cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing “Species Pair” Hypotheses: Evolutionary Processes in the Lichen-Forming Species Complex Porpidia flavocoerulescens and Porpidia melinodes

Pairs of taxa are commonly found in lichen-forming ascomycetes that differ primarily in their reproductive modes: one taxon reproduces sexually, the other vegetatively. The evolutionary processes underlying such "species pairs" are unknown. The species pair formed by Porpidia flavocoerulescens (sexual) and Porpidia melinodes (vegetative) was chosen to investigate four previously proposed hypotheses. These hypotheses posit that species pairs are either two monophyletic, independently evolving species with contrasting reproductive mode; a single outcrossing species polymorphic with regard to its reproductive modes; a sexual mother lineage frequently giving rise to asexual spin-offs; or a complex of cryptic species. The phylogenetic patterns observed within the species pair in the present study were analyzed using stringent hypothesis testing and visualizations of relationships and conflict based on tree and network reconstructions. DNA sequences at the three analyzed loci revealed the same four to five deeply divergent lineages. A detailed analysis of DNA-sequence variability revealed closely linked gene loci, but high levels of conflict within each of the gene fragments, as well as between observed genetic lineages. The observed patterns of phylogenetic relationships, linkage, and conflict are not congruent with any of the previously proposed species pair hypotheses. Rather, it is proposed that the observed results can be explained by conflicting reproductive and nutritional requirements imposed by an obligate symbiotic lifestyle. These interacting constraints produce recurring selective sweeps within predominantly vegetatively reproducing lineages and are the main forces that shape the evolution within the investigated species pair.
Replication-competent retroviral vectors encoding alkaline phosphatase reveal spatial restriction of viral gene expression/transduction in the chick embryo.

Abstract Replication-competent avian retroviruses, capable of transducing and expressing up to 2 kb of nonviral sequences, are now available to effect widespread gene transfer in chicken (chick) embryos (S. H. Hughes, J. J. Greenhouse, C. J. Petropoulos, and P. Sutrave, J. Virol. 61:3004-3012, 1987). We have constructed novel avian retroviral vectors that encode human placental alkaline phosphatase as a marker whose expression can be histochemically monitored. These vectors have been tested for expression by introducing them into the embryonic chick nervous system. They have revealed that the expression of retrovirally transduced genes can be spatially and temporally limited without the need for tissue-specific promoters. By varying the site and time of infection, targeted gene transfer can be confined to selected populations of neural cells over the course of several days, a time window that is sufficient for many key developmental processes. The capability of differentially infecting specific target populations may avoid confounding variables such as detrimental effects of a transduced gene on processes unrelated to the cells or tissue of interest. These vectors and methods thus should be useful in studies of the effect of transduced genes on the development of various organs and tissues during avian embryogenesis. In addition, the vectors will facilitate studies aimed at an understanding of viral infection and expression patterns.
Combining Path Integration and Remembered Landmarks When Navigating without Vision

This study investigated the interaction between remembered landmark and path integration strategies for estimating current location when walking in an environment without vision. We asked whether observers navigating without vision only rely on path integration information to judge their location, or whether remembered landmarks also influence judgments. Participants estimated their location in a hallway after viewing a target (remembered landmark cue) and then walking blindfolded to the same or a conflicting location (path integration cue). We found that participants averaged remembered landmark and path integration information when they judged that both sources provided congruent information about location, which resulted in more precise estimates compared to estimates made with only path integration. In conclusion, humans integrate remembered landmarks and path integration in a gated fashion, dependent on the congruency of the information. Humans can flexibly combine information about remembered landmarks with path integration cues while navigating without visual information.
Object Activation from Features in the Semantic System

The human brain is thought to elicit an object representation via co-activation of neural regions that encode various object features. The cortical regions and mechanisms involved in this process have never been elucidated for the semantic system. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate regions activated during a task designed to elicit object activation within the semantic system (e.g., presenting the words "desert" and "humps" with the task to determine if they combine to form an object, in this case a "camel"). There were signal changes in the thalamus for word pairs that activated an object, but not for pairs that (a) failed to activate an object, (b) were simply semantically associated, or (c) were members of the same category. These results suggest that the thalamus has a critical role in coordinating the cortical activity required for activating an object concept in the semantic system.
Focus on Inclusive Education: Benefits of Using a Multi-tiered System of Supports to Improve Inclusive Practices

In response to legislative challenges, many districts and state departments have initiated a Response to Intervention (RtI) or Multi-tier System of Supports (MTSS) model. MTSS models provide resear...
Mnemonic Interaction between and within Cerebral Hemispheres in Macaques

