cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Simple Recurrent Networks and n -Grams in a Large Corpus

The increased availability of text corpora and the growth of connectionism has stimulated a renewed interest in probabilistic models of language processing in computational linguistics and psycholinguistics. The Simple Recurrent Network (SRN) is an important connectionist model because it has the potential to learn temporal dependencies of unspecified length. In addition, many computational questions about the SRN's ability to learn dependencies between individual items extend to other models. This paper will report on experiments with an SRN trained on a large corpus and examine the ability of the network to learn bigrams, trigrams, etc., as a function of the size of the corpus. The performance is evaluated by an information theoretic measure of prediction (or guess) ranking and output vector entropy. With enough training and hidden units the SRN shows the ability to learn 5 and 6-gram dependencies, although learning an n-gram is contingent on its frequency and the relative frequency of other n-grams. In some cases, the network will learn relatively low frequency deep dependencies before relatively high frequency short ones if the deep dependencies do not require representational shifts in hidden unit space.
A Class of Sparse Spectral Operators for Inversion of Powers of the Laplacian in N Dimensions

For inversion of the Laplacian subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions and, more generally, for the kth power of the Laplacian subject to boundary conditions on the function and its first k − 1 derivatives in the normal coordinate, there is a sparse symmetric, well-conditioned, projection of the operator that results from an expansion in associated Legendre polynomials.
Intramuscular hemangioma: Report of a case

Intramuscular hemangiomas are rare tumors. Their occurrence in the head and neck region is even more unusual. The first reported case involving the orbicularis oris muscle is presented. The histologic classification is that of the mixed-vessel type, which occurs in the head and neck region only 5 percent of the time. Included is a review of the literature, with a discussion of the current philosophy of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Knowledge of this type of tumor is important to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon who evaluates mass lesions.
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome

A 13 year-old boy presented with a six-month history of severe lip swelling. His past medical history was significant for eczema, multiple episodes of urticaria, and two episodes of anaphylaxis. Physical exam revealed severe cheilitis and labial angioedema. The cranial nerves were intact, and there was no evidence of a fissured tongue. A lip biopsy showed noncaseating granulomas throughout the dermis, with extension into the underlying skeletal muscle. Other features included dilated lymphatic channels, some closely approximating the granulomas, and a mild perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. The epidermis was acanthotic with parakeratosis and focal acantholysis. Methenamine silver and acid-fast stains were negative. A laboratory work-up revealed an increased total eosinophil count, an increased serum IgE level, and a low complement C1q level. All other complement levels were normal. The patient also had an unremarkable chest x-ray and a normal angiotensin converting enzyme level. This case represents the monosymptomatic form of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS), also known as cheilitis granulomatosa Meischer. MRS is classically known as a triad of granulomatous cheilitis, facial nerve palsy, and fissured tongue. The onset of granulomatous cheilitis typically precedes the other symptoms, and when present alone, it is known as the monosymptomatic form of MRS.
Employees' motivation for personal initiative: The joint influence of status and communion striving

As organizational contexts are increasingly dynamic, the extent to which employees take initiative to facilitate success has become more important. We examine how employee motivation to get ahead (status striving) and get along with others (communion striving) predicts their proactive work behaviors, in the form of personal initiative, over and above employee accomplishment striving. Data collected from 165 employees indicates status striving has a positive and communion striving has a negative relationship with employee personal initiative. More importantly, the interaction between status and communion striving shows increased employee initiative when both status and communion striving increase from low to high levels. Altogether, our results suggest that employees’ initiative is increased when they are motivated by both getting ahead of and getting along with others at work.
The automatic implantable defibrillator. New Modality for treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.

New Modality for treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The automatic implantable defibrillator continuously monitors cardiac rhythm, identifies ventricuiar fibrillation and then delivers corrective defibrillatory discharges when indicated: it weighs 250 grams and has a volume of 145 cc. When a suitable arrhythmia is detected, a 25 Joule pulse is delivered through a superior vena cava catheter electrode and another electrode placed over the cardiac apex. As oj March 1981, sixteen survivors of multiple cardiac arrests refractory io antiarrhythmic therapy had undergone implantation of the automatic defibrillator. There was no operative mortality and the morbidity was minimal. Electrophysiologic studies were performed before and after surgery to confirm failure of drug therapy and to ensure the device's ability to terminate malignant arrhythmias. Eight spontaneous and fourteen of the seventeen induced malignant arrhythmias were properly recognized and corrected by the device. The discharges were well tolerated by awake patients. A number of problems including recycling delays and spurious discharges have been identified and corrected. There were three late deaths with pulmonary edema noted in two patients, and asystole in one. The autopsies revealed no myocardial damage attributable to the automatic defibrillator. Although the ultimate role of this approach to prevention of sudden arrhythmic death has yet to be determined, the results obtained to date are encouraging and indicate that a useful modality for treating malignant ventricular arrhythmias has been added to our armamentarium. (PACE, Vol. 5, May-June, 1982)
Geomorphological Evidence for Water on Mars

