cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leisure and the development of culture.

The place of leisure and free time in both preliterate and preindustrial societies has received little attention by leisure researchers, often leading to inaccurate conceptions of the nature of work, leisure, and time-use in such cultures. This note is an effort to bring recent anthropological data and theory concerning the nature of leisure in preindustrial and preliterate cultures to the attention of leisure researchers and to examine the relationships, if any, between free time availability, its use, and the development of culture. An economic surplus has often been considered as a necessary, and perhaps a sufficient, condition for social stratification, craft specialization, and other forms of cultural elaboration to occur. Specifically, the change from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture during the neolithic has been suggested as the cultural development which provided the economic security required for increased cultural complexity. This economic security consists of three related components-surpluses of food, population, and leisure or free time. While Just (1980) traces the idea that surplus leisure contributes to cultural elaboration to Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Stuart Mill, the general concept of economic surplus, which can be defined as a “. . portion of total output which is in excess of the requirements of subsistence . . .” (LeClair and Schneider 1968) dates most directly to David Ricardo’s (1817) Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. In turn, some anthropologists saw economic surplus as a kind of prime mover in cultural development. Boas (1940) most clearly stated this thesis:
Sex stereotypes and the leadership role.

Previous research has indicated that stereotypically masculine behaviors characterize leadership and that stereotypically feminine traits are devalued. However, this research may be questioned on the basis that the sex stereotype measures employed were not appropriate for the managerial role and that the rating task was not clearly defined. The present study attempts to deal with these concerns by asking groups to rate two different managers: the one they would wish to work for or the one they would wish to have working for them. As hypothesized, those who described the supervisors who they wished to have working for them valued masculine traits significantly more than those who described the supervisor they would like to work for. In all cases, however, stereotypically sexneutral traits were most highly valued.
Self-assembled microfabrication technology for 3D isotropic negative index material

We present a fabrication method to realize three dimensional (3D) isotropic homogeneous negative index material (3DNIMs) using a low cost and massively parallel manufacturable and self-assembly technique. The construction of self-assembled 3D-NIM array was realized through two dimensional (2-D) planar microfabrication techniques exploiting the as-deposited residual stress imbalance between a bi-layer consisting of e-beam evaporated metal (chromium) and a structural layer of low stress silicon nitride deposited by LPCVD on a p-doped silicon substrate. A periodic continuation of a single rectangular unit cell consisting of split-ring resonators (SRR) and wires were fabricated to generate a 3D assembly by orienting them along all three Cartesian axes. The thin chromium and silicon nitride bi-layer is formed as hinges. The strain mismatch between the two layers at the hinge curls the structural layer containing the SRR upwards. The self-assembled out-of-plane angular position depends on the thickness and material composing the bi-layer. This built-in stress-actuated assembly method is suitable for applications requiring a thin dielectric layer for the SRR and/or active devices.
Controlling isolated systolic hypertension. No time to be complacent.

PREVIEWElevated systolic blood pressure is often thought to be of less concern than elevated diastolic pressure, but study after study has refuted this belief. Isolated systolic hypertension has proved to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Dr Pentz examines the causes and risks associated with this condition, touches on some of the important studies that have documented its seriousness, and offers practical advice on evaluation and treatment.
Identification of 12Cysβ on tubulin as the binding site of tubulyzine

We have undertaken quantitative binding site studies in order to identify the binding site of the known microtubule destabilizing agents, the tubulyzines, in the tubulin dimer. Two different approaches were employed that utilized the tubulyzines and their derivatives. The first approach was based on a chemical affinity labeling method using tubulyzine affinity derivatives, and the second approach employed the mass spectrometric measurement of the differential reactivity of cysteines using the tubulyzines and monobromobimane. Based on overlapping data from these two approaches, we propose that the tubulyzines bind at the guanosine-5′-triphosphate binding site of β-tubulin. Interestingly, we also show that the tubulyzines’ binding to tubulin induces a conformational change in tubulin that prevents further interaction of the 239Cysβ with other reagents.
Monte Carlo simulation of surface segregation phenomena in extended and nanoparticle surfaces of Pt–Pd alloys

The surface segregation phenomena in the extended and nanoparticle surfaces of Pt-Pd alloys have been studied using the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method and the modified embedded-atom method (MEAM) potentials developed for Pt-Pd alloys. The MEAM potentials were fitted to reproduce the experimental values of the lattice parameters, cohesive energies and surface energies of pure Pt and Pd metals, as well as the density functional theory calculation results of the lattice parameters and heat of formation of L1(2) Pt(3)Pd, L1(0) PtPd and L1(2) PtPd(3) crystal. Using the MC method and the developed MEAM potentials, we calculated the Pt concentrations in the outermost three layers of the equilibrium (111), (100) and (110) extended surfaces as well as the outermost surfaces of the equilibrium cubo-octahedral nanoparticles of Pt-Pd alloys. Our simulation results showed that the Pd atoms would segregate into the outermost layers of the extended surfaces and the Pt concentration would increase monotonically from the extended surfaces into the bulk. The equilibrium Pt-Pd nanoparticles were found to have Pd-enriched shells and Pt-enriched cores. In the shell of the Pt-Pd nanoparticles, the Pd atoms were predicted to preferably segregate to the (100) facets rather than the (111) facets.
Proteins of herpesvirus type 2. Isolation and immunologic characterization of two viral proteins in a virus-specific antigenic fraction

