cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights Into f-element Coordination Chemistry in TALSPEAK Systems☆

Abstract Thermodynamic data from the literature properly predict lanthanide–actinide separation factors in the TALSPEAK process, but fail to predict the observed steep acid dependence that is seen when the pH is raised above 3. In this work, features of lanthanide coordination chemistry and solute partitioning in TALSPEAK are examined to improve understanding of the fundamental chemistry that controls this process and to explain this anomaly. To accomplish this, a variety of spectroscopic techniques have been applied to the task. In addition, since the issue with TALSPEAK appears to lie in part in the definition of thermodynamic equilibria, complementary studies have been conducted elucidating fresh estimates of selected thermodynamic parameters of relevance to this system. To extend the utility of this investigation, some of these studies have examined the properties of substitute reagents within the general framework of TALSPEAK and TALSPEAK-like systems. In this report, observations from NMR, ESI-MS, and optical spectroscopic studies of lanthanide complexes are combined with thermodynamic modeling to provide fresh insights into lanthanide-actinide separations systems based on aqueous complexing agents.
Dissemination: Handmaiden to Evaluation Use

Use of evaluation findings is a valued outcome for most evaluators. However, to optimize use, the findings need to be disseminated to potential users in formats that facilitate use of the informati...
668 FOOTPRINTING THE NEWBORN-COST EFFECTIVE?

Footprinting the newborn for identification is a routine procedure in most hospitals and mandatory by law in many states. We examined the quality of the footprints in full term infants in light of the cost. Twenty pairs of footprints were taken by experienced nursing personnel in each of five hospitals classified as Level III or II for neonatal care. The 100 sets of footprints were then examined by an experienced police dermatoglyphist for the quality of the footprints for identification of the newborn. Eighty-nine of the pairs of footprints were technically inadequate. The major problems were improper inking (predominantly too much ink) 35, smudging or foot movement 22, and poor detail even with adequate inking 32. The cost of footprinting in materials and clean-up is approximately 25c for each pair of footprints taken. This does not include nursing time. Nationally this represents a cost in excess of $500,000 per year. A review of the medical and legal literature failed to disclose a single instance in which the newborn footprints were used in court for Identification of an infant. Ours and previous studies suggest that the vast majority of footprints are technically adequate to do so. In an era of cost containment, footprinting newborns, with no control on quality, wastes time and money.
Surface texturing and chemical treatment methods for reducing high adhesion forces at micromachine interfaces

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is a relatively new field dealing with the design and manufacturing of miniaturized devices (micromachines) using techniques adapted mainly from the integrated-circuit industry. Micromachine fabrication comprises the growth, deposition, and selective removal of thin films. Early indications suggest that although significant opportunities exist for MEMS, there are several obstacles preventing the evolution of micromachines from the research environment to the application world. Among challenging problems is the identification and analysis of microscopic processes encountered at MEMS interfaces during fabrication and operation that often render the devices dysfunctional. The development of high adhesion forces at micromachine interfaces during release-etch drying and/or operation often leads to permanent adhesion of contacting surfaces, a phenomenon referred to as stiction, hence affecting the micromachine yield and operation life. In this publication, an appraisal of the important issues involved in micromachine stiction is presented, accompanied by an assessment of the contribution of various surface forces (e.g., van der Waals, capillary, electrostatic, and asperity deformation forces) to the total stiction force arising at MEMS interfaces. The critical micromachine stiffness required to overcome stiction is interpreted in terms of the composite surface roughness and material properties. In addition, various surface modification techniques compatible with standard surface micromachining, such as surface roughening (texturing) and deposition of low surface energy films (e.g., diamond-like carbon coatings and self-assembled monolayer films) are presented, and their efficacy to reduce etch- release and in-use micromachine stiction is discussed in light of experimental and analytical results.
Intra-industry competitiveness and economic growth

Abstract The Cass-Koopmans model of economic growth is reworked with imperfect competition in the final good sector. In the special case of the AK model, a direct link is shown between the degree of intra-industry competition and the rate of growth. Anti-trust enforcement which increases intra-industry competition, therefore, has growth effects and not just level effects. Imperfect competition generates excess profits at the expense of payments to labor and capital. Entry increases the competition for—and, therefore, the payments to—both of those factors. In response to the increase in the return to capital, capital accumulation increases and growth speeds up.
Nitrate deposition following an astrophysical ionizing radiation event

