cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilize Machine Learning Methods to Detect Plaintext Passwords

Every company is a target today, no matter the type of business it does. Hackers and cybercriminals are after data which they can monetize in many ways. Being proactive and have a defensive and protective plan in place such as evaluating and assessing IT security is a great recipe for avoiding data breaches and consequently, business disasters. Passwords are the most popular authentication method, mainly because they are easy to implement, require no special hardware or software, and are familiar to users and developers. Unfortunately, most users store their sensitive information or credentials in plain-text that might be accessible to attackers. Since the information is not encrypted and stored or transferred in cleartext, attackers will be able to read it easily. Storing a plaintext password in a configuration file allows anyone who can read the file access to the password-protected resource. Developers sometimes believe that they cannot defend the application from someone who has access to the configuration, but this attitude makes an attacker’s job easier. Good password management guidelines require that a password must never be stored in plaintext. The question is why not utilizing a machine learning platform that can be trained to search text in a computer resource, detect a string of plaintext characters, and analyze the string of characters to predict or detect a plaintext password on a computer resource asset. Since plaintext passwords can be stored anywhere on a computer network, including on a computer resource asset, such as, for example, a file (for example, a configuration file), a router, a switch, a computer, a server, a database or source code, the solution can be arranged to target computer resource assets on the network and search those computer resource assets. The machine will be able to detect a plaintext password in a character string by analyzing plaintext character strings for common password complexity, such as, for example, including at least one uppercase letter, lowercase letter, number, special character, and text length (for example, minimum of eight characters). Then check the similarity of the character string against a database comprising passwords, including, for example, passwords that were previously found or identified by the solution, or passwords that were input or loaded into the database from a list, table, record, file, or a computer resource that can input passwords to the database. Also, it will predict a level of certainty that a character string includes a password and output a confidence score based on the predicted level of certainty. Finally, it will categorize the confidence score in any number of prediction certainty levels, including, for example, three levels – high, medium, or low.
An ab initio exciton model for singlet fission.

We present an ab initio exciton model that extends the Frenkel exciton model and includes valence, charge-transfer, and multiexcitonic excited states. It serves as a general, parameter-free, yet computationally efficient and scalable approach for simulation of singlet fission processes in multichromophoric systems. A comparison with multiconfigurational methods confirms that our exciton model predicts consistent energies and couplings for the pentacene dimer and captures the correct physics. Calculations of larger pentacene clusters demonstrate the computational scalability of the exciton model and suggest that the mixing between local and charge-transfer excitations narrows the gap between singlet and multiexcitonic states. Local vibrations of pentacene molecules are found to facilitate singlet–multiexcitonic state-crossing and hence are important for understanding singlet fission. The exciton model developed in this work also sets the stage for further implementation of the nuclear gradients and nonadiabatic couplings needed for first principles nonadiabatic quantum molecular dynamics simulations of singlet fission.
Polymicrobial communities in periodontal disease: Their quasi-organismal nature and dialogue with the host

In health, indigenous polymicrobial communities at mucosal surfaces maintain an ecological balance via both inter-microbial and host-microbial interactions that promote their own and the host's fitness, while preventing invasion by exogenous pathogens. However, genetic and acquired destabilizing factors (including immune deficiencies, immunoregulatory defects, smoking, diet, obesity, diabetes and other systemic diseases, and aging) may disrupt this homeostatic balance, leading to selective outgrowth of species with the potential for destructive inflammation. This process, known as dysbiosis, underlies the development of periodontitis in susceptible hosts. The pathogenic process is not linear but involves a positive-feedback loop between dysbiosis and the host inflammatory response. The dysbiotic community is essentially a quasi-organismal entity, where constituent organisms communicate via sophisticated physical and chemical signals and display functional specialization (eg, accessory pathogens, keystone pathogens, pathobionts), which enables polymicrobial synergy and dictates the community's pathogenic potential or nososymbiocity. In this review, we discuss early and recent studies in support of the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontal disease pathogenesis. According to this concept, disease is not caused by individual "causative pathogens" but rather by reciprocally reinforced interactions between physically and metabolically integrated polymicrobial communities and a dysregulated host inflammatory response.
Endothelial TrkA Coordinates Vascularization and Innervation in Thermogenic Adipose Tissue and Can Be Targeted to Control Metabolism

Brown adipogenesis and thermogenesis in brown and beige adipose tissue (AT) involve vascular remodeling coordinated with sympathetic neuronal guidance through incompletely understood mechanisms. Here, we show that a peptide CPATAERPC, homing to the endothelium of mouse brown and beige AT, mimics nerve growth factor and identify its receptor, TrkA, as CPATAERPC cell surface target. We show that endothelial TrkA expression is selective for brown and subcutaneous AT. Analysis of mice with endothelium-specific TrkA knockout demonstrated the role of TrkA in neuro-vascular coordination supporting the thermogenic function of brown adipocytes. A hunter-killer peptide D-BAT composed of CPATAERPC and a pro-apoptotic domain ablated brown adipocytes, caused thermogenesis impairment, and predisposed mice to obesity and glucose intolerance. In a cancer model, D-BAT suppressed tumor-associated AT lipolysis and beiging. Our study reveals vascular TrkA as a potential therapeutic target.
A Case of Metastatic Prostate Cancer to the Distal Phalanx.

