cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profile-based adaptation for cache decay

"Cache decay" is a set of leakage-reduction mechanisms that put cache lines that have not been accessed for a specific duration into a low-leakage standby mode. This duration is called the decay interval, and its optimal value varies across applications. This paper describes an adaptation technique that analytically finds the optimal decay interval through profiling, and shows that the most important variables required for finding the optimal decay interval can be estimated with a reasonable degree of accuracy using profiling. This work explicitly trades off the leakage power saved in putting both the "live" and "dead" lines into standby mode, against its performance and energy costs. It achieves energy savings close to what can be obtained with an omniscient choice of per-benchmark optimal decay interval.
Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus of ten species of Pacific butterflyfishes (Perciformes, Chaetodontidae): an ecomorphological approach

The functional morphology of the feeding apparatus and the feeding ecology of an assemblage of ten species of butterflyfishes was investigated using a comparative ecomorphological approach. Behavioral observations in situ and in vivo, morphological measurements of fresh-killed specimens, scanning electron microscopy, and kinematic modeling were utilized. The fishes show varying degrees of morphological and behavioral specialization and generalization. The more specialized species group according to how they feed, rather than what they feed on. The feeding guild concept is therefore not very instructive in understanding the functional significance of the feeding apparatus. Many of the morphologically specialized butterflyfishes demonstrate evolutionary convergence in feeding morphology. Whereas the more morphologically specialized species do generally have more ecologically specialized diets, these data do not particularly support the ecomorphological hypothesis in that similar diets do not correspond to similar morphologies.
Hydrogen bonding in linear (LiH)2

Abstract Ab initio LCAO MO SCF calculations are reported on the linear form of LiH dimer. The properties and structure of the Li-H-Li linkage are discussed in the light of hydrogen bonding.
Bone marrow–derived CMPs and GMPs represent highly functional proangiogenic cells: implications for ischemic cardiovascular disease

Clinical studies using bone marrow–derived proangiogenic cells (PACs) have demonstrated modest improvements of function and/or perfusion of ischemic myocardium or skeletal muscle. Because the identities of these PACs and their functional ability to promote neovascularization remain poorly understood, it is possible that a subset of robust PACs exists but is obscured by the heterogeneous nature of this cell population. Herein, we found that common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs) preferentially differentiate into PACs compared with megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors, hematopoietic stem cells, and common lymphoid progenitors. In vivo hindlimb ischemia studies and Matrigel plug assays verified the enhanced neovascularization properties uniquely associated with PACs derived from CMPs and GMPs. Taken together, these observations identify CMPs and GMPs as key bone marrow progenitors for optimal PAC function in vitro and in vivo and provide a foundation for novel therapeutic approaches to modulate angiogenesis.
Profitability and Marketability of the Top 55 U.S. Commercial Banks

Utilizing recent developments in data envelopment analysis (DEA), this paper examines the performance of the top 55 U.S. commercial banks via a two-stage production process that separates profitability and marketability. Substantial performance inefficiency is uncovered in both dimensions. Relatively large banks exhibit better performance on profitability, whereas smaller banks tend to perform better with respect to marketability. New contextdependent performance measures are defined for profitability and marketability which employ a DEA stratification model and a DEA attractiveness measure. When combined with the original DEA measure, the context-dependent performance measure better characterizes the profitability and marketability of 55 U.S. commercial banks. The new approach identifies areas for improved bank performance over the two-stage production process. The effect of acquisition on efficiency and attractiveness is also examined.
Scatterer Discrimination Based Upon Natural Resonance Annihilation

Classification of electromagnetic scatterers by the annihilation of natural modes is considered. After providing some historical background, the conceptual basis of this methodology is discussed, followed by a development of the requisite theoretical techniques. Implementations of some resonance annihilation schemes are illustrated and resultant validations using synthetic signals, integral equation computations and scattering measurements are featured.
Effect of Filtering Ozone-Polluted Dryer Air Through Activated Charcoal on the Flavor of Foam Spray-Dried Whole Milk

Abstract To determine whether the flavor of dried milk manufactured with ozone-polluted air could be improved by filtering the air through activated charcoal, a series of foam spray-dried whole milks were manufactured using, alternately in each experiment, standard cellulose dust filters and activated charcoal filters in the dryer air inlet. Using cellulose filters, ozone levels of air entering the dryer were 4–17 parts per billion (average 8 ppb) and powder flavor 0.6–4.0 flavor points (average 2.0 points on a 10-point scale) lower than their parent concentrates. Using charcoal filters, ozone levels of air entering the dryer were zero, and powder flavor varied from 0.2 point higher to 0.7 point lower (average 0.1 point lower) than concentrates. Ozone levels as low as 6 parts per billion,if added to charcoal-purified air, had a definitely damaging effect on the powder's flavor. Powder manufactured in ozone-free air, and cooled before exposure, retained its high flavor quality during moderate subsequent exposure to polluted air.
Long-Distance Movement in a Dusky Great Horned Owl and Limits to Phylogeography for Establishing Provenance

