cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRAIL death receptor 4 signaling via lysosome fusion and membrane raft clustering in coronary arterial endothelial cells: evidence from ASM knockout mice.

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptor, death receptor 4 (DR4), have been implicated in the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. However, the signaling mechanism mediating DR4 activation leading to endothelial injury remains unclear. We recently demonstrated that ceramide production via hydrolysis of membrane sphingo- myelin by acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) results in mem- brane raft (MR) clustering and the formation of important redox signaling platforms, which play a crucial role in amplifying redox signaling in endothelial cells leading to endothelial dysfunction. The present study aims to investi- gate whether TRAIL triggers MR clustering via lysosome fusion and ASM activation, thereby conducting transmem- brane redox signaling and changing endothelial function. Using confocal microscopy, we found that TRAIL induced MR clustering and co-localized with DR4 in coronary arte- rial endothelial cells (CAECs) isolated from wild-type (Smpd1 +/+ ) mice. Furthermore, TRAIL triggered ASM translocation, ceramide production, and NADPH oxidase aggregation in MR clusters in Smpd1 +/+ CAECs, whereas these observations were not found in Smpd1 −/− CAECs. Moreover, ASM deficiency reduced TRAIL-induced O2 −⋅ production in CAECs and abolished TRAIL-induced im- pairment on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in small resistance arteries. By measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we found that Lamp-1 (lysosome membrane marker protein) and ganglioside GM1 (MR marker) were trafficking together in Smpd1 +/+ CAECs, which was absent in Smpd1 −/− CAECs. Consistently, fluorescence imaging of living cells with specific lysosome probes demonstrated that TRAIL-induced lysosome fusion with membrane was also absent in Smpd1 −/− CAECs. Taken together, these results suggest that ASM is essential for TRAIL-induced lysosomal trafficking, membrane fusion and formation of MR redox signaling platforms, which may play an important role in DR4-mediated redox signaling in CAECs and consequently endothelial dysfunction.
Mental Health Screening of Female Juvenile Offenders: Replication of a Subtyping Strategy

Recent research indicates that adjudicated female youth have higher rates of mental health problems and histories of trauma exposure and abuse relative to adjudicated male youth. These differences are important for gender-specific assessment, intervention, and management strategies. We replicated a subtyping strategy for adjudicated female youth based on mental health screening data from the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-2 (MAYSI-2) by investigating subtype differences on trauma symptoms, abuse history, and other background variables. Cluster analysis of the standard MAYSI-2 scales revealed a three cluster solution replicating results from a prior study. Additionally, results indicated expected differences between female youth with mental health problems compared to those without mental health problems with co-occurring female youth (i.e., self-reported mental health and substance abuse problems) having have greater mental health problems and more extensive abuse histories compared to other subtypes.
Urinary cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response in McCune-Albright syndrome: clinical evidence for altered renal adenylate cyclase activity

The recent finding of an activating mutation in the Gs alpha protein, the protein that couples receptors to stimulation of adenylate cyclase, from endocrine and nonendocrine tissues of patients with McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) suggests that alterations in adenylate cyclase activity may account for the clinical abnormalities in these patients. Many patients with MAS have hypophosphatemia. This may result from the presence of the activating Gs alpha mutation in proximal renal tubules or the elaboration of a phosphaturic factor from fibrous dysplasia. We, therefore, sought to characterize renal cAMP generation and phosphate handling in MAS patients. Intravenous infusion of PTH is a classic clinical test used to evaluate hormonal responsiveness of renal proximal tubule adenylate cyclase and examine PTH-dependent phosphate clearance. We performed PTH infusion in 6 MAS patients, 10 normal subjects, and 6 patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP). The basal urinary cAMP (UcAMP) level in the MAS group [5.5 +/- 2.6 nmol/dL glomerular filtration (GF)] was elevated (P < 0.05) compared to those in both normal subjects (3.2 +/- 1.2 nmol/dL GF) and patients with PHP (1.9 +/- 0.6 nmol/dL GF). However, PTH-stimulated peak UcAMP (15.0 +/- 7.0 nmol/dL GF) and the peak/basal UcAMP ratio (3.1 +/- 1.7) in MAS were significantly lower than the respective values in normal subjects (30.8 +/- 16.9 nmol/dL GF and 9.3 +/- 2.9; P < 0.05 for both) and were statistically similar to the blunted levels in PHP (respectively, 3.1 +/- 1.5 nmol/dL GF and 2.0 +/- 1.7). By contrast, the PTH-induced phosphaturic response in MAS patients was similar to that in the normal subjects. Our study provides clinical evidence that MAS patients have altered renal adenylate cyclase activity, manifested by an elevated basal UcAMP, but a blunted UcAMP response to PTH stimulation. These observations are presumably due to a mutation in the Gs alpha protein in the renal tubules. Despite the blunted UcAMP excretion, the phosphaturic response to PTH in MAS patients is intact.
Graduate Education in Mass Communication.

