cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Explanation of Inflation: Some International Evidence

Explanations of inflation can be subdivided into two major groups. "Sociological theories" assert that movements of prices and wages proceed independently of market conditions. Economic theories on the other hand elaborate the essential dependence of price-wage movements on evolving market conditions. Sociological theories, dominant in Europe, emphasize the role of a wide array of institutional arrangements. In contrast, according to economic theory all forces and events affect inflation via market processes. Within the class of economic theories, there are substantial differences in emphasis. Many of the differences are about the nature of dominant impulses. Which forces or actions produce disturbances that are systematically related to inflation'? Many policy disputes have as their central, intellectual issue, the nature of the impulses generating inflation and unemployment. Most recent discussion in economics has been about the details or properties of the mechanisms by which inflation is transmitted from one market to another. Such studies are valuable, but they cannot resolve policy disputes about the relative importance of financial and real disturbances in the generation of inflation. This paper is addressed to the material involved in such disputes. It reports on work in progress by a group concemed with the comparison of the relative importance of various impulses in the inflationary process. Observations drawn from five countries are used to assess the major issues bearing on crucial questions of policy.
Reverse Engineering: A Review & Evaluation of Non-Contact Based Systems

This chapter focuses on contact based reverse engineering systems. The major technique that we describe here is the utilization of co-ordinate measuring machines (CMMs). Different types of CMMs available are detailed. In addition the performance parameters of these systems are discussed. This chapter also explains the integration of data acquired from reverse engineering techniques with other design and manufacturing related software systems. This chapter concludes with a brief description of the state-of-the-art CMM technologies.
Comparison of ≳40 keV Electron Events at High and Low Heliolatitudes: Ulysses /HI-SCALE and ACE/EPAM

We have performed a joint survey of anisotropie ≳40 keV electron events from August 1997 to September 2000 using the matched detectors on the Ulysses (ULS)/HI-SCALE and the ACE/EPAM instruments. A computer algorithm selected events with strong, statistically significant pitch-angle anisotropies. Electron pitch-angle distributions at ACE (~1 AU) are often ‘beams’ that are strongly collimated along the local interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). These flare-associated impulsive injections can display rapid rise times (~15 min) and slower decays, or more irregular intensity histories. At ULS, the electron intensities are lower and the time histories smoother, but strong anisotropies are still observable, indicating direct, nearly field-aligned propagation outward from the Sun. We focus on four event periods, selected from the survey, during times when the angle between the footpoints of the IMF lines intersecting ACE and ULS is small. These events span three full years and cover a wide range of distances and heliographic latitudes. We found one reasonably good association between impulsive electron events at ACE and ULS, and two events with small field-aligned gradients.
Preliteracy Speech Sound Production Skill and Linguistic Characteristics of Grade 3 Spellings: A Study Using the Templin Archive

Purpose This archival investigation examined the relationship between preliteracy speech sound production skill (SSPS) and spelling in Grade 3 using a dataset in which children's receptive vocabula...
K−p→K0n at 3, 4, 5 and 6 GeV/c

We present new measurements of the differential cross sections for K−p→K0n at 3, 4, 5 and 6 GeV/c, where we have 248, 538, 761, and 376 events, respectively. Total cross sections are obtained by integrating the differential cross sections. We combine our data with other data from 3 to 15.7 GeV/c to calculate an effective Regge trajectory for this reaction. Comparisons are made to predictions from exchange degeneracy and SU(3) sum rules.
Vulnerability of the posterior interosseous nerve during proximal radius exposures.

This study describes the anatomy of the posterior interosseous nerve and proposes how to protect it during the different approaches to the proximal radius. Based on the findings presented here, the choice of the approach and the pitfalls that might cause posterior interosseous nerve injury were defined. Three surgical approaches were used on 30 cadaveric upper limbs : modified Henry's anterior approach, Thompson's posterior approach, and a modified Gordon-Boyd's approach. Important anatomic structures were localized, marked, and shown on radiographs. Plates and screws were applied through the different approaches to determine the relationship of the hardware to the posterior interosseous nerve. Measurements were taken between the humeroradial joint, as a reference point, and different important anatomic structures. It was concluded that the anterior approach to the proximal radius is relatively safe and offers the possibility of proximal and distal extension. Caution should be taken while applying screws, however, to avoid posterior interosseous nerve injury. The radius is superficial posteriorly, and many surgeons favor Thompson's approach for exposure of the proximal radius ; nonetheless, it carries the risk of posterior interosseous nerve injury with exposure of the most proximal portion of the radius. The modified Gordon-Boyd's approach offers the advantage of exposing both the radius and the ulna, but necessitates excessive muscle stripping.
Fulleranes produced via efficient polyamine hydrogenations of [60]fullerene, [70]fullerene and giant fullerenes

