cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peer Data Caching Algorithms in Large-Scale High-Mobility Pervasive Edge Computing Environments

Emerging innovative edge devices like drones, self-driving cars, phones/tablets and IoT nodes are revolutionizing our daily lives. Caching data among peer edge devices enables data sharing needed in many applications. In such applications, network scalability and node mobility bring many challenges. They change the topology and the resources in the network and make the network less robust. In this paper, we propose peer data caching strategies that consider the scale and mobility of these increasingly popular edge devices. We propose a grouping method creating a layered design to reduce the number of entities in each layer. We propose inter-group and intra-group optimization problems which proactively cache data onto best places to support robust and fast data access. We develop a 7-approximation algorithm for inter-group optimization and use uncapacitated facility location problems to solve intra-group optimization. We also transform the mobility of nodes into node behaviors to reduce the impact of mobility on the network. Our extensive simulation results show that our proposed strategies can apply to large-size and high-mobility networks, while achieving satisfactory results for data access.
Natural killer cells and pigment epithelial-derived factor control the infiltrative and nodular growth of hepatic metastases in an Orthotopic murine model of ocular melanoma

Metastases account for 90% of all cancer-related deaths, becoming a therapeutic problem. Approximately 50% of all uveal melanoma (UM) patients will develop metastases, mainly in the liver. Post-mortem analyses of livers from metastatic UM patients showed two different metastatic growth patterns: infiltrative and nodular. The infiltrative pattern exhibits tumor infiltration directly to the hepatic lobule and minimal angiogenesis. The nodular pattern shows clusters of tumor cells around the portal venules that efface the liver parenchyma. We recently demonstrated Natural Killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in the control of hepatic metastases and the pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) controls angiogenesis in the liver using our established ocular melanoma animal model. In this study we investigated the role of NK cells and PEDF in the development of metastatic growth patterns, as this can contribute to the development of novel therapeutics specific towards each growth pattern. We utilize our established ocular melanoma animal model by inoculation of B16-LS9 melanoma cells into C57BL/6 J mice (WT), anti-asialo GM1-treated C57BL/6 J mice (NK-depleted), and PEDF−/− C57BL/6 J mice. Three weeks after inoculation we evaluated the metastatic growth patterns and stratified them based of the numbers of tumor cells. To evaluate angiogenesis the mean vascular density (MVD) was calculated. The immune compartment of the liver was analyzed by flow cytometry. Our in vivo work showed two distinct metastatic growth patterns, the infiltrative and nodular, recapitulating the post-mortem analyses on human liver tissue. We discovered NK cells control the infiltrative growth. In contrast, PEDF controlled anti-angiogenic responses, showing higher MVD values compared to NK-depleted and WT animals. The myeloid lineage, comprised of monocytes, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, was reduced in the absence of NK cells or PEDF. Our animal model recapitulates the metastatic growth patterns observed in the human disease. We demonstrated a role for NK cells in the development of the infiltrative growth pattern, and a role for PEDF in the development of the nodular pattern. The understanding of the complexity associated with the metastatic progression has profound clinical implications in the diagnostic and disease-management as we can develop and direct more effective therapies.
Lung Cancer Patient and Caregiver Health Vulnerabilities and Interest in Health Promotion Interventions: An Exploratory Study.

IntroductionLung cancer patients and their caregivers are at risk for negative health behaviors and poor psychosocial functioning, but few interventions exist that target this population. To inform...
The nature and source of solar magnetic phenomena

The heliosphere appears to be powered by coaxial helicity injection from a negative helicity injector in the northern hemisphere and a positive one in the southern hemisphere. The injector magnetic flux for both is the measured solar polar magnetic flux, and the injector voltage is generated by a simple dynamo effect due to the differential rotation of the solar surface with the polar magnetic flux. The dynamo current is estimated from the solar motion that it causes. This current also appears to sustain a thin, shallow global magnetic structure over most of the solar surface that has the form of a 1D minimum energy state. The current channel appears to be destroyed and reformed every 11 years. The currents and magnetic fields reverse in this solar cycle. A brief discussion of surface phenomena observed during this cycle is given. Plasma self-organization is briefly discussed and used in this analysis of solar data. The magnetic phenomena discussed include torsional oscillations, the heat source for the chromosphere and the corona, filaments, meridional flow, the solar cycle, sunspots, CMEs, and flares.
Technology in supply-chain management and logistics: what does the future hold?

