cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polysaccharide Inducible Outer Membrane Proteins ofBacteroides xylanolyticusX5-1

Abstract Little is known about how bacteria degrade structural polysaccharides or the regulatory systems that control this degradation.Bacteroides xylanolyticusX5-1 is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium that can grow on structural polysaccharides such as xylan and pectin. In order to determine the response of this organism to specific substrates,B. xylanolyticuswas grown on a variety of mono-, di-, and polysaccharides. Electrophoretic analysis revealed no distinct differences in the polypeptide profile of the inner membrane enrichments of cells grown on different carbohydrates. However, distinct differences in protein composition of outer membrane enrichments were clearly observed. The profiles from cells grown on starch, xylan, and pectin were distinct from each other and their respective monosaccharide. In addition, cells initially grown on xylan did not alter their total membrane protein composition after three generations of growth in medium containing xylan and glucose. Thus,B. xylanolyticusX5-1 altered its outer membrane protein composition in response to specific polysaccharide substrates, but analysis of this specific response revealed no evidence that glucose was preferred over xylan as a substrate.
Gulliver's further travels: the necessity and difficulty of a hierarchical theory of selection.

For principled and substantially philosophical reasons, based largely on his reform of natural history by inverting the Paleyan notion of overarching and purposeful beneficence in the construction of organisms, Darwin built his theory of selection at the single causal level of individual bodies engaged in unconscious (and metaphorical) struggle for their own reproductive success. But the central logic of the theory allows selection to work effectively on entities at several levels of a genealogical hierarchy, provided that they embody a set of requisite features for defining evolutionary individuality. Genes, cell lineages, demes, species, and clades, as well as Darwin9s favoured organisms, embody these requisite features in enough cases to form important levels of selection in the history of life. R. A. Fisher explicitly recognized the unassailable logic of species selection, but denied that this real process could be important in evolution because, compared with the production of new organisms within a species, the origin of new species is so rare, and the number of species within most clades so low. I review this and other classical arguments against higher–level selection, and conclude (in the first part of this paper) that they are invalid in practice for interdemic selection, and false in principle for species selection. Punctuated equilibrium defines the individuality of species and refutes Fisher9s classical argument based on cycle time. In the second part of the paper, I argue that we have failed to appreciate the range and power of selection at levels above and below the organismic because we falsely extrapolate the defining properties of organisms to these other levels (which are characterized by quite different distinctive features), and then regard the other levels as impotent because their effective individuals differ so much from organisms. We would better appreciate the power and generality of hierarchical models of selection if we grasped two key principles: first, that levels can interact in all modes (positively, negatively, and orthogonally), and not only in the negative style (with a higher level suppressing an opposing force of selection from the lower level) that, for heuristic and operational reasons, has received almost exclusive attention in the existing literature; and second, that each hierarchical level differs from all others in substantial and interesting ways, both in the style and frequency of patterns in change and causal modes.
Single crystal HoBa2Cu3Ox break junctions

Abstract Tunneling spectra of HoBa 2 Cu 3 O x single crystals using the break junction method show energy gap features. These features are variable from junction to junction possibly due to an anisotropic gap function. The I-V curves show the peculiar square law dependance of the current on voltage seen in many tunneling measurements of polycrystalline samples of 90 K superconductors. This may be an indication of an inherent “granularity” built into the superconducting matrix of a single crystal.
Skeletal flexing during methyl rotation in small dimethyl molecules

Abstract Hartree—Fock/6-31G(d,p) calculations have been made for methyl rotation torsional potentials in dimethyl ether, acetone, and thioacetone using two theoretical models: the rigid-frame model (only methyls rotate, the other geometry parameters remaining fixed) and a fully relaxed model (where the molecular frame is allowed to flex during methyl rotations). These conclude that steric hindrance generated by methyl rotation leads ot substantial skeletal flexing, principally in the C—X—C angle. This undulation is at largest in dimethyl ether, 5°, compared to 3° for acetone and thioacetone. The potential parameters show very large differences between the two models (e.g. in dimethyl ether, skeletal flexing relieving steric hindrance reduces the V 3 term by 500 cm −1 , lowering V eff by 30%). There are large differences in the torsional frequencies predicted by the two models, with the fully relaxed model closely simulating measured fundamental and overtone frequencies as well as - d 6 isotope effects in all three molecules.
Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of a New Quinuclidine Derivative as a Radioprotective Agent

7,10-Ethano-1-thia-4,7-diazaspiro [4.5] decane dihydrochloride was prepared by the condensation of 3-quinuclidone hydrochloride with 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride. The compound was shown to have potential radioprotective properties against a lethal dose of X-radiation in mice. Optimum protection was obtained in a group of mice pretreated intraperitoneally with 0.20 mg./g. of 7,10-ethano-1-thia-4,7-diazaspiro [4.5] decane dihydrochloride 15 min. prior to exposure, where 58.3 percent survived. A toxicity study showed the i.p. LD50 of the compound to be 295 mg./kg. with a dose range of 257–339 mg./kg. (p < 0.05).
Rehabilitation of Lower Extremity Trauma: a Review of Principles and Military Perspective on Future Directions

