cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Land Tenure Differences and Adoption of Agri-Environmental Practices: Evidence from Benin

AbstractThis article uses a multinomial endogenous treatment effects model in combination with propensity score matching techniques to evaluate the impact of land tenure on the adoption of agri-environmental practices by smallholder farmers in Benin. We rely on a unique and detailed cross-sectional plot-level dataset that covers a random sample of 2800 smallholder farmers and 4233 plots. The results indicate that land tenure arrangement significantly influences farmers’ decision to invest in agri-environmental practices. The intensity of the adoption of agri-environmental practices is consistently higher on owned plots than borrowed, rented or sharecropped plots. We found strong evidence that the hypothesis of selectivity bias cannot be rejected. Although estimates of the adoption gap between plot owners and borrowers are larger when using the matched sample, the results are broadly consistent across specifications.
Blatt v. Cabela's Retail, Inc. and a New Path for Transgender Rights

Since the Supreme Court recognized marriage equality in Obergefell v. Hodges, civil rights advocates have increasingly set their sights on transgender rights as the next legal frontier. Sex discrimination law, though an essential statutory tool, is not the only potential avenue for securing rights for transgender individuals. Another important federal source of protection for transgender people is disability rights law—in particular, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Disability rights law, unlike sex discrimination law, applies to public accommodations and government services, and also mandates reasonable accommodations. A transgender litigant successfully invoked the protections of the ADA for the first time in the recent case of Blatt v. Cabela’s Retail, Inc., where a federal court ruled that transgender people are not categorically barred from seeking relief under the ADA from discrimination based on gender dysphoria—the clinically significant distress that some transgender people experience. Importantly, the Department of Justice under both the Obama and Trump Administrations has similarly interpreted the ADA to cover such discrimination. This Essay explores why, for over twenty-five years, transgender litigants have not invoked the protections of the ADA—and why they now should. Blatt’s historic holding will reverberate beyond the facts of that case, setting the stage for ADA challenges to a broad range of discrimination against transgender people who experience stigma and bias associated with gender dysphoria.
The Dynamics of Cyclopentadienyl on Cu(111)

The dissociative adsorption of cyclopentadiene (C5H6) on Cu(111) yields a cyclopentadienyl (Cp) species with strongly anionic characteristics. The Cp potential energy surface and frictional coupling to the substrate are determined from measurements of dynamics of the molecule by helium-3 spin-echo. The molecule is remarkably mobile, moving in single jumps between adjacent hollow sites over an energy barrier of 41 \(\pm \) 1 meV. The data exhibit multi-component lineshapes that allow the determination of the energy difference between fcc and hcp sites of 10.6 \(\pm \) 1.7 meV in a Bayesian method probing the probability space of all data combined. Molecular dynamics simulations provide a friction coefficient of 2.5 \(\pm \) 0.5 \({\mathrm{ps}^{-1}}\).
Impact of calcium on healthy lung myofibroblast mobility

Pulmonary fibrosis is an incurable disease belonging to a class of disorders known as Interstitial Lung Diseases, all of which lead to progressive scarring of the lungs. Upon diagnosis, most patients can expect 3-5 years mean survival time. Fibrosis results when “activated” fibroblasts called myofibroblasts are recruited to repair damage, but do not die or migrate away once the repair is complete. Over the last several decades, the calcium ion has been found to have a role in many cellular processes, including migration and death regulation. Our current hypothesis is that the presence of calcium impacts the fate of these cells. Understanding the role calcium plays in healthy myofibroblast migration will provide us with a standard by which we can view diseased myofibroblast migration. We have focused this set of experiments on the response of lung myofibroblasts from a healthy donor to calcium levels to determine a baseline for cell growth and migration using scratch assays. We also measured mitigation of cell death using cytotoxicity assays under varying calcium concentrations. Through scratch assay experiments, we have observed calcium-dependent changes in cell migration. Cytotoxicity data indicate that calcium restriction does not increase mortality of cultured lung myofibroblasts. Immunocytochemistry studies were used to verify that there is no calcium-dependence for cytoplasmic expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, which indicates the presence of the myofibroblast phenotype. These data align with recent studies that indicate calcium, as a cofactor for nitric oxide synthase, may play a role in the mobility of myofibroblasts in lung tissue.
Interventions to Prevent Falls and Fractures in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Mr. and Mrs. J. present to your office for their annual wellness visits. He is 75 years of age, has well-controlled hypertension, does not smoke, and has a body mass index (BMI) of 26 kg per m2. He recently fell while walking from his home to a neighborhood barbeque.
Connecting with the community LASER-TEC and CCCC SPIE Student Chapter Outreach initiative (Conference Presentation)

