cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Walking Speed Influences the Effects of Implicit Visual Feedback Distortion on Modulation of Gait Symmetry

The use of visual feedback in gait rehabilitation has been suggested to promote recovery of locomotor function by incorporating interactive visual components. Our prior work demonstrated that visual feedback distortion of changes in step length symmetry entails an implicit or unconscious adaptive process in the subjects' spatial gait patterns. We investigated whether the effect of the implicit visual feedback distortion would persist at three different walking speeds (slow, self-preferred and fast speeds) and how different walking speeds would affect the amount of adaption. In the visual feedback distortion paradigm, visual vertical bars portraying subjects' step lengths were distorted so that subjects perceived their step lengths to be asymmetric during testing. Measuring the adjustments in step length during the experiment showed that healthy subjects made spontaneous modulations away from actual symmetry in response to the implicit visual distortion, no matter the walking speed. In all walking scenarios, the effects of implicit distortion became more significant at higher distortion levels. In addition, the amount of adaptation induced by the visual distortion was significantly greater during walking at preferred or slow speed than at the fast speed. These findings indicate that although a link exists between supraspinal function through visual system and human locomotion, sensory feedback control for locomotion is speed-dependent. Ultimately, our results support the concept that implicit visual feedback can act as a dominant form of feedback in gait modulation, regardless of speed.
It’s Not the Heat, It’s the Humidity: Scheduling Resilience Activity at Scale

Maintaining the performance of high-performance computing (HPC) applications with the expected increase in failures is a major challenge for next-generation extreme-scale systems. With increasing scale, resilience activities (e.g. checkpointing) are expected to become more diverse, less tightly synchronized, and more computationally intensive. Few existing studies, however, have examined how decisions about scheduling resilience activities impact application performance. In this work, we examine the relationship between the duration and frequency of resilience activities and application performance. Our study reveals several key findings: (i) the aggregate amount of time consumed by resilience activities is not an effective metric for predicting application performance; (ii) the duration of the interruptions due to resilience activities has the greatest influence on application performance; shorter, but more frequent, interruptions are correlated with better application performance; and (iii) the differential impact of resilience activities across applications is related to the applications’ inter-collective frequencies; the performance of applications that perform infrequent collective operations scales better in the presence of resilience activities than the performance of applications that perform more frequent collective operations. This initial study demonstrates the importance of considering how resilience activities are scheduled. We provide critical analysis and direct guidance on how the resilience challenges of future systems can be met while minimizing the impact on application performance.
The evolution of FDA's policy on Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods in the United States

In the mid-1980s, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) gained acceptance as a ubiquitous foodborne bacterial pathogen with a high mortality rate in persons with weakened immune systems, or in pre-term and newborn infants. Lm's ability to grow at temperatures approaching 0°C make it a particularly vexing problem for many food industries. With the exception of a brief flirtation with establishing a tolerable limit of 100 cfu/g in foods in which it cannot grow, Lm has been regulated at the limit of detection (zero tolerance) of approved methods by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Very recently FDA has accumulated evidence that points to continuation of a conservative approach (i.e. zero tolerance) to regulating Lm in foods for the foreseeable future barring the development of unique regulatory approaches.
Recurrent neural networks for breast lesion classification based on DCE-MRIs

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) plays a significant role in breast cancer screening, cancer staging, and monitoring response to therapy. Recently, deep learning methods are being rapidly incorporated in image-based breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, most of the current deep learning methods make clinical decisions based on 2-dimentional (2D) or 3D images and are not well suited for temporal image data. In this study, we develop a deep learning methodology that enables integration of clinically valuable temporal components of DCE-MRIs into deep learning-based lesion classification. Our work is performed on a database of 703 DCE-MRI cases for the task of distinguishing benign and malignant lesions, and uses the area under the ROC curve (AUC) as the performance metric in conducting that task. We train a recurrent neural network, specifically a long short-term memory network (LSTM), on sequences of image features extracted from the dynamic MRI sequences. These features are extracted with VGGNet, a convolutional neural network pre-trained on a large dataset of natural images ImageNet. The features are obtained from various levels of the network, to capture low-, mid-, and high-level information about the lesion. Compared to a classification method that takes as input only images at a single time-point (yielding an AUC = 0.81 (se = 0.04)), our LSTM method improves lesion classification with an AUC of 0.85 (se = 0.03).
Effect of coarse aggregate type on chloride ion penetration in concrete

