cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of phytoplasma taxa and insect vectors of peach yellow leaf roll disease in California

Two peach diseases in California, western X-disease (WX) and peach yellow leaf roll (PYLR) are caused by two genetically distinct phytoplasmas. Based on symptoms alone, WX and PYLR cannot be reliably distinguished. The objectives of this study were to determine which phytoplasma was causing PYLR disease in peach orchards planted near pear orchards and which phytoplasmas were present in potential insect vectors captured in both peach and pear orchards. Leafhoppers and pear psylla were collected from yellow sticky traps placed in three pear orchards and four peach orchards located in the Sacramento Valley from 1994 to 1996. DNA was extracted from potential vectors and suspect diseased trees, and analyzed for the presence of the WX and PYLR phytoplasmas using strain-specific DNA hybridization or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The most abundant phytoplasma detected in diseased peach trees was the PYLR phytoplasma. In 1994 and 1995, 10 to 25% of groups of pear psylla tested positive for the PYLR phytoplasma, while no psylla groups tested positive for the WX phytoplasma. Only one captured leafhopper tested positive for the WX phytoplasma. These results indicate the pear psylla is the primary vector of PYLR in northern California.
Reversal of glibenclamide-induced coronary vasoconstriction by enhanced perfusion pulsatility: possible role for nitric oxide.

Objectives: ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K ) prominently contribute to basal coronary tone; however, flow reserve during ATP exercise remains unchanged despite channel blockade with glibenclamide (GLI). We hypothesized that increasing perfusion pulsatility, as 1 accompanies exercise, offsets vasoconstriction from K -channel blockade, and that this effect is blunted by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) ATP inhibition. Methods: In 31 anaesthetized dogs the left anterior descending artery was blood-perfused by computer-controlled servo-pump, with real-time arterial perfusion pulse pressure (PP) varied from 40 and 100 mm Hg at a constant mean pressure and cardiac workload. Results: At control PP (40 mm Hg), GLI (50 mg / min / kg, i.c.) lowered mean regional coronary flow from 37 6 5t o 25 64 ml / min G (P,0.001). However, this was not observed at 100 mm Hg PP (4162 vs. 4564). NOS inhibition by N -monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) did not alter basal flow at 40 mm Hg PP, but modestly lowered flow ( 25%, P,0.001) at higher PP (100 mm Hg), reducing PP-flow augmentation by 236%, and acetylcholine (ACh) induced flow elevation by 239%. Co-infusion of L-NMMA with GLI resulted in net vasoconstriction at both PP levels (260% and 240% at 40 and 100 mm Hg PP, respectively). Unlike GLI, vasoconstriction by vasopressin (24363% flow reduction at 40 mm Hg PP) or quinacrine (22367%) was not offset at higher pulsatility (24464 and 22366%, respectively). Neither of the latter agents inhibited ACh- or PP-induced flow responses, nor did they modify the effect of 1 L-NMMA on these responses. Conclusions: Increased coronary flow pulsatility offsets vasoconstriction from K blockade by likely
Proposed mechanism for sperm chromatin condensation/decondensation in the male rat.

Condensation of sperm chromatin occurs after spermatozoa have left the caput epididymis and are in transit to the cauda epididymis, during which time large numbers of disulfide bonds are formed. The formation of these disulfide bonds requires the repeated oxidation of the cofactor, NAD(P)H. To date, the means by which this oxidation is achieved has yet to be elucidated. Spermatozoa lose the bulk of their cytoplasm prior to leaving the testis; and, as a result, any shuttle systems for removing and transferring reducing equivalents into the mitochondria are unlikely to be operational. In an apparent preparation for the loss of cytoplasm, however, the following events occur during spermatogenesis. First, androgen-binding protein (ABP) is produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis; second, high affinity binding sites for ABP are inserted into the membrane surrounding the nucleus; and third, a nuclear location is acquired for the enzyme, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD). We propose that after the loss of cytoplasm, the nuclear region of spermatozoa is directly accessible to constituents contained in the lumen of the caput epididymis. As a consequence, luminal ABP attaches itself to the nuclear membrane via its binding sites, and is internalized. After internalization, ABP exerts its principle function, which is to bind to luminal 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), thereby ensuring its availability to the enzyme, 3alpha-HSD. In the conversion of 5alpha-DHT to 3alpha-androstanediol (3alpha-Diol), NAD(P)H is oxidized. Spermatozoa that reach the cauda epididymis have fully condensed chromatin. In addition, the nuclear region retains appreciable amounts of 5alpha-DHT and 3alpha-Diol, both bound to ABP. During fertilization, the bound 3alpha-Diol is converted back to 5alpha-DHT, reducing equivalents are transferred to NAD(P)+, and disulfide bonds are broken.IVF clinics report that spermatozoa with incompletely condensed chromatin have a low percentage of fertilization. If our proposed mechanism for chromatin condensation/decondensation is borne out by further research, IVF clinics might consider preincubating spermatozoa with 5alpha-DHT in order to increase the efficiency of fertilization.
Bayesian clustering methods for morphological analysis of MR images

