cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-range order and ordering kinetics in CoPt 3

The Co-Pt system is well suited for studies of order-disorder by field-ion microscopy. Because of this, and the fact that detailed information on ordering is available for only one Ll2 alloy (Cu3Au), an extensive X-ray study was made of CoPt3. Long-range order falls to lower values (S ≈ 0.64) in this alloy than in Cu3Au. There is a two-phase field nearTc (685°C) extending for about 20°C. The ordered phase has a smaller lattice parameter than the disordered phase close toTc, but at room temperature the reverse is true. Ordering (when the domain size is large) follows Rothstein’s kinetic theory, with an activation energy of 74.0(9) kcal per g-atom. Domain growth is similar to grain growth, with a time exponent of about 0.45 and an average activation energy of about 62 kcal per g-atom. The antiphase domain structure is isotropic, in contrast to Cu3Au. There is little difference in atomic volume of cobalt and platinum in the ordered state as compared to the pure elements.
Reconfiguration support for vector operations

A programmable vector processor and its implementation on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board are presented. This processor is composed of a vector core and a tightly coupled five-stage pipelined RISC scalar unit. It supports the IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point standard and also the efficient implementation of some sparse matrix operations. The processor runs at 70 MHz on the Xilinx XC2V6000-5 chip. FPGA resource utilisation information is included in this paper. To test the performance, the W-matrix sparse solver for linear equations is realised on this platform. W-matrix was first proposed for power flow analysis and is prone to parallel computing. We show that actual power matrices with up to 1723 nodes can be dealt with in less than 1.1 ms on the FPGA. A comparison with a commercial PC indicates that the vector processor is very competitive for such computation-intensive problems.
The N-terminus of the long MLCK induces a disruption in normal spindle morphology and metaphase arrest

We have shown previously that only the long myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), which is the predominant MLCK isoform expressed in nonmuscle cells, localizes to the cleavage furrow. To further examine the in vivo localization of the long MLCK in HeLa cells and the mechanisms responsible for kinase targeting during the cell cycle, we examined the distribution of the endogenous kinase and constructed green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions of long HeLa MLCK truncations. A GFP fusion containing the N-terminal IgG domain and the five DXR motifs localized to stress fibers during interphase and the cleavage furrow during mitosis. Although individual fusions of the five DXRs and IgG domain both independently localized to stress fibers, only the five DXRs demonstrated a cortical localization in mitotic cells. Thus, robust targeting of the long MLCK to the cleavage furrow required the five DXRs and additional sequences from the IgG domain. Expression of the IgG domain alone or with five DXRs increased the number of multinucleate cells tenfold, whereas expression of the five DXRs or GFP had no effect. Furthermore, expression of the IgG domain alone or with five DXRs disrupted normal spindle morphology during mitosis. Extended astral microtubules and increased bundling of kinetochore microtubules, and spindle pole fragmentation were detected in mitotic cells. These microtubule defects were associated with abnormalities in metaphase chromosome alignment and a subsequent metaphase arrest caused by activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint at the kinetochores of mono-oriented chromosomes. Together, these results suggest that MLCK has an unexpected regulatory function during mitosis.
Red blood cell deformability in human and experimental sepsis.

• Red blood cell (RBC) "deformability" is necessary for maintenance of normal microcirculation. To determine whether RBC deformability was affected in human or murine sepsis, a deformability index was determined in a human study and a murine model. Deformability was decreased postoperatively in patients with sepsis (0.49 ±0.12) compared with patients without sepsis (1.62±0.13) and normal control volunteers (1.51 ±0.17). Deformability was decreased in rats that had undergone cecal ligation and puncture (0.37±0.06) compared with that of sham-operated rats (0.76 ±0.12), as well as in endotoxemic rats (0.38 ±0.4) compared with control rats (0.82 ±0.11). These data suggest that RBC deformability decreases in both human and murine sepsis. This effect could be an important factor in the disordered oxygen utilization noted in human sepsis, and its correction could lead to better tissue oxygenation and preserved organ function. ( Arch Surg 1988;123:217-220)
Presidential debates—are they helpful to voters?

An analysis of the results of a wide variety of studies of the impact of the televised debates between Carter and Ford, along with results of other political studies, including some of the 1960 presidential debates, suggests strongly that such debates between candidates for the presidency have substantial benefits for voters.
Using the frequency components of near infrared spectra: optimising calibration and standardisation processes

The modification of frequency components (Fourier coefficients and wavelet detail component) of near infrared spectra for the optimisation of calibration and standardisation processes was investigated. High-frequency components were smoothed and approximated to remove components most likely to represent noise and background information. Savitzky-Golay smoothing and signal correction were used for that purpose. Frequency modification methods were used in addition to wavelength domain processing techniques. Whole soybean protein and oil calibrations were developed on four instruments with their own calibration set (two Foss Infratecs and two Bruins OmegAnalyzerGs). A validation strategy with two sample sets of known and of new variability was implemented. Frequency modification methods showed improvements of the prediction precision in calibration (relative predictive determinant (RPD) increased from 8.57 to 9.25 for protein and from 7.01 to 7.28 for oil with Fourier coefficients-based smoothing for Infrate...
Genetic control of the immune response to Trichinella spiralis: recognition of muscle larval antigens.