The mission of the Central Carolina Community College (CCCC) Laser and Photonics technology program is “Bringing dreams to light”; to achieve this mission, LASER-TEC and the CCCC SPIE Student Chapter promotes this with outreach actives to help create “photonics” awareness in the CCCC service community. CCCC partners with the LASER-TEC NSF ATE Grant, which funds many of the various activities hosted by the Laser and Photonics Technology program and the CCCC SPIE Student Chapter. Many of these activities include hands-on “photonics” workshops using a LASER-TEC Photonics K-12 Educational Kit. Workshops hosted include: the W.O.W. middle/high school Saturday workshop, the Upward Bound Math and Science four-day summer camp, the High School Photonics Science Fair, recruiting presentations to K-12 classrooms, and K-12 STEM Teacher one-day workshops. In addition, the CCCC SPIE student chapter organizes and hosts events focused on educating it’s student members about the career opportunities in the field of lasers and photonics, as well as events to further create public “photonics” awareness. These events include, Career Interview Skills panel, High School Photonics Science Fair, Electronics lab workshop, and “Tech Like a Girl” workshop. Session attendees of this presentation will learn about the outreach events CCCC has found to be successful to maintain a very active SPIE student chapter, which not only helps organize and conduct “photonics” public outreach events, but also the active SPIE student chapter helps with laser program student retention.
The intergenerational mentoring model: an alternative to traditional and reverse models of mentoring

Given the changing composition of faculty, intergenerational workforce needs and skill sets must be taken into account when creating mentoring relationships. The traditional nature of academia lend...
Microstructure and porosity evolution during sintering of Ni-Mn-Ga wires printed from inks containing elemental powders

Abstract Ni-29Mn-21.5Ga (at. %) wires are fabricated via a combination of (i) extrusion of liquid inks containing a binder, solvents, and elemental Ni, Mn, and Ga powders and (ii) heat treatments to remove the polymer binder and to interdiffuse and sinter the powders. To study the microstructural evolution, sintering mechanisms, and grain growth in these wires, both ex situ metallography and in situ X-Ray tomography were conducted while sintering at 800–1050 °C for up to 4 h. After debinding, Ga-rich regions melt and induce transient liquid phase sintering of the surrounding Ni and Mn powders, resulting in localized swelling of the wires and an increase in the wire porosity. After solidification of the melt and diffusion of the Ga into the Ni and Mn powders, solid-state sintering occurs. The interdiffusion of Ni, Mn, and Ga during solid-state sintering improves sintering compared to fully pre-alloyed powders. At the end of the 4 h sintering period, chemically homogenized, oligocrystalline wires with bamboo-like grains are observed with porosities ranging from 30 to 57%. Furthermore, significant grain growth occurs in wires sintered at 1000 and 1050 °C (11–35 μm vs. 1–10 μm initial powder size). The results from this study enable tailoring the porosity and grain size of printed Ni-Mn-Ga wires and 3D-printed micro-architectures and may be used to enhance their magnetic shape-memory and magnetocaloric effects in future work.
refineD: improved protein structure refinement using machine learning based restrained relaxation.

Motivation Protein structure refinement aims to bring moderately accurate template-based protein models closer to the native state through conformational sampling. However, guiding the sampling towards the native state by effectively using restraints remains a major issue in structure refinement. Results Here, we develop a machine learning based restrained relaxation protocol that uses deep discriminative learning based binary classifiers to predict multi-resolution probabilistic restraints from the starting structure and subsequently converts these restraints to be integrated into Rosetta all-atom energy function as additional scoring terms during structure refinement. We use four restraint resolutions as adopted in GDT-HA (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 A), centered on the Cα atom of each residue that are predicted by ensemble of four deep discriminative classifiers trained using combinations of sequence and structure-derived features as well as several energy terms from Rosetta centroid scoring function. The proposed method, refineD, has been found to produce consistent and substantial structural refinement through the use of cumulative and non-cumulative restraints on 150 benchmarking targets. refineD outperforms unrestrained relaxation strategy or relaxation that is restrained to starting structures using the FastRelax application of Rosetta or atomic-level energy minimization based ModRefiner method as well as molecular dynamics (MD) simulation based FG-MD protocol. Furthermore, by adjusting restraint resolutions, the method addresses the tradeoff that exists between degree and consistency of refinement. These results demonstrate a promising new avenue for improving accuracy of template-based protein models by effectively guiding conformational sampling during structure refinement through the use of machine learning based restraints. Availability and implementation http://watson.cse.eng.auburn.edu/refineD/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Screening without screening: Baryon energy at high baryon density

We compute the Coulomb interaction energy of dense sets of static quarks in a compact volume (much smaller than the lattice volume) containing one quark per lattice site. The quark color charges are combined into either a set of three-quark nucleon states, or into a nonfactorizable ``one big hadron'' state. In both cases we find that the energy per quark is roughly constant as the volume of quarks increases. A surprise is that if we construct the nucleon states from sets of three quarks chosen at random in the volume, then the energy per quark remains roughly constant, even as the average distance between quarks in a nucleon state grows as the volume increases. This energy dependence of a nucleon in a dense medium is at odds with the behavior of an isolated nucleon as quark separation increases, and for static quarks it is not easily explicable in terms of some version of Debye screening.
Nepantla Activism and Coalition Building: Locating Identity and Resistance in the Cracks Between Worlds

As a child, I remember how it stung when my elementary school peers would use the word guera1 to insult me. It was the same, yet somehow different, when my White cousins would call me brown—not as ...
O’Brien, K. L., & Jacobson, T. E. (Eds.) (2018). Teaching with digital badges: Best practices for libraries.

