cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The turbidite-contourite-tidalite-baroclinite-hybridite problem: orthodoxy vs. empirical evidence behind the “Bouma Sequence”

The underpinning problems of deep-water facies still remain unresolved. (1) The Tb, Tc, and Td divisions of the turbidite facies model, with traction structures, are an integral part of the “Bouma Sequence” (Ta, Tb, Tc, Td, Te). However, deposits of thermohaline contour currents, wind-driven bottom currents, deep-marine tidal currents, and baroclinic currents (internal waves and tides) also develop discrete rippled units, mimicking Tc. (2) The application of “cut-out” logic of sequences, which was originally introduced for the “Bouma Sequence”, with sharp basal contacts and sandy divisions containing well-developed traction structures, to muddy contorts with gradational basal contacts and an absence of well-developed traction structures is incongruent. (3) The presence of five internal divisions and hiatus in the muddy contoured facies model is in dispute. (4) Intersection of along slope contour currents with down slope sediment-gravity flows, triggering hybrid flows, also develops traction structures. (5) The comparison of genuine hybrid flows with down slope flow transformation of gravity flows is inconsistent with etymology of the term “hybrid”. (6) A reexamination of the Annot Sandstone at the Peira Cava type locality in SE France fails to validate either the orthodoxy of five internal divisions of the “Bouma Sequence” or their origin by turbidity currents. For example, the “Ta” division is composed of amalgamated units with inverse grading and floating mudstone clasts, suggesting a mass-transport deposit (MTD). The “Tb” and “Tc” divisions are composed of double mud layers and sigmoidal cross bedding, respectively, which suggest a tidalite origin. (7) Although it was reasonable to introduce a simplistic “Bouma Sequence” in 1962, at a time of limited knowledge on deep-water processes, it is obsolete now in 2021 to apply this model to the rock record amid a wealth of new knowledge. (8) The disconnect between 12 observed, but questionable, modern turbidity currents and over 10,000 interpreted ancient turbidites defies the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This disconnect is attributed to routine application of genetic facies models, without a pragmatic interpretation of empirical data. (9) A suggested solution to these problems is to interpret traction structures in the sedimentary record pragmatically on the basis of empirical field and experimental evidence, without any built-in bias using facies models, such as the “Bouma Sequence”. (10) Until reliable criteria are developed to distinguish traction structures of each type of bottom currents based on uniformitarianism, a general term “BCRS” (i.e., bottom-current reworked sands) is appropriate for deposits of all four kinds of bottom currents.
A Modified Helmholtz Equation Least Squares Method for Reconstructing Vibroacoustic Quantities on an Arbitrarily Shaped Vibrating Structure

A modified Helmholtz equation least-square (HELS) method is developed to reconstruct vibroacoustic quantities on an arbitrarily shaped vibrating structure. Unlike the traditional nearfield acoustic...
Structural insights into the functional divergence of WhiB-like proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

WhiB7 represents a distinct subclass of transcription factors in the WhiB-Like (Wbl) family, a unique group of iron-sulfur (4Fe-4S] cluster-containing proteins exclusive to the phylum of Actinobacteria. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), WhiB7 interacts with domain 4 of the primary sigma factor (σA4) in the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and activates genes involved in multiple drug resistance and redox homeostasis. Here, we report crystal structures of the WhiB7:σA4 complex alone and bound to its target promoter DNA at 1.55-A and 2.6-A resolution, respectively. These structures show how WhiB7 regulates gene expression by interacting with both σA4 and the AT-rich sequence upstream of the -35 promoter DNA via its C-terminal DNA-binding motif, the AT-hook. By combining comparative structural analysis of the two high-resolution σA4-bound Wbl structures with molecular and biochemical approaches, we identify the structural basis of the functional divergence between the two distinct subclasses of Wbl proteins in Mtb.
Application of Capillary Fluid Management Techniques to the Design of a Phase Separating Microgravity Bioreactor

Manned space missions require the development of compact, efficient, and reliable life support systems. A number of aqueous biological conversion processes are associated with bioregenerative life support systems. Vessels, or bioreactors, capable of supporting these processes in microgravity must be developed. An annular flow bioreactor has been conceived. It has the potential to incorporate containment, phase separation, gas exchange, and illumination into a single vessel. The bioreactor utilizes capillary fluid management techniques and is configured as a cylindrical tube in which a two-phase liquid-gas flow is maintained. Vanes placed around the inner perimeter enhance capillary forces and cause the liquid phase to attach and flow along the interior surface of the tube. No physical barrier is required to complete phase separation. It is shown analytically that liquid film thickness is limited only by vane geometry and that an annular flow bioreactor capable of managing 284 liters would occupy 0.7 cubic m, less than half the volume of a Spacelab experiment rack.
Acidization—V: The prediction of the movement of acid and permeability fronts in sandstone