Abstract Previous reports from our laboratory have shown that “crude” AG-e, a type-commons HSV antigen, induces an antigen-driven cell-mediated immune response in patients with HSV cervicitis or cervix cancer. Anti-crude AG-e sera give rise in crossed immunoelectrophoresis against total viral soluble antigenic mixtures (HSV-2 (G) SAM) to one precipitin band (“pure” AG-e). Pure AG-e immunologically identical to crude AG-e as determined by immunodiffusion and it resolves into two infected cell proteins, ICP 12 (MW: 140,000) and ICP 14 (MW: 130,000) upon SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. ICP 12 and ICP 14 are purified to radiochemical homogeneity by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antisera to ICP 12 react with HSV-2 (G) SAM in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and both anti-ICP 12 and ICP 14 sera stain HSV-2 (G) infected cells. ICP 12and ICP 14 appear to be envelope proteins as evidenced by: (i) the absorption of the reactivity of anti-ICP 12 and ICP 14 sera with HSV-2 (G) virions but not with “mock-virus” preparations, (ii) the ability of the anti-ICP 12 and ICP 14 sera to neutralize HSV-2 in presence of anti-IgG, and (iii) the resolution of a protein with the relative mobility of ICP 14 in virions the surface of which was iodinated with lactoperoxidase.
Regulation of Expression of Citrate Synthase by the Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor α (RORα)

The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors that plays an important role in regulation of the circadian rhythm and metabolism. Mice lacking a functional RORα display a range of metabolic abnormalities including decreased serum cholesterol and plasma triglycerides. Citrate synthase (CS) is a key enzyme of the citric acid cycle that provides energy for cellular function. Additionally, CS plays a critical role in providing citrate derived acetyl-CoA for lipogenesis and cholesterologenesis. Here, we identified a functional RORα response element (RORE) in the promoter of the CS gene. ChIP analysis demonstrates RORα occupancy of the CS promoter and a putative RORE binds to RORα effectively in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and confers RORα responsiveness to a reporter gene in a cotransfection assay. We also observed a decrease in CS gene expression and CS enzymatic activity in the staggerer mouse, which has a mutation of in the Rora gene resulting in nonfunctional RORα protein. Furthermore, we found that SR1001 a RORα inverse agonist eliminated the circadian pattern of expression of CS mRNA in mice. These data suggest that CS is a direct RORα target gene and one mechanism by which RORα regulates lipid metabolism is via regulation of CS expression.
Kinetics of the reactions of O3 and OH radicals with a series of dialkenes and trialkenes at 294 ± 2 K

Rate constants for the gas phase reactions of O3 and OH radicals with 1,3-cycloheptadiene, 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, and cis- and trans-1,3,5-hexatriene and also of O3 with cis-2,trans-4-hexadiene and trans -2,trans -4-hexadiene have been determined at 294 ± 2 K. The rate constants determined for reaction with O3 were (in cm3 molecule-1s−1 units): 1,3-cycloheptadiene, (1.56 ± 0.21) × 10-16; 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, (5.39 ± 0.78) × 10−17; 1,3,5-hexatriene, (2.62 ± 0.34) × 10−17; cis−2,trans-4-hexadiene, (3.14 ± 0.34) × 10−16; and trans −2, trans -4-hexadiene, (3.74 ± 0.61) × 10−16; with the cis- and trans-1,3,5-hexatriene isomers reacting with essentially identical rate constants. The rate constants determined for reaction with OH radicals were (in cm3 molecule−1 s−1 units): 1,3-cycloheptadiene, (1.31 ± 0.04) × 10−10; 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, (9.12 × 0.23) × 10−11; cis-1,3,5-hexatriene, (1.04 ± 0.07) × 10−10; and trans 1,3,5-hexatriene, (1.04 ± 0.17) × 10−10. These data, which are the first reported values for these di- and tri-alkenes, are discussed in the context of previously determined O3 and OH radical rate constants for alkenes and cycloalkenes.
IMPROVED DELAY LINES FOR PROPORTIONAL WIRE CHAMBER READOUT.

