cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doxorubicin/taxane combinations: cardiac toxicity and pharmacokinetics.

Doxorubicin and the taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel (Taxotere; Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, PA), are among the most active cytotoxic agents for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Given their activity, relative non-cross-resistance, partially non-overlapping toxicities, and differing mechanisms of action, there is a clear rationale for combining these agents for both advanced and early stage disease. Phase I and II trials have been reported for both doxorubicin/paclitaxel and doxorubicin/docetaxel. Response rates have been generally high for both combinations. Some groups have reported an unacceptably high risk of congestive heart failure in patients treated with some schedules of doxorubicin/paclitaxel if the cumulative doxorubicin dose exceeded 360 mg/m2. A similar effect has not been observed with doxorubicin/docetaxel combinations. This is likely explained by a pharmacokinetic interference of doxorubicin elimination by paclitaxel, an effect that is highly dependent on the interval between administration of the drugs and the duration of the paclitaxel drug infusion. Such an interaction has not been observed with doxorubicin/docetaxel, providing an explanation for the lack of enhanced cardiotoxicity with docetaxel-containing combination. Phase III trials comparing doxorubicin/taxane combinations with standard regimens have been completed and are in progress, and should help define whether the use of these drugs in combination offers any advantage over their use in a sequential fashion in both early and advanced disease.
Abstract 4736: PDE10A overexpression in cancer cells and tumors as compared to normal cells and tissues

Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a cGMP and cAMP degrading PDE isozyme that is expressed in areas of the brain related to motor function and cognition. An elevation in neural PDE10A expression has been strongly linked to many diseases that affect cognition, including schizophrenia and Huntington9s disease. Recently, high levels of PDE10A were shown to be expressed in colon tumor cells in vitro and in vivo compared with cells derived from normal colon and normal colonic mucosa (Li et al., Oncogene 2015). PDE10A inhibition by small molecules or genetic silencing, attenuated tumor cell growth by a mechanism involving cGMP/PKG activation, the suppression of β-catenin and a decrease in TCF transcriptional activity (Li et al., Oncogene 2015). These observations suggest that PDE10A may play an important role in tumorigenesis and PDE10A could serve as a novel therapeutic target for colorectal cancer. However, the expression and role of PDE10A in other cancer cell types has yet to be elucidated. Here we report that PDE10A expression is elevated (compared to controls) in tumor cells and solid tumors from xenograft, as well as, genetic models from the colon, breast, and lung using western blot and immunohistochemistry. The human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, HT29, the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, MDA-MB-231, and the human lung carcinoma cell line, A549, showed elevated expression of PDE10A as compared to the normal colon mucosal epithelial cell line, NCM460, normal human mammary epithelial cells, and normal human airway epithelial cells, respectively. Solid tumors collected from the colons of heterozygous APCmin mice displayed an elevation in PDE10A levels as compared to uninvolved mucosa from the APCmin mice and wild type colon mucosa. Solid tumors collected from the mammary glands of viral transgenic FVB-MMTV-Her2 mice also possessed high levels of PDE10A as compared to FVB wild type mice. These findings suggest that PDE10A could be a novel therapeutic target for not only colorectal cancer, but breast and lung cancers as well. Citation Format: Ashley S. Lindsey, Kevin Lee, Bing Zhu, Ritu Arora, Dennis Otali, Veronica Ramirez-Alacantara, William Grizzle, Gary Piazza. PDE10A overexpression in cancer cells and tumors as compared to normal cells and tissues. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4736.
Abnormal Organogenesis in the Urinary Tract

The following presentation, unless otherwise indicated, is concerned with normal and abnormal development in the Long-Evans rat fetus and gestational ages are based on the day of finding sperm in the vagina being designated day “zero.” Such times, of course, show some variation not only between different strains but within the same strain and even within the same litter.
The Struggle for Agrarian Resources in Danish Towns since c. 1500

The article sums up and synthetizes research concerning the ownership of and access rights to fields and common land belonging to Danish towns from the Middle Ages to the 20th century, but especially during the period c. 1750–1850. The analysis shows many common features, for instance a large-scale ‘reclamation and tilling movement’ in the 16th and 17th centuries, when arable land was often divided into hundreds of small strips, which were apportioned to each of the houses in a particular town. Conversely, the enclosure movement, beginning c. 1750, followed different courses in individual towns, and in some places the process stretched over a very long period, consisting of several, distinct phases. Among other things, this was due to the fact that the enclosure process in the towns was often very turbulent, causing intense conflicts between different parts of the local population. This is evidence of the great importance of the access to urban plots of land.
The impact of leadership and culture on student achievement: A case study of a successful rural school district