Since its inception (Myers and Sperry, 1953) work on interhemispheric mnemonic transfer in animals has referred to the acquisition of a discrimination learned over many trials, first by one hemisphere and then by the other (see, e.g., Gazzaniga, 1970; Doty and Negrao, 1973; Hamilton, 1977; Butler, 1979). The experiments to be described herein utilize a significantly different procedure, in which macaques with transected optic chiasm are queried as to whether they can recognize with one eye and hemisphere visual images previously seen on but one occasion by the other eye and hemisphere. Using several thousand highly varied images, the capabilities of such interhemispheric comparison can be continually and repeatedly assessed, as can the level of such performance by each hemisphere individually. Thus, essentially for the first time, it will be possible to assay inter- and intrahemispheric processing in relation to memory for events, rather than, as heretofore, simply for rules.
Morphologic relationships of the hybridizing ground squirrels Spermophilus mexicanus and S. tridecemlineatus

Interspecific and intraspecific morphologic relationships were analyzed for 267 individuals of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and 265 S. mexicanus from 33 localities. All 40 characters showed significant interspecific variation, in contrast to high electrophoretically determined genie similarity found in other studies. Sexual dimorphism was observed for both species, but S. mexicanus had over twice as many sexually dimorphic characters as S. tridecemlineatus. Little intraspecific variability was evident. Discriminant function and principal components analyses indicated that size is the major difference between the species. Forty-four individuals were probable hybrids based on electrophoretic and karyotypic evidence obtained from another study. All hybrids were found in association with S. mexicanus , and hybridization and introgression appear to be unidirectional into S. mexicanus. Neither discriminant function nor principal components analyses were effective in providing hybrid identification, primarily due to the high percentage of backcross hybrids.
Incorporation of labeled palmitate into "alveolar" and whole lung phospholipids of fetal and newborn lambs.

SummaryThe incorporation of labeled palmitate into the phospholipid components of pulmonary surface-active material and whole lung tissue was studied in fetal and newborn lambs. Labeled palmitate was incorporated into the “alveolar” phospholipids. The radioactivity in the “alveolar” phosphatidylcholine was two to three times greater in lambs allowed to breathe for 10 min. In older newborn lambs, the activity was ten times greater than in the fetus.The radioactivity and specific activity of the whole lung tissue phosphatidylcholine were similar in fetal and newborn lambs up to 2 days of age, at which time both decreased markedly. The radioactivity was evenly distributed between the alpha and beta positions of both the “alveolar” and whole lung tissue phosphatidylcholineThe radioactivity of the “alveolar” phosphatidylcholine constitutes only a small fraction of the whole-lung phosphatidylcholine. These results indicate that the surface-active material is synthesized in the fetal lung and secreted onto the a...
Energy-Efficient Active Reflectors with Improved Mechanical Stability and Improved Thermal Performance

Controlling surface wavefront of apertures using a distributed array of actuators to mechanically correct the surface has been widely studied. Traditional active reflector systems require a sustained voltage profile which holds each actuator at a specific strain state to control the surface of the reflector. Each actuator, typically piezoelectric, draws a small amount of power under nominal operation. This power draw is small, but can complicate mission designs that depend on a cryogenic primary reflector surface. In this study we have extended the results of our previous work to include nonlinear piezoelectric actuation for active reflector systems. By deliberately operating in the nonlinear regime, it is possible to deform the actuators in such a way that the reflector surface maintains its corrected shape without sustained power. Demonstration of unpowered primary mirror wavefront control has positioned the technology as suitable for cryogenic/infrared systems. This report describes a nonlinear piezoelectric characterization campaign, and the associated nonlinear energy-efficient active reflector demonstration.
On-line and Off-line Evaluation Technology Research and Application of Automatic Voltage Control System of Regional Power Grid

Aiming at condition that there is no specified detecting method for testing operational effect of automatic voltage control system and characteristic of regional power grid,this paper constructs an evaluating and testing system of AVC system based on overall process simulation and proposes performance evaluating method for AVC system based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory.This method can proceed off-line and on-line evaluation for AVC system control and be applied in practical acceptance testing.Practical application shows that the evaluation method for this system is scientific and effective which plays active roles in promoting voltage quality control level of regional power grid and ensuring safety and stability of grid.
Influence of glucagon, 6-N,2′-O-dibutyryladenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate and triamcinolone on the arginine synthetase system in perinatal rat liver

