cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diaphragm-based microsystems using thin film silicon carbide

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a leading material for both semiconductor devices and harsh environment micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) due to a combination of exceptional electrical, mechanical and chemical properties. SiC is also an excellent structural material for micromechanical transducers because of its high Young's modulus and mechanical strength. Suspended thin film diaphragms have been used in a wide range of applications, ranging from fundamental materials characterization to structural elements in high temperature pressure transducers. This paper reviews some of our efforts to develop SiC as a structural material for diaphragm-based MEMS, highlighting recent advances by our group in developing these structures for use in electromechanical microsensors and microactuators.
Null-zone envelope detection in binary systems

The effects of applying the null-zone decision mechanism to two types of envelope-detection systems are investigated, and comparisons are made with previous results for synchronous-detection systems. It is demonstrated conclusively that, just as for the synchronous system, null-zone reception offers a means of improving the information rate of a unidirectional system. Moreover, the relative behavior is about the same in all three cases, except that the asymmetry of the on-off system may present some additional difficulties.
Distributed fault-tolerant channel allocation for mobile cellular networks

Distributed channel allocation algorithms have received considerable attention due to their high reliability, and scalability. However, in these algorithms, a borrower needs to consult with its interference neighbors in order to borrow a channel. Thus, a borrower fails to borrow channels when it cannot communicate with anyone of its interference neighbors. In real-life networks, under heavy traffic load, a cell has a large probability to experience an intermittent network congestion or even a communication link failure. In these algorithms, since a cell has to consult with a large number of interference neighbors to borrow a channel. The failure rate will be much higher under heavy traffic load. In this paper, we first propose a fault-tolerant channel acquisition algorithm which tolerates communication link failures and node (MH or MSS) failures. Then, we present a channel selection algorithm and integrate it into the distributed acquisition algorithm. Simulation results show that our algorithm significantly reduces the failure rate under network congestion, communication link failures, and node failures compared to non-fault-tolerant channel allocation algorithms.
Functional outcome: a case for mild traumatic brain injury

The purpose of this case study was to demonstrate the successful incorporation of the strengths of process-specific and functional treatment approaches within a therapy programme for a patient with a MTBI. A patient with MTBI and deficits in attention, executive functioning, memory, reasoning and problem solving participated in a 4-month treatment programme. The interactions between the patient's cognitive deficits and problematic activities of daily living were identified. Treatment focused on teaching the patient compensatory strategies to offset the cognitive deficits following a cognitive framework within the context of hierarchically arranged activities of daily living. At the end of this programme, the patient consistently used his compensatory strategies to independently complete activities of daily living that were problematic prior to the receipt of treatment. Implications of this study for the treatment of patients with MTBI suggest that a combined approach is most beneficial in maximizing the recovery of these patients.
Hopf bifurcation in Beck's problem

On considere un systeme d'equations aux derivees partielles quasi lineaires. On montre que l'equilibre du systeme decrit peut etre perdu par bifurcation de Hopf
Expectancy-Related Modulations of Neural Oscillations in Continuous Performance Tasks

Analysis of neural oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG) during cognitive tasks provides valuable information about underlying neuronal processing not accessible by other methods such as event-related potentials (ERPs) and the BOLD signal in fMRI. We investigated neural substrates of motor preparation and expectancy by analyzing neural oscillations of healthy subjects performing the AX continuous performance task (AX-CPT), a task widely used to evaluate processes such as cognitive control, motor preparation and anticipatory and sustained attention. The task consists of letters presented sequentially on a monitor, and subjects are required to respond only when they see the letter A (cue) followed by the letter X (target). In this study, to emphasize expectation and motor preparation, three versions of AX-CPT were used in which the overall propensity to respond was differentially modulated, by changing the probability of the letter sequences. Neural activity was investigated in three time windows following presentation of the cue: sensory, evaluation and preparation. Alpha power was reduced following cue onset similarly in all versions of the task in both the sensory and evaluation periods, but in the later preparation period there were task dependent modulations. Alpha was decreased when an infrequent cue increased the chance of a response, and increased when a propensity to respond had to be overcome, possibly reflecting an anticipatory attentional mechanism to gate visuo-motor processing. Beta power was modulated by task and cue in both evaluation and preparation periods. In the latter, beta power reflected the propensity to respond and correlated both with amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV), an ERP that reflects response preparation, and with reaction time. Some clinical populations such as patients with schizophrenia or attention-deficit disorder show specific deficits when performing the AX-CPT. These results provide a basis for investigating the differential neural underpinnings of oscillatory cognitive control deficits observed in various patient populations.
Radical layers of representable functors

