cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethical Issues in Community Mental Health: Cases and Conflicts

Ethical issues pervade community mental health yet, surprisingly, the field has been virtually ignored in the academic realm of medical ethics. In the past decade, the ethical questions in psychiatry which have attracted the most scrutiny are derived from the "dramatic" issues of psychiatrist-patient sexual relationships, the tradition's practice of involuntary commitment, and the therapist's duty to warn potential victims at the expense of breaching a client's confidentiality (Eth, 1990; Dyer, 1988; Bloch, Chodoff, 1991). Yet the "pragmatic," and more pervasive, ethical tensions which arise in the daily practice of community psychiatrists have warranted little attention. Both medical ethics and community psychiatry suffer as a result. Nonetheless, ethical reasoning is intricately entwined in the decisions and relationships which make up the community mental health setting. For example, trying to determine what is the "right" thing to do for a client inevitably entails judgments about moral, social and legal matters. In other words, no decision in the clinical setting is purely psychiatric (Perlin, 1989).
AI profiles: an interview with Kristian Kersting

This column is the sixth in our series profiling senior AI researchers. This month we interview Kristian Kersting, Professor in Computer Science and Deputy Director of the Centre for Cognitive Science at the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany.
The legacy of redlining in the effect of foreclosures on Detroit residents' self-rated health

Historical practices, such as housing discrimination in Detroit, have been shown to have lasting impacts on communities. Perhaps the most explicit example is the practice of redlining in the 1930s, whereby lenders outlined financially undesirable neighborhoods, populated by minority families, on maps and prevented residents from moving to better resourced neighborhoods. Awareness of historical housing discrimination may improve research assessing the impacts of current neighborhood characteristics on health. Using the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (DNHS), we assessed the association between two-year changes in home foreclosure rates following the 2007-2008 Great Recession, and residents' five-year self-rated health trajectories (2008-2013); and estimated the confounding bias introduced by ignoring historical redlining practices in the city. We used both ecological and multilevel models to make inference about person- and community-level processes. In a neighborhood-level linear regression adjusted for confounders (including percent redlined); a 10%-point slower foreclosure rate recovery was associated with an increase in prevalence of poor self-rated health of 0.31 (95% CI:-0.02 to 0.64). At the individual level, it was associated with a within-person increase in probability of poor health of 0.45 (95% CI:0.15-0.72). Removing redlining from the model biased the estimated effect upward to 0.38 (95% CI:0.07-0.69) and 0.56 (95% CI:0.21-0.84) in the neighborhood and individual-level models, respectively. Stratum-specific foreclosure recovery effects indicate stronger influence in neighborhoods with a greater proportion of residents identifying as white and a greater degree of historic redlining. These findings support earlier theory suggesting a historical influence of structural discrimination on the association between current neighborhood characteristics and health, and suggests that historical redlining specifically may increase vulnerability to contemporary neighborhood foreclosures. Community interventions should consider historical discrimination in conjunction with current place-based indicators to more equitably improve population health.
Development and Preliminary Assessment of an Arch-Shaped Stand-Alone Intraoral Tongue Drive System for People with Tetraplegia

Tongue Drive System (TDS), a wireless tongue-operated assistive technology (AT), was developed for people with tetraplegia to provide them a higher level of independence in performing daily tasks. We are presenting here a newly developed arch-shaped intraoral version of the TDS (iTDS) using commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS), which can completely hide the electronics inside the mouth. The iTDS, which is hermetically sealed in dental acrylic, is customized based on the users' oral anatomy to stably clasp onto their lower teeth, with electronics sitting in the buccal shelf area of the mouth. An intraoral antenna is designed at 2.4 GHz for robust wireless communication between iTDS and an external receiver (Rx). An efficient signal processing algorithm allows the iTDS to locally process the tongue commands and send them with only a few bytes to target devices, such as PC, smartphone, and wheelchair. In a preliminary pilot test, a subject performed a computer access task by issuing random commands over five sessions to evaluate the new iTDS. The highest mean correctly completed commands and the information transfer rate (ITR) were 99% and 148.9 bits/minute, which are very close to the outcomes obtained from the external TDS (eTDS).
OCT imaging of macrophages: a bright spot in the study of inflammation in human atherosclerosis.