All fullerenes including [60]fullerene, [70]fullerene and giant fullerenes are hydrogenated in excellent yield using polyamines like diethylenetriamine (DET), triethylenetetramine (TET), tetraethylenepentamine (TEP) or pentaethylenehexamine (PEH) at elevated temperatures. The resulting hydrogenated fullerenes or fulleranes have been characterized by a combination of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The addition of elemental cobalt promotes formation of more highly hydrogenated fulleranes. Hydrogenation reaction times can be reduced to minutes using a microwave reactor. The mechanism of polyamine hydrogenation is discussed in terms of successive electron transfer–protonation cycles as evidenced by deuterium labeling studies.
Ab initio studies of the conformations of water hexamer: modelling the penta-coordinated hydrogen-bonded pattern in liquid water

Abstract The potential energy surface (PES) of the water hexamer has been investigated using MP2 calculations with a large basis set. Fifteen different local minima have been found on this PES near the global minimum. Of particular interest is a variety of low-energy structures containing a penta-coordinated water molecule, and free-energy calculations indicate that these structures should contribute significantly to the equilibrium distribution of clusters at room temperature. These structures all contain an `empty' hydrogen bond, i.e., contain two oxygen atoms in reasonably close contact between which no hydrogen atom is located. The infrared and Raman spectra of these clusters have been calculated.
Mechanism of detection of acute cerebral ischemia in rats by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance microscopy.

The aim of this study was to measure apparent diffusion coefficients in rat brain tissue exposed to ouabain, glutamate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate and to compare them with apparent diffusion coefficients found in acute cerebral ischemia.The apparent diffusion coefficient was measured using magnetic resonance microscopy in four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats after occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery and ipsilateral common carotid artery (n = 7), after ouabain exposure (n = 6), during glutamate exposure (n = 7), or during N-methyl-D-aspartate exposure (n = 3). Ouabain, glutamate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate were applied via an intracerebrally implanted microdialysis membrane.Three hours after the induction of focal cerebral ischemia, a 33% reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient was observed in the right dorsolateral corpus striatum and olfactory cortex. After ouabain exposure, reductions in the apparent diffusion coefficient were observed within a 1,500-microns radius of the microdialysis membr...
A Probabilistic Approach Toward Conjugacy Classes in the Finite General Linear and Unitary Groups

Abstract The conjugacy classes of the finite general linear and unitary groups are used to define probability measures on the set of all partitions of all natural numbers. Probabilistic algorithms for growing random partitions according to these measures are obtained. These algorithms are applied to prove group theoretic results which are typically proved by techniques such as character theory and Moebius inversion. Among the theorems studied are Steinberg's count of unipotent elements, Rudvalis' and Shinoda's work on the fixed space of a random matrix, and Lusztig's count of nilpotent matrices of a given rank. Generalizations of these algorithms based on Macdonald's symmetric functions are given.
Ribose 5-Phosphate Isomerase Investigations for the Undergraduate Biochemistry Laboratory.

The enzyme ribose 5-phosphate isomerase (RpiA) has many features that make it attractive as a focal point of a semester-long, advanced biochemistry laboratory for undergraduate students. The protein can easily and inexpensively be isolated from spinach using traditional purification techniques. Characterization of RpiA enzyme activity can be assessed using a timed Dische assay or a relatively simple A290 kinetic assay. Cloning of the enzyme from Escherichia coli works well as a molecular biology exercise to give students experiences in such techniques as polymerase chain reaction, restriction mapping, plasmid purifications, and cell transformations. The use of a common theme throughout the semester more appropriately models the research process and gives the student a better understanding of the procedures included in the pedagogy.
Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: An update

Acetaminophen is a widely used nonprescription analgesic and antipyretic agent. It is also a dose-related hepatotoxin that can cause fulminant liver failure when taken in massive overdoses or, much less commonly, at therapeutic doses in susceptible individuals. Persons who regularly consume alcohol or persons who have been fasting may be more susceptible to this hepatotoxicity. This liver injury is due not to the drug itself but to the formation of the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinine imine generated through the cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolizing system. Normally, hepatic stores of glutathione combine with the toxic metabolite and prevent liver cell injury. When glutathione stores are depleted by overproduction of this metabolite, however, the reactive metabolite binds to liver cell proteins and causes hepatic necrosis. P-450 2E1 is induced by alcohol consumption and possibly starvation, and glutathione depletion can occur due to the inadequate nutrition occurring in chronic alcohol use or in starvation. Recent studies have shown that activated Kupffer cells and their secreted toxic agents such as cytokines may also play a role in this liver injury. This liver injury is characterized by extremely high levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (> 1000), and bad prognostic signs include severe prolongation of the prothrombin time, renal dysfunction, and, most importantly, acidosis. Nacetylcysteine is a highly effective antidote when given early (within 15 hours) of overdose. Some patients may develop such fulminant liver injury that they require transplantation. Unfortunately, many such patients have a course so rapid that a donor liver may not become available in time. Thus, both the medical community and the general public require a heightened understanding of this clinical problem in order to initiate prevention measures and to implement early therapeutic measures if an overdose situation occurs.
Dangerous Repasts: Food and the Supernatural in the Quechua Oral Tradition

