cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Preference Assessments to Identify Preferred Job Tasks for Adolescents with Autism

Matching job tasks to the individual’s preferences improves job performance. Preference assessments, including paired stimulus (PS) and multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (MSWO) procedures, can be used to identify preferred vocational tasks for individuals with disabilities. However, there are few direct comparisons of the efficacy and efficiency of these two assessments for identifying preferred job tasks. We completed the PS and MSWO assessments for three participants who had limited vocal skills and analyzed correspondence between the assessment outcomes. We then assessed the validity of each assessment by evaluating engagement in the tasks identified as high- and low-preferred. Lastly, we asked teachers to watch videos of students engaged in high- and low-preferred tasks and rate student engagement, student happiness, and whether they would recommend the task. For all participants, both preference assessments identified the same high-preferred job task, but different low-preferred tasks. All participants remained engaged when completing the high-preferred task, but two participants were less engaged with the low-preferred tasks identified by the PS than the low-preferred task identified by the MSWO. All teachers suggested that they would recommend the task that was identified as high-preferred.
CPS-CSH Cyber-Physical Analysis and Design

Existing methodologies to assess cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are hampered by their diverse nature and complexity. This paper proposes a model for cyber-physical systems design and analysis rooted in the social science approach to complex system analysis, Critical System Heuristics (CSH). The model affords an analysis at both the level of abstraction of functionality and the type of functionality within a CPS. The CPS-CSH model is developed and examples from reliability for electric smart grid systems and security for water distribution systems are presented.
Accountability for others, perceived resources, and well being: Convergent restricted non-linear results in two samples

This two-sample investigation examined the influence of perceived resources on the form and magnitude of the relationships between accountability for others (AFO) and job tension and job satisfaction. Employing resource theory, we hypothesized that the non-linear relationship between AFO and job tension would surface only for individuals high in perceived resources, whereas the association between these constructs would be positive and linear for individuals low in perceived resources. A similar relationship was hypothesized for AFO and job satisfaction in which the non-linear effect would arise for individuals high in perceived resources, and negative linear effects would emerge for those low in perceived resources. Data from two samples (N= 201; N= 182) provided support and replication for the hypotheses. Implications of the results and directions for future research are discussed.
Breaking hospitality apart: bad hosts, bad guests, and the problem of sovereignty

Talk of hospitality often turns to the problem of bad guests and bad hosts. This trend holds whether the speakers are Balga Bedouin in Jordan or political theorists in Europe, and it would seem that bad hospitality accumulates in the gaps created by shifts in scale, as houses absorb other houses, or nation-states and their citizens compete to control the concepts and practices that define house, host, and guest. Moving from Bedouin history to metropolitan political theory, I show how bad hosts and guests break hospitality apart, revealing its component parts and how they work. Like the Balga Bedouin, I am intrigued by bad guests, and I dread bad hosts. Whenever I encounter these characters – in Jordan, where they stand out and can be appreciated, not in the United States, where they are common – I immediately tell others about them, and seldom are people more eager to hear my news. I am not spreading idle gossip. I am keeping up local standards for excellence in the handling of guests and hosts. Among Bedouin, these standards are high, and Balgawis are always pleased to see that I understand them. Hospitality, karam in local dialect, is not simply a matter of offering tea, cigarettes, and pleasant conversation to guests. It is also a test of sovereignty. The man who is karim (hospitable, generous, noble) is able to feed others, project an honourable and enviable reputation, and protect guests from harm. Hospitality, as Bedouin describe it, is a quality of persons and households, of tribal and ethnic groups, and even of nation-states. At any of these levels of significance, failure to provide karam suggests low character and weakness, qualities that attract moral criticism. In short, Bedouin assume that disputes over hospitality can open a social space to ridicule and ultimately to the threat of trespass and subordination. This negative potential makes bad hosts and bad guests important. It gives moral focus to the central problem of hospitality: namely how to enact autonomy and exchange, openness and closure, within the same social space. When Balgawis suggest that a nation-state can be hospitable, just as a person can, they acknowledge the scalar complexity that has made hospitality a concept of interest to metropolitan political theorists. The latter do not fixate on whether the tea was hot or the greetings ample, but they do share with bs_bs_banner
Mineralogy at a Crossroads

Mineralogy, for a long time defined as the study of naturally occurring crystalline compounds formed as a results of inorganic processes, is at a crossroads. The above definition is now seen as far too restrictive, and a wider definition includes new high pressure/temperature minerals not yet found on Earth, amorphous, nano-, and mesoscopic materials and their dimensionality-dependent properties, extraterrestrial rocks, biologically precipitated minerals, and the role of minerals in the evolution of life. At the interface to technology, mineralogy is providing a stimulus both in terms of the materials studied and the tools applied to their investigation. The interdisciplinary nature of mineralogy is illustrated in an overview of recent developments in the field.
Mining the Preference Relations and Preference Graphs