In various opinion pieces and discussions on the future of education, commentators and theorists often focus on how technology and the Internet are providing new methods to help larger populations ...
Neuronal subset-specific Pten -deficient mice do not exhibit deficits in sensorimotor gating processes

Background: Deficits in sensorimotor gating have been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as in ASD murine models. However, this behavior has not been examined in the neuronal subset-specific (NS)- Pten knockout (KO) model of ASD. NS-Pten KO mice exhibit hyperactivity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway which is implicated in the onset of autistic deficits. This study investigates the potential relationship between PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and deficits in sensorimotor gating. Methods: To assess sensorimotor gating in NS- Pten KO mice we utilized a three-day paradigm. On day 1 (habituation) the mice were administered 80 repetitions of a 120-dB startle stimulus. On day 2, prepulse inhibition was measured with 90 trials of the startle stimulus that was paired with a smaller (2, 7, or 12 dB) prepulse stimulus. Day 3 was assessed one week later, consisting of randomized startle trials and trials with no stimulus and was used to determine the startle response. Results: No significant difference between NS- Pten KO or wildtype (WT) mice was found for habituation ( p > 0.05). No significant differences were found between groups when assessing the percentage of prepulse inhibition at 2, 7, and 12 dB ( p > 0.05). There was also no difference in startle response between groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study found that the NS- Pten KO model does not display significant deficits in sensorimotor gating processes. The present findings help to elucidate the relationship between PI3K/AKT/mTOR hyperactivation and sensory reactivity.
Disease Severity and Cost in Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction

Adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) severity has been associated with important clinical outcomes. However, the impact of ASBO severity on hospitalization cost is unknown. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) developed an Emergency General Surgery (EGS) disease severity grading system for ASBO. We stratified patients’ ASBO severity and captured hospitalization costs hypothesizing that increased disease severity would correlate with greater costs. This was a single-center study of hospitalized adult patients with SBO during 2015–2017. Clinical data and estimated total cost (direct + indirect) were abstracted. AAST EGS grades (I–IV) stratified disease severity. Costs were normalized to the median grade I cost. Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluated the relationship between normalized cost and AAST EGS grade, length of hospital and ICU stay, operative time, and Charlson comorbidity index. There were 214 patients; 119 (56%) were female. AAST EGS grades included: I (62%, n = 132), II (23%, n = 49), III (7%, n = 16), and IV (8%, n = 17). Relative to grade I, median normalized cost increased by 1.4-fold for grade II, 1.6-fold for grade III, and 4.3-fold for grade IV disease. No considerable differences in patient comorbidity between grades were observed. Pair-wise comparisons demonstrated that grade I disease cost less than higher grades (corrected p < 0.001). Non-operative management was associated with lower normalized cost compared to operative management (1.1 vs. 4.5, p < 0.0001). In patients who failed non-operative management, normalized cost was increased 7.2-fold. Collectively, the AAST EGS grade correlated well with cost (Spearman’s p = 0.7, p < 0.0001). After adjustment for covariates, AAST EGS grade maintained a persistent relationship with cost. Increasing ASBO severity is independently associated with greater costs. Efforts to identify and mitigate costs associated with this burdensome disease are warranted. III, economic/decision.
Traffic Sign Recognition Based on Multilayer Perceptron Using DWT and DCT

Self-driving cars are the future of the transportation sector, with the safety of passengers and their surroundings of paramount concern. As the technology for these cars advances, the industry will require an accurate and fast traffic sign recognition system. Many useful algorithms accurately recognize traffic signs; however, the speed of recognition is essential. The purpose of this study is to improve the speed of recognition while maintaining the accuracy of the image recognition system. The proposed system consists of normalization, feature extraction, compression, and classification. The images were normalized through gray scaling and anisotropic diffusion. The discrete wavelet transform and the discrete cosine transform extracted the essential features of the images as well as decreased the size. A three-layer feed-forward multilayer perceptron completed the analysis and classification. The execution speed improved significantly due to the size reduction of the input images where the best algorithms maintained a recognition accuracy of 96% using three traffic sign datasets: BTS, GTSRB, and TSRD.
Immune Sculpting of Clonal Hematopoiesis in Advanced and Metastatic Solid Tumors