(i) Let 0 --f A --t4 B +O C + 0 be an almost split sequence. Then the induced sequence O+ G( , A)-+“* G( ,B)+“* G( , C)-+yS~ 0 is exact where S = GS = ( , C)/r( , C). The maps a*, /?* have degree 1 and y has degree 0. (ii) Let I--t I/sot I be a left minimal almost split map where I is an indecomposable injective. Let k < 03 be maximal such that im( , sot I) c rk( , I). If k < co then the induced sequence 0 + G( , sot I) -+ G( , I) + G( , I/sot Z) is exact where the first map has degree k and the second has degree 1. If k = co then the induced map G( , I) --t G( , Z/sot I) is a monomorphism of degree 1. Dual results hold for covariant functors (X, ).
Decision support for capital budgeting: A model for classroom presentation

Abstract This article offers a decision support model for classroom coverage of capital budgeting. The model is operationalized through a decision-making framework known formally as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This model offers two enhancements to traditional capital budgeting procedures. First, the AHP can link capital budgeting decisions directly to the strategic plan of the business unit. Second, it can incorporate nonfinancial (and subjective) factors formally and systematically into the decision framework. Depending on the depth of coverage desired, the proposed method can be used at both the graduate and advanced undergraduate levels in cost or managerial accounting courses.
Estimating the Bid-Ask Spread in a Heteroskedastic Market: The Case of Foreign Currency Futures

Because the bid-ask spread often defies direct measurement, a serial covariance-based approach is frequently used to estimate it. We develop a new serial covariance estimator that exploits the relation of time-varying volatility to trading activity to obtain more precise estimates. The performance of Roll's (1984) estimator and the new estimator are compared using intraday data for four foreign currency futures. The new estimator finds currency futures spreads to be of economic significance—usually two to three ticks, or $25.00 to $37.50 per contract. A distinct maturity effect is present, with the lowest spreads occurring one to three months from expiration. While no evidence is found that the intraday spread changes near closing, the spread is larger near opening for some contracts four to six months from expiration.
An assessment of the time-dependence structure of streams in New Jersey, USA

The lag-one serial correlation coefficient is one of the important hydrological metric used as a quantitative measure of carry-over capacity of water stored within a catchment. In this study, the annual lag-one serial correlation coefficient has been computed for 27 unregulated streams spread across the two main climatic regions of New Jersey, USA. The computed mean annual lag-one serial correlation coefficient was found to be 0.17, which is typical of the national value. It appears that streams that drain northern catchments have higher carry-over capacity in comparison to their southern counterparts. Further, the Goud–Dincer Gamma method of reservoir storage capacity was used to compare the average reservoir storage needed to meet the over-year storage requirement for a hypothetical reservoir located within the two main climatic regions. The results revealed that on average, a reservoir needed to meet over-year storage requirements in climate region 1 (northern New Jersey) needs to be a little more than one half times as large as those in climate region 2 (southern New Jersey) for the same level of regulation. Though groundwater recharge to streams in the southern catchments are generally higher than their northern counterparts, it appears relatively less ground water (release from storage) in any given year in the south is carried from the previous year(s).
Analytical solution of the finite quantum square-well problem

The bounded positive- and negative-parity spectrum E(?)n of the symmetric, one-dimensional, finite quantum square-well potential is computed exactly, explicitly and analytically in the form E(?)n = f(?)(n), where f(?) are known functions.
Difunctional derivatives of hexaphenyldisiloxane

Abstract Difunctional organosiloxane derivatives containing only aromatic substitution on silicon were prepared and characterized. The series include compounds with the structure, O[Si(C6H5)2C6H4X]2, where X is p-Cl, p-Br, p-CH3, m-CH3, p-CO2H, p-COCl, p-CO2C5H5, m-CO2C6H5, p-CO2C6Cl5, m-CO2C6Cl5, p-CN, p-CONH2, p-NH2, and m-NH2 as well as various intermediates in their preparation.
Over-the-counter scar products for postsurgical patients: Disparities between online advertised benefits and evidence regarding efficacy

Surgical patients frequently read about over-the-counter (OTC) scar products online and ask physicians for advice about product use. We summarized the characteristics of the 20 best-selling scar products on the Web site drugstore.com and reviewed the medical literature for data supporting the efficacy of OTC scar products used on fresh postsurgical wounds. Products had an average price of $16.25 (range $9.49-$59.99) and an average of 9.2 ingredients (range 1-29). Silicone, vitamin E, and onion extract were common ingredients. Although weak evidence indicates that silicone gel dressings may improve postsurgical scar appearance, published evidence does not support postoperative use of most scar products. However, many products have multiple ingredients, and few clinical trials assess the ingredient combinations of specific products. The practical information about OTC scar products and published efficacy data found in this review may help physicians to counsel patients about postsurgical product use and counter unrealistic expectations gained from online advertisements.
T4 late transcripts are initiated near a conserved DNA sequence

