cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological Control of Invasive Species, a Personal Perspective

highly sustainable—thus justifying the resources needed to support the entire field of science required to conduct such efforts. Hoddle cited the beneficial attributes and economics of such programs, listing a cost-benefit ratio of 1:145. Although these exact figures can be debated, it is clear that successful programs are extremely costeffective. My commissioned goal with this paper was to assess and respond to items brought to our attention by Hoddle and to provide further commentary on associated issues. I agree, however, with the primary points made by Hoddle and thus hope to take this consideration a little deeper into some of the issues that face us as a community of scientists considering, debating, and acting out species introductions in real life. I do this as an individual scientist, not as a representative of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or my supporting agency, the Agricultural Research Service (ARS). With that in mind, I provide my perspectives rather than a highly documented argument based on a long string of citations. In taking this approach, I hope the following discussion stimulates thought and builds bridges rather than barriers because together we have many important hurdles to cross in the fight to contain invasive species.
Veconlab Classroom Clicker Games: The Wisdom of Crowds and the Winner's Curse

The authors present a classroom “clicker” exercise in which students are asked to guess the number of items in a clear container before bidding on a money prize worth a penny for each item. Even if the distribution of guesses is unbiased, the highest bidder is likely to have overestimated the true number and ended up with a loss. Because winning becomes an increasingly rare and informative event as the number of bidders increases, the exercise generates a dramatic “winner's curse” in large classes where clicker systems are commonly used. Initial guesses about the number of items tend to suffer from perception bias, and this partial failure of the “wisdom of the crowds” can make bids even less rational.
Quality and Safety of Minimally Invasive Surgery: Past, Present, and Future

Adverse events because of medical errors are a leading cause of death in the United States (US) exceeding the mortality rates of motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer, and AIDS. Improvements can and should be made to reduce the rates of preventable surgical errors because they account for nearly half of all adverse events within hospitals. Although minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has proven patient benefits such as reduced postoperative pain and hospital stay, its operative environment imposes substantial physical and cognitive strain on the surgeon increasing the risk of error. To mitigate errors and protect patients, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to improve MIS. Clinical human factors, and biomedical engineering principles and methodologies can be used to develop and assess laparoscopic surgery instrumentation, practices, and procedures. First, the foundational understanding and the imperative to transform health care into a high-quality and safe system is discussed. Next, a generalized perspective is presented on the impact of the design and redesign of surgical technologies and processes on human performance. Finally, the future of this field and the research needed to further improve the quality and safety of MIS is discussed.
Tools, methods, and applications for optophysiology in neuroscience

The advent of optogenetics and genetically encoded photosensors has provided neuroscience researchers with a wealth of new tools and methods for examining and manipulating neuronal function in vivo. There exists now a wide range of experimentally validated protein tools capable of modifying cellular function, including light-gated ion channels, recombinant light-gated G protein-coupled receptors, and even neurotransmitter receptors modified with tethered photo-switchable ligands. A large number of genetically encoded protein sensors have also been developed to optically track cellular activity in real time, including membrane-voltage-sensitive fluorophores and fluorescent calcium and pH indicators. The development of techniques for controlled expression of these proteins has also increased their utility by allowing the study of specific populations of cells. Additionally, recent advances in optics technology have enabled both activation and observation of target proteins with high spatiotemporal fidelity. In combination, these methods have great potential in the study of neural circuits and networks, behavior, animal models of disease, as well as in high-throughput ex vivo studies. This review collects some of these new tools and methods and surveys several current and future applications of the evolving field of optophysiology.
From genes to behavior: investigations of neurochemical signaling come of age for the model crustacean Daphnia pulex.

Summary The cladoceran crustacean Daphnia pulex has served as a standard organism for aquatic toxicity testing for decades. The model organism status of D. pulex rests largely on its remarkable ability to rapidly adapt morphologically, physiologically and behaviorally to a wide range of environmental challenges, as well as on its parthenogenetic reproduction and ease of laboratory culture. As in all multicellular organisms, neurochemical control systems are undoubtedly major contributors to the functional flexibility of Daphnia. Surprisingly, little work has focused on understanding its neurochemistry at any level. Recently, D. pulex has been the subject of extensive genome and transcriptome sequencing, and it is currently the only crustacean with a fully sequenced, publicly accessible genome. Although the molecular work was initiated for gene-based investigations of ecotoxicology and toxicogenomics, the data generated have allowed for investigations into numerous aspects of Daphnia biology, including its neurochemical signaling. This Commentary summarizes our knowledge of D. pulex neurochemistry obtained from recent genomic and transcriptomic studies, and places these data in context with other anatomical, biochemical and physiological experiments using D. pulex and its sister species Daphnia magna. Suggestions as to how the Daphnia molecular data may be useful for future investigations of crustacean neurochemical signaling are also provided.
Role-Playing and the Future of the Textbook

