cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6-Induced Degradation of E6TP1 Correlates with Its Ability To Immortalize Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

Recent analyses have identified a number of binding partners for E6, including E6AP, ERC55, paxillin, hDlg, p300, interferon regulatory factor 3, hMCM7, Bak, and E6TP1. Notably, association with E6 targets p53, E6TP1, myc, hMCM7, and Bak for degradation. However, the relative importance of the various E6 targets in cellular transformation remains unclear. E6 alone can dominantly immortalize normal human mammary epithelial cells (MECs), permitting an assessment of the importance of various E6 targets in cellular transformation. Studies in this system indicate that E6-induced degradation of p53 and E6 binding to ERC55 or hDlg do not correlate with efficient immortalization. Here, we have examined the role of E6TP1, a Rap GTPase-activating protein, in E6-induced immortalization of MECs. We tested a large set of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 mutants for their ability to bind and target E6TP1 for degradation in vitro and in vivo. We observed a strict correlation between the ability of E6 protein to target E6TP1 for degradation and its ability to immortalize MECs. Recent studies have identified telomerase as a target of E6 protein. Previous analyses of E6 mutants have revealed this trait to closely correlate with MEC immortalization. We examined our entire panel of E6 mutants for rapid induction of telomerase activity and found in general a strong correlation with immortalizing ability. The tight correlation between E6TP1 degradation and MEC immortalization strongly supports a critical role of functional inactivation of E6TP1 in E6-induced cellular immortalization.
Malignant chemodectoma presenting as a miliary pulmonary infiltrate.

A case of malignant chemodectoma presenting as a miliary pulmonary infiltrate is reported and the literature reviewed. Initially, the patient's diagnosis was felt to be miliary tuberculosis, until a lung biopsy showed the typical characteristics of malignant chemodectoma. Eleven cases of malignant chemodectoma metastatic to the lung have been previously reported. Chemotherapy with actinomycin-D and vincistine reduced the size of the primary lesion, although there was no detectable change in the pulmonary lesions. This case illustrates another condition which must be added to the long list of diseases which may present as a diffuse pulmonary infiltrate.
Adaptation to a fish oil diet before inducing sepsis in rats prevents fatty infiltration of the liver.

Hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver are common lipid abnormalities associated with Gram-negative sepsis. Fish oils have been shown to have beneficial effects in reducing plasma triglycerides (TG). This study was designed to investigate whether fish oils would prevent the elevation of plasma TG and the accumulation of liver lipids during sepsis. One group of rats was fed a 10% menhaden oil diet and the other group was fed a 10% corn oil diet for 14 days. On the 14th day, sepsis was induced by injecting the rats with 8 x 107 live Escherichia coli colonies/100 g of body weight and the rats were fasted for 22 hours. The liver composition of total lipids and TG in the septic rats prefed the fish oil was lower than in the septic rats prefed the corn oil. In the rats adapted to the corn oil diet, lipids accumulated in the livers of the septic rats in comparison with the control rats. Hepatocytes isolated from the septic rats adapted to the corn oil diet showed an increased esterification of [1-14C]palmitate int...
Application of the coordinate rotation method to metastable atom-diatom scattering resonances

The procedure for applying the coordinate rotation device to the coupled-channel scattering equations is presented. Results of applications of the method to resonances occurring in low-energy atom-diatom collision processes are presented. In particular, rotational Feshbach resonances in model (homogeneous) potentials which have also been studied by Grabenstetter and Le Roy are examined within this novel approach.
Thermal conductivity of A-site doped pyrochlore oxides studied by molecular-dynamics simulation

Molecular-dynamics simulations are used to compute thermal-conductivity of pyrochlore solid solutions based on Gd2Zr2O7 with substitution on the A-site by La, Y, and Sm ions. Simulation results and theoretical predictions are compared to experimental data where available. We find that simulations predict that the thermal conductivity decreases due to point-defect scattering, but by a much smaller amount than what is observed in experiment. At higher temperatures, we predict that additional point-defect scattering results in very small decreases in the thermal conductivity. While both mass and bond disorder play a role in reducing the thermal conductivity, the simulations suggest that large differences in ionic sizes on the A-site result in biggest effect. We explore the results using a theoretical model based on prior work due to B. Abeles, and find in some cases significant disagreement with our simulated results. The results presented here suggest that additional point-defect disorder will likely be of rather limited value for low thermal-conductivity applications. Finally, we discuss some of the possible explanations for disagreement with experimental observations.
Selected traditional structural descriptors and R M values for estimation and prediction of lipophilicity of homologous series of saturated fatty acids

