cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compliance with mammography guidelines: physician recommendation and patient adherence.

Abstract Background.Guidelines recommend that women ages 50–75 years receive screening mammography every 1–2 years. We related receipt of physician recommendations for mammography and patient adherence to such recommendations to several patient characteristics. Methods.We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 1,111 women ages 50–75 attending three clinics in an urban university medical center. We ascertained overall compliance with mammography guidelines and two components of compliance: receipt of a physician recommendation and adherence to a recommendation. Outcome measures were the proportion of patients demonstrating each type of compliance and adjusted odds ratios, according to several patient-related characteristics. Results.Overall, 66% of women received a recommendation. Of women receiving a documented recommendation, 75% adhered. Factors showing significant positive associations with receiving a recommendation included being a patient in the general internal medicine clinic, having private insurance, visiting the clinic more often, and having a recent Pap smear. Patient adherence was positively associated with private insurance and Pap smear history, negatively associated with internal medicine, and not associated with visit frequency. Conclusions.Patient factors influencing physician mammography recommendations may be different from those associated with patient adherence, except for having private health insurance, which was a predictor of both.
Rotavirus Stimulates IL-8 Secretion from Cultured Epithelial Cells

Abstract Rotavirus is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide. We have investigated cytokine responses to rotavirus infection of cultured intestinal epithelial cells. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a chemotactic and cell-activating cytokine that is synthesized by epithelial cells and induced in response to bacterial enteric pathogens. Rotavirus inoculation increased IL-8 mRNA levels in cultured intestinal epithelial cells within 2 hr of infection. IL-8 secretion increased 102- to 103-fold by 8 hr postinfection. Secretion of TNFα or IL-1β, cytokines which themselves increase IL-8 secretion, was not induced by rotavirus, nor was that of TNFα, IFNα, IFNγ, or IL-6. Neutralizing antibodies to TNFα or IL-1α/β did not affect the IL-8 response. Secretion of IL-8 was dependent on an intact viral capsid, as single-shell particles were inert. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (vp7-specific) that do not block cell attachment did block rotavirus stimulation of IL-8 secretion, indicating that attachment to the cell surface is not a sufficient stimulus to induce IL-8. Genetically inactivated rotavirus was also effective for IL-8 induction, indicating that viral replication was not required. These data suggest that epithelial cytokine IL-8 may be an important mediator of the host response to viral gastroenteritis pathogens such as rotavirus.
Volumetric imaging of chick embryo heart development in vivo using a high speed Doppler spectral domain OCT microscope

1300nm Doppler spectral-domain OCT microscopy provides a high-speed, high-resolution solution for imaging of developmental processes in small animals. We present 3D volume renderings, Doppler images and M-mode Doppler recordings elucidating cardiac development in chick embryos.
Using Design to Teach Thermodynamic Cycles: Designing a 250 MW Steam Power Plant Using the Rankine Cycle

Power generation is increasingly important in the turbine industry. Students need exposure to the complexities of such systems as found in this design project. This project is part of the second of a two-course thermodynamic sequence designed to provide a foundation in thermodynamics and expose the students to various power generation cycles. One way to teach students the Rankine Cycle is to involve them in the various aspects of the cycle through a design project. Students, in teams of four or five, are given the task of designing a 250 MW steam power plant based on the Rankine Cycle. Calculations are made using the software of choice, usually Engineering Equation Solver (EES). Students are required to make an oral and written presentation. In addition to the presentation of calculations and graphs, an emphasis is placed on describing the general considerations of the design problem and the presentation of the unique advantages of the design. Students gain valuable experience in system optimization and better learn to justify their design decisions. Based on student evaluations the project was well received and increased student interest in the field of power generation. However, there is a need to include an economic component to the problem, and more time must be spent in class discussing typical component operating parameters.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Avoiding performance and task confounds: multimodal investigation of brain reorganization after stroke rehabilitation.

Stroke is the leading cause of disability worldwide despite significant advances in prevention and acute treatment. Thus there is an urgent need to understand the neural mechanisms of both spontaneous and rehabilitation-induced recovery. In the past 15 years, functional brain imaging has been used extensively to investigate recovery-related changes at the whole brain level (Calautti and Baron, 2003; Cramer et al., 1997; Krakauer, 2004; Marshall et al., 2000; Ward et al., 2003a, b). However, it has become apparent that functional imaging, when used alone to investigate post-stroke brain reorganization, has reached a near impasse. The reasons for this are briefly delineated here as they pertain to motor recovery. First, the definition of motor recovery has been surprisingly underemphasized even though it is obvious that the regions or patterns of activation identified will depend on the motor task in the scanner and on the out of scanner behavioral measures chosen as predictors in the image analysis. Second, measures of recovery are often crude and insensitive to the difference between compensatory improvements versus true recovery, or vicariation, of function. This is a real problem for functional imaging because compensatory adjustments will also often lead to activation changes even though they have nothing to do with true recovery. For example, use of more proximal limb muscles to aid distal control might lead to contralesional activation, as proximal muscles have more bilateral cortical representation, but of course this novel activation would not indicate reorganization after stroke. The situation becomes even worse when one considers that true recovery may in fact never occur, if strictly understood to mean a return to identical pre-morbid behavior due to identical neural computations, albeit performed at a new anatomical site. The implication is that tasks and measures have to be carefully chosen so that investigators know what they are attributing activation changes to. Third, functional
Integration of inelastic constitutive equations for constant velocity gradient with large rotation

