cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsaturated Hydrogeologic Properties of Reclaimed Coal Strip Mines

Two nuclear methods were used to quantify hydrogeologic parameters in the unsaturated zone of a reclaimed and revegetated coal strip mine in Clarion, Pennsylvania. Am-Be (neutron) and Cs-137 (gamma-gamma) geophysical logging tools were used to quantify volumetric moisture content, bulk density, total porosity, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. An additional study at the same site used postsampling neutron activation analysis to determine concentrations of a bromide tracer in unsaturated zone water samples. Those additional data were used to independently calculate unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Geophysical logging of six boreholes at the site was conducted on seven different dates. Temporal variations in volumetric moisture content versus depth were observed to be short-lived, with the general shape of the volumetric moisture content profiles remaining spatially stable over the eight month period of investigation. Bulk density values ranged from less than 1.14 to 1.86 g/cm3, corresponding to total porosities of greater than 57% to 30.1%. Large void spaces were encountered during past and present drilling and observed at a measurement point. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities were calculated using draining profile volumetric moisture content data as input to an explicit numerical solution of the unsaturated flow equation. Calculated values ranged from 2.4 × 10−7 to 1.5 × 10 −3 cm/s. Examination of all of the geophysical log data together showed sharp increases in volumetric moisture content spatially coincident with zones where bulk density increases (and porosity decreases). The bulk density contrast appears to be of more influence than the magnitude of the material property. Increased unsaturated hydraulic conductivity associated with increased volumetric moisture content was seen in several boreholes. Bromide tracer-labeled waters were collected from pressure-suction lysimeters installed at depths of up to 18.1 m for a period of 16 months. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities, calculated by interpreting concentration peaks as average arrival times of steadily infiltrating water through a uniformly porous media, ranged from 2.8 × 10−6 to 7.2 × 10−5 cm/s. However, a dual-permeability mechanism is suggested by the observed behavior of the tracer. Analysis of the data suggests that fluid flow in this hydrogeologic setting is dominantly transient. Ground-water recharge occurs in short-lived pulses. The periodicity of acid mine drainage formation and flushing to the water table is expected to correspond to infiltration and recharge events.
The AMA residency training in adolescent preventive services project: report of the working group

Abstract Purpose: To improve resident education in provision of adolescent preventive health care. The American Medical Association (AMA) Residency Training in Adolescent Preventive Services Project Working Group convened to identify specific goals and objectives (GO (b) availability of time and support for faculty development and teaching efforts; and (c) exposure of residents to adequate numbers of adolescent patients in settings where there are clear expectations for delivery of comprehensive preventive services. Conclusions: The AMA Residency Training in Adolescent Preventive Services Project Working Group presents G&Os for organizing training experiences in adolescent clinical preventive services in family medicine and pediatric residency training programs and recommends strategies to achieve these G&Os.
The Yuma Desalting Plant

Abstract The 96 million gallon per day Yuma desalting plant is part of a complex project intended to solve a long standing water quality problem between the United States and Mexico. Designed to treat up to 129,000 acre-feet of 3200 mg/l irrigation return flows, the plant will deliver 283 mg/l product water to maintain a 115 mg/l differential between water delivered to U.S. users and to Mexico . Design of the plant was preceded by an extensive research program to determine pretreatment requirements, membrane performance, plant capacity and equipment and instrumentation performance. Two pretreatment systems were tested. Partial lime softening followed by multi-media filtration was chosen for the final design. Nine membrane systems (both reverse osmosis and electrodialysis) were tested. Two spiral wound reverse osmosis systems were chosen as most efficient from physical and economic viewpoint, and contracts for site preparation and construction of the intakes and sedimentation basin is scheduled for award summer 1979 with construction of the main plant and installation of desalting equipment scheduled for award summer of 1980. Based on January 1979 prices, total cost of the desalting complex is approximately $190 million (including interest during construction). The investment cost per daily gallon of installed capacity is approximately $2. per 1000 gallons of desalted water (capital amortization plus operation and maintenance) is $0.77.
Empirical mapping of suitability to dengue fever in Mexico using species distribution modeling

Abstract Dengue is considered the most important vector borne virus disease worldwide placing some 2.5 billion people at risk globally. Despite the public health concern about dengue fever, spatially explicit suitability assessments for this disease are limited due to data restrictions and the challenges posed by the complexity of the interactions among its risk factors, which involve social, economic, and ecological processes. This paper demonstrates an empirical approach to identify suitable areas for dengue fever using species distribution modeling and evaluates the relative contribution of climatic and socio-economic factors as dengue fever suitability determinants. Several models showing the potential distribution of dengue fever within all the Mexican municipalities are produced using different sets of predictor variables. The results suggest that at the scale of this study the climatic variables were more important determinants of suitability for dengue fever than the socio-economic variables considered in this study. All the models perform well (average testing AUC about 0.8) and show similar patterns. The model with the least number of variables and best performance includes the variables minimum temperature of the coldest month, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, and annual precipitation. However, there is not a high variability of AUC scores among the models generated.
Microtube fluid dynamic characteristics with MTV qualified flow conditions

