cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinct Functional Sites for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1α on CXCR4 Transmembrane Helical Domains

The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into the cell is initiated by the interaction of the viral surface envelope protein with two cell surface components of the target cell, CD4 and a chemokine coreceptor, usually CXCR4 or CCR5. The natural ligand of CXCR4 is stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha). Whereas the overlap between HIV-1 and SDF-1alpha functional sites on the extracellular domains of CXCR4 has been well documented, it has yet to be determined whether there are sites in the transmembrane (TM) helices of CXCR4 important for HIV-1 and/or SDF-1alpha functions, and if such sites do exist, whether they are overlapping or distinctive for the separate functions of CXCR4. For this study, by employing alanine-scanning mutagenesis, (125)I-SDF-1alpha competition binding, Ca(2+) mobilization, and cell-cell fusion assays, we found that the mutation of many CXCR4 TM residues, including Tyr(45), His(79), Asp(97), Pro(163), Trp(252), Tyr(255), Asp(262), Glu(288), His(294), and Asn(298), could selectively decrease HIV-1-mediated cell fusion but not the binding activity of SDF-1alpha. Phe(87) and Phe(292), which were involved in SDF-1alpha binding, did not play a significant role in the coreceptor activity of CXCR4, further demonstrating the disconnection between physiological and pathological activities of CXCR4 TM domains. Our data also show that four mutations of the second extracellular loop, D182A, D187A, F189A, and P191A, could reduce HIV-1 entry without impairing either ligand binding or signaling. Taken together, our first detailed characterization of the different functional roles of CXCR4 TM domains may suggest a mechanistic basis for the discovery of new selective anti-HIV agents.
DNA Microarray‐based ecotoxicological biomarker discovery in a small fish model species

As potential biomarkers, gene classifiers are gene expression signatures or patterns capable of distinguishing biological samples belonging to different classes or conditions. This is the second of two papers on profiling gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) treated with endocrine-disrupting chemicals of different modes of action, with a focus on comparative analysis of microarray data for gene classifier discovery. Various combinations of gene feature selection/class prediction algorithms were evaluated, with the use of microarray data organized by a chemical stressor or tissue type, for their accuracy in determining the class memberships of independent test samples. Two-way clustering of gene classifiers and treatment conditions offered another alternative to assess the performance of these potential biomarkers. Both gene feature selection methods and class prediction algorithms were shown to be important in identifying successful gene classifiers. The genetic algorithm and support vector machine yielded classifiers with the best prediction accuracy, regardless of sample size, nature of class prediction, and data complexity. A chemical stressor significantly altering the expression of a greater number of genes tended to generate gene classifiers with better performance. All combinations of gene feature selection/class prediction algorithms performed similarly well with data of high signal to noise ratio. Gene classifier discovery and application on the basis of individual sampling and sample data pooling, respectively, were found to enhance class predictions. Gene expression profiles of the top gene classifiers, identified from both microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, displayed greater similarity between fadrozole and 17beta-trenbolone than either one to 17alpha-ethinylestradiol. These gene classifiers could serve as potential biomarkers of exposure to specific classes of endocrine disruptors.
Disaggregation and the Quality of Management Earnings Forecasts

In recent years, a substantial percentage of managers voluntarily choose to provide disaggregated earnings forecasts, i.e., earnings forecasts supplemented with additional numerical forecasts for other line items on the income statement. We examine whether such disaggregation yields higher-quality (i.e., more accurate and less biased) management earnings forecasts, and whether market reactions to disaggregated vs. aggregated forecasts are consistent with the quality of these forecasts. We find that: (1) for good news forecasts, earnings forecasts with disaggregated information are no different from aggregated earnings forecasts in either bias or accuracy; (2) for bad news forecasts, earnings forecasts with disaggregated information are significantly less accurate and, on average, more optimistic than aggregated earnings forecasts; 3) stock market reactions to disaggregated good news forecasts are no different from stock market reactions to aggregated good news forecasts, but stock market reactions to disaggregated bad news forecasts are more negative than stock market reactions to aggregated bad news forecasts. Taken together, our results suggest that disaggregated earnings forecasts are no better than and sometimes even worse than aggregated earnings forecasts and that investors anticipate and adjust for the biases associated with disaggregation in management earnings forecast.
A Theoretical Analysis of Robust Coding over Noisy Overcomplete Channels

Biological sensory systems are faced with the problem of encoding a high-fidelity sensory signal with a population of noisy, low-fidelity neurons. This problem can be expressed in information theoretic terms as coding and transmitting a multi-dimensional, analog signal over a set of noisy channels. Previously, we have shown that robust, overcomplete codes can be learned by minimizing the reconstruction error with a constraint on the channel capacity. Here, we present a theoretical analysis that characterizes the optimal linear coder and decoder for one- and two-dimensional data. The analysis allows for an arbitrary number of coding units, thus including both under- and over-complete representations, and provides a number of important insights into optimal coding strategies. In particular, we show how the form of the code adapts to the number of coding units and to different data and noise conditions to achieve robustness. We also report numerical solutions for robust coding of high-dimensional image data and show that these codes are substantially more robust compared against other image codes such as ICA and wavelets.
Disagreement in the interpretation of electrocardiographic ST segment elevation: a source of error for emergency physicians?

