cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of current rectification by the new bimetallic iron(III) hydrophobe [FeIII2(LN4O6)] on Au|LB-molecule|Au devices

Targeting the development of stimulus-responsive molecular materials with electronic functionality, we have synthesized and studied the redox and electronic properties of a new bimetallic iron hydrophobe [FeIII2(LN4O6)] (1). The new H6LN4O6 ligand displays bicompartmental topology capable of accomodating two five-coordinate HSFeIII ions bridged by tetraaminobenzene at a close distance of ca. 8 A. We show that the metal-based reduction processes in (1) proceed sequentially, as observed for electronically coupled metal centers. This species forms a well-defined Pockels-Langmuir film at the air–water interface, with collapse pressure of 32 mN m−1. Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers were deposited on gold substrates and used to investigate current–voltage (I–V) measurements. This unprecedented bimetallic hydrophobe [FeIII2(LN4O6)] (1) shows unquestionable molecular rectification and displays a rectification ratio RR between 2 and 15.
Quantification of shoulder muscle intramuscular fatty infiltration on T1-weighted MRI: a viable alternative to the Goutallier classification system

Quantification of rotator cuff intramuscular fatty infiltration is important for clinical decision-making in patients with rotator cuff tear. The semi-quantitative Goutallier classification system is the most commonly used method, but has limited reliability. Therefore, we sought to test a freely available fuzzy C-means segmentation software program for reliability of the quantification of shoulder intramuscular fatty infiltration on T1-weighted MR images and for correlation with fat fraction by six-point Dixon MRI. We performed a prospective cross-sectional study to measure visible intramuscular fat area percentage on oblique sagittal T1 MR images by fuzzy C-means segmentation and fat fraction maps by six-point Dixon MRI for 42 shoulder muscles. Intra- and inter-observer reliability were determined. Correlative analysis for fuzzy C-means and six-point Dixon intramuscular fatty infiltration measures was also performed. We found that inter-observer reliability for the quantification of visible intramuscular fat area percentage by fuzzy C-means segmentation and fat fraction by six-point Dixon MRI was 0.947 and 0.951 respectively. The intra-observer reliability for the quantification of visible intramuscular fat area percentage by fuzzy C-means segmentation and fat fraction by six-point Dixon MRI was 0.871 and 0.979 respectively. We found a strong correlation between fuzzy C-means segmentation and six-point Dixon techniques; r = 0.850, p < 0.001 by individual muscle; and r = 0.977, p < 0.002 by study subject. Quantification of intramuscular fatty infiltration by fuzzy C-means segmentation on T1-weighted sequences demonstrates excellent reliability and strong correlation with fat fraction by six-point Dixon MRI. Quantitative fuzzy C-means segmentation is a viable alternative to the semi-quantitative Goutallier classification system.
Pediatric Adrenal Insufficiency: Diagnosis, Management, and New Therapies

Adrenal insufficiency may result from a wide variety of congenital or acquired disorders of hypothalamus, pituitary, or adrenal cortex. Destruction or dysfunction of the adrenal cortex is the cause of primary adrenal insufficiency, while secondary adrenal insufficiency is a result of pituitary or hypothalamic disease. Timely diagnosis and clinical management of adrenal insufficiency are critical to prevent morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes the etiologies, presentation, and diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency utilizing different dynamic hormone testing and describes current treatment recommendations and new therapies.
The Simple Aphasia Stress Scale.

Purpose Clinically accessible and concise measures of acute stress in adults with aphasia are lacking. The current article evaluated some psychometric features of a single-item self-report measure ...
The Need of the Antichrist to Tame the Wild Tongue of Nosotras

Nosotras (female “we” in Spanish) are constantly being robbed of our female being by male discourses. Lars von Trier’s torturous existentialism in Antichrist explores this dynamic through a heterosexual couple that has suffered the loss of their child. Based on the contributions of Gloria Anzaldua, Simone de Beauvoir, and Silvia Marcos, I reflect on a particular feminist implication from this film: terror is necessary for women to assert their identities. Anzaldua’s conception of the “wild tongue” speaks to the language and existence of women crossing multiple borders, where keeping their tongues wild is a way of asserting their identities. Antichrist is probably Lars von Trier’s most controversial film, and while some perceive it as misogynistic, I argue, based on my experience of the film as a Latina woman, that the film is subversively feminist. It shows us the impossibility of taming women’s wild tongues by masculinity and ultimately points a finger at society’s hypocrisy in justifying women’s wild tongues as outcomes of demonic possession or neurological disorders.
Additional Modeling Strategy Issues

In this chapter, we consider five issues on modeling Strategy, which were not covered in the previous two chapters on this topic: 1. Modeling strategy when there are two or more exposure variables 2. Screening variables when modeling 3. Collinearity diagnostics 4. Influential observations 5. Multiple testing Each of these issues represent important features of any regression analysis that typically require attention when determining a “best” model, although our specific focus concerns a binary logistic regression model.
Pens Down, Don’t Shoot: An Analysis of How Black Young Women Use Language to Fight Back:

Media culture is exploitative and damaging. It reinforces both racist and sexist stereotypes, which places Black young women’s unique racialized gender in a position to be overidentified in derogat...
A Retrospective Cohort Comparing Left and Right Middle Cerebral Artery Ischemic Stroke Functional Outcomes in Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation.