Using their ValleySim and A Marriage of Cultures simulations as e-textbook prototypes, the authors explore four experiential subject positions or roles that textbooks of the future can create for students: student as reader, student as performer, student as author, and student as collaborator. Textbooks rooted in the epistemological traditions of print-based culture have traditionally permitted only one of these four roles for students: the passive reader. The authors argue that digital culture, which reflects an amalgam of oral and print societies, creates an opening for students to play central roles within textbook narratives while still retaining an unalterable narrative foundation rooted in a knowledgeable scholarly voice. The authors contend that e-textbook publishers who offer students active and creative roles within future textbook narratives will be able to maintain the value of textbooks as repositories of foundational content while offering students more empowering subject positions from which...
Cross-sectioning of layered thin films by ultramicrotomy

Abstract Ultramicrotomy is shown to be a valuable technique for observing thin films in cross-section. The structure of layered Co-Tb and Mo-Ge films are characterized, with layers as thin as 0.9 nm resolved in the latter.
Bothnia: a dual-personality extension to the Intel integrated graphics driver

In this paper, we introduce Bothnia, an extension to the Intel production graphics driver to support a shared virtual memory heterogeneous multithreading programming model. With Bothnia, the Intel graphics device driver can support both the traditional 3D graphics rendering software stack and a new class of heterogeneous multithreaded applications, which can use both IA (Intel Architecture) CPU cores and Intel integrated Graphics and Media Accelerator (GMA) cores in the same virtual address space. We describe the necessary architectural supports in both IA CPU and the GMA cores and present a reference Bothnia implementation. For a set of GPU accelerated media applications on a PC platform with Intel Core 2 Duo CPU and the Intel integrated GMA X3000 running under the Windows XP operating system, Bothnia achieves an average speedup of 3.6x compared to using the GPU as a device, primarily due to Bothnia's support for creation of shared virtual address space between heterogeneous threads of the same application spread on both IA CPU and GMA cores.
Tin–copper mixed metal oxide nanowires: Synthesis and sensor response to chemical vapors

Abstract Tin–copper mixed metal oxide nanowires were successfully prepared by thermally oxidizing electrodeposited metallic nanowires (Sn–8 at.% Cu, Sn–43 at.% Cu and Sn–86 at.% Cu). The structure and composition of these nanowires before and after thermal oxidation were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Dielectrophoresis was utilized to align the nanowires in contact with pre-fabricated interdigitated electrodes to form a chemiresistive gas sensor circuit. The sensitivity variation of the nanowires with different compositions was tested with acetone, ethanol and ethyl acetate vapors at different concentration levels, and the temperature effect was studied at five operating temperatures, ranging from 200 °C to 440 °C. All the three mixed metal oxide nanowire sensors exhibited higher sensitivity than that of pure tin oxide nanowire sensor. The sensor performance was also investigated in terms of response/recovery time and repeatability. An interesting positive/negative response was observed by varying the element composition of the mixed oxide nanowires.
High-accuracy determination of the relative full energy peak efficiency curve of a coaxial HPGe detector in the energy range 700-1300 keV

Abstract A method for the high-accuracy determination of the relative full energy peak efficiency is established. Radionuclides that emit at least two gamma-ray lines for which the relative intensity can be found (from the decay scheme) to much better than ±0.1% were used as calibration standards. Specifically, the 889 and 1120 keV lines of 46Sc, the 983 and 1312 keV lines of 48Sc, the 1173 and 1332 keV lines of 60Co, and the 702 and 871 keV lines of 94Nb were implemented. The high-accuracy calibration was taken to extend from the lowest line of 94Nb at 702 keV to the highest line of 60Co at 1332 keV. An analytical expression, based on linear least-squares fitting, was developed to describe the behavior of the relative efficiency curve in that energy range. As a result, the ability of predicting relative full energy peak efficiencies to within ±0.1% (over most of the energy range) was demonstrated. The presented method is applicable in any measurement that requires the minimum calibration bias in the determination of reaction rate ratios. Applications in Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) and in nuclear reactor dosimetry represent examples of such situations.
Anaerobic induction in conifers: expression of endogenous and chimeric anaerobically-induced genes.

