cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 12 Reconstitution of Secretory Protein Translocation from Detergent-Solubilized Rough Microsomes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes procedures for the reconstitution of secretory protein translocation from detergent-solubilized canine rough microsomes and presents results of a series of studies on the biochemical activities of the reconstituted membranes. Most notably lacking in the reconstituted membranes is the capacity for glycosylation. The reconstituted membranes are less efficient than native membranes in affording protection from exogenous proteases to the translocated precursor. Such knowledge is likely however, to provide insights into the structural and biochemical aspects of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) function and is worthy of further investigation. A noteworthy aspect of the reconstitution procedures described in the chapter is a rather strict detergent requirement. To date, only the bile salt (sodium cholate) and its zwitterionic relative (CHAPS) have been successful. Reconstitution of membrane proteins solubilized with triton X-100, nikkol, or p-octyl glucoside have yet to yield translocation-competent membranes, although efficient recovery of the integral membrane protein components has been observed. Negative data are rarely compelling and the lack of recovery of translocation-competent vesicles with these detergents may simply be due to an inappropriate choice of conditions. Alternatively, the success obtained with cholate may reflect its unique structural characteristics. An alternative procedure for the reconstitution of protein translocation from rough microsomes solubilized with P-octylglucoside has been reported. By this method, membranes are recovered that are active in signal peptide processing and glycosylation of nascent precursors. The results described in the chapter on the reconstitution of translocation represent a fairly crude state of knowledge of the parameters that determine the success of such experiments.
On the isotropic and anisotropic viscosity of suspensions containing particles of diverse shapes and orientations

Abstract The classical problem of effective viscosity of a Newtonian fluid containing rigid particles is discussed. For spherical particles, it is shown that the usual Einstein’s formula μ / μ 0 = 1 + 2.5 ϕ represents an incorrect formulation of the non-interaction approximation (NIA): it violates a rigorous lower bound for the effective viscosity. The correct formulation yields the effective viscosity in the form μ / μ 0 = 1 - 2.5 ϕ - 1 that agrees with the bounds and remains accurate at substantial volume fractions of particles ϕ (up to 20%–30% according to various data sets). This result is extended to ellipsoidal particles, with the emphasis on mixtures of particles of diverse aspect ratios and cases of anisotropic viscosity (due to non-random orientations of particles). For mixtures of particles of diverse shapes (such as ellipsoids of diverse aspect ratios), the effective viscosity cannot generally be expressed in terms of either ϕ or any other of concentration parameter, and the very concept of concentration parameters becomes questionable. The case of thin platelets is considered in detail; in this case, the concentration parameter is identified, and it is different from the volume fraction.
Particles of Reduced Infectivity and Deficient in Envelope Glycoproteins Are Produced in Cycloleucine-Treated B77 Avian Sarcoma Virus-Infected Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts

Abstract We have previously shown that the inhibition of methylation reactions by the treatment of B77 avian sarcoma virus-infected cells with medium containing cycloleucine results in an inhibition in the intracellular accumulation of the spliced subgenomic mRNA for the virion envelope protein precursor, whereas the genome-size RNA accumulates in larger than normal amounts (C. M. Stoltzfus and R. W. Dane, J. Virol. 42:918-931, 1982). To measure the production of virus particles, we have now determined the reverse transcriptase activity in the culture fluid from infected cells treated with various concentrations of cycloleucine. The activity was somewhat greater in the fluid from the cycloleucine-treated cells than it was in the fluid from the control cells, suggesting an enhancement of particle production in the presence of cycloleucine. In contrast, the production of infectious virions, as determined by the focus assay, decreased when the cycloleucine concentration of the medium increased. We determined the polypeptide compositions of purified particles produced from infected cells treated with or without cycloleucine and labeled with [3H]leucine. The relative amounts of radioactivity associated with p19 and p27 were approximately the same in all of the preparations. In contrast, significant decreases were observed in the relative amounts of [3H]leucine radioactivity associated with the virion glycoproteins gp85 and gp37. The extent of the decrease in the ratio of gp85 to p27 was a function of the cycloleucine concentration and correlated well with the decrease in the infectivity of the virus particles. Therefore, it is probable that the observed reduction of specific infectivity results from the reduced amounts of envelope glycoproteins in the particles budding from cycloleucine-treated cells.
The phase relations of binary systems that form azeotropes: N-alkyl alcohol-benzene systems: Methanol through n-butanol

Abstract The vapour-liquid P - V - T - x diagrams of the binary systems composed of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol with benzene as the common component, were determined over a temperature and pressure range which included the critical region. All systems form azeotropes which persist to the critical region except the ethanol-benzene system. The latter becomes nonazeotropic before a critical point is reached. The diagrams confirm the hypothesis proposed earlier, that systems which form azeotropes in the critical region are characterized by a pattern of phase behaviour distinctly different from that for nonazeotropic systems.
Download It While Its Hot: Open Access and Legal Scholarship

