cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Slave Trade Question

For a decade and a half prior to the Congress of Verona, the suppression of the slave trade had been an important and vexing subject of international debate. As early as March 2, 1807, the United States had forbidden her citizens to import slaves after January 1, 1808.2 Only three weeks later (March 25, 1807) Britain followed suit. As a result of the successful lobbying of William Wilberforce and the African Society, Parliament prohibited this commerce within the empire after March 1, 1808. Thus the world’s two great maritime powers officially had abolished the slave trade by 1808.3 But American and British humanitarians soon learned that it was one thing to place abolition laws on the statute books and quite another to enforce them. Many Yankee and English slavers barely hesitated long enough to lower Old Glory or the Union Jack and to run up some other flag before continuing this illegal traffic. They and the merchants of other countries, notably Spain and Portugal, participated in the slave trade after 1808 because rewards remained great enough to justify the risks involved. The reasons for this “black market” were twofold: it was cheaper to import slaves than to rear them on colonial plantations, and effective means of suppression did not yet exist.4
Two trees in maximal planar bipartite graphs

It is proven that each maximal planar bipartite graph is decomposable into two trees. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic contributions to Type 2 diabetes: recent insights

Few Type 2 diabetes loci are considered confirmed and replicated across multiple populations. Some genes that have become accepted as contributors to diabetes risk include: calpain 10, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, ATP-sensitive inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit Kir6.2, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α and hepatic transcription factor 1. While numerous reports of new diabetes loci enter the literature on a regular basis, this review focuses on selected novel associations reported within the last 12 months. In particular, we highlight recent reports of associations between Type 2 diabetes and the transcription factor 7-like 2 gene, associations with µ-opioid receptor and supressor of cytokine signaling 2 genes, and expression and functional analyses of adipokines vaspin and retinol binding protein 4. These new results provide insights into possible mechanisms influencing disease susceptibility and thus new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for Type 2 diabetes.
Testing Ten Theories

Using the most comprehensive data set now available, this investigation tests the precision of all exchange theories that now contend. Beyond precision, the investigation focuses on broad issues of effectiveness including consistency, parsimony, and whether the theories can be applied to structures larger than normally studied in the lab. Seeking greater parsimony, this investigation introduces a new model by combining parts of two contending theories. We find that all ten theories have scientific merit for all can predict with some effectiveness for the exchange structures experimentally investigated. Nevertheless, the ten vary in precision. Elementary Theory is the most precise. The new Expected-value Resistance model ranks second in precision and is the simplest. Both apply to large networks as well as the best of the other theories.
Chemical Bonding and Lattice Mismatch in Semiconductorinsulator Heteroepitaxy: SrF2 on Si(111)

The growth of SrF2 on Si(111) is investigated using photoemission spectroscopy and compared to the growth of CaF2 on Si(l11). Both CaF2 and SrF2 have a fluorite lattice structure closely related to silicons diamond lattice structure. However, while the room temperature lattice constant of Si is only 0.6% smaller than that of CaF2, it is 6.8% smaller than that of SrF2. The photoemission results for thin films of SrF2 on Si(111) are very similar to previous measurements of the CaF2-on-Si(111) interface, reflective of strong silicon-cation bonding and the removal of fluorine from the interface. These results indicate that the chemical and electronic driving forces to dissociate the CaF2 or SrF2 molecule at the fluoride-silicon interface dominate over the structural constraints induced by the lattice mismatch.
Beyond Survival: Achieving New Venture Growth by Building Legitimacy

In this article we argue that (1) legitimacy is an important resource for gaining other resources, (2) such resources are crucial for new venture growth, and (3) legitimacy can be enhanced by the strategic actions of new ventures. We review the impact of legitimacy on new ventures as well as sources of legitimacy for new ventures, present strategies for new ventures to acquire legitimacy, explore the process of building legitimacy in the new venture, and examine the concept of the legitimacy threshold.
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery using the radial artery as a secondary conduit improves patient survival.

Background The clinical benefits of the left internal thoracic artery–to–left anterior descending coronary artery graft are well established in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). However, limited data are available regarding the long-term outcome of the radial artery (RA) as a secondary conduit over the established standard of the saphenous venous graft. Methods and Results We compared the 12-year survival outcome in a set of propensity-matched CABG patients who received either the RA or the saphenous vein as a secondary conduit. A multivariable logistic regression that included 18 baseline characteristics was used to define the propensity of receiving an RA graft. The propensity model resulted in 260 matched pairs who underwent first-time isolated CABG from 1996 to 2001 with similar preoperative characteristics (C statistic=0.86). The cumulative 12-year survival estimated by use of the Kaplan–Meier method was higher for the RA graft patients (hazard ratio 0.76; P =0.03). This survival advantage was especially significant in diabetics ( P =0.005), in women ( P =0.02), and in the elderly ( P =0.04.) The protective effect appeared beginning at year 5 post surgical intervention. Conclusion The RA as a secondary conduit provided superior long-term survival after CABG, especially in diabetic patients, women, and the elderly. This effect was most pronounced >5 years after surgery.
A Model of Social Loafing in Real Work Groups

