cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of skin resistance biofeedback for controlling arousal in non-stressful and stressful situations: Two experiments

Abstract Experiment I examined the separate and combined effects of instructions to change skin resistance and skin resistance biofeedback for both increasing and decreasing skin resistance. A 2 (instructions to increase skin resistance, instructions to decrease skin resistance) x 2 (skin resistance biofeedback, no biofeedback) factorial plus 1 (no instructions to change skin resistance and no biofeedback) design was employed. The results indicated, first, that biofeedback aided subjects in increasing their arousal but did not aid subjects in decreasing their arousal, and second, that subjects who were not instructed to change their resistance and not given biofeedback showed the lowest level of arousal. Experiment II examined the effectiveness of instructions to relax, skin resistance biofeedback, and a placebo for aiding subjects in reducing arousal while in a stressful situation (being shocked). A simple five-condition design was employed: (a) stress/no treatment, (b) stress/instructions to relax, (c) stress/ instructions to relax plus biofeedback, (d) stress/instructions to relax plus placebo, and (e) no stress/no treatment. The results indicated that the stress manipulation (shocks) was effective for increasing arousal and that the instructions to relax aided subjects in reducing arousal but that neither the skin resistance biofeedback nor the placebo treatment aided subjects in reducing arousal. The results of both experiments raise questions about the effectiveness of skin resistance biofeedback for aiding persons in decreasing arousal.
The case of the disappearing bone: Dogs’ understanding of the physical properties of objects

To assess dogs' memory for an occluded object, a gaze duration procedure was used similar to one often used with nonverbal infants. A bone shaped dog biscuit was placed behind a solid screen that then rotated in the depth plane through an arc front to back. Dogs were shown either of the two test events. In one event (the possible event), the screen rotated until it reached the point at which it would have reached the bone and then stopped (about 120°); in the other event (the impossible event), the screen rotated through a full 180° arc, as though it had passed through the bone. The dogs looked significantly longer at the impossible event. To control for the differential time it took for the screen to move, for a control group, a bone was placed behind the screen and the screen was rotated either 60° or 120° (both possible events). No difference in looking time was found. To control for the movement of the screen through 120° or 180° when both were possible, for a second control group, the bone was placed to the side of the screen rather than behind the screen and the screen was moved 120° or 180°. Again, no significant difference in looking time was found. Results suggest that much like young children, dogs understand the physical properties of an occluded object. That is they appear to understand that an object (such as a screen) should not be able to pass through another object (such as dog bone).
Partitioned scheduling of multi-modal mixed-criticality real-time systems on multiprocessor platforms

Real-time systems are becoming increasingly complex. A modern car, for example, requires a multitude of control tasks, such as braking, active suspension, and collision avoidance. These tasks not only exhibit different degrees of safety criticality but also change their criticalities as the driving mode changes. For instance, the suspension task is a critical part of the stability of the car at high speed, but it is only a comfort feature at low speed. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure timing guarantees for the system with respect to the tasks' criticalities, not only within each mode but also during mode changes. This paper presents a partitioned multi-processor scheduling scheme for multi-modal mixed-criticality real-time systems. Our scheme consists of a packing algorithm and a scheduling algorithm for each processor that take into account both mode changes and criticalities. The packing algorithm maximizes the schedulable utilization across modes using the sustained criticality of each task, which captures the overall criticality of the task across modes. The scheduling algorithm combines Rate-Monotonic scheduling with a mode transition enforcement mechanism that relies on the transitional zero-slack instants of tasks to control low-criticality tasks during mode changes, so as to preserve the schedulability of high-criticality tasks. We also present an implementation of our scheduler in the Linux operating system, as well as an experimental evaluation to illustrate its practicality. Our evaluation shows that our scheme can provide close to twice as much tolerance to overloads (ductility) compared to a mode-agnostic scheme.
p--d ELASTIC CROSS SECTION AND POLARIZATION AT 198 MeV.

$p\ensuremath{-}d$ elastic cross-section and polarization measurements are presented at an incident energy of 198 MeV, over the center-of-mass angular range 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 170\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The peak in the backward or pickup region is examined in terms of a simple nucleon-exchange parametrization.
Microsomal long chain fatty acyl-CoA transacylation: differential effect of sterol carrier protein-2.

