cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulated Raman near-backscattering with a pulse-front-tilted pump

A new type of Raman plasma amplifier has been proposed using a stimulated Raman near-backscattering scheme with a pulse-front-tilted pump. In order for the seed to overlap spatiotemporally with the pump, the propagation angle of the pump with respect to the seed path is set at twice the angle of the pulse-front tilt. The length of the pump passing each point of a plasma is dependent on the angle of the tilt. As a result, the tilt angle can be tuned to control the plasma temperature as well as the Raman spontaneous radiation growth length, which can be optimized for the seed amplification and significantly suppress the precursors growing from the plasma noise.A new type of Raman plasma amplifier has been proposed using a stimulated Raman near-backscattering scheme with a pulse-front-tilted pump. In order for the seed to overlap spatiotemporally with the pump, the propagation angle of the pump with respect to the seed path is set at twice the angle of the pulse-front tilt. The length of the pump passing each point of a plasma is dependent on the angle of the tilt. As a result, the tilt angle can be tuned to control the plasma temperature as well as the Raman spontaneous radiation growth length, which can be optimized for the seed amplification and significantly suppress the precursors growing from the plasma noise.
Construction of Whiteness through Nomination, Predication, Argumentation and Intensification or Mitigation

In this paper, Mary Kingsley’s Travels in West Africa has been analysed from the perspective of critical discourse analysis. In particular, how Kingsley constructs whiteness through strategies such as nomination, predication, argumentation and intensification or mitigation has been explored. The natives from minor culture are represented from the western terministic screens, to use K. Burke’s phrase. The findings show that the strategies used are related to the positive construction of self (West) and the negative presentation of Other (Africa).
Realism and Antirealism in Evolutionary Biology

Do scientific theories provide us with genuine insight into the causal structure of the world, or do they merely provide useful models for organizing observable phenomena into coherent patterns? Scientific realists maintain that scientific theories do, at least approximately and on some occasions, give us insight into the causal structure of the world, including its unobserved and unobservable parts. Antirealists claim that scientific theories serve a number of useful functions, such as organizing empirical data and facilitating predictions, but revealing the hidden structure of the world is not one of them. At issue here is nothing less than the nature of our scientific understanding of the world.
Impact of a Behavioral Intervention on Diet, Eating Patterns, Self-Efficacy, and Social Support

Abstract Objective To examine the effectiveness of a structured multimodal behavioral intervention to change dietary behaviors, as well as self-efficacy and social support for engaging in healthier diets. Methods A quasi-experimental design was used to assign sites into intervention and comparison groups. Data were collected at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The intervention group participated in Texercise Select, a 12-week lifestyle enhancement program. Multiple mixed-effects models were used to examine nutrition-related changes over time. Results For the intervention group, significant improvements were observed for fast food consumption (P = .011), fruit/vegetable consumption (P = .008), water consumption (P = .009), and social support (P Conclusions and Implications Findings suggest the intervention's ability to improve diet-related outcomes among older adults; however, additional efforts are needed to maintain changes over longer periods.
Can China Be the Engine of the World Economy? China Business Cycle Analysis

A number of papers have studied factors which affect business cycle synchronization. The classical method was created in the paper of Frankel and Rose (1998). It established a pair-wise correlation model to test the impact of trade intensity. Recently, the factor model has gained more popularity in the business cycle synchronization issue; however, few researches have focused on China’s business cycle. In this paper, the factor model has been applied first to see the reactions of common shocks in China and some other countries. The result indicates that, unlike other countries, China does not behave according to the shocks. Then the similar pair-wise model is proposed to explain the business cycle correlation between China and its pair country. Surprisingly, the trade intensity and FDI fail to explain the variation in correlations. At the end, the causality test shows there is no significant causal effect between China and the world.
Effects of Temperature and Pd Concentration on the Corrosion Behavior of Pd-Doped Cu and Cu 9 Al 4 at the Cu–Al Ball-Bond Interface

Corrosion-induced failure along the Cu and Cu9Al4 interface is a major reliability concern for the Cu-wire-bonded packages. The open circuit potential, $E_{\text {oc}}$ , and the corrosion current density, $i_{\text {corr}}$ , of Cu and Cu9Al4 with varying amounts of Pd addition were characterized using the potentiodynamic polarization method at 25 °C, 45 °C, and 65 °C. At a given temperature, Pd addition to Cu caused the value of $E_{\text {oc}}$ to increase and the value of $i_{\text {corr}}$ to decrease due to the higher nobility of Pd. For the Cu9Al4 intermetallics, although Pd addition caused an increase in the value of $E_{\text {oc}}$ attributed to the high nobility of Pd, the value of $i_{\text {corr}}$ increases with small amounts of Pd addition due to high cathodic activity of Pd. To further evaluate the effect of Pd addition in preventing the corrosion of Cu wire bonds, galvanic current densities, $i_{g}$ , between Cu and Cu9Al4 and their Pd-doped couples were also measured. At 25 °C and 45 °C, the stabilized value of $i_{g}$ decreases with an increasing amount of Pd addition. At 65 °C, the stabilized value of $i_{g}$ was not lower until 9 wt.% Pd was added. The results of both self-corrosion and galvanic corrosion suggest that the amount of Pd needs to be above a critical value to effectively prevent Cu wire corrosion regardless of the operating temperature.
Chapter 13 – Prosody

