cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The End of Deportation

This Article introduces to legal scholarship a new horizon for pro-immigrant scholarship and advocacy: deportation abolition. The ever-present threat of deportation shapes the daily lives of noncitizens. Instead of aiming for a pathway to citizenship, most noncitizens must now contend with dodging the many pathways to banishment. The Trump administration’s 2017 pronouncement that no group will be exempt from immigration enforcement only heightened this reality. The administration’s numerous anti-immigrant actions, from the travel ban for people from Muslim-majority countries, to the separation of migrant parents and children at the US-Mexico Border, to the raids on immigrant communities carried out by newly-emboldened immigration enforcement officers have reinforced immigrant deportability. Despite growing threats to immigrant survival, pro-immigrant scholarship and advocacy that aims to reduce migrant suffering assumes deportation as inevitable. The focus remains on improving individual outcomes by aligning the process of deportation with due process and the rule of law. But considered from the point of view of those facing deportation, even a “fairly” adjudicated deportation proves devastating. Moreover, none of the improvements in deportation’s management can eliminate the racialized violence that defines the practice. While post-entry social control and extended border control purportedly justify deportation, the stated goals of deportation law obfuscate its true character as an indefensible act of violence. The underlying assumption that deportation can and should continue indefinitely currently demarcates the outer limits of the arguments for addressing deportation - limits a commitment to deportation abolition would abandon. In an effort to denaturalize the common sense of deportation, this Article explores the fundamental failures that characterize the practice. By questioning commonly held assumptions about its inevitability, critiquing reform proposals that reify its logic, and providing examples of interventions that point towards the possibility of its demise, this Article opens the door to the end of deportation.
Financial Democratization and the Transition to Socialism

Historically, there has been little agreement between advocates of radical financial reform and socialist theoreticians. However, in the new circumstances of the twenty-first century, a productive ...
Beyond the Base: Presidents, Partisan Approval, and the Political Economy of Unilateral Action

Beyond the Base: Presidents, Partisan Approval, and the Political Economy of Unilateral Action
Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Symptomatic Pelvic Floor Myofascial Pain in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objectives The aims of the study were to systematically review the literature and to synthesize the evidence for the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injection to the pelvic floor muscles for treating pelvic floor myofascial pain in female patients. Methods This systematic literature search was performed in February 2018 and updated in September 2019. Articles were screened based on predefined criteria: (1) adult population, (2) female patients, (3) treatment of pelvic pain by transvaginal botulinum toxin injection into the pelvic floor, (4) published in English or English translation available, (5) study design including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case series with more than 10 participants, and (6) quantitative report of pain scores. Nine studies were included in the primary analysis, and an unpublished study was included in a sensitivity analysis. A random effects model with robust variance estimation was used to estimate the pooled mean difference in patient-reported pain scores after botulinum toxin injection. Results A statistically significant reduction in patient-reported pain scores was noted at 6 weeks after botulinum toxin injection (mean difference, 20.3; 95% confidence interval, 11.7-28.9) and continued past 12 weeks (mean difference, 19.4; 95% confidence interval, 14.6-24.2). Significant improvement was noted in secondary outcomes including dyspareunia, dyschezia, and quality of life. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis support the conduct of future, large-scale randomized controlled trials to determine the efficacy and optimize administration of botulinum toxin injections for treatment of pelvic floor myofascial pain and associated symptoms in women.
Chapter 6 – Complicated Migraine

The term “complicated migraine” (CM) is often applied to unexplained transient neurological symptoms by clinicians. CM is a diagnosis requiring an exclusion of other pathologies using rigorous criteria. The varied symptoms and presentations of complex aura are a fascinating window into the pathophysiology of migraine. Unilateral, bilateral, positive, and negative phenomena all occur, and are transient, reversible, and generally without permanent neurological sequelae. CM requires prompt medical attention to rule out other neurological disorders that may be amenable to treatment. In a presentation in which cerebral infarction is a likely differential diagnosis, triptans are avoided. Connecting its multiple presentations is a common denominator: the difficulty in diagnosis and lack of data to support preventive and acute therapies. This can be frustrating for the patient and clinician. There is need for further research and discovery in this field.
Cop Fragility and Blue Lives Matter

