cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
17β-ESTRADIOL DOWNREGULATES KUPFFER CELL TLR4-DEPENDENT P38 MAPK PATHWAY AND NORMALIZES INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION FOLLOWING TRAUMA-HEMORRHAGE

Although studies have shown that 17beta-estradiol (estradiol) normalized Kupffer cell function following trauma-hemorrhage, the mechanism by which E2 maintains immune function remains unclear. Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) initiates an inflammatory cascade, involving activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). This leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, we hypothesized that the salutary effects of estradiol on Kupffer cell function following trauma-hemorrhage are mediated via negative regulation of TLR4-dependent p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB. TLR4 mutant (C3H/HeJ) and wild type (C3H/HeOuJ) mice were subjected to trauma-hemorrhage (mean BP 35+/-5 mmHg approximately 90 min, then resuscitation) or sham operation. Administration of estradiol following trauma-hemorrhage in wild type mice decreased Kupffer cell TLR4 expression as well as prevented the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB. This was accompanied by normalization of Kupffer cell production capacities of IL-6, TNF-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, and MIP-2 and the decrease in plasma cytokine levels. In contrast, TLR4 mutant mice did not exhibit the increase in Kupffer cell p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB activation, cytokine production, or the increase in circulating cytokine levels following trauma-hemorrhage. No difference was observed in activation of PI3K among groups. These results suggest that the protective effect of estradiol on Kupffer cell function is mediated via downregulation of TLR4-dependent p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling following trauma-hemorrhage, which prevents the systemic release of cytokines.
An improved method for the determination of the reservoir-gas specific gravity for retrograde gases

A method is presented that provides an improved estimate of the reservoir-gas specific gravity for retrograde-gas reservoirs from field production information. This method offers several improvements over previous methods. First, a new term has been introduced into the gas-gravity equation in order to emulate the exact solution of the equation. This term, the additional gas production, G/sub pa/, accounts for the gas production from the low-pressure separator and stock tank. Second, a correlation for the vapor equivalent of the primary-separator liquid, V/sub eq/, has been improved. And third, G/sub pa/ and V/sub eq/ correlations were developed for both two-stage and three-stage separation systems. These correlations were developed with the flash liberation results from 234 laboratory fluid analyses. The models were fit to the data by nonlinear regression. The estimate of the reservoir-gas specific gravity is significantly improved by incorporating the new G/sub pa/ and improved V/sub eq/ correlations into the gas-gravity equation. Also, the improved V/sub eq/ correlation, which accounts for the low-pressure separator gas, stock-tank gas, and rock-tank liquid production, can be used to obtain better estimates of reservoir fluid withdrawal.
Transcriptional Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Buffalograsses in Response to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Feeding.

Understanding plant resistance mechanisms at a molecular level would provide valuable insights into the biological pathways impacted by insect feeding, and help explain specific plant tolerance mechanisms. As a first step in this process, we conducted next-generation sequencing using RNA extracted from chinch bug-tolerant and -susceptible buffalograss genotypes at 7 and 14 d after chinch bug feeding. Sequence descriptions and gene ontology terms were assigned to 1,701 differentially expressed genes. Defense-related transcripts were differentially expressed within the chinch bug-tolerant buffalograss, Prestige, and susceptible buffalograss, 378. Interestingly, four peroxidase transcripts had higher basal expression in tolerant control plants compared with susceptible control plants. Defense-related transcripts, including two peroxidase genes, two catalase genes, several cytochrome P450 transcripts, a glutathione s-transferase, and a WRKY gene were upregulated within the Prestige transcriptome in response to chinch bug feeding. The majority of observed transcripts with oxidoreductase activity, including nine peroxidase genes and a catalase gene, were downregulated in 378 in response to initial chinch bug feeding. The observed difference in transcript expression between these two buffalograss genotypes provides insight into the mechanism(s) of resistance, specifically buffalograss tolerance to chinch bug feeding.
Work in progress — Sustainability and senior design at the University of San Diego

Engineering senior design courses fill a critically important role in the curriculum forming a bridge between school and the workplace. Although sustainability is one of ABET's considerations for design, it is often overlooked in student projects. In 2010–2011, the instructors for the senior design sequence in electrical engineering (EE) at the University of San Diego (USD) chose sustainability as a theme. The USD Director of Sustainability worked with the instructors to suggest some projects, students suggested others, and industry input was obtained. Mechanical engineering (ME) students were invited to participate on projects where their skills were beneficial. Projects included Carpool Companion (EE only), Smart Shower (EE only), Engineering a Brighter Sudan (EE/ME), Cycle to Sustain (EE/ME), and TOCOM: An Energy Management Laboratory (EE/ME). Sustainability also became a theme for the instructors as they considered logistics of peer review, evaluation of reports, and distribution of class materials. As students better understood the concept of sustainability, they suggested that more should be done electronically. This work-in-progress discusses the logistics and experiences of incorporating sustainability into a senior design course. This information should be helpful to other engineering instructors aiming to incorporate sustainability into their senior design courses.
The polypeptide composition of subunit I of beef heart cytochrome oxidase.

