cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Networking Egalitarianism: Social Network Influences on the Stability and Political Impact of Prejudice

Two studies examine the role of social network members in determining the strength (or durability and impactfulness) of their prejudice. A preliminary study with a college sample demonstrates that an individual’s prejudice is more stable and therefore stronger if close network members have a similar level of prejudice (or lack thereof). This was the case with respect to two different target prejudices: prejudice based on sexual orientation and prejudice against Muslims. The first study also addresses alternate explanations involving social desirability and perceptions of population consensus. A second study replicates and extends these findings with a national sample, demonstrating that when individuals are surrounded by others with differing views, this destabilizes their prejudice, not only making it more malleable but also disrupting the influence of prejudice on political views (here, gay marriage attitudes). Implications for prejudice reduction and political correctness are discussed.
The Ontology of the Curvature of Empty Space in the Geometrodynamics of Clifford and Wheeler

For nearly two decades before 1972, Professor John Wheeler pursued a research program in physics that was predicated on a monistic ontology which W. K. Clifford had envisioned in 1870 and which Wheeler (1962b, p. 225) epitomized in the following words: “There is nothing in the world except empty curved space. Matter, charge, electromagnetism, and other fields are only manifestations of the bending of space. Physics is geometry.” In an address to a 1960 Philosophy Congress (Wheeler, 1962a), he began with a qualitative synopsis of the protean role of curvature in endowing the one presumed ultimate substance, empty curved space, with a sufficient plurality of attributes to account for the observed diversity of the world. Said he: ... Is space-time only an arena within which fields and particles move about as “physical” and “foreign” entities? Or is the four-dimensional continuum all there is? Is curved empty geometry a kind of magic building material out of which everything in the physical world is made: (1) slow curvature in one region of space describes a gravitational field; (2) a rippled geometry with a different type of curvature somewhere else describes an electromagnetic field; (3) a knotted-up region of high curvature describes a concentration of charge and mass-energy that moves like a particle? Are fields and particles foreign entities immersed in geometry, or are they nothing but geometry? It would be difficult to name any issue more central to the plan of physics than this: whether space-time is only an arena, or whether it is everything [p. 361].
Plk1-dependent microtubule dynamics promotes androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) signaling continues to be essential in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Taxel-based chemotherapy is the current standard treatment for CRPC patients. Unfortunately, almost all patients eventually develop resistance toward this chemotherapy. Significantly, it was recently found that the anti-tumor effect of paclitaxel in CRPC is due to its inhibition of AR activity via its inhibition of microtubule dynamics. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a critical regulator in many cell cycle events, is elevated in prostate cancer (PCa) and linked to tumor grades. Of note, we have previously shown that Plk1 phosphorylates CLIP-170 and p150Glued, two important regulators of microtubule dynamics. METHODS We compared paclitaxel-mediated phenotypes (inhibition of the AR signaling, decrease of microtubule dynamics and cell death) of PCa cells expressing different forms of CLIP-170 and p150Glued with different Plk1 phosphorylation states. RESULTS We show that Plk1 phosphorylation of CLIP-170 and p150Glued affects cellular responses to paclitaxel. Expression of Plk1-unphosphorylatable mutants of CLIP-170 and p150Glued results in increased paclitaxel-induced apoptosis, increased protein degradation of the AR, and decreased nuclear accumulation of the AR in response to androgen in prostate cancer cells. Finally, we show that cells expressing unphosphorylatable mutants of CLIP-170 have defective microtubule dynamics, thus providing a new mechanism to understand how Plk1-associated kinase activity promotes constitutive activation of AR signaling in CRPC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a combination of inhibition of Plk1 and paclitaxel might be a novel avenue for treatment of CRPC. Prostate 73:1352–1363. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3,5-Dinitrobenzenesulfonyl Chloride

[31206-25-4] C6H3ClN2O6S (MW 266.63) InChI = 1S/C6H3ClN2O6S/c7-16(14,15)6-2-4(8(10)11)1-5(3-6)9(12)13/h1-3H InChIKey = GSTCLLCEBJUOLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (sulfonylating agent for the preparation of crystalline sulfonamides and sulfonate esters; 3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonate esters exhibit high reactivity in solvolysis reactions1, 2) Physical Data: mp 98.5 °C. Solubility: sol AcOH, pyridine; insol diethyl ether. Form Supplied in: not commercially available; easily prepared. Preparative Method: by a modified Sandmeyer reaction.3, 4 Diazotization of 3,5-dinitroaniline (0.25 mol) at −15 °C in aqueous acetic acid/conc HCl followed by addition to a saturated solution of SO2 in acetic acid gives the product, which is precipitated by the addition of water, washed with water then diethyl ether, and dried under vacuum (81% yield). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: reactive sulfonylating agent: avoid contact with skin and mucous membranes. Can be stored at rt for prolonged periods when dried and kept free of moisture.
Atm-, p53-, and Gadd45a-deficient mice show an increased frequency of homologous recombination at different stages during development.