Summary Host antibody recognition of muscle larval (ML) antigens of Trichinella spiralis was examined. Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to known host protective ML antigens have been produced in order to aid this examination. Eleven strains of mice with independent MHC haplotypes and seventeen T. spiralis infected human patients were all found to recognize the same three major antigens as the monoclonal antibodies; i.e., of mw 41, 46 and 55 kD. However all scrum samples tested also recognized further ML antigens and this recognition varied with the individual or strain. This variation in antigen recognition also applied to the MoAb. Mutual inhibition studies demonstrated that even where the MoAb apparently recognized the same antigens, specific epitope recognition was disparate. Hence some of the major antigens recognized by hosts of T. spiralis, regardless of whether vaccinated or infected, correspond with antigens which have considerable host protective properties. There also appear to be a number of epitopes upon these antigens and the biological implications of this are discussed.
Application of the Kindling Hypothesis to the Long-Term Effects of Racism

This theoretical article proposes that the kindling hypothesis has significant potential impact in the conceptualization of the global impact of racism over time in the lives of black Americans. The kindling hypothesis describes how repeated shocks within the brain can trigger seizure activity. This same phenomenon has been applied to mental health in the areas of affective disorders and psychological trauma. In these circumstances, repeated minor traumas occurring over time are theorized to trigger clinical threshold depression and trauma.
Electrocardiographic implications of the prolonged QT interval

The QT interval measures the time from the start of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. Prolongation of the QT interval may lead to malignant ventricular tachydysrhythmias, including torsades de pointes. Causes of QT prolongation include congenital abnormalities of the sodium or potassium channel, electrolyte abnormalities, and medications; idiopathic causes have also been identified. Patients can be asymptomatic or present with syncope, palpitations, seizure-like activity, or sudden cardiac death. Management involves looking for and treating reversible causes. For patients with congenital or idiopathic QT interval prolongation, the use of beta-blockers can be considered. Certain subsets of patients benefit from implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator. Clinicians must remain vigilant for QT interval prolongation when interpreting electrocardiograms, especially in patients presenting with syncope or ventricular arrhythmias.
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Changes in Osteoblasts Treated with Parathyroid Hormone and Estradiol

Abstract This study assessed mitochondrial membrane potential changes in cultured osteoblasts treated with hormones known to regulate osteoblasts. A fluorescent carbocyanine dye, 5,5′, 6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′, 3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine iodide, also called JC-1, was used as a probe. JC-1 emits photons at 585 nm (orange–red) when the membrane potential in mitochondria is highly negative, but when the potential becomes reduced emission occurs at 527 nm (green). Osteoblasts were rinsed in serum-free medium for 5 min, then loaded with 1 × 10−6MJC-1 for 10 min. The distribution and intensity of JC-1 fluorescence were evaluated with a laser-scanning confocal microscope system. Hormone treatments included parathyroid hormone (PTH; 10−8M), 17β-estradiol (10−8M), and thyroxine (T4; 10−8M). The potassium ionophore valinomycin (10−6M) was used as a control since it is known to disrupt the electrochemical gradient of mitochondria without interfering with the pH gradient. Valinomycin caused a profound, rapid increase (22.5% above untreated values) in the green/red ratio, which indicated a lowering of the mitochondrial membrane potential in all samples evaluated. PTH caused a less pronounced, but significant (7–14%), reduction in membrane potential in all cells examined. PTH is known to affect osteoblasts in a number of ways and is inhibitory to mitochondrial respiration; the results confirm this effect. For estradiol, half of the cells responded at a significant level, with a membrane potential reduction of 6 to 13% being recorded; the other half did not respond. Thyroxine did not alter mitochondrial membrane potential. Responses were detectable within 20 s for valinomycin, but occurred at a slower rate, over 200 to 300 s, following PTH and estradiol treatment. Responses to PTH and estradiol could be due to mitochondrial uptake of cytosolic Ca2+.
Synthesis and construction of a novel multiple peptide conjugate system: strategy for a subunit vaccine design

