cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marketing New York Apples

In New York State the growers sold more apples outright in 1932-35 than they consigned. Records on the sale of more than 2,500,000 bushels of apples from 1932 to 1935 in different parts of New York State show that nearly twice as many apples were sold outright as were consigned. For the three areas studied the only exception was in the Champlain Valley in 1933. In 1934 and in 1935 less than one-third of the Champlain Valley apples were consigned. In the Hudson Valley about one-third and in Western New York less than one-third of the apples were consigned. The returns to the grower were usually more for apples sold outright than for apples consigned. In calculating the net returns per bushel the grower's cash expenses for commission, storage, transportation, and package were deducted from the sale price.
Toward an Iterative Approach to Preventing HIV Risk Among Young MSM

HIV/AIDS has transformed during its 30+ year history from lethal disease to chronic condition, akin to diabetes or hypertension. Troubling evidence that young MSM, especially young men of color, continue to have high rates of HIV+ seroconversion has drawn attention of research teams to factors that might cause this ongoing trend in this group. Four kinds of factors have received research attention in efforts to identify problem areas in prevention of HIV contagion: (1) factors related to serostatus and virus load status and individuals’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about them, (2) factors related to mental health issues, (3) factors related to patterns of selecting sexual partners, and (4) factors related to community context. Rather than focus on one or two of these kinds of factors, the author suggests that future preventive interventions combine all of them into an iterative model that relies on highly interactive learning.
Is there any survival benefit of additional chemotherapy (C) following adjuvant C in pancreatic cancer (PC) patients (pts) with postsurgery elevated CA19-9?

491Background: Pancreatectomy offers only potential for cure but is only possible in a minority of pts. Even in those pts who receive adjuvant C, majority of them succumb to death due to metastases...
Haptic Scene Analysis: Mechanical Property Separation Despite Parasitic Dynamics

The physical mass and damping of a haptic device contribute features that can be considered parasitic in that they potentially mask the virtual environment the user is intended to feel. On the other hand, users are generally able to adapt to the mechanical properties of physical tools and concentrate on the dynamics of task objects in the environment. It would be unsurprising, then, if humans were also able to ignore parasitic effects and focus on the mechanical properties of interest within a rendered environment. In this work, we explore a particular parasitic effect (damping) and its impact on the perception of stiffness. We examine the various perceptual impacts of predictable or unpredictable levels of damping. We find that, overall, humans are quite capable of ignoring damping to focus on stiffness, but that this ability may be hampered in the presence of unpredictable damping.
Case Study B: Fuel Cell Power Train for Cars

This chapter reports the results of an experimental analysis on a 30 kW fuel cell power train for city cars. The electric energy is generated by using a laboratory fuel cell system (FCS) based on a 20 kW H2/air PEM stack, realized taking into account the design criteria discussed in Chap. 4. The FCS experimental characterization provides results about the effect of different operative parameters on stack performance, and indications regarding the causes of energy losses associated with auxiliary components of the FCS. Moreover, reactant feeding, membrane humidification, and cooling issues are discussed, evidencing in particular the role of air compressor, fuel purge, temperature control, and humidification strategy in stack management in both steady state and dynamic conditions. The dynamic performance of the whole fuel cell traction system are tested on the European R40 driving cycle, evaluating the effect of different hybrid configurations on efficiency of single subsystems and of the overall propulsion system.
The Nose and Air Modification

The word nose is commonly employed to describe that more or less prominent appendage on the front of the face. Physiologically the nasal passage leading backward from the nostrils is the region important to health. In addition although we do not usually think of the nose or nasal passages as a part of the phoniatric mechanism, they are important contributors to the hygiene of the respiratory tract as a whole and vital to normal voice production. Most people who depend upon the speaking or singing voice for the successful pursuit of their careers are well aware of the fact that nasal disease, even a simple common cold, impairs the voice. This chapter is devoted to a discussion of the physiological role of the nose in breathing, protecting the health of the airways, and supplementing the larynx as a resonator for sound (2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10). Various problems of nasal disease and the voice will be discussed in Chaps. 9 and 10.
Stratified Quasi-Geostrophic Motion and Instability Waves

We return from our brief visit to the equator and investigate the low frequency motions in mid-latitudes that occur in a stratified fluid. The motion we consider will be in near (quasi-)geostrophic balance, but we will develop the equations in an informal, heuristic way, leaning heavily on the formal analysis of Lecture 15. We will also employ the beta-plane approximation so that we are assuming that two parameters, e = U/f 0 L, b = βL /f 0, are both small. That being the case, the lowest order balances in the horizontal momentum equation imply that $$u = - {\textstyle{{Py} \over {{\rho _0}{f_0}}}}\bar = - {\psi _y}$$ (19.1a) $$v = {\textstyle{{{p_x}} \over {{\rho _0}{f_0}}}}\bar = {\psi _x}$$ (19.1b)
Engineering Aspects of Trickle Bed Reactors