%Atm, p53, and Gadd45a form part of a DNA-damage cellular response pathway; the absence of any one of these components results in increased genomic instability. We conducted an in vivo examination of the frequency of spontaneous homologous recombination in Atm-, p53-, or Gadd45a-deficient mice. In the absence of p53, we observed the greatest increase in events, a lesser increase in the absence of Atm, and only a modest increase in the absence of Gadd45a. The striking observation was the difference in the time at which the spontaneous events occurred in atm and trp53 mutant mice. The frequency of homologous recombination in atm mutant mice was increased later during development. In contrast, p53 appears to have a role in suppressing homologous recombination early during development, when p53 is known to spontaneously promote p21 activity. The timing of the increased spontaneous recombination was similar in the Gadd45a- and p53-deficient mice. This temporal resolution suggests that Atm and p53 can act to maintain genomic integrity by different mechanisms in certain in vivo contexts.
Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy

The increasing availability of digital photographic materials has fueled efforts by agencies and organizations to generate land cover maps for states, regions, and the United States as a whole. Regardless of the information sources and classification methods used, land cover maps are subject to numerous sources of error. In order to understand the quality of the information contained in these maps, it is desirable to generate statistically valid estimates of accuracy rates describing misclassification errors. We explored a full sample survey framework for creating accuracy assessment study designs that balance statistical and operational considerations in relation to study objectives for a regional assessment of GAP land cover maps. We focused not only on appropriate sample designs and estimation approaches, but on aspects of the data collection process, such as gaining cooperation of land owners and using pixel clusters as an observation unit. The approach was tested in a pilot study to assess the accuracy of Iowa GAP land cover maps. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design addressed sample size requirements for land covers and the need for geographic spread while minimizing operational effort. Recruitment methods used for private land owners yielded high response rates, minimizing a source of nonresponse error. Collecting data for a 9-pixel cluster centered on the sampled pixel was simple to implement, and provided better information on rarer vegetation classes as well as substantial gains in precision relative to observing data at a single-pixel.
Cytosylglucuronic acid synthase (cytosine: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase) from Streptomyces griseochromogenes, the first prokaryotic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.

Abstract Cytosylglucuronic acid synthase (cytosine: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase), the first prokaryotic UDP-GT and a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic blasticidin S, was purified 870-fold. It has optimum activity at a pH of 8.4 to 8.6, Kms of 6.0 (UDP-glucuronic acid) and 243 (cytosine) microM, and a maximum rate of metabolism of 14.6 mumol/min/mg. The apparent M(r) is 43,000. Activity was slightly enhanced by Mg2+ or Ca2+ but was not inhibited by EDTA. Activity was strongly inhibited by UDP. Cytosylglucuronic acid differs from eukaryotic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in being a soluble protein with no apparent phospholipid requirement.
Coal Conversion Processes, Cleaning and Desulfurization

An overview of coal cleaning and desulfurization schemes designed to minimize contaminants from coal combustion systems is presented. Coal cleaning can be divided into two basic categories: physical and chemical processes. Physical cleaning involves specific gravity-controlled processes. Surface-force-controlled processes, such as flotation and selective agglomeration, dominate newer developments. Whereas chemical and biological coal cleaning processes have shown potential to produce deep-cleaned coal, most of these processes have yet to be tested at commercial scale. As coal is burned, and also following combustion, sulfur dioxide can be removed at a number of locations as the combustion gas gives up its heat and entrained particulate matter before being exhausted to the atmosphere. Atmospheric and circulating fluidized-bed combustors are commercially available, and pressurized fluidized-bed combustors are being developed to collect sulfur dioxide in limestone injected into the combustion zone. Limestone injection just after combustion in a pulverized coal furnace, and processes whereby lime or limestone can be injected into the ductwork following the boiler and in dry scrubbers for desulfurization, have been installed at coal-fired power plants and these and both wet and dry regenerable scrubbers are described. Keywords: Coal cleaning; Impurities; Biological cleaning; Sulfur reduction; Desulfurization; Furnaces; Ductwork; Sulfur removal; Clean coal
The Mathematical Theory of Wavelets

We present an overview of some aspects of the mathematical theory of wavelets. These notes are addressed to an audience of mathematicians familiar with only the most basic elements of Fourier Analysis. The material discussed is quite broad and covers several topics involving wavelets. Though most of the larger and more involved proofs are not included, complete references to them are provided. We do, however, present complete proofs for results that are new (in particular, this applies to a recently obtained characterization of “all” wavelets in section 4).
Transduction of an Ethylene Signal Is Required for Cell Death and Lysis in the Root Cortex of Maize during Aerenchyma Formation Induced by Hypoxia

