cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of social contagion

Social contagion is a subset of contagion which includes all social phenomena that can and do spread via social networks. The notion of how something becomes popular is very relevant to the concept of social contagion. Rumors, fads, and opinions can spread through social networks like wildfire, “infecting” individuals until they become the norm. This thesis investigates the dynamics of social contagion, employing a combination of formal analysis, simulation, and empirical data mining approaches to examine the processes whereby social contagion spreads throughout social networks. I introduce the concept of critical mass for a subclass of social contagion called complex contagion. This concept builds on earlier work to describe the nonlinear dynamics whereby most socially contagious phenomena infect very few people while a few become overwhelmingly popular. I also investigate socially contagious phenomena that arise when rational agents act under conditions of local information. Finally, I examine how my analytic work applies to a large dataset of empirical social contagion and draw implications for further research in the area.
Monogalactosyl and digalactosyl diglycerides from heterotrophic, hetero-autotrophic, and photobiotic Euglena gracilis

The lipid of Euglena gracilis, dark-grown in a complete medium, contained 2% galactose. The lipid of Euglena gracilis, light-grown in either a complete or an inorganic medium, contained 13-14% galactose. Pure monogalactosyl and digalactosyl diglyceride fractions, isolated by column plus thin-layer chromatography, contained 50% of the lipid-bound galactose of dark-grown cells, and 80% of that of light-grown cells. Molar ratios of monogalactosyl to digalactosyl compounds ranged from 2 to 3. The results show that galactosyl diglycerides, stored in large amount in light-grown cells, persist in small amount in the dark-grown cells. Fatty acids in both the monogalactosyl and the digalactosyl diglycerides were mainly of the 16- and 18-carbon varieties, with high proportions of trienes. The monogalactosyl diglycerides were rich in hexadecatetraenoic acid. Strictly photobiotic cells had twice as much hexadecadienoic and hexadecatetraenoic acids in their monogalactosyl diglycerides, and three times as much hexadecadienoic and octadecadienoic acids in their digalactosyl diglycerides as did illuminated cells grown in a complete medium. Dark-grown (obligate) heterotrophs contained galactosyl diglycerides with high percentages of monoenes. Great compositional variations in the galactosyl diglycerides are thus induced by light and also by nonlipid exogenous metabolites.
Der neue 3,5-l-V6-Ottomotor von Ford

Die von Ford unter dem Namen „EcoBoost“ kunftig vermarktete Ottomotorentechnik kombiniert Direkt ein spritzung und Turboaufladung. Sie reduziert den Kraftstoffverbrauch durch Motor-downsizing bei gleichzeitig verbesserten Fahrleistungen. Der erste Ford-Motor mit dieser Technik ist der 3,5-l-V6-EcoBoost-Ottomotor in der Lincoln-MkS-Limousine, die 2009 in Serie geht. Ford bewertet die entsprechenden Entwicklungen an Verbrennungs-, Kraftstoff- und Aufladesystemen sowie am Kurbeltrieb mit Fokus auf Effizienz, Kosten und Nutzen. Kraftstoffverbrauch und Leistung werden vorgestellt und mit konventionellen Motoren verglichen.
Overview and Risk Assessment of Icing for Transport Category Aircraft and Components

An overview of aircraft icing and a risk assessment by aircraft and aircraft component type is presented with a focus on Federal Aviation Regulations Part 25 (transport category) aircraft. Icing theory and pertinent parameters are reviewed. The frequencies of accidents by aircraft type for a fifteen-year period are given. A risk assessment technique is applied to individual aircraft components. Methods of lowering those risks are presented. Finally, a fairly extensive bibliography is categorically presented. Units NOMENCLATURE Term Definition _ CM Continuous Maximum (Stratiform Clouds) FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAR(s) Federal Aviation Regulation(s) Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1 HT Horizontal Tail ICTS Ice Contaminated Tailplane Stall IM Intermittent Maximum (Cumuliform Clouds) IPS Ice Protection System(s) ISA International Standard Atmosphere KTAS Knots True Airspeed LWC Liquid Water Content MED Mean Effective Diameter MTOW Maximum Take-Off Weight MVD Median Volumetric Diameter NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NTSB National Transportation Safety Board RPM Revolutions Per Minute SLD Supercooled Large Droplets SLW Supercooled Liquid Water VT Vertical Tail % Percent *Senior Mechanical Engineer, Senior Member AIAA f Copyright © 2001 by Thomas J. Vukits. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with permission. [knots] [g/m]
Application of On-line Monitoring System for Insulating Oil in Main Transformers

Insulation state in transformers is one of the key factors affecting safe operation of the electric power system.Owing to some insufficiencies existing in conventional chromatographic analysis of oil in laboratory,an on-line monitoring method effectiveness of time for chromatographic analysis of dissolved gases in transformer oil has been put forward.The necessity and effect of on-line monitoring facility for transformer oil,as well as basic technology and evaluation method have been expounded,pointing out that the multi-functional on-line monitoring for dissolved gases in oil and intelligent diagnosis facility will finally replace the conventional off-line chromatographic analysis of gases in oil.
Hypoadrenocorticism in a kindred of Pomeranian dogs.