Background To date, no large population studies compare left and right middle cerebral artery (MCA) strokes and corresponding patient performance in acute rehabilitation as measured by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Objective To compare granular performance data using the six FIM subcategories between left and right MCA territory strokes. This may foster development of individualized rehabilitation programs and affect rehabilitation policy based on phenotypic variations. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation facilities, using Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation data from 2015 to 2017. Patients Individuals with MCA strokes admitted to inpatient rehabilitation facilities (n = 38 812). Main outcome measures Mean FIM efficiency and FIM gain within the six FIM subcategories (self-care, sphincter control, transfers, locomotion, communication, and social cognition) were compared between left and right MCA strokes. All were stratified by admission FIM severity categories ( 80). The study also examined length of stay and percentage discharged to home. Results Mean FIM efficiency was significantly higher for left MCA strokes compared to right MCA strokes. Left MCA strokes with admission FIM 80 did not display any significant differences. Overall, patients with left MCA strokes were discharged to home at a significantly higher percentage. Patients with left MCA strokes with admission FIM 40-80 had on average a 2-day shorter length of stay than those with right MCA strokes. Conclusions Overall, patients with left MCA ischemic strokes had shorter length of stays, higher FIM efficiencies, and larger FIM gains than those with right MCA strokes. These results allow clinicians to counsel patients regarding functional gains based on diagnosis and to tailor rehabilitation programs to impairments encountered in left and right MCA territories. Including laterality of stroke and admission functional status would also improve algorithms for determining reimbursement.
Multiphysics modeling of metal surface cleaning using atmospheric pressure plasma

An atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) system offers advanced, cost-effective processing routes for surface cleaning without a vacuum chamber. The appeal of APP systems in surface cleaning, however, is reduced by lack of a predictive link among the processing parameters, surface-plasma reactions, and plasma chemistry responsible for efficient removal. Here, we present a comprehensive multiphysics model of surface cleaning using a microwave assisted atmospheric plasma system as an alternative to chemical cleaning of surfaces. This model can quantitatively predict the processing time for the removal of the contaminant species from the surface. The presented model investigates the dependencies of removal rates and the nature of the contaminant species on the processing parameters. We demonstrate these dependencies by using polypropylene as a model hydrocarbon impurity. The complex and cooperative effects of microwave power, gas flow rate, torch-substrate distance, and tilt angle have been explored for understanding factors behind efficient cleaning. Our results show that the rate of hydrocarbon degradation is highly dependent on gas temperatures over the surface, flow pattern, and torch-substrate distance and depends less on the angle of attack. This study helps to optimize the values for operational parameters of atmospheric plasma processing that speeds up the experiments toward achieving a higher surface cleaning rate.
Abstract 106: The inhibitory effects of baicalein on cell proliferation in breast cancer cells

Baicalein is a naturally occurring substance found in certain herbaceous species such as Scutellaria baicalensis and Oroxylum indicum, as well more well-known species such as Thymus vulgaris (thyme). Classified as a flavonoid derivative, baicalein has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation by signaling apoptotic pathways in cell lines typically resistant to induced cell death. In this analysis, we have assessed cell viability by methylene blue staining and have shown that T47D breast cancer cells exhibit stunted proliferation patterns within 24 hours of exposure to baicalein at concentrations as low as 100 µM. Additionally, we have performed an analysis of the cell cycle by flow cytometry for which we have observed an arrest in the S phase, further indicating inhibited cell proliferation. Citation Format: Nicodemus C. Monear, Austin L. Kantola, Besa Xhabija. The inhibitory effects of baicalein on cell proliferation in breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 106.
COVID-19 Infection in Pediatric Population: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Nursing Management in Children

COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, started in the province of Wuhan in China in December 2019 and has reached pandemic proportions by March 2020 affecting many countries worldwide The purpose of this review is to present scientific evidence found until April 30, 2020 on the characteristics of COVID-19 in the pediatric population Bibliographical review of articles has been conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar, from January to April Most of the research included was conducted in China because only a small number of studies from Europe and other affected areas could be found, as the pandemic is still in progress As for the children, the disease turns up with mild symptoms while the mortality rate in childhood is particularly low The diagnosis of the disease is made through specific criteria, while a therapeutic protocol is applied for the treatment of the disease The virus is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, although it has not been scientifically proven that the virus is transmitted through vertical transmission from mother to fetus Copyright © 2021, IGI Global
THE QUADRUPLE PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE SYSTEM LkCa 3: IMPLICATIONS FOR STELLAR EVOLUTION MODELS