This review deals with the engineering aspects of trickle-bed reactors as it applies to general design, scale-up, pilot plant design and operation, and reactor troubleshooting. Also, research needs in trickle-bed technology are discussed.
Abstract A33: Histone demethylase KDM3A in rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children, adolescents, and young adults, presenting a myogenic phenotype. RMS can be divided into two major histopathologic subtypes: driver oncofusion (PAX3/7-FOXO1) positive, alveolar (ARMS), and oncofusion-negative embryonal (ERMS). Histone methylation is a key element of chromatin-based modifications that regulates a number of cellular processes, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and gene transcription. Histone demethylase gene family members (HDMs) regulate gene expression by removing methyl marks on histone tails to activate or repress transcription. KDM3A (lysine-specific demethylase 3A or JMJD1A) is a histone demethylase belonging to the Jumonji C-terminal domain (JmjC)-containing histone demethylases that selectively removes mono- and dimethyl groups from H3K9. It has been demonstrated that KDM3A is overexpressed in many kinds of cancer, such as bladder, lung, and breast cancer, and, previously shown by our laboratory, in Ewing sarcoma, contributing to carcinogenesis. We and others have identified KDM3A as overexpressed in RMS, but the functional consequences of this overexpression have not been examined. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of KDM3A on RMS biology. Two different RMS cells lines were used, RH30 (ARMS) and RD (ERMS), to perform stable shRNA-mediated KDM3A knockdown. The protein and RNA levels were analyzed by Western blotting and RT-qPCR, respectively. The phenotypic effects of KDM3A knockdown were analyzed by proliferation assays (MTT and clonogenic assay) and cell migration (transwell migration assay). KDM3A knockdown was able to inhibit the proliferation, colony formation, and migration of RMS cell lines, demonstrating an important role in RMS biology. Citation Format: Lays M. Sobral, Paul Jedlicka. Histone demethylase KDM3A in rhabdomyosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference on Advances in Sarcomas: From Basic Science to Clinical Translation; May 16-19, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(2_Suppl):Abstract nr A33.
Organizational Politics and Deviance: Exploring the Role of Political Skill

Building on social exchange theory, this study examines the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and employee performance and interpersonal skills. We hypothesized that perce...
Jewish Perspectives on End-of-Life Decisions

This article first examines six fundamental Jewish convictions that affect end-of-life care. It then discusses Advance Directives. This is followed by an extensive section on the details of end-of-life care as from the perspective of Jewish law, tradition, and theology. This includes defining death, foregoing life-sustaining treatment, artificial nutrition and hydration, curing the patient and not the disease, pain control and palliative care, medical experimentation and research, and social support of the sick. The last section discusses care of the deceased, including Jewish norms about burial, cremation, autopsies, organ and tissue donation, and donating one’s body to science.
Age Matters: COVID-19 Prevalence in a Vaping Adolescent Population – An Observational Study

Background: Currently, there is limited or no data demonstrating that vaping is associated with increased transmission or prevalence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Our study aims to investigate the relationship of vaping with the prevalence of COVID-19 infection across the United States and in the District of Columbia. Methods: COVID-19 case counts by state and the District of Columbia were obtained via the Worldometers website on 04/30/2020. Prevalence of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 residents were calculated using estimated 2019 population data from the US Census Department. Age ranges analyzed were: high school age children, Ages 18-24, Ages 25-44, and Ages 45-65. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to determine if the rate of vaping was correlated with a higher prevalence of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population. Findings: The Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that persons vaping between 18 years and 24 years of age had a correlation coefficient of 0.278 with prevalence of COVID-19 infection (p=0.048). Vaping high school students had a correlation coefficient of 0.153 with prevalence of COVID-19 (p=0.328). Persons vaping in the age group 25-45 years had a correlation coefficient of 0.101 in association to COVID-19 prevalence (p=0.478). And finally, persons vaping between the age 45-65 years old had a correlation coefficient 0.130 with respect to COVID-19 prevalence (p=0.364). Interpretation: Increased COVID-19 prevalence is associated with vaping in the adolescent population between ages 18 and 24. Further prospective studies need to be performed in order investigate the severity of outcomes of vaping in association with COVID-19 infection. Funding: Nothing to disclose.
Giving Psychology Trainees a Voice During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trainee Mental Health, Perceived Safety, and Support

The impact of infectious disease outbreaks on mental health among health care workers is wellestablished Minimal research has focused on health care trainees' well-being, especially during unprecedented events such as the 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) Trainees are vulnerable to inherent power and resource differentials, which may exacerbate stress The present study used a mixed methods approach to examine mental health symptoms, perceived safety, and ongoing and desired support among a national sample of psychology interns, psychology intern and postdoctoral trainees during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 400) Participants reported clinically elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms Participants working on-site who felt that their health or safety was at risk reported more anxiety symptoms Most common workplace safety concerns included inadequate protection against risk and face-to-face patient care requirements Trainees desired more support, better communication, more remote work and telehealth options, and flexibility in training requirements Themes also emerged related to supervisor pressure and disregard of trainees' concerns Results have significant implications for the training environment and quality of patient care Increased support of psychology trainees is vital during the current and potential future public health crises © 2020 American Psychological Association
Predicting progress in word learning for children with autism and minimal verbal skills.

