cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of Dichloro‐(1‐Benzyl‐4‐Acetato‐1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane)Iron(III)

The synthesis, structure and aqueous solution behavior of [FeL1Cl2] (1, L1 = 1-benzyl-4-acetato-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) is reported. The X-ray structure of 1 reveals iron(III) in distorted octahedral geometry bonded to three amine nitrogen atoms and one carboxylate oxygen atom along with two cis chloride atoms. Electrochemical measurements of 1 in acetonitrile indicate that E1/2 = −200 mV vs Ag/AgCl. The stability of the +3 oxidation state is attributed to the hard Namine and carboxylate ligand donors. In acetonitrile, 1 is mononuclear and has an S = 5/2 spin state. The presence of a μ-oxo bridge upon dissolution of 1 in water is supported by EPR and solution magnetic susceptibility NMR studies. pH-metric titrations and UV-vis studies indicate the presence of a total of four acidic protons. At low pH, L1(OH2)Fe-O-Fe(OH2)L1 is proposed to be stabilized while at high pH, L1(OH)Fe-O-Fe(OH)L1 is suggested to persist.
Calcified ureteral stricture in a child with polyarteritis nodosa.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic vasculitis involving small and medium sized arteries. Urological involvement in this disease is usually limited to nephritis and, rarely, epididymo-orchitis resulting from vascular involvement of these organs. Ureteral involvement in adults usually manifests as ureteral stricture and obstruction subsequent to inflammation and necrosis in the ureteral wall. We report an unusual case of PAN involving the ureter in a child.
Fragmented care: a practicing surgeon's response

Since the introduction of duty hour restrictions by the US Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in 2003, there has been an ongoing debate in the surgical community about the impact on resident education and the quality of patient care.1 ,2 Similar concerns have been raised by surgical educators in European Union nations following the implementation of the European Working Time Directive late in the last century.3 These are not new questions. The term ‘resident’ derives from the fact that in past times, physicians in training actually lived in the hospital and were immediately available to provide care 24 h a day, 7 days a week. One may imagine the concerns when every other night call was instituted (‘You will miss half the good cases!’). Additional expressions of concerns about the quality of care and education were raised when inhouse call was limited to every third night, and later the ACGME implemented, and then further adjusted, common duty hour limits for all specialties. Every time these changes were implemented, surgeons have tried to figure out how to do exactly what they have always done safely, but in fewer hours. This approach for dealing with reduced hours has served surgical education well in the past. However, the currents limits on duty hours for physicians in training worldwide requires a reframing of the approaches for clinical care, competency attainment and physician education. The models of surgical care and education were established during a time when hospital stays were long, preoperative and postoperative care was provided in the inpatient setting, and the percentage of patients who were severely ill was quite small.4 …
A sensor for measurement of friction coefficient on moving flexible surfaces

Measurement of coefficient of friction between surfaces is of interest in numerous engineering applications. Although laboratory tests of material samples in tribological systems are used to measure the friction coefficient, on-line friction measurement on newly manufactured surfaces, or between two interacting surfaces of interest, is nonexistent. In this paper, we describe a new sensor, called the tribosensor, that accomplishes real-time friction coefficient measurement between materials, where one of the two materials in the tribological pair is being processed or manufactured at high speeds, such as in paper, plastics, aluminum, and other flexible materials. This paper discusses the operating principle of the sensor, design configuration, and performance characterization. Comparison with traditional off-line laboratory measurements is also presented.
Local-area age structure and population composition: implications for elderly health in Japan.

Objective: This study examines relationships between local-area age structure and health at older ages. Method: We estimate random intercept models for two disability measures using four waves of data from a national panel study of 3,580 Japanese older adults. Results: Elderly living in relatively older areas reported more difficulties with activities of daily living compared with those living in an “average” age structure. Controlling for individual characteristics and time did little to change this relationship; while a similar relationship between older age structure and functional limitations emerged. Discussion: Residents of relatively older areas tended to have lower socioeconomic status, but this “disadvantage” was offset by their higher rates of employment and marriage. These compositional differences highlight the role of local-area age structure in identifying and understanding elderly health variation between places.
The evaluation and management of olfactory disorder following upper respiratory tract infection.