Evaluation of the electrocardiogram (ECG) is a complex, subjective process with the potential for interobserver disagreement. The objective of this study was to determine the ECG patterns with discrepant interpretations, the rates of disagreement in the determination of both the presence of ST segment elevation (STE) and morphology. ECGs were reviewed in a retrospective fashion by attending EPs for STE and waveform morphology. Those ECGs that were interpreted in a discrepant fashion were then analyzed to detect patterns of disagreement. ECGs from 599 patients were reviewed. Two hundred eleven patients (35.2% of the total patient population surveyed) had STE as determined by at least one attending EP; 40 (19% of the STE population) patients had STE determined by 1 EP, 21 (10% of the STE population) patients by 2 EPs, and 150 (71% of the STE population) patients by 3 EPs. The STE of 61 (28.9%) ECGs were interpreted in a discrepant fashion. The average STE was 1.31 mm per lead for ECGs with disagreement and 2.93 mm per lead for ECGs with agreement (P < .05). ECGs with reciprocal ST depression were more likely to have agreement with regard to the STE (P < .05). Fourteen ECGs (8.2% of 171 ECGs with STE determined by at least 2 EPs) had ST segment morphology interpreted in a discrepant fashion. Disagreement in the determination of electrocardiographic ST segment elevation by EPs occurs frequently and is related to the amount of STE present on the ECG. Electrocardiographic patterns responsible for this interpretive disagreement of ST segment elevation can represent an unfortunate but potentially predictable source of error in emergency medical care.
The Enron Bankruptcy: When did the options market in Enron lose it’s smirk?

The Enron Corporation went from a $65 billion dollar market capitalization to bankruptcy in just 16 months. Using statistical techniques for extracting the implied probability distributions built into option prices, I examine the market’s expectation of Enron’s risk of collapse. I find that the options market remained far too optimistic about the stock until just weeks before their bankruptcy filing.
A LABORATORY FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN

University of IV~hingron Laboratory methods for the study of learning, conditioning, perception, and motivation in children have recently been adapted from techniques developed for infra-human Ss by Skinner and by Harlow. Appropriately modified, the free-operant situation and the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus have been put to use in the study of human behavior (e.g., Bijou, 1957; Lindsley, 1956; Zearnan, House, & Orlando, 1958). Little experimental rigor and control has been lost in the process of adjusting the techniques for human -Ss. It has now become possible to study human behavior without sacrificing the precision and objectivity which characterizes most animal research. The purpose of this paper is to describe a laboratory which incorporates these methods for research with developmentally retarded children3 and some of the modifications that have been made in tailoring them for this group. The plan of the presentation is to discuss in turn the physical layout, features of each experimental situation, and control and recording operations. In addition, some of the special considerations of laboratory research in an institutional setting are presented, primarily with respect to operational routines and unique characteristics of the Ss.
Tacit Patent Pooling