Abstract It has been shown that subunit I of cytochrome oxidase (∼ MWt. 40,000) can be resolved into a number of smaller polypeptides. This resolution apparently occurs through two stages with the generation of polypeptides of approximate molecular weights of 20,000 and 8,500.
Induction of lambda prophage and of mutations to streptomycin resistance in separate small fractions of a lysogenic derivative of Escherichia coli B/r by very low doses of ultraviolet light.

The number of induced mutations to streptomycin resistance is compared at doses of ultraviolet (UV) light between 0.2 and 6.4 J/m2 in a Uvr- (excision-deficient) derivative of E. coli B/r, strain WU, and in its λ lysogen, strain WU(λ). At UV doses up to about 1 J/m2, which converts about 5% of the lysogenic population into infective centers, no difference is observed in the number of mutations to streptomycin resistance produced by the two strains. It is concluded that the capacity to produce UV-induced mutations is not coupled with lysis due to the induction of λ prophage at low doses of UV radiation. At UV doses above 1 J/m2, the number of mutants detected in the lysogenic strain decreases appreciably compared to the number detected in the nonlysogen, and is only about 10% as high at UV doses of 3 J/m2 and higher, doses which cause maximal induction of prophage. The results are compatible with the operation of a common “all-or-none” induction signal resulting in expression of UV-inducible functions at high UV doses, but not at low doses.
Factors influencing success in a Fairweather model mental health program

A mixed design study explored factors contributing to success and satisfaction in a Fairweather Model mental health organization. Methodology included chart audits, employee surveys, and resident interviews. The study found multiple factors leading to success in this model with emphasis on motivation, mental and chemical health, and family support. Comprehensive services, high quality of living, and peer support were identified as leading to success and satisfaction in the model.
Pricing Milk in Federal Order Markets

TWO types of price series are used as the basis for pricing most of the approximately 54 billion pounds of milk regulated by federal milk orders in this country. They are: (a) product price formulas, which are calculated by multiplying prices for manufactured products, such as butter and non-fat dry milk or cheese, by yield factors and deducting a manufacturing allowance; and (b) competitive pay price series, which are prices paid farmers for manufacturing grade milk at non-regulated manufacturing milk plants. Competitive price series that have been used include the "Midwest condensary" price, "local plant" averages, "U.S. average 3-product manufacturing grade milk" price, and the "Minnesota-Wisconsin" price. The Minnesota-Wisconsin price series is most widely used. It is the basis for Class I prices in all but six of the 67 Federal milk orders in the country and is a factor in determining surplus class prices in about twothirds of the federal milk order markets. However, its validity has been questioned by various factions in the dairy industry. A difference of as little as one cent per hundredweight either way could alter farmers' milk receipts, by close to $5 million annually in federal milk order markets alone. Therefore, an analysis of this price series was felt to be of great importance. This paper summarizes such an analysis.
Conical Flow from Quenched Jets in sQGP

Abstract We review recent theoretical developments in understanding the many-body perturbative QCD dynamics of strongly-interacting hard probes in dense nuclear matter. The relation between initial- and final-state parton scattering in nuclei and the quark-gluon plasma and experimental measurements of the Cronin effect, nuclear shadowing, jet quenching, modified di-hadron correlations and forward rapidity particle suppression in p + A and A + A reactions is clarified. Our approach emphasizes the process dependence of nuclear effects and outlines the techniques for their dynamical calculation and incorporation in simulations that build upon collinear factorization in QCD.
Quality of education and economic growth

Abstract This paper assesses the impact of school quality on student outcomes, particularly job performance, and subsequently on economic growth. It begins by showing that ‘investment in human capital’ has evolved from being viewed as simply an investment of student time to including interactions between time and monetary resources which may serve to improve school quality. Evidence is provided from studies of both elementary/secondary schooling and post-secondary education, and from studies of developed and less developed nations. It appears that school quality has substantially greater impact on changes in students' cognitive and behavioral outcomes in less developed than advanced countries. Yet school quality seems to effect lifetime earnings of all students regardless of the level of development of their nations. The paper explains why. in some cases, more years and money spent for schooling may not necessarily appear to reflect higher earnings. Explanations are provided for differences in the impact of school quality on student changes. A major one is the fact that there are significantly diminishing returns to expenditures on schooling, along with the fact that expenditure levels are so much lower in the poorer countries. Reasons are provided as to why, if institutional differences do not account for changes in students in wealthier nations, these differences should still account for differences in earnings. Factors such as measurement problems and institutional arrangements come into play in this regard. The paper concludes that improvement in the quality of schooling provided in developing countries may be more important tor the future economic prospects of these nations in the long run than will expanded access to poor quality education.
Evidence relating subjective contours and interpretations involving interposition.