When knowledge mining starts from contingency tables, many types of knowledge become apparent that would otherwise went unnoticed. In this paper we start from contingency tables for pairs of attributes whose domains are ordered. The domain of each attribute can be interpreted as a preference list. We present a common 2-d pattern that can be collectively called preference relation. Preference relation tells that one of the choices is accepted to a higher degree over another. On one end of the spectrum, a weak preference borders equivalence relation between choices. On the other, a very strong preference is similar to subset relation. We present several tests that can distinguish various forms of preference relation knowledge and also subset and equivalence. Our experience in data mining with the application of the 49er system shows that the exploration of many databases frequently leads to large numbers of preference-type regularities. Large numbers of preference-type regularities can be combined into concise, useful forms of preference graphs. We compare preference graphs to taxonomies and inclusion graphs. We illustrate the presented algorithms by applications on the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) databases.
Pathologic and physiologic interactions of bacteria with the gastrointestinal epithelium

Communication between microorganisms and the gastrointestinal epithelium, ie, bacterial-epithelial crosstalk, is examined. Because most basic research on the molecular interaction of bacteria with the gut epithelium relates to pathogen-enterocyte interaction, crosstalk with pathologic bacterial is considered in detail. Through their interactions with the intestinal epithelium, pathogens can modify epithelium function to enhance their penetration across the epithelial barrier and to exploit mucosal host defenses for their own benefit. Three representative pathogens are used to illustrate the various adaptive techniques used to colonize and penetrate the mucosal barrier. Salmonella enterica typhimurium interacts with the physiologic receptor for epidermal growth factor to co-opt the receptor's signal transduction mechanisms. Enteropathic Escherichia coli secretes a receptor (type III secretion) into the microvillus surface of enterocytes that disrupts the microvillus and alters its actin structure to form a dome-like anchoring site. Shigella flexneri is used to illustrate how pathogens use the follicular epithelial cell (M cell), the physiologic conduit for antigens to reach gut associated-lymphoid tissues, for penetration of the epithelial barrier. Shigella organisms attached to M cells use their endocytotic properties to enter the cell. Once inside the cell, the organism lyses the endocytic vacuole and co-opts actin and myosin to form a propelling tail for further penetration of the epithelium through the basolateral surface. Probiotics can protect the intestine by competing with pathogens for attachment, strengthening tight junctions between enterocytes, and enhancing the mucosal immune response to pathogens. However, additional molecular studies are needed to define more precisely the mechanism of probiotic-epithelial crosstalk.
Student motivation in supplemental science programs

Two studies examined students’ science motivation at two supplemental science programs, After School Science (N = 22) and Summer Science Camp (N = 33). We surveyed students at each program and interviewed staff members to understand each program’s goals and activities. Findings suggest that the two programs differentially influence interest and motivation, and the staff’s goals for students differed by program. Results have implications for the design of supplemental science education programs.
Standard model top quark asymmetry at the Fermilab Tevatron

Top quark pair production at proton-antiproton colliders is known to exhibit a forward-backward asymmetry due to higher-order QCD effects. We explore how this asymmetry might be studied at the Fermilab Tevatron, including how the asymmetry depends on the kinematics of extra hard partons. We consider results for top quark pair events with one and two additional hard jets. We further note that a similar asymmetry, correlated with the presence of jets, arises in specific models for parton showers in Monte Carlo simulations. We conclude that the measurement of this asymmetry at the Tevatron will be challenging, but important both for our understanding of QCD and for our efforts to model it.
Treatment of urge incontinence in veterans affairs medical centers