The Impact of Leadership and Culture on Student Achievement: A Case Study of a Successful Rural School District by Donald Jay Clark Dr. Patti L. Chance, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of Educational Leadership University of Nevada, Las Vegas The purposes of this study were to (a) identify how leadership in a successful rural school districts has helped raise student achievement levels beyond those of comparable school districts as measured by state and federal mandated test scores, (b) investigate the district leadership that aligns with identified effective practices, and (c) investigate leadership, culture and the resultant student success. Three research questions guided the study: 1. What are the factors in the academic and extra-curricular programs that support a rural school district which has exceeded academic expectations? 2. What are the factors in leadership practices that support a rural school district which has exceeded academic expectations? 3. What are contextual cultural factors that support a rural school district which has exceeded academic expectations? A qualitative case study method was employed, with data collected from interviews, formal and informal observations, surveys and questionnaires, and artifacts. The data
Textures as Probes of Visual Processing

Visual textures are a class of stimuli with properties that make them well suited for addressing general questions about visual function at the levels of behavior and neural mechanism. They have structure across multiple spatial scales, they put the focus on the inferential nature of visual processing, and they help bridge the gap between stimuli that are analytically convenient and the complex, naturalistic stimuli that have the greatest biological relevance. Key questions that are well suited for analysis via visual textures include the nature and structure of perceptual spaces, modulation of early visual processing by task, and the transformation of sensory stimuli into patterns of population activity that are relevant to perception.
Effects of Temperature, Time and Composition on Food Oil Surface Tension

Equilibrium and time-dependent surface tension properties at the lipid-vapor interface were investigated, due to their importance in many food applications. Common cooking oils and triglycerides, with or without added oil-soluble amphiphiles, were studied as a function of time and temperature. Surface tension was found to decrease linearly as temperature was increased, and this linear dependence was analyzed to yield thermodynamic information on the surface excess energy and entropy. The different types of cooking oils were nearly indistinguishable with regard to their surface entropy and energy, but an effect of acyl chain length was observed from data for different purified triglyceride oils. These results were consistent with separate results on pure fatty acids of different chain lengths and degree of unsaturation. Lipid amphiphiles, natively present or deliberately added at low concentration to oil, did not cause a change in either dynamic or equilibrium surface tension of corn or olive oil. We conclude that such amphiphilic molecules, despite their presence within the food oil, lack significant surface activity at their native concentration when presented with the surface between oil and air. A decrease in tension in corn oil was seen when mixed in solution with the short-chain caprylic acid (octanoate), but the decrease was notable (>4%) only when this short-chain fatty acid was added at high concentration (≥ 1 M). Added sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) or dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) surfactants, on the other hand, decreased equilibrium surface tension by up to 12% and 18%, respectively, at low concentrations (<0.125 M).
Investigation of self-deploying high-lift effectors applied to membrane wings

Flow separation followed by aerodynamic stall limits the operation of aircraft. Expanding the flight envelope of aircraft has been a goal of aerodynamicists for decades. This work presents findings from tests in the Oregon State University wind tunnel investigating the effectiveness of a passively actuated suction-surface flap on membrane wings. Experiments were conducted on a rigid plate and membrane wings with and without a pop-up flap. All wings had an aspect ratio of 2, while membrane pre-strain and Reynolds number were varied. An increase in lift at stall was observed for all testing conditions with flap deployment. The observed average increase in maximum lift varied from 5% to 15% for different test conditions. The variation in flap effectiveness is compared to membrane pre-strain, Reynolds number, and wing camber. A quadratic relationship between modelled camber and flap effectiveness is observed, and an optimal level of membrane camber is found to maximise flap effectiveness.
Flexible microsensor technology for real-time navigation tracking in balloon sinus ostial dilation.

Background Microsensor navigation has the potential to aid balloon sinus ostial dilation by providing real-time tracking of balloon devices within the complex anatomy of the sinonasal cavities. Objective This feasibility study evaluated the incorporation of a new microsensor technology into a flexible guidewire for use with current instruments in balloon sinus ostial dilation. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to include seven men and one woman (age range, 33-68 years), who underwent balloon sinus ostial dilation with flexible microsensor navigation in the operating room setting. All the procedures were performed at target sinuses with the patient under general anesthesia, in conjunction with subsequent endoscopic sinus surgery. Results Balloon dilation was attempted at the maxillary (n = 3), frontal (n = 14), and sphenoid (n = 1) sinuses. In all the cases, the surgical navigation system displayed the flexible wire tip as it was advanced to the target sinus ostia; this visual feedback for wire position guided the balloon placement. Successful balloon dilation with assistance of flexible microsensor navigation was performed on most sinuses, except a single frontal sinus with adjacent type 2 frontal cells. Conclusion Flexible navigation technology may be combined with balloon sinus technology to facilitate localization of instruments in the sinus anatomy. Additional optimization of both the device and software technology is warranted.
Nutritional Risk Factors in the Pathogenesis of Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease

Parenteral nutrition has been a lifesaving therapy for individuals who cannot sustain adequate oral or enteral nutrient intake to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and nutrient balance. Nonetheless, parenteral nutrition can lead to an increased risk of complications, such as parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). The pathogenesis of PNALD has been associated with multiple risk factors, such as longer duration, reduced small bowel length, decreased enteral intake, and bacterial infections. Nutritional risk factors also play an important role in the development of PNALD. This review presents several nutrient deficiencies and excesses that have been associated with PNALD. Deficiencies in certain nutrients (amino acids, essential fatty acids, enteral intake), excesses of certain nutrients (calories, carbohydrates, lipids), types of lipid emulsions, and mineral toxicities (aluminum, copper, manganese) have been associated with PNALD. Strategies to address PNALD require correction of these risk factors. The use of newer mixed lipid emulsions (including soybean, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil) may also have less hepatotoxicity than traditional soybean oil-based lipid emulsions. Knowledge of nutritional risk factors for PNALD will help the clinician in the systematic evaluation and treatment of these specific risk factors. Moreover, an understanding of their effects guides the balance between addressing the patient’s nutritional needs and reducing the risk of PNALD.
Can kinematic tibial templates assist the surgeon locating the flexion and extension plane of the knee

Abstract Purpose We performed virtual feasibility and in-vivo validation studies to test whether the use of a kinematic tibial template (KTT) assists the surgeon in accurately locating the orientation of the F-E of the knee with low bias and high precision. Methods With use of 166 3-dimensional bone models of normal knees, we designed seven KTTs that located the orientation of the F-E plane of the knee when best-fit within the cortical edge of the tibial resection. The virtual feasibility study asked 11 evaluators with different levels of surgical experience to use software and select, orient, and best-fit the KTT within the tibial resection of each bone model. The in-vivo validation study analyzed tibial component rotation on postoperative CT scans of 118 consecutive patients after one surgeon set the I-E rotation of the tibial component with a KTT when performing kinematically-aligned TKA. Bias and precision were computed as the mean and standard deviation of the differences between the A-P axis of the KTT and the F-E plane of the knee. Results For the virtual feasibility study, the bias was 0.7° external and the precision was ± 4.6° for 1826 KTT fittings, which were not affected by the level of surgical experience. For the in-vivo validation study, the bias was 0.1° external and the precision was ± 3.9°. Conclusions The virtual feasibility and in-vivo validation studies suggest a KTT can assist the surgeon in accurately setting the I-E rotation of the tibial component parallel to the F-E plane of the knee when performing kinematically-aligned TKA.
Application of precision medicine to the treatment of anaphylaxis.

Purpose of reviewRecognize the presentation of anaphylaxis for prompt management and treatment and to provide tools for the diagnosis of the underlying cause(s) and set up a long-term treatment to prevent recurrence of anaphylaxis.Recent findingsThe recent description of phenotypes provides new insi
Demonstrating a separation-free process coupling ionic liquid pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation with Rhodosporidium toruloides to produce advanced biofuels

Achieving low cost and high efficiency lignocellulose deconstruction is a critical step towards widespread adoption of lignocellulosic biofuels. Certain ionic liquid (IL)-based pretreatment processes effectively reduce recalcitrance of lignocellulose to enzymatic degradation but require either costly separations following pretreatment or novel IL compatible processes to mitigate downstream toxicity. Here we demonstrate at benchtop and pilot bioreactor scales a separation-free, intensified process for IL pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation of sorghum biomass to produce the sesquiterpene bisabolene, a precursor to the renewable diesel and jet fuel bisabolane. The deconstruction process employs the IL cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]), followed by enzymatic saccharification with the commercial enzyme cocktails Cellic CTec2 and HTec2. Glucose yields above 80% and xylose yields above 60% are observed at all scales tested. Unfiltered hydrolysate is fermented directly by Rhodosporidium toruloides – with glucose, xylose, acetate and lactate fully consumed during fermentation at all scales tested. Bisabolene titers improved with scale from 1.3 g L−1 in 30 mL shake flasks to 2.2 g L−1 in 20 L fermentation. The combined process enables conversion of saccharified IL-pretreated biomass directly to advanced biofuels with no separations or washing, minimal additions to facilitate fermentation, no loss of performance due to IL toxicity, and simplified fuel recovery via phase separation. This study is the first to demonstrate a separation-free IL based process for conversion of biomass to an advanced biofuel and is the first to demonstrate full consumption of glucose, xylose, acetate, and lactic acid in the presence of [Ch][Lys].
Dental check-up of California's State Children's Health Insurance program.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare dental utilization rates and related factors for children in California's State Children's Health Insurance dental program (SCHIP) to those for children with other types of dental insurance coverage or no coverage. Methods Data from the cross-sectional 2001 California Health Interview Survey for 10,454 children 2 to 11 years old were used. Data analyzed included: (1) the child's most recent dental visit; (2) dental insurance status; and (3) type of health insurance coverage. Results In 2001, 5% (+/-SE=0.3) of California children had SCHIP dental coverage, 19% had Medicaid dental insurance (Denti-CAL), and 52% had private dental insurance. Twenty-three percent (+/-0.5) of children, however, had no dental insurance. Dental utilization rates varied significantly according to type of dental insurance. Compared to uninsured children, SCHIP children were more likely to use dental services within the past year (58% vs 72%). Annual dental utilization rates were even higher for Denti-CAL and privately insured children (76% and 80%, respectively). Factors associated with disparities in dental utilization included lack of a usual source of health care and lack of continuous health insurance. Conclusions Significant disparities occurred by dental insurance status and type. Annual dental utilization rates for SCHIP children lagged behind those of children with Denti-CAL or private dental insurance.
Transistor Gain Trimming in I2L Integrated Circuits Using the NTD Process

