cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature measurement by holographic interferometry in liquids for transient flame spread

We previously developed a holographic interferometry (HI) technique capable of detecting a sudden and sensitive temperature change occurring nearly instantaneously in a distributed area. In that study and our more recent work, it has been shown that HI is a very useful temperature measurement technique and the estimated errors are so small that they cause no significant effects when the HI data are used for quantitative analysis. This paper summarizes recent progress made on the application of HI to highly transient phenomena, such as the studies of flame spread and liquid pool fires.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Depression in children.

The field of child and adolescent affective disorders is relatively new and very challenging for research and clinical practice. A definite clinical entity of depression exists in significant numbers of children and adolescents. Signs and symptoms are different from those seen in adults and vary with different age levels. The syndrome must be recognized as early as possible to prevent a chronic illness from developing. Depression can cause serious difficulty in academic life because of its effects on concentration. Depression can affect relations with peers and, if acting out behavior ensues, can lead to serious delinquent behavior, sexual promiscuity, pregnancy, and substance abuse. Depression can also lead to suicide. Depression is often the common denominator in delinquency, promiscuity, teen pregnancy, to say nothing of alcohol and drug abuse. Adolescents often find substances on the street to "medicate" their own depression. When depression in children and adolescents is not properly identified, evaluated, and treated, it can lead to lifelong depression, antisocial behavior, and substance abuse. When depressed children receive appropriate therapy, the results can be rewarding. As one patient commented, "Every day was cloudy and gray. It always rained. Now I see some sun coming out." Language: en
Relation of monomethylhydrazine (MMH) seizure thresholds to afterdischarge thresholds with amygdaloid stimulation in cats

Abstract Studies conducted in our laboratory for the last 15 years focused on an acute seizure model involving exposure to the convulsant compound, monomethylhydrazine (MMH). An important feature of this model is the latency in minutes postinjection to the onset of generalized tonic clonic convulsions. This index varies between naive animals but is systematically altered by procedures which facilitate or protect against seizures in other experimental animal models and human seizure disorders. MMH latencies may therefore provide a sensitive index of seizure susceptibility in general, despite its systemic and acute nature. To further test this hypothesis, the present study compared postoperative MMH latencies in eight naive cats with subsequent afterdischarge thresholds (in μA) obtained from basolateral amygdala kindling electrodes. The correlation between those two indices was statistically significant. In addition, animals divided on the basis of the median population value into high or low MMH seizure latencies differed significantly from one another on that index. Afterdischarge thresholds evaluated in the same animals also differed significantly and in the same direction. Thus, animals with prolonged seizure latencies also showed significantly higher afterdischarge thresholds, whereas shorter latencies accompanied lower afterdischarge thresholds. Finally, the gender, weight, electrode impedance, or electrode sites of individuals did not account for this relationship. Given the dissimilarity of the two models used, the results suggested endogenous differences in seizure susceptibility that are definable regardless of procedure. Alternatively, common features of the two models may have contributed to the present findings.
Dialogic Embodied Action: Using Gesture to Organize Sequence and Participation in Instructional Interaction

Interactional analysts have long argued for the importance of tying techniques, which function to connect the current speaker's utterance to the actions of a previous speaker, in the organization of turns at talk (M. H. Goodwin, 1990; Sacks, 1992c). The organization of embodied actions through such dialogic tying, however, has received far less attention, a gap addressed by this article in its examination of one nonverbal tying technique: dialogic embodied action. In this phenomenon, coparticipants purposefully take up and selectively reproduce particular features of one another's gestures and instrumental actions. Drawing on data from instructional interactions at a bicycle-repair shop, the analysis demonstrates that focusing on the selectivity of such reproductions elucidates two functions of these dialogic actions: (a) to organize intersubjective engagement, facilitating coparticipants' enactment of aligned participant roles and (b) to structure sequential organization through actions that are visibly ...
An infant with generalized rash and abnormal hair.

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS A 14-month-old girl presented with a severe erythematous pruritic rash that has been persistent since birth and involved her entire body, including the scalp. She was breast-fed for a total of 7 months and fed with cow’s milk formula supplementation from 41⁄2 months of age. She exhibited severe failure to thrive at 8 months of age that required gastrostomy tube feeding, which resulted in satisfactory weight gain. Homogenized cow’s milk was introduced at 12 months of age and was well tolerated. Her rash persisted, with recurrent exacerbations, but no precipitating factors were identified. Previous treatments included skin moisturizers; 0.03% tacrolimus ointment (Protopic; Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL), which resulted in significant improvement; and 0.05% fluticasone propionate cream (Cutivate; Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC), which resulted in some improvement. Results of review of other systems were unremarkable, except for occasional recurrent wheezing.
Tumoral Calcinosis—or is it? A Case Report and Review