Metastatic bone tumors to the hand are extremely rare. We present a case of metastatic prostate cancer to the right middle finger distal phalanx. To our knowledge, there is one other case of metast...
Ex-Yankee Farmhand's Suit Against White Sox Won't Be Easy

Former New York Yankees outfielder Dustin Fowler filed suit against the Chicago White Sox and the state agency that manages Guaranteed Rate Field, alleging that both were negligent in not securing the unpadded electrical box that he collided with in his major league debut at the ballpark in 2017. Professional athletes suffering injuries during games is hardly unusual; however, it is unusual for an athlete to file a lawsuit against the opposing team afterward. In these cases, litigation is difficult because there is an inference that a professional athlete is likely aware of all of the possible injuries that may occur, and thus, assumed the risk of injury by participating in the competition.
Electron Transfer from Quinol to Cytochrome B-561 is not Diffusion Limited in the Ubiquinol: Cyt C2 Oxid Oreductase Complex of Rps. Sphaeroides

Several lines of evidence have estabalished that cyt b-561 is reduced by quinol through turn-over of a quinol oxidizing (QZ) site after a flash activation in the presence of antimycin A (1–4). The kinetics of the reaction have been shown to reflect a second-order process, but several features have not been fully resolved. in particular, it is not clear what processes contribute to the lag of cyt b-561 reduction following a flash, which is subtantial (about 1ms) when quinone pool is oxidized before the flash. We have previously suggested that the lag may be due to i) the time taken for quinol to leave it’s site of production at the rection center (RC) ; ii) the time for diffusion from RC to the complex; or iii) the time for rotation of the head-group across the membrane. Here we report studies of the temperature dependence of kinetic and thermodynamic char acteris-tics of the cyt b-561 reduction in chro matophores. from the relatively large dependence of the rate constant for quinol oxidation on temperature (a mean value for Eact of about 8 kcal.mol ), we conclude that the diffusion time is uniikely to be a limiting factor in the kinetics of reduction of cyt b-561.
Chapter 19. Histone Hydrolase

Publisher Summary Neutral histone hydrolase has been observed in various cellular fractions—chromatin microsomes or cytosol. Histones are synthesized in the cytoplasm and are transported into the nucleus, where they exist in conjunction with DNA at an approximate ratio of unity. The cell maintains a vital regulatory process in controlling the amount of histone to limit its binding to DNA in a constant ratio; thus, it would seem that any excess histones must be disposed of in some way. One of the mechanisms to maintain the homeostasis is the presence of proteolytic enzymes, which are highly specific toward histones. Histones are hydrolyzed by the enzyme and the material, which is then rendered soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid and is determined by allowing it to react with ninhydrin. Because the optimum pH for histone hydrolase activity varies with the tissue, this parameter is determined first.
Coping with Student Resistance to Critical Thinking: What the Psychotherapy Literature Can Tell Us.

(1995). Coping with Student Resistance to Critical Thinking. College Teaching: Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 140-145.
Optimal filters for range-time sidelobe suppression

Powerful convex optimization techniques can be applied to the design of the system pulse in radar systems. The flexibility of direct optimization allows control over such parameters as the beamwidth, maximum sidelobe level, and total sidelobe energy. Instead of designing the entire receive filter, a short filter is optimized in cascade with a matched filter, allowing the use of pulse-compression waveforms of arbitrary length. The extension to multiple-pulse synthetic-wideband waveforms is also presented.
Some Strategic Issues

By and large, the discipline of statistics is concerned with the development of correct and effective research designs and analytical methods, together with supporting theory. Here, correct and effective refer to formal properties of the designs and methods. The first eleven chapters discussed issues of this sort. In contrast, a strategic issue concerns the impact that an empiric investigation has on its intended audience. Often, the audience is not focused on statistical technique and theory, may have limited training in statistics, and may be comprised of laymen, that is, laymen with respect to their knowledge of statistics. When this is so, strategic issues may arise in which formal properties are weighed against impact on the intended audience.
Decision feedback differential detection for differential orthogonal space-time modulation with APSK signals over frequency-non-selective fading channels

