cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Municipal solid waste to liquid transportation fuels – Part III: An optimization-based nationwide supply chain management framework

Abstract An optimization-based supply chain management framework for municipal solid waste (MSW) to liquid transportation fuels (WTL) processes is presented. First, a thorough analysis of landfill operations and annual amounts of MSW that are deposited across the contiguous United States is conducted and compared with similar studies. A quantitative supply chain framework that simultaneously accounts for the upstream and downstream WTL value chain operations is then presented. A large-scale mixed-integer linear optimization model that captures the interactions among MSW feedstock availabilities and locations, WTL refinery locations, and product delivery locations and demand capacities is described. The model is solved for both the nationwide and statewide WTL supply chains across numerous case studies. The results of the framework yield insights into the strategic placement of WTL refineries in the United States as well as topological information on the feedstock and product flows. The results suggest that large-scale WTL supply chains can be competitive, with breakeven oil prices ranging between $64–$77 per barrel.
Pediatric Headache Clinic Model: Implementation of Integrative Therapies in Practice

The demand for integrative medicine has risen in recent years as research has demonstrated the efficacy of such treatments. The public has also become more conscientious of the potential limitations of conventional treatment alone. Because primary headache syndromes are often the culmination of genetics, lifestyle, stress, trauma, and environmental factors, they are best treated with therapies that are equally multifaceted. The Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri Headache Clinic has successfully incorporated integrative therapies including nutraceuticals, acupuncture, aromatherapy, biofeedback, relaxation training, hypnosis, psychology services, and lifestyle recommendations for headache management. This paper provides a detailed review of the implementation of integrative therapies for headache treatment and discusses examples through case studies. It can serve as a model for other specialty settings intending to incorporate all evidenced-based practices, whether complementary or conventional.
Numerical Simulation of Two-Fluid Flows of Viscous Immiscible Liquids

Two-fluid flows composed of immiscible viscous liquids and undergoing shearing motions can form waves, fingers and drops as a result of an interfacial instability. Numerical simulations of two-layer Couette flow, core-annular flow and drop breakup in simple shear are shown. We use a semi-implicit volume-of-fluid scheme.
Breast MRI phenotype and background parenchymal enhancement may predict tumor response to neoadjuvant endocrine therapy

Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) is increasingly used for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive, HER2 negative breast cancer. We evaluated whether MRI phenotype and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) can predict response to NET. Patients with localized breast cancer treated with NET and had a pre-treatment breast MRI were identified. Baseline MRI phenotype and BPE was interpreted by a single radiologist blinded to the results of systemic therapy. Response was defined as stable disease or reduction in tumor size on clinical and/or ultrasound examination. Of the 21 patients identified, 17 were responders; all patients with minimal/mild BPE had a response compared to 5/9 (56%) patients with moderate/marked BPE (P = 0.02). All four nonresponders had moderate/marked BPE as compared to 5/17 (29%) responders (P = 0.02). This pilot study suggests that minimal/mild BPE may be predictive of a positive response to NET. A higher degree of background enhancement was significantly predictive of negative response to NET.
Circulating tumor DNA in advanced anal cancer: a blood biomarker goes viral

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a blood-based biomarker for mutation detection is an exciting, highly sensitive approach in the clinical management of oncology patients. In human papillomavirus–associated malignancies like anal cancer, a viral-specific probe can be utilized for ctDNA detection in the majority of patients to predict clinical outcomes. See related article by Bernard-Tessier et al., p. 2109
Whole Egg Consumption Impairs Insulin Sensitivity in a Rat Model of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Background The literature regarding the relation between egg consumption and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconsistent and there is limited evidence pertaining to the impact of egg consumption on measures of insulin sensitivity. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary whole egg on metabolic biomarkers of insulin resistance in T2D rats. Methods Male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (n = 12; 6 wk of age) and age-matched lean controls (n = 12) were randomly assigned to be fed a casein- or whole egg-based diet. At week 5 of dietary treatment, an insulin tolerance test (ITT) was performed on all rats and blood glucose was measured by glucometer. After 7 wk of dietary treatment, rats were anesthetized and whole blood was collected via a tail vein bleed. Following sedation, the extensor digitorum longus muscle was removed before and after an intraperitoneal insulin injection, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle was analyzed by Western blot. Serum glucose and insulin were analyzed by ELISA for calculation of the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results Mean ITT blood glucose over the course of 60 min was 32% higher in ZDF rats fed the whole egg-based diet than in ZDF rats fed the casein-based diet. Furthermore, whole egg consumption increased fasting blood glucose by 35% in ZDF rats. Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of key proteins in the insulin signaling pathway did not differ in skeletal muscle of ZDF rats fed casein- and whole egg-based diets. In lean rats, no differences were observed in insulin tolerance, HOMA-IR and skeletal muscle insulin signaling, regardless of experimental dietary treatment. Conclusions These data suggest that whole body insulin sensitivity may be impaired by whole egg consumption in T2D rats, although no changes were observed in skeletal muscle insulin signaling that could explain this finding.
Association of Expanded VA Hospice Care With Aggressive Care and Cost for Veterans With Advanced Lung Cancer.

