cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hydrogen--deuterium exchange study of the conformation of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase.

Abstract An infrared spectrophotometric method was used to study the hydrogen-deuterium exchange of the allosteric enzyme bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) [ l -glutamate: NAD(P) oxidoreductase (deaminating) EC 1.4.1.3] dissolved in D 2 O. The concentration dependence of the hydrogen exchange and the responses of the exchange characteristics to the presence of regulatory reagents, coenzymes, and substrates were studied. GTP, NADP, and l -methionine increased the extent of exchange, while NAD, GDP, GTP plus NADH, GDP plus NADP, and l -leucine decreased the extent of exchange. The effect of NADH varied with enzyme concentration. Diethylstilbestrol, NADPH, ADP, ATP, and l -glutamate had very little effect on the exchange. The extent of exchange in the absence of modifiers was found to be markedly decreased by increasing the GDH concentration. This has been attributed to a change in conformation or motility in conjunction with the known linear aggregation of GDH.
Boundary controllability for conservative PDEs

Boundary observability and controllability problems for evolution equations governed by PDEs have been greatly studied in the past years. However, the problems were studied on a case-by-case basis, only for some particular types of boundary controls, and, moreover, several unnatural restrictions concerning lower-order terms were used. Our goal here is to give a general approach for boundary controllability problems, which is valid for all evolution PDEs of hyperbolic or ultrahyperbolic type, all boundary controls for which the corresponding homogeneous problem is well-posed, and all well-posedness spaces for the homogeneous problem. The first example of such equations is the class of hyperbolic equations, but valid examples are also equations such as the Schroedinger equation and various models for the plate equation. This work is essentially based on some apriori estimates of Carleman's type obtained by the author in a previous paper [29].
Synthesis, Magnetic Characterization, and Sensing Applications of Novel Dextran-Coated Iron Oxide Nanorods

Monodisperse, water-soluble dextran-coated iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanorods were synthesized using a facile and scalable approach. Our room temperature method involves the mixing of an acidic solution of iron salts with a basic solution of ammonium hydroxide to facilitate initial formation of iron oxide crystals. The stability, crystallinity, and shape of these nanorods depends on the time of addition of the dextran, as well as the degree of purity of the polymer. The as-synthesized nanorods exhibit unique magnetic properties, including superparamagnetic behavior and high spin−spin water relaxivity (R2). Additionally, they possess enhanced peroxidase-like activity when compared to those reported in the literature for spherical iron oxide nanoparticles. Thus, this high yield synthetic method for polymer-coated iron oxide nanorods will expedite their use in applications from magnetic sensors, devices, and nanocomposites with magnetic and catalytic properties.
Vision‐based terrain characterization and traversability assessment

© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com)
Greedy Algorithm for Error Correction in Automatically Produced Boundaries from Low Contrast Ventriculograms

Non-homogeneous mixing of the dye with the blood in the left ventricle chamber of the heart causes poor contrast in the ventriculograms. The pixel-based classifiers [1] operating on these ventriculograms yield boundaries which are not close to ground truth boundaries as delineated by the cardiologist. They have a mean boundary error of 6.4 mm and an error of 12.5 mm in the apex zone. These errors have a systematic positional and orientational bias, the boundary being under-estimated in the apex zone. This paper discusses two calibration methods: the identical coefficient and the independent coefficient to remove these systematic biases. From these methods, we constitute a fused algorithm which reduces the boundary error compared to either of the calibration methods. The algorithm, in a greedy way, computes which and how many vertices of the left ventricle boundary can be taken from the computed boundary of each method in order to best improve the performance. The corrected boundaries have a mean error of less than 3.5 mm with a standard deviation of 3.4 mm over the approximately 6 × 10 4 vertices in the data set of 291 studies. Our method reduces the mean boundary error by 2.9 mm over the boundary produced by the classifier. We also show that the calibration algorithm performs better in the apex zone where the dye is unable to propagate. For end diastole, the algorithm reduces the error in the apex zone by 8.5 mm over the pixel-based classifier boundaries.
Ethics of technology introduction: theory and methods

The introduction of new health care technologies raises a number of ethical considerations that should be addressed by researchers, industry, clinicians, patients, funders, and policy makers. The ethical dimensions of new technologies should be evaluated with respect to: (1) their potential to benefit those by and for whom they are intended to be used and the risks of harm that they pose to patients and society; (2) the degree to which they create or foreclose meaningful options to patients and clinicians; (3) and whether they will reduce or increase societal inequalities regarding access to treatment and the allocation of goods and services. These principles should be considered relevant to five interrelated categories: (1) essential concepts and definitions; (2) diagnosis; (3) prevention and therapy; (4) research; and (5) allocation.
Reversal of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism by Phosphate Restriction Restores Parathyroid Calcium‐Sensing Receptor Expression and Function