Of the 5 senses, the sense of smell is the most neglected. The perception of smell is an integral and critical component of a person’s life. This is true, of course, unless it is altered or absent. The loss of the olfactory sense leads to an impaired quality of life as well as certain safety issues involving smoke and gas odor perception. Hyposmia and anosmia may be caused by a variety of factors. Prior nasal surgery, nonobstructive or obstructive nasal and sinus disease (ie, inhalant allergy, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyposis), dementia, Alzheimer disease, and normal aging may affect olfaction. Nasal septal deviation has not proven to be associated with anosmia. Clinically significant diminutions in olfactory sensitivity are present in more than 23% of patients who have allergic rhinitis. Histologically, the olfactory mucosa has proven essentially normal in those patients with nasal and sinus disease. Prior URTI is implicated in 14% to 26% of all presenting cases of hyposmia or anosmia. Other medical conditions as well as many drugs may cause a disordered sense of smell and are described elsewhere. Environmental pollutants can also have an effect on the olfactory system. Tumors such as olfactory groove meningiomas, frontal lobe gliomas, suprasellar pituitary tumors, and esthesioneuroblastomas are very rare causes of anosmia. The list of causes of sudden anosmia is quite short. Traumatic anosmia probably results from a shearing injury to the olfactory nerves. Postviral anosmia is the second most common type. Of 1834 patients who presented to 3 major centers of taste and smell disorders (the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center, Farmington, Conn; the State University of New York Clinical Olfactory Research Center, Syracuse, NY; and the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center, Philadelphia), 349 (19%) had smell dysfunction related to a URTI. Only 36% of these patients had anosmia on testing. Standardized smell testing is used to demonstrate anosmia. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test is a 40-item, 4-alternative, forced-choice identification test using microencapsulated odors and is commercially available. Other forms of testing are also available. Neuroradiographic imaging serves to rule out abnormalities of the central nervous system. When indicated, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the radiologic study of choice in the workup of anosmia. Subfrontal petechial hemorrhage can be detected on T1weighted imaging in the subacute and chronic periods following trauma. An MRI can also detect tumors of the olfactory system, nose, and paranasal sinuses. Congenital From the Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington. Sanford M. Archer, MD CLINICAL CHALLENGES IN OTOLARYNGOLOGY
New biomaterial as a promising alternative to silicone breast implants

One in eight American women develops breast cancer. Of the many patients requiring mastectomy yearly as a consequence, most elect some form of breast reconstruction. Since 2006, only silicone breast implants have been approved by the FDA for the public use. Unfortunately, over one-third of women with these implants experience complications as a result of tissue-material biocompatibility issues, which may include capsular contracture, calcification, hematoma, necrosis and implant rupture. Our group has been working on developing alternatives to silicone. Linear triblock poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (SIBS) polymers are self-assembling nanostructured thermoplastic rubbers, already in clinical practice as drug eluting stent coatings. New generations with a branched (arborescent or dendritic) polyisobutylene core show promising potential as a biomaterial alternative to silicone rubber. The purpose of this pre-clinical research was to evaluate the material-tissue interactions of a new arborescent block copolymer (TPE1) in a rabbit implantation model compared to a linear SIBS (SIBSTAR 103T) and silicone rubber. This study is the first to compare the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, tensile properties and histological evaluation of arborescent SIBS-type materials with silicone rubber before implantation and after explantation.
Merkel cell carcinoma. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and cytogenetic analysis

background. Merkel cell Carcinoma (MCC) is a cutaneous neoplasm, histopathologically difficult to differentiate from other small blue cell neoplasms. Immunohistochemical and ultra-structural analyses are usually helpful in differentiating these neoplasms. Recently, cytogenetic analysis has emerged as a potential tool in the diagnosis of solid neoplasms, including MCC. objective. To describe the immunohistochemical and cytogenetic features of a case of primary MCC and to review the cytogenetics literature on MCC. methods. Formalin-fixed tissue was processed routinely and labeled with a battery of antibodies. Metaphase cells from fresh tissue were prepared by Giemsa banding. results. Histopathologically, there were irregular aggregates of pyknotic cells with little cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells stained positive for neurofilament, cytokeratin, neuron-specific enolase, and epithelial membrane antigen. Leucocyte common antigen, S-100, 013, and chromogranin were negative. Karyotyping of neoplastic cells showed loss of chromosome Y(—Y). conclusions. Coexpression of cytokeratin and neurofilament is characteristic of MCC and allows it to be differentiated from similar neoplasms. The significance of Y chromosome loss is unclear. Further cytogenetic analyses are warranted to identify genetic mutations significant to the pathogenesis of MCC.
A Multi-Stream Approach to Audiovisual Automatic Speech Recognition

This paper proposes a multi-stream approach to automatic audiovisual speech recognition, based in part on Hickok and Poeppel's dual-stream model of human speech processing. The dual-stream model proposes that semantic networks may be accessed by at least three parallel neural streams: at least two ventral streams that map directly from acoustics to words (with different time scales), and at least one dorsal stream that maps from acoustics to articulation. Our implementation represents each of these streams by a dynamic Bayesian network; disagreements between the three streams are resolved using a voting scheme. The proposed algorithm was tested using the CUAVE audiovisual speech corpus. Results indicate that the ventral stream model tends to make fewer mistakes in the labeling of vowels, while the dorsal stream model tends to make fewer mistakes in the labeling of consonants; the recognizer voting scheme takes advantage of these differences to reduce overall word error rate.
Ultra-reliable packaging for silicon-on-silicon WSI

