cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tipping and the Dynamics of Segregation

Schelling (“Dynamic Models of Segregation,” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 1 (1971), 143–186) showed that extreme segregation can arise from social interactions in white preferences: once the minority share in a neighborhood exceeds a “tipping point,” all the whites leave. We use regression discontinuity methods and Census tract data from 1970 through 2000 to test for discontinuities in the dynamics of neighborhood racial composition. We find strong evidence that white population flows exhibit tipping-like behavior in most cities, with a distribution of tipping points ranging from 5% to 20% minority share. Tipping is prevalent both in the suburbs and near existing minority enclaves. In contrast to white population flows, there is little evidence of nonlinearities in rents or housing prices around the tipping point. Tipping points are higher in cities where whites have more tolerant racial attitudes.
Wired Warfare: Computer Network Attack and Jus in Bello

This chapter examines the application of the jus in bello, or international humanitarian law (IHL), to information operations, specifically computer network attacks (CNA). Discussion centres on the use of CNA in the context of an international armed conflict, although the conclusions would apply equally to a non-international armed conflict for those customary rules of IHL which extend into that form of conflict. It begins by addressing the threshold issue of whether IHL applies at all to CNA. Concluding it does, the chapter goes on to explore the key aspects of IHL relevant to CNA operations, especially the rules which prohibit the use of indiscriminate weapons and those governing targeting. Of particular note is the discussion of the notion of “attack” in the CNA context. Ultimately, it is concluded that CNA presents a particular problem for application of the traditional IHL.
Motion estimation and compensation in SAR/ISAR imaging

The authors present a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) coherent system model and inversion (ISAR) to image a target moving with an unknown constant velocity in a stationary background. It is shown that SAR imaging of a moving target can be converted into imaging the target in a stationary squint-mode SAR problem where the parameters of the squint-mode geometry depend on the target's velocity. A method for estimating the moving target's velocity that utilizes a spatial Doppler analysis of the SAR data within overlapping subapertures is presented. On estimating a moving target's velocity, unlike the temporal Doppler processing methods, the spatial Doppler technique does not require the radar signal to be narrowband. Thus, the reconstructed image's resolution is not sacrificed to improve the target's velocity estimator. >
Phasing of two undulators with different K values at the advanced photon source

Two full-length 2.4-m-long undulators, with period lengths 2.3 cm and 2.7 cm, were installed in tandem in the 5.6-m-long straight section on the storage ring in sector 14. One part of the user research program requires that both undulators be tuned to 12.0 keV and the x-ray intensity maximized. The total intensity is sensitive to the phasing between the undulators, so the distance between the devices must be optimized and the ends tuned appropriately. Because of the different period lengths, the gaps and K values of the undulators will be different: 10.6-mm gap and a K value of 1.17 for the shorter-period device and 15.7-mm gap and a K value of 0.93 for the longer-period device. A special shield was designed and installed between the devices to eliminate interference. Results of magnetic measurements, tuning, and computer simulations of the spectral performance are presented.
Radiosyntheses using Fluorine-18: the Art and Science of Late Stage Fluorination

Positron (β + ) emission tomography (PET) is a powerful, noninvasive tool for the in vivo, three-dimensional imaging of physiological structures and biochemical pathways. The continued growth of PET imaging relies on a corresponding increase in access to radiopharmaceuticals (biologically active molecules labeled with short-lived radionuclides such as fluorine-18). This unique need to incorporate the short-lived fluorine-18 atom (t 1/2 = 109.77 min) as late in the synthetic pathway as possible has made development of methodologies that enable rapid and efficient late stage fluorination an area of research within its own right. In this review we describe strategies for radiolabeling with fluorine-18, including classical fluorine-18 radiochemistry and emerging techniques for late stage fluorination reactions, as well as labeling technologies such as microfluidics and solid-phase radiochemistry. The utility of fluorine-18 labeled radiopharmaceuticals is showcased through recent applications of PET imaging in the healthcare, personalized medicine and drug discovery settings.
New Insights into the Mechanistic Factors Controlling the Reactivity of Cyclotriphosphazenes

Ab initio and density functional calculation on (X2PN)3(X=F(1), Cl(2)) show a significantly greater positive change on the phosphorus atoms of the fluorophosphazene which suggest that 1 should be a better electrophile than 2. Qualitative kinetic studies using 31P NMR spectroscopy show that, in agreement with previous work, 2reacts faster than 1 with n-propylamine. When sodium phenoxide (NaOPh) was employed as the nucleophile, the reaction of 1 is much faster than that of 2. Quantitative kinetic data using GC-Mass Spectrometry with selective ion monitoring was obtained for reactions of the phenoxide ion with 1 and 2. Direct, intermolecular competition reactions of 1 and 2 with NaOPh show a preference of over 75% for attack on 1. An intramolecular competition process utilizing the reaction of NaOPh with 2,2,-N3P3F2Cl4, gave the 2,2-N3P3F(OPh)Cl4 derivative and the unexpected product, 2,4-difluoro-2-phenoxytrichlorocyclotriphosphazene, N3P3F2(OPh)Cl3. If the intramolecular competition is carried out in the p...
IMPULSE RESPONSE OF A GENERALIZED FRACTIONAL SECOND ORDER FILTER

