cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical determination of bacterial morphology and the geometry of cell division.

A revised critical size hypothesis states that cells divide when they have integrated the critical types and amounts of new components into their envelopes. The kinetics and geometry of envelope formation are implicated as causative factors in division. Coccoid and bacilliform bacteria are compared because of distinctive biochemical differences in the peptidoglycan of their rigid layers. It is suggested that the spherical shape of some bacteria is permitted by cross-linkings of the peptidoglycan through lysine. The cross-linking in cylindrical walls is more complex and may require participation of the second carboxyl group of diaminopimelic acid. A model is presented for division of spherical bacteria in which the cell wall does not restrict the mode of expansion. The rate of envelope construction per unit of cell mass changes drastically after complete duplication of the appropriate genetic information. The resultant tendency to unbalance the surface area-to-volume ratio demands an alteration of morphology. At this stage the segregation of duplicated chromosomes, or complete nuclei, is sufficient to establish two foci of growth within the cell. The number and locations of genetic centers govern the geometric pattern of growth. A model for division of bacilli depends on the same factors and includes the influence of the rigid layer, which restricts the mode of cell expansion. Morphological transitions within the division cycle are compared to control of cell size and shape at different growth rates. The rapid shift-up of RNA and protein synthesis demands a change to more sphere-like cells, since there is not as early a change in the rate of envelope formation. Similar comparisons are made for filamenting bacilli. Comments are made on insertion of new envelope subunits. The various principles are consolidated into a description of bacterial cell division and its relation to general biological cell division.
Adjustments to constant low temperatures in white rats living in groups.

White rats, in groups of 10, were exposed for 3 months in the laboratory to constant temperatures of 19 °C or −10 °C. Grouping the animals did not alter the pattern of metabolic adaptation usually ...
Correlation of Rheology and Light Scattering in Isotactic Polypropylene during Early Stages of Crystallization

Structure development during crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) at low undercooling is studied by small-angle light scattering (SALS) and light transmission. The structure development is related to network formation (gelation) as previously measured on the same sample in dynamic mechanical experiments. Close to the rheologically measured gel point, small-angle light scattering (SALS) patterns in both Hv and Vv modes show circular symmetry; density fluctuations (maximum in Vv invariant) as determined by SALS go through a maximum. Orientation fluctuations develop much more slowly and appear at much later stages of the crystallization process. Growing clusters are characterized by very low anisotropy and low internal crystallinity. The characteristic length scale associated with the cluster at early stages is about 1 μm. At later times, evolution of 2-fold and 4-fold symmetry patterns suggests the development of the anisotropic superstructures. The growth of crystalline clusters leads to a stro...
Gender and Perceived Fundamental Moral Orientations: An Empirical Study of the Turkish Hotel Industry

Recent history is replete with scandalous acts and charitable acts within the business community. Unfortunately, scandalous acts seem to occur with greater frequency than charitable acts – at least as reported in the broadcast and print media. An interesting corollary to the incidence of scandalous and charitable acts is the apparent differential involvement of men and women, particularly in scandals. This article explores a possible explanation for the apparent gender differential in involvement in scandals and acts of charity. Drawing on a conceptual framework of three Fundamental Moral Orientations (FMOs) – selfishness, self-fullness, and selflessness – and relevant literature on gender effects, this article explores whether men and women are perceived as differing fundamentally in how they approach moral dilemmas. This phenomenon is examined with a sample of personnel (n = 682) from the hotel industry in Turkey. Results of the study indicate that gender has some effect on the perceived adoption of FMOs, and that these gender effects are generally consistent across age, educational level, and organizational rank categories. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Photoemission via bloch states and evanescent band gap states for Cu(110)

Abstract Normal emission photoelectron spectra from Cu(110) using polarized synchrotron radiation (hv
COMPARISON OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF ASPHALT AND STEEL-REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

The public, industry, and governments have become increasingly interested in green design and sustainable development. Construction activities affect the environment significantly, so environmental issues should be considered seriously. Thousands of miles of roads are paved every year with asphalt and steel-reinforced concrete. What are the environmental effects of the two materials? If asphalt has been used overwhelmingly over concrete, is it a better choice for sustainable development? We present results of a life cycle inventory analysis of the two materials based on publicly available data. We find that for the initial construction of equivalent pavement designs, asphalt appears to have higher energy input, lower ore and fertilizer input requirements, and lower toxic emissions, but it has higher associated hazardous waste generation and management than steel-reinforced concrete. When accounting for the uncertainty in the data and when annualizing environmental effects based on assumed average service lives of the two pavement types, the resource input requirements and the environmental outputs are roughly comparable for the two materials. However, asphalt pavements have been recycled in larger quantities than concrete pavements, with consequent resource savings and avoided pollution, which suggests that asphalt may be a better choice from a sustainable development viewpoint. Of course, special functional requirements or economics may dictate the use of one material over the other in particular applications regardless of the overall environmental effects.
The octamers d(CGCGCGCG) and d(CGCATGCG) both crystallize as Z-DNA in the same hexagonal lattice.