Determining the relationship between structure (i.e. morphology) and function is a fundamental problem in brain research. In this paper we present a new framework based on Bayesian clustering methods for the voxel-wise statistical morphology-function analysis of registered MR images. We construct a Bayesian network to automatically identify the significant associations between voxel-wise morphological variables and functional variables, such as cognitive performance. A Bayesian latent variable induction method is applied to locate the homogeneous association regions on registered maps of morphological variables. Experimental results on images with simulated atrophy confirm that the new method outperforms conventional statistical method, based on linear statistics.
PALEOECOLOGY OF THE OLENID TRILOBITE TRIARTHRUS: NEW EVIDENCE FROM BEECHER'S TRILOBITE BED AND OTHER SITES OF PYRITIZATION

Olenid trilobites are characteristic of low-oxygen environments in the early Paleozoic, and researchers have proposed that olenids may have harbored chemoautotrophic symbionts, allowing them to live in borderline sulfidic environments. Beds with soft-tissue preservation at the Beecher's Trilobite Bed site in the Frankfort Shale and the Martin Quarry in the Whetstone Gulf Formation (both Ordovician, New York State) are dominated by the olenid Triarthrus. A bed-by-bed analysis of the sedimentology, taphonomy, paleoecology, and ichnology demonstrates that the exceptionally preserved organisms did not undergo extensive transport, and that the intervals bearing Triarthrus accumulated predominantly in the lower part of the dysaerobic zone. These intervals contain a low-diversity benthic fauna occurring in relatively low abundance, and consisting primarily of small brachiopods and trilobites. The taphonomy, in particular localized pyritization, the associated fauna, and the distribution of Triarthrus elsewhere in the Taconic foreland basin demonstrate that the environments in which Triarthrus lived were not sulfidic, and that these trilobites were unlikely to have adopted a chemoautotrophic mode of life.
Fluid Resuscitation in Septic Shock The Effect of Increasing Fluid Balance on Mortality

Purpose: To determine whether progressively increasing fluid balance after initial fluid resuscitation for septic shock is associated with increased mortality.Methods: A retrospective review of the use of intravenous fluids in patients with septic shock in a large university affiliated hospital with 56 medical–surgical intensive care unit beds. We analyzed the data of 350 patients with septic shock who were managed according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Based on net fluid balance at 24 hours, we examined the results of increase in positive fluid balance on the risk of in-hospital mortality. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on the amount of fluid balance by 24 hours, based on 6-L aliquots.Results: At 24 hours, the average fluid balance was +6.5 L. After correcting for age and sequential organ failure assessment score, a more positive fluid balance at 24 hours significantly increased the risk of in-hospital mortality. Using Cox proportional hazard analysis, excess 12-, 18-, and 24-L...
Nine new Candida species near C. membranifaciens isolated from insects

14 different yeasts were isolated from the gut of a variety of insects, including beetles, lacewings, fishflies, craneflies, and a cockroach. One of the yeasts was found both in the gut and on the body surface of a beetle larva. Based on ribosomal DNA sequence comparisons and phenotypic characters, the yeasts were identified as Candida membranifaciens, C. tenuis, Pichia nakazawae, and nine undescribed taxa in Saccharomycotina. All the undescribed taxa reproduced only asexually, and they fit within the limits of the polyphyletic genus Candida. The new species and their type strains are Candida blattariae NRRL Y-27703T, C. amphixiae NRRL Y-27704T, C. michaelii NRRL Y-27705T, C. cerambycidarum NRRL Y-27706T, C. gorgasii NRRL Y-27707T, C. endomychidarum NRRL Y-27708T, C. temnochilae NRRL Y-27763T, C. sinolaborantium NRRL Y-27765T, and C. lessepsii NRRL Y-27766T spp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis of combined small and large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences placed C. amphixiae, C. michaelii, C. cerambycidarum, C. gorgasii, C. endomychidarum, and C. lessepsii in a statistically well supported clade with C. blattariae, C. membranifaciens, C. friedrichii, and C. buinensis as sisters to the clade. The other two new taxa, C. temnochilae and C. sinolaborantium, formed an independent clade basal to the major clade containing C. membranifaciens and closely related taxa. C. sinolaborantium occurred in both Panama and the USA, but there were genetic differences between the isolates from the two places.
Current Vaccine Development against Plague

Yersinia pestis, the causative organism of the plague, has played an important role in shaping human history. Plague is an illness that may manifest in bubonic, pneumonic, or septicemic form. Natural outbreaks devastated entire populations in medieval times and an estimated 200 million humans were killed by plague throughout history. The organism can still be found today throughout the world, including the United States. Approximately 2,000 cases of plague are reported each year to the World Health Organization. The potential use of the bacteria in modern times as an agent of bioterrorism makes understanding this organism a priority. The author reviews the current vaccine development against plague after a brief description of the history of plague pandemics
Homoleptic Transition Metal Complexes of the 7-Azaindolide Ligand Featuring κ1-N1 Coordination