Culinary descriptions in Quechua oral narratives often emphasize the important role food plays in the construction and maintenance of vital kinship and community bonds. References to the culture's foodways signal important plot twists, establish the tone of a scene, foreshadow impending doom, or allude to the intentions and personality of a character. In Southern Peruvian Quechua narratives, food-related aberrations frequently emerge as a result of inappropriate or unsanctioned sexual relationships, and a character's blatant disrespect for the culture's food decorum signals the impending disintegration of family relationships. Supernatural cooks often adulterate meals in order to punish family members for these violations of food etiquette. Through an analysis of four Quechua narratives, this article demonstrates the ways in which narrators use food symbolism to instill and reinforce cultural mores.
On Models for Turbulence Modulation in Fluid-Particle Flows

Abstract A model is introduced for the carrier phase turbulence in a fluid–particle flow based on the volume-averaged equations for the kinetic energy of the carrier phase. The model shows the trends observed by experiment, that is, small particles attenuate turbulence while large particles augment turbulence. The change in turbulence intensity is correlated with the particle loading and the ratio of the particle diameter to the turbulence length scale.
Tubularized incised plate for mid shaft and proximal hypospadias repair

Purpose: We report outcomes from tubularized incised plate repair of mid shaft and proximal hypospadias by a single surgeon.Materials and Methods: Chart review of all patients undergoing mid shaft and proximal hypospadias was performed. Those with tubularized incised plate were divided into 2 groups for mid shaft and proximal repairs. Group 1 underwent single layer urethroplasty using chromic catgut suture, while group 2 underwent 2-layer polyglactin subepithelial closure. All patients had a dartos barrier flap, while spongioplasty was also done in group 2 when possible.Results: A total of 30 patients underwent mid shaft repairs, while 35 had more proximal defects. Complication rates for mid shaft repairs did not differ between the 2 groups, and averaged 13%. However, complications in mid shaft vs proximal repairs (37%) were significantly different (p = 0.04). Overall complications (53% vs 25%) and incidence of fistulas (33% vs 10%) decreased in proximal repairs from group 1 to 2.Conclusions: Tubularized ...
AVOCATIONAL TEACHING: THE GENESIS AND DIFFUSION OF AN IDEA

Abstract The concept of avocational teaching entered the discourse of Jewish education largely through the work of Isa Aron and Adrianne Bank. In this paper, Isa Aron reflects on the personal experiences and research that led her to propose the idea of recruiting avocational teachers as part of an overall strategy to address the chronic shortage of teachers in Jewish supplementary schools. She also raises some provocative questions about the possibilities and limitations of avocational teachers as a vehicle for improving the quality of Jewish supplementary schooling.
Transcendental Vacations: Thoreau and Emerson in the Wilderness

Wilderness vacations were becoming popular in the antebellum period. Thoreau's Maine sojourns and Emerson's Adirondack camping trip offered opportunities to rethink relations between humans and nature. Thoreau's vacation essays explore the meanings of contact with objects, plants, animals, and people. Emerson's vacation poem affirms and challenges human domination of the natural world.
Fusing images and maps

Spatial data sharpening techniques that fuse images and maps are described. The statistical basis of these techniques are reviewed and extended for sharpening other kinds of spatial data that can be difficult to collect in denied areas. One example is demographic data. We demonstrate the ability to derive high-resolution population maps from county or district census data and Landsat imagery that is accurate to within 5% of the true population within a test area.
Non-anti-D antibodies in red-cell alloimmunization

Abstract Objective: Review the fetal/neonatal outcome and management of pregnancies associated with alloimmunization to irregular anti-red-cell antibodies. Study Design: Computerized MEDLINE search using keywords that included hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) and the specific family of anti-red-cell antibody, such as anti-Kell antibody. Results: A review of the prevalence of antibodies associated with HDN in reproductive age women revealed a marked decrease in the incidence of anti-RhD. An increasing incidence of anti-K1 antibody has been noted in the US, a trend not seen in other countries. Guidelines for intervention in cases of irregular antibodies are limited by the bias of anecdotal reports in the literature in favor of severe cases of HDN. Conclusions: In cases of Kell, M, Duffy and Kidd alloimmunization, DNA techniques using amniotic fluid can be used to exclude antigen-negative fetuses. Kell (K1 and K2) alloimmunization should be managed somewhat differently from RhD due to the unique ability of these antibodies to suppress the fetal erythropoietic response.
Age Differences in Resistance to Peer Influence

