cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malnutrition in Children With Chronic Disease

Malnutrition occurs when nutrient intake does not meet the needs for normal body functions and as a consequence leads to alterations of growth and development in children. Chronic illness puts children at risk for developing malnutrition. Because of children's rapid periods of growth and development, early diagnosis, prevention, and management of malnutrition are paramount. The reasons for malnutrition in children with chronic disease are multifactorial and are related to the underlying disease and non-illness-associated factors. This review addresses the causes, evaluation, and management of malnutrition in pediatric congenital heart disease, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, and cystic fibrosis.
Molecular mechanisms of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disorder characterized by the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias, myocardial dysfunction and fibrofatty replacement of myocardial tissue. Mutations in genes that encode components of desmosomes, the adhesive junctions that connect cardiomyocytes, are the predominant cause of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and can be identified in about half of patients with the condition. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial destruction, remodelling and arrhythmic predisposition remain poorly understood. Through the development of animal, induced pluripotent stem cell and other models of disease, advances in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy over the past decade have brought several signalling pathways into focus. These pathways include canonical and non-canonical WNT signalling, the Hippo-Yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway and transforming growth factor-β signalling. These studies have begun to identify potential therapeutic targets whose modulation has shown promise in preclinical models. In this Review, we summarize and discuss the reported molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
Reflecting Back to Move Forward: Using a Mathematics Autobiography to Open Humanizing Learning Spaces for Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers

In this chapter, the authors present their experiences as four mathematics teacher educators who use the mathematics autobiography, one precursor activity to the Mathematics Learning Case Study Module from the Teachers Empowered to Advance Change in Mathematics (TEACH Math) project, in their courses. The mathematics autobiography can help pre-service teachers (PSTs) reflect on who they are as mathematics students and as future teachers while learning to create humanizing spaces for their future students to learn and do mathematics. While writing the chapter, the authors first shared their personal mathematical autobiographies with each other and then discussed what they learned from each other’s stories. Emerging from this discussion were three overarching themes related to the purpose of the mathematics autobiography in their mathematics methods courses: (a) to elevate historically silenced voices, (b) to create an entry point for developing PSTs’ critical lens for teaching mathematics, and (c) to encourage PSTs’ curiosity about the lives of their students. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of the mathematics autobiography as a means of supporting more teachers and teacher educators to adopt a humanizing stance toward mathematics education.
Nocturnal Excretion in Healthy Older Women and Rationale for a Safer Approach to Sleep Disruption.

OBJECTIVES Insomnia, especially difficulty maintaining sleep, is prevalent among older adults and increases the incidence of falls and fractures. Moreover, the drugs used to treat it exacerbate the risk. Yet current therapies fail to address one of its most common causes in older adults: nocturia and its primary contributor, nocturnal polyuria (NP), especially among the majority of individuals without lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Therefore, we examined the factors associated with nocturia in two groups of such older women and the impact of nocturia on sleep. DESIGN Secondary analysis of two observational studies of bladder function in carefully evaluated healthy older women. SETTING Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS A total of 39 women without LUTS who had adequate fluid intake (ie, >1200 mL urine output/24 h recorded on their diary), normal videourodynamic testing, and normal daytime frequency (≤7 voids). MEASUREMENTS Voided volumes and sleep duration obtained from subjects' 3-day voiding diary, and sleep quality from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Nighttime excretion of more than 33% of 24-hour urine volume was considered NP. RESULTS Overall, 21 of these healthy subjects (54%) awakened at least once nightly to void, and 19 (90%) of them had NP. Compared with those without nocturia, participants with nocturia had shorter duration of the first uninterrupted sleep period (182 ± 100 vs 250 ± 60 min; P = .03), and they reported worse sleep quality. Two factors contributed independently to nocturia: (1) a larger proportion of 24-hour urine output at night (43.4 ± 7.4% vs 25.4 ± 5.5%; P = <.001) and (2) smaller bladder capacity (484 ± 157 mL vs 608 ± 167 mL; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS Nocturia, NP, and reduced bladder capacity are very common even in healthy older women without LUTS and are associated with impaired sleep. Thus applying currently available modalities to address both NP and reduced bladder capacity may effectively treat sleep disruption without incurring the complications of sedative-hypnotics. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2610-2614, 2019.
Parents' perceptions of personal utility of exome sequencing results.

