cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
pH-induced contrast in viscoelasticity imaging of biopolymers.

Understanding contrast mechanisms and identifying discriminating features is at the heart of diagnostic imaging development. This paper focuses on how pH influences the viscoelastic properties of biopolymers to better understand the effects of extracellular pH on breast tumour elasticity imaging. Extracellular pH is known to decrease as much as 1 pH unit in breast tumours, thus creating a dangerous environment that increases cellular mutatation rates and therapeutic resistance. We used a gelatin hydrogel phantom to isolate the effects of pH on a polymer network with similarities to the extracellular matrix in breast stroma. Using compressive unconfined creep and stress relaxation measurements, we systematically measured the viscoelastic features sensitive to pH by way of time-domain models and complex modulus analysis. These results are used to determine the sensitivity of quasi-static ultrasonic elasticity imaging to pH. We found a strong elastic response of the polymer network to pH, such that the matrix stiffness decreases as pH was reduced; however, the viscous response of the medium to pH was negligible. While physiological features of breast stroma such as proteoglycans and vascular networks are not included in our hydrogel model, observations in this study provide insight into viscoelastic features specific to pH changes in the collagenous stromal network. These observations suggest that the large contrast common in breast tumours with desmoplasia may be reduced under acidic conditions, and that viscoelastic features are unlikely to improve discriminability.
The olfactory organ is activated by a repelling pheromone in the red‐spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens

The pheromonal repelling response occurs when a combination of female and male pheromones is found to be less attractive to courting males than are female pheromones alone. This repelling response may act to conserve a courting males’ reproductive fitness by minimizing male‐male competition within a courting group. Recently, a pheromonal repelling response was first reported for vertebrates in the red‐spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. A male cloacal pheromone, a ∼33 kDa protein, was identified as a repelling pheromone. In this study, to determine whether both the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and/or the vomeronasal organ (VNO) are activated by the repelling pheromone, we recorded electrical field potentials from both olfactory epithelia while applying the repelling pheromone. The repelling pheromone induced electrical responses from both olfactory organs, and the magnitude of the response was greater in the VNO than in the MOE. Our results suggest that both the VNO and MOE may be involved in the ...
Oxidation kinetics of iron-carbon base alloys

The oxidation kinetics of iron-carbon base alloys in the eutectoid and eutectic range was studied at 760°C for durations up to 1000 min. Special attention was paid to the effect of graphite morphology and carbon content. In order to differentiate the oxidation of carbon from the oxidation of the metallic matrix, two simultaneous but separate thermogravimetric methods were employed. The metallic oxidation rate law for the 0.8% alloy is parabolic, whereas that for the eutectic alloys is linear. The lowest total weight gain was obtained in the 0.8% C alloy.
Some notes on pulse technique

This paper contains an accumulation of notes which, although in appearance are independent one from another, are parts of a new technique which has been built up in designing new pulse equipments.It contains a detailed study of the transmission of pulses through ideal filters and through delay lines; a study of the working conditions and efficiency of pulsed valves (with applications to the design of power pulse generators and power pulse multivibrators); a study of pulse modulation and demodulation, with particular reference to the choice of conveniently shaped modulator and demodulator pulses in order to simplify the circuit design and, at the same time, eliminate harmonic distortions.
Systematic Variation of Bidentate Ligands Used in Aryl Halide Amination. Unexpected Effects of Steric, Electronic, and Geometric Perturbations

This paper presents effects of varying bidentate phosphine steric properties, electronic properties, and bite angle on product ratios in the amination of aryl bromides. Comparisons of the ratios of...
Symptoms of acute coronary syndrome in women with diabetes: an integrative review of the literature.

Objective To review studies comparing multiple acute coronary syndrome (ACS) symptoms in white and Latina women with and without diabetes. Methods This empirical integrative review summarizes 8 studies and identifies the limitations of research to date. Results There are conflicting results about acute coronary syndrome (ACS) symptoms in women with diabetes. Differences were found in associated ACS symptoms and symptom characteristics; however, some studies found no differences in frequency of chest pain by diabetic status. Diabetes is an independent predictor of “atypical” presentation of acute myocardial infarction in women, and research to date suggests that shortness of breath may be an important ACS symptom in women with diabetes. Conclusions There is a paucity of literature on ACS symptoms in women, particularly Latina women, with diabetes, and results are inconclusive. Future research should examine the full range of ACS symptoms in multiethnic samples of women with diabetes.
Molecular Simulation of the Thermal and Transport Properties of Three Alkali Nitrate Salts

