cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How can policy influence innovation: An exploration of climate-smart activities in Emilia-Romagna

Climate change is one of the main issues in agriculture. Considering its involvement in the global anthropogenic emissions (GHG) it is no wonder that research is devising ways on how to reduce such effects. A solution to such problems is climate-smart agriculture (CSA). In this paper, we analysed which are the main opportunities granted by agricultural policies when aimed at sustaining innovative agricultural models. A review of the ongoing 93 Rural Development Projects (RDPs) uncovered potential climate-smart solutions for the identified potential threats. The Ministry of Agriculture, Hunting and Fishing of the Region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy has given importance to RDPs to innovate the agricultural sector through policy measures. We analysed an Operational Group (OG) project as an overview of the work. In the case of Emilia-Romagna, the amount of innovation and solutions that can be achieved if policies invest in CSA is very clear. Emilia-Romagna is on the forefront of technological and practical advancements in the EU by implementing CSA as one of the primary solutions to the aforementioned problems and will continuously work on transitioning its agricultural practices to fight climate change.
Abatement of ammonia emissions from livestock housing fine-tuned according to impact on protected habitats

Livestock farms are an important source of ammonia emissions, which threaten vulnerable habitats and species in nearby natural areas through a process of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. An integrated and spatially-explicit mixed integer programming model was applied to all livestock facilities in Flanders (Belgium), to evaluate the current Flemish policies aimed at limiting ammonia deposition in Natura 2000 sites. The simulations indicate that a substantial reduction in deposition is achievable with a similar cost to the currently applied policy in Flanders. Furthermore, the model allows identification of the most suitable stable type and emission abatement measures for any stable in Flanders. Such a spatially-explicit optimization approach applied to individual emission sources might assist policymakers in improving spatially-differentiated policies.
Proteasome inhibition suppress microgravity elevated RANK signaling during osteoclast differentiation

Microgravity (µXg) induces bone loss in astronauts during space missions. Therefore, it is necessary to delineate the underlying mechanisms which leads to bone loss for developing countermeasures. Osteoclasts (OCLs) are multinucleated cells, which resorb bone. Previously, we have demonstrated that simulated µXg enhances OCL formation. However, control of osteoclast bone resorption activity under μXg remains unclear. The OCL formation has been shown to be regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Hence, we hypothesized that proteasome inhibition could regulate osteoclast differentiation under μXg. In this study, we identified that RAW264.7 preosteoclast cells treated with proteasome inhibitor (MG-132) suppress RANK receptor expression essential for OCL differentiation, but no effect on TRAF-6. We identified that MG-132 treatment abolished K48-linked poly-ubiquitination under μXg. Immunostaining confirms inhibition of protein ubiquitination and RANK expression in preosteoclast cells. Furthermore, proteasome inhibition suppresses the expression of SQSTM1/p62 under both the ground based Xg and μXg conditions. Also, confocal microscopy using Lyso-Tracker demonstrated that proteasomal inhibition suppress the co-localization of p62 and lysosomes. MG-132 inhibited RANKL induced proteasome activity. RAW264.7 cells treated with the proteasome inhibitor showed an increased level of p-c-Jun activity in control cultures, however decreased under µXg. In contrast, c-Fos and NFATc1 expression was decreased. In-addition, mouse bone marrow cultures treated with MG-132 suppress OCL formation and bone resorption activity. Thus, our findings suggest that proteasome inhibition represents a novel therapeutic approach for bone loss under µXg in space environment.
CYGNSS Smallsat Mission Design, Engineering Performance and Science Results

The eight smallsat CYGNSS constellation was launched into low Earth orbit on 15 Dec 2016. Each satellite carries a four channel bistatic radar receiver which measures GPS signals scattered from the Earth surface, from which surface roughness and wind speed are determined over ocean and soil moisture and inland flooding are determined over land. The mission architecture and satellite design are presented and related to the resulting science data products and their applications. Examples are presented of early onorbit engineering commissioning, calibration and validation of the science data products, and some recent scientific results and applications.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Trends for Postheart Transplantation Diabetes Mellitus.

This retrospective study analyzed glycemic trends, incidence of post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) incidence and associated risk factors in a cohort of patients who underwent first-time heart transplantation (HT). Univariate analyses compared patient with and without pretransplant diabetes mellitus (DM). Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to determine association between PTDM and different risk factors. Finally, trends in glucometrics and other outcomes are described across follow-up time points. There were 152 patients who underwent HT between 2010 and 2015, 109 of whom had no pretransplant history of DM. PTDM incidence was 38% by the 1-year follow-up. Pretransplant body mass index (odds ratio [OR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.23, p = 0.03), insulin use during the final 24 hours of inpatient stay (OR 4.26, 95% CI 1.72 to 10.56, p
Restless Legs Syndrome in Chronic Kidney Disease: Is Iron or Inflammatory Status To Blame?

