cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An approach to support automatic generation of user interfaces

In traditional interactive programming environments, each application individually manages its interaction with the human user. The result is duplication of effort in implementing user interface code and nonuniform—hence confusing—input conventions. This paper presents an approach to support automatic generation of user interfaces in environments based on algebraic languages.The approach supports the editing model of interaction, which allows a user to view all applications as data that can be edited. An application interacts with a user by submitting variables (of arbitrary types) to a dialogue manager, which displays their presentations to the user and offers type-directed editing of these presentations. Applications and dialogue managers communicate through a protocol that allows a presentation to be kept consistent with the variable it displays.A particular implementation of the approach, called Dost, has been constructed for the Xerox development environment and the Mesa programming language. Dost is used as a concrete example to describe the editing model, the primitives to support it, and our preliminary experience with these primitives. The approach is compared with related work, its shortcomings are discussed, and suggestions for future work are made.
A combination of models for end-stage liver disease and cirrhosis-related complications to predict the prognosis of liver cirrhosis.

Summary Background The Child-Pugh score, the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, and the occurrence of cirrhosis-related complications are independent prognostic predictors used in the assessment of chronic liver diseases. Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine the best prognostic scoring system, and to create a combined method to predict the prognosis of liver cirrhosis more accurately. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 435 cirrhotic patients from January 2009 to June 2010 and evaluated their short- and medium-term survival. Child-Pugh, MELD and its advanced scoring systems were computed for each patient. The sensitivity and specificity of these scoring systems were analyzed and their validity was assessed using concordance (c)-statistics in predicting the prognosis of cirrhotic patients. Results Overall, 107 patients died within 6 months and 150 patients died within 1 year. The clinical and biochemical characteristics, cirrhosis-related complications, and the scores were significantly different among the survivors and patients who died. The largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.741 for the integrated MELD (iMELD) at 6 months and 0.713 for iMELD at 12 months, indicating that iMELD was the best scoring system tested. Given this result, we created a new scoring system that combined iMELD and an index of cirrhosis-related complications, called iMELD-C. This novel system had c indexes of 0.758 for the 6-month survival and 0.746 for the 1-year survival. Conclusions The iMELD-C score is a better predictor of both short- and medium-term survival in patients with cirrhosis.
17 PROFOUND TOXICITY OF DEOXYADENOSINE (dAdo) AND 2-CHLORODEOXYADENOSINE (CdA) TOWARD HUMAN MONOCYTES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO

dAdo is known to be toxic to both proliferating and resting lymphocytes that lack adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity. We now show that human monocytes are also highly sensitive in vitro to nM concentrations of dAdo plus the ADA inhibitor deoxycoformycin, and to the ADA-res istant analog CdA. The dose- and time-dependent toxicity of dAdo or CdA to monocytes is blocked by deoxycytidine, implicating deoxycytidine kinase in the formation of toxic dAdo or CdA nucleotides. Monocytes exposed to dAdo plus deoxycoformycin, or to CdA accumulate massive DNA damage detectable within 1 hour. The accumulation of DNA strand breaks in lymphocytes stimulates the lethal consumption of NAD and ATP for poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. However, monocytes lack the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme and therefore show no significant NAD or ATP depletion until cell viability declines (12 hr). The DNA damage in monocytes exposed to CdA is associated with a decrease in protein synthesis in vitro, and with inhibition of IL-6 secretion. The selective toxicity of CdA to monocytes was confirmed by in vivo studies. Thus, the blood monocyte counts, but not the neutrophil counts, fell to 0 in one week in nearly all patients receiving CdA infusion chemotherapy for cutaneous lymphoma. These results show that dAdo and CdA cause DNA strand break formation and inhibit protein synthesis in human monocytes in vitro, and cause profound monocytopenia in vivo. These compounds may have potential use in the therapy of immune disorders associated with monocyte/macrophage activation.
Crafting a Caring and Inclusive Environment for LGBTQ Community College Students, Faculty, and Staff

This article provides a framework for understanding and supporting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered students in community colleges. It should be noted that many of the understandings and structural supports often apply to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) faculty and staff as well. The study is based upon several assumptions: First, environments play a key role in supporting attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors; therefore, attending to environmental influences is critical in institutional life and change. Second, people possess unique and diverse identities at the same time. Understanding the range of a student's identities, as well as the depth of them, is core to understanding students and their behavior. Also, there is a common core set of beliefs, generally acknowledged to be true, concerning student retention in higher education. By examining the community college environment, identity, human development over time, and retention, this article provides not only a theor...
Voltammetry with programmed baseline compensation

