cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Transition From Spousal Caregiver to Widowhood: Quantitative Findings of a Mixed-Methods Study:

BACKGROUND: The number of persons diagnosed with dementia is projected to triple to 14 million by 2050. The significance of these projections is particularly relevant to older women (>65 years), who are more likely to provide dementia caregiving for a husband than vice versa. Research has identified consistent themes around the impact of caregiving during the caregiving experience, yet there is limited research exploring the ongoing impact during the transition to widowhood. Moreover, there is a paucity of research examining differences between rural and urban spousal dementia caregivers. AIMS: The aims were to compare differences between older rural and urban spousal caregivers on physical and mental health factors affecting the transition from caregiver to widow and to identify resources the women used during this transition over 12 months. METHOD: This mixed-methods longitudinal study recruited 13 urban and nine rural female spousal caregivers. Participants were interviewed three times over 12 months. The dependent variables were depression (measured using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), physical and mental functioning (measured using the 12-item Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form Health Survey Version 2). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were detected between rural and urban female caregivers on the dependent variables. However, rural caregivers scored higher on depression and lower on both physical and mental functioning compared to their urban counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: The findings have clinical and research implications. Psychiatric nurses are well positioned to provide education related to dementia information deficits; implement interventions that facilitate bereavement, resilience, self-care, and identity; advocate for additional services; and conduct larger scale studies with a more diverse sample of female spousal caregivers.
Epithelial plasticity can generate multi-lineage phenotypes in human and murine bladder cancers

Tumor heterogeneity is common in cancer, however recent studies have applied single gene expression signatures to classify bladder cancers into distinct subtypes. Such stratification assumes that a predominant transcriptomic signature is sufficient to predict progression kinetics, patient survival and treatment response. We hypothesize that such static classification ignores intra-tumoral heterogeneity and the potential for cellular plasticity occurring during disease development. We have conducted single cell transcriptome analyses of mouse and human model systems of bladder cancer and show that tumor cells with multiple lineage subtypes not only cluster closely together at the transcriptional level but can maintain concomitant gene expression of at least one mRNA subtype. Functional studies reveal that tumor initiation and cellular plasticity can initiate from multiple lineage subtypes. Collectively, these data suggest that lineage plasticity may contribute to innate tumor heterogeneity, which in turn carry clinical implications regarding the classification and treatment of bladder cancer.
Spatially resolving the relics: The inferring the physics driving the quenching of massive galaxies from kinematics at z ∼ 1 and beyond

Today's massive elliptical galaxies are primarily red-and-dead, dispersion supported ellipticals. The physical process(es) driving the shutdown or ‘quenching’ of star formation in these galaxies remains one of the least understood aspects of galaxy formation and evolution. Although today's spiral and elliptical galaxies exhibit a clear bimodality in their structures, kinematics, and stellar populations, it may be that the quenching and structural transformation do no occur simultaneously. In this talk I will present evidence that early quiescent galaxies, observed much closer to their quenching epoch at z ∼ 1, retain significant rotational support (∼ twice as much as local ellipticals). This suggests that the mechanisms responsible for shutting down star formation do not also have to destroy ordered motion in massive galaxies; the increased dispersion support could occur subsequently via hierarchical growth and minor merging. I will discuss this evidence in conjunction with recent ALMA studies of the dramatic range in molecular gas reservoirs of recently quenched high redshift galaxies to constrain quenching models. Finally, I will discuss prospects for extending spatially resolved spectroscopic studies of galaxies immediately following quenching with JWST and eventually 30-m class telescopes.
Machine Learning based Energy Saving Scheme in Wireless Access Networks.

With the deployment of the 5G, lower latency and higher frequency brings not only the users' satisfaction but also the dense deployment of base stations which causes large energy consumption. Thus, energy saving is a challenging issue. Machine learning techniques, which could extract features from raw data in the wireless access network and predict the future state by the previous features, are useful to energy saving. In this paper, we proposed the energy saving scheme based on machine learning techniques to achieve the balance between system performance and energy efficiency. Cell switching-off by load prediction using different algorithms, and dynamic threshold adjustment improve the energy efficiency and thereby reduces the operation cost. By demonstrating the results of experiments in wireless environment, the switch-off duration could reach up to 176% increase, and the energy scheme can save up to 2, 223 RMB electricity saving per week per cell.
Abrupt transitions in an atmospheric single-column model with weak temperature gradient approximation

