cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of platelet aggregation in whole blood by alcohol

Our previous studies have demonstrated that addition of moderate volumes of absolute alcohol (34-170 mM final concentration) to whole blood produces concentration-dependent platelet aggregation, due to release of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from erythrocytes. We have now investigated the effects of exposure of blood to ethanol by a more "physiologic" protocol, in which 7.8% (w/v) alcohol is added to achieve a final concentration of 1 to 85 mM in human and rat blood or platelet rich plasma (PRP). The effects of short incubation with alcohol on platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and arachidonic acid were examined by the impedance method of aggregometry. Aggregation induced by collagen in PRP of either species was significantly inhibited by 85 mM ethanol, with concentrations as low as 4.25 mM inhibiting the response to collagen in rat whole blood. ADP stimulated only primary, reversible aggregation in rat PRP and whole blood, and these responses were unaffected by alcohol. Human platelets responded to ADP with irreversible aggregation, which was significantly attenuated by 85 mM ethanol in whole blood but not PRP. Arachidonic acid evoked irreversible platelet aggregation in all four preparations; this was significantly inhibited by the high dose ethanol in human and rat PRP, but not whole blood. In contrast to our earlier studies with absolute ethanol, there was no evidence of hemolysis (and therefore, ADP release from red blood cells) using the current protocol. The results of these experiments show that alcohol, at physiologically relevant concentrations, has an inhibitory effect on secondary platelet aggregation responses to some agonists in whole blood as well as PRP, possibly by its previously demonstrated effects on arachidonic acid release by phospholipases. The possibility remains to be considered that other blood cells might contribute to the effects of alcohol on platelet aggregation in whole blood.
A Subthreshold Conduction Model for Circuit Simulation of Submicron MOSFET

A circuit simulation model for subthreshold conduction of MOSFET is developed. This model employs a novel interpolation scheme to provide smooth transition from the subthreshold region to the above-threshold region. This interpolation scheme ensures that both channel current and its derivatives (or conductances) are smooth. Since an interpolation scheme is used, a simple, independent, and physically based model can be used for the subthreshold and the above-threshold region. The model is applied to subthreshold conduction for submicron MOSFET. It is also successfully installed in a circuit simulation program.
Exploring intramolecular reactions in complex systems with metadynamics: the case of the malonate anions.

We have determined the optimized structures, relative energies and intramolecular reactions for two anionic forms of malonic acid, anion malonate(−1) (HO2CCH2CO2-) and malonate(−2) (-O2CCH2CO2-). For this purpose we employed accurate quantum chemistry calculations using second-order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory and Density Functional Theory with an aug‘-cc-p-VTZ basis set to determine the structures and energies, and a novel metadynamics method based on Car−Parrinello molecular dynamics for the thermal reactions. For both malonates, we found new isomers (keto and enol structures) characterized by CO2 rotations and intramolecular proton transfers. These proton transfers characterize the keto−enol tautomerism that takes place both in the monoanion and dianion. In all cases, the keto tautomer is the more stable configuration. The metadynamics method allows the system to explore the potential energy surface in a few picoseconds, crossing activation barriers of 20−50 kcal/mol.
Effect of phase angle on multibladed rotor flutter

Abstract A theoretical technique for predicting the flutter characteristics of a helicopter rotor is presented. The effect of phase angle on flutter speed of a two-bladed rotor in hovering and axial flight is determined. For this purpose, a uniform and untwisted rotor blade with coupled flapwise bending and torsional degrees of freedom is considered. The transmission matrix method is used to obtain the natural vibration characteristics of the system. An unsteady aerodynamic theory is used to obtain the aerodynamic loading in compressible flow.
FINANCIAL INNOVATION AND THE DEMAND FOR MONEY: EVIDENCE FROM THE PHILIPPINES

This paper tests whether financial innovations in the Philippines distorted the long-run relation between real money balances, income and interest rates. Using data for the monetary base, M1 and M3 over the period 1980–1998, we cannot reject the hypothesis that there does not exist a standard money demand relation between M1 and M3, real income and interest rates. However, when we allow for the impact of financial innovations, this finding is reversed for M1. Estimates of ECM models for these measures also show that financial innovations impacted real money balances for M1, but not M3. This evidence supports the Philippine central bank's choice of a monetary aggregate as its policy instrument to achieve its policy objectives. [E41, E58]
Fracture toughness and notched toughness of bulk amorphous alloy: Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be

Recent successes in producing bulk amorphous alloys have renewed interest in this class of materials. Although amorphous metallic alloys have been shown to exhibit strengths in excess of 2.0 GPa, most of the earlier studies on such materials were conducted on tape or ribbon specimens due to the high cooling rates required to achieve the amorphous structure. The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the fracture toughness of a bulk metallic glass utilizing conventional procedures typically conducted with engineering materials. In particular, the effects of changes in the notch root radius from 250 {micro}m to a fatigue precrack on the toughness were determined. It is shown presently that the average toughness obtained from 6 fatigue precracked specimens was 18.4 {+-} 1.4 MPa {radical}m, while the notch toughness obtained on specimens with notch root radii ranging from 65 {micro}m-250 {micro}m were in the range of 101--131 MPa{radical}m.
Revealing communication constraints in extension communication strategies