1. The administration of triamcinolone (19-190mug/animal) to postnatal rats increased the arginine synthetase system activity 1.2-2.5-fold above control values 24h after exposure to the hormone. Cortisol (hydrocortisone), however, increased the arginine synthetase system activity only when larger (190mug/animal) or repeated daily doses were given. Glucagon (100mug/animal) stimulated arginine synthetase system activity only after the second postnatal day. None of these agents increased the activity in 19.5-21.5-day foetuses after intrauterine administration. 2. The viability of foetal rat liver explants maintained in organ culture for up to 54h was validated both by ultramicroscopic examination and by incorporation of radioactive leucine and orotic acid. 3. In organ cultures of foetal rat liver explants (18.5 days to term), triamcinolone (20mug/ml of medium) evoked a 2.8-4.3-fold increase after 24h of incubation. This increase was completely inhibited by actinomycin D (25mug/ml) or cycloheximide (10mug/ml). Cortisol (5-50mug/ml) or glucagon (0.067-67mug/ml) also increased the arginine synthetase system activity above the respective control values, but there was no increase in activity with insulin (0.05-0.25i.u./ml). 4. Maximum concentrations of glucagon (67mug/ml), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (6-N,2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate) (0.1mm) and triamcinolone (20mug/ml) incubated for 24h with foetal rat liver explants each produced between a two-and three-fold increase in the activity of the arginine synthetase system. Combinations of maximum amounts of glucagon and the cyclic nucleotide did not produce a greater effect than either agent alone. However, the combination of dibutyryl cyclic AMP with triamcinolone appeared to produce somewhat less than additive effects. 5. The effects of the cyclic nucleotide and triamcinolone were evident after 12h of incubation and increased steadily throughout the 24h of observation. This time-course of increased enzyme activity is very much slower than that reported for the induction of other enzymes in explant cultures of foetal rat liver.
A comparison of postcesarean epidural morphine analgesia by single injection and by continuous infusion.

To assess the relative efficacy and incidence of side effects of a single injection versus a continuous infusion of epidural morphine sulfate (MS) in the postcesarean population, the authors report a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Thirty-one patients received either a 5-mg MS bolus and subsequent saline infusion ( n = 13) or a 2.6-mg MS bolus and subsequent MS infusion at 0.1 mg/hour ( n = 18), such that after 24 hours both groups had received a total MS dose of 5 mg. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in overall satisfaction with analgesia, verbal pain scores, level of activity, need for supplemental opioids, or incidence of sedation during the 24-hour study period. The authors conclude that in this population, continuous epidural morphine infusion offers no obvious advantage over single morphine bolus therapy. However, the theoretical merits of continuous opioid infusion therapy are discussed.
The Role of Person‐Culture Fit in Chinese Students' Cultural Adjustment in the United States: A Galileo Mental Model Approach

This article used a Galileo multidimensional scaling model to explain how intercultural communication affected sojourners' wellbeing in their host culture through the convergence of the mental models between sojourners and host nationals with whom the sojourners communicated. Participants were 126 sojourning Chinese in the United States and 30 associated domestic Americans. Data were collected shortly after the Chinese sojourners arrived in the United States and again 3 months later. A measure of person-culture fit was generated by comparing each Chinese sojourner's mental model with the aggregate mental model of the associated domestic Americans. Results showed that the amount of intercultural communication had a significant effect on person-culture fit, in turn affecting sojourners' adaptation outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Acoustic Wave Propagation

In this chapter, wave equations describe three basic wave shapes. When waves strike a boundary, they are transmitted and reflected. For the one-dimensional case, solutions consist of positive- and negative-going waves. Through the application of ABCD matrices, solutions for complicated cases consisting of several layers can be constructed from cascaded matrices rather than by re-deriving the equations needed to satisfy boundary conditions at each interface. Matrix methodology has been extended to oblique waves at an interface between different media. For elastic waves in solids, an elegant formalism for describing stresses and strains and the elastic constants for waves are expressed in a reduced form set of vectors and matrices, particularly well suited for MATLAB computations.
Global Positioning System Energetic Particle Data: The Next Space Weather Data Revolution

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has revolutionized the process of getting from point A to point Band so much more. A large fraction of the worlds population relies on GPS (and its counterparts from other nations) for precision timing, location, and navigation. Most GPS users are unaware that the spacecraft providing the signals they rely on are operating in a very harsh space environment the radiation belts where energetic particles trapped in Earths magnetic field dash about at nearly the speed of light. These subatomic particles relentlessly pummel GPS satellites. So by design, every GPS satellite and its sensors are radiation hardened. Each spacecraft carries particle detectors that provide health and status data to system operators. Although these data reveal much about the state of the space radiation environment, heretofore they have been available only to system operators and supporting scientists. Research scientists have long sought a policy shift to allow more general access. With the release of the National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan organized by the White House Office of Science Technology Policy (OSTP) a sample of these data have been made available to space weather researchers. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the National Center for Environmental Information released a months worth of GPS energetic particle data from an interval of heightened space weather activity in early 2014 with the hope of stimulating integration of these data sets into the research arena. Even before the public data release GPS support scientists from LANL showed the extraordinary promise of these data.
Remaking the British Working Class: Sonya Rose and Feminist History