The evolution of graduate education in mass communication was decisively shaped by two factors: the location of its development, namely, in departments of speech and journalism, and the period of its development—the years immediately following World War II. These factors created the characteristic divisions of the field between history of communications and theory of communications, between rhetorical theory and communications theory. They also defined the central theoretical problem of the field—a concentration on communication effects—and the essentially scientistic and postivist apparatus with which the problem has been handled.
Rectal cancers in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.

Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis may develop rectal cancer at their initial presentation (primary) or after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis (secondary). Little is known about whether differences in presentation impact survival. We hypothesize that patients with secondary rectal cancer have better oncologic outcomes. Patients with rectal cancer in the context of familial adenomatous polyposis were classified into 3 groups: known rectal cancer at presentation, incidental rectal cancer unrecognized before proctocolectomy, and rectal cancer diagnosed after ileorectal anastomosis. Primary endpoint was 5-year survival. There were 58 patients, 39 with primary rectal cancer, 5 of which were incidental, and 19 with secondary rectal cancer. Median ages at diagnosis were 32 years (range 14–56) for primary cancer, 35 years (range 22–56) for incidental cancer and 49 years (range 24–66) for secondary cancer (p = 0.001). 76 % of those with primary rectal cancer had symptoms, similar to those with incidental cancer (60 %) but more than secondary cancer (21 %) (p < 0.001). 47 % of primary cancers were advanced (stages III and IV) compared to 20 % of incidental cancers and 32 % of secondary cancers. There was no local recurrence in any patient, but 9 patients had distant recurrences (16 % overall). Overall 5-year survival of patients with primary cancer was 72.4 %, incidental cancer was 100 %, and secondary cancer was 69.7 % (p = 0.031). More patients with primary rectal cancer have advanced disease but survival is similar to those with cancer diagnosed on surveillance. More patients with primary rectal cancer have a restorative resection when compared to other groups.
An immuno-chemo-proteomics method for drug target deconvolution.

Chemical proteomics is an emerging technique for drug target deconvolution and profiling the toxicity of known drugs. With the use of this technique, the specificity of a small molecule inhibitor toward its potential targets can be characterized and information thus obtained can be used in optimizing lead compounds. Most commonly, small molecules are immobilized on solid supports and used as affinity chromatography resins to bind targets. However, it is difficult to evaluate the effect of immobilization on the affinity of the compounds to their targets. Here, we describe the development and application of a soluble probe where a small molecule was coupled with a peptide epitope which was used to affinity isolate binding proteins from cell lysate. The soluble probe allowed direct verification that the compound after coupling with peptide epitope retained its binding characteristics. The PKC-α inhibitor Bisindolylmaleimide-III was coupled with a peptide containing the FLAG epitope. Following incubation with...
Transient pressure drop cross-correlation during flow boiling of R134a in parallel minichannels

This work examines the flow boiling of R134a in 0.54-mm square parallel minichannels with a particular focus on analyzing the transient pressure drop of individual channels in a wide range of heat and mass flux conditions. The flow rates are in the range from 0.1 to 0.51 g/s and heat fluxes are up to 18 kW/m2. Three different types of experiments are conducted, aiming to study the interaction between flow boiling phenomena in parallel minichannels based on the transient pressure drop measurements in each channel independently. Furthermore, cross-correlation analysis is undertaken to quantify the degree of interrelationship between neighboring minichannels. Flow boiling phenomena in a single, diabatic channel influences neighboring adiabatic channels by causing out-of-phase oscillations of single-phase pressure drops. The percentage of single-phase (ΔP) data correlated with two-phase ΔP data increases from 40% to 85% as the flow rate increases from 0.1 g/s to 0.5 g/s. Experiments with nonuniformly heated p...
A beam-lead substrate package for a six-stage TTL shift register

Abstract Commercial integrated circuit chips have been incorporated into a new type of final package which is called a beam-lead substrate. The technique utilizes glass or ceramic substrates with interconnexion metallization and the beams cantilevered over holes in the substrate. The commercial dice are inserted into the holes and bonded to the overhanging beams. TTL chips when incorporated into a six-stage shift register utilizing this type of package show a temperature rise of approximately 0·5°C/W when the package is attached to a heat sink, and 14·3°C/W when the circuit is operated suspended in air. The performance characteristics of the chips are unchanged from the manufacturer's specifications after incorporation into the package. The beam-lead substrate package is made by depositing the interconnexion and beam-lead metallization on the substrate, and etching suitable holes under the beams. Chromium/platinum/gold and molybdenum/gold metallizations were evaluated. Sputtered molybdenum/gold was chosen as the best metallization system for this application because of the excellent bondability of the beams after final processing.
Optimized Assistive Human–Robot Interaction Using Reinforcement Learning