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (2° HPT), a common disorder in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, is characterized by hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), parathyroid hyperplasia, and decreased expression of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). Dietary phosphate loading promotes 2° HPT, and phosphate restriction prevents and arrests 2° HPT in CRF. This study examined the ability of phosphate restriction to restore parathyroid CaR expression and function. Uremic rats fed a 1.2% P diet for 2 weeks developed 2° HPT with down-regulated CaR expression. Continuation on the 1.2% P diet for 2 more weeks worsened the 2° HPT and further decreased CaR, but switching the rats to a 0.2% P diet for 2 weeks normalized PTH, arrested parathyroid hyperplasia, and restored CaR expression to normal. The calcium-PTH relationship was abnormal in uremic rats fed a high phosphate (HP) diet with a right-shifted calcium set point but was corrected by 2 weeks of phosphate restriction. A time course revealed that following the switch to a low phosphate diet, PTH levels were normalized by day 1, and growth was arrested by day 2, but CaR expression was restored between days 7 and 14. We conclude that although phosphate restriction restores CaR expression and function in parathyroid glands of uremic rats, it is a late event and not involved in the arrest of 2° HPT.
Somatostatin-induced gastric protection against ethanol: involvement of nitric oxide and effects on gastric mucosal blood flow.

Abstract Background–aims: The mechanisms of somatostatin-mediated gastroprotection are not fully understood. Aims of this study were to determine in the rat the role of nitric oxide (NO) in somatostatin-induced effects on gastric mucosal protection and blood flow (GMBF) in the absence and in the presence of intraluminal ethanol. Methods: Ethanol (70% v/v)-induced gastric mucosal injury after orogastric dosing was quantitated at 30 min and GMBF determined in an ex vivo gastric chamber preparation. Results: Somatostatin (4 μg/kg; i.p.) protection against ethanol-induced ulceration was prevented by the NO inhibitor l -NNA and restored by l -arginine, but not d -arginine. Somatostatin (1–8 μg/kg; i.p.) did not effect basal GMBF. The gastroprotective dose of somatostatin (4 μg/kg; i.p.) prevented the decrease in GMBF caused by ethanol. l -NNA reversed this vascular effect of somatostatin. Conclusion: Somatostatin-induced gastroprotection and restoration of GMBF during ethanol exposure involve mechanisms which are dependent on NO generation.
Quasi-Two-Body Scaling: A Study of High-Momentum Nucleons in Nuclear Matter

I show that the shapes of the differential cross sections for the "backward" production of high-energy particles ($p, d, t, \dots{}, {\mathrm{B}}^{11}$), by projectiles of various types ($p, d, \ensuremath{\alpha}$), from nuclei of any $A$ (Be,...,U), and for a large range of incident momenta and backward angles, can be related by quasi-two-body kinematics. This permits the direct determination of the shape of the momentum distribution of high-momentum nucleons in nuclear matter. This distribution is shown to be $F(k)=\frac{\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{k}{{k}_{0}})}{k}$ over the range 0.4 to 1.5 GeV/c.
How Is Playroom Behavior Observation Used in the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder

Abstract The present article describes an observational playroom procedure (Structured Observation of Academic and Play Settings) for evaluating symptomatic behaviors of hyperactive boys in the clinic setting. Previous research has demonstrated that observer-coded measures of on-task behavior and activity level can reliably discriminate hyperactive boys from non-referred boys. Subsequent work, furthermore, has shown that hyperactive boys can be differentiated from aggressive boys and also from boys with a mixed symptom picture of hyperactiviry plus aggression. Our studies have generally found that the percentage of time spent on task during the Restricted Academic portion of the observation was the most sensitive variable. Case studies are presented to illustrate the differing pattern of playroom behavior in boys with different types of externalizing disorders. Current research efforts are focused on assessing the robustness of this playroom assessment procedure.
The effect of a difficult word on the transitional error probabilities within a sentence

A model has been proposed to account for the way Ss produce or recall sentences during learning ( Johnson, 1966 , Miller, 1956 ). One implication of the model is that the phrase structure of a sentence should determine the points within the sentence where an S would terminate his recall attempt if he did not know the entire sentence. The probability of terminating at each word-to-word transition in the sentence (stop TEP) was computed and the data supported the model. A second aspect of the model was tested also. It was hypothesized that if a difficult word were to be introduced into a sentence there would be an increase in the stop TEP on all, and only, transitions which also represented transitions to immediate constituents which contained the difficult item. The data supported that hypothesis as well.
A papillomalike growth on the siphon of the horse clam, Tresus nuttalli

