cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isotypes of IgG: comparison of the primary structures of three pairs of isotypes which differ in their ability to activate complement.

Abstract The comparison of three pairs of isotypic Cγ‡ primary structures is made with reference to the known crystallographic structure of Fab and Fc from human IgGl. Contiguous residue positions are assigned to sub-regions based on their occurrence in secondary structures, extended chains or the loops which connect them, in the crystallographic models. Simple inspection reveals that residue positions having identical amino acids in all six Cγ are found mainly in extended chain sub-regions forming parts of β-sheets. However, average structural dissimilarity (ASD) values in loops which mediate VH to Cγl and Cγ2-Cγ3 interactions are as low as those obtained for extended chain subregions, implying that these structures are conserved among IgGs. In contrast, loop structures which are candidates for Cγl-Cγ2 interactions show high values of ASD, indicating little structural homology is conserved. Longitudinal Fab-Fc interactions, if they occur at all, probably occur via remarkably different residue contacts in different IgGs. Our analysis yields no clear-cut evidence for a pathway by which isotypic IgGs diverged in biologic effector functions. Great variation in primary structure is seen in the ‘hinge’ region, and in some loop and extended chain subregions exposed to solvent in the Cγ2 Cγ2 domain. These variations may account for the ability or inability of the six IgGs compared to interact with the first component of complement (C1) since some structural features in those regions are shared among those Fcs which bind C1. We speculate that the C1. binding site is determined by the extended chain formed by residues Lys-290 to Glu-295 of human IgGl heavy chain.
The stereospecificity of the inositol receptor of the silkworm Bombyx mori

Abstract The specificity of the ‘sugar-sensitive’ hair (Ss-I) in the silkworm to the 9 isomers of myo -inositol was studied electrophysiologically. Of the 9 isomers only myo-, epi- and allo -inositol receptor activity. Using various mixtures of these cyclitols and sucrose it was determined that the inositol receptor located in the Ss-I hair responded only to myo- and epi -inositol while allo -inositol stimulated another receptor in the same hair. Threshold and magnitude of response of this receptor were nearly the same for both cyclitols. Configurational specificity of the inositol receptor and its role in taste and lipid metabolism are discussed.
Palliative total gastrectomy and esophagogastrectomy a reevaluation

In the interval from 1941-1981 when 1887 patients with gastric cancer were seen at The University of Texas System Cancer Center M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, 151 curative and 45 palliative total gastrectomies or esophagogastrectomies were performed. Over the same interval, 21 patients with extent of primary and metastatic tumor roughly comparable to that seen in the palliative resection group were treated by exploration only or, infrequently, by attempted bypass. In individual patients subtle differences in extent of disease as well as differences in philosophy of the operating surgeon regarding the value of palliative resection undoubtedly contributed to the procedure selected. Survival after curative resection was greater than after palliative resection which in turn was greater than survival after exploration bypass (P less than or equal to .0006). Operative mortality fell significantly in CR patients in the interval 1970-1981 compared to 1941-1969 and was significantly lower than in the PR group in the interval 1970-1981 (P less than or equal to 0.01). Five-year survival increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.03) in the CR group when results in the two time intervals were compared but not in other groups.
Laser emission from semiconductor microcavities: Transition from nonperturbative to perturbative regimes

We have demonstrated laser emission at densities below the saturation exciton density in a semiconductor microcavity by tuning the cavity resonance to the low-energy side of the inhomogeneously broadened exciton distribution. Laser emission in this regime arises from population inversion of localized excitons at the low-energy tail of the inhomogeneous distribution. Distinct spectral line shapes of laser emission and especially a large and abrupt change in the lasing threshold are observed when the composite system undergoes a transition from the nonperturbative to the perturbative regimes. The abrupt threshold change is attributed to ionization of excitons occurring in the transition region.
Incidence of antibody to EB virus, herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus in Hodgkin's disease.

Antibody levels in the sera of 57 patients with Hodgkin's disease were measured against the EB virus using an indirect immunofluorescent technique and against herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus employing a complement fixation method. The titers and incidence of antibody do not appear to differ from an age-matched control population. The study suggests that none of these viruses play any part in the etiology of Hodgkin's disease. In addition, the concept that the EB virus replicates opportunistically against a background of any lymphoproliferative disease receives no support.
QUICK WORD TEST VALIDITY WITH ADULTS