BACKGROUND Approximately 30% of children diagnosed with autism remain minimally verbal past age 5. Interventions are often effective in increasing spoken communication for some of these children. Clinical and research decisions would be facilitated by identifying early indicators of progress in interventions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between speech sound measures obtained from the early phases of treatment and later treatment outcomes in children with autism and minimal verbal skills. METHODS Twenty-three children (18 boys) between 5 and 9 years of age participated. We compared scores reflecting the phonemic features of word attempts produced during probes, and the number of correct words after 4 weeks of intervention to later word learning outcomes. RESULTS Correlational and hierarchical regression analyses showed that both predictors were positively correlated with outcomes, but the phonemic scores were more strongly related than number of correct words. CONCLUSION We conclude that phonemic scoring may be a useful measure to determine proximal gains in a spoken word learning intervention. Proximal measures are particularly helpful when trying to decide if the current course of intervention should be maintained or altered. TRIAL REGISTRATION https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/LoginUser?ts=2&cx=-jg9qo3 .
A national cancer database analysis on stereotactic body radiation therapy of head and neck cancers

Abstract Background To evaluate demographic, clinicopathological, treatment factors including biological effective radiation dose (BED) that influence overall survival in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Methods Between 2004 and 2015, 591 SBRT-treated HNC patients were identified from the National Cancer Data Base. A BED using an alpha/beta ratio of 10 (BED10), was used to compare dose fractionation of different SBRT regimens. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method, and log-rank tests were used to determine statistical significance. Cox regression modeling was used to compute crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Median follow-up was 11.9 (interquartile range, 5.5 to 26.7) months. The 5-year overall survival rate was 15.5%. On multivariate analysis, older age, Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score ≥ 1, history of cancer, tumor, nodal and metastatic stage, and receiving treatment at academic/research program were associated with poor survival. Compared to SBRT alone, superior survival was observed with SBRT with chemotherapy, surgery with SBRT, but not surgery with SBRT and chemotherapy. Improved survival was observed with aa BED10 of ≥59.5 Gy (adjusted HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.46–0.70, P Conclusions Factors affecting associated with worse survival in HNC patients treated with SBRT included older age, patient comorbidities, advanced tumor stage, cancer history, and lower biological effective SBRT dose. Level of evidence 2b (individual cohort study).
The Realities of Adaptive Management

This chapter introduces the book and reviews the concept of adaptive management. The rationale for and benefits of adaptive management are summarized. So are the difficulties in carrying out adaptive management. Chino Basin is a large groundwater basin in Southern California, relied upon heavily by a large population and economy. The effective and sustainable management of Chino Basin is a high stakes endeavor. In this location, adaptive management of the groundwater resource (and interrelated other resources) emerged and has been institutionalized, through significant effort and with considerable difficulty but also considerable success.
An Active Learning Approach for the Design of Doped LLZO Ceramic Garnets for Battery Applications

Growing demand in applications like portable electronics and electric vehicles calls for cost-effective, safe, and high-performance energy storage systems. Development of solid-state electrolytes with Li $$^{+}$$ ionic conductivities comparable to those of the current liquid chemistries is an important step towards meeting these needs. Unfortunately, one of the most promising solid electrolytes known to date, lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) garnets, exhibits far from ideal ionic conductivity. Thus, significant efforts, often through aliovalent substitution, have been devoted to increasing their ionic conductivity. Given the high-dimensional design space involved and the time required for synthesis, processing, and characterization of new materials, brute force approaches are not ideal to identify optimal compositions. We assess whether machine learning tools can be used to effectively explore the design space of LLZO garnets and potentially reduce the number of experiments involved in their development. We collected, curated, and filtered all the experimental results of Li $$^{+}$$ ionic conductivity in LLZOs published in the scientific literature. Exploration of this data provides insights into the mechanisms that govern ionic transport in these oxides. Furthermore, we show that active learning with predictive models based on random forests can effectively be used with current data for the design of experiments. Our results indicate that the current highest Li $$^{+}$$ ionic conductivity garnet LLZO could have been discovered with only 30% of the experimental studies conducted to date. All data and models are available online and can be used to drive future investigations.
School Transit and Accessing Public School in Detroit

