance.
Online cancer communication: meeting the literacy, cultural and linguistic needs of diverse audiences.

Abstract Objective This article provides an analysis of issues and empirical evidence related to literacy, cultural, and linguistic factors in online health and cancer communication, and recommendations to improve cancer communication for diverse audiences. Methods We examined English-language online literature and selected books and policy documents related to literacy, cultural, and linguistic factors in health and cancer communication. Results Studies about literacy, cultural, and linguistic factors in online cancer communication for diverse audiences are limited, but have increased during the past 15 years. Empirical evidence and theoretical guidance describe the critical importance of these factors, significant unmet needs among low-literate, multicultural and non-English-speaking populations, and strategies to improve communication. Conclusion Overall, online cancer communication has not met the literacy, cultural, and linguistic needs of diverse populations. The literature offers valuable recommendations about enhancing research, practice, and policy for better cancer communication. Practice implications Practitioners should understand the strengths and weaknesses of online cancer communication for vulnerable groups, guide patients to better Websites, and supplement that information with oral and tailored communication.
Spherical near-field scanning: determining the incident field near a rotatable probe

A spherical near-field scanning algorithm is developed for determining incident fields inside a probe's minimum sphere. This differs from the well-known spherical near-field scanning formulation which determines fields outside the source's minimum sphere. The scanner size depends on the extent of the region of interest and not on the extent of the (possibly much larger) source. The data can be collected using a standard roll-over-azimuth positioner. The practical implementation of this technique is discussed. >
Toward coherently representing turbulent wall-flow dynamics

The complex dynamics of turbulent flow in the vicinity of a solid surface underlie numerous scientifically important processes, and pose persistently daunting challenges in many engineering applications. Since their discovery decades ago, coherent motions have presented a tantalizing prospective opportunity for constructing descriptions of wall-flow dynamics using only a relatively small number of elements. The veracity and reliability of such representations are, however, ultimately tied to their basis in the Navier–Stokes equations. In this regard, the study by Sharma & McKeon (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 728, 2013, pp. 196–238) constitutes an important contribution, as it not only provides insights regarding the mechanisms underlying wall-flow coherent motion formation and evolution, but does so within a Navier–Stokes framework.
Neuronal modulation of auditory attention by informative and uninformative spatial cues

Sounds provide important information about the spatial environment, including the location of approaching objects. Attention to sounds can be directed through automatic or more controlled processes, which have been well studied in the visual modality. However, little is known about the neural underpinnings of attentional control mechanisms for auditory signals. We studied healthy adults who underwent event-related FMRI while performing a task that manipulated automatic and more controlled auditory orienting by varying the probability that cues correctly predicted target location. Specifically, we examined the effects of uninformative (50% validity ratio) and informative (75% validity ratio) auditory cues on reaction time (RT) and neuronal functioning. The stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) between the cue and the target was either 100 or 800 ms. At the 100 ms SOA, RT was faster for valid than invalid trials for both cue types, and frontoparietal activation was greater for invalid than valid trials. At the 800 ms SOA, RT and functional activation depended on whether cues were informative or uninformative, and whether cues correctly or incorrectly predicted the target location. Contrary to our prediction, activation in a frontoparietal network was greater for uninformative than informative cues across several different comparisons and at both SOAs. This finding contrasts with similar research of visual orienting, and suggests that the auditory modality may be more biased toward automatic shifts of attention following uninformative cues.
A Categorical Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of the Developmental Toxicity of Antithyroid Drugs

The choice of therapeutic strategies for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is limited. Surgery and radioiodine are typically avoided, leaving propylthiouracil and methimazole in the US. Carbimazole, a metabolic precursor of methimazole, is available in some countries outside of the US. In the US propylthiouracil is recommended because of concern about developmental toxicity from methimazole and carbimazole. Despite this recommendation, the data on developmental toxicity of all three agents are extremely limited and insufficient to support a policy given the broad use of methimazole and carbimazole around the world. In the absence of new human or animal data we describe the development of a new structure-activity relationship (SAR) model for developmental toxicity using the cat-SAR expert system. The SAR model was developed from data for 323 compounds evaluated for human developmental toxicity with 130 categorized as developmental toxicants and 193 as nontoxicants. Model cross-validation yielded a concordance between observed and predicted results between 79% to 81%. Based on this model, propylthiouracil, methimazole, and carbimazole were observed to share some structural features relating to human developmental toxicity. Thus given the need to treat women with Graves's disease during pregnancy, new molecules with minimized risk for developmental toxicity are needed. To help meet this challenge, the cat-SAR method would be a useful in screening new drug candidates for developmental toxicity as well as for investigating their mechanism of action.
Against the very idea of the politicization of public health policy.

I criticize the concern over the politicization of public health policy as a justification for preferring a narrow to a broad model of public health.My critique proceeds along 2 lines. First, the fact that administrative structures and actors are primary sources of public health policy demonstrates its inescapably political and politicized nature. Second, historical evidence shows that public health in Great Britain and the United States has from its very inception been political and politicized.I conclude by noting legitimate ethical concerns regarding the political nature of public health policy and argue that open deliberation in a democratic social order is best served by acknowledging the constraints of the inescapably politicized process of public health policymaking.