Summary.--Quick Word Test (QWT) total and part scores for 178 adults were correlated with WAIS IQ scores. Pearson ss of .77 and .74 were found berween total QWT scores and WAIS verbal and total IQ scores, respectively. Data indicate that the QWT appears to be a valid measure of general mental ability. As adult education programs become more widespread, an increasing number of educational researchers and practitioners have occasion to use a valid and reliable instrument for estimating adult mental ability. Practical limitations of many situations require that such an instrument be brief, economical, and easily administered in group situations. Vocabulary rests have been found to be the best available single predictor of general intellecrual functioning, are relevant to educarional performance, and satisfy the practical requirements. For these reasons information regarding the validity for adults of an untimed 100-item multiple-choice vocabulary test entitled the Quick Word Test (QWT) ,"eveloped by Borgatta and Corsini (1964), should be of great interest to educators, especially adult educators. An analysis by Grotelueschen and Knox ( 1966) of QWT total scores by a national sample of 4,563 adults who attended one of seven university evening class programs indicated that the QWT is a reliable (Kuder-Richardson 20 reliability index of .94) estimate of adult mental ability. A study by Borgatta and Corsini (1960) with a sample of 75 adult males of low average intelligence reported a concurrent validity coefficient of .84 between QWT (Level 1, Form Am) total scores and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) total IQ scores (Wechsler, 1955). Although findings from the Borgatta and Corsini sample allow limited generalization to adults participating in continuing education programs, it appears that the QWT is a valid measure of adult mental ability. The purpose of the present article is to report findings regarding the predictive validity of the QWT, based on a sample of adult men and women who were similar in characteristics to adults generally enrolled in continuing education programs, using the WAIS total IQ score as the criterion measure. METHOD Ss were selected from those who had participated in a previous study by Sjogren and Knox (1965). The earlier sample consisted of 208 adults who were stratified according to sex, age, prior participation in adult education, and
Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Critical Review With Guidelines for Multidisciplinary Management

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a relatively rare cutaneous malignancy that occurs predominantly in the older white population. The incidence of MCC appears to have tripled during the past 20 years; an increase that is likely to continue because of the growing number of older Americans. The pathogenesis of MCC remains largely unknown. However, ultraviolet radiation and immunosuppression are likely to play a significant pathogenetic role. Many questions currently remain unanswered regarding the biologic behavior and optimal treatment of MCC. Large, prospective, randomized studies are not available and are unlikely to be performed because of the rarity of the disease. The objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive reference for MCC based on a critical evaluation of the current data. The authors investigated the importance of sentinel lymph node biopsy as a staging tool for MCC to assess the status of the regional lymph node basin and to determine the need for additional therapy to the lymph node basin. In an attempt to standardize prospective data collection with the intention to define prognostic indicators, the authors also present histopathologic profiles for primary MCC and sentinel lymph nodes. The controversies regarding the appropriate surgical approach to primary MCC, the use of adjuvant radiation therapy, and the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy were examined critically. Finally, the authors have provided treatment guidelines based on the available evidence and their multidisciplinary experience. Cancer 2007;110:1–12. � 2007 American Cancer Society.
Cremation and Burial in the Roman Empire

Under the Roman empire cremation went out of fashion and burial gained in popularity as the usual means of disposing of the dead. The cause of this change has been much discussed, and the explanation has often been given that it was due to religious influences and to a shift in ideas of the hereafter. The rising influence of Christianity has sometimes been suggested as a cause, but chronology and the distribution of the phenomena are fatal to that supposition. More recently an alternative has been sought in the growth of the mystery religions. If this could be established, it would form a new and important criterion for the division of the religious history of the empire into periods. Clearly the question deserves full consideration. For that and for many other reasons a full collection and sifting of the evidence for funerary customs throughout the Roman world in the first three centuries of our era is greatly to be desired. This paper does not pretend to fill such a need, and the archaeological data on which it is based are in the main drawn from Rome; the conclusions which can be drawn from these data are limited, but they seem to possess some degree of certainty and they have their bearing on the general nature of the mystery religions.
Fish oil feeding improves muscle glucose uptake in tumor necrosis factor-treated rats

This study was conducted to characterize the effects of fish oil and sunflower oil on hepatic glucose production and peripheral glucose utilization during infusion of saline or tumor necrosis factor (TNF), using the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique combined with a primed-constant tracer infusion of high-performance liquid chromatography-purified 3H-3-glucose for estimation of whole-body glucose appearance and utilization rates. Insulin 10 mU/kg.min was infused to reach a plasma insulin level of 200 microU/mL. 14C-1-deoxyglucose (14C-DG) uptake was also measured in specific tissues following intravenous bolus administration. The results showed that during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, infusion of TNF 20 micrograms/kg for 3 hours resulted in a significant reduction of glucose infusion and a significant increase of hepatic glucose production in both dietary groups as compared with saline infusion, indicating a state of insulin resistance induced by TNF. The results also showed that TNF infusion significantly decreased the rate of 14C-DG uptake in muscle in the sunflower oil group but not in the fish oil group, suggesting that fish oil is able to restore to normal the glucose utilization impaired by TNF. These observations suggest that in hyperinsulinemic and euglycemic conditions, prefeeding with fish oil significantly improves glucose uptake in muscle tissue, but does not alter the increase in hepatic glucose production during TNF infusion.
Analysis of grain boundary sinks and interstitial diffusion in neutron-irradiated SiC

