cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does transcranial direct current stimulation improve healthy working memory?: A meta-analytic review

Transcranial direct current stimulation tDCS has been reported to improve working memory WM performance in healthy individuals, suggesting its value as a means of cognitive enhancement. However, recent meta-analyses concluded that tDCS has little or no effect on WM in healthy participants. In this article, we review reasons why these meta-analyses may have underestimated the effect of tDCS on WM and report a more comprehensive and arguably more sensitive meta-analysis. Consistent with our interest in enhancement, we focused on anodal stimulation. Thirty-one articles matched inclusion criteria and were included in four primary meta-analyses assessing the WM effects of anodal stimulation over the left and right dorsolateral pFC DLPFC and right parietal lobe as well as left DLPFC stimulation coupled with WM training. These analyses revealed a small but significant effect of left DLPFC stimulation coupled with WM training. Left DLPFC stimulation alone also enhanced WM performance, but the effect was reduced to nonsignificance after correction for publication bias. No other effects were significant, including a variety of tested moderators. Additional meta-analyses were undertaken with study selection criteria based on previous meta-analyses, to reassess the findings from these studies using the analytic methods of this study. These analyses revealed a mix of significant and nonsignificant small effects. We conclude that the primary WM enhancement potential of tDCS probably lies in its use during training.
The problem of “culture” in the process of intercultural understanding

The problem of "culture" in the process of intercultural understanding is one of the most discussed issues among scholars today. Anthropologists, linguists, literary critics, and philosophers, just to name a few, study this issue using a problem-based and research format. Culture and cultural understanding are hereby presented by demonstrating studies and observations of two cultural anthropologists, R. H. Robbins and Clifford Geertz, a literary critic, Lionel Trilling, and C. S. Lewis, a famous writer of both fiction and non-fiction. Our intention here is to answer the question: how to describe and analyze a culture that is so different from the perspective of our own? In this sense, language and discourse are also analyzed in this paper as part of culture and can indicate some of our own moral perspectives and judgments on others' cultures.
Epidemiological tendency of class A and B notifiable infectious diseases in E'zhou (2004-2009)

Objective To understand the epidemiological trends of class A and B notifiable infectious diseases in E'zhou from 2004 to 2009,in order to provide information for the prevention and control of infectious diseases.Methods To analyze the features of class A and B notifiable infectious diseases in E'zhou from 2004 to 2009 with descriptive epidemiological method.Results There were 17 kinds of class B and no class A notifiable infectious diseases reported from 2004 to 2009,15882 cases in total.The average annual incidence was 261.94/100,000,the incidence rate of virus hepatitis and pulmonary tuberculosis was higher than that of other cases in class B notifiable infectious diseases.Conclusions During 2004 and 2009,the incidence rate of blood-borne and respiratory infectious disease increased,while the incidence rate of intestinal diseases and natural foci of infectious diseases declined or remained stable.Emphasis should be put on the prevention and control of hepatitis B and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Prophylactic laparoscopic-assisted total gastrectomy for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer.

Background Ten percent of gastric cancer (GC) cases are familial, with one third resulting from a mutation in the tumor suppressor gene CDH1. Loss of this important structure can result in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), which carries a high mortality if early diagnosis is not made. Despite its clear genetic origin, optimal management of HDGC family members is controversial, as the utility and efficacy of current cancer screening programs for mutation carriers are unproven. Methods A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was initially seen for genetic screening because multiple family members had mutations of the CDH1 gene. Her pedigree analysis demonstrated 4 generations of gastric cancer, and 2 of the generations carried the CDH1 germline mutation, consistent with HDGC. At endoscopy, the patient's gastric mucosa was normal and random biopsies were also normal. The patient underwent a laparoscopic total gastrectomy. Results The gross examination of her stomach appeared normal. On histologic examination, however, the stomach was found to have diffuse (signet ring cell) adenocarcinoma in-situ with 11 microscopic foci of invasive adenocarcinoma limited to the lamina propria. Conclusion Our case is the first reported prophylactic total gastrectomy utilizing a laparoscopic approach, and it highlights the importance of taking a thorough family history and obtaining a pedigree analysis. Endoscopic screening in HDGC cannot rule out diffuse GC, because the stomach and biopsies can be normal despite the presence of adenocarcinoma. Therefore, our case supports the recommendation for prophylactic gastrectomy in HDGC.
Reverse-Time Migration: Principles, Practical Issues, and Recent Developments