The impulse response of a generalized fractional second order filter of the form (s 2α + as α + b) −γ is derived, where 0 < α ≤ 1, 0 < γ < 2. The asymptotic properties of the impulse responses are obtained for two cases, and within these two cases, the properties are shown when changing the value of γ. It is shown that only when (s 2α + as α + b)−1 has the critical stability property, the generalized fractional second order filter (s 2α + as α + b) −γ has different properties as we change the value of γ. Finally, numerical examples to illustrate the impulse response are provided to verify the obtained results.
Exceptionality and Peer Victimization Involvement in Late Childhood Subtypes, Stability, and Social Marginalization

This study examined subtypes and stability/change in peer victimization involvement among students with exceptionalities. Data were collected over spring of fifth grade and fall/spring of sixth grade with 1,861 students in 36 rural schools as part of a cluster randomized trial of a context-based intervention (Supporting Early Adolescent Learning and Social Success [SEALS]) designed to support students’ transition to early adolescence. More than 74% of students with disabilities were involved in peer victimization, and they were more likely to be nominated as victims and bully-victims than students without disabilities. Students with disabilities, but not academically gifted students, had more stable involvement in peer victimization over time. Being socially marginalized in the network differentiated peer victimization stability. Although there were no differences between intervention and control schools in students with exceptionalities’ peer victimization involvement, students with exceptionalities in i...
Review of U.S. Neutrino Factory Studies

We summarize the status of the two U.S. feasibility studies carried out by the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider Collaboration (NFMCC) along with recent improvements to Neutrino Factory design developed during the American Physical Society (APS) Neutrino Physics Study. Suggested accelerator topics for the International Scoping Study (ISS) are also indicated.
Synthesis of macrocyclic acetals containing lipophilic substituents

Abstract A series of new macrocyclic acetals all containing lipophilic substituents were prepared by reacting the appropriate diols and lipophilic acetal-containing dichlorides or ditosylates. The reactions using the ditosylates gave the best yields. Several of the macrocycles contained pyridine subcyclic units. The lipophilic acetals were obtained by reacting a long-chain aldehyde with 2-hydroxyethyl chloride or tosylate and 3-hydroxypropyl chloride or tosylate. At least two of the new pyridino ligands complexed with metal ions as shown by the use of these materials as carriers for silver nitrate through a water-methylene chloride-water bulk liquid membrane system.
Trace selection for compiling large C application programs to microcode

Microcode optimization techniques such as code scheduling and resource allocation can benefit significantly by reducing uncertainties in program control flow. A trace selection algorithm with profiling information reduces the uncertainties in program control flow by identifying sequences of frequently invoked basic blocks as traces. These traces are treated as sequential codes for optimization purposes. Optimization based on traces is especially useful when the code size is large and the control structure is complicated enough to defeat hand optimizations. However, most of the experimental results reported to date are based on small benchmarks with simple control structures.For different trace selection algorithms, we report the distribution of control transfers categorized according to their potential impact on the microcode optimizations. The experimental results are based on ten C application programs which exhibit large code size and complicated control structure. The measured data for each program is accumulated across a large number of input files to ensure the reliability of the result. All experiments are performed automatically using our IMPACT C compiler which contains integrated profiling and analysis tools.
Systematic design for modular realization of control functions

The feasibility and the problems associated with the design of asynchronous digital systems have been variously studied and reported. J. B. Dennis has characterized modular design of asynchronous digital systems in the following manner:The structure of an asynchronous digital system may be divided into the data flow structure and the control structure. The storage of data, the flow of data and the operations performed on them take place in the data flow structure. The different operations taking place concurrently in the data flow structure are co-ordinated by the control structure.Each operational unit of the data-flow structure has, in addition to data links (data input lines), a control link connecting it to some part of the control structure. A control link consists of two wires called the ready line and the acknowledge line. To cause an operator to operate on an input, the input is made available to it (the operator) on the input data link and a ready signal is sent to it (the operator) on the ready line of the control link. After the operation has been performed on the output placed on the output data link the operator returns an acknowledge signal on the acknowledge line. The time difference between the arrival of the ready signal and the return of the acknowledge signal is arbitrary and may depend on the operator, the input, and can even be random so long as the acknowledge signal correctly implies completion of the operation.The control structure consists of control modules interconnected among themselves and to the dataflow structure through control links. Signals propagate in the forward direction on the ready line. The direction of a control link is the direction in which the signals propagate on its ready line.In addition to control links a control module can have conditional inputs and outputs. The conditional inputs convey information about the condition of some operation or control modules to this module (and thereby affect the operation of the module), and the conditional outputs convey the condition of this module to other circuits.
Fully anonymous attribute tokens from lattices