Students in the Detroit Public Community Schools District (DPSCD) have the highest rate of chronic absence (missing 10% or more of school days) among large districts in the United States. Additiona...
Carbon-13 studies of sulphur-terminated carbon chains: chemical bonding, molecular structures, and formation pathways

The rotational spectra of the singly substituted carbon-13 isotopic species of six sulphur-terminated carbon chains have been detected between 5 and 40 GHz using a supersonic discharge jet source i...
Studies of Decision Making in Child Welfare and Sources of Information for Decision Making

Of all of the tasks performed by child welfare workers, decision making is perhaps the most critical. Decisions made regarding the exact nature of family problems, whether problems identified can be resolved while children remain in their own homes, or whether to recommend out-of-home care should have profound consequences for the families served.
Operating Heuristics for the Control of Complete Chemical Plants

The use of heuristics has become commonplace in the design of a chemical process, but only rarely have heuristics been published to characterize the trade-offs for optimum steady-state control. Evaluation of a number of case studies has led to operating heuristics for an important class of reaction systems and common equipment types. Often, these heuristics suggest a logical set of control structure elements based on process economics.
Central Nervous System Tissue in Meat Products: An Evaluation of Risk, Prevention Strategies, and Testing Procedures

Since the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom in 1986 and its subsequent link to the human neurological disorder variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), presence of tissues from the central nervous system (CNS) in meat products has been considered a public health concern and, thus, has been banned from entering the human food chain in many countries. Despite this, potential can exist during harvesting to contaminate or cross-contaminate edible meat products with CNS tissue that is designated as a specified risk material (SRM) in many countries. Methods used to detect CNS tissue in meat products vary greatly in their sensitivity, specificity, cost, labor and expertise needed, ease of completion, and type of results given (qualitative vs quantitative) and, within these constraints, appropriate testing methods must be selected to monitor or verify that meat products system controls are effective in removing CNS tissue from the human food chain. The extent to which monitoring procedures are needed should be based on the public health risk of CNS tissue in meat products as determined by each sovereign nation and/or third-party international organizations such as the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Risk associated with consumption of CNS tissue should be estimated by sovereign nations by establishing prevalence of BSE within their borders. Using this information, science-based decisions may guide international policy and trade. Using available scientific information, appropriate testing methods for monitoring or verification, and prevalence information, nations can estimate and reduce, to the extent deemed necessary, the public health risk of vCJD.
On the mechanism of synthesis of acetyl choline: II. The synthesis of citrate by brain enzymes☆

The experiments presented in this paper give further evidence for the validity of Lipton and Barron's contention that in the synthesis of acetyl choline by water soluble preparations from acetone-dried rabbit brain in the presence of citrate, yeast juice, choline, Mg++, K+, and ATP there are two distinct enzymatic reactions: 1. I: citrate ⇆ oxalacetate + “active” acetate; 2. II: “active” acetate + choline ⇆ acetyl choline The identity of oxalacetate was demonstrated by the use of the technique of Freidmann and Haugen. Futhermore, the reversibility of reaction I was shown by the synthesis of citric acid, which occurred in the presence of enzyme, oxalacetate, acetate, yeast, Mg++, and ATP. It may be concluded from these experiments that the enzyme which catalyses reaction I is citrogenase. Mg++ is probably the prosthetic group of the protein. The role of yeast and of ATP is under investigation. Separation of these two reactions was obtained with fluoride, p-chloro-mercuric benzoic acid and methyl-bis (β-chloroethyl) amine. Fluoride, necessary for the synthesis of acetyl choline had no effect on the formation of oxalacetate from citrate. p-Chloromercuric benzoic acid and methyl-bis (β-chloroethyl) amine inhibited the synthesis of acetyl choline while they had no effect on the formation of oxalacetate. The water soluble enzymes from rabbit brain contained also aconitase and phosphatase. This brain phosphatase hydrolysed acetyl phosphate rapidly in the presence of fluoride. It did not hydrolyse adenosine triphosphate appreciably. The enzymes from dog brain contained both, acetyl phosphate and adenosine triphosphate phosphatases.
Acquiring Traffic Data by In-Motion Weighing

The need for quantitative information about highway vehicle weights has historically been fulfilled through static weighing operations. An electronic weighing system referred to as weigh-in-motion (WIM) has been developed which obtains wheel weights, axle spacing, and speed of vehicles operating in a normal traffic stream. The accuracy of the WIM system has been evaluated in a statistically designed field experiment. The experiment consisted of comparing wheel weights measured by wheel-load weighers, platform scales, and the in-motion weighing system. The experiment utilized a variety of vehicles representing several different vehicular classes and a number of different vehicular loads. The possible effects of vehicular speed and pavement profile were also examined. The study indicates that the in-motion weighing technique can provide adequate static weight, speed, and classification data for traffic survey purposes without the need for specially constructed weighing sites. All hazards to traffic and survey personnel would be eliminated without any delay and expense to the road user.
On the Decision to Regulate Hedge Funds: The SEC's Regulatory Philosophy, Style, and Mission

