cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurocognitive function in children with compensated hypothyroidism: lack of short term effects on or off thyroxin

Although thyroxin therapy clearly is beneficial to children with frank hypothyroidism there is little data on the effects of thyroxin in children with compensated or subclinical hypothyroidism. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of thyroxin therapy on cognitive function in children with compensated hypothyroidism. The hypothesis was that thyroxin therapy would change neuropsychological function. Eleven patients with a history of sub clinical hypothyroidism entered the study. At the start of the study, six out of the 11 were on thyroxin therapy, while 5 were off therapy. All patients underwent a battery of neuropsychological testing and thyroid function tests at the start of study. Based on the results of thyroid function tests, two of the 5 patients who were off thyroxin were started back on thyroxin. All of the 6 patients who were on thyroxin were taken off thyroxin. All patients then underwent repeat neuropsychological testing and thyroid functions after an average of 91 days. Thyroxin therapy could not be shown to have an effect on neuropsychological function in this short term study. Our patients had attention problems as compared to the normal population. No significant differences were found between our subjects and normal population standards in verbal processing, visual processing, motor speed/coordination and achievement. In this small, short term study, thyroxin therapy could not be shown to affect neuropsychological function in children with compensated hypothyroidism. These children may have attention problems but appear to have normal verbal and visual processing, motor speed/coordination and achievement.
Transient Ischemic Attacks: Added Specificity from Modern MR Imaging

In this issue of the AJNR , Rovira and colleagues (page 77) present diffusion-weighted MR findings from a series of patients after transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Data were collected on lesions detected with diffusion-weighted MR imaging within 10 days of symptom onset in a group of 58 patients.
Immunological effects of treatment with sequential administration of recombinant interferon gamma and alpha in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma during a phase I trial.

Abstract Many anticancer mechanisms of the interferons have been proposed but none have been associated with clinical response to date. The biological activities of the interferons in vivo have included effects upon the natural killer cell, T- and B-lymphocytes, and macrophages. This report details a prospective study of the immunological effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sequentially administered recombinant (r) interferon (IFN) γ and rIFN α in 28 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Natural killer cell activity, T-cell phenotype (CD4, CD8, CD56, CD16, CD4/HLA-DR, CD8/HLA-DR, CD56/HLA-DR) and 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase were measured prior to therapy, during therapy, and following completion of treatment. Statistical analysis of all parameters was performed for the entire group, by individual patient, by dosage, by time, and by clinical response. An overall significant depression in natural killer cell activity and in the percentage of circulating CD56, CD16, and CD8+ cells were noted. Significant increases in 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase and in the percentage of circulating CD4 cells were also noted. Although an association between the magnitude of change in percentage of CD16+ cells and 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase and dosage of rIFN γ and rIFN α, respectively, was observed, optimal biological dose of this sequence of rIFNs could not be determined due to the limited number of patients. A decrease in the percentage of circulating CD8+ cells was observed among patients with objective clinical response (partial and complete). Sequentially administered rIFN γ and rIFN α can modulate immunological parameters in vivo in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. A fall in percentage of circulating CD8+ cell is associated with response and suggests that this sequence of rIFN α and rIFN γ might influence T-cell mediated antitumor activity.
Inhibitory sequences in the N-terminus of the double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR, are important for regulating phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)

During viral infection, phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) by the interferon-induced RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR, leads to inhibition of translation initiation and viral proliferation. Activation of PKR is mediated by association of virally encoded double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) with two dsRNA binding domains (dsRBDs) located in the N-terminus of PKR. To better understand the molecular mechanisms regulating PKR, we characterized the activities of wild-type and mutant versions of human PKR expressed and purified from yeast. The catalytic rate of eIF2alpha phosphorylation by our purified PKR was increased in response to dsRNA, but not single-stranded RNA or DNA, consistent with the properties previously described for PKR purified from mammalian sources. While both dsRBD1 and dsRBD2 were required for activation of PKR by dsRNA, only deletion of dsRBD1 severely reduced the basal eIF2alpha kinase activity. Removal of as few as 25 residues at the C-terminal junction of dsRBD2 dramatically increased eIF2alpha kinase activity and characterization of larger deletions that included dsRBD1 demonstrated that removal of these negative-acting sequences could bypass the dsRBD1 requirement for in vitro phosphorylation of eIF2alpha. Heparin, a known in vitro activator of PKR, enhanced eIF2alpha phosphorylation by PKR mutants lacking their entire N-terminal sequences, including the dsRBDs. The results indicate that induction of PKR activity is mediated by multiple mechanisms, one of which involves release of inhibition by negative-acting sequences in PKR.
Determining client satisfaction with home health care

A 33-item scale to measure client satisfaction with home health care was developed and tested. It was organized by the three dimensions of the nurse-client interaction. Items were generated from literature review and reviewed by 32 graduate nursing students. Content validity was based on expert opinions. One hundred and twenty-eight clients selected by their home care nurses from five participating agencies participated in the testing of the scale. Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency of the scale was 0.95. Confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm the three dimensions of the scale. Instead, it suggested a unidimensional concept of client satisfac tion. Further testing of the scale is recommended. Key words: client satisfaction, home health care, indicator of quality of care, instrument development, evaluation measure
Occurrence of Prototheca zopfii, a mastitis pathogen, in milk.

