cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low Reynolds Number Tests of NACA 64-210, NACA 0012, and Wortmann FX67-K170 Airfoils in Rain

Wind-tunnel experiments were conducted on Wortmann FX67-K170, NACA 0012, and NACA 64-210 airfoils at a simulated rain rate of 1000 mm/h and Reynolds number of 3.1 X105 to compare the aerodynamic performance degradation of the airfoils in heavy rain conditions and to identify the various mechanisms that affect airfoil performance in rain conditions. Lift and drag were measured in both dry and wet conditions, and a variety of flow-visualiz ation techniques were employed. At low angles of attack, the lift degradation in wet conditions varied significantly between the airfoils. The Wortmann section had the greatest lift degradation (-25%) and the NACA 64-210 airfoil had the least (-5%). At high angles of attack, the NACA 64-210 and NACA 0012 airfoils were observed to have improved aerodynamic performance in rain conditions due to a reduction of boundary-layer separation. Performance degradation in heavy rain for all three airfoils at low angles of attack could be emulated by forced boundary-layer transition near the leading edge. Time-resolved measurements indicate two primary mechanisms are responsible for the observed performance degradation. The initial effect of rain is to cause premature boundary-layer transition at the leading edge. The second effect occurs at time scales consistent with top surface water runback (1-10 s). The runback layer is thought to alter the airfoil geometry effectively, but this effect is most likely exaggerated in these tests due to the small scale. The severity of the performance degradation for the airfoils varied. The relative differences appeared to be related to the susceptibility of each airfoil to premature boundary-layer transition.
Relative abundance of α2 Na+ pump isoform influences Na+–Ca2+ exchanger currents and Ca2+ transients in mouse ventricular myocytes

Abstract In the mouse, genetic reduction in the Na + , K + -ATPase α1 or α2 isoforms results in different functional phenotypes: heterozygous α2 isolated hearts are hypercontractile, whereas heterozygous α1 hearts are hypocontractile. We examined Na + /Ca 2+ exchange (NCX) currents in voltage clamped myocytes (pipette [Na + ] = 15 mM) induced by abrupt removal of extracellular Na + . In wild-type (WT) myocytes, peak exchanger currents were 0.59 ± 0.04 pA/pF (mean ± S.E.M., n =1 0). In α1 +/– myocytes (α2 isoform increased by 54%), NCX current was reduced to 0.33 ± 0.05 ( n = 9, P + ]. In α2 +/– myocytes (α2 isoform reduced by 54%), the NCX current was increased to 0.89 ± 0.11 ( n = 8, P = 0.03). The peak sarcolemmal Na + pump currents activated by abrupt increase in [K + ] o to 4 mM in voltage clamped myocytes in which the Na + pump had been completely inhibited for 5 min by exposure to 0 [K + ] o were similar in α1 +/– (0.86 ± 0.12, n = 10) and α2 +/– myocytes (0.94 ± 0.08 pA/pF, n = 16), and were slightly but insignificantly reduced relative to WT (1.03 ± 0.05, n = 24). The fluo-3 [Ca 2+ ] i transient ( F / F o ) in WT myocytes paced at 0.5 Hz was 2.18 ± 0.09, n = 34, was increased in α2 +/– myocytes ( F / F o = 2.56 ± 0.14, n = 24, P = 0.02), and was decreased in α1 +/– myocytes ( F / F o = 1.93 ± 0.08, n = 28, P + /Ca 2+ exchanger currents [Ca 2+ ] i transients, and contractility. This finding is consistent with the proposal that α2 isoform of the Na pump preferentially alters [Na + ] in a subsarcolemmal micro-domain adjacent to Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger molecules and SR Ca 2+ release sites.
Ultrafast response of superconducting transmission lines

The authors report investigations of picosecond transient propagation on normal and superconducting transmission lines and results of a variety of lines that include YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ (YBCO) coplanar lines, a superconducting coaxial cable, and a dielectric-matched gold-line structure. A previously developed algorithm for analyzing transient propagation was used to identify the dominant mechanisms for signal distortion in most of these cases, and the essential properties of all tested to date are summarized for a direct comparison. >
Filtration Characteristics of the Dual‐Mode (Johnson and Johnson) Micropore Blood Transfusion Filter

Stored human whole blood and red blood cells of varying age were passed through dual mode microscope blood transfusion filters. Passage through the filters resulted in markedly decreased screen filtration pressure (SFP) of the blood and increased filter weights. Numerous microaggregates were removed and SFP returned to normal. Filtration resulted in reduced platelet and white cell counts but other blood components were not adversely affected. On the basis of this research, we conclude that this micropore blood transfusion filter is effective in removing microaggregates from stored whole blood and red blood cells. It has a high capacity and rapid flow rate and is reliable during pressure transfusion.
Anxiety management in alcoholics: a study of generalized effects of relaxation techniques.