We report the discovery that the pre-main-sequence (PMS) object LkCa 3 in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region is a hierarchical quadruple system of M stars. It was previously known to be a close (~05) visual pair, with one component being a moderately eccentric 12.94 day single-lined spectroscopic binary. A re-analysis of archival optical spectra complemented by new near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy shows both visual components to be double lined; the second one has a period of 4.06 days and a circular orbit. In addition to the orbital elements, we determine optical and NIR flux ratios, effective temperatures, and projected rotational velocities for all four stars. Using existing photometric monitoring observations of the system that had previously revealed the rotational period of the primary in the longer-period binary, we also detect the rotational signal of the primary in the 4.06 day binary, which is synchronized with the orbital motion. With only the assumption of coevality, a comparison of all of these constraints with current stellar evolution models from the Dartmouth series points to an age of 1.4 Myr and a distance of 133 pc, consistent with previous estimates for the region and suggesting that the system is on the near side of the Taurus complex. Similar comparisons of the properties of LkCa 3 and the well-known quadruple PMS system GG Tau with the widely used models from the Lyon series for a mixing length parameter of αML = 1.0 strongly favor the Dartmouth models.
Beyond yellow ribbons: Are employers prepared to hire, accommodate and retain returning veterans with disabilities?

Are employers ready to hire, retain and accommodate veterans with disabilities (VWDs) returning from engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan? A survey of 1,083 human resource professionals examined employer readiness in three areas: knowledge, beliefs/willingness and actions/practices, with an emphasis on the signature disabilities of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Overall, employers surveyed did have willingness to employ VWDs and saw some benefits in doing so. Yet, they had key knowledge gaps around accommodating workers with PTSD and TBI and around disclosure issues. In the area of respondent willingness to employ VWDs, findings indicated most employers believed VWDs would benefit their organizations and would perform as well as other workers. Yet, they believed employing VWDs would involve more costs and more of a manager's time and were largely unsure if workers with PTSD were more likely than others to be violent in the workplace. Respondents' actions/practices indicated that the majority were not using recruitment or other resources specific to VWDs and had scant experience in accommodating workers with PTSD and TBI. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of research and application to impact employer knowledge, willingness and practices around employing VWDs.
Using an integrated ontology and information model for querying and reasoning about phenotypes: The case of autism.

The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry is a coordinated community-wide effort to develop ontologies that support the annotation and integration of scientific data. In work supported by the National Database of Autism Research (NDAR), we are developing an ontology of autism that extends the ontologies available in the OBO Foundry. We undertook a systematic literature review to identify domain terms and relationships relevant to autism phenotypes. To enable user queries and inferences about such phenotypes using data in the NDAR repository, we augmented the domain ontology with an information model. In this paper, we show how our approach, using a combination of description logic and rule-based reasoning, enables high-level phenotypic abstractions to be inferred from subject-specific data. Our integrated domain ontology–information model approach allows scientific data repositories to be augmented with rule-based abstractions that facilitate the ability of researchers to undertake data analysis.
Arenal cells in tissue culture. I. Assay of steroid products; steroidogenic responses to peptide hormones.

Abstract This report provides a detailed analysis of the methods employed in our laboratory for the growth and maintenance of functional monolayer cultures of murine adrenal tumor cells. Radiochemical analysis of the products of incubation of these cells with 3H-pregnenolone, 14C-progesterone, and 14C-sodium acetate has confirmed that the predominant steroids secreted into the medium are 20α dihydroprogesterone and 11β hydroxy, 20α dihydroprogesterone. Chemical and enzymatic procedures for the synthesis of the latter compound and other 20α hydroxylated steroids are described. A fluorometric assay has been developed that permits precise quantitation of steroid output within several minutes' incubation. Consistent Steroidogenic responses to ACTH ranging as high as ten times the basal output have been observed. There is a linear log-dose response to ACTH (or Synacthen, a β1–24 peptide fragment of ACTH) ranging from 10 pg/ml to 1000 pg/ml. A variety of other peptide hormones were found to be inactive. The response to ACTH proceeds linearly from 10 min to 24 hr. These cells provide a viable and highly reproducible system for the in vitro study of ACTH action.
Charge-based prediction circuits for focal plane image compression

This work presents the design of a computational charge-based circuit to be part of a focal plane compression chip. The image compression scheme pursued is predictive coding. The proposed circuit computes the prediction error at every pixel. It carries out the computations by integrating the photocurrents of the pixels in a small neighborhood. The prediction weights for every pixel can be changed by changing the switching timing of the circuit making possible the use of adaptive prediction algorithms. The circuit is compact and can be integrated at the pixel level.
Sharing science around the bay: Public outreach efforts of the San Francisco State University UAN Chapter (29.5)

The San Francisco State University Chapter of the ASBMB Undergraduate Affiliate Network (UAN) has made public outreach one of its missions. One of our goals in carrying out public outreach activiti...
A Truncated Retrotransposon Disrupts the GRM1 Coding Sequence in Coton de Tulear Dogs with Bandera's Neonatal Ataxia

