cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of water quality data using spectral analysis

Considerable effort has been expended by many State, Federal and private agencies in collecting data by installing automatic water quality monitoring stations on many streams and estuaries. This work discusses techniques for analyzing the data and presents some results based on the analysis of monitoring stations along the Ohio, Detroit, Missouri, and Coosa Rivers. Autocorrelation, spectral estimates, cross correlation, amplitude of transfer function and coherence square have been evaluated to correlate a water quality variable measured at different positions or different variables measured at the same location. Results from the different rivers have been compared and some conclusions have been drawn.
The use of polymyxin B and C3H/HeJ mouse spleen cells as criteria for endotoxin contamination.

Abstract We have performed experiments designed to evaluate the potential contribution of endotoxin contamination to lymphocyte responses. Saline and EDTA extracts of 4 different strains of gram negative bacteria were examined for their capacity to initiate mitogenic responses in murine spleen cells. As compared to phenol extracts of these bacteria which contain primarily lipopolysaccharide-LPS, these saline and EDTA extracts were significantly less active in this assay. The mitogenic activity which was present was also manifest in spleen cells from the C3H/HeJ mouse, whereas phenol-extracted LPS preparations were inactive. In addition, mitogenic activity of saline and EDTA extracts was not blocked by polymyxin B, an agent known to abrogate LPS mediated responses. We conclude that LPS contamination may not normally be as significant a problem as had earlier been assumed. However, when endotoxin contamination is present, neither the use of C3H/HeJ spleen cells nor polymyxin B is an appropriate test to evaluate this possibility.
Pharmacotherapy of disorders in mental retardation.

This is a review of pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents with mental retardation from the perspective of DSM and ICD disorders. The existing research is reviewed in young people with mental retardation but, when data are lacking, we examined the literature from adults with mental retardation and from typicallydeveloping children. The literature is discussed for each of the following disorders: ADHD, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, depression, enuresis, schizophrenia, self injury, and tics and movement disorders. With the possible exception of ADHD, there is a woeful lack of empirical data on most of these disorders in young people with mental retardation. Clinicians will often be forced to extrapolate from data on adults having mental retardation and from typicallydeveloping children. The best policy is probably to treat such patients cautiously, while gathering data on the effects of such therapy in the hopes of beginning a data base.
Operating Conditions and System Considerations for a Reversible Solid Oxide Cell System for Electrical Energy Storage

Electrical energy storage (EES) is an important component of the future electric grid. Given that no other widely available technology meets all the EES requirements, reversible (or regenerative) solid oxide cells (ReSOCs) working in both fuel cell (power producing) and electrolysis (fuel producing) modes are envisioned as a technology capable of providing highly efficient and cost-effective EES. However, there are still many challenges from cell materials development to system level operation of ReSOCs that should be addressed before widespread application. One particular challenge of this novel system is establishing effective thermal management strategies to maintain the high conversion efficiency of the ReSOC. The system presented in this paper employs a thermal management strategy of promoting exothermic methanation in the ReSOC stack to offset the endothermic electrolysis reactions during charging mode (fuel producing) while also enhancing the energy density of the stored gases. Modeling and parametric analysis of an energy storage concept is performed using a thermodynamic system model coupled with a physically based ReSOC stack model. Results indicate that roundtrip efficiencies greater than 70% can be achieved at intermediate stack temperature (∼680°C) and pressure (∼20 bar). The optimal operating conditions result from a tradeoff between high stack efficiency and high parasitic balance of plant power.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Intermediate-Field de Haas-van Alphen Effect in Zinc

Torsion measurements have been made of the de Haas---van Alphen oscillations in zinc in magnetic fields up to 33 kG, using time-differentiation techniques to extract the higher frequency oscillations from a much larger background of low-frequency oscillations. In addition to the six frequencies observed by earlier investigators, seven new frequencies were observed in the frequency range ${10}^{7}$-${10}^{8}$ G. Six of these can be assigned to orbits on the nearly-free-electron Fermi surface model, confirming the validity of the model for some of the larger orbits on the Fermi surface. A frequency of ${73}_{.5}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ G has been assigned to the third band lens, and is only 4% smaller than predicted by the model for $H\ensuremath{\perp}[0001]$. Three other frequencies can be assigned to orbits on the multiply connected second-band section, two of which have alternative assignments involving magnetic breakdown of the spin-orbit energy gap. Frequencies of 12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ and 17\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ G observed for $H$ near [0001] suggest assignment to the fourth-band cigar and third-band butterflies, though the dominance of other frequencies prevented the determination of the orientation dependence. A frequency of 47\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ G observed for $H$ in the (0001) plane has not been assigned to the model Fermi surface.
The effects of ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol on cortical bone histomorphometry in growing rats