Abstract In order to investigate the effects of progressive relaxation training (Bernstein & Borkover, 1973) and meditation training (Beary & Benson, 1974) on generalized arousal in alcoholics, 30 subjects were selected from an inpatient alcohol treatment unit of a Veterans Administration hospital. The subjects were appropriately screened and randomly assigned to one of the following groups: (a) progressive relaxation training (PRT); (b) meditation training (MT); or (c) quiet rest control group (QR). The groups met 3 times per week for a total of 3 weeks. The measures of arousal employed in this study were state anxiety (Speilberger, Gorsuch & Lushene, 1970), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and spontaneous GSR. These measures of generalized arousal were collected once each week at a specified time for all subjects.The results revealed generalized effects for blood pressure, but not for the other dependent measures. In addition, the PRT and MT groups did not exhibit increased blood pressure as observed in control subjects. The potential contribution of these techniques to the treatment of alcoholism is discussed.
Energy-efficient cooperative beamforming in clustered wireless networks

Recently, due to the growing concern over the ever-increasing energy consumption, much attention has been given to the energy-efficient design of wireless communication systems. Various strategies for improving the energy efficiency, which is defined as the transmitted bits per total energy consumed (in bits/Joule), have been proposed. In this paper, we analyze the energy efficiency of clustered cooperative beamforming where distributed relay nodes construct a virtual Multiple-Input Single-Output beamforming system with a maximum transmit power constraint, and compare its performance with that of direct communications. All the energy consumption overheads incurred are taken into account in the energy efficiency analysis assuming a constant circuit-power consumption model. We then study the number of relay nodes that maximizes the efficiency for a given outage constraint. In addition, we propose a mode switching algorithm which optimally chooses between using cooperative beamforming or direct communications for transmission. We show that cooperative beamforming significantly outperforms direct communications in energy efficiency, as well as in spectral efficiency, even though a much larger amount of circuit power is consumed.
Type-specific Sorting of G Protein-coupled Receptors after Endocytosis

The β2-adrenergic receptor (B2AR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) are structurally distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that undergo rapid, agonist-induced internalization by clathrin-coated pits. We have observed that these receptors differ substantially in their membrane trafficking after endocytosis. B2AR expressed in stably transfected HEK293 cells exhibits negligible (
Musculoskeletal changes following non-invasive knee injury using a novel mouse model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis

Summary Objective Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a common consequence of traumatic joint injury, with 50% of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture patients developing PTOA within 10–20years. Currently accepted mouse models of PTOA initiate symptoms using various methods, none of which faithfully mimic clinically-relevant injury conditions. In this study we characterize a novel non-invasive mouse model of PTOA that injures the ACL with a single load of tibial compression overload. We utilize this model to determine the time course of articular cartilage and subchondral bone changes following knee injury. Design Mice were euthanized 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, or 56days after non-invasive knee injury. Knees were scanned using micro-computed tomography (μCT) in order to quantify subchondral trabecular bone, subchondral bone plate, and non-native bone formation (heterotopic ossification). Development of osteoarthritis (OA) was graded using the osteoarthritis research society international (OARSI) scale on histological sections of injured and uninjured knees. Results Following injury we observed a rapid loss of trabecular bone in injured knees compared to uninjured knees by 7days post-injury, followed by a partial recovery of trabecular bone to a new steady state by 28days post-injury. We also observed considerable non-native bone formation by 56days post-injury. Grading of histological sections revealed deterioration of articular cartilage by 56days post-injury, consistent with development of mild OA. Conclusions This study establishes a novel mouse model of PTOA, and describes the time course of musculoskeletal changes following knee injury, helping to establish the window of opportunity for preventative treatment.
RADIATIVE LIFETIME AND THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL OF EXCITED STATES

— To clarify their similarities and common assumptions, a unified derivation is presented of the methods of evaluating the radiative lifetime of an electronically-excited state by integration of the absorption spectrum or of the fluorescence spectrum. Previous examinations of the accuracy of these methods are briefly reviewed. The radiative lifetime of eleven aromatic molecules is computed by the fluorescence spectrum method, and compared with published lifetimes determined experimentally and by integration of the absorption spectrum; from this it is concluded that the fluorescence spectrum method is accurate to about 25 per cent, and that the common assumption of equal partition functions for the ground and excited states is often not true. Extension of the derivation of formulas for the radiative lifetime shows that the standard chemical potential of the excited state may be determined from the experimental radiative lifetime and appropriately scaled integration of the fluorescence spectrum.
An exploration of the relationship between depressive symptoms and cortisol rhythms in Colorado ranchers.

