cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived system longevity increases system justification and the legitimacy of inequality

In two studies, we test the prediction that perceived longevity increases system justification and the legitimacy of inequality. In Study 1, the foundations of the capitalist system were portrayed as younger or older on a timeline. Participants scored higher on economic system justification and perceived capitalism as more legitimate when they were led to believe that this economic system was older. In Study 2, we manipulated the longevity of the Indian caste system and recruited both Indians and Americans. Both groups judged the caste system as more justifiable and legitimate when it was described as more longstanding. In addition, Indians reported more system dependence and judged the caste system as more justifiable and legitimate than Americans. Feelings of system dependence explained the effects of nationality, but not the effects of longevity, on the justification and legitimacy of the caste system. Perceived longevity is a novel contributor to system justification. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Singular-value decomposition approach to time series modelling

In various signal processing applications, as exemplified by spectral analysis, deconvolution and adaptive filtering, the parameters of a linear recursive model are to be selected so that the model is `most' representative of a given set of time series observations. For many of these applications, the parameters are known to satisfy a theoretical recursive relationship involving the time series' autocorrelation lags. Conceptually, one may then use this recursive relationship, with appropriate autocorrelation lag estimates substituted, to effect estimates for the operator's parameters. A procedure for carrying out this parameter estimation is given which makes use of the singular-value decomposition (SVD) of an extended-order autocorrelation matrix associated with the given time series. Unlike other SVD modelling methods, however, the approach developed does not require a full-order SVD determination. Only a small subset of the matrix's singular values and associated characteristic vectors need be computed. This feature can significantly alleviate an otherwise overwhelming computational burden that is necessitated when generating a full-order SVD. Furthermore, the modelling performance of this new method has been found empirically to excel that of a near maximum-likelihood SVD method as well as several other more traditional modelling methods.
The development of successful tracheoesophageal voice restoration.

Since the first reports of laryngectomy surgery, voice preservation has been an important consideration in planning treatment and developing improved methods. General acceptance of laryngectomy for the management of laryngeal cancer demands a realistic chance of voice preservation. The most frequently quoted paper describing the first successful laryngectomy reported Billroth’s operation and proposed a fistula technique for voice restoration [1]. The procedure used a pharyngostoma to manage secretions and an external device to direct exhaled air into the pharynx for voice production. By the late 19th century, the pharyngostoma was no longer part of the laryngectomy procedure, making it more acceptable, but voice rehabilitation required the development of esophageal speech or an external device to provide vibrating air for phonation. A number of pneumatic or electrical devices became available for voice. The most effective was esophageal speech, which freed the laryngectomee from devices and provided an ‘‘internal’’ voice from the patient’s natural pharyngoesophageal tissues, often called the pseudoglottis. The acquisition of esophageal speech requires dedicated training, and depends on the development of the pseudoglottis after laryngectomy, which is never a planned part of the procedure. For these reasons, less than one third of laryngectomees acquire esophageal speech, and only a few are considered exceptional speakers. Thus, many patients are relegated to unnaturalsounding external devices, writing pads, or silence. Alternatively, with the development of clinical radiation therapy techniques, treatment of many laryngeal cancers by a nonsurgical method is more acceptable to patients and medical colleagues. This preference for nonsurgical management of laryngeal cancer is the basis for today’s organ-preservation protocols. The recurring and
Ricci flow on Kaehler-Einstein surfaces

In this paper, we construct a set of new functionals of Ricci curvature on any Kaehler manifolds which are invariant under holomorphic transfermations in Kaehler Einstein manifolds and essentially decreasing under the Kaehler Ricci flow. Moreover, if the initial metric has non-negative bisectional curvature, using Tian's inequality, we can prove that each of the functionals has uniform lower bound along the flow which gives a set of integral estimates on curvature. Using this set of integral estimates, we are able to show the following theorem: Let M be a Kaehler-Einstein surface with positive scalar curvature. If the initial metric has nonnegative sectional curvature and positive somewhere, then the Kaehler-Ricci flow converges exponentially fast to a Kaehler-Einstein metric with constant bisectional curvature.
Evaporation kinetics of aqueous acetic acid droplets: effects of soluble organic aerosol components on the mechanism of water evaporation

The presence of organic surfactants in atmospheric aerosol may lead to a depression of cloud droplet growth and evaporation rates affecting the radiative properties and lifetime of clouds. Both the magnitude and mechanism of this effect, however, remain poorly constrained. We have used Raman thermometry measurements of freely evaporating micro-droplets to determine evaporation coefficients for several concentrations of acetic acid, which is ubiquitous in atmospheric aerosol and has been shown to adsorb strongly to the air–water interface. We find no suppression of the evaporation kinetics over the concentration range studied (1–5 M). The evaporation coefficient determined for 2 M acetic acid is 0.53 ± 0.12, indistinguishable from that of pure water (0.62 ± 0.09).
H-FLUX: an interactive program for the analysis of acid-base efflux.