Importance Medicare hospice beneficiaries discontinue disease-modifying treatments because the hospice benefit limits access. While veterans have concurrent access to hospice care and Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (VAMC)-provided treatments, the association of this with changes in treatment and costs of veterans’ end-of-life care is unknown. Objective To determine whether increasing availability of hospice care, without restrictions on disease-modifying treatments, is associated with reduced aggressive treatments and medical care costs at the end of life. Design, Setting, and Participants A modified difference-in-differences study design, using facility fixed effects, compared patient outcomes during years with relatively high vs lower hospice use. This study evaluated 13 085 veterans newly diagnosed with stage IV non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from 113 VAMCs with a minimum of 5 veterans diagnosed with stage IV NSCLC per year, between 2006 and 2012. Data analyses were conducted between January 2017 and July 2018. Exposures Using VA inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy claims, and similar Medicare data, we created VAMC-level annual aggregates of all patients who died of cancer for hospice use, cancer treatment, and/or concurrent receipt of both in the last month of life, dividing all VAMC years into quintiles of exposure to hospice availability. Main Outcomes and Measures Receipt of aggressive treatments (2 or more hospital admissions within 30 days, tube feeding, mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit [ICU] admission) and total costs in the first 6 months after diagnosis. Results Of the 13 085 veterans included in the study, 12 858 (98%) were men; 10 531 (81%) were white, and 5949 (46%) were older than 65 years. Veterans with NSCLC treated in a VAMC in the top hospice quintile (79% hospice users), relative to the bottom quintile (55% hospice users), were more than twice as likely to have concurrent cancer treatment after initiating hospice care (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.28; 95% CI, 1.67-3.31). Nonetheless, for veterans with NSCLC seen in VAMCs in the top hospice quintile, the AOR of receiving aggressive treatment in the 6 months after diagnosis was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.53-0.81), and the AOR of ICU use was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.62-0.99) relative to patients seen in VAMCs in the bottom hospice quintile. The 6-month costs were lower by an estimated $266 (95% CI, −$358 to −$164) per day for the high-quintile group vs the low-quintile group. There was no survival difference. Conclusions and Relevance Increasing the availability of hospice care without restricting treatment access for veterans with advanced lung cancer was associated with less aggressive medical treatment and significantly lower costs while still providing cancer treatment.
The interaction of aromatic hydrocarbons with organometallic compounds of the main group elements.

Abstract The crystal structure of K[CH3Se {Al(CH3)3}3] · 2C6H6 has been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected by counter methods. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with cell dimensions a = 17.165(7), b = 10.144(7), c = 10.156(7)A, α = 119.26(5), β = 104.07(5), ψ = 80.51(5)°, and Dc = 1.12 gcm−3 for Z = 2. Least-squares refinement gave a final R value of 0.083 for 1967 independent observed reflections. One of the two benzene molecules in the asymmetric unit has been located by difference Fourier techniques. Because of either extreme disorder or high thermal motion, the aromatics make practically no contribution to the X-ray scattering. The selenium atom in the anion exhibits tetrahedral coordination. The Al-Se bond lengths average 2.578(5)A, and the Se-C distance is 1.93(2)A.
The Privacy Paradox in HCI: Calculus Behavior in Disclosing PII Online

The Privacy Paradox is an information privacy behavioral phenomenon wherein individuals are aware that the personally identifiable information (PII) they disclose in an online transaction may be compromised, yet disclose it nonetheless. One explanation that has been given for this phenomenon is that the decision to disclose information online is informed by a risk/reward analysis, referred to as Privacy Calculus. However, the broad privacy calculus framework does not necessarily provide insight into specifically how an individual assesses either risk or reward. In our study, we evaluate several behavioral factors in an effort to assess whether and to what extent each informs or influences an individual’s risk assessment when deciding whether to disclose or withhold their PII in a given online transaction. Specifically, we report findings from a recent survey we administered, examining factors included in three different behavioral models. Results from this survey were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, which provided insights as to the salience of each variable vis-a-vis online information behavior. Of the factors included in our study, our results surfaced four variables – perceived trustworthiness, perceived vulnerability, “cyber” self-efficacy, and perceived controllability – that appear to be particularly salient in an individual’s decision to withhold or disclose PII online.
Stability of Dental Implants