Macrophages are key inflammatory cells that are involved at every phase of atherosclerosis, from its genesis to plaque rupture and coronary thrombosis. Study of these cells in living patients is therefore critical to improving our understanding of human atherosclerosis. With this knowledge, for
A Pilot Study of Identifying Execution Plan Differences for Accelerated Bridge Construction

Accelerated bridge construction (ABC) is an innovative construction technique used to accelerate the construction of new bridges, as well as the renovation/replacement of existing bridges. Due to the benefits offered by ABC, transportation authorities have a higher preference in executing an accelerated approach over conventional bridge construction. The execution of an accelerated approach has differences when compared to the conventional approach, and it is important to identify such differences for the successful implementation of ABC projects. However, there have been no studies to identify such execution differences. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify execution plan differences relevant to ABC. For this purpose, an extensive literature review was conducted to prepare a preliminary list of execution plan differences. Then, a questionnaire survey was administered with the industry experts, who were previously involved in the execution of ABC projects, to validate the preliminary list. Based on the literature review and the responses from questionnaire survey, this study identified 61 execution plan differences relevant to ABC in different phases of execution. This study is expected to benefit owners, contractors, and road/bridge users for successful execution of ABC projects.
Describing Normative Foot Temperatures in Patients With Diabetes-Related Peripheral Neuropathy:

Background:Prior research shows increased foot temperatures are predictive of diabetes-related foot complications. Our aim was to describe normative skin foot temperatures for individuals with diab...
Analysis of Two Definitions of the Mole That Are in Simultaneous Use, and Their Surprising Consequences

This paper highlights the use of two related but distinct definitions of the mole in chemistry, often in the same text, and analyzes their consequences. The mole is officially defined by IUPAC as a...
Can health spending be reined in through supply restraints? An evaluation of certificate-of-need laws

Most US states use certificate-of-need (CON) programs in an attempt to slow the growth of health care spending. The objective of this study is to evaluate how CON in fact affects health care spending. With 1980–2009 state-level data on spending from the National Health Expenditure Accounts, this article uses fixed-effects regressions to evaluate how the presence and scope of state CON laws affect these spending outcomes. This article estimates that CON laws lead to a statistically significant 3.1% increase in total spending and finds that this increase is primarily driven by spending on physicians. Rather than decreasing health care spending as intended, it appears that CON laws actually increase it. To the extent that policy makers wish to restrain health care spending, they may wish to repeal these laws.
Prosumer Nanogrids: A Cybersecurity Assessment

Nanogrids are customer deployments that can generate and inject electricity into the power grid. These deployments are based on behind-the-meter renewable energy resources and are labeled as “prosumer setups”, allowing customers to not only consume electricity, but also produce it. A residential nanogrid is comprised of a physical layer that is a household-scale electric power system, and a cyber layer that is used by manufacturers and/or grid operators to remotely monitor and control the nanogrid. With the increased penetration of renewable energy resources, nanogrids are at the forefront of a paradigm shift in the operational landscape and their correct operation is vital to the electric power grid. In this paper, we perform a cybersecurity assessment of a state-of-the art residential nanogrid deployment. For this purpose, we deployed a real-world experimental nanogrid setup that is based on photovoltaic (PV) generation. We analyzed the security and the resiliency of this system at both the cyber and physical layers. While we noticed improvements in the cybersecurity measures employed in the current nanogrid compared to previous generations, there are still major concerns. Our experiments show that these concerns range from exploiting well-known protocols, such as Secure Shell (SSH) and Domain Name Service (DNS), to the leakage of confidential information, and major shortcomings in the software updating mechanism. While the compromise of multiple nanogrids can have a negative effect on the entire power grid, we focus our analysis on individual households and have determined through Simulink-based simulations the economic loss of a compromised deployment.
Nature of Science and Nature of Scientists

The past decade has seen multiple debates and discussions over the appropriate framing of Nature of Science (NOS) for science education. These debates have stemmed from a diversity of philosophical views on what science fundamentally is. In post-secondary STEM education, the goals of a science education rest in having students socialize into scientific STEM communities by engaging in research. In this paper, we highlight how NOS is taken up by individuals within scientific communities, drawing on historical and concurrent examples of STEM communities. Terming this the Nature of Scientist (NOSist), we argue that a post-secondary NOS education must take into account how the individual’s participation within a community of practice is predicated on the possession of a different set of epistemic aims, values, and practices than what is typically characterized within NOS frameworks. The switch in analytical lens from the collective as a whole to the individual within a collective contributes to an understanding of how scientists function within scientific communities. We conclude with recommendations and a call for further studies to characterize how individual scientists negotiate practice within the dialectic of the scientific communities that they are members of.
'T’Was Three Years after Twombly and All Through the Bar, Not a Plaintiff Was Troubled from Near or from Far:' The Unremarkable Effect of the U.S. Supreme Court's Re-Expressed Pleading Standard in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly

No U.S. Supreme Court case in recent memory has caused more confusion and suffering than Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly. Post-Twombly commentary falls largely into two camps: Twombly is wrong because it raised Rule 8’s pleading standard or Twombly is right because it did. But scant, if any, discussion exists suggesting that Twombly is right because it didn’t alter this standard. My Article argues that the Court properly honored longstanding Court precedent when deciding Twombly and merely reaffirmed Rule 8’s pleading requirements. After chronicling the Federal Rules’ creation — with an emphasis on Rule 8 — my Article dissects the trilogy of U.S. Supreme Court cases interpreting and applying Rule 8, which serve as combined predicate for the Court’s acceptance and consideration of Twombly. But as support for my Article’s discussion that the Court decided Twombly consistent with its own precedent — as considerable commentary disputes — my Article also posits why the Court likely accepted Twombly, for if no pressing basis existed besides the reason the Court expressed, the Court would likely not have seen fit merely to repeat its prior (and recent) jurisprudence. In this manner, my Article provides not only a fresh perspective on Twombly but offers a sensible explanation for the Court’s interest in reexamining an issue it had already resolved multiple times. I believe that considering Twombly and its underpinnings in this way provides worthwhile commentary to the bench, bar, and academia for theoretically and practically debating Twombly and its lasting effect.
The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades: Law School Through the Lens of Hope

Law students need hope. In the Carnegie Foundation’s recent report about legal education, Educating Lawyers: Preparation for the Profession of Law, the authors stated, “Critics of the legal profession, both from within and without, have pointed to a great profession suffering from varying degrees of confusion and demoralization. A reawakening of professional eʹlan must include, in an important way, revitalizing legal preparation.” They urged legal educators to begin this revitalization and reawakening in the law school environment. One important way that legal educators can accomplish these goals is by engendering hope in their students. Research by Dr. C. R. Snyder, the father of hope theory, and his progeny has shown that hope predicts academic performance and psychological well-being among undergraduate students. Consistent with these findings, our empirical study of hope, optimism, academic performance, and psychological well-being in law school suggests that hope predicts academic performance and life satisfaction in the first semester of law school. Based on these findings, this article offers suggestions on how legal educators can create a hopeful learning environment and concludes that instilling hope in law students should be an aim of every legal educator.Part I of this article will explain why hope is important to law students. It first introduces the well-documented discontent of many law students and lawyers, but then turns its attention to those law students who are successful and happy. What is their secret? Do they have personality strengths that allow them to survive, and even thrive, in the stressful law school environment? It then defines the science of positive psychology, which can help identify these strengths and their influences on academic performance and psychological well-being. Specifically, it examines hope and optimism, two distinct personality traits that have been shown to predict academic performance and psychological well-being in other contexts. Next, it highlights the results of our study of hope, optimism, academic performance, and psychological well-being, and examines the results of other research based on hope theory. We conclude that although more research is warranted, hope appears to be a personality strength that positively influences law student success and well-being.Part II of this article then identifies ways that legal educators can engender hope in their students. Specifically, it discusses five principles of engendering hope: (A) help law students formulate appropriate goals; (B) increase law students’ autonomy; (C) model the learning process; (D) help law students understand grading as feedback rather than as pure evaluation; and (E) model and encourage agentic thinking. These principles, derived from hope theory, are grounded in contemporary teaching and learning theories and are consistent with principles discussed in Best Practices for Legal Education. By employing these principles, legal educators can build hope in their law students, thereby building a happier and more competent generation of lawyers.
Researcher Perceptions of a Self-Service Online Portal to Facilitate Volunteer Recruitment into Clinical Trials

Background Recruitment of volunteers is a major challenge for clinical trials. There has been increasing development and use of Internet-based portals in recruitment for clinical research. There has been little research on researcher use and perceptions of these portals. Objectives This study evaluated researcher perceptions of use of Rally, an Internet-based portal for clinical trial volunteer recruitment. Methods A cross-sectional survey was developed and implemented to understand researcher perceptions. From theoretical models of information technology use, the survey adopted items in four domains: ease of use, usefulness, facilitating conditions, and self-efficacy. The dependent variable was researchers' behavioral intention to use Rally. The survey captured characteristics of researchers such as gender, age, and role. It was implemented using the REDCap survey tool. An email invitation followed by three reminders was sent to researchers. A hierarchical regression model was applied to assess predictors of behavioral intention. Results The survey response rate was 35.6% (152 surveys received from 427 contacted researchers). In the hierarchical regression model, facilitating conditions and self-efficacy predicted behavioral intention (F (4,94) = 6.478; p Conclusion Facilitating conditions and self-efficacy predicted researchers' behavioral intention to use Rally for volunteer recruitment into clinical trials. Future research should document best practices and strategies for enhancing researcher use of online portals for volunteer recruitment.
An effective PBPK model predicting dissolved drug transfer from a representative nasal cavity to the blood stream

