cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetomechanical Ratio and Related Magnetic Properties of Nickel-Zinc Ferrites

Magnetomechanical ratios (${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) have been measured by the Einstein-de Haas method for furnace-cooled samples of the ferrites ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4} (x=0,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.35,0.5,0.63,0.73)$ at (300\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9) \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ values vary in an irregular way with increasing ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{+2}$ concentration from (1.849\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002) at $x=0 \mathrm{to} (1.974\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006)$ at $x=0.73$. Using the experimentally determined ionic distributions and Yafet-Kittel angles reported from neutron diffraction work on similar samples, we have calculated the expected ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ values at 0 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. For our calculations, the ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ for ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{+2}$ on a $B$ site was obtained using averaged reported saturation magnetization values. Plots of the experimental and calculated ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ values compare quite favorably and substantiate the three-sublattice molecular-field interpretation. The ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ values have also been used to determine the effective electronic orbital and spin contributions to the magnetization. The percent orbital contribution varies from 8.2 to 1.4%. The expression $1=1.016{(g)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}+{({g}^{\ensuremath{'}})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is found to relate the Einstein-de Haas ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ values with recently reported ferromagnetic-resonance $g$ values to within about 0.5% accuracy.
c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase Regulation of the Apoptotic Response of Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Ultraviolet Radiation

Exposure of cultured small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells to UV radiation induces apoptosis. We observed that the UV sensitivity of a panel of SCLC lines and the activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) by UV in the individual SCLC lines, assessed by binding and phosphorylation of glutathione S-transferase (GST)-c-Jun fusion proteins, ranged widely. In fact, increased JNK activity in this assay was closely correlated with decreased sensitivity to apoptosis following UV irradiation. Increased JNK activity was also detected in anti-JNK1 immune complexes collected from UV-irradiated SCLC cells, although the level of activity was similar among the various SCLC lines and correlated poorly with UV sensitivity. Immunoblot analysis of JNK polypeptides that bound to GST-c-Jun revealed at least two JNK polypeptides, one of which appeared only in extracts from UV-irradiated SCLC. To test the role of JNKs in UV-induced apoptosis, nonphosphorylatable mutants of JNK1 or JNK2 in which the phosphorylation site Thr-Pro-Tyr is changed to Ala-Pro-Phe (JNK-APF) and are predicted to behave as competitive inhibitors were stably expressed in SCLC. Expression of JNK1-APF or JNK2-APF significantly reduced UV-stimulated JNK activity. However, JNK1-APF markedly increased the resistance of the cells to UV-induced apoptosis, while JNK2-APF did not influence SCLC sensitivity to UV. The findings suggest that UV-stimulated JNK1 activation promotes UV-induced SCLC apoptosis, while a JNK isoform that is variably activated among the SCLC lines may signal a UV-protective response. We hypothesize that integration of distinct JNK activities dictates the relative responsiveness of SCLC to UV and ionizing radiation.
Quantum security using property of a quantum wave function

Security over communication is totally essential especially for critical applications such as Military, Education and Financial applications. Unfortunately, many security mechanisms can be broken with new developments in classical computers. Quantum computers are capable of performing high speed simultaneous computations rather than sequentially as the case in classical computers do. In order to break a symmetric encryption algorithm, the attacker needs to find all the potential key combinations to get the right one. In this paper, we are introducing a secure protocol that considers the Qubit as a wave function. The beauty of the work is that the proposed protocol is based on time stamp that can only be broken by the correct set of time value, wave function, Qubit position, and other attributes such as: velocity, and phase of the Qubit. Moreover, using quantum tunneling makes the proposed protocol stronger by providing a very strong secure password protection mechanism using just one Qubit.
Cyclosporine alters opiate withdrawal in rodents

Abstract Opiates exert numerous effects on all levels of the central nervous system with tolerance, physical dependence and withdrawal being characteristics of this drug class. The degree of dependence is directly correlated to the intensity of withdrawal. Therefore, success in modifying the withdrawal syndrome may shed light on the dynamics of opiate addiction. The present study demonstrates that cyclosporine, a widely used immunosuppressive drug, considerably modified the behavioral signs of a naloxone-induced abstinence syndrome in morphine-addicted rats. In previous experiments, α-interferon has shown similar results. The similarity in actions of these two immunomodulator drugs is discussed and we suggest that opiate addiction may involve the immune system.
Automatic inspection tool sensitivity with characterization of AAPSM defects

As AAPSM becomes more widely utilized, the need for defect inspection sensitivity becomes more critical. In addition, accurate defect characterization must be performed to encompass new effects caused by glass defects. Historically, defect size and position have been the two characteristics that were examined when determining inspection tool sensitivity. Because of the nature of AAPSM defects, phase is a factor that must be taken into account. This experiment utilizes two distinct forms of defect characterization -- SEM sizing, and surface profilometry. Programmed defect test masks were manufactured for phase shifting properties at both 248nm and 193nm exposure wavelengths. The defects were also etched at multiple depths resulting in a variety of phase angle errors. Utilizing the two characterization methods mentioned above, the automatic defect inspection tool's sensitivity on multiple programmed defects will be investigated.
A Modwied Scoring Algorithm for the PDQ-R: Psychiatric Symptomatology and Substance Use in Adolescents with Personality Disorders:

A study was conducted to investigate the extent to which adolescents diagnosed with one or more personality disorders on a self-report instrument are at an elevated risk for psychiatric symptomatology and psychoactive substance abuse. A modified version of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised (PDQ-R), the Revised Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), and a standard retrospective substance use diary were administered to 441 undergraduate students, 181 and 166 of whom participated in 1- and 2-month follow-up sessions at which the SCL-90-R and the substance use diary were read ministered. Results were that (a) personality disorder prevalence estimates produced by the modified PDQ-R approximated those obtained by previous researchers who have administered structured clinical interviews to general community samples; and (b) individuals diagnosed with one or more personality disorders by the modified PDQ-R manifested higher levels of psychiatric symptomatology and substance use at both baseline and ...
On the shapes of high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectra

Abstract This paper describes a detailed calculation of the shape of the energy spectrum of backscattered 2 MeV alpha particles from a sample of pure gold. The incident beam energy analyzer and the scattered-particle detector are assumed to have an energy resolution of 0.05%. The rise of the step function is found not to be symmetric about the midpoint. Instead, the upper half of the rise is steeper than the lower half, resulting in the midpoint of the rise occuring almost one keV outside the surface rather than at the surface as is customarily assumed. The reasons for this asymmetric shape are (1) that the beam energy spread broadens as a function of depth in the target (with the result that in the summation process, the energy distributions far from the surface contribute more to the yield at the surface than vice versa) and (2) that the actual beam-energy distributions corresponding to average losses less than about 15 keV are asymmetric, with the most probable energy loss being less than the average energy loss, again leading to an enhancement of the scattering spectrum corresponding to at-surface or near-surface interactions at the expense of the height of the distribution corresponding to interactions in the deeper layers. A major significance of this displacement of the midpoint of the rise is that the depth of a shallow layer of some impurity material in gold under such high-resolution conditions could be misinterpreted by about 12 A.
Theoretical study of the effect of an AlGaAs double heterostructure on metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector performance

The impulse and square-wave input response of different GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector (MSM) designs are theoretically examined using a two dimensional drift-diffusion numerical calculation with a thermionic-field emission boundary condition model for the heterojunctions. The rise time and the fall time of the output signal current are calculated for a simple GaAs, epitaxially grown, MSM device as well as for various double-heterostructure barrier devices. The double heterostructure devices consist of an AlGaAs layer sandwiched between the top GaAs active absorption layer and the bottom GaAs substrate. The effect of the depth of the AlGaAs layer on the speed and responsivity of the MSM devices is examined. It is found that there is an optimal depth, at fixed applied bias, of the AlGaAs layer within the structure that provides maximum responsivity at minimal compromise in speed. >
Collaborative Public Management: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?

This article analyzes the most important issues, concepts, and ideas in collaborative public management research and practice today. The issues, concepts, and ideas are (a) competing definitions of...
Activation of brain calcineurin towards proteins containing Thr(P) and Ser(P) by Ca2+, calmodulin, Mg2+ and transition metal ions.

Using Thr(P)-inhibitor-1 and Ser(P)-casein as substrates, studies on the activation of calcineurin purified from bovine brain have been carried out. The phosphatase requires the synergistic action of Ca2+, calmodulin and another divalent cation (Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+ or Ni2+, but not Zn2+) for full expression of its activity. Ca2+ and Ca2+· calmodulin act as allosteric activators to transform the phosphatase to a relaxed conformation, while Mg2+ acts solely as a cofactor for the catalytic action of the enzyme. In addition to their function as cofactors for catalysis, transition metal ions can also substitute for Ca2+ as allosteric activators. Ca2+ and calmodulin exert their activating effects mainly by increasing the Vm of the phosphatase reaction with little effect on the Km values for the substrates or on the KA values for the divalent cation cofactors. The predominant factor in dictating the catalytic properties of calcineurin is the divalent cation cofactor. For example, with Mg2+ as a cofactor, the phosphatase exhibits an optimum around pH 8.0–8.5; while with a transition metal ion as a cofactor, the optimum is around pH 7.0–7.5, regardless of whether Thr(P)-inhibitor-1 or Ser(P)-casein serves as a substrate, in the absence or the presence of Ca2+· calmodulin.
A Study of High-Temperature Heat Pipes With Multiple Heat Sources and Sinks: Part II—Analysis of Continuum Transient and Steady-State Experimental Data With Numerical Predictions

The experimental data presented in Part 1 were analyzed concerning the heat pipe performance characteristics and design. Postexperiment examination of the loosely wrapped screen wick revealed annular gaps both between the wick and the heat pipe wall and between adjacent screen layers, which greatly enhanced the maximum heat capacity of the heat pipe compared to the analytical capillary limit for a tightly wrapped screen wick. A numerical simulation for transient heat pipe performances including the vapor region, wick structure, and the heat pipe wall is given. Numerical results for continuum transient and steady-state operations with multiple heat sources were compared with experimental results and found to be in good agreement.
CD28 regulates glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related gene expression on CD4+ T cells via IL-2-dependent mechanisms.