The Dusky Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus saturatus) of the Pacific Northwest region of North America is generally considered to be nonmigratory. Here we report a specimen of a Dusky Great Horned Owl that was salvaged in New Mexico and identified based on comparison of its plumage with a large series of museum skins. We attempted to corroborate this identification by comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences between the specimen and a representative sample of 5 Great Horned Owl subspecies from western North America. This analysis revealed minimal mitochondrial genetic variation and no evidence of population genetic structure, suggesting that the marked plumage differences among subspecies evolved since the late Pleistocene. To evaluate the possibility that the salvaged specimen was transported after death, we analyzed its stomach contents. The stomach contained remains of a desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), a locally abundant rabbit species in central New Mexico. The mitochondrial haplotype of the rabbit was novel but closely related to haplotypes found in New Mexico and west Texas. This is the first report of long distance movement in the Pacific Northwest subspecies of Great Horned Owl, though we cannot rule out the possibility of anomalous melanism. Although there is tremendous potential for forensic-style phylogeographic investigation of animal movements, this study illustrates that sequence databases are not yet adequate to the task, even for common North American vertebrate species.
Effects of lifestyle and stress on the employee and organization: Implications for promoting health at work

Abstract This research was designed to determine the extent to which employee health and performance are predicted by lifestyle and stress. Data were collected from 345 employees working in a variety of organizations in southern California. Additionally, supervisors evaluated the work performance of the participating employees whom they directly supervised, and company records of employee health care costs were obtained. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed (a) that physical lifestyle (i.e., exercise pattern, eating habits, and general health practices) predicted unique variance in vitality and positive well-being; (b) that psychosocial lifestyle (i.e., social relations, intellectual activity, occupational conditions, and spiritual involvement) predicted unique variance in vitality, positive well-being, anxiety, depression, lack of self-control, and somatic complaints; (c) that employee stress predicted unique variance in vitality, positive well-being, anxiety, depression, physician visits, ...
I Can Do That The Impact of Implicit Theories on Leadership Role Model Effectiveness

This research investigates the role of implicit theories in influencing the effectiveness of successful role models in the leadership domain. Across two studies, the authors test the prediction that incremental theorists ("leaders are made") compared to entity theorists ("leaders are born") will respond more positively to being presented with a role model before undertaking a leadership task. In Study 1, measuring people's naturally occurring implicit theories of leadership, the authors showed that after being primed with a role model, incremental theorists reported greater leadership confidence and less anxious-depressed affect than entity theorists following the leadership task. In Study 2, the authors demonstrated the causal role of implicit theories by manipulating participants' theory of leadership ability. They replicated the findings from Study 1 and demonstrated that identification with the role model mediated the relationship between implicit theories and both confidence and affect. In addition, incremental theorists outperformed entity theorists on the leadership task.
A New Form of Lactose Crystal Found in Sandy Ice Cream

Summary Diamond shaped crystals occurring in “sandy” ice cream have been identified as α-lactose hydrate. It is believed that the occurrence of this modified form of lactose crystal is caused by the high viscosity of the solution—due in particular to the concentration of the sucrose in the crystallizing medium, which in turn is caused by a freezing out of part of the water. The relatively large size of the diamond shaped crystals, as well as their quantity, indicates that, for the avoidance of “sandy” in ice cream, the viscosity of the solution, in addition to the solubility relationships of lactose, must be considered. It is recommended that ice cream be kept frozen hard or approximately so, thus preventing diffusion and the growth of relatively large lactose crystals or objectionable “sandy.”
The spectrum of vascular lesions in the mammary skin, including angiosarcoma, after breast conservation treatment for breast cancer.

Abstract BACKGROUND: With the general acceptance of lumpectomy, axillary staging, and radiotherapy as local treatment for infiltrating breast cancer, an appreciation is evolving for the spectrum of vascular lesions that occur in the mammary skin after this treatment. Most of these lesions develop within the prior radiation field after breast conservation treatment. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart and slide review was conducted, consisting of five patients with cutaneous vascular lesions after breast conservation treatment for infiltrating breast cancer. RESULTS: The latent time interval from definitive treatment of breast cancer to the clinical recognition of vascular lesions ranged from 5 to 11 years. Two patients did not have either arm or breast edema, two patients had breast edema, and the fifth patient had arm edema. Lesions arising in the irradiated mammary skin included extensive lymphangiectasia (one), atypical vascular lesions (two), and cutaneous angiosarcoma (four). CONCLUSIONS: Atypical vascular lesions at the skin margins of mastectomy may be predictive of recurrence after resection of angiosarcoma. Excision of skin from the entire radiation field may be necessary to secure local control of the chest wall in patients with cutaneous angiosarcoma after therapeutic breast radiotherapy.
Colloquium--Alternative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition.

Presented at the American Association for Applied Linguistics Annual Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA; 23 March 2009.
Primary transpupillary thermotherapy for choroidal melanoma in 391 cases: importance of risk factors in tumor control.