Study Objectives:Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is increased in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD). In adults without CKD, central nervous system iron deficiency is involved in RLS pathogenesis a...
Blood Pressure Measurement: A KDOQI Perspective

The majority of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have elevated blood pressure (BP). In patients with CKD, hypertension is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, progression of CKD, and all-cause mortality. New guidelines from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) recommend new thresholds and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in patients with and without CKD. A new aspect of the guidelines is the recommendation for measurement of out-of-office BP to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension and guide therapy. In this KDOQI (Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative) perspective, we review the recommendations for accurate BP measurement in the office, at home, and with ambulatory BP monitoring. Regardless of location, validated devices and appropriate cuff sizes should be used. In the clinic and at home, proper patient preparation and positioning are critical. Patients should receive information about the importance of BP measurement techniques and be encouraged to advocate for adherence to guideline recommendations. Implementing appropriate BP measurement in routine practice is feasible and should be incorporated in system-wide efforts to improve the care of patients with hypertension. Hypertension is the number 1 chronic disease risk factor in the world; BP measurements in the office, at home, and with ambulatory BP monitoring should adhere to recommendations from the AHA.
Misinformation as a Window into Prejudice: COVID-19 and the Information Environment in India

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis, there has been a massive amount of misinformation both related to the condition, and a range of linked social and economic issues. We present a mixed methods study of misinformation debunked by Indian fact checking agencies since January 2020. Alongside this, we present an analysis of what politicians in India have been discussing in the overlapping period. We find that affective issues dominate misinformation, especially in the period following the lockdown in India. Furthermore, we find that communal prejudice emerges as a central part of the misinformation environment, something that is reflected in the political speech around the same period.
Reward-based or threat-based deterrence: US policy toward Japan and South Korea in comparative perspective

Despite the striking similarities in strategic environment of Japan and South Korea, US deterrence through nonproliferation policy toward the two allies varied in terms of its measures applied: rew...
Examination of Genre-based Strategy Instruction in Middle School English Language Arts and Science

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of an instructional intervention and its professional development (PD) on the opinion and argumentative writing of middle school students and on ...
Acute versus delayed reverse total shoulder Arthroplasty for the management of Proximal Humerus Fractures.

Abstract Objectives Proximal humerus fractures (PHF) are common, yet their optimal management remains debated. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) is an increasingly popular option, particularly for non-reconstructible or osteoporotic fractures. Despite this trend, current literature provides limited guidance with regards to surgical timing and patient selection for rTSA. A trial of non-operative management might be beneficial for many patients who are not clearly indicated for surgery, provided this does not have a major negative impact on results for those who ultimately require rTSA. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether delayed reverse shoulder arthroplasty for fracture (>28 days from injury) is associated with any difference in complication rates or functional outcomes relative to acute surgery. Design Retrospective cohort study Patients/Participants 114 consecutive patients who underwent rTSA as the primary management of a PHF at two Level 1 trauma centers and one academic community hospital between 2004 and 2016. Intervention rTSA as primary management of proximal humerus fracture Main Outcome Measurements Complications, range of motion, and patient-reported functional outcomes scores (DASH, PROMIS physical function, and EQ-5D) Results Eighty-two of 114 patients (72%) underwent early surgery. Complex (4-part, head-split, dislocated) fractures were significantly more common in the acutely treated group. There was no significant difference in complications. Overall complication rate was 11.4%. There was a significant difference in DASH score favoring early surgery, with an average score of 22.4 in acutely treated patients versus 35.1 in delayed patients (p = 0.034). There was a non-statistically significant trend towards better PROMIS physical function scores and ROM in the acutely treated group. Conclusion Delay in performing primary rTSA for management of PHF does not lead to an increase in complication rates but it may come at the cost of worse functional outcomes in patients who ultimately require rTSA.
Outcomes of Mastoidectomy With Antibiotic Catheter Irrigation for Patients With Draining Ventilation Tubes.

Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of mastoidectomy with antibiotic catheter irrigation in patients with chronic tympanostomy tube otorrhea. Methods A chart review of adult and pediatric patients with persistent tympanostomy tube otorrhea who had failed outpatient medical management and underwent mastoidectomy with placement of a temporary indwelling catheter for antibiotic instillation was performed. Patients were retrospectively followed for recurrent drainage after 2 months and outcomes were categorized as resolution (0-1 episodes of otorrhea or otitis media with effusion during follow-up), improvement (2-3 episodes), or continued episodic (>3 episodes). Results There were 22 patients and 23 operated ears. Median age was 46 years (interquartile range, IQR = 29-65). The median duration of otorrhea from referral was 5.5 months (IQR = 2.8-12). Following surgery, 14 ears had resolution of drainage, 6 had improvement, and 3 had episodic. The observed percentage of resolved/improved ears (87%) was significant (P = .0005, 95% CI = 67.9%-95.5%). Median follow-up time was 25 months (IQR = 12-59). Pre and postoperative pure tone averages improved (difference of medians = -3.3 dB, P = .02) with no significant difference in word recognition scores (P = .68). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated microbe while no growth was most frequently noted on intraoperative cultures. Conclusions Mastoidectomy with antibiotic catheter irrigation may be an effective surgical strategy, and single stage alternative to intravenous antibiotics, for select patients with persistent tube otorrhea who have failed topical and oral antibiotics.
The Laws of Public Higher Education Retrenchment