Abstract The glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related gene receptor (GITR) is the newest member of the costimulatory molecule family and is expressed on both resting CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T (T R ) cells and activated CD4 + T cells. We investigated the endogenous mechanisms that regulate GITR expression on both T R and CD4 + T cells, as well as the functional interaction between GITR and other costimulatory molecules. CD28 stimulation increased GITR expression on both T R and CD4 + T cells via IL-2-dependent mechanisms. In addition, ligation of GITR and/or CD28 increased the level of CD4 + T cell proliferation and effector function under both APC-dependent and -independent conditions, suggesting that these costimulatory molecules cooperate to regulate CD4 + T cell activation and function by directly signaling to the CD4 + T cell. Thus, GITR may serve opposing functional roles on CD4 + T R and effector cells and alterations in GITR expression and/or function may tip the balance between immune tolerance and effector function.
Extended Ising model.

In this paper we describe a numerical method of solving the local-density mean-field equations of spatially frustrated lattice models. Using techniques of simulated annealing and simultaneous updating of collective modes, we have been able to locate the global minima of a function with many nearby local minima. This approach is applied to an isotropic frustrated lattice model with magnetic field in order to determine the global phase diagram. We also mention a related simulation technique which might be used to replace the traditional single-spin-flip Monte Carlo method. This appears to be a promising way of simulating periodic spatially frustrated lattice Hamiltonians. Finally, some consideration is given to the physical interpretation of a lattice model of microemulsions.
Long-lasting psychotomimetic consequences of repeated low-dose amphetamine exposure in rhesus monkeys.

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that dopamine dysregulation plays a key role in the etiology of schizophrenia. In line with this hypothesis, repeated amphetamine (AMPH) exposure has been shown to alter dopamine systems and induce behaviors reminiscent of positive-like and negative-like symptoms in both human and nonhuman primates. The mechanisms by which AMPH produces disturbances in brain function and behavior are not fully understood. The present study has employed a novel AMPH regimen, 12 weeks of intermittent escalating low doses of AMPH, to produce a nonhuman primate model for the purpose of elucidating the behavioral and neural consequences of excessive dopamine exposure. Behavioral responses to acute AMPH challenge (0.4–0.46 mg/kg) were assessed prior to and following the chronic 12-week treatment regimen, and, at present monkeys have been followed out to 28 months post-treatment. After chronic treatment, enhanced behavioral responses to AMPH challenge were readily apparent at 5 days postwithdrawal, and, were still present at 28 months postwithdrawal. The enhanced behavioral responses to low-dose AMPH challenge that were observed in the present study resemble closely the behavioral profile that has been described for chronic high-dose AMPH treatment in monkeys; i.e., hallucinatory-like behaviors, static posturing, and fine-motor stereotypies were all exacerbated in response to AMPH injection. In some animals, acute challenges after chronic AMPH evoked aberrant behavioral responses that lasted for 4 days. AMPH-treated monkeys also exhibited a significant decrease in the incidence of motor stereotypies in the off-drug periods between challenges. The present results are the first to document persistent long-term behavioral effects of intermittent exposure to repeated low-dose AMPH treatment in nonhuman primates. These findings may lay the groundwork for the development of a primate mode of psychosis with possible positive-like and negative-like symptoms.
Does the Magnitude of Reduction in Cigarettes Per Day Predict Smoking Cessation? A Qualitative Review

INTRODUCTION Reduction in cigarettes per day (CPD) aided by nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) increases cessation in smokers; however, it is unclear whether this is due to use of NRT or reduction per se. If the latter, a greater magnitude of reduction in CPD should increase the odds of cessation. METHODS The authors searched PubMed, Cochrane, PsychINFO, http://clinicaltrials.gov and their personal libraries for studies on smoking reduction. Seven of the 76 (9%) identified intervention trials and four of 28 naturalistic studies (14%) reported on the magnitude of reduction in relation to the odds of cessation. RESULTS Five of the seven intervention trials and three of the four naturalistic observational (cohort) studies found that increased reduction in CPD was associated with increased cessation. The intervention trials that reported effect sizes found that every 1% decrease in CPD or carbon monoxide was associated with a 3% to 4% increase in the odds of cessation. The naturalistic studies found that ordinal (eg, quartile) increases in participants' magnitude of reduction in CPD were associated with 50% to 290% increases in the odds of cessation. All of the naturalistic studies and four of the intervention trials included covariates; however, reduction's association with cessation could still be due to its association with NRT use or motivation. CONCLUSION Although prospective prediction does not necessarily indicate causality, our findings suggest reduction in CPD is a mechanism of increased cessation in prior NRT-aided reduction studies.
Effects of forced flow and variable properties on binary film condensation