Abstract Long-term durability and sustainability of crucial infrastructure systems such as bridges and pavements are of utmost importance for the economic health of any society. Understanding factors that affect long-term deterioration of reinforced concrete structures can help enhance durability and sustainability of these systems. This paper investigates the effect of the type of coarse aggregate used in concrete on chloride ions penetrability. Twelve coarse aggregate types of different geologic formations (sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic) were used to prepare fresh concrete in which silica fume and class C fly ash were used. All mix parameters including gradation and volumes of different aggregates were held constant in different mixes with the only variable being the aggregate type. The Rapid Chloride Penetration Tests were conducted on concrete specimens made with various aggregate types at ages of 28, 56, 91 and 365 days. Analysis of test results showed that the aggregate type as well as aggregate absorption rates have significant influence on the electrical charges passed through concrete, especially in early ages of concrete containing aggregates with sedimentary rock origin and relatively high absorption. These specimens exhibited the highest RCPT results indicating higher capacity to allow chloride ion penetration when compared to specimens with igneous and metamorphic rock aggregate of lower absorption values. This influence (discrepancy) diminishes with time for both aggregate type and absorption rates in terms of the magnitude of measured total charge passed.
The Impact of Ethics Across the Curriculum at Union College, 2006–2017

Union College’s Everyday Ethics Across the Curriculum project was initiated in 2006 and immediately became a vital presence on campus, funding over one hundred ethics course segments or stand-alone ethics courses in departments other than Philosophy, over one hundred lunchtime workshops, symposia and other events, and a program of outside speakers running the gamut from white-collar felons to eminent historians of the Holocaust. Among those featured were Kwame Anthony Appiah (Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers and Honor Code), Stephanie Bird (editor of the journal, Science and Engineering Ethics), Bernard Gert (Morality and Common Morality), and Eyal Press (Beautiful Souls). The initiative played a pivotal role the development of the college’s honor code and also hosted four national conferences. It caught the attention of the Chronicle for Higher Education, (Union College Website: https://www.union.edu/news/stories/2011/07/the-challenge-of-putting-a-grade-on-ethical-learning.php.) received shout-outs from public intellectuals like Martha Nussbaum, and was the focus of an issue of the journal, Teaching Ethics (Teaching Ethics, Vol. 9, No. 2, Spring 2009.). In this account the initiative’s founding director reflects on factors that contributed to its flourishing, its lasting accomplishments, and his decision to terminate it.
Computer Based Infrared Search Systems

The infrared spectra of most chemical compounds are unique and it is this feature that enables a spectroscopist to identify an unknown substance from its spectrum. Traditionally this identification is attempted either by direct interpretation or from a possible match to a standard reference spectrum. A positive match is obviously more desirable but this is usually limited by the availability of a wide range of reference spectra and, if performed manually, it can be a very time consuming operation. The ability of a computer to handle a large number of data files and to be able to perform high speed repetitive operations make it an ideal candidate for spectral searches. In fact, this was considered to be one of the first main applications of the computer for analytical chemistry.
Proceedings of the 6th conference on Theoretical aspects of rationality and knowledge

The TARK series of conferences was started in 1986, to explore formal models of of knowledge and common knowledge as they arise in a number of disciplines, such as computer science (including artificial intelligence and distributed systems), economics and game theory, philosophy, and others. The conferences soon evolved to cover other topics in formal modeling of common interest to the various disciplines. This broad charter motivated the recent change in name of the conference and its parent not-for-profit corporation, from theoretical aspects of reasoning about knowledge to theoretical aspects of rationality and knowledge. The TARK conferences have consistently proven to be most stimulating, due to their high quality and unique interdisciplionary nature. TARK VI promises to be no exception. As in the past, the program committee applied high standards of quality and interdisciplionary relevance in the selection process. The result is that sixteen papers were selected out of ninety one submissions, many of them organized thematically. Of particular note are the special sessions on knowledge-based programs (that is, high-level programs that can invoke tests of the sort "If you know Φ then do a"), the impact of having less-than-perfect memory, belief change (which, this year, attracted the largest number of submissions to TARK), and revisiting the paradox of common knowledge (early seminal results proved the impossiblity of achieving common knowledge, and yet the sky hasn't fallen; either the theory or the sky need fixing). Important ingredients in the TARK conferences have been the opportunity for informal interaction, and the invited talks (many of which are not captured in a proceedings paper). In TARK VI we are fortunate to have seven outstanding invited speakers - Christos Papadimitriou (computer science), Judea Pearl (artificial intelligence), Ariel Rubinstein (economics and game theory), Frank Veltman (logic), Peter Ggrdenfors (cognitive science), Ehud Kalai (economics and game theory), and Ghran Sundholm (philosophy). And so, if you find yourself enjoying these proceedings and were not at the conference, imagine how much more you'd have enjoyed the real thing and join us in future TARKs; after all, it's only rational.
Exploring the Benefits and Drawbacks of Age Disclosure among Women Faculty of Color

This article is guided by two questions: How is age an important aspect of social location that, when forthcoming about it with students, can be beneficial for pedagogical purposes? and How can wom...
The teratogenic effects of sertraline in mice.

Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which include paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), fluoxetine (Prozac), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro), are the most common antidepressants prescribed to pregnant women. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the developmental toxicities of SSRIs individually, and as a class. Methods It is considered unethical to perform developmental toxicity studies on pregnant women, but rodent and nonrodent species provide laboratory-controlled experimental models to examine the toxicity of SSRI exposure during pregnancy. The Embryo-Fetal Developmental Toxicity Study was conducted with sertraline in mice, Crl:CD1 (lCR), during the period of organogenesis. Results Increased resorption rates, lower fetal weight, and increased percentage of fetuses with visceral and skeletal abnormalities were found in the intermediate and high sertraline dose groups. In addition to incomplete ossification of treated animals, eleven sertraline exposed fetuses, two in group 2 (5 mg/kg), five in group 3 (25 mg/kg), and four in group 4 (60 mg/kg), had cleft palate (CP). This malformation was not observed in any controls. Only the highest dose of sertraline was found to be maternally toxic, as evidenced by significantly lower weight gain during pregnancy. Conclusion These data indicate that in utero exposure to sertraline at 25 and 60 mg/kg was embryotoxic, teratogenic, and fetotoxic in mice. The incidence of CP observed in groups 3 and 4 (2.99% and 2.5%, respectively) were higher than the maximum range value noted in historical controls and indicate sertraline is a teratogen in ICR mice.
Lightning and climate change

Lightning is a widely recognized source of damage and disruption to electrical power systems worldwide. The climate is changing, with both natural and anthropogenic origins. This chapter is concerned with the response of lightning to changes in temperature and aerosol loading of the atmosphere that are expected to accompany climate change. In the present climate, lightning is shown to increase with both temperature and with the boundary layer populations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). In a future climate characterized by the continued consumption of fossil fuels, the threat from lightning is expected to increase.
Clinicians' Attitudes and System Capacity Regarding Transitional Care Practices Within a Health System: Survey Results From the Partners-PCORI Transitions Study.

Objectives Successful efforts to improve transitional care depend in part on local attitudes, workload, and training. Before implementing a multifaceted transitions intervention within an Accountable Care Organization, an understanding of contextual factors among providers involved in care transitions in inpatient and outpatient settings was needed. Methods As part of the Partners-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) Transitions Study, we purposefully sampled inpatient and outpatient providers within the Accountable Care Organization. Survey questions focused on training and feedback on transitional tasks and opinions on the quality of care transitions. We also surveyed unit- and practice-level leadership on current transitional care practices. Results are presented using descriptive statistics. Results Among 387 providers surveyed, 220 responded (response rate = 57%) from 15 outpatient practices and 26 inpatient units. A large proportion of respondents reported to have never received training (50%) or feedback (68%) on key transitional care activities, and most (58%) reported insufficient time to complete these tasks. Respondents on average reported transitions processes led to positive outcomes some to most of the time (mean scores = 4.70-5.16 on a 1-7 scale). Surveys of leadership showed tremendous variation by unit and by practice in the performance of various transitional care activities. Conclusions Many respondents felt that training, feedback, and time allotted to key transitional care activities were inadequate. Satisfaction with the quality of the transitions process was middling. Understanding these results, especially variation by location, was important to customizing implementation of the intervention and will be key to understanding variation in the success of the intervention across locations.
Validation of the Risk Analysis Index for Evaluating Frailty in Ambulatory Patients

BACKGROUND Frailty is a marker of dependency, disability, hospitalization, and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. However, existing tools for measuring frailty are too cumbersome for rapid point-of-care assessment. The Risk Analysis Index (RAI) of frailty is validated in surgical populations, but its performance outside surgical populations is unknown. OBJECTIVE Validate the RAI in ambulatory patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Observational cohort study of outpatient surgical clinics within the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Healthcare System between July 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. Frailty was assessed using the RAI. Current Procedural Terminology codes following RAI assessment identified patients with and without minor office-based procedures (eg, joint injection, laryngoscopy). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES All-cause 1-year mortality, assessed by stratified Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Of 28,059 patients, 13,861 were matched to a minor, office-based procedure and 14,198 did not undergo any procedure. The mean (SD) age was 56.7 (17.2) years; women constituted 15,797 (56.3%) of the cohort. Median time (interquartile range 25th-75th percentile) to measure RAI was 30 (22-47) seconds. Mortality among the frail was two to five times that of patients with normal RAI scores. For example, the hazard ratio for frail ambulatory patients without a minor procedure was 3.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.51-5.41), corresponding to 30-, 180-, and 365-day mortality rates of 2.9%, 11.2%, and 17.4%, respectively, compared to 0.3%, 2.3%, and 4.0% among patients with normal RAI scores. Discrimination of mortality (overall, and censored at 30, 180, and 365 days) was excellent, ranging from c = 0.838 (95% CI = 0.773-0.902) for 30-day mortality after minor procedures to c = 0.909 (95% CI = 0.855-0.964) without a procedure. CONCLUSION RAI is a valid, easily administered tool for point-of-care frailty assessment in ambulatory populations that may help clinicians and patients make better informed decisions about care choices-especially among patients considered high risk with a potentially limited life span. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1818-1824, 2020.
Incorporating customer personalization preferences in open product architecture design