Silicon-on-silicon WSI (wafer-scale integration) packaging provides electronic equipment with significant reductions in size, weight, cost, and IC junction temperatures, together with significant increases in reliability and high-speed electrical performance. It combines semiconductor lithography techniques, printed-circuit multilayer techniques, and hybrid multichip module techniques. The silicon substrate has multiple layers of metallization and dielectric and services as a silicon circuit board. The author discusses the advantages of using silicon instead of conventional ceramic as the substrate materials and reviews the published status of this technology at other organizations. While conventional hybrid packages are successfully being used in early implementations to reduce size and weight, there exists an untapped potential for significant reliability improvements by switching to packages specifically designed for silicon substrates. Several potential packaging approaches are reviewed and results are presented for the fatigue life and thermal performance of silicon substrates. >
Identification of an Important Component of the Contact Sex Pheromone of Callidiellum rufipenne (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Adult male and female Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) aggregate on severely stressed or fallen trees and cut logs of cypress species (Cupressaceae) that are the hosts of their larvae. Our studies showed that male C. rufipenne actively search for females on these trees and only respond to females after contacting them with their antennae. Removing cuticular hydrocarbons from fresh carcasses of females with solvent rendered the carcasses unattractive to males, but activity was restored when the solvent extract was reapplied. These findings suggest that contact pheromones mediate mate recognition in this species. Bioassays of fractions of the extracts determined that the branched chain hydrocarbon fraction was primarily responsible for activity. 5,17-Dimethylnonacosane was a key sex-specific component in extracts of females, and synthetic 5,17-dimethylnonacosane elicited a strong mating response from males. We conclude that this compound is an important component of the contact sex pheromone of C. rufipenne if not the sole component. Solvent extracts of both sexes also contained 9-pentacosyne and 9-heptacosyne. To our knowledge, this is only the second report of alkynes in the cuticular lipids of insects.
Achieving Human Perfection: Benjamin Franklin contra George Whitefield

Two competing strands of intellectual history, which arose from divergent interpretations of human nature, impacted the democratic tradition in the United States. This paper examines this divergence through a succinct comparison of Benjamin Franklin's and George Whitefield's teachings on human perfection. Whitefield's view of perfection is derived from Protestant Christianity and argues that man is called to constantly pursue a personal and earthly unattainable goal. Franklin sought to replace the religious view with one grounded upon enlightenment and sought to establish an earthly perfection, which aligned with his democratic ideal. This view of perfection was attainable to all through the education of the citizens of the new nation in a liberal tradition.
Analysis of the Data and Physical Aspects of the Palmer Seismological Observatory Tripartite

The physical characteristics of the Palmer Observatory Tripartite are discussed. Azimuth measurement methods from a nomograph which was drafted for the tripartite are explained. Analytical problems and solutions encountered in dealing with local and teleseismic events are discussed separately.
Stereo from uncalibrated cameras

The problem of computing placement of points in 3-D space, given two uncalibrated perspective views, is considered. The main theorem shows that the placement of the points is determined only up to an arbitrary projective transformation of 3-space. Given additional ground control points, however, the location of the points and the camera parameters may be determined. The method is linear and noniterative, whereas previously known methods for solving the camera calibration and placement problem to take proper account of both ground-control points and image correspondences are unsatisfactory in requiring either iterative methods or model restrictions. As a result of the main theorem, it is possible to determine projective invariants of 3-D geometric configurations from two perspective views. >
Three Cases of Hemophilus Parainfluenzae Meningitis

Three cases of meningitis caused by Hemo philus parainfluenzae are reported. A review of the literature relating this organism to neonatal disease is presented. The importance of con sidering this pathogen in serious infections in neonates and children is stressed together with its differentiation from Hemophilus influenzae.
The Use of CDO Structuring for the Disposal of Non-Performing Loans in China

This paper briefly introduces the problem of non-performing loans in China. It traces their origin within the history of the Chinese banking system and attempts to quantify the scope of the problem. An analysis of recent efforts to address non-performing loans is presented, with particular focus on the creation of the four Asset Management Companies. The author presents an optimal solution for the disposal of non-performing loans and explains the mechanics. That solution employs collateralized debt obligation structuring and offshore issuance of asset-backed securities. Finally, the paper introduces a hypothetical inaugural Chinese non-performing loan collateralized debt obligation (NPL CDO), with an analysis of the expected structure and detailed economics of such a transaction.
Asymptotic stability of nonholonomic mobile robot formations using multilayer neural networks

