cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why should we develop simulation models in pairs

The conventional approach to model construction for simulation is to focus on a single model and follow a more or less structured development cycle. Why we put in twice the time and effort to develop two models rather than one? The answer lies in the fact that like most greedy heuristics, short-sightedness at the beginning may be much more costly in the end. This talk will champion the cause of the pairs-of-models (perhaps families of models) with discussion of multiresolution modeling. We show how the pair-of-models approach leads to be better results overall than construction of a complex model followed by a simpler model developed subsequently by necessity under stress when complexity overwhelms. Benefits include the ability to perform mutual cross-calibration, avoiding the usual difficulties in harmonization of the underlying ontologies as well as ability to better reconcile and correlate predictions of referent system outcomes.
Photonic frequency synthesis from RF to THz

Optical frequency combs function as extremely broad bandwidth photonic synthesizers, capable of generating ultra-low noise signals from radio frequency to optical domains. We present synthesis results with both mode-locked laser and microresonator frequency combs.
G1P3 (IFI6), a mitochondrial localised antiapoptotic protein, promotes metastatic potential of breast cancer cells through mtROS

Redox deregulations are ubiquitous in cancer cells. However, the role of mitochondrial redox deregulation in metastasis remains unclear. In breast cancer, upregulation of mitochondrial antiapoptotic protein G1P3 (IFI6) was associated with poor distance metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that G1P3-induced mitochondrial redox deregulation confers metastatic potentials in breast cancer cells. Cell migration and invasion assays; confocal and immunofluorescence microscopy; and Illumina HumanHT-12 BeadChip to assess gene expression. Consequent to its localisation on inner-mitochondrial membrane, mtROS were higher in G1P3-expressing cells (MCF-7G1P3). G1P3-overexpressing cells migrated and invaded faster than the vector controls with increased number of filopodia and F-actin bundles (p ≤ 0.05). mtROS suppression with H2O2 scavengers and mitochondrial-specific antioxidants significantly decreased migratory structures and reversed G1P3-induced migration and invasion (p ≤ 0.05). Knocking down G1P3 decreased both migration and migratory structures in MCF-7G1P3 cells. Moreover, gene networks involved in redox regulation, metastasis and actin remodelling were upregulated in MCF-7G1P3 cells. G1P3-induced mtROS have a direct role in migratory structure formation and nuclear gene expression to promote breast cancer cell metastasis. Therefore, interrupting mitochondrial functions of G1P3 may improve clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients.
Power Management Solutions for Desktop and Mobile CPUS

This paper focuses on the power management solutions for desktop and mobile CPUs, with special emphasis on the control aspects and the related control IC requirements and architectures for VRM applications. The paper discusses the following topics: power converter topologies, load transient response, the ADOPTTM voltage positioning technology, maintaining high efficiency over a wide loadcurrent range, current and thermal balancing, current-sense solutions, protection functions, functional block schematics of VRM control ICs, and challenges for the IC designers.
Potassium-43 and Rubidium-81 Myocardial Imaging at Rest, at Exercise, and During Angina Pectoris

The myocardial accumulation of radioactive intracellular cations, such as potassium and rubidium, was first demonstrated by Love in 1954.1 Eight to ten years then elapsed before Carr and his co-workers applied this observation to the study of static imaging of the myocardium.2,3 In these prototype studies, using the model of experimental canine infarction, significant imageable radioactivity was detected within a normal left ventricular myocardium following intravenous administration of radionuclide. Regions of myocardial infarction appeared as “cold spots,” or zones of relatively decreased or absent radioactivity. Following these initial studies, a number of groups have attempted to use various radionuclides to image the atherosclerotic myocardium. Most work has focused on radioactive tracers, such as potassium and ions that are capable of exchange with the myocardial intracellular cation pools. Potassium-43 was introduced as a clinical imaging radionuclide in 1971.4 In addition to potassium, the physiologically similar monovalent cations rubidium,5 cesium,6 thallium,7,8 and ammonium ion9,10 have been employed. Other classes of compounds investigated include labeled fatty acids11, norepinephrine,12 amino acids,13 toluidine blue,14 and bretylium analogues.15 In all instances the region of interest, be it infarction or is chemic zone, is visualized as an area of decreased activity surrounded by areas of normal uptake in adjacent and/or overlying portions of the left ventricle. This undoubtedly limits resolution in comparison to that which can be obtained when the abnormal area is visualized as a “hot spot,” or region of increased radioactivity, as has been demonstrated in acute infarction with the bone-imaging agents. A recent novel approach for visualizing regions of coronary stenosis or occlusion as hot spots, while employing traditional cold-spot agents, such as potassium-43, has been suggested by Cibulski et a1. 16 This approach involves retrograde injection of tracers into the coronary sinus during transient, proximal coronary-sinus closure. The radionuclide is then maximally distributed to lowpressure—low-arterial-flow zones, and defects are seen as hot spots. Although such an approach is of interest, it obviously lacks broad clinical applicability.
On Mach’s Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations

The great diversity of Mach’s interests and contributions is one of the most remarkable things about him. But most of us have seen only one, or — at most — only a very few of the many facets of his work. The cosmologist — of course — knows about Mach’s Principle. A jet propulsion engineer is likely to know of Mach’s pioneering work on supersonic phenomena and to utilize the concept of the Mach number in his daily work. Physiologists who study the history of their subject know about the Mach-Breuer-Brown theory of the function of the semicircular canals in the labyrinth of the internal ear. Psychologists working in the field of visual sensation and perception are familiar with the contrast phenomenon known as Mach bands. Mach’s critique of Newtonian mechanics is well known to physicists. And the influence of this critique, and of Mach’s positivistic views in general, on the development of relativity theory and on the course of modern science and philosophy is well known to philosophers and historians of science. But few psychologists have ever heard of Mach’s Principle, and few cosmologists know that they see Mach bands every day. In short, most of us know of some significant contribution that Mach made in our own special field — or in one closely related to it — but it usually comes as a surprise to find that he made so many equally significant contributions in other fields.
Managing urinary incontinence in women - a review of new and emerging pharmacotherapy.

The pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence and overactive bladder (OAB) has been, for a longer time, based on antimuscarinic agents. In recent years, two other pharmacological principles...
Pairing a Q Study with Participatory Decision-making around Farmworker Safety: A Case in Washington's Tree Fruit Industry

Tenets of participatory decision-making speak to the importance of meaningful participation from diverse stakeholders for improving both process and outcomes. But what participation actually looks like can vary substantially, and constructing a group where all actors can truly speak is often elusive. In addressing controversies over pesticide safety in tree fruit orchards in Washington State, we used a Q study to identify divergent viewpoints and convened a group to bring these views together. The resulting stakeholder working group was then challenged to both acknowledge their often-opposing viewpoints and to construct a mutually beneficial idea for improving pesticide safety in the tree fruit industry. This paper explores the dynamics of this stakeholder working group, analyzing not only its successes but also its challenges and difficulties. Rooted in a mainstream agricultural industry in the western United States, this study highlights the ways in which seemingly simple things like who “shows up” and why can shape processes and outcomes. See the press release for this article.
Epistemic witnessing: theoretical responsibilities, decolonial attitude and lenticular futures

Pillow explores complexities of witnessing in research linking theoretical oppression to inadequate, arrogant witnessing. Weaving narrative and reflection, Pillow considers what is engrained in the...
Programmatic Effects of the Massachusetts Performance Assessment for Leaders.

Massachusetts introduced the first high-stakes performance assessment for principal certification in 2014. Using student surveys from six institutions and interviews with program directors from ten...
Bisretinoid Degradation and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System

Bisretinoid fluorophores of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) lipofuscin have been shown to undergo degradation in two ways, the first involving photofragmentation following photooxidation of their polyene structure and the second being enzyme-mediated and limited, thus far, to in vitro models employing horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Here we show that both of these processes impact the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) of the RPE cell. By measuring the consumption of A2E and all-trans-retinal dimer by HPLC, we confirmed that both HRP-mediated and photodegradation of the compounds occurred and that in both cases the chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like activities of the proteasome system were decreased. With HRP-mediated degradation of A2E, there was a small negative impact on cell viability that was not mitigated by elevating gluthathione in the cell.
Endoscopic assisted craniotomy for resection of fourth ventricular lesions and confirmation of aqueductal patency via a suboccipital median aperture approach.

Abstract Adequate exposure to fourth ventricular (4V) lesions located adjacent to the cerebral aqueduct and superior medullary velum often mandates extensive telovelar dissection. We assessed the utility of endoscopic assistance via a median aperture approach during suboccipital resection of 4V lesions. We retrospectively reviewed a series of nine patients who underwent suboccipital resection of a 4V lesion via an endoscopic-assisted median aperture approach from 2011 to 2018. Our series included the following pathology: ependymoma (2), rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors (2), pilocytic astrocytoma (1), metastatic melanoma (1), epidermoid cyst (1), organized hematoma (1), and neurocysticercosis (1). Preoperative symptoms included headache (n = 8, 88.9%), nausea (n = 5, 55.6%), vomiting, dizziness, and gait disturbance (n = 4 each, 44.5%). In four cases, the endoscope was used for the majority of the resection or to resect additional tumor located rostrally in the 4V following maximal microscopic resection. In five patients, it was used to confirm extent of resection and patency of the cerebral aqueduct. Gross total resection was achieved in five patients (55.6%). No postoperative complications were attributed to use of the endoscope for additional resection. No patients required immediate CSF diversion, and one patient underwent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion over one year after initial biopsy/fenestration due to tumor progression. Our series is the first to demonstrate the utility of angled endoscopic assistance via a median aperture approach during microsurgical approaches for a variety of 4V lesions. Confirmation of patency of the cerebral aqueduct may help avoid requirements for CSF diversion.
Investigation of the effects of twinning on the mechanical response of polycrystal magnesium