Reverse-time migration (RTM) is one of the major approaches used in seismic imaging. Due to the two-way modeling used in wavefield extrapolation, RTM has no dip limitations, can do imaging in very complicated geological environments, and is also able to handle arbitrary types of subsurface media, including isotropic, VTI, TTI, and orthorhombic media. In this chapter, first an overview of the general principle of RTM is discussed. Then we focus on the model parameterization and description of wave propagation in anisotropic media. Although RTM provides a uniform imaging framework, it does have practical issues when used in real-data processing. We discuss low-frequency noise, physical constraints for anisotropic parameters, artificial and physical noises observed in anisotropic imaging, and illumination problems in subsalt imaging. Due to the increasing market value of long offset and broadband data, we provide some real-data examples to show the impact of these new developments on seismic imaging and model building.
Engaging Middle School Students in Physical Education and Physical Activity Programs

With school-based physical activity emerging as a public health issue, it is more important than ever to understand what keeps children and adolescents interested and participating in physical education and physical activity. As the research on physical activity patterns indicates, the middle school years may be a watershed moment in the lives of students, where effective teaching and programs at school can limit or even reverse the trend toward disengagement from physical education and physical activity. The three middle school programs described in this feature show how outstanding teachers keep their students engaged as they begin the transition to high school and early adulthood. Using research-based principles of practice about mastery and student engagement, this article will revisit the program policies and teaching practices described in this feature, and identify elements that lead toward affective/emotional, behavioral and cogntive engagement in physical education and extracurricular sport and p...
A tiger by the tail: When multiplicative noise stymies control

This paper considers the stabilization of an unstable discrete-time linear system that is observed over a channel corrupted by continuous multiplicative noise. The main result is a converse bound that shows that if the system growth is large enough the system cannot be stabilized in a mean-squared sense. This is done by showing that the probability of the state magnitude remains bounded must go to zero with time. It was known that a system with multiplicative observation noise can be stabilized using a simple linear strategy if the system growth is suitably bounded. However, it was not clear whether non-linear controllers could overcome arbitrarily large growth factors. One difficulty with using the standard approach for a data-rate theorem style converse is that the mutual information per round between the system state and the observation is potentially unbounded with a multiplicative noise observation channel. Our proof technique recursively bounds the conditional density of the system state (instead of focusing on the second moment) to bound the progress the controller can make.
Essential Findings in the Clinical Exam

The physical examination continues to evolve as our understanding of the normal and pathologic hip advances. Asymptomatic patients often present hip imaging studies with abnormal findings, of which the significance is determined by history and physical examination. A structured physical examination will lead to a more accurate and specific diagnosis by evaluating all four layers of the hip: the osseous, capsulolabral, musculotendinous, and neurovascular (Draovitch et al., Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 5:1–8, 2012). The role of the fifth layer, the kinematic chain, is important for the appropriate treatment recommendations, since it represents the link between the hip and other musculoskeletal structures. Terminology of the examination needs to be consistent so that international variances can be eliminated. The following chapter is a description of a standardized approach to the clinical evaluation of the hip, which will provide the background on which to cast the shadow of hip pathology.
E-052 Percutaneous Sclerotherapy of Microcystic Lymphatic Malformations – The Use of an Innovative Gravity-Dependent Technique

Purpose To describe a novel gravity technique of sclerotherapy for microcytic LM. Methods and technique A 23 angiocatheter connected to a tubing field with the sclerosing agent, is passed through and through the lesion, the angiocatheter is slowly withdraw, with the tubing at 15 cm of H2O, as a microchannel is entered, the fluid will permeate the microchannel. As the channel(s) fill the tubing needs to be further elevated and that part of the lesion is field, the angiocatheter is slowly further withdrawn, and as a new channel is entered the fluid column starts advancing. Materials From 2009–2015 in 154 patients with LM, 34 were microcytic, (500 micron range), treated using the gravity technique, with Doxycycline and or Bleomycin Results Significant improvement was noted in most patients, usually towards the 2 or 3rd treatment, both clinically and by cross section imaging. No complications occurred. Conclusion Our gravity technique permits treating lesions with true microcytic channels in a safe and effective manner. Disclosures A. Berenstein: None.
CD36-positive B-lymphoblasts Predict Poor Outcome in Children With B-lymphoblastic Leukemia

ObjectiveWe observed that pediatric patients with B lymphoblastic leukemia which expressed CD36 at diagnosis seemed to have worse outcome than patients whose blasts did not. Here, we describe the patient, disease characteristics, pathological, molecular, and genetic features and outcomes of patients with CD36+ B-LL compared to patients with CD36− B-LL.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all flow cytometry reports from September 2008 to December 2015 to identify patients diagnosed at our institution with CD36 expression on B lymphoblasts. CD36− control patients were chosen from our leukemia database and matched 2:1 to CD36+ patients for National Cancer Institute (NCI) risk group at diagnosis. We reviewed diagnostic marrow slides for cytoplasmic granules and abstracted clinical data from patient charts. To identify underlying genetic abnormalities, clinical FISH testing and RNA sequencing was performed on 5 of our CD36+ patients, and RNA-seq data from the NIH Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate E...
An image based clump library for DEM simulations