Abstract A description of a cone-shaped papillomalike growth occurring on the siphon of the horse clam, Tresus nuttalli, is given. The growth, located on the right side of the siphon, was composed of normal-appearing but irregularly arranged muscle cells similar to those in the adjacent siphon.
Role of calcium antagonists for heart rate control in atrial fibrillation

Abstract Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common symptomatic sustained arrhythmias seen in clinical practice. Many patients with atrial fibrillation and a ventricular response >120 beats/min will experience cardiac symptoms. In the past, control of heart rate in these patients consisted of administration of intravenous digoxin, but this often proved to be ineffective or limited by toxteity. Recently, intravenous β blockers such as esmoiol have been used to slow the ventricular rate during atrial arrhythmias, but in some studies their use has been limited by hypotension. Alternatively, a bolus of an intravenous calcium antagonist, e.g., diltiazem or verapamil, may be administered to achieve acute slowing of the ventricular response. An intravenous bolus of diltiazem or verapamil may be effective, but use of either may be limited by its short duration of action and the inability to administer repeated boluses to tightly control or “fine tune” the heart rate. However, a new bolus plus maintenance infusion technique with diltiazem has shown promise in initial studies. It appears that in the future, continuous infusion techniques with intravenous calcium antagonists will be available that provide safe and effective sustained control of the ventricular response during atrial arrhythmias.
So Close and Yet So Far: Promotion Versus Exit for CEO Heirs Apparent

“Heirs apparent” are frequently a central component of CEO successions but have been largely ignored in the succession literature. Our study examines heir apparent tenures and two contrasting outco...
Parallel Algorithms for VLSI Layout Verification

Layout verification determines whether the polygons that represent different mask layers in the chip conform to the technology specifications. Commercial layout verification programs can take tens of hours to run in the flattened representations for large designs. It is therefore desirable to run the DRC problem in parallel to reduce the runtimes. Also, the memory requirements of large chips are such that the entire chip description may not fit in the memory of a single workstation; hence, parallel processing allows one to distribute the memory requirements of the problem across multiple processors. In this paper, we will present a parallel implementation of a design-rule-checking program called ProperDRC which is implemented on top of the ProperCAD environment. ProperDRC has two novel contributions over previous work. First, it is portable across a large number of multiprocessor platforms, including shared memory multiprocessors, message-passing distributed memory multiprocessors, and hybrid architectures comprised of uni- and multiprocessor workstations connected by a network. Second, ProperDRC is able to exploit multiple levels of parallelism. It can utilize data parallelism, task parallelism, or a simultaneous combination of the two types of parallelism to perform DRC operations concurrently on a multiprocessor architecture. This paper presents specifics of the implementation of ProperDRC, provides an analysis of the methods used to obtain parallelism, addresses load balancing issues, and reports on experimental results on various benchmark circuits.
Automated construction of rulebases for forest resource planning

Abstract In recent years the application of geographic information systems (GIS) has moved from highly specialized areas to general use. This trend stimulates the need for easy-to-use GIS based tools. In forest resource management, expert systems to support resource planning is one such tool. The STARR LAB in a cooperative project with the USDA Forest Service has developed the Rulebase Toolkit to expedite the process of developing rulebases to support Forest Service district-specific resource planning tasks. The design concept of the Rulebase Toolkit is that the complexity of integrating GIS, database management systems and expert systems should be hidden from an ordinary resource manager. This can be done by providing templates through the graphical user interface of the Toolkit. The templates provide transparent links to the GIS and underlying databases. A set of pre-defined spatial functions and database query functions are also built into those templates. With such utilities, the resource manager, as a rulebase developer, can simply point and click to define parameters, conditions and weights of the `IF THEN' rules based on the underlying spatial data layers and the database tables. Once all the heuristic rules are defined, the construction of the rulebase is then automated by the system. There are three types of rules supported by the Rulebase Toolkit. Score rules assign a quantitative weight to the relevant decision based on the truth of the facts involved within the condition(s) of a heuristic rule. Query rules retrieve data from the database related to a pertinent spatial data layer. Spatial rules process all needed spatial manipulation to generate spatially oriented facts for use by the score rules. The current implementation of the Rulebase Toolkit supports only a limited set of spatial functions such as calculating slopes and aspects or generating buffers and calculating distances. To make this toolkit more useful, a more comprehensive and generalized framework should be re-engineered.
A comparison study of models and fitting procedures for biphasic viral dynamics in HIV-1 infected patients treated with antiviral therapies.