Abstract It is known that a gamma ray burst (GRB) originating near the Earth could be devastating to life. The mechanism of ozone depletion and subsequent increased UVB exposure is the primary risk, but models also show increased nitrification culminating in nitric acid rainout. These effects are also expected after nearby supernovae and extreme solar proton events. In this work we considered specifically whether the increased nitric acid rainout from such events is a threat to modern terrestrial ecosystems. We also considered its potential benefit to early terrestrial Paleozoic ecosystems. We used established critical loads for nitrogen deposition in ecoregions of Europe and the US and compared them with previously predicted values of nitric acid rainout from a typical GRB within our galaxy. The predicted rainout was found to be too low to harm modern ecosystems, however, it is large compared with probable nitrate flux onto land prior to the invasion of plants. We suggest that this flux may have contributed nutrients to this invasion if, as hypothesized, the end-Ordovician extinction event were initiated by a GRB or other ionizing radiation event.
Energy systems integration facilities at the national renewable energy laboratory

The world is highly dependent on an energy infrastructure that produces electricity and fuels; delivering these to customers for a wide variety of end-use applications. There is a renewed push to integrate larger quantities of variable renewable generation, advanced energy storage, and smart communications and controls to allow for increased use of sustainable generation technologies. There is also a push to increase the use of energy efficiency and diversify transportation fuels to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. As the integration of energy systems becomes more complex, testing and evaluation of these new technologies to understand their benefits to and impacts on the energy systems infrastructure will be critical to meeting our nation's energy challenges. This paper highlights the advanced research and development facilities located at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory that focus on energy systems integration designed to help national laboratories, academia, and industry conduct state-of-the-art research on the development and deployment of advanced energy components and systems.
Dual role of RAG2 in V(D)J recombination: catalysis and regulation of ordered Ig gene assembly

Immunoglobulin genes are assembled during lymphoid development by a series of site-specific rearrangements that are tightly regulated to ensure that functional antibodies are generated in B (but not T) cells and that a unique receptor is present on each cell. Because a common V(D)J recombinase comprising RAG1 and RAG2 proteins is used for both B- and T-cell antigen receptor assembly, lineage-specific rearrangement must be modulated through differential access to sites of recombination. We show here that the C-terminus of the RAG2 protein, although dispensable for the basic recombination reaction and for Ig heavy chain DH to JH joining, is essential for efficient VH to DJH rearrangement at the IgH locus. Thus, the RAG2 protein plays a dual role in V(D)J recombination, acting both in catalysis of the reaction and in governing access to particular loci.
A Modified Dorsal Approach to the Wrist for Arthrodesis of the Non-Rheumatoid Wrist An anatomical study

Fourteen cadaveric wrists were dissected to investigate a modified dorsal approach that involved osteotomy of the small and dorsal tubercles without opening the third compartment. This approach could be safely made with good exposure of the dorsum of the wrist. The mean normal angle formed by the extensor pollicis longus tendon at the level of the dorsal tubercle was 144°. An approach that involves division of the third compartment may lead to effective lengthening of the extensor pollicis longus musculotendinous unit by 8 to 17 mm with corresponding decrease in the tension generated by its contraction. The modified approach permits restoration of the normal alignment of the extensor pollicis longus tendon, and may be useful for performing arthrodesis of the non-rheumatoid wrist in young manual workers.
Spatial Variation of Headwater Fish Assemblages Explained by Hydrologic Variability and Upstream Effects of Impoundment

Hydrologic variability and connectivity influence stream-fish assemblage structure, but other correlated habitat variables often confound attempts to document such relationships. By their nature, dams decrease stream connectivity, but upstream influences on tributary fish assemblages are infrequently documented and poorly understood. We sampled stream fishes seasonally for one year to compare headwater assemblages of the unimpounded East Fork (nine sites) and the impounded West Fork (12 sites) of the San Jacinto River in Texas. Using multiple regression and canonical ordination, we partitioned variation in species' distributions into that explained by instream structural, hydrologic, and physicochemical factors, drainage features, and season. In addition to effects of temporal variation of connectivity (as related to base flow and season) and other environmental factors, spatial patterns of species distribution between tributaries in the East and West Fork indicated upstream effects of impoundment caused by two probable mechanisms. Lentic habitats of impounded lower reaches in the West Fork apparently reduced movement by fluvial specialists among streams and, thus, reduced their opportunity to recolonize dry reaches compared to populations in East Fork streams. Moreover, West Fork assemblages had more macrohabitat-generalist species, which were abundant in the littoral zone of the impoundment and able to recolonize or tolerate environmental conditions in intermittent reaches. We caution that upstream effects of impoundment could be mistakenly attributed to other factors if they are not explicitly considered in species-environment studies.
Multifunctional Composites for Energy Storage