Differential orthogonal space-time modulation (DOSTM) with amplitude/phase shift keying (APSK) signals has been proposed to improve the throughput of the DOSTM with phase shift keying (PSK) signals over quasi-static channels. In this paper, decision feedback differential detection (DF-DD) based on linear prediction is presented for the DOSTM with APSK signals (DOSTM-APSK) over frequency-non-selective fading channels. The proposed DF-DD offers better performance than the DD when the channel experiences fast fading. The coefficients of the linear prediction based DF-DD can be obtained by an adaptive RLS algorithm, where the channel statistics is not needed. The proposed DF-DD is also applicable to the general unitary differential space-time modulation (DSTM).
Linear nonadiabatic pulsations of homogeneous ZAMS stars

Current uncertainty about the most massive observed stars has led to a reexamination of the most massive star that is stable against radial pulsation.The nuclear energy generation equations in the INA linear, nonadiabatic code have been considerably improved, so that it is now appropriate to redo the study to determine the maximtun mass of a ZAMS star that will be stable against pulsation.
Varicella zoster virus rhombencephalomyelitis following radiation therapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma

We report a 64-year-old man with a history of stage IV oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with cisplatin and cetuximab followed by radiation therapy who developed a rapidly advancing rhombencephalomyelitis 11 months after the completion of radiation to the base of his tongue. His initial symptoms were left ear paresthesias, dysphagia, and progressive descending weakness. Routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was unremarkable. Initial MRI of the brain and cervical spinal cord revealed a demarcated symmetrical heterogeneously enhancing intramedullary lesion involving the cervicomedullary spinal cord. Progressive neurological worsening included increasing weakness of his limbs, facial weakness and ocular motility disorders and MRI revealed that the lesion was advancing into his pons and cervical spinal cord. Empiric treatment for radiation myelitis was initiated. Although CSF polymerase chain reaction was negative for varicella zoster virus (VZV), antibody studies revealed intrathecal synthesis of antibody to VZV and treatment for VZV was started as well. Improvement was slow and incomplete with subsequent worsening resulting in death in 5.5 weeks. The diagnosis of rhombencephalitis and myelitis following radiation therapy may be exquisitely challenging. The possibility of VZV, a treatable disorder, should be included in the differential diagnosis.
Medicinal leeches for surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction.

Background: Free tissue transfer is an accepted method for breast reconstruction. Surgically uncorrectable venous congestion is a rare but real occurrence after these procedures. Here, we report our experience with the management of surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction using medicinal leech therapy. Methods: We queried our prospectively maintained institutional database for all patients with venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction since 2005. Chart review was performed for all patients having post-operative venous congestion. We compared patients with surgically correctable venous congestion and surgically uncorrectable venous congestion requiring medicinal leech therapy. Results: Twenty-three patients had post-operative venous congestion, and four of these patients were surgically uncorrectable requiring medicinal leech therapy. Patients who required leech therapy had lower hemoglobin nadirs, received more blood transfusions, and received a higher number of total units of red blood cells than patients who did not require leech therapy. Among four patients who required leech therapy, one flap was partially salvaged and three flaps were completely lost. Leech therapy was associated with higher total flap loss rates (75.0% vs. 42.1%) and longer length of stay (8.0 6 3.6 days vs. 6.5 6 2.1 days) when compared to non-leeched flaps. These differences were not statistically significant (P 5 0.32 and P 5 0.43, respectively). Conclusions: In patients with surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction, total flap loss is common despite leech therapy. When venous congestion cannot be corrected, total flap removal may be a better option than attempted salvage with leech therapy. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 00:000‐000, 2014.
Using Group Consciousness Theories to Understand Political Activism: Case Studies of Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Ingo Hasselbach

I describe and integrate several theories of group consciousness and collective action, along with 3 case studies of political activists. I have 2 goals: (1) to use the theories to help us understand something puzzling about each life and (2) to use the cases to complicate and expand the theories. Barack Obama's case raises the question of how someone with a politicized Black identity evolved into a politician working for all oppressed people and complicates racial identity development theory. Hillary Clinton's case raises the question of how a middle-class White girl raised in a conservative family became a prominent Democratic Party politician and complicates group consciousness theories by demonstrating the importance of generation and personality. Ingo Hasselbach's (a former German neo-Nazi leader) case illustrates relative deprivation theory and raises the question of whether theories developed to explain subordinate group consciousness can be applied to movements of dominant group consciousness.
Morphology and annealing behaviour of thick shear bands in polystyrene

Shear bands of 0.1 to 0.6 mm thick were produced in polystyrene by compression. These bands were studied by optical microscopy and surface profilometry. Both the as-deformed bands and the bands developed after annealing were investigated. Parameters such as the shear strain, step height and the height-to-base ratio of the band cross-section (ridges or valleys) were recorded.
Warehouse Management Using V-A-T Logical Structure Analysis

