cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hox Genes and Segmental Patterning of the Vertebrate Hindbrain

SYNOPSIS. Pattern formation in the developing hindbrain and cranio-facial region has been studied in a range of vertebrate organisms. The developing hindbrain is transiently segmented into units termed rhombomeres which correspond with domains of gene expression, lineage restriction and neuronal organization and serve to coordinate the migration of cranial neural crest into the adjacent branchial arches. In this paper I review the cellular and molecular events underlying both hindbrain segmentation and the acquisition of segmental identity, consolidating recent results from different model systems. Data suggesting that the vertebrate Hox genes play an important role in specifying positional value to the rhombomeres and cranial neural crest are also examined. I compare expression patterns of the Hox genes between species and consider the mechanisms involved in controlling their appropriate spatial regulation. In addition I describe a recently characterized zebrafish hindbrain segmentation mutant, valentino; morphological, cellular and gene expression data for this mutant are helping to further our understanding of hindbrain patterning.
The 4FAD: A high-extinction-ratio, achromatic, temperature-insensitive, high-damage-threshold, all-fiber, power-selective filter

We disclose a novel, power-selective, low-insertion-loss, all-fiber device, based on the interaction of self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation in a segmented, birefringent waveguide. The 4FAD provides new functionality of great value for pulsed laser systems.
Network-based Rendering Techniques for Large-scale Volume Data Sets

Large biomedical volumetric data sets are usually stored as file sets, where the files represent a family of cross sections. Interactive rendering of large data sets requires fast access to user-defined parts of the data, because it is virtually impossible to render an entire data set of such an enormous size (several gigabytes) at full resolution, and to transfer such data upon request over the Internet in a reasonable amount of time. Therefore, hierarchical rendering techniques have been introduced to render a region of interest at a relatively higher resolution. Regions rendered at coarser resolutions are provided as context information. We present a dynamic subdivision scheme that incorporates space-subdivision and wavelet compression.
Mimicking the Microenvironment

Cancer growth and vascularization is regulated by complex biochemical, biomechanical, and biophysical cues from the surrounding niche (Eccles 2004; Entschladen et al. 2004). Specifically, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular entity, comprised of a variety of macromolecules that act as a scaffold to support overlying cells and the tissues they comprise (Jarvelainen et al. 2009). Locally resident cells, such as fibroblasts, secrete the components that make up the ECM. The main constituents of ECM include collagens, elastin, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins (Jarvelainen et al. 2009). While previously considered an inert, filler substance, the ECM actively influences numerous cellular activities, including cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, self-renewal, survival, and migration. It also provides mechanical support to overlying cells (Jarvelainen et al. 2009). The ECM contributes to these diverse cellular functions by providing attachment sites for cells, sequestering bioactive molecules (which are released once proteolytic degradation takes place), and providing mechanical support to overlying cells (Jarvelainen et al. 2009). Disturbances in any of these properties induce changes in cell phenotype and function. These changes in ECM protein expression and mechanical stiffness may promote and contribute to tumorigenic progression. A well-known example is breast cancer: Increased mammographic density, recently attributed to alterations in stroma and ECM deposition (Alowami et al. 2003; Guo et al. 2001; Li et al. 2005), is associated with an increased risk for developing breast cancer (Boyd et al. 1998; Boyd et al. 2001; McCormack and dos Santos Silva 2006). Lu and colleagues provide an excellent review and additional information regarding this topic (Lu et al. 2012).
Stereoselective synthesis of cis-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene

Stereoselective synthesis of cis-1233zd by the reaction of 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne and HCl over the catalysts of copper(I) chloride on activated carbon was discovered.
Acute Effects of Static and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power Output.

Context: Stretching is commonly used as a technique for injury prevention in the clinical setting. Our findings may improve the understanding of the neuromuscular responses to stretching and help clinicians make decisions for rehabilitation progression and return to play.Objective: To examine the short-term effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on peak torque (PT), mean power output (MP), active range of motion (AROM), passive range of motion (PROM), electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles during voluntary maximal concentric isokinetic leg extensions at 60 and 300 degrees .s.Design: A randomized, counterbalanced, cross-sectional, repeated-measures design.Setting: A university human research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Ten female (age, 23 +/- 3 years) and 9 male (age, 21 +/- 3 years) apparently healthy and recreationally active volunteers.Intervention(s): Four static or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching exercises to stretch the leg extensor muscles of the dominant limb during 2 separate, randomly ordered laboratory visits.Main Outcome Measure(s): The PT and MP were measured at 60 and 300 degrees .s, EMG and MMG signals were recorded, and AROM and PROM were measured at the knee joint before and after the stretching exercises.Results: Static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching reduced PT (P = .051), MP (P = .041), and EMG amplitude (P = .013) from prestretching to poststretching at 60 and 300 degrees .s (P .05).Conclusions: Both static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching caused similar deficits in strength, power output, and muscle activation at both slow (60 degrees .s) and fast (300 degrees .s) velocities. The effect sizes, however, corresponding to these stretching-induced changes were small, which suggests the need for practitioners to consider a risk-to-benefit ratio when incorporating static or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching.
Who Should Run the Housing Voucher Program? A Reform Proposal