The widths of the interstitial loop denuded zone (DZ) along grain boundaries were examined for 3C-SiC irradiated at $1010--1380 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in an effort to obtain the activation energy of interstitial migration. Denuded-zone widths as small as 17 nm were observed below $1130 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, indicating that a substantial population of ``TEM invisible'' voids of diameter $l0.7$ significantly contribute to interstitial annihilation. By using the obtained loop DZ width and the matrix sink strength (including the invisible voids), the activation energy of interstitial diffusion was determined to be 1.5 eV for the slower moving Si interstitial of SiC by application of simple reaction-diffusion equations.
Ultimate heat-pipe performance

Ultimate heat-transfer limitations imposed by sonic vapor flow were determined in heat pipes for sodium, potassium, and cesium working fluids. Each fluid was investigated in a heat pipe consisting of an inner porous tube, an annulus for liquid return, and an outer container tube. Thin, rigid tubes with very small pores were obtained by compressing several layers of fine-mesh screen. These tubes allowed large capillary forces to develop so that sonic vapor flow could be achieved at several operating temperatures. The results of the investigation showed that sonic limitations were influenced strongly by the temperature and the working fluid. Reasonable agreement was found between the experimental results and existing theory. It was also found that the theory could be used to predict evaporator pressure and temperature gradients when the heat pipes were operated at various fractions of their ultimate heat-transfer capability.
From Cyber to Hybrid Mobile Technologies as Interfaces of Hybrid Spaces

Hybrid spaces arise when virtual communities (chats, multiuser domains, and massively multi-player online role-playing games), previously enacted in what was conceptualized as cyberspace, migrate t...
Analysis and Compensation of Lombard Speech Across Noise Type and Levels With Application to In-Set/Out-of-Set Speaker Recognition

Speech production in the presence of noise results in the Lombard effect, which is known to have a serious impact on speech system performance. In this study, Lombard speech produced under different types and levels of noise is analyzed in terms of duration, energy histogram, and spectral tilt. Acoustic-phonetic differences are shown to exist between different ldquoflavorsrdquo of Lombard speech based on analysis of trends from a Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based Lombard speech type classifier. For the first time, the dependence of Lombard speech on noise type and noise level is established for the purposes of speech processing systems. Also, the impact of the different flavors of Lombard effect on speech system performance is shown with respect to an in-set/out-of-set speaker recognition task. System performance is shown to degrade from an equal error rate (EER) of 7.0% under matched neutral training and testing conditions, to an average EER of 26.92% when trained with neutral and tested with Lombard effect speech. Furthermore, improvement in the performance of in-set/out-of-set speaker recognition is demonstrated by adapting neutral speaker models with Lombard speech data of limited duration. Improved average EERs of 4.75% and 12.37% were achieved for matched and mismatched adaptation and testing conditions, respectively. At the highest noise levels, an EER as low as 1.78% was obtained by adapting neutral speaker models with Lombard speech of limited duration. The study therefore illustrates the impact of Lombard effect on speaker recognition, and effective methods to improve system performance for speaker recognition when train/test conditions are mismatched for neutral versus Lombard effect speech.
The Information Highway for the Pediatrician: An Understanding of the Internet for the Clinician

The author details the information highway available to the computer-literate pediatrician: the Internet, Electronic mail (E-mail), the World Wide Web, and explains how to access the information.
A computational method for viscous flow problems

A digital computer method for solving certain problems involving two-dimensional incompressible viscous flow is described. The time-dependent case is treated; the mathematical problem is thus that of solving a non-linear fourth-order partial differential equation in three variables. The choice of difference equations, of relaxation procedure, the kind of approximation to boundary conditions, and the resulting computational stability, speed, and accuracy are considered. Most experience so far has been for a rectangular region for which boundary velocities are prescribed as certain functions of time; an example of one such problem showing vortex formation and break-up is given.
Multimodal Lexical Processing in Auditory Cortex Is Literacy Skill Dependent

