cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposure to community violence versus overpolicing and PTSD among African American university students

Whether being stopped by the police is a stronger predictor of PTSD compared to being victimized by community violence was explored in a sample of 301 African American university students attending...
The inverse directed self-assembly problem

Abstract Predicting directed self-assembly (DSA) patterns from given chemoepitaxy or graphoepitaxy directing patterns is a well-known direct problem of computational DSA simulations. This chapter concentrates on the inverse problem of DSA—finding directing graphoepitaxy or chemoepitaxy patterns that produce desired DSA patterns. Approaches to computational solutions of inverse DSA problems are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to approaches based on a linearization of the DSA model and minimizing the objective function to ensure the formation of the desired DSA patterns. We illustrate these approaches by presenting the results of their application to an inverse DSA problem for contact holes patterned using graphoepitaxy guiding templates. The concept of DSA-aware assist features is also presented, discussed, and illustrated by a simulated example.
Using simulated students for the assessment of authentic document retrieval

In the REAP system, users are automatically provided with texts to read that are targeted to their individual reading abilities and needs. To assess such a system, students with different abilities use it, and then researchers measure how well it addresses their needs. In this paper, we describe an approach using simulated students to perform this assessment. This enables researchers to determine if the system functions well enough for the students to learn the curriculum and how factors such as corpus size and retrieval criteria affect performance. We discuss how we have used simulated students to assess the REAP system and to prepare for an upcoming study, as well as future work.
A Macro Social Analysis of Change in Police Force Size, 1972–1982: Controlling for Static and Dynamic Influences

Recently, Liska, Lawrence, and Benson (1981) and Greenberg, Kessler, and Loftin (1985) have examined the effects of static measures of social and economic characteristics of cities on changes in police force size. In brief, they report that these measures have small and inconsistent effects on changes in police force size during the previous three decades. This study extends this research by examining the influence of static and dynamic measures of social structure on the change in police force size among cities during the 1970s. The results indicate that three dynamic measures of social structure significantly affect change in police size and thereby support the contention that the failure to control for processes of change may have led to specification bias in previous attempts to model changes in police size.
Pre-Service Teacher Education Methods Courses: From Discipline to Democracy.

Abstract This article shares an explanation regarding why disciplined study should be introduced to pre-service teachers early in their coursework, specifically through methods courses. Next, it shares two studies conducted regarding perceptions of curriculum: one with pre-service teachers and one with veteran teachers. Then it provides five suggestions for improving pre-service teacher methods courses in order to assist pre-service teachers with their own concepts of curriculum and pedagogy. It ends with implications and final thoughts.
Influence of temperature on alkali stress adaptation in Listeria monocytogenes

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes cells may induce alkali stress adaptation when exposed to sublethal concentrations of alkaline cleaners and sanitizers that may be frequently used in the food processing environment. In the present study, the effect of temperature on the induction and the stability of such alkali stress adaptation in L. monocytogenes were investigated. Our results demonstrate that temperature plays a critical role in the induction of alkali stress adaptation in L. monocytogenes under sublethal alkaline conditions. Pre-exposure to pH 9.0 tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract (TSB-YE) at 37 °C induced pronounced alkali stress adaptation whereas sublethal alkaline pre-exposure at 4 °C failed to induce any alkali stress adaptation. Furthermore, this pattern of alkali stress adaptation in L. monocytogenes was not dependent on the length of pre-exposure time, the concentration of sublethal alkali, the types of alkaline agents and the growth phases of cells. In addition, alkali stress adaptation induced at 37 °C was completely reversed in pH 7.2 TSB-YE within 2 h at 37 °C or within 4 h at 22 °C. However, once it was induced at a higher temperature, alkali stress adaptation in L. monocytogenes remained stable at 4 °C for at least 4 h. Our findings suggest that even though cold temperatures do not induce alkali stress adapted phenotypes, but it can maintain the previously acquired alkali stress adaptation much longer in L. monocytogenes.
Challenges and encouraging educational practices: Observations from field experiences

This study is an analysis of the reported observations of teacher candidates about the challenges and encouraging practices at schools following their field experiences visits required to meet course work and licensure for teaching. The findings of the study indicate that the participants of the study observed that classroom teachers face the challenges of too much workload, meeting the needs of too many students who need support, lack of resources, classroom management, changes of curriculum and policies, and meeting the needs of diverse students. The candidates, however, are encouraged by their observations of the use and applications of a wide variety of instructional approaches, the prevalence of a culture of a community of learners and co-operations, discipline systems, applications of technology and inspiring teachers’ professionalism and commitment to make differences in the lives of their students. Ways of addressing the observed challenges include measures of providing support staff and assistants to the classroom teacher, supplying classrooms with adequate resources, efforts to involve parents and guardians in the education of their children and in the affairs of schools, refocusing teacher education programs on those reported areas of challenges classroom teachers face, and ongoing in-service trainings and professional development programs for teachers.
Real and Accrual‐Based Earnings Management in the Pre‐ and Post‐IFRS Periods: Evidence from China