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) activity was measured in Picea glauca (Moench) Voss cell suspensions under differing conditions of hypoxia. ADH activity increased 4.5 fold after 48 h of induction. When cells were induced under different levels of hypoxia (2, 5 and 20% O2) changes in ADH activity were found to increase with lower levels of oxygen. Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT; EC 2.6.1.2) activity increased under hypoxia in a pattern similar to ADH, however lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27) activity did not increase under hypoxic conditions. The ability of white spruce cells to accurately regulate heterologous anaerobic promotors was tested by electroporating chimeric ADH reporter genes into protoplasts. While protoplasts were capable of anaerobically regulating a maize ADH reporter construct, constructs with dicotyledonous promoters (pea and Arabidopsis) were not expressed.
Extending Large Sets oft-Designs

A large set of disjointS(Â?;Â t,Â k,Â v) designs, denoted byLS(Â?;Â t,Â k,Â v), is a partition ofk-subsets of av-set intoS(Â?;Â t,Â k,Â v) designs. In this paper, we develop some recursive methods to construct large sets oft-designs. As an application, we construct infinite families of large sets oft-designs for allt. In particular, we show that ifv=2tÂ?3mÂ?2,k=2tÂ?3Â?1, andt,Â mÂ?2, then aformula]exists.
Vertebrate maternal-effect genes: Insights into fertilization, early cleavage divisions, and germ cell determinant localization from studies in the zebrafish

In the earliest stages of animal development prior to the commencement of zygotic transcription, all critical cellular processes are carried out by maternally-provided molecular products accumulated in the egg during oogenesis. Disruption of these maternal products can lead to defective embryogenesis. In this review, we focus on maternal genes with roles in the fundamental processes of fertilization, cell division, centrosome regulation, and germ cell development with emphasis on findings from the zebrafish, as this is a unique and valuable model system for vertebrate reproduction.
Tension pyopneumothorax : rare presentation of ruptured Barrett's esophagus

Tension pneumothorax following esophageal rupture is very rare. We report a case in which a perforated Barrett's esophagus rapidly developed a spontaneous tension pyopneumothorax. The mechanism for the tension remains obscure. Knowing that a tension pneumothorax can occur with esophageal rupture can help prevent misdiagnosis.
Comparison of growth stimulation of HeLa cells, HL-60 cells, and mouse fibroblasts by coenzyme Q10

The addition of coenzyme Q10 to culture media stimulates the serum-free growth of HeLa, HL-60 cells, and mouse fibroblasts (Balb/3T3). With HeLa cells, the stimulation by coenzyme Q10 is additive to the stimulation by ferricyanide, an impermeable electron acceptor for the transplasma membrane electron transport. This combined response to coenzyme Q10 and ferricyanide is enhanced with insulin. α-Tocopherylquinone can also stimulate the growth of HeLa cells, but vitamin K1 is inactive. Specificity of quinone effects is indicated. Serum-free growth of Balb/3T3 and SV 40 transformed BaIb/3T3 (SV/T2) cells is also stimulated by coenzyme Qio with stimulation similar to HeLa cells. However, Balb/3T3 cells are not stimulated by ferricyanide, which does not increase the response to coenzyme Q10. The transformed cells (SV/T2) respond better to ferricyanide alone, but the effects of coenzyme Qio and ferricyanide are not additive. Serum-free growth of HL-60 cells is stimulated dramatically by coenzyme Q10. The extent of growth stimulation on HL-60 cells is almost six-fold that of HeLa or Balb/3T3 cells. The stimulation of NADH-ferricyanide reductase (a transmembrane redox enzyme) by coenzyme Q10 with HL-60 cells is similar to their growth pattern in response to coenzyme Q10. Unlike HL-60, HeLa and Balb/3T3 cells show little stimulation of ferricyanide reduction by coenzyme Q10. The stimulatory effect on both ferricyanide reduction and cell growth by the short side-chain coenzyme Q2 is much less than that of the long side-chain coenzyme Q10. Ferricyanide reduction by HeLa cells is inhibited by coenzyme Q analogs such as 2,3-dimethoxy-5-chloro-6-naphthyl-mercapto-coenzyme Q and 2-methoxy-3-ethoxyl-5-methyl-6-hexadecyl-mercapto-coenzyme Q. However, these inhibitions are reversed by coenzyme Q10. The growth inhibition of HL-60 cells by other coenzyme Q analogs, such as capsiacin can also be reversed by coenzyme Q10. These data indicate that plasma membrane-based NADH oxidation or modification of the membrane quinone redox balance may be a basis for the growth stimulation.
Genetic Control of Branching Morphogenesis