Urinary incontinence has far-reaching medical, psychological, social, and economic effects. The objectives of this descriptive study were to examine utilization patterns and discontinuation rates of various pharmacologic agents used to treat symptoms of overactive bladder, primarily urge incontinence (UI), and to estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence in the study population. Patient-level data regarding specific drugs used to treat UI and the use of diapers or pads over a 9-month period from October 1995 to May 1996 were retrospectively extracted from the medication databases of 9 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers. A total of 2233 male patients were included in the analyses. Most patients were receiving oxybutynin chloride (39.8%), dicyclomine hydrochloride (16.0%), or imipramine hydrochloride (13.9%), and the remaining 30.3% were using flavoxate hydrochloride, propantheline bromide, hyoscyamine sulfate, and adult diapers or pads. Overall, 72.1% of patients had been prescribed daily dosages within the recommended dosing ranges for these medications. The majority (91.3%) of patients had not switched to another UI medication during the study period. Based on a chronic disease index, 47.6% of patients had 2 or fewer chronic diseases. Using pooled prevalence estimates, the estimated percentage of patients who had ever experienced UI in this population ranged from 7.4% to 20.8%; however, a considerably smaller percentage were taking medications for the treatment of UI. The results of this study suggest that oxybutynin, dicyclomine, and imipramine are the agents most commonly used to treat urinary incontinence within Veterans Affairs medical centers. The majority of patients who received a prescription for one of these drugs did not routinely refill the medication over the course of the study. There are many reasons for patients not to refill a prescription (eg, ineffectiveness, side effects, complications, obtaining the drug from another source), but the present study did not address the causes.
Evaluation of electric cell-substrate impedance sensing for the detection of nanomaterial toxicity

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is an in situ and real-time monitoring system used to detect toxic agents by monitoring changes in impedance of a confluent cell monolayer. When toxic agents are introduced to cells, they can cause a change in the cell barrier function, a direct measure of the resistance to current flow caused by tight junction formation between cells. This exposure results in an immediate, quantitative change in the measured resistance between the electrodes, thus, continuously monitoring cell behaviour and by extension, toxic exposure. We have developed an ECIS-based protocol to functionally characterise epithelial cell response when challenged by different toxicants, particularly silver and copper nanoparticles. We verified our impedance changes with observed structural changes by fluorescent staining of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein in the tight junctions of a model epithelial cell line.
Agglomeration models for process design and control

Abstract The basic population balance models for agglomeration processes are reviewed and procedures are described for extending their applicability to systems with size-dependent rate constants and to the formation and growth of porous agglomerates from rigid, solid particles. Simplified procedures for the further extension of the models to include simultaneous agglomerate growth and breakage are also described.
Determination of Ice-Phase Water Capture Temperatures Using Isotopic Composition and Habits of Ice CrystalsRelevance to Snowpack Augmentation

Abstract The oxygen 18/oxygen 16 (18O/16O) and deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios of snowmelt have been used for estimating the weighted mean temperatures in clouds where ice-phase water capture has occurred during the precipitation-forming process. The isotopic measurements were combined with ice crystal replication and microphotographic observations of primary ice crystal habits and degrees of riming. Measurements from two complete winter seasons have enabled the development of climatological databases of these ice-phase water capture temperatures for the central Sierra Nevada and the Snowy Mountains of Australia. The results are based on the linear relationships between the temperature of formation in the clouds of ice crystals grown by vapor deposition and the departures (δ18O, δD) of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios in these crystals from the standard mean ocean water values. It was found that precipitation falling from orographic winter storms collects most of its water substance in the lower 1...
Associations between hand and foot preference in 3- to 5-year-olds.

Abstract Associations between foot and hand preference behavior were examined in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds. Analysis of the general trichotomous (right, left, mixed) distribution of pReferences indicated no sex or age group differences, while noting that 39% were mixed-footed compared to 17% not favoring one hand over the other. Frequency of paired (congruent and cross-lateral) pReferences revealed that two patterns, Right-hand/Right-foot (52%) and Right-hand/Mixed-foot (23%) accounted for the vast majority (75%) of subjects. Of the total number of right-handers, most (67%) preferred the right foot, while only 19% of the lefthanders were congruent. Thus, supporting findings reported on older populations that righthanders are more consistently right-footed, than left-handers are left-footed. Behavior of the mixed- and right-handed sample was similar, suggesting an overall predominance of these lateral characteristics in young children.
Effects of moderate caloric restriction on cortical microvascular density and local cerebral blood flow in aged rats.

Abstract The present study was designed to assess the impact of moderate caloric restriction (60% of ad libitum fed animals) on cerebral vascular density and local cerebral blood flow. Vascular density was assessed in male Brown–Norway rats from 7–35 months of age using a cranial window technique. Arteriolar density, arteriole-arteriole anastomoses, and venular density decreased with age and these effects were attenuated by moderate caloric restriction. Analysis of local cerebral blood using [14C]iodoantipyrine indicated that basal blood flow decreased with age in CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus of hippocampus; similar trends were evident in cingulate, retrosplenal, and motor cortex. Basal blood flow was increased in all brain regions of moderate caloric restricted old animals (compared to old ad libitum fed animals) and no differences were observed between ad libitum fed young and caloric restricted older animals. In response to a CO2 challenge to maximally dilate vessels, blood flow increased in young and old ad libitum fed animals, but a similar increase was not observed in caloric restricted old animals. We conclude that a decrease in cerebral vasculature is an important contributing factor in the reduction in blood flow with age. Nevertheless, vessels from young and old animals have the capacity to dilate in response to a CO2 challenge and, after CO2, no differences are observed between the two age-groups. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aged animals fail to adequately regulate local cerebral blood flow in response to physiological stimuli. Moderate caloric restriction increases microvascular density and cerebral blood flow in aged animals but tissues exhibit little or no increase in blood flow in response to CO2 challenge. The cause of this deficient response may indicate that vessels are maximally dilated in aged calorically restricted animals or that they fail to exhibit normal regulatory control.
Negotiating the New Market: Women, Families, Women’s Organizations and the Economic Transition in Poland