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) metals show highly anisotropic mechanical responses due to twinning, slip and the interaction among various slip and twin systems. Each HCP metal shows different sets of activated slip and twin systems. The interaction among slip and twin systems causes highly nonlinear and rapidly changing hardening behaviors in the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of each slip/twin system. To accurately understand the anisotropic mechanical response of HCP metals, both single-crystal and polycrystal tests must be performed. The interaction among different slip and twin systems shows different behaviors in the single-crystal and polycrystal settings since the interacting environments are different. The fitting process of the single crystal and polycrystal stress–strain data involves a series of trials and errors to find the correct interaction patterns among various slip and twin systems. The fitting procedures used in previous researches take a lot of times of trials and errors and are not guided by any physical property. Therefore, this study employs a recently proposed new fitting procedure, which is based on a physical property, the saturation strength of the material, to fit magnesium experimental data more efficiently with a less number of trials and errors. Compared to the slip process, twinning is computationally more difficult to take into account due to the directionality of the twin process, i.e., twinning occurs only in one direction, not in the opposite direction unlike the slip process. The rapidly changing highly nonlinear interaction hardening behaviors among various slip and twin systems are computationally challenging. Both of the above computational difficulties require a more robust and accurate numerical scheme than previously used ones to obtain accurate representations of experimental data. Therefore, this study proposes a more accurate and robust numerical scheme for the hardening strengths (CRSS) of twin/slip systems and interaction hardening. The newly proposed scheme is based upon implicit time integration, which enhances accuracy and stability. Using the proposed fitting procedure and the implicit integration scheme for hardening strength (CRSS) and interaction hardening, the experimental stress–strain data of polycrystal magnesium shown in Kelley and Hosford (The plastic deformation of magnesium. Technical report, 1967, Trans Metall Soc AIME 242:5–13, 1968) are successfully reproduced.
Sleep among Youth with Severely Disabling Chronic Pain: Before, during, and after Inpatient Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Treatment.

Poor sleep is commonly reported in pediatric chronic pain. There are signals that intensive interdisciplinary pain treatments (IIPT) may inadvertently improve objective sleep, but this claim cannot be substantiated without baseline sleep data prior to IIPT. This study followed the objective sleep/wake patterns (e.g., duration, quality, timing, consistency) of pediatric patients with severely functionally disabling chronic pain before, during, and after inpatient IIPT (the Functional Independence Restoration Program—“FIRST Program”), alongside a similarly-disabled chronic pain Comparison Group. The final sample included N = 10 FIRST Patients and N = 9 Comparison Group patients. At baseline, the whole sample showed healthy sleep duration (~9 h), average sleep efficiency 60 min while the Comparison Group maintained similar sleep to baseline. At follow up (1–2 months later), FIRST Patients’ sleep schedules shifted later but were still less variable than at baseline. Results point to the malleability of sleep/wake patterns within treatment contexts with strict environmental control but suggest that these gains may be difficult for youth with chronic pain to maintain in the home environment.
Fabrication of a Multilayer Implantable Cortical Microelectrode Probe to Improve Recording Potential

Intracortical neural probes are a key enabling technology for acquiring high fidelity neural signals within the cortex. They are viewed as a crucial component of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) in order to record electrical activities from neurons within the brain. Smaller, more flexible, polymer-based probes have been investigated for their potential to limit the acute and chronic neural tissue response. Conventional methods of patterning electrodes and connecting traces on a single supporting layer can limit the number of recording sites which can be defined, particularly when designing narrower probes. We present a novel strategy of increasing the number of recording sites without proportionally increasing the size of the probe by using a multilayer fabrication process to vertically layer recording traces on multiple Parylene support layers, allowing more recording traces to be defined on a smaller probe width. Using this approach, we are able to define 16 electrodes on 4 supporting layers (4 electrodes per layer), each with a 30 $\mu \text{m}$ diameter recording window and 5 $\mu \text{m}$ wide connecting trace defined by conventional LWUV lithography, on an $80~\mu \text{m}$ wide by 9 $\mu \text{m}$ thick microprobe. Prior to in vitro and in vivo validation, the multilayer probes are electrically characterized via impedance spectroscopy and evaluating crosstalk between adjacent layers. Demonstration of acute in vitro recordings in a cerebral organoid model and in vivo recordings in a murine model indicate the probe’s capability for single unit recordings. This work demonstrates the ability to fabricate smaller, more compliant neural probes without sacrificing electrode density. [2021-0017]
Online Resource Provisioning for Wireless Data Collection

