cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The inhibitory effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on aflatoxin synthesis inAspergillus parasiticus

The effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts onAspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis was investigated. The extracts were prepared by blending 50 g (wet weight) of fresh leaves in one 1 of 10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) or by boiling the leaves in the buffer. Extracts were added to fungal growth media at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50% (vol/vol) concentrations prior to inoculation. The formulations did not affect fungal growth (i.e., mycelial dry weight) but essentially blocked (>98%) aflatoxin biosynthesis at concentrations greater than 10% (vol/vol). The inhibitory effect was somewhat diminished (60–70%) inhibition) in heated leaf extracts. Volatile components of the extracts were analyzed using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; the major volatile component was 3-methyl 2-buten-1-ol. However, volatiles from blended leaf extracts did not affect either aflatoxin synthesis or fungal growth. The neem-mediated inhibition appears to involve regulation of secondary metabolism, because once secondary biosynthesis was initiated the inhibitory effect of the neem leaf constituents was lost.
A qualitative understanding of reflective-teams. II: Therapists' perspectives

A research team developed and asked questions to a reflective-team about their clinical practice. The purpose of the questions was to better understand reflective-team members' experiences, beliefs, and aspirations. A participant/observation methodology was used in formulating the questions to the therapists. Therapists stated that reflective-teams were valuable in resolving impasses, developing multiple perspectives on clients' problems, and encouraging interaction among team members, but were problematic if clients were unaccustomed to team practice or if there were physically too many people in the interviewing room. Therapists believed that reflective-teams as a team practice was not practical in typical practice settings.
Light-Field Microscope Versus Microprojector in Determining Coal Dust Concentrations

Abstract A study was undertaken to statistically compare equivalent area field counts and dust concentrations obtained by using a microprojector and a light-field microscope. This was to test the opinion that the two methods, although allowed by the standard dust counting technique, are not comparable. The precision between observers and within one method was also examined. The study shows that the two counting methods do not produce comparable results and that, on the average, higher dust concentrations can be expected with the microprojector.
Tetrodotoxin concentrations within a clutch and across embryonic development in eggs of the rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa).

Abstract Tetrodotoxin is an enigmatic neurotoxin that is found in a wide-variety of organisms. Unfortunately, tetrodotoxin (TTX) toxicity across life-history stages is poorly understood in most organisms. Rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) possess the greatest known quantities of TTX of any organism and numerous studies have begun to elucidate these patterns in this species. We conducted a series of studies to answer the following questions: (1) do eggs from a single female's clutch vary in toxicity? (2) does TTX concentration change during embryonic development? and (3) does the jelly coat from newt eggs possess TTX? We found that the amount of TTX in newt eggs depended on the relative “position” of the egg within a clutch; eggs deposited at the beginning of the clutch had substantially more TTX than those at the end. During development egg toxicity remained consistent until hatching. The jelly coat contained small quantities of TTX, but these were not correlated with the toxicity of the embryo. These results clarify several long-held interpretations about embryo toxicity and continue to elucidate the life-history patterns of tetrodotoxin toxicity in this amphibian.
Optimization and Control of Communication Networks

Recently, there has been a surge in research activities that utilize the power of recent developments in nonlinear optimization to tackle a wide scope of work in the analysis and design of communication systems, touching every layer of the layered network architecture, and resulting in both intellectual and practical impacts significantly beyond the earlier frameworks. These research activities are driven by both new demands in the areas of communications and networking, and new tools emerging from optimization theory. Such tools include new developments of powerful theories and highly efficient computational algorithms for nonlinear convex optimization, as well as global solution methods and relaxation techniques for nonconvex optimization.Optimization theory can be used to analyze, interpret, or design a communication system, for both forward-engineering and reverse-engineering. Over the last few years, it has been successfully applied to a wide range of communication systems, from the high speed Internet core to wireless networks, from coding and equalization to broadband access, and from information theory to network topology models. Some of the theoretical advances have also been put into practice and started making visible impacts, including new versions of TCP congestion control, power control and scheduling algorithms in wireless networks, and spectrum management in DSL broadband access networks.Under the theme of optimization and control of communication networks, this Hot Topic Session consists of five invited talks covering a wide range of issues, including protocols, pricing, resource allocation, cross layer design, traffic engineering in the Internet, optical transport networks, and wireless networks.
A simple method for measuring radioactivity in autoradiograms of polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract The radioactivity associated with individual autoradiographic bands of proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was determined by comparing absorbance tracings of the bands with electrophoretic profiles derived from scintillation spectrometry of dried slab gels. Counts obtained from dried gels used to prepare autoradiograms compared favorably with those obtained from gels before drying, indicating no substantial loss of activity. Electrophoretic profiles determined from wet gels, autoradiograms and dried gels were similar for both gamma- and beta-ray emitting nuclides, providing evidence that the same radioactive peaks were detected. The procedures described provide a simple and convenient method for relating radioactive emissions to protein bands detected by autoradiographic film exposure.
Effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance racing in heat and humidity