Abstract The recent discovery that sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) binds long chain fatty acyl-CoA (LCFA-CoA) with high affinity (A. Frolov et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1997) 31878–31884) suggests new possible functions of this protein in LCFA-CoA metabolism. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether SCP-2 differentially modulated microsomal LCFA-CoA transacylation to cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids in vitro. Microsomal acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity measured with liposomal membrane cholesterol donors depended on substrate LCFA-CoA level, mol% cholesterol in the liposomal membrane, and total amount of liposomal cholesterol. As compared to basal activity without liposomes, microsomal ACAT was inhibited 30–50% in the presence of cholesterol poor (1.4 mol%) liposomes. In contrast, cholesterol rich (>25 mol%) liposomes stimulated ACAT up to 6.4-fold compared to basal activity without liposomes and nearly 10-fold as compared to cholesterol poor (1.4 mol%) liposomes. Increasing oleoyl-CoA reversed the inhibition of microsomal ACAT by cholesterol poor (1.4 mol%) liposomes, but did not further stimulate ACAT in the presence of cholesterol rich (35 mol%) liposomes. In contrast, high (100 μM) oleoyl-CoA inhibited ACAT nearly 3-fold. This inhibition was reversed by LCFA-CoA binding proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and SCP-2. SCP-2 was 10-fold more effective (mole for mole) than BSA in reversing LCFA-CoA inhibited microsomal ACAT. Concomitantly, under conditions in which SCP-2 stimulated ACAT it equally enhanced transacylation of oleoyl-CoA into phospholipids, and 5.2-fold enhanced oleoyl-CoA transacylation to triacylglycerols. In summary, SCP-2 appeared to exert its greatest effects on microsomal transacylation in vitro by reversing LCFA-CoA inhibition of ACAT and by differentially targeting LCFA-CoA to triacylglycerols. These data suggest that the high affinity interaction of SCP-2s with LCFA-CoA may be physiologically important in microsomal transacylation reactions.
Interpretive criteria for cefodizime in vitro susceptibility tests with Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Abstract Cefodizime was tested against 100 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with varying susceptibility patterns to penicillin. Agar-dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and disk diffusion susceptibility testing were performed in triplicate for each strain according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines to establish susceptibility interpretive criteria for this β-lactamase-stable cephalosporin. Cefodizime was very active against these strains of N. gonorrhoeae , with a MIC 50 of only 0.008 μg/ml. Because no resistant strains were documented, a single susceptible criterion of ⩽0.05 μ g/ml (⩾31 mm) was proposed to predict clinical success after a single intramuscular (i.m.) dose.
Concepts of Change and Innovation in 1966

The Editorial Board of this Journal have decided that our readers would welcome an annual review of the development of theories, research, and applications focused on social change. This paper offers the first of what we now envision as a continuing series of summaries of progress during each year. The material reviewed here was published, for the most part, during 1966. A summary of the 1967 publications may be expected a year from now.-The Editor
Detection and isolation of process faults from actuator faults and sensor faults for a typical MIMO dynamic system

For a typical MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) nonlinear dynamic system, fault detection and isolation usually aim at process faults with an assumption that actuator faults and sensor faults do not occur at the same time, which is not always the case. This paper uses Extended State Observer for real-time process fault detection and fuzzy inference for fault isolation. It then investigates the coupling relationship among process faults, actuator faults and sensor faults, and presents how a combination of different types of faults could lead to undetected faults or false fault detection and isolation. Finally, a method to isolate actuator faults from process faults is presented. A three-tank MIMO nonlinear system is used to help illustrate the presented fault detection and isolation techniques.
Little machines: understanding users understanding interfaces

This paper questions the ubiquitous practice of supplying minimalist information to users, of making that information functional only, of assuming that the Shannon-Weaver communication model should govern online systems, and of ignoring the social implications of such a stance. Help systems that provide fast, temporary solutions without providing any background information lead to the danger of users completing tasks that they do not understand at all. (Word will help us write a legal pleading, even if we have no idea what one is.) As a result, we have help systems that attempt to be invisible and to provide tool instruction but not conceptual instruction. Such a system presents itself as a neutral tool, but it is actually an incomplete environment, denying both the complexity and alternative (and possibly improved) modes of thinking about the subject at hand.
Alumina-induced reconstruction on annealed (001) surfaces of rutile

Abstract The rutile (TiO 2 ) (001) surfaces are found reconstructed due to the addition of alumina during high temperature (1500°C) annealing in an oxygen atmosphere. Reflection electron microscopy images showed that the configuration of the surface steps changed remarkably upon the structural change from unreconstructed to reconstructed surfaces. The diffusion processes of alumina on rutile (001) surfaces are also discussed.
Interactions of a chemical carcinogen with neuro-endocrine factors in mouse breast cancer.

Die Brustkrebsentwicklung bei intakten Mausen des DBA8-Inzuchtstammes, welchen Hypophysen implantiert wurden, zeigt durch die perorale Verabreichung von 3-Methylcholanthren eine signifikante Beschleunigung. Entsprechend fruheren Ergebnissen an einem anderen Krebsmodell5 hemmt auch in der Methylcholanthren-behandelten DBA-Maus der Zusatz von Hypothalamusgewebe die carcinogene Wirkung der implantierten Hypophyse.
FEP encapsulated N/P silicon solar cells after simulated micrometeoroid exposure.