Bacteriophage T4 late transcription is unusual, among prokaryotes, in its complexity. Late transcription requires the host RNA polymerase, the products of T4 genes 33, 45 and 55, and other small polypeptides, the genes of which have not been identified1. In addition the DNA template must be ‘competent’ for late transcription. First the DNA must contain the substituted base 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine in place of cytosine (this requirement is eliminated by a mutation in the T4 alc gene)1,2. Second, the DNA must be replicating, although late transcription can be uncoupled from DNA replication by mutations in the T4 genes coding for DNA ligase (gene 30) and DNA exonuclease (gene 46)1,3. We report here the location of the initiation sites of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) synthesized in vivo from four late genes (genes 21, 22, 23 and 36) by S1 nuclease mapping and we have determined the DNA sequences at these sites. We have found strong homology to the sequence TATAAATAC-TATT immediately upstream from the 5′ ends of the late messages and we suggest that this sequence is specifically recognized by the complex responsible for late transcription. Also, we have examined gene 23 mRNA synthesized in the absence of DNA replication using the 30− 46− mutant described above and find that it is identical to the true late transcript synthesized in normal infections.
Anesthesia and Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation

Normoglycemia is the treatment goal for patients with diabetes mellitus. Currently, pancreas transplantation can offer this ideal, but at the cost of lifelong immuno suppression and the accompanying side effects of anti rejection drugs. Pancreas transplantation alone is per formed in some cases but is typically offered in combination with kidney transplantation. The authors review several issues concerning kidney-pancreas trans plantation and anesthetic management. Patient selec tion, donor selection, surgical technique, immunosup pression, antimicrobial prophylaxis and surgical complications are discussed. Anesthetic preoperative evaluation includes special attention to the diabetic patient's airway and the risk of aspiration, as well as cardiovascular and neurologic compromise common in this patient population. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative anesthetic management focuses on the disease process as well as the procedure.
Optimization of short micro pin fins in minichannels

Abstract Finned minichannels are modeled in order to optimize microstructure geometry and maximize heat transfer dissipation through convection from a heated surface. Six pin fin shapes – circle, square, triangle, ellipse, diamond and hexagon – are used in a staggered array and attached to the bottom heated surface of a rectangular minichannel and analyzed. Also, using square pin fins, different channel clearance over fins are investigated to optimize the fin height of the fins with respect to that of the channel. Fin width and spacing are investigated using a ratio of fin width area to the channel width. Fin material is then varied to investigate the heat dissipation effects. Triangular fins with larger fin height, smaller fin width, and spacing double the fin width maximizes the number of fins in each row and yields better performance. Correlations describing the Nusselt number and the Darcy friction factor are obtained and compared to previous ones from recent studies. These correlations only apply to short fins in the laminar regime. Completely understanding the effects of micro pin fins in a minichannel is essential to maximizing the performance in small scale cooling apparatuses to keep up with future electronic advancements.
A comparison between methods of measuring anaerobic work capacity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between anaerobic work capacity (AWC) and anaerobic capacity (AC) from the Critical Power (CP) and ‘Wingate’ tests, respectively. A secondary purpose was to determine the reliability of AWC and CP. Twenty-five females (mean±s.d. = 21·88±2·49 years) volunteered to perform a ‘Wingate’ test and two Critical Power tests all on separate days. Anaerobic capacity was defined as the total work performed during the 30-second ‘Wingate’ test. The relationship between work limit (total work to exhaustion) and time limit (total time to exhaustion), calculated for each of the three work bouts of the CP test, was linear (r 2 =0·98−1·00) for all of the subjects. The slope and Y intercept of this relationship represented CP and AWC, respectively. Anaerobic capacity and AWC were significantly (p 0·05) differences between the test-retest means for CP or AWC. Test-retest correlations for CP (r=0·94) a...
Olanzapine for the prevention and treatment of chronic nausea and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic agent of the thiobenzodiazepine class. It blocks multiple neurotransmitter receptors including dopaminergic at D1, D2, D3, D4 brain receptors, serotonergic at 5-HT2a, 5-HT2c, 5-HT3, 5-HT6 receptors, catecholamines at alpha1 adrenergic receptors, acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, and histamine at H1 receptors. Olanzapine has five times the affinity for 5-HT2 receptors than D2 receptors and has been used to treat schizophrenia and delirium. Olanzapine's activity at multiple receptors, particularly at the D2, 5-HT2c, and 5-HT3 receptors which appear to be involved in nausea and emesis, has prompted its use in the treatment of nausea and vomiting refractory to standard antiemetics. Case reports and formal clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of chronic nausea, the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis, and the treatment of breakthrough chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis. Phase II and phase III clinical trials have demonstrated that there is a significant improvement in nausea when olanzapine is added to guideline directed prophylactic antiemetic agents 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists in patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy Common side effects of olanzapine when used over a period of months include weight gain as well as an association with the onset of diabetes mellitus, but these effects have not been seen with short term use of daily doses of less than one week.
Biomarker identification by feature wrappers