An homologous series of carboxylic FA, from methanoic to triacontanoic, were characterized by selected structural descriptors based on distance matrix (W, A, 0B, 1B), adjacency matrix (M, Mv, 0χ, 1χ, 2χ, 0χv, 1χv, 2χv, F, N2), and information theory (ISA, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqefmuzUrxDYL% hih9gDOL2yaGqbaiqa-LeagaqeamaaBaaaleaacGa1a+3uaiacud4F% bbaabeaaaaa!40D4! $$\bar I_{SA} $$ ) as well as electrotopological states. Saturated FA, from pentanoic to eicosanoic as well as from heptanoic to tricontanoic acids, were separated by reversed-phase high-performance TLC (RP-HPTLC) using mobile phases of methanol/water. The relationships existing between experimental partition coefficients (log P exp), partition coefficients obtained from an Internet database (IAlogP and ClogPTM), and R M values (obtained by means of RP-HPTLC, where R M is the hydrophobicity index) or structural descriptors (based on adjacency matrix: M, Mν, 0χ, 1χ, 2χ, 0χv, 1χv, 2χv, F, N2 and information theory: ISA, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqefmuzUrxDYL% hih9gDOL2yaGqbaiqa-LeagaqeamaaBaaaleaacGa1a+3uaiacud4F% bbaabeaaaaa!40D4! $$\bar I_{SA} $$ ) of saturated FA were investigated. Comparison and estimation of the usefulness of R M values and selected structural descriptors for calculating and predicting partition coefficients of saturated FA are the novel components of the work presented. The authors found that both values for R M and structural descriptors can serve for calculating and predicting the partition coefficients of FA investigated; but the selected traditional structural descriptors better describe the partition coefficients than the R M values.
A Data-Driven Regularization Model for Stereo and Flow

Data-driven techniques can reliably build semantic correspondence among images. In this paper, we present a new regularization model for stereo or flow through transferring the shape information of the disparity or flow from semantically matched patches in the training database. Compared to previous regularization models based on image appearance alone, we can better resolve local ambiguity of the disparity or flow by considering the semantic information without explicit object modeling. We incorporate this data-driven regularization model into a standard Markov Random Field (MRF) model, inferred with a gradient descent algorithm and learned with a discriminative learning approach. Compared to prior state-of-the-art methods, our full model achieves comparable or better results on the KITTI stereo and flow datasets, and improves results on the Sintel Flow dataset under an online estimation setting.
Temperature Dependence of the Soft Ferroelectric Mode in KTa O 3

The lattice dynamics of the perovskite-type ferroelectric KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been studied by inelastic neutron-scattering techniques. In particular, the temperature dependence of the soft ferroelectric mode, namely a transverse optical mode at $q=0$, has been studied between 4 and 295\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At 295\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the phonon energy of this mode is 10.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 meV (86.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), in excellent agreement with the optical measurement of Miller and Spitzer. The square of the energy of the soft mode follows closely the temperature dependence of $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ down to 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K (the extrapolated Curie temperature is 2-4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The deviation of the dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ from a Curie-Weiss law, at the high- and low-temperature extremes, is faithfully reflected in the temperature dependence of the soft mode. Anomalous behavior was observed at 4.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in this mode as well as in other modes. A tentative explanation for this anomalous behavior is that a phase transition has set in at approximately 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Infrared water vapor continuum absorption: equilibria of ions and neutral water clusters.

The temperature dependence of (Cs0)λ, the self-broadening coefficient for the water vapor continuum absorption at wavelength λ, can be modeled by the equilibrium ion product of water which is tabulated widely in physics texts and handbooks. A theoretical basis for this modeling is developed from water cluster theory, and it is shown that experimental values of (Cs0)λ could be seriously in error, especially at high temperatures, if the saturation ratio (fractional RH) of water vapor is not taken into account by the experimenter for reasons other than normalization of the coefficient for partial pressure of the sample. An explanation is suggested for the departure of (Cs0)λ from the usual negative dependence on increasing water vapor temperature in some experiments. Figures are given showing equilibrium sizes and populations of neutral water clusters and ions in water vapor as functions of humidity and temperature, based in part on data of Bignell and other workers.
Distant (200–238 Re) magnetotail lobe characteristics during quiet solar wind conditions