CONTEXT: Although the effects of stress on health have been studied in numerous urban-dwelling populations, fewer studies have addressed these effects in rural populations, such as farmers and ranchers. PURPOSE: The present study focuses on seasonal levels of depressed affect and perceived stress in Western Colorado ranchers, and how those phenomena related to their levels of cortisol. METHODS: Twenty-one (21) ranchers, who were permittees on the Colorado Grand Mesa, completed the study. Participants identified 2-week time periods during the year representing relative high, medium, and low stress. During each period, participants took saliva samples, rated stress levels, and completed a daily health diary. In addition, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the perceived stress scale (PSS), and a life events scale (LES) were administered. RESULTS: Results showed a strong relationship between BDI-II and PSS scores (r = 0.748, P <.01). The decreased daytime cortisol decline supports the notion that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis negative feedback loop is disrupted in chronic stress and depression, thus resulting in chronically elevated cortisol levels. CONCLUSION: This study supports the relationship between stress, depression, and HPA dysregulation in ranchers.
Reduction of gasoline component leaching potential by soil venting

Abstract Laboratory column experiments were conducted to investigate the reduction of gasoline component leaching through the use of soil venting. Soil columns and procedures employed were aimed at simulating conditions in the vadose zone. Gasoline-contaminated soil columns that had been subjected to varying periods of soil venting were leached with water under both saturated and unsaturated flow conditions. Experiments were conducted testing for non-equilibrium transport and demonstrating reductions of gasoline constituent leaching. Glass columns 10 cm long and 5.4 cm in diameter were packed with a clean glacial outwash sand and brought to low saturations of water and gasoline by controlling fluid pressures across capillary barriers. The columns were then subjected to steady air flow, each for a different length of time, so that each represented a different stage in the soil venting process. Water was percolated through these columns and effluent was sampled and analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m / p -xylenes, o -xylene and naphthalene. Results of experiments testing for non-equilibrium transport using changes in water flow rate, indicated that chemical equilibrium between phases was reached in effluent water. Results from columns vented for different lengths of time showed soil venting to be effective at reducing constituent concentrations in leachate ultimately to μ g L −1 . The results were compared to an equilibrium based soil venting model.
Spectral and reconstitution properties of cytochromes b in complexes II and III

Summary The mitochondrial electron transport system contains 2, and possibly 3, types of cytochrome b . The different spectral properties of cytochromes b in complexes II and III are described. Succinate dehydrogenase combines with the cytochrome b -rich fraction of complex II to reconstitute succinate-ubiquinone reductase activity, but does not do so when added to complex III which is another cytochrome b -rich fraction of the respiratory chain.
Fluorescence properties of rhodamine 800 in whole blood and plasma.

We have characterized the fluorescence spectral properties of rhodamine 800 (Rh800) in plasma and blood in order to test the possibility of making clinical fluorescence measurements in whole blood without separation steps. Rh800 was used because of its absorption at red/near-infrared wavelengths away from the absorption bands of hemoglobin. We utilized the front-face illumination and detection to minimize the effects of absorption and/or scatter during measurements. The presence of Rh800 was detected in plasma and blood using steady-state fluorescence measurements. Absorption due to hemoglobin reduced the Rh800 intensity from the blood. Fluorescence lifetime measurements in plasma and blood showed that it is possible to recover lifetime parameters of Rh800 in these media. We obtained mean lifetimes of 1.90 and 1.86 ns for Rh800 in plasma and blood, respectively. Using the recently described modulation sensing method, we quantified the concentrations of Rh800 in plasma and blood. Rh800 was detected at a concentration of as low as 2 microM in both media. High anisotropy values were obtained for Rh800 in plasma and blood using steady-state and anisotropy decay measurements, implying the tight binding of this probe to the contents of these media. This binding can be exploited to monitor the concentrations of different blood components using already existing or new red-emitting probes that will be specially designed to bind to these components with high specificity. To test this possibility of direct measurements in blood, we used Rh800 to monitor albumin in the presence of red blood cells. Increase in the polarization of Rh800 as the concentration of albumin was increased in the presence of the red cells showed the feasibility of such measurements.
Development and validation of a combined potency assay and enantiomeric purity method for a chiral pharmaceutical compound using capillary electrophoresis

Abstract A single capillary electrophoresis method was developed for both quantitative assay and determination of enantiomeric impurity in a pharmaceutical compound. The method uses a borate buffer containing β-cyclodextrin, and makes use of an internal standard for improved peak area precision. The quantitative assay uses a calibration curve from 50–150% of the nominal concentration, while the level of undesired enantiomer is determined by a comparison to an external limit test standard. The effects of run buffer pH and concentration, cyclodextrin type and concentration, capillary length, and detector type (diode array or UV filter) were investigated. Validation of the method included parameters of selectivity, linearity, limit of quantitation, robustness, and migration time and quantitation precision. The precision for the main component assay is approximately 1% R.S.D. In addition, the method is capable of determining 0.5% of the minor enantiomer in the presence of the major enantiomer. The CE method and an existing HPLC method for the same compound were compared and found to give similar results.
Novel Protective Effects of Histone Deacetylase Inhibition on Stroke and White Matter Ischemic Injury