Electrochemical super-capacitors have become one of the most important topics in both academia and industry as novel energy storage devices because of their high power density, long life cycles, and high charge/discharge efficiency. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the development of multifunctional structural energy storage devices such as structural super-capacitors for applications in aerospace, automobiles and portable electronics. These multifunctional structural super-capacitors provide lighter structures combining energy storage and load bearing functionalities. Due to their superior materials properties, carbon fiber composites have been widely used in structural applications for aerospace and automotive industries. Besides, carbon fiber has good electrical conductivity which will provide lower equivalent series resistance; therefore, it can be an excellent candidate for structural energy storage applications. Hence, this paper is focused on performing a pilot study for using nanowire/carbon fiber hybrids as building materials for structural energy storage materials; aiming at enhancing the charge/discharge rate and energy density. This hybrid material combines the high specific surface area of carbon fiber and pseudo-capacitive effect of metal oxide nanowires which were grown hydrothermally in an aligned fashion on carbon fibers. The aligned nanowire array could provide a higher specific surface area that leads to high electrode-electrolyte contact area and fast ion diffusion rates. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and XRay Diffraction (XRD) measurements were used for the initial characterization of this nanowire/carbon fiber hybrid material system. Electrochemical testing has been performed using a potentio-galvanostat. The results show that gold sputtered nanowire hybrid carbon fiber provides 65.9% better performance than bare carbon fiber cloth as super-capacitor.
All about DOLLeR: Managing Electronic Resources at the University of Illinois at Chicago Library

Database Of Library Licensed Electronic Resources (DOLLeR) is a relational database developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago Library as the management tool for electronic resource subscriptions and the associated licensing activity. The history of DOLLeR is presented, along with detailed discussions of the most important aspects of the database functionality. The paper focuses on those features that make DOLLeR an efficient management tool, such as its simple and robust functional structure, its tables, its user-friendly interface, its e-mail gateway allowing easy communication among authorized users, its capabilities of generating a variety of reports, and its security mechanisms.
Whittaker vectors and conical vectors

Abstract A holomorphic family of differential operators of infinite order is constructed that transforms conical vectors for principal series representations of quasi-split, linear, semi-simple Lie groups into Whittaker vectors. Using this transform, it is shown that algebraic Whittaker vectors (as studied by Kostant) extend to ultradistributions of Gevrey type on principal series representations. For each element of the small Weyl group, a meromorphic family of Whittaker vectors is constructed from this transform and the Kunze-Stein intertwining integrals. An explict formula is derived for the smooth Whittaker vector (discovered by Jacquet), in terms of these families of ultradistribution Whittaker vectors. In particular, this gives new proofs of Jacquet's analytic continuation of the smooth Whittaker vector and its functional equation (Jacquet and Schiffman). Applications of the transform are also given to the theory of Verma modules.
Purification and properties of rat liver cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase.

Abstract Rat liver l -cysteine sulfinate (2-amino-3-sulfinopropionate) decarboxylase ( l -cysteine sulfinate carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.29) was purified 300-fold. The purification was achieved by the use of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation between 35–45% satn., gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. This is the most active and stable cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase reported to date. Observations made by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, molecular sieving on Sephadex G-100, and analytical ultracentrifugation appear to show that the purified enzyme was approaching homogeneity. The sedimentation coefficient and the molecular weight were estimated to be approx. 4.76 S and 66 000, respectively. The cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase activity was measured in Tris-maleate, imidazole, and phosphate buffers at pH 6.8, and the maximal activity was observed in the phosphate buffer. The purified cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase has an apparent K m of 0.2 mM and does not catalyze the decarboxylation of cysteate (2-amino-3-sulfonopropionate). Cupric and mercuric ions are the only metal ions tested which showed some inhibition of the enzyme activity. Dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol were found as effective as glutathione as activators for cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase.
Serum free light chain trends between orthotopic heart transplantation and auto-SCT in patients with AL amyloidosis.

Serum free light chain trends between orthotopic heart transplantation and auto-SCT in patients with AL amyloidosis
Computer-simulation methods in human linkage analysis

Abstract In human linkage analysis, many statistical problems without analytical solution could be solved by ad hoc Monte Carlo procedures were efficient computer-simulation methods available for members of family pedigrees. In this paper, a general method is described for randomly generating genotypes at one or more marker loci, given observed phenotypes at loci linked among themselves and with the markers. The method is based on a well-known expansion of the multivariate probability of genotypes, given phenotypes, into a product of conditional univariate probabilities that may be viewed as corresponding to conditionally independent univariate random variables. This representation allows a recursive evaluation of the univariate probabilities that can be implemented in a surprisingly simple manner by carrying out successive "risk calculations" with respect to marker genotypes, given observed phenotypes and marker genotypes already generated. Potential applications to various unresolved problems are discussed. The method is applied to 28 published families analyzed for genetic linkage between hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy I and the Duffy (FY) blood group locus and confirms heterogeneity of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy I. An implementation of the simulation methods developed in the LINKAGE program package will be available later in 1989.
Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) Investigation of the Negative Temperature Coefficient Region of Alkane Autoignition