The effects of simulated micrometeoroid exposure on the performance of N/P silicon solar cells encapsulated for their protection in fluorinated ethylene propylene were determined in a shock tube. It was found that the short-circuit current decreased after exposure to the simulated micrometeoroid particles. The shape of the curve remained the same and was simply translated downward with a concomitant drop in open-circuit voltage.
The rate of dissipation of energy and the energy spectrum in a low‐speed turbulent jet

This paper reports a study of the correlation coefficients between eddy velocity components measured at two different points in space, the energy spectrum, and the rate of dissipation of energy in a low-speed turbulent jet. The result of this study shows that the local isotropy proposed by Kolmogoroff prevails. It also gives the order of magnitude of the mean rate of dissipation of energy.
Triplet spin label and molecular dynamics

Abstract It is shown that the effect of low magnetic field on the net spin direction of an excited triplet sample at low temperatures depends on the zero-field parameters of the triplet state coupled to the lowest singlet state in the intersystem crossing process. Using this idea and double resonance techniques, the mechanism of the ISC in pyrazine, quinoxaline and benzophenone is determined. In nitrogen heterocyclics, the type of electronic excitation is changed in the ISC process (i.e., n, π* ↔ π, π* selection rules are followed). In benzophenone, a direct mechanism between singlet and triplet states of the modified n, π* type in the nonplanar configuration is involved. The effect of nonplanarity on the spin orbit interaction in heterocyclics is discussed in detail.
Evidence for single electron transfer in reaction of trialkylaluminum compounds with organic substrates

Trialkylaluminum compounds (Me3Al, Et3Al and n-Bu3Al) have been shown to react with certain ketones, alkyl halides and heterocyclic compounds to produce stable radical or radical anion-radical cation intermediates.
Beta‐Blocker Efficacy in High‐Risk Patients with the Congenital Long‐QT Syndrome Types 1 and 2: Implications for Patient Management

Background β-blockers are the mainstay therapy in patients with the congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS) types 1 and 2. However, limited data exist regarding the efficacy and limitations of this form of medical management within high-risk subsets of these populations.
In vivo regulation of extracellular dopamine in the neostriatum: influence of impulse activity and local excitatory amino acids

It has been suggested that dopamine release can be evoked by excitatory amino acids acting on dopaminergic terminals, as well as by the classical process of impulse-evoked exocytosis. We used in vivo microdialysis to examine whether endogenous excitatory amino acids locally evoked dopamine efflux under basal conditions. Infusion of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) or kainate into the neostriatum increased extracellular dopamine, and this effect was blocked by co-infusion of 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), respectively. However, neither these antagonists nor kynurenate decreased extracellular dopamine when administered alone. In contrast, infusion of tetrodotoxin into the medial forebrain bundle reduced extracellular dopamine to below the limit of detection of our assay. These and other findings reviewed in this report suggest to us that extracellular dopamine in the neostriatum is not stimulated locally by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
Rates of DNA and RNA Synthesis in Various Tissues during a Larval Moult Cycle of Samia cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera)

THIS report describes the rates of synthesis of DNA and RNA in various tissues during larval moulting of a silk-moth and examines the control of these processes. The following questions were posed for specific tissues: When during a moult cycle is DNA synthesized ? Is DNA synthesis synchronous in some tissues ? In all tissues ? What proportion of the cells in each tissue engage in DNA synthesis during a moult cycle ? Is DNA synthesis in some tissues under the control of the prothoracic gland hormone, ecdysone ? How does the rate of RNA synthesis in specific tissues change during a moult cycle ? Is RNA synthesis under hormonal control ? Previous investigations of the larval–pupal transformation and of diapausing pupae led us to conclude that “almost all tissues of the pupa require ecdysone for DNA synthesis” whereas “RNA synthesis continues in many tissues when little or no ecdysone is present”1,2. The present experiments extend these observations and confirm the hypothesis that stimulation of DNA synthesis is a primary effect of ecdysone3.
Family functioning and children's academic performance and behavior problems in the year following traumatic brain injury

Abstract This study examined the roles of preinjury family and child functioning and injury severity in predicting 1-year outcomes and changes in academic performance and behavioral problems following childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). Families of 94 children (ages 6 to 15) with TBI (mild = 50, moderate=25, severe=19) were consecutively enrolled from emergency departments of two regional medical centers. Standardized measures of family and child functioning and interviewer ratings were completed within 3 weeks of injury (measuring preinjury status), at 3 months, and 1 year. Mean ratings of preinjury child functioning were within normal range. Whereas injury severity was associated with substantial declines in academic functioning, there was no association of injury severity with change in behavior problems. Interview ratings showed declines at all severity levels, however. Poor academic and cognitive outcomes at 1 year were associated with injury severity and, to a lesser degree, poor preinjury family and child functioning. In contrast, most of the variation in behavioral outcomes was explained by preinjury child or family factors. Preinjury functioning must be assessed and support services provided for optimal academic and behavioral outcomes following childhood TBI.
Oxygen free radicals and Parkinson's disease

The involvement of oxygen radicals in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has been suggested for some time. This article reviews the evidence supporting the involvement of oxygen radicals in the disease process in the brain. This includes a discussion of iron, lipid peroxidation, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels in the brain. In addition, various theories of induction of Parkinson's disease are discussed in relation to the possible involvement of oxygen radicals. These theories include the environmental toxin theory, the dopamine turnover theory, and the cerebral blood flow theory.
Social Influences on Task Satisfaction: Model Competence and Observer Field Dependence.