Homoleptic complexes of the anion of 7-azaindole (AzaIn) were synthesized and characterized for a series of 3d transition metals. For Mn(II), Fe(II), and Co(II), complexes of formula Na2[M(AzaIn)4]·2L (L = tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-MeTHF, toluene, or benzene) were isolated by treatment of the corresponding metal chloride salts with 7-azaindole in the presence of sodium hexamethyldisilazide. The complexes adopt tetrahedral geometries with exclusive coordination to the transition metal ion through the pyrrolic N1 nitrogen atoms of the AzaIn ligands. Solid-state structures of the complexes demonstrate that the sodium cations remain tightly associated with the coordination entities through interaction with both the pyrrolic and pyridine nitrogen atoms of the azaindolide ligands. For Fe(II), replacement of the sodium cations by other alkali metal ions (Li or K) generates new complexes that demonstrate similar coordination geometries to the sodium salts. As a means of comparison, the Fe(II) complex of 4-azaindolide was also investigated. Na2[Fe(4-AzaIn)4]·2L adopts a similar solution structure to the 7-azaindolide complexes as judged by NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the bonding in the 7-azaindolide complexes. Results demonstrate that 7-azaindolide-κ(1)-N1 is a nearly pure sigma donor ligand that features a high degree of ionic character in its bonding to mid 3d transition metal ions.
Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Individuals Implanted With Extracellular Matrix for the Treatment of Volumetric Muscle Injury: Case Series.

Background Electrodiagnosis can reveal the nerve and muscle changes following surgical placement of an extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffold for treatment of volumetric muscle loss (VML). Objective The purpose of this study was to characterize nerve conduction study (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) changes following ECM bioscaffold placement in individuals with VML. The ability of presurgical NCS and EMG to be used as a tool to help identify candidates who are likely to display improvements postsurgically also was explored. Design A longitudinal case series design was used. Methods The study was conducted at the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh. Eight individuals with a history of chronic VML participated. The intervention was surgical placement of an ECM bioscaffold at the site of VML. The strength of the affected region was measured using a handheld dynamometer, and electrophysiologic evaluation was conducted on the affected limb with standard method of NCS and EMG. All measurements were obtained the day before surgery and repeated 6 months after surgery. Results Seven of the 8 participants had a preoperative electrodiagnosis of incomplete mononeuropathy within the site of VML. After ECM treatment, 5 of the 8 participants showed improvements in NCS amplitude or needle EMG parameters. The presence of electrical activity within the scaffold remodeling site was concomitant with clinical improvement in muscle strength. Limitations This study had a small sample size, and participants served as their own controls. The electromyographers and physical therapists performing the evaluation were not blinded. Conclusions Electrodiagnostic data provide objective evidence of physiological improvements in muscle function following ECM placement at sites of VML. Future studies are warranted to further investigate the potential of needle EMG as a predictor of successful outcomes following ECM treatment for VML.
Unsupervised Dependency Parsing without Gold Part-of-Speech Tags

We show that categories induced by unsupervised word clustering can surpass the performance of gold part-of-speech tags in dependency grammar induction. Unlike classic clustering algorithms, our method allows a word to have different tags in different contexts. In an ablative analysis, we first demonstrate that this context-dependence is crucial to the superior performance of gold tags --- requiring a word to always have the same part-of-speech significantly degrades the performance of manual tags in grammar induction, eliminating the advantage that human annotation has over unsupervised tags. We then introduce a sequence modeling technique that combines the output of a word clustering algorithm with context-colored noise, to allow words to be tagged differently in different contexts. With these new induced tags as input, our state-of-the-art dependency grammar inducer achieves 59.1% directed accuracy on Section 23 (all sentences) of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) corpus --- 0.7% higher than using gold tags.
Is there a difference in efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness between 3-factor and 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrates among trauma patients on oral anticoagulants?

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (3F-PCC) vs 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate PCC (4F-PCC) in trauma patients requiring reversal of oral anticoagulants. Materials and methods All consecutive trauma patients with coagulopathy (international normalized ratio [INR] ≥1.5) secondary to oral anticoagulants who received either 3F-PCC or 4F-PCC from 2010 to 2014 at 2 trauma centers were reviewed. Efficacy was determined by assessing the first INR post–PCC administration, and successful reversal was defined as INR less than 1.5. Safety was assessed by reviewing thromboembolic events, and cost-effectiveness was calculated using total treatment costs (drug acquisition plus transfusion costs) per successful reversal. Results Forty-six patients received 3F-PCC, and 18 received 4F-PCC. Baseline INR was similar for 3F-PCC and 4F-PCC patients (3.1 ± 2.3 vs 3.4 ± 3.7, P = .520). The initial PCC dose was 29 ± 9 U/kg for 3F-PCC and 26 ± 6 U/kg for 4F-PCC ( P = .102). The follow-up INR was 1.6 ± 0.6 for 3F-PCC and 1.3 ± 0.2 for 4F-PCC ( P = .001). Successful reversal rates in patients were 83% for 4F-PCC and 50% for 3F-PCC ( P = .022). Thromboembolic events were observed in 15% of patients with 3F-PCC vs 0% with 4F-PCC ( P = .177). Cost-effectiveness favored 4F-PCC ($5382 vs $3797). Conclusions Three-factor PCC and 4F-PCC were both safe in correcting INR, but 4F-PCC was more effective, leading to better cost-effectiveness. Replacing 3F-PCC with 4F-PCC for urgent coagulopathy reversal may benefit patients and institutions.
Hopping Hoops Don't Hop