Abstract Various modifications to the electromagnetic delay lines used for wire chamber readout are described. These consist of changing the cross-section of the lines, decreasing the eddy current losses, the dielectric losses, and increasing the characteristic impedance. The effect of these modifications is to increase the coupling efficiency to the chamber wires and to make the delay-to-risetime ratio equal to 30 for a 50-cm long delay line, with a total delay of 2.65 μs.
Prediction of Aerodynamic Characteristics of an Elliptic Airfoil at Low Reynolds Number

This study focuses on modeling the effects of transitional flow and surface curvature on aerodynamic characteristics of an elliptic airfoil. Numerical simulations have been performed on a 16% thick elliptic airfoil for a range of angle of attack (α) from 0° to 20° and flow Reynolds number (Re) of 3 × 105, using relatively new transition-sensitive and traditional fully turbulent eddy viscosity turbulence models. Test conditions were matched to experiments by Kwon and Park (2005) and numerical results were compared with available experimental data. Results indicate that the transition-sensitive models, namely k-kL-ω and Transition SST, accurately predict the laminar-to-turbulent transition locations and reproduce the laminar separation bubbles on the suction surface of the airfoil in agreement with the experimental data. Also, transition-sensitive models yield improved predictions of lift and drag performance when compared with results from fully turbulent models. The fully turbulent models; including SA and k-ω SST, and a newly developed curvature-sensitive model (SST k-ω-ν2) fail to capture the flow separation and reattachment locations near the leading edge of airfoil. However, the curvature-sensitive SST k-ω-ν2 model predicts the stall point of the airfoil close to experimental results, while all other tested RANS models failed to accurately predict the stall point. Taken as a whole, the results suggest that accurate aerodynamic predictions at both low and high angles of attack might be achieved by using a model that includes the effects of both transition and curvature.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Topologically hyperbolic equilibria in dynamical systems

Here the notation for the isolating block is in [2, 61, and will be reviewed in the next section. We say that + is locally topologically equivalent (at 0) to d nt,n if there is a homeomorphism h: U + h(U) of some neighborhood U of 0 that takes each orbit segment of $ in U onto an orbit segment of $,,,,, in h(U), preserving the natural orientation of the orbits. Our result is that the Coleman conjecture is not true in general; we construct a Ca flow (b on [w2 x Iw2 that is not locally equivalent to the corresponding standard example. Wilson gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a local equivalence in [5], and uses it to show that the conjecture is true if m = 1 or if n = 1, so this is the least dimension in which a counterexample can be constructed.
Improving CMOS open defect coverage using hazard activated tests

Recent studies indicate that a significant number of very large delay faults that increase circuit path delays several fold, remain difficult to detect and are only discovered by very carefully crafted and comprehensive two-pattern tests, e.g. cell aware tests. A likely source of such large delays in CMOS is stuck-open faults. These can sometimes still allow the circuit to reach the correct logic values through the charging of the floating node by small leakage currents in the circuit, although with large delays. It is well known that many open defects are not covered by commonly employed TDF launch on capture (LOC) scan delay tests; the coverage of specially generated transistor stuck-open tests published in the literature is only modestly better. It is commonly assumed that such undetected open faults are benign because the circuit states needed to activate them cannot be reached in normal functional operation. However, traditional test generation only considers final “steady state” signal values and ignores transients. In practice CMOS circuits experience many more transient states from the large number of hazards that occur during switching transitions. Many undetected open defects can be activated by such hazards during normal operation and cause a functional error. Such open faults must be detected by tests targeting low DPPMs. In this paper we present an ATPG based delay test methodology to target a key class of such hazard activated open faults that are not detected by traditional stuck open tests. Through detailed SPICE simulations, we show that the detected open defects can in fact be activated by such tests and therefore result in erroneous outputs in normal functional operation.
High-power distributed-feedback quantum cascade lasers

ABSTRACT Whereas high-power operation (> 1 W of cw output power at 200 K) has been demonstrated for quantum cascade lasers emitting at = 4.7-6.2 µ m, those devices generally exhibited multiple longitudinal modes. Recently, a distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser operating in a single spectral mode at 4.8 µ m and at temperatures up to 333 K has been reported. In the present work, we provide detailed measurements and modeling of its performance characteristics. The sidemode suppression ratio exceeds 25 dB, and the emission remains robustly single-mode at all currents and temperatures tested. Cw output powers of 99 mW at 298 K and 357 mW at 200 K are obtained at currents well below the thermal rollover point. The slope efficiency and subthreshold amplified spontaneous emission spectra are shown to be consistent with a coupling coefficient of no more than L 4-5, which is substantially lower than the estimate of 9 based on the nominal grating fabrication parameters. Keywords: diode laser, quantum cascade laser, quantum well, mid-infrared.
Design and Testing of a Generalized Reduced Gradient Code for Nonlinear Programming

Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to describe a Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm for nonlinear programming, its implementation as a FORTRAN program for solving small to medium size problems, and some computational results. Our focus is more on the software implementation of the algorithm than on its mathematical properties. This is in line with the premise that robust, efficient, easy to use NLP software must be written and made accessible if nonlinear programming is to progress, both in theory and in practice.
Depth of EEG suppression and outcome in barbiturate anesthetic treatment for refractory status epilepticus.