American states have underinvested in public higher education for decades, spurring tuition increases that have fueled an unprecedented rise in student debt. Most scholars have looked to ideology and partisanship to help explain this trend. However, existing studies have yet to provide a satisfactory account of why states led by both parties have exhibited the same spending patterns. This Article argues that to understand retrenchment, scholars must scrutinize the laws that shape legislators’ budget choices. Through comparative histories of California and Virginia, interviews with eighteen state policymakers, and quantitative data, this analysis shows that decreased funding for public colleges and universities can be traced to three legal constructs: competing health, K-12 education, and prison expenditure mandates; outdated and inefficient tax systems; and campaign finance and lobbying rules that have allowed wealthy interests to overwhelm college advocates’ voices. These findings should encourage scholars to examine the unintended consequences that legal frameworks governing one policy area can have on another. The results also have important implications for those wishing to revitalize public higher education: reformers should shift their focus from individual elections and budget battles to structural changes, beginning with revisions to state laws guiding appropriations, taxation, and political participation.
Tissue biodistribution and tumor targeting of near-infrared labelled anti-CD38 antibody-drug conjugate in preclinical multiple myeloma

Daratumumab (DARA) is an FDA-approved high-affinity monoclonal antibody targeting CD38 that has shown promising therapeutic efficacy in double refractory multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Despite the well-established clinical efficacy of DARA, not all heavily pretreated patients respond to single-agent DARA, and the majority of patients who initially respond eventually progress. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the highly targeted tumor antigen recognition of antibodies with the cell killing properties of chemotherapy for effective internalization and processing of the drug. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy of DARA conjugated to the maytansine derivative, mertansine (DM1), linked via a non-cleavable bifunctional linker. The ADC was labelled with the near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore IRDye800 (DARA-DM1-IR) to evaluate its stability, biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated the conjugation of: 1) DM1 enhanced tumor-killing efficacy of the native DARA and 2) IRDye800 allowed for visualization of uptake and tumor targeting ability of the ADC. With the advent of other classes of immunoconjugates for use in MM, we reasoned that such imaging techniques can be utilized to evaluate other promising conjugates in preclinical MM models on a whole-body and cellular level.
Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Chronic Facial Pain: Trigeminal Neuralgia, Temporomandibular Disorders, and Dental-Related Pain

Chronic facial pain is physically and emotionally disabling. Trigeminal neuralgia, pain associated with temporomandibular disorders, and dental-related pain are some of the most common forms of chronic facial pain. Despite the advances in pharmacological therapy of these disorders, many patients with these ailments remain unsatisfied with the level of pain relief. This chapter begins with a review of clinical features, pathophysiology, and conventional treatment of these three forms of chronic facial pain. The literature in the efficacy of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) in trigeminal neuralgia, pain related to temporomandibular disorders, and dental disorders is reviewed. Case reports from the author’s experience are provided in selected patients. A comment page, at the end of each section, critically reviews the technical and dosage issues and provides recommendations for the design of future studies.
Determination to flower in Nicotiana.

Publisher Summary Experimental analysis of flowering in Nicotiana has identified one stable developmental state, as exemplified by buds or the regenerated buds, whose meristems produce a terminal flower after initiating a limited number of nodes. This developmental pattern contrasts with that of the other buds that initiate many nodes before making a terminal flower. The transition from vegetative to floral growth requires a substantial alteration in the spatial patterns of cell expansion and cell division in the meristem, followed by the elaboration of unique lateral organs and cellular specialization. This transition is considered an enormous modification of the structure and function as to be analogous to metamorphosis, exhibited by the members of many animal phyla. The uniform number of nodes produced by a meristem might result from an endogenous timing mechanism within the meristem that leads to the production of node–internode units at a certain rate for a specified period of time. Several observations rule out endogenous integration of environmental cues by the meristem itself without inputs from other parts of the plant.
XAS speciation of arsenic in a hyper-accumulating fern.