Social loafing is the decline in member effort that often occurs in groups. This paper discusses factors that may contribute to social loafing, and proposes a model integrating these factors. The model attempts to move social loafing research from the laboratory to the workplace. Recommendations are offered for reducing social loafing in work groups.
Clinical Significance of HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations

Testing for HIV-1 drug resistance is routine in many clinical settings, yet changing ART based on resistance testing does not necessarily lead to effective treatment. The assays used by clinical laboratories provide a consensus of the actively replicating viral population, and can miss drug-resistant variants constituting <50% of the population. Trials evaluating the clinical utility of drug resistance testing have not provided convincing evidence of clinical benefit. This apparent failure can be attributed to complex virus, host, and ARV interactions that also pose barriers to effective treatment. Adherence to prescribed ART is foremost among these; although variations in host pharmacokinetics and cross-resistance within ARV classes also pose significant obstacles. Novel assays and ARV may eventually change the approach to drug-resistance testing and improve the outcome of HIV-1 treatment.
Unraveling Different Barriers to Internet Use Urban Residents and Neighborhood Effects

While current federal programs for broadband have invested heavily in rural infrastructure, significant disparities in Internet use remain in urban areas, where broadband networks are available. Th...
A distributed control scheme in multi-hop packet radio networks for voice/data traffic support

The paper presents a self-organizing, multihop packet radio network architecture for multimedia. This architecture relies on the code division access scheme. Nodes are organized into subsets called clusters. Within a cluster, any two nodes are one hop away from each other. All links in a cluster are assigned a common spread-spectrum code. Channel access in a cluster is implemented using a round robin scheme for data traffic and a piggyback scheme with bandwidth reservation for real time traffic. At call setup time, this architecture constructs virtual circuits and allocates bandwidth to each real time session. This multicluster architecture provides a good spatial reuse of the bandwidth. Since none of the nodes need to keep accurate common time, it eliminates the overhead of a global clock or time synchronization mechanism.
Structural stabilization of CNS synapses during postnatal development in rat cortex.

CNS synapses are produced rapidly upon pre- and post-synaptic recruitment. However, their composition is known to change during development and we reasoned that this may be reflected in the gross biochemical properties of synapses. We found synaptic structure in adult cortical synaptosomes to be resistant to digestion with trypsin in the presence and absence of calcium ions, contrasting with previous observations. We evaluated the divalent cation dependence and trypsin sensitivities of synapses using synaptosomes from different developmental stages. In contrast to adult synapses, at postnatal day (P) 10 EDTA treatment eliminated ∼60% of the synapses, and trypsin and EDTA, together, eliminated all junctions. Trypsinization in the presence of calcium eliminated ∼60% of the junctions at P10. By P35, all synapses were calcium independent, whereas full trypsin resistance was not attained until P49. To compare the calcium dependence and trypsin sensitivity of synapses in another region of the adult brain, we examined synapses from adult (P50) hippocampus. Adult hippocampus maintained a population of synapses that resembled that of P35 cortex. Our results show that synapses are modified over a long time period in the developing cortex. We propose a model in which the addition of synergistic calcium-dependent and -independent adhesive systems stabilize synapses.
Neurospora as a model fungus for studies in cytogenetics and sexual biology at Stanford.

Dodge’s early work (1927–1940) on Neurospora genetics and sexual biology inspired Beadle and Tatum at Stanford to use N. crassa for their landmark discovery that genes specify enzymes. Neurospora has since become a model organism for numerous genetic, cytogenetic, biochemical, molecular and population biology studies. Neurospora is haploid in the vegetative phase with a transient diploid sexual phase. Its meiotic cells (asci) are large, allowing easy examination of dividing nuclei and chromosomes under a light microscope. The haploid meiotic products are themselves the sexual progeny that grow into vegetative cultures, thus avoiding the cumbersome testcrosses and complex dominance-recessive relationships, as in diploid organisms. The Perkins’ laboratory at Stanford (1949–2007) played a pivotal role in advancing our knowledge of Neurospora genetics, sexual biology, cytogenetics and population biology. Since 1974, I have taken advantage of various chromosome-staining methods to examine ascus and ascospore development in wild type and in numerous mutant strains. In addition, I have used GFP-tagged genes to visualize the expression or silencing of unpaired genes in a post-transcriptional gene silencing process (meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA) that operates specifically during meiosis. The genome of N. crassa contains over 10 000 proteincoding genes. Gene knockouts or mutations in specific sequences may now be readily correlated with the observed cytological defects in the sexual stage, thus advancing our molecular understanding of complex processes during ascus and ascospore development.
The off-target effects of nonspecific NK cells