Summary: Purpose: Barbiturate anesthetic treatment of patients with refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is often titrated to a burst-suppression record on the EEG. We sought to determine whether the depth of EEG suppression correlated with persistent seizure control in such patients. Methods: We reviewed the EEGs and clinical course of patients treated with pentobarbital (PTB) for RSE. Persistent seizure control or relapse to status epilepticus after the taper of PTB was determined with reference to the depth of EEG suppression during treatment. Results: Of 35 patients tapering PTB, persistent seizure control was achieved in six of 12 patients reaching a burst-suppression record at greatest depth of EEG suppression and in 17 of 20 patients reaching a “flat” record; three patients with neither pattern had persistent control. Survival also was somewhat better in the more suppressed group. Isolated epileptiform discharges during the barbiturate infusion did not correlate with outcome. Recurrence of electrographic status after PTB taper predicted clinical relapse. Conclusions: The EEG is important in managing PTB treatment for patients with RSE. Some period of intense seizure and EEG suppression may help in preventing relapse of status after the PTB taper. It is not necessary to suppress all epileptiform discharges, but persistent clinical and EEG monitoring is necessary to avoid relapses.
Splenectomy, interferon, and treatments of historical interest in hairy cell leukemia.

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an uncommon leukemia. After Hodgkin lymphoma, HCL has been a model for incorporating and understanding the clinical interventions of surgery, chemotherapy, biologic response modifiers, purine nucleoside analogs, and monoclonal antibody therapy. Advances in treatment, all of which were empiric at the time, preceded advancements in understanding the biology of the disease. The history of therapeutic intervention has been characterized by empiric interventions without scientific bench research applied to a disease that did not have good outcomes or therapeutic interventions. Such approaches have changed the natural history of this disease and opened doors for other diseases. Over time, the definitions of response evolved into modern response definitions. This article focuses on treatments of historical interest, observation, splenectomy, and the interferons.
Sleep-Related Problems in Youth with Tourette’s Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorder

This study reports the prevalence and symptom correlates of sleep related problems (SRPs) in a sample of young people with Tourettes Syndrome (TS) or Chronic Tic Disorder. Fifty-six young people (and one of their parents) with a tic disorder were administered the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Children completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children. Parents completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Parent Proxy and Child Behavior Checklist. Overall, SRPs were widely endorsed, with 80.4% experiencing at least one SRP and 19.7% experiencing four or more. SRPs were negatively associated with quality of life and positively associated with internalising and externalising behaviours. Children with comorbid anxiety disorders had more SRPs than those without. We conclude by recommending that SRPs be assessed in young people with tics (particularly when comorbid anxiety is present), and highlight the role of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological intervention in reducing SRPs. • Sleep related problems (SRPs) are relatively common in young people with tic disorders and suggest the need for SRPs to be included in the comprehensive assessment and management of young people with tics • SRPs were positively linked to both anxiety and internalising and externalising behaviours and negatively related to child- and parent-rated quality of life • Should SRPs be present and clinically meaningful, treatment per evidence-based guidelines may be warranted
Importance of adrenocortical hormones for maturation of colonic NaKATPase activity

NaKATPase activity is low in the immature rat colon and increases till the 40th postnatal day. Studies from this laboratory have shown that immature renal tubular cells are more sensitive to the inductive effect of adrenocortical hormones on NaKATPase activity than mature cells. The aim of this study has been to examine whether endogenous fluctuations of aldosterone (Aldo) and/or corticosterone (CS) induced by changes in sodium balance can precociously increase NaKATPase activity in the immature colon. Young and adult rats were therefore given a normal (C) or low sodium (E) diet for 4 days and studied at the age of 20 and 40 days, respectively. The effect of NaKATPase increase in 20 days secondary hyperaldo rats was evaluated using in vivo perfusion of colon. Net Na-absorption increased from control value 190 ± 91 μmol/min/dry g colon to 428.5 ± 97.2 (p < 0.05) and net fluid absorption increased from 1.02 ± 0.67 μl/min/dry g colon to 2.64 ± 0.75 (p < 0.05). These data indicate that aldosterone increases NaKATPase activity in proximal and distal colon, stimulates net sodium and water transport in large intestine and that the immature large intestine is more sensitive to aldosterone stimulation.
The Fifth Cell Correlation Bias in U.S. Census Adjustment

One form of error that can affect census adjustments is correlation bias, reflecting people who are doubly missing--from the census and from the adjusted counts as well. This article presents a method for estimating the total national number of doubly-missing people and their distribution by race and sex. Application to the 1990 U.S. census adjustment leads to an estimate of 3 million doubly-missing people. Correlation bias is likely to be a serious problem for census adjustment in 2000. The methods of this article are well suited for measuring its magnitude.
Expert systems in wind engineering

Abstract Knowledge-based expert systems (KBES) have generated a great deal of excitement in the engineering community. Many civil engineering applications have been identified. Recent developments in the wind engineering field include WINDLOADER and WISER. Wind-induced damage assessment is also under investigation. Because many of the design and analysis problems facing wind engineers are ill structured, it is anticipated that expert systems will play an important role in the wind engineering field in the next decade. The objective of this paper is to explore the use of expert systems in wind engineering.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin in the control of thyroid function in the turtle, Chrysemys picta.

