cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A prospective study evaluating incision placement and wound healing for tibial plafond fractures.

Objectives: To report the soft tissue complications after fixation of tibial plafond fractures to test the validity of the recommendation that a 7-cm skin bridge represents the minimum safe distance between surgical incisions. Design: Prospective observational cohort. Setting: Level 1 Trauma Center. Patients: A total 42 patients with 46 tibial plafond fractures. Intervention: All injuries had a minimum of 2 surgical approaches for operative management of the tibial plafond and associated fibula fracture (if applicable). Two low-energy injuries had single-stage open reduction internal fixation of the tibia and fibula, and the remaining high- energy fractures had a 2-staged approach to management. Main Outcome Measurements: The surgical approaches used, length of the incisions, distance between the incisions, and overlap between the incisions were recorded. Wound healing was assessed in the outpatient clinic over a 3-month period. Results: Two surgical approaches were used in 32 fractures, and 3 approaches were used in 14 fractures. The mean width of the skin bridge was 5.9 cm. The majority of the skin bridges were 5.0 to 5.9 cm (n = 25) or 6.0 to 6.9 cm (n = 16). Only 17% of the skin bridges were greater than 7.0 cm. Soft tissue complications occurred in 4 (9%) of 46 fractures. Healing of 2 anterolateral incisions was complicated by eschars that ultimately resolved with local wound care. One posterolateral fibular incision failed to heal until the fibular plate was removed. One patient required subsequent surgical procedures for infection. Conclusions: Despite a measured skin bridge of less than 7 cm in 83% of instances, the soft tissue complication rate was low in this group of tibial plafond fractures. With careful attention to soft tissue management and surgical timing, incisions for tibial plafond fractures may be placed less than 7 cm apart, allowing the surgeon to optimize exposures on the basis of injury pattern.
Decomposition-aware layout optimization for 20/14nm standard cells

Decomposition-aware layout design improvements for 8, 9, 11, and 13-track 20/14nm standard cells are presented. Using a decomposition-aware scoring methodology that quantifies the manufacturability of layouts, the Double Patterning Technology (DPT)-compliant layouts are optimized for DPT-specific metrics that include: the density difference between the two decomposition mask layers, the enclosure of stitching areas, the density of stitches, and the design regularity of stitching areas. For a 9-track standard cell, eliminating the stitches from the layout design improved the composite score from 0.53 to 0.70.
Covering The Uninsured: What Is It Worth?

ABSTRACT: One out of six Americans under age sixty-five lacks health insurance, a situation that imposes sizable hidden costs upon society. The poorer health and shorter lives of those without cove...
Autoregulation of fetal serotonergic neuronal development: Role of high affinity serotonin receptors

A microculture technique was used to study the factors regulating the development of fetal rat serotonergic neurons. Mesencephalic raphe cells from E14 rats co-cultured with hippocampal cells from E18 were grown for up to 4 days in the presence of various agents known to alter serotonergic function in the mature brain. Pargyline (a non-specific monoamine oxidase inhibitor) alone and with serotonin (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) both inhibited growth of serotonergic neurons as assessed by uptake of [3H]serotonin. 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), a serotonin agonist with selectivity for serotonin autoreceptors, inhibited growth at low concentrations, but this inhibition was overcome at higher concentrations. Using immunocytochemistry with a primary anti-serotonin antibody, 5-MT was observed to produce stunted processes, increase autoinnervation and lead to neuronal death. A model is proposed whereby high affinity serotonin receptors in fetal brainstem tissue and in fetal forebrain tissue regulate direction and extent of growth. We have confirmed the presence of these receptors using a direct binding assay.
Handedness and stuttering: A dead horse?

Abstract A handedness questionnaire was administered to 446 stutterers and a control group. No significant male/female or stutterer/control effects were found, although both males and stutterers tended to be less right handed. The slight sex effect in handedness is consistent with previously reported studies and with cerebral structural and functional asymmetries.
Valuation of Natural Gas Properties

Earning power, or the present worth of net future income, constitutes a sound basis for the valuation of gas properties. Estimates of earning power require an analysis of the sources of supply, the cost of producing and transporting gas, the market demands, and estimates of gas reserves. Where the property embraces a complete unit extending from producing wells through gathering systems and transmission lines to the distribution plants, the entire system may be appraised as a unit, but separate appraisals of each division are preferred. The soundness of the result must necessarily depend to a great extent on the experience, skill, and insight of the engineer, who, while recognizing the many contingencies which may arise, also assumes that in general the policies which det rmine the present earning capacity will be continued.
Paired helical filaments: Do they contain neurofilament epitopes?