Abstract Analysis of laminar film condensation of binary vapor mixtures undergoing forced flow down a vertical flat plate is presented. The conservation equations representing the coupled two-phase flow problem are markedly nonsimilar and were solved numerically using a forward marching technique. The behavior of the liquid film was treated by means of a locally valid Nusselt-type analysis which provided interior boundary conditions for the vapor-side problem. Locally variable properties in the liquid phase were obtained from mixture data, the effects of temperature variations across the falling film being evaluated at appropriate reference temperatures. Vapor mixture properties were calculated from kinetic theory. Heat transfer results in the form q/qNu where qNu is the classical Nusselt solution for one of the pure species, are reported for the binary mixtures methanol-H2O. propanol-H2O, acetone-H2O. and acetone-CCl4. For non-azeotropic binary mixtures, it is found that q/qNu passes through minimum values as the bulk concentration of the more volatile component increases. The approach to the minimum is similar in behavior to the noncondensable gas problem, the magnitude of q/qNumin being inversely proportional to the relative volatility of the binary pair. A second feature of binary film condensation is the first order dependence of the results for q/qNu on the composition of the liquid film via variable liquid properties. The effects of forced convection are similar to those observed for the noncondensable gas problem.
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF U‐ AND V‐DISPLACEMENT FIELDS BY MOIRÉ INTERFEROMETRY

A simple procedure for recording simultaneously the moire interferometry fringe patterns corresponding to the two orthogonal displacement fields was presented.
ACTIVE ACCUMULATION OF SR2+ BY RAT-LIVER MITOCHONDRIA. I. GENERAL FEATURES.

Abstract 1. 1. Sr 2+ is rapidly accumulated from the suspending medium by respiring rat-liver mitochondria in an energy-linked process. The accumulation proceeds in two phases: a rapid phase, requiring only seconds, and a slow phase, requiring several min. Almost half the Sr 2+ uptake occurs in the rapid phase, which requires respiration in the presence of phosphate, but not adenosine 5′-triphosphate or Mg 2+ . The second phase requires respiration in the presence of adenosine 5′-triphosphate, inorganic phosphate and Mg 2+ . Maximum rates of Sr 2+ uptake occur at a Sr 2+ concentration of 2 mM; the maximum amount accumulated is about 2.5 μmoles Sr 2+ per mg mitochondrial protein. Oligomycin inhibits neither phase of respiration-supported Sr 2+ uptake; 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) inhibits both. 2. 2. Sr 2+ uptake may also be supported by adenosine 5′-triphosphate alone, even when respiration is inhibited by CN − ; in this case two phases of Sr 2+ uptake are also observed. However the rapid phase of adenosine 5′-triphosphate-supported Sr 2+ uptake is not inhibited by oligomycin. 3. 3. Sr 2+ uptake in both phases is accompanied by uptake of phosphate; the Sr/inorganic phosphate accumulation ratio is 1.2–1.4. The rapid phase of Sr 2+ uptake is stimulated by K + , the slow phase is inhibited by K + .
Summer monsoon convection in the Himalayan region: terrain and land cover effects†

During the Asian summer monsoon, convection occurs frequently near the Himalayan foothills. However, the nature of the convective systems varies dramatically from the western to eastern foothills. The analysis of high-resolution numerical simulations and available observations from two case-studies and of the monsoon climatology indicates that this variation is a result of region-specific orographically modified flows and land surface flux feedbacks. Convective systems containing intense convective echo occur in the western region as moist Arabian Sea low-level air traverses desert land, where surface flux of sensible heat enhances buoyancy. As the flow approaches the Himalayan foothills, the soil may provide an additional source of moisture if it was moistened by a previous precipitation event. Low-level and elevated layers of dry, warm, continental flow apparently cap the low-level moist flow, inhibiting the release of instability upstream of the foothills. The convection is released over the small foothills as the potentially unstable flow is orographically lifted to saturation. Convectivesystemscontainingbroadstratiformecho occur in the eastern Himalayas in association with Bay of Bengal depressions, as strong low-level flow transports maritime moisture into the region. As the flow progresses over the Bangladesh wetlands, additional moisture is extracted from the diurnally heated surface. Convection is triggered as conditionally unstable flow is lifted upstream of and over the foothills. The convective cells evolve into mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) with convective and stratiform areas. The MCSs are advected farther into the Himalayan eastern indentation, where orographic lifting enhances the stratiform precipitation. Copyright c � 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Compression of a binary source with side information using parallelly concatenated convolutional codes

This work presents an efficient structured binning scheme for solving the noiseless distributed source coding problem with parallel concatenated convolutional codes, or turbo codes. The novelty in the proposed scheme is the introduction of a syndrome former and an inverse syndrome former to efficiently and optimally exploit an existing turbo code without the need to redesign or modify the code structure and/or decoding algorithms. Extension of the proposed approach to serially concatenated codes is also briefed and examples including conventional turbo codes and asymmetric turbo codes are given to show the efficiency and the general applicability of the approach. Simulation results reveal good performance which is close to the theoretic limit.
The physiology of pain.