Both (dC-dG)4 and d(CGCATGCG) crystallize in hexagonal lattices and their three-dimensional structure has been solved by x-ray diffraction analysis. Both molecules are found to form Z-DNA, although the fine details of the structure cannot be visualized due to the statistical disordering of the molecules along the c-axis, which is brought about by the symmetry constraints of the space group. This represents the first time in which the unmodified dinucleotide sequences CpAp and TpGp have been found to form Z-DNA in a crystalline lattice.
Neural net forecasting for geomagnetic activity

We use neural nets to construct nonlinear models to forecast the AL index given solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data. We follow two approaches: (1) the state space reconstruction approach, which is a nonlinear generalization of autoregressive-moving average models (ARMA) and (2) the nonlinear filter approach, which reduces to a moving average model (MA) in the linear limit. The database used here is that of Bargatze et al. (1985).
Minimal role for activating transcription factor 3 in the oligodendrocyte unfolded protein response in vivo.

To further our goal of identifying and characterizing the functions of major components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in oligodendrocytes, the gene encoding the activator of transcription factor 3 protein (ATF3) has been ablated in mice expressing mutant forms of the Proteolipid protein 1 (Plp1) gene and the phenotype of double mutants characterized at several levels. Mature oligodendrocytes in Plp1 mutant mice undergo UPR-induced cell stress, induce ATF3 expression and exhibit a greater propensity to die by apoptosis, which is consistent with pro-death function of ATF3 proposed from in vitro studies. However, we find that the absence of ATF3 has no effect on the levels of apoptosis in Plp1 mutants. Furthermore, we find that oligodendrocyte function appears normal in Atf3−/− mice and that motor coordination and neural communication are similarly unaffected. Accordingly, we conclude that ATF3, at best, plays a minor role in UPR signaling and its expression is more likely induced by the UPR as a secondary event in oligodendrocytes that is unrelated to cell death.
SPEAKING BITTERNESS: POLITICAL EDUCATION IN LAND REFORM AND MILITARY TRAINING UNDER THE CCP, 1947-1951

AbstractIn breaking the dividing line of 1949, this paper provides a historical account of the speaking-bitterness movement in the countryside and in the People’s Liberation Army from the 1940s through the 1950s. It demonstrates the Party’s motivations, techniques, and effects in organizing and controlling the speaking-bitterness movement as a campaign of political education and ideological transformation. The paper argues that when confronted with widespread, passive resistance and skepticism of the Communist revolution, the Party used speaking bitterness to mobilize poor peasants to participate in Land Reform, and to join the People’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA). PLA soldiers also went through speaking bitterness as an important step of politicization. Speaking bitterness became a significant political ritual of self-education and mutual education. It successfully turned an individual’s experience of trauma and suffering into collective experience, and cut across the traditional identities of lineage...
Rheumatologic disease and the liver.

Rheumatologic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, and scleroderma are immunologically mediated disorders that typically have multisystem involvement. Although clinically significant liver involvement is rare, liver enzyme abnormalities may be observed in up to 43% of patients. The biochemical abnormalities are typically mild and transient and the histologic abnormalities are usually nonprogressive. Such biochemical and histologic findings are typically ascribed to the primary rheumatologic condition and require no specific management. In a subset of patients with rheumatologic conditions and liver test abnormalities, further evaluation identifies a coexisting, primary liver disease or medication-related liver toxicity as the cause of the biochemical abnormality. Liver test abnormalities in patients with a coexisting primary liver disease are more likely to be persistent. In such cases, further workup using serologic tests, appropriate imaging studies and liver biopsy may be needed to accurately identify the cause of liver test abnormalities. This article reviews the spectrum of liver-related abnormalities associated with several rheumatologic diseases. Hepatotoxicity related to medications commonly prescribed in such conditions is also discussed.
Detection of nitric oxide in air with a 5.2 μm distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser using quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

We demonstrate the detection of nitric oxide in both air and nitrogen atmospheres with a 5.2 μm distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser in a quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy system. The photoacoustic signal generated by nitric oxide is shown to be several times larger in air than in nitrogen due to the faster vibrational-translational energy relaxation process induced by the presence of oxygen. A sensitivity of 2.5 parts-per-million by volume is achieved in air at atmospheric pressure.
Improvement of left ventricular function after ligation of the anomalous left coronary artery during infancy

