cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of an Mr 60,000 polypeptide unique to the meiotic spindle of the mouse oocyte

The mouse oocyte expresses an Mr 60,000 (p60) polypeptide that is associated with the first and second meiotic spindles. Immunoreactive p60 was not detectable in the meiotic spindles of male germ cells or in mitotic spindles. P60 was identified with a polyclonal antibody whose predominant activity is directed against ankyrin. However, immunoadsorption experiments demonstrated that p60 is not an ankyrin isoform and represents a secondary activity of the polyclonal antibody. Circumstantial evidence suggest that p60 may be a micro-tubule-associated protein. Since the most obvious difference between the female meiotic spindle and other spindles is the long half-life of the former, we hypothesize that p60 may function in the maintenance of the long-lived female meiotic apparatus. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical significance of hypotensive response in patients undergoing dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion studies

Background: We sought to study the incidence and clinical significance of hypotensive response in patients undergoing dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion study (MPS). Methods: We identified 306 consecutive patients (mean age 68.6 ± 12 years, women 50.3%) who had dipyridamole stress MPS using dual isotope gated single photon emission computed tomography. Hypotensive response was categorised as 10% or 20% drop of systolic blood pressure (BP) from the baseline, or peak systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg. Resting blood pressure and heart rate, peak blood pressure and heart rate, peak/rest heart rate ratio, ischemic ST changes or old myocardial infarction on electrocardiogram (ECG), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and regional myocardial ischemia or infarction (anterior and/or septal, inferior, lateral and apical region) by MPS were recorded and analysed using T-test for independent samples and Nonparametric Test (Mann-Whitney test). Results: In the study cohort, 35.6% of patients had BP drop >10%, 13.7% of patients had BP drop >20%, and 3.9% of patients had systolic BP <100 mmHg after intravenous dipyridamole infusion. The degree of hypotensive response was not related to gender, resting diastolic BP, resting heart rate, LVEF, myocardial ischemia or infarction on ECG and MPS. Patients with hypotensive response showed highly significant differences (P value <0.001) in being older (70.3 vs. 65.5 years), with higher resting systolic BP (145.9 vs. 131.7 mmHg), lower peak heart rate (84.2 vs. 91.6 beats/minute), and lower peak/rest heart rate ratio (1.26 vs. 1.36). Conclusion: Patients with hypotensive response to intravenous dipypidamole infusion probably reflected exaggerated vascular response to vasodilator challenge and an inadequate compensatory rise in heart rate as part of the aging process. This clinical feature is usually not related to underlying myocardial ischemia or decreased left ventricular systolic function, but likely due to autonomic dysfunction frequently seen in the elderly.
Hydrophobic effects in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract The role of hydrophobic effects in revered-phase liquid chromatography is examined. The molecular weight or structural selectivity resulting from hydrophobic effects relative to dispersion forces is discussed, and it is shown that in general a selectivity up to twice as great is possible in the former case. Hydrophobic selectivity can be accounted for using a new topological index, the molecular connectivity, to represent solute surface area. Selectivity as a function of organic modifier type and composition is explored. By simultaneously varying both of the above parameters such that retention is normalized, it is shown that hydrophobic selectivity is approximately independent of organic modifiers. Some differences in separation as a function of organic solvent are, however, observed when mixtures containing solutes of different functional groups are employed. Finally, hydrophobic selectivity is roughly constant under time normalization conditions based on temperature-organic phase composition changes.
Adjustment of VAS and RAOB Geopotential Analysis Using Quasi-Geostrophic constraints

Abstract Comparisons between geopotential analyses derived from rawinsondes (RAOB) and the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) generally exhibit differences that are ultimately related to the horizontal density and placement of the respective observations and the vertical resolution inherent in the instruments. In order to overcome some of the inconsistencies that appear, two strategies have been developed which allow the analyses to communicate through the derived variable, geostrophic potential vorticity. The first incorporates the statistics of RAOB derived potential vorticity into the VAS vorticity analysis. This is accomplished by making a least-squares adjustment to VAS while constraining it to have first and second moments identical to the RAOB analysis. The other approach makes mutual least-squares adjustments to RAOB and VAS vorticity analyses subject to the dynamic constraint that forecast and hindcast of potential vorticity to the time midway between analyses are equal. The forecast and hindcast ar...
Sulfobetaine-Containing Diblock and Triblock Copolymers via Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization in Aqueous Media