Abstract Predicting the fate of nasally administered drugs is important for the understanding and possible improvement of in vivo performance. When computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) results are coupled with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, drug concentrations in the blood stream can be obtained. Specifically, hybrid CFPD-PBPK simulations can predict inhaled particle transport, deposition, and uptake in the nasal mucus layers and subsequently absorbed drug migration from the nasal cavity to the blood stream.The computer simulation results of Chari et al. (2021) were used as input to a basic PBPK model to track the deposited and dissolved drugs from the nasal cavities to the blood stream. Employing the open-source toolbox OpenFOAM, our PBPK model predictions were compared with experimental in vivo data sets for different corticosteroids. The relative differences between experimental and simulated values of PK metrics, following administration of mometasone furoate nasal spray, were all 7% or less. Drug plasma concentrations based on different drug parameters, such as solubility and partition coefficient, were studied as well. The drug concentration in the plasma was found to increase with an increase in drug solubility (Cs = 0.02 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/ml). The same trend was observed for different partition coefficients (Kow = 5e-3, 2, 5000), where the plasma concentration curve peaked for a partition coefficient of 5000. It was also observed that drug dosage controls the amount of residual drug concentrations in the plasma with the passage of time. Two different drug dosages were studied, ie, 50 μg and 800 μg, with the former being completely absorbed in the plasma after 8 h; however, in the latter case the drug was not completely absorbed after that time interval. These modeling and simulation results are useful for planning aspects in drug development, as the predictions provide physical insight to differences in device, formulation, and dosage selection.
Ethics and the reproductive process.

Contraceptive availability and reproductive technology both represent new considerations in the ethical structures in many countries. In both developed and developing countries debates political protests and court battles are being conducted as each country attempts to integrate these issues of reproductive control into their respective ethical systems. There are many ethical considerations that must be made in terms of contraceptive research and family planning programs. The UN has integrated into their policy the concept of reproductive freedom for all couples as a moral right. But what should the limitations of the right be? Things to consider are: transmission of disease to offspring resistance to prenatal care lack of child rearing ability psychological child abuse overpopulation non-marriage i.e. singles and homosexuals. Also who should determine these limitations? People to consider include the woman the couple physicians counselors professional groups the clinic ethical committees the legislature religious groups or the media. Which of these groups actually make the decisions and who should make these decisions are also important questions. In terms of contraceptive research the issue of informed consent must be considered in light of the varying cultures of the world. In the US informed consent is based on the Belmont Report which came from Congress and establishes that informed consent must be given before any medical research is allowed. Further the consent must not be coerced by intimidation or financial incentive. In terms of family planning services the ethical considerations include: attitudes of providers attitudes of government financial availability role models and cultural taboos the role of the woman the role of the husband. Finally the AIDS epidemic adds an additional ethical aspect. Should methods be used that dont protect against AIDS?
Recent Developments in the Measurement of Acoustic Intensity using the Cross-Spectral Method

In recent years, the use of the cross-spectral method of measuring acoustic intensity has been shown effective in noise-source-ranking and noise-source-identification. With a computerized data acquisition and analysis procedure, the method is efficient and accurate. Its applicability to a near-field and/or reverberant-field measurement enables the method to be used in situ. The method has a potential of replacing many conventional acoustical measurements, but results of many parametric studies of the method are not known to many interested noise control engineers. These parametric studies, in addition to a general review of the method, are presented in this paper.
Phase-Tilt Radar antenna array

This paper describes the X-band Phase-Tilt Radar antenna array being developed at the Engineering Research Center for the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) for use in distributed, collaborative and adaptive sensing (DCAS) networks. The architecture of the radar and its component parts including the T/R module, passive antenna elements, and array controller are described in detail. Test data for the full array will be presented in the final paper.
Linking a U.S. Cap-and-Trade System for Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Opportunities, Implications, and Challenges

The long-run cost of a U.S. cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could be significantly reduced by linking that system with other existing and emerging tradable permit systems for GHG emissions. However, along with the cost savings that it offers, linking carries with it other implications. For example, linking has distributional consequences and, under some circumstances, linked systems collectively will not achieve the same level of emission reductions as they would absent linking. Also, linking can reduce a government's control over the impacts of its tradable permit system. Thus, in considering linkages, the United States and potential linking partners may have to weigh linking's implications for potentially competing policy objectives, much as will be required in developing other elements of their respective domestic climate policies. Because linking's implications depend on the type of link that is established and the specific characteristics and design of the linked systems, in the near-term, some links will be more attractive and easier to establish than others. Importantly, those links that may be the easiest to establish - links with emission reduction credit systems such as the Clean Development Mechanism - likely can provide much of the near-term cost-saving and risk-diversifying advantages that linking can offer. Given the implications of links with other cap-and-trade systems, to facilitate such links, it may be necessary to harmonize certain elements of the design of the U.S. system and any system(s) with which it links. In particular, agreement on a unified set of measures to address cost uncertainty likely will be a necessary pre-condition for an unrestricted link with another cap-and-trade system. Also, in order to link with other cap-and-trade systems, it may be necessary to establish broader international agreements governing aspects of the design of the U.S. and linked systems beyond simply mutual recognition of allowances.
Maintaining Consistency Over A Network in Real-Time Applications

