cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transformation of the viscoelastic functions of calcified tissues and interfacial biomaterials into a common representation

Since both connective and calcified tissues are markedly viscoelastic in nature, an understanding of the behavior of these tissues intrinsically as materials on their own, as well as in composite formation with synthetic implants, is of prime importance in order to predict and anticipate materials' design and function. Thus considerable interest has developed in recent years with respect to measurements of the viscoelastic properties of biological materials. However, attempts to characterize the viscoelasticity of calcified tissues have involved many different experimental procedures; hence results appear in terms of different functions, e.g. relaxation modulus, creep compliance. Since this diversity precludes a simple useful comparison of the results, the present study was initiated so that measured functions could be cast into a common representation, and thus compared. Linear viscoelasticity theory implies definite exact relationships between the functions. Using these relations, experimental results on bone, dentin and implant materials presently used to interface to the natural tissues, e.g. polymethyl methacrylate and high density linear polyethylene, were transformed into the complex dynamic modulus representation. Analysis shows that the results of experiments on bone are not in agreement as to dispersion (i.e. change of modulus with frequency) and its variation with strain. Further, analysis of the internal consistency of some experiments demonstrates a violation of the Boltzmann integral which indicates that linear viscoelasticity (almost invariably assumed by workers in the field) fails for bone in compression. It is concluded that the dynamic behavior of bone is not as well understood as has been thought heretofore; direction is given for future experiments.
Intravitreal triamcinolone and bevacizumab combination therapy for refractory choroidal neovascularization with retinal angiomatous proliferation.

Intravitreal triamcinolone and bevacizumab combination therapy for refractory choroidal neovascularization with retinal angiomatous proliferation
Ignition delay of a gas mixture above a liquid fuel pool

A computational study has been made of transient heat transfer and fluid flow of an axisymmetric two-layer gas-and-liquid system heated from above by a small hot spot (e.g., a hot wire or pilot flame) located close to the liquid surface. The gas phase is unconfined above the liquid pool. The effects of varying gravity level (0.0001 to 1 gn), liquid pool height, and heater height are investigated. Thermocapillary convection induced by the nonuniform heating of the liquid surface combines with buoyancy forces to affect the heat transfer and the transport of fuel vapor toward the heat source. At reduced gravity, gas-phase conduction is comparable to the incident radiation at the liquid surface, whereas at 1 gn, buoyant convection carries the heat upward from the heat source and, therefore, the liquid is heated primarily by radiation.
Hall Effect and Magnetoresistance in Pure Iron, Lead, Fe-Co, and Fe-Cr Dilute Alloys

Hall effect and transverse and longitudinal magnetoresistances have been measured in polycrystals at 4.2 K and below, in the fields up to 7 T. For pure iron ($\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{300}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{4.2}}=523 \mathrm{and} 1993$), extrapolation of the Hall angle ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{H}$ to the high-field limit gives a nonzero value $tan{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{H}=(\ensuremath{-}2.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ in agreement with our theory of asymmetric scattering in compensated metals. A nonzero high field, $tan{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{H}=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, is also found for pure lead ($\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{300}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1.5}}=24300$) at 1.5 K; this and the nonlinear variation of the Hall resistivity might come from asymmetric scattering by traces of iron impurities known to be present. The Hall-resistivity data for pure iron, dilute Fe-Co, and the iron whiskers of Dheer fall roughly on the same Kohler curve which does not go through the origin. Extrapolation to the low-field limit for Fe-Co gives a nonzero value, $tan{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{H}=(1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, in agreement with asymmetric scattering theory. Kohler's rule holds very well for the transverse magnetoresistance and the Hall resistivity of the Fe-Co alone. It fails completely for the Hall resistivity of Fe-Cr, which seems dominated by the nonclassical "side-jump" mechanism and not by asymmetric scattering. The value of the side-jump $\ensuremath{\Delta}y$ for Cr impurities in iron at 4 K is eight times as large as the usual value for scatterers in iron at 300 K.
Rats with hypothalamic obesity are insensitive to central leptin injections.

Genetically determined obesities, involving leptin- and melanocortin-signaling pathways, have focused attention on the four medial hypothalamic nuclei as primary sources of feeding- and metabolically-based obesity. All four medial cell groups contain leptin receptors. To determine which of these cell groups normally mediates the effects of leptin on food intake and body weight gain, we injected colchicine bilaterally into each nucleus and determined the pathophysiological effects of disruption and responsivity to leptin injected intracerebro-ventricularly. Intracerebroventricular injections of leptin in sham-lesioned rats decreased food intake during the dark period, but not during the light period. Lesions of the arcuate (ARC), paraventricular (PVN), and ventromedial (VMN) nuclei all resulted in leptin insensitivity; by contrast, lesions of the dorsomedial nuclei (DMN) augmented sensitivity to leptin on feeding and body weight gain. Although rats with ARC and PVN lesions were obese, they were still capab...
p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in endocrine tumors of pancreas and intestinal carcinoids.