Abstract The last decade of the 20th century was particularly transient and dynamic for organizations and businesses. This is particularly seen in the supply-chain management field. The rate of change is increasing as we progressed into the 21st century, and, with that, organizations have had to be responsive to this change—and at a rapid pace! This chapter focuses on the future of technology in supply chain, and this involves companies as well as classrooms and courses. It is a cutting-edge notion that is only just becoming recognized within supply chain, and being explored and utilized in a way that is invigorating and unique, not recreating old systems with new technology endeavors. We utilize a focus group of board members of the Center for Supply Chain Management and Logistics at the University of Illinois at Chicago to understand what the future holds.
N-Phase Local Expansion Ratio for Characterizing Out-of-Phase Lung Ventilation

Out-of-phase ventilation occurs when local regions of the lung reach their maximum or minimum volumes at breathing phases other than the global end inhalation or exhalation phases. This paper presents the N-phase local expansion ratio (LER $_{N}$ ) as a surrogate for lung ventilation. A common approach to estimate lung ventilation is to use image registration to align the end exhalation and inhalation 3DCT images and then analyze the resulting correspondence map. This 2-phase local expansion ratio (LER2) is limited because it ignores out-of-phase ventilation and thus may underestimate local lung ventilation. To overcome this limitation, LER $_{N}$ measures the maximum ratio of local expansion and contraction over the entire breathing cycle. Comparing LER2 to LER $_{N}$ provides a means for detecting and characterizing locations of the lung that experience out-of-phase ventilation. We present a novel in-phase/out-of-phase ventilation (IOV) function plot to visualize and measure the amount of high-function IOV that occurs during a breathing cycle. Treatment planning 4DCT scans collected during coached breathing from 32 human subjects with lung cancer were analyzed in this study. Results show that out-of-phase breathing occurred in all subjects and that the spatial distribution of out-of-phase ventilation varied from subject to subject. For the 32 subjects analyzed, 50% of the out-of-phase regions on average were mislabeled as low-function by LER2 (high-function threshold of 1.1, IOV threshold of 1.05). 4DCT and Xenon-enhanced CT of four sheep showed that LER8 is more accurate than LER2 for measuring lung ventilation.
An approach to evaluate myocardial perfusion defect assessment for projection-based DECT: A phantom study.

Abstract Introduction Dual-energy CT (DECT) can improve the accuracy of myocardial perfusion CT with projection-based monochromatic (DECT-MCE) and quantification of myocardial iodine in material decomposition (DECT-MD) reconstructions. However, evaluation of multiple reconstructions is laborious and the optimal reconstruction to detect myocardial perfusion defects is unknown. Methods Left ventricular (LV) phantoms with artificial perfusion defects were scanned using DECT and single energy cardiac computed tomography angiography (SECT). Reconstructions of DECT-MCE at 40, 70, 100 and 140 keV, DECT-MD pairs of water, iodine, iron and fat, and SECT were evaluated using a 17-segment myocardial model. The diagnostic performance of each reconstruction was calculated on a per-segment basis and compared across DECT reconstructions. Results Over 34 phantoms with artificial perfusion defects were found in 64/578 (11%) of segments, the sensitivity of DECT-MCE at 40, 70, 100, and 140 keV was 100% (95% confidence interval (CI): 93–100), 100% (95% CI: 93–100), 71% (95% CI: 56–83), and 25% (95% CI: 14–40), respectively, with a significant decline between 70 keV and 100 keV (p Conclusions Using LV phantom models, the approach with the best sensitivity and specificity to assess myocardial perfusion defects with DECT are reconstructions of DECT-MCE at 40 or 70 KeV and DECT-MD without iodine background.
Enhanced interfacial strength of hierarchical fiberglass composites through an aramid nanofiber interphase

Abstract Interfacial adhesion in fiber reinforced composites is a critical factor for their mechanical performance in structural applications. As nanomaterials continue to rise in prominence, the use of nanostructured interphases has grown to become a viable technique to reinforce the fiber-matrix interface of fiber reinforced polymer composites. Here, a polymeric interphase consisting of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) is introduced on Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) coated fiberglass through electrostatic adsorption. The simple and rapid coating technique considerably roughens the inorganic fiber surface, while enriching it with polar functional groups that are capable of chemically bonding with the matrix, all while preserving the structural integrity of the fiber. The nanostructured coating improves the interfacial shear strength by up to 83.2%, along with a 35.3% improvement in short beam shear strength. These improvements can be attributed to the enhanced chemical and mechanical interactions between the fiber and the matrix. The following findings highlight the potential for the utilization of a PDDA coating to enhance the adhesion of ANFs on fiberglass and enable the fabrication of composite structures with higher strength and toughness through a rapid, simple and effective surface treatment.
Popliteal Cysts: A Systematic Review of Nonoperative and Operative Treatment.