Abstract Section 8, the federal government's primary program for addressing the housing needs of low‐income renters, is administered by thousands of local public housing agencies, most of which serve individual cities, towns, and counties. This article contends that the current balkanized system undermines the potential of the program to promote mixed‐income communities and the deconcentration of poverty and that the voucher program should be administered regionally rather than locally in urban areas. One strategy for achieving metropolitan administration would be to contract out responsibility for operating the voucher program to competitively selected regional organizations. In addition to describing how such a program could work, we suggest a series of incremental reforms for moving the Section 8 program in the direction of metropolitan administration. Moreover, other reforms—including an expansion of affordable rental housing in suburban communities—are also needed for housing vouchers to achieve thei...
Computer implementations of iterative and non-iterative crystal plasticity solvers on high performance graphics hardware

We present parallel implementations of Newton---Raphson iterative and spectral based non-iterative solvers for single-crystal visco-plasticity models on a specialized computer hardware integrating a graphics-processing unit (GPU). We explore two implementations for the iterative solver on GPU multiprocessors: one based on a thread per crystal parallelization on local memory and another based on multiple threads per crystal on shared memory. The non-iterative solver implementation on the GPU hardware is based on a divide-conquer approach for matrix operations. The reduction of computational time for the iterative scheme was found to approach one order of magnitude. From detailed performance comparisons of the developed GPU iterative and non-iterative implementations, we conclude that the spectral non-iterative solver programed on a GPU platform is superior over the iterative implementation in terms of runtime as well as ease of implementation. It provides remarkable speedup factors exceeding three orders of magnitude over the iterative scalar version of the solver.
Appellate Study Panel Issues Final Report

The Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals final report is summarized. The summary focuses on the feasibility of splitting the Ninth Circuit and alternatives to a circuit split.
Abstract TP92: Brain Activity Related To The Effects Of Augmented Feedback On Learning Movements In A Dynamic Environment In Healthy Subjects And Stroke Survivors

Augmented visual feedback has been shown to be effective for learning reaching movements in dynamic environments after a stroke. However, the mechanisms behind such changes are not known. In addition, how brain activity changes with age as we learn novel dynamic tasks is also not clear. The purpose of this study was to examine brain activity changes that are observed when healthy younger and older adults and stroke survivors learn reaching movements in dynamic environments using augmented visual feedback. Healthy young and older adults and chronic stroke survivors were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental group. They all performed reaching movements with the Inmotion2 robotic system (Interactive Motion Tech Inc., MA) using the dominant/affected arm in a velocity-dependent force field. Controls received actual feedback of their movement, while experimental subjects received augmented visual feedback. Electroencephalogram recordings were analyzed to determine Event Related Desynchronization percent (ERD%). The theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands were examined during movement and pre-movement phases. With learning, the absolute power of the frequency bands increased from the baseline to the adaptation condition, which was then washed out when the force field was removed. With age, there was a reduction in ERD% in alpha and beta bands as the motor task was learned. Stroke subjects had a further reduction in the ERD% in comparison to the healthy older adults. In addition, augmented visual feedback led to a significant increase in the ERD% in comparison to controls during the planning and execution stages of the movement. Past studies have shown when novel dynamics are learned, ERD% reduces indicating increased cognitive processing and memory load. We found that with aging, the cognitive processing and memory required for performing the same dynamic task, increased. After a stroke, there was a further increase. However, the utilization of augmented visual feedback may reduce such requirements and lessen the load on higher centers. These results provide mechanistic support for employing augmented visual feedback for stroke rehabilitation specific to reaching movements in dynamic environments.
Chromosome alterations produced in germ cells of dogs by progesterone.