Considerable controversy surrounds the optimal management of symptomatic infants with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery; this includes the timing and type of surgical intervention. Long-term follow-up was obtained on three patients who had simple ligation of the anomalous left coronary artery at or before 8 months of age; long-term follow-up on an adolescent treated with a saphenous vein bypass graft from the aorta to the coronary artery was available for comparison. Remarkable increase in left ventricular contractility was observed in the three patients treated only by simple ligation of the anomalous left coronary artery during infancy. Thallous chloride T1 201 exercise studies disclosed no perfusion abnormalities in any of the patients despite angiographically demonstrable wall-motion abnormalities in two of the four patients. Our study suggests that simple ligation of the anomalous left coronary artery near its origin in patients with angiographically detectable left-to-right shunting can provide long-term survival with good left ventricular function and minimal clinical complaints.
Novel far-infrared detectors for space applications

The recent development of p-GaAs homojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP) far-infrared (> 40 micrometers ) detectors for space application is reported. The emphasis is placed on the detector performance, which includes responsivity, quantum efficiency, bias effects, cutoff wavelength, uniformity, crosstalk, and noise. The results are promising and show that p-GaAs HIWIP detectors have high potential to become a strong competitor in far- infrared space applications.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hypertension and proteinuria: Long-term sequelae of uninephrectomy in humans

Renal function and blood pressure were assessed in 52 renal allograft donors 10 years or more following uninephrectomy, and their current function compared to their pre-uninephrectomy function as well as to age- and sex-matched control subjects consisting of inpatient potential renal donors and a normal "outpatient" population. The results show no significant deterioration in renal function as determined by serum creatinine or creatinine clearance, as a function of years post-uninephrectomy or age at the time of donation. A higher incidence of proteinuria and hypertension was found in male donors as compared to their pre-uninephrectomy values and to age- and sex-matched, inpatient and outpatient control subjects. Female donors had increased proteinuria when compared to pre-uninephrectomy and to age-matched, inpatient potential donors. However, the extent of proteinuria and hypertension was not significantly different from outpatient age-matched females with two kidneys. In our population, uninephrectomy is associated with mild proteinuria and hypertension.
Expression of c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptors in ovarian granulosa cell tumors

Objective. This study aimed at evaluating the expression of tyrosine kinase receptors c-kit, (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α), and PDGFR-β in ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs). Study design. Primary ovarian GCT specimens were obtained for immunohistochemical staining.The expressions of c-kit, PDGFR-α, and PDGFR-β were analyzed and scored by a semiquantitative (SQ) method. Normal ovarian tissue from the same patients' specimens served as internal controls. Results. A total of 21 specimens were available for evaluation. C-kit was expressed in only 2 samples, whereas both PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β stained positive in 100% of tumors. PDGFR targets demonstrated strong positive expression in intensity and amount of tissue stained. Normal ovarian tissue demonstrated complete absence of staining for all 3 antibodies evaluated. Conclusions. The data demonstrated significant expression of PDGFR targets of imatinib mesylate in GCTs, whereas normal ovarian tissues had a complete absence of staining.T...
Relative Fitness of Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae is primarily mediated by point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC. Antimicrobial resistance mutations in housekeeping genes often decrease fitness of microorganisms. To investigate the fitness of quinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae (QRSP), the relative growth efficiencies of 2 isogenic QRSP double mutants were compared with that of their fluoroquinolone-susceptible parent, EF3030, by using murine nasopharyngeal colonization and pneumonia models. Strains containing the GyrA: Ser81Phe, ParC: Ser79Phe double mutations, which are frequently seen in clinical QRSP, competed poorly with EF3030 in competitive colonization or competitive lung infections. However, they efficiently produced lung infection even in the absence of EF3030. The strain containing the GyrA: Ser81Phe, ParC: Ser79Tyr double mutations, which is seen more frequently in laboratory-derived QRSP than in clinical QRSP, demonstrated reduced nasal colonization in competitive or noncompetitive lung infections. However, the strain was equally able to cause competitive or noncompetitive lung infections as well as EF3030.
Isocratic mixed mode liquid chromatographic separation of phospholipids with octadecylsilane-silica stationary phases.