Three adult Pomeranian dogs, full siblings from 2 litters, were diagnosed with primary hypoadrenocorticism following onset of hypoadrenal crisis. Review of the family history revealed the dogs’ maternal grandmother also had hypoadrenocorticism. All 4 dogs were pedigree-certified by the American Kennel Club. An inherited basis for hypoadrenocorticism is proposed in these Pomeranian dogs.
The Hydroflex Penile Prosthesis

SUMMARY Since its introduction in 1985, the Hydroflex penile prosthesis has become a popular choice of impotent patients. Simplicity of insertion, mechanical reliability, and the ability to give alternate firmness and flaccidity to the penis account for its widespread acceptance. Selection of patients is important, excluding those with impaired manual dexterity who would become frustrated in learning to operate the inflation-deflation mechanism of this device. Also, this prosthesis is somewhat bulky and cannot be crammed satisfactorily into the unusually small penis. When turgid, it does not expand beyond fixed limits and so would not fill the exceptionally large penis, resulting in a relatively unstable erection in such a patient. Appropriate sizing of the cylinders, especially the width, is important for a successful outcome.
Why do the elderly seek or avoid care? A qualitative analysis

Background and objectives This study attempts to understand why the elderly seek or choose not to seek health care. Most studies on barriers to health care have measured obstacles defined by the researchers. We attempt to define variables that are relevant to the elderly but have not yet been articulated. Methods Using grounded theory, open-ended interviews of 15 non-housebound elderly were conducted and coded. The data obtained were analyzed to discover and characterize the subjects' perceptions of barriers. Results and conclusions The major theme that emerged involved the interactions among autonomy, self-esteem, and the degree of illness or health. The study generated two hypotheses: 1) Self-esteem is directly correlated with the willingness of the elderly to seek care, especially as illness increases and autonomy decreases. 2) The individual's perception of health status, the perceived roles of the physician and the patient, the physician-patient relationship, and systems issues contribute to the dynamic paradigm that positions the elderly patient to seek or avoid seeking health care.
The Global Adjustment System

The international monetary system that came into prominence in the four decades before World War I was a system for regulating money supplies and stabilizing, within small margins, exchange rates. It was called the gold standard because already in 1880, but especially by 1900, the currencies of the major world powers were convertible into gold. But the international monetary system was by no means monolithic. Besides the gold bloc, there were countries on the silver standard and a few countries with inconvertible paper currencies. The gold bloc itself embraced many different monetary forms; each national monetary system was unique. Many countries were in the gold currency area but did not have a gold currency; their currencies were merely convertible into gold currencies, as in the gold exchange standard (1). It is nevertheless true that the gold standard, especially between 1900 and 1913, did give the world a kind of monetary unity, covering over two thirds of the world’s monetary transactions. The gold bloc was a currency area of fixed exchange rates, that could be called, after Gustav Cassel, a world-wide sterling area, because of the global importance of sterling as a unit of account, the transactions domain of the British Empire and London as the centre of the international capital market (2).
Immune Adsorption Chromatography for Protein Purification

Immune adsorption chromatography (IAC) for the purification of proteins in on the threshold of becoming the separation method of choice in the bioprocess industry. This technology results in extremely pure protein preparations, even with a single process step. However, several problems remain. These include: 1) low throughput, due to compression and crushing of resins with attendant flow restrictions; and 2) low monoclonal antibody (MAb) efficiency and utility, due possibly to steric hinderances, diffusional limitations, and MAb accessibility.
A Directed Inference Approach towards Multi-class Multi-model Fusion

In this paper, we propose a directed inference approach for multi-class multi-model fusion. Different from traditional approaches that learn a model in training stage and apply the model to new data points in testing stage, directed inference approach constructs (one) general direction of inference in training stage, and constructs an individual (ad-hoc) rule for each given test point in testing stage. In the present work, we propose a framework for applying the directed inference approach to multiple model fusion problems that consists of three components: (i) learning of individual models on the training samples, (ii) nearest neighbour search for constructing individual rules of bias correction, and (iii) learning of an optimal combination weights of individual models for model fusion. For inference on a test sample, the prediction scores of individual models are first corrected with bias estimated from the nearest training data points, and then the corrected scores are combined using the learned optimal weights. We conduct extensive experiments and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach towards multi-class multiple model fusion.
Drug Metabolism in the Liver

Metabolism is a biotransformation process, where endogenous and exogenous compounds are converted to more polar products to facilitate their elimination from the body. The process of metabolism is divided into 3 phases. Phase I metabolism involves functionalization reactions. Phase II drug metabolism is a conjugation reaction. Phase III refers to transporter-mediated elimination of drug and/or metabolites from body normally via liver, gut, kidney, or lung. This review presents basic information on drug-metabolizing enzymes and potential factors that might affect the metabolic capacities of the enzyme or alter drug response or drug-mediated toxicities.
Developing online deception literacy while looking for love