Martian landscapes and landforms indicate episodic activity by water and ice, extending from the planet's earliest history up to the present day. Most of the relevant fluvial, glacial, volcano-ice, periglacial, lacustrine (even “marine”), and related landforms have direct counterparts on Earth. Moreover, they exist in causally related, holistic associations of space and time that confirm their relationship to a long-term history of water-related activity. Although strong geomorphological evidence for many of these relationships has been apparent for 30 years, its scientific importance has only been recently appreciated because of direct geochemical measurements of water and ice features by surface robotic and orbital instruments.
All Our Troubles Seem So Far Away: Temporal Pattern to Accessible Alternatives and Retrospective Team Appraisals

Three studies tested the hypothesis that thoughts about alternatives become increasingly accessible over time, leading poor outcomes to feel subjectively farther away and less inevitable. This subjective temporal distance bias was obtained even though actual time since poor and good outcomes was identical. In Study 1, participants who recalled distant poor team outcomes thought of alternatives easily and outcomes felt farther away and less inevitable. Thoughts about outcomes were most easily accessible after good outcomes, which felt closer and more inevitable. In Study 2, with measures obtained immediately or at a later time on a negotiation task, changes over time occurred primarily for poor team outcomes. In Study 3, team performance on an investment task indicated it is whether alternatives are thought of easily, not thought content, that produces this effect. Discussion centers on temporal appraisals, other temporal biases, and teams.
“Being gay has been a curse for me”: Gay Muslim Americans, narrative and negotiations of belonging in the Muslim ummah

In this essay, I draw on ethnographic research with South Asian Muslim American gay men of Pakistani descent in Houston to explore everyday negotiations of religion, race, sexuality and transnationalism. The essay highlights three intersecting registers that situate gay Muslim American sexual cultural formations in local, transnational and cultural contexts. Drawing on participant observation and oral life history interviews, this essay examines: (a) culturally constructed male sexualities that are informed by the scripts, language, and cultural idioms of homo-sociality and same-sex eroticism, love and relationships in the homeland; (b) the increasing centrality of belonging to a transnational Muslim ummah; and (c) the appropriation of western terminologies and categories of sexuality in constructing a gay identity. The narratives examined in this essay contribute to cultural analyses of transnational sexual cultures, and ethnographies of Muslim Americans and LGBTQIA immigrant communities in the West.
Crack Initiation and Growth in PBX 9502 High Explosive Subject to Compression

Brittle and quasi-brittle solids, when subject to compression, fail by the development of microcracks that originate from heterogeneity. Lateral confinement has been shown to affect the failure pattern of the testing specimen, from splitting type of cracking with no confinement, to failure by shear banding with moderate confinement, to plasticitylike ductile failure when subject to high confining pressure. Even in the case of simple uni-axial compression, near local heterogeneity, e.g., pore or a small crack, the nonuniform stress state will introduce local confinement. As a result, different types of failure can occur simultaneously. In the present study, we investigate the process of damage initiation, accumulation, and cracking in a specimen of plastic bonded explosive (PBX), PBX 9502, containing a cavity and subject to compression. Due to the nonuniform deformation near the cavity, both tensile cracks and shear-dominated widespread material damage are generated. Detailed variation of quantities that characterize the process of crack initiation and growth will be presented and discussed.
An experimental study of spray mixing in a direct injection engine

AbstractThe effects of injection timing, injector type, injection pressure and engine flowfield on fuel spray mixing in a direct injection engine were investigated using planar laser-induced fluorescence. The fluorescence images had sufficient resolution and quality to permit, for the first time in an engine, the calculation of the scalar dissipation rate. The probability density function of the scalar dissipation scaled by the mean showed excellent agreement with turbulent jet and shear layer data for late injection conditions, indicating that the same fundamental mixing process existed in the different flows. The effect of shot noise limited such comparisons for the more homogeneous early injection conditions. A dual-metric method was developed to characterize the degree of mixedness. The two metrics employed were the spatial variation, which describes the homogeneity of the scalar population, and the mean scalar dissipation, which describes the average magnitude of local scalar gradients and represents...
Stepholidine protects against H2O2 neurotoxicity in rat cortical neurons by activation of Akt