Summary Twenty six endocrine tumors of the pancreas and 19 carcinoids of the intestinal tract were studied with immunocyto-chemical staining for p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to detect any correlation between PCNA and p53 immunostaining. PCNA immunostaining is some-what variable in endocrine tumors of the pancreas whereas p53 overexpression was detected in one out of eight insulinomas (12.5%), four out of eight gastrinomas (50%) and none of two glucagonomas, six PPomas and two nonfunctioning tumors. In 19 intestinal carcinoids, two of eight small-intestinal carcinoids (25%) were positive for p53 whereas five appendiceal and two colonic carcinoids were negative for p53. It was concluded that: 1. PCNA staining is variable with no clear distinction between benign and malignant endocrine tumors of the pancreas and intestinal carcinoids, although positive PCNA staining may assess growth fraction of tumors; 2. p53 overexpression is relatively rare both in endocrine tumors of the pancreas (one out of 18 non-gastrinomas) and intestinal carcinoids, except for gastrinomas, in which 50% were positive for p53; and 3. non-neoplastic islet cells are positive for p53.
Compression of the brachial plexus during right lobe liver donation as a cause of brachial plexus injury: A case report

We present a case of brachial plexus injury in a living-related liver donor, most likely caused by compression of the plexus between the 1st rib and clavicle, the result of rib retraction for surgical exposure.
An integrated toolset for ontology-guided diagnostic knowledge discovery

Today's diagnostic systems can generate a large amount data. Data from sources such as onboard reasoners and historical maintenance data are often stored in heterogeneous systems and cannot be collected immediately and aggregated for use. In our previous work we described a software visualization tool that allowed integration of different data sources and displayed the data with elements organized according to maintenance-oriented ontologies. This tool allows users to search quickly through available data to locate interesting relationships in the sequences of maintenance events. Additional previous work described a diagnostic maturation tool, called ModelMat, that updates causal relationships in a Timed Failure Propagation Graph based on historical diagnostic session data. In this paper, we present an update to both of these projects discussing enhancements to each as well as work in progress to create a single, integrated toolset, called Bobcat, to support ontology-guided diagnostic knowledge discovery.
Confounded spikes generated by synchrony within neural tissue models

Spike-sorting often requires subjective interpretation of extracellular waveforms to resolve the underlying neural activity. Often, multiple spike waveforms are detected at one site and interpreted as arising from multiple neurons. Because uncovering the relationship between the spike and the underlying intracellular activity is not tractable in vivo, a computer model of 128 multi-compartment neurons sharing common inputs was used to explore how synchronous firing impacts both the morphology and classification of the spikes. The results suggest that near-synchronous conditions yield multiple waveforms that could lead to missed spikes and a confounded interpretation of the number of neurons contributing to the recording.
Analysis of multiaxial warp-knit preforms for composite reinforcement

Abstract Three-dimensional structures of multiaxial warp-knit (MWK) fabrics have been recently developed for multidirectional reinforcement of composites. Multilayers of linear yarns are assembled in warp (0 °), weft (90 °), and bias (±θ) directions to provide in-plane reinforcement in specific directions, and they are stitched together by knitting yarns to provide structural integrity and through-the-thickness reinforcement. Based on the experimental observations, the unit cell geometry of the MWK fabric is identified along with idealized cross-sectional shapes of insertion and stitch yarns. A geometric model is developed relating the geometric parameters and process variables. Expressing fiber volume fraction and fiber orientation in terms of structural and processing parameters, this geometric model provides a basis for the establishment of process windows for the MWK fabric preforms as well as for the prediction of the mechanical behavior of the MWK reinforced composites.
Optimal strategies for preventing progression of renal disease: should angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers be used together?

Interruption of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin AT1 receptor blockers has been shown to delay progression in a variety of renal diseases, suggesting that the RAS, and its major effector molecule, angiotensin II, are important players in renal pathophysiology. Both antagonists combine inhibition of deleterious effects of angiotensin II with activation of potentially beneficial pathways mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandins. Some concerns have been raised about the completeness of the RAS blockade achieved by these agents. ACE-independent pathways can generate angiotensin II, whereas increases in angiotensin II levels may compete with the AT1 receptor blocker at the receptor site. It has been suggested that an ACE inhibitor/AT1 receptor blocker combination offers a better therapeutic effect than treatment with either agent alone. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of actions of ACE inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers, implicate them in the rationale for the use of an ACE inhibitor/AT1 receptor blocker combination, and discuss evidence evaluating the renal effects of the combination as compared to the effects of a single agent. There is a surprising lack of information about the nephroprotective potential of the combination, allowing no consistent conclusions about the superiority of the combination over the single agent. Several experimental and clinical reports suggest that in some conditions, the combination may be beneficial. Rather than providing unequivocal evidence for the use of combination treatment in the renal disease, these studies should be considered as stimuli for more detailed exploration of this issue.
The electrochemical behavior of copper(II) and copper(I) ions in a series of N,N-dimethylalkylamides and N,N, dialkylacetamides