Abstract Molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatadic acid were resolved by isocratic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using mobile phases of methanol—isopropanol containing para-toluenesulfonic acid (p-tsa). Separation by both non-polar fatty acid chain length and by polar head group functionality was achieved concurrently upon a commercially available octadecylsilane (C18) column endcapped with trimethylsilane (C1) groups. Using a mobile phase of 97.5:2.5 methanol:isopropanol with 7OmM para-toluenesulfonic acid (p-tsa) at a pH of approximately 1, twelve phospholipid species comprised of four tail group classes (dilauroyl-,dimyristoyl-, dipamitoyl- and distearoyl-) and three head group speciations (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatadic acid) were separated. The column was then exposed to the acidic mobile phase for 48 hours continuously during which the bound phase underwent severe acid-induced hydrolysis, after which the separation of the twelve analytes resulted in the separation of the phospholipid species by non-polar tail group alone. The experimental results are discussed in terms of potential separation mechanisms including dependency of the separation on adsorption of the counter ion into the stationary phase, residual acidic silanol group interactions, and potential interactions of the surface active phospholipids with C1 groups.
Error estimates for the computation of eigenvalues of self-adjoint operators

A convergence theorem is given for the numerical computation of eigenvalues of self-adjoint operators. The computed eigenvectors are used to construct trial solutions which can be used to obtain easily computable and accurate error estimates.
HUMAN PLATELET LIPIDS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO BLOOD COAGULATION.

There is now reasonable agreement on the sequence of physiological and biochemical events leading to fibrin formation, and phospholipids are an important part of this process. The phosphatides are ordinarily provided by platelets, and it appears that a lipoprotein complex is responsible for this activity. The anatomic site of this complex is not known, but evidence is presented that it may be a property of the platelet membrane. Methods for the study of platelet lipids including fatty acids and aldehydes are described, and include silicic acid column and paper chromatography, as well as thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic procedures. These are also being utilized in studies of subcellular platelet particles, where only limited amts of biological material are available for study. It is stressed that experimental results obtained from studies on isolated lipids should be interpreted with a certain degree of caution. It is unlikely that they are available as such in in vivo coagulation, and the drastic procedures used for their extraction and isolation may alter their basic physiological properties.
Free base porphyrin reduction potentials: A useful structure-reactivity parameter

Abstract Reduction potentials for a series of free-base porphyrins of widely differing basicity have been measured in DMF (dimethylformamide) solution using phase-selective fundamental harmonic and second harmonic ac polarography. The potentials show a good linear correlation with porphyrin properties, such as electrophilic substitution rates and reduction potentials for the corresponding manganese(III) and iron(III) metalloporphyrins, regardless of the nature of the porphyrin substituent or its position on the porphyrin periphery. Examples provided show that the reduction potentials, which are rapidly and accurately obtained, are a reasonable measure of porphyrin electron density, which can be useful in structure-reactivity correlations.
Induction of anti-tumor immunity by vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with anti-CD44 IgG opsonized tumor cells.

Due to the pivotal role that dendritic cells (DC) play in eliciting and maintaining functional anti-tumor T cell responses, these APC have been exploited against tumors. DC express several receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (Fcγ receptors) that mediate the internalization of antigen-IgG complexes and promote efficient MHC class I and II restricted antigen presentation. In this study, the efficacy of vaccination with DC pulsed with apoptotic B16 melanoma cells opsonized with an anti-CD44 IgG (B16-CD44) was explored. Immature bone marrow derived DC grown in vitro with IL-4 and GM-CSF were pulsed with B16-CD44. After 48 h of pulsing, maturation of DC was demonstrated by production of IL-12 and upregulation of CD80 and CD40 expression. To test the efficacy of vaccination with DC+B16-CD44, mice were vaccinated subcutaneously Lymphocytes from mice vaccinated with DC+B16-CD44 produced IFN-γ in response to B16 melanoma lysates as well as an MHC class I restricted B16 melanoma-associated peptide, indicating B16 specific CD8 T cell activation. Upon challenge with viable B16 cells, all mice vaccinated with DC alone developed tumor compared to 40% of mice vaccinated with DC+B16-CD44; 60% of the latter mice remained tumor free for at least 8 months. In addition, established lung tumors and distant metastases were significantly reduced in mice treated with DC+B16-CD44. Lastly, delayed growth of established subcutaneous tumors was induced by combination therapy with anti-CD44 antibodies followed by DC injection. This study demonstrates the efficacy of targeting tumor antigens to DC via Fcγ receptors.
Multiyear multiple paternity and mate fidelity in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis

We examined multiple paternity during eight breeding events within a 10-year period (1995-2005) for a total of 114 wild American alligator nests in Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in south-west Louisiana. Our goals included examining (i) within population variation in multiple paternity among years, (ii) variation in multiple paternity in individual females and (iii) the potential for mate fidelity. To accomplish this, in the current study, eggs were sampled from 92 nests over 6 years and analysed along with 22 nests from a previous 2-year study. Genotypes at five microsatellite loci were generated for 1802 alligator hatchlings. Multiple paternity was found in 51% of clutches and paternal contributions to these clutches were highly skewed. Rates of multiple paternity varied widely among years and were consistently higher in the current study than previously reported for the same population. Larger females have larger clutches, but are not more likely to have multiply sired nests. However, small females are unlikely to have clutches with more than two sires. For 10 females, nests from multiple years were examined. Seven (70%) of these females exhibited long-term mate fidelity, with one female mating with the same male in 1997, 2002 and 2005. Five females exhibiting partial mate fidelity (71%) had at least one multiple paternity nest and thus mated with the same male, but not exclusively. These patterns of mate fidelity suggest a potential role for mate choice in alligators.
Growth and nutrition of container-grown ponderosa pine seedlings with controlled-release fertilizer incorporated in the root plug

On a incorpore, avant semis, dans le milieu de culture, des engrais a liberation controlee [liberation rapide (FR), liberation moderee (MR) et liberation lente (SR)] a des doses de 0,8, 1,6 et 3,2 g, en supplement de l'apport d'engrais soluble utilise pour l'elevage en container sous serre de plants de pin ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa Doug. ex Laws). En fin d'elevage, le diametre des tiges, la hauteur et le poids total des plants fertilises etaient superieurs a ceux des plants non fertilises, respectivement de 14 a 29 %, 15 a 22 % et 39 a 100 %. FR assure un meilleur equilibre d'elements nutritifs que MR et SR. Les potentiels de croissance racinaire ayant recu 3,2 g de MR ou SR etaient inferieurs a ceux correspondant aux autres traitements, ce qui indique que la dose de 3,2 g de MR ou SR est trop elevee pour les plants. Pour obtenir le maximum de croissance en diametre et hauteur, on estime que les meilleurs dosages sont respectivement de 0,8, 2,2 et 2,0 g pour FR, MR et SR.
Control of Coherent Acoustic Phonons in Semiconductor Quantum Wells

Using subpicosecond optical pump-probe techniques, coherent zone-folded longitudinal acoustic phonons (ZFLAPs) were investigated in an InGaN multiple quantum well structure. A two-pump differential transmission technique was used to generate and control coherent ZFLAP oscillations through the relative timing and amplitude of the two pump pulses. Enhancement and suppression of ZFLAP oscillations were demonstrated, including complete cancellation of generated acoustic phonons for the first time in any material system. Coherent control was used to demonstrate that ZFLAPs are generated differently in InGaN multiple quantum wells than in GaAs/AlAs superlattices.
Differential effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on cytosolic calcium in two human cell lines (HL-60 and U-937).

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) has been shown to induce maturational changes in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and in the human monocytic cell line U-937. Changes in cytosolic calcium have been reported to regulate cellular processes. We used the fluorescent dye Quin 2 to examine the effects of vitamin D metabolites on cytosolic calcium levels in HL-60 and U-937 cells. 1,25-(OH)2D3 (20 nM) increases cytosolic calcium by 24% over a 5-min period in HL-60 but not in U-937 cells. 1,25-(OH)2D3 (0.2 nM and 4 nM) has no effect on cytosolic calcium levels in either cell type. 24,25-(OH)2D3 (20 nM) has no effect on cytosolic calcium in HL-60 cells. Nifedipine (1 m M) has no effect on cytosolic calcium levels over 30 min and likewise does not block the 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced increase in cytosolic calcium in HL-60 cells. However, chelation of extracellular calcium with EGTA (10 m M) blocks the 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced increment in cytosolic calcium, but does not block the 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced maturational changes in HL-60 cells. The data suggest that 1,25-(OH)2D3 but not 24,25-(OH)2D3 increases cytosolic calcium in HL-60 cells within 5 min and the increment is due to increased influx of calcium. 1,25-(OH)2D3 modifies membrane permeability to calcium independent of calcium channels sensitive to nifedipine. Finally, 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced maturational changes in HL-60 cells can take place without an increase in cytosolic calcium.
Death by Sugar: The Impact of Sugar on Acutely Ill Patients

Abstract In 2012, according to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 78 million Americans were considered obese, with a body mass index > 30. Americans, on average, consume 80 pounds of sugar annually. Sugar is converted through metabolism into advanced glycation end-products, which are linked to worse health outcomes in hospitalized patients. In this article we review the different types of sugar typically consumed by Americans and its deleterious effects on human health.
Alkane chemotaxonomy of Arbutus

Alkane analyses of Arbutus (Ericaceae) leaves of the three species (A. texana, A. menziesii and A. arizonica) native to the United States show that two morphologically overlapping but allopatric taxa (A. texana and A. menziesii) have substantially different alkane profiles at the unusually low C., level. These data supply additional evidence supporting continued recognition of them as separate species.
Testing balance and fall risk in persons with Parkinson disease, an argument for ecologically valid testing

