cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notes on the behavior of transversely loaded inextensible plates

Abstract The governing equations for incompressible plates exhibiting a direction of inextensibility are developed in this paper. The motivation for the analysis of such materials is the rise in popularity of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites, though the conclusions reached apply equally well to incompressible materials exhibiting very large degrees of anisotropy. In the course of the development, the importance of transverse shear response is demonstrated, indicating that lower order plate theories cannot be used to realistically model incompressible/inextensible materials. As is the case with other plate theories, the in-plane and transverse responses uncouple. A sample analysis, involving only the transverse response, is performed and the results are compared to a simplified solution that is likewise derived herein.
Diagnosis and treatment of somatoform disorders

Many patients with somatoform disorders present to the neurology clinic, often after extensive evaluation that has left the patient and multiple other physicians frustrated. Knowledge of the typical characteristics of particular disorders enables the clinician to arrive at a positive diagnosis and facilitate referral to appropriate services. Using a series of representative cases, we review the DSM-IV-TR somatoform disorders most likely to present to the practicing neurologist, highlighting the epidemiologic features, typical presentations, and possible therapeutic approaches to each condition.
Nest success and hatchling survival of American alligators within inland wetlands of east Texas

Because of liberalization of American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) harvest management in Texas, estimates of nest success and hatchling survival for inland populations are essential for long-term, sustainable population and harvest management. To date, few studies have examined American alligator nest success and hatchling survival. We initiated a 3-year study from 2006 to 2008 to document alligator nest success and hatchling survival within several wetlands in east Texas. From June 2006 to August 2008, we located 30 nests from 3 wetlands within east Texas, where overall nest success was 44.2% (95% CI = 25.1–63.1%), irrespective of year. Nest circumference and day during the nesting season exerted the greatest influence on nest success. Additionally, from August 2006 to August 2008 we captured, marked, and released 271 hatchling alligators at Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge, and recaptured an additional 192 hatchling alligators during this time. We estimated yearly apparent survival at 6.0% (95% CI = 2.0–14.6%) for hatchling alligators born in 2006 and 43.0% (95% CI = 28.4–57.8%) for those hatched in 2007. Variation in nest success and hatchling survival was likely attributed to fluctuating water levels and habitat management practices. Alligator harvest regulations need to account for variability in nest success and hatchling survival by including site-specific estimates of these metrics into harvest models. Failing to account for spatial and temporal variation in nest success and hatchling survival may result in unsustainable harvest and/or overharvest. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with combinations of femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses

Nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses were combined in an orthogonal preablation spark dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) configuration. Even without full optimization of interpulse alignment, ablation focus, large signal, signal-to-noise ratio, and signal-to-background ratio enhancements were observed for both copper and aluminum targets. Despite the preliminary nature of this study, these results have significant implications in the attempt to explain the sources of dual-pulse LIBS enhancements.
DYNAMIC ALTERATIONS IN LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE (LHRH) NEURONAL CELL BODIES AND TERMINALS OF ADULT RATS

1. The decapeptide lueteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) is synthesized in neuronal cell bodies diffusely distributed across the basal forebrain and is secreted from neuronal terminals in the median eminence. Once secreted, LHRH enters the portal vessels and is then transported to the anterior pituitary, where it modulates the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins, which are essential to gonadal function and reproduction. 2. Because of the difficulties encountered in studying these diffusely distributed neurons, we have developed strategies which combine immunocytochemistry and computer-assisted techniques to examine individual LHRH neuronal cell bodies, as well as the entire population of LHRH neurons from the diagonal band of Broca to the mammillary bodies. In addition, we have examined LHRH neuronal terminals in the median eminence using computer-assisted imaging techniques to examine individual terminals by electron microscopy or across all rostral-caudal regions of the median eminence by light microscopy. In our most recent studies using confocal microscopy, we have examined the relationships of LHRH terminals to glial processes. 3. These studies reveal a very dynamic system of LHRH neuronal cell bodies and terminals. The population of neurons in which LHRH can be detected varies as a function of time after gonadectomy, during the estrous cycle, and during the preovulatory surge of LH during the afternoon of proestrus. Dynamic changes are also observed in LHRH terminals in the median eminence as a function of time after gonadectomy and in specific rostral-caudal regions of the median eminence during the preovulatory surge of LH. Finally, confocal microscopy reveals that LHRH terminals are prevented from contacting the basal lamina of the brain by glial end-feet. 4. We are currently examining the hypothesis that these relationships change as a function of endocrine milieu and, therefore, participate in the modulation of LHRH secretion. Ongoing studies focus on defining the sites of action and synergy of multiple sources of regulation of LHRH secretion and their relative importance to ensuring reproductive success.
Calcium ion regulates chemotactic behaviour in bacteria.