A hot and humid environment can be detrimental to race performance. Caffeine, on the other hand, has been shown to be an ergogenic aid for improving endurance performance. To examine the influence of caffeine ingestion on race performance during high heat stress, seven endurance trained competitive road racers aged between 23 and 51 years (five men, two women) performed three maximal effort 21-km road races outdoors in hot and humid conditions. The caffeine dose, randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion, consisted of either 0, 5, or 9 mg · kg−1 body mass. During each run, the subjects were allowed to drink waterad libitum at each 5-km point. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after each run and analysed for changes in concentrations of Na+, K+, glucose, lactate, and hematocrit. Pre and postrun data were also collected for body mass and tympanic membrane temperature. Race times were not significantly different among the races or caffeine doses, with the average times within 1.1% of each other. In addition, none of the other variables measured varied significantly among the races or caffeine doses. In summary, caffeine intake did not affect race performance. Therefore it was concluded from our study that caffeine is not of ergogenic benefit in endurance races during high heat stress.
Noncovalent linking of a chiral selector to unmodified silica gel through amine functional groups

Abstract The noncovalent linking of Pirkle's dinitrobenzoyl- l -leucine chiral selector to unmodified silica gel by means of polar moieties such as amines and quaternary ammonium ions was studied. Selectors linked with amine groups provided resolution of racemic 2,2,2-trifluoro-1(9-anthryl)ethanol comparable to that of Pirkle's column having a covalently bonded selector. Non-covalent linking by means of the quaternary ammonium ion group was much less efficient in resolving optical isomers.
Walnut Creek Massacre: Identification and Analysis

The purpose of this study is to add to our understanding of skeletal material from the American pioneer period. Eight White and two Negro skeletons were washed out of their graves during flood conditions of 1973, but the recovery and subsequent storage of this material permitted commingling, and identification of the individual skeletons had to be undertaken before the material could be analyzed. Variation in age, sex, race, metric, non-metric traits and condition of the bone was considered prior to the analysis of the material. When these methods failed, ultra-violet fluorescence of the material and the matching of individual bones with colour slides taken at the time of the excavation were employed. Identification of all bones for the ten skeletons was impossible. However, on the basis of non-metric trait variation a father and son pairing is tentatively identified. Analysis of this material shows the early pioneer to have been a rather tall and robust individual displaying little bone pathology, but advanced pathology in the dental tissue and alveolar region. Historical records pertinent to this massacre validate the identification of sex, race, and age for these individuals.
Income, Inequality, and Social Welfare: A Study of the U.S. States

Amartya Sen (Journal of Public Economics, 1974; Review of Economic Studies, 1976) proposed a social welfare index defined as mean income multiplied by (1-Gini coefficient) and provided an axiomatic basis for the index. The index can also be interpreted as inequality-adjusted income or, as Bishop, Chakraborti, and Thistle (Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1990) note, equally-distributedequivalent income measure for Gini. Anthony Atkinson (Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 1999, p. 181) treated the index as a measure of real income. The index has been used in several studies of income and welfare. For example, Berrebi and Silber (Economics Letters, 1987) did a decomposition of the change in the index for the United States over the periods 1960–1970 and 1970–1980. Bishop et al. (1990) provided distribution-free tests for the index and did an application to the U.S. from 1980 census data. Ram (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1992) computed the index for two cross-country samples and showed that the index correlated highly with income, but weakly with the Gini coefficient. Since Bishop et al. focused on significance tests for the index and worked with 1980 census data for the U.S., it is useful to construct the index from more recent state-level information and, like Ram (1992), consider how the welfare index correlates with mean income and the Gini coefficient. The index may be written as W0Y(1−G), where W is Sen’s welfare index, Y denotes mean income, and G stands for the Gini coefficient of each state. Data on mean household income and the household Gini coefficient for each state are taken from Census Bureau’s American Fact Finder and are based on American Community Surveys (ACS) for the five-year period of 2006–2010. Since information is derived from five rounds of ACS, it is likely to be more stable and reliable than the usual annual numbers from ACS or even the census. The welfare index is calculated for each state by using the foregoing expression. Int Adv Econ Res (2013) 19:65–67 DOI 10.1007/s11294-012-9378-8
Unsplit algorithms for multidimensional systems of hyperbolic conservation laws with source terms

This work describes an unsplit, second-order accurate algorithm for multidimensional systems of hyperbolic conservation laws with source terms, such as the compressible Euler equations for reacting flows. It is a MUSCL-type, shock-capturing scheme that integrates all terms of the governing equations simultaneously, in a single time-step, thus avoiding dimensional or time-splitting. Appropriate families of space-time manifolds are introduced, along which the conservation equations decouple to the characteristic equations of the corresponding 1-D homogeneous system. The local geometry of these manifolds depends on the source terms and the spatial derivatives of the flow variables. Numerical integration of the characteristic equations is performed along these manifolds in the upwinding part of the algorithm. Numerical simulations of two-dimensional detonations with simplified kinetics are performed to test the accuracy and robustness of the algorithm. These flows are unstable for a wide range of parameters and may exhibit chaotic behavior. Grid-convergence studies and comparisons with earlier results, obtained with traditional schemes, are presented.
A Sendai Virus-Derived RNA Agonist of RIG-I as a Virus Vaccine Adjuvant