The dynamical behavior of a massless hoop with an attached point mass under the influence of gravity is an old chestnut, with some surprising features, including the question of whether or not it can "hop". It appears in Littlewood's Miscellany [1] and most recently in this MONTHLY [2]. That there are many interesting aspects of this problem was suggested to me many years ago by the late Prof. J.C. Miller of Pomona College, who may have gotten a hint of the trickier parts directly from Littlewood himself. The purpose of this Note is to show that Littlewood's and Tokeida's asserted solution is wrong, even with a more realistic hoop and more realistic friction, and to suggest some approaches to a self consistent investigation of the rolling hoop. In its simplest form, the problem asks for the behavior of a rough massless hoop of radius R with a point mass M attached to its rim, rolling in a vertical plane on a level floor under gravity. Implicitly in Littlewood's problem, and explicitly in this Note, we understand the concept of massless to be the limit of a positive hoop mass tending to 0; otherwise the rotational behavior of the hoop in free fall is undefined. The idea of "rough" is central to the problem; it is (roughly) defined as a no-slip constraint at the point of contact of the hoop and the floor. Let i E [O, 7r ] be the angle from the radius vector to the mass, measured from vertical; other ranges of 1# are not considered in this Note. If the total energy is equal to the gravitational potential energy of the mass one diameter above the floor, the "solution" to the problem is the assertion by Littlewood that the hoop "lifts off the ground" or by Tokeida that the mass "pulls the hoop up" at i# = 7r/2; this particular value of i# depends on the total energy, but is especially simple in the case cited. Denote the normal force conferred by the floor on the hoop by n. The hopping conclusion is alleged to follow from the observation that, for zero kinetic energy at i# = 0 and for the rim constrained to be in no-slip contact with the floor, n > 0 for i# 7r/2. The evaluation of n(0) is elementary using Newton's second law and conservation of energy (the rough condition is conservative). An equivalent argument [2] is that the motion of the point mass either follows a cycloid for 0 < i < 7r/2, or its free fall parabolic preference for 7r/2 < i#; here the upper limit was not specified. This solution is wrong on both mathematical and physical grounds. To show this, we begin with the equations of motion, with the following notational conventions. Nondimensionalize the problem by measuring distance in units of radius R, mass in units of M, and time in units of ,R/g, where g is gravitational acceleration. In these units, gravitational acceleration is -1. The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the point mass are x = iU + sin iU and y = 1 + cos i0, respectively. The kinetic energy is given by (1/2)(x2 + y2) = p2(1 + COS i9), where the overdot denotes the time derivative, and the potential energy by y = 1 + cos i#. With this notation, Newton's law takes the form
Dislocation arrangements in GaAs/Ga 1-x In x As multilayers grown on (001), (111) and (112) substrates

GaAs/Ga1−xInxAs strained layer superlattices with well-widths of 7 nm, barrier widths of 14 nm and periods of 10 to 30 have been examined by transmission electron microscopy in plan view and in cross-section for (001), (111) and (112) substrates. Individual layers are below the critical thickness while the overall SLS's are above the critical thickness for dislocation generation. (001) substrates give rise to square grids of 60° dislocations lying parallel to 〈110〉 directions with inclined 1/2 〈101〉 Burgers vectors, resulting from dislocation motion on 8 slip systems. (111) substrates give triangular networks of 60° dislocations lying parallel to 〈110〉 directions resulting from motion on 6 slip systems. (112) substrates have two sets of primary dislocations lying along (132) directions, along with secondary 60° dislocations lying along [110]. Long Lomer-Cottrell dislocations with Burgers vectors lying parallel to the substrate/SLS interface are occasionally observed for (001) substrates, while short segments are observed for (112) substrates; these are formed by reaction between conjugate dislocations. These dislocations arrangements are discussed in terms of the resolved shear stresses resulting from epitaxy for the various substrates orientations. Dislocation densities are much less than those required for complete strain relief. This is analyzed in terms of the reduction in the stress acting on dislocations from partial strain relief, along with a friction stress due to a combination of the Peierls stress and solution hardening from the In substitution. A friction stress ∼10-3μ is required to explain the observed dislocation densities (μ, is the shear modulus).
Lattice Model of Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering in Metals: Relation of a Strong Core Hole to the X-Ray Edge Singularity