Clinical genome or exome sequencing (GS/ES) provides a diagnosis for many individuals with suspected genetic disorders, but also yields negative or uncertain results for the majority. This study examines how parents of a child with an undiagnosed condition attribute personal utility to all types of ES results. Return of 31 exome sequencing results was observed during clinic sessions, followed by semistructured interviews with parents one month later. Observations and interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data display matrices were used for content analysis and systematic comparisons of parents’ perceptions of utility. ES results could not provide all the answers to parents’ questions, especially in cases of clinically uninformative results, but parents nonetheless attributed utility to the knowledge gained. Parents across all results categories used the genomic information to rule out possible causes, end or postpone the diagnostic odyssey, and shift focus to treatment and management of symptoms. This study suggests that parents value even uninformative ES results while expressing hope for future discoveries. As pediatric genetics moves toward GS/ES as a first-tier test, how parents perceive the personal utility of negative or uncertain results is an important topic for genetic counseling and further research.
Comparative Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Biologic or Targeted Synthetic Disease-Modifying Drugs: A Cohort Study.

Objective The objective of this study is to compare the risk of incident diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with biologic or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Methods A new-user observational cohort study was conducted using data from a US commercial (Truven MarketScan, 2005-2016) claims database and a public insurance (Medicare, 2010-2014) claims database. Patients with RA who did not have DM were selected into one of eight exposure groups (abatacept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, tocilizumab, or tofacitinib) and observed for the outcome of incident DM, defined as a combination of a diagnosis code and initiation of a hypoglycemic treatment. A stabilized inverse probability-weighted Cox proportional hazards model was used to account for 56 confounding variables and estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All analyses were conducted separately in two databases, and estimates were combined using inverse variance meta-analysis. Results Among a total of 50 505 patients with RA from Truven and 17 251 patients with RA from Medicare, incidence rates (95% CI) for DM were 6.8 (6.1-7.6) and 6.6 (5.4-7.9) per 1000 person-years, respectively. After confounding adjustment, the pooled HRs (95% CI) indicated a significantly higher risk of DM among adalimumab (2.00 [1.11-3.03]) and infliximab initiators (2.34 [1.38-3.98]) compared with abatacept initiators. The pooled HR (95% CI) for the etanercept versus abatacept comparison was elevated but not statistically significant (1.65 [0.91-2.98]). The effect estimates for certolizumab, golimumab, tocilizumab, and tofacitinib, compared with abatacept, were highly imprecise because of a limited sample size. Conclusion Initiation of abatacept was associated with a lower risk of incident DM in patients with RA compared with infliximab or adalimumab.
A Vibration Device to Control Injection Discomfort.

Pain from local anesthesia injections can be reduced by distraction and counter-stimulation techniques. This study investigated the DentalVibe® Injection Comfort System (third-generation, DV3), developed to lessen anesthesia pain through pulsed vibration, a form of counter-stimulation. The aim of the study was to evaluate both the efficacy of DV3 in reducing pain and discomfort from intraoral long buccal (LB) and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injections and the time needed to achieve complete anesthesia during an IAN block. The study enrolled 60 subjects, 30 men and 30 women, aged 21 to 32 years, who rated both injection pain on a visual analog scale and discomfort, unpleasantness, and difficulty in enduring the injection on a modified symptom severity index. Each subject received bilateral LB injections and an IAN block. Using block design, the third-generation DV (DV3) was randomly assigned to either the first or second LB injection and to 30 subjects on their third injection, the IAN block. No topical anesthesia was applied. Subjects receiving DV3 reported significantly less pain, discomfort, unpleasantness, and difficulty in enduring LB and IAN injections (P .05) when DV3 was used on IAN block injections. The DV3 significantly (P < .02) reduced pain/discomfort from anesthetic injections in this pilot study, in which many subjects were either dental or medical students familiar with performing and enduring injections. More studies are warranted on layperson populations.
Spiny mice (Acomys) exhibit attenuated hallmarks of aging and rapid cell turnover after UV exposure in the skin epidermis

The study of long-lived and regenerative animal models has revealed diverse protective responses to stressors such as aging and tissue injury. Spiny mice (Acomys) are a unique mammalian model of skin regeneration, but their response to other types of physiological skin damage have not been investigated. In this study, we examine how spiny mice skin responds to acute UVB damage or chronological aging compared to non-regenerative C57Bl/6 mice (M. musculus). We find that, compared to M. musculus, the skin epidermis in A. cahirinus experiences a similar UVB-induced increase in basal cell proliferation but exhibits increased epidermal turnover. Notably, A. cahirinus uniquely form a suprabasal layer co-expressing Keratin 14 and Keratin 10 after UVB exposure concomitant with reduced epidermal inflammatory signaling and reduced markers of DNA damage. In the context of aging, old M. musculus animals exhibit typical hallmarks including epidermal thinning, increased inflammatory signaling and senescence. However, these age-related changes are absent in old A. cahirinus skin. Overall, we find that A. cahirinus have evolved novel responses to skin damage that reveals new aspects of its regenerative phenotype.
A Content Analysis of Living Organ Donation Materials from Certified Transplant Centers.

Despite the fact that living organ donation has the great potential to reduce the shortage of transplantable organs, it is still surrounded by many misconceptions, ethical concerns, and myths. Rese...
Pericardial Effusions in Patients With Cancer: Anesthetic Management and Survival Outcomes.