In this issue of Blood, Shah et al describe the onset of severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in 5 of 9 patients who received infusions of ex vivo expanded donor natural killer (NK) cells after HLA-matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
A proposal for a computer science charter school

South Carolina's Charter School Act of 1996 authorizes the formation of charter schools based on a charter detailing the school's mission and plan of operation. South Carolina also has a critical needs program that allows certification of college graduates in areas suffering teacher shortages, including computer science, through a nontraditional apprenticeship process. The primary goal of the proposed charter school is to provide instruction in computer science by qualified teachers. To that end, the school would employ certified teachers as classroom mentors along with computer science graduates as apprentices in the critical needs program. In addition to teaching, the apprentices would be encouraged to develop and market educational software and similar resources for other schools in the district. This experience would be beneficial for those choosing not to continue in teaching, and would furnish an added incentive for computer science graduates to apply for teaching jobs in the charter school.
Selective and Rapid Room Temperature Detection of H2S Using Gold Nanoparticle Chain Arrays

A novel conductometric hydrogen sulfide (H2S) sensor was fabricated by AC dielectrophoretic assembly of amino acid mediated grown gold nanoparticles across microfabricated gold electrodes. Excellent sensing performance toward hydrogen sulfide, including a sensitivity of 29.84 % ppm 1 , a lower detection limit in the sub-ppm level, the upper detection limit of 2 ppm, and a response time of < 20 s for 10 ppm H2S was achieved at room temperature. In addition, excellent selectivity was demonstrated toward CO and SO2 with minimum interference from NH3. Enhanced sensor performance may be attributed to the use of amino acid capped gold nanoparticles compared to thiolated gold nanoparticles and optimized assembly conditions to control the density of gold nanoparticle chains and electron transport properties.
AN ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE FROM PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM : I. EFFECT UPON INJECTION IN MICE WITH SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS AND COLUMBIA SK ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS

A culture of P. funiculosum isolated on Guam proved capable of elaborating a substance which exerted a favorable therapeutic effect against swine influenza virus infections in white mice. The culture was extremely variable and irregular in its production of the antiviral substance, and during maintenance in the laboratory for several years gradually lost this property. Efforts to restore it were unsuccessful. Subsequently it was found that the mold elaborated a substance, now designated helenine, which is therapeutically effective against Columbia SK encephalomyelitis virus infections in mice. Helenine appears to differ from the substance earlier procured from the mold, which was active against swine influenza virus infections in mice. It is frequently present in greater or lesser amount in the fluid portions of stationary cultures of P. funiculosum but is more regularly obtained and in larger amount, from the cellular components of the pellicles. When liberated from these latter by mechanical bruising and fracturing, it goes into solution in the culture fluids. It is precipitable from aqueous solution by 50 per cent acetone. Infected mice injected with helenine in amounts less than the amount which produces a maximal therapeutic effect exhibit a dosage response. Increasing the dose above the optimum fails to increase the therapeutic effect. Helenine exerts its maximum effect when given within the first 10 hours after viral infection but its influence is apparent even when treatment is delayed for up to 24 hours. It is not effective against massive amounts of virus and gives the best therapeutic results when used in the treatment of animals infected with from 10 to 1000 fatal doses of virus. Treatment of infected mice with helenine delays the entrance of virus into their brains for from 24 to 48 hours. The mechanism by which helenine exerts its therapeutic effect against SK virus is not known but the findings presented suggest either that it causes an inhibition or interruption of multiplication of the virus, slowing down the whole process of infection and spread to the central nervous system, or that in some way it interferes temporarily with the neuroinvasiveness of the virus.
Soil salinity of urban turf areas irrigated with saline water: II. Soil factors

