cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Expressive Vocabulary of Young Children Learning English as a Second Language Through Parent Involvement

Abstract The Parents as Reading Teachers Nightly Encouraging Reading Success (PARTNERS) program was designed to provide low-income Hispanic families with training about how and why to read with their children. It provided parents and caregivers with dialogic reading training to help increase both families’ literacy interactions with their children and children's expressive language skills. The researchers found that families’ literacy interactions with their children were positively influenced with the dialogic reading training and that families’ use of dialogic reading positively affected their children's expressive language skills. Parents and caregivers in the dialogic reading group allowed their children access to the book, posed and solicited questions, and elaborated on their children's ideas significantly more often than the traditional family time group. Children with parents or caregivers in the dialogic reading group posed and solicited questions, identified visual clues, and elaborated on ideas significantly more often than children in the traditional family time group. Children whose parents or caregivers received the dialogic reading training also attempted and acquired significantly more words from pre-test to post-test than children in the traditional family time group.
Delivery of an anti-HIV-1 ribozyme into HIV-infected cells via cationic liposomes

Cationic liposome-mediated intracellular delivery of a fluorescein-labeled chimeric DNA-RNA ribozyme targeted to the HIV-1 5' LTR was investigated, using THP-1, THP-1/HIV-1IIIB or HeLa/LAV cells. Different fluorescence patterns were observed when the cells were exposed to Lipofectamine, Lipofectin or DMRIE:DOPE (1:1) complexed to the ribozyme. With Lipofectamine intense cell-associated fluorescence was found. Incubation with Lipofectin resulted in less intense diffuse fluorescence, while with DMRIE an intense but sporadic fluorescence was observed. Differentiated THP-1/HIV-1IIIB cells were more susceptible to killing by liposome-ribozyme complexes than THP-1 cells. Under non-cytotoxic conditions (a 4-h treatment) complexes of 5, 10 or 15 microM Lipofectin or DOTAP:DOPE (1:1) and ribozyme, at lipid:ribozyme ratios of 8:1 or 4:1, did not affect p24 production in THP-1/HIV-1IIIB cells in spite of the intracellular accumulation of the ribozyme. A 24-h exposure of THP-1/HIV-1IIIB cells to 5 microM Lipofectin or DOTAP:DOPE (1:1) complexed with either the functional or a modified control ribozyme reduced virus production by approximately 30%. Thus, the antiviral effect of the liposome-complexed ribozyme was not sequence-specific. In contrast, the free ribozyme at a relatively high concentration inhibited virus production by 30%, while the control ribozyme was ineffective, indicating a sequence-specific effect. Both Lipofectin and DOTAP complexed with ribozyme were toxic at 10 and 15 microM after a 24-h treatment. A 4-h treatment of HeLa/LAV cells with Lipofectin at 5, 10 or 15 microM was not toxic to the cells, but also did not inhibit p24 production. In contrast, treatment of HeLa CD4+ cells immediately after infection with HIV-1IIIB at the same lipid concentrations and lipid:ribozyme ratios was cytotoxic. Our results indicate that the delivery of functional ribozyme into cells by cationic liposomes is an inefficient process and needs extensive improvement before it can be used in ex vivo and in vivo applications.
Modularity and dissociation in the evolution of gene expression territories in development.

SUMMARY Modularity is a salient feature of development and crucial to its evolution. This paper extends modularity to include the concept of gene expression territory, as established for sea urchin embryos. Territories provide a mechanism for partitioning of the cells of a rapidly developing embryo into functional units of a feeding larva. Territories exhibit the characteristics of modules. The paper asks if the embryo and the nonfeeding larva of the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma are organized into gene expression territories, and if its territories correspond to the canonical territories of the pluteus. An analysis of cell lineage and gene expression data for H. erythrogramma shows that skeletogenic cell, coelomic, and vegetal plate gene expression territories are conserved, although they arise from cell lineages distinct from those of the pluteus, and the overall morphology of the larva differs from that of a pluteus. The ectoderm, as in indirect developers, is divided into territories. However, the oral ectodermal territory characteristic of the pluteus is absent in H. erythrogramma. Oral ectoderm is restored in hybrids of H. erythrogramma eggs fertilized by Heliocidaris tuberculata sperm. This indicates that embryonic modules evolve by changes in expression of dominant regulatory genes within territories and that entire modules can be eliminated in evolution of embryos.
Arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) binds with low affinity to dihydropyridine binding sites in brain membranes.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the hypothesis that the dihydropyridine (DHP) binding site of the L-type calcium channel is a high affinity binding site for the cannabimimetic arachidonylethanolamide (AEA). Binding affinities were determined from competition isotherms using the DHP analog [3H]PN-200. AEA competed for [3H]PN-200 binding with a K1 of 40 ± 4 μM. Inclusion of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride to inhibit an amidohydrolase that converts AEA to arachidonic acid had little effect on the K1 of AEA (48 ± 6 μM). Arachidonic acid had a slightly higher K1 (120 ± 11 μM) and other N-acylethanolamides examined (linolenylethanolamide, dihomo-γ-linolenylethanolamide, docosatetraenylethanolamide, and palmitoylethanolamide) had no effect on [3H]PN-200 binding at concentrations as high as 10 μM. Our conclusions are that AEA binds to the DHP binding site with relatively low affinity and its conversion to arachidonic acid is not required for binding.
Chapters in the Life of an Entrepreneur: A Case Study