An intelligent human–robot interaction (HRI) system with adjustable robot behavior is presented. The proposed HRI system assists the human operator to perform a given task with minimum workload demands and optimizes the overall human–robot system performance. Motivated by human factor studies, the presented control structure consists of two control loops. First, a robot-specific neuro-adaptive controller is designed in the inner loop to make the unknown nonlinear robot behave like a prescribed robot impedance model as perceived by a human operator. In contrast to existing neural network and adaptive impedance-based control methods, no information of the task performance or the prescribed robot impedance model parameters is required in the inner loop. Then, a task-specific outer-loop controller is designed to find the optimal parameters of the prescribed robot impedance model to adjust the robot’s dynamics to the operator skills and minimize the tracking error. The outer loop includes the human operator, the robot, and the task performance details. The problem of finding the optimal parameters of the prescribed robot impedance model is transformed into a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem which minimizes the human effort and optimizes the closed-loop behavior of the HRI system for a given task. To obviate the requirement of the knowledge of the human model, integral reinforcement learning is used to solve the given LQR problem. Simulation results on an ${x}$ - ${y}$ table and a robot arm, and experimental implementation results on a PR2 robot confirm the suitability of the proposed method.
Model Reference Zero Vibration control of ultrahigh precision piezoelectric nanopositioner

This paper presents a new control method for high precision positioning of a monolithic cruciform piezoelectric actuator system which contains circuital nonlinearities as well as uncertainties. The proposed Model Reference Zero Vibration (MRZV) control combines the advantages of model reference and input shaping, is introduced to control such ultrahigh positioning devices whose nonlinear characteristics can hardly be modeled precisely enough in the scale of nanometers. The transient response and performance of this cruciform piezoelectric actuator is improved without requiring the explicit knowledge of an accurate model of the parasitic nonlinearities. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness and practicality of high precision positioning actuator with proposed model reference control method.
Spectrophotometric analysis by cross-correlation

An examination of the use of cross-correlation in quantitative analysis under conditions that isolated peaks are not obtained is reported. Examples are taken from infrared absorption spectroscopy. The properties of correlation that are relevant to this application are described. A comparison between cross-correlation and peak measurement in made with emphasis on the effects of sample background and instrument noise. Results are presented to show that correlation allows substantial improvement of performance when spectra with complex backgrounds are involved. It affords a significant improvement when noisy signals must be handled.
Review of balloon sinuplasty.

Purpose of review Sinus surgery tools are constantly being developed. This review will focus on new devices (popularly called sinuplasty) for use in ostial dilation. Recent findings Balloons for sinus ostial dilation are approved by the Food and Drug Administration and are used worldwide. There have been presentations, publications and discussions concerning these devices. One large level-2 evidence study has demonstrated these devices to be well tolerated and reliable. Summary Sinuplasty may represent an exciting and minimally invasive set of devices. They may also represent a premature attempt to transfer dilation into otolaryngology. The emerging data suggest the first statement, with excellent outcomes. More long-term data could still prove the second statement correct. Research and development will make these devices a 'hot topic' in sinus surgery for 2007-2008.
Cholesterol-Dependent Anaplasma phagocytophilum Exploits the Low-Density Lipoprotein Uptake Pathway

In eukaryotes, intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and trafficking are tightly regulated. Certain bacteria, such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, also require cholesterol; it is unknown, however, how this cholesterol-dependent obligatory intracellular bacterium of granulocytes interacts with the host cell cholesterol regulatory pathway to acquire cholesterol. Here, we report that total host cell cholesterol increased >2-fold during A. phagocytophilum infection in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Cellular free cholesterol was enriched in A. phagocytophilum inclusions as detected by filipin staining. We determined that A. phagocytophilum requires cholesterol derived from low-density lipoprotein (LDL), because its replication was significantly inhibited by depleting the growth medium of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins, by blocking LDL uptake with a monoclonal antibody against LDL receptor (LDLR), or by treating the host cells with inhibitors that block LDL-derived cholesterol egress from late endosomes or lysosomes. However, de novo cholesterol biosynthesis is not required, since inhibition of the biosynthesis pathway did not inhibit A. phagocytophilum infection. The uptake of fluorescence-labeled LDL was enhanced in infected cells, and LDLR expression was up-regulated at both the mRNA and protein levels. A. phagocytophilum infection stabilized LDLR mRNA through the 3′ UTR region, but not through activation of the sterol regulatory element binding proteins. Extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) was up-regulated by A. phagocytophilum infection, and inhibition of its upstream kinase, MEK, by a specific inhibitor or siRNA knockdown, reduced A. phagocytophilum infection. Up-regulation of LDLR mRNA by A. phagocytophilum was also inhibited by the MEK inhibitor; however, it was unclear whether ERK activation is required for LDLR mRNA up-regulation by A. phagocytophilum. These data reveal that A. phagocytophilum exploits the host LDL uptake pathway and LDLR mRNA regulatory system to accumulate cholesterol in inclusions to facilitate its replication.
Comparison of in vivo and in vitro methods for assessing the effects of repeated dosing with carbon tetrachloride on the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system