Abstract A new model has been developed which describes the acidization of sandstone cores. The results show that the reaction of hydrofloric acid with the dissolvable minerals occurs in a narrow zone which moves as a reaction front through the sandstone core. The width of the reaction front is related to the Damkohler Number and the velocity of the reaction front is related to the acid capacity number. The model has virtually no adjustable parameters and agrees extremely well with the experimental results.
The Role of Social Desirability in Self-Reported Condom Use Attitudes and Intentions

This paper reports the findings from two studies which examined the tendency of sexually-active college students to provide socially desirable (i.e., positively biased) responses to questions concerning condom use. The first study found that while female attitudes toward condom use and intentions to use a condom were not associated with social desirability, such attitudes and intentions were significantly related to two measures of impression management for males. The second study attempted to identify conditions under which the relationship between condom use responses and impression management might be attenuated. Specifically, we tested whether participants would report more negative attitudes toward using condoms, and weaker behavioral intentions, when questionnaire instructions emphasized (1) participant anonymity, (2) the scientific importance of obtaining accurate responses, or (3) a combination of these two instructional sets. Results suggest that, compared to a no-instruction control group, self-reported male attitude toward and intention regarding condom use become more negative when anonymity is stressed. Female responses were unaffected by any of the instruction sets compared to the control group. The two studies provide converging evidence that college males positively bias their responses to questions regarding condom use, and suggest the need for further research on the attenuation of such misrepresentation.
REPLY TO KAMMEYER AND SKIDMORE

Kenneth Kammeyer and Arthur Skidmore's critical examination of our attack upon Transition Theory focuses upon nearly every substantive point which could be raised. They question the value of a forcing theory, the correspondence between our formalization and accepted Transition Theory, and our particular use of symbolic logic. Furthermore, they leave few stones unturned within each category. As with any broad attack, we find some points with which we have some sympathy and, as should not surprise most readers, many with which we have little sympathy. We argue below that Transition Theory must be forcing in some of its facets but perhaps not in others. We argue that our formalization does indeed fit that version which they stress, the thesis of Davis, and{we argue it also is applicable to a variety of others despite our characterization of this formalization as a diffusion version. As regards our use of excessive formalizations, we can say little other than the proof of the pudding is in the eating. As fare we offer a new proof showing that some conclusions which Kammeyer and Skidmore apparently feel are obvious inferences from Transition Theory in fact cannot be deduced from it. And, in conclusion, we agree that much remains to be done. What we have presented is no more than a start toward an explicitly formalized theory from which standard lists of inferences have been derived. SHOULD TRANSITION THEORY BE FORCING? Central to Kammeyer and Skidmore's criticism is the assertion that Transition Theory need not be forcing. In their view a non-forcing contingent theory is more flexible and on that ground is more desirable. They see no merit to a theory in which societies must move through the transition. In some respects we concede the point. If the theory were to be forcing in all stages, then it would predict that each and every society would inevitably move from stage one on through two into stage three. We show (proof one, Loschky and Wilcox, 1974, p. 222) that this inference cannot be deduced from Transition Theory as we formalize it. This means societies can stay in stage one forever. Commenting upon this proof we stated, "Such a conclusion, while not contrary to the facts as we now know them, certainly is contrary to our expectations concerning population dynamics" (p. 222). We are not adament on this point. As a personal note, we do feel it very likely that before the end of this century there will be no society in which death rates are permitted to remain at stage one levels. But this is surely conjecture. If we are correct, then we would wish to have a theory which could predict this for us, and we might prefer one which unequivocably forced the move for human populations. This point is debatable. But there can be no debate concern-
A Simple Diffractive Boundary Value Problem on an Asymptotically Anti-de Sitter Space

In this project we study the propagation of singularities (in the sense of \({\mathcal{C}}^{\infty }\) wave front set) of the solution of a model case initial – boundary value problem with glancing rays for a concave domain on an asymptotically Anti de-Sitter manifold.
Evidence-based care pathway for cellulitis improves process, clinical, and cost outcomes

BACKGROUND Cellulitis is a common infection with wide variation of clinical care. OBJECTIVE To implement an evidence-based care pathway and evaluate changes in process metrics, clinical outcomes, and cost for cellulitis. DESIGN A retrospective observational pre-/postintervention study was performed. SETTING University of Utah Health Care, a 500-bed academic medical center in Salt Lake City, Utah. PATIENTS All patients 18 years or older admitted to the emergency department observation unit or hospital with a primary diagnosis of cellulitis. INTERVENTION Development of an evidence-based care pathway for cellulitis embedded into the electronic medical record with education for all emergency and internal medicine physicians. MEASUREMENTS Primary outcome of broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Secondary outcomes of computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging orders, length of stay (LOS), 30-day readmission, and pharmacy, lab, imaging, and total facility costs. RESULTS A total of 677 visits occurred, including 370 visits where order sets were used. Among all patients, there was a 59% decrease in the odds of ordering broad-spectrum antibiotics (P < 0.001), 23% decrease in pharmacy cost (P = 0.002), and 13% decrease in total facility cost (P = 0.006). Compared to patients for whom order sets were not used, patients for whom order sets were used had a 75%, 13%, and 25% greater decrease in the odds of ordering broad-spectrum antibiotics (P < 0.001), clinical LOS (P = 0.041), and pharmacy costs (P = 0.074), respectively. CONCLUSION The evidence-based care pathway for cellulitis improved care at an academic medical center by reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic use, pharmacy costs, and total facility costs without an adverse change in LOS or 30-day readmissions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:780–786. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Intracellular Levels of Free Linolenic and Linoleic Acids Increase in Tomato Leaves in Response to Wounding