We define tacit patent pooling as a non-contractual arrangement in which producers freely utilize one another's patented technologies without charging license fees or filing infringement claims. This differs greatly from the standard notion of (explicit) patent pooling considered in the literature, which typically involves patent holders who set license fees collectively in order to profit from the elimination of double marginalization. In particular, explicit pooling is intended to increase licensing revenues, while tacit pooling is intended to avoid licensing altogether. Tacit pooling is commonly profitable for small firms in innovative industries plagued by patent thicket problems, such as small software publishers. We show that tacit pooling may be a profitable cooperation strategy in a prisoner's dilemma game whose equilibrium involves aggressive cross-licensing in the shadow of litigation, as well as costly "disguising" of potential infringements. This practice is always socially desirable, as it reduces transaction and litigation costs, and it promotes idea sharing among inventors. We analyze how various phenomena may affect the scope and stability of tacit pooling. Large patent acquisitions may in principle be welfare enhancing if they serve to facilitate tacit pooling, but these efficiencies can be offset if firms regularly invest heavily in secondhand patents. The availability of injunctive relief as an infringement remedy will tend to forestall tacit pooling arrangements in concentrated markets, as its value as an exclusionary device will commonly outweigh the gains from tacit pooling, leading firms to prefer aggressive litigation strategies. The desire to facilitate tacit pooling may incentivize acquisition of patents that are ultimately never asserted, helping to explain the "patent paradox," which questions why many firms invest heavily in patents that ostensibly yield negative returns.
Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis remains the most common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). It is reported to occur in 2–10% of unselected patient samples and up to 40% of high-risk patients. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence behind the known risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis, as well as the technical and medical approaches developed to prevent it. There have been many advances in identifying the causes of this condition. Based on this knowledge, a variety of preventive strategies have been developed and studied. The approach to prevention begins with careful patient selection and performing ERCP for specific indications, while considering alternative diagnostic modalities when appropriate. Patients should also be classified by high-risk factors such as young age, female sex, suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, a history of post-ERCP pancreatitis, and normal serum bilirubin, all of which have been identified in numerous research studies. The pathways of injury that are believed to cause post-ERCP pancreatitis eventually lead to the common endpoint of inflammation, and these individual steps can be targeted for preventive therapies through procedural techniques and medical management. This includes the use of a guide wire for cannulation, minimizing the number of cannulation attempts, avoiding contrast injections or trauma to the pancreatic duct, and placement of a temporary pancreatic duct stent in high-risk patients. Administration of rectal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) in high-risk patients is the proven pharmacological measure for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. The evidence for or against numerous other attempted therapies is still unclear, and ongoing investigation is required.
Effects of a group forgiveness intervention on forgiveness, perceived stress, and trait‐anger

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 6-week forgiveness intervention on three outcomes: (a) offense-specific forgiveness, (b) forgiveness-likelihood in new situations, and (c) health-related psychosocial variables, such as perceived stress and trait-anger. Participants were 259 adults who had experienced a hurtful interpersonal transgression from which they still felt negative consequences. They were randomized to a forgiveness-training program or a no-treatment control group. The intervention reduced negative thoughts and feelings about the target transgression 2 to 3 times more effectively than the control condition, and it produced significantly greater increases in positive thoughts and feelings toward the transgressor. Significant treatment effects were also found for forgiveness self-efficacy, forgiveness generalized to new situations, perceived stress, and trait-anger.
The restless searchlight: network news framing of the post-cold war world

For many decades the Cold War frame provided a clear and simple way for American reporters to select, structure, and prioritize complex news about international affairs. The Cold War frame cued journalists and viewers about friends and enemies throughout the world. The key question posed in this article is, What are the consequences of the breakdown of this frame for how American network television communicates international news? The article presents the results of an extensive content analysis of network news in the pre‐ and post‐Cold War periods (1973–1995).
ISG56 and IFITM1 Proteins Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) often leads to persistent infection. Interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are amplified during HCV infection but fail to eliminate virus from the liver in a large number of infected patients. We have observed previously that HCV infection induces IFN-β production in immortalized human hepatocytes (IHH) as early as 24 h after infection, although virus replication is not inhibited. To gain insights on possible countermeasures of virus for the suppression of host antiviral response, the cellular transcriptional profiles of ISGs were examined after various treatments of IHH. The majority of ISGs were upregulated in IFN-treated IHH from the level for mock-treated cells. However, the comparison of ISG expression in IFN-treated IHH and IFN-pretreated, HCV genotype 2a-infected IHH indicated that virus infection suppresses the upregulation of a subset of effector molecules, including ISG56 and IFITM1. Similar results were observed for HCV-infected Huh7 cells. Subsequent study suggested that the exogenous expression of ISG56 or IFITM1 inhibits HCV replication in IHH or Huh7 cells, and the knockdown of these genes enhanced HCV replication. Further characterization revealed that the overexpression of these ISGs does not block HCV pseudotype entry into Huh7 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that ISG56 and IFITM1 serve as important molecules to restrict HCV infection, and they may have implications in the development of therapeutic modalities.
The Science-to-Service Gap in Real-World Schizophrenia Treatment: The 95% Problem