Abstract Factors affecting the influence of social information on task satisfaction were studied in a laboratory setting. Specifically, the effects of a worker model's task competence and an observing worker's Field Dependence on the observer's adoption of the model's expressed task attitudes were examined with divergent predictions from Social Learning and Attribution research tested. Results showed the acceptance of social information to be an interactive function of model and observer characteristics. The task attitudes of Field Dependent subjects were influenced by the model's attitudes regardless of model competence. Among Field Independent subjects the Social Learning expectation of acceptance of the attitudes of competent models only was supported. Results are discussed in terms of differences in the processing of social information when job attitudes are formed.
Contact pattern sensitivity and precision machine control in roll-to-roll microcontact printing

Scaling contact lithography (microcontact printing, microflexography, and nanoimprint lithography) to large roll-to-roll platforms will enable high speed, low cost lithographic patterning of surfaces. However, many details of robust implementations at the roll-to-roll scale remain an engineering challenge, including precise regulation of printing pressures and the stamp-substrate interaction. This paper introduces a method for precise control of contact pressure that can accommodate large dimensional variations, i.e. varying stamp and substrate thicknesses. This control algorithm is implemented on a simply supported roll positioning stage. Experimental results for microcontact printing and microflexography are shown both with in situ contact measurements on a pseudo substrate and with 5 um silver nanoparticle prints. Ultimately, this approach enables robust printing despite sensitive stamp patterns and large dimensional variations (> 10 μm) in substrates, stamps, and roll equipment.
Building Verb Predicates: A Computational View

A method for the definition of verb predicates is proposed. The definition of the predicates is essentially tied to a semantic interpretation algorithm that determines the predicate for the verb, its semantic roles and adjuncts. As predicate definitions are complete, they can be tested by running the algorithm on some sentences and verifying the resolution of the predicate, semantic roles and adjuncts in those sentences. The predicates are defined semiautomatically with the help of a software environment that uses several sections of a corpus to provide feedback for the definition of the predicates, and then for the subsequent testing and refining of the definitions. The method is very flexible in adding a new predicate to a list of already defined predicates for a given verb. The method builds on an existing approach that defines predicates for WordNet verb classes, and that plans to define predicates for every English verb. The definitions of the predicates and the semantic interpretation algorithm are being used to automatically create a corpus of annotated verb predicates, semantic roles and adjuncts.
Measuring the Diversity Inclusivity of College Courses

Most studies of curricular diversity have focused on the effects of participation in diversity courses on student outcomes. Though the results have been positive, these studies have used limited measures of curricular diversity and there is a great need for a complimentary body of research demonstrating what faculty and what types of courses are more likely to include diversity. This study relies on 12 diversity inclusivity items derived from a comprehensive model of how diversity is included into a course to investigate how much diversity is being included in collegiate courses and what predicts diversity inclusivity, as measured by two scales: diverse grounding and inclusive learning. The results, based on 7,101 responses from faculty participating in the 2007 Faculty Survey of Student Engagement, suggest that most faculty are including diversity in their courses in some way, but that women and faculty of color tend to include diversity to a greater extent than their colleagues. Also, courses taught in the soft fields are more likely to be inclusive of diversity.
Mapping the structure and function of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins in alphaviruses.

The 9 A resolution cryo-electron microscopy map of Sindbis virus presented here provides structural information on the polypeptide topology of the E2 protein, on the interactions between the E1 and E2 glycoproteins in the formation of a heterodimer, on the difference in conformation of the two types of trimeric spikes, on the interaction between the transmembrane helices of the E1 and E2 proteins, and on the conformational changes that occur when fusing with a host cell. The positions of various markers on the E2 protein established the approximate topology of the E2 structure. The largest conformational differences between the icosahedral surface spikes at icosahedral 3-fold and quasi-3-fold positions are associated with the monomers closest to the 5-fold axes. The long E2 monomers, containing the cell receptor recognition motif at their extremities, are shown to rotate by about 180° and to move away from the center of the spikes during fusion.
Reconfigurable Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Overlays for Information Assurance Applications