Purpose To report the long-term outcome of primary transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) for choroidal melanoma. Design Retrospective review of medical records. Participants We included 391 patients with choroidal melanoma treated between 1995 and 2012 at the Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia. Methods We delivered TTT with an infrared diode laser. Main Outcome Measures Local tumor recurrence, Snellen visual acuity after TTT, and distant metastasis. Results Of 391 patients, 311 (80%) were treated from 1995 to 2000 and 80 (20%) from 2001 to 2012. Tumors in the 2001 to 2012 group were ultrasonographically thinner (2.2 vs. 2.7 mm), more distant from the optic disc (3.2 vs. 2.5 mm) and foveola (4.0 vs. 2.0 mm), were less often located in the macular area (14% vs. 40%), and had lower rates of acoustic hollowness on B-scan ultrasonography (63% vs. 84%), subretinal fluid (58% vs. 90%), and orange pigment (50% vs. 70%). Kaplan–Meier estimates for tumor recurrence in the 1995 to 2000 group were 29% at 5 years and 42% at 10 years, whereas estimates for tumor recurrence in the 2001–2012 group were 11% at 5 years and 15% at 10 years. Of 108 recurrent tumors 20 were controlled with additional TTT and 62 required plaque radiation (n = 60) or proton beam radiation (n = 2), with enucleation necessary in 26 patients. Tumor recurrence correlated with the number of high-risk tumor features: 10-year recurrence was 18% in those with 1 or 2 risk factors, 35% in those with 3 to 5 factors, and 55% in those with 6 or 7 factors. On multivariate analysis, features predictive of tumor recurrence were presence of symptoms ( P P = 0.026), subretinal fluid ( P = 0.035), thickness of residual tumor scar ( P P P = 0.007). Presence of orange pigment before TTT ( P = 0.019), tumor recurrence ( P = 0.002), and extraocular tumor extension ( P = 0.017) were predictive of distant metastasis. Conclusion This study shows a direct correlation between a larger number of high-risk tumor features and higher rates of tumor recurrence after primary TTT of (small) choroidal melanoma. We advise that, when possible, small choroidal melanomas with multiple risk factors be treated with methods other than TTT.
Justice and the spatial imagination

Introduction In an article published almost two decades ago, G H Pirie (1983, page 472) wrote: ``It would be a pity indeed if the busyness of political philosophers was to go completely unnoticed by spatial theorists and applied researchers. Equally, it would be a pity ... if this essay were to stand alone as a review of implications of that busyness.'' In that article, entitled On spatial justice'', Pirie reflected on the desirability and possibility of fashioning a concept of spatial justice from notions of social justice and territorial social justice'' (page 465). The present paper offers yet another reflection on the notion of justice as it relates to space and spatiality, to point to the ways in which various forms of injustice are manifest in the very process of spatialization, and the ways in which an increased awareness of the dialectical relationship between (in)justice and spatiality could make space a site of politics in fighting against injustice. As will become clear further through the text, the conceptualizations of both justice and space differ from the ways Pirie once viewed them. The paper is organized in five sections. The first section is a brief review of the geography literature which engages with the notion of justice, and serves to outline the theoretical position assumed in this paper. The second section provides an urban context in which a notion of spatial justice may be conceptualized. The third section is devoted to such a conceptualization. The fourth section presents the case of French urban policy in order to make the arguments more concrete. The concluding section is an attempt to define an ethico-political ground on which emancipatory politics in an urban spatial framework may be defended. The paper is conceptual in nature. Examples, however, are provided to stir the imagination as to the ways in which the dialectical relationship between (in)justice and spatiality may be conceived. The examples, therefore , are used to make this relationship more concrete, rather than attempting to provide a thorough discussion of the cases selected. Abstract. I attempt in this paper to conceptualize a notion of spatial justice in order to point to the dialectical relationship between (in)justice and spatiality, and to the role that spatialization plays in the production and reproduction of domination and repression. I argue that the city provides a productive ground for the formation of a spatially informed ethics of political solidarity against domination and repression. A `triad' is articulated to inform such politics, which brings together three notions: the spatial dialectics of injustice, the right to the city, and the right to difference. The notion of spatial justice is employed as a theoretical underpinning to avoid abusive interpretations of Lefebvrian rights in a liberal framework of individual rights. The case of French urban policy is used for illustrative purposes. Finally, the notion of e¨aliberteis introduced as a moral ground on which the triad may be defended.
Frequency of antibody to hepatitis C virus in asymptomatic HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis

To determine the frequency of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in asymptomatic patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis, sera from 30 consecutive patients with few or no symptoms of liver disease were tested by an enzyme immunoassay. The reactivity of antibodies detected by enzyme immunoassay against hepatitis C virus encoded antigens was determined by recombinant immunoblot assay. Antibodies were detected in 11 of the 30 patients (37%) and eight of the seropositive sera (73%) were reactive by recombinant immunoblot assay. Nonreactive patients were weakly positive by enzyme immunoassay (sample/cutoff ratio, less than or equal to 1.9) in contrast to reactive patients (sample/cutoff ratio, greater than or equal to 6.3). The prevalence of immunoserologic markers was similar in patients with and without antibodies (78 vs. 87%) but high titers (greater than or equal to 1:160) were more common in seronegative patients (53 vs. 11%). Additionally, seronegative patients had smooth muscle antibodies (83 vs. 25%, p less than 0.05) and concurrent extrahepatic immunologic diseases (37 vs. 9%) more commonly than seropositive counterparts. We conclude that asymptomatic patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis frequently have antibodies to hepatitis C virus. These antibodies commonly react to specific viral antigens, especially if the enzyme immunoassay is strongly positive. Seropositive patients infrequently have concurrent immunologic disorders or smooth muscle antibodies. Immunoserologic markers lack diagnostic specificity except in higher titer.
Comparative Ultrastructure of the Sinus Node in Man and Dog

Ultrastructure of the sinus node was studied in human and canine hearts and found to be similar. The principal cell of the sinus node is a small round pale cell with randomly distributed sarcosomes and sparse myofibrils. These cells have been designated as P cells. They occur in elongated clusters and make contact with each other in all directions but do not make direct contact with ordinary working myocardium. Transitional cells, which have features intermediate between P cells and working myocardium, serve as the connections between P cells and the rest of the heart. Each P cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane and groups of them are bound by a basement membrane. The only specialized junction between P cells is the desmosome, which occurs singly and seldom, with most contact being between apposing plasma membranes. P cells exhibit unusually active pinocytosis but have only a sparsely developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcosomes of P cells are much simpler in internal structure than are those of ad...
Seasonal specificity of hormonal, behavioral, and coloration responses to within- and between-sex encounters in male lizards (Sceloporus undulatus).

This study reports the gender and seasonal specificity of hormonal, behavioral, and coloration responses displayed by “resident” male lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) exposed to male or female “intruders” during staged encounters in outdoor enclosures. Resident males were engaged in staged encounters with males or females for 1 h per day on 9 consecutive days during the breeding and postbreeding seasons. Male-specific responses occurred during the breeding but not the postbreeding season. These included (1) a transient increase in plasma testosterone (T) that was evident on Day 4 and had subsided by Day 10, (2) behavioral displays of aggression (full shows and chases), and (3) a lightening of dorsal integumental color. Female-specific behavioral responses (nod sets) were displayed in both seasons. Season-specific responses consisted only of a transient increase in plasma corticosterone (B) during the breeding season that was evident on Day 4 and had subsided by Day 10. Pushups were displayed in response to both genders during both seasons, although the frequency of pushups was significantly higher in response to females than to males during the postbreeding season. The coloration of residents did not change in response to male intruders during the postbreeding season or to females during either season. These results define the gender and seasonal specificity of hormonal, behavioral, and coloration responses of resident male S. undulatus in social interactions with conspecifics. Thus, our results clarify the biological significance of these responses in terms of potentially aggressive versus courtship interactions and breeding versus postbreeding contexts.
Novel approaches to glioma drug design and drug screening

Introduction: Gliomas are considered the most malignant form of brain tumors, and ranked among the most aggressive human cancers. Despite advance standard therapy the prognosis for patients with gliomas remains poor. Chemotherapy has played an important role as an adjuvant in treating gliomas. The efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug is limited due to poor drug delivery and the inherent chemo- and radio-resistance. Challenges of the brain cancer therapy in clinical settings are; i) to overcome the chemo- and radio-resistance, ii) to improve drug delivery to tumors and iii) the development of effective drug screening procedures. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss clinically important chemotherapeutic agents used for treating malignant gliomas along with novel drug design approaches. The authors, furthermore, discuss the in vitro and in vivo drug screening procedures for the development of novel drug candidates. Expert opinion: The development of novel and highly potent chemotherapeutic age...
Spatial Patterns in Wet and Dry Deposition of Atmospheric Mercury to Illinois Watersheds

An intensive one month atmospheric mercury monitoring campaign was carried out at 8 sites in central Illinois, USA, during summer of 2011 to assess spatial patterns in wet and dry deposition. Daily precipitation samples, turf surrogate surfaces, and throughfall samples were collected concurrently to measure both wet and dry deposition of mercury, trace metals and major ions. Average deposition values observed for the study period (June 9 to July 3, 2011) for total wet deposition and total dry deposition were 4.0 ± 0.8 µg/m 2 and 1.2 ± 0.4 µg/m 2 , respectively. Based on previous findings, the summer 2011 wet deposition rates were higher compared to summers of 2008 and 2009 at the Nilwood and Peoria sites, and wet deposition during this period represented 20-30% of the annual deposition previously measured. Dry deposition ranged from 17 - 31% of total deposition across sites during the study period. Nilwood and its surrounding monitoring sites had slightly higher wet deposition compared to the more northerly Peoria and surrounding sites.
META-AMPHION: synthesis of efficient domain-specific program synthesis systems

