cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributions of surfers’ paths through the World Wide Web: Empirical characterizations

Surfing the World Wide Web (WWW) involves traversing hyperlink connections among documents. The ability to predict surfing patterns could solve many problems facing producers and consumers of WWW content. We analyzed WWW server logs for a WWW site, collected over ten days, to compare different path reconstruction methods and to investigate how past surfing behavior predicts future surfing choices. Since log files do not explicitly contain user paths, various methods have evolved to reconstruct user paths. Session times, number of clicks per visit, and Levenshtein Distance analyses were performed to show the impact of various reconstruction methods. Different methods for measuring surfing patterns were also compared. Markov model approximations were used to model the probability of users choosing links conditional on past surfing paths. Information-theoretic (entropy) measurements suggest that information is gained by using longer paths to estimate the conditional probability of link choice given surf path. The improvements diminish, however, as one increases the length of path beyond one. Information-theoretic (total divergence to the average entropy) measurements suggest that the conditional probabilities of link choice given surf path are more stable over time for shorter paths than longer paths. Direct examination of the accuracy of the conditional probability models in predicting test data also suggests that shorter paths yield more stable models and can be estimated reliably with less data than longer paths.
The Impact of Transitional Housing on the Post-Discharge Functioning of Former Foster Youth

Three years of data that describes the adaptation of 106 former foster youth to young adulthood are presented. Youth outcomes were compared on whether they initially resided in transitional housing (TH) at discharge or went to other living arrangements (OLA). Findings were that youth residing in the TH reported more housing stability, were less likely to be unemployed, used substances less, and had less criminal justice contact than OLA youth. However, multivariate analysis showed substance users and Caucasian youth had more housing instability than others, regardless of their initial discharge housing arrangement. The implications of these findings are discussed.
A CMOS Technology for a Sub-5-ns 3.3-V LVTTL 1-Mbit SRAM

This paper describes a CMOS technology designed for static RAMs and microprocessors operating at 3.3 V. The technology features dual-work-function NFETs and PFETs that achieve 0.22 and 0.18 ?m minimum channel lengths, respectively. It also includes shallow-trench isolation, nitrided oxide for reliability, self-aligned titanium silicide diffusions and polysilicon, a damascene tungsten local interconnect, up to five levels of fully planarized metallization, and sub-half-micron feature sizes. Access time of less than 5 ns is typical for a 1-Mbit SRAM fabricated in this technology, and 150 MHz clock rate is achieved for a microprocessor.
MEASUREMENT OF THE ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS FROM W→eν DECAYS OBSERVED IN $p\bar p$ COLLISIONS AT $\sqrt{s} =1.8\, {\rm TeV}$

We present the first measurement of the electron angular distribution parameter α2 in W → e ν events in proton-antiproton collisions as a function of the W boson transverse momentum. Our analysis is based on data collected using the DO detector during the 1994–1995 Fermilab Tevatron run. We compare our results with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD, which predicts an angular distribution of (1 ± α1cos θ* + α2cos2 θ*), where θ* is the polar angle of the electron in the Collins-Soper frame and α1 and α2 are functions of , the W boson transverse momentum. This measurement provides a test of next-to-leading order QCD corrections which are a non-negligible contrbution to the W boson mass measurement.
Debate: The Contraception Mandate and Religious Freedom

In this online exchange, Steven D. Smith and Caroline Mala Corbin debate the wisdom of religious exemptions from the contraception mandate. Professor Smith argues that as applied to objecting religious employers, the mandate violates the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and that contrary arguments are better understood as taking a position against rather than under RFRA. In his conclusion, Prof. Smith argues that free exercise extends to religious associations and institutions, not just to religious individuals. Professor Corbin disagrees on both points. First, one need not oppose RFRA to conclude that it does not require exemptions from the contraception mandate. Not every asserted burden amounts to the type of substantial burden that RFRA was designed to accommodate. Second, granting extensive religious liberty rights to employers, whether corporations or their owners, overlooks the rights of their less privileged and less powerful employees.
Classifying almost-disjoint families with applications toβN − N

A family of infinite subsets of the setN of natural numbers will be called almost disjoint iff any two of its members have finite intersection. We shall define such a family ℱ to ben-separable iff for every decompositionD = {D 1, …D n } ofN inton or fewer disjoint subsets there exist setsF ∈ ℱ andD ∃D such thatF ⊆D, and we shall use this and related notions to classify almost-disjoint families, using, on occasion, special axioms of set theory.
When you see it, let it be: Urgency, mindfulness and adolescent substance use

The emotion-based domains of impulsivity, positive and negative urgency, are facets that have garnered attention due to their associations with substance use, and mindfulness based strategies have shown promise in reducing substance use in adults. The aim of the current study was to examine relations among urgency, mindfulness, and substance use in adolescence. Cross-sectional data were collected from students (N = 1,051) at a large, private high school in the Pacific Northwest. Both positive and negative urgency were uniquely associated with greater likelihood of lifetime and current alcohol use; only positive urgency predicted lifetime marijuana use. Mindfulness was associated with a lower likelihood of lifetime alcohol or marijuana use. Interactions between urgency and mindfulness were not supported. Our findings highlight the need to explore relations among baseline mindfulness, skills based mindfulness, and personality in adolescent alcohol and other drug use.
13-Cis-retinoic acid decreases hypothalamic cell number in vitro.