The negative temperature coefficient (NTC) region of alkane autoignition was observed for the first time in the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT). The C7 isomers studied included n-heptane, 3-ethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylpentane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, and 2,2,3-trimethylbutane. The temperatures of the fuel–air mixture ranged from 650 to 1023 K with pressures of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 MPa at equivalence ratios between 0.8 and 1.0. The longer autoignition times of increasingly branched isomers allowed the reacting mixtures sufficient time to reach a pseudohomogeneous state, so that the kinetic behavior was similar to that observed in homogeneous rapid compression machine (RCM) and shock tube experiments. Although the IQT produced longer ignition delays than RCM data, the order of ignition delays for the various isomers was the same; that is, isomers with more branching had reduced reactivity and the location of the methyl group among equally branched isomers also affected reactivity. The characteristic NTC region was ob...
On the Formation of the Tunnel Valleys of the Superior Lobe, Central Minnesota

When considering the formation of tunnel valleys, most researchers have appealed to basal melting as the primary source of water. Erosion of the tunnel valleys can then be accomplished by steady-state drainage over a long period or by storage and subsequent catastrophic release. However, field relationships in a large system of tunnel valleys formed by the Superior lobe in central Minnesota indicate that another source of water must be considered. The Minnesota tunnel valleys are composed of individual segments 10–20 km long, and the segments commonly terminate in subaerial outwash fans at recessional ice margin positions. Eskers, associated with the tunnel valleys, are also composed of short segments, frequently beginning at moulin kames and terminating at the head of outwash fans. The dominant source of the water responsible for tunnel-valley formation was seasonal meltwater from the glacier surface that reached the bed through moulins and crevasses. The apparent continuity of the valleys resulted from the headward development of the englacial drainage system during ice retreat.
Taking advantage of existing dentures

Abstract The existing dentures of our patients, even if unsatisfactory, can be used in diagnosing, in planning treatment, and in the actual treatment involved in complete denture service. The various conditions that can be evaluated and treated by using old dentures have been explained.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE STYLE

The relationships between measures of masculinity-femininity (M-f) and cognitive style were explored for 61 college students. While the over-all relationship was weak, selected dimensions of M-f we...
Bluffing and betting behavior in a simplified poker game

A pure-strategy, simplified poker (PSP) game is proposed, where two players draw from a small and discrete number of hands. Equilibrium strategies of the game are described and an experiment is conducted where 120 subjects played the PSP against a computer, which was programmed to play either the equilibrium solution or a fictitious play (FP) learning algorithm designed to take advantage of poor play. The results show that players did not adopt the cutoff-type strategies predicted by the equilibrium solution; rather they made considerable “errors” by: Betting when they should have checked, checking when they should have bet, and calling when they should have folded. There is no evidence that aggregate performance improved over time in either condition although considerable individual differences were observed among subjects. Behavioral learning theory (BLT) cannot easily explain these individual differences and cognitive learning theory (CLT) is introduced to explain the apparent anomalies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Encapsulated energy-transfer cassettes with extremely well resolved fluorescent outputs.

This paper concerns the development of water-compatible fluorescent imaging probes with tunable photonic properties that can be excited at a single wavelength. Bichromophoric cassettes 1a-1c consisting of a BODIPY donor and a cyanine acceptor were prepared using a simple synthetic route, and their photophysical properties were investigated. Upon excitation of the BODIPY moiety at 488 nm the excitation energy is transferred through an acetylene bridge to the cyanine dye acceptor, which emits light at approximately 600, 700, and 800 nm, i.e., with remarkable dispersions. This effect is facilitated by efficient energy transfer that gives a "quasi-Stokes" shift between 86 and 290 nm, opening a huge spectral window for imaging. The emissive properties of the cassettes depend on the energy-transfer (ET) mechanism: the faster the transfer, the more efficient it is. Measurements of rates of ET indicate that a through-bond ET takes place in the cassettes 1a and 1b that is 2 orders of magnitude faster than the classical through-space, Forster ET. In the case of cassette 1c, however, both mechanisms are possible, and the rate measurements do not allow us to discern between them. Thus, the cassettes 1a-1c are well suited for multiplexing experiments in biotechnological methods that involve a single laser excitation source. However, for widespread application of these probes, their solubility in aqueous media must be improved. Consequently, the probes were encapsulated in calcium phosphate/silicate nanoparticles (diameter ca. 22 nm) that are freely dispersible in water. This encapsulation process resulted in only minor changes in the photophysical properties of the cassettes. The system based on cassette 1a was chosen to probe how effectively these nanoparticles could be used to deliver the dyes into cells. Encapsulated cassette 1a permeated Clone 9 rat liver cells, where it localized in the mitochondria and fluoresced through the acceptor part, i.e., red. Overall, this paper reports readily accessible, cyanine-based through-bond ET cassettes that are lypophilic but can be encapsulated to form nanoparticles that disperse freely in water. These particles can be used to enter cells and to label organelles.
LOW TEMPERATURE ROASTING OF THAWED OR FROZEN PORK LOINS