H-FLUX is an interactive computer program designed to facilitate the calculation of acid or base efflux from a tissue or organism into the surrounding media. It will accept data derived from different experimental protocols and allows for a high level of experimental flexibility. An example calculation of acid efflux from the marine fish Opsanus beta is given.
Changes in mindfulness skills and treatment response among veterans in residential PTSD treatment.

Recent research has explored the use of mindfulness principles as a component in treatments for various mental health difficulties, although limited research has explored the relationships between mindfulness and PTSD. Therefore, the current study assessed the relationships between mindfulness skills and PTSD and depression severity for a veteran sample (N 149) in a residential PTSD treatment program. Although overall mindfulness skills did not change significantly over the course of treatment, specific subscales of the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) were negatively associated with clinician-rated measures of PTSD and depression. Veterans who reported greater improvement on Acting with Awareness skills over the course of treatment had lower levels of clinician-rated PTSD and depression at posttreatment.
Lewin's legacy for small-groups research

This paper analyzes Lewin's legacy for small-groups research. Lewin is widely viewed as the “father” of small-groups research. The paper proposes, however, that his influence was primarily indirect and not always positive. Both Lewin's positive and his negative influences on small-groups research are discussed. A more realistic image of Lewin and his legacy emerge as a result.
GABAB receptors and norepinephrine-stimulated cAMP production in rat brain cortex

The ability of GABAergic compounds to influence cAMP accumulation in rat brain cortex was examined. It was found that GABAB receptor agonist such as GABA, baclofen, and kojic amine potentiate the cAMP response in cerebral cortex during exposure to norepinephrine. Isoguvacine and THIP, selective GABAA receptor agonists, did not demonstrate this effect. The response to baclofen was stereoselective, with virtually all activity residing in the (−)isomer. Bicuculline methiodide had no effect on the agonist-induced potentiation and the rank order of potency for GABAB agonists to potentiate the cAMP response is identical to their rank order of potency in the GABAB binding assay. These data suggest that GABAB receptors are capable of influencing the brain cyclic nucleotide system.
Niche divergence of Abies grandis–Abies concolor hybrids

Homoploid hybridization has increasingly been recognized as an important source of genetic variation to support adaptation to changing environmental conditions, the invasion of novel ecological niches and, ultimately, speciation. Although ecological selection pressures have been theorized to play a key role in the stabilization of homoploid hybrid lineages, surprisingly few detailed quantitative studies compare the realized ecological niches of hybrids and their progenitors. In this study, we compare twenty bioclimatic variables (Worldclim) at representative occurrence sites of Abies grandis, Abies concolor, and two classes of their natural hybrids, which are variably intergradient between their progenitors, to assess the potential role of ecological selection in the evolution of the observed morphological patterns of introgression. We find that both hybrid classes occupy distinct habitats that are variably intermediate between those associated with A. grandis and A. concolor for a majority of environmental variables, but with lower precipitation in the summertime in the southern Cascade, Siskiyou, and Sierra Nevada Mountains than associated with either progenitor. We hypothesize that moisture stress and high levels of solar insolation in the summertime associated with hybrid populations have played an important role in the observed patterns of introgression of key traits: leaf angle, specific leaf area, and abundance of adaxial stomates. Phenotypic plasticity in two of these traits may allow hybrids to adapt to an environment with a higher degree of variability in moisture stress. Moreover, in the context of moisture stress associated with predicted climate change, hybrids may have an adaptive advantage over A. grandis.
Anthocyanins of the Garden Huckleberry, Solanum guineese

SUMMARY The anthocyanin pigments of the garden huckleberry (Solanum guineese) were isolated and identified from their chromatographic, spectral and chemical properties. The major pigment was petanin (petnnidin-3 (p-coumaroyl rutinoside)-5-glucoside) (93%). The minor pigments were petunidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside (3.5ys), negretein (malvidin-3 (p-coumaroyl rutinoside)-5-glucoside (2.0%), and a new compound, guineesin, petunidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside acylated with two molecules of p-coumaric acid (1.5%).
Desert island theorems

As graph theory celebrates its 250th anniversary, this essay considers examples of various types of results which the future, it is hoped, will bring.
Non-axisymetric mirrors produced by stressed mirror polishing

Abstract A new technique for fabricating non-axisymmetric mirrors takes advantage of the ease of polishing spheres by applying appropriate external stresses to elastically deform the desired mirror shape into a sphere. The sphere is polished into the blank, and upon release of the external forces, the mirror springs back to the desired shape. The method has been tested by making an off-axis paraboloid requiring 10 μm deflections. The final mirror was paraboloidal to 0.03 μm
Lethal and Sublethal Action of Acetic Acid on Salmonella In Vitro and on Cut Surfaces of Apple Slices