Dental implants take time to osseointegrate with the surrounding bone after placement surgery. Only when they are sufficiently integrated with the surrounding bone, will the abutments and prostheses be attached to the implants to restore masticatory functions. Premature loading of implants can lead to their early failure. A method that can be used to monitor the degree of healing is to measure the natural frequency of free vibration of the implant. As the interfacial bone density increases, so will the natural frequency of vibration of the implant. In this chapter, we extend the application of Newtonian mechanics, first introduced in Chapter 2, to dynamic problems. Elementary structural models are used to evaluate the stiffness of the implant-surrounding bone based on its physical and mechanical parameters.
Round the clock work: the technology issues

The issues to be explored in this panel represent the technological challenges associated with effective and efficiently supporting the international office of the future distributed in time and space. The sampling presented is indicative of this broad spectrum. Key issues are grouped as audio/video, computer hardware, connectivity/data-telecommunications, control software, and application software. More emerged through discussion.
Controversies in the Workup and Surgical Management of Parotid Neoplasms.

ObjectiveParotid neoplasms are a rare heterogeneous group of tumors with varied clinical presentation and behavior. Here we provide an evidence-based review of the contemporary approach to evaluati...
Identification of Cardiac Expression Pattern of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1) Receptor using a Transgenic Reporter Mouse Model

Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels are structurally related, non-selective cation channels that exhibit a high permeability to calcium. Sensory nerve endings expressing TRPV1 channels play a prominent role in regulating the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex and contribute to cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in chronic heart failure. However, the precise expression of TRPV1 channels in cardiomyocytes vs. non-cardiomyocytes remains debated. Here we utilized a tdTomato-GFP reporter mouse crossed with a mouse line expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the TRPV1 promoter to map the TRPV1 expression pattern in heart. In this model, TRPV1-negative cells express tdTomato protein (red), whereas TRPV1-positive cells express GFP protein (green). As we expected, substantial GFP expression was found in many small and medium diameter dorsal root ganglia neurons in heterozygous TRPV1-Cre +/-, tdTomato flox/flox +/- male mice, suggesting that this heterozygous model is sufficient for labeling TRPV1-positive cells. Furthermore, these results showed that GFP green staining was not detectable in cardiomyocytes. Instead, we found strong GFP green staining in cardiac blood vessels-thought to be arterioles-in the heart. We also observed strong GFP signals on PGP9.5-positive cardiac nerve endings in the epicardium. In summary, this study does not support the concept that TRPV1 channels are strongly expressed in mouse cardiomyocytes. We conclude that TRPV1 channels in mouse heart are mostly expressed on non-cardiomyocyte cells including cardiac nerve endings and vessels. These data have important implications for the modulations of cardiogenic reflexes.
Uterine Artery Embolization: Background Review, Patient Management, and Endovascular Treatment

Abstract Uterine fibroids, also called leiomyomas, are a common benign pelvic neoplasm that affects a large population of women. Symptoms caused by fibroids include excessive uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, fertility issues, and fatigue. Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is one of many different treatments used to reduce the symptomatic burden of fibroids by effectively reducing the blood supply to the fibroid, thus yielding symptomatic relief. Many studies have compared the effectiveness of UAE with the gold standard hysterectomy or gold standard alternative myomectomy, with strong results favoring UAE as a safe and effective treatment of fibroids. The literature shows that the less-invasive UAE also allows for shorter hospital stays, shorter recovery time, and less major complications than hysterectomy. The procedure involves a multidisciplinary preoperative approach with careful review of the imaging by the interventional radiologist. Many patients only require one overnight stay after the procedure, mainly to ensure adequate pain control. Overall, UAE serves as a less-invasive, safe, and effective option as a treatment modality for uterine fibroids.
Effect of tobacco use on disease activity and DMT discontinuation in multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate or fingolimod.

BackgroundTobacco exposure is a modifiable risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies evaluating the relationship between tobacco, disease activity, and disease modifying therapy (DMT) persis...
Counseling Parents at the Time of Diagnosis: Moving Toward Client-Centered Practice

Purpose The purpose of this article is to present a client-centered model of counseling that integrates information and personal adjustment counseling. Research has indicated that audiologists are more comfortable with counseling that is information based than with personal adjustment counseling. The prevailing model of diagnosis appears to be the medical model in which, first, a case history is taken, then testing and, finally, counseling. This model lends itself to audiologist as expert and the counseling as a separate entity based on information and advice. Further research has indicated parents retain little of the information provided in the initial examination because of their heightened emotions. This article presents a client-centered model of diagnosis in which information is provided within an emotionally safe context, enabling the parents to express their feelings and have the ability to control the flow of information. The ultimate purpose of a client-centered model is to empower parents by making them active participants in the diagnostic process rather than passive recipients. Conclusion The client-centered model has wide implications for the diagnostic process as well as for the training of students.
Multiplexed and multi-metal single-particle characterization with ICP-TOFMS