Payal Arora and her colleagues argue that Facebook has become a widely-used tool for finding romance in the global south, especially among marginalized youth. Yet this reliance on Facebook opens users up to the possibility of deception, forcing many to develop a dynamic online deception literacy. In this response paper, I unpack the notion of online deception literacy by reviewing the existing social scientific literature on this topic. I discuss (1) the prevalence of deception in online romance: (2) people’s ability to detect online deception; (3) the cues people use to detect online deception; and (4) the usefulness of those cues in accurately gauging deception. I highlight avenues for future research, especially those inspired by the experience of marginalized users in the global south.
From Crowdsourced Mapping to Community Mapping: The Post-earthquake Work of OpenStreetMap Haiti

The earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12, 2010 catalyzed a nascent set of efforts in then-emergent “volunteer technology communities.” Among these was the response from OpenStreetMap, a volunteer-driven project that makes geospatial data free and openly available. Following the earthquake, remotely located volunteers rapidly mapped the affected areas to support the aid effort in a remarkable display of crowdsourced work. However, some within that effort believed that the impact and import of open and collaborative mapping techniques could provide much richer value to humanitarian aid work and the long-term development needs of the country. They launched an ambitious project that trialed methods for how to create sustainable and locally-owned community-mapping ecosystems in at-risk regions of the world. This paper describes how an organization that emerged out of the response—the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team—formalized their practices in relation to many different stakeholder needs with the aim for setting a model for how the potential of participatory, community mapping could be realized in Haiti and beyond.
Trends in Management and Mortality in Adults Hospitalized With Cardiac Arrest in the United States.

Background:We sought to examine temporal trends in management (ie, use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO], therapeutic hypothermia [TH], coronary angiogram, and percutaneous coronary int...
High and Light, Dark and Heavy? Using Metaphoric Associations to Affect Perceptions of the Nutritional Content of Food Products

Prior research provides numerous examples for the phenomenon that concrete qualities of an object and its environment such as locations, colors, movement, closeness, vertical orientation, temperature, cleanliness, and size carry abstract (or symbolic) meanings of these objects such as power, potency, intimacy, control, affection, importance, morality, quality, weight perceptions, time (past/presence/future), expensiveness, and friendliness.
Molecular constraints on resistance-tolerance trade-offs

Plants have numerous mechanisms to cope with the negative effects of herbivory, including plant resistance, structural and chemical traits that reduce damage, and plant tolerance, the ability to compensate for tissues lost. It has been argued that resistance and tolerance represent alternate strategies and thus there should be a trade-off between resistance and tolerance. However, resistance and tolerance are controlled via the same molecular pathway, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and the process of endoreduplication. Endoreduplication is the replication of the genome without mitosis, which leads to an increase in cellular chromosome number. Increasing chromosome number and therefore gene copy number provides a means of increasing gene expression that has been shown to enhance compensation following herbivory. By measuring glucosinolate levels and seed production following the removal of apical dominance in genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana we show that there is a positive association between tolerance and induced chemical defense. Similarly, the direct association between tolerance and resistance is demonstrated by genetically manipulating the endoreduplication pathway. By overexpressing ILP1, a positive regulator of endoreduplication, and thus compensation, we experimentally increased glucosinolate production and tolerance in the Col-0 genotype. We suggest that many herbaceous plants that endoreduplicate (~90%) would show a positive relationship between compensation and chemical defense, given that the molecular pathways are shared in common. We discuss these findings in light of contrasting results on measures of tolerance and resistance, given that the true relationship can be masked by ignoring genetic variation in endoreduplication and the timing of chemical measurement.
Complex Relationships Among Masculine Norms and Health/Well-Being Outcomes: Correlation Patterns of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory Subscales

The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI) is a widely used multidimensional scale. Studies using the CMNI most often report only total scale scores, which are predominantly associated with negative outcomes. Various studies since the CMNI's inception in 2003 using subscales have reported both positive and negative outcomes. The current content analysis examined studies ( N = 17) correlating the 11 subscales with 63 criterion variables across 7 categories. Most findings were consistent with past research using total scale scores that reported negative outcomes. For example, conformity to masculine norms has been inversely related to help-seeking and positively correlated with concerning health variables, such as substance use. Nonetheless, past reliance on total scores has obscured the complexity of associations with the CMNI in that 30% of the findings in the present study reflected positive outcomes, particularly for health promotion. Subscales differed in their relationships with various outcomes: for one subscale they were predominantly positive, but six others were mostly negative. The situational and contextual implications of conformity to masculine norms and their relationships to positive and negative outcomes are discussed.
RNA Polymerase Accommodates a Pause RNA Hairpin by Global Conformational Rearrangements that Prolong Pausing.