Prototheca zopfii was isolated from cow-composite milk and bulk tank milk by a new selective Prototheca enrichment method. Repeated testing of cow-composite milk from individual cows resulted in P. zopfii isolation data indicating a strong statistical correlation of P. zopfii with specific cows. Prototheca sp. were isolated from the milk of 31 of 79 cows in a single herd, and contamination was discounted as the source. Prototheca sp. were also recovered from 28 of 787 bulk tank milk samples from the Eastern U.S.A., and 22 of 69 temperature control milk samples from pooled dairy farm milk from delivery trucks.
Probability of error analysis of digital partial response continuous phase modulation with noncoherent detection in mobile radio channels

An analysis is presented of noncoherent detection of constant-envelope digital partial-response continuous-phase modulation (PRCPM) in fast Rayleigh fading that characterizes land mobile radio channels. Closed-form expressions for the probability of error are derived for limiter discriminator detection, and both 1- and 2-bit differential detection. Numerical results are presented for cases of practical interest to researchers and designers of land mobile radio systems. The expressions derived for the probability of error are general and can be used for all PRCPM schemes. >
Abstract 2371: Circulating cancer associated cells co-express epithelial and hematopoietic markers in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts)

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: Circulatingtumor cells (CTCs) are most commonly isolatedby using positive selection enrichment targeting the epithelial cell adhesion activating molecule (EpCAM). Using positive selection, a CTC is defined as EpCAM and cytokeratins (CK) positive (+) and CD45 negative (-). However, other rare cancer associated cells (RCACs) including EpCAM - and/or CD45 + cells have been reported (van de Stolpe, 2011). In order to investigate these RCACs, a prospective study in MBC using multi-parameter flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry (ICC) was undertaken. Methods:Forty blood samples from MBC pts were collected prior to initiation of a new line of chemotherapy, after one cycle, or at time of progression. Twenty one (52%) samples were from pts with estrogen receptor (ER) -, progesterone receptor (PR) -, and HER2neu non-overexpressing, or triple negative breast cancer (TNBC); nineteen (47%) were from pts with ER/PR +, HER2neu nonoverexpressing disease. Blood was processed using immunomagnetic negative depletion (Yang, 2009). Multiparameter, flow cytometry analysis was conducted prior to, and after depletion of CD45 + cells. Multistep, sequential labeling and fixation for surface markers was performed, followed by permeablizition for CK. ICC staining for EpCAM, CD45, CK 8/ 18/19 and DAPI was performed. Results: Either very low or no CK + events were present in blood samples from healthy volunteers (n=5). Various post-enrichment events were identified. These populations were also present by ICC with confocal microscopy. Conclusions: In addition to CTCs, RCACS that are CD45 + and/or EpCAM - are detectable in MBC pts and more frequently present in TNBC pts. These populations, only detectable by negative depletion, may be clinically significant as ongoing studies evaluate the predictive capabilities of blood based biomarkers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2371. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2371
The involvement of brain amines in pinealectomy-induced convulsions in the gerbil. I. Serotonin

Pharmacological induction of changes in the serotonergic system was used to study the involvement of telencephalic serotonin (5-HT) in pinealectomy (PX) induced convulsions in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). The reactions of the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) to both PX and drug treatment were also studied. Serotonin is apparently of little importance in the PX-induced convulsion since the artificial elevation by administration of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan, or depression by treatment with p-chloramphetamine, of telencephalic 5-HT had little effect on the convulsions. In other models for the study of epilepsy, lowered 5-HT results in an increase in seizure intensity. In this study, as in previous ones, telencephalic NE was repeatedly and significantly lowered after PX. None of the serotonergic drugs resulted in changes in NE. Data such as presented here are supportive of previous reports which indicate that a depression of NE facilitates convulsions.
Peripheral Nucleon Antinucleon Production by 13 GeV/c Pions

Abstract A measurement of the cross sections for π + p → ( p n ) p and π − p → ( p n ) p within the range −t(pp) m ( N N ) GeV for unambiguous one-constraint fits yields values of if25.9 ± 1.6 μ b at 13.1 GeV /c and 29.1 ± 2.5 μb at 13.2 GeV/c, respectively. The angular distributions of N N vary strongly with m( N N ) and suggest high spins. The cross section for π + p → ( p p ) Δ ++ with t′ ( p Δ) GeV /c) 2 is 3.7 ± 0.4 μ b and may be mediated by MI ϱ exchange.
Suppression of thermocapillary oscillations in sodium nitrate floating half-zones by high-frequency end-wall vibrations