Objectives The objective of this study was to describe practice patterns of anesthetic management during pericardial window creation. Design Retrospective observational cohort study. Setting Single tertiary cancer center. Participants A total of 150 patients treated for cancer between 2011 and 2015 were included in the study. Measurements and Main Results The primary objective was to evaluate anesthetic management in pericardial window creation. Secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality and overall survival after pericardial window creation. Thirty-day mortality was 19.3%, and median survival was 5.84 months. Higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of patients was associated with preinduction arterial line placement (51% ASA 3 v 79% ASA 4; p = 0.002) and use of etomidate for anesthetic induction (34% ASA 3 v 60% ASA 4; p = 0.003). However, there was no association between anesthetic management and presence of tamponade in these patients. Cardiac aspirate volume (per 10 mL: odds ratio [OR], 1.02 [95% CI, 1.0-1.04]; p = 0.026) and intraoperative arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation: OR, 6.76 [95% CI, 1.2-37.49]; p = 0.029; sinus tachycardia: OR, 4.59 [95% CI, 1.25-16.90]; p = 0.022) were associated independently with increased 30-day mortality. High initial heart rate (per 10 beats per minute: hazard ratio [HR], 1.18 [95% CI, 1.05-1.33]; p = 0.005) in the operating room and intraoperative sinus tachycardia (HR, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.15-3.03]; p = 0.012) were associated independently with worse overall survival. Conclusion Risk of death after pericardial window creation remains high in patients with cancer. Variations in anesthetic management did not affect survival in oncologic patients with pericardial effusions.
DRL-Based Channel and Latency Aware Radio Resource Allocation for 5G Service-Oriented RoF-MmWave RAN

A channel and latency aware radio resource allocation algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is proposed and evaluated. The proposed scheme aims to optimize the uplink scheduling for service-oriented multi-user millimeter wave (mmWave) radio access networks (RAN) in the 5G era. In the DRL system, multiple application flows are implemented with various statistical models and the key function modules of the system are designed to reflect the operation and requirements of service-oriented RANs. In particular, the mmWave channel characteristics utilized in the system are collected experimentally and verified via a radio-over-fiber (RoF)-mmWave testbed with dynamic channel variations. Results show that the proposed DRL algorithm can operate adaptively to channel variations and achieve at least 12% average reward improvement compared to conventional single-rule schemes, providing joint improvement of bit error rate and latency performance.
Frictional melanosis: A pediatric case series

We present a pair of cases detailing acquired hyperpigmented patches overlying the spinous processes of pediatric patients. These cases are consistent with a condition that has previously been documented in the adult population and is known by many names, including "Davener's dermatosis," "towel melanosis," and "lifa disease." We propose unifying these terms into a single standardized name, "frictional melanosis," when it is encountered in the pediatric setting. In presenting these findings, we hope that greater awareness and recognition of this benign condition in pediatric patients will decrease the need for biopsy and reduce family concern.
Alkane oxidation catalyzed by zeolite encapsulated ruthenium perfluorophthalocyanines

Summary Ruthenium(II) perfluorophthalocyanines (RuF16Pc) have been encapsulated in the supercages of zeolite NaX by crystallizing the molecular sieve around the RuF16Pc complexes. These zeolite ship-in-a-bottle complexes were found to be effective catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexane using t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH). High conversions to cyclohexanone as the major product was achieved with nearly 3000 turnovers per day. The linear n-hexane was oxidized to a mixture of products with selectivity towards hexan-3-one. The intrazeolite RuF16Pc complexes show no signs of deactivation in contrast to the non-fluorinated analog (RuPc). Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest a P-450 type pathway may be operative.
IPO Spreads: You Get What You Pay for

Chen and Ritter (2000) show that it is customary in the investment banking industry to charge a gross spread of seven percent for underwriting a moderately-sized firm-commitment initial public offering. However, in a nontrivial number of IPOs, the spread differs from this standard. We examine the effect on offering price of a negotiated spread that differs from seven percent. Negotiations that yield lower (higher) underwriting fees are associated with lower (higher) IPO offering prices on average, indicating marketing efforts expended by investment banks reflect the amounts paid to them.
Structural origins of pH and ionic strength effects on protein stability. Acid denaturation of sperm whale apomyoglobin