Tumoral calcinosis is an uncommon lesion, composed of ectopic calcified tissue, most commonly seen in the large joints of the hips, shoulders, and elbows, but may involve the hand and wrist. Patients will often present with localized swelling and reduced mobility around the involved joints. Pain is inconsistent when presenting in the hands or wrists, but the lesions may interfere with daily activities. Multiple variations of the process have been described, ranging from those with no definable etiology (primary), to those associated with disorders (secondary) such as renal insufficiency, hyperparathyroidism, or hypervitaminosis D. The original description of tumoral calcinosis, however, is the familial or hereditary type. Treatment of this process involves optimizing the underlying physiology and complete surgical excision for symptomatic cases.
The Dix-Hallpike Test and The Canalith Repositioning Maneuver

The Dix-Hallpike test and the canalith repositioning maneuver (CRM) are used to diagnose and treat benign positional vertigo (BPV). Dix-Hallpike is the standard procedure for diagnosis of BPV, but if the horizontal canal is not tested for BPV and the Dix-Hallpike is only carried out once, the condition may not be diagnosed and appropriately treated. We describe our method of testing for BPV and treating it with CRM. The Dix-Hallpike test involves rapidly moving the patient from a sitting position to "head hanging," where the patient's head is at least 10 degrees below horizontal. This is performed initially for the posterior semicircular canals. If these movements fail to elicit vertigo and nystagmus, tests of the horizontal semicircular canals are performed by laying the patient on each side. Importantly, if there is no vertigo or nystagmus elicited by testing the horizontal semi-circular canals, the posterior semicircular canals are tested again. It appears that being held in the head hanging positions and then left and right lateral positions will often allow the canaliths to collect such that the Dix-Hallpike test will become positive. Failure to repeat the tests of the posterior semicircular canals may result in a falsely negative test. Testing the horizontal canals and repeating the Dix-Hallpike test will reduce the likelihood of patients undergoing extra testing or other consequences of misdiagnosis. If, during any of this testing, a movement elicits vertigo or nystagmus, the appropriate CRM is then carried out.
Thermoelasticity and Irreversible Thermodynamics

A unified treatment is presented of thermoelasticity by application and further developments of the methods of irreversible thermodynamics. The concept of generalized free energy introduced in a previous publication plays the role of a ``thermoelastic potential'' and is used along with a new definition of the dissipation function in terms of the time derivative of an entropy displacement. The general laws of thermoelasticity are formulated in a variational form along with a minimum entropy production principle. This leads to equations of the Lagrangian type, and the concept of thermal force is introduced by means of a virtual work definition. Heat conduction problems can then be formulated by the methods of matrix algebra and mechanics. This also leads to the very general property that the entropy density obeys a diffusion‐type law. General solutions of the equations of thermoelasticity are also given using the Papkovitch‐Boussinesq potentials. Examples are presented and it is shown how the generalized coordinate method may be used to calculate the thermoelastic internal damping of elastic bodies.
The Mathematics of Palladio’s Villas: Workshop ’98

Stephen Wassell describes the the itinerary and goals of the 1998 workshop tours of the Villas of Andrea Palladio, and discusses the mathematical aspects of the Renaissance master’s designs.
Women's health centers and managed care.

0 ne of the most important changes under way in the U.S. health care system is the growth of managed care. Increasing attention is being paid to the implications of the growing number of persons enrolled in managed care plans of various types for consumer satisfaction, quality, and costs of care.l Less attention has been paid to the effects of managed care on the organizational characteristics, service mix, and viability of specific types of health care providers, especially those providing unique health care options or serving clients with special needs. Although many specialized health care organizations and those serving as providers of last resort (such as community health centers and public health department programs) are concerned about the transition to managed care, few studies have investigated the impact of managed care on these providers. This article considers the impact of the growth of managed care on various kinds of women’s health centers. Women’s health centers are organizational entities, in both the public and private sectors, providing clinical services designed for and marketed to women in both hospital-sponsored and nonhospital settings. Although the concept of women’s health centers dates to the Women’s Health Movement of the 1960s and 197Os, centers have been growing in number during the 1980s and 199Os, particularly within the hospital sector, and are increasingly diverse in organizational characteristics and services provided.’ The 1994 National Survey of Women’s Health Centers describes five types of women’s health centers in operation nationwide in 1993-1994: primary care centers (12% of all centers), reproductive health centers (71%), birth or childbearing centers (4%), breast care centers (6%), and various “other” types (6%) of primarily hospitalowned or -operated centers that provide education and referral services, inpatient pavilions, or specialty outpatient services (eg, breast and bone imaging).3 There were an estimated 3,600 women’s health centers in the United States in 1993 serving an estimated 14.5 million women (about 14% of the female population ages 15 and over). Approximately 7.8 million women relied
Vacuolar granules in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: polyphosphate and a 70-kDa polypeptide as major components.

The alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains cytoplasmic vacuoles that are often filled with a dense granule that is released from the cell by exocytosis. Purified granules contained polyphosphate, complexed with calcium and magnesium, as the predominant inorganic components. Antiserum was raised against the major 70-kDa protein in granules purified from wall-deficient (cw15) mutants, which reacted on immunoblots with larger glycoprotein complexes in purified cell wall fractions from wild-type cells. Confocal fluorescence microscopy detected binding of these antibodies predominantly at the periphery of wall-containing C. reinhardtiiy1 cells but primarily to loci in the interior of cells of the cw15 strain. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the 70-kDa protein was localized in vacuolar granules and the trans-Golgi network in sections of cw15 cells but not in the cytosol or chloroplast. Treatment of cells with a dye, fluorescent in its protonated form, indicated that the pH within vacuoles was lower than that in the cytosol, which suggested that the vacuoles are similar to lysosomes. Thus, the vacuoles may serve a dual function to provide an environment for degradation within the cell and also serve as a vehicle for secretion of specific proteins.
BURNING AGENTS FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP

ABSTRACT The accidental spillage of oil into surface waters continues to pose a pollution hazard as tankers and cargoes increase in size. Burning of oil slicks offers an attractive means of eliminating spilled oil, however, the heavier crudes and fuel oils require the addition of burning agents to assist in ignition and in sustaining combustion. The advantages of burning oil slicks are set forth, and currently available commercial burning agents are listed. Results of laboratory and field tests of a variety of burning agents are given, and several incidents where burning was used in an actual oil spill are reported. Current and future development in this area is described.
Cellular uptake and tubulin binding properties of four Vinca alkaloids.

Abstract The in vitro effects of four Vinca alkaloids, vinblastine (VLB), vincristine (VCR), vindesine (VDS) and vinepidine (VPD), on B16 melanoma proliferation, binding to bovine brain tubulin and B16 melanoma cell extracts, and uptake by the B16 cells were compared. The relative binding affinities to bovine brain tubulin were VPD > VCR ⋍ VDS > VLB with the K a for VPD being about 4-fold higher than that for VLB. On the other hand, the relative effects on B16 cell proliferation were exactly the opposite. Differences were found in the degree of concentration of the four alkaloids by the cells: 100-fold for VLB, 50-fold for VCR and VDS, and 20-fold for VPD. At the extracellular concentrations of drugs which inhibit proliferation by 50%, the intracellular concentration would still be far less than the tubulin concentration. Thus, it is likely that all of the Vinca alkaloids would be bound to tubulin and difference in uptake rather than K a values is the major factor in determining the relative effectiveness of the drugs. L cells showed 50% the sensitivity of B16 melanoma cells toward VLB and 30% the sensitivity toward VPD. The L cells also concentrated these drugs to a lesser extent than did the B16 cells.
Generalization of the phase-screen approximation for the scattering of acoustic waves

Abstract With the use of Fourier analysis, we describe the propagation and scattering of acoustic waves in smoothly varying, heterogeneous media. The starting point is the generalized Bremmer coupling series solution — distinguishing multiple up/down scattered constituents — to the wave equation, which requires the introduction of pseudo-differential operators. Then, we introduce a class of approximations to these pseudo-differential operators with the structure of the classical phase-screen method for one-way wave propagation. These approximations induce a fast, iterated, marching algorithm for the evaluation of the Bremmer series. The algorithm consists of multiplications by multiple ‘screen’ functions in the lateral space domain and generalized ‘phase shifts’ in the lateral wave number domain; the shuttling between the two domains is accomplished by the fast Fourier transform. Our scheme extends the use of the classical phase-screen method in the following ways: we consider larger medium variations; we enhance the accuracy for wider scattering angles; we introduce (de)composition operators to incorporate any desired source-or receiver-type with the appropriate radiation characteristics; we include the backscattered field with the aid of the generalized Bremmer coupling series.
The role of immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein in immunoglobulin transport.

More than ten years ago a heavy chain binding protein (BiP) was described which is associated with immunoglobulin heavy chains (HC) within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [which is the site of Immunoglobulin (Ig) assembly]. Recently, Linda Hendershot and her collegues suggested that BiP might combine with nascent HC as they enter the ER and hold them there until assembly with light chain (LC) occurs. In the absence of LC synthesis or assembly, the HC would remain associated with BiP and would eventually be degraded internally. They now propose a means for BiP to block the transport of unassembled Ig molecules. Transport of protein from ER to the Golgi apparatus seems to be mediated by transport signals inherent to the protein molecule itself. Ig transport signals have been thought to be on the LC because LC can be secreted alone while HC cannot under normal circumstances. When BiP is displaced by LC, completed Ig molecules are transported. They use this model to explain regulated transport of Ig molecules during B-cell development, and suggest that BiP may be post-translationally associated with the nascent chains of other membrane and secretory proteins before folding or subunit assembly.
Diverse mantle sources for Ninetyeast Ridge magmatism: Geochemical constraints from basaltic glasses