Literacy is a uniquely human cross-modal cognitive process wherein visual orthographic representations become associated with auditory phonological representations through experience. Developmental studies provide insight into how experience-dependent changes in brain organization influence phonological processing as a function of literacy. Previous investigations show a synchrony-dependent influence of letter presentation on individual phoneme processing in superior temporal sulcus; others demonstrate recruitment of primary and associative auditory cortex during cross-modal processing. We sought to determine whether brain regions supporting phonological processing of larger lexical units (monosyllabic words) over larger time windows is sensitive to cross-modal information, and whether such effects are literacy dependent. Twenty-two children (age 8–14 years) made rhyming judgments for sequentially presented word and pseudoword pairs presented either unimodally (auditory- or visual-only) or cross-modally (audiovisual). Regression analyses examined the relationship between literacy and congruency effects (overlapping orthography and phonology vs. overlapping phonology-only). We extend previous findings by showing that higher literacy is correlated with greater congruency effects in auditory cortex (i.e., planum temporale) only for cross-modal processing. These skill effects were specific to known words and occurred over a large time window, suggesting that multimodal integration in posterior auditory cortex is critical for fluent reading.
Participation of Students with Moderate to Severe Disabilities in the General Curriculum: The Effects of the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction.

This study investigated the effects of the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI) on the academic skill performance of three junior high school students with moderate to severe intel...
Recent divergence with gene flow in Tennessee cave salamanders (Plethodontidae: Gyrinophilus) inferred from gene genealogies.

Cave organisms occupy a special place in evolutionary biology because convergent morphologies of many species demonstrate repeatability in evolution even as they obscure phylogenetic relationships. The origin of specialized cave-dwelling species also raises the issue of the relative importance of isolation vs. natural selection in speciation. Two alternative hypotheses describe the origin of subterranean species. The ‘climate-relict’ model proposes allopatric speciation after populations of cold-adapted species become stranded in caves due to climate change. The ‘adaptive-shift’ model proposes parapatric speciation driven by divergent selection between subterranean and surface habitats. Our study of the Tennessee cave salamander complex shows that the three nominal forms (Gyrinophilus palleucus palleucus, G. p. necturoides, and G. gulolineatus) arose recently and are genealogically nested within the epigean (surface-dwelling) species, G. porphyriticus. Short branch lengths and discordant gene trees were consistent with a complex history involving gene flow between diverging forms. Results of coalescent-based analysis of the distribution of haplotypes among groups reject the allopatric speciation model and support continuous or recurrent genetic exchange during divergence. These results strongly favour the hypothesis that Tennessee cave salamanders originated from spring salamanders via divergence with gene flow.
Thickness of winter F‐layer in polar regions

The semi-thickness τ of the F-layer, as calculated by the Booker-Seaton method, for the winter months at College, Alaska, decreased from a monthly mean of 24 km for the year 1941–42 to 13 km for 1943–44. This decrease in semi-thickness is coincident with the decrease in total sunspot number. For October to December, 1948, the mean τ was 60 km and the five-fold increase in τ is believed to be coincident with the increase in sunspot number. Contour graphs illustrate the mean diurnal variation in τ.
Application of AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures for Ultra-Low Power Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing

Ultra-low power room temperature NO2 sensors are demonstrated using AlGaN/GaN. The chemically stable semiconductor was sensitized to increase the sensitivity to enable ultra-low power, low ppb level detection without additional heaters. Sensors were sensitized by two methods, ultra-thin ALD SnO2 and surface enhancement by ICP-RIE in BCl3 gas. Both sensitization techniques demonstrate room temperature response, while the unsensitized sensors did not respond. At room temperature, surface enhanced sensors show a significant increase in sensitivity compared to SnO2 sensitized sensors. Sensitized sensors have fast response times and ultra-low power consumption to enable wearable monitoring systems with high spatial resolution of NO2. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0101510jss] All rights reserved.
Printed scholarly books and e-book reading devices: a comparative life cycle assessment of two book options

This paper presents the findings of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of two different book options-electronic and print. This study compared the life-cycle burdens and impacts of a college student reading 40 scholarly textbooks and the equivalent amount of digitized information (53.6-MB) using a dedicated e-book reading device. Total primary energy, material and water requirements, air and water pollutant emissions, and solid wastes for each system were evaluated. By comparing these two book options, this study provides industry, consumers, and policy makers with valuable information necessary to make environmentally informed decisions regarding e-book technologies.
Large bore transhepatic tract dilatation in pigs: Results and implications for human procedures

SummaryLarge bore transhepatic tracts were created in six anesthetised pigs. A peripheral tract (entering the gall-bladder bed) and a central tract were created in each pig. After balloon dilatation to 30 F and passage of a 30 F inner diameter sheath, bleeding was monitored with the sheath in place and after sheath removal. Blood loss was quantified and tracts were examined microscopically. Peripheral tracts were shorter than central tracts (mean 1.9 versus 3.6 cm). Bleeding occurred more frequently and to a greater degree from central tracts. Injury to small arteries and veins was identified microscopically in two tracts that bled heavily. Although significant bleeding, or lack thereof after dilatation of large transhepatic tracts, was variable, recommendations for large tract dilatation include: selection of a peripheral tract route, use of a working sheath with an outside diameter not exceeding that of the inflated balloon, particular care to avoid loss of access and not removing sheaths prematurely.
How Do Xanthan and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Individually Affect the Physicochemical Properties in a Model Gluten‐Free Dough?