Background: Bandera's neonatal ataxia (BNAt) is an autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia that affects members of the Coton de Tulear dog breed. Objective: To identify the mutation that causes BNAt. Animals: The study involved DNA from 112 Cotons de Tulear (including 15 puppies with signs of BNAt) and 87 DNA samples from dogs of 12 other breeds. Methods: The BNAt locus was mapped with a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The coding exons of positional candidate gene GRM1, which encodes metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified and resequenced. A 3-primer PCR assay was used to genotype individual dogs for a truncated retrotransposon inserted into exon 8 of GRM1. Results: The GWAS indicated that the BNAt locus was in a canine chromosome 1 region that contained candidate gene GRM1. Resequencing this gene from BNAt-affected puppies indicated that exon 8 was interrupted by the insertion of a 5′-truncated retrotransposon. All 15 BNAt-affected puppies were homozygous for the insert, whereas all other Cotons de Tulear were heterozygotes (n = 43) or homozygous (n = 54) for the ancestral allele. None of the 87 dogs from 12 other breeds had the insertion allele. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: BNAt is caused by a retrotransposon inserted into exon 8 of GRM1. A DNA test for the GRM1 retrotransposon insert can be used for genetic counseling and to confirm the diagnosis of BNAt.
Genetic Evidence That the Red-Absorbing Form of Phytochrome B Modulates Gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana

Hypocotyls of dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings exhibit strong negative gravitropism, whereas in red light, gravitropism is strongly reduced. Red/far-red light-pulse experiments and analysis of specific phytochrome-deficient mutants indicate that the red-absorbing (Pr) form of phytochrome B regulates normal hypocotyl gravitropism in darkness, and depletion of Pr by photoconversion to the far-red-absorbing form attenuates hypocotyl gravitropism. These studies provide genetic evidence that the Pr form of phytochrome has an active function in plant development.
Actuarial versus actual risk of porcine structural valve deterioration

Actuarial analysis, using nonparametric (e.g., life table or Kaplan-Meier) or parametric (statistical modeling) methods, is used to describe and compare survival probabilities by allowing for partial survival times (censoring). Although devised to describe freedom from death, this method has been extended to nonfatal complications, such as freedom from tissue valve failure. However, the risk described for nonfatal events is that which a patient would experience provided he were immortal. And patients with valve disease have a relatively high risk of dying, generating the question: "What is the chance the valve will fail before the patient dies?" To answer this more practical (for individual patient management and population resource allocation) question requires an estimate of what we call actual failure, that is, the percentage of patients whose valve will actually fail before they die. This risk is less than the risk which the usual actuarial curve describes. This difference increases with patient age, because older patients have a lower risk of tissue failure and a higher risk of death than younger patients.
Changes in Wages, Wage Inequality and the Return to Human Capital Skills in Kenya: 1977–2005

The conventional literature on wage inequality in Kenya has two drawbacks: first, by focusing on manufacturing sector wages, overlooking wages in other sectors, the results may be biased. Second, previous studies emphasize wage determination solely at the conditional mean rather than resort to wage determination across the entire earnings distribution. We remedy these weaknesses and add a new layer of research previously unexamined. Particularly, we consider wage changes during periods of wide GDP fluctuations from 1977 to 1986, 1986 to 1999, and 1999 to 2005 and explore if prices of measured human capital skills moved in tandem with changes in the dispersion of unmeasured human capital skills as is postulated by human capital theory. Our results support human capital theory: we find higher wages and higher residual wage dispersion during periods of rising GDP (1999–2005) but find lower wages and lower residual wage dispersion during periods of falling GDP (1977–86 and 1986–99).
Growth of L^p Lebesgue constants for convex polyhedra and other regions

For any convex polyhedron W in ℝ m , p ∈ (1,∞), and N > 1, there are constants γ 1 (W, p, m) and γ 2 (W, p,m) such that Similar results hold for more general regions. These results are various special cases of the inequalities where φ(N) = N p(m-1)/2 when p ∈ (1,2m/m+1), φ(N) = N p(m―1)/2 log N when p = 2m/m+1, and φ(N) = N m(p-1) when p > 2m/m+1 where B is a bounded subset of ℝ m with non-empty interior.
Biophotonics: Unravelling animal anatomy

An elegant approach to imaging the interior organs of small animals with improved visibility and accuracy looks set to help drug development and disease research.
Node Yield and Node Involvement in Young Colon Cancer Patients: Is There a Difference in Cancer Survival Based on Age?