In this article, the authors describe how educators used an autobiography, How to Succeed in Business Without Being White: Straight Talk on Making It in America (E. G. Graves, 1998), in a general undergraduate entrepreneurship course to augment the learning opportunities of entrepreneurship students. This learning modality provided students with a real-life, 3-dimensional entrepreneurial case study that illustrated the concepts and theories discussed in traditional entrepreneurship textbooks.
FDTD modeling of thin impedance sheets (radar cross section calculation)

Thin sheets of resistive or dielectric material are commonly encountered in radar cross section calculations. Analysis of such sheets is simplified by using sheet impedances. It is shown that sheet impedances can be modeled easily and accurately using finite-difference time-domain methods. >
Voltammetry of Adsorbed Molecules. Part 1: Reversible Redox Systems

Information about the kinetics of reactions can readily be extracted from linear sweep voltammograms of adsorbates which show irreversible behavior if the adsorbates behave ideally. Factors which cause nonideal behavior include lateral interactions between adsorbates, influence of solvent reorganization energies, and kinetic dispersion. The difficulties in extracting information on the kinetics of adsorbed redox systems which behave nonideally are discussed. Diagnostic criteria are provided from which it may be determined which of the above phenomena, if any, are effecting the voltammetric response.
EFFECTS OF SHORT‐TERM HEATING CYCLES ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN 7075‐T651

Changes in the crack growth behavior of 7075-T651 aluminum specimens which had been exposed to temperatures between 121 and 179°C were evaluated. Specimens were fatigue tested at room temperature under flight-by-flight loading conditions. Results from these tests were then compared with data from the as-received material. Exposure to 141°C or more produced a definite increase in specimen life, apparently due to a decrease in crack growth rate. In contrast, preliminary experiments using constant amplitude loading did not show noticeable effects of these thermal treatments on fatigue lifetime. The thermal treatments were found to cause overaging of the metastable precipitate microstructure, which was thought to be responsible for the changes in fatigue response.
Lifespan based indirect response models

In the field of hematology, several mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models have been developed to understand the dynamics of several blood cell populations under different clinical conditions while accounting for the essential underlying principles of pharmacology, physiology and pathology. In general, a population of blood cells is basically controlled by two processes: the cell production and cell loss. The assumption that each cell exits the population when its lifespan expires implies that the cell loss rate is equal to the cell production rate delayed by the lifespan and justifies the use of delayed differential equations for compartmental modeling. This review is focused on lifespan models based on delayed differential equations and presents the structure and properties of the basic lifespan indirect response (LIDR) models for drugs affecting cell production or cell lifespan distribution. The LIDR models for drugs affecting the precursor cell production or decreasing the precursor cell population are also presented and their properties are discussed. The interpretation of transit compartment models as LIDR models is reviewed as the basis for introducing a new LIDR for drugs affecting the cell lifespan distribution. Finally, the applications and limitations of the LIDR models are discussed.
Phonological learning and lexicality of treated stimuli

The purpose was to evaluate the lexicality of treated stimuli relative to phonological learning by preschool children with functional phonological disorders. Four children were paired in a single-subject alternating treatments design that was overlaid on a multiple baseline across subjects design. Within each pair, one child was taught one sound in real words and a second sound in non-words; for the other child of the pair, lexicality was reversed and counterbalanced. The dependent variable was production accuracy of the treated sounds as measured during the session-by-session course of instruction. Results indicated that production accuracy of the treated sound was as good as or better using non-word as opposed to real word stimuli. The clinical implications are considered, along with potential accounts of the patterns of learning.
The Use of Self-Managed Treatment Strategies in a Predominantly Low-Income, African-American Sample of Women Living with HIV:

While low-income and ethnic minority women represent a growing proportion of new HIV cases in the United States, little is known about how they manage their antiretroviral medication regimens. Using a predominantly low-income, African-American sample (N = 85), this study examined medication self-management strategies among HIV seropositive women undergoing antiretroviral therapy in a major metropolitan area. Most study participants (95%; n = 81) reported employing a specific medication management strategy during the previous week. Pillboxes, use of daily activities, and receiving reminders from another person were the most common strategies. Most participants (80.2%) employed two or more strategies. Age, education, and motivation were associated with alarm, pillbox, and visual aid usage.
IVEC: off-chip memory integrity protection for both security and reliability