UNLABELLED To better understand the physicochemical changes imparted by hydrocolloids on gluten-free dough, 2 hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses (HPMCs) and xanthan gum were added at 2%, 3%, and 5% to rice cassava dough without the addition of alternative proteins. The formulated doughs were analyzed using thermoanalytic and rheological techniques to determine the role of water and subsequent flow behavior upon hydrocolloid addition. The baked loaves were then measured for specific loaf volume and tensile strength to determine bread quality. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that hydrocolloid-added dough held water more tightly than the rice cassava control with an additional water distribution at 85 to 88 °C. Rheologically, the increase of elastic moduli in the low methoxy HPMC and xanthan-added dough became more pronounced with gum addition; however, both HPMC formulations had increased viscous moduli allowing the gas cells to expand without collapsing. In the bread, the final specific loaf volume increased with high methoxy HPMC (2% to 5%) and low methoxy HPMC (2%) but was depressed with increased addition of low methoxy HPMC (5%) and xanthan (3% and 5%). Crumb hardness was decreased in high methoxy HPMC loaves but was increased significantly in low methoxy HPMC (5%) and xanthan (5%) formulations. From the gums studied, it was concluded that high methoxy HPMC was the optimum hydrocolloid in the rice cassava gluten-free dough. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Two types of hydrocolloids, xanthan gum and HPMC, were individually added to a gluten-free rice cassava formulation. Based on the thermoanalytic and rheological studies on dough, as well as the bread quality studies, high methoxy HPMC at 5% addition was determined to optimally improve the bread quality when only gum addition was considered. This study indicates the potential use of high methoxy HPMC as an additive in gluten-free bread formulations prior to considering alternative proteins.
Community and Connection in Inclusive Early-Childhood Education A Participatory Action Research Investigation

I really like that everything is matter of fact. The fact that my son doesn’t talk as well as other kids—The other kids don’t even really pay attention. It may be a little harder for them to unders...
In Vitro-to-in Vivo Prediction of P-glycoprotein-Based Drug Interactions at the Human and Rodent Blood-Brain Barrier

In vitro inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expressed in cells is routinely used to predict the potential of in vivo P-gp drug interactions at the human blood-brain barrier (BBB). The accuracy of such predictions has not been confirmed because methods to quantify in vivo P-gp drug interactions at the human BBB have not been available. With the development of a noninvasive positron emission topography (PET) imaging method by our laboratory to determine P-gp-based drug interactions at the human BBB, an in vitro-in vivo comparison is now possible. Therefore, we developed a high throughput cell-based assay to determine the potential of putative P-gp inhibitors [including cyclosporine A (CsA)] to inhibit (EC(50)) the efflux of verapamil-bodipy, a model P-gp substrate. LLCPK1-MDR1 cells, expressing recombinant human P-gp, or control cells lacking P-gp (LLCPK1) were used in our assay. Using this assay, quinine, quinidine, CsA, and amprenavir were predicted to be the most potent P-gp inhibitors in vivo at their respective therapeutic maximal unbound plasma concentrations. The in vitro EC(50) of CsA (0.6 microM) for P-gp inhibition was virtually the same as our previously determined in vivo unbound EC(50) at the rat BBB (0.5 microM). Moreover, at 2.8 microM CsA (total blood concentration), our in vitro data predicted an increase of 129% in [(11)C]verapamil distribution into the human brain, a value similar to that observed by us (79%) using PET. These data suggest that our high throughput cell assay has the potential to accurately predict P-gp drug interactions at the human BBB.
A Tractable and Accurate Cross-Layer Model for Multi-Hop MIMO Networks