A novel bifunctional acrylamido-based reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) chain-transfer agent (CTA), N,N′-ethylenebis[2-(thiobenzoylthio)propionamide] (CTA2), has been synthesized and used for the controlled free-radical polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA). A comparative study of CTA2 and the monofunctional CTA N,N-dimethyl-s-thiobenzoylthiopropionamide (CTA1) has been conducted. Polymerizations mediated by CTA1 result in poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) homopolymers with unimodal molecular weight distributions, whereas CTA2 yields unimodal, bimodal, and trimodal distributions according to the extent of conversion. The multimodal nature of the PDMAs has been attributed to termination events and/or chains initiated by primary radicals. The RAFT polymerization of DMA with CTA2 also results in a prolonged induction period that may be attributed to the higher local concentration of dithioester functionalities early in the polymerization. A series of ω- and α,ω-dithioester-capped PDMAs have been prepared in organic media and subsequently employed as macro-CTAs for the synthesis of diblock and triblock copolymers in aqueous media with the zwitterionic monomer 3-[2-(N-methylacrylamido)-ethyldimethylammonio] propane sulfonate (MAEDAPS). Additionally, an ω-dithioester-capped MAEDAPS homopolymer has been used as a macro-CTA for the block polymerization of DMA. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a near-monodisperse, sulfobetaine-containing block copolymer prepared entirely in aqueous media. The diblock and triblock copolymers form aggregates in pure water that can be dissociated by the addition of salt, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. In pure water, highly uniform, micellelike aggregates with hydrodynamic diameters of 71–93 nm are formed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1262–1281, 2003
Reliability of the selective motor control scale in children with cerebral palsy

The aim of this study was to determine inter-rater and test–retest reliability of a scale for assessing selective motor control (SMC) in the dorsiflexors of the ankle. A consecutive sample of 40 children with cerebral palsy (CP), aged 3–16 years (median age 7 years) participated in the study. Thirty children had a bilateral form of CP and 10 a unilateral form, and they were classified into Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I–V. The SMC scale ranges from 0 (indicating no ankle movement) to 4 (indicating isolated SMC through available range of motion with balanced activity in m. tibialis anterior). The inter-rater reliability was assessed simultaneously by three assessors. The test–retest reliability was achieved through a second assessment of 29 of the children, at a different occasion. The statistical analysis included a weighted kappa coefficient of agreement (Kw). The inter-rater reliability showed fair/good to strong agreement between pairs of raters (Kw=0.58–0.77). The test–retest reli...
Sample size for a two-group comparison of repeated binary measurements using GEE

Controlled clinical trials often randomize subjects to two treatment groups and repeatedly evaluate them at baseline and intervals across a treatment period of fixed duration. A popular primary objective in these trials is to compare the change rates in the repeated measurements between treatment groups. Repeated measurements usually involve missing data and a serial correlation within each subject. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) method has been widely used to fit the time trend in repeated measurements because of its robustness to random missing and misspecification of the true correlation structure. In this paper, we propose a closed form sample size formula for comparing the change rates of binary repeated measurements using GEE for a two-group comparison. The sample size formula is derived incorporating missing patterns, such as independent missing and monotone missing, and correlation structures, such as AR(1) model. We also propose an algorithm to generate correlated binary data with arbitrary marginal means and a Markov dependency and use it in simulation studies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evidence for electrical currents in cosmic plasma

With the advent of fully three-dimensional, fully electromagnetic, particle-in-cell simulations, investigations of Birkeland currents and magnetic-field-aligned electric fields have become possible in plasmas not accessible to in situ measurement, i.e. in plasmas having the dimensions of galaxies or systems of galaxies. The necessity for a three-dimensional electromagnetic approach derives from the fact that the evolution of magnetized plasmas involves complex geometries, intense self-fields, nonlinearities, and explicit time-dependence. A comparison of the synchrotron radiation properties of simulated currents to those of extragalactic sources provides observational evidence for galactic-dimensional Birkeland currents. >
Prasugrel prevented ischemic events compared with clopidogrel in patients having PCI for STEMI

Source Citation Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, et al. Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (...
Crystal Structure of a Shark Single-Domain Antibody V Region in Complex with Lysozyme

Cartilaginous fish are the phylogenetically oldest living organisms known to possess components of the vertebrate adaptive immune system. Key to their immune response are heavy-chain, homodimeric immunoglobulins called new antigen receptors (IgNARs), in which the variable (V) domains recognize antigens with only a single immunoglobulin domain, akin to camelid heavy-chain V domains. The 1.45 angstrom resolution crystal structure of the type I IgNAR V domain in complex with hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) reveals a minimal antigen-binding domain that contains only two of the three conventional complementarity-determining regions but still binds HEL with nanomolar affinity by means of a binding interface comparable in size to conventional antibodies.
Characterization of retrograde conduction by direct endocardial recording from an accessory atrioventricular pathway.