Abstract The presence of neurofilament epitopes in paired helical filaments is discussed in view of a recent study showing no cross-reaction between at least one monoclonal antibody to neurofilament and tau protein.
Pregnancy‐associated anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma of the breast: A rare mimic of ductal carcinoma

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare T-cell lymphoma typically seen in children and young adults. It has been described in numerous sites; however, the breast is one of the least common locations. We herein report a case of ALCL arising in the breast of a 36-yr-old pregnant woman. To our knowledge this is the second such case in the English literature. We would like to highlight the cytologic and histologic features of ALCL, as this case was initially misdiagnosed as a ductal carcinoma. Differential diagnosis with other tumors is also discussed. This case serves to emphasize the importance of the triple test, and the need for correlation of fine-needle aspiration findings with core biopsy findings in breast tumor management.
Genetics of the kunitz trypsin inhibitor: An antinutritional factor in soybeans

The major trypsin inhibitor present in soybean seed [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor or soybean trypsin inhibitor A2 (SBTI-A2). Four types of SBTI-A29 have been identified in the U.S. soybean germplasm collection. Three of the types designated Tia, Tib, and Tic are electrophoretically distinguishable from one another by their different Rf values of 0.79, 0.75, and 0.83, respectively. The three types are inherited as codominant alleles in a multiple allelic system at a single locus. The fourth type which is the absence of SBTI-A2 is found in P.I. 157440 and P.I. 196168. The gene for the lack of SBTI-A2 is designated ti and is inherited as a recessive allele to the other three SBTI-A2 9 types. Tia is the most common SBTI-A2 type in the germplasm collection. Linkage studies revealed that the SBTI-A2 protein is inherited independently of certain morphological characters and chemical components of seed. Potential applications of the SBTI-A2 types are discussed.
An Angler Typology Based on Angler Fishing Preferences

Abstract The purpose of our study was to identify distinct types of anglers with different preferences for fishing opportunities, focusing on anglers in New York State. The sample of anglers who responded to a large statewide survey was randomly assigned to two subsamples (N 1 = 1,769 and N 2 = 1,784) to allow for cross validation of the cluster analysis used to determine angler types. Using a scale that measured basic fishing preferences such as desire for catch, skill development, and fish consumption, we identified seven types of anglers. These types were further described and validated by means of a more specific fishing-preferences scale measuring variables such as the type of water, tackle, fishing methods, and sites preferred. Angler types ranged from the largest groups, namely, skilled, coldwater, fish consumers (24%) and low-skilled, warmwater, fish consumers (17%), to the smallest group, namely, skilled, coldwater, stream anglers (6%). In general, we found that anglers were fishing in the areas ...
Random Procedures for Nonredundant Constraint Identification in Stochastic Linear Programs

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTMany problems involving uncertainty can be formulated as large-scale stochastic linear programs. Standard solution techniques are, however, severely limited by problem size. The programs do, nevertheless, possess special structure that often includes a large proportion of redundant constraints. We present procedures for exploiting this structure by efficiently identifying nonredundant constraints, thereby resulting in a decrease in effective problem size. Our procedures are based on recursively generating random search directions from points within the feasible region.
Image displacement sensing (NDSE) for achieving overlay alignment

In this paper we discuss the application of NDSE [1] (Hewlett Packard’s nanoscale displacement sensing and estimation technology) as an overlay metrology tool. We describe a method where nanoscale displacement sensing forms the basis of a precision alignment measurement. We will then provide a review of experiments performed to assess the accuracy of one particular NDSE algorithm, tracking silicon targets as they translate on a piezoelectric stage under an optical microscope. We conclude by describing upcoming experiments which will incorporate NDSE as an alignment sensor in a nanoimprint lithography application.
Reinforcing effects of nicotine and non-nicotine components of cigarette smoke.

Nicotine and non-nicotine components of cigarette smoke contribute to its reinforcing effects; however, the specific role of each component in maintaining behavior has not yet been elucidated. To assess the reinforcing effects of nicotine and non-nicotine components of cigarette smoke by presenting a concurrent choice paradigm in which participants had access to intravenous (IV) nicotine infusions vs. saline (placebo) infusions and puffs from denicotinized (“denic”) cigarettes vs. air (sham puffs). We also measured the effects on self-administration of prior satiation with each component. Sixteen smokers participated in seven sessions: 1) a baseline smoking assessment, used to tailor the nicotine dose per infusion; 2) two sessions for training discrimination of IV nicotine vs. saline infusions and denic smoke vs. sham puffs; and 3) four sessions assessing choice behavior after different satiation conditions. Denic smoke was self-administered more than any other alternative, including IV nicotine. IV nicotine, however, was preferred over IV saline and sham puffs. Preference for denic smoke vs. IV nicotine was inversely correlated with subjective ratings of “comfort” associated with nicotine. Smoke satiation reduced the number of denic puffs taken during choice periods, while prior nicotine administration did not affect puffing behavior. Smoking withdrawal symptoms were alleviated both by nicotine administration and by denic smoke. In established smokers, non-nicotine aspects of cigarette smoking have potent reinforcing effects. While current smoking cessation pharmacotherapies primarily address the nicotine component of cigarette addiction, future cessation strategies should also be designed to target non-nicotine factors.
Site specific labeling of Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers with dye probes for surface pH measurements.