The innate immune system is responsible for recognizing invading pathogens and initiating a protective response. In particular, the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 protein (RIG-I) participates in the recognition of single- and double-stranded RNA viruses. RIG-I activation leads to the production of an appropriate cytokine and chemokine cocktail that stimulates an antiviral state and drives the adaptive immune system toward an efficient and specific response against the ongoing infection. One of the best-characterized natural RIG-I agonists is the defective interfering (DI) RNA produced by Sendai virus strain Cantell. This 546-nucleotide RNA is a well-known activator of the innate immune system and an extremely potent inducer of type I interferon. We designed an in vitro-transcribed RNA that retains the type I interferon stimulatory properties, and the RIG-I affinity of the Sendai virus produced DI RNA both in vitro and in vivo. This in vitro-synthesized RNA is capable of enhancing the production of anti-influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)-specific IgG after intramuscular or intranasal coadministration with inactivated H1N1 2009 pandemic vaccine. Furthermore, our adjuvant is equally effective at increasing the efficiency of an influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus inactivated vaccine as a poly(I·C)- or a squalene-based adjuvant. Our in vitro-transcribed DI RNA represents an excellent tool for the study of RIG-I agonists as vaccine adjuvants and a starting point in the development of such a vaccine.
Kinetics of the gas phase reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of alkenes, alkynes and aromatic species at 295 K

Abstract The relative rate technique was used to determine the rate constants for the reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of unsaturated organic species. Experiments were performed at 295 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of synthetic air. The decay rates of the organic species were measured relative to that of ethane, or n -butane. Using rate constants of 5.7 × 10 −11 , and 2.25 × 10 −10 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 for the reaction of chlorine with ethane and n -butane respectively, the following rate constants were derived, in units of 10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 : ethene, 12.1 ± 0.7; propene, 32.2 ± 1.3; allene, 43.8 ± 2.6; acetylene, 7.07 ± 1.1; methylacetylene, 26.8 ± 1.6; ethylacetylene, 38.9 ± 1.3; benzene, o -xylene, 13.5 ± 1.0; m -xylene, 12.0 ± 1.4; p -xylene, 13.3 ± 0.8. The results are discussed with respect to the previous literature data and to the mechanisms of these reactions.
Optimum Thickness of Sn Film for Whisker Growth

By depositing different thicknesses of Sn films over a silicon wafer precoated with Cr and Ni adhesion layers and then by bending the tinned wafer using a dead load applied at the center to introduce the same compressive stresses in the Sn films, the growth rate of whiskers appeared to have a maximum for a certain thickness. This is explained by assuming the Sn atoms to flow along the vertical grain boundaries (perpendicular to the interface) into the interface between Sn and Ni and then along the interface to the root of the whisker through some more vertical grain boundaries. The resistance along the vertical grain boundaries appeared to control the rate of whisker growth for thick films.
The Scope of Blame

Malle, Guglielmo, and Monroe (this issue) do three great services to the field of moral psychology. First, they define a discrete kind of moral evaluation—blame—and characterize the distinctive cog...
A survey of wound- and methyl jasmonate-induced leaf polyphenol oxidase in crop plants

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are widespread enzymes which oxidize plant phenolic compounds. In tomato leaves, PPO is systemically wound-induced, regulated by the tomato wound signal systemin via the octadecanoid wound-signalling pathway, and appears to function as an anti-nutritive defense against folivore insect pests. In order to determine if PPO could be important for the induced defense of other crop plants, plants from five plant families were surveyed for constitutive, wound-induced, and methyl jasmonate-induced PPO activity. In addition to tomato, PPO was most strongly induced by wounding or methyl jasmonate in tobacco and hybrid poplar. In these plants the response was also shown to be systemically induced by wounding. Two species, willow and soybean, had very high constitutive PPO activities yet showed no significant PPO induction. Most of the species tested had low constitutive levels of PPO activity, and low or no induction by wounding or methyl jasmonate. Although PPO is widely distributed, only in some species does it appear to be a component of the inducible anti-herbivore defense.
Substance abuse curricula vs. school drug policies.