Accessory pathway electrograms are rarely recorded in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In one patient, during electrophysiologic study, simultaneous local ventricular (V) accessory pathway (AP) and atrial (A) deflections were recorded during bipolar catheter endocardial mapping over the pathway. Analysis of changes in electrographic intervals during performance of the ventricular extrastimulus technique allowed characterization of the retrograde conduction properties of the pathway. As coupling intervals were decreased, an initial increase was seen in the AP2A2interval with subsequent ventriculoatrial block between the accessory pathway and atrium. When coupling intervals were further decreased, the V2AP2interval lengthened with ultimate block between the ventricle and accessory pathway. These findings support the concept of impedance mismatch as the cause of conduction block in accessory pathways with the distal junction of the accessory pathway being the most vulnerable.
Dependence of settling velocity on particle concentration in a fluidized bed of spherical particles

Mise en place d'une correlation qui se base sur l'equation de Richardson et Zaki et qui prend en compte le nombre de Reynolds
Manchild in the Compromised Land: Intertextuality and Arna Bontemps's Lonesome Boy

Arna Bontemps’s Lonesome Boy (1955) sets forth a deceptively simple scenario: the protagonist, a gifted child trumpeter from the rural South, runs away to the fertile “party-gras” of New Orleans. This boy, Bubber, has a compulsion to play his horn “so fast and so loud and so high” (22) that no stern warning from his grandfather can blunt his drive for self-gratification through these continuous bouts of playing. Just as his career begins to flourish, earning him both material success and local renown (including numerous engagements around the city and at posh venues like “white-columned houses in the country” [13]), he precipitously returns to Grandpa and the family farm. A harrowing encounter at a “very special party” (14), what we eventually learn is a soiree hosted by the devil, triggers his abrupt about-face. Whether he actually encounters anything supernatural or evil at the devil’s ball is a moot point; a homeboy has returned, seeking what Houston A. Baker, Jr. describes in Blues Journeys Home (1985) as “the fine goodness of ancestral / Caring” (23-24). Readers of all ages are tasked with making sense of this confluence among music, magic, and moral choices. Critical response has assessed Lonesome Boy’s capacity to allegorize or otherwise comment on African American social struggle. Bontemps observed in 1948: “Creative writing, it seems, has often been the hand-maiden to social policy” (“Literature” 5). Yet he insisted that not all black texts, including children’s books such as Lonesome Boy, were suited to political ends, at least in the sense of explicitly attacking racist ideologies or asserting a vogue or “authentic” blackness. Lonesome Boy could easily relate to the biblical allegory of the prodigal son, someone who misuses an inheritance to some degree, returns home to reclaim or reconstitute it, and reenters the family even though he may leave it again as a grown adult. Although Bubber’s musical obsession may foreshadow the zeal of radical activists of the civil rights era, Blyden Jackson argues that Lonesome Boy can be read “in perfect innocence of anything except its story.” His trajectory to fame is “too pathologically escapist” (37) to be viable as a long-term model for anyone, let alone young people.
Error Growth in Flows with Finite-Amplitude Waves or Coherent Structures

Abstract Explanations of error growth in atmospheric flows are often based on the extension of barotropic and baroclinic instabilities from steady parallel flows to weakly nonparallel and time-dependent flows. Consideration of simple flows with finite-amplitude waves, however, suggests an additional scenario for error growth: an initial error that changes the wave amplitude or the medium through which the wave propagates will alter the propagation of the wave and result in a growing phase error. This scenario is illustrated and generalized to other coherent structures through several examples for which analytic solutions are available. For a basic state of a barotropic Rossby wave, growing phase errors account for the most rapidly growing disturbances over time intervals long compared to the basic-state advective timescale; over shorter intervals, amplifications of phase errors are smaller than, but comparable to, the optimal amplification. The role of this mechanism in forecast error growth is less certa...
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ozone Management Efforts in the Presence of Meteorological Variability

It is difficult to assess the effectiveness of regulatory programs in improving ozone air quality in the presence of meteorological fluctuations. In this paper, techniques are presented that improve upon previous methods for moderating the effects of meteorology on ozone concentrations. This approach entails the use of the relations between ozone and meteorological variables to construct meteorologically adjusted ozone time series. To this end, the effectiveness and usefulness of various methods for separating time series of ozone and meteorological data into long-term (climate- and policy-related), seasonal (solar-induced), and short-term (weather-related) components are examined. Correlations between baseline components (sum of long-term and seasonal variations) of ozone and meteorological variables are then investigated independently of correlations between short-term components (weather effects) of ozone and meteorological variables. This allows us to account for the effects of the dominant meteorological variables on each time scale embedded in time series of ozone data. Ozone time series that are devoid of seasonal and climatic variations as well as weather-related fluctuations can then be constructed to detect and track changes in ozone due to the emission control policies implemented. The results of this study reveal that the combination of solar radiation and specific humidity performs best in filtering the seasonal and climatic variations from the baseline component of the ozone data. The combination of temperature and dew point depression performs best in moderating the weather-related effects on the short-term component of ozone data. This method is able to explain about 65% of the variance in ozone data through meteorological variables at several locations examined here.
Novelty responses and differential effects of order in the amygdala, substantia innominata, and inferior temporal cortex.