Experiments to suppress thermocapillary oscillations by using high-frequency end-wall vibrations were carried out in sodium nitrate floating half-zones. Such a half-zone is formed by melting one end of a vertically held sodium nitrate crystal rod in contact with a hot surface at the top. Thermocapillary convection occurs in the melt due to the imposed temperature gradient at the free surface. When this temperature gradient is large enough, steady thermocapillary convection becomes unstable, and thermocapillary oscillations occur. In such a context, the bottom end of the crystal rod was vibrated at a high frequency to generate a streaming flow in a direction opposite to that of thermocapillary convection. It is observed that by generating a sufficiently strong streaming flow, the thermocapillary oscillations can be quenched everywhere in the melt zone.
Proposal for a hydrogen bond network in the active site of the prototypic γ-class carbonic anhydrase

The crystal structure of Cam, the prototypic γ-class carbonic anhydrase, reveals active site residues Gln75, Asn73, and Asn 202 previously hypothesized to participate in catalysis. These potential roles were investigated for the first time by kinetic analyses of site-specific replacement variants of the zinc and cobalt forms of Cam. Gln75 replacement variants showed large decreases in kcat/Km relative to wild-type. Further, the Gln75 variants showed a loss of the pKa in pH versus kcat/Km profiles previously attributed to ionization of the metal-bound water yielding the hydroxyl group attacking CO2. These results support the previously proposed role for Gln75 in hydrogen bonding with the catalytic hydroxyl orienting it for attack on CO2. Kinetic analyses of Asn73 variants were consistent with a role in hydrogen bonding with Gln75 to position it for optimal interaction with the catalytic hydroxyl. Kinetic analyses of Asn202 variants showed substantial decreases in kcat/Km relative to the wild-type enzyme su...
Intestinal obstruction following technical error in performance of Webster-Baldy operation

Abstract 1. 1. A case of acute intestinal obstruction fifteen years after a Webster-Baldy opera- tion for retroversion of the uterus is reported. 2. 2. The cause of the obstruction was determined to be a failure of closure of the aperture in the broad ligament through which the round ligament was passed. 3. 3. This danger may be prevented by careful observance of the instructions of the originators of the operation.
Synthesis and evaluation of (17α,20E)21-[125I]Iodo-11-substituted-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17β-diols: the influence of 11-stereochemistry on tissue distribution of radioiodinated estrogens

The 21-tri-n-butylstannyl derivatives of (17 alpha,20E)-11 alpha and beta-methoxy-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17 beta-diol were synthesized and characterized. These compounds, as well as the 11-unsubstituted compound were converted via electrophilic ipso radioiododestannylation to the corresponding 21[125I]iodo analogs at the no-carrier-added level in 73-90% isolated radiochemical yields. The radiochemical 4c [IV alpha ME2, (17,20E)-21[125I]iodo-11 alpha-methoxy-19-norpregna-1,3, 5(10),20-tetraene-3,17 beta-diol] was evaluated in immature female rats and the results compared to those previously reported for 4a (IVE2) and 4b (IV beta ME2) to determine the influence of 11-substitution on the ability of the compounds to function as estrogen receptor-seeking agents in vivo. The results indicated that the uptake of 11 alpha-methoxy derivative in the target organ was substantially lower, of shorter duration, with a much smaller specific receptor binding component than the other two radioligands. The distribution profile of the three 17 alpha-iodovinyl estrogens paralleled that previously reported for the corresponding 17 alpha-ethynyl estrogens and this study suggests that the in vivo pharmacological results reported for the 17 alpha-ethynyl estrogens may be used to predict the in vivo behavior of the corresponding 17 alpha-iodovinyl analogs.
Voices of Latino parents and teens: Tailored strategies for parent–child communication related to sex

Parent–child communication around sex-related topics is relevant to the promotion of health. But there is little research on the perspectives that Latino parents and teens have regarding talking about sex. The aim of this qualitative inquiry was to explore the perspectives of first-generation Latino parents and their adolescents on the effects their personal experiences and culture have on conversations about sex-related topics. Four primary themes emerged and were reflected consistently in the five groups studied. The themes were culture, personal experiences, gender differences, and changes in beliefs and attitudes. Woven together, these themes paint a dynamic yet logical picture of the ways in which the participants’ culture and experiences shape their beliefs and practices. Our findings suggest that immigration, level of acculturation, and gender and family roles shape communication about sex-related topics and therefore should be considered when developing teen pregnancy prevention programs.
Testing visualization on the use of information systems

In this study, we tested how users perceived differently between an information visualization system and a text information retrieval system. A between-subjects user-centered experiment was conducted and 32 subjects participated in this study. The CiteSpace system and the Web of Science system were compared, with the former focuses on visualization output and the latter addresses textual output. The results showed that subjects gave significantly more positive ratings in a majority of measures to the CiteSpace system than the Web of Science system. Results indicate that it would be helpful to consider different visualization techniques to represent and organize information in the design of information retrieval systems.
Going green: Market reaction to CSRwire news releases

Abstract Voluntary disclosure theory predicts that an optimal disclosure decision should produce an overall net benefit for shareholders, and that such net benefit should decrease in public information availability. This study supports the predictions of voluntary disclosure theory in the context of climate change. Using voluntary disclosures made through the CSRwire news service, we find that managers’ disclosure decisions involving greenhouse gas emissions produce positive returns to shareholders. This response varies negatively with company size and public information availability. For small companies in a limited public information environment, we find that mean market-adjusted share price increases significantly by 2.32% over days −2 to 2 around the CSR newswire release date. Our sample of disclosing companies received an aggregate market value boost from their CSR news releases of approximately ten billion dollars, independent of differences in public information availability.
Fixation and staining of fungus hyphae and host plant root tissues for electron microscopy.

