cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 2-Ethenylcyclopropyl Aryl Ketones via Intramolecular SN2-like Displacement of an Ester

The efficient synthesis of trans-2-ethenylcyclopropyl aryl ketones via an intramolecular SN2-like displacement of an allylic ester is reported. A novel 1,5-acyl shift process is also observed that contributes to the product mixture. Theoretical calculations provide a rationale for the observed product ratio.
Moyamoya Syndrome and Congenital Heart Disease

The association of moyamoya syndrome and congenital heart disease is described in 5 patients at Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Clothing & HF/E: A Hedonomic and Eudaimonic Look at the Original Wearables

Wearable technologies provide many opportunities for HF/E and have applications in a variety of contexts, particularly in consumer products. These devices must be safe and easy to use as they becom...
Evaluating supplier competitiveness: a multi criteria decision making approach

Although the buyer-supplier relationship has long been investigated both theoretically and empirically, there is a scarcity of research that helps evaluate and select the best supplier by the buying firms. This is notably due to the trade-offs among the different criteria the buying firms aim to satisfy. The objective of this study is to develop a decision making tool that helps firms evaluate and select suppliers based on multiple successful criteria such as quality, on time delivery, cost, service, range of product flexibility, innovation, and greenness. The model developed in this paper will use a decisions making tool that utilises Taguchi loss function along with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to select an optimal supplier. Our proposed model contributes to the literature by developing a model that can be practically used by decision makers to evaluate suppliers along multiple criteria. The model can help the buying firms select the best supplier(s) in a way that objectively considers pros and cons associated with selecting each supplier. Our model provides a systematic approach to quantifying the differences among quality criteria of multiple suppliers such that managers can make more informed decision.
Psychiatric Care, Economics of

Mental disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling illnesses worldwide. Mental health services, however, are seldom given high priority by national governments or by international aid programs. From an economic perspective, mental and addictive disorders are associated with a variety of social costs—unemployment, crime, violence, and homelessness. Further, the social costs of these disorders are concentrated in the 4 percent of the population that experiences severe and persistent mental illness. There are four principal sources of finance for the mental health care sector: governments, private sources, health insurance, and external sources. It is possible for services to be publicly financed yet privately provided or vice versa. Market forces generate too little care in some areas and too much in others, with mental health being one of the services most distorted and in need of economic rescue by government. A clear economic lesson emerges from mental health systems development in the twentieth century—spontaneous, unmanaged growth cannot be relied upon to ensure that the greatest health needs are met. Setting priorities is how economic reality becomes an integral part of mental health system development and reform.
Comparison of two-temperature and thermal models for prediction of the optimal femtosecond laser-material processing of silicon

A thermal and a two-temperature model (TTM) describing femtosecond laser-material interactions are compared. Both models accurately describe thermal response of silicon to multipulse irradiations, while the TTM distinguishes between thermal and non-thermal regimes.
Evaluation of beat-to-beat ventricular repolarization lability from standard 12‐lead ECG during acute myocardial ischemia

Abstract Background Acute myocardial ischemia is a common cause of ventricular arrhythmias, yet recent ECG methods predicting susceptibility to ventricular tachyarrhythmia have not been fully evaluated during spontaneous ischemia. We sought to evaluate the clinical utility of alternans and non-alternans components of repolarization variability from the standard 10-second 12-lead ECG signals to risk stratify patients with acute chest pain. Methods We enrolled consecutive, non-traumatic, chest pain patients transported through Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to three tertiary care hospitals with cardiac catheterization lab capabilities in Pittsburgh, PA. ECG signals were manually annotated by an electrophysiologist, then automatically processed using a custom-written software. Both T wave alternans (TWA) and non-alternans repolarization variability (NARV) were calculated using the absolute RMS differences over the repolarization window between odd/even averaged beats and between consecutive averaged pairs, respectively. The primary study outcome was the presence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) documented by cardiac angiography. Results After excluding patients with secondary repolarization changes ( n = 123) and those with excessive noise ( n = 90), our final sample included 537 patients (age 57 ± 16 years, 56% males). Patients with AMI ( n = 47, 9%) had higher TWA and NARV values ( p Conclusions Despite limitations imposed by signal quality, TWA and NARV are higher in patients with AMI, even after correction for potential confounders. The clinical value of TWA and NARV derived from standard ECG using our time-domain RMS method is questionable due to the small number of beats and significant noise.
Thermal infrared imaging of conifer leaf temperatures: Comparison to thermocouple measurements and assessment of environmental influences