The morphological alterations of the chromosomes in male dogs caused by long-termed progesterone treatment were studied in male dogs receiving either 1 5 10 or 25 mg progesterone injected in every other day for 6 weeks followed by an 8 week recovery period. For comparison several other dogs received medroxyprogesterone acetate estradiol-17beta chorionic gonadotropin and testosterone. Testes were biopsied prior to treatment and at 1 2 4 6 10 and 14 weeks after the first injection. Characteristic chromosomal changes were seen in all dogs receiving progesterone including stickiness and clumping and prominent aneuploidy and polypoidy with the extent of the damage directly related to the dose level. These alterations were found in all phases of meiosis studied as well as in the spermatogonial metaphases. By Week 6 spermatogenesis had been halted in all animals and as early as Week 2 in the dogs receiving the 25 mg dose. Regrowth during the recovery period was incomplete and variable and the dose relationship was less well-defined. Administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate resulted in similar chromosomal alterations but the tissues were not affected by the other nonprogestational hormones tested. Further research is needed into the mechanism of progesterones antispermatogenetic effect and the long-range effect of such progesterone treatment on fertility.
The Mycobacteriology Milestones: Journeying to the New Millennium

A historic overview of the 20th-century diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratory clearly attests to an evolution in technology from one bordering on primitive art to one based on sophisticated science. The milestones achieved during the last two decades reflect a renaissance of renewed interest in mycobacteriology. Fueled by the resurgence of tuberculosis, the industry was motivated to develop innovative diagnostic technologies, particularly at the molecular level, targeting the illusive goal of rapid turnaround time of test results. Striking advances have been made, but formidable challenges still thwart the delivery of real-time laboratory data that directly affects patient outcome. A paradigm highlighting the roles of clinician and laboratory professional as protagonists in tuberculosis diagnosis is presented.
On the examination of the heat conduction phenomena of low-pressure gases

The authors determine the energy trasferred by heat condution from the cathode of low-pressure gas discharge. They indicate for various gases under given discharge conditions the quantity of energy transmitted from the unit surface area of the cathode by heat conduction of the gas.
Traditional drug therapy of hypertension in transplant recipients

Hypertension is a very common condition among recipients of transplanted organs, and is often related to immunosuppressive therapy. In many transplant centres, calcium antagonists are often used as first-line antihypertensive drug therapy, not only because of efficacy in lowering blood pressure, but also because certain members of the class have a 'beneficial' drug-drug interaction with cyclosporin, which decreases the cost of administering this very expensive immunosuppressant. Diuretics are often used both for blood pressure and volume control, and some centres have used either alpha-beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and even beta-blockers with success in certain patients. The high frequency of perceived adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs in transplant recipients and the diversity of training of the specialist physicians involved in their care makes choice of traditional antihypertensive drug therapy in these patients a major challenge.
Contemporary Medical and Surgical Management of X-linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets

X-linked hypophosphatemia is an inheritable disorder of renal phosphate wasting that clinically manifests with rachitic bone pathology. X-linked hypophosphatemia is frequently misdiagnosed and mismanaged. Optimized medical therapy is the cornerstone of treatment. Even with ideal medical management, progressive bony deformity may develop in some children and adults. Medical treatment is paramount to the success of orthopaedic surgical procedures in both children and adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia. Successful correction of complex, multiapical bone deformities found in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia is possible with careful surgical planning and exacting surgical technique. Multiple methods of deformity correction are used, including acute and gradual correction. Treatment of some pediatric bony deformity with guided growth techniques may be possible.
Intellectual Pursuits of Young Children Through Picture Book Literacy, Focusing on Italian Preschools

In this article, I will examine the use of picture books as a means of supporting the intellectual pursuits of young children. Theoretical frameworks will be discussed as they pertain to the integr...
Quality Control: Equipment and Laboratory Structure; Image Acquisition, Review and Analysis; Study Reporting

The proper performance of high quality echocardiography is dependent on complex sets of equipment and skills being utilized and performed correctly to insure that minimal standards are met for image quality. Quality in image acquisition encompasses standards for laboratory structure and organization, imaging equipment, credentials and skills of sonographers who typically acquire most images and the use of echo contrast agents as needed. Image interpretation is dealt with through physician credentialing and reporting through standards that include obligatory report content, formatting and timeliness. Resources are provided to assist with understanding the standards for each of the processes to insure a high quality echocardiographic study.
Engaging in Climate Change Conversations: A Role-Playing Exercise to Cultivate Effective Communication