Sequence-specific pausing by RNA polymerase (RNAP) during transcription plays crucial and diverse roles in gene expression. In bacteria, RNA structures are thought to fold within the RNA exit channel of the RNAP and can increase pause lifetimes significantly. The biophysical mechanism of pausing is uncertain. We used single-particle cryo-EM to determine structures of paused complexes, including a 3.8-A structure of an RNA hairpin-stabilized, paused RNAP that coordinates RNA folding in the his operon attenuation control region of E. coli. The structures revealed a half-translocated pause state (RNA post-translocated, DNA pre-translocated) that can explain transcriptional pausing and a global conformational change of RNAP that allosterically inhibits trigger loop folding and can explain pause hairpin action. Pause hairpin interactions with the RNAP RNA exit channel suggest how RNAP guides the formation of nascent RNA structures.
Critical thinking in an introductory programming course

The need for an introductory Computer Science course in universities is well established. As computing impacts all aspects of modern life, it is advantageous for students (future generation work force) in other majors to learn more about computing. The author discusses an introductory programming course focusing on algorithmic problem solving approach can instill critical thinking, logical reasoning and problem solving skills to Liberal Arts students. This course emphasizes at first on the development of the steps of algorithm using pseudocode, instead of focusing on the complexity of the syntax of the language itself.
Advanced Imaging of Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy of mature plasma cells, is the second most common hematologic malignancy and the most frequent cancer to involve the skeleton (1, 2). Bone disease in MM patients is characterized by lytic bone lesions that can result in pathologic fractures and severe pain. While recent advances in MM therapy have significantly increased the median survival of newly diagnosed patients (3), skeletal lesions and their sequelae continue to be a major source of patient morbidity and mortality and bone pain is the most frequent presenting symptom of MM patients (4). Rapid improvements in imaging technology now allow physicians to identify ever smaller skeletal and bone marrow abnormalities, however the clinical value of subtle radiographic findings is not always clear. This review summarizes currently available technologies for assessing MM bone disease and provides guidance for how to choose between imaging modalities.
RNA-Seq Dose Response Experiments for Quantification of Off-Target Effects with RNAi Therapeutics

RNAi therapeutics can be designed to silence almost any gene of interest and have demonstrated high levels of efficacy and acceptable safety profiles in pre-clinical and clinical development for cardio-metabolic, hepatic infectious, central nervous system, and rare diseases. Minimizing microRNA-like off-target activity while maintaining on-target silencing is a means to maximize the safety profile. One strategy to mitigate off-target activity is to incorporate thermally destabilizing residues such as glycol nucleic acid in the seed region of the antisense strand of a double-stranded RNA. Here we demonstrate the benefit of this strategy using Alnylam's ESC+ conjugate platform by performing RNA-Seq in dose response to measure both on-target and off-target effects. Diverse measures and visualizations of transcriptomic noise will be presented, as well as estimates of relative on-target to off-target effects as a function of dose. These results show that ESC+ conjugates are capable of simultaneously achieving high levels of on-target silencing while maintaining low levels of transcriptomic noise.
Pharmaceutical Care in North America

Pharmaceutical care in the US and Canada is regulated at the level of the state/province generating differences in the practice of pharmacy across the countries. Pharmacist counseling and utilization review are generally required to be offered at dispensing in community pharmacies. There is a trend toward the development of pharmaceutical care services provided at the community pharmacy, the integration of the pharmacist in the healthcare team, and the implementation of collaborative agreements expanding the role of the pharmacist in patient care. This chapter is divided into two sections, one for the United States of America, and one for Canada.
Future of Implantable Auditory Devices

The advances in technology leading to rapid developments in implantable auditory devices are constantly evolving. Devices are becoming smaller, less visible, and more efficient. The ability to preserve hearing outcomes with cochlear implantation will continue to evolve as surgical techniques improve with the use of continuous feedback during the procedure as well as with intraoperative delivery of drugs and robot assistance. As engineering methods improve, there may one day be a totally implantable aid that is self-sustaining in hearing-impaired patients making them indistinguishable from patients without hearing loss.
Maltreatment as a Wicked Problem: Implications for Educational Settings

This chapter draws on the concept of a “wicked problem” to frame the social problem of child maltreatment and ultimately to consider roles of schools and other child-serving systems of care in responding to it. The scholarship compiled suggests that the problem of maltreatment is unlikely to be “solved” by a specific set of programs or policies. Rather, more fruitful steps forward would emphasize a common framing of maltreatment as a wicked problem; renewed efforts to distill the specific aspects of wickedness related to maltreatment into areas of complexity, diversity, and uncertainty; and heightened attention, at a minimum, to the well-documented and multilevel problems of coordination and collaboration related to maltreated children, particularly in the context of educational settings. Such steps would likely be enhanced if they directly involved maltreated children and their caregivers.
Genome-scale metabolic model of the rat liver predicts effects of diet restriction