A review of diffusion projects in the Third World reveals cause for concern about the nature and quality of development messages delivered to the poorest farmers. These farmers often lack the, cognitive and manual skills necessary to make informed and effective decisions about innovations. An examination of the poorest farmers' comprehension of innovations presented by an agricultural extension team in South India found low comprehension and great variability across all farmers. The results of the study suggest a need for a reorientation in the development communication research from a study of overt behavior as the dependent variable to an examination of receiver comprehension of source messages that may be producing that behavior.
College students' moral evaluations of illegal music downloading

Abstract Although unauthorized music downloading is illegal, a majority of college students have downloaded music for free online. Evaluations of illegal music downloading and their association with downloading behavior were examined using social domain theory in a sample of 188 ethnically diverse college students ( M age = 19.80 years, SD = 1.36, 56% female). All students treated prototypical moral events as moral on a domain classification task. Students treated illegal downloading as a complex moral issue and, less frequently, as a personal issue (but rarely as a conventional issue of law or authority); judgments varied when different concerns regarding the fair price of music and the structure of the music industry were made salient. Greater discrepancies between the actual price of music and what students viewed to be fair were associated with past illegal downloading, while a greater focus on downloading as stealing was associated with abstaining from downloading.
Smooth representation of rankings

An encoding of data for digital storage is called smooth, if, for any small change in the raw data, only a proportionately small change has to be made in the encoded data. In this paper, we consider the problem of smooth encoding for ordinal data, i.e., ranking of objects. It is shown that, simple efficient smooth encoding for storage (as well as compression) of rankings is possible with respect to the well-known Kendall τ metric on permutations.
Mobility of the Surface and Interior of Thin Films Composed of Amorphous Polyethylene

We performed coarse-grained simulations of thin polyethylene films of different thicknesses at 509 K. The films, which present two surfaces to vacuum, are formed from monodisperse melts of C100H202. The mobility increases toward the free surfaces at the scale of individual beads and chains due to the decrease in density. The diffusion of the chains parallel to the surfaces increases as the film thickness decreases. In contrast, the diffusion in the direction normal to the surfaces slows down as the film thickness decreases. This slowing down seems to be primarily a result of the confinement of the chains between the surfaces.
PREVALENCE OF SELECTED UNSAFE FOOD-CONSUMPTION PRACTICES AND THEIR ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN KANSAS

Results of a survey conducted between 1995 and 1996 in Kansas were analyzed to estimate the prevalence of four high-risk food-consumption practices and to identify population characteristics associated with each practice. The self-reported prevalences were 26.5% for home-canned vegetables, 8.7% for undercooked hamburger, 55.6% for raw or undercooked eggs, and 1.8% for raw milk. Rural residents and those who had a child between ages 13 and 17 were more likely to consume home-canned vegetables. The consumption of undercooked hamburger was low for respondents with a child from one to four years old but was high for overweight respondents. Those respondents who had higher education and a child between ages 13 and 17 were more likely to consume raw or undercooked eggs. Lower income respondents were more likely to drink unpasteurized milk. The population characteristics identified in this study could be incorporated in the formulation and implementation of educational programs aimed at changing these high-risk eating behaviors.
Public health issues in photovoltaic energy systems: an overview of concerns

Abstract Public health may be adversely affected by pollutants emitted during routine operation of photovoltaic cell fabrication facilities or by accidental events at these facilities. The most important hazards are probably related to accidental releases of toxic of flammable gases used in large quantities in thin film photovoltaic cell production. Gas risks can be reduced by the choice of material and process options which inherently possess small risks and by the prevention of accident initiating events. If accidents do occur, strategies to prevent catastrophic releases, to control releases and to prevent public exposures to toxic agents become important. The final defensive barriers are formed by the prevention or mitigation of consequences. Homeowners who have small decentralized arrays may be at an increased risk of fire and electric shock hazards. Design engineering measures should be carefully considered by manufacturers to prevent events, exposures and consequences. If these issues and mitigation strategies are approached in a systematic way by industry, the liability and the risk to industry and to the public should be minimized.
Solid-State Phase Formation between Pd Thin Films and GaSb

Knowledge of the interaction between a thin metal film and a compound semiconductor can be used to engineer electrical contacts to the semiconductor. In this study, we examine the reaction between a 50 nm layer of Pd and a GaSb substrate annealed at 100–350°C for 10–360 min using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). We report on the formation of Pd-rich nanocrystalline and polycrystalline ternary phases at temperatures below 200°C, followed by Pd-Ga and Pd-Sb binary phases above 200°C.
Early Hospital Discharge for Intravesical Ureteroneocystostomy