The fundamental pathological process(es) associated with schizophrenia (SZ) remain(s) uncertain, but multiple lines of evidence suggest that this condition is associated with excessive stimulation of striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors, deficient stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) D1 receptors as well as neuronal apoptosis. Unlike typical antipsychotics, stepholidine (SPD), which is isolated from the Chinese herb stephania, has D1 and D2 dual properties and regulates neuronal cell differentiation and proliferation. It is unknown, however, whether it possesses a neuroprotective property. Here, we report that SPD prevented neuronal cell death from H2O2 exposure and increased the levels of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt), a serine/threonine protein kinase. The SPD-induced neuroprotection and activation of Akt were blocked by LY294002, a PI3-K inhibitor, suggesting that the anti-apoptotic action of SPD is mediated via the PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, as a survival or anti-apoptotic factor for neuronal cells, SPD may contribute to the therapeutic action of SPD in SZ treatment.
Mechanical properties of Zr56.2Ti13.8Nb5.0Cu6.9Ni5.6Be12.5 ductile phase reinforced bulk metallic glass composite

Ductile phase containing bulk metallic glass composites are prepared via an in situ method by rapid quenching of a homogenous Zr56.2Ti13.8Nb5.0Cu6.9Ni5.6Be12.5 melt. The microstructure of the resulting two phase material is investigated by SEM, X-ray diffraction, and microprobe analysis. The composite material, as well as single phase materials with the corresponding matrix and second phase compositions, are tested in uniaxial tension and compression. Young's Modulus, shear modulus and Poisson ratios are analyzed by ultrasonic sound velocity measurements. The composite material demonstrates strongly improved Charpy impact toughness (by a factor of 2.5 compared to Vitreloy 1) and ductility (average fracture strain up to 8.3% in compression and 5.5% in tension). These remarkable improvements are explained by the effect of the mechanically soft and ductile second phase, which acts stabilizing against shear localization and critical crack propagation.
Gene therapy for color blindness.

The subretinal introduction of a gene encoding an opsin into two color-blind monkeys lacking that opsin resulted in the acquisition of trichromatic vision.
Faraday Effect in Gases and Vapors. III

Verdet constants over the spectral range 3635 A to 9875 A have now been measured for 11 gases and vapors (also Pyrex glass) in addition to the 22 previously reported. The list includes nitric oxide gas, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide; also the vapors of water, deuterium oxide, ethyl and methyl alcohols, ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide. Nitric oxide shows a negative rotation and a larger Verdet constant and Faraday dispersion than any other of the (gaseous) materials tested except carbon disulfide vapor.For comparison purposes the Verdet constants of the latter eight substances on the list have been measured for the liquid state over the same spectral range. The ratio of Verdet constants for water in the liquid and vapor states is 2 to 5 times larger than for any other material tested. Deuterium oxide in vapor or liquid states shows about the same Verdet ratio to water, viz 0.97, as deuterium and hydrogen gases. Faraday temperature coefficients have also been determined. For constant volume conditions these are very small save for nitric oxide gas. A theoretical explanation of the rotation of nitric oxide is attempted.
Status of the theory of the hydrogen Lamb shift

The theory of the 2S1/2-2P1/2Lamb shift of hydrogen is reviewed and compared to experiment. Recent corrections from radiative recoil of order α(Zα)5m2/M and pure recoil of order (Zα)6 m2/M are discussed. Contributions of order α2(Zα)5m have been calculated from certain classes of diagrams. These are described while other as yet uncalculated terms are mentioned. The largest error in the theory is due to the uncertain measured value of the proton electromagnetic radius.
Applications of ring closing metathesis. Total synthesis of (±)-pseudotabersonine

A novel approach to the Aspidosperma family of alkaloids was developed and applied to a concise total synthesis of (±)-pseudotabersonine that was accomplished in 11 steps. Key transformations include a stepwise variant of a Mannich-like multicomponent assembly process, a double ring-closing metathesis sequence, and a one-pot deprotection/cyclization reaction.
Absorption of orally administered cardiac glycosides in cats

Digitoxin, gitalin, gitoxin, and tinctures of Digitalis lanata, lutea, sibirica, orientalis, and purpurea were administered by stomach tube to unanesthetized cats to obtain LD50 estimates of carditonic drugs. These drugs differ in their emetic action and extensive experimental data are presented.
Cavity phase shift method for high reflectance measurements at mid-infrared wavelengths

The cavity phase shift method can measure high reflectances on spherical surfaces with good spatial resolution. Successful demonstration at 2.9 micrometers wavelength is described. A reflectance of 0.9920±0.0050 has been measured.
Intracerebral delivery of growth factors: potential application of genetically modified fibroblasts.