Deionized water flows in fused silica microtubes, with nominal diameters of 100, 320, and 1000-μm were studied. Flow conditions produced Reynolds numbers in the range 150 < Re < 11,000. Critical Reynolds number was found to be in the range of 2180 < Recr < 2450 for the three tube sizes. The average Poiseuille number was 76.9 ± 5%. Experimental turbulent data was in excellent agreement with the Colebrook equation. Molecular tagging velocimetry was used to further validate transition; Recr was in agreement with that determined by the integral technique.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Cyclosporin A regulates the levels of cyclophilin A in neuroblastoma cells in culture

Cyclophilin A (CyP-A), a member of a highly conserved family of proteins, immunophilins, is the major intracellular receptor for the immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporin A (CsA). CyP-A is widely expressed in many tissues, but is found in the highest concentration in brain tissues and may perform critical neuronal functions. CsA is a known neurotoxin. Therefore, understanding the regulation of CyP-A levels in nerve cells, particularly by CsA, is important. We have utilized murine neuroblastoma (NB) cells as an experimental model to investigate this issue. Our results show that CsA alone was sufficient to induce morphological differentiation in undifferentiated NB cells and to increase CyP-A levels as determined by immunostaining. However, inducing terminal differentiation by elevating adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels using either 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (RO20-1724), an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), a stimulator of adenylate cyclase, was not sufficient to increase CyP-A levels. CsA was required to increase CyP-A levels in both RO20-1724- and PGE1-induced differentiated NB cells. Increases in CyP-A levels, however, occurred without any change in the expression of the CyP-A gene as determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction analysis using (CyP-A)-specific primers. These results suggest that CsA regulates the level of its own binding protein, CyP-A, in both undifferentiated and cAMP-induced differentiated NB cells in culture.
Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (encoded by the gene DCP1, also known as ACE) catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the physiologically active peptide angiotensin II, which controls fluid-electrolyte balance and systemic blood pressure. Because of its key function in the renin-angiotensin system, many association studies have been performed with DCP1. Nearly all studies have associated the presence (insertion, I) or absence (deletion, D) of a 287-bp Alu repeat element in intron 16 with the levels of circulating enzyme or cardiovascular pathophysiologies1,2,3. Many epidemiological studies suggest that the DCP1*D allele confers increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease; however, other reports have found no such association or even a beneficial effect (refs 4, 5, 6, 7). We present here the complete genomic sequence of DCP1 from 11 individuals, representing the longest contiguous scan (24 kb) for sequence variation in human DNA. We identified 78 varying sites in 22 chromosomes that resolved into 13 distinct haplotypes. Of the variant sites, 17 were in absolute linkage disequilibrium with the commonly typed Alu insertion/deletion polymorphism, producing two distinct and distantly related clades. We also identified a major subdivision in the Alu deletion clade that enables further analysis of the traits associated with this gene. The diversity uncovered in DCP1 is comparable to that described for other regions in the human genome8,9,10,11. The highly correlated structure in DCP1 raises important issues for the determination of functional DNA variants within genes and genetic studies in humans based on marker association.
Mass matrix formulation of the FLIP particle-in-cell method

A refinement of FLIP [Brackbill and Ruppel, J. Comput. Phys. 65, 314 (1986)] is described which uses a mass matrix formulation to achieve greater accuracy and less numerical diffusion over the previous version. Without the refinement, there is a significant dissipation of energy in modeling elastic vibrations of a solid. Moreover, in modeling an initial flow discontinuity there are sub-grid-scale oscillations in the particle velocity field in the neighborhood of the discontinuity. These difficulties are eliminated using the mass matrix. In addition, the mass matrix formulation conserves kinetic energy, linear and angular momentum, and is Galilean invariant.
Zeeman Results in Dy ii

The Zeeman structures at 49 430 Oe of 129 transitions terminating on the 10 lowest levels of the 4f106s configuration of 162Dy ii have been measured and analyzed. The values of the g factors derived from these data agree well with preliminary theoretical values.
Inhibition with Reinforcement: Failure to Confirm:

10 male albino rats were run 30 trials daily in a 10-ft. alley for water reinforcement (¼ cc. per trial) in an attempt to confirm earlier findings of inhibition with reinforcement, i.e., failure to run even though reinforcement is available and motivation is high. After 66 days no S reached the non-running criterion whereas all of Kendrick's (1958) Ss failed to run after an average of 33 days. Failure of Kendrick's Ss to run was discussed in terms of possible genetic and environmental artifacts.
Evaluation of new mask materials for improved lithography performance