Wireless data collection requires a sequence of resource provisioning decisions due to the limited battery capacity of wireless sensors. The corresponding online resource provisioning problem is ch...
Advancing the Academic Information Infrastructure

AbstractThis article identifies two alternative infrastructures that might be used to provide information services in the academic context. After considering the dynamics and drivers of the technological changes facing academia (as well as other areas), this article points out that the emerging technologies provide means to various ends (viz., goals) but do not dictate these ends themselves. Lastly, to support the implementation of the new model, the important factors involved in the institution’s self-analysis are considered.
An Agent Mediated Approach to Dynamic Change in Coordination Policies

Distributed information systems for decision-support, logistics, and e-commerce involve coordination of autonomous information resources and clients according to specific domain independent and domain dependent policies. A major challenge is handling dynamic changes in the priorities, preferences, and constraints of the clients and/or the resources. Addressing such a challenge requires solutions to two problems: a) Reasoning about the need for dynamic changes to coordination policies in response to changes in priorities, preferences, and constraints. b) Coordinating the run-time assembly of policy changes in a dependable manner. This paper introduces the NAVCo approach to address these problems. The approach involves exploiting negotiation-based coordination to address the first problem and model-based change coordination to address the second problem. These two key features of the approach are well suited for realization using an agent-based architecture. The paper describes the architecture with specific emphasis on the analysis and design of the agent specifications for negotiation and change coordination.
Pion condensation in neutron star matter: (II). Nuclear forces and stability

Abstract This paper presents several stable models of charged-pion condensed neutron star matter. The non-relativistic limit of the chirally symmetric Weinberg Lagrangian is used to describe interactions of the condensed pion field with the nucleons, as well as the pi-pi interactions of the condensed field. In the absence of nucleon-nucleon interactions, matter in this model is unstable, tending to ever-increasing baryon density and condensate wave vector. The connection of this model of condensation with the σ-model is shown. A general framework for including nuclear forces is then laid out. Results are given for a simple model in which the nuclear forces are assumed to produce an interaction energy V(ρ) dependent only on the total baryon density, independent of the degree of pion condensation, and also to produce a constant G-matrix element g in the nucleon-nucleon charge exchange channel. In the absence of condensation the equation of state reduces to that of interacting normal matter. We also consider effects of beta equilibrium and form factors in the p-wave pion-nucleon interaction. The condensed models are stable. Depending on the choice of parameters the models exhibit first- or second-order pion condensation phase transitions, or both.
Attitude Certainty and Attitudinal Advocacy The Unique Roles of Clarity and Correctness

When and why do people advocate on behalf of their attitudes? Past research suggests that attitude certainty is one important determinant. The current research seeks to provide more nuanced insight into this relationship by (a) exploring the unique roles of attitude clarity and attitude correctness, and (b) mapping clarity and correctness onto different forms of advocacy (sharing intentions and persuasion intentions). Across four studies, we find that correctness but not clarity plays an important role in promoting persuasion intentions, whereas both correctness and clarity help shape sharing intentions. Thus, this research unpacks the certainty-advocacy relation and helps identify experimental manipulations that uniquely drive persuasion and sharing intentions.
Identification of two genes, kpsM and kpsT, in region 3 of the polysialic acid gene cluster of Escherichia coli K1.

Abstract The polysialic acid capsule of Escherichia coli K1, a causative agent of neonatal septicemia and meningitis, is an essential virulence determinant. The 17-kb kps gene cluster, which is divided into three functionally distinct regions, encodes proteins necessary for polymer synthesis and expression at the cell surface. The central region, 2, encodes products required for synthesis, activation, and polymerization of sialic acid, while flanking regions, 1 and 3, are thought to be involved in polymer assembly and transport. In this study, we identified two genes in region 3, kpsM and kpsT, which encode proteins with predicted sizes of 29.6 and 24.9 kDa, respectively. The hydrophobicity profile of KpsM suggests that it is an integral membrane protein, while KpsT contains a consensus ATP-binding domain. KpsM and KpsT belong to a family of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins involved with a variety of biological processes, including membrane transport. A previously described kpsT chromosomal mutant that accumulates intracellular polysialic acid was characterized and could be complemented in trans. Results of site-directed mutagenesis of the putative ATP-binding domain of KpsT are consistent with the view that KpsT is a nucleotide-binding protein. KpsM and KpsT have significant similarity to BexB and BexA, two proteins that are essential for polysaccharide capsule expression in Haemophilus influenzae type b. We propose that KpsM and KpsT constitute a system for transport of polysialic acid across the cytoplasmic membrane.
Implications of BRCA Testing in a 27-Year-Old Breast-Feeding Mother With a Strong Family History of Malignancy