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial action of acetic acid (AA) on Salmonella as affected by acid concentration, exposure time, culture age, and bacterial strains was investigated. Relative susceptibility of 6 Salmonella serovars to AA action was in the following order: S. bareilly > S. typhimurium > S. montevideo > S. poona > S. mbandaka > S. stanley. The stationary-phase cells of S. mbandaka were 100-fold more resistant to AA action than the log-phase cells. A mixture of Salmonella strains at a specified physiological stage should be used when testing the efficacy of the sanitizer treatment. Washing apple disks with NaOCl, H2O2, AA, or Na3P04 greatly reduced the number of Salmonella and 30% to 40% of cells that survived were injured. Washing with a mixture of AA and H2O2 was the most effective in removing Salmonella from apple disks.
Silicate-bearing iron meteorites and their implications for the evolution of asteroidal parent bodies

Abstract Silicate-bearing iron meteorites differ from other iron meteorites in containing variable amounts of silicates, ranging from minor to stony-iron proportions (∼50%). These irons provide important constraints on the evolution of planetesimals and asteroids, especially with regard to the nature of metal–silicate separation and mixing. I present a review and synthesis of available data, including a compilation and interpretation of host metal trace-element compositions, oxygen-isotope compositions, textures, mineralogy, phase chemistries, and bulk compositions of silicate portions, ages of silicate and metal portions, and thermal histories. Case studies for the petrogeneses of igneous silicate lithologies from different groups are provided. Silicate-bearing irons were formed on multiple parent bodies under different conditions. The IAB/IIICD irons have silicates that are mainly chondritic in composition, but include some igneous lithologies, and were derived from a volatile-rich asteroid that underwent small amounts of silicate partial melting but larger amounts of metallic melting. A large proportion of IIE irons contain fractionated alkali-silica-rich inclusions formed as partial melts of chondrite, although other IIE irons have silicates of chondritic composition. The IIEs were derived from an H-chondrite-like asteroid that experienced more significant melting than the IAB asteroid. The two stony-iron IVAs were derived from an extensively melted and apparently chemically processed L or LL-like asteroid that also produced a metallic core. Ungrouped silicate-bearing irons were derived from seven additional asteroids. Hf–W age data imply that metal–silicate separation occurred within 0–10 Ma of CAI formation for these irons, suggesting internal heating by 26 Al. Chronometers were partly re-set at later times, mainly earlier for the IABs and later for the IIEs, including one late (3.60 ± 0.15 Ga) strong impact that affected the “young silicate” IIEs Watson (unfractionated silicate, and probable impact melt), Netschaevo (unfractionated, and metamorphosed), and Kodaikanal (fractionated). Kodaikanal probably did not undergo differentiation in this late impact, but the similar ages of the “young silicate” IIEs imply that relatively undifferentiated and differentiated materials co-existed on the same asteroid. The thermal histories and petrogeneses of fractionated IIE irons and IVA stony irons are best accommodated by a model of disruption and reassembly of partly molten asteroids.
Adolescent homosexuality: we need to learn more about causes and consequences.

In this issue a descriptive study of various aspects of homosexual orientation among adolescents is presented. In agreement with previous American studies the authors identify three separate domains of homosexuality: attraction fantasy and self-identification. This knowledge is important in understanding an adolescent struggling with homosexual thoughts. The development of an homosexual identity is a process connected with serious health hazards related to both physical and mental health. Most adolescents are not given adequate support because heterosexuality is considered the norm in most cultures. (authors)
Importance of the anatase−rutile phase transition and titania grain enlargement in the strong metal−support interaction phenomenon in fe/TiO2 catalysts

Abstract The strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) in the system consisting of iron supported on high-surface-area titania powder was investigated. By observation of the anatase-rutile phase transition, titania grain enlargement, and the SMSI effect at several reduction temperatures in the range 643–873 K, it was found that these three phenomena occur simultaneously at reduction temperatures above 723 K. This suggests that the three phenomena are interrelated, and that the phase transition and grain enlargement are important factors concerning SMSI in high-surface-area powder samples. A mechanism has been proposed whereby Ti3+ defect centers in the titania lattice formed from support reduction are responsible for acceleration of phase transition and grain enlargement, and the TiOx, species that migrates onto supported metal particles is formed during the chaotic state of simultaneous phase transition and grain enlargement. At the temperature of the onset of the above three phenomena (~723 K), a stabilization against high-temperature sintering of iron particles became evident, suggesting that this effect becomes operative at the onset of SMSI. Iron particles supported on rutile were significantly smaller than anatase-supported particles which were reduced at the same temperature. The rutile was formed from anatase before impregnation with iron by reduction in hydrogen at 873 K followed by oxidation with oxygen at 473 K. The smaller iron particles and incomplete iron reduction were attributed to O−2 ions adsorbed to the titania surface which acted to anchor Fe3+ and/or Fe2+ ions to the support, preventing their migration and combination to form large fully reduced iron particles.
Flexibility, learning, and irreversibility in environmental decisions: a Bayesian approach