Background Treatment methods for popliteal cysts have varied over the past several decades and have posed challenges to providers as recurrences were frequent. With greater understanding of relevant anatomy, both operative and nonoperative treatment methods have evolved to appropriately target relevant pathology and improve outcomes. The purposes of this review were to outline the evolution of treatment methods and to qualitatively summarize clinical outcomes. Methods We performed a systematic review on treatments for popliteal cysts to include publications from 1970 to 2019. Other inclusion criteria consisted of studies with ≥10 patients enrolled, studies with a patient age of ≥16 years, studies with an adequate description of the treatment technique, and studies with a Level of Evidence of IV or higher. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and literature quality was assessed using a modified Coleman methodology score. Results Thirty studies met inclusion criteria in this review. Nine studies discussed nonoperative treatment, and 21 studies discussed operative treatment. Eight of the 9 nonoperative treatment studies utilized corticosteroid injections. The most recent studies have advocated for ultrasound-guided intracystic injection with possible cyst fenestration. Most operative studies utilized an arthroscopic approach to enlarge the communication with the joint space. However, alternative treatment techniques are still utilized. Conclusions The current literature on the treatment of popliteal cysts indicates that intracystic corticosteroid injection with cyst fenestration is an effective nonoperative treatment method. Arthroscopic surgical procedures with enlargement of the communication have been most widely studied, with positive results; however, further studies are needed to confirm superiority over other treatment methods. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A microchannel shell-and-tube absorber for ammonia-water absorption

Abstract A shell-and-tube absorber with microscale geometric features that yields significant volumetric heat duties is investigated. A vertically-oriented baffled shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a tightly packed tube bundle is designed to serve as the absorber for a 10.5 kW nominal cooling capacity absorption chiller. The heat and mass transfer in this absorber is investigated experimentally at operating conditions spanning a wide range of working fluid and coupling fluid flow rates and ambient temperatures. An experimental facility is fabricated to closely simulate the operating conditions in an absorption refrigeration system. Absorption heat duties in the range of 5–15 kW are measured. In addition to operating the absorber in the baseline co-current flow configuration with premixed inlet, fluid ports are provided to enable operation in counter-current flow, where the dilute solution enters from the top and vapor enters from the bottom. The performance of these two flow configurations is compared. A preliminary heat and mass transfer model is developed to quantify the local temperatures, concentrations, and mass flow rates of the solution and vapor streams along the length of the absorber. The model predictions for total heat duty agree with the experimental results within 10% for almost all the data points, with an AAD of ~ 3.4%. The results of this study, along with the modeling framework, can guide further development of highly compact and efficient absorbers absorption systems.
Literature and new innovations leading to the rise and fall of the Swan-Ganz catheter.

Abstract Background In 1970, Harold James Charles Swan and William Ganz published their work on the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC or Swan-Ganz catheter). They described the successful bedside use of a flow-directed catheter to continuously evaluate the heart, and it was used extensively in the years following to care for critically ill patients. In recent decades, clinicians have reevaluated the risks and benefits of the PAC. Aim We acknowledge the contributions of Swan and Ganz and discuss literature, including randomized controlled trials, and new technology surrounding the rise and fall in use of the PAC. Methods We performed a literature search of retrospective and prospective studies, including randomized controlled trials, and editorials to understand the history and clinical outcomes of the PAC. Results In the 1980s, clinicians began to question the benefits of the PAC. In 1996 and 2003, a large observational study and randomized controlled trial, respectively, showed no clear benefits in outcome. Thereafter, use of PACs began to drop precipitously. New less and noninvasive technology can estimate cardiac output and blood pressure continuously. Conclusions Swan and Ganz contributed to the bedside understanding of the pathophysiology of the heart. The history of the rise and fall in use of the PAC parallels the literature and invention of less-invasive technology. Although the PAC has not been shown to improve clinical outcomes in large randomized controlled trials, it may still be useful in select patients. New less-invasive and noninvasive technology may ultimately replace it if literature supports it.
A novel mouse model of focal limbic seizures that reproduces behavioral impairment associated with cortical slow wave activity

Patients with focal temporal lobe seizures often experience loss of consciousness. In humans, this loss of consciousness has been shown to be positively correlated with EEG neocortical slow waves, similar to those seen in non-REM sleep. Previous work in rat models of temporal lobe seizures suggests that decreased activity of subcortical arousal systems cause depressed cortical function during seizures. However, these studies were performed under light anesthesia, making it impossible to correlate behavior, and therefore consciousness, to electrophysiologic data. Further, the genetic and molecular toolkits allowing for precise study of the underlying neural circuitry are much more developed in mice than in rats. Here, we describe an awake-behaving, head-fixed mouse model of temporal lobe seizures with both spared and impaired behavior reflecting level of consciousness. Water-restricted mice were head-fixed on a running wheel and trained to associate an auditory stimulus to the delivery of a drop of water from a dispenser. To investigate the effect of seizures on behavior, seizures were electrically induced by stimulating either the left or right hippocampus via a chronically-implanted electrode, while mice were performing the task. Behavior was measured by monitoring lick responses to the auditory stimulus and running speed on the wheel. Further, local field potentials (LFP) signals were simultaneously recorded from hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Induced focal seizures were 5-30s in duration, and repeatable for several weeks (n=20 animals). Behavioral responses showed a decrease in lick rate to auditory stimulus, and decreased running speed during seizures (p
High-resolution mapping of the period landscape reveals polymorphism in cell cycle frequency tuning

