cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ruminative Thoughts and Their Relation to Depression and Anxiety1

Although past research has shown a correlation between ruminative response style and depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991), the basic relationships among amount of ruminative thoughts, depression, and anxiety has not been established. Scores from the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck & Steer, 1993), and the McIntosh and Martin (1992) Rumination Scale were analyzed for 199 participants. The correlation between rumination and depression was .33, between rumination and anxiety was .32, and between depression and anxiety was .56. The partial correlation between rumination and depression (controlling for anxiety level) was .20, and the partial correlation between rumination and anxiety (controlling for depression level) was .17. The finding that rumination is not unique to depression but is also associated with the specific negative affect of anxiety alone might also suggest new treatments of these two prevalent disorders.
Solar flare neutrons and their capture gamma ray emission

We briefly describe our recent Monte Carlo calculations of the energy and angular distributions of neutrons escaping from the solar atmosphere. Comparing the calculation results with measurements of the neutron flux from the flares, we determined the angular distribution and energy spectrum of the accelerated ions. We also describe our calculations of the time dependence of the 2.223 MeV line emission, which provide a sensitive measure of the photospheric 3He abundance. We find that the SMM measurements of the time dependence of the 2.2 MeV line emission from the flare of 1982 June 3 imply a 3He/H ratio of (2.3±1.2)×10−5 at the 90% confidence level.
Cell Adhesion Regulates the Interaction between Nck and p21-activated Kinase

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are important mediators of cytoskeletal reorganization, cell motility and transcriptional events regulated by the Rho family GTPases Rac and Cdc42. PAK activation by serum components is strongly dependent on cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). PAK binds directly to the Nck adapter protein, an interaction thought to play an important role in regulation and localization of PAK activity. This report demonstrates that the interaction of PAK with Nck is regulated dynamically by cell adhesion. PAK-Nck binding is rapidly lost after cell detachment and rapidly restored after re-adhesion to the ECM protein fibronectin, suggesting a rapidly reversible mode of regulation. Furthermore, the loss of Nck binding correlates with changes in the phosphorylation state of PAK in nonadherent cells, as evidenced by electrophoretic mobility shift and phosphorylation within a sequence known to mediate interaction with Nck. The ability of cell adhesion to regulate PAK phosphorylation and interaction with Nck may contribute to the anchorage-dependence of PAK activation as well as to the localization of activated PAK within a cell.
Visualizing multidimensional climate model data

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using simulated data from the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) global climate mathematical model to serve as boundary values for a regional model RM3 which has been used by NASA to make predictions about climate dynamics in West Africa. In the past, historical data has been used successfully as boundary data but this approach limits outcomes to time periods in the past. The advantage of using the UKMO data is its potential to provide input boundary data for future time periods resulting in future regional predictions. This study has provided NASA scientists with graphical and statistical summaries including visual animations that provide qualitative and quantitative information necessary for evaluating whether the UKMO data can be used as a driving force for the RM3 model. One definite conclusion of this investigation is that both spatial and temporal interpolation of UKMO results will be necessary in order to make its results compatible with the RM3 model.
Social perception in negotiation

Abstract Many negotiations provide opportunities for integrative agreements in which parties can maximize joint gains without competing for resources in a direct win-lose fashion. However, negotiators often settle for suboptimal compromise agreements rather than search for mutually beneficial, or integrative, agreements. We hypothesized that misperceptions of the other party's interests are a primary cause of suboptimal outcomes. Two studies examined the role of social perception in negotiation and the relationship between judgment accuracy and negotiation performance. Results indicated that: most negotiators enter negotiation expecting the other party's interests to be completely opposed to their own; negotiators learn about the potential for joint gain during negotiation; most learning occurs within the first few minutes of interaction; accurate perception of the other party's interests leads to better negotiation performance; negotiators who learn about the other party's interests in the early stages of negotiation earn higher payoffs than do those who learn during the later stages of negotiation; a substantial number of negotiators fail to realize when they have interests that are completely compatible with those of the other party and settle for suboptimal agreements; and the two types of judgment error, Fixed Sum Error and Incompatibility Error, appear to be unrelated, distinct judgment errors. We discuss the role of social judgment in negotiation and the generalizability of the results to real world negotiations.
Life course epidemiology: recognising the importance of puberty

Given the emphasis within the developmental origins of adult health and disease paradigm on the first 1000 days, Viner et al 1 are to be applauded for drawing attention to adolescence as a key developmental stage for brain development, psychosocial development, health behaviour, obesity and mental health, with ramifications throughout the life course. Viner et al 1 also highlight the importance of adolescence as a critical or sensitive period for adult health and disease, including cardiovascular disease and cardiometabolic outcomes, with the risk perhaps mediated by programming of metabolic factors, such as insulin-like growth factor 1, or by obesity. One further aspect of adolescence that …
FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are not important for rotavirus clearance or the early antibody response to rotavirus