Mask materials are the often-overlooked link in the lithography chain. Chipmakers in general, have no idea of the optical properties of the mask substrate material that is being used to build his critical layer mask. By analyzing properties such as stress birefringence, transmission uniformity, index of refraction homogeneity, and certain laser damage properties it was found that a wide variation exists within the available population of mask substrate materials. Testing the impact of materials on a lithography tool demonstrated the wide range of performance that can be obtained from a population of mask substrates. For example, dose to clear tests gave results that ranged from 3.15mJ/cm2 to 3.25mJ/cm2 with dose non-uniformity ranging from 2.00% to 5.25%. This paper will discuss the tests that were made and the results to date. Due diligence on the selection of material substrates is required.
Adrienne Rich's identity poetics: A partly common language

(1998). Adrienne Rich's identity poetics: A partly common language. Women's Studies: Vol. 27, “A Whole Poetry Begning Here”: Adrienne Rich in the Eighties and Nineties, pp. 331-345.
Specific immunological detection of the (V+C)(-) fibronectin isoform.

The population of fibronectins in adult mammalian cartilage includes high levels of a cartilage-specific (V+C)− isoform which lacks the V, III-15, and I-10 segments and thus contains a novel junction between protein segments III-14 and I-11. We report production of a monoclonal antibody specific for (V+C)− fibronectin without cross-recognition of V+C+ and V−C+ isoforms found in plasma and other tissues. Presentation of epitope to this antibody requires the III-14/I-11 junction, but the epitope itself extends beyond 14 amino acids immediately surrounding the junction site and involves a conformational change in III-14 and/or the N-terminal portion of I-11. The antibody, designated Mab 5D10 anti (V+C)−, displays specificity for (V+C)− fibronectin from multiple mammalian species including humans and utility in immunoblots, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA.
Interactions of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium species with synthetic dopamine-melanin.

Abstract This paper describes interactions between the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2, 3-dihydropyridinium (MPDP + ) metabolite of the nigrostriatal toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) with synthetic dopamine-melanin, a polymeric pigment which is similar to the neuromelanin found in the nigrostriatal cell bodies of humans and primates. Although MPTP and its 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + ) metabolite bind to the synthetic pigment at physiological pH, both compounds are recovered quantitatively upon treatment with acid. Unlike MPTP and MPP + , MPDP + proved to be unstable in the presence of synthetic dopamine-melanin which promoted its conversion to the fully oxidized pyridinium product MPP + . The possible biological significance of this interaction is discussed.
Current status of blood component therapy in surgical critical care.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of blood component therapy, with transfusion of red cells, plasma, and platelets, is common in critical care. New evidence has emerged documenting the risks associated and lack of efficacy or improvement in clinical outcome with blood transfusion for the treatment of anemia in critically ill patients who are hemodynamically stable. RECENT FINDINGS The safety of a restrictive transfusion strategy (transfuse only if hemoglobin < 7 g/dL) was reported in 1999. Despite compelling evidence from this prospective randomized clinical trial, clinicians have not substantially changed practice regarding blood transfusion in critical care. The recently published CRIT trial reported that the mean pre-transfusion hemoglobin was 8.6 g/dL in this large multicenter trial that examined transfusion practices in critical care in the US. Furthermore, only 19% of hospitals had an institutional blood transfusion protocol. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines have also recommended blood transfusion only when hemoglobin falls to 7.0 g/dL, following resolution of tissue hypoperfusion and in the absence of significant coronary artery disease or acute hemorrhage. We have an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of the anemia associated with critical care, related to the inflammatory response, downregulation of erythropoietin, and lack of iron availability due to macrophage sequestration. Clinical trials are underway to confirm the efficacy of recombinant erythropoietin in the treatment of critically ill patients with anemia. SUMMARY Current data regarding blood transfusion thresholds and risks of blood transfusion have not as yet significantly altered practice patterns. Efforts to reduce blood transfusion rates in critically ill patients are required. These strategies will require education, unit and institutional protocols, and reduction of phlebotomy for diagnostic laboratory testing in the intensive care unit. Further investigations regarding anemia in critical care and new treatment and prevention strategies are required.
Material conservation laws in higher-order shell theories

Abstract Within the framework of higher-order shell theories, a variational principle is established. The variation of the action integral includes the contributions due to changes of the field, boundaries and external loads. Based on the derived expression, a general discussion of possible material conservation laws is given.
Ability of Cattle to Distinguish Among Different Wavelengths of Light