The effects of ovariectomy for four weeks and of 17β-estradiol for three weeks on histomorphometry of the tibial diaphysis were determined in young rats. The effects of ovariectomy on histomorphometry of subcutaneous implants of demineralized bone matrix were also examined. Groups of young female rats were either ovariectomized or sham operated. After surgery, the animals were weight matched and pair fed. Despite the same caloric intake, ovariectomized rats grew more rapidly than pair-fed, sham-operated controls but were significantly heavier at sacrifice in only one of three experiments. Ovariectomy did not change mean serum calcium, phosphate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] but significantly lowered mean serum magnesium. Serum estradiol was not detectable in ovariectomized animals. 17β-Estradiol in ovariectomized animals significantly increased mean serum estradiol and lowered mean serum phosphate but did not change mean serum calcium, magnesium, 25-OHD, or 1,25(OH)2D, as compared to values in sham-operated controls. Bone formation rate was significantly enhanced in ovariectomized animals at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the tibial diaphysis as compared to values in sham-operated controls. The increase in bone formation rate was reversed by 17β-estradiol at the periosteal but not endosteal surface. Ovariectomy increased the bone apposition rate, mineralization rate, and osteoid thickness of the tibial diaphysis. These increases were reversed by 17β-estradiol. In implants, ovariectomy increased the resorption of implant matrix and enhanced the formation of new matrix. Ovariectomy resulted in increases in forming surface and resorbing surface in the implants. The results of these short-term studies indicate (a) that ovariectomy in growing rats leads to increases in both bone formation and resorption, and (b) that these increases are reversed by treatment with 17β-estradiol.
A framework for two‐stage adaptive procedures to simultaneously test non‐inferiority and superiority

In clinical trials it is often desirable to test for non-inferiority and for superiority simultaneously. For such a situation a two-stage adaptive procedure may be advantageous to a conventional single-stage procedure because a two-stage adaptive procedure allows the design of stage II, including the main study objective and sample size, to depend on the outcome of stage I. We propose a framework for designing two-stage adaptive procedures with a possible switch of the primary study objectives at the end of stage I between non-inferiority and superiority. The framework permits control of the type I error rate and specification of the unconditional powers and maximum sample size for each of non-inferiority and superiority objectives. The actions at the end of stage I are predetermined as functions of the stage I observations, thus making specification of the unconditional powers possible. Based on the results at the end of stage I, the primary objective for stage II is chosen, and sample sizes and critical values for stage II are determined. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of many-body interactions on point-defect generation

Point-defect generation by energetic displacement events is known to take place when a lattice atom acquires an energy several times its lattice binding value. In this energy range, many-body effects are important and interatomic pair potentials generally give poor representations of atomic interactions. By applying our newly developed molecular-dynamics code, CASC-MD, we investigate the influence of many-body interatomic interactions on the generation characteristics of point defects. We use a composite interatomic potential that assumes the pair-potential nature at high energies and the many-body nature, based on the embedded-atom formalism, at low energies. It is shown that many-body effects lead to lower directional sensitivity of the displacement threshold surface. For a 60 eV collision cascade in Cu, it is shown that the length of the replacement collision sequence decreases from 6 lattice constants at low temperature (near 0 K) to 1.5 lattice constants near the melting point.
Growth hormone differentially regulates muscle myostatin1 and -2 and increases circulating cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Abstract Myostatin (MSTN) negatively regulates muscle growth in vertebrates. Salmonids produce two myostatin transcripts from separate genes. Surprisingly, quantitative analyses indicate different regulatory mechanisms for the two myostatin genes in rainbow trout. MSTN1 mRNA levels were elevated 26% following recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) treatment, while MSTN2 mRNA levels were reduced 74% compared to controls. MSTN precursor protein (42 kDa) levels were elevated in rbGH treated fish compared to controls. In addition, circulating cortisol levels were elevated 71% following rbGH treatment compared to controls. In treated and control fish, cortisol levels were elevated 245% at day 0 compared to subsequent days. Treated fish exhibited cortisol levels 207% higher than controls at 0.5 day, and remained at least 50% higher for 7 days following treatment. This pattern of change was positively correlated to MSTN1 mRNA levels. This is the first time a direct relationship has been reported between GH, cortisol, and myostatin. In addition, following rbGH administration, myosin protein concentrations in skeletal muscle samples increased, suggesting that GH regulates expression of the most abundant muscle protein. These results indicate the two myostatin genes are differentially regulated and may possess different functions in rainbow trout muscle, and suggests a possible interaction between GH, cortisol, and muscle growth.
Petrogenesis of lawsonite and epidote eclogite and blueschist, Sivrihisar Massif, Turkey