This paper proposes a unified off-chip memory integrity protection scheme, named IVEC. Today, a system needs two independent mechanisms in order to protect the memory integrity from both physical attacks and random errors. Integrity verification schemes detect malicious tampering of memory while error correcting codes (ECC) detect and correct random errors. IVEC enables both detection of malicious attacks for security and correction of random errors for reliability at the same time by extending the integrity verification techniques. Analytical and experimental studies show that IVEC can correct single-bit errors and even multi-bit errors from one DRAM chip within a cache block read without any additional ECC bits, when the integrity verification is also required for security, effectively removing the memory and bandwidth overheads (12.5%) of typical ECC schemes. Alternatively, with parity bits, IVEC can provide even stronger error correction capabilities comparable to the traditional chip-kill correct, still with less overheads. For both cases, IVEC can use standard non-ECC DIMMs.
Attack, grooming, and threat elicited by stimulation of the pontine tegmentum in cats ☆

Abstract Predatory-like biting attack and associated prey-kicking, grooming, and components of threat behavior were elicited by electrical stimulation of different, but partly overlapping areas of the pontine tegmentum in cats. Electrodes producing biting attack and prey-kicking were located in the central tegmentum. The effective area for grooming was located in the dorsolateral tegmentum and extended, with the superior cerebellar peduncle, into the deep fibers of the cerebellum. Electrodes producing threat responses were more widely distributed, but tended to be located ventrally or laterally. The results support the view that the lower brainstem may play an important role in the production of complex species-typical behaviors.
Single-incision pediatric endosurgery: lessons learned from our first 224 laparoendoscopic single-site procedures in children

To identify technical difficulties during single-incision pediatric endoscopic surgery (SIPES) cases and to highlight solutions. After IRB approval, all SIPES cases were prospectively collected, and the surgeons involved were polled for technical difficulties encountered and their operative solutions. Over a period of 13 months, 224 pediatric SIPES cases were performed in 223 pediatric patients (92 female, 131 male) aged 3 weeks to 19 years. Among these were 130 appendectomies, 32 pyloromyotomies, 32 cholecystectomies, 11 inguinal hernia repairs, 6 Nissen fundoplications and 4 laparoscopic-assisted endorectal pullthrough procedures. Eighteen procedures (8%) employed a primary extra-umbilical instrument in addition to the transumbilical trocar(s). Thirty procedures (13%) begun via a single-site technique required additional trocars for completion. None required laparotomy. Intraoperative complications are discussed. The main challenges of SIPES are: (1) variable umbilical anatomy, (2) large size of current proprietary multitrocar devices, (3) trocar crowding, (4) intra-abdominal exposure, (5) fewer degrees of freedom, (6) clashing instruments, (7) in-line endoscope viewing, and (8) limited number of working ports. We discuss coping strategies to address these issues. Many of the drawbacks of SIPES can be overcome by specific techniques, which can make SIPES procedures more broadly feasible and applicable within pediatric endosurgery.
Facile dynamical intramolecular exchange of a phosphine ligand between two different metal atoms

The cluster complex PtRu5(CO)15(PMe2Ph)(μ6-C) has been shown to exhibit facile intramolecular exchange of the phosphine ligand between a platinum and ruthenium atom that is rapid on the NMR timescale at 160 °C.
Carbon nanomaterials as catalysts for hydrogen uptake and release in NaAlH4.

A synergistic approach involving experiment and first-principles theory not only shows that carbon nanostructures can be used as catalysts for hydrogen uptake and release in complex metal hydrides such as sodium alanate, NaAlH4, but also provides an unambiguous understanding of how the catalysts work. Here we show that the stability of NaAlH4 originates with the charge transfer from Na to the AlH4 moiety, resulting in an ionic bond between Na+ and AlH4− and a covalent bond between Al and H. Interaction of NaAlH4 with an electronegative substrate such as carbon fullerene or nanotube affects the ability of Na to donate its charge to AlH4, consequently weakening the Al−H bond and causing hydrogen to desorb at lower temperatures as well as facilitating the absorption of H2 to reverse the dehydrogenation reaction. In addition, based on our experimental observations and theoretical calculations it appears the curvature of the carbon nanostructure plays a role in the catalytic process. Ab initio molecular dynami...
A Five-Year Regional Review of Advertising and Public Relations Education at U.S. Colleges and Universities

Abstract This study is an investigation of advertising and public relations education over the past five years, presenting a regional analysis using data from the annual research project Where Shall I Go to Study Advertising and Public Relations? The results show the American Midwest, heartland and birthplace of advertising education, holding forth as the major region for advertising preparation. The Southeastern U.S. currently ranks first in public relations enrollment while the Midwest awards more PR degrees. In combined advertising/public relations programs, the Eastern U.S. leads in degrees awarded and student enrollment. Nationwide, all regions have experienced varying degrees of growth, reflecting the increased numbers seen in the national aggregate.
Suprachiasmatic nuclear lesions do not abolish food-shifted circadian adrenal and temperature rhythmicity