Current injection logic (I2L) is a linear compatible process using standard bipolar transistors in the inverse mode. This process involves careful control of both base and substrate doping levels to insure that inverse betas are larger than the maximum number of collector outputs (typically three).
CERTAIN “NONLINEAR” DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS ARE LINEAR

Publisher Summary The dynamical system can be embedded into a dynamical system, which is linear in some sense. This idea can be generalized to dynamical systems on separable metric spaces. However, in such a case, a stronger stability concept than asymptotic stability is needed. It is not difficult to show that if X is locally compact, then the concepts of asymptotic stability and uniform asymptotic stability coincide. A compact subset M of a topological space X is uniformly asymptotically stable with respect to a dynamical system π on X if there is a neighborhood U of M such that for any neighborhood V ⊂ U of M, there is a T > 0 such that π(U,[T,∞)) ⊂ V. This chapter presents the proof of a theorem that states that if π be a dynamical system on a separable metric space X that has a globally asymptotically stable critical point ρ and if ρ be the dynamical system defined on l2 ρ (x,t) = e−t x, then π can be embedded into ρ if and only if ρ is uniformly asymptotically stable.
The Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination

Having discussed the roots of discrimination and prejudice, we turn now to the fruit—to their consequences. Fruits can produce seeds that help to start new roots. That is, we are dealing to some degree with self-reenforcing systems.
Decoupling & Modularizing Our Neuroevolutionary Platform

In this chapter we modify the implementation of our TWEANN system, making all its parts decoupled from one another. By doing so, the plasticity functions, the activation functions, the evolutionary loops, the mutation operators… become independent, each called and referenced through its own modules and function names, and thus allowing for our system to be crowd-sourced, letting anyone have the ability to modify and add new activation functions, mutation operators, and other features, without having to modify or augment any other part of the TWEANN. This effectively makes our system more scalable, and easier to augment, advance, and improve in the future.
Eye protection in orthopaedic surgery. An in vitro study of various forms of eye protection and their effectiveness.

Background: Conjunctival contamination from splashed debris during orthopaedic surgical procedures places surgeons at risk for communicable diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of various types of protective eyewear in preventing conjunctival contamination. Methods: A simulation model was constructed with use of a mannequin head in a typical position of a surgeon's head during an operation. The head was placed at an appropriate distance from the surgical field, and a femoral osteotomy was performed on a cadaver thigh. Six experimental groups were tested to determine the ability of various types of eye protection to prevent contamination of the conjunctiva: (1) modern prescription glasses, (2) standard surgical telescopic loupes, (3) hard plastic contoured glasses, (4) disposable plastic glasses, (5) a combination facemask and eye shield, and (6) no protection (control). Thirty femoral osteotomies were performed, and contamination of both the protective devices and the simulated conjunctival surfaces were recorded. Results: None of the tested devices were completely effective. The modern prescription glasses and the controls both were associated with conjunctival contamination rates of 83%. The other eye protective devices were associated with significantly lower rates of overall contamination, with a rate of 50% for the loupes, 30% for the facemask and eye shield, 17% for the hard plastic glasses, and 3% for the disposable plastic glasses. Conclusions: Modern prescription glasses provided no benefit over the control in our experimental model; therefore, we do not recommend that they be used as the sole eye protection, especially during surgical procedures in which there is a high rate of debris expulsion from the wound. Readily available and disposable plastic glasses were associated with the lowest rate of conjunctival contamination (3%) and are an effective means with which to protect the orthopaedic surgeon from communicable diseases by conjunctival contamination.
China's Food Economy and Its Implications for the Rest of the World