Abstract. We document a feature of the tropical atmosphere that could be relevant to episodes of abrupt transitions in global climate that regularly occurred during the last ice age. Using a single-column model (SCM) incorporating the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation, we find that abrupt transitions occur as the sea surface temperature is steadily increased. Because these transitions arise from the interplay between local deep convection and the large-scale adjustments that are required to maintain weak temperature and pressure gradients, they are only present with the WTG approximation relevant for the tropics but may be of interest as a trigger for abrupt transitions in global climate. These transitions are marked by an abrupt change in the partitioning of rainfall between convective and large-scale (microphysics) subroutines in addition to various other features of the column, including cloudiness, vertical velocity, temperature, and humidity. We conclude that the transitions are initiated by a failure of evaporative cooling in the lower free troposphere. This leads to lower-column heating and a burst of convection that heats the upper free troposphere, increasing the large-scale rainfall rate, which allows for sufficient evaporative cooling to restabilize the column.
Global cognitive performance is not influenced by diurnal rhythm

Abstract Objective The human brain is influenced by different biological rhythms, including the daily 24-hour (diurnal) cycle. Past studies have reported evidence of variation in cognitive performance over the course of the day, and of differences in the peak time for cognition in older age. Here, we investigated these questions using two existing longitudinal studies of healthy adults. Methods Time of neuropsychological battery testing was extracted from study records, and we analyzed cognitive performance measures from 4 domains (Vocabulary, Processing Speed, Fluid Reasoning, and Episodic Memory) in 543 healthy adults between the ages of 20 and 80. Time of day was dichotomized as morning (281 tested before noon), and afternoon (242 tested after noon). Results Multivariate analyses controlling for both gender and years of education revealed no significant effect of time of testing (or its interaction with participant age) on cognitive performance. These results suggest that diurnal effects during time periods typically used to test human subjects are unlikely to have a meaningful effect on performance on the neuropsychological tests that are used for standard cognitive assessment. Conclusion This suggests that the effect of time of day on cognition in the context of aging may not be as ubiquitous as previously suggested, and thus is unlikely to represent a large confound in existing studies of cognition across the adult lifespan.
Acrolein and other toxicant exposures in relation to cardiovascular disease among marijuana and tobacco smokers in a longitudinal cohort of HIV-positive and negative adults.

Abstract Background Marijuana smoke contains some of the same toxicants present in tobacco smoke. Marijuana smoking is prevalent among HIV+ individuals, but few studies have characterized smoke-related toxicants or associated health outcomes in exclusive marijuana users. Methods This longitudinal study included 245 participants over age 40 (76% HIV+). 33 plasma and 28 urine metabolites of nicotine, ∆-9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds were assayed by liquid or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Exposures and health outcomes were assessed from surveys and medical records. Findings At baseline, 18% of participants were marijuana-only smokers, 20% tobacco-only smokers, and 24% dual marijuana-tobacco smokers (median (IQR) age 53 (47–60) years, 78% male, 54% white race). Marijuana smoking was independently associated with elevated plasma naphthalenes, 2-hydroxyfluorene sulfate, 4-vinylphenol sulfate, and o-cresol sulfate (p l -cysteine (3HPMA) was significantly elevated in plasma and urine in tobacco-only and dual but not marijuana-only smokers, and correlated with nicotine metabolites (p Interpretation Smoke-related toxicants, including acrylonitrile and acrylamide metabolites, are detectable in exclusive marijuana smokers, but exposures are lower compared with tobacco or dual smokers. Acrolein exposure is increased by tobacco smoking but not exclusive marijuana smoking in HIV+ and HIV- adults, and contributes to cardiovascular disease in tobacco smokers. Funding U.S. NIH.
Assembly language programming, 8086/8088, 8087

THE ENVIRONMENT OF A PROGRAM: The Hardware of a Micro Computer System Operating Systems, MS-DOS, and Interrupt Routines INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONTROL OF A PROGRAM: Writing the First Programs Macros and Procedures Physical and Logical Segments Program Control The Stack Addressing with Registers INTERACTION BETWEEN A PROGRAM AND MS-DOS: The MS-DOS Environment .COM and .EXE Programs Using DEBUG Changing an Interrupt Routine DATA MANIPULATION: String Instructions A Structured Program Sorting Arrays The Modular Approach to Programming Binary I/O The Flags Register Hexadecimal and Decimal I/O Multiplication and Division BCD Representation Multibyte Addition ADVANCED TOPICS: Basic File Manipulation Structures, Records, and Macros Creating an Interrupt Routine ROM-BIOS External Calls of Assembly Language Routines Elementary Graphics The 8087 Numeric Processor Extension.
Convective Gas Transport in the Acinus: Revisiting the Role of Effective Diffusivity

In the pulmonary acinus, the relative importance of convection and diffusion for gas transport is often estimated using a form of the Peclet(Pe) number. This dimensionless ratio compares thebulk ductal flow velocity at an acinar generation with a diffusion velocity over a characteristic length scale. Here, we revisit the role of convection and diffusion for gas transport in the acinus using a semi-empirical analysis. We look at the significance of Taylor dispersion and consider the potential importance of oscillatory flow, under various breathing scenarios, for augmented transport in the pulmonary acinus. While some high frequency ventilation (HFV) maneuvers may lead to enhanced diffusivity, axial convection is generally not significant. The location of the diffusion front is found in more proximal generations of the acinus relative to estimates found with variations of the Pe number. These findings shed new light on the role of convection for acinar gas transport.
Political Consultants and Party-Centered Campaigning: Evidence from the 2010 U.S. House Primary Election Campaigns