Anonymous authentication schemes such as group signatures and anonymous credentials are important privacy-protecting tools in electronic communications. The only currently known scheme based on assumptions that resist quantum attacks is the group signature scheme by Gordon et al. (ASIACRYPT 2010). We present a generalization of group signatures called anonymous attribute tokens where users are issued attribute-containing credentials that they can use to anonymously sign messages and generate tokens revealing only a subset of their attributes. We present two lattice-based constructions of this new primitive, one with and one without opening capabilities for the group manager. The latter construction directly yields as a special case the first lattice-based group signature scheme offering full anonymity (in the random oracle model), as opposed to the practically less relevant notion of chosen-plaintext anonymity offered by the scheme of Gordon et al. We also extend our scheme to protect users from framing attacks by the group manager, where the latter creates tokens or signatures in the name of honest users. Our constructions involve new lattice-based tools for aggregating signatures and verifiable CCA2-secure encryption.
The first law of robotics (a call to arms)

Even before the advent of Artificial Intelligence, science fiction writer Isaac Asimov recognized that an agent must place the protection of humans from harm at a higher priority than obeying human orders. Inspired by Asimov, we pose the following fundamental questions: (1) How should one formalize the rich, but informal, notion of "harm"? (2) How can an agent avoid performing harmful actions, and do so in a computationally tractable manner? (3) How should an agent resolve conflict between its goals and the need to avoid harm? (4) When should an agent prevent a human from harming herself? While we address some of these questions in technical detail, the primary goal of this paper is to focus attention on Asimov's concern: society will reject autonomous agents unless we have some credible means of making them safe!
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Consensus Over Random Networks

We consider the consensus problem for stochastic discrete-time linear dynamical systems. The underlying graph of such systems at a given time instance is derived from a random graph process, independent of other time instances. For such a framework, we present a necessary and sufficient condition for almost sure asymptotic consensus using simple ergodicity and probabilistic arguments. This easily verifiable condition uses the spectrum of the average weight matrix. Finally, we investigate a special case for which the linear dynamical system converges to a fixed vector with probability 1.
Gas-dynamic flow in a spinning, coning solid rocket motor

A numerical study was performed to calculate the moment induced by gas-dynamic flow through a spinning, coning payload assist module (PAM). Although the flow is three-dimensional, the solution is achieved by solving two sets of two-dimension al equations. The flow field in a spinning, nonconing motor is first obtained. Then, the spatially periodic perturbation about the axisymmetric flow is computed to account for the vehicle's coning motion. Inviscid, single-phase simulations were performed with geometries corresponding to the grain configurations near the beginning, middle, and end of the burn. For all cases a stabilizing moment is predicted. However, the numerical study predicts a moment that is only 40-80% of the commonly used jet-damping value obtained from a one-dimensional flow theory. The simulations using the two earlier grain configurations agree with flight data; the vehicle exhibits stable motion for approximately the first three-quarters of the firing. However, the analysis for the grain configuration near the end of burn predicts stability but an exponential increase in the cone angle is observed in flight. The model was improved by including the aluminum oxide particles and viscous effects separately. The two-phase flow calculation predicts a slightly larger stabilizing moment than the inviscid solution. The predicted moment for the turbulent simulation is nearly equal to that calculated in the inviscid analysis. These simulations indicate that gas-dynamic flow is not the cause of the instability observed on the PAM.
Upper and Lower Bounds on Black-Box Steganography

We study the limitations of steganography when the sender is not using any properties of the underlying channel beyond its entropy and the ability to sample from it. On the negative side, we show that the number of samples the sender must obtain from the channel is exponential in the rate of the stegosystem. On the positive side, we present the first secret-key stegosystem that essentially matches this lower bound regardless of the entropy of the underlying channel. Furthermore, for high-entropy channels, we present the first secret-key stegosystem that matches this lower bound statelessly (i.e., without requiring synchronized state between sender and receiver).
Interband optical pulse injection locking of quantum dot mode-locked semiconductor laser

We experimentally demonstrate optical clock recovery from quantum dot mode-locked semiconductor lasers by interband optical pulse injection locking. The passively mode-locked slave laser oscillating on the ground state or the first excited state transition is locked through the injection of optical pulses generated via the opposite transition bands, i.e. the first excited state or the ground state transition from the hybridly mode-locked master laser, respectively. When an optical pulse train generated via the first excited state from the master laser is injected to the slave laser oscillating via ground state, the slave laser shows an asymmetric locking bandwidth around the nominal repetition rate of the slave laser. In the reverse injection case of, i.e. the ground state (master laser) to the first excited state (slave laser), the slave laser does not lock even though both lasers oscillate at the same cavity frequency. In this case, the slave laser only locks to higher injection rates as compared to its own nominal repetition rate, and also shows a large locking bandwidth of 6.7 MHz.
Financial Deprivation Prompts Consumers to Seek Scarce Goods