Abstract An analytical solution is presented for the integration of elastic perfectly-plastic constitutive equations for finite strains and rotations with constant velocity gradients. Based on this exact solution, an approximate scheme is also proposed for the integration of elastic-plastic and elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equations with workhardening and noncoaxiality of the stress and the plastic strain rate tensors, using the plastic-predictor and elastic-corrector method proposed by Nemat-Nasser [1] to integrate the scalar equation for the stress magnitude (effective shear stress).
Modified pupillary diameter and evoked potential component variation in waking cats.

Abstract Peak delay and amplitude variations of three regularly appearing components of photically evoked cortical potentials were investigated in waking cats during conditions of experimentally modified pupillary diameter. It was observed that the parameters of an early component were most sensitive to modifications in pupillary diameter. When compared with mydriatic and mobile pupil values, the values for both the latency to the initial deflection and peak delay of the first appearing component were reliably longer during miosis. The amplitude of this component was also smaller during the miotic condition than during conditions of mydriatic and mobile pupils. Component values obtained during mobile and mydriatic conditions did not differ reliably.
Middle Eocene sedimentary and volcanic infilling of an evolving supradetachment basin: White Lake Basin, south-central British Columbia

The middle Eocene White Lake and Skaha formations in the White Lake Basin, British Columbia record the sedimentary and volcanic infilling of a supradetachment basin that developed during the latter stages of Shuswap metamorphic core complex exhumation. The 1.1-km-thick White Lake Formation is characterized by volcanogenic sediment gravity flow, fluvial, and sheetflood facies interbedded with volcanic deposits. Facies relations suggest White Lake strata accumulated on coalesced, west-sloping alluvial fans that drained an active volcanic center. The overlying 0.3-km-thick Skaha Formation records increased tectonism and mass-wasting. Pervasively shattered Skaha avalanche, slide, and sheetflood deposits accumulated on alluvial fans, shed from hanging-wall and footwall sources exposed along the Okanagan Valley fault. Clast compositions of the White Lake and Skaha formations record alluvial and tectonic stripping that locally eliminated hanging-wall blocks. Mylonite clasts in upper Skaha beds imply significant Okanagan Valley fault footwall uplift during the middle Eocene and syntectonic erosion of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex. The syntectonic sedimentary record preserved within the White Lake Basin elucidates the relations and timing between core complex exhumation and extensional tectonism in this region. The White Lake and Skaha formations are the apparent age equivalent of the Klondike Mountain Formation of northern Washington (USA.). White Lake Basin strata, however, are more complexly interstratified, post-depositionally disrupted, and contain a more complete record of core complex unroofing. Variations in the spatial distributions and textural and compositional character of middle Eocene strata in this area underscore the need to exercise care when developing regional-scale sedimentary–tectonic–volcanic models.
The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Genistein Blocks HIV-1 Infection in Primary Human Macrophages

Binding of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) to its cellular receptors elicits a variety of signaling events, including the activation of select tyrosine kinases. To evaluate the potential role of such signaling, we examined the effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, on HIV-1 entry and infection of human macrophages using a variety of assays. Without altering cell viability, cell surface expression of CD4 and CCR5 or their abilities to interact with Env, genistein inhibited infection of macrophages by reporter gene-encoding, β-lactamase containing, or wild type virions, as well as Env-mediated cell-fusion. The observation that genistein blocked virus infection if applied before, during or immediately after the infection period, but not 24 h later; coupled with a more pronounced inhibition of infection in the reporter gene assays as compared to both β-lactamase and p24 particle entry assays, imply that genistein exerts its inhibitory effects on both entry and early post-entry steps. These findings suggest that other exploitable targets, or steps, of the HIV-1 infection process may exist and could serve as additional opportunities for the development of new therapeutics.
RANTES chemokine expression in cell-mediated transplant rejection of the kidney

RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) is a chemotactic cytokine (a chemokine) for memory T lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. RANTES expression was studied in renal allograft biopsy specimens. Although RANTES was not expressed in samples taken one hour after transplantation, or in native renal biopsy specimens from patients with cyclosporin nephrotoxicity, it was expressed during cell-mediated transplant rejection. RANTES mRNA was detected in infiltrating mononuclear cells and renal tubular epithelium, and RANTES protein was localised to mononuclear cells, tubular epithelium, and vascular endothelium. This suggests RANTES has a role in allograft rejection.
Invasive pneumococcal disease in Dallas County, Texas : Results from population-based surveillance in 1995

We studied the epidemiology of invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1995 among 1.9 million residents of Dallas County, Texas. The sociodemographic characteristics and chronic medical conditions of 432 patients were identified through active, population-based surveillance and review of medical records. The incidence of disease was 22 cases per 100,000 person-years and was highest for children <2 years of age (136 cases per 100,000 person-years) and for adults ≥65 years of age (80 cases per 100,000 person-years). Twenty percent of isolates were nonsusceptible to penicillin; the highest rates of resistance were among the youngest and oldest age groups (28% and 22% of isolates, respectively). An increased incidence of disease was associated with low income (42 cases per 100,000 person-years) and black race (39 cases per 100,000 person-years). The frequency of most chronic medical conditions increased with age; smoking, heavy alcohol use, and infection due to human immunodeficiency virus were most common between 30 and 64 years of age. Of otherwise healthy patients 30-64 years of age, 47% were current smokers, an association requiring further investigation. Characterizing groups at risk for invasive pneumococcal disease could aid in the development of prevention programs and increase the benefits from wide use of effective vaccines.
Vitamin E improves cell-mediated immunity in the burned mouse: a preliminary study.

Abstract Profound immunosuppression occurs after major burn injuries. The ability of vitamin E to prevent post-burn immunosuppression was tested in mice using ear swelling in response to a challenge with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) as an in vivo measure of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Vitamin E was administered to burned mice every other day for 14 days by either the topical or intraperitoneal route. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was compared to white petroleum jelly (VAS) as a vehicle for topically administered vitamin E. Mean CMI±the standard error of the mean (SEM) was depressed to 55±4 per cent of normal control in untreated burned mice. Treatment with either parenteral vitamin E in corn oil or topical vitamin E in DMSO improved CMI dramatically compared to burned controls (P
The Predictive Roles of Brand Personality on Brand Trust and Brand Affect: A Study of Korean Consumers

ABSTRACT Brand-personality management is a critical part of a company's marketing program in today's global market. Despite the importance of brand personality in academia and practice, prior research has been limited in scope and has mainly focused on its structures and scales. Given its great potential usability for marketers and brand managers, the current study investigates the determinant roles of brand personality on Korean consumers' brand evaluations. This study conceptualizes and investigates the impact of brand personality on brand trust, brand affect, and brand loyalty. The overall findings indicate that different brand-personality dimensions influence brand trust and brand affect in different ways, which in turn increase the level of brand loyalty. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Brainstem encephalitis: etiologies, treatment, and predictors of outcome

Brainstem encephalitis (BE) is an uncommon condition. We sought to characterize clinical presentations, etiologies, response to treatment, and predictors of outcome. We performed a retrospective review of non–HIV infected patients diagnosed with BE at Johns Hopkins Hospital (January 1997–April 2010). We characterized clinical and paraclinical features, and used regression models to assess associations with poor outcome. BE was diagnosed in 81 patients. An etiology was identified in 58 of 81 (71.6 %) of cases, most of which were confirmed or probable inflammatory/autoimmune conditions. Of the remaining 23 cases in which a specific diagnosis remained undefined, clinical presentation, CSF, neuroimaging studies, and outcomes were similar to the inflammatory/autoimmune group. Brain biopsy identified a specific diagnosis in 7 of 14 patients (50 %). Fifteen patients (18.5 %) either died or had a poor outcome. In multivariate logistic regression models, a higher CSF protein (per 5 mg/dl, OR = 1.11, 95 % CI: 1.03–1.20), a higher CSF glucose (per 5 mg/dl, OR = 1.36, 95 % CI: 1.09–1.70), and higher serum glucose (per 5 mg/dl, OR = 1.27, 95 % CI: 1.06–1.52) were independently associated with increased odds of poor outcome. Inflammatory and non-infectious conditions accounted for most cases of BE. Higher CSF protein and glucose were independently associated with poor outcome. In immunocompetent patients with BE of undefined etiology despite extensive investigation, a trial of immunosuppressive treatment may be warranted, though deterioration clinically or on magnetic resonance imaging should prompt a brain biopsy.
Oppy, infinity, and the neoclassical concept of God