The rehabilitation of individuals with lower extremity injury is a common but complex problem for the surgical and rehabilitative teams. Basic science tenets of fracture and soft tissue reconstruction and healing guide postoperative weight-bearing and range of motion protocols. In addition to the physiological complications associated with the injury severity, patient outcomes are often influenced by other factors such as patient compliance, pain, depression, and the negative effects of immobility. As a result, novel rehabilitative protocols to include early weight bearing, continuous passive motion, psychosocial intervention, and multimodal pain management are becoming more popular to facilitate rehabilitation and improved patient outcomes. Further supporting the need for this shift in paradigm thinking are outcome studies of both civilian and military trauma patients that demonstrate the negative impact that psychological, social, and economical factors have on outcomes. This report highlights the experience that our team has had in instituting comprehensive rehabilitation strategies to treat injured service members with complex lower extremity trauma from combat.
Solvent effects in metal underpotential deposition on single crystal metal surfaces

The underpotential deposition (upd) of Pb and Cd on Ag(111) and Au(111) single crystals grown on freshly cleaved mica has been examined in propylene carbonate (PC), water, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethoxyethane (DME) by cyclic voltammetric techniques. Insight into the cleanliness of the single crystal metal electrode/non-aqueous electrolyte interfaces was gained from a comparison of the potential (E) dependence of the differential capacity (C) in PC solutions with that reported in aqueous media. The cyclic voltammetric features for the Pb/Ag(111) and Pb/Au(111) upd systems in PC were found to be very similar to those obtained in aqueous media. This behavior was unlike that observed for the upd of Cd on these single crystal substrates in the same two solvents, for which the differences in the voltammetric features, especially in the case of Ag(111), were quite substantial. This latter effect has been ascribed, in part, to the ability of Cd ad-ions to undergo partial discharge on the electrode surface, a factor that changes the solvation characteristics of the adsorbed species and thus modifies the energetics and kinetics of the upd process. For solvents of low dielectric constant, ie THF and DME, the same four upd/substrate systems yielded highly distorted cyclic voltammetry curves. This has been tentatively attributed to extensive ion pairing both at the interface and in the bulk electrolyte. The presence of ion-pairs in the solution phase was evidenced by the lifting of the degeneracy of the ν 4 mode of the perchlorate ion (as monitored by transmission FTIR measurements), for which the detailed nature of the band splitting was found to be metal-ion specific
Cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase from pea shoots

Abstract Protein kinase has been isolated from 6-day old etiolated pea shoots. Crude homogenates contain endogenous protein substrates for the kinase. Casein or phosvitin, but not histone, can serve as substrates for assay. DEAE-cellulose columns distinguish several forms of protein kinase activity. Cyclic nucleotides do not modify the activity of these protein kinases in vitro .
Tension Pneumothorax Complicating Small-Caliber Chest Tube Insertion

We report two patients who developed tension pneumothorax as a result of improper attachment of a Heimlich valve to a chest tube.
State-Dependent Block of Rat Nav1.4 Sodium Channels Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes by Pyrazoline-Type Insecticides

Insecticidal pyrazolines inhibit voltage-sensitive sodium channels of both insect and mammalian neurons in a voltage-dependent manner. Studies on the effects of pyrazoline insecticides on mammalian sodium channels have been limited to experimentation on the tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium channel populations of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In this study, we examined the effects of the insecticidal pyrazolines indoxacarb, the N-decarbomethoxyllated metabolite of indoxacarb (DCJW), and RH 3421 on rat Na(v)1.4 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Both DCJW and RH 3421 were ineffective inhibitors of rat Na(v)1.4 sodium channels at a membrane potential of -120 mV, but depolarization to -60 mV or -30 mV during insecticide exposure resulted in substantial block. Inhibition by pyrazoline insecticides was nearly irreversible with washout, but repolarization of the membrane relieved block. DCJW and RH 3421 also caused hyperpolarizing shifts in the voltage dependence of slow inactivation without affecting the voltage dependence of activation or fast inactivation. These results suggest that DCJW and RH 3421 interact specifically with the slow inactivated state of the sodium channel. Indoxacarb did not cause block at any potential, yet it interfered with the ability of DCJW, but not RH 3421, to inhibit sodium current. Phenytoin, an anticonvulsant, reduced the efficacy of both DCJW and RH 3421. These data imply that the binding site for pyrazoline insecticides overlaps with that for therapeutic sodium channel blockers.
Multileaf collimator-based linear accelerator radiosurgery: five-year efficiency analysis.