Abstract An instrument for repetitive voltammetric experiments has been designed, constructed and evaluated. The instrument is applicable as a detector for HPLC and FIA, process control and traditional experiments in unstired solutions. Special features include: multiple modes of voltammetry, real-time color-contour display of data, ability to change experimental parameters during a series of voltammograms, the storage on computer disk of all data points and parameters, ability to compensate background current on a point-by-point basis, and fast and convenient post-run data processing and analysis. The compensation of background currents, both capacitative and faradaic, results in flat baselines which allow increased current gain with improved peak definition and resolution from the ADC. Compensated baselines also allow operation at higher potentials and can be used to mask matrix impurities or even analytes added previously to the cell.
ITC 2004 panels: Part 1

Panel sessopms have long been part of the International Test Conference technical program; theyprovide an informal and entertaining opportunity for energetic ITC audiences to discuss and debate a wide range of subjects with industry and research experts. The ITC 2004 panels continued this tradition with an intriguing slate of panel sessions that educated the community and built interest in emerging issues while providing controversy and fun at the same time.
Predation and disease: understanding the effects of predators at several trophic levels on pathogen transmission

Summary Predators can directly and indirectly influence host–parasite interactions by consuming infected individuals, by removing infectious parasite stages and by changing host traits (e.g. behaviour). Because such effects can affect infection positively or negatively, understanding the net effects of predation on pathogen transmission under natural conditions is important. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to examine the effects of predators on interactions between tadpole hosts (Pseudacris regilla) and trematode parasites (Ribeiroia ondatrae). We manipulated the presence of (non-lethal, i.e., caged) predators of tadpoles (dragonfly larvae) and (potentially lethal) parasite predators (damselfly larvae) to evaluate their individual and combined effects on host infection. We expected that dragonflies would reduce tadpole activity and thereby increase parasite infection through a reduction in antiparasite behaviour. Because damselflies can consume parasites in the laboratory, we predicted that damselflies would lower infection by consuming parasites before they infected tadpoles. Our goal was to evaluate the net consequences of these predator-mediated effects for host/prey infection. The presence of caged dragonflies reduced tadpole activity, resulting in a ˜50% increase in average infection load compared to treatments without predators. In contrast to our prediction that damselflies would reduce infection, damselflies elicited behavioural and morphological changes in hosts similar to dragonflies, with a comparable increase in parasite transmission. Thus, predator-mediated effects were evident predominantly through changes in host/prey behaviour, rather than through changes in the abundance of parasites. The lack of a direct effect of predators on infection (i.e. via consumption of parasites) could be the result of the presence of alternative prey (zooplankton) or a mismatch in timing between visual predators feeding during the day and parasites released from the first intermediate host and infecting amphibians at night. The presence of predators also stimulated morphological defences in their tadpole prey, including increased tail and body depth. Interestingly, we found that parasite infection also induced morphological changes in tadpole tail and body depth, similar to changes produced by (non-lethal) cues from predators. Parasites caused malformations in tadpoles, but there were no effects on tadpole growth or development from either parasites or predators. This research has key implications for linking predation and infectious disease in aquatic ecosystems. Our results emphasise the importance of indirect effects of predators on infection and highlight possible trade-offs in mitigating the concurrent risks of predation and disease. Parasites can also alter host morphology through trait-mediated effects similar to predators, supporting a broader inclusion of parasites in the study of the ecology of natural enemies.
Cyclin D1 Inhibits Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ-mediated Adipogenesis through Histone Deacetylase Recruitment

The cyclin D1 gene encodes the labile serum-inducible regulatory subunit of a holoenzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates the retinoblastoma protein. Overexpression of cyclin D1 promotes cellular proliferation and normal physiological levels of cyclin D1 function to inhibit adipocyte differentiation in vivo. We have previously shown that cyclin D1 inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ-dependent activity through a cyclin-dependent kinase- and retinoblastoma protein-binding-independent mechanism. In this study, we determined the molecular mechanism by which cyclin D1 regulated PPARγ function. Herein, murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) differentiation by PPARγ ligand was associated with a reduction in histone deacetylase (HDAC1) activity. Cyclin D1–/– MEFs showed an increased propensity to undergo differentiation into adipocytes. Genetic deletion of cyclin D1 reduced HDAC1 activity. Reconstitution of cyclin D1 into the cyclin D1–/– MEFs increased HDAC1 activity and blocked PPARγ-mediated adipogenesis. PPARγ activity was enhanced in cyclin D1–/– cells. Reintroduction of cyclin D1 inhibited basal and ligand-induced PPARγ activity and enhanced HDAC repression of PPARγ activity. Cyclin D1 bound HDAC in vivo and preferentially physically associated with HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that cyclin D1 enhanced recruitment of HDAC1 and HDAC3 and histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 to the PPAR response element of the lipoprotein lipase promoter and decreased acetylation of total histone H3 and histone H3 lysine 9. Collectively, these studies suggest an important role of cyclin D1 in regulation of PPARγ-mediated adipocyte differentiation through recruitment of HDACs to regulate PPAR response element local chromatin structure and PPARγ function.
Workplace education for hourly workers