Introduction Despite clear deficits in postural control, most clinical examination tools lack accuracy in identifying persons with Parkinson disease (PD) who have fallen or are at risk for falls. We assert that this is in part due to the lack of ecological validity of the testing.
First Scientific Results From The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS)

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was successfully launched on 25 January 1983 and terminated science data acquisition on 22 November 1983. The in-orbit performance of the telescope has been described in two previous papers in these proceedings. A previous description of very preliminary scientific results from the mission has been given in these proceedings, while far more extensive reports have been given elsewhere. In this paper we will summarize some of the results obtained to date from the IRAS data. The work to date has sampled only a small fraction of the IRAS data; the study of the data from the IRAS survey will continue for many years to come.
Milk makes lysosomes lethal

Stat3 has been shown to regulate lysosome membrane permeabilization and cell death in vivo during post-lactation mammary gland involution. It is now revealed that Stat3 induces lysosome membrane permeabilization by causing phagocytosis of milk fat globules, which destabilize the lysosome membrane leading to leakage of cathepsin proteases.
Selecting Social Goals: Alternative Concepts of Rationality: Both the Orthodox and the Heterodox Must Be Able to Explain the Origin and Significance of Values

. The differences between the neoclassical concept of substantive rationality and the recently proposed alternative, procedural rationality, is clarified. It is demonstrated that abandoning neoclassical rationality does not, in itself, provide a rational basis for evaluating alternative institutional or policy goals. Hayek contradiction-resolution model is examined as one way to evaluate such goals. The possibility that ends must be based on explicitly ethical criteria, selected according to the concept of “ontological rationality,” is considered. It is argued that economic analysis employing either substantive or procedural rationality of evaluate alternative goals is inadequate since both take institutional and policy ends as givens. Both the orthodoxy and its critics must be able to explain the origins of values, and to provide criteria for evaluating alternative values before any policy proposals can be defended as rational or progressive. Tillich, Galbraith, Hodgson and Dewey are considered.
The transition of flow patterns through critical stagnation points in two-dimensional groundwater flow

Abstract A flow pattern is characterized by aquifer features and the number, type, and distribution of stagnation points (locations where the discharge is zero). This article identifies a condition for transition of flow patterns in two-dimensional groundwater flow obeying Darcy’s law by examining changes in stagnation points, using the Taylor series expansion of the discharge vector. It is found that the three standard types of stagnation points (minimums, maximums, and saddle points) are completely characterized by the first-order term containing the discharge gradient tensor. However, when the determinant of the tensor becomes zero, stagnation points of other types characterized by higher-order terms come into existence. In this article, we call these zero-determinant stagnation points as critical stagnation points; they may emerge suddenly, split to a set of new stagnation points, or disappear from the flow, resulting in transitions of flow patterns. Examples of both transient and steady flows are used to illustrate the usefulness and significance of critical stagnation points.
Binding of (3H)guanylylimidodiphosphate to membranes: lack of correlation with adenylate cyclase activation.

Abstract The binding of tritiated guanylylimidodiphosphate ([ 3 H]GMP-P(NH)P) to turkey erythrocyte ghosts was studied in parallel with the activation by GMP-P(NH)P of adenylate cyclase. The high affinity binding capacity for GMP-P(NH)P, 50 pmoles per mg protein, exceeds the estimated quantity of adenylate cyclase of 1 pmole per mg of protein. The rate of nucleotide binding is not affected by isoproterenol. Further, in the presence of the hormone the rate of binding is much slower than the rate of activation. Although the rate of dissociation of bound [ 3 H]GMP-P(NH)P is negligible at 37°, it is increased dramatically by unlabeled GMP-P(NH)P, GTP, EDTA, ATP, AMP-P(CH 2 )P, or p-aminophenylmercuric acetate. In contrast, the rate of decay of the GMP-P(NH)P-simulated state is not altered by these agents. Thus, the major fraction of GMP-P(NH)P binding to membranes is not relevant to cyclase activation.
Litigation-Generated Science: Why Should We Care?