Consumers assess their well-being subjectively, largely by comparing the present state of their lives to the state of comparable others and to their own state earlier in time. The authors suggest that consumers similarly assess their financial wellbeing, and when these evaluations highlight a deficit in their financial position, they pursue strategies that mitigate the associated sense of financial deprivation. Specifically, consumers counteract the relative deficit in their financial resources by acquiring goods that are consequently unavailable to other consumers in their environment. The results from five studies suggest that the inferiority and unpleasant affect associated with financial deprivation motivates consumers to attend to, choose, and consume scarce goods rather than comparable abundant goods. These effects diminish when scarce goods are limited because other people have already obtained them and when consumers attribute their unpleasant feelings to a source unrelated to financial deprivation.
Rheology based modeling and design of particle laden polymeric thermal interface materials

Most of the research on particle laden polymeric (PLP) thermal interface materials (TIM) have been primarily focused ob understanding the thermal conductivity of these types of TIMs. For thermal design reduction of the thermal resistance is the end goal. Thermal resistance is not only dependent on the thermal conductivity, but also on the bond line thickness (BLT) of these TIMs. This paper introduces a rheology based model for the prediction of the BLT of these TIMs from very low to very high pressures. BLT depends on the yield stress of the particle laden polymer and the applied pressure. The model is based on the concept of finite size scaling of physical properties of particle laden systems at very thin length scale due to percolation phenomenon in these materials. This paper shows that the yield stress of the PLP increases with decreasing thickness of the TIM and therefore it is size dependent. The BLT model combined with the thermal conductivity model can be used for modeling the thermal resistance of these TIMs for factors such as particle volume faction, substrate/die size, pressure and particle diameter.
Correspondence principle for black holes in plane waves

We compare the entropy as a function of energy of excited strings and black strings in an asymptotically plane wave background at the level of the correspondence principle. For the plane wave supported by the NSNS 3-form flux, neither the entropy formula nor the cross-over scale is affected by the presence of the flux and the correspondence is found to hold. For the plane wave supported by the RR 3-form flux, both the entropy and the cross-over point are modified, but the correspondence is still found to hold.
On the guaranteed error correction capability of LDPC codes

We investigate the relation between the girth and the guaranteed error correction capability of gamma-left regular LDPC codes when decoded using the bit flipping (serial and parallel) algorithms. A lower bound on the number of variable nodes which expand by a factor of at least 3gamma/4 is found based on the Moore bound. An upper bound on the guaranteed correction capability is established by studying the sizes of smallest possible trapping sets.
Weighted L^2-cohomology of Coxeter groups based on barycentric subdivisons

Associated to any finite flag complex L there is a right-angled Coxeter group WL and a contractible cubical complexL (the Davis complex) on which WL acts properly and cocompactly, and such that the link of each vertex is L. It follows that if L is a generalized homology sphere, thenL is a contractible homology manifold. We prove a generalized version of the Singer Conjecture (on the vanishing of the reduced weighted L 2 -cohomology above the middle di- mension) for the right-angled Coxeter groups based on barycentric subdivisions in even dimensions. We also prove this conjecture for the groups based on the barycentric subdivision of the boundary complex of a simplex.
Automotive fuels and internal combustion engines: a chemical perspective

Commercial transportation fuels are complex mixtures containing hundreds or thousands of chemical components, whose composition has evolved considerably during the past 100 years. In conjunction with concurrent engine advancements, automotive fuel composition has been fine-tuned to balance efficiency and power demands while minimizing emissions. Pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines (ICE), which arise from non-ideal combustion, have been dramatically reduced in the past four decades. Emissions depend both on the engine operating parameters (e.g. engine temperature, speed, load, A/F ratio, and spark timing) and the fuel. These emissions result from complex processes involving interactions between the fuel and engine parameters. Vehicle emissions are comprised of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). VOCs and NOx form photochemical smog in urban atmospheres, and CO and PM may have adverse health impacts. Engine hardware and operating conditions, after-treatment catalysts, and fuel composition all affect the amount and composition of emissions leaving the vehicle tailpipe. While engine and after-treatment effects are generally larger than fuel effects, engine and after-treatment hardware can require specific fuel properties. Consequently, the best prospects for achieving the highest efficiency and lowest emissions lie with optimizing the entire fuel–engine–after-treatment system. This review provides a chemical perspective on the production, combustion, and environmental aspects of automotive fuels. We hope this review will be of interest to workers in the fields of chemical kinetics, fluid dynamics of reacting flows, atmospheric chemistry, automotive catalysts, fuel science, and governmental regulations.
Electronic devices based on purified carbon nanotubes grown by high-pressure decomposition of carbon monoxide.