Recent studies of amygdala function have focused on examining responses to emotionally valenced versus neutral stimuli. However, electrophysiologic and neuroimaging studies also suggest that novel neutral faces activate the amygdala, though few investigations have examined the effects of novelty and its relation to changes in stimulus condition. To further investigate how the human amygdala and related structures react to novel neutral faces and to stimulus condition changes, we evaluated human brain responses to blocks containing multiple novel and single repeated face stimuli, presented in two different orders, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Significantly increased signal was present in the amygdala, substantia innominata (SI), and inferior temporal cortex (ITC) to the contrast of multiple novel versus single faces. However, these regions differed in their responses based on whether a stimulus condition was presented 1st or 2nd, with the amygdala and SI having significantly different response profiles than the ITC. Specifically, greater responses to stimuli presented 2nd (i.e., after a condition change) were found in the amygdala and SI, but not in the ITC. Furthermore, the response difference to the Multiple versus Single contrast was greatest in the amygdala and SI, when single faces were presented 1st, and multiple faces presented 2nd, but this pattern was the reverse in the ITC. We speculate that the signal changes to neutral faces in the amygdala and SI with respect to condition (multiple or single faces) and stimulus order may relate to the involvement of these structures in novelty detection and the orienting response.
Repeated Exposure to MPTP Does Not Produce a Permanent Movement Disorder in Cats Recovered from MPTP-induced Parkinsonism

Abstract The effects of additional MPTP injections on striatal neurochemistry and tyrosine hydroxylase positive cell populations within the ventral mesencephalon in cats recovered from parkinson-like motor deficits resulting from previous MPTP administration was studied. A second or third series of MPTP injections in recovered cats initially reinstated parkinson-like motor deficits. All cats again recovered normalized motor function two to three weeks after MPTP administration. Neurochemical analysis of striatal tissue showed no or only minor differences in dopamine and metabolite levels within most striatal regions sampled between cats which received single ormultiple sets of MPTP injections. Cell count results showed no significant differences betweenthe two MPTP conditions for the majority of the regions studied. These results suggest that the mechanisms responsible for motor recovery from MPTP intoxication in cats can be transientlydisrupted by further exposure to MPTP and that cats do not develop a permanent parkinsonian syndrome from repeated MPTP exposure.
CORTICAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN PRETERM AND FULLTERM INFANTS: SURFACE AND VOLUME CHANGES MEASURED BY 3D-MRI • 1733

CORTICAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN PRETERM AND FULLTERM INFANTS: SURFACE AND VOLUME CHANGES MEASURED BY 3D-MRI • 1733
Writing for Self-Discovery: A Semester-Long Journey at the Graduate Level

Writing for self-discovery begins on the first day of class and continues throughout the semester. Class introduction compares this journey to flying an airplane, requiring adjustments to successfully reach the destination. A systems framework promotes writing-to-learn and writing as a self-discovery tool for graduate nursing administration students in this clinical preceptorship. Because writing-to-learn is an unfamiliar concept for many students, the process is incorporated into the self-evaluation tools of writing discovery and intention statements, keeping a clinical learning log, reflective questioning, and feedback strategies. The purpose is to foster the critical administrative processes of writing, thinking, analyzing, and synthesizing. Written instructor feedback probes the relationships between concepts and their relationships with students' learning. Future strategies will include additional formative and summative self-evaluative tools, including videotaping, to foster awareness of self in a written format for both students and instructor. The goal is to prepare master's graduates who are creative thinkers, self-evaluators, and analytical writers for service in clinical and administrative settings.
Electric heat tracing systems-standards development (IEEE Power Generation Comm. Report)

Standards development activities at IEEE in the area of electric heat tracing systems is reviewed, and the pertinent standards are summarized. They are: IEEE Std 622-1979, recommended practice for the design and installation of electric pipe heating systems for nuclear power generating stations; IEEE Std 515-1983, Recommended practice for the testing, design, installation and maintenance of electrical resistance heat tracing for industrial applications; and two standards in the development process, IEEE Std 622-198(6), Recommended practice for the design and installation of electric heat tracing systems for nuclear power generating stations, and Project 622B, Recommended practice for testing and startup procedures for electric heat tracing systems for power generating stations. >
Generating random surfaces with desired autocorrelation length

A versatile surface processing method based on electrostatic deposition of particles and subsequent dry etching is shown to be able to tailor the autocorrelation length of a random surface by varying particle size and coverage. An explicit relation between final autocorrelation length, surface coverage of the particles, particle size, and etch depth is built. The autocorrelation length of the final surface closely follows a power law decay with particle coverage, the most significant processing parameter. Experimental results on silicon substrates agree reasonably well with model predictions.
Gateway community resident perceptions of tourism development: incorporating importance-performance analysis into a limits of acceptable change framework.