We describe the design and synthesis of a novel well characterized multi-peptide conjugate (MPC) system containing antigens from human malaria parasite and the Tat protein of HIV type-1 (HIV-1-Tat). Construction of the MPC utilizes Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis coupled with solution chemistry. In the first phase, a core template that serves as primary anchor for the synthesis and attachment of multiple antigens is synthesized. Serine(trityl) and multiple lysine branches with epsilon groups blocked during chain assembly are incorporated forming a tetrameric core. Cysteine whose side chain thiol serves to couple haloacetyl or S-protected haloacetyl peptides is added to complete assembly of the core template. Modification to the coupling solvent, addition of key amino acid derivatives (N-[1-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl]) in the peptide sequence allows the synthesis of base peptides on the core template with molecular mass greater than 7500 kDa. Base peptides are then reacted with high performance liquid chromatography purified haloacetyl peptides to generate multiple peptide conjugates with molecular masses of 10 to 13 kDa. MPC constructs thus formed are further characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-MS), amino acid analysis, size exclusion chromatography, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a chemically well defined multiple conjugate system with potential for development of synthetic subunit vaccines.
Aggregating and updating experts' knowledge: An experimental evaluation of five classification techniques

Abstract Knowledge acquisition consists of eliciting expertise from one or more experts in order to construct a knowledge base. When knowledge is elicited from multiple experts, it is necessary to combine the multiple sources of expertise in order to arrive at a single knowledge base. In this paper, we present and compare five techniques for aggregating expertise. An experiment was conducted to extract expert judgments on new product entry timing. The elicited knowledge was aggregated using classical statistical methods (logit regression and discriminant analysis), the ID3 pattern classification method, the k-NN (Nearest Neighbor) technique, and neural networks. The neural net method was shown to outperform the other methods in robustness and predictive accuracy. In addition, the explanation capability of the neural net was investigated. The contributions of the input variables to the change in the output variable were interpreted by analyzing the connection strengths of the neural net when the net stabilized. We conclude by discussing the use of neural nets in knowledge aggregation and decision support.
Attack Detection and Identification in Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems are ubiquitous in power systems, transportation networks, industrial control processes, and critical infrastructures. These systems need to operate reliably in the face of unforeseen failures and external malicious attacks. In this paper: (i) we propose a mathematical framework for cyber-physical systems, attacks, and monitors; (ii) we characterize fundamental monitoring limitations from system-theoretic and graph-theoretic perspectives; and (ii) we design centralized and distributed attack detection and identification monitors. Finally, we validate our findings through compelling examples.
The Need to Reconsider the Use of Condition Indices in Fishery Science

Abstract Condition indices are used in fishery science as indicators of the weight-to-length relationship of a population or subgroup (e.g., strain, sex, or age category). This conversion of the two-dimensional weight-length relationship into a single statistic results in a loss of information and, in many cases, an inaccurate representation of that relationship. Fulton's condition factor (K) is based on the assumption that the slope of the weight-length relationship is 3.0. The relative condition factor (Kn) is based on the assumption that the slopes of all samples to be compared are equal to some specific value. Relative weight (W r ) is based on the assumption that the slope and the intercept of the weight-length relationship are the same as those in the “ideal” equation. Instead of providing simple, interpretable descriptions of the weight-length relationship in fish populations, all three of these commonly used condition indices have critical flaws that can result in incorrect conclusions. Relative w...
New Face of an Old Friend

Review of: Microbiology: A Human Perspective , 7th ed.; Eugene Nester, Denise Anderson, and C. Evans Roberts Jr.; (2011). McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY. 864 pages.
Beyond Diversity Courses: Strategies for Integrating Critical Consciousness Across Social Work Curriculum

ABSTRACT. This paper advances the knowledge base of social work education by employing a critical social work framework to inform teaching strategies that 1) raise critical consciousness, 2) uncover privileged positions that inform research, and 3) conceptualize social work practice that disrupts privilege and oppression. The premise of a need for such strategies arises from examination of the social work educational policies and standards that require attention to the experiences and conditions of marginalized populations. The conceptual and teaching approach described in this paper extends this standard via the examination of the privileged social identities and the ensuing behaviors that perpetuate oppressive practices and conditions among marginalized groups. A conceptual foundation for this approach is elucidated and teaching strategies for exploring privileged social locations are presented.
Stereotaxic brain surgery. II. Description of a method using biplane television guidance.

We have described a new method of probe-target alignment in stereotaxic brain surgery. Using a biplane television (TV) camera-monitor system with mirrors to bring the TV optical axis in coincidence with the parallel x-ray central beam, it is possible to project on the TV monitor (using visual light photons) the exact same attitude of the skull and stereotaxic frame seen by the radiographic film (using x-ray photons). The TV monitor displays the probe-guide and head of the patient but not the target (we are not using fluorscopy). The standard x-ray film displays the target and projected probe-target line. Now the x-ray film image is physically superimposed upon the optical TV monitor image in the frontal and lateral planes.
Unmaking the nation? Uses and abuses of Garibaldi in contemporary Italy

This essay examines the presence of Garibaldi in the politics of contemporary Italy by focusing in particular on the publications released on or around the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the birth of the hero in the milieux that oppose the Italian state and contest the idea of an Italian nation. After a brief review of previous political appropriations (and rejections) of Garibaldi in the course of modern Italian history, the essay examines the ideological ingredients and rhetorical strategies of the representations of Garibaldi produced by Northern League and neo-Bourbon ideologues, which also surface in extreme neo-fascist and ultra-Catholic groups. It shows that while some ‘anti-myth’ ingredients are shared across this politically diverse constellation, others are more specific to their individual components. In particular Northern League ideologues use some of the cliches of the discourse of Italian character (in the negative) to claim their own difference (in the positive). The essay also point...
An experimental examination of the ''good judge''