To create realistic virtual soil specimens for Discrete Element Method simulations, a library containing nearly 100,000 “clumps” was developed. A clump essentially models a soil particle. It consists of numerous overlapping spheres in 3D, or circles in 2D, that are tangent to the particle perimeter. By using a unique corner-preserving algorithm based on the classic 2D definition of particle roundness, the clump generation requires many fewer circles than by previous algorithms. In this paper, the clumps are based on 2D images of real soil particles and they are indexed in the library by their roundness R and sphericity S values. A real soil can be simulated by choosing particles from the library to match the soil’s actual distributions of R and S. The clumps are also enlarged or reduced to match a desired particle size distribution. The utility of the clump library in parametric studies was demonstrated by direct shear tests on five very different virtual materials created from clumps in the library.
Laser speckle reduction techniques for mid-infrared microscopy and stand-off spectroscopy

Due to their high brightness, infrared (IR) lasers (such as tunable quantum cascade lasers, QCLLs) are very attractive illumination sources in both stand-off spectroscopy and micro-spectroscopy. In fact, they are the enabling device for trace-level spectroscopy. However, due to their high coherence as laser beams, QCLLs can cause speckle, especially when illuminating a rough surface. This is highly detrimental to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of thee collected spectra and can easily negate the gains from using aa high brightness source. In most cases, speckle reduction is performed at the expense of optical power. In this paper, we examine several speckle reduction approaches and evaluate them for their ability to reduce speckle contrast while at the same time preserving aa high optical throughput. We analyze multi-mode fibers, integrating spheres, and stationary and moving diffusers for their speckle reduction potential. Speckle-contrast is measured directly by acquiring beam profiles of the illumination beam or, indirectly, by observing speckle formation from illuminating a rough surface (e.g. Infragold® coated surface) with an IR micro-bolometer camera. We also report on a novel speckle-reducing device with increased optical throughput. We characterize speckle contrast reduction from spatial, temporal and wavelength averaging for both CWW and pulsed QCLs. Examples of effect of speckle-reduction on hyperspectral images in both standoff and microscopy configurations are given.
Extraction of Cardiac Motion and Myocardial Contractility from 4D Cardiac PET Images

206 Objectives Our aim is to extract useful information about cardiac motion and myocardial contractility from 4D cardiac PET images obtained with advanced image reconstruction methods. Methods We had previously developed 4D mage reconstruction methods with respiratory and cardiac (R&C) motion compensation that provided 4D gated cardiac PET images with much lower image noise and minimum degradation in resolution as compared to conventional methods. Using the papillary muscle and interventricular sulcus that had become visible in the 4D cardiac PET images with much improved image quality, a feature-based motion estimation (FB-ME) method was developed to extract the 3D myocardial motion vector field (MMVF) from the 4D PET images. Simulated PET data from the 4D XCAT phantom with realistic anatomical structures and models of the R&C motions were generated and were used as the truth in the quantitative evaluation of the 4D PET image reconstruction and motion estimation methods. Also, myocardial strain information was calculated from the estimated 3D MMVF. The method was further evaluated using preliminary data from routine 13NH3 PET and tagged MR studies of 3 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. Results The estimated MMVFs from a simulation study show good quantitative accuracy using the FB-ME method. The MMVFs from the normal patient studies show the beating/twisting motion of the heart that is comparable to that obtained from the tagged MR studies of the same patient. The calculations of the myocardial strain from the estimated MMVF are ongoing and the comparison to the HARP derived strain information is encouraging. Conclusions We have developed methods to extract MMVF and myocardial strain information from 4D gated cardiac PET images with R&C compensation. Preliminary evaluation results from simulation and patient studies are encouraging.
Compensator Design for Stability Enhancement with Co-Located Controllers

Abstract In this paper we present a stochastic-optimization based approach to the design of compensators for stability enhancement applicable to flexible multibody systems with co-located rate sensros/actuators--for example a truss with offset antennas at one or both ends. A continuum model--rather than a finite ele-ment model--is used, and an essential step in the Compensator Design theory is the formulation of the problem as a wave equation in a Hilbert space. In particular using white noise theory as opposed to the Wiener Process theory the fact that steady state covariances are not nuclear poses no difficulty. The optimal Compensator Design problem is formulated as a stochastic regulator problem. In particular it turns out that we can solve explicitly the infinite dimensional steady state Riccati equations characterizing the feedback control gain and the Kaiman filter gain operators. We can also calculate in closed form the associated performance indices including the "mean square" control effort. We show that, as a first approximation, the Compensator Transfer Function can be realized as a bank of band-pass filters in parallel centered at the undamped mode frequencies. Numerical calculations for the gains and bandwidths for the COFS configuration are presented. We also evaluate the performance of the compensator when in fact in the truth model there is no acutator noise. The theoretical problem involved here is to show that the infinite dimensional stochastic process is asymptotically stationary. We are able to calculate the steady state covariance in closed form and thereby calculate performance indices of interest explicitly, facilitating the choice of optimal design paramters.
Shoulder and Upper Arm