Abstract Thermal infrared (TIR) imaging provides a potentially powerful tool for ecological and biometeorological research, but the accuracy of TIR imaging of plant surface temperature in a variable outdoor environment has been poorly characterized. This study evaluated the accuracy of TIR measurements of a conifer tree that were made using the thermal camera’s factory default settings, and developed a post-collection data processing method to correct measurements for ambient conditions that depart from the factory default settings. We conducted a 42-day measurement campaign in Corvallis, Oregon during spring 2014 that focused on the canopy temperature of a noble fir (Abies procera) and included the simultaneous collection of meteorological data and leaf temperature measurements with an array of thermocouples. We then developed empirical functions for temperature corrections that better accounted for emissivity, and atmospheric and reflected temperature. The original TIR temperatures using the factory settings averaged 8.6 ± 5.6 °C (−4.2 to 25.4 °C in range), and the original TIR temperatures differed from the thermocouple temperatures by 1.4–1.6 K. The TIR temperatures were generally accurate, except for a low temperature bias at leaf temperatures below 5 °C. TIR temperature corrections reduced this bias to a
Positive Margins by Oropharyngeal Subsite in Transoral Robotic Surgery for T1/T2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective To compare positive margin rates between the 2 most common subsites of oropharyngeal transoral robotic surgery (TORS), the base of tongue (BOT) and the tonsil, as well as identify preoperative imaging characteristics that predispose toward positive margins. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary care referral center. Subjects and Methods We compared the final and intraoperative positive margin rate between TORS resections for tonsil and BOT oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), as well as the effect of margins on treatment. A blinded neuroradiologist examined the preoperative imaging of BOT tumors to measure their dimensions and patterns of spread and provided a prediction of final margin results. Results Between January 2010 and May 2016, a total of 254 patients underwent TORS for OPSCC. A total of 140 patients who underwent TORS for T1/T2 OPSCC met inclusion criteria. A final positive margin is significantly more likely for BOT tumors than tonsil tumors (19.6% vs 4.5%, respectively, P = .004) and likewise for intraoperative margins of BOT and tonsil tumors (35.3% vs 12.4%, respectively; P = .002). A positive final margin is 10 times more likely to receive chemoradiation compared to a negative margin, controlling for extracapsular spread and nodal status (odds ratio, 9.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-59.6; P = .02). Preoperative imaging characteristics and subjective radiologic examination of BOT tumors did not correlate with final margin status. Conclusion Positive margins are significantly more likely during TORS BOT resections compared to tonsil resections. More research is needed to help surgeons predict which T1/T2 tumors will be difficult to completely extirpate.
Stabilization fund strategies in massachusetts: a survey of chief financial officers

This article summarizes findings of a survey designed to obtain perceptions of municipal finance officers in Massachusetts regarding stabilization fund management strategies. Responses indicate that stabilization funds have become embedded components of municipal revenue management strategies, that municipalities are reluctant to tap stabilization fund balances, and that chief financial officers perceive these balances to be important to bond ratings. Some finance officers report active use of stabilization funds, generally because their communities either rely on the stabilization fund to finance capital projects or because they are currently vulnerable to revenue emergencies. A small number of communities report that they rely on voters to override statutory property tax levy limits, while maintaining stabilization fund balances above the statewide median.
Interspecies Literature: Clarice Lispector's Zoophytographia

This essay analyzes the role plants and animals play in Clarice Lispector’s work. I argue that Lispector often stages a face-to-face encounter with non-humans to trigger a process of defamiliarization, whereby our anthropocentric values and norms come undone. I discuss exemples of this encounter in short stories from Lacos de Familia and in the novel A Paixao segundo G.H. In these works, Lispector reflects upon concepts we usually take for granted, such as reason or language, a process that results in a profound transformation and extension of these concepts to our non-human others.
Adaptive frameworks of chronic pain: daily remakings of pain and care at a Somali refugee women’s health centre

Pain is an intensely subjective experience and one that is difficult for healthcare professionals to treat. Chronic pain, often diffuse, cyclical and involving many systems of the body, is often not well treated in a medical system that relies on discrete symptoms, identifiable causes, external pathogens and physician specialisation. Pain has its own problems specific to Somali diaspora populations, where chronic pain is prevalent but often undertreated, and where Somali patients face barriers of access to medicine. This study, conducted in partnership with a Somali women’s health centre, seeks to understand Somali women’s use of informal and formal networks of healthcare. Drawing from qualitative interviews with Somali, refugee women, this article identifies four emerging frameworks through which participants experience chronic pain: (1) pain as a symptom of exile; (2) pain and the strength to bear pain as issues of faith; (3) medicine as powerful, curative and fluid; (4) medical discrimination and exclusion.
Depth Perception and Experience

I get out of bed in the morning and go into the bathroom to shave, shower, etc. Then I get dressed and come downstairs, eager for my breakfast and impatient to get on with my plans for the day. This simple, overlearned sequence of behavior is very similar to that performed by millions of other adults, but it does require me to avoid obstacles, to gauge depths, and to reach accurately for objects. In a few brief minutes in the morning we all demonstrate a series of highly skilled perceptual-motor acts.
The Origin of the Ionized Linker: Geochemical Predestination for Phosphate?