A recently developed approach to calculate the pH dependence of protein stability from three-dimensional structure information is applied to the analysis of acid denaturation of sperm whale apomyoglobin. The finite difference Poisson-Boltzmann method is used to calculate pKa values and these are used to obtain titration curves for the folded protein as well as for compact intermediates. The total electrostatic free energy change involved in apomyoglobin unfolding is then evaluated. Calculations are carried out of the unfolding free energy of the native (N) and the compact intermediate (I) of apomyoglobin relative to the unfolded state (U) over a range of pH at various ionic strengths. The contributions from key ionizable groups to the unfolding process are discussed. For the acid-induced partial unfolding of apomyoglobin near pH 5, the transition from N to I is found to be driven by three histidines that are exposed when the B, C, D and E helices unfold. Similarly, the unfolding of the compact intermediate I consisting of the A, G and H helices is driven primarily by a few carboxylic acids with low pKa values in the compact state. This picture is in contrast to the view which attributes acid denaturation to electrostatic repulsion resulting from the build up of positive charge. In fact, charge-charge interactions in myoglobin are found to be attractive at all pH values where the protein unfolds. pH-dependent changes in these interactions contribute to acid denaturation but other electrostatic effects, such as hydrogen bonding and solvation, are important as well. The effect of increasing ionic strength on unfolding is attributed to the decrease of attractive charge-charge interactions which destabilize the N state relative to I, but stabilize the I state relative to U by reducing the pKa shifts of a few critical carboxylic acids. The I state is found to be more stable than U at neutral pH thus accounting for its presence as an intermediate on the protein folding pathway. Our results have implications for the origins of compact intermediates or "molten globule" states.
Process Systems Engineering: From Solvay to the 21st Century. A History of Development, Successes and Prospects for the Future

Abstract The term Process Systems Engineering (PSE) is relatively recent, but the engineering of processing systems is as old as the beginning of the chemical industry, around the beginning of the 19th century. Initially, the practice of PSE was informal and as time went on it was formalized in progressively increasing degrees. Today, it is solidly founded on engineering sciences and an array of systems theoretical methodologies and approaches. This paper provides an overview of the history of Process Systems Engineering (PSE), i.e. its origin and evolution, a brief illustration of its tremendous accomplishments in the development of modern chemical industry, and an outline of the role it can play in addressing the societal problems that we face today; securing sustainable production of chemicals and materials for the human wellbeing, alternative energy sources, improving the quality of life and of our living environment. Finally, this paper proposes PSE as the foundational underpinning of modern chemical engineering; the only one that ensures the discipline's cohesiveness in the years to come.
Alternative therapy use by elderly African Americans attending a community clinic.

Objectives: To describe the use of orally ingested alternative therapies (OAT) by a community-dwelling, primarily African-American sample of elders. Design: Face-to-face survey. Setting: University-affiliated geriatric medicine primary care clinic. Participants: One hundred two elderly OAT users and 100 nonusers who had an appointment between June and August 2000. Measurements: Demographic characteristics, OAT products used, reasons for use, and influencing factors leading to use. Results: Two hundred ninety-two subjects were screened: 102 (35%) OAT users, 100 (34%) nonusers, and 90 (31%) who refused to participate. The OAT users were 78% female and 67% African American, with a mean age±standard deviation of 79.7±6.2. They were a frail group, with an average of 5.2±2.3 medical conditions, 4.5±2.3 medications, and 52% with at least one impairment in activities of daily living. Nonusers had more documented medical conditions and medications and a lower median household income. The most popular OAT products were multivitamins (65%), vitamin E (42%), and calcium (31%). Ninety-seven percent of users reported concurrent OAT and prescription medication use. The patients took OATs to supplement their diet (23%) and stay well (15%), as well as for various medical conditions. Influencing factors for OAT use were media advertisements (37%), physicians' advice (36%), and immediate family members (19%). Sixty percent of elders discussed their OAT use with their physicians Conclusion: Community-dwelling, primarily African-American, elders are using OATs despite physical frailty and limited financial resources. OAT users are healthier and wealthier than nonusers. More subjects used concurrent OAT and prescription medications and discussed their use with their physicians than would be expected from the literature. A large national survey of OAT use by minority elders could explore these findings.
Photoluminescence of Mn2+‐Activated ZnGa2 O 4

The synthesis and photoluminescence mechanism of are presented. Monitored at 450 nm, exhibits an absorption band at 245 nm; monitored at 506 nm exhibits absorption bands at 245 and 283 nm. Under 254 nm excitation exhibits a broad‐band emission extending from 360 to 610 nm, peaking at 450 nm. This emission is gradually quenched, as a new band emerges, peaking at 506 nm, as Mn2+ is incorporated into the lattice, where at maximum intensity. Activator sensitization and host‐to‐activator energy transfer are suggested.
Surface array proteins of Campylobacter fetus block lectin-mediated binding to type A lipopolysaccharide.

