cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pointlessness of Pareto: Carrying Coase Further

ly, can only be conquered by costly or risky processes like "innovations," we can get down to the real job of deciding which impediments to a better life (which barriers to movements of the frontier) seem to be most worth attacking and which, for the moment, appear not to be worth the effort.23 Still, some may say that I have been too quick to assume the intractability of transaction costs and that collective interventions or legal changes that reduce impediments to transactions can often be achieved, thus leading to Pareto superior moves. Others will argue that I have been using the wrong definition of efficiency, that the Kaldor-Hicks test gives us the appropriate criterion.' It is, they would add, the effect of transaction costs on that criterion that I should discuss. In fact, I believe that both of these points have already been implicitly countered in the foregoing discussion. But it may be well to consider
Quantification of Supersonic Impulse Flow Conditions via High-Bandwidth Wavelength Modulation Absorption Spectroscopy

A tunable diode laser-based H2O absorption diagnostic has been developed to characterize transient phenomena within the Stanford Expansion Tube Flow Facility. A measurement rate of 25 kHz was achieved to identify and investigate transient flow structures within the ∼600 μs facility test time. Key parameters provided by the diagnostic include the temperature, H2O mole fraction, and velocity time histories of the supersonic test gas, as well as the structure and timing of the test gas contact surfaces. The presence of water within the test gas affords well-established rovibrational transitions near 1.4 μm that are probed using calibration-free, scanned wavelength-modulation absorption spectroscopy with second harmonic detection. This technique offers the sensitivity and noise resistance necessary for in situ temperature, velocity, and mole fraction measurements within the harsh conditions of the expansion tube. A rigorous scanned wavelength-modulation absorption spectroscopy with second harmonic detection...
The Laminar Boundary Layer in Compressible Flow

Publisher Summary This chapter presents results on laminar boundary layer in compressible flow. The problem of the mechanical and thermodynamical interaction between a stream of gas at high speed and a rigid surface essentially parallel to it, has received a great deal of attention because it is of fundamental importance for high-speed aeronautical engineering, as well as for the design and construction of gas turbines. It is true that a satisfactory theory of the interaction should include both laminar and turbulent flow in the boundary layer, but the dynamics and thermodynamics of the boundary layer must be cleared first, in the laminar case, before the complete problem can be attacked. This chapter presents a survey of methods and results concerning laminar boundary layers. Only the two-dimensional (plane) problem is discussed; two-dimensional solutions can often be applied to axisymmetric problems without undue loss of accuracy. Section III gives a brief survey of the older papers that deal with the “Crocco integral” of the plate problem. Section IV presents a number of transformations that have evolved in the search for practical solutions of the boundary layer problem.
High order schemes based on operator splitting and deferred corrections for stiff time dependent PDEs

We consider quadrature formulas of high order in time based on Radau-type, L-stable implicit Runge-Kutta schemes to solve time dependent stiff PDEs. Instead of solving a large nonlinear system of equations, we develop a method that performs iterative deferred corrections to compute the solution at the collocation nodes of the quadrature formulas. The numerical stability is guaranteed by a dedicated operator splitting technique that efficiently handles the stiffness of the PDEs and provides initial and intermediate solutions to the iterative scheme. In this way the low order approximations computed by a tailored splitting solver of low algorithmic complexity are iteratively corrected to obtain a high order solution based on a quadrature formula. The mathematical analysis of the numerical errors and local order of the method is carried out in a finite dimensional framework for a general semi-discrete problem, and a time-stepping strategy is conceived to control numerical errors related to the time integration. Numerical evidence confirms the theoretical findings and assesses the performance of the method in the case of a stiff reaction-diffusion equation.
Dipaminergic Excitation in Goat Carotid Body May be Metiated by Serotonin Receptors

Dopamine (DA) is a prominent neurotransmitter that is found in relatively large quantities in type I cells of the carotid body (CB) of different mammals (Engwall et al. 1989; Gonzalez et al. 1994). The role of DA in CB function has been studied extensively yet it remains controversial (Gonzalez et al. 1994; Bisgard and Neubauer 1995). There is strong evidence indicating that DA has a modulatory role that is inhibitory to the chemosensory activity of the CB. Thus, exogenous administration of DA inhibits CB discharge in dogs (Bisgard et al 1979), cats (Black et al. 1972; Zapata 1975; Llados and Zapata 1978; Nishino and Lahiri 1981; Okajima and Nishi 1981), rabbits (Docherty and McQueen 1979), rats (Cardenas and Zapata 1981) and goats (Bisgard et al. 1997). Consistent with these observations exogenous DA depresses ventilation in animals (Black et al. 1972; Zapata and Zuazo 1980; Cardenas and Zapata 1981; Nishino and Lahiri 1981; Kressin et al. 1986; Janssen et al. 1998; O’Halloran et al. 1998) and human subjects (Welsh et al. 1978) whereas peripheral DA-receptor blockade stimulates ventilation and CB neural activity (Zapata and Torrealba 1984; Kressin et al. 1986; Janssen et al. 1998) and attenuates
Characteristics of Early Intervention Practitioners and Their Confidence in the Use of Assistive Technology