Abstract The effect of 7 daily i.p. injections of 0, 2, 20, or 200 μl/kg carbon tetrachloride on the activity of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system was measured in the rat by a model substrate assay, employing lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), and by a battery of in vitro enzyme assays. The data in this study indicated that repeated administration of CCl 4 for 7 days significantly increased phase I and phase II reactions in vivo and in vitro. Though there were differences between the responses of the in vivo and in vitro assays, this is the first report of increased hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity from repeated treatment with CCl 4 .
Linear Regression Formula For Dimensionality Reduction

Linear regression is a powerful procedure with wide areas of application. We show in this paper that a very fruitful area of application is in the area of dimensionality reduction in pattern recognition. The dimensionality reduction is accomplished by preselecting cluster centers in the range and using regression techniques to derive the transformation. Experimental results are presented that compare this procedure to the Karhunen-Loeve procedure for several data sets.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Methadone Maintenance: 235 Consecutive Patients

I treat heroin addiction with methadone in, I believe, the smallest community in the United States with a clinic. It has operated continuously since 1969. I have treated 235 patients; follow-up is 82%. All patients are reported; 64 are abstinent, 48 are on methadone maintenance, so 112 of 235 have achieved some measure of control.
Recent Developments in the Study of Modern Foreign Language Problems

W7HEN the Modern Foreign Language Study was initiated in 1925, it was predicted that the importance of the enterprise would lie, not so much in what might be accomplished in the three-year period allotted to it, as in the long line of investigations and researches it would inevitably inaugurate. This prediction has been amply borne out. When I was asked to prepare for the December, 1931 issue of the American Educational Research Quarterly (a publication dealing with the psychology of school subjects) a review of the psychological and experimental literature on the foreign languages, especially for the preceding three years, I found two hundred entries. Moreover these represented a selection from upwards of four hundred studies, all of which might have been listed but could not be included because of limitations of space. Several of my colleagues in educational psychology wrote to express their amazement at the experimental activity that was evidenced, greater perhaps than in any other of the school subjects. The continuation of the annotated bibliography of modern language methodology by Buchanan and MacPhee, prepared by Coleman for the Committee on Modern Language Teaching and published by the University of Chicago Press, contains upwards of 570 abstracts, largely products of the years 1927-32. The Modern Foreign Language Study has evidently been more provocative of experimentation and discussion than its predecessor, the Classical Investigation. The failure of the Classical Investigation to publish Part ii has made it less fruitful in promoting investigation than it might have been. I say this with some feeling because I carried out four studies for the Classical Investigation, only one of which-the French Wordbook-was ever published. And as for the Wordbook, I saw to the publication of it myself. The other studies are buried in some unknown graveyard, though I still think they were worthy of a better fate. The Committee on Investigation of the Modern Foreign Language Study was clearly conscious that it would be expected not to
Optimum exhaust velocity for laser-driven rockets

The laser-driven rocket in which remotely generated laser power is used to heat propellant belongs basically to the class of specific-impulse limited propulsion systems if difficult missions are considered. It was previously established that trip time reaches a minimum as specific impulse is varied for payload transfers from low earth orbit to synchronous orbit and return via laser-driven rocket propulsion, the computations being based on the perigee-propulsion laser drive described by Minovitch (1972). The present study shows that such minimum occur for all missions and that optimum specific impulse is primarily determined by the mission difficulty. More generally, this optimum specific impulse maximizes payload kinetic energy achievable with a fixed jet power and propulsion time. A formula relating propulsion time parameter to payload ratio is obtained for estimating mission capabilities of laser-driven rockets.
Arachidonic acid metabolism in murine leishmaniasis (Donovani): Ex-vivo evidence for increased cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activity in spleen cells☆

This study examined the metabolism of arachidonic acid (20:4) by splenic mononuclear cells from BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania donovani. Spleen cells removed from mice after either 4 or 8 weeks of infection and cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) incorporated 60-70% less [3H]thymidine and synthesized 2- to 5-fold more prostaglandin E2 than did spleen cells from normal mice. Inhibition of cyclooxygenation by sodium meclofenamate was associated with restoration of PHA-induced spleen cell blastogenesis. Thin-layer chromatography of spleen cell extracts showed that PHA-stimulated spleen cells from infected animals synthesized 54 and 27% more 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) and 12/15-HETE respectively, when compared to spleen cells from noninfected mice. Culture medium of spleen cells from infected mice also contained 25% more immunoreactive leukotriene C4. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (3 microM) reduced spleen cell synthesis of 12/15-HETE while minimally affecting 5-HETE production. These data indicated that increased cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities in spleen cells from mice infected with L. donovani resulted in the generation of 20:4 metabolites with the capability of altering T-lymphocyte function.
SIGNATURES OF SINGLE QUARK LINE WEAK TRANSITIONS

We study the ΔI = 1/2 single quark line transition that occurs in p-wave baryon B → B′π, in radiative Ξ− → Σ−γ, in decuplet Ω− → Ξπ and in kaon K° → ππ weak decays. This leads to five empirical signatures of the single quark line scale. This scale is also predicted from a quark loop model.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and autoantibodies to neural antigens in sera of children with autistic spectrum disorders, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, and epilepsy.