Daytime restriction of food and water availability in nocturnal animals phase shifts the circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature. These shifted rhythms persist in animals with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei who are arrhythmic under normal conditions. These findings suggest the existence of an additional "clock" that may be involved in the generation of the rhythm.
TMS 320—a step forward in digital signal processing

Abstract Despite the numerous advantages of digital signal processing (DSP), and the existence of a wealth of sophisticated algorithms, the widespread application of DSP has been hindered by a shortage of cost-effective digital hardware for volume use. Now, with the availability of low-cost high-speed VLSI circuits, such as the Texas Instruments TMS320, the virtues and power of DSP are ready for realtime signal processing applications. Development of the single-chip TMS320 DSP computer began in the late 1970s. The architecture, key novel features, instruction set and capabilities of this device are examined. Support software and hardware development tools for the TMS320 are also included with some of its applications. Typical areas of application of the TMS320 include speech signal processing, telecommunications, robotics, radar signal and sonar signal processing, seismology, image processing, audio recording and reproduction, biomedical instrumentation, acoustic noise measurements and automatic test equipment.
Turbulent flow separation control through passive techniques

Several passive separation control techniques for controlling moderate two-dimensional turbulent flow separation over a backward-facing ramp are studied. Small transverse and swept grooves, passive porous surfaces, large longitudinal grooves, and vortex generators were among the techniques used. It was found that, unlike the transverse and longitudinal grooves of an equivalent size, the 45-deg swept-groove configurations tested tended to enhance separation.
Does Targeted Capture Reduce Terrorism

From January 1979 to December 2009, the Maoist insurgent Shining Path committed a total of 9,034 violent acts in a concerted attempt to topple the Peruvian government. These acts of violence included bombings, armed assaults, and assassinations. The Shining Path's leader Abimael Guzman was captured by the Peruvian government on 12 September 1992. Using quarterly data and an interrupted times-series AutoRegressive Integrative Moving Average (ARIMA) study design, we investigated the effect of Abimael Guzman's capture on the ability of the Shining Path to wage its war against the Peruvian government. Maximum-likelihood results revealed that the frequency of terrorist acts committed by the Shining Path dropped by 143 incidents per quarter a short time after Guzman was captured. The analysis also evinced a positive relationship between the lethality of attacks and the frequency of the Shining Path's terrorist activity. We conclude that targeted capture shows some promise as an effective counterterrorism strate...
Ultrastructural characteristics of insect corpora allata in relation to larval diapause

The ultrastructure of active and inactive corpora allata from last instar larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, was examined. Active glands were obtained from pre-, early, and mid-diapausing larvae; inactive ones from late and non-diapausing larvae. Each gland contains 13 to 18 cells which have the following common features: well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, scattered rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, microtubules, vacuolated nucleoli, and interlocking plasma membranes. The gland contains intercellular deposits, and is supplied by regular and neurosecretory axons.
Teaching inheritance versus inclusion to first year computer science students

This paper describes two laboratory experiments used at the Rochester Institute of Technology to teach first year CS students the difference between inheritance and inclusion (aggregation, composition).
On visual adaptation. I. Photochemistry.

Quantitative aspects of the photochemistry of visual adaptation are considered. A simplied model is given that fits data on changes of rhodopsin concentration during and following strong illumination. A variation on Wald’s compartment hypothesis is shown to fit the quasilinear dependence of log threshold upon pigment concentration. Finally, there is a brief review of pertinent data on cone pigments.
Absorption cross section at 3.39 μm of alkanes, aromatics and substituted hydrocarbons

The present study reports gas phase absorption cross sections at 3.39 μm of 21 liquid hydrocarbons. Measurements were performed in the temperature range 303–413 K using an infrared He–Ne laser. In addition to n-alkanes, a number of cyclo-alkane, aromatic, and substituted hydrocarbons were investigated. The results demonstrate that (i) the absorption cross sections are temperature independent in the studied range, and that (ii) the aromatic and substituted hydrocarbons exhibit much smaller cross sections than n-alkanes for an identical number of C–H bonds. A tentative empirical correlation has been developed and shown to accurately predicts the cross section.
Migration inhibition of an epithelial cell line by s-Con A and the effect on its invasiveness.