There is a new police criticism. Numerous high-profile police killings of unarmed blacks between 2012–2016 sparked the movements that came to be known as Black Lives Matter, #SayHerName, and so on. That criticism merges race-based activism with intersectional concerns about violence against women, including trans women. There is also a new police resistance to criticism. It fits within the tradition of the “Blue Wall of Silence,” but also includes a new pro-police movement known as Blue Lives Matter. The Blue Lives Matter movement makes the dubious claim that there is a war on police and counter attacks by calling for making assaults on police hate crimes akin to those addressing attacks on historically oppressed groups. Legal scholarship has not comprehensively considered the impact of the new police criticism on the police. It is especially remiss in attending to the implications of Blue Lives Matter as police resistance to criticism. This Article is the first to do so. This Article illuminates a heretofore unrecognized source of police resistance to criticism by utilizing diversity trainer and New York Times best-selling author Robin DiAngelo’s recent theory of white fragility. “White fragility” captures many whites’ reluctance to discuss ongoing racism, or even that whiteness creates a distinct set of experiences and perspectives. White fragility is based on two myths: the ideas that one could be an unraced and purely neutral individual—false objectivity—and that only evil people perpetuate racial subordination—bad intent theory. Cop fragility is an analogous oversensitivity to criticism that blocks necessary conversations about race and policing. Blue Lives Matter exemplifies false objectivity when it asserts that police should be their own judges of what is appropriate in law enforcement. Likewise, Blue Lives Matter relies on bad intent theory when it implies that only a few “bad apples” create racial disparities. Cop fragility is dangerous because it blames the victims of police misconduct, constructs a false victim status for the police, and undermines civil rights. Racial minority communities will only give police the cooperation they need if they perceive the police to be listening to them. This Article’s specific proposal is for police departments to hold mediated listening sessions with the new police critics based on a proven methodology for mediating difficult conversations. The goal is to identify reforms that would rebuild community trust of the police. These listening sessions hold the potential to turn police resistance to criticism into meaningful cooperation.
How does cultural self-construal influence regulatory mode?

Abstract Goal pursuit comprises several functional components. Two important components identified by recent research are assessment (critical evaluation and comparison of entities and states) and locomotion (movement from state to state), alternately termed regulatory modes. We used both experiments and surveys across five studies, which examined the relation between cultural orientation and regulatory mode, and the processes underlying this relation. Results suggested that Caucasians (vs. Asians/Hispanics), independents (vs. interdependents), and individualists (vs. collectivists) have a greater tendency to engage in assessment because they are more likely to engage in cost-benefit analysis. In contrast, interdependents (vs. independents), Asians/Hispanics (vs. Caucasians), and collectivists (vs. individualists) have a greater tendency to engage in locomotion because they tend to acquiesce and avoid conflict. The research makes fundamental contributions to the literatures on decision making and cross-cultural psychology.
RNA degradation sculpts the maternal transcriptome during Drosophila oogenesis

In sexually reproducing animals, the oocyte contributes a large supply of RNAs that are essential to launch development upon fertilization. The mechanisms that regulate the composition of the maternal RNA contribution during oogenesis are unclear. Here, we show that a subset of RNAs expressed during the early stages of oogenesis is subjected to regulated degradation during oocyte specification. Failure to remove these RNAs results in oocyte dysfunction and death. We identify the RNA-degrading Super Killer complex and No-Go Decay factor Pelota as key regulators of oogenesis via targeted clearance of RNAs expressed in germline stem cells. These regulators target RNAs enriched for cytidine sequences bound by the protein Half pint. Thus, RNA degradation helps orchestrate a germ cell-to-maternal transition by sculpting the maternal RNA contribution to the zygote.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
153. Radiographic comparison between conventional laminectomy and a new technique for posterior lumbar decompression: a cadaveric study

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Lumbar laminectomy with fusion has been the most commonly performed operative treatment in lumbar stenosis with concomitant instability or deformity. Although this usually provides adequate decompression of the neural elements, it leaves only the transverse processes and a fraction of the facet joint as available bony surface for fusion, likely contributing to a reported pseudarthrosis rate of up to 35%. Sublaminar decompression “SLD,” a new lamina-preserving technique for lumbar spinal decompression, has potential advantages over conventional laminectomy; these include preserving the dorsal bony surface for fusion, minimizing dead space, and potentially decreasing incidental durotomies and epidural hematomas. Although a favorable clinical outcome has been reported, the adequacy of decompression compared to laminectomy has not been studied. PURPOSE The objective of this study is to radiographically evaluate the adequacy of decompression using "SLD" as compared to the more commonly done traditional laminectomy in a cadaveric spine model. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Cadaveric. PATIENT SAMPLE Not applicable. OUTCOME MEASURES The extent of decompression of the cadaveric spines after either laminectomy or sublaminar decompression, assessed by CT and MRI. METHODS Ten cadaveric spines were randomized to two groups; either conventional laminectomy with medial facetectomy or "SLD" at L2-L5 performed by two senior fellowship trained spine surgeons. The adequacy of decompression at the central canal, lateral recesses, and foramina was measured using pre- and postoperative MRI and CT, then analyzed by two blinded observers according to a predefined protocol. Interrater reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS There was no significant difference in preoperative parameters between the groups, except foramen height on CT (p=0.006). The interrater reliability was good to excellent for all but one measurement. At the disc level, MRI demonstrated that "SLD" resulted in improved AP diameter at the lateral recess (p CONCLUSIONS The novel “SLD” allows comparable or better decompression of the spinal canal compared to traditional laminectomy. In addition, preserving the posterior elements has several advantages: providing a larger fusion bed, minimizing dead space and potentially decreasing incidental durotomies in patients undergoing decompression and posterior lumbar fusion. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
The 2012 Parliamentary Election in Ukraine: The Democratic Rollback