Abstract Single-particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-TOFMS) is an emerging approach for the measurement of multi-metal nanoparticles (mmNPs). With sp-ICP-TOFMS, the complete elemental mass spectra are recorded at a time resolution suitable for single-particle analysis, so total metal composition of individual NPs can be determined. With sp-ICP-TOFMS, multiplexed nanoparticle analysis is possible: mixtures of single-metal (sm) NPs and mmNPs can be recorded in a single run. In this chapter, details of sp-ICP-TOFMS experiments are explored. This discussion centers around TOFMS-specific considerations for accurate particle-event finding and strategies for calibration of amount(s) of analyte element(s) in single NPs, as well as particle number concentrations (PNCs). A key application of sp-ICP-TOFMS is the detection of anthropogenic and naturally occurring nanoparticles at relevant (i.e. low) number concentrations in environmental samples; recent research on this topic is highlighted. In addition to environmental analysis, sp-ICP-TOFMS is positioned to offer an analytical solution for the characterization of mmNPs in materials sciences and biosciences. With sp-ICP-TOFMS there is an opportunity for the development of very high throughput and multiplexed nanomaterial characterization and/or screening measurements. The development of high-throughput sp-ICP-TOFMS is still at an early stage; this chapter emphasizes the fundamentals upon which such measurement schemes will be built.
Neurophysiological Responses to Interpersonal Emotional Images: Associations with Symptoms of Depression and Social Anxiety

Affective neuroscience research using electrocortical event-related potentials has provided valuable insights on alterations in emotion processing in internalizing disorders. However, internalizing disorders are accompanied by additional impairments in social cognition and functioning, and most extant research examines neural responses to broad categories of emotional scenes or faces presented irrespective of context. Examining neural reactivity specifically to interpersonal emotional scenes may more precisely capture and disentangle processes involved in depression and social anxiety, two highly comorbid forms of psychopathology. The current study validated a novel set of positive and threatening interpersonal emotional stimuli in a sample of emerging adults (N = 114) who completed a modified emotional interrupt paradigm while electroencephalogram and behavioral data were recorded. Participant ratings of valence and arousal supported the validity of the emotional images. Consistent with prior research, sustained neurophysiological processing indexed by the late positive potential (LPP) was observed for interpersonal emotional images, especially positive, compared with neutral images. Elevated LPP reactivity to both positive and threatening interpersonal images moderated the effects of chronic interpersonal stress on social anxiety symptoms, such that enhanced LPP reactivity in conjunction with higher levels of chronic interpersonal stress was associated with elevated social anxiety symptoms. These results were unique to social anxiety symptoms and not symptoms of depression, suggesting sustained neural processing of interpersonal stimuli may differentiate social anxiety from depression. Future research on emotional reactivity specifically within the interpersonal domain is needed to inform our understanding of developmental pathways to internalizing psychopathology.
Decentralized and Microservice-Oriented Data Integration for External Data Sources

Data lakes offer good opportunities to centrally use heterogeneous data for analytical questions in companies. However, there are also challenges and risks regarding missing reference architectures, accessibility or usability. By using modern architecture patterns such as microservices, data can alternatively be managed in a technically and organizationally decentralized manner. Easily accessible interfaces and microservice architecture patterns can maintain important data lake characteristics, such as accessibility and the provision of metadata. Thus, costs can be saved, data can be held accountable in the respective domains, and at the same time interfaces for analytical questions can be provided. The paper illustrates the idea in the form of a work-in-progress paper using the integration of external data sources as an example.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Childhood Blood Lead Levels Among Children <72 Months of Age in the United States: a Systematic Review of the Literature

Childhood lead poisoning is a serious public health problem with long-term adverse effects. Healthy People 2020's environmental health objective aims to reduce childhood blood lead levels; however, efforts may be hindered by potential racial/ethnic differences. Recent recommendations have lowered the blood lead reference level. This review examined racial/ethnic differences in blood lead levels among children under 6 years of age. We completed a search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases for published works from 2002 to 2012. We identified studies that reported blood lead levels and the race/ethnicity of at least two groups. Ten studies met inclusion criteria for the review. Blood lead levels were most frequently reported for black, white, and Hispanic children. Six studies examined levels between blacks, whites, and Hispanics and two between blacks and whites. Studies reporting mean lead levels among black, whites, and Hispanics found that blacks had the highest mean blood lead level. Additionally, studies reporting blood lead ranges found that black children were more likely to have elevated levels. Studies suggest that black children have higher blood lead levels compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Future studies are warranted to obtain ample sample sizes for several racial/ethnic groups to further examine differences in lead levels.
C$sup 12$(p,pn)C$sup 11$ CROSS SECTION AT 2 AND 3 Bev