: Schools are attempting to reduce substance abuse by implementing policies related to use of alcohol and other drugs in school settings. A review of current trends in adolescent substance use, together with research concerning effectiveness of alcohol and drug education and the impact of legal deterrence, indicate that: 1) neither educational nor school policy strategies by themselves are likely to effectively prevent use and abuse; 2) to be effective, education and policies must acknowledge and incorporate clear statements of community norms about alcohol and drug use; 3) to be effective, educational and policy strategies must complement and reinforce each other; and 4) education and policies must acknowledge and reinforce the positive behavior of the large number of students who do not use or abuse alcohol and other drugs.
Silicon in synthesis: 1-trimethylsilyl-1-methoxy allene; a reagent for the direct conversion of aliphatic aldehydes into 2-trimethylsilyl furans

Abstract 3-Lithio 1-trimethylsilyl-1-methoxy allene 4 reacts with aldehydes to give adducts that are readily transformed into 2-trimethylsilyl furans.
The utilization of copper and its role in the biosynthesis of copper-containing proteins in the fungus, Dactylium dendroides

Aspects of the utilization of copper by the fungus, Dactytium dendroides, have been studied. The organism grows normally at copper levels below 10 nM. Cells grown in medium containing 30 nM copper or less concentrate exogenous metal at all levels of added copper; copper uptake is essentially complete within 15 min and is not inhibited by cycloheximide, dinitrophenol or cyanide. These results indicate that copper absorption is not an energy-dependent process. The relationship between fungal copper status and the activities of three copper-containing enzymes, galactose oxidase, an extracellular enzyme, the cytosolic, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase, has also been established. The synthesis of galactose oxidase protein (haloenzyme plus apo-enzyme) is independent of copper concentration. Cells grown in copper-free medium (< 10 nM copper) excrete normal amounts of galactose oxidase as an apoprotein. At medium copper levels below 5 μM, new cultures contain enough total copper to enable the limited number of cells to attain sufficient intracellular copper to support hologalactose oxidase production. As a result of cell division, however, the amount of copper available per cell drops to a threshold of approx. 10 ng/mg below which point only apogalactose oxidase is secreted. Above 5 μM medium copper, holoenzyme secretion is maintained throughout cell growth. The levels of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase respond differently in that the protein itself apparently is synthesized in only limited amounts in copper-depleted cells. Total cellular superoxide dismutase activity is maintained under such conditions by an increase in activity associated with the mitochondrial, CN−-insensitive, manganese form of this enzyme. Cells grown at 10 μM copper shown 83% of their superoxide dismutase activity to be contributed by the Cu/Zn form compared to a 17% contribution to the total activity in cells grown at 30 nM copper, indicating that the biosynthesis of the Cu/Zn and Mn-containing enzymes is coordinated. The data show that the level of copper modulates the synthesis of the cytosolic superoxide dismutase. In contrast, the cytochrome oxidase activity of D. dendroides is independent of cellular copper levels obtainable. Thus, the data also suggest that these three enzymes utilize different cellular copper pools. As cells are depleted of copper by cell division, the available copper is used to maintain Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase activity; at very low levels of copper, only the latter activity is maintained. The induction of the manganisuperoxide dismutase in copper-depleted cells should have practical value in the isolation of this protein.
Forming of superplastic ceramics

Superplasticity in ceramics has now advanced to the stage that technologically viable superplastic deformation processing can be performed. In this article, examples of superplastic forming and diffusion bonding of ceramic components are given. Recent work in biaxial gas-pressure forming of several ceramics is provided. These include yttria-stabilized, tetragonal zirconia (YTZP), a 20% alumina/YTZP composite, and silicon. In addition, the concurrent superplastic forming and diffusion bonding of a hybrid ceramic-metal structure are presented. These forming processes offer technological advantages of greater dimensional control and increased variety and complexity of shapes than is possible with conventional ceramic shaping technology.
The restricted cubic spline hazard model

A cubic spline hazard model where the tails are linearly constrained (Stone and Koo, 1985) has considerable flexibility in describing data which has been generated from distributions having a variety of hazard function shapes. This model is as efficient as the Kaplan-Meier (1958) estimator for estimating survival probabilities.
The Effects of Races, Delays, and Delay Faults on Test Generation

Test sequences constructed by most test generation procedures often create time dependent results when applied to a circuit. These dependencies often invalidate the test. The main cause for this situation is that the test generation procedures and circuit models employed do not take into account many aspects of delay associated with a circuit. In this paper we present modeling techniques to be used by conventional test generation procedures to alleviate some of these problems. These models include the cases of equal, unequal and ambiguous delay values. Both inertial and transport delays are considered. Both static and dynamic output behavior is studied, though we restrict inputs to fundamental mode operation. Finally, a new type of fault, caUed a delay fault, is introduced, and a model developed so that a test to detect this class of fault can be generated via conventional test generation techniques. In summary, this paper attempts to outline procedures and identify problem areas so that test generation is more of a science rather than a hit and miss process, and so that the correctness of results need not always be verified via simulation or physical fault injection.
A Sampling of Popular Books for Numeracy Readers