This chapter deals with injuries of the shoulder and upper humerus, including the clavicle. Various types of fractures and other injuries are presented. MR is discussed where it significantly adds to evaluation of these injuries.
The West, Texas, ammonium nitrate explosion: A failure of regulation:

On 17 April 2013, the West Fertilizer Company’s ammonium nitrate storage building exploded, killing 15 persons and injuring over 200. Numerous Federal and State agencies regulated the facility. But...
Demonstration of hydrazide tagging for O-glycans and a central composite design of experiments optimization using the INLIGHT™ reagent

The INLIGHT™ strategy for N-linked glycan derivatization has been shown to overcome many of the challenges associated with glycan analysis. The hydrazide tag reacts efficiently with the glycans, increasing their non-polar surface area, allowing for reversed-phase separations and increased ionization efficiency. We have taken the INLIGHT™ strategy and adopted it for use with O-linked glycans. A central composite design was utilized to find optimized tagging conditions (45% acetic acid, 0.1 μg/μL tag concentration, 37 C, 1.75 h). Derivatization at optimized conditions was much quicker than any hydrazide derivatization strategy used previously. Human immunoglobulin A (IgA) and bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) were then deglycosylated through hydrazinolysis and the removed glycans were tagged under optimum conditions. XIC of tagged glycans and MS2 data show successful hydrazide tagging of O-linked glycans for the first time. Graphical abstract The INLIGHT™ hydrazide tag was optimized using a central composite design for derivatization of O-linked glycans. Two glycoprotein standards were deglycosylated through hydrazinolysis and tagged at the optimized conditions. MS/MS data shows INLIGHT™ derivatization of glycans demonstrating successful hydrazide tagging of O-glycans for the first time.
Effect of nutrition labels on dietary quality among college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Context College students are at an elevated risk of poor nutrition and eating habits. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to examine and quantify the effect of nutrition labels on diet quality in college students. Data Sources Literature searches were conducted in 4 electronic databases. Study Selection Peer-reviewed publications that assessed the effect of nutrition label use on food choice or dietary intake in college students were included. Data Extraction Twenty-two randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and pre-post studies were identified. Results Sixteen studies found label exposure to be associated with improved diet. Of the 13 studies reporting calories selected or consumed, 8 found that posting labels at the point of purchase decreased calories, 4 found no effect, and 1 found that calories consumed increased after posting labels. Nine of the 12 studies assessing noncaloric measures found that nutrition labels positively affected diet quality. Meta-analysis of pre-post studies found a decrease of 36 kcal (P < 0.05) with label exposure. Conclusions Nutrition labels had a moderate but positive effect on dietary intake of college students.
Uncertainty quantification for constitutive model calibration of brain tissue.

Abstract The results of a study comparing model calibration techniques for Ogden's constitutive model that describes the hyperelastic behavior of brain tissue are presented. One and two-term Ogden models are fit to two different sets of stress-strain experimental data for brain tissue using both least squares optimization and Bayesian estimation. For the Bayesian estimation, the joint posterior distribution of the constitutive parameters is calculated by employing Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) sampling, a type of Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. The HMC method is enriched in this work to intrinsically enforce the Drucker stability criterion by formulating a nonlinear parameter constraint function, which ensures the constitutive model produces physically meaningful results. Through application of the nested sampling technique, 95% confidence bounds on the constitutive model parameters are identified, and these bounds are then propagated through the constitutive model to produce the resultant bounds on the stress-strain response. The behavior of the model calibration procedures and the effect of the characteristics of the experimental data are extensively evaluated. It is demonstrated that increasing model complexity (i.e., adding an additional term in the Ogden model) improves the accuracy of the best-fit set of parameters while also increasing the uncertainty via the widening of the confidence bounds of the calibrated parameters. Despite some similarity between the two data sets, the resulting distributions are noticeably different, highlighting the sensitivity of the calibration procedures to the characteristics of the data. For example, the amount of uncertainty reported on the experimental data plays an essential role in how data points are weighted during the calibration, and this significantly affects how the parameters are calibrated when combining experimental data sets from disparate sources.
Abstract 16578: Evaluation of Periprocedural Safety and Efficacy of Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban and Edoxaban During Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation

Backgrounds: The data on direct comparison of the novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs); dabigatran, rivaroxaban apixaban and edoxaban with each other about periprocedural complications during catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (Af) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the periprocedural major complications in CA for Af between four different NOACs in the real world. Methods: A total of 1152 consecutive Af patiens (68% male; age 62.2 ± 10.7 years, paroxysmal Af 70.1%, persistent or chronic Af 29.9%) who underwent catheter ablation with NOACs at our institution were enrolled retrospectively. We divided them into four groups; dabigatran (D) group (n=516 [44.7%]), rivaroxaban (R) group (n=399 [34.6%]), apixaban (A) group (n=201 [17.4%]) and edoxaban (E) group (n= 36 [3.1%]). Outcome measures were thromboembolic events, gastric motility disorder or atrial-esophageal fistula and major bleeding complications defined as recommended by the current AHA/ACC/HRS guideline. Results: In A group, mean CHA 2 DS 2 -Vasc score was significantly higher than both in D group (2.13 ± 1.30 vs 1.59 ± 1.27, respectively; p Conclusions: Apixaban was used in patients with higher risk of thromboembolic and bleeding complications compared to dabigatran and rivaroxaban. The periprocedural major complication rates were similar between all four NOACs during Af ablation.
Future Treatments for Football Injuries

Football, or soccer as it is called in North America, is the most popular sport in the world, with about 200 million participants [1]. It is characterized by a complex collection of movements including running, short sprints, rapid deceleration, turning, kicking, and tackling. These characteristics predispose participants to the relatively high injury rate of 12–35 injuries per 1,000 player game hours in adult men’s football [2]. The lower extremities are more often injured. Muscular strains are the most common traumatic injuries in football players, followed by contusions and ligamentous sprains [2–4]. All these injuries have an impact on the players’ lives and hinder them from participating in training and matches. Furthermore, injuries can lead to a 22% re-injury rate [3]. Moreover, injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears may force a player into retiring early. ACL tears can have a rate as high as 0.41 tears per 1,000 game hours at the male competitive level [5]. In addition to the injury and its consequences for the players, associated costs of treatment are also a relevant issue [2]. Therefore, it is important to know about preventive methods to avoid injuries, as well as future types of treatment using modern biological approaches.
Identifying Atmospheric Aerosols with Polarization Lidar

A variety of types of aerosol particles, both natural and human-made, are commonly suspended in the atmosphere. Different aerosol types have characteristic shapes, but basically fall into two categories: spherical and irregular. Haze and forest fi re smoke particles are examples of the former, and desert dust and biogenic debris (e.g., pollen) of the latter. It is shown here that the capability of polarization lidar systems to sense the exact shape of particles makes it a powerful tool to remotely identify many types of aerosols. This is particularly important in the study of how aerosols may affect the properties of clouds.
Bias sputtering of molybdenum films

Cathodic sputtering of molybdenum in argon of 40–70μ pressure at 2 to 4 kV has been investigated. Films about 1μ thick were deposited on oxidized silicon crystal wafers. During deposition, the substrate wafers were kept at various negative potentials up to 150V, and their temperature was controlled within ±5°C. The negative bias in conjunction with the close spacing between cathode and substrate holder produced a discharge behaviour similar to a hollow cathode, i.e. increased light emission and cathode current. The latter is reflected in deposition rates of 20 a/sec at –150V bias compared to 5 a/sec without bias. The effects of gas pressure, cathode voltage and cathode to substrate distance on deposition rates have also been determined. The properties of sputtered molybdenum films depend primarily on the deposition temperature and the bias voltage. Resistivities of 10–120μω cm can be obtained at 300–600°C with bias voltages exceeding –50V. At 100° to 200°C and without bias, resistivities are 200–250μω cm. Negative bias alone produces compressive film stress, while increased deposition temperatures contribute tensile stress. Film adhesion to SiO2 surfaces is generally good except for some high bias and high temperature combinations. The films are polycrystalline and show preferred grain orientation: Low temperatures without bias favor (110), large negative bias voltages (211), high temperatures (111) orientation. The combination of both variables produces mixed to random orientations. The results will be compared with properties of molybdenum films evaporated in high vacuum.
A Synthesis of Auditory Cortical Connections: Thalamocortical, Commissural and Corticocortical Systems

The study of mammalian auditory cortex (AC) began with the delineation of a few areas which appeared to have a limited set of connections from other AC fields (Brugge and Reale 1985) and from a small number of nuclei in the medial geniculate body (MGB) (Rose and Woolsey 1958). Subsequent work with more sensitive methods revealed many more areas in a wider temporal lobe expanse (Schreiner and Cynader 1984; Bowman and Olson 1988; Clarey and Irvine 1990; Shinonaga et al. 1994; Clasca et al. 1997) and, within some regions, multiple subdivisions specialized physiologically for sound processing or communication signals (Ehret 1997; Winer and Lee 2007).
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF SURFACES OVER TRIANGLES AND RECTANGLES