The paper offers tree-structured connectivity between the peer entities over an infrastructure network as an abstraction to embody the application-oriented processing functions on peer-to-peer information flows. Tree reconfigurations are triggered when failures or security violations occur in the connectivity path between the peer nodes (e.g., increase in path delays, DOS attack on a node). Reconfigurations are also initiated when the application-level properties of information flows change (e.g., lower data accuracy for non-important contents). For Information Assurance settings, a tree structure elegantly supports the desired properties of separation and non-inference between the low-level network entities and the application entities. A connectivity management algorithm reconfigures a tree satisfying the desired topological properties (e.g., low geographic spread, low peer-to-peer distances). The algorithm provides redundancy in the connectivity paths along the temporal dimension (on top of a rich connectivity in the physical infrastructure -- as in overlay networks). Application case studies of tree-structured connectivity with QoS and security goals are also described.
Pleurotomy, pneumothorax, and surveillance during living donor nephroureterectomy

Abstract Objectives. To determine the incidence of and risk factors associated with pneumothorax after donor nephroureterectomy and to determine the utility of postoperative chest roentgenography. Methods. A retrospective review was made of 130 living donor nephroureterectomies performed at one institution (Yale-New Haven Hospital) using an extraperitoneal flank incision. Results. Incidental pleurotomy occurred in 11 cases (8.5%). Rib resection was associated with pleurotomy. Patient age, sex, and side of operation were not associated with pleurotomy. Ten (91%) of the 11 cases were identified intraoperatively. One unrecognized pneumothorax was identified postoperatively with chest roentgenography; no specific intervention was necessary. Conclusions. The extraperitoneal flank incision poses a significant risk for pneumothorax. Most pneumothoraces will be recognized intraoperatively. No adverse effects were noted secondary to pneumothorax.
Analysis of the Size Distributions of Fetal and Maternal Cell-Free DNA by Paired-End Sequencing

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis with cell-free DNA in maternal plasma is challenging because only a small portion of the DNA sample is derived from the fetus. A few previous studies provided size-range estimates of maternal and fetal DNA, but direct measurement of the size distributions is difficult because of the small quantity of cell-free DNA. METHODS: We used high-throughput paired-end sequencing to directly measure the size distributions of maternal and fetal DNA in cell-free maternal plasma collected from 3 typical diploid and 4 aneuploid male pregnancies. As a control, restriction fragments of DNA were also sequenced. RESULTS: Cell-free DNA had a dominant peak at approximately162bpandaminorpeakatapproximately 340 bp. Chromosome Y sequences were rarely longer than 250 bp but were present in sizes of 150 bp at a larger proportion compared with the rest of the sequences. Selective analysis of the shortest fragments generally increased the fetal DNA fraction but did not necessarilyincreasethesensitivityofaneuploidydetection, owing to the reduction in the number of DNA molecules being counted. Restriction fragments of DNA with sizes between 60 bp and 120 bp were preferentially sequenced, indicating that the shotgun sequencing work flow introduced a bias toward shorter fragments. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that fetal DNA is shorter than maternal DNA. The enrichment of fetal DNA by size selection, however, may not provide a dramatic increase in sensitivity for assays that rely on length measurement in situ because of a trade-off between the fetal DNA fraction and the number of molecules being counted. © 2010 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
Commentary: Individual, ecological and multilevel fallacies.

The new paper by Drs Subramanian, Jones, Kaddour and Krieger (hereinafter Authors) contains many important and subtle insights about the fallacies of single-level research, be it at the individual or ecological level. The Authors urge epidemiologists to consider contexts and multilevel phenomena when investigating and explaining population health. They also criticize the late William S. Robinson and his classic 1950 paper, and methodological individualism (MI) as a research paradigm. Support comes from historical anecdotes, theory and a re-analysis of Robinson’s data. Assuming I understood it properly, I am in full agreement with the primary aim of the new paper. Epidemiologists, especially those interested in the effect of social forces on health, should consider contexts and multilevel phenomena. And as a general proposition, I also agree that critical examination of a scientist’s culture, history and personal motivation can be enlightening. The Authors’ scholarship on these matters merits careful study. On the other hand, I find the Authors’ critique of Robinson and his paper unhelpful and their critique of MI misguided. More importantly, the Authors conflate multilevel thinking with the so-called multilevel regression model and in so doing offer readers questionable advice. My goal here is to explain these disagreements in hopes of stimulating more critical thinking about multilevel phenomena and research for the improvement of population health.
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks in the Presence of the Primary User Emulation Attack

In recent years, the security issues of the cognitive radio (CR) networks have drawn a lot of research attentions. Primary user emulation attack (PUEA), as one of common attacks, compromises the spectrum sensing, where a malicious user forestalls vacant channels by impersonating the primary user to prevent other secondary users from accessing the idle frequency bands. In this paper, we propose a new cooperative spectrum sensing scheme, considering the existence of PUEA in CR networks. In the proposed scheme, the sensing information of different secondary users is combined at a fusion center and the combining weights are optimized with the objective of maximizing the detection probability of available channels under the constraint of a required false alarm probability. We also investigate the impact of the channel estimation errors on the detection probability. Simulation and numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in cooperative spectrum sensing in the presence of PUEA.
Basolateral uptake of mercuric conjugates of N-acetylcysteine and cysteine in the kidney involves the organic anion transport system.