In an attempt to delineate the role of tumor-cell motility in the process of invasion, we compared the migration of NBT II in a two-dimensional migration assay with its migration in a three-dimensional invasion assay. Both systems were maintained with and without succinylated concanavalin A (s-Con A) dissolved in the culture medium. This lectin has a reversible inhibitory effect on the migration of cells in vitro. The migration of NBT-II aggregates, seeded in flasks containing 200 μg/ml s-Con A or without s-Con A, was studied by time-lapse photomicrography. In the presence of s-Con A, migration was immediately stopped. When the treated medium was replaced by culture medium to which 10 mM α-methyl-mannose was added, the inhibition of migration was abolished. The invasive capacity of NBT II in the presence or absence of s-Con A was studied by confronting precultured fragments of 9- to 11-day-old embryonic chick heart (0.4 mm in diameter) with NBT-II aggregates (0.2 mm) made in the presence or absence of s-Con A. Light microscopy showed no difference in the extent of invasion. To demonstrate the presence of s-Con A in the invading tumor cells, immunoperoxidase staining for Con A was done. The treated cultures stained positively while the controls were negative. The data presented here question the correlation between tumor-cell motility in a two-dimensional system and the invasive behavior of these cells in three dimensions, and implies that the ability or inability of cells to migrate on plastic does not necessarily reflect their invasiveness in vitro.
Relativistic theory of superpotentials for a nonhomogeneous spatially isotropic medium

This work deals with the relativistic, coordinate invariant theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in a nonhomogeneous medium that is spatially isotropic with respect to the generalized 4-velocity. The existence of a new superpotential for the electromagnetic field is established. The governing field equation for the superpotential is derived via a generalized Lorentz gauge condition for the electromagnetic potential and two new tensor identities involving the curvature tensor. The new field equation takes a simple form which reveals the effect of non-rigidity, rotation, acceleration, and incomplete material isotropy with respect to the Fermi frames as well as curvature and nonhomogeneous material properties.
A new Madia (Compositae) from northwest California

A new species ofMadia sectionAnisocarpus from the serpentines of northwest California is described, illustrated and contrasted with its closest relatives. A key to the annual members of the section is presented.
Tidal Debris in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 3310: A New Tidal Loop?

NGC 3310 is a well-studied starburst galaxy thought to have merged with a companion galaxy. It has several known tidal features surrounding the main disk, as well as two large H I tails extending to the north and south. In order to explore this system's low surface brightness features, we obtained deep V- and R-band data on the WIYN 0.9 m telescope in Kitt Peak, Arizona. These data reveal a new closed loop consisting of stars emerging from the eastern side of the disk and rejoining in the north. This faint structure seems to be distinct from the rest of the shells surrounding NGC 3310. It appears to consist of tidal debris from a companion galaxy and is the first of its kind to be detected in a starburst galaxy. We discuss implications of this new loop and present V-band photometry on morphologically defined regions of debris in this system.
Factors leading to obstacle contact during adaptive locomotion.

During everyday life, healthy adults occasionally trip over an obstacle that they knew was there. These ‘spontaneous’ trips can provide insight into the circumstances leading to trips and falls. The goal of this study was to describe the errors in foot placement and/or foot elevation that resulted in a spontaneous contact with a fixed, visible obstacle in young, healthy adults. Fifteen subjects stepped over an obstacle (height set to 25 % leg length) placed in the middle of an 8 m walkway, up to 300 times. Three subjects never contacted the obstacle and 12 subjects contacted the obstacle 1–4 times, totaling 24 contacts in 3,843 trials (0.6 %). Most of the contacts (92 %) were with the trail limb. Minimum foot clearance of the trail limb (trail MFC) decreased linearly (average slope of −1 mm/trial) with repeated trials. The majority of subjects (70 %) continued the linear decrease of trail MFC until they contacted the obstacle. The remaining contacts resulted from an apparent misjudgment of foot placement and/or foot elevation. Following contact, trail MFC increased 75 % in the subsequent trials and remained elevated at least up to 30 trials post-contact, but the trajectory of the unperturbed lead limb did not change, further supporting the idea of independent control for the lead and trail limbs during obstacle crossing. Possible causes of the progressive decrease in trail MFC until obstacle contact are considered.
Relation of sialidase of influenza A viruses to viral particles as determined by electron microscopy.

Abstract We have measured the sialidase activity per virus particle of the following strains of influenza A: A/Swine/32, A/PR8/33, A1/FM1/47, A2/Japan305/57, and A2/Taiwan/58. Strains differed by as much as a hundredfold in activity of individual particles. Japan 305 was the most active.
Searching the World Wide Web for geoscience resources

Abstract The exponential growth of the Internet has required the development of tools for locating information on the World Wide Web. Virtual libraries and search engines are two such tools useful for finding geoscience resources, but the quality and quantity of information stored in their databases differ greatly. The adoption of efficient strategies for searching the Web will result in the accumulation of a large amount of information about a particular topic, but the quality of this information must always be critically evaluated.
An interaction domain in Slob necessary for its binding to the slowpoke calcium-dependent potassium channel