Women have been affected more negatively than men by the economic transformation in Poland. They are the majority of the unemployed and the poor, they have a more difficult time finding jobs, and their incomes are significantly lower than men’s. The disadvantageous position of women on the labor market, coupled with increasing governmental withdrawal from social provisioning like childcare, health care, and education, has created problems for families, especially for growing numbers of single mothers and two-parent low-income families. The transition to a market economy also has generated a steady growth of women’s organizations which have stepped in where the state has withdrawn from social provisioning and provide assistance to women and their families. These organizations are not only helping women and low-income families adjust to the new market situation, but also to negotiate the market so that it better responds to their needs.
EFFECTS OF ANXIETY TYPE AND ITEM‐DIFFICULTY SEQUENCING ON MATHEMATICS TEST PERFORMANCE*

Abstract : Effects of item difficulty sequencing on performance and on post-state anxiety were investigated using a timed mathematics aptitude test. The Ss were randomly assigned to a random, easy-to-hard, or hard-to-easy item difficulty sequencing group. The hard-to-easy sequence group performance was significantly lower than either the random or easy-to-hard sequence groups. Though not statistically different, (1) the mathematics aptitude test scores of four achievement anxiety types grouped using the Achievement Anxiety Test, and (2) levels of state anxiety provoked by the three difficulty sequences were in the predicted direction. (Author)
Basic concepts relevant to heat transfer in fishes, and their use in measuring the physiological thermoregulatory abilities of tunas

Aerobic heat production and heat loss via the gills are inexorably linked in all water breathing teleosts except tunas. These processes are decoupled in tunas by the presence of vascular counter-current heat exchangers, and sustained (i.e., steady state) muscle temperatures may exceed water temperature by 10° C or more in larger individuals. The presence of vascular counter-current heat exchangers is not clearly advantageous in all situations, however. Mathematical models predict that tunas could overheat during strenuous activity unless the efficacy of vascular heat exchangers can be reduced, and that they may be activity limited in warmer waters. Tunas may likewise be forced out of potentially usable habitats as they grow because they have to occupy cooler waters. Vascular counter-current heat exchangers also slow rates of heating and cooling. A reduced rate of muscle temperature decrease is clearly advantageous when diving into colder water to chase prey or avoid predators. A reduced rate of heat gain from the environment would be disadvantageous, however, when fish return to the warmer surface waters. When subjected to changes in ambient temperature, tunas cannot defend a specific body temperature and do not thermoregulate in the mammalian sense. Yet when appropriately analyzed, data taken under steady state and non-steady state conditions indicate that tunas are not strictly prisoners of their own thermoconserving mechanisms. They apparently can modify overall efficiency of their vascular counter-current heat exchangers and thus avoid overheating during bouts of strenuous activity, retard cooling after diving into colder water, and rapidly warm their muscles after voluntarily entering warmer water. The exact physiological mechanisms employed remain to be elucidated.
Environmental influences on regression factors for estimating 305-day production from part lactations.

Summary Cumulative milk and fat production on test days from 11,420 Michigan DHIA-IBM records from 1953 to 1957 were used to derive regression factors for estimating 305-day production from part lactations. The data included 8,993 Holstein, 1,457 Guernsey, 651 Jersey, and 319 Brown Swiss lactations. Linear regression coefficients of total on part lactation within herd-season-lactation-age groups were used to measure the relationship between cumulative production on test day and total production for the first ten test days. Analyses of regression coefficients for the first, third, and seventh cumulative months of the Holstein data indicated season was not an important influence on the part-to-whole relationship. Visual inspection of the mean coefficients for age within lactation numbers failed to reveal where ages and parities should be separated or combined. Intra-herd factors for extending incomplete records were developed from the average regression coefficients of total on part lactations within herds, seasons, lactations, and ages for each of the nine cumulative test days. Each regression coefficient included in the average was weighted by the number of records from which it was computed. For comparison, extension factors disregarding herd, season, lactation number, and age effects also were derived. Although the differences between inter- and intra-herd factors were not tested for significance, the marked similarity between the Holstein factors suggests that herd had little or no influence on the part-to-whole relationship. Correlations between cumulative part and 305-day production ignoring herd differences were not less than 0.7 for the first month, increased steadily as the lactation progressed, and were 0.9 by the fifth test day for all breeds. These findings support data in the literature which suggest that production records of only 1 or 2 mo. are valuable guides to what a cow will produce in that lactation. Estimating 305-day production from such records would be useful in early culling and progeny testing.
A difference in bleomycin-induced DNA synthesis between liver nuclei from mature and old rats