13-Cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) causes depression-related behavior in mice. Hypothalamic dysregulation has been implicated in clinical depression. In fact, apoptosis of hypothalamic neurons may lead to depression after myocardial infarction. Our objective was to determine if 13-cis-RA affects cultured hypothalamic cell number. Treatment of GT1-7 hypothalamic cells with 10 μM 13-cis-RA for 48 h decreased cell growth to 45.6 ± 13% of control. To determine if this decrease in cell number was due to 13-cis-RA acting as an oxidant, cells were treated with 13-cis-RA and ascorbic acid or butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) for 24 or 48 h. Neither antioxidant alleviated the inhibitory affects of 13-cis-RA. In addition, 13-cis-RA treatment did not increase superoxide anion production, indicating 13-cis-RA was not acting as an oxidant. To determine if 13-cis-RA was acting via retinoic acid receptors (RARs) to decrease cell number, GT1-7 cells were treated with 13-cis-RA and the RAR pan-antagonist, AGN 193109. Treatment with the RAR-antagonist blocked the ability of 13-cis-RA to decrease cell number, indicating this phenomenon was a RAR-independent mechanism. We hypothesize that the ability of 13-cis-RA to decrease hypothalamic cell number may contribute to the increased depression-related behaviors observed in mice.
The uranium-molybdenum equilibrium diagram below 900° C

Abstract The U-Mo equilibrium diagram has been determined up to 19 wt % Mo and below 900° C. The eutectoid transformation β a g α + γ has been located at 639 ± 5° C. The limit of the β + γ field has been placed at 4.5 wt % Mo at the eutectoid temperature. The γ phase undergoes a eutectoid transformation at 10.5 wt % Mo and 565 ± 5° C, to ga + δ. The tetragonal structure of the δ phase was confirmed, with C 0 = 9.854 A , a 0 = 3.427 A , c a = 2.876 . It is probable that δ phase is formed by a congruent transformation, rather than by a peritectoid as reported by earlier workers.
Welcome to the “Hunger Games”: An Exploration of the Rhetorical Construction of Legitimacy for One U.S.-Based Nonprofit Organization

In this paper, we articulate how nonprofit legitimacy is generated through the rhetorical construction of symbolic capital by nonprofit organizations. Our analysis demonstrates how symbolic capital responds to and reflects the local values of a donor/volunteer base, thus allowing nonprofits to assuage the potential for dissonance between image and behavior in humanitarian aid. To make this claim, we engage in a rhetorical analysis of one international nonprofit organization headquartered in the United States that conducts most of its humanitarian work in and around Africa. Implications of this study underscore how nonprofits capitalize on organizational identification and point to the value of understanding nonprofit legitimacy as the rhetorical construction of a “donor gaze” and a nonprofit “space of freedom.”
Artificial Pacemakers Indications and Management

The development of artificial pacemakers for the electrical control of the cardiac rhythm has greatly enhanced the physician9s ability to treat cardiac dysrhythmias. Pacemakers have been useful in treating Stokes-Adams syndrome and symptomatic bradyeardias; they have helped control the occurrence of tachyarrhythmias and have played an important role in the management of arrhythmias accompanying myocardial infarctions. With their more frequent use, pacemakers have contributed to our knowledge of underlying conduction and natural pacemaker disorders. As new indications for artificial pacemaking have been elucidated, more complex pulse generators have been developed, and newer technics found for their insertion. In spite of recent development the pulse generators in general use have a limited useful lifetime. This paper reviews the indications for pacemaker insertion that are commonly employed. In addition, an approach to the problem of pulse generator replacement is presented.
Students' Ratings of Teacher Practices

In this paper, we explore a novel approach for assessing the impact of a professional development programme on classroom practice of in-service middle school mathematics teachers. The particular focus of this study is the assessment of the impact on teachers’ employment of strategies used in the classroom to foster the mathematical habits of mind and mathematical self-efficacy of their students. We describe the creation and testing of a student survey designed to assess teacher classroom practice based primarily on students’ ratings of teacher practices.
P300 and introverted/extraverted personality types

The P300 component of the event-related potential elicited with a two-tone auditory discrimination task and two-trial block replication procedure was obtained from 16 introverted and 16 extraverted undergraduate students. P300 demonstrated no overall significant effects for either the personality variable or the block variable. However, P300 amplitude to the target stimuli declined significantly between Block 1 and Block 2 for the extraverted subjects, but did not change across trial blocks for the introverted group. Female subjects tended to have larger P3 amplitudes than male subjects, but this factor did not interact with either the personality variable or the trial block variable. The results suggest that P3 amplitude habituates more rapidly for extraverts than for introverts.
The glenohumeral capsule should be evaluated as a sheet of fibrous tissue: a validated finite element model.