Renal uptake and disposition of administered inorganic mercury were studied in rats that had undergone an acute bilateral ureteral ligation shortly before being injected intravenously with a nontoxic 0.5 mumol/kg dose of inorganic mercury with or without 2 mumol/kg N-acetylcysteine or cysteine. Bilateral ureteral ligation was performed in an attempt to reduce glomerular filtration to negligible levels, which in turn permitted the study of the basolateral uptake of inorganic mercury. The disposition of mercury was studied in the kidneys, liver, and blood 1 h after treatment. In rats given only mercuric chloride, the renal burden of mercury was approximately 20% of the administered dose of mercury. This confirms previous observations implicating a basolateral mechanism in the renal uptake of inorganic mercury. Coadministration of inorganic mercury with either N-acetylcysteine or cysteine caused a significant increase in the renal uptake of mercury 1 h after treatment, particularly in the rats treated with i...
Random Errors in Turbulence Measurements in the Atmospheric Surface Layer: Implications for Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory

AbstractAn error propagation analysis is conducted to estimate random errors in the friction velocity u* and the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) stability variable z/L from estimated random errors in the turbulent fluxes. Errors in the dimensionless mean wind shear φm and mean temperature gradient φh are also estimated. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that errors in calculated values of z/L, φm, and φh have been systematically analyzed. Random errors in z/L are found to be large for unstable conditions, reaching values of 40% or greater. It is shown through statistical hypothesis tests that random errors cannot explain departures of calculated values of φm and φh from theory. The deviation of calculated values of φm from empirical curves is found to have a strong diurnal variation that increases with height; deviations of φh from theory are not found to have clear diurnal variation. These results support the findings of previous studies, which have suggested that additional dimens...
Limitations of the Rorschach as a diagnostic tool: A reply to Garfield (2000), Lerner (2000), and Weiner (2000)

In “The Rorschach Test in Clinical Diagnosis: A Critical Review, With a Backward Look at Garfield (1947),” we have shown that the Rorschach has little validity as a diagnostic tool. In the present piece, we respond to comments by Garfield (2000), Lerner (2000), and Weiner (2000). Until very recently, Rorschach proponents have claimed that the test is useful for diagnostic purposes. It is striking, therefore, that the commentators on our article do not dispute strongly its conclusion that Rorschach scores generally are unrelated to psychiatric diagnoses. Instead, one commentator argues that the test's true usefulness consists in identifying symptoms and predicting behavioral outcomes. However, only three specific examples are given to support this assertion. Although the Rorschach may be useful for these other purposes, the burden of proof falls squarely on the test's proponents to document such claims. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 56: 441–448, 2000.
Wnt proteins are lipid-modified and can act as stem cell growth factors

Wnt signalling is involved in numerous events in animal development, including the proliferation of stem cells and the specification of the neural crest. Wnt proteins are potentially important reagents in expanding specific cell types, but in contrast to other developmental signalling molecules such as hedgehog proteins and the bone morphogenetic proteins, Wnt proteins have never been isolated in an active form. Although Wnt proteins are secreted from cells, secretion is usually inefficient and previous attempts to characterize Wnt proteins have been hampered by their high degree of insolubility. Here we have isolated active Wnt molecules, including the product of the mouse Wnt3a gene. By mass spectrometry, we found the proteins to be palmitoylated on a conserved cysteine. Enzymatic removal of the palmitate or site-directed and natural mutations of the modified cysteine result in loss of activity, and indicate that the lipid is important for signalling. The purified Wnt3a protein induces self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells, signifying its potential use in tissue engineering.
Cellular cross-linking of peptide modified hydrogels

Peptide modification of hydrogel-forming materials is being widely explored as a means to regulate the phenotype of cells immobilized within the gels. Alternatively, we hypothesized that the adhesive interactions between cells and peptides coupled to the gel-forming materials would also enhance the overall mechanical properties of the gels. To test this hypothesis, alginate polymers were modified with RGDSP-containing peptides and the resultant polymer was used to encapsulate C2C12 myoblasts. The mechanical properties of these gels were then assessed as a function of both peptide and cell density using compression and tensile tests. Overall, it was found that above a critical peptide and cell density, encapsulated myoblasts were able to provide additional mechanical integrity to hydrogels composed of peptide-modified alginate. This occurred presumably by means of cell-peptide cross-linking of the alginate polymers, in addition to the usual Ca + + cross-linking. These results are potentially applicable to other polymer systems and important for a range of tissue engineering applications.
The Elevation of Olympus Mons from Limb Photography