The Bayes decision is characterized and studied for a two-period decision problem involving a proposed resource development project. It is assumed that development is irreversible and that expectations about benefits and costs during the second period vary with experiences resulting from the first-period action. The amount and types of learning achieved depend upon the particular action taken during the first period. Flexible sequential decision procedures are compared with fixed once-and-for-all decisions. It is shown that under this specification, optimal development decisions are not necessarily more conservative when a sequential procedure is used. The possibility of reneging on a fixed decision is formally specified and studied.
Cardiorespiratory stability of very low birth weight premature neonates following postoperative administration of morphine

Abstract The cardiac and respiratory status of mechanically ventilated premature neonates, who received intraoperative fentanyl during thoracotomy for ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus ( n =24), were evaluated before and after administration of the first postoperative dose of morphine. The neonates were 26.1 ± 2.1 (mean ± SD) weeks gestational age and 13.8 ± 8.1 (mean ± SD) days of age at the time of surgery. Changes in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were measured preoperatively and immediately before and 20 and 60 minutes after parenteral administration of the morphine dose. Heart rate values increased (mean increase 6%; p=0.02) and respiratory rate values decreased (mean decrease 23%; p=0.01) postoperatively. There were no significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation following administration of morphine. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased following the administration of morphine in a few neonates already being treated for hypotension. However, given the severity of illness of these neonates during the immediate postoperative period, it is difficult to directly attribute clinically significant hypotension to morphine administration alone. The findings from this study suggest that fears of morphine-induced bradycardia and hypotension in normovolaemic critically ill premature neonates during the immediate postoperative period are not warranted and should not be used as reasons for withholding opioid analgesia from these neonates. Use of a continuous infusion of morphine or fentanyl may be more appropriate methods of postoperative analgesia for hypotensive neonates or those at risk for hypotension.
Review Of Image Processing Fundamentals

The many applications of image processing developed during the last 20 years depend upon a series of fundamental concepts and operations. We discuss a number of them here; the formation of an image through convolution, transform coding and its basis functions, image degradation through spatial frequency alterations and the related resolution measurements, sampling, interpolation, and some related processing. To bring a historical flavor, the images used for illustration have been chosen from the 1960's.
Suppression of Apoptosis by Dominant Negative Mutants of Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinases

In many cell types, position in the cell cycle appears to play a role in determining susceptibility to apoptosis (programmed cell death), and expression of various cyclins and activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been shown to correlate with the onset of apoptosis in a number of experimental systems. To assess the role of CDK-mediated cell cycle events in apoptosis, we have expressed CDK dominant negative mutants in human HeLa cells. Dominant negative mutants of CDC2, CDK2, and CDK3 each suppressed apoptosis induced by both staurosporine and tumor necrosis factor alpha, whereas a dominant negative mutant of CDK5 was without effect. Like CDC2 and CDK2, CDK3 was shown to form a complex with cyclin A in vivo. CDK5 did not bind cyclin A to any detectable extent. Overexpression of wild type CDC2, CDK2, CDK3, or cyclin A (but not cyclin B) markedly elevated the incidence of apoptosis in BCL-2+ cells, which otherwise fail to respond to these agents. These results help identify cell cycle events that are also important for efficient apoptosis.
DISCHARGE INSTRUCTIONS AND SLEEP POSITION AT HOME. 815

The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of discharge teaching on maternal decision making regarding her baby's sleeping position after discharge. Mothers were instructed by the nursing staff to place the infant on his/her side or back during sleep to prevent sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS) as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Mothers were interviewed prior to discharge by one of the authors to obtain information regarding their preference for the baby's sleeping position at home. In addition, factors that influence their decision and information about their socioeconomic factors were collected.
Reproductive Structure of the Adult Green Sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris , Population in the Rogue River, Oregon