Regulatory T cells produce TGF-β that contributes to IgA induction by intestinal commensal bacteria but their importance in IgA responses to pathogens has not been determined. Immunity against the enteropathogen, rotavirus, is dependent on intestinal IgA, but whether FoxP3+ regulatory T cells contribute to this IgA is unknown. Infection with rotavirus increased the numbers of intestinal FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Depletion of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells altered leukocyte activation but did not significantly alter rotavirus clearance or specific antibody levels. These data suggest FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are not critical for the early antibody response to rotavirus infection.
Sedimentology of pennsylvanian quartzose sandstones of the lee formation, central appalachian basin: fluvial interpretation based on lateral profile analysis

Abstract Lateral profiling, including bounding surface and architectural-element analyses, are utilized to demonstrate a fluvial origin for the quartzose sandstones of the Lee Formation. Internal architecture of the sandstones consists primarily of multistorey and multilateral channel bodies. Individual channel elements, up to 20 m thick, contain a complex hierarchy of bedform deposits. The primary depositional elements within the channels were downstream-accreting (mid-channel?) macroforms; channel elements frequently contain deposits of more than one macroform. Reconstruction of the macroforms reveals accretion primarily by superposed bedforms that migrated down a low-angle front. Steeper, giant foresets, transitional along flow with the low-angle facies, indicate that the macroform episodically developed a steep slipface. The uppermost channels within the Rockcastle Member contain macroform elements with components of lateral accretion, interpreted as deposits of alternate bank-attached macroforms. Other depositional elements recognized within channel-fill deposits are minor-channel, sandy-bedform, gravity-flow (attributed to bank slumping), and channel-bottom elements. The latter element is contained within a facies sequence that suggests rising- to flood- to waning-stage deposition. In general, deposition probably occurred during relatively high stage; little evidence of low-stage flow was recognized. Subordinate fine-grained facies are interpreted as levee and overbank deposits. The greater part of the Lee Formation was deposited in deep, low-sinuosity, bedload-dominated fluvial channels. Strongly unimodal paleocurrents, lack of facies that suggest low-stage reworking and paucity of lateral-accretion features indicate deposition in a single-channel system (i.e., a low braiding index).
Re-engaging/Engaging Part-time Librarians

In order to maintain high quality service and strengthen retention of part-time librarians, this article addresses ways of engaging new part-time librarians and re-engaging long-time part-time librarians. Part-time librarians are hired primarily to work hours outside the traditional work week or as temporary replacements for unanticipated vacancies, yet they end up providing a third of the service, solely, during evenings and weekends in most small to mid-sized academic institutions. Most are brought in with very little training or orientation to the institution and are expected to hit the ground running while maintaining quality service. This article provides managers with suggestions to better integrate part-time librarians into the fabric of the institution.
Obesity and the Heat Increment of Feeding

RECENTLY Stirling and Stock1 presented data that might be interpreted in support of the hypothesis that “… the development of obesity is more likely to be due to a thermogenic defect [a defect in food-induced thermogenesis or heat increment of feeding] than to aberrations in appetite”. Such an interpretation, which seems to be implicit in their report, is based on a mistaken premise.
Perceived Importance of Role Models and Its Relationship With Minority Student Satisfaction and Academic Performance

In his study of role modeling among Asian American and African American students at a predominantly White research university, the author found that although most minority students believed in the importance of a role model, many did not have one. Many also did not feel that their role models had to be from their own race. The author found no evidence that the presence or absence of a role model was related to academic performance.
Programmable Single-Bandpass Photonic RF Filter Based on Kerr Comb from a Microring

Microresonators with a high Kerr nonlinearity show great potential to generate optical frequency combs with ultrabroad spectra, high repetition rate, and high coherence between comb lines. The compact size and possibility of chip-level integration make the Kerr combs attractive for many applications, especially including photonic radiofrequency (RF) filters. In this paper we report the first demonstration of a programmable photonic RF filter based on the Kerr comb from a silicon nitride microring. A novel scheme enabled by the large frequency spacing of the Kerr comb is introduced in order to suppress unwanted RF passbands including the image and periodic passbands. As a result, a single passband is achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a single-bandpass photonic RF filter employing a discrete-wavelength comb source.
Tail-pinch hyperalgesia and analgesia: Test-specific opioid and nonopioid actions ☆