Abstract Open product architecture is a key enabler for product personalization, as it allows the integration of personalized modules in a product architecture to satisfy individual customer needs and preference. A critical challenge for integrating personalized modules into a product architecture is determining the optimal assembly architecture when considering market expectations and manufacturing constraints. In this paper, an optimization method is proposed for determining the personalized product design architecture that incorporates individual customer preferences. First, a decision hierarchy is presented to describe the integrated design decisions of the product architecture, including product variety determination, module variant selection, and personalized module configuration. Next, a profit model is formulated as an overall performance metric that incorporates customer preferences and manufacturing cost. The systematic patterns and randomness of diverse customer preferences are modeled by combining conjoint analysis and market segmentation with a multivariate normal mixture model. Individual customer product utilities in the target market and their product purchase intent probability are estimated through Monte-Carlo simulation, which is incorporated into the profit calculation. Manufacturing limitations on processes and materials are included as they influence manufacturer’s planning on candidate module variants and production strategies of personalized modules. These models are used to determine a product family architecture that maximizes profit by optimally determining its offering of product variants, module combinations, and personalized module configuration through a genetic algorithm. The proposed method is demonstrated by a personalized bicycle architecture design example.
‘But I Know You, You Are Not God’: African Responses to European Colonialism in a Missionary Newspaper

This article analyses how African letter-writers in the missionary-edited Setswana newspaper Mahoko a Becwana (1883–96) sought to make sense of expanding European power during the ‘scramble for Afr...
Choosing the best first-line therapy: NSCLC with no actionable oncogenic driver.

Combination platinum-based therapy has been the standard of care for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immunotherapy has emerged and demonstrated to show benefit in the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC. In this review, we discuss the pivotal trials that led to the US FDA approval of specific immunotherapy regimens in particular patient populations. We discuss the optimal use of immunotherapy as monotherapy based on the KEYNOTE-024, KEYNOTE-042 and IMpower110 trials, chemo-immunotherapy based on KEYNOTE-189, KEYNOTE-407, IMpower150 and IMpower130 trials, and as doublet immunotherapy based on CheckMate-227. We also discuss the role and limitations of PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden as predictive biomarkers in response to single-agent immunotherapy and combination chemoimmunotherapy. Furthermore, we discuss emerging resistance markers such as STK11 and KEAP1 mutations in immunotherapy response and briefly discuss the role of immunotherapy in elderly patients and in patients with actionable mutations.
Reaching audiences big and small: holistic approach to optics outreach at the Wyant College of Optical Sciences

The Wyant College of Optical Sciences (OSC) at The University of Arizona participates in a variety of outreach activities in all levels of the education system and the Tucson community at-large, reaching thousands of students each year. We have created immersive workshops including “D.I.Y. Optics” and “CSI: Optics – Optical Forensics”. For large audiences, we emphasize “pocket optics”, cost-effective giveaways such as pixel magnifiers, the Pepper’s ghost illusion, and Fresnel lenses. New resources and lesson plans are centralized on an online hub, which started as a UA/NASA Space Grant project in 2018 and now facilitates instructor training and acts as an on-demand resource for troubleshooting demos in the field. We share successes and lessons learned from our outreach events, culminating in 10th Annual Laser Fun Day in March 2020, the flagship student-led event supported by the Student Optics Chapter (SOCk) and Women in Optics (WiO).
A disorder-related variant (E420K) of a PP2A-regulatory subunit (PPP2R5D) causes constitutively active AKT-mTOR signaling and uncoordinated cell growth

