cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirical evaluation of cytonuclear models incorporating genetic drift and tests for neutrality of mtDNA variants: data from experimental Gambusia hybrid zones

Statistical tests of genetic drift and of the neutrality of mtDNA are presented using empirical time‐series data on multi‐generational changes in cytonuclear disequilibria within replicated experimental hybrid populations of two species of live‐bearing Poeciliid fishes (Gambusia holbrooki and G.affinis) which were monitored over a period of two years (three generations). Cytonuclear disequilibria D and D (which measure departures from random associations of cytoplasmic and nuclear genotypes) over the three generations of the experiment were non‐zero for all replicate populations. For each of five nuclear loci, the observed measures of D and D were highly concordant between replicates during each generation. Significant departures from expectations were observed after one and two generations. A statistical measure of goodness of fit of observed changes in cytonuclear disequilibria (and implicitly of the neutrality of the mtDNA markers) was calculated for each nuclear locus. When the results for the replicates were combined into an overall test of neutrality, the fit to the random union of zygotes (RUZ) model was rejected for four of the five nuclear loci (P < 0.05). A simple genetic drift model does not explain the temporal changes in composite cytonuclear genotypic frequencies. Frequencies of parental G. holbrooki mitochondrial alleles and nuclear genotypes exceeded expected values during most time periods, implying some selective advantage of offspring produced by G. holbrooki females. Expansion of cytonuclear models to explicitly address questions of genetic drift and neutrality have general relevance to studies of natural populations.
Introduction to Box and Wilson (1951) On the Experimental Attainment of Optimum Conditions

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was one of the first companies to recognize the value of statisticians and they had several, spread over the various divisions. ICI Dyestuff’s Division, in particular, had the good fortune and foresight to have George E.P. Box as its statistical head and K.B. Wilson as one of its chemists. Their cooperation in this particular study set the foundation for the entire present field of response surface methodology.
Remediation of liquefaction effects for an embankment using soil-cement walls: Centrifuge and numerical modeling

Abstract Numerical simulations of a centrifuge model test of an embankment on a liquefiable foundation layer treated with soil-cement walls are presented. The centrifuge model was tested on a 9-m radius centrifuge and corresponded to a 28 m tall embankment underlain by a 9 m thick saturated loose sand layer. Soil-cement walls were constructed through the loose sand layer over a 30 m long section near the toe of the embankment and covered with a 7.5 m tall berm. The model was shaken with a scaled earthquake motion having peak horizontal base accelerations of 0.05 g, 0.26 g, and 0.54 g in the first, second, and third events, respectively. The latter two shaking events caused liquefaction in the loose sand layer. Crack detectors embedded in the soil-cement walls showed that they developed only minor cracks in the second shaking event, but sheared through their full length in the last shaking event. The results of the centrifuge model test and two-dimensional nonlinear dynamic simulations are compared for the two stronger shaking events using procedures common in engineering practice. The effects of various input parameters and approximations on simulation results are examined. Capabilities and limitations in the two-dimensional simulations of soil-cement wall reinforcement systems, with both liquefaction and soil-cement cracking effects, are discussed. Implications for practice are discussed.
Chronic pain and mental health: integrated solutions for global problems.

Chronic pain is the leading cause of years lived with disability globally. Populations in low- and middle-income countries bear a disproportionate burden of chronic pain because of greater exposure to road injuries, interpersonal and political violence, unregulated manual labor and limited access to healthcare. Lessons from the field of global mental health can provide a foundation to begin tackling the global burden of pain. These lessons include the use of task-sharing of front-line psychosocial care to non-specialized health workers; a transdiagnostic approach; use of syndemic models incorporating social determinants and co-morbidities; incorporating cultural idioms of distress, the symbolic meaning of pain, and traditional healing practices; and a person-centered approach emphasizing the embedded nature of an individual in her/his family, context and culture. The implications of this evidence for chronic pain management are manifold, for example: using transdiagnostic psychosocial interventions delivered by non-specialist, non-physician health workers as the first step; personalized medicine approaches based on good practice principles of chronic disease management; and concurrently addressing the social determinants often associated with pain syndromes. Taken together, these principles should be used to design intervention platforms that can address the burden of chronic pain, while reducing risks of over-utilization of opioid medications, globally.
The Urology Residency Interview: Prevalence of Potentially Discriminatory Questions and the Financial Burden on Applicants

AbstractIntroduction:We assessed the prevalence of potentially illegal questions asked as well as the financial burden faced by applicants during the 2017 and 2018 urology match.Methods:A survey wa...
Breast cancer multifocality-multicentricity and survival outcomes.