A deuteromycetous root-infecting fungus (Pyrenochaeta terrestris) and one of its hosts (Allium cepa) were fixed in OsO4, OsO4 vapor, KMnO4, glutaraldehyde followed by OsO4, acrolein followed by OsO4 and a glutaraldehyde-acrolein mixture followed by OsO4. The fungus was also fixed in LiMnO4. Three procedures were selected for routine comparisons because they provided suitable detail of organelles within cells of both the host and the pathogen; they were as follows: (1) 1% OsO4 for 2 hr in an ice bath; (2) 3% glutaraldehyde with 3% acrolein or 3-6% acrolein for 1-2 hr at room temperature then 1% OsO4 for 2 hr in an ice bath; and (3) 3% KMnO4 for 2 hr at room temperature. These fixatives were buffered with 0.2 M sodium cacodylate at pH 7.2-7.4. Fixation was followed by soaking the tissue blocks for a few hours to 2 days in 0.5% uranyl acetate, then by dehydration and embedding. Sections were stained with Reynolds' lead citrate. Glutaraldehyde-acrolein or acrolein provided the most detail of different organel...
Intoxicators, educators, and gatekeepers: The enactment of symbolic boundaries in Napa Valley wineries

Abstract Critic-generated classification systems help structure the U.S. wine industry, as they provide consumers a coherent rating system that standardizes the complexities of wine products and wine appreciation. Tasting room hosts in Napa Valley are thus key because they act as intermediaries who disseminate information generated by critics to a range of consumers. This article compares the way in which hosts operate in three types of wineries. Hosts in “mass-commercial” wineries utilize classifications to maximize market share, hosts in “limited-commercial” wineries educate consumers about wine classifications and acceptable wine appreciation, and hosts in “exclusive/elite” wineries become gatekeepers of coveted wines that have gained notoriety from critic-generated classifications.
Holographic storage in a near-ir sensitive photochromic dye

Abstract Application of a near infra-red sensitive spirothiopyran/merocyanine system to dynamic volume holographic data storage is considered.
A SYSTEMATIC EXAMINATION OF CHARGE TRANSFER INTERACTIONS OF A COENZYME MODEL.

Abstract 1. 1. The electron acceptor properties of the 3-carbamoylpyridinium ion (1-substituted nicotinamide) were examined in the presence of a series of para -substituted phenyl derivatives. 2. 2. Interaction was measured spectrophotometrically between the two moieties of N -( β - p -x-phenylethyl)-3-carbamoylpyridinium chlorides in which x was either hydrogen or one of the following groups: amino-, methoxy-, hydroxy-, methyl-, and chloro-. 3. 3. The wavelength of the intramolecular charge transfer transition was found to be related linearly to the ionization potential of the electron donor.
A Calculation of the Structure of Stationary Planetary Waves in Winter

Abstract A propagation equation valid for determining the vertical and latitudinal structure of stationary planetary waves in winter is derived. This equation reduces to that used by Matsuno (1970) for an isothermal atmosphere where Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling are taken to be equal and constant. Quasi-analytical solutions to the propagation equation are obtained for the idealized case of an isothermal atmosphere in constant rotation to illustrate some of its important properties. Solutions are obtained numerically for altitudes between the forcing level at 100 mb and the 100 km level, where a radiation boundary condition is assumed. For various realistic models of the mean zonal wind field, radiative damping rates and mean temperatures profiles, we find that the structure of our computed stationary planetary-scale waves is more sensitive to the former two than to the latter. The structural behavior of the numerical solutions is interpreted using modal decomposition. Two principal modes compose...
Convenient syntheses of adenosine 5′-diphosphate, adenosine 5′-methylenediphosphonate, and adenosine 5′-triphosphate

Abstract Adenosine 5′-tosylate is converted to adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5′-methylenediphosphonate, and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) in good yields by direct displacement with the appropriate inorganic salt.
Direct Time Integration of Maxwell's Equations in 2-D Dielectric Waveguides for Propagation and Scattering of Femtosecond Electromagnetic Solitons

Experimentalists have produced all-optical switches capable of 100-fs responses [1]. To adequately model such switches, nonlinear effects in optical materials [2] (both instantaneous and dispersive) must be included. In principle, the behavior of electromagnetic fields in nonlinear dielectrics can be determined by solving Maxwell's equations subject to the assumption that the electric polarization has a nonlinear relation to the electric field. However, until our previous work [3, 4], the resulting nonlinear Maxwell's equations have not been solved directly. Rather, approximations have been made that result in a class of generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equations (GNLSE) [5] that solve only for the envelope of the optical pulses.
Analysis of the substrate specificity of the Staphylococcus aureus sortase transpeptidase SrtA.