Abstract Many personality traits have been proposed to predict a person’s ability to judge another. The predictive abilities found for these traits have been inconsistent. Funder and others (e.g., Gilbert, 1989 , Trope, 1986 ) suggested that social knowledge, motivation to read others, and the ability to multitask are essential components of accurate judgment. In this study, we manipulated participants to be high or low in each of these characteristics and examined the impact of these manipulations on IPT-15 performance. As predicted, participants manipulated to be high in social knowledge, motivation to read others, and multitasking showed superior performance on the IPT-15 compared to participants in the corresponding low conditions. These results support Funder’s “good judge” construct as a predictor of judgmental accuracy.
Cytophotometric and morphometric studies of postnatal rat hippocampal neurons and perineuronal gliocytes after electroconvulsive shock.

Summary Electroconvulsive shock was evoked by transcorneal electric current (50 Hz, 50 mA; 3 times by 0.2 s with 10-min pauses) in 10-day and 20-day old rats. 2 hours after the end of the convulsions, the total cytoplasmic RNA and protein content per cell in CA3 hippocampal neurons has been shown cytospectrophotometrically to increase markedly in 10-day old rats without statistically significant changes in 20-day old animals. No changes in the RNA and protein content were found in perineuronal neuroglia cells in the CA3 hippocampus in both age groups of rats. Morphometric determinations revealed a pronounced augmentation of volumes of the hippocampal neuronal bodies, nuclei, and cytoplasm as well as of nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio in 10-day old rats under effect of electroconvulsive shock. In 20-day old rats, the shock led to a less marked increase in volumes of the hippocampal neurons, with no changes in nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio.
Platelet signal transduction defect with Gα subunit dysfunction and diminished Gαq in a patient with abnormal platelet responses

G proteins play a major role in signal transduction upon platelet activation. We have previously reported a patient with impaired agonist-induced aggregation, secretion, arachidonate release, and Ca2+ mobilization. Present studies demonstrated that platelet phospholipase A2 (cytosolic and membrane) activity in the patient was normal. Receptor-mediated activation of glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa complex measured by flow cytometry using antibody PAC-1 was diminished despite normal amounts of GPIIb-IIIa on platelets. Ca2+ release induced by guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate (GTP[γS]) was diminished in the patient’s platelets, suggesting a defect distal to agonist receptors. GTPase activity (a function of α-subunit) in platelet membranes was normal in resting state but was diminished compared with normal subjects on stimulation with thrombin, platelet-activating factor, or the thromboxane A2 analog U46619. Binding of 35S-labeled GTP[γS] to platelet membranes was decreased under both basal and thrombin-stimulated states. Iloprost (a stable prostaglandin I2 analog) -induced rise in cAMP (mediated by Gαs) and its inhibition (mediated by Gαi) by thrombin in the patient’s platelet membranes were normal. Immunoblot analysis of Gα subunits in the patient’s platelet membranes showed a decrease in Gαq (<50%) but not Gαi, Gαz, Gα12, and Gα13. These studies provide evidence for a hitherto undescribed defect in human platelet G-protein α-subunit function leading to impaired platelet responses, and they provide further evidence for a major role of Gαq in thrombin-induced responses.
Theoretical considerations of the rate of dehydration by histological freezing-drying

Abstract The dependence of the rate of dehydration by freezing-drying on the temperature of the sample, the pressure over the sample, the partial pressure of water at the trap, the radius of the tubing of the freezing-drying unit, and the length of the path from the sample to the trap has been discussed. From the analysis it can be concluded that a freezing-drying apparatus will be very efficient if it has: 1) pumps capable of giving a pressure of 10 −5 mm Hg; 2) a sample temperature above −40 °C; 3) a water condenser at approximately the temperature of liquid nitrogen; 4) a radius of the tubing of the freezing-drying unit greater than 3 cm; and 5) a path between the sample and the condenser less than 4 cm.
What predicts and what mediates the response of urge urinary incontinence to biofeedback