1104 Background: Studies have consistently shown a correlation between multifocal (MF) and multicentric (MC) breast cancers and the rate and extent of lymph node metastases, but the literature is d...
The daily physiotherapy regimen in cystic fibrosis

The aim of this paper is to question the accepted physiotherapy regimen for children with Fibrocystic Disease. Is it the most effective way of keeping the lungs clear of secretions? How much are we imposing added stress on an already stressed family? Is it not possible to design a programme which reduces stress and is socially acceptable? The traditional physiotherapy regimen of breathing exercises, postural drainage and percussion is described. Forced expiratory technique is described as well as various forms of nebulisation. The psychological impact on the family of a chronic, life-threatening disease, is discussed. Compliance with set physiotherapy regimens and the family's (especially the mother's) reaction to them is discussed. The most recent literature on the effectiveness of traditional physiotherapy techniques is reviewed. From this review as well as from personal experience, it is concluded that a rigid physiotherapy regimen is stressful and compliance is frequently poor. Suggestions are made on how to overcome this. It is stressed that this paper deals with the home programme, not with the hospital programme for acute exacerbations of the disease.
"I Don't Want Them to Not Know": Investigating Decisions to Disclose Transgender Identity on Dating Platforms

Dating platform research often focuses on people's decisions about when to reveal certain aspects of themselves to others, or self-disclosure. One example is deciding what to include in one's profile and what to reveal in chat conversations or in person. Transgender people face a particularly acute challenge in self-disclosure, but we know little about how they experience it on dating platforms. Revealing trans status can result in physical or emotional harm, but is also often considered necessary for a successful relationship and for self-fulfillment. To better understand disclosure of sensitive information, we interviewed 20 transgender dating platform users in the U.S. We find that direct, proactive disclosure of trans status was motivated by desires for safety and certainty, though this could involve tension. Physical separation and one-to-many communication surface as key affordances that facilitated disclosure. These results help us better understand motivations behind disclosure decisions.
Establishing the impact of a computer science/mathematics anti-symbiotic stereotype in CS students

In this paper we explore CS students' perception of the relationship between computer science and mathematics. It is widely accepted by educators and researchers that the study of mathematics is an essential part of the CS curriculum. We were surprised to discover that many of our CS students believed that no relationship or dependence exists between computer science and mathematics. We establish that many of our CS undergraduates do not believe that mathematical reasoning and problem solving skills are necessary for success in computer science. Furthermore, we will show that this anti-symbiotic stereotype is harmful to student's success in computer science.
Domain formation and phase transitions in the wurtzite-based heterovalent ternaries: a Landau theory analysis.

Characterizing the crystalline disorder properties of heterovalent ternary semiconductors continues to challenge solid-state theory. Here, a Landau theory is developed for the wurtzite-based ternary semiconductor ZnSnN2. It is shown that the symmetry properties of two nearly co-stable phases, with space groups Pmc21 and Pbn21, imply that a reconstructive phase transition is the source of crystal structure disorder via a mixture of phase domains. The site exchange defect, which consists of two adjacent antisite defects, is identified as the nucleation mechanism of the transition. A Landau potential based on the space-group symmetries of the Pmc21 and Pbn21 phases is constructed from the online databases in the ISOTROPY software suite and this potential is consistent with a system that undergoes a paraelectric to antiferroelectric phase transition. It is hypothesized that the low-temperature Pbn21 phase is antiferroelectric within the c-axis basal plane. The dipole arrangements within the Pbn21 basal plane yield a nonpolar spontaneous polarization and the electrical susceptibility derived from the Landau potential exhibits a singularity at the Neel temperature characteristic of antiferroelectric behavior. These results inform the study of disorder in the broad class of heterovalent ternary semiconductors, including those based on the zincblende structure, and open the door to the application of the ternaries in new technology spaces.
Landuse and soil property effects on infiltration into Alfisols in the Lower Mississippi River Valley, USA

Abstract Unsustainable, agriculturally related practices of water usage have caused increasing groundwater depletion in the Alluvial Aquifer in the Lower Mississippi River Valley (LMRV) of eastern Arkansas. To avoid further depletion, one method of decreasing drawdown of the Alluvial Aquifer would be to adopt agricultural management practices that increase surface infiltration, which would increase the amount of water that could potentially recharge the aquifer. The objective of this study was to evaluate surface water infiltration and infiltration-related properties in fine-textured, loessial and alluvial Alfisols under different land managements in the LMRV Delta region of eastern Arkansas. Falling-head, double-ring infiltration measurements (n = 105) were conducted as a completely random experimental design between November 2015 and July 2016 in six current major landuses: native prairie, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grassland, conventional-tillage (CT) agriculture, and no-tillage (NT) agriculture. The overall infiltration rate for the 20-min measurement interval for the deciduous forest (1.17 mm min−1) was 6.7 times greater (P
Sustained Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Implementation: School Leaders Discuss Their Processes and Practices:

The purpose of the study was to investigate the leadership practices that elementary school administrators and leadership teams utilize to promote effective, successful, and sustainable schoolwide ...
Indikation der Biopsie in der Dermatologie

Die histologische Gewebsuntersuchung stellt fur den Dermatologen wohl die wichtigste Laboratoriumsuntersuchung dar. Sie ist bei der Stellung der Diagnose fur die Dermatologie von gleicher Wichtigkeit wie z.B. die interne Rontgenuntersuchung fur die innere Medizin.
Unmet needs for assistance related to subjective cognitive decline among community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults in the US: prevalence and impact on health-related quality of life.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of unmet needs for assistance among middle-aged and older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) in the US and to evaluate whether unmet needs were associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Design: Cross-sectional Setting: US – 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico Participants: Community-dwelling adults aged 45 years and older who completed the Cognitive Decline module on the 2015-–2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System reported experiencing SCD and always, usually, or sometimes needed assistance with day-to-day activities because of SCD (n = 6,568). Measurements: We defined SCD as confusion or memory loss that was happening more often or getting worse over the past 12 months. Respondents with SCD were considered to have an unmet need for assistance if they sometimes, rarely, or never got the help they needed with day-to-day activities. We measured three domains of HRQOL: (1) mental (frequent mental distress, ≥14 days of poor mental health in the past 30 days), (2) physical (frequent physical distress, ≥14 days of poor physical health in the past 30 days), and (3) social (SCD always, usually, or sometimes interfered with the ability to work, volunteer, or engage in social activities outside the home). We used log-binomial regression models to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs). All estimates were weighted. Results: In total, 40.2% of people who needed SCD-related assistance reported an unmet need. Among respondents without depression, an unmet need was associated with a higher prevalence of frequent mental distress (PR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.12–2.13, p = 0.007). Frequent physical distress and social limitations did not differ between people with met and unmet needs. Conclusions: Middle-aged and older adults with SCD-related needs for assistance frequently did not have those needs met, which could negatively impact their mental health. Interventions to identify and meet the unmet needs among people with SCD may improve HRQOL.
Florida’s efforts to assume section 404 permitting

Section 404 of the federal Clean Water Act prohibits disposing of dredged and fill materials into the waters of the United States (WOTUS) absent a permit or statutory exception. Often, development in wetlands requires a dredge and fill permit under the Clean Water Act. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the agency authorized to grant such permits unless a state assumes this responsibility as provided under the same statute. In 2005, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) explored assumption of §404 permitting resulting in a report to the Florida legislature finding the department could not assume this responsibility due to inadequate state staff and funds. Despite significant reductions in staff and funding since then, FDEP’s current position is that the department can assume this responsibility without adding to its budget due to duplicative permitting of wetlands development under state statutes. The State of Florida submitted its assumption package to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on 20 August 2020. If approved by the EPA, Florida will be only the third state to assume §404 permitting authority from the Corps of Engineers. The action is not without controversy and is mostly opposed by those in the environmental protection community. A new federal rule defining WOTUS effective 22 June 2020, further complicates §404 assumption for any state.
Opinion: The power and promise of improved climate data infrastructure.

The announcement by the Biden Administration to reengage the Paris climate process and lower US greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 50% by the end of this decade is an essential development in the global effort to avoid the worst impacts of climate change (1). However, promises to reduce US GHG emissions are not new and have thus far delivered little real and sustainable emissions reductions (2). The result? Climate change continues unabated, and we forgo the associated jobs and technological innovation that will fuel economic growth in climate friendly businesses. It must be different this time—pledges must lead to practical policy and quickly. To mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, we need accurate and transparent emissions data infrastructure that maps when emissions are happening and where they’re coming from. Image credit: Shutterstock/Tatiana Grozetskaya. To meet the US emission pledge, practical policies will need to reach broadly across the US economy and mobilize new technologies, behavioral change, and private capital. Regardless of policy specifics, actionable GHG reduction policies will fundamentally rest on critical climate data infrastructure that comprehensively and reliably quantifies and tracks GHG emissions in the United States from the local to the national scale. Ideally, all citizens should be able to see a daily map of detailed emissions across the US landscape, much like viewing daily weather. In other words, we need a “US Greenhouse Gas Information Service.” Such a service would provide local emission context to our daily lives and is essential to determine whether emission reduction claims are real, if they’re targeting the best opportunities from neighborhoods to the nation, and whether they’re establishing the trust necessary to mobilize and sustain reduction investment. Right now, however, US climate data collection and dissemination efforts are falling short. Measurement and tracking of GHG emissions reflect a collection of ad hoc mandates and … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: kevin.gurney{at}nau.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Effect of Coal Combustion Products on high temperature performance of asphalt mastics