Among the many challenges to effective climate change communication is the extreme polarization engendered by differences in individuals’ ideologies and worldviews. Because of such ideological conflict, and particularly in the USA, most people rarely talk about climate change with each other, and when they do, they may have trouble with perspective taking and empathy. Student-centered teaching activities that use role-play are one potential avenue through which environmental educators can help students develop the skills and confidence necessary to have productive conversations about climate change. The goal of the learning activity described in this chapter is to help students recognize the various challenges of climate change conversations and to experience them through imaginative role-play. To achieve this goal, students consider how others might view climate change—based on ideological positions, worldviews, religious beliefs, professions, life stories, etc.—and then “play” characters whose perspectives on climate change may be different from their own. By viscerally experiencing the challenges of having such conversations, students should become better able to assess and overcome the barriers to effective communication about complex, controversial environmental issues such as climate change. After completing this activity, students should be able to (1) reflect on their own worldviews and perspectives about climate change, (2) investigate a particular perspective on climate change that may differ from their own, (3) explain why communication about climate change can be challenging, (4) identify strategies for having positive and productive climate change conversations, and (5) consider why having conversations about climate change can be important for addressing the ideological barriers to effective climate change communication.
Clickable Poly(ionic liquids): A Materials Platform for Transfection

The potential applications of cationic poly(ionic liquids) range from medicine to energy storage, and the development of efficient synthetic strategies to target innovative cationic building blocks is an important goal. A post-polymerization click reaction is reported that provides facile access to trisaminocyclopropenium (TAC) ion-functionalized macromolecules of various architectures, which are the first class of polyelectrolytes that bear a formal charge on carbon. Quantitative conversions of polymers comprising pendant or main-chain secondary amines were observed for an array of TAC derivatives in three hours using near equimolar quantities of cyclopropenium chlorides. The resulting TAC polymers are biocompatible and efficient transfection agents. This robust, efficient, and orthogonal click reaction of an ionic liquid, which we term ClickabIL, allows straightforward screening of polymeric TAC derivatives. This platform provides a modular route to synthesize and study various properties of novel TAC-based polymers.
Deciphering the epigenetic programming underlying CD8 T cell dysfunction in solid tumors

Tumor-specific CD8 T cells in progressive solid tumors express inhibitory receptors and fail to proliferate and produce effector cytokines. Using a mouse model (ASTxCre-ERT2) in which tamoxifen (TAM) treatment induces an oncogenic driver neoantigen, SV40 large T antigen (Tag) in hepatocytes, we previously showed that tumor-specific CD8 T cells (TCRSV40-I) become unresponsive quite early during the pre-/early malignant phase. While the dysfunctional state is initially plastic, TCRSV40-I cells soon enter a fixed dysfunctional state with the phenotypic, functional, and molecular hallmarks of T cells from late-stage human tumors. To define the epigenetic programs associated with plasticity and imprinting of tumor-specific T cell dysfunction, we used the “Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using Sequencing” (ATAC-Seq) to map chromatin accessibility in TCRSV40-I cells isolated from pre/early malignant lesions as well as in TCRSV40-I differentiating to the normal effector and memory states. Chromatin accessibility changes underlying TCRSV40-I activation and differentiation in pre-malignant lesions diverged from that in normal differentiation, and we observed 2 distinct chromatin accessibility patterns in dysfunctional TCRSV40-I correlating with the plastic and fixed dysfunctional states. Surprisingly, memory TCRSV40-I transferred into mice with late-stage established Tag-expressing hepatocellular carcinomas displayed these same 2 chromatin accessibility profiles, thus regardless of the initial CD8 T cell epigenetic state, epigenetic remodeling drives tumor-specific T cell differentiation to the dysfunctional state in both pre-malignant lesions and late established solid tumors.
Defect-free Ni/GaN Schottky barrier behavior with high temperature stability

In this work, we report on defect-free homogeneous behavior of Ni Schottky contacts patterned on surface treated n-GaN by photolithography with unity ideality factor, high temperature stability, and low reverse leakage. The barrier height (0.7 eV) and ideality factor (1.02) are found to be independent of temperature, indicating a highly homogeneous contact. The contacts are found to be stable with no significant change in ideality factor or leakage current up to an annealing temperature of 600 °C. Temperature dependence of the reverse leakage current shows no evidence for the existence of surface defects that would provide leakage paths, and the behavior was modeled by ATLAS simulations with an ideal homogeneous barrier of 0.7 eV. Consequently, the forward and reverse bias characteristics are explained by a common set of parameters. The surface treatment after the development and prior to metallization included an acid-based surface treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicate that t...
Tuning calcium biosensors with a single-site mutation: structural dynamics insights from femtosecond Raman spectroscopy