CHEMOTAXIS is the process by which bacteria travel to higher concentrations of attractant or lower concentrations of repellant. Its study has attracted wide interest as an example of the stimulus-response network since bacteria are the most primitive of living creatures. Behaviour in peritrichous bacteria is indeed simple: bacteria alternately swim smoothly and tumble, which results in random reorientation for the next swim1. Chemotaxis occurs by the increasing tendency of bacteria to tumble when headed in the ‘unfavourable’ direction and by increasing inclination to swim when the bacteria are headed in the ‘favourable’ direction (such as towards higher attractant concentrations)1,2. Tumbling is caused by clockwise rotation of flagella and swimming by counter-clockwise rotation3. Addition of repellent to bacteria causes tumbling; addition of attractant causes swimming4–6. Understanding how the switch that controls direction of flagellar rotation is controlled and how the controlling parameter is regulated by changes in attractant or repellent concentration is necessary to understand chemotaxis. Here I present evidence that for Bacillus subtilis the free concentration of internal Ca2+ ion controls direction of flagellar rotation (high concentrations bringing about tumbling; low concentrations, swimming) and that repellents, which cause tumbling when added to bacteria, work by increasing the flow of Ca2+ ion across the plasma membrane.
Solving the phonon Boltzmann equation with the variational method.

The thermal conductivity of 17 alkali halides with the NaCl structure has been calculated. The deformation-dipole model has been used to calculate realistic phonon dispersion relations, which are used to solve the Boltzmann equation with the variational method. Many different trial functions and linear combinations have been used and the resultant approximate solutions are discussed. Assuming different trial functions for different branches increases the calculated thermal conductivity by 10\char21{}150 %. The error estimates suggest that the true solution to the Boltzmann equation would increase the calculated thermal conductivity by another 100%.
A methodology for analyzing environmental tradeoffs for different travel and information communication technologies (ICT) options

The environmental impacts of the U.S. transportation and electricity sectors include air emissions and water consumption. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as advanced video teleconferencing can displace some meeting activities that have historically required transportation. While ICT typically reduces environmental impacts, in some cases there are non-obvious tradeoffs associated with replacing transportation with ICT. These tradeoffs are the consequence of the particular local electricity mix, meeting length, number of meeting participants, travel distances, travel modes, motive transport conversion technologies, and transport fuels. A methodology was created to directly compare the carbon dioxide emissions and water consumption from business meeting participation via travel or ICT. Quantitative outputs reveal both the expected and non-obvious environmental tradeoffs of these business activities and provide a basis for companies' decision-making processes.
Mass dependence of the gravitationally induced wave-function phase

The leading mass dependence of the wave function phase is calculated in the presence of gravitational interactions. The conditions under which this phase contains terms depending on both the square of the mass and the gravitational constant are determined. The observability of such terms is briefly discussed.
Diversity of seed storage protein patterns in wild peanut (Arachis, Fabaceae) species

55 accessions of wild peanuts (Arachis spp.) introduced from South America were analyzed for seed storage protein composition using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The objectives of the study were to evaluate variability within sect.Arachis and to classify taxa based on protein composition. 25 different band positions were resolved. Individual accessions had 11 to 18 bands which included the conarachin region (MW > 50 kD), two to five bands in the acidic arachin region (MW 38–49.9 kD), three to seven in the intermediate MW region (23 to 37.9 kD), two to five bands in the basic arachin region (18–22.9 kD), and one to three bands in the low MW protein region (14–17.9 kD). These data were utilized in a principal coordinate analysis based on the matrix of genetic distances between all pairs of the 55 accessions. Several groups of accessions conformed to expected species classification includingA. batizocoi, A. stenosperma, andA. monticola; whileA. duranensis, A. cardenasii, A. helodes, andA. correntina did not form good groups. The study showed that great diversity exists for protein profiles and seed storage proteins have potential for aiding species classification and for serving as markers for interspecific hybridization studies.
Effect of increased inner ear pressure on middle ear mechanics

Velocity of malleus, umbo, and stapes footplate in response to stepwise increases up to +400 mm H2O in hydrostatic pressure of the inner ear was investigated in 10 fresh human temporal bones by using a laser Doppler interferometer. The sound-pressure input was 114 dB SPL, and the frequency range was 0.4 to 5.0 kHz. Static displacement of these sites was also measured by a video measuring system. When the inner ear pressure was increased, the malleus and stapes moved outward. Amplitude of umbo velocity decreased below 1.0 kHz with a slight increase around 2.0 kHz, whereas stapes velocity decreased at all frequencies with the major effect below 1.0 kHz. The phase angle of malleus umbo velocity advanced markedly in response to the increased inner ear pressure between 1.0 and 1.4 kHz. Change in the vibration of the umbo was thought to be primarily caused by an increased stiffness of the middle ear conduction system, and that of the stapes was caused by distention of the annular ligament and increased cochlear impedance produced by the increased inner ear pressure. These changes in TM vibration and its phase angle may help detect indirectly an elevation of inner ear pressure.
Closing Up Closings: Showing the Relevance of the Social and Material Surround to the Completion of Interaction