Abstract Eight heifers were trained using operant conditioning to press a plate to receive feed as a reward. Different wavelengths of light were the correct and incorrect stimuli. Positive and negative responses to the stimuli were registered electronically. Daily sessions of 20 min were conducted in a chamber from which external light had been excluded. A 75% correct choice was the criterion for acceptable discrimination. Ratios of correct to incorrect responses were computed. Three colors, i.e., green (535 nm), red (610 nm), and blue (450 nm), were compared pairwise during eight trials. Trial 7 was a repeat trial of green versus red and trial 8 was a comparison of green versus green. Subjects gave random response to green versus green. Five subjects distinguished red from blue: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 at 76, 91, 78, 88 and 81% correct choice, respectively. Three subjects distinguished blue from green: 1, 2, and 5 at 89, 88, and 85% correct choice, respectively. Three subjects distinguished green from red in a repeat trial: 1, 5, and 7 at 90, 84, and 85% correct choice, repectively. Subjects failed to discriminate these colors in the first red versus green trial. Results indicate that heifers can learn to discriminate between colors.
Cardinal and scattered-cardinal interpolation by functions having non-compact support

Abstract In this paper, we introduce the notion “scattered-cardinal interpolation” and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the solvability of this interpolation scheme. We also generalize some results of de Boor, Hollig and Riemenschneider, Chui, Jetter and Ward, and Jetter and Riemenschneider on the correctness of lp-cardinal interpolation on Zd or its submoduls.
Basic hydrology, limnology, and meteorology of modern Lake El’gygytgyn, Siberia

A survey of the modern physical set- ting of Lake El'gygytgyn, northeastern Siberia, is presented here to facilitate interpretation of a 250,000-year climate record derived from sedi- ment cores from the lake bottom. The lake lies inside a meteorite impact crater that is approxi- mately 18 km in diameter, with a total watershed area of 293 km 2 , 110 km 2 of which is lake surface. The only surface water entering the lake comes from the approximately 50 streams draining from within the crater rim; a numbering system for these inlet streams is adopted to facilitate scien- tific discussion. We created a digital elevation model for the watershed and used it to create hypsometries, channel networks, and drainage area statistics for each of the inlet streams. Many of the streams enter shallow lagoons dammed by gravel berms at the lakeshore; these lagoons may play a significant role in the thermal and biolog- ical dynamics of the lake due to their higher water temperatures (>6� C). The lake itself is approxi- mately 12 km wide and 175 m deep, with a vol- ume of 14.1 km 3 . Water temperature within a
The Professional Socialization of Collegiate Female Athletic Trainers: Navigating Experiences of Gender Bias

Context: Female athletic trainers (ATs) experience gender discrimination in the workplace due to stereotypical gender roles, but limited information is available regarding the topic. Objective: To ...
Application development, software engineering and distributed processing

Abstract Some concepts and issues that relate to the development of distributed applications are discussed. A distributed application is considered to be an application developed with the explicit purpose of running on more than a single computing system, with the characteristic that there is interactive interdependency between application modules on different nodes. Consideration of the issues involved in the development of such applications necessarily involves topics in the state-of-the-art of application development, the meaning of phrases like ‘local remote transparency’, the nature of systems mechanisms needed to support distributed applications, and other systems and programming aspects. The paper attempts to establish an image of what mature distributed processing application development will look like; what mature distributed processing systems will look like; and what kinds of design considerations apply to the underlying concepts like the remote procedure call.
The mechanism of formation of tris(phenylhydrazones) on treatment of cyclohexane-1,3-diones with phenylhydrazine

Abstract Treatment of the enolic cyclohexane-1,3-diones in aqueous acetic acid with an excess of phenylhydrazine at room temperature gave mixtures of the corresponding 2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazone) and tris(phenylhydrazone) derivatives in low to moderate yield. E.s.r. study of the reaction path indicated that free-radical anionic intermediates are partially involved. Treatment of an enolic cyclohexane-1,2-dione (or of α-hydroxy or α-acetoxycyclohexanones) with phenylhydrazine gave mixtures of the corresponding mono- and bis(phenylhydrazones); formation of radical-anions was also observed in these reactions.
Left ventricular echocardiographic and histologic changes: Impact of chronic unloading by an implantable ventricular assist device