Campylobacter fetus strains with type A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a surface array protein layer (S+) have been found to be pathogenic in humans and animals. Spontaneous laboratory mutants that lack surface array proteins (S-) are sensitive to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. The ability of lectins to determine the presence of the S-layer and differentiate LPS type was assessed. We screened 14 lectins and found 3 (wheat germ agglutinin, Bandeiraea simplicifolia II, and Helix pomatia agglutinin) that agglutinated S- C. fetus strains with type A LPS but not S- strains with type B or type C LPS or S+ strains. However, the S+ type A strains were agglutinated after sequential water extraction, heat, or pronase treatment, all of which remove the S-layer, whereas there was no effect on the control strains. Specific carbohydrates for each lectin and purified LPS from a type A C. fetus strain specifically inhibited agglutination of an S- type A strain. In a direct enzyme-linked lectin assay, binding to the S- type A LPS strain was significantly greater than binding to the S+ strain (P = 0.01) or to a Campylobacter jejuni strain (P = 0.008). Consequently, these results indicate that the three lectins bind to the O side chains of C. fetus type A LPS but that the presence of the S-layer on intact cells blocks binding. Images
III Objective and Subjective Spherical Aberration Measurements of the Human Eye

Publisher Summary This chapter describes objective and subjective spherical aberration measurements of the human eye. The concept of the human eye as an array of symmetric, centered, and homogeneous optical elements has promoted the study of its basic optical characteristics. Using this type of modeling, the human eye is considered as a two element optical system composed of a corneal lens, a crystalline lens, and an image plane coinciding with the retina. These elements are illustrated in the chapter. This array can be analyzed by the use of paraxial ray trace techniques to locate the principal planes, nodal points, and the anterior and posterior focal planes of the eye. To understand the aberration measurements of the human eye, the chapter describes the components of the visual system and examines some of the most recent attempts to measure the aberrations of the human.
The Software Engineering Programs at George Mason University

This paper has presented plans for software engineering programs in the School of Information Technology and Engineering at George Mason University. Those plans include a Masters program in Software Systems Engineering, cross-listing of core courses in software engineering with Computer Science and Systems Engineering, a post-Masters Certificate program, development of doctoral level courses for the existing Ph.D. program in information technology, and evolution of the Center for Software and Systems Engineering into an industrially supported center for research and technology transfer in software engineering methods, tools, and techniques.
The Viscosity of Electrostatically Stabilized Dispersions of Spherical Colloid Particles.

The viscosity virial coefficient characteristic of a moderately concentrated dispersion [and proportional to the Huggins coefficient] is calculated for electrostatically stabilized monodisperse suspensions of spherical colloid particles. The energy of interaction between two colloid particles is modeled as the sum of dispersion (van der Waals) and electric double-layer contributions. Comparisons of theoretical predictions and experimental data permit conclusions to be drawn about the adequacy of this model.
The effects of dimethoxyphenylethylamine and mescaline on classical conditioning in rats as measured by the potentiated startle response

Abstract The experiment compared the effects of a known hallucinogenic agent, mescaline, and a compound found in the urine of schizophrenics, 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine, on a classically conditioned behavior, the potentiated startle response in rats. The results indicated that both compounds are excitatory in terms of the behavioral parameters investigated. It was noted that in previous research using instrumentally conditioned behavior both compounds have proven to be inhibitory. The present experiment also investigated the effects of a known stimulant, d-amphetamine which also proved to have an excitatory effect. However, it was noted that this compound also has an excitatory effect on instrumentally conditioned behavior. It was suggested that instrumentally and classically conditioned behaviors are fundamentally different forms of behavior, perhaps mediated by different parts of the nervous system, and that drug effects may be dependent upon the form of behavior used in the investigation.
Internal dynamics and the interrelations of fish in schools

The three-dimensional structure of schools of saithe (Pollachius virens) and the interactions between individuals over time were analyzed in 12,240 frames of videotape sampled at 2.7 Hz. Time series analyses of the interactions between identified individuals allowed testing of assumptions of anonymity vs. leadership in schools and investigation of the transfer of information between individuals by which collective decisions are made. Results include the following:
Reconciling positivism and realism: Kelsen and Habermas on democracy and human rights

It is well known that Hans Kelsen and Jurgen Habermas invoke realist arguments drawn from social science in defending an international, democratic human rights regime against Carl Schmitt’s attack ...
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A LIFE-SUCCESS MEASURES SCALE

This paper describes development and validation of an instrument measuring life-success values related to the domains of both work and personal life. The results (N = 756) from two studies identified six forms of life-success, finding that values of success in work and personal lives were significantly correlated with affective work behaviors. The implications for managing a workforce with varied life-success values are discussed.
GENDER-DIFFERENTIATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES IN THE SOUTH KOREAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

In this article, gender-differentiated employment practices are examined with a focus on different mechanisms of labor control in the South Korean textile industry, a prototypical Third World industry based on export-oriented industrialization. The analysis focuses on how labor control mechanisms, such as gender segregation in jobs and authority relations in the factory, the nature of worker dependency (based on the different forms of employment relationships), and subcontracting interact with gender and produce different outcomes for men and women workers in spinning and weaving and clothing industries. These practices are used to maintain the competitiveness of the South Korean product in the international market as well as for the maximization of profit in the textile industry.
Embedded Software on High-Performance Powertrain Assisted Design

Abstract This paper presents a robust embedded control algorithm to the powertrain model of an automotive application where VHDL-AMS descriptive language is used to develop the models representing the integrated components into the system. ANSYS Simplorer system simulation package is used for complete system integration and co-simulation whereas embedded software design implying the c-code generation is developed by Esterel Scade Suite environment.
Robotic repair of congenital diaphragmatic anomalies.