To understand the role of early intervention (EI) practitioner confidence in the use and application of assistive technology (AT), a 24-item Assistive Technology Confidence Scale (ATCS) was develop...
Physiological and Behavioural Aspects of Water Balance and Respiratory Function in The Terrestrial Slug, Limax Maximus

1.A method is described for establishing a stable relationship between body weight and hydration (i.e. 100% hydrated) in terrestrial slugs. This allows the use of ‘% initial body weight’ as an indicator of relative body hydration. 2.During progressive dehydration in the slug, Limax maximus (L.), the haemolymph osmolality increases exponentially. This, together with measurements of wet weight/dry weight ratios of various tissues, indicates that the water loss during the initial stages of dehydration is from the haemolymph. 3.Although long-term (days) cyclical changes in body hydration were not observed, a daily cycle is described with highs at 12.00 midnight and lows at 12.00 noon. 4.It is shown that the huddling behaviour of slugs can reduce evaporative water loss from individual slugs. 5.Dehydration of a slug to about 90% of its initial body weight initiates rhythmic cycle of pneumostome closures. Further dehydration results in an increase in the duration of the closures and reduction of the diameter of the pneumostome when open. 6.The absolute and relative O 2 uptake by the integument and lung are presented. In quiet slugs, the lung is responsible for about 20% of the total O 2 uptake, while in active slugs it is responsible for 50% of the total. During activity there is a greater increase of O 2 uptake across the lung than across the integument.
Portal-systemic encephalopathy: alterations in somatosensory and brainstem auditory evoked potentials.

Abstract Median somatosensory and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (SEP and BAEP) were studied in 40 patients with liver cirrhosis consequent to chronic viral hepatitis. The patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1 with liver cirrhosis only, group 2 with hepatic failure (HF), group 3 with grade 1 or 2 hepatic encephalopathy (HE), and group 4 with grade 3 or 4 HE. The control group consisted of 10 age-matched normal subjects. The major changes occurred in the median cortical SEP late components (peaks after N20 and P25). From group 1 to group 4, there were progressive prolongation and sequential disappearance of the late components. Those changes in the cortical SEPs were reversible. The subcortical somatosensory and brainstem auditory conductions (SEP N13-N20 and BAEP I-V interpeak latencies) were slightly prolonged in all groups of patients. The present data indicate that SEP may be useful in detecting subclinical HE and in monitoring the clinical course of HE. The present data further indicate that chronic portal-systemic shunting in liver cirrhosis may result in a minimal impairment of cerebral function and sensory conduction in the CNS.
Principles of RNA compaction: insights from the equilibrium folding pathway of the P4-P6 RNA domain in monovalent cations.

Counterions are required for RNA folding, and divalent metal ions such as Mg 2C are often critical. To dissect the role of counterions, we have compared global and local folding of wild-type and mutant variants of P4P6 RNA derived from the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme in monovalent and in divalent metal ions. A remarkably simple picture of the folding thermodynamics emerges. The equilibrium folding pathway in monovalent ions displays two phases. In the first phase, RNA molecules that are initially in an extended conformation enforced by charge‐charge repulsion are relaxed by electrostatic screening to a state with increased flexibility but without formation of long-range tertiary contacts. At higher concentrations of monovalent ions, a state that is nearly identical to the native folded state in the presence of Mg 2C is formed, with tertiary contacts that involve base and backbone interactions but without the subset of interactions that involve specific divalent metal ion-binding sites. The folding model derived from these and previous results provides a robust framework for understanding the equilibrium and kinetic folding of RNA. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Influence of Thermal and Electrical Histories on Domain Structure and Polarization Switching in Potassium‐Modified Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

The dependence of domain evolution and polarization switching on thermal and electrical histories has been investigated for K1+-ion-modified lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics by using hot-stage transmission electron microscopy and Sawyer—Tower polarization methods. In each case, the domains were very narrow, on the order of several hundred angstroms. In the aged condition, the domain structure was dominated by a “wavy” morphology. In the as-quenched condition, fine and straight 180° domains were found that extended across entire grains. In the field-cooled condition, fine and straight 70° and 110° domains were found. Corresponding polarization studies revealed double-loop characteristics in the as-quenched and aged conditions. In both these cases, the switchable polarization was much less than that of the base PZT composition. In the field-cooled condition, a single polarization loop was observed. However, the polarization—electric field (P—E) curve was skewed from the origin, and the polarization was not completely switchable on field reversal. These changes in domain stability and P—E properties have then been explained in terms of the dependence of a spatial distribution of polarizable defect complexes on thermal and electrical histories.
Characterization of local solutions for a class of nonconvex programs