An intracellular signaling pathway for activating plant defense genes against attacking herbivores and pathogens is mediated by a lipid-based signal transduction cascade. In this pathway, linolenic acid (18:3) is proposed to be liberated from cell membranes and is converted to cyclopentanones that are involved in transcriptional regulation of defense genes, analogously to prostaglandin synthesis and function in animals. Levels of 18:3 and linoleic acid in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves increased within 1 h when the leaves were wounded with a hemostat across the main vein to simulate herbivore attacks. The increase correlated with the time course of accumulation of jasmonic acid, a cyclopentanone product of 18:3, that had previously been shown to increase in leaves in response both to wounding and to elicitors of plant defense genes. One hour after wounding, at least a 15-fold excess of 18:3 was found over that required to account for the levels of newly synthesized jasmonic acid. The free fatty acids in both control and wounded leaves accounted for less than 0.25% of the total fatty acids. However, the total lipid contents of the leaves remained relatively unchanged up to 8 h after wounding, indicating that extensive loss of lipids did not occur, although a gradual decrease in polar lipids was observed, mainly in monogalactosyl diacylglycerol of chloroplast lipids. The data support a role for lipid release as a key step in the signaling events that activate defense genes in tomato leaves in response to wounding by attacking herbivores.
Interview with Lawrence D. Mass, MD

In this interview with physician, activist, and writer Lawrence D. Mass, MD, the story of Dr. Mass's development and entry into medicine at a time of cultural revolution unfolds, illustrating how social forces shaped his drive to write and act toward powerful social change. The initial stimulus for this activism was Mass's experience with psychiatry during the decade that followed the APA declassification of homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973–74. The impact of the emergence of AIDS on this process is examined, illustrating Mass's key role in discovering, making public and helping those afflicted by AIDS. His exploration of the impact of other forms of discrimination, including anti-Semitism, through his writing is also discussed.
Antigenic analysis of a metazoan parasite, Toxocara canis. I. extraction and assay of antigens.

An extraction procedure is presented together with an assay of the antigenic components obtained from adult Toxocara canis. Extracts and homogenates were compared by gel-diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and tanned-cell hemagglutination. Contaminants from the parasite's host or introduced in the handling of antigenic materials were found not to influence the observable results in the analyses when suitable precautions were taken. The T. canis extract formed at least twice the number of precipitin bands, 40, with the homologous unabsorbed antiserum as any ascarid extract previously reported; but its homogenate formed fewer bands than its extract. Several ascarid tissue extracts were compared by using the whole-worm extract antisera and found to form numerous precipitin bands and organ specific bands, also. Larval stage and infective egg extracts also reacted against the whole-worm antisera, showing that antigens were shared in common by several stages in the life cycle of the parasite.
Robot Motion Planning

Robot motion planning is the problem of automatically generating robot trajectories and control laws from high-level specifications. This article covers the main ideas and concepts and reviews some of the results and approaches. Configuration and work spaces, potential-based approaches, road maps, sampling-based algorithms, and cell decompositions are among the included topics. This article also provides an introduction to the emerging area of symbolic motion planning and control. Keywords: motion planning; configuration space; cell decomposition; potential function; sampling; model checking; symbolic methods
The Armies and Navy Clauses: An Analysis of Two ‘Forgotten’ Clauses and Their Implications for Defense Appropriations