Abstract The Ninetyeast Ridge (NER), a north–south striking, 5,000 km long, 77 to 43 Ma chain of basaltic submarine volcanoes in the eastern Indian Ocean formed as a hotspot track created by rapid northward migration of the Indian Plate over the Kerguelen hotspot. Based on the major and trace element contents of unaltered basaltic glasses from six locations along the NER, we show that the NER was constructed by basaltic magma derived from at least three geochemically distinct mantle sources: (1) a source enriched in highly incompatible elements relative to primitive mantle like the source of the 29–24 Ma flood basalts in the Kerguelen Archipelago; (2) an incompatible element-depleted source similar to the source of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) erupted along the currently active Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR); and (3) an incompatible element-depleted source that is compositionally and mineralogically distinct from the source of SEIR MORB. Specifically, this depleted mantle source was garnet-bearing and had higher Y/Dy and Nb/Zr, but lower Zr/Sm, than the SEIR MORB source. We infer that this third source formed as a garnet-bearing residue created during a previous melting event, perhaps an initial partial melting of the mantle hotspot. Subsequently, this residue partially melted over a large pressure range, from slightly over 3 GPa to less than 1 GPa, and to a high extent (~ 30%) thereby creating relatively high SiO2 and FeO contents in some NER basalts relative to SEIR MORB.
Ground-state energy of the one-dimensional Hubbard model with strong coupling

The ground-state energy has been calculated for a one-dimensional tight-binding Hubbard chain with nearest-neighbor hopping in the strong-coupling ($U=\ensuremath{\infty}$) limit using various approximate methods. The results are compared with the exact expression of Beni, Holstein, and Pincus to test the relative merits of different approximate schemes.
Excellence in Design Faces

Faces, an art-to-wear skirt and knitted top, was created from multiple techniques of surface design, including sealing and painting fabric, free-motion stitching, dyeing, and knitting. Inspired by the emotions women show, and at times hide, the skirt imagery depicts faces emerging from abstract swirls of color created through paint and thread. Novelty yarn in a violet and aqua color scheme was used for the knitted top and guided the paint and thread color selections. This article presents the inspiration, process, and techniques used to create Faces.
Identifying potential risk and protective factors among non-metropolitan Latino youth: cultural implications for substance use research

Immigration studies show that the social adaptation of second-generation youth is conditioned by the pace of acculturation among parents and children, cultural and economic barriers, and family and community resources for confronting barriers. This research, however, has primarily focused on the link between acculturation and acculturative stress on Latino adolescents residing in large urban communities. There is a lack of research on the social integration of Latino youth living in rapidly expanding non-metropolitan communities. Consequently, we explored cultural aspects and potential risk and protective factors for early onset of alcohol use for Latino youth. Our findings indicate these rural Latino youth face unique and common stressors compared to urban youth that place them at risk for alcohol use. Cultural expectations surrounding substance use, however, may serve as protective factors to substance use for Latino youth, particularly girls.
Variables in Social Cognitive Development: Moral Judgment, Role-taking, Cognitive Processes, and Self-concept in Delinquents and Nondelinquents:

The purpose of the present project was to replicate past research showing delinquents lagging behind nondelinquents on moral judgment, role-taking, and logical cognitive tasks, and to provide instructions on moral judgment and role-taking tasks to stimulate delinquents' performance. The instructions were intended to investigate whether delinquents' inferior social cognitive performances may be due to a structural deficit, or whether they do not evoke skills they possess or not utilize skills they have the capacity to possess. Finally, since self-concept could play a role in monitoring cognitive activity, a self-concept as a learner questionnaire was administered to assess any differences between groups. Delinquents displayed poorer performances than nondelinquents on moral reasoning and logical cognitive abilities, but not on role-taking. Instructions to enhance moral reasoning improved all participants' scores. However, the overall inferior performance by delinquents on moral reasoning appeared to be due...
Compassion and Vigilance: Investigators' Strategies To Manage Ethical Concerns in Palliative and End-of-Life Research

Abstract Background: Ethical concerns were identified as a potential barrier to advancing palliative and end-of-life science at the 2004 National Institutes of Health State of the Science Meeting. However, data are lacking about the nature of ethical concerns and strategies for balancing the need to advance science with human subjects protections. Methods: A qualitative case-study design was used to follow 43 end-of-life studies from proposal development through the review process and implementation. Investigators participated in semi-structured telephone interviews and provided document data regarding their experiences with grant and IRB reviews. Using constant comparative analysis within and across cases, the investigators identified commonly encountered and unique concerns and strategies for managing these concerns. Findings: Investigator strategies fell into two broad categories: 1) Recruitment and consent strategies related to subject identification and enrollment; and 2) Protocol-related strategies ...
Problems with the New Inflationary Universe