Abstract Reactivity to noxious stimuli in rats is altered following acute exposure to tail-pinch. However, while our laboratory has reported that tail-pinch produces hyperalgesia as measured by the flinch-jump test and attenuates analgesic responses following morphine and cold-water swims, others have found that tail-pinch elicits an opioid-sensitive analgesia on the hot plate test and a nonopioid-sensitive analgesia on the writhing test. The first experiment of the present study examined whether tail-pinch altered responses on two somatic pain tests and showed that tail-pinch significantly decreased both jump thresholds and tail-flick latencies. In assessing whether tail-pinch hyperalgesia on the jump test was mediated by endogenous opioids, the second experiment indicated that low (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) doses of naloxone eliminated tail-pinch hyperalgesia by selectively lowering control thresholds and a high (10 mg/kg) dose of naloxone eliminated tail-pinch hyperalgesia by selectively increasing thresholds following tail-pinch. Further, the third experiment showed that morphine-tolerant rats (10 mg/kg morphine daily over 14 days) did not exhibit tail-pinch hyperalgesia on the 15th day, an effect attributable to a selective lowering of control thresholds. The fourth experiment was a direct replication of the observation that tail-pinch produces analgesia on the writhing test which is not antagonized by naloxone. These results demonstrate that the pain test employed and the amount of prior tail-pinch experience are critical variables in determining the direction of tail-pinch effects upon pain perception in rats.
Modulation transfer function of a digital dental x-ray system

An impulse train method to control aliasing was used to measure the modulation transfer function of a digital dental x-ray system (RVG 32000 ZHR, Trophy Radiologie, Vincennes, France). The detector of this system is composed of an intensifying screen, a fiber optics taper, and a charged couple device chip. The modulation transfer function could not be measured by impulse method such as the line spread function or edge response function because of aliasing from undersampling of the digital system. The system modulation transfer function was difficult to recover at the spatial frequencies smaller than the Nyquist frequency. The modulation transfer function beyond the Nyquist frequencies was impossible to recover in this study.
User activity histories

Current software interfaces fail to incorporate historical data from user interaction into their design. While some systems exhibit a minimalist use of history in the form of undo and redo, selective menu items, and other static elements, there has been a lack of use of history in the dynamic elements of interaction. We propose a more widespread use of historical data from user-software interaction to augment the desktop and application environment. We believe the use of historical data can improve the user's experience at many different levels. Our approach begins by assuming that everything the user is doing on the desktop is important to them, and that it will be important again in the future.
Polarized Specular Reflectance Spectra of Fe(β-dtpy)2·4THF: A D2h Model of Porphyrins

Transition metal complexes of β-dtpy (1,2,6,7-tetracyano-3,5-dihydro-3,5-diiminopyrrolizinide) are spectrally similar to metallophthalocyanines (derivatives of porphyrin) but with the advantage of being D2h instead of D4h so that many degenerate electronic transitions are identifiable separately. We have prepared and characterized Fe(β-dtpy)2·4THF, whose crystal structure allows three spectral polarizations to be measured. We have assigned the visible and ultraviolet transitions that correspond to the Q and Soret regions of porphyrinic complexes; these assignments differ markedly from the traditional “four-orbital” model. The secondary Q peak (R) is a separate electronic transition rather than a vibronic component, and the Soret transition has been reassigned.
Horizontal resistance insolanum tuberosum to colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata say)

Horizontal resistance (HR) was assessed as a strategy to reduce potato defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle (CPB). Hybrids amongSolanum tuberosum varieties grown in Iowa were first evaluated with a detached leaflet feeding bioassay. Beginning in 1998, resistance was increased annually over three years by intermating and selecting the most resistant l%–2% of each generation of 300–400 plants using the bioassay. When C (= mg leaf tissue consumed* neonate larva-1 over 48 h) was measured for the 1% most-resistant genotypes of all generations grown side by side in 2000, it ranged from 6.1 mg* larva-1 in the parents to 2.3 for progeny of the F3 generation compared to 2.7 in ND2858-1, a resistant check. Field trials in Wisconsin showed less defoliation in the F1 and F2 selected genotypes than in the parents. A second breeding program using moreS. tuberosum parents with greater genetic diversity, and much larger breeding populations, resulted in significantly faster accumulation of resistance, further suggesting that recurrent mass selection is effective. Foliar glycoalkaloid analyses revealed low levels of solanine and chaconine in the F3 selections; no leptines or leptinines were detected. Because the parents wereS. tuberosum varieties in which vertical resistance to CPB is unknown, and because the resistance to feeding from parents to the F3 resistant plants was linear and gradual while ranging from initially very low to considerably higher in the third year, horizontal resistance is strongly implicated. The development of a significant degree of resistance after three rounds of breeding using relatively small breeding populations suggests that HR can be developed from varieties ofSolanum tuberosum lacking initial high levels of resistance to CPB.
The suitability of automatic tissue morcellation for the endoscopic removal of large specimens in pediatric surgery