Gene expression studies bridge the gap between DNA information and trait information by dissecting biochemical pathways into intermediate components between genotype and phenotype. These studies open new avenues for identifying complex disease genes and biomarkers for disease diagnosis and for assessing drug efficacy and toxicity. However, the majority of analytical methods applied to gene expression data are not efficient for biomarker identification and disease diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a general framework to incorporate feature (gene) selection into pattern recognition in the process to identify biomarkers. Using this framework, we develop three feature wrappers that search through the space of feature subsets using the classification error as measure of goodness for a particular feature subset being "wrapped around": linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, and support vector machines. To effectively carry out this computationally intensive search process, we employ sequential forward search and sequential forward floating search algorithms. To evaluate the performance of feature selection for biomarker identification we have applied the proposed methods to three data sets. The preliminary results demonstrate that very high classification accuracy can be attained by identified composite classifiers with several biomarkers.
Studies on carcino embryonic antigen (CEA): effect of carbohydrate and synthetic glycopeptides on CEA competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassays.

Abstract The tumor-specific immunodominant groups of CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) were studied by carbohydrate-hapten inhibition. CEA was estimated by two radioimmunoassay systems including both the Z-gel and Farr radioimmunoassay techniques. N -Acetylglucosaminyl-(4)-asparagine, N- acetyl- d -glucosamine , and several of its oligosaccharide derivatives, at concentration of 10 6 times higher than those of the standards of CEA used in these assays, did not inhibit r mimic CEA-like immunoreactivity. No inhibition was demonstrable with a number of other oligosaccharides and synthetic glycopeptides. These results indicate that the immunodominant group of CEA is not a simple terminal carbohydrate, as found in blood-group substances, but must consist of a more complex antigenic structure or structures.
The P300-based, complex trial protocol for concealed information detection resists any number of sequential countermeasures against up to five irrelevant stimuli.

We previously tested the P300-based Complex Trial protocol for deception detection against 2 and 4 countered of 4 irrelevant stimuli. The protocol detected 90–100% of these subjects with <10% false positives. We have also shown that Reaction Time (RT) to the first trial stimulus is increased (group effect) with countermeasure use. We also reported a new P900 component associated with countermeasure use when 2 of 4 irrelevants are countered. In the present study we report data from 4 new groups and re-present for comparison previously collected data to have 7 groups: an innocent control, a guilty group not using countermeasures, and 5 guilty/countermeasure groups who counter from 1 to all 5 stimuli presented (4 irrelevants plus a probe). Subjects were detected at rates varying from 92 to 100% in the 6 guilty groups (n = 12 or 13 per group). There was 1 false positive in 13 innocent subjects. Additionally, 41 of 60 CM users were identified with RT as using countermeasures. P900 appeared in the 2 groups using 2 and 3 countermeasures.
Disposable devices for RIRS: where do we stand in 2013? What do we need in the future?

Purpose Disposable devices for retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) form a significant part of the urologist’s armamentarium for the endoscopic management of urologic diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of the literature regarding the advances and controversies of these devices.
Family Relations and the Adjustment of Young Children of Mexican Descent: Do Family Cultural Values Moderate These Associations?

This study examined the role of family cultural values as moderators of the association between family relations and the adjustment of young children. Fifty-five families of Mexican descent with young children enrolled in Head Start programs in the Southwest participated. Mothers provided information about closeness of the mother–child relationship, warmth in the sibling relationship, child behavior problems, and familism and simpatia, or two cultural values associated with families of Mexican origin. The children's preschool teachers provided information about child emotional adjustment and social functioning with peers six months later. Familism was found to act as a moderator, whereby warmth and closeness in family relationships coupled with the endorsement of a family cultural value that complements these relationship characteristics was associated with more optimal functioning in preschool classrooms. Results demonstrate the need to evaluate family cultural values or beliefs systems in conjunction with qualities of family relationships as determinants of children's developmental outcomes. Specifically, familism emerged as a family characteristic capable of promoting young children's adjustment within and beyond the family context.
TRANSFORMATIONS WHICH RENDER CURVES PARALLEL1

Eight examples are given to indicate the desirability of having a general theory treating sets of curves which can be transformed into parallel curves. With this theory it is shown that a set of curves can be rendered parallel if and only if every pair of functions in the completion of a particular group associated with the curves is uncrossed. Under general conditions any two transformations rendering a set of curves parallel are related by a linear transformation. Methods for calculating transformations are proposed. Several structural properties of sets of curves which can be rendered parallel are proven.
Prostate volume change after radioactive seed implantation: possible benefit of improved dose volume histogram with perioperative steroid.