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is described as the phenomenon where hematopoietic cells acquire advantageous somatic mutations that result in a dominant subclonal population. These subclones are linked to various adverse outcomes such as elevated risk of hematologic malignancies and cardiovascular disease. Few studies, however, address the presence and role of CH in clinically-relevant advanced and metastatic solid tumors or how progression of CH is altered via immune selection. Here, we identified and quantified CH mutations in 883 patients with 64 different advanced solid cancer subtypes. The age of patients ranged from 1 to 96, with the average age being 66.7 years. In this cohort, whole exome sequencing (WES) of tumor and matched peripheral blood was conducted through the Englander Institute of Precision Medicine. CH was identified through mutations in the peripheral blood that were absent in the tumor. Probable SNPs were filtered using population allele frequency data from the ExAC database. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI) scores were calculated for each patient. MHC Class I alleles for HLA types A, B, C were inferred for each patient based on WES. CH was identified in 12% of patients and 19 different solid advanced and metastatic cancer subtypes and was associated with increased age (P We next sought to determine if MHC class impacted susceptibility to the emergence of CH. Fisher's exact test was used to identify associations between HLA alleles and the presence of CH. We identified MHC alleles conferring hyper-susceptibility to CH development by as much as 8-fold (OR 8.0, 95% C.I. 2.1 - 39.1, P Overall, our study is the first to systematically evaluate and suggest that patient-specific hyper-susceptibility HLA alleles impact evolutionary processes that underlie clonal sculpting leading to the emergence of CH. The presence of CH may also impact the evolution of co-occurring solid tumors, a hypothesis requiring further evaluation. This study indicates that MHC alleles and thus personal genetics place immunity-driven selective pressure for the emergence of CH, supporting the role of inherited determinants of CH. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Donation after Circulatory Death Heart: Role of Interleukin-1

Purpose Donation after circulatory death donors (DCD) can increase the number of donors for heart transplantation, which currently depends on brain death donors (DBD) only. The DCD process induces substantial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury mediated through cytokines. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is one of the key downstream effectors of I/R injury. We hypothesize that genetic deletion of IL-1 type I receptor (lL-1RI-/-) or pharmacological inhibition of IL-1 with recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) may limit I/R injury in DCD hearts. Methods Four groups of mice were studied, DBD wild type (DBD-WT), DCD-WT, DCD-IL-1RI-/-, and DCD-IL-Ra (n = 8 each). In anesthetized mice, clinical DCD process was simulated with preset warm ischemia time of 40minutes. In DBD group, hearts were procured without ischemia and served as controls. All hearts were reanimated for 90 minutes on a Langendorff system with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer at steady 76mmHg pressure at 37°C. Heart rate, developed pressure (DP), +dP/dt and -dP/dt were measure as functional parameters. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was measured in the eluate as marker of cardiac injury. Results Heart rate was higher in all the DCD groups (see table). DP, + and -dP/dt were significantly reduced in DCD-WT compared to DBD group (all p Conclusion IL-1 contributes to the I/R injury associated with the DCD process. Pharmacologic blockade of IL-1 has a potential to limit I/R injury and preserve function in DCD hearts.
Chapter 5.4 – Comparison between theories and test data concerning the strength of various fibre-polymer composites

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the predictions of laminate strengths made in three earlier papers, which are now compared with test data supplied by the organizers of a comparison among many composite failure theories. Any discrepancies are identified and ascribed specifically to limitations of the tests or theories, as appropriate. The agreement is good, particularly in regard to fiber-dominated values. It is organized on a problem-by-problem basis rather than a theory-by-theory sequence, because the theories employed by the author have great similarities and the small differences can thus, be highlighted. The capabilities in regard to predict matrix failures are better than is anticipated, particularly for the Ten Percent Rule, but they are definitely incomplete. The comparison of the predictions by these theories with those from the theories of the other participants has yet to be made. The corresponding contributions from the other authors need to be examined to complete the evaluation of the many theories and to identify what gaps might still exist in the overall capability to predict the strength of fiber polymer composite laminates.
Chapter 4 – Speech Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the psycholinguistic approaches for understanding speech disorders. Speech disorders depend on descriptions derived from linguistic formalisms and descriptive devices concerning the processes that manipulate linguistic symbols within the formalisms. If there is a speech disorder that has been most influenced by psycholinguistic models, it is certainly the group of developmental disorders referred to as speech delay. For simplification, a child with speech delay is one who produces segmental errors that are not age appropriate but are not unusual in the typical progress of speech development. There are other kinds of speech sound errors observed in the course of typical speech sound development that are somewhat less amenable to a speech motor explanation when they are part of a speech delay profile. Such errors are therefore not categorized as residual errors. For example, during the course of typical speech sound development, many children produces stop consonants requiring a relatively back place of articulation in the vocal tract with a more forward place. The opposite pattern may occur as well but perhaps with less frequency. These kinds of errors have been the subject of psycholinguistic theories, experiments, and analyses.
Synapse formation in the developing vertebrate retina