Background In 1989, Emory University initiated a linear accelerator (linac) radiosurgery program using circular collimators. In 2001, the program converted to a multileaf collimator. Since then, the treatment parameters of each patient have been stored in the record-and-verify system. Three major changes have occurred in the radiosurgery program in the past 6 years: in 2002, treatment was changed from static conformal beams to dynamic conformal arc (DCA) therapy, and all patients were imaged before treatment. Beginning in 2005, a linac was used, with the opportunity to treat at higher dose rates (600-1,000 monitor units/min). The aim of this study was to analyze the time required to deliver radiosurgery and the factors affecting treatment delivery. Benchmark data are provided for centers contemplating initiating linac radiosurgery programs. Materials and Methods Custom software was developed to mine the record-and-verify system database and automatically perform a chart review on patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery from March 2001 to October 2006. The software extracted 510 patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery, and the following information was recorded for each patient: treatment technique, treatment time (from initiation of imaging, if done, to completion of therapy), number of isocenters, number of fields, total monitor units, and dose rate. Results Of the 510 patients, 395 were treated with DCA therapy and 115 with static conformal beams. The average number of isocenters treated was 1.06 (range, 1-4). The average times to deliver treatment were 24.1 minutes for patients who underwent DCA therapy and 19.3 minutes for those treated with static conformal beams, reflecting the lack of imaging in the latter patients. Eighty percent of patients were treated in Conclusions Multileaf collimator-based linac radiosurgery can be delivered efficiently in
CCI3F HYDRATE: ABILITY TO INHIBIT OXIDATION OF L-ASCORBIC ACID IN PEAS

SUMMARY Oxidation of L-ascorbic acid was measured at −7°C in a closed system containing peas, water, CCI3F hydrate and air. The presence of CCI3F hydrate significantly inhibited oxidation of L-ascorbic acid to compounds devoid of vitamin C activity.
Phase-space imaging of partially coherent beams in linear and nonlinear media

We demonstrate a phase-space imaging system that scans and Fourier transforms an aperture created by a spatial light modulator (SLM), and use it to investigate partially coherent beams as they propagate through linear and nonlinear media.
Cannabinoids--can what hurts you make you stronger? Commentary on the article by Alvarez et al. on page 653.

Cannabinoids – Can What Hurts You Make You Stronger?: Commentary on the article by Alvarez et al . on page 653
General theories of software engineering (GTSE): key criteria and an example: GTSE 2015 keynote address summary

An essential consideration for a candidate General Theory of Software Engineering (GTSE) is the criteria by which it should be evaluated. This summary will include a proposed set of criteria and their rationale; an overview of an existing GTSE (Theory W: stakeholder win-win) that will be presented in the keynote address; and a summary of its ability to satisfy the criteria.
Lie for lie

The pseudo‐scholarly “historical revisionism” that minimizes or denies the nazi genocide of Europe's Jews, constitutes one of the darkest marks on the postwar intellectual environment. Paul Rassinier, Harry Elmer Barnes, Austin App, David Leslie Hoggan, Richard Verall (a.k.a., Richard Harwood), David Irving, Arthur Butz and Robert Faurrisson have been the main practitioners of this ugly craft. They have been united by their virulent anti‐Semitism and a patent willingness to falsify the factual record. As a result, they have been quite properly excluded from legitimate academic discourse, their adherents sometimes jailed in countries like Germany, Austria, France and Canada. We know all of this reasonably well. Yet we have largely ignored the flip‐side of this ugly Holocaust enterprise—an equally objectionable mirror image that has been anything but marginalized by the academy, popular media or public at large. This is the view advanced by many more writers that the nazi genocide not only happened, but tha...
THE EFFECT OF DOPAMINE ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) AND URINE OUTPUT IN NEONATES WITH OLIGURIA. † 1346

THE EFFECT OF DOPAMINE ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) AND URINE OUTPUT IN NEONATES WITH OLIGURIA. † 1346
SU-E-J-178: Image Guidance on the TrueBeam STx: Evaluation of CBCT Imaging Dose and Quality

Purpose: To evaluate the cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) dose and imaging quality of the TrueBeam STx linear accelerator equipped with the X‐Ray Imaging System. Methods: In accordance to the recommendations of TG‐111, a 0.6 cm3 Farmer thimble ionization chamber was used for in‐phantom measurements at the center and periphery (4 cm from edge, 12 o'clock) of 30 cm diameter × 30 cm length cylindrical phantom. A total of six new CBCTscan protocols were evaluated: 1) head (full trajectory, 100 kVp, 264 mAs, 2) head (half trajectory, 100 kVp, 146.40 mAs), 3) low dose thorax (full trajectory, 125 kVp, 264.00 mAs), 4) pelvis (full trajectory, 125 kVp, 686.40 mAs), 5) pelvis spotlight (half trajectory, 125 kVp, 731.27 mAs), and 6) pelvis spot light (full trajectory 125 kVp, 1318.68 mAs). Doses from MV, portal imaging and kV fluoroscopy were evaluated as well. Image quality was evaluated using the Catphan 504 placed at isocenter and scanned under the exact same parameters as the dosimetric study. Results: The measured dose for CBCT settings 1–6 (center, periphery) are: 1) 0.37cGy, 0.37cGy; 2) 0.2cGy, 0.34cGy; 3) 0.64cGy, 0.64.cGy; 4) 1.64cGy, 1.66cGy; 5) 3.5cGy, 7.27cGy and 6) 6.05cGy, 8.14cGy.With regards to image quality, we observed two general trends: First, comparing the half trajectory reconstructions to the full trajectory reconstructions, shading artifacts are visible in the half trajectory reconstructions. Second, by nature of the half reconstructions under the Thorax and Pelvis protocols, the resolution is degraded by 56%; which is due the fact that the pixel size is larger for the half fan methodology.Conclusion: In this study we evaluated the imaging dose and quality of the TrueBeam STx linear accelerator. The measured doses and image quality are consistent with previous measurements reported in the literature for older generation Varian On‐board Imaging systems (OBIs).
Magnification: gene amplification by an inducible system of sister chromatid exchange.