The authors analyze naturally occurring communication within a beauty salon. Videotaped data show how two clients suddenly recognize each other and conduct a reunion in the midst of onlookers. Through various vocal and visible forms of communication, the two women negotiate with one another (and others present) the onset, performance, and conclusion of their ritualistic involvement. By examining in detail a single encounter, much longer in duration than the segments of interaction employed in related studies, the authors show that the function of behaviors in a departure sequence may best be understood by analyzing their relationship to the social and physical situation in which they are embedded.
Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Déjà Vu? Some Evidence

We assess the degree to which propositions from Samuel Huntington's The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order can account for the incidence of militarized interstate disputes betwe...
Characteristics of YouTube™ Videos Related to Mammography

With a monthly total of more than one billion unique visitors, YouTube™ is one of the Internet’s most visited websites and contributes to the growing amount of health-related information on the Internet. The purpose of this study was to analyze coverage of mammography screening in popular YouTube™ videos. A total of 173 videos were included in the analysis. Compared with professionally created videos, consumer-created videos had a significantly greater number of comments (>9 comments 38.0 % for consumer vs. 11.8 % for professional videos, p = < 0.001). Videos created by professionals more often portrayed general mammography information (97.1 vs. 88.7 %) compared to those created by consumers. The vast majority of videos presented general information (93.6 %) related to mammography, and almost two thirds addressed preparing for the test. Less than 20 % dealt with other types of examinations. Approximately 30 % discussed pain associated with the examination (35.3 %) and addressed issues of anxiety (32.4 %) and fear (29.5 %). Nearly half of the videos presented information about the test results (46.2 %). Over 25 % covered medical or family history. The majority did not pertain to a specific age group. Future research should focus on analyzing the accuracy of the information in the videos.
Intestinal cell transit time in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.

Mittels Radioisotopenmethode wird beiMeriones unguiculatus eine sehr lange Lebensdauer von Darmepithelzellen im Duodenum, Jejunum und Ileum festgestellt.
Inhibition of the progesterone nuclear receptor during the bone linear growth phase increases peak bone mass in female mice

Augmentation of the peak bone mass (PBM) may be one of the most effective interventions to reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis later in life; however treatments to augment PBM are currently limited. Our study evaluated whether a greater PBM could be achieved either in the progesterone nuclear receptor knockout mice (PRKO) or by using a nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) antagonist, RU486 in mice. Compared to their wild type (WT) littermates the female PRKO mice developed significantly higher cancellous and cortical mass in the distal femurs, and this was associated with increased bone formation. The high bone mass phenotype was partially reproduced by administering RU486 in female WT mice from 1–3 months of age. Our results suggest that the inhibition of the nPR during the rapid bone growth period (1–3 months) increases osteogenesis, which results in acquisition of higher bone mass. Our findings suggest a crucial role for progesterone signaling in bone acquisition and inhibition of the nPR as a novel approach to augment bone mass, which may have the potential to reduce the burden of osteoporosis.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in sacral primary sensory pathways in the cat.

Unmyelinated sensory axons in the sacral spinal cord may play a role in bladder reflexes under certain pathological conditions. Previous data suggested vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) might be contained exclusively in sensory C-fibers, some of which innervate the bladder. This study was undertaken to describe the morphology of these VIP fibers in the sacral cord of the cat. VIP immunoreactivity was confined to unmyelinated axons observed at several levels of the sensory pathway including the dorsal root ganglia, dorsal roots, Lissauer's tract, and the lateral collateral pathway. A combination of light and electron microscopic observations showed VIP-immunoreactive fibers with labeled varicosities and synaptic terminals in laminae I, IIo, V, VII, and X. VIP-immunolabeled varicosities had a mean diameter of 1.6 microm (range = 0.11-7.4 microm, S.D. = 1.01, n = 311) with a small percentage (8%) being relatively large (3-7.4 microm). VIP varicosities contained a mixture of small clear vesicles (CLV) and large dense core vesicles (LDV). Although most varicosities contained a moderate number of LDVs (14.86 LDVs/microm2), some varicosities contained a large number of LDVs, whereas others contained very few. Varicosities that possessed synaptic specializations were classed as terminals and were divided into three morphological classes. Two of these resembled Gray's Type I terminal, whereas a third was similar to the Gray's Type II terminal. There was no consistent relationship between vesicle content of the terminal and the type of synaptic contact it possessed. This study shows that in the sacral spinal cord of the cat, VIP terminals originate only from C-fibers, terminate primarily in laminae I and V, and exhibit a variety of morphologies consistent with heterogeneous origins and functions of the lower urinary tract.
Review of tumor markers for ovarian cancer