The excellent properties of transistors, wires and sensors made from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) make them promising candidates for use in advanced nanoelectronic systems1. Gas-phase growth procedures such as the high-pressure decomposition of carbon monoxide (HiPCO) method2,3 yield large quantities of small-diameter semiconducting SWNTs, which are ideal for use in nanoelectronic circuits. As-grown HiPCO material, however, commonly contains a large fraction of carbonaceous impurities that degrade the properties of SWNT devices4. Here we demonstrate a purification, deposition and fabrication process that yields devices consisting of metallic and semiconducting nanotubes with electronic characteristics vastly superior to those of circuits made from raw HiPCO. Source–drain current measurements on the circuits as a function of temperature and backgate voltage are used to quantify the energy gap of semiconducting nanotubes in a field-effect transistor geometry. This work demonstrates significant progress towards the goal of producing complex integrated circuits from bulk-grown SWNT material.
Dynamic measurement of laser-induced changes in rat tail tendon birefringence

Summary form only given. The authors report the birefringent response of rat tail tendon (RTT) to rapid heating by 200-/spl mu/s-long, 2.1-/spl mu/m Ho:YAG laser pulses. The results indicate that dynamic measurement of linear birefringence can be used as an optical feedback parameter to control laser tissue heating. Tendon samples were extracted from the tails of one-month old, Sprague Dawley rats. The tendon fibers were rinsed, stored in saline, arid used within 48 hrs post mortum. Single, 150-/spl mu/m-diameter fibers were mounted between quartz flats in 10 /spl mu/l of saline. A 100-/spl mu/m-thick gasket was used to fix the pathlength of light through the RTT. The sample was placed between crossed polarizers and illuminated with a probe beam from a 5-mW HeNe laser. The signal transmitted through the crossed polarizers was attributed solely to the tendon birefringence. A Ho:YAG laser beam served as the heat source. The authors' preliminary data are consistent with the premise that linear birefringence can be used to detect small changes in tissue structure sensitively. They further suggest that because the change in birefringence occurs on a millisecond timescale, birefringence could be used to study the rapid kinetics of tissue structure changes during laser heating.
Active code completion

Code completion menus have replaced standalone API browsers for most developers because they are more tightly integrated into the development workflow. Refinements to the code completion menu that incorporate additional sources of information have similarly been shown to be valuable, even relative to standalone counterparts offering similar functionality. In this paper, we describe active code completion, an architecture that allows library developers to introduce interactive and highly-specialized code generation interfaces, called palettes, directly into the editor. Using several empirical methods, we examine the contexts in which such a system could be useful, describe the design constraints governing the system architecture as well as particular code completion interfaces, and design one such system, named Graphite, for the Eclipse Java development environment. Using Graphite, we implement a palette for writing regular expressions as our primary example and conduct a small pilot study. In addition to showing the feasibility of this approach, it provides further evidence in support of the claim that integrating specialized code completion interfaces directly into the editor is valuable to professional developers.
Standing Wave Reduction in an RFI Laboratory

After review of some general properties of RF absorber materials, several of the standard and semistandard techniques for measuring absorber and anechoic chamber quality are discussed. A general purpose RFI laboratory is described together with a simple technique for evaluating the performance of absorber material as it is actually used. An effective background reflectivity of about 4% from 1 - 10 Gc was measured and is believed to be adequate for many applications.
Vortex Breakdown in Swirling Conical Flows

This paper describes some experiments in swirling flows in a mildly diverging cylindrical tube in which three types of vortex breakdown were observed: double-helix and spiral forms (followed by turbulent mixing), and axisymmetric form (often followed by a spiral breakdown, then by turbulent mixing). The type and location of the breakdowns were found to be dependent upon the Reynolds and circulation numbers of the flow. The observations reported and the evidence presented herein revealed that the axisymmetric breakdown is basically a finite transition between two sequent states of flow, from a uniform state of swirling flow (supercritical) to one (subcritical) featuring a series of standing waves of finite amplitude. The double-helix and spiral forms, which occur in a region well defined by Reynolds and circulation numbers, appear to be a consequence of the instability of the vortical viscous flow to spiral disturbances.
Credit risk measurement: Developments over the last 20 years

Abstract This paper traces developments in the credit risk measurement literature over the last 20 years. The paper is essentially divided into two parts. In the first part the evolution of the literature on the credit-risk measurement of individual loans and portfolios of loans is traced by way of reference to articles appearing in relevant issues of the Journal of Banking and Finance and other publications. In the second part, a new approach built around a mortality risk framework to measuring the risk and returns on loans and bonds is presented. This model is shown to offer some promise in analyzing the risk-return structures of portfolios of credit-risk exposed debt instruments.
Entrepreneurial Risk and Market Entry