Summary. The study of HIV dynamics is one of the most important developments in recent AIDS research. It has led to a new understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection. But, although important findings in HIV dynamics have been published in prestigious scientific journals in the last 5 years, the model-fitting procedures used in these publications have not been studied in any detail. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of four model-fitting procedures proposed and used in biphasic HIV dynamic data analysis via extensive Monte Carlo simulations. We propose some guidelines for practitioners to select an appropriate method for their own data analysis. Real data examples from an AIDS clinical trial are provided as illustrations.
Signal distortion in an adaptive excision system

A narrowband signal excision system uses spatial light modulators in the spatial frequency domain to notch energy caused by narrowband interferers. We review the signal excision process and discuss the optical system developed to monitor the noise spectrum. A postdetection system searches for narrowband interferers in wideband spectra and provides control signals to implement the required notch; experimental results of the distortion imposed on short pulse signals are given.
Diabetes Awareness and Knowledge Among Latinos: Does a Usual Source of Healthcare Matter?

Objective To provide national prevalence estimates of usual source of healthcare (USHC), and examine the relationship between USHC and diabetes awareness and knowledge among Latinos using a modified Andersen model of healthcare access.
Effect of quetiapine vs. placebo on response to two virtual public speaking exposures in individuals with social phobia

Abstract Objective Clinical practice and open-label studies suggest that quetiapine (an atypical anti-psychotic) might improve symptoms for individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD). The purpose of this study was to provide a rigorous test of the acute impact of a single dose of quetiapine (25 mg) on SAD symptoms. Method Individuals with SAD (N = 20) were exposed to a 4-min virtual reality (VR) public speaking challenge after having received quetiapine or placebo (double-blind) 1 h earlier. A parallel VR challenge occurred 1 week later using a counter-balanced cross-over (within subject) design for the medication-placebo order between the two sessions. Result There was no significant drug effect for quetiapine on the primary outcome measures. However, quetiapine was associated with significantly elevated heart rate and sleepiness compared with placebo. Conclusion Study findings suggest that a single dose of 25 mg quetiapine is not effective in alleviating SAD symptoms in individuals with fears of public speaking.
Spin pseudogap and c-axis transport

Abstract We present a simple phenomenological model of the c -axis resistivity in the layered cuprates which accounts for the major features and systematics of experiments on the c -axis resistivity, ϱ c , for La 2 − x Sr x CuO 4 , YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 + x and Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 . We associate the low temperature semiconductor-like upturn in the c -axis resistivity with the suppression of the planar density of states measured in the Knight shift experiments.
A trojan horse approach for silencing thymidylate synthase.

In this paper we present a new and possibly more effective way of inhibiting thymidylate synthase (TS) in cells than through the use of substrate analogue inhibitors. An inactive double mutant of TS (DM), Arg 1 2 6 Glu/Cys 1 4 6 Trp, is shown to progressively impair the reactivation of native Escherichia coli TS when the two are denatured together in vitro. The individual single mutant proteins Arg 1 2 6 Glu and Cys 1 4 6 Trp showed little or no inhibition. When the DM is introduced into E. coli and induced from an expression plasmid, the mutant subunits act as a decoy in deceiving newly formed native TS subunits to fold with them to yield inactive heterodimers. As a consequence of the depletion of TS, the cells die a "thymineless" death when grown in medium devoid of thymine. Addition of thymine to the medium enables the cells to grow normally, although only very low levels of TS activity could be detected in those cells containing induced DM. The individual single-site mutations of the DM, Arg 1 2 6 Glu and Cys 1 4 6 -Trp, did not inhibit growth, as might be expected from the in vitro studies. However, when a nontoxic level of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) is added to growing DM-transformed cells, the combination is lethal to the cells. These experiments suggest that a similar dominant-negative response to the DM of TS could be affected in tumor cells, for which preliminary evidence is presented. This technique, either alone or combined with other modalities, suggest a new approach to targeting cells for chemotherapy.
Who makes the news? Descriptions of television news interviewees' public personae

Television news interviews afford audiences — and social scientists — the opportunity to observe the casting and recasting of interviewees' public personae, as accomplished through the interplay of interviewers' questions and interviewees' responses to those questions. Based on a video-taped corpus of news interviews broadcast in the UK and USA, this article examines person-description as an interactional practice employed by interviewers to characterize and identify interviewees in the course of questioning them. The author analyzes three standard uses of person-description by interviewers: (1) to establish interviewees' expertise, (2) to juxtapose multiple perspectives and (3) to challenge their positions. Three types of interviewee responses that display interviewees' orientations to the relevances of those descriptions are also analyzed. The concluding discussion considers the significance of the analysis for an extensive sociological literature on the relationship between news sources and the product...
On the Determination of Empirical Stellar Flux Scales

Several studies have appeared in the literature describing methods for deriving stellar continuum fluxes as simple functions of Johnson color indices. In previous papers, we have used similar relations to derive Ca II H and K line core fluxes for dwarf stars on Lowell Observatory's Solar-Stellar Spectrograph (SSS) program. Our desire is to present our data, and complementary data from the Mt. Wilson and National Solar Observatory stellar and solar programs, in terms of physical fluxes. However, our existing relations break down for mid-K and later stars and for giant stars, which form an important element of our target list. In this work I have used a broader range of spectrophotometry and angular diamters than in our previous work to derive empirical flux scales for spectral types A to early M, luminosity classes I to V, and for four color indices, Johnson B-V, V-R, R-I, and Stromgren b-y. In this paper, I describe the methods I used and present the desired flux scales. I compare the results with those from earlier studies and present examples of the use of the flux scales. The data and results are available on the World Wide Web.
Fluorescent-labeled microsatellite panels useful for detecting allelic diversity in cultivated rice ( Oryza sativa L.).