Confidence in identifying and ease of testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations has led to general clinicians ordering BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations testing more frequently than other cancer genetic tests. When present, these mutations increase breast and ovarian cancer risk dramatically as well as several other cancers. In years past, identification of mutations was saved for an older high-risk patient population; data supporting current management recommendations studied a population mirroring that group. Now, an increasingly younger patient population is having the mutation identified and facing increasingly complicated decisions regarding lifetime risk. Presented here is a case of a 27-year-old breast-feeding mother of two with a strong breast cancer family history, who was found to have an enlarged lymph node and newly identified with a BRCA1 gene mutation. Current recommendation for screening and breastfeeding are presented as well as psychological implication on this increasingly young BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation positive population. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1148w
Long-term neuropsychological sequelae of infant cardiac transplant recipients: trends and predictors of outcome

Abstract Studies on long-term neuropsychological sequelae of infant cardiac transplantation are limited as few sites have populations old enough for assessment beyond the infant/toddler years. The intellectual functioning of 63 infant cardiac transplant recipients at Loma Linda University Childrens Hospital (mean age 6.2 years, s.d. 1.3) was assessed using the age appropriate Wechsler Scale of Intelligence - WPPSI-R (N=38) or WISC-III (N=25). Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores fell in the below average range (79.2, s.d.18.6). A one-way ANOVA indicated a statistical difference in FSIQ by age (F=3.37, df=6, p=.01); verbal and nonverbal scores markedly improved with increasing age, falling in the average range by ages 7 (86) and 8 (105). Contrary to studies that have examined intellectual abilities as the sole measure of neuropsychological outcome, a stepwise regression was used to predict learning difficulties (≥15 point split between verbal (VIQ) and performance (PIQ) scores). The subset of perinatal and/or perisurgical variables used as predictors of VIQ/PIQ split included: birth and transplant weight, height and head circumference; intubation, PHCA, CPB, & ischemic period; Apgar scores at 1 & 5 minutes; transplant & current age; and number of rejections. Birth head circumference (BHC) explained a significant proportion (51%) of the variance in the VIQ/PIQ split (F=22.6, df=1, p
Aplysia behavioral biology: I. A multivariate analysis of burrowing in A. brasiliana

This study describes burrowing for the first time in the marine gastropod mollusc Aplysia brasiliana. The animals were collected along the southern coast of Texas in the Gulf of Mexico during the late summer. Ten burrowing parameters were operationally defined from burrowing observations on 32 subjects. In an effort to determine the relationship among the heterogeneous subjects to underlying pure-types along distinct dimensions of variation, the data were subjected to Linear Typal Analysis and Q-type orthogonal powered-vector Factor Analysis with a cluster-oriented solution. Three independent subject-related factors were extracted which clustered the subjects according to behavioral profiles on the burrowing parameters. Intercorrelations among the 10 burrowing parameters revealed two general behavior-related groups descriptive of burrowing; burrowing speed and burrowing responsiveness. Factor I contained nine subjects considered “Inefficient Burrowers” on the basis of scores indicating slower burrowing speed and lowered burrowing responsiveness. Factor II contained 15 subjects considered “Efficient Burrowers” due to scores indicating faster burrowing speed and greater burrowing responsiveness. Factor III contained eight subjects considered “Intermediate Burrowers” on the basis of low- to middle-range scores on the 10 burrowing parameters. Since these analytical techniques reliably identified and characterized three clusters of subjects from a naturally selected heterogeneous sample on the basis of their burrowing behaviors, testable hypotheses can now be generated to study the adaptive mechanism and functional significance of burrowing. Preliminary evidence suggests that Efficient Burrowers were probably young and/or healthy animals for whom burrowing might represent a preparatory state for subsequent reproductive activities. Inefficient Burrowers were probably old and/or unhealthy animals for whom burrowing represented an energyconserving response to deteriorating health or lowered tolerance to unfavorable environmental conditions. Intermediate Burrowers seemed to represent transitional animals, those older and less vigorous than Efficient Burrowers, but considerably younger and more vigorous than Inefficient Burrowers.
Stem cell transplant as an immunomodulatory tool for children with hematologic malignancies.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is the most common and effective form of immunotherapy used for treatment of pediatric leukemias. A combination of graft manipulation, donor selectio...
Hemispheric differences in the neural processing of stimulus location and type: Effects of selective attention on visual evoked potentials

Abstract Hemispheric differences in a negative brain potential associated with selectively attending the location and type of stimulation were investigated. The earlier portion of this negativity (between 125 and 222 msec after stimulation) was associated with attending the location of the stimulus. It was symmetrical in the central scalp regions but was greater in the hemisphere contralateral to the attended visual field in the posterior scalp region. The later portion of this negativity (from 222 to 272 msec after stimulation) primarily was associated with attending one of the different types of stimuli presented at a given location and was greater over the left posterior regions of the scalp. These results were interpreted in relationship to the time-course of different types of information processing in the left and right hemispheres.
Whole slide imaging in cytopathology education