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of both accrual- and activities-based earnings management for Chinese A-share firms surrounding the adoption of substantially IFRS-convergent accounting standards. Since 2007, all listed A-share firms in China have been required to comply with a new set of accounting standards that have substantially conformed to IFRS. The new reform also produced a set of new auditing standards and internal control reporting requirements. Based on a sample of 4,050 firm-year observations from 2002 to 2011, we find that Chinese firms in the post-IFRS period (2007–2011) are less likely to engage in accrual-based earnings management. The magnitude of discretionary accruals also declines after IFRS adoption. In response, we see firms turning to real activities manipulation as a substitute for upward earnings management. The reduction in accrual-based earnings management could stem from higher quality accounting standards associated with IFRS adoption and/or concurrent changes in the governance regimes introduced with the IFRS mandate. A further analysis, however, indicates that the benefits of IFRS adoption in curbing upward accrual-based earnings manipulation are not evenly distributed across firms. Specifically, the benefit diminishes for firms that are controlled by Chinese central or local governments, are located in less developed regions, and that have weak financial performance and therefore subject to delisting status. We also find that the benefit is less pronounced for manufacturing firms than for their non-manufacturing counterparts.
Security services for airborne networking

Communications and processing for Net-Centric Airborne Networks may become more vulnerable as additional nodes and entities are added to the networks. Accordingly, Information Assurance must provide greater protections in the face of these wider vulnerabilities. The capabilities of legacy systems still provide a basis for IA, but new operating modes mean that new capabilities are needed to mitigate vulnerabilities and blunt attacks that will ensue as the networks are deployed operationally. We discuss the transition from existing IA capabilities to broader methods for each of the IA services of confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, and non-repudiation. We also include some discussion of network issues and defenses that are becoming more important as we go forward.
Anticoagulation for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: Effects of Type of Practice on Physicians’ Self-Reported Behavior

Abstract Background: This study examines whether social and economic factors affect physician practice and attitude with regard to warfarin anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Methods: We identified physicians in Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and Prince George's County who (1) had written one or more prescriptions for a digitalis compound during the preceding year, and (2) were classified as general practitioners, family practice specialists, internists, or cardiologists. All 358 physicians fulfilling these criteria were surveyed by questionnaire. Results: The overall response rate was 43%. Physicians who wrote 15% or more of their digitalis prescriptions for Medicaid patients said they used warfarin at significantly lower rates for patients with nonvalvular AF than other (66% versus 79%, P Conclusion: In our sample, self-reported anticoagulant practices for patients with nonvalvular AF were associated with the percentage of digitalis prescriptions written for Medicaid patients. In this metropolitan area, anticoagulant therapy was reportedly prescribed for approximately 75% of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
General purpose photon-counting minicomputer interface

A general purpose photon‐counting interface for use with a minicomputer (NOVA 3/12) is described. This device is capable of signal averaging and autocorrelating digitized data with sample time intervals of fixed or variable duration. Means are provided for experimental control and graphical display of results. Suggestions are given for minor modifications resulting in an even greater performance range.
DNA packaging and developmental intermediates of a broad host range Vibrio vulnificus bacteriophage 71A-6.

Abstract The structural intermediates in the capsid assembly and DNA packaging pathway of Vibrio vulnificus bacteriophage 71A-6, a rod-shaped double-stranded DNA podovirus, were isolated by ultracentrifugation and studied by electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE and pulsed-field gel electroIphoretic analysis. Bacteriophage 71A-6 synthesized rod-shaped capsids (mean length=200±8 nm; mean width=47±3 nm n =50) during its development. Several host proteins that probably help in the assembly and maturation of the capsids were attached to these capsids as spherical structures. A capsid-DNA or DNA packaging complex that consisted of the mature capsids, DNA and a 42·5-kDa protein was also isolated. The size of the capsids increased in length and decreased in width (mean length=220±8 nm; mean width=45±3 nm n =50) either during or after the DNA packaging. The capsid fractions contained about 12 phage structural proteins and eight host proteins. At least three proteins were tentatively identified: a 38·5-kDa major capsid protein, a 35·2-kDa tail protein and 42·5-kDa packaging initiator or terminator protein. The size of the bacteriophage 71A-6 genome was determined to be 143·0-kb by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The total mass of all the mature phage proteins corresponded to only 14·0% of the coding capacity of phage genome.
The arachidonate 12/15 lipoxygenases : A review of tissue expression and biologic function

