cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Narrative of Difference: The Effects of Social Class on Belonging at Liberal Arts Colleges

Low-income students have historically struggled in applying to colleges, especially liberal arts colleges. However, presently low-income students have had significantly more access to university due to changes in admission policies; the largest challenges now facing low-income students are during their time at university, where they struggle to maintain similar retention rates and comparable social and academic integration when compared to wealthier peers. In this research, I examined Grinnell College as a case study of liberal arts colleges as it is an interesting example due to no significant differences in average GPA or retention rates between social classes. I used an explanatory, sequential mixed-methods design to explore the experiences of low-incomes students at liberal arts colleges, focusing on belonging. I found that low-income students, despite claiming to belong at similar rates to wealthier peers, express narratives of difference where they have distinctly different experiences from wealthier peers. Differences included but are not limited to distinctive interpersonal relationships with faculty, staff, and peers, and low-income students’ lower participation levels in social events. However, despite these differences, low-income students often “work the system” to equalize their differences. Based on my findings, I propose a 7-point plan for improving the experiences of low-income students at liberal arts colleges. Erratum Added Appendices 10/15/18 Faculty Sponsor: Sharon Quinsaat
Uridine triacetate - an antidote in the treatment of 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine poisoning

Introduction: In 2015, vistogard was approved both the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) as an antidote in the treatment of 5-FU poisoning following an overdose of 5-FU or capecitabine or in patients exhibiting early-onset, severe or life-threatening toxicity affecting the cardiac or central nervous system, and/or early-onset, unusually severe adverse reactions (e.g. gastrointestinal toxicity and/or neutropenia) within 96 h following the end of 5-FU or capecitabine administration.Areas covered: This paper reviews the history of the development of vistogard (uridine triacetate) to its current status in clinical practice. Vistogard is an orally active prodrug of uridine, which has made a more effective uridine administration technique possible to improve the tolerability of intravenous and oral fluoropyrimidines, including capecitabine. In addition to preclinical data, we also reviewed the data on all the published patients who received vistogard secondary to overdosed 5-FU or capecitab...
Synthesis of the first lariat crown-formazan, prototype of a new series of podandocoronands

Crown-formazan (1) with a pendant hydroxy group was obtained by a phase-transfer assisted azo-coupling reaction. Acylation of the hydroxy group of (1) with 2-chloroacetyl chloride followed by reaction with dimethylamine afforded 13-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)acetoxy]-16,17-dihydro-7-phenyl-5H,15-dibenzo[b,i][1,11,4,5,7,8]dioxatetraazacyclotetradecyne (8), the first lariat crown-formazan containing a strong donor group as a supporting ligand at the end of the side arm.
Documentation of Salted Paper Prints with a Modified Digital Camera

A modified digital camera can be used for photographic techniques that utilize not only the visible light spectrum but longwave ultraviolet and near-infrared radiation. Seven techniques were used t...
Cryosurgical ablation for treatment of rhinitis: A prospective multicenter study

OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of cryoablation of the posterior nasal nerve (PNN) for treatment of chronic rhinitis. METHODS This was a prospective single-arm trial of 98 adult patients at six U.S. centers with chronic allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. PNN cryoablation was performed in-office under local anesthesia using a handheld device. Patients discontinued use of intranasal ipratropium 3 days prior to treatment and throughout the study period. Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS) was measured at pretreatment baseline and posttreatment at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months. The Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) was completed at pretreatment and 3 months posttreatment. Adverse effects and postprocedure medication usage were recorded. RESULTS Ninety-eight procedures (100%) were successfully completed. rTNSS significantly improved over pretreatment baseline (6.1 ± 1.9) at 1 month (2.9 ± 1.9, P < 0.001), 3 months (3.0 ± 2.3, P < 0.001), 6 months (3.0 ± 2.1, P < 0.001), and 9 months (3.0 ± 2.4, P < 0.001) postprocedure. Nasal congestion and rhinorrhea subscores improved significantly at all time points (P < 0.001). Both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis subcohorts showed improvement (P < 0.001), with a comparable degree of improvement between groups. RQLQ significantly improved over pretreatment baseline (3.0 ± 1.0) at 3 months (1.5 ± 1.0, P < 0.001), and all RQLQ subdomains demonstrated improvement. Of 54 patients using intranasal medication at baseline, 19 (35.2%) were able to discontinue use. Twenty-nine adverse effects were reported, including headache, epistaxis, and sinusitis. CONCLUSION Cryoablation of the PNN for chronic rhinitis is safe and can result in relief of nasal symptoms and improvements in quality of life. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130: 1877-1884, 2020.
Why Articles in Arts and Humanities Are Being Retracted