Abstract Gateway communities serve as entry points to our nation's public lands and are desirable to live within, but commonly subject to indiscriminate growth. The researchers used a variation of Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to chart resident types and their evaluations of environmental, cultural and economic attributes to better understand perspectives on tourism development. IPA was chosen because it can serve as a simple evaluative tool for communities in gateway areas interested in employing a more comprehensive Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) planning framework. Environmental attributes were found to be what make the area special with it considered both important and of real concern from each resident-type perspective. With the exception of a few items no other cultural or economic attributes were perceived the same in importance and concern as the environmental items with few meaningful differences found between resident types. In summary, IPA is a tool that can provide insight about resident perceptions while serving to inform a larger LAC tourism development framework.
In vivo multiscale photoacoustic microscopy of human skin

Scalability is a key feature of photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). Reports have shown that PAM systems can be designed to possess sub-micron resolution at shallow depths or penetrate centimeters deep at the expense of resolution while the number of resolved pixels in the depth direction remains high. This capability to readily tune the imaging parameters while maintaining the same inherent contrast could be extremely useful for a variety of biomedical applications. Human skin, with its layered vascular structure whose dimensions scale with depth, provides an ideal imaging target to illustrate this advantage. Here, we present results from in vivo human skin imaging experiments using two different PAM systems, an approach which enables better characterization of the cutaneous microvasculature throughout the imaging depth. Specifically, we show images from several distinct areas of skin: the palm and the forearm. For each region, the same area was imaged with both an optical-resolution PAM (OR-PAM) and an acoustic-resolution PAM (AR-PAM), and the subsequent images were combined into composite images. The OR-PAM provides less than 5 μm lateral resolution, capable of imaging the smallest capillary vessels, while the AR-PAM enables imaging at depths of several millimeters. Several structures are identifiable in the ORPAM images which cannot be differentiated in AR-PAM images, namely thin epidermal and stratum corneum layers, undulations in the dermal papillae, and capillary loops. However, the AR-PAM provides images of larger vessels, deeper than the OR-PAM can penetrate. These results demonstrate how PAM's scalability can be utilized to more fully characterize cutaneous vasculature, potentially impacting the assessment of numerous cardiovascular related and cutaneous diseases.
SU-E-T-215: The Effect of Treatment Plan Complexity On Optically-Stimulated Luminescent Dosimetry

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize uncertainties in radiation dose to optically‐stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs) for varying levels of field modulation. Methods: We considered 7 conformal treatment plans (25 fields), 9 enhanced dynamic wedge plans (21 fields), and 4 IMRT plans (28 fields). Five OSLDs arranged in a plus shape on 9 cm of solid water buildup were covered with 5 mm bolus and scanned using a large bore CT scanner. The images were imported into the treatment planning system. Each field of each plan was projected onto the phantom surface at gantry angle 0°, the field isocenter was placed at 10 cm depth, and dose was calculated using collapsed cone convolution and a 4 mm dose grid. The expected point dose to each OSLD was measured in the phantom plan. The OSLD geometry was replicated on a linear accelerator, and all 3D conformal, wedged, and IMRT fields were shot using 6 MV photons. All exposed OSLDs for each field were read approximately 18 hours later and measured doses were compared with planned doses. Results: For open, wedged, and IMRT fields, measured doses were 2.3% ± 4.1% higher, 0.9% ± 6.1% higher, and 2.6% ± 14.0% higher than planned doses respectively. The standard deviation was greatest for IMRT plans and lowest for 3D conformal plans. A few IMRT fields demonstrated substantial differences between planned and measured doses for individual OSLDs (over 60%). After further analysis, these large discrepancies occurred when leaf edges fell on or near the dosimeter position. Conclusion: Uncertainties in dose were much higher with IMRT fields than 3D and wedged fields. Increasing modulation increases dose uncertainty. Further research will investigate the effect of dose grid resolution and calculation model, specifically the advantages of Monte Carlo calculations near the skin surface.
D-Forms: surprising new 3-D forms from flat curved shapes, by John Sharp

D-Forms: surprising new 3-D forms from flat curved shapes, by John Sharp, Hertfordshire, UK, Tarquin Publications, 2009, 44 pp, UK£9.95 (Hardcover), ISBN-13:978–1–8996–1887–3. You probably know tha...
Microincineration and ash analysis