It is demonstrated that in the new-inflationary-universe scenario based on a Coleman-Weinberg--type potential all the bubbles evolve through the SU(4)xU(1) local minimum. The transition from this local minimum to the SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) global minimum is first order, and so the scenario does not solve all of the cosmological problems.
The role of amphiphilicity and negative charge in glycoprotein 41 interactions in the hydrophobic pocket

The hydrophobic pocket within the coiled coil domain of HIV-1 gp41 is considered to be a hot-spot suitable for small molecule intervention of fusion, although so far it has yielded only μM inhibitors. Previous peptide studies have identified specific hydrophobic interactions and a Lys−Asp salt bridge as contributing to binding affinity in the pocket. Negative charge appears to be critical for activity of small molecules. We have examined the role of charge and amphiphilic character in the interaction by studying a series of short pocket binding peptides differing in charge, helical content, and in the presence or absence of the Lys−Asp salt bridge, and a series of fatty acid salts with varying charge and hydrocarbon length. Quantitative binding analysis revealed that long-range electrostatic forces and a greasy nonspecific hydrophobic interaction were sufficient for μM potency. The results suggest that an extended interaction site may be necessary for higher potency. We examined a region of the coiled coi...
Horizontal Roll and Boundary-Layer Interrelationships Observed over Lake Michigan

Abstract On 7, 9 and 10 January 1981 some 35 hours of organized horizontal roll convection in the boundary layer over lake Michigan were probed with two airplanes and two radars from the University of Chicago Lake Snow Project. During this time, roll wavelength varied from 1.5 to 13.7 km, roll depth from 0.9 to 2.1 km, and roll aspect ratio from 1.0 to 9.1; the roll axes changed orientation to remain within ±10° of the inversion-level geostrophic wind direction, and the maximum transverse wind speed varied from 1 to 2 m s−1. Boundary-layer parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, over-water fetch, surface-layer instability, and upstream stability, also varied over the same period. The roll orientations, and the variations of roll wavelength and maximum roll transverse wind speed with Rayleigh number and Richardson number, are examined with reference to theoretical models of roll convection. The observations suggest that roll orientation, roll wavelength, and roll transverse wind speed depend primari...
Palladium-based micromembranes for hydrogen separation: Device performance and chemical stability

The performance of a perforated micromembrane device employing thin palladium-based films for hydrogen purification is reported. The perforated support provides mechanical strength, allowing the us...
Formation and reorientation of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in the PMM/PGM reaction: transient-state kinetic studies.

The interconversion of glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate, catalyzed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase, has been studied by transient-state kinetic techniques. Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is formed as an intermediate in the reaction, but an obligatory step in the catalytic cycle appears to be the formation of an enzyme−glucose 1,6-bisphosphate complex that is not competent to form either glucose 1-phosphate or glucose 6-phosphate directly. We suggest that during the lifetime of this complex the glucose 1,6-bisphosphate intermediate undergoes the 180° reorientation that is required for completion of the catalytic cycle. The formation of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate from glucose 1-phosphate is in rapid equilibrium relative to the rest of the reaction, where Keq = 0.14. In the opposite direction, glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is formed from glucose 6-phosphate with a rate constant of 12 s-1, and the reverse step occurs with a rate constant of 255 s-1. The interconversion of the pro...
Fast passive microwave radiative transfer in precipitating clouds: toward direct radiance assimilation

A new, fast radiative transfer model including scattering has been developed for the purpose of microwave radiance assimilation in cloudy and precipitating areas. The model uses a technique called successive order of interaction (SOI) which is based on a blending of the doubling and the successive order of scattering techniques. An adjoint and tangent linear version of the model are also available. Within this paper we present first applications of the SOI model. We compare brightness temperatures simulated from NCEP's Global Forecasting System (GFS) using a non-scattering version of the SOI model with global satellite data obtained by the Advanced Scanning Microwave Radiometer (AMSR-E) onboard NASA's Aqua spacecraft. Additionally, we show first sensitivity studies using the adjoint model for cases that include scattering by liquid and frozen precipitation.
The Use of Antisense RNA to Inhibit Expression of Cytoskeletal Proteins in P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells

Abstract To understand better how neuronal and muscle cells derived from P19 embryonal carcinoma cells establish and maintain an asymmetric and distinctive cell shape, we have studied intrinsic determinants that specify cell morphology. Changes in cell shape are strictly dependent upon the arrangement of the cytoskeleton in the cell. The present review focuses on the use of antisense RNA to study the in vivo function of proteins that interact with an important and dynamic component of the cytoskeleton, the microtubules.
Effects of oil on growth and decomposition of Spartina alterniflora