Functional genomic approaches have facilitated the discovery of rare genetic disorders and improved efforts to decipher their underlying etiology. PPP2R5D-related disorder is an early childhood onset condition characterized by intellectual disability, hypotonia, autism-spectrum disorder, macrocephaly, and dysmorphic features. The disorder is caused by de novo single nucleotide changes in PPP2R5D, which generate heterozygous dominant missense variants. PPP2R5D is known to encode a B'-type (B'56δ) regulatory subunit of a PP2A-serine/threonine phosphatase. To help elucidate the molecular mechanisms altered in PPP2R5D-related disorder, we used a CRISPR-single-base editor to generate HEK-293 cells in which a single transition (c.1258G>A) was introduced into one allele, precisely recapitulating a clinically relevant E420K variant. Unbiased quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of endogenously expressed proteins revealed heterozygous-dominant changes in kinase/phosphatase signaling. These data combined with orthogonal validation studies revealed a previously unrecognized interaction of PPP2R5D with AKT in human cells, leading to constitutively active AKT-mTOR signaling, increased cell size, and uncoordinated cellular growth in E420K-variant cells. Rapamycin reduced cell size and dose-dependently reduced RPS6 phosphorylation in E420K-variant cells, suggesting that inhibition of mTOR1 can suppress both the observed RPS6 hyperphosphorylation and increased cell size. Together, our findings provide a deeper understanding of PPP2R5D and insight into how the E420K-variant alters signaling networks influenced by PPP2R5D. Our comprehensive approach, which combines precise genome editing, isobaric tandem mass tag labeling of peptides generated from endogenously expressed proteins, and concurrent liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS3), also provides a roadmap that can be used to rapidly explore the etiologies of additional genetic disorders.
On a Global Database Strategy for Public Engineering Decision Making

A historical review of how engineers contributed to the solution of societal (public) and individual (private) problems is presented, with emphasis on the last thirty years when computers began to alter drastically the practice of engineering. The concept of a 3-prong representation of the engineering decision making process, i.e., database, analysis, and judgment, is introduced. The importance of generating a suitable body of experimental and actual performance data and of coupling the database with a state-of-the-art analysis and extrapolation methodology for “public engineering” is illustrated in three case studies involving (a) the nuclear reactor safety study of 1975, (b) the Alaska pipeline weld defect assessment study of 1976, and (c) the Welding Research Council-Pressure Vessel Research Committee (PVRC) Round Robin Flaw Detection Program (1966-86) for thick-section steel welds. For most of the public engineering projects involving long-term prediction of performance from short-term test data, the time-honored approach of supplementing experimental or service data with engineering judgment is frequently open to a public challenge. To remedy the situation, a new approach of using both the personal computers (PC) and the mainframes to (a) accelerate the peer review of existing data, (b) design a strategy for acquiring new data, and (c) facilitate a regional or global exchange of field data with standardized format, is outlined. Application of the above approach to strengthen the judgment component of public engineering projects such as the management of high-level nuclear wastes is discussed through an example on the fatigue life prediction of stainless steel 304 piping and components.
Best Predictors for Major Food Allergy Reactions

I have recently received a dataset with information about 680 Children’ s Hospital of Philadelphia food challenges and whether they had a severe reaction or a mild reaction. Food challenges are appointments where a child is given a food that he has been tested to have a small or nonexistent allergy for to see if they will react. If they don’t, they are cleared of the allergy and can eat it outside of the controlled environment. In each of the 680 tests in this dataset the child reacted and data was recorded about the type of food, how much they ate, how they reacted to it, and how severe the reaction was based on a standardized scale. The goal with this data is to find out which of the 20 + columns is the best predictor for whether someone will have a severe reaction. For example, does a history of asthma make someone more likely to have a severe reaction? Or does sneezing during the test mean that they will have a severe reaction. So far, I have done a logistic regression with the data. Some findings have surfaced, but for the final project I would need to find what variables to drop and focus on analyzing the results. Below are some screenshots of the data and work that I have done with it: The first few entries in the dataset https://i.imgur.com/TEl2ms3.png A heatmap of the variables to determine which need to be dropped https://i.imgur.com/qjZ1FLU.png
Do touchscreens make intelligent personal assistants more usable? An initial usability study

Intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) have gained in popularity over the last decade. However, while the devices have been adopted in over a quarter of US households, users often fail to engage wi...
Giant cell arteritis associated with PD-1 inhibition.

A 50-year-old woman was referred to rheumatology for new onset polyarthralgia and headache. She had a history of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and was started on treatment with the programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1) antagonist pembrolizumab 2 months prior. Examination revealed left temporal artery tenderness and hand synovitis. Investigations revealed enlarged temporal artery on ultrasound imaging. On steroid treatment, she had resolution of symptoms, but due to significant steroid side effects required methotrexate and her PD-1 antagonist therapy was continued in consultation with her oncologist. Her malignant disease has remained stable, and she has improved functional status.
Algebraic Codes for Data Transmission: The Arithmetic of Galois Fields