The primary objective of this study was to determine the reproductive structure of the adult green sturgeon population in the Rogue River. Green sturgeon were captured by gillnet in the lower 11.6-68.4 river kilometers in April to July 2000-2003 and September and October 2002-2003. Gonadal tissue, collected by biopsy, was processed histologically, blood was collected from the caudal vasculature, and fork length (FL) and total length (TL) (±0.5 cm) were measured for each individual. Sex steroids, testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and estradiol-17b (E2), were measured by radioimmunoassay. Bio- logical samples were collected from a total of 88 green sturgeon of which 37 females and 41 males were confirmed by histological analysis. Four gravid females, captured in the spring, were visually identified, and oocyte polarization index and ovarian follicle diameter indicated that these females were in spawning condition. Gonadal samples collected from six individuals did not contain gonial cells, hence the sex and stage of maturity in these individuals remains unknown. Of the 20 females captured in the spring, 1 was vitellogenic, 4 were post-vitellogenic, and 15 were post-ovulatory. Twenty-one females were cap- tured in the fall of which 6 were pre-vitellogenic, 7 vitellogenic, and 8 post-ovulatory. Of the 16 males captured in the spring, 2 were pre-meiotic, 8 were ripe or actively spermiating, and 6 were post-spermiation. Twenty-five males were cap- tured in the fall: 11 pre-meiotic males and 14 post- spermiation. The majority of green sturgeon captured in the Rogue River were reproductively active or had recently spawned indicating the importance of this river for the preservation of green sturgeon.
Cerebral blood flow decrements in chronic head injury syndrome.

Abstract Global and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been reported to be decreased immediately after head injury. Since neuropsychological deficits in patients with chronic head injury syndrome persist long after the initial trauma, we studied CBF, which reflects cerebral metabolism and activity, and evaluated the results of neuropsychological tests in 12 alert, responsive patients aged 18–26, both 2–13 months after head injury and 1–12 months after they regained consciousness. Global CBF was significantly decreased in patients with head injury relative to age-matched normal controls. Four patients had well-localized injury; in three of these, CBF over the affected region was significantly decreased relative to the same region in the opposite hemisphere and relative to the same region in an age-matched normal control. In one patient with right frontal injury, cognitive improvement on repeat testing was associated with a relative increase in right frontal CBF. The remaining eight patients had diffuse bilateral injury. Asymmetry ratios (larger value of mean hemispheric CBF divided by the smaller) were significantly higher for the group with localized dysfunction (1.2 ± 0.08 vs. 1.0 ± 0.01, p
Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy : What are the best treatment options?

Diabetes mellitus complicates somewhere between 1 and 20% of all pregnancies worldwide. Women with all types of diabetes, including type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, and gestational diabetes mellitus, as well as their infants, are at increased risk for a number of different complications. However, achieving and maintaining euglycemia throughout gestation has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of adverse outcome for both the mother and her offspring. Traditional management approaches use a combination of diet, exercise, intensive insulin regimens and multiple self monitored blood glucose determinations. There are a number of newer agents available to treat diabetes mellitus; however, their safety in pregnancy has not been thoroughly tested. Although the oral hypoglycaemic drugs are not customarily used during gestation in most of the US and Europe they have had considerable use in South Africa. Animal and human studies of the teratogenic effects of these drugs have yielded conflicting data and it is difficult to distinguish between the teratogenic effects of poor maternal metabolic control and the agents themselves. This article also addresses the current state of the knowledge regarding the drug safety of a variety of medications for conditions, including hypertension and preterm labour, commonly encountered in the management of the pregnant women with diabetes mellitus.
Characterization of Transthyretin Mutants from Serum Using Immunoprecipitation, HPLC/Electrospray Ionization and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A mass spectrometry approach for the detection and identification of variants of the plasma protein transthyretin (TTR) is presented. The single amino acid substitutions found in TTR are closely associated with familial transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR), a hereditary degenerative disease. A definitive diagnosis of ATTR relies on the detection and identification of TTR variants. The approach presented here is based on isolation of serum TTR using immunoprecipitation. The detection of the variant is achieved by mass measurement of the intact protein with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS). The liquid chromatography/ESIMS analysis of the tryptic digest of the protein followed by subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry and MALDI postsource decay of the relevant recovered chromatographic fraction containing the variant peptide allows the identification of unknown variants. The method was successfully tested using serum from ATTR patients wit...
Finite-difference modeling of Biot’s poroelastic equations across all frequencies

An explicit time-stepping finite-difference scheme is presented for solving Biot's equations of poroelasticity across the entire band of frequencies. In the general case for which viscous boundary layers in the pores must be accounted for, the time-domain version of Darcy's law contains a convolution integral. It is shown how to efficiently and directly perform the convolution so that the Darcy velocity can be properly updated at each time step. At frequencies that are low enough compared to the onset of viscous boundary layers, no memory terms are required. At higher frequencies, the number of memory terms required is the same as the number of time points it takes to sample accurately the wavelet being used. In practice, we never use more than 20 memory terms and often considerably fewer. Allowing for the convolution makes the scheme even more stable (even larger time steps might be used) than it is when the convolution is entirely neglected. The accuracy of the scheme is confirmed by comparing numerical examples to exact analytic results.
Bringing Research-Based Practice in Reading Intervention to Scale.