To date, a number of different growth factors (e.g. nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and fibroblast growth factor) have been shown to act as a neurotrophic and/or neurotrophic agents on distinct neuronal populations within the peripheral and central nervous system. Knowledge as to how most of these factors influence the development and regeneration of growth factor-sensitive neurons has been obtained from in vitro examination. A new approach that can be used to assess the effects of growth factors on neuronal groups in vivo is the combined use of gene transfer and intracerebral grafting techniques. The present article explores the potential use of grafting genetically modified fibroblasts within the nervous system as a delivery method for growth factors.
Gold and Silver Nanoparticles in Sensing and Imaging: Sensitivity of Plasmon Response to Size, Shape, and Metal Composition

Plasmonic metal nanoparticles have great potential for chemical and biological sensor applications, due to their sensitive spectral response to the local environment of the nanoparticle surface and ease of monitoring the light signal due to their strong scattering or absorption. In this work, we investigated the dependence of the sensitivity of the surface plasmon resonance (frequency and bandwidth) response to changes in their surrounding environment and the relative contribution of optical scattering to the total extinction, on the size and shape of nanorods and the type of metal, that is, Au vs Ag. Theoretical consideration on the surface plasmon resonance condition revealed that the spectral sensitivity, defined as the relative shift in resonance wavelength with respect to the refractive index change of surrounding materials, has two controlling factors: first the bulk plasma wavelength, a property dependent on the metal type, and second on the aspect ratio of the nanorods which is a geometrical parameter. It is found that the sensitivity is linearly proportional to both these factors. To quantitatively examine the dependence of the spectral sensitivity on the nanorod metal composition and the aspect ratio, the discrete dipole approximation method was used for the calculation of optical spectra of Ag-Au alloy metal nanorods as a function of Ag concentration. It is observed that the sensitivity does not depend on the type of the metal but depends largely on the aspect ratio of nanorods. The direct dependence of the sensitivity on the aspect ratio becomes more prominent as the size of nanorods becomes larger. However, the use of larger nanoparticles may induce an excessive broadening of the resonance spectrum due to an increase in the contribution of multipolar excitations. This restricts the sensing resolution. The insensitivity of the plasmon response to the metal composition is attributable to the fact that the bulk plasma frequency of the metal, which determines the spectral dispersion of the real dielectric function of metals and the surface plasmon resonance condition, has a similar value for the noble metals. On the other hand, nanorods with higher Ag concentration show a great enhancement in magnitude and sharpness of the plasmon resonance band, which gives better sensing resolution despite similar plasmon response. Furthermore, Ag nanorods have an additional advantage as better scatterers compared with Au nanorods of the same size.
A comparison of overstory density measures for describing understory conifer growth

Abstract Stand basal area (TBA), hemispherical photographic estimates of canopy coverage (PCC), and visual estimates of canopy coverage (VCC) were used to predict underplanted seedling growth in an experiment on conifer regeneration in two-storied stand management. VCC was the best predictor of western redcedar (Thuja plicata) seedling volume when evenly and unevenly thinned treatments were combined and when unevenly thinned plots were examined separately, while TBA predicted seedling volume better in evenly thinned plots. VCC also was the best predictor of grand fir (Abies grandis) seedling volume when thinning treatments were combined or unevenly thinned treatments were examined separately; VCC, PCC, and TBA predicted grand fir volume in evenly thinned plots about equally well. VCC was more strongly correlated with TBA than was PCC, especially at higher levels of overstory retention in the evenly thinned stands. In unevenly thinned plots, the VCC and PCC estimates were correlated with stand basal area about equally. In unevenly thinned plots, both estimators were better at lower than at higher residual densities. With roughly 41% of variance of growth of individual seedlings explained by VCC, it is a relatively poor predictor for individuals. For large groups of seedlings, however, VCC is a good predictor of a general pattern and considerably better than PCC, on average.
Polyvinylchloride resistive plate counters for charged particle detection

Abstract The construction and performance of polyvinylchloride resistive plate counters are described. These counters provide both time and spatial measurement of charged particles in a relatively inexpensive and easily constructed detector. We describe a new technique for applying voltage to the electrodes. The performance of these counters is evaluated for various concentrations of the quenching agent, freon and isobutane.
Original Contribution: A polynomial time algorithm for the construction and training of a class of multilayer perceptrons

This paper presents a polynomial time algorithm for the construction and training of a class of multilayer perceptrons for classification. It uses linear programming models to incrementally generate the hidden layer in a restricted higher-order perceptron. Polynomial time complexity of the method is proven. Computational results are provided for several well-known applications in the areas of speech recognition, medical diagnosis, and target detection. In all cases, very small nets were created that had error rates similar to those reported so far.
Turning Defeat into Victory: Wissenschaft des Judentums and the Martyrs of 1096

In the nineteenth century the widely accepted and christologically bound understanding of Jewish history also dominated the new philosophy of history, which retained the conventional picture of Judaism as an outdated religion, an anachronism superseded in the course of world history by Christianity. Within this conception of the unfolding of world history, Judaism was denied of independent historical value, and was instead associated with decline and dissolution. What from the point of German-Jewish historians was a long-lasting and heroic struggle, was in the eyes of their German counterparts an endless and meaningless series of episodes that had lost all significance once the idea of monotheism had spread and the Jewish state was destroyed. This is particularly characteristic of Hegel's philosophy of history.1 In his earlier writings, even before he had formulated a comprehensive philosophy of history, Hegel took issue with the essence of Jewish history. Rejecting the possibility that Jewish history could embody profound tragedy, he wrote: The tragedy of the Jewish people is not a Greek tragedy, it cannot evoke fear or compassion, since both of these arise from a necessary false step of a beautiful creature, while that [destiny of the Jews] can only arouse repugnance. The destiny of the Jewish people is the fate of Macbeth ... who had to be crushed by his own beliefs.2
Gaussian laser beam shaping: Test and evaluation