Abstract In adult male Chrysemys picta , while ovine thyrotropin (TSH) causes a clear rise in plasma thyroxine (T 4 ), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), given in large doses for several days (50 μg/day for 8 days), does not. Neither affected plasma corticosterone. These findings suggest that the repitilian pituitary-thyroid axis is similar to that of other ectotherms in its lack of response to TRH; one may speculate that endothermy and thyroid stimulation by TRH are physiologically linked during the course of evolution.
Equilibrium Potential for the Postsynaptic Response in the Squid Giant Synapse

The reversal potential for the EPSP in the squid giant synapse has been studied by means of an intracellular, double oil gap technique. This method allows the electrical isolation of a portion of the axon from the rest of the fiber and generates a quasi-isopotential segment. In order to make the input resistance of this nerve segment as constant as possible, the electroresponsive properties of the nerve membrane were blocked by intracellular injection of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and local extracellular application of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Thus, EPSP's could be evoked in the isolated segment with a minimal amount of electroresponsive properties. The reversal potential for the EPSP (EEPSP) was measured by recording the synaptic potential or the synaptic current during voltage clamping. The results indicate that EEPSP may vary from +15 to +25 mV, which is more positive than would be expected for a 1:1 conductance change for Na+ and K+ (approximately -15 mV) and too negative for a pure Na+ conductance (+40 mV). This latter value (ENa) was directly determined in the voltage clamp experiments. The results suggest that the synaptic potential is probably produced by a permeability change to Na+ to K+ in a 4:1 ratio. No change in time-course was observed in the synaptic current at clamp levels of -100 and +90 mV. The implications of a variable ratio for Na+-K+ permeability in subsynaptic-postsynaptic membranes are discussed.
Application of seismo-acoustic signals to the study of local site effects

The Nevada Seismic Array (NVAR) is a small-aperture seismic array designed for monitoring an eventual nuclear test ban treaty. In spite of the 4 km aperture, large amplitude variations are recorded due to the complicated local geology. This study takes advantage of the collocated infrasound and seismic sensors to discuss the use of air-to-ground coupled waves to characterize the shallow geological structure existing beneath the array.
The effects of an experimental social development program on children in the middle childhood period

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a social development program on role-taking, problem-solving skills, and classroom adjustment in 9- and 10-year-old children. The subjects in the study were 68 children (34 matched pairs); the 34 experimental children were matched on the basis of sex, race, age, and group IQ scores with students in the control group. The results indicated that the children in the experimental group gained in respect for others, ability to generate alternatives to problem situations, creative expression, patience, and self-reliance.
On the optimal localized feedback design for vehicular platoons

We consider the design of optimal structured feedback gains for vehicular platoons. We revisit the mistuning design problem proposed by Barooah et al., where the platoon is modeled as a diffusion on a spatial lattice, and a search is performed for structured perturbations of the nominal dynamics that improve the stability properties in a favorable way.We pose the mistuning problem in the structured H 2 optimal control framework, where the size of the mistuning feedback gain is kept small by considering an expensive control regime. The coupled matrix equations that result from optimality conditions are conveniently decoupled via the application of perturbation analysis, which yields the unique structured optimal mistuning gain. We then consider less expensive control regimes and employ Newton's method to solve the optimal control problem, while using the solution obtained from mistuning to initialize the iterative homotopy-based scheme. We also consider the issue of scaling, with respect to platoon size, of global and local performance measures in the optimally-controlled platoon.
Charge transfer into excited states of hydrogen atoms reflected on metal surfaces

A theory of transfer of electrons into excited states of a proton moving above a free-electron metal surface is presented, based on a time-dependent Anderson Hamiltonian with a degenerate atomic level. The density matrices of the resulting atomic states are calculated. At grazing proton trajectories the parallel velocity effectively brings some of the conduction electrons into resonance with higher atomic levels. This mechanism leads to creation of excited states in which the sublevels within the shell are unsymmetrically populated. The polarization characteristics of Balmer ${\mathrm{H}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ light ($n=3$ to $n=2$ transition) emitted from 9-keV protons scattered at a few degrees are calculated, in good agreement with experimental data. The possible influence upon the electron capture process of the incompleteness of the screening of the fast proton by conduction electrons is discussed.
Load Testing a Double-Composite Steel Box Girder Bridge