This Article analyzes the shift of legal scholarship from the old world of law reviews to today's world of peer reviews to tomorrow's world of open access legal blogs. This shift is occurring in three dimensions. First, legal scholarship is moving from the long form (treatises and law review articles) to the short form (very short articles, blog posts, and online collaborations). Second, a regime of exclusive rights is giving way to a regime of open access. Third, intermediaries (law school editorial boards, peer-reviewed journals) are being supplemented by disintermediated forms (papers on the Internet, blogs). Blogs and internet conversations between academics are expanding interdisciplinary legal scholarship and increasing the avenues of communication among legal scholars, practitioners and a wide array of interested laypersons worldwide.
Something for Nothing: Liberal Justice and Welfare Work Requirements

Welfare reform legislation enacted in 1996, which created the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, makes entitlement to federal poor relief conditional on fulfilling work requirements. The article addresses the following timely question: whether just liberal societies should require work as a condition of public assistance for the able-bodied, or whether aid should be provided unconditionally through, for example, a basic guaranteed income for all. Drawing on the work of liberal egalitarian theorists, the article investigates whether standard liberal theories of justice can help make sense of arguments commonly voiced in favor of work requirements: that unconditional welfare guarantees, such as a universal basic income, "exploit" workers, license "free riding," and violate basic principles of social reciprocity. The article concludes that the view that unconditional benefits are "unfair" or exploitative is difficult to derive from liberal notions of just societies. Liberal egalitarians start from a baseline of equal initial shares of resources, skepticism about desert and market allocations, and an obligation to hold persons harmless for unlucky outcomes and endowments that does not clearly yield a bedrock obligation to work for a living. Drawing on an evolutionary analysis, the article concludes that any tension between liberal theories and politically popular notions of fairness are due to the failure of political theory to capture dynamic historical conditions that gave rise to basic norms against shirking. The logic of evolutionary development is fundamentally at odds with the static, contractarian thought experiments that liberal theorists favor. The article speculates on the implications of this explanation for the divergence between principles derived from rational analysis and the realities of political psychology.
Digestive Disease as a National Problem: IV. Disability claim study of digestive diseases

Summary This report is based on a study of 13,525 disability claims submitted over the 2-year period 1963 and 1964 by employees of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Diseases of the digestive system accounted for 14% of all claims. Among male employees they were the leading causes of disability, amounting to 18% of the total claims. Although diseases of the respiratory system ranked first among the causes for females, digestive diseases were also of significance, ranking along with accidental injuries in second place. Within the digestive disease category, gastroduodenal ulcer and gastritis were the most frequently encountered cause among men; among women diarrhea and enteritis led the causes. It is concluded that the digestive diseases, because of their relatively high frequency throughout the working years, combined with moderately long periods of disability, are of major importance, although they lack the dramatic impact of accidental injury in youth or heart conditions at the older ages.
Optical implementation of gray-scale morphology

There is much work concerning morphological image processing, both binary and gray scale. Almost all implementations to date are performed electronically on standard computers, specialized processors, or specialized hardware. Prior work has described implementation of binary morphology on an optical processor, as well as indicating the relative merits of using an optical system. However, the restriction to binary morphology on an optical system has required that gray scale problems be reduced to binary morphology solutions using judiciously chosen binarization thresholds. This paper describes how gray scale morphology can be implemented on an optical correlator system using a threshold decomposition algorithm. A series of thresholded binary correlations are formed optically and summed on a CCD detector array or spatial light modulator, to produce the output morphologically processed gray scale image. The speed this optical system is much faster than 30 gray scale images per second. The details of the architecture used to implement threshold decomposition on an optical system is described, and issues relating to the implementation of binary morphology on an optical system are discussed. The threshold decomposition algorithm is discussed with attention to ways to reduce the number of intermediate processing steps required.
Effect of inversion and ankle bracing on peroneus longus Hoffmann reflex

This study examined peroneus longus (PL) Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) during sudden inversion perturbation of the ankle/foot complex under an ankle brace and non-brace condition. Ten healthy subjects volunteered. H-reflexes were tested on the up-sloping portion of the recruitment curve, utilizing a control trial M-wave above motor threshold to maintain consistency between subjects and conditions. The PL H/maximum M-wave (M(max)) ratio was established using the PL H-reflex and PL M(max) peak-to-peak measures. The mean ratio across five trials for each subject under each ankle brace (brace, no brace) and surface (flat, inversion) conditions was utilized for analysis. The 1 x 4 repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for treatment condition (P<0.0001). The PL H/M(max) ratio significantly increased during sudden inversion-no ankle brace condition compared with the flat surface no-ankle brace condition (P=0.04). Application of an ankle brace had no effect on PL H/M(max) ratio during inversion (P=0.78). During this study PL H/M(max) ratios increased during an inversion perturbation in healthy ankles. This is believed to occur due to heightened sensorimotor demand placed on the nervous system during this motion. Moreover, application of an ankle brace during inversion does not appear to affect PL H/M(max) ratio.
The influence of light on pupation height in Drosophila.