AMPHION is a real-world knowledge-based software engineering (KBSE) system whose program synthesis subsystem is based on deductive synthesis. AMPHION has a domain-independent generic architecture that is specialized to a domain through a declarative theory. Program synthesis has been made efficient and automatic through manual tuning of theorem-proving strategies and tactics, and careful formulation of domain theories. The META-AMPHION system is being developed to empower domain experts to develop, maintain, and evolve their own AMPHION applications. META-AMPHION is intended to be the knowledge-based analogue of application-generator generator technology. The paper describes technology for automatically transforming declarative domain theories into efficient domain-specific program synthesis systems.
3-Iodo-l-tyrosine hemihydrate

The crystal structure of the title compound [systematic name: (S)-2-ammonio-3-(3-iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate hemihydrate], C9H10INO3� 0.5H2O, is stabilized by ionic interactions and a hydrogen-bond network. The hydrogen bonds, involving a water molecule located on a twofold axis, form bridged layers of 3-iodo-l-tyrosine molecules. Comment 3-Iodo-l-tyrosine, of which the hemihydrate structure, (I) (Fig. 1), is reported here, and 3,5-diiodo-l-tyrosine are precursors in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. These hormones are very important for the growth and development of vertebrate organisms. Moreover, 3-iodo-l-tyrosine was found to be an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase (Fitzpatrick, 1988, 1991), which catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of
KOs2O6: Superconducting rattler

Electronic structure calculations and experimental data point to soft local vibrations of alkali ions in AOs2O6 (A ¼ K, Rb, Cs). Due to its size the potassium ion experiences an extremely anharmonic and broad potential well. We use ab initio energies and forces to derive the Hamiltonian for the dynamics of K ions and solve the single site problem. r 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.
PULSED DETONATION ENGINE PROCESSES: EXPERIMENTS AND SIMULATIONS

Computational and experimental investigations of a pulsed detonation engine (PDE) operating in a cycle using ethylene/air mixtures are reported. Simulations are performed for two geometry configurations, namely, an ideal tube PDE with a smooth wall fueled with premixed C2H4/O2 and a benchmark tube PDE with internal geometry and a valveless air supply fueled with C2H4. Performance estimates of fuel-specific impulse (Ispf) of an ideal tube PDE, obtained using a two-step reduced mechanism for a C2H4/O2 mixture, are in good agreement with existing test measurements from the literature. Realistic simulations of all processes of the PDE cycle (fill, deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT), detonation propagation, blowdown, and purge) of a benchmark tube PDE yielded important insights into continuous cycle operation. Experimental measurements include DDT visualizations and dynamic pressure measurements. Comparisons of experimental and computational visualizations show good agreement in cycle process timescal...
The role of polycrystalline thin-film PV technologies for achieving midterm market-competitive PV modules

This paper reviews the current commercial status of CulnSe/sub 2/ alloys (collectively, CIS) and CdTe-based photovoltaic (PV) modules, comparing the performance of commercial products with the results achieved for solar cell and prototype module champions. We provide an update for these PV cell and module technologies, and also compare CIS and CdTe performance levels to the results achieved by the crystalline Si PV industry. This comparison shows that CIS and CdTe module technology presently offers the best (and perhaps only) approach for significantly exceeding the cost/performance levels established by crystalline Si PV technologies. A semi-empirical methodology is used for comparing "champion" solar cell and prototype module data with performance achieved on manufacturing lines. Using a conservative assumption that thin-film technologies will eliminate the 40% of PV module costs arising from the Si wafer or ribbon, we estimate the future performance of all established PV module candidates, and conclude that, based on 2004 knowledge about each PV technology, CIS and CdTe should provide cost-competitive advantages over crystalline Si.
The Basic Effects of Atmosphere–Ocean Thermal Coupling on Midlatitude Variability*

Abstract Starting from the assumption that the atmosphere is the primary source of variability internal to the midlatitude atmosphere–ocean system on intraseasonal to interannual timescales, the authors construct a simple stochastically forced, one-dimensional, linear, coupled energy balance model. The coupled system is then dissected into partially coupled and uncoupled systems in order to quantify the effects of coupling. The simplicity of the model allows for analytic evaluation of many quantities of interest, including power spectra, total variance, lag covariance between atmosphere and ocean, and surface flux spectra. The model predicts that coupling between the atmosphere and ocean in the midlatitudes will enhance the variance in both media and will decrease the energy flux between the atmosphere and the ocean. The model also demonstrates that specification of historical midlatitude sea surface temperature anomalies as a boundary condition for an atmospheric model will not generally lead to a correc...
Differential mechanisms of Cantú syndrome–associated gain of function mutations in the ABCC9 (SUR2) subunit of the KATP channel