Multiple consensus reports have provided converging evidence regarding effective instruction for students who have difficulty learning to read. Evidence-based instruction in general education classrooms must be in place in order to implement response-to-intervention models. Despite the well-developed knowledge base supporting the value of interventions that have been demonstrated to have positive outcomes, these interventions are not widely employed in typical classroom instruction, and models of service delivery for students with reading and learning disabilities implemented in schools are often ineffective. Recent research has demonstrated that this need not be the case, but there are many obstacles to change. Large-scale implementation of effective educational practices for struggling readers depends on a research agenda that directly addresses questions related to scaling and sustaining educational innovations. We suggest that reform depends on collaboration among researchers, educational practitioners, teacher educators, and policymakers, with the common goal of improving outcomes for students who might otherwise experience reading failure.
Concentrations of Minerals and Nitrogen in Milk of Carollia and Other Bats

Concentrations of nitrogen and minerals were measured in milk of Carollia and a few other tropical species of bats. Compared with other mammals, milk of Carollia is high in potassium and low in calcium. Compared with milk of the insectivorous Tadarida brasiliensis , milk of Carollia is low in nitrogen. High potassium and low nitrogen concentrations in milk of Carollia may reflect its frugivorous diet, while low milk-calcium levels may relate to slow postnatal growth in these bats.
JUNK BOND BEHAVIOR WITH DAILY RETURNS AND BUSINESS CYCLES

Using the Merrill Lynch daily junk bond index, we re-examine and extend previous junk bond return results. We include the effect of business cycles on junk and investment-grade bonds, the sensitivity of junk bond returns to economic activity and/or interest rates, and sample periods that allow us to investigate periods of reduced junk bond liquidity. Daily data confirm the same curious return behavior identified in studies using monthly returns. However, we reveal for the first time that junk bond returns track the movement of interest rates during economically good times but track stock returns during bad times.
A Novel Nanomaterial Based Electrochemical Sensor for Free Radical Detection

Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is not only a product of the reactions catalyzed by a large number of highly selective oxidases but also an essential mediator in food, pharmaceutical and environmental analysis. Therefore its determination is of paramount importance in many areas in chemical, biological and clinical fields. Most H2 O2 biosensors developed till date are based on enzymes and proteins which have a limited sensor life. Moreover, complex procedures are followed for sensor fabrication. Therefore an inorganic material based sensor with a simple design and longer shelf-life is highly desirable. In this work, the development of a novel cerium oxide nanomaterial based electrochemical sensor for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide is described. This has direct ramifications in the development of sensors for other superoxide radicals.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Aspidogaster conchicola: histochemical localization of carboxylic ester hydrolases.

Abstract The localization of carboxylic ester hydrolases (EC 3.1.1) activity in Aspidogaster conchicola was investigated by light microscopy. Activity appears to be due to a mixture of simple esterases and cholinesterases. The haptor reacted positively with α-naphthyl acetate and 5-bromoindoxyl acetate and was inhibited by sodium fluoride thus indicating the presence of simple esterases. The gut reacted with α-naphthyl acetate, 5-bromoindoxyl acetate and acetylthiocholine iodide. Activity was not affected by inhibitors of simple esterases or low concentrations of diethyl- p -nitrophenyl phosphate (E600) but was inhibited by eserine sulfate. These results indicate that the gut contains a mixture of cholinesterase and type C esterases or a cathepsin.
Funding of Science Research and Education Stressed During Congressional Visits Day

Scientists across the country will look to Capitol Hill in the coming weeks as legislators decide the future of research funding in the next fiscal year (FY 2014). Battles over the FY 2014 budget, talks on raising the debt ceiling, and continued threats of further sequestration influence funding levels for federal scientific programs such as those in NASA, the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
Fast binding site mapping using GPUs and CUDA

Binding site mapping refers to the computational prediction of the regions on a protein surface that are likely to bind a small molecule with high affinity. The process involves flexibly docking a variety of small molecule probes and finding a consensus site that binds most of those probes. Due to the computational complexity of flexible docking, the process is often split into two steps: the first performs rigid docking between the protein and the probe; the second models the side chain flexibility by energy-minimizing the (few thousand) top scoring protein-probe complexes generated by the first step. Both these steps are computationally very expensive, requiring many hours of runtime per probe on a serial CPU. In the current article, we accelerate a production mapping software program using NVIDIA GPUs. We accelerate both the rigid-docking and the energy minimization steps of the program. The result is a 30x speedup on rigid docking and 12x on energy minimization, resulting in a 13x overall speedup over the current single core implementation.
Vertical distribution, transport, and exchange of carbon in the northeast Pacific Ocean: evidence for multiple zones of biological activity