In a large class of hard-real-time control applications, components execute concurrently on distributed nodes and periodically coordinate, under timing constraints, to perform the control task. As such, they perform a type of atomic commitment. Traditional atomic commitment differs, however, because there is no notion of a deadline. We therefore present a model and correctness criteria for timed atomic commitment (TAC) which requires the processes to be functionally consistent, but allows the outcome to include an exceptional state, indicating that timing constraints have been violated. An extension to accomodate the periodic behavior frequently found in control applications is then discussed, and a decentralized implementation is outlined. We conclude by presenting language constructs for these features, and illustrate their use with an example.
A THEORETICAL STUDY OF MICROWAVE HEATING IN ELMO BUMPY TORUS

Because the plasma in ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) is produced and heated by microwaves, and macrostability is dependent on microwaves through the formation of the annuli, an understanding of microwave propagation and energy deposition is a crucial element in EBT theory. A central feature of the microwave heating study is the development of a ray-tracing code capable of operating with a wide variety of three-dimensional (3-D) plasma equilibrium configurations. Results are presented for plasma parameters characteristic of EBT-I and projected parameters characteristic of EBT-II. In EBT-I the extraordinary mode is very heavily damped, and the ordinary mode is weakly damped. The ordinary mode may, however, play an important role in the heating of EBT-I through mode conversion. In EBT-II the ordinary mode should be strongly damped. The code is being improved to include finite temperature effects on the ray paths and absorption at second and higher harmonic resonances.
Thallium as a tracer of fluid–rock interaction in the shallow Mariana forearc

Abstract Fluids driven off the subducting Pacific plate infiltrate the shallow Mariana forearc and lead to extensive serpentinization of mantle peridotite. However, the sources, pathways, and chemical modifications of ascending, slab-derived fluids remain poorly constrained and controversial. In this study, we use thallium (Tl) concentrations and isotopic ratios of serpentinized peridotite and rodingitized diabase from the South Chamorro and Conical Seamounts to discriminate between potential fluid sources with distinct Tl isotope compositions. Serpentinite samples from the Mariana forearc all display e 205 Tl > − 0.5 (where e 205 Tl = 10 , 000 × ( Tl 205 / Tl sample 203 − Tl 205 / Tl SRM 997 203 ) / ( Tl 205 / Tl SRM 997 203 ) ), which is significantly enriched in 205Tl compared to the normal mantle ( e 205 Tl = − 2 ). Given that high temperature hydrothermal processes do not impart significant Tl isotope fractionation, the isotope compositions of the serpentinites must reflect that of the serpentinizing fluid. Pelagic sediments are the only known slab component that consistently displays e 205 Tl > − 0.5 and, therefore, we interpret the heavy Tl isotope signatures as signifying that the serpentinizing fluids were derived from subducting pelagic sediments. A rodingitized diabase from Conical Seamount was found to have an e 205 Tl of 0.8, suggesting that sediment-sourced serpentinization fluids could also affect diabase and other mafic lithologies in the shallow Mariana forearc. Forearc rodingitization of diabase led to a strong depletion in Tl content and a virtually complete loss of K, Na and Rb. The chemical composition of hybrid fluids resulting from serpentinization of harzburgite with concomitant rodingitization of diabase can be highly alkaline, depleted in Si, yet enriched in Ca, Na, K, and Rb, which is consistent with the composition of fluids emanating from mud volcanoes in the Mariana forearc. Our study suggests that fluid–rock interactions between sedimentary, mafic, and ultramafic lithologies are strongly interconnected even in the shallowest parts of subduction zones. We conclude that transfer of fluids and dissolved elements at temperatures and pressures below 400 °C and 1 GPa, respectively, must be taken into account when elemental budgets and mass transfer between the subducting plate, the forearc, the deep mantle and the ocean are evaluated.
Thy Neighbor's Keeper: The Design of a Credit Cooperative with Theory and a Test