In this paper, a combined kinematic/torque control law is developed for leader-follower based formation control using backstepping in order to accommodate the dynamics of the robots and the formation in contrast with kinematic-based formation controllers that are widely reported in the literature. A multilayer neural network (NN) is introduced along with robust integral of the sign of the error (RISE) feedback to approximate the dynamics of the follower as well as its leader using online weight tuning. It is shown using Lyapunov theory that the errors for the entire formation are asymptotically stable and the NN weights are bounded as opposed to uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) stability which is typical with most NN controllers. Simulation results are included.
Women's Initiative for Nonsmoking (WINS V): under-use of nicotine replacement therapy.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in a nurse-managed smoking cessation program. Design: A cohort design nested within the WINS randomized clinical trial was used with follow-up at 2, 7, 21, 28, and 90 days. Setting: The study took place in 10 hospitals in the San Francisco Bay Area. Subjects: Participants included 142 women hospitalized with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Outcome Measure: The outcome measure was the use of NRT after having been assessed as eligible for its use. Intervention: NRT was used as an adjunct in the behavioral intervention protocol. NRT was recommended during the hospital intervention and during the 90-day outpatient phase. Results: Of 142 women in the intervention group, 127 met the criteria for NRT use. During the 5 follow-up assessments, the reported NRT use ranged from 9% to 22%. Conclusion: A low NRT use rate among women with CVD is evident. The results suggest that future research about NRT myths pertaining to women is needed. Nurses can help patients dispel these myths and prevent smoking relapse in women with CVD. (Heart Lung® 2002;31:368-73.)
Treatment of Co-Occurring Substance Abuse and Suicidality Among Adolescents: A Randomized Trial

Objective: This study tested a cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol for adolescents with a co-occurring alcohol or other drug use disorder (AOD) and suicidality in a randomized clinical trial. Method: Forty adolescents (Mage = 15 years; 68% female, 89% White) and their families recruited from an inpatient psychiatric hospital were randomly assigned to an integrated outpatient cognitive-behavioral intervention for co-occurring AOD and suicidality (I-CBT) or enhanced treatment as usual (E-TAU). Primary measures include the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Suicide Ideation Questionnaire, Columbia Impairment Scale, Timeline Followback, Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index, and Rutgers Marijuana Problem Index. Assessments were completed at pretreatment as well as 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postenrollment. Results: In intent-to-treat analyses, I-CBT was associated with significantly fewer heavy drinking days and days of marijuana use relative to E-TAU but not with fewer drinking days. Those randomized to I-CBT in comparison to E-TAU also reported significantly less global impairment as well as fewer suicide attempts, inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and arrests. Adolescents across groups showed equivalent reductions in suicidal ideation. Conclusions: I-CBT for adolescents with co-occurring AOD and suicidality is associated with significant improvement in both substance use and suicidal behavior, as well as markedly decreased use of additional health services including inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Further testing of integrated protocols for adolescent AOD and suicidality with larger and more diverse samples is warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Aeroacoustic Study of a 26%-Scale, High-Fidelity, Boeing 777 Main Landing Gear in a Semi-Anechoic-Wind-Tunnel Test Section

Experiments were conducted on a 26%-scale high fidelity Boeing 777 main landing gear in the Virginia Tech (VT) Stability Wind Tunnel. This wind-tunnel was recently upgraded to a semi-anechoic facility, which allowed aeroacoustic measurements to be carried out in the far-field and in an environment with significantly less reflections. The model was a very faithful replica of the full-scale landing gear, designed to address the issues associated with low-fidelity models. A 63-element microphone phased array was used to locate the noise source components of the landing gear on the flyover path, both in the near- and far-field. The same landing gear model was previously tested in the original hard-walled configuration of the VT tunnel with the same phased array mounted on the wall of the test section, i.e. near-field position. The new anechoic configuration of the VT wind tunnel offered a unique opportunity to directly compare, using the same gear model and phased array instrumentation, data collected in hard-walled and semi-anechoic test sections. Through these tests some of the limitations associated with hard-walled wind tunnels were discussed. The tests also allowed the noise source components of the landing gear on the flyover path to be identified. It was shown that noise from the landing gear on the flyover path cannot be characterized by only taking phased array measurement straight under the gear.
Perfect fluids in general relativity

The equations of relativistic fluid dynamics can be completed in several different ways. We discuss and compare three distinct methods for completing these equations. We also discuss variational principles for the different fluid theories.
A hybrid attenuation correction technique to compensate for lung density in 3D total body PET

A hybrid attenuation correction technique (ACT) has been developed for /sup 18/F-FDG Total Body Positron Emission Tomography (PET). With a short transmission scan of the thorax, any time within a few days of the isotope injection, it can correct for attenuation in the entire body. Segmentation, registration, and active contour finding techniques are applied to both emission and short transmission images to locate and map the major attenuating structures in the body. This technique eliminates the need for patient to remain still from the start of the transmission scan to the end of the emission scan without the added noise of simultaneous or post transmission scan measurements. The results of volunteer studies are comparable to standard measured ACT, both visually and quantitatively. Efficient use of scanner and maximum comfort for patients make it a highly desirable technique for clinical imaging. >
Translation of Safety-Critical Software Requirements Specification to Lustre