Abstract Rapid advances are occurring in the field of cytopathology education and training. Web-based cytopathology educational resources and whole slide imaging (WSI) have revolutionized cytopathology education and helped to centralize the cytopathology resources enabling simultaneous delivery of interactive cytopathology educational programs to a wide range of students and learners nationally and across the globe. WSI is playing a central role in digital pathology and are being utilized as an educational tool in many areas of pathology and cytopathology. This is mainly due to their easy access from anywhere and anytime, with no need for replication of glass slides or a big concern about the issue of protection of patient privacy. Today, WSI is used in a variety of educational settings, as a substitute to multi-headed microscopic sessions, multisite conferences, cytopathology web pages, self-assessment in cytology, cytology proficiency testing, virtual atlases, and very recently in scientific publications.
Knowledge-directed learning

A system embodying a knowledge-directed approach to unsupervised learning is examined in this paper. This approach is based on the premise that knowledge of new situations is acquired and interpreted in terms of the previous knowledge brought to the learning situation. In particular, our system is provided with a general characterization of action-oriented competitive games. This frame of reference is used to construct an interpretation for the patterns of human activity that are observed in games of baseball.Multiple levels of knowledge and processing are used to proceed through various levels of description of the observed human behavior. Hypothesis Generation shifts the pattern description from observed physical actions such as "catch" and "run" to inferred goals and causal relationships of the players executing those actions. Hypothesis Generalization abstracts generalized classes of events and schemata that represent concepts such as "hit" and "out". Hypothesis Evaluation closes the loop in the learning process by verifying or rejecting the various hypotheses. Knowledge encoded as schemata direct these processes; there are schemata for inferring competitive and cooperative goals and causal relationships of players.An important aspect of the system is its ability to use acquired knowledge. The multi-level organization facilitates the integration of the new information into the existing knowledge structure. Also, both the initial knowledge and the acquired knowledge are represented uniformly as schemata (production rules). Acquired schemata, then, are available to assist in interpreting and predicting future events. This ability demonstrates the effectiveness of our knowledge-directed approach to learning.
A Placement Examination in Computer Science

Entering college students have widely varying preparation for introductory computer science courses. Proper placement of students in the introductory courses is necessary to give those students with little background in computer programming an opportunity to succeed, while challenging students who may have substantial training and/or programming experience from high school. We have developed and tested a placement examination to help students decide if they should enroll in an introductory course that assumes no previous programming experience, or if they should begin in a course that assumes knowledge of basic programming constructions (Intermediate Programming). Four versions of the examination have been developed in four different languages (FORTRAN, Pascal, C, and BASIC). The score on the placement exam is shown to have predictive power when trying to distinguish, coarsely, between those students who probably will pass the Intermediate Programming course and those students who are at risk of failing t...
The use of antimalarials in dermatology

The use of antimalarials in modern medicine dates back hundreds of years. In spite of their longevity, many dermatologists still do not feel comfortable using them. After reading this excellent review, practicing skin doctors will become completely familiar with the therapeutic indications of anti-malarials as well as the guidelines surrounding their use.
Temperature-programmed reduction and XRD studies of the interactions in supported rhodium catalysts and their effect on partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas

Abstract In the present paper, comprehensive temperature-programmed reduction and X-ray diffraction studies were conducted, with particular emphasis on the effect of calcination temperature on the interactions between rhodium oxide and support. The formation of a compound between rhodium and support oxide is strongly dependent on the nature of the support and the calcination temperature. No such compounds were formed over γ-Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 supported Rh catalysts even after a calcination at a temperature as high as 950°C. However, LaRhO 3 , MgRh 2 O 4 , YRhO 3 , and RhTaO 4 could be formed over La 2 O 3 , MgO, Y 2 O 3 , and Ta 2 O 5 supported catalysts after their calcination at suitable temperatures. The ease of formation of these compounds decreased in the sequence MgO>La 2 O 3 ⪢Y 2 O 3 ≥Ta 2 O 5 . The lower reducibilities of these compounds compared to that of Rh 2 O 3 brought evidence of increased Rh–O bond strength. In other words, the formation of these compounds after calcination is an indication of strong interactions between rhodium and support. At a reaction temperature of 750°C, La 2 O 3 and MgO provided stable catalytic activities and selectivities during 100 h of reaction, whereas deactivation was observed over the Y 2 O 3 and Ta 2 O 5 supported catalysts. However, because compounds between the latter two supports and Rh 2 O 3 could be formed at higher temperatures, reactions at higher temperatures have also been carried out. It was found that the stability of the 1 wt% Rh/Ta 2 O 5 could be notably improved at a reaction temperature of 900°C, and that the stability of the 1 wt% Rh/Y 2 O 3 could be improved at a reaction temperature of 850°C.
Diffraction of light by surface acoustic waves