MIMO-based communications have great potential to improve network capacity for multi-hop wireless networks. Although there has been significant progress on MIMO at the physical layer or single-hop communication, advances in the theory of MIMO for multi-hop wireless networks remain limited. This stagnation is mainly due to the lack of an accurate and more important, analytically tractable model that can be used by networking researchers. In this paper, we propose such a model to enable the networking community to carry out cross-layer research for multi-hop MIMO networks. In particular, at the physical layer, we develop a simple model for MIMO channel capacity computation that captures the essence of spatial multiplexing and transmit power limit without involving complex matrix operations and the water-filling algorithm. We show that the approximation gap in this model is negligible. At the link layer, we devise a space-time scheduling scheme called OBIC that significantly advances the existing zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF) to handle interference in a multi-hop network setting. The proposed OBIC scheme employs simple algebraic computation on matrix dimensions to simplify ZFBF in a multi-hop network. As a result, we can characterize link layer scheduling behavior without entangling with beamforming details. Finally, we apply both the new physical and link layer models in cross-layer performance optimization for a multi-hop MIMO network.
Complex Litigation: Work Product Protection

Commentary and analysis of the invocation of attorney-client privilege and work product protection during discovery in class action litigation. The article discusses issues that arise during pre-certification discovery conducted to support or oppose satisfaction of the Rule 23 requirements for class certification. In particular, the article focuses on requests for disclosure of pre-certification questionnaires furnished to potential class members. In diversity class actions, many federal courts look to state law principles relating to privileges to determine the standards that apply to attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. Some courts apply the privileges to prevent disclosure of requested materials; other courts decline to apply the privileges and order disclosure.
Routine Neonatal Circumcision: Symbol of the Birth of the Therapeutic State

The religious justification for male circumcision proffered by Jewish and Islamic parents is frequently overlooked in current secular (medical/hygienic) discussions that (1) challenge the moral justification of this ancient practice, and (2) question the decisions of today's parents who are committed, on the basis of their religious beliefs, to continue this practice. This paper reviews critically these conflicting values and arguments and calls for compromise in the face of potential state intervention to coerce parents to abandon this practice.
The tests of WRF-EnSRF data assimilation system and its applications in storm scale events

An Ensemble Square Root Filter(EnSRF) data assimilation system concerning storm scale issues is built under the Weather Research Forecast(WRF) model framework and is tested with different types of severe weather events to examine the performance of this data assimilation system in convective scale application.One heavy rainfall event(5 July 2003) and one strong convective event(5 June 2009) are selected for conducting the tests.Results show that the analysis ensemble means at 60 min in both cases and the 30 min forecasts from these analyses are close to the observations.The standard deviations of increment in observation space reach 3 m/s to 4 m/s and 9 dBz to 11 dBz for radial velocity and reflectivity respectively.The impacts of different initial perturbation strategies are investigated in this paper,namely,adding initial perturbations to the entire computational domain and to the limited region around the observed storm area,perturbations to the environmental wind field or not.Results show that perturbing the limited region does not improve the analysis results compared to perturbing the entire forecast domain,while perturbing the environment wind field produces better results in the Meiyu heavy rain case,indicating the more significant impacts of environment uncertainty on relatively larger scale weather events.The impacts of data assimilation on precipitation forecast are also examined.In the heavy rain case,the forecast results show that within 6 h,both the single forecast and the ensemble forecast initialized from analysis obtained through the assimilation of radar observations are better than the corresponding result in the experiment without data assimilation.The above-mentioned experiment results indicate that this data assimilation system has the ability to be applied in storm scale issues.
Study on MMT Treatment Effect and It's Effective Factors

Objective Know about MMT treatment effect and it's effective factors to provide scientific basis for prevention methods.Methods One to one survey was carried out by table of baseline survey which was prepared for MMT patients and the outpatient information of them was collect.Canonical correlation analysis was used to find out effective factors.Results The 1.marital status,current dose and dose when the first withdraw were the factors that significant when maintenance in the treatment before the first withdraw was consider as the indicator to measure the effect of the treatment.Conclusion MMT outpatient should find out an appropriate dose of methadone treatment for patients according to each patient's condition.
Rubella in pregnancy: Review of current problems.

Since rubella infection in pregnancy is cause for considering therapeutic abortion, it is important that diagnosis be rapid and accurate. Laboratory assistance is mandatory in distinguishing rubella from similar-appearing exanthems due to agents innocuous to the fetus and in recognizing subclinical rubella, which can damage the fetus.
Adjustments for kurtosis in factor analysis with elliptically distributed errors

On donne des corrections simples aux tests d'ajustement de la theorie normale pour le modele d'analyse factorielle, dans le cas ou les facteurs communs ont des distributions arbitraires et ou les erreurs ont une distribution de la classe elliptique
Sleep–Wake Disorders

Insomnia and poor sleep are among the most common reasons patients consult their primary care physician. However, the diagnosis of insomnia is nonspecific and is easily confused with parasomnias and hypersomnias. Thus, the clinician must fully assess the sleep problem and rule out a primary or underlying condition before treating sleeplessness symptomatically with sedative hypnotics (medication to induce sleep). The three cases in this chapter illustrate insomnia as well as less common sleep disorders.
Type I error rates of rare single nucleotide variants are inflated in tests of association with non-normally distributed traits using simple linear regression methods.