This article aims to gain a better understanding of the capacity of China to feed its growing population given its limited natural resources, and the impact of China's growing economy on rest of the world and vice versa. In order to reflect China's real food economy and reasonable assumptions, China's Agricultural Policy Simulation Model (CAPSiM) is used which can comprehensively and simultaneously account for the major driving forces and policies determining China's domestic food demand and supply. The influence of the linkages of China's economy with the rest of the world is examined by linking Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and CAPSiM in two scenarios. This article points out that China's food economy is stable and health, and a stable and healthy China's food economy benefits not only China, but also the whole world.
A Little Learning: Women, Men, and Schools in Rural Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, with its high literacy rates for men and women alike, is an outlier in South Asia. To better understand how this came about, this chapter examines the relationship between gender and the proliferation of rural schools during the early twentieth century. Data from a longitudinal study of a Sinhalese Potter community reveal that its early gender imbalance in education decreased over time until, for children born in the 1950s, girls surpassed boys in their average years of schooling. Contrary to expectations, given the South Asian context, this analysis fails to support the idea that education for girls was less valued than for boys. Rather, what mattered was school proximity. Once schools were nearby, girls and boys attended in equal numbers.
Cochlear Ossification in a Patient with Cogan’s Syndrome Undergoing Bilateral Cochlear Implantation

We present the case of a young female patient diagnosed with Cogan’s syndrome after the rapid onset of profond hearing and vestibular loss with concomitant eye symptoms. After appropriate medical treatment, her hearing did not respond and she underwent bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantation with findings of extensive cochlear ossification in both ears. The case and outcome are described in the body of the paper.
Phase Noise and Performance Optimization in MUTC Photodetectors using the Drift-Diffusion Equations

We calculate the phase noise in modified unitraveling carrier (MUTC) photodetectors using the drift-diffusion equations, avoiding computationally-expensive Monte Carlo simulations. We optimize the performance over a range of device currents and biases.
(Not Giving Up) The Marathon Race of MET Targeting Therapy - Are We There Yet?

Among the various MET aberrations, MET amplification and METex14 have emerged as valid predictive biomarkers for MET inhibition. Despite challenges that have limited the development of MET inhibitors, we can learn from the latest efforts in biomarker-based therapy to better identify the patients who will benefit from treatment with these agents. See related articles by Hong et al., p. 2403 and Van Cutsem et al., p. 2414
Microwave-assisted synthesis and in vitro stability of N-benzylamide non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug conjugates for CNS delivery.

Abstract More effective delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to the brain could treat the underlying inflammatory pathology of a range of CNS diseases and conditions. Use of a blood-brain barrier shuttle such as the N-benzylamide moiety, which has been largely unexplored for this purpose, could improve the brain bioavailabilities of NSAIDs. A series of novel N-benzylamide NSAID conjugates was synthesized via a three-step process with a microwave-assisted bimolecular nucleophilic substitution as the final step. We explored conditions to promote substitution over a competing elimination reaction, which was successfully suppressed with isopropyl alcohol solvent. All molecules exhibit physicochemical properties consistent with those of brain-penetrant molecules. Furthermore, they exhibit long (>48 h) half-lives in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) and short to moderate half-lives in human plasma. N-Benzylamide NSAID conjugates represent promising CNS drug discovery leads.
On Enhancing Resilience to Cascading Failures via Post-Disturbance Tweaking of Line Reactances

The primary goal of this paper is to develop an optimization framework for studying the efficacy of transmission line reactance tweaking as a mechanism for post-disturbance control in a transmission network. We start by developing a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for tracking the redistribution of direct current (DC) flows and the graph-theoretic evolution of a network topology over the course of cascading failures. Next, we propose a min–max setup for studying the impact of post-disturbance reactance tweaking on the resilience of the system to a worst-case disturbance. We devise a MILP reformulation scheme for the underlying bilevel non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear program to facilitate the computation of its globally optimal solution. We then develop a MILP framework for computing a tight upper bound (best-case scenario) on the efficacy of post-disturbance reactance tweaking for a given set of bus loads. Our numerical case study suggests that post-disturbance reactance tweaking, even on only a small number of lines, can be effective in reducing the amount of load shed in some scenarios in the tested system.
Movements of Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) Chicks from the Nest with Age

Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) chicks are highly mobile, as they are semi-precocial. However, they generally stay in the territories near their nests until soon after fledging. In the salt marsh-breeding population in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, USA, Common Tern chicks were recorded far from their nests before fledging. Movements from the nest were quantified at two islands in Barnegat Bay. For the first 1-3 days, chicks stayed very close to the nest. By 4 to 6 days of age, no chicks were within the nest cup, but they typically remained nearby, at a median distance of 0.45 m from the nest. From 1 to 3 weeks of age, median distance from the nest steadily increased from about 1 to 4 m. Among those chicks older than 3 weeks, the median distance away from the nest was 6.45 m, and none were found closer than 1.75 m. Common Tern chicks older than one week were usually not present in their territories, despite continuing to rely on their parents for care. The contrast between this and previous studies of the Common Tern may relate to habitat differences.
Development of a droplet breakup model for dry spacer grid in the dispersed flow film boiling regime during reflood transients

