cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tree-Based Minimization of TCAM Entries for Packet Classification

Packet classification is a fundamental task for network devices such as edge routers, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. Currently, most vendors use Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs) to achieve high-performance packet classification. TCAMs use parallel hardware to check all rules simultaneously. Despite their high speed, TCAMs have a fundamental in dealing with ranges efficiently. Many packet classification rules contain range specifications, each of which needs to be translated into multiple prefixes to store in TCAMs. Such translation may result in an explosive increase in the number of required TCAM entries. In this paper, we propose a redundancy removal algorithm using a tree representation of rules. The proposed algorithm removes redundant rules and combines overlaying rules to build an equivalent, smaller rule set for a given packet classifier. This equivalent transformation can significantly reduce the number of required TCAM entries. Our experiments show a reduction of 70.9% in the number of TCAM entries. Besides, our algorithm eliminates requirement of priority encoder circuits. It can also be used as a preprocessor, in tandem with other methods, to achieve further performance imrpovement.
Oviductal and uterine influence on the development of Day-2 equine embryos in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to contrast the influence of the oviductal and uterine environments on development of Day-2 embryos. Embryos were transferred to oviducts or uteri of synchronous recipient mares, or were incubated in oviductal co-culture, in uterine co-culture or in defined culture medium. Significantly more (P 5 7 vs 0 7 , respectively). Significantly more (P 6 7 vs 0 7 , respectively). The rate of embryo development to expanded blastocysts was not significantly different (P > 0.1) in oviductal co-culture versus uterine co-culture ( 3 7 vs 6 7 , respectively), or in oviductal co-culture versus culture in medium ( 3 7 vs 0 7 , respectively). Three of 7 and 6 of 7 embryos developed to hatched blastocysts greater than 2000 μm in diameter during oviductal and uterine co-culture, respectively, while 0 of 7 embryos cultured in medium expanded to greater than 500 μm in diameter. Proportions of embryos that developed for at least 9 days
Endothelin-1-induced priming to capsaicin in young animals

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a known algogen that causes acute pain and sensitization in humans and spontaneous nociceptive behaviors when injected into the periphery in rats. This study sought to examine the effect of ET-1 exposure in the neonatal period on subsequent contralateral capsaicin-induced secondary mechanical hyperalgesia. ET-1 or saline was injected into the left plantar hindpaw on postnatal day 7 (P7). On postnatal day 11 (P11), capsaicin cream or control lotion was applied to the right dorsum hind paw and mechanical paw withdrawal thresholds were measured in the plantar hind paw. In saline control males, P11 administration of capsaicin produced a secondary mechanical hyperalgesia that was still present at 2 h. Neonatal priming with ET-1 did not alter the magnitude or the duration of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in males. In contrast, in control females, P11 administration of capsaicin produced less than 40 min of mechanical hyperalgesia. Neonatal priming with ET-1 prolonged the duration of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in females. Priming with ET-1 on P7 led to a significant increase in capsaicin-induced Fos expression in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in both males and females compared to controls (p < 0.001). These findings further suggest that pain in early life may alter future responses to painful stimuli at both the behavioral and neuronal level.
Upward herniation of the posterior fossa cyst in the shunted child

Seventy-two years after Dandy and Blackfan's initial description of the Dandy-Walker syndrome, controversies still exist regarding the precise methods of treatment for this disorder. One potential complication of simple lateral ventricular shunting is upward herniation of the posterior fossa cyst, which at times can result in precipitous clinical deterioration. We present three examples of posterior fossa cysts with upward herniation and review the pertinent literature. We advocate contrast studies to determine whether aqueductal communication exists, before shunting is performed, as well as close follow-up of the shunted child.
Pharmacist participation in the workforce: 1990, 2000, and 2004.