Prior research describes the development of susceptibility to peer pressure in adolescence as following an inverted U-shaped curve, increasing during early adolescence, peaking around age 14, and declining thereafter. This pattern, however, is derived mainly from studies that specifically examined peer pressure to engage in antisocial behavior. In the present study, age differences and developmental change in resistance to peer influence were assessed using a new self-report instrument that separates susceptibility to peer pressure from willingness to engage in antisocial activity. Data from four ethnically and socioeconomically diverse samples comprising more than 3,600 males and females between the ages of 10 and 30 were pooled from one longitudinal and two cross-sectional studies. Results show that across all demographic groups, resistance to peer influences increases linearly between ages 14 and 18. In contrast, there is little evidence for growth in this capacity between ages 10 and 14 or between 18 and 30. Middle adolescence is an especially significant period for the development of the capacity to stand up for what one believes and resist the pressures of one's peers to do otherwise.
Managing High-Elevation Sagebrush Steppe: Do Conifer Encroachment and Prescribed Fire Affect Habitat for Pygmy Rabbits?

Both fire and conifer encroachment can markedly alter big sagebrush communities and thus habitat quality and quantity for wildlife. We investigated how conifer encroachment and spring prescribed burning affected forage and cover resources for a sagebrush specialist, the pygmy rabbit. We studied these dynamics at spring prescribed burns in southwestern Montana and eastern Idaho during the summer of 2011. Within each spring prescribed burn, we established plots that described the habitat conditions for pygmy rabbits (forage plant biomass and habitat components that influence predation risk) in areas that were burned, adjacent areas of conifer encroachment, and areas that were neither burned nor encroached. We analyzed the data for significant differences in habitat conditions between the paired reference and encroachment plots and modeled when the burned areas would approximate the conditions on the paired reference plots. Biomass of forage plants and habitat components that reduce predation risk differed between undisturbed reference plots and areas that were either burned or encroached with . 30% conifer canopy. Our models estimated that 13‐27 yr were required for a spring prescribed burn to provide levels of cover and forage resources similar to sagebrush steppe reference plots. We documented that vegetation composition was associated with the plot designations (burn, reference, or conifer encroachment), but not with other abiotic factors, such as soil texture, aspect, or study site; this suggested that the documented differences in habitat were related to the treatments, rather than being sitespecific characteristics. The information from this study can contribute to habitat management plans for high-elevation mountain big sagebrush sites where conifer encroachment is altering habitat for sagebrush-dependent wildlife species.
Merging voice communications and information processing: using a platform for voice information services

Summary form only given. The voice informations services platform eliminates the need for specialized hardware and software and allows businesses to link computers, telephone networks, and the telephone to provide a comprehensive set of telephony-based data access applications. The platform serves as a communications controller. It handles the disposition of all inbound and outbound traffic under a computer host's control. It gives to the switch the intelligence of a mainframe. It merges the functions of the switching system and the computer. The platform creates a link between the switch and the host computer. The switching system is the interpreter of the call signaling information. It translates call information into protocols understood by the host computer. It takes its commands from the host and interprets them as call actions, and executes them to switch, route, and complete calls. It gives the host computer access to private and public network services, such as DNIS, DID, SMSI, FGD, 950, 900, and 800 services. It gives the switch the power of the host computer to make routing decisions, handle database transactions, perform complex calculations, and execute voice features. The platform requires reliability and flexibility. It must be easy to program. The desirable characteristics of the platform are discussed. >
Magnesium ions prevent phencyclidine-induced cerebrovasospasms and rupture of cerebral microvessels: direct in-vivo microcirculatory studies on the rat brain.

Phencyclidine (PCP) abuse is reaching alarming proportions. PCP has recently been shown to induce hypertensive encephalopathies, microvascular cerebrovasospasm and acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Since we have shown in vitro that cerebral vasospasms induced by PCP could be completely reversed, or prevented, by use of organic calcium antagonists, we utilized a television microscope recording system to determine whether magnesium ions (Mg2+) could inhibit the ability of PCP to induce contraction of pial arterioles and its sequelae of microvascular damage. Administration of either MgCl2 or Mg aspartate HCl, i.a. or i.v. (1, 10, and 20 mumol/min), before or after administration of PCP produced dose-dependent inhibition (30-80%) of PCP-induced arteriolar spasms and the subsequent vascular damage. A variety of pharmacologic receptor antagonists and cyclooxygenase inhibitors failed to influence PCP-induced cerebrovasospasms. These data suggest that a naturally-occurring Ca2+ antagonist, viz. Mg2+, may be useful in the treatment of PCP intoxication and its cerebral vascular consequences.
Discovery of myosin genes by physical mapping in Dictyostelium.