Abstract Now that endoscopic removal of tumors and other solid structures from the abdomen and chest is possible, it is important to know the suitability of this technique for the removal of solid pediatric malignancies where accurate histological assessment becomes important for prognosis and staging. The authors tested an automatic tissue morcellator on a variety of pediatric tissues to assess the interpretability of the material obtained. The morcellator consists of a rotary blade within a 1-cm sleeve. When suction is applied to the morcellator and the device is activated, the solid material is shaved or morcellated into bits of tissue that are aspirated and collected for analysis. To test the interpretability of morcellated tissue, the device was used on six Wilms' tumors, three hepatoblastomas, a lung resection, a splenectomy, and a bowel resection. The average size of the pieces of tissue was 1.33 × 0.58 × 0.43 cm. In every instance, the histology was as good as the evaluation of sections from the gross tumor. It was difficult to distinguish the edge of tissue procured by the morcellator from an edge cut by the pathologist's knife. Conclusions: (1) Morcellated pediatric tissues are available by experienced pediatric pathologists. (2) The adoption of this technique should not interfere with proper histological evaluation of solid pediatric tumors.
Isolation and characterization of cyanogen bromide peptides from basement membrane collagen

Abstract Twelve peptides were isolated and characterized after cyanogen bromide cleavage of the α-chain of basement membrane collagen from bovine lens capsule. Glycine accounted for about 1 3 of all amino acids in each peptide. 4-Hydroxyproline was present in all; 3-hydroxyproline, in 7, and hydroxylysine, in 9 peptides. 54 to 100% of the hydroxylysine in these peptides was substituted with glucosyl-galactose; only 1 contained galactose. One peptide contained 2 residues of mannose, 1 of glucosamine, 4 of half-cystine, 11 of hydroxylysine, and 7 of glucosyl-galactose. The molecular weight of the chain is 100033 without the hexose and 113600 including the hexose.
Negotiating Strategies for Tax Disputes: Preferences of Taxpayers and Auditors

Disputes between officials and citizens during tax enforcement differ from most civil disputes between citizens in several ways: They are initiated when the officiat claims the citizen has not followed the law; they are fundumentally about the cowect interpretation of the law; and the official has the formal power to end the dispute within the enforcement arena by making a decision that is legally binding on the citizen. Using data from pre-audit interviews with taxpayers and state tax auditors, we explore how these characteristics of tax disputes, the roles of the parties, citizens' perceptions of the attitudes and orientations of the officials, and other contextual factors drawn from regulatory and procedural justice research affect the strategies officials and citizens prefer for resolving disputes. We close with some evidence on the predictive rekwance of the strategic preferences of the parties in combination with their roles: For new resolutions to emerge, the party with the power must be open to them, and the subordinate party must have the assertiveness to present them. We also explorate how the analysis may be extended to other enforcement and regulatory settings.
A New Generation of β-Lactam Antibiotics: Anticipating Future Developments and Needs

The development of a drug with the properties of moxalactam creates both a new class of P-lactam antibiotics and potentially a new era in chemotherapy. The specific activity (antibacterial effect/mg), stability against enzymatic degradation, and pharmacologic advantages of moxalactam provide new promise for the treatment of some infections and for moving forward our understanding of bacterial properties and the processes of infection. Such conditions offer numerous opportunities for development of new knowledge and improved practices in antimicrobial therapy. As the quality of antibiotics is improved through modification by chemical synthesis, some biologic and clinical needs shift. Experience provides a basis for anticipation and recognition of some of the conditions that are most likely to occur. Physicians should be alert to these possibilities and to their opportunity for making observations that will establish the optimal use of moxalactam, the first of a new generation of p-lactam antibiotics.
Addressing the Information Gaps Associated with Valuing Green Infrastructure in West Michigan: INtegrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services Tool (INVEST)

ABSTRACT Land use change is profoundly influencing the environmental resources of the Great Lakes region. In West Michigan, population growth and rapid land use change have resulted in urbanization and a loss in the diversity of green infrastructure that provides a variety of benefits-ecosystem services-to regional residents and visitors. To address these changes in land use and cover in ways that are objective, transparent, and defensible, local policy makers need tools to help inform local and regional land use decisions. An interdisciplinary team, engaged by a regional policy organization, developed one such online tool, the INtegrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services Tool (INVEST). INVEST utilizes static GIS maps, graphs, and tables, to help educate local and regional decision-makers about the underlying values of ecosystem services associated with green infrastructure, particularly those services that do not pass through traditional commercial markets. In this article we provide a general overview of ...
Case report 542

Lesion lytique de la diaphyse femorale chez une femme de 33 ans. TDM montre une lyse corticale externe et un eperon: gramulome eosinophile du femur
Vector analysing power in (d, p) reactions and the WBP model

Abstract Calculations for vector analysing power P D with the Weakly Bound Projectile model are compared with measured values for (d, p) reactions on 12 C, 24 Mg, 40 Ca, and 52 Cr. All the available measurements for P D are reproduced, as well as measurements for the proton polarization P y in reactions with unpolarized deuterons, and the j n dependence of differential cross sections.
The PTB domain: a new protein module implicated in signal transduction