This paper attempts to reconcile the risk-bearing characterization of entrepreneurs with the stylized fact that entrepreneurs exhibit conventional risk-aversion profiles. We propose that the disparity arises from confounding two distinct dimensions of uncertainty: demand uncertainty and ability uncertainty. We further propose that entrepreneurs will be risk averse with respect to demand uncertainty, yet “apparent risk seeking” (or overconfident) with respect to ability uncertainty. To examine this view, we construct a reduced-form model of the entrepreneur's entry decision, which we aggregate to the market level, then test empirically. We find that entrepreneurs in aggregate behave as we predict. Accordingly, risk-averse entrepreneurs are willing to bear market risk when the degree of ability uncertainty is comparable to the degree of demand uncertainty. Potential market failures exist in instances where there is a high demand uncertainty but low performance dispersion (insufficient entry), or low demand uncertainty but high performance dispersion (excess entry).
Prospects for Measurement of the Neutrino Mass Hierarchy

The unknown neutrino mass hierarchy—whether the ν_3 mass eigenstate is the heaviest or the lightest—represents a major gap in our knowledge of neutrino properties. Determining the hierarchy is a critical step toward further precision measurements in the neutrino sector. The hierarchy is also central to interpreting the next generation of neutrinoless double-β decay results, plays a role in numerous cosmological and astrophysical questions, and serves as a powerful model discriminant for theories of neutrino mass generation and unification. Various current and planned experiments claim sensitivity for establishing the neutrino mass hierarchy. I review the most promising of these here, paying special attention to points of concern and consolidating the projected sensitivities into an outlook for the years ahead.
Plant and controller reduction problems for closed-loop performance

Model reduction problems which consider preserving closed-loop performance (H/sub 2/, H/sub infinity /, and mu ) in the presence of reduction error are developed. These are formulated as weighted multiplicative error problems (for plant reduction) and weighted additive error problems (for controller reduction), with the weight function incorporating explicitly such control information as the desired sensitivity operator bound, the setpoint/disturbance spectrum, and the plant uncertainties. These problems are efficiently solved using the frequency-weighted balanced realization technique. The benefits of these reduction problems are illustrated with examples taken from the control of a binary distillation column. >
On the Gas Entrapment and Nucleation Site Density During Pool Boiling of Saturated Water

A model to describe the effect of wettability on nucleation site density is presented. First, from Helmholtz free energy analysis, a criterion for the entrapment condition in a uniform temperature field is developed. Second, the stability condition of preexisting gas/vapor nuclei during the heating process and the minimum superheat required to initiate nucleation are determined. The prediction of the entrapment condition and the incipient temperature are consistent with the experimental observations made on surfaces having naturally existing cavities. Third, a naturally formed cavity on a heater surface is modeled as a spherical cavity. The cumulative active nucleation site density for a specified contact angle is expressed in terms of the cumulative density of cavities existing on the surface as Na = Pas · Nas where Nas is the heater surface cumulative cavity density with cavity mouth angles less than a specified value and Pas is a function of contact angle and cavity mouth angle. The model successfully predicts active site densities for different contact angles.
The Superorganism Account of Human Sociality: How and When Human Groups Are Like Beehives

Biologists call highly cooperative and socially integrated animal groups like beehives and ant colonies “superorganisms.” In such species, the colony acts like an organism despite each animal’s physical individuality. This article frames human sociality through the superorganisms metaphor by systematically reviewing the superorganismic features of human psychology. These features include (1) mechanisms to integrate individual units, (2) mechanisms to achieve unity of action, (3) low levels of heritable within-group variation, (4) a common fate, and (5) mechanisms to resolve conflicts of interest in the collective’s favor. It is concluded that human beings have a capacity to partly and flexibly display each of these superorganismic properties. Group identification is a key mechanism that activates human superorganismic properties, and threats to the group a key activating condition. This metaphor organizes diverse aspects of human psychology (e.g., normative conformity, social identity processes, religion,...
Optimal taxation and finite horizon

Abstract Within the Blanchard [Blanchard, O., 1985. Debt, Deficits and Finite Horizons. Journal of Political Economy 93 (2), 223–247] model, we determine optimal capital and labor income taxation. We discuss the conditions for non-zero capital income taxation in the long term. We make explicit the conditions for time consistent capital income taxation. We clarify the role of finite horizon regarding second-best optimal taxation.
Jejunal regulation of gastric motility patterns: effect of extrinsic neural continuity to stomach.