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of copper ions has been investigated in N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetaJnide, N,N-diethylacetamide, N,N-diisopropylacetamide, N,N-dibutylacetamide, N,N-dimethylpropionamide, N,N-dimethylbutyranude, and N,N-diisopropylpropionamide. The potentials of the two copper couples in these amides are in the normal order, and copper(I) solutions, as a result, are stable with respect to disproportionation. Except for the fact that the potentials of the copper(II)-copper(I) and copper(I)-copper(o) couples are slightly more negative than in the lower alcohols because of the slightly higher solvation energy of copper (II) and copper(I) ions in amides than in alcohols, the electrochemical behavior of copper ions in amides is very similar to that in the lower alcohols. Changes in the carbon-chain length of the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon appear to have a greater effect on the solvation energy of copper(II) ion in amides than changes in the carbon-chain length of the alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen.
Sugar synthesis and phloem loading in Coleus blumei leaves.

Sugar-synthesis and -transport patterns were analyzed in Coleus blumei Benth. leaves to determine where galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose are made and whether phloem loading includes an apoplastic (extracellular) step or occurs entirely within the symplast (plasmodesmata-connected cytoplasm). To clarify the sequence of steps leading to stachyose synthesis, a pulse (15 s) of 14CO2 was given to attached leaves followed by a 5-s to 20-min chase: sucrose was rapidly labeled while galactinol, raffinose and stachyose were labeled more slowly and, within the first few minutes, to approximately the same degree. Leaf tissue was exposed to either 14CO2 or [14C]glucose to identify the sites of synthesis of the different sugars. A 2-min exposure of peeled leaf tissue to [14C]glucose resulted in preferential labeling of the minor veins, as opposed to the mesophyll; galactinol, raffinose and stachyose were more heavily labeled than sucrose in these preparations. In contrast, when leaf tissue was exposed to 14CO2 for 2 min for preferential labeling of the mesophyll, sucrose was more heavily labeled than galactinol, raffinose or stachyose. We conclude that sucrose is synthesized in mesophyll cells while galactinol, raffinose and stachyose are made in the minorvein phloem. Competition experiments were performed to test the possibility that phloem loading involves monosaccharide uptake from the apoplast. Two saturable monosaccharide carriers were identified, one for glucose, galactose and 3-O-methyl glucose, and the other for fructose. Washing the apoplast of peeled leaf pieces with buffer or saturating levels of 3-O-methyl glucose, after providing a pulse of 14CO2, did not inhibit vein loading or change the composition of labeled sugars, and less than 0.5% of the assimilated label was recovered in the incubation medium. These and previous results (Turgeon and Gowan, 1991, Plant Physiol. 94, 1244–1249) indicate that the phloem loading pathway in Coleus is probably symplastic.
Muscle blood flow-O2 uptake interaction and their relation to on-exercise dynamics of O2 exchange

Abstract A computer model was developed to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the dynamics of muscle capillary O 2 exchange in health and disease. We examined the effects of different muscle oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 m ) and CvO 2 profiles on muscle blood flow ( Q ˙ m ) kinetics ( Q ˙ m = V ˙ O 2 m / [ Ca O 2 − Cv O 2 ] ). Further, we simulated V ˙ O 2 m and Q ˙ m responses to predict the CvO 2 profile and the underlying dynamics of capillary O 2 exchange ( Cv O 2 = Ca O 2 − V ˙ O 2 m / Q ˙ m ). Exponential equations describing V ˙ O 2 m , CvO 2 and Q ˙ m responses in vivo were used in the simulations. The results indicated that Q ˙ m kinetics were relatively insensitive to CvO 2 parameters, but directly associated with V ˙ O 2 m kinetics. The biphasic Q ˙ m response produced a substantial fall in CvO 2 within the first 15–20 s of the exercise transition (phase 1 of Q ˙ m ). These results revealed that the main determinant of CvO 2 (or O 2 extraction) kinetics was the dynamic interaction of Q ˙ m and V ˙ O 2 m kinetics during phase 1 of Q ˙ m .
Phenological and Temperature Controls on the Temporal Non-Structural Carbohydrate Dynamics of Populus grandidentata and Quercus rubra

Temporal changes in plant tissue non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may be sensitive to climate changes that alter forest phenology. We examined how temporal fluctuations in tissue NSC concentrations of Populus grandidentata and Quercus rubra relate to net and gross primary production (NPP, GPP) and their climatic drivers in a deciduous forest of Michigan, USA. Tissue NSC concentrations were coupled with NPP and GPP phenologies, declining from dormancy until GPP initiation and then increasing following NPP cessation. Warmer autumns extended the temporal gap between NPP and GPP cessation, prolonging the period of NSC accumulation. These results suggest that tissue NSC concentrations may increase with climate change.
Cognitive workload and visual attention analyses of the air traffic control tower flight data manager (TFDM) prototype demonstration