The genetic programs that direct formation of the treelike branching structures of two animal organs have begun to be elucidated. In both the developing Drosophila tracheal (respiratory) system and mammalian lung, a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway is reiteratively used to pattern successive rounds of branching. The initial pattern of signaling appears to be established by early, more global embryonic patterning systems. The FGF pathway is then modified at each stage of branching by genetic feedback controls and other signals to give distinct branching outcomes. The reiterative use of a signaling pathway by both insects and mammals suggests a general scheme for patterning branching morphogenesis.
Infection and Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine is a potent immunosuppressive agent that selectively impairs T cell function. The steady growth of its importance makes knowledge of its activity and effects clinically relevant. The intrinsic antibiotic activity of cyclosporine is limited; although it inhibits certain viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths, in practical terms these effects are insignificant. Both controlled and noncontrolled studies have shown that infection is an infrequent problem in patients with autoimmune diseases who are receiving relatively low doses. The use of cyclosporine in the setting of transplantation does not increase--and may in fact decrease--the incidence of infection in comparison with that during standard immunosuppressive therapy. Fungal, viral, and bacterial diseases remain a risk, however, and are a significant cause of morbidity in this population. Antimicrobial therapy may alter cyclosporine levels and cause nephrotoxicity or graft rejection. Careful monitoring of cyclosporine levels during antimicrobial treatment is therefore recommended.
Transfer matrix for the restricted canonical and microcanonical ensembles

The numerical transfer matrix for the partition function of discrete lattice models is generalized to allow the calculation of the density of states \ensuremath{\Omega}(E), and the restricted density of states \ensuremath{\Omega}(E,M). Given \ensuremath{\Omega}(E,M) the partition function is expressed as a polynomial in the variables x=${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}\mathit{h}}$ and y=${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$. These algorithms are illustrated with calculations for the Ising model on finite square lattices. The zeros of the partition function are examined in both the complex x and y planes. Finite size scaling analysis of the zeros leads to very accurate estimates for the critical temperature and critical exponents.
The in vitro response of thymic lymphocytes of the pig to phytohemagglutinin.

The response of thymic lymphocytes of the pig to phytohemagglutinin was studied with H3 thymidine in cultures, from 0–72 hours. At the beginning of the culture period 6–18% of lymphocytes were in DNA synthesis. during the first 24 hours a sharp decrease in the number of DNA synthesizing cells was observed in both pha and control cultures, although pha cultures consistently showed small but significantly greater numbers of DNA synthesizing cells. this was followed by a definite peak in DNA synthesis and mitotic response of a minority of the cells in pha cultures between 48–54 hours, whereas in control cultures activity ceased. in addition, a small proportion of the progeny of initially DNA synthesizing medium sized lymphocytes was apparently stimulated by pha and found in mitosis by 48 hours. It was concluded that the thymus contains a fraction of lymphocytes, not in the mitotic cycle, which are capable of being transformed by pha to mitotic activity. the data also suggests some stimulation of cells already in the mitotic cycle.
Gimbutas, Marija (1921–1994)

Marija Gimbutas (1921–1994) was an archaeologist who wrote extensively about prehistoric farming cultures in southeastern Europe. She believed these communities were peaceful cultures, led by women, and practiced religions focused on a mother goddess. Her work is popular with non-archaeologists and some scholars of religion, but has been critiqued by archaeologists. Keywords: figurines; goddess worship
Optimal Updating Time Using Theory of Reliability

In this paper, we use reliability theory to determine the answer of an important question about how often we need to update a piece of secure information. For example, one may need to determine an appropriate time for updating a new password. To generalize, we compute an efficient updating time for a dependable secure computing (DSC) system which stores secret information in a reliable and secure fashion among n servers. The secret information can be reconstructed by successfully connecting to any k servers (k ? n), but cannot be revealed by using (k - 1) or fewer servers. Generally, the secret information has to be updated in the system in order to prevent adversaries from learning secret information by breaking into k servers in a DSC system. There are serval proposed procedures to update secret information, but few has been able to determine what an appropriate updating time on a DSC system is. To achieve the most reliable way to safeguard the secret information, we developed an interesting approach to compute the updating time on a DSC system from the reliability point of view.
Maternal drinking of alcohol: the newborn has the worst hangover.

In this issue of The Journal of Physiology, Dubois et al. (2008) report that breathing is greatly altered in animals born of mothers who consumed alcohol during the pregnancy. Upon finishing the paper by Dubois et al. we are not left with the dual questions which are often asked of contemporary studies in respiratory neurophysiology: What does this mean? How do these findings related to normal breathing in an intact animal? In many studies, investigators must attempt to fit results from greatly reduced preparations, containing only limited portions of the brainstem respiratory control system, into various models as to how normal breathing is generated. This task becomes especially daunting as the brainstem respiratory control system can generate multiple types of breathing, in addition to normal breathing or eupnoea. One other type of breathing is gasping, which replaces normal breathing under conditions of severe hypoxia or ischaemia, and can serve as a mechanism of autoresuscitation to restart normal breathing. Much experimental evidence supports the conclusion that different brainstem mechanisms are responsible for generating normal breathing and gasping (Paton et al. 2006; Paton & St.-John, 2007). Other breathing patterns may represent variants of eupnoea or gasping or, in fact, may be generated by other neurophysiological mechanisms in different regions of the brainstem (Smith et al. 2007). Thus, are results from reduced preparations applicable to the genesis and control of eupnoea, gasping or neither of these breathing patterns?
The Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Electrical Resistance of Rubidium and Caesium