This article describes some of the characteristics of retracted articles in Arts and Humanities. A total 129 retracted articles in Arts and Humanities journals were identified using Retraction Watch and Scopus and then analyzed. The analysis shows that the main reasons for retracting Arts and Humanities articles is recycling and plagiarism. The analysis also shows that retracted articles continue to be read, downloaded and cited as well as mentioned in social media channels.
Endocrine Treatment of Young Patients with EBC

Breast cancer in young women is a complex disease, still surrounded by many misconceptions and taboos. Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) disease is less frequent in this age group compared to older women but anyhow represents about 60% of cases. In developed countries, the majority of young women with HR+ breast cancer have early disease at diagnosis. The optimal endocrine therapy in this setting has been debated for decades: long-term survival with modern therapies has dramatically improved over the years, making individualization of treatment the everyday challenge for healthcare professionals.
Response–reinforcer contiguity versus response‐rate–reinforcer‐rate covariance in rats' lever pressing: Support for a multiscale view

The multiscale molar view sees behavior as a flow, like a river, extended in time. Matching theory expresses the way activities compete for time. Relative time taken by any activity depends on relative induction. The present experiment tested matching theory applied to concurrent contingent and noncontingent food. As adjunctive activities that compete with operant activity, we recorded hopper head entries and presses on a lever near the food hopper that had no programmed consequences. Eight naive rats were first exposed to a variable-time 60 s schedule, which across conditions was gradually transformed into a variable-interval 60 s schedule by increasing the proportion of food that was delivered contingent on pressing a lever far from the hopper. Another group of 4 rats that had been trained to press a lever near a food hopper were introduced in the second condition, in which one food delivery was contingent on far-lever pressing. We found induction following a power function to describe pressing on the far lever (operant activity). Matching theory combined with power-function induction also accounted for adjunctive activity. Results with single contingent food deliveries provided little support for the molecular view that behavior consists of discrete responses "strengthened" by immediately following reinforcers.
Athletic Training Educators' Knowledge, Comfort, and Perceived Importance of Evidence-Based Practice

Context: Before new strategies and effective techniques for implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) into athletic training curricula can occur, it is crucial to recognize the current knowledge and understanding of EBP concepts among athletic training educators. Objective: To assess athletic training educators’ current knowledge, comfort, and perceived importance of evidence-based concepts. Design: Cross-sectional survey design. Setting: Online survey instrument. Patients or Other Participants: 141 respondents (28.3% response rate) from a convenience sample of 498 athletic training educators. Main Outcome Measure(s): Demographic information and knowledge, comfort, and perceived importance of 11 EBP concepts (definition of EBP, steps of EBP, reliability, validity, intra-class correlation coefficient, kappa coefficient, specificity, sensitivity, likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) were obtained. Results: Participants’ overall EBP knowledge score was 64.4%. Characteristics associated with higher knowledge scores were terminal degree (69.92% ± 10.36, P < .001), hours of research per week (66.96% ± 12.61, P = .029), and hours of teaching-related tasks conducted per week (67.47% ± 12.48, P = .002). Overall EBP comfort was 2.37/4.0 (“uncomfortable”). Characteristics associated with higher comfort scores were terminal degree (2.51 ± 0.67, P = .017), hours of research per week (2.52 ± 0.69, P = .025), and EBP workshops previously attended (2.56 ± 0.66, P = .002). Overall EBP perceived importance was 3.34/4.0 (“important”). The characteristic associated with higher importance scores was hours of research per week (3.44 ± 0.45, P = .009). Conclusions: Athletic training educators’ current knowledge of EBP concepts needs to be improved. This study indicates that athletic training educators are uncomfortable with evidence-based concepts, yet believe it is important for curricular implementation. The future development of workshops and teaching models should focus on the varying levels of EBP concepts. Distinguishing modes for curricula implementation might also be an effective way to increase knowledge, comfort, and perceived importance levels. Key Words: Education, didactic curricula, survey researchFull Citation:Welch CE, Van Lunen BL, Walker SE, Manspeaker, SA, Hankemeier DA, Brown SD, Laursen RM, Onate JA. Evidence-based practice knowledge, comfort, and perceived importance levels of athletic training educators. Athl Train Educ J. 2011;6(1):5-14.
MER Opportunity Dust-Storm Recovery Operations and Implications for Future Mars Surface Missions