Abstract The vertebrate retina uses both conventional synapses and specialized ribbon synapses for carrying out the first step of visual processing. Diverse synapse types are assembled into highly structured circuits to support the computation of multiple visual features. The development of retinal circuitry shares common hallmarks of brain circuit development, including synaptogenesis, formation of synaptic laminae, and emergence of synaptic specificity. In this chapter, we summarize the current understanding of these topics with a focus on the mouse retina, where state-of-the-art techniques are combined to explore the assembly of functionally defined circuits in unprecedented detail. Highlighted in these findings is the concerted action of genetic, molecular, and activity-dependent mechanisms that together establish the precise wiring of a compact but complex retinal neural network.
Does genetic diversity protect host populations from parasites? A meta‐analysis across natural and agricultural systems

If parasites transmit more readily between closely related hosts, then parasite burdens should decrease with increased genetic diversity of host populations. This important hypothesis is often accepted at face value-notorious epidemics of crop monocultures testify to the vulnerability of host populations that have been purged of diversity. Yet the relationship between genetic diversity and parasitism likely varies across contexts, differing between crop and noncrop hosts and between experimental and natural host populations. Here, we used a meta-analytic approach to ask if host diversity confers protection against parasites over the range of contexts in which it has been tested. We synthesized the results of 102 studies, comprising 2004 effect sizes representing a diversity of approaches and host-parasite systems. Our results validate a protective effect of genetic diversity, while revealing significant variation in its strength across biological and empirical contexts. In experimental host populations, genetic diversity reduces parasitism by ∼20% for noncrop hosts and by ∼50% for crop hosts. In contrast, observational studies of natural host populations show no consistent relationship between genetic diversity and parasitism, with both strong negative and positive correlations reported. This result supports the idea that, if parasites preferentially attack close relatives, the correlation of genetic diversity with parasitism could be positive or negative depending upon the potential for host populations to evolve in response to parasite selection. Taken together, these results reinforce genetic diversity as a priority for both conservation and agriculture and emphasize the challenges inherent to drawing comparisons between controlled experimental populations and dynamic natural populations.
Sovereign Debt, Private Wealth, and Market Failure

This Article argues that the norms and legal practices of global finance in the arenas of sovereign debt and private wealth have led to a significant market failure, in particular the over-supply of sovereign borrowing and a related misallocation of global capital away from its most productive uses. It suggests that this deficiency rests on two related elements: First, a separation of the risks and benefits of sovereign state control, which has resulted from a failure to properly and coherently define the lines between ‘public’ and ‘private’ across the international financial arenas of sovereign borrowing and private client banking. And, second, the self-interested and potentially internally conflicted actions of major global banks. I use the lens of ‘vulture fund’ asset collection efforts in sovereign debt to highlight this problematic outcome, and also ask whether such recovery efforts offer a potential ‘private’ correction for the market failure. Ultimately, I argue that the vulture fund strategy is insufficient as a corrective, resting on internal inconsistencies and giving rise to its own pathologies. More significant structural reforms and conceptual reconfigurations are necessary, which might capture the benefits of the funds’ efforts while minimizing their costs. The Article also tentatively raises deeper theoretical and historical questions about how the lines between public and private wealth have arisen in global finance and how they might be drawn going forward.
Mach 3 hydrogen external/base burning

Experimental studies of base pressure manipulation for an axisymmetric model at Mach 3 with simulated and actual external/base burning are described. Early work using contoured test section walls and cold gas base region injection is reviewed to demonstrate wake detail and length scale changes under the influence of simulated external/base burning. Tests with actual combustion of radially and axially injected hydrogen are then reported. Outstanding performance values with significant base drag reduction is shown for injection and burning directly in the near-wake (base burning). Current attempts at radial injection and burning in the free stream (external burning) have not yet succeeded. These tests, however, have defined an envelope within which external burning, if feasible, will presently be achieved.
Influence of artificial aging on corrosion of abraded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys

Abstract Surface abrasion has been shown to create altered surface layers (ASLs) that are hundreds of nm thick on all types of Al alloys. Such ASLs have lower corrosion resistance than the underlying substrate of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys. Here, we demonstrate how heat treatments affect the ASL microstructure on abraded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys using transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, and also how the corrosion properties change using electrochemical polarization. High temperature treatments on the abraded bulk samples enhance η phase precipitation in the ASL, leading to a decreased Zn content in the ASL solid solution, which ennobles the ASL breakdown potential.
Numerical and experimental evaluation of mechanical performance of the multifunctional energy storage composites