In this article I concentrate on three issues. First, Graham Oppy’s treatment of the relationship between the concept of infinity and Zeno’s paradoxes lay bare several porblems that must be dealt with if the concept of infinity is to do any intellectual work in philosophy of religion. Here I will expand on some insightful remarks by Oppy in an effort ot adequately respond to these problems. Second, I will do the same regarding Oppy’s treatment of Kant’s first antinomy in the first critique, which deals in part with the question of whether the world had a beginning in time or if time extends infinitely into the past. And third, my examination of these two issues will inform what I have to say regarding a key topic in philosophy of religion: the question regarding the proper relationship between the infinite and the finite in the concept of God.
Clarifying the ethics of clinical research: A path toward avoiding the therapeutic misconception

(2002). Clarifying the Ethics of Clinical Research: A Path toward Avoiding the Therapeutic Misconception. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 22-23.
Structure-oriented contour representation and matching for engineering shapes

Conventional shape matching for engineering models primarily considers rigid shape similarity. They do not seek global shape similarity while considering large local deformations. However, engineering models created by some parametric-based design can involve large parametric changes. As a result, they do not share similarity in their global shape. Hence our goal is to develop shape representations for global matching of part models that can have large dissimilarity through stretching and/or bending. This paper presents a strategy of an integrated shape matching for contours of engineering drawings inspired by the divide-and-conquer paradigm. The original shape is decoupled into two levels of shape representations namely, higher-level structure and lower-level geometry. The higher-level structure matching is then achieved driven by optimal integrated solutions from matching of lower-level local geometry. Feature points are first extracted using curve evolution to attain the two levels of representations. In order to suit engineering semantics, a new significance function for a point is defined to suppress small features using discrete curve evolution. To conduct the integrated shape matching, a mechanism of using lookup tables is employed to associate these two levels of representations. Dynamic Time Warping and Elastic Matching are employed at different levels of shape representations in order to achieve the optimal integration. To demonstrate the advantages of the proposed work for engineering shapes, experiments for contour evolution, feature point registration, and shape-based similarity for retrieval are conducted. They are also compared with the existing methods. The experimental results show that the structure-oriented contour representation and matching are more meaningful and consistent from an engineering perspective.
Protein efficiency ratios and net protein ratios of selected protein foods.

As a part of a cooperative study initiated to assess bothin vitro andin vivo protein quality methods, the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratios (NPR) of 15 different protein sources were determined. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 10% protein diet. Fourteen-day NPR and relative NPR (RNPR) values and 14- and 28-day PER and relative PER (RPER) values were calculated for each protein source. When protein quality values were expressed relative to ANRC casein, the 14- and 28-day PER data ranked the protein sources essentially in the same order. RPER values of nonfat dried skim milk (unheated) and tuna were more than 100% that of casein; nonfat dried skim milk (heated), chickpeas, and breakfast sausage were between 50 and 70% of that of casein; and pinto beans and rice-wheat gluten cereal did not support substantial growth of the rat. The NPR method did not always rank the protein sources in the same order as the PER method. For the poor quality proteins, RNPR values were much higher than the RPER values; however, the RNPR and RPER values agreed closely for high quality protein sources.
Application of Screening Principles to the Reconstructed Breast

A significant number of women choose mastectomy for the treatment of early and locally advanced breast cancer. Advances in reconstruction techniques and greater awareness of options have led to an increased use of immediate breast reconstruction, which has resulted in uncertainty for the management of surveillance for local recurrence. In this article, we review mastectomy and reconstruction trends and how these techniques affect the frequency and location of local recurrence. The data on surveillance imaging of the reconstructed breast are extremely limited. However, by assessing the potential role for imaging in this setting and applying the principles of screening, we have identified that there is a potential theoretic advantage of surveillance imaging in a very small subset of women: those with autologous tissue reconstructions and moderate to high risk of recurrence. A prospective registry study of surveillance imaging in this target population would be the appropriate way to determine its benefit and its impact on survival outcomes. In this review article, we will detail the reasons that should allow clinicians to forego routine surveillance imaging in the majority of women who undergo mastectomy and reconstruction.
The electrical conductivity of yttria-stabilized zirconia prepared by precipitation from inorganic aqueous solutions

Abstract The electrical conductivity of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), prepared by precipitation from aqueous solutions of inorganic precursors, was measured as a function of composition, temperature of annealing prior to conductivity measurements (900°C–1700°C), and temperature of measurement (500°C–900°C). A comparison is made with the more dense YSZ prepared by the dry powder method: the conductivites are very near when the same high annealing temperatures are applied. The considerable increase in the conductivity attained by raising the annealing temperature of the precipitated material is suggested to be largely due to an increase in density. The effect of other factors is considered.
Effect of Solute Segregation on Fracture Toughness in a Ni-Cr Steel