Forty-two substances having been described as potential tumor markers for ovarian cancer are reviewed regarding sensitivity, specificity, and correlation with clinical course of disease. At present, there is no reliable marker for the primary diagnosis of the vast majority of ovarian cancers. Tumor markers may however serve as adjunctive tools in monitoring ovarian cancer patients after treatment.
Bringing down our dams: trends in American dam removal rationales

: Over 76,000 dams have been constructed on American rivers to provide services such as flood protection, water storage, hydroelectric power, and navigation. Although most dams continue to provide sufficient benefits to retain the structure, dam removal is becoming increasingly common. This study involved the construction of a dam removal database to analyze spatial and temporal trends in dam removal. The data included information on 417 cases of dismantled American dams, 153 with known rationales for removal. Database analysis indicated that the leading purposes for dismantling structures are safety concerns and interest in environmental restoration. There is substantial geographic variability in dam removal rationales, with California leading in razing dams for environmental purposes, and Wisconsin leading in economic and safety rationales. States with substantial removals tend to have programs that support and fund dam razing. Although removals for safety reasons have been increasing steadily in the past three decades, environmental removals made a rather dramatic and sudden entry into the dam removal arena in the 1990s. Analysis of spatial and temporal trends in dam razing are of particular significance given the likely increase in dam removals in the 21st Century.
Alerting signals and detection in a sensory network

Abstract Detection theories are based on the proposition that nature designs our sense organs to recover signals from external noise. Not much credence is given to the idea that an essential part of the noise arises internally in conveying information to the brain or that the detected event may be an alert signal rather than a literal copy of the stimulus. Transmission is portrayed here as a birth-and-death process. New events are created and existing events are lost as messages pass from the sense organ to a central decision-making area. Messages are either alert signals or actual "images" of the stimulus formed by branching chains. In both cases, a telltale multiplicative noise appears at the output. We develop: (1) a branching-chain transmission mechanism, (2) its output counting distribution, (3) characteristic properties of branching-chain noise, and (4) examples of the effects of such noise on the discriminability of pure-tone signals.
Photonic crystals: putting a new twist on light

Photonic crystals are materials patterned with a periodicity in dielectric constant, which can create a range of 'forbidden' frequencies called a photonic bandgap. Photons with energies lying in the bandgap cannot propagate through the medium. This provides the opportunity to shape and mould the flow of light for photonic information technology.
Quantum Lattice Gas Model of 3 He– 4 He Mixtures

The quantum lattice gas model of Matsubara and Matsuda1 has been applied with much success to the liquid-gas and superfluid transitions2 of liquid 4He, to the solid phase3 of 4He, and to the question of the existence of a superfluid solid phase4 of 4He. We consider here the extension of this model in order to apply it to 3He-4He mixtures. After defining the model we shall obtain its phase diagram within mean-field theory.
Total Cross Sections for 14-Mev Neutrons

The total cross sections of over 50 elements were measured in good geometry for 14-Mev neutrons. A plot of the square root of the total cross section versus the one-third power of the atomic weight shows deviations from the linear relationship predicted by statistical theory. The deviations are most pronounced for the heaviest elements.
Variable delay of multi-gigahertz digital signals for deskew and jitter-injection test applications

The ability to precisely control the timing of digital signals is especially important for multi-GHz testing applications where errors are measured in picoseconds or even 100fs. While many solutions exist for continuous clock-type signals, delay of wide-bandwidth data signals is not so easy. In this paper we introduce a novel technique for adjusting the delay of ~7 Gbps data signals on a picosecond scale without significant distortion. The approach is based on a timing/amplitude dependency effect observed in a variable-gain SiGe buffer. A prototype is demonstrated with a variable delay range of about 50 ps. This circuit is enhanced by adding a "coarse" delay section, including four 33 ps steps, to provide the desired total range of ~140 ps. The end application requires several of these circuits for deskewing parallel buses of 6.4 Gbps ATE signals. The circuit is also useful for injecting a variable amount of jitter, limited by the fine-delay adjustment range.
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor genotype in immune-mediated bone marrow failure syndromes