Although I’ve known Sonya Rose for several years, we don’t have the kind of relationship that usually forms the basis for a contribution to a festschrift, typically comprised of essays by students, friends and close colleagues.1 Rather my essay is based on an appreciation of and respect for Rose derived from my work on the cultural Marxist and feminist traditions of British labour and working-class history to which Rose has contributed.2 I’ve recently published a book, Class Struggles (2007), an intellectual history and survey of debates on class since the nineteenth century, its primary focus being on scholarly and intellectual work from the last twenty-five years.3 In it I devote most of a chapter to the work of feminist historians of Britain, among the most innovative scholars who have grappled with the relationship between class and gender. In the chapter’s final section, I discuss recent efforts to rewrite the history of the British working class in terms of gender, focusing on the contributions of Anna Clark, Carolyn Steedman and Rose. In the present essay I build on the arguments made there, situating Rose’s work in relationship to the major intellectual and political debates in labour, social, and cultural history and Marxist and feminist theory since the 1970s. A close reading of Rose’s work cannot but fail to produce admiration for the scope of her intellectual engagement and for her generosity towards intellectual positions with which she finds herself at odds.
Handling Perishable Foods

Food service industry management has been interested in help to meet sanitary regulations, reduce food spoilage, lengthen keeping quality, and prevent foodborne illness. Materials were developed for 1-day workshops to provide practical suggestions for handling perishable and preserved foods. Products included were meats, poultry and eggs, milk and dairy products, delicatessen, fruits, vegetables and seafood. A 200-page reference book and 12 sets of slides or filmstrips were used to outline spoilage, food poisoning, personal hygiene, equipment sanitation, and proper food handling practices. A program has been conducted at 16 locations in Pennsylvania. Participants have been supervisors from stores, schools, hospitals, nursing homes, restaurants, vending companies, and fast food operations. Educational materials and programs will train food service personnel how to handle perishable foods.
Education for Sustainability: A Wisdom Model

Educating students to become more sustainable in thinking and behaviors, both at a personal level and in their professional careers, is an important contribution to moving the planet toward more sustainable development. The lack of a strong theoretical framework which would unite education for sustainability across academic fields and allow for long-term and big picture planning, however, is a weakness. This paper proposes a new model to guide education for sustainability based on the concept of wisdom. Benefits of this model include connecting educators to a range of existing education and developmental theories connected to its four main components. The model also provides for organization of approaches to sustainability education across disciplines, supports curricular design, and assessment. It can be applied at levels from lesson through course and degrees, as well as across years of education. In fact, a review of wisdom theory further supports that sustainability thinking and actions can be considered wisdom in action. One important implication of implementing this model is that good quality education for sustainability will also encourage the development of wisdom. The paper will be of interest to anyone connected to education for sustainability.
Trust and the governance of international strategic alliances

The aim of this study is a deepened understanding of the choice of governance mode in international strategic alliances (ISAs) by examining the relationships between opportunism, trust, and equity versus non-equity-based governance of ISAs. Previous studies provide ambiguous results regarding the linkages between opportunism, trust and governance form. To resolve this ambiguity, we identify the separate influences of the relational attributes of the partners, host country macro environmental attributes and characteristics of ISA transactional activities on governance choice in ISAs. Empirical estimation using primary data on international strategic alliances involving Danish firms indicates a particularly strong relationship between attributes of alliance partners and ISA governance mode. Specifically, trustworthiness appears to be a substitute for administrative control. In addition, we find attributes of “host country” governance to be relevant to the choice of ISA governance mode, although relational attributes seem far more important.
Pick-up and impact of flexible bodies

Abstract Picking up, laying down, colliding, rolling, and peeling are partial-contact interactions involving moving discontinuities. We examine the balances of momentum and energy across a moving discontinuity in a string, with allowance for injection or dissipation by singular supplies. We split the energy dissipation according to its invariance properties, discuss analogies with systems of particles and connections with the literature on shocks and phase transition fronts in various bodies, and derive a compatibility relation between supplies of momentum and translation-invariant energy. For a moving contact discontinuity between a string and a smooth rigid plane in the presence of gravity, we find a surprising asymmetry between the processes of picking up and laying down, such that steady-state kinks in geometry and associated jumps in tension are not admissible during pick-up. This prediction is consistent with experimental observations. We briefly discuss related problems including the falling folded chain, peeling of an adhesive tape, and the “chain fountain”. Our approach is applicable to the study of impact and locomotion, and to systems such as moored floating structures and some musical instruments that feature vibrating string and cable elements interacting with a surface.
Disparity between pre-existing management of penile cancer and NCCN guidelines.