Absolute measurements of the ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(p, pn){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ cross sections were carried out in the external pencil beam of the Cosmotron at 2 and 3 Bev. The proton flux was measured with a counter telescope, and the ${\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ activity induced in 1-inch-thick plastic scintillators was determined by internal scintillation counting. Corrections for the formation of ${\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ by secondary particles produced in the thick targets were determined in separate experiments in which thin- and thick-target cross sections were compared directly. Other corrections for scattering and absorption effects and for deadtime losses in counters are discussed. Measurements were carried out both at proton fluxes sufficiently low to permit direct counting with the primary telescope and at higher fluxes which required scaling procedures with secondary telescopes. The measured cross sections for the ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(p, pn){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ reaction are 26.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9 and 26.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 mb at 2.0 and 3.0 Bev, respectively. From these data and from previously published cross-section ratios, the cross section of the ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(p, 3pn){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ reaction is found to be 10.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 and 10.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 mb at 2.0 and 3.0 Bev, respectively.
LEVANTAMENTO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DOS CASOS DE TUBERCULOSE NOTIFICADOS NO MUNICÍPIO DE CERES-GOIÁS NO PERÍODO COMPREENDIDO ENTRE 2001 A 2012

Introducao: A tuberculose (TB) e uma doenca infecciosa cronica conhecida mundialmente como um problema de saude publica de grande proporcao que aflige a humanidade desde a antiguidade. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiologico de levantamento de dados de aspecto quantitativo, onde foi realizada uma investigacao epidemiologica dos casos de TB no municipio de Ceres-GO no periodo compreendido entre 2001 a 2012 atraves do TABWIN/SINANET. Resultados e Discussao: De acordo com o banco de dados, o municipio de Ceres apresentou 58 casos de TB por M. tuberculosis. A forma clinica da TB que mais acometeu a populacao foi a forma pulmonar com 49 (84,5%) dos casos, provavelmente, isso ocorra devido a principal via de infeccao da doenca ser por via aerea. O genero masculino foi predominante em 44 (75, 9%) dos casos, certamente em virtude de habitos comportamentais que tornam este grupo mais exposto a doenca, como o etilismo e o tabagismo. Com relacao a faixa etaria, pode-se visualizar o predominio dos individuos entre 40 a 59 anos com 21 (36,2%) dos casos notificados, acredita-se que este resultado esteja relacionado a eficacia da vacina BCG e principalmente pelo aumento dos casos de infeccao com HIV/AIDS. Dos 58 casos notificados em Ceres-GO 32 (55,1%) dos casos de TB obtiveram a cura. Conclusao: Portanto, mesmo com o desenvolvimento estrategias para prevencao e controle da TB, o numero de notificacoes ainda exige preocupacao constante dos setores responsaveis. Dessa forma, deve-se continuar investindo rigorosamente nas medidas preventivas usuais e eficazes contra a TB como a vacinacao e a quimioprofilaxia .Palavras chave: Tuberculose. Epidemiologia. Incidencia. Forma clinica. Mortalidade.
Reasoning About Reasoning

Several varieties of metareasoning are discussed. The prototypical case is argument analysis, namely the interpretation and/or evaluation of arguments. A second special case is self-reflective argumentation. A third case is methodological reflection, namely the formulation, interpretation, evaluation, and application of methodological principles; these are inexact and fallible rules stipulating useful procedures in the search for truth. A fourth case is informal logic, conceived as the formulation, testing, systematization, and application of concepts and principles for the interpretation, evaluation, and practice of argument. Two other varieties of theory of argument are characterized without elaboration, “argumentation theory” and “formal logic.”
Obscenity, Pornography, and Law in Japan: Reconsidering Oshima's 'In the Realm of the Senses'

This paper explores the question of constitutional regulation of violent content in expression from a cross-cultural perspective, focusing specifically how Japan attempted in postwar-era cinema to mediate its notions of individual rights of expression, in particular expressions considered obscene and/or violent, with demands of the greater public welfare. The watershed event in this process was the censorship trial of Nagisa Oshima, a Japanese filmmaker who was indicted on obscenity charges related to his 1976 film ‘In the Realm of the Senses.’ While the film presented graphic images intricately connecting elements of violent behavior with sexual behavior, cinematic interpretations and subsequent legal consideration of the film focused almost entirely on the degree to which it 'broke new ground' for sexual explicitness in a commercial film made for mainstream distribution which, as the paper points out, had several far-reaching implications for doctrinal treatment of free expression in both Japanese and American law.
Spatial data infrastructure for ecological research