Simultaneous ISEE-3 magnetic field and IMP-8 magnetic field and plasma data have been used to investigate the distant tail lobe average properties under quiet solar wind conditions. Under solar wind pressures of not greater than 5 x 10 to the -10th dynes/sq cm, an average tail lobe strength of 7.1 + or - 1.2 nT, and an average plasma beta of 0.3, are found. Results suggest that under quiet solar wind conditions the distant tail lobes are relatively free from plasma and are usually dominated by the magnetic field pressure.
Abstract 4061: A novel CXCR4-mediated mechanism of docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Docetaxel (DTX), a semi-synthetic analog of paclitaxel, has emerged as the standard of care for chemotherapy of hormone-resistant prostate cancer. DTX confers its anti-neoplastic activity by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization, which leads to G2/M cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis. However, most patients treated with DTX ultimately develop resistance to the drug and succumb to the disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying DTX resistance is a priority area in prostate cancer research. Increasingly, it is being suggested that cancer cells may use common pathways for disease aggressiveness/metastatic spread and chemotherapeutic resistance. Therefore, we investigated the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling, which is known to promote invasion and metastasis, in DTX-resistance of prostate cancer cells. Our data demonstrated that CXCL12 treatment rescued the prostate cancer cells from DTX-induced cytotoxicity and G2/M mitotic arrest. Furthermore, the cytoprotective effect of CXCL12 was abolished upon pretreatment of prostate cancer cells with AMD3100 (a small molecule antagonist of CXCR4) or siRNA-mediated silencing of CXCR4, thus confirming the role of CXCR4 in DTX-resistance. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed enhanced polymerization of microtubules in DTX-treated prostate cancer cells. In accordance with this, immunoblot analyses demonstrated increased levels of detyrosinated (glu-) and acetylated (ace-) tubulins, specific markers of the polymerized tubulin, in prostate cancer cells treated with DTX. Co-treatment of CXCL12 abrogated DTX-induced stabilization of microtubules in the prostate cancer cells, an effect that was diminished when the cells were pre-treated with AMD3100. Altogether, these initial findings demonstrate the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis in DTX-resistance of prostate cancer cells and thus could be an attractive target for therapeutic enhancement of DTX. Citation Format: Arun Bhardwaj, Sanjeev K. Srivastava, Sumit Arora, Stephen J. Hyde, Joel F. Andrews, Steven McClellan, Seema Singh, Ajay P. Singh. A novel CXCR4-mediated mechanism of docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4061. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4061
Sheela-Na-Gigs: Unravelling an enigma, Barbara Freitag

Sheela-Na-Gigs: Unravelling an Enigma, Barbara Freitag, 2004, Abingdon, Routledge, pp. viii +205, ISBN 0.415.34553.7, €35.00/$45.00/£25.00 (pb) In this book Barbara Freitag, a lecturer in intercult...
Grain Rotation and Grain Boundary Selection in Thin Films

Computer simulations of the phenomenon of grain rotation in polycrystalline textured films have been carried out. These simulations provide insight into the evolution of film microstructure due to grain rotation. It is found that grain rotation diminishes with annealing time and stops almost completely when a metastable equilibrium is obtained. The incidence of Σ1, Σ7 and Σ3 Coincident Site Lattice (CSL) boundaries increases with time while the other CSLs reduce in number. Sequential annealing experiments have been performed on thin films of gold. Grain rotation is found to take place with an average rotation rate of about 4°/hour at both 250°C and 350°C.
Optimal Growth with Robust Feedback Control

Optimal control theory is no less important in economics today than welfare economics was twenty years ago. It is used to evaluate different growth paths; and it forms a crucial part of the long-run theory of the firm. It has been used to derive an aggregate savings function, a demand for real balances function and an optimum dividend policy for a corporation. There is no area in economics which cannot benefit from the use of optimal control theory. As a rule, economists have used the Maximum Principle of Pontryagin to derive optimal control laws. Cass [4] formulated instructions to a central planning board, which attempts to direct the growth of the economy in an optimal manner, on the basis of the maximum principle. In his expository paper, Dorfman [5] used " optimal control theory" and the maximum principle synonymously. The maximum principle is an " open loop " type of optimization method in that it yields an entire sequence of controls to be followed from initial conditions. Half of the initial conditions must be obtained from transversality conditions which imply the solution of differential equations. Given the high probability of errors in measurement, formulation and implementation, as well as the likelihood of outside disturbances, the overall system will not be stable unless the open loop optimal policies are converted to a feedback form. This is to be expected since the optimal path to the desired target is unique. It is clearly advantageous in economics to derive policies in feedback form, where the next move depends upon the current state,
Improving colorectal cancer screening: fact and fantasy

Premalignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as Barrett's esophagus, long-standing ulcerative colitis, and adenomatous polyps, have a significantly increased risk for development of adenocarcinoma, most often through an intermediate stage of dysplasia. Adenocarcinoma of the colon is the second most common cancer in the United States. Because patients with colorectal cancer often present with advanced disease, the outcomes are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Effective methods of early detection are essential. As non-polypoid dysplasia is not visible using conventional endoscopy, surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus and ulcerative colitis is performed via a system in which multiple random biopsies are obtained at prescribed intervals. Sampling error and missed diagnoses occur frequently and render current screening methods inadequate. Also, the examination of a tissue biopsy is time consuming and costly, and significant intra- and inter-observer variation may occur. The newer methods discussed herein demonstrate the potential to solve these problems by early detection of disease with high sensitivity and specificity. Conventional endoscopy is based on the observation of white light reflected off the tissue surface. Subtle changes in color and shadow reveal structural changes. New developments in optical imaging go beyond white light, exploiting other properties of light. Several promising methods will be discussed at this meeting and shall be briefly discussed below. However, few such imaging modalities have arrived at our clinical practice. Some much more practical methods to improve colorectal cancer screening are currently being evaluated for their clinical impact. These methods seek to overcome limitations other than those of detecting dysplasia not visible under white light endoscopy. The current standard practice of colorectal cancer screening utilizes colonoscopy, an uncomfortable, sometimes difficult medical procedure. Efforts to improve the practice of colonoscopy will be described. Another limitation of the current practice is the inability to detect polypoid neoplasia that is hidden from view under white light imaging by the natural folds that occur within the colon. A device to overcome this limitation will also be described. Efforts to improve colorectal cancer screening (and thereby decrease the death rate of this second leading cause of cancer death in the United States) are progressing in many arenas. The researcher, basic or clinical, should maintain an up to date overview of the field and how each new technological advance is likely to have a role in the screening and early detection of colorectal cancer.
Some comments on a theorem of Hardy and Littlewood

In this note, we reconstruct a proof of a classical result due to Hardy and Littlewood. While this result has played an important role in the modern theories of Markov decision processes and stochastic games, it is not that easy to find its proof in the literature in the format in which it has been applied. Furthermore, we supply either examples or complete citations for the other related cases which are not covered by the Hardy-Littlewood theorem.
Correlates of individual differences in compensatory nicotine self-administration in rats following a decrease in nicotine unit dose

Rationale The ability of tobacco harm reduction strategies to produce significant reductions in toxin exposure is limited by compensatory increases in smoking behavior. Characterizing factors contributing to the marked individual variability in compensation may be useful for understanding this phenomenon and assessing the feasibility of harm reduction interventions.
Fast Planning of Well Conditioned Trajectories for Model Learning

This paper discusses the problem of planning well conditioned trajectories for learning a class of nonlinear models such as the imaging model of a camera and the multibody dynamic model of a robot. In such model learning problems, the model parameters can be linearly decoupled from system variables in the feature space. The learning accuracy and robustness against measurement noise and unmodeled response depend largely on the condition number of the data matrix. A new method is proposed to plan well conditioned trajectories efficiently by using low-discrepancy sequences and matrix subset selection. Application examples show promising results. I. INTRODUCTION Proper modeling is important to the control of mechatronic systems. Torque feedforward control based on an accurate dynamic model largely reduces the trajectory tracking error of servo systems. In iterative learning control and disturbance observer control, the bandwidth of effective disturbance rejection is largely determined by the accuracy of the model. In visual servoing, an inaccurate camera model might lead to undesired response and even instability. In system diagnose, model learning with high accuracy is needed for telling the health of the system. A model with high fidelity is also indispensable to virtual development based on computer simulations. In general, system behavior can be modeled as y = g(x,Z), where x ∈ R s includes the minimum number of system variables that can fully describe the system status (e.g., position, velocity, and acceleration of a point mass), y ∈ R o includes the system variables that are determined or required by x, and Z ∈ R p consists of p model parameters to be learned. Besides the linear models that can be transformed into transfer functions, many important models are nonlinear and cannot be identified using frequency response. Such models include, but not limited to the imaging model of a camera and the multibody dynamic model of a robot. There are often two major steps in learning those models. First, the model is transformed to the form of
CALCIUM DOES NOT REGULATE PROTEIN DEGRADATION IN FETAL MUSCLE

The rate of protein degradation in adult skeletal muscle in vitro is markedly enhanced by treatments that increase intracellular Ca2+. Fetal diaphragm degrades protein at much lower rates than adult muscle, and is unaffected by ambient Ca2+. In order to further define regulation of proteolysis during development, tyrosine release from skeletal muscle, incubated in vitro, was used as an index of protein degradation. Tyrosine release in fetal muscle is unaffected by Ca2+ concentration, the calcium ionophore A23187 or muscle depolarization produced by elevated extracellular K+. Proteolysis in fetal muscle is reduced 35-40% by inhibitors of thiol proteinases (leupeptin or Ep-475) in the absence of Ca2+. Inhibition of ATP-dependent proteolysis by NaF or DNP occurs in fetal muscle independent of Ca2+. Methylamine, an inhibitor of lysosomal proteolytic activity, impedes ionophore-induced proteolysis in adult muscle but has no effect on fetal muscle. Ca2+-facilitated proteolysis is enhanced by nutrient deprivation in adult but not fetal muscle. The activities of lysosomal enzymes (cathepsin B, galactosidase, glucosaminidase and acid phospatase) in muscle homogenates do not vary during development. These results indicate that proteolysis in fetal muscle is independent of calcium. Thus, the overall rate of protein breakdown in fetal muscle remains unaffected by physiologic or pathologic states that alter intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
Incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia with intrathoracic bowel obstruction after right liver donation.