BackgroundIn a 1994 Ninth Circuit decision on the remand of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Judge Alex Kosinski wrote that science done for the purpose of litigation should be subject...
Destabilization of α-lactalbumin foams by competitive adsorption of the surfactant Tween 20

Abstract The destabilization of foams formed from α-lactalbumin (0.5 mg ml −1 ; 35.7 μ M ) as a function of Tween concentration has been investigated using a conductimetric method. Very low levels of Tween 20 corresponding to surfactant-to-protein molar ratios R ) in the range 0.05 0.15 significantly destabilized the foams. The decrease in foam stability was accompanied by a decrease in the equilibrium thickness and a change in the drainage behaviour of air suspended thin liquid films of the solutions. Minimum foam stability was observed at R =0.15 and correlated with a sharp decrease in the surface tension. At higher R values, the stability of the foams gradually increased. This transition coincided with the appearance of surface diffusion in the adsorbed protein fraction. At R =0.4 the stability of the mixed component foam exceeded that of the protein alone even though there was insufficient Tween to support a foam in the absence of the protein. It is concluded that the two components act synergistically and this behaviour is contrasted with that of other proteins in the presence of Tween 20.
Simplified Analogs of Bryostatin with Anticancer Activity Display Greater Potency for Translocation of PKCδ-GFP

Abstract Structurally simplified analogs of bryostatin 1, a marine natural product in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, have been shown to be up to 50 times more potent than bryostatin 1 at inducing the translocation of PKCδ-GFP from the cytosol of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. The end distribution of the protein is similar for all three compounds, despite a significant difference in translocation kinetics. The potency of the compounds for inducing the translocation response appears to be only qualitatively related to their binding affinity for PKC, highlighting the importance of using binding affinity in conjunction with real-time measurements of protein localization for the pharmacological profiling of biologically active agents.
The Religious Dimensions of the Grandparent Role in Three-Generation African American Households

ABSTRACT Although the importance of religion in family relations is well documented, the role of grandparents in family religious life has received less attention (Ellison & Moulton, 2003). Among African American families, many studies articulate the importance of family elders in the transmission of religious values (Rosenthal, 1985; Taylor, Jackson, & Chatters, 1997; Weddle-West, 2000). However, few studies delineate the ways African American grandparents transmit their religious values to younger family members. A description of the religious role of grandparents in African American households can inform our understanding of the religious values transmission process among ethnic families. This qualitative study describes the religious dimensions of the grandparent role in a sample of 17 co-resident intergenerational African American families. Findings show that African American grandparents provide religious instruction and guidance, model religious behavior, engage in intercessory prayer, and promote ...
HISTORY ILLUMINATED: WILLIAM HOLMAN HUNT'S LONDON BRIDGE

Grappling with the complex problem of how to represent history through the experience of ordinary people, William Holman Hunt's London Bridge of 1864 combined a modern urban crowd scene, a careful choice of depicted location, and an unusual deployment of light effects to create a painting about Victorian perceptions of time itself. By portraying a night-time scene lit by the gas illuminations on the bridge in honour of the wedding of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Hunt drew on the traditional aesthetic of the sublime to create a spectacle of an historic event – a royal marriage – that inspired both wonder and fear. Juxtaposing the flame-lit city with the moonlit Thames at the charged site of London Bridge allowed the artist to set in play the common Victorian framework one might term the ‘moralizing sublime’. This pervasive mode of thought involved reading the mighty strivings of man and the modern industrial city as puny, transitory glimmers in comparison with the infinite onward rush of time; paradoxically, it also permitted the wilful overlooking of any negative yet ephemeral consequences of modernity. These ideas were underscored by the original exhibition of London Bridge with another work by Hunt in which light plays a key role in producing meaning: The Afterglow in Egypt.
Visible and invisible aspects of building the fortified palace of Smederevo and its historical significance

The remains of the fifteenth-century fortification of Smederevo, the last capital of the Serbian Medieval state, are among the most impressive remnants of Late Medieval architecture in the Balkans. Despite the attention given to the complex in scholarship, many of its visible and invisible aspects still remain unresolved and deserve further investigation.
From non-static vignettes to unprecedented change: The U.S. National Park System, climate impacts and animal dispersal

US Federal land management agencies and the public are currently facing a challenge unlike any other in history: climate change. In the case of the US National Park Service (NPS), agency action to cope with the problem began in earnest in January 2009. The objective of this review is to provide an assessment of NPS policy statements, plans and on-ground activity for the purpose of reducing the future biological impacts of climate change on US National Park System biota. I looked at Presidential initiatives, Secretarial orders, and agency planning documents, policy statements, reports, and Web sites. I also reviewed the scientific literature. Based on my work experience with the agency, I also illustrate how values influenced NPS natural resources policy evolution. One critical piece of the initiatives toolbox is not being given adequate emphasis: land use planning. Without effective land use planning, some terrestrial park biota will find it difficult or impossible to move to higher latitude and cooler habitat in response to changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture. One technical problem is predicting where to provide corridors and of what dimensions, or preferably a more permeable regional landscape, so certain species can navigate around or through developed land. In many cases, the choices remaining are few since much adjacent natural land is so developed as to be realistically beyond reclamation. The implications of not planning for landscape permeability is that many terrestrial, non-volant park species will likely vanish in a developed, human-dominated mortality sink. Unfortunately, land use planning is a politically volatile topic that federal agencies avoid. American society nevertheless will be forced to deal with the inevitable tension between private land rights and the need to allow protected area biota to move.
Bone and cartilage demonstrate changes localized to bone marrow edema-like lesions within osteoarthritic knees