We show how the classic approach of Nozieres and di Domenicis for treating the edge singularity in x-ray absorption and emission can be generalized to treat the more complex case of the resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) process, including effects of the intermediate states involved therein in the presence of the core hole. We solve our lattice model essentially exactly (numerically) to obtain a novel form of edge singularity at the RIXS threshold energy. Our RIXS spectrum naturally includes both the well and poorly screened spectral components and their dispersions and allows its separation into pair and multiple-pair excitations.
Electron-Induced Single-Event Upsets in 45-nm and 28-nm Bulk CMOS SRAM-Based FPGAs Operating at Nominal Voltage

Electron-induced single-event upsets (SEUs) are observed in 45-nm and 28-nm bulk complementary metal-oxide semiconductor static random-access memory-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) operating at nominal voltage at a 20-MeV electron LINAC facility. Upsets are recorded in the embedded random-access memory (RAM) and configuration RAM of the FPGAs. This paper is the first to show electron-induced SEUs in a commercial-off-the-shelf device operating at nominal voltage. The measured electron-induced SEU cross sections are between 10 - 18 and 10 - 17 cm 2 /bit depending on the device and memory cell tested. Monte Carlo simulations show that the upsets are due to rare indirect ionization events.
Nutrition and Urolithiasis

The exact role of diet in the formation of different types of urinary stones in man is uncertain. However, under some circumstances, diet seems to exert a modifying influence on their production. A relationship between nutrition and urolithiasis is suggested by two major factors: (1) Urinary stones are composed of materials found in food, and (2) they can be experimentally produced by certain manipulations of the diet.
Association of DNA Methylation Differences With Schizophrenia in an Epigenome-Wide Association Study.

Importance DNA methylation may play an important role in schizophrenia (SZ), either directly as a mechanism of pathogenesis or as a biomarker of risk. Objective To scan genome-wide DNA methylation data to identify differentially methylated CpGs between SZ cases and controls. Design, Setting, and Participants Epigenome-wide association study begun in 2008 using DNA methylation levels of 456 513 CpG loci measured on the Infinium HumanMethylation450 array (Illumina) in a consortium of case-control studies for initial discovery and in an independent replication set. Primary analyses used general linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, batch, and cell type heterogeneity. The discovery set contained 689 SZ cases and 645 controls (n = 1334), from 3 multisite consortia: the Consortium on the Genetics of Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia, the Project among African-Americans To Explore Risks for Schizophrenia, and the Multiplex Multigenerational Family Study of Schizophrenia. The replication set contained 247 SZ cases and 250 controls (n = 497) from the Genomic Psychiatry Cohort. Main Outcomes and Measures Identification of differentially methylated positions across the genome in SZ cases compared with controls. Results Of the 689 case participants in the discovery set, 477 (69%) were men and 258 (37%) were non–African American; of the 645 controls, 273 (42%) were men and 419 (65%) were non–African American. In our replication set, cases/controls were 76% male and 100% non–African American. We identified SZ-associated methylation differences at 923 CpGs in the discovery set (false discovery rate, P Conclusions and Relevance This analysis identified 172 replicated new associations with SZ after careful correction for cell type heterogeneity and other potential confounders. The overlap with previous genome-wide association study data can provide potential insights into the functional relevance of genetic signals for SZ.
Comparison of international management systems for foreign exchange reserves and its enlightenment on China

By the end of June,2006,the balance of China's foreign exchange reserves has reached 941.115 billion US dollars and China is the economic body which owns biggest foreign exchange reserve.This paper firstly introduces the multiple-management systems for the foreign exchange reserves management in Singapore and Norway,then introduces the double-management system in U.S.and Japan,compares the management systems of the four countries,at last gives some recommendations about how to reform China's management system of foreign exchange reserves.
Analysis epidemic feature of Japanese encephalitis in Nanchong city from 2005 to 2011

Objective To analyze the reported incidence of Japanese encephalitis(JE) in the Nanchong city from 2005 to 2011,and to discuss the prevention measures of JE.Methods Data analysis was performed using Excel and EpiData software.Results A total of 483 cases of JE were reported in the Nanchong city from 2005 to 2011.There were 29 dead cases.The cases were mainly distributed in Yilong,Yingshan,and Nanbu.The ratio of infection in male to female was 1.33∶1.The minimum age was 8 months old,and the maximum age was 56 years old.Most of the cases were 1~6 years old(79.09%).84.32% of the patients had no or an unknown history of immunization.Conclusion The overall trend of JE incidence in the Nanchong city from 2005 to 2011 is decreasing.Proper planning of the immunization schedule,providing health education,using DEET insect repellent,and implementation of the immunization schedule in children aged 1~6 are to preventive measures to reduce the incidence of JE.
Experimental study on toxicological safety evalution and enhancing immune function of a protein powder for pregnant and lactating women