Abstract Objective To determine the locoregional management of penile cancer before the introduction of NCCN guidelines and how much shift in practice patterns is required to meet the guidelines. Methods The National Cancer Data Base was queried to identify 6,396 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis diagnosed between 2004 and 2013. The cohort was divided into management groups based on the NCCN guidelines: cTa and cTis (cTa/is), pT1 low grade (T1LG), pT1 high grade (T1HG), and pT2 or greater (T234). These groups were analyzed to determine if management of locoregional disease complies with the 2016 NCCN guidelines and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with adherence. Results Nationwide management of the primary tumor closely follows the NCCN guidelines, with 96.9% adherence for cTa/is, 91.4% for T1LG, and 94.2% for T234. Management of regional lymph nodes (LNs) was inadequate with only 62.9% of patients with clinical N1 or N2 disease undergoing regional LN dissection (LND). The percentage of patients with known LN metastases who received regional LND increased over time (46.2% in 2004 to 69.4% in 2013, P = 0.034). Patients treated at community cancer programs (odds ratio [OR] = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.19–0.35), comprehensive community cancer programs (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.29–0.41), and integrated network cancer programs (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.25–0.52) were significantly less likely to receive LND compared with patients treated at academic comprehensive cancer programs. Conclusions Before the introduction of NCCN guidelines, national practice patterns for the management of the primary tumor were consistent with the recommendations. However, the management of regional LNs deviated from the guidelines, reflecting an area for improvement.
The effects of Navy ship ladder descent on the knee internal joint reaction forces

Military populations may be at risk for developing knee osteoarthritis and other knee problems when descending a Navy ship ladder, which differs from traditional stairs due to non-overlapping tread...
Morphologic features of spontaneous annular tears and disc degeneration in the aging sand rat (Psammomys obesus obesus)

The sand rat, a member of the gerbil family, is a valuable small animal model in which intervertebral disc degeneration occurs spontaneously as the animal ages. Radiographic features of cervical and lumbar degeneration resemble those in human spines. We conducted a retrospective analysis of spines of 140 animals 3-41 months old focusing specifically on the presence of annular tears that are not visible by radiography and have not been described previously in the sand rat disc. During degeneration of the nucleus pulposus, notochordal cell death occurs and granular material, which stains with Alcian blue for proteoglycans, accumulates. Lamellar architecture also deteriorates and annular tears occur that are morphologically similar to the concentric, radiating and transdiscal annular tears in human discs. These tears contain granular material that provides a "marker" that can be used to distinguish the annular tears from artefactual separations during sectioning. We observed lamellar degeneration and separation in the annulus fibrosus at 4 months with associated tears that contained granular material in the nucleus. Tears that contained granular material and displacement of the degenerating nucleus were common in cervical and lumbar discs of animals older than 9 months; some specimens showed tears at 4 and 5 months. With advanced degeneration, granular globules were displaced dorsally adjacent to and into the spinal cord area and also ventrally into regions where osteophytes formed. We present morphologic data that expand the utility of this rodent model of spontaneous age-related disc degeneration and provide novel information on annular tears and disc degeneration.
Malignancy-Associated Genodermatoses

Genodermatoses, while rare, are an important and unique aspect of pediatric dermatology. In this chapter, we will introduce genodermatoses that are associated with malignancies and review how they typically present. We will emphasize genodermatoses with onset of cutaneous malignancy in childhood (younger than 21 years of age) and provide a summary of those correlated with internal malignancy. The chapter is divided into four main sections: genodermatoses associated with (1) primary cutaneous malignancies (BCC, SCC, and melanoma), (2) photosensitivity-induced cutaneous malignancies, (3) other causes of secondary cutaneous malignancies, and (4) extracutaneous malignancies. For each main genodermatosis, we will discuss brief background of disease pathogenesis (if known), characteristic skin findings, associated malignancies, and basic management strategies. Awareness and recognition of malignancy-associated genodermatoses are critical for correct and timely diagnosis, as well as implementation of appropriate screening for patients.
α5β1 integrin trafficking and Rac activation are regulated by APPL1 in a Rab5-dependent manner to inhibit cell migration