A comparison of pupation height in light and dark was made using 12 species ofDrosophila, representing four species groups and four different ecological backgrounds (temperate-montane forest,virilis group desert,replate group; cosmopolitanmelanogaster group; tropical forest,willistoni group). Light condition has a significant effect on pupation height in only two of the species. In the light,D. montana stays close to the food surface, whileD. melanogaster pupates higher in light than in dark. Light-dependent patterns of pupation response do not correspond to those previously reported for the light-dependent mating response. Considerable interspecific variation exists for pupation height in each species triad, some of which could provide a basis for larval niche separation. Patterns of species differences in the desertrepleta triad are the same in light and in darkness.
DRAM performance improvement by lowering interconnect capacitance

SiOC low k (k/spl sim/3.0) ILD was successfully integrated into a 0.18 /spl mu/m Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) with high yields in probe, backend and QA reliability tests. As a result, the bitline capacitance (Cbit) was reduced by 8%. The refresh, speed and power consumption performances were significantly improved.
Microstructural and mechanical investigation of aluminum tailor-welded blanks

The push to manufacture lighter-weight vehicles has forced the auto industry to look to alternative materials than steel for vehicle body structures. Aluminum is one such material that can greatly decrease the weight of vehicle body structures and is also consistent with existing manufacturing processes. As in steel structures, cost and weight can be saved in aluminum structures with the use of tailored blanks. These blanks consist of two or more sheets of dissimilar thicknesses and/or properties joined together through some type of welding process. This enables the design engineer to “tailor” the blank to meet the exact needs of a specific part. Cost savings can be gained by the elimination of reinforcement parts and the stamping dies used to manufacture them. Weight savings can be attained based on the fact that one thicker piece is more efficient than a welded structure and therefore can allow for down-gauging of parts.
Applications of Nanomaterial-Based Membranes in Pollution Control

Human activities have affected the global environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as pollutants control either in solid, liquid or gas forms. The authors provide a thorough review on this pollution control topic covering from traditional decontamination processes, traditional materials used in these processes, to current status of nanomaterials, especially nanomaterial-based membranes that are used. An effort on the state-or-art works on metal-organic frameworks based membranes for gas separation is emphasized also in this review.
Continuity and Transformation During the Terminal Middle Horizon (AD 950-1150): A Bioarchaeological Assessment of Tumilaca Origins Within the Moquegua Valley, Peru

Previous archaeological studies suggest that terminal Middle Horizon Tumilaca populations (cal A.D. 950–1150) of the middle Moquegua Valley represent direct descendants of earlier Chen Chen-style Tiwankau colonists of the region. This study tests this idea by comparing dentally derived biodistance analyses of Tumilaca, Chen Chen-style, Tiwanaku, and other regional samples. The results indicate that the Tumilaca and Chen Chen-style mortuary samples are similar to one another suggesting that these populations might share an ancestral-descendant relationship. The phenetic relations of the Tumilaca and Chen Chen to other regional samples are also discussed.
Prevalence of Predators Associated with Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during Growth of the First Crop of Alfalfa

In 1991 and 1992, Coleomegilla maculata Timberlake adults (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were the most abundant predators prior to first cutting in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) from 16 April to 7 June at four locations in Iowa. Relative populations of C. maculata adults peaked in 1992 at more than one per sweep (38 cm diameter sweepnet) in Polk County on 15 May. In 1991 and 1992, densities of C. maculata adults were highly correlated (P < 0.1) with varying spatial densities of Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae (0.557 < r < 0.919) and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera: Aphididae) (0.379 < r < 0.911). Other coccinellid species, including Hippodamia convergens Guerin, H. tredecimpunctata Say, H. parenthesis Say, Coccinella septempunctata L., Cycloneda munda Say, and Adalia bipunctata L., represented 4.8 and 20.5% of the coccinellids collected in 1991 and 1992, respectively. In 1992, when prey density was from 3 to 7 times higher than in 1991, populations of these coccinellid adults were highly correlated with the density of H. postica larvae (0.324 < r < 0.904) and A. pisum (0.573 < r < 0.805) at each location. Hemipteran predators, including unidentified nabid species and Podisis maculiventrus Say, were relatively rare in alfalfa during this 2-year study. A consistently high correlation between populations of C. maculata adults and H. postica larvae may reflect the ability of this predator to aggregate to an increasing weevil density, which helps to maintain C. maculata populations in alfalfa fields when A. pisum populations are low.
Improved Method for Use of Chelation to Free Stuck Pipe and Enhance Treatment of Lost Returns