Popular books on quantitative themes are seemingly more available than ever. In this book review, we look at five such books from a wide range of authors. Although the books are written for diverse audiences, all provide examples and discussion of concepts that could be used in courses with quantitative literacy objectives. The books are Guesstimation and Guesstimation 2.0 by Lawrence Weinstein and John A. Adam, and Weinstein, respectively; Turning Numbers into Knowledge: Mastering the Art of Problem Solving, by Jonathan G. Koomey; How to Measure Anything: Finding The Value of “Intangibles” in Business, by Douglas W. Hubbard; and Math on Trial by Leila Schneps and Coralie Colmez.
Shear adhesion between an elastica and a rigid flat surface

Abstract At the submicron scale, an elastic fiber adheres to a rigid surface when the surface forces induced by electrostatic, capillary, or van der Waals interactions exceed the elastic restoring forces for bending. Adhesion is aided by the application of a shear load to the base of the fiber, which will initiate or increase the length of side contact. The presence of a shear force is necessary for the attachment of a gecko-inspired nanofiber array adhesive, which spontaneously detaches once the shear load is removed. Treating the fiber as an elastica, we derive a relationship between fiber geometry, work of adhesion, applied shear load and length of side contact.
Reaction of Early Transition Metal Complexes With Macrocycles III. Synthesis and Structure of 18-Crown-6·l4 (M = Ti, Sn)

Abstract 18-Crown-6 reacts with either TiCl4 or SnCl4 in toluene to form an addition complex in which the macrocycle functions as a bidentate ligand. The two compounds are isostructural and belong to the monoclinic space group P21/n. For Ti. the cell parameters are a = 10.501(6), b = 18.104(5), c = 10.955(5) A, β = 109.76(3)°, and Dc = 1.55 g/cm3 for Z = 4; for Sn, a = 10.572(9), b = 18.139(6), c = 11.056(5) A, β = 109.16(4)°, and Dc = 1.75 g/cm3. Least-squares refinement led to a final R = 0.037 for 1735 observed reflections for the Ti complex, and R = 0.038 for 2940 observed reflections for the Sn derivative. The M-Cl lengths range from 2.221(2)–2.285(2) A for M = Ti, and from 2.353(2)–2.357(2) A for M = Sn. The M—O bonds are 2.102(4) and 2.138(4) A for M = Ti, and 2.212(4) and 2.237(4) A for M = Sn.
Introduction: Poetry and translation

Today poetry may well be the least translated literary genre, no matter where the translating literature ranks in the global hierarchy of symbolic capital that is so unevenly distributed among nati...
A dynamic bioeconomic analysis of mountain pine beetle epidemics

In this paper, we develop a bioeconomic model of timber harvesting that includes dynamic interactions between mountain pine beetle (MPB) and a lodgepole pine forest with a disaggregated size structure. The model is used to investigate the consequences of alternative public management strategies on forest dynamics in the presence of MPB outbreaks. Management practices similar to those commonly practiced are shown to increase the severity of MPB cycles. Centrally coordinated forest management can eliminate MPB cycles and lessen the impacts of MPB outbreaks with only small reductions in the long-run stock of adult trees.
Continuous Nitric Oxide Inhalation Reduces Pulmonary Arterial Structural Changes, Right Ventricular Hypertrophy, and Growth Retardation in the Hypoxic Newborn Rat

Abstract Breathing low oxygen levels for several weeks produces progressive pulmonary artery hypertension and smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia in many species. Because nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of pulmonary vascular tone, we examined whether the continuous inhalation of low levels of NO gas would attenuate pulmonary arterial structural changes in hypoxic rat pups. Nine-day-old rat pups and their mothers continuously breathed at Fio2 0.21 or 0.10 with or without adding 20 ppm (by volume) NO for 2 weeks. Lung tissue was obtained for vascular morphometric analysis, and the hearts were dissected to measure right ventricular weight and levels of mRNA encoding rat atrial natriuretic factor (rANF). In addition, femur and skull length were radiographically determined. Breathing at Fio2 0.10 for 14 days increased pulmonary arterial wall thickness and the proportion of muscular arteries in the lung periphery. Right ventricular weight and right ventricular rANF gene expression increased, w...
Evaluation of Some of the Parameters of the Enzyme-Linked Immunospecific Assay

In an attempt to standardize the procedure for the enzyme-linked immunospecific assay, several parameters were examined. It was determined that horseradish peroxidase was the enzyme of choice and that several brands of polystyrene tubes and plates could be used. The test was considerably shortened by omitting long incubation steps previously used for eliminating background fixation of conjugate. The reproducibility of the procedure proved to be excellent, but reactivity curves indicated that use of a single dilution is not adequate for quantitative tests. A "standard" procedure was proposed.
Electrocardiographic abnormalities in acute, convalescent, and recurrent stages of idiopathic pericarditis

Abstract Thirty-one cases of idiopathic pericarditis were observed for periods of from 6 months to 10 years. Four patients, or 13 per cent, experienced transient episodes of auricular fibrillation in the acute phase. Electrical systole (Q-T c ) was, with rare exception, normal in the acute, convalescent, and recurrent stages, and heart block was never present. Analysis of these data suggests certain characteristics which may serve to distinguish idiopathic pericarditis from myocarditis or coronary disease. Examples are recorded of electrocardiographic patterns which mimic the acute phase of idiopathic pericarditis. Three young men manifested persistent S-T-segment or T-wave abnormalities for 17 months, 19 months, and 10 years, respectively. These observations contribute to the growing conviction that this so-called "benign" pericarditis may be followed by long-lasting myocardial pathology.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome and the lung.