Measurements have been made of the electrical resistivity of rubidium and caesium at temperatures between 1.5 and 300 $^\circ$K and at pressures up to 3000 atm. From our results we have calculated the ideal resistivity and its pressure derivative both at constant pressure and at constant density. The results are compared with those of the lighter alkali metals and with theoretical predictions.
Cyclospora cayetanensis causing diarrhoea in adults in Norfolk, England: report of two cases and review of literature

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an important emerging infectious disease agent found worldwide causing cyclosporiasis; a condition presenting with prolonged and profuse diarrhoea in immunocompetent and immunocompromised (such as AIDS) patients. It is endemic in some tropical regions of the world and mostly associated with travel to these areas. The prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in the UK remains very low. Cases of cyclosporiasis are often misdiagnosed or even missed due to the lack of understanding of the epidemiological and laboratory features of this pathogen. In this report a 42 year old male animal farm worker and a 45 year old female patient presented with the signs and symptoms of a gastrointestinal illness over a period of several weeks. Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts were detected in stool specimens. Oral Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole 160/800 mg twice daily for 10 days was administered in first patient while second patient improved without specific treatment. This is a first example of a possi...
Isothiocyanate. XV. Über die Addition CH-acider Sulfonylverbindungen an Arylisothiocyanate

Methylenaktive Sulfonylverbindungen lassen sich in Gegenwart von Natriumalkoholat an Arylisothiocyanate anlagern. Struktur und Reaktionen der erhaltenen Verbindungen werden untersucht.
Efficacy and Optimization of Palivizumab Injection Regimens Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Importance Infection with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalizations in children, accounting for more than 90 000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. For children who are at risk for severe RSV infections, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends immunoprophylaxis with a series of up to 5 injections of the antibody palivizumab administered monthly, beginning on November 1 of each year. However, many practitioners initiate injections at the onset of RSV season as indicated by local surveillance. Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of current regimens for palivizumab injections across different cities and to design an optimized regimen. Design, Setting, and Participants We performed a mathematical modeling study of the risk for hospitalization due to RSV infection. The model accounted for the pharmacokinetics of the antibody, the timing of the injections, and seasonal patterns of RSV, including geographic and year-to-year variability. We used the model to estimate the efficacy of current regimens, including the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation, and to design a more effective injection regimen, the optimized fixed start (OFS), which uses city-specific initiation dates. Participants were the approximately 700 000 individuals who had specimens tested for RSV by National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System laboratories in 18 US cities from July 1, 1994, through June 30, 2011 (a total of 725 741 tests). Interventions Different palivizumab injection regimens. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was reduction in hospitalizations due to RSV infections. The secondary measures were cost (number of palivizumab doses) and duration of protection (in days). Results The American Academy of Pediatrics–recommended 5-injection regimen is expected to reduce hospitalization risk by a median of 2.7% (range, −2.2% to 6.1%) compared with the conventional regimen based on RSV surveillance. The 5-injection OFS regimen is expected to further reduce risk by a median of 6.8% (range, 4.9% to 14.8%), and the 4-injection OFS regimen is expected to achieve efficacy comparable to that of the conventional 5-injection regimen while reducing costs by 20%. Conclusions and Relevance Modified palivizumab regimens can improve protection for children at risk for severe outcomes of RSV infection and thereby lower rates of hospitalization due to RSV.
Proteinuria following Renal Transplantation

As more and more patients receive renal transplants, diseases of transplanted kidneys and problems related to immunosuppression will be more and more frequently encountered by nephrologists. At our center alone, we will soon complete over 1000 kidney transplant procedures with an experience that spans 20 years. Proteinuria, a common sign of kidney disease, is often found following transplantation, and when it occurs, it requires careful and detailed evaluation. Mechanisms responsible for posttransplant proteinuria are varied, often multifactorial, and must be ascertained for each patient. Lesions associated with proteinuria may result from rejection, infection, obstruction, recurrent disease, or de novoglomerulonephritis or interstitial nephritis. In addition, there is growing concern about the effects of renal hyperperfusion in patients with decreased renal mass and the possible development of nephropathy secondary to this increased plasma flow, both in recipients and in donors of transplanted kidneys.1 Drug-induced renal disease may become an increasingly severe problem with more widespread use of the nephrotoxic immunosuppressant cyclosporin in kidney transplant recipients.
Comparison of average stress drop measures for ruptures with heterogeneous stress change and implications for earthquake physics