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a function and interpolant display system for studying similarities between a function of two variables and finite-dimensional interpolants. The interpolants are defined locally, and they are smooth. The parameters of the interpolants are chosen for their geometric significance. One of these finite dimensional interpolants defines a smooth surface, interpolating the parameters provided. Thus, if the parameters are function values and the first derivatives at the corners of patches, the interpolant surface matches those function values and derivatives. The software of the system consists of a file for a function and its derivatives, a file of interpolants, and a display file. The display file drives the system and uses the function and derivatives file to produce values of parameters for interpolants. The display file prepares a true perspective view of a surface, clipping the view when necessary.
IDTAXA: a novel approach for accurate taxonomic classification of microbiome sequences

Microbiome studies often involve sequencing a marker gene to identify the microorganisms in samples of interest. Sequence classification is a critical component of this process, whereby sequences are assigned to a reference taxonomy containing known sequence representatives of many microbial groups. Previous studies have shown that existing classification programs often assign sequences to reference groups even if they belong to novel taxonomic groups that are absent from the reference taxonomy. This high rate of “over classification” is particularly detrimental in microbiome studies because reference taxonomies are far from comprehensive. Here, we introduce IDTAXA, a novel approach to taxonomic classification that employs principles from machine learning to reduce over classification errors. Using multiple reference taxonomies, we demonstrate that IDTAXA has higher accuracy than popular classifiers such as BLAST, MAPSeq, QIIME, SINTAX, SPINGO, and the RDP Classifier. Similarly, IDTAXA yields far fewer over classifications on Illumina mock microbial community data when the expected taxa are absent from the training set. Furthermore, IDTAXA offers many practical advantages over other classifiers, such as maintaining low error rates across varying input sequence lengths and withholding classifications from input sequences composed of random nucleotides or repeats. IDTAXA’s classifications may lead to different conclusions in microbiome studies because of the substantially reduced number of taxa that are incorrectly identified through over classification. Although misclassification error is relatively minor, we believe that many remaining misclassifications are likely caused by errors in the reference taxonomy. We describe how IDTAXA is able to identify many putative mislabeling errors in reference taxonomies, enabling training sets to be automatically corrected by eliminating spurious sequences. IDTAXA is part of the DECIPHER package for the R programming language, available through the Bioconductor repository or accessible online ( http://DECIPHER.codes ).
Fuel wall film effects on premixed flame propagation, quenching and emission:

The formation of fuel wall film is a primary cause for efficiency loss and emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matters in direct injection engines, especially during cold start. When ...
Charitable food as prevention: Food bank leadership perspectives on food banks as agents in population health

Food banks (FBs) and their partner agencies play important food access roles in nearly every US community. While FB missions have historically emphasized hunger alleviation, stakeholders are increasingly expressing interest in leveraging these community assets to promote health. We conducted semi-structured interviews with US FB executives (n=30) to explore their perspectives on the evolving role of FBs in community health, and how these perspectives relate to organizational efforts to distribute healthier foods, including fruits and vegetables (FV however, fewer executives had implemented nutrition policies. Executives reporting higher F&V distribution more often described health as central to their organization's mission and perceived charitable food program clients as being at high risk for chronic disease. FB leadership recognition of health and hunger as interrelated community issues may have direct implications for FB strategic planning, distribution practices, and policies related to F&V.
Food insecurity and physical functioning limitations among older U.S. adults.

Abstract Food insecurity among U.S. older adults has more than doubled since 2001 and is higher in those who are frail. Given the growing aging population and the importance of physical functioning and adequate food intake, the increase in food insecurity is a public health concern. This study examined the association between domains of physical limitations and food security in U.S. older adults. Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2012) participants 60 years of age and older (n = 5969). Physical limitations were defined as some or much difficulty on 19 activities, categorized into 5 domains and an index score. Food security status was categorized as full, marginal, low, or very low, and also dichotomized into food secure and food insecure (marginal, low, or very low food security). Multinomial and logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and adjusted ORs (aOR) with food security as the dependent variable and physical limitations as independent variables. Older adults with 4 or more physical limitations were more likely to report very low food security than older adults without limitations (aOR:2.62, 95% CI:1.43, 4.81). The strongest correlates of food insecurity were Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (aOR:1.49; 95% CI:1.10, 2.01), Leisure and Social Activities (aOR:1.56; 95% CI:1.37, 2.14), and General Physical Activities (aOR:1.50; 95% CI:1.08, 2.07). Physical functioning is important for food security among older adults. Interventions should incorporate assessment of physical functioning, and provide resources for food acquisition, preparation, and intake for older adults with physical limitations.
Association of access to exercise opportunities and cardiovascular mortality.