Abstract Magnification, an increase in 18S + 28S ribosomal RNA genes, occurs in germ-line cells of rDNA-defecient Drosophila and resilts in a chromosomal change in rRNA gene number. Although differing hypotheses have been advanced, current evidence favors unequal sister chromatid exchange as the basis of this system of gene amplification. Genetic studies implicate repair activities in the process of magnification.
Complications of Intramedullary Rodding for Chronic Tibial Stress Fractures inFemale Athletes: Three Case Reports

The purpose of this case study is to present complications in three cases of female intercollegiate athletes with intramedullary rodding for chronic tibial stress fracture. Three female college athletes underwent tibial rodding insertion after diagnosed with chronic tibial stress fracture. Postoperatively, the stress fracture healed; however, unusual stress reaction occurred at the distal end of the anterior tibia a few months postsurgery, resulting in a high reoperative rate. The athletes’ cases were unique in two distinct ways: (a) literature presents one case of a successful intramedullary rodding for anterior tibial stress fracture; (b) the athletes later developed a painful stress reaction at the distal tibia near the tip of the rod, requiring additional surgery. Treatment and rehabilitation of the intramedullary rodding ultimately led to satisfactory clinical and radiographic healing. Study of the material of rod, its degree of stiffness, geometry, and rehabilitation regimen on treatment outcomes re...
Hardware Accelerator Design for Data Centers

As the size of available data is increasing, it is becoming inefficient to scale the computational power of traditional systems. To overcome this problem, customized application-specific accelerators are becoming integral parts of modern system on chip (SOC) architectures. In this paper, we summarize existing hardware accelerators for data centers and discuss the techniques to implement and embed them along with the existing SOCs.
Proliferation In Liquid Culture of Myeloid Progenitor Cells From the Blood of Normals and Patients With Aplastic Anaemia

We studied myeloid progenitor cells (CFUc) from peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) of normals and patients with severe aplastic anaemia (AA). Baseline CFUc averaged 4.4 +/- 1.5 (range 0--17)/10(6) MNL in fifteen normals and 0 +/- 1/10(6) MNL in six patients with severe AA (P less than 0.05). To assess CFUc proliferative capacity, 10(7) MNL were put into liquid culture in Marbrook chambers with colony-stimulating activity and sub-cultured in agar at intervals up to 10 days. CFUc from normal MNL increased from 44 +/- 15/chamber at Day 0 to 156 +/- 33/chamber at peak value (P less than 0.02). In contrast, CFUc from AA MNL remained undetectable throughout the period of liquid culture (AA peak v. normal peak; P less than 0.001). These results indicate a marked decrease in circulating CFUc in patients with severe AA, and a profound abnormality in CFUc proliferation in vitro. This abnormality could be due to defective replication of CFUc, a lack of feed-in from more primitive precursors, or both.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN EIGENVALUES OF A RANDOM MATRIX.

Exact analytical expressions are found for the joint probability distribution functions ofn eigenvalues belonging to a random Hermitian matrix of orderN, wheren is any integer andN→∞. The distribution functions, like those obtained earlier forn=2, involve only trigonometrical functions of the eigenvalue differences.
Education of disadvantaged children