12/15-Lipoxygenase is a highly regulated lipid-peroxidating enzyme whose expression and arachidonic acid metabolites are implicated in several important inflammatory conditions including airway and glomerular inflammation as well as atherosclerosis. Tissue expression of the original 12/15-lipoxygenase is well characterized in reticulocytes, eosinophils, airway epithelial cells, and monocytes/macrophages and is likely in other cell systems and tissues under specific conditions. The physiologic role of this family of enzymes is dependent on the context in which it is expressed. In general, the arachidonic acid metabolites antagonize inflammatory responses and counteract the proinflammatory effects of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. However, certain diHETEs are associaled with pro-inflammatory effects, specifically neutrophilic and eosiniphilic chemotaxis. The direct action of these enzymes on complex lipids and cellular membranes also links them to such significant process as reticulocyte maturation, LDL oxidation in atherosclerosis and pulmonary host defenses. The availability of new specific inhibitors and murine lines that lack expression of the homologous 12-lipoxygenase will allow confirmation of many of these effects with in vivo models of inflammation.
Optimal PR-QMF Design for Subband Image Coding

Abstract A multivariable optimization problem is set to design 2-band PR-QMFs. The energy compaction, aliasing energy, unit step response, zero-mean high-pass filter, uncorrelated subband signals, constrained nonlinearity of the phase-response, and the given input statistics are simultaneously considered in the proposed optimal filter design technique. A set of optimal PR-QMF solutions and the optimization criteria along with their objective performance is given for comparison. This PR-QMF design approach leads to an input driven adaptive subband filter bank structure. It is shown that the optimal filters objectively outperform the well known fixed PR-QMFs in the literature. The proposed PR-QMF design technique provides the mathematical tools for subjective performance improvements in subband image and video coding applications.
Caldesmon has two calmodulin-binding domains.

Abstract Chicken gizzard caldesmon was cleaved with chymotrypsin or CNBr, and the calmodulin-binding fragments were isolated using an affinity column. Limited chymotryptic digestion gives rise to a 38 kDa calmodulin-binding fragment (CT40) as described previously (Szpacenko, A. & Dabrowska, R., FEBS Lett. 202 , 182–186, 1986; Fujii, T., Imai, M., Rosenfeld, G. C. & Bryan, J., J. Biol. Chem. 261 , 16155–16160, 1987; Yazawa, M., Yagi, K. & Sobue, K., J. Biochem. 102 , 1065–1073, 1987). In the case of CNBr cleavage a 37 kDa calmodulin-binding fragment (CB40) was obtained. Both CT40 and CB40 contain a reactive thiol group, but these thiols are apparently in different environments as judged by the responses of attached fluorescent labels to calmodulin-binding. A comparison of the N-terminal sequences of CB40 and CT40 with the complete sequence of caldesmon shows that the two calmodulin-binding fragments in fact originate from different parts of the parent molecule. Thus there exist two calmodulin-binding sites in caldesmon, one in the N-terminal half and the other in the C-terminal half of the molecule. This is consistent with the recent finding that up to two calmodulin molecules can be crosslinked to each caldesmon molecule (Wang, C.-L.A., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 156 , 1033–1038, 1988).
DataMine—interactive rule discovery system

DataMine is a statistical database mining system with strong emphasis on interactiveness and nice graphical representation of information produced. It also supports an offline mode of discovery, and provides an extensive API which allows users to write "mining applications" just as easily as routine database applications, The central idea is to perform discovery with a "human in the loop" guiding the system using his initial hypothesis and the feedback from the system. Users can pose a rule-query against a rulebase and the system can generate all rules matching their query. The rulebase could either be pregenerated (using offline mode) or could be realized in real-time as the discovery progresses.Rules generated by the system are of the form:Body -> Consequentwhere Body is a conjunction of the elementary predicates of the form (A=a), where A is an attribute and a is a value from the attribute domain of A. Consequent is a single elementary predicate. Each rule can have several parameters like support, confidence, atypicality, color etc. (the definitions have been left out) which can also be used by the user in framing the rule query.For continuous attributes, the system also allows the user some control in deciding how they are discretized. It also allows for the creation of extra attributes at run time which can then be used in queries like the rest.
Sleep-disordered breathing after targeted ablation of preBötzinger complex neurons.

Ablation of preBotzinger complex (preBotC) neurons, critical for respiratory rhythm generation, resulted in a progressive, increasingly severe disruption of respiratory pattern, initially during sleep and then also during wakefulness in adult rats. Sleep-disordered breathing is highly prevalent in elderly humans and in some patients with neurodegenerative disease. We propose that sleep-disordered breathing results from loss of preBotC neurons and could underlie death during sleep in these populations.
The Dismal Job Prospects in America's Future

Herbert Gans likes to ask the unthinkable. What if the United States cannot create enough jobs, not merely for this decade but for a generation? Asking the question is perhaps even more important than answering it.
On half-band, third-band, and Nth-band FIR filters and their design