Cantu syndrome (CS) is a rare disease characterized by congenital hypertrichosis, distinct facial features, osteochondrodysplasia, and cardiac defects. Recent genetic analysis has revealed that the majority of CS patients carry a missense mutation in ABCC9, which codes for the sulfonylurea receptor SUR2. SUR2 subunits couple with Kir6.x, inwardly rectifying potassium pore-forming subunits, to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, which link cell metabolism to membrane excitability in a variety of tissues including vascular smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and the heart. The functional consequences of multiple uncharacterized CS mutations remain unclear. Here, we have focused on determining the functional consequences of three documented human CS-associated ABCC9 mutations: human P432L, A478V, and C1043Y. The mutations were engineered in the equivalent position in rat SUR2A (P429L, A475V, and C1039Y), and each was coexpressed with mouse Kir6.2. Using macroscopic rubidium (86Rb+) efflux assays, we show that KATP channels formed with P429L, A475V, or C1039Y mutants enhance KATP activity compared with wild-type (WT) channels. We used inside-out patch-clamp electrophysiology to measure channel sensitivity to ATP inhibition and to MgADP activation. For P429L and A475V mutants, sensitivity to ATP inhibition was comparable to WT channels, but activation by MgADP was significantly greater. C1039Y-dependent channels were significantly less sensitive to inhibition by ATP or by glibenclamide, but MgADP activation was comparable to WT. The results indicate that these three CS mutations all lead to overactive KATP channels, but at least two mechanisms underlie the observed gain of function: decreased ATP inhibition and enhanced MgADP activation.
Twenty Years of the Pulmonary Pathology Society

The year 2015 marked the 20-year anniversary of the Pulmonary Pathology Society (PPS). It was founded in 1995, under the leadership of William Travis, MD (USA), with Thomas Colby, MD (USA); Samuel Hammar, MD (USA); Bruce Mackay, MD (USA); Helmut Popper, MD (Austria); and Osamu Matsubara, MD, PhD (Japan), among others. The PPS elected Dr Thomas Colby as its first president. Today, the PPS is an international society with 300 members from more than 25 countries. The PPS is a partner society with the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the 2 organizations have cosponsored a number of educational activities and courses together at the CAP annual meeting and elsewhere for the past decade. The PPS has held an annual companion meeting at the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology meeting each year since 1996 and a stand-alone meeting every 2 years. The 2015 PPS Biennial Meeting was cosponsored by the CAP and was held in San Francisco in June. Hosted by now past-president Kevin O. Leslie, MD, the 3-day meeting was likened by one colleague as ‘‘science fiction coming true.’’ The lecture lineup, carefully selected by an all-star Program Committee chaired by Philip T. Cagle, MD, a former president of the PPS, provided hot-off-the-press insight into one pulmonary pathology topic after another. It is from those presentations that most of the articles included in Part I of this ARCHIVES Special Section arise. As president of the PPS, it is a privilege and a pleasure to present this Special Section. Erik Thunnissen, MD, PhD, and colleagues provide a sophisticated discussion of how we can reduce medical error by identifying ex vivo artifacts in lung specimens; Maxwell Smith, MD, updates our understanding of interstitial lung disease; and Anja Roden, MD, and Eunhee Yi, MD, expand our understanding of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Further, Aliya Husain, MD, and Edward Garrity, MD, discuss airway changes in patients with lung transplants; Eric Bernicker, MD, describes how a team of clinicians, basic scientists, and pathologists can work together to make true personalized lung cancer therapy a reality; and Keith Kerr, BSc, MB, ChB, FRCPath, FRCPE, and Marianne Nicolson, MD, FRCP, provide a fascinating examination of PD-L1 as the ‘‘third dimension’’ of lung cancer therapy. We had a number of abstracts presented at the meeting that are included in this Special Section as well. Part II will continue the discussion of lung pathology from other PPS members. Many thanks to these pulmonary pathologists for sharpening the cutting edge of pulmonary pathology diagnosis and therapy.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Recent Evidence from Pivotal Trials.

From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; †Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY; ‡Cardiovascular and Thoracic Division, Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; §Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; and ǁDivision of Cardiovascular Diseases and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. Address reprint requests to John G.T. Augoustides, MD, FASE, FAHA, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Division, Anesthesiology and Critical Care, 3400 Spruce St, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: yiandoc@hotmail.com © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1053-0770/2601-0001$36.00/0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2015.12.027
Conversion of Rubber into Thermoplastic Products with Properties Similar to Gutta-Percha, Balata, and Shellac. II—Chemistry of the Reaction

Abstract The shellac-like products formed by the action of organic sulfonic acids on rubber have been studied chiefly. After purification the chief constituent is found to be a hydrocarbon with the same empirical formula as that of rubber, C5H8, and it is 55 to 60 per cent as unsaturated as the rubber hydrocarbon. Addition products of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide have been prepared. Vulcanization with sulfur gives a maximum combined-sulfur content of about 21 per cent, corresponding to 57 per cent unsaturation as compared with rubber. Oxidation, hydrogenation, bromination, nitration, etc., have also been studied. The purified hydrocarbon is white and is completely soluble in the rubber solvents and insoluble in alcohol, acetone, etc. It is much more stable toward heat than rubber. The gutta-percha and balata types are only partially soluble, but analyses, yields, etc., indicate that they consist of similar isomeric hydrocarbons.
Motion-Picture Theater Sound System Performance: New Studies of the B-Chain