Stress drop, a measure of static stress change in earthquakes, is the subject of numerous investigations. Stress drop in an earthquake is likely to be spatially varying over the fault, creating a stress drop distribution. Representing this spatial distribution by a single number, as commonly done, implies averaging in space. In this study, we investigate similarities and differences between three different averages of the stress drop distribution used in earthquake studies. The first one, Δσ¯¯¯¯¯M, is the commonly estimated stress drop based on the seismic moment and fault geometry/dimensions. It is known that Δσ¯¯¯¯¯M corresponds to averaging the stress drop distribution with the slip distribution due to uniform stress drop as the weighting function. The second one, Δσ¯¯¯¯¯A, is the simplest (unweighted) average of the stress drop distribution over the fault, equal to the difference between the average stress levels on the fault before and after an earthquake. The third one, Δσ¯¯¯¯¯E, enters discussions of energy partitioning and radiation efficiency; we show that it corresponds to averaging the stress drop distribution with the actual final slip at each point as the weighting function. The three averages, Δσ¯¯¯¯¯M, Δσ¯¯¯¯¯A, and Δσ¯¯¯¯¯E, are often used interchangeably in earthquake studies and simply called ‘stress drop’. Yet they are equal to each other only for ruptures with spatially uniform stress drop, which results in an elliptical slip distribution for a circular rupture. Indeed, we find that other relatively simple slip shapes—such as triangular, trapezoidal or sinusoidal—already result in stress drop distributions with notable differences between Δσ¯¯¯¯¯M, Δσ¯¯¯¯¯A, and Δσ¯¯¯¯¯E. Introduction of spatial slip heterogeneity results in further systematic differences between them, with Δσ¯¯¯¯¯E always being larger than Δσ¯¯¯¯¯M, a fact that we have proven theoretically, and Δσ¯¯¯¯¯A almost always being the smallest. In particular, the value of the energy-related Δσ¯¯¯¯¯E significantly increases in comparison to the moment-based Δσ¯¯¯¯¯M with increasing roughness of the slip distribution over the fault. Previous studies used Δσ¯¯¯¯¯M in place of Δσ¯¯¯¯¯E in computing the radiation ratio ηR that compares the radiated energy in earthquakes to a characteristic part of their strain energy change. Typical values of ηR for large earthquakes were found to be from 0.25 to 1. Our finding that Δσ¯¯¯¯¯E≥Δσ¯¯¯¯¯M allows us to interpret the values of ηR as the upper bound. We determine the restrictions placed by such estimates on the evolution of stress with slip at the earthquake source. We also find that Δσ¯¯¯¯¯E can be approximated by Δσ¯¯¯¯¯M if the latter is computed based on a reduced rupture area.
Effect of including (versus excluding) fates worse than death on utility measurement.

Objectives: Most studies typically measure health preferences excluding health states perceived as worse than death. The objective of this study is to test the impact of including (versus excluding) health states perceived to be worse than death on utility measurementusing standard gamble (SG) and visual analogue scale (VAS) methods. Methods: By means of a cross-sectional descriptive study design, women were asked to rate the utility of three hypothetical breast cancer health states: cure, treatment, and recurrence (n=119). Preference weights were estimated, allowing for negative utilities with death (perfect health) scaled at zero (1.0). Results: Unpaired t-test analysis showed significantly greater change in SG and VAS weights for individuals perceiving cancer recurrence as worse than death than those perceiving death as least desirable state. Excluding negative utilities from the study resulted in significantly smaller changes in utility. Study results show that preference elicitation methods can be successfully adapted to acquire negative utilities. Conclusions: Changes in utility were greater when negative preferences were permitted. Addressing negative preference scores could significantly affect quality adjusted life year estimates in economic analyses.
Atypical Patterns of Inheritance

The incomplete prediction of clinical phenotype from genotype in monogenic disorders assumes other complex mechanisms are responsible. Recent examples derived from well-known human diseases will be discussed in this review in the context of the roles of modifier genes, digenic and triallelic inheritance, and the consequence of imprinting and opposite transcripts in known human genetic disorders. Specifically, this review will focus on cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, sensory neural deafness due to Connexin gene mutations, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome as there is evidence that complex inheritance is responsible for at least part of the phenotypic variability that is not explainable by the genotype alone. This review is meant to extend and complement the other topics in this issue as the concept of atypical inheritance is explored in more detail.
An Elastic-plastic Damage Model for Long-fiber Thermoplastics