Aims To better target a behavioral approach for urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and enhance its efficacy by (1) identifying predictors of response to biofeedback-assisted pelvic muscle training (BFB), and (2) determining factors that mediate response. Methods BFB (four biweekly visits) was administered to 183 women > 60 years (mean = 73.6). Before and after intervention, all underwent comprehensive evaluation and videourodynamic testing. Postulated predictors and mediators from four urodynamic domains, specified a priori, were correlated with reduction in UUI frequency. Results Median UUI frequency decreased from 3.2/day to 1/day (P =0.0001). UUI improved by ≥50% in 55% of subjects and by 100% in 13% of subjects. Frequent UUI predicted poor response (P < 0.01). Of the urodynamic parameters, only high amplitude and briskness of detrusor overactivity (DO) predicted decreased response (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) and these could be measured only in the 43% of subjects with elicitable DO. Decreased DO elicitability was the only urodynamic variable that changed in concert with improvement and thus was a candidate mediator. Response was neither predicted nor mediated by proprioception/warning, cystometric capacity, detrusor contractility, sphincter strength, or baseline DO elicitability. Conclusions Severe DO predicts poor response to BFB. Good response is mediated by reduction in DO elicitability. Other than baseline UUI frequency, there are no other clinically or urodynamically important predictors or mediators of BFB response in this population. BFB may be best for patients with less severe DO. Future research to enhance its efficacy might better focus on the brain than on the lower urinary tract. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 408–415, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mosquitoes and Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley, Washington. IV. A Trap for collecting live Mosquitoes.

In May of 1941 an extensive field survey of the mosquitoes of the Yakima Valley, Washingron was begun as part of a study of epidemic encephalitis. An essential part of this investigation was the collection of large representative samples of live specimens, by hand after inoculation into mice, the viruses of St. Louis and Western equine encephalomyelitis. This has been subsequently confirmed.2 The trap was constructed so the insects did not have to pass through the blades of a fan, as in the New Jersey
OTC product: SinuCleanse for rhinosinusitis.

SinuCleanse (MedSystems, Inc.) Active Ingredients: Sodium bicarbonate 700 mg, sodium chloride 2,300 mg per packet Indication: For the temporary relief of symptoms of rhinosinusitis associated with colds, flu, or allergies Availability: SinuCleanse System (one nasal irrigation pot and 20 saline packets); also available are 40 and 100 count refill saline packets Discussion: The term “rhinosinusitis” refers to the anatomical areas of the nose and sinuses affected by symptoms commonly referred to as sinusitis.1 In the United States, sinusitis is the most prevalent chronic respiratory condition, leading to 12 million visits annually.1,2 Sinusitis also affects quality of life, with a demonstrated health burden similar to congestive heart failure and lower back pain.2 Nasal saline irrigation to prevent infection and decrease symptom severity began as a yoga-associated health practice that emerged in Western medicine in the early 1800s. Recently, several small clinical trials compared hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions; sprays; or vapor treatments. Overall, efficacy was demonstrated for both isotonic and hypertonic saline for preventing colds, reducing symptom severity, improving quality of life, and decreasing medication use.3–7 Mixed evidence suggests hypertonic solutions may be more effective than isotonic, whereas hypotonic solutions may increase congestion.3,4,6 No evidence demonstrates nasal saline to be efficacious as monotherapy for bacterial sinusitis. Current treatment guidelines recommend nasal saline irrigation as adjunctive therapy in combination with appropriate systemic antibiotics as prescribed by a physician for sinusitis.8 Patient Information: ■ Adults and children older than 4 years may use SinuCleanse for nasal symptom relief (e.g., sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, and postnasal drip); however, children under 6 years are often resistant to nasal irrigation. ■ To mix product, empty saline packet into pot. Add tap water to top of logo and stir until packet contents completely dissolve. ■ Instruct patients to lean over the sink and bend their head down to position the nostrils so that one is below the other, with the forehead remaining above the chin. Holding the pot in one hand, the patient gently inserts the spout into the uppermost nostril to form a comfortable seal while breathing through an open mouth, not inhaling the solution. The solution should be poured gently through one nostril, as the solution drains out the opposite nostril. Instruct patients to repeat the procedure on the opposite nostril until the delivery pot is empty. ■ Mild stinging or discomfort may occur. To minimize discomfort, use lukewarm tap water, ensure complete dissolution of packet contents, and recommend using one half a packet the first few times for new users and children. If a patient has ear discomfort, recommend clearing the nose more gently after use. Discontinue use if discomfort is unrelieved with lukewarm water.
Functionally significant central-pair rotation in a primitive eukaryotic flagellum.

There is now considerable evidence that the basis for ciliary and flagellar movement is an active sliding between peripheral doublet microtubules which, when resisted by structures within the axoneme, leads to axonemal bend formation1–4. In contrast, relatively little is known about the control mechanisms which coordinate the interdoublet sliding and axonemal bending to produce the effective motion observed in various cilia and flagella5. One component of the axoneme which may be involved in this control is the central pair of microtubules6,7. To learn more about the action of the central pair, we have studied the tiny uniflagellate marine alga, Micromonas pusilla. The central tubules of the M. pusilla flagellum extend for several micrometres beyond the termination of the peripheral doublets8, thus permitting direct observation of the central pair during flagellar movement. Our findings, reported here, indicate that in living M. pusilla the central pair of microtubules undergoes continuous rotation in one direction. This rotation provides the motive force for the cell.
On the variational theory of linear configuration-dependent systems

Abstract In this paper the stability of equilibrium of a linear (holonomic and scleronomic), non-dissipative and non-gyroscopic, circulatory system is treated via Hamilton's (stationary or varying) Action Principle, thus extending a previous treatment by the same author (reference [1]), and also showing how the well-known energetic theorems of the virial and work/energy for the adjacent states of motion follow by special choices of the virtual displacements (from these states). The discussion ends with the study of the (first-order) change of the action's variation along the system's eigenvalue (frequency-load) curve; here one finds expressions for the load (reminiscent of the classical Rayleigh's quotient), and the slope of this curve; these results have been discovered by other methods, such as that of the adjoint to the given system, by Leipholz, and by Plaut and Huseyin.
A Phase II dose titration study of thalidomide for cancer-associated anorexia.