Abstract The liquid droplet breakup process at the leading edge of a dry spacer grid during reflood transients is studied theoretically based on the experimental observations in the present work. Various rod bundle quenching experiments were carried out at the Rod Bundle Heat Transfer (RBHT) test facility to simulate the reflood transients of a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) for Light Water Reactors. In the experiment, variation of the droplet size distributions across a spacer grid are measured and analyzed. The size of droplet generated downstream of a spacer grid is found to be affected by the condition of the spacer grid as well as the quench front propagation. In addition, the substantially reduced droplet size at downstream of the spacer grid indicates that droplet breakup takes place. Based on available experimental data obtained in the Rod Bundle Heat Transfer tests and in literature, a theoretical model incorporating two droplet groups (large and small droplet groups) is developed for the dry spacer grid droplet breakup by considering the conservation of liquid mass, energy transport, and including various important flow and heat transfer parameters including the Nusselt number, Reynolds number, Jakob number, Weber number, dimensionless radiation number, distance from the initial breakup point, incoming droplet size, and spacer grid blockage ratio. Moreover, a liquid droplet mass loss coefficient was proposed for small droplet group to specially account for the liquid mass evaporation due to interfacial heat transfer and radiation. The model so developed is found to be able to predict the RBHT data within 17% error with RMSE of 0.1060 and standard deviation of 0.0990 for the validation data set, showing significantly increased accuracy. Comparison made with other experimental results indicates that the current model developed correctly captures the mass and energy transport process during breakup. In addition, sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the overall performance and relative importance of various parameters that are related to the breakup process in the current study. The current model developed can be incorporated into nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulic and safety analysis codes to enhance their capabilities of predicting the droplet behaviors and the fuel rod peak cladding temperature in the dispersed flow film boiling regime during reflood transients of postulated accident scenarios such as LOCA for light water reactors.
Dwelling on Vlogging: A Case Study of an Amateur Technical Communicator

Tactical technical communication and user-generated content have been the research focus in recent years. This article presents a preliminary case study of a type of tactical technical communication—beauty vlogging. Using a rhetorical cluster analysis, I examined an American champion beauty vlogger’s ten most popular YouTube videos and elicited seven techniques that were projected in those videos to unpack how the vlogger constructed her ethos that ultimately advanced her status from an amateur technical communicator to a young entrepreneur. Those techniques can shed lights on technical communication in extrainstitutional settings.
Zebrafish as a Platform for Genetic Screening

Abstract Genetic screening is a powerful tool for understanding gene function. By randomly changing the DNA in an organism's genome to produce interesting traits, and then determining what DNA was altered, researchers can understand how genomes sculpt organisms. Many intrinsic characteristics have elevated the zebrafish to premiere status among organisms used in genetic screens. Here I discuss some history that brought zebrafish to the forefront of genetic screening, different mutagenesis approaches, mutant recovery, types of phenotypes discovered in genetic screens, finding the genomic change, validation that a genotype produces a phenotype, and finally mutation characterization. Even with exciting new genome editing technologies available, genetic screening in zebrafish to unbiasedly uncover phenotypes and their causative genotypes remains an invaluable tool for biomedical research.
(n,2n) cross sections for 238 U and 237 Np in the region of 14 MeV

The cross sections for formation of $^{237}\mathrm{U}$ from $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ and for the eventual formation of $^{236}\mathrm{Pu}$ from $^{237}\mathrm{Np}$ by the ($n,2n$) reaction were measured relative to the $^{27}\mathrm{Al}(n,\ensuremath{\alpha})^{24}\mathrm{Na}$ cross section. Neutrons were produced by the irradiation of titanium tritide targets with 400-keV deuterons on the Livermore insulated core transformer (ICT) neutron generator. The determinations covered the neutron energy range from 13.7 to 14.9 MeV. From the partial cross section for $^{236}\mathrm{Pu}$ formation, the cross section was calculated for the $^{237}\mathrm{Np}$ total ($n,2n$) reaction, including the branch leading to $^{236}\mathrm{Np}^{m}$.
Domestic contestation over foreign policy, role-based and otherwise: Three cautionary cases:

Foreign policy role theorists have recently placed domestic role contestation central to their accounts of foreign policy continuity and change. Yet, contestation over national role conceptions is ...
Cyclicity and prosodic misalignment in Armenian stems

Phonological processes are often sensitive to morphological, prosodic, and derivational structure. In terms of derivational structure, a common factor are strata or levels, as in Lexical Phonology (Kiparsky 1982) or Stratal OT (Bermudez-Otero 2018). Two commonly argued strata are the stem-level and word-level cophonologies which are morphologically triggered. In this paper, I argue that Armenian has cyclic processes which follow this stratal model. However, I also show that Armenian phonology utilizes a prosodically-triggered cophonology. This cophonology is triggered by the prosodic misalignment between the morphological stem (MStem) and syllable boundaries. This occurs before vowel-initial inflection. I argue that this misaligned MStem is parsed into a sublexical prosodic constituent, the Prosodic Stem (PStem: Downing 1999a). This PStem-level cophonology applies between the stem-level and word-level cophonologies.
Compassion for Everyday Living