One overwhelming, regrettable, and disheartening fact about the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States is that few people with this disorder receive wellrecognized and highly effective treatments. This reality is known as the science-to-service gap: Intervention science has demonstrated with rigorous research methods that a number of interventions are effective, yet services research shows indisputably that people with this serious mental disorder are likely to receive few if any of these effective interventions. In this special theme issue, the authors review 3 aspects of this problem: first, the evidence for lack of effective services at the epidemiological and clinical levels; second, difficulties of clinical engagement and retention in services; and third, the widespread failure to implement and sustain effective interventions in routine practice settings. Ramin Mojtabai and his colleagues review the epidemiology. They conclude that nearly half of persons with schizophrenia receive no mental health interventions, anotherlargeproportionreceivesless-than-effectiveinterventions, and only a minority receives effective interventions. The deficiencies are worse for outpatients than for inpatients, and compared with effective medication strategies, effective psychosocial interventions are rarely used. Most alarming, the situation appears to be worsening rather than improving, especially in regard to the availability of evidence-based psychosocial interventions. Not having access to effective, acceptable treatment services clearly is a major problem for people with a serious illness like schizophrenia. Julie Kreyenbuhl and her colleagues review the evidence regarding lack of engagement in mental health services and dropping out of services. Because of stigma, dissatisfaction with previous services, unawareness of benefits achievable with appropriate treatment, and other factors, the majority of people with schizophrenia, especially young adults and those from minority backgrounds, essentially opt out of mental health treatment. The details of these studies suggest greater use of skilled outreach workers and clinical care management. Several modifications to current mental health service approaches, such as shared decision making, are also potentially helpful, but we are not yet certain what impact they might have on the problem of service providers engaging only a fraction of individuals who would benefit from evidence-based services. When people are engaged with the mental health system, the major service issue is failure to provide effective services. Robert Drake and colleagues review major efforts aimed at ameliorating this problem. Multilevel interventions—atthefederal,state,local,clinical,andadvocacy levels—to promote effective services are underway. Such initiatives could benefit from substantial changes in financing, information technology infrastructure, workforce training and tenure, treatment philosophy, and organizational commitment.
QFT type design for maximizing tolerable disturbances in structured uncertain systems

A QFT type methodology is developed for an SISO system for maximizing the size of a persistent bounded disturbance in the presence of hard time domain constraints on system states, control input, output and the bandwidth. It is assumed that the system dynamics can be represented by a combination of structured uncertainty in the low frequencies and unstructured uncertainty in the high frequencies. The design procedure is based on mapping the time domain constraints into an equivalent set of frequency domain constraints which are then used to determine an allowed design region in the amplitude-phase plane, for the nominal loop transfer function. Once such a region is found, classical loop shaping determines a suitable loop transfer function. The pole-zero structure of the compensator is a natural consequence of loop shaping and is not preconceived. A procedure is also presented for determining the maximum size of the nominal persistent bounded disturbance that can be tolerated by the resulting closed loop s...
Modeling runoff generation in a small snow-dominated mountainous catchment.

Snowmelt in mountainous areas is an important contributor to river water fl ows in the western United States. We developed a distributed model that calculates solar radiaƟ on, canopy energy balance, surface energy balance, snow pack dynamics, soil water fl ow, snow–soil–bedrock heat exchange, soil water freezing, and lateral surface and subsurface water fl ow. The model was applied to describe runoff generaƟ on in a subcatchment of the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed near Boise, ID. CalibraƟ on was achieved by opƟ mizing the soil water fi eld capacity (a trigger for lateral subsurface fl ow), lateral saturated soil hydraulic conducƟ vity, and verƟ cal saturated hydraulic conducƟ vity of the bedrock. ValidaƟ on results show that the model can successfully calculate snow dynamics, soil water content, and soil temperature. Modeled streamfl ow for the validaƟ on period was underesƟ mated by 53%. The Ɵ ming of the streamfl ow was captured reasonably well (modeling effi ciency was 0.48 for the validaƟ on period). The model calculaƟ ons suggest that 50 to 53% of the yearly incoming precipitaƟ on in the subcatchment is consumed by evapotranspiraƟ on. The model results further suggest that 34 to 36% of the incoming precipitaƟ on is transformed into deep percolaƟ on into the bedrock, while only 11 to 16% is transformed into streamfl ow. AbbreviaƟ ons: EF, modeling effi ciency; LAI, leaf area index; SWE, snow water equivalent; TDR, Ɵ me domain refl ectometry.
Information theoretic models of HCI: a comparison of the Hick-Hyman law and Fitts' law

The Hick-Hyman Law and Fitts' Law are two surviving human performance principles based on Shannon and Weaver's (1949) Information Theory. In the early 1980s, Card, Moran, and Newell (1983) presented the laws as design principles for developers to maximize usability in the design of human-computer interfaces. A search of the current human-computer interaction (HCI) literature, however, will reveal that the Hick-Hyman Law failed to gain momentum in the field of HCI, whereas Fitts' Law received, and continues to receive, substantial attention. This article begins with a discussion the common information theoretical concepts of the two laws, and then examines each law with respect to its origins, theoretical formulation, theoretical development, research, and applications and examines the possible contributing factors responsible for the failure of Hick-Hyman Law to gain momentum in the field.
A spectral approach to lower bounds