Thermodynamic and transport properties for nitrate salts containing lithium, sodium, and potassium cations were computed from molecular simulations. Densities for the liquid and crystal phases calculated from simulations were within 4% of the experimental values. A nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method was used to compute viscosities and thermal conductivities. The results for the three salts were comparable to the experimental values for both viscosity and thermal conductivity. Computed heat capacities were also in reasonable agreement with experimental values. The computed melting point for NaNO3 was within 15 K of its experimental value, while for LiNO3 and KNO3, computed melting points were within 100 K of the experimental values. The results show that very small free-energy differences between the crystal and liquid phases can result in large differences in computed melting point. To estimate melting points with an accuracy of around 10 K, simulation methods and force fields must yield free energi...
Systematic overrepresentation of DNA termini and underrepresentation of subterminal regions among sequencing templates prepared from hydrodynamically sheared linear DNA molecules

Analysis of fungal genome sequence assemblies reveals that telomeres are poorly represented even though telomeric reads tend to be superabundant. We surmised that the problem might lie in the DNA shearing conditions used to create clone libraries for genome sequencing. A shotgun strategy was used to sequence and assemble circular and linear cosmid DNAs sheared using conditions typical for a genome project. The DNA sheared in circular form assembled into a single sequence contig. However, the linearized cosmid produced an incomplete assembly because the two DNA termini, though greatly overrepresented in the clone library used for sequencing, were separated from neighboring sequences by gaps of ~1.4 and 1.8 kb. These gap sizes were reduced, but not eliminated, by shearing the linear cosmid into smaller fragments. Mapping of shearing breakpoints revealed a paucity of breaks in the subterminal regions of the linearized cosmid and also near chromosome ends of the fungus Neurospora crassa. Together, our data indicate that the ends of linear DNA molecules are recalcitrant to hydrodynamic shearing. We propose that this causes DNA termini to be overrepresented in the resulting fragment population but ultimately prevents their incorporation into sequence assemblies.
Solid State NMR Measurements for Preliminary Lifetime Assessments in gamma-Irradiated and Thermally Aged Siloxane Elastomers

Siloxanes have a wide variety of applications throughout the aerospace industry which take advantage of their exceptional insulating and adhesive properties and general resilience. They also offer a wide range of tailorable engineering properties with changes in composition and filler content. They are, however, subject to degradation in radiatively and thermally harsh environments. We are using solid state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to investigate changes in network and interfacial structure in siloxane elastomers and their correlations to changes in engineering performance in a series of degraded materials. NMR parameters such as transverse ( T{sub 2}) relaxation times, cross relaxation rates, and residual dipolar coupling constants provide excellent probes of changes crosslink density and motional dynamics of the polymers caused by multi-mechanism degradation. The results of NMR studies on aged siloxanes are being used in conjunction with other mechanical tests to provide insight into component failure and degradation kinetics necessary for preliminary lifetime assessments of these materials as well as into the structure-property relationships of the polymers. NMR and MRI results obtained both from high resolution NMR spectrometers as well as low resolution benchtop NMR screening tools will be presented.
Perioperative management of a patient with May–Hegglin anomaly requiring craniotomy

May-Hegglin anomaly (MHA) is a rare type of autosomal dominant platelet disorder associated with mutations in the gene encoding nonmuscle myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9). It is characterized by the presence of large platelets, leukocyte inclusions, and thrombocytopenia. The bleeding tendency is usually mild, but severe hemorrhages have been reported. This is the first reported case of a patient with MHA who underwent craniotomy for intractable seizure disorder of temporal lobe origin. Patients who have thrombocytopenia have a higher likelihood of developing intraoperative or postoperative intracranial hematoma and bleeding complications. The patient was administered desmopressin (DDAVP) prior to the neurosurgical procedure and had no complications. With this approach, the use of platelet concentrates could be avoided. We discuss the role of DDAVP in MHA and related platelet disorders and review the current literature.
Respiratory care in the absence of a respiratory care unit.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects, results and complications of a respiratory care team in seven different intensive care units in a large general hospital. These ICU's were of diverse origin, all separated geographically and administratively. One hundred and ninety-two patients in respiratory failure were ventilated for more than 12 hours. Of 77 patients in primary failure, 62 survived; of 115 patients with secondary failure with various medical-surgical problems, only 53 survived. There were seven deaths from therapeutic misadventures. The best survival record was in victims of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with the worst in neonatal idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and after-cardiac arrest. The type of ventilator used, the subject of tracheal intubation versus tracheostomy and the ICU itself had little significant influence on survival. The respiratory care team contributed towards improvement in morbidity and mortality. The most important contribution is believed to be the dispensing of previously poorly or unperformed services and specific facts and information to both physicians and nurses.
Biomimetics: From pulses to motors.