The Staphylococcus aureus sortase transpeptidase SrtA isoform is responsible for the covalent attachment of virulence and colonization-associated proteins to the bacterial peptidoglycan. SrtA utilizes two substrates, undecaprenol-pyrophosphoryl-MurNAc(GlcNAc)-Ala-d-isoGlu-Lys(e-Gly5)-d-Ala-d-Ala (branched Lipid II) and secreted proteins containing a highly conserved C-terminal LPXTG sequence. SrtA simultaneously cleaves the Thr−Gly bond of the LPXTG-containing protein and forms a new amide bond with the nucleophilic amino group of the Gly5 portion of branched Lipid II, anchoring the protein to this key intermediate that is subsequently polymerized into peptidoglycan. Here we describe the development of a general in vitro method for elucidating the substrate specificity of sortase enzymes. In addition, using immunofluorescence, cell adhesion assays, and transmission electron microscopy, we establish links between in vitro substrate specificity and in vivo function of the S. aureus sortase isoforms. Results...
Asymptotically optimal load distribution for multipath streaming under fec

Multipath streaming protocols have recently attracted much attention because they provide an effective means to provide high-quality streaming over the Internet. Most existing multipath streaming schemes also apply forward error correction (FEC) encoding in the stream so as to provide high-quality streaming of prestored or live media content. However, the problem of how to intelligently split the FEC-encoded stream among multiple available paths has not been fully addressed. Most previous work focused on protocol design or heuristic-based engineering approaches. Exact analysis turns out to be hard, as it involves heavy combinatorics computation. In this article, we develop an analytical model and use asymptotic analysis to address the problem of optimal load distribution. Using asymptotic approximations, we propose a closed-form formulation for the optimal load distribution problem. We then develop interesting properties of the optimal solution based on majorization, interchanging argument, and optimization techniques. These results are surprisingly simple yet insightful. We further demonstrate through simulation that our asymptotic solution works quite well in practice.
Influence of Exogenous Steroid Hormones on the Development of Oxidized Flavor in Milk

Abstract Lactating cows were used to study the effects of daily injections of progesterone, estrogen, and progesterone followed by estrogen on the development of oxidized flavor as measured by the 2-thiobarbituric acid method (TBA). Eight cows were selected; four having normal behavioral patterns, one having constant estrus (nymphomania), one having no estrus, and two which were ovariectomized. Exogenous estrogen caused an increase in the TBA values of milk. The data indicated that the sequence of change, circulating levels of hormones, and timing were important in the production of milk which gave higher TBA values.
Distribution of inverted IS-length sequences in the E. coli K12 genome.

THE genomes of E. coli and some of its plasmids contain a class of elements called insertion sequences (IS)1–5. These elements exhibit various properties associated with modulation and alteration of gene expression. IS1 (length 800 nucleotide pairs2,3,) apparently plays a role in the amplification of resistance determinants in drug resistance factors5,6 and also causes polar insertion mutations2,3. IS2 (length 1,400 nucleotide pairs2) behaves as a controlling element, which can turn gene expression on or off7. IS3 (length 1,400 nucleotide pairs3) has been associated with strong polar mutations, and is a constituent of a transposable drug resistance determinant8. IS2 and IS3 have also been shown to specify integration loci for the fertility plasmid F4,9,10. Hybridisation data have allowed estimation of the number of IS1 and IS2 elements in the E. coli genome1, but except for the region around lac and purE, little is known about their natural location in the genome.
Product Development in a Collaborative Design Environment

This paper reports the development of a collaborative product development environment using multi-disciplinary analysis and de sign (MAD) technology and the information infrastructure of the WWW/Internet. The proposed product development environment provides a two level hierarchical setup for product development within the framework of a collaborative product development (CPD) system through the collocation of product designers (first level) and design services (second level). The prototype CPD system offers the following facilities for web based product development: (1) an environment for the visual presentation, interactive refinement and specification of product specifi cations on VRML based sharable CAD models on the web, (2) web integrated product design data management system for supporting CPD tasks, and (3) web based design and manufacturability analysis. The prototype CPD system has been implemented using a variety of com mercial packages such as I-DEAS and CastCHECK, and programming languages su...
Recent advances in the investigation of the crystal chemistry of dental enamel

Abstract In view of detailed investigations carried out by the writer and several other individuals, the conclusion is inescapable that dental enamel is composed of a single “mineral” phase which is carbonate hydroxyapatite (dahllite). There is no valid reason for supposing that the crystal structure or crystal chemistry of bone or dentine is significantly different. Even in bovine bone no appreciable isotopic exchange with C14 was observed by Francois (1958), so the concept of adsorption of carbonate on the surfaces of the crystallites can be relegated to unrealistic speculation. The writer's structural theory (1952) is essentially confirmed.
Effects of Intraruminal Infusions of Mineral Salts on Volatile Fatty Acid Production in Steers Fed High-Grain and High-Roughage Diets