Abstract Do political consultants' roles in American elections reflect candidate-centered or party-centered politics? I reassess the argument that American politics is candidate-centered if party organizations cannot nominate congressional candidates. I evaluate an overlooked means of party influence over U.S. House nominations via the market for consultants, many of whom contract with party committees to conduct electioneering activities while others maintain contractual autonomy from party committees. This dichotomy between connected and unconnected consulting firms is a consequence of campaign finance policy contributing to the expansion of parties' coordinated and independent spending efforts. Many political consulting firms that contract with parties also take on House candidates as clients, while other firms with candidate clients do not contract with parties. I assess whether candidate use of the former type—i.e., the party-agent consultant—increases the ability to win a primary election compared t...
Improving Text Classification Using EM with Background Text.

For many text classification tasks, sets of background text are easily available from the Web and other online sources. We show that such background text can greatly improve text classification performance by treating the background text as unlabeled data and using existing techniques based on EM for iteratively labeling this background text. Although results are most pronounced when the background text falls into categories that mirror those present in the training and test data, we show improved classification accuracy even though the use of background text violates many of the assumptions underlying the original approach, especially in the presence of limited training data.
Mapping of New Escherichia coli K and 15 Restriction Sites on Specific Fragments of Bacteriophage φX174 DNA

We have isolated several new φX174 mutants which contain sites sensitive to restriction by Escherichia coli. One contains an E. coli 15 restriction site and three are double mutants containing an E. coli K site as well as the E. coli 15 site. The replicative form (RF) DNA of one of the mutants containing a K site has been shown to be restricted in spheroplasts of a K-12 strain. The infectivity of this RF, but not wild-type RF, has also been shown to be inactivated by an E. coli K extract and by purified K restriction enzyme in vitro. The product of the RF treated with purified K restriction enzyme in vitro is a full length linear molecule. The mutant sites have also been localized to specific regions of the φX174 genome by a fragment mapping technique, making use of specific fragments of φX174 RF DNA obtained by digestion with a specific endonuclease.
Cohesion and Learning in a Tutorial Spoken Dialog System.

Two measures of lexical cohesion were developed and applied to a corpus of human-computer tutoring dialogs. For both measures, the amount of cohesion in the tutoring dialog was found to be significantly correlated to learning for students with below-mean pretest scores, but not for those with above-mean pre-test scores, even though both groups had similar amounts of cohesion. We also find that only cohesion between tutor and student is significant: the cohesiveness of tutor, or of student, utterances is not. These results are discussed in light of previous work in textual cohesion and recall.
Modified Newtonian dynamics as a prediction of general relativity

We consider a simple model of the physical vacuum as a self-gravitating relativistic fluid. Proceeding in a step-by-step manner, we are able to show that the equations of classical electrodynamics follow if the electromagnetic four-potential is associated with the four-momentum of a space-filling fluid of neutral spinors which we identify with neutrinos and antineutrinos. Charged particles, which we identify with electrons and positrons, act as sinks for the fluid and have the structure of the maximal fast Kerr solution. Electromagnetic waves are described by oscillations in the fluid and interactions between charges occur via the exchange of photons, which have the structure of entwined neutrino-antineutrino pairs that form twisted closed loops in spacetime connecting the charges. The model predicts that antimatter has negative mass, and that neutrinos are matter-antimatter dipoles. Together these suffice to explain the presence of modified Newtonian dynamics as a gravitational polarisation effect.
Analysis of linkage positions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-mannans by the reductive-cleavage method.

Abstract The positions of linkage in the d -mannans derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 and its mutants, mnn1, mnn2, and mnn4, were established by perethylation and subsequent reductive cleavage with triethylsilane in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate (BF3 · Et2O) or trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. With the latter as the catalyst, all glycosidic carbon-oxygen bonds were cleaved, to produce a mixture of ethylated 1,5-anhydro- d -mannitol derivatives. With BF3 · Et2O as the catalyst, 2-, 3-, and 6-linked residues were incompletely cleaved, and residues linked at both O-2 and O-6 were not cleaved at all. It was concluded that reductive cleavage is an attractive method for determination of the structure of polysaccharides.
X-ray nebular models. II - Constant pressure clouds

Models are presented for the ionization and temperature structure of X-ray illuminated gas clouds under the assumption that the clouds' pressure is fixed. Models are considered which have a variety of different combinations of X-ray source spectrum and cloud pressure, characteristic of galactic X-ray sources and interstellar gas. It is shown that optically thick constant pressure clouds obey scaling laws for their ionized column densities which are analogous to the scaling behavior of constant density models. The results of constant pressure models are contrasted with constant density model results, and it is shown that the constant pressure assumption leads to enhanced thermal instability effects and also causes important differences in the line spectra emergent from X-ray illuminated clouds. Observable consequences for X-ray illuminated interstellar clouds are discussed.
Video Display Terminals and the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion

Abstract Background. The relation between spontaneous abortion and the use of video display terminals (VDTs) is of great public health concern. Previous investigators of this issue have reported inconsistent findings. Methods. To determine whether electromagnetic fields emitted by VDTs are associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, a cohort of female telephone operators who used VDTs at work was compared with a cohort of operators who did not use VDTs. To obtain reliable estimates of exposure, we determined the number of hours of VDT use per week from company records and measured electromagnetic fields at VDT workstations and, for purposes of comparison, at workstations without VDTs. Operators who used VDTs had higher abdominal exposure to very-low-frequency (15 kHz) electromagnetic fields (workstations without VDTs did not emit very-low-frequency energy). Abdominal exposure to extremely-low-frequency fields (45 to 60 Hz) was similar for both operators who used VDTs and those who did not. ...
Weak-form efficiency in the Kuala Lumpur and Singapore stock markets

Previous weak-form efficiency tests of the Kuala Lumpur and Singapore stock markets have mixed findings but mostly have suggested close conformity with a random walk. Using a disparate type of sample data over a longer and diverse time period, this paper seeks to replicate the earlier investigations of these two thin markets in order to verify whether the previous results may be sample specific. The distribution of daily stock returns is also examined to determine the validity of using statistical tests based on the normality assumption. Results tend predominately to confirm independence of serial stock returns and indicate distinctly nonnormal distributions.
Bond strength, bond stress and spallation mechanisms of thermal barrier coatings

Abstract Five production thermal barrier coatings were thermally cycled between room temperature and 1121°C (2050°F) to determine relative spallation life. Bond strength measurements were made using a modified ASTM direct pull-test. Bond stress measurements were made in the thermally grown oxide using a laser photoluminescence technique. Bond strength and bond stress measurements were conducted on two electron beam physical vapor deposition coatings as a function of thermal cycling. Each coating showed characteristic values of as-coated strength and stress and changes in strength and stress with thermal cycling. These variations in strength and stress with thermal cycling are related to oxidation and micro-debonding effects.
Intestinal obstruction secondary to infantile polyarteritis nodosa

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) is a rare systemic necrotising vasculitis of medium and small-sized arteries. Patients typically present with systemic symptoms. Obstructive intestinal symptoms are described but usually resolve with treatment of the underlying vascular disease. We report a case of a one year old boy with multiple ischemic small bowel strictures secondary to infantile PAN, who was treated with resection of the affected segments by single port laparoscopy.
Wire orbit ray tracing of magnets using magnetostrictive wire chamber techniques

Abstract We describe briefly a method for precise momentum calibration of magnets which combines the well-known floating-wire technique of tracing particle orbits through magnetic fields and electronic readout using magnetostrictive delay lines similar to those used in wire spark chambers. The advantage of this method lies in the rapid and accurate measurement of many particle trajectories in a relatively short period of time. The use of magnetostrictive readout electronics eliminates the tedious work of measuring individual trajectories optically, and provides means by which the procedure can be computer controlled.
Supergauge symmetry, broken chiral symmetry and renormalization

Abstract Because of broken chiral invariance the model of Wess and Zumino obeys additional Ward identities. Together with supergauge Ward identities they imply the results of Iliopoulos and Zumino that a single wave function renormalization is sufficient to renormalize the theory.
Alkylammonium polycations as structure-directing agents in MFI zeolite synthesis

Abstract Silicate and aluminosilicate MFI-type zeolites are synthesized with di- and triquaternary ammonium cations as structure-directing agents (SDA). Solid-state NMR spectra show that polycations are intact in the as-synthesized zeolites. Materials synthesized with polycationic molecules are compared to zeolites synthesized with tetrapropylammonium, the normal SDA for MFI-type zeolite. The zeolite nucleation rates and particle sizes decrease as the net charge of the organic cation increases, i.e. SDA n + where n =1, 2 or 3.
Variables Affecting the Participation in Individual Development

Workers across the country are being asked to acquire more information at an increasing rate in response to technological, structural, and new product and process changes occurring in the workplace. Organizations continue to struggle with understanding the capabilities and capacity of their workforce and are making critical investments in building expertise. But how do organizations engage people in this development effort? This paper proposes three critical variables that affect an individual's participation in the development process. Proposed variables are: 1) individual expertise, 2) system stability, and 3) the acceptance for the need for improvement. The paper reviews the theories that support the proposed variables in terms of influencing learning participation, and it concludes by pointing out implications for human development practitioners. It identifies where further research is needed in gaining greater insight into understanding this complex issue.
Immunoelectrophoresis employing avian antiseria for the detection and quantitation of Pasteurella multocida antigens