This paper presents two methods of analyzing air traffic controller activity: cognitive workload measurement through the novel comparison of controller-pilot verbal communications, and visual attention quantification through manual eye gaze analysis. These analyses were performed as part of an evaluation of the Tower Flight Data Manager (TFDM) prototype system. Cognitive workload analyses revealed that, when comparing participant controllers utilizing TFDM to a control group utilizing existing air traffic control (ATC) equipment, participants issued commands sooner than the control, and thus were perceived to have a lower workload. While visual attention data were not available for the control group, analyses of participant gaze data revealed 81.9% of time was spent in a head-down position, and 17.2% of time was spent head-up. Results are related back to system inefficiencies to find potential areas of improvement in design. Language: en
Predation, light intensity and courtship behaviour in Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae)

The colour patterns of guppies, Poecilia reticulata, represent a balance between selection for crypsis (by predators) and selection for conspicuousness (by females). To a predator or mate, the conspicuousness of a colour pattern depends on environmental light conditions at the time of viewing. In this study light intensity and predation had significant effects on male courtship behaviour in guppies. Males courted less and used visually conspicuous behavioural elements less often in the presence of predators or under high light levels. Maximum risk due to predation naturally occurs at the highest light intensities, so either light intensity or the presence of a predator can be used as a cue for predator avoidance. Guppies minimized predator risk during courtship by shifting visually conspicuous displays to times of day when visual predation is minimal, and using the visually less conspicuous sneak copulation strategy when predation risk is greatest. Because ambient light conditions vary with time of day, the same colour patterns are seen under different visual conditions by predators and mates. Such context-dependent conspicuousness reduces the need for an evolutionary compromise between colour patterns that reduce the risk of visual predation and those that increase visibility to females.
Role of adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate in the hormonal regulation of bone resorption: studies with cultured fetal bone.

The release of previously incorporated radiocalcium from fetal long bone shafts in tissue culture is stimulated by addition of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in concentrations of 0.01–0.1 μM- This effect can be mimicked by the addition of N6-2′-O-dibutyryl adenosine-3′, 5′-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) at concentrations of 0.1–0.3 mM, but not by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) itself. Unlike PTH, dibutyryl cyclic AMP lost its effectiveness at higher concentrations (0.8–1.0 mM). This auto-inhibition could not be ascribed to impurities in dibutyryl cyclic AMP or to the release of butyric acid. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP can inhibit the effect of high concentrations of PTH. Theophylline alone did not stimulate bone resorption. It did produce increased release of labeled calcium in the presence of low doses of PTH. As with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, maximum stimulation occurred at 0.3 mM, and the effect was lost at 1 mM concentration. The uptake of labeled cyclic AMP and dibutyiyl cyclic AMP by bones in tis...
Ionic mechanisms for heterogeneous stratospheric reactions and ultraviolet photoabsorption cross sections for NO2+, HNO3, AND NO3− in sulfuric acid

We present room temperature photo-absorption cross sections between 180 and 340 nm for potassium nitrate dissolved in sulfuric acid-water solutions of 0, 80, and 96% sulfuric acid by mass. Other investigators have obtained ultraviolet absorption spectra for similar solutions above 220 nm, and there is a large literature on the spectra, species, and nitration reactions in sulfuric acid solutions. The predominant nitrogen-containing species are the nitrate anion (NO3−) in pure water or dilute sulfuric acid solutions, molecular nitric acid (HNO3) in 80% sulfuric acid, and the nitronium ion (NO2+) in 96% sulfuric acid. Upon reviewing the literature involving these species, we consider elementary ionic and molecular reactions in mechanisms of stratospheric heterogeneous catalysis. We formulate a general mechanism for acid catalyzed reactions, with examples that convert inactive HCl and ClNO3 into photochemically active ClNO2, ClNO, Cl2, HOCl, and ClO, and we show that reactions forming all of these products are thermodynamically allowed.
Infrared polar brightening on Jupiter. III - Spectrometry from the Voyager 1 IRIS experiment

Spectra from the Voyager 1 IRIS experiment confirm the existence of enhanced infrared emission near Jupiter's north magnetic pole in March 1979. The spectral characteristics of the enhanced emission are consistent with a Planck source function. A temperature-pressure profile is derived for the region near the north magnetic pole, from which quantitative abundance estimates of minor species are made. Some species previously detected on Jupiter, including CH3D, C2H2, and C2H6, have been observed again near the pole. Newly discovered species, not previously observed on Jupiter, include C2H4, C3H4, and C6H6. All of these species except CH3D appear to have enhanced abundances at the north polar region with respect to midlatitudes. Upper limits are determined for C4H2 and C3H8. The quantitative results are compared with model calculations based on ultraviolet results from the IUE satellite. The plausibility of the C6H6 identification is discussed in terms of the literature on C2H2 polymerization. The relation of C6H6 to cuprene is also discussed.
Analysis of recombinant acylated pneumococcal surface adhesin A of Streptococcus pneumoniae by mass spectrometry.

Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a species-common, immunogenic surface lipoprotein. In this study, the psaA gene was expressed as a nonfusion acylated protein in an Escherichia coli expression system. Yields of pure recombinant PsaA (rPsaA) were 8–10 mg/liter of fermentation culture. Analysis of rPsaA tryptic digests by HPLC–electrospray mass spectrometry (MS) confirmed 98% of the expected protein sequence. GC/MS data demonstrated very similar acylation of native and rPsaA by C12:0–C22:0 fatty acids, with C16 and C18 predominating. Negative ion electrospray MS/MS analysis of the rPsaA lipid anchor released by Pronase-E confirmed that the structure was based on an N-terminal palmitoylcysteine (Pam 3 Cys). Electrospray MS heterogeneity analysis of intact rPsaA indicated that all of the observed heterogeneity could be accounted for by the fatty acid distributions. The availability of well-characterized rPsaA will facilitate the continued research and development of protein-based vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal disease.
Comparison of Cardiac Pacing Modes in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Study objective This study compares the relative benefits of dual chamber adaptive rate pacing (DDDR) with ventricular adaptive rate pacing (WIR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Study design Cardiac hemodynamics were evaluated with serial exercise tests. A minimum of 2 h was allowed between studies. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured and cardiac output (CO) was determined at rest and immediately after maximum exercise by Dopple echocardiography. Patients Sixteen patients with DDDR pacemakers were studied. Eight patients had COPD and eight patients had normal lung function (NLF). Baseline lung function was documented with spirometry. Interventions The patients with NLF functioned as a control group. Prior to entry into the study, the rate-modulated parameters of the pacemaker were programmed to a clinically determined optimal set of parameters for each individual patient These were not changed for the duration of the study. Results Both groups showed a statistically significant improvement in exercise duration, CO at maximum exercise, and cardiac output difference (CODiff) with the dual chamber adaptive rate pacing mode (DDDR). (COdiff is the charge in CO from rest to maximum exercise.) Patients with NLF also showed a significant improvement in anaerobic threshold (AT) and Vco 2 max with DDDR. Patients with lung disease showed a statistically significant improvement at all levels of exercise in the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen. Conclusion In this study, those patients with chronic lung disease who required cardiac pacing performed significantly better in the DDDR mode as compared with the WIR mode. Therefore, the DDDR pacing mode should provide an improved quality of life for the patient with COPD who also requires cardiac pacing.
A metadata-based architecture for user-centered data accountability

Data is rapidly changing how companies operate, offering them new business opportunities as they generate increasingly sophisticated insights from the analysis of an ever-increasing pool of information. Businesses have clearly moved beyond a focus on data collection to data use, but users have an inadequate model of notice and consent at the point of data collection to limit inappropriate use. An interoperable context-aware metadata-based architecture that allows permissions and policies to be bound to data, and is flexible enough to allow for changing trust norms, help balance the tension between users and business, satisfy regulators’ desire for increased transparency and greater accountability, and still enable data to flow in ways that provide value to all participants in the ecosystem.
Electron Emission from Metals as a Function of Temperature

Electron emission from metals as a function of temperature.---(1) General equation. The emission of electrons from a metal may be considered as thermodynamically equivalent to the evaporation of a monatomic gas, for which an equation is derived on the basis of the Nernst heat theorem. If it is assumed that the specific heat of free electrons in the metal is negligible while the specific heat of the evaporated electrons is the same as that of a monatomic gas, the equation assumes the simple form $I=A{T}^{2}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}{b}_{0}}{T}}$, where ${b}_{0}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}e}{k}$ ($e$ is electronic charge, $k$ is the Boltzmann constant, and ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}=\frac{\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}\mathrm{kT}}{e}$, where $\ensuremath{\phi}$ is the Richardson work function). An equation of this form has been suggested before but not on the same theoretical grounds and a different value of $A$ has been obtained. Its chief advantage over the usual Richardson equation, $I={A}_{1}{T}^{\frac{1}{2}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}b}{T}}$, where $b=\frac{\ensuremath{\phi}e}{k}$, is that $A$ is theoretically a universal constant. (2) The value of the universal emission constant $A$ is computed in two ways. Using the Sackur-Tetrode equation for the chemical constant ${i}_{0}$, $A$ comes out 60.2 amp./${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{deg}.}^{2}$, while the theory of rational units of Lewis, Gibson and Latimer gives 50.2 amp./${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{deg}.}^{2}$. Recent experimental results of Davisson and Germer, and of Schlichter as well as data obtained by the writer agree with the new equation as well or better than with the old, but the temperature scale is not sufficiently accurately known to distinguish experimentally between the two values of $A$. (3) The relation between A and the chemical constant ${i}_{0}$ (or ${C}_{0}$) is derived.Values of the work function in equivalent volts have been computed from the experimentally determined values of ${b}_{0}$, for tungsten (4.53), thorium (2.94), molybdenum (4.31), tantalum (4.40), and calcium (2.24) within \textonehalf{} to 1 per cent. The values for uranium (3.28), zirconium (3.28), yttrium (3.19) and cerium (3.07) are upper limits. In general, the values are lower the larger the atomic volumes. Experimental details will be given later.
A game theoretic approach to controller design for cyber-physical systems: collision avoidance