Half-band FIR digital filters are known to be important due to their reduced computational requirements. They are especially valuable when used to decimate or interpolate by a factor of 2 [1], where their characteristics well match the filtering requirements. Computational savings can also be achieved by extending the concept of half-band filters to Nth-band filters for use in decimation or interpolation by a factor of N. In this paper, it is shown that for certain filter requirements, common to decimation and interpolation, an Nth-band filter exists with passband and stopband ripples only slightly larger than those of the optimal FIR filter. It is demonstrated that optimal half-band filters can be designed by using the computer program of McClellan, Parks, and Rabiner [2]. It is also shown that useful Nth-band filters can be designed by using this program, which is perhaps the most widely available filter design program.
Meta-analysis: A Brief Introduction

Meta-analysis is the process of combining data from multiple sources and analyzing it together to increase power and provide a clearer picture of the effect of intervention or exposure on an outcome. The process is not complicated, but requires a great deal of attention to detail. A specific set of inclusion criteria for studies must be defined. Published or available study results may be affected by publication bias of several different types, so the researcher should be sure to conduct a thorough search of available databases in order to include unpublished findings. Following selection, the group of studies should be examined using funnel plots or statistical tests. Meta-analysis models themselves must be selected to properly reflect the combined studies. Both fixed- and random-effects modeling are discussed. Two case studies are presented, illustrating a well-conducted meta-analysis and a meta-analysis that was more controversial.
Analysis of interfacial water at a hydrophilic silicon surface by in-situ FTIR/internal reflection spectroscopy

In-situ FTIR/internal reflection spectroscopy (FTIR/IRS) has been used to spectroscopically characterize interfacial water near the hydrophilic surface of a silicon single-crystal internal reflection element. Interfacial water was examined spectroscopically over certain distances from the surface by appropriate design of the geometry and optics of the internal reflection system, thus creating an integrated depth profile of the water structure. The in-situ FTIR/IRS spectra were characterized by consideration of the O−H stretching region (3000−3800 cm-1) associated with the vibrational spectra of interfacial water. The broad peak in this region was deconvoluted in order to isolate overlapping spectral features that indicate the nature of hydrogen bonding in interfacial water. Three distinct bands were found: ∼3600 cm-1 (free OH), ∼3400 cm-1 (incomplete tetrahedral coordination), and ∼3240 cm-1 (complete tetrahedral coordination). Preliminary analysis of these spectral bands indicates the presence of an ice...
Augmentation of pulmonary surfactant secretion by lung expansion at birth.

Summary: To study the effect of lung expansion at birth on surfactant secretion, we delivered by hysterotomy 11 litters of rabbit pups at 30 days of gestation and divided them into three groups that were killed: 1) after 30 min air-breathing, 2) after 30 min nitrogen-breathing, and 3) after 30 min tracheal occlusion. Each group was compared to a littermate group killed at birth. Groups 2) and 3) continued respiratory efforts for 30 min despite progressive asphyxia. Six additional litters were pretreated with atropine; at delivery one-half of each litter was killed, the remaining pups were subjected to 30 min of hypoxic gas breathing. After sacrifice, alveolar surfactant was recovered by saline lavage and estimated quantitatively on a surface-tension balance. Surfactant concentration at birth was 1.40 ± 0.22 mg/g dry lung and increased to 1.86 ± 0.19 (± SEM) after 30 min air-breathing (P < 0.01). Also, surfactant was increased in the nitrogen-breathing pups (from 1.61 ± 0.35 in littermate controls to 2.41 ± 0.58; P < 0.03), but not to a significant degree in the occluded group (1.34 ± 0.33 vs. 1.41 ± 0.28), or the atropine pretreated breathing pups (1.77 ± 0.29 vs. 1.89 ± 0.25).
A local formalism for the study of very large bonded systems

Abstract An effective Green function is introduced which satisfies an equation whose solution for a very large system is tractable. This function yields local densities of states and energy-dependent charge densities. Using a tight binding Hamiltonian and basis orbitals localized in the bonds, bulk and intrinsic unrelaxed vacancy states in Ge are studied. Results obtained are comparable to pseudo-potential calculations requiring self-consistency.
Protein Losing Enteropathy Associated with Henoch-Schonlein Purpura in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Protein losing enteropathy is rarely associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Moreover, the disease association of Henoch-Schonlein purpura and rheumatoid arhtritis is also rare. We report a case of a 46 year old patient with rheumatoid arthritis presenting with Henoch-Schonlein purpura associated with protein losing enteropathy.
Efficient solution of nonlinear time-dependent problems with applications to permafrost modeling

Abstract In this investigation we consider efficient algorithms for solving time-dependent partial differential equations that arise in transport processes. In particular, we examine the formulation and implementation of methods for simulation of coupled heat and moisture transport similar to those that occur in permafrost. The traditional methods employed in finite difference and finite element computations are first briefly reviewed to establish a setting for discussing newer methods. We describe some recent advances in finite-element alternating-direction methods using isoparametric elements to fit curved geometry. We include a brief discussion of spurious oscillations near “fronts” and of stiff dissipative systems. The use of nonstiff and stiff integration methods that permit adaptive step and order adjustment are also discussed.
Coexistence of GABA and peptide immunoreactivity in non-pyramidal neurons of the basolateral amygdala.