Abstract We sought to examine the patterns of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in varying degrees of access to exercise opportunities at county level in the United States. Access to exercise opportunities was significantly associated with adjusted CVD mortality (P
The Art and Science of Obtaining a History in Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Assessment

This chapter provides a conceptual framework, guidance, and a detailed structure for conducting an initial interview and history-taking. It is guided by principles of infant and early childhood mental health, as the first part of a principled evaluation process of families caring for infants and young children, pregnancy to age 6, seeking mental health services. The practitioner is guided on the “how” and “what” of the interview process, in which the nature of the interpersonal relationship between the interviewer and family is understood as a “co-constructed” process, where the first task is to ensure that the family feels listened to, understood, and safe. Domains of inquiry are examined beginning with an understanding of pregnancy, birth, and early parenting, an understanding of the reasons for seeking services, leading to an exploration of the sociocultural context of the family and specialized inquiries in cases of trauma and oppression, using a diversity-informed lens. Included are templates that highlight important areas of information gathering, guidelines on conducting infant and young child observations, ways to assess imminent concerns, and ending with a case vignette. History-taking is the first experience of the helping systems. How it begins and how it ends make an enormous difference in how the family experiences the evaluation process, and can influence their decision to engage in the intervention plan.
Differential Diagnosis of Angiocentrism

Angiocentrism is an uncommon finding in a cutaneous lymphoid infiltrate and would raise the possibility of several disorders, many of which are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Angioinvasion may be a feature of aggressive lymphomas, such as extranodal NK-/T-cell lymphoma nasal type, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma. However, some cases of lymphomatoid papulosis show angioinvasion (LyP type E).
Nekton Community Responses to Seagrass Differ with Shoreline Slope

Seagrass beds vary in patch size and shoot density, which can influence the distribution and abundance of nekton responding to habitat structure. In Washington State, USA, eelgrass (Zostera marina) occurs under two distinct shoreline slope conditions: shallow tidal flats where eelgrass forms extensive meadows, and steep slopes near channels where it forms narrow, often patchy, fringes adjacent to unvegetated sediment. We sampled nekton in these naturally occurring habitat mosaics with a crossed design: unvegetated, edge, and interior eelgrass (habitat) in flats and fringes. Multivariate community structure showed additive effects of habitat and slope, while aggregate body size did not vary across habitat, shoot density, or slopes. Total nekton abundance responded to structure on fringes (interior > unvegetated; edge = unvegetated; and interior > edge) but not on flats, while half of the most common taxa showed a significant habitat-by-slope interaction in abundance. Diversity and species richness were greater in fringes than flats, irrespective of habitat type. Since canopy height and shoot density did not differ significantly between fringes and flats, it is unlikely that fine-scale aspects of vegetation structure explain why fauna responded differently to eelgrass fringes and flats. We instead attribute these different responses to underlying differences between fringes and flats in within-habitat heterogeneity and connectivity to deeper habitats, as well as species-specific responses to greater edge/interior ratios in fringing beds. Our study shows that topographic and seascape heterogeneity as well as habitat connectivity may play key roles in the value of nearshore estuarine habitats for nekton in the Northeast Pacific.
Metabolic Determinants of Weight Gain in Humans.

One of the fundamental challenges in obesity research is to identify subjects prone to gain weight so that obesity and its comorbidities can be promptly prevented or treated. The principles of thermodynamics as applied to human body energetics demonstrate that susceptibility to weight gain varies among individuals as a result of inter-individual differences in energy expenditure and energy intake, two factors that counterbalance one another and that together determine daily energy balance and, ultimately, bodyweight change. This review focuses on the variability among individuals in human metabolism that determines weight change. Conflicting results have been reported about the role of inter-individual differences in energy metabolism during energy balance in relation to future weight change. However, recent studies show that metabolic responses to acute, short-term dietary interventions that create energy imbalance, such as low-protein overfeeding or fasting for 24 hours, may reveal the underlying metabolic phenotype that determines the degree of resistance to diet-induced weight loss or the propensity to spontaneous weight gain over time. Metabolically “thrifty” individuals, characterized by a predilection for saving energy in settings of undernutrition and dietary protein restriction, display a minimal increase in plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) concentrations in response to a low-protein overfeeding diet and tend to gain more weight over time as compared to metabolically “spendthrift” individuals. Similarly, inter-individual variability in the causal relationship between energy expenditure and energy intake (“energy sensing”) and in the metabolic response to cold exposure (e.g., brown adipose tissue activation) seems to some extent to be indicative of individual propensity to weight gain. Thus, an increased understanding and the clinical characterization of phenotypic differences in energy metabolism among individuals (metabolic profile) may lead to new strategies to prevent weight gain or improve weight loss interventions by targeted therapies on the basis of metabolic phenotype and susceptibility to obesity in individual persons.
Empirical Status of Culturally Competent Practices