Cell migration is a tightly coordinated process that requires the spatiotemporal regulation of many molecular components. Because adaptor proteins can serve as integrators of cellular events, they are being increasingly studied as regulators of cell migration. The adaptor protein containing a pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain, phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, and leucine zipper motif 1 (APPL1) is a 709 amino acid endosomal protein that plays a role in cell proliferation and survival as well as endosomal trafficking and signaling. However, its function in regulating cell migration is poorly understood. Here, we show that APPL1 hinders cell migration by modulating both trafficking and signaling events controlled by Rab5 in cancer cells. APPL1 decreases internalization and increases recycling of α5β1 integrin, leading to higher levels of α5β1 integrin at the cell surface that hinder adhesion dynamics. Furthermore, APPL1 decreases the activity of the GTPase Rac and its effector PAK, which in turn regulate cell migration. Thus, we demonstrate a novel role for the interaction between APPL1 and Rab5 in governing crosstalk between signaling and trafficking pathways on endosomes to affect cancer cell migration.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Child soil ingestion in rural Ghana - frequency, caregiver perceptions, relationship with household floor material and associations with child diarrhoea.

OBJECTIVES The objectives of this work were to evaluate (i) the prevalence and frequency of caregiver-reported soil ingestion by children, (ii) whether household flooring material in the bedroom (earth vs. concrete) affected caregiver-reported soil ingestion, (iii) whether caregiver-reported soil ingestion was associated with caregiver-reported diarrhoea and (iv) caregivers' perceptions of their children ingesting soil. METHODS We conducted 309 household surveys in northern Ghana, including 529 children under five (249 children aged 6-36 months), and measured faecal contamination in soil from 31 households. RESULTS Among all children, 15% were reported to have directly ingested soil in the past week, including 28% of children aged 6-36 months. Among children reported to have ingested soil, the median frequency was 14 times in the past week, and the median amount of soil ingested each time was half a handful. There was no association between household floor material and whether the caregiver observed a child directly ingesting soil. After adjusting for household floor material and other potential confounding variables, caregiver-reported soil ingestion was associated with caregiver-reported diarrhoea for children under five [adjusted odds ratio (adj. OR) = 3.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.76-3.55] and children aged 6-36 months (adj. OR = 2.61, 95% CI 2.01-3.39). Approximately 83% of caregivers whose children ingested soil reported they thought it was unsafe and were more likely to report stopping their child from ingesting soil, but these responses did not affect the quantity of soil ingested. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest direct soil ingestion is associated with diarrhoea independent of household floor material, and separate interventions may be necessary to prevent exploratory soil ingestion.
Effect of overturning circulation on long equatorial waves: A low-frequency cutoff

AbstractZonally long tropical waves in the presence of a large-scale meridional and vertical overturning circulation are studied in an idealized model based on the intraseasonal multiscale moist dy...
The Effect of Modified Ultrafiltration on Serum Vancomycin Levels During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Cardiac Surgery.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of modified ultrafiltration at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgical procedures significantly changes vancomycin serum concentrations. Design Prospective study. Setting Single tertiary cardiac center. Participants Twenty-six elective adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass from April 2014 to April 2015. Interventions Serum vancomycin concentrations were measured just before cardiopulmonary bypass; during cardiopulmonary bypass at 5, 30, 60 minutes and then every 60 minutes; after completion of cardiopulmonary bypass before initiation of modified ultrafiltration; and at the end of modified ultrafiltration. Measurements and Main Results Seventeen patients received modified ultrafiltration at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass. Serum vancomycin concentrations prior to cardiopulmonary bypass (45.9 ± 17.3 μg/mL) were significantly higher (P Conclusions Using modified ultrafiltration at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass significantly decreases serum vancomycin levels, but not by a clinically relevant amount. The decrease is to a concentration that is still significantly higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus; thus additional vancomycin administration is not recommended.
Automatically Verified Arithmetic on Probability Distributions and Intervals

In this chapter we address two related problems: 1. Representing and operating on operands which are probability distribution functions; and 2. Representing and operating on operands when one is a distribution function and the other is an interval.
Universal newborn screening: knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction among public health professionals.

Objective Assess knowledge, attitude, and satisfaction with the newborn screening (NBS) system among pediatric public health leaders in the state of Florida. Methods Online surveys and open-ended telephone interviews were administered to 10 county medical directors for a state-funded program that oversees NBS. Survey questions examined basic knowledge regarding NBS, views on provider and parent access to NBS information, and recommendations for improving the information distribution system. Results Providers learn about NBS from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Department of Health, and continuing medical education; however, 80% of providers were concerned about receiving inadequate information. Thirty percent of the providers surveyed reported that it takes >14 days to receive NBS results. The majority (80%) were concerned that parents may not receive adequate information about their infant's condition, treatment, or prognosis. No provider reported being confident in his or her ability to assess how well a parent understands a positive NBS result. Eighty percent of those surveyed believe that the pediatric primary care provider is responsible for providing NBS information to parents and almost all of the providers (90%) believed parents should be notified of normal NBS results. Conclusions This study indicates dissatisfaction with and confusion about NBS. Addressing this problem requires action at the levels of medical education, clinical care, health policy, and information systems.
Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) Effects on Ca2+ and Nitric Oxide in Diabetes