Abstract Colocalization of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity with somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivity was demonstrated in non-pyramidal neurons of the basolateral amygdala using a two-color immunoperoxidase procedure. Approximately 80–90% of SOM- and NPY-positive neurons in the basolateral amygdala were also immunoreactive for GABA. Virtually all large CCK-positive neurons also exhibited GABA-like immunoreactivity. About one-half of VIP-positive neurons and small CCK-positive cells were also immunoreactive for GABA.
New syndrome of macrocephaly, hypertelorism, short limbs, hearing loss, and developmental delay

We describe a boy with an apparently unique constellation of anomalies, including macrocephaly, short stature, relatively short limbs, hearing loss, developmental delay, sparse anterior scalp hair, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, and a short nose with a broad, flat nasal bridge and anteverted nares. Chromosomes were normal and radiographs failed to show a bone dysplasia. We conclude that this represents a new syndrome. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrical Resistance Tomography Used to Monitor Subsurface Steam Injection

We used electrical resistance tomography (ERT) to map the subsurface distribution of a steam flood as function of time as part of a prototype environmental restoration process performed by the Dynamic Underground Stripping Project. We evaluated the capability of ERT to monitor changes in the soil resistivity during the steam injection process using a dipole-dipole measurement technique to measure the bulk electrical resistivity distribution in the soil mass. The injected steam caused changes in the soil`s resistivity because the steam displaced some of the native pore water, increased the pore water and soil temperatures and changed the ionic content of the pore water. We could detect the effects of steam invasion by mapping changes in the soil resistivity as a function of space and time. The ERT tomographs are compared with induction well logs, formation temperature logs and lithologic logs. These comparisons suggest that the ERT tomographs mapped the formation regions invaded by the steam flood. The data also suggest that steam invasion was limited in vertical extent to a gravel horizon at depth of approximately 43 m. The tomographs show that with time, the steam invasion zone extended laterally to all areas monitored by the ERT technique.
The purification and properties of invertase of Neurospora.

Invertase has been purified from Neurospora crassa. Unlike the corresponding enzyme from yeast, it contains little or no mannose, though small amounts of hexosamine have been detected. It is suggested that the latter reflects the in vivo location of invertase in the cell wall of Neurospora, as does the presence of mannose in yeast. Neurospora invertase has an unusually high extinction at 280 mμ. Various physical and kinetic properties of the enzyme are reported.
Regulation of the nitrate assimilation pathway of cultured tobacco cells. II. Properties of a variant cell line.

Abstract 1. 1. Certain amino acids, including l -threonine, inhibit growth of tobacco XD cells when nitrate is the nitrogen source but not when urea or γ-aminobutyric acid is the nitrogen source, suggesting that amino acids inhibit growth by specifically inhibiting nitrate assimilation. 2. 2. A line of tobacco cells, XDRthr, resistant to inhibition of growth by l -threonine, was isolated from the sensitive XD line. Resistance is a stable inherited characteristic of the new cell line. 3. 3. Resistance of XDRthr cells to l -threonine is associated with a similar resistance to other inhibitory amino acids but not an equal resistance to all of them. 4. 4. Resistance of XDRthr cells is not due to general exclusion of amino acids, exclusion of l -threonine, or rapid degradation of the latter. 5. 5. Amino acids strongly inhibit nitrate uptake and development of nitrate reductase in XD cells, while only development of nitrate reductase is strongly inhibited in XDRthr cells. 6. 6. The finding of altered regulation of a step in the nitrate pathway in cells selected for the ability to resist inhibition of growth by an amino acid verified the hypothesis that amino acids inhibit growth by inhibiting nitrate assimilation. 7. 7. Regulation of the steps of the nitrate pathway by amino acid is independent of the functional relationships of the steps of the pathway.
Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Psychological Adjustment: A Meta-Analysis of Cross-Cultural and Intracultural Studies

Meta-analytic procedures were used to pool information from 43 studies worldwide to test one of the major postulates of parental acceptance-rejection theory (PARTheory). Specifically, using child and adult versions of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) and the Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ), these studies allowed us to assess the claim within PARTheory's personality subtheory that perceived parental acceptance-rejection is associated universally with a specific form of psychological (mal)adjustment among children and adults, regardless of differences in gender, race, geography, language, or culture. Results of the analysis showed that the predicted relation emerged without exception in all studies. The mean weighted effect sizes across the full range of sociocultural and ethnic groups studied were r= .51 for children and r= .46 for adults. Analysis of fail safe N showed that 3,433 additional studies, all with nonsignificant results, would be required to disconfirm the pancultural association between the PARQ and PAQ among children; 941 such studies would be required to disconfirm this relation among adults.
Basic Mechanics of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials

This paper is an introduction to the basic mechanics of fiber reinforced composite materials. Emphasis is placed on describing the general approach to composite prob lems and how principles of mechanics can be utilized in predicting composite mechanical behavior. Some description of composite materials and their fabrication is also in cluded. Because of the anisotropic and non-homogeneous character of these materials, basic principles of anisotropic mechanics and application of these principles to composite materials are discussed.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Polymyositis

Pulmonary hypertension is an uncommon but lethal complication of polymyositis. A 69-year-old woman is described who had a 20-month history of polymyositis and cardiac failure and in whom severe pulmonary hypertension was noted terminally when she was first seen at our clinic. She died within 24 hours of admission, and autopsy revealed severe plexogenic pulmonary vascular disease.
O-glucose trisaccharide is present at high but variable stoichiometry at multiple sites on mouse Notch1.

Notch activity is regulated by both O-fucosylation and O-glucosylation, and Notch receptors contain multiple predicted sites for both. Here we examine the occupancy of the predicted O-glucose sites on mouse Notch1 (mN1) using the consensus sequence C1XSXPC2. We show that all of the predicted sites are modified, although the efficiency of modifying O-glucose sites is site- and cell type-dependent. For instance, although most sites are modified at high stoichiometries, the site at EGF 27 is only partially glucosylated, and the occupancy of the site at EGF 4 varies with cell type. O-Glucose is also found at a novel, non-traditional consensus site at EGF 9. Based on this finding, we propose a revision of the consensus sequence for O-glucosylation to allow alanine N-terminal to cysteine 2: C1XSX(A/P)C2. We also show through biochemical and mass spectral analyses that serine is the only hydroxyamino acid that is modified with O-glucose on EGF repeats. The O-glucose at all sites is efficiently elongated to the trisaccharide Xyl-Xyl-Glc. To establish the functional importance of individual O-glucose sites in mN1, we used a cell-based signaling assay. Elimination of most individual sites shows little or no effect on mN1 activation, suggesting that the major effects of O-glucose are mediated by modification of multiple sites. Interestingly, elimination of the site in EGF 28, found in the Abruptex region of Notch, does significantly reduce activity. These results demonstrate that, like O-fucose, the O-glucose modifications of EGF repeats occur extensively on mN1, and they play important roles in Notch function.
Thromboxane modulating agents. 2. Thromboxane receptor antagonists derived from the thromboxane synthase inhibitor dazmegrel.

Abstract The design of dual thromboxane synthase inhibitor/thromboxane receptor antagonists (e.g. 15 ) based on the structure of the thromboxane synthase inhibitor dazmegrel is described. More potent receptor antagonists (e.g. 16c ) result from replacement of the pyridinyl subsituent with 4-fluorophenyl. Modelling suggests the existence of more than one site capable of interacting with the aryl sulfonamide of TxA 2 receptor antagonists.
Building beauty: physiognomy on the gas-lit stage.

From 1816 onwards, London theatres began to install gas-lighting systems to replace candles. In addition to allowing theatre managers to adjust the level of illumination, gas lights offered greater brightness and visibility for the audience. Actors had to adjust to this new level of exposure that threatened their ability to ‘look the part.’ Until this illuminating moment, there had been little need for makeup and actors to adhere to the principles of physiognomy – a system that correlated character traits to facial features. Under the new harsh glare of the gas lights, both the faces of the actors and the theatres themselves were found wanting.
Biogenic amines and the secretion of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

I. Introduction Ionic and nonionic control of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin secretion There is general agreement that the plasma concentration of calcium is the dominant regulator of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion (1–4) and probably also of calcitonin (CT) release (5, 6). Calcium stimulates CT secretion but inhibits PTH release; hypocalcemia has the opposite effects. Under certain conditions, other divalent cations, especially magnesium, can influence PTH and CT secretion in a fashion parallel to that of calcium, but there is little evidence that these relationships are of importance within the physiological range (3, 4). Normal secretion of PTH does, however, require the presence of magnesium (8, 9). Absence of the chloride and hydroxyl anions impairs PTH release in vitro (10), but it seems unlikely that levels of those anions have a specific regulatory function in calcium homeostasis. Phosphate infusion stimulates PTH secretion only by lowering plasma ionic calcium levels (2, 11), and an early...
A Note on Police Response to the Female Complainant

Police treatment of domestic violence has generated considerable debate between feminists and the police. Feminists attribute the low arrest rate in domestic assaults to sexist attitudes about the marriage relationship and the credibility of female complainants. Conversely, police explain failure to arrest by noting that criminal law precludes warrantless misdemeanor arrests (the most frequent type of assault) uless the crime was committed in an officer's presence. This research analyzes police treatment of domestic assaults. It is based on an examination of police reports from three jurisdictions. Additionally, survey data on police perceptions of female complainants in domestic assaults and the effect of such perceptions on self-reported police treatment of these assaults is also presented. The results indicate a discrepancy between the actually handling of reported domestic assaults and the respondents' verbal reconstructions of their behavior in such cases. The data demonstrate partial support for the...
In vitro and in vivo effects of HIV protease inhibitors on apoptosis