The ashing of plant materials, including cut sections, on a mircoscopical scale is by no means a recent development. One of the earliest to report its value as a technic was Raspail (see 58) in 1833, who ashed epidermal layers of onion bulbs. In particular, siliceous skeletons of various plant families have been an object of study for nearly a century, having been investigated by von Mohl (33) in 1861. In 1914, Netolitzky (36) incinerated sectioned grains of prehistoric cereal remains as an aid to their identification. But the current cycle of development and application of the microincineration process owes its impetus primarily to the late Hans Molisch (34) on the botanical side and to A. Policard (43-46) in the field of animal histology. Since a plethora of excellent reviews on the animal and clinical phases of the subject already exists, only the botanical aspects of incineration data and technic will be considered here, with the exception of several strictly cytological investigations. Extensive descriptions of representative technics from a clinical standpoint, which may also be of value to botanical workers, have been written from time to time by various workers in the field. Among the more critical and/or inclusive are articles by Policard (44, 46), Policard and Okkels (47, 48), Henckel (21), SchultzBrauns (54), Herrmann (22, 23), Scott (58, 61), Gage (17), Baginski (2), Monsch (35), and Tschopp (67). Photographs of the ash deposit from incinerated sections are often referred to as spodograms in the literature. Where sections are carbonized only, then the term anthracogram is applied to them.
Equilibrium in hydride formation in tantalum

Abstract The rate of formation of hydrides in tantalum is shown to depend markedly on the rate of diffusion of hydrogen in the metal. Oxygen slows the rate of resction considerably; this is apparently a result of trapping of hydrogen in OH complexes. Deuterides form more slowly than hydrides because of the lower rate of diffusion of deuterium in the metal. A summary is made of some of the thermodynamic properties of hydrogen and deuterium in Ta, Nb and V. This summary shows that binary alloys with Ta and Nb have many similarities, but VH and VD alloys show some differences from the other two.
Behavioral and physiologic determinants of long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction.

Abstract We studied the accuracy of predictions of long-term prognosis after infarction in a sample of 118 non-smoking, post-coronary males using: behavioral indices only; physiologic risk factors only; and a combination of behavioral indices and physiologic risk factors. To isolate valid behavioral indices, we measured 49 signs and symptoms of a lifestyle characterized by chronic struggle from videotapes of subjects undergoing a structured interview. Of these, 15 had a univariate relationship to recurrent cardiac events, and four—intensity, self-involvement, periorbital pigmentation and arousal while driving—had a multivariate relationship. Of six physiologic risk factors, one—the Peel Index—was related to recurrent cardiac events. Separately, each model achieved approximately 70% accuracy in classifying subjects into their future reinfarction status; jointly, predictive accuracy increased to 75%. The results suggest that living a lifestyle of chronic struggle increases risk for recurrent myocardial infarction, independently of the risk incurred by standard physiologic risk factors. The need for precise assessment of individual signs and symptoms of this lifestyle and implications for secondary prevention are discussed.
Structure of the Escherichia coli primase/single-strand DNA-binding protein/phage G4oric complex required for primer RNA synthesis.

Abstract Escherichia coli primase/SSB/single-stranded phage G4 ori c is a simple system to study how primase interacts with DNA template to synthesize primer RNA for initiation of DNA replication. By a strategy of deletion analysis and antisense oligonucleotide protection on small single-stranded G4 ori c fragments, we have identified the DNA sequences required for binding primase and the critical location of single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) protein. Together with the previous data, we have defined the structure of the primase/SSB/G4 ori c priming complex. Two SSB tetramers bind to the G4 ori c secondary structure, which dictates the spacing of 3′ and 5′ bound adjacent SSB tetramers and leaves SSB-free regions on both sides of the stem-loop structure. Two primase molecules then bind separately to specific DNA sequences in the 3′ and 5′ SSB-free G4 ori c regions. Binding of the 3′ SSB tetramer, upstream of the primer RNA initiation site, is also necessary for priming. The generation of a primase-recognition target by SSB phasing at DNA hairpin structures may be applicable to the binding of initiator proteins in other single-stranded DNA priming systems. Novel techniques used in this study include antisense oligonucleotide protection and RNA synthesis on an SSB-melted, double-stranded DNA template.
Trends among gynecologic oncology inpatient deaths: Is end-of-life care improving?

Abstract Objective. The objective was to describe trends over time in key factors surrounding end-of-life care on a gynecologic oncology service at a tertiary cancer center. Methods. Patients with gynecologic cancers who were hospitalized and died at our institution between 1992 and 1997 were identified using institutional databases. The study group consisted of 176 patients. For analysis, patients were divided into two groups: those who died between 1992 and 1994 and those who died between 1995 and 1997. Data were abstracted from medical records regarding the interval between placement of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders and death; the interval between the patient's being informed of her terminal-stage disease and death; the types of interventions performed near the end-of-life; and other factors related to end-of-life care. Results. The average patient age on last admission to the hospital was 56 years, and the most common disease sites were ovary (47%), cervix (30%), and uterus (17%). Most deaths (82%) occurred on medical or surgical units, with the remainder occurring in the intensive care unit (12%) or emergency room (6%). The average interval between placement of DNR orders and death was longer among patients who died in 1995–1997 than among patients who died in 1992–1994 (49.6 days vs 19.2 days, P = 0.027). The average annual number of deaths (42.0 vs 16.7, P = 0.061) and the average length of hospital stay (13.3 vs 8.8 days; P = 0.079) decreased between 1992–1994 and 1995–1997, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Changes between patients who died in 1992–1994 and those who died in 1995–1997 in the interval between the last cycle of chemotherapy and death (87 days and 49 days, respectively; P = 0.29), the proportion of patients with a DNR order on admission (39 and 45%, respectively; P = 0.59), the proportion of patients admitted for terminal care only (22 and 19%, respectively; P = 0.47), and the proportion of patients who died awaiting transfer to hospice (32 and 22%, respectively; P = 0.24) likewise did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions. Our data indicate that discussions about DNR orders are occurring earlier in relation to terminal events. However, we could not detect significant changes in the other outcome measures we studied. Major opportunities remain for further enhancements in the realm of advance planning for end-of-life care. Educational opportunities should be offered to physicians regarding communicating with patients about disease progression and end-of-life decision-making.
Vertices and corners: a maximum likelihood approach