Objective To evaluate the safety and modulatory effect on the immune function of a protein powder for pregnant and lactating women,so as to provide scientific support for the reasonable development of the health food. Methods In accordance with Technical Standards for testing and Assessment of Health Food(2003),the toxicological assessment on safety and a series of studies on the immune function of the protein powder were carried out. Results For the acute toxicity,the maximum tolerated dose(MTD) was higher than 15g/kg.BW. No genetic toxicity was observed. There were no adverse effects on body weight,food intake,food consumption,hematology,serum biochemistry. The number of antibody-producing cells and level of serum hemalysin in mice given the sample were increased,carbon clearance capability and function of peritoneal phagocytes were enhanced. The delayed hypersensitivity in the mice was promoted. The activity of NK cells were enhanced. Conclusion The sample belongs to non-toxic substance with no genetic toxicity and can effectively enhance the immune function of mice.
Maintenance of cotton-top tamarins fed an experimental pelleted diet versus a highly diverse sweetened diet.

The future study of colon disease in captive callitrichid colonies may require manipulation of diets. The limited knowledge of the nutritional requirements for these species and the varied diets and supplementations fed to these animals in various colonies suggest the importance of testing the palatability and acceptability of diets for these primates. Individually housed cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) were given either the regular Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) diet (monkey chow slurry, canned diet and supplements), a similar slurry using an experimental natural ingredient diet plus supplements, or the experimental diet without supplements. Neither dry food consumption, body weight, fecal output, nor the histological evaluation of the colons were affected by these diets. Daily intake of protein and calories were higher than previously reported estimates for the species. These results demonstrate that a natural ingredient non-sweetened pelleted diet is palatable for cotton-top tamarins for a period of 3.5 months, however, further testing over longer time periods is necessary. The nonnutritional (e.g. psychological) advantages of providing a highly diverse diet to primates housed in a relatively monotonous environment should be considered before adopting such a diet for an entire colony.
The effect of early life status epilepticus on ultrasonic vocalizations in mice.

Summary Objective Infant crying is a series of innate vocal patterns intended to elicit the attention of adult caregivers for fulfillment of specific needs such as pain, hunger, or hypostimulation. It is one of the earliest forms of observable communication. In neonatal rodents, this behavior has recently been investigated as a potential early behavioral marker of neural deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, few studies have examined the effects of seizures on vocalization behavior during the neonatal period. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a single kainate-induced early life seizure on vocalization behavior in mice. This study also investigates the subsequent effect of seizures on two pathways critical for early neural development and epileptogenesis: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase|serine/threonine kinase|mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-Akt-mTOR) and canonical (Wingless-Int Wnt) intracellular signaling pathways. Methods On postnatal day 10, male and female 129SvEvTac mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid (2.5 mg/kg) or vehicle injection. The kainate administration resulted in 1–2 h of status epilepticus. On postnatal days 11 and 12, the quantity and duration of isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded. Western blotting analyses were performed using male and female pups on postnatal day 12. Results There was significant, male-specific suppression in the quantity and total duration of 50-kHz calls on postnatal day 12 following seizures. The hippocampi of male mice on this postnatal day also revealed male-specific changes in the PI3K-Akt-mTOR intracellular signaling pathway, as well as changes in phosphorylated fragile × mental retardation protein. Significance These findings demonstrate that early life seizures can disrupt communication behavior in neonatal mice.
The Weight of Pain: What Does a 10 on the Pain Scale Mean? An Innovative Use of Art in Medical Education to Enhance Pain Management.

Abstract Context Art and museum spaces offer a novel educational platform for exploring the subjective elements inherent to the understanding and treatment of pain. Physicians and museum educators collaborated on an educational model using art to explore the metacognitive dimensions of pain management. Objectives Sessions used inquiry-based strategies to increase clinician awareness of implicit biases and build clinically applicable metacognitive skills that might influence how clinicians respond to patients in pain. Methods Two sessions led by museum educators and physician facilitators were held at the Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design. Through exercises that used works of art as the basis for guided discussions rooted in constructivist learning theory, participants explored how personal experiences, communication, and tolerance for uncertainty shape their interpretations. These sessions created unique, nonjudgmental opportunities for clinicians to make connections between their experience and how they perceive, interpret, and respond to the subjective experiences of patients in pain. Optional surveys were distributed. Results Participants at both sessions noted the event impacted how they think about making observations and communication—elements of practice inherent to pain management. The majority reported the experience could lead to a change in their practice. At the first session, 100% were interested in future sessions and 100% at the second would recommend it. Conclusions Facilitated, reflective experiences with works of art have the capacity to challenge clinicians to become aware of their implicit biases, thought processes, and communication with potential importance for improving pain management and providing more compassionate care.
On the Development of Communication Theory Some Reflections

This chapter reflects on various efforts to theorize about mass communication processes and effects, spanning an era that ranges from early paradigms to contemporary technologies. A number of theoretical approaches are presented and assessed for their emphases, limitations, and potential for increasing understanding of fundamental human and social communications phenomena.
Robustness of cooperative communication schemes to channel models