Proteins are used by living organisms to perform important movement, transport and sensing functions. The extraction of a contractile protein from pulses (broad beans) takes us closer to making fully functional biomimetic synthetic machines.
Effect of γ-synuclein overexpression on matrix metalloproteinases in retinoblastoma Y79 cells

gamma-Synuclein is a small cytoplasmic protein implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. However, the mechanism of its involvement in diseases is not clear. We studied the role of gamma-synuclein in the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in retinoblastoma cell culture. Matrix metalloproteinases play important roles in the remodeling of extracellular matrix implicated in tumor progression and in the neurodegenerative diseases. Western blot and zymography data demonstrated a moderate elevation of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and significant upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases-9 in stable cell lines overexpressing gamma-synuclein. No effect of gamma-synuclein overexpression on matrix metalloproteinases-1 level or activity was found. Chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase assay demonstrated that overexpression of gamma-synuclein increases the efficiency of the matrix metalloproteinases-9 promoter. This increment of promoter activity may be mediated by the AP-1 binding site(s), since point mutations in one of these sites (Pr18 or Pr19) and elimination of the distal AP-1 site (Pr14) reduced the increment of promoter activity.
Field Experiments in Personal Space Invasion for Introductory Psychology

This article summarizes the use of field experiments designed to investigate personal space invasion. The experiments were designed and conducted by introductory psychology students and complemente...
Translating research into new instructional technologies for higher education: the active ingredient process

This article describes a research-based approach for developing new instructional technologies for higher education. The argument is made that the most common instructional methods used by faculty and educational technology in colleges and universities are based on adult learning theories that have not been supported in the past half-century of research. A four-stage process is offered to guide the analysis of research on adult learning and motivation in order to increase the effectiveness of classroom, lecture hall and media delivered higher education instruction. The process emphasizes the identification and application of the “active ingredients” of effective instructional methods and a strategy for translating active ingredients into the most effective instructional technologies for diverse higher education organizational and individual cultural orientations.
Cystoscopic optical coherence tomography for urinary bladder imaging in vivo

This paper summarizes the development of new 2D MEMS mirrors and the pertinent modification to improve OCT endoscopic catheter packaging suitable for in vivo imaging diagnosis of bladder cancers. Comparative study of the newly developed endocopic OCT versus the benchtop OCT is presented. Results of in vivo OCT cystoscopy based on a porcine acute inflammation model are presented to compare time-domain OCT and spectral-domain OCT for in vivo imaging. In addition, results of spectral-domain Doppler OCT are presented to image blood flow in the lamina propria of the bladder. The results of our in vivo animal study using the presented OCT endoscope are discussed for potential problems in the future clinical applications.
Workload assessment of computer gaming using a single-stimulus event-related potential paradigm

Behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures were used to assess cognitive workload from expert computer gamers playing a "first-person shooter" video game. Game difficulty level was manipulated in separate conditions by adjusting the number of enemies (view, easy, medium, and hard). Infrequently presented single-stimulus tones were either ignored or counted across difficulty conditions. Game performance and tone-counting accuracy declined as game difficulty increased. ERP component amplitudes diminished for both the tone ignore and counting conditions as game difficulty increased. The findings suggest that cognitive workload induced by video gaming can be reliably assessed through behavioral and neuroelectric means, and that the single-stimulus paradigm can be a useful tool for evaluating workload in an immersive stimulus environment with less distraction than conventional tools.
Continuous development precludes radioprotection in a colonial ascidian

Colonial organisms provide a unique experimental system for stem cell biology. The colonial Urochordate Botryllus schlosseri reproduces sexually as well as by continuous asexual budding. Adjacent colonies with a shared histocompatibility allele undergo vascular fusion and establish a common blood circulation, performing natural transplantation. Fused colonies become chimeras, often with complete somatic replacement of the host cell genotype by the fused parabiont. We attempted to establish a radioprotection assay for the somatic stem cells that induce long-term chimerism in Botryllus. We demonstrate over a range of radiation doses that neither autologous nor allogeneic cell transplantation enhances survival of host colonies. This suggests that high mitotic index associated with continuous asexual development leads to radiosensitivity of organs and structures essential to survival during engraftment. We observe that radiation induces uncontrolled epithelial cell proliferation in abnormally terminated buds, suggesting that stem cells are not required for the initial stages of bud development.
Chirped Optical Solitons in Single-mode Birefringent Fibers