The Sivrihisar Massif, Turkey, is comprised of blueschist and eclogite facies metasedimentary and metabasaltic rocks. Abundant metre- to centimetre-scale eclogite pods occur in blueschist facies metabasalt, marble and quartz-rich rocks. Sivrihisar eclogite contains omphacite + garnet + phengite + rutile ± glaucophane ± quartz + lawsonite and/or epidote. Blueschists contain sodic amphibole + garnet + phengite + lawsonite and/or epidote ± omphacite ± quartz. Sivrihisar eclogite and blueschist have similar bulk composition, equivalent to NMORB, but record different P–T conditions: ∼26 kbar, 500 °C (lawsonite eclogite); 18 kbar, 600 °C (epidote eclogite); 12 kbar, 380 °C (lawsonite blueschist); and 15–16 kbar, 480–500 °C (lawsonite-epidote blueschist). Pressures for the Sivrihisar lawsonite eclogite are among the highest reported for this rock type, which is rarely exposed at the Earth's surface. The distribution and textures of lawsonite ± epidote define P–T conditions and paths. For example, in some lawsonite-bearing rocks, epidote inclusions in garnet and partial replacement of matrix epidote by lawsonite suggest an anticlockwise P–T path. Other rocks contain no epidote as inclusions or as a matrix phase, and were metamorphosed entirely within the lawsonite stability field. Results of the P–T study and mapping of the distribution of blueschists and eclogites in the massif suggest that rocks recording different maximum P–T conditions were tectonically juxtaposed as kilometre-scale slices and associated high-P pods, although all shared the same exhumation path from ∼9–11 kbar, 300–400 °C. Within the tectonic slices, alternating millimetre–centimetre-scale layers of eclogite and blueschist formed together at the same P–T conditions but represent different extents of prograde reaction controlled by strain partitioning or local variations in fO2 or other chemical factors.
High-stakes species delimitation in eyeless cave spiders (Cicurina, Dictynidae, Araneae) from central Texas.

A remarkable radiation of completely eyeless, cave-obligate spider species (Cicurina) has been described from limestone caves of Texas. This radiation includes over 50 described species, with a large number of hypothesized single-cave endemics, and four species listed as US Federally Endangered. Because of this conservation importance, species delimitation in the group is ‘high-stakes’– it is imperative that species hypotheses are data rich, objective, and robust. This study focuses on a complex of four cave-dwelling Cicurina distributed on the northwestern edge of Austin, Texas. Several of the existing species hypotheses in this complex are weak, based on morphological comparisons of small samples of adult female specimens; one species description (for C. wartoni) is based on a single adult specimen. Species limits in this group were newly assessed using morphological, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data evidence, analysed using a variety of approaches. All data support a clear lineage separation between C. buwata versus the C. travisae complex (including C. travisae, C. wartoni and C. reddelli). Observed congruence across multiple analyses indicate that the C. travisae complex represents a single species, and the formal species synonymy presented here has important conservation implications. The integrative framework utilized in this study serves as a potential model for other Texas cave Cicurina, including US Federally Endangered species. More generally, this study illustrates how and why taxon-focused conservation efforts must prioritize modern species delimitation research (if the existing taxonomy is weak), before devoting precious downstream resources to conservation efforts. The study also highlights the issue of taxonomic type II error that diversity biologists increasingly face as species delimitation moves into the genomics era.
The role of native and transient laser-induced defects in the femtosecond breakdown of dielectric films

Experiments and modeling reveal that the dielectric breakdown of hafnia films is controlled by laser induced and native defects under multiple femtosecond pulse exposure. Transient processes occur on a 100 ps and 10 ms timescale.
A neural pattern generator that exhibits frequency-dependent in-phase and anti-phase oscillations

The authors describe a neural pattern generator based on a cooperative-competitive feedback neural network. The two-channel version of the generator supports both in-phase and anti-phase oscillations. A scalar arousal level controls both the oscillation phase and frequency. As arousal increased oscillation frequency increased and bifurcations from in-phase to anti-phase, or anti-phase to in-phase oscillations can occur. Coupled versions of the model exhibited oscillatory patterns which corresponded to the gaits used in locomotion and other oscillatory movements by various animals. >
Log-rolling micelles in sheared amphiphilic thin films.

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that sheared solutions of cylindrical micelle-forming amphiphiles behave very differently under extreme confinement as compared to the bulk. When confined to ultrathin films, the self-assembled cylindrical micelles roll along the shearing direction and align parallel to each other with their axes along the vorticity direction, as opposed to aligning parallel to the shearing direction in the bulk. It is shown that this new ‘‘log-rolling’’ phase arises due to a strong coupling between the rotational degree of freedom of the micelles and the steady sliding motion of the confining surfaces. We examine the microscopic mechanism of the log-rolling phenomenon and also discuss its dependence on the segregation strength and length of the amphiphile, the shear rate, and the film thickness.
Incidence of uterine tachysystole in women induced with oxytocin.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the incidence of uterine tachysystole (UT) using nomenclature defined by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN). Design Cohort study using retrospective chart reviews and concomitant independent analyses of fetal monitor strips. Setting A 10‐bed labor and delivery unit in a community hospital with an average of 400 deliveries monthly. Participants Of 346 total deliveries in October 2009, 55 patients qualified for this study. Inclusion criteria were women with a singleton, viable fetus in vertex presentation and who received oxytocin infusion for induction of labor. Methods We analyzed 798.5 hours of fetal monitor strips in 30‐minute increments according to each of four UT criteria. We collected data on the dose of oxytocin, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) fetal heart rate categories, maternal age, parity, pregnancy risk factors, indication for induction, mode of delivery, birth weight, and Apgar scores. Results We identified 661 incidences of UT out of 1,597 increments with an overall UT rate of 41%. Fifty‐four of 55 patients (98%) demonstrated one or more occurrences of UT. Interrater reliability achieved an 86.3% correlation (718 vs. 698 occurrences). Conclusions Results of this study highlight the need for careful titration of oxytocin and prompt management of UT. This increased awareness can enhance the health, safety, and well‐being of pregnant women and their fetuses.
Isomeric conformations in a pentaco-ordinated ruthenium compound; crystal and molecular structures of the orange and violet isomers of (Ph3P)2[(CF3)2C2S2]Ru(CO)