Abstract For many years fly ash has been effectively used as a partial replacement of portland cement in the production of different types of concrete, as well as in embankments and soil stabilization. On the other hand, the use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) in asphalt pavements has been very limited. Few researchers investigated the application of CCPs in asphalt. This research reports on the effect of CCPs on the high temperature performance of asphalt binders. In this paper 15 CCPs were identified, characterized and investigated for their compatibility with different types of asphalt cement and compared to control mineral filler. Furthermore, the study explored the effect of dosage, physical properties and chemical composition of CCP on the stiffness, phase angle and rutting behavior of mastics. The investigation of the rheological performance of asphalt binders with different types of CCPs using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) confirmed the feasibility of using these by-products to improve the permanent deformation resistance of asphalt binders. Research data demonstrate that the effect of the CCPs is dependent on the dosage and physical and chemical properties of CCP. Based on the rheological response of CCP based mastics at high temperatures this study found a strong physical and chemical interaction between the CCP and the asphalt binder.
Group and Individual Boundaries in Group Psychotherapy: Theoretical and Technical Considerations

Boundaries define and establish individuals and groups (and organizations) and help to maintain them. To give some examples: The City University of N.Y. loosened its boundaries to include The Mount Sinai School of Medicine. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine included the CUNY affiliation by extending its own boundaries. However, it maintained the boundaries of who should be admitted to the medical school, who should leave and it also defined its function as the training of medical students. The individual medical student included in his own individual self boundaries the medical school and the university affiliation but largely maintained his identity and function as a student in the medical school. These examples could be further elaborated on, but they illustrate the significance and some of the effects of boundaries.
From Fraternity to Fracture: Black Press Coverage of and Involvement in Negro League Baseball in the 1920s

Abstract This examination of baseball coverage by the country's largest black weeklies during the 1920s reveals a close partnership between the black press and the black community's businessmen to found and sustain Negro league baseball. Themes revealed in an analysis of coverage include the significance of baseball as a way to create jobs and income within the black community; the moral obligation for blacks to support their own leagues; the symbolic importance of black baseball in terms of civic pride and solidarity; and the opportunity to demonstrate economic and athletic achievement to mainstream society. Implicit in each of these themes is an acceptance of or acquiescence to white-enforced segregation and the nether world for blacks it created. This article also explores what was absent in black press coverage. There was no discussion of major league baseball's color ban in evidence during the decade and, consequently, no coordinated plan to challenge or even protest professional baseball's racist po...
Nonisotopic methods for detecting activation of small G proteins

Rapl proteins are members of the Ras superfamily of small G proteins and cycle between the GDP- and GTP-bound states. In the GTP-bound state, Rapl is biologically active and is capable of binding with high affinity to several downstream signaling molecules, including Raf-l, B-Raf, and RalGDS. Activated Rap I regulates several signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade) and plays a role in regulating cellular adhesion. A number of stimuli that may regulate cell growth or differentiation utilize Rapl signaling to achieve specific physiological effects, including T cell receptor activation, B cell receptor activation, growth factor action, and hormonal stimulation. All these stimuli increase levels of GTP-bound Rap1 through the activation Rap1-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), many of which are regulated by multiple intracellular signals. Therefore, the ability to measure Rapl activation may provide a useful tool in the examination of a number of biological systems.
Combined high range resolution and micro-Doppler analysis of human gait

This paper considers how the estimation of radar target micro-motions may be combined with localization of scattering centers leading to a niche data set to describe complex targets. Micro-Doppler signature analysis has been demonstrated as an effective way to acquire information about a target by estimating its unique micro-motions. Targets have also been successfully characterized through using high range resolution to estimate the spatial structure. Both techniques are often considered in isolation—either micro-Doppler or high range resolution may be employed, but not both. However, as presented here, spatial information can be associated with micro-motions to increase the target information measured by the radar.
Nucleic Acid-Induced Resistance to Viral Infection

Takano, Kouichi (Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., Terre Haute, Ind.), Joel Warren, Keith E. Jensen, and Alan L. Neal. Nucleic acid resistance to viral infection. J. Bacteriol. 90:1542–1547. 1965.—Administration of nonviral nucleic acids to mice increased their resistance to a subsequent infection with influenza or encephalomyocarditis viruses. Injection of ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid by peripheral routes did not modify susceptibility to intranasal infection. Lung tissue extracts from animals previously treated with yeast nucleic acid inhibited the growth of vaccinia and influenza viruses. The protective effect of exogenous nucleic acids persisted in mice for several days, but gradually diminished to undetectable levels.
A compositional approach to concurrent programming