In June 2018, NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity became engulfed in the most intense global dust storm observed in its 14-year mission and in Mars' recorded history. Sapped of life-giving solar energy, Opportunity fell silent to ground operators on June 11, in what would be its final call home. Over the course of the next eight months, the MER team employed numerous recovery efforts and radiated over one thousand commands to wake the silent rover. Although unsuccessful, MER's dust-storm recovery team changed the paradigm of dust-storm operations from Opportunity's survival of a previous global dust storm in 2007. In this paper, the authors offer a glimpse into MER's recovery efforts and lessons learned from Opportunity dust-storm operations for future solar-powered Mars surface missions. First, the authors discuss the indicators of the approaching dust storm and the actions the team employed to reduce Opportunity's power consumption and preserve available battery charge prior to loss of contact. Second, the authors discuss the team's recovery efforts until Opportunity's declared End-of-Mission, the steps the team took to re-establish contact with Opportunity, the assumptions made during each step of the recovery process, and the commanding actions employed. Finally, the authors discuss the operational impacts of global dust storms on the safe and successful operation of solar-powered spacecraft on the Martian surface, and offer design recommendations for future solar-powered missions from the lessons learned during Opportunity's 14-year mission and experience through two global dust storms.
Confirmed Medication Diversion in Hospice Care: Qualitative Findings From a National Sample of Agencies.

Abstract Context The nonmedical use of prescribed medications is a major public health concern in the U.S. Medications prescribed to hospice patients for pain management may be at risk of being diverted to be sold or used illicitly. Objectives Use responses from hospice agency representatives to explore the details of confirmed cases of medication diversion in the hospice setting. Methods This is a qualitative descriptive study based on responses from hospice agency representatives with surveys completed by phone or online. Template analysis was used to describe the context of confirmed diversion, specifically 1) means of how the diversion was confirmed, 2) clues/red flags, 3) who diverted, and 4) agency responses to the confirmed diversion. Results A total of n = 112 open-ended responses were analyzed. Respondents reported multiple ways in which medication diversion was confirmed, such as drug screening, witnessed firsthand by staff, and an overdose. Clues/red flags included reluctance to allow medication monitoring, family discord, and higher medication doses being requested. Those who diverted medications included informal caregiver/family member, family friend, and facility staff. Agency responses to diversion included limiting the supply of medication, restricting access to the medication, and increasing staff visit frequency. Conclusion Good clinical practice and vigilance may help agencies detect medication diversion. Moreover, diversion prevention techniques should not harmfully impact quality of patient care.
Creative Destruction and the Bright Side of Economic Downturns

We find that business cycles drive productive economic churn. During recessions, firms with high previous abnormal investment scale back while firms with low abnormal investment scale up. These findings are consistent with an improvement in the efficiency of new investment over the business cycle. Our estimates suggest that an average firm cuts abnormal investment during recessions by at least 20%, or roughly $410M. Valuation ratios converge similarly with reductions in unexpected investment showing relative value improvement. Our results are stronger for less entrenched firms and firms with more active shareholders, which points to shareholder monitoring as an economic channel. Overall, the efficiency of new investment appears to improve in recessions and decline in expansions, consistent with creative destruction on the intensive margin.
Regulation of intracellular signaling and neuron function by Bardet-Biedl Syndrome proteins in patient-specific iPSC-derived neurons

Abstract Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes encoding components of the primary cilium and characterized by hyperphagic obesity. We developed a cellular model of BBS using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs)-derived hypothalamic arcuate-like neurons. BBS mutations BBS1M390R and BBS10C91fsX95 did not affect neuron differentiation efficiency but caused morphological defects including impaired neurite outgrowth and longer primary cilia. Expression of intact BBS10 normalized cilia length. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of BBS1M390R hypothalamic neurons identified several down regulated pathways including insulin and cAMP signaling, and axon guidance. In agreement with scRNA-seq data, insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation at Thr308 was reduced in BBS1M390R and BBS10c91fsX95 human fibroblasts and iPSC-derived neurons, as well as in BBS10 knockdown iPSC-derived neurons. Overexpression of intact BBS10 fully restored insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in BBS10c91fsX95 neurons. Mutations in BBS1 and BBS10 impaired leptin-mediated p-STAT3 activation in both human primary fibroblasts and iPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons. Correction of the BBS mutation by CRISPR rescued leptin signaling. POMC expression in BBS1M390R and BBS10C91fsX95 iPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons was downregulated, as was hypothalamic Pomc in BBS1M390R knockin (KI) mice. In the aggregate, these data provide insights into the anatomic and functional mechanisms by which components of the BBsome in CNS primary cilia mediate effects on energy homeostasis.
The Cortisol and ACTH Response to Dex/CRH Testing in Women With and Without Perimenopausal Depression.