Purpose: To evaluate the changes in prostate volume associated with radioactive seed implantation and identify factors that influence prostate swelling. Methods and Materials: Between June 1997 and August 1999, 161 patients implanted for prostate carcinoma at the University of California, San Francisco, had prostate volume measurements taken at 4 time points (preplan, preimplant, postimplant, postimplant dosimetry). Patient records were reviewed for treatment with perioperative steroids, hormone therapy (nHT), and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). One and 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods were used to test differences in mean effects among patient subsets. Results: A mean 20% volume increase was noted immediately postimplant overall (p < 0.0001), and even with EBRT and/or HT. Steroids were associated with a mean volume decrease of 19.9%, by 3–4 weeks post-procedure (p < 0.0001). Without steroids, only a 3.8% mean change was seen (p = ns). Steroid use resulted in a significant increase in mean dose-volume histogram (DVH) (p = 0.001); however, this benefit was only observed among patients who did not receive steroid. A consistently high DVH occurred with steroid use. Conclusion: A significant decrease in prostate volume and improved DVH are associated with steroid use. The diminished benefit of steroid use and higher mean DVH achieved in later years suggests the existence of a significant “learning curve” for brachytherapy procedures.
Carbonation of aqueous solutions with acid anhydrides. Slow acidification in homogeneous systems.

A novel means of achieving a superior degree of carbonation by use of sodium bicarbonate and various latentiated acidifiers is presented. The physical chemical basis of the formulation depends on essentially total dissolution of the bicarbonate salt and the latentiated acidifier prior to formation of any free carbonic acid. Data are presented to show the feasibility of the use of glutaric anhydride as the acid precursor. The pH profile of hydrolysis of the anhydride and its behavior in the presence of nucleophiles such as CO 3 2 − , HPO 4 2 − , etc., are discussed. It is shown that a markedly greater degree of supersaturation with respect to carbon dioxide can be achieved by this route than is possible by the conventional method of dissolving sodium bicarbonate and a solid acid in water.
Treatment of acute nontoxic megacolon during colonoscopy: tube placement versus simple decompression

The study compares the efficacy of colonoscopic decompression versus decompression and tube placement in the treatment of Ogilvie's syndrome. Nine patients were treated with a single colonoscopic decompression which resulted in four recurrences. In contrast, there were no recurrences observed in 11 patients who underwent decompression and subsequent tube placement (p less than 0.05). There was no morbidity observed from either decompression or tube placement. Tube placement added less than 10 min of additional procedure time to the colonoscopy. The tube utilized in this study was an enteroclysis tube with sideholes cut in the distal 20 cm. The tube was easily inserted over a Teflon-coated flexible guide wire inserted through the colonoscope into the cecum following decompression. This study demonstrates that colonoscopic decompression followed by tube placement is the preferred treatment modality for acute nontoxic megacolon.
Elevated red blood cell distribution width predicts mortality in persons with known stroke

Abstract Background Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a hematological parameter routinely obtained as part of the complete blood count. Recently, RDW has emerged as a potential independent predictor of clinical outcome in patients with established cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the role of RDW as a prognosticator among persons with stroke, especially with regard to an incontrovertible endpoint like mortality. We assessed the association of RDW with stroke, and its effect on mortality among persons with stroke. Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) a nationally representative sample of United States adults were analyzed. The study population consisted of 480 individuals aged ≥ 25 years with a baseline history of stroke followed-up from survey participation (1988–1994) through mortality assessment in 2000. Proportional hazard regression (Cox) was utilized to explore the independent relationship between RDW and mortality after adjusting for potential confounders. Results Among the cohort, 52.4% were female, 64% aged ≥ 65 years. Mean RDW was significantly higher among persons with stroke compared to individuals without a stroke (13.7% vs.13.2%,p Conclusions Elevated RDW is associated with stroke occurrence and strongly predicts both cardiovascular and all-cause deaths in persons with known stroke.
Effect of computer-generated turbulent wind field on trajectory of compact debris: A probabilistic analysis approach