Article de synthese sur toutes les infections pulmonaires, en particulier a Pneumocystis carinii, que l'on rencontre au cours du SIDA
Axial compression of a hollow cylinder filled with foam: A study of porcupine quills ☆

Porcupines use their lightweight quills, which are strong enough to support significant compression and flexure loads, for defense. Hystrix, with long and thick quills, belongs to the family of Hystricidae (Old World porcupines), while Erethizon, with smaller quills, belongs to the Erethizontidae family (New World porcupines). The objective of this work is to compare the structure and compressive properties of quills from Hystrix and Erethizon. Both quills have a thin keratinous cortex filled with closed-cell foam that has cell diameters decreasing from the center to the cortex. Hystrix quills have stiffeners that extend from the cortex towards the center. The local buckling strength is larger for Hystrix, and very good agreement is found between the predicted values and the experimental ones for both quills. The foam shows extensive deformation, both tensile and compressive, around the buckled cortex.
The potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) exhibits different settling distributions on alfalfa and broad bean.

The settling behavior of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), was studied on broad bean, Vicia faba L., and on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. When caged on broad bean, potato leafhoppers were evenly distributed between stems and abaxial surfaces of leaves. Use of abaxial leaf surfaces was very similar to what was expected based upon the relative availability of leaf surface area. In contrast, use of stems was much greater than their relative availability, suggesting a preference for settling on this site. Leafhoppers caged on alfalfa also preferred stems, but avoided abaxial leaves. However, we could not relate severity of damage symptoms to the proportion of time spent settled on alfalfa stems or leaves. These results show that the leafhoppers exhibited different settling behavior on the two hosts, and thus, the variability in feeding behavior reported in other studies extends also to settling behavior.
Digital economics and the e-business dilemma

he past few years have seen a number of debatesover whether e-business requires new or differ-ent thinking about business and strategy. Regard-less of the various views, the reality is that contemporaryinformation technologies (ITs) are facilitating rapid digi-talization, storage, and transfer of product and service ex-periences. This will not abate. So a productive exercise isto examine business strategy by looking at the economicimpacts of digitalization. Here we try to take a step backand reexamine the dynamics of e-business and its poten-tial impact on the economy from fundamental andenduring economic principles.Our aim is to provide managers of enterprises in this digi-tal age with guidance on key factors that will have a con-trolling effect on the likely evolutionary path of e-busi-ness. Moreover, these controlling factors will affect thebalance of power between market participants, specifi-cally, suppliers and entrepreneurs on the one hand andconsumers on the other. We conjecture that the evolution-ary path and the balance of power are intimately linkedand will result in a precarious economic balancing act—precarious in the sense of generating huge benefits for theeconomy as a whole, but with the potential to initiatelarge swings in the division of those benefits betweenbuyers and suppliers. As such, managers of companiesthat digitalize their offerings or use today’s Internet andother networks for business have a compelling interest tocomprehend the new economic reality and leverage it totheir respective advantage. The failure to do so can havedramatic negative consequences for the complacent party.
Synthesis of random terpolymers and determination of reactivity ratios of N‐carboxyanhydrides of leucine, β‐benzyl aspartate, and valine

The copolymerization and terpolymerization of leucine-N-carboxyanhydride, β-benzyl aspartate-N-carboxyanhydride, and valine-N-carboxyanhydride in dioxane, initiated with triethylamine, were investigated to determine the random nature of the terpolymer composition for potential applications as targeting drug delivery carriers. 1 H NMR was used to obtain the actual monomer compositions of the polymers. The reactivity ratio of each monomer was determined with Fineman-Ross, Kelen-Tudos, and nonlinear least-squares curve-fitting methods. The product of the estimated reactivity ratios from the monomers in the binary copolymerizations indicated that random polymers were predominantly formed. On the basis of the reactivity ratios determined from the binary copolymers, Alfrey-Goldfinger equations were used to estimate the compositions of the terpolymers. There was no statistical difference between the actual monomer compositions and the calculated compositions of the terpolymers; this validated the reactivity ratios estimated by Fineman-Ross, Kelen-Tudos, and nonlinear least-squares curve-fitting methods. Therefore, the poly(leucine-β-Bzl-aspartate-valine) synthesized in this study was primarily a random terpolymer.
Women’s work: public relations efforts of the US Children’s Bureau to reduce infant and maternal mortality, 1912–1921