Four rumen fistulated Holstein steers were used to assess the effects of intraruminal salt infusions on various rumen characteristics including volatile fatty acid production rates. In the first experiment, the basal diet consisted of 75% concentrate and 25% corn silage (high-grain diet). The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square in which the four treatments were: 1) intraruminal infusion of 8 liters of water (control) or 8 liters of water plus 2) 288 g sodium bicarbonate, 3) 200 g sodium chloride, or 4) 600 g sodium chloride. In the second experiment, procedures were the same except the basal diet consisted of 64% alfalfa hay and 18% each of corn silage and concentrate (high-roughage diet). When the high-grain basal diet was fed, intraruminal infusions of mineral salts increased dilution rate of rumen fluid. Total fluid flow from the rumen also was increased by salt infusions with sodium bicarbonate and the most sodium chloride (600 g/day) exerting greatest effects for both dietary regimens. Salt infusions reduced the molar percentage of rumen propionate and increased the molar percentage of acetate when the high-grain diet was fed. These same treatments were without effect on molar percentages of rumen acids when the high-roughage diet was fed. The change in the molar percentages of acetate and propionate on the high-grain ration was solely from reduction in propionate production. The lower production of propionate, from salt infusions, may have occurred because of the washout of readily fermentable materials. Dry matter disappearance from feeds placed in dacron bags and suspended in the rumen was unaffected by infusion of mineral salts.
The effects of the sulfhydryl group upon the oxidation of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Abstract Cysteine and glutathione decreased the tyrosinase-induced development of adrenochrome from epinephrine and noradrenochrome from norepinephrine at pH 7.4. The intensity of the stable fluorescence formed after the addition of sodium hydroxide and ascorbic acid indicated the amounts of adrenochrome and noradrenochrome. One of the actions of the sulfhydryl group was reduction of the oxidized forms of epinephrine or norepinephrine, with formation of the disulfide bond. Simultaneous combination of the —SH group with oxidation products of the catechol amines permanently decreased the formation of adrenochrome and noradrenochrome.
Evaluation of matrix elements for nonorthogonal states with use of path integrals

Based on path-integral formalism we derive expressions for nonorthogonal matrix elements. The result reduces to few integrals in a multivalued complex plane. The present approach represents an improvement over earlier work in that the matrix elements are much more accurate.
Effect of Trivalent Chromium on Hepatic Lipogenesis by the Turkey Poult

Trivalent chromium (Cr+3) supplemented to a low-protein diet, 23% crude protein, significantly improved 21--day rate of gain of turkey poults. Hepatic lipogenesis from glucose was increased about 60% by Cr+3 supplementation. The majority of glucose incorporation was for fatty acid synthesis, although Cr+3 supplementation also enhanced synthesis of nonsaponifiable lipid and glycerol (P less than .01). The increased rates of lipogenesis by poults supplemented with Cr+3 did not affect liver lipid concentration. Starvation and refeeding induced a hyperlipogenic overshoot of glucose incorporation into fatty acids and glycerol. Chromium-supplemented poults had increased rates of fatty acid and glycerol synthesis from the glucose substrate, and increased concentration of liver lipid in comparison to control poults subjected to starvation and refeeding. Plasma concentration of free fatty acid was not affected by dietary treatment, but was reduced below basal values by starvation and refeeding (P less than .01). Plasma glucose level was not affected by dietary treatment or starvation, but was increased by refeeding (P less than .01). Apparently Cr+3 increased the rate of conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA (glucose uptake).
Interaction between thyroid hormones and erythrocyte membranes: competitive inhibition of binding 131 I-L-triiodothyronine and 131 I-L-thyroxine by their analogs.

Molecular structural characteristics of thyroid hormones which influence binding to the erythrocyte membranes were investigated by competitive binding experiments. The ability of thyroid hormone analogs to displace 131I-l-thyroxine and 131I-1-triiodothyronine from the membranes was considered evidence of their competitive binding. The diphenyl ether linkage (thyronine) was essential as compounds with a single aromatic ring were weakly competitive. The presence of three iodine atoms at 3,5 and 3′ positions on thyronine was optimal for maximal competitive binding. There was weak competitive binding of analogs if chlorine or bromine was substituted for iodine. The alanine side chain was required for optimal binding as N-acetyl-1-thyroxine and various deaminated analogs were poor competitors compared to T4 and T3. L-isomers of T4 and T3 showed greater competitive binding to erythrocyte membranes than the corresponding d-isomers.
The Metabolizable Energy Content of Wheat and Animal Products for the Chick