Subjective contours, according to one theory, outline surfaces that are apparently interposed between the viewer and background (because of the disruption of background figures, sudden termination of lines, and other interposition ‘cues’) but are not explicitly outlined by intensity discontinuities. This theory predicts that if the cues are not interpreted as evidence of interposition, no intervening surface need be postulated, hence no subjective contours would be seen. This prediction, however, is difficult to test because observers normally interpret the cues as interposition evidence and normally see the subjective contours. Tests are reported on a patient with visual agnosia who is unable to make the usual interposition interpretations and unable to see subjective contours, but has normal ability to interpret standard visual illusions, stereograms, and in particular, stereogram versions of the standard subjective contour figures, which elicit to him strong subjective edges in depth (corresponding to ...
Shuttle science missions officially postponed

As expected, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) postponed the Astro 1, Ulysses, and Galileo missions pending the investigation into the shuttle disaster on January 28, 1986 (Eos, February 4, 1986, p. 57). The Astro 1 visible and ultraviolet telescopes had been planned to fly in March to view Comet Halley during the times of the European, Japanese, and Russian spacecraft encounters. Ulysses (formerly the International Solar Polar Mission) had been planned for a May launch and was to have used a Jupiter swing-by to escape the ecliptic plane. Galileo, a tandem Jupiter orbiter and probe, was also scheduled for a launch during the May “window” for Jovian missions.
Endoscopic Fourier-Domain Angle-Resolved Low Coherence Interferometry for Assessing Nuclear Morphology in Human Epithelial Tissues

Endoscopic Fourier-domain angle-resolved low coherence interferometry has been developed for depth resolved light scattering spectroscopy. System capabilities are demonstrated by determining the nuclei size in tissue phantoms, cell cultures and ex vivo human esophageal epithelium.
Timing of the occurrence of pulmonary embolism in trauma patients

Objective: To determine how soon after trauma pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs and if there is an association between the duration of this interval and mortality. Design: Retrospective case series. Patients: All patients admitted to our trauma service with established PE based on high probability findings on ventilation perfusion scan, positive results on a pulmonary arteriogram, or autopsy from July 1, 1990, to September 30, 1995. Main Outcome Measure: Time interval between injury and PE. Setting: Level I university trauma center. Results: Of 18 255 trauma patients identified, 63 met our criteria for PE (30 using a pulmonary arteriogram; 26, a ventilation perfusion scan; and 7, autopsy). Four patients (6%) had a documented PE on day 1 following injury. Mortality was not correlated with the interval between injury and PE. Of the 63 patients, 58 (92%) had 1 or more established risk factors for thromboembolism. The ratio of PaO 2 to fraction of inspired oxygen was the only factor predictive of mortality ( P =.02, logistic regression analysis). Conclusions: Pulmonary embolism occurs in the immediate period following injury. Aggressive workup in patients with signs consistent with PE should be instituted promptly. Trauma patients who have at least 1 risk factor for thromboembolism should receive prophylaxis as soon after injury as possible. Arch Surg. 1997;132:862-867
An exponential formula for heart rate dependence of QT interval during exercise and cardiac pacing in humans: Reevaluation of Bazett's formula

Abstract A new exponential formula to characterize the human RR-QT relation was evaluated in comparison with Bazett's formula in 16 subjects: 10 healthy, normal men (ages 18 to 30 years) who exercised on a stationary bicycle, and 6 patients (ages 50 to 80 years; 2 women and 4 men) with rate-programmable VVI pacemakers whose rates were changed by an external programmer. The RR and QT intervals for heart rate in the range of 50 to 180 beats/min were measured from electrocardiographic tracings recorded at a paper speed of 100 mm/s. The data from each subject were fitted separately by 4 formulas by an appropriate regression analysis using a statistical package program: (F1) QT = A1 — B1∗Exp(−k1∗RR) ; (F2) QT = A2[1-Exp-(−k2∗RR)] ; (F3) QT = A3∗√(RR)+B3 ; and (F4) QT = A4∗√(RR) , where all A, B, and k are regression parameters. The relative goodness of fit of data by the 4 formulas was assessed by the mean-squared residual and the Akaike Information Criterion using Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests. This analysis confirmed that F1 is the best model among the formulas tested and F4 (Bazett's formula) is the least acceptable for both exercised and paced groups. The deviations from Bazett's formula were more striking for the paced group than for the exercised group, as reflected by the mean-squared residual values for F4 (715 ± 86 for the paced group vs 384 ± 41 for the exercised group, p
Calculation of pressure broadening parameters for the CO-He system at low temperatures

Theoretical pressure broadening parameters were computed for the 0-1 and 1-2 rotational transitions of CO in He at very low temperatures and compared with the recent experimental measurements at 4.2 K. The interaction potential was taken from extensive SCF-CI calculations, molecular collision dynamics were described by essentially exact converged close coupling calculations, and pressure broadening cross sections were obtained from the collisional S matrices within the accurate Fano-Ben Reuven framework. Resonances at low collision energies give rise to an increase in the thermally averaged cross sections at low temperatures. Although previous calculations for this system at higher temperatures (77-300 K) were in good accord with experiment, at 4.2 K predicted values are about two times larger than experiment; possible sources of this discrepancy are discussed.
Growth Machine Up-Links: Urban Renewal and the Rise and Fall of a Pro-Growth Coalition in a U.S. City:

Recent research examining post-Second World War urban renewal and redevelopment programs acknowledges the pervasive influence of progrowth coalitions and the ideology of “growth” in local politics and decision-making. Yet few researchers have examined the role of state structures, political interests of urban planners and city officials, and the feedback effects of past growth initiatives and conflicts in shaping subsequent growth strategies and the composition of growth coalitions. I draw upon archival data and newspaper articles, real estate industry documents, and planning reports to examine the key actors, important decisions, and political struggles surrounding urban planning and redevelopment efforts in Kansas City, Missouri from 1940 through the 1960s. I use the narrative concepts of path dependency and policy feedback to illustrate how past events and actions, important decisions, and political conflicts can delimit future growth strategies and policy options, altering alliances between progrowth ...
Conditioned control of ingestive behavior by acarbose-induced inhibition of sucrose ingestion in the rat

Abstract It has been reported that the addition of Acarbose, a α-glucosidase inhibitor, to a carbohydrate solution blocks a preference that otherwise would be displayed for that solution. One interpretation of those results is that the alteration in preference was caused by the diminished postabsorptive nutritive value of the diet due to the inhibition of hydrolysis of the carbohydrates, and, thus, its absorption. An alternative explanation is that the reduction in the preference was a consequence of an accumulation of undigested carbohydrates in the lumen of the intestine. In the studies reported here, designed to investigate this alternative explanation, it was shown that Acarbose added to a flavored 0.3 M sucrose solution reduced the preference for that solution in a two-bottle preference test. An analysis of the licking behavior of rats ingesting flavored 0.3 M sucrose solutions with and without the addition of Acarbose revealed that the presence of Acarbose in the test solution caused a conditioned reduction in the rate of licking the test solution at the beginning of the meal and, as a result, a reduction in intake of the solution. This conditioned control of the rate of licking was rapidly acquired and was easily reversed. It was also shown that Acarbose increased fluid retention in the small intestine, suggesting that the conditioning may have been based on the accumulation of undigested disaccharides in the intestinal lumen rather than on the diminished postabsorptive nutritive value of the ingested sucrose. The accumulation of undigested carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract resulting from the presence of Acarbose may play a role in the alterations of conditioned preferences induced by the addition of the compound to test solutions.
Models of HIV-1 Persistence in the CD4+ T Cell Compartment: Past, Present and Future

Abstract The limitations of current anti-retroviral therapies (ART) and the lack of a valid anti-HIV-1 vaccine candidate underscore the need for new therapeutic concepts aiming at the eradication of HIV-1, which represents at the same time an ideal goal and a major challenge for AIDS research. At present, this aim is unattainable due to the existence of cellular and anatomical reservoirs of persistent infection. Memory CD4(+) T cells comprise the largest pool of cells harboring silent, stably integrated HIV-1, which remains undetected by the immune system and refractory to conventional anti-retroviral drugs. The eradication of latent HIV-1 reservoirs will require new, potent and specific therapeutic strategies, which in turn must rely upon a deeper understanding of HIV-1 latency. To facilitate the advancement of our knowledge in this new area of research, several in vitro models of HIV-1 latency in CD4(+) T cells have been established. Here, we dissect and critically compare the rationale behind each experimental approach. Furthermore, we outline new avenues of research that will benefit from these models, including the push toward the development of new classes of viral eradication drugs.
Error resilient video coding for systems with delayed feedback

In systems employing feedback-based error resilience, error propagation can significantly degrade visual quality when feedback delay is in the order of a few seconds. We propose a coding structure based on multiple description coding that mitigates error propagation during feedback delay, and uses feedback to adapt its coding structure to effectively limit error propagation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach at different error rates when compared to conventional coding schemes that use feedback.
Differences in learning between hyperprolinemic mice and their congenic controls

These experiments expanded earlier work on hyperprolinemic mice which showed learning deficits. The following behavioral tasks were used: step-through, passive avoidance; T-maze acquisition; shuttlebox acquisition, and radial-arm maze. Mouse species included PRO/Re-bb (genetically hyperprolinemic mice) and PRO/Re-aa (congenic nonhyperprolinemic controls) obtained from the Jackson Breeding Laboratories. Hyperprolinemic mice were impaired in acquiring T-maze and shuttlebox footshock avoidance behavior. One-trial passive avoidance behavior did not clearly differentiate between the groups. Radial maze performance was poor in both groups due possibly to observed acrophobia and lack of exploratory behavior. The results of this study combined with previously published work suggest that high-brain proline in conjunction with other amino acid changes account for the learning deficits.
Investigating User Ridership Sentiments for Bike Sharing Programs