Understanding how epigenetics influences the process and progress of a stroke could yield new targets and therapeutics for use in the clinic. Experimental evidence suggests that inhibitors of zinc-dependent histone deacetylases can protect neurons, axons, and associated glia from the devastating effects of oxygen and glucose deprivation. While the specific enzymes involved have yet to be clearly identified, there are hints from somewhat selective chemical inhibitors and also from the use of specific small hairpin RNAs to transiently knockdown protein expression. Neuroprotective mechanisms implicated thus far include the upregulation of extracellular glutamate clearance, inhibition of p53-mediated cell death, and maintenance of mitochondrial integrity. The histone deacetylases have distinct cellular and subcellular localizations, and discrete substrates. As a number of chemical inhibitors are already in clinical use for the treatment of cancer, repurposing for the stroke clinic should be expedited.
RETAIL LOCATION AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

Central place theory is the theory pertaining to the spatial aspects of retail and service business. Among these spatial aspects are the location and groupings of central functions, the consequent size and spacing of central places, consumer travel behavior, and the size, shape, and arrangement of trade areas. This paper has attempted to view these aspects in their interdependence at both the aggregate and elemental levels of inquiry, and to present some theoretical implications of the findings. Of interest are the recognition that the basic requirements of the theory (thresholds and ranges) are satisfied in the Iowa case, and the verification of the major postulate of the theory (the hierarchy). While the spatial pattern of centers conforms to a particular set of location principles (the principles of transportation), the nesting of trade areas does not, due to the importance of the information content of central places (number of central functions performed) in consumers' shopping and travel be havior.
Void ordering in ion-irradiated Nb and Nb-1% Zr

Abstract Experimental results are presented which show that ordered void arrays are formed in Nb or in Nb-1 at.% Zr alloy during 3.2-MeV Ni+ or V+ irradiation only if the oxygen-impurity concentration exceeds a threshold amount. Empirical and theoretical equations are presented that define the relationship between the ordered void lattice constant, void dimension, irradiation temperature and oxygen-impurity concentration. These results suggest that the void spacing in ordered arrays is basically due to interstitial solute segregation to void surfaces.
Formation of a carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate complex with ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and theoretical specific activity of the enzyme

Abstract 14 C-Labeled 2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate was bound to both nonactivated and CO 2 and Mg 2+ activated forms of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The complex could be precipitated with 20% polyethylene glycol and 20 m m MgCl 2 for quantitation of the moles of the affinity label bound per mole of enzyme. The [ 14 C]carboxyarabinitol- P 2 bound to the nonactivated enzyme could be exchanged with a 100-fold excess of the unlabeled compound. With the activated enzyme the binding of [ 14 C]carboxyarabinitol- P 2 was so tight that it did not exchange with the unlabeled compound and a binding stoichiometry of one molecule per active site was assumed. This tight binding was dependent upon pretreatment of the enzyme with both CO 2 and MgCl 2 in the same manner that enzyme activation depended on CO 2 and Mg 2+ concentrations. Various enzyme preparations from spinach leaves tightly bound [ 14 C]carboxyarabinitol- P 2 in proportion to their specific activities. By extrapolating to a maximum binding of 8 mol of [ 14 C]carboxyarabinitol- P 2 per mole of this A 8 B 8 enzyme a theoretical specific activity of 2.8 μmol · min −1 · mg protein −1 was indicated. Enzyme preparations purified from spinach leaves generally have a specific activity in the range of 1.0 to 2.3.
Electrotransport in liquid aluminum containing 3d transition element solutes

Abstract A simple scattering approach has been used to predict the relative electrotransport behavior of 3d transition element solutes in liquid aluminum. The results of electrotransport experiments using a capillary reservoir arrangement show that these solutes migrate toward the anode in the liquid aluminum solvent, and the data confirm the predicted pattern of electrotransport efficiency which features a peak at the center of the transition element series. A similar variation of scattering cross-sections is expected in the corresponding solid alloys, some of which have been considered as conducting materials in microcircuits.
Wilde, Beardsley, and the Making of Salome

(2000). Wilde, Beardsley, and the Making of Salome. Journal of Victorian Culture: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 341-357.
Adiabatic transformation as a search tool for new topological insulators: Distorted ternary Li2AgSb-class semiconductors and related compounds

We demonstrate that the first-principles based adiabatic continuation approach is a very powerful and efficient tool for constructing topological phase diagrams and locating nontrivial topological insulator materials. Using this technique, we predict that the ternary intermetallic series Li${}_{2}{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}X$, where ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\text{Cu}$, Ag, Au, or Cd and $X=\text{Sb}$, Bi, or Sn, hosts a number of topological insulators with remarkable functional variants and tunability. We also predict that several III-V semimetallic compounds are topologically nontrivial. We construct a topological phase diagram in the parameter space of the atomic numbers of atoms in Li${}_{2}{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}X$ compounds, which places a large number of topological materials presented in this work as well as in earlier studies within a single unified topological framework. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of adiabatic continuation as a useful tool for exploring topologically nontrivial alloying systems and for identifying new topological insulators even when the underlying lattice does not possess inversion symmetry, and the approaches based on parity analysis are not viable.
Model for the Surface Potential Barrier and the Periodic Deviations in the Schottky Effect