The molecular conformations of two square pyramidal species, one violet the other orange, both of composition (Ph3P)2[(CF3)2C2S2]Ru(CO) are described.
Identifying Social Influence: A Comment on Opinion Leadership and Social Contagion in New Product Diffusion

Professors Iyengar, Van den Bulte and Valente (2010) (hereafter IVV) make deep nuanced contributions to our understanding of how opinion leadership and social contagion affect the adoption and diffusion of new products. Their work moves us forward not only by answering several fundamental questions at the heart of diffusion research, but also by highlighting important open questions that should form the basis of future inquiry. In this comment, I extend insights gleaned from their empirical analyses to suggest how they may lead to an even more comprehensive understanding of peer influence and social contagion. Their work and the work that lies ahead are not only critical to marketing science and practice, but also more broadly to a host of disciplines as diverse as epidemiology, innovation management, organizational performance, development economics and public health. In what follows I sketch five broad questions suggested by IVV’s findings that could, if appropriately addressed, dramatically improve how we conceptualize and manage social contagions in a variety of domains.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of an Endotoxin-Binding Phospholipid Emulsion

BACKGROUND:Lipids and lipoproteins have been shown to bind and neutralize endotoxin and to improve outcomes in animal models of sepsis.OBJECTIVE:To provide safety and pharmacokinetic data for a protein-free, phospholipid-rich emulsion developed as an agent to neutralize endotoxin, and to study the changes in lipids and lipoproteins following emulsion administration.METHODS:Thirty healthy male volunteers (aged 18–45 y) were given an emulsion containing 92.5% soy phospholipid, 7.5% soy triglyceride, and 18 mM sodium cholate using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover protocol. Emulsion at 3 escalating doses (75, 150, 300 mg/kg) based on phospholipid content was administered by intravenous infusion over 2 hours in the low- and mid-dose groups and 6 hours in the high-dose group.RESULTS:All subjects completed the protocol without significant toxicities. A slight dose-dependent increase in indirect bilirubin at the 24-hour time point was observed in the emulsion treatment period, with a maximum differenc...
A 128 K flash EEPROM using double-polysilicon technology

An easily manufacturable 128 K flash EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) was developed based on a novel cell. Programming is achieved through hot-electron injection and erasing through electron tunneling from the floating gate to the drain. The cell is 20% larger than an EPROM cell and contains an integral series transistor which ensures selflimited erasing, reduces leakage, and increases the cell current. The flash EEPROM device can withstand thousands of program/erase cycles. Endurance failures are due to threshold window closing caused by electron trapping in the gate oxide. Typical erasure time is 1 s to clear the entire memory.
HAUNTED BY HISTORY: CHINA AND ITS NORTHWESTERN NEIGHBOURS

Recibido: 08 Marzo 2005 / Revisado: 16 Abril 2005 / Aceptado: 12 Mayo 2005 / Publicado: 15 Junio 2005 Resumen: China’s current relations with its northwestern neighbours, Russia, Mongolia, and the newly independent states of Central Asia are influenced by the shadow of the past that is cast over the present. To what degree does this checkered past fundamentally determine the possibility of close, strategic cooperation now and in the future? China’s important and complex relationship with Russia will be considered first, followed by an analysis of China-Mongolian relations and finally China’s relationship with the Central Asian status with which it shares a common border. The important America factor is also considered. The article concluyes that despite the closer relations that are developing between China and its
Effective Science Teaching, Professional Development and No Child Left Behind: Barriers, Dilemmas, and Reality