Abstract Context Sixty-five percent of people with advanced cancer suffers from loss of appetite. Several inflammatory cytokines appear to cause appetite loss in animal models. Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug that has been associated with improved appetite in those with HIV infections and cancer. Objectives We completed a two-stage Phase II dose titration study of thalidomide, the primary purpose of which was to assess appetite response to thalidomide in cancer-associated anorexia. Methods Individuals older than 18 years of age with active cancer, loss of appetite by numerical rating scale (NRS), life expectancy of at least four weeks, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0–3 were entered into the study. Pretreatment screening included medical history, neurologic examination, and symptoms by NRS and categorical scale (CAT). Patients received 50mg of thalidomide by mouth at bedtime for two weeks. Individuals who did not respond were dose escalated to 100mg at night for two weeks. Assessment of appetite, early satiety, fatigue, insomnia, night sweats, pain, and quality of life (QOL) occurred at two-week intervals. Toxicity also was assessed. The primary outcome was appetite response defined as a two-point reduction in the NRS or a one-point improvement in the CAT. Results Thirty-five patients entered the study; 33 completed 14 days of therapy and were analyzed for efficacy and toxicity. Sixty-four percent who completed at least two weeks of thalidomide had improved appetite. The CAT scores for appetite, insomnia, and QOL improved significantly. The 95% confidence intervals did not overlap. Five participants dropped out because of toxicity: two before two weeks and three later. Conclusion Thalidomide reduced multiple symptoms commonly associated with cancer-related anorexia and improved QOL. Our findings confirmed and validated a previously published single-arm trial. A recent randomized trial demonstrated greater benefits when thalidomide is used combined with other agents to treat cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia. Thalidomide helped cancer-associated anorexia in most patients. It also improved insomnia and QOL in advanced cancer.
The tongue and forehead flap in the closure of residual oronasal fistulae.

Summary Some defects related to untreated palatal or residual clefts represent major deformities. A review of 177 cases, untreated or operated on according to Schwekkendiek's (1958) chronology, was carried out. The advantage of simultaneous operative techniques is discussed, specifically pharyngoplasties, vestibular flap rotation, and osteoplastic closure. When all other surgical possibilities have failed, some flaps have been used to restore mucosal continuity. A multidisciplinary evaluation of each individual case is emphasized.
Properties of consistent voting systems

We consider exactly and strongly consistent voting functions where the alternative set is the set of real numbers and each person's preference ordering is determined by a utility function ¦x−x*¦ wherex * is his most preferred alternative. We prove that a voting function which is continuous, anonymous, weakly Pareto, and strongly and exactly consistent must coincide with a class of generalized medians studied byMoulin [1978]. Thus, such a function is actually strategyproof. The continuity assumption can be weakened a little, but we give an example of a noncontinuous function which is strongly and exactly consistent, anonymous, and weakly Pareto, but is not strategyproof.
Mitochondrial nitroalkene formation and mild uncoupling in ischaemic preconditioning: implications for cardioprotection.

Aims Both mitochondria and nitric oxide (NO•) contribute to cardioprotection by ischaemic preconditioning (IPC). IPC causes mild uncoupling of mitochondria via uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), and mild uncoupling per se is cardioprotective. Although electrophilic lipids are known to activate mitochondrial uncoupling, the role of such species in IPC-induced uncoupling and cardioprotection is unclear. We hypothesized that endogenous formation of NO•-derived electrophilic lipids (nitroalkenes such as nitro-linoleate, LNO2) during IPC may stimulate mitochondrial uncoupling via post-translational modification of UCPs and ANT, thus affording cardioprotection. Methods Hearts from male Sprague-Dawley rats were Langendorff-perfused and subjected to IPC. Nitroalkene formation was measured by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The effects of exogenous LNO2 and biotin-tagged LNO2 on isolated heart mitochondria and cardiomyocytes were also investigated. Results Nitroalkenes including LNO2 were endogenously generated in mitochondria of IPC hearts. Synthetic LNO2 (<1 µM) activated mild uncoupling, an effect blocked by UCP and ANT inhibitors. LNO2 (<1 µM) also protected cardiomyocytes against simulated ischaemia–reperfusion injury. Biotinylated LNO2 covalently modified ANT thiols and possibly UCP-2. No effects of LNO2 were attributable to NO• release, cGMP signalling, mitochondrial KATP channels, or protective kinase signalling. Conclusion Components of a novel signalling pathway are inferred, wherein nitroalkenes formed by IPC-stimulated nitration reactions may induce mild mitochondrial uncoupling via post-translational modification of ANT and UCP-2, subsequently conferring resistance to ischaemia–reperfusion injury.
Low prevalence of netB and tpeL in historical Clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler farms in Alabama.