There has accumulated a substantial body of evidence suggesting that insulin, normally secreted only by the pancreas, and IGF-1, synthesized by cells of the cardiovascular system, regulate a number of important physiological functions [1-60]. There is also emerging evidence that abnormalities in the actions of these peptides contributed to disease states such as diabetes mellitus. This chapter reviews our current understanding of mechanisms by which insulin and IGF exert hemodynamic, metabolic and growth effects on vascular tissue in normal and diabetic conditions.
Eosinophilic explant carditis with eosinophilia: ?Hypersensitivity to dobutamine infusion.

Background Eosinophilic carditis with peripheral eosinophilia has been observed in a number of clinical situations. This report describes this association in patients undergoing heart transplantation and offers a possible explanation. Methods The clinical records and explanted hearts of 31 consecutive patients who received primary orthotopic heart transplants were reviewed. Clinical features particularly analyzed included the following: age, cardiac status and assistance devices, catheterizations, medical or surgical disorders including parasites, tryptophane exposure, medications, and peripheral blood counts. Pathologic features particularly studied included the following: dilatation and hypertrophy, fibrosis, mural thrombi, carditis, eosinophils, myocardial necrosis, vasculitis, valvular disease, and coronary artery disease. Prior endomyocardial biopsy specimens were also reviewed. Results Seven patients had eosinophilic carditis compatible with hypersensitivity carditis. Eight had eosinophilia. All patients with carditis received intravenous dobutamine (Dobutrex solution) continuously for more than 1 month immediately preceding transplantation. All patients with eosinophilia received intravenous dobutamine continuously for 15 days or longer and exhibited eosinophilia only during dobutamine therapy with the exception of one patient in whom eosinophilia was observed 8 days after cessation of 8 days of therapy. Among 13 patients who received dobutamine for more than a month immediately before transplantation, nine had eosinophilic carditis, peripheral eosinophilia, or both. Conclusions Prolonged continuous intravenous administration of dobutamine was associated with eosinophilic carditis and eosinophilia. No other clinical factor with a relationship to either eosinophilia or carditis was identified. The responsible agent may have been a preservative in the dobutamine solution, sodium bisulfite.
Binding sites for horseradish peroxidase on the cell surface

The cytochemical reaction for surface-bound horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on cultured HeLa cells, GH3 cells, and isolated rat liver cells was suppressed by 30 μM monosialoganglioside, by 30 μM trisialoganglioside, or by 5 mM CMP-neurminic acid. The reaction was also suppressed by 10 mM chitotriose or by 10 mM UDP-galactose, a galactose acceptor and donor, respectively, for galactosyltransferase. The addition of 2 mM Mn2+ to the incubation medium with HRP suppressed the reaction for surfacebound HRP, and the addition of 10–20 mM Ca2+ intensified the reaction. The addition of 2 mM Zn2+ caused less inhibition than that of 2 mM Mn2+, and the addition of 2 mM Co2+ caused either a slight inhibition, or no inhibition. These observations support the hypothesis that HRP may be bound to a glycosyltransferase at the cell surface.
Western Notation and Performance

In previous parts, we discussed ways to record music directly using digital technology. These techniques require us to think of music as precise air pressure variations, and they encode this acoustic data. The advantage of this approach is great accuracy in reproducing sound. However, computers are essential to the process; only a computer can read and write digital sound files. Historically, music was perceived as a series of gestures (see Chapter 2), rather than a string of sound waves. The traditional approach to ‘recording’ music is therefore to symbolize these gestures instead of the acoustics they create. Such efforts started with the medieval neumes and resulted in modern notation systems that we call symbolic.
Multistage Attack Graph Security Games: Heuristic Strategies, with Empirical Game-Theoretic Analysis

We study the problem of allocating limited security countermeasures to protect network data from cyber-attacks, for scenarios modeled by Bayesian attack graphs. We consider multistage interactions between a network administrator and cybercriminals, formulated as a security game. This formulation is capable of representing security environments with significant dynamics and uncertainty and very large strategy spaces. We propose parameterized heuristic strategies for the attacker and defender and provide detailed analysis of their time complexity. Our heuristics exploit the topological structure of attack graphs and employ sampling methods to overcome the computational complexity in predicting opponent actions. Due to the complexity of the game, we employ a simulation-based approach and perform empirical game analysis over an enumerated set of heuristic strategies. Finally, we conduct experiments in various game settings to evaluate the performance of our heuristics in defending networks, in a manner that is robust to uncertainty about the security environment.
High-Level and Compact Design of Cross-Channel LTE DownLink Channel Encoder