A collision avoidance problem for the vehicle equipped with adaptive cruise control is considered in the context of hybrid systems with emphasis on safety verification.
Candida: A Review of Clinical Experience with Lamisil®

Pharmaceutical companies sometimes quote the MICs of antifungal agents to make favourable or unfavourable comparisons with competitor drugs. To the doctor, however, the clinical outcome is important. In this light it can be seen that topical terbinafine is certainly as effective as, if not more effective than, any other anticandidal agent available.
Unified kinetic equation of plasmas

Abstract The interaction term of the kinetic equation is expressed in the form of a sum of two terms: The one term is due to binary collisions between close particles, and the other is due to collective interactions among remote particles. This kinetic equation is exact up to the first order in the plasma parameter; the Coulomb logarithm is not necessarily large.
WAR AND LIBERTY: WISDOM FROM LEONARD E. READ AND F. A. ‘BALDY’ HARPER

This year marks the 60th anniversary of Leonard E. Read's Conscience on the Battlefield and F. A. ‘Baldy’ Harper's In Search of Peace. This article reviews the main themes of these anti-war pamphlets and argues that the ideas contained within are as important and relevant today as they were 60 years ago.
Dual Targeting of DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV: Target Interactions of Garenoxacin (BMS-284756, T-3811ME), a New Desfluoroquinolone

We determined the target enzyme interactions of garenoxacin (BMS-284756, T-3811ME), a novel desfluoroquinolone, in Staphylococcus aureus by genetic and biochemical studies. We found garenoxacin to be four- to eightfold more active than ciprofloxacin against wild-type S. aureus. A single topoisomerase IV or gyrase mutation caused only a 2- to 4-fold increase in the MIC of garenoxacin, whereas a combination of mutations in both loci caused a substantial increase (128-fold). Overexpression of the NorA efflux pump had minimal effect on resistance to garenoxacin. With garenoxacin at twice the MIC, selection of resistant mutants (<7.4 × 10−12 to 4.0 × 10−11) was 5 to 6 log units less than that with ciprofloxacin. Mutations inside or outside the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of either topoisomerase IV, or gyrase, or both were selected in single-step mutants, suggesting dual targeting of topoisomerase IV and gyrase. Three of the novel mutations were shown by genetic experiments to be responsible for resistance. Studies with purified topoisomerase IV and gyrase from S. aureus also showed that garenoxacin had similar activity against topoisomerase IV and gyrase (50% inhibitory concentration, 1.25 to 2.5 and 1.25 μg/ml, respectively), and although its activity against topoisomerase IV was 2-fold greater than that of ciprofloxacin, its activity against gyrase was 10-fold greater. This study provides the first genetic and biochemical data supporting the dual targeting of topoisomerase IV and gyrase in S. aureus by a quinolone as well as providing genetic proof for the expansion of the QRDRs to include the 5′ terminus of grlB and the 3′ terminus of gyrA.
Goniometric measurement of hip motion in cycling while standing

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for quantifying the motion of the hip relative to the bicycle while cycling in the standing position. Because of the need to measure hip motion on the road as well as in the laboratory, a goniometer which locates the hip using spherical coordinates was designed. The goniometer is presented first, followed by the development of the equations that enable the distance from the joint center to the pedal spindle to be determined. The orientation of this line segment is specified by calculating two angles referenced to the frame. Also outlined are the procedures used to both calibrate the goniometer and perform an accuracy check. The results of this check indicate that the attachment point of the goniometer to the rider can be located to within 2.5 mm of the true position. The goniometer was used to record the hip movement patterns of six subjects who cycled in the standing position on a treadmill. Representative results from one test subject who cycled at 6% grade and 25 km h −1 are presented. Results indicate that the bicycle is leaned from side to side with the frequency of leaning equal to the frequency of pedalling. Extreme lean angles are ±6°. The distance from the hip to the pedal varies approximately sinusoidally with frequency equal to pedalling rate and amplitude somewhat less than crank arm length. The absolute elevation of the hip, however, exhibits two cycles for each crank cycle. Asymmetry in the plot of elevation over a single crank cycle indicates that the pelvis rocks from side to side and that the elevation of the pelvis midpoint changes. Extreme values of the pelvis rocking angle are ±12°. Highest pelvis midpoint elevations, however, do not occur at the same crank angles as those angles at which the pelvis rocking is extreme. It appears that the vertical motion of the hips affects pedalling mechanics when cycling in the standing position.
Uncertainty–identity theory: Extreme groups, radical behavior, and authoritarian leadership.