The effects of oven temperature (93, 121, 149, or 163°C) and state (thawed or frozen) on 64 loin roasts from 8 pigs were studied. Frozen roasts required 1.3 times longer to cook, were more juicy and acceptable, and contained more moisture than thawed roasts. Roasting at 121°C produced the least losses and no difference in meat palatability from the higher oven temperatures. The 93°C oven temperature produced the least juicy but the most tender muscle with the longest cooking times and highest losses. Animals were the largest source of variance in 14 of the 19 cooking and palatability traits studied.
Preparation, Structure, and Optical Properties of Nanoporous Gold Thin Films

Thin nanoporous gold (np-Au) films, ranging in thickness from ∼40 to 1600 nm, have been prepared by selective chemical etching of Ag from Ag/Au alloy films supported on planar substrates. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, synchrotron grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering, and N2 adsorption surface area measurements shows the films to exhibit a porous structure with intertwined gold fibrils exhibiting a spectrum of feature sizes and spacings ranging from several to hundreds of nanometers. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements (300−800 nm) reveal the onset of surface plasmon types of features with increase of film thicknesses into the ∼200 nm film thickness range. Raman scattering measurements for films functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer formed from 4-fluorobenzenethiol show significant enhancements which vary sharply with film thickness and etching times. The maximum enhancement factors reach ∼104 for 632.8 nm excitation, peak sharply in the ∼200 nm thickne...
Glycine-containing terminals in the rat dorsal vagal complex.

Abstract The present study examined the distribution of glycine and glycine-receptors in the dorsal vagal complex using pre-embedding immunocytochemistry. Glycine-immunoreactive terminals were present in moderate densities in the medial, intermediate, interstitial, commissural and ventrolateral subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarii. The dorsolateral nucleus tractus solitarii and the dorsal vagal motor nucleus contained only very few, scattered glycine-containing terminals. Glycine terminals appeared to be concentrated in regions of the dorsal vagal complex receiving primary vagal afferents, though previous studies have suggested that glycine is not present in these afferents. A conspicuously high concentration of glycine terminals was observed in the medial nucleus tractus solitarii where a population of cholinergic neurons has been identified previously. Ultrastructurally glycine immunoreactivity was principally associated with terminals containing flattened, pleomorphic vesicles and forming symmetrical synaptic contacts, mostly with dendrites. Glycine receptor immunoreactivity was present throughout the dorsal vagal complex with little evidence of subnuclear localization. With electron-microscopic examination, glycine receptor immunoreactivity was associated with dendritic membranes and was associated presynaptically with terminals containing flattened pleomorphic vesicles. Overall, the present data provide evidence consistent with a neurotransmitter role for glycine in the dorsal vagal complex. The presence of glycine in regions of the dorsal vagal complex receiving vagal afferents suggests a prominent role for this neurotransmitter in autonomic regulation.
Magic Johnson's apologia for HIV: A commentary on the American family

When basketball star Earvin “Magic” Johnson announced to the world in November 1991 that he had the HIV virus, he used the term “family” in defending himself. His peers and the media also relied on the term in commenting on Johnson's case. This study investigates the use of that master term by all three sources in their rhetorical efforts. The essay concludes with a discussion of the power of key words such as “family” to influence attitudes in the American culture.
Validity of the Slosson Drawing Coordination Test with adolescents of below-average ability.

Moderate to low correlations of the Slosson with selected sub-tests and scales of the WISC or WAIS, the Benton, and Raven Matrices suggest that the Slosson aids in the identification of visual-perceptual or motor coordination problems with adolescents of below-average ability. Some racial differences were reflected in the correlations. It is suggested that the Slosson be used only for screening
Proteinuric hypertension in a pregnant baboon: was this pre-eclampsia?

: We report the results of investigating a pregnant baboon that developed hypertension, proteinuria, and oedema in late gestation. Although the clinical presentation suggested a diagnosis of preeclampsia, the evolution of her clinical signs and results of a renal biopsy performed 3 weeks after delivery suggested that glomerulonephritis was the underlying disease.
The effect of disease-associated mutations on the folding pathway of human prion protein.