The trapping behavior of two chirped solitons forming a bound state in a single-mode birefringent fiber is investigated on the basis of a model of coupled nonlinear Schroedinger equations. The positive initial chirp plays an important role in controlling the threshold amplitude for soliton trapping without causing excessive pulse broadening.
Model of a Fermi liquid using gauge-gravity duality

We use gauge-gravity duality to model the crossover from a conformal critical point to a confining Fermi liquid, driven by a change in fermion density. The short-distance conformal physics is represented by an anti--de Sitter geometry, which terminates into a confining state along the emergent spatial direction. The Luttinger relation, relating the area enclosed by the Fermi surfaces to the fermion density, is shown to follow from Gauss's law for the bulk electric field. We argue that all low energy modes are consistent with Landau's Fermi liquid theory. An explicit solution is obtained for the Fermi liquid for the case of hard-wall boundary conditions in the infrared.
Skylab observations of the Al I autoionization lines gamma 1932 and gamma 1936 during a solar flare

Observations are presented of the Al I autoionization lines gamma 1932 and gamma 1936 during the H alpha class SN subflare of 1973 August 9, obtained from the NRL slit spectrograph aboard Skylab. These profiles are compared with observations from an active-region plage and with the quiet-sun observations of McAllister. Line profiles through model flare and quiet-sun atmospheres are computed assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium. The Al I autoionization lines are sensitive to the conditions just below the temperature-minimum region of the model atmosphere, and the observations support evidence that increased heating of this region occurs during flares. It shown, using observations from three additional flares, that excess flare heating down to the T sub min region probably occurs only near loop footpoints. The behavior of Fe and Fe II lines in the 1920 A range is also discussed.
Dust and scratch removal in scanned images

Dust, scratches or hair on originals (prints, slides or negatives) distinctly appear as light or dark artifacts on a scan. These unsightly artifacts have become a major consumer concern. This paper describes an algorithmic solution to the dust and scratch removal task. The solution is divided into two phases: a detection phase and a reconstruction phase. Some scanners have dedicated hardware to detect dust and scratch areas in the original. Without hardware assistance, dust and scratch removal algorithms generally resort to blurring, at the loss of image detail. We present an algorithmic alternative for dust and scratch detection that effectively differentiates between defects and image details. In addition we present reconstruction algorithms, that preserve image sharpness better than available alternatives. For detection we generate a detail-less image in which the defects are "erased". We compare properties of the luminance channel of the input image relative to the detailless image. For reconstruction of the defective areas we suggest both a fast small support algorithm and a large support algorithm, which is better able to mimic the existing image texture.
Effect of inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase on net myocardial ATP in total ischemia

Abstract The effect of inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase with oligomycin on the rate of ATP depletion and anaerobic glycolysis was studied in the totally ischemic dog heart. An oxygenated, buffered crystalloidal solution containing 10 μ m oligomycin and 12 m m glucose was delivered at 100 mmHg pressure to the circumflex bed of the excised cooled heart. Buffered solution without oligomycin was delivered simultaneously to the anterior descending bed of the same heart. Little metabolic evidence of ischemia developed until the heart was made totally ischemic by incubating it in a sealed plastic bag at 37°C. Successful inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase was confirmed by the absence of both mitochondrial ATPase activity and the loss of respiratory control in mitochondria isolated from treated tissue. ATP, glycolytic intermediates and catabolites of the adenine nucleotide pool were measured in the control and treated beds at various intervals during 120 min of ischemia. Inhibition of the ATPase resulted in slowing of the rates of ATP depletion and anaerobic glycolysis (estimated by lactate accumulation). Also, degradation of the adenine nucleotide pool occurred more slowly in the inhibited group. These data establish that about 35% of the ATP utilization observed during the first 90 min of total ischemia in the canine heart is due to mitochondrial ATPase activity.
In the Boat with Only One Oar: The Creation and Adventures of an MSW Consultation Group

This article explores a faculty-facilitated consultation group that was created for MSW students in an academic setting as a response to the paucity of group work supervision and training available in many field placements. This study considers the context in which training occurs, the impact of systemic and professional factors, which includes diminished economic resources, on the quality and availability of direct group work supervision. Moreover, the prevalence of interns facilitating groups without training, consultation, or supervision is discussed. This consultation group was created as a response to felt and expressed need by MSW students. The developmental trajectory of the group from conception to termination is presented, and the article concludes with lessons learned by the facilitator.
Ironies of Citizenship: Skin Color, Police Brutality, and the Challenge to Democracy in Brazil