This article describes uncertainty–identity theory's analysis of how self-uncertainty may lead, through social identity and self-categorization processes, to group and societal extremism. We provide details of empirical evidence from direct tests of the theory that focus on four aspects of extremism: (1) studies of self-uncertainty and student support for extreme campus protest groups that promote a radical agenda; (2) studies of uncertainty, identity centrality, and support for violent group action in the context of the Israel–Palestine conflict; (3) studies of the role played by self-uncertainty in support for leadership per se and for authoritarian leadership in particular; and (4) studies of the conjunction of group-membership factors that lead specific individuals within a group to go to greater extremes than others on behalf of the group. The article ends with a discussion of policy implications and principles that might help prevent uncertainty leading, through group identity processes, to societal extremism.
Rubber-Modified Epoxies: Transitions and Morphology.

A variety of different morphologies, and therefore mechanical properties, can be obtained from a single rubber-modified epoxy formulation. The volume fraction, domain size, and the number of particles of phase-separated rubber are determined by the competing effects of incompatibility, rate of nucleation and domain growth, and the quenching of morphological development by gelation. These factors can be varied by the butadience/acrylonitrile ratio of the reactive rubber, the temperature of cure, and the gelation time. These ideas have been exploited to control the development of morphology of these amorphous systems. Phase separation was investigated by electron microscopy, viscometry, and dynamic mechanical analysis.
Neural crest formation in the head of the mouse embryo as observed using a new histological technique

A histological technique is described which results in the differential staining of neural crest cells. This is used to describe the formation and early migration of crest cells in the head of the mouse embryo. The first indications of crest formation are seen in the midbrain/anterior hindbrain at 3–4 somites where crest cells accumulate in the basal surface of the ectodermal epithelium near the future margin of the neural plate. Shortly thereafter (4–6 somites) these cells disrupt the basal surface of the epithelium and escape as mesenchyme. The apical epithelial cells in this region become the surface ectoderm adjacent to the neural plate. Subsequently, crest is formed from neural plate rather than surface ectoderm. In addition, mesenchyme is formed from presumptive surface ectoderm in a groove in the lateral portion of the fold between the forebrain and the midbrain. By 5–7 somites, crest mesenchyme is formed at all levels of the midbrain, hindbrain, and from the margins of the forebrain adjacent to the optic pits. Because of the bending of the embryonic axis, forebrain crest cells appear to migrate dorsally over the presumptive eye where they are met by ventrally migrating midbrain crest cells. Crest formation continues in the region of the midbrain and hindbrain during, and for an undetermined period after closure of the head folds at between 8 and 16 somites. These results demonstrate differences in the origin and timing of crest formation between chick and mouse. From this may be inferred different patterns of crest migration as well. In addition, the ability to directly observe early crest formation should aid in the analysis of the mechanisms by which epithelial cells are converted into mesenchyme.
Computing derivatives in interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems

This paper makes type-2 fuzzy logic systems much more accessible to fuzzy logic system designers, because it provides mathematical formulas and computational flowcharts for computing the derivatives that are needed to implement steepest-descent parameter tuning algorithms for such systems. It explains why computing such derivatives is much more challenging than it is for a type-1 fuzzy logic system. It provides derivative calculations that are applicable to any kind of type-2 membership functions, since the calculations are performed without prespecifying the nature of those membership functions. Some calculations are then illustrated for specific type-2 membership functions.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of natural products V. The use of HPLC in the cell-free biosynthetic conversion of alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine (LLD) into isopenicillin N.

Isopenicillin N (I) and penicillin N (II) were separated effectively by reversed phase HPLC as derivatives of chiral 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra- O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate (III). This permitted identification of isopenicillin N isolated by HPLC during a biosynthetic cell-free experiment using α-L-aminoadipyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (IV) as precursor.
New perspectives in human stem cell therapeutic research