The function of the glenohumeral capsule has typically been evaluated by isolating several discrete, ligamentous regions during experimental and computational investigations. However, recent data suggests that the regions of the glenohumeral capsule have significant interactions and function multiaxially. Therefore, examining the function of the inferior glenohumeral ligament as a discrete structure may not be appropriate. The objective of this work was to validate the predicted strain distribution and deformed shape of the inferior glenohumeral ligament using experimental data for two subject-specific finite element models: (1) a continuous model including all capsular regions, and (2) a discrete model including only the inferior glenohumeral ligament. The distribution of maximum principal strain and deformed shape of the glenohumeral capsule was determined for a cadaveric shoulder in a joint position frequently associated with dislocation (60° of glenohumeral abduction, 52° of external rotation, and a 25 N anterior load applied to the humerus). The experimental kinematics were then applied to the two finite element models constructed from the geometry and material properties from the same cadaveric shoulder and the predicted strain distributions and deformed shapes were determined. For the continuous model, the average difference between predicted strains and experimental strains was less than 5%. The predicted deformed shape was also similar to experimental data, with the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament clearly wrapped around the humeral head. In contrast, large differences existed between the strains predicted by the discrete model when compared to the experimental strains for this joint position (average difference from experimental data was 20%). In addition, the predicted deformed shape of the inferior glenohumeral ligament did not wrap around the humeral head. These differences may be attributed to neglecting the complex interactions between the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament with the neighboring capsular regions. Thus, the glenohumeral capsule should not be evaluated as several discrete structures. Rather, it should be evaluated as a single sheet of fibrous tissue.
Midline Cervical Cleft: Review of an Uncommon Entity

Introduction. Midline cervical cleft is a rare congenital malformation which nonetheless has a classic presentation. This study presents one of the largest single series of new patients with MCC and provides an exhaustive review and catalogue of publications from the international literature. Materials and Methods. Retrospective chart review performed in two academic medical centers and literature review performed with primary verification of all quoted references. Results. Ten patients with MCC were identified (8 boys and 2 girls). All patients presented with the classic findings of this congenital anomaly, and the length of the skin defect correlated with an increase in the patient's age. Surgical excision was complete in all cases. Thorough international literature review yielded only 195 verifiable previously reported cases. Conclusions. This is one of the largest series of new patients with midline cervical cleft presented in the world literature. Although rare (with less than 200 cases published to date) this entity does have a reliable presentation that should lead to rapid and accurate diagnosis. Complete surgical excision at an early age is appropriate since the anomaly increases in length commensurate with the patient's age.
Achromatization of optical waveguide components using diffractive elements

It is shown that waveguide lenses, input/output couplers, and beam-splitters can be achromatized using conventional components in combination with diffractive elements. Experimental results are presented which show that it is possible to obtain achromatic performance over wavelength ranges that are larger than the wavelength range associated with conventional laser diodes.
The bacterial cell division proteins FtsA and FtsZ self-organize into dynamic cytoskeletal patterns

In bacteria, the tubulin-related GTPase FtsZ and the actin-related protein FtsA cooperate to form the Z-ring required for cytokinesis. Loose and Mitchison now show that FtsZ and FtsA can self-organize into dynamic structures in vitro, providing insights into the potential regulatory interplay of the two proteins.
A complete kinematic analysis of four-revolute-axis robot manipulators

Abstract The approach taken in this research is to study the kinematics of low-number-of-axes robots and apply new results to progressively more complex geometries. The kinematic analysis in this paper provides valuable insight in the inverse kinematic study of all-revolute-4-DOF robot and arms leads to special 4-DOF structures with more than one inverse kinematics solution set. These special structures can be of valuable assistance in the design of 4-DOF robot manipulators. This paper also provides an essential theoretical foundation for solving 5- and possibly 6-DOF manipulators. A companion paper builds on this foundation to prove important properties and provide an efficient inverse kinematic technique suitable for real-time control of fast 5-DOF robot manipulators.
The consequences of a failed femoropopliteal bypass grafting: Comparison of saphenous vein and PTFE grafts