This paper reviews Ukraine’s 2012 parliamentary election. Despite political repressions and significant disadvantages in access to media, the opposition parties won a majority of the proportional representation seats. However, the Party of Regions maintained its parliamentary majority by winning more than half of the single-member districts and luring independent candidates into the ruling coalition. Two new parties that cleared the electoral threshold – UDAR and Svoboda – joined Batkivschyna in their opposition against the incumbent government. The post-election developments indicate that the parliamentary majority established by the Party of Regions is quite unstable and the presence of radical right and radical left parties will make the new parliament highly confrontational.
EFFECTS OF MEANDERING IN ALLUVIAL STREAMS

It was found that for a given mean depth and velocity of flow, the sediment discharge per unit width in the full-width meandering channel was greater that that in the straight flume, which in turn was greater than that of the half-width meandering channel. The bend-loss coefficient, defined as the head loss (plus or minus) due just to channel curvature normalized by the mean-velocity head, increases with Froude number, the ratio of bed hydraulic radius to median sand diameter, and the ratio of width to center line radius of curvature. At the smaller depths investigated, the friction factors of the sinuous channel flows are less than those of the straight channel flows. These effects apparently result primarily from the large changes produced in the bed configurations by the secondary flows.
The Effect Of Robots With Overlapping Envelopes On The Performance Of Flexible Transfer Lines

Abstract The overlapping envelopes of flexible transfer line robots allow continued processing of the products in case of robot failures. Markovian and simulation models are developed to estimate the effects of the different types of failure and repair processes on the performance of such lines.
Teaching for transfer

Students, after they leave our care, are called to solve the diverse problems of the world, so we should teach to increase transfer: the ability to apply fundamental principles to new problems and contexts. This ability is rare. The following pages are from a workshop for faculty on designing courses that promote transfer. I discuss two design principles: to name the transferable ideas and to illustrate them with examples from diverse subjects. The discussion uses dimensional reasoning as the example of a valuable transferable idea, illustrating it with three diverse examples.
Development of conjunctival goblet cells and their neuroreceptor subtype expression.

RESULTS. At days 9 and 13, single apical cells in conjunctival epithelium stained with AB/PAS, UEA-I, and CK7. At days 17 and 60, increasing numbers of goblet cells were identified by AB/PAS, UEA-I, HPA, and CK7. Nerve fibers were localized around stratified squamous cells and at the epithelial base at days 9 and 13, and around goblet cells and at the epithelial base at days 17 and 60. At days 9 and 13, M2- and M3-muscarinic and b2-adrenergic receptors were found in stratified squamous cells, but M1-muscarinic and b1-adrenergic receptors were not detected. At days 17 and 60, M2- and M3-muscarinic receptors were found in goblet cells, whereas M1-muscarinic receptors were in stratified squamous cells. b1- and b2-Adrenergic receptors were found on both cell types. b3Adrenergic receptors were not detected. CONCLUSIONS. In conjunctiva, nerves, M2- and M3-muscarinic, and b1- and b2-adrenergic receptors are present on developing goblet cells and could regulate secretion as eyelids open. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:2127‐2137)
Involvement of cGMP in nociceptive processing by and sensitization of spinothalamic neurons in primates.

Central sensitization of spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons in anesthetized monkeys after intradermal injection of capsaicin depends in part on disinhibition. Protein kinase C is suggested to participate in this process. The present study shows that the nitric oxide-cGMP (NO-cGMP) signal transduction system also contributes to sensitization of wide dynamic range (WDR) STT neurons located in the deep dorsal horn. The NO-cGMP system was activated by microdialysis administration into the dorsal horn of 8-bromo-cGMP, an analog of cGMP. Sensitization of STT cells by 8-bromo-cGMP increased the responses of deep WDR STT cells to both weak and strong mechanical stimulation of the skin and simultaneously attenuated the inhibition of the same neurons produced by stimulation in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). In contrast, WDR STT cells in the superficial dorsal horn and high-threshold (HT) STT cells in superficial or deep layers showed reduced responses to mechanical stimulation of the skin after infusion of 8-bromo-cGMP, and PAG inhibition of these neurons was unaffected. Sensitization of STT cells and the attenuation of PAG inhibition induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin were prevented by preteatment of the dorsal horn with a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1 H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1–one. The results support the hypothesis that activation of the NO-cGMP signal transduction system contributes to the sensitization of WDR STT neurons in the deep dorsal horn and helps explain why intradermal capsaicin injections often fail to sensitize superficial and HT STT cells. The results also support the idea that sensitization of STT cells is produced in part by disinhibition.
Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates Have a Bacteriostatic Effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis In Vitro