Immunoelectrophoresis with various buffer systems at high and low pH was examined for suitability to detect and quantitate Pasteurella multocida antigens with turkey or chicken anti-P. multocida sera. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used to develop a buffer system for one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The effects of pH, buffer, and molarity on resolution of immunoprecipitates were determined; 0.05 M sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer at pH 5.6 was the most suitable buffer. This buffer could be used in counterimmunoelectrophoresis with turkey or chicken sera to detect minute amounts of P. multocida protein antigens (4.3 ng/test) or lipopolysaccharide (3.12 micrograms/test). One-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis with the acetate buffer system required treatment of the gels with a 17% NaCl solution to induce immunoprecipitation of P. multocida lipopolysaccharide. Other techniques using the acetate buffer system did not require the high salt treatment. In two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, antisera migrated in the second dimension at pH 8.6, but did not migrate at pH 5.6. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis with the acetate buffer system was effective for quantitating P. multocida antigens.
Analysis of nonlinear internal waves in the New York Bight

An analysis of the nonlinear-internal-wave evolution in the New York Bight was performed on the basis of current meter mooring data obtained in the New York Bight during the SAR Internal Wave Signature Experiment (SARSEX). The solitary wave theory was extended to include dissipation and shoaling effects, and a series of numerical experiments were performed by solving the wave evolution equation, with waveforms observed in the SARSEX area as initial conditions. The results of calculations demonstrate that the relative balance of dissipation and shoaling effects is crucial to the detailed evolution of internal wave packets. From an observed initial wave packet at the upstream mooring, the numerical evolution simulation agreed reasonably well with the measurements at the distant mooring for the leading two large solitons.
Preparing for the Long War: The United States Army and the Early Cold War Period 1945–1950

As American and British troops pushed into the heart of the Third Reich during the spring of 1945 (March–May 1945), the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff began making preparations for a postwar force that supposedly would maintain the peace on the European continent and prevent the outbreak of a third, more devastating conflict. Unfortunately, as events turned out, the victorious U.S. Army of some 8 million men that had fought in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) rapidly demobilized once the surrender of Germany (and later Japan) had been achieved. This in turn left Germany and much of Western Europe, already devastated by the effects of the war on their soil vulnerable to exploitation and possible invasion by the Soviet Army. Maintaining the peace in Europe was a U.S. military that was but a remnant of the mighty U.S. and British military machine that had defeated the Wehrmacht, that had now been whittled down to a mere occupation or constabulary force. 1 1 For an analysis of U.S. Army operations from Ja...
A directed graph version of strongly regular graphs

We study a directed graph version of strongly regular graphs whose adjacency matrices satisfy A^2 + (μ − λ)A − (t − μ)I = μJ, and AJ = JA = kJ. We prove existence (by construction), nonexistence, and necessary conditions, and construct homomorphisms for several families of parameter sets.
Sex Attitudes and Prior Victimization as Predictors of College Student Sex Offenses

A sample of 796 college student volunteers in Human Sexuality and Introductory Psychology classes were surveyed anonymously about sexual attitudes, experience, and knowledge. The survey measured attitude variables found previously to predict attitudes toward forcible date rape (Fischer, 1986) and behavioral measures, such as sexual experience and sexual abuse as a child, teenager, or adult. Survey variables wre related to two types of self-reported sexual offenders: (a) those who admitted to use of lies or false promises to have sex (N=69) and/or (b) those who admitted to use of threat or force to have sex (N=16). Logistic regression and discriminant analyses revealed that male gender, a tendency to blame society, rather than the male, in a date rape vignette, more accepting attitudes toward forcible date rape, having used threat or force to have sex and greater sexual experience, including same gender sexual experience, identified 71% of students admitting to having lied or made false promises to have sex. Only two variables (blaming society or the situation, rather than the male, in a date rape vignette and some likelihood of rape, if sure of not being caught) identified 73% of forcible male sex offenders. Prior victimization did not relate to either type of sex offending. Thus, Groth's (1979) explanation of forcible sexual assault as an expression of internal developmental crisis (resulting from prior sexual abuse) was not supported.
Enhanced Linear Growth Responses in Hypopituitary Dwarfs Treated with Growth Hormone Plus Androgen versus Growth Hormone Alone