Four multiplex panels of fluorescent-labeled rice microsatellite markers were designed to survey allelic diversity at a total of 27 simple sequence repeat loci. Automated fragment detection, size calling and binning were used to identify the microsatellite alleles. The panels were tested on 72 accessions representing the diversity of ecotypes and isozyme groups in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). Genetic diversity was evaluated by estimating the distribution and range of allele sizes, as well as the polymorphism information content (PIC), for each microsatellite locus. The multiplex panels were shown to be useful for fingerprinting and for clustering rice varieties, and genetic associations determined in this analysis agreed well with previous isozyme- and RFLP-based studies of these genotypes. Because of the wide cross-section of germplasm represented, we expect that the allele size-ranges reported here are close to the maximum for cultivated rice. In the future, panels of microsatellites from each rice chromosome will be made to facilitate the mapping of segregating populations and the identification of genes and QTLs underlying traits of interest.
Comparison of contact lens overrefraction and standard keratometry for measuring corneal curvature in eyes with lenticular opacity.

Abstract Purpose To assess the accuracy of corneal power measurement by contact lens overrefraction in patients with normal corneas and to determine the suitability of this method for use in intraocular lens (IOL) calculations. Setting General ophthalmology clinic at a public hospital (Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA). Methods Using contact lens overrefraction (CLO) and standard keratometry, the corneal power in 33 eyes of 20 normal patients and patients scheduled for cataract extraction was prospectively measured. The eyes were divided into 3 groups based on their best spectacle-corrected visual acuity: (1) 20/20 to 20/40, (2) 20/50 to 20/70, and (3) 20/80 to 20/400. For each group, the means (absolute and arithmetic), standard deviations, and ranges of differences in corneal power as measured by CLO and keratometry were calculated. These values were used to estimate the induced variance in refractive outcome for IOL calculations. Results The mean absolute differences in corneal power by group were 0.35 diopter (D) ± 0.18 (SD), 0.54 ± 0.33 D, and 0.77 ± 0.28 D, respectively. The mean arithmetic differences in corneal power were −0.05 ± 0.39 D, +0.37 ± 0.51 D, and +0.17 ± 0.80 D, respectively. Conclusions In eyes of patients with good visual acuity (20/20 to 20/40), corneal power measurements by CLO and keratometry were similar. The accuracy of the CLO-derived value decreased with increasing media opacity but was still acceptable with acuity of 20/70. Contact lens overrefraction may be a viable alternative to refractive history and videokeratography for estimating true corneal power in patients with surgically altered or irregular corneas.
Identification of Capsid Mutations That Alter the Rate of HIV-1 Uncoating in Infected Cells

UNLABELLED After viral fusion with the cell membrane, the conical capsid of HIV-1 disassembles by a process called uncoating. We recently utilized the cyclosporine (CsA) washout assay, in which TRIM-CypA-mediated restriction of viral replication is used to detect the state of the viral capsid, to study the kinetics of uncoating in HIV-1-infected cells. Here we have extended this analysis to examine the effects of p24 capsid protein (p24(CA)) mutations and cellular environment on the kinetics of uncoating in infected cells. We found that p24(CA) mutations can significantly increase (A92E), delay (E45A and N74D), or have no effect (G94D) on the rate of uncoating and that these alterations are not due to changes in reverse transcription. Inhibition of reverse transcription delayed uncoating kinetics to an extent similar to that of the wild-type virus with all the p24(CA) mutant viruses tested. In addition, we observed differences in uncoating in two cell lines, which suggests that the cellular environment can differentially impact the disassembly of wild-type and mutant capsids. Collectively, these experiments suggest that viral and cellular factors are important for the process of uncoating. Finally, these data support the model whereby early steps in reverse transcription facilitate HIV-1 uncoating. IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 capsid is a cone-shaped structure, composed of the HIV-1-encoded protein p24(CA), which contains the viral RNA and other proteins needed for infection. After the virus enters a target cell, this capsid must disassemble by a process called uncoating. Uncoating is required for HIV-1 infection to progress, but the details of how this process occurs is not known. In this study, we used an in vivo assay to examine the uncoating process in HIV-1-infected cells. We determined that p24(CA) mutations could increase or decrease the rate of uncoating and that this rate varied in different cell lines. We also found that reverse transcription of the viral RNA altered the process of uncoating before the p24(CA) mutations. Collectively, these experiments provide a better understanding of how viral and cellular factors are involved with a poorly understood step in HIV-1 infection.
Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 4.0) Simulation for Tunnel Fire Scenarios with Forced, Transient, Longitudinal Ventilation Flows