We establish a nonlinear lower bound for halfplane range searching over a group. Specifically, we show that summing up the weights of n (weighted) points within n halfplanes requires /spl Omega/(n log n) additions and subtractions. This is the first nontrivial lower bound for range searching over a group. By constrast, range searching over a semigroup (which forbids subtractions) is almost completely understood. Our proof has two parts: First, we develop a general, entropy-based, method for relating the linear circuit complexity of a linear map A to the spectrum of A/sup T/A. In the second part of the proof, we design a "high-spectrum" geometric set system and, using techniques from discrepancy theory, we estimate the median eigenvalue of its associated map. Interestingly, the method also shows that using up to a linear number of help gates cannot help; these are gates that can compute any bivariate function. The best feature of our method is that it is very general. With any instance of range searching we associate a quadratic form: any lower bound on the mid-range of its spectrum implies a lower bound on the complexity of that range searching problem. The main drawback of our approach is that it (probably) yields weak lower bounds. Another shortcoming is that the method does not seem to generalize to range searching over rings or fields. >
Fractal Analysis of Maine's Glaciated Shoreline Tests Established Coastal Classification Scheme

Abstract Average fractal dimensions (D) are calculated for Maine's four coastal compartments using a GIS approach and digitized U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangle maps. The D values indicate relatively little complexity for the southwest coastal compartment (avg. D = 1.11), higher complexity for the south-central compartment (avg. D = 1.35), and intermediate complexity for the north-central compartment (avg. D = 1.23). Our analysis suggests that the northeastern compartment should be further divided into two subcompartments (Cobscook Bay and non-Cobscook Bay), which have average D values of 1.37 and 1.18 respectively. Subdivision of the northeast coastal compartment is also supported by the geologic makeup of the region. Statistical tests show that all of the geologically different coastal compartments can be discriminated in terms of D at the 95% confidence level, whereas the geologically similar compartments (south-central compartment and Cobscook Bay subcompartment) cannot ...
Cohomological finite-generation for finite supergroup schemes

Abstract In this paper we compute extension groups in the category of strict polynomial superfunctors and thereby exhibit certain “universal extension classes” for the general linear supergroup. Some of these classes restrict to the universal extension classes for the general linear group exhibited by Friedlander and Suslin, while others arise from purely super phenomena. We then use these extension classes to show that the cohomology ring of a finite supergroup scheme—equivalently, of a finite-dimensional cocommutative Hopf superalgebra—over a field is a finitely-generated algebra. Implications for the rational cohomology of the general linear supergroup are also discussed.
Altering the genetic code of management review.

When you mention the words “Management Review,” do people shudder at the thought of spending hours discussing past issues they are already aware of and have discussed ad nauseam? Is there a fear of even bringing issues to the management forefront? Although the whole idea of management review makes good business sense and has been done informally in business as long as anyone can remember, the formal mechanisms and detailed requirements in the Quality System regulation and various Quality System standards are causing many corporations to re-evaluate how they address Management Review. It seems that sometimes, due to the nature of a highly regulated industry, we spend an inordinate amount of time and resources complying with regulations without seeking to add value to the process. Otherwise stated, better quality translates into a better product and meeting our customer’s needs. So if we are meeting regulations without adding value to the process, then a re-evaluation of how we are meeting these regulations is warranted. The industry’s “genetic code” is such that we believe that if we comply with the regulations, our process has been inherently optimized, when in fact there are a number of ways to meet and exceed regulations. The goal of this article is to take a step back from the management review process and address two key issues—metrics and global analysis. I want to examine where we can create additional value within management review and ultimately attempt to alter the genetic coding of how we accomplish complying with management review regulations. Regulation 21 CFR Part 820.20(c) delineates that management with executive responsibility must periodically evaluate the suitability and effectiveness of the quality system. From a compliance standpoint, the function of this requirement is to inform management of significant issues within their respective areas, so they are able to adequately evaluate the health of the quality system. As mentioned, these types of reviews are done everyday across different industries because it makes good business sense. This is now simply a formalized mechanism to ensure management reviews and subsequent evaluations occur. The difficulty arises in determining what exactly must be analyzed and discussed to make these meetings more meaningful and more productive in an environment where management does not have the time to spend on meetings that don’t add value to the management of the business.
SEA in Vehicle Development Part II: Consistent SEA Modeling for Vehicle Noise Analysis