Abstract A model and numerical algorithm is developed to simulate wind-borne debris trajectories in a fully-developed atmospheric boundary layer wind. The model works in two dimensions and makes use of synthetically-generated turbulence time histories; it accounts for variable mean velocity field with elevation and turbulence. The simulation of a partially coherent wind field was based on the wave superposition method (Di Paola, 1998) [1] . For the simulation of the turbulence field, a simplified approach is proposed. First, turbulence is generated at discrete points located on the “inlet boundary” of the field; second, turbulence is propagated through the field using either Taylor’s “frozen turbulence” hypothesis or a simplified “Eulerian–Lagrangian” formulation. The latter term is used to emphasize that an expression is employed to approximately replicate the features of the Lagrangian turbulence wind spectrum (for high-speed moving objects), even though turbulence is still synthetically generated on a large portion of the field at all times, from an Eulerian point of view. After generating the wind field, the trajectory of compact objects is estimated by means of a point mass dynamic model, converted to state-space form and integrated by fifth-order Runge–Kutta method. The numerical model is applied to the study of the risk of impact by wind-borne debris against tall building facades, recently investigated by the authors for uniform non-turbulent wind field only. The analysis is conducted by using the computer-generated wind field to estimate “universal probability curves” (probability-of-impact curves) for compact debris, conditional on the initial distance of the object from the building before takeoff. Both qualitative and quantitative variations are noted in comparison with previous results.
Chip package interaction induced ILD integrity issues in fine pitch flip chip packages

Thermal compression bonding is being widely used for fine pitch copper pillar assembly as it provides high die placement accuracy and bonding suitable for mass production. In the current work, chip package interaction induced ILD integrity failures under thermo-compression assembly induced stresses were investigated. A step by step EFA (Electrical Failure Analysis) plus PFA (Physical Failure Analysis) methodology was developed to isolate the failing location and confirm the fail mode. The key steps include initially dataloging the fails and running the data through ATPG (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) tools to localize the failing nets. The PFA was then focused on the ILD sections in the vicinity of the Cu pillar interconnect (as the pillar is the primary load transference link between the die and substrate). Specific fail modes were then identified using a combination of Scanning Optical Microscopy (SOM), Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM), layer by layer de-processing and Focused Ion Beam (FIB) cross-sections. The paper summarizes the key findings, failure modes from the study — it was found that the assembly process could result in damage initiation in the ILD which results in functional failures during subsequent reliability testing. The scale of induced damage makes it nearly impossible to detect using either traditional eFA, PFA or a combination of the two. Additionally, key assembly and design parameters, to resolve the fails are also discussed.
Structure-property relationships in strontium barium niobate II. Quenching and annealing effects

Abstract The effects of quenching and annealing have been studied in SrxBa1-xNb2O6 (SBN x/(1 - x)) by dielectric spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The relaxor characteristics of the dielectric response were found to be suppressed after quenching from 800°C. Subsequent dielectric investigations during thermal cycling below 400°C revealed thermal hysteresis effects between consecutive heat and cooling measurements. The original relaxor characteristics of the as-grown state were completely recovered by thermal treatment near 400°C. Similar changes in the relaxor characteristics were observed after quenching from 1000°C. However, complete recovery was not obtained on subsequent thermal treatment until above 800°C. Dark-field imaging using 1/x[110] incommensurate reflections revealed a decrease in the size of nanoelastic domains on quenching, and an increase in the size of needle-like nanopolar domains.
A cointegrated structural VAR model of the Canadian economy

This paper implements a cointegrated structural VAR model of the Canadian economy using quarterly data over the period 1964–1994. The dynamic properties of the estimated model are compared to the predictions of a simple textbook macro model. Four long-run equilibrium relationships are tested: (i) consumption–income; (ii) consumption–wealth; (iii) money demand; and (iv) the Fisher equation. The empirical results obtained are generally consistent with the predictions of the textbook model's long-run implications, although level shifts are observed in the consumption/income and the wealth/income ratios. Similarly it is found that there was an increase in the ex post real interest rate, implying a level shift in the Fisher relation, following the Bank of Canada's policy change towards a stable price level target.
Looking back at the Centralia coal fire: a synopsis of its present status

Abstract Centralia is in the anthracite region of eastern Pennsylvania. The town is part of the Western Middle Field, a large synclinorium in Columbia and Schuylkill Counties. Residents of Centralia set fire to a garbage dump in 1962 and in the process, ignited the Buck Mountain coal bed. Fractured and moderately dipping strata at the site permitted air to circulate into the subsurface, thereby promoting combustion and making it difficult to extinguish the Centralia fire. As the fire advanced during the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s, it did so along four fronts. However, the fire appears to be advancing on only two fronts today. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection is currently monitoring the fire. Fire associated with the first or “cemetery” front is advancing approximately 20 m/year. Although attempts were made to fight the fire, they were unsuccessful for logistical and monetary reasons. Most residents of Centralia relocated with the assistance of funds approved by the U.S. Congress and disbursed by the state of Pennsylvania. The inexperience of community leaders in working with state bureaucracy contributed to the difficulties of fighting the fire.
Female athlete endorsers: Determinants of effectiveness