A study has been made of the influence of intergranular solute segregation on fracture toughness K1c in a series of Ni-Cr steels individually doped with Sb, Sn, and P. By means of toughness measurements in steels having two different intergranular Sb distributions, of measurements of acoustic emissions and of scanning electron micrographs of a load-interrupted and post-test-fatigued specimen, the values of K1c, computed from the “pop-in” load of the loadvs clip gauge displacement curves, are found to represent the formation of many patches of contiguous intergranular microcracks ahead of the precrack. The present experiments demonstrate that in the early stage of solute segregation, K1c decreases more substantially than does the strength of grain boundaries σ* (measured in the notched bar tests), although the embrittlement effects of metalloid elements are the same order for both K1c and σ*. A proposed model for the stress-gradient-control of brittle fracture supports the finding that the measurements of K1c give a distorted view of the progress of intergranular embrittlement.
Life on the critical path: Constructing silicon detectors for hadron colliders

A brief history of silicon detectors in the CDF and CMS experiments is presented that includes some of the more important tactics that have been employed in the construction of these detectors. Although the use of silicon strip detectors has increased dramatically over the past two decades, each generation has had to push the limits of scale, complexity and cost. These projects were all very challenging. Some lessons learned by the author are presented along with examples showing the importance of direct involvement of the detector builders in the ensuing physics program.
A Sustained Proximity Network for Multi-Mission Lunar Exploration

Tbe Vision for Space Exploration calls for an aggressive sequence of robotic missions beginning in 2008 to prepare for a human return to the Moon by 2020, with the goal of establishing a sustained human presence beyond low Earth orbit. A key enabler of exploration is reliable, available communication and navigation capabilities to support both human and robotic missions. An adaptable, sustainable communication and navigation architecture has been developed by Goddard Space Flight Center and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to support human and robotic lunar exploration through the next two decades. A key component of the architecture is scalable deployment, with the infrastructure evolving as needs emerge, allowing NASA and its partner agencies to deploy an interoperable communication and navigation system in an evolutionary way, enabling cost effective, highly adaptable systems throughout the lunar exploration program.
Contrasting effects of estradiol-17β and 17α-ethinyl estradiol-17β on cultured whole embryos

Abstract Estradiol-17β (E 2 ) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol-17β (EE) were compared in terms of their relative capacities to alter growth and developmental patterns of cultured whole embryos during the early stages of organogenesis. Embryos exhibited a notable differential susceptibility to the embryotoxic effects of parents E 2 vs EE when these estrogens were added directly to the media at the onset of the culture period. At initial concentrations of 0.1 mM, E 2 failed to produce statistically significant effects whereas EE elicited marked embryotoxicity. Inclusion of a P-450-dependent biotransformation system in the culture media resulted in a significant attenuation of the embryotoxic effects of parent E 2 vs EE when these estrogens were added directly to the media at the onset of the culture period. At initial concentrations of 0.1 mM, E 2 failed to produce statistically embryotoxicity by hepatic S9. The divergent results produced by the two steroids could not be attributed to differences in rates of catecholestrogen generation in the culture medium or by the conceptuses. The results demonstrate definitive dissimilarities between the effects of two steroidal estrogens on developmental parameters and document marked differences in the effects of biotransfonnation on their embryotoxic potential. The data strongly suggest that the embryotoxicity of these steroids is not mediated via interactions with estrogen receptors. Additionally, the data show that the differential capacity of these two steroids to produce embryotoxic effects is diametrically opposite to earlier reported patterns of their carcinogenic potential in the Syrian hamster kidney.
Disc-overflow accretion in the intermediate polar FO Aquarii.

The Ginga X-ray light curve of FO Aqr shows spin, orbital and beat period modulations. Norton et al. have interpreted this as resulting from discless accretion. I show that the light curve is also compatible with a hybrid model in which accreting material flows through a disc and also in a stream above the disc. This alternative is supported by several lines of evidence
Feasibility of using a swine portal vein containing a metallic stent for creating a portacaval shunt.

Rationale and Objectives. We evaluated the feasibility of using a metallic stented portal vein as a conduit for portacaval shunt in pigs. Methods. A metallic self-expanding stent was placed in the portal vein of five pigs under combined ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance via a percutaneous transhepatic approach. After 6 weeks, a portacaval shunt was performed using the stented portal vein as a conduit. A single angiogram followed immediately by sacrifice and histologic examination was performed on each pig at a varying time interval postshunt. Results. One pig died 3 days after the shunt procedure because of a presumed surgical technical failure and a consequent thrombosed portal vein. Angiographic patency of the portacaval shunt was confirmed in the four remaining pigs. Postmortem histologic evaluation showed more complete endothelialization and subintimal organization in the more chronic stents. Thrombus occurred only in the stent of the pig that died. There was no significant luminal obstruction in the other four stents. Conclusion. Our results suggest that a stented portal vein can be used successfully as a conduit for portacaval shunt in pigs.
The Effect of Temperature, Oxygen, Salinity, and Nutrient Enrichment on Estuarine Denitrification Rates Measured with a Modified Nitrogen Gas Flux Technique