This paper describes how intentionally increasing the permeability of a non-aqueous fluid (NAF) filter cake can enhance treatments to free differentially stuck pipe and recover from lost returns. NAFs are well known for their ability to deposit thin, low-permeability filter cakes that reduce the risk of differential sticking. Yet, differential sticking still occurs and techniques to free the pipe have largely been ineffective. In addition, lost returns in NAF continue to be one of the industry’s most difficult and expensive problems to solve. The operator has developed an improved technique to increase the permeability of a NAF filter cake. The technique involves locally soaking the cake using a combination treatment that first conditions the cake and then removes a significant amount of the weighting material. Laboratory experiments have shown the technique can increase cake permeability by more than 850 fold. There are at least two applications for this treatment. In the first, a pill is spotted across pipe segments (e.g., drill collars) believed to be differentially stuck. By increasing the cake permeability, pressure is allowed to penetrate the cake underneath the pipe, allowing it to more easily become free. Dissolving barite also reduces the shear strength of the filter cake, which may also facilitate freeing stuck pipe. A second application is to enhance the performance of high fluid loss lost circulation material (LCM) treatments after NAF has damaged the fracture face permeability. Increased permeability enhances loss of the LCM carrier fluid and development of the immobile mass required to stop the growth of the fracture induced during lost returns. Formation integrity can then be rebuilt using rock mechanics-based
Contact allergy to corticosteroids in patients using inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis or asthma.

Abstract Background: Patients using topically applied corticosteroids are at risk of developing allergic contact hypersensitivity. Objective: To assess prevalence of allergic contact hypersensitivity reactions to inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids. Methods: A prospective study of 30 adult patients using inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids for conditions such as allergic rhinitis was performed. We used epicutaneous patch testing to determine the prevalence of allergic contact hypersensitivity to corticosteroids and common additives (propylene glycol and benzalkonium chloride) in inhaled and nasal corticosteroid preparations in this population. Results: Of 30 patients, 4 (13%) had positive patch test results. 3 (10%) were allergic reactions and 1 (3%) was an irritant reaction. Half of the reactions were to a corticosteroid (budesonide) and half were to a common preservative in nasal preparations (benzalkonium chloride). Conclusion: This study supports other clinical evidence that contact dermatitis/mucositis from inhaled or intranasal corticosteroid products can occur. The corticosteroids or added agents such as preservatives can be causative and may result in allergic or irritant reactions, which can be relevant to clinical symptoms.
Churg–Strauss Syndrome with Eosinophilic Myocarditis: A Clinical Pathology Conference Held by the Division of Rheumatology at Hospital for Special Surgery

Keywords Churg–StraussSyndrome.eosinophilicmyocarditis.hypereosinophilaHistory and Physical ExaminationAn 85-year-old Chinese woman with a 4-year history ofasthma presented with a severe headache for 1 week andsubsternal chest pain for 1 day.Seven days prior to presentation, the patient was seen byher primary care physician for evaluation of a new-onsetsevere headache; she was prescribed an unknown dose ofibuprofen, which she took for 2 days before developing facialswelling and hives. The facial swelling and rash resolvedshortly after discontinuing ibuprofen, but the headache con-tinued. Two days prior to presentation, the patient went to theemergencyroombecauseofherheadache;anon-contrastheadcomputed tomography (CT) scan was negative and she wasdischargedwithoutfurtherworkup.Twodayslater,thepatientdeveloped substernal chestpain. She returnedtotheemergen-cy room and was admitted for further evaluation.On admission, the patient reported frontal and temporalheadache without nausea or photosensitivity. She also com-plained of gradually intensifying, substernal, nonpleuriticchest pain that did not radiate and was not associated withcough or shortness of breath. She denied fever, chills,changes in weight, rash, alopecia, visual disturbance, oralor nasal ulcers, sinus pain, hemoptysis, abdominal pain,nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysuria, hematuria, joint pain,or focal weakness. She reported intermittent episodes of drycough and shortness of breath over the past 4 years that hadbeen diagnosed and treated as asthma.Past medical history was significant for pulmonary tu-berculosis, diagnosed and treated with an unknown medica-tion regimen in 1968. Despite this treatment, she developeddisseminated tuberculosis of the thoracic and pelvic lymphnodes, liver, and spine in 1990. She required spine surgery atthat time and was treated with an unknown multidrug regi-men for the next 4 years. Her other medical history includedasthma, hyperlipidemia, and gastroesophageal reflux dis-ease. She had undergone a meningioma resection in the late1980s.Medications on admission included metoprolol 50 mgdaily, aspirin 81 mg daily, simvastatin 20 mg daily, flutica-sone/salmeterol 250 mcg inhaled twice daily, gabapentin300 mg three times daily, pantoprazole 20 mg daily, traza-done 25 mg nightly, and zolpidem 5 mg nightly. There wereno known drug allergies.The patient was born in China and moved to the USA in1968. She had last traveled back to China in 1990. She livedalone but had family nearby. She did not use tobacco,alcohol, or illicit drugs. She had no family history of auto-immune disease.
Modulation of spontaneous and reflex activity of the jaw musculature by orbital cortical stimulation in the freely-moving cat.