Objectives Although there are numerous reports comparing saphenous vein (SV) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with respect to the patency rates for femoropopliteal bypass grafts, the clinical consequences of failed grafts are not as well described. This study compares the outcomes of failed SV and PTFE grafts with a specific emphasis on the degree of acute limb ischemia caused by graft occlusion. Methods Over a 6-year period, 718 infrainguinal revascularization procedures were performed, of which 189 were femoropopliteal bypass grafts (SV, 108; PTFE, 81). Society for Vascular Surgery/International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery (SVS/ISCVS) standardized runoff scores were calculated from preoperative arteriograms. Clinical categories of acute limb ischemia resulting from graft occlusion were graded according to SVS/ISCVS standards (I, viable; II, threatened; III, irreversible). Primary graft patency and limb salvage rates at 48 months were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Patients were well matched for age, sex, and comorbidities. Chronic critical ischemia was the operative indication in most cases (SV, 82%; PTFE, 80%; P =.85). Runoff scores and preoperative ankle-brachial index measurements were similar for the two groups (SV, 6.0 +/- 2.5 [SD] and 0.51 +/- 0.29; PTFE, 5.3 +/- 2.8 and 0.45 +/- 0.20; P =.06 and P =.12). The distal anastomosis was made below the knee in 60% of SV grafts and 16% of PTFE grafts (P Conclusions Patients undergoing femoropopliteal bypass grafting with PTFE are at greater risk of ischemic complications from graft occlusion and more frequently require emergency limb revascularization as a result of graft occlusion than patients receiving SV grafts. Graft patency and limb salvage are superior with SV in comparison with PTFE in patients undergoing femoropopliteal bypass grafting.
The mechanochemical turbine: a new source of power

The basic thermodynamic cycle for the production of mechanical power from materials that may be made to contract forcibly and reversibly is described. The cycle differs from existing mechanical power cycles, which generally employ expanding fluid as working substances. A ‘contraction turbine’ operating on this cycle has been devised, which has collagen fibre as its working substance and salt solution as fuel and produces mechanical -work directly from chemical free energy. Direct conversion of chemical to mechanical energy is routinely effected in muscle, but not in usual man-made engines.
Accessibility of sialo components in a murine tumor cell to extracellular N-acetylneuraminate glycohydrolase (sialidase).

Abstract Lipid-bound sialic acid in the murine melanoma cell is not totally inaccessible to an exogenous macromolecular probe, as formerly believed. Roughly 30% of the sialic acid bound to lipid, and an equal proportion of the sialic acid bound to protein is cleaved by the action of Clostridium perfringens N- acetylneuraminate glycohydrolase (neuraminidase, sialidase) when the purified enzyme is added to the suspension medium of intact murine melanoma cells freshly derived from the tumor. Cleavage of lipid-bound sialic acid is indifferent to the presence of Ca2+ in the medium. However, maximum release from protein requires a physiological concentration of this divalent cation. Variation in ionic strength has no effect on release of sialic acid. These findings show that a restricted portion of the bound sialic acid may be released from the intact murine melanama cell by the extracellularly supplied enzyme acting topographically.
Dyslexia after left occipitotemporal lobectomy: a case report.

Summary A 30-year-old man, following resection of the left inferior occipitotemporal region, was left with discrete residual deficits of right homonoymous hemianopsia, dyslexia, slow color naming, and verbal memory impairment. Neuropsychological examinations over a two year period focussed on his worst handicap, dyslexia, with results that are strikingly analogous to characteristics of one major subgroup of developmentally dyslexic children.
066 Crystal structure of the Rhagium Inquisitor antifreeze protein

Some insects use antifreeze proteins to overwinter. The structure-function relationships and mechanism of action of these proteins are not well understood. We report the crystal structure of an antifreeze protein from the longhorn beetle Rhagium inquisitor , determined at 1.15-A resolution using ab initio direct methods. The structure is the largest determined ab initio without heavy atoms, and reveals a compressed β -solenoid fold in which the top and bottom sheets are held together by a silk-like interdigitation of short side chains. The crystal structure shows the presence of ice-like waters that match several planes of hexagonal ice. Source of funding: NIH grant P01 GM022778. Conflict of interest: None declared. wuyi.meng@yale.edu
Optical constants of transition metals: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Pd

The optical constants $n$ and $k$ were determined for some transition metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd) from reflection and transmission measurements on vacuum-evaporated polycrystalline thin films at room temperature, in the spectral range 0.5-6.5 eV. Three optical measurements were inverted to determine the film thickness $d$ as well as $n$ and $k$. The estimated error in $d$ was \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 \AA{} and that in $n$, $k$ was less than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2% over most of the spectral range. Transmission measurements were made on films in the thickness range 200-500 \AA{}. Many transition metals oxidize rapidly in the air and so measurements on those samples were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. A detailed analysis of the effect of oxidation on the measured quantities indicates that it is small. The effects on the optical constants of the film thickness and the evaporation rate are discussed. Some recent theoretical calculations of the interband optical conductivity are compared with the results for V, Cr, and Ni. In addition, some other recent experiments are compared with our results.
Temperature dependence of thermal inactivation rate constants of bacterial spores in a glassy state

Differential scanning calorimetry data obtained from corn embryos is consistent with the hypothesis of their glassy state. This work extends that hypothesis to explain the speculation about the high heat resistance of bacterial spores. By considering the protoplast to be in a glassy solid-state, it can be assumed that the configurational rearrangements of the key life dependent polymer chain backbones (DNA, etc.) are extremely slow, thereby ceasing thermal motions. It is assumed that at the glass transition temperature, the spore protoplast undergoes a discontinuity in the thermal expansion coefficient, and above this critical temperature, the rate of thermal inactivation of spores is free volume dependent and can be described adequately by the William, Landel and Ferry (WLF) equation. Glass transition temperatures forBacillus stearothermophilus andClostridium botulinum spores, obtained by fitting the inactivation rate data to the WLF equation, indicate a decrease in the inactivation rates with increasing glass-transition temperatures.
Cardiac Morbidity and Mortality After Breast Conservation Treatment in Patients with Early-Stage Breast Cancer and Preexisting Cardiac Disease