Susceptibility of six isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CB3.3, CDC1551, RJ2E, C.C.13, H37Rv, and H37Ra) and two isolates of Mycobacterium bovis (Ravenel and BCG) to reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) was determined by standard in vitro survival assays. After 21 days of incubation, the survival of most strains exposed to either acidified sodium nitrite (ASN) or hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was significantly lower than the same strains unexposed to these RNI or ROI products. However, after 50 days of incubation, these differences in susceptibility became less apparent for strains exposed to ASN but not for strains exposed to H(2)O(2). The recovery of these strains after exposure to RNI suggests that the effect of RNI on M. tuberculosis is bacteriostatic. The in vitro concentrations of ROI and RNI used in these assays were higher than those expected in vivo. These observations suggest that, in vivo, RNI expression at physiologically achievable concentrations may keep M. tuberculosis from proliferating but that removal of RNI may allow the organisms to proliferate. Furthermore, the ability of some M. tuberculosis strains to cause rapidly progressive disease may relate to their intrinsic levels of RNI and ROI resistance.
An Analytical and Experimental Analysis for a One-Dimensional Passive Stand-Off Layer Damping Treatment

Passive stand-off layer (PSOL) damping treatments are presently being implemented in many commercial and defense designs. In a passive stand-off layer damping treatment, a stand-off or spacer layer is added to a conventional passive constrained layer (PCL) damping treatment. An analytical model which quantifies the bending and shearing contributions of the stand-off layer has been developed for a passive stand-off layer damping treatment applied to a beam. The equations of motion were derived and solved in order to simulate the frequency responses of several beams treated with passive stand-off layer damping. A series of experiments was conducted in order to test this analytical model. These experiments measured the frequency responses of a variety of beams treated with passive stand-off layer damping treatments. The experimentally measured results were normalized and calibrated and then compared with the theoretical predictions using the new analytical model. This comparison showed that the analytical model was able to predict very accurately the frequency responses of the beams treated with passive stand-off layer damping.
Upper crust beneath the central Illinois basin, United States

Newly available industry seismic reflection data provide critical information for understanding the structure and origin of the upper crust (0–12 km depth) beneath the central Illinois basin and the seismic-tectonic framework north of the New Madrid seismic zone in the central Mississippi Valley. Mapping of reflector sequences furnishes the first broad three-dimensional perspective of the structure of Precambrian basement beneath the central United States Midcontinent. The highly coherent basement reflectivity is expressed as a synformal wedge of dipping and subhorizontal reflections situated beneath the center of the Illinois basin that thickens and deepens to the northeast (e.g., 0 to ∼3 km thickness along a 123 km south to north line). The thickening trend of the wedge qualitatively mimics the northward thickening of the Late Cambrian Mt. Simon Sandstone; however, other Paleozoic units in the Illinois basin generally thicken southward into the basin center. The seismic data also reveal an anomalous subsequence defined by a spoon-shaped distribution of disrupted reflections located along the southern margin of the wedge. The boundaries of this subsequence are marked by distinct steeply dipping reflections (possible thrust faults?) that continue or project up to antiformal disruptions of lower Paleozoic marker reflectors, suggesting Paleozoic or possibly later tectonic reactivation of Precambrian structure. The areal extent of the subsequence appears to roughly correspond to an anomalous concentration of larger magnitude upper to middle crustal earthquakes. There are multiple hypotheses for the origin of the Precambrian reflectivity, including basaltic flows or sills interlayered with clastic sediments and/or emplaced within felsic igneous rocks. Such explanations are analogous to nearby Keweenawan rift-related volcanism and sedimentation, which initiated during Proterozoic rifting, and were followed eventually by reverse faulting along the rift margins caused by Grenville compression.
Three-dimensional vector model for a three-state system

A three-dimensional vector model for the three-state system interacting with a bichromatic electromagnetic field is presented. The model is used to relate and provide a visual representation for two topics of current interest, electromagnetically induced transparency and adiabatic population transfer.
Asymmetric synthesis and antiviral activities of L-carbocyclic 2', 3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy and 2',3'-dideoxy nucleosides.

Asymmetric syntheses of l-carbocyclic 2‘,3‘-didehydro-2‘,3‘-dideoxy- and 2‘,3‘-dideoxypyrimidine and purine nucleoside analogues were accomplished, and their anti-HIV and anti-HBV activities were evaluated. The key intermediate, (1S,4R)-1-benzoyloxy-4-(tert-butoxymethyl)cyclopent-2-ene (7), was prepared by benzoylation of the alcohol 2, selective deprotection of the isopropylidene group of 3, followed by thermal elimination via cyclic ortho ester or deoxygenation via cyclic thionocarbonate. The target compounds were also synthesized by thermal elimination via cyclic ortho esters from protected nucleosides. It was found that l-carbocyclic 2‘,3‘-didehydro-2‘,3‘-dideoxyadenosine (34) exhibited potent anti-HBV activity (EC50 = 0.9 μM) and moderate anti-HIV activity (EC50 = 2.4 μM) in vitro without cytotoxicity up to 100 μM.
NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CRITICAL TEMPERATURES FOR BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.