Purpose: Inpatient stays of 3 to 5 days are common in the surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux and often include the use of bladder catheters, ureteral stents and perivesical drains. We reviewed our recent experience, in which patients undergoing routine ureteroneocystostomy were often discharged home on postoperative day 1 to determine the safety and efficacy of our management.Materials and Methods: Between July 1998 and March 2001 patients who underwent intravesical ureteroneocystostomy at 2 major tertiary care institutions were identified. Patients who also underwent simultaneous additional operative procedures, bilateral ureteral duplication or ureteral tapering were excluded from study. Data recorded included patient demographics, the procedure, operative and postoperative pain, nausea and bladder spasm management, hospital stay, post-hospital discharge problems and operative success.Results: Of the 113 patients with complete data available for analysis 101 received ketorolac postoperatively,...
Grammatical frames as stimuli in a four-stage, stimulus-equivalence paradigm

The four-stage, stimulus-equivalence paradigm was studied using sentence frames as stimuli and low meaningfulness paralogs as responses. The first three lists were presented as self-paced PA tasks, and the fourth, or test, list was presented as a matching task. In accord with the results of a previous experiment, highly significant mediated transfer was obtained. Unlike the earlier experiment, however, there was no evidence that mediation occurred as an all-or none phenomenon for all pairs in the test list. The difference in results was attributed to slower learning and poorer retention of the materials used in the present experiment.
A Leucine-based Determinant in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Juxtamembrane Domain Is Required for the Efficient Transport of Ligand-Receptor Complexes to Lysosomes

Ligand binding causes the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor to undergo accelerated internalization with eventual degradation in lysosomes. The goal of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of endocytic sorting, focussing on post-internalization events. We have identified a sequence located between amino acid residues 675 and 697, encompassing a dileucine motif at residues 679 and 680, that enhances endosome-to-lysosome transport when conformational restraints in the EGF receptor carboxyl terminus are removed by truncation. The same dileucine motif is also necessary for efficient lysosomal transport of ligand-occupied full-length EGF receptors. A L679A,L680A substitution diminished the degradation of occupied full-length EGF receptors without affecting internalization but had a significant effect on recycling. Rapid recycling of mutant receptors resulted in reduced intracellular retention of occupied EGF receptors and delayed down-regulation of cell surface receptors. We propose that the L679A,L680A substitution acts primarily to impair transport of ligand-receptor complexes through an early endosomal compartment, diverting occupied receptors to a recycling compartment at the expense of incorporation into lysosome transport vesicles. We also found that mutant receptors with truncations at the distal half of tyrosine kinase domain (residues 809–957) were not efficiently delivered to the cell surface but were destroyed in an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradative pathway.
Myeloid Kruppel-like Factor 2 deficiency exacerbates neurological dysfunction and neuroinflammation in a murine model of multiple sclerosis

Cells of the innate immune system are important mediators of multiple sclerosis (MS). We have previously identified Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) as a critical negative regulator of myeloid activation in the setting of bacterial infection and sepsis, but the role of myeloid KLF2 in MS has not been investigated. In this study, myeloid KLF2 deficient mice exhibited more severe neurological dysfunction and increased spinal cord demyelination and neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This study represents the first description of a significant role of myeloid KLF2 in neuroinflammation, identifying KLF2 as a potential target for further investigation in patients with MS.
Multichannel seismic evidence for anomalously thin crust at Blake Spur fracture zone

A two-ship, wide-aperture, multichannel seismic reflection profile obtained across a small western North Atlantic fracture zone provides convincing new evidence for unusually thin crust at oceanic fracture zones. Reflections from the crust-mantle boundary, typically observed at about 2 s below the basement reflection, rise to only 0.8 s beneath the fracture zone trough. This corresponds to crustal thicknesses of perhaps as little as 2 to 2.4 km in the fracture zone, less than half the thickness of normal oceanic crust. This is the first time that Moho reflections have been observed across an oceanic fracture zone and the first convincing evidence that anomalously thin crust may be associated even with fracture zones of relatively small offset. The existence of thin crust at both large- and small-offset fracture zones suggests that the magnitude of the thermal edge effect at ridge-transform intersections is not the only factor responsible for the accretion of unusually thin crust in fracture zones.
Kinetic method for the characterization of Brønsted sites on oxide surfaces. Part I. Trimethylorthobenzoate hydrolysis over a series of Al2O3SiO2 mixed oxides