As the industry moves to digital delivery of sound tracks to motion-picture theaters, attention shifts to the performance of the B-Chain of the sound system, consisting of room and loudspeaker equalization, power amplifiers, crossovers and loudspeakers, screen loss, and auditorium acoustics. After choosing appropriate performance metrics, studies of the uniformity of coverage in the listening area of both steady-state and transient sound energy were performed on five motion-picture theater sound systems in situ. Conformity to the standard SMPTE 202M-1991 (ISO 2969 internationally) was measured. A hypothesis was developed regarding high-frequency uniformity of coverage and the screen-loss function
Laser Surface Modification for Copper Deposition on Polyimide

Selective modification of surface reactivities with lasers, using either direct writing or projection method, is intrinsically a sensitive method to prepare a surface for highresolution and high-speed area selective thin film deposition. In this paper, we demonstrated the use of laser direct-writing and projection patterning techniques for selective modification of the electrochemical property of a polyimide surface. High quality and highresolution copper patterns on polyimide surfaces are produced when the surface-modified sample is subsequently placed in an electroless plating solution. These results demonstrated that the use of laser-selective-modification of surface properties in conjunction with other batch thin film deposition processes provides an attractive approach for area-selective metallization for a variety of applications in which high writing speed and high sensitivity are required.
Antigenic variation among strains of Eimeria maxima and E. tenella of the chicken.

SUMMARY. The immunogenicity and cross-protection of Eimeria maxima or E. tenella in chickens against their homologous and heterologous strains were evaluated in two experiments. The immunizing strain of E. tenella protected against itself and partially against heterologous strains. The North Carolina (NC) strains of E. tenella were more virulent than the Delmarva (DMV) strains. Growth of the unimmunized groups was depressed 66% and 32% for the NC and DMV strains, respectively. Growth of the immunized-challenged groups (DMV and NC) was depressed by 13%. The DMV E. maxima strains were more virulent than the NC strains. Growth of the unimmunized challenged groups was depressed by 47% (DMV) and 13% (NC). Results demonstrated that there are antigenic variations among strains of two species of chicken coccidia.
Semantic relatedness using salient semantic analysis

This paper introduces a novel method for measuring semantic relatedness using semantic profiles constructed from salient encyclopedic features. The model is built on the notion that the meaning of a word can be characterized by the salient concepts found in its immediate context. In addition to being computationally efficient, the new model has superior performance and remarkable consistency when compared to both knowledge-based and corpus-based state-of-the-art semantic relatedness models.
Long-wave approximation for the effective dielectric tensor of periodic materials

We describe a method to calculate the effective dielectric tensor of a periodic array of dielectric cylinders embedded in a host matrix for transverse electromagnetic waves whose wavelength is much larger than the distance between the cylinders. We represent the field and the effective tensor as a power series in terms of a small parameter proportional to the field frequency and reduce the problem to a system of recurrence equations. For regular lattices, we provide a simple formula for the effective tensor which is in very good agreement with numerical computations.
The Development of Mauna Kea as an Astronomical Site Panelists: John Jefferies, Ann Boesgaard, Alan Stockton, Eric Becklin, and Alan Tokunaga

On August 11 we held a panel discussion at the 2015 IAU General Assembly, within the three-day Focus Meeting FM2, “Astronomical Heritage: Progressing the UNESCO–IAU Initiative”. Our purpose was to both honor and explore the contributions of John Jefferies to the creation and development of Mauna Kea as an astronomical site.
Subpasteurization Heat Treatment to Inactivate Lipase and Control Bacterial Growth in Raw Milk

Raw milk was heat-treated under subpasteurization and suprapasteurization conditions, cooled and stored for up to 72 h at 4.4 and 6.7°C. Milk lipase activity and bacteria counts were monitored in both unheated and heated milks. Inhibition of milk lipase activity ranged from 42 to 98% for treatments of 57.2°C for 10 sec to 73.9°C for 10 sec, respectively. The logs of Standard Plate Count after 72 h of storage at 6.7°C were 6.56, 4.86, 4.31, 4.00 and 2.82 for unheated and 10-sec heat treatments at 57.2, 65.6, 73.9 and 82.2°C, respectively. Psychrotrophic Bacteria Counts were also lower in the heated milks than in the unheated milk. The logs of Psychrotrophic Bacteria Counts after 72 h of storage at 6.7°C were 6.21, 2.45, 2.27, 1.33 and 1.00 for unheated and 10-sec heat treatments at 57.2, 65.6, 73.9 and 82.2°C, respectively. Heat treatment of raw milk supplies would result in limiting action of the milk lipase system and growth of bacteria.
ANEMIA PREDICTS MORTALITY IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS UNDERGOING LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE OCCLUSION USING WATCHMAN DEVICE

Background: Anemia is associated with mortality and poor outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing interventional procedures, including percutaneous coronary intervention, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and percutaneous mitral valve repair. In patients with atrial
A Cosmopolitan Nationalist: James J. O’Kelly in America