The virtues and benefits of compassion have been a focus of philosophers and religions around the world for millennia. Compassion, according to various groups, is godlike, necessary to enlightenment, and a key to happiness. Compassion blesses both the receiver and the giver: His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama often says that if you want others to be happy, focus on compassion; if you want to be happy yourself, focus on compassion (Dalai Lama, 1995). Compassion is a broad, multilayered topic that has been the subject of contemplation for thousands of years—the focus of this chapter is simply to provide a brief glimpse into what compassion is, the benefits it provides, and how you can increase its power in your life.
Erratum to “Design of a 3-D Printed Experimental Platform for Studying the Formation and Magnetization of Turbulent Plasma Jets”

Astrophysical jets are ubiquitous structures, typically associated with a gravitational engine that generates axial flows from an accretion disk. Despite the wide range of shapes and properties, all astrophysical jets share extreme collimation and exceptional stability. It is often assumed that magnetic fields play an important role in such systems, though it is unclear at what strength they would begin to destabilize the jet. To explore the mechanisms at play, we propose to conduct a stability study of magnetized jets generated by pulsed-power drivers. Matching the key dimensionless parameters of plasma flows such as the Reynolds and magnetic Reynolds numbers, Mach number, and plasma beta, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) dictates that any collimation and stability mechanisms found in the laboratory also take place inside astrophysical jets. Our experiment uses a 3-D printed quasi-axisymmetric load, driven by a 1-MA pulsed-power driver and capable of producing converging flows that transition into a collimated, magnetized plasma jet. With our setup, we may control two variables: the axial magnetic field and the azimuthal flows. We present results from simulations using the 3-D extended-MHD code PERSEUS, as well as preliminary experimental results using the COBRA pulsed-power driver. We show that the scaling parameters for our setup indeed lie within the regimes of astrophysical jets, but our initial experiment does not yet produce the desired collimated jets.
Surface stress of nano-crystals

Abstract Surface stress is rarely discussed in chemistry but chemistry has much to do with surface stress. Size-dependent lattice contraction and expansion have been theoretically associated with tensile (+) and compressive (−) surface stress. Here, we review crystal-size-dependent lattice-changes in nanocrystals of two noble metals, five oxides and a semiconductor. For gold and platinum crystallites, their lattice increasingly contracts with decreasing crystallite-size (d), which yields tensile surface stress with a numerical value near that of the corresponding surface energy implying clean surfaces. Here, the smaller coordination of surface atoms shortens local bonds while the lattice-matching between the surface and interior induces surface tension. For the oxides and the semiconductor PbS, however, their increasing lattice expansion with decreasing d implies compressive surface stress. Standard methods yield surface stress ranging from −5.6 to −1.1 N/m for five nano-oxides. The size-dependent bulk-modulus (B(d)) shows a maximum at a crystal-size of 6.7 nm PbS (B = 66.4 GPa), 33 nm CeO2 (B = 340 GPa) and 14 nm MgO(B = 165 GPa) with surface stresses at −2.14, −4.8, & −3.5 N/m, respectively. The expanding lattice with decreasing crystal-size in nano-oxides originates from different sources. First and most importantly, adsorbents and surfactants increase the coordination of surface atoms and lengthen local bonds. Second, auto-reduction of cations results in larger cations and expands lattice. Third, a negative pressure from electrostatics lengthens ionic bonds. While these three factors all cause the lattice in nano-crystals to expand, only those that are directly surface related are contributing to compressive surface stress. As PbS crystallites morph to cube-like when larger than 7 nm, oleic acid weakly bonded to (100) seemingly decreases nano-PbS's stiffness and surface stress. In nano-oxides and nano-PbS the main factor of compressive surface stress is the increased coordination of the surface atoms which lengthens local bonds while registering with interior lattice creates surface compressive stress.
Surface currents in the western North Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum

[1] During the last ice age, the density gradient across the Florida Current was reduced, implying a reduction in the flow of the Gulf Stream through the Florida Straits. Here we investigate the possibility that a significant portion of this wind-driven western boundary flow bypassed the Florida Straits during glacial times due to either changes in bathymetry induced by the sea level drop or changes in wind patterns. Down core records of the oxygen isotope ratios of the planktonic foraminifer Globorotalia truncatulinoides are used to locate the density gradients and thus the locations of upper ocean currents in the western North Atlantic. We find that western boundary flow was largely confined within the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum as it is today. This finding supports the idea that the reduced density gradient across the Florida Current represents a reduction in the surface branch of the surface to deep meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic rather than a reduction in the proportion of the wind-driven flow carried by the Florida Current.
Cell type-specific dependence of muscarinic signalling in mouse hippocampal stratum oriens interneurones