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the importance of prosody in language processing. The importance of prosody for understanding the language comprehension system stems from the primacy of spoken language. Infants acquire language from input that is almost entirely auditory and indeed show a preference for the prosody of their native language as early as 3 days of age suggesting prenatal sensitivity. The majority of adult language input is also spoken and in fact many languages of the world and dialects have no written form. Thus, spoken language, structured by prosodic form, is the “base” on which the mental representations and processes that compose linguistic processing are built. Current work on prosody and language processing shows a consistent, early influence of a prosodic representation on the production and comprehension of syntactic meaning in sentences and discourse. Prosody has an immediate rather than delayed effect on a range of syntactic parsing decisions, suggesting that prosody can determine the incremental construction of a syntactic representation on the fly during sentence comprehension. These effects have implications for the architecture of the language processing mechanism, suggesting that prosodic structure is primary to the process of recovering sentence structure.
Case-Based Gesture Interface for Multiagent Formation Control.

Current multiagent systems require human operators to communicate in real-time with one another. A better option would be to have a single human operator control a swarm of agents using a natural interface, such as something worn by the operator. This includes being able to control the shape and movement of the agents in a dynamically shifting environment using an intuitive interface. Prior research has focused on moving the collective of agents as a whole, and has not used a case-based approach for this purpose. We show that a swarm can be shaped into different formations via a case-based gesture control strategy using a wearable (smart watch) interface. This approach enables a swarm to complete a task by taking high-level commands from an operator/user. We describe our approach, our initial results and demonstrations, and discuss next steps.
Supported nanoparticle synthesis with Au bis-Ethylenediamine: The mechanism of adsorption onto oxides and carbons

Abstract Gold bis-ethylenediamine ([Au(en)2]3+ or AuED) is an effective precursor for the preparation of small Au nanoparticles on common catalyst supports. By studying the adsorption of AuED over a wide variety of supports with surveys of uptake versus time and pH, including XAS studies of solution and adsorbed species, we have demonstrated that an electrostatic mechanism accounts for the data much better than the previously postulated cation exchange mechanism. In the electrostatic mechanism 1) uptake-pH curves are volcano-shaped and are higher in amplitude and broader in pH the lower the PZC of the support, 2) AuED complexes retain at least one hydration sheath with diameter 13.3 A (0.72 complex/nm2) and adsorb as outer sphere complexes, 3) the monolayer limit in aqueous solutions basified with NaOH is not determined by cation exchange stoichiometry but is a steric limit of close-packed, hydrated complexes. They adsorb at a much lower surface density than that of the surface hydroxyl groups and never electrically saturate the surface. 4) The change in AuED speciation at high pH is consistent with a change in the coulombic attraction of a 3+ versus a 2+ complex. Over carbon supports, adsorption is predominantly electrostatic, but an additional parallel mechanism is apparent in proportion to the graphitic nature of the support. Synthesized Au nanoparticles over the oxide and carbon materials was characterized by high sensitivity powder XRD, STEM imaging, and TPR. The resultant nanoparticles were generally smaller than other synthesis methods reported in the literature for silica, titania, alumina, and carbon. The loading limit of electrostatic adsorption is a surface density of about 1 μmol/m2. At loadings less than or equal to this, electrostatic adsorption provides a simple method with which to synthesize well dispersed Au nanoparticles.
The development of weak normativity in Solomon Islands Pijin

Abstract Pijin, the lingua franca of Solomon Islands, has acquired the functions of a creole in the capital city of Honiara. Yet, though Pijin is the common language of the urban culture of Honiara, it lacks linguistic legitimacy. Speakers of Pijin did not, until recently, consider it a true language in the same way that English and local vernaculars, with which it co-exists, are deemed to be. Specters of inauthenticity and illegitimacy were part of that assessment. In this paper, we consider that the nascent legitimacy ascribed to Pijin by some urban speakers is informed by the affirmation of their own legitimacy as a new socio-cultural group, that of the Pijin-speaking urbanite. This contributes to the complexification of the sociolinguistic scene. We show that while different ways of speaking Pijin are progressively becoming associated with various sociolinguistic groups and seem to constitute emergent social varieties, the question of a Pijin norm is also emerging.
Conformation of the nuclear pore in living cells is modulated by transport state.