For more than 40 years, science educators have argued for the need to engage students in doing science, rather than reading about science. However, very few teachers of science have been empowered ...
Putting Old Wine in New Wineskins: A New Synthesis of the Verbal System of Biblical Hebrew that is Neither new nor a Coherent Synthesis

the Hebrew verbal forms, scattered in various journal articles and book chapters, appear together here in a work whose scope is ambitious. In the first four chapters, he discusses the basics of the inventory of forms and their semantic and text-linguistic functions (chap. 1), he provides an overview of the system through an examination of the oppositions among the verbal forms (chap. 2), he explores meaning variation for the verbal forms due to interactions with lexical semantics, adverbial modification, and similar syntactic configurations (chap. 3), and he treats inter-clausal relationships among verbal forms (chap. 4). At this point he returns in detail to the the wayyiqtol, qatal, predicative participle, yiqtol and weqatal, and the volitives, respectively (chaps. 5 9). The final three chapters he devotes to text-linguistic perspectives on the verbal forms (chap. 10), changes to the system in late Biblical Hebrew (in contrast to the focus of his work on the Classical Biblical Hebrew corpus; chap. 11), and the function of the verbal forms in poetry (chap. 12). In the back of the book are a bibliography, index of Scripture references, and a detailed table of contents, which presumably serves in lieu of a topical index.
Scheduling strategies for optimistic parallel execution of irregular programs

Recent application studies have shown that many irregular applications have a generalized data parallelism that manifests itself as iterative computations over worklists of different kinds. In general, there are complex dependencies between iterations. These dependencies cannot be elucidated statically because they depend on the inputs to the program; thus, optimistic parallel execution is the only tractable approach to parallelizing these applications.We have built a system called Galois that supports this style of parallel execution. Its main features are (i) set iterators for expressing worklist-based data parallelism, and (ii) a runtime system that performs optimistic parallelization of these iterators, detecting conflicts and rolling back computations as needed.Our work builds on the Galois system, and it addresses the problem of scheduling iterations of set iterators on multiple cores. The policy used by the base Galois system is to assign an iteration to a core whenever it needs work to do, but we show in this paper that this policy is not optimal for many applications. We also argue that OpenMP-style DO-ALL loop scheduling directives such as chunked and guided self-scheduling are too simplistic for irregular programs. These difficulties led us to develop a general scheduling framework for irregular problems; OpenMP-style scheduling strategies are special cases of this general approach. We also provide hooks into our framework, allowing the programmer to leverage application knowledge to further tune a schedule for a particular application.To evaluate this framework, we implemented it as an extension of the Galois system. We then tested the system using five real-world, irregular, data-parallel applications. Our results show that (i) the optimal scheduling policy can be different for different applications and often leverages application-specific knowledge and (ii) implementing these schedules in the Galois system is relatively straightforward.
Smoke-free multiunit housing: a review of the scientific literature.

Objective Multiunit housing (MUH) residents are susceptible to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, which can transfer between living units. This review summarises existing scientific literature relevant to smoke-free MUH, discusses knowledge gaps and provides recommendations for future research to inform public health action. Data sources We conducted a systematic search of peer-reviewed articles using three databases: EBSCOhost CINAHL, PubMed and Web of Science. Study selection Article titles, abstracts and text were reviewed to ascertain three inclusion criteria: (1) English language; (2) conducted in the USA; (3) reported on baseline data, development, implementation or evaluation of smoke-free MUH. Data extraction We used a multistep process to identify eligible articles: (1) two reviewers separately evaluated article titles; (2) two reviewers separately evaluated abstracts and (3) one reviewer read each article and determined inclusion eligibility. Data synthesis We identified and included 35 articles published during 2001–2014, grouped based on broad themes: MUH resident (n=16); MUH operator (n=6); environmental monitoring and biomarkers (n=9); economic (n=2); legal (n=3); and implementation process and policy impact (n=8). Studies with multiple themes were included in all relevant groups. Conclusions Existing literature has focused on selfreported, cross-sectional studies of MUH residents and operators; some studies of environmental markers, biomarkers and economic indicators have also been conducted. Future research on smoke-free MUH policy compliance and enforcement, and on the impact of these policies on smoking behaviours and health outcomes, could further inform public health planning, policy and practice. Despite these gaps, the current literature provides sufficient evidence for action to eliminate SHS exposure in MUH.
Dibromomethyl Methyl Ether

[3492-44-2] C2H4Br2O (MW 203.86) InChI = 1S/C2H4Br2O/c1-5-2(3)4/h2H,1H3 InChIKey = HDMDJEKUPKOGNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (brominating reagent, reagent to effect conversions at the anomeric center of carbohydrates) Physical Data: bp 32–33 °C/13 mm Hg. Solubility: soluble in most common organic solvents; reacts vigorously with alcohols. Form Supplied in: commercially not available. Preparative Methods: from methyl formate and catechyl phosphorus tribromide.1 Purification: distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: dibromomethyl methyl ether is very reactive and moisture sensitive; redistilled product can be kept in flame-sealed glass tubes at −10 °C for several months.2 It is a lachrymator and a suspect carcinogen. Handle in well-vented fume hood. Conversions effected by DBMME normally require presence of a Lewis acid. For this purpose, ZnBr2, ZnCl2, and BF3 etherate have been used most frequently.
Effect of zinc deficiency in rats on insulin release from the pancreas.