A nonconvex programming problem, which arises in the context of application of Benders' decomposition procedure to a class of network optimization problems, is considered. Conditions which are both necessary and sufficient for a local maximum are derived. The concept of a basic local maximum is introduced, and it is shown that there is a finite number of basic local maxima and at least one such local maximum is optimal.
A Testing Strategy for PLAs

Programmable Logic Arrays (PLA) are finding increasing use as a cost-effective means to utilize LSI electronics. In this paper, three classes of faults, namely stuck faults, shorts and cross-point defects are defined and characterized in a PLA. The relationship between the test sets and their faults among all three classes are discussed. Finally, an algorithm for generating a test set for all three classes of faults is presented.
EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTING ADDED WATER FOR FAT ON THE TEXTURAL, SENSORY, AND PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS OF BOLOGNA

Effects of substituting added water (AW) for fat on textural and sensory properties of bologna ranging from 30%fat-10%AW to 5%fat-35%AW. Sensory springiness, firmness, and cohesiveness increased with higher protein content (P < 0.05). Instron fracturability and hardness were affected more by AW than fat and were lower (P < 0.05) for the high AW, low protein bolognas. Color was affected more by fat than AW; low-fat bolognas were darkest (P < 0.05). Uncooked batters within a fat level were less viscous (P < 0.05) and had lower shear values as AW increased. Cooking and purge losses increased (P < 0.05) as fat was decreased and AW increased. Substituting AW for fat was effective in preventing undesirable changes associated with low-fat, 10% AW products. Regression analyses indicated that bologna with 10% fat would require 24.3% AW to approximate the sensory firmness of bologna with 30% fat and 10% AW.
Quantitative CT for determination of bone mineral density: a review

One of the major uses of quantitative computed tomography (CT) has been the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) at various skeletal sites. The published literature on this subject from 1974 to the present is extensive. Because many investigators and clinicians are just now starting to explore the utility of this technique, the author reviewed this literature to provide both the historic perspective and current status of BMD measurement with CT. The physical and physiologic bases of the method, accuracy, reproducibility, radiation dose, and clinical utility are all discussed.
A Response To Carl Olson's "Mircea Eliade, Postmodernism, and the Problematic Nature of Representational Thinking"

"Archaic, Modern, Postmodern," the penultimate chapter of my monograph, Reconstructing Eliade: Making Sense of Religion (SUNY 1996), is in many ways the conclusion of the book's argument. If refuted, the entire book is seriously weakened. However, Carl Olson's argument (MTSR 11/4 [1999]: 357-385) has grave shortcomings. He responds vigorously to this one chapter, but neglects the foregoing chapters, which are its premises. For example, he calls the recognition that history is not an empirical category but requires socially constructed models to give it meaning one of the "minor agreements" between Eliade and Foucault (360). For Eliade, historical existence is mean ingless until some artifact of human culture be employed to render it meaningful. Olson, however, claims that "the history passed down to us is not a body of facts like Eliade thinks" (360). Yet the whole of my chapter 9 argues that in Eliade's work we find a complex understand ing of history as something other than a "body of facts." Failing to consider the complexity of history for Eliade, Olson has already re fused that which is postmodern about him. Accepting this complex ity, the similarities between Eliade's and Foucault's attitudes to his tory (even as described by Olson) is immediately apparent. Olson similarly neglects my analysis of Eliade's equation of the sacred and the real (chapter 2 in Reconstructing Eliade). Although he recognizes that "Eliade is convinced that when a religious object comes into being it also becomes real" (363), Olson ignores the dia lectic of the sacred and the profane in which religious objects do not "come into being" ex nihilo, but by the transformation of the appre hension of the perceiver. Again, to argue that Eliade continues "to hold out the possibility of finding absolutes because all knowledge is not as relative as Foucault claims" (363), is to ignore completely my analysis of Eliade and relativism (chapter 11). Olson's case consist ently fails to consider arguments elsewhere in my book. He never quotes from anywhere other than chapter 17, although I make com ments about Eliade's affinities with postmodernism elsewhere.
Frequency division multiplexed imaging

In this paper, we describe frequency division multiplexed imaging (FDMI), where multiple images are captured simultaneously in a single shot and can later be extracted from the multiplexed image. This is achieved by spatially modulating the images so that they are placed at different locations in the Fourier domain. The technique assumes that the images are band-limited and they are placed at non-overlapping frequency regions through the modulation process. The FDMI technique can be used for extracting sub-exposure information and in applications where multiple cameras or captures are needed, such as high-dynamic-range and stereo imaging. We present experimental results to illustrate the FDMI idea.
Divide and recombine (D&R): Data science for large complex data