This paper describes the load testing and results of a full-scale doublecomposite steel box bridge girder tested in a cooperative research study by the University of South Florida, the URS Corporation, and the Florida Department of Transportation to develop design rules for doublecomposite steel bridges. The section modeled is a 53-ft-long, 4-ft-deep trapezoidal double-composite steel box girder that replicates the negative moment region of a continuous steel box girder bridge. The specimen was tested to evaluate fatigue, service, and ultimate design provisions. After 5.6 million cycles of fatigue loading, there was a 17% loss in stiffness. The service tests showed that 1% reinforcement for the top slab was adequate. The specimen failed because of crushing of the bottom concrete slab and buckling of the bottom steel flange in the final service test. Finite element analysis was used to simulate the failure and showed that the bottom flange buckles at relatively low loads, but because of composite action wi...
Temporal Adaptation in a Silicon Auditory Nerve

Many auditory theorists consider the temporal adaptation of the auditory nerve a key aspect of speech coding in the auditory periphery. Experiments with models of auditory localization and pitch perception also suggest temporal adaptation is an important element of practical auditory processing. I have designed, fabricated, and successfully tested an analog integrated circuit that models many aspects of auditory nerve response, including temporal adaptation.
Error analysis for optimal distributed detection in multi-hop sensor networks

We consider a sensor network in which the sensor motes first make local decisions based on their observations of a noisy environment. They then transmit these local decisions over multiple noisy wireless hops to a cluster head (CH). The CH collects them and fuses them into a globally optimal decision. In this paper, multiple techniques are used to characterize the decision error probability when the CH uses a likelihood ratio test. The results obtained include easily evaluated expressions that provide upper and lower bounds on the exact performance of the optimal distributed detector. These results will enable rapid analysis of system-level tradeoffs involving the number of sensors, the level of error, and energy usage.
Free Will in Scientific Psychology

Some actions are freer than others, and the difference is palpably important in terms of inner process, subjective perception, and social consequences. Psychology can study the difference between freer and less free actions without making dubious metaphysical commitments. Human evolution seems to have created a relatively new, more complex form of action control that corresponds to popular notions of free will. It is marked by self-control and rational choice, both of which are highly adaptive, especially for functioning within culture. The processes that create these forms of free will may be biologically costly and therefore are only used occasionally, so that people are likely to remain only incompletely self-disciplined, virtuous, and rational.
Serum antigens of cattle. VI. Isolation and properties of an intracellular antigen (Eel) from cattle erythrocytes

Summary The erythrocyte antigen (Ecl) of cattle has been isolated using DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex gel filtration, and isoelectrofocusing. The purified antigen is free from hemoglobin and migrates as a single protein on polyacrylamide gels. It exhibits an absorption maximum at 278 nm and has a molecular weight of about 100 000; its isoelectric point is 4.95. The antigen has a carbohydrate moeity and loses its activity after oxidation with periodate. The evidence suggests that it is not a common isozyme, but its exact identity remains unknown.
Collaboration-Enhanced Receiver Integrity Monitoring (CERIM)

This paper introduces a method of monitoring for navigation satellite faults by pooling measurements for a team of vehicles connected through a wireless Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) network. The new method is called Collaboration-Enhanced Receiver Integrity Monitoring (CERIM). Compared to existing satellite-navigation integrity technologies, such as Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM), Space-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS), or Ground-Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS), CERIM has particular advantages for intelligent transportation systems, because of its potential for high sensitivity and fast response time, and because of its ability to operate without an infrastructure of stationary reference receivers. A method for computing the missed-detection probability of CERIM in the face of single-satellite faults is derived and evaluated using simulation.
Temperature Dependence of Plastic Yield Stress of Single Crystals of Magnesium Oxide

The temperature dependence of the plastic yield stress of cleavage slabs of Norton Company magnesium oxide, containing approximately 0.2%, impurity, has been investigated up to 1000° C. for bending under three-point loading. Previous thermal history has been found to be an important variable. In particular, annealing followed by a rapid quenching produces a marked softening, and at the same time causes a homogenization of the starting material. Such samples have been found to display inflections in strength versus temperature, corresponding to a minimum near 500°C. followed by a maximum near 700°C. At temperatures above those associated with the inflections the samples show a pronounced drop in load after yielding, and subsequent deformation occurs by jerky flow. The various observations have been discussed in terms of the interactions of dislocations with impurities that may be in precipitate or solution form, depending on past history and conditions at the time of testing. Some experimental information has also been obtained on the effect of strain rate on the plastic yield strength.
PEDIATRICIANS' ATTITUDES CONCERNING INFANTS' SHOES