Ethylene has been implicated in signaling cell death in the lysigenous formation of gas spaces (aerenchyma) in the cortex of adventitious roots of maize (Zea mays) subjected to hypoxia. Various antagonists that are known to modify particular steps in signal transduction in other plant systems were applied at low concentrations to normoxic and hypoxic roots of maize, and the effect on cell death (aerenchyma formation) and the increase in cellulase activity that precedes the appearance of cell degeneration were measured. Both cellulase activity and cell death were inhibited in hypoxic roots in the presence of antagonists of inositol phospholipids, Ca2+- calmodulin, and protein kinases. By contrast, there was a parallel promotion of cellulase activity and cell death in hypoxic and normoxic roots by contact with reagents that activate G-proteins, increase cytosolic Ca2+, or inhibit protein phosphatases. Most of these reagents had no effect on ethylene biosynthesis and did not arrest root extension. These results indicate that the transduction of an ethylene signal leading to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ is necessary for cell death and the resulting aerenchyma development in roots of maize subjected to hypoxia.
Multifocal Nephroblastic Neoplasia

Among 23 patients with multifocal metanephric neoplasia were 14 patients with 43 grossly visible subcapsular tumorlets, 0.3-3.5 cm in diameter, that were apparently derived from nodular renal blastema. Tumorlets are defined as circumscribed lesions that are visible on the exterior surface of the kidney, produce either a raised nodule or, in a few instances, a shallow depression, and are independent of the main tumor(s). Most tumorlets displayed homogeneous epithelial maturation. A substantial minority of tumorlets retained a blastemic character and a few were histologically malignant. Tumorlets tended to be multiple and bilateral but were absent in 9 patients with multifocal disease, including 4 of 10 with bilateral tumors. About half the lesions that achieved tumorlet status, including those that gave rise to clinical tumors, underwent malignant transformation. Contralateral tumorlets should not be mistaken for metastasis and do not adversely affect prognosis. The incidence of neoplasia among young, close relatives of patients with multifocal disease appeared to be excessive, but no clear excess of major anomalies, hemihypertrophy, or minor genitourinary tract anomalies was revealed by a retrospective survey of hospital charts.
A new parallel architecture for low power linear feedback shift registers

Low power dissipation is very critical in today's electronic designs. Components which are widely used in design, such as sequence generators like linear feedback shift registers (LFSR), should consume as little power as possible. Two recent works on parallel architecture of LFSR, one by M. Lowy and another by M.E. Hamid and C.I.H. Chen, have reduced dynamic power consumption significantly compared to the conventional architecture and showed the way to generate multiple outputs. In this paper we propose design improvements on these parallel architectures. The proposed method reduces dynamic power dissipation significantly, simplifies design process for single and multiple output generation, and eliminates the need of some hardware.
The Poincaré and related groups are algebraically determined Polish groups

The purpose of this paper is to prove a new topological fact about the Poincare and related groups. IfG is a group, say that G is an algebraically determined Polish (i.e., complete separable metric topological) group if, wheneverH is a Polish group and ϕ:H → G is an algebraic isomorphism, then ϕ is a topological isomorphism. The proper Lorentz group, the proper orthochronous Lorentz group and the Heisenberg group are examples of Polish groups that are not algebraically determined. On the other hand it will be shown that the Lorentz group, the orthochronous Lorentz group and the Poincare group and the other closely associated semi-direct products are algebraically determined Polish groups.
Yoga Breathing, Meditation, and Longevity

Yoga breathing is an important part of health and spiritual practices in Indo-Tibetan traditions. Considered fundamental for the development of physical well-being, meditation, awareness, and enlightenment, it is both a form of meditation in itself and a preparation for deep meditation. Yoga breathing (pranayama) can rapidly bring the mind to the present moment and reduce stress. In this paper, we review data indicating how breath work can affect longevity mechanisms in some ways that overlap with meditation and in other ways that are different from, but that synergistically enhance, the effects of meditation. We also provide clinical evidence for the use of yoga breathing in the treatment of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and for victims of mass disasters. By inducing stress resilience, breath work enables us to rapidly and compassionately relieve many forms of suffering.
Glyoxylate cycle in the epiphyseal growth plate: isocitrate lyase and malate synthase identified in mammalian cartilage.

Peroxisomes were identified in chondrocytes from all zones of the mammalian epiphyseal growth plate by using light microscopic techniques for the cytochemical demonstration of catalase, the marker enzyme for these organelles. Additional cytochemistry showed the presence of malate-synthase-positive structures within the chondrocytes. The latter enzyme, also associated with peroxisomes, is unique to the glyoxylate shunt, a metabolic pathway thought to be absent in vertebrate tissues. The glyoxylate cycle allows the net conversion of lipid to carbohydrate, i.e., gluconeogenesis. Biochemical studies on growth plate cartilage indicate that this tissue has the capacity to carry out cyanide-insensitive B-oxidation of fatty acids. The latter takes place in a nonmitochondrial compartment, most likely the peroxisomal compartment. Additionally, both of the unique enzymes associated with the glyoxylate cycle, i.e., isocitrate lyase and malate synthase, were also identified in a cell-free homogenate of this cartilage. These studies indicate that cartilage, a poorly vascularized tissue characterized by its low oxygen tension and anaerobic glycolysis, may have the capacity to convert lipid to carbohydrate, i.e., gluconeogenesis via the glyoxylate pathway. In this way, cartilage may be unique among mammalian tissues.
Progress in space nuclear reactor power systems technology development - The SP-100 program