Bike sharing is considered a state-of-the-art transportation program. It is ideal for short or medium trips providing riders the ability to pick up a bike at any self-serve bike station and return it to any bike station located within the system’s coverage area. The bike sharing programs in the United States are still very young compared to those in European countries. Washington DC was the first jurisdiction to devise a third generation bike sharing system in the US in 2008. To evaluate the popularity of a bike sharing program, a sentiment analysis of the riders’ feedback can be performed. Twitter is a great platform to understand people’s views instantly. Social media mining is, thus, gaining popularity in many research areas including transportation. Social media mining has two major advantages over conventional attitudinal survey methods—it can easily reach a large audience and it can reflect the true behavior of participants because of the anonymity social media provides. It is known that self-imposed censor is common in responding to conversational attitudinal surveys. This study performed text mining on the tweets related to a case study (Capital Bike share of Washington DC) to perform sentiment analysis or opinion mining. The results of the text mining mostly revealed higher positive sentiments towards the current system.
Effect of metabolic acidosis on phosphate transport by the renal brush-border membrane

Metabolic acidosis produces a phosphaturia which is independent of parathyroid hormone or dietary phosphorus intake. To study the underlying mechanism, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and glucose transport were studied in brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from the renal cortex of parathyroidectomized rats gavaged for three days with either 7.5 ml of 1.6% NaCl (control) or 1.5% NH4Cl (acidosis). At killing, blood pH and plasma bicarbonate were 7.36 +/- 0.01 and 21.8 +/- 0.8 mequiv./l, respectively, in control and 7.12 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.01) and 11.1 +/- 1.2 (P less than 0.01) in acidotic rats. Serum Pi was similar in both groups, while 24 h urine Pi excretion was higher in the acidotic group (P less than 0.01). Peak sodium-dependent uptake of Pi, measured after 1.5 min of incubation, was higher in controls than acidotic rats (4442 +/- 464 vs. 2412 +/- 259 pmol/mg protein, P less than 0.01), whereas peak glucose uptake at 1.5 min was not significantly different between the groups. Equilibrium values for Pi and glucose uptake were similar in the two groups. Km for Pi uptake in the control and acidotic animals were not different, 0.036 and 0.040 mM, respectively. By contrast, Vmax was higher in controls than in the acidotic group, 3.13 vs. 1.15 nmol/mg protein per 15 s. These results suggest that metabolic acidosis directly inhibits Pi uptake by the brush border of the proximal tubule by decreasing the availability of Pi carriers of the renal brush-border membrane.
A Somatic Gain-of-Function Mutation in the Thyrotropin Receptor Gene Producing a Toxic Adenoma in an Infant

Background: Activating mutations of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHR) are rare in the neonate and in the pediatric population. They are usually present in the germline, and are either inherited or occur de novo. Somatic mutations in TSHR are unusual in the pediatric population. Methods: We describe a nine-month-old infant with thyrotoxicosis who harbored an activating somatic mutation in TSHR that was not present in the germline. Results: As genomic DNA analysis failed to show a TSHR gene mutation, a radioiodide scan was performed to reveal a unilateral localization of uptake suppressing the remaining thyroid tissue. Genomic and complementary DNA analyses of the active thyroid tissue, removed surgically, identified a missense mutation (D633Y) located in the sixth transmembrane domain of the TSHR. The absence of this TSHR mutation in circulating mononuclear cells and in unaffected thyroid tissue confirmed the somatic nature of this genetic alteration. Conclusions: To the authors' knowled...
Cytoprotection of Human Endothelial Cells From Menadione Cytotoxicity by Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester: The Role of Heme Oxygenase-1

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), derived from various plant sources, has been shown to ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo, and this has been attributed to its ability to reduce oxidative stress. Here we investigated the cytoprotection of CAPE against menadione-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to evaluate potential gene expression involvement. CAPE exhibited dose-dependent cytoprotection of HUVEC. A gene screen with microarrays was performed to identify the potential cytoprotective gene(s) induced by CAPE. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was highly upregulated by CAPE and this was confirmed with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Inhibition of HO-1 activity using the HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPPIX), resulted in loss of cytoprotection. Carbon monoxide, one of HO-1 catabolic products appeared to play a small role in CAPE protection. Caffeic acid, a potential metabolite of CAPE with similar free radical scavenging ability, however, didn't show any cytoprotective effect nor induce HO-1. These findings suggest an important role of HO-1 induction in CAPE cytoprotection against oxidant stress, which may not relate to CAPE structural antioxidant activity nor to its traditional enzymatic activity in decomposing heme but to a yet to be determined activity.
Additional evidence of Mercurian volcanism

Evidence concerned with (1) the character and distribution of terrain surrounding fresh basins; (2) albedo, color, and temporal differences between a basin rim and smooth plains on its floor; and (3) the stratigraphic relations and local distribution of smooth plains in the hilly and lineated terrain are cited as additional evidence for an internal origin of much of the Mercurian smooth plains. Although the question of Mercurian volcanism should be kept open, this evidence together with that presented in an earlier paper suggests that volcanism occurred on Mercury early in its history.
On dense subspaces of generalized ordered spaces