In this study, the effects of (a) the minor allele frequency of the single nucleotide variant (SNV), (b) the degree of departure from normality of the trait, and (c) the position of the SNVs on type I error rates were investigated in the Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW) 19 whole exome sequence data. To test the distribution of the type I error rate, 5 simulated traits were considered: standard normal and gamma distributed traits; 2 transformed versions of the gamma trait (log10 and rank-based inverse normal transformations); and trait Q1 provided by GAW 19. Each trait was tested with 313,340 SNVs. Tests of association were performed with simple linear regression and average type I error rates were determined for minor allele frequency classes. Rare SNVs (minor allele frequency < 0.05) showed inflated type I error rates for non–normally distributed traits that increased as the minor allele frequency decreased. The inflation of average type I error rates increased as the significance threshold decreased. Normally distributed traits did not show inflated type I error rates with respect to the minor allele frequency for rare SNVs. There was no consistent effect of transformation on the uniformity of the distribution of the location of SNVs with a type I error.
Financial distress and customer-supplier relationships

Abstract Using a customer-supplier matched sample from 1980 to 2014, I study the role of customer-supplier relationships on suppliers' financial distress. If a significant amount of a supplier's sales is tied to a major customer, the supplier's financial health is influenced by the major customer's financial conditions. I find that a supplier's probability of financial distress is positively related to its major customer's financial distress status. This relation persists up to two years after a major customer is in financial distress. Further, I show that the relationship is more pronounced when customer-supplier relationships are stronger, when a major customer is more likely to fail in the future, and when the supplier makes unique products. The results highlight the importance of understanding customer-supplier relationships when analyzing a firm's probability of financial distress.
Integration of Life Cycle Assessment Into Decision-Analytic Approaches for Sustainable Technologies

The analysis and selection of products and technologies requires methods for estimating the impacts of a proposed selection and their evaluation with respect to sustainability objectives. Life cycle assessment (LCA) may not be in a form applicable to decision-maker needs nor be sufficient for stakeholder-defined product sustainability evaluations. Decision analysis, specifically a structured decision-making approach, provides tools to structure decision problems and identify relevant impact information, as well as methods to integrate preference for evaluating impacts. The combined interaction of the LCA and decision analysis approaches has the potential to better incorporate environmental impact when evaluating technologies for sustainability.
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy with Functional Treatment Planning in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest growing cause of cancer-related death in the United States, and considered an aggressive tumor with mean survival estimated between 6 and 20 months (El-Serag, NEJM 365:1118–1127, 2011). The choice of curative liver resection is limited by the presence of hepatic cirrhosis in 90% of patients, and the most appropriate therapy for HCC has historically been hepatic transplantation with 5-year survival rate of up to 85%. However, only 10% of patients are eligible for surgery (Fortune et al., J Clin Gastroenterol 47:S37–S42, 2013). We discuss functional treatment planning for patients with hepatic cirrhosis and HCC and present an argument in favor of liver SBRT as a viable option.
Autonomous Radios and Open Spectrum in Smart Cities

This chapter discusses the needs and challenges of future smart cities and the critical role wireless devices play in conveying the information needed to operate the smart cities. It shows that the open spectrum regime provides a compelling solution to the demands of having a connected city, that cognitive radio (CR) is the solution to exploit this free spectrum, and that the frequency envelope modulation (FEM) and network organization scheme provides a way for CRs to effectively form ad hoc networks in an efficient manner. Smart cities essentially require augmenting a city's existing infrastructure with an advanced command and control network to control the flow of resources. The issues relating to resource sharing have been studied extensively in the literature. At the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers, spectrum sensing, spectrum handoff, and spectrum management are fundamental issues.
Unnatural Amino Acid Derivatives through Click Chemistry: Synthesis of Triazolylalanine Analogues.