This article proposes an elastic-plastic damage model that combines micromechanical modeling with continuum damage mechanics to predict the stress-strain response of injection-molded long-fiber thermoplastics. The model accounts for distributions of orientation and length of elastic fibers embedded in a thermoplastic matrix whose behavior is elastic-plastic and damageable. The elastic-plastic damage behavior of the matrix is described by the modified Ramberg-Osgood relation and the three-dimensional damage model in deformation assuming isotropic hardening. Fiber/matrix debonding is accounted for using a parameter that governs the fiber/matrix interface compliance. A linear relationship between this parameter and the matrix damage variable is assumed. First, the elastic-plastic damage behavior of the reference aligned-fiber composite containing the same fiber volume fraction and length distribution as the actual composite is computed using an incremental Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka mean field approach. The incremental response of the latter is then obtained from the solution for the aligned-fiber composite by averaging over all fiber orientations. The model is validated against the experimental stress-strain results obtained for long-glass-fiber/polypropylene specimens.
Essential arithmetic for evaluating three dimensional vector finite element interpolation schemes

The author extends previous work to discretizations, over tetrahedral and hexahedral meshes, of functionals which often arise in the analysis of magnetoquasistatic problems. For natural boundary conditions, exact formulae for the number of degrees of freedom and the number of nonzero entries in the stiffness matrix are given in terms of the number of nodes in the mesh, the number of elements, the number of boundary nodes, and the Euler characteristic. From this, explicit formulae for the number of FLOPS (floating point operations) per conjugate gradient iteration are given for node- and edge-based vector interpolation on hexahedral and tetrahedral meshes. Thus, formulae for quantities required for the comparison and validation of finite element codes are given. >
Surface matching by 3D point's fingerprint

This paper proposes a new efficient surface representation method for the application of surface matching. We generate a feature carrier for the surface point, which is a set of 2D contours that are the projection of geodesic circles onto the tangent plane. The carrier is named point's fingerprint because its pattern is similar to human fingerprint and discriminating for each point. Each point's fingerprint carries the information of the normal variation along geodesic circles. Corresponding points on surfaces from different views are found by comparing fingerprints of the points. This representation scheme includes more local geometry information than some previous works that only use one contour as the feature carrier. It is not histogram based so that it is able to carry more features to improve comparison accuracy. To speed up the matching, we use a novel candidate point selection method based on the shape irregularity of the projected local geodesic circle. The point's fingerprint is successfully used to register both synthetic and real 2 1/2 data.
THE RELATION OF THE AURICULAR ACTIVITY FOLLOWING FARADIZATION OF THE DOG'S AURICLE TO ABNORMAL AURICULAR ACTIVITY IN MAN

The tumultuous auricular activity which follows faradization of the auricles of mammals and which has been variously described, could be distinctly seen to consist almost constantly in our experiments on dogs of true fibrillatory movements of the separate muscle fibers coexisting with a rapid auricular tachycardia. During peripheral stimulation of the right vagus nerve the true fibrillation alone existed, the tachycardia being inhibited. A comparison of the electrocardiograms from dogs with this abnormal auricular activity with those from patients with the type of cardiac arhythmia which has been attributed to auricular fibrillation, and from patients with so called auricular flutter, indicates that the auricular activity in patients with either of these conditions differs somewhat from that usually seen in the faradized auricles of the dog in our experiments. The auricular activity of the cases of cardiac arhythmia is apparently true fibrillation, similar to that seen in the faradized auricles of the dog during right vagus stimulation. The electrocardiograms from cases of so called auricular flutter usually give no evidence of auricular fibrillation, and the auricular activity seems to consist of tachycardia alone. Fibrillation may apparently coexist with the tachycardia in some cases, when the auricular activity seems to resemble closely that usually seen in the dog after auricular faradization. During peripheral stimulation of the left vagus nerve, the electrocardiograms obtained after auricular faradization show changes which render them more nearly similar to those obtained from patients with auricular flutter. The facts that the auricular activity of the faradized auricles of the dog may apparently pass spontaneously into that closely resembling auricular flutter in man, that it may be changed into true fibrillation by right vagus stimulation, and that the abnormal auricular activity in man passes from a state of flutter to that of fibrillation in a similar manner, may be taken as evidence for the belief that auricular fibrillation and auricular flutter in man are closely allied cardiac disorders.
Biomimetic nanocomposite hydrogels for cartilage regeneration

This chapter discusses current advancements in cartilage tissue regeneration with emphasis on the use of hydrogel-based nanocomposites for improved cartilage regeneration. Through the course of this chapter, we will begin with an introduction to cartilage regeneration focusing on material characteristics necessary for successful tissue regeneration. In addition, we will explore and evaluate varying scaffold fabrication strategies as well as the incorporation of biologics for in vitro evaluation and enhanced tissue formation. Lastly, a concise summary and future direction of cartilage tissue regeneration will be discussed with respect to clinical applications of hydrogel-based therapies.
The Influence of Nonattended Material on the Processing of Advertising Claims