Despite the transition from authoritarian rule to a democratically elected government in 1985, there remains in Brazil a persistent gap between the formal principles and the actual practices of democracy. The gap is particularly manifest in the daily contacts between citizens and representatives of state authority, especially regarding the treatment ofAfro-Brazilians. Analyses of the' "regulated". and "relational" character of citizenship in Brazil, as well as observations about the attitudinal dispositions of the members of the criminaljustice system, suggest thatAfro-Brazilians are likely to benefitfromfewer protections compared to whites and are more likely to suffer discrimination at the hands of the police. Analyses of the 1988 National Household Survey (PNAD-88) support both hypotheses: Net of statistical controls for key socioeconomic indicators, AfroBrazilians are more likely than whites to be the victim of assault, and they are more likely to be assaulted by the police. Thefindings show how the perceptions of class, color, and criminality produce differential protections and treatments inconsistent with the attributes of universal citizenship. Our analysis points more generally to theformidable institutional and cultural challenges that confront the attempt to fully consolidate a democratic regime in Brazil. The demise of authoritarian rule in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Uruguay represents a critical watershed in the contemporary political history of Latin America.' Yet, for all of the attention that these events have received, it appears that the fundamental dilemmas posed by the wave of regime changes that took
Primary and Secondary Hepatic Lymphomas Diagnosed by Image-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Cytomorphologic Findings

Objectives: To explore the diagnosis of hematolymphoid malignancies of the liver (hepatic lymphoma [HeL]) by image-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA)
Summary of the Tandem Cylinder Solutions from the Benchmark Problems for Airframe Noise Computations-I Workshop

Fifteen submissions in the tandem cylinders category of the First Workshop on Benchmark problems for Airframe Noise Computations are summarized. Although the geometry is relatively simple, the problem involves complex physics. Researchers employed various block-structured, overset, unstructured and embedded Cartesian grid techniques and considerable computational resources to simulate the flow. The solutions are compared against each other and experimental data from 2 facilities. Overall, the simulations captured the gross features of the flow, but resolving all the details which would be necessary to compute the noise remains challenging. In particular, how to best simulate the effects of the experimental transition strip, and the associated high Reynolds number effects, was unclear. Furthermore, capturing the spanwise variation proved difficult.
Low Genetic Diversity In Willaertia Magna From Wide Geographical Sources, and Characterisation of Willaertia Minor N. Sp. (Heterolobosea, Vahlkampfidae)

Twelve isolates assigned to Willaertia magma by morphological and physiological criteria, including the the material, were characterised at 23 enzyme-encoding loci. Isolates from Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, England, France, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Madagascar and Papua New Guinea showed fixed alleles at 18 loci and polymorphism at Acp, Lap, Me, 6Pgd and Pgm 1. The maximum difference in pairwise comparisons was 8.7%, consistent with intra-specific variation in the related genus Naegleria. An additional isolate, assigned to Willaertia by features of its flagellate and cyst stages, represents a new species. Willaertia mimor n. sp. shares alleles with W. magma at only three loci, has a maximum growth temperature of 38 o C and is significantly smaller in all stages than W. magma
Differential visual predation on morphs of Timema cristinae (Phasmatodeae:Timemidae) and its consequences for host range

Timema cristinae is a herbivorous insect that exhibits polymorphism for body coloration (green, red and grey morphs) and for pattern (striped, expressed only in the green morph, and unstriped). The striped green morph is associated with ceanothus (Ceanothus spinosus) and the unstriped green morph is associated with chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum). This study examines the relative vulnerabilities to predation of the different pattern and colour morphs on their natural backgrounds. The vulnerabilities of the striped and unstriped morphs on their two food plants were tested using uncaged wild birds (Scrub Jays) and captive western fence lizards. Strong differential predation was observed suggesting that each morph is most cryptic on the food plant on which it is most common. Furthermore, in a mark-recapture experiment in a patch of ceanothus the unstriped and red morphs were recaptured in higher proportion than the other morphs. The vulnerabilities of the grey and green morphs on the ground and foliage were tested using lizards. The grey morph was more vulnerable on the plants than the green morph, but the inverse was observed on the ground (where they drop after a disturbance). This may be why the grey morph is not associated with specific food plants. The striped and colour polymorphisms in T. cristinae appear to be an evolutionary consequence of differential predation on different backgrounds. The implications of differential predation to food-plant utilization are discussed.
Women and Mood Disorders: Menarche to Menopause