The management of a warehouse facility has often been viewed as a problem in facility layout, inventory management, or logistics. Seldom has the management of a warehouse been viewed as a process of succeeding operations that can be analyzed as a unique operating production system. Yet, warehouses are process oriented and can show significant improvements in productivity by applying methods usually used in production environments. One such method if called V‐A‐T analysis. This method examines the process, determines the logical structure of the process and defines critical control points for management to use to improve the overall process performance. This article describes the V‐A‐T analysis and applies the method to three different types of warehouse facilities.
Mastery Learning of Advanced Cardiac Life Support Skills by Internal Medicine Residents Using Simulation Technology and Deliberate Practice

BACKGROUND: Internal medicine residents must be competent in advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) for board certification.
“Conservation of Boyhood”: Boy Scouting's Modest Manliness and Natural Resource Conservation, 1910–1930

AbstractThe Boy Scouts of America's emphasis on the simultaneous conservation of boyhood and natural resources prompted its phenomenal growth and broad range of popular and governmental support, ch...
A comparison of SSM/I and TOVS column water vapor data over the global oceans

This paper presents a comparison of column water vapor (CWV) information derived from both infrared measurements as part of the TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) in an attempt to assess the relative merits of each kind of data. From the analyses presented in this paper, it appears that both types of satellite data closely reproduce the bulk climatological relationships introduced in earlier studies using different data. This includes both the bulk relationship between CWV and the sea surface temperature and the annual variation of CWV over the world's oceans. The TOVS water vapor data tends to be systematically smaller than the SSM/I data and when averaged over the ocean covered regions of the globe this difference is between 2–3 kgm−2. Using a cloud liquid water threshold technique to establish clear sky values of SSM/I water vapor, we conclude that the differences between TOVS and SSM/I are largely a result of the clear sky bias in TOVS sampling except in the subsidence regions of the subtropics. The clear sky bias is considerably smaller than previously reported and we attribute this improvement to the new physical retrieval scheme implemented by NOAA NESDIS. While there is considerable agreement between the two types of satellite data, there are also important differences. In regions where there is drying associated with large scale subsidence of the atmosphere, the TOVS CWV's are too moist relative to both radiosonde and SSM/I data and this difference may exceed 10 kgm−2. The explanation for this difference lies in the limitations of infrared radiative transfer. By contrast, in regions of deep convection, such as in the ITCZ, TOVS CWV is systematically lower than the SSM/I CWV. Both TOVS and SSM/I data demonstrate similar kinds of gross effects of large scale circulation on the water vapor except in these subsidence regions where TOVS data leads to an under-prediction of the effects of subsidence drying.
Gene targeting in plants : fingers on the move

Zinc-finger endonucleases (ZFNs) make targeted double-stranded breaks in genomic DNA and, thus, stimulate recombination and repair processes at specific sites. ZFNs can now be harnessed to stimulate homologous recombination and gene targeting in plants, which represents a major step towards modifying the plant genome more precisely. ZFN-mediated gene targeting is likely to become a powerful tool for genome research and genetic engineering.
Bimodules, the Brauer group, Morita equivalence, and cohomolgy

The purpose of this note is to focus attention on an equivalence relation which we call ‘congruence of k-algebras’ and define in terms of the categories of bimodules. (Here k is a commutative unital ring.) Many familiar Morita invariant properties are trivially seen to be congruence invariant. Examples include the center, the lattice of two-sided ideals, and the Hochschild and cyclic cohomologies. In Section 3 we prove that Morita equivalence implies congruence, thereby obtaining new, uniform, and more efficient proofs of the Morita invariance of these properties. (Actually, the invariance of cohomology seems to have been previously noticed for only one type of Morita equivalence: that between an algebra A and the r X r matrix algebra hlr(A).) We also give new cochain maps inducing the cohomology isomorphism. In Section 2 we use congruence to answer Zelinsky’s concluding question in [ll] and to give an economical description of the Brauer group as consisting of the Morita equivalence classes of congruence-trivial algebras (under tensor product). This definition provides a categorical interpretation of the Brauer group and is available, without introducing separability, immediately after proving the Eilenberg-Watts theorem characterizing functors between module categories. (The Morita theorems, which are invoked, at least tacitly, in most treatments of the Brauer group, follow easily
3D measurements from imaging laser radars: how good are they?