Abstract Nitrogen gas flux was measured from sediments taken from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, Boston Harbour, Massachusetts, and the Pawcatuck River Estuary, Rhode Island. In addition to studies of field cores taken directly from these systems, intact sediments were taken from Narragansett Bay and maintained in control and nutrient enriched mesocosms. Sediment denitrification was measured as a flux of N 2 gas from sediments in N 2 -free chambers. The advantages of this technique are that it allows for the direct measurement of denitrification in undisturbed sediment cores under ambient conditions of dissolved nutrients, oxygen, and temperature. The challenge of this technique has been to correctly distinguish between N 2 fluxes produced by denitrification activity and fluxes of N 2 caused by sediment porewater de-gassing. In this study, anoxic 'control' cores were used to provide continuous checks on the magnitude of porewater de-gassing rates, and allowed measured rates of total N 2 flux to be corrected for this background flux. The use of anoxic control cores allowed measurements to begin soon after core collection, without the need for long pre-incubations. Observed rates of sediment denitrification ranged from 0 to 195 μmol N 2 m -2 h -1 . Highest rates were found in the enriched mesocosms and at a sewage outfall site in Boston Harbour. Denitrification rates increased exponentially with temperature and were enhanced by added nutrients. Results from the anoxic control cores showed that even after 10 days, the background flux of N 2 from de-gassing porewaters (10-34 μmol N 2 m -2 h -1 ) remained a significant fraction of the overall N 2 flux. Although rates of sediment denitrification were stimulated by added nutrients, the overall percentage loss of N from these systems through denitrification did not keep pace with N enrichment, generally accounting for less than 20% of N inputs. Thus denitrification may not necessarily provide a significant pathway for alleviating eutrophication effects in coastal waters.
Modeling of dopant incorporation, segregation, and ion/surface interaction effects during semiconductor film growth by molecular beam epitaxy and plasma-based techniques

Abstract A model describing the incorporation of dopants into single crystals films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is presented. The model accounts for dopant surface segregation during deposition and allows dopant incorporation probabilities and depth profiles to be calculated as a function of film growth conditions (e.g. deposition rate, dopant beam flux, and growth temperature, Ts). Input data to the model include thermodynamic parameters such as the free energy of segregation and dopant-surface binding energies together with kinetic parameters such as incident fluxes and dopant diffusivities. The model is applied here to the case of thermal doping during MBE with impurities exhibiting strong surface segregation and near-unity incorporation probabilities, σ, as well as those exhibiting both strong segregation and temperature-dependent σ values. In addition, an extension of the model is used to account for accelerated-ion doping during MBE. Calculated values of σ(Ts) and calculated depth profiles were found to agree very well with available experimental results in these cases. Finally, dopant incorporation data for epitaxial semiconductors deposited in glow discharge environments in which the growing film is bombarded by relatively large fluxes of inert gas ions as well as by ionized dopant species are presented and discussed. The results in this case are similar to low flux ion doping in MBE but with the additional effects of preferential sputtering and collisional mixing.
Reactions of Microwave-Generated O(3P) Atoms with Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

The reactions of neat olefins or solutions of olefins in acetone at low temperature with oxygen atoms were examined. O({sub 3}P) [ground-state oxygen] atoms were produced by microwave irradiation of He/O{sub 2} mixtures, followed by contact of the plasma with the fluid at low pressure and temperature. Addition of oxygen atoms to olefins results in skeletal rearrangements involving hydrogen and alkyl migration reactions and ring rearrangements of the intermediate oxygen adducts in competition with epoxide formation. While epoxide formation predominates for simple olefins such as 1- and 4-octene with minor yields of rearrangement products, for highly substituted or strained olefins, such as norbornadiene, skeletal rearrangement dominates following oxygen atom addition. When oxidation of norbornadiene is carried out in the presence of a radical inhibitor to suppress secondary oxidation leading to benzene, the novel ring-rearrangement product, bicyclo[3.{sup 2,3}1.0]hex-3-ene-endo-6-carboxaldehyde, is produced from norbornadiene in significant yields.
The use of visual cues in sexual and species discrimination by males of the small sulphur butterfly Eurema lisa (lepidoptera, pieridae)

1. MaleEurema lisa butterflies have specialized scales on the dorsal wing surfaces which selectively and directionally reflect ultraviolet light via an interference phenomenon. Females lack such scales. 2. When perched and approached by another butterfly, individuals of both sexes may open and close the wings several times in rapid succession. This behavior, previously observed in other pierids, has been called the “flutter response”.E. lisa males contact and attempt to copulate with females whether or not they perform the flutter response. Fluttering males are ignored. 3. The flutter response has the spatial characteristics necessary to display the male's directional ultraviolet reflectance. Temporal differences between the flutter responses of males and females are small. 4. A two-choice discrimination assay in which static butterflies were presented to caged males demonstrated thatE. lisa males can distinguish females from conspecific males solely on the basis of ultraviolet reflectance. 5. Ventral wing coloration and presence or absence of a wing bar effects the attractiveness of a butterfly toE. lisa males. A scheme is suggested by which a maleE. lisa distinguishes conspecific females from males and females of two similar and sympatric species.
Phased arrays for aeroacoustic testing - Theoretical development