Activities related to the development of high-temperature compact nuclear reactors for space applications had reached a comparatively high level in the U.S. during the mid-1950s and 1960s, although only one U.S. nuclear reactor-powered spacecraft was actually launched. After 1973, very little effort was devoted to space nuclear reactor and propulsion systems. In February 1983, significant activities toward the development of the technology for space nuclear reactor power systems were resumed with the SP-100 Program. Specific SP-100 Program objectives are partly related to the determination of the potential performance limits for space nuclear power systems in 100-kWe and 1- to 100-MW electrical classes. Attention is given to potential missions and applications, regimes of possible space power applicability, safety considerations, conceptual system designs, the establishment of technical feasibility, nuclear technology, materials technology, and prospects for the future.
WEALTH IN THE EXTENDED FAMILY: An American Dilemma

This paper argues that researchers may be misgauging family resources by focusing narrowly on the nuclear family when measuring these resources. While social scientists have long been interested in the ways that families' material resources affect their ability to provide for their offspring, the traditional measures of family resources have emphasized parents' income and parents' wealth, although the interest in the latter is relatively new (Conley 2009 [1999]; Haveman et al., 2001; Oliver and Shapiro, 2006 [1995]). This paper attempts to shift the focus to the extended family, and it uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Child Development Supplement (CDS) to paint a portrait of the volume of wealth that is available in the grandparent generation of a child's family tree. After theorizing about the potential ways that grandparent wealth can affect children's life chances, the research shows that there are substantial differences in extended-family wealth by race. The Black/White wealth ratio is on the order of 0.11 in the grandparent generation at the median, which indicates that the typical Black child has grandparents with only about eleven cents of wealth for every dollar that the grandparents of the typical White child possess. Some implications of this wealth gap for children and society are discussed.
The Populus superoxide dismutase gene family and its responses to drought stress in transgenic poplar overexpressing a pine cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1a).

Background Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen assimilation, a process intimately linked to soil water availability. We previously showed that hybrid poplar (Populus tremula X alba, INRA 717-1B4) expressing ectopically a pine cytosolic glutamine synthetase gene (GS1a) display enhanced tolerance to drought. Preliminary transcriptome profiling revealed that during drought, members of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) family were reciprocally regulated in GS poplar when compared with the wild-type control, in all tissues examined. SOD was the only gene family found to exhibit such patterns. Results In silico analysis of the Populus genome identified 12 SOD genes and two genes encoding copper chaperones for SOD (CCSs). The poplar SODs form three phylogenetic clusters in accordance with their distinct metal co-factor requirements and gene structure. Nearly all poplar SODs and CCSs are present in duplicate derived from whole genome duplication, in sharp contrast to their predominantly single-copy Arabidopsis orthologs. Drought stress triggered plant-wide down-regulation of the plastidic copper SODs (CSDs), with concomitant up-regulation of plastidic iron SODs (FSDs) in GS poplar relative to the wild type; this was confirmed at the activity level. We also found evidence for coordinated down-regulation of other copper proteins, including plastidic CCSs and polyphenol oxidases, in GS poplar under drought conditions. Conclusions Both gene duplication and expression divergence have contributed to the expansion and transcriptional diversity of the Populus SOD/CCS families. Coordinated down-regulation of major copper proteins in drought-tolerant GS poplars supports the copper cofactor economy model where copper supply is preferentially allocated for plastocyanins to sustain photosynthesis during drought. Our results also extend previous findings on the compensatory regulation between chloroplastic CSDs and FSDs, and suggest that this copper-mediated mechanism represents a common response to oxidative stress and other genetic manipulations, as in GS poplars, that affect photosynthesis.
Disposition of 14C-guanabenz in patients with essential hypertension.

Capsules containing either 16 or 32 mg of 14C-guanabenz were given to 8 hypertensive patients. Maximum concentrations of guanabenz in plasma (1.2 to 5.2 ng/ml) were reached at 2 to 5 hr after dosing. 14C elimination into urine was 79.7 ± 10.6% (SD) and 76.7 ± 7.4% of the dose after the 16- and 32-mg doses, respectively, while guanabenz accounted for less than 1% after either dose. Kinetic parameters for guanabenz were estimated by fitting the plasma and urinary data to a 2-compartment model. After the 16-mg dose, the elimination half-life (t½) was 14 ± 5 hr, volume of distribution in the central compartment (Vc) was 5.0 ± 2.2 kl, and total plasma clearance (Clp) was 8 ± 4 l/min. After the 32-mg dose, t½ was 12 ± 3 hr, Vc was 7.5 ± 1.8 kl, and Clp, was 17 ± 6 l/min. No statistically significant difference, except of total plasma clearance, was observed between any of the parameters followed after the 2 doses. (E)-p-Hydroxyguanabenz (unconjugated and as a glucuronide) was the major metabolite and accounted for 35.4 ± 3.0% of the urinary radioactivity. Minor amounts of guanabenz and 2,6-dichlorobenzyl alcohol after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis indicated that N-glucuronidation and cleavage at the benzol carbon were minor metabolic pathways. The drug effectively lowered blood pressure in the hypertensive patients; no other significant effects were noted. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 27, 44–52; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.7
Selection and characterization of mycophenolic acid-resistant leukemia cells