Abstract There are at least two basic strategies for finding answers to the questions posed: what compensatory programs are “successful”, for which groups of children, and at what cost? The first strategy involves the design and execution of a series of controlled experiments in education; the second involves statistical analyses of existing compensatory education programs. In line with the first strategy, next year, the Follow Through program will fund a series of educational demonstration programs based on a “menu” of different curricula for children in the early elementary grades. Participating school districts will opt for one or another of the approaches offered, and will, in the course of the year, receive the advice and counsel of consultants in implementing the approach selected. A second—and complementary—basic strategy for finding out what works in compensatory education capitalizes on the wealth of information waiting to be collected on the operation of existing programs. Since the spring of 1967, staff members of the Office of the Secretary of DHEW, the Office of Education, and a contractor—TEMPO, a division of General Electric Company—have been engaged in a pilot cost-effectiveness analysis of compensatory education programs. For the 11 districts studied, two distinct developments appear to have occurred in pupil performance: first, there appears to have been a slight decline in average pupil achievement in the sample schools. At the same time, there appears to have been a slight improvement in the achievement of pupils who are at the lowest achievement levels in their respective grades. The achievement data from the districts in the study indicate considerable variation in achievement results. The conduct and content of compensatory programs vary greatly. Preliminary analysis suggests that the amount of achievement increase is positively related to the level of expenditures for compensatory education programs. To make real progress in assessing the effectiveness of alternative education programs and to overcome the difficulties discussed throughout this paper, we see the need to pursue two major courses of action. The first concerns the funding of controlled experiments introducing major variations into school programs, using comparable measures of program costs, inputs and effectiveness over time. The second is a frontal assault on evaluation in the form of a cooperative effort with a small number of interested States and local school districts to carry out a longitudinal study of compensatory programs.
Tillage and slope position impact on field-scale hydrologic processes in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain☆☆☆

Abstract There is widespread interest in increasing conservation tillage use during row crop production. However, long-term hydrologic data are needed to better evaluate the potential benefits of conservation tillage. To that end, hydrologic monitoring was conducted for 11 years on a 1.2 ha hillslope located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of south central Georgia, USA. The site was equally divided between two tillage treatments, conventional-tillage (CT) and strip-tillage (ST), with cotton and peanut produced in rotation. Each tillage block was divided into three 0.2 ha plots to evaluate runoff as a function of tillage and slope position. Soil texture and hydraulic characteristic data were quantified to evaluate potential impacts on hydrologic processes including runoff, infiltration, and lateral subsurface flow. Surface runoff from CT averaged 22% of annual precipitation while that from ST averaged 13%. When paired by tillage and landscape position, annual runoff from ST was significantly less than annual runoff from CT (p = 0.025). Monthly surface runoff from CT was consistently greater than that from ST, particularly during May through August. Increased infiltration as a consequence of the reduced tillage led to significantly greater average annual subsurface losses from ST (19%) than from CT (10%) (p = 0.025). Results indicated that slope position and textural differences may also have influenced site hydrology. Plots at the top of the landscape where finer soil textures were observed produced greater runoff than plots at lower landscape positions where coarser textures were observed. In summary, the ST cotton/peanut rotation can be expected to significantly reduce runoff but increase lateral subsurface flow. As a consequence, water budgets from the two tillage systems were essentially equal. Similar decreases in surface runoff and increases in lateral subsurface flow can be expected to occur in landscapes in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Region where strip tillage is adopted.
Nicotine administration differentially affects gene expression in the maternal and fetal circadian clock

Exposure to nicotine by active and passive cigarette smoke is a common public health problem. Recent studies have demonstrated that human fetuses are also exposed to significant levels of nicotine and that there is a five-fold increase in the incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome among infants born to smoking mothers. We examined the effect of nicotine administration and expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the maternal and fetal rat brain by in situ hybridization. Nicotine injection (1 mg/kg s.c.) on embryonic day 20 (E20) induced detectable c-fos mRNA in the maternal habenula and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus whereas, in the fetal brain, c-fos was induced in both these structures and also in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Nicotine-induced c-fos expression in the fetal SCN was confirmed by Northern analysis and found to return to near basal levels by 3 h post-injection. These responses were blocked by pre-administration of mecamylamine, indicating that the effect of nicotine is mediated through the cholinergic system. Investigation of the development of this response revealed that nicotine failed to induce c-fos expression in the SCN on E16, caused minimal expression on E18, robust expression on E20 and postnatal day 0 (P0), and no expression on P2 or thereafter. These observations suggest that an alteration in the composition of the nicotinic receptors (nAChR), or the subsequent intracellular responses leading to c-fos expression, occurs in the SCN during the perinatal period. Induction of c-fos mRNA in the SCN by light has been associated with phase-shifts of the circadian system, however, the behavioral consequences of the transient sensitivity of the fetal and neonatal SCN to nicotine administration and the consequences for maternal-fetal entrainment remain to be directly determined.
STUDIES OF URINARY EXCRETION OF PROGESTIN I. FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS OF PROGESTERONE1