Fluorescent protein biosensors are popular reporters for biological processes and life sciences, but their fundamental working mechanisms remain unclear. To characterize the functional fluorescence events on their native timescales, we implemented wavelength-tunable femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) to shed light on a blue-green emission-ratiometric fluorescent protein based Ca2+ biosensor with a single Pro377Arg mutation. The transient Raman modes of the embedded chromophore from ca. 1000–1650 cm−1 exhibit characteristic intensity and frequency dynamics which infer the underlying atomic motions and photochemical reaction stages. Our experimental study reveals the hidden structural inhomogeneity of the protein local environment upon Ca2+ binding with the mutated arginine residue trapping multiple chromophore subpopulations, which manifest distinct time constants of ∼16 and 90 ps for excited state proton transfer (ESPT) following 400 nm photoexcitation. The altered ESPT reaction pathways and emission properties of the Ca2+ biosensor represent the foundational step of rationally designing advanced fluorescent protein biosensors to tune their functionalities by site-specifically altering the local environment (e.g., the active site) of the embedded chromophore.
Exploring competitive strategies: the role of managerial perceptions and motivations on internationalisation of SMEs

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) utilise resources and capabilities differently in order to achieve a competitive advantage. Some SMEs are able to exploit these advantages internationally because of the unique motivations and perceptions of management toward globalisation. The findings of this research suggest that SMEs implementing competitive strategies have uniquely different managerial perceptions and motivations to internationalise as demonstrated by the interactions of these constructs. That is, firms using differentiation approaches are distinctly different from those using a low cost approach particularly when the interaction effects of international, managerial perceptions and firm size are investigated.
Automated seam tracking system based on passive monocular vision for automated linear robotic welding process

Welding is a very important process in the industrial scenario, especially in the shipbuilding industry. Many researches employ robots to automate different welding process. This paper proposes a system for automated seam tracking, based on passive vision, to act as a data feedback to the automated robotic welding system, with quality and productivity gains in the process. Different cameras arrangements are presented and tested as the vision acquisition system in a commercial linear welding robot. A physical method and an algorithm to remove visual noises from images, produced by the GMAW welding process, are presented and the results discussed.
Control system architecture for terra max-the off-road intelligent navigator

Abstract This paper proposes the architecture for real-time control of autonomous vehicle driving in a dynamic and uncertain off-road environment. It is applied on Terra Max intelligent off-road truck developed by OSU Terra Max team in Darpa grand challenge project. Conceived as hybrid, this architecture is composed of two layers: Situation Analysis and Logic layer, generally referred as high level intelligence, and Control and Execution layer, as low level realization. The separation of decision-making and actuation in this control architecture make its implementation applicable and robust in a dynamic and unknown environment. Situation based control decision is the key concept of the architecture. It can dynamically reschedule the current task or behavior of the truck. In our architecture, deliberation takes place at SAL while actuation is dealt through CE. Hence, the system is able to show a predictable response while keeping rapid reactivity to the dynamic environment.
Somitogenesis and Axial Development in Reptiles

Among amniote vertebrates, reptiles display the greatest variation in axial skeleton morphology. Only recently have they been used in gene expression studies of somitogenesis , challenging previous assumptions about the segmentation clock and axial patterning. An increasing number of reptile genomes and transcriptomes are becoming available as next-generation sequencing becomes more affordable. Information regarding gene sequence and structure can be used to design and synthesize labeled riboprobes by in vitro transcription for gene expression analysis by in situ hybridization, thus, enabling the characterization of spatial and temporal expression patterns of genes involved in somitogenesis, a topic of great interest within evolutionary developmental studies of vertebrates.
Optically-Switched Wide-Bandgap Power Semiconductor Devices and Device-Transition Control

In this paper, a top-level outline on the work related to optically-switched power semiconductor devices that have been carried out at the University of Illinois, Chicago (UIC) or those in which UIC has been involved has been outlined. In addition, an outline on optical control that affects the switching dynamics of the power semiconductor devices is provided.
Reductive defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid by zero-valent iron and zinc: A DFT-based kinetic model

Abstract Over the past two decades, groundwater contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds has been successfully remediated via reductive dehalogenation by zero-valent iron. While reductive defluorination of the environmentally persistent perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by Fe 0 and Zn 0 is thermodynamic favorable, no successful zero-valent metal applications have been reported yet. Consequently, we developed a combined experimental-theoretical approach based on density functional theory to predict the kinetics of reductive PFOA defluorination as a function of reduction potential. The theoretical model was calibrated with experimental results for the reductive dehalogenation of the structurally similar compound tetrachloroperfluorooctanoic acid to account for the typical non-standard conditions in remedial systems, such as increased pH and metal surface passivation. Our model estimate reveals that the half-lives for the first reductive PFOA defluorination step are ∼8 years for Zn 0 and ∼500,000 years for Fe 0 at metal-to-water ratios typical for permeable reactive barriers. Therefore, we conclusively document that – in contrast to chlorinated solvents – reductive dehalogenation by zero-valent metals is not a viable remedial approach for PFOA unless suitable catalysts are identified.
Local economic development financing: issues and findings