Abstract Covalently bound pH sensitive dyes are an important tool for characterizing the proteolytic reactions of protein complexes that play key roles in biological energy transduction. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of this method for photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) for the first time, by the highly selective attachment of two thiol reactive derivatives of fluorescein to the two H subunit cysteines of the photosynthetic RC from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 The p K a shifts of the dyes upon binding to the protein and in response to high salt were measured, and interpreted based on the structure of the RC. 2-[(5-fluoresceinyl)aminocarbonyl]ethyl-methanethiosulfonate was attached to Cys H156 and fluorescein-5-maleimide to Cys H234. By following the absorption changes of bound fluorescein (500 nm), and those of the hydrophilic pH indicator 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-tris-sulfonic acid (468 nm), the surface and bulk pH were monitored separately with less than 5% crosstalk. Flash-induced proton uptake and external calibrations by mixing with aliquots of acid were measured in different redox states of the RCs. The results indicate that the charge in the quinone acceptor complex after flash activation (primary quinone acceptor (Q A ) − or secondary quinone acceptor (Q B ) − ) has no effect on the surface pH and potential in the vicinity of these two attachment sites, between pH 6.5 and 9. Application of the method to other surface locations is discussed.
Effect of Titanium Dioxide on the Bleeding of Aluminum Lake Dyes

Abstract An increase in the rate of bleeding of aluminum lake dyes was observed in mixed suspensions containing both titanium dioxide and an aluminum lake dye when pH conditions caused the titanium dioxide to have a net negative surface charge. In mixed suspensions in which titanium dioxide had a high positive surface charge, no difference in bleeding was observed in comparison to lake dye suspensions at the same pH. The degree of bleeding was directly related to the magnitude of the negative surface charge of the titanium dioxide. It is hypothesized that negatively charged titanium dioxide accelerates bleeding of aluminum lake dyes because of surface acidity. The concentrations of aluminum cation and dye in solution in mixed suspensions were initially higher than in control suspensions containing only the aluminum lake dye. The concentration of dye in solution increased with time in both the mixed and control suspensions. The concentration of aluminum cation in solution increased with time in the control suspension but decreased in the mixed suspension. It is believed that aluminum cations which are solubilized by the surface acidity of the titanium dioxide are adsorbed by the negatively charged titanium dioxide particles. Evidence in support of this hypothesis is the change in the electrophoretic mobility of the mixed suspension from negative to positive with time.
Electrochemical preparation and EPR studies of lithium phthalocyanine. 4. Effect of nitric oxide

The suitability of microcrystalline particles of lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) as probes for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based determination of the concentration of molecular oxygen (O2) in biological systems was previously investigated. In the present study, the interaction of nitric oxide (NO) with LiPc and the resultant characteristics of EPR line shape were investigated. The line width was linearly dependent upon the partial pressure of NO (pNO) in the range 0−100 mmHg, whereas beyond 100 mmHg, the relationship was nonlinear. A line-broadening mechanism on the basis of a dual spin model, similar to that proposed for the magnetic interaction of molecular oxygen (O2) with LiPc, is used to interpret the linear dependence. The saturation behavior observed at higher pNO is interpreted on the basis of saturation in the surface coverage due to NO adsorption. The adsorption equilibrium was analyzed utilizing a model similar to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. During dynamic equilibrium at ambient p...
Sugar translocation in two members of the cucurbitaceae

Abstract Stachyose is the carrier for most of the carbon translocated from leaves of the few members of the Cucurbitaceae that have been studied. To extend our understanding of the chemical specificity of carbon translocation in this family, Cucurbita foetidissima and Echinocystis lobata were labeled with 14 CO 2 and the chemical nature of the translocated 14 C-sugars was studied. In both species, stachyose was the major carrier of carbon; raffinose and small amounts of verbascose also appear to have been translocated. Data are not so clear, especially in E. lobata , for sucrose, although they support the thesis that sucrose was also translocated.
Rate-Limiting Aspects of In-Cloud Scavenging

Abstract An elementary analysis of in-cloud scavenging of aerosol particles is presented which clearly displays the potential for identifying the rate-limiting stage of the overall process. From this model one can infer the particle-size dependence of the rainout rate, although it is speculated that perhaps the cloud water removal rate, as opposed to attachment rate, is frequently the rate-limiting stage of in-cloud scavenging.
281 THE SUPRA ADDITIVE EFFECTS: TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) AND CORTISONE ON JEJUNAL Na-K ATPASE IN DEVELOPING RAT

We determined the effect of T3 and cortisone (cort) on jejunal Na-K ATPase in the developing rat. Na-K ATPase in jejunal homo-genates increases two-fold at weaning (21 days). Since serum T3, increases at weaning (20-24 days), we investigated the effect ot T3 on Na-K ATPase. One dose of T3 (0.1 ug/gm body wt) administered at 17 days of age increases Na-K ATPase in suckling 18 day old pups to postwean levels. This activation does not occur in jejunum of 14 and 16 day old or postwean pups. Since endogenous glucocorticoids increase on days 16-18 of age, these data suggest that jejunum only respond to T3 after exposure to glucocorticoids. To test this we treated pups at ages 10-13 days with (cort) (15 ug/gm body wt) and on day 15 with one dose of T3. Na-K ATPase was measured on day 16. Treatment with (cort) increased Na-K ATPase in 16 day old pup jejunum. The addition of T3 and (cort) further stimulated Na-K ATPase to postwean levels in suckling 16 day old pups. These data suggest that the increase in jejunal Na-K ATPase of developing pups is mediated by T3 and that the T3 is only effective in enterocytes exposed to glucocorticoids.
A high numerical aperture, polymer-based, planar microlens array