SpecTRM-RL (Specification Tools and Requirements Methodology-Requirements Language) is a modeling language for describing safety-critical software requirements. However, SpecTRM-RL does not support formal verification, which plays a very important role in developing safety-critical systems and software. Lustre is a dataflow synchronous language designed for programming reactive systems. Lustre supports the analysis and formal verification as well as code generation. Therefore, by translating SpecTRM-RL into Lustre, it not only will endow verification function to SpecTRM-RL, but also will make it possible that SpecTRM-RL supports various analysis approaches of codes by using previously developed translator which converts Lustre into NuSMV, PVS, and SAL. In this paper, I present the rules to translate SpecTRM-RL to the Lustre language, and also present an empirical study in which we practically translate a SpecTRM-RL requirements document into Lustre using the rules proposed. This study shows that SpecTRM-RL can be effectively converted into Lustre so that it can support formal verification.
Forced motion of an elastic filament through a narrow tube

A polymer filament consisting of many similar molecules linked in a one-dimensional array is very flexible. As a result, shapes with a relatively large curvature can be accommodated elastically. When loosely confined in a thermal environment, such a flexible strand may become tangled owing to its flexibility. When confined within a narrow “tube” over its full length, a flexible molecule may behave quite differently. Here, we consider the qualitative nature of deformation of an individual filament when confined within a tube. Commonly the tube is formed within the cluster by a large number of surrounding filaments of the same type.
Coronary heart disease and risk factors in Asian Indians.

Traditionally individuals living in the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) were considered to have a low prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, recent epidemiological studies have shown that Asian Indians who have migrated to western countries as well as those living in urban areas of the Indian subcontinent have a higher prevalence of CHD than do Caucasians of European ancestry1– 7. This apparent excess of CHD could relate to environmental or genetic factors. Since lifestyle, including different levels of exercise, is shown to affect risk factors for CHD in Caucasians, it is likely that the adoption of the western lifestyle by Indians living in the urban areas of the Indian subcontinent or migrants to western countries could increase their risk for CHD. Asia is undergoing unprecedented economic growth, technological advances, and urbanization resulting in westernization of diet and reduction in physical activity. With these changes, it is likely that the prevalence of traditional risk factors for heart disease like hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes will increase. As a consequence, it is expected that CHD and morbidity and mortality associated with it will increase exponentially in the near future. A two-fold increase in the number of deaths related to CHD has been projected from year 1985 to year 2015. In men, the projected death rates per 100,000 population are 145 in 1985 and 253 in 2000 and 295 in 2015, while in women, the projected rates are 126, 204 and 239, respectively8,9. CHD is likely to account for at least 33.5% of total deaths by the year 2015 and would replace infectious disease as a number one killer in Indians.
Psychometric Properties of an Objective Structured Clinical Assessment Tool

Abstract Background Inconsistencies in approaches to clinical teaching and evaluation can lead to significant challenges in the absence of reliable, standardized assessment measures. The purpose of our research was to examine the psychometric properties of a rubric to evaluate students in a simulation testing environment. Method Two raters used an evaluation rubric to score the performance of 33 students taking part in an objective structured clinical assessment (OSCA). Content validity and inter-rater reliability statistics were calculated. Results The OSCA as a whole demonstrated excellent content validity and acceptable inter-reliability was obtained on the evaluation rubric. Conclusions Given the right process, structure, and support, our results indicate that the OSCA is a robust and reliable approach to evaluate student clinical performance.
Using light to predict fuels-reduction and group-selection effects on succession in Sierran mixed-conifer forest

Many semi-arid coniferous forests in western North America have reached historically unprecedented densities over the past 150 years and are dominated by shade-tolerant trees. Silvicultural treatments generally open the canopy but may not restore shade-intolerant species. We determined crossover-point irradiance (CPI) (light at which the height growth rank of pairs of species changes) for seedlings in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest and used these to interpret light environments produced by fuels-reduction thinning and group selection with reserved large trees. Nine of 21 species pairs had well-defined CPIs. The CPI of the most common shade-tolerant and intolerant species (white fir (Abies concolor (Gordon & Glendl.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson)) was 22.5 mol·m–2·day–1 or 41% of full sun. Median understory irradiance increased from 9.2 mol·m–2·day–1 (17% full sun) in pretreatment forest to 13 mol·m–2·day–1 (24% full sun) in lightly and 15.5 m...
Què és “veritá” en el realisme intern?