Objective Recent reports have shown that killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and KIR ligand (KIR-L) genotype play a role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders. Certain KIR/KIR-L combinations might convey a predisposition to immune-mediated bone marrow failure. Examining the genotypic makeup of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I (KIR-L) and KIR in patients with hematologic disorders could offer clues to immunogenetic risk factors for these diseases. The objective of this study is to establish the frequency of specific KIR genes and KIR-L alleles in aplastic anemia (AA), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), myelodysplasia (MDS), and large granular lymphocyte leukemia (LGL), as compared with healthy control patients. Methods KIR genotyping was performed on DNA from 113 patients with AA, PNH, MDS, and LGL using sequence specific primer amplification. Results of genotypic KIR analysis were examined with HLA typing. Comparisons in frequency of KIR-L groups, KIR genotype profiles, and KIR/KIR-L mismatch were performed to determine whether specific KIR genes and KIR-L are overrepresented in bone marrow failure states. Results No difference in frequency of KIR-L groups was found relative to the healthy controls. AA and PNH showed decreased frequency of KIR-2DS1 and KIR-2DS5 genes: KIR-2DS1 35% vs 21% ( p = 0.15) for AA and 19% for PNH ( p = 0.13); KIR-2DS5 31% vs 14% ( p = 0.08) for AA and 12% ( p = 0.06) for PNH. These differences were even greater when compared to a larger group of control individuals from a study with similar genetic background. Conclusions The reduced frequency of these KIR in AA and PNH may indicate an immunogenetic relationship between these diseases.
Homologous recognition of a promoter domain common to the MSV LTR and the HSV tk gene

We have partially purified, from rat liver, a nuclear protein fraction with sequence-specific affinity to a promoter domain shared by the herpesvirus tk gene and the Moloney murine sarcoma virus LTR. For both promoters, the protein-binding domain occurs roughly 80 bp upstream of the mRNA cap site and harbors the pentanucleotide sequence 5'-CCAAT-3'. The MSV LTR pentanucleotide occurs on the coding strand in an orientation pointing toward the retroviral transcription unit. The HSV tk pentanucleotide occurs on the noncoding strand in an orientation pointing away from the gene. Assays in microinjected frog oocytes and transfected mouse L cells indicate that equivalent point mutations, introduced at each residue of the CAT pentanucleotide of each promoter, lead to similar changes in promoter activity. Furthermore, they similarly alter binding of the nuclear protein fraction. Surprisingly, a C to G transversion at the first residue of the CAT pentanucleotide, which severely impairs the activity of both promoters, appears to increase affinity of the CAT binding protein.
Phase II evaluation of topotecan in carcinosarcoma of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

Abstract Objectives. To estimate the antitumor activity of topotecan in patients with persistent or recurrent carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mullerian tumors) of the uterus and to determine the nature and degree of toxicity of topotecan in this cohort of patients. Materials and methods. Eligible patients had measurable advanced or recurrent carcinosarcoma of the uterus. Topotecan at a target dose of 1.5 mg/m 2 was administered IV daily for 5 days, every 3 weeks, until progression of disease or adverse affects prohibited further therapy. Results. Twenty-seven member institutions entered 51 patients. Of the patients entered, 48 were eligible. Patient characteristics included a median age of 65, with 33% having prior radiation and 92% having prior chemotherapy. Twenty-six patients (54%) had a performance status (PS) of 0, 18 (38%) had a PS of 1, and four (8%) had a PS of 2. Patients received from 1 to 21 (with a median of 2) courses of treatment. The most frequently observed grade 4 toxicities were neutropenia seen in 35 (73%) patients, leukopenia in 14 (29%), and thrombocytopenia in 10 (21%). Three (6%) patients developed neutropenic sepsis and died shortly after their first treatment cycle. There were five (10%) complete responses; 13 (27%) patients maintained stable disease, 26 (54%) experienced increasing disease, and reassessment did not occur in four (8%). Conclusion. Topotecan at this dose and schedule does not appear to have major activity in patients with advanced or recurrent uterine carcinosarcoma previously treated with chemotherapy.
Stability of interconnected switched systems and supervisory control of time-varying plants

We discuss stability of a loop consisting of two asynchronous switched systems, in which the first switched system influences the input and the switching signal of the second switched system and the second switched system affects the first switched system's jump map. We show that when the first switched system has a small dwell-time and is switching slowly in the spirit of average dwell-time switching, all the states of the closed loop are bounded. We show how this result relates to supervisory adaptive control of time-varying plants. When the uncertain plant takes the form of a switched system with an unknown switching signal, we show that all the states of the closed-loop control system are guaranteed to be bounded provided that the plant's switching signal varies slowly enough.
Multiple Origins of a Mitochondrial Mutation Conferring Deafness