Slob modulates the activity of the Drosophila Slowpoke calcium-dependent potassium channel (dSlo) via its direct binding to the channel. To characterize the molecular detail of the protein-protein interaction between Slob and dSlo, we constructed a series of Slob mutants that are progressively truncated at either the carboxyl or amino terminal end, and examined the binding of these Slob mutants to dSlo using a co-immunoprecipitation approach. Our data suggest that a small region of 42 amino acids (residues 191-233) in Slob is essential for Slob to interact with the dSlo channel.
Alignment of fiducial marks in a tomographic tilt series with an unknown rotation axis

Abstract Alignment for tomography using a transmission electron microscopy frequently uses colloidal gold particles as fiducial reference marks. Typically, there is an implicit assumption that the tilt axis of the tomographic series is orthogonal to the beam direction. However, this may not be true, either intentionally, if a tilt-rotate stage is used, or unintentionally, because of mechanical errors in the rotation stage or the sample fixture. Here, we provide a computer code which takes as input a set of two-dimensional (2D) observations of fiducial reference marks at various tilt angles and the values of those tilt angles. It produces as output a three-dimensional model of the observations, 2D shifts for each view, and the tilt axis direction. Program summary Title of program: particleTilt Catalogue identifier: ADYW_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADYW_v1_0 Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. Ireland Computers: IBM 2 compatible desktop PC; SGI 2 Octane Operating system: Red Hat 2 WS 3 Linux (with 2.4.21-40.EL kernel); IRIX 6.5 IP30 Program language used: Fortran 90 No. of bits in a word: 32 No. of processors used: one Has the code been vectorized: no No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 2397 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 47 017 Distribution format: tar.gz Peripherals used: one Typical running time: 350 ms (larger included example, on 2.8 GHz 32-bit PC) Nature of problem: The program is used to assist the alignment step in tomography. The samples should be prepared with spherical particles (typically gold beads) which are observed in several views. (Not every particle need be observed in every view.) The program reports coordinates of a 3D model of the particles as well as the direction of the tilt axis as a point on the unit sphere. Method of solution: Our package minimizes an objective function whose free variables are a set of 3D model points and 2D shifts of the views as well as two parameters characterizing of tilt axis as a point on the unit sphere. The objective function is decomposed into a pure quadratic form which encompasses the model points and shifts, and a more complicated form which has only two degrees of freedom. The Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm is applied alternately and iteratively to minimize the objective function with respect to the two sets.
Inference of equivalent initial flaw size under multiple sources of uncertainty

A probabilistic methodology is proposed in this paper to estimate the equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) distribution accounting for various sources of variability, uncertainty and error, for mechanical components with complicated geometry and multi-axial variable amplitude loading conditions. A Bayesian approach is used to calibrate the distribution of EIFS, where the likelihood function is constructed from model-based fatigue crack growth analysis and inspection results. The variability, uncertainties and errors in the above procedures are quantified, and the distribution of EIFS is calibrated by explicitly accounting for the various sources of uncertainty. Three types of uncertainty are considered: (1) natural variability in loading and material properties; (2) data uncertainty, due to crack detection uncertainty, measurement errors, and sparse data; (3) modeling uncertainty and errors during crack growth analysis, numerical approximations, and finite element discretization. A Monte Carlo simulation-based approach is developed for uncertainty quantification in the crack growth analysis and for constructing the likelihood function of EIFS. The proposed methodology is illustrated by a numerical example.
WAC, a functional partner of RNF20/40, regulates histone H2B ubiquitination and gene transcription.

Histone H2B ubiquitination plays an important role in regulating chromatin organization during gene transcription. It has been shown that RNF20/40 regulates H2B ubiquitination. Here, using protein affinity purification, we have identified WAC as a functional partner of RNF20/40. Depletion of WAC abolishes H2B ubiquitination. WAC interacts with RNF20/40 through its C-terminal coiled-coil region and promotes RNF20/40 s E3 ligase activity for H2B ubiquitination. The N-terminal WW domain of WAC recognizes RNA polymerase II. During gene transcription, WAC targets RNF20/40 to associate with RNA polymerase II complex for H2B ubiquitination at active transcription sites, which regulates transcription. Moreover, WAC-dependent transcription is important for cell-cycle checkpoint activation in response to genotoxic stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate an important regulator for transcription-coupled histone H2B ubiquitination.
Beyond “to Share or Not to Share” The Impartiality Account of Fairness

Fairness concerns often prompt people to share equally, but the function of such equal sharing is somewhat unclear. Some researchers have proposed that fairness functions to promote generosity and reciprocity. I will review some recent data that contradict this view: Fairness can cause people to waste resources rather than be generous and can interfere with reciprocity. On the basis of these findings, I suggest an alternative view: Fairness functions to signal the fair individual’s impartiality to others. I discuss the predictions of this account and how these predictions might be tested in future research.
Direct costs of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in the burn unit of a public teaching hospital.

We conducted a case-control study to determine the attributable direct costs of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) in the burn unit of a public teaching hospital. The mean total hospital cost of patients who acquired MDRAB was $98,575 higher than that of control patients who had identical burn severity of illness indices ( P
Papillary adenocarcinoma in situ of the skin: report of four cases.