A decade ago I had occasion to review the problem of pain in an article’ that was not noticed by many neurophysiologists. In looking over more recent literature I was pleased to find that the kind of approach and picture that I then suggested remains essentially valid, despite considerable additions to our knowledge of the pain pathways, chiefly within the central nervous system. The material presented here is based on my earlier review,’ supplemented by a later, more general one,2 and by Sweet’s chapter on pain in the Handbook of Physiology? Other recent reviews are the Ciba Foundation monograph* and Barber’s article in the Psychological Bulletin.6 The lack of real advance in new understanding, including learning how pain emerges into consciousness, is not due to any lack of importance of the subject or of interest in it. I remember well my experiences as an intern at Los Angeles General Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif., over one third of a century ago. We had many Mexican patients, and the only words of Spanish that I learned, I regret to say, were “Donde dueleP,”* which sufficed. The essential point that I shall emphasize, one already alluded to by other contributors to this monograph, is the very real difference between awareness of pain and suffering from it. This distinction is of major importance clinically and pharmacologically, and we are now fairly close to understanding it neurophysiologically. It is possible, on stimulating pain afferents by applying painful stimuli, to produce reflex responses such as changes in skin resistance a t intensities below those required to produce any conscious awareness of them. Conversely, with stronger stimuli or other conditions, one can obtain a perfectly clear awareness of pain and yet not be particularly distressed by it. This condition can be achieved, for example, even with very severe pains, by procedures such as frontal leukotomies or topectomies. The sufferer with causalgic pain and allied ills may remain perfectly aware of feeling severe pain, but may no longer be really distressed by it; probably morphine acts in this manner. Although somewhat debatable, the best evidence I know of indicates that morphine does not raise the threshold of pain receptors to peripheral stimulation. The messages come into the nervous system as before, but they no longer seem as important as formerly. There is, of course, a tremendous variability in the reaction of a given individual to a given painful stimulus, depending upon what can be called, loosely, the internal emotional state and the total external input (aside from the pain stimulus). I suspect that the reader has had the experience of a toothache that seemed insufferable in the forlornness of late night, but became relatively minor the next morning, especially when facing the dentist’s chair. Conversely, in the intense emotion of battle, only about one third of the soldiers who are severely wounded require analgesic medication whereas, in the same age group of males in civilian This variation involves some of the mechanisms that I shall discuss.
Inventory buffers in recoverable manufacturing

Abstract Recoverable manufacturing is becoming an increasingly important alternative to firms as they develop environmentally sound strategies aimed at minimizing waste and resources. It helps minimize costs and conserve resources through methods such as extending product life cycles via remanufacturing which uses only a fraction of the resources and energy associated with a new product. In this study the creation and location of inventory buffers (delay buffers) and their impact on other managerial operating decisions is examined in the context of a remanufacturing environment. It is shown that inventory buffer decisions are significantly impacted by the method used to release parts from the disassembly stage to the remanufacturing stage within the remanufacturing environment. Based on observations and on discussions with managers in remanufacturing facilities several managerial propositions are stated. These propositions are examined, via a simulation model of an operating facility, and recommendations as to the inventory buffer to use in conjunction with the disassembly release policy (for parts) are made for the remanufacturing environment.
But will I be re-elected? What happens to local level policy makers who support clean indoor air laws?

This research was conducted to determine the impact of voting for clean indoor air ordinance on a local-level policy maker’s re-election status. Secondary data were used to identify local tobacco ordinances in Arizona proposed between 2001 and 2005, score ordinance content for comprehensiveness, identify policy makers who voted and how they voted, and determine if the measure passed or failed. Participation in and outcomes of subsequent elections were documented from public records. Ninety-two local-level policy makers in 15 local jurisdictions considered clean indoor air laws between 2001 and 2005. Policy makers who voted for these ordinances were more likely to be re-elected than those who voted against them. Structured interviews revealed that policy makers did not believe the issue had an impact on re-election results and believed that although the issue may have been contentious, it was no longer salient in the community.
The clinical utility of flow cytometry in the study of platelets.