Mapping network analysis in cells and tissues can provide insights into metabolic adaptations to changes in external environment, pathological conditions, and nutrient deprivation. Here, we reconstructed a genome-scale metabolic network of the rat liver that will allow for exploration of systems-level physiology. The resulting in silico model (iRatLiver) contains 1,882 reactions, 1,448 metabolites, and 994 metabolic genes. We then used this model to characterize the response of the liver’s energy metabolism to a controlled perturbation in diet. Transcriptomics data were collected from the livers of Sprague Dawley rats at 4 or 14 days of being subjected to 15%, 30%, or 60% diet restriction. These data were integrated with the iRatLiver model to generate condition-specific metabolic models, allowing us to explore network differences under each condition. We observed different pathway usage between early and late time points. Network analysis identified several highly connected “hub” genes (Pklr, Hadha, Tkt, Pgm1, Tpi1, and Eno3) that showed differing trends between early and late time points. Taken together, our results suggest that the liver’s response varied with short- and long-term diet restriction. More broadly, we anticipate that the iRatLiver model can be exploited further to study metabolic changes in the liver under other conditions such as drug treatment, infection, and disease.
On the Optimization of a Class-E Power Amplifier With GaN HEMTs at Megahertz Operation

Class-E power amplifiers have regained academic interest over the past decades due to the introduction of new high-performance wide-bandgap semiconductor devices and the increasing demand for high-efficiency power amplifiers. While these power devices, notably GaN HEMTs, have exceptional performance at megahertz operation, they also display an additional loss component due to $C_{{\rm oss}}$ at this frequency. Unfortunately, the dependence of this loss term on the peak voltage and the device size is the opposite of that of the conduction loss. In this article, we mathematically analyze the operation of a Class-E amplifier to find the optimal input voltage and device sizing where the sum of these two losses is minimized. From this analysis, we have found that the common design approach of maximizing device voltage rating and area to get the best efficiency no longer holds for some operating conditions. Furthermore, we examine the constraints that dictate when this optimization equations can and cannot be used, as well as propose a distributed loss model for the $C_{{\rm oss}}$ loss based on a generalized Steinmetz equation (GSE) to allow this new loss term to be easily simulated. To verify our mathematical analysis and to demonstrate the applications of the proposed GSE-based $C_{{\rm oss}}$ loss model, two design examples are provided. They consist of a choke-input Class-E amplifier at 10 MHz and a variable-resistance Class-E amplifier at 40.68 MHz. The experimental results on these two design examples show good agreements with our analysis.
Leveraging Sensor-Based Vehicle Position and Speed Information in Traffic Signal Control with Existing Infrastructure

In recent years, many advanced control concepts for traffic signals have been proposed that make use of enhanced information about vehicle speeds and positions. Such information is anticipated to be yielded by connected vehicles, which will require time to become widely available. Similar albeit imperfect information can be extracted from existing detection systems, but most signal controllers are unable to directly access that information. The current paper examines preliminary results from a system that integrates vehicle speed and position data from a radar detection system directly into the actuated control logic, using an algorithm that seeks to minimize impacts of dilemma zones as well as reduce stops. Preliminary results from field implementation at three intersections yielded a 98% reduction in dilemma zone vehicles and a 38% reduction in stops, based on visual observation of traffic. The paper concludes by presenting plans for future development of the control concept.
Delightful Companions: Supporting Well-Being Through Design Delight.

This paper presents three design products referred to as delightful companions that are intended to help people engage in well-being practices. It also introduces the approach utilized to guide the design decisions during their creation. Design delight is the name of this approach, which comprises six experiential qualities that are regarded as antecedents of delight. The objective of this paper is to introduce the approach and the companions and state the two paths that have defined the future steps of this research.
Electrical modulation of the LWIR absorption and refractive index in InAsSb-based strained layer superlattice heterostructures

InAsSb-based strained layer superlattices (SLS) have strong fundamental absorption, which can be easily modified in a controlled manner by injecting excess carriers. This makes them attractive for intensity modulation of infrared lasers as well as beam steering and spatial beam shaping with a nanosecond-scale time response. This paper reports the modulation of the fundamental absorption and the refractive index by carrier injection in a 3.45-nm-period InAsSb0.65/InAsSb0.35 SLS with a low temperature energy gap of 85 meV grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a GaSb substrate with a GaInSb metamorphic buffer. The SLS absorber was sandwiched by n- and p-type wider energy gap layers for electrical injection and confinement of excess carriers. The population of conduction band states was obtained by measuring the intensity modulation of a 10.6 μm CO2 laser for temperatures ranging from T = 77 to 200 K. An increase of the electron quasi-Fermi level with electrical injection up to 20 meV was observed. The experimental data imply a decrease in the Auger coefficient with temperature, from 3 × 1024 cm6/s at 77 K to 1 × 1024 cm6/s at T = 200 K attributed to recombination involving two electrons and a heavy hole. The refractive index changes obtained by electrical injection of excess carriers can reach 0.05 at T = 77 K and 0.035 at T = 200 K, which are at least three orders of magnitude greater than those obtained with electro-optical materials.
Resistance at the Borders of Power: Reflections on the Zapatista and Palestinian Experiences:

Palestinians and Zapatistas exist in the liminal space at the margins of an oppressive state power, which they resist through their very existence as self-defined peoples. Their everyday resistance...
Control Plane and Data Plane Issues in Network Layer Multipathing

Path redundancy at network layer is necessary in communication networks to ensure high network efficiency and fault tolerance. Single path routing may cause route oscillations in addition to becoming a throughput bottleneck. In order to ensure link reliability and prevention from routing oscillations, the availability of multiple paths becomes an absolute necessity. However, the design issues related to multipathing need to be resolved first for optimum network performance, especially for future networks with separated control and data planes. In this work, we outline the control plane and data plane issues associated with network layer multipathing in light of existing literature. We explore two control plane problems pertaining to route calculation and routing metric selection with regards to multipathing and gauge the options at hand. Furthermore, we expatiate three data plane multipathing issues encompassing load balancing, path quantification and their concurrent/backup usage for wired as well as wireless scenarios.
Hybrid Estimation of State and Input for Linear Discrete Time-varying Systems:A Game Theory Approach

The H_∞hybrid estimation problem for linear discrete time-varying systems is investigated in this paper,where estimated signals are linear combination of state and input.Design objective requires the worst-case energy gain from disturbance to estimation error to be less than a prescribed level.Optimal solution of the hybrid estimation problem is the saddle point of a two-player zero sum differential game.On the basis of the differential game approach,necessary and sufficient solvable conditions for the hybrid estimation problem are provided in terms of solutions to a Riccati differential equation.Moreover,one possible estimator is proposed if the solvable conditions are satisfied.The estimator is characterized by a gain matrix and an output mapping matrix,where the latter reflects the internal relations between unknown input and output estimation error.At last,a numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed approach.
MINIMIZING THE SOCIAL DILEMMA: TAIWAN'S UNEXPECTED ACHIEVEMENT IN FIGHTING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Countries around the world find themselves trapped in a social dilemma amid the COVID-19 pandemic when most mitigation policies require sacrificing individuals’ interests for collective wellbeing. By examining Taiwan’s policy responses, this paper finds that while the cooperation for collective action does play a role, the main ingredient for its unexpected success is minimizing the grand-scale social dilemma, rather than fighting it head-to-head, through a set of carefully-designed measures. This paper further argues that Taiwan’s strategies are made possible by three underlying conditions that help to solve a series of collective action problems: The institutionalization and capacity building before the pandemic, the social coordination since the outbreak, and the political pressure from China. MINIMIZANDO EL DILEMA SOCIAL: EL INESPERADO EXITO DE TAIWAN EN LA LUCHA CONTRA LA PANDEMIA COVID-19 RESUMEN El mundo se encuentra atrapado en un dilema social dentro de la pandemia COVID-19 cuando la mayoria de las politicas de migracion requieren el sacrificio de los intereses individuales para el bienestar colectivo. Mediante el examen de las respuestas de politica de Taiwan, en este articulo argumentamos que mientras la cooperacion para la accion colectiva desempena un papel, el principal ingrediente del exito inesperado de este pais es la minimizacion del dilema social de gran escala, mas que la lucha directa contra la pandemia, a traves de un conjunto de medidas disenadas de forma cuidadosa. Argumentamos, ademas, que las estrategias de Taiwan son posibles debido a tres condiciones subyacentes que contribuyen a resolver una serie de problemas de accion colectiva: la institucionalizacion y la construccion de capacidades ante la pandemia, la coordinacion social desde la irrupcion de esta y la presion politica de China.
Obvious Manipulations

A mechanism is strategy-proof if agents can never profitably manipulate, in any state of the world; however, not all non-strategy-proof mechanisms are equally easy to manipulate - some are more "obviously'' manipulable than others. We propose a formal definition of an obvious manipulation and argue that it may be advantageous for designers to tolerate some manipulations, so long as they are non-obvious. By doing so, improvements can be achieved on other key dimensions, such as efficiency and fairness, without significantly compromising incentives. We classify common non-strategy-proof mechanisms as either obviously manipulable (OM) or not obviously manipulable (NOM), and show that this distinction is both tractable and in-line with empirical realities regarding the success of manipulable mechanisms in practical market design settings.
Sustainable Design: Aspects of Sustainable Product Development

When NC State University recently hired me to lead a course concentration in sustainable design, I began to hone in on what sustainable product development and design translate to and its actionable applications. Sustainable product development and design of current and future consumer products and services are methods that create a proactive versus a reactive approach. The development of sustainable products and systems must start at the beginning phase of ideation and continue through the entire process to achieve multiple design purposes and duration with a designated end-of-life plan. In contrast, generally, products are developed with end of life and longevity as a secondary thought, and with recycling as a potential option. If the goal is the longevity of a product or service, one needs to look beyond recycling and more at the concept of development. A sustainable product development approach and design thinking are how to accomplish product longevity.
Final Results of a Phase I "RadVax" Trial of Hypofractionated Radiation Combined With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Metastatic Solid Tumors.