While the static structure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) continues to be refined with cryo-EM and x-ray crystallography, in vivo conformational changes of the NPC remain under-explored. We developed sensors that report on the orientation of NPC components by rigidly conjugating mEGFP to different NPC proteins. Our studies show conformational changes to select domains of nucleoporins (Nups) within the inner ring (Nup54, Nup58, Nup62) when transport through the NPC is perturbed and no conformational changes to Nups elsewhere in the NPC. Our results suggest that select components of the NPC are flexible and undergo conformational changes upon engaging with cargo.
Long short-term memory networks with attention learning for high-rate structural health monitoring

High-rate dynamic systems undergo events of amplitudes greater than 100 gs in a span of less than 100 ms. The unique characteristics of high-rate dynamic systems include 1) large uncertainties in the external loads, 2) high levels of non-stationarity and heavy disturbances, and 3) unmolded dynamics generated from changes in the system configurations. This paper presents a deep learning algorithm consisting of an ensemble of long short-term memory (LSTM) cells used to conduct high-rate state estimation. The ensemble of LSTMs receives and transforms the signal into inputs of different time resolutions. Each input vector correlates to an LSTM cell which predicts the signal in real-time and produces feature vectors. The feature vectors are then processed through an attention layer and dense layer to predict the physical features of the system. Here, we study the temporal evolution of the attention layer weights to conduct state estimation, while the LSTM cells are attempting to conduct measurement predictions. We study the performance of the algorithm on experimental data generated by DROPBEAR, a dedicated testbed for high-rate structural health monitoring research. State estimation consists of estimating, in real-time, the location of a cart that moves along a beam. Results show that the attention layer weights can be used to estimate the cart location but that the beam requires impact excitations to accelerate the convergence of the algorithm.
Instruction of Immunometabolism by Adipose Tissue: Implications for Cancer Progression

Disruption of metabolic homeostasis at the organismal level can cause metabolic syndrome associated with obesity. The role of adipose tissue in cancer has been investigated over the last several decades with many studies implicating obesity as a risk factor for the development of cancer. Adipose tissue contains a diverse array of immune cell populations that promote metabolic homeostasis through a tightly controlled balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals. During obesity, pro-inflammatory cell types infiltrate and expand within the adipose tissue, exacerbating metabolic dysfunction. Some studies have now shown that the intracellular metabolism of immune cells is also deregulated by the lipid-rich environment in obesity. What is not fully understood, is how this may influence cancer progression, metastasis, and anti-tumor immunity. This review seeks to highlight our current understanding of the effect of adipose tissue on immune cell function and discuss how recent results offer new insight into the role that adipose tissue plays in cancer progression and anti-tumor immunity.
How Can We Achieve Accountability in Policing? The (Not-So-Secret) Ingredients to Effective Police Reform

The summer of 2020 has been marked by a series of high-profile police killings of citizens, highlighting excessive force as the most pernicious form of racial injustice in American policing. The persistence of the excessive use of force problem over decades raises serious questions regarding what we know about police accountability, and has led some to argue for defunding or even abolishing the police. However, the roadmap to effective police accountability is tangible and known. In this Article, we delineate eight guiding principles and eight strategies that have emerged as reoccurring themes in the pursuit of police accountability and transparency. The principles and strategies of effective police accountability have proven difficult to implement and maintain, and we discuss the primary barriers to positive change. Despite these obstacles, we conclude with a sense of optimism about the potential for real police reform in the immediate to near future.
Effect of Aluminum Foam and Foam Density on the Energy Absorption Capacity of 3D “S” Space Frames

Passenger safety during front collision depends to a great extent on the capability of the car’s front space frame structures to absorb energy generated during the crash, while deforming the least possible, Han and Yamazaki [1], and Cheon and Meguid [2].
Colorado family physicians' knowledge of hereditary breast cancer and related practice.

Abstract Background. The objective of this study was to describe Colorado family physicians’ (FPs') knowledge of hereditary breast cancer and related practice behaviors. Method. A survey was mailed to 400 practicing FPs randomly sampled from the board‐certified members of the Colorado Academy of Family physicians. Results. Overall, knowledge of hereditary breast cancer was inadequate. Less than half of the respondents knew that BRCA mutations account for 0‐10% of all breast cancers; 38% knew the lifetime risk for non‐carriers, and 17% responded that a known carrier would have a lifetime breast cancer risk of 50%. Just 45% knew that a BRCA1 mutation could pass from father to daughter. Similarly, only half reported an increased ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 carriers, and an increased risk for male breast cancer for BRCA2 carriers. All respondents reported that taking a family cancer history was part of their regular clinical practices. The majority reported having referred no patient for cancer genetic coun...
Lipoprotein Metabolism: Structure and Function

Lipoproteins are particles in plasma which carry cholesterol and triglyceride. Lipoprotein metabolism is described based on structure and function of their apolipoproteins and the enzymes, transfer proteins and receptors involved in their assembly and catabolism. Genetic defects in lipoprotein metabolism highlight the functions of these metabolic parameters. Keywords: cholesterol; triglyceride; lipoprotein; atherosclerosis; dyslipidaemia
Specific binding of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle protein K to the human c-myc promoter, in vitro