In a controversial move in late 2004, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) decided to require hedge fund managers to register with the agency as investment advisers. Until then, the SEC had largely refrained from ramping up hedge fund regulation, even after the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management in 1998. Although this article takes some issue with the SEC's decision to regulate hedge funds, its primary focus is not on the particular costs and benefits of regulating hedge funds. The inquiry is broader: what can we learn generally about SEC decision making and securities regulation from the SEC's decision to regulate hedge funds now by subjecting fund managers to the registration requirements of the Investment Advisers Act? Since the SEC consciously shifted direction in deciding to regulate hedge funds - and in doing so overstepped the traditional boundary of securities regulation by looking past the ability of sophisticated and wealthy hedge fund investors to protect themselves - the hedge fund rule prompts reconsideration of SEC decision making, particularly in the aftermath of Enron and the other recent corporate scandals that marked the early 2000s. Although nobody knows for sure what motivates a regulator, the SEC's decision to adopt its new hedge fund rule is consistent with two views - one political; the other, psychological. First, the SEC did not want to get caught flat footed and embarrassed again, as it had been by Enron, WorldCom, the mutual fund abuses, and securities analyst conflicts of interest; and second, after the earlier scandals, the risk of fraud and other hedge fund abuses weighed disproportionately on the agency, prompting it to act when it had not in the past. The particular concern is that such political and psychological influences result in overregulation. This article concludes with a suggestion. To mitigate the risk of overregulation, the SEC should increasingly consider using default rules instead of mandatory rules. Defaults at least give parties a chance to opt out if the SEC goes too far. Indeed, in some cases, perhaps the SEC could exercise an even lighter touch and simply articulate best practices.
Numerical solution for plasticity models using consistency bisection and a transformed-space closest-point return: a nongradient solution method

A new approach is presented for computing the return in numerical solutions for computational plasticity models that ensures convergence through bisection of the plastic consistency parameter, while using a transformed-space closest-point return based on a geometric search that eliminates the need to compute gradients of the yield function or a consistent tangent operator. Numerical solution of the governing equations for computational plasticity is highly-nontrivial for complex constitutive laws. In particular for geomaterials, a predictive model may account for nonlinear elasticity, shear strength that depends nonlinearly on pressure and Lode angle, and nonlinear evolution models for internal variables such as porosity or pore pressure. Traditional gradient-based integration methods may perform poorly when the hardening laws are highly nonlinear or when the yield function has an ill-defined or cumbersome gradient because of high curvature, vertices, or complicated functional form. The application of this new approach to geomaterial modeling is described, along with verification benchmarks.
Sea urchin spines in the stratum corneum: an early finding related to trauma

Penetrating trauma from sea urchin (Echinoidea) spines has been shown to cause numerous cutaneous reactions, ranging from initial pain that rapidly dissipates and resolves to chronic inflammation and formation of characteristic sea urchin granulomas. Many of these skin-colored or violaceous papules and nodules form weeks to months after injury, and may be surgically excised. Histopathologic examination commonly shows well-defined granulomas, the majority of which represent sarcoidal-type granulomas. Other microscopic patterns, such as foreign body reactions and chronic inflammation, have also been shown. Retained spine fragments are birefringent on polarized microscopic examination and are most likely found in the dermal layer. Herein, we describe a case of traumatic sea urchin cutaneous injury with a unique early cutaneous trauma reaction in a young male who lived in Hawaii. Histopathologic exam was significant for retained spines in the layer of the stratum corneum, but no signs of granulomatous inflammation were observed. This case report emphasizes the unique features of our case and reviews the common clinical and histopathologic features of sea urchin cutaneous reactions.
Epigenomic disruption: The effects of early developmental exposures

Through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small regulatory RNAs the epigenome systematically controls gene expression during development, both in utero and throughout life. The epigenome is also a very reactive system; its labile nature allows it to sense and respond to environmental perturbations to ensure survival during fetal growth. This pliability can lead to aberrant epigenetic modifications that persist into later life and induce numerous disease states. Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are ubiquitous chemicals that interfere with growth and development. Several EDCs also interfere with epigenetic programming. The investigation of the epigenotoxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA), an EDC used in the production of plastics and resins, has further raised concern over the impact of EDCs on the epigenome. Using the Agouti viable yellow (A(vy)) mouse model, dietary BPA exposure was shown to hypomethylate both the A(vy) and the Cabp(IAP) metastable epialleles. This hypomethylating effect was counteracted with dietary supplementation of methyl donors or genistein. These results are consistent with reports of BPA and other EDCs causing epigenetic effects. Epigenotoxicity could lead to numerous developmental, metabolic, and behavioral disorders in exposed populations. The heritable nature of epigenetic changes also increases the risk for transgenerational inheritance of phenotypes. Thus, epigenotoxicity must be considered when assessing these compounds for safety.
Design environments for constructive and argumentative design