A sediment trap experiment was conducted to investigate the production, decomposition, and transport of organic matter from 0 to 2000 m at a station 100 km northeast of Point Sur, California. Parameters measured included (1) rates of autotrophic production of carbon, (2) vertical depth distributions of total carbon, nitrogen, and living biomass, and (3) downward flux of organic carbon, nitrogen, ATP, RNA, and fecal pellets. Metabolic activity and microbial growth rates (RNA and DNA synthesis) were also estimated in situ, for both the ‘suspended’ (i.e., samples captured in standard water bottles) and ‘sinking’ (i.e., samples captured in sediment traps) particles. Daily depth-integrated rates of primary production averaged 564 mg C m−2, of which 10 to 15% was removed from the euphotic zone by sinking, assuming steady-state conditions. The profiles of suspended carbon, nitrogen, C:N ratios, and ATP conformed to previously published concentration-depth profiles from the region. The vertical flux profiles of organic matter, however, revealed two important features that were not evident in the suspended particulate matter profiles. First, there was an obvious mid-water depth increase (i.e., an increase in organic carbon and nitrogen flux with increasing depth) between 700 and 900 m, suggesting horizontal advection or in situ production. Similar flux profiles were also observed for ATP, RNA, and total fecal pellets. Second, the C:N ratios for the sediment trap materials collected at mid-ocean depths (600 to 1200 m) were low compared to values measured for ‘suspended’ particulate organic materials collected from comparable depths, supporting the in situ production hypothesis. An observed maximum in the rate of RNA and DNA synthesis for microorganisms associated with particles collected at 700 m confirmed that the flux anomalies were the result of in situ microbiological processes rather than horizontal advection. We hypothesize that the in situ activity measured at 700 m is the result of a chemolithotrophic-based carbon production system supported by the presence of reduced inorganic compounds (e.g., NH4+, HS−) found in association with the sinking particles. “New carbon production” (a value equivalent to the increased downward flux of carbon) between 700 and 900m was 15 mg C m−2 d−1, or 2 to 1% of the daily integrated primary production. These regions of intense biological metabolic activity, growth, and organic matter diagenesis may have a profound influence on the oceanic carbon cycle and on the observed steady-state distributions of various non-conservative properties of seawater.
Vestibular efferent neurons project to the flocculus

A bilateral projection from the vestibular efferent neurons, located dorsal to the genu of the facial nerve, to the cerebellar flocculus and ventral paraflocculus was demonstrated. Efferent neurons were double-labeled by the unilateral injections of separate retrograde tracers into the labyrinth and into the floccular and ventral parafloccular lobules. Efferent neurons were found with double retrograde tracer labeling both ipsilateral and contralateral to the sites of injection. No double labeling was found when using a fluorescent tracer with non-fluorescent tracers such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), but large percentages of efferent neurons were found to be double labeled when using two fluorescent substances including: fluorogold, microruby dextran amine, or rhodamine labeled latex beads. These data suggest a potential role for vestibular efferent neurons in modulating the dynamics of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) during normal and adaptive conditions.
The Spectrum of Anorexia-Cachexia in Palliative Medicine (521)

Ken Pituch, MD, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI. Tamara Vesel, MD FAAHPM, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA. Kaci Osenga, MD, Children’s Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Nancy Hutton, MD FAAP FAAHPM, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Norbert Weidner, MD, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH. (All speakers for this session have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.)
Crystal Structure of the Open State of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrE Outer Membrane Channel

Active efflux of antimicrobial agents is one of the most important strategies used by bacteria to defend against antimicrobial factors present in their environment. Mediating many cases of antibiotic resistance are transmembrane efflux pumps, composed of one or more proteins. The Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrCDE tripartite multidrug efflux pump, belonging to the hydrophobic and amphiphilic efflux resistance-nodulation-cell division (HAE-RND) family, spans both the inner and outer membranes of N. gonorrhoeae and confers resistance to a variety of antibiotics and toxic compounds. We here describe the crystal structure of N. gonorrhoeae MtrE, the outer membrane component of the MtrCDE tripartite multidrug efflux system. This trimeric MtrE channel forms a vertical tunnel extending down contiguously from the outer membrane surface to the periplasmic end, indicating that our structure of MtrE depicts an open conformational state of this channel.
Cultural Values: A Review of Empirical Research and Implications for Counseling

In this review, empirical investigations that followed the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck model of value-orientations are presented. The review finds between-group as well as within-group variations in cultural values. The author also discusses how an understanding of cultural values can enrich cross-cultural effectiveness. En este repaso se presenta las investigaciones que utilizaron el modelo Kluckhohn y Strodtbeck de evaluacion orientativa. Se encuentran variaciones de valores culturales inter e intra grupo. Elautor tambien discute la manera en que el conocimiento de valores culturales puede mejorar la efectividad intercultural.
Quantifying the diffusion kinetics and spatial distributions of radiogenic ^4He in minerals containing proton-induced ^3He