Many biological oscillators exhibit widely tunable frequency in adapting to environmental changes. Although theoretical studies have proposed positive feedback as a mechanism underlying an oscillator9s large tunability, there have been no experiments to test it. Here, applying droplet microfluidics, we created a population of synthetic cells, each containing a cell-cycle oscillator and varying concentrations of cyclin B mRNAs for speed-tuning and positive-feedback inhibitors for modulating network interactions, allowing a continuous mapping of the cell-cycle period landscape in response to network perturbation. We found that although the cell cycle9s high tunability to cyclin B can reduce with Wee1 inhibition, the reduction is not as great as theoretically predicted, and another positive-feedback regulator, PP2A, may provide additional machinery to ensure the robustness of cell cycle period tunability. Remarkably, we discovered polymorphic responses of cell cycles to the PP2A inhibition. Droplet cells display a monomodal distribution of oscillations peaking at either low or high PP2A activity or a bimodal distribution with both low and high PP2A peaks. We explain such polymorphism by a model of two interlinked bistable switches of Cdk1 and PP2A where cell cycles exhibit two different oscillatory modes in the absence or presence of PP2A bistability.
Biochemical genetic disorders

Abstract Inherited biochemical disorders, also known as inborn errors of metabolism, are individually rare. However, with more than 500 such genetic disorders recognized, their cumulative incidence may be as high as 1 in 1000. Since the prior edition of this textbook, molecular diagnostics has significantly expanded. While the development and introduction of next-generation sequencing to the clinic has transformed genetic diagnostic capabilities, it has also, perhaps paradoxically, increased some diagnostic uncertainty with the identification of genetic variants of uncertain significance. Biochemical laboratory testing has demonstrated increased utility in this setting of expansive genetic testing to provide functional clarification of genetic variants. This chapter will provide a succinct overview of biochemical genetic disorders. Given the large numbers of these diseases, it cannot give an exhaustive overview but is focused on diseases the reader may most likely encounter at some point in professional life as a clinical laboratorian.
The widespread and unjust drinking water and clean water crisis in the United States.

Many households in the United States face issues of incomplete plumbing and poor water quality. Prior scholarship on this issue has focused on one dimension of water hardship at a time, leaving the full picture incomplete. Here we complete this picture by documenting the full scope of water hardship in the United States and find evidence of a regionally-clustered, socially unequal nationwide household water crisis. Using data from the American Community Survey and the Environmental Protection Agency, we show there are 489,836 households lacking complete plumbing, 1,165 community water systems in Safe Drinking Water Act Serious Violation, and 21,035 Clean Water Act permittees in Significant Noncompliance. Further, we demonstrate this crisis is regionally clustered, with the specific spatial pattern varying by the specific form of water hardship. Elevated levels of water hardship are associated with the social dimensions of rurality, poverty, indigeneity, education, and age—representing a nationwide environmental injustice. Proper water and sanitation access remains an issue for many in the United States. Here the authors estimate and map the full scope of water hardship, including both incomplete plumbing and water quality across the country.
Opportunities to Respond for Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Inclusive Classrooms

Students who are actively engaged in learning have a higher probability of academic and behavioral success in the classroom. One effective teaching practice that increases student engagement is pro...
The social modes of men

Here we attempt to define a specifically human ecology within which male reproductive strategies are formulated. By treating the domestic and public spheres of social life as "ecological niches" that men have been forced to compete within or to avoid as best they can, we generate a typology of four "social modes" of human male behavior. We then attempt to explain the broad distribution of social modes within and between human groups based on the relative intensity of scramble and contest competition.
The embryologic development of the human vagina.

Our present understanding of the sequence and mechanisms of human genital organogenesis is reviewed. Current theories about the derivation of the vaginal epithelium are examined and tested against two anomalous circumstances, congenital androgen insensitivity and agenesis of the lower vagina, which are presented as examples demonstrating the respective participation of the urogenital sinus or of the Mullerian ducts alone in the developmental process. The abnormalities recently described in the vagina and cervix of girls exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) correspond remarkably with those encountered in lower vaginal agenesis, particularly with regard to the presence of vaginal adenosis, the deficiency of glycogen in the squamous cells (squamous metaplasia), and the abnormal response of the squamous epithelium to Schiller's iodine test. It is concluded that the development of the human vagina is best explained by the theory which holds that the Mullerian ducts in fetal life extend caudally to the level of the future hymen. After fusion of these ducts, squamous cells arising in the epithelium of the urogenital sinus invade from below, advance, and replace completely the Mullerian mucosa up to the level of the external os of the cervical canal.
P09.09: Successful treatment of fetal bilateral primary chylothorax

any of the twins which was confirmed on USG. Both babies were euthyroid at birth had normal development on follow up so far. Conclusion: Diagnosis of fetal hypothyroidism needs to be established at an early stage and appropriate hormone replacement treatment should be started. Fetal thyroid color Doppler is a new modality that helps in determining fetal thyroid function and can help to avoid invasive procedures like cordocentesis in appropriate cases. We emphasize on importance of noninvasive USG and maternal biochemical monitoring and correction as required. Hence, a strategic approach to fetal goiter is required to achieve optimal benefits at minimal fetal and maternal risk.
Compiler Techniques for Flat Neighborhood Networks