Abstract In this paper we analyse a class of imaging range finders —amplitude-modulated continuous-wave laser radars in the context of computer vision and robotics. The analysis develops measurement models from the fundamental principles of laser radar operation and identifies the nature and cause of key problems that affect measurements from this class of sensors. We classify the problems as fundamental (e.g. related to the signal-tonoise ratio), as architectural (e.g. limited by encoding distance by angles in [0, 2π]) and as artifacts of particular hardware implementations (e.g. insufficient temperature compensation). Experimental results from two different devices — scanning laser rangefinders designed for autonomous navigation — illustrate and support the analysis.
An analysis of diffusion-induced porosity in CuNi laminate composites

Abstract Nucleation, growth, migration and coalescence of diffusion-induced pores in CuNi laminate composites were observed. The pore structures were interpreted based on an analysis of Kirkendall porosity formation
Causes of perceived faunal change in the later Neogene of East Africa

Abstract African terrestrial vertebrate faunas change over the time range from 14 my to 4 my, the period during which hominids are presumed to have diverged from other hominoids. The most complete local sequence showing this is provided by the Tugen Hills, west of Lake Baringo in Kenya. A large component of the pattern of faunal changes seen there, and at other relevant sites, could be explained by local environmental alterations, or by sampling properties of fossil assemblages and collections. It is hard to justify global climatic change as the sole explanation of observed faunal shifts, although such external factors cannot be ruled out and on general grounds are likely to be involved. As yet there is no convincing demonstration of synchronicity in faunal turnover. Evidence of a simple shift from forest conditions to grasslands, an event that has been correlated with the origins of hominid bipedalism, is hard to detect. Existing data suggest a more patchy distribution of forest and grassland in both space and time.
The afferent and efferent connections of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus in the rat.

The afferent and efferent connections of the ventromedial (VM) nucleus of the thalamus in the rat were studied by experiments using the methods of retrograde cell marking by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and anterograde fiber tracing by autoradiography. Tritiated amino acids deposited microelectrophoretically into VM label a cortical projection that is distributed to a sharply defined superficial portion of layer I of almost the entire extent of the ipsilateral neocortex. The labeling is most dense at frontal cortical levels, where fibers radiate through the deeper layers to terminate in the outer one-quarter of layer I throughout all neocortex rostral to the genu of the corpus callosum. A lesser number of labeled fibers extends caudally in a supracallosal location to innervate parieto-occipital cortical areas. Labeled collaterals ascend through the cortical layers to reach layer I, where grains in the superficial portion are found in a gradually decreasing rostrocaudal gradient of density that reaches the caudal pole of the hemisphere. Coronal sections at most levels contain a band of labeling in layer I that extends uninterrupted from the callosal sulcus at the midline to the banks of the rhinal sulcus laterally. Caudal retrosplenial and ventral temporal areas appear to be the only sectors of neocortex spared by the ubiquitous projection. Evidence for additional terminal distribution in deeper layers is found only in the dorsal and lateral sectors of the cortex rostral to the genu where sparsely labeled bands appear in layers III and V. The nearly exclusive distribution of VM's cortical afferents to layer I is compared and contrasted with multilaminar distributions of other “unspecific” cortical afferent fibers. HRP injected into VM labels neurons in a variety of structures at levels ranging from the frontal cortex to caudal medulla. Cell labelling in the globus pallidus, deep layers of the superior colliculus, cerebellar nuclei and the substantia nigra, pars reticulata suggest that VM is a point of convergence for several components of the extrapyramidal motor system. The nigrothalamic projection is topographic: medial and lateral districts of the pars reticulata are connected to medial and lateral districts of VM, respectively. A dorsal-ventral association may also obtain. Cell labeling in the prefrontal cortex, the cortex along the rhinal sulcus, the lateral habenular nucleus, tegmental and medullary reticular formations, and parabrachial nuclei indicates that VM also receives projections from more heterogeneous sources.
Hypercyclic tuples of operators and somewhere dense orbits

In this paper we prove that there are hypercyclic (n+1)-tuples of diagonal matrices on Cn and that there are no hypercyclic n-tuples of diagonalizable matrices on Cn. We use the last result to show that there are no hypercyclic subnormal tuples in infinite dimensions. We then show that on real Hilbert spaces there are tuples with somewhere dense orbits that are not dense, but we also give sufficient conditions on a tuple to insure that a somewhere dense orbit, on a real or complex space, must be dense.
A new fracturing mechanism for granular media

Borehole breakout experiments are performed on sintered glass bead bricks and a new microscale fracturing mechanism is described that results in a macroscopic fracture plane oriented perpendicular to the uniaxial compressive loading stress. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is used to inspect the fracture surfaces and it is found that fracture propagation occurs through a process of grain debonding and ejection from the sample. A two-dimensional boundary integral simulation models the effect of grain removal on subsequent fracturing by reducing the Young's modulus of failed grains, thereby allowing the compressive loading stress to be transferred to adjoining grains and grain contacts. It is found that this stress concentration is sufficient to induce additional grain failure and macroscopic fracture growth perpendicular to the applied load.
Field evidence of compass orientation in migrating juvenile grunts (Haemulidae)

Abstract Juvenile French and white grunts, Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest) and H. plumieri (Lace-pede), were captured during their daily migrations between diurnal resting sites on coral patch reefs and nocturnal feeding grounds in seagrass beds. Grunts captured during morning and evening migrations were released on the route and after displacement up to 100 m or 5 km away. Grunts generally moved in the direction which would have taken them back towards their home reef or to their accustomed feeding sites, indicating that familiar landmarks are not essential for orientation. The spatial precision of migration may serve to partition the feeding area most efficiently. The timing of migrations is also very precise, and appears to be adapted to reduce the vulnerability of grunts to predation near their home reef.
Errors with a Difference.