We isolated four mycophenolic acid (MA)- resistant clones (MA0.4, MA2, MA5, MA20) of murine leukemia (L1210) cells which were 2- to 125- fold more resistant than the parent cells to MA and had a 4- to 50- fold increase in the activity of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDase). The MA-resistant phenotype was unstable after passage of MA0.4, MA2, and MA5 without MA, but stable after passage of MA20 without MA. All MA-resistant cell lines lost IMPDase activity after passage without MA. However, only MA20 lost IMPDase activity after passage with MA. The enzyme from all cell lines had similar kinetic parameters. The levels of a single polypeptide of approximately 57,000 daltons was increased in MA5, and the levels decreased after passage of the cells without MA. These results indicate that three of the selected cell lines are resistant to MA because of an increase in the amount of enzyme IMPDase, while the stability of the resistant phenotype of MA20 and its less than expected IMPDase activity indicate that this cell line may have a second mode of resistance.
Network-aware selective job checkpoint and migration to enhance co-allocation in multi-cluster systems

Multi-site parallel job schedulers can improve average job turn-around time by making use of fragmented node resources available throughout the grid. By mapping jobs across potentially many clusters, jobs that would otherwise wait in the queue for local resources can begin execution much earlier; thereby improving system utilization and reducing average queue waiting time. Recent research in this area of scheduling leverages user-provided estimates of job communication characteristics to more effectively partition the job across system resources. In this paper, we address the impact of inaccuracies in these estimates on system performance and show that multi-site scheduling techniques benefit from these estimates, even in the presence of considerable inaccuracy. While these results are encouraging, there are instances where these errors result in poor job scheduling decisions that cause network over-subscription. This situation can lead to significantly degraded application performance and turnaround time. Consequently, we explore the use of job checkpointing, termination, migration, and restart (CTMR) to selectively stop offending jobs to alleviate network congestion and subsequently restart them when (and where) sufficient network resources are available. We then characterize the conditions and the extent to which the process of CTMR improves overall performance. We demonstrate that this technique is beneficial even when the overhead of doing so is costly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This is an extended version of ‘Using Checkpointing to Recover from Poor Multi-site Parallel Job Scheduling Decisions’ that appeared in the 5th International Workshop on Middleware for Grid Computing, held in conjunction with the 2007ACM-IFIP-USENIX 8th International Middleware Conference, 26 November 2007, [1].
Changing the enzymatic activity of T7 endonuclease by mutations at the β-bridge site: Alteration of substrate specificity profile and metal ion requirements by mutation distant from the catalytic domain

Phage-encoded resolvase T7 endonuclease I is a structure-specific endonuclease. The enzyme acts on a broad spectrum of substrates with a variety of DNA structures. The enzyme is a dimer with two separated catalytic domains connected by an elongated beta-sheet bridge. The activities of enzymes with mutations in the beta-bridge segment were studied. Mutations that did not affect catalytic domain folding and function but did alter the relative positions of these domains retained catalytic activity but with altered specificity and metal ion dependence. Our results suggest that the enzyme recognizes its substrates by DNA conformation exclusion and offer a simple explanation for the broad substrate specificity of phage resolvase.
The origin of the S (slow) potential in the mammalian Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