Abstract In drawing from social role theory and the match-up hypothesis, the purpose of this study was to determine influential variables regarding the effectiveness of female athlete endorsers. A 2 (gender appropriate/gender inappropriate) × 2 (sport related product/non-sport related product) experiment was conducted with 296 participants from four different universities throughout the United States. Results indicated that type of sport had little effect on credibility measures. Further, the athlete's sport had no effect on athlete-product fit. The most important aspect relative to purchase intentions was the product being endorsed, not the sport in which the athlete competed. Results are discussed in terms of practical implications and theoretical considerations.
A Technique for measuring radial error motions of ultra-high-speed miniature spindles used for micromachining

Abstract Ultra-high-speed (UHS) miniature spindles are widely used for mechanical micromachining processes, such as micromilling and microdrilling, as well as for precision machining processes. The accuracy of features created in those processes depends on the trajectory of the tool tip as the spindle rotates. The tool-tip trajectory can be obtained by measuring the speed-dependent radial motions (which are sometimes referred to as the dynamic runout ) at the tool tip. The main contributors to the tool-tip speed-dependent radial motions are the error motions of the spindle, the form accuracy of the cutting tool, the alignment of the tool with respect to the axis of rotation, and the vibrations resulting from the rotating eccentricity. This paper describes a methodology that uses two laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) systems to measure the radial motions at two axial locations of a precision cylindrical artifact attached to the spindle, while the spindle is rotated at its operational speeds. Measured radial motions are then processed to obtain radial and tilt error motions of the UHS spindle in the rotating sensitive direction. An alignment procedure is developed to ensure the mutual perpendicularity of the two ( X and Y ) laser beams. The methodology is demonstrated on an UHS air-turbine driven spindle with aerostatic-bearings. Subsequently, an analysis is performed to determine the measurement uncertainty associated with the presented methodology. It is concluded that the presented methodology can be used to effectively measure radial and tilt error motions of UHS spindles. Furthermore, it is shown that the average radial motion, synchronous radial error motion value and the standard deviation of the asynchronous radial error motion vary significantly with the spindle speed due to dynamic effects.
STRESS DISTRIBUTION FOR A STEADY AXISYMMETRIC EXTRUSION, WITH AN APPLICATION TO Ti-6A1-4V: PART 3

The local stresses developed during the extrusion of Ti-6Al-4V are calculated. Two examples with widely different flow fields are considered. The strain-rate field is determined by visioplasticity methods, and the temperature fields used are those obtained in Part 2. The effect of adiabatic heating on the material response is explicitly considered The calculations for the ram load are consistent with experimental results; cruder calculations also give this agreement. The evaluation of conditions under which defects are likely to develop and the magnitude of the die-wall friction require that one calculate accurate local stresses The hydrostatic pressure field is demonstrated to be sensitive to the temperature field. The die-wall shearing stress is also sensitive to temperature. For example, if one replaces the local adiabatic temperature field with a uniform one, the incorrect sign is obtained for the hydrostatic pressure (tension), and hence the coefficient of friction at the die wall has the wrong sign....
Treatment of failed lower extremity bypass grafts with new autogenous vein bypass grafting.

Abstract During the last 9 years we performed 111 bypass procedures for lower extremity ischemia, which occurred after failed infrainguinal bypass grafting. An all autogenous reversed vein bypass was achieved in 103 of 111 operations (93%). Five-year primary and secondary patency of bypasses placed as treatment for one or more failed prior bypass(es) was 57% and 71%, respectively, as compared to 80% and 83%, respectively, for 5-year primary and secondary patency of simultaneously placed first time leg bypasses. Five-year limb salvage for bypass procedures performed as treatment for failed bypass was 90%, which was identical to that achieved for first time bypasses. (J VASC SURG 1990;11:136-45.)
A Multidimensional Acoustic Forward Scattering Series Model of Reflected And Trans-mitted Wavefield Events

Summary The forward scattering series (FSS) is both (1) a guide for the extraction of direct, non-linear processing algorithms from the inverse scattering series, and (2) a tool for forward modelling of seismic data. A program for retention/rejection of FSS terms, based on scattering geometry, leads to approximations of transmitted direct waves and re∞ected primaries that have propagated through heterogeneous structure not included in the reference medium. Given 2D/3D perturbation structure, recursive forms and order-by-order relations between transmitted-direct and re∞ected-primary approximations are available; given 1D perturbation structure, closed-forms are available. The milieu of a depth-varying overburden and a small contrast 2D scatterer permits the non-linear approximation of \2D" waveflelds (i.e., difiractions) using closed-form calculations that are nominally only available to 1D perturbation structure.
Reaching the Masses: Marketing a Library Instruction Course to Incoming Freshmen

Abstract Using simple promotional strategies, Central Missouri State University has increased the number of students enrolled in a 2-hour credit course in Information Resources. The redesign of this freshman-level course in Information Literacy and the strategies for marketing the course are explained. The evidence supports the conclusion that marketing the course results in higher enrollment figures.
Processed record bases for the edentulous maxillofacial patient