Hemispheric processing theory suggests that adding information to support verbal claims in an advertisement may influence the subconscious processing of the claims. Experiment 1 shows nonattended p...
Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline-Palladium Composite Films

Electrosynthesized polyaniline (PANi) can be chemically functionalized by incorporation of palladium clusters. The functionalization of electrochemically, freshly prepared and dried PANi film occurs spontaneously during the relaxation process. This process is carried out in sulfuric acid containning palladium salt. The material properties of the new composite PANi-Pd film were investigated by applying electrochemical, UV-visible spectroscopic and surface microscopy techniques. The PANi-Pd composite materials behaved electrochemically different than PANi film alone or Pd film deposited electrochemically. This finding is particularly important for developing layers for chemical sensors, electrocatalysis or supercapacitors applications.
A Comparison of Within- and Across-Subject Analysis of the Expectancy-Valence Model For Predicting Effort

The article discusses a study which compared the validity of within and across subjects analyses in predicting job effort. The validity coefficients of the complete model and components varied grea...
Control of Separation on a Swept Wing using Fluidic Oscillators

The performance of a flapped wing based on a NACA 0012 airfoil section and equipped with a linear array of fluidic oscillators was investigated experimentally to assess the significance of wing sweep and tip shape on the efficiency of this actuation technique. The semi-span wing was suspended from the wind tunnel ceiling through a six-component balance and could be rotated relative to the oncoming flow. Thus, its sweep could vary from 0° to ±45° while maintaining a constant aspect ratio of the wing. The experiments were carried out at a Reynolds number of approximately 500,000. The boundary layer was tripped in order to fix the location at which transition to turbulence occurs. The effects of incidence, flap deflection, and the level of the actuation were the independent parameters affecting the wing’s performance. In contrast to non-swept wings equipped with fluidic oscillators, the swept-back wing requires a substantially lower input level of actuation to improve the lift generated by the wing and alter its pitching moment provided the aggregate number of the actuators used was small. For this study, the number of active actuators did not exceed two. Under these conditions, the actuators acted as fluidic fences that reorientated the flow by reducing its spanwise component. Since this is an interim report in an ongoing investigation, it will focus on issues that were not reported at the AIAA meeting in Atlanta. For example, a two-actuator pattern (the spacing between them was kept constant) was moved along the wingspan and the impact of their location on performance was analyzed with respect to the sweep angle.
PERFLUOROCARBON LIQUIDS' ABILITY TO PROTECT THE MACULA FROM INTRAOCULAR DROPPING OF METALLIC FOREIGN BODIES: A Model Eye Study.

Purpose:To examine the utility of perfluoro-n-octane (PFO) in balanced salt solution (BSS) to shield the macula from the impact of dropped metallic intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) by modeling scenarios in which they may fall during surgical removal.Methods:Model eyes were filled with various flui
Early History of Walsh Analysis

The history of Walsh series really begins with Haar’s dissertation, “Zur Theorie der Orthogonalen Functionsysteme,” which introduced the Haar system in 1909. Folklore has it that Hilbert, Haar’s advisor at Gottingen University, asked Haar to find an orthogonal system on the interval [0,1) whose Fourier series of continuous functions converged uniformly. Haar’s clever solution was to restrict his attention to piecewise constant functions supported on dyadic intervals. He constructed his system so that the Dirichlet kernels took on values 2 n on intervals of length 2 −n . This allowed him to use the fundamental theorem of calculus to prove that Haar-Fourier series of continuous functions converge uniformly. By the same reasoning, Lebesgue’s theorem shows that Haar-Fourier series of Lebesgue integrable functions converge almost everywhere. Here, then, is an orthonormal system with the sparkling convergence properties that had been envisioned for the trigonometric system by its creators.
Safety Evaluation of Driving on Curves Based on Analysis of Vehicle Lateral Stability

In order to improve the safety of vehicle driving on curved roads,this paper studies the driving safety on curves,and analyzes the features of curved road safety,and quantifies the relationship between road curve radius and safety based on the principle of vehicle lateral stability.A vehicle simulation model combining TruckSim and Simulink is developed to evaluate the safety of standard curves of the current specifications by using three typical curve driving conditions.The simulation results show that curve radius is positively correlated with vehicle lateral stability while vehicle speed is negatively correlated with the lateral stability.When a vehicle reaches the speed of 120km/h and curve radius is below 500 m,the lateral acceleration exceeds 0.4g and lateral-load transfer ratio reaches 0.7.There are some safety risks so that the vehicle has not passed the curve with sideslip/rollover.When a vehicle reaches the speed of 40km/h and curve radius is below 60 m,the range of vehicle dynamic response increases slightly;however,the vehicle is still in a stable state without sideslip/rollover.