Abstract Purpose: Congenital diaphragm anomalies, including eventration, Morgagni diaphragmatic hernias (M-CDH), and Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernias (B-CDH), have been successfully repaired by using minimally invasive surgery (MIS). However, some reports have shown a high recurrence rate for some defects, potentially due to difficulty associated with the rigid instruments. Robotic surgery may help close diaphragmatic anomalies more effectively. In this paper, we present a series of 8 consecutive patients with diaphragmatic anomalies who underwent robotic repair. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with diaphragmatic anomalies. There were 2 patients with eventration, 5 with B-CDH, and 1 with M-CDH. All procedures were performed by using the Standard Da Vinci surgical robot (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) with one camera arm (5-mm two-dimensional scope) and two instrument arms (5 mm). Results: Average age was 3.9 months (4 days to 12 months). Average weight was 3.6 kg (range, 2.2–10.5). Four B...
Implementing reflection in technical courses

Students do not necessarily learn from an experience, particularly if they do not think about it or do not take responsibility for it. Reflective learning is a mechanism to address this issue and has been demonstrated to aide in the development of critical thinking, self-awareness and analytical skills, all critical to engineering education. This paper presents the experiences of the authors in incorporating reflections into a range of analytical engineering courses, from undergraduate to graduate level. The reflections target specific activities as well as reflecting on the whole-course experience.
Flexor Tendon-Pulley Interaction afterTendon Repair A biomechanical study

Ten normal ring fingers from ten donors were used to determine the effect of flexor tendon repair on the gliding resistance between the tendon and the A2 pulley. Gliding resistance was measured for the intact FDP tendon and for the same tendon after it was cut transversely and repaired with a 4/0 Ticron core suture and a 6/0 running epitendinous nylon suture. After repair, the gliding pattern of the tendon through the A2 pulley changed significantly. The resistance and the friction coefficient were approximately doubled (P<0.005).
Adrenal cortical secretions in relation to the reproductive system of rats.

THE problem of the relationship of adrenal gland secretion to the state of the reproductive system is an old one that still requires adequate clarification. The able review of Parkes (1), to which the interested reader is referred for much literature that will not here receive attention, has brought into focus many of the fundamental problems. Among these, of particular interest at the moment, is the question whether adrenal secretions play an integral role in the activities of the reproductive system aside from maintaining the animal in such physiologic condition as will enable the normal function on the part of the gonads. Do adrenal glands secrete sex hormones?
Debriefing the Family: Is Research an Intervention?

The primary focus of this article is to examine the general assumption that families are left largely unchanged by their participation in research, and to question whether family research can have unintended positive or negative effects on participants. The present article reports feedback from families participating in the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development project, a longitudinal study of family process and adolescent development. Families differed in their perceptions about whether the research experience was positive, detrimental, or inconsequential. This feedback underscores the researcher's ethical responsibility to detect and remove deleterious effects of participation. Suggestions are made for providing adequate debriefing to subjects and for using debriefing as a research tool to study the interaction between researcher and families.
Novel cones in the retina of the anchovy (Anchoa)

Preliminary studies on the eyes of Anchoa mitchilli and A. hepsetus reveal the existence of cones with a novel arrangement and structure. The cones form parallel rows consisting of alternately placed long cones and short bifid cones. Both types of cones are intimately associated and form triple units regularly spaced along the row of cones. The photoreceptor membrane lamellae (discs) of long and bifid cones differ from those of the normal vertebrate eye in that they lie parallel, rather than transversely, to the long axis of the cell. The lamellae of the long cones are orientated at right angles to those of the bifid cones.
Promoting child passenger safety in children served by a health maintenance organization.