Abstract The diversity of the myosin family in a single organism, Dictyostelium discoideum, has been investigated by a strategy devised to rapidly identify and clone additional members of a gene family. An ordered array of yeast artificial chromosome clones that encompasses the Dictyostelium genome was probed at low stringency with conserved regions of the myosin motor domain to identify all possible myosin loci. The previously identified myosin loci (mchA, myoA-E) were detected by hybridization to the probes, as well as an additional seven previously unidentified loci (referred to as myoF-L). Clones corresponding to four of these additional loci (myoF, myoH-J) were obtained by using the isolated yeast artificial chromosomes as templates in a PCR employing degenerate primers specific for conserved regions of the myosin head. Sequence analysis and physical mapping of these clones confirm that these PCR products are derived from four previously unidentified myosin genes. Preliminary analysis of these sequences suggests that at least one of the genes (myoJ) encodes a member of a potentially different class of myosins. With the development of whole genome libraries for a variety of organisms, this approach can be used to rapidly explore the diversity of this and other gene families in a number of systems.
Judgments about personal identity in childhood and adolescence

Judgments concerning personal identity were studied in children and adolescents. Each subject was asked to imagine entering a hypothetical machine which simultaneously produced two persons, with each person receiving one of four sets of the subject's characteristics: physical, active, social, or psychological. Subjects were asked to judge which of the resulting persons was most nearly identical with the self. Results from the first study with middle-class Americans demonstrated that the social characteristics are most frequently chosen by young adolescents. With age, the physical characteristics were less frequently selected and the psychological characteristics were more often selected. In Study 2, middle-class American children between the ages of 6 to 7 judged the psychological characteristics of self most important in preserving identity, even though their self-concepts as elicited by other methods appeared physicalistic. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for accounts of self-concept development.
Electron microscopy of salivary gland viruses.

A human and a mouse strain of the salivary gland virus have been examined by electron microscopy. The human strain was transmitted, prior to examination, to tissue cultures derived from human myometrial cells, while the mouse strain was examined in mice inoculated intraperitoneally. The nuclear forms associated with both strains of virus were morphologically similar. Nuclear inclusions, composed of particles interspersed with dense clumped chromatin, were a striking feature of infected cells. The cytoplasmic forms were of 2 types—one a 300 to 500 mµ homogeneous dense spherical form, and the other a target-like form composed of a central dense dot in a pale zone surrounded by a dense shell—the entire configuration measuring 100 to 180 mµ. The target-like particle appeared to be identical in both strains. The spherical cytoplasmic forms in cells infected with the human strain appeared to be solid, while in cells infected with the mouse strain there was evidence of formation of target-like forms within the spheres. Possible mechanisms by which infection of the cell may occur, as well as possible mechanisms and sites of multiplication of virus, are discussed.
Minimizing inter-cluster interference by self-reorganizing MAC allocation in sensor networks

This paper presents a Self-Reorganizing Slot Allocation (SRSA) mechanism for TDMA based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in wireless sensor networks. With TDMA, a node can achieve significant energy savings by remaining active only during allocated slots for transmissions and receptions. In multi-cluster networks, it is often necessary for nodes to use either CDMA or FDMA for preventing interference across neighbor clusters. The goal of this paper is to provide an alternative design that can reduce inter-cluster TDMA interference without having to use spectrum expensive CDMA or FDMA. The primary contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that with adaptive slot allocation, it is possible to reduce such interference under low loading conditions, which is often the case for sensor networks with monitoring applications. The second contribution is to design a feedback based adaptive allocation protocol that can significantly reduce those interferences without relying on any global synchronization mechanisms. We present the design of SRSA and provide a simulation based characterization of the protocol in comparison with TDMA-over-CDMA, TDMA with random slot allocation and CSMA MAC protocols. The results indicate that with moderate cluster overlapping and low traffic loading, SRSA can significantly reduce inter-cluster TDMA interference while delivering TDMA-over-CDMA like energy efficiency, at the cost of higher delivery latency. Assuming its low complexity and narrow-band operation, SRSA can be an ideal sensor MAC protocol for applications that can tolerate relatively larger delivery latency but not frequent packet drops.
Validation of tissue microarray technology in ovarian carcinoma

High-throughput tissue microarray allows many clinical specimens to be analyzed simultaneously on a single slide. One potential limitation of tissue microarray is the correct representation of each tumor with the small tissue core. Because tumors from different organs have different levels of heterogeneity, it requires a validation study for each one of them. We compared immunostaining of Ki-67, estrogen receptors, and p53 in whole sections of 45 cases of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma with six core samples from those sections with regard to the number of tissue cores needed to reliably represent a whole section. Staining for Ki-67 was graded high or low by automated image analysis of 10 high-power fields; staining for estrogen receptor and p53 was scored on a 0-to-3 scale. Correlation coefficients for whole-section vs core stains were 0.86 for Ki-67, 0.93 for estrogen receptors, and 0.82 for p53. A total of 54 (6.6%) of the cores were inadequate for scoring. The probability that results from one core would correctly represent all three markers in the whole section was 91%; that for two cores was 96%; and that for three cores was 98%. Our results show that analysis of a single readable core matched the staining pattern of a whole section more than 90% of the time, and analysis of two cores increased that value to more than 95%, demonstrating that ovarian carcinoma tissue microarray is a reliable technique to analyze the expression of markers.
The value of information in decision making