Apatite, titanite and olivine samples were bombarded with a ~ 150 MeV proton beam to produce ~ 10^8 atoms/mg of spallation ^3He. High-precision stepped-heating experiments were then performed in which the artificial ^3He and, for apatite and titanite, the natural radiogenic ^4He were measured to characterize the diffusive behavior of each isotope. Helium-3 diffusion coefficients are in excellent agreement with concurrently and/or previously determined He diffusion coefficients for each mineral. Our results indicate that proton-induced ^3He is uniformly distributed and that radiation damage associated with a proton fluence of ~ 5 x 10^(14) protons/cm^2 does not cause noticeable changes in ^4He diffusion behavior in at least apatite and titanite. Proton-induced ^3He can therefore be used to establish He diffusion coefficients in minerals with insufficient natural helium for analysis or those in which the natural ^4He distribution is inhomogeneous. In addition,step-heating ^4He/^3He analysis of a mineral with a uniform synthetic ^3He concentration provides a means by which a natural ^4He distribution can be determined.
Climbing the Mountain of God

L'A. fait part de son experience d'un seminaire en Tanzanie et au Kenya ou il a pu etre directement en contact avec les realites de la difference culturelle. Son experience est pour lui la preuve que tout contact culturel authentique implique necessairement des questions de type religieux. En admettant cette verite, il tient egalement a souligner la nature dialectique de toute rencontre entre cultures differentes. La vitalite religieuse du Kenya contemporain est occasionnee par un changement social rapide. Les esprits sont entres dans une forme de protestation contre les anciennes formes de la vie religieuse
Structures of benthic insect communities in two southeastern Wyoming (USA) streams: similarities and differences among spatial units at different local scales

Four sites on each of two southeastern Wyoming streams, Medicine Bow River (MBR) and Rock Creek (RC), were investigated during the summer and autumn of 2001 and 2002. This investigation resulted in inventories of benthic insect communities being obtained from these two streams. It also resulted in twelve metrics being calculated from benthic insect communities, and these metrics were compared between two spatial units at different local scales. Of the metrics used, five indicated taxa richness, four indicated relative abundance, two indicated diversity, and one involved a biotic index for organic pollution. More specifically, we used each metric to compare the montane with the plains sub-basin, as well as to compare two distinctly different types of substrates within each of the sub-basins. Also, metrics were compared between the two streams. Results indicated that few differences were observed between naturally-occurring substrates within sub-basins. In addition, few differences were observed between the two streams. In contrast, however, several differences were observed between the montane and plains sub-basins. Such differences were caused from naturally-occurring variations in hydraulic and ecological conditions. These findings suggest that the spatial scale should be carefully considered when selecting metrics for use in monitoring programs that are designed to detect anthropogenic disturbances in lotic systems.
HPV clearance and the neglected role of stochasticity.

Clearance of anogenital and oropharyngeal HPV infections is attributed primarily to a successful adaptive immune response. To date, little attention has been paid to the potential role of stochastic cell dynamics in the time it takes to clear an HPV infection. In this study, we combine mechanistic mathematical models at the cellular level with epidemiological data at the population level to disentangle the respective roles of immune capacity and cell dynamics in the clearing mechanism. Our results suggest that chance—in form of the stochastic dynamics of basal stem cells—plays a critical role in the elimination of HPV-infected cell clones. In particular, we find that in immunocompetent adolescents with cervical HPV infections, the immune response may contribute less than 20% to virus clearance—the rest is taken care of by the stochastic proliferation dynamics in the basal layer. In HIV-negative individuals, the contribution of the immune response may be negligible.
Remembrance of Repasts: An Anthropology of Food and Memory

Remembrance of Repasts: An Anthropology of Food and Memory. David E. Sutton. Oxford: Berg, 2001. ix. 211 pp., photographs, references, index.
A critical look at the new purchase accounting for M&A transactions

The FASB recently published SFAS Nos. 141 and 142, which create big changes in the accounting for business combinations. The author reviews some of the major features, and looks at some clues about where the FASB might be going next. He also gives some savvy strategies for dealing with these accounting pronouncements—given current economic conditions. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cognitive Perspectives on Map Displays for Helicopter Flight

Currently accessible technologies are providing entirely new display concepts for enhancing helicopter navigation. Yet the effectiveness of such displays depends on the extent to which they are configured according to principles from research on human performance. Computer generated map displays in the present study were configured according to previous research on maps, navigational problem solving, and spatial cognition in large scale environments. Interest centered on the representation of different spatial relationships that would best support helicopter navigational problem solving. One map display emphasized the global relationships between objects in the environment. The other map showed the pilot's relationship to objects as he traveled through the environment. Twenty skilled pilots used the maps to complete several navigational tasks that occurred within a realistic simulation program tailored for helicopter navigation. Findings indicate that the type of task and mode of flight (low level or Nap of the Earth (NOE)) are important determinants of map display effectiveness.