Propagation of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is believed to involve the conversion of cellular prion protein, PrPC, into a misfolded oligomeric form, PrPSc. An important step toward understanding the mechanism of this conversion is to elucidate the folding pathway(s) of the prion protein. We reported recently (Apetri, A. C., and Surewicz, W. K. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 44589-44592) that the folding of wild-type prion protein can best be described by a three-state sequential model involving a partially folded intermediate. Here we have performed kinetic stopped-flow studies for a number of recombinant prion protein variants carrying mutations associated with familial forms of prion disease. Analysis of kinetic data clearly demonstrates the presence of partially structured intermediates on the refolding pathway of each PrP variant studied. In each case, the partially folded state is at least one order of magnitude more populated than the fully unfolded state. The present study also reveals that, for the majority of PrP variants tested, mutations linked to familial prion diseases result in a pronounced increase in the thermodynamic stability, and thus the population, of the folding intermediate. These data strongly suggest that partially structured intermediates of PrP may play a crucial role in prion protein conversion, serving as direct precursors of the pathogenic PrPSc isoform.
An integrated model of perceived job characteristics

Abstract A model categorizing job characteristics into action and information components was fitted to data from samples of shop, office, and management personnel. Successive iterations of a path analysis technique (LISREL) showed that the action and information components, through intervening psychological states of challenge and role clarity, explained substantial variance in global job satisfaction. Challenge consistently emerged as the primary determinant of job satisfaction, while the impact of role clarity varied among the three samples. Role clarity appeared to be a necessary precondition for perceived challenge. Differences among the three samples suggest that the effects of job characteristics on individual outcomes such as job satisfaction may be contingent upon the organizational setting.
A BASIC program to determine regions of significance using the Johnson-Neyman technique

Programme utilisant la technique de Johnson-Neyman pour la determination des regions significatives entre deux groupes de donnees
Superhydrophobic CFx coating via in-line atmospheric RF plasma of He-CF4-H2

Stable superhydrophobic coatings on various substrates are attained with an in-line atmospheric rf plasma process using CF4, H2, and He. The coating layer is composed of CFx nanoparticulates and has an average roughness of approximately 10 nm. This roughness is much smaller than other surfaces reported for superhydrophobicity in the literature. The superhydrophobic coatings are produced on both metallic and insulating substrates without any need of separate microroughening or vacuum lines.
Infant vocalization: A comprehensive view

Two different accounts of infant vocal development have recently been advanced. Both stress the lawful nature of this development and propose that it occurs in a series of stages. One account stresses the infant's attempt to make speech-like sounds from the earliest months and proposes that characteristics of speech are successively brought under the infant's control. The other suggests that instead, processes of integration and coordination of aspects of vocalization are taking place and considers these processes in relation to the situational contexts of vocalizing. A more comprehensive view is proposed in which aspects of both accounts are incorporated.
Combined heat and mass transfer by natural convection in a vertical enclosure

The phenomenon of natural convection caused by combined temperature and concentration buoyancy effects is studied analytically and numerically in a rectangular slot with uniform heat and mass fluxes along the vertical sides. The analytical part is devoted to the boundary layer regime where the heat and mass transfer rates are devoted to the boundary layer regime where the heat and mass transfer rates are ruled by convection. An Oseen-linearized solution is reported for tall spaces filled with mixtures characterized by Le = 1 and arbitrary buoyancy ratios. The effect of varying the Lewis number is documented by similarity solution valid for Le > 1 in heat-transfer-driven flows, and for Le < 1 in mass-transfer-driven flows. The analytical results are validated by numerical experiments conducted in the range 1 {le} H/L {le} 4, 3.5 {times} Ra {le} 7 {times} 10{sup 6}, {minus}11 {le} n {le} 9, 1 {le} Le {le} 40, and Pr = 0.7, 7. Massline patterns are used to visualize the convective mass transfer path and the flow reversal observed when the buoyancy ratio n passes through the value {minus}1.
Potential resource materials from Ohio plants

Previously, the Northern Regional Research Center (NRRC) has studied chemical and botanical features of about 800 plant species in a program to identify potential renewable sources of industrial raw materials. In this program, another 64 species from northwestern and southwestern Ohio were studied for the present report. Aboveground samples were quantitatively analyzed for moisture, ash, crude protein, “oil,” “polyphenol,” and “hydrocarbon.” Plant oils were examined for classes of constituents. Oils were saponified and analyzed for yields of organic acids and unsaponifiable matter. Hydrocarbons were examined for the presence of rubber, gutta, and waxes. Rubber and gutta were analyzed for weight-average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Data are presented for 8 species of the 64 that gave the higher chemical yields.Rhus typhina gave outstanding yields of oil (6.5%) and polyphenol (30.8%) (moisture- plus ash-free basis).Liatris aspera yielded substantial amounts of oil (4.7%) and polyphenol (22.7%), whereasCornus racemosa yielded a substantial amount of oil (4.4%) but a more typical yield of polyphenol (11.0%).Nuphar advena andEpilobium angustifolium had considerable amounts of polyphenol (16.2, 16.3%) but little oil.Nuphar advena contained the most crude protein (24.8%). Noteworthy amounts of hydrocarbon were extracted fromCalamagrostis canadensis (1.1%),Aster umbellatus (0.8%), andSolidago riddellii (0.7%). Polyisoprenes in the hydrocarbon fractions of the latter 3 species were identified as gutta for C. canadensis and rubber forA. umbellatus andS. riddellii. Botanical features of the 8 species are briefly discussed.
Membrane "Lens" Effect: Focusing the Formation of Reactive Nitrogen Oxides from the ¥ NO/O2 Reaction