CONTEXT Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are frequent accompaniments of depression, and studies have documented the role of stress and stressful life events in the ontogeny of perimenopausal depressions (PMD). Because HPA axis function in women is further modulated both by aging and ovarian steroids, it is possible that a dysregulated HPA axis contributes to the increased risk of PMD. OBJECTIVE We examined HPA axis function in perimenopausal women with and without depression using the combined dexamethasone-corticotropin-releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test. METHODS Dex/CRH tests were performed on 20 women with PMD and 20 women who were also perimenopausal but without current or past depression (control women). Main outcome measures were plasma levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC). Five women took chronic stable medications, otherwise all women were medically healthy, and both groups were comparable with respect to reproductive stage and age. Standardized symptom rating scales were administered to each woman prior to Dex/CRH testing. RESULTS No group differences were present in either baseline or stimulated ACTH and cortisol secretion. Baseline plasma measures of estradiol, progesterone, and 24-hour UFC levels similarly did not differ in PMD and control women. CONCLUSION Despite reports of increased stress responsiveness in PMD, we observed no abnormalities of HPA axis activity associated with PMD compared with women without depression. These findings suggest that PMD is not uniformly associated with HPA dysregulation and could reflect underlying pathophysiologic processes that are distinct from women with nonreproductive-related depressions.
Subjective Cognitive Complaints: Predictors and Health Outcomes in People Living with HIV.

There is a paucity of research on the prevalence of subjective cognitive complaints in people living with human immunodeficiency virus, along with the predictors and outcomes related to these complaints. We assessed demographics, substance use and psychiatric predictors, and HIV-related outcomes associated with subjective cognitive complaint items from the Cognitive Difficulties Scale. The sample consisted of 889 people living with HIV in the survey-based Florida Cohort. Results of multivariable regression models indicated that age (45–54), hazardous alcohol consumption, more frequent marijuana use and psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, PTSD) were significant predictors of subjective cognitive complaints. Subjective cognitive complaints were associated with lower adherence to antiretroviral therapy in bivariate analyses, but this relationship was no longer significant after controlling for depression, race, alcohol and drug use. Further research into the relationship between depressive and subjective cognitive complaints may provide additional avenues for intervention.
A Stacked-Photovoltaic-Cell Energy Harvester with >81% Indoor Light Harvesting Efficiency for Millimeter-Scale Energy-Autonomous Sensor Nodes

We propose a light energy harvester that achieves harvesting efficiency of 82 - 98% at indoor light levels (70lx � 1klx) and powers a millimeter-scale system even at 40lx. It improves the efficiency by connecting stacked photovoltaic (PV) cells directly to a battery without diode voltage drop and implementing essential battery protection functions, such as battery discharging/overcharging protection and initial-battery-charging delay, in 334pA. The proposed circuit monitors open-circuit voltage of the stacked PV cells indirectly with a tiny auxiliary cell (only 0.16% area penalty) for battery discharging protection without interrupting energy harvesting. It also delays the initial battery charging by 3.9 hours, long enough to avoid accidental battery charging during a system assembly process.
The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) is a potential cell-binding motif of UNC-52/PERLECAN.

UNC-52/perlecan is a basement membrane (BM) proteoglycan playing an essential role in the muscle cell attachment of C. elegans. The UNC-52 protein contains two RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motifs in domains III and IV, a well-characterized tripeptide known for binding to mammalian β integrin. To investigate the role of the RGD motif in UNC-52/perlecan, we created two mutations in the 2021RGD2023 motif: one mutation changed the RGD to an RGE, and the other deleted the RGD motif. The RGE2023 caused defective actin filaments and aberrant localization of PAT-3 β integrin and TLN-1/talin. Additionally, the in-frame deletion of RGD2023 resulted in a paralyzed and arrested at two-fold embryonic stages (Pat) phenotype, which is the identical phenotype of the pat-3 β integrin null allele. These results indicate that RGD2023 is a potential ligand for cell binding and is essential for development and survival. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the RGD of an invertebrate BM molecule is a potential cell-binding motif, suggesting that the function of the RGD motif is conserved among species.
Sensor deployment strategy for detection of targets traversing a region

Sensing devices can be deployed to form a network for monitoring a region of interest. This paper investigates detection of a target traversing the region being monitored by using collaborative target detection algorithms among the sensors. The objective of the study is to develop a low cost sensor deployment strategy to meet a performance criteria. The paper defines a path exposure metric as a measure of goodness of deployment. It then gives a problem formulation for the random sensor deployment and defines cost functions that take into account the cost of single sensors and the cost of deployment. A sequential sensor deployment approach is then developed. The paper illustrates that the overall cost of deployment can be minimized to achieve the desired detection performance by appropriately choosing the number of sensors deployed in each step of the sequential deployment strategy.
Release of Adsorbed Krypton and Xenon from Spilled Charcoal