Abstract Flow cytometry has emerged in the past few years as an important technology for the study of platelets. It offers the ability to make measurements on platelets with little or no isolation or manipulation. Most flow cytometric platelet studies can be carried out on whole blood, thus eliminating a host of artifacts. In addition, flow cytometric techniques have been developed that allow the measurement of nearly all of the functional capabilities of platelets, such as activation and aggregation and to identify new functions by permitting observation of platelets interacting with leukocytes and measurement of platelet microparticles. Several of these measurements have already reached the stage of clinical utility and others offer considerable promise for practical applications. This review describes each of the flow cytometric techniques used to study platelets and summarizes their current state of clinical utility.
Social Context and Voting Over Taxes: Evidence from a Referendum in Alabama

We investigate the impact of racial diversity and segregation on white voter support for a comprehensive, progressive tax reform. We focus on a 2003 referendum held in Alabama, which if approved would have raised substantial additional revenues for public education and at the same time greatly increased the progressivity of the tax system. We use King's 1997) method of ecological inference to obtain estimates of white and black support for the referendum proposal, and we then attempt to explain the variance across counties in white voter support. We find that the degree of racial segregation, rather than the proportion of blacks in a given county, is most critical in predicting support for the referendum among whites at the county level.
Performance comparison of Bluetooth scatternet formation protocols for multi-hop networks

The interest in Bluetooth technology has stimulated much research in algorithms for topology creation and control of networks comprised of large numbers of Bluetooth devices. In particular, the issue of scatternet formation has been addressed by researchers in a number of papers in the technical literature. This paper is an extension of the work presented in [14, 15]. In this paper we present a complete description of what we believe to be a promising scatternet formation protocol --- BlueNet, which was first proposed in [15]. Some modifications and enhancements are made to improve the connectivity of resulting scatternets. The metrics are chosen to evaluate the performance of resulting scatternets, such as the reliability, the routing efficiency, the piconet density, and the information carrying capacity. Based on the chosen metrics, performance is then compared among the scatternet samples generated by BlueNet and other two representative multi-hop scatternet formation protocols, i.e., BlueTrees [16] and LSBS [1]. Finally in the conclusion a discussion is presented on the compared scatternet formation protocols.
Immunodetection of Triticum mosaic virus by DAS- and DAC-ELISA using antibodies produced against coat protein expressed in Escherichia coli: potential for high-throughput diagnostic methods.

a b s t r a c t Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), an economically important virus infecting wheat in the Great Plains region of the USA, is the type species of the Poacevirus genus in the family Potyviridae. Sensitive and high-throughput serology-based detection methods are crucial for the management of TriMV and germplasm screening in wheat breeding programs. In this study, TriMV coat protein (CP) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and polyclonal antibodies were generated against purified soluble native form recom- binant CP (rCP) in rabbits. Specificity and sensitivity of resulting antibodies were tested in Western immuno-blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In direct antigen coating (DAC)-ELISA, antibodies reacted specifically, beyond 1:20,000 dilution with TriMV in crude sap, but not with healthy extracts, and antiserum at a 1:10,000 dilution detected TriMV in crude sap up to 1:4860 dilution. Notably, rabbit anti-TriMV IgG and anti-TriMV IgG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate reacted positively with native virions in crude sap in a double antibody sandwich-ELISA, suggesting that these antibodies can be used as coating antibodies which is crucial for any 'sandwich' type of assays. Finally, the recombinant antibod- ies reacted positively in ELISA with representative TriMV isolates collected from fields, suggesting that antibodies generated against rCP can be used for sensitive, large-scale, and broad-spectrum detection of TriMV.
Clear cell adenocarcinoma in a female urethral diverticulum

Primary urethral carcinoma is an uncommon diagnosis, and carcinomas arising from within a urethral diverticulum are rare. Because of the limited number of diagnosed cases, optimal treatment guidelines are not available. However, patients require an aggressive treatment approach to provide the best chance for cure.
Comprehensive Management of Presbycusis Central and Peripheral

The prevailing otolaryngologic approach to treatment of age-related hearing loss (ARHL), presbycusis, emphasizes compensation of peripheral functional deficits (ie, hearing aids and cochlear implants). This approach does not address adequately the needs of the geriatric population, 1 in 5 of whom is expected to consist of the "old old" in the coming decades. Aging affects both the peripheral and central auditory systems, and disorders of executive function become more prevalent with advancing age. Growing evidence supports an association between age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline. Thus, to facilitate optimal functional capacity in our geriatric patients, a more comprehensive management strategy of ARHL is needed. Diagnostic evaluation should go beyond standard audiometric testing and include measures of central auditory function, including dichotic tasks and speech-in-noise testing. Treatment should include not only appropriate means of peripheral compensation but also auditory rehabilitative training and counseling.
Laminin enhances binding of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to J774 murine macrophage cells.