Abstract With increasing uses of saline water for irrigating urban landscapes, salinization of irrigated soils is becoming a concern. This study was conducted to identify the soil factors, which can affect salt accumulation, and develop a practical method for estimating potentials for soil salinization. Soil samples collected in large number from five golf courses in west Texas, and southeastern New Mexico, 2 large public parks, and 14 municipal ball-fields in El Paso, TX, were analyzed for soil salinity as well as saturation and field moisture contents. Additionally, compacted and uncompacted areas were sampled for soil salinity at selected areas consisting of Entisols (young alluvial soils). Salt accumulation was minimal in deep sandy soils regardless of their differences in soil forming history. Elevated levels of salt accumulation were, however, found in soils with a thick thatch layer, and in shallow Aridisols developed or placed over the calcic horizon, which restricts drainage. High and variable salt accumulation (>10 dS m −1 ) was found in compacted clayey Entisols in municipal parks, yet salt accumulation in golf course fairways with comparable soil texture was minimal. This difference in soil salinity appeared to be caused by the difference in soil compaction. Soil salinity of clayey Entisols had a highly significant correlation with the saturation water content, a measure of soil texture, and this relationship seemed to be influenced by soil compaction. An empirical formula was developed for estimating soil salinity from salinity of irrigation water, and the saturation water content (or soil textural classes). Once calibrated to local conditions, it can be useful for assessing salinization potential as well as for evaluating soil suitability for irrigation with saline water in areas consisting of Entisols, but probably not in shallow Aridisols where poor subsoil permeability dictates salinization.
Privacy-Preserving Data Mining: A Survey

In recent years, privacy-preserving data mining has been studied extensively, because of the wide proliferation of sensitive information on the internet. A number of algorithmic techniques have been designed for privacy-preserving data mining. In this paper, we provide a review of the state-of-the-art methods for privacy. We discuss methods for randomization, k-anonymization, and distributed privacy-preserving data mining. We also discuss cases in which the output of data mining applications needs to be sanitized for privacy-preservation purposes. We discuss the computational and theoretical limits associated with privacy-preservation over high dimensional data sets.
The Supreme Court, Consolidated Returns, and 10-Year Carrybacks

This month the Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in United Dominion, which involves the special 10-year carryback rules for product liability losses by a consolidated group. The authors explain that the government would apply the carryback on a member-by-member basis whereas the taxpayer would treat the group as a single taxpayer for this purpose. The regulations are silent on the matter. By analogizing the issue to the general treatment of NOLs, which area consolidated item, this article concludes that the taxpayer has the better argument. The authors caution, however, against sweeping statements. In other consolidated return contexts, they believe, separate member treatment may be appropriate.
Effect of Size, Shape, Density, Moisture and Furnace Wall Temperature on Burning Times of Wood Pieces

To contribute toward increasing combustion intensity in fireboxes for particulate materials, the effects of several parameters on burning time of single wood cubes were investigated in 1978 and reported in an earlier paper.3 That paper discussed the effect of size, moisture content, furnace wall temperature and air temperature on burning time of small wood cubes.
A Study of the Demand for Eggs in Selected Chain Stores of Metropolitan New York, 1929

The purpose of this study is to indicate the extent of significant demand differences among groups of consumers in a large metropolitan area. The commodity considered is eggs, for which we have endeavored to establish approximate demand curves for certain groups of consumers in metropolitan New York, and have examined the substitution of the different grades for one another. The data are the deliveries of the various grades of eggs to chain stores located in areas selected to represent certain income groups, and the retail prices at which these eggs were sold. The study differs from the usual study of quantity and price relationships in two important aspects. In the first place, it deals with retail prices and indexes of the direct movement into consumers' hands. The usual studies have been of wholesale prices and the quantities of the commodity appearing in central wholesale markets. Our procedure undoubtedly gives a closer approximation to consumer demand. In the second place, this study makes some classification of consumers, which cannot be done in studies of the usual type. We thus gain some idea of the importance of differences among groups of consumers. Fifteen areas in the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx were selected to represent different important income and racial or na-
A Significance Test for Reverberation-Chamber Measurement Uncertainty in Total Radiated Power of Wireless Devices

We develop a significance test that determines whether the component of uncertainty due to the finite number of stepped mode-stirring samples or the component due to the lack of spatial uniformity dominates for a particular chamber setup and stirring sequence, as well as expressions for uncertainty for both cases. The significance test is illustrated with a measurement example comparing unloaded and loaded chambers for the measurement of a large-form-factor machine-to-machine device transmitting the wideband code-division-multiple-access (W-CDMA) protocol. Based on this example, we illustrate a method that allows users to estimate the minimum number of stepped mode-stirring samples needed to ensure that the component of uncertainty due to spatial uniformity dominates for a given chamber setup, allowing the use of a simplified expression for uncertainty.
Note on the Roots of the Derivative of a Polynomial

(1920). Note on the Roots of the Derivative of a Polynomial. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 27, No. 7-9, pp. 299-300.
P3.435 Opt-Out Rectal Screening For Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men (YMSM)