To explain impaired intravenous glucose clearance in zinc-deficient rats, various parameters of insulin metabolism were measured. Three levels of dietary zinc were fed ( 1, 20, 1,200 ppm). To help distinguish between effects caused by zinc deficiency per se and inanition which accompanies zinc deficiency, a pair-fed control group (20 ppm) was included in some studies. Feeding of high or low zinc diets did not alter the insulin content of the pancreas, but immunoreactive serum insulin and total serum insulin-like activity measured by an in vitro adipose tissue assay were significantly reduced in the zinc-deficient group compared with ad libitum controls. The pair-fed control group also showed significantly reduced circulating immunoreactive insulin but not total serum insulin-like activity. High zinc diets did not affect serum insulin levels. In vitro studies of the release of pancreatic insulin during short incubation periods with glucose as a stimulant indicated that significantly less immunoreactive insulin as well as insulin-like activity was released by pancreata from zinc-deficient rats compared with pair-fed and ad libitum control rats. The pair-fed group, however, showed a significantly decreased release of pancreatic insulin compared with ad libitum-fed controls. Feeding of a high zinc diet did not affect the release of immunoreactive insulin but the release of total insulin-like activity was significantly increased above the ad libitum control value. The response of epididymal adipose tissue to insulin was significantly increased in zinc-deficient rats compared with ad libitum controls but not affected in rats fed the high zinc diet. J. Nutr. 103: 1739-1744, 1973.
Quantitative characterization of x-ray differential interference contrast microscopy using modulation transfer function

Performance of two types of differential interference contrast objectives, i.e., the XOR pattern and the zone-plate doublet, is quantitatively characterized and compared using modulation transfer function. Effects of partial coherence, finite absorption and phase in a complex object, as well as bias retardation are also examined.
Coupling in doubly exposed, thick holographic gratings

The coupling between two gratings of arbitrary spatial frequency and relative fringe orientation, recorded in the same thick emulsion, is examined. Both direct coupling of the incident energy into the diffracted waves of each grating and the cross coupling of energy through diffracted waves are considered. The analysis is for a read-out wave at arbitrary angle of incidence. The angular-selectivity curves for the diffracted waves are computed for varying relative strengths of the two gratings and also for varying degrees of coupling, determined by the relative fringe slants of the two gratings. The necessary Bragg-angle difference to decouple the effects of the two gratings is considered. Experimental results for double gratings recorded in dichromated gelatin are given to support the theory.
Acceleration sensitivity of SAW and STW devices

An analysis of the normal acceleration sensitivity of rotated Y-cut quartz SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) and STW (Surface Transverse Wave) resonators simply supported along rectangular edges is presented. The analysis is based upon the perturbation integral formulation of Tiersten (1978), and makes use of the previously known analytic representation of the substrate deformation for the case considered. An approximate acoustic mode shape which accounts for spatial variations along all three axes is employed in the perturbation integral, allowing the derivation of analytic expressions relating the normal acceleration sensitivity to such parameters as substrate length, width, thickness, and orientation, mode center offset, mode shape spatial variations, etc. While the case considered represents something of an overestimate as compared to support configurations typically employed in production, questions regarding aspect-ratio compensation, optimum choice of substrate parameters, etc. are clarified by the case considered. The results of the analysis compare favorably with measurements of oscillators employing two-port SAW and STW resonators.
Turning Segways into soccer robots

Purpose – To adapt the segway RMP, a dynamically balancing robot base, to build robots capable of playing soccer autonomously.Design/methodology/approach – Focuses on the electro‐mechanical mechanisms required to make the Segway RMP autonomous, sensitive, and able to control a football.Findings – Finds that turning a Segway RMP into a soccer‐playing robot requires a combined approach to the mechanics, electronics and software control.Research implications – Although software algorithms necessary for autonomous operation and infrastructure supplying logging and debugging facilities have been developed, the scenario of humans and robots playing soccer together has yet to be addressed.Practical implications – Turning the model into a soccer playing robot demonstrates the technique of combining mechanics, electronics and software control.Originality/value – Shows how the model as a base platform can be developed into a fully functional, autonomous, soccer‐playing robot.
Tackling group-to-tree matching in large scale group communications

As a mechanism to efficiently support group communications, multicasting, faces a serious state scalability problem when there are large numbers of groups in the network. Recently, a novel solution called Aggregated Multicast has been proposed, in which multiple groups can share one delivery tree. A key problem in Aggregated Multicast is group-to-tree matching (i.e., assigning groups to proper trees). In this paper, we formally define this problem, and formulate two versions of the problem: static and dynamic. We analyze the static version and prove that it is NP-complete. To tackle this hard problem, we propose three algorithms: one optimal (using Linear Integer Programming, or ILP), one near-optimal (using Greedy method), and one Pseudo-Dynamic algorithm. For the dynamic version, we present a generic dynamic on-line algorithm. Simulation study has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the algorithms. Our results show that: (1) for the static problem, the Greedy algorithm is a feasible solution and its performance is very close to the optimal ILP solution, while the Pseudo-Dynamic algorithm is a good heuristic for many cases where Greedy does not work well; (2) for the dynamic problem, the generic dynamic on-line algorithm is a very practical solution with promising performance and reasonable computation requirement.
Discovering The News: A Social History Of American Newspapers