Abstract Background This study was undertaken to determine the risk of late cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients with preexisting cardiac disease treated with contemporary radiation techniques for early-stage breast cancer. Patients and Methods Medical records were reviewed for 41 patients with early-stage breast cancer and a history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure (CHF), and/or coronary artery disease before radiation therapy. Data were recorded on baseline cardiac disease and tumor characteristics, cardiac morbidity during and after treatment, and survival status of each patient. Patients were stratified for right-versus left-sided breast cancer and compared. Results There was no significant difference in overall survival (OS) between the right-and left-sided groups (log-rank test; P = .19). The left-sided group had a higher incidence of cardiac deaths (right side, 2 of 26 [9%]; left side, 4 of 15 [27%]; hazard ratio, 4.2; P = .08) 10 years after treatment, including deaths secondary to myocardial infarction, CHF, or coronary artery disease. On the other hand, the right-sided group had a higher proportion of deaths secondary to breast cancer (right, 8 of 26 [31%]; left, 2 of 15 [13%]) and non–breast cancer/noncardiac causes (right, 7 of 26 [27%]; left, 1 of 15 [7%]). Conclusion Although OS was similar in both groups, radiation was associated with a higher incidence of cardiac death in patients with left-sided breast cancer. Efforts should be made to minimize cardiac exposure and also to promote more vigilant risk factor modification in this group of women.
Linked aryloxides ligands: synthesis and characterization of alkali metal clusters of a partial calix[n]arene

Abstract The ligands 2,6-bis(3-t-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methyl phenol (L) and 2,6-bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methyl phenol (L′) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions are evident between adjacent aryloxide groups, which orient the ligand in an s-shaped configuration with convergent oxygen donors. Deprotonation of L in THF with alkyl lithium reagents affords the u-shaped trimetallic cluster Li 3 L(THF) 4 ( 1 ) with two lithium, each bridging to two oxygen atoms, situated on the rim of the ligand and one bound inside the cavity created by the aryl rings. The hexanuclear clusters Li 6 L 2 (Et 2 O) x and Li 6 L′ 2 (Et 2 O) x are isolated from diethyl ether solutions, and the solvent molecules coordinated to the metals in these clusters can be replaced with THF producing Li 6 L 2 (THF) 2 ( 2 ) or with dichloromethane yielding Li 6 L′ 2 (CH 2 Cl 2 ) 2 ( 3 ). Treatment of L or L′ with either sodium methoxide or sodium hydride in diethyl ether generates the analogous sodium clusters. The cluster Na 6 L 6 (Me 2 CO) 4 ( 4 ) was obtained from acetone while a polymeric material with bridging dichloromethane molecules, [Na 6 L′ 2 (CH 2 Cl 2 ) 3 ] x ( 5 ), was isolated from dichloromethane solution. The metal clusters were all characterized by X-ray crystallography, and preliminary work has demonstrated that 1 is an ideal precursor for the preparation of reactive transition metal complexes.
Factorial design approach applied to electrically and thermally conductive nylon 6,6

Increasing the thermal and electrical conductivity of typically insulating polymers, such as nylon 6,6, opens new markets. A thermally conductive resin can be used for heat sink applications. An electrically conductive resin can be used in static dissipative and Electromagnetic Interference/Radio Frequency Interference shielding applications. This research focused on performing compounding runs followed by injection molding and testing (tensile properties, volumetric electrical resistivity, and through-plane thermal conductivity) of carbon filled nylon 6,6. The four carbon fillers investigated included a PAN-based carbon fiber (milled, 200μ long), an electrically conductive carbon black, vapor grown graphitic nanotubes, and Thermocarb (high quality synthetic milled graphite). Formulations were produced and tested that contained varying amounts of a single carbon filler. Combinations of fillers were also investigated via conducting half of a 2 4 factorial design. It was determined that Thermocarb has the largest effect on the thermal conductivity. Increasing Thermocarb increases thermal conductivity. For conductive resins containing only a single filler type, nanotubes caused the electrical resistivity (ER) to decrease the most. For the half fraction factorial design formulations that contain at least one filler type at the higher level, the ER of the conductive resin ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ohm-cm.
Calculation of anisotropic strain-engineered patterns of monolayer islands