Article 1, Section 8, Clause 12 and 13 of the Constitution provide that the Congress shall have power “[t]o raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; [t]o provide and maintain a Navy.”A reading of their plain and ordinary meaning will dictate that congressional appropriation for the use of raising and supporting the United States Army shall not be for a term longer than two years. Nonetheless, the majority of the congressional appropriations for Army weapon procurements have had no year limit or year limits for a term longer than two years. This Note seeks to analyze the historical background for the Armies and Navy Clauses and their meanings as applied to the congressional defense appropriations. Despite the two Attorney General’s Opinions in 1904 and 1948 to the contrary, the current practice of imposing no year limit or longer than two years limit to the funds appropriated to the United States Army for the purpose of weapon procurement is unconstitutional. If the clauses are read more broadly, almost all the current funds with no year limit or a time limit longer than two years appropriated to the Department of Defense and other types of federal and foreign armed forces could be unconstitutional.First, the text of the Constitution is clear in imposing the time limit to any fund for the use to “raise and support armies”. It strains common logic to play with words and argue that arms and weapons procured for the Army are not used to “support” the Army. Secondly, historically, there was a long tradition both in Britain and the Colonies against standing armies. The inclusion of the two year appropriation limit reflected an deep-seated aversion to the possibilities of establishing standing armies. Finally, structurally, the two-year limit imposes a well-designed congressional check on the executive in maintaining a standing army. Abolishing such an important institutional check without a constitutional amendment seriously frustrates the Framers’ original intent and undermines the structure of civilian supremacy over the military. Despite the very strong contention that the current Army appropriation practice is unconstitutional, it is unlikely that federal courts would entertain a suit challenging the constitutionality of current congressional appropriation practice. This article lists a few possible avenues of challenging the current practice. Yet, the likelihood of success on the merits is relatively low. To sum up, there is no sound textual, structural, or historical basis for the commonly accepted practice that Congress can appropriate funding for Army procurement for a term longer than two years. Nonetheless, the current unconstitutional appropriation practice would probably persist in the future.
Dual mechanism of inhibition of rat liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity by ferrous iron: Its potential role in the genesis of porphyria cutanea tarda

Abstract Hepatic iron overload amplifies the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase enzyme defect in human porphyria cutanea tarda. To understand its mechanism, we studied the effects of iron on the enzyme activity from rat liver cytosol. Enzyme activity was inhibited about 50% by 0.10 mM Fe 2+ or by 0.16 mM Zn 2+ directly regardless of whether the cations were added immediateJy, or were first preincubated for 2 h at 37 °C in the absence or presence of oxygen. Cysteine (6.7 mM) protected the enzyme from inhibition by Fe 2+ under strictly anaerobic preincubation conditions; cysteine also protected enzyme inhibition by Zn 2+ even in the presence of oxygen. Under aerobic conditions, cysteine enhanced the inhibition by Fe 2+ to about 70%. This additional 20% inhibition was reversed by vitamin E, an antioxidant. The results suggest dual inhibitory effects of iron (a) by direct interaction of Fe 2+ , as well as Zn 2+ , with the essential sulfhydryl group(s) of the enzyme and (b), indirectly, due to generation of free radicals in the presence of oxygen and an electron donor such as cysteine. These radicals might interact directly with the enzyme and/or oxidize the porphyrinogen substrates to nonmetabolizable porphyrins, which accumulate in porphyric patients.
Variational determination of the zero-flux surfaces of atoms in molecules

A functional minimized by functions representing zero-flux surface sheets in curvilinear coordinates is proposed. A discrete version of this functional serves as the basis for a new variational approach to the determination of the zero-flux surfaces of atoms in molecules. Analytical expressions for the zero-flux surface sheets are obtained by solving a system of nonlinear equations for variational parameters of a trial function. The new method, which is computationally inexpensive, produces atomic surfaces that are 10–100 times more accurate than those afforded by the previously published algorithms. Results of numerical tests demonstrate that, when used in conjunction with an adaptive quadrature scheme, these surfaces yield atomic charges with errors smaller than 3 × 10-5 per atom. The numerous advantages of analytical representations for the atomic zero-flux surfaces are discussed.
Conjugated normetanephrine in human and rat plasma and erythrocytes

Abstract Enzymatic hydrolysis was applied to the deconjugation of normetanephrine (NMN) in plasma and red blood cell lysate. By this procedure, in human plasma 77% of total NMN circulated in sulfate-conjugated form, while in rat plasma 63% was in glucuronidated form. Total NMN in human lysate was significantly higher than in plasma (P > 0.001) and was mostly in the free form, indicating that red blood cells may play an important role in metabolism of norepinephrine. Enzymatic hydrolysis is superior to the standard method by acid hydrolysis plus heat since: (1) more conjugated NMN is hydrolyzed in human plasma and (2) a smaller sample is needed for hydrolysis.
Phytoplankton production and the distribution of nutrients in a shallow unstratified estuarine system near Beaufort, N.C.

Photosynthesis, nutrients, and phytoplankton standing crop were measured for one year at 32 stations in a system of shallow estuaries near Beaufort, N.C. Photosynthesis and chlorophyll had pronounced and similar seasonal distributions which roughly followed the cycle in water temperature. Production was generally minimal during December and maximal during June and July. Annual production at individual stations ranged from 16 g C/m2 to 153 g C/m2, and averaged 66.6 g C/m2 for the 400 km2 system. Phosphate concentrations were generally low throughout the year, ranging from of 0.00–1.46 μgA/liter. Nitrate values ranged from 0.00–2.65 μgA/liter, and ammonia from 0.00–4.30 μgA/liter. Maximum available nitrogen and phosphate concentration slightly preceded the period of maximum photosynthesis. Nitrogen and phosphorus were both probably limiting to phytoplankton in this system, but N:P ratios suggest that nitrogen was the more limiting.
The epidemiology of melanoma in young adults

The incidence of melanoma is rising steadily around the world, with varying mortality trends among different populations. Particularly, incidence rates among young adults, below age 40 years, have increased dramatically in the past decades. In young adults, the gender predominance is switched, with the highest incidence occurring in young women. Multiple risk factors are associated with higher risk of developing melanoma. Intermittent sunlight exposure and use of tanning beds early in life increase significantly the risk of melanoma. The prevalence of tanning bed use among young women and adolescents is increasing continuously. This trend may be associated with the increase in melanoma incidence among young women. Efforts to implement new active interventions that will increase public awareness of melanoma and the risks of tanning bed use are crucial; regulations on tanning bed use especially among those underage should be implemented.
Scientific misconduct and research integrity for the bench scientist.