A point mutation (1555G) in the smaller ribosomal subunit of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been associated with maternally inherited traits of hypersensitivity to streptomycin and sensorineural deafness in a number of families from China, Japan, Israel, and Africa. To determine whether this distribution was the result of a single or multiple mutational events, we carried out genetic distance analysis and phylogenetic analysis of 10 independent mtDNA D-loop sequences from Africa and Asia. The mtDNA sequence diversity was high (2.21%). Phylogenetic analysis assigned 1555G-bearing haplotypes at very divergent points in the human mtDNA evolutionary tree, and the 1555G mutations occur in many cases on race-specific mtDNA haplotypes, both facts are inconsistent with a recent introgression of the mutation into these races. The simplest interpretation of the available data is that there have been multiple origins of the 1555G mutation. The genetic distance among mtDNAs bearing the pathogenic 1555G mutation is much larger than among mtDNAs bearing either evolutionarily neutral or weakly deleterious nucleotide substitutions (such as the 4336G mutation). These results are consistent with the view that pathogenic mtDNA haplotypes such as 1555G arise on disparate mtDNA lineages which because of negative natural selection leave relatively few related descendants. The co-existence of the same mutation with deafness in individuals with very different nuclear and mitochondrial genetic backgrounds confirms the pathogenicity of the 1555G mutation.
FAILURE OF CANCELLATION FOR QUARTIC AND HIGHER-DEGREE ORDERS

Let D be a principal ideal domain with quotient field F and suppose every residue field of D is finite. Let K be a finite separable field extension of F of degree at least 4 and let denote the integral closure of D in K. Let where f ∈ D is a nonzero nonunit. In this paper we show, assuming a mild condition on f, that cancellation of finitely generated modules fails for R, that is, there exist finitely generated R-modules L, M, and N such that L ⊕ M ≅ L ⊕ N and yet M ≇ N. In case the unit group of D is finite, we show that cancellation fails for almost all rings of the form , where p ∈ D is prime.
Three-Millimeter Apocrine Adenoma in a Man: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We describe a rare case of apocrine adenoma of the breast in a 45-year-old man. The patient presented with a tender lump in his left breast that had been present for 6 months. A mammogram identified a 3-mm nodular density in the breast, which was described as a hypoechoic nodule on ultrasound. Microscopic examination of tissue from an excisional biopsy revealed a 3-mm group of benign glands with abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and apical luminal blebbing, consistent with an apocrine adenoma. After reviewing other reported apocrine adenomas in the literature, we determined that our case was the smallest detected apocrine adenoma to be reported to date.
Transport and effects of cationic dyes and tetrazolium salts in the central nervous system.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some recent investigations of the distribution and effects of two classes of organic cations, basic dyes and tetrazolium salts in the central nervous system. These agents exhibit interesting but divergent neurobiological behavior which depends in part upon their selective affinity for different cytoplasmic organelles. Basic dyes accumulate mainly within lysosomes and cause remarkable but reversible changes in the structure of these particles without altering their function. Tetrazoles, on the other hand, concentrate within mitochondria, undergo reduction to the insoluble formazan derivatives and cause serious disruption of mitochondria1 structure and function. The physiological effects, the intracellular localization and the mechanism of vital metachromasia of lysosomes by cationic dyes are mentioned in the paper. The results were obtained by Electron microscopic observations and biochemical studies. As a conclusion, the chapter puts forward the result that Lamellar structures have been found in lysosomes in diverse circumstances, for example, in macrophages after uptake of India ink, in liver cells incorporating bile pigment and kidney tubule cells after uptake of trypan blue and thorium dioxide. Similar experiments were conducted for Tetrazolium salts. The selective localization of formazan deposits within mitochondria in viva depends upon the combined presence of electron donors generated during oxidative phosphorylation and the appropriate dehydrogenases. The resultant mitochondria1 swelling indicates an accumulation of osmotically active particles within the mitochondria1 cavity.
Dynamic model of dehydration melting motivated by a natural analogue: applications to the Ivrea–Verbano zone, northern Italy

Dehydration melting of crustal rocks may commonly occur in response to the intrusion of mafic magma in the mid- or lower crust. However, the relative importance of melt buoyancy, shear or dyking in melt generation and extraction under geologically relevant conditions is not well understood. A numerical model of the partial melting of a metapelite is presented and the model results are compared with the Ivrea-Verbano Zone in northern Italy. The numerical model uses the mixture theory approach to modelling simultaneous convection and phase change and includes special ramping and switching functions to accommodate the rheology of crystal-melt mixtures in accordance with the results of deformation experiments. The model explicitly includes both porous media flow and thermally and compositionally driven bulk convection of a restitecharged melt mass. A range of melt viscosity and critical melt fraction models is considered. General agreement was found between predicted positions of isopleths and those from the Ivrea-Verbano Zone. Maximum melt velocities in the region of porous flow are found to be 1 × 10−7 and 1 × 10−1m per year in the region of viscous flow. The results indicate that melt buoyancy alone may not be a sufficient agent for melt extraction and that extensive, vigorous convection of partially molten rocks above mafic bodies is unlikely, in accord with direct geological examples.
Plantar Flexor Strength after Surgical Repair of the Achilles Tendon Rupture