Abstract The self-organization of monolayer epitaxy islands in presence of anisotropies in surface stress, applied stress, and lattice mismatch between the film and substrate materials is investigated. The fundamental nature of island interactions is addressed in the context of a model wherein the system free energy consists of the excess energy and strain energy of atomic surface steps. It is shown the anisotropy can change the character of island interactions. An energy-reducing kinetic relation is adopted to evolve an initially random morphology towards a generally metastable minimum energy state. It is found the self-organization of islands into a regular array requires both the repulsion between islands and tendency for islands to aligned in a particular direction. Small anisotropies provide the required repulsion but not the tendency for islands to align and large anisotropies provide the necessary alignment but cause islands to attract. Modest levels of anisotropy provide the most favorable conditions of self-organization.
Comparison of normal and below normal July precipitation patterns in central Iowa

Previous discussions of wet, dry and normal years in Iowa have been related primarily to the departure of rainfall from a climatological average. Rainfall during the month of July is examined because of its importance on the local cash crop, maize. The first section of the paper deals with the variability of areal precipitation patterns within the central Iowa climatological network (1000 km2/gauge) for the years 1930-1978. Results of this study seemed to indicate that examination of a fine-grid rain gauge network (1-64 km2/gauge) was needed. Weather radar data also were used to provide a better data base to study the size and variability of July precipitation areas. In the second section, July 1976 (dry) and July 1977 (normal) were chosen to provide a comparision of precipitation patterns between a dry and normal precipitation year. The results show that, during a dry year (40 per cent below normal), there are nearly the same number of days with rain occurring as in a normal year. The most important factor in the comparison of the two years is that the size and number of individual precipitation echoes are both about 40 per cent less during 1976 than in 1977.
Phase space of positron trajectories exiting a charged particle source through a magnetic field point cusp

A configuration of magnetic fields using properties of cylindrically symmetric permanent magnets is presented as a candidate to produce a high purity charged particle source or trap. Cylindrically symmetric hollow permanent magnets produce magnetic field point cusps on the axis of symmetry. A magnetic field point cusp reflects all particles that lie outside a narrow region of phase space, a region dependent on particle kinetic energies and on the magnetic field intensity. An analysis of the phase space of positron trajectories entering and exiting a magnetic field point cusp is presented and quantified with respect to magnetic field intensity and particle kinetic energy. Preliminary experimental results support the use of point cusps for ion source applications.
Impurity lattice dynamics of Fe in Cr from precision Mössbauer fraction measurements

Abstract Precision 〈x2〉-values and their anharmonicity been measured for 57Fe in Cr between 80 K and 600 K. At 294 K. ƒ = 0.798 ± 0.005 . A theoretical analysis based upon Cr neutron scattering data yields 0.8 for the impurity/host force constant ratio.
The High Mobility Group protein HMG I(Y) is required for NF-κB-dependent virus induction of the human IFN-β gene

Abstract In this paper, we show that both NF-κB and the high mobility group protein I(Y) (HMG I(Y)) are required for virus induction of the human interferon-β (IFN-β) gene. NF-κB binds to the terminal regions of a 10 by regulatory sequence through contacts in the major groove, while HMG I(Y) recognizes the central region of the same sequence through contacts in the minor groove. Mutations that interfere with binding of either protein decrease the level of virus induction, and activation of the gene can be blocked by either NF-κB or HMG I(Y) antisense RNA. HMG I(Y) stimulates the binding of NF-κB to the IFN-β promoter, and it may also function as a promoter-specific accessory factor for NF-κB transcriptional activity.
Position of protonation of the cresols: Semi-empirical and ab initio calculations

Abstract STO-3G and INDO calculations on the isomeric cresols and the protonated cresols indicated that protonation occurs most readily para to the hydroxy substituent, as is observed commonly in experimental work.
Modeling Alzheimer's disease immune therapy mechanisms: interactions of human postmortem microglia with antibody-opsonized amyloid beta peptide.

The induction of an antibody response to amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide has become a strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This has proven effective in reducing the plaque burden in transgenic mice that develop Abeta plaques similar to human AD patients. The mechanism for enhanced clearance of Abeta is partly due to the interaction of immunoglobulin Fcgamma receptor-expressing microglia and specific antibody-opsonized Abeta deposits. This interaction can stimulate Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis, but also results in inflammatory activation of these cells. Consequently, interaction of microglia with antibody-antigen complexes could exacerbate the existing inflammation in the brains of AD patients. In this study, we used substrate-bound Abeta and cultured human microglia from AD and non-demented cases to model interaction of microglia and antibody-opsonized plaques in AD brains. Enhanced production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin-10, and superoxide ions was detected. We also demonstrated enhanced uptake of opsonized Abeta by microglia, which was reduced significantly in the presence of excess IgG, indicative of the involvement of Fcgamma receptor-mediated mechanisms. Human microglia were shown in this study to express mRNA for Fcgamma receptors I, IIa, IIb, and III. The expression of Fcgamma receptor II was augmented by proinflammatory stimulation. These results suggest that initial interactions of human microglia with antibody-opsonized amyloid could result in increased inflammation. The consequence of this on inflammatory pathology in AD brains needs to be considered before immunization is used as a strategy for treating AD.
Regulation of brassinosteroid signaling