The need for deep analysis of large complex data has brought a focus to data science. The reasoning is simple. Data science consists of all technical areas that come into play in the analysis of data, and deep analysis of large complex data challenges all of the technical areas, from statistical theory to the architecture of clusters designed specifically for data. What is more, research in the technical areas needs to be tightly integrated.
Discovery of new fuel-lean NO reduction catalyst leads using combinatorial methodologies

Abstract Tools of combinatorial heterogeneous catalysis have been applied for the discovery of new leads of catalytic materials for the hydrocarbon (HC) selective reduction of NO under fuel lean conditions. In a period of 3 months, over 1500 different catalytic materials were explored that contained most of the single component and binary, and some of the ternary and quaternary combinations of metals from the periodic table over γ-Al 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , 13X, Y, ZSM-5, Mordenite and beta zeolites. Diverse libraries were synthesized by the solution-based impregnation and ion-exchange methods for the oxide-based and for the zeolite-based supports, respectively. Catalyst screening was accomplished using array channel micro-reactors and mass spectrometry. A combination of Cu (10 wt.%) and Os (1%) ion exchanged 13X zeolitic material was determined to be an effective NO reduction catalyst lead with C 3 H 6 in the temperature range of 250–600 °C. This catalyst also successfully passed a 36 h aging test at 450 °C in the presence of 12% steam and excess oxygen.
Reflections on the virtues of modularity: a case study in linux security modules

Developing a modular system that properly supports a range of security models is challenging. The work presented here details our experiences with the modular Linux security framework called Linux Security Modules, or LSMs. Throughout our experiences we discovered that the developers of the LSM framework made certain tradeoffs for speed and simplicity during implementation, and consequently leaving the framework incomplete. Our experiences show at which points the theory of the LSM differs from reality, and details how these differences play out when developing and using a custom LSM. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sprachgeschichte. Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und ihrer Erforschung. 2nd edition. Edited by Werner Besch, Anne Betten, Oskar Reichmann, and Stefan Sonderegger. Volume 1. (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 2.1.) Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1998. Pp. l, 1013. Hardcover. DM 698,00.

The success of the volumes in the series Handbucher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft has encouraged the publisher to plan revisions of them every fifteen years or so in order to incorporate newly assembled corpora of data, newly emerging methodologies, and new research; to recognize changing empirical domains as the boundaries between them shift or disappear; and to reflect new political realities and linguistic trends within a rapidly changing Europe. The two volumes of the first edition of Sprachgeschichte appeared in 1984 and 1985, respectively. The second edition, of which only the first of three volumes is under consideration here, is—as the subtitle promises—an expansion and elaboration of the first, taking into consideration recent research, new theoretical approaches to old problems, newly developed method-ologies, and the increased interest in linguistic developments in the German-speaking world since 1945.
Transfer of Electric Charges through Rutile Single Crystals

Electron transfer and onset of field emission has been investigated in Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ single crystals with dc currenttime characteristics parallel and perpendicular to the optic axis as function of voltage, temperature, electrode material, and light absorption. The currents are much larger and field emission sets in at lower voltage when the field is parallel to the optic axis. Higher temperature favors the current transfer by increasing the carrier mobility. The effect of different electrode materials proved minor, except in the case of Ti, which as cathode raised the current by about one order of magnitude. Photoelectric measurements showed that, in the critical voltage region of incipient field emission, light absorption can apparently force the current reversibly into the field-emitting stage.
In Search of the “Birthday” of Elliptic Functions

Is it possible to answer the questionWhat is the “birthday” of elliptic functions? Yes, but far from uniquely. But does the overabundance of possible answers occasioned by the inherent naivety of the question mean that such lines of inquiry are pointless for the historian? Can questions regarding the temporal origins of mathematical areas and the research to which they lead ever be useful or instructive?
A paradoxical role of APCs in the induction of intravenous tolerance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Abstract The central role of T cells in the induction of tolerance to autoantigens has been well documented. However, the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in this process is not yet fully understood. To better understand the contribution of APCs in tolerance, we studied the interaction of purified APCs and CD4 + T cells in a model of intravenous (i.v.) tolerance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). As expected, we found that T cells were tolerized to the autoantigen after i.v. injection. However, purified APCs obtained from MOG-i.v.-treated mice were paradoxically immuno-stimulatory, as they induced a non-specific Th1-type response both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that blocking such APC activation would enhance the effectiveness of tolerance induction.
Testing the indifference between a binary lottery and its edited components using observed estimates of variability