The rate of release of the fission gases, krypton, and xenon, depends on the depth of the spilled charcoal, the decay constant of the fission gas, and the initial distribution of fission gas within the spilled charcoal. A mathematical analysis of the rate of release is presented here which takes into account the initial distributions which may be encountered in practice. It is found that: (1) fission gases more than 15 cm from the surface generally decay within the charcoal before diffusing to the surface; (2) xenon isotopes diffuse relatively slowly and that the release of xenon can be protracted over several days and (3) the initial distribution has a strong effect on both the rate of release and the fraction of fission gas released. These equations can be applied to the release of fission gases from a charcoal adsorption bed following rupture (as for example by an earthquake). It is suggested that in order to minimize the possible release of fission gases during such an incident that during normal operation a charcoal adsorption bed be operated at a flow rate above a certain minimum for this would prevent the adsorbed fission gases from being contained within a shallow areamore » from which their release could be relatively rapid.« less
A Continuum Approach to Minimum Time

A continuum approach to the minimum time problem is taken in order to approximately determine the isochrone distribution in the phase plane diagram of a double integrator problem. The approach allows the state variables to be treated as independent variables and time is eliminated from the analysis. The choice of independent variables provides levels of complexity which are the same for both linear and nonlinear systems. For the double integrator problem, continuum relations are derived and an approximate solution is obtained using the finite element method. Plots of the approximate isochrone distribution are provided.
How Effective Are Taxes in Reducing Tobacco Consumption

Governments have long taxed cigarettes and other tobacco products. Tobacco taxes have been thought to satisfy the Ramsey Rule that states that consumption taxes should be applied to goods with relatively inelastic demands so that welfare losses associated with taxation will be minimized. More recently, many countries have increased tobacco taxes to reduce tobacco use. These tax increases are partly based on efficiency grounds — the idea that tobacco users should bear the full costs of their consumption — and assume that there are social costs associated with use; thus, the tax is a “users’ fee.” Related to this is the use of tobacco taxes as a public health policy. The effectiveness of taxes for each these purposes depends on information concerning the impact of tobacco taxes on tobacco use. This chapter reviews this evidence.
A rule grouping technique for weight-based TCAM coprocessors [packet classification application]

A crucial issue associated with a TCAM (ternary content addressable memory) coprocessor with weights is that no more rules can be enforced if the weights are exhausted. In this paper, the problem is identified and a rule grouping technique is proposed to solve the problem. The technique allows a virtually unlimited number of rules with arbitrary rule structures to be enforced. It requires no special hardware support and can be readily implemented in a fully programmable network processor and a weight-based TCAM coprocessor.
Positive and Negative Regulation of IκB Kinase Activity Through IKKβ Subunit Phosphorylation

IkappaB [inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)] kinase (IKK) phosphorylates IkappaB inhibitory proteins, causing their degradation and activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB, a master activator of inflammatory responses. IKK is composed of three subunits-IKKalpha and IKKbeta, which are highly similar protein kinases, and IKKgamma, a regulatory subunit. In mammalian cells, phosphorylation of two sites at the activation loop of IKKbeta was essential for activation of IKK by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Elimination of equivalent sites in IKKalpha, however, did not interfere with IKK activation. Thus, IKKbeta, not IKKalpha, is the target for proinflammatory stimuli. Once activated, IKKbeta autophosphorylated at a carboxyl-terminal serine cluster. Such phosphorylation decreased IKK activity and may prevent prolonged activation of the inflammatory response.
A spatially-variant SPECT reconstruction scheme using artificial neural networks

A quantitative, spatially varying, weighted backprojection has been developed for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The network has been trained to compensate for collimator effects and attenuation. The required ramp filtering is also learned by the ANN. A supervised training scheme was utilized that implemented the generalized delta rule. After training, the backprojection weights were held constant and could be used to reconstruct source distributions other than those used while training. A noiseless Hoffman brain phantom reconstruction using the proposed technique has a 82.5% reduction in mean-squared error (MSE) compared to standard filtered backprojection (FBP) when collimator and attenuation effects were present. For noisy data, if standard noise reduction filters were implemented prior to reconstruction, the ANN images has a lower MSE than standard FBP images that used the same noise filter. For example, Wiener-filtered, 200000 count Hoffman brain projection data reconstruction by the present network had a 50% lower MSE than standard FBP images reconstructed with the same Wiener-filtered data. >
Review : Free radicals, antioxidants, and the immune system

Oxygen-derived free radicals are important in both natural and acquired immunity. Neutrophil and macrophage phagocytosis stimulates various cellular processes including the "respiratory burst" whereby increased cellular oxygen uptake results in the production of the potent oxidant bactericidal agents, hypochlorous acid and hydroxyl radical. In addition, nitric oxide, a gaseous radical produced by macrophages, reacts with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, also a potent bactericidal agent. Conversely, oxidative stress may be detrimental in acquired immunity by activation of nuclear factor kappa B, which governs gene expression involving various cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules, among others. However, antioxidant supplementation essentially reverses several age-associated immune deficiencies, resulting in increased levels of interleukin-2, elevated numbers of total lymphocytes and T-cell subsets, enhanced mitogen responsiveness, increased killer cell activity, augmented antibody response to antigen stimulation, decreased lipid peroxidation, and decreased prostaglandin synthesis.
Evaluation of a Resilience Intervention to Enhance Coping Strategies and Protective Factors and Decrease Symptomatology.