Diffraction of light by surface acoustic waves in quartz is reported. Optical heterodyne detection of the diffracted light is described. Experimental observations are shown to be in approximate agreement with theoretical predictions.
Simultaneous Network Optimization Approach for Pavement Management Systems

AbstractIn the context of sequential decision making under uncertainty, the Markov decision process (MDP) is a widely used mathematical framework. The MDP-based approaches in the infrastructure management literature can be broadly categorized as either top-down or bottom-up. The former, while efficient in incorporating system-level budget constraints, provide randomized policies, which must be mapped to individual facilities using additional subroutines. Conversely, although state-of-the-art bottom-up approaches provide facility-specific decisions, the disjointed nature of their problem formulation does not account for budget constraints in the future years. In this paper, a simultaneous network-level optimization framework is proposed, which seeks to bridge the gap between the top-down and bottom-up MDP-based approaches in infrastructure management. The salient feature of the approach is that it provides facility-specific policies for the current year of decision making while utilizing the randomized pol...
“My Situation Wasn't that Unique”: The Experience of Teens in Abusive Relationships

College freshman and sophomores with histories of high school dating violence were invited to participate in a study about that experience. The shared experience described by ten participants was that of being controlled. Control is established by creating a sense of responsibility and is maintained by angry outburst, threats to self, and guilt. Participants described an expectation of constant contact that included techno vigilance. In their stories, young women miss good and better times, hope for "the ideal romance," and continue to care and have concern for their abuser who is described as "troubled."
The mechanics of vertical moving liquid-liquid fluidized systems: I. Interphase contacting of droplets passing through a second quiescent fluid

Previous publications have shown that for solid spheres fluidized in water a unique relationship exists between the slip velocity and the system holdup. With this work as a model a method is now presented for estimating the behavior of the liquid-in-liquid spray column in which droplets of one phase move through a second quiescent phase. Combining the solids fluidization results with information on the single droplet terminal velocity one can obtain a design estimate of the holdup or interphase contact area for the liquid-liquid spray column. This design estimate includes the particular nature of the liquid droplet of being susceptible to internal circulation, oscillation, and distortion.
ANKERSMIT AND HISTORICAL REPRESENTATION1

In Historical Representation Frank Ankersmit seeks a juste milieu between postmodern theory and historical practice. But he still insists that the meaning of a historical representation “is not found, but made in and by [the] text.” Thus “there will be nothing, outside the text itself, that can govern or check [the conceptualization].” Accordingly, “a (historical) representation itself cannot be interpreted as one large (true or false) description. I would not hesitate to say that this—and nothing else—is the central problem in the philosophy of history.” On the other hand, he affirms that “a historical representation‘is about’a certain part of the past,” that historical debate is a “semantic quarrel not about the exact meaning of words, but about the past.” Everything hinges on how to grasp this idea of “aboutness.” I propose an alternative reading of postpositivist philosophy of science in hopes of reaching the juste milieu. The issue is whether colligatory concepts in history have a more radically constructed character than theoretical terms in natural-scientific theory, and whether, as with the latter, they can make intersubjective claims to warrant. My view is that colligatory concepts in historical representations can be conceived to refer in roughly the same way that theoretical terms do in natural-scientific theories. All the problems I find in Ankersmit's approach come to the fore in his fruitful analogy to portrait painting. First, the personality the portrait evokes is not restricted to the representation, but is of the sitter. We are offered insight not (merely) into painting but into an actual character. That is, there is a cognitive, not simply an aesthetic, dimension to representation. Historical terms pick out something intersubjectively affirmable in reality, and discrimination is possible among rival versions. The question is how to regard—to explain and to evaluate—these underdetermined objects of consideration, not to preclude them by stipulation.
A scalable, efficient scheme for evaluation of stencil computations over unstructured meshes

Stencil computations are a common class of operations that appear in many computational scientific and engineering applications. Stencil computations often benefit from compile-time analysis, exploiting data-locality, and parallelism. Post-processing of discontinuous Galerkin (dG) simulation solutions with B-spline kernels is an example of a numerical method which requires evaluating computationally intensive stencil operations over a mesh. Previous work on stencil computations has focused on structured meshes, while giving little attention to unstructured meshes. Performing stencil operations over an unstructured mesh requires sampling of heterogeneous elements which often leads to inefficient memory access patterns and limits data locality/reuse. In this paper, we present an efficient method for performing stencil computations over unstructured meshes which increases data-locality and cache efficiency, and a scalable approach for stencil tiling and concurrent execution. We provide experimental results in the context of post-processing of dG solutions that demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
The biosynthesis of murayaquinone, a rearranged polyketide