A questionnaire concerning attitudes towards the necessity of specially constructed baby shoes for the development of normal feet was sent to 500 pediatricians. Of the 279 responding, three quarters of them thought that tennis shoes were adequate. This view was not influenced by the pediatricians9 age nor academic status. It would appear that the widespread belief among American and Canadian parents in the importance of baby shoes is not widely shared by the pediatric profession.
The axial anomaly in QCD at finite temperature

Abstract We study flavor mixing and the U(1)A anomaly in QCD at zero and finite temperature. Using the instanton liquid model, we show that the strength of the anomaly is essentially unchanged near the critical temperature for chiral symmetry restoration. We demonstrate that nevertheless chiral symmetry restoration has important consequences for the η and η′. In particular, the strange and non-strange components of the η unmix near Tc. The anomaly does not affect the strange eta, so we expect a light purely strange pseudoscalar near the phase transition.
Building technology-based, learner-centered classrooms: The evolution of a professional development framework

This study examined issues in supporting middle-school teachers to become more learner centered when implementing computer-based, workplace simulations in their classrooms. Specifically, this report focuses on a participant observation study of two teachers to develop and evolve a framework for professional development. The framework was developed based on prior professional development efforts, information on developing learner-centered classrooms, and data about teacher change. The framework included five key pieces: (a) reflection, (b) proximal goals, (c) collegial support groups, (d) one-on-one feedback, and (e) support materials for the teachers. The foundation for the framework was a belief that change is individual and needs to be supported in context and over time.
Chaos in the one generator system with excitation feedback

We study a 7-dimensional model of the one machine-infinite bus equipped with excitation system for the existence of complicated dynamics. We first reduce the system to 4 dimensions using singular perturbation techniques. Within the 4-dimensional system we "locate" an embedded near-integrable two-degree Hamiltonian system that possesses (horseshoe) chaos for certain parameter ranges. (Some of these parameter ranges are not practical). The transition from the near-integrable to the 4-d model does not nullify the complicated structure introduced by chaos. Work is now in progress to show explicitly that this complicated structure persists in the full 7-dimensional system and for practical, i.e. typical, set of parameter ranges.
Soy‐based polyurethanes by nonisocyanate route

Polyurethanes by a nonisocyanate route were prepared by reacting carbonated soybean oil with different diamines. The effect of amine structure and carbonate to amine ratio on polyurethane structure and mechanical, physical, and swelling properties was studied. The reactants 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,4-butylenediamine, and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine were used with the carbonate to amine ratio of 1 : 0.5, 1 : 1, and 1 : 2. It was found that along with urethane formation, the amine group reacted with ester groups to form amides. All amines produced elastomeric polyurethanes with glass transitions between 0 and 40°C and hardness between 40 and 90 Shore A. The reaction of epoxidized soybean oil with carbon dioxide was optimized resulting in complete conversion of epoxy to cyclic carbonate groups ending in polyurethanes with higher crosslinking density and much higher tensile strength than previously reported for similar polyurethanes. Swelling in toluene and water depended on crosslinking density and the polarity of polyurethane networks controlled by the cyclic carbonate-to-amine-ratio. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
CELL SEGMENTATION AND TRACKING USING TEXTURE-ADAPTIVE SNAKES

Identifying cell trajectories is an important step in analyzing physiological events in computerized video time-lapse microcopy. The large variety and transformation of cell shapes and cells' Brownian motion make cell tracking a challenge problem. In this paper we present a cell tracking system, implemented as a particle filter within texture-adaptive active contour formulations. The texture-adaptive weights on the external energy of the active contour model enables snakes to bypass internal pseudo-edges and stop on low-contrast cell boundaries. Using the texture of cells as observation model, we can track cells whose locations follow a multimodal distribution with a particle filter. This system is a novel combination of tracking algorithms and deformable models, and allows for the first time to automatically track non-fluorescence cellular microscopy images. The implemented tracker is tested on both normal and autophagy cell image sequences, to demonstrate the properties of cells in autophagy
Flicker Mitigation and Load Balancing in Steel Plants Power Systems by OCC-Hexagram Converter Based STATCOM

This paper addresses some major problems in steel plant power systems such as voltage fluctuations and flicker, load unbalance, current harmonics and reactive power and demonstrates the significance of reactive power management for steel plants power system. Two One-Cycle Control techniques for Hexagram Converter based STATCOM are presented. The first technique effectively achieves load balancing, harmonic filtering and reactive power compensation using current control mode of the dual-core One-Cycle controller while the second one employs voltage control mode for the voltage support and flicker mitigation, which are demonstrated by the simulation results. Index Terms—Converters, Current control, Furnaces, Metals industry, Multilevel systems, Power electronics, Power system harmonics, Reactive power, Static VAR compensators, Voltage control
The mechanisms of bell mouth formation in gundrilling when the drill rotates and the workpiece is stationary. Part 2: the second stage of drill entrance