The coordination environment and the redox speciation of arsenic in a newly discovered arsenic hyper-accumulating fern (Pteris vittata L.) were investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This m...
Purification, Substrate Specificity and Binding, β-Decarboxylase Activity, and Other Properties of Escherichia coli 2-Keto-4-hydroxyglutarate Aldolase

Abstract 2-Keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase has been purified to homogeneity from extracts of Escherichia coli grown on nutrient broth. Values of 62,500 and 64,000, respectively, are obtained for the molecular weight of the enzyme by the procedures of gel filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The aldolase has a pH optimum of 8.6 and does not appear to require divalent metal ions for activity. p-Mercuriphenylsulfonate, iodoacetate, and N-ethylmaleimide partially inhibit enzymatic activity. The aldolase from this source preferentially cleaves or forms the l isomer of 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate. When the enzyme is tested with a number of compounds as substrate, it catalyzes the cleavage of only 2-keto-4-hydroxybutyrate and oxalacetate besides 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate. A higher degree of specificity is manifested for binding analogs of pyruvate than of glyoxylate, as determined by the extent of enzyme inactivation when the aldolase is incubated with analog compounds in the presence of NaBH4. Extensive loss of aldolase activity occurs when the enzyme is incubated with either pyruvate or glyoxylate in the presence of NaBH4, and 1 mole of 14C-labeled substrate is stably bound per mole of enzyme. Competition studies indicate that pyruvate, glyoxylate, and 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate all bind at the same active site of the aldolase. Incubation of 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase with glyoxylate in the presence of cyanide also causes irreversible loss of enzymatic activity, suggesting the formation of a stable aminonitrile with this substrate. Under these conditions, approximately 1 mole of [14C]glyoxylate is bound per mole of aldolase. Irreversible inactivation of aldolase activity by cyanide is not observed with pyruvate. The pure aldolase from E. coli has a higher relative level of β-decarboxylase activity toward oxalacetate than does the enzyme obtained from extracts of bovine liver. Both aldolase and β-decarboxylase activities are lost when the E. coli aldolase is treated with glyoxylate or pyruvate in the presence of NaBH4, suggesting that the same active site participates in both reactions.
Sonar biparietal diameter growth standards in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract Serial sonar fetal cephalometry was performed on 67 pregnant monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) with known breeding dates. A normal biparietal diameter (BPD) growth curve was constructed along four percentile divisions; namely, the 10th to the 24th, 25th to the 49th, 50th to the 74th, and the 75th to the 90th. It is shown that under normal conditions fetuses initially positioned in any one of these divisions will continue to grow within the confines of that same percentile range. This biologic phenomenon has not been previously reported. It is significant because it leads to a more precise separation of normal vs. suboptimal intrauterine growth.
Correlates of After-School Activity Preference in Children Ages 5–12

Abstract Activities that children choose to do after school can foster good health or promote a sedentary lifestyle. The goal of this study was to explore and contrast the preference of after school activities in a group of urban, low-income, Caucasian and African American children ages 5–12. The Partners of all Ages Reading about Diet and Exercise or (PARADE) program was designed to encourage young children to develop healthy eating and activity habits through a tutoring/mentoring program. This paper analyzed a subset of the baseline pre-test of the PARADE data from 817 children. Activity preferences were analyzed using a series of four correlates: age group, race, gender, and BMI category. The greatest significant differences in preferences of activities were found between African American and Caucasian groups, and females and males. Little variation in preference was found among the BMI groups or age groups. Fiftyfour percent of children reported that homework was a barrier to after school physical act...
On selecting a satisfying truth assignment

The complexity of certain natural generalizations of satisfiability, in which one of the possibly exponentially many satisfying truth assignments must be selected, is studied. Two natural selection criteria, default preference and minimality (circumscription), are considered. The thrust of the complexity results seems to be that hard problems become harder, while easy problems remain easy. This consideration yields as a byproduct a new and very natural polynomial-time randomized algorithm for 2SAT. >
Occurrence of Hemispheric and Retinal Ischemia in Atrial Fibrillation Compared With Carotid Stenosis

Background and Purpose— The goal of this study was to examine the hypotheses that retinal ischemia is caused more often by carotid atherosclerosis than by atrial fibrillation and that the odds of retinal events compared with hemispheric events increase with worsening carotid stenosis. Methods— We used data from the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) I through III trials and North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), calculating hemispheric:retinal (H:R) odds for the territory of ischemic events during follow-up in patients with atrial fibrillation and medically treated 50% to 99% carotid stenosis or occlusion in the respective trials. Results— The H:R odds were 25:1 in the SPAF aspirin-assigned patients and 2:1 for NASCET vessels. In NASCET patients, the H:R odds of recurrent ischemic events were 1:4 for vessels randomized initially for retinal symptoms compared with 6:1 for those randomized for hemispheric events (significant difference; P<0.001). Moreover, the H:R odd...
Disentangling Pooled Triad Genotypes for Association Studies