Although most of the features of the observed periodic deviations in the Schottky effect are in good agreement with predicted behavior, there is still disagreement between theory and experiment in the phase and amplitude of the deviations. It has been suggested that a possible origin of this difficulty is the use of the simple image force barrier at the surface of the metal. In this paper a model for the surface potential barrier is developed which is based on the quantum-mechanical calculation made by Bardeen on the form of the potential at the surface of a sodium-like metal, and the analysis of Sachs and Dexter on the quantum limits of the image-force theory. Employing this model, the periodic deviations are recalculated using essentially the mathematical formalism developed by Juenker and his co-workers. Certain computational refinements are introduced in the averaging of the transmission coefficient. The results are compared with previous theory and experiment in terms of two parameters which characterize the form of the surface potential; the surface reflection coefficient $|\ensuremath{\mu}|$ which appears as a factor in the amplitude, and the phase factor $\ensuremath{\delta}$. These computed values are 0.6 and 2.6 respectively, as compared to single mean experimental values of 0.4 and 2.2 for the highly refractory metals, and to previous theoretical values of 0.2 and 3.7. The surface reflection coefficient calculated for the present model is in satisfactory agreement with recent experiments on the elastic scattering of slow electrons from the surface of a metal.
On the dendritic growth of pure materials

Abstract The following three theoretical treatments of unconstrained dentritic growth are discussed: (i) The Ivantsov analysis, which assumes the existence of an isothermal liquid-solid interface and concludes that this dendrite body shape must be a paraboloid of revolution; (ii) and (iii) the non-isothermal treatments of both Bolling and Tiller, and Temkin. These latter two works take account of the variation in both curvature and interface attachment kinetics over the entire surface of the dendrite. They also enable one to calculate the velocity and curvature of the dendrite tip by assuming that the tip region can effectively be described as a paraboloid of revolution. It is proposed that Temkin's analysis is sensitive enough to determine the excess solid-liquid surface free energy, λ, and the linear kinetic coefficient for molecular attachment, μ o . Using the best available data for the ice-water system, the Temkin treatment yields 20 ± 2 erg/cm 2 and 16 ± 0.5 cm/sec °C for λ and μ o , respectively. These values are in remarkably good agreement with other experiments and theory.
Vergence adaptation in clinical vergence testing

Abstract Background The purposes of this investigation were to determine whether vergence adaptation occurs after vergence range testing and vergence facility testing and to determine whether vergence adaptation correlates with the results of these tests. Methods Thirty subjects participated in 3 testing sessions on different days. During each session 1 of the following was tested: base-out prism bar vergences, vergence facility (12 base-out/3 base-in binocular prism flippers for 1 minute), and 5 minutes viewing with 6 prism diopters of base-out prism. Before and after each test, the near phoria was measured using the modified Thorington method. Results There was no correlation between the amplitude of the vergence ranges and the amplitude of vergence facility. Significant vergence adaptation as indicated by an esophoric shift of approximately 3 prism diopters occurred in all testing sessions. The amplitude of vergence adaptation did not correlate with either the amplitude of the blur vergence range or vergence facility. There was a significant correlation between the amplitude of vergence adaptation and the amplitude of the break vergence range. Conclusions The lack of correlation between the blur vergence range and the vergence facility is not likely because of vergence adaptation. The lack of correlation between the break vergence range and the vergence facility may be in part caused by vergence adaptation.
Combating Cry Wolf: The Effects of Synthetic Verbal Alarm Urgency on Choice Reaction Performance:

Researchers have shown that increasing the perceived urgency of nonverbal auditory alarms can meliorate alarm response performance degradation due to the cry wolf effect. We conducted two experiments to examine the effects of verbal alarm urgency on the cry wolf effect. Experiment 1 revealed that participants responded significantly less often and correctly rejected more urgent alarms. Experiment 2 revealed that the results in Experiment 1 were contingent on the presence of additional task critical information. Response degradation due to the cry wolf effect was not moderated by alarm urgency in either study. However, the results suggest that performance may still benefit from increased alarm urgency provided additional task critical information is available. These results can be utilized to design verbal alarm systems that evoke more appropriate reactions to false alarms.
Play Therapy in School Counseling.