Aquest article es un examen critic de la teoria de la veritat de Putnam en la seva evolucio des d'un realisme metafisic a un realisme intern. En primer lloc, presento una analisi de l'argument de la teoria de models que va dur a Putnam a abandonar el concepte metafisic de veritat corn a correspondencia i a adoptar un concepte epistemic de veritat. Aquest argument, encara que constitueix una potent critica de la concepcio de la veritat del realisme metafisic, no estableix conclusivament que la veritar tingui algun contingut epistemic. En segon lloc, discuteixo la teoria idealitzada de la veritat de Putnam, tot argumentant que la identificacio de la veritat amb “acceptabilitat en condicions ideals” no s'adiu amb la tesi que la veritat no es contextual sino transcendent, per tal com la nocio de justificacio es intrinsecament contextual i no hi ha idealitzacio que la pugui redimir d'aquest caracter. Finalment, suggereixo que les intuicions realistes que el realisme intern de Putnam intenta captar no requereixen mes que una perspectiva deflacionista sobre la veritat. Adoptar aquesta perspectiva implica abandonar no sols la idea que la veritat es una propietat epistemica, sino tambe la idea que la veritat es una propietat substantiva que totes les afirmacions verdaderes comparteixen i que, per tant, es objecte d'una teoria filosofica.
Interrogation of Juveniles: Are Parents the Best Defenders of Juveniles' Right to Remain Silent?

It is common for juveniles’ rights to be limited and placed in the hands of others, such as their parents. This is because of the immaturity and relative incompetence of minors, compared to adults. However, in the context of the justice system, parents, in particular, may not be the best defenders of juvenile rights. This article draws on social science research to argue that, due to conflicts of interest, lack of knowledge, and poor relationships with their delinquent children, parents of juvenile delinquents are poor protectors of their children’s rights in the context of police interviews and interrogations. Other protections should instead be provided, such as requiring age to weigh heavily in favor of the juvenile when determining whether an interview is a custodial interrogation, and requiring the presence of an attorney at interrogations of juveniles.
Array of reconfigurable diffractive lens on flexible substrate (Conference Presentation)

We designed and fabricated microscale lens arrays on a flexible substrate. The flexibility of the substrate allows for wide field of view imaging as well as optical focus scanning. Fresnel zone plates (FZPs), which are compact and lightweight, are used as microlenses for focusing. The arrangement of FZPs on flexible substrate can be reconfigured to maximize FOV. Tunable focus can also be achieved by stretching the FZPs laterally. In addition, the lightweight microlenses can be actuated to scan the focus axially. The lenses have a wide range of applications including displays, contact lenses, microscopy, surveillance and optical communications. The diameter of the microlenses ranges from 100 to 500 µm. The thickness of the lenses is 100 µm. Unlike refractive and reflective lenses, the focusing capability of FZPs is achieved via diffraction. FZPs consist of alternating black and white zones to modulate the phase of the incident light. The light diffracted from edge of the regions to achieve multiple focus. Most of the energy is diffracted into the first focus. The dark regions are made of silicon nanowires which are highly absorbent for visible spectrum. Standard processes, including wet and dry etching, are used to etch silicon substrate and form nanowires. The white zones are designed for both reflective and transmissive lenses. The lenses are implemented on PDMS as flexible substrate. The silicon nanowires are embedded into PDMS so that the shape of individual lens as well as the arrangement of the array can be reconfigured. In this article, we report our design, fabrication process and experiments.
Survey of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Structure under Different Household Economic Status in Zhuhai City

Objectives To explore the effect of household economic status on nutrient intake and dietary structure.Methods multi-stage stratified and proportional probability sampling method was used to conduct household survey based on family unit.3days' spices intake weight was collected and 3continuous days' food intake dose per person was recoded.Average nutrient intake dose was calculated based on Chinese Food Composition of the year of 2004.The database was established by Access,and statistical analysis was comnducted using SPSS 12.0.Results Among the 1 523valid questionnaires,the annual family income per head of 60.3%family was less than 20,000yuan.With income increasing,average intake of cereals decreased,intake of potatoes,beans,fruits,milk and eggs increased(P0.05),intake of dietary fiber,Vitamin A,Vitamin E,Calcium,Potassium,Iron and Selenium increased,intake of sodium decreased,the ratio of energy from cereals and carbohydrates gradually decreased and so did protein from cereals,while energy produced by fat increased.Conclusions Household economic status was closely related to dietary intake and nutrition structure.
Abstract A89: Glycolytic cancer cell metabolism suppressed by transplantation of exogenous normal mitochondria into human breast cancer cells