Abstract In freely-moving cats stimulation of the orbital gyrus of the cerebral cortex induced jaw activity which was analyzed on a behavioral and neurophysiologic basis. Repetitive orbital cortical stimulation led to sequential cycles of jaw opening and jaw closure. The frequency of this cycle was not time-locked to the frequency of stimulation, but was within the range of normal masticatory movements. The masseteric and digastric reflexes were monitored during orbital stimulation; their amplitude varied according to the cycle of masticatory activity. During jaw opening the masseteric reflex was inhibited and the digastric reflex was facilitated. Reciprocal changes took place during the jaw-closing phase. In conjunction with single pulse train stimulation of the orbital cortex, masseteric reflex inhibition was observed at cortical conditioning-test response intervals of approximately 8–20 msec, and was followed by a facilitatory phase lasting for about 60 msec. During these time periods the digastric reflex showed reciprocal changes, i. e. initial facilitation followed by long-lasting inhibition. Orbital cortical stimulation evoked activity in the muscle at a latency of approximately 10 msec. The effects of cortical stimulation were compared with masseteric reflex inhibition induced by stimulation of the inferior dental nerve before and after anesthetization with sodium pentobarbital. Anesthetization abolished the cortical effects but had relatively little effect on the inhibition of the masseteric reflex induced by inferior dental nerve stimulation. Digastric and masseter responses to orbital stimulation in the freely-moving cat were compared with previous descriptions of intra- and extracellular responses in the immobilized preparation.
Satiation and cyclic performance of dust-bathing by Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) exhibit cyclic baseline levels of dust-bathing when permitted ad libitum access to a particulate substrate; on a 10 h light:14 h dark photoperiod, the birds confine the bulk of their dust-bathing to 7 ± 2 h after light onset. This study tested the hypothesis that the cyclicity simply reflects stimulus (or response) satiation and recovery therefrom. Birds were induced to satiate to dust prior to the “normal” daily peak period, or were prevented from dust-bathing until near its end. Those that satiated prior to the normal period also exhibited amounts of dust-bathing later the same day comparable to normal baseline levels exhibited by control birds. Birds that were not permitted to dust-bathe until near the end of the normal period exhibited exceptionally high levels of dust-bathing when deprivation was terminated, so that their totals for the normal period were comparable to the totals of birds in the other groups. Thus, the effects of deprivation appear to be additive with respect to a normally cycling baseline level, which is not disturbed by manipulations of the expression of the behaviour.
Resolution of childhood peanut allergy

Background Peanut allergy creates great fear in many families because it is one of the leading causes of fatal and near-fatal food-induced allergies. 1 Earlier reports suggested that peanut allergy was life-long, but a recent study described resolution of peanut allergy in some children. Objective Tolerance to peanut allergy in childhood was studied. Examination of the natural history of childhood peanut allergy was explored. Methods A retrospective review of all children with peanut allergy seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in a 3-year period (n = 293). Children with histories of peanut allergy were challenged at the mean age [3.8 years; range 1.5 to 8 year] which was 1.8 years [range: 0.5 to 6.8 years], following their last known clinical reaction. Food allergy or tolerance was confirmed by open challenges. Results Thirty-three patients with histories of peanut allergy and a positive skin test to peanut underwent oral challenges. Not one patient (n = 5) with a history of peanut anaphylaxis developed tolerance to peanuts. In comparison, 9 of 17 patients with history of urticaria upon ingestion to peanuts developed tolerance. Also, 4 of 10 patients with flaring of their atopic dermatitis upon ingestion to peanuts developed tolerance. The 14 patients with a negative challenge to peanut had a significantly smaller wheal and flare reaction than the 19 patients with positive challenges. Tolerance to peanut was documented by a positive challenge reverting to a negative challenge in one patient. Oral challenge of 13 additional patients with positive skin tests and histories of only refusing to eat peanut resulted in 5 (39%) positive challenges. Conclusion A selected group of peanut-allergic children, who do not have a history anaphylaxis to peanut, may develop tolerance to peanuts.
The high energy X-ray universe

Since its beginning in the early 1960s, the field of X-ray astronomy has exploded, experiencing a ten-billion-fold increase in sensitivity, which brought it on par with the most advanced facilities at all wavelengths. I will briefly describe the revolutionary first discoveries prior to the launch of the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories, present some of the current achievements, and offer some thoughts about the future of this field.
The Planning Monitor: An Accountability Theory of Plan Evaluation

This paper presents the concepts of a planning monitor as a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of plans and the planning process. The concepts of the planning monitor present a structure for preparing an urban or regional plan. There are two separate components of the planning monitor: (1) a set of rational planning procedures; and (2) a supporting information system. The paper argues that planning, in its present form, does not use information effectively. It is not that information is ignored but rather that planning has adapted to an environment where there is a lack of adequate information and has therefore developed procedures which allow it to function without information. It is even conceivable that these procedures may have evolved to the point where they not only do not require information but in fact cannot utilize the information even if it is provided. The discussion encompasses plan preparation and the information systems necessary to make a planning monitor work. A planning monitor would...
Acetylcholine-induced vasodilation is mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandins in human skin