There is widespread interest in concurrent programming. Many concurrent programming languages have been proposed. However, there are modularity and extensibility problems associated with many of these languages: concurrent programs are difficult to extend and modify. Also, specifications of programs cannot be easily reused. This thesis presents a compositional approach to concurrent programming that aims to resolve these problems. The approach is based on the observation that there are two orthogonal behaviors of components of a concurrent program: computational behavior and interaction behavior. The computational behavior of a component specifies the operations performed during an execution of the component. Its interaction behavior determines the manner in which the component affects or is affected by other components. In the compositional approach a concurrent program is composed from separate specifications of computational and interaction behaviors. We call this approach "separation of concerns." One of the implications of separation is that concurrent programs can be easily extended by adding component programs. Only the specifications of the interaction behaviors may need to be changed. Also, a concurrent program can be modified by changing only its interaction behavior specification. Further, separation of concerns supports reusability of both computational and interaction behavior specifications. More importantly, in this approach representations of computations and interactions are both programming language abstractions. These abstractions can be composed with other abstractions such as inheritance and genericity in order to define generic concurrent program abstractions. In the first part of the thesis, we use separation of concerns as the basis for developing a model of computation. The model contains a concurrent program composition mechanism, a representation mechanism for component programs, and a declarative interaction specification mechanism. In the second part of the thesis, we apply the model to design a concurrent object-oriented programming language, called CYES-C++. CYES-C++ supports highly concurrent objects and a general concurrent method invocation mechanism, fully integrates the notion of inheritance and genericity with concurrency and interaction, and supports reusability of method and interaction specifications. The feasibility of our approach is demonstrated by developing a prototype implementation for CYES-C++. The implementation runs on a network of workstations.
Subaperture stitching surface errors due to noise

Subaperture stitching is a popular method for extending small, subaperture interferometer measurements to cover largeaperture optics. The method is simple in that there are only two steps: 1) make multiple measurements across the surface and 2) use well-established software techniques to merge the individual measurements into one surface estimate. Because parts of the system must move between measurements, small misalignments between subapertures are unavoidable, but easily accommodated within the software. Unfortunately this process has the potential to introduce errors. In this work, we show how random noise in a circular ring of subapertures creates artifacts in low-order surface shape estimates. The magnitude of these errors depends on setup parameters such as the number of subapertures and their overlap, as well as the measurement noise within a single subaperture. Understanding the relationships between subaperture stitching configuration and surface artifacts is important when designing high-accuracy metrology systems which rely on subaperture stitching. This work will help metrology system designers incorporate subaperture stitching into error budgets and tolerances.
African Women in Ecclesiastical Documents, Benguela, 1760-1860

Based on the analysis of ecclesiastical documents, this study explores how African women lived in the port town of Benguela from about 1760 to 1860. This period includes the height of the transatlantic slave trade, its decline and abolition, and the slow shift towards legitimate trade. Through specific cases revealed in baptism, marriage and burial records, the article presents short stories and explores African women’s interaction with foreign men, their economic roles, and their participation in a Christian community. The study also discusses how African women made use of parish venues to establish rights and to record their wishes in order to protect loved ones, in a process that secured social and economic mobility for the next generations.
Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian 3D ideal MHD algorithms

We discuss algorithmic approaches and verification results associated with the Lagrangian–Eulerian algorithms for ideal magnetohydrodynamics as implemented in the ALEGRA arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian code. We discuss the form of the Lagrangian step discretization including the forces and the time step control. We also discuss our constrained transport approach for remap of the magnetic flux density and a deBar-type approach for total energy conservation which permits the capturing of shocks. We demonstrate the benefit of a predictor–corrector methodology for time discretization. Directions for further research are indicated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and amino acid sequences of opossum vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin octapeptide.

Abstract Evolutionary history suggests that the marsupials entered South America from North America about 75 million years ago and subsequently dispersed into Australia before the separation between South America and Antarctica-Australia. A question of interest is whether marsupial peptides resemble the corresponding peptides of Old or New World mammals. Previous studies had shown that "little" gastrin of the North American marsupial, the opossum, is identical in length to that of the New World mammals, the guinea pig and chinchilla. In this report, we demonstrate that opossum cholecystokinin octapeptide, like that of the Australian marsupials, the Eastern quoll and the Tamar wallaby, is identical to the cholecystokinin octapeptide of Old World mammals and differs from that of the guinea pig and chinchilla. However, opossum vasoactive intestinal polypeptide differs from the usual Old World mammalian vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in five sites: [sequence; see text].
The First N-terminal Amino Acids of α-Synuclein Are Essential for α-Helical Structure Formation In Vitro and Membrane Binding in Yeast