Scenes of polyhedral objects may be accurately represented in 2-D using line sketches. An aim of low level image processing is to generate useful binary images from grey scale images. The binary images generated by enhancement/threshold edge detectors are usually unrefined outlines of the underlying 3-D scene. Such images must be further processed to isolate and identify region boundaries; which, in the case of polyhedra, consist of line segments. The intersection or connection points of these line segments are known as vertices or corners. The work reported in this paper employs a decision theoretic approach to detect vertices in grey scale images.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Secretion of a 97 kilodalton glycoprotein by primary cultures of human ovarian epithelial tumor cells.

Abstract The epithelial cells from both control and neoplastic ovaries were grown as primary cultures. The outgrowth of epithelial cells occurred within 3–5 days and the cells formed essentially a monolayer culture covering more than 80% of the surface of the flask within 5 weeks. The incorporation of [3H] fucose into the glycoproteins secreted into the medium was measured in the cells grown for 4 weeks. The secretion of glycoproteins in the tumor cells was twice that of the control. Analysis of the glycoproteins in the medium showed that the ovarian epithelial tumor cells secreted predominantly a 97 kilodalton glycoprotein. The growth of fibroblasts could be inhibited in these cultures by using Falcon Primaria culture flasks and the growth medium containing D-valine.
Essay review: The history of scientific illustration.

A picture is worth a thousand words but as a museum curator I can affirm that illustrations and objects do not speak for themselves. The best symbols, like the best art, can function freestanding, but most other visual images require text, particularly as the passage of time dates or even obscures their messages. Scientific illustrations pose a special problem because they often come with awkward baggage obsolete textbooks. A good picture is worth not only words, but also thousands of dollars. Scientific illustration has always been expensive to produce. Herein lies the challenge for the cluster group of people (scientists, authors, draftsmen, engravers, and printers) who create scientific illustrations for books they hope to sell. There is profit motive, and there is paradox. Because science changes, the more strictly scientific the image, the less likely it is to stand the test of time among both scientists and fanciers. Taste changes, too: the more aesthetic the image, the less likely it is to stand the test of peer review or art criticism. As a result, history has not always been kind to this specialized art form. Three recent works come to the rescue. They all reiterate the value of pictures to the people who write scientific texts and to the people who read them. The first title by K. B. Roberts and J. D. W. Tomlinson, The Fabric o f the Body, is an anthology of human anatomy illustrated in the European tradition. The title makes obvious reference to Andreas Vesalius's masterwork of similar title published in Latin in 1543. The authors have also revitalized a team approach common to anatomical demonstrations of the Renaissance: Roberts narrates the text; Tomlinson provides commentary for the 134 plates. At times, lector Roberts gets a bit ahead of ostensor Tomlinson; at other times,
Marketing Fraud: An Approach for Differentiating Multilevel Marketing from Pyramid Schemes

Abstract A specific form of direct selling, multilevel marketing (MLM), experienced significant international growth during the 1990s, facilitated in part by the development of the Internet. A corresponding increase in the investigation and prosecution of illegal pyramid schemes occurred during the same period. These parallel activities led to increased uncertainty among marketing managers who used or wished to use the MLM approach. The authors examine similarities between the multilevel approach to marketing and activities associated with illegal pyramid schemes. A mathematical model is used to differentiate between the two on the basis of previous pyramid scheme cases and current U.S. law. The results of the model suggest key factors that marketers interested in MLM will need to consider when developing this type of distribution channel.
Dental complications in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma of the oral cavity in children.