Abstract Nuclei from the livers of mature and old rats have been compared in a nuclear incorporating system. Regular incorporation of 3 H-TTP was found to be the same with the two nuclear preparations. The addition of bleomycin resulted in increased 3 H-TTP incorporation with both nuclear preparations. Nuclei from mature rats, however, responded twice as well to bleomycin than did nuclei from old rats. The addition of 50 μg bleomycin to 100 mg nuclear DNA resulted in a 13.8 fold stimulation in nuclei from mature rats and a 6.2 fold stimulation in nuclei from old rats. Bleomycin has previously been shown to stimulate repair synthesis and our finding suggests that there might be diminished repair capacity in old rat liver cells. Repair of DNA from nuclei exposed to bleomycin has been demonstrated, but the difference between mature and old nuclei was not apparent in that determination. DNA polymerase β seems to be the enzyme responsible for increased incorporation due to bleomycin. The amounts of DNA polymerase β that could be extracted from nuclei of mature and old rats was found to be the same. The difference in bleomycin- induced incorporation found with the nuclear incorporation system might depend on the accessibility of the damaged DNA in the chromosomes to DNA polymerase β.
GTP‐Binding–Protein‐Coupled Receptor Kinases Two Mechanistic Models

Six vertebrate protein kinases (G-protein-coupled receptor kinases; GRKs) that regulate the function of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were recently cloned; several distinct properties set them apart from conventional second-messenger regulated protein kinases. It appears that GRKs bind GPCR* through two separate sites: a high-affinity site, which involves intracellular loops of the activated receptor, and the lower-affinity site, encompassing the phosphorylation region. The high-affinity interaction may involve complementary structural elements of GRKs and GPCRs* rather than precise amino acid alignment, thus allowing broad and overlapping specificities of these kinases, in spite of differences in the sequences of GPCRs. In addition, GRK structures are modified by several posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, autophosphorylation, prenylation, carboxymethylation, and palmitoylation, probably affecting properties of these enzymes. While GRKs phosphorylate and inactivate receptor molecules which are engaged in G-protein activation, controversy surrounds whether GRKs might be activated and phosphorylate unstimulated GPCRs, leading to a desensitization of a larger population of the receptors. In this review, mechanistic aspects of GPCR* phosphorylation related to the distinct properties, regulation and modes of action of GRKs are described.
A multiphysics model for self-oscillatory ionic polymer-metal composite actuators

In our previous work [1], we have reported a novel approach to electrochemically driven Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) that exhibit their self-oscillatory deformation in a cantilever bender configuration. When a constant current was imposed to IPMCs, under certain conditions IPMCs exhibit their periodic deformation. In order to better understand such an electro-chemo-mechanical behavior of IPMCs--particularly for self-oscillation--we have developed a multi- physics based mathematical model, which accounts for electrochemical and electromechanical phenomena, along with surface chemistry, simultaneously. A model study was performed to predict the kinetically driven potential oscillations for electrochemical oxidation of formaldehyde on the Pt-IPMC surface. The physical phenomena of the studied system are described in coupled differential equations. In addition, experiments were conducted to acquire important model parameters. The proposed model was implemented in a MATLAB platform. Seemingly, the model accurately predicts the self- oscillating and non-linear behavior IPMCs.
Decomposing notions of adjectival transitivity in Navajo

Points of variation manifested by adjectives crosslinguistically have received much recent attention in the literature. This paper argues that one way in which adjectives may differ (crosslinguistically or within a single language) is in their projection of a degree argument position in the syntax. Under standard analyses of adjectival meaning, semantic transitivity implies syntactic transitivity. However, the Navajo data presented in this paper suggests that while all Navajo adjectives have a degree argument in their semantics, syntactic projection of the degree argument is only licensed by special morphology on the adjective.
Diffusional study of the effect of sodium chloride on limestone sulfation in fluidized-bed combustion. part 2