Why is it that student and teacher in a science lab often conclude that lab work is a waste of time at best, and at worst, the student's efforts make no sense because there were slightly high percentage errors in the experiment performed? In this author's encounters with a physics lab, he remembers how perturbed the teacher and he were in working to get the acceleration "g" when he measured it 9.4 m/s2. Perhaps the teacher was perturbed over the percentage error because this experiment seemed redundant, simplistic, and attached more to common sense than to theory. My interpretations of the teacher's attitude at that time were that my "answers are always wrong and if my work never comes out right, it's physics." But why did it not work? And why is it a "big deal" to make a human error in an experiment? The purpose of this article is to discuss this experiment and another one which include the percentage errors of both experiments. As one might expect, the first experiment is a simple one; but the second one is worthy of elaborate illustration in spite of its complexity.
Gross structure in γ-ray yields following the 16O + 12C reaction☆

Abstract The γ-ray yield of discrete transitions from evaporation residues formed in the reaction 16 O + 12 C has been measured between E c.m. = 6 and 31 MeV . Data for a backed and self-supporting target were compared to check the consistency of the observed results. Channels in which α-particles are emitted carry most of the oscillatory structure which was previously observed for the total fusion cross section. Relative yields of the different evaporation channels can be reproduced by statistical model calculations. Optical model calculations with a parity-dependent exchange contribution reproduce the periodicity of the gross structure but underestimate the magnitude of the oscillations.
Forum: Safe guard our drinking water

For health reason, some physicians have suggested that a person should drink water on the average of seven glasses a day. This raises issues which include where can we can get water and is water readily available throughout the world. These questions involve sources of water and water quantity and quality.
Technology-Driven Change and Public Administration: Establishing Essential Normative Principles

Abstract Technology-driven change is one of the key elements public administrators was fully understand to be effective in the century. The new dynamic, global, technology-driven, capitalist economy is replete with opportunities, but it is also giving rise to many problems that will not be solved by an unfettered marketplace. Governments will be called upon to address those problems. Yet, the relationship of government, and therefore of public administration, with regard to technology is uncertain. This article points out that the most critical aspect of the relationships between public administration and technology are the norms that guide our development and applications of it. Technology is malleable. We must look carefully at ourselves to anticipate its future effects.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE MEDICAL TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM WITH THIOUREA AND IODINE: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SERUM PRECIPITABLE IODINE DURING THERAPY*

DURING the past four years thiourea together with strong solution of iodine (Lugo's solution) has been used in the prolonged medical treatment of 139 patients, with hyperthyroidism. Analysis of the usefulness of these agents in certain of these cases has already been made in preliminary reports from this department. (1, 2). For a period, all patients with hyperthyroidism of whatever nature were treated with these drugs. Since a similar group is now being treated with propyl thiouracil, for comparison, it seems pertinent to summarize the information derived from the study of patients treated for long periods with thiourea. The development of this mode of therapy with thiourea in preference to other thyroid-depressant drugs has been discussed (2). In addition to the basal metabolic rate, changes in weight and pulse rate, and other clinical manifestations of the disease, the concentration of the precipitable iodine in the serum (SPI) has been used in evaluating the condition of the patients during the course...
THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS: A REVIEW AND A MODEL

This paper describes a research model which can guide empirical studies of technological innovation in business organizations. The focus of the model is the strategic management of new product development processes. Variables that affect the success or failure of these processes are identified and several research hypotheses are suggested for empirical examination.
Management of Parkinson's disease in older women.

Elderly women with Parkinson's disease (PD) represent a specific patient population that may benefit from individualized treatment strategies. PD has been shown to occur approximately twice as often in men than in women, resulting in theories regarding estrogen being protective against the disease and as a potential treatment strategy. Given women's longer life expectancy they are more likely to reach an age where antiparkinsonian medications are associated with side-effects. This paper will review medical and surgical treatments as well as the relationship of gender and age with respect to the management of PD.
The effect of local anaesthetics on strophanthidin toxicity in canine cardiac Purkinje fibres