Background Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) elevation in newborn sera predicts intellectual/social developmental abnormalities. Other autoantibodies (AAs) to endothelial cells (ECs) and myelin basic protein (MBP) are also elevated in some children. We tested relationships between BDNF, BDNF AAs, and other AAs in children with these disorders. Methods BDNF levels and IgG/IgM autoantibodies to BDNF, ECs, MBP, and histones were measured in children with autism, childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), pervasive developmental delay-not otherwise specified (PDD-nos), acquired epilepsy, Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS); healthy children (HC), and children with non-neurological illnesses (NNI). Results Mean BDNF levels were elevated in children with autism and CDD, (p ≤ 0.0002) compared to HC or NNI. Mean IgG and IgM BDNF AAs were elevated in children with autism, CDD and epilepsy (p ≤ 0.0005) compared to HC but not to NNI. Mean IgM AA EC titers detected by immunocytochemistry were higher in autism, PDD-NOS, epilepsy, and LKS (p ≤ 0.005) compared to HC and NNI. While mean ELISA IgG EC AAs were higher in autism and PPD-NOS (p IgM EC AAs were higher in children with autism, CDD, PDD-NOS, and epilepsy compared to both HC and NNI (p Conclusion Children with developmental disorders and epilepsy have higher AAs to several neural antigens compared to controls. The presence of both BDNF AAs and elevated BDNF levels in some children with autism and CDD suggests a previously unrecognized interaction between the immune system and BDNF.
Feedforward inhibition in biosynthetic pathways: inhibition of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase by intermediates of the pathway☆

Abstract The stability of an amino acid biosynthetic pathway controlled by end-product inhibition is significantly improved if, in addition, the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is inhibited by an intermediate in the pathway. The more proximal the feedforward modifier is to the initial substrate, the more stable is the system. The temporal responsiveness of a system having both feedback and feedforward inhibition also is improved by having the feedforward modifier located at the beginning of the pathway. According to all other criteria that have been used previously to determine the functional effectiveness of biosynthetic pathways, the behavior of such a system essentially is unaffected by the position of the feedforward modifier in the pathway.
Chirleja buckii, a new genus and species of lichenized-fungi from Tierra del Fuego, southern South America

Chirleja, a new genus of lichenized-fungi, is described to accommodate C. buckii, a new species from southern South America with an unusual morphology and mode of reproduction. Through an approach that utilizes both molecular and non-molecular data, the species is shown to represent a previously unknown lineage within the family Icmadophilaceae characterized by the production of sporodochia and a sterile dimorphic thallus that resembles the unrelated genus Leprocaulon.
The logical analysis of animal communication.

Abstract An attempt has been made to describe some of the responses evoked by communication signals in certain animals and to infer the kind of information which the signals transmit. Using the methods developed by C. W. Morris 1946 for the logical analysis of human language, identiflors, designators, appraisors and prescriptors can be distinguished. Animal signals are rich in designative information, and five subcategories are distinguished: species-specific, sexual, individual, motivational and environmental information. The influence of natural selection upon the form of a signal will vary according to its information content. For example, the variable nature of some signals and the stereotypy of others can be related to the conveyance of different types of motivational information. A single signal often conveys several different items of information which are usually inherent in the whole signal and not represented by different parts of the signal. The form of some signals is arbitrary but the physical structure is often directly related to information content, in an iconic manner, or in other ways.
Personality correlates of attitude toward death.

Examined the interrelationships of two scales of attitudes toward death with four measures of personality: the Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Novelty Experiencing Scale, the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and the Internal-External Orientation Scale. Ss were 142 volunteer males enrolled in introductory psychology courses. A correlation of .72 was found between the Death Concern Scale and the Death Anxiety Scale. In addition, both scales showed the same pattern of correlations with the four personality measures. The highest correlations were found between death attitude and the manifest anxiety scores and the external-internal orientation scores. The importance of including these factors when one is interpreting death attitude scores was stressed, as well as the need for research to establish that these scales measures an anxiety or concern above and beyond general anxiety.
Surface instability of an elastic half space with material properties varying with depth.