The Biodiversity and Ecosystem Informatics Research Agenda (http://bio.gsfc.nasa.gov) notes current inability to compare data across spatial scales as a critical problem: "Biological data from different sources are frequently collected and presented in different scales and resolutions resulting in a loss of detail when multiple data sets are required for data synthesis and analysis." The proposed infrastructure would allow a scientist to define a data set by putting together spatial building blocks represented in conceptually familiar, domain-specific terms. Data sets thus constructed (or recast) would be amenable to the automatic integration of spatial locations and measurements with automatic spatial data transformations. This would allow spatial analysis of individual field data sets and the linking together at same and different spatial scales data sets defined within the spatial infrastructure. We aim to include productivity enhancing research tools such as field data gathering devices and data validation and analysis, and to automatically tag field data with metadata early in the research cycle. We also contribute to the synthesis of metadata and data. This paper describes a recently funded NSF project that aims to build such an infrastructure. We describe the need for the infrastructure, our design approach, work to date and future work.
Técnicas de reproducción asistida en caballos

Las tecnicas de reproduccion asistida son metodos no convencionales por los cuales se obtienen potros de yeguas problema o geriatricas mediante la obtencion de oocitos viables. De esta manera, los problemas del utero o del oviducto que impiden un buen transporte y sobrevivencia de los espermatozoides, adecuada fertilizacion y consecuentemente transporte del embrion, son sobrepasados. Existen primordialmente dos metodos para colectar oocitos en yeguas – a partir del foliculo pre-ovulatorio dominante o de todos los foliculos visibles en los ovarios. Ademas existen dos metodos para fertilizar los oocitos que han sido obtenidos: in vitro, por inyeccion intracitoplasmatica de un espermatozoide (ICSI) o in vivo, al transferirlo al oviducto de una yegua receptora inseminada previamente (Transferencia de oocitos)
The Ojibwa Woman.; Southern Ute Women: Autonomy and Assimilation on the Reservation, 1887–1934.; Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700–1835.

The Ojibwa Woman. Ruth Landes. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. 248 pp. Southern Ute Women: Autonomy and Assimilation on the Reservation, 1887-1934. Katherine M. B. Osburn. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998. 165 pp. Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700-1835. Theda Perdue. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. 252 pp.
Economic Fluctuations with Interactive Agents:Dynamic and Stochastic Externalities

This paper proposes a general modelling framework for macroeconomic dynamic behaviour of a large collection of interacting agents, and illustrates the procedure for a simple case of agents having the same binary decision set. Evolution over time of the fractions of agents using the same technology is modelled as a birth-and-death stochastic process with endogenized transition rates, and its master equation (Chapman-Kolmogorov backward equation) is expanded into power series in the total number of agents in the model. The first term of the expansion is the aggregate (macroeconomic) dynamic model. Stochastic dynamics of the proportions of agents using the same technology can exhibit multiple equilibria; this paper discusses an example with one locally unstable and two locally stable equilibria, with some simulation computer runs. There are two results of broad implication. One is the demonstration that stochastic dynamics allocates positive probabilities to all locally stable equilibria. Stochastic dynamics thus stands in sharp contrast to deterministic dynamics. In the latter, history (initial conditions) and expectations (often exogenously introduced discontinuous changes in trajectories) uniquely select the basin of attraction in which trajectories are eventually located. The second is the illustration of the usefulness of jump Markov processes in general, and birth-and-death processes in particular in economic modelling. Among several results specific to these processes, we show that the mean first passage time from one locally stable equilibrium to another is proportional to the exponential function of the height of the potential barrier separating the two basins of attraction of these two locally stable equilibria.
Determination of dirithromycin purity and related substances by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the characterization of dirithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin, are described. Chromatography is performed on a Hypersil ODS column using a mobile phase consiting of acetonitrile-methanol-50 m M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5 (44:19:37) with ultraviolet detection at 205 nm. The strength of the phosphate buffer can be used to control the selectivity of the separation of dirithromycin and related substances, especially the separation of erythromycylamine. The addition of methanol to the mobile phase improves peak shapes for the compounds of interest. Validation data for purity and related substances methods are described.
Zoological Nomenclature: Official List of Certain Generic Names

THE following generic names (with genotype in parentheses) have been submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for inclusion in the Official List of Generic Names.
The Spencer Op-Site Applicator, a new technique for treating the burned hand

A technique to apply Op-Site Incise Drape to the burned hand is described using the Spencer Op-Site Applicator. The technique allows for the use of a transparent, flexible, semi-permeable plastic glove in the management of the burned hand in all age-groups. This minimizes excoriation of normal tissue but allows full flexibility of the hand with good healing.
It's time to ratify the law of the sea treaty