This symposium examines issues related to local economic development financing. The symposium introduction paper consists of two sections: (1) a review of the literature related to local economic development in general and to the financing economic development in particular; and (2) a summary of major findings from the four symposium papers addressing such issues as rural bank loans, the tax increment financing program, professionalism in economic development, and regional development through tax sharing.
Negotiating for the Job You Want

Negotiation is an important life skill, which is needed to navigate professional positions as a physician. Knowing your worth, being able to articulate your attributes and your requirements, can lead to greater job satisfaction. Successful negotiation means neither side gets everything they want. Successful negotiation means each side walks away satisfied that they gained on items important to them and conceded on other items.
Microfluidic plant, soil and nematode assay chips for high-throughput plant phenotyping and sustainable agricultural management

This invited presentation summarizes our recent research and development of microfluidic plant chips, miniature soil sensors, and microfluidic nematode assay chips, to advance plant science and sustainable agriculture.
Patient-related outcomes with the use of checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for more than 85% of all lung cancers (1,2). The prognosis for patients with metastatic or stage IV NSCLC is extremely poor with five-year survival rates of less than 5% (3).
Effects of Western, Mediterranean, Vegetarian, and Okinawan Diet Patterns on Human Brain

Abstract Diet exerts potent effects on metabolism through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, resulting in local and systemic changes in metabolite levels. Long-term consumption of western diet results in overproduction of reactive oxygen species, AGE, eicosanoids, and proinflammatory cytokines leading to insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation in visceral tissues and the brain. Onset of oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain not only contribute to cognitive decline, but also produce neurodegeneration. In contrast, long-term consumption of Mediterranean diet produces antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Similarly, long-term consumption of Okinawan diet and vegetarian diet induces antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects leading to decrease in chronic visceral and brain diseases. However, vegetarians must carefully plan their diet and consume proteins of plant origins so that they do not develop nutritional deficiencies.
Lessons from the p53 mutant mouse

The use of the mouse as a model organism in cancer research has a long and productive history, from the earliest studies of chemical carcinogenesis to the recent advances in gene targeting. Many of the basic principles of tumorigenesis have been formed in whole or in part through the study of tumor development in the mouse. Over the past decade, the major experimental approach has been to generate cancer-prone strains, either through transgenic technologies or, more recently, gene targeting. Here, I will review the state of the field of gene targeting of tumor-suppressor genes and concentrate on thep53 mutant strains and the lessons learned from thep53 mutant mouse.
Some Observations of Three-Dimensional Shock-Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions

The Gas Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton University has carried out a series of studies of three-dimensional interactions of shock waves and turbulent boundary layers which have resulted in the generation of several key data sets, a classification of structures generated by three-dimensional interactions, and many observations which appear to differ from the classical projections from two-dimensional flows. The early papers revealed the general features for weak shock interactions. A series of subsequent papers have extended these studies to a family of geometries and to shocks which are quite strong. The present paper draws on much of this work to make some specific comments in three areas where there are difficult conceptual problems which have to be resolved if these flows are to be really understood: surface flow visualization, flowfield structure, and unsteadiness.
Postoperative Neurosurgical Care: Recovery Room Misadventures and Immediate Concerns

This chapter presents numerous cases in which patients demonstrated postoperative complications. These presentations segue into broader discussions of problems that may be encountered by patients following assorted neurosurgical interventions and various anesthetic techniques.
Direct memory access translation

Direct Memory Access Translation (DMTRANS) is a theory of translation developed at CMT of CMU in which translation is viewd as an integrated part of cognitive processing. In this paradigm, understanding in source language is a recognition of input in terms of existing knowledge in memory and integration of the input into the memory. Context of sentences are established as what is left in memory after understanding previous sentences (or a preceding part of a sentence). Decisions made during translation are influenced by what is dynamically modified in memory through preceding recognitions. Since knowledge in memory is directly shared with the rest of cognition, during translation other cognitive processes such as inference can dynamically participate in the translation process.
Global Asian city: migration, desire and the politics of encounter in 21st century Seoul