Abstract A patient education program, based on the health belief model, promoting child passenger safety was developed and implemented at a health maintenance organization. The program included individual counseling by pediatricians, use of audiovisual materials and pamphlets, and (for newborn infants) a home visit by a child safety specialist. Based on parking lot observations, child safety device use increased to >60% in both intervention and comparison-group children 1–4 years of age. During the child health supervision visit, pediatricians can play a leadership role in promoting child passenger safety.
Urzymology: Experimental Access to a Key Transition in the Appearance of Enzymes

Urzymes are catalysts derived from invariant cores of protein superfamilies. Urzymes from both aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase classes possess sophisticated catalytic mechanisms: pre-steady state bursts, significant transition-state stabilization of both amino acid activation, and tRNA acylation. However, they have insufficient specificity to ensure a fully developed genetic code, suggesting that they participated in synthesizing statistical proteins. They represent a robust experimental platform from which to articulate and test hypotheses both about their own ancestors and about how they, in turn, evolved into modern enzymes. They help reshape numerous paradigms from the RNA World hypothesis to protein structure databases and allostery.
NUCLEATION AND GROWTH IN THE DIFFUSION CLOUD CHAMBER. I. OSCILLATORY NUCLEATION

A model is presented describing vapor depletion and latent heat effects accompanying the nucleation and growth of droplets during homogeneous nucleation in a thermal diffusion cloud chamber. The model explains successfully the oscillatory nucleation phenomenon reported earlier by the authors in this Journal.
Geomagnetic excursion from Imuruk Lake, Alaska

UNGLACIATED Arctic lake sediments probably offer the best opportunity for correct stratigraphic correlation and radiocarbon dating of brief geomagnetic events.
Dislocation dynamics in L12 compounds displaying the yield strength anomaly: extracting scaling parameters from simulations

Abstract The anomalous mechanical properties of some L 1 2 compounds are well documented and have led to substantial interest into the dynamics of their screw superdislocations. Results from existing simulations are reviewed in this paper. Particularly, the similarities between dislocation dynamics simulations and highly simplified discrete models are discussed. These similarities suggest that scaling laws derived from discrete models can provide a powerful way to interpret dislocation motion observed in more realistic simulations. A method of estimating the average superkink spawning probability within a simple line tension approximation is presented. Application of this method demonstrates that results from discrete models and continuum simulations are consistent.
Standards: past tense and future perfect? (graphics)

The author discusses what has been accomplished in the graphics standards area in the last decade and what lies in store in the decade ahead. He discusses issues that affect the development, implementation, and end users of graphics and data exchange standards in general. They concern scope, target, size and complexity, technology, understanding of interchange formats, automation, and the nature of the end users. >
Imaging Fourier transform spectrometry of jet engine exhaust with the telops FIRST-MWE

The Field-portable Imaging Radiometric Spectrometer Technology Midwave Extended (FIRST-MWE) system developed by Telops, Inc. was used to capture hyperspectral imagery of turbojet engine exhaust. The FIRST-MWE is a Michelson interferometer coupled to a 320 × 256 Indium Antimonide (InSb) focal plane array with instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of 0.35 mrad. Exhaust from a diesel-fueled Turbine Technologies, Ltd. SR-30 turbojet engine was imaged at three modes of operation from a side-plume vantage point close to the engine. Temporally-averaged spectral data featured strong CO 2 emission near 2200–2450 cm−1. A simple radiative transfer model was used to produce spatially-resolved maps of the temperature and relative CO 2 concentration. The model assumed an optically-thin plume that was homogeneous along each pixel's line-of-sight. The Carbon Dioxide Spectroscopic Databank was used to compute molecular cross-sections used in fitting the temporally-averaged spectra.
Resistance in Corn to the Corn Earworm, Heliothis zea, and the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Part I. Larval Feeding Responses to Corn Plant Extracts12

When extracts from the kernels, silks, and leaves of selected corn lines were bioassayed to determine the response of larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), highly significant statistical differences were found among lines, based on the feeding response of both species. In general, extracts from leaves elicited the most feeding from fall armyworm larvae and the least from earworm larvae. The reverse was true for extracts from kernels. Feeding response to extracts from corn silk was intermediate for both species.
Identification of Nonlinear Aeroelastic Systems Based on the Volterra Theory: Progress and Opportunities

The identification of nonlinear aeroelastic systems based on the Volterra theory of nonlinear systems is presented. Recent applications of the theory to problems in computational and experimental aeroelasticity are reviewed. Computational results include the development of computationally efficient reduced-order models (ROMs) using an Euler/Navier–Stokes flow solver and the analytical derivation of Volterra kernels for a nonlinear aeroelastic system. Experimental results include the identification of aerodynamic impulse responses, the application of higher-order spectra (HOS) to wind-tunnel flutter data, and the identification of nonlinear aeroelastic phenomena from flight flutter test data of the active aeroelastic wing (AAW) aircraft.
Xylose isomerase in substrate and inhibitor michaelis States: atomic resolution studies of a metal-mediated hydride shift(,).