In this paper, a model condensation technique is developed to ensure consistent modeling of STL (Sound Transmission Loss) between coarse and detailed SEA model. In the Performance-Based coarse SEA Model, the component level performance (STL and absorption) is assigned to each path, which comes from various ways including detailed analytical SEA model. From the detailed SEA model for the component or even the whole vehicle, the equivalent performance data needs to be condensed and extracted for the coarse model. The condensation theory for equivalent STL is presented in this paper. The extra work needed to apply this technique to detailed SEA model is negligible by using AutoSEA script. An example for condensation of a detailed component model is given at the end. Comparison between the detailed analytical SEA model and the coarse SEA Model is consistent.
Pregnancy and Parenthood among Surgery Residents: Results of the First Nationwide Survey of General Surgery Residency Program Directors.

Background Although family and lifestyle are known to be important factors for medical students choosing a specialty, there is a lack of research about general surgery residency program policies regarding pregnancy and parenthood. Similarly, little is known about program director attitudes about these issues. Study Design We performed a cross-sectional survey of United States (US) general surgery residency program directors. Results Sixty-six respondents completed the survey: 70% male, 59% from university-based programs, and 76% between 40 and 59 years of age. Two-thirds (67%) reported having a maternity leave policy. Less than half (48%) reported having a leave policy for the non-childbearing parent (paternity leave). Leave duration was most frequently reported as 6 weeks for maternity leave (58%) and 1 week for paternity leave (45%). Thirty-eight percent of general surgery residency program directors (PDs) reported availability of on-site childcare, 58% reported availability of lactation facilities. Forty-six percent of university PDs said that the research years are the best time to have a child during residency; 52% of independent PDs said that no particular time during residency is best. Sixty-one percent of PDs reported that becoming a parent negatively affects female trainees' work, including placing an increased burden on fellow residents (33%). Respondents perceived children as decreasing female trainees' well-being more often than male trainees' (32% vs 9%, p Conclusions Program director reports indicated a lack of national uniformity in surgical residency policies regarding parental leave, length of leave, as well as inconsistency in access to childcare and availability of spaces to express and store breast milk. Program directors perceived parenthood to affect the training and well-being of female residents more adversely than that of male residents.
Use of Modified Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports in a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit for High-Risk Youths.

Objective:Despite a call for the reduction and ultimate elimination of the use of seclusion and restraint, research on reduction of these practices in behavioral programs has been limited. This study sought to examine the effectiveness of a modified version of the Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (M-PBIS) implemented in a youth psychiatric inpatient unit to reduce use of seclusion and restraint.Methods:This naturalistic, prospective study covered a four-year period (1,485 admissions).Results:The number of seclusion and restraint events, mean duration of events, and percentage of patients placed in seclusion or restraint were reduced, as was the overall seclusion rate for the unit. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the use of pro re nata (PRN) medications for agitation.Conclusions:These findings suggest that M-PBIS is a promising intervention to use in youth psychiatric inpatient units to reduce seclusion and restraint and PRNs.
Border Sharing: Transportation and the Environment in the US-Mexico Border Region

The links between transportation and the environment have a long history in the US-Mexico border region. Modern attempts to increase and improve transportation in the region have generated the need for reliable information concerning the border environment. To help meet this need, researchers at the Alliance for Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) created a unique resource for Border Region Information on Transportation and the Environment (BRITE). BRITE's purpose is to provide relevant environmental information to governmental and nongovernmental agencies, interest groups, and individuals working along the US-Mexico border. ATRI continues to build BRITE in segments specific to environmental media. BRITE is as much a process as a product and it will never be 'complete'. This paper discusses how state and local planners as well as interest groups might best utilize the information available in BRITE to develop sound environmental policy to enable the region to promote sustainable transportation.
Robust Wideband Spectrum Sensing with Compressive Sampling in Cognitive Radios

In this paper, we propose a robust compressive sampling approach for wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radios in the presence of non-Gaussian noise. Wideband cognitive radios can be subjected to heterogeneous spectral activities from various sources rendering the resultant noise non- Gaussian. While conventional detectors (e.g. least-squares estimates) are known to be sensitive to the Non-Gaussian nature of noise, the proposed compressive sampling based robust detector is shown to overcome that limitation leading to better signal activity detection under such conditions. The proposed robust detector combines the Huber cost (loss) function with an l1-norm constraint for wideband spectrum sensing with a smaller number of samples (compared to Nyquist rate sampling). Note that, while the Huber cost function robustify our approach against non- Gaussian noise, the l1-norm regularization term ensures the sparsity in the signal reconstruction. It is shown that our proposed robust method outperforms the conventional Periodogram when applied to noisy signals with a smaller number of samples.
Word Space