Design Environments are computer systems which support design by enabling cooperative problem solving between designer and computer. There are two complementary problem solving activities in design: constructive design and argumentative design. We have created two computer-supported environments, CRACK and VIEWPOINTS, to support these two activities.CRACK is a knowledge-based critic which has knowledge about how kitchen appliances can be assembled into functional kitchens. VIEWPOINTS is a hypertext system based on the IBIS design methodology and contains useful information about the principles of kitchen design. The integration of these two types of systems will eliminate shortcomings of the individual systems.
A generalization of Straube's theorem: existence of absolutely continuous invariant measures for random maps

A random map is a discrete-time dynamical system in which one of a number of transformations is randomly selected and applied at each iteration of the process. In this paper, we study random maps. The main result provides a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of absolutely continuous invariant measure for a random map with constant probabilities and position-dependent probabilities.
Synchronous Dynamic In-Vivo Deformation of the Mitral Valve Leaflet and Annulus

Improvements in mitral valve (MV) treatments are dependent on a complete understanding of the function, mechanical properties, and underlying mechanobiological responses of the MV. While finite element analyses have provided insight into the cooperative interactions of MV components [1], a lack of quantitative information on the dynamic MV boundary conditions and synchronous leaflet deformation limits present modeling efforts [2]. In this work, we utilized high fidelity transducers implanted in the ovine MV annulus and anterior leaflet to quantify the complete 3D MV kinematics in synchrony. Additionally, effects of systolic blood pressure (SBP) variations on annular and leaflet deformation were investigated.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The metabolic clearance rate of corticosterone in lean and obese male Zucker rats

The obese Zucker rat is an animal model of human juvenile-onset obesity. These rats exhibit numerous endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. Adrenalectomy of obese rats has been shown to reduce or reverse several of these abnormalities, thereby implying that corticosterone may contribute to the expression of obesity in this animal. Furthermore, it has been shown that the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone is disturbed in obese Zucker rats resulting in elevated morning plasma corticosterone concentrations in obese rats as compared to lean rats. In a effort to better elucidate the mechanism of the elevated morning levels of plasma corticosterone, the metabolic clearance rate of corticosterone was determined in the morning for lean and obese male Zucker rats (12 to 20 weeks). Additionally, the biliary and urinary excretion of labeled corticosterone and/or its metabolites were determined. The metabolic clearance rate of corticosterone was significantly greater in obese rats than in their lean counterparts. Both the metabolic clearance rate and the volume of compartments significantly correlated with body weight. No correlation was found between body weight and the elimination rate constant. The increased metabolic clearance rate of obese rats appeared to be due to an increase in the physiologic distribution of corticosterone and not to an alteration in the enzymes responsible for corticosterone metabolism. It appears that the metabolic clearance rate of corticosterone in obese Zucker rats does not contribute to elevated morning concentrations of plasma corticosterone previously observed in these animals. It suggests that the adrenal corticosterone secretion rate must actually be greater than one would expect from the plasma corticosterone concentrations alone.
Predicting printability of gravure and embossed papers by time series analysis

The time series approach is used to develop quantitative indices for predicting the printability of coated gravure and embossed papers. The cavity width and depth distributions are derived from the models fitted to the paper profile data and the acuteness number and pattern depth are proposed as the printability indices for the gravure and embossed papers. The analysis of 32 sets of gravure and embossed paper samples indicated that the new indices are capable of giving fairly accurate prediction of the printability. The dominant peak in the cavity width distribution curve also identified the pattern size of the embossed paper samples. A close agreement is found between the results of the proposed indices and existing methods such as Fogra-KAM, Parker Print Surf and other standard printers' tests.
Dermatologic considerations of stoma care

Stomas are artificial openings from the gastrointestinal tract or the urinary tract to the outside of the body. Patients with stomas require appliances to protect peristomal skin and contain the stomal effluent. Cutaneous problems that often arise around the stoma may be unique to these patients or may reflect more typical dermatoses and neoplasia arising in an atypical setting. Dermatologists must learn to recognize these disorders and must be aware of preventive and therapeutic techniques and the resources available to manage them. Much can be gained, in both the education of the dermatologist and in the care of the patient, by close cooperation with the specialized enterostomal therapy nurse.
Scheduling in multimedia CDMA wireless networks