Abstract Past studies have shown inconsistent conclusions on the empirical validity of the duplex decomposition assumption that Luce proposed (1997) . The duplex decomposition assumption states that a person would feel indifferent between playing a mixed (gain and loss outcomes) lottery and playing two lotteries simultaneously or successively where one lottery is the gain part and the other lottery is the loss part of the original mixed lottery. The current study tested this assumption by investigating the equality between the certainty equivalent of a binary lottery, CE (BL), and the certainty equivalent of the duplex decomposed lottery, CE (DDL), while controlling for the response variability in the estimated CEs. The results from two experiments showed that for 69% of responses, the difference between the CE (BL) and CE (DDL) was smaller than or equal to the response variability in estimating CEs, implying that duplex decomposition cannot be rejected for a majority of responses. The size of response variability in estimated CEs was discussed.
Taxanes for the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Taxanes have remained a cornerstone of breast cancer treatment over the past three decades, improving the lives of patients with both early- and late-stage disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current role of taxanes, including an albumin-bound formulation that enhances delivery of paclitaxel to tumors, in the management of metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Since the introduction of Cremophor EL-paclitaxel to the clinic in the mid-1990s, a substantial amount of investigation has gone into subjects such as formulation, dose, schedule, and taxane resistance, allowing physicians greater flexibility in treating patients with MBC. This review will also examine how the shrinking pool of taxane-naive patients, a result of the expansion of taxanes into the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, will respond to taxane retreatment for metastatic disease. Taxane treatment seems likely to continue to play an important role in the treatment of MBC.
A-to-D conversion from paper records with a desktop scanner and a microcomputer

Abstract A novel method for digitizing signals contained in paper records is presented. This method is based on the use of an inexpensive optical scanner to translate the image on paper into a binary, bit map data structure. Several algorithms which recognize the signal line in the bit map and translate it into a series of numbers which are equivalent to the output of electronic analog-to-digital converters are described. The method was validated by comparison both with idealized test patterns of varying frequency content and with electronically digitized pressure and pressure time derivative tracings from chronically instrumented dogs. The root mean square error for the physiological signals was 3.5–3.9% of peak-to-peak full scale, corresponding to roughly 50% more than the thickness of the signal line on the paper.
Intestinal permeability enhancement of levothyroxine sodium by straight chain fatty acids studied in MDCK epithelial cell line

Levothyroxine sodium (T4), administered orally, is used for the treatment of hypothyroidism. T4 is a narrow therapeutic index drug with highly variable bioavailability (40-80%). The purpose of the present study was to increase the transepithelial transport of T4 using straight chain fatty acids across Madin-Darby Canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. Capric acid (C10), lauric acid (C12) and oleic acid (C18) were studied in molar ratios of 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 (T4:fatty acid). Transport of the hydrophilic marker, Lucifer yellow, was also studied. All three fatty acids proved to significantly increase T4 transport and the order of enhancement was to the effect of C12 approximately C18>C10. This Increase in transport was accompanied by reductions in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, which indicates an opening of tight junctions. Cytotoxic effects of the fatty acids were evaluated by TEER measurements, lactate dehydrogenase release, percent viability and propidium iodide staining of the cells. At the lower molar concentrations of 1:1, the fatty acids did not show any toxicity. However, C12 and C18 when added, to T4:fatty acid molar ratio of 1:2 and 1:3, respectively showed severe toxicity with irreversible damage to the cells. Hence, addition of fatty acids to T4 formulations at low concentrations can significantly improve intestinal permeability of T4 without any toxicity potentially leading to improved bioavailability.
Prenatal exposure to cocaine reduces the number and enhances reactivity of A10 dopaminergic neurons to environmental stress.

Prenatal exposure to cocaine has been shown to result in poor cognitive performance in the resulting offspring in humans and laboratory animals. The underlying biochemical changes that contribute to these behavioral effects are not known but have been proposed to involve changes in dopaminergic function. In these studies, we exposed rats to cocaine in utero using the clinically relevant intravenous model and report a mean loss of 24.8% of the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive, presumed dopaminergic, neurons in the A10, but not A9 and A8, cell groups of the young adult offspring. Additionally, in prenatal cocaine-exposed rats dopaminergic neurons in the ventral, midline A10, and lateral A9 regions demonstrated a hyperreactivity to environmental stress, as measured by activation of the immediate-early gene, Fos. Mild, intermittent footshock did not further increase the number of dopamine neurons expressing Fos in prenatal cocaine-exposed rats, as it did in the prenatal saline controls. Because the exposure to cocaine took place during development, other potential changes in dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neuronal systems could result from the cocaine-induced reduction in numbers of A10 dopamine neurons. We hypothesize that a perinatal loss of A10 dopamine neurons, and subsequent developmental changes, contributes to a dysregulation of the adult mesoprefrontal system, resulting in the reported cognitive deficits. Synapse 41:337–344, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Special Education Students as Tutors: A Review and Analysis:

Although accounts of cross-age and peer tutoring date back to the first century A.D., only recently have special educators begun to investigate its effects with handicapped students. The purpose of the present article is to synthesize the results of these investigations, emphasizing the effects of tutoring on the academic and personal/social skills of both tutors and tutees. In general, research has shown that handicapped and remedial students can be trained to tutor both peers and younger students in a variety of content areas. Results further show that academic and personal/social benefits come to special education students, as well as to those they tutor, although the data regarding academic achievement is more convincing than the data regarding changes in general self-esteem. Following the summary of results of tutoring implications for instruction are discussed, and suggestions are given for improving the quality of future tutoring research.
Depressive and anxiety disorders in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

Several investigators have documented that depressive and anxiety disorders are frequently present in individuals with eating disorders. This study reports on three aspects of the relationship between depressive and anxiety disorders in eating disorder patients. Eating-disordered subjects, as a group, were not significantly different in their lifetime or concurrent rates of depressive or anxiety disorders, although anorectics were characterized by significantly more frequent lifetime rates of depressive than anxiety disorders. Bulimic-anorectics were significantly more likely than bulimics to co-present with a major depressive disorder. There were no significant group differences in the concurrent rates of anxiety disorders between bulimic, anorectic, and bulimic-anorectic subjects. Bulimic-anorectics, however, were significantly more likely than anorectic subjects to qualify for obsessive-compulsive disorder at some point in their lifetime. Thus, with regard to Axis I co-morbidity, bulimic-anorectics would appear to be the most pathological of the eating disorder subgroups.
High prevalence and correlates of low bone mineral density in young adults with sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a prevalent genetic disorder in which sickle hemoglobin leads to tissue hypoxia and adverse effects on bone. Published studies suggest that children with SCD often have undiagnosed osteopenia or osteoporosis. Minimal data exist on the prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) in adults. Our objective was to describe the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in adults with SCD and to identify patient or disease characteristics associated with low BMD. We conducted a cross-sectional study of adults with SCD. Through questionnaires, we collected data about disease course and osteoporosis risk factors. Patients underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement of BMD at the hip, spine, and forearm and sampling of blood and urine for markers of bone turnover, sickle cell disease severity, and secondary causes of osteoporosis. Our main outcome measure was prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis as defined by WHO criteria. Of 32 adults with SCD (14 men and 18 women) with a mean age of 34 years, 72% (95% confidence interval 53-86%) had low BMD at one or more anatomic sites. Thirteen patients were classified as osteoporotic and 10 as osteopenic. The prevalence of low BMD was greatest in the lumbar spine (66% of patients). Significant correlates of decreased BMD included low BMI (P < 0.01), male sex (P = 0.02), and low serum zinc concentrations (P < 0.01). The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in young adults with SCD is extremely high. Further research is needed to address fracture risk and therapeutic interventions.
Simple systems for calibrating and auditing SO2 monitors at remote sites

Abstract Described are compact, lightweight, rugged, and simple-to-operate pollutant generating systems that can be used to calibrate and to audit SO 2 and possibly other ambient air monitors located at inaccessible sites. The field and laboratory experiments done during the development of these systems are also described. The laboratory studies indicated that the systems could also be used for NO 2 , but the field tests were inconclusive. The portion of the systems used to generate the dilution air is sufficiently inexpensive and modular that many networks could dedicate one zero (dilution) air system to each field site. The systems use a diaphragm pump, a cartridge containing Purafil/silica gel, a cartridge containing silica gel, a flow measuring system, and a low output permeation tube to generate pollutant concentrations between 1 and 30 ppbv with an accuracy (for SO 2 ) of better than 2 ppbv. To avoid using a temperature control device such as a bath or oven, the output of the permeation tube as a function of temperature is determined in the laboratory. At the field site, the temperature of the dilution air flowing over the permeation device and the barometric pressure are used to determine the output of the permeation device.
EXPANDING ON THE PURIFICATION METHODOLOGY OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) BOUND MOLECULES : THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,5-PYRAZOLIDINEDIONES

Abstract Isopropanol was found to be an excellent solvent for the precipitation of PEG-bound molecules. Polar reagents and by-products, even those generated as a result of using benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) or benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) coupling reagents, are soluble in iPrOH allowing clean precipitation of the polymer-bound species. Several examples are given to support the general utility of this precipitation method which allowed for the synthesis of a 3,5-pyrazolidinedione on soluble PEG polymer support.
Scalable architecture for programmable quantum gate array (abstract only)