A major event in the origin of life on the earth must have been the formation of self-replicating polymers [e.g., Gilbert (Nature 319(6055):618, 1986)]. It is likely that any robust self-replicating polymer would have needed an ionized linker to slow hydrolysis and prevent diffusion. In modern life, the ionized linker is phosphate. In this chapter, I consider other alternatives to phosphate as linkers prior to the evolution of modern RNA/DNA. From a chemical and geological perspective phosphate is suggested to be the most likely molecule capable of performing the key activities of an ionized linker within a nucleic acid.
Brain metastases (BM) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): Clinical and molecular characteristics.

e15728Background: BM from PDAC represents a rare clinical entity (<0.6%) of PDAC cases for which the clinical and molecular features are not well described. We reviewed detailed clinical characteri...
Are Achievement Gaps Related to Discipline Gaps? Evidence From National Data:

There is growing interest in the relation between the racial achievement gap and the racial discipline gap. However, few studies have examined this relation at the national level. This study combin...
Children’s syntactic use of vowel duration

Abstract: In adult speech, syntactic factors are known to cause systematic changes in the duration of vowels and consonants. The intent of this study was to investigate the linguisticly conditioned changes in vowel duration in children’s speech. Broad-band spectrograms were made of the spontaneous speech of three young children from different linguistic stages. Vowel duration of the stressed syllables were measured in prepausal, monosyllabic, and polysyllabic conditions. Vowels appearing in the prepausal condition were longer than vowels in the polysyllabic and monosyllabic positions in the speech of all three children. The prepausal lengthening effect identified by Umeda (1975) for adults also appeared in young children’s spontaneous sentences.
Dielectric Properties of Aromatic Components of Crude Oil

The complex permittivity at microwave frequencies of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene was measured at 25 °C. Given the extremely low conductivity of these solvents, ...
Making Black boys and young men matter: radical relationships, future oriented imaginaries and other evolving insights for educational research and practice

How have Black boys and young men mattered within society and schools, and how can educational stakeholders formulate contexts for them to do so more fully, robustly or comprehensively? Drawing fro...
Nd, SbNd and Sb3Nd4 and their interactions with the cladding alloy HT9

Abstract Lanthanide fission products, such as neodymium, formed during the irradiation of metallic fuels are known to cause deleterious effects from chemical interactions occurring at the fuel-cladding interface; a phenomenon known as fuel-cladding chemical interaction (FCCI). The use of fuel-based additives that bind with the lanthanide elements within the fuel meat, alleviating their interactions at the fuel-cladding interface, is one potential method proposed to mitigate the FCCI phenomenon and extend the burnup potential of such metallic fuel systems. In this study, antimony (Sb) is evaluated as one such additive, and neodymium (Nd) is used to represent the lanthanides. A Sb-Nd alloy is fabricated, which consists of two intermetallic phases, SbNd and Sb3Nd4. Isothermal diffusion couple experiments are carried out at 675 °C for 24 h between Nd and the Fe-12Cr based HT9 cladding alloy. The results are compared against similar diffusion couple experiments carried out between the Sb-Nd alloy and also HT9. Inter-diffusion between Nd/HT9 diffusion couple is characterized and the phases Fe17Nd5 and Fe17Nd2 were found to form whereas no interactions were observed in the Sb-Nd/HT9 diffusion couple. The lack of compound forming tendencies between Fe, the primary alloying constituent of HT9, and SbNd is elucidated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations on enthalpy of mixing, aligning well with the experimental observations. The strong binding of Nd with Sb appears to be favorable, alleviating Nd interactions with HT9 constituent elements.
Never Together: Black and White People in the Postwar Economic Era

This paper recounts American economic history for 60 years after World War II. The unusual part of this paper is that it focuses on not only the conventional tale, but also recounts what whites did to and for Blacks over this period. It starts from the unhappy experience of a Black American soldier, goes through the prosperity that followed the war and ends with the various changes that happened to the economy after 1970. The Civil Rights Movement is in the middle, and it gave rise to more Black education before racial segregation destroyed their gains. Some Blacks graduated from college and became a Black Elite. Obama’s election showed that the Black Elite could interact with relative equality with educated whites.
Population-Based Analysis of Differences in Gastric Cancer Incidence Among Races and Ethnicities in Individuals Age 50 Years and Older.