Objective: To examine work variables for licensed pharmacists for 1990, 2000, and 2004. Design: Three cross-sectional, descriptive studies. Setting: United States. Participants: Licensed pharmacists: 1,623 in 1990; 2,092 in 2000; and 1,564 in 2004. These numbers of usable responses to the three respective surveys represented 54.0%, 42.7%, and 33.8% of those receiving surveys. Intervention: Mailed survey from the 2004 National Pharmacist Workforce Survey; data from the national studies of the pharmacist workforce conducted in 1990 and 2000. Main Outcome Measures: Characteristics of pharmacists; work setting, work position and age distribution of actively practicing pharmacists. Work status of licensed pharmacists; proportion actively practicing pharmacy. Proportion of pharmacists working part-time overall and by age group, weekly hours worked by actively practicing pharmacists, and full-time equivalents (FTEs) by age group. Proportion of pharmacists with secondary pharmacy employment; work setting, hours worked, and weeks worked in secondary pharmacy employment. Results: In each year studied, more than 86% of licensed pharmacists were actively practicing pharmacy. In 2004, the largest proportion of actively practicing women pharmacists was between the ages of 31 and 45, and the largest proportion of actively practicing men pharmacists was between the ages of 46 and 60. Across the survey years, the proportion of all actively practicing pharmacists working part-time increased, and the proportion of women working part-time was at least double that of men except in 2004. In 2004, the FTE contribution for women was 0.81 and 0.91 for men. Conclusion: The decrease in FTE contributions by all pharmacists and the aging of the male pharmacist population raise concerns about the adequacy of current and future pharmacist supply. As the demand for pharmacists continues to evolve, pharmacy must continue to monitor the pharmacist workforce to show how pharmacists react to changes to better inform projections of the pharmacist workforce.
Nitrate reductase-deficient mutants in barley: enzyme stability and peptide mapping☆

Abstract Thermal stability and pH optima of NADH-nitrate reductase-associated cytochrome c reductase and FMNH 2 -nitrate reductase from wild type, cv Steptoe or Winer, and mutants nar 1d, nar 1g, nar 1h, Xno 18 and Xno 19 were compared to determine if structural differences in the nitrate reductase protein could be detected. Also, the nitrate reductase-associated cytochrome c reductase from nar 1d was purified and compared with the wild type by peptide mapping. The pH optimum for FMNH 2 -nitrate reductase from Steptoe and nar 1h, and for NADH-cytochrome c reductase from Steptoe, nar 1d, nar 1g and nar 2a was 7.5. Thermal stabilities of the nitrate reductase-associated activities (FMNH 2 -nitrate reductase or NADH-cytochrome c reductase) from nar mutants were less than the Steptoe wild type, while Xno mutants were equal to the Winer wild type. Cleveland peptide maps of nar 1d NADH-cytochrome c reductase and Steptoe nitrate reductase were identicalwhen digested with endoprotease lys-C but were distinctly different in one peptide when digested with Staphylococcus aureus endoprotease V8. These results provide evidence that nar 1 gene codes for the nitrate reductase polypeptide.
Frutexites from stromatolites of the Gunflint Iron Formation of Canada, and its biological affinities

Abstract The microfossil Frutexites is known from many Palaeozoic and some Proterozoic carbonate sedimentary rocks. We recently found unusually well-preserved examples in the early Proterozoic Gunflint Iron Formation of Ontario, Canada. These are preserved in chert, along with other microfossils of the Gunflint microbiota. The Gunflint examples have previously been described as laminated, columnar-branching microstromatolites. We have found narrow tubes (interpreted as trichome moulds) axially placed in many of the microcolumns. By comparison with extant organisms, we interpret Frutexites as a thick-sheathed scytonematacean cyanophyte. These are the oldest known fossil scytonemataceans. They apparently grew within mats of other microorganisms. These probably were photosynthetic organisms, which may have significant implications in the interpretation of some occurrences, such as in the fore-reef facies of Devonian reefs in Western Australia.
Relation of Dietary Acetate and Lactates to Dry Matter Intake and