This work presents numerical simulation methods to model the mechanical behavior of the multifunctional energy storage composites (MESCs), which consist of a stack of multiple thin battery layers r...
The optical radiation of supernovae

Most of o~ knowledge of supernovae comes from studies of their optical radiation. Very high quality optical spectra have been available for several years now. The new data have aided the development of theoretical models of supernova explosions, particularly Type I events, which until recently, were very poorly understood. Type II explosions, which are believed to arise from core collapse in massive stars (Woosley, this volume), produce optical spectra which can be simply interpreted in terms of a nearly blackbody continuum with prominent lines of hydrogen superimposed. The Type II atmosphere is of near solar composition, expanding at a characteristic velocity of 5000 km/s and at least bears some resemblance to a more familiar stellar atmosphere. Type I supernovae produce a much more violent expansion and the optical spectrum cannot be so easily accounted for. The progress made In the last few years stems mostly from the work of David Branch (Branch 19g0,1984; Branch et. al. 1982,1983,1985). His synthetic spectra for Type I's showed that the spectrum can be explained in terms of the resonance lines of mostly singly ionised metals. The lines are formed in matter moving with a bulk velocity of about 11,000 km/s and at a characteristic temperature of approximately 10,000 K. Furthermore, Branch concluded that the density profile in this region should be relatively steep and that the matter was very deficient in hydrogen and helium. AS we shall see, this description fits very well with the hypothesis that Type I supernovae originate in the incineration of white dwarfs. Following the focus of recent developments this discussion will be mainly limited to the early evolution of Type I models of this kind, although many of the important features of the radiation transport are directly relevant to Type II explosions.
Eye position and cross-sensory learning both contribute to prism adaptation of auditory space.

Abstract: Optical prisms shift visual space, and through adaptation over time, generate a compensatory realignment of sensory-motor reference frames. In humans, prism-induced lateral shifts of visual space produce a corresponding shift in sound localization. We recently reported that sound localization shifts towards eccentric eye position, approaching ∼40% of gaze over several minutes. Given that eye position affects sound localization directly, prism adaptation may well reflect contributions of both eye position and sensory adaptation; while the visual world is shifted by the prisms, the eyes must also shift simply to gaze ahead. To test this new concept of prism adaptation, 10 young (18–27 year) adults localized sound targets before and after 4 h of adaptation to base-right or base-left prisms that induced an 11.4° shift left or right, respectively. In separate sessions subjects were exposed to: (1) natural binaural hearing; (2) diotically presented inputs devoid of meaningful spatial cues; or (3) attenuated hearing to simulate hearing loss. These preliminary results suggest that the prism adaptation of auditory space is dependent on two independent influences: (1) the effect of displaced mean eye position induced by the prisms, which occurs without cross-sensory experience; and (2) true cross-sensory learning in response to an imposed offset between auditory and visual space.
Leadership in Voluntary Associations: The Case of the “International Association of Women

Three models of leadership in voluntary associations have been proposed in the literature: democratic leadership, oligarchy, and leadership by default. Through an intensive case study of leadership structure, differences in the attitudes of members and leaders at three hierarchical levels, and differences between the attitudes and behaviors of aspirants and nonaspirants to leadership in a women's service association, this article examines the degree of fit between these models and a specific organization. Data is drawn from questionnaires, annual reports, and interviews. The results fail to conform to any of the existing models, suggesting instead a fourth model, leadership for self-development—in which leaders are motivated primarily by a desire to develop administrative and interpersonal skills.
Improved analysis of the outage performance in cellular systems

The performance of cellular systems is studied, in terms of average and worst-case outage probability. The approach is based on a new analysis which allows one to take into account the assignment of a mobile to the most favorable cell site, instead of the closest one. Other features, such as power control and diversity, are included, and the sensitivity of the performance to the fading parameter is studied. The study of the outage performance of the TDMA cellular system can be used for the computation of the interference statistics, by taking into account features such as log-normal shadowing, deterministic path loss, power control and best cell site selection.
The Equi-Join Operation on a Multiprocessor Database Machine: Algorithms and the Evaluation of their Performance

The equi-join operation is one of the most important operations of the relational data model. It participates in all queries which reference more than one relation. In this paper, a large set of parallel algorithms for implementing the equi-join operation on a multiprocessor database machine called MIRDM (MIchigan Relational Database Machine), is presented. An outline of a study for the performance of the proposed algorithms in carrying out the equi-Join operation on MIRDM, is also presented. The main objective of this study is twofold: the determination of the overall best performing equi-join algorithm and the investigation of the effectiveness (from the equi-join operation point of view) of performing some tuning to the architecture of MIRDM. This study shows, among others, that for a given MIRDM configuration; the overall best performing equi-join algorithm is not unique and different algorithms score the best performance depending on the characteristics of the data participating in the equi-join operation.
Metachromatic Agar-Diffusion Methods for Detecting Staphylococcal Nuclease Activity

Based on the metachromatic property of Toluidine Blue O, three, convenient agar-diffusion methods have been developed that enable detection of the nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations as low as 0.005 mug/ml in agar and broth cultures. The interactions of agar and deoxyribonucleic acid with Toluidine Blue O are discussed.
Intranasal fentanyl and intravenous morphine did not differ for pain relief in children with closed long-bone fractures.