This paper describes the role of the Office of Research Integrity (ORI), a component of the Public Health Service (PHS), in defining scientific misconduct in research supported with PHS funds and in establishing standards for responding to allegations of misconduct. The principal methods by which ORI exercises its responsibilities in this area are defining what types of behaviors undertaken by research investigators constitute misconduct, overseeing institutional efforts to Investigate and report misconduct, and recommending to the Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH) PHS administrative actions when misconduct is identified. ORI also takes affirmative steps to promote research integrity through education, training, and other initiatives. The role of the research institution in responding to misconduct and promoting research integrity is complementary and overlapping with ORI's efforts but, as the employer of research investigators and front-line manager of the research, the institution has a greater oppor...
Fertilization effects on forest carbon storage and exchange, and net primary production: A new hybrid process model for stand management.

A critical ecological question in plantation management is whether fertilization, which generally increases yield, results in enhanced C sequestration over short rotations. We present a rotation-length hybrid process model (SECRETS-3PG) that was calibrated (using control treatments; CW) and verified (using fertilized treatments; FW) using daily estimates of H2O and CO2 fluxes, canopy leaf area index (L), and annual estimates of tree growth and dimension. Herein, we focus on two decades of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) growth and establishment for stands growing on a nutrient poor, droughty soil (SETRES; Southeast Tree Research and Education Site) in North Carolina, USA, on a site previously occupied by a � 30-year-old natural long-leaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) stand. The SECRETS-3PG model combines: (1) a detailed canopy process model with hourly and daily resolution, (2) a biometrically accurate tree and stand growth module for monthly allocation, 3-PG, and (3) empirical modelsofsoil CO2efflux (RS).Simulated L,quadratic meantreediameter,andtotalstandingbiomassalltrackedfieldmeasurements overa10-year period. Simulated maintenance respiration, canopy transpiration, and RS mirrored, with minor exceptions, short-term independently acquired data. Model correspondence with the independent measurements provided a basis for making short-term estimates of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and longer-term estimates of net primary production (NPP) over the 20-year period from planting. Simulations suggest that optimum fertilization amendments; (1) increased NEP by more than 10-fold over control ‐ FW (952 g C m � 2 a � 1 ) and CW (71 g C m � 2 a � 1 ) ‐ at maximum NPP and (2) increased NPP two-fold (1334 and 669 g C m � 2 a � 1 for FWand CW, respectively) at maximum L. Seasonal patterns in NEP suggest that autumn and winter may be critical periods for C uptake in nutrient-limited loblolly pine stands. We conclude that increased L in response to improved nutrition may enable loblolly pine to achieve positive annual NEP earlier in rotation. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Near-death experiences: A neurophysiologic explanatory model

Prior hypotheses as to the etiology of near-death experiences (NDEs) have been limited to psychiatric explanations or brief discussions of endorphins as causative agents. We present a neurophysiological explanation for NDEs based on their similarities with lysergic acid-, ketamine-, and hypercapnia-induced hallucinations. We believe the core NDE is genetically imprinted and triggered by serotonergic mechanisms.
MOPP chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease. Prognostic factors in 81 patients

Eighty-one patients with advanced active Hodgkin's disease began treatment with MOPP combination chemotherapy. No patients were excluded from analysis. Twenty-one patients (26%) were induction failures and manifested a median survival of 9 months from the initiation of treatment. Sixty patients (74%) achieved a complete remission (CR) with an estimated median duration of CR of 26 months. Seventeen patients relapsed and 14 of these occurred during the first 6 months of follow-up. Reinduction with MOPP in this group was unsuccessful in eight of eight instances. Prior radiotherapy (60 cases) and prior chemotherapy (21 cases) did not adversely affect the results of treatment. However, a decreased duration of remission correlated with older age, the presence of systemic symptoms, and bone marrow involvement.
Use of the Rapid Visco‐Analyzer to Measure Starch Pasting Properties part II: Effects of Emulsifiers and Sugar‐Emulsifier Interactions

The Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA) was used to study the effects of sucrose ester (SE) emulsifiers and a propylene glycol ester (PGE) emulsifier on starch cooking properties. Maize, tapioca and wheat starches were affected to different degrees by F-160 SE with a hydrophil-lipophil balance (HLB) of 15. Up to a concentration of 0.05 parts emulsifier to 1 part starch, the F-160 SE increased peak viscosity, time to peak and maximum setback viscosity of the starches. These data suggested that the SE functioned by forming a clathrate complex with the starch molecules. When cooking properties of maize starch were studied in the presence of SEs with HLB 6, 11 and 15, the effects of the SE did not appear to be directly related to HLB. The PGE did not appear to form a clathrate complex with wheat starch, as indicated by a decrease in peak viscosity and time to peak. Cooking properties of the starches were also measured in the presence of sugars (dextrose, sucrose, corn syrup solids and polydextrose) at a level of 2 parts sugar to 1 part starch, plus emulsifiers at a ratio of 0.02:1. Peak viscosity, time to peak and maximum setback viscosity were affected synergistically in the presence of both sugar and emulsifier as compared to additive effects of the two ingredients acting alone. Although reaction mechanisms could not be defined from the data obtained, the RVA proved useful for quickly demonstrating the effects of multiple ingredients on starch cooking properties.
Multiple organ carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice after 60 weeks of inhalation exposure

Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 60 to 61 weeks to air containing 0, 625, or 1250 parts per million 1,3-butadiene. These concentrations are somewhat below and slightly above the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard of 1000 parts per million for butadiene. The study was designed for 104-week exposures but had to be ended early due to cancer-related mortality in both sexes at both exposure concentrations. There were early induction and significantly increased incidences of hemangiosarcomas of the heart, malignant lymphomas, alveolar-bronchiolar neoplasms, squamous cell neoplasms of the forestomach in males and females and acinar cell carcinomas of the mammary gland, granulosa cell neoplasms of the ovary, and hepatocellular neoplasms in females. Current workplace standards for exposure to butadiene should be reexamined in view of these findings.
The psychological origins of the white male patriarchy.

A white male patriarchy developed in England as the British empire grew, expanding its colonial exploitation around the world. A rational explanation was required to explain how a small number of men deserved to control this enormous and growing wealth. With Darwin's theory of evolution (survival of the fittest), Galton's studies of genius (rich and successful men were related to each other) and Spencer's insight that natural selection in human societies was Nature's way of getting rid of bad stock and preserving the best, the theory took shape. The theory was imported to America where it flourishes. Psychologists provided evidence to support the ideas of the ruling class: intelligence, mental disorders, crime and the addictions are all due to bad genes and bad brains. The defect model occupies the center of the stage. There is no need to act to remove injustice, sexism, racism, homophobia—the causes of distress are not social, they are internal, personal defects. Drugs will reduce the symptoms while the search goes on for the internal defects.
The atlantic white cedar swamp: Prime candidate for scientific investigation

Chamaecyparis thyoides —Sphagnum bogs in the kettles of the coastal glacial moraine are unique, little-studied ecosystems ripe for diverse investigation. An extreme but relatively stable environment, these freshwater wetlands contrast sharply with immediately adjacent areas in chemistry, sediment substrate and biota. The waters are acid (strongly buffered ca. pH 4.5), low in cations [e. g., [Mg]=0.4 mg.l−1 (ave.)], of low specific conductivity (ca. 50 μmho/cm) and low transparency (Secchi readings <30cm). The high cation exchange capacity ofSphagnum, peats and abundant macromolecular aggregates have exerted strong evolutionary and ecological determining forces. The highly co-evolved system contains many unusual trophic strategies: periodic carotenoid accumulation in protists, heterotrophic nutrition in flowering plants, root nodules (Myrica gale), planktonic symbioses of varying degree (Bosmina longirostris-euglenid;Stentor multiformis-Chlorella;Utricularia with theStentor-Chlorella co-biont affixed like leaves). The biotic assemblage is characterized by both presence and absence of species, genera and even divisions. In the undisturbed bog, microflora diversity is high, e.g., 45 species/site at one time, with strongly skewed taxonomic clustering. Peats retain an excellent record of productivity, meteorology, hydrology, flora and fauna. Many factors combine to recommend intensive study of the swamps, including the promise of real estate “improvement”, dredging and filling that threaten to make the coastal cedar bog an extinct biome.
Therapeutic use of tea derivatives: all that glitters is not gold.

To the editor: In 2 interesting articles published in the June 4, 2009 issue of Blood , attention was focused on the possibility for green tea derivatives to inhibit the therapeutic activity of bortezomib, an anticancer agent very effective in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.[1][1],[2][2
Interaction of policy choices and technical requirements for a space transportation infrastructure

Abstract This paper first presents a framework and analysis methodology for understanding the environment in which political aspects and technical aspects of politico-technical space system design interact, as well as how impacts flow from the political domain to the technical domain in this environment. Next, a space transportation infrastructure is presented, describing its elements, objectives and relevant policy directions. Then the space transportation infrastructure is analyzed according to the framework, and important insights are discussed.
Thermolysis of the CoC bond in adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12)—IV. Products, kinetics and CoC bond dissociation energy studies in ethylene glycol