Abstract In this paper we study four properties related to the existence of a dense metrizable subspace of a generalized ordered (GO) space. Three of the properties are classical, and one is recent. We give new characterizations of GO-spaces that have dense metrizable subspaces, investigate which GO-spaces can embed in GO-spaces with one of the four properties, and provide examples showing the relationships between the four properties.
Microearthquakes: Prospecting tool and possible hazard in the development of geothermal resources

Abstract Microearthquakes have been observed near many major geothermal areas around the world. Where detailed data are available, there is a close spatial relationship between microearthquakes and geothermal activity. Earthquakes with magnitudes greater than about 4.5, however, are rarely observed in geothermal areas. Locations of microearthquakes can be used to locate active faults that may channel hot water toward the surface. Earthquakes provide some risk in the development of geothermal regions since during an earthquake the flow of thermal fluid can be enhanced or slowed and structures can be damaged. Modification of reservoir fluid pressure may influence the earthquake activity.
Cross-reactive and type-specific complement-fixing structures of oriboca virions

Characteristics of two components of Oriboca virus were studied after they were separated and semipurified by velocity centrifugation. A component of low infectivity and broad cross-reactivity in the complement-fixation (CF) test had a sedimentation coefficient of 6--7S. Infectious Oriboca virions with hemagglutinating (HA) activity had a sedimentation coeffecient of 457S. These virions cross-reacted broadly with Murutucu viral antibody. The cross-reactive, virion-associated component and a type-specific CF fragment were released from virions by disruption with Nonidet P-40. These CF fragments separated by sucrose gradient equilibrium centrifugation had densities of 1.245gm/ml and 1.181 gm/ml, respectively, and were both interpreted to be envelope structures. The type-specific CF antigen appeared to be related to the viral hemagglutinin in that it blocked hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody, whereas the cross-reactive CF fragment did not.
Nitrogen‐15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N ? H proton exchange reactions of urea, thiourea, acetamide and thioacetamide

Measurements are reported of NH exchange rates of urea, thiourea, acetamide and thioacetamide, using line-shape analysis with natural-abundance ^(15)N NMR spectra. Base-catalyzed NH-proton exchange of thiourea is 30–40 times faster than for urea, while the corresponding acid-catalyzed exchange is 150 times slower. The base-catalyzed proton exchange for thioacetamide is about 1000 times faster than that of acetamide at 25°C, while the corresponding acid-catalyzed exchange is some 260 times slower.
Whole-Egg Diet Delays the Age-Related Impaired Glucose Tolerance of BHE/Cdb Rats:

The effects of dietary egg on the age-related progression of impaired glu- cose tolerance and glomerulonephropathy in diabetes-prone BHWCdb rats were stud- ied. This rat strain mimics the human with NIDDM. The development of impaired glucose tolerance was delayed in rats fed the whole-egg diet, however, feeding this diet resulted in elevated hepatic weight but had no effect on the age-related changes in renal lesions or renal function. We conclude that in this animal model for NIDDM, the development of glomerulonephropathy is independent of the development of im- paired glucose tolerance and that diet can affect the time course for impaired glucose tolerance without affecting renal disease development. (P.S.E.B.M. 1998, Vol 2191
Diagnosis and acute management of patients with concussion at children's hospitals

Objectives To describe the number of hospital admissions for concussion at paediatric hospitals in the USA. To describe the use of imaging and medications for acute concussion paediatric patients. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Children9s hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System in the USA during a 10-year period. Patients All emergency department (ED) visits and inpatient admissions with the primary diagnosis of concussion, defined as International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for: (1) concussion, (2) postconcussion syndrome or (3) skull fracture without mention of intracranial injury with concussion. Main outcome measures The proportion of concussion patients who were hospitalised, underwent imaging or received medication, and the adjusted costs of visits for concussion. Results The number of ED visits for concussion increased between 2001 and 2010 (2126 (0.36% of all ED visits) vs 4967 (0.62% of all ED visits); p Conclusions Although the number of ED patients diagnosed with concussion has increased, the number admitted has remained stable. Concussion patients at paediatric hospitals in the USA commonly undergo CT imaging and receive medication.
Triglyceride sub-classes of various dog adipose tissue sites.

Lipids were extracted from four dog adipose tissue sites, perirenal, pericardial, inguinal subcutaneous, and mesenteric. The triglycerides were purified by thin-layer chromatography and the sub-classes separated by silver nitrate-silica gel plates. Gas chromatography was used to delineate the fatty acid composition of each subclass. The major sub-class was 011, followed by 012, 001, 111 and 112 in that order (0=saturated fatty acid; 1=one double bond; 2=two double bonds). The other components were present in minor amounts. The pericardial triglyceride had more 012 while the perirenal adipose tissue contained less 011 and more 001 than other sites. The other sub-classes were essentially similar.
Dual-chemiresistor GC detector employing monolayer-protected metal nanocluster interfaces.