The discovery of novel Clostridium perfringens toxins NetB and TpeL has initiated questions regarding their role in the pathogenesis of disease. However, data showing the prevalence of these genes in C. perfringens populations are limited to certain geographical areas. If netB and tpeL are important virulence factors for disease worldwide, one would expect to find these genes in isolates from other regions as well. To address this hypothesis, C. perfringens isolates collected from Alabama broiler farms over 15 yr ago were toxin genotyped using PCR. Each isolate was screened for netB and tpeL; the major lethal toxin genes cpa, cpb, etx, and ia; and the enterotoxin gene cpe. Results of the assay showed all isolates presumed to be C. perfringens were genotypically type A, cpe negative except for one broiler litter isolate, which was genotypically type C. Only two isolates were positive for netB. Similarly, only two isolates were positive for tpeL, one of which was also netB positive. The low incidence observed for netB and tpeL indicates that these genes are not significant virulence factors for the sampled population.
Supportive Activities Requested by Survivors of Cancer

To develop a support program for cancer survivors, a needs assessment survey was conducted among 200 former patients (121 men, 79 women) who had been treated for diverse types of cancer. Most respondents were older than 25 years; 45 percent were between the ages of 40 and 60 years. Sixty-one percent were married, and 61 percent were employed. Forty-five percent had been treated within the previous 12 months, and 44 percent had been treated more than two years before. Using a Likert-type scale, respondents indicated their degree of concern about 12 aspects of life. Respondents reported the greatest level of concern about their (1) general physical health and recurrence of the disease, (2) ability to plan for the future, (3) finances, and (41 general frame of mind. Resources that patients reported using included family, friends, and hospital professional staff at all levels. Thirty-two percent said they had received no help or information from any source. Former patients also assessed the usefulness, to the...
Synthesis of (5,6)‐epoxy‐(1α, 2β, 3α, 4β)‐(±)‐5‐cyclohexane‐ 1‐3H, 2,3, 4‐3H ‐tetrol. (3H ‐Conduritol B epoxide)

Tritium labeled Conduritol B epoxide was prepared by a six step synthesis, starting with p-benzoquinone. The tritium was introduced into the molecule in the second step by reducing the quinone with sodium boro 3H hydride.
Structure, synthesis, and post-transcriptional modification of ribosomal ribonucleic acid in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

Abstract The structure, synthesis, and post-transcriptional modifications of 23-S and 16-S ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) have been studied in the facultatively parasitic bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus . The mature 23-S and 16-S type of rRNAs in Bdellovibrio are larger than the analogous molecules in Escherichia coli by at least 1.0 · 10 5 and 0.5 · 10 5 daltons, respectively, and have a conformation different from E. coli rRNAs as judged by relative electrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gels with and without denaturing conditions. Studies on the kinetics of synthesis and maturation of ribosomal RNA in Bdellovibrio show that precursor forms analogous to p23-S and p16-S in E. coli are synthesized. In addition, some earlier precursor rRNAs in Bdellovibrio are seen that appear analogous to the 25-S and 17.5-S pre-rRNAs that have only been observed in the RNAase III deficient mutant of E. coli strain AB301-105 (Nikolaev, Birenbaum, M. and Schlessinger, D. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 395, 478–489). These early precursor stages have not been observed in other procaryotic species, including E. coli that have normal levels of RNAase III. The results from the Bdellovibrio system provide evidence that the 25-S and 17.5-S pre-rRNAs are normal stages of rRNA modification and are part of a multiple step maturation process, and therefore are not aberrations associated with the RNase III deficient mutation.
Determination of chloride in natural and potable water samples by turbidimetric discrete-sample automatic analysis

Abstract An automatic discrete-sample procedure is described for the turbidimetric determination of chlorides in water samples. Chlorides are precipitated with silver ions and the turbidity of the silver chloride suspension is measured at 600 nm. Up to 30 samples plus blanks and standards can be measured in 48 min. The procedure is applicable to the range or 5–250 p.p.m. chloride in the original samples, but can be easily modified to determine chloride at lower or higher concentrations.
Cellular and network properties in the functioning of the nervous system: from central pattern generators to cognition.