The Law of the Sea Treaty is vital to U.S. security, economic, and environmental interests, yet it entered into force more than two years ago without the United States on board. Why is America missing the boat?
One-pot ionic liquid pretreatment and saccharification of switchgrass

Biomass pretreatment using certain ionic liquids (ILs), such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]), can be highly effective at reducing the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass to enzymatic degradation. However, current commercial enzyme cocktails, derived from filamentous fungi and developed for dilute acid pretreatment, are inhibited by the most effective ILs used for pretreatment and require excessive amounts of water to remove the ILs from biomass after pretreatment in order to be effective. The associated IL recycling and waste disposal costs of this process pose significant economic and process engineering challenges for the commercial scale-up of IL pretreatment-based technologies. For the first time, we have demonstrated a one-pot, wash-free process that combines IL pretreatment and saccharification into a single vessel. After treating the switchgrass with [C2mim][OAc] and dilution with water to a final IL concentration of 10–20%, the pretreatment slurry was directly hydrolyzed using a thermostable IL tolerant enzyme cocktail previously developed at the Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI). This one-pot process liberated 81.2% glucose and 87.4% xylose (monomers and oligomers) at 72 h at 70 °C with an enzyme loading of 5.75 mg g−1 of biomass at 10% [C2mim][OAc]. Glucose and xylose were selectively separated by liquid–liquid extraction with over 90% efficiency, thus eliminating extensive water washing as a unit operation. This study opens avenues for developing more efficient and cost effective processes for product recovery and IL recycling.
The correlated factors of the uneven performances of the CDM host countries

The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has experienced a rapid growth. Up to 2010, 2763 projects have been registered, standing for about 433 million ton CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq.) of annual carbon credits. However, the performances of CDM host countries are remarkably unbalanced. Previous literature suggested that economic and investment conditions, energy intensity, energy structure, the share of annual carbon credits from high global warming potential (GWP) green house gas (GHG), capacity and institutional buildings of domestic CDM governance can play important roles in promoting CDM. This quantitative analysis shows that domestic economic and investment conditions are the most decisive factors determining the performance of the CDM host countries. Additionally, the influence of carbon intensity of energy consumption is relatively modest, and energy intensity of GDP as well as the share of annual carbon credits from high GWP GHG is less significant. Moreover, several leading CDM countries are not as successful as they seem to be, when the influences of their vast territories, distinguished economic and investment conditions are excluded. Therefore, to simply transplant the CDM governances of these countries can hardly guarantee that other countries will boost their carbon credit outputs.
Extension of the Karhunen-Loeve transform for wavelets and perfect reconstruction filterbanks

Most orthogonal signal decompositions, including block transforms, wavelet transforms, wavelet packets, and perfect reconstruction filterbanks in general, can be represented by a paraunitary system matrix. This paper considers the general problem of finding the optimal P X P paraunitary transform that minimizes the approximation error when a signal is reconstructed from a reduced number of components Q < P. This constitutes a direct extension of the Karhunen-Loeve transform which provides the optimal solution for block transforms (unitary system matrix). General solutions are presented for the optimal representation of arbitrary wide sense stationary processes. This work also investigates a variety of suboptimal schemes using FIR filterbanks. In particular, it is shown that low-order Daubechies wavelets and wavelet packets (D2 and D3) are near optimal for the representation of Markov-1 processes.
Violence, Mental Health, and Physical Symptoms in an Academic Internal Medicine Practice

OBJECTIVE: To assess how physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV), child abuse, and community violence relate to long-term mental and physical problems; to examine the overlap between different forms of violence and the impact of experiencing multiple forms of violence. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Three general internal medicine practices affiliated with an academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: English-speaking women aged 25 to 60. MEASUREMENTS: Telephone or in-person interview and chart review. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-four women completed interviews. A majority of participants experienced more than one form of violence. In separate multivariate analyses, each form of violence was associated with depressive symptoms or with at least 6 chronic physical symptoms, after adjustment for demographic factors and substance abuse. The degree of association with health outcomes was similar for each form of violence (odds ratio [OR], 2.4 to 3.9; P<.003). The association with chronic physical symptoms remained significant for IPV (OR, 3.3; P<.002) and community violence (OR, 3.4; P<.003), even after adjustment for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. There were dose-response relationships between the number of forms of violence experienced and the odds of depressive symptoms and the odds of multiple chronic physical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple types of victimizations may contribute to patients’ current mental health and physical problems. Research or clinical protocols that only focus on one form of violence may underestimate the complexity of women’s experiences and needs.
King Edward I’s Articles of Inquest on the Jews and Coin‐Clipping, 1279