Background & Aims There are racial and ethnic differences in the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma worldwide and in the US. Based on a decision analysis, screening for noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma might be cost-effective for non-White individuals 50 years or older. However, a lack of precise, contemporary information on gastric adenocarcinoma incidence in specific anatomic sites for this age group has impeded prevention and early detection programs in the US. We aimed to estimate the differences in gastric adenocarcinoma incidence in specific anatomic sites among races and ethnicities in individuals 50 years or older. Methods We analyzed California Cancer Registry data from 2011 through 2015 to estimate incidences of gastric adenocarcinoma in specific anatomic sites for non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and the 7 largest Asian American populations. We calculated the differential incidence between non-White groups and NHW using incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Compared with NHW subjects, all non-White groups had significantly higher incidences of noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma; the incidence was highest among Korean American men 50 years and older (70 cases per 100,000). Compared with NHW subjects 50 years and older, the risk of noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma was 1.8-fold (95% CI, 1.37–2.31) to 7.3-fold (95% CI, 5.73–9.19) higher in most non-White groups and 12.0-fold (95% CI, 9.96–14.6) to 14.5-fold (95% CI, 12.5–16.9) higher among Korean American men and women 50 years and older, respectively. Compared with NHW men 50 years and older, all non-White men, except Japanese and Korean American men, had a significantly lower risk of cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. Conclusions We identified several-fold differences in incidences of gastric adenocarcinoma in specific anatomic sites among racial and ethnic groups, with significant age and sex differences. These findings can be used to develop targeted risk reduction programs for gastric adenocarcinoma.
David Oliver: Another false dawn for adult social care?

In his post-election Queen’s speech in December 2019, the UK prime minister Boris Johnson pledged cross party consensus to reform adult social care. He promised to “give everyone the security and dignity they deserve” and “put social care on a sustainable footing,” with plans for legislation to be announced within 12 months.1 Cut to chancellor Rishi Sunak’s spending review on 26 November 2020, where a paltry £300m in extra grant funding to support councils in providing adult social care was the only concrete announcement, with some calculatedly vague statements about “sustainable improvement to the system” and “proposals next year.”2 I’d be …
Discussion of “Analyzing Behavioral Big Data: Methodological, practical, ethical, and moral issues”

Galit Shmueli provides a thought-provoking introduction to the Behavioral Big Data (BBD) landscape in “Analyzing Behavioral Big Data: Methodological, practical, ethical and moral issues.” We are gr...
Towards biofuel generation III+: A sustainable industrial symbiosis design of co-producing algal and cellulosic biofuels

Abstract The emergence of environmental and sustainability regulations as well as the limited availability of fossil fuels have brought the notion of gradually substituting petroleum products with biofuels into the limelight. The commercialization and large-scale adoption of cellulosic biofuel (second-generation biofuel) and microalgae biofuel (third-generation biofuel) have been hampered by their poor economic performance. Although the production wastes of biofuel can be utilized as input materials to enhance resource utilization efficiency, environmental sustainability and economic viability in each generation, rarely existing research has been conducted on the integration between these two generations. To fill this research gap, a novel industrial symbiosis (IS) design for the co-production of second- and third-generation biofuels is proposed in this paper. The material flow, energy flow, cost performance, and environmental impact models are established considering the interactions of stakeholders in the IS system. Four scenarios, consisting of the baseline case without IS and three IS cases with different microalgae species, are comprehensively compared in terms of various economic and sustainability performance indicators. Compared to the baseline case, the results reveal that the synergies in the bioenergy IS system render an annual manufacturing cost reduction of >10% in all IS scenarios. It is also discovered that the symbiotic design can lead to a 36% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a 9.4% decrease in eutrophication potential (EP), and a 7.5% reduction in acidification potential (AP) when adopting the same species of microalgae. The synergies among the bioenergy IS system stakeholders are proved to be viable and beneficial to enhance the economic viability and environmental sustainability.
Proposed Model to Address Challenges of Digital and Audit Analytics (Presentation Slides)

In view of recent developments relating to the use of data analytics, as well as the need for authorized access and verified procedures to private data and information, this presentation considers whether regulatory responsibilities (primary and secondary) should be fortified in respect of the following areas, namely: Data analytic firms, Prominent social media platforms, Consideration of Non GAAP matters (such as GDPR) Further, a consideration of extended roles for the SEC, the CAQ, the PCAOB, the FASB, the IASB, the FRC and other international standard setters will be considered. Should regulators always assume sole regulatory and reporting responsibilities for cumbersome and technical areas – particularly sensitive matters which involve third party interests? And in cases where contributory negligence on the part of a contractual party has further aggravated third party interests?
Increased Temperature Influenced Growth and Development of Lithobates pipiens Tadpoles Exposed to Leachates of the Invasive Plant European Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and a Triclopyr Herbicide

Multiple factors including habitat loss, pollutants, invasive species, and disease have contributed to the global decline of amphibians, and further declines can be expected as a result of climate change. Warming temperatures may allow for range expansion of invasive plants, and because herbicides are the primary method to control invasive plants, chemical use may increase. A laboratory experiment was performed to examine the individual and combined effects of leachates from the invasive plant European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica, L.) and a triclopyr herbicide (Renovate® 3; 0.21 mg/L), which is commonly used to manage R. cathartica, on northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens, Schreber) tadpoles at 2 temperature regimes (20 and 25 °C). We measured tadpole growth weekly and body and intestine morphology at the conclusion of the experiment after 8 wk. In the presence of R. cathartica leachates, tadpole growth increased at 25 °C, but only during the first 3 to 4 wk of the experiment. From week 5 until the end of the experiment, tadpoles were significantly smaller at 25 °C compared with 20 °C, but had more developed limb buds at the end of the experiment (except in the triclopyr treatment). Triclopyr had minimal effects on tadpole growth at the low dose used in this study. These results encourage further examination of potential effects of global climate changes in combination with other environmental factors that may impact amphibian populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2547-2558. © 2021 SETAC.
Sport specialization, sleep, fatigue, and psychosocial ratings: do highly specialized athletes differ from their less specialized peers?