Objective: In this pilot study, the authors examined the effectiveness of a 4-week resilience intervention to enhance resilience, coping strategies, and protective factors, as well as decrease symptomatology during a period of increased academic stress. Participants and Methods: College students were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 30) and wait-list control (n = 27) groups. The experimental group received a psychoeducational intervention in 4 two-hour weekly sessions. Measures of resilience, coping strategies, protective factors, and symptomatology were administered pre- and postintervention to both groups. Results: Analyses indicated that the experimental group had significantly higher resilience scores, more effective coping strategies (ie, higher problem solving, lower avoidant), higher scores on protective factors (ie, positive affect, self-esteem, self-leadership), and lower scores on symptomatology (ie, depressive symptoms, negative affect, perceived stress) postintervention than did the wait...
Inhalation therapy in invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation

Purpose of reviewThe aim of this article is to discuss the various factors that influence aerosol delivery in mechanically ventilated patients and clarify optimal techniques for aerosol administration in this patient population. Clinical use of various inhaled therapies in patients receiving invasiv
Indirect fluorometric detection in open-tubular capillary column chromatography

Abstract Reversed-phase open-tubular capillary (OTC) columns are prepared by cross-linking vinyl silicon gums on the inside of fused-silica capillaries. These columns are then provided with a low capacity of anion-exchange sites by dynamic modification with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Following anion-exchange chromatography, common anions are detected by indirect fluorescence detection, using micromolar salicylate as the eluent and the visualization agent, and a UV laser as the excitation source. Unmodified reversed-phase OTC columns are used for the separation of various alcohols. These alcohols are detected by indirect fluorescence detection, using 2,7-dichlorofluorescein as the fluorescent reagent and a visible laser as the excitation source. The small dimensions (13–15 μm I.D.) of the OTC columns and good stability of the fluorescence background (dynamic reserve ⩾ 10 3 ) allow femtogram (attomole) amounts of both types of analytes to be detected. The detectable concentrations are in the 30-n M range.
Bohr compactifications and a result of følner

In this paper, we study the Bohr compactification of an arbitrary topological groupT with regard to obtaining relations between relatively dense (or discretely syndetic) subsets ofT, and neighborhoods of the identity in the Bohr compactification. The methods utilized are those algebraic techniques which have been recently applied to topological dynamics (see [2]). For an abelian group, we show that cls (A −1 AAa −1), forA relatively dense anda∈A, is usually a neighborhood of the identity, thus generalizing a result of Folner [4]. Moreover, an analogous result is proved in the non-abelian case under additional assumptions. Finally, we utilize these results to obtain a generalization of a result of Cotlar-Ricabarra [1] concerning maximal almost periodicity in abelian topological groups.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine corpus and cervix

Abstract Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas of the uterus and cervix are rare tumors with a very poor prognosis historically. Adjuvant multidrug chemotherapy combined with local radiation therapy and/or surgery has resulted in markedly improved survival rates. Six patients with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus/cervix are reported, with a compilation of 28 additional patients from the literature. Nineteen of 24 patients (79%) treated with combination therapy were alive and well 4–147 + months (median 61 months) after diagnosis. The six cases from USC Medical Center and affiliated hospitals are all well 17–144 months (mean 95 months) after diagnosis. Analysis of the collected series indicates that extent of disease is an important prognostic factor. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) improves survival. Initial therapy for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma confined to the uterus/cervix should include radical hysterectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and adjuvant chemotherapy with VAC. Pelvic radiotherapy should be employed for involved surgical margins or positive nodes. Advanced disease managed initially with chemotherapy and radiotherapy may allow subsequent curative extirpative surgery.
Design and implementation of a hardware checkpoint/restart core

A fast hardware-based checkpoint-restart mechanism is proposed in this paper. A circuit was developed and implemented on an FPGA as a proof-of-concept. Further the size and performance of this circuit was analyzed by instrumenting the cores and taking measurements with a commercial solid state (SATA2) drive. The same tests were measured using a modern Linux server with a conventional PCIe SATA2 host bus adaptor. The results suggest that the circuit would be a tiny fraction of a modern CMOS chip (less than 2%) while providing a significant performance advantage over a software-only solution.
Stochastic theory of scattering from idealized spinodal structures, I: Structure and autocorrelation function