A method for converting single mode Gaussian beams into beams with uniform irradiance profiles is described. This technique has application to laser cutting and welding, laser ablation, semiconductor mask fabrication, and other tasks. Currently, designs for rectangular and circular flat top profiles have been investigated. Experimental results are presented for an element that converts a single mode Gaussian beam into a square, flat top spot. The design is based on a Fourier transform relation between the input and output beam functions and can be implemented as a diffractive or refractive element. The form of the element reduces to a common equation that is scaled for the particular geometry involved. This scale factor contains the product of the widths of the input and output beams, the focal length of the system, and the wavelength. It is a dimensionless quantity that uniquely determines the quality of the target spot, regardless of wavelength or system geometry. A designer can thus start from a desired target quality and lay out the required optical system to achieve that quality, in contrast to an iterative approach.
Empirical research on entrepreneurial orientation: An assessment and suggestions for future research

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is one of the most widely accepted firm-level constructs in the literature. The present study provides a comprehensive qualitative review and evaluation of the empi...
Systemic and Myocardial Effects of ATP and Adenosine during Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Lambs

ABSTRACT: The systemic and myocardial effects of adenosine and ATP were investigated in 12 newborn lambs, instrumented at 5–7 d of age with catheters in the aorta, pulmonary artery, coronary sinus, and right and left atria and flow transducers around the main pulmonary artery and left circumflex coronary artery. Studies were done 3–7 d after recovery from surgery. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by exposure to alveolar hypoxia (10% O2, 5%> CO2, and 85% N2,), which was maintained throughout the experiment. Adenosine, ATP, or an equal volume of saline (control) was infused into the right atrial line in doses of 0.04 to 2.5 μmol/kg/min during hypoxia. Alveolar hypoxia caused significant increases in pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, left circumflex flow, left ventricular O2 consumption, and systemic and myocardial O2 extraction and a decrease in systemic O2 transport. ATP and adenosine caused selective decreases in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance at doses of 0.04 to 0.30 μmol/kg/min and decreases in both pulmonary and systemic pressures and resistances at 0.60 to 2.5 μmol/kg/min. ATP and adenosine caused increases in systemic O2 transport, left circumflex flow, left ventricular O2 transport, and left ventricular O2 consumption and decreases in systemic O2 extraction and left ventricular O2 extraction at 0.3 to 2.5 μmol/kg/min. Systemic O2 consumption did not change during the study. Arterial and coronary sinus blood lactate levels increased during hypoxia and decreased from hypoxia at 2.5-μmol/kg/min infusion rates of adenosine and ATP. Adenosine and ATP cause selective pulmonary vasodilation in lambs with pulmonary hypertension at doses of 0.04 to 0.30 μmol/kg/min and improvement in systemic and myocardial O2 delivery at larger doses. Adenosine and ATP may have a beneficial role in the management of pulmonary hypertension in children.
Analysis of Cyanothece sp. BH68K mutants defective in aerobic nitrogen fixation

The unicellular cyanobacterium, Cyanothece sp. BH68K, is capable of performing both oxygen-sensitive nitrogen fixation and oxygenic photosynthesis within a single cell. To understand the oxygen protection mechanisms of nitrogenase, mutants defective in nitrogen fixation (Nif-) were isolated by use of diethyl sulfate as a mutagen. Out of 24 mutants screened, 6 mutants could not express nitrogenase activity under aerobic conditions, but expressed activity under anaerobic conditions (Fox-); 4 mutants showed no activity under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Fix-); and the remaining mutants were impaired in both aerobic and anaerobic nitrogenase activity (Imp). Respiratory oxygen consumption and photosynthetic oxygen evolution were analyzed in the wild-type and in two Fox- mutants. In the wild-type the appearance of high aerobic nitrogenase activity was correlated with an increase in dark respiration, whereas no such increase was seen in the Fox- mutants. We propose that in Fox- mutants, respiratory oxygen consumption plays an important role in maintaining aerobic nitrogenase activity.
T lymphocyte subset alterations following bluetongue virus infection in sheep and cattle.