The effect on cancer-specific survival (CSS) from the number of resected nodes (node yield) and the number of nodes involved with colon cancer has not been studied with respect to age. Data from 1992 to 2006 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry were analyzed for colon cancer patients undergoing curative resection, comparing younger (<40; n = 2,642) and older (≥40; n = 138,769) patients. The mean number of positive nodes and mean node yield was higher for the younger group. Younger patients were more likely to have metastatic disease and to have a nodal yield of ≥12 nodes, and were less likely to have node-negative colon cancers (all p < 0.0001). Younger age was associated with a lower risk of death from colon cancer (HR = 0.65; p < 0.0001). No CSS effect was noted with the interaction of age with either node yield or node involvement. Node yield <12 created a higher risk of cancer-specific death (HR = 1.22; p < 0.0001) regardless of stage. KM plots by stage demonstrated a CSS advantage (p < 0.0001) for younger patients. Younger patients with colon cancers do not have a worse CSS simply because of their young age, so long as proper oncologic surgical principles are adhered to.
Autoradiographic localization of [125I]-angiotensin II binding sites in the rat adrenal gland.

To gain greater insight into sites of action of circulating angiotensin II (Ang II) within the adrenal, we have localized the [125I]–Ang II binding site using in vitro autoradiography. Autoradiograms were generated either by apposition of Isotope–sensitive film or with emulsion–coated coverslips to slide–mounted adrenal sections labeled in vitro with 1.0 nm [125I]–Ang II. Analysis of the autoradiograms showed that Ang II binding sites were concentrated in a thin band in the outer cortex (over the cells of the zona glomerulosa) and in the adrenal medulla, which at higher power was seen as dense patches. Few sites were evident in the inner cortex. The existence of Ang II binding sites in the adrenal medulla was confirmed by conventional homogenate binding techniques which revealed a single class of high affinity Ang II binding site (Kd=0.7nm, Bmax=168.7 fmol/mg). These results suggest that the adrenal medulla may be a target for direct receptor–mediated actions of Ang II.
Toward explaining congregational giving

Abstract A series of research projects have identified the major correlates of financial giving to religious congregations, but a satisfactory explanation of congregational giving has proven elusive. We propose a theoretical model that shifts attention from the individual to the organization and is derived from a more general theoretical model of religious commitment. Testing the causal model with an expanded range of organizational measures and structural equation models, we conclude that congregational beliefs, requirements, and networks serve to mutually support each other in generating an exclusiveness that produces a high level of giving. When combined with size of congregation, income, and denominational affiliation the proposed theoretical model fits the data quite well and explains a high level of the variance.
Transfusion medicine for the pediatrician

In the next decade, many of the methodologies and research reviewed in this article will become clinical practice, making the transfusion of blood products safer and more universally available than they are today. NAT will be standard and will surely be performed on each unit of product, PCR testing for pathogens will evolve, and the pathophysiology and immunology of transfusion-related events such as TRALI and immunomodulation will be elucidated. New methods of preservation and early detection of contamination will extend the life of blood products. Red blood cell antigens may be attenuated, making safe products available to more patients. Clinical vigilance at the bedside and in the blood bank will remain key areas for transfusion safety. As I have told many a resident and patient, blood is not saline; there are and will remain risks inherent in this commonly used medical therapy.
Microstructure and compressive properties of carbon microballoons

Carbon microballoons (CMBs) with tap densities of 0.143, 0.161, and 0.177 g/cm3, as measured per ASTM B 527-93, were characterized in terms of individual balloon diameter, wall thickness, and mechanical behavior in compression through a novel uniaxial compression test technique. This compression test, performed on an MTS Nanoindenter XP II, utilized a flat-ended cylindrical tip rather than the common Berkovich indenter. Quantitative microscopy techniques were used to obtain diameter and wall thickness measurements on the polished cross-sections of individual CMBs that had been cold mounted in epoxy resin. Though there was significant overlap in the three populations, a trend toward increasing average wall thickness—from 1.32 to 2.16 μm—with increasing tap density was observed. Compressive property data including failure load, failure strain, fracture energy, and stiffness were obtained for individual microballoons. Comparison of these data, both inter- and intra-tap density, has yielded some viable trends. CMB failure strain exhibited a dependence upon the inverse square root of the CMB diameter, and CMB failure load depended linearly upon CMB stiffness. Averages for each tap density’s failure load, pseudo-stiffness, and fracture energy were also calculated and observed to increase with tap density.
Effect of a Protuberance on Thermal Convection in a Square Cavity

Analyse de la convection due a la difference de temperature entre 2 des parois verticales d'une cavite carree. Etude numerique de l'influence d'une protuberance semi-cylindrique sur le fond de la cavite sur les coefficients de transfert de chaleur total et local pour un nombre de Prandtl egal a 0,71 et un nombre de Reynolds jusqu'a 10 4
The FMIT Experimental Drift Tube