Objective In the United States, almost 20% of new HIV infections in 2010 occurred in young MSM (YMSM) aged 13–24 years old. YMSM also have high rates of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). STIs can facilitate HIV transmission and acquisition, and indicate unsafe sexual behaviour that might be conducive to HIV transmission. CDC recommends risk-based rectal chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening of MSM who report receptive anal intercourse (RAI), to protect their health and prevent HIV transmission. However, screening rates have been low. Opt-out screening of all YMSM during clinical encounters might be an effective approach to STI screening. Methods We used a cohort decision analysis model to compare two screening algorithms of YMSM aged 18–24 years: (1) risk-based screening of YMSM who report RAI, and (2) screening YMSM unless they opt-out. Based on published data, we assumed that 61% of YMSM disclosed same-sex behaviour to providers and that 67% of YMSM had RAI. Among YMSM who had RAI, 16% underwent risk-based rectal screening for chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea, and the prevalence of infection was 12%. Outcomes included the number of rectal infections identified and number of tests required to identify one infection. Results Among 1000 YMSM, opt-out screening identified 59% of infections versus 16% with risk-based screening. Opt-out screening required 10.4 tests to identify one infection versus 8.4 with risk-based screening. Both screening approaches missed 39% of infections because providers were unaware that patients were MSM. Conclusions Although opt-out screening required two additional tests to identify one case, it identified 3.7 times more infections. Increased diagnosis and treatment of STIs can lead to decreased STI prevalence and HIV transmission, facilitate provider interventions for at-risk youth, and increase patient awareness of the risks associated with unsafe sexual practises. Increased awareness of patients’ sexual behaviour among providers is needed to provide optimal care.
Abstract P2-12-01: Prospective Evaluation of Joint Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women Initiating Aromatase Inhibitors for Early Stage Breast Cancer

Background: Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are widely prescribed to postmenopausal women for the adjuvant treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer (BC). However, musculoskeletal complaints can lead to nonadherence and early discontinuation. The aim of this study was to characterize the natural history of the AI-induced arthralgia syndrome and determine predictors of worsening symptoms. Methods: Postmenopausal women with stage I-III BC initiating adjuvant AI therapy were enrolled. All patients completed the following questionnaires at baseline and every 3 months for a year: Modified Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index and the Modified Assessment of Chronic Rheumatoid Affections of the Hands (M-SACRAH). Higher scores reflect worse symptoms. Quality of life was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Endocrine Subscale (FACT-ES). Hand grip strength was measured at each visit with a Martin dynamometer. Paired t-tests were performed to compare follow-up evaluations to baseline. Linear Regression was performed to evaluate the association between baseline symptoms and change in symptoms. Results: A total of 169 patients have been consented, 3-month data is available on 102; 6-month data on 85. Median age: 63 (42–89); White/Black/Asian/Hispanic: 61.48/30.33/3.28/25.6; median BMI (kg/m2): 28 (12–50). Compared to baseline, there was a statistically significant increase in BPI pain severity and endocrine related symptoms on the FACT-ES at 3 and 6 months. Significant changes in the BPI pain interference, M-SACRAH pain and stiffness, WOMAC function, physical well-being on the FACT-ES, trial outcome index and pinch grip strength were seen at 3 months; however these changes did not remain significant at 6 months. Logistic regression models evaluating predictors of patient reported outcome measures and grip strength were performed. Baseline score was the strongest predictor of worsening symptoms (p Conclusions: Treatment with adjuvant AI therapy is associated with significant worsening of joint pain and stiffness which is most prominent at the 3 months evaluation. Patients with baseline joint symptoms are at greatest risk for worsening symptoms on AIs. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-12-01.
The evolution and future of manufacturing: A review

Abstract Manufacturing is continuously evolving from concept development to methods and tools available for the production of goods for use or sale. Traditionally, manufacturing refers to an industrial production process through which raw materials are transformed into finished products to be sold in the market. However, these days manufacturing is considered to be an integrated concept at all levels from machines to production systems to an entire business level operation. Although there have been considerable developments in manufacturing technologies and processes, the actual scope and elements of manufacturing systems are complex and not adequately defined. This paper provides a review of both the tangible and intangible elements of manufacturing systems and presents a state-of-the-art survey of published work. It studies the evolution of research in manufacturing starting from past and current trends to future developments. How manufacturing systems have been classified is also presented. Through this extensive survey of the literature, future directions of this changing field are suggested.
Change of Electrocardiographic Manifestations of Neonates with Congenital Hypothyroidism and Its Clinical Significance