The most powerful and important ideas of coding theory are based on the arithmetic systems of Galois fields. Since these arithmetic systems may be unfamiliar to many, we must develop a background in this branch of mathematics before we can proceed with the study of coding theory. In this chapter, we return to the development of the structure of Galois fields begun in Chapter 2. There we introduced the definition of a field, but did not develop procedures for actually constructing Galois fields in terms of their addition and multiplication tables. In this chapter, we shall develop such procedures. Galois fields will be studied by means of two constructions: one based on the integer ring and one based on polynomial rings. Because the integer ring and the polynomial rings have many properties in common we will find that the two constructions are very similar. Later, after the constructions of Galois fields are studied, we shall prove that all finite fields can be constructed in this way. The integer ring The set of integers (positive, negative, and zero) forms a ring under the usual operations of addition and multiplication. This ring is conventionally denoted by the label Z . We shall study the structure of the integer ring in this section.
Blastomycosis with oral lesions. Report of two cases.

Abstract The recent literature suggests that blastomycosis (previously known as North American blastomycosis) with oral lesions may be more common than is generally realized. This report discusses two cases of blastomycosis in which oral lesions played a critical role in the ultimate diagnosis of the disease. The potential importance of oral lesions in early diagnosis and the necessity of culturing the organisms for definitive diagnosis are emphasized.
A Multilayer Dataset of Ssm/I-Derived Global Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes

A dataset including daily- and monthly-mean turbulent fluxes (momentum, latent heat, and sensible heat) and some relevant parameters over global oceans, derived from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data, for the period July 1987-December 1994 and the 1988-94 annual and monthly-mean climatologies of the same variables is created. It has a spatial resolution of 2.0deg x 2.5deg latitude-longitude. The retrieved surface air humidity is found to be generally accurate as compared to the collocated radiosonde observations over global oceans. The retrieved wind stress and latent heat flux show useful accuracy as verified against research quality measurements of ship and buoy in the western equatorial Pacific. The 1988-94 seasonal-mean wind stress and latent heat flux show reasonable patterns related to seasonal variations of the atmospheric general circulation. The patterns of 1990-93 annual-mean turbulent fluxes and input variables are generally in good agreement with one of the best global analyzed flux datasets that based on COADS (comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set) with corrections on wind speeds and covered the same period. The retrieved wind speed is generally within +/-1 m/s of the COADS-based, but is stronger by approx. 1-2 m/s in the northern extratropical oceans. The discrepancy is suggested to be mainly due to higher COADS-modified wind speeds resulting from underestimation of anemometer heights. Compared to the COADS-based, the retrieved latent heat flux and sea-air humidity difference are generally larger with significant differences in the trade wind zones and the ocean south of 40degS (up to approx. 40-60 W/sq m and approx. 1-1.5 g/kg). The discrepancy is believed to be mainly caused by higher COADS-based surface air humidity arising from the overestimation of dew point temperatures and from the extrapolation of observed high humidity southward into data-void regions south of 40degS. The retrieved sensible heat flux is generally within +/-5 W/sq m of UWM/COADS, except for some areas in the extratropical oceans, where the differences in wind speed have large impact on the difference in sensible heat flux. The dataset of SSM/I-derived turbulent fluxes is useful for climate studies, forcing of ocean models, and validation of coupled ocean-atmosphere global models.
Congress's 1975 Directions to the SEC for the Creation of a National Market System: Is the SEC Operating Outside the Mandate?

The SEC is currently holding hearings on sweeping changes to the micro-structure of the country's securities trading markets - modifying the trade through rule, for example. Professor Oesterle argues that the SEC should not be in the business of so structuring the country's securities markets in the first place. In the piece he chronicles the SEC's expansive interpretation of its power under Congress's 1975 National Market System Amendments to the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act and questions whether Congress intended to grant the SEC such a mandate.
Effect of Molasses and Bacitracin on the Estrogenic Activity of Silage

Summary The effects of zinc bacitracin alone and in combination with molasses on the preservation of grass-legume silage were investigated. Silage prepared with 4 to 40g. of bacitracin per ton reached satisfactory pH levels, but pH remained above 5.0 when 400g. per ton were used. In brome grass-alfalfa silage preserved with 40 or 80lb. of molasses alone or in combination with 4 to 40g. of zinc bacitracin per ton, there were no differences in protein, ether extract, fiber, or ash at the end of 90 days. The addition of molasses increased dry matter and nitrogen-free extract, and the combination of molasses and bacitracin tended to increase dry matter and NFE still more. Silage preserved with molasses had significantly more estrogenic activity than that with no preservative or with bacitracin alone.
Proxi-Annotated control flow graphs: deterministic context-sensitive monitoring for intrusion detection