In this study, a series of sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) version 4.0, for tunnel fire simulations. A tunnel fire test with a fire size on the order of a 100 MW with forced, time-varying longitudinal ventilation was chosen from the Memorial Tunnel Ventilation Test Program (MTVTP) after considering recent tunnel fire accidents and the use of CFD models in practice. A careful study of grid size and parameters used in the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model—turbulent Prandtl number, turbulent Schmidt number, and Smagorinsky constant—was conducted. More detailed analyses were performed to refine the smoke layer prediction of FDS, especially on backflow (i.e., a reversed smoke flow near the ceiling). Also, energy conservation was checked for this scenario in FDS. A simple guideline is given for smoke layer simulations using FDS for similar tunnel fire scenarios.
Studies on the Pyridoxin Requirements of Laying and Breeding Hens

Abstract IN A previous paper, Cravens, Sebesta. Halpin and Hart (1943) demonstrated the essential nature for pyridoxin for egg production, hatchability and the maintenance of body weight in mature fowl. Although 1.0 mg. of added pyridoxin per kilogram of ration appeared to give results comparable to the higher levels fed, no attempt was made from this experiment to define the requirements of laying hens for this vitamin. We wish to report here the results of a further experiment designed to determine the pyridoxin requirements of laying and breeding hens. EXPERIMENTAL Single Comb White Leghorn pullets from the Experiment Station flock were used in this experiment. These birds were reared on range and placed in an individual cage laying battery September 1, 1942. From this time until December 14, 1942, when the experimental feeding was started, the birds were fed a practical breeding mash with grain. Just prior to the experimental period, . . .
Overview of Acceleration for a Neutrino Factory

This paper is an overview of the acceleration issues for a Neutrino Factory. It will discuss the types of acceleration used for muons in different energy regimes, the choices of RF frequency, the injection and extraction for accelerator rings, and the cost considerations.
Unique techniques for cell cycle analysis utilizing mithramycin and flow microfluorometry

Abstract Cell cycle analysis through utilization of the mithramycin/flow microfluorometric technique combines simplicity (one-step cell preparation) with speed (results available within 20 min after removal of a sample from a culture). Furthermore, the technique is useful in many situations in which standard 3 H-thymidine autoradiography and mitotic accumulation are unsatisfactory. Examples are provided which demonstrate a continuous monitoring of experiments in progress, including analysis of populations devoid of cells in S or M phases, analysis of arrested or slowly progressing populations resulting from exposure to toxic agents, detection of abnormalities in mitosis such as nondisjunction and polyploidization, and localization within the cell cycle of dying cells in cultures exposed to toxic agents.
The Baby and the Bathwater: Hans Jonas's Recovery of Aristotelian Biological Concepts

The idiom referred to in the title, “don't throw out the baby with the bath water,” instructs us to keep what is essential and to only throw away what is inessential. Bathing babies has the well-being of the child in mind, the end result of which is cleanliness. Efficiency in the task of cleaning is secondary. No one would throw away a baby when draining the baby's bathwater. Somewhat analogously, science and philosophy each have the goal of the attainment of truth in mind. Part and parcel of this search for truth has been the attachment of being parsimonious, especially since William of Ockham. If the goal is truth, then one cannot get lost in the pursuit of parsimony, therefore losing the truth. The goal of finding the truth must remain intact; the method of parsimony at best remains subservient to the attainment of truth. Hans Jonas believed this regarding truth and pursued the criticism of reductive materialism as part and parcel of his research program in philosophy of biology and philosophical anthr...
Some remarks on generalized Riemann integral