Abstract Incorporations of sodium [1,2-13C2]acetate and sodium [1-13C,18O2]acetate confirmed that murayaquinone, produced by Streptomyces murayamaensis, is a polyketide. However, the labeling patterns revealed that a simple folding of the decaketide intermediate does not lead directly to the final phenanthrene skeleton. Instead a different phenanthrene is apparently formed that undergoes an oxidative cleavage, isomerization, and re-closure to a new phenanthrene skeleton.
Commonalities between Research Methods for Consumer Science and Biblical Scholarship

This article focuses on the consumption/interpretation of the Bible, which is viewed as a complex, qualitative databank, requiring rigorous methodological tools to attempt the herrneneutical interpretive task. A positivist philosophical approach to Bible study is taken, posing questions like 'What did the original writer intend the audience to understand?' as a precursor to the question 'How do we impart that message today?'. Biblical scholarship is extremely sophisticated, and this article delves into many layers of techniques and rigorous analysis, including word studies, studies of phrases and paragraph structures, and sociological hypotheses about political agendas. It draws on critical textual, historical, and narrative schools of thought in biblical research. These different methods are presented both as an end in themselves (as tools of literary analysis) and also as means to study the content of the sacred as transcendent experiences of extraordinary consumption in consumer research.
NEW APPROACHES TO ASSET MANAGEMENT

These troubled economic times call for fresh approaches to asset management. Executives have to pay more attention to cash flows, dividend policies, returns, investment selection, and asset monitoring.
Transmutation and Immutability: Newton's Doctrine of Physical Qualities

In the 1687 edition of Principia there appeared an interesting statement. Labelled Hypothesis III, it asserted that all bodies can transform into one another.1 There was no commentary added, and as the Hypothesis was formulated it seemed to indicate that Newton accepted a doctrine which allowed for unrestricted transmutation. Very little has been written about this statement or about its relation to the body of Newton’s natural philosophy2 and it has remained imperfectly understood. Hypothesis III did not appear in the 1713 edition of the Principia. In its place is a statement, labelled Rule III, about the essential qualities of matter.3 How this change took place has been, because of a lack of evidence, a matter for conjecture.
Comparison of the superfused efflux of preaccumulated D-[3H]aspartate and endogenous L-aspartate and L-glutamate from rat cerebrocortical minislices.

Abstract Because the validity of the use of preaccumulated isotopic excitatory amino acids (EAAs) to index the depolarization-evoked release of endogenous EAAs has been questioned, we compared the K + -evoked efflux of preaccumulated d -[ 3 H]aspartate from rat cerebrocortical minislices with that of endogenous l -aspartate and l -glutamate. Release of all EAAs increased with the rate of superfusion. Using the most rapid rate (1.6 ml/min), transient elevations in [K + ] caused a concentration-dependent increase, with 50 mM K + evoking a 33-, 23- and 93-fold increase in the efflux of d -[ 3 H]aspartate, l -aspartate and l -glutamate, respectively; this efflux was Ca 2+ -dependent and tetrodotoxin insensitive. Under polarized conditions (5 mM K + ), 1 mM kainic acid increased the efflux of preaccumulated and endogenous EAAs. These elevations were not blocked by the competitive kainate receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2–3-dione (DNQX) and were not affected by removing Ca 2+ ions. We conclude that in superfused cortical minislices, the efflux of preaccumulated d -[ 3 H]aspartate provides a robust and reliable index of the release of endogenous l -aspartate and l -glutamate.
Compacting homogeneous text for minimizing storage space

A numerical coding method for saving the storage space for text information is described. Text may be coded at multiple levels—such as at the levels of characters, words, fields, or groups of fields—by repeatedly applying the same encoding procedure. At each subsequent level, the redundantly used common messages found at that level are replaced by a numeric code requiring less storage space. The efficiency of the method depends upon the homogeneity of the text used. The encoding and decoding procedures are described. The storage of the common messages is so arranged that the address of the message can be directly computed from the code, thus simplifying the decoding process. Some empirical data were collected, and significant savings in storage requirements were observed. The analysis of storage requirements is discussed.
Targeting PCSK9 for Therapeutic Gains

Even though it is only a little over a decade from the discovery of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as a plasma protein that associates with both hypercholesterolemia and low cholesterol syndromes, a rich literature has developed describing its unique physiology and the impact of antagonism of this molecule on cholesterol metabolism for therapeutic purposes. Indeed, the PCSK9 story is unfolding rapidly, with many answers and more questions. This review summarizes the most recent data from phase II/III clinical trials of PCSK9 inhibition with the three leading antibodies, highlights the clinical significance of the ongoing studies, and suggests future areas of investigation based on recent basic science discoveries on the physiology of PCSK9.