A Flat Neighborhood Network (FNN) is a new interconnection network architecture that can provide very low latency and high bisection bandwidth at a minimal cost for large clusters. However, unlike more traditional designs, FNNs generally are not symmetric. Thus, although an FNN by definition offers a certain base level of performance for random communication patterns, both the network design and communication (routing) schedules can be optimized to make specific communication patterns achieve significantly more than the basic performance. The primary mechanism for design of both the network and communication schedules is a set of genetic search algorithms (GAs) that derive good designs from specifications of particular communication patterns. This paper centers on the use of these GAs to compile the network wiring pattern, basic routing tables, and code for specific communication patterns that will use an optimized schedule rather than simply applying the basic routing.
Miniaturized Separation Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the miniaturized separation systems. Throughout the history of modern chromatography, there has been a consistent trend to work with ever-decreasing amounts of analyzed materials and at increasing demands on detection sensitivity. In the current analytical activities, the term of "miniaturization" has been used relatively loosely. Naturally, decreasing the sizes of our analytical tools has been viewed as a desirable trend in many directions of modern science and technology. Developing various microelectrodes and miniaturizing plasma spectroscopic media are examples of two areas where "miniaturization" has been employed for reasons entirely different from chromatography. Dramatic advances in microelectronics occurring during the last 10-15 years may serve as yet another example area where new miniaturization technologies have had a major impact on our capabilities to perform better analytical measurements; these rapidly developing areas together with microsensors technology are likely to be a very valuable resource for modern analytical chemistry for some time to come.
The Impala as negotiator of melodrama and masculinity in Supernatural

This article explores the implications of the binaries of masculinity and melodrama as they pertain to the television series Supernatural.I examine the significance of Dean's beloved Impala as a negotiator of both the masculine and the overtly emotional. The Impala directly provides Dean with both physical and emotional support throughout the series, while it does not directly interact with Sam. As Supernatural moves through its fourth season, the dramatic uses of the Impala are shifting, signifying and providing insight into a distinctive change in the relationship between Dean and Sam, where emotion cannot yet be overtly expressed.
Cyber Security for Additive Manufacturing

This paper describes the cyber security implications of additive manufacturing (also known as 3-D printing). Three-D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing and there is substantial concern for the security of the storage, transfer and execution of 3-D models across digital networks and systems. While rapidly gaining in popularity and adoption by many entities, additive manufacturing is still in its infancy. Supporting the broadest possible applications the technology will demand the ability to demonstrate secure processes from ideas, design, prototyping, production and delivery. As with other technologies in the information revolution, additive manufacturing technology is at risk of outpacing a competent security infrastructure so research and solutions need to be tackled in concert with the 3-D boom.
Complete relaxation matrix analysis of transferred nuclear overhauser effects

Transferred nuclear Overhauser effects were observed during early biochemical applications of NMR spectroscopy in systems involving the interaction of peptide ligands with large protein molecules ( 1, 2). The transferred NOE experiment, in its various forms of implementation, has since found wide applications for the determination of bound-state substrate and inhibitor conformations (3-16). In some cases, this technique is the only method of choice for probing the interactions of active peptides with an enzyme that is too large to be accessible by the state-of-the-art NMR spectroscopy ( 12-14, 16). The importance of the transferred NOE method has prompted detailed analyses of various experimental implementations (5,6,10, I 7). Recently, these analyses have been extended to complex spin networks under fast exchange conditions ( 18, 19). In this work, we report a method that allows a complete relaxation matrix analysis of the transferred NOES with exchange rates included in the calculation. In the transferred NOE experiment, we deal with the exchange system
Displacement functions for diatomic materials

An extension of the methods of Lindhard et at. was used to calculate the total displacement function n/sub ij/(E) for a number of diatomic materials, where n/sub ij/(E) is defined to be the average number of atoms of type j which are displaced from their sites in a displacement cascade initiated by a PKA of type i and energy E. From the n/sub ij/(E) one can calculate the fraction n/sub ij/(E) of the displacements produced by a type i PKA with energy E which are of type j. Values of the n/sub ij/ for MgO, CaO, Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and TaO are presented. It is shown that for diatomic materials with mass ratios reasonably near one (e.g., MgO, Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) and equal displacement thresholds for the two species the n/sub ij/ become independent of the PKA type i at energies only a few times threshold. However, for larger mass ratios the n/sub ij/ do not become independent of i until much larger, energies are reached - e.g. > 10/sup 5/ eV for TaO. In addition, it is found that the n/sub ij/ depend sensitively on the displacement thresholds, with very dramatic charges occuring when the two thresholds become significantlymore » different from one another.« less
On the determination of appropriate dimensionality in data with error