ABSTRACT Four oils (Arabian crude oil, Libyan crude oil, No. 6 fuel oil, and No. 2 fuel oil) were applied to one-square-meter salt marsh plots in Galveston Bay, Texas. Oils were applied at four levels: no oil, 1 liter on sediment, 1.5 liters on sediment and lower portions of Spartina alterniflora, and 2 liters on sediment and entire S. alterniflora surfaces. Within one week of oil application, nylon bags containing cut stems of S. alterniflora were staked in the center of all unoiled and 1.5 liter oil plots. Oil caused mortality of S. alterniflora within three weeks; the degree of mortality varied with oil type and the extent of plant coverage. Plant mortality was highest in plots with No. 2 fuel oil and those where oil was applied to entire plant surfaces. After five months, growth of plants in No. 2 fuel oil plots still was significantly below control levels. However, initial recovery was apparent in No. 2 fuel oil plots receiving 2 liters. Live biomass in Arabian crude oil, Libyan crude oil, and No. 6 ...
Opening of cardiac sarcolemmal KATP channels by dinitrophenol separate from metabolic inhibition.

Opening of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels by the uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP), has been assumed to be secondary to metabolic inhibition and reduced intracellular ATP levels. Herein, we present data which show that DNP (200 μm) can induce opening of cardiac KATP channels, under whole-cell and inside-out conditions, despite millimolar concentrations of ATP (1–2.5 mm). DNP-induced currents had a single channel conductance (71 pS), inward rectification, reversal potential, and intraburst kinetic properties (open time constant, τopen: 4.8 msec; fast closed time constant, τclosed(f): 0.33 msec) characteristic of KATP channels suggesting that DNP did not affect the pore region of the channel, but may have altered the functional coupling of the ATP-dependent channel gating. A DNP analogue, with the pH-titrable hydroxyl replaced by a methyl group, could not open KATP channels. The pH-dependence of the effect of DNP on channel opening under whole-cell, cell-attached, and inside-out conditions suggested that transfer of protonated DNP across the sarcolemma is essential for activation of KATP channels in the presence of ATP. We conclude that the use of DNP for metabolic stress-induced KATP channel opening should be reevaluated.
Combining CNS transplantation and gene transfer.

Abstract The applications of brain grafting for delivery of neuroactive substances to the brain can be increased dramatically by genetic modification of grafted cells. For example, cultured cells infected with retroviral vectors containing the “gene” for nerve growth factor and grafted into the CNS can effect NGF-dependent survival of cholinergic neurons.
Is there an association between maternal pap test use and adolescent human papillomavirus vaccination

Abstract Purpose To identify the association between mother's recent receipt of a Pap test and daughter's uptake and completion of the three-shot human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination series. Methods We used cross-sectional data from the 2008 to 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 9 U.S. states and Puerto Rico and logistic regression models to examine the association between mother's receipt of a Pap test in the past 3 years and daughter's uptake and completion of the three-shot HPV vaccination series among adolescent girls aged 9–17 years (N = 4,776). Results Approximately one-quarter of adolescent girls began the HPV vaccination series, and 13.6% completed the three-shot series. Uptake and completion were more likely among girls whose mothers had obtained a Pap test within the past 3 years—for HPV uptake, odds ratio: 1.342, 95% confidence interval: 1.073–1.692; for HPV completion, odds ratio: 1.904; 95% confidence interval: 1.372–2.721—but the relationship between mother's recent Pap test and vaccine uptake was explained by the mother's use of a personal doctor and obtaining a routine physical examination in the past year. Conclusions HPV vaccination uptake and completion were more likely among adolescent girls whose mothers obtained a recent Pap test. Interventions designed to educate mothers on the importance of HPV vaccination and to facilitate relationships between physicians and mothers may prove successful at increasing HPV vaccination among adolescent girls.
Stance and sensory feedback influence on postural dynamics

This study examined the effects of ice-induced plantar desensitization and the withdrawal of visual feedback on the magnitude and time-dependent structure of postural sway variability. The magnitude of variability was quantified as the area of an ellipse enclosing 95% of the center of pressure (COP) time-series during normal and tandem stances. The same time-series were also analyzed using Approximate Entropy (ApEn) and Cross-Approximate Entropy (CrossApEn) as indices of irregularity and asynchrony between the mediolateral and anteroposterior COP motions. Variability increased during tandem stance and this increase was compounded by both visual feedback withdrawal and cutaneous desensitization. Both ApEn (mediolateral and anteroposterior COP motion) and CrossApEn increased with the withdrawal of visual feedback during the tandem stance, but decreased significantly during normal stance. The results of the study demonstrate that plantar desensitization only affected the magnitude of sway variability but did not alter its time-dependent structure. Contrasting effects on the structure of postural sway variability with visual feedback withdrawal were observed during the different stances, highlighting the role of task demands in postural dynamics.
Parallel glowworm swarm optimization clustering algorithm based on MapReduce