Concerns about U.S. competitiveness have increasingly focused the attention of policymakers on the workforce and mechanisms that could be used to enhance both the quality and quantity of human capital in the workplace. This article focuses on basic skills education of hourly workers, precisely the type of human capital which is likely to be most underprovided by the private market. Five questions are addressed: First, what is the nature of workplace education programs? Second, why do some firms provide workplace education programs while others do not? Third, what, if any, characteristics distinguish those firms that provide workplace education programs from seemingly comparable firms that do not? Fourth, what, if any, evidence can be found identifying the effects of these programs on the firms that sponsor them? Fifth, what policies appear most likely to stimulate additional workplace education?
Female primary orgasmic dysfunction: Masters and Johnson versus DSM‐III‐R on diagnosis and incidence

(1988). Female primary orgasmic dysfunction: Masters and Johnson versus DSM‐III‐R on diagnosis and incidence. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 363-377.
How Many Listings Are Too Many? Agent Inventory Externalities and the Residential Housing Market

Given the significant role of real estate agents in the housing market, this study examines how agents’ incentives regarding the size of their listing inventories indirectly affect residential home prices and liquidity. The theory shows that taking on additional inventory generates a critical principal agent issue, resulting in the dilution of an agent’s selling effort and, ultimately, creating an externality that adversely impacts housing market outcomes across listings. It remains an empirical question whether diluted sales effort leads to lower prices, longer time on market, or both. The empirical results reveal significant inventory externality effects, as greater agent inventory tends to reduce selling price and substantially reduce liquidity for clients’ properties in this market.
Probabilistic sensitivity and modeling of two-dimensional transport in porous media

A reliability approach is used to develop a probabilistic model of two-dimensional non-reactive and reactive contaminant transport in porous media. The reliability approach provides two important quantitative results: an estimate of the probability that contaminant concentration is exceeded at some location and time, and measures of the sensitivity of the probabilistic outcome to likely changes in the uncertain variables. The method requires that each uncertain variable be assigned at least a mean and variance; in this work we also incorporate and investigate the influence of marginal probability distributions. Uncertain variables includex andy components of average groundwater flow velocity,x andy components of dispersivity, diffusion coefficient, distribution coefficient, porosity and bulk density. The objective is to examine the relative importance of each uncertain variable, the marginal distribution assigned to each variable, and possible correlation between the variables. Results utilizing a two-dimensional analytical solution indicate that the probabilistic outcome is generally very sensitive to likely changes in the uncertain flow velocity. Uncertainty associated with dispersivity and diffusion coefficient is often not a significant issue with respect to the probabilistic analysis; therefore, dispersivity and diffusion coefficient can often be treated for practical analysis as deterministic constants. The probabilistic outcome is sensitive to the uncertainty of the reaction terms for early times in the flow event. At later times, when source contaminants are released at constant rate throughout the study period, the probabilistic outcome may not be sensitive to changes in the reaction terms. These results, although limited at present by assumptions and conceptual restrictions inherent to the closed-form analytical solution, provide insight into the critical issues to consider in a probabilistic analysis of contaminant transport. Such information concerning the most important uncertain parameters can be used to guide field and laboratory investigations.
Improved coupled-mode theory for reciprocal anisotropic waveguides

An improved coupled-mode theory for a reciprocal anisotropic multiwaveguide system is derived. The general reciprocal anisotropic medium is described by a symmetric permittivity tensor that can have nonzero off-diagonal elements. The derivation is based on the generalized reciprocity relation. The coupled-mode equations are applicable to both lossy (gain) and lossless systems. For the special case of lossless systems, it is shown that the matrices in the coupled-mode equation are Hermitian, so that energy conservation is observed exactly. For the special case of a single anisotropic waveguide, the results also reduce to the previously derived solutions by D. Marcuse (1975). The improved coupled-mode theory in an anisotropic multiwaveguide system is illustrated with numerical examples. >
Dependence of low energy ion beam exposure effects in silicon on ion species, exposure history, and material properties