This study was designed to determine the role of extrinsic gastric innervation in mediating the inhibitory effects of jejunal infusion of mixed nutrients on canine interdigestive gastric motility patterns. Four dogs underwent transection of all extrinsic and intrinsic neural continuity to the stomach except for careful preservation of vagal innervation (stage 1). Antral manometry catheters, antral electrodes, intestinal electrodes, and a jejunal infusion catheter were placed. After a 2-wk recovery, stage 1 studies of myoelectric and contractile activity of the stomach and small bowel during fasting were recorded on four occasions during infusion of isomolar solutions of either nonnutrient NaCl (150 mM) or mixed nutrients (50% Meritene solution) into the jejunum at 2.9 ml/min for 6 h. Identical studies (stage 2) were repeated after completion of extrinsic denervation of the stomach by supradiaphragmatic vagotomy. In stage 1 studies, jejunal nutrients (83 kcal/h) inhibited the characteristic interdigestive ...
Conditions of Competition and Multilateral Surveillance

WTO members are starting to consider whether and how to develop multilateral disciplines on competition policies. These discussions are taking place in the absence of concerted efforts to compile comparable information on the conditions of competition existing on member country markets. We argue in this paper that collection of simple measures of industrial structure and import penetration would be useful in characterizing the 'conditions of competition' that prevail in an economy. Although these types of data are not policy-specific, they could be used for monitoring, reporting and multilateral surveillance purposes, and allow cross-country comparisons and the establishment of 'benchmarks' against which changes in a given country over time could be measured.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
The growth of central and satellite galaxies in cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations

We examine the accretion and merger histories of central and satellite galaxies in a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) cosmological simulation that resolves galaxies down to 7 × 10 9 M� . Most friends-of-friends haloes in the simulation have a distinct central galaxy, typically 2–5 times more massive than the most massive satellite. As expected, satellites have systematically higher assembly redshifts than central galaxies of the same baryonic mass, and satellites in more massive haloes form earlier. However, contrary to the simplest expectations, satellite galaxies continue to accrete gas and convert it to stars; the gas accretion declines steadily over a period of 0.5–1 Gyr after the satellite halo merges with a larger parent halo. Satellites in a cluster mass halo eventually begin to lose baryonic mass. Typically, satellites in our simulation are 0.1–0.2 mag bluer than in models that assume no gas accretion on to satellites after a halo merger. Since z = 1, 27 per cent of central galaxies (above 3 × 10 10 M � ) and 22 per cent of present-day satellite galaxies have merged with a smaller system above a 1:4 mass ratio; about half of the satellite mergers occurred after the galaxy became a satellite and half before. In effect, satellite galaxies can remain ‘central’ objects of halo substructures, with continuing accretion and mergers, making the transition in assembly histories and physical properties a gradual one. Implementing such a gradual transformation in semi-analytic models would improve their agreement with observed colour distributions of satellite galaxies in groups and with the observed colour dependence of galaxy clustering.
FlexSnap: Flexible Non-sequential Protein Structure Alignment

Proteins have evolved subject to energetic selection pressure for stability and flexibility. Structural similarity between proteins that have gone through conformational changes can be captured effectively if flexibility is considered. Topologically unrelated proteins that preserve secondary structure packing interactions can be detected if both flexibility and Sequential permutations are considered. We propose the FlexSnap algorithm for flexible non-topological protein structural alignment. The effectiveness of FlexSnap is demonstrated by measuring the agreement of its alignments with manually curated non-sequential structural alignments. FlexSnap showed competitive results against state-of-the-art algorithms, like DALI, SARF2, MultiProt, FlexProt, and FATCAT. Moreover on the DynDom dataset, FlexSnap reported longer alignments with smaller rmsd. We have introduced FlexSnap, a greedy chaining algorithm that reports both sequential and non-sequential alignments and allows twists (hinges). We assessed the quality of the FlexSnap alignments by measuring its agreements with manually curated non-sequential alignments. On the FlexProt dataset, FlexSnap was competitive to state-of-the-art flexible alignment methods. Moreover, we demonstrated the benefits of introducing hinges by showing significant improvements in the alignments reported by FlexSnap for the structure pairs for which rigid alignment methods reported alignments with either low coverage or large rmsd. An implementation of the FlexSnap algorithm will be made available online at http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~zaki/software/flexsnap .
THE OPTIMAL PRODUCTION OF AN EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCE WHEN PRICE IS EXOGENOUS AND STOCHASTIC

This paper examines the optimal production of a resource such as oil when its price is determined exogenously (e.g. by a cartel such as OPEC), and is subject to stochastic fluctuations away from an expected growth path. We first examine the dependence of production on extraction cost, and show that the conventional exponential decline curve is indeed optimal if marginal cost is constant with respect to the rate of extraction but is a hyperbolic function of the reserve level. We next show that uncertainty about future price affects the optimal production rate in two ways. First, if marginal cost is a convex (concave) function of the rate of production, stochastic fluctuations in price raise (lower) average cost over time, so that there is an incentive to speed up (slow down) production. Second, the “option” value of the reserve, i.e. the ability to withhold production indefinitely and never incur the cost of extraction, provides an incentive to slow down the rate of production.
Extreme Conditions for Intelligent Agents