Abstract The effective diffusivity of argon through calcined Greer limestone is given during sulfation, salt addition, and additional sulfation. The corresponding extents of sulfation are also presented. The effective diffusivity of SO 2 decreases as sulfation takes place. Introduction of sodium chloride vapor to the system rearranges the sulfated product layer structure, thus increasing the effective diffusivity of SO 2 . This increases the SO 2 capture capacity of Greer limestone by more than 200% at sulfation temperatures above 840°C.
Simultaneous Detection of Free Radical Release and Membrane Current during Phagocytosis

Stimulation of macrophages induces the "respiratory burst" response which is associated with the generation of superoxide (O2-), a drop in cytoplasmic pH, and a pronounced depolarization of the membrane potential. The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether an increase in O2- was temporally related to changes in membrane potential and transmembrane current. Release of O2- at the single cell level was photometrically monitored during phagocytosis of immune complexes while simultaneously measuring whole-cell current. Membrane depolarization and the generation of a non-selective current followed an increase in O2- production with a variable lag time which was correlated with the state of cellular maturation in culture. In the absence of phagocytosis, the exposure of macrophages to O2- generated by a xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction activated a non-selective current similar to that seen after phagocytosis. These results provide the first demonstration of the relationship between free radical release and the ensuing electrophysiological signaling events which are linked to particle engulfment in phagocytic cells.
Paring down signaling complexity.

A new method for characterizing signaling responses to pairs of agonists predicts how cells react to higher-order combinations of external stimuli.
Reservoir Simulation Based on the Finite Analytic Method

Traditionally reservoir simulation has been accomplished by solution of reservoir flow models using variations of the methods of finite differences and less frequently by finite elements. The accuracy of these methods depends heavily on the size of grid blocks and time steps employed for the numerical solution. Consequently, computational time and memory requirements may be overwhelming in many cases. in the present study, a recently proposed method called the finite analytic method is shown to alleviate the difficulties associated with the conventional methods. The finite analytic method is operationally and principally different than the conventional finite difference and finite element methods in that a general analytical solution of the simulation model is used over mesh elements to obtain a numerical scheme. In this study, the methodology of formulating and calculating with this method is illustrated by means of a typical two-phase immiscible flow problem described by the Buckley-Leverett equation.
The effect of serotonergic and dopaminergic lesions on sodium-sensitive [3H]mazindol binding in rat hypothalamus and corpus striatum

The effects of intracerebroventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) on sodium-sensitive [3H]mazindol binding were investigated in the rat hypothalamus and corpus striatum. In the hypothalamus, specific [3H]mazindol binding was inhibited by low concentrations of sodium and stimulated by high-sodium concentrations, whereas in the corpus striatum, only a sodium-dependent stimulation of [3H]mazindol binding was observed. Lesions with 6-OHDA significantly reduced sodium-dependent [3H]mazindol binding in the corpus striatum, but had no effect on the binding of [3H]mazindol in the absence of sodium. Lesions of serotonergic neurons with 5,7-DHT, however, had no effect on [3H]mazindol binding in the striatum, but resulted in a significant increase in the number of [3H]mazindol binding sites in the hypothalamus. These data suggest that [3H]mazindol may bind to two anatomically distinct binding sites, one that is stimulated and the other inhibited by sodium. The sodium-stimulated binding sites appear to be located on dopaminergic terminals in the striatum, and in the hypothalamus, the sodium-inhibited sites appear to be regulated by serotonergic neuronal activity.
An Application of a State-of-the-Art Corrosion Measurement System to a Study of the Effects of Alternating Current on Corrosion

Abstract A commercial corrosion measurement system has been used in conjunction with an AC superposition circuit to produce linear potentiodynamic anodic polarizations of AISI 303 and AISI 316 stai...
Bronchoalveolar Lavage and the Immunology of Primary Lung Cancer

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a powerful tool with which the immunology of the lung in health and disease can be studied. This technique has been successfully used to characterize localized humoral and cell-mediated responses in sarcoidosis and a number of other interstitial pneumonitides. In contrast, BAL in patients with lung cancer has resulted in some confusion regarding the extent and type of local and systemic immunity in these patients. This review summarizes some of the data obtained from these patients via BAL, but does not attempt to explain the reported discrepancies. The objective of this review is rather to identify gaps which exist in our knowledge of the environmental factors influencing pulmonary immunity in primary lung cancer.
Influence of APF and aureomycin on the growth of dairy calves.