We present a novel microfabrication approach for obtaining arrays of planar, polymer-based microlenses of high numerical aperture. The proposed microlenses arrays consist of deformable, elastomeric membranes that are supported by polymer-filled microchambers. Each membrane/microchamber assembly is converted into a solid microlens when the supporting UV–curable polymer is pressurized and cured. By modifying the microlens diameter (40-60 μm) and curing pressure (7.5-30 psi), we demonstrated that it is possible to fabricate microlenses with a wide range of effective focal lengths (100–400 μm) and numerical apertures (0.05-0.3). We obtained a maximum numerical aperture of 0.3 and transverse resolution of 2.8 μm for 60 μm diameter microlenses cured at 30 psi. These values were found to be in agreement with values obtained from opto-mechanical simulations. We envision the use of these high numerical microlenses arrays in optical applications where light collection efficiency is important.
Reliability of drug users' self-reported HIV risk behaviors using a brief, 11-item scale.

This study evaluated the reliability of self-reported HIV risk behaviors in 84 substance misusers. The 11-item HIV Risk Behavior Scale was, used to evaluate lifetime, past month, and past week risk behaviors. Cronbach's alpha ranged from .75 to .80 for the three versions. Test-retest reliability for the lifetime version was excellent, with correlations of .90. In addition, 44 clients completed the weekly version once a week for four weeks, as well as the monthly version at the end of the same month. Reliability of responses collected weekly and monthly was good (r=.67, p < .001). Principal component analysis of the items confirmed that the scale measures two distinct HIV risk factors: one related to injecting behaviors and the other to sexual behaviors. These data suggest that the HRBS has satisfactory psychometric properties for measuring lifetime as well as recent HIV risk behaviors in substance misusers. Due to its brevity, this instrument may be a useful clinical and research tool.
Effects of renal failure on the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis

Children with chronic renal failure (CRF) often have retarded growth, and abnormalities of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis in CRF may contribute to this growth failure. The serum GH and IGF levels are normal in these children, but IGF bioactivity is low as a result of excess IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the 35 kd serum fractions. The levels of intact IGFBP-1, -2, and -6 and of a 29 kd IGFBP-3 fragment are all high, and the IGFBP-1 and -2 levels correlate negatively with height. Children with CRF who are treated with GH show catch-up growth that correlates positively with the increase in each component of the 150 kd serum ternary complex (acid-labile subunit, IGFBP-3, IGF-I, and IGF-II). Consistent with this observation, the increase in IGFBP-3 levels is confined to the 150 kd serum fractions. Serum levels of IGFBP-1, -2, and -6 do not rise, but serum IGF bioactivity does. Thus GH appears to induce an increase in the ternary complex in the serum of children with CRF. It is possible that IGFs released by the 150 kd serum complex promote growth by overcoming the inhibitory effects of excess IGFBPs in the 35 kd serum fractions.
Effect of age, clonidine or propranolol on behavioral toxicity induced with digitoxin in mice

In three experiments, behavioral toxicity induced by 5 different dose levels of digitoxin was investigated in mice that were treated with either clonidine or propranolol or were either young (70-140 days), middle aged (240-260) or old (450-600). Observed on four drug-induced behavior categories, it was found that both clonidine and propranolol attenuated the toxic effects of relatively low dose levels of digitoxin, while at higher digitoxin dose levels only propranolol was able to reduce significantly the ED50 and the LD50. The results were discussed in terms of adrenergic mechanisms mediating digitoxin toxicity. Aged mice were found to be the least and middle aged the most resistant to the toxic effects of digitoxin.
The deconfining phase transition - influence of hadron resonances and strangeness

Abstract A model is developed for the hadron gas to the quark-gluon plasma phase transition which includes finite light quark and strange quark chemical potentials. A new generalized phase diagram incorporating the effects of strange particles is introduced and shows the strange chemical potential to be discontinuous. The influence of strange particles on the critical thermodynamic variables is found to be small.
bFGF Administration Lowers the Phosphate Threshold for Mineralization in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a potent mitogen and acts as an autocrine/paracrine factor for osteoblasts. Long-term administration of bFGF in vivo increases osteoblast number and stimulates matrix formation, but induces hypophosphatemia and impairs matrix mineralization. The goal of this study was to examine the interaction between bFGF and low levels of organic phosphate in an effort to better understand the possible long-term therapeutic effects of bFGF. These data show that in vitro administration of bFGF accelerates the calcification process and lowers the phosphate threshold needed for successful bone nodule formation. This correlates well with the observed upregulation of mRNA production for alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin at day 7. These findings help elucidate the mechanisms of bFGF action on bone marrow stromal cell differentiation and mineralization and indicate that the delay in mineralization observed in vivo may not be caused by decreased phosphate availability alone.
Time Series Tests of Endogenous Growth Models