A novel tert-butyl 2-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)acetate derivative is selectively alkylated with propargyl bromide in the presence of lithium hexamethyldisilazide. After removal of the tert-butyl protecting group, the resulting N-isoindolinyl (ethynylalanine) derivative is reacted with a series of azides under ‘click conditions’. The click reactions afford an array of N-isoindolinyl- 1,2,3-triazolylalanine derivatives as the free carboxylic acids. Following esterification, the N-isoindolinone protecting group is then transformed into the more easily removable phthaloyl group by selective oxidation at the benzylic position.
Adaptation to Short-Term Cataclysmic Events: Flooding in Premodern Riverine Societies

This article examines flooding and resilience in two riverine systems in the premodern Eastern Mediterranean. Flooding represents a distinct type of short-term cataclysmic events (SCEs) because of its frequency and long-term predictability which facilitates societal adaptation. We discuss the sources for premodern floods and their limitations before surveying Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt as case studies. Both societies are compared with regard to their environment and how it shaped local flood management practices. We argue that although floods caused short-term societal disruption in these societies, they also stimulated the reorganization and regeneration of economic resources. Both Mesopotamian and Egyptian societies systematically managed and mitigated their risks and were, in general, resilient to flooding events.
Responsive play: Creating transformative classroom spaces through play as a reader response:

This eight-month study, conducted in a first-grade classroom in the southwestern United States, analyzed young children's playful responses to literature. It focuses on framing a theory that underp...
The Unconstitutionality of Supreme Court Recusal Standards

Supreme Court recusal is one of the most timely and hotly contested issues in American law. Recent debate over when justices should be precluded from deciding certain cases has included public calls for the exclusion of Justices Thomas and Kagan from any future cases addressing the constitutionality of the controversial Affordable Care Act, the congressional testimony of two sitting justices, a letter from over 130 law professors successfully prodding Congress to introduce a new Supreme Court recusal reform bill, and numerous editorials in national print and electronic media outlets. Among the wide variety of voices in the discussion, a singular theme has emerged - more rigorous congressional regulation of Supreme Court recusal practice is needed to protect the integrity and legitimacy of the Court.This discussion, however, misses the point. Lost in the impassioned debate about when justices should recuse themselves is a far more important and fundamental constitutional question: who should make that decision? This issue is at the core of our constitutional separation of powers and federalism principles, and should take center stage in the debate over Supreme Court recusal. This Article is the first to comprehensively apply separation of powers principles to the question of Supreme Court recusal, and argues that the Constitution requires that the Supreme Court be the sole arbiter of its own recusal standards. This argument shifts the focus of the debate from an ineffectual and unrealistic congressional command model, based primarily on notions of judicial ethics, to a more fundamental constitutional inquiry into the proper exercise of legislative and judicial authority. While this Article represents a significant break from current orthodoxy, it is imperative to situate the Court’s recusal decisions within the proper normative framework. Understanding the unconstitutionality of Supreme Court recusal standards should yield a more useful and transparent dialogue about the Court’s recusal practices going forward.
The Reasonable Policeman: Police Intent in Criminal Procedure

Mental state, or mens rea, is at the heart of criminal law. The act of killing another person can range from the crime of first degree murder to an acquittal on the ground of self defense, depending entirely on the mental state of the accused. This is true even if the facts did not support self defense, as long as the defendant reasonably believed that they did. Criminal procedure, by contrast, is largely unconcerned with the mental state of the accused. Even notions of the suspect's Aexpectations of privacy@ introduced in Katz v. United States as the keystone of Fourth Amendment rights were quickly turned into expectations that Asociety is prepared to recognize as `reasonable.'@ That is, whether certain police activity is a search or not does not depend primarily on whether the suspect has a subjective expectation of privacy but rather on what the expectations of a reasonable person would be, as defined by the Supreme Court. Likewise, the voluntariness test
Regeneration in the Primate Uterus

Artificial programming of the menstrual cycle in rhesus monkeys is a remarkable advance in primate uterine biology (Hodgen, 1983). Ovariectomized mature monkeys receive subcutaneous silastic implants of estradiol and progesterone that mimic the serum steroidal hormonal profile of a natural 28-day menstrual cycle. Transfer of surrogate preimplantation embryos into the ampulla of the fallopian tube during artificial cycles has resulted in successful pregnancies and birth of normal offspring. This achievement was followed by production of fertile cycles in women who had been ovariectomized or had primary ovarian failure (Lutjen et al., 1984; Navot et al., 1986). These fundamental demonstrations established that primate uterine cyclic growth depends primarily on an appropriate pattern of systemic estradiol and progesterone secretion.
Collective Excitations in Concentrated Mn2+ Systems: Special Properties

The spectroscopic properties of such Mn2+ systems as MnF2, RbMnF3, and KMnF3 have been widely investigated over the past fifteen years or so. An important step in the understanding of these systems has been the realization of the role of collective excitations in determining these properties. In this article, the relationship between collective excitations and spectral features is explored. We begin with a description of the Mn2+ ion in a crystal and a discussion of its participation in collective excitations. Next, we briefly consider the magnetic properties of the crystals of interest here. Subsequent sections deal with excitons, magnons, and to a lesser extent phonons with particular attention to their effects on the optical properties of concentrated Mn systems.