Abstract Liver transplantation has become an acceptable surgical procedure with the advancement of the technical and rejection considerations involved. Initially nonliving donors were used for transplantation procedures. However, with improved techniques, living donor procedures have become much more frequent. With this, complications involving the transplant organ donor may occur. We present 2 patients with intrathoracic bowel obstruction due to herniation of the small intestine and colon through a defect in the dome of the diaphragm with development of chest pain and gastrointestinal symptoms. Both patients were diagnosed by computerized tomography scan and had a right thoracotomy with lysis of the adhesions, reduction of the hernia, repair of the diaphragm, and mesh reinforcement of the diaphragm. Neither patient had a prior diaphragm defect. These patients, on review of the literature, represent the first 2 such reported cases and suggest the need to be aware of any potential diaphragm defects before ...
Multiwavelength three-dimensional 2x2 fiber optic switch structure using small-tilt micromirrors

Multiwavelength 2 X 2 fiber-optic switch array retroreflective structure is proposed using a 2D array of small +/- 10 degree(s) tilt micromirrors. Experimental results at the 1550 nm band indicate a best -23 dB optical crosstalk level.
Collagenase production by synovial fibroblasts treated with phorbol myristate acetate

A series of intracellular events occurring after treatment of rabbit synovial fibroblasts with 0.01 micrograms/ml phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) were measured. Ten minutes after addition of PMA, there was a temporary increase in intracellular cyclic AMP levels, followed by a transient decrease in incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA. Approximately 500 ng/mg cell protein of PGE2 were found in culture medium from the 12- to 24-hour incubation period, but significant collagenase was not detectable until 24 to 36 hours. Treatment with aspirin or indomethacin abolished PGE2 production but did not affect collagenase levels. Production of enzyme was associated with a cessation of cell proliferation, measured by protein content/culture and cell number. No enzyme was detectable in untreated cultures. Synovial fibroblasts treated with phorbol myristate acetate may provide a good model for studies on the mechanism of induction of collagenase production.
Excited singlet state kinetics on a subnanosecond time-scale

Abstract It is possible to study directly the absorption time-profiles of short-lived excited singlet states by sampling the transient excitation spectra for fluorescence from upper states. This approach has many advantages over direct absorption measurements, since the effects of triplet state absorption can be suppressed and the population time-profiles of excited singlet states can be studied in detail. The first direct measurements are reported of singlet state absorption time profiles in a number of aromatic aza- and carbonyl compounds.
Influence of grain processing on in vitro enzymatic starch digestion of barley and sorghum grain

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine in vitro enzymatic starch digestion of barley and sorghum grains, and to ascertain the influence of various grain processing methods on the starch availability of barley and sorghum grain to enzymatic degradation. In vitro starch digestion was determined by incubating ground samples of grain with porcine pancreatin or a homogenate of lyophilized bovine pan creas. At the conclusion of the 30-minute incubation period, starch digestion of eight samples of barley was higher than the average of 11 sorghum grain samples. Steaming or pressure cooking at 1.4 kg/cm2 for 1 minute without flaking decreased in vitro starch digestion of barley and sorghum grain as compared with the untreated grains. Starch digestion of pressure-cooked barley and sorghum grain was improved at steam pres sures exceeding 2.8 kg/cm2. Flaking the grains after steaming or pressure cooking markedly increased in vitro digestion of both grains. Digestibility improved with increased degree of flaking (flake flatness). Similar results were obtained with both enzyme sources. These data suggest that the degree of flaking is the principal factor in the processing methods studied which influences availability of barley and sorghum grain starch to in vitro enzyme attack
Exogenous hormone use, reproductive history and risk of adult myeloid leukaemia.

A hormonal aetiology is one explanation for the lower incidence of myeloid leukaemia in women compared with men. In this population-based case–control study, we evaluated associations between exogenous hormone use and reproductive history and myeloid leukaemia, overall and by disease subtype. We observed a suggestive association between oral contraceptive use and acute myeloid leukaemia (odds ratio=0.55, 95% confidence interval=0.32–0.96). Hormone replacement therapy and reproductive factors were not associated with risk. Despite the biological plausibility for a role of oestrogen in leukaemogenesis, other aetiologic factors are likely to explain the differing incidence rates in males and females.
STUDIES ON ANTI-THYROID PRINCIPLES