OBJECTIVES To determine if sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, depressive symptoms, or perceptions of sport participation differ between high-, moderate-, and low-specialized high school athletes with or without prior injuries. METHODS During pre-participation physical examinations (PPE), high school athletes completed questionnaires on sport specialization level, history of time-loss orthopedic injury, perceptions of sport participation, as well as sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), fatigue, anxiety, and depressive symptoms (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®)). Athletes were grouped according to sport specialization level and history of prior time-loss orthopedic injury. RESULTS A total of 186 athletes completed the study: 49% (n = 92; mean age = 15.3 ± 2.0 yrs; 50% female) were low specialized, 34% (n = 64; mean age = 15.3 ± 1.3 yrs; 47% female) were moderately specialized, and 16% (n = 30; mean age = 15.7 ± 1.1 yrs; 57% female) were highly specialized. Groups were similar for demographics, training volume, and injury history. Compared to the moderate-specialization group, highly specialized athletes reported higher levels of fatigue (3.1 ± 3.7 vs. 1.5 ± 2.2; p = 0.02), anxiety (3.6 ± 4.1 vs. 1.8 ± 2.6; p = 0.02), and depressive symptoms (2.4 ± 4.0 vs. 0.8 ± 2.0; p = 0.02). No differences in psychometric ratings, sleep quality, or perceptions of sport participation were observed between the low/moderate- or low/high-specialization groups. We did not observe any significant differences between groups who did and did not report a history of prior time-loss orthopedic injury. CONCLUSIONS Highly specialized high school athletes report higher levels of fatigue, more anxiety symptoms, and more depressive symptoms than their moderately specialized peers, despite no differences in training volume or injury history. Low specialized athletes did not differ from moderately specialized or highly specialized athletes in the aforementioned domains, and there were no differences in sleep quality across specialization groups. These findings add to the current body of literature on early sport specialization by illustrating the distinctive psychosocial implications of sport specialization and demonstrating the need for further prospective research.
Cardiac imaging to define infarct transmurality and guide ventricular tachycardia ablation strategy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy

Substrate modification (SM) is a popular strategy for ablating scar-based ventricular tachycardia (VT). In the seminal study by Marchlinski et al, which first described SM, electroanatomic mapping was used to characterize the substrate by color coding the signal amplitude (bipolar voltage) of local electrograms (EGMs): values of o0.5 mV and 41.5 mV corresponded with dense scar and healthy myocardium, respectively, whereas values in between represented relatively unhealthy tissue or border zone (BZ). The presumption was that reentrant VT should exit the scar at the BZ and the exit site would be in proximity of the VT isthmus located in the adjoining dense scar. Accordingly, the ablation strategy comprised linear lesions extending from the VT exit sites at the BZ (identified by pace mapping) into the adjacent dense scar. Since its original description, substrate-based VT ablation has undergone several modifications in order to better identify and target surrogates of the VT reentrant circuit. Despite these modifications, the overall success of this approach in patients with healed myocardial infarcts (MIs) remains modest. This has led investigators to explore additional options to better define the VT substrate, including mapping in the epicardium. In a few studies of patients with healed MIs, abnormal EGMs have been recorded on the epicardial (Epi) aspect of the scar and ablating these has translated into better scar homogenization and improved long-term outcomes. Nevertheless, in many of these cases, endocardial (Endo) ablation alone was also able to abolish the Epi EGM abnormalities. Thus, it remains unclear in which patients with healed MIs, Epi mapping and ablation may be necessary for adequate SM. In this issue ofHeartRhythm, Acosta et al have attempted to address this problem by using various imaging techniques to determine infarct transmurality (IT). In an observational cohort of 90 patients with healed MIs who underwent SM for recurrent VT, the investigators performed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 41 patients and used
MULTIPLICATION AND THERAPY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN TISSUE CULTURE.