It was previously observed that lipid membranes accelerate *NO disappearance (Liu et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 2175), and here, we demonstrate that this translates into increased rates of *NO2 production and nitrosative chemistry. Not only the phospholipid membranes but also the atherosclerosis-related low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were able to accelerate the formation of *NO2, studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry using ABTS as a probe. In addition, membranes, LDL, and Triton X-100 micelles significantly accelerated S-nitrosation of glutathione and captopril. It is shown here that autoxidation of *NO occurs 30 times more rapidly within the hydrophobic interior of these particles than in an equal volume of water, approximately 1 order of magnitude less than previous reports. This acceleration can be explained by the approximately 3 times higher solubility of *NO and O2 into these hydrophobic phases relative to water, which results in a higher local concentration of reactants ("lens effect") and, therefore, a higher rate of reaction. It is predicted that 50% of the oxidizing and nitrosating species derived from *NO autoxidation in cells will be formed in the small volume comprising cellular membranes (3% of the total); thus, biomolecules near the membranes will be exposed to fluxes of reactive nitrogen species 30-fold higher than their cytosolic counterparts.
The prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and interleukin-8 expression in glioblastoma.

The brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most aggressive and devastating tumors despite decades of effort to find more effective treatments. A hallmark of GBM is the constitutive activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which regulates cell proliferation, inflammation, migration and apoptosis. The prolyl isomerase, Pin1, has been found to bind directly to the NF-κB protein, p65, and cause increases in NF-κB promoter activity in a breast cancer model. We now present evidence that this interaction occurs in GBM and that it has important consequences on NF-κB signaling. We demonstrate that Pin1 levels are enhanced in primary GBM tissues compared with controls, and that this difference in Pin1 expression affects the migratory capacity of GBM-derived cells. Pin1 knockdown decreases the amount of activated, phosphorylated p65 in the nucleus, resulting in inhibition of the transcriptional program of the IL-8 gene. Through the use of microarray, we also observed changes in the expression levels of other NF-κB regulated genes due to Pin1 knockdown. Taken together, these data suggest that Pin1 is an important regulator of NF-κB in GBM, and support the notion of using Pin1 as a therapeutic target in the future.
Measurements of the Acidification Kinetics of Single SynaptopHluorin Vesicles

Uptake of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles is driven by the proton gradient established across the vesicle membrane. The acidification of synaptic vesicles, therefore, is a crucial component of vesicle function. Here we present measurements of acidification rate constants from isolated, single synaptic vesicles. Vesicles were purified from mice expressing a fusion protein termed SynaptopHluorin created by the fusion of VAMP/synaptobrevin to the pH-sensitive super-ecliptic green fluorescent protein. We calibrated SynaptopHluorin fluorescence to determine the relationship between fluorescence intensity and internal vesicle pH, and used these values to measure the rate constant of vesicle acidification. We also measured the effects of ATP, glutamate, and chloride on acidification. We report acidification time constants of 500 ms to 1 s. The rate of acidification increased with increasing extravesicular concentrations of ATP and glutamate. These data provide an upper and a lower bound for vesicle acidification and indicate that vesicle readiness can be regulated by changes in energy and transmitter availability.
Green data centers and hot chips

Today's computing environment is changing, with growing emphasis on reducing both operational energy costs and the high capital costs to reliably deliver power and cooling to systems in factory-sized data centers. The "greening" of data centers is challenging microprocessor and system designs, including server, storage, and network designs, to deliver ever higher performance within strict power and cooling constraints. This paper outlines some of the challenges, research approaches and holistic solutions to more energy efficient data centers, starting with microprocessor and system design and extending to the broader environment.
Assessing annotation transfer for genomics: quantifying the relations between protein sequence, structure and function through traditional and probabilistic scores.