本研究は、アキレス腱損傷後少なくとも1年以上経過した男性アキレス腱患者16名について足関節底屈筋力調査をおこない、患側と健側の間に筋力差があるか確かめることを目的とし筋力測定を行なった。測定にはIsokinetic測定器CybexII+を使用し、等尺性運動にて背屈15度位、中間位、底屈15度位、底屈30度位、等速運動にて30，90，180deg/secの角速度についての底屈筋力を各々測定した。平均筋力においては患側は健側に比して全測定において低い値を示し、健側に対する患側の割合は等尺性運動で75%～88%、等運動性運動で85%～92%にとどまった。しかし個々の症例での比較では健側より患側の筋力が上回る症例もみられた。この結果はアキレス腱断裂者の術後の運動処方如何によっては患側の筋力低下を最小限にとどめる可能性があることを示唆していると考える。
A case for producing nuclear material

Since nuclear weapons will be in the picture for some time to come, the author believes, the United States should not limit its production of nuclear material by agreeing to a cutoff or by giving up plans for new facilities.
A unique cytologic picture in pleural fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Apart from the finding of cancer cells in a serous fluid, the only cytologic observation of diagnostic significance is the presence of inflammation. An inflammatory reaction is generally nonspecific; it seldom provides a reliable guide to the nature of the underlying pleural or pulmonary parenchymal lesion. We have, however, observed a unique inflammatory picture in the pleural fluids from some patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This cytologic picture appears to be a manifestation of the characteristic histiocytic reaction, with accompanying necrosis, that occurs in a rheumatoid nodule. I t is well recognized that rheumatoid nodules may be present in the pleura or pulmonary parenchyma of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This paper describes the characteristic exfoliative cytologic picture of rheumatoid pleuritis which has not been previously recorded.
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, human herpesvirus 8 viremia, and HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease

Kaposi's sarcoma and multicentric Castleman Disease are HIV-related disease processes that are associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection. The development of multicentric Castleman disease can often be a manifestation of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome phenomenon and is associated with markedly elevated levels of HHV-8 viremia, as illustrated by this case.
PERSONAL COMPUTER CLUSTER BASED PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR POWER SYSTEM ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSIENT STABILITY SIMULATION

Parallel processing is a promising approach to on-line assessment of power system dynamic security and its real-time simulation. Many kinds of parallel algorithms have been put forward and implemented by various types of parallel computers. Because of its advantages such as high performance-to-price ratio, easy to update and good expansibility, more and more attention is being paid to personal computer (PC) cluster for parallel processing. Here several parallel algorithms for electromechanical transient stability calculation, including the network partition, parallel solution of linear equations, algorithms of Newton types and parallel-in-time algorithms, are summarized and assessed, especially the favorable and unfavorable conditions to implement these algorithms by PC cluster are concerned.
Enabling task-based information prioritization via semantic web encodings

Modern Soldiers rely upon accurate and actionable information technology to achieve mission objectives. While increasingly rich sensor networks for Areas of Operation (AO) can offer many directions for aiding Soldiers, limitations are imposed by current tactical edge systems on the rate that content can be transmitted. Furthermore, mission tasks will often require very specific sets of information which may easily be drowned out by other content sources. Prior research on Quality and Value of Information (QoI/VoI) has aimed to define ways to prioritize information objects based on their intrinsic attributes (QoI) and perceived value to a consumer (VoI). As part of this effort, established ranking approaches for obtaining Subject Matter Expert (SME) recommendations, such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been considered. However, limited work has been done to tie Soldier context – such as descriptions of their mission and tasks – back to intrinsic attributes of information objects. As a first step toward addressing the above challenges, this work introduces an ontology-backed approach – rooted in Semantic Web publication practices – for expressing both AHP decision hierarchies and corresponding SME feedback. Following a short discussion on related QoI/VoI research, an ontology-based data structure is introduced for supporting evaluation of Information Objects, using AHP rankings designed to facilitate information object prioritization. Consistent with alternate AHP approaches, prioritization in this approach is based on pairwise comparisons between Information Objects with respect to established criteria, as well as on pairwise comparison of the criteria to assess their relative importance. The paper concludes with a discussion of both ongoing and future work.
Efficient In-Database Analytics with Graphical Models.