Abstract The hydrolysis of trimethylorthobenzoate was studied over the pH range 4–7. In homogeneous experiments, overall first-order kinetics was found for both constant and variable proton concentrations, with an average intrinsic rate constant of 6· 10 3 1/mol·min. Within the above pH range, it was also found that a series of alumina/silica oxides could act as general catalysts for the same reaction. Proton binding on the oxides determined from potentiometric titration data revealed two types of potentially active, proton-donor, sites with acid strengths p K mI a ≈ 4 and p K II a ≈ 5.5. A detailed kinetic analysis is presented which accounts for the time dependent mass, charge and site balance in the system. Kinetic scanning, which involves a pH perturbation and subsequent analysis of the heterogeneous system relaxation, is proposed as a general method for evaluation of the concentration of surface sites active for general acid catalysis. Active site densities, determined by means of this approach, increased from 0.085 to 0.13 mmol/g as the aluminum content in the mixed oxides increased from 3 to 10% by weight. The proton transfer rate constant's value, essentially independent of oxide composition, was estimated at ≈ 1500 g/mol·min.
Feeding and oviposition of selected insect pests on proso millet cultivars.

Cultivars of proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L., were tested for oviposition and feeding response to 5 insect pests of grains in Oklahoma. ‘Big Red’ showed good tolerance to light infestations of chinch bugs, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) while foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) Beauv., survived a heavy attack. Corn earworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), oviposited readily on millet entries, but southwestern corn borers, Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar), did not. Corn earworm larvae preferred the cultivar ‘Dawn’, but fall armyworm showed no preference. Weight differentials were significant when fall armyworms were reared on the millets. Reaction to feeding by the yellow sugarcane aphid, Sipha flava (Forbes), showed that some entries had intermediate resistance.
The impact of packed red blood cell transfusion on clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock treated with early goal directed therapy.

Background: The optimal hemoglobin level and transfusion threshold in patients with septic shock treated with an early, goal oriented approach to resuscitation remains unknown. Aims: To assess the impact of packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion on clinically relevant outcomes in patients with septic shock treated with early goal directed therapy (EGDT). Settings and Design: Retrospective cohort study of 93 patients who presented with septic shock, to a single center academic intensive care unit and received EGDT. Materials and Methods: Data were collected on patients identified via the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Chart Review database and linked to Project IMPACT database. The PRBC group and no PRBC group were compared by the Pearson chi-square and Fisher's exact test to analyze statistical significance. Results: The PRBC group had a mortality of 41.2% vs. 33.9% in the no PRBC transfusion group ( P = NS). The PRBC group also had more mechanical ventilation days (11.2 days vs. 5.0 days, P ≤ 0.05), longer hospital length of stay (25.9 days vs. 12.5 days, P ≤ 0.05), and longer intensive care unit length of stay (11.4 days vs. 3.8 days, P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort study, transfusion of PRBCs was associated with worsened clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock treated with EGDT. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of transfusion of PRBC within the context of early resuscitation of patients with septic shock, as the beneficial effects gained by an early and goal oriented approach to resuscitation may be lost by the negative effects associated with PRBC transfusion.
"Last Hired, First Fired": The Effect of the Unemployment Rate on the Probability of Repeat Offending

Research examining the connection between the unemployment rate and the aggregate crime is inconclusive. One explanation for the inconsistent findings is that the unemployment rate influences the criminal activity of repeat and first-time offenders in different ways. Resultssupport this thesis byrevealinganinvertedU-shapedassociation between the unemployment rate and the probability of repeat offending. The curvilinear relationship likely results from repeat offenders and those lacking a criminal record entering and exiting the labor force at different levels of unemployment. Our findings highlight the role that the unemployment rate plays in affecting repeat offending and underscore the importance of distinguishing between repeat and first-time offending when analyzing the effect of the unemployment rate on crime.
Novelty Detection Based Machine Health Prognostics

In this paper we present a new novelty detection algorithm for continuous real time monitoring of machine health and prediction of potential machine faults. The kernel of the system is a generic evolving model that is not dependent on the specific measured parameters determining the health of a particular machine. Two alternative strageties are introduced in order to predict abrupt and gradually developing (incipient) changes. This algorithm is realized as an autonomous software agent that continuously updates its decision model implementing an unsuprevisory recursive learning algorithm. Results of validation of the proposed algorithm by accelerated testing experiments are also discussed.
The question of forbidden knowledge.

The Policy Forum “forbidden know ledge” by J. Kempner et al. (11 Feb., p. [854][1]) erroneously conflates three distinct issues: (i) ethical questions surrounding certain types of practical experimentation; (ii) deeper epistemological ethics of scientific discovery and of knowledge itself; and (
A Meta‐Analysis of Logistics Customer Service

Logistics customer service has received considerable attention over the past several decades. Evidence exists that superior logistics customer service leads to better overall firm performance. Yet mixed findings were observed, and this relationship has been tested across multiple operationalizations and diverse industry settings, which may contribute to these mixed findings. There is thus a need for a systematic analysis that examines all of the prior evidence in an aggregate inquiry of logistics customer service. Meta-analysis, which is a relatively under-utilized methodology in supply chain management research, is applied to provide a quantitative examination of 37 sample studies and an assessment of overall population effects. The main contribution of this research is that we statistically aggregate and summarize existing research on logistics customer service. In addition, moderators that affect the relationship between logistics customer service and firm performance are examined. The results provide evidence that logistics customer service has a significant positive relationship with firm performance; however, significant heterogeneity was detected. This points to areas in need of additional research in order to obtain generalizable evidence.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae.

Plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae (PmPM4) is a member of the plasmepsins (Plasmodium pepsins), a subfamily of the pepsin-like aspartic proteases whose ortholog in the malarial parasite P. falciparum is involved in hemoglobin digestion in its digestive vacuole. Crystals of PmPM4 in complex with the small-molecule inhibitor AG1776 have been grown from a precipitant of 15% PEG 4000 and 200 mM ammonium sulfate in 100 mM sodium acetate pH 4.5. X-ray diffraction data were collected on a Rigaku rotating-anode generator from a single crystal under cryoconditions, with a maximal useful diffraction pattern to 3.3 A resolution. The crystals are shown to be orthorhombic and have been assigned to space group P21212, with unit-cell parameters a = 95.88, b = 112.58, c = 90.40 A and a scaling R sym of 0.104 for 14 334 unique reflections. Packing consideration and self-rotation function results indicate that there are two molecules per asymmetric unit. It is expected that in the near future the structure of PmPM4 will be obtained using molecular-replacement methods, obtaining phases from previously determined plasmepsin structures. Elucidation of the structure of PmPM4 in complex with inhibitors may be paramount to producing new antimalarial therapeutic agents.
New techniques for studying set languages, bag languages and aggregate functions

We provide new techniques for the analysis of the expressive power of query languages for nested collections. These languages may use set or bag semantics and may be further complicated by the presence of aggregate functions. We exhibit certain classes of graphs and prove that the properties of these graphs that can be tested in such languages are either finite or cofinite. This result settles the conjectures of Grumbach, Milo, and Paredaens that parity test, transitive closure, and balanced binary tree test are not expressible in bag languages like the PTIME fragment of BALG of Grumbach and Milo and BQL of Libkin and Wong. Moreover, it implies that many recursive queries, including simple ones like the test for a chain, cannot be expressed in a nested relational language even when aggregate functions are available. In an attempt to generalize the finite-cofiniteness result, we study the bounded degree property which says that the number of distinct in- and out-degrees in the output of a graph query does not depend on the size of the input if the input is “simple”. We show that such a property implies a number of inexpressibility results in a uniform fashion. We then prove the bounded degree property for the nested relational language.
Diaphragmatic hernia with strangulated loop of bowel presenting after colonoscopy: case report

Background The incidence of diaphragmatic hernias caused or exacerbated by diagnostic colonoscopy is not well elucidated at this time, and is believed to be very rare.
A 5-year longitudinal study of the relationships between stress, coping, and immune cell β2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity

Caring for a spouse with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with overall health decline and impaired cardiovascular functioning. This morbidity may be related to the effects of caregiving stress and impaired coping on beta(2)-adrenergic receptors, which mediate hemodynamic and vascular responses and are important for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) trafficking and cytokine production. This study investigated the longitudinal relationship between stress, personal mastery, and beta(2)-adrenergic receptor sensitivity assessed in vitro on PBMC. Over a 5-year study, 115 spousal AD caregivers completed annual assessments of caregiving stress, mastery, and PBMC beta(2)-adrenergic receptor sensitivity, as assessed by in vitro isoproterenol stimulation. Heightened caregiving stress was associated with significantly decreased receptor sensitivity, whereas greater sense of personal mastery was associated with significantly increased receptor sensitivity. These results suggest that increased stress may be associated with a desensitization of beta(2)-receptors, which may contribute to the development of illness among caregivers. However, increased mastery is associated with increased receptor sensitivity, and may therefore serve as a resource factor for improved health in this population.
The twisted ion-permeation pathway of a resting voltage-sensing domain

Proteins containing voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) translate changes in membrane potential into changes in ion permeability or enzymatic activity. In channels, voltage change triggers a switch in conformation of the VSD, which drives gating in a separate pore domain, or, in channels lacking a pore domain, directly gates an ion pathway within the VSD. Neither mechanism is well understood. In the Shaker potassium channel, mutation of the first arginine residue of the S4 helix to a smaller uncharged residue makes the VSD permeable to ions ('omega current') in the resting conformation ('S4 down'). Here we perform a structure-guided perturbation analysis of the omega conductance to map its VSD permeation pathway. We find that there are four omega pores per channel, which is consistent with one conduction path per VSD. Permeating ions from the extracellular medium enter the VSD at its peripheral junction with the pore domain, and then plunge into the core of the VSD in a curved conduction pathway. Our results provide a model of the resting conformation of the VSD.
Burden of tension-type headache