Cooperative communication to extract multi-user diversity and network coding are two ideas for improving wireless protocols. These ideas can be exploited to design protocols for low-latency high-reliability communication for control. Given the high-performance constraints for this communication, it is critical, to understand how sensitive such protocols are to modeling assumptions. We examine the impact of channel reciprocity, quasi-static fading, and the spatial independence of channel fades in this paper. This paper uses simple models to explore the performance sensitivity to assumptions. It turns out that wireless network-coding is moderately sensitive to channel reciprocity and non-reciprocity costs about 2dB SNR. The loss of the quasi-static fading assumption has a similar cost for the network coding based protocol but has a negligible effect on the protocol that doesn't use network coding. The real sensitivity of cooperative communication protocols is to the spatial independence assumptions. Capping the amount of independence to a small number degrades performance but perhaps more surprisingly, a simple Gilbert-Elliott-inspired model shows that having a random amount of independence can also severely impact performance.
Micro cavities for soliton frequency combs and optical clocks

Progress on soliton frequency microcombs is described including review of dissipative Kerr microcavity soliton physics. Applications including integrated optical clocks, microwave sources and optical synthesizers are discussed.
Doing Time and College: An Examination of Carceral Influences on Experiences in Postsecondary Correctional Education

Imprisonment pains often accompany confinement to correctional institutions and can be manifested through controlled interactions that are an ingrained part of these contexts. Less is known about how related discomforts and deprivations might specifically impact participation in postsecondary correctional education. This paper will shed light on possible ways that encounters between incarcerated college students, other prisoners, prison educators and corrections officers can influence their access to and quality of higher education received. It is based on qualitative data collected from interviews with 34 formerly incarcerated individuals who were past and present members of a higher education program post-release. This research has important policy implications given that individuals who earn college credits during incarceration are more likely to secure gainful employment and avoid crime post-incarceration. Particularly, it can be used to guide the development of carceral college programs that account for educational challenges that typically emanate from prison sub cultural influences.
Development and validation of a model and web application to predict 5-year distant relapse-free survival in women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

1077 Background: Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is an increasingly recognized intermediate marker for prognosis, but we still lack validated prognostic tools that incorporate tumor fact...
Information technology preparations for the Pluto encounter from mission operations to science retrieval

The Space Exploration Sector (SES) of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) currently houses the Mission Operations Center (MOC) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) New Horizons mission. In July 2015, New Horizons encountered Pluto. Prior to this encounter, APL had to prepare for its key role in this historic event by refining a number of its information technology (IT) capabilities. Additional redundancy was built into our infrastructure to ensure diversity. A Remote Mission Operations Center (RMOC) was designed, developed, and installed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to be used in the event of a catastrophic event on the East Coast that would render both the MOC and the Disaster Recovery Control Center (DRCC) unusable. The Emergency Control Center (ECC) at the Goldstone Complex, which serves as the backup to JPL's Deep Space Operations Center (DSOC), was upgraded to support the New Horizons mission. The amount of web traffic in the weeks prior to, during, and in the weeks following the encounter were expected to far exceed the Laboratory's capabilities for handling such traffic. To reduce the risk of web traffic overloading the APL IT security infrastructure and possibly causing a bottleneck in our intrusion detection and intrusion prevention devices, we elected to move our web services for the Pluto encounter data to Akamai. APL modified Internet service provider contracts to allow for burst traffic and established connectivity for regional diversity. APL took cyber preparedness seriously, performing numerous tabletop exercises to prepare response procedures for various cyber events that would minimize the impact on New Horizon operations. The New Horizons Science Team began placing increased demands on APL six months prior to the encounter, holding numerous Operational Readiness Tests. Each team involved in these tests had specific requirements related to space allocations, network configurations, printers, computers, and peripherals that needed to be settled. Enterprise coordination was very important. The many different APL departments worked together, and the Laboratory was ready to host the event well in advance of the encounter. This paper discusses the basic mission architecture, the plan that was developed to support the Pluto encounter, improvements instituted (the network upgrades, addition of the RMOC and ECC, additional redundancy, etc.), scheduling constraints, resolution of unforeseen problems, and lessons learned.
EVIDENCE FOR INHIBITORY COMPLEXES FORMED WITH CYTOCHROME P-450 AND A METABOLITE OF 1,1-DISUBSTITUTED HYDRAZINES

Publisher Summary Hydrazine and its derivatives are used in industry and medicine because of their chemical reactivity. These compounds have also been shown to be toxic and/or carcinogenic agents. This chapter describes the biochemical nature of a cytochrome P-450 spectral intermediate when any of a number of 1, 1–disubstituted hydrazines were added to suspensions of rat liver microsomes in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) and oxygen. The chapter provides evidence that the complex is abortive in nature and, thus, the complexed cytochrome P-450 can no longer function in its role as a terminal oxidase. In the presence of NADPH and oxygen, the 1, 1–disubstituted hydrazines were metabolized to products that form a spectral intermediate with cytochrome P-450. The metabolite stabilized cytochrome P-450 in the ferric state because reduction to a ferrous state was only seen under anaerobic conditions and was reversed by the re-addition of oxygen. Studies with known substrates and/or inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 and induction experiments suggest that complex formation was dependent on metabolism by the phenobarbital-induced form of cytochrome P-450.
Snapshots of C-S Cleavage in Egt2 Reveals Substrate Specificity and Reaction Mechanism