Objectives. We studied the effects of chronic left ventricular unloading by a ventricular assist device and assessed left ventricular morphologic and histologic changes. Background. The implantable left ventricular assist device has been effective as a “bridge” to cardiac transplantation. Although there are reports documenting its circulatory support, little is known about the effects of chronic left ventricular unloading on the heart itself. Methods. We performed intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography at the insertion and explantation of a HeartMate left ventricular assist device in 19 patients with end-stage heart failure. They were supported by the assist device for 3 to 153 days (mean [±SD] 68±33). Measurements were taken retrospectively to obtain left atrial and ventricular diameters and interventricular septal and posterior wall thicknesses. Histologic examinations were made from the left ventricular myocardial specimens of 15 patients at the times of insertion and explantation for heart transplantation. Insertion and explantation specimens were compared qualitatively (0 to 3 scale) for wavy fibers, contraction band necrosis and fibrosis, with quantitative measurement of minimal myocyte diameter across the nucleus. Results. Left atrial and left ventricular diastolic and systolic diameters decreased immediately after insertion of the left ventricular assist device (from 46 to 35, 63 to 41 and 59 to 36 mm, respectively, all p < 0.001). Left ventricular wall thickness increased from 10 to 14 mm (p < 0.001) for the interventricular septum and from 10 to 13 mm for the posterior wall (p < 0.001). No echocardiographic measurements showed significant subsequent changes at the chronic stage. Myocardial histologic findings demonstrated a reduction in myocyte damage (from 1.9 to 0.5, p < 0.001, for wavy fiber and from 1.3 to 0.2, p < 0.01, for contraction band necrosis) and an increase in fibrosis (from 1.3 to 1.9, p < 0.05), but without significant change in myocyte diameter (from 15.6 to 16.8 μm, p = 0.065). Conclusions.Left ventricular unloading with the implantable assist device induces an immediate increase in wall thickness, consistent with the reduction in chamber size, thereby decreasing wall stress. Chronic unloading allows myocardial healing and fibrosis without evidence for ongoing myocyte damage or atrophy. Left ventricular assist device insertion may have a role in “resting” the ventricle for selected patients with heart failure.
The Analysis and Prediction of the 8–9 May 2007 Oklahoma Tornadic Mesoscale Convective System by Assimilating WSR-88D and CASA Radar Data Using 3DVAR

Abstract The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model is employed to perform high-resolution numerical simulations of a mesoscale convective system and associated cyclonic line-end vortex (LEV) that spawned several tornadoes in central Oklahoma on 8–9 May 2007. The simulation uses a 1000 km × 1000 km domain with 2-km horizontal grid spacing. The ARPS three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) is used to assimilate a variety of data types. All experiments assimilate routine surface and upper-air observations as well as wind profiler and Oklahoma Mesonet data over a 1-h assimilation window. A subset of experiments assimilates radar data. Cloud and hydrometeor fields as well as in-cloud temperature are adjusted based on radar reflectivity data through the ARPS complex cloud analysis procedure. Radar data are assimilated from the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) network as well as from the Engineering Research Center for Collaborative and Adaptive Sensing of the Atmospher...
Control Structures for Multiplicative Input Disturbance Rejection using Adaptive Direct Fuzzy Controllers

Many control structures have been proposed in the control literature to effectively deal with disturbances. Most of the control strategies show exceptional performance when the plant is subjected to additive input or output disturbance. Internal model control (IMC) has been proposed in the control literature, which covers a wide range of plants and guarantees good disturbance rejection properties. Few control strategies have been proposed if the plant is nonlinear and is subjected to multiplicative input disturbance. The multiplicative input disturbance changes the behaviour and the gains of the system at different operating points and cannot be rejected using conventional approaches. The paper discusses three different control structures to counteract the effect of the input disturbance. All the three control structures are variations of the Adaptive Direct Fuzzy Controller (ADFC). The fuzzy controller tries to develop an inverse model of the plant using feedback error learning. The control performance of the three control structures is compared using a modified Hammerstein model. It was successfully demonstrated that IMC is incapable of rejecting multiplicative input disturbance, and ADFC with the feedforward of the input disturbance is the optimal choice.
Light-by-light scattering contribution to the muon anomalous moment reexamined.

An apparent discrepancy among several evaluations of the sixth-order light-by-light contribution to the muon magnetic moment anomaly has been analyzed in detail. Possible causes examined include the register overflow due to the singular integrand, the malfunction of the adaptive mechanism in a Monte Carlo integration routine, the skewed nature of the error distribution for non-square-integrable integrals, and the underestimation of errors in an extrapolation procedure. It is shown that the disagreement arises mainly from the second and fourth causes in the calculation of Samuel and Chlouber, and can be resolved by increasing their error estimate by a reasonable amount.
Glycemic Control in Diabetes: A Tale of Three Studies

Much of the controversy at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions, held 6–10 June 2008 in San Francisco, California, pertained to questions raised about the benefits of intensive glycemic control by three large clinical studies: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial, the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease (ADVANCE) trial, and the Veterans’ Administration Diabetes Trial (VADT). All three presented somewhat negative study results. David Goff (Winston-Salem, NC) discussed the ACCORD study design. The goal of ACCORD was to determine whether cardiovascular disease (CVD) event rates could be reduced by intensively treating three important risk factors (hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure) in a double 2 × 2 factorial design. For glycemia, the question of A1C <6 vs. 7–7.9% was addressed. Goff reviewed previous studies that led to the decision to aim for the low A1C target. In the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), insulin and sulfonylurea treatment achieved a mean A1C level of 7%, with 7.9% in a control group. The 16% CVD reduction just missed statistical significance. Metformin treatment in this study achieved a mean A1C level of 7.4% with 8% in a control group, associated with a significant 39% CVD reduction. (Goff did not mention that, compared with sulfonylureas alone, the other UKPDS metformin substudy showed that metformin with a sulfonylurea was associated with 96, 60, and 9% increases in diabetes-related and all-cause mortality and in myocardial infarction [1].) A nonsignificant CVD risk reduction of ∼50% was seen in the Kumamoto study, while there was also a nonsignificant CVD risk increase of ∼50% in the Veterans’ Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in Type II Diabetes (VACSDM); both studies showed A1C 7.1% in the treatment group and 9.3–9.4% in the control group. Analysis of a number of observational studies …
Nanoscale surface modification favors benign biofilm formation and impedes adherence by pathogens