Epidemiology of headache has been the subject of increased attention recently. It appears that the overall human and financial cost of headache is considerable. Moreover, when the comorbidity and indirect implications of headache are taken into account, the result can be staggering. Most of the literature has concentrated on migraine rather than other headache types such as tension-type headache. This article gathers emerging data that give an estimate of some of the aspects of the burden imparted by tension-type headache on society. It also briefly considers some of the factors that could positively influence this challenge of modern medicine.
Behavioral plasticity and central regeneration of locomotor reflexes in the freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. I: Transection studies

Access to the ventral nerve cord in living specimens of Lumbriculus variegatus, an aquatic oligochaete, is normally impossible because surgical invasion induces segmental au- totomy (self-fragmentation). We show here that nicotine is a powerful paralytic agent that reversibly immobilizes worms, blocks segmental autotomy, and allows experimental access to the nerve cord. Using nicotine-treated worms, we transected the ventral nerve cord and used non-invasive electrophysiological recordings and behavioral analyses to characterize the func- tional recovery of giant nerve fibers and other reflex pathways. Initially, after transection, medial giant fiber (MGF) and lateral giant fiber (LGF) spikes conducted up to, but not across, the transection site. Reestablishment of MGF and LGF through-conduction across the transec- tion site occurred as early as 10 h (usually by 20 h) after transection. Analyses of non-giant- mediated behavioral responses (i.e., helical swimming and body reversal) were also made fol- lowing nerve cord transection. Immediately after transection, functional reorganization of touch-evoked locomotor reflexes occurred, so that the two portions of the worm anterior and posterior to the transection site were independently capable of helical swimming and body reversal responses. Similar reorganization of responses occurred in amputated body fragments. Reversion back to the original whole-body pattern of swimming and reversal occurred as early as 8 h after transection. Thus, functional restoration of the non-giant central pathways appeared slightly faster than giant fiber pathways. The results demonstrate the remarkable plasticity of locomotor reflex behaviors immediately after nerve cord transection or segment amputation. They also demonstrate the exceptional speed and specificity of regeneration of the central pathways that mediate locomotor reflexes.
POLE MODELS FOR S-WAVE HYPERON DECAY.

The ${K}^{*}$-pole model and the baryon-pole model are considered as alternatives to the current-algebra calculation of $s$-wave hyperon decay amplitudes. The conditions under which all three of them yield identical results are clarified. A simple dynamical model, based on the ${{K}_{1}}^{0}$ spurion at zero four-momentum, leads to a combination of ${K}^{*}$-pole and baryon-pole terms which satisfy these conditions.
Explaining article influence: capturing article citability and its dynamic effects

Researchers from diverse disciplines have examined the many factors that contribute to the influence of published research papers. Such influence dynamics are in essence a marketing of science issue. In this paper, we propose that in addition to known established, overt drivers of influence such as journal, article, author, and Matthew effects, a latent factor “citability” influences the eventual impact of a paper. Citability is a mid-range latent variable that captures the changing relationship of an article to a field. Our analysis using a discretized Tobit model with hidden Markov processes suggests that there are two states of citability, and these dynamic states determine eventual influence of a paper. Prior research in marketing has relied on models where the various effects such as author and journal effects are deemed static. Unlike ours, these models fail to capture the continuously evolving impact dynamics of a paper and the differential effect of the various drivers that depend on the latent state a paper is in at any given point of time. Our model also captures the impact of uncitedness, which other models fail to do. Our model is estimated using articles published in seven leading marketing journals during the years 1996–2003. Findings and implications are discussed.
Separation of amylose from amylopectin of starch by an extraction-sedimentation procedure†

Corn, wheat, and potato starch were fractionated into their amylose and amylopectin components by selective extraction of amylose in hot water after the starch had been pretreated by heating in aqueous mixtures of glycerol, n-butanol, Pentasol, Cellosolve, or dioxane. About three-fourths of the amylose was leached in relatively pure form from starch in the first extraction at 98°C. The granule residue, sedimented by centrifugation, was separated as relatively pure amylopectin after two or more additional extractions. Retention of the coherent structure of the granule in the extracted residue emphasizes the importance of amylopectin to granule properties. Amylose fractions isolated from successive extractions had progressively lower intrinsic viscosities and absorption coefficients of their iodine complexes indicating that this component was subfractionated according to molecular size and/or structure. X-ray diffraction patterns of the pretreated starches indicated that a complex of amylose and organic solvent was formed which may account for the increased solubility of amylose after pretreatment. Evidence is presented which shows that little, if any, amylose occurs in the crystalline regions of granular starches.
mConverse: inferring conversation episodes from respiratory measurements collected in the field