Using a novel photogrammetric technique, the relative elevations of a set of control points on the Martian volcano Olympus Mons (Nix Olympica) have been measured from Mariner 9 limb pictures that include the volcano in the foreground. The summit of Olympus Mons is found to be 22 plus or minus 1 km above the mean level of the surrounding plain by correlating the elevation results with previously reported planet radii at nearby occultation points. Vertical elevation differences as great as 5 km were measured between close points on the basal scarp.
Some Questions About “Practical Reasoning”*

Summary Do we need to recognize distinctive forms of reasoning about what should be done that are not reducible to deductive or inductive forms? A canonical form for such deliberative reasoning is proposed, in which the conclusion is a “praxigenic dictum” (e. g. “I shall do x” or the like). It is argued that a deliberative argument has a kernel that can be viewed as the proposed solution to a specified problem or task. In evaluating such a solution no distinctively “practical” principles seem to be needed. Resume Est-il necessaire de distinguer certaines formes de raisonnement concernant ce qui doit etre fait, formes qui ne seraient reductibles ni a la deduction, ni a l'induction? Une forme canonique est proposee pour un tel raisonnement deliberatif, ou la conclusion est un dictum praxigenique (p. ex. je dois faire x ou quelque chose de ce genre). L'auteur montre qu'un raisonnement deliberatif a un noyau qui peut etre considere comme la solution proposee a un probleme ou une tâche specifies. l'evaluation d'une telle solution ne semble pas requerir de principes pratiques distincts. Zusammenfassung Mussen wir besondere Formen des Schliessens auf das, was getan werden sollte, annehmen, welche nicht auf deduktive oder induktive Formen zuruckfuhrbar sind? Es wird eine kanonische Form fur derartige Schlussweisen vorgeschlagen, in welcher die Konklusion ein praxigenetisches Dictum(wie z. B. Ich werde x tunu. a) ist. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein Entschediungsargument einen Kern besitzt, den man als vorgeschlagene Losung fur ein bestimmtes Problem oder fur eine bestimmte Aufgabe betrachten kann. Fur die Beurteilung einer solchen Losung scheinen keine besonderen praktischenPrinzipien erforderlich zu sein.
Stratospheric aerosols: Effect upon atmospheric temperature and global climate

A significant fraction of the aerosol population of the stratosphere is believed to consist of sulfate, presumably in the form of sulfuric acid. An increase in stratospheric aerosols could modify global climate by augmenting reflection of sunlight as well as enhancing the atmospheric greenhouse, two competing mechanisms with regard to changing the global surface temperature. Assuming that the aerosols consist of supercooled 75% aqueous sulfuric acid, we present a first-order estimate as to the effect of aerosol concentration upon global surface temperature. The model calculations illustrate that the increase in reflected sunlight constitutes the dominant contribution by aerosols; the normal aerosol concentration reduces the global surface temperature by roughly 0.7 K, and a doubling of concentration would provide a further decrease by the same amount. Increased aerosol concentration further results in heating of the stratosphere through absorption of infrared radiation emitted by the earth—atmosphere system. The model indicates that stratospheric temperature at 20 km could be raised by as much as 9 K, consistent with Southern Hemisphere observations following the eruption of Mt. Agung. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00645.x
The Use of Human Models and Cartoon Characters in Magazine Advertisements for Cigarettes, Beer, and Nonalcoholic Beverages

Abstract The authors examine the content of magazine advertising for cigarettes, beer, and nonalcoholic beverages from July 1996 to July 1997. A total of 476 advertisements (239 unique advertisements) from 12 different magazines were content-analyzed. In light of the ongoing debate and recent proposals over the regulation of tobacco and alcohol advertising aimed at young people, the purpose was to answer two principal questions: (1) whether the advertisements for cigarettes and beer contain more cartoons and animated characters than do advertisements for nonalcoholic beverages and (2) whether the presence of human models in an advertisement’s visuals is an adequate way to operationalize a lifestyle advertisement. The authors also replicate and extend previous research regarding the amount and type of extrinsic appeal or lifestyle advertising found in these product categories. Significantly more lifestyle content appeared in cigarette advertisements than in nonalcoholic beverage advertisements. Furthermore...
Cytochrome c, A Membrane-Bound Enzyme