Measuring in a quantitative, statistical sense the degree to which structural and functional information can be ‘‘transferred’’ between pairs of related protein sequences at various levels of similarity is an essential prerequisite for robust genome annotation. To this end, we performed pairwise sequence, structure and function comparisons on30,000 pairs of protein domains with known structure and function. Our domain pairs, which are constructed according to the SCOP fold classification, range in similarity from just sharing a fold, to being nearly identical. Our results show that traditional scores for sequence and structure similarity have the same basic exponential relationship as observed previously, with structural divergence, measured in RMS, being exponentially related to sequence divergence, measured in percent identity. However, as the scale of our survey is much larger than any previous investigations, our results have greater statistical weight and precision. We have been able to express the relationship of sequence and structure similarity using more ‘‘modern scores,‘‘ such as Smith-Waterman alignment scores and probabilistic P-values for both sequence and structure comparison. These modern scores address some of the problems with traditional scores, such as determining a conserved core and correcting for length dependency; they enable us to phrase the sequence-structure relationship in more precise and accurate terms. We found that the basic exponential sequence-structure relationship is very general: the same essential relationship is found in the different secondary-structure classes and is evident in all the scoring schemes. To relate function to sequence and structure we assigned various levels of functional similarity to the domain pairs, based on a simple functional classification scheme. This scheme was constructed by combining and augmenting annotations in the enzyme and fly functional classifications and comparing subsets of these to the Escherichia coli and yeast classifications. We found sigmoidal relationships between similarity in function and sequence, with clear thresholds for different levels of functional conservation. For pairs of domains that share the same fold, precise function appears to be conserved down to40 % sequence identity, whereas broad functional class is conserved to25 %. Interestingly, percent identity is more effective at quantifying functional conservation than the more modern scores (e.g. Pvalues). Results of all the pairwise comparisons and our combined functional classification scheme for protein structures can be accessed from a web database at http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/align # 2000 Academic Press
Algorithms for improved network lifetime of Cooperative Autonomous Mobile Robotic Systems

We present energy-efficient algorithms for Cooperative Autonomous Mobile Robotic Systems (CAMoRoS) to increase the network lifetime. We present Weighted Traffic Adaptive Medium Access (W-TRAMA) protocol, a collision-free, TDMA-based MAC protocol, which is a weighted variation of TRAMA [1]. W-TRAMA gives a significant improvement in the network lifetime and throughput over existing protocols when the robots operate under a heterogeneous energy profile. W-TRAMA guarantees energy conservation by collision avoidance and by allowing nodes to switch to low-power sleep mode when they are neither transmitting nor receiving. We also present node relocation and path-planning algorithms to reposition robots that are imminent of being disconnected from the network to further extend the network lifetime.
The swaying form: Imagination, metaphor, embodiment

How is it that metaphors are meaningful, yet we have so much trouble saying exactly what they mean? I argue that metaphoric thought is an act of imagination, mediated by the contingent form of human embodiment. Metaphoric cognition is an example of the productive interplay between intentional imagery and the body scheme, a process of imaginal modeling. The case of metaphor marks the intersection of linguistic and psychological processes and demonstrates the need for a multi-disciplinary approach not only in philosophy of language, but in cognitive science and consciousness studies as well.
Optogenetic interrogation of neural circuits: technology for probing mammalian brain structures.

Elucidation of the neural substrates underlying complex animal behaviors depends on precise activity control tools, as well as compatible readout methods. Recent developments in optogenetics have addressed this need, opening up new possibilities for systems neuroscience. Interrogation of even deep neural circuits can be conducted by directly probing the necessity and sufficiency of defined circuit elements with millisecond-scale, cell type-specific optical perturbations, coupled with suitable readouts such as electrophysiology, optical circuit dynamics measures and freely moving behavior in mammals. Here we collect in detail our strategies for delivering microbial opsin genes to deep mammalian brain structures in vivo, along with protocols for integrating the resulting optical control with compatible readouts (electrophysiological, optical and behavioral). The procedures described here, from initial virus preparation to systems-level functional readout, can be completed within 4–5 weeks. Together, these methods may help in providing circuit-level insight into the dynamics underlying complex mammalian behaviors in health and disease.
A block coding method that leads to significantly lower entropy values for the proteins and coding sections of Haemophilus influenzae

A simple statistical block code in combination with the LZW-based compression utilities gzip and compress has been found to increase by a significant amount the level of compression possible for the proteins encoded in Haemophilus influenzae, the first fully sequenced genome. The method yields an entropy value of 3.665 bits per symbol (bps), which is 0.657 bps below the maximum of 4.322 bps and an improvement of 0.452 bps over the best known to date of 4.118 bps using Matsumoto, Sadakane, and Imai's Iza-CTW algorithm. Calculations based on a compact inverse genetic code show that the genome has a maximum entropy of 1.757 bps for the coding regions, with a possibly lower actual entropy. These results hint at the existence of hitherto unexplored redundancies that do not show up in Markov models and are indicative of more internal structure than suspected in both the protein and the genome.
Uplink Buffer Status Reporting for Delay Constrained Flows in 3GPP Long Term Evolution

Scheduling of uplink data by the network typically requires that the buffer status information from each User Equipment (UE) is available at the network to ensure that the air interface resources are not wasted. The presence of delay constrained flows or radio bearers at the UE may impose a constraint that the delay information be available at the network in addition to the size of buffer data. In this paper, we discuss the different uplink buffer status reporting schemes considered in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and the current agreement. We propose modified limited feedback buffer status reporting schemes for delay-constrained radio bearers. Using simulation results, we illustrate that delay information at the network is important for scheduling real-time flows without dropping packets.