Human stem cells are in evaluation in clinical stem cell trials, primarily as autologous bone marrow studies, autologous and allogenic mesenchymal stem cell trials, and some allogenic neural stem cell transplantation projects. Safety and efficacy are being addressed for a number of disease state applications. There is considerable data supporting safety of bone marrow and mesenchymal stem cell transplants but the efficacy data are variable and of mixed benefit. Mechanisms of action of many of these cells are unknown and this raises the concern of unpredictable results in the future. Nevertheless there is considerable optimism that immune suppression and anti-inflammatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells will be of benefit for many conditions such as graft versus host disease, solid organ transplants and pulmonary fibrosis. Where bone marrow and mesenchymal stem cells are being studied for heart disease, stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders, again progress is mixed and mostly without significant benefit. However, correction of multiple sclerosis, at least in the short term is encouraging. Clinical trials on the use of embryonic stem cell derivatives for spinal injury and macular degeneration are beginning and a raft of other clinical trials can be expected soon, for example, the use of neural stem cells for killing inoperable glioma and embryonic stem cells for regenerating β islet cells for diabetes. The change in attitude to embryonic stem cell research with the incoming Obama administration heralds a new co-operative environment for study and evaluation of stem cell therapies. The Californian stem cell initiative (California Institute for Regenerative Medicine) has engendered global collaboration for this new medicine that will now also be supported by the US Federal Government. The active participation of governments, academia, biotechnology, pharmaceutical companies, and private investment is a powerful consortium for advances in health.
Fourier-Walsh representation of a class of non-stationary signals

An approach that uses mixed partial sets of basis functions is proposed for time-varying signal representation. Basis functions from two transforms are used, namely the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT). An iterative algorithm is developed to implement the mixed representation. A finite number of DFT components, either fixed or variable, is used to represent the selective (narrowband) dominant spectrum of the signal on a frame-by-frame basis. The whitened (broadband) residual signal is represented using a small number of Walsh components. The mixed partial sets are applied to speech representation. Preliminary results and informal listenings using this model produced good quality speech. >
Szilard-Chalmers and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy to Locate Copper Cations in Synthetic Faujasite, Zeolite X

The sodium in synthetic faujasite, commercial zeolite-X, was exchanged with copper cations at room temperature. A maximum number of 70 out of 86 Na cations were replaced with 35 copper cations (1). The copper exchanged zeolite was divided in six equal parts. Five of them were calcined at 43, 73, 112, 150 and 195 deg C. After calcination the samples were eluted with saturated solution of ammonium chloride to remove copper cations from open sites (super-cages) of the zeolite (Fig 1). The remaining copper cations were in locked sites (sodalite-cages or hexagonal-prisms). Using XAS edge-jump as a measure of quantitative analysis, we found that 9.0, 11.5, 12.7, 13.3 and 20.0 copper cations were locked at calcination temperatures of 43, 73, 112, 150 and 195 deg C respectively. The analysis of the first shell Fourier Transformed radial distribution shows that cations at site I in the hexagonal-prism and site I ‘ and II ’ in the sodalite-cages, adjacent to site I, are distributed at equal proportion, independent of temperature.
Automatic CME front edge detection from STEREO white‐light coronagraph images

The coronagraph images captured by a Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) Ahead/Behind (A/B) spacecraft allow tracking of a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) from two different viewpoints and reconstructing its propagation in three-dimensional space. The reconstruction can be done using a triangulation technique that requires a CME front edge location. There are currently no robust automatic CME front edge detection methods that can be integrated with the triangulation technique. In this paper, we propose a novel automatic method to detect the front edge of the CME using STEREO coronagraph 2 (COR2) red-colored Red, Green, Blue color model (RGB) images. Our method consists of two modules: pre-processing and classification. The pre-processing module decomposes each coronagraph image into its 3 channels and uses only the red channel image for CME segmentation. The output of the pre-processing module is a set of segmented running-difference binary images which is fed into the classification module. These images are then transformed into polar coordinates followed by CME front edge detection based on the distance that CME travels in the field of view. The proposed method was validated against a manual method using total 56 CME events, 28 from STEREO A and 28 from STEREO B, captured in the period from January 1, 2008 to August 16, 2009. The results show that the proposed method is effective for CME front edge detection. The proposed method is useful in quantitative CME processing and analysis, and will be immediately applicable to assist automatic triangulation method for real-time space weather forecasting.
Cutaneous sensitivity communications.

The general and specific problems facing emergence of cutaneous sensitivity devices into a useful sub-system of communications systems are discussed. The cutaneous sensory channel is emerging as a contender for application in communications systems in pace with the solution of corollary problems of psychology, neurology and bio-electronics. Transduction of electrical energy into living systems is only beginning to be understood. When suitable hardware is designed to match the nerve impulse and neuronal channels, the safety and user acceptability of cutaneous sub-systems will enhance the reliability of modern communications under extremes of environment, as well as provide an independent channel for the sensorially deprived.
On the use of partial least squares (PLS) and balancing for nonlinear model reduction

Model reduction is an important technique to reduce the complexity of nonlinear process models for controller design. The goal is to approximate the model as accurate as possible while at the same time achieve a speedup in computation time. The technique presented in this paper combines balancing with partial least squares (PLS) for achieving a small, control-relevant, reduced-order model. Two specific methods for using PLS are considered: one is for the balanced residualization for ODE systems and the other is for reducing the complexity of algebraic equations in DAE systems. Corresponding to these two cases, a fixed bed reactor (ODE) and a distillation column model (DAE) are studied to illustrate the use of this balancing/PLS combination for model reduction.