Both animal and plant steroids mainly rely on transcriptional factors to bring about specific physiological responses; however, the signaling mechanisms that regulate these transcriptional factors are different. Steroid binding inside an animal cell directly alters the transcriptional activity of intracellular steroid receptors, whereas brassinosteroid (BR) binding to a cell surface receptor activates a phosphorylation-mediated signaling cascade that changes the amount, subcellular localization, and/or DNA-binding activity of a family of novel transcription factors. Genetic and molecular studies conducted over the past several years have uncovered several crucial BR signaling components that have dramatically increased our understanding of the signaling process of plant steroid hormones. In this review, we discuss the biochemical mechanisms of these signaling proteins for regulating the activity of the membrane BR receptor and the transduction of the BR signal from the cell surface to the nucleus.
Patho-radiologic correlation of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the compromised host

The autopsy findings and antemortem radiographic abnormalities were correlated in 20 patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis to define typical radiographic patterns, their progression and anatomic basis. Sixteen (80%) patients had radiographic abnormalities due to aspergillosis. Fifty-nine percent of the specific radiographic abnormalities seen in these patients were caused by anatomic lesions of asperigillosis and 67% of such anatomic lesions were radiographically definable. The most common initial radiographic pattern was a patchy density (single or multifocal) or a well defined nodule. The densities remained stable in half the patients but progressed, over several weeks to either diffuse consolidation or cavitation in the others. Most anatomic lesions were categorized as either nodular ("target") lesions (1-3 cm in diameter) or hemorrhagic infarctions (5-10 cm in diameter), both due to vascular invasion causing thrombosis and ischemic necrosis. Unlike pulmonary candidiasis, which is usually radiographically undetectable, invasive pulmonary asperigillosis frequently caused radiographically visible lesions.
Authigenic barite nodules and carbonate concretions in the Upper Devonian shale succession of western New York – A record of variable methane flux during burial

Abstract Authigenic barite nodules associated with modestly 13C-depleted calcium carbonate concretions and 34S-enriched pyrite at the bottom of the Upper Devonian Hanover Shale of western New York provide evidence of sulfate reduction coupled with anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). The methane, much of it biogenic in origin, may have diffused upward from Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale and perhaps the Upper Ordovician Utica Shale. Strong 34S enrichment and high δ34S/δ18O values of the barite nodules reflect: (1) substantial kinetic fractionation induced by microbial sulfate reduction perhaps intensified by a low seawater sulfate recharge rate and (2) upward delivery of Ba2+- and CH4- bearing pore fluid sourced within underlying sulfate-depleted deposits. However, the association of authigenic calcium carbonate and barite in the same stratigraphic interval, especially the presence of barite overgrowths on carbonate concretions, is not consistent with what is known of AOM-related mineralization of a sediment column passing downward through the sulfate–methane transition (SMT). The documented early formation of authigenic carbonate followed by barite observed relations may reflect a diminished rate of methanogenesis and/or CH4 supply. The tempered methane flux would have induced the SMT to descend the sediment column enabling barite to form within the same stratigraphic horizon that 13C-depleted calcium carbonate had most recently precipitated. Diminished methane flux may have been caused by burial-related passage of the organic-rich Marcellus Shale below the depth of peak biogenic methane generation and its replacement at that depth interval by organic-lean deposits of the upper part of the Hamilton Group. Subsidence of the SMT would have increased the preservation potential of authigenic barite. However, continued survival of the labile barite as it eventually moved through the SMT suggests that the underlying sulfate-depleted zone was strongly enriched in Ba2+.
James Fitzjames Stephen: Portrait of a Victorian Rationalist

Preface 1. Early impressions: Sir James, Eton and Cambridge 2. A controversialist in the making: literary criticism and leader-writing 3. A science of criminal law 4. 'Law living and armed' - the mechanism of enforcement 5. The threat of 'hoofs and hobnails' 6. India and the imperial ethic 7. Liberty, equality, fraternity: refutation and apologia 8. Rationalism's burden 9. The bench and beyond Notes Bibliography Index.
The display of paced mating behavior in a rat model of endometriosis