Summary Objective Our objective is to understand the biological and mechanical pathways linking cartilage, bone, and marrow changes in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate bone structure and composition within bone marrow edema-like lesion (BMEL) regions associated with knee OA. Methods Tibial plateau specimens ( n = 18) were collected from 10 subjects with knee OA during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to identify BMEL and quantify metrics of cartilage composition. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) were used to quantify density and microstructure of the subchondral trabecular bone. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to quantify tissue composition. Results Trabecular bone within BMEL was higher in volume fraction, with more and thicker trabeculae that were more plate-like in structure compared to unaffected regions. BMEL trabecular tissue composition had decreased phosphate and carbonate content. Marrow infiltration by a fibrous collagen network and evidence of increased bone remodeling were present. Structural and compositional changes were specifically localized to regions underlying cartilage degradation. Conclusion These results support the paradigm of focal interactions among bone, marrow, and cartilage in the progression of knee OA. Quantitative evaluation of tissue changes and interactions may aid in the understanding of disease pathophysiology and provide imaging markers for disease progression.
Evaluation of Research in Home Economics: Background and New Approaches.

This paper describes ways in which home economics research has been evaluated and suggests new theoretical approaches which may be applied in quantitative empirical analyses of benefits from home economics research. It includes dis cussion of evaluations of returns to agricultural research because these have set precedents and offer insights for assessments in other fields. Home economics research has been extensively analyzed, often with an orientation to goals, needs, and strategies for future research. Several studies have focused on past research in regard to personnel, funding, administration, publication productivity, and implications of patterns in published research reports. Literature on benefits from research is largely descriptive and nonquantitative. Quantitative assessments of benefits in relation to research investments have been recommended. The eco nomic theory of the household, including both neoclassic theory and the “new household economics,” provides a general framework for analysis. Three types of information output from home economics research have been identified: household efficiency information, product quality information, and health and safety information. New approaches for evaluating the research which supplies such information are suggested.
Prenatal exposure to ethanol causes partial diabetes insipidus in adult rats

Chronic consumption of ethanol in adult rats and humans leads to reduced AVP-producing neurons, and prenatal ethanol (PE) exposure has been reported to cause changes in the morphology of AVP-produc...
Massive parallelism across space in ODEs

Abstract This paper examines a number of previously proposed methods for the parallel integration of differential equations from the perspective of computation graphs. The inherent structure of the computation graph is imposed by the differential equation, but it may not permit adequate parallelism. Many methods can be viewed as modifications of the graph to introduce parallelism at the expense of additional computation, and this viewpoint allows us to consider alternate approaches. The various approaches to parallelism can be classified as method parallelism, parallelism across space, or parallelism across time. Method parallelism is suitable for low-degree parallelism only. This paper, which is based partly on two earlier papers [5,6] concentrates on parallelism across space, both by direct and waveform methods. A companion paper considers parallelism across time.
Architecture and object model for distributed object-oriented real-time databases

The confluence of computers, communications, and databases is quickly creating a global virtual database where many applications require real time access to both temporally accurate and multimedia data. This is particularly true in military and intelligence applications, but these required features are needed in many commercial applications as well. We are developing a distributed database, called BeeHive, which could offer features along different types of requirements: real time, fault tolerance, security, and quality of service for audio and video. Support of these features and potential trade offs between them could provide a significant improvement in performance and functionality over current distributed database and object management systems. We present a high level design for BeeHive architecture and sketch the design of the BeeHive Object Model (BOM) which extends object oriented data models by incorporating time and other features into objects.
Validity of Measures of Math- and Science-Related Self-Efficacy for African Americans and European Americans

The present study examined the reliability and validity of three measures of investigative (science) self-efficacy, a measure of self- efficacy with respect to scientific/technical fields (STF), and mathematics self-efficacy. Also, it addressed the question of whether or not these measures were psychometrically sound and normatively comparable with African Americans and European Americans. Among other findings, all measures were found to be reliable in both racial groups, and all but the STF were found to be related to each other as well as to a criterion of consideration of majors and careers in the sciences. Although validity was comparable for African Americans and European Americans as groups, there was some tendency for relationships of self-efficacy to science relatedness of choices to be strongest among African American women. There were significant gender differences in math and science self-efficacy (in favor of males), but no significant race differences. The STF, used originally with students w...