Acetylcholine (ACh) can effect vasodilation by several mechanisms, including activation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase and prostaglandin (PG) production. In human skin, exogenous ACh inc...
The Domestic Dog and Cat as Models for Understanding the Regulation of Ovarian Follicle Development In Vitro

Contents The culture of ovarian follicles is an important tool for understanding the mechanisms controlling follicle development and differentiation of the oocyte. The benefit of recovering meiotically and developmentally competent oocytes from early stage follicles (primordial, primary, pre-antral and early antral) also would be significant, ranging from rescue of genomes from endangered species to preserving fertility in women facing cancer treatments. This research field is at an early stage of scientific discovery. To-date, live offspring from cultured primordial follicles that produced fertilizable oocytes has occurred only in the mouse. Progress in other more complex species has been limited because larger animals have longer durations of natural folliculogenesis, thereby requiring more culture time to generate fully grown follicles and oocytes. We believe the dog and cat are excellent models for understanding more about folliculogenesis in vitro. This review highlights what is known about this topic for these two species as well as future priorities. We have discovered that it is more challenging to maintain viability of primordial follicles within ovarian tissues in vitro in the dog than the cat. Nonetheless, it is possible to grow both isolated cat and dog pre-antral follicles in culture. Although the follicles of both species have the capacity to increase in size and produce steroids, only cat oocytes appear morphologically normal. The reason for this striking difference between these two species is an area of high research priority. While much more fundamental data are required, we envision advanced technology that will allow harvesting oocytes from the vast, unused follicle stores sequestered within carnivore ovaries. These gametes have utility for reproducing genetically valuable dogs and cats that are ‘companions’ or biomedical models for investigating human disorders as well as for salvaging the genomes of rare canid and felid species that die before contributing to genetic management programs.
The Role of Clouds: An Introduction and Rapporteur Report

This paper presents an overview of discussions during the Cloud’s Role session at the Observing and Modelling Earth’s Energy FlowsWorkshop. N. Loeb and B. Soden convened this session including 10 presentations by B. Stevens, B. Wielicki, G. Stephens, A. Clement, K. Sassen, D. Hartmann, T. Andrews, A. Del Genio, H. Barker, and M. Sugi addressing critical aspects of the role of clouds in modulating Earth energy flows. Presentation topics covered a diverse range of areas from cloud microphysics and dynamics, cloud radiative transfer, and the role of clouds in large-scale atmospheric circulations patterns in both observations and atmospheric models. The presentations and discussions, summarized below, are organized around several key questions raised during the session. (1) What is the best way to evaluate clouds in climate models? (2) How well do models need to represent clouds to be acceptable for making climate predictions? (3) What are the largest uncertainties in clouds? (4) How can these uncertainties be reduced? (5) What new observations are needed to address these problems? Answers to these critical questions are the topics of ongoing research and will guide the future direction of this area of research.
New Approach to Manipulating and Characterizing Powdered Photoadsorbents: NO on Cl-Treated Fe2O3†

Photon-enhanced catalysis and adsorption offer significant advantages over thermal processes in many environmental protection and cleanup applications. However, up to now relatively little work has focused on improving material performance by chemical surface modification. Here we show that powdered Fe 2 O 3 treated with aqueous NH 4 Cl exhibits appreciable activity for the photoadsorption ofNO, whereas the pure iron oxide does not. Through the use of a specially designed apparatus for performing temperature-programmed desorption with illuminated powders, we demonstrate the existence of a distribution ofbinding states, only some of which exhibit reversibility. Analytical methods developed recently in this laboratory permit extraction of the sticking probability, desorption order, preexponential factor, and energy distribution for the reversible states. The results suggest nondissociative chemisorption with an average binding energy near 25 kcal/mol. We rationalize the unusually low prefactor for desorption (2 × 10 11 s -1 ) in terms of a new physical picture invoking adsorbate ionization on a semiconductor surface.
The Fifth Workshop on Teaching Computational Science (WTCS 2011)

Abstract The Fifth Workshop on Teaching Computational Science, within the International Conference on Computational Science, provides a platform for discussing innovations in teaching computational sciences at all levels and contexts of higher education. This editorial provides an introduction to the work presented during the sessions.
Dielectric breakdown in continuous models of metal-loaded dielectrics.