α-Synuclein (α-syn), a protein implicated in Parkinson's disease, is structurally diverse. In addition to its random-coil state, α-syn can adopt an α-helical structure upon lipid membrane binding or a β-sheet structure upon aggregation. We used yeast biology and in vitro biochemistry to detect how sequence changes alter the structural propensity of α-syn. The N-terminus of the protein, which adopts an α-helical conformation upon lipid binding, is essential for membrane binding in yeast, and variants that are more prone to forming an α-helical structure in vitro are generally more toxic to yeast. β-Sheet structure and inclusion formation, on the other hand, appear to be protective, possibly by sequestering the protein from the membrane. Surprisingly, sequential deletion of residues 2 through 11 caused a dramatic drop in α-helical propensity, vesicle binding in vitro, and membrane binding and toxicity in yeast, part of which could be mimicked by mutating aspartic acid at position 2 to alanine. Variants with distinct structural preferences, identified here by a reductionist approach, provide valuable tools for elucidating the nature of toxic forms of α-syn in neurons.
CORPORATE TAXES AND DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION PLANS

Abstract The Tepper–Black arguments for tax-arbitrage opportunities from overfunding pension plans are critically examined and modifications proposed. Tax status, a function of current marginal tax rates and expected future taxable income, is predicted to determine funding policy. Tests of this modified tax benefits view suggest that 1) tax status declines are associated with pension contribution reductions, 2) reductions in contributions are related to previous excess contributions as well as non-pension tax shield increases causing the decline in tax status, and 3) cross-sectionally, tax status is related to fund levels, choice of actuarial variables, and the use of defined benefit plans.
Measurements of microjet cooling and phase change characteristics using microcantilever heaters

This paper reports novel microcantilever metrology tools to investigate free microjets emanating from a micromachined nozzle having 10 μm diameter. Microcantilever sensors are well-suited to interrogate these flows due to their high spatial and temporal resolution. In this work, microcantilevers with integrated piezoresistors have been used to detect the breakup distance of free microjets, and microcantilevers with integrated resistive heaters have been applied to study microjet cooling and phase change characteristics. Measured microjet thrusts were in the range of 10 – 60 μN and heat fluxes were measured in the range of 25 – 350 °C. The convective heat fluxes by microjet impingement boiling were estimated at 2.9 – 7.6 kW/cm2 . The techniques reported herein are promising to characterize microscale flows.© 2007 ASME
Patterns and occurrence of diel vertical migration of zooplankton biomass in the Mid-Atlantic bight described by an acoustic Doppler current profiler

The seasonal occurrence, timing, and pattern of diel vertical migration of acoustically estimated zooplankton biomass at the edge of the continental shelf off the eastern United States is described based on the SEEP II (Shelf Edge Exchange Processes in the Southern Middle Atlantic Bight) data set obtained between February 1988 and May 1989. Zooplankton biomass was estimated using a bottom-moored, upward-looking 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler deployed at the 90 m isobath. Vertical distributions of biomass were represented by the median depths of the acoustically estimated biomass which had been normalized relative to the maximum and minimum depths for each day and time standardized such that sunrise and sunset occurred at 0600 and 1800, respectively. Periods of diel vertical migration during the 15 month record were identified by determining daily least-squares fits of hourly vertical velocities to an ideal curve of migrating biomass velocities such that maximum upwards and downwards velocities of zooplankton biomass coincided with sunset and sunrise, respectively. Diel vertical migration occurred for 35, 15, and 20% of the days (p<0.05) during each of the spring, summer, and fall/winter mooring deployments, respectively. The occurrence of diel vertical migration at the site appeared to be affected primarily by changes in the community composition of the zooplankton which was strongly influenced by the advection of different water types and associated zooplankton communities over the site. Little correlation was observed between the occurrence or magnitude of vertical migration and environmental parameters such as chlorophyll a concentration and temperature. Daily vertical migrations were timed to the diel light cycle.
Preliminary investigation of the impact of polymer composition on electrochemical properties of coatings as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

The influence of structural and systematic compositional variations in glycidyl carbamate (GC) functional polymers on the electrochemical properties of their coatings was studied. There are few reports which focus on the correlation of structural and compositional variations in polymer films with their electrochemical barrier properties, diffusion properties with regards to water and aqueous electrolytes, and corrosion performance. To begin to fill this knowledge gap, two sets of GC functional polymers were studied. The polymer compositions were designed to vary the extent of polar hydrophilic groups, non-polar hydrophobic groups, and reactive epoxy groups in the final coatings. Impedance responses of the coatings were found to be closely related to the structural and compositional variations of these GC polymer films. In addition, single frequency EIS experiments were used in an attempt to understand the water uptake behavior of these polymer films using NaCl solution and ionic liquid under immersed condition. The resulting transport property data of the films was correlated to their polymer structure and composition. Moreover, a novel attempt at ranking the stability of coating using capacitance measurement during a cyclic wetting–drying condition was also attempted. The information obtained from this work can potentially be used to optimize the polymer for the specific performance properties needed in the protective coating applications, saving significant time and effort in the research and development stage.
Cataloging Aerial Photographs and Other Remote-Sensing Materials