Abstract Endometriosis is a disorder associated with chronic pelvic pain and ill effects on women's sexual health. The present study examined the effects of pelvic endometriotic implants on the display of paced mating behavior in female rats. Approximately 2 months after the surgical induction of endometriosis, rats were tested for paced mating behavior during proestrus (Experiment 1) or after bilateral ovariectomy and hormone replacement (Experiment 2). Although endometriotic implants were confirmed at autopsy, rats with surgical endometriosis in both experiments exhibited normal patterns of paced mating behavior. The positive relationship between implant material and contact–return latency following ejaculation in Experiment 2 suggests that the sensitivity to vigorous mating stimulation may be influenced by endometriosis.
Interferon-γ-Oligodendrocyte Interactions in the Regulation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of the human demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). The immune cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is believed to participate in disease pathogenesis in both EAE and MS. In the present study, we examined the significance of IFN-γ-oligodendrocyte interactions in the course of EAE. For the purpose of our study, we used the previously described [proteolipid protein/suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 ( PLP/SOCS1 )] transgenic mouse line that displays suppressed oligodendrocyte responsiveness to IFN-γ. PLP/SOCS1 mice developed EAE with an accelerated onset associated with enhanced early inflammation and markedly increased oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Moreover, we found that IFN-γ pretreatment of mature oligodendrocytes in vitro had a protective effect against oxidative stress and the inhibition of proteasome activity and resulted in upregulation in expression of a number of chemokines, including CXCL10 (IP10), CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL3 (MCP-1α), and CCL5 (RANTES). These results suggest that IFN-γ-oligodendrocyte interactions are of significance to the clinical and pathological aspects of EAE. In addition, the present study suggests that oligodendrocytes are not simply targets of inflammatory injury but active participants of the neuroimmune network operating during the course of EAE.
Plasma modification of polyvinyltoluene and polystyrene latices

Polyvinyltoluene (PVT) latex particles were etched with O2 or CF4/O2 plasma and polystyrene (PS) latex by the O2 plasma. While the effect of these treatments on the surface topology and the specific surface area was minor, the electrokinetic measurements showed a significant change in the surface charge characteristics. The interpretation of the results in terms of a surface complexation model, taking the Stern–Gouy–Chapman structure of the interfacial layer into consideration, yielded the values of the corresponding equilibrium constants, which indicated that the chemical nature and the density of the surface charged groups were altered by plasma attacks.
On representing knowledge in the dependability domain: a panel discussion

The objective of the panel is to discuss the urgent need, the means, the progress, the obstacles, and the challenges in creating a structured representation of the contents of the large and very rapidly increasing set of documents that represent knowledge in the technical domain of dependability.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and particulate organic/elemental carbon in the atmosphere of Chesapeake Bay, USA

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and particulate organic/elemental carbon (OC/EC) differ as to sources, but are both elevated in major urban areas leading to loadings of proximate terrestrial and aquatic systems. Because of the dramatic difference in speciation, sources, and sinks of these compunds, gas+particulate phase PCBs and particulate OC/EC were measured in urban Baltimore, MD and over Chesapeake Bay at 4 and 12 h frequencies in July 1997. Gas phase ∑PCBs averaged 1180 pg m −3 for Baltimore and 550 pg m −3 for northern Chesapeake Bay. PCB homolog distributions in the gas phase differed between the land and over-water sites whereby the trichlorobiphenyls were higher in Baltimore compared to Chesapeake Bay. Autocorrelation analysis yielded a diurnal cycle for gas phase PCBs at Baltimore with the lowest concentrations observed during the day. Particulate organic and elemental carbon constituted 12.4% (17.4% organic matter) and 2.8% of total suspended particles (TSP) in Baltimore, and 15.0% (21.0% organic matter) and 5.3% over the Chesapeake Bay, respectively. Variability in PCB concentrations was not related to the variability in OC/EC concentrations. OC/EC ratios suggest that particulate organic carbon was mostly primary aerosol. Emissions of both classes of compounds into the Baltimore atmosphere and vicinity are major sources to the Bay.
Toward Cost-Effective Solar Energy Use

At present, solar energy conversion technologies face cost and scalability hurdles in the technologies required for a complete energy system. To provide a truly widespread primary energy source, solar energy must be captured, converted, and stored in a cost-effective fashion. New developments in nanotechnology, biotechnology, and the materials and physical sciences may enable step-change approaches to cost-effective, globally scalable systems for solar energy use.
Neuroimaging mechanisms of change in psychotherapy for addictive behaviors: emerging translational approaches that bridge biology and behavior

Research on mechanisms of behavior change provides an innovative method to improve treatment for addictive behaviors. An important extension of mechanisms of change research involves the use of translational approaches, which examine how basic biological (i.e., brain-based mechanisms) and behavioral factors interact in initiating and sustaining positive behavior change as a result of psychotherapy. Articles in this special issue include integrative conceptual reviews and innovative empirical research on brain-based mechanisms that may underlie risk for addictive behaviors and response to psychotherapy from adolescence through adulthood. Review articles discuss hypothesized mechanisms of change for cognitive and behavioral therapies, mindfulness-based interventions, and neuroeconomic approaches. Empirical articles cover a range of addictive behaviors, including use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and pathological gambling and represent a variety of imaging approaches including fMRI, magneto-encephalography, real-time fMRI, and diffusion tensor imaging. Additionally, a few empirical studies directly examine brain-based mechanisms of change, whereas others examine brain-based indicators as predictors of treatment outcome. Finally, two commentaries discuss craving as a core feature of addiction, and the importance of a developmental approach to examining mechanisms of change. Ultimately, translational research on mechanisms of behavior change holds promise for increasing understanding of how psychotherapy may modify brain structure and functioning and facilitate the initiation and maintenance of positive treatment outcomes for addictive behaviors.