According to endogenous growth theory, permanent changes in certain policy variables have permanent effects on the rate of economic growth. Empirically, however, U. S. growth rates exhibit no large persistent changes. Therefore, the determinants of long-run growth highlighted by a specific growth model must similarly exhibit no large persistent changes, or the persistent movement in these variables must be offsetting. Otherwise, the growth model is inconsistent with time series evidence. This paper argues that many AK-style models and R&D-based models of endogenous growth are rejected by this criterion. The rejection of the R&D-based models is particularly strong.
Ideological Fantasy (PG-13): Lessons for Film Studies

A family-oriented PG-13 film of the 1990s illustrates an argument for a more grounded sense of developmental trauma and social antagonism in studies of ideological fantasy. The paper argues that Hollywood films are often most ideological when production of the romantic couple is tied to resolving the split between domestic and commercial spaces. The analysis suggests that Freud's views of the intimate relation and society can serve as a corrective to overly reified and socially detached uses of Lacan in film studies.
Design of Pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-Secretase Modulators that Align Potency, MDR Efflux Ratio, and Metabolic Stability

Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a series of pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that achieve good alignment of potency, metabolic stability, and low MDR efflux ratios, while also maintaining favorable physicochemical properties. Specifically, incorporation of fluorine enabled design of metabolically less liable lipophilic alkyl substituents to increase potency without compromising the sp3-character. The lead compound 21 (PF-06442609) displayed a favorable rodent pharmacokinetic profile, and robust reductions of brain Aβ42 and Aβ40 were observed in a guinea pig time-course experiment.
Risk factors and outcomes in patients with coronary artery aneurysms

Previous small series have provided conflicting data on the association between coronary artery aneurysms and traditional cardiac risk factors, as well as limited information on patient outcomes. This investigation sought to determine whether the presence of coronary artery aneurysms has an adverse affect on patient outcomes. The results show that coronary aneurysms were an independent predictor of mortality, and overall 5-year survival in patients with aneurysms was only 71%. We believe that clinicians should aggressively monitor and modify coronary risk factors in patients with coronary aneurysms.
Amino Acid-Functionalized Dendrimers with Heterobifunctional Chemoselective Peripheral Groups for Drug Delivery Applications

Dendrimers have emerged as multifunctional carriers for targeted drug delivery, gene delivery and imaging. Improving the functional versatility at the surface for carrying multiple conjugation reactions is becoming vital. Typically, generation four polyamidoamine (G4-PAMAM) dendrimers bear ∼64 symmetrical end groups, often requiring different spacers to conjugate various functional groups (drugs and targeting moities), increasing the synthetic steps. In the present study, a simple one-step synthesis to convert each symmetrical end group of G4-PAMAM dendrimers into two reactive, distinct orthogonal and chemoselective groups is described. A near-complete end-capping of the dendrimers (87−93%) with amino acids results in heterobifunctional G4-PAMAM dendrimers bearing a very high (≥110) diverse peripheral end groups (OH+NHBoc, OH+COOMe, SH+NHBoc, and COOH+NHBoc). Postfunctionalization ability of these dendrimers was evaluated. The heterobifunctional groups at the dendrimer periphery could be chemoselectively ...
Decreasing Missed Opportunities for HIV Testing in Primary Care through Enhanced Utilization of the Electronic Medical Record.

Objectives: We sought to decrease “missed opportunities” for HIV testing by implementing an electronic medical record based intervention designed to increase HIV testing among previously untested men and women ages 18-64 seeking primary medical care in an urban publicly-funded health care system. Methods: In July 2010, we implemented an electronic medical record based reminder to alert providers to the absence of an HIV test among all patients’ ages 13-64 years old. We compared the rate of missed opportunities for HIV testing among primary care patients seen during the two and a half years before the intervention with that of patients seen during the two years after the intervention was begun. A “missed opportunity” was defined as the failure of a previously untested patient to obtain HIV testing despite having made one or more primary care office visits during a specified time period. Results: After the implementation of HIV testing reminders, first-time HIV testing increased significantly for both men and women 18-64 years old, resulting in a significant reduction in “missed opportunities.” The intervention was equally effective across different racial and ethnic groups. An increase in new HIV diagnoses after the intervention was observed, consistent with an increase in the number of individuals in the population who received testing. Conclusions: An electronic medical record-based reminder can significantly increase HIV testing among men and women ages 18-64 who are seeking primary care services.
“Budgets, Institutions, and Change: Criminal Justice Policy in America” Revisited