Effective prevention and treatment programs are rooted in each individual client, their families, and their larger social and cultural networks. This chapter considers the role of culture of origin in relation to resiliency and protection from substance abuse and addiction processes. Research findings suggest that substance abuse treatment and prevention interventions can be more effective when they are grounded in the clients’ culture. Further, cultural specific interventions tend to be more efficacious in recruiting and retaining participants and in attaining prevention and treatment goals. Specifying ways in which culture of origin can be successfully integrated into preventive interventions based on the empirical research literature in this area is delineated.
Communication Considerations for Silicon Interconnect Fabric

Silicon interconnect fabric (Si-IF) is a heterogeneous integration platform for ultra-large systems. Unpackaged dies are attached directly to a Si wafer at fine vertical interconnect pitch (2 to 10 μm) and small inter-die spacing (≤ 100 μm). The Si-IF replaces conventional interposers, packages, and printed circuit boards, and provides a single-hierarchy integration construct. Communication on the Si-IF platform is a key system-level challenge. Various approaches for local, semi-global (regional), and global communication are discussed in this paper. A network on interconnect fabric, based on intelligent utility dies, to support various system-level services, including communication, is introduced. Binning of communication schemes based on simulations of latency and energy is performed. A related design space, evaluated in terms of energy-latency product, with respect to distance is offered. Finally, external communication aspects are also discussed.
Cybersickness in Virtual Reality: Examining the Influence of the Virtual Environments on Sex Susceptibility

The auspicious future of VR could be thwarted by cybersickness. A factor known to influence susceptibility is sex, with females often experiencing higher incidences. A mitigation strategy is to identify individuals who are more sensitive to cybersickness, such that interventions can be implemented before the onset of subjective symptoms. Such an approach could use predictive models that compare a user’s online kinematic body sway and physiological characteristics to data from individuals that reported cybersickness. If such predictive models can be developed, then one approach is altering the virtual environment (VE) based on this real-time data. The benefit of adjusting the VE is that it permits a susceptible individual to use the VR device with a reduction in adverse symptoms. One way to alter the VE is by manipulating optic flow, which can be described as the perceived visual motion of objects that are generated through an observer’s movements. Optic flow can be increased by increasing the level of details in the VE. That is to say, visual displays that contain a lot of details often give rise to stronger subjective sensations of movement. Thus, if the level of details in the VE is reduced, then this may reduce cybersickness reports.
How Public Health Campaigns Promote Public Health Disparities

It is often claimed that interventions aimed at promoting healthy behaviors tend to be most effective among people whose behavior least needs to change and least effective among those most in need ...
Generation and evaluation of synthetic cone penetration test (CPT) data using various spatial interpolation techniques

The cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in many geotechnical engineering applications, including soil identification and classification, and evaluation of different soil properties. Ho...
Chapter 11 – Troubleshooting

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information on troubleshoot problems and the technique to solve these problems. The bulk of the administrative functions and troubleshooting which is being performed in Microsoft Virtual Server 2005 R2 is through the Virtual Server Administration Web site. Fixing the LsaLogonUser() failed! error can be tackled in a couple of ways First, open the Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager by clicking Start | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager. Next step is to browse the Virtual Server Web site, right-click it, and select Properties. Another step is to select the Directory Security tab and click the Edit button. Another common error with the Virtual Server Administration Web site is the HTTP 500 – Internal server error. This error tends to show up after one attempts to configure constrained delegation, which sounds like a good idea at first, but is not compatible with a workgroup server approach if installed the Virtual Server as a standalone server and chose Constrained Delegation. There are two ways to fix the Access Denied Errors. The first step is to change them manually. Alternatively, one can just uninstall and re-install Virtual Server 2005 and let the setup program do all the work. The most time-consuming portion of the migration process, other than setting up the migration environment, is the capture of the disk images to be migrated and then their deployment onto the Virtual Server.
Ghost-free, finite, fourth-order D = 3 gravity.

Canonical analysis of a recently proposed linear+quadratic curvature gravity model in D=3 establishes its pure, irreducibly fourth derivative, quadratic curvature limit as both ghost-free and power-counting UV finite, thereby maximally violating standard folklore. This limit is representative of a generic class whose kinetic terms are conformally invariant in any dimension, but it is unique in simultaneously avoiding the transverse-traceless graviton ghosts plaguing D>3 quadratic actions as well as double pole propagators in its other variables. While the two-term model is also unitary, its additional mode’s second-derivative nature forfeits finiteness.
Networked publics in #NoDAPL protests: Interactions among activist publics and influence of locality and proximity on socially mediated networks:

Hashtag “#NoDAPL” was used by environmental activists for a series of protests against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline beginning in early 2016. Utilizing 2 million tweets with the ma...