Model or specification based intrusion detection systems have been effective in detecting known and unknown host based attacks with few false alarms [12, 15] In this approach, a model of program behavior is developed either manually, by using a high level specification language, or automatically, by static or dynamic analysis of the program The actual program execution is then monitored using the modeled behavior; deviations from the modeled behavior are flagged as attacks In this paper we discuss a novel model generated using static analysis of executables (binary code) Our key contribution is a model which is precise and runtime efficient Specifically, we extend the efficient control flow graph (CFG) based program behavioral model, with context sensitive information, thus, providing the precision afforded by the more expensive push down systems (PDS) Executables are instrumented with operations on auxiliary variables, referred to as proxi variables These annotated variables allow the resulting context sensitive control flow graphs obtained by statically analyzing the executables to be deterministic at runtime We prove that the resultant model, called proxi-annotated control flow graph, is as precise as previous approaches which use context sensitive push-down models and in-fact, enhances the runtime efficiency of such models We show the flexibility of our technique to handle different variations of recursion in a program efficiently This results in better treatment of monitoring programs where the recursion depth is not pre-determined.
Political Fundraising Networks

The paper uses new data on congressional fundraising networks to test whether network structure influences fundraising performance. The results are consistent with two predictions of ``middleman'' models of network formation: first, fundraising networks are characterized by high levels of inequality; second, fundraising performance and network centrality are positively related. Employing a spatial IV strategy that controls for the endogeneity of network formation and endogenous social effects, I find that a one percent increase in a legislator's centrality yields a 0.627% increase in funds raised. The IV estimate is within one standard deviation of the nonspatial OLS estimate and is robust to alternative methods of estimation.
The Value of Instructional Communication in Crisis Situations: Restoring Order to Chaos

This article explores the nature of instructional communication in responding to crisis situations. Through the lens of chaos theory, the relevance of instructional messages in restoring order is established. This perspective is further advanced through an explanation of how various learning styles impact the receptivity of various instructional messages during the acute phase of crises. We then summarize an exploratory study focusing on the relationship between learning styles and the demands of instructional messages in crisis situations. We conclude the article with a series of conclusions and implications.
Uniform and non uniform optical leaky-wave antennas for field shaping

The concept of optical leaky wave antennas based on periodic perturbations in a dielectric waveguide has been demonstrated to provide directive radiation in far field. Moreover the radiated field from such silicon-on-insulator and CMOS compatible antenna systems can be modulated through controlling the excess carrier density in silicon inclusions, and the radiation modulation with high extinction ratios were achieved by integrating the antennas in resonator topologies. In this paper we extend this concept to optical waveguides with non uniformly distributed perturbations as a method of shaping the antenna near field. The scattering of electromagnetic waves through such perturbed waveguides can be engineered using array theory or a leaky wave model. The resonator integration and Si-based designs combined with the near-field shaping technique proposed here can lead to applications such as tunable near field detection. In this paper we present a theoretical framework as a proof of the proposed concept with a CMOS compatible optical antenna.
Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Induces RNA Polymerase III- Dependent Gene Transcription and Increases Cellular TATA- Binding Protein by Activating the Ras Signaling Pathway

Our previous studies have shown that the hepatitis B virus protein, X, activates all three classes of RNA polymerase III (pol III)-dependent promoters by increasing the cellular level of TATA-binding protein (TBP) (H.-D. Wang et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6720-6728, 1995), a limiting transcription component (A. Trivedi et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:6909-6916, 1996). We have investigated whether these X-mediated events are dependent on the activation of the Ras/Raf-1 signaling pathway. Transient expression of a dominant-negative mutant Ras gene (Ras-ala15) in a Drosophila S-2 stable cell line expressing X (X-S2), or incubation of the cells with a Ras farnesylation inhibitor, specifically blocked both the X-dependent activation of a cotransfected tRNA gene and the increase in cellular TBP levels. Transient expression of a constitutively activated form of Ras (Ras-val12) in control S2 cells produced both an increase in tRNA gene transcription and an increase in cellular TBP levels. These events are not cell type specific since X-mediated gene induction was also shown to be dependent on Ras activation in a stable rat 1A cell line expressing X. Furthermore, increases in RNA pol III-dependent gene activity and TBP levels could be restored in X-S2 cells expressing Ras-ala15 by coexpressing a constitutively activated form of Raf-1. These events are serum dependent, and when the cells are serum deprived, the X-mediated effects are augmented. Together, these results demonstrate that the X-mediated induction of RNA pol III-dependent genes and increase in TBP are both dependent on the activation of the Ras/Raf-1 signaling cascade. In addition, these studies define two new and important consequences mediated by the activation of the Ras signal transduction pathway: an increase in the central transcription factor, TBP, and the induction of RNA pol III-dependent gene activity.
Studies of the bladder defense mechanism. II. Postoperative cystitis in the elderly.