Calderia and Cowart published an article that theorized that presidents are responsive in their budgetary responsibilities to increases in official crime rates. The scope of their study was the years 1935 to 1975, and their findings supported their theory that presidents were engaged in substantive policy making. The current study replicates and updates the original research to determine if presidents continue this pattern of increasing budgets to fight increases in reported crime, as originally theorized. The authors theorize that in more recent years, criminal justice policy became more symbolic and is often a gesture used by presidents to gain political and popular support. This study finds that in the time frame after the original study, the same patterns do not hold true, and budgetary allocations are no longer responsive to the rise and fall in official crime rates, thus demonstrating support for the theory of symbolics.
Behavioral Effects of Receiving Agreement or Disagreement from a Peer

To test predictions generated from the affectreinforcement theory of attraction, 42 college students interacted with a peer whose attitudes were highly similar to their attitudes (agreement) and a person whose attitudes were highly dissimilar (disagreement). Following an initial interaction in which the degree of attitude similarity became obvious to the subjects, they had to choose one of the peers for continued discussion about two of the attitude topics. Two-thirds of the subjects chose to talk to the disagreeing peer (az .05); furthermore, more often the subjects chose to talk about topics on which they were in disagreement with the peer (p<.001).
Isotopic evidence for a terminal lunar cataclysm

Most highland total rock samples define a single U-Pb isochron which corresponds to a metamorphism age of about 3.9 aeons. This age is also obtained for internal U-Pb isochrons for some of these samples. The data on 18 rock samples range from concordant samples with U-238/Pb-206 ratio of about 1.2 to discordant ones with U-238/Pb-206 ratio of about 0.02. This feature, coupled with a correlated pattern of U-238/Pb-204 ratios, indicates that Pb was extensively mobilized at about 3.9 aeons. The observed Pb-U fractionation is essentially due to Pb volatilization during the metamorphic events. Volatile Pb transport is not accompanied by similar effects in Rb and must therefore be attributed to a specific process. Rb-Sr internal isochrons for the same rocks determine distinct metamorphic events in the interval 3.85 to 4.00 aeons. It is concluded that highland samples from widely separated areas bear the imprint of an event or series of events in a narrow time interval which can be identified with a cataclysmic impacting rate of the moon at about 3.9 aeons, although diffrentiation by internal magma generation cannot be excluded.
Highly sensitive fluorimetric enzyme immunoassay for prostaglandin H synthase solubilized from cultured cells.

Abstract A highly sensitive fluorimetric enzyme immunoassay was developed for prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase, an intrinsic membrane protein, using n-octyl β-D-glucopyranoside for solubilization of the synthase from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. An anti-PGH synthase IgG-coated polystyrene ball was reacted with a PGH synthase standard or crude detergent extract of cells, washed to remove the detergent, and then incubated with anti-PGH synthase Fab'-β-D-galactosidase conjugate. The bound β- D -galactosidase activity was quantitated with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β- D -galactoside, a fluorogenic substrate. The detection limit for the PGH synthase standard was found to be 1.0 pg/assay. The sensitivity of this assay is increased by about 2–3 orders of magnitude over those of previously reported radioimmunoassay or colorimetric enzyme immunoassay. The high sensitivity of the fluorimetric enzyme immunoassay allowed reliable detection of low levels of human PGH synthase in small samples of cultured cells. Our studies with this fluorimetric immunoassay for the synthase developed a general method for determination of membrane-bound proteins at ultrasensitive levels.
Optimizing Cluster Heads for Energy Efficiency in Large-Scale Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Many complex sensor network applications require deploying a large number of inexpensive and small sensors in a vast geographical region to achieve quality through quantity. Hierarchical clustering is generally considered as an efficient and scalable way to facilitate the management and operation of such large-scale networks and minimize the total energy consumption for prolonged lifetime. Judicious selection of cluster heads for data integration and communication is critical to the success of applications based on hierarchical sensor networks organized as layered clusters. We investigate the problem of selecting sensor nodes in a predeployed sensor network to be the cluster heads to minimize the total energy needed for data gathering. We rigorously derive an analytical formula to optimize the number of cluster heads in sensor networks under uniform node distribution, and propose a Distance-based Crowdedness Clustering algorithm to determine the cluster heads in sensor networks under general node distribution. The results from an extensive set of experiments on a large number of simulated sensor networks illustrate the performance superiority of the proposed solution over the clustering schemes based on k-means algorithm.
Changes in the Habitat and Fish Community of the Milwaukee River, Wisconsin, Following Removal of the Woolen Mills Dam

Abstract We evaluated the response of fish habitat, biotic integrity, and populations of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and common carp Cyprinus carpio to the 1988 removal of the low-head Woolen Mills Dam from the Milwaukee River. After dam removal, instream habitat improvement work was done on a portion of river within the former impoundment, and a short reach just below the dam site was rerouted for bridge construction. Before dam removal in 1988, the two stations in the impounded reach of the river had fair habitat quality, few smallmouth bass, abundant common carp, and poor biotic integrity. Five years after dam removal, habitat quality was good to excellent, smallmouth bass abundance and biomass had increased substantially, common carp abundance and biomass had declined dramatically, and biotic integrity was good. A reference station on the nearby North Branch of the Milwaukee River had few major changes over the same time period, although common carp abundance and biomass did decline somewhat....
Relationship between Factor V and Activated Factor X in the Generation of Prothrombinase

OPTIMAL conversion of prothrombin to thrombin requires the presence of at least four factors, namely, factor V (pro-accelerin, Ac-globulin), factor X (Stuart-Prower factor) in an activated form (Xa), phospholipids and calcium ions. It has been demonstrated that these species can react together to form a macromolecular complex which has prothrombinase activity1. In this communication prothrombinase is defined as the enzymatic activity which produces a conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Part-time faculty in academic pediatrics, medicine, family medicine, and surgery: the views of the chairs.