Play therapy is an empirically supported intervention used to address a number of developmental issues faced in childhood. Through the natural language of play, children and adolescents communicate feelings, thoughts, and experiences. Schools provide an ideal setting for play therapy in many ways; however, several challenges exist in implementing play therapy as a preventative or responsive intervention in the school setting. This article presents a brief overview of play therapy as a component of a comprehensive developmental school counseling program. The authors present a case study outlining how child-centered play therapy as a theoretical approach to play therapy can be used to effectively work with a child experiencing emotional and academic issues in the school setting.
Creating a Positive Future for a Minority Community: Transportation and Urban Renewal Politics in Miami

Overtown, once the center of African American life in Miami, lost 40% of its population when Interstate 95 was built through the heart of the community in the 1960s. Even though a variety of non-po...
Glutamate and reinstatement

The importance of glutamate in the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior has been established. New molecular and neurochemical adaptations in the glutamatergic system which drive cocaine relapse have been identified, such as the ability of CB1 receptor stimulation to reduce basal glutamate levels and the involvement of the GluR1 receptor subunit in reinstatement. Furthermore, it is apparent that similar glutamatergic neuroadaptations arise after self-administration of cocaine, heroin, nicotine, and alcohol. For example, reinstatement to cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol can be prevented both by the stimulation of group II mGluR receptors and by the blockade of group I mGluR receptors. The similarities in the neurochemistry behind relapse to these varied drug classes indicate that drugs that target the glutamate system could be effective at treating relapse to multiple types of drugs.
Supplementing Tests of Statistical Significance: Variation Accounted For

This tutorial summarizes some of the widely known limitations of tests of statistical significance and then focuses on extracting measures of variation accounted for as a supplement to significance...
Predictors of Unprotected Intercourse for Female Adolescents Measured at Their Request for a Pregnancy Test

The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of unprotected intercourse in a sample of female adolescents requesting pregnancy testing. A survey was completed by 305 adolescents at a clinic visit. The dependent variable, unprotected sexual intercourse, was measured by self-reported frequency of condom use. Significant variables in the final regression model predicting condom nonuse included current partner's age, frequency of sexual activity, race, age at menarche, time dating, resiliency, reproductive knowledge, and fertility fear. Fertility fears were identified as a possible motivator for unprotected intercourse, an important finding for health care professionals providing care to adolescents.
The impact of market price volatility on consumer satisfaction with lowest‐price refunds

Purpose – Despite retailers' growing use of lowest‐price refund policies, little is understood about how consumer satisfaction is influenced by them. This paper examines the potential role of market price volatility and store image on consumers' satisfaction of stores offering a lowest‐price refund.Design/methodology/approach – Between‐subject experimental design is used in which subjects are presented with simulated shopping scenarios. In the shopping simulation lowest price refunds are provided to the subjects under different price volatility and store image conditions. Consumer satisfaction is then measured.Findings – Results indicate that when market price volatility is high consumer satisfaction with lowest‐price refunds tends to be significantly higher for stores with a good image than stores with a poor image. As market price volatility increases, consumer perceptions of value increases for stores with a good image, while it declines for stores with a poor image.Research limitations/implications – ...
Stochastic differential equation analysis for sound scattering by random internal waves in the ocean

The scattering of a weakly divergent narrow sound beam by random inhomogeneities of a fluctuating ocean is considered in the coupled-mode approximation. The random index of sound refraction is described using the Garrett-Munk internal wave spectrum. The problem is solved using the stochastic differential equations for the first-and second-order statistical moments of the acoustic field. The equations are formulated according to the cumulant expansion method. The existence of weakly divergent narrow sound beams in long-range sound propagation was one of the last discoveries of L.M. Brekhovskikh, to which he attached much importance. The concentration of sound into narrow beams away from the axis of the underwater sound channel was first observed experimentally and then explained by Brekhovskikh and his former students Goncharov, Kurtepov, and Petukhov. In the present paper, the scattered field intensity of a sound beam is calculated for different frequencies and source depths. Analytical expressions are obtained for the coefficients of the differential equation. The intermode energy transfer that accompanies the long-range propagation of a weakly divergent sound beam is analyzed. A comparison with the conventionally used Monte Carlo simulation in the parabolic equation approximation is performed.
Ocular compensation due to labyrinthine input during natural motion.

: With recent technical developments, it has become possible to study eye and head movements in all angular and linear degrees of freedom during natural activities such as standing and treadmill ambulation. Such studies have revealed that normal human gaze stabilization during ambulation is accomplished not only by ocular rotation in response to head rotation, but also by head translation coordinated with head rotation as appropriate to viewing distance. Typically, head translation in a given direction is coupled via an active mechanism with antiphase rotation in the opposite direction, accomplishing some gaze stabilization for near targets and supplementing the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Subunity angular VOR gain (eye velocity/head velocity) not only is observed during most natural activities, but also minimizes the disturbance to retinal image stability so that excellent visual acuity can be obtained. The generation of eye movements compensating for head motion during ambulation can be quantitatively modeled as an additive combination of semicircular canal responses, with otolith responses scaling by inverse viewing distance, so angular VOR gain correlates poorly with gaze stability. Compensatory eye movements during self-generated head rotations appear driven to a significant extent by nonvestibular mechanisms since they cannot be modeled as an additive combination of otolith and canal responses. People with unilateral vestibular deafferentation have normal gaze stability during natural activities such as standing, walking, and running, although gaze stability is impaired in bilateral deafferentation. Limitation of head motion during natural activities is a common strategy in those with reduced peripheral vestibular sensitivity.
Learning trajectories for speech motor performance in children with specific language impairment.