Abstract If a body with a stiffer surface layer is loaded in compression, a surface wrinkling instability may be developed. A bifurcation analysis is presented for determining the critical load for the onset of wrinkling and the associated wavelength for materials in which the elastic modulus is an arbitrary function of depth. The analysis leads to an eigenvalue problem involving a pair of linear ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients which are discretized and solved using the finite element method. The method is validated by comparison with classical results for a uniform layer on a dissimilar substrate. Results are then given for materials with exponential and error-function gradation of elastic modulus and for a homogeneous body with thermoelastically induced compressive stresses.
67.3: Electrophoretically Controlled Nematic LCD: Plastic Bistable Technology with Memorized Intrinsic Grey Scale

Here is presented a nematic LCD based on an electrophoretically controlled orientational effect in suspension of solid nanoparticles in nematic liquid crystal: electrophoretically controlled nematic (EPCN). Polarity controlled electromigration of the nanoparticles, results in the stabilization of the molecular alignment and provides the bistable/multistable switching in a conventional nematic LC cell. The EPCN display allows multiplexing with intrinsic grey scale capability, high resolution and contrast, uses standard LCD materials and techniques and is easily producible by plastic technology.
A comparison of thermal zone aggregation methods

The impact of increasing energy prices on building operation budgets has fueled demand for more energy-efficient structures. Existing building energy simulation tools generate an immense amount of data yet comparatively little knowledge. This paper introduces a framework that allows aggregation-based model reduction to operate on geometric building information models. The resulting aggregation sequence provides designers with faster simulations and affords insight into complex multi-scale thermal interactions. A comparison of the trade-off between simulation speed and accuracy for three hierarchical cluster partitioning methods concludes the discussion.
In Vivo Dynamic MRI Tracking of Rat T‐Cells Labeled with Superparamagnetic Iron‐Oxide Particles

Dynamic MRI tracking of rat T-cells in vivo is performed in rat testicles after labeling isolated rat T-cells in vitro with superparamagnetic dextran-coated iron-oxide particles, BMS180549. Tissue inflammation induced by the local injection of the calcium ionophore, A23187, is used to attract labeled T-cells. Gradient-echo MR images of rat testicles show a statistically significant decrease (4%) of the signal intensity in areas of injection of A23187 as early as 30 min after intravenous infusion of 2 x 10(8) labeled T-cells. The signal change reaches its maximum (6-7% decrease) at about 60-120 min after cell infusion. T2-mapping also shows a decrease of T2 in the areas with A23187. Image quantitation, which includes a chemical-shift effect, significantly enhances the sensitivity for detection of superparamagnetically labeled T-cells. Localization of labeled T-cells in rat testicles has been verified by fluorescence microscopy studies of T-cells co-labeled with a lipophilic fluorescent carbocyanine dye, 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-lindocarbocyanine perchlorate. These results represent the first successful demonstration of dynamic tracking of specific cells in vivo using MRI.
US Hegemony in a Unipolar World: Here to Stay or Sic Transit Gloria?

World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy. By Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. 226 pp., $65.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-691-12699-9). Unipolarity has preoccupied American international relations (IR) scholars, policymakers, and foreign policy analysts since the Cold War ended and the “unipolar moment” was proclaimed (Krauthammer 1990/1991). Since the Cold War's end IR scholars of various stripes—especially balance-of-power realists—have warned that unipolarity would boomerang against the United States (Layne 1993, 2006a,b; Waltz 1993). The United States’ post-9/11 policies—especially the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003—fanned these worries as scholars and policy analysts argued that “unilateralist” US policies were fueling a backlash against American hegemony (Ikenberry 2002; Nye 2002; Walt 2002, 2005; Pape 2005; Paul 2005). More recently, the financial and economic crisis that hit the US economy beginning in Fall 2007—coupled with the rise of new great powers like China and India, and the resurgence of Russia—have raised questions about the decline of America's relative power. These doubts found official expression in the National Intelligence Council's (2008) Global Trends 2025 report. World Out of Balance is a forcefully argued rebuttal to arguments that American hegemony is waning and that unipolarity provokes other states to check US power. This is an important—must read—book for scholars of IR theory, security studies, and US foreign policy. Displaying a firm mastery of the various IR theory literatures, Dartmouth professors Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth seek to refute the arguments of Waltzian realists, liberal IR theorists, neoliberal institutionalists, and constructivists that “the current unipolarity is not an unalloyed benefit for the Untied States because it comes with the prospect of counterbalancing, increased dependence on the international economy, a greater need to maintain a favorable reputation to sustain cooperation within international institutions, and greater challenges to American legitimacy” (p. 4). Brooks and Wohlforth conclude the “unprecedented …
In vivo hemodynamic, histologic, and antimineralization characteristics of the Mosaic bioprosthesis.

Abstract Background . Performance of bioprosthetic valves is limited by tissue degeneration due to calcification with reduced performance and longevity. The Mosaic bioprosthetic valve (Medtronic Heart Valves, Inc, Minneapolis, MN) combines zero pressure fixation, antimineralization properties of α-amino oleic acid (AOA), and a proven stent design. We tested the hypothesis that AOA treatment of Mosaic valves improves hemodynamics, antimineralization properties, and survival in a chronic ovine model. Methods . Mitral valves were implanted in juvenile sheep with Mosaic valves with AOA treatment (n = 8) or without AOA treatment (non-AOA, n=8), or Hancock I (HAN, n=4) tissue valves, and explanted at 20 postoperative weeks. Results . Survival was equivalent in AOA and non-AOA (140 ± 0.4 and 129 ± 30 days), but was significantly less in HAN (82 ± 35). Leaflet calcium (μgCa/mg tissue) was less in AOA (9.6 ± 13.9; p 2 ) was significantly preserved in the AOA group compared with the non-AOA group (1.5 ± 0.7 vs 0.8 ± 0.3; p Conclusions . We conclude that AOA treatment of Mosaic valves reduces leaflet calcification and valve gradient in juvenile sheep, and that the Mosaic design and fixation features may offer survival advantages that must be confirmed in extended trials.
ARE INSECTS RESISTANT TO PLANT PROTEINASE INHIBITORS