Abstract This article traces the efforts of the US Children’s Bureau to reduce infant and maternal mortality, primarily through education. The Bureau developed and carried out a carefully conceived public relations campaign that spanned nearly 10 years, from 1912, when the Bureau was formed, to 1921, when the Sheppard-Towner Act was passed by Congress. The Act was the first piece of social welfare legislation passed by Congress. The Bureau’s public relations campaign was notable for its use of innovative tactics designed to increase public awareness of the problems of infant and maternal mortality and gain support for passage of legislation to address the problems. This article proposes that it was this campaign that galvanized public support for federal legislation, particularly among women. The campaign also was important because it was conceived and carried out almost entirely by women at a time when public relations as a field had not been formally defined.
Some Principles of Unification Applied to the Language Arts

THE well-being of a people and their capacity for orderly progress in the interests of the common welfare are ultimately dependent, at least in some degree, upon the cultural unity which they possess in language, customs and mores, and philosophy of life. This fact has been recognized in the education of youth almost from the beginning of human society. In American education it was recognized generations ago through the introduction of common background work for all children, often by legislative mandate, in the form of required training in such fields as English and American history and government. These fields were intended to serve an integrating function for the purpose of providing the degree of cultural unity necessary for the conservation and orderly progress of the nation. In a sense, they constituted the core curriculum for the nation's youth. As such, however, they did not occupy all the school time of the children. Provision was made for the education of the learner in fields which
Incoordination of Sucking, Swallowing, and Breathing as an Etiology for Breastfeeding Difficulty:

This case report describes an infant who presented with coughing and choking during breastfeeding. Comprehensive clinical evaluation of these difficulties included assessment of sucking, swallowing, and breathing. Stridor and difficulty interspersing breaths during sucking bursts were observed, although sucking mechanics were normal. Further evaluation of airway structure revealed asymmetric laryngomalacia. This structural problem, exacerbated by the breastfeeding position, impeded respiration and resulted in poor coordination of sucking, swallowing, and breathing. This case underscores the need to include respiratory function and coordination in the evaluation of breastfeeding difficulties.
Increased expression of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptor gene in human endometrial carcinomas

Normal human endometrium expresses LH/hCG receptor gene. In the present study, we investigated whether human endometrial carcinomas also express this receptor gene. Reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction amplified LH/hCG receptor sequences from human endometrial carcinoma just as it did those from normal human endometrium and human ovary as a positive control tissue. Northern blotting demonstrated that endometrial carcinomas contain a greater abundance of multiple LH/hCG receptor transcripts, which increased with increasing tumor grade. Western immunoblotting revealed that all grades of endometrial carcinomas contain multiple immunoreactive receptor proteins in greater abundance than normal endometrium. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry demonstrated not only the presence, but also higher LH/hCG receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and receptor protein levels in glands of endometrial carcinoma compared to glands in normal endometrium. Ligand blotting demonstrated that the 35-kilo...
Carolina Munguia and Emma Tenayuca: The Politics of Benevolence and Radical Reform

L'A. montre comment dans le contexte de la Depression des annees 1930, deux femmes chicanas, en fonction leurs origines sociales, ont choisi des voies differentes pour venir en aide a la communaute d'origine mexicaine de la ville de San Antonio, Texas. Face a la discrimination raciale et la pauvrete, la politique communautaire chicana de cette epoque reflete des idees et des strategies diversifiees : de la politique conservatrice du benevolat de Carolina Munguia a la politique de la reforme radicale d'Emma Tenayuca. Carolina Munguia, en tant que membre de la classe-moyenne, s'est impliquee dans le cercle culturel Isabel, la Catolica pour aider les femmes de la raza a travers la domesticite, la maternite et l'auto-education. Emma Tenayuca s'est identifiee a ses ancetres autochtones, s'impliquant pour la justice sociale et economique pour les pauvres et la classe ouvriere de San Antonio, et rejoignant le Parti communiste et les greves de 1938. A travers cette histoire, l'A. se propose de contribuer a l'etude des espaces intersticiels dans lesquels les femmes d'origine mexicaine ont formule des strategies de negociation et de resistance.
Negotiation, Email, and Internet Reverse Auctions: How Sourcing Mechanisms Deployed by Buyers Affect Suppliers’ Trust

Abstract The Internet has made a wealth of new tools available to the industrial buyer. However, researchers have suggested that computer-mediated interaction with suppliers may not be conducive to strong supplier relationships in general and to trust in particular. This paper compares two computer-mediated sourcing tools (email negotiation and Internet reverse auctions) with face-to-face negotiation. Information richness theory suggests that the different media will produce different impacts relating to sellers’ trust in buyers. Data are generated with a simulation experiment using 117 subjects. We found that information richness affects seller–buyer trust: Sellers who used face-to-face negotiation, the richest medium in the study, always reported higher trust in their buyer counterparts than did sellers using Internet reverse auctions. There were also some trust advantages of face-to-face negotiation over email and limited advantages of email over reverse auctions. We also found that procurement complexity influences the relationship between information richness and trust. As hypothesized, when face-to-face negotiation is used, procurement complexity has no effect on seller trust. When reverse auctions are utilized, the greater the complexity of the purchase, the less the seller trust. However, when email is used, greater procurement complexity is associated with greater seller trust, and there are no differences in trust between the email and face-to-face channels. Finally, we found that sellers’ trust in buyers is positively associated with sellers’ desire for future dealings with the buyer.
ACTION OF SOME OVARIAN AND CORPUS LUTEUM EXTRACTS ON THE PUPIL OF THE FROG’S EYE