Abstract Several groups have shown that low energy (25–1500 eV) ion bombardment of silicon causes significant surface damage; these disordered layers are hundreds of angstroms deep and are easily characterized by electron spin resonance and Rutherford backscattering techniques. This surface damage also manifests itself as positive charge residing at the metal-semiconductor interface of metal contacts to these layers. Recently we have shown that this damage increases with the inverse of the ion size, if ion energy is kept constant. However, we have demonstrated that impingement by the lightest of ions (H + ) can electrically passivate the damage caused by other ions; namely, hydrogen itself causes extensive damage, but it also passivates by tying up dangling bonds. This interaction of hydrogen with the damage caused by other ions is fairly complex. For example, the 0.4 keV hydrogen ions used to completely passivate 1.0 keV Ar + ion damage (as determined by electrical measurements) cause significant disorder and result in electrically active damage, when not preceded by the Ar + impingement. Thus low energy ion beam damage is found to depend on ion size, ion chemical activity, and sample exposure history. In addition, we have also seen significant differences in the annealing behavior of ion damage in float-zoned versus Czochralski-grown silicon. While 1.0 keV Ar + damage of CZ silicon anneals only at 1000°C, damaged FZ silicon anneals nearly completely at 800°C. Such behavior strongly suggests that background oxygen and carbon may play a role in ion beam damage of silicon.
Asymptotic behavior of solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations

We study and obtain formulas for the asymptotic behavior as ¦x¦→∞ of C2 solutions of the semilinear equation Δu=f(x, u), xeΩ (*) where Ω is the complement of some ball in ℝn and f is continuous and nonlinear in u. If, for large x, f is nearly radially symmetric in x, we give conditions under which each positive solution of (*) is asymptotic, as ¦x¦→∞, to some radially symmetric function. Our results can also be useful when f is only bounded above or below by a function which is radially symmetric in x or when the solution oscillates in sign. Examples when f has power-like growth or exponential growth in the variables x and u usefully illustrate our results.
The Methodology of Architectonic Truth-Finding in Grass's The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel)

Stephan Schaffrath, in his paper "The Methodology of Architectonic Truth-Finding in Grass's The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel)," discusses how Gunter Grass's The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel) negotiates the treacherous terrains that lie between positivism and nihilistic relativism by means of a truth-finding methodology. Schaffrath proposes that truth-finding methodology applies approximative, and therefore architectonic, approaches to conventional concepts of narration and history. Grass's novel breaks down and reassembles playfully the conventions of narration and history, not to negate or devalue them, but to reappraise them by means of an approximative truth-finding methodology, an approach that corresponds to Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of the architectonic. An architectonic historical narrative is achieved here by re-creating consciously recent German history instead of a conventional historical narration that claims a certain degree of objectivity. Grass shows us that the genre of the novel can indeed convey history in a fictitious format (an otherwise standard recognition in the humanities today), yet be a useful and insightful medium to those who wish to learn about history in the sense of a factual genre. Grass achieves this by educating his readers about the fine line between fact and fiction as he interweaves a most intricate epistemological commentary into the narrative of his narrator. Stephan Schaffrath, "The Methodology of Architectonic Truth-Finding in Grass's The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel)" page 2 of 12 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 9.4 (2007):
A Design Methodology Enabling the Efficient High-Fidelity Design of Combined Cycle Power Plants

The demand for greater efficiency, lower emissions, and higher reliability in combined cycle power plants has driven industry to use higher-fidelity plant component models in conceptual design. Normally used later in preliminary component design, physics-based models can also be used in conceptual design as the building blocks of a plant-level modeling and simulation (M&S) environment. Although better designs can be discovered using such environments, the linking of multiple high-fidelity models can create intractably large design variable sets, long overall execution times, and model convergence limitations. As a result, an M&S environment comprising multiple linked high-fidelity models can be prohibitively large and/or slow to evaluate, discouraging design optimization and design space exploration. This paper describes a design space exploration methodology that addresses the aforementioned challenges. Specifically, the proposed methodology includes techniques for the reduction of total model run-time, reduction of design space dimensionality, effect visualization, and identification of Pareto-optimal power plant designs. An overview of the methodology’s main steps is given, leading to a description of the benefit and implementation of each step. Major steps in the process include design variable screening, efficient design space sampling, and surrogate modeling, all of which can be used as precursors to traditional optimization techniques. As an alternative to optimization, a Monte Carlo based method for design space exploration is explained conceptually. Selected steps from the methodology are applied to a fictional but representative example problem of combined cycle power plant design. The objective is to minimize cost of electricity (COE), subject to constraints on base load power and acquisition cost. This example problem is used to show relative run-time savings from using the methodology’s techniques compared to the alternative of performing optimization without them. The example additionally provides a context for explaining design space visualization techniques that are part of the methodology.© 2009 ASME
Shallow conduit system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, revealed by seismic signals associated with degassing bursts