We investigated the effects of the extracellular matrix proteins laminin and fibronectin on the attachment of tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii to the murine macrophage cell line J774. Laminin but not fibronectin increased parasite attachment to J774 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Cyclic YIGSR, a laminin-derived peptide which inhibits laminin binding to the 32/67-kDa laminin-binding protein on host cells, blocked the laminin-mediated enhancement of parasite attachment. An antiserum to the 32/67-kDa laminin-binding protein also inhibited binding of parasites to J774 cells. These results, in conjunction with our previous observations (G. C. Furtado, F. L. Collins, and K. A. Joiner, submitted for publication), demonstrate that tachyzoites bearing surface laminin bind to multiple laminin receptors in attaching to different target cells. Images
The Psychological Foundations of Trademark Law: Secondary Meaning, Acquired Distinctiveness, Genericism, Fame, Confusion and Dilution

The principal focus of Sections 43a and 43c of the Lanham Act is on the states of mind - particularly confusion, deception, and dilution - of the relevant public (e.g., prospective purchasers). Other key concepts of trademark law (acquired distinctiveness, secondary meaning, fame and genericism) also refer to psychological states of mind. Yet beyond acknowledging that these concepts refer to psychological states of mind, little has been done to describe how the vast body of relevant psychological literature provides an understanding of the development of and change in these psychological states. The objective of this paper is to remedy this neglect by discussing how the relevant scientific literature provides a foundation for greater understanding of these key concepts.
Pressure dependence of the refractive index and of the sound velocity of methanol-ethanol solution: A Brillouin scattering study

Abstract The pressure dependence of the refractive index n(P) and of the longitudinal acoustic velocities of 4.1 methanol-ethanol solution have been measured in a diamond anvil cell up to 8.1 GPa. We utilize Brillouin scattering methods for this determination and detect, in the same back scattering configuration, acoustic wave propagation parallel to the faces of the diamond anvils as well as along the incident laser radiation direction. We also deduce that the polarizability of the fluid is reduced by about 15% over the pressure range studied.
Parallel memristors: Improving variation tolerance in memristive digital circuits

Memristors are employed by a wide variety of applications such as neural networks, memory and digital logic. However, the process variation effects of memristors may affect these applications. In this research, we consider the effect of process variations in the thickness of the oxide layer of memristors that are used in Memristor-based Threshold Logic (MTL) gates. As the effect of variations is less pronounced in high memristance values, a variation tolerant design without any degradation in speed is achieved by having a number of high memristance devices in parallel (redundancy factor). We propose an algorithm for the MTL gates to determine the number of memristors in parallel and the variation-minimal high memristance state. A power optimization algorithm is also proposed to map gates in a design using different libraries that have different performance characteristics. Finally, we present the power, delay performance and also the redundancy factor of memristors for various benchmark circuits.
On the asymptotic costs of multiplexer-based reconfigurability

Existing literature documents a number of techniques for combining a set of independent datapath designs into a single datapath that is run-time configurable to the functionality of any datapath in the set. This paper explores how delay, energy and area overhead attributable to reconfigurability scales with the number of configurable functionalities, independent of the design of specific datapaths. Distinct design space regions are identified based upon common scaling properties, with implications on the design and feasible efficiency bounds of reconfigurable devices.
Cysteine Supplementation Increases Glutathione, but not Polyamine, Concentrations of the Small Intestine and Colon of Parenterally Fed Newborn Rabbits

the glutathione precursor cysteine is not contained in most total parenteral nutrition (TPN) formulations, and premature infants may not be capable of synthesizing cysteine because of a deficiency of cystathionase. Glutathione depletion may have negative effects on host defense against oxidative damage. Several studies have suggested that glutathione depletion induces ornithine decarboxylase activity and increases in polyamine concentrations. Since an inverse relationship between polyamine and glutathione concentrations has been suggested, the concentrations of both of these compounds may be altered in premature infants receiving TPN. We measured glutathione and polyamine concentrations of the small intestine and colon of prematurely delivered newborn rabbits administered TPN for 7 days after birth with or without added cysteine (75 or 150 mg kg -1 day -1 ). Maternally reared kits were also studied. Total glutathione concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract were significantly lower in kits administered cysteine-free TPN than in kits receiving cysteine or who were maternally reared. Polyamine concentrations did not differ among groups. Glutathione depletion of the small intestine and colon does occur during cysteine-free parenteral nutrition and may compromise intestine defense against oxidant damage.
Glioma-associated antigen expression in oligodendroglial neoplasms. Tenascin and epidermal growth factor receptor.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), its variant, EGFRvIII, and tenascin are glioma-associated antigens that are hyperexpressed by neoplastic glial cells relative to normal brain, making them attractive antigenic targets for immunotherapy. Preliminary surveys indicate that oligodendroglial tumors also produce these proteins, although the exact patterns and degrees of reactivity are not known. In this study we examined the immunoreactivity of tenascin among 50 oligodendroglial tumors, including 25 well-differentiated oligodendrogliomas (WDOs) and 12 glioblastomas (GBMs) exhibiting high proportions of oligodendroglia-like cells. We used well-characterized immunoreagents with defined specificities against the target antigens on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue. The tumors were graded according to WHO guidelines. Immunoreactivity was reported on a 1–3 scale according to staining intensity multiplied by a 1–3 distribution scale distribution within tumor as focal (1), multifocal (2), and di...
Factors Affecting Encoding, Retrieval, and Alignment of Sensory Attributes in a Memory-Based Brand Choice Task