Maloney, Emily D. (University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville), and Herbert E. Kaufman. Multiplication and therapy of Toxoplasma gondii in tissue culture. J. Bacteriol. 88: 319–321. 1964.—The effect of temperature on the rate of multiplication of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii and the results of treatment with pyrimethamine, an antifolic, at various temperatures were studied in tissue culture. At 37 C incubation, the organism was found to have a lag time of 10.5 hr and a mean generation time thereafter of 4.85 hr for binary multiplication during the exponential phase of growth. At 34 C, the lag time was 12 hr and generation time was 5.26 hr. When the organisms were incubated at 31 C, the lag time was 12.5 hr and generation time was 11.1 hr. Treatment of infected monkey kidney tissue cultures with 0.05 mg per 100 ml of pyrimethamine at 37 C for 4 days killed all organisms and permitted survival of the mice which were injected with the cultures. When cultures were incubated at 34 C, a dose of 0.6 mg per 100 ml was required to spare any mice, and with a 31 C incubation even this dose was only slightly effective when therapy was continued for 4 days. If the treatment was prolonged for 7 days before injection of the cultures into mice, however, no difference in therapy with different rates of multiplication was found. Since the rates of multiplication at 34 and 31 C are similar to the rates of multiplication of some naturally occurring strains, these data confirm the fact that prolonged therapy, as used by many, is rational.
Pattern recognition and system control with a neural processor

We describe a neurally inspired processor with on-chip learning. The processor is capable of providing real-time detection of principle features in complex waveforms and system control. Experimental results of pattern recognition and adaptive control using this chip confirm an array of the processing elements can extract important information from the input and produce reduced dimensional representations of the inputs for efficient categorization and control. >
Fast analysis of transient scattering from lossy inhomogeneous dielectric bodies

[1] A time domain integral equation (TDIE)-based approach for analyzing transient wave scattering from linear lossy media is proposed. The pertinent TDIEs are cast in terms of a “conduction current corrected flux density” and are solved using a marching-on-in-time (MOT) scheme that incorporates a differential equation update algorithm for the aforementioned flux. The scheme is accelerated by the PWTD algorithm, and it is shown that the computational complexity and memory requirements of the resulting solver scales as (NtNs) and (Ns), where Nt and Ns denote the number of temporal and spatial degrees of freedom in the flux expansion, respectively. Numerical results that validate the accuracy and efficacy of the proposed method are presented.
Cancer. Death and methylation.

Malignant melanoma cells can resist committing suicide when attacked by chemotherapy. The explanation lies in the discovery that a key gene in the cell-death pathway is switched off in this cancer.
QCD: The \Lambda(1405) as a hybrid

Using the QCD sum rule method, we estimate the mass of the lowest strange mixed hybrid/three-quark baryon with IJ P = 0(1/2)- . We find the mass for a hybrid is approximately that of the $ \Lambda$ (1405) , whose nature has been a puzzle for many decades. Possible tests of this result are discussed.
Multi-bit MIN unit for direct data stream architecture fuzzy logic controllers

This paper presents the design and development of multi-bit minimum (MIN) unit. Such a unit is necessary to efficiently implement the direct data stream (DDS) architecture of fuzzy logic controllers. The mathematical background as well as circuit design, verification, and simulation is described. The advantage of this design is its scalability, as the number of input bits per vector can be increased with a step of four-at a minimal increase in computational rates. These simulation results (standard cells implemented with 2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology) were confirmed with Mentor Graphics' professional IC design tools. >
Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity

Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity. Andrea de Jorio. Adam Kendon. trans. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. 517 pp.
Integrating Tumor and Stromal Gene Expression Signatures With Clinical Indices for Survival Stratification of Early-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND Accurate survival stratification in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) could inform the use of adjuvant therapy. We developed a clinically implementable mortality risk score incorporating distinct tumor microenvironmental gene expression signatures and clinical variables. METHODS Gene expression profiles from 1106 nonsquamous NSCLCs were used for generation and internal validation of a nine-gene molecular prognostic index (MPI). A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed and validated on an independent cohort of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues (n = 98). A prognostic score using clinical variables was generated using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data and combined with the MPI. All statistical tests for survival were two-sided. RESULTS The MPI stratified stage I patients into prognostic categories in three microarray and one FFPE qPCR validation cohorts (HR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.55 to 5.76, P < .001 in stage IA patients of the largest microarray validation cohort; HR = 3.95, 95% CI = 1.24 to 12.64, P = .01 in stage IA of the qPCR cohort). Prognostic genes were expressed in distinct tumor cell subpopulations, and genes implicated in proliferation and stem cells portended poor outcomes, while genes involved in normal lung differentiation and immune infiltration were associated with superior survival. Integrating the MPI with clinical variables conferred greatest prognostic power (HR = 3.43, 95% CI = 2.18 to 5.39, P < .001 in stage I patients of the largest microarray cohort; HR = 3.99, 95% CI = 1.67 to 9.56, P < .001 in stage I patients of the qPCR cohort). Finally, the MPI was prognostic irrespective of somatic alterations in EGFR, KRAS, TP53, and ALK. CONCLUSION The MPI incorporates genes expressed in the tumor and its microenvironment and can be implemented clinically using qPCR assays on FFPE tissues. A composite model integrating the MPI with clinical variables provides the most accurate risk stratification.
Active, nonlinear, and anisotropic artificial impedance surfaces

Artificial impedance surfaces, a type of planar metamaterial, have the potential to provide new capabilities that are not possible with homogeneous RF materials, and are much more practical than conventional approaches to meta-materials. By adding active electronics, nonlinear devices, and new types of anisotropic patterns, we can enable new capabilities such as superluminal planar waveguides for thin, broadband antennas, nonlinear surfaces for absorbing high power microwave energy, and new practical approaches to cloaking surface features.
Destination image: Do top-of-mind associations say it all?