While recording extracellularly from single neurons in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of cats and monkeys, one often observes, in addition to action potentials, smaller and slower potentials which have been called ‘S Potentials’ (Bishop et al. 1962). Injection of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) into the eye of the cat causes spontaneous and light evoked S potentials to disappear. However, electrical stimulation of ganglion cells axons at the optic chiasm still elicits S potentials. Previous studies have shown that retinal ganglion cell impulses elicit S potentials. Our results prove that ganglion cell impulses are the ONLY source of these potentials; therefore, one can use them as a measure of ganglion cell input to the LGN.
Adrenal enlargement and insufficiency: A common presentation of intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLL) is a rare subtype of extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and is very difficult to diagnose in patients antemortem due to nonspecific presentation of the disease. We report a case of IVLL in a 68-year-old white female who presented with 3-month history of fever of unknown origin (FUO), night sweat, and weight loss. Laboratory tests revealed bilateral adrenal enlargement and adrenal insufficiency. IVLL was diagnosed only at autopsy. A review of the English language medical literature indicates that it is not uncommon for IVLL presented initially with FUO, bilateral adrenal enlargement, and adrenal insufficiency. We present this case to call for heightened awareness of the possibility of IVLL, particularly in an elderly woman who presents with FUO, bilateral adrenal enlargement, and adrenal insufficiency. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of adrenal insufficiency in IVLL are also discussed.
Independence of phospholipid and protein exchange between plasma lipoproteins in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract 1. 1. Doubly labeled lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation from both squirrel monkeys and rabbits 24 h after the injection of l -[4,5- 3 H 2 ]leucine and [Me- 14 C]choline. 2. 2. Phospholipids were found to exchange in vitro between doubly labeled low and very low density lipoproteins and unlabeled high density lipoproteins. The lipoproteins were separated from the incubation media by heparin-Mn 2+ precipitation. 3. 3. The addition of a soluble protein fraction from liver stimulated phospholipid exchange up to 6-fold. The transfer and exchange of protein did not change significantly. 4. 4. The stimulatory protein fraction from liver was inhibited by SH blocking agents. This protein appears to be absent from plasma. 5. 5. After the injection of either doubly labeled low or high density lipoproteins into rabbits, isotopic equilibration of lecithin between lipoproteins was attained in less than 2 h. More than 85% of the 3 H-labeled protein label remained associated with the originally labeled lipoprotein at all times up to 7 h.
Influence of the metal oxide substrate structure on vanadium oxide monomer formation

Vanadium oxide (VOx) molecular species supported on high surface area oxide supports are active catalysts for oxidative transformations of organic molecules. Since the reactivity of VOx species depends on their molecular structure, the understanding and control of factors that determine their structure would be useful in surface molecular catalyst design. Reactive adsorption of vanadyl triisopropoxide (VOTP) to form monomeric VOx species on amorphous Al2O3 and SrTiO3 (001) surfaces has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Quantitative comparison of C(1s) and V(2p3/2) peak areas has been used to determine the number of isopropoxide ligands that are replaced by V–O surface bonds. On average, three V–O surface bonds are formed during adsorption on an amorphous Al2O3 surface, as expected in the formation of a tridentate, VO4 structure, typically assigned to monomeric, surface VOx species. On the SrTiO3 (001) surface, the number of V–O surface bonds depends on the oxygen density prior to reaction with VOTP. For adsorption on the SrTiO3 surface cleaned and oxygen-annealed in ultrahigh vacuum, the number of V–O surface bonds is ca. 2. When the SrTiO3 surface has been Ar-ion sputtered prior to VOTP adsorption, the number of V–O bonds is ca. 1. This study demonstrates that the atomic structure of the support can strongly influence the molecular nature of surface VOx species.
Graph Theoretical Generation and Analysis of Hydrogen-Bonded Structures with Applications to the Neutral and Protonated Water Cube and Dodecahedral Clusters

Graph theoretical techniques are demonstrated to be of considerable use in the search for stable arrangements of water clusters. Inspired by the so-called “ice rules” that govern which hydrogen-bond networks are physically possible in the condensed phase, we use graphical techniques to generate a multitude of local minima of neutral and protonated water clusters using oriented graph theory. Efficient techniques to precisely enumerate all possible hydrogen-bonding topologies are presented. Empirical rules regarding favorable water neighbor geometries are developed that indicate which of the multitude of hydrogen-bonding topologies available to large water clathrates (e.g., 30 026 for (H2O)20) are likely to be the most stable structures. The cubic (H2O)8 and dodecahedral (H2O)20 clusters and their protonated analogues are treated as examples. In these structures every molecule is hydrogen bonded to three others, which leads to hydrogen-bonding topology fixing the cluster geometry. Graphical techniques can a...
Effects of subacute administration of physostigmine on blood acetylcholinesterase activity, motor performance, and soman intoxication☆

Abstract Subacute administration of carbamates is under study as pretreatment against soman, a toxic anticholinesterase agent. In this study, the sustained release of physostigmine salicylate (Phy) in rats was achieved via osmotic minipumps; each pump contained 2 ml of Phy solution (0.4, 10, or 50 mg/ml) and delivered 2.5 μl/hr for 28 days. At the corresponding dosage rates, rat whole blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was suppressed by approximately 11, 42, and 66%, respectively. These levels of Phy administration caused no decrement in performance on an accelerating rotarod (ARR) when tested between Days 3 and 27 of the 28-day exposure. The highest level of Phy caused a mean weight loss of 11% initially, with recovery by the 17th day. On Day 27 the rats were given 0.08 mg/kg, im, of scopolamine (SCP), 30 min before exposure to soman (58 μg/kg; 1 LD50, iv). In combination with SCP, the two highest levels of Phy prevented lethality and a decrement in ARR performance by soman, while the lowest level showed 40% lethality after soman and the survivors exhibited partial recovery to their own presoman control performance by 24 hr. These results suggest that, in a pretreatment mode, 42–66% inhibition of AChE by sustained exposure to Phy, with an acute dose of cholinolytic, would suffice to protect against lethality and motor performance decrement by a toxic level of soman.
Type II SLAP lesions : Three subtypes and their relationships to superior instability and rotator cuff tears