REPORTS by members of our group (1-5) and by Stover and Pratt (6) have indicated that intramuscular injections of progesterone produce no definite increases in the urinary excretion of sodium pregnandiol glucuronide of women with diverse grades of ovarian function. Since, as our group observed, minimal or no endometriotropic responses are commonly observed after this form of therapy, it was suggested that, perhaps progesterone in oil was either ineffectively absorbed or not metabolized. Accordingly, its possible excretion by the kidneys in unaltered form was investigated. Previous studies (7-14) had shown that body fluids of healthy women contained little or no biologically active progestational principle. Ehrhardt and Hagena (11) had reported, furthermore, that two women who had received total doses of 30 and 50 Rb. u. of progesterone by injection, excreted no progestin in the urine. The bioassays for progestin were made according to the method of Corner and Allen (15).
Detection of Insulin Aggregates with Pulsed-Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Abstract Self-association of metal-free human insulin in aqueous solution at pH 9.4 has been studied using pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR spectroscopy. The diffusion coefficients were measured for two different insulin concentrations, 0.72 mM in which the dimer is the predominant species and 3 mM which is a mixture of dimer and tetramer. In the more concentrated solution, exchange between the two aggregates is slow on the NMR chemical shift time scale. As a result, the dimer and tetramer give rise to separated resonances in the aromatic region of the 1H NMR spectrum. The diffusion coefficient determined for the tetramer by PFG NMR is 1.07 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 at 298 K, while that for the dimer is 1.38 × 10−6 cm2 s−1. The hydrodynamic diameters calculated for the tetramer and dimer are 46 and 36 A, respectively, which are in good agreement with those measured by dynamic light scattering. The advantage of PFG NMR for the measurement of insulin aggregation in these solutions results from the chemical shift selectivity which allows diffusion coefficients to be directly calculated for the different aggregates. The T1 and T2 relaxation times of the dimer and tetramer aromatic protons were also measured in order to optimize the parameters of the PFG NMR experiment and correctly interpret the results of the measured spectra.
A graphic model of the human hand using CATIA

Anthropometric measurements were made of the hands of 32 subjects. Data from this survey were used in the design of a graphic model of the male human hand. The model was created in the computer-aided design (CAD) package CATIA and reproduced any desired overall hand size. It was made up of 24 solid segments with 23 degrees of freedom at 17 moveable joints. Spans and grasping sizes of the model hand were examined. The representation of the model appeared realistic in several postures, but the model was found to allow some motions which would be impossible for an actual hand. The model could be used to help a designer visualize hand-held products and controls in use.
Simplified expressions of the subtracted Kramers–Kronig relations using the expanded forms applied to ultrasonic power-law systems

The Kramers–Kronig (KK) relations are a large class of integral transformations that exploit the broad principle of simple causality in order to link the physical properties of matter and materials. In applications to the complex-valued wavenumber for acoustic propagation, the method of subtractions is used to form convergent integral relations between the phase velocity and the attenuation coefficient. When the method of subtractions is applied in the usual manner, the integrands in the relations become unnecessarily complicated. In this work, an expanded form of the subtracted relations is presented, which is essentially a truncated Taylor series expansion of the Hilbert transforms. The implementation of the relations only requires the explicit evaluation of two simply expressed integrals involving the Hilbert transform kernel. These two integrals determine the values of the other terms in the subtracted relations, demonstrating the computational efficiency of the technique. The method is illustrated analytically through its application to power-law attenuation coefficients and its associated dispersion, which are observed in a wide variety of materials. This approach explicitly shows the central role of the Hilbert transform kernel in the KK relations, which can become obscured in other formulations.
Prototype time-resolved diffusive optical imaging system

A time-resolved diffusive optical tomography system has been implemented via a novel spread spectrum approach. The temporal resolution achieved was 2.24 ns. Improved spatial resolution with early arriving photons was experimentally demonstrated.
A Chemical Fractionation for Structure–Function Relations of Soil Organic Matter in Nutrient Cycling

Chemical extractions of soil organic matter (SOM) have not been widely used to elucidate the dynamics of SOM in field settings, especially to address issues of nutrient cycling. To illustrate potential applications of chemical extractions to nutrient issues, this report reviews studies in which the extraction of SOM fractions was based on their binding to polyvalent soil cations. Radiocarbon ages and cycling rates of 13 C and 15 N indicated that the unbound mobile humic acid (MHA) fraction cycled faster than did the cationic-bound calcium humate (CaHA) fraction. Analyses for C, N, H, and O concentrations and for biochemical groups including carboxyl, phenol, amino, diester P, and free radicals demonstrated that the MHA consisted of more labile and less humified materials than did the CaHA. Quantities and chemical natures of both fractions responded to recent crop management, especially those of the MHA. Three case studies are described in which characterization of the MHA and CaHA contributed toward a process-level understanding of nutrient cycling: (i) a phenol accumulation in the MHA fraction was linked to an inhibition of N mineralization in tropical lowland soils under continuous rice (Oryza saliva L.) cropping, (ii) addition of the MHA to California cotton (Gossypium hirstum L.) soils in laboratory studies resulted in increased K availability and plant K uptake, reproducing the benefit of animal manure application in field conditions, and (iii) effects of straw management and winter flooding on N cycling in California rice soils were elucidated by studying a fraction comparable to the MHA fraction. This fractionation is well suited for studying N dynamics, especially in soils enriched in phenolic compounds, and it enabled the linkage of SOM function with chemical nature. It worked well in C-rich flooded soils but needs further evaluation in upland aerobic soils. Further insight into chemical structure and function relations might be achieved by its integration with physical and biological extractions.
Abstract 1352: Macrophage specific regulation reveals both pro- and anti-tumor effects of NF-kappaB during mammary tumor progression