1. Canine Purkinje fibres were superfused in vitro and the electrical and mechanical effects of the local anaesthetics benzocaine and procaine were studied in the absence and in the presence of other agents. 2. Both benzocaine (1 × 10−4-5 × 10−4 m) and procaine (6 × 10−5-2·5 × 10−4 m) decreased slightly the amplitude of the upstroke and markedly the duration of the action potential. The plateau was shifted to more negative values and the force of contraction was decreased. These effects were dose-dependent. 3. The local anaesthetics abolished the spontaneous activity induced by strophanthidin (5 × 10−7 m) by flattening the oscillatory potential in diastole and increased the force of contraction under these circumstances. 4. The local anaesthetics significantly delayed the time of the onset of the spontaneous activity induced by strophanthidin (10−6 m). Also, the intensity of the stimuli had to be increased and the rate of discharge of intoxicated fibres was slower in the presence of local anaesthetics. In contrast, the positive inotropic effect was little affected. 5. The local anaesthetics reduced but did not block the inotropic action of norepinephrine and high Ca; and did not abolish (while Mn did) small action potential in 27 m m-K-depolarized fibres. 6. In fibres treated with local anaesthetics, lowering [Ca]o did not result in a force rebound and administration of caffeine or exposure to low Na resulted in a larger increase in force. 7. In fibres loaded with Ca, local anaesthetics caused an increase in force. 8. Local anaesthetics decreased the force more when the external Na concentration was lower. 9. This work shows that the local anaesthetics alter the mechanical performance of Purkinje fibres and lead to a depression of the strophanthidin induced oscillatory potential. As for the mechanism for these changes, the present experiments support the hypothesis that local anaesthetic agents have an antiarrhythmic action by decreasing intracellular Na and therefore intracellular Ca as suggested by Perry, McKinney & DeWeer (1978) on the basis of experiments on nerve.
Effects of Ring Structure on the Reaction Pathways of Cyclic Esters and Ethers on Pd(111)

A combination of experimental surface science techniques and density functional theory calculations has been employed to understand the adsorption and surface chemistry of a variety of C4 cyclic oxygenates on the (111) surface of Pd. These C4 cyclic oxygenates represent important probe molecules for production of chemicals from biomass-derived carbohydrates. The surface level studies of these intermediates reveal that adsorption and reactivity trends are determined by ring size/strain, degree of unsaturation, nature of the oxygenate function, and composition of the metal surface.
Relation between age and clearance rate of nine investigational anticancer drugs from phase I pharmacokinetic data

Aging influences the disposition and effects of several classes of drugs. Although drug clearance rate is correlated with toxicity for many anticancer drugs, few data have been published concerning the relationship of aging and clearance of chemotherapy. This study was performed to identify any relationship between age and clearance rate for anticancer drugs in phase I trials at the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center. In a retrospective study, we examined the clinical and pharmacokinetic data for 344 adults (aged 21–77 years) who received 9 phase I drugs with linear clearance in 13 clinical trials. We sought correlations between age and clearance for each drug and for the whole group. Data available for 9 of the 13 trials were used to compare age ( 65 years) versus dose delivered [ 65 years old, 34 (9.9%) were ≥70 years old, and 5 (1.5%) were ≥75 years old. There was no significant correlation between drug clearance and age for individual drugs or the group as a whole. There was no significant difference between patients of the older and younger age groups with regard to dose or toxicity. Although only a small number of patients aged ≥75 years were treated, our results suggest that the elderly do not experience greater toxicity even when treated at doses comparable with those given younger patients and should not be excluded from phase I trials on the basis of age. As the population of the United States ages, more elderly patients will be candidates for chemotherapy. A more thorough examination of the relationships between age, clearance rate, and toxicity can be accomplished as active drugs enter phase II/III studies.
Profiting from Partial Allowance of Ticket Resale.

Abstract For a seller that markets event tickets both in advance and on spot, a concern is that ticket resale may hurt its profitability. The conventional wisdom is for the seller to consider completely banning resale if possible. This article considers an alternative strategy in which resale is only partially restricted; specifically, resale is banned on spot but still allowed in advance. Using a two-period model in which buyers have discreet valuations, the authors show that it is possible for partial resale to outperform no resale (and also unrestricted resale at the other extreme) in terms of seller profitability when the following conditions hold: when the seller has limited capacity, when the number of high-valuation buyers is small enough, and when the number of early arrivers is not too large. An implication of this research is that when consumers conduct advance and spot resale in different channels, such as advance resale online and spot resale offline, the seller may be better off adopting diff...
Evaluation of use of EcoCELL technology for quantifying total gaseous mercury fluxes over background substrates