A homopurine/homopyrimidine-like sequence is found 100-150 base pairs upstream of the human c-myc promoter P1. This element, termed the CT-element, has been shown to augment expression from P1, and it serves as a positive transcriptional element when coupled to a heterologous promoter in vivo and in vitro. Synthetic oligonucleotides comprising this element were used to form DNA-protein complexes in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. By using conventional and affinity methods, 61- and 34-kDa proteins were shown to be associated with these complexes. Amino acid sequence analysis and immunological methods have identified these proteins as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle (hnRNP) proteins K and A1. Surprisingly, hnRNP protein K binds to the pyrimidine-rich strand of the CT-element in a sequence-specific manner as well as to the double-stranded molecule. Cotransfection of vectors encoding hnRNP protein K in the sense or anti-sense orientations with reporter plasmids driven by wild-type or mutant CT-elements demonstrates that hnRNP protein K augments gene expression in a cis-element-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that hnRNP protein K may play a role in the transcriptional regulation of the human c-myc gene.
Civic Service Worldwide: Impacts and Inquiry, edited by A. M. McBride and M. Sherraden

For every young American who participates in the Peace Corps … will know that he or she is sharing in the great common task of bringing to man that decent way of life which is the foundation of fre...
BPS Saturated Vacua Interpolation along One Compact Dimension

A class of generalized Wess-Zumino models with distinct vacua is investigated. These models allow for BPS saturated vacua interpolation along one compact spatial dimension. The properties of these interpolations are studied.
Guided Internet-Based Self-Help Intervention for Social Anxiety Disorder With Videoconferenced Therapist Support

Abstract We describe the development of a novel, Internet-based, self-help intervention for social anxiety disorder (SAD) in adults, and report data on the preliminary efficacy of the program when administered with minimal therapist support delivered via a common videoconferencing platform. Participants (n = 13) completed the intervention, which consists of 8 weekly modules and a brief weekly videoconferenced check-in with a therapist. The intervention program is derived from an acceptance-based CBT program that utilizes traditional behavioral interventions (e.g., exposure) within the context of a model emphasizing mindful awareness and psychological acceptance of distressing subjective experiences. Assessments revealed that participants experienced a significant reduction in SAD symptoms and improvements in psychosocial functioning, and that treatment gains were maintained over a 3-month follow-up period. The effect sizes for the main outcome measures were large to very large (d = 0.90 to 1.47), and comparable to other Internet-based treatment programs as well as in-person trials for SAD (e.g., Feske & Chambless, 1995; Tulbure, 2011). Participants also rated the treatment program as highly acceptable. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence that an Internet-based intervention grounded in basic behavioral and acceptance-based principles is effective for the treatment of SAD, and that videoconferenced therapist support may be useful in enhancing treatment compliance. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Analysis of polarization-mode dispersion compensators using importance sampling

We use importance sampling to analyze polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) compensators that consist of a single differential-group delay (DGD) element. Using this technique we show that while these compensators improve the average penalty due to PMD, they may degrade the outage probability.
Successful management of primary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of hepatic allograft following orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatitis C

Nontuberculous mycobacteria are a rare cause of disease in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. The impact of mycobacterial infections in transplant recipients necessitates prompt diagnosis and early initiation of therapy. However, diagnosis remains difficult and there is a lack of specific recommendations for the choice of anti-mycobacterial drugs, duration of therapy, and monitoring of graft function as well as immunosuppression in these patients. Issues involved in the management are illustrated by an index case of hepatic allograft infection due to Mycobacterium avium complex.
Femtosecond Laser Ablation to Induce Occlusions in Single, Targeted Venules in Rat Brain

Femtosecond laser induced photodisruption is used to clot single venules in live, anesthetized rats. Two-photon excited fluorescence imaging shows significant decreases in blood flow speeds and increases in diameter in capillaries upstream from the clot.
Probing the chemistry, electronic structure and redox energetics in organometallic pentavalent uranium complexes.

A series of organometallic pentavalent uranium complexes of the general formula (C5Me5)2U(=N-2,6-iPr2-C6H3)(Y) (Y = monoanionic, non-halide ligand) have been prepared using a variety of routes. Utilizing the direct oxidation of (C5Me5)2U(=N-2,6-iPr2-C6H3)(THF) (2) with the appropriate copper(I) salt yielded the triflate (Y = OTf (OSO2CF3), 11), thiolate (Y = SPh, 12), and acetylide (Y = C≡CPh, 13) complexes, while a salt metathesis route between the UV-imido (C5Me5)2U(=N-2,6-iPr2-C6H3)(I) (10) and various alkali salts gave the diphenylamide (Y = NPh2, 14), aryloxide (Y = OPh, 15), alkyl (Y = Me, 16), and aryl (Y = Ph, 17) complexes. Paired with 13, the isolation of 16 and 17 shows that UV can support the full range of carbon anions (sp, sp2, and sp3), and these are, to the best of our knowledge, the first examples of pentavalent uranium complexes with anionic carbon moieties other than carbocyclic (C5R5, C7H7, C8H8) ligands. Finally, both protonolysis and insertion pathways afforded the UV-imido ketimide ...
Transference, Counter-transference, and Reflexivity in Intercultural Education