Abstract The relation between individual neurons and neuronal networks in performing brain functions is one of the central questions in modern neuroscience. Most of the current literature suggests that the role of individual neurons is negligible and neural networks play a dominant role in the functioning of the nervous system. Individual neurons are usually viewed as network elements whose functions are limited to generating electrical signals and releasing neurotransmitters. Here I summarize experimental evidence that challenges this concept and argue that the unique, intrinsic properties of highly specialized individual neurons are as important for the functioning of the brain as the network properties. I first discuss the studies of relatively ‘simple’ functions of the nervous system, such as the control of rhythmic ‘automatic’ movements and generation of circadian rhythm, which indicate that individual neurons may continue performing their functions after being separated from corresponding networks. I then argue that the complex cognitive functions, such as declarative memory, language processing, and face recognition, are likely to be underlain by the properties of groups of highly specialized neurons. These neurons appear to be genetically predisposed to perform cognitive functions and their dysfunctions cannot be compensated by other elements of the nervous system. Under this concept, the electrical signals circulating within and between neural networks are considered to be a means of forming coordinated dynamic ensembles of neurons involved in performing specific functions. While still speculative, this hypothesis may provoke new approaches to studies of neural mechanisms underpinning cognitive functions of the brain.
The relationship between listening styles and conversational sensitivity

This study examines the relationship between the listening styles people tend to employ habitually and related levels of conversational sensitivity. Conversational sensitivity deals with the extent to which people enjoy listening in social interaction, can identify hidden meaning in conversations, and generally are highly aware of implicit messages that may be gained from conversations. One way in which conversational sensitivity might be apparent is in the listening styles which people rely on habitually. Conversationally sensitive receivers may favor one or two listening styles over others. The results indicate a positive relationship between the People listening style and conversational sensitivity, as well as weaker positive relationships between the Content and Action styles and sensitivity. Conversationally sensitive people are most likely to employ the People listening style. The results illustrate the conversational advantages of employing a People listening style.
BANGLADESH IN 2003: Vibrant Democracy or Destructive Politics?

Abstract The year 2003 saw a continuation of the confrontational politics that has plagued Bangladesh for decades. Partisanship continued to affect the functioning of government and civil society organizations. Controversy emerged over judicial appointments to the higher courts. The government9s successes were marred by corruption and deteriorating law and order.
A model for an extensional mode resonator used as a frequency-adjustable vibration energy harvester

Abstract In an effort to identify techniques for harvesting energy from ambient vibrations, a prototype device that utilizes stretching piezoelectric film to support a proof mass, with an adjustable support that allows the resonant frequency of the device to be easily altered, has been developed. This extensional mode resonator (XMR) device is described by a model developed in this paper that predicts the power that is harvested as a function of the frequency and amplitude of the external vibration, the elastic and piezoelectric materials properties, and the device geometry. The model provides design guidelines for the effects of device geometry and applied tension through an adjustable support that suggest a strong dependence on mechanical damping and a weak dependence on frequency, as opposed to a bending cantilever device. The model predictions are compared to experimental measures from a prototype device for frequencies between 120 and 180 Hz, and at accelerations between 0.1 and 10 m/s2. Up to 9 mW is generated from a device with a mass of ∼82 g, and over the range of frequencies tested the power harvested at 4 m/s2 is between 3 and 4 mW.
Is this a Great Country? Upward mobility and the chance for riches in contemporary America

Abstract Public opinion data suggests that a strikingly large proportion of Americans, and particularly young Americans, believe they have a reasonably good chance of becoming rich in their lifetime. An analysis of these surveys reveals considerable variance in what being “rich” means to the survey respondents. Analysis of PSID data demonstrates the actual level of opportunity for upward income mobility over the life course and shows that Americans overestimate their chances of being rich. The overestimate is considerable even when subjective definitions are used, and is very large if conventional definitions such as top 3%, top 1%, or top 0.1% are used for the threshold.
EFFECT OF POLYPHOSPHATES AND NaCl ON AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA K144

Polyphosphates are multifunctional ingredients added to many foods, particularly meat products. In addition to their moisture-binding properties, polyphosphates have been reported to inhibit various bacteria. In the current study, four food-grade polyphosphates were evaluated for their effects on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 in both a model system and a food system. Since polyphosphates can interact with other food factors, effect of these compounds were studied at different NaCl levels and temperatures. The model system was BHI Broth modified by the addition of polyphosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, Hexaphos, or Sodaphos) and NaCl; incubation was aerobic at 5 or 28C. The food system was ground pork with NaCl and polyphosphate added and inoculated with A. hydrophila. Individually, the polyphosphates were relatively noninhibitory in both BHI broth and ground pork, but NaCl and temperature interacted with the polyphosphates in the model system to increase generation and lag times of A. hydrophila. In BHI broth, a combination of 2% of any of the polyphosphates tested and 3.5% NaCl inactivated the bacterium; this inactivation was temperature-dependent. By both a plating system and electron microscopy, the polyphosphate-NaCl combination was shown to injure the bacterium. In the ground pork, the polyphosphate-NaCl combination limited growth of the bacterium during refrigerated storage. These results suggest that polyphosphates could be useful to control the presence of A. hydrophila in certain foods.