Objective To assess the changes of electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism (CH),as well as its correlation with thyroid hormones serum levels and the influence on neonatal ECG activities.Methods ECG was evaluated in 50 neonates with CH aged 17-28 days and 35 healthy neonates in this study.ECG parameters,including heart rate (HR),PR interval (PR),QRS time (QRS),QRS axis in the frontal plane (QRSa),QT time (QT) and corrected QT time (QTC) were analyzed.Chemiluminescent immunoassay was used to measure serum triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxin(FT4),total thyrotropin(TT3),total thyroxin(TT4) and thyrotropin(TSH) .Correlation analysis was also made between left ventricular function parameters and serum thyroid hormones levels.Results Serum FT3,FT4,TT3,TT4 levels in CH group were significantly lower than those in normal control group,while serum TSH level in CH group was significantly higher (Pa0.001).HR in CH group was significantly lower compared with normal control group (P0.05),which was positively correlated with FT3,FT4 serum levels (Pa0.05),and negatively correlated with TSH serum level (Pa0.05).PR and QT in CH group were significantly longer than those in the control group (Pa0.05).PR was negatively correlated with FT3,FT4, TT4 serum levels (Pa0.05),and positively correlated with TSH serum levels (Pa0.05).No statistical differences of QRS,QRSa,and QT were noted between two groups(Pa0.05).Conclusions CH has predominant effect on pacemaker cells of sinus node in neonates,which may result in changes in autorhythmicity,while some other electrophysiologic effect such as cardiac action potential or atrioventricular conduction have not yet been affected.
Anal Neoplasia in Persons with HIV Infection

Immunodeficiency and the development of various forms of neoplasia are clearly associated. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs commonly in congenital
Estimating lower vocal tract features with closed-open phase spectral analyses.

Previous studies have shown that, in addition to being speaker-dependent yet context-independent, lower vocal tract acoustics significantly impact the speech spectrum at mid-tohigh frequencies (e.g 3-6kHz). The present work automatically estimates spectral features that exhibit acoustic properties of the lower vocal tract. Specifically aiming to capture the cyclicity property of the epilarynx tube, a novel multi-resolution approach to spectral analyses is presented that exploits significant differences between the closed and open phases of a glottal cycle. A prominent null linked to the piriform fossa is also estimated. Examples of the feature estimation on natural speech of the VOICES multi-speaker corpus illustrate that a salient spectral pattern indeed emerges between 3-6kHz across all speakers. Moreover, the observed pattern is consistent with that canonically shown for the lower vocal tract in previous works. Additionally, an instance of a speaker’s formant (i.e. spectral peak around 3kHz that has been well-established as a characteristic of voice projection) is quantified here for the VOICES template speaker in relation to epilarynx acoustics. The corresponding peak is shown to be double the power on average compared to the other speakers (20 vs 10 dB).
Common errors in reasoning about the future: Three informal fallacies

Abstract The continued exponential growth of the price-performance of computing is likely to effectuate technologies that radically transform both the global economy and the human condition over the course of this century. Conventional visions of the next 50 years fail to realistically account for the full implications of accelerating technological change driven by the exponential growth of computing, and as a result are deeply flawed. These flawed visions are, in part, a consequence of three interrelated errors in reasoning: 1) the linear projection fallacy, 2) the ceteris paribus fallacy, and 3) the arrival fallacy. Each of these informal fallacies is likely a manifestation of shortcomings in our intuitions about complex dynamic systems. Recognizing these errors and identifying when and where they affect our own reasoning is an important first step toward thinking more realistically about the future.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF CALBINDIN-D 28K IN CHICK INTESTINE FOLLOWING 1,25(OH) 2 D 3

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the ultrastructural localization of calbindin-D28K in chick intestine following 1,25(OH)2D3. Calbindin-D28k [CaBP], the vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein first discovered in chick intestine, has been localized in duodenal absorptive cells at times coincident with the initial 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin Da [1., 25(0H)2D3 ] stimulated calcium absorption. In those studies, the protein appeared throughout the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The only reported ultrastructural localization study was done with chicks raised on a normal diet. As there are some early temporal correlations of CaBP appearance with physiological function and some noncorrelations at later times, it was of interest to examine CaBP distribution in vitamin D-free animals following administration of the hormonal form of vitamin D3. This study reports the ultrastructural localization of CaBP in absorptive cells following 1,25(OH)2D3 given to rachitic chicks. The elevated nucleolar concentration of CaBP at 6 hours declined to a relative concentration at 96 hours slightly less than that present in chicks raised on a normal diet. The pattern of CaBP associated with the nucleolus, high concentrations at short times after 1, 25(OH)2D3 followed by declining levels, parallels the physiological response.
Pipe-Z Manipulatives

This chapter presents a number of virtual and physical Pipe-Z (PZ) manipulatives in two closely related contexts: PZ as an non-intuitive construction system which requires certain “sensory augmentation”; PZ as a manipulator for haptic communication or teaching aid.
Human Performance Under Progressive Ratio Contingencies