[1] Eruptive activity at the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, beginning in March, 2008 and continuing to the present time is characterized by episodic explosive bursts of gas and ash from a vent within Halemaumau Pit Crater. These bursts are accompanied by seismic signals that are well recorded by a broadband network deployed in the summit caldera. We investigate in detail the dimensions and oscillation modes of the source of a representative burst in the 1−10 s band. An extended source is realized by a set of point sources distributed on a grid surrounding the source centroid, where the centroid position and source geometry are fixed from previous modeling of very-long-period (VLP) data in the 10–50 s band. The source time histories of all point sources are obtained simultaneously through waveform inversion carried out in the frequency domain. Short-scale noisy fluctuations of the source time histories between adjacent sources are suppressed with a smoothing constraint, whose strength is determined through a minimization of the Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion (ABIC). Waveform inversions carried out for homogeneous and heterogeneous velocity structures both image a dominant source component in the form of an east trending dike with dimensions of 2.9 × 2.9 km. The dike extends ∼2 km west and ∼0.9 km east of the VLP centroid and spans the depth range 0.2–3.1 km. The source model for a homogeneous velocity structure suggests the dike is hinged at the source centroid where it bends from a strike E 27°N with northern dip of 85° west of the centroid, to a strike E 7°N with northern dip of 80° east of the centroid. The oscillating behavior of the dike is dominated by simple harmonic modes with frequencies ∼0.2 Hz and ∼0.5 Hz, representing the fundamental mode ν11 and first degenerate mode ν12 = ν21 of the dike. Although not strongly supported by data in the 1–10 s band, a north striking dike segment is required for enhanced compatibility with the model elaborated in the 10–50 s band. This dike provides connectivity between the east trending dike and the new vent within Halemaumau Pit Crater. Waveform inversions with a dual-dike model suggest dimensions of 0.7 × 0.7 km to 2.6 × 2.6 km for this segment. Further elaboration of the complex dike system under Halemaumau does not appear to be feasible with presently available data.
Dual (excitatory and inhibitory) calretinin innervation of AMPA receptor-containing neurons in the rat lateral septum

A recent study demonstrated both an extrinsic and an intrinsic calretinin (CR) innervation of the rat septal complex and that a population of the extrinsic calretinin fibers is aspartate/glutamate-containing. The aim of this study was to determine which types (GluR1, GluR2/3, or both) of AMPA receptor-containing lateral septal area neurons are innervated by extrinsic and intrinsic CR neurons and whether the intrinsic CR cells are GABAergic. Light- and electron-microscopic single immunostaining for CR, GluR1, and GluR2/3, as well as light- and electron-microscopic-double immunostaining experiments for CR plus GluR1 and CR plus GluR2/3 were performed in the lateral septal area. Furthermore, the ″mirror″ colocalization technique was employed on consecutive vibratome sections of the septal complex to investigate whether the intrinsic septal CR neurons are GABAergic. The results are summarized as follows: (1) both GluR1- and GluR2/3-immunoreactive neurons are innervated by CR-containing fibers; (2) the majority of these synapses, observed mainly on the soma and, to a lesser extent, on proximal dendrites of AMPA receptor-containing neurons, represent asymmetric synaptic membrane specializations; (3) a minority of CR-containing axon terminals associated with both GluR1- and GluR2/3-immunoreactive neurons form symmetric contacts, predominantly on their soma; and (4) 93% of the lateral septal area CR cells are GABAergic. These observations indicate that both GluR1- and GluR2/3-containing lateral septal area neurons receive a dual intrinsic and extrinsic CR innervation. The former (intrinsic) CR boutons are GABAergic, while the latter form asymmetric synaptic contacts, are excitatory, and probably originate in the supramammillary area, since previous work has demonstrated that a population of supramammillo-septal fibers contain aspartate and/or glutamate.
States Make Movements? The Material and Discursive Influence of State-Sponsored Community Organizing in Puerto Rico

The authors examine the interaction between an emergent community movement in Puerto Rico and a poverty program implemented by the Puerto Rico government to deal with poverty in a self-claimed radical way. The authors explain the development of this movement, showing how state sponsorship shaped the material and discursive opportunities and constraints faced by movement leaders and participants. The authors then examine three discursive themes that emerged from fieldwork and interviews with community movement leaders and state actors that suggest the potential as well as the constraints implied by the close state—social movement relationship. These are (1) the partial recasting of dependency arguments in a critique of conventional clientelistic politics and government policy toward the poor, (2) the dismantling of traditional single-issue (i.e., Island political status) party politics in favor of an economic interest-based politics, and (3) an embrace of the rhetorical and coercive power of law. The autho...
Ready to buy or just browsing?: detecting web searcher goals from interaction data