Chronic postoperative cystitis in the elderly patient is a difficult problem, and is especially annoying if all obvious anatomic abnormalities have been corrected. This study of 20 such patients who underwent bladder surgery indicates that several local resistance factors may be related to this continued urinary infection. In elderly postoperative patients with chronic cystitis the bladder defense mechanisms have reached such a state of imbalance that they cannot cope with the invading organisms either by the mechanism of voiding or by vesical-wall defense factors. The relative importance of the various cellular and serologic local defense mechanisms in resisting bacteria in bladder urine and the bladder mucus layer, mucosa or submucosa is not known. There is no apparent quantitative histologic defect in the local bladder cellular response of the elderly patient. Therefore, a decreased quality of response is implied. In addition, trauma created by indwelling catheterization or by surgery destroys the anatomic integrity of the bladder wall and may thereby encourage the development of deep-seated infection by permitting tissue invasion. Foci of tissue infestation by E. coli were demonstrated in 1 of 2 patients in whom it was possible to make such a study. These foci are not subject to the normal voiding defense mechanism and the antibacterial factors within the bladder or urine; they can be eliminated only by inflammatory cells, antibodies, or antibacterial agents capable of attaining bactericidal tissue levels. Two axioms were confirmed by this study: 1) any period of preoperative indwelling catheterization should be as brief as possible, and 2) specific antimicrobial therapy should be planned preoperatively so that surgery takes place at a time when the urine and tissues are sterile; this sterility should be maintained until all foreign bodies, such as catheters, are removed from the urinary tract.
FROM OCCUPATIONAL INVOLVEMENT TO POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS

Since Mill and Tocqueville, theorists have speculated that local participation, particularly involvement in workplace decision making, contributes to participation in wider politics. Theory suggests there should be two types of relationships between work and politics. First, there should be a correspondence between similarly formal or authoritative occupational and political involvements. Second, occupational participation should generate political participation. Thus, both authority patterns and actual participation connect work to politics. This paper hypothesizes that, other things being equal, occupational involvement, such as authority and participation at work, generates wider political participation, and that this influence occurs most strongly across levels of similar formality between the occupational and political spheres. The study finds that work participation, in fact, generates political participation, and that the connection is strongest along a hierarchy of formality connecting participation from the workplace to politics.
Genetic immunization against anthrax.

The objective of this study was to determine whether a DNA prime-protein boost immunization against the Bacillus anthracisprotective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF) antigens could induce a protective immune response against significant aerosol challenge in the rabbit model. Rabbits were vaccinated with different regimens of DNA vaccines (Table 1) and aerosol challenged with B. anthracis spores, Ames strain, with an average dose of 50 LD50s with a range from 18 to 169 LD50s. Of the five vaccinated rabbits that survived, two were immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) with DNA followed with a protein boost and three were immunized subcutaneous (s.q.) with recombinant protein. A major factor predicting survival was the ability of the animal to mount a lasting antibody response to PA. Rabbit sera were collected prior to and following aerosol challenge and titrated for PA antibodies by indirect ELISA. The results of this study indicate that DNA-based immunization against PA and LF induces significant protective immunity against aerosol challenge in the rabbit model and compares favorably with protein-based immunization. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Liquid-like platinum-rich glasses

Bulk platinum-rich glasses exhibiting high bulk moduli and Poisson ratios are introduced. A bulk modulus of 217 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.43 are measured, the highest values reported to date for a metallic glass. The present glasses demonstrate an unusual capacity for “liquid-like” deformation characterized by low resistance to shear flow and high resistance to cavitation, enabling extensive bending ductility in the absence of fracture. An indirect estimate of the fracture toughness yields a value of ∼125 MPa m^(1/2).
Overworked or Underworked? Examining Hour Mismatches for Women and Men in the United States

In this article, we add to the literature on feeling over- or underworked (hour mismatch) by examining the influence of work and family relationships; social stratification (occupation, education, financial stability); household labor (hours of housework and childcare); and attitudes toward paid and unpaid labor. Our analysis of hour mismatches is informed by several theories, including Jacobs and Gerson's dual-earner couple hypothesis and notion of the polarization of the workforce and Hochschild's reversed worlds hypothesis. We use the 1994 Americans' Changing Lives data, splitting the sample by sex in our analysis. Our findings indicate that hours spent on childcare affect men's hour mismatches, while hours spent on housework affect women's. In addition, we find that attitudes toward housework and paid labor play an important role in tempering perceptions of hour mismatches. Our findings illustrate the way that gender structures perceptions of ideal work hours and the ability to achieve them.
Correlation between Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale:

The Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale were administered to a stratified sample of 78 college students. The two measures of depression were significantly correlated...