Ten human subjects experienced a progressive ratio schedule under three different reinforcement conditions; (a) 20-point increments on a computer screen for each ratio completion, (b) 5-point increments for each ratio completion with each point redeemable for $0.01, and (c) 20-point increments with each point redeemable for $0.01. The condition with 20-point increments redeemable for money produced the greatest amount of responding while the condition with 20-point increments not redeemable for money resulted in the least amount of responding. Cumulative records of responding illustrated occasional “breaks” in responding and abrupt changes in response rate during some sessions. More breaks and slowing in response rates were observed during the points-only condition than in the condition in which each ratio completion was worth $0.20. The results suggest that progressive ratio contingencies may be appropriate for examining relative reinforcing values of qualitatively and quantitatively different reinforcing stimuli with humans.
Review: Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture by Robert Venturi: History and Representation: Venturi's Engagement with Modern “Islamic” Architecture

In Complexity and Contradiction Robert Venturi presents a critique of modernism, with its rigid systems and fetishization of the functional. Mining the past and utilizing examples as diverse as Borromini's churches and Frank Furness's houses, Venturi addresses the complexity of architectural form, made visible through unexpected juxtapositions and scalar manipulations. He considers intricate baroque ornament and heavy Egyptian columns alongside Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye to impress upon the reader that the study of architecture requires close analysis and historical breadth. The perspective is that of a designer, however, not a historian, a point Venturi makes clear from the outset. The book ends with twelve of the architect's own projects, seven of which were unrealized. The same black-and-white photography that caresses the facades of Roman churches documents Venturi's Guild House housing project for the elderly in Philadelphia. The implicit connection is that of form and memory, and a blending of everyday materiality with historical reference. The polemic thus calls for an architecture of remembrance, the images composed like a dream sequence of memories long internalized. However, the past is not a passive imprint but a reflection of “society's inverted scale of values” (43).1 The central issue is that of representation, of architecture itself as well as the multiple discursive positions that it may enable.2 The book is provocative and visually sophisticated, and its influence in the fifty years since its publication cannot be overestimated. The power of Venturi's argument for historicism lies in its flexibility. Although answers to the questions “Whose history?” and “Which moment in time?” are alluded to in Complexity and Contradiction , they are also left somewhat ambiguous (for example, even though Venturi provides no dates and makes no attempt at geographic specificity, his bias toward Italian baroque comes through). Venturi's claim for using traditional building …
Reproductive Health and Nutrition

This chapter discusses the relationship between nutritional status and reproductive well-being. It explores the role that nutrition plays during various phases of the reproductive cycle starting from the onset of puberty, to the menstrual cycle, to pregnancy. It also explores the role of nutrition in other aspects of reproductive health such as sexually transmitted infections and reproductive organ cancers. Evidence on clinical interventions involving supplementation is reviewed. Where possible the chapter examines the potential biological pathways of impact from nutrients to the outcome.
Comparison of learning outcomes for native and non-native speakers of the language of instruction in a flipped laboratory

The use of educational technology to improve undergraduate student performance has increase rapidly in the last few years. At the same time engineering undergraduate programs have rapidly globalized. A result of this globalization is an increase in the number of students attending university in countries where instruction is delivered in a language which is not their native language. The impact of students for whom the language of instruction is a second language have not been studied in relation to the use of the new educational technology. This study compared the learning outcomes of students who were native speakers of the language of instruction to those of students who were non-native speakers of the language of instruction. All of the non-native speakers in the study, were native Arabic speakers. Outcomes were measured in an introductory analog circuit analysis courses. The courses was taught as a flipped lab using National Instrument MyDAQ for weekly lab activities. To demonstrate their mastery of skills students completed a midterm lab practical exam and a final lab practical exam. The lab practical exams were completed using standard lab equipment. The use of new lab equipment was intended to demonstrate students' ability to transfer the skills learned using the virtual instrumentation of the MyDAQ to a physical setting. Statistical analysis was performed on the scores for the mid-term lab practical exam and the final lab practical exam. The results of the analysis show there is no statistically significant difference between the outcomes for the native speakers and the non-native speakers.
Solving fatigue-related problems with cardiac arrest survivors living in the community.