We develop two- and three-dimensional models for breakdown of metal-loaded dielectrics based on the breakdown of random arrays of perfectly conducting cylinders and spheres embedded in a uniform dielectric and placed in a uniform external electric field. We determine the breakdown field, breakdown-path geometry, and dielectric constant as a function of metal packing fraction. The computer solution of Laplace's equation in the random geometry uses truncated multipole expansions and the random packing configurations are generated by the Monte Carlo method. We compare the simulation results with exact lower bounds for the dielectric constant and scaling arguments for the breakdown field, which predict a linear relationship between the breakdown field and both the average surface-to-surface spacing between the metal particles and the minimum dielectric gap. Finally, we show that experimental results for inert rocket propellents are in excellent agreement with the scaling prediction.
Binding at and transactivation of the COX-2 promoter by nuclear tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-2

Pathological expression of human ErbB-2 protein, also known as HER-2, is common in many types of cancer. ErbB-2 is a member of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase family and has been rigorously studied as a signaling molecule on the cell membrane. Here, we report that ErbB-2 is also expressed in the nucleus in cultured cells as well as primary tumor tissues. Nuclear ErbB-2 was found to associate with multiple genomic targets in vivo, including the cyclooxygenase enzyme COX-2 gene promoter. ErbB-2 forms a complex at a specific nucleotide sequence of the COX-2 promoter and is able to stimulate its transcription. This study demonstrates the presence of ErbB-2 in the nucleus and identifies the function of ErbB-2 as a transcriptional regulator.
The Paradoxical Linkage Of Social Alienation With Technological Advance

Popular, successful technology contains within itself certain principles which tend to alienate people from technology. A major contributor is user friendly design which produces estrangement by "hiding" the operative technology from the user. This alienation appears to be an irreducible residue of modern technology. This circumstance resonates with the current predominance of technology in our environment to produce a general feeling of estrangement from the world we inhabit. It thus appears prudent to develop strategies for coping with this phenomenon rather than unrealistically planning to eliminate it.
Three's a crowd? PredictingEigenmannia's responses to multiple jamming

We have studied Jamming Avoidance Responses (JARs) ofEigenmannia in the presence of more than one interfering signal. Experiments were performed on intact as well as curarized specimens, whose silenced electric organ discharge (EOD) was replaced by a sine wave,S1 of frequency,F1. Sine waves,S2 andS3, with respective frequencies,F2 andF3, mimicked EODs of two potential neighbors. Much as in the case of a single interfering signal,S2 (Heiligenberg and Bastian, 1980), the presentation of two interfering signals,S2 andS3, results in modulations of phase,H(t), and amplitude, ¦S¦(t), of the animal's contaminated EOD or its substitute,S1, and these modulations drive the JAR. The plots ofH and ¦S¦, as variables in a two-dimensional state-plane, yield graphs in the manner of Lissajous Figures whose shape depends upon the relative intensities, ¦S2¦/¦S1¦ and ¦S3¦/¦S1¦, and the differences in frequencies,ΔF2=F2−F1 andΔF3=F3-F1, of the two stimuli,S2 andS3 (Figs. 1 to 5). On the basis of such graphs, JARs to multiple stimuli can be predicted (Figs. 5 to 7) by a line integration algorithm (Fig. 9) originally developed for the single stimulus case (Heiligenberg and Bastian, 1980). This model, which should predict JARs to any number of interfering stimuli, assumes that the effect of an entire graph is the integral of incremental contributions by line segments which constitute this graph, with the effect of a single line segment depending upon its location and orientation within the state-plane. As a consequence of this mechanism, the animal most strongly avoids the frequency vicinity of the strongest and thus most detrimental stimulus without the necessity of identifying intensities and frequencies of any stimuli in the jamming regime.
Affine fractal interpolation functions and wavelet-based finite elements

This paper derives a class of finite elements from wavelets generated using affine, fractal interpolation functions (AFIF). The finite elements derived from wavelets generated from an AFIF differ from recent elements derived by the authors in that multivalued scaling functions are employed. These elements are similar to conventional finite elements in that they are compactly supported, and are interpolatory at dyadic points which define the nodes. Specifically, two scaling functions and two wavelets that are Lipschitz continuous are employed. Each scaling function has support of length one or two, and is either symmetric or antisymmetric. These properties enables the incorporation of both Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions in a straightforward manner. For either class of boundary conditions, the multiresolution Vk+1≡Vk⊕Wk restricted to the compact interval of interest is fully orthogonal. This fact is advantageous in that it facilitates both the analysis of the convergence of the multigrid methods.
Rehearsal strategies and the primacy effect in serial learning

This study evaluated the effects of three different types of overt rehearsal upon the serial position curve after a single serial learning trial. Ss who rehearsed from the beginning of the list displayed a distinct primacy effect. Rehearsal of successive pairs of items and rehearsal of single items within the list produced minimal and intermediate degrees of primacy, respectively. The curve of a control group, which received no rehearsal instructions, did not differ from that of the group rehearsing from the beginning of the list.
Metal particle nucleation in turbulent jets visualization of the large and small scales

We present the results of direct numerical simulation of zinc nanoparticle nucleation in turbulent round jets. We resolve all of the appropriate length and time scales to solve the coupled fluid, heat, and mass-transfer equations. A recently developed homogeneous nucleation model is used to represent the formation of zinc nanoparticles. The jets are composed of hot metal vapor diluted in nitrogen issuing into a cooler, co-flowing stream. Nucleation occurs along the outer regions of the jet with regions over which nucleation occurs increasing significantly after collapse of the jet potential core.
Evaluation of the United States Public Health Service Guidelines for Discontinuation of Anticytomegalovirus Therapy After Immune Recovery in Patients With Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