Considering the multiple issues affecting women and their experiences with mood disorders, several clinical observations may be pertinent: Because women are very vulnerable to depression, physicians in all patient care related specialties need to be familiar with the diagnosis of depression and related mood syndromes. Early intervention may be far more critical than previously considered in preventing chronic, tragic outcomes for major depression, bipolar disorder, and even severe premenstrual depression. Both dysphoric mania (because of its poor prognosis) and rapid cycling bipolar disorder (because the majority of cases involve women) distinguish bipolar illness in women. In these situations, anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine or valproic acid may offer treatment advantages over lithium. Premenstrual depression is very strongly linked to traditional psychiatric mood syndromes and is likely to benefit from appropriate antidepressant therapy. The serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors are especially attractive in this situation because of their low side effect profiles (including low weight gain percentages) and safety in overdoses. Previous experience with psychiatric illness, especially bipolar disorder, is often predictive of postpartum mood episodes. Aggressive early treatment is critical to prevent or successfully manage postpartum episodes. Menopause cannot yet be linked to a specific or unique mood syndrome.
Demonstration of variable-length packet contention resolution and packet forwarding in an optical-label switching router

This letter presents experimental demonstrations of variable-length optical packet switching with all-optical contention resolution "on the fly" on a packet-by-packet basis by incorporating an optical router controller that examines a packet length field in the optical label. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the contention resolution and indicate error-free operation.
Thermal process maps for predicting solidification microstructure in laser fabrication of thin-wall structures

Abstract The ability to predict and control microstructure in laser-deposited materials requires an understanding of the thermal conditions at the onset of solidification. To this end, the focus of this work is the development of thermal process maps relating solidification cooling rate and thermal gradient (the key parameters controlling microstructure) to laser deposition process variables (laser power and velocity). Attention is restricted to thin-wall deposits, which are commonly manufactured using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS ™ ) and other small-scale laser deposition techniques. The approach employs the 2D Rosenthal solution for a moving point heat source traversing a semi-infinite substrate, which has been previously used in the literature to guide the development of process maps for controlling melt pool size and residual stress. In the current study, cooling rates and thermal gradients at the onset of solidification are numerically extracted from the 2D Rosenthal solution throughout the depth of the melt pool, and results are plotted on dimensionless process maps for predicting solidification microstructure. Results suggest that changes in laser power and velocity can have a substantial effect on solidification cooling rate and thermal gradient, which depending on the material system could have a significant effect on the resulting microstructure. Results are further plotted on solidification maps for predicting grain morphology specifically in Ti–6Al–4V, and the effects of laser power and velocity on trends in grain morphology are discussed. Although the Rosenthal predictions neglect the nonlinear effects of temperature-dependent properties and latent heat of transformation, a comparison with 2D nonlinear thermal finite element (FEM) results suggests that they can provide reasonable estimates of trends in grain morphology. In particular, both the Rosenthal and FEM results indicate a trend from columnar toward mixed/equiaxed microstructure with increasing laser incident energy, which is in keeping with recent experimental observations of thin-wall Ti–6Al–4V deposits.
System Design and Engineering in Health Care

After reading this chapter, you should know the answers to these questions: What key functions do medical computer systems perform? Why is communication between medical personnel and computing personnel crucial to the successful design and implementation of a health information system? What are the trade-offs between purchasing a turnkey system and developing a custom-designed system? What resources are available remotely for medical computer systems? What design features most heavily affect a system’s acceptance by health professionals? Why do systems in health care, once implemented and installed successfully, have a long lifetime?
Library in the clouds

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the issue of cloud computing and how it relates to digital library service provisioning.Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a viewpoint approach.Findings – The paper is exploratory, and looks at the pros and cons of cloud computing for digital libraries.Practical implications – The subject of cloud computing has been a hot topic for the past year or so. There are many implications regarding this for service provisioning for libraries. Several issues involving cloud computing are explored, and the advantages and disadvantages concerning this technology need to be seriously considered by digital library technology professionals.Originality/value – The paper explores the issue of cloud computing technology, its relation to current internet business practices and the implications for providing library services over the next five years.
The Impact of Missing Data on the Detection of Nonuniform Differential Item Functioning