Abstract Researchers generally assume that top-of-mind (TOM) brand associations represent a unique body of brand knowledge. However, this assumption has not been sufficiently tested and substantiated. This study investigates how unique TOM brand associations actually are and examines the differences between TOM and other spontaneous recalls by adopting quantitative measures from other disciplines, primarily biology. The empirical data are obtained via a large survey of past and potential Chinese outbound tourists regarding how they view the U.S. as a destination. The results indicate that TOM brand association information may effectively capture a large portion of overall brand knowledge. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Vacancy ordering in Gd1−xSe

Abstract Vacancy ordering is observed in the compound Gd0.88Se. The symmetry is reduced fromFm3m¯ for stoichiometric GdSe toPm3m¯ and the cubic cell edge is 5.7669(4)A˚. The Gd occupancies become of Cu3Au type, whereas no vacancies or distortions were observed for the Se sublattice.
Binding of intravenously injected antibodies against laminin to developing and mature endocrine glands.

To determine whether circulating antibodies against laminin can bind in vivo to basement membranes within endocrine glands, affinity-purified sheep or rabbit anti-laminin IgG was intravenously injected into rats. One to five hours after injection, anti-laminin IgG was bound to all basement membranes of adrenal and anterior pituitary glands of mature as well as 2-day-old newborn rats as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. After the injection of anti-laminin conjugated directly to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), HRP reaction product was also present throughout adrenal and pituitary basement membranes in mature and immature glands 1–5 h post-injection. Ultrathin Lowicryl sections from rats that received unconjugated rabbit anti-laminin IgG 1 h prior to fixation with paraformaldehyde were labeled directly with anti-rabbit IgG-colloidal gold. In these cases, gold also bound specifically over the lamina densa and lamina rara. When adrenal or pituitary glands from mature rats were examined by immunofluorescence 1 week after the injection of sheep anti-laminin IgG, the patterns and amounts of bound sheep IgG were indistinguishable from those observed 1 h after injection. In contrast, significantly less fluorescence was present in glands from 7-day-old rat pups that had received anti-laminin IgG 5 days earlier. In addition, when anti-laminin IgG-HRP was injected into newborns and glands were fixed 5 days later, lengths of labeled endothelial and epithelial basement membranes were often interspersed with unlabeled lengths in zones of cellular proliferation in the outer adrenal cortex and throughout the pituitary gland. These results indicated that unlabeled basement membranes in these regions were probably assembled after the injection of anti-laminin IgG, which would also explain diminished labeling of basement membranes in these animals. Despite the continued presence of heterologous anti-laminin IgG within endocrine basement membranes, however, rat IgG, rat C3, inflammatory cells, or histologic abnormalities were observed in neither newborn nor adult glands under the conditions examined here. Sections from rats injected with control IgG or control IgG-HRP were entirely negative by immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and immunogold techniques. We therefore conclude that (1) apparently large amounts of circulating anti-laminin IgG can bind to adrenal and pituitary basement membranes, and (2) at least some of these basement membranes are assembled during development by progressive splicing of newly synthesized matrix into that already present.
Inpatient Antimicrobial Stewardship in Pediatrics: A Systematic Review

Background. The clinical and economic outcomes associated with pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) and other supplemental antimicrobial stewardship (AS) interventions have not been well described or reviewed. Methods. We performed a systematic review using PubMed to identify studies with any of the following terms in the title or abstract: “antimicrobial stewardship, ”“ antimicrobial control, ”“ antibiotic control,” or “antibiotic stewardship.” Studies were further limited to inpatient studies in the United States that contained the terms:“child,”“children,”“pediatric*”(“*”includes alltermswith the same stem),“paediatric,*”“newborn,” “infant,” or “neonat,*” in the title or abstract. Clinical and economic outcomes from each relevant study were summarized. Results. Nine original studies reported outcomes related to formal pediatric ASPs. An additional 8 studies focused on specific AS interventions; 3 on management of community-acquired pneumonia, 2 on vancomycinspecific initiatives, and 1 each on clinical support, antibiotic restriction, and antibiotic rotation. Reported outcomes include decreases in antimicrobial utilization (11 studies), prescribing errors (3 studies), and drug costs (3 studies). Five studies assessed the potential adverse effects of AS interventions on patient safety and found none. Data to support an association between pediatric AS interventions and antimicrobial resistance are limited. Conclusions. A small number of pediatric studies evaluating ASPs or other AS strategies have been published. These studies demonstrate reductions in antimicrobial utilization, cost, and prescribing errors with no apparent negative impact on patient safety. Although the studies are promising, the current evidence base is limited. Additional studies focusing on the appropriateness and outcomes of antimicrobial prescribing practices as well as more formalized economic evaluations are needed.
Educational games for malaria diagnosis.