Abstract The nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) and nitrogen content of wheat, menhaden fish meal with and without solubles, and ring dried blood meal were determined. The WS-3 hard red spring wheat was grown in North Dakota (I), Oregon (II), and the Imperial Valley in California (III) and WS-1 hard red spring wheat was also grown in Oregon (IV) during the same year. The nitrogen levels of I, II, III, and IV were 3.0, 2.6, 2.3, and 2.6% on a dry matter basis. Differences occurred by location grown but not by variety. The MEn levels were 3.46, 3.47, 3.48, and 3.44 kcal/g dry matter for I, II, III, and IV. These values were 78, 79, 80, and 79% of the gross energy (GE). The nitrogen content of menhaden fish meal (MFM), 11.0%, was less (P
Tauberian theorems for summability transforms

The convolution summability method is introduced as a generalization of the random-walk method. In this paper, two well-known summability analogs concerning the strong law of large numbers (SLLN) and the law of the single logarithm (LSL), that gives the rate of convergence in SLLN for the random-walk method, are extended to this generalized method.
Promoting Active Studying: The Study Challenge

We explore using a “Study Challenge” to help students become active studiers in mathematics courses. We describe how a Study Challenge works and how we implemented it in calculus and differential equations courses. We discuss qualitative reactions from students who accepted the Study Challenge, which suggest that this might be a useful tool for students to add to their exam preparation toolbox. Finally, we offer some suggestions for implementing a Study Challenge within the mathematics classroom.
Effects of rifampicin, streptolydigin and actinomycin D on the replication of Col E1 plasmid DNA in Escherichia coli.

Abstract We recently reported (Clewell et al ., 1972) on an inhibitory effect of rifampicin on Col E1 plasmid replication. The present study represents a further characterization of this phenomenon as well as a study of the effects of two other known inhibitors of RNA synthesis, Streptolydigin and actinomycin D. During treatment of cells with chloramphenicol the colicinogenic factor E 1 (Col E1) continues to replicate for more than ton hours. During this time 4 to 5 S RNA is also synthesized. When varying concentrations of rifampicin were included during chloramphenicol treatment, inhibition of plasmid DNA synthesis correlated very closely with inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis. Similar experiments testing the effects of Streptolydigin and actinomycin D (during chloramphenicol treatment) showed that cellular RNA synthesis was at least 100 times more sensitive to these drugs than was plasmid DNA synthesis. When actively growing cells (i.e. cells not treated with chloramphenicol) were treated with a high concentration of rifampicin (250 μg/ml), chromosomal DNA synthesis continued to an extent representing about a 50% increase in DNA, while plasmid DNA synthesis appeared to stop abruptly.
Encapsulating streams of consciousness into the international children's digital library

Digital libraries provide a great deal of flexibility by allowing users to explore and annotate their collections. The majority of digital libraries and research in the field have concentrated on the needs and habits of adult users; little is known about the habits and specific needs of children using digital libraries. This paper introduces Alph, a prototype interface specifically designed with a child annotator in mind.
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Perspective on Buried and Underground Piping Issues at Nuclear Power Plants in the United States

This paper provides a historical perspective on the need for, and development of, buried and underground piping tanks programs at nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plant license renewal activities, Nuclear Regulatory Commission Buried Piping Action Plan, and the rationale for addressing the issue of buried pipe through an industry initiative as opposed to regulation are discussed. The paper also addresses current NRC activities including the results of Nuclear Regulatory Commission inspections of buried piping programs at nuclear power plants as well as Nuclear Regulatory Commission involvement in industry and standards development organizations. Finally, the paper outlines the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s future plans concerning the issue of buried piping at US nuclear power plants.
The Organization of Land and Labor in a Marginal Economy

In 1963-64 the Havasupai Indians of northwestern Arizona were living in extreme poverty. While they felt their hunger and overall privation, the Havasupai failed to use 160 acres of irrigable land and a large amount of idle labor. This paper shows that their apparent irrationality was a function of the structure of incentives which was conditioned by the organization of production and consumption.The analysis reveals that because there was no market for garden produce its value was as a substitute for purchased food. But for a man to realize the cash savings resulting from such substitutions, he had to control a consumption unit which was dependent upon controlling, among other things, cash. Cash was required to purchase food, soft goods, the materials for a house, and gear for one's horses. The individuals who did not control consumption units thus had no incentive to garden since they needed cash but had no way of transforming produce into cash. Men who did control consumption units were fully employed ...
Polychlorinated biphenyl desorption from low organic carbon soils: Measurement of rates in soil-water suspensions

The desorption of 13 PCB congeners from four soils has been investigated using the gas purge technique. The soils from PCB spill sites had been in contact with Aroclor 12421254 mixtures for 3 or more years; thus, sorption equilibrium is presumed to have been obtained. Soils were “engineered” ground cover materials used at utility industry substations and consisted of fine rock chips and sandsilt-clay fractions with organic carbon < 0.2%. The congeners contained from three to five chlorine atoms. Agreement of measured Henry's Law constants for the 14C-labeled congeners 24′, 22′55′ and 22′44′55′ with literature values established the proper function of the gas purge technique for measurement of congener release rates from soil-water suspensions. For all 13 congeners and all soils: 1) the labile fraction was typically 80 to 90% of the total congener concentration, 2) the majority of the labile fraction was desorbed or released within 48 hours of contact with water, and 3) the release of the remaining nonlabile fraction persisted for over 6 months with complete release estimated to be 1 to 2 years. Release rate constants, kd, decreased with increasing chlorine number with typical values for labile and nonlabile fractions ranging from 1.4 to 0.5 d−1 and 0.008 to 0.0006 d−1, respectively.
A state assignment approach to asynchronous CMOS circuit design