An experimental drift tube (EDT) is being developed for use in the prototype Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) Facility. The EDT is being used as a developmental test bed for evaluation of drift-tube design and fabrication. Standard features, typical of the FMIT drift tubes, such as copper-plated stainless-steel construction, channelized-flow face cooling, beam steering coils, water-cooled quadrupole magnets, and water-cooled bore tubes, will be incorporated into the EDT. The EDT also will serve as a diagnostic tool containing a beam-position monitor, (BPM) as well as instrumentation to provide engineering data relating to vibrations, heating because of beam spill, and normal operating quadrupole and drifttube skin temperatures. The EDT program is currently in the design and developmental fabrication stages, and the proposed completion date is April 1981, with installation into the prototype FMIT accelerator in June 1982.
SrxBa1−xNb2O6 single crystal fibers: dependence of crystal quality on growth parameters

The laser-heated pedestal growth technique was used to grow undoped and cerium-doped strontium barium niobate, SrxBa1-xNb2O6, single crystal fibers. Crystals approximately 400–600 μm in diameter and 30–40 mm in length, of compositions extending across the solid-solution range, 0.25<x<0.75, were grown. The pull/feed rates were varied, at a constant ratio of 2-to-1, and the effect on the resulting crystal quality and composition of cerium-doped Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6 was studied. Crystal quality was evaluated through the observation of dislocation patterns produced in an acid-etch technique, and the compositional homogeneity was monitored by the change in the ferroelectric transition temperature as a function of growth rate and position along the fiber. High quality single crystal fibers were produced at growth rates up to 40 mm/h. The single crystals were compositionally homogeneous and relatively dislocation-free. The freezing and melting interfaces were unusually shaped but similar to that observed in the float zone growth of NaNO3, suggesting that Marangoni convection may be responsible for the distortion observed at the interfaces.
Contributions of rider-induced loads to bicycle frame stress

AbstractPresented in this paper is a new method for design analysis of bicycle frames. The new method relies on measurements of rider induced loading to perform a stress analysis of a bicycle frame. The vehicle for the stress analysis is ANSYS, a commercially available finite element code. Through application of individual measured loads, the method examines the corresponding nodes of maximum stress. Polar plots are developed to illustrate the variation of stress as a function of crank arm angle. Polar plots are also developed for the nodes experiencing the maximum total stress. Such a procedure enables the contribution of individual measured loads to the maximum stress to be ascertained. With this information, not only are the important loads for design analysis identified, but also the structural members of relative high and low stress are determined. Accordingly, these results have application to the detailed design of individual structural members.To illustrate the new method, stress analysis of an al...
Alternative dispute resolution in medical malpractice: A survey of emerging trends and practices

This article summarizes the survey findings from thirteen organizations offering alternative dispute resolution (ADR) services in medical malpractice cases. We discuss the types of disputes handled, the ADR systems used, the typical case outcomes, and the staff qualifications. We also report on the challenges and successes that these ADR programs faced, including the impact of recent legislation on medical malpractice litigation. The results highlight the central role of communication in resolving conflict following unexpected medical errors.
The pathology of rheumatism.

HEUMATIC polyarthritis was known R to Hippocrates for he has given a description of arthritis that moved rapidly from joint to joint. The name rheumatism, however, was applied to the disease first by Ballonius’ in a treatise that was published in 1635, twenty years after his death. Sydenham (1676) 2 gave an exact clinical description and stated that “at times it afflicts this or that joint; at other times the inward parts.” He also described the chorea. Boerhaave (1737) 3 mentions that “rheumatism invades sometimes the brain, lungs and bowels.” StBrck (1762) 4 recognized the pleurisy of rheumatism. Stoll (1788)” also spoke of rheumatic pleurisy and rheumatic peripneumonia. Pitcairn (1788)6 described the pericarditis due to rheumatism. Jenner7 was well aware of the damage done to the heart by rheumatism. Our modern literature on rheumatism may be said to begin with the writings of Bouillaud (1837-40).8 Meynet (1875)” described the occurrence of subcutaneous nodules and shortly thereafter a more complete description of these was given by Barlow and Warner ( 1881).l” The involvement of the myocardium was described by Besnier 1876, Hardy 1876, West 1878 and Goodhart 1879.‘l Romberg (1894)12 appears to have been the first to recognize inflammatory lesions in the myocardium. Poynton (1899) l3 described what we now call the submiliary nodule but seemingly did not appreciate its specificity. It was Aschoff (1904)” who pointed out the specificity of this submiliary nodule now generally called by his name. ASCHOFF OR SUBMILIARY NODULE The most specific lesion of rheumatic disease is the Aschoff nodule. In the formation of the nodule the initial damage appears to be to collagen that swells and fragments. About these fragments there collect small nononuclear wandering cells, and with them, in some instances a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Later appear the more characteristic large cells, the so-called Aschoff cells; these have a faintly basophilic cytoplasm and a large vesicular nucleus with a prominent chromatin mass in the center. Many of these cells have but a single nucleus, others have multiple nuclei. As these larger cells accumulate, the smaller cellular components disappear; finally in the well developed nodules only the larger cells are found. (Fig. 1.) In preparations of myocardium suitably stained to show the reticulum fibers, the latter are found to be spread apart by the accumulated cells but are not ruptured. As the nodule becomes older, the characteristic cells assume a more spindle shape; they come to resemble more closely connective cells. Collagen is laid down and finally a dense avascular scar remains to indicate the site of the nodule. There is some dispute as to the nature of the so-called Aschoff cell. Aschoff considered them to be derived from the large mononuclear cells. Letulle, Bezanson and Weil’” thought they came from heart muscle, but such an origin could not be invoked for those nodules found in other situations than myocardium. In a recent study Clawson’ concluded they were modified histiocytes.
Frequency and spatial filtering by means of advanced optical funneling