The study deals with the problem of determining true dimensionality of data-with-error scaled by Kruskal's multidimensional scaling technique. Artificial data was constructed for 6, 8, 12, 16, and 30 point configurations of 1, 2, or 3 true dimensions by adding varying amounts of error to the true distances. Results show how stress is affected by error, number of points, and number of dimensions, and indicate that stress and the “elbow” criterion are inadequate for purposes of identifying true dimensionality when there is error in the data. The Wagenaar-Padmos procedure for identifying true dimensionality and error level is discussed. A simplified technique, involving a measure calledConstraint, is suggested.
Neoliberalism, Race, and the American Welfare State

Disciplining the Poor: Neoliberal Paternalism and the Persistent Power of Race. By Joe Soss, Richard C. Fording, and Sanford F. Schram. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. 368p. 25.00 paper.It is more than 15 years since the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act was passed in 1996, famously described by then-President Bill Clinton as “the end of welfare as we know it.” In Disciplining the Poor, Joe Soss, Richard Fording, and Sanford Schram analyze recent changes in US welfare policy as reflections of broader transformations of the “governance” of poverty, arguing that these transformations represent a new form of “neoliberal paternalism” in which race continues to be an important element. In this symposium, a diverse group of political scientists working on welfare issues have been asked to critically assess the book's account and to comment more broadly on the importance of the “governance of poverty” to the future of American politics.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Neighborhood-level income inequality and breast cancer stage at diagnosis

Purpose Area-level socioeconomic differences may affect health outcomes due to, among other factors, differences in health care access. These differences may exist even among individuals with equivalent health insurance coverage. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of neighborhood-level differences in per capita income on breast cancer stage at diagnosis. Methods Using SEER–Medicare linked data, the authors examined stage at diagnosis for 76,448 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1992 and 1998. Subjects were older than 65 and enrolled in Medicare. Stage and neighborhood-level variables were reported by the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) program. Income inequality was measured as census tract mean per capita income. Confounders included both individual-level and area-level factors. Polytomous logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios. Results Living in an area with per capita income less than $15,000 was associated with a 19% increase (95% CI = 1.08–1.31) of each stage of breast cancer, compared with those in the highest income areas. Covariates included individual age, race, marital status, presence of comorbidities, and area-level percent black, percent Hispanic, percent English-speaking, and urban versus rural residence. Conclusion Even among those with similar health insurance coverage, living in an area with lower per capita income contributed to later stage at diagnosis.
Solubilization of hydroxyapatite crystals by murine bone cells, macrophages and fibroblasts.

Abstract Calcium phosphate ceramic is widely used as implant material. It is made up of hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate or various combinations of both. In the present study, we use an in vitro model to examine the role of cell-mediated resorption of calcium phosphate ceramic implant material. We compare the abilities of two sequential enzymatic released populations of bone cells from murine calvaria (Population II and Population V), macrophages and dermal fibroblasts to solubilize 45 Ca-labelled hydroxyapatite crystals. These crystals were incubated with each of the cell types for 24 h in the presence or absence of parathyroid hormone, prostaglandin E 2 , calcitonin, and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . The amount of cell-mediated hydroxyapatite solubilization was determined by measuring the radioactivity in an aliquot of the supernatant after centrifugation. Using dermal fibroblasts as a baseline, relative abilities of macrophages. Population II and Population V to degrade crystals were 10.5, 5 and 2 times that of fibroblasts. Crystal-cell contact was required. While none of the bone resorption agents tested had any effect on this process, crystal dissolution by bone cells was inhibited by two lysosomotropic agents, NH 4 CI and chloroquine.
The function of TRADD in signaling through tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptors

The physiological function of the adaptor protein TRADD remains unclear because of the unavailability of a TRADD-deficient animal model. By generating TRADD-deficient mice, we found here that TRADD serves an important function in tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) signaling by orchestrating the formation of TNFR1 signaling complexes. TRADD was essential for TNFR1 signaling in mouse embryonic fibroblasts but was partially dispensable in macrophages; abundant expression of the adaptor RIP in macrophages may have allowed some transmission of TNFR1 signals in the absence of TRADD. Although morphologically normal, TRADD-deficient mice were resistant to toxicity induced by TNF, lipopolysaccharide and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. TRADD was also required for TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling in mouse embryonic fibroblasts but not macrophages. Our findings definitively establish the biological function of TRADD in TNF signaling.
Intrusion avoidance for SCADA security in industrial plants