Until very recently, researchers made most acoustic measurements with a single microphone or possibly a pair of microphones. A single microphone provides an acoustic time history or a pressure spectrum from the acoustic signal received at one spatial location. A pair of microphones adds the ability to measure coherence and acoustic intensity. With the improved performance to cost ratio of electronic equipment and computers, it is now practical for researchers to make acoustic measurements with phased arrays containing many microphones. Measurements made with phased arrays offer the significant benefits of locating sources and making accurate acoustic measurements in adverse environments that contain high background noise levels and/or reflections. This paper describes the basics of array processing, special considerations for aeroacoustic testing in wind tunnels, the current methods used in Ames' 40by 80Foot Wind Tunnel and developments needed to expand the range and usefulness of arrays in aeroacoustic testing.
Fluid pressurization due to frictional heating on a fault at a permeability contrast

[1] Frictional heating on a fault plane causes pore fluids to pressurize. When the permeability of the fault zone materials is sufficiently low, fluid pressure on the fault can approach the normal stress, though it can never be exceeded due to the feedback between pore pressure and frictional strength. However, if slip occurs at a boundary between materials of different permeabilities, such as fault gouge and a damage zone, the highest pressure develops within a few millimeters of the fault in the lower permeability material, rather than at the fault surface. The pressure increase off the fault can reach or exceed the normal stress given a large enough permeability contrast, because there is no direct feedback between this pressure and the frictional heating at the fault surface. High fluid pressures off the fault might result in the slip shifting into the lower permeability material, where the frictional strength has been reduced.
Respiratory syncytial virus.

1. Toni Darville, MD* 2. Terry Yamauchi, MD† 1. 2. *Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Arkansas Children’s Hospital and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR. 3. 4. †Editorial Board (at time of writing). 1. The two classic signs of bronchiolitis are wheezing and hyperexpansion of the lung. 2. Because the degree of hypoxemia is difficult to assess clinically, the infant’s arterial oxygen saturation must be measured. 3. The mainstay of treatment for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is supplemental oxygen and hydration. 4. The use of gowns and gloves has been shown to decrease nosocomial spread of RSV significantly. 5. Complicated RSV infection is most likely to occur in very young infants and in those who have underlying diseases, especially in the presence of cardiopulmonary and congenital disorders. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. Each year in the United States nearly 90,000 children are hospitalized due to infection with RSV. Outbreaks occur worldwide during the late fall, winter, and early spring. In the United States, the season generally begins in early November and continues through April. Symptoms of RSV infection range from those of a bad cold to severe bronchiolitis or pneumonia. Involvement of smaller intrapulmonary airways is the hallmark of RSV infection, with bronchiolitis being the most important and distinctive clinical syndrome produced. RSV is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. Two glycosylated surface proteins, the attachment (G) and fusion (F) proteins, are essential for RSV to infect cells. The G protein is important for physical attachment to the cell; the F protein is responsible for fusing viral particles to target cells and for fusing infected cells to neighboring cells, resulting in characteristic syncytia formation. Both F and G proteins elicit neutralizing antibodies. There is antigenic variation among strains of RSV, and monoclonal antibodies have made it possible to divide RSV isolates into two major groups (A and B) and into subtypes within each group. The severity of infection may vary with subgroup; RSV A infections …
The Relation between Aggregate Insider Transactions and Stock Market Returns

A vector autoregressive (VAR) model is used to examine the relation between aggregate insider transactions and stock market returns. Consistent with the extant literature, there is some predictive content associated with aggregate insider transactions, but its magnitude is slight. In contrast, market returns have substantial influence on the aggregate purchases and sales of corporate insiders. The findings suggest that: 1) the degree of mispricing observed by insiders is small; 2) very little of the mispricing is associated with unanticipated macroeconomic factors; and 3) investors cannot use aggregate insider transactions to profitably predict future market returns over the following eight weeks.
Chronic neurologic disease in Theiler's virus infection of SJL/J mice.