Association studies that genotype affected offspring and their parents (triads) offer robustness to genetic population structure while enabling assessments of maternal effects, parent-of-origin effects, and gene-by-environment interaction. We propose case-parents designs that use pooled DNA specimens to make economical use of limited available specimens. One can markedly reduce the number of genotyping assays required by randomly partitioning the case-parent triads into pooling sets of h triads each and creating three pools from every pooling set, one pool each for mothers, fathers, and offspring. Maximum-likelihood estimation of relative risk parameters proceeds via log-linear modeling using the expectation-maximization algorithm. The approach can assess offspring and maternal genetic effects and accommodate genotyping errors and missing genotypes. We compare the power of our proposed analysis for testing offspring and maternal genetic effects to that based on a difference approach considered by Lee and that of the gold-standard based on individual genotypes, under a range of allele frequencies, missing parent proportions and genotyping error rates. Power calculations show that the pooling strategies cause only modest reductions in power if genotyping errors are low, while reducing genotyping costs and conserving limited specimens.
Effects of the antituberculous drug ethambutol on zinc absorption, turnover and distribution in rats fed diet marginal and adequate in zinc.

Ethambutol, (CH/sub 3/CH/sub 2/-CH(CH/sub 2/OH)-NH-CH/sub 2/)/sub 2/ (EMB), is an oral antituberculous agent that is administered therapeutically over extended time periods. It has chelating properties and may affect mineral metabolism. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats received 0, 400 or 600 mg EMB per kilogram body weight daily by gavage for 30 d. They were fed a casein-based diet with either adequate (49 ppm) or marginal (11 ppm) zinc. Both adequate-Zn (AZn) and marginal-Zn (MZn) rats receiving EMB showed alopecia and dose-dependent reductions in feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency. None of these changes was seen in rats fed the MZn diet without EMB. Serum and tissue zinc levels were similar in rats not receiving EMB, regardless of the dietary zinc level. Serum zinc was consistently lower in AZn and MZn rats receiving EMB than in rats without EMB. Apparent zinc absorption, measured by /sup 65/Zn balance, was higher in AZn rats receiving EMB than in AZn rats without EMB. Thus, changes in absorption could not account for lower serum zinc levels in EMB-treated rats. However, /sup 65/Zn turnover was also higher in EMB groups. This suggests that EMB may have increased urinary zinc losses resulting in reduced circulating zinc andmore » a consequent increase in zinc absorption.« less
In vivo generation of neurotoxic prion protein: role for hsp70 in accumulation of misfolded isoforms.

Prion diseases are incurable neurodegenerative disorders in which the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) converts into a misfolded isoform (PrPSc) with unique biochemical and structural properties that correlate with disease. In humans, prion disorders, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, present typically with a sporadic origin, where unknown mechanisms lead to the spontaneous misfolding and deposition of wild type PrP. To shed light on how wild-type PrP undergoes conformational changes and which are the cellular components involved in this process, we analyzed the dynamics of wild-type PrP from hamster in transgenic flies. In young flies, PrP demonstrates properties of the benign PrPC; in older flies, PrP misfolds, acquires biochemical and structural properties of PrPSc, and induces spongiform degeneration of brain neurons. Aged flies accumulate insoluble PrP that resists high concentrations of denaturing agents and contains PrPSc-specific conformational epitopes. In contrast to PrPSc from mammals, PrP is proteinase-sensitive in flies. Thus, wild-type PrP rapidly converts in vivo into a neurotoxic, protease-sensitive isoform distinct from prototypical PrPSc. Next, we investigated the role of molecular chaperones in PrP misfolding in vivo. Remarkably, Hsp70 prevents the accumulation of PrPSc-like conformers and protects against PrP-dependent neurodegeneration. This protective activity involves the direct interaction between Hsp70 and PrP, which may occur in active membrane microdomains such as lipid rafts, where we detected Hsp70. These results highlight the ability of wild-type PrP to spontaneously convert in vivo into a protease-sensitive isoform that is neurotoxic, supporting the idea that protease-resistant PrPSc is not required for pathology. Moreover, we identify a new role for Hsp70 in the accumulation of misfolded PrP. Overall, we provide new insight into the mechanisms of spontaneous accumulation of neurotoxic PrP and uncover the potential therapeutic role of Hsp70 in treating these devastating disorders.
Multiligamentous Injuries of the Knee and Associated Vascular Injuries

Background: Recently published studies have raised the question of whether arteriography is warranted in the evaluation of multiligamentous injuries of the knee.Purpose: The objective is to report the frequency of associated vascular injuries in the multiligament-injured knee and examine the role arteriography plays in the treatment protocol.Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 71 patients over a 12-year period who had a diagnosis of multiligamentous injury of the knee with a tibial-femoral dislocation documented based on physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging findings.Results: Of 72 knee injuries involving multiple ligaments, 12 vascular injuries were identified. Four knees were found to have a vascular injury at initial presentation based on abnormal physical examination and confirmed with arteriography. Eight patients with a vascular injury had normal pulses. Routine arteriography discovered an intimal injury of the popliteal ar...
Gauge theory on a random supersymmetric lattice