Representations for semantic information about words are necessary for many applications of neural networks in natural language processing. This paper describes an efficient, corpus-based method for inducing distributed semantic representations for a large number of words (50,000) from lexical coccurrence statistics by means of a large-scale linear regression. The representations are successfully applied to word sense disambiguation using a nearest neighbor method.
Policy Responses to the Financial Crisis of 2008 and the Rule of Law

During the Financial Crisis of 2008, executive officials pushed the boundaries of their legal powers as well as successfully demanding broad, open-ended delegations of new powers. This paper closely analyzes the legal bases of the U.S. policy responses to the financial crisis, yielding insights into the practical functioning of the rule of law, both in terms of its limitations and its likely operation in the future. It argues that assertions of formal compliance mean little, rendering the appearance of legality insufficient to deliver the benefits of the rule of law. As a result, assessing the rule of law requires thinking about what opportunities for oversight and enforcement exist, and how exactly these are able to secure a government of limited and predictable powers during and after crisis situations.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Interfacial Thermal Resistance Between a (10,10) Carbon Nanotube and SiO2

Understanding thermal transport between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and dielectric substrates is important both for nanoscale thermal management and CNT device applications. We investi-gate thermal transport between a (10,10) CNT and an SiO2 substrate through non-equilibrium classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The thermal boundary conductance (TBC) is computed by setting up a temperature pulse in the CNT and monitoring its relaxation. The TBC is found to scale nearly linearly with temperature between 200–600 K, where a quantum correction is applied to the CNT heat capacity through its phonon density of states. However, the TBC ap-pears most sensitive to the strength the CNT-substrate interaction, which linearly modulates it between 0.05–0.30 WK−1m−1, in the range suggested by recent experimental data.
Some Experiments on the Transmission of Influenza

The prevalent vague and contradictory conceptions of influenza, its etiologic agent and its mode of transmission are responsible for the absence of uniform and systematic measures for its control and the comparative helplessness of the medical profession in the face of its ravages. Animal experimentation does no't lend itself to the use of material or organisms isolated from influenza patients, making the use of human subjects for experiment the best hope for a rational basis for the control of the disease.
Determination of Sodium cefotaxime in renal dialysate from burn-injured patients by HPLC

OBJECTIVE To determine Sodium cefotaxime in renal dialysate from burn injured patients .METHODS HPLC was used.The sample was separated on μ Bondapak C 18 analysis column.The mobile phase was CH 3OH-NaAc(0.02 mol·L -1 pH 5 0)(30∶70),and flow rate was 1.2 ml·min -1 .Detective wavelength was 260 nm.RESULTS A linearity was obtained from 1-100 μg·ml -1 with a good correlation (r=0.9999).RSD of within day and between days were less than 2%.The average recovery was 100.2%.CONCLUSION The method is simple,rapid and accurate.
Preparation and performance of active potions for denitration catalysts

7 kinds of active potions were prepared according to the main components of catalyst produced by Dongfang KWH Co.Ltd.Experiments were done on revitalizing the deactivated catalyst to get the data about denitration efficiency and activation coefficient of the activated catalyst to compare with a fresh catalyst's by simulating actual working state.Then two kinds of active potions with better activation performance were selected to do the SEM and EDS test for studying the influence of the active potions on the catalyst's structure and performance.The results showed that the catalyst activated by 4# active potion whose efficiency is 72.2% and activity is 82% of the fresh catalyst with the prospect of practical application.
Research of Four-tier Design Method of Software Reliability

The paper introduced development process of software bug,software defect,software fault and software failure,and put forward corresponding four-tier design methods of software reliability,including error avoided design,error checked design,error corrected design and fault-tolerant design.In view of the development process of software error from occurring to failure,the design method captures software error as early as possible in order to prevent error from developing.The method can improve reliability of application software radically.
Just the Facts? Media Coverage of Female and Male High Court Appointees in Five Democracies

In this article, we examine gender differences in news media portrayals of nominees to high courts and whether those differences vary across country and time. Although past research has examined gender differences in news media coverage of candidates for elective office, few studies have looked at media coverage of high court nominees. As women are increasingly nominated to courts around the world, it is important to examine how nominations are covered by the news media and whether there is significant variation in coverage based on gender. We analyze media coverage of high court justices in five democracies: Argentina, Australia, Canada, South Africa, and the United States. We compare coverage of women appointed to the highest court with coverage of the most temporally proximate male nominees. We also compare coverage over time within each country as well as between countries that nominated women early with those that did so more recently. We find some evidence of gendered coverage, especially with regard to the attention paid to the gender of the women appointees.
[Spatial temporal distribution of mumps in Gansu, 2009-2013].