In this paper we present an overview of security threats to the cyber infrastructure of industrial and power plants and the current state of affairs of industrial and SCADA cyber security. Control systems security is of prime importance especially for energy sector. North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) has issued mandatory rules which must be complied by 2010 by all registered power operators in order to ensure control systems security for power plants. Cyber security assessment was conducted on ICS (Industrial control systems) of different companies for a period of four years and several vulnerabilities were identified. Main problems included use of weak encryption, standard protocols and information disclosure using unencrypted communication among ICS hosts on the network. Exploiting these vulnerabilities, a hacker could alter the communication between ICS and controlled equipment, resulting in malfunction. Overcoming these vulnerabilities is essential in order to protect the vital power sector in any country of the world. We present important guidelines and standards in cyber security and propose a simple intrusion detection scheme for SCADA networks.
Quantitative relation between shear history and rheological properties of LDPE

The role of the applied processing equipment shear history on the rheological properties of low-density polyethylene was studied in detail. It was found that the shear history depresses the melt strength and the oscillatory shear modulus, especially the storage modulus in low frequency region. This phenomenon is not caused by lowering of the molecular weight, which remained the same as the original, for all shear history samples, indicating absence of mechanical/thermal degradation during processing. Furthermore, annealing the melt processed samples enhances both the melt strength and the oscillatory modulus to the values of the original, unsheared sample. Finally we applied shear history in a cone-and-plate rheometer and found that the growth curve of the storage modulus, which can be expressed by a simple equation, is determined by both the duration of the flow and the magnitude of the applied shear stress. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 20: 261–269, 2001
A ptolemaic theory of emotion

Abstract A review of The Emotions by Nico H. Frijda (1986). Cambridge and Pans: Cambridge University Press and Maison des Sciences de l'Hornme, pp. 544, £35.00, $59.50 ISBN 0-521-30155-6 (hbk); £12.95, $17.95 ISBN 0-521-31600-6 (Pbk)
Physician Compensation from Salary and Quality of Diabetes Care

Objective To examine the association between physician-reported percent of total compensation from salary and quality of diabetes care.
Wave coherence in the human EEG

The investigation is concerned with the phase coherence of human EEG's taken from the median plane of the scalp (N = about 125 male and female undergraduates). Manifestation of coherence was made by using scalp potentials of not less than a fixed value to trigger the sweep of a computer of average transients. Very coherent phase relationships were observed in the occipital region in the form of waves having a period of about 100 msec under a condition of bodily and mental relaxation and eyes closed. With eyes open and under a condition of motivated visual perception, wave coherence disappeared in nearly all S s. Coherence in the alpha frequency diminished as derivation moved toward the frontal region. In some S s, coherence was also noted for waves with a period of 55-60 msec, derived from the occipital region under condition of relaxation. In many individuals, coherent waves of this period were derived from the parietal, central, and frontal areas.
Human Skin/SCID Mouse Chimeras as an In Vivo Model for Human Cutaneous Mast Cell Hyperplasia

Human skin xenografted to mice with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) was evaluated to determine the integrity and fate of human dermal mast cells. There was an approximately 3-fold increase in number of dermal mast cells by 3 mo after engraftment (p 90%) of mast cells demonstrated membrane reactivity for human SCF at the time points of peak hyperplasia. These data establish SCID mouse recipients of human skin xenografts as a potential in vivo model for cutaneous mast cell hyperplasia.
Sleep Interacts with Aβ to Modulate Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability

Summary Background Emerging data suggest an important relationship between sleep and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but how poor sleep promotes the development of AD remains unclear. Results Here, using a Drosophila model of AD, we provide evidence suggesting that changes in neuronal excitability underlie the effects of sleep loss on AD pathogenesis. β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation leads to reduced and fragmented sleep, while chronic sleep deprivation increases Aβ burden. Moreover, enhancing sleep reduces Aβ deposition. Increasing neuronal excitability phenocopies the effects of reducing sleep on Aβ, and decreasing neuronal activity blocks the elevated Aβ accumulation induced by sleep deprivation. At the single neuron level, we find that chronic sleep deprivation, as well as Aβ expression, enhances intrinsic neuronal excitability. Importantly, these data reveal that sleep loss exacerbates Aβ-induced hyperexcitability and suggest that defects in specific K + currents underlie the hyperexcitability caused by sleep loss and Aβ expression. Finally, we show that feeding levetiracetam, an anti-epileptic medication, to Aβ-expressing flies suppresses neuronal excitability and significantly prolongs their lifespan. Conclusions Our findings directly link sleep loss to changes in neuronal excitability and Aβ accumulation and further suggest that neuronal hyperexcitability is an important mediator of Aβ toxicity. Taken together, these data provide a mechanistic framework for a positive feedback loop, whereby sleep loss and neuronal excitation accelerate the accumulation of Aβ, a key pathogenic step in the development of AD.
Poultry Raising in Hawaii