Xylose isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.5) catalyzes the interconversion of aldose and ketose sugars and has an absolute requirement for two divalent cations at its active site to drive the hydride transfer rates of sugar isomerization. Evidence suggests some degree of metal movement at the second metal site, although how this movement may affect catalysis is unknown. The 0.95 A resolution structure of the xylitol-inhibited enzyme presented here suggests three alternative positions for the second metal ion, only one of which appears positioned in a catalytically competent manner. To complete the reaction, an active site hydroxyl species appears appropriately positioned for hydrogen transfer, as evidenced by precise bonding distances. Conversely, the 0.98 A resolution structure of the enzyme with glucose bound in the α-pyranose state only shows one of the metal ion conformations at the second metal ion binding site, suggesting that the linear form of the sugar is required to promote the second and third metal ion con...
Nonlinear Behavior of a Typical Airfoil Section with Control Surface Freeplay: a Numerical and Experimental Study

A three degree-of-freedom aeroelastic typical section with control surface freeplay is modeled theoretically as a system of piecewise linear state-space models. The system response is determined by time marching of the governing equations using a standard Runge-Kutta algorithm in conjunction with Henon's method for integrating a system of equations to a prescribed surface of phase space section. Henon's method is used to locate the "switching points" accurately and efficiently as the system moves from one linear region into another. An experimental model which closely approximates the three degree-of-freedom, typical section in two-dimensional, incompressible flow has been created to validate the theoretical model. Consideration is given to modeling realistically the structural damping present in the experimental system. The effect of the freeplay on the system response is examined numerically and experimentally. The development of the state-space model offers a low-order, computationally efficient means of modeling fully the freeplay nonlinearity and may offer advantages in future research which will investigate the effects of freeplay on the control of flutter in the typical section.
Voltage sensing with a unijunction transistor

A voltage-sensing device with very little hysteresis and variable threshold voltage setting is described. Application of the device as a voltage-sensitive variable-duration monostable multivibrator in recording rabbit nictitating membrane conditioning is also discussed.
Early Diagenesis of Mercury in the Laurentian Great Lakes

Abstract The early diagenesis of mercury in deep lake environments was investigated by examining the distribution of mercury among waters and sediments from several depositional basins in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Partitioning of mercury among different sediment phases was examined by sequential chemical extraction (using procedures specifically designed for mercury). Mercury in porewaters and sediment extracts was analyzed by flow-injection/hydride-generation atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results indicate that mercury is affected by early diagenesis at all of the sites studied. Much of the mercury is enriched in the surface layer of sediments, where it is primarily associated with organic matter and iron oxides. The redox cycling of iron and manganese influences the behavior of mercury; concentration profiles suggest that as oxides begin to dissolve in reduced sediments, nearly all of the adsorbed mercury is released. Organic matter decay also appears to release significant amounts of mercury. Porewater profiles suggest that most of the dissolved mercury released from decaying organic matter or from dissolving iron oxides may be taken up by freshly deposited organic matter and iron oxides in the near-surface layers. Much of the mercury that reaches the sediment column is thus recycled near the sediment-water interface, increasing both the residence time and the concentrations of mercury in surface sediments of these deep lake basins.
A Xenopus gene, Xbr-1, defines a novel class of homeobox genes and is expressed in the dorsal ciliary margin of the eye.

Abstract We have isolated Xbr-1, a novel Xenopus homeobox gene that defines a new class of homeobox genes, distantly related to the Drosophila BarH1 and BarH2 genes. Xbr-1 is predominantly expressed in the developing Xenopus eye, starting as early as the neural plate stage. At early stages of eye development Xbr-1 is expressed in the eye vesicle dorsally, in the tissue between the prospective neural retina and pigment epithelium. Later, in the optic cup, it is restricted to the prospective dorsal ciliary margin, an area containing progenitor cells at the edge of retina. Comparing the expression of Xbr-1 in the eye to that of X-Notch-1 suggests that Xbr-1 marks a unique population of pluripotent stem cells within the dorsal ciliary margin. The expression of Xbr-1 and BMP-4 in the dorsal ciliary margin is largely coincident, suggesting that the two molecules interact. We propose that Xbr-1 and BMP-4 may play a role in the development of progenitor cells on the dorsal half of the eye and that they may be involved in the establishment of polarity of the eye along the dorsoventral axis.
Alternative medicine in the United States

Abstract Since the term ‘alternative medicine’ is defined residually as anything not regular medicine, it is not a useful category. It needs further specification in order to facilitate empirical investigation of the many varied types of health practices it denotes: namely, primitive medicine, folk medicine, herbal medicine, homeopathy, chiropractic, naturopathy, faith healing, New Age Healing, etc. The author's earlier classification of health professions into ancillary, limited, marginal , and quasi practitioners offers a fruitful set of categories for investigating relationships between these groups and organized medicine, and the movement of these groups from one status to another. Examples are the evolution of osteopathy from marginal to full acceptance as orthodox, and chiropractic's putative evolution from marginal to a limited medical profession. Within the quasi professional group, further subclassification distinguishes between folk and primitive healers, faith healers, and quacks; also betweenthose who heal using natural forces and those who frankly invoke supernatural forces or entities.