Most cancer cells switch metabolism from mitochondria-based glucose oxidation to cytoplasmic glycolysis even under normoxia (the Warburg effect). The effect promotes tumorigenesis, cancer growth, invasion and drug resistance. We hypothesize that introduction of normal mitochondria into cancer cells might suppress the Warburg effect. Normal human (MCF-12A) and mouse (EpH4-Ev) mammary epithelia, and human breast cancer (MCF-7) and mouse mammary adenocarcinoma (4T1) cell lines were used in this study. We found that isolated fluorescent probe-stained mitochondria of MCF-12A or EpH4-Ev could enter into cancer cells when co-cultured with MCF-7 or 4T1 cells respectively, confirmed by fluorescent and confocal microscopy. The mitochondria from MCF-12A cells inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer MCF-7 cells in a dose dependent pattern and increased drug sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to doxorubicin, paclitaxel and carboplatin. Real time qPCR showed that exogenous normal mitochondria suppressed the gene expression of 11 glycolytic enzymes, and glucose transporter 1 and 3 of MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that normal mitochondria suppress cancer proliferation and increase drug sensitivity by the mechanism of inhibition of cancer cell glycolysis and glucose consumption. Isolated mitochondria have remained viable in culture for over three weeks and still actively entered cancer cells and inhibited cancer proliferation. In mouse model bearing the 4T1 mammary adenocarcinoma, isolated MitoTracker orange dye-stained mitochondria of EpH4-Ev, when directly injected into tumor mass, entered into 4T1 cancer cells in 24 hours. Therefore, normal mitochondrial transfer could be a cell-based therapy for cancer and other mitochondrial disorders. Citation Format: Robert L. Elliott, Xian-Peng Jiang, Jonathan F. Head. Glycolytic cancer cell metabolism suppressed by transplantation of exogenous normal mitochondria into human breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A89.
Abstract B30: Ex vivo culture of breast cancer patient-derived xenografts in modified 3-D hyaluronan hydrogels

The high attrition rate of potential anti-cancer drugs entering clinical trials indicates the need for more predictive pre-clinical model systems. Standard compound screening is high-throughput and relatively inexpensive, but conducted with non-representative cells in a non-physiological environment. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems provide cells a more physiological microenvironment including relevant extracellular matrix (ECM) cues and cell-cell interactions. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) culture preserves tumor heterogeneity while mitigating harsh selective pressures induced by traditional 2D culture methods. However, in vivo mouse models are slow and expensive, often with low “take” rates that limit the numbers of drugs and drug combinations that can be tested. Within the present study, we established the direct culture of breast cancer PDX cells in a hyaluronan-based hydrogel matrix that is amenable to automated dispensing. Washington University Human in Mouse (WHIM) breast cancer PDX tumors were dissociated and PDX cell were encapsulated in 3D hydrogels for in vitro culture. In vitro cultured PDX cells showed high viability over 7 days, as assessed by standard live/dead assay. Cell morphology and marker retention were also examined using immunofluorescence staining for markers including ER, EpCAM, and vimentin, and were found to be subtype-consistent. Ongoing studies seek to expand the PDX tumors in hydrogel matrices such that they may be useful for a variety of applications including drug screening, proteome and kinome activation analysis, and other applications that will enable the development of personalized therapies suited to individual breast cancer patients presenting with various disease subtypes. Citation Format: Lindsey K. Sablatura, MeghaShyam Kavuri, Priya Richards, Daniel A. Harrington, Matthew J. Ellis, Mary C. Farach-Carson. Ex vivo culture of breast cancer patient-derived xenografts in modified 3-D hyaluronan hydrogels. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr B30.
Antibodies to native and citrullinated RA33 (hnRNP A2/B1) challenge citrullination as the inciting principle underlying loss of tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis.

Background Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are the hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Protein citrullination is believed to drive autoantigen selection in RA. Nonetheless, several autoantigens in RA are targeted as native (unmodified) proteins. Here, the study of hnRNP A2/B1 (RA33) provides a framework to understand the humoral response to native and citrullinated autoantigens in RA. Methods RA synovial fluid (SF) cells were analysed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. RA33 was cloned from RASF cells and splice variants expressed as recombinant proteins. Antibodies against native and citrullinated RA33 were characterised by ELISA, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. Results RA33 is citrullinated in the rheumatoid joint and targeted either as a citrullinated or native protein in distinct patient subsets with RA. A novel splice variant (hnRNP B1b) previously associated with disease initiation in experimental arthritis was identified in the RA joint and acts as the major target of the anti-RA33 response. Antibodies exclusively targeting citrullinated RA33 were positively associated with disease duration and erosive disease. In contrast, anti-(native) RA33 antibodies were detected almost exclusively in early RA and identified patients with low radiographic erosion scores. Finally, a unique subset of double-reactive patients demonstrated intermediate severity, but rapid disease progression, suggesting a transitional disease phase in the evolution of an anti-native protein antibody to ACPA response in RA. Conclusions These data suggest that native and citrullinated proteins targeted by autoantibodies in RA may be part of a single antibody system and challenge the paradigm of citrullination as the unifying principle underlying loss of tolerance in RA.
TH-CD-202-03: Enhancing Soft-Tissue CT Contrast for Radiation Therapy Using Mono-Energetic Decompositions of Dual Energy CT