The ‘Capitula de tonsura monete’ are previously unpublished articles of inquest originally issued in 1279 to special judicial commissions created to combat coin-clipping and related monetary offences by Jews and Christians. The ‘Capitula’ are shown to shed light on Edward I’s motivations and intentions during the coin-clipping campaign of 1278–9. The author attempts to explain why this text was circulated, somewhat paradoxically, after the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290, and to determine why it was read along with authentic statues and ‘legal apocrypha’. A critical edition is appended, based on a collation of all manuscript copies and versions.
Chemical synthesis of several phosphoric esters of l-ascorbic acid☆

Abstract The 5,6-isopropylidene acetal ( 3 ) of l -ascorbate 2-phosphate ( 4 ) was produced in almost quantitative yield by the action of phosphoryl chloride at 0–5° on 5,6- O -isopropylidene- l -ascorbate ( 2 ) in alkali (pH 12–13) containing a high concentration of pyridine. After hydrolytic cleavage of the 5,6-acetal group and removal of inorganic phosphate and chloride, compound 4 was isolated, without chromatographic purification, in 70% yield as its crystalline tricyclohexylammonium salt. When no pyridine was present during the reaction of 2 with phosphoryl chloride in an alkaline solution, it was converted into a mixture of 3 and bis(5,6- O -isopropylidene- l -ascorbate) 2,2'-phosphate-( 5 ). Following removal of the 5,6-protecting groups of 5 , the phosphoric diester 6 was isolated in pure form in 32% yield by fractional recrystallization of its barium salt from cold water. Reaction of 2 with phosphoryl chloride in acetone-pyridine gave, after removal of the protecting group, a mixture of four phosphoric esters that was resolved by column chromatography on an ion-exchange resin. Two of the products were identical to 4 and 5 , and the third was tentatively identified as the 3-phosphate of l -ascorbic acid; the fourth was not identified. The structures of the phosphoric esters were established by elemental analysis, u.v. and n.m.r. spectroscopy ( 31 P and 1 H), and ionization constants.
1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinane 2-Oxides IV: Preparation of Some 2-Substituted-5-carbomethoxy-5-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-Oxides as Potential Antitumor Agents

Twenty-two of the title compounds, in which the substituents are chloro, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, hydroxy, and amine salts, as well as the pyrophosphate, have been synthesized and submitted for antitumor evaluation.
Bose decondensation versus pair unbinding in short-coherence-length superconductors

Abstract We consider a system of dilute carriers on a lattice interacting via attractive pairwise interactions. In the regime of short coherence length the transition from superconducting to normal state does not necessarily occur through Bose decondensation into a normal fluid of pairs, as is usually assumed, but can also occur through pair unbinding. In particular, pair unbinding can dominate if the pair mobility is larger than the single-particle mobility, as occurs in models with “off-diagonal” interactions and in particular in the model of hole superconductivity. We discuss the interplay between pair unbinding and Bose decondensation in the dilute regime as a function of the magnitude of pair binding energy and pair mobility, and the possibility of inferring conclusions on the interactions in the microscopic Hamiltonian from observation of the various regimes. Our discussion is restricted to Hamiltonians with static interactions and valid only in the density regime where pair interactions can be ignored. Possible relevance of our results to high- T c oxide superconductors is discussed.
Buy Now or Buy Later: The Effects of Scarcity and Discounts on Purchase Decisions

This research investigates a burgeoning pricing strategy and its effects on purchase behavior. Drawing from the expected-utility and prospect theories, we test the counteracting variables of scarci...
2-(3-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)indole.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(32)H(39)NO(7)Si, all geometric parameters fall within experimental error of expected values. The analysis of molecular-packing plots reveals an infinite two-dimensional linear array running parallel to the b axis, formed by one N[bond]H...O intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction. Several potential C[bond]H...O interactions are also present.
Modeling the Effects of Supersaturated Dissolved Gas on Resident Aquatic Biota in the Main-Stem Snake and Columbia Rivers

Abstract Dissolved-gas levels in the Columbia and Snake rivers during the spring freshet often exceed 110% of saturation, the maximum level permitted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The highest levels of supersaturation result from high springtime river flows and turbine outages, conditions over which there is little control and that cause high volumes of water passing over the dams and through spillways instead of through turbines. During the spring freshets of 1994–1997, we surveyed nonsalmonid fishes and invertebrates for signs of gas bubble disease (GBD) and conducted holding experiments in three river reaches where gas saturation commonly exceeds 120%. We developed a dissolved-gas exposure index for nonsalmonid fishes sampled at specific times and locations; mean daily total dissolved-gas saturation (TDGS) was ranked and then summed over a 7-d period. We analyzed observations of 39,924 nonsalmonid fishes in an iterative process, which led to development of a mathematical equivalence mode...