Abstract This paper reports upon an experiment conducted to test a normative model of information evaluation as a descriptive representation of human behavior in judging the value of information. The test was conducted under a more general set of assumptions than those used in previous research. Subjects judged the maximum amount that they would be willing to pay for a single marble drawn from one of two urns containing many black and white marbles. Five levels of priors and accuracy of the information source, and three types of decision maker models were experimentally manipulated. The results confirm previous research which has suggested that normative models are not appropriate descriptive representations of information evaluation behavior. Among alternative models tested, observed behavior was best represented by one containing a multiplicative rule to combine the subjective levels of accuracy, priors, and type of decision maker, and an averaging rule to combine the manipulated factors.
‘For us, about us, near us and by us’: american women playwrights and the making of NAACP-Du bois's edutainment agenda

Abstract By the time the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was inaugurated in 1909, many of its founding members had been working on platforms aimed at the emancipation and advancement of disenfranchised Americans, particularly the ‘colored’ population, in the USA. At the beginning of the 1900s, African-Americans still bore the brunt of the residues of slavery and the de facto dehumanizing policies of the Jim Crow era. For several decades, the NAACP was the cardinal political and legal silver lining in the cloud that loomed over the general population and the African-American in particular. By taking on landmark court cases, sponsoring public lectures, organizing demonstrations and promoting civil rights awareness, the organization played a vital role in educating the public about Jim Crowism. What is often overlooked or ignored, however, is the association's efforts and strategies which produced a litany of cultural and literary successes. Indispensable to the efforts was...
Modeling Inter-Lamellar Interactions in Angle-Ply Nanofibrous Biologic Laminates for Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering

Function of the annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc is predicated on a high degree of structural organization over multiple length scales. Recently, we have employed aligned electrospun scaffolds to engineer nanofibrous biologic laminates that replicate the form and function of the AF [1]. Further, we determined that interlamellar shearing — a direct consequence of the +/−30° angle-ply architecture — plays an important role in reinforcing the tensile response of these materials (Fig. 1). Although we have utilized fiber-reinforced continuum models to characterize the evolving mechanics of single-lamellar AF constructs with in vitro culture [2, 3], these models are not capable of capturing the interlamellar interactions observed in bi-lamellar constructs. Indeed, continuum models of the native AF typically do not account for the organization of fiber populations into discrete, alternating planes of alignment, and so these models, too, do not account for inter-lamellar shearing interactions [4–6]. Therefore, in the present work we propose a novel constitutive model for the reinforcing role of interlamellar shearing during uniaxial extension of angle-ply biologic laminates and employ this model to evaluate the functional evolution of bilayers for AF tissue engineering.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Study of the Effect of Oil and Coolant Temperatures on Diesel Engine Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

Diesel engine fuel consumption is mainly a function of engine component design and power requirements. However, fuel consumption can also be affected by the environment in which the engine operates. Two controlling parameters of the engine's thermal environment, oil temperature and coolant temperature, are considered. The effects of oil and coolant temperatures on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) are established for a turbocharged diesel engine. Data are also presented for a direct injection, naturally aspirated diesel engine. A matrix of test conditions was run on a Cummins VT-903 diesel engine to evaluate the effects of oil and coolant temperatures on BSFC for several loads and speeds. Loads and speeds were selected based on where a typical semi-tractor engine would operate over the road on a hills and curves route. Oil temperature was monitored and controlled between the oil cooler and the engine. Coolant temperature was monitored and controlled at the engine outlet. The BSFC data were fit to a regression equation as a function of load, speed, oil temperature and coolant temperature for the matrix of test conditions. The test results showed that BSFC decreases as both oil and coolant temperatures increase. The results also indicate that BSFC was moremore » sensitive to changes in oil temperature than to changes in coolant temperature over the range of the test data.« less
ENDOTOXIN NEUTRALIZING PROTEIN INHIBITS THE RESPONSE OF HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS TO LPS AND NON-LPS STIMULI. • 1045

ENDOTOXIN NEUTRALIZING PROTEIN INHIBITS THE RESPONSE OF HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS TO LPS AND NON-LPS STIMULI. • 1045
FROM TYPE SYSTEMS TO KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION: NATURAL SEMANTICS SPECIFICATIONS FOR DESCRIPTION LOGICS