Abstract Total gaseous mercury (Hg) fluxes from large (7.3×5.5×4.5 m, L × W × D ) climate-controlled gas exchange mesocosms (Ecologically Controlled Enclosed Lysimeter Laboratories or EcoCELLs) containing tallgrass prairie soil–plant monoliths were measured from 2002 to 2005. EcoCELL Hg fluxes (calculated based on the difference in air Hg concentrations inside mesocosms and in incoming air, soil area of the monoliths, and airflow through the system) indicated a net annual emission of 102 μg m −2 , while soil Hg fluxes measured simultaneously using a dynamic flux chamber were an order of magnitude lower. Since Hg fluxes measured from empty EcoCELLs in winter and when housing the soil–plant monoliths at the same time of year were similar, we hypothesized that the Hg signal generated by the tallgrass prairie soil–plant monoliths was too low to be detected using the EcoCELL technology. Because mesocosm Hg exchange was correlated with solar radiation and temperature, with the largest emissions occurring at midday and in the summer, we also hypothesized that the flux from mesocosm infrastructure would change over time. Limited by the ongoing experiment, the EcoCELLs were manipulated to test the above hypotheses. When monoliths were completely covered and excluded from the exchange with the surrounding air, mesocosm Hg exchange was unaffected. Furthermore, removal of vegetation at the end of each growing season did not affect mesocosm Hg fluxes. Tests with changing mesocosm airflow also indicated that the signal from the tallgrass prairie monoliths was not being measured. These results suggest that, although EcoCELLs performed well in a study using Hg contaminated soils and have been successfully applied to understand processes controlling Hg fluxes, there are limitations of this technology for quantifying Hg exchange from background substrates. Prior to the use of similar systems the detection limit and Hg exchange from an empty system need to be carefully quantified.
Study habits centered on completing review questions result in quantitatively higher American Board of Surgery In-Training Exam scores.

Purpose The American Board of Surgery In-Training Exam (ABSITE) is administered to all general surgery residents annually. Given the recent changes in the format of the examination and in the material being tested, it has become increasingly difficult for residents to prepare for the ABSITE. This is especially true for incoming postgraduate year (PGY) 1 residents because of the respective variability of the surgical clerkship experience. There have been many studies in the past that support the use of weekly assigned readings and examinations to improve ABSITE scores. Other studies have investigated the study habits of residents to determine those that would correlate with higher ABSITE scores. However, there is a lack of information on whether completing review questions plays an integral role in preparing for the ABSITE. We hypothesize that those residents who completed more review questions performed better on the ABSITE. Methods ABSITE scores of current and past general surgery residents at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, a university hospital, were reviewed (2009-2013). These residents were then polled to determine how they prepared for their first in-training examination. Results Average ABSITE percentile was 46.4. Mean number of review questions completed by residents was 516.7. Regression analysis showed that completion of more review questions was associated with a significantly higher percentile score on the ABSITE (p H test showed that studying in group vs individual settings had no effect on ABSITE performance (p = 0.20). It was also used to analyze primary study resource, which demonstrated that there was no significant difference in residents' performance based on their primary study source (p = 0.516). Conclusion Recent changes in the format of the ABSITE to a 2-tiered examination in 2006 and subsequent plan to return to a unified test for all PGY levels has made preparation difficult. With a more focused, question-based approach to studying, residents may see a demonstrable improvement in their scores. Our study supports this hypothesis—showing that residents who complete more review questions had higher ABSITE percentile scores. In the past, it has been demonstrated that strong ABSITE scores are associated with higher written board scores. With the widespread adoption of the Surgical Council on Resident Education curriculum, we postulate that residency programs that rely on this review question-based curriculum will report improved ABSITE percentile scores and written board pass rates.
Nursing and health services research: Building capacity and seizing opportunity

H ealth services research (HSR) is the field of science that was established in the 1960s and addresses issues of access, cost, care delivery, organization, and outcomes. “The main goals of health services research are to identify the most effective ways to organize, manage, finance, and deliver high quality care; reduce medical errors; and improve patient safety” (Lohr & Steinwachs, 2002). This burgeoning field presents fertile opportunities for nurse scientists as leaders and as members of interdisciplinary research teams. By its very nature, the HSR field promotes collaboration because its foci invite scientists from multiple fields such as nursing, medicine, pharmacy, economics, public policy, biostatistics, and others to each contribute their unique knowledge and perspectives. The purpose of this column is to inform readers about the prospects awaiting nurse scientists in the HSR field and to summarize the resources available to support such endeavors. We believe that nurses are key contributors to the HSR arena and hope to inform nurses about the aids available to promote success in the field.
Two-wavelength lidar inversion technique

A simple technique for extracting the extinction and backscatter coefficients from lidar returns signals is presented. The technique uses lidar signals from two different wavelengths taken with the same lidar system, and is based on the assumptions that the extinction coefficient at one wavelength is related to the extinction at the other wavelength, likewise for the backscatter coefficients. The technique is tested on data generated by the Nd:YAG laser 2nd (532 nm) and 3rd (355 nm) harmonics. The relationship between extinction coefficients was obtained by a power law fitting to data generated by the UVTRAN model. For the backscatter coefficient a simple proportionality law is assumed.
F-region ionization and heating during magnetic storms

Simultaneous solution of continuity and heat conduction equations for ionospheric electrons, ions and neutral species for studying F region magnetic storm behavior