Because of the desire to calculate the areas of elementary figures, a variety of integrals has been established, popular among which are the Lebesgue integral and the Riemann integral. It is clear that Riemann integral is fundamental in elementary calculus and it can be used to define and calculate many geometric and physical quantities, such as area, volume, and work. However, the Riemann integral has its limitations. The theory of the Lebesgue integral reveals that the Riemann integral is basically used for continuous functions. In fact, f: [a, b] -+ R is Riemann integrable iff S is continuous a.e. on [a, b]. Also, as is known, the convergence theorems for this integral are severely restricted. With the motivation of generalizing the Riemann integral so as to enlarge the class of integrable functions for which the convergence theorems hold, the Lebesgue integral was successfully established. Generalizations of the Lebesgue integral, such as the Perron integral and special Denjoy integral, appeared later. The most interesting generalization is the generalized Riemann integral (GR integral for short), discovered by Kurzweil and Henstock independently, although it is equivalent to Perron and special Denjoy integrals. Contrary to the classical exposition of the Lebesgue integral which needs the concepts of measurable sets and measurable functions, before defining the integral, one can define the GR integral directly based on Riemann sums; therefore, the definition is constructive. Then, if one wishes, one can find all the Lebesgue measurable sets and measurable functions via the definition of GR integral. Furthermore, all the convergence theorems can be proved using the definition of the integral [l-3]. It is known that f is Lebesgue integrable iff both f and If] are GR integrable. Hence, the Lebesgue integral can be introduced through the GR integral, avoiding measure theory. Since the definition of the GR integral is very similar to that of the Riemann integral, one can easily grasp the 515 0022-247X/89 $3.00
The Development of a Collaborative Distance Learning Program to Facilitate Pediatric Problem-based Learning

Introduction. A team of pediatric educators at the University of Colorado School of Medicine teamed with faculty and graduate students from the University of Colorado-Denver to develop a prototype program to support medical students’ learning of national pediatric curricular objectives, regardless of their clinical location and variable patient exposure. Description. This hybrid Web/CD-ROM program allows “virtual” problem- based learning teams composed of four to five students and a faculty member to collaborate asynchronously through a digital video patient case. One prototype case has been developed and funding has been secured to develop a bank of cases to support the national pediatric curriculum. Discussion. Cases delivered by digital video provide a rich medium for visual and auditory cues to patient evaluation, which in turn encourage the development of visual recognition skills needed in clinical practice. Such cases also model appropriate professional behavior and allow students to solve clinical problems in authentic clinical situations.
EDAAS: an expert system at the US Environmental Protection Agency for avoiding disclosure of confidential business information

: This paper describes the design and operation of an expert system used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to help screen Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. The system is called the Expert Disclosure Analysis and Avoidance System (EDAAS). It assists public information specialists to determine which information concerning the manufacture and distribution of toxic chemicals may be released to the public without compromising other sensitive company data which EPA is legally obligated to protect from public disclosure.
Focal Necrotizing Myocarditis without Interstitial Infiltration

Sudden death occurred in a patient considered to have a myocardial infarction. Detailed microscopic examination revealed a focal necrotizing myocarditis without interstitial infiltration. The original connective tissue framework without collagen in many of the areas where muscle fibers disappeared precludes the term myocardial fibrosis. A pathologic classification is suggested. No adequate etiologic agent could be found.
Strengths and weaknesses of the Information Technology curriculum in Library and Information Science graduate programs

This research highlights the status of the information technology (IT) skills and competencies being taught at LIS schools in the United States. Results list specific IT topics that the library schools are teaching and the ones that are missing from the curriculum. Based on a literature review these skills are then juxtaposed with the expectations of the employers as well as the graduates of these programs. This research was conducted in multiple steps, starting from extensive literature review, secondary data collection regarding courses from top LIS schools’ websites, identifying and creating an IT competency list, content analysis on the course names and descriptions in relation to IT competencies and recommendations for further improvement. In conclusion, some potential courses consisting of the lacking IT skills are proposed as a recommendation.
Time-dose relationships for local tumor control and complications following irradiation of squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue

Between October 1964 and September 1981, 114 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue were treated with curative intent by a radical course of irradiation at the University of Florida. With a minimum 2-year follow-up, local control was achieved in 78, 65, 76, and 17% of T1, T2, T3, and T4 lesions, respectively. Control results could be correlated with time-dose factors and treatment techniques. No patient required mandibulectomy for osteoradionecrosis following radiation therapy. Complications of bone and soft tissue could not be related to time-dose factors.
Quantitative imaging as cancer biomarker

The ability to assay tumor biologic features and the impact of drugs on tumor biology is fundamental to drug development. Advances in our ability to measure genomics, gene expression, protein expression, and cellular biology have led to a host of new targets for anticancer drug therapy. In translating new drugs into clinical trials and clinical practice, these same assays serve to identify patients most likely to benefit from specific anticancer treatments. As cancer therapy becomes more individualized and targeted, there is an increasing need to characterize tumors and identify therapeutic targets to select therapy most likely to be successful in treating the individual patient’s cancer. Thus far assays to identify cancer therapeutic targets or anticancer drug pharmacodynamics have been based upon in vitro assay of tissue or blood samples. Advances in molecular imaging, particularly PET, have led to the ability to perform quantitative non-invasive molecular assays. Imaging has traditionally relied on structural and anatomic features to detect cancer and determine its extent. More recently, imaging has expanded to include the ability to image regional biochemistry and molecular biology, often termed molecular imaging. Molecular imaging can be considered an in vivo assay technique, capable of measuring regional tumor biology without perturbing it. This makes molecular imaging a unique tool for cancer drug development, complementary to traditional assay methods, and a potentially powerful method for guiding targeted therapy in clinical trials and clinical practice. The ability to quantify, in absolute measures, regional in vivo biologic parameters strongly supports the use of molecular imaging as a tool to guide therapy. This review summarizes current and future applications of quantitative molecular imaging as a biomarker for cancer therapy, including the use of imaging to (1) identify patients whose tumors express a specific therapeutic target; (2) determine whether the drug reaches the target; (3) identify an early response to treatment; and (4) predict the impact of therapy on long-term outcomes such as survival. The manuscript reviews basic concepts important in the application of molecular imaging to cancer drug therapy, in general, and will discuss specific examples of studies in humans, and highlight future directions, including ongoing multi-center clinical trials using molecular imaging as a cancer biomarker.
Augmenting Breath Regulation Using a Mobile Driven Virtual Reality Therapy Framework