M Borland M Borland, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia; meredith.borland@health.wa.gov.au In children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute long-bone fractures, is intranasal fentanyl equivalent to intravenous (IV) morphine for pain control? ### Design: randomised controlled trial. ### Allocation: {concealed}.* ### Blinding: blinded (patients, {clinicians, data collectors, outcome assessors, data analysts, and monitoring committee}*). ### Follow-up period: 30 minutes after initial analgesic administration. ### Setting: tertiary paediatric ED in a hospital in Australia. ### Patients: 67 patients 7–15 years of age (mean age 11 y, 79% with fractures of the radius or ulna), who presented to the ED with clinically deformed, closed, long-bone fractures. Exclusion criteria were narcotic analgesia within 4 hours of arrival, significant head injury, allergy to opiates, nasal blockage or trauma, and inability to perform pain scoring. ### Intervention: 33 patients were given intranasal fentanyl (weight-determined initial dose: 21–30 kg, 30 µg; 31–40 kg, 45 µg; 41–50 kg, …
Study of Piezoelectric Actuation for Cross-Ply Laminates

Experimental and numerical methods are presented for piezoelectric actuation of thin deformed post-cure cross-ply carbon fiber composite laminates. During the fabrication process, the composite laminates are held under a press until the curing temperature is reached. After which, the press is released and the laminates are allowed to cool. During this cooling period the once flat composite laminates deform to one of the two cylindrical shapes. The curvature of the cross-ply post-cure cylindrical shape is symmetric and therefore the transverse displacement is measured using a FARO gage coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The snap through force studied here is generated by a macro-fiber composite patch (MFC), which is bonded to the deformed composite plate. Applying a voltage to the MFC patch induces a mechanical strain in the patch which is then transferred from the patch to the composite laminate causing it to snap through to an orthogonal cylindrical shape. After snap through, the second cylindrical shape is measured using the FARO gage CMM. The numerical post fabrication curvatures and piezoelectrically morphed curvatures compare well to the experimental data.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A selective review of simulated driving studies: Combining naturalistic and hybrid paradigms, analysis approaches, and future directions

Naturalistic paradigms such as movie watching or simulated driving that mimic closely real-world complex activities are becoming more widely used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies both because of their ability to robustly stimulate brain connectivity and the availability of analysis methods which are able to capitalize on connectivity within and among intrinsic brain networks identified both during a task and in resting fMRI data. In this paper we review over a decade of work from our group and others on the use of simulated driving paradigms to study both the healthy brain as well as the effects of acute alcohol administration on functional connectivity during such paradigms. We briefly review our initial work focused on the configuration of the driving simulator and the analysis strategies. We then describe in more detail several recent studies from our group including a hybrid study examining distracted driving and compare resulting data with those from a separate visual oddball task (Fig. 6). The analysis of these data was performed primarily using a combination of group independent component analysis (ICA) and the general linear model (GLM) and in the various studies we highlight novel findings which result from an analysis of either 1) within-network connectivity, 2) inter-network connectivity, also called functional network connectivity, or 3) the degree to which the modulation of the various intrinsic networks were associated with the alcohol administration and the task context. Despite the fact that the behavioral effects of alcohol intoxication are relatively well known, there is still much to discover on how acute alcohol exposure modulates brain function in a selective manner, associated with behavioral alterations. Through the above studies, we have learned more regarding the impact of acute alcohol intoxication on organization of the brain's intrinsic connectivity networks during performance of a complex, real-world cognitive operation. Lessons learned from the above studies have broader applicability to designing ecologically valid, complex, functional MRI cognitive paradigms and incorporating pharmacologic challenges into such studies. Overall, the use of hybrid driving studies is a particularly promising area of neuroscience investigation.
Growth of small fatigue cracks in PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel

The growth of small fatigue cracks in PH 13-8 Mo (H1050) stainless steel under constant amplitude loading at different mean stresses (R=0.1 and −1) under generally high cycle fatigue conditions was investigated. Small cracks were allowed to initiate naturally at the root of a single edge notch specimen and were monitored using a surface replicating technique. It was found that the initiation and growth of surface cracks up to 100 µm encompassed 70 to 90 pct of the total fatigue life at stress amplitudes just above the fatigue limit. Cracks of length less than 100 µm were subject to strong influences of the microstructure and exhibited stage I (shear-dominated) growth, which was manifested in oscillatory crack growth rates. The oscillations diminished as the crack transitioned to stage II growth. The higher stress ratio (R=0.1) resulted in a more rapid transition from stage I to stage II growth in comparison to R=−1. After transitioning to stage II, the crack growth could be well characterized by conventional long crack tools even when the crack was still physically small. The small crack growth behavior is shown to be similar to that of a quenched and tempered AISI 4340 steel having a comparable strength.
Sequential analog-digital computer