We first explore the similarities and differences between concept definitions in description/terminological logics such as KL-ONE, Classic, Back, Loom, etc. and the types normally encountered in programming languages. The similarities lead us to consider the application of natural semantics — the mechanism most frequently used to describe type systems — to the definition of knowledge base management systems that use such description logics. The paper presents inference rules in the natural semantics style for a variety of judgments involving descriptions, such as “subsumption” and “object membership”, and provides the full definition of subsumption in the Classic KBMS as a proof system. One of our objectives is to document some advantages of this approach, including the utility of multiple complementary semantics, and especially the characterization of implementations that are computationally tractable but are incomplete relative to standard denotational semantics.
THE DETECTION THRESHOLD, NOISE AND STOCHASTIC RESONANCE IN THE FITZHUGH-NAGUMO NEURON MODEL

Abstract In a class of experiments in sensory biology sub- or slightly supra-threshold stimuli are applied at the periphery while making action potential recordings at a higher level in the nervous system. In many cases the records are largely noise but with a small coherence with the stimulus. The detection threshold for increasing stimulus intensity is frequently measured, and this threshold can often be controlled by manipulating some additional biological parameter, for example, the temperature or inherent noise intensity. How does this parameter change the detection threshold? In this note, we test three popular paradigms on an electronic Fitzhugh-Nagumo neuron model and compare the results with a simple threshold theory.
Optimization of MOVPE grown In/sub x/Al/sub 1-x/As/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As planar heteroepitaxial Schottky diodes for terahertz applications

The feasibility of InP-based planar heteroepitaxial diodes for terahertz multiplier and mixer applications is explored. A variety of In/sub x/Al/sub 1-x/As/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As (x=0.52, 0.4) diodes have been grown using LP-MOVPE and this allows systematic characterization of the effects of barrier thickness, InAs mole fraction and active layer thickness on the diode DC and RF performance. A new fabrication technology is developed for planar diodes using dielectric-free air-bridged anode fingers and trench isolation to minimize series resistance and parasitic capacitance. A qualitative model is suggested to explain the forward current conduction mechanism of the reported diodes. The control of forward current conduction and reverse leakage by epitaxial design together with the demonstrated figure-of-merit cutoff frequency of 2.6 THz make the diodes suitable for multiplier and mixer terahertz applications. >
'Non-specific' cholinesterase-containing neurons of the dorsal thalamus project to medial limbic cortex.

Abstract Thalamocortical neurons that contain ‘non-specific’ cholinesterase (ChE) were studied with cholinesterase histochemistry and experimental axonal tracing techniques in adult rats. In addition to the presence of ChEthat is ubiquitous in capillary endothelium, neurons that contain ChE are found in 3 distinct regions of the dorsal thalamus, the thalamic reuniens nucleus (Re), the anterior dorsal nucleus (AD) and a region that includes the lateral part of the central lateral nucleus (CL) and the ventral portion of the lateral dorsal nucleus (LD). ChE activity appears light in cerebral cortex in general but histochemical staining is slightly greater in neuropil of the cingulate gyrus. Anterograde transport techniques with autoradiology demonstrated that neurons in the LD-CL region project to anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsal retrosplenial area. anterograde degeneration techniques demonstrated that AD projects primarily to ventral retrosplenial cortex. Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the anterior cingulate cortex resulted in double labeled cells (cells containing both ChE and HRP reaction products) primaruly in LD and CL. HRP injections into ventral retrosplenial cortex resulted in double labeled cells in AD and RE. HRP injections in the subiculum resulted in double labeled cells in Re. Lesions placed in the region of thalamocortical projections resulted in a loss of ChE in the ipsilateral cingulate gyrus, as measured both histochemically and enzymatically. The finding that neurons containing ChE project to medial limbic cortex suggests that the ChE may be involved in the function of the thalamocortical component of the limbic system.
Scene Matching: Photon By Photon

The spatial coordinates of detected photoevents in a given area convey information about the classical irradiance of the input scene. In this paper the effectiveness of photon-counting techniques for image recognition is discussed. A correlation signal is obtained by cross correlating a photon-limited input scene with a classical intensity reference function stored in computer memory. Laboratory experiments involving matched filtering, rotation-invariant image recognition, and image classification are reported. For many images it is found that only a sparse sampling of the input is required to obtain accurate recognition decisions, and the digital processing of the data is extremely efficient. Using available photon-counting detection systems, the total time required to detect, process, and make a recognition decision is typically on the order of tens of milliseconds. This work has obvious application in night vision, but it is also relevant to areas such as robot vision, vehicle guidance, radiological and nuclear imaging, and recognition of spectral signatures.
Determination of size and charge distributions by combination of quasi-elastic light scattering and band transport.