An increased level of macrophages in human tumors is associated with a poorer prognosis. The transcription factor Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is an important regulator of gene expression within macrophages. Recent studies point to a pro-tumorigenic role for NF-kappaB activity in macrophages; however NF-kappaB also regulates expression of genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase which are associated with anti-tumor effects. We believe that NF-kappaB activity in macrophages can have both anti- and pro-tumor effects depending on tumor stage. We have developed novel murine models to determine the effects of modulation of NF-kappaB activity specifically within macrophages during primary mammary tumor growth and metastasis. We have used the cfms promoter to specifically express the reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) protein in macrophages. The rtTA can drive tet operon regulated gene expression in the presence of doxycyline (dox). We have used this with a dominant negative IkappaBalpha to inhibit NF-kappaB signaling in the Polyoma mouse mammary tumor model, this model is termed DNFP. We have also used the cfms-rtTA in combination with a constitutively active IKK2 transgene to activate NF-kappaB signaling, this model is termed IKFM. When NF-kappaB is inhibited in macrophages during primary tumor growth in our DNFP model there is a reduction in primary tumor growth accompanied by a reduced level of lung metastasis. This data suggests that NF-kappaB in macrophages is acting in a pro-tumor manner, in agreement with recently published data. In contrast, we have found that activation of NF-kappaB in macrophages by treating IKFM mice with dox for 1 week before and during two weeks following tail vein injection of polyoma mammary tumor cells leads to a significant reduction in surface lung tumor formation. In additional studies, IKFM mice were pretreated with dox for 1 week but treatment was stopped two days after tumor injection. A similar reduction in tumor number was observed, suggesting an inhibition of cell seeding. Real time PCR analysis of lungs from mice with activation of NF-kappaB in macrophages suggests an anti-tumor “M1” macrophage phenotype. In summary, our data indicates that NF-kappaB activity in macrophages can have both anti- and pro-tumor effects dependent on tumor stage. This data would suggest that cell specificity and timing of treatment are important considerations with regards to the use of NF-kappaB inhibitors in cancer treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1352.
Experimental verification of high numerical aperture effects in photoresist

This work describes an experimental setup approximating the output of a 0.85 NA reduction stepper which is used at the limits of its resolution. The experimental method concentrates on verifying the numerical predictions of vector imaging theory. Since this theory is based on a plane-wave decomposition of the vector image field, two-beam and three-beam interference are the simplest forms. Alternating phase masks, attenuated phase masks, and standard masks can be represented by this arrangement. The setup uses a periodic grating mask to obtain diffraction orders, and then substitutes mirrors for the imaging lens which results in the desired beam interference at the image plane. A unique experimental process for obtaining the record of the image distribution is presented which results in decorating the image cross- section for analysis. SEM photographs reveal that beams of high obliquity have drastically different behavior within a photoresist film for S and P polarization for the two-beam case. The addition of a third central beam, with three-beam interference, results in a reduction in the difference between S and P polarized illumination.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transformation Is the Mechanism for Fusion of the Craniofacial Primordia Involved in Morphogenesis of the Chicken Lip

We have previously demonstrated that epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) brings about TGF beta 3-induced confluence of craniofacial primordia that derive from the maxillary processes and give rise to the avian palate. The upper lip of the chick embryo forms by confluence of primordia also derived from the maxillary processes, but in this case, they fuse with the intermaxillary segment of the nasofrontal process. Here, we ask whether the bilateral epithelial seams formed when these primordia contact each other in vivo are removed by apoptosis (as formerly was believed to occur in developing palate) or by EMT. We found that, as is the case in the palate, the periderm of the two-layered embryonic epithelium begins to slough shortly before these primordia fuse, bringing the basal epithelial cells into close contact. We show by TUNEL staining and confirm by TEM that apoptosis occurs only in periderm. TEM reveals that basal epithelial cells contacting each other to form the midline seam produce numerous desmosomes with each other. Then, basement membrane begins to disappear, numerous filopodia extend from the basal surfaces of epithelial cells, the space between them enlarges, and the seam breaks apart, leaving mesenchymal cells in its wake. Transformation of the carboxyfluorescein (CCFSE)-labeled epithelial seam is demonstrated in vivo by detection of CCFSE bodies in mesenchymal cells that replace it. This demonstration of EMT in avian lip development lays important groundwork for understanding the causes of human cleft lip and analyzing the mechanism of action of growth factors, such as SHH and BMPs, that have been shown (J. A. Helms et al., 1997, Dev. Biol. 187, 25-35) to be involved in avian lip confluence.
Paleoclimatic implications of the relationship between oxygen isotope ratios of moss cellulose and source water in wetlands of Lake Superior