One hundred two type II SLAP lesions without associated anterior instability, Bankart lesion, or anterior inferior labral pathology were surgically treated under arthroscopic control. There were three distinct type II SLAP lesions based on anatomic location: anterior (37%), posterior (31%), and combined anterior and posterior (31%). Preoperatively, the Speed and O'Brien tests were useful in predicting anterior lesions, whereas the Jobe relocation test was useful in predicting posterior lesions. Rotator cuff tears were present in 31% of patients and were found to be lesion-location specific. In posterior and combined anterior-posterior lesions, a drive-through sign was always present (despite absence of anterior-inferior labral pathology or a Bankart lesion) and was eliminated by repair of the posterior component of the SLAP lesion. We conclude that SLAP lesions with a posterior component develop posterior-superior instability that manifests itself by a secondary anterior-inferior pseudolaxity (drive-through sign), and that chronic superior instability leads to secondary lesion-location-specific rotator cuff tears that begin as partial thickness tears from inside the joint.
Laboratory validation of an in-home method for assessing circadian phase using dim light melatonin onset (DLMO).

Objective To determine whether an accurate circadian phase assessment could be obtained from saliva samples collected by patients in their home.
Organic photorefractive material design strategies

We seek to improve the performance of organic photorefractive (OPR) systems by implementing two different design philosophies. In one strategy polysiloxane-based charge transport polymers are used to explore the requirement of a low glass transition temperature. These polymers allow construction of low Tg composites without plasticizcer and additionally may have higher charge mobility than poly(n-vinyl carbazole).The other strategy entails the use of small-molecule organic glasses composed of covalently attached charge transport and non-linrar optical chromophore moieties. Both classes of materials are characterized by holographic, photoconductive, and ellipsometric methods.
Attribution of recent changes in autumn cyclone associated precipitation in the Arctic

An Arctic Ocean with less sea ice and more open water in September has led to anomalous warming of the overlying atmosphere in autumn. Through influences on column water vapour and atmospheric circulation, it is reasonable to expect that this warming will have impacts on Arctic precipitation. Analysis of data from the JRA-25 atmospheric reanalysis reveals an autumn increase in cyclone-associated precipitation over the past decade. This is linked to a shift in atmospheric circulation towards more frequent and more intense cyclones in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic. Composites based on years with the five lowest and five highest September ice extents reveal more autumn cyclone associated precipitation and columnwater vapour during lowice years than during high ice years. However, difficulties in establishing cause and effect, including the absence of a clear association between spatial patterns of recent precipitation changes and ice extent anomalies, lead us to conclude that attribution of recent autumn precipitation increases to reduced ice cover is premature.
Comparison Between Calculated and Measured Free-Free Modes for a Flexible Rotor

Many industrial machines nowadays are sold based on analysis performed on mathematical models of the rotors, bearings, substructures, and other components. The validity of the analysts therefore depends on the accuracy of the models themselves. When the rotor is available, modal testing may be used to validate the model of the rotor by comparing the calculated and measured free-free natural frequencies and mode shapes. This work presents additional tools for the verification of analytical models against experimental data. These tools use models of the rotor constructed from the measured data and the analytical model. A comparison of the first six calculated and measured free-free natural frequencies and mode shapes for a multi-mass flexible rotor is presented. The natural frequencies compare within 1.8%. The calculated and measured mode shapes were used to construct independent reduced order models of the rotor. These models were used to perform forced response and stability analyses. Forced response functions are presented comparing the forced response characteristics obtained from the two models. This provides a comparison between the measured and calculated forced response functions for the same number of modes. For the stability analysis, identical bearing models were added to both reduced order models. The eigenvalues were calculated using both models for a range of bearing stiffness and damping coefficients and were plotted for comparison.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Risk and protective factors influencing adolescent problem behavior: a multivariate latent growth curve analysis.

This study examined the dynamic relations between adolescent problem behaviors (alcohol, marijuana, deviance, academic failure) over time and predictors of these behaviors. Data from the National Youth Survey (1) included 1,044 adolescents (53.5% male; mean age at year 1=13.20). Dependent measures were adolescent alcohol use, marijuana use, deviance, and academic failure, assessed annually over 4 years. Independent measures included age, gender, marital status, income, family time, family support, time with friends, friend deviance, knowledge of friends, activities, and neighborhood problems. An associative latent growth modeling (LGM) analysis showed significant increases and relations between the four behaviors in both initial status and development. Second-order multivariate LGM analyses indicated that the four behaviors could be modeled by a higher-order problem behavior construct. Significant effects on the common problem behavior intercept or slope included time with friends, deviant friends, age, marital status, family time, and support. Additional effects were found to be specific to the initial status and slopes of individual problem behaviors. Overall, results indicate the importance of assessing the relations between adolescent problem behaviors as they change over time and identifying the risk and protective factors that have both common and individual influences on these behaviors.
Quantitative Multiple Reaction Monitoring of Peptide Abundance Introduced via a Capillary Zone Electrophoresis–Electrospray Interface