Automated detection of social interactions in the natural environment has resulted in promising advances in organizational behavior, consumer behavior, and behavioral health. Progress, however, has been limited since the primary means of assessing social interactions today (i.e., audio recording) has several issues in field usage such as microphone occlusion, lack of speaker specificity, and high energy drain, in addition to significant privacy concerns.In this paper, we present mConverse, a new mobile-based system to infer conversation episodes from respiration measurements collected in the field from an unobtrusively wearable respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP) band worn around the user's chest. The measurements are wire-lessly transmitted to a mobile phone, where they are used in a novel machine learning model to determine whether the wearer is speaking, listening, or quiet. Our model incorporates several innovations to address issues that naturally arise in the noisy field environment such as confounding events, poor data quality due to sensor loosening and detachment, losses in the wireless channel, etc. Our basic model obtains 83% accuracy for the three class classification. We formulate a Hidden Markov Model to further improve the accuracy to 87%. Finally, we apply our model to data collected from 22 subjects who wore the sensor for 2 full days in the field to observe conversation behavior in daily life and find that people spend 25% of their day in conversations.
Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC)-Based Strategy for Proteome-Wide Thermodynamic Analysis of Protein-Ligand Binding Interactions

Described here is a quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics method for the large-scale thermodynamic analysis of protein-ligand binding interactions. The methodology utilizes a chemical modification strategy termed, Stability of Proteins from Rates of Oxidation (SPROX), in combination with a Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) approach to compare the equilibrium folding/unfolding properties of proteins in the absence and presence of target ligands. The method, which is general with respect to ligand, measures the ligand-induced changes in protein stability associated with protein-ligand binding. The methodology is demonstrated in a proof-of-principle study in which the well-characterized protein-drug interaction between cyclosporine A (CsA) and cyclophilin A was successfully analyzed in the context of a yeast cell lysate. A control experiment was also performed to assess the method's false positive rate of ligand discovery, which was found to be on the order of 0.4 - 3.5%. The new method was utilized to characterize the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-interactome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), and the proteins in a yeast cell lysate. The new methodology enabled the interrogation of 526 yeast proteins for interactions with ATP using 2035 peptide probes. Ultimately, 325 peptide hits from 139 different proteins were identified. Approximately 70% of the hit proteins identified in this work were not previously annotated as ATP binding proteins. However, nearly two-thirds of the newly discovered ATP interacting proteins have known interactions with other nucleotides and co-factors (e.g. NAD and GTP), DNA, and RNA based on GO-term analyses. The current work is the first proteome-wide profile of the yeast ATP-interactome, and it is the largest proteome-wide profile of any ATP-interactome generated, to date, using an energetics-based method. The data is available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD000858, DOI 10.6019/PXD000858, and PXD000860.
Influence of seedling growth stage on flooding injury in alfalfa

Temporary flooding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedings frequently occurs in the midwestern USA, often resulting in total or partial stand establishment failures. This study evaluated the effect of seedling growth stage on the severity of flooding injury in alfalfa grown in the greenhouse. Alfalfa seedlings of'WL 323', rated as highly resistant to root rot caused by Phytophthora medicaginis E.M. Hans. & Maxwell and resistant to root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs., were flooded for 14 d at three vegetative growth stages: (i) early seedling development (1-2 trifoliolates), (ii) early vegetative (3-6 trifoliolates), and (iii) mid to late vegetative (5-11 branches on the main stem). Root and shoot dry weights (DW) were recorded at the initiation of flooding, 0 days after flooding (DAF), 18 DAF (shoots only), and 36 DAF (18 d of regrowth from the 18 DAF harvest). The experiment was conducted twice. Flooding significantly (P < 0.01) reduced root and shoot DW, regardless of growth stage, and adversely impacted regrowth potential of alfalfa. There was a growth stage x flooding treatment interaction (P < 0.01) for root DW at 0 and 36 DAF in Trial 1, and at 0 DAF in Trial 2. Generally, flooding reduced root DW the least when seedlings were in the mid to late vegetative growth stage. Averaged over experimental trials, flooding reduced root DW at 36 DAF by 78% for early seedling, 73% for early vegetative, and 64% for mid to late vegetative growth stages, compared with unflooded controls. There was a growth stage x flooding treatment interaction (P < 0.01) for shoot DW at 0, 18, and 36 DAF in Trial 1, and at 36 DAF in Trial 2. Averaged over trials, flooding reduced alfalfa shoot DW measured at 36 DAF by 57% for early seedling, 40% for early vegetative, and 19% for mid to late vegetative growth stages, compared with unflooded controls. We conclude that older and more vegetatively advanced alfalfa seedlings recover shoot regrowth potential after temporary flooding better than do seedlings in the early trifoliolate stages.
Effect of aeration during cell growth on ketone reactions by immobilized yeast.