An improved understanding of the relationship between search intent, result quality, and searcher behavior is crucial for improving the effectiveness of web search. While recent progress in user behavior mining has been largely focused on aggregate server-side click logs, we present a new class of search behavior models that also exploit fine-grained user interactions with the search results. We show that mining these interactions, such as mouse movements and scrolling, can enable more effective detection of the user's search goals. Potential applications include automatic search evaluation, improving search ranking, result presentation, and search advertising. We describe extensive experimental evaluation over both controlled user studies, and logs of interaction data collected from hundreds of real users. The results show that our method is more effective than the current state-of-the-art techniques, both for detection of searcher goals, and for an important practical application of predicting ad clicks for a given search session.
Antiproton-catalyzed fusion

Because of the potential application to power production, it is important to investigate a wide range of possible means to achieve nuclear fusion, even those initially appearing infeasible. In antiproton-catalyzed fusion, the negative antiproton shields the repulsion between the positively charged nuclei of hydrogen isotopes, allowing a much higher level of penetration through the repulsive Coulomb barrier and greatly enhancing the fusion cross section. With their more compact wave function, the more massive antiprotons offer much more shielding than negative muons. If the antiproton could exist in the ground state with a nucleus for a sufficient time without annihilating, the fusion cross sections are so enhanced at low energies that at room temperature, values up to about 1000 barns (d + t) would be possible. Unfortunately, the cross section for antiproton annihilation with the incoming nucleus is even higher. A model giving an upper bound for the fusion to annihilation cross section ratio for all relevant energies indicates that each antiproton will catalyze no more than about one fusion. Since the energy to make one antiproton greatly exceeds the fusion energy released, this level of catalysis is far from adequate for power production.
Training social problem solving skills in adolescents with high-functioning autism

Adolescents and young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) have very different needs and abilities. Deficits in social skills and executive function, however, are generally considered defining characteristics of HFASD. Deficits in socialization often interfere with these individual's educational experience and quality of life, and explicit instruction is required to help them acquire age-appropriate social skills. We describe an approach to social skills training for adolescents and young adults with HFASD. Our design allows the user to role-play through social scenarios - such as going to the movie theatre - in a way that we believe may lead toward generalization. We also present the findings of an exploratory study in which 8 young adults with HFASD interacted with a prototype system. These findings showed that participants with HFASD respond favorably to the software, and that, in the future it will be important to integrate all aspects of a complete interventions into the software.
Serum profiles of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin during the estrous cycle of the hamster.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (NIAMD-Rat RIA) of sera from intact hamsters, which were decapitated at selected times during the 4-day estrous cycle. Serum FSH concentrations on Day 1 of the cycle (day of ovulation) were 2- to 6-fold greater than the levels on Day 2 and 5 to 12-fold greater than the mean, “basal,” level of FSH (53 ± 2 ng/ml; 80 hamsters) found during Day 3 and until 1200 hr, Day 4. There was a biphasic serum FSH pattern on Day 4 (proestrus) which was demarcated by the initiation of the preovulatory surge at 1400 hr, the peak level at 1600 hr, the decay of the surge by 2100 hr, and the subsequent elevation to the high levels present on Day 1. In marked contrast to these changes in serum levels of FSH, LH levels were virtually constant throughout the estrous cycle, except for the preovulatory surge between 1300 hr and 1900 hr on Day 4 with a peak level at 1600 hr. Prolactin concentrations varied a...
The effects of molecular weight on viability within PEGDA hydrogel microspheres

Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is a polymer often used in tissue engineering as a hydrogel scaffold. We determined the cell viability of murine osteoblast cells microencapsulated in PEGDA hydrogels of various molecular weights. Microspheres ranged between 20-200 μm in radius, to avoid exceeding the diffusion limit of oxygen. Concurrent diffusion studies were performed for each molecular weight to assess the size of the molecules permitted access by the hydrogels. Results demonstrated higher cell viability in higher molecular weight PEGDA microspheres.
Turning pervasive computing into mediated spaces

With pervasive computing, we envision a future in which computation becomes part of the environment. The computer forms (workstation, personal computer, personal digital assistant, game player) through which we now relate to computation will occupy only a small niche in this new computational world. Our relationship to pervasive computing will differ radically from our current relationship with computers. When computation becomes part of the environment, most human-computer interaction will be implicit, and it will have to take account of physical space. Physical space rarely matters in current human-computer interaction; but as computational devices become part of furniture, walls, and clothing, physical space becomes a necessary consideration. First, more than one person can occupy a space. Second, individuals within the space are doing things other than interacting with the computer: coming and going, and perhaps most strikingly, interacting with each other—not just with the computer. Finally, phy sical space provides a sense of place: individuals associate places with events and recurrent activities. The emerging relationship between people and pervasive computation is sometimes idealized as a “smart space”: the seamless integration of people, computation, and physical reality. This paper focuses on a particular kind of smart space, the “mediated space,” in which the space understands and participates in multiperson interaction. Mediated spaces will expand human capability by providing information management within a context associated with that space. The context will be created by recording interaction within the space and by importing information from the outside. Individuals will interact with the space explicitly in order to retrieve and analyze the information it contains, and implicitly by adding to the context through their speech and gesture. Achieving the vision of mediated spaces will require progress in both behind-the-scenes technology (how devices coordinate their act ivities) and at-the-interface technology (how the space presents itself to people, and how the space deals with multiperson interaction). This paper explores the research challenges in both of these areas, examining the behind-the-scenes requirements of device or manifestation description and context maintenance, as well as the interface problems of metaphor and understanding natural human-to-human spoken interaction.
Hypercoagulation in Liver Disease