WHEN NOVOCAIN or procain is injected subcutaneously in guinea pigs in proper doses, the body temperature is lowered to a considerable degree in one or two hours. Glaubach and Pick (i) have shown that this effect does not occur when thyroxin is administered to the animals for several days prior to the injection of the novocain or procain. This fact seems to suggest a suitable method for studying the possible antagonistic action of certain substances toward thyroxin. Using another method, one of us (J. B.) with his coworkers (2, 3) has demonstrated that such a protective effect against thyroxin can be obtained with lipoid extracts of blood and pancreas. A similar though less marked effect can be obtained with olive oil and with various preparations of blood manufactured and recommended in Germany for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. The protective action, however, has been noted only in animal experiments.
A hybrid positron detection and optical coherence tomography system: design, calibration, and experimental validation with rabbit atherosclerotic models

Angiogenesis in advanced breast cancers is highly distorted and heterogeneous. Non-invasive imaging that can monitor angiogenesis may be invaluable for assessing tumor response to treatment. By combining ultrasound and near infrared optical imaging, a reliable new technique has emerged for predicting tumor angiogenesis within the breast.
Critical Thoughts on Critical Thinking.

Scholars in many academic areas, including librarians, devote a significant amount of thought to critical thinking. Surveying views of its use and possibility, the author considers some key librarians' thoughts on critical thinking. In conclusion, the inability to define critical thinking means that librarians need to emphasize control of databases.
A comparative study of seismic provisions between International Building Code 2003 and Uniform Building Code 1997

This study focuses on the comparison of the Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1997 and International Building Code (IBC) 2003 in relation to the seismic design and analysis of special steel moment resisting frame buildings (SMRF). This paper formulates a numerical study of a steel SMRF building, studied in four different situations, namely: as an office building in San Francisco; as an office building in Sacramento; as an essential facility in San Francisco, and as an essential facility in Sacramento. The analytical results of the model buildings are then compared and analyzed taking note of any significant differences. This case study explores variations in the results obtained using the two codes, particularly the design base shear and drift ratios as they relate to different locations and occupancy use. This study also proves that IBC 2003 is more stringent for the redundancy factor under design category E for the SMRF building, and drift limits for essential facilities.
Blends of poly(vinyl methyl ether) with styrenic copolymers

Blends of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) with styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN), with styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA), and with styrene/acrylic acid (SAA) copolymers were examined for glass transition and lower critical solution temperature behavior. These copolymers were found to be completely miscible with PVME at levels of 3% or less of AA; below 10–11% AN, and below 15% MA (w%). Small amounts of the comonomers raised the temperature at which blends with PVME undergo phase separation on heating. This effect was greatest in the order AA > AN > MA. An interpretation of these results is given in terms of recent theories for homopolymer-copolymer blends, and the extent to which solubility parameter theory can be useful is considered.
Effects of Ractopamine in Combination with Various Hormone Implant Regimens on Growth and Carcass Attributes in Calf-Fed Holstein Steers

The β-adrenergic agonist ractopamine (RAC) was approved for use as a feed supplement for beef cattle to increase lean muscle deposition and improve feed efficiency. The effects of several anabolic hormone implants were examined with or without RAC to determine feedlot and carcass performance of calf-fed Holstein steers. Sixteen hundred cattle were evaluated in 2 phases; cattle were divided equally into 8 treatments: 1) a nonimplanted non-RAC-fed control; 2) implanted with 20 mg estradiol benzoate plus 200 mg progesterone (EP); 3) implanted with 24 mg estradiol plus 120 mg trenbolone acetate (HT); 4) implanted with 20 mg estradiol plus 80 mg trenbolone acetate (MT); 5) nonimplanted and administered 200 mg/d RAC in the feed (R); 6) implanted with EP and administered 200 mg/d RAC (EP+R); 7) implanted with HT and administered 200 mg/d RAC (HT+R); 8) implanted with MT and administered 200 mg/d RAC (MT+R). Cattle administered RAC in both studies had increased (P < 0.05) hot carcass weight (HCW) and LM area (LMA) over cattle not fed RAC. All RAC plus implant treatments in both phases had greater (P < 0.05) HCW and LMA than the control. In addition, HCW in nearly all treatments in both phases was greater than in the R treatment group (P < 0.05). Over both phases, LMA was increased with the implant plus RAC treatments over control treatments. Ultimately, the addition of RAC in feedlot diets of Holstein steers during the last 36 d on feed increased feed efficiency and carcass lean deposition in a manner that was additive to implant effects.
A case of late-onset or acquired stuttering in adult life

Abstract A case of acquired stuttering in adulthood is presented which may be psychogenic in onset with a neurologic base.
A Parametric Study of Laminar Mixed Convection in a Square Cavity Using Numerical Simulation Techniques