Abstract Src homology 2 (SH2) domains have been identified in a large number of proteins involved in signal transduction downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases. They allow cytoplasmic signalling proteins to bind specifically to other polypeptides that are phosphorylated on tyrosine in response to growth factor stimulation. A novel phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain has been identified recently in the amino terminus of Shc, an adaptor molecule that appears to be involved in Ras activation. PTB domains are longer than SH2 domains, and recognize phosphotyrosine in the context of amino-terminal residues, in contrast to SH2 domains, which recognize them in the context of carboxy-terminal residues.
Energy Efficient Approximate Arithmetic for Error Resilient Neuromorphic Computing

This brief proposes a novel design scheme for approximate adders and comparators to significantly reduce energy consumption while maintaining a very low error rate. The considerably improved error rate and critical path delay stem from the employed carry prediction technique that leverages the information from less significant input bits in a parallel manner. The proposed designs have been adopted in a VLSI-based neuromorphic character recognition chip with unsupervised learning implemented on chip. The approximation errors of the proposed arithmetic units have been shown to have negligible impact on the training process while archiving good energy efficiency.
Mechanisms regulating glioma invasion

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive, deadliest, and most common brain malignancy in adults. Despite the advances made in surgical techniques, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the median survival for GBM patients has remained at a mere 14 months. GBM poses several unique challenges to currently available treatments for the disease. For example, GBM cells have the propensity to aggressively infiltrate/invade into the normal brain tissues and along the vascular tracks, which prevents complete resection of all malignant cells and limits the effect of localized radiotherapy while sparing normal tissue. Although anti-angiogenic treatment exerts anti-edematic effect in GBM, unfortunately, tumors progress with acquired increased invasiveness. Therefore, it is an important task to gain a deeper understanding of the intrinsic and post-treatment invasive phenotypes of GBM in hopes that the gained knowledge would lead to novel GBM treatments that are more effective and less toxic. This review will give an overview of some of the signaling pathways that have been shown to positively and negatively regulate GBM invasion, including, the PI3K/Akt, Wnt, sonic hedgehog-GLI1, and microRNAs. The review will also discuss several approaches to cancer therapies potentially altering GBM invasiveness.
Synthesis of 4(5)-imidazolyl allylamines and propargylamines as inhibitors of diamine oxidase

Abstract A series of four side-chain unsaturated histamine analogs were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of Diamine Oxidase, (DAO). All four target compounds were potent competitive inhibitors of DAO with Ki values ranging from 0.17 to 7.1 μM.
Imaging beyond the diffraction limit via dark states

We study the possibility of creating spatial patterns smaller than the diffraction limit using the so-called dark states formed by the interaction between atoms and optical fields.
Epidemiological aspects of the natural history of childhood diabetes.

. Studies in identical twins have shown only a 50% concordance for type 1 diabetes, indicating that environmental factors are of major importance. Prospective studies in twins and siblings of type 1 diabetics provide evidence of a long pmdiabetic phase. Environmental factors, inducing a pathological immune response in genetically susceptible individuals, may thus act long before the clinical onset. In Sweden a high and increasing incidence of childhood diabetes has been shown, with peak incidence rates at puberty in both boys and girls. The incidence rate is higher for boys than for girls. Significant geographical and seasonal variations are clearly indicated. The epidemiology of lost beta-cell function shortly after clinical onset differs significantly from the epidemiology of clinical onset as to sex and geographical and seasonal distribution. Environmental factors that affect the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes may thus differ from factors affecting the beta-cell function after onset. Factors affecting the peripheral insulin sensitivity should therefore be taken into consideration also when discussing the natural history of type 1 diabetes. Key words: Type 1 akbetes, epidemiology, childhood, natural history, beta-cell function.
The Past and Future of the Psychology of Science

As the British statesman Edmund Burke once wrote, “Those who do not know history are destined to repeat it.” (Not to be confused with George Santana's comment: “Those who do not learn from history ...
SIMULATIONS OF BINARY MIXTURE ADSORPTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE IN CARBON NANOTUBES: TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND PORE SIZE EFFECTS

Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations were performed to investigate the adsorption behavior of an equimolar CO2/CH4 mixture in carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Five CNTs [(6, 6), (7, 7), (8, 8), (9, 9), and (10, 10)] with diameters varying from 0.678 to 1.356 nm, seven temperatures (283, 293, 303, 313, 323, 333, 343 K), and seven pressures (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 MPa) were chosen to investigate the effect of temperature, pressure, and pore size on the adsorption behavior. The results show that the CNTs have a preferential adsorption of CO2 in the binary CO2/CH4 mixture. For pore size effect on the adsorption behavior, we found that the adsorption of CO2 is much larger than that of CH4 in the same CNT and that the CO2 adsorption in the CNTs increases dramatically with an increase of CNT's diameter, whereas the absolute amount of adsorbed CH4 changes little with the CNT's pore size. In the investigated temperature and pressure ranges, we observed that in the CNTs with diameters less than 1.1 nm, the temp...
Dystrophin and disease.