The Ideal of Objectivity The Revolution in American Journalism in the Age of Egalitarianism: The Penny Press Telling Stories: Journalism as a Vocation After 1880 Stories and Information: Two Journalisms in the 1890s Objectivity Becomes Ideology: Journalism After World War I Objectivity, News Management, and the Critical Culture
Cross-Cutting Models of Lexical Semantics

Context-dependent word similarity can be measured over multiple cross-cutting dimensions. For example, lung and breath are similar thematically, while authoritative and superficial occur in similar syntactic contexts, but share little semantic similarity. Both of these notions of similarity play a role in determining word meaning, and hence lexical semantic models must take them both into account. Towards this end, we develop a novel model, Multi-View Mixture (MVM), that represents words as multiple overlapping clusterings. MVM finds multiple data partitions based on different subsets of features, subject to the marginal constraint that feature subsets are distributed according to Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Intuitively, this constraint favors feature partitions that have coherent topical semantics. Furthermore, MVM uses soft feature assignment, hence the contribution of each data point to each clustering view is variable, isolating the impact of data only to views where they assign the most features. Through a series of experiments, we demonstrate the utility of MVM as an inductive bias for capturing relations between words that are intuitive to humans, outperforming related models such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Health and Disease

Neuroinflammatory processes play a significant role in health and disease of the nervous system. These regulate development, maintenance and sustenance of brain cells and their connections. Linked to aging, epidemiologic, animal, human, and therapeutic studies all support the presence of a neuroinflammatory cascade in disease. This is highlighted by the neurotoxic potential of microglia. In steady state, microglia serve to protect the nervous system by acting as debris scavengers, killers of microbial pathogens, and regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. In neurodegenerative diseases, activated microglia affect neuronal injury and death through production of glutamate, pro-inflammatory factors, reactive oxygen species, quinolinic acid amongst others and by mobilization of adaptive immune responses and cell chemotaxis leading to transendothelial migration of immunocytes across the blood-brain barrier and perpetuation of neural damage. As disease progresses, inflammatory secretions engage neighboring glial cells, including astrocytes and endothelial cells, resulting in a vicious cycle of autocrine and paracrine amplification of inflammation perpetuating tissue injury. Such pathogenic processes contribute to neurodegeneration. Research from others and our own laboratories seek to harness such inflammatory processes with the singular goal of developing therapeutic interventions that positively affect the tempo and progression of human disease.
A Case Study Of Determinants Of An Effective Cloud Computing Strategy

The cloud continues to be an area of information systems that is being adopted cautiously by business firms. The authors of this study analyze factors that can determine the effectiveness of a cloud strategy as firms invest in this computing method. The authors examine cloud computing strategy from a detailed case study and statistical interpretation of a sample of projects of firms and organizations. The findings impute that technical factors are driving cloud computing projects more than procedural factors and that projects in the study exhibit less discipline in methodology than might otherwise be helpful in enabling an initial cloud computing strategy. This study contributes a framework for a prudent cloud computing strategy that can help firms as they further invest in this method of technology.
Sequencing Run-Time Reconfigured Hardware with Software

Run-Time Reconfigured systems offer additional hardware resources to systems based on reconfigurable FPGAs. These systems, however, are often difficult to build and must tolerate substantial reconfiguration times. A processor based architecture has been built to simplify the development of these systems by providing programmable control of hardware sequencing while retaining the performance of hardware. Configuration overhead of this system is reduced by "caching" hardware on the reconfigurable resource. An image processing application was developed on this system to demonstrate both the performance improvements of custom hardware and the ease of software development.
Cold-induced thermogenesis in younger and older Fischer 344 rats following exercise training

The inability of old rats to maintain body temperature during cold exposure has been well documented. This study evaluated the effect of exercise on the rates of cold-induced O2 consumption and the contribution of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) to these rates. Younger (12 mo) and older (24 mo) male Fischer 344 (F344) rats were divided into exercised and sedentary groups. Exercised rats were run on a motor-driven treadmill 60 min/day, at 19-24 m/min, 5 days/wk for 6 mo. At the conclusion of the 6-mo training period, O2 consumption of all four groups was measured at thermoneutrality (26 degrees C) and during 6 h of exposure to 6 degrees C. Rectal temperatures were recorded before and after cold exposure. NST was estimated from the ability of isolated brown fat mitochondria to bind guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP). Core temperature of older sedentary rats fell 5.1 +/- 0.4 degrees C after cold exposure (36.3 +/- 0.3 vs. 31.2 +/- 0.8 degrees C). Exercise training in older animals prevented this fall from occurring (36.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 35.3 +/- 0.3 degrees C). Core temperatures of cold-exposed younger exercised and sedentary rats did not differ from thermoneutral values. Exercise did not alter the rates of resting body mass-independent (ml.min-1.kg body mass-0.67) O2 consumption in younger or older rats. However, body mass-independent and lean body mass (LBM)-independent (ml.min-1.g LBM-0.67) cold-induced O2 consumptions of older exercised rats were significantly elevated relative to those of older sedentary animals. This effect of exercise was not seen in younger rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reduced Winter Snowpack and Greater Soil Frost Reduce Live Root Biomass and Stimulate Radial Growth and Stem Respiration of Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Trees in a Mixed-Hardwood Forest