A parametric study is conducted using numerical experimentation to construct an empirical Nusselt number correlation in terms of Richardson and Prandtl numbers for laminar mixed convection in a square cavity. The square cavity under study is assumed to be filled with a compressible fluid. The bottom of the cavity is insulated and stationary where as the top of the cavity (the lid) is pulled at constant speed. The vertical walls of the cavity are kept at constant but unequal temperatures. A two-dimensional, mathematical model is adopted to predict the momentum and heat transfer inside this rectangular cavity. This physics based mathematical model consists of conservation of mass, momentum (two-dimensional, unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for compressible flows) and energy equations for the enclosed fluid subjected to appropriate boundary and initial conditions. The compressibility of the working fluid is represented by an ideal gas relation. The thermodynamic and transport properties of the working fluid are assumed to be constant. The governing equations are discretized using second order accurate central differencing for spatial derivatives and second order finite differencing (based on Taylor expansion) for the time derivatives. The resulting nonlinear equations are then linearized using Newton’s linearization method. The set of algebraic equations that result from this process are then put into a matrix form and solved using a Coupled Modified Strongly Implicit Procedure (CMSIP) for the unknowns of the problem. Grid independence and time convergence studies were carried to determine the accuracy of the square mesh adopted for the present study. Two benchmark cases (driven cavity and rectangular channel flows) were studied to verify the accuracy of the CMSIP. Numerical experiments were then carried out to simulate the heat transfer characteristics of mixed convection flow for different Richardson numbers in the range of 0.036<Ri<1.00 where the Reynolds number is kept less than 2000 to ensure laminar flow conditions inside the cavity. The velocity vector field maps (circulation patterns) and temperature contours, and temperature profiles along the horizontal axes were generated for different Prandtl numbers ranging from 0.3 to 1. Wall heat fluxes and Nusselt numbers were determined for each parametric study. The collected data from the numerical experiments were then used to construct an empirical Nusselt number correlation in terms of Richardson and Prandtl numbers.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Human spliceosomal protein CWC22 plays a role in coupling splicing to exon junction complex deposition and nonsense-mediated decay

The multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) that is deposited upstream of spliced junctions orchestrates downstream events in the life of a metazoan mRNA, including its surveillance via the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. However, the mechanism by which the spliceosome mediates EJC formation is not well understood. We show that human eIF4G-like spliceosomal protein (h)CWC22 directly interacts with the core EJC component eIF4AIII in vitro and in vivo; mutations at the predicted hCWC22/eIF4AIII interface disrupt association. In vivo depletion of hCWC22, as for yeast Cwc22p, causes a splicing defect, resulting in decreased levels of mature cellular mRNAs. Nonetheless, hCWC22 depletion yields increased levels of spliced RNA from the unusual nonsense codon-containing U22 host gene, which is a natural substrate of NMD. To test whether hCWC22 acts in NMD through coupling splicing to EJC deposition, we searched for mutations in hCWC22 that affect eIF4AIII deposition without affecting splicing. Addition of hCWC22(G168Y) with a mutation at the putative hCWC22/eIF4AIII interface exacerbates the defect in splicing-dependent deposition of eIF4AIII(T334V) with a mutation reported to be in direct contact with mRNA, linking hCWC22 to the process of EJC deposition in vitro. Importantly, the addition of hCWC22(G168Y) affects deposition of eIF4AIII(T334V) without inhibiting splicing or the efficiency of deposition of the endogenous eF4AIII(WT) in the same reaction, demonstrating hCWC22’s specific role in eIF4AIII deposition in addition to its role in splicing. The essential splicing factor CWC22 has, therefore, acquired functions in EJC assembly and NMD during evolution from single-celled to complex eukaryotes.
Erratum to: Racial Segregation, Income Inequality, and Mortality in US Metropolitan Areas

The first two paragraphs of the article as published require some correction and should read as follows: Evidence of the relationship between income inequality and mortality in the United States has been mixed. The majority of the published research shows a positive income inequality/mortality association.1–15 However, there is also evidence suggesting that the association between income inequality and mortality is conditional on other factors such as racial density.16–20 Further, income inequality in the United States largely reflects income inequality between racial groups as the bifurcation of the middle class along with patterns of racial residential segregation has resulted in racial differences in the concentration of poverty and affluence between racial groups with blacks experiencing higher levels of concentrated poverty compared to whites.17,21–23 This has to do both with existing patterns of racial segregation and the higher proportion of low-income blacks relative to low-income whites. In spite of this phenomenon, little has been done to examine how the income inequality/mortality relationship varies as a function of race, racial density, or racial segregation. Some studies have adjusted for % black, but results have been mixed. Whereas some studies show a significant positive association between income inequality and mortality after adjusting for % black, others show that after adjusting for % black, income inequality is no longer significantly associated with mortality. Still others show a protective effect of income inequality after adjusting for % black.17,24–29 Income inequality and mortality are both higher among blacks than among whites.11,19,30 Income inequality is also related to growing spatial separation between blacks and whites.17,22,23 However, it is unclear whether and to what extent racial segregation impacts the association between income inequality and mortality. Understanding these associations may help elucidate the mechanisms driving the association between income inequality and mortality both between and within racial groups in the United States.
Endangered species in small habitat patches can possess high genetic diversity: the case of the Tana River red colobus and mangabey