Clustering large data is one of the recently challenging tasks that is used in many application areas such as social networking, bioinformatics and many others. Traditional clustering algorithms need to be modified to handle the increasing data sizes. In this paper, a scalable design and implementation of glowworm swarm optimization clustering (MRCGSO) using MapReduce is introduced to handle big data. The proposed algorithm uses glowworm swarm optimization to formulate the clustering algorithm. Glowworm swarm optimization is used to take advantage of its ability in solving multimodal problems, which in terms of clustering means finding multiple centroids. MRCGSO uses the MapReduce methodology for the parallelization since it provides fault tolerance, load balancing and data locality. The experimental results reveal that MRCGSO scales very well with increasing data set sizes and achieves a very close to linear speedup while maintaining the clustering quality.
Gene Expression Patterns in Hepatic Tissue and Visceral Adipose Tissue of Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are among the least understood metabolic consequences of obesity. Increasingly, omental adipose tissue is recognized as a biologically active organ in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Differences in transcriptional regulation in omental adipose tissue and liver tissue may provide important insights into the pathogenesis of NAFLD and its progression. Transcriptional profiles were obtained for liver and visceral adipose specimens of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Functional analyses with the Ingenuity Pathways Knowledge Base (IPKB) and IPA 4.0 software identified genes that potentially play hepatoprotective roles as well as those potentially involved in the pathogenesis of NASH.TNF〈 and IL6 were measured in the serum samples. Tissue from patients with NASH showed prominent adipose-specific deregulation of genes related to inflammation and the immune system. A number of liver and adipose-specific functional networks, including those centered at TNF〈, JUN/JUNB, and IFN© were highlighted as related to the NASH pathogenesis.The results also showed compensatory increases in hepatic detoxification enzymes and decreases in the gene network controlled by transcription factor COUP-TFII. Our findings support the hypothesis that adipocyte secretion plays an important role in the development of NAFLD.
What Mediates Links Between Age and Well-being? A Test of Social Support and Interpersonal Conflict as Potential Interpersonal Pathways

We examined potential nonlinear links between age and subjective well-being, and the interpersonal processes (i.e., support, conflict) responsible for such links. One hundred forty-four men and women between the ages of 30–70 completed measures of satisfaction with life, social support (interpersonal support evaluation list), and social negativity (test of negative social exchanges). Nonlinear regression analyses revealed a significant quadratic trend between age and satisfaction with life (SWL, p = .01) where age was associated with lower SWL in the young to middle-aged sample, but higher SWL in the middle-age to older adult sample. Analyses further revealed that interpersonal tensions statistically mediated the nonlinear links between age and SWL. These data suggest that negative interpersonal exchanges may be important contributors to well-being at midlife.
Insulin Resistance and Hypertension The Chicken-Egg Question Revisited

Insulin resistance refers to the reduction in insulin-mediated glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues, specifically in skeletal muscle. As a compensatory response, hyperinsulinemia ensues to maintain normal blood glucose levels. In epidemiological studies, fasting insulin level is commonly used as a surrogate marker of insulin resistance. In normoglycemic subjects, fasting insulin correlated well with whole-body glucose uptake ( r =−0.68) as measured by the “gold standard” euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp method, although the correlation was lower in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus.1 Although fasting insulin is a reasonable measure of insulin resistance, it is potentially confounded by variability in insulin secretion. Thus, the indexes derived from fasting insulin and glucose, such as the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA),2 the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI),3 and the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) developed by Gutt and coworkers,4 have been more widely used to assess insulin resistance in clinical and population-based studies. See p 1719 Although the role of insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus is well accepted, the relationship between insulin resistance and blood pressure remains controversial. Nearly 40 years ago, Welborn and colleagues5 observed that nondiabetic patients with essential hypertension had significantly higher plasma insulin concentrations than did normotensive individuals. This positive relationship has been confirmed in several longitudinal studies, but the results are not entirely consistent. In some studies, the association between hyperinsulinemia and incident hypertension disappeared after adjustment for body mass index (BMI), suggesting that the association is confounded or mediated through obesity. Therefore, the causal role of insulin resistance/compensatory hyperinsulinemia in the development of hypertension continues to be debated. As reported in this issue of Circulation , Arnlov and colleagues6 investigated the relationship between insulin sensitivity, using ISI, and the 4-year incidence of hypertension and blood …
Some theoretical tensions within and between the processual and postprocessual archaeologies

Abstract This paper outlines the philosophical underpinnings of the various processual and postprocessual archaeologies. By pointing out shared features and areas of dissent, it attempts to provide a map of the contested terrain. It advocates coherent, theoretically informed explorations of the various processual and postprocessual archaeologies and critical evaluations of their assets, liabilities, and implications.
Child health and nutrition: obesity and high blood cholesterol.