Purpose/Objective(s) Many patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy do not show a clinical response. Preclinical studies suggest that adding hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) to anti-PD1 can increase the efficacy of immunotherapy through several mechanisms including increased antigen presentation. We conducted a prospective trial testing the combination of pembrolizumab and HFRT in patients with metastatic solid tumors. Materials/Methods This prospective single-institution phase I trial tested pembrolizumab in combination with HFRT in patients with metastatic cancers (NSCLC, melanoma, pancreas, breast, others) and an ECOG performance status of 0-1. Melanoma and NSCLC patients were required to have progression of disease on anti-PD1, having received ≥ 2 doses of anti-PD1 and progression documented by RECIST v1.1. Patients were required to have an index lesion ≥1 cm that was amenable to HFRT and at least one other lesion that was not irradiated and could be followed for response using RECIST criteria. Pembrolizumab 200 mg IV every 3 weeks was administered beginning 1 week prior to the first fraction of radiation. The HFRT dose was 8 Gy x 3 fractions or 17 Gy x 1 fraction, determined by randomization during the Expansion phase. The primary objective was the safety of HFRT combined with pembrolizumab, with dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) defined as Grade ≥ 3 non-hematological toxicity related to the combination of Pembrolizumab and HFRT. The secondary objective was the radiographic response of metastatic lesions outside the radiation field as measured by RECIST. Results A total of 59 patients aged 27-90 years (median 60) were enrolled from March 2015 to December 2018 (24 in the Safety Phase and 35 in Expansion Phase). 40 patients (67.7%) had treatment-related AEs, of which 4 were grade 3 and none were grade 4. One patient experienced hepatitis, classified as DLT. While most patients did not have a radiologic response, in patients with metastatic melanoma, 7 of 16 (43.8%, exact 95% CI 19.8-70.1%) had an objective response of non-irradiated lesions to HFRT + pembrolizumab, including 3 complete and 4 partial responses. Responses are durable with 3/3 complete responders alive with no progression, and 3/4 partial responders alive with 2 having no evidence of progression. Among melanoma patients, only 2 of 7 (29%) responders received ipilimumab prior to enrollment, compared to 8 of 9 (89%) non-responders (P = 0.035). An increase in Ki67+ PD-1+ non-naive CD8 T-cells was observed in the blood 2 weeks after HFRT, but the magnitude did not correlate with likelihood of response. Responses were observed after either 17 Gy x 1 fraction or 8 Gy x 3 fractions, with no difference in response rate by fractionation. Conclusion This study suggests that HFRT administered with concurrent pembrolizumab is associated with acceptable toxicity and that in patients with metastatic melanoma progressing on anti-PD-1 therapy, this approach yields an ORR of 44%.
Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy : The Four Waves theory and political violence

Introduction: The Meaning of Political Violence Jean E. Rosenfeld Part 1: The Four Waves Theory and Global Terrorism 1. Looking for Waves of Terrorism Karen Rasler and William R. Thompson 2. Waves of International Terrorism: An Explanation of the Process by which Ideas Flood the World Dipak K. Gupta 3. Technological and Lone Operator Terrorism: Prospects for a Fifth Wave of Global Terrorism Jeffrey D. Simon 4. David Rapoport and the Study of Religiously-Motivated Terrorism Jeffrey Kaplan Part 2: Terrorism: A Closer View 5. Ripples in the Waves: Fantasies and Fashions Marc Sageman 6. The Fourth Terrorism Wave: Is There a Religious Exception? Michael Barkun 7. The Fourth Wave: Comparison of Jewish and Other Manifestations of Religious Terrorism Ami Pedahzur and Arie Perliger 8. Action, Reaction, and Overreaction: Assessing the Impact of Terrorism upon States John Mueller 9. Backlash: Reactions against Terrorism Studies Leonard Weinberg and William Eubank Part 3: Identity, Legitimacy, and Political Violence 10. Before the Bombs There Were the Mobs: American Experiences with Terror David C. Rapoport 11. The Politics of Collective Identity: Contested Israeli Nationalisms Myron J. Aronoff 12. South Africa's Paradox of Violence and Legitimacy Barry M. Schutz 13. Legitimacy, Culture of Political Violence and Violence of Culture in Ethiopia Negussay Ayele 14. Contextual Issues in the Study of Domestic Violence: A Malawi Case Study Ralph A. Young 15. The Myth of Institutional Violence Ivan Strenski
Normalizing German and English Inflectional Morphology to Improve Statistical Word Alignment