This work explores architectural ideas to build a scalable programmable quantum gate array (PQGA) by exploiting unique quantum effects such as superposition and entanglement/teleportation. In contrast to prior studies, in which a quantum computing machine is implemented either as an ASIC-like special-purpose chip tailored for specific algorithm or as a general-purpose processor based on the Von-Neumann model, we propose a PQGA architecture that is reconfigurable for different domain-specific applications with high logic density. The PQGA architecture is novel in several aspects, among which its interconnect work is built with "virtual wires" implemented with quantum entanglement. In this work, we propose various designs for logic block, interconnect network, and design strategies to construct large designs in PQGA. Our goal is to investigate new architectural ideas based on reconfigurable computing method in order to overcome the primary scalability challenges of reliability, communication, and quantum resource distribution that plague current proposals for large-scale quantum comput- ing. Leveraging the extensive groundwork in quantum computing and algorithm design, we provide estimation results to show that our proposed PQGA architecture can achieve not only high performance but also scalability. Finally, we benchmark our proposed PQGA architecture against previous quantum computer architecture and illustrate on average a 3x improvement in terms of logic density for the well-known Shor's quantum factoring algorithm.
PRIMARY ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN A MAN WITH CONGENITAL ISOLATION OF THE CORPORA CAVERNOSA

We report on a 33-year-old man with primary erectile dysfunction, isolated cavernous bodies, corporeal veno-occlusive dysfunction, and hypoplastic cavernous arteries. To our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of absence of communication between the corpora cavernosa.
Polynomials and linear transformations

Abstract Let A be a linear transformation on a discrete vector space V over a discrete field k . We examine, from a constructive point of view, the question of when the independence of I , A ,…, A n –1 implies that there exists x ∈ V such that x , Ax ,…, A n –1 x are independent. A new omniscience principle is introduced to show that such x cannot necessarily be found even when V is finitely generated and discrete.
The Changing Space of Animation: Disney's Hybrid Films of the 1940s:

In the early 1940s, Disney animation underwent a critical reassessment, one in which commentators who had previously praised Disney's efforts, particularly for the studio's realistic advances, began to emphasize how, in its efforts at realism, Disney had moved away from, even betrayed animation's avant-garde possibilities. That seeming `break' with animation's subversive spirit, however, was hardly as definitive or deliberate as many critics claimed. This article examines Disney's hybrid animation efforts of the 1940s, particularly films like The Three Caballeros (1945), Song of the South (1946), and Fun and Fancy Free (1947), in light of the tension between animation's realistic and subversive possibilities. In these films, the author suggests, we can see the Disney studio's interest in recouping something of the modernist attitude with which it had earlier been associated, or at least an effort at finding some accommodation between what Disney had been and what it was becoming as it came to dominate the...
Protonic Structure of Molecules. II. Methodology, Center-of-Mass Transformation, and the Structure of Methane, Ammonia, and Water

A center-of-mass-transformed Hamiltonian is used to study the molecular structure of methane, ammonia, and water, where the protons as well as the electrons are described by Slater determinants of one-particle Slater functions. The matrix elements of the Hamiltonian are given for a wave function constructed from a product between a sum of Slater determinants for the electrons and a sum of Slater determinants for the protons. The ground states of the protons were the $^{5}S$ multiplet of the $s{p}^{3}$ configuration at -39.137 64 hartrees for methane, the $^{4}P$ multiplet of the $s{p}^{2}$ configuration at -55.445 22 hartrees for ammonia, and the $^{3}P$ multiplet of the $\mathrm{sp}$ configuration at -75.500 05 hartrees for water. The energies of the other protonic multiplets of the above configurations are given also, as are the energies of the protonic multiplet of the ${s}^{2}{p}^{2}$ and ${p}^{4}$ configurations in methane, of the ${s}^{2}p$ and ${p}^{3}$ configurations in ammonia, and of the ${s}^{2}$ and ${p}^{2}$ configurations in water. The errors in the wave functions are discussed.
Foucault’s Ethics

Foucault’s most important contribution to ethics is a theoretical framework he developed for historical times and places—Hellenistic Greece, Imperial Rome, and early Christianity. The same lens he ...
Comparison of precipitation estimates between Version 7 3-hourly TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) near-real-time and research products

Abstract Over the years, blended methods that use multi-satellites and multi-sensors have been developed for estimating global precipitation and resulting products are widely used in applications. An example is the 3-hourly TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) that consists of two products: near-real-time (3B42RT) and research-grade (3B42). The former provides quick, less accurate estimates suitable for monitoring activities; the latter provides more accurate estimates more suitable for research. Both products have been widely used in research and applications. Nonetheless, to improve near-real-time applications, it is important to understand their difference. In this study, seasonal mean difference (MD), mean absolute difference (MAD), root mean square difference (RMSD), and their inter-annual variations in boreal (June, July and August or JJA) and austral (December, January and February or DJF) summers and in different rain regimes over two surface types are investigated on a large scale (50°N–50°S) from 2000 and 2012. Over land, positive MD values (3B42RT > 3B42) dominate, especially in western China, western United States, northwest Asia and over some oceanic regions of light rain in both JJA and DJF. Over ocean, negative MD values (3B42RT
Interference with pacemaker function by cardiokymographic testing