The coagulopathy of liver disease is complex and often unpredictable. Despite clear evidence of an increased tendency for bleeding in patients who have cirrhosis, many circumstances also promote local and systemic hypercoagulable states. The consequences of hypercoagulability include the obvious morbidity and mortality of portal vein thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism, but possibly also include other end-organ syndromes, such as portopulmonary hypertension, hepatorenal syndrome, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A more subtle contribution also could be responsible for progression of early fibrosis to decompensated cirrhosis. Future research is needed to elucidate specific mechanistic pathways that might lead to local hypercoagulation and the clinical interventions that might prevent morbidity and mortality related to hypercoagulation in patients who have cirrhosis.
Influence of Atropine on Atrophy of Denervated Skeletal Muscle of the Rat

SummaryAtropine does not retard the diminution in contractile power per weight unit nor the diminution in birefringence in denervation atrophy of rat muscle. The apparent retardation of weight loss of the denervated muscle in atropine-treated rats found by comparing the percentage weight difference between normal and denervated muscle of treated rats with the difference found in controls, does not indicate a true atrophy retardating effect of atropine. Continuous administration of atropine in such large doses produces cachectic inanition of the rats, in consequence of which the weight difference between denervated and so-called normal muscle is diminished, since the latter weighs considerably less than a truly normal muscle.
Random vibration of linear structures

Abstract This paper presents a unified method of structural dynamic analysis that is readily applicable to the nonstationary random response analysis of stable linear trusses and frames of two or three dimensional configuration. The method is general enough to treat the structure either as a continuous (distributed) mass system or as a discrete (lumped) mass system, with any form of linear viscous damping. Forcing functions, random in time and/or in space, can be applied anywhere when a frame is considered. However, when a truss is considered, the forces are applied only at the joints. In evaluating the frequency response function matrix or the impulse response function matrix, the linear graph theory and the transfer matrix technique are employed throughout the formulation so that the configuration of structures are taken into consideration in a most general fashion, permitting a convenient use of a high speed digital computer for numerical computation. The present formulation includes the static structural analysis as a special case. A number of numerical examples are worked out and the dynamic characteristics of continuous mass systems are compared with those of corresponding discrete mass systems.
Intensity noise of large area vertical cavity surface emitting lasers in multimode optical fibre links

The authors report the measurement of the relative intensity noise (RIN) of large area vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) in a multimode fibre link. It is found that the RIN of the large area VCSELs under modulation is < −120 dBMz below a frequency ofl GHz and that reflection noise is significantly reduced with modulation.
Protein synthesis in the fat body of Leucophaea maderae during vitellogenesis

During the early stages of vitellogenesis in Leucophaea, vitellogenin accounted for most if not all of the secreted protein synthesized by the fat body. Synthesis began about 5 days after mating and continued until 24 hr or so before the formation of the ootheca. Ligation resulted in the degeneration of the oocytes, the first evidence of which was seen within 24 hr. Ligation also curtailed the synthesis of vitellogenin at about the same time. Isolated abdomens treated with an analog of juvenile hormone commenced vitellogenesis within 12 to 24 hr and measureable oocyte growth occurred after 5 days. Despite continued synthesis of vitellogenin, the oocytes in isolated abdomens always degenerated.
Dynamics of charged particles in an adiabatic thermal beam equilibrium

Charged-particle motion is studied in the self-electric and self-magnetic fields of a well-matched, intense charged-particle beam and an applied periodic solenoidal magnetic focusing field. The beam is assumed to be in a state of adiabatic thermal equilibrium. The phase space is analyzed and compared with that of the well-known Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij (KV)-type beam equilibrium. It is found that the widths of nonlinear resonances in the adiabatic thermal beam equilibrium are narrower than those in the KV-type beam equilibrium. Numerical evidence is presented, indicating almost complete elimination of chaotic particle motion in the adiabatic thermal beam equilibrium.
Conditional blindspots and the knowledge squeeze: A solution to the prediction paradox