The effect of aeration during cell growth on the subsequent reduction of 2-hexanone and 2-octanone by yeast cells entrapped in calcium alginate beads was studied. The reactions were conducted using 2-propanol as a sacrificial substrate to regenerate the cofactor NAD(H), and a mixture of (S)- and (R)-alcohols was produced. The use of strictly aerobic conditions when growing the cells resulted in the highest initial reaction rates, as well as the production of only a single product (i.e., the enantiomeric excess of the (S)-alcohols was 1.0). However, initial reaction rates decreased proportionally with fermentation time regardless of whether the yeast were grown aerobically or under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The data also suggest that it is the aerobic (or anaerobic) condition, rather than the cell growth phase, which is responsible for the results seen.
Functional-driven heuristic evaluation of administrative portal systems used in institutions of higher education

Usability Evaluation Methods (UEM) are critical to both practitioners and researchers of the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) community. UEMs are often used to evaluate interface usability, uncover functional problems and bring forth design defects. According to Olson and Moran, UEMs are likely to fall after needs assessment and before beta testing in the software life cycle [1]. UEMs are widespread and commonly used in evaluating interactive systems in industry setting more than in academic institutions.Administrative Portals (AP) used in institutions of higher education has gained very little attention, if any at all - in regards to usability testing. This paper however, will not examine why that is. It will rather focus on discussing a new method that was especially designed for evaluating APs of institutions of higher education. The method is called Functional-Driven Heuristic Evaluation (FDHE) as it expands the boundaries of the traditional usability heuristics to encompass a functional context by combining some of the concepts of a cognitive walkthrough. This paper will provide a quick summary and comparison of the traditional heuristic evaluation method and the cognitive walkthrough. Then explain the theoretical framework of the new FDHE and it benefits.Lastly, the paper will provide a synopsis of future work that is intended to put this new usability evaluation method into the test to validate its claimed benefits and confirm its efficacy.
The Influence of Atrazine, Benzyladenine, and the Embryonic Axis on Chlorophyll Synthesis in Cucumber and Squash Cotyledons

Excision of the embryonic axis prior to 3 1/2 days of germination in the dark followed by 8-h of light decreased the total chlorophyll content of cucumber cotyledons but not squash cotyledons. Benzyladenine stimulated the accumulation of chlorophyll in the cotyledons of intact embryos and excised cotyledons in both cucumber and squash. Gibberellic acid had no effect. Atrazine inhibited chlorophyll formation in excised squash cotyledons. Benzyladenine also increased the carotenoid and xanthophyll content in the cotyledons from intact squash seedlings. The results suggest that pigment synthesis in cotyledons may be controlled by a number of substances produced in the embryonic axis and that cytokinin-like benzyladenine can simulate the action of one of them.
A Study of the Development of Extratropical Cyclones with an Analytic Model. Part II: Sensitivity to Tropospheric Structure and Analysis of Height Tendency Dynamics

Abstract An analytic quasigeostrophic model is used to examine the sensitivity of type B cyclogenesis to the vertical structure of the troposphere given a particular stratospheric temperature configuration. It is found that there is an optimal tropospheric configuration that produces the largest negative height tendency at the center of the 1000-mb model cyclone. Based on the response of the 1000-mb height tendencies, altering the baroclinicity in the model planetary boundary layer (PBL) does not significantly affect the instantaneous quasigeostrophic dynamics of the deep atmosphere. Rather, the PBL temperature anomalies affect the development of lower-tropospheric model lows by hydrostatically shifting or steering the cyclone centers to locations beneath more (or less) favorable deep atmospheric quasigeostrophic conditions for development. Diagnostic analyses of three individual stratospheric-tropospheric model configurations are also performed to examine the dynamics that drive the height (pressure) ten...
Cofilin-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidopathies.

Transport defects may arise in various neurodegenerative diseases from failures in molecular motors, microtubule abnormalities, and the chaperone/proteasomal degradation pathway leading to aggresomal-lysosomal accumulations. These defects represent important steps in the neurodegenerative cascade, although in many cases, a clear consensus has yet to be reached regarding their causal relationship to the disease. A growing body of evidence lends support to a link between neurite transport defects in the very early stages of many neurodegenerative diseases and alterations in the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton initiated by filament dynamizing proteins in the ADF/cofilin family. This article focuses on cofilin, which in neurons under stress, including stress induced by the amyloid-β (Aβ) 1–42 peptide, undergoes dephosphorylation (activation) and forms rod-shaped actin boundles (rods). Rods inhibit transport, are sites of amyloid precursor protein accumulation, and contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Because rods form rapidly in response to anoxia, they could also contribute to synaptic deficits associated with ischemic brain injury (e.g., stroke). Surprisingly, cofilin undergoes phosphorylation (inactivation) in hippocampal neurons treated with Aβ1–40 at high concentrations, and these neurons undergo dystrophic morphological changes, including accumulation of pretangle phosphorylated-τ. Therefore, extremes in phosphoregulation of cofilin by different forms of Aβ may explain much of the Alzheimer’s disease pathology and provide mechanisms for synaptic loss and plaque expansion.