We have found in vitro that a biofilm of benign Escherichia coli 83972 interferes with urinary catheter colonization by pathogens, and in human studies E. coli 83972-coated urinary catheters are associated with lower rates of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. We hypothesized that modifying surfaces to present mannose ligands for the type 1 fimbriae of E. coli would promote formation of dense E. coli 83972 biofilms, thereby interfering with surface colonization by Enterococcus faecalis, a common uropathogen. We covalently immobilized mannose on silicon substrates by attaching amino-terminated mannose derivative to carboxylic acid-terminated monolayers via amidation. Fluorescence microscopy showed that E. coli 83972 adherence to mannose-modified surfaces increased 4.4-fold compared to unmodified silicon surfaces. Pre-exposing mannose-modified surfaces to E. coli 83972 established a protective biofilm that reduced E. faecalis adherence by 83-fold. Mannose-fimbrial interactions were essential for the improved E. coli 83927 adherence and interference effects. From the Clinical Editor: Recurrent urinary tract infections remain major adverse events associated with catheter use. The authors report that modifying catheter surface to present mannose ligands for the type 1 fimbriae of benign Escherichia coli 83972 promotes formation of dense E. coli biofilms, which 100-fold reduces urinary catheter colonization of uropathogens. Future application of this technology is expected to result in substantial UTI risk reduction in catheter users.
Awareness and knowledge of autism among pharmacists.

Abstract Background In the past few decades, the prevalence of autism has increased tremendously in the United States. The prevalence of autism is now higher than the combined prevalence of juvenile diabetes, pediatric cancer, and pediatric AIDS. As health care professionals with a high visibility in a community, pharmacists are likely to encounter more and more families having a child affected by this disorder. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess pharmacists’ awareness and knowledge of autism. The study aimed to assess pharmacists’ familiarity with autism symptoms, treatment medications, and community resources devoted to this disorder. Further, pharmacists’ knowledge of common myths associated with autism, etiology, prognosis, and treatment were assessed. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, an online survey of pharmacists registered in the state of Mississippi (MS) was conducted, using the Qualtrics software program. Descriptive analysis of study items was conducted. Results A total of 147 usable responses (5.8%) were received. The results indicated gaps in pharmacists’ awareness and knowledge of autism. Approximately, 23% of pharmacists did not know that autism is a developmental disorder, and 32% did not believe that genetics has a major role in autism etiology. More than 18% believed that vaccines can cause autism. Most (>90%) felt that they could benefit from autism continuing education (CE). Conclusion Policy makers and autism agencies should consider providing educational interventions or CE programs to increase pharmacists’ awareness and knowledge of autism.
The Comparative NPK Nutrition of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus telarius (L.) on Apple Trees

Apple trees were grown in nutrient culture in the greenhouse on varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supply during two seasons. Females of Panonychus ulmi Koch and Tetranychus telarius (L.) were cultured on leaves detached from the trees and the resulting progeny were counted. Analyses of foliage were made for total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Analyses of variance were performed on the results of the foliage analyses and mite counts, arid tests for correlation coefficient r were made on absorbed elements with populations. Increasing nitrogen from 20 to 200 p.p.m. effected significant increases in both mite species. Increasing nitrogen to 800 p.p.m. elicited a further increase from T. telarius during one season. Both species were positively related with absorbed nitrogen, but only T. telarius was significantly correlated. Previously the author found a negative correlation in tomato foliage at levels of absorption about twice that of the apple trees herein reported, when nitrogen supply was increased, although doubling all the elements in the standard solution resulted in doubled mite populations. Absorbed nitrogen in apple foliage was negatively correlated with T. telarius population when phosphorus supply was increased. It was found that in apple foliage, unlike tomato foliage, nitrogen and phosphorus evidenced antagonism, particularly when nitrogen supply was increased. A tendency appeared for absorbed phosphorus to be positively correlated with T. telarius below 0.20% phosphorus and negatively correlated when percentages somewhat higher were reached in the foliage. It may be concluded that interrelations among the ions and different ranges of absorption can account for seemingly contradictory effects on mite populations. Individual variability in mite reproduction rates has made it necessary to deal with large populations in order to draw firm conclusions, and wide percentage differences in populations are required in order to result in significant differences. In this respect T. telarius has proved to react with more sensitivity and less variability than P. ulmi to changes in element supply and absorption. The tests showed that T. telarius populations develop more rapidly than P. ulmi given the same conditions. T. telarius appears to react favorably to wider ranges of nitrogen absorption and it follows that it would be capable of doing further damage to foliage after some bronzing by P. ulmi has occurred.
A Comparison of Native and Modified Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Management of Hypogammaglobulinemia