The applications of digital computers to analog control systems, where the inputs to the computer are the outputs from analog sensors and the outputs from the computer must drive analog controls, increase steadily, even in cases where analog computer accuracy (1 percent) would be sufficient.
Defect production efficiencies in thermal neutron irradiated copper and molybdenum

We have derived the primary recoil spectra for thermal neutron capture in copper and molybdenum, and have calculated the damage energy cross-sections needed to determine the defect production efficiencies from measured resistivity damage rates. These efficiencies, which are in excellent agreement with fully dynamic computer simulations of collision cascades, are compared to the predictions of displacement functions which are currently in use.
To Reveal or Conceal?: Privacy Management Processes among Interracial Romantic Partners

This study uses communication privacy management theory (CPM; Petronio, 2002) to examine interracial romantic partners' privacy rule development criteria and privacy control tactics. Semistructured interviews (N = 27) were subjected to a thematic analysis. Results reveal that although interracial partners perceive societal opposition, many choose to disclose relational information to social network members. Participants experience power struggles with co-owners in managing their private, relational information, and their disclosures often follow sequences that align with relational turning points. Findings suggest that mixed-race couples frequently partake in both an interracial and intercultural identity, which carries with it additional opportunities for disclosure negotiations.
Guidelines for “Open Marsh Water Management” in Delaware’s salt marshes—Objectives, system designs, and installation procedures

Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) is a method for controlling salt-marsh mosquitoes using physical alterations of marsh habitat. Ponds and ditches are selectively excavated in order to create unsuitable environs for mosquito eggs and larvae while creating suitable habitat for larvivorous fishes. Based on environmental effects observed at two experimental sites, plus operational experiences in Delaware and adjacent states, guidelines are presented for designing and installing OMWM systems in Delaware. These guidelines should be applicable to other salt marshes from New England to Florida that have similar environmental characteristics. The guidelines are intended to produce OMWM systems that will control mosquitoes while minimizing long-term ecological disruptions of the marsh community. They emphasize the following topics, including the environmental or economic reasons for why particular approaches were chosen: 1) use and location of open tidal ditches; 2) interspersion of open tidal ditches with closed, non-tidal ponds and pond radial ditches; 3) use of semi-tidal sill ditches and ponds; 4) incorporation of OMWM systems into previously parallel-grid-ditched marshes; 5) permissible lowering of the water table elevation in relation to local marsh surface, as caused by spoil deposition on the marsh surface and/or drainage from open tidal ditching, but not to such an extent that the original vegetation is replaced by other species during vegetative recovery; 6) protocols for designing, demarcating and installing OMWM systems; 7) density, depth and surface areas of ponds; 8) geometric vs. naturalistic excavations; 9) habitat enhancement for waterfowl use; 10) water quality, fish kills and dependable mosquito control; 11) OMWM alterations under special situations, such as upland border marshes with excessive freshwater runoff or marshes with intensive muskrat burrowing activity; 12) blending of OMWM with other marsh management goals.
Absolute quantitative comparison of instantaneous QRS equipotentials on a normal subject with dipole potentials on a homogeneous torso model.

Quantitative results of a critical experiment designed to determine influence of human-body inhomogeneity and applicability of fixed-location dipole hypothesis for ventricular depolarization are presented. Results reflect in pictorial form, conclusions that the fixed-location dipole representation is approximately 95 per cent accurate for the QRS complex at any body-surface point; influence of inhomogeneities on surface potentials is roughly ±10 per cent.
Correlation between clinical features, imaging and pathologic findings in recurrent solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit.

AbstractPurpose: To correlate clinical features, imaging and pathologic findings in recurrent Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the orbit (SFT) in order to predict long-term behavior.Methods: Clinical features, imaging and pathologic findings of three patients with biopsy proven SFT are reported. Demographic and clinical features were recorded at presentation and at each consultation; imaging was performed as a diagnostic tool and for follow-up. A biopsy was performed at presentation and subsequently when symptoms worsened. Pathology specimens were reviewed retrospectively to corroborate diagnosis. Intraoperative and histopathologic features were recorded. A correlation was made between clinical, imaging and pathologic results to identify outcome predictors of recurrence, locally aggressive behavior and malignant transformation.Results: All cases presented recurrent tumors with locally aggressive behavior over time. All were women in the fifth decade of life. Tumors induced proptosis, swelling of the lids and eye...