Missing information is a ubiquitous aspect of data analysis, including responses to items on cognitive and affective instruments. Although the broader statistical literature describes missing data methods, relatively little work has focused on this issue in the context of differential item functioning (DIF) detection. Such prior research has focused on uniform DIF and has identified a complicated relationship between the type and amount of missing data, along with the methods for dealing with it. The current simulation study was designed to extend this earlier work by focusing on the impact of missing data and methods for dealing with it on nonuniform DIF detection using popular tools, including logistic regression, crossing SIBTEST, and the item response theory likelihood ratio test. Results suggest that the relationships between the various factors manipulated here were complex with no one method emerging as optimal in all cases, although listwise deletion consistently produced results similar to those obtained with the complete data across simulated conditions. Implications of these results are also discussed.
Probing protein structure and dynamics by second-derivative ultraviolet absorption analysis of cation–π interactions

We describe an alternate approach for studying protein structure using the detection of ultraviolet (UV) absorbance peak shifts of aromatic amino acid side chains induced by the presence of salts. The method is based on the hypothesis that salt cations (Li+, Na+, and Cs+) of varying sizes can differentially diffuse through protein matrices and interact with benzyl, phenyl, and indole groups through cation–π interactions. We have investigated the potential of this method to probe protein dynamics by measuring high resolution second-derivative UV spectra as a function of salt concentration for eight proteins of varying physical and chemical properties and the N-acetylated C-ethyl esterified amino acids to represent totally exposed side chains. We show that small shifts in the wavelength maxima for Phe, Tyr, and Trp in the presence of high salt concentrations can be reliably measured and that the magnitude and direction of the peak shifts are influenced by several factors, including protein size, charge, and the local environment and solvent accessibility of the aromatic groups. Evaluating the empirical UV spectral data in light of known protein structural information shows that probing cation–π interactions in proteins reveals unique information about the influence of structure on aromatic side chain spectroscopic behavior.
Discriminative eigen targets for automatic target recognition

Three different linear transformations have been examined for their potential use as feature extractors for an automatic target recognition classifier. These transformations are based on a set of eigen targets, which are obtained through one of the following three methods: principal component analysis, the eigen separation transform, or the Fisher linear discriminant. From the sets of eigen targets obtained through each of the above methods, projection values of an input image are computed and fed to one or more multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) for training and testing purposes. With a fixed-structure MLP, each of the different eigen target sets are examined for their effects on the final recognition performance.
Quantifying the Role of Population Subdivision in Evolution on Rugged Fitness Landscapes

Natural selection drives populations towards higher fitness, but crossing fitness valleys or plateaus may facilitate progress up a rugged fitness landscape involving epistasis. We investigate quantitatively the effect of subdividing an asexual population on the time it takes to cross a fitness valley or plateau. We focus on a generic and minimal model that includes only population subdivision into equivalent demes connected by global migration, and does not require significant size changes of the demes, environmental heterogeneity or specific geographic structure. We determine the optimal speedup of valley or plateau crossing that can be gained by subdivision, if the process is driven by the deme that crosses fastest. We show that isolated demes have to be in the sequential fixation regime for subdivision to significantly accelerate crossing. Using Markov chain theory, we obtain analytical expressions for the conditions under which optimal speedup is achieved: valley or plateau crossing by the subdivided population is then as fast as that of its fastest deme. We verify our analytical predictions through stochastic simulations. We demonstrate that subdivision can substantially accelerate the crossing of fitness valleys and plateaus in a wide range of parameters extending beyond the optimal window. We study the effect of varying the degree of subdivision of a population, and investigate the trade-off between the magnitude of the optimal speedup and the width of the parameter range over which it occurs. Our results, obtained for fitness valleys and plateaus, also hold for weakly beneficial intermediate mutations. Finally, we extend our work to the case of a population connected by migration to one or several smaller islands. Our results demonstrate that subdivision with migration alone can significantly accelerate the crossing of fitness valleys and plateaus, and shed light onto the quantitative conditions necessary for this to occur.
One-hour postload plasma glucose in middle age and medicare expenditures in older age among nondiabetic men and women : The Chicago heart association detection project in industry

OBJECTIVE —To examine associations in nondiabetic individuals of 1-h postload plasma glucose measured in young adulthood and middle age with subsequent Medicare expenditures for cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, cancer, and all health care at age 65 years or older using data from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Medicare data (1984–2000) were linked with CHA baseline records (1967–1973) for 8,580 men and 6,723 women ages 33–64 years who were free of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and major electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities and who were Medicare eligible (65+ years) for at least 2 years. Participants were classified based on 1-h postload plasma glucose levels RESULTS —With adjustment for baseline age, cigarette smoking, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, BMI, ethnicity, education, and minor ECG abnormalities, the average annual and cumulative Medicare, total, and diabetes- and CVD-related charges were significantly higher with higher baseline plasma glucose in women, while only diabetes-related charges were significantly higher in men. For example, in women, multivariate-adjusted CVD-related cumulative charges were, respectively, $14,260, $18,909, and $21,183 for the three postload plasma glucose categories ( P value for trend = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS —These findings suggest that maintaining low glucose levels early in life has the potential to reduce health care costs in older age.
WordBridge: Using Composite Tag Clouds in Node-Link Diagrams for Visualizing Content and Relations in Text Corpora