Due to recent application push, there is high demand in industry to extend database systems to perform efficient and scalable in-database analytics based on probabilistic graphical models (PGMs). We discuss issues in supporting in-database PGM methods and present techniques to achieve a deep integration of the PGMmethods into the relational data model as well as the query processing and optimization engine. This is an active research area and the techniques discussed are being further developed and evaluated.
Bacon Brains: Video Games for Teaching the Science of Addiction

Researchers have developed many different computerized interventions designed to teach students about the dangers of substance use. Following in this tradition, we produced a series of video games called Bacon Brains. However, unlike many other programs, ours focused on the "Science of Addiction," providing lessons on how alcohol and other drugs affect the brain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of our games in teaching students our science-based curriculum. We enrolled over 200 students and randomly assigned them to play our games or a different series of NIDA-produced games. Of the students in the Bacon Brains conditions, half were instructed to play collaboratively and the other half was told to play competitively. Results indicate significantly greater knowledge gains among students in Bacon Brains compared to the existing games (5.01 mean knowledge score difference; [F(1,242)=9.588, p=.002]). Girls demonstrated knowledge gains in both collaborative and competitive conditions, but boys demonstrated similar gains only in the competitive condition. Based on our outcomes, we conclude that video games can serve as an effective method of science instruction. We further discuss the importance of considering gender differences in light of differential response to collaborative vs. competitive learning environments.
The treatment of HIV infection. Azidothymidine (AZT) and other new antiviral drugs.

SUMMARY The first phase in the history of the chemotherapy of infection by HIV has been completed. An effective compound, AZT, has been identified that prolongs life and reduces morbidity. The next phase will be to determine the most effective and least toxic regimens of AZT and the patient populations who will most benefit. This phase will also involve the identification and evaluation of additional drugs. The most compassionate way to evaluate these drugs will be expeditious and systematic study rather than ad hoc administration and anecdotal observation. Advances in the chemotherapy of HIV infection are urgently needed. These advances will require new compounds, and because of probable drug toxicity, especially for chronic suppressive therapy, investigation must include examination of regimens that involve drug cycling and combinations.
List What to Know, Not What Is on the Test

(2000). List What to Know, Not What Is on the Test. Journal of Geoscience Education: Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 603-604.
Insulin resistance: Risk factor of dementia

I resistance (IR) is a putative risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia, and has been shown to impede neuronal glucose metabolism in animal models. This post-hoc study focused on metabolic changes in the medial prefrontal region, a brain region exhibiting decline years before documented cognitive changes, relative to high or low IR status in a cohort of postmenopausal women at risk for dementia who were randomized to continue or discontinue existing stable hormone therapy (HT) for 2 years. Subjects were dichotomized into high and low IR groups based on the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, which was within clinically normal limits for the group as a whole at both baseline and 2-year followup. Results showed that high and low IR groups showed significant differences in metabolic decline of the medial prefrontal gyrus, regardless of HT randomization group. However, HT randomization was predictive of metabolic decline only in women with low HOMA. Performance in working memory was consistent with observed metabolic changes. These results suggest IR may be an independent moderator of regional metabolic changes, while protective metabolic effects of HT are most apparent in those at low-end range of IR. If replicated in future studies, these findings will help to better understand the interaction between putative risk and protective factors, and further delineate cohort postmenopausal women who may benefit from HT.
Measurement and Verification of Industrial Equipment: Sampling Interval and Data Logger Considerations

ABSTRACTMeasurement and verification (M&V) of energy efficiency projects is an important activity for energy managers, government agencies, building owners, and utility representatives. Misapplication or misunderstanding of M&V protocol requirements can cause significant error in energy savings calculations. Additionally, incomplete knowledge of how common data loggers function can create confusion around the measurements being taken and the results being reported. This article seeks to further the understanding of data collection intervals, M&V costs, and M&V plan uncertainty. Additionally, a detailed description of how several types of electrical data loggers function is presented, showing the advantages and potential disadvantages of each.
Examining Barriers to Implementation of Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) in Farmers Markets: Perspectives from Market Managers

Farmers markets are generally considered one of the healthiest places to purchase food. However, less than 1% of food assistance dollars are redeemed at farmers markets. Because farmers markets have operated historically as cash operations, they are still experimenting and struggling to find ways to redeem electronic food share benefits. Much work on electronic benefit transfer (EBT) has focused on barriers from users' perspectives. Farmers markets have often been overlooked during the transition from food stamps to EBT. This paper takes an in-depth look at barriers and facilitators to successful implementation of EBT at farmers markets from the market manager's perspective. The researchers interviewed a semi¬random geographic sample of farmers market managers across Wisconsin ( N =13) to determine if and how the electronic Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits are redeemed at their market and identify factors that impede or aid EBT redemption. Data were analyzed using grounded theory analysis. Several positive and negative themes emerged from the interviews as factors associated with successful EBT programs, including community support, perceived match of EBT with market mission, stable financing, perceived benefit to vendors, and vendor acceptance of EBT. Farmers markets have the potential to reduce food insecurity through EBT redemption. Understanding the main barriers as well as effective strategies for successful implementation of EBT in farmers markets is imperative to realize the full potential of this program. Understanding difficulties from market managers' perspectives is important to inform future policy initiatives to streamline reimbursement at farmers markets.