Ten patients with severe hypogammaglobulinemia received 6 monthly infusions of either native or modified intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) followed by 6 monthly infusions of the other product in a double-blind, crossover protocol. Clinical parameters were monitored on a daily basis and serum was obtained at 24 hours, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks after each infusion for measurement of total IgG, specific antibodies, and opsonizing antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae types 5, 12F, and 14. No differences between the products were seen for total IgG or antibodies against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, rubella, toxoplasma cytomegalovirus, diphtheria, or tetanus. Greater opsonizing antibody to the three strains of pneumococci were apparent for native IVIG until the third infusion, after which time products were equal. Clinical parameters (febrile or symptomatic days, missed work/school, time on antibiotics, culture positive infection, and hospitalizations) were equivalent during the treatment period with each preparation. This study showed equivalent efficacy of native IVIG as compared with reduced and alkylated IVIG during maintenance therapy for hypogammaglobulinemia.
Activation of a Dormant ClpX Recognition Motif of Bacteriophage Mu Repressor by Inducing High Local Flexibility

The C-terminal domain (CTD) of bacteriophage Mu immunity repressor (Rep) regulates DNA binding by the N-terminal domain and degradation by ClpXP protease. Five residues at the Rep C terminus (CTD5) can serve as a ClpX recognition motif, but it is dormant unless activated, a state that can be induced by the presence of dominant-negative mutant repressors (Vir). Conversion of Rep to ClpXP-sensitive form was associated with not only increased exposure of CTD5 to solvent but also increased CTD motion or flexibility as measured by fluorescence anisotropy. CTD mutations (V183S, K193S, and V196S) promoting ClpXP resistance without destroying the recognition motif prevented increased CTD motion induced by Vir. Suppression of ClpXP protease resistance conferred by the V196S mutation also correlated with restoration of CTD motion. The temperature-sensitive R47Q mutation present in cis within the DNA-binding domain restored ClpXP protease sensitivity to the V196S mutant, and anisotropy analysis indicated that R47Q allows the V196S CTD to gain increased flexibility when Vir was present. The results indicate that the CTD functions to turn the recognition motif on and off, most likely by modulating flexibility of the domain that harbors the ClpX recognition motif, suggesting a general mechanism by which proteins can regulate their own degradation.
Double-blind donepezil–placebo crossover augmentation study of atypical antipsychotics in chronic, stable schizophrenia: A pilot study

Thirteen outpatients with chronic but stable schizophrenia received donepezil and placebo augmentation of their maintenance antipsychotic medication regimen. Each subject received in a randomized, counterbalanced order 1) donepezil 5 mg for 6 weeks then donepezil 10 mg for six weeks and 2) placebo donepezil for 12 weeks. Serial ratings of the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) [Kay, S.R., Fiszbein, A., Opler, L.A., 1987. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13(2): 261-276] were performed by a trained rater blind to the donepezil order and condition: at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks. On donepezil as compared to baseline or placebo, there was a significant improvement in PANSS negative scores (p=.018, n=13). These results are discussed with respect to other studies using cholinesterase inhibitors as an augmentation strategy in schizophrenia.
Dynamic response of structures with uncertain parameters: A comparative study of probabilistic and fuzzy sets models

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study on the response of structures with uncertain properties such as mass, stiffness and damping. The effect of the uncertain parameters on the response and the effect of the modelling of the uncertainties on the response are investigated. In particular, two types of uncertainties are distinguished: random and fuzzy uncertainties. Two kinds of models are studied: probabilistic and fuzzy set models. The two approaches to uncertainty modelling are compared with regard to their impacts on the analysis and on the uncertain structural response obtained. The study considers free vibration, forced vibration with deterministic excitation, and forced vibration with Gaussian white noise excitation. It is concluded that, in general, fuzzy models are much easier to implement and the associated analysis easier to perform than their probabilistic counterparts. When the available data on the structural parameters are crude and do not support a rigorous probabilistic model, the fuzzy set approach should be considered in view of its simplicity.
Effect of declining or interrupted irrigation on yield and quality of three potato cultivars grown on sandy soil