Extract: Twelve hypopituitary patients ranging in age from 5 8/12 to 15 7/12 years were treated for 12 months with a standardized dose of human growth hormone (HGH), 0.1 or 0.05 U/kg three times weekly). From the 7th to 12th month inclusive, fluoxymesterone, 2.5 mg/m2/24 hr per os was given in combination with the growth hormone. From the 12th to the 18th month, no therapy was given. Heights and weights were recorded every 1 or 2 months. Bone age films were assessed at the onset and again in the 6th, 12th, and 18th month of the study. In the first 6 months of HGH therapy, the mean growth rate (centimeters per year ± SD) was 9.4 ± 2.3. During combined treatment with HGH and fluoxymesterone, the mean growth rate of 13.4 ± 3 was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than on HGH alone. Post-treatment mean growth rate from the 13th through 18th month, inclusive, was 2.7 ± 1.2. Weight gain (kilograms per year ± SD) during combined treatment (13 ± 7) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than during HGH administration (3.4 ± 2.4). Mean advancement in bone maturation (months ± SD) during HGH (12 ± 7.7) was not significantly different from the mean gain in bone age during combined treatment (12 ± 12). In the final 6 months without any therapy, the mean gain in bone age was 8.8 ± 6.1. In the 18 months of study, the mean increase in bone age was 33 months, and the mean gain in height age (HA) was 23 months. Although final evaluation of this treatment program depends upon a longer period of observation, the immediate assessment suggests that the significant improvements in height, weight, and physical appearance were sufficient to compensate for the gains in bone maturation, especially since the patients who entered the study had markedly retarded bone ages. Speculation: HGH and androgens interact synergistically. Androgens stimulate HGH secretion in intact animals. In the hypopituitary state, androgens require the addition of HGH for optimal promotion of optimal growth and secondary sexual development.
Meeting Future Marine Challenges: Charting the Course of NOAA's National Ocean Service Science and Technology Enterprise towards Ecosystem Service and Stewardship

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is the premier civilian ocean agency in the United States. To meet its mission, the agency addresses coastal and ocean challenges on a daily basis focusing on issues ranging from fish stock assessments to coastal inundation. NOAA relies upon a broad science and technology enterprise that produces the products and services necessary to make sound management decisions. Comprised of nine programmatic lines, NOAA's national ocean service (NOS) has a wide-range set of inter-related challenges extending from management of estuaries and marine protected areas to operational oceanography and forecasting. In 2006, NOS established a Science and Technology Board to evaluate its diverse scientific enterprise and apply its wide range of skills and centuries of experience to the modern challenge of developing ecosystem based ocean and coastal services.
Living donor liver transplantation in patients with hepatitis C

1. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common indication for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). 2. Preliminary evidence suggests that HCV may occur earlier and may be more severe in LDLT recipients. However, current data is inconclusive relative to the impact of recurrent HCV on patient and graft survival in LDLT recipients. 3. Potential mechanisms for differences in severity of HCV in LDLT recipients are discussed. 4. LDLT remains a viable treatment option for selected patients with HCV.
Hole-majority condition and magnetic field dependence of the electron/hole density and magnetization in a bismuth thin film

The electrons and holes in a bismuth thin film placed in a transverse magnetic field assume three-dimensionally quantized energy spectra. Peculiar magnetic field dependence of the carrier density and magnetization has been re-calculated using the hole-majority condition, replacing the conventional charge-neutrality condition. Some of the new results seem to be physically significant.
A Bayesian model for misclassified binary outcomes and correlated survival data with applications to breast cancer

Breast cancer patients may experience ipsilateral breast tumor relapse (IBTR) after breast conservation therapy. IBTR is classified as either true local recurrence or new ipsilateral primary tumor. The correct classification of IBTR status has significant implications in therapeutic decision-making and patient management. However, the diagnostic tests to classify IBTR are imperfect and prone to misclassification. In addition, some observed survival data (e.g., time to relapse, time from relapse to death) are strongly correlated with IBTR status. We present a Bayesian approach to model the potentially misclassified IBTR status and the correlated survival information. We conduct the inference using a Bayesian framework via Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation implemented in WinBUGS. Extensive simulation shows that the proposed method corrects biases and provides more efficient estimates for the covariate effects on the probability of IBTR and the diagnostic test accuracy. Moreover, our method provides useful subject-specific patient prognostic information. Our method is motivated by, and applied to, a dataset of 397 breast cancer patients.
Intracellular cyclic AMP not calcium, determines the direction of vesicle movement in melanophores: direct measurement by fluorescence ratio imaging

Intracellular movement of vesiculated pigment granules in angelfish melanophores is regulated by a signalling pathway that triggers kinesin and dyneinlike microtubule motor proteins. We have tested the relative importance of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) vs cAMP ([cAMP]i) in the control of such motility by adrenergic agonists, using fluorescence ratio imaging and many ways to artificially stimulate or suppress signals in these pathways. Fura-2 imaging reported a [Ca2+]i elevation accompanying pigment aggregation, but this increase was not essential since movement was not induced with the calcium ionophore, ionomycin, nor was movement blocked when the increases were suppressed by withdrawal of extracellular Ca2+ or loading of intracellular BAPTA. The phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, blocked aggregation and induced dispersion at concentrations that suggested that the protein phosphatase PP-1 or PP-2A was continuously turning phosphate over during intracellular motility. cAMP was monitored dynamically in single living cells by microinjecting cAMP-dependent kinase in which the catalytic and regulatory subunits were labeled with fluorescein and rhodamine respectively (Adams et al., 1991. Nature (Lond.). 349:694-697). Ratio imaging of F1CRhR showed that the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated aggregation was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in [cAMP]i. The decrease in [cAMP]i was both necessary and sufficient for aggregation, since cAMP analogs or microinjected free catalytic subunit of A kinase-blocked aggregation or caused dispersal, whereas the cAMP antagonist RpcAMPs or the microinjection of the specific kinase inhibitor PKI5-24 amide induced aggregation. Our conclusion that cAMP, not calcium, controls bidirectional microtubule dependent motility in melanophores might be relevant to other instances of non-muscle cell motility.
Distortions induced in neuronal quantification by camera lucida analysis: Comparisons using a semi-automated data acquisition system