SUMMARY Remote-sensing images are valuable library resources, which provide highly useful information to a variety of library patrons. They are graphic representations of spatial relationships recorded by a device that was not in physical contact with the geographic entity being studied. Effective access and description in the library catalog is necessary so that these images may be found and used. This article discusses characteristics of remote-sensing images and maps: how to identify them; and how to catalog, classify and provide subject access for them. A variety of remote-sensing items and their catalog records are reproduced and discussed, including application of the new Remote-sensing 007 field.
Semi-empirical modeling of gamma-ray density logs with the possibility of obtaining more information

A semi-empirical model based on the forward scatter principle has been devised for describing the gamma-ray density log for oil well logging. This approach is significantly different from the existing primarily empirical model and approach that is presently used for this purpose. It offers the possibility of providing a more fundamental and accurate basis for log interpretation since the natural parameters used in this approach are also significantly different and more fundamental than the ones presently in use.
Cold-Induced Heat Shock Protein Expression in Rat Aorta and Brown Adipose Tissue

Recent reports indicate that Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are induced in mammalian tissues as part of a homeostatic response to environmental stressors. Administration of sympathomimetic drugs and neuroendocrine stress hormones has been shown to evoke an HSP response in unstressed animals indicating that cell signaling events exists that couple specific neurotransmitter/hormone-receptor interactions with HSP expression in mammalian tissues. Herein, we demonstrate that exposure of rats to a cold ambient temperature (6 degrees C) results in increased expression of constitutive and inducible members of the HSP70 gene family in association with increased expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Increased HSP70 expression was not restricted to BAT because HSP70 was also induced in the aorta. This cold-induced HSP response is characterized by a transient increase in HSP70 protein and mRNA in both tissues during continued exposure. Ganglionic blockade prevented cold-induced HSP70 expression in BAT and aorta, indicating that sympathetic activity is requisite to this response. Administration of the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, prazosin, also blocked expression, further delineating possible signaling mechanisms mediating this response. Apparently, cells in some mammalian tissues have adopted unique cellular regulatory mechanisms to support HSP induction that have been incorporated into the physiological response of the entire organism to an environmental stressor.
Single-crystal elastic constants of Fe-15Ni-15Cr alloy

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) and pulse-echo (PE) superposition techniques have been used to determine the three independent elastic-stiffness constants C11, C12, and C44 as a function of temperature for single crystals of 70Fe-15Ni-15Cr alloy. The values of the elastic moduli determined using RUS and PE are in very good agreement within the range of uncertainties. This particular ternary composition of Fe, Ni, and Cr undergoes an fcc-bcc structural phase transformation near 190 K resulting in a low-temperature ferromagnetic phase. The Debye characteristic temperature was determined to be 447 K from PE and 451 K from RUS measurements. The Zener elastic anisotropy A=2C44/(C11−C12) is nearly constant: A=3.53±0.16 in Fe-Ni-Cr alloys with similar compositions. For these alloys, only small variations are observed in the Gruneisen parameter, γ≈2.08, and in the Poisson ratio, v[hkl]=0.293±0.013.
Measured and Computed Lateral Response of a Pile Group in Sand

A lateral load test was performed on a full-scale pile group to evaluate pile–soil–pile interaction effects. The 3×3 pile group at 3.3 pile diameter spacing was driven opened ended into a profile consisting of loose to medium dense sand underlain by clay. The load carried by each pile was measured and strain gages were attached to determine bending moment. A single pile test was conducted for comparison. Group effects significantly reduced lateral resistance for all rows relative to single pile behavior. Trailing rows carried less load than the leading row. In contrast to tests in clay, lateral resistance was also consistently lower for middle piles within each row. Backcalculated p -multipliers were 0.8 for the front row and 0.4 for the trailing row piles which is consistent with results from previous centrifuge tests and full-scale tests where different installation methods were used. Good agreement between measured and computed pile group response was obtained using the p -multiplier approach. Based on...
Can we hear the voices of peasants? France, 1788

Conscience politique de la paysannerie (Dauphine, Auvergne) dans la litterature pamphletaire a la veille de la revolution
Personality Correlates of Patient Interactions in Group Psychotherapy