Abstract Rhabdomyosarcoma, a muscle tissue tumor, is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood. Recurrence is a prominent feature. Metastases spread via blood and lymph routes. Treatment of this tumor usually involves a combination of surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy. Management of rhabdomyosarcoma in or around the oral cavity may lead to severe oral and dental complications. The oral stoma in children is small to begin with, scar tissue after surgery produces trismus, and the side effects of radiation make the dentition very prone to decay. Oral hygiene and dental maintenance are very difficult under these conditions. Cooperation between physician and dentist in planning and treatment is very important in these cases in order to minimize posttherapy complications.
Electron beam nanofabrication with self-assembled monolayers of alkylthiols and alkylsiloxanes

Self-assembled monolayers have been demonstrated to perform as high-resolution electron beam resists with minimum resolutions of <20nm for 50keV electron beams and <15nm for 10eV electrons from a scanning tunneling microscope. The resulting patterns have been transferred into many substrates by both wet and dry etching.
Powerlessness health and mortality: a longitudinal study of older men and mature women.

Abstract National samples of older men (age 45–59 in 1966) and mature women (30–44 in 1967), surveyed periodically over more than a decade, establish the association over time between the sense of powerlessness and various indices of health status (chiefly, psychosocial symptoms and limits on physical activities). The results are basically coordinate for men and women, and they are replicated for initially healthy and initially impaired sub-samples. The results show that: (1) in each year, powerlessness is associated with greater activity limits and more psychosocial symptoms; (2) powerlessness also provides prospective prediction, since high initial powerlessness scores are associated with health problems observed five and ten years later, with initial health controlled; (3) increasing powerlessness accompanies deterioration in health (with stringent controls on prior health); and (4) for a sub-sample of men, mortality between 1976 and 1981 is also associated with initially high powerlessness scores (with prior health controlled). These results are discussed for their import in relation to the steadily growing interest in social psychological factors in health.
The decompositions of N-(substituted benzalamino)phthalimide radical cations embody ion-neutral complexes and Stevenson’s rule

A previously unreported series of N-(substituted benzalamino)phthalimides was investigated by using the combined techniques of high resolution electron ionization mass spectrometry, metastable decomposition, and collisional activation mass spectrometry. The predominate fragmentation pathway is a McLafferty-type rearrangement. There also occurs, to a lesser extent, a transfer of hydrogen that originates from a substituent remote from the phthalimide moiety and terminates on the phthalimide, The process is interpreted as proceeding via an ion-neutral complex. The effects of substituents on both of the aforementioned fragmentation pathways provide a striking example that gives quantitative evidence for Stevenson’s rule. The substituent effects are responsible for a trend in ion abundance that shows a sharp reversal at approximately the ionization energy of the iminium isomer of the phthalimide molecular ion.
THE EFFECT OF DISTRACTION ON SELECTIVE ATTENTION

The effects of a vigilance distractor were investigated with respect to recall of task-relevant and task-incidental information on a memory task. 40 children per grade in the first, third, fifth, and seventh grades were given the task; half were tested under distraction conditions. It was found that recall of task-relevant material increased regularly with age, while recall of taskirrelevant (incidental) material showed no significant change with age level. Distraction had a very significant effect on the task-relevance performance but did not affect incidental performance except at the oldest grade level. No interaction was found between type of recall measure and distraction. Correlations between central and incidental performance were significantly negative at the seventh-grade level only. These findings are consistent with the information-processing model presented, which accounts for the development of selective attention processes. That attention and memory abilities increase with age during childhood is well known, but the reason for the improvement is far from established. To offer an explanation, Maccoby and Hagen (1965) have formulated an information-processing model based on previous work of Broadbent (1958). Broadbent conceptualizes the nervous system as a single communication channel with a limited capacity. Within this limited capacity, selective "filters" operate to separate relevant from irrelevant information. These selective mechanisms encode information on the basis of some fairly gross This study is based on a thesis submitted by the author to Stanford University as partial fulfilment for the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree. The author was a predoctoral fellow of the National Institute of Mental Health at the time. The author wishes to express thanks to Earl Whitaker, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, Redwood City, California, for his cooperation, and to Linda George and Richard Ashmore for their assistance in this study.
Synthesis of Group IV Clathrates for Photovoltaics

Although Si dominates the photovoltaics market, only two forms of Si have been thoroughly considered: amorphous Si and Si in the diamond structure ( d-Si). Silicon can also form in other allotropes, including clathrate structures. Silicon clathrates are inclusion compounds, which consist of an Si framework surrounding templating guest atoms (e.g., Na). After formation of the type II Na 24Si136 clathrate, the guest atoms can be removed (Si136), and the material transitions from degenerate to semiconducting behavior with a 1.9 eV direct band gap. This band gap is tunable in the range of 1.9-0.6 eV by alloying the host framework with Ge, enabling a variety of photovoltaic applications that include thin-film single-junction devices, Si136 top cells on d-Si for all-Si tandem cells, and multijunction cells with varying Si/Ge ratios. In this study, we present electronic structure calculations that show the evolution of the direct transition as a function of Si/Ge ratio across the alloy range. We demonstrate the synthesis of type II Si/Ge clathrates spanning the whole alloy range. We also demonstrate a technique for forming Si clathrate films on d-Si wafers and sapphire substrates.