Objective.—To describe the number of academic medical faculty working part time, the ranks and genders of part-time faculty, the satisfaction with having part-time faculty, and the advantages/disadvantages of employing part-time faculty as reported by department chairs. Methods.—We mailed a survey to all chairs of departments of pediatrics, medicine, family medicine, and surgery in the United States and Puerto Rico. The survey assessed whether the department employed part-time faculty (defined as faculty working more than 0.5 full-time equivalent but less than 1.0 full-time equivalent), the ranks and genders of all faculty, satisfaction (on a 6-point Likert scale from 1 [extremely satisfied] to 6 [extremely dissatisfied]), and advantages/disadvantages of part-time faculty. Results.—Chairs from 308 (59%) of 519 departments completed the survey. Overall, 85% of departments surveyed employed part-time faculty—94% of pediatrics departments employed part-time faculty, 89% of medicine departments, 86% of family medicine departments, and 72% of surgery departments. The average rating for satisfaction with having part-time faculty in the department was 2.3—between very satisfied and satisfied. Advantages of employing part-time faculty most frequently cited were keeping talented people in the workforce who might otherwise leave; leveraging financial resources; and skills of part-time faculty. The most frequently cited disadvantages were less academic productivity of part-time faculty and lack of shared goals/values of part-time faculty with the department. Overall, more advantages than disadvantages were cited. Part-time faculty tended to have lower academic rank than full-time faculty. Conclusions.—Most chairs of departments surveyed employed part-time faculty and were very or extremely satisfied with having part-time faculty. A variety of advantages and disadvantages were cited, with advantages outweighing disadvantages.
Melt segregation in anatectic granites: a thermo-mechanical model

Abstract The generation and initial migration of magma produced by crustal anatexis involves partial melting and at least partial separation of melt from residual solid. The generation of anatectic granitic magma is thus governed by the flow of heat, melt and residual solid. A model which couples two-phase flow in porous media and heat flow was developed to simulate the evolution of anatectic melt around a mantle-derived mafic heat source. Results of our modelling suggest that emplacement of a mafic intrusion in the lower crust may result in partial melting of the crustal rocks and, if sufficient porosity is produced by melting, in migration and segregation of the anatectic melt. Segregation of the melt and its residuum was significant in models in which at least 25% melting of the host rock occurred. As an example, our calculations indicated that a 5-km-thick mafic intrusion emplaced in country rocks with an initial temperature of 800°C will create a zone of partial melting 5 km thick above and below the intrusion. In this case migration and segregation of the melt will produce a layer of magma approximately 1 km thick above the intrusion, and an even larger volume of melt below the intrusion. The anatectic magma moves upward by disaggregating the partially melted country rocks which form the roof of the evolving magma chamber. Upward migration by this process is limited to the portion of the crust which is partially melted by heat from the intrusion. The process of melt migration will modify the melt composition by both zone-refining and fractional crystallization in the initial stages of melt accumulation.
Two new species of Paraorygmatobothrium Ruhnke, 1994 (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae) from the smooth-hound Mustelus mustelus (L.) and the gummy shark M. antarcticus Günther (Carcharhiniformes: Triakidae).

Two new tetraphyllidean species, Paraorygmatobothrium bai n. sp. and P. rodmani n. sp., are described from the smooth-hound shark Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus) and the gummy shark M.s antarcticus Gunther, respectively. The two species are generally consistent in morphology with the nine existing species of Paraorygmatobothrium Ruhnke, 1994. P. bai n. sp. and P. rodmani n. sp. differ from the existing species of Paraorygmatobothrium in exhibiting gravid proglottids on the strobila. P. bai n. sp. differs from P. rodmani n. sp. in testicular shape and number, in addition to significant differences in body length, and terminal and subterminal proglottis length to width ratios. Description of these two new species increases the known number of species of Paraorygmatobothrium to 11.
Effect of diet and encephalomalacia on the fatty acid composition of the brain of young and old chickens

Encephalomalacia was induced in chickens more than 64 days old by feeding a high linoleic acid diet with an antioxidant (ethoxyquin) for 64 days and then deleting the antioxidant.
A modified Fritz John optimality criterion

A modified Fritz John optimality criterion is presented for a certain class of nonlinear programming problems.
Wormhole solution in coupled Yang-Mills axion system