Abstract Six species of Lepidoptera were evaluated for their susceptibility to serine proteinase inhibitors from cabbage. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity from larval Pieris rapae and Pieris napi were not significantly inhibited (0–18%), in vitro , by cabbage proteinase inhibitors, while the serine proteinase activity in the midguts of larval Plutella xylostella was moderately inhibited (40–50%), and Trichoplusia ni, Lymantria dispar , and Helicoverpa zea were substantially inhibited (55–85%) by cabbage proteinase inhibitors. These results suggest that the growth and development of the latter three species should be reduced following ingestion of these inhibitors. However, chronic ingestion of cabbage proteinase inhibitors only reduced the growth and development of T. ni . This lack of biological activity of the proteinase inhibitors against the other two species was explained by a shift in the relative proportion of digestive enzymes in response to ingestion of proteinase inhibitors. Following ingestion of cabbage proteinase inhibitors, the predominant trypsin-like enzyme(s) in the midgut of larval L. dispar and H. zea were resistant to inhibition by cabbage trypsin inhibitors (13–18% inhibited), while the trypsin(s) in T. ni was moderately susceptible (37% inhibited). These results were confirmed for H. zea and T. ni feeding on proteinase inhibitors in tomato foliage. This is the first demonstration of adaptation to proteinase inhibitors, and has important implications for gene regulation and physiological plasticity.
Axillofemoral Bypass Graft: The Outcome of 66 Procedures

Sixty-six axillofemoral bypasses have been performed since 1978. The indi cations for operation were limb salvage in 62%, claudication in 24%, and in traabdominal sepsis in 14%. Three-year patency by Life-Table analysis was 88.8% for the entire group. Patients operated upon because of claudication had 100% patency at three years and fared better than the other groups. Periopera tive mortality was 15% in all patients, but only 7% in those operated upon electively. Limb salvage at two years was 64%. Although concomitant lower extremity bypass improved the patency of the axillofemoral graft, it failed to improve the limb salvage rate. Axillofemoral bypass can be successfully per formed in selected patients with a low incidence of reoperation.
Machining parameters for an intelligent machining system for composite laminates

Composite laminates exhibit very high in-plane strengths but are plagued by delamination damage when subjected to machining. This is due to their poor transverse strengths and low delamination fracture toughness. In drilling, delamination is initiated when the thrust force exceeds a threshold value, particularly at the critical entry and exit locations of the drill bit. To minimize damage, therefore, it is important to monitor process variables such as the machining forces and the position of the tool relative to the workpiece. The availability of a suitable model coupled with an intelligent control scheme would be a large advancement in the machining of composite laminates. This paper explores the development of such models for machining of composites and for coupling the models to intelligent control strategies. Using a machining center, a series of drilling experiments were conducted on carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates to determine key process parameters for various cutting conditions. An intelligent machining scheme is proposed as the basis for the design of a new machine tool.
Negative reactions to increases in perceived personal control.

Much research and theory suggests that an increase in perceived personal control is preferred and will result in positive reactions, whereas a decrease in personal control is not desired and will result in negative reactions. However, there are many negative as well as positive consequences to changes in personal control that contribute to one's reaction to increases in perceived control. 1 review research that identifies conditions under which increases in perceived control result in a tendency to relinquish personal control, negative affect, and a poorer performance on subsequent tasks. Three mediators are suggested for these effects. Changes in perceived personal control are said to result in changes in concern for self-presentation, changes in the perceived likelihood of obtaining desired outcomes, and changes in perceived predictability. Under certain conditions, each of these may lead to negative rather than positive reactions to increased control.
The growth of cubic zinc sulfide crystals by the chemical transport method

Abstract Single crystals of cubic zinc sulfide were prepared by the chemical transport process and the influence of the experimental parameters such as the transport rate and the hydrogen chloride pressure upon the chemical purity of the resulting crystals was clarified. The chlorine content in single crystals prepared was analyzed chemically. It is postulated that chemical equilibria other than those cited previously may occur in the gas phase, probably in the vicinity of crystal surfaces, and that aggregation of zinc sulfide gas molecules may occur during the growth.
Chronic lithium: desensitization of autoreceptors mediating serotonin release