Abstract A convenient method for the determination of size and charge distributions of polydisperse samples is described. It includes three steps: (a) band transport to disperse the components of the sample in a scattering cell; (b) total intensity scattering to determine the concentration and mobility at each location; and (c) quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS) to characterize the hydrodynamic sizes. Combining the results of (b) and (c) yields size and charge distributions. Since complete resolution of the various components of the sample cannot occur in step (a), a method is described to estimate the average form factor, from the local mean size and the local degree of polydispersity obtained by QLS. The potential of this method is demonstrated by the results of its application to two radiocolloids which have broad size distribution (50- to 600-nm diameters).
Testing and design-for-testability solutions for 3D integrated circuits

Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) promise to overcome barriers in interconnect scaling, thereby offering an opportunity to get higher performance using CMOS technology. Despite these benefits, testing remains a major obstacle that hinders the adoption of 3D integration. Test techniques and design-for-testability (DfT) solutions for 3D ICs have remained largely unexplored in the research community, even though experts in industry have identified a number of test challenges related to the lack of probe access for wafers, test access to modules in stacked wafers/dies, thermal concerns, test economics, and new defects arising from unique processing steps such as wafer thinning, alignment, and bonding. In this embedded tutorial, the speaker will present an overview of 3D integration, its unique processing and assembly steps, testing and DfT challenges, and some of the solutions being advocated for these challenges. The speaker will focus on proposals for pre-bond testing of dies and TSVs, DfT innovations related to the optimization of die wrappers, test scheduling solutions, and access to dies and inter-die interconnects during stack testing. Time permitting, the speaker will also highlight recent work on comprehensive cost modeling for 3D ICs, which includes the cost of design, manufacture, testing, and test flows.
α(1)-Fetoprotein Transcription Factor (FTF)/Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1) Is an Essential Lipogenic Regulator.

alpha(1)-Fetoprotein transcription factor (FTF), also known as liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) is highly expressed in the liver and intestine, where it is implicated in the regulation of cholesterol, bile acid and steroid hormone homeostasis. FTF is an important regulator of bile acid metabolism. We show here that FTF plays a key regulatory role in lipid homeostasis including triglyceride and cholesterol homeostasis. FTF deficient mice developed lower levels of serum triglyceride and cholesterol as a result of lower expression of several hepatic FTF target genes. Chenodeoxycholic acid repressed FTF expression resulting in a decrease in serum triglyceride in wild-type mice. The absence of chenodeoxycholic acid-mediated repression in FTF(+/-) mice demonstrated the essential role of FTF in triglyceride metabolism. Taken together, our results identify the nuclear receptor FTF as a central regulator of lipid metabolism.
Serum Levels of Hsp60 Correlate with the Development of Acute Lung Injury after Trauma1

Background Previous studies have shown that heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) is a danger signal for the immune system and appears to be a key endogenous inflammatory mediator that activates the toll-like receptors and causes the release of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide by immune competent cells, but no data are available for trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Hsp60 could be detected in the serum of patients early after severe trauma and whether its serum level might correlate with the development of acute lung injury (ALI) in trauma patients. Methods Clinical data were collected prospectively during a 12-month period for trauma patients who were ventilated mechanically for more than 24 h and who met the following inclusion criteria: Injury Severity Score ≥16, age >18 years. Physiological data for quantitative assessment of organ dysfunction were collected for each patient. Hsp60 levels were measured in the serum of trauma patients. Results Sixty-four patients with severe trauma were enrolled in the study. Eighteen patients developed ALI (28%). Trauma patients who later developed ALI had significantly higher serum values of Hsp60 than those who did not (4.21 ± 2.24 ng/mL versus 0.73 ± 0.26 ng/mL, P in vitro the release of nitric oxide (NO) from RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Conclusion Serum levels of Hsp60 detected within 30 min after trauma correlate with the development of ALI. Immature but mature Hsp60 causes in vitro the release of NO by macrophages, suggesting that the extracellular release of the immature Hsp60 associated with traumatic cell necrosis could be involved in the release of NO by immune competent cells, leading to an activation of the inflammatory response within the lung or other organs.
Fatal pulmonary embolization after negative serial ultrasounds.

Abstract Background Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is not traditionally viewed as a potentially life-threatening condition. There are conflicting recommendations regarding its evaluation and treatment, and wide variability in clinical practice. The presentation of this case highlights the fatal potential of this condition. Case Report This is the report of a previously healthy young woman who presented to the emergency department with calf pain concerning for a DVT. She received two radiologist-performed duplex ultrasound examinations of the affected extremity, both of which were negative, but suffered a sudden cardiac arrest several hours after the second study. Autopsy attributed the death to DVT and pulmonary embolism. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? This case highlights the risk for fatal pulmonary embolization, even after normal serial ultrasound examinations to exclude DVT.