The critical temperatures at which irregularities appear in the relations between vital processes and temperature are not distributed at random. As based upon detailed knowledge of individual cases, and as derived from inspection of the frequencies of occurrence, these critical points are usually found to be in the neighborhood of 4.5°, 9°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 27°, 30°.
Identification of the protein kinase A regulatory RIα-catalytic subunit interface by amide H/2H exchange and protein docking

An important goal after structural genomics is to build up the structures of higher-order protein–protein complexes from structures of the individual subunits. Often structures of higher order complexes are difficult to obtain by crystallography. We have used an alternative approach in which the structures of the individual catalytic (C) subunit and RIα regulatory (R) subunit of PKA were first subjected to computational docking, and the top 100,000 solutions were subsequently filtered based on amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/2H) exchange interface protection data. The resulting set of filtered solutions forms an ensemble of structures in which, besides the inhibitor peptide binding site, a flat interface between the C-terminal lobe of the C-subunit and the A- and B-helices of RIα is uniquely identified. This holoenzyme structure satisfies all previous experimental data on the complex and allows prediction of new contacts between the two subunits.
Leptomeningeal dissemination of a pediatric neoplasm with 1p19q deletion showing mixed immunohistochemical features of an oligodendroglioma and neurocytoma

Leptomeningeal dissemination of an oligodendroglioma is rarely reported in the neurosurgical literature, especially in cases with a classical 1p19q deletion. The authors describe a case wherein a 1p19q deletion in a disseminated tumor with mixed immunohistochemical features of oligodendroglioma and neurocytoma was encountered and treated. Stereotactic right frontal craniotomy was undertaken for obtaining definitive histological diagnosis. The results revealed a neuroectodermal neoplasm with histologic and immunohistochemical features of oligodendroglioma and neurocytoma. FISH analysis confirmed classical 1p19q deletion. The patient was treated postoperatively with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. He showed good clinical response and remains alive 16 months after diagnosis.
Filling of carbon nanotube forests grown by atmospheric pressure PECVD

This presentation examines aspects of the growth and filling of carbon nanotube forests. Composites containing CNTs are predicted to inherit the best properties of the CNTs (strength, toughness, resistivity, thermal conductivity). However, good dispersion of the CNTs is vitally important in fabricating composites with features approaching those theoretically predicted. Significant deterioration of the composite properties has been shown to occur when the CNTs agglomerate rather than being uniformly dispersed. Filling as-grown CNT forests with various materials can result in a composite with excellent CNT dispersion. Furthermore, the growth of forests is becoming very popular for both single-wall and multi-wall CNTs of high quality. LPCVD is a very good technique to fill the CNT forests with a wide variety of materials, so we have studied the filling process on various forests. Filling begins by coating the individual CNTs with the (inorganic) material. Large coating thicknesses bridge the gap between adjacent CNTs and result in a continuous composite layer. Polysilicon / CNT composites fabricated under conditions that yield good step coverage were found to exhibit hardness similar to that of bulk polysilicon and high fracture toughness but also high sheet resistance. Voids deep inside films over 25 microns thick remain a significant issue.
The L1 major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 11 interacts with kap β2 and kap β3 nuclear import receptors

We have previously shown that the L1 major capsid protein of low-risk HPV11 binds to the Kap alpha2 adapter and enters the nucleus via a Kap alpha2beta1-mediated pathway. In this study, we discovered that HPV11 L1 capsomeres bind to Kap beta2 import receptor, known to mediate nuclear import of hnRNP A1 via interaction with its nuclear localization signal termed M9. Significantly, binding of HPV11 L1 capsomeres to Kap beta2 inhibited the nuclear import of Kap beta2, and its specific M9-containing cargo. Interestingly, HPV11 L1 capsomeres also interacted with Kap beta3 import receptor and inhibited Kap beta3 nuclear import. Moreover, the L1 capsomeres of high-risk HPV-16 shared these activities. These data suggest that HPV L1 major capsid proteins interact with Kap beta2 and Kap beta3, and they may inhibit the Kap beta2- and Kap beta3-mediated nuclear import pathways during the productive phase of the viral life cycle when the virions are assembled and released.
Numerical modeling of silicon quantum dots

We have developed a numerical approach to calculate the confining potential and charge profiles in silicon quantum dots. We use a 3D generalization of the strongly implicit procedure for the Poisson equation. The efficient difference approximation, proposed by Scharfetter and Gummel, was extended to 3D for the continuity equation. To reduce the computation time and storage requirements, an adaptive non-uniform mesh was adopted.
Viruses on shellfish-growing waters

Abstract The conversion of the bivalve shellfish to a virus carriage status is the most important consequence of the virus pollution of shellfish-growing waters. Virus carriage has public health implications of significance for consumers of raw or inadequately cooked shellfish, as well as general biological implications of significance for shellfish themselves. The nonculturable human enteric viruses are responsible for most if not all of the illness transmitted by virus-carrying shellfish. Use of feces-associated natural virus in numbers comparable to those found in grossly polluted waters has been instrumental in developing new perspectives of virus carriage and its biological significance. The feasibility of developing a virus standard for virus surveillance of shellfish and its use for assessment of health risks which aris as a consequence of shellfish virus carriage is discussed.
A general intuitive design pattern for optimally sequencing treatment combinations in 2 k factorial experiment and a simple estimation algorithm