AbstractThe article addresses the contributions psychoanalytic theory, particularly its concepts of transference and counter-transference, can make to our understanding of reflexivity in intercultural education (IE). After the introduction, the article is organized into three parts. The first part is a psychoanalytic discussion that focuses on the concepts of transference and counter-transference. The second part elaborates on the concepts of transference and counter-transference by presenting examples through existing studies in the fields of multicultural and IE and psychoanalysis to illuminate what it would mean to psychoanalytically understand aspects of intercultural relations and reflexivity. In the third section, while contending that this article does not exclude other forms of reflexivity or delimit the danger of uncritically accepting the potentials for reflexivity, it offers the implications drawn from the discussions in the first and second sections by concluding that psychoanalysis is an area...
Flight style of the black-billed magpie: Variation in wing kinematics, neuromuscular control, and muscle composition

Black-billed magpies (Pica pica; Corvidae) exhibit an unusual flight style with pronounced, cyclic variation in wingbeat frequency and amplitude during level, cruising flight. In an effort to better understand the underlying internal mechanisms associated with this flight style, we studied muscle activity patterns, fiber composition of the pectoralis muscle, and wingbeat kinematics using both laboratory and field techniques. Over a wide range of speeds in a windtunnel (0-13.4 m s-1), wingbeat frequency, wingtip elevation, and relative intensity of electromyographic (EMG) signals s-1 from the flight muscles were least at intermediate speeds, and increased at both slower and faster speeds, in approximate agreement with theoretical models that predict a U-shaped curve of power output with flight speed. Considerable variation was evident in kinematic and electromyographic variables, but variation was continuous, and, thus, was not adequately described by the simple two-gait system which is currently accepted as describing gait selection during vertebrate flight. Indirect evidence suggests that magpies vary their flight style consistent with reducing average power costs in comparison to costs associated with continuous flapping at a fixed level of power per wingbeat. The range of variation for the kinematic variables was similar in the field and lab; however, in the field, proportionally fewer flights showed significant correlations between wingbeat frequency and the other variables. Average flight speed in the field was 8.0 m s-1. Average wingbeat frequency was less in the field than in the windtunnel, but mean values for wingtip elevation and wingspan at midupstroke were not significantly different. Histological study revealed that the pectoralis muscle of magpies contained only fast-twitch (acid-stable) muscle fibers, which were classified as red (R) and intermediate (I) based on oxidative and glycolytic capacities along with fiber diameter. This fiber composition may be related to variation in wingbeat kinematics, but such composition is found in the pectoralis of other bird species. This suggests that the muscle fibers commonly found in the pectoralis of small to medium sized birds are capable of a wider range of efficient contractile velocities than predicted by existing theory. Future studies should explore alternative explanations for variation in wingbeat kinematics, including the potential role of nonverbal communication among cospecifics.
The Importance of Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market: Evidence from Randomized Trials of Credit Card Solicitations

Analyzing unique data from multiple large-scale randomized marketing trials of preapproved credit card solicitations by a large financial institution, we find that consumers responding to the lender's inferior solicitation offers have poorer credit quality attributes. This finding supports the argument that riskier type borrowers are liquidity or credit constrained and, thus, have higher reservation loan interest rates. We also find a more severe deterioration ex post in the credit quality of the booked accounts of inferior offer types relative to superior offers. After controlling for a cardholder's observable risk attributes, demographic characteristics, and adverse economic shocks, we find that cardholders who responded to the inferior credit card offers are significantly more likely to default ex post. Our results provide evidence on the importance of adverse selection effects in the credit card market.
An Oscillating Boundary Temperature Method for the Determination of Transient Thermal Conductivity and Internal Heat Generation with a Comparison to a Transient Hot-Wire Method

An oscillating boundary temperature (OBT) method is proposed to simultaneously determine transient thermal properties including thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, internal heat generation, and volumetric heat capacity for exothermic solids and semi-solids over a narrow, controlled temperature range by using internal temperature measurements of the thermal wave. A comparison of this method and a transient hot-wire (THW) method is conducted in the presence of heat generation using physical properties which change over time. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. The OBT method is potentially useful for the analysis of exothermic solid or semi-solid materials such as hydrating (freshly mixed) cement and concrete, polymers and composites undergoing polymerization reactions, and biological tissues.
Amphotericin B is cytotoxic at locally delivered concentrations.