Abstract Quantitative analysis of dendritec structure is widely used in assessing neural relationships in Golgi-stained tissue. Quantitative techniques are tedious and time-consuming. A computer-microscope system is described which speeds data acquisition and analysis. Three neuronal samples are analyzed both by this computerized system and by camera lucida techniques. We demonstrate that the computerized techniques result in far fewer errors in data transcription and analysis than the camera lucida procedure. In addition, we show that the amount of distortion in camera lucida drawings caused by collapsing 3 dimensions into 2 varies both with cell class and cell dendrite type. This prevents the use of any simple statistical procedures for deriving 3-dimensional information from 2-dimensional data.
Involvement of α-adrenergic stimuli and calcium in somatostatin-induced gluconeogenesis in renal cortex

Abstract Gluconeogenic activity in rat kidney cortex slices was stimulated by somatostatin. Somatostatin-stimulated gluconeogenesis was inhibited by phentolamine but not by propranolol suggesting that somatostatin action is mediated by α-adrenergic stimuli. The stimulatory effect by this hypothalamic peptide was not seen when renal cortex slices were depleted of calcium. However, the effect could be recovered by the addition of calcium. The results suggest that stimulatory effect of somatostatin in renal gluconeogenesis is via α-adrenergic stimuli and that an increase in calcium influx into the cytosol may be the causative factor for the enhanced gluconeogenesis.
The Dual-use Dilemma in Life Science Research

Review of : an online educational module by the Southeast Regional Center of Excellence for Emerging Infections and Biodefense (SERCEB), designed to stimulate thoughtful self-assessment and group discussion on the topic of dual-use research.
The Role of Metaphosphate Glass Composition on Changes to the Glass Network Structure after Modification by Femtosecond Laser Pulses

Changes to the glass structure after femtosecond laser modification have been studied in multiple metaphosphate glass systems using white light and laser microscopy. Results indicate initial glass structure is important to the resulting morphological changes.
Electrophoretic separation and characterization of the multiple forms of methemoglobin reductase

Abstract Methemoglobin reductase has been obtained in a highly purified state from human erythrocytes using a modification of our previously published procedure (5). One of the steps, chromatography on CM-Sephadex, readily separates the two principal forms of the enzyme, I and II. Both I and II have molecular weights of approximately 22,000, as determined by filtration through standardized Sephadex columns or by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide. In the presence of methylene blue as an electron carrier, both I and II have the ability to utilize either DPNH or TPNH for the reduction of methemoglobin. For I, assayed at pH 7.5 and 37 °, the specific activities are 5.4 and 1.8 μmoles of ferriheme reduced/min/mg protein with DPNH and TPNH, respectively; the corresponding values for II are 4.9 and 1.5 μmoles/ min/mg. I and II differ in their absorption spectra (λmax for I at 278 mμ; λmax for II at 268 mμ). Electrophoresis of I or II on polyacrylamide at pH 8.3 resolves each into a major component and several minor components. All of these subbands carry the original catalytic activities, as shown by treating the polyacrylamide gel with a mixture of DPNH (or TPNH), 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol, and MTT (a tetrazolium dye).
Superresolution with Plenoptic 2.0 Cameras

We demonstrate working superresolution with Plenoptic 2.0 camera without need for traditional image registration in software. This paper describes our method, based only on the camera geometry and microlens parameters.
SNAREs Contribute to the Specificity of Membrane Fusion

Intracellular membrane fusion is mediated by the formation of a four-helix bundle comprised of SNARE proteins. Every cell expresses a large number of SNARE proteins that are localized to particular membrane compartments, suggesting that the fidelity of vesicle trafficking might in part be determined by specific SNARE pairing. However, the promiscuity of SNARE pairing in vitro suggests that the information for membrane compartment organization is not encoded in the inherent ability of SNAREs to form complexes. Here, we show that exocytosis of norepinephrine from PC12 cells is only inhibited or rescued by specific SNAREs. The data suggest that SNARE pairing does underlie vesicle trafficking fidelity, and that specific SNARE interactions with other proteins may facilitate the correct pairing.
Emergent and divergent resilience behavior in catastrophic shift systems