As the global outcry deepens over the migration crisis and border closures, ethnocultural homogeneity also no longer holds true in Asia. Foreign residents are now a growing reality in Korea, and th...
How do people translate their experiences into abstract attribute preferences

Abstract In many literatures, scholars study summarized attribute preferences: overall evaluative summaries of an attribute (e.g., a person's liking for the attribute “attractive” in a mate). But we know little about how people form these ideas about their likes and dislikes in the first place, in part because of a dearth of paradigms that enable researchers to experimentally change people's attribute preferences. Drawing on theory and methods in covariation detection and social cognition, we developed a paradigm that examines how people infer summarized preferences for novel attributes from functional attribute preferences: the extent to which the attribute predicts an individual's evaluations across multiple targets (e.g., a person's tendency to positively evaluate mates who are more vs. less attractive). In three studies, participants encountered manipulated information about their own functional preference for a novel attribute in a set of targets. They then inferred a summarized preference for the attribute. Summarized preferences corresponded strongly to the functional preference manipulation when targets varied on only one attribute. But additional complexity (in the form of a second novel attribute) caused summarized and functional preferences to diverge, and biases emerged: Participants reported stronger summarized preferences for the attribute when the population of targets possessed more of the attribute on average (regardless of functional preference strength). We also documented some support for a standard-of-comparison mechanism to explain this inferential bias. These studies elucidate factors that may warp the translation process from people's experienced evaluative responses in the world to their overall, summary judgments about their attribute preferences.
Analytic Wigner distribution function for a split potential well

The analytic Wigner function for a single well with infinite walls is extended to the configuration where half of the well is raised and the weighting of the wave functions is in accordance with a thermal Fermi-Dirac distribution. This requires a method for determining the energy eigenstates particularly near the height of the higher half-well. The methods provide a means for constructing analytic and accurate trajectories that can be used to model tunneling times. The fidelity of the trajectory model is assessed with respect to absorption of quanta related to changes within the allowable eigenstates.
Poster: Towards Robust Open-World Detection of Deepfakes

There is heightened concern over deliberately inaccurate news. Recently, so-called deepfake videos and images that are modified by or generated by artificial intelligence techniques have become more realistic and easier to create. These techniques could be used to create fake announcements from public figures or videos of events that did not happen, misleading mass audiences in dangerous ways. Although some recent research has examined accurate detection of deepfakes, those methodologies do not generalize well to real-world scenarios and are not available to the public in a usable form. In this project, we propose a system that will robustly and efficiently enable users to determine whether or not a video posted online is a deepfake. We approach the problem from the journalists' perspective and work towards developing a tool to fit seamlessly into their workflow. Results demonstrate accurate detection on both within and mismatched datasets.
MYH-Associated Polyposis: Manifestations, Management, and Surveillance of the Colorectum

First described in 2002, MYH-associated polyposis (MAP) is a relatively new entity in the spectrum of hereditary polyposis syndromes. It is the only known polyposis syndrome with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Although the presence of a biallelic MYH mutation would change the surgical management in the opinion of the majority of colorectal surgeons, the variation in phenotype is broad and for many surgeons is challenging to recognize. The presence of a monoallelic or biallelic MYH mutation warrants increased frequency of endoscopic screening of the colon and rectum due to the increased lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer. Surgical treatment for patients presenting with invasive cancer or high polyp burden should be tailored to phenotype and may include (sub)total colectomy and, in some cases, restorative proctocolectomy.
13 – Summary Techniques

Publisher Summary A summary is the gathering of related bits of information into a meaningful form. One of the jobs of the accountant and the statistician is to provide the business with such summaries. A financial statement is a formal document summarizing the results of a business activity. This chapter discusses the two types of financial statements: (1) the balance sheet and (2) the income statement. The balance sheet lists the assets, liabilities, and capital of a firm as of a specific date. The income statement shows the results of the operations for the period just ended. An asset is any property owned by a firm that has money value. One type of asset is cash—bills, coins, money orders, and checks. If a firm is the payee on a note, it will have the asset notes receivable. A firm selling on credit would show the claims against its customers as the asset accounts receivable. The goods in a firm's stockroom are its inventory. Supplies are also assets. Services paid for in advance are called prepaid expenses.
Epidemiological characteristics in six cases of fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome caused by new bunia virus infection in Zhoushan area