Background Orthopaedic fungal infections are commonly treated with systemic amphotericin, which has a narrow therapeutic index and is associated with systemic toxicities. Local delivery of amphotericin has been described yet is poorly understood. As with bacterial infections, fungal infections are associated with biofilm. However, it is unclear whether experience with local delivery of antibacterials can be applied to local antifungal delivery.
The impingement effect of an inert, immobile second phase on the recrystallization of a matrix

Abstract Two-dimensional computer simulations based on the cellular automaton algorithm were carried out to study the case of the recrystallization of a matrix containing inert, immobile particles. A range of particle area fractions, sizes and aspect ratios were investigated under continuous grain nucleation conditions, assuming that the effect of particles is limited to geometric impingement upon contact with the recrystallizing grains. Particles influence both overall recrystallization kinetics and the geometric characteristics of the recrystallized grain structure. Systematic deviations from the predictions by the Johnson, Mehl, Avrami, Kolmogorov (JMAK) theory for the recrystallization of a particle-free matrix are observed with increasing particle aspect ratio, and, to a lesser extent, particle fraction and size. These deviations are not predicted by a modified JMAK equation assuming that the impingement effect of inert particles is equivalent to that of non-growing grains, and result from the aspect ration and size differences that exist between grains and particles. Inert particles also influence both mean size and mean aspect ratio of the recrystallized grains. While the normalized grain size distributions are unaffected by the particles, the normalized grain aspect ratio distributions exhibit significant variations as the particle geometric parameters are varied.
Multifocal conduction block in peripheral nerve vasculitis.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) vasculitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) are two distinct entities. Although there may be similarities in clinical presentation, the two are rarely confused. PNS vasculitis typically presents as a mononeuritis multiplex, as an overlapping mononeuritis multiplex, or as a distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Electrophysiologic studies are consistent with a primary axonal pathophysiologic process. In contrast, GBS typically presents with variable, mild sensory symptoms followed by symmetric progressive weakness. Early electrophysiologic studies, when abnormal, usually demonstrate findings consistent with demyelination. We describe two cases of PNS vasculitis in which the initial clinical presentation and the presence of multifocal conduction block on electrophysiologic studies led to the incorrect diagnosis of GBS early in the hospital course. Although GBS must always be considered in patients with rapidly progressive weakness, physicians must remain vigilant for alternative diagnoses, as illustrated by our cases.
Soy and the exercise-induced inflammatory response in postmenopausal women.

Aging is associated with increasing inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, both of which can have negative health effects. Successful attenuation of such processes with dietary countermeasu...
Assessment of the Joint Food Science Curriculum of Washington State University and the University of Idaho by Graduates and Their Employers.

Thirty-two recent graduates from the joint food science program of Washington State Univ. (WSU) and The Univ. of Idaho (UI) and 12 of their employers participated in a survey study to assess food science program outcomes. The ob- jective of this study was to assess the joint cur- riculum in its ability to prepare undergraduate students for critical thinking, problem solving, and technical competence in the food industry. Two survey tools, 1 for graduates and 1 for their employers, were designed to assess job pre- paredness and the skill set attained by food sci- ence program graduates. Graduates of the joint food science program generally indicated satis- faction with their food science education and suggested that they were adequately prepared for their jobs. Both students and employers indi- cated that most of the identified Success Skills are used daily on the job, and that graduates were well prepared with Success Skills. Gradu- ates and employers reported adequate prepara- tion in Food Processing and Engineering compe- tence. Some significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in perceived and assessed compe- tence. Specifically, while student indicated that they were well prepared with Food Chemistry and Analysis, Food Safety and Microbiology, and Ap- plied Food Science competence, employers indi- cated only adequate preparation in Food Chemis- try and Analysis, and Applied Food Science com- petence, but poor preparation in Food Safety and Microbiology competence. The findings suggest that students should be given opportunities for self-evaluation in undergraduate courses. Be- cause the survey models are based on Institute of Food Technologists requirements, it is expected that the surveys can be readily adopted by other institutions to assess student learning and pro- gram effectiveness.
Multiband coupling and electronic structure of ( InAs ) n / ( GaSb ) n superlattices

The electronic structure of abrupt $(\mathrm{InAs}{)}_{n}/(\mathrm{GaSb}{)}_{n}$ superlattices is calculated using a plane wave pseudopotential method and the more approximate eight band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ method. The $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ parameters are extracted from the pseudopotential band structures of the zinc-blende constituents near the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point. We find, in general, good agreement between pseudopotential results and $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ results, except as follows. (1) The eight band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ significantly underestimates the electron confinement energies for $nl~20.$ (2) While the pseudopotential calculation exhibits (a) a zone center electron-heavy hole coupling manifested by band anticrossing at $n=28,$ and (b) a light hole--heavy hole coupling and anticrossing around $n=13,$ these features are absent in the $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ model. (3) As $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ misses atomistic features, it does not distinguish the ${C}_{2v}$ symmetry of a superlattice with no-common-atom such as InAs/GaSb from the ${D}_{2d}$ symmetry of a superlattice that has a common atom, e.g., InAs/GaAs. Consequently, $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ lacks the strong in-plane polarization anisotropy of the interband transition evident in the pseudopotential calculation. Since the pseudopotential band gap is larger than the $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ values, and most experimental band gaps are even smaller than the $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ band gap, we conclude that to understand the experimental results one must consider physical mechanisms beyond what is included here (e.g., interdiffusing, rough interfaces, and internal electric fields), rather than readjust the $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ parameters.
Assessment of approximations made in breakup-fusion descriptions