Objective To detect the spatial temporal distribution of mumps in Gansu by means of spatial statistics. Methods The county-based incidence of mumps from 2009 to 2013 was used to calculate the global Moran’s I and local G statistics, and analyze its spatial temporal distribution characteristics. Results The incidence of mumps in Gansu were spatial auto-correlated from 2009 to 2013 respectively (P<0.001), and the hot spots were mainly distributed in Hexi area, while the cold spots were distributed in Tianshui, Longnan and Qingyang. Spatial temporal analysis showed that the high incidence of mumps was most likely to be detect in Hexi area (RR=3.05, LLR=4 670.995, P<0.001), and the low incidence was most likely to be detect in Longdong area (RR=0.36, LLR=1 980.686, P<0.001). Conclusion The spatial and spatial temporal clustering of mumps existed in Gansu from 2009 to 2013, the results can be used in the development of mumps prevention and control measure in Gansu. Key words: Mumps; Geographic information system; Spatial temporal clustering
Deep Brain Stimulation Utilizing Dexmedetomidine: A Clinical Report from theUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an increasingly utilized technique to treat symptoms of neurological movement disorders, most commonly, Parkinson's Disease. Patients and surgeons alike appreciate the minimally invasive nature of this procedure, as well as its reversibility. As these surgeries are being performed more often, it is becoming increasingly important to optimize our anesthetic management during these cases. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the DBS procedures that have been performed at our institution utilizing monitored anaesthesia care (MAC) via dexmedetomidine infusion to report on the frequency and type of perioperative complications as well as to assess the effectiveness of this technique. Results: A total of 150 patients and 174 lead placements were included in this study. Dexmedetomidine was the sole anaesthetic used in 85.6% of cases. The remaining cases used a combination of dexmedetomidine and adjuvant agents. A total of one perioperative complication was found in our series, resulting in a total complication rate percentage per patient of 0.6%. Conclusions: We found very few perioperative complications associated with the use of dexmedetomidine during these challenging cases. With its anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic properties coupled with preservation of respiration and a short half-life, dexmedetomidine has ideal properties for DBS procedures.
The impact of locoregional recurrence on survival in older patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

e17003 Background: Locoregional recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is usually salvaged effectively with neck dissection (ND). It is unknown whether recurrence may negatively impact s...
Sleep and Immune Regulation

This chapter will review the current status of research investigating the relationship between sleep and the immune system. It will review basic human experimental research, field studies, and epidemiological and emerging intervention/clinical trial studies. Accumulating evidence suggests that insufficient sleep affects basal levels of immune and inflammatory mediators, as well as the inflammatory reactivity to stressors. Recent, more preliminary, studies have also begun to explore the bidirectionality of the sleep–immune relationship through clinical sleep intervention.
Influence of physical properties of clay soils on their management for sugar production in Guyana

Physical properties of some clays in Guyana’s sugar-cane growing region are reviewed with respect to their influence on management practices for sugar production. High silt contents of the soils caused rapid breakdown of structure of land preparation. Infiltration of water within the profile was highly dependent on cracks. Generally, a moisture content 25-30 per cent was found to be the optimum range at which the soils should be manipulated. Penetration resistance measurements were considered useful for indicating soil water contents at which the soils were trafficable. Differences in clay type were probably the main reason for differences in the soils’ behaviour between the Berbice and Demerara regions of the costal belt. These differences were observed in shrinkage measurements. Management of the clay soils was thought to be closely linked to understanding and enhance processes which caused dehydration, shrinkage and deep cracking within the soil profile.
Synthesis and characterization of heterometallic uranyl pyridinedicarboxylate compounds

Abstract The incorporation of transition metals into hybrid uranyl materials can result in more diverse structural topologies and variations in physical and chemical properties. To explore the impact of transition metals on the uranyl cation, five uranium containing bimetallic chain compounds, [(UO2)M(PDC)2(H2O)4]·4(H2O) (PDC = 2,6 pyridinedicarboxylate; M = Ni2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+) were synthesized by evaporation of aqueous solutions at room temperature. The uranyl cation is complex by two PDC ligands and the transition metal cations bond to the complex to form a one-dimensional chain topology. The presence of the transition metal leads to the presence of a stronger uranyl oxo bonds as shown by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and the Raman spectra. Solid state diffuse reflectance UV/Visible spectra confirmed the presence of the transition metals in the structure by the broad bands that appeared at relevant wavelengths.