Abstract Groundwater-dominated wetlands contain abundant peat deposits, but few studies have addressed the potential of using the oxygen isotopic composition ( δ 18 O) of fen peat cellulose to evaluate past changes in climate. Here, we investigated the relationship between δ 18 O values of pond water and those of moss cellulose from species inhabiting different micro-environments in three different swales near Lake Superior, United States. Isotope results over two growing seasons indicate a negligible effect of evaporation on the studied fens and the strong control of groundwater on the isotopic composition of swale water. Isotopic values for groundwater show a small seasonal variability and their low values suggest the influence of snowmelt. Our results show a consistent offset of 27 ± 1‰ between average swale water δ 18 O and cellulose δ 18 O values for hollow Sphagnum species, reflecting the fractionation associated with cellulose biosynthesis. When Sphagnum species from hummocks are included, the offset shows a larger variability (27 ± 3‰), pointing to evaporative effects affecting hummock species. This evaporative effect is more pronounced in emerged mosses, which show the largest difference (> 30‰) relative to their source water. The smaller variability associated with hollow species points to the possibility of performing species-specific analyses from peat cellulose for improved paleoclimatic reconstructions.
Babbling and first words: phonetic similarities and differences

Copyright (c) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. There is a strong consensus that the sounds and sound patterns of babbling and early speech are basically the same. The common state is one of ''Frame Dominance'' - a syllabic frame produced by an open-close mandibular oscillation dominates both stages, with limited ability of other articulators, including the tongue to produce active intrasyllabic and intersyllabic changes. The question of whether the first words are similar to babbling in all respects was evaluated in 4 subjects, using a database consisting of 152 hours of audio recording. A tendency towards increasing use of labial consonants relative to alveolar consonants was observed in 3 of the four subjects, and this was interpreted as a regression towards an easier production form. Progress in words took the form of an increase in variegation of utterances, mainly due to vowel variegation, much of which derived from an increase in the use of high vowels and mid back yowels, especially in wordfinal position. The presence of regression and the limited nature of the progress were taken as evidence of the strength of the Frame Dominance pattern and the consequent difficulty of escaping from it. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Evolution of a ‘Class Two’ family of periodic orbits in the general planar problem of three bodies

The elliptic restricted problem of three bodies with unit eccentricity of the primaries is used to generate a family of periodic orbits in the general problem of three bodies. The parameter of the family is the mass of one of the participating bodies. This varies from zero to a termination value. The mass ratio of the primaries of the unperturbed problem (three to five) is maintained throughout the generation of the family. In this way an asymmetry is introduced generalizing the Copenhagen elliptic problem as the generating model. All members of the family experience a close approach and a collision between the primaries during half of the period of the orbit, therefore, the family is classified as ‘Class Two’.
Does the Method of Instruction Matter? An Experimental Examination of Information Literacy Instruction in the Online, Blended, and Face-to-Face Classrooms

The researchers, a librarian and a faculty member, collaborated to investigate the effectiveness of delivery methods in information literacy instruction. The authors conducted a field experiment to explore how face-to-face, online, and blended learning instructional formats influenced students' retention of information literacy skills. Results are discussed in relation to an inclusive model of information literacy.
The fascial spaces of the neck in acute infection

Abstract A description of the fascial spaces of the neck with practical application to the routes of infection has been given. The importance of a knowledge of the fasciae and fascial spaces in anticipating the spread of infection is obvious.
Sociodemographic differences in parental satisfaction with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis.

AbstractBackground The diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be difficult for families. Growing evidence suggests that the diagnostic process may vary as a function of sociodemographic factors, such as socioeconomic status. The purpose of this study was to extend findings related to families’ experiences obtaining a diagnosis and accessing services for their young child with ASD.Method A mixed methods approach was used in this study, in which 46 families with children with ASD participated. A chi-square analysis compared ratings of parental satisfaction with the diagnostic process and current services between sociodemographic groups, and this was supplemented by thematic analysis of relevant open-ended questions.Results Results indicated that satisfaction ratings varied significantly by maternal education and family income levels. Ratings of satisfaction with the child's paediatrician also differed by family income. Major themes from the open-ended questions are discussed.Conclusions R...
Influence of Size and C4b Binding on the Proinflammatory Properties of Immune Complexes 1839

Influence of Size and C4b Binding on the Proinflammatory Properties of Immune Complexes 1839
State Implementation of Language Acquisition Policies and Reading Achievement Among Hispanic Students

National Assessment of Educational Progress data were analyzed to assess differences in reading achievement for Hispanic fourth graders across states with varying policies on language acquisition, controlling for student and school characteristics. Results indicated that (a) both Hispanic English language learner (ELL) and non-ELL students in states with stronger bilingual emphasis and more Title III funding have significantly higher reading achievement, (b) more preservice training on ELL issues and more professional development for working with diverse students had a significant effect on reading achievement among non-ELL Hispanics only, and (c) additional time to institutionalize immersion approaches did not narrow the reading achievement gap.