Abstract Following an introduction outlining the key questions surrounding the adenosylcobalamin (AdoB 12 ) bond homolysis problem, the full details of product, kinetic and CoC5′ bond dissociation energy studies of the thermolysis of AdoB 12 in ethylene glycol are presented. The anaerobic thermolysis of AdoB 12 in the absence of the nitroxide radical trap TEMPO proceeds with four isosbestic points to yield 100±2% Co(II)B 12 and two nucleoside products, 8,5′-anhydroadenosine and 5′-deoxyadenosine. In the presence of >10 −2 M TEMPO, the TEMPO-trapped Ado . product (T-Ado) and Co(II)B 12 account quantitatively for the starting AdoB 12 . From HPLC studies of the concentration of the nucleoside products vs [TEMPO], absolute rate constants at 110°C for Ado . cyclization and its H . abstraction from glycol solvent are obtained for the first time, k c (110°C) ⋍ 5 × 10 5 s −1 and k a (110°C) ⋍ 7 × 10 3 M −1 s −1 . Kinetic studies in the presence of added, authentic Co(II)B 12 show an inverse, linear dependence of 1/ k obs vs [Co(II)B 12 ], thereby providing quantitative evidence for the long sought demonstration of the AdoB 12 ⇌ Ado . +Co(II)B 12 equilibrium outside of the enzyme-cofactor complex. The Co(II)B 12 dependence data also provide the previously unavailable rate constant for recombination of Co(II)B 12 and Ado . in ethylene glycol of k t ⋍ 3 × 10 8 M −1 s −1 . Next, the assumption used previously of slow homolysis by the base-off form, k h ,off ⪡ k h ,on , an assumption necessary to simplify the AdoB 12 thermolysis kinetics, is tested directly by the synthesis and thermolysis of adenosylcobinamide + OH − and found to be valid. The base-on homolysis rate constants ( k h ,on ) were measured from 110 to 80°C. When combined with independently measured temperature-dependence parameters for the off ⇌gon axial base equilibrium, Δ H = −7.6±0.2 kcal mol −1 and Δ S = −20.2±0.7 e.u., values for the base-on homolysis activation parameters of ethylene glycol are obtained, Δ H h ,on ‡ = 34.5±0.8 kcal mol −1 , and Δ S ‡ = 14±1 e.u. Use of the Δ H h ,on ‡ data to provide an estimate of the AdoB 12 CoC5′ BDE in ethylene glycol is discussed, as are a number of additional points and conclusions that result from the present work. Key considerations that led to the nitroxide radical trapping method, and the desirable features of this method, are then discussed, with an eye towards aiding future kinetic studies and BDE determinations of CoR and other MR compounds.
Investigation of a sub-10 femtosecond time precision polarized entangled photon source

This article reports on a polarized entangled photon source which could provide timing information with sub-10 femtosecond precision. This high precision would confirm the accurate synchronization of two events. Hence, this new source for orthogonally polarized entangled photon pairs would be useful for quantum communications and quantum networking.
Interactive Television Instructors' Perceptions of Students' Nonverbal Responsiveness and Their Influence on Distance Teaching

The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between interactive television instructors’ perceptions of students’ nonverbal responsiveness and the influence of these perceptions on distance teaching. The study yielded three general conclusions. First, interactive television instructors’ perceptions of students’ nonverbal responsiveness are positively related to their impressions of students, their perceptions of their teaching effectiveness and satisfaction, their perceptions of teacher‐student interpersonal relationships, and their preference for teaching in the interactive television classroom as opposed to the face‐to‐face classroom. The second conclusion is that instructors’ perceptions of students’ nonverbal responsiveness and the various teaching process variables are significantly higher in the traditional face‐to‐face classroom than in the interactive television classroom. The third conclusion is that receiving both visual and audible nonverbal cues via two‐way audio/video versus t...
Volume-imaging lidar observations of the convective structure surrounding the flight path of a flux-measuring aircraft

The University of Wisconsin volume imaging lidar has been used to portray images of the three-dimensional structure of clear air convective plumes in the atmosphere surrounding the flight path of the instrumented Twin Otter aircraft operated by the National Aeronautical Establishment of Canada. Lidar images provide a context for interpretation of the aircraft measurements. The position of data points within a convective element can be determined and the temporal development of the plume can be observed to time the observation with respect to the life cycle of the plume. Plots of the vertical flux of water vapor, superimposed on lidar images clearly demonstrate the well-known sampling difficulties encountered when attempting to measure fluxes near the top of the convective layer. When loran was used to determine average aircraft velocity, flight-leg-averaged horizontal winds measured by the aircraft and area-averaged winds measured by lidar agree to within 0.2 m/s in speed and 1 deg in direction.
Two-dimensional materials: Polymers stripped down

Two-dimensional polymers can serve to organize chemical functionality periodically over large areas, but their rational synthesis has remained limited. Now, a free-standing, single-layer polymer sheet has been prepared and isolated through a two-step procedure — a photochemical reaction within a layered organic crystal followed by exfoliation.
Age-related alterations in potentiation in the CA1 region in F344 rats