Abstract This paper reveals the main design and technological factors affecting entrance stability and provides practical recommendations on the design of gundrills. The subject has been covered in two parts. In the first part of this paper, the first stage of drill entrance, which begins when the gundrill touches the face of the workpiece and ends when the gundrill’s cutting edges are fully engaged in cutting, is considered. The role of the clearance in the starting bush and the design of the gundrill’s supporting area are analyzed. In this paper, the second stage of gundrill entrance is analyzed. The system engineering approach, which includes the time axis, is used in the consideration of distinctive steps in the drill entrance. The influence of the design parameter of the gundrill (such as relative location of the supporting area and the cutting edges, flank (relief) angle of the outer cutting edge, the location of the rake face, design and location of the supporting area) as well as the clearance in the starting bush on the duration of entrance instability is discussed. A number of practical suggestions to increase the entrance stability are provided.
Drug Use among 8th Grade Students Is Increasing

Among United States 8th grade students, marijuana and stimulant use declined from 1987 to 1990. Since then, marijuana and inhalant use have increased. Before 1989, marijuana was the most frequently tried drug by 8th graders. Since then, more students have tried inhalants than have tried marijuana.
Reality on Trial: notes on ideology, education, and utopia

The concept of utopia has been described as a distortion of reality in the positive direction. On the other hand, its dialectical counterpart, ideology, has been described as a distortion of reality in the negative direction. Each concept has been defined in exclusive terms from the other, but as discourses they have become dependent on each other, albeit in a negative relationship. First, this article analyzes the four moments of Althusser's theory that ideology is unscientific, humanist, like-the-unconscious, and finally as having material effects. Althusser's theory provides a compendium for the recent ruminations on the concept of ideology and is representative of the propensity to define it in pejorative terms. Second, the article surveys More, Saint-Simon, and Fourier's thoughts on utopia. At its minimum, utopia has been useful in imagining a reality that is better than its current form. At its best, utopia shatters the current reality. Third, the article concludes by building an incipient theory of...
Prevention of parenteral nutrition-induced gut hypoplasia by coinfusion of glucagon-like peptide-2

Maintaining rats on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for 6 days significantly reduced mass (-34%), protein (-32%), and DNA (-35%) in small intestine and colon (29-37% decrease). Coinfusion of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) normalized each of these variables in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, but not in colon. Histological analysis of tissue revealed normal mucosa thickness and villus height in small intestine of GLP-2-treated rats, whereas nontreated rats maintained on TPN exhibited villus shortening (-30%) and thinning (-23%) of mucosa. These results suggest that hormonal alterations may be more important than an absence of luminal nutrition in TPN-associated mucosal changes. Additionally, GLP-2 normalization of gut mucosa permits accurate assessment of the influence of reversal of hypoplasia on gut barrier function.
The effects of the chelating agent ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid on cell adhesion in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum.

Certain properties of living cells appear to depend primarily on changes at, or characteristics of, the cell surface or plasma membrane. Among these ‘surfacelinked’ phenomena are to be classed adhesion of cells to their neighbours or substratum, pseudopodial activity and plasma membrane stability, and, frequently, cell and tissue movements. (Others which might be mentioned, such as pinocytosis, trans-membrane movements of substances, and vacoule formation, will not be considered here.) Attempts to examine these properties in terms of chemical mechanisms have not been notably successful, owing in part to the fact that the experimental material has traditionally been the tissues or embryos of metazoan forms. Thus, investigators have worked with heterogeneous and often constantly changing populations of cells, from which individual cells could be obtained only by the use of more or less deleterious methods such as mechanical separation or treatment with disaggregating agents.
On packing and covering polyhedra in infinite dimensions

We consider the natural generalizations of packing and covering polyhedra in infinite dimensions, and study issues related to duality and integrality of extreme points for these sets. Using appropriate finite truncations we give conditions under which complementary slackness holds for primal/dual pairs of the infinite linear programming problems associated with infinite packing and covering polyhedra. We also give conditions under which the extreme points are integral. We illustrate an application of our results on an infinite-horizon lot-sizing problem.
The Field Equations

This chapter postulates Maxwell's equations at the outset and proceeds to deduce the structure and properties of the field together with its relation to the source. The source of an electromagnetic field is a distribution of electric charge and current. Throughout the early history of electromagnetic theory the absolute electromagnetic system of units was employed for all scientific investigations. The integration of Maxwell's equations may be reduced to the determination of a vector and a scalar potential, which in homogeneous media satisfy one and the same differential equation. The chapter estimates the gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian in an orthogonal system of curvilinear coordinates, and deals with the simpler aspects of tensor calculus. To ensure the invariance of the field equations under a Lorentz transformation it is only necessary to assume that the four-current and the four-potential do indeed transform like vectors, and that the transform like field tensors.
Institutional Versus Questionnaire Measures of Organizational Structure

Although they have been used interchangeably in previous empirical work, this study found poor convergence between the institutional and questionnaire measures of organizational structure. By empha...