Enhancement of transmission of electromagnetic power through deeply subwavelength holes has gained a lot of attention during the past decade, due to the counter-intuitive nature of the phenomenon and potential applications in sensing and near-field microscopy. One structure where such a giant transmission enhancement is observed is a parallel-plate waveguide with a pair of deeply subwavelength slits at the opposite walls of the waveguide [R. Merlin, Phys. Rev. X, vol. 2, p. 031015, 2012]. In particular, it can be theoretically shown that, at a frequency just below the cutoff frequency of the waveguide's fundamental mode, a diffraction-limited incident beam can be perfectly transmitted through this structure, no matter how small the slits are, as a result of the excitation of a Fabry- Perot resonance in the cavity. A particularly interesting aspect of this Fabry-Perot resonance is that it extends with identical phase over an area much larger than the area occupied by the slits, resembling the field distribution in an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) slab. Here, we use this concept and earlier work on power funneling through ENZ-coated subwavelength holes [A. Alu, F. Bilotti, N. Engheta, and L. Vegni, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1632–1643, June 2006], to dramatically increase the effective aperture of the parallel-plate structure described before. In particular, we show that by using an array of slits at one wall of the waveguide, instead of a single slit as in [R. Merlin, Phys. Rev. X, vol. 2, p. 031015, 2012], we can capture incident power along the entire resonance excited between the walls, achieving full transmission of beams even 10λ long. Furthermore, we show that such a funneling behavior is not restricted to the fundamental Fabry-Perot resonance, studied in [R. Merlin, Phys. Rev. X, vol. 2, p. 031015, 2012], but it also applies to higher order resonances, thus allowing multiband operation. An exciting application enabled by this property is the realization of frequency-spatial filters, similar to the Bayer filters used in digital photography, but with much enhanced efficiency. In particular, instead of opening one slit in the output wall as in [R. Merlin, Phys. Rev. X, vol. 2, p. 031015, 2012] we open as many as the frequency components of the incident wave we want to transmit through and at the spatial locations where these frequency components need to be transmitted. We are able to enforce transmission of a single frequency component through a particular slit by attaching to this slit a cavity resonating at this frequency. In such a way we manage to efficiently route different frequency components of the incident wave to different spatial locations.
Outcome, toxicity profile and cost analysis of autologous stem cell mobilization

Autologous stem cell mobilization (ASCM) is conventionally done using high-dose CY plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G). It is important to examine the outcomes, toxicity profile and costs of ASCM associated with CY+G. A retrospective study was conducted in 236 patients with myeloma or lymphoma undergoing ASCM with CY+G. An ideal outcome was defined as ⩾2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg collected on the planned day of collection in 1 or 2 apheresis without a negative clinical event. The total cost of ASCM including clinical events, were reported based on Medicare part-B physician, laboratory and ancillary fee schedule. ASCM was successful in 213 (90%) patients, but an ideal outcome was seen in only 50 (20%) patients. Median (interquartile range, IQR) total cost of CY+G stem cells mobilization was $10 605 ($9230–$14 540). Ideal outcomes were associated with lower costs compared with non-ideal outcomes (median (IQR), $9914 ($8743–$11 168) versus $11232 ($9292–$15 518) respectively, P<0.001). The median (IQR) cost of non-ideal outcome was higher among lymphoma patients ($12 293 ($9578–$16 268)) compared with myeloma patients ($10 388 ($9355–$14 360) (P=0.04). Although mobilization success is eventually realized with CY+G, it has a low rate of ideal outcome, associated with significant adverse events and costs.
What Determines the Value of Life: A Meta‐Analysis

A large literature has developed in which labor market contracts are used to estimate the value of a statistical life (VSL). Reported estimates of the VSL vary substantially, from less than $100,000 to more than $25 million. This research uses meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the VSL literature. Results from existing studies are pooled to identify the systematic relationships between VSL estimates and each study's particular features, such as the sample composition and research methods. This meta-analysis suggests that a VSL range of approximately $1.5 million to $2.5 million (in 1998 dollars) is what can be reasonably inferred from past labor-market studies when “best practice” assumptions are invoked. This range is considerably below many previous qualitative reviews of this literature. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Thermal expansion, molar volume and specific heat of diamond from 0 to 3000K