Abstract To determine potential mechanisms of differential disease expression in ruminants infected with bluetongue virus (BTV), clinically normal, BTV-seronegative, yearling sheep and cattle were infected subcutaneously with a standardized insect-source inoculum of BTV serotype 17 (BTV-17) (three infected and one contact control each) or animal adapted BTV serotype 10 (BTV-10) (three sheep only). BTV was isolated from peripheral blood cell components of infected sheep and cattle and all infected animals showed evidence of seroconversion by 14 days post infection (PI). Sheep infected with both serotypes of BTV developed pyrexia, oral lesions, and leukopenia which were most severe on days 7–8 PI. Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes with specific monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry revealed panlymphocytopenia on day 7 PI. This response was further characterized by an increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio (> 3) resultant from a greater decrease in absolute numbers of circulating SBU-T8(CD8 + ) (“cytotoxic/suppressor”) lymphocytes compared to SBU-T4(CD4) + (“helper”) lymphocytes. SBU-T19 + lymphocytes were also decreased below baseline values on days 5–14 post infection. On day 14 PI there were increased CD8 + lymphocytes and decreased CD4/CD8 ratios (approximately 0.6) in these sheep. Clinical and hematologic changes in cattle infected with BTV-17 were minimal and consisted of mild pyrexia (rectal temperature 103°F) on day 9 PI in two of three infected animals and mild leukopenia on several days PI in one animal. This leukopenia was the result of a pan T lymphocytopenia with CD4/CD8 ratios in the expected range (1–2). Similar to infected sheep, infected cattle did have a shift (decrease, approximately 0.8) in the peripheral CD4/CD8 ratio associated with an increase in circulating BoT8 (CD8) + lymphocytes on day 14 post infection. Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of all sheep and cattle infected with BTV-17 proliferated in vitro in response to purified BTV-17. These results confirm and extend those of previous studies that indicate species differences in the hematologic response to an equivalent BTV infection in domestic ruminants.
Upstream interactions between planar symmetric laminar methane premixed flames

Unsteady upstream interactive combustion of two stoichiometric planar methane premixed flames that propagate towards each other as they consume the finite slab of combustible gas in between them is numerically investigated. The onset of hydrodynamic, thermal, and diffusional interactions between the merging flames that is governed by the relative magnitude of the diffusivity for momentum, heat, and mass are discussed in terms of the dimensionless groups Prandtl, Lewis, and Schmidt numbers. The average propagation velocity of laminar methane flames is found to first increase from 40.5 to 41.9 cm/s during their thermodiffusive interactions and subsequently to 282 cm/s during the chemical interactions associated with the merging of the reaction zones. The influence of the Lewis number of the fuel and the oxidizer on the nature of upstream flame-flame interactions is determined. The results show that under appropriate values of the transport coefficients the sharing of reactive radical species may lead into local homogeneous explosion of the reactive mixture.
The design, implementation, and evaluation of Jade

Jade is a portable, implicitly parallel language designed for exploiting task-level concurrency.Jade programmers start with a program written in a standard serial, imperative language, then use Jade constructs to declare how parts of the program access data. The Jade implementation uses this data access information to automatically extract the concurrency and map the application onto the machine at hand. The resulting parallel execution preserves the semantics of the original serial program. We have implemented Jade as an extension to C, and Jade implementations exist for s hared-memory multiprocessors, homogeneous message-passing machines, and heterogeneous networks of workstations. In this atricle we discuss the design goals and decisions that determined the final form of Jade and present an overview of the Jade implementation. We also present our experience using Jade to implement several complete scientific and engineering applications. We use this experience to evaluate how the different Jade language features were used in practice and how well Jade as a whole supports the process of developing parallel applications. We find that the basic idea of preserving the serial semantics simplifies the program development process, and that the concept of using data access specifications to guide the parallelization offers significant advantages over more traditional control-based approaches. We also find that the Jade data model can interact poorly with concurrency patterns that write disjoint pieces of a single aggregate data structure, although this problem arises in only one of the applications.
Genetic influences on spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in (CS X OS)F2 chickens.

Genetic effects on spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in chickens were assessed by measuring phenotypic symptoms, the titer of circulating antibody to thyroglobulin, and the pathological change in the thyroids of young chicks. One or more loci within theB complex (the major histocompatibility complex of the chicken) are responsible for the expression of autoimmunity, and evidence is provided for an interaction of theB haplotype with genes at other loci. The influence of theB complex component on genetic susceptibility is more visible in animals with limited susceptibility at other loci and becomes indistinguishable as the frequency of other genes determining thyroid autoimmunity increases.
Parents and peers: Socialization agents in the coital behavior of young adults∗