Development of potent inhibitors of HIV protease has revolutionized the treatment of HIV infection. HIV protease inhibitors (PI) have caused more dramatic improvements in CD4 T-cell numbers than in other therapies that were available previously, prompting investigators to assess whether PI possess intrinsic immunomodulatory effects. An emerging body of data indicates that HIV PIs are antiapoptotic, although the exact molecular target responsible for this antiapoptotic effect remains to be defined in vitro and in vivo. Paradoxically, high-dose PI also may have proapoptotic effects, particularly when assessed in vitro in transformed cell lines and implanted mouse models. Future research will define molecular targets of PI that are responsible for their apoptotis modulatory effects (both pro- and anti-apoptotic). In addition, evaluation of the clinical utility of PI-based therapy in those non-HIV disease states that are characterized by excessive apoptotis will reveal the full clinical potential of this intriguing class of drugs.
A genetic locus in 7p12.2 associated with treatment resistant schizophrenia

Abstract Approximately 30% of patients with schizophrenia are treatment resistant (TRS), i.e. have persistent psychotic symptoms despite adequate trials of at least two antipsychotic drugs (APDs). Most TRS patients are candidates for clozapine treatment which is underutilized because of its side effects and difficulty in identifying TRS. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 79 TRS and 95 non-treatment resistant (NTRS) Caucasian schizophrenia patients to identify possible biomarkers for TRS, which might also provide insight into the pathobiology of TRS. The single nucleotide polymorphism, rs2237457, located in 7p12.2, a region reported to have imprinted inheritance, was found to have the lowest p value in an allelic association test (unadjusted p = 5.53 × 10 − 6 ). Haploview disclosed a 30 kb block flanking this SNP within GRB10, 70 kb upstream of l -dopa decarboxylase (DDC), an enzyme which is rate-limiting in the synthesis of trace amines and neurotransmitters implicated in schizophrenia and the action of APDs. This SNP or haplotype was identified as an exclusive cis -acting eQTL for DDC in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex by BrainCloud®. A replication sample genotyped for this SNP produced a weaker result, but in the same direction. After combining the two samples, rs2237457 remained significantly associated with TRS (unadjusted p = 5.66 × 10 − 7 in recessive mode; 9.42 × 10 − 5 in allelic association). If replicated in an independent sample, rs2237457 may provide a biomarker to identify a significant proportion of Caucasian TRS. The results implicate trace amines and their synthesis in the pathophysiology of TRS.
Self-induced overdose of ADHD medication

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a diagnosis made with increasing frequency and problems related to its drug management are also beginning to appear with increasing frequency.
Features of the reflection of an acoustic beam from a surface with nonuniform boundary conditions. I. Theoretical analysis

Features of the reflection of an acoustic beam from a surface with nonuniform boundary conditions of the free-rigid, free-slip, and slip-rigid types are theoretically analyzed. It is shown that it is fundamentally possible to substantially increase the sensitivity and reliability of evaluations of the quality of the cohesion between materials. This can be done via selection of the spatial position of a PET, as well as selection of the incidence angles of an acoustic beam at which the phase shift φD between waves reflected from surface areas with different boundary conditions is nonzero and, if possible, close to ±π. In this case, interference results in a substantial change in the amplitude of reflected waves depending on their reception angle. The features of changes in the field of reflected elastic waves upon intersection of the boundary of a defective region with an acoustic-beam spot are analyzed (in the 2D-formulation) for discrete and linear changes in φD.
Late Embolization of Prosthetic Mitral Valve Occluder with Survival Following Reoperation

Embolization of the occluder from a prosthetic mitral valve is an extremely rare event. Previous reports in the literature have described the uniformly fatal outcome of this complication. A case in which the occluder from a Wada-Cutter mitral prosthesis embolized five years following implantation is presented. The patient survived following emergency reoperation. Several unique features of escaped mitral poppet are discussed. Depending upon cardiac reserves, patients who have this complication may live long enough to allow emergency operative intervention and eventual recovery.
Ixodes scapularis salivary gland protein P11 facilitates migration of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from the tick gut to salivary glands