Minimize number of treatment combinations for 2 k .Sequence interactions or their blocks in descending order based on domain knowledge.Propose a design pattern to generate a corresponding treatment-combination sequence.Provide recursive algorithms for parameter estimation and design-matrix inversion. The number of model parameters of a 2 k factorial design grows exponentially. When the number of factors is large, numerous higher-order interactions constitute a vast majority of the model parameters while many of them do not exist or are insignificant. The classic methods of fractional factorial designs, Plackett-Burman designs, Taguchi designs, etc. seek an already developed and often cataloged design that fits exactly the problem being tackled or select a design that fits it the most. Most, if not all, of these designs were developed in absence of convenient computation tools and enjoy computational simplicity. The necessary number of treatment combinations for unbiased estimation of significant parameters is often exceeded; undesirable confounding, i.e., biased estimation, is difficult to avoid. An opposite approach is to determine, for any set of model parameters considered as significant, a corresponding set of equal (and minimum) number of treatment combinations for unbiased parameter estimation. A companion feature of that approach is active avoidance of confounding. In addition, if the experimenter, particularly when unsure of the "borderline" significance of some parameters, can attempt to sequence model parameters in non-increasing order of magnitude (based on prior knowledge or subjective judgment), a corresponding sequence of treatment combinations can be numerically determined (with one treatment combination added for each additional possibly significant model parameter). Recently, a simple design pattern was proposed with which such a sequence of treatment combinations can be intuitively and easily obtained, without numerical computation. However, that pattern requires for the estimability of an interaction that all main effects and all lower-order interactions among all factors involved in the experiment have been estimated. For example, the interaction AB may not be estimable without main effect C having been estimated first. This paper relaxes that requirement and extends the use condition of the proposed approach to virtually all practical situations and presents a simple algorithm to estimate model parameters recursively. As sequential experimentation progresses, no experiments already conducted could be considered unnecessary for unbiased estimation of significant parameters, and hence "forward compatibility" in minimizing the number of treatment combinations is achieved. Therefore, such optimality may be referred to as FC-optimality or, more intuitively, as optimality of 'one more treatment combination for one more parameter' and '1-1-Optimality' for short.
Vocal changes in stutterers and nonstutterers during high- and low-pitched speech

Abstract This study was conducted to provide an indirect test of Wingate's “modified vocalization” hypothesis. In this formulation, the improved fluency that stutterers experience in various novel conditions is attributed to changes in the key correlates of stress, namely, fundamental frequency, vocal SPL, and rate. Normal speakers and stutterers read aloud in an habitual condition following instructions to read at higher- and lower-than-normal pitches. Objective measures were taken of subjects' fundamental frequency, fundamental frequency deviation, vocal SPL, and fluent reading rate. Disfluences were also counted. Findings showed that both stutterers and normals altered several features of voicing from the habitual to the two experimental conditions. Significant condition main effects emerged for fundamental frequency deviation, vocal SPL, fluent reading rate, and disfluency. The only meaningful between-group difference noted showed that the stutterers were more disfluent than the normals across all conditions. Results were interpreted as supporting Wingate's “modified vocalization” position and were discussed relative to how the vocal changes observed might act to promote fluency.
Parallel language constructs for tensor product computations on loosely coupled architectures

Distributed memory architectures offer high levels of performance and flexibility, but have proven awkward to program. Current languages for nonshared memory architectures provide a relatively low-level programming environment, and are poorly suited to modular programming, and to the construction of libraries. This paper describes a set of language primitives designed to allow the specification of parallel numerical algorithms at a higher level. We focus here on tensor product array computations, a simple but important class of numerical algorithms. We consider first the problem of programming one dimensional “kernel” routines, such as parallel tridiagonal solvers, and after that look at how such parallel kernels can be combined to form parallel tensor product algorithms.
The role of fiscal policy in sustainable stabilization : evidence from Latin America

This paper reviews the role of fiscal policy in a number of stabilization programs in Latin America since the early 1980s. The paper highlights the importance of sustainable fiscal adjustment in stabilization efforts, and discusses the main issues that arise in this context. By reviewing the Latin American experience, it is argued that responsibility for failed stabilization attempts can be traced to four main factors: inconsistent policy mixes; excessive reliance on temporary factors of improvement in the fiscal accounts; failure to implement fundamental fiscal reforms; and lack of complementary structural reforms.
Cross Coupling of Substituted Anilines with Quinoline: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of HN(py)quin, PhN(py)quin, MesN(py)quin, and [PhN(py)(H-quin)]BF4