In spite of the plethora of books, films and talk about sex, comparatively little is known about the interrelations between sexuality and socialization (Gagnon 1966). It is true that the patterning of premarital sexual behavior has been traced to such factors as differences in social class, religiosity and irreligiosity differential sex role conditioning, peer reference groups, and conservatism and liberalism (Kinsey et al, 1953; Locke, 1951; Kanin and Howard, 1958; Reiss, 1967; and Mirande, 1968); nevertheless there has been little closure in regard to the long range effects of various socializing agents upon the premarital sexual behavior of adolescents and young adults. In the absence of any general theory, there have been numerous assumptions upon which sex problem-oriented professionals have operated. For example some family counselors view premarital coitus (especially on the part of adolescent females) as an 4'acting out' of aggression and anxieties which have been generated within family interaction (Ackerman, 1 958; Friedman et al, 1 970). Others, as for instance some family life specialists hold that early adolescent experiments in coital activity often are due to ignorance and misinformation about sex. Operating on this assumption, many sex educators believe that an adequate sex education, especially if it is augmented by trained parentsv may reduce the need for early coital experimentation (Calderone, 1965; Gadpaille, 1970). Yet another assumption has been made by some who have called attention tO the "exposure factor' within the contemporary dating and courtship systems. For example, many writers have deplored, especially for young teens, the American dating arrangement known as "going steady". The implicit idea behind this proscription is the suspicion that greater exposure to intimate male-female interaction
Bacterial resistance to the cyclic glycopeptides

Cyclic-glycopeptide antibiotics, such as vancomycin and teicoplanin, have been almost uniformly active against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria since their discovery in the 1950s. Resistance is now emerging among enterococci and staphylococci by acquisition of novel genes or by mutation, respectively. The mechanism of resistance for enterococci appears to be synthesis of an altered cell-wall precursor with lower affinity for the antibiotics.
NMR Characterization of an Oligonucleotide Model of the MiR-21 Pre-Element.

We have used NMR spectroscopy to characterize an oligonucleotide stem loop structure based on the pre-element of an oncogenic microRNA, miR-21. This predicted stem-loop structure is cleaved from the precursor of miR-21 (pre-miR-21) by the nuclease Dicer. It is also a critical feature recognized by the protein complex that converts the primary transcript (pri-miR-21) into the pre-miRNA. The secondary structure of the native sequence is poorly defined by NMR due to rapid exchange of imino protons with solvent; however, replacement of two adjacent putative G•U base pairs with G•C base pairs retains the conformation of the hairpin observed by chemical probing and stabilizes it sufficiently to observe most of the imino proton resonances of the molecule. The observed resonances are consistent with the predicted secondary structure. In addition, a peak due to a loop uridine suggests an interaction between it and a bulged uridine in the stem. Assignment of non-exchangeable proton resonances and characterization of NOEs and coupling constants allows inference of the following features of the structure: extrahelicity of a bulged adenosine, deviation from A-form geometry in a base-paired stem, and consecutive stacking of the adenosines in the 5′ side of the loop, the guanosine of the closing base pair, and a cross-strand adenosine. Modeling of the structure by restrained molecular dynamics suggests a basis for the interaction between the loop uridine, the bulged uridine in the stem, and an A•U base pair in the stem.
Factors affecting body weights in a herd of Holstein cattle.

Abstract Variation in body weights and body weight changes was studied in 1,004 lactations of 477 Holstein cows collected over 14 years. Body weights were lactation average weight and weights in the second, fifth, and seventh months of lactation. Weight changes from the beginning of lactation to the end were studied. Age was the most important factor, accounting for 41.4% of the variation in body weight and 19% of the variance in weight change on a linear basis. Seasonal differences were significant for all measures except weight in the second month. Cows calving during January to March gained the least while milking and were the lightest in weight. Days open was unrelated to average body weight but was negatively related to weight change during lactation.
Sorption of hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds (HIOCs) onto polymeric ion exchangers

Abstract This study investigates the sorption of synthetic organic compounds, such as benzene sulfonate, naphthalene mono- and disulfonates, onto ion exchangers. These organic compounds exist as aromatic anions in aqueous solutions within a wide range of pH and they are referred to as hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds (HIOCs). Characteristically, the HIOCs contain two primary constituents: non-polar aromatic head groups and ionic charges. Sorption of the HIOCs onto ion exchangers essentially follows an ion exchange stoichiometry; however, ion exchange selectivity is greatly governed by the size of the non-polar head group and ionic charge. The favorable sorption of the HIOCs is unique because they are all endothermic and entropy-driven. The ion exchange selectivity in favor of the HIOCs can be reduced and reversed in cosolvents. Chloride and sulfate are commonly encountered competing ions presented in water systems. The valence of the competing ions influences sorption of the HIOCs onto ion exchangers. An equilibrium model can be used to predict the valence effect of the competing ions.
Challenges With Propensity Score Strategies in a High-Dimensional Setting and a Potential Alternative

This article explores some of the challenges that arise when trying to implement propensity score strategies to answer a causal question using data with a large number of covariates. We discuss choices in propensity score estimation strategies, matching and weighting implementation strategies, balance diagnostics, and final analysis models. We demonstrate the wide range of estimates that can result from different combinations of these choices. Finally, an alternative estimation strategy is presented that may have benefits in terms of simplicity and reliability. These issues are explored in the context of an empirical example that uses data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort to investigate the potential effect of grade retention after the 1st-grade year on subsequent cognitive outcomes.
Waveform Window #29. Fact or Artifact?