Abstract In the early stage (ES) of spinodal decomposition, composition fluctuations in a nominally homogeneous glass are selectively amplified over a narrow range of wavelengths. As their amplitude increases, nonlinear coupling slows further amplitude growth, coarsens the structure, sharpens the interfaces, and adjusts the phase compositions and volume fractions toward their equilibrium values; but the morphology of the late stage (LS) structure is dominated by the ES morphology. It is widely believed that the LS morphology can be modelled as the positive and negative composition deviations from the average, that are obtained from a superposition of waves of fixed wavelength Λ but of random orientation and phase. Here, Λ is not identified with the dominant ES wavelength. This LS model, and modifications of it, are analysed using stochastic theory. The autocorrelation function of the model is determined using methods developed for the analysis of electrical random noise signals that have passed through a nonlinear amplifier.
Role of Jak Kinases and STATs in Cytokine Signal Transduction

The Janus family tyrosine kinase—signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) signaling pathway is broadly used by interferons and type I cytokines. These cytokines and interferons activate Janus family tyrosine kinases (Jak kinases), which in turn phosphorylate and thereby activate STAT proteins. Before activation, STAT proteins are cytosolic proteins; after ssactivation, however, they are translocated to the nucleus where they function as transcription factors. This review summarizes salient features of the Jak-STAT pathway and focuses on the functional role of the different Jak kinases and STATs in vivo.
Science education and test‐based accountability: Reviewing their relationship and exploring implications for future policy

Assuming that quality science education plays a role in economic growth within a country, it becomes important to understand how education policy might influence science education teaching and learning. This integrative research review draws on Cooper's methodology (Cooper, 1982; Cooper & Hedges, 2009) to synthesize empirical findings on the relationship between science education and test-based accountability policies. Current accountability policy, particularly at the federal level, is intended to influence educators to more fully consider the needs of all students; however, research suggests that, under these policies, many research-based reform efforts in science become sidetracked, teacher practice becomes more fact based, science is taught less, teachers become less satisfied, and many students' needs are not met. Therefore, a clear understanding of educators' perceptions of the impacts of current test-based accountability policies should guide the development and implementation of the next generation of national science standards and subsequent large-scale assessments. By also delineating the limitations of the research into the perceived connections between test-based accountability and science education, this synthesis reveals further research to be done. Finally, this paper details what the reviewed research suggests for improvements to K-12 science education accountability policies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed96:104–129, 2012
Exploring the Interlanguage of Interlanguage Pragmatics: A Research Agenda for Acquisitional Pragmatics

G. Kasper and R. Schmidt (1996) have argued that the field of investigation known as interlanguage pragmatics has been essentially modelled on cross-cultural pragmatics. Taking Kasper and Schmidt's argument one step further, this article shows how interlanguage itself has been ignored in research on interlanguage pragmatics. Research has not established that pragmatic competence is independent of grammatical competence. Although grammatical competence may not be a sufficient condition for pragmatic development, it may be a necessary condition. I outline a research agenda in which the study of interlanguage becomes more central to the study of interlanguage pragmatics.
The asymptotic value of the circle-packing rigidity constants sn*

The hexagonal circle-packing rigidity constantssn are known to satisfysn=O(1/n). In this paper it is shown that % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9vqFf0x% c9q8qqaqFn0dXdir-xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq-dir-f0-yqaqVe0xe9Fve9% Fve9qapdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaci% GGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaad6gacqGHsgIRcqGHEisPaeqaaOGa% amOBaiaadohadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIYaWaaO% qaaeaacaaIYaaaleaacaaIZaaaaOGaeu4KdC0aaWbaaSqabeaacaaI% YaaaaOGaaiikamaaleaaleaacaaIXaaabaGaaG4maaaakiaacMcaca% GGVaGaaG4maiabfo5ahnaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaacIcadaWc% baWcbaGaaGOmaaqaaiaaiodaaaGccaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaGinaiaac6% cacaaI0aGaaGynaiaaigdacaaI2aGaaGynaiaac6cacaGGUaGaaiOl% aiaac6caaaa!5C05! $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } ns_n = 2\sqrt[3]{2}\Gamma ^2 (\tfrac{1}{3})/3\Gamma ^2 (\tfrac{2}{3}) = 4.45165....$$
Transition Metal Polyhydride Complexes. 11. Mechanistic Studies of the Cis to Trans Isomerization of the Iridium(III) Dihydride Ir(H)2(CO)L (L = C6H3(CH2P(H)2)2)

Density functional theory (B3LYP) has been used to investigate the mechanism of the cis−trans isomerization in Ir(H)2(CO)L (L = C6H3(CH2P(H2))2), a model for Ir(H)2(CO)L‘ (L‘ = C6H3(CH2P(i-Pr2))2. This complex is initially formed as the cis isomer by bubbling H2 through a benzene solution of Ir(CO)L‘ at room temperature. Over period of 18 h at 90 °C, the cis isomer quantitatively converts to the trans isomer (Organometallics 1997, 16, 3786). Five possible mechanisms are examined in detail: (i) CO dissociation and reassociation; (ii) CO migratory insertion into the Ir−H bond and subsequent elimination; (iii) Ph−H reductive elimination to an arene intermediate and subsequent oxidative addition; (iv) phosphine dissociation, complex rearrangement, and phosphine reassociation; and (v) nondissociative trigonal twist. The preferred mechanism involves two consecutive trigonal twists in which the complex passes through a distorted octahedral intermediate.
Mechanisms of light-induced structural change in chloroplasts II. The role of ion movements in volume changes