Purpose: It is desirable to increase CT soft-tissue contrast to improve delineation of tumor target and/or surrounding organs at risk (OAR) in RT planning and delivery guidance. The purpose of this work is to investigate the use of monoenergetic decompositions obtained from dual energy (DE) CT to improve soft-tissue contrast. Methods: CT data were acquired for 5 prostate and 5 pancreas patients and a phantom with a CT Scanner (Definition AS Open, Siemens) using both sequential DE protocols and standard protocols. For the DE protocols, the scanner rapidly performs two acquisitions at 80 kVp and 140 kVp. The CT numbers of soft tissue inserts in the phantom (CTED/Gammex) were measured across the spectrum of available monoenergetic decompositions (40 to 140 keV) and compared to the standard protocol (120 kVp, 0.6 pitch, 18 mGy CTDIvol). Contrast, defined as the difference in the average CT number between target and OAR, was measured for all subjects and compared between the DE and standard protocols. Results: Mono-energetic decompositions of the phantom demonstrate an enhancement of soft-tissue contrast as the energy is decreased. For instance, relative to the 120 kVp scans the Liver ED insert increased in CT number by 25 HU while the adipose ED insert decreased by 50 HU. The lowest energy decompositions featured the highest contrast between target and OAR. For every patient, the contrast increased by decomposing at 40 keV. The average increase in contrast relative to a 120 kVp scan for prostate patients at 40 keV was 25.05±17.28 HU while for pancreas patients it was 19.21±17.39 HU. Conclusion: Low energy monoenergetic decompositions from dual-energy CT substantially increase soft-tissue contrast. At the lowest achievable monoenergetic decompositions the maximum soft-tissue contrast is achieved and the delineation of target and OAR is improved. Thus it is beneficial to use DECT in radiation oncology. Supported by Siemens.
Parental and cyclic-rate mutation in genetic algorithms: an initial investigation

Genetic algorithms (GAs) have traditionally combined and confounded the effects of gametic and somatic mutation. In an attempt to disentangle these effects, a novel, modified GA is proposed in which mutation occurs not only following selection (i.e., in offspring)— as is the tradition—but also at the parental level, between evaluation and selection of population members. Two experiments were conducted that compared the relative performances of several mutational-rate variants of the proposed parental mutation GA with corresponding "standard" GAs matched with them in terms of overall probability of mutation during an iteration of the algorithm. Results indicate that inclusion of parental mutation within a GA does not in general adversely affect its performance. For both types of GA, a novel, cyclic-rate mutation variant outperformed the low and (very) high constant-rate variants. Results of a third experiment indicate that, for the most part, it is irrelevant at which algorithmic locus (parental vs. offspring) the cyclic-rate mutation occurs or whether there is also mutation at the other locus.
Dynamics of sensorimotor cortex activation during absence and myoclonic seizures in a mouse model of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

SummaryObjective Generalized epilepsy syndromes often confer multiple types of seizures, but it is not known if these seizures activate separate or overlapping brain networks. Recently, we reported that mice with a juvenile myoclonic epilepsy mutation (Gabra1[A322D]) exhibited both absence and myoclonic generalized seizures. Here, we determined the time course of sensorimotor cortex activation and the spatial distribution of spike voltage during these two seizures. Methods We implanted Gabra1+/A322D mice with multiple electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes over bilateral somatosensory cortex barrel fields (S1) and anterior (aM1) and posterior (pM1) motor cortices and recorded absence seizures/spike-wave discharges (SWDs) and myoclonic seizures. We used nonlinear-association analyses and cross-correlation calculations to determine the strength, leading regions, and time delays of cortical coupling from the preictal to ictal states and within the spike and interspike periods. The distribution of spike voltage was also measured in SWDs and myoclonic seizures. Results EEG connectivity among all electrode pairs increased at the onset of both SWDs and myoclonic seizures. Surprisingly, during spikes of both seizure types, S1 led M1 with similar delay times. Myoclonic seizure spikes started more focally than SWD spikes, with a significant majority appearing first only in S1 electrodes, whereas a substantial fraction of SWD spikes were detected first in S1 and at least one M1 electrode. The absolute voltage of myoclonic seizure spikes was significantly higher than that of SWD spikes, and there was a greater relative voltage over M1 during myoclonic seizure spikes than in the first one to two SWD spikes. Significance The leading sites in S1 and similar delay times suggest both SWDs and myoclonic seizures activate overlapping networks in sensorimotor cortex and thus, therapeutically targeting of this network could potentially treat both seizures. Spike focality, absolute voltage, and voltage distribution provide insight into neuronal activation during these two seizure types.