Abstract Recent advances concerning the genetic and biochemical basis of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies have resulted in a good understanding of the etiology of these common dystrophies. An important secondary consequence of the genetic and biochemical research has been the generation of gene-based and protein-based diagnostic tools which enable a ‘molecular diagnosis’ for patients and their families. This review summarizes our current understanding of the genetics, biochemistry, and pathophysiology of Duchenne dystrophy, and gives an overview of the molecular diagnostic tools and their applications. Recent correlations of clinical, genetic and biochemical data have indicated that dystrophinopathies can present with a wide range of neuromuscular symptoms, and that neither male sex nor proximal weakness are diagnostic prerequisites for consideration of an underlying dystrophin abnormality.
The use of amphotericin B to increase the selectivity of media used for isolating oral lactobacilli.

Abstract Amphotericin B, incorporated into Rogosa's SL medium or tomato juice agar special at a final concentration of 12.5 μg/ml of media, eliminated sporadic but troublesome yeast colonies that appeared on these selective media when used for isolating and enumerating lactobacilli in oral samples. At the indicated concentration, amphotericin B appeared to have no effect on colonial or cellular morphology, viable counts, or fermentation reactions in Lactobacillus casei, L. fermenti or L. acidophilus.
Writers and readers: deconvoluting the harmonic complexity of the histone code.

The application of time-resolved NMR spectroscopy to histone phosphorylation dynamics reveals mechanistic hierarchies within the active sites of the enzymes that regulate chromatin, thereby shedding new light on the complexity of the histone code.
Relationships between prior experience of training, gender, goal orientation and training attitudes

Relationships were examined between prior experience with training, goal orientation, gender and training attitudes. Participants (n = 165) had a minimum of six months of work experience. Results from regression analyses indicated that mastery-approach goal orientation had a beneficial effect on training attitudes for men but not for women. In addition, prior experience with training had a beneficial effect on training attitudes, and women had more favorable attitudes than men. The results provide initial evidence that gender moderates goal orientation effects in training contexts.
Polyelectrolyte Interactions at the Hematite/Water Interface. Part 2

Abstract Displacement of adsorbed polyelectrolytes at the hematite/water interface is investigated as a function of molecular weight, ionic strength and order of addition using monodisperse polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) (MW 4600 and 1,200,000) as the polymer. At low ionic strength, 0.001 kmol m −3 , adsorption isotherms of single polymer was independent of molecular weight. At 1 kmol m −3 NaCl, adsorption increased significantly with molecular weight. Polydispersity effects were studied by examining adsorption of premixed monodisperse samples of two molecular weights, 4600 and 1,200,000, on hematite, and analysing using size exclusion chromatography. When the hematite surface was exposed to both the polyelectrolytes (MW 4600 and 1,200,000) at the same time, higher adsorption of 4600 PSS was seen at 0.001 kmol m −3 NaCl. At 1 kmol m −3 NaCl the effect was reversed and higher adsorption of 1,200,000 PSS was seen. Displacement of adsorbed 4600 PSS by the 1,200,000 PSS was monitored as a function of time. At very short time, the smaller 4600 PSS adsorbed faster and in significant amounts. Prolonged mixing, however, led to significant displacement of adsorbed 4600 PSS by the 1,200,000 PSS. The competitive adsorption data was comparable to adsorption where the 4600 PSS was added first and the 1,200,000 PSS later. No displacement of adsorbed 1,200,000 PSS by 4600 PSS was observed.
FORMATION OF THE CORTICAL CONCAVITY AT FERTILIZATION IN THE SEA URCHIN EGG

During the initial stages of fertilization envelope elevation in eggs of Strongylocentrotus pur puratus and S. droebachiensis a large concavity of the egg cortex was observed in the light microscope. This concavity corresponded in shape and size with the elevating fertilization envelope. However, after the vitelline layers of eggs were disrupted and the eggs inseminated, the concavity failed to develop although the eggs were fertilized and developed normally. We propose that the concavity is formed owing to increased hydrostatic pressure within the perivitelline space. To further support this hypothesis we measured total egg protein secreted during fertilization, and found that 98% was retained within the perivitelline space. Furthermore, 80% of the total protein was contributed by the hyaline layer. Presumably, colloidal osmotic pressure and/or hydration of fertilization product, trapped beneath the fertilization envelope, is responsible for increased hydrostatic pressure within the perivitelline space, and therefore promotes not only fertilization envelope elevation, but the cortical concavity as well.
Direct evidence of photoinduced electron transfer in conducting-polymer-C60 composites by infrared photoexcitation spectroscopy.