Wireless systems in the future will have to provide multimedia services where different users have different physical-layer quality of service (QoS) requirements (e.g., bit energy per interference power density, E/sub b//N/sub 0/, or bit error rate and power constraints) and network-layer QoS requirements (e.g., delay bound, delay-jitter, throughput, and loss). We investigate the use of power control, processing gain and/or multiple codes, and scheduling in CDMA systems to accommodate these diverse service requirements. We first show that the instantaneous capacity region, given in terms of the set of user bit rates that can be supported simultaneously subject to peak power and E/sub b//N/sub 0/ constraints, is nonconvex. This suggests that by time-sharing the channel, one may be able to get better system throughput. We define the capacity region as the convex hull of the instantaneous capacity region and we show that it may be obtained by time sharing between operating points, where each user either uses full power or is silent (bang-bang control). We then consider the problem of scheduling so as to meet prespecified delay bounds or minimum service curve requirements for traffic streams, which are specified in terms of a traffic profile such as a sigma-rho constraint (enforced by a leaky bucket) and a guarantee that the system is stable.
Recognition of diverse RNAs by a single protein structural framework.

Abstract The coat proteins of different single-strand RNA phages utilize a common structural framework to recognize different RNA targets, making them suitable models for studies of RNA–protein recognition generally, especially for the class of proteins that bind RNA on a β-sheet surface. Here we show that structurally distinct molecules are capable of satisfying the requirements for binding to Qβ coat protein. Although the predicted secondary structures of the RNAs differ markedly, we contend that they are approximately equivalent structurally in their complexes with coat protein. Based on our prior observations that the RNA-binding specificities of Qβ and MS2 coat proteins can be interconverted with as few as one amino acid substitution each, and taking into account details of the structures of complexes of MS2 coat protein with wild-type and aptamer RNAs, we propose a model for the Qβ coat protein–RNA complex.
Ichthyosis in the Newborn

The ichthyoses encompass a variety of genetic disorders marked by abnormal epidermal differentiation. The neonatal period is critical for patients with ichthyosis because of the risk for significant associated morbidity and mortality, with the majority of complications arising as a result of impaired barrier function. This article reviews presentations of ichthyosis in the neonate, outlines risks and complications, and provides strategies for management.
Mindfulness as a Means of Reducing Aggressive Behavior: Dispositional and Situational Evidence

Recent research and theory suggest that mindfulness, or enhanced attention and awareness in the present moment [Brown and Ryan, 2003], may be linked to lower levels of ego-involvement and, as a result, may have implications for lowering hostility and aggressive behavior. Accordingly, we conducted two studies to examine the potential aggression-mitigating role of mindfulness. In Study 1, we found that dispositional mindfulness correlated negatively with self-reported aggressiveness and hostile attribution bias. In Study 2, participants made mindful before receiving social rejection feedback displayed less-aggressive behavior than did rejected participants not made mindful. Discussion centers on potential mechanisms by which mindfulness operates to reduce aggressive behavior. Aggr. Behav. 34:486–496, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microbiology of Nosocomial Sinusitis in Mechanically Ventilated Children

Objective To assess the bacteriology of nosocomial sinusitis in mechanically ventilated children. Method Retrospective review of sinus aspirate specimens obtained from 20 children with nosocomial sinusitis. The specimens were processed for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Results A total of 58 isolates (2.9 per specimen), 30 aerobic or facultative (1.5 per specimen) and 28 anaerobic (1.4 per specimen), were recovered. Aerobes only were present in 8 patients (40%), anaerobes only in 5 (25%), and mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora in 7 (35%). The predominant aerobes were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (5 isolates), Escherichia coli (3 isolates), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3 isolates). The predominant anaerobes were Peptostreptococcus species (8 isolates), Prevotella species (6 isolates), and Fusobacterium species (4 isolates). Forty-one β-lactamase bacteria were recovered from 14 specimens (70%). Thirty isolates similar to the sinus isolates were also recovered from the trachea, 6 from blood culture specimens, and 6 from other sites. Anaerobes were more commonly isolated from sinus aspirate samples obtained after 18 days of mechanical ventilation (21 vs 7, P 2 ). Conclusion This study demonstrates the polymicrobial aerobic-anaerobic flora of nosocomial sinusitis in mechanically ventilated children.
Computer programs for obtaining kinetic data on human movement.