(1950). Poultry Raising in Hawaii. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 97-101.
Non-isothermal crystallization of in situ polymerized poly(ε-caprolactone) functionalized-SWNT nanocomposites

The non-isothermal crystallization behavior of three in situ polymerized, partially tethered poly(e-caprolactone) with functionalized single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) nanocomposites are examined using differential scanning calorimetry and corroborated using small and wide angle X-ray scattering. While the nanotubes are strong nucleators of the crystals of poly(e-caprolactone) and dramatically accelerate the crystallization of the polymer, they do not alter the unit-cell, the melting temperature and the fractional crystallinity of the polymer crystals.
Stress-driven evolution of waviness in an elastic layer

The effect of a far-field tensile stress on surface evolution of an elastic layer deposited on a rigid cylindrical substrate is analyzed by using the linear perturbation theory and frictionless contact condition between the elastic layer and the substrate. The driving force controlling the surface evolution is the gradient of chemical potential associated with surface energy and the stored strain energy in the elastic layer. A new expression of dispersion relation is derived, which depends on geometrical configuration and elastic properties of the material. It is found that the tensile stress has a significant effect on destabilizing surface evolution. Closed-form solution of the critical spatial frequency of surface perturbations for the zero growth rate is obtained. The critical frequency is proportional to the tensile stress and inversely proportional to the square root of the film thickness for elastic thin films deposited on planar rigid substrate.
A Single-Phased Emission-Tunable Phosphor Ca9Y(PO4)(7):Eu2+,Mn2+ with Efficient Energy Transfer for White-Light-Emitting Diodes

A series of single-composition emission-tunable Ca9Y(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphors were synthesized by solid-state reaction. The energy transfer from Eu2+ to Mn2+ in Ca9Y(PO4)7 host matrix was studied and demonstrated to be a resonant type via a dipole−quadrupole mechanism with the critical distance of ∼ 11 A. The wavelength-tunable white light can be realized by coupling the emission bands centered at 486 and 638 nm ascribed to the contribution from Eu2+ and Mn2+, respectively. By properly tuning the relative composition of Eu2+/Mn2+, chromaticity coordinates of (0.31, 0.33) can be achieved under excitation at 250−440 nm. Moreover, white-light-emitting diodes were fabricated through the integration of 365 nm chips and single composition white-light-emitting phosphors (Ca0.975Eu0.01Mn0.015)9Y(PO4)7 into a single package shows a cool white light of 7200 K, color rendering index of 76, and color coordinates of (0.30, 0.31) close to that of ideal white light can be achieved.
Expression of CD52 on plasma cells in plasma cell proliferative disorders

Multiple myeloma (MM) and primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) remain incurable disorders, and new treatments targeted to the malignant plasma cells are needed. Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD52 and has activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We examined the CD52 expression on CD45+ and CD45- plasma cell populations to evaluate the potential for using alemtuzumab for these disorders. Bone marrows from 61 patients (29 AL, 23 MM, and 9 MGUS [monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance]) were studied using 3-color (CD38/45/52) flow cytometry. Among those with MGUS, MM, and AL, 67%, 52%, and 35%, respectively, were positive for CD52 expression. The CD52 expression was predominantly confined to the clonal CD38+/CD45+ plasma cell fraction with median expression of 68%, 88%, and 82% in MGUS, MM, and AL, respectively, compared with 18%, 6%, and 9% among the CD45- plasma cell population. Clinical trials are warranted in these diseases to learn the therapeutic benefit of anti-CD52 immunotherapy.
Numerical comparison of several algorithms for band-limited signal extrapolation.

In this paper we present some computer simulation results on the band-limited signal extrapolation problem. First, the performances of several existing algorithms are compared for the noise-free case. We then describe some modifications of these algorithms for computing the extrapolation when the given signal is contaminated with noise. Computer simulation results for both the noiseless and noisy cases are included. From these results, the following preliminary conclusion can be drawn: Two-step algorithms appear to give better reconstructions and require less computing time than the iterative algorithms considered in this paper.
Can classical wormholes stabilize the brane-anti-brane system?

Abstract We investigate the static solutions of Callan and Maldecena and Gibbons to lowest order Dirac–Born–Infeld theory. Among them are charged wormhole solutions connecting branes to anti-branes. It is seen that there are no such solutions when the separation between the brane and anti-brane is smaller than some minimum value. The minimum distance coincides with the energy minimum, and depends monotonically on the charge. Making the charge sufficiently large, such that the minimum separation is much bigger than α′ , may suppress known quantum processes leading to decay of the brane–anti-brane system. For this to be possible the zeroth order wormhole solutions should be reasonable approximations of solutions in the full D-brane theory. With this in mind we address the question of whether the zeroth order solutions are stable under inclusion of higher order corrections to the Dirac–Born–Infeld action.