There are very few proteins whose structure and properties have been more extensively studied than those of cytochrome c. The reason for this continual interest in cytochrome c lies in the particular characteristics of the molecule which make it a convenient object for studies by chemists, physicists, and biologists. The first of these characteristics is the indisputable importance of cytochrome c in the mitochondrial respiratory chain as a “mediator” of electron transfer between the reductase and the oxidase. Second, is the fact that cytochrome c can be easily dissociated from the membrane and isolated in a pure, crystalline state, suitable for physical-chemical studies (peripheral membrane protein in the nomenclature of Singer and Nicolson, 1972). Third, isolated cytochrome c reacts with other isolated enzymes or enzyme complexes and with artificial electron donors and acceptors, and thus, provides useful model systems. And last, cytochrome c once extracted from the mitochondrial membrane can be reincorporated into the membrane with full reconstitution of its catalytic activity; thus functional properties of the molecule can be well defined.
Rethinking Miranda: Custodial Interrogation as a Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure

Many problems in the interpretation of Miranda v Arizona can be solved by recognizing that Miranda is actually a Fourth Amendment case dressed-up in Fifth Amendment clothes. Miranda does more than protect a suspect from coercion or compulsion; the right to remain silent reflects an autonomy interest better expressed through the 4th Amendment. Fourth Amendment values are reflected in the warnings themselves, the remedy for violations, and even in the Miranda exceptions. And contrary to Chavez v Martinez, the 4th Amendment views a Miranda violation as a constitutional violation that occurs in the interrogation room itself.
The avian neurotransmitter.

SummaryStimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve (CA) in the isolated chicken heart causes the release of norepinephrine and little epinephrine and increases heart rate significantly, but after beta blockade heart rate was depressed indicating the release of cholinergic agent which could be blocked with atropine.
Issues, Voter Choice, and Critical Elections

The study of critical elections in American politics has been marked by a steady growth of knowledge and a remarkable consensus among practitioners in the field. Although minor quibbles have appeared from time to time, the work within each generation has set the agenda for the work of the next. The pioneering efforts of Key (1955, 1959), Schattschneider (1960), and MacRae and Meldrum (1960) produced clear descriptions of the phenomenon of critical elections, as well as operational definitions of the concepts. This group of studies paved the way for the systematic analysis and classification of elections in the work of Campbell et al. (1960), Sellers (1965), Pomper (1967), and Burnham (1968). The election patterns discovered in these studies, however, required explanation. The next wave of interest in critical elections, ushered in by the theoretical works of Burnham (1970) and Sundquist (1973), identified the essential variables governing electoral dynamics, but still did not explain precisely how these variables worked. That explanation is the next obvious step in the theory of critical elections, and it is the subject of this discussion.
Somnogenic cytokines and models concerning their effects on sleep.

Abstract All the sleep-promoting substances currently identified also have other biological activities. Despite years of effort, a single specific central nervous system sleep center has not been described. These observations led us to propose a biochemical model of a sleep activational system in which the effects of several sleep factors are integrated into a regulatory scheme. These sleep factors interact by altering the metabolism, production, or activity of each other and thereby result in multiple feedback loops. This web of interactions leads to sleep stability in that minor challenges to the system will not greatly alter sleep. The system, however, is responsive to strong perturbations, such as sleep deprivation and infectious disease. The sleep-promoting effects of cytokines and their interactions with prostaglandins and the neuroendocrine system are used to illustrate the functioning of a part of the sleep activational system under normal conditions and during infectious disease. Although the actions of individuals sleep factors are not specific to sleep, their interactions at various levels of the neuraxis can mediate a specific sleep response. Such a system would also be responsive to the autonomic and environmental parameters that alter sleep.
Opposing regulation of the locus coeruleus by corticotropin-releasing factor and opioids. Potential for reciprocal interactions between stress and opioid sensitivity.

Rationale: Substantial clinical and preclinical findings support an association between stress and opiate abuse. To understand the mechanisms underlying this association, it is important to identify substrates of the stress response and endogenous opioid systems that interact and specific points at which stress circuits and endogenous opioid systems intersect. Objective: This review focuses on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a critical substrate of the stress response, and its potential for interactions with endogenous opioid systems within the pontine nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC), a brain region that has been implicated as a target in response to stress and opiates. Results: Evidence is reviewed supporting the hypothesis that CRF and endogenous opioids interact to co-regulate the LC. Thus, CRF- and enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers innervating LC dendritic fields overlap, and some axon terminals in this region co-localize CRF and enkephalin. CRF and opioids have opposing effects on LC neuronal discharge and on intracellular signaling mechanisms within LC neurons. Finally, a history of stress or opiate use induces plasticity in CRF–LC or opiate–LC interactions, respectively. Disruptions in the CRF/opioid balance as a result of this plasticity are proposed to result in hyperactivity or hyperresponsiveness of the LC–norepinephrine (NE) system. Conclusions: Co-regulation of the LC–NE system by CRF and opioids may be important in acute adaptation to stress. Potential clinical consequences of an imbalance in this regulation as a result of prior stress include increased risk of opiate self administration and decreased sensitivity to opiates used in clinical settings. Conversely, chronic exposure to opiates may predispose individuals to stress-related psychiatric disorders.