Many potatoes in the Northwest are grown on sandy soils with sprinkler irrigation. The low water holding capacity and restricted rooting often associated with coarse-textured soils create conditions where water stress injury is likely. Temporary water shortage due to irrigation system failure is a hazard on these soils. The Russet Burbank cultivar is often severely injured by such water stress. It is not known how the cultivars Nooksack and Lemhi respond to these conditions. A study was conducted to compare the responses of Russet Burbank, Nooksack, and Lemhi cultivars to interruptions in irrigation during tuber initiation or during bulking, and to gradually increasing water stress from declining water application rates during the last 8 to 10 weeks of the growing season. In most categories evaluated, Russet Burbank was most injured by water stress, especially in percent U.S. No. 1 tubers. Much of the decrease in U.S. No. 1 tubers was due to small size. Nooksack generally was the least affected by water stress while Lemhi was affected slightly more than Nooksack. Both Nooksack and Lemhi withstood periods of water stress and produced satisfactory yields and grades of tubers while Russet Burbank did not produce profitable levels of marketable tubers.
Machine Intelligence Applied to Chemical Systems: A Graph Theoretical and Learning Machine Study of Second-Order Effects in Low Resolution Mass Spectra

Low resolution mass spectra can be usefully classified using pattern classifiers based on linear threshold logic units. These systems are linear in that they use the mass spectrometry peaks independently of one another. However, the theory of mass spectrometry as well as pattern classification considerations suggests that second-order interactions (cross terms which consider relationships between peaks) could be used to advantage in performing such classifications. A similarity measure has been used to develop two types of cross terms (intraset and interset cross terms) from low resolution mass spectra. It is shown that the interset cross terms thereby derived have a high probability of being correlated with the molecular features which define the categories of classification. The method has been implemented with threshold logic unit pattern classifiers working with several sets of mass spectrometry data. The cross terms are shown to increase the power of the pattern classification systems by speeding up convergence and/or raising their predictive ability.
When does dual identity predict protest? The moderating roles of anti-immigrant policies and opinion-based group identity

Dual identities are defined as immigrants' identification with their ethnic ingroup as well as the national community in their country of residence. Dual identities have been argued to increase protest, because they make immigrants feel entitled to advocate for their disadvantaged ethnic group as part of a larger national community. In a study of Latino immigrants to the United States, however, we found that dual identities no longer predict protest when immigrants learn that other members of the national community have passed laws or enacted policies that would exclude immigrants or restrict their rights, through deportation and detention. Further, we found that immigrants who identify with those fighting to change such anti-immigrant policies support protest regardless of the level of their dual identity and regardless of policy salience. We argue that these results point to the importance of dual identity recognition for research on immigrant protest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of bacteria on new, disposable, laundered, and unlaundered hospital scrubs

Background: As a cost-saving measure, an increasing number of hospitals allow personnel to launder their uniforms, lab coats, and operating room scrubs at home. With rising nosocomial infection rates and increasing levels of multidrug-resistant bacteria in hospital settings, uniform contamination may be an environmental factor in the spread of infection. Methods: We quantified the number and identity of bacteria found on swatches cut from unwashed operating room, hospital-laundered, home-laundered, new cloth, and new disposable scrubs. Results: Of the 29 unwashed hospital operating room scrub swatches analyzed, 23 (79%) were positive for some type of gram-positive cocci, with 3 (10%) of those classified as Staphylococcus aureus, and 20 (69%) were positive for coliform bacteria, 3 of which were Escherichia coli. Home-laundered scrubs had a significantly higher total bacteria count than hospital-laundered scrubs (P ¼ .016). There was no statistical difference in the bacteria counts between hospital-laundered scrubs and unused new and disposable scrubs. In the home-laundered scrubs 44% (18/41) were positive for coliform bacteria, but no
Separating key management from file system security

No secure network file system has ever grown to span the Internet. Existing systems all lack adequate key management for security at a global scale. Given the diversity of the Internet, any particular mechanism a file system employs to manage keys will fail to support many types of use.We propose separating key management from file system security, letting the world share a single global file system no matter how individuals manage keys. We present SFS, a secure file system that avoids internal key management. While other file systems need key management to map file names to encryption keys, SFS file names effectively contain public keys, making them self-certifying pathnames. Key management in SFS occurs outside of the file system, in whatever procedure users choose to generate file names.Self-certifying pathnames free SFS clients from any notion of administrative realm, making inter-realm file sharing trivial. They let users authenticate servers through a number of different techniques. The file namespace doubles as a key certification namespace, so that people can realize many key management schemes using only standard file utilities. Finally, with self-certifying pathnames, people can bootstrap one key management mechanism using another. These properties make SFS more versatile than any file system with built-in key management.
Social Versus Individual Motivation: Implications for Normative Definitions of Religious Orientation

The traditional interpretation of "intrinsic" religiousness has fostered an unchallenged assumption that normative and substantive religious motivation is inherently individual and personal. Social motives for religiousness and structured practices have been characterized as "extrinsic" and as lacking in formative significance. We argue that this view is most applicable in American Protestant religions, and hence existing religious motivation scales reflect a distinctly American Protestant view. We then show that social motives and structured ritual practices are, in fact, as normative as individual motivations in several religious traditions. In particular, we describe the social practices and motives normative for Judaism and certain streams of Christianity. We then discuss the potential relevance of this analysis to emotion, collective identity, and moral judgment.