Although rare isolated cases of adenocarcinoma in situ of skin have been reported in the literature, adenocarcinoma in situ of skin as a concept and as a diagnostic category has not been established in the field of dermatopathology. In this work, four cases of papillary adenocarcinoma in situ of the skin are presented. In addition, the notion that lesions previously reported in the medical literature under the term of “papillary eccrine adenoma” are actually adenocarcinoma in situ is discussed.
How and When Do Myocytes Die During Ischemia and Reperfusion The Late Phase

While the majority of the cardiac myocyte death that makes up the final infarct occurs during ischemia and the first few minutes of reperfusion, cell death does not stop there. In fact necrosis and apoptosis, and potentially autophagy, can continue in the previously ischemic area for up to 3 days post-reperfusion. Several mechanisms can potentially contribute to this death continuum: (1) myocytes that have already passed the point of no return despite reperfusion; (2) continued dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature; and (3) infiltration of inflammatory cells. The latter in particular leads to elevated myocardial concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, activation of toll-like receptors, secretion of toxic enzymes, and activation of the complement cascade--all of which can lead to myocyte death. However, there is a considerable lack of studies that comprehensively examine the time course, nature, and mechanisms of post-reperfusion myocyte death. Moreover, cell death types (apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy) are inextricably linked to one another. Therefore, we do not know whether specific blockade of necrosis during the acute phase of myocyte death will instead enhance apoptosis during the late phase, that is, will we be simply delaying the inevitable? Consequently, the purpose of this article is to briefly review what we do, and more importantly what we do not, know about cardiac cell death in the reperfused heart and what is needed to advance our understanding of this phenomenon.
Information literacy learning as epistemological process

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to discuss the reasons for an approach to teaching information literacy (IL) as an epistemological process of discovery, in which emphasis is shifted away from short-term mastery of library skills and re-centered on higher-order intellectual concerns. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on evaluation of personal experience, readings within and outside the field of teaching librarianship and research into the ways students interact with information. Findings – An open approach to working with undergraduate students offers a fruitful way forward for teaching librarians and IL learners, both of whom stand constantly on the edge of an unpredictable information universe. Originality/value – Learner-oriented approaches to teaching IL are quite common, but relatively few studies have considered, in any depth, the possibility for a truly open model for IL learning that approaches the world of information as unified but not monolithic. This study draws on a var...
Is Active Learning Like Broccoli? Student Perceptions of Active Learning in Large Lecture Classes.

Although research suggests that active learning is associated with positive outcomes (e.g., memory, test performance), use of such techniques can be difficult to implement in large lecture-based classes. In the current study, 1,091 students completed out-of-class group exercises to complement course material in an Introductory Psychology class. Students were assigned either active learning or content review activities. Students in the active learning condition reported greater retention of and engagement with the course material but not greater enjoyment when compared to students in the content review condition. The importance of choosing pedagogical methods that promote the construction of knowledge rather than just behavioral activity is discussed. The lecture is a traditional approach to learning and instruction found across academic levels and disciplines. It is an efficient means of transferring knowledge from instructor to student, especially given institutional pressures for large classroom environments. However, instructors have begun to question the effectiveness of this approach: ….we want to teach our students as much as possible in the limited amount of time we've been given. So we in effect load our pedagogical dump truck as full as we can, back it up to the classroom, and unload it onto our students, burying them in teaching…When we use the dump truck method, we overwhelm our students with more skills and strategies than they can possibly absorb in an hour. That's our first mistake. Then we fail to give students the opportunity to practice any of the strategies and skills, virtually guaranteeing that they won't be internalized. (Gremmels, 1995, p. 89) Gremmels's metaphor cleverly captures the drawbacks of what is often seen in classrooms. Although constraints such as large class sizes and theatre-style classrooms can prohibit the use of newer pedagogical methods, ways of combining active learning with the traditional lecture should be explored.
Microgravity monitoring instrument development and application to vernier guidance, navigation, and vehicle control

The fact that a spacecraft traveling through the 'vacuum' of space conforms to the classical Keplerian ellipse has recently been disproven. It is now well known that such a vehicle is acted on by many external forces such as drag in the rarefied particle atmosphere, solar wind and particle impact. This paper discusses the development of sensors and sensor systems to measure these minute forces of acceleration/deceleration. Four systems will be discussed: a 10 exp -4 g system, a 10 exp -6 g system, a 10 exp -(6-8) g system and a 10 exp -9 g system. The design of each system will be explained along with the advantages/disadvantages of each. Various applications unique to each system will be discussed. Configurations, design schemes, test plans and calibration procedures, both in the ground laboratory and inflight, will be presented. The current design/development/operational status of each system will be examined and future plans discussed. Application to aerodynamic studies and vernier guidance, navigation, and vehicle control will also be examined.
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine synthesis by genetically modified Schwann cells.