Abstract Children with specific language impairment (SLI) often perform below expected levels, including on tests of motor skill and in learning tasks, particularly procedural learning. In this experiment we examined the possibility that children with SLI might also have a motor learning deficit. Twelve children with SLI and thirteen children with typical development (TD) produced complex nonwords in an imitation task. Productions were collected across three blocks, with the first and second blocks on the same day and the third block one week later. Children's lip movements while producing the nonwords were recorded using an Optotrak camera system. Movements were then analyzed for production duration and stability. Movement analyses indicated that both groups of children produced shorter productions in later blocks (corroborated by an acoustic analysis), and the rate of change was comparable for the TD and SLI groups. A nonsignificant trend for more stable productions was also observed in both groups. SLI is regularly accompanied by a motor deficit, and this study does not dispute that. However, children with SLI learned to make more efficient productions at a rate similar to their peers with TD, revealing some modification of the motor deficit associated with SLI. Learning outcomes : The reader will learn about deficits commonly associated with specific language impairment (SLI) that often occur alongside the hallmark language deficit. The authors present an experiment showing that children with SLI improved speech motor performance at a similar rate compared to typically developing children. The implication is that speech motor learning is not impaired in children with SLI.
The Economic Value of Innovative Treatments over the Product Life Cycle: The Case of Targeted Trastuzumab Therapy for Breast Cancer

ABSTRACT Objective Pharmacoeconomic analyses typically project the expected cost-effectiveness of a new product for a specific indication. This analysis develops a dynamic life-cycle model to conduct a multiindication evaluation using the case of trastuzumab licensed in the United States for both early-stage and metastatic (or late-stage) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer therapy (early breast cancer [EBC]; metastatic breast cancer [MBC]), approved in 2006 and 1998, respectively. Methods This dynamic model combined information on expected incremental cost-utility ratios for specific indications with an epidemiologically based projection of utilization by indication over the product life cycle—from 1998 to 2016. Net economic value was estimated as the cumulative quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained over the life cycle multiplied by a societal valuation of health gains ($/QALY) minus cumulative net direct treatment costs. Sensitivity analyses were performed under a range of assumptions. Results We projected that the annual number of EBC patients receiving trastuzumab will be more than three times that of MBC by 2016, in part because adjuvant treatment reduces the future incidence of MBC. Over this life cycle, the estimated overall incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $35,590/QALY with a total of 432,547 discounted QALYs gained. Under sensitivity analyses, the overall ICER varied from $21,000 to $53,000/QALY, and the projected net economic value resulting from trastuzumab treatment ranged from $6.2 billion to $49.5 billion. Conclusions Average ICERs for multiindication compounds can increase or decrease over the product life cycle. In this example, the projected overall life-cycle ICER for trastuzumab was less than one half of that in the initial indication. This dynamic perspective—versus the usual static one—highlights the interdependence of drug development decisions and investment incentives, raising important reimbursement policy issues.
On the network effect in Web 2.0 applications

In recent years, the proliferation of the world wide web has lead to an increase in a number of applications such as search, social networks and auctions, whose success depends critically upon the number of users of that service. Two examples of such applications are internet auctions and social networks. One of the characteristics of online auctions is that a successful implementation requires a high volume of buyers and sellers at its website. Consequently, auction sites which have a high volume of traffic have an advantage over those in which the volume is limited. This results in even greater polarization of buyers and sellers towards a particular site. The same is true for social networks in which greater use of a given social network increases the use from other participants on the network. This is often referred to as the ''network effect'' in a variety of interaction-centric applications in networks. While this effect has qualitatively been known to increase the value of the overall network, its effect has never been modeled or studied rigorously. In this paper, we construct a Markov model to analyze the network effect in the case of two important classes of web applications. These correspond to auctions and social networks. We show that the network effect is very powerful and can result in a situation in which an auction or a social networking site can quickly overwhelm its competing sites. Thus, the results of this paper show the tremendous power of the network effect for Web 2.0 applications.
Use of a Sigma-7 in a Nuclear Physics Laboratory

Advanced features of the Scientific Data Systems Sigma-7 computer are being used at the Michigan State University Cyclotron Laboratory to produce a system which meets all of the needs of the laboratory. The computer is capable of large off-line tasks such as distorted wave Born approximation calculations and large on-line jobs such as 16K channel pulse height analysis and particle identification. Several off-line jobs can be time-shared with safe real-time operation using a supervisor program called JANUS.
DNA base-pair flipping with fluorescent perylenediimide pincers