![Figure][1] Aydogan Ozcan CREDIT: UCLA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Crowdsourcing of complex tasks to expert and nonexpert populations has emerged as a powerful tool to solve intricate or time-consuming problems by merging individual human responses through statistical analysis. This “wisdom of
Studies on Fluorescence and Photosensitization in Aqueous Solution. I. Introduction

It is well known that the concept of “collisions of the second kind,” first enunciated in precise terms by Klein and Rosseland, has been in the hands of Franck and his co-workers an instrument of great power in forming a theory of the possible ways in which an energy-rich atomic system may assume its normal state otherwise than by radiating its excess energy. This kind of collision is one in which an atom or molecule, which has by some means been raised from its normal to a higher quantum state, loses this additional energy in the course of a collision with a free electron or some other atom or molecule, which in its turn receives an increase in kinetic energy, or assumes a higher state of internal energy. The development of the idea has led to the prediction and confirmation of a number of phenomena in dilute gases, such as sensitized fluorescence and photochemical sensitization, which, taken together, form a firm experimental basis for some of the fundamental concepts of the quantum theory. Now since it is universally believed that in a chemical reaction the true reactants are molecules which have in some way or other become “ activated,” and since there is at present almost complete unanimity that it is necessary to invoke the aid of collisions to account for the velocity of even a unimolecular reaction, it becomes relevant to examine the possibility of extending the concept of collisions of the second kind to the general problems of chemical reaction. Indeed, the essence of the idea appeared in the chemical literature long before its formal announcement and proof by Klein and Rosseland.
The effect of tobacco and marijuana use on dental health status in Nevada adolescents: a trend analysis.

Abstract Purpose Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. If current trends persist, tobacco will kill more than 8 million people worldwide by 2030 and 1 billion by the end of the century. The purpose of this study was to determine trends in tobacco/marijuana use in Nevada adolescents and their effect on dental health status. Relative comparative data were compared with nationally reported data. Methods Retrospective data in this cohort study was from an ongoing statewide, school-based, dental health screening initiative that was conducted across 8 years (2002–2010) in public/private middle/high schools in Nevada. A total of 66,941 dental health screenings of adolescents between ages 13–18 were conducted. Self-reported data were collected on tobacco/marijuana use. Descriptive statistics and trends were reported. Means (SE) were computed for caries prevalence and severity. Effect size was reported on dental caries and use of tobacco/marijuana. Results Overall, percentage prevalence of tobacco use was approximately the same as the national average; however, there were significantly higher rates of marijuana use (12.0% vs. 3.3%). Prevalence and severity of dental caries was significantly higher in those who used tobacco/marijuana than those who did not across all variables and across all 8 years controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, where they lived, and exposure to secondhand smoke. Conclusions Tobacco use negatively affected dental health status with marijuana having the largest negative effect. The findings from this study identified the need for tobacco/marijuana prevention services targeting adolescents residing in the geographic areas most at risk.
Mitochondrial RNA editing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (coxII) in the primitive vascular plant Psilotum nudum

A 634-nucleotide tract, including primers, was amplified via the polymerase chain reaction within a mitochondrial coxII gene of the primitive vascular plant Psilotum nudum and sequenced. Alignment with homologous coxII gene sequences from diverse plant species having known RNA editing sites which restore amino acid sequence consensus was used to infer eight sites of C-to-U transitions in Psilotum. In every case, the predicted editing event would confer the selective advantage of conserving the amino acid residue at a site where amino acid sequence divergence has not been observed in other plant species. The plant mitochondrial editing machinery is shown for the first time to extend to one of the deepest branches of vascular plant phylogeny.
Some Creativity and Style of Learning and Thinking Correlates of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale:

In an exploratory study of the construct validity of Guglielmino's Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale, 41 graduate students in education were administered the following criterion measures: Sounds and Images (Originality), Thinking Creatively About the Future (Fluency and Originality), Schaefer's Simile Test (Originality), Templeton's Photoanalogies Test, Gershon and Guilford's Possible Jobs test, Khatena and Torrance's What Kind of Person Are You? and Something About Myself, and Torrance's Style of Learning and Thinking test, Product-moment coefficients of correlation between the total Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale scores and the criterion measures supported the construct validity of the Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale with statistically significant relationships for all three of the originality measures (rs = .52, .38, and .52), the measure of ability to produce analogies (r = .48), creative achievements and experiences (r = .71), and the right and left hemisphere styles of learning (...