Abstract Resilience in dynamic ecological systems has been intuitively associated with the ability to withstand disturbances in system drivers represented as shocks. Typically shocks are characterized as instantaneous, and isolated non-interacting events with the system dynamics corresponding to a fixed potential well. However, ecological systems are subject to continuous variation in environmental drivers such as rainfall, temperature, etc. and these interact with the ecosystem dynamics to alter the potential well. These variations are typically represented as a stochastic process. Furthermore, with climate change, the stochastic characteristics of the environmental drivers also change, thereby impacting the well dynamics. To characterize the resilience behavior under continuous variation in system drivers, and contrast it with that subject to instantaneous shock in system drivers, we employ the canonical catastrophic shift system as an example, and demonstrate emergent and contrasting divergent resilience behavior of the measures as the properties of the system-driver couple change. These behaviors include variability induced stabilization or enhancement of dynamic regimes, regions of sensitivity to dynamic regime transitions and existence of trap or escape regions. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of iso-resilience curves which are employed to design travel paths in resilience landscapes. These results provide valuable insights for managing resilience attributes associated with dynamic regime transitions in catastrophic shift systems under instantaneous shock and continuous variability in system drivers.
Transmission FT-IR and Knudsen Cell Study of the Heterogeneous Reactivity of Gaseous Nitrogen Dioxide on Mineral Oxide Particles

The heterogeneous reactivity of gaseous nitrogen dioxide on mineral oxide particles was investigated. In particular, spectroscopic and kinetic measurements have been made to investigate surface reactions of NO2 on Al2O3, Fe2O3, and TiO2 at 298 K. Both gas-phase and surface-bound products are formed from the reaction of NO2 with these mineral oxide particles. At low coverages, FT-IR spectra of the mineral oxide surface exposed to gaseous NO2 show absorptions due to surface nitrite, specifically a chelating nitrito species. As the coverage increases, the surface becomes populated with surface nitrate bonded in several different bonding coordinations (monodentate, bidentate, and bridging). The predominant gas-phase product is NO, although there is a small amount (<1%) of detectable N2O. A Knudsen cell reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to measure the uptake coefficient, γ, for NO2 on these oxide particles and to characterize gas-phase product formation. The Knudsen cell data showed NO...
Comments on “distinctions among reciprocal altruism, kin selection, and cooperation and a model for the initial evolution of beneficent behavior”

Abstract For two reasons, by-product beneficence may sometimes become fixed in an unstructured population even more easily than Rothstein and Pierotti's (1988) analyses indicate. Also, contrary to their disclaimer, Rothstein and Pierotti's analyses do imply the existence of alleles specifically for beneficent behaviors.
Adjusting policy‐thinking to global pragmatics and future problematics

An unprecedented rate of change is rapidly outdating traditional modes of policy thinking. New orientations are needed to deal with the growing interaction between global pragmatics which encompass emerging trends that diverge radically from anything previously experienced and intractable problems that do not respond to conventional solutions and future problematics which arise from the nature of the future and paradoxes underlying futures oriented thinking. Current policy thinking suffers from many incapacities and should give way to the search for a new holistic paradigm based on the twin propositions that the properties of the parts can only be understood through an understanding of the dynamics of the whole and that the dynamics of the whole may be greater than the summation of the parts. Several suggestions are made where to make a start. The new policy thinking must provide a common meaning, purpose and sense of direction. It must be anticipatory, considering both the probable and the improbable, looking both backwards and forwards. It must be crisis-prepared, innovative, multi-dimensional and capable of handling adversity, uncertainty, and complexity. Other components of governance must also be improved lest an oversized head develop on an undersized body. Meantime, hope is placed in a new type of learning that would allow for living with past mistakes and failures without being overwhelmed, one that would allow for change, perception, problem reformulation, unlearning and even debunking. It would involve questioning the appropriateness of ultimate purposes and goals, selecting new replacements, and identifying new means for achieving them.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Rating Scales and Worth Calculation Schemes Used in QFD Matrices

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is matrix method that identifies relative worth of product requirements from the customer requirements and their importance. Understanding the relative worth enables engineers to evaluate the potential of design concepts to achieve important requirements. In a QFD matrix called “House of Quality” or QFD I, engineers assess correlations between product requirements and customer requirements using a linear (e.g., 1–3–5) or an exponential (e.g., 1–3–9) rating scale. The exponential scale assigns product requirements that have large correlations with customer requirements a higher ratings of 9 instead of 5, and therefore, gives them larger relative worth. This paper studies how the choice of linear 1–3–5 and exponential 1–3–9 rating scales changes the relative worth of product requirements. To avoid being restricted to any specific pattern of a QFD matrix, this paper uses simulations and analytic approaches to obtain distributions of changes of relative worth, and to calculate the upper bounds of these changes. Finally, in an illustrative example, the authors integrate QFD and concept evaluation activities and provide a case in which the choice of rating scale in a QFD I matrix changes the optimal concept.Copyright © 2004 by ASME