近年来,我国部分地区相继发现并报告了一些以发热伴血小板减少为主要表现的感染性疾病病例[1-2],其中少数重症患者可因多脏器损害,救治无效而死亡.2010年5月,中国CDC在湖北、河南的发热伴血小板减少综合征病例的血液中分离到一种属于布尼亚病毒科白蛉病毒属的新病毒,命名为发热伴血小板减少综合征布尼亚病毒(SFTSV),简称新型布尼亚病毒.该病主要临床表现为发热、消化道症状、血小板减少、白细胞减少、肝肾功能损害,部分患者有出血表现.该病主要发生在山林地区,呈高度散发.患者以从事农业生产的成年农民为主,部分患者有蜱叮咬史.该病的流行期为4-10月,流行高峰为5～7月. 关键词：布尼亚病毒科感染;血小板减少综合症;流行特征
Optimization of VDOT Safety Service Patrols to Improve VDOT Response to Incidents

With millions of vehicles on the road each day, traffic delays and interstate congestion result in loss of productivity and millions of dollars each year. A majority of these traffic delays are caused by traffic incidents including crashes and disabled vehicles. These incidents are safety hazards and can lead to secondary crashes. Rapid clearance of these events and scene management during an incident can significantly reduce the impact of congestion. To combat hazardous conditions and decrease congestion related delays, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has a fleet of Safety Service Patrols (SSP) that monitor highway conditions and assist emergency responders in scene clearance and traffic management. Managers of the SSP program seek to schedule patrollers in a manner that optimizes their influence on safety and congestion. This paper proposes a Genetic Algorithm based route scheduling algorithm that assigns SSP routes with the goal of minimizing the total time vehicles are stranded before an SSP vehicle arrives. The algorithm adapts to different incident rates and response times to produce schedules that vary by time-of-day and day-of-week. To examine the performance of the algorithm, optimal schedules were made for I- 95 in Virginia. A regression model was also developed to estimate the incident rates using a combination of daily traffic counts and historic rates that accounts for the under-counting of incidents in non-patrolled regions. Another model was used to estimate the SSP response times that resolves the inconsistencies with historical response times for incidents that occurred outside of the patrolled roadways. The results indicate that new route schedules based on the day-of-week could lead to a reduction in total time waiting for SSP assistance by an average of 13%, helping VDOT maintain safety, increase impact, and Keep Virginia Moving.
National Estimates of Healthcare Costs Associated With Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections Among Hospitalized Patients in the United States.

Background Treating patients with infections due to multidrug-resistant pathogens often requires substantial healthcare resources. The purpose of this study was to report estimates of the healthcare costs associated with infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria in the United States (US). Methods We performed retrospective cohort studies of patients admitted for inpatient stays in the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system between January 2007 and October 2015. We performed multivariable generalized linear models to estimate the attributable cost by comparing outcomes in patients with and without positive cultures for multidrug-resistant bacteria. Finally, we multiplied these pathogen-specific, per-infection attributable cost estimates by national counts of infections due to each pathogen from patients hospitalized in a cohort of 722 US hospitals from 2017 to generate estimates of the population-level healthcare costs in the US attributable to these infections. Results Our analysis cohort consisted of 16 676 patients with community-onset infections and 172 712 matched controls and 8246 patients with hospital-onset infections and 66 939 matched controls. The highest cost was seen in hospital-onset invasive infections, with attributable costs (95% confidence intervals) ranging from $30 998 ($25 272-$36 724) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to $74 306 ($20 377-$128 235) for carbapenem-resistant (CR) Acinetobacter. The highest attributable costs for community-onset invasive infections were seen in CR Acinetobacter ($62 396; $20 370-$104 422). Treatment of these infections cost an estimated $4.6 billion ($4.1 billion-$5.1 billion) in 2017 in the US for community- and hospital-onset infections combined. Conclusions We found that antimicrobial-resistant infections led to substantial healthcare costs.
A framework for the optimization of powder-bed fusion process

Additive manufacturing (AM) facilitates the fabrication of intricate structures with exceptional engineering characteristics. In this study, selective laser melting (SLM) is used to melt and fuse Ti6Al4V powder using a high-density laser. The use of the laser enables the fabrication of complex parts with high accuracy. The properties of the fabricated part can be customized to fit its application by varying the process parameters such as laser power, scan speed, scan strategy, and hatch spacing. Thus, it is important to optimize these process parameters before fabricating parts for a specific application. The aforementioned process parameters are interdependent on each other and thereby making this process of optimizing the process parameters a vital one. In this study, a full factorial central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effect of laser power, scan speed, and hatch spacing on the Vickers hardness values. The simulated models obtained using the RSM technique were then studied and thus establish a relationship between these factors.