The synthesis and testing of two gold−thiolate monolayer-protected (nano)clusters as interfacial layers on a dual-chemiresistor vapor sensor array are described. Responses (changes in dc resistance) to each of 11 organic solvent vapors are rapid, reversible, and linear with concentration at low vapor concentrations, becoming sublinear at higher concentrations. Limits of detection (LODs) range from 0.1 to 24 parts per million and vary inversely with solvent vapor pressure. When configured as a GC detector and used to analyze 0.5-L preconcentrated samples of the 11-vapor mixture, the array provides LODs of ≤700 parts per trillion for most vapors, comparing favorably with those from an integrated array of polymer-coated surface acoustic wave sensors configured and tested similarly. This first report on the use of such an array as a GC detector shows that the combination of response patterns and GC retention times improves capabilities for vapor recognition compared to the sensor array alone or to single-dete...
Three Rooms: Archaeology and Performance

This article interweaves the archaeology of three rooms from very different historical contexts - the Greek city of Corinth, nineteenth-century Wales and contemporary London. One aim is to raise questions of how archaeologists construct narratives around the remains of the past and to confront alternative ways of dealing with archaeological empirics. Another aim is to connect archaeology as a discipline with a much broader archaeological theme at the heart of modernity. Themes of power and performativity surface throughout in relation to individual agency and community.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of fusidic acid in plasma

Fusidic acid was determined in plasma by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Fusidic acid was extracted from plasma with acetonitrile that was salted out with ammonium sulfate. Prior to salting out cadmium sulfate was mixed with the acetonitrile-plasma mixture to help remove interfering constituents. A 150 mm × 4.6 mm column packed with 5-μm cyanopropyl stationary phase was used for chromatography. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-20 mM sodium dihydrogenphosphate (pH 3.50) (39:61, v/v). An ultraviolet-visible detector was set at 204 nm. The presence of water in the injection solvent had a significant effect on the fusidic acid peak height. A number of clinically important acquired immunodeficiency syndrome drugs did not interfere with the fusidic acid determination. The relative standard deviation varied between 0.99 and 7.8%. A limit of detection of 200 ng/ml was obtained for a 80-μl injection.
The management of acardiac twins: a conservative approach.

Abstract Objective Optimal management of acardiac twin pregnancies is controversial. Data suggest a 50% mortality rate in the “pump” twin when the pregnancy is managed expectantly. Because of increased antenatal diagnosis, outcomes in expectantly managed cases may be better than reported. Our objective was to determine the outcome of expectantly managed acardiac twin pregnancies. Study design All cases of antenatally diagnosed acardiac twins delivered in our community between 1994 and 2001 were ascertained. All were managed expectantly. Perinatal outcome of pump twins was the primary outcome variable. Results Ten cases were identified. Nine women were delivered of healthy pump twins. There was one neonatal death. The mean gestational age at delivery was 34.2 weeks. The mean weights of the pump and acardiac twins were 2279 g and 1372 g, respectively. Conclusion Neonatal mortality of pump twins in antenatally diagnosed acardiac twin pregnancies may be considerably less than reported. Expectant management with close antepartum surveillance deserves consideration.
NMDA receptor losses in putamen from patients with Huntington's disease

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), phencyclidine (PCP), and quisqualate receptor binding were compared to benzodiazepine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in the putamen and cerebral cortex of individuals with Huntington's disease (HD). NMDA receptor binding was reduced by 93 percent in putamen from HD brains compared to binding in normal brains. Quisqualate and PCP receptor binding were reduced by 67 percent, and the binding to other receptors was reduced by 55 percent or less. Binding to these receptors in the cerebral cortex was unchanged in HD brains. The results support the hypothesis that NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity plays a role in the pathophysiology of Huntington's disease.
Separation of mouse crushed muscle extract into distinct mitogenic activities by heparin affinity chromatography

Extracts from gently crushed adult mouse skeletal muscles (CMEs) contain potent myoblast mitogens, and may be used as a model system to investigate myotrophic factors released by adult muscles following injury. CME was separated into four peaks of mitogenic activity by heparin affinity chromatography. The fraction of CME that did not bind to heparin contained transferrin (Tf). Three peaks of mitogenic activity were eluted from the heparin-agarose columns at NaCl concentrations of 0.4 M, 0.9 M, and 2.0 M. A 46 kDa protein that shared antigenicity with the BB isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) was present in the 0.4 M NaCl eluant. Mitogenic activity in the 2.0 M NaCl peak eluted identically to purified basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), did not act additively to saturating amounts of purified bFGF, and was neutralized by anti-bFGF antibodies. The 0.9 M NaCl eluant acted additively to the combination of three known growth factors for myoblasts, bFGF, insulin-like growth factor I, and epidermal growth factor, to stimulate C2 myoblast proliferation, suggesting this fraction contains a mitogenic activity which does not utilize (and hence compete for) receptors for the known mitogens for myoblasts. Additionally, the 0.9 M NaCl eluant did not stimulate proliferation of fibroblast-like cells derived from muscle tissue. The unbound, 0.4 M NaCl, 0.9 M NaCl, and 2.0 M NaCl eluants from the heparin-agarose column acted additively to one another to stimulate myoblast proliferation. Our data suggest that Tf, PDGF-BB-like molecules, bFGF-like activity, and an uncharacterized heparin-binding myoblast mitogen could be released after muscle injury and act to stimulate satellite cell proliferation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Steady-state sequence synthesis and its application to efficient fat-suppressed imaging.