This work is set to implement, test, analyze and measure agentspsila behavior and its consequences under extreme conditions like suicide bombing. The goals are to determine optimal crowd formations and architectural and geometrical recommendations which (when followed) will reduce the number of deaths and injuries in the crowd. Results indicate that the worst crowd formation is street, with 44% crowd in lethal zone and 7% in injury zones. Bus and market crowd formations were found to be the best with 24% and 26% crowd in lethal and 58% and 54% in injury zones respectively. Results were compared and validated by the real-life incidents and found to be in good agreement. These findings, although preliminary, may have implications for emergency response and counter terrorism.
Using the Pummerer cyclization-deprotonation-cycloaddition cascade of imidosulfoxides for alkaloid synthesis.

The Pummerer reaction of imidosulfoxides bearing tethered alkenyl groups has been employed for the synthesis of several alkaloids. The required imidosulfoxides necessary for the cascade sequence were easily obtained by heating the appropriate amide with (ethylsulfenyl)acetyl chloride followed by sodium periodate oxidation. The initially formed thionium ion, obtained by treating the imidosulfoxide with acetic anhydride and p-toluenesulfonic acid, reacts with the neighboring imido group, and the resulting oxonium ion undergoes subsequent deprotonation to produce an isomunchnone dipole. This mesoionic betaine intermediate undergoes ready intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition across the neighboring π-bond. Exposure of the resulting cycloadducts to additional acetic anhydride leads to ring opening and formation of a 5-acetoxy-substituted 2(1H)-pyridone. This six-ring heterocyclic system constitutes a valuable building block for the synthesis of a variety of pyridine, quinolizidine, and clavine alkaloids. The cy...
Macro shocks and the Japanese stock market

The article investigates to what extent various underlying macro (oil, supply, demand and portfolio) shocks impact the fluctuations of Japanese stock prices by developing a multivariate structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model. The results from a Markov regime-switching (MS) specification of the underlying shocks reveal that these shock-generating processes are characterized by nonlinearity with varied turning points and fit well with the actual historical events. Demand shocks, as opposed to supply shocks, are found to render pronounced influence on the stock market dynamics, indicating Japan's anaemic economic growth in the past decades has limited the role of supply shocks. Meanwhile, we find the importance of oil price shocks in driving the stock market as Japan is well synchronized in the world energy market.
The Effective Field Theory of Cosmological Large Scale Structures

Large scale structure surveys will likely become the next leading cosmological probe. In our universe, matter perturbations are large on short distances and small at long scales, i.e. strongly coupled in the UV and weakly coupled in the IR. To make precise analytical predictions on large scales, we develop an effective field theory formulated in terms of an IR effective fluid characterized by several parameters, such as speed of sound and viscosity. These parameters, determined by the UV physics described by the Boltzmann equation, are measured from N-body simulations. We find that the speed of sound of the effective fluid is $ c_s^2 \approx {1}{0^{{ - {6}}}}{c^{2}} $ and that the viscosity contributions are of the same order. The fluid describes all the relevant physics at long scales k and permits a manifestly convergent perturbative expansion in the size of the matter perturbations δ(k) for all the observables. As an example, we calculate the correction to the power spectrum at order δ(k)4. The predictions of the effective field theory are found to be in much better agreement with observation than standard cosmological perturbation theory, already reaching percent precision at this order up to a relatively short scale k ⋍ 0.24h Mpc−1.
Dissipation of Information in Channels With Input Constraints

One of the basic tenets in information theory, the data processing inequality states that the output divergence does not exceed the input divergence for any channel. For channels without input constraints, various estimates on the amount of such contraction are known, Dobrushin’s coefficient for the total variation being perhaps the most well-known. This paper investigates channels with an average input cost constraint. It is found that, while the contraction coefficient typically equals one (no contraction), the information nevertheless dissipates. A certain nonlinear function, the Dobrushin curve of the channel, is proposed to quantify the amount of dissipation. Tools for evaluating the Dobrushin curve of additive-noise channels are developed based on coupling arguments. Some basic applications in stochastic control, uniqueness of Gibbs measures, and fundamental limits of noisy circuits are discussed. As an application, it is shown that, in the chain of $n$ power-constrained relays and Gaussian channels, the end-to-end mutual information and maximal squared correlation decay as $\Theta ({\log \log n}/{\log n})$ , which is in stark contrast with the exponential decay in chains of discrete channels. Similarly, the behavior of noisy circuits (composed of gates with bounded fan-in) and broadcasting of information on trees (of bounded degree) does not experience threshold behavior in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Namely, unlike the case of discrete channels, the probability of bit error stays bounded away from $1/2$ regardless of the SNR.