All previous attempts to put supersymmetry on the Wilson lattice have encountered difficulties because supersymmetry necessarily closes on the Poincare group, while the Wilson lattice is not Poincare invariant. This difficulty is overcome by construction of a gauge theory defined on a random supersymmetric lattice. New features are found, and the usual supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory is recovered in the continuum limit (infinite density of sites). Comments are included on how to use this method to calculate possible dynamical breaking of supersymmetry.
Long lasting phosphorescence behavior of Pr3+-doped CaTiO3-based oxides

Abstract Ceramic samples with nominal compositions of (Ca1−xSrx)0.9Pr0.001Zn0.099TiO3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) were prepared by a mixed oxide method. When examined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the samples revealed a main CaTiO3 phase with small amounts of a second Zn2TiO4 phase. All of the ceramic samples emitted red phosphorescent light at about 613 nm when excited by light of a wide wavelength range (200 nm to about 500 nm). The partial substitution of Sr for Ca, up to approximately 10 at%, significantly enhanced the phosphorescence intensity and lifetime. The long lasting phosphorescence could be observed with naked eyes in dark room for more than 10 min in both air and water at room temperature.
3D FEA Simulations of Fused Deposition Modeling Process

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of layer-manufacturing technologies that have been widely used for rapid prototyping applications in product design and development. Due to the intensive energy, rapid cooling and phase changes, parts made by FDM and other layer-manufacturing processes are deviated from the designed geometry, and some require laborious post-processing. Most severe form inaccuracies such as curl, warping, and delamination are attributed to the residual stress accumulations during prototype fabrications. This study investigates the FDM process, which comprises complicated heat and mass transfer phenomena coupled with mechanical loading and phase changes. A finite element analysis model using element activations has been developed to simulate the mechanical and thermal phenomena in FDM, and further used for residual stress and part distortion simulations. The model has also been used to study the toolpath effects on the FDM process. Toolpath patterns affect the residual stresses not only in the magnitude, but also in the distribution which shows stress concentrations aligned with the primary direction of the toolpath. Experimentally fabricated and measured prototypes show that the part distortion-center shifts distinctly due to different toolpath patterns, which is consistent with the residual stress characteristics in the simulations. From the simulations, it is also shown that the short-raster toolpath results in higher residual stresses, and thus possibly larger distortions, than the long-raster and alternate-raster patterns, both having similar stress distributions and distortion features.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Sulfhydryl groups of some mono- and dimercaptans and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase☆

Abstract p -Chloromercuribenzoate and silver titrations have been performed on identical mono- and dimercaptans and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase under standard conditions to permit comparison of the methods. Agreement between the two methods was obtained only with glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol. Temperature is a significant variable. The implications of the findings for the interpretation of data obtained on —SH-containing proteins are discussed, using yeast alcohol dehydrogenase as an example.
Sharing what we know about software engineering

Software engineering research has long borrowed and adapted ideas from other disciplines to adapt to the peculiar context of building software. That context is less and less peculiar, as automation and communication transform other fields, and it is time for us to consider how approaches developed in software engineering can be transferred and generalized to other fields. Considering generalization of software engineering to domains outside computer science has implications for both software engineering research and education.
Amounts of polio and Coxsackie viruses within the separate portions of bisected cultured cells.

Abstract Individual cells in cultures of FL, monkey kidney, and primary human amnion cells inoculated with Brunhilde poliovirus or Coxsackie virus A9 were cut into two portions, one purely cytoplasmic and one nuclear with some adhering cytoplasm, between 2 and 6 hours after inoculation. Poliovirus was found in both portions of the FL and monkey kidney cells; Coxsackie virus was similarly located in monkey kidney cells. In the primary human amnion cells bisected before 4 1 2 hours after inoculation, both poliovirus and Coxsackie virus were found only in the nuclear-cytoplasmic portion. They were subsequently found in both cell portions. These results indicate that cell types can differ either in the sites of initial maturation of virus or in its rate of dissemination throughout the cell.
A note on non-identifiability of mark survival function

The so-called mark variable which combines both quantity and quality of a patient's life is a tempting measure in evaluation of therapies. The survival function of such mark variable, referred to as mark survival function in this note, is a primary interest in many applications. Much effort has been made on the estimation for this survival function. Nevertheless, we show in this note that mark survival function is unidentifiable under conventional assumption. Illustrative examples are provided to confirm the non-identifiability of mark survival function.
[How I do it: myelomeningocele].