The authors have been engaged for some time in studying the pharmacological and physiological properties of various glandular extracts. In connection with these studies, systematic observations have been made concerning the effect of such extracts on the pupil of the frog’s eye, inasmuch as it is well known that certain hormones such as epinephrin exert a marked influence on that organ. It is deemed desirable to report in the present communication the findings concerning the action of some ovarian and corpus luteum extracts on the frog’s pupil. The preparations used in this research were the desiccated lutein of the sow prepared by the Hynson, Westcott, and Dunning Company without admixture of any preservatives, and the desiccated ovarian substance of the sow, marketed by Armour and Company. Further experiments were also made with fresh corpus luteum substance of the sow and with the fresh ovary of the same animal. The extracts employed were prepared by treating the glands with cold physiological saline o...
Phage-Display Selection of a Human Single-Chain Fv Antibody Highly Specific for Melanoma and Breast Cancer Cells Using a Chemoenzymatically Synthesized GM3−Carbohydrate Antigen

Overexpression of the cell-surface glycosphingolipid GM3 is associated with a number of different cancers, including those of the skin, colon, breast, and lung. Antibodies against the GM3 epitope have potential application as therapeutic agents in the treatment of these cancers. We describe the chemoenzymatic synthesis of two GM3-derived reagents and their use in the panning of a phage-displayed human single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody library derived from the blood of cancer patients. Three scFv-phage clones, GM3A6, GM3A8, and GM3A15, were selected for recombinant expression and were characterized using BIAcore and flow cytometry. BIAcore measurements using the purified, soluble scFvs yielded dissociation constants (Kd) ranging from 4.2 × 10-7 to 2.1 × 10-5 M. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the ability of each scFv to discriminate between normal human cells (human dermal fibroblast, HDFa), melanoma cells (HMV-1, M21, and C-8161), and breast cancer cells (BCM-1, BCM-2, and BMS). GM3A6 displayed cross-re...
Physiological aspects of the burrowing of sand lizards (Uma, iguanidae) and other lizards

1. 1. Burrowing lizards (Uma and Callisaurus) were compared with the non-burrowing Disposaurus. All species showed alternating periods of apnea and eupnea. The length of apneic periods increased at low body temperatures. 2. 2. Bradycardia and tachycardia were associated with apnea and upnea, respectively. 3. 3. There was a temperature-independent increase in heart and breathing rates beginning 1 or 2 hr before “dawn”. 4. 4. On to five per cent CO2 in air decreased rate and increased amplitude of breathing movements of Uma and Dipsosaurus. Uma were more sensitive to elevated CO2 levels than Dipsosaurus. 5. 5. There were no physiological differences between Uma and Dipsosaurus that could be interpreted as adaptations for Uma's burrowing.
Are young women the special targets of rape-murder?

Working from an evolutionary psychological perspective, M. Wilson, M. Daly, and J. Scheib [1997. Feminism and Evolutionary Biology. New York: Chapman and Hull. p 431–465] hypothesized and found that reproductive-aged females incur excess risk of rape-murder (being raped and murdered) relative to nonreproductive-aged females and that this excess risk cannot be attributed solely to the greater association of young women with violent, young men. The current research provides the first national-level replication of these findings for the United States. I secured access to a national database of homicides occurring in the United States between 1976 and 1994 and selected for analysis cases in which a female was (1) raped and murdered by a male previously unknown to her or (2) murdered in the context of theft by a male previously unknown to her. Results replicate the work of Wilson et al. [1997] and document that (1) young men commit the majority of rape-murders and theft-murders; (2) young, reproductive-aged women are overrepresented among the victims of rape-murder but (3) are underrepresented among the victims of theft-murder. Discussion acknowledges the uncertain generalizability of theoretical and empirical work on rape-murder to rape not accompanied by murder and addresses two challenges to an evolutionary perspective on rape-murder: (1) Why are nonreproductive-aged females raped? and (2) Why are raped females subsequently murdered? Aggr. Behav. 28:224–232, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Human perception of halftoned images

An empirical study of human perception of halftoned images was conducted to determine which of five different halftoning algorithms generated the best images. The subjects viewed each of the 20 stimuli (halftoned images) at two distances, and although all images were more preferred at the far distance, the rating of the pictures was dependent upon the algorithm used in generation. Images containing a high level of detail were rated highest when halftoned by the neural network and the simulated annealing algorithms of [4], whereas pictures that had little detail and many smooth surfaces were rated highest under the Floyd-Steinberg model [3].