We introduce WordBridge, a novel graph-based visualization technique for showing relationships between entities in text corpora. The technique is a node-link visualization where both nodes and links are tag clouds. Using these tag clouds, WordBridge can reveal relationships by representing not only entities and their connections, but also the nature of their relationship using representative keywords for nodes and edges. In this paper, we apply the technique to an interactive web-based visual analytics environment---Apropos---where a user can explore a text corpus using WordBridge. We validate the technique using several case studies based on document collections such as intelligence reports, co-authorship networks, and works of fiction.
PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS AND FRIENDLINESS IN INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION

36 male students, 29 undergraduate, and 7 graduate, were given a photograph of one of two women (one of whom was judged to be considerably more attractive than the other) and one of two “autobiogra...
The Management of Learning Grid for Management Development

In this article the author examines the concept of experiential leaning in regards to management education. The author attempts to evaluate the method due to contradictory findings on the method's effectiveness. He examines several teaching styles that use the experiential learning method and discusses how the professors transmit their information to the classroom. The author develops a Management of Learning Grid for the evaluation process and determines that the experiential learning method can be improved through a better interpretation of the research findings accumulated during the learning process.
Three charge supertubes and black hole hair

We construct finite size, supersymmetric, tubular D-brane configurations with three charges, two angular momenta and several brane dipole moments. In type IIA string theory these are tubular configurations with D0, D4 and F1 charge, as well as D2, D6 and NS5 dipole moments. These multicharge generalizations of supertubes might have interesting consequences for the physics of the D1-D5-P black hole. We study the relation of the tubes to the spinning Breckenridge-Myers-Peet-Vafa black hole, and find that they have properties consistent with describing some of the hair of this black hole.
On the Stability of Bifurcating Solutions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the stability of bifurcating solutions. The steady-state bifurcation and the Hopf bifurcation are examined with the aim of studying conditions where the stability of bifurcating solutions might be possible.
Future Directions in Housing and Public Health: Findings From Europe With Broader Implications for Planners

Problem: Chronic diseases such as asthma are rising at alarming rates in the United States and worldwide. Housing environments play an important, underappreciated role in these trends. Purpose: In this article, we document the magnitude of the association between housing conditions and asthma and related respiratory symptoms, present examples of new systems for addressing adverse effects of housing on health, and discuss how planners might require or encourage such innovations. Methods: We use logistic regressions based on household survey data from seven European cities to show the magnitude of the association between housing conditions and noise annoyance and the exacerbation of asthma and related respiratory symptoms. To support our argument that new housing intervention systems show great promise for alleviating current housing-related health challenges, we offer several different examples of green building criteria that incorporate health measures. Results and conclusions: After taking into considera...
The Use of Multiple Diaries in a Household Expenditure Survey in Hong Kong

Abstract This article discusses two aspects of using daily expenditure records, commonly referred to as diaries, in a household expenditure survey, based on the experience of the 1979–1980 Hong Kong Household Expenditure Survey. In particular, the article investigates the determinants of the decision by individual household members to fill out diaries, conditional upon the household having agreed to participate in the survey. In addition, estimates are presented of the additional reporting that results from household members keeping individual diaries, as opposed to one member keeping one household diary book.
Creating 3D models with uncalibrated cameras

We describe a factorization-based method to recover 3D models from multiple perspective views with uncalibrated cameras. The method first performs a projective reconstruction using a bilinear factorization algorithm, and then converts the projective solution to a Euclidean one by enforcing metric constraints. We present three factorization-based normalization algorithms to generate the Euclidean reconstruction and the intrinsic parameters, assuming zero skews. The first two algorithms are linear, one for dealing with the case that only the focal lengths are unknown, and another for the case that the focal lengths and the constant principal point are unknown. The third algorithm is bilinear dealing with the case that the focal lengths, the principal points and the aspect ratios are all unknown. We present the results of applying this method to building modeling, terrain recovery and multi-camera calibration.