The molecular structure of RN(py)quin, with R=H (1), Ph (2), and Mes (3) and the protonated complex [PhN(py)(H-quin)]BF4 (4) have been determined. Compounds 2 and 3 both crystallize in a three bladed propeller conformation. Any π–π stacking observed is dominated by quinolyl···quinolyl stacks. In contrast to analogous derivatives the acidic proton in compound 4 is chelated by the pyridyl and quinolyl heterocycles in an asymmetric fashion. Crystal data: 1 group P21/c, a = 11.571(2), b = 6.116(1), c = 15.585(3) A, β = 90.00(3)°, V = 1103.0(4) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0440, wR 2 = 0.1064. 2 group P21/n, a = 8.081(1), b = 13.920(3), c = 27.697(6) A, β = 96.50(3)°, V = 3095(1) A3, Z = 8, R = 0.0495, wR 2 = 0.1174. 3 group P21/c, a = 12.359(3), b = 12.585(3), c = 12.457(3) A, β = 104.09(3)°, V = 1879.4(7) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0709, wR 2 = 0.1692. 4 group P21/c, a = 15.308(3), b = 7.585(1), c = 17.227(3) A, β = 113.43(3)°, V = 1835.5(7) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0536, wR 2 = 0.1341. The molecular structure of RN(py)quin, with R=H, Ph, and Mes, and the protonated complex [PhN(py)(H-quin)]BF4 have been determined. The presence of π–π stacking observed is dominated by quinolyl···quinolyl rather than pyridyl···quinolyl or pyridyl···pyridyl interactions.
The effects of Anabaena flos-aquae inoculation, pH elevation, and N/P manipulation on the algal biomass and species composition of an acid lake

Three bag experiments were performed in Cheat Lake, West Virginia, an acid lake, to determine whether a blue-green alga,Anabaena, could be introduced coupled with a pH change to neutrality and nutrient addition.
ULTRATHIN FILMS OF Co and Fe on FeRh{001} AND FeRh{110}

Ultrathin films of Co and Fe have been grown on two clean surfaces of the binary alloy FeRh, namely the {110} and the {001} surface, and have been studied with quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (QLEED). On FeRh{110}, 25-A-thick Co films are epitaxial, but not pseudomorphic, and expose the basal (0001) plane of hcp Co. On FeRh{001}, 20-A-thick Co films are pseudomorphic and assume the structure of strained hcp Co — a phenomenon already observed on Co films grown on FeAl{001}. Iron films, by contrast, are pseudomorphic both on FeRh{110} and on FeRh{001}, assuming a strained bcc structure. For all films, QLEED analysis determines both the bulk and the first interlayer spacings.
Popular Fiction and the U.S.‐Mexico War: Thomas Mayne Reid's The Rifle Rangers (1850) and John Ludlum McConnel's Talbot and Vernon (1850)

La guerre de 1846-1848 entre le Mexique et les Etats-Unis fut accompagnee, aux Etats-Unis, d'une efflorescence de recits populaires d'aventure ou a l'eau de rose, de petites nouvelles et de publications journalistiques sur les faits de guerre en terrain mexicain : litterature populaire de masse qui puisait notamment dans l'imaginaire des conquetes anterieures des territoires du sud-ouest. Deux romans publies en 1850 sont emblematiques de cette litterature populaire, de son contexte historique, et de ses ecrivains qui, tous les deux, furent veterans de cette guerre mexicaine : The Rifle Rangers; Or, Adventures in Southern Mexico, de Thomas Mayne Reid, et Talbot and Vernon, de John Ludlum McConnel. Le roman de Reid etait destine a un public populaire en quete de recits exaltants et romantiques. Le recit de McConnel integre l'interet de l'auteur pour la societe, le systeme juridique et sa relation avec les affaires, ainsi que l'impact de la guerre mexicaine sur la nation, tout en conservant la structure et les conventions d'une histoire d'amour et de la romance.
Uncommon arteriopathies: what the vascular surgeon needs to know.

Uncommon arteriopathies encompass a diverse range of diseases, including inherited collagen vascular disorders such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos Type IV, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum; vasculitides, including Takayasu's arteritis, extracranial giant cell arteritis, and Behcet's disease; neurofibromatosis type 1; intimal fibromuscular dysplasia; unusual bacterial and viral infections; and drug-induced arteriopathies. Patients with uncommon arterial disorders may present to the vascular surgeon with common surgical problems, including intermittent claudication, renovascular hypertension, Raynaud's phenomenon, and aneurysmal disease. However, the disease manifestations, expected course, and outcomes may be much different than more common arterial disorders and this can have important surgical implications. This review centers around several interesting cases and the differential diagnoses that should be considered when encountering an unusual clinical presentation. Reference is made to the literature for diagnostic criteria, clinical pearls, and how to avoid pitfalls in the evaluation and management of patients with unusual arteriopathies.
Fast polygonal approximation of digitized curves