Artifact recognition is an essential skill in the interpretation of EEG. This can be especially challenging in ambulatory and long-term monitoring recordings, in which patient and environmental act...
Polyaniline spinning solutions and fibers

Abstract Polyaniline (emeraldine base form), in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) at a fiber-spinnable concentration, gels so readily at room temperature that the solutions cannot be spun through spinneret orifices. Adding certain amines to the NMP solution or using certain amines as solvents provides a stable, spinnable solution. Continuous dry-jet wet spinning can be carried out with a 1,4-diaminocyclohexane/polyaniline solution. As-spun fiber is crystalline and can be oriented at high temperatures, e.g., 215°C. The drawn fibers have an average tenacity of 3.9 g/denier (gpd) (400 MPa), about five times the tenacity of the as-spun fiber. The highest electrical conductivities obtained with drawn fibers doped with aqueous H2SO4 and HCl were 320.5 and 157.8 S/cm, respectively. The tensile strength of the HCl-doped drawn fiber was reduced to 1.4 gpd.
A KIM-1 microprocessor interface for aversive conditioning applications using multiple subjects

The development of the microprocessor and its availability at low cost permits the small behavioral laboratory to conduct experiments using large numbers of subjects under various schedules without requiring a major investment in programming equipment. An interface for the KIM-1 microprocessor is described which provides the user great flexibility in conducting experiments involving aversive conditioning procedures in many subjects simultaneously.
[(Ph)2nacnac]MCl2(THF)2 (M = Ti, V, Cr): A New Class of Homogeneous Olefin Polymerization Catalysts Featuring β-Diiminate Ligands

[(Ph)2nacnac]MCl2(THF)2 ([(Ph)2nacnac] = N,N-diphenyl-2,4-pentanediimine anion; M = Ti (1a), V (1b), Cr (1c)) were prepared and their structures determined by X-ray diffraction. In the presence of excess methylaluminoxane (MAO), 1a−c catalyzed the homopolymerization of ethylene and the copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins.
Estrogen receptor dependent inhibitors of NF-κB transcriptional activation-1 synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted 2-cyanopropanoic acid derivatives : pathway selective inhibitors of NF-κB, a potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

Pathway selective ligands of the estrogen receptor inhibit transcriptional activation of proinflammatory genes mediated by NF-kappaB. Substituted 2-cyanopropanoic acid derivatives were developed leading to the discovery of WAY-204688, an orally active, pathway selective, estrogen receptor dependent anti-inflammatory agent. This propanamide was shown to be orally active in preclinical models of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, without the proliferative effect associated with traditional estrogens.
How Science Is a Resource and a Challenge for Religion: Perspective of a Theologian

Religion is characterized by the attempt to create a worldview, which is in effect the effort of worldbuilding. By this I mean that religion aims to focus on all of the elements that make up a persons world or a community's world and put those elements together in a manner that actually constructs a total picture that gives meaning and coherence to life. In this activity of worldbuilding, science and religion meet each other at the deepest level. Science makes a fundamental contribution to this worldbuilding effort and also poses a challenge. There are good grounds for this twofold role of science: (1) scientific knowledge is basic to any worldview in our time, and (2) science and its related technology engender new and often confusing experiences that require inclusion in any worldbuilding. The challenge of science is that its contribution does not easily accommodate worldbuilding because of the factors of chance, indeterminacy, blind evolution, and heat death that are ascertained through scientific knowledge. Science is a resource for us in that the features of its knowledge can lend actuality and credibility to worldbuilding. Religion needs science for its worldbuilding if its interpretations are to be credible and possess vivid actuality, Science needs religion because, unless its knowledge is incorporated into meaningful worldbuilding, science forfeits its standing as a humanistic enterprise and instead may count as an antihuman methodology and body of knowledge.
Analysis of peach bark volatiles and their electroantennogram activity with lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson)

Bark volatiles from two peach cultivars (Bisco and Redskin) were obtained by vacuum steam distillation and fractionated by preparative gas chromatography. The fractions were then assayed with the electroantenno- gram (EAG) method on antennae of female lesser peachtree borer [Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson)]. With both cultivars, two fractions elicited the largest responses. Analysis of this material by GC-MS revealed a complex mixture made up of aromatic alcohols, esters, ketones, and acids, as well as phenols, aliphatic aldehydes, and aliphatic acids. EAG responses to pure samples of all identified components were recorded, and many of these compounds were found to be quite active. Among the most stimulatory were guaiacol, methyl benzoate, and l-phenyl-1,2-propanedione. Also tested were six-carbon aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols which are components of the foliar tissue of most plants. Of these, 1-hexanol showed moderate activity, while the aldehydes and unsaturated alcohols were only weakly active.