F344 rats of various ages (2-3 months, 15-16 months, and 24-25 months) were tested on a spatial memory task. The 15- and 24-month-old rat groups showed impaired acquisition and retention of the memory task, compared to the young animals. Extracellular field potential recordings in the CA1 region were subsequently performed in vitro, using hippocampal slices from both these tested rats and similar but untested F344 young and aged rats. Findings included: a) a positive correlation between baseline dendritic EPSP slope values and retention scores across age groups; b) a more rapid decay of both somatic and dendritic short-term potentiation in aged slices; c) decreased somatic but not dendritic long-term potentiation overall in aged slices, regardless of bath Mg2+ level; and d) decreased paired-pulse facilitation in slices from aged rats bathed in 4.0 mM Mg2+ media compared to young controls. These findings suggest an age-related alteration in both presynaptic and postsynaptic potentiation mechanisms, which may relate to the poor spatial memory acquisition and retention in the aged rats. These age-related differences point to substantial changes in neuronal signal processing capabilities and local circuit function in the hippocampus as a function of aging.
Interplay of compressional and vortical nuclear currents in overtones of the isoscalar giant dipole resonance

Within a semiclassical nuclear Fermi-fluid dynamic approach, the properties of the isoscalar giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) and the structure of various electromagnetic characteristics associated with the most important states building this resonance are investigated. The apparent puzzling outcome of microscopic predictions that the ISGDR distribution is split into two main broad structures is confirmed within the presented macroscopic approach by the occurrence of a ``low-lying'' and a ``high-lying'' state, as the first two overtones of the same resonance. Macroscopicaly, they are pictured as a combination of compressional and vortical nuclear flows. The second part of the paper analyzes the electromagnetic structure of the ISGDR relevant to reactions with inelasticly scattered electrons and the relation between the vorticity and the toroidal dipole moment. The relative strengths of the compressional and vortical collective currents are evaluated by means of electron-scattering sum rules.
Patterns of female choice in mottled sculpins (Cottidae, teleostei)

Abstract large male sculpins (Cottus bairdi) breed earlier in the spawning season and mate with more females than do smaller males. These patterns are attributable to female preference for large mates, and reflect the fact that larger males make better egg guardians. Results of a computer simulation of female choice in which females mated with a male who was larger than or equal to the last male encountered are consistent with many of the observed patterns of male courtship success.
Does public ignorance defeat deliberative democracy

Abstract Richard Posner and Ilya Somin have recently posed forceful versions of a common objection to deliberative democracy, the Public Ignorance Objection. This objection holds that demonstrably high levels of public ignorance render deliberative democracy practically impossible. But the public‐ignorance data show that the public is ignorant in a way that does not necessarily defeat deliberative democracy. Posner and Somin have overestimated the force of the Public Ignorance Objection, so the question of deliberative democracy's practical feasibility is still open.
Ototoxic Occupational Exposures for a Stock Car Racing Team: II. Chemical Surveys

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a series of surveys to evaluate occupational exposure to noise and potentially ototoxic chemical agents among members of a professional stock car racing team. Exposure assessments included site visits to the team's race shop and a worst-case scenario racetrack. During site visits to the race team's shop, area samples were collected to measure exposures to potentially ototoxic chemicals, including, organic compounds (typical of solvents), metals, and carbon monoxide (CO). Exposures to these chemicals were all below their corresponding Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limits (PELs), NIOSH recommended exposure limits (RELs), and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®) threshold limit values (TLVs®). During site visits to the racetrack, area and personal samples were collected for organic compounds, lead, and CO in and around the “pit” area where the cars undergo race...
Ca2+ Binding to the First Epidermal Growth Factor Module of Coagulation Factor VIIa Is Important for Cofactor Interaction and Proteolytic Function

Epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domain Ca2+ binding sites in the homologous coagulation factors VII, IX, and X stabilize the structural orientation of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich (Gla) domain relative to EGF-1. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed here to analyze the functional importance of Ca2+ binding to EGF-1 in factor VIIa (VIIa), which initiates coagulation in complex with its cofactor, tissue factor (TF). Ala replacements for Asp63 or Gln49 resulted in reduced TF affinity concordant with the number of eliminated Ca2+-coordinating oxygen atoms in the respective side chains. Ca2+ binding to EGF-1 had no major direct effect on contacts with TF residue Gln110 or on interactions of VIIa residues Arg79 and Phe40, suggesting that the stabilized Gla-EGF-1 orientation affects overall docking. Gly, Ala, and Glu replacements at Asp46, which is a Ca2+-coordinating residue at the Gla aromatic stack carboxyl terminus, are consistent with the notion that an increased flexibility of the Gla domain relative to EGF-1 contributes significantly to loss of function. Certain mutants in the EGF-1 Ca2+ site had reduced proteolytic function, suggesting the importance of the high affinity Ca2+ binding site for macromolecular substrate interaction.