: We have investigated whether Schwann cells can be modified by gene transfer to synthesize L-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (L-DOPA), the immediate precursor in the formation of dopamine. By using a retrovirus containing a rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cDNA, we established an immortalized rodent Schwann cell line that stably expressed high levels of TH and secreted L-DOPA in vitro when supplied with tyrosine and the essential cofactor biopterin. We also infected primary Schwann cells and demonstrated that cells expressing TH secreted L-DOPA while maintaining their capacity to myelinate neurons in vitro. This study indicates that it may be feasible to utilize autotransplantation of genetically modified Schwann cells to alleviate the movement disorders in Parkinson's disease.
Whole Soybeans for Poultry Feeds

Whole soybeans contain high-quality protein and are a rich source of energy due to the oil which they contain. Therefore, they have the potential of supplying major quantities of both energy and pr...
Spatial Summation of Subliminal Stimuli in the Retina of the Human Eye

Resume On a determine les intensites du seuil pour diverses separations de deux taches de stimulus dans la fovea et la peripherie de l'oeil humain. On peut resumer les resultats ainsi: (1) Dans la peripherie le seuil des deux taches exposees simultanement decroit avec la diminution de la separation de ces taches (dans les limites de 2½ degres de l'angle visuel). (2) Dans la peripherie le seuil des deux taches separees par une distance de 2½ degres de l'angle visuel est le meme que le seuil de la tache seule qui a la valeur inferieure. (3) Dans la fovea le seuil des deux taches exposees simultanement decroit avec une separation diminuee de ces taches (dans les limites de 10 minutes de l'angle visuel). (4) Dans la fovea le seuil des deux taches separees par une distance de 10 minutes de l'angle visuel est le meme que le seuil de la tache seule qui a la valeur inferieure. On croit que ces resultats montrent l'interaction d'un type sommatif entre des aires stimulees subliminairement. La quantite de cette inte...
Understanding rehospitalization risk: can hospital discharge be modified to reduce recurrent hospitalization?

Background A high rate of unnecessary rehospitalization has been shown to be related to a poorly managed discharge processes. Objective A qualitative study was conducted in order to understand the phenomenon of frequent rehospitalization from the perspective of discharged patients and to determine if activities at the time of discharge could be designed to reduce the number of adverse events and rehospitalization. Design Semistructured, open-ended interviews were conducted with 21 patients during their hospital stay at Boston Medical Center. Interviews assessed continuity of care after discharge, need for and availability of social support, and ability to obtain follow-up medical care. Results Difficult life circumstances posed a greater barrier to recuperation than lack of medical knowledge. All participants were able to describe their medical condition, the reasons they were admitted to the hospital, and the discharge instructions they received. All reported the types of medications being taken or the conditions for which the medications were prescribed. Recuperation was compromised by factors that contribute to undermining the ability of patients to follow their doctors' recommendations including support for medical and basic needs, substance use, and limitations in the availability of transportation to medical appointments. Distress, particularly depression, further contributed to poor health and undermined the ability to follow doctors' recommendations and the discharge plans. Conclusions Discharge interventions that assess the need for social support and provide access and services have the potential to reduce chronic rehospitalization.
Sea Level and the Southern Oscillation

Summary An average curve for the world annual mean sea level for the century 186-1960 has been obtained from a carefully selected world series of tide gauge records. We have eliminated data from tectonically unstable areas and other obviously anomalous records. Five-year running means provide us with a residual curve that may approach a eustatic standard (probably glacio-eustatic). The lowest point of sea level was about 1890; the mean rise from 1900-1950 was 1-2 mm annually, but the fastest decade was 1946-1956 with 55mm. The pattern varies somewhat if plotted ocean by ocean. The non-smoothed, annual curve shows a 2-3 year cyclicity of 10-30mm amplitude. For the world curve this periodicity resembles the 2-3 year atmospheric pressure cycle known as the “Southern Oscillation”, being in phase with the S. E. Pacific node. The reciprocal, Indian Ocean node is well reflected in the Indian Ocean, and periodically dominates over the Pacific pattern in the Atlantic Ocean. When the effect of a pressure anomaly of I mb is taken as equivalent to 10mm departure of sea level, it is found that that is still a large residual generally in the same phase. It would seem that steric effects and associated wind systems are mainly responsible.
3D image sensing and reconstruction with time-domain multiplexed computational integral imaging (CII)

We present a method to compute high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) images based on integral imaging. A sequence of integral images (II's) is captured by a time-domain multiplexing method. For the acquisition of each II the location of the lenslet array is shifted in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis. The sequence obtained this way is digitally processed with a super-resolution reconstruction (SR) algorithm to obtain a reconstructed image, appropriate to a viewing direction that has a spatial resolution beyond the optical limitation.