We demonstrate the use of capillary zone electrophoresis with an electrokinetic sheath-flow electrospray interface coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer for the accurate and precise quantification of Leu-enkephalin in a complex mixture using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM). Assay time is <6 min, with no re-equilibration required between runs. A standard curve of Leu-enkephalin was performed in the presence of a background tryptic digest of bovine albumin. We demonstrate reasonably reproducible peak heights (21% relative standard deviation), retention times (better than 1% relative standard deviation), and robust electrospray quality. Our limit of detection (3σ) was 60 pM, which corresponds to the injection of 335 zmol of peptide. This is a 10–20-fold improvement in mass sensitivity than we have obtained by nano HPLC/MRM and substantially better than reported for LC/MS/MS. Further quantification was performed in the presence of stable-isotope-labeled versions of the peptides; under these cond...
Foundations of Biogeography: Classic Papers with Commentaries

Mark Lomolino, Dov Sax, and James Brown, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. xx and 1291 pp., maps, table, figs., and index. $45.00 paper (ISBN 0-226-49237-0). As part of your graduate...
OpenMP task scheduling strategies for multicore NUMA systems

The recent addition of task parallelism to the OpenMP shared memory API allows programmers to express concurrency at a high level of abstraction and places the burden of scheduling parallel execution on the OpenMP run-time system. Efficient scheduling of tasks on modern multi-socket multicore shared memory systems requires careful consideration of an increasingly complex memory hierarchy, including shared caches and non-uniform memory access (NUMA) characteristics. In order to evaluate scheduling strategies, we extended the open source Qthreads threading library to implement different scheduler designs, accepting OpenMP programs through the ROSE compiler. Our comprehensive performance study of diverse OpenMP task-parallel benchmarks compares seven different task-parallel run-time scheduler implementations on an Intel Nehalem multi-socket multicore system: our proposed hierarchical work-stealing scheduler, a per-core work-stealing scheduler, a centralized scheduler, and LIFO and FIFO versions of the Qthreads round-robin scheduler. In addition, we compare our results against the Intel and GNU OpenMP implementations. Our hierarchical scheduling strategy leverages different scheduling methods at different levels of the hierarchy. By allowing one thread to steal work on behalf of all of the threads within a single chip that share a cache, the scheduler limits the number of costly remote steals. For cores on the same chip, a shared LIFO queue allows exploitation of cache locality between sibling tasks as well as between a parent task and its newly created child tasks. In the performance evaluation, our Qthreads hierarchical scheduler is competitive on all benchmarks tested. On five of the seven benchmarks, it demonstrates speedup and absolute performance superior to both the Intel and GNU OpenMP run-time systems. Our run-time also demonstrates similar performance benefits on AMD Magny Cours and SGI Altix systems, enabling several benchmarks to successfully scale to 192 CPUs of an SGI Altix.
Investigation of Intermittent Enhancement of Ion Emission from a Tungsten Surface Using the Field‐Ion Microscope

Measuring intermittent enhancement of blinking effect upon addition of neon to imaging gas in helium-tungsten field-ion microscope
Defect-tolerant logic hardening for crossbar-based nanosystems

Crossbar-based architectures are promising for the future nanoelectronic systems. However, due to the inherent unreliability of nanoscale devices, the implementation of any logic functions relies on aggressive defect-tolerant schemes applied at the post-manufacturing stage. Most of such defect-tolerant approaches explore mapping choices between logic variables/products and crossbar vertical/horizontal wires. In this paper, we develop a new approach, namely fine-grained logic hardening, based on the idea of adding redundancies into a logic function so as to boost the success rate of logic implementation. We propose an analytical framework to evaluate and fine-tune the amount and location of redundancy to be added for a given logic function. Furthermore, we devise a method to optimally harden the logic function so as to maximize the defect tolerance capability. Simulation results show that the proposed logic hardening scheme boosts defect tolerance capability significantly in yield improvement, compared to mapping-only schemes with the same amount of hardware cost.
Social support and relationship change after childbirth: An expectancy model

Much has been written about social support, but little is known about the processes that promote continuity or discontinuity in supportive relationships. A proposed model of relationship processes (Levitt, 1991) specifies that changes in the quality of close relationships are likely to occur when expectations for social support are tested and disconfirmed. Relationships are particularly vulnerable to change after major life events, such as childbirth, when increased support needs precipitate the testing of expectations. In a preliminary assessment of this model, 43 mothers were interviewed at 1 month and 13 months after birth. Changes in relationship satisfaction were related strongly to the extent to which mothers perceived that their expectations for support had been disconfirmed. The results are consistent with the proposed model and suggest the value of considering the effects of social support in light of the individual's expectancies.