Abstract We describe a new technique for fast “scan-along” computation of piecewise linear approximations of digital curves in 2-space. Our method is derived from earlier work on the theory of minimum-perimeter polygonal approximations of digitized closed curves. We demonstrate the specialization of this technique to the case where the error is measured as the largest Hausdorff-Euclidean distance between the approximation and the given digitized curve. We illustrate the application of this procedure to the boundaries of the images of a lung and a rib in chest radiographs.
Job Stress, Incivility, and Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB): The Moderating Role of Negative Affectivity

The current study was designed to replicate findings from previous research regarding the relationships between job stressors, negative affectivity, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB) using peer-reported data and to assess the effects of workplace incivility on employee satisfaction and CWB. Results indicate that incivility, organizational constraints, and interpersonal conflict were negatively related to job satisfaction and positively related to CWB. Support was also found for the role of negative affectivity as a moderator of the relationship between job stressors and CWB, although only one significant moderator was found using peer-reported CWB. In general, the relationships between job stressors and CWB were stronger for individuals high in negative affectivity than for individuals low in negative affectivity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Romantic Imperialism: Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity

The years between 1790 and 1830 saw over a hundred and fifty million people brought under British imperial control, and one of the most momentous outbursts of British literary and artistic production, announcing a new world of social and individual traumas and possibilities. This book traces the emergence of new forms of imperialism and capitalism as part of a culture of modernisation in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, and looks at the ways in which they were identified with and contested in Romanticism. Saree Makdisi argues that this process has to be understood in global terms, beyond the British and European viewpoint, and that developments in India, Africa, and the Arab world (up to and including our own time) enable us to understand more fully the texts and contexts of British Romanticism. New and original readings of texts by Wordsworth, Blake, Byron, Shelley, and Scott emerge in the course of this searching analysis of the cultural process of globalisation.Choice Outstanding Academic Book of 1998.
Synthesis of planar poly(p-phenylene) derivatives for maximization of extended π-conjugation

A synthetic route is described for ladder poly(phenylene) (PPP) derivatives with bridges that (1) form in high yields upon protonic activation once the PPP backbone is intact, (2) can be substituted so that the newly formed polymer is soluble, (3) contain a double-bonded unit to keep the consecutive aryl units planar while maximizing extended π-conjugation through the PPP backbone, thereby increasing the bandwidth between the hydroquinoidal and quinoidal forms and (4) can be solution-cast into films in the uncyclized form followed by protonic activation to obtain films of the planarized system
Multi-fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy

Precision and accuracy of a patient's treatment are key advantages of single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for arteriovenous malformations (AVMS) and some small brain metastases. These advantages are equally valuable in fractionated treatment of the pituitary, brain metastases and brain boost fields. The need to implement the preciseness from stereotactic radiosurgery to fractionated treatments was recognized. Using our experience with single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery as a model, we developed a multi-fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy technique that allows us to immobilize a patient daily and implement important existing devices such as the Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) angiographic localizer, CT scan localizer, and non-coplanar shaped field treatment planning. Development of this technique also allows us to achieve reproducible patient positioning based on immobilization techniques using polyurethane foam immobilization and heat moldable plastic technology without the necessity of the invasive technique of skull fixation. The development, implementation and dosimetry of this technique will be discussed in this paper.
Individual differences on speeded cognitive tasks: Comment on Chen, Hale, and Myerson (2007)

Chen, Hale, and Myerson (2007) recently reported a test of the difference engine model (Myerson, Hale, Zheng, Jenkins, & Widaman, 2003). This test evaluated whether the standard deviation (SD) is proportional to the amount of processing—that is, mean reaction time (RT)—in a speeded cognitive task. We show that this evaluation is not a test of the model because its finding is a consequence of relationships in the data. We argue any model structure that produces increasing values of RT as a function of difficulty, with different slopes for different individuals, necessarily produces a correlation between SD and mean RT. We illustrate this with a different model structure—that is, the diffusion model proposed by Ratcliff (1978)—showing that it produces a fan out between fast- and slow-group means and produces the correlation between SD and mean RT that matches the empirical result.
Effects of visual cortex lesions on perceptual grouping in rats

Neural mechanisms mediating perceptual grouping serve to enhance associations among stimulus elements, thereby establishing unified forms. The goals of the present study were to identify cortical areas necessary to perceptually group spatially isolated elements, and to determine if these areas are distinct from regions necessary for the discrimination of simple, solid forms. Rats were trained to discriminate horizontal and vertical lines that were either solid or composed of disjunct elements in which discrimination required perceptual grouping by proximity. Psychophysical procedures established the limits at which proximity served as a cue for grouping. Following perceptual measurements, ablations were made to selective sites within visual cortex. Lesions within area 17 or area 18A, including their interface, produced nearly complete impairment of solid line discrimination as well as perceptual grouping at all levels of proximity, whereas lesions to areas 18 or the far lateral extent of area 18A no effect on these perceptual capacities. These results indicate that grouping by proximity requires early visual processing areas, and shares cortical areas necessary for simple pattern discrimination. These results suggest that mechanisms of grouping modify primary stimulus representations, constructing a pattern of activity functional similar to that elicited by solid forms.