Abstract 1. The effect of certain anions in enhancing light-induced light-scattering increments in isolated spinach chloroplasts has been studied, and the relation of these effects to volume changes and ion movements has been investigated. 2. Changes in transmission or absorbance have been shown to provide a better indication of volume changes of chloroplasts in suspension than do changes in 90° light scattering. Absorbance measurements were therefore employed to study osmotic behavior of chloroplasts suspended in a variety of sodium and ammonium salts. Chloroplasts swell rapidly in the dark in the ammonium salts of weak acids. Since the rate of swelling is greatest with anions whose p K a is highest, it is concluded that chloroplasts are permeable to undissociated acids and ammonia. 3. A mechanism has been proposed to explain the effects of anions in enhancing light-scattering changes in illuminated chloroplasts. It is suggested that on acidification of the chloroplast interior by light-induced hydrogen ion uptake, weakly acidic anions are lost as a result of the displacement of the equilibrium of undissociated acid across the chloroplast membrane, and that the volume changes observed are by osmotic equilibration. The kinetics and pH dependence of the light-induced light-scattering and hydrogen ion changes are consistent with this mechanism. 4. The light-induced movement of cations in suspensions of chloroplasts in acetate and chloride media has also been measured. On illumination in Tris-acetate, the small amount of cation retained by chloroplasts is irreversibly lost but a reversible uptake of cation on illumination of chloroplasts suspended in choline or Tris-chloride is observed. The extent of the light-induced cation movements is too small to account for chloroplast volume changes.
Strategies to prevent ischemic heart disease after kidney transplantation

Abstract Preventing ischemic heart disease (IHD) after kidney transplantation requires a comprehensive clinical strategy. Early referral and pretransplant screening for IHD may help prevent posttransplant IHD events. Perioperative β -blockade may also be effective. The management of traditional risk factors, both before and after transplantation, may include aspirin prophylaxis, cigarette abstinence, treatment of hypertension, treatment of dyslipidemias, and intensive blood glucose control. Although the risk for IHD can be reduced by minimizing the use of immunosuppressive agents that adversely affect cardiovascular risk factors, the management of risk factors must also include a strategy of optimal immunosuppression to prevent acute rejection and maximize long-term kidney function. A number of lifestyle modifications that may favorably affect cardiovascular disease risk factors should also be encouraged. In summary, a multidisciplinary approach that emphasizes evidence-based management of traditional risk factors is currently the best approach to reducing the risk for IHD after kidney transplantation.
Nano-precision force and displacement measurements using MEMS resonant structures

This work presents a new approach for measuring sub-nano-Newton forces and sub-picometer displacements using MEMS resonators. Different versions of thermally actuated dual plate micromechanical resonators coupled to electrostatic actuators are utilized as highly sensitive force/displacement sensors. The force generated by the actuator strains the associated resonator changing its resonant frequency. Upon thorough characterization, this approach can be used as a reliable and accurate solution for force and displacement measurements in micro and nano-electromechancial systems. Frequency-force and displacement sensitivities as high as 17Hz/nN and 540 Hz/pm have been measured for the presented structures, respectively, showing the potential of such devices for sub-nanoscale force and displacement measurement resolutions.
Weighted Association Rule Mining for Video Semantic Detection

Semantic knowledge detection of multimedia content has become a very popular research topic in recent years. The association rule mining ARM technique has been shown to be an efficient and accurate approach for content-based multimedia retrieval and semantic concept detection in many applications. To further improve the performance of traditional association rule mining technique, a video semantic concept detection framework whose classifier is built upon a new weighted association rule mining WARM algorithm is proposed in this article. Our proposed WARM algorithm is able to capture the different significance degrees of the items feature-value pairs in generating the association rules for video semantic concept detection. Our proposed WARM-based framework first applies multiple correspondence analysis MCA to project the features and classes into a new principle component space and discover the correlation between feature-value pairs and classes. Next, it considers both correlation and percentage information as the measurement to weight the feature-value pairs and to generate the association rules. Finally, it performs classification by using these weighted association rules. To evaluate our WARM-based framework, we compare its performance of video semantic concept detection with several well-known classifiers using the benchmark data available from the 2007 and 2008 TRECVID projects. The results demonstrate that our WARM-based framework achieves promising performance and performs significantly better than those classifiers in the comparison.