Purpose To evaluate United States Public Health Service (USPHS) guidelines for discontinuing anticytomegalovirus (CMV) therapy in patients with AIDS who have immune recovery and quiescent retinitis after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy. Design Cohort study of patients with CMV retinitis (Longitudinal Study of Ocular Complications of AIDS). Methods Participants had CMV retinitis and CD4+ T-cell counts of 50 cells/μL or fewer enrolled from 1998 through 2009 who demonstrated sustained immune recovery (2 consecutive CD4+ T-cell counts of 100 cells/μL or more at least 6 months apart) and inactive retinitis. Participants were classified into 2 groups according to anti-CMV treatment after immune recover: (1) continued anti-CMV therapy and (2) discontinued therapy. We evaluated survival, visual acuity, and CMV retinitis activity; we used propensity scores to adjust for confounding factors for these analyses. Results Of 152 participants reviewed, 71 demonstrated immune recovery, 37 of whom discontinued therapy and 34 of whom continued therapy. At immune recovery, participants continuing therapy tended to be older (44 vs 40 years; P = .09), have bilateral retinitis (53% vs 32%; P = .10), and have lower CD4+ T-cell counts (148 vs 207 cells/μL; P P Conclusions Discontinuation of anti-CMV therapy after immune recovery did not increase the risk of poor outcomes. These results support the current guidelines for discontinuation of anti-CMV therapy after achievement of sustained immune recovery.
Osseous metaplasia in plantar fibromatosis: A case report

A case report about extensive osseous metaplasia of a plantar fibromatosis is presented. The authors are unaware of previous reports in the literature describing osseous metaplasia within plantar fibromatosis in this manner. This case shows that plantar fibromatosis may undergo osseous metaplasia in a fashion similar to fibromatous lesions elsewhere.
Applications of nestedness analyses to biodiversity conservation in developing landscapes

We provide an overview of how nestedness analyses of presence/absence data might direct conservation and land-use planning in developing landscapes. We describe two nestedness statistics, the percent of perfect nestedness (%PN) and the relative nestedness index C, which statistically and directly test whether assemblages of organisms are nested by gradients relevant to conservation practice. For cases in which assemblages are nested by such gradients, our new freeware program allows users to determine the line of smoothest transition among species-specific thresholds of occurrence. Policy makers, urban planners, and resource managers could use this curve to set specific targets for environmental attributes that are affected by land use (e.g., maximum percent of impervious surface) and are correlated with species richness or life history traits. We use case studies of birds across an urban gradient and birds and butterflies in an exurban landscape to illustrate the range of conservation and land-use issues that nestedness analyses might address at relatively low cost. We also discuss how nestedness analyses relate to other statistical techniques relevant to the analysis of presence/absence data.
Representational momentum, spatial layout, and viewpoint dependency

Completing a representational momentum (RM) task, participants viewed one of three camera motions through a scene and indicated whether test probes were in the same position as they were in the final view of the animation. All camera motions led to RM anticipations in the direction of motion, with larger distortions resulting from rotations than a compound motion of a rotation and a translation. A surprise test of spatial layout, using an aerial map, revealed that the correct map was identified only following aerial views during the RM task. When the RM task displayed field views, including repeated views of multiple object groups, participants were unable to identify the overall spatial layout of the scene. These results suggest that the object–location binding thought to support certain change detection and visual search tasks might be viewpoint dependent.
Antibody depletion for the treatment of crossmatch-positive pediatric heart transplant recipients.

Sensitization to human leukocyte antigens (HLA) is a risk factor for adverse outcomes after heart transplantation. Requiring a negative prospective crossmatch results in longer waiting times and increased waitlist mortality. We report outcomes in a cohort of sensitized children who underwent transplant despite a positive complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) crossmatch (CM+) using a protocol of antibody depletion at time of transplant, followed by serial intravenous immunoglobulin administration. All patients less than 21 years old who underwent heart transplantation at Boston Children’s Hospital from 1/1998-1/2011 were included. We compared freedom from allograft loss, allograft rejection, and serious infection between CM+ and CM− recipients. Of 134 patients in the cohort, 33 (25%) were sensitized prior to transplantation and 12 (9%) received a CM+ heart transplant. Serious infection in the first post-transplant year was more prevalent in the CM+ patients compared to CM− patients (50% vs. 16%;P=0.005), as was hemodynamically significant antibody mediated rejection (50% vs. 2%;P<0.001). There was no difference in freedom from allograft loss or any rejection. At our center, children transplanted despite a positive crossmatch had acceptable allograft survival and risk of any rejection, but a higher risk of hemodynamically significant antibody-mediated rejection and serious infection.