SummaryAdding an APF supplement (Lederle) and crystalline aureomycin to the diet of young dairy calves significantly increased the rates of growth and reduced the incidence and severity of diarrhea. The data suggest that the responses observed may be largely the result of an antibiotic effect of aureomycin.
The informational potential of the nonverbal and verbal components of feedback responses

This research was designed to identify the nonverbal and verbal communicative behaviors which are the constituents of feedback responses and to examine the informational potential of these behaviors. Results from factor analyses indicate that the nonverbal communicative behaviors used in feedback responses are composed of four independent factors, while the verbal behaviors are composed of seven factors. The nonverbal communicative behaviors appear to have the potential to provide information about how receivers perceive themselves and the message sender. By contrast, verbal communicative behaviors used in feedback responses may be useful indicators of the effectiveness and efficiency with which the receiver is responding to a given message.
Effect of bovine insulin on the incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein and carbohydrate in liver and muscle of hagfish, Eptatretus stouti.

Abstract The effects of bovine insulin on [ 14 C]glycine metabolism were studied in Pacific hagfish. Insulin injection at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 IU/kg produced a marked reduction of both blood glucose level and the incorporation of labeled glycine into blood glucose. Insulin decreased the radioactivity of the TCA-soluble fraction of muscle tissue, and coincidentally increased the incorporation of [ 14 C]glycine into muscle protein. In liver, on the other hand, no significant effects were observed on the incorporation of [ 14 C]glycine or its 14 C-labeled metabolites into glycogen, into the TCA-soluble fraction, or into protein after insulin administration. These findings suggest that in addition to regulation of plasma glucose levels, the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by insulin is of primary importance in this primitive animal.
Abstract 2478: Novel tyrosine derivatives of temozolomide active against breast cancer cell lines.

A series of L- and D-tyrosine derivatives of temozolomide (TMZ) was synthesized and evaluated as potentially improved anticancer agents against breast cancer cell lines. TMZ is a well tolerated, broad spectrum oral alkylating agent that crosses the blood–brain barrier. It has demonstrated activity against glioma and melanoma, as well as preclinical activity against breast cancer. Recent studies have shown the effectiveness of combining alkylating agents with the amino acid tyrosine, yielding analogs with significantly improved in vitro anticancer activity when compared with the parent compound. Following from this, we seek to improve the efficacy of TMZ by chemically modifying the C-8 position of the imidazotetrazine to include L- and D-tyrosine adducts attached either directly or via a linker of varying size. The novel TMZ derivatives were synthesized in good yields through efficient peptide synthesis methods. The anticancer efficacy of the derivatives was evaluated over several hormone-dependent and hormone-independent (ER+ and ER-) breast cancer cell lines. Preliminary results show that at a concentration of 2 x 10 − 5 M the novel derivatives display at least a 20% greater in vitro growth inhibitory activity when compared to TMZ, particularly in hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis suggests the influence of both the length of the linker and the stereochemistry of the tyrosine adduct on the anticancer activity of the derivatives. Further investigation will reveal if interaction with hormone-related receptors is involved in the mechanism of action of the newly synthesized derivatives. Citation Format: Jordan Kiefer O9Sullivan, Taylor R. Helphrey, Johnny Laim, Maggie C. Louie, Maria Graciela Carranza. Novel tyrosine derivatives of temozolomide active against breast cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2478. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2478
Semi-Markov state estimation and policy optimization for energy efficient mobile sensing

User/environmental context detection on mobile devices benefits end-users by providing information support to various kinds of applications. A pervasive question, however, is how the sensors on the mobile device should be sampled energy efficiently without sacrificing too much detection accuracy. In this paper, we formulate the user state sensing problem as the intermittent sampling of a semi-Markov process, a model that provides general and flexible capturing of realistic data with any type of state sojourn distributions. We propose (a) a semi-Markov state estimation mechanism that selects the most likely user state while observations are missing, and (b) a semi-Markov optimal sensing policy u∗ s which minimizes the expected state estimation error while maintaining a given energy budget. Their performance are shown to significantly outperform Markov algorithms on simulated two-state processes and real user state traces pertaining to different types of state distributions. Finally, in order to evaluate the performance of u∗ s , we implement a client-server based basic human activity recognition system on N95 smartphones and desktops which automatically computes user-specific optimal sensing policy based on historically collected data. We show that u∗ s improves the estimation accuracy by 27.8% and 48.6% respectively over Markov-optimal policy and uniform sampling through a set of experiments.
Network analysis of associations between serum interferon‐α activity, autoantibodies, and clinical features in systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective Interferon-α (IFNα) is a primary pathogenic factor in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and high IFNα levels may be associated with particular clinical manifestations. The prevalence of individual clinical and serologic features differs significantly by ancestry. This study was undertaken to detect associations between clinical and serologic disease manifestations and serum IFNα activity in a large diverse SLE cohort, using multivariate and network analyses. Methods We studied 1,089 SLE patients (387 African American, 186 Hispanic American, and 516 European American patients). The presence or absence of individual American College of Rheumatology (ACR) clinical criteria for SLE, autoantibodies, and serum IFNα activity data were analyzed in univariate and multivariate models. Iterative multivariate logistic regression was performed in each ancestral background group separately to establish the network of associations between variables that were independently significant following Bonferroni correction. Results In all ancestral backgrounds, high IFNα activity was associated with anti-Ro and anti–double-stranded DNA antibodies (P = 4.6 × 10−18 and P = 2.9 × 10−16, respectively). Younger age, non-European ancestry, and anti-RNP were also independently associated with increased serum IFNα activity (P ≤ 6.7 × 10−4). We found 14 unique associations between variables in network analysis, and only 7 of these associations were shared among >1 ancestral background. Associations between clinical criteria were different for different ancestral backgrounds, while autoantibody–IFNα relationships were similar across backgrounds. IFNα activity and autoantibodies were not associated with ACR clinical features in multivariate models. Conclusion Our findings indicate that serum IFNα activity is strongly and consistently associated with autoantibodies, and not independently associated with clinical features in SLE. IFNα may be more relevant to humoral tolerance and initial pathogenesis than later clinical disease manifestations.
Modeling juvenile salmon migration using a simple Markov chain