Ixodes ticks harbour several human pathogens belonging to the order Rickettsiales, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis. When ticks feed on A. phagocytophilum-infected mice, the pathogen enters the ticks' gut. The bacteria then migrate from the gut to infect the salivary glands of the ticks and are transmitted to the next host via the saliva. The molecular mechanisms that enable the migration of A. phagocytophilum from the gut to the salivary glands are poorly understood. Here we show that a secreted tick protein, P11, is important in this process. We show that P11 enables A. phagocytophilum to infect tick haemocytes, which are required for the migration of A. phagocytophilum from the gut to the salivary glands. Silencing of p11 impaired the A. phagocytophilum infection of tick haemocytes in vivo and consequently decreased pathogen infection of the salivary glands. In vitro experiments showed that P11 could bind to A. phagocytophilum and thus facilitate its infection of tick cells. This report provides new insights into A. phagocytophilum infection of ticks and reveals new avenues to interrupt the life cycle of Anaplasma and related Rickettsial pathogens.
The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius: Electrical and mechanical properties as a function of muscle length

The effects of changing muscle length on the mechanical properties of 89 motor units from adult cat medial gastrocnemius have been studied in eight experiments. Few differences were found between the effects of length on tetanic tension, twitch tension, twitch-tetanus ratio, twitch contraction time, twitch half relaxation time, rate of force development and electrical activity for fast contracting (twitch contraction time less than or equal to 45 msec) and slowly contracting (greater than 45 msec) units. Those differences that did appear did not persist when these two groups were matched by tetanic tension. It is concluded that the biophysical mechanisms responsible for the changes in mechanical and electrical properties with length must be similar for fast and slow twitch units and not related to potential differences in their muscle fiber type. The effects of changing muscle length on the mechanical properties of the eight whole muscles suggest that changes in force output with length are of minor importance during normal movements as the muscle is found to be electrically active over a relatively narrow range of lengths close to the optimum length for tetanus of the whole muscle. The very shortest muscle lengths at which there is only minimal force development are not used in natural movements, while the declining limb of the length tension curve is at muscle lengths beyond the maximum in situ length.
When Practice Doesn’t Make Perfect: Effects of Task Goals on Learning Computing Concepts

Specifying file references for hypertext links is an elementary competence that nevertheless draws upon core computational thinking concepts such as tree traversal and the distinction between relative and absolute references. In this article we explore the learning effects of different instructional strategies in the context of an introductory computing course. Results suggest that asking students to do targeted tasks, albeit supported with working examples, is not the best preparation. Instead, unstructured study of examples produces superior learning. Answering targeted conceptual questions can also yield comparably positive learning but only in qualified contexts. While perhaps unintuitive, these results are consistent with a long line of research on human cognition and learning. We discuss our results in the context of this previous research and recommend effective instructional strategies, which may apply to a broad range of computational concepts.
Classification of pseudoparticle solutions in gauge theories

We discuss the classification of pseudoparticle solutions obtained using all inequivalent embeddings of SU(2) in a semisimple algebra $G$. We also discuss some simple consequences of this classification on the interaction of the pseudoparticles of Belavin et al.
Accumulation of plant nutrients and heavy metals through sedimentation processes and accretion in a Louisiana salt marsh

The accumulation of selected plant nutrients and heavy metals in a rapidly accreting Louisiana salt marsh was examined. Sedimentation processes were shown to be supplying large amounts of plant nutrients to the marsh. Accumulation of heavy metals was low and appeared to be associated with the natural heavy metal content of incoming sediment rather than from a pollution source. A large portion of organic carbon from primary production remained in the marsh, contributing to the aggradation process of vertical marsh accretion. Nitrogen accumulated in the marsh at rates as great as 21 g per m2 per yr.
Antithrombin-heparin cofactor: An inhibitor of plasma kallikrein

Abstract Human antithrombin-heparin cofactor is a naturally occurring plasma inhibitor of serine proteases generated during activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. We have demonstrated that purified preparations of this inhibitor also neutralize the esterolytic activity of human kallikrein as well as the ability of the enzyme to release kinins. When an excess of inhibitor is present, the inactivation process follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Furthermore, the addition of heparin to mixtures of kallikrein and antithrombin-heparin cofactor results in a doubling of the rate and extent of enzyme neutralization. Disc gel analysis of incubation mixtures of kallikrein and excess antithrombin-heparin cofactor, with and without heparin, revealed that the enzyme band had vanished in conjunction with the emergence of two new electrophoretic species. These two new components probably represent stoichiometric complexes of kallikrein and antithrombin-heparin cofactor since a twofold increase in the concentration of enzyme doubled the concentration of these new molecular species. In plasmas which contain adequate levels of other protease inhibitors, antithrombin-heparin cofactor does not appear to be a quantitatively important inactivator of kallikrein. This is suggested by our finding that the addition of heparin at concentrations as high as 50 units/ml did not increase the inhibitory capacity of normal plasma directed against this enzyme. However, plasma from patients with hereditary angioedema had little neutralizing activity directed against kallikrein and revealed a marked increase in this inhibitory capacity when therapeutic concentrations of heparin were added. Our observation suggests that this acidic mucopolysaccharide may prove useful in controlling acute attacks of this disorder.