Economists now appreciate that resource allocation in less economically developed economies is profoundly influenced by non-firm economic institutions. However our theories of non-firm institutions often suggest different answers to many questions including those of policy. This paper illustrates a method for discriminating between alternative theories using data from German credit cooperatives from the nineteenth and early twentieth century Germany. We build a model of credit cooperatives designed to provide monitoring incentives and test this using nineteenth century data. (authors)
A Positive Twist to the Centromeric Nucleosome

Centromeric nucleosomes are critical for chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle. In this issue of Cell Reports, Diaz-Ingelmo et al. (2015) propose that the yeast centromeric nucleosome is stabilized by a positively supercoiled loop formed by the sequence-specific CBF3 complex.
Women’s Roles and Recent Marriage Trends in Iran

This paper examines recent marriage trends in Iran. The available data suggest a significant up-trend in the number and rate of marriage since 1979. This trend is consistent with the social philosophy of Islam advocated in the Islamic Republic. The factors behind this up-trend in marriage are analyzed in the context of this philosophy and in relation to social and legal changes which have been introduced in Iranian society. In addition to religious promotion of marriage and procreation the long continued war with Iraq younger age structure slowdown in increasing pattern of age of marriage for women and significant decline in age of marriage for men remarriage and polygyny seem to be contributing to this up-trend in marriage. (SUMMARY IN FRE) (EXCERPT)
Depth from defocus and rapid autofocusing: a practical approach

A method for determining depth (range) from image defocus and rapid autofocusing of a camera named DFD1F, is presented. It requires only two images in theory, but three images in the present implementation. DFD1F is based on computing only one-dimensional Fourier coefficients as opposed to two-dimensional Fourier coefficients for a related prior method, thus providing not only computational advantage but also robustness in practical applications. DFD1F is independent of the form of the modulation transfer function of the camera. DFD1F has been successfully implemented and tested on an actual camera system named SPARCS. SPARCS can determine the distance of an object placed in front of it at any distance in the range of 0.5 m to infinity, and can successfully focus the object by moving the lens with a root-mean-square error of less than 6% in terms of lens position. >
The Effects of Sex, Status, and Ability on Helping Behavior1

Protests against affirmative action articulate the concern that qualified white males will be subordinated to less qualified women and minorities. To examine the possibility that the reversal of traditional status relationships rather than competence inequity underlies resistance to affiimative action, a study was conducted in which subjects interacted with a male or female who was introduced as their supervisor or subordinate and as either higher or lower in ability than themselves. The results indicate that status, not ability, influences the frequency of helping women, whereas ability, not status, primarily influences helping behavior toward men. Specifically. female subordinates were helped more than females supervisors, regardless of ability, while high-ability males elicited more help than low-ability males, independent of status. Subsequent ratings revealed that although subjects acknowledged the greater competence of high-ability males, they did not evaluate high-ability females as more competent than themselves.
Spectral evidence for long-lived radical-electron pairs: photoionization of phenol in alcohols

Abstract The transient solvated electron generated by photoionization of phenol shows a 100 nm blue spectral shift in both ethanol and 1-propanol with respect to the known absorption spectra. No spectral change is observed in methanol. However, in all three solvents, the photoionized electron disappears by non-homogeneous kinetics. The spectral shift decreases during the electron decay in ethanol. These results and others are discussed in terms of the formation of long-lived radical-solvated electron pairs.
Thermal stabilization of shape memory alloy wires

We show that fast, localized heating and cooling of a Shape Memory material can provide a very effective means of damping vibrational energy. We model the thermally induced pseudo-elastic behavior of a NiTi Shape Memory wire using the variant of Landau-Devonshire potential. We assume that the wire consists of martensitic NiTi single crystal. Dynamically, we model the material response using conservation of momentum and a nonlinear heat equation. We use a frame invariant version of the Fourier heat flux which incorporates dependence on the atomic lattice through the stretch. In the settings used in this paper, the computational experiments confirm that circa 80% of the vibrational energy can be eliminated at the moment of the onset of the thermally induced phase transition.
The Effects of High-Dose UV Exposure on Murine Langerhans Cell Function at Exposed and Unexposed Sites as Assessed Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Exposure of mice to a single large dose of UV radiation leads to a systemic inability of these mice to develop effective contact hypersensitivity (CS) responses to epicutaneously applied dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Although this effect requires time to develop when unirradiated skin sites are used for CS sensitization, it is observed immediately at the site of UV exposure. Unirradiated skin sites on mice exposed to a single large dose of UV radiation 3 days previously were found to contain histochemically detectable ATPase+ cells with normal morphology and in normal densities, and yet CS responses were not induced to DNFB applied to these sites. Epidermal cells (EC) obtained from these skin sites were found to be capable of providing accessory cell (AC) function in in vitro T-cell proliferation assays that was qualitatively similar to EC obtained from unirradiated mice, thus indicating that exposure of mice to a single large dose of UV radiation does not induce a systemic AC dysfunction. Indeed, increased levels of AC activity were obtained in EC prepared from the UV-irradiated skin sites on the third day following UV exposure. This latter effect may be due to an influx of inflammatory cells into the irradiated site in response to the tissue damage caused by the UV radiation. We hypothesize that the inflammatory response induced by the cytodestructive effects of the UV treatment may play a central role in the generation of the systemic suppression of induction of CS responses, perhaps through the induction of acute-phase proteins.
Modulation of Short-Term Plasticity in the Corticothalamic Circuit by Group III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors

Recurrent connections in the corticothalamic circuit underlie oscillatory behavior in this network and range from normal sleep rhythms to the abnormal spike-wave discharges seen in absence epilepsy. The propensity of thalamic neurons to fire postinhibitory rebound bursts mediated by low-threshold calcium spikes renders the circuit vulnerable to both increased excitation and increased inhibition, such as excessive excitatory cortical drive to thalamic reticular (RT) neurons or heightened inhibition of thalamocortical relay (TC) neurons by RT. In this context, a protective role may be played by group III metabotropic receptors (mGluRs), which are uniquely located in the presynaptic active zone and typically act as autoreceptors or heteroceptors to depress synaptic release. Here, we report that these receptors regulate short-term plasticity at two loci in the corticothalamic circuit in rats: glutamatergic cortical synapses onto RT neurons and GABAergic synapses onto TC neurons in somatosensory ventrobasal thalamus. The net effect of group III mGluR activation at these synapses is to suppress thalamic oscillations as assayed in vitro. These findings suggest a functional role of these receptors to modulate corticothalamic transmission and protect against prolonged activity in the network.
Lüders bands propagation of 1045 steel under multiaxial stress state

Abstract Inhomogeneous plastic deformation of 1045 steel under monotonic loading was experimentally studied. Thin-walled tubular specimens were used in the experiments and custom-made small strain gages were bonded on the specimen surface to characterize the local deformation. Experiments were conducted under tension, torsion, and combined tension–torsion. During the propagation of Luders bands, the local deformation experienced two-stage deformation: an abrupt plastic deformation stage followed by a slower deformation process. In some area of the gage section of the specimen, a small amount of initial plastic deformation occurred before the Luders front reached. During the propagation of Luders bands, multiple Luders fronts can be formed. Under tension, torsion, and combined tension–torsion with a constant axial load, the Luders front was approximately parallel to the material plane of maximum shear stress. When the combined axial-torsion followed a proportional fashion, the stress–extensometer strain responses were dependent on the axial/torsional loading ratio, and the Luders fronts were oriented differently and propagated along the specimen axis at a different velocity. The local strain was inhomogeneous even at the work-hardening stage. The relationships between the equivalent stress and the equivalent plastic strain were found to be practically identical for all the loading cases studied.
A simplified acrylic resin cast technique

A simple technique for construction of acrylic resin casts has been described. This procedure utilizes inexpensive and standard supplies found in a dental office.
Advanced ceramic tool materials for machining

Cutting tools made of advanced ceramics have the potential for high-speed finish machining as well as for high-removal-rate machining of difficult-to-machine materials. The raw materials used in these ceramics are abundant, inexpensive, and free from strategic materials. In spite of this, solid or monolithic ceramic tools are currently used only to a limited extent partly due to certain limitations of these materials and partly due to the inadequacy of the machine tools used. The advances in ceramic materials and processing technology, the need to use materials that are increasingly more difficult to machine, increasing competition, and the rapidly rising manufacturing costs, have opened new vistas for ceramics in machining applications. The development of ceramic tool materials can be broadly categorized into three types: monolithic forms, thin coatings, and whisker-reinforced composites. Such a classification provides a totally new perspective on ceramic tool materials and broadens their scope considerably, and is justified on the basis that it is the ceramic addition that makes the tool material more effective. A brief overview of these materials is presented in this paper.
Measurability of the value of a parametrized game

Results from descriptive set theory are used to study measurability properties of the (upper) value of a measurably parametrized family of two-person, zero-sum games with measurable payoffs.
Children's Overregularization of English Plurals: A Quantitative Analysis.