Three methods for calculating the breakup-fusion cross sections are compared; the authors, and those of Baur and Trautmann and of Kasano and Ichimura. All three use the two-step and the spectator approximations. It will be shown first that, while the authors does not make any further approximation, the other two make a few additional approximations. Errors caused by these additional approximations are assessed numerically. The errors are found rather large in general. A critical assessment of the formalism by Austern and Vincent, on which the work of Kasano and Ichimura was based, is also made. 17 references, 4 figures.
Crystal growth and characterization of In23PS3

Abstract Crystals of In 2 3 PS 3 were grown by chemical vapor transport of the elements from a charge zone maintained at 630°C. and a growth zone at 560°C. The crystals were characterized by chemical, x-ray, and densitometric techniques. In 2 3 PS 3 is structurally related to the MIIPS3 thiophosphides. The compound is an insulator and has an optical absorption edge of 3.1(1) e.V.
Design-Filter Selection for H2 Control of Microgravity Isolation Systems: A Single-Degree-of-Freedom Case Study

Many microgravity space-science experiments require active vibration isolation, to attain suitably low levels of background acceleration for useful experimental results. The design of state-space controllers by optimal control methods requires judicious choices of frequency-weighting design filters. Kinematic coupling among states greatly clouds designer intuition in the choices of these filters, and the masking effects of the state observations cloud the process further. Recent research into the practical application of H2 synthesis methods to such problems, indicates that certain steps can lead to state frequency-weighting design-filter choices with substantially improved promise of usefulness, even in the face of these difficulties. In choosing these filters on the states, one considers their relationships to corresponding design filters on appropriate pseudo-sensitivity- and pseudo-complementary-sensitivity functions. This paper investigates the application of these considerations to a single-degree-of-freedom microgravity vibration-isolation test case. Significant observations that were noted during the design process are presented. along with explanations based on the existent theory for such problems.
Metastasizing Mammary Carcinomas in Rats: Induction and Study of Their Immunogenicity

Widely metastasizing mammary adenocarcinomas were isolated from methylcholanthrene-fed inbred young adult female W/Fu rats that had been splenectomized or thymectomized, and from those that had been both splenectomized and thymectomized. These tumors are transplantable and maintain their metastasizing capacity. They are either nonimmunogenic or less immunogenic than the nonmetastasizing conventional methylcholathrene-induced mammary tumors, which are highly immunogenic.
Ex vivo repair of a large renal artery aneurysm and associated arteriovenous fistula.

The development of a renal artery to vein arteriovenous fistula due to a large extraparenchymal renal artery aneurysm is uncommon. Previous surgical experience with this entity is limited. Based on the existing surgical literature, nephrectomy has been the treatment of choice. We report preservation of the kidney by surgical correction of this entity using ex vivo “bench” repair in a middle-aged female with fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery. The technique, results, and recommendations for surgical management are discussed.
Shape of domains in two-dimensional systems: Virtual singularities and a generalized Wulff construction.

We report on a generalized Wulff construction that allows for the calculation of the shape of two-dimensional materials with orientational order but no positional order. We demonstrate that for sufficiently large domain radii, the shape necessarily develops mathematical singularities, similar to those recently observed in Langmuir monolayers. The physical origin of the cusps is shown to be related to the softness of the material and is fundamentally different from that of the sharp angles seen in the shape of hard crystals.
Why 2 + 2 = 5 looks so wrong: on the odd-even rule in sum verification.

The odd-even status of a sum depends on the odd-even status of its addends. A sum must be odd if an odd number of its addends are odd; else it must be even. A proposed sum that violates the required odd-even status of the sum—that is, deviates from the correct sum, whether odd or even, by an odd value (e.g., splits of ±1, ±3, ±5)—can be rejected immediately as false. Subjects in the present study did indeed use the odd-even rule in sum verification, because they were as fast and accurate in rejecting a split of ±1 as one of ±2, and a split of ±3 as one of ±4, even though a larger split generally is easier to reject (symbolic distance effect), and splits of ±3 and ±4 were rejected faster and more accurately than those of ±1 and ±2. Performance on separate odd-even tasks indicated that the odd-even properties of numbers and sums are readily available for use by adults, and that persons who do well on such tasks are especially likely to use the odd-even rule in sum verification.
PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN

Abstract In the literature there exist two conflicting pieces of data concerning the thermodynamics of the Cu2+-methionine enkephalin complex. One study utilized1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study the solution phase Cu2+-enkephalin binding and reported a strong interaction over a wide pH range. Another study utilized potentiometry to measure a logβ101of 4.6, a value representative of a weak metal-ligand complex. In order to resolve this discrepancy a 300 MHz1H NMR is used to study the protonation sequence of methionine enkaphalin, a bioactive peptide, and its complexation with seven diamagnetic metals (Ba2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, La2+, Mg2+, Sr2+and Cd2+).
An explicit three-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical simulation of a tropical cyclone

A nonhydrostatic numerical simulation of a tropical cyclone is performed with explicit representation of cumulus on a meso-β scale grid and for a brief period on a meso-γ scale grid. Individual cumulus plumes are represented by a combination of explicit resolution and a 1.5 level closure predicting turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).
Continuous and Discrete Wavelet Transform Analysis of Nonlinear Pulse Propagation in Single Mode Fibers

Abstract The use of the continuous wavelet transform and the discrete wavelet transform in analyzing the propagation of optical pulses in nonlinear dispersive fibers is discussed. The analysis is based on the split-step wavelet algorithm which reaches reasonable accuracy as compared to the well-known split-step Fourier method.
Modulation of the pattern of axonal projections of a leech motor neuron by ablation or transplantation of its target.

Abstract The sixth segmental ganglion in the ventral nerve cord of the leech H. medicinalis contains a bilateral pair of rostral penile evertor motor neurons (RPEs) that in the adult innervate the male genitalia. During embryogensis, the RPEs extend numerous extraganglionic projections. Only two of these innervate the target and are normally retained in the adult, while the others retract. Early, but not late, removal of the male genitalia results in the indefinite retention and continued growth of projections that would normally retract. Any of these projections can innervate targets transplanted to ectopic locations. We conclude that an RPE motor neuron requires a signal, provided by its interaction with the target organ during a critical period, in order to stop extending axons, stabilize those axons that contact the target, and retract those that do not.
The spatial correlation of the non-thermal velocities for O IV and Si IV in the lower transition region

Abstract We analyze the spatial relationship between non-thermal velocities derived from spectral lines of O IV. λ1401.16 (1.6×105 K) and Si IV λ1402.77 (6.3x104 K) in the solar lower transition region. The lines formed at different temperatures are observed simultaneously and at the same locations on the solar disk by the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) spectrometer on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). In order to improve the accuracy of the non-thermal velocities determined from the full width at half maximum (FVJHM) intensities of the lines, we select data with sufficient counting statistics such that the uncertainty of the non-thermal velocity is less than 10 % of its value derived from the FWHMs. The spatial relationship between lines of O IV and Si IV shows a strong correlation. The correlation coefficient of the turbulent velocity is 0.856 for bright quiet Sun regions.
Biosynthesis of dextrans with different molecular weights by selecting the concentration of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FMC dextransucrase, the sucrose concentration, and the temperature

Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FMC dextransucrase was found to synthesize dextrans of varying molecular weights by selecting the concentrations of dextransucrase and sucrose, as well as the temperature. Four enzyme concentrations (50, 10, 1.0, and 0.1U/mL), five sucrose concentrations (20, 50, 100, 200 and 1000mM), and two temperatures (20°C and 30°C) were studied. The highest amount of enzyme (50U/mL), with the lowest concentration of sucrose (20mM), and the lower temperature of 20°C gave the lowest number-average molecular weight (MW(n)) of 20,630Da, respectively. As the sucrose concentration was increased, 50mM, 100mM, and 200mM, the MW(n) was 49,240Da, 63,350Da, and 126,720Da, respectively. The next enzyme concentration (10U/mL) gave a similar upward trend, starting at 73,130Da and ending at 237,870Da at 20°C and 130,040Da and ending at 415,770Da at 30°C. The upward trend continued for the 1.0 and 0.1U/mL enzyme concentrations. An increase in the temperature had the overall effect of increasing the MW(n) for each decreasing concentration of enzyme and increasing concentration of sucrose. For 0.1U/mL and 1000mM sucrose at 30°C, the MW(n) was 1,645,700Da. The results of the study show that the molecular weights of the synthesized dextrans were inversely proportional to the concentration of the enzyme and directly proportional to the concentration of sucrose and the temperature.
Drug eruptions in children.

Abstract Over 1000 medications are in common usage today. Approximately 700 of these are associated with a variety of cutaneous eruptions. The vast majority of cutaneous drug reactions in children are of 5 types: exanthems, fixed drug reactions, urticarial eruptions, serum sickness-like reactions, and photosensitive eruptions. Among healthy children, adverse drug reactions are generally uncommon and usually minor. Common, serious, and interesting cutaneous drug eruption patterns are discussed in this monograph, with an emphasis on practical information for dermatologists who care for pediatric patients. (Curr Probl Dermatol 2002;14:147-182)