Abstract Aim The aim was to describe fatigue-related problems reported by post-cardiac arrest adults with chronic fatigue and energy conservation strategies generated using an Energy Conservation plus Problem Solving Therapy intervention. Methods Following an introduction to the intervention process outlined in a Participant Workbook, participants engaged in the telephone intervention by identifying one to two fatigue-related problems. They then brainstormed with the interventionist to identify potential strategies to reduce fatigue, tested them, and either modified the strategies or moved to the next problem over three to five sessions. Results Eighteen cardiac arrest survivors with chronic fatigue identified instrumental activities of daily living and leisure activities as fatigue-related activities more frequently than basic activities of daily living. Energy Conservation strategies used most frequently were: plan ahead, pace yourself, delegate to others, and simplify the task. Conclusion Post-cardiac arrest adults living in the community with chronic fatigue can return to previous daily activities by using energy conservation strategies such as planning ahead, pacing tasks, delegating tasks, and simplifying tasks.
A study of extracellular matrix remodeling in aortic heart valves using a novel biaxial stretch bioreactor

In aortic valves, biaxial cyclic stretch is known to modulate cell differentiation, extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and organization. We designed a novel bioreactor that can apply independent and precise stretch along radial and circumferential directions in a tissue culture environment. While this bioreactor can be used for either native or engineered tissues, this study determined matrix remodeling and strain distribution of aortic cusps after culturing under biaxial stretch for 14 days. The contents of collagen and glycosaminoglycans were determined using standard biochemical assays and compared with fresh controls. Strain fields in static cusps were more uniform than those in stretched cusps, which indicated degradation of the ECM fibers. The glycosaminoglycan content was significantly elevated in the static control as compared to fresh or stretched cusps, but no difference was observed in collagen content among the groups. The strain profile of freshly isolated fibrosa vs. ventricularis and left, right, and noncoronary cusps were also determined by Digital Image Correlation technique. Distinct strain patterns were observed under stretch on fibrosa and ventricularis sides and among the three cusps. This work highlights the critical role of the anisotropic ECM structure for proper functions of native aortic valves and the beneficial effects of biaxial stretch for maintenance of the native ECM structure.
Anodes for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Type I Silicon Clathrate Ba8Al16Si30 - Role of Processing on Surface Properties and Electrochemical Behavior

Type I silicon clathrates based on Ba8AlySi46-y (8 < y < 12) have been studied as potential anodes for lithium-ion batteries and display electrochemical properties that are distinct from those found in conventional silicon anodes. Processing steps such as ball-milling (typically used to reduce the particle size) and acid/base treatment (used to remove nonclathrate impurities) may modify the clathrate surface structure or introduce defects, which could affect the observed electrochemical properties. In this work, we perform a systematic investigation of Ba8AlySi46-y clathrates with y ≈ 16, i.e, having a composition near Ba8Al16Si30, which perfectly satisfies the Zintl condition. The roles of ball-milling and acid/base treatment were investigated using electrochemical, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The results showed that acid/base treatment removed impurities from the synthesis, but also led to formation of a surface oxide layer that inhibited ...
Consumer Segmentation in China

Before 1979, when Deng Xiao Ping declared his open-door policy, China’s consumers had little choice in the marketplace. They had to consume products of dismal quality produced by state-owned enterprises in a regulated market. Today, China’s consumers have vast selection in a large variety of categories from low-end/budget items to luxury goods. They have access to new media and information. They are exposed to branded goods and their logos and advertisements. Modern retail stores are rising everywhere (Schmitt forthcoming).
Visualizing nationwide variation in medicare Part D prescribing patterns

To characterize the regional and national variation in prescribing patterns in the Medicare Part D program using dimensional reduction visualization methods. Using publicly available Medicare Part D claims data, we identified and visualized regional and national provider prescribing profile variation with unsupervised clustering and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) dimensional reduction techniques. Additionally, we examined differences between regionally representative prescribing patterns for major metropolitan areas. Distributions of prescribing volume and medication diversity were highly skewed among over 800,000 Medicare Part D providers. Medical specialties had characteristic prescribing patterns. Although the number of Medicare providers in each state was highly correlated with the number of Medicare Part D enrollees, some states were enriched for providers with > 10,000 prescription claims annually. Dimension-reduction, hierarchical clustering and t-SNE visualization of drug- or drug-class prescribing patterns revealed that providers cluster strongly based on specialty and sub-specialty, with large regional variations in prescribing patterns. Major metropolitan areas had distinct prescribing patterns that tended to group by major geographical divisions. This work demonstrates that unsupervised clustering, dimension-reduction and t-SNE visualization can be used to analyze and visualize variation in provider prescribing patterns on a national level across thousands of medications, revealing substantial prescribing variation both between and within specialties, regionally, and between major metropolitan areas. These methods offer an alternative system-wide and pattern-centric view of such data for hypothesis generation, visualization, and pattern identification.
Brass Satisfaction: Identifying the Personal and Work-Related Factors Associated With Job Satisfaction Among Police Chiefs:

Despite job satisfaction being among the most commonly studied constructs in the organizational behavioral literature, few studies have examined predictors of job satisfaction among police officers...