This paper presents a conceptual framework of a virtual reality therapy to assist individuals, especially lung cancer patients or those with breathing disorders to regulate their breath through real-time analysis of respiration movements using a smartphone. Virtual reality technology is an attractive means for medical simulations and treatment, particularly for patients with cancer. The theories, methodologies and approaches, and real-world dynamic contents for all the components of this virtual reality therapy (VRT) via a conceptual framework using the smartphone will be discussed. The architecture and technical aspects of the offshore platform of the virtual environment will also be presented.
Social Influences on Conservation: Lessons from U.S. Recovery Programs for Marine Mammals

: Marine mammal recovery programs authorized by the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act and the U.S. Endangered Species Act face many challenges. In addition to biological uncertainty, social, organizational, and other conditions influence the decision-making behavior of program participants. From 1996 to 1999, I analyzed the decision-making behavior of participants in five marine mammal recovery programs. Based on a literature review and interviews with 90 program participants, I identified, described, and analyzed the principal influences on participant behavior. Results indicate that decision-making and participant interactions are influenced strongly, and in some cases predominantly, by social factors such as leadership characteristics, communication, teamwork, the presence or absence of evaluation, organizational culture, and program participants' ideologies. These findings indicate the need to improve marine mammal recovery programs through training, evaluation, and the development of prototype programs that incorporate and explicitly apply social factors to problem solving and then use their experience as a model for future programs. Resumen: Los programas de recuperacion de mamiferos marinos autorizados por el Acta para la Proteccion de Mamiferos Marinos y el Acta de Especies Amenazadas de U.S.A. enfrentan muchos retos. Ademas de la incertidumbre biologica, las condiciones sociales, las condiciones organizativas y otras condiciones influyen en la conducta de los participantes en los procesos de toma de decisiones. Analice la conducta de los participantes en los procesos de toma de decisiones de 1996 a 1999, en cinco programas de recuperacion de mamiferos marinos. En base a una revision bibliografica y entrevistas hechas a 90 participantes de los programas, identifique, describi y analice las principales influencias sobre la conducta de los participantes. Los resultados indican que la toma de decisiones y las interacciones de participantes son fuertemente influenciadas y en muchos casos de manera predominante, por factores sociales como las caracteristicas de liderazgo, la comunicacion, el trabajo en equipo, la presencia o ausencia de evaluaciones, la cultura organizativa y las ideologias de los participantes del programa. Estos resultados indican la necesidad de mejorar los programas de recuperacion de mamiferos marinos mediante la capacitacion, la evaluacion y el desarrollo de programas prototipo de recuperacion que incorporen y apliquen explicitamente los factores sociales al proceso de resolucion de problemas y usar estas experiencias como un modelo para programas futuros.
The 'Herald Hemiparesis' of Basilar Artery Occlusion

• In thrombosis of the basilar artery, not infrequently a hemiparesis is present at an early stage, when brain-stem signs may be absent or few, slight or equivocal. It is natural to suspect that such a hemiparesis signifies localization in a cerebral hemisphere, but unexpectedly in a few hours bilateral hemiplegia appears associated with coma or a locked-in syndrome, indicating basilar artery occlusion. I would term this disarming hemiparesis the "herald hemiparesis" of basilar artery occlusion. If the true nature of the condition is recognized early, the use of heparin and other measures may forestall disaster.
A genetic approach to the truck backer upper problem and the inter-twined spiral problem

The author describes a biologically motivated paradigm, genetic programming, which can solve a variety of problems. When genetic programming solves a problem, it produces a computer program that takes the state variables of the system as input and produces the actions required to solve the problem as output. Genetic programming is explained and applied to two well-known benchmark problems from the field of neural networks. The truck backer upper problem is a multidimensional control problem and the inter-twined spirals problem is a challenging classification problem. >