Abstract The procedures for using two computer programs to analyse human motion are presented. The first program obtains body segment angular velocities and accelerations from displacement input. The second program determines joint forces, moments of force, total body centers of gravity, and the contribution of each body segment to the whole motion. The formulae used for the analysis are presented so the development of the programs can be understood.
Enhanced DMFC Performance via Electro-Hydraulic Pulsing

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are an attractive fuel cell choice option, particularly because of the capability to use liquid fuel without need for processing. The phenomenon of methanol crossover, however, substantially reduces cell power output and efficiency. The present work shows the benefits of periodically pulsed fuel supply and current load on the performance of a DMFC. It is determined that the enhanced performance resultant from such electro-hydraulic (EH) pulsing is realized due to temporary, cyclic mitigations of methanol crossover (as well as unstably high voltages given high frequency electronic pulsing).Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The impacts of acid deposition on soil biota and C cycling

Abstract The paper considers process-oriented aspects of soil biotic interactions and their effects on the soil C cycle. Major emphasis is placed on results from experimental manipulations of acidity in grasslands and forests and on developing knowledge in zero-till vs. conventional tillage agriculture. In terms of both C and energy flow, a majority of the action follows the primary production detritus/decomposer pathway. Certain litter-dwelling organisms and attendant processes, such as litter decomposition, are seriously impacted by decreasing pH. Examples from forest and grassland studies are cited. Minimum tillage studies are examined next, in terms of effects of placement of residues on both biotic and abiotic responses in agricultural systems. Some little studied (as yet) groups, such as protozoa, are noted as probably important target organisms in localized pH changes at or near the soil surface. General aspects of energy and nutrient flows in ecosystems are then considered. Further studies in both theoretical and applied ecology are required to answer important questions of stress or effects, such as acid deposition in agro-ecosystems.
Health plan administrative records versus birth certificate records: quality of race and ethnicity information in children

Background: To understand racial and ethnic disparities in health care utilization and their potential underlying causes, valid information on race and ethnicity is necessary. However, the validity of pediatric race and ethnicity information in administrative records from large integrated health care systems using electronic medical records is largely unknown. Methods: Information on race and ethnicity of 325,810 children born between 1998-2008 was extracted from health plan administrative records and compared to birth certificate records. Positive predictive values (PPV) were calculated for correct classification of race and ethnicity in administrative records compared to birth certificate records. Results: Misclassification of ethnicity and race in administrative records occurred in 23.1% and 33.6% children, respectively; the majority due to missing ethnicity (48.3%) and race (40.9%) information. Misclassification was most common in children of minority groups. PPV for White, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native, multiple and other was 89.3%, 86.6%, 73.8%, 18.2%, 51.8% and 1.2%, respectively. PPV for Hispanic ethnicity was 95.6%. Racial and ethnic information improved with increasing number of medical visits. Subgroup analyses comparing racial classification between non-Hispanics and Hispanics showed White, Black and Asian race was more accurate among non-Hispanics than Hispanics. Conclusions: In children, race and ethnicity information from administrative records has significant limitations in accurately identifying small minority groups. These results suggest that the quality of racial information obtained from administrative records may benefit from additional supplementation by birth certificate data.
Trauma to the Globe and Orbit

Trauma to the eye represents approximately 3% of all emergency department visits in the United States. Rapid assessment and examination following trauma to the eye is crucial. A thorough knowledge of potential injuries is imperative to ensure rapid diagnosis, to prevent further damage to the eye, and to preserve visual capacity. This article describes the aspects of the eye examination that merit special attention in the case of trauma. It then discusses the eye injuries most likely to be seen in the emergency department and their appropriate treatment.
Evidence for trans-Atlantic transport of gastropod larvae belonging to the genus Cymatium

Abstract Many tropical and semi-tropical species of gastropods are geographically distributed in a manner such as to suggest that their larvae may be transported across the ocean. Direct evidence from plankton tows shows that veliger larvae, probably referable to Cymatium parthenopeum (von Salis), are commonly found throughout the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic drift. The average rate of transport of surface waters between the Bahamas and the Azores, computed from drift-bottle records, is 0·4 knots. Living veliger larvae caught in plankton samples were kept in the laboratory for a period longer than that required for their transport in the Gulf Stream to the eastern Atlantic. The distribution of C. parthenopeum in the western Atlantic extends from the coast of Brazil northward, throughout the West Indies, to Bermuda; in the eastern Atlantic it ranges from the Azores and the western Mediterranean southward along the west coast of Africa to the Cape of Good Hope. This distribution could be accounted for by transport of veliger larvae in the warm currents of the North Atlantic. Computations based on drift bottle data and from estimates of larval survival show that trans-Atlantic drift of veliger larvae is probably a common phenomenon. If the estimates are reasonably correct, considerable gene flow must occur between the populations of the western and eastern Atlantic.
Determination of the atomic arrangement of the unreconstructed Ir (110) surface by low-energy electron diffraction a

Abstract An Ir(110)-(1 × 1) surface structure has been prepared by adsorbing 1 4 monolayer of oxygen at 850 K on a clean, reconstructed (1 × 2) surface. Results of the low-energy electron diffraction structure analysis reveal that the oxygen is probably distributed randomly over the crystal surface, and the (1 × 1) structure is the same as a clean unreconstructed (1 × 1) structure, with a topmost interlayer Ir spacing of 1.26 ± 0.05 A. This is equivalent to a contraction of approximately 7.5% of the bulk interlayer spacing of 1.36 A.