We report direct spectral evidence of photoinduced electron transfer from the excited state of poly(3-octylthiophene), P3OT, onto ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ by infrared photoexcitation spectroscopy, 0.01 eV (100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) to 1.3 eV (11 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$). The photoinduced absorption spectrum of P3OT, characterized by subgap electronic absorptions and associated infrared-active vibrational modes, is significantly enhanced in magnitude upon adding a few percent of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. Two new peaks are found in the photoexcited spectrum of the P3OT/${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ composite and assigned to the allowed HOMO (${\mathit{T}}_{1\mathit{u}}$)-LUMO (${\mathit{T}}_{1\mathit{g}}$) transitions of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ with energies, 1.15 and 1.25 eV, in good agreement with calculated values. The photoinduced charge transfer from P3OT onto ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ enhances the quantum efficiency for photogeneration of charge carriers resulting in charge separation in the excited state. As a result, the lifetime of the excited-state configuration, (P3OT${)}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, is extended; thereby leading to both the enhanced photoinduced response of P3OT and the appearance of the 1.15- and 1.25-eV signatures associated with ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$.
On the frontier of empire: understanding the enclosed walls in Northern Yoruba, Nigeria

The enclosure walls found among small-scale societies of Igbomina in northern Yoruba shared similar characteristics with some well-known walls of large political centers in various parts of tropical Africa, particularly Nigeria. The study of settlement walls of Igbomina provides an understanding of the nature of the Yoruba frontier region in the north. By virtue of its location on the border with the Nupe to the north, Igbomina became a competing zone between rival core polities, the Old Oyo and the Nupe, and later, Fulani and Ibadan states. It therefore seems that the construction of enclosure walls was to counter aggressions on the frontier and protect local communities from invaders. However, the functions of enclosure walls in Igbomina may have fluctuated from defensive to sociopolitical. The rise and expansion of Old Oyo Empire into Igbomina from the 16th century and the formation of relations with the local elites brought greater sociopolitical changes to the area, evident in settlement aggregation, large site size, and ceramic changes. Thus, enclosure walls may have been a good indicator of the power of the local rulers and a symbol of cohesive social organization within the settlements. Ethnohistorical sources, archaeological survey, and excavation form the core of this examination of settlement walls on the northern frontier of Yoruba.
High Redshift Galaxies and the Inter-Galactic Medium

We present results from a high resolution cosmological simulation of galaxy formation in a cold dark matter universe, focusing on a redshift of 3. At this early time, star formation (which we follow using a multiphase prescription for the ISM) is occurring vigorously, but most of the baryons in the universe are still diffuse, and have yet to form into galaxies. Absorption lines due to neutral hydrogen in the spectra of nearby quasars provide a useful way to probe physical conditions in the gas around the galaxies. We make simulated spectra, compare them with observational data, and draw some conclusions about the relationship between galaxies, star formation, and the IGM.
Iron-rich foci in chronic viral hepatitis

Stainable iron in the liver (hemosiderosis) is most commonly seen in individuals with homozygous genetic hemochromatosis, prior transfusion, hemolysis, porphyria cutanea tarda, and chronic alcohol-induced liver disease. In chronic viral hepatitis, however, significant hepatocellular hemosiderosis is uncommon. This report describes unusual foci of hepatocellular hemosiderosis ("iron-rich foci" or IRF) in liver biopsy specimens from three patients with chronic hepatitis with or without cirrhosis (two hepatitis C-related, one hepatitis B-related). IRF present within the lobular parenchyma or cirrhotic nodules contrasted sharply with the immediately adjacent hemosiderin-negative liver tissue. Serum iron indices were abnormal in all three patients, but homozygous hemochromatosis was ruled out based on the hepatic iron concentration and hepatic iron index for each case. These cases highlight the potential for irregular iron storage in chronic viral liver disease and possible confusion with genetic hemochromatosis. The possible pathogenesis of IRF and the relationship of iron storage to the outcome of interferon therapy in chronic viral hepatitis are discussed.
Vitamin D levels and food and environmental allergies in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006.

Background Previous research supports a possible link between low vitamin D levels and atopic disease. However, the association between low vitamin D levels and total and allergen-specific IgE levels has not been studied. Objective We sought to test the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) deficiency ( Methods The association of 25(OH)D deficiency with 17 different allergens was assessed after adjustment for potential confounders, including age; sex; race/ethnicity; obesity, low socioeconomic status; frequency of milk intake; daily hours spent watching television, playing videogames, or using a computer; serum cotinine levels; and vitamin D supplement use. Results In children and adolescents allergic sensitization to 11 of 17 allergens was more common in those with 25(OH)D deficiency. Compared with sufficient vitamin D levels of greater than 30 ng/mL, after multivariate adjustment, 25(OH)D levels of less than 15 ng/mL were associated with peanut (odds ratio [OR], 2.39; 95% CI, 1.29-4.45), ragweed (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.20-2.80), and oak (OR, 4.75; 95% CI, 1.53-4.94) allergies ( P P values of less than .05 but greater than .01. There were no consistent associations seen between 25(OH)D levels and allergic sensitization in adults. Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher levels of IgE sensitization in children and adolescents. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.
A Fishery in Transition: The Impact of Urbanization on Florida's Spiny Lobster Fishery

COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN HAVE BEEN characterized as a homogeneous collection of economically conservative, staunchly independent individuals living in relatively rural, highly integrated communities along the coast. Several factors are presently affecting these traditional communities, changing their character and changing commercial fishing itself. These include consequences of urbanization such as the institution of zoning ordinances, increasing population densities, real estate development, and the growth of tourism and recreation. The attraction of coastal areas for retirees and others seeking a better lifestyle lead to the "gentrification" of commercial fishing. These trends affect the commercial spiny lobster fishermen of Monroe County, Florida (the Florida Keys), [social networks, urbanization, leisure and tourism, commercial fishing, social stratification]
The Electronic Health Record for Translational Research

With growing adoption and use, the electronic health record (EHR) represents a rich source of clinical data that also offers many benefits for secondary use in biomedical research. Such benefits include access to a more comprehensive medical history, cost reductions, and increased efficiency in conducting research, as well as opportunities to evaluate new and expanded populations for sufficient statistical power. Existing work utilizing EHR data has uncovered some complexities and considerations for their use but, more importantly, has also generated practical lessons and solutions. Given an understanding of EHR data use in cardiovascular research, expanded adoption of this data source offers great potential to further transform the research landscape.
Gross Morphological Brain Differences Between Wistar-Kyoto and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

The dissected brains of twelve age-matched rats, six spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and six normotensive (WKY), were examined for quantitative gross morphological differences. The spontaneously hypertensive rats were found to have a significantly smaller mesencephalic region when viewed from the external surfaces. This altered morphology has implications in the stereotaxic placement of lesions or cannulae.
A New Look at Turnover in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1789-1998

Despite concern with turnover in the U.S. House of Representatives, few scholars have attempted to view turnover in historical perspective or in all its forms. Confusion over the basic facts has impeded attempts to explain and evaluate levels of turnover. We present a broad descriptive overview of turnover over the entire history of the U.S. House in terms of the levels of overall turnover, forms thereof, and patterns, particularly within party periods. The findings include that turnover has declined over the years but not in a continuous fashion and not evenly among the different forms, that general election defeat is not the primary form of turnover, that common methods of reporting turnover magnify the apparent importance of electorally based turnover, and that turnover varies systematically by party period. A research agenda is proposed for explanatory work on turnover including strategic retirement and the impact of partisan realignments on levels and forms of turnover.
Population history: Human melting pots in southeast Asia

New genetic methods to analyse mixed human populations have extended existing, multidisciplinary evidence for the historical migrations and mixings of Austronesian peoples.
A new research paradigm for pediatric radiology-can we climb the pyramid?

Although this is truly an exciting time in our remarkable subspecialty of pediatric radiology, it is also a time for introspection. Under the ever-increasing pressure to do more clinical work, are we doomed to neglect the importance of advancing our field? And if we recognize the importance of meaningful investigation, are we in a good position to overcome the many obstacles to fostering high-quality research in pediatric radiology? I hope the answer to this last question is “yes,” but I will pose some challenges for each of us to consider. Research can be simple or complex, but for many the mention of the word creates angst. I frequently hear, “I can’t do research,” or “I’m not sure how to start.” And I would like to tell you that resources ... and protected research time ... and praise... and the Society for Pediatric Radiology... and a supportive work environment would solve this problem, but I have learned over the years that these don’t work without more basic ingredients to make research prosper. If we examine the “evidence pyramid,” which provides a framework for discovery, we can measure how pediatric radiology stacks up (Fig. 1) [1]. As one moves up the pyramid the amount of available literature decreases, but the literature that is there increases in its clinical relevance. David Hume, a well-known philosopher, once said, “Awise man proportions his belief to the evidence” [2]. Yet when we look at many of the publications in Pediatric Radiology, unfortunately, we hover closer to the bottom half of the pyramid. And we are not entirely to blame for this conundrum. Radiology is the only medical discipline that is defined by the imaging approach to a medical problem rather than by an organ system or disease process [3]. This creates some unique issues, and perhaps contributes to our tendency to publish descriptive research, rather than working at the top of the pyramid. Although these retrospective reviews, technical feasibility studies, and case reports have value, their scientific validity is variable. But the absence of ascension to the top may be a failing of our training as much as the plight of our specialty. One of the things I have discovered over the years is that our training in the performance of quality research is deficient. This lack of training has created a dearth of mentors in the pediatric research arena. We are left with a vicious cycle—without the mentors and appropriate training we can’t effectively build research infrastructure, and so the problems are perpetuated. It is easy to throw in the towel. Other than a select few, our training programs don’t offer substantive teaching in statistics,