Fortificacion con adico folico es efectiva, pero aun falta conciencia en los jovenes. La legalidad del aborto aumenta la importancia de la consulta prenatal. Realizo la cirugia bajo microcoscopio por razones didacticas. Irrigacion continua para reducir la temperatura del tejido. Trato a la plaqueta como tejido viable. No suturo la plaqueta. No cierro musculo. ATB por una semana despues de cirugia. Hidrocefalia: Valvula en todos los casos de ventriculomegalia. Medula anclada: Desanclar una sola vez. Chiari II: Revisar la valvula. Incluir en el seguimiento rendimiento escolar, puede indicar obstruccion de la valvula o medula anclada.
Cholinergic induction of seizures in the rat prefrontal cortex.

Abstract Intracerebral microinjection of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, into the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat, induced a profound behavioral syndrome consisting of repetitive, stereotyped forepaw treading in an upright posture. Electroencephalographic analysis revealed multiple bursts of sharp waves, 200–300 μV, accompanying the carbachol-elicited motor behavior. Pretreatment with intraperitoneal doses of three anticonvulsant drugs, clonazepam, diazepam, and pentobarbital, blocked the manifestation of the motor behavior. These observations suggest that activation of cholinergically innervated regions of the rat medial prefrontal cortex induces an atypical form of seizures.
Pregnancy-induced analgesia: effects of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid replacement

Abstract During pregnancy, rats show a progressive increase in jump threshold which is followed by a precipitous decrease after delivery. Overall, this pattern of change in pain threshold was not affected by adrenalectomy, with or without corticosterone replacement. It appears, therefore, that the adrenal glands are not necessary for the manifistation of opioid analgesia during pregnancy.
Effect of instrument‐specific response on the analysis of fulvic acid fluorescence spectra

Fluorescence spectroscopy has been extensively employed to characterize the source, age, and reactivity of aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, there is no consensus on the protocols for collecting and correcting DOM fluorescence spectra for the instrument-specific response associated with each component on a fluorometer involved in the excitation of DOM and the resulting detection of DOM emission. The central objective of this study was to evaluate the removal of instrument-specific response from DOM fluorescence spectra collected on three different fluorometers using manufacturer-provided emission and excitation correction files. We evaluated criteria and protocols for comparison of removal of instrument response, using quinine sulfate, a well-characterized fluorophore, as well as the International Humic Substance Society's microbially and terrestrially derived reference end-member fulvic acids: Pony Lake and Suwannee River fulvic acids, respectively. Our results demonstrate that sample spectra collected on different fluorometers differed significantly before correction. Although the effectiveness of manufacturer-provided correction factors in removal of instrument response from sample spectra varied by instrument, spectral overlap of the same sample on multiple instruments improved after correction. Our results suggest that conclusions based on analysis of trends within a dataset of DOM fluorescence spectra should be expected to be independent of the fluorometer employed.
Caveolae in Ventricular Myocytes are Required for Stretch-Dependent Conduction Slowing

article Mechanical stretch of cardiac muscle modulates action potential propagation velocity, causing potentially arrhythmogenic conduction slowing. The mechanisms by which stretch alters cardiac conduction remain unknown, but previous studies suggest that stretch can affect the conformation of caveolae in myocytes and other cell types. We tested the hypothesis that slowing of action potential conduction due to cardiac myocyte stretch is dependent on caveolae. Cardiac action potential propagation velocities, measured by optical mapping in isolated mouse hearts and in micropatternedmousecardiomyocytecultures,decreasedreversiblywithvolumeloadingorstretch,respectively (by 19 ± 5% and 26 ± 4%). Stretch-dependent conduction slowing was not altered by stretch-activated channel blockade with gadolinium or by GsMTx-4 peptide, but was inhibited when caveolae were disrupted via genetic deletion of caveolin-3 (Cav3 KO) or membrane cholesterol depletion by methyl-β-cyclodextrin. In wild-type mouse hearts, stretch coincided with recruitment of caveolae to the sarcolemma, as observed by electron microscopy. In myocytes from wild-type but not Cav3 KO mice, stretch significantly increased cell membrane capacitance (by 98 ± 64%), electrical time constant (by 285 ± 149%), and lipid recruitment to the bilayer (by 84 ± 39%).
Using spike-triggered averaging to characterize motor unit twitch vectors in the first dorsal interosseous

Earlier studies in multifunctional muscles such as the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) have demonstrated that the selection and control of motor units (MUs) can vary as a function of generated force direction. While directionally dependent motor unit recruitment and rate properties imply that there may also be differential mechanical action, this has yet to be directly demonstrated. Our objective was to determine whether there exists a range of force vectors from different motor units in the FDI muscle within individual subjects. We utilized the spike-triggered averaging (STA) method to derive force twitch estimates from single motor units. We derived MU twitch direction from the ratio of individual twitch estimates recorded concurrently from the load cell. Fifteen units from 2 subjects were used to determine MU force vectors. We were able to estimate force twitch vectors from 7–8 different MUs in each subject. The results of our study suggest that there is varied mechanical action of motor units in the FDI. It is thus possible that differential activation of individual MUs in the FDI is a function of varied mechanical action.
Threshold studies of secondary electron emission induced by macro-ion impact on solid surfaces