We used mtDNA sequence data from the Tana River red colobus and mangabey to determine how their population genetic structure was influenced by dispersal and habitat fragmentation. The colobus and mangabey are critically endangered primates endemic to gallery forests in eastern Kenya. The forests are a Pliocene-Pleistocene refugium that has recently undergone significant habitat loss and fragmentation due to human activities. We expected both primates to exhibit low levels of genetic diversity due to elevated genetic drift in their small populations, and to show a strong correspondence between genetic and geographic distance due to disruption of gene flow between forests by habitat fragmentation. Additionally, because mangabey females are philopatric, we expected their mtDNA variation to be homogeneous within forest patches but to be heterogeneous between patches. In contrast, colobus have a female-biased dispersal and so we expected their mtDNA variation to be homogeneous within and between forest patches. We found high levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity as well as high levels of sequence divergence between haplotype groups in both species. The red colobus had significantly higher genetic variation than the mangabey did. Most of the genetic variation in both primates was found within forest fragments. Although both species showed strong inter-forest patch genetic structure we found no correspondence between genetic and geographic distances for the two primates. We attributed the high genetic diversity to recent high effective population size, and high sequence divergence and strong genetic structures to long-term habitat changes in the landscape.
Using an e-book to teach technology: effects on student performance

This research in progress examines the effect of e-book use on students enrolled in a computer literacy course at a medium-sized, Midwestern university by comparing performance results of students using an e-book with students utilizing a traditional print textbook. Results from pre- and post-tests plus survey results are presented, as well as educational implications for teaching and student learning and for training users of technology.
Perceived parental authority: Reasonable and unreasonable.

A questionnaire study of 844 teenagers from four midwestern high schools focused on phenomena associated with their perceptions of which parent was “the real boss” and of how reasonable this “boss” was in dealing with the adolescent. Father was perceived to be the family authority about three times more often than was mother, although sons tended to see father as boss more often than did daughters, who tended to see mother as boss more often than did sons. Paternal and maternal authorities did not differ in perceived reasonableness. When either mother or father was perceived as a reasonable authority, the teenagers saw mother as highly involved, objective, and as enjoying life. Perception of high reasonableness in paternal authority was associated with the perception of father as involved, objective, enjoying life, and as not rigorous in his expectations for the child's compliance and achievement.
Management considerations to minimize environmental impacts of arsenic following monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA) applications to turfgrass.

Abstract Monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA) is an organic arsenical herbicide currently utilized in turfgrass and cotton systems. In recent years, concerns over adverse impacts of arsenic (As) from MSMA applications have emerged; however, little research has been conducted in controlled field experiments using typical management practices. To address this knowledge gap, a field lysimeter experiment was conducted during 2012–2013 to determine the fate of As following MSMA applications to a bareground and an established turfgrass system. Arsenic concentrations in soil, porewater, and aboveground vegetation, were measured through one yr after treatment. Aboveground vegetation As concentration was increased compared to nontreated through 120 d after initial treatment (DAIT). In both systems, increased soil As concentrations were observed at 0–4 cm at 30 and 120 DAIT and 0–8 cm at 60 and 365 DAIT, suggesting that As was bound in shallow soil depths. Porewater As concentrations in MSMA-treated lysimeters from a 30-cm depth (22.0–83.8 μg L −1 ) were greater than those at 76-cm depth (0.4–5.1 μg L −1 ). These results were combined with previous research to devise management considerations in systems where MSMA is utilized. MSMA should not be applied if rainfall is forecasted within 7 DAIT and/or in areas with shallow water tables. Further, disposing of MSMA-treated turfgrass aboveground vegetation in a confined area – a common management practice for turfgrass clippings – may be of concern due to As release to surface water or groundwater as the vegetation decomposes. Finally, long-term MSMA use may cause soil As accumulation and thus downward migration of As over time; therefore, MSMA should be used in rotation with other herbicides.
Optimization-based posture reconstruction for digital human models

Digital human modeling provides a valuable tool for designers when implemented early in the design process. Motion capture experiments offer a means of validation of the digital human simulation models. However, there is a gap between the motion capture experiments and the simulation models, as the motion capture results are marker positions in Cartesian space and the simulation model is based on joint space. Therefore, it is necessary to map the motion capture data to simulation models by employing a posture reconstruction algorithm. Posture reconstruction is an inherently redundant problem where the collective distance error between experimental joint centers and simulation joint centers is minimized. This paper presents an optimization-based method for determining an accurate and efficient solution to the posture reconstruction problem. The procedure is used to recreate 120 experimental postures. For each posture, the algorithm minimizes the distance between the simulation model joint centers and the corresponding experimental subject joint centers which is called the mean measurement error.