Northeastern U.S. forests are currently net carbon (C) sinks, but rates of C loss from these ecosystems may be altered by the projected reduction in snowpack and increased soil freezing over the next century. Soil freezing damages fine roots, which may reduce radial tree growth and stem respiration. We conducted a snow removal experiment at Harvard Forest, MA to quantify effects of a reduced winter snowpack and increased soil freezing on root biomass, stem radial growth and respiration in a mixed-hardwood forest. The proportion of live fine root biomass during spring (late-April) declined with increasing soil frost severity (P = 0.05). Basal area increment index was positively correlated with soil frost severity for Acer rubrum, but not Quercus rubra. Rates of stem respiration in the growing season correlated positively with soil frost duration in the previous winter, ( $$ R^{2}_{{{\text{LMM}}({\text{m}})}} $$ = 0.15 and 0.24 for Q. rubra and A. rubrum, respectively). Losses of C from stem respiration were comparable to or greater than C storage from radial growth of Q. rubra and A. rubrum, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that in mixed-hardwood forests (1) soil freezing has adverse effects on spring live root biomass, but at least in the short-term could stimulate aboveground processes such as stem respiration and radial growth for A. rubrum more than Q. rubra, (2) stem respiration is an important ecosystem C flux and (3) the increasing abundance of A. rubrum relative to Q. rubra may have important implications for C storage in tree stem biomass.
Quantitative wing variation in inbred and outbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster

Variation of two wing morphology characters was studied in 11 X-chromosome substitution lines and three outbred lines of D. melanogaster, as a test of quantitative genetic predictions regarding variance components and heritabilities. As expected from inbreeding of the lines, between-lines components of phenotypic variance are statistically significant, while the significant within-line component is attributable to a maternal effect. Unusually low broad-sense heritabilities were observed in the inbred lines, and unusually low narrow-sense heritabilities were observed in the outbred lines. Low heritability estimates cannot be explained by insensitive measurement techniques, since the techniques were sufficiently sensitive to detect significant maternal effects. The most likely explanation for the low heritability estimates is the operation of natural selection on wing or correlated characters as stocks adapt to the laboratory environment.
IMPLEMENTING DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODELS IN THE ASSET SIMULATION FRAMEWORK

The Aircraft System Simulation Environment and Toolkit (ASSET) project is being undertaken as a proof of concept, aimed at demonstrating a rapid model prototyping and modification capability by utilizing modern software technologies and design concepts. Initially, the project is focused on a self-contained batch simulation, but it is designed to ultimately run embedded within other software environments, including realtime. This report focuses on the design and implementation of the model software, which strictly follows a block-diagram design paradigm. The initial implementation, a six-degree-of- freedom simulation of an F-16 airplane, is presented, along with current status and near-term plans.
Sampling Plan for Brachycorynella asparagi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Mature Asparagus Fields

Taylor’s power law was used to develop a fixed-number sampling plan for Brachycorynella asparagi (Mordvilko) on mature asparagus, Asparagus officinalis L., foliage. For control decisions, we recommend taking 141 primary branch samples and extracting the aphids from the foliage with Berlese-Tullgren funnels. The time required to do the sampling was determined. A new method of extracting aphids in paper bags was unsatisfactory, mainly because identifying and counting aphids mixed with plant debris and dirt were difficult. Aphids had an aggregated distribution and number of aphids within fields tended to increase from west to east.
Focal Mechanism of a Recent Event in South Africa: A Study Using a Sparse Very Broadband Network

INTRODUCTION In recent years, the rapid expansion of the Global Seismographic Network (GSN) has greatly enhanced our ability to monitor seismic events. Equipped with very broadband, three-component sensors, the GSN stations provide good coverage on most continents and contribute high quality data to basic scientific research and other monitoring purposes. At the same time, several GSN stations in a region of particular interest may be considered as a sparse regional network and become invaluable assets for earthquake source studies because source parameters of small to moderate-sized earthquakes provide important constraints on the local crustal structure, the stress field and the regional tectonics. Previously, the source parameters of small earthquakes (M ∼ 4.2 to 4.5) were successfully obtained from regional waveform data recorded at a single, very broadband seismic station (Fan and Wallace, 1991). Several research groups have reported near-real time source parameters retrieved from broadband waveforms in the western United...