We describe movement patterns of hatchery-raised, juvenile, spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, using a two-state Markov chain model. The existence of two states, moving and holding, is suggestedby anecdotalinformation from a large radio telemetry study; yet adequate observations of these small-scale fish behaviors are not available for estimating transition probabilities directly. Instead, we estimate the transition probability matrix from travel times within each of 11 river segments using a method of moments approach. Bootstrapped confidence intervals are presented. Results suggest that fish behavior in the region of the confluence between the Grande Ronde and Snake Rivers includes many transitions between moving and staying while fish behavior in the Snake River is more likely to include long periods of staying.
Harmonizing European and American Aviation Modernization Efforts Through Visual Analytics

The successful development and implementation of both European and American aviation modernization programs require active cooperation, harmonization, and interoperability among air transportation systems. Although significant efforts have beenmade toward collaboration and synchronization, additional work is required to harmonize capabilities, terminology, assumptions, standards, and implementation schedules. This paper presents a rigorous approach and visual environment to instantaneously examine and compare the components of both European and American programs and to further identify and understand the nature of their relationships. In particular, it provides a unique and interactive means to investigate and compare both programs, roadmaps, terminologies, and definitions.
Variation in the phenology and abundance of flowering by native and exotic plants in subalpine meadows

The timing and abundance of flower production is important to the reproductive success of angiosperms as well as pollinators and floral and seed herbivores. Exotic plants often compete with native plants for space and limiting resources, potentially altering community floral dynamics. We used observations and a biomass-removal experiment to explore the effects of an invasive exotic flowering plant, Linaria vulgaris, on community and individual species flowering phenology and abundance in subalpine meadows in Colorado, USA. Invasion by L. vulgaris was associated with a shift in both the timing and abundance of community flowering. Invaded plant communities exhibited depressed flowering by 67% early in the season relative to uninvaded communities, but invaded sites produced 7.6 times more flowers than uninvaded sites once L. vulgaris began flowering. This increase in flowers at the end of the season was driven primarily by prolific flowering of L. vulgaris. We also found lower richness and evenness of resident flowering species in invaded plots during the period of L. vulgaris flowering. At the species level, a common native species (Potentilla pulcherrima) produced 71% fewer flowers in invaded relative to uninvaded plots, and the species had reduced duration of flowering in invaded relative to uninvaded sites. This result suggests that L. vulgaris does not simply alter the flowering of subordinate species but also the flowering of an individual common species in the plant community. We then used observational data to explore the relationship between L. vulgaris density and resident floral production but found only partial evidence that higher densities of L. vulgaris were associated with stronger effects on resident floral production. Taken together, results suggest that a dominant invasive plant can affect community and individual-species flowering.
GAPS IN THE ARGUMENT: A DISCUSSION OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF COSMOLOGY

. In this discussion review of Robert John Russell's collection of essays I agree with him about the necessity of human existence given the claims of Christian theology. I look in detail at his suggestions for speaking to this issue, especially his thesis of NIODA—noninterventionist objective divine action. I end up disagreeing with the suggestion and argue that in respects Russell is tackling the science-religion relationship in the wrong way.
Planning for the Information Age—the Dileman

(1988). Planning for the Information Age—the Dileman. International Library Review: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 417-424.