The synthesis, structure, and electronic spectra of a series of DNA hairpins possessing two perylenediimide (PDI) base pair surrogates are reported. The PDI chromophores are located in opposite strands of the hairpin base pair domain opposite abasic sites and are either adjacent to each other or separated by a variable number of AT or GC base pairs. Molecular modeling of the conjugate having adjacent PDI chromophores shows that they adopt a slipped, π-stacked geometry with an angle of 40° between the PDI long axes. The electronic absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism of this conjugate are consistent with a stacked PDI structure. Conjugates having one or two GC base pairs between the PDI chromophores display spectra that are consistent with isolated PDIs. Conjugates having 1–4 AT base pairs have more complex spectra, suggestive of an equilibrium between base paired and flipped structures having stacked PDIs. Heating of the conjugates possessing isolated PDI chromophores results in base pair flipping. The free energy for PDI stacking is greater than that for a single AT base pair and comparable to that for a single GC base pair or two AT base pairs.
Transcription factor abnormalities as a cause of beta cell dysfunction in diabetes: a hypothesis

Well-characterized defects in insulin secretion, most notably a loss of glucose-induced insulin secretion, are found in virtually all forms of NIDDM, as well as in early IDDM. Similar abnormalities have been found in all animal models of diabetes in which they have been studied. A novel hypothesis is being proposed to explain the mechanisms responsible for these alterations. Many abnormalities in the various steps of glucose-induced insulin secretion have been identified in rodent models of diabetes, but none by itself seems sufficient to explain the defects. These include a loss of GLUT2, glycogen accumulation, glucose recycling, abnormal glucokinase or hexokinase, altered mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) activity, abnormal ion channel function and beta cell degranulation. We propose that optimal secretory function is dependent upon the unique differentiation of beta cells that is maintained by a set of transcription factors and that this control is disrupted by the diabetic state. Therefore, we propose that key transcription factors are affected even when beta cells are stressed by insulin resistance in very earliest stages of diabetes and that the abnormality becomes more severe as full-blown diabetes develops, which leads to loss of beta cell differentiation and a resultant derangement of insulin secretion.
Production of molecular ion beams using an electron cyclotron resonance ion source

Abstract An all-permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source is tuned to create a variety of intense molecular ion beams for basic research. Based on simultaneous injection of several gases with spectroscopic high purity or enriched isotope content (e.g., H 2 , D 2 , N 2 , O 2 or CO) and low power microwave heating, the ECR ion source produces diatomic molecular ion beams of H 2 + , D 2 + , HD + , HO + , DO + , NH + , ND + and more complex polyatomic molecular ions such as H 3 + , D 3 + , HD 2 + , H 2 O + , D 2 O + , H 3 O + , D 3 O + , and NH n + , ND n + with n =2,3,4 and possibly higher. Molecular ion beams have been produced with very high current intensities compared to other molecular beam sources. The recorded molecular ion beam spectra are discussed.
Neutral lipid components of eleven species of Caribbean sharks

Eleven species of sharks collected in the Caribbean Sea contained, on a dry weight basis, 21-95% lipid in their livers and 0.4-11% lipid on their muscle tissues. Based upon theoretical calculations, two species of shark (Centrophorus granulosa and Dalatias licha) contained sufficient lipids to allow neutral buoyancy in seawater. In both of the above species, wax esters comprised the major lipid class. Triacylglycerols and hydrocarbons were present in lower concentrations. Deep water sharks generally possessed larger livers containing higher percentages of total lipids and unsaturated hydrocarbons than more shallow dwelling species.
Ribonuclease isolated from yeast (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis): Characterization and properties

The homogeneity of a purified ribonuclease from brewers' yeast was determined by velocity sedimentation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques. The velocity sedimentation pattern gave a single peak with a Sapp 3.46 and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed one major band. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme showed maximum absorption at 277–278 nm and minimum at 252 nm. The enzyme was relatively stable to extreme pH values and high temperature. Both NaCl and KCl increased the enzyme activity whereas enzyme was inhibited by divalent metal ions. The inhibition of the enzyme was increased in the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Fe2+Cu2+. Chemical modification studies of the enzyme showed that tryptophan residues and disulfide bonds were required for enzyme activity.
Collision-induced dissociation of aligned ions

Abstract Laser light is used to prepare aligned beams of Na + 2 ions. The cross section for collision-induced dissociation of these ions is anisotropic.
Recognition of live-scan fingerprints with elastic distortions using correlation filters

A special NIST database of live-scan fingerprints with elastic distortion was prepared. It is used to evaluate the effect of elastic and other distortions on correlation filters. The need for normalized and finely or coarsely rotationally aligned data is addressed, and performance gains for various cases noted.