Present a new algorithm for state assignment in asynchronous circuits so that for each circuit state transition, only one (secondary) state variable switches. No intermediate unstable states are used. The resultant circuits operate at optimum speed in terms of the number of transitions made and use only static CMOS gates. By reducing the number of switching events per state transition, noise due to the switching events is reduced and dynamic power dissipation may also be reduced. This approach is suitable for asynchronous sequential circuits that are designed from flow tables or state transition diagrams. The proposed approach may also be useful for designing synchronous circuits, but explorations into the subject of clock power would be necessary to determine its usefulness. >
Behavior of the Bergman projection on the Diederich-Fornæss worm

w 1. Introduction In this paper we show that the Bergman projection operator for certain smooth bounded pseudoconvex domains does not preserve smoothness as measured by Sobolev norms. Let Q be a smooth bounded pseudoconvex domain in C" and let p~t) denote the orthogonal projection from L2(f~) onto the Bergman subspace B(ff~)=L2(~) f3 r with respect to the weighted norm I{fll~ J'olf(z)l 2 e-t{lzll2dV)l/2. Let wk(t)) denote the Sobolev space consisting of functions whose derivatives of order ~ -to(k, g2). On the other hand, there is a large collection of results implying that for certain types of domains the unweighted Bergman projection p=pr preserves W k for all k~0. (See [FK] for the strictly pseudoconvex case; for results on weakly pseudoconvex domains the reader may consult [Ko2], [Ca], [Si] and the recent [BStl], [Ch] as well as the references cited therein. Most of these results are focused on the a-Neumann operator rather than P; see [BSt2] for the connection. Also, except for [Kol], positive results in this area are typically valid for any choice of smooth positive weight function on 0.) The question of whether or not P is similarly well-behaved for all weakly pseudoconvex domains has remained open for many years. In this paper we show that this is not the case; in fact when Q is the so-called "worm domain" of Diederich and Forna~ss then P does not map W* to W k when k>~zr/(total amount of winding). This latter quantity is explained in section 4 below, where the construction of the worm is reviewed and the main result is proved. The proof depends on computations for a piecewise Levi-flat model domain depending in turn on certain one-dimensional computations; these are treated in sections 3 and 2, respectively. Section 5 contains additional remarks and questions.
Application of G-transformation to reduce higher transcendental functions

Abstract The fundamental method for obtaining heretofore unknown lower-order representations of higher transcendental functions encountered in reactor physics and in environmental dose calculations is presented. The development is based on the interrelations between generalized hypergeometric functions and Meijer's G -function which gives rise to the concept of G -transformation. The use and application of the method is demonstrated by considering the problems of atmospheric dispersion of radionuclides with transient source terms and by pointing out the significantly reduced requirements for computational time and effort.
Design, synthesis and DNA-cleavage of Gly-Gly-His-naphthalene diimide conjugates.

Abstract Naphthalene diimides with one and two metal-chelating Gly-Gly-His (GGH) motifs have been synthesized. Both conjugates induce single-stranded cleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA in the presence of nickel and Oxone and are approximately 100-fold more efficient than Ni(II)·GGH-CONH 2 itself.
Stereoselective determination of apomorphine enantiomers in serum with a cellulose-based high-performance liquid chromatographic chiral column using solid-phase extraction and ultraviolet detection.

Abstract A novel and rapid method for the separation and determination of R-(−)- and S-(+)-enantiomers of apomorphine in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection is reported. The method involved a solid-phase extraction of the R-(−)- and S-(+)-enantiomers of apomorphine and the internal standard R-(−)-propylnorapomorphine from serum using a C8 Bond-Elut column. The HPLC system consisted of a reversed-phase cellulose-based chiral column (Chiralcel OD-R, 250×4.6 mm I.D.) with a mobile phase of 35:65 (v/v) acetonitrile-0.05 M sodium perchlorate (pH 2.0, adjusted with 60–62% perchloric acid) at a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min with UV detection at 273 nm. The detection and quantitation limits were 10 ng/ml for each enantiomer using 1 ml of serum. Linear calibration curves from 10 to 1000 ng/ml for both R-(−)- and S-(+)-enantiomers show coefficient of determination of more than 0.9995. Precision calculated as %R.S.D. and accuracy calculated as % error were 0.2–4.7 and 3.1–6.9%, respectively, for the R-(−)-enantiomer and 1.3–4.2 and 0.3–6.8%, respectively, for the S-(+)-enantiomer.