The effect of chronic lithium treatment on K+-induced release of preloaded [3H] serotonin ([3H]5-HT) from brain slices and its regulation by the presynaptic serotonin autoreceptors were investigated in superfused cortical, hippocampal and hypothalamic brain slices. Three weeks of treatment with a lithium-containing diet increased stimulation-induced [3H]5-HT overflow in the three brain regions examined. The sensitivity of the inhibitory serotonin autoreceptors was tested by determining K+-elicited release inhibition or potentiation in response to exposure to the agonist, LSD or to the antagonist, methiothepin, respectively. A reduced maximal inhibitory response to LSD was obtained in lithium-treated animals. The potentiation by methiothepin was also markedly diminished in the treated animals. These results suggest that chronic lithium treatment induces a desensitization of serotonin autoreceptors which may result in increased serotonin release from the serotonin nerve terminals.
A theoretical comparison of facilitated transport and solution-diffusion membrane modules for gas separation

Abstract Computer models were developed to compare the performances of facilitated transport (FT) and conventional solution-diffusion (SD) membrane modules, and sample calculations given for the separation of CO2/CH4 mixtures. Previous studies have indicated that high CO2 fluxes can be obtained with laboratory-sized sheets of FT membranes; but these studies have not examined the performance of these membranes as modules. In the present study, the FT membrane properties are those of an ion exchange membrane with ethylene diamine as the CO2 carrier, and the SD membrane properties are those of a typical, commercial cellulosic membrane. For the conditions examined, the facilitation effect in the FT membrane module is significant only when the partial pressure of CO2 is relatively low (
A nonredundant role for the adapter protein Shc in thymic T cell development.

Signaling via the pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR) regulates survival, proliferation, allelic exclusion and differentiation of thymocytes. The role played by the adapter protein Shc in T cells has remained controversial, and its role in pre-TCR signaling has not been addressed. We examined Shc function in thymic T cell development using two genetic approaches. Cre-loxP–mediated inducible expression in transgenic mice of a phosphorylation-defective mutant of Shc impaired signaling through the pre-TCR as well as subsequent proliferation and differentiation. Conditional deletion of the Shc locus in thymocytes also affected thymic maturation at the same pre-TCR developmental stage. Thus, both Shc expression and its tyrosine phosphorylation play an essential and nonredundant role in thymic T cell development.
Blastic mantle cell lymphoma associated with Burkitt-type translocation and hypodiploidy

Two elderly men with stage IV mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) rapidly developed a leukaemic phase with unusually high blast counts that proved fatal. One lymph node biopsy showed diffuse MCL, the other blastic morphology. In addition to t(11;14), there were t(8;14) and t(1;19) in case 1 and dup(8)(q24q13) in case 2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed genomic fusion of IgH/MYC genes in case 1 and an extra copy of C-MYC gene in case 2. The genomic alteration of C-MYC oncogene is probably implicated in the blastic transformation and aggressive behaviour of the disease.
Risk Assessment of Wastewater Collection Lines Using Failure Models and Criticality Ratings

AbstractBecause of deteriorating condition levels of wastewater networks and financial constraints, sewer agencies are seeking methods to prioritize inspection of sewer pipes on the basis of risk of failure. Risk assessment of sewer pipes requires integration of the probability and consequences-of-failure values in a way that reflects the decision maker’s perception of risk. This paper presents the use of a weighted scoring method to determine criticality of sewer pipelines. The procedure involves identifying important factors, determining the relative importance of the selected factors, and summarizing the overall performance of sewer pipes in terms of these factors. Determination of risk of failure by combining the resultant consequence-of-failure values with the probability-of-failure values using simple multiplication, risk matrices, and fuzzy inference systems is presented. Application of these methods is illustrated by using the sewer network information obtained from a local wastewater agency. The ...
The impact of time to thrombolytic treatment on outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES To examine the impact of time to thrombolytic treatment on multiple acute outcome variables in a single trial of thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Mortality and reinfarction rate were measured in 2770 patients with acute myocardial infarction who received thrombolysis within 12 hours in CORE, an international, dose ranging trial of poloxamer 188. Tc-99m sestamibi infarct size and radionuclide angiographic ejection fraction substudies included 1099 and 1074 patients, respectively. RESULTS Time to thrombolysis, subgrouped by intervals (< 2, 2–4, ⩾ 4–6, and ⩾ 6 hours), was significantly associated with infarct size (median 15.0%, 18.5%, 22.0%, 18.5% of left ventricle; p = 0.033), mean (SD) ejection fraction (51.5 (12.0)%, 48.3 (13.9)%, 48.2 (13.3)%, 48.2 (15.0)%; p = 0.006), 35 day mortality (5.7%, 7.1%, 7.9%, 12.5%; p = 0.0004), six month mortality (7.3%, 8.6%, 10.4%, 15.5%; p < 0.0001), and 35 day reinfarction rate (6.1%, 3.2%, 4.0%, 0.9%; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In this single large trial, the beneficial effect of time to thrombolysis on infarct size and ejection fraction was restricted to treatment given within two hours of symptom onset, while the effect on mortality was evident over all time intervals. Reinfarction rate was higher in patients treated with earlier thrombolysis.