In April 1873 the American Ambassador to Spain, General Dan Sickles, met the Spanish Foreign Minister, Emelio Castelar, in Madrid. At Secretary of State Hamilton Fish’s urging, Sickles did ‘all he could’ to encourage the Spanish government to spare the life of Fenian organizer James J. O’Kelly, the colorful foreign correspondent of the New York Herald, arrested some two weeks earlier after returning from behind insurrecto lines while reporting on the Cuban revolution.1 The anxious Fish, pressured along with President Grant by a barrage of headlines from the yellow journalists at the enormously popular Herald, had just endured a forced public meeting between the President and O’Kelly’s brother Stephen.2 There, the Secretary of State and the President vowed, awkwardly, to secure freedom for the British subject, although the exasperated Fish was heard to wonder if Spanish authorities might not be induced to arrest all of the Herald’s trouble-making correspondents.3
Redistribution of cerebrocortical microflow during increased neuronal activity.

It is well established1, that among a wide range of circumstances the cerebral blood flow is tightly coupled via different mechanisms to the metabolic activity of the neuronal tissue in volumes down to several cubic millimeters. Many of these adjusting mechanisms (O2, CO2, H+, K+, metabolites, neurotransmitters, etc.) coexist in tne brain and can be equally influenced in their effectiveness by the distribution pattern of the cerebral intraparenchymal circulation in tissue microareas, which along with these factors will ultimately determine the distribution of blood flow among the smallest groups of neurones in functional integrity at any given functional state of the tissue. Experimental data on high resolution distribution pattern of cerebrocortical microflow in resting conditions and during increased metabolic demand in focal tissue areas, therefore, seems to be important to acquire. A recently accomplished television densitometric method2,3 imaging microf low over the brain cortex has provided the means to study the question outlined above at adequate spatial and temporal resolution in the cat in control conditions and during cold paw stimulation.
Why we need mechanics to understand animal regeneration

Mechanical forces are an important contributor to cell fate specification and cell migration during embryonic development in animals. Similarities between embryogenesis and regeneration, particularly with regards to pattern formation and large-scale tissue movements, suggest similarly important roles for physical forces during regeneration. While the influence of the mechanical environment on stem cell differentiation in vitro is being actively exploited in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, comparatively little is known about the role of stresses and strains acting during animal regeneration. In this review, we summarize published work on the role of physical principles and mechanical forces in animal regeneration. Novel experimental techniques aimed at addressing the role of mechanics in embryogenesis have greatly enhanced our understanding at scales from the subcellular to the macroscopic - we believe the time is ripe for the field of regeneration to similarly leverage the tools of the mechanobiological research community.
Abstract 11690: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Prevent or Reverse Abnormal Cardiopulmonary Hemodynamics in Two Animal Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Hyperaldosteronism (ALDO) associated with systemic hypertension contributes to vascular dysfunction by increasing vascular collagen deposition and fibrosis. In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the role of ALDO in mediating pulmonary vascular remodeling and dysfunction, however, is unknown. We hypothesized that in PAH, ALDO increases pulmonary arteriolar collagen levels to increase pulmonary vascular resistance and promote pulmonary hypertension. To test this hypothesis, we first demonstrated that plasma ALDO levels are elevated 4.2-fold (p<0.05) and 4.1-fold (p<0.05) in the rat Sugen-5416/Hypoxia (SU/Hyp) and monocrotaline (MCT) models of PAH, respectively. In a prevention study, rats were randomized to regular chow or the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone (0.6 gm/gm chow) initiated immediately following SU/Hyp initiation. Cardiac catheterization was performed 21 days later. Without affecting cardiac index (CI) or mean aortic pressure (MAP), eplerenone decreased pulmonary artery systo...
Human and Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differ in Their Response to Fibroblast Growth Factor and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Tissue engineering requires large numbers of cells with enhanced differentiation properties. Thus, the effect of expansion conditions must be explored. Human and rat marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs and rMSCs, respectively) were comparatively culture expanded through seven passages in the presence of either fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) or platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB). Proliferation of both hMSCs and rMSCs was enhanced by FGF-2 and PDGF-BB. Population doubling times for hMSCs were 2.4 days for control and 1.75 and 2.0 days for FGF-2 and PDGF-BB, respectively, and 3.25, 3.06, and 2.95 days for rMSCs. Supplementation with FGF-2 during cell expansion resulted in significantly greater in vivo bone formation for hMSCs. Use of PDGF-BB resulted in greater bone formation than that observed for control conditions, but the differences were only significant for P1. For rMSCs, significant increases in bone formation were noted in either FGF-2 or PDGF-BB expanded cells implanted at P4 or P7, but not for P1. Under in vitro osteogenic stimulation, calcium content was elevated and bone matrix deposition was enhanced for P1 and P7 rMSCs expanded with FGF-2. Although culture conditions, including FBS, were held constant, these observations suggest that medium must be optimized separately for each species of MSCs.