German has a richer system of inflectional morphology than English, which causes problems for current approaches to statistical word alignment. Using Giza++ as a reference implementation of the IBM Model 1, an HMMbased alignment and IBM Model 4, we measure the impact of normalizing inflectional morphology on German-English statistical word alignment. We demonstrate that normalizing inflectional morphology improves the perplexity of models and reduces alignment errors.
Pneumonia: Challenges in the Definition, Diagnosis, and Management of Disease

Defining health care-associated pneumonia, which includes both hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), is problematic and controversial. Aspiration pneumonia is often included as a subtype of HAP but may be related to community-acquired aspiration events. Scoring systems exist and new surveillance guidelines have been implemented to make early recognition of pneumonia more precise and objective. Management and prevention should follow recommendations, including early empirical therapy, targeted therapy, and limited duration of treatment. Patients with trauma present a challenge to the diagnosis and management of pneumonia, because of increased risk for aspiration and underlying chest and pulmonary injury.
Uniform Growth of Polycyclic Groups

The Milnor-Wolf Theorem characterizes the finitely generated solvable groups which have exponential growth; a finitely generated solvable group has exponential growth iff it is not virtually nilpotent. Wolf showed that a finitely generated nilpotent by finite group has polynomial growth; then extended this by proving that polycyclic groups which are not virtually nilpotent have expontial growth, [8]. On the other hand, Milnor, [5], showed that finitely generated solvable groups which are not polycyclic have exponential growth. In both approaches exponential growth can be deduced from the existence of a free semigroup, [1, 6]. In this article we elaborate on these results by proving that the growth rate of a polycyclic group Γ of exponential growth is uniformly exponential. This means that base of the rate of exponential growth β(S,Γ) is bounded away from 1, independent of the set of generators, S; that is, there is a constant β(Γ) so that β(S,Γ) ≥ β(Γ) > 1 for any finite generating set. The growth rate is also related to the spectral radius μ(S,G) of the random walk on the Cayley graph, with the given set of generators, [3]. The exponential polycyclic groups are an important class of groups for resolving the question of whether or not exponential growth is the same as uniform exponential growth, since they are in a sense very close to groups of polynomial growth. The ideas used here for polycylic groups take advantage of their linear and arithmetic properties. These may be important tools for proving uniform growth for other classes of groups. Other methods for proving uniform growth take advantage of special properties of presentations; for example, an excess of the number of generators over relations by at least 2 ensures the existence of a subgroup of finite index which maps onto a non-abelian free group. Here, of course we can not map to free groups, but we are in a sense able to map to a non-abelian free semigroup.
The unseen power of parents: the influence of parent physical activity behaviors and values on preschool children’s PA, sleep, and screentime (808.2)

This study examined parents’ (n=47) role modeling of PA, importance placed on PA, encouragement of child PA, screentime and sleep hours/day, and PA level and their preschool children’s screentime and sleep hours/day and PA level. Parents were 70% white and 66% had college degrees. Parents had neutral role modeling and positive PA importance and encouragement scores (i.e., 2.99+0.73SD, 3.94+0.65SD, 4.25+0.56SD, respectively, on a 5-point scale). They had 2.86+2.36SD and 6.98+0.89SD screentime and sleep hours/day, and low to moderate PA level. Children got 3.08+2.92SD and 9.67+1.33SD screentime and sleep hours/day, and had moderate to high PA levels. Child PA level was significantly (p<.05) positively correlated with child sleep hours but was not correlated with any parental measure. Parent sleep was inversely correlated with child screentime hours, suggesting that parents who get less sleep permit screentime more. Child screentime hours and parent BMI were positively correlated with parent screentime. Pare...
The role of anxiety sensitivity, behavioral inhibition, and cognitive biases in anxiety symptoms: structural equation modeling of direct and indirect pathways.

Objective(s): Limited research has examined how temperamental (i.e., behavioral inhibition, anxiety sensitivity) and cognitive (i.e., interpretive and judgment biases) risks for the development anxiety covary to influence anxiety symptoms. Thus, the present study aimed to advance understanding of the direct and indirect links between anxiety sensitivity, behavioral inhibition, and interpretive biases, and judgment biases (in the form of perceived control) to anxiety outcomes (i.e., worry and trait anxiety symptoms). Method: 842 emerging adults (mean = 18.75 years, standard deviation = 1.05; age range = 18–24; 70% women) recruited from a university in the northeast participated in this study. Participants completed a battery of self-report measures assessing risk factors and anxiety outcomes of interest. Results: Structural equation modeling revealed anxiety sensitivity and behavioral inhibition were directly linked with anxiety outcomes. Anxiety sensitivity and behavioral inhibition were also indirectly linked with anxiety outcomes through interpretive and judgment biases. The hypothesized model was partially invariant across high-risk and low-risk groups for anxiety disorders. Conclusions: Results of this study provide preliminary support for theoretical models hypothesizing a developmental progression from temperamental to cognitive risks and culminating in the expression of anxiety symptoms. Limitations and clinical implications of this research are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol. 00:1-20, 2012.