Sensory attributes, such as sound quality ascertained by listening to a stereo, are often ambiguous and therefore difficult to encode and retrieve. Despite this, consumers often place more weight on these attributes compared to verbally described market information when making brand choice decisions. Results from two studies demonstrate that providing criteria to evaluate the sound quality of competing brands of stereos facilitates the encoding, retrieval, and alignment of the sensory attribute in a brand choice task. Study 1 shows that without criteria to evaluate sound quality during trial, memory for this attribute is poor. Further, perceptions of sound quality assimilate to conflicting market information, which adversely affects decision performance. The reverse is true when evaluative criteria and a scheme to rate the criteria are provided: memory for sound quality improves, perceptions of sound quality contrast with conflicting market information, more weight is placed on sound quality when decision making, and better choices are made. Study 2 shows that providing evaluative criteria during product trial enhances performance through improvement in the encoding process.
Geographical Orientation of Export in Manufacturing Sector in Sub-Sahara Africa

This paper analyses firm’s decision to export and the geographical orientation of manufacturing firms in selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It uses a dataset collected by Rankin, Soderbom, a...
EFFECT OF MESSENGER-TREATED TOMATOES ON BEET ARMYWORM

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 12 Jun at the University of California's South Coast Research and Extension Center. Experimental plots were four rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated four times in an RCB design. A drench of Messenger at 9 oz./acre was applied to the tomatoes 1 wk before transplanting. Once the plants were in the field, the Messenger-sprayed treatments were initiated on an every-other-week basis at 4.5 oz/acre. Application dates were 26 Jun, 12 and 25 Jul, 9 and 23 Aug for a total of five post-transplant applications. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with six nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50-mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gpa. All treatments received Activator 90 at 0.125% vol/vol as a spreader sticker. Additionally, a dechlorinator was used in the spray tank water.
Syndepositional diagenetic control of molybdenum isotope variations in carbonate sediments from the Bahamas

Abstract Molybdenum (Mo) isotope variations recorded in black shales provide important constraints on marine paleoredox conditions. However, suitable shales are not ubiquitous in the geologic record. Moreover, reliable reconstruction of Mo isotope records from shales requires deposition from a water column containing very high concentrations of sulfide—a condition which is both rare and difficult to verify with certainty when examining preserved sediments. The utility of Mo isotopic records could be improved if reconstructions were possible using alternative lithologies, such as marine carbonates, which are more abundant in the geologic record. Here, we focus on the role of early diagenesis in determining the Mo isotopic composition preserved in shallow-water carbonate sediments from four push cores collected in different shallow-water depositional environments in the Bahamas. In contrast with carbonate primary precipitates, which generally contain 10 ppm Mo). The extent of this authigenic enrichment appears to be driven by high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the porewaters. In cores with the least authigenic Mo enrichment and lowest pore water sulfide, Mo isotopes are ~ 1–1.2‰ lighter than seawater, while cores with greater Mo enrichments and higher pore water sulfide approach seawater Mo isotope values (2.2–2.5‰), even under oxic bottom water conditions. However, the sensitivity of bulk carbonate δ 98 Mo to syndepositional diagenetic conditions potentially complicates interpretation of a carbonate Mo isotope paleoredox proxy. Robust reconstruction of seawater Mo isotopic composition from carbonates will thus require the ability to place constraints on early diagenetic conditions of pore waters at the time of deposition. We show that in order to record seawater Mo isotope values, carbonate pore waters must contain 50–100 μM H 2 S aq , which is achieved only in organic- and sulfide-rich carbonate sediments.
A study of intraluminal peptide hydrolase activity in the rat.

1. Uncentrifuged and centrifuged rat intestinal contents were assayed for peptide hydrolase activity with glycyl-l-phenylalanine (Gly-Phe) and l-phenylalanyl-glycine (Phe-Gly) as substrates in the absence and presence of the intestinal cytosol peptide hydrolase inhibitor p -hydroxymercuribenzoate. 2. Jejunal contents hydrolysed Gly-Phe faster than Phe-Gly. Conversely, ileal contents hydrolysed Phe-Gly faster than Gly-Phe. 3. p -Hydroxymercuribenzoate markedly inhibited jejunal peptide hydrolase activity. There was ten times as much PHMB-resistant activity towards both dipeptides in ileal contents as in jejunal contents. 4. Most of the luminal enzyme activity was present in the supernatants after centrifugation, indicating the luminal enzymes exist in the soluble form. Although the presence of soluble bacterial enzymes cannot be excluded, peptide hydrolase enzymes in jejunal contents have the characteristics of mucosal cytosol enzymes whereas enzymes in ileal contents have the characteristics of mucosal brush border as well as cytosol enzymes.