This paper brings a quantitative study of children's noun plural overregularizations (foots, mans) to bear on recent comparisons of connectionist and symbolic models of language. The speech of 10 English-speaking children (aged 1;3 to 5;2) from the CHILDES database (MacWhinney & Snow, 1985, 1990) were analysed. The rate of noun overregularization is low, mean = 8.5%, demonstrating that children prefer correct to overregularized forms. Rates of noun overregularization are not significantly different from their rates of past tense overregularization, and noun plurals, like verb past tenses, follow a U-shaped developmental curve in which correct irregulars precede the first overregularized forms. These facts suggest that plural and past tense overregularizations are caused by similar underlying processes. The results pose challenges to connectionist models, but are consistent with Marcus et al.'s (1992) blocking-and-retrieval-failure model in which regulars are generated by a default rule while irregulars are retrieved from the lexicon.
The Sterling Hall of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine

✓ A brief history of the Sterling Hall of Medicine at Yale University is presented; this building was erected and dedicated in 1925. This event signified the beginning of a new era for the Yale University School of Medicine, making it possible to attract a caliber of faculty that has enabled the School to attain its present place in medical education.
The Electronic Communications Committee and the RSNA

The RSNA's involvement with computerized communications and electronic technology has grown rapidly over the past decade. We recommend the further liaison with SPIE for it fits perfectly with the charge to our Electronic Communications Committee which is, simply stated, to keep the medical specialty of radiology on the cutting edge of electronic communications. A point of history is probably important to note at this time to help explain our involvement. And, to quote one of my favorite educators from college, it is often as important to tell your audience "what not" as it is to explain "what is".
Experimental Analysis Model of an Active Cooling Method for 3D-ICs Utilizing Multidimensional Configured Thermoelectric Coolers

Presently, stack dice are used widely as low-power memory applications because thermal management of 3D architecture such as high-power processors inherits many thermal challenges. Inadequate thermal management of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) leads to reduction in performance, reliability, and ultimately system catastrophic failure. Heat dissipation of 3D systems is highly nonuniform and nonunidirectional due to many factors such as power architectures, transistors packing density, and real estate available on the chip. In this study, the development of an experimental model of an active cooling method to cool a 25 W stack-dice to approximately 13°C utilizing a multidimensional configured thermoelectric will be presented.
Simulation of Blacklegged Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) Population Dynamics and Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi

A model (LYMESIM) was developed for computer simulation of blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, population dynamics and transmission of the Lyme disease agent. Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson. Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner, LYMESIM simulates the effects of ambient temperature, saturation deficit, precipitation, habitat type, and host type and density on tick populations. Epidemiological parameters including host infectivity, tick infectivity, transovarial transmission, and transstadial transmission are included in the model to simulate transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete between vector ticks and vertebrate hosts. Validity of LYMESIM was established by comparing simulated and observed populations of immature I. scapularis on white-footed mice. Peromyscus leucopus, (Rafinesque), at 2 locations in Massachusetts. Validity also was indicated by comparisons of simulated and observed seasonality of blacklegged ticks in New York, Massachusetts, Florida, and Oklahoma-Arkansas. Further model validity was shown by correlation between simulated and observed numbers of immature ticks engorging on white-footed mice at 3 sites in Massachusetts. The model produced acceptable values for initial population growth rate, generation time, and 20-yr population density when historical meteorological data for 16 locations in eastern North America were used. Realistic rates of infection in ticks were produced for locations in the northeastern and northcentral United States. LYMESIM was used to study the effect of white-footed mouse and white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman), densities on tick density and infection rates. The model was also used to estimate tick density thresholds for maintenance of B. burgdorferi.
Use of a Pattern Recognition Technique for Determining Cloud Motions from Sequences of Satellite Photographs

Abstract Recent geosynchronous satellites (ATS-I and ATS-III) have obtained photographs of clouds over broad regions of the earth at intervals of ∼20 min. Sequences of such photographs show the direction and speed of cloud motions. To extract the motion information in real time it is desirable to process the raw data by computer methods. One approach to this problem is to locate a limited number of centers of brightness that represent the cloud patterns in a photograph. Such centers, which am determined on the basis of area and quantified brightness, are analogous to centre of gravity in mechanics. Measurements of displacements of these centers in successive photographs provide an indication of cloud motion. Brightness centers are found by an objective computer technique called “ISODATA” that was developed in an earlier program of pattern recognition. The average distance between brightness centers is determined in part by specifying values of certain parameters in the ISODATA program. This average distan...
THEY POURED THEMSELVES INTO THE MILK: ZULU POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY UNDER SHAKA

This article synthesizes metaphors and practices surrounding human and bovine milk and semen appearing in the James Stuart Archive of Zulu oral history. The King's control of the flow of milk in society was the source of his power and the mechanism by which he controlled the state. A fluent understanding of this Zulu political philosophy in the Stuart Archive opens up a rich and underutilized source of historical information for Zulu history that adds significantly to prior studies. Parallels to these images in the Great Lakes region suggest a ‘milk complex’ rather than the common perception of a ‘cattle complex’.