BACKGROUND. The epidemiology of obesity and high blood cholesterol in children is discussed, along with strategies for the prevention of these two disorders and mention of some nutrition and child health research and education programs supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). CONCLUSIONS. Available data confirm that both obesity and high blood cholesterol levels in U.S. children are higher than optimal and that the benefit of reducing the prevalence of these conditions in childhood will be realized in adulthood. Current NHLBI-supported research and education activities focus on unanswered questions about the childhood predictors of transition to the obese state, the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of long-term dietary intervention in children, and the effects of school-based intervention that include classroom curriculum and school environmental changes related to food intake, physical activity, and tobacco use and dissemination of materials that promote nutrition and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents.
789-2 I-123-Iodophenylpentadecanoic Acid (IPPA) is Superior to Thallium-201 for the Assessment of Myocardial Viability in a Canine Model of Sustained Low Flow and Systolic Dysfunction

We compared IPPA with TI-201 (TI) uptake and redistribution (RD) in a canine model of sustained low flow and systolic dysfunction. In 6 open-chest dogs with a 61.5 ± 3.1% reduction in LAD flow, systolic thickening was reduced from 33.5 ± 2.4% to -18.6 ± 3.1% (p l 0.01). After 30 min of low flow, TI (05 mCi) and microspheres were injected. Ten min later, IPPA (3.5 mCi) and microspheres were injected and IPPA images were acquired initially and at 10,20,30,60 and 120 min. IPPA defect magnitude (DM) over time was calculated as the LAD/LCX count ratio from background subtracted images. Microsphere flows and tracer activities were measured by post-mortem gamma well counting. Histologic infarct size averaged less than 1% of the left ventricle. Download : Download high-res image (70KB) Download : Download full-size image As shown, the LAD/LCX flow ratios were comparable at the times of TI and IPPA injections. At 2 hours, both tracers demonstrated RD with LAD/LCX activity ratios greater than the flow ratios at the time of injection, but the degree of IPPA RD was significantly greater than for TI (p l 0.01). In addition, IPPA DM significantly improved from 0.62 ± 0.05 initially to 0.71 ± 0.05 after only20 min of RD (p l 0.01) and further improved to 0.85 ± 0.05 after 120 min indicating susbstantial rest RD. Thus, in this canine model of sustained low flow and systolic dysfunction, IPPA RO is superior to TI for the assessment of myocardial viability.
Growth of corticospinal axons on prosthetic substrates introduced into the spinal cord of neonatal rats.

Abstract Nitrocellulose implants treated with biological materials known to support neurite growth in vitro were introduced at thoracolumbar levels of the neonatal rat spinal cord before the arrival of growing corticospinal tract (CST) axons. Implant placement was designed to interrupt the normal CST growth path and provide a potential, alternative growth path. Subsequent growth of CST axons within the spinal cord in the vicinity of the implants was evaluated by labeling the axons with the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Untreated implants either blocked further CST axon growth or deflected CST axons to abnormal positions. Implants bearing living cells from spinal cord primary cultures were able to support the adhesion and growth of CST axons. Similarly, acellular implants coated with laminin, but not with poly- l -lysine supported the adhesion and growth of CST axons, suggesting that laminin or some other adhesive factor produced by immature neuroglial cells may be normally involved in CST axon growth and guidance.
Response to Weinberger's Comments on “Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: Mommy and I are Not Yet One”

Inconsistencies and errors in some of Weinberger's comments on my paper are discussed. I question his contention that he successfully answered my criticisms concerning subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments.
Braginsky receives Fleming Medal

Stanislav I. Braginsky was awarded the John Adam Fleming Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held in San Francisco in December 1992. The Fleming Medal recognizes original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, and related sciences. The award citation, presented by Paul Roberts, as well as Braginsky's response, are presented here.
Effects of Remote Generation Sites on Model Estimates ofM2Internal Tides in the Philippine Sea

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of remotely generated internal tides on model estimates of barotropic to baroclinic tidal conversion for two generation sites bounding the Philippine Sea: the Luzon Strait and the Mariana Island Arc. A primitive equation model is used to characterize the internal tides generated by the principal semidiurnal tide (M2) over a domain encompassing the two generation sites. Energetic internal tides are generated at the Luzon Strait where nearly 17 GW of barotropic tide energy is converted to baroclinic energy, of which 44% (4.78 GW) is radiated eastward into the Philippine Sea. From the Mariana Arc, baroclinic energy propagates westward into the Philippine Sea as a result of 3.82 GW of barotropic to baroclinic energy conversion. Simulations that focus on each generation site without influence of the other are performed, and comparisons show that remotely generated internal tides have a significant effect on local conversion at the two sites. Total conversion is greate...
RARE FCNC-B DECAYS AT HADRON MACHINES

We review the current studies and future prospects for studies of Flavor Changing Neutral Current (FCNC) processes, emphasizing rare B decays. These experiments will be very sensitive to physics beyond the standard model. A key problem in these studies is the method to trigger the detector. We discuss a novel technique that uses an optical-Cherenkov light trigger to select events with significant impact parameters.