Cholinergic signalling is critically involved in learning and memory processes in the hippocampus, but the postsynaptic impact of cholinergic modulation on morphologically defined subtypes of hippocampal interneurones remains unclear. We investigated the influence of muscarinic receptor (mAChR) activation on stratum oriens interneurones using whole-cell patch clamp recordings from hippocampal slices in vitro. Upon somatic depolarization, mAChR activation consistently enhanced firing frequency and produced large, sustained afterdepolarizations (ADPs) of stratum oriens–lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurones. In contrast, stratum oriens cell types with axon arborization patterns different from O-LM cells not only lacked large muscarinic ADPs but also appeared to exhibit distinct responses to mAChR activation. The ADP in O-LM cells, mediated by M1/M3 receptors, was associated with inhibition of an M current, inhibition of a slow calcium-activated potassium current, and activation of a calcium-dependent non-selective cationic current (ICAT). An examination of ionic conductances generated by firing revealed that calcium entry through ICAT controls the emergence of the mAChR-mediated ADP. Our results indicate that cholinergic specializations are present within anatomically distinct subpopulations of hippocampal interneurones, suggesting that there may be organizing principles to cholinergic control of GABA release in the hippocampus.
Diagnostic methods for insect sting allergy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review overviews advances from mid-2002 to the present in the validation and performance methods used in the diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom-induced immediate-type hypersensitivity. RECENT FINDINGS: The general diagnostic algorithm for insect sting allergy is initially discussed with an examination of the AAAAI's 2003 revised practice parameter guidelines. Changes as a result of a greater recognition of skin test negative systemic reactors include repeat analysis of all testing and acceptance of serology as a complementary diagnostic test to the skin test. Original data examining concordance of venom-specific IgE results produced by the second-generation Pharmacia CAP System with the Johns Hopkins University radioallergosorbent test are presented. Diagnostic performance of honeybee venom-specific IgE assays used in clinical laboratories in North America is discussed using data from the Diagnostic Allergy Proficiency Survey conducted by the College of American Pathologists. Validity of venom-specific IgE antibody in postmortem blood specimens is demonstrated. The utility of alternative in-vivo (provocation) and in-vitro (basophil-based) diagnostic testing methods is critiqued. SUMMARY: This overview supports the following conclusions. Improved practice parameter guidelines include serology and skin test as complementary in supporting a positive clinical history during the diagnostic process. Data are provided which support the analytical performance of commercially available venom-specific IgE antibody serology-based assays. Intentional sting challenge in-vivo provocation, in-vitro basophil flow cytometry (CD63, CD203c) based assays, and in-vitro basophil histamine and sulfidoleukotriene release assays have their utility in the study of difficult diagnostic cases, but their use will remain as supplementary, secondary diagnostic tests.
Phosphatase reactions in columns of soil

Abstract Reaction rates for hydrolysis of p -nitrophenyl phosphate in solutions passing through laboratory columns of soil crumbs were measured as functions of now rates and column lengths and compared with those found with soil in a batch-type reaction system. Both systems manifested Michaelis-Menten type kinetics with substrate concentrations between 1·0 × 10 −4 and 1·0 × 10 −3 M. Equations based on these kinetics provide an adequate description of the concentrations of substrate and product from the columns as functions of the initial concentration of substrate, phosphatase activity of soil, length of column, and flow rate. The value of K m for the columns was about two and a half times greater than that for soil in the batch-type system. When the crumbs were crushed to a powder, the value of K m in the batch system was similar to that of the untreated soil. suggesting that the reaction catalyzed by the crumbs is diffusion-limited.
Modeling Subsystem Interactions: A Game Theoretic Approach

It is well documented in complex systems design that changing the design of one subsystem will affect the design of other subsystems. Many times capturing any relationship beyond experience-based heuristic rules is difficult because of the complexity of the disciplinary codes and the associated nonlinearities. In this paper, a probabilistic approach to modeling the effects any subsystem design change has on other subsystems is described. Computer-based simulation is used to build approximations of the interfaces and demonstrate how the necessary assumption of the presence of random error in probabilistic statistics is satisfied. A passenger aircraft example is used to verify and validate the approach.
Structural Dynamics in Chloroplast Signal Recognition Particle (cpSRP) Proteins Studied with Single Molecule Fluorescence

The interdomain structural dynamics of cpSRP43 protein interacting with cpSRP54 protein is studied by single molecule FRET, FCS, and ensemble fluorescence spectroscopy in order to understand the protein-protein interactions that help to transport LHCP into the thylakoid membrane for photosynthesis. Several double Cys and single Cys mutants of cpSRP43 and cpSRP54 proteins are cloned, expressed, purified and then specifically labeled with fluorescent dyes. The single molecule FRET and FCS equilibrium binding results suggest that the fluorescence labeling does not affect the cpSRP43-cpSRP54 interaction. Furthermore, we find that cpSRP43 proteins are very heterogeneous in structure and that cpSRP43 proteins undergo complex interdomain structural dynamics when interacting with cpSRP54 protein.