Abstract This study demonstrates that most SJL/J mice inoculated intracerebrally (IC) with 1000 suckling mouse 50% mean lethal doses of Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) develop flaccid paralysis 10–21 days after infection when there is acute spinal cord gray matter involvement (early disease). Surviving mice later develop a distinctive chronic neurologic disorder which is associated with marked mononuclear cell infiltrates and active demyelination in spinal cord white matter (late disease). Moreover, about one-fourth of infected animals only develop signs of late disease which may begin after an incubation period as long as 2 and a half months. Affected mice are less active, incontinent, and have a waddling, spastic gait. Minimal stimulation induces prolonged extensor spasms of all limbs. These late-developing manifestations of chronic TMEV infection are progressive and clinical remissions have not been observed. The effect of persistent CNS infection on general development was monitored by weekly measurement of body weight; however, the growth of chronically-infected mice was found to parallel that of control animals.
Phospholipases. III. Effects of ionic surfactants on the phospholipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of unsonicated egg lecithin liposomes

Apparent values ofKm and Vmax have been measured for catalysis of hydrolysis of unsonicated egg lecithin liposomes, activated through addition of 0.04mn-hexanol, by phospholipases A2 from bee and snake venoms and by phospholipase C fromClostridium welchii as a function of the concentration of three surfactants: hexadecylamine, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and dihexadecyl phosphate. For all three enzymes, values ofKm andVmax show little or no dependence on the concentration of these ionic surfactants, demonstrating that the liposomal surface charge is not a crucial factor in determining susceptibility to phospholipase-catalyzed hydrolysis.
Performance of CAMAC TDC and ADC in magnetic field

Abstract The performance of a LeCroy CAMAC 2228A TDC and a 2249A ADC have been studied in presence of magnetic fields up to 5000 G. The conversion gains of the TDC and ADC increased with magnetic field in a non-linear fashion which can be adequately parameterized by a fourth-order polynomial. The behavior of both the TDC and ADC can be completely understood in terms of a change in the inductance of a ferromagnetic core inductor in the 20 MHz clock circuit of these units.
Temperature effects on the molting, growth, and lipid composition of newly-settled red king crab

Abstract Red king crab (RKC) ( Paralithodes camtschaticus Tilesius, 1815) is one of the most important fishery resource species in Alaska. It is threatened by heavy fishing pressure and changing climate conditions, yet little is known about the species' first year of post-settlement life. This study was undertaken to explore how temperature mediates growth and energy allocation in newly metamorphosed juveniles. RKC were reared using four temperature treatments ranging from 1.5° to 12 °C for a period of 60 days, both individually and in low-density populations. Temperature had no significant effect on survival of RKC, and there was no consistent difference in survival between individually cultured crabs and those in populations. Growth was very slow at 1.5 °C, and increased rapidly with temperature with both a contracted intermolt period and small increase in growth increment. Twenty percent of the crabs held at 1.5 °C never molted, while more than 90% of the crabs in 12 °C reached juvenile stage 4 or higher. Overall growth increased as an exponential function of temperature, with slightly higher growth rates observed in populations than for isolated individuals. Growth records for individuals revealed an inverse exponential relationship between water temperature and intermolt period. There was also a small increase in growth increment from juvenile stage 1 to stage 2 with increasing temperature that appeared to be linear. Lipid class analysis revealed a trend towards higher proportions of storage lipids in larger crabs cultured at 12 °C than in crabs cultured at low temperatures. High proportions of essential fatty acids in all crab groups coupled with elevated levels of triacylglycerols in 12 °C animals, indicate that rapid growth does not negatively affect condition in juvenile RKC. Data provided by this study will help to model temperature-dependent growth and survival in the field, and assist in designing the best possible temperatures and diets for hatchery production of seed stock intended for enhancement of depleted RKC stocks.
Frequency shifts caused by collisions between pulses in dispersion-managed systems

The variational equations that describe the propagation and interaction of two pulses of different frequency are derived from the nonlinear Schroedinger equation and used to obtain analytical formulas for the frequency shifts caused by pulse collisions in dispersion-managed fibers. These formulas are verified by numerical solutions of the variational and nonlinear Schroedinger equations.
Capture–Recapture Estimates of Nonfatal Workplace Injuries and Illnesses

Purpose We examine reporting of nonfatal injury and illness reporting for the two most important sources of such data in the United States: workers' compensation data and the Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. Methods We linked individual case records from establishments reporting to the BLS with individual cases reported to workers' compensation systems in six states for 1998–2002 and used capture–recapture analysis to estimate the proportion of injuries reported. Data are for private sector workers and exclude mining, railroad and water transportation, temporary employment agencies, membership organizations, and small agricultural establishments. Results For injuries and illnesses eligible for income benefits, using conservative assumptions, we estimate that workers' compensation systems in the six states missed over 180,000 lost-time injuries in the sampled industries, that the BLS survey missed almost 340,000, and that about 69,000 injuries were unreported to either system. Conclusions Underreporting of nonfatal occupational injury and illness is substantial in both systems, but particularly in the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. Using both sources improves coverage but falls far short of an accurate count for four of the six states. Reporting rates vary widely, so we cannot infer them for the entire United States.