A new synthesis algorithm, based on the Shinnar-Le Roux (SLR) transform, can be used to generate fully refocused steady-state pulse sequences with arbitrary magnetization profiles as a function of off-resonant precession. This is accomplished by appropriate periodic oscillation of the RF excitation magnitude and phase from echo to echo. The technique is applied to the design of refocused steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequences with flat profiles, providing the opportunity for banding-artifact-free imaging with steady-state contrast. The algorithm is also used to generate refocused-SSFP sequences with an arbitrarily broad region of attenuated signal. These sequences are implemented and applied to the problem of steady-state fat suppression. Preliminary results show signal levels that agree well with theory, and a broad region of suppressed signal at each echo. Total imaging time is kept identical to that of a standard refocused-SSFP experiment through echo equalization and interleaving. 3D images from the leg of a normal volunteer acquired in 44 s demonstrate the applicability of the technique to fat-suppressed imaging.
Mutations in collagen genes resulting in metaphyseal and epiphyseal dysplasias

Genetic mapping and positional cloning of genes, in which mutations lead to osteochondrodysplasias in humans and mice, combined with studies of transgenic mice with mutations in cloned genes, is providing novel and exciting insights into the molecular mechanisms of cartilage and bone development and growth as well as the basis for a variety of osteochondrodysplasias. Studies of mice with targeted disruption of c-src and c-fos have shown that these two genes have essential roles in the function and differentiation of osteoclasts. Combined mouse and human studies demonstrate that a unique extracellular matrix molecule (collagen X) in the mineralizing hypertrophic zone of growth plates is essential for normal growth plate function. Mutations in this molecule cause metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS) in humans. Identification of the gene causing autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia in mice demonstrates that the quantitatively minor fibrillar collagen XI is essential for the cohesive properties of cartilage and the normal differentiation and spatial organization of chondrocytes in growth plates. Finally, mutations in all three collagen components of cartilage fibrils, collagens II, IX, and XI, have been found to cause a spectrum of clinical disorders, ranging from severe, perinatal lethal, osteochondrodysplasias to extremely mild conditions presenting themselves as a genetic predisposition to osteoarthritis.
The self-similar cluster size distribution in random coagulation and breakup

Abstract A self-preserving size distribution profile is developed based on a recent model for the evolution of the cluster sizes in rapidly stirred suspensions where both coagulation and breakup occur concomitantly and randomly (Cohen, R. D., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86, 2133 (1990); 87, 1163 (1991)). An important finding, among others, is that the nature of the size distribution formed by random coagulation and breakup is, as might be expected, markedly different from that involving pure Brownian coagulation.
Effect of Particulate Air Pollution on Lung Function in Adult and Pediatric Subjects in a Seattle Panel Study

Study objective To determine whether increased exposure to particulate matter air pollution (PM), measured with personal, residential, or central site monitoring, was associated with pulmonary function decrements in either adults with COPD or children with asthma. Participants We studied 57 adults with or without COPD and 17 children aged 6 to 13 years with physician-diagnosed asthma in Seattle during a 3-year panel study. Study design and measurements Indoor and outdoor PM measurements were made at subjects’ homes. The subjects wore personal exposure monitors for 10 consecutive 24-h periods, and PM was also measured at a central outdoor location. We assessed the within-subject effect of particulate exposure on FEV 1 and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in adults, and maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF), PEF, FEV 1 , and symptoms in children. Results FEV 1 decrements were associated with 1-day lagged central site PM ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM 2.5 ) in adult subjects with COPD. In children not receiving antiinflammatory medication, same day indoor, outdoor, and central site exposures to PM 2.5 were associated with decrements in MMEF, PEF, and FEV 1 . Associations with PM 2.5 and lung function decrements were also observed for 1-day lagged indoor (MMEF, PEF, FEV 1 ) and personal (PEF only) exposures. Antiinflammatory medication use in children significantly attenuated the PM effect on airflow rates and volumes. Conclusions This study found consistent decrements in MMEF in children with asthma who were not receiving medications. It is notable that effects were observed even though PM exposures were low for an urban area. These findings suggest the need for future larger studies of PM effects in this susceptible population that repeatedly measure spirometry to include MMEF and potentially more sensitive markers of airway inflammation such as exhaled breath condensate and exhaled nitric oxide.
Recent trends and enabling technologies in RF and microwave applications

This paper reviews recent advances and emerging technologies in the RF and microwave area. The status of current semiconductor device technologies and their use in RF commercial applications is reviewed. Substrate and power amplifier requirements for wireless applications are discussed. Examples of modeling techniques and RF circuit applications are presented.