This study attempted to determine what relationships exist between the personality dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism, and external control and patient interactions in group psychotherapy. The verbal response frequencies of 49 psychiatric patients distributed among five groups were correlated with the patient scores on extraversion, neuroticism, and external control scales. Low positive correlations were found between extraversion and patient-to-patient interactions, neuroticism and patient-to-therapist interactions, and external control and patient-to-therapist interactions. Some theoretical and practical implications of the findings were discussed.
Deactivation behaviour of arenes and heteroarenes. VI. quenching of the fluorescence of heteroarenium cations at high concentrations

Abstract At high concentrations of acridizinium and N-methylacridinium salts in methanol (virtually complete dissociation) a differentiated quenching of fluorescence occurs, since a cation-cation and a cation-anion interaction exist in the excited state. The extent of the fluorescence quenching due to cation-anion interaction is determined by the donor properties of the anions and can be correlated with the corresponding ct-parameters. A fluorescence quenching through cation-cation interaction in the excited state (formation of excimers) is only observed in the case of acridizinium salts. These findings are consistent with the ability of cations to cause photodimerization.
Individual and Aggregate Years-of-life-lost Associated With Overweight and Obesity

This study presents nationally representative estimates of individual and aggregate years-of-life-lost (YLLs) associated with overweight and three categories of obesity separately by age, race, smoking status, and gender strata. Using proportional hazards analysis and data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Linked Mortality Files, we estimated life expectancies for each BMI strata and quantified YLLs by comparing differences between each strata and the normal BMI reference group. Our results provide further evidence that overweight and mild obesity are not associated with a reduction in life expectancy. However, higher BMI categories are associated with lower expected survival. In aggregate, excess BMI is responsible for ∼95 million YLLs. White females account for more than two-thirds of the aggregate YLLs. Unless something is done to reduce the rising prevalence of those with BMIs >35, or to mitigate the impact of obesity or its correlates on YLLs, expected life expectancy for US adults may decrease in the future.
Quiescent fibroblasts are protected from proteasome inhibition–mediated toxicity

Proteasome inhibition is used as a treatment strategy for multiple types of cancers. Although proteasome inhibition can induce apoptotic cell death in actively proliferating cells, it is less effective in quiescent cells. In this study, we used primary human fibroblasts as a model system to explore the link between the proliferative state of a cell and proteasome inhibition–mediated cell death. We found that proliferating and quiescent fibroblasts have strikingly different responses to MG132, a proteasome inhibitor; proliferating cells rapidly apoptosed, whereas quiescent cells maintained viability. Moreover, MG132 treatment of proliferating fibroblasts led to increased superoxide anion levels, juxtanuclear accumulation of ubiquitin- and p62/SQSTM1-positive protein aggregates, and apoptotic cell death, whereas MG132-treated quiescent cells displayed fewer juxtanuclear protein aggregates, less apoptosis, and higher levels of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. In both cell states, reducing reactive oxygen species with N-acetylcysteine lessened protein aggregation and decreased apoptosis, suggesting that protein aggregation promotes apoptosis. In contrast, increasing cellular superoxide levels with 2-methoxyestradiol treatment or inhibition of autophagy/lysosomal pathways with bafilomycin A1 sensitized serum-starved quiescent cells to MG132-induced apoptosis. Thus, antioxidant defenses and the autophagy/lysosomal pathway protect serum-starved quiescent fibroblasts from proteasome inhibition–induced cytotoxicity.
A time‐based potential step analysis of electrochemical impedance incorporating a constant phase element: A study of commercially pure titanium in phosphate buffered saline

The measurement of electrochemical impedance is a valuable tool to assess the electrochemical environment that exists at the surface of metallic biomaterials. This article describes the development and validation of a new technique, potential step impedance analysis (PSIA), to assess the electrochemical impedance of materials whose interface with solution can be modeled as a simplified Randles circuit that is modified with a constant phase element. PSIA is based upon applying a step change in voltage to a working electrode and analyzing the subsequent current transient response in a combined time and frequency domain technique. The solution resistance, polarization resistance, and interfacial capacitance are found directly in the time domain. The experimental current transient is numerically transformed to the frequency domain to determine the constant phase exponent, alpha. This combined time and frequency approach was tested using current transients generated from computer simulations, from resistor-capacitor breadboard circuits, and from commercially pure titanium samples immersed in phosphate buffered saline and polarized at -800 mV or +1000 mV versus Ag/AgCl. It was shown that PSIA calculates equivalent admittance and impedance behavior over this range of potentials when compared to standard electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This current transient approach characterizes the frequency response of the system without the need for expensive frequency response analyzers or software.