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) provide great flexibility and speed in Software Defined Radio (SDR). However, as a mobile wireless protocol, the LTE system needs to maintain coding procedures for different channels, and the hardware’s implementation is more complex than other wireless local area network (WLAN) specifications. Thus a compact and resource reusable LTE channel coder is needed as hardware resources and speed are the main pain points in SDR implementation. Traditional FPGA design and synthesis only focus on low levels of resource reuse, and IPs are independently designed without considering the whole system, which causes resource waste. In this paper, we describe a LTE downlink channel encoder processing chain implemented in FPGA hardware. Reuse in the whole system is done at a channel level and above, and scarce resources like BRAM are shared between processing units to maximize reuse. The system can efficiently process data and control channel signals at the same time using the same hardware. For the data channel, we use cross-component optimization to reduce the usage of BRAMs up to 25% for high volume data buffering. A novel rate matching design reduces the latency which improves the performance. By applying high-level reuse, the cross-component design can reduce resource usage while maintaining a good processing speed.
3D Stacked High Throughput Pixel Parallel Image Sensor with Integrated ReRAM Based Neural Accelerator

3D integration enables the implementation of image sensors with integrated neural compute hardware capable of capturing images and performing neural classification in field. The inherent parallelism advantages of 3D stacking are ideal for high throughput imagers [1] [2] [3] as well neuromorphic hardware [4], [5] which are characterized by their large degree of parallel computation. This work presents a 3D stacked imaging system, composed of a digital pixel array, integrated with ReRAM based neural accelerator. A similar system, Neurosensor, was presented in [6], [7]. However, the imager in Neurosensor adopted a row by row pixel readout mechanism, and the neural accelerator was based on CMOS digital logic. In contrast, this system adopts digital pixels with in-pixel ADC which read out all pixels simultaneously for high throughput imaging, and integrates it with an ReRAM based processing-in-memory (PIM) analog neural accelerator. We present the system architecture and evaluate the various trade-offs in terms of hardware requirements, performance, and energy efficiency, as well as compare our system to Neurosensor.
Surface Reactivity and Leaching of a Sodium Silicate Glass under an Aqueous Environment: A ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Study

The presence of leachable ions in multicomponent silicate glasses complicates the understanding of their surface structure and chemistry under a humid or aqueous environment, in particular when com...
Impact of the neutron star crust on the tidal polarizability

Background: The first direct detection of a binary neutron star merger by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration (LIGO-Virgo) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101] has opened the brand new era of multimessenger astronomy. This historic detection has been instrumental in providing initial constraints on the tidal polarizability (or deformability) of neutron stars. In turn, the tidal polarizability—an observable highly sensitive to stellar compactness—has been used to impose limits on stellar radii and ultimately on the underlying equation of state (EOS). Purpose: Besides its strong dependence on the stellar compactness, the tidal polarizability is also sensitive to the second tidal Love number k2. It is the main purpose of this paper to perform a detailed study of k2 which, for a given compactness parameter, encodes the entire sensitivity of the tidal polarizability to the underlying equation of state. In particular, we examine the important role that the crustal component of the EOS plays in the determination of k2. Methods: A set of realistic models of the equation of state that yield an accurate description of the properties of finite nuclei support neutron stars of two solar masses and provide a Lorentz covariant extrapolation to dense matter are used to solve both the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff and the differential equations for the induced quadrupole gravitational field from which k2 is extracted. Results: Given that the tidal polarizability scales as the fifth power of the compactness parameter, a universal relation exists among the tidal polarizability and the compactness parameter that is highly insensitive to the underlying equation of state. Thus, besides an extraction of the tidal polarizabilities, a measurement of the individual stellar masses is also required to impact the mass-radius relation. However, we observe a strong sensitivity of the second Love number to the underlying equation of state—particularly to the contribution from the inner crust. Conclusions: Although by itself the tidal polarizability cannot contribute to the determination of the mass-radius relation, future detections of binary neutron star mergers by the LIGO-Virgo Collaborations during the third observing run and beyond are poised to provide significant constraints on both the tidal polarizabilities and the masses of the individual stars, and thus ultimately on the mass-radius relation. Yet, subleading corrections to the tidal polarizability are encoded in the second Love number k2, which displays a large sensitivity to the entire—crust-plus-core—equation of state.