L'A. propose une resolution du paradoxe de l'examen par surprise, en le rapprochant du paradoxe du Menteur et des paradoxes de l'autoreference, puis en recourant a la notion de "tache aveugle epistemique" (p est une telle "tache aveugle" si p est consistant alors que l'agent sait que p est inconsistant). On n'est victime du paradoxe que si l'on suppose que de telles taches aveugles peuvent etre connues.
APOBEC3G Subunits Self-associate via the C-terminal Deaminase Domain

Human APOBEC3G (hA3G) is a cytidine deaminase active on HIV single-stranded DNA. Small angle x-ray scattering and molecular envelope restorations predicted a C-terminal dimeric model for RNA-depleted hA3G in solution. Each subunit was elongated, suggesting that individual domains of hA3G are solvent-exposed and therefore may interact with other macromolecules even as isolated substructures. In this study, co-immunoprecipitation and in-cell quenched fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays reveal that hA3G forms RNA-independent oligomers through interactions within its C terminus. Residues 209–336 were necessary and sufficient for homoligomerization. N-terminal domains of hA3G were unable to multimerize but remained functional for Gag and viral infectivity factor (Vif) interactions when expressed apart from the C terminus. These findings corroborate the small angle x-ray scattering structural model and are instructive for development of high throughput screens that target specific domains and their functions to identify HIV/AIDS therapeutics.
Physiologically based toxicokinetic model for maternal transfer of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB-TK) model was developed to describe the uptake, distribution, and elimination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in female brook trout during a 6-month feeding and depuration study. Dietary uptake was modeled under two assumptions, uptake proceeds to equilibrium between blood exiting the intestinal tract and the contents of the intestinal tract, and uptake is limited by desorption of TCDD from gut contents and/or diffusion from the lumen into tissues. Model outputs were evaluated by comparison with measured TCDD residues. The best model fit to the data was obtained by imposing a moderate diffusion limitation on gut uptake. Of the parameters that comprise the gut submodel, whole body residue predictions were most sensitive to changes in the diffusion rate constant and fecal egestion rate. Chemical residues in fat were indicative of an internal disequilibrium with other tissues during the loading phase of the study. Accurate simulations of this behavior were obtained using a diffusion-limited tissue description. Chemical residues in liver, muscle, and ovaries were adequately described by assuming that uptake and elimination were blood flow limited. Spawning probably resulted in a small increase in whole body TCDD concentration and did not appear to represent an important route of chemical elimination. These results suggest that field-derived whole body TCDD residues could be used to estimate residues in developing ovaries of brook trout to within a factor of two, provided that whole body and ovary lipid content were known.
Reply [to Comment on “Tu Que?” by Emile A. Okal]

My proposal to limit the number of authors per paper in AGU journals to five had a very serious purpose. By limiting the number of authors, the status of each individual coauthor would be raised, and the sense of responsibility of each author would be heightened. By making coauthorship slightly more exclusive, the pressure on an author to a d d as a coauthor everyone with whom he had discussed his results prior to writing the paper would be reduced. Furthermore, the coauthors would feel a greater responsibility to assist the first author in preparing a suitable manuscript. This reviewer receives too many papers that are not quite ready for submittal but were submitted anyway. The coauthors would also gain more credit for their work because the reference list could include each coauthor's name rather than the “et al.” that is becoming all too standard now.
Drug-Induced Bone Disorders

Medications that can induce, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and osteonecrosis are discussed here. This article provides the mechanism of these adverse events and a brief summary of the most common offending agents. Evidence indicates a definitive association between glucocorticoids and decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. Data are confounded by the inclusion of patients on glucocorticoids with other medical conditions that could also contribute to bone loss. Prevention and treatment strategies of glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis are outlined, with studies supporting the idea that this adverse effect may be reversible. The clinical implications of these modalities and the management, of this drug-induced disease are patient-specific. Physicians must weigh the risks and benefits of pharmacotherapy with an agent that may cause bone loss. Regardless of the treatment option the patient receives, nonpharmacological measures must be carried out in order to successfully manage the patient. Patient and provider education is crucial for the discussion of the risks and benefits of treatment modalities. In addition, lifestyle modifications, such as smoking cessation, reducing alcohol intake and participating in weight-bearing exercise, is highly recommended. More research in the prevention and treatment modalities, of drug-induced osteoporosis is needed.
Rational Limits for Drug Impurities

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) has developed policies on drug substance purity and organic volatile impurities. This paper will include the historical background and the scientific basis of these policies and will give several examples of how they are reflected in the tests that are included in USP monographs. Data on the types of analytical methods used in assessing the purity of compendial articles will also be presented.