Summary Sulfur incorporation in the biosynthesis of ergothioneine, a histidine thiol derivative, differs from other well-characterized transsulfurations. A combination of a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme-catalyzed oxidative C-S bond formation and a subsequent pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-mediated C-S lyase reaction leads to the net transfer of a sulfur atom from a cysteine to a histidine. In this study, we structurally and mechanistically characterized a PLP-dependent C-S lyase Egt2, which mediates the sulfoxide C-S bond cleavage in ergothioneine biosynthesis. A cation-π interaction between substrate and enzyme accounts for Egt2's preference of sulfoxide over thioether as a substrate. Using mutagenesis and structural biology, we captured three distinct states of the Egt2 C-S lyase reaction cycle, including a labile sulfenic intermediate captured in Egt2 crystals. Chemical trapping and high-resolution mass spectrometry were used to confirm the involvement of the sulfenic acid intermediate in Egt2 catalysis.
Food Reservations at the Reservation

The growing problem of Americans facing chronic health conditions—Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and obesity—is exacerbated within the Native American population who live on reservations. Their rate of these chronic conditions exceeds those for all other races bringing forth a greater need for methods to improve health through the development of local food security. Fortunately, the indigenous food sovereignty movement has brought attention to their struggle for access to healthy and culturally appropriate foods that are grown and harvested in accordance with tribal agricultural practices. The Oneida Indian Reservation in Wisconsin provides a case study demonstrating how tribal government farm operations, backyard gardening, and agricultural cooperatives combine to reintegrate Iroquois white corn into diets to improve health outcomes. Collaboration between the Oneida Nation’s Tsyunhehkwa (life sustenance), Cannery, and Oneida Market and the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program financially support the commitment to farming and food preservation that contribute to the development of informal agricultural cooperatives. Oneida families developed their own backyard gardens and formed Ohe∙laku (among the cornstalks). This chapter provides a historical overview of the external forces contributing to the current Native American health crisis, illustrates the growing strength of tribal governance and how the people have reconnected with the land to produce healthy crops and restore lost culture. Their resilience and spiritual revival demonstrates several methods that can be translated to other Indian reservations and communities to aid in the resolution of national health and food security problems throughout the United States.
Mechanisms of deformation and ductility in tungsten – A review

Abstract The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of tungsten are at the far limits of all engineering materials. These unique properties, particularly ultra-high strength, density, and melting point, create enticing prospects for using tungsten in extreme engineering environments for nuclear, military and space applications. However, these environments also require materials that resist fracture, which presents a significant challenge for tungsten, particularly at low temperatures. This review discusses several significant factors that affect the ductile to brittle transition and low temperature ductility of tungsten. The effects of crystal structure, dislocation structure, and microstructure to describe competing factors in the plasticity and fracture of tungsten at low temperatures are assessed. In particular, the dislocation structure and the mechanisms of dislocation mobility are shown to be critical to understanding plasticity at low temperatures.
Anesthesia for Pleural and Chest Wall Surgery

Chest wall surgery includes cases such as resection for chest wall tumors, repair of pectus excavatum or carinatum, thoracoplasty and chest wall reconstruction. Procedures involving the pleural cavity include drainage of empyema, drainage of pleural effusions, decortication, thoracentesis, pleurodesis, and chest tube thoracostomy. These cases often present anesthetic challenges and require interdisciplinary cooperation. This chapter will discuss the physiologic considerations and alterations during chest wall and pleural cavity surgery and suggest the complete preoperative work-up. It will also delve into intraoperative considerations and monitoring as well as regional anesthetic techniques for postoperative pain control. A brief discussion of postoperative complications and special considerations for certain surgeries will be reviewed.
Reviving the Forgotten American Dream

INTRODUCTION 418 I. OWNERSHIP AND LIBERTY 420 A. A Brief History of American “Ownership” 420 B. The Modern American Dream 427 II. CAPITAL OWNERSHIP AND WEALTH 429 A. Neoclassical Economic Philosophy and Ownership 430 B. Historical Perspectives on Neoclassical Economics 432 III. BROADENING HOME OWNERSHIP 435 A. The National Housing Act of 1934 and the Federal Housing Administration 436 B. Arguments Against Home Ownership as a Systemic Economic Solution—Problems and Limitations 439 IV. CAPITAL OWNERSHIP CONTRASTED 442 A. Along Came the ESOP 443 B. Binary Economics 445 C. Capital Homesteading 451 1. The Consumer Stock Ownership Plan 452 2. Community Investment Corporation 452 3. Individual Stock Ownership Plan 453 4. Capital Homesteading and Redistribution 453 D. Universal 401(k) 453 E. Micro-Credit 455