We show that wormhole solutions arise naturally in the effective action, resulting from a heterotic string theory, in which Einstein gravity is coupled to the antisymmetric tensor and an SU(2) Yang-Mills field. The Peccei-Quinn scale in this case gets related to the string tension which is natural in any string compactification.
A fast scintillator Compton telescope for medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy

The field of medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy urgently needs a new mission to build on the success of the COMPTEL instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. This mission must achieve sensitivity significantly greater than that of COMPTEL in order to advance the science of relativistic particle accelerators, nuclear astrophysics, and diffuse backgrounds, and bridge the gap between current and future hard X-ray missions and the high-energy Fermi mission. Such an increase in sensitivity can only come about via a dramatic decrease in the instrumental background. We are currently developing a concept for a low-background Compton telescope that employs modern scintillator technology to achieve this increase in sensitivity. Specifically, by employing LaBr 3 scintillators for the calorimeter, one can take advantage of the unique speed and resolving power of this material to improve the instrument sensitivity while simultaneously enhancing its spectroscopic and imaging performance. Also, using deuterated organic scintillator in the scattering detector will reduce internal background from neutron capture. We present calibration results from a laboratory prototype of such an instrument, including time-of-flight, energy, and angular resolution, and compare them to simulation results using a detailed Monte Carlo model. We also describe the balloon payload we have built for a test flight of the instrument in the fall of 2010.
A high protein moderate carbohydrate diet fed at discrete meals reduces early progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced breast tumorigenesis in rats.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in American women. Dietary factors are thought to have a strong influence on breast cancer incidence. This study utilized a meal-feeding protocol with female Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate effects of two ratios of carbohydrate:protein on promotion and early progression of breast tissue carcinomas. Mammary tumors were induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) at 52 d of age. Post-induction, animals were assigned to consume either a low protein high carbohydrate diet (LPHC; 15% and 60% of energy, respectively) or a high protein moderate carbohydrate diet (HPMC; 35% and 40% of energy, respectively) for 10 wk. Animals were fed 3 meals/day to mimic human absorption and metabolism patterns. The rate of palpable tumor incidence was reduced in HPMC relative to LPHC (12.9 ± 1.4%/wk vs. 18.2 ± 1.3%/wk). At 3 wk, post-prandial serum insulin was larger in the LPHC relative to HPMC (+136.4 ± 33.1 pmol/L vs. +38.1 ± 23.4 pmol/L), while at 10 wk there was a trend for post-prandial IGF-I to be increased in HPMC (P = 0.055). There were no differences in tumor latency, tumor surface area, or cumulative tumor mass between diet groups. The present study provides evidence that reducing the dietary carbohydrate:protein ratio attenuates the development of mammary tumors. These findings are consistent with reduced post-prandial insulin release potentially diminishing the proliferative environment required for breast cancer tumors to progress.
The electrification of frost deposits

Experiments showed that the exposure of a frost deposit to an air-stream caused ice splinters to be blown away from the deposit. These splinters were negatively charged if the air-stream were warmer than the deposit, and positively charged if it were colder; if they were at the same temperature then no electrification was produced. In a typical experiment, with the frost deposit 10$C warmer than the air-stream, the average charge carried away on a frost splinter was 6 × 10−7 e.s.u. These results can be explained, in sign and magnitude, by the Latham-Mason theory of charge transfer associated with temperature gradients in ice; in the frost-electrification experiments a temperature gradient was produced down a frost needle owing to the difference in temperature between the air-stream and the frost deposit, thus causing the outer and inner tips of the needle to acquire equal and opposite charges. If the needle were then broken and blown off by the air-stream it would carry away a charge of one sign leaving that of the other sign on the frost deposit on which it had grown; the sign of the observed charging was in agreement with the theory. Putting into the temperature-gradient equations measured values of the dimensions of an ice splinter and the temperature difference between its ends it was possible to calculate the theoretical charge residing on the ends of an ice splinter; this value was found to be in good agreement with the measured average charge per splinter.
Characterizing roles of front-end servers in end-to-end performance of dynamic content distribution

This paper investigates the roles of front-end (proxy) servers in improving user-perceived performance of dynamic content distribution. Using Bing and Google search services as two case studies, we perform extensive network measurement and analysis to understand several key factors that affect the overall user-perceived performance. In particular, we develop a simple model-based inference framework to indirectly measure and quantify the (directly unobservable) "frontend-to-backend fetching time" comprised of the query processing time at back-end data centers and the delivery time between the back-end data centers and front-end servers. We show that this fetching time plays a critical role in the end-to-end performance of dynamic content delivery.
The Origins and Principles of the World Data Center System

Archival research shows that the designers of the International Geophysical Year intended the World Data Centers to allow full and open access to scientific workers while respecting the right of individual investigators to publish results. World Data Centers A, B, and C were formulated to cover the United States, the Soviet Union, Europe, and Asia with multiple copies of datasets to ensure against catastrophic destruction of data and offer multiple access points to researchers and students.