Abstract Incident ion velocity thresholds for secondary electron emission induced by ion bombardment of solids have been determined in the range 1 × 106 cm/s−1 × 107 cm/s using positive water molecule cluster ions with m/e up to ∼6 × 104. With the relatively high molecular weight species, shifts in values of incident ion velocity thresholds down to approximately 1.5 × 106 cm/s were observed. This is a factor of three lower than previously determined values using molecule or cluster ions which were more than an order of magnitude smaller in mass. These observations are taken as evidence for multiple collisions between electrons and displaced energetic lattice atoms in the collision spike and collisions of more than one atom in the projectile clusters with an electron in the solid surface. A kinetic secondary electron emission mechanism involving energy equilibration between lattice atoms and electrons in the collision spike is suggested.
The Death Penalty: No Evidence for Deterrence

John Donohue and Justin Wolfers argue that Gary Becker and Richard Posner are wrong to think that the death penalty deters murder: they find little empirical support for the claim. If anything, when one looks over the longest period possible (1934-2000) there is more evidence that the death penalty stimulates murder than that it deters murder.
Transcription of the rpsO-pnp operon of Streptomyces coelicolor involves four temporally regulated, stress responsive promoters.

Abstract Primer extension with RNA from an RNase III null mutant of Streptomyces coelicolor M145 and a primer complementary to the polynucleotide phosphorylase gene revealed two major extension products. Two different extension products were observed using RNA from either wild type M145 or the null mutant with a primer complementary to rpsO. Mapping of the 5′-ends of these extension products to the rpsO-pnp intergenic region indicated that all four putative transcription start sites were preceded by possible promoter sequences. These putative promoters were synthesized by the PCR and cloned into pIPP2, a xylE-based streptomycete promoter probe vector. Transfer of the pIPP2 derivatives to S. coelicolor and catechol dioxygenase assays demonstrated that all four cloned fragments had promoter activity in vivo. The activities of the four promoters changed over the course of growth of S. coelicolor and studies in three sigma factor mutant strains demonstrated that three of the promoters were σB dependent. Northern blotting studies showed that the levels of the rpsO-pnp transcripts remained relatively constant over the course of growth of S. coelicolor M145, but that on a molar basis, the levels of the readthrough and pnp transcripts were considerably lower than those of rpsO. PNPase is a cold shock protein in S. coelicolor and the activity of the rpsO-pnp promoters increased during cold shock at 10°, resulting in a two-fold increase in PNPase activity, compared with the activity at 30°.
Better Bounds for Event Sequencing Testing

A permutation of a sequence of events is a common construction in many testing environments. Covering all possible permutations has clearly an exponential behavior; so one can ask for partial (easier) requirement, to cover all possible orders: permutations induced on of a small cardinality subset of elements. In our paper we show better (both lower and upper) bounds on this event sequencing testing problem. We also discuss another variant of the problem where we impose restrictions on the permutations. In this case we show how to achieve an exponential growth in the complexity of the problem. We also give solutions for specific cases of the problem.
Oviduct progesterone receptor: Physical and chemical studies

Chicken oviduct progesterone receptor has been purified to homogeneity. The protein consists of two dissimilar hormone-binding subunits, A and B, present in equal amounts in the complex. They have molecular weights of 79,000 and 108,000, respectively, as shown by both SDS-gel electrophoresis of the purified proteins and photoaffinity labeling of both with a labeled synthetic progestin. The two subunits show considerable homology (or identity) of structure at the hormone-binding domain, located at the N-terminus of the proteins. Considerable divergence of sequence must exist elsewhere in A and B, as shown by tryptic peptide mapping and by the fact that subunit A has a strong DNA-binding site lacking in B. Both are phosphorylated in vitro by cAMP-dependent protein kinase; this phosphorylation appears to be responsible for creation of a second, weaker progesterone-binding site on each subunit.
Simultaneous multiple station analytical triangulation program

Abstract This paper reports on the development of an optimized analytical aerotriangulation program, coded in FORTRAN IV, to be operational on the I.B.M. 7090—94 and other comparable computer systems using FORTRAN IV. The program employs a modified version of the Geodetic Restraint Method. The mathematical model used permits a rigorous application of least squares. The program is designed as a complete analytical aerotriangulation system; versatile enough to provide a tool for both production and research. Facilities for weighting camera station parameters, ground control coordinates, and image plate coordinates are provided. The error propagation is developed to give the covariance matrices for air station parameters and triangulated points.