Thermal expansion is of both practical and theoretical importance and it together with specific heat is essential for predicting a thermodynamic equation of state. We utilize a semi-empirical quasi-harmonic model to evaluate available data for diamond. The model allows us to predict the thermal properties of the metastable diamond polymorph to 3000K. The approach consisting of a simplified frequency spectrum with several Einstein terms provides a convenient mathematical method where a minimum of empirical parameters represent the thermal property.
Evaluation of the economic and environmental impact of combining dry reforming with steam reforming of methane

Abstract Lately, there has been considerable interest in the development of more efficient processes to generate syngas, an intermediate in the production of fuels and chemicals, including methanol, dimethyl ether, ethylene, propylene and Fischer–Tropsch fuels. Steam methane reforming (SMR) is the most widely applied method of producing syngas from natural gas. Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a process that uses waste carbon dioxide to produce syngas from natural gas. Dry reforming alone has not yet been implemented commercially; however, a combination of steam methane reforming and dry reforming of methane (SMR + DRM) has been used in industry for several years. The aim of this work was to simulate both the SMR and SMR + DRM processes and to conduct an economic and environmental analysis to determine whether the SMR + DRM process is competitive with the more popular SMR process. The results indicate that the SMR + DRM process has a lower carbon footprint. Further research on DRM catalysts could make this process economically competitive with steam methane reforming.
Remote Sensing Observations of Winter Aircraft Icing Conditions: A Case Study

This article describes how various combinations and arrays of remote sensors can be used to successfully predict aircraft icing conditions aloft. A case study, validated by pilot reports, is developed to illustrate the use of remote sensor data to predict aircraft icing conditions as well as verify icing forecasts. Surface-based remote sensing instruments and conventional instruments were used to study aircraft icing conditions during the winter storm of January 24-25, 1989, in the Denver, Colorado area. A unique combination of arrays of remote sensors was used to determine spatial and temporal distribution of supercooled liquid water. The remote sensors used were profiling radars, radio-acoustic sounding systems, multichannel microwave radiometers, and lidar ceilometers. Measurements used to predict aircraft icing conditions aloft included cloud liquid water, temperature profiles with high vertical (—150 m) and temporal (—15 min) resolutions, and the heights of cloud base, as well as estimates of cloud-top height with a temporal resolution of 15 min. Arrays of remote sensing instruments are shown to enhance detection and prediction of aircraft icing. Present and future remote sensing capabilities for detecting aircraft icing events are described. This icing case study is unique in combining arrays of remote sensors of various types to define the spatial and temporal distributions of supercooled liquid water, and in making comparisons with pilot reports as a means of verification.
Bright High Average Power Table-top Soft X-Ray Lasers

We have demonstrated the generation of bright soft x-ray laser pulses with record-high average power from compact plasma amplifiers excited by ultrafast solid state lasers. These lasers have numerous applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Applying Information Modeling for Protecting Enterprise Assets from Threats

Government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and private industry use a wide array of software platforms for managing data about emergency conditions, resources and response activities. Most of these are stand-alone systems with very limited capability for data sharing with other agencies or other levels of government. Information technology advances have facilitated the movement towards an integrated and coordinated approach to emergency management. Other communication mechanisms, such as video teleconferencing, digital television and radio broadcasting, are being utilized to combat the challenges of emergency information exchange. The goal of our effort was to develop a proof of concept that applying information modeling to the business processes used to protect and mitigate potential loss of an enterprise was feasible. These activities would be modeled both pre- and post-incident.
Difference approximations for initial boundary-value problems

The problem of the stability of difference approximations for initial boundary-value problems is examined and recent results obtained in this field by Gustafsson, Kreiss & Sundstrom (1971) are presented. It is shown that even for scalar equations the Ryabenkii-Godunow condition is not sufficient for stability and a procedure is outlined which leads to a slightly strengthened form of this condition which is satisfactory in practice.
Numerical analysis of turbulent cross stresses and pressure in the developing region of an axisymmetric jet

Abstract A numerical study was conducted of the transition region of an axisymmetric isothermal jet, from 10 to 44 diameters downstream of the nozzle exit. The transition region is of particular interest because if offers an opportunity to examine the relationship among physical quantities in a developing flow. A model for the Reynolds cross-stress terms was developed from empirical correlations of mean velocity. It was then used, along with correlations for RMS velocities, to numerically predict pressure in the developing region. This turbulence model is more accurate than experimental measurements in high Reynolds number, transitional flows because the scales of turbulence in these conditions are too small to resolve experimentally. Numerical results show that close coupling exists between the mean axial velocity and the Reynolds cross-stresses. Similarly, a close relationship exists between the axial and radial RMS velocity fluctuations and the developing pressure gradients in the axial and radial direction. Therefore, when the mean velocities reach fully similar form, similarity of Reynolds cross stresses is also required. The axial and radial fluctuations continue to develop, and asymptotically approach similar forms at rates closely matching the decay of the mean pressure gradients. The information presented here can be used to test turbulence models applied to developing flows.