Abstract Environmental hazards for patients with pacemakers have long been recognized.1,2 Interference with pacemaker function by diagnostic and therapeutic modalities is of particular concern to physicians. Sources of disturbance include surgical diathermy, electrical defibrillation, radiation therapy, electrical muscle stimulation, low-frequency acupuncture and dental ultrasonic cleaning. Cardiokymography is being used clinically at some institutions to detect segmental wall motion abnormalities of the heart.3–5 Observation of a case of pacemaker interference by the cardiokymographic (CKG) transducer prompted us to examine other patients with pacemakers in a similar manner.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS ON SOIL STRENGTH

The effects of varying particle characteristics on the strength behavior of cohesionless soils are experimentally evaluated. Soil strength is measured on the basis of the angle of shearing resistance with dilatation removed. These cohesionless soils were laboratory prepared from single minerals under closely controlled conditions. It is shown that soil strength increases with increasing angularity and decreasing sphericity. There is an increase in strength with decreasing effective size particularly with sizes less than 0.06 mm. At a given relative density or void ratio the influence of different soil gradations has little effect on soil strength. An approximate relationship for the corrected angle of shearing resistance is formulated.
Contribution of Support Means to Stresses Developed in Sheet Metal Coils

Sheet metal is often stored in large wound coils and processed through such manufacturing stages as cleaning, coating, and slitting in a finishing plant or thickness reduction in a rolling mill. During winding and unwinding operations, as well as during storage and transportation, a coil can be supported in a variety of methods. The coil can be formed on a relatively compliant fiber core, or it can be mounted with the core onto a drive shaft or a pair of core chucks. The stresses within the coil develop in response to the sheet metal's material properties, the process tension, and the type of support condition that is present along the coil's inner diameter In this investigation, a two-dimensional finite element model is applied to capture the stress distribution within sheet metal coils. The influence of support condition on the state of stress is investigated for sheet metal on a core alone, and for the cases in which the coil is supported by a drive shaft or core chucks during winding. The radial and width-wise variations of the stress components are calculated and compared in the light of the differences in compliance between the three means of support.
Anthropology and the Cultural Study of Science

This essay explores how the distinctively anthropological concept of culture provides uniquely valuable insights into the workings of science in its cultural context. Recent efforts by anthropologists to dislodge the traditional notion of culture as a homogenous, stable whole have opened up a variety of ways of imagining culture that place power differentials, flux, and contradiction at its center. Including attention to a wide variety of social domains outside the laboratory, attending to the ways nonscientists actively engage with scientific knowledge, and focusing on the complex interactions that flow both into and out of research laboratories are ways the activities of both scientists and nonscientists can be situated in the heterogeneous matrtx of culture. Three images—the citadel, the rhizome, and the string figure—allow us to picture the discontinuous ways science both permeates and is permeated by cultural life.
Role of endogenous thrombin in tumor implantation, seeding, and spontaneous metastasis

Tumor/host-generated thrombin (endogenous thrombin) was investigated with tumor growth and metastasis experiments in mice by the use of hirudin, a highly potent specific inhibitor of thrombin. Pretreatment with hirudin inhibited tumor implantation in nude or syngeneic mice, following subcutaneous injection of 2 human and 2 murine tumors. Hirudin induced a considerable lag period in the appearance of tumor growth, compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) treatment, but had no effect on established tumor nodule growth in vivo or on tumor growth in vitro. Hirudin treatment induced central necrosis of the tumor nodule compared with no effect with PBS treatment. Greater protection was noted with longer duration of treatment. Tumor seeding into blood was examined with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled tumor cells. Hirudin inhibited seeding into the blood as well as systemic organs which varied from complete protection to 15- to 32-fold in the blood and 17- to 395-fold in the lung. Hirudin inhibited spontaneous metastases from subcutaneously implanted tumor by reducing the number of tumor nodules in the lungs. Mouse survival in animals injected subcutaneously with highly aggressive 4T1 cells revealed 5 of 5 deaths of PBS-treated animals on day 40 compared with no deaths with hirudin treatment, with prolongation of survival with hirudin treatment of 16 days to more than 31 days. Thus, endogenous thrombin contributes to tumor implantation, seeding, and spontaneous metastasis. A potent antithrombin agent should be of clinical benefit to patients with cancer.
The action of the adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor, 3-deazaadenosine, on phagocytic function of mouse macrophages and human monocytes.

An inhibitor of adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, 3-deazaadenosine, caused profound inhibition of phagocytosis of opsonized erythrocytes by mouse resident peritoneal macrophages invitro. The inhibition was evident at concentrations as low as 2×10−7M, and increased with increasing concentration and time of exposure to the analogue. It was not associated with detachment of the macrophage monolayers or with loss of cell viability. Although the inhibition was not reversible, progression of the functional impairment was interrupted by washing out the analogue. In striking contrast, phagocytic function of human blood monocytes was unaffected by 3-deazaadenosine.