Use of processed record bases to register edentulous jaw records offers increased accuracy in final prostheses occlusion. Processed bases for the maxillofacial patient following resection of the maxillae or mandible also improve the reliability of the jaw relation record. Because of the unusual paths of insertion and tissue undercuts within the surgical defect, block-out of trial record bases on the master cast can result in gross instability of the bases. Errors in occlusion, esthetics, lip support, and buccolingual tooth placement can be minimized with processed bases.
Tapered empirical likelihood for time series data in time and frequency domains

We investigate data tapering in two formulations of empirical likelihood for time series. One empirical likelihood is formed from tapered data blocks in the time domain and a second is based on the tapered periodogram in the frequency domain. Limiting distributions are provided for both empirical likelihood versions under tapering. Theoretical and simulation evidence indicates that a data taper improves the coverage accuracy of empirical likelihood confidence intervals for time series parameters, such as means and correlations.
Revisiting the Contributions of Paul Broca to the Study of Aphasia

There are few iconic publications in the annals of clinical neuroscience that have had the impact of Paul Broca’s 1861 paper that appeared in the Bulletin de la Societe Anatomique Broca (Bulletin Society Anatomique, 6:330–357, 1861). It was, however, by no means his last word on the matter of language localization, specifically, or on the overarching principle of regional specialization of brain function. Thus we comment on English translations of two of his works: the original paper and another from 1865. Although the 1861 paper has received the most credit, his manuscript 4 years later and based on a much larger case series was the first to state based on empirical observation that the left frontal region was responsible for articulated speech. Moreover, his observations of aphasia recovery reported in this later work led to his own hypotheses on the importance of cerebral reorganization after injury and to the differences in reacquisition of adult language vis-a-vis the nature of initial language development that were verified a century later. He also proposed a method of language remediation whose efficacy was not established for another 100 years. Thus Broca’s contributions to the contemporary study of aphasia reach far beyond his initial case presentation.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY INSUFFICIENCY FOLLOWING SKULL FRACTURE

The occurrence of Simmonds' disease following trauma is a rare clinical condition. Escamilla and Lisser (1) who, in 1942, analyzed 595 cases, 101 of which were proved pathologically, quote only 4 cases in which the condition was due to trauma. Three of these had been previously reported in the medical literature (2–4) and there was a fourth which was the subject of a personal communication to the authors. Other patients with Simmonds' disease following trauma include: one-reported by Schereschewsky (5), one by Berglinger (6), two by Lerman and Means (7), one by Lisser and Curtis (8) and one by Robertson and Kirkpatrick (9), bringing the total to 10 cases reported to date, to our knowledge. Because of the rarity of the condition we wish to add another case recently observed by us.
Urinary tract infection after renal transplantation.

Abstract Eighty-eight patients with cadaver and living donor kidney transplants and the incidence of urinary tract infections over a long-term follow-up period are reviewed. Urinary tract infections developed in 28 per cent of the 88 patients after renal transplantation, and 72 per cent of these infections developed within the first month of transplantation. Only 43 per cent of the infecting organisms were Escherichia coli. Forty-seven per cent of the patients with recurrent urinary tract infections had pyelonephritis or polycystic kidneys as their original renal disease. The morbidity rate in our patients with recurrent urinary tract infections was minimal.
Dynamics of a Thin Twisted Flux Tube

A set of dynamical equations are derived for a slender tube of isolated magnetic flux generalizing a model due to Spruit. The tube is assumed to consist of field lines that twist about the tube's axis at some rate q. The equations describe the evolution of the axis and the evolution of the twist. They include the interaction between twist and motions of the axis described as writhing. Through this interaction, the motion of the axis can introduce twist into a previously untwisted tube. The twist so introduced will have a sign opposite to the local handedness of the axial curve. This may be important for the generation of current in emerging active regions. Tubes with sufficiently large twist are subject to an instability that distorts the axis into a helix of pitch similar to the tubes' field lines. Such an instability might be responsible for the observed morphology in δ-spots on the Sun.
Generalized finite-difference approximations f or the parallel solution of initial value problems:

Methods used in analog computation for the parallel- finite-differences solution of partial differential equations have been almost universally based on the "classical" derivation of finite-difference approximations. That is, the space-dependence of the approximate solution is lo cally assumed to be appropriately represented by a Tay lor (or polynomial) truncated series of low1, or higher7, order. Although known to introduce higher truncation errors than the use of other functional series2,3, this re striction has been mostly accepted for reasons of con venience because no simple method for obtaining more general approximations was available in practice.We show in this paper that completely general finite- difference approximations of linear partial differential operators in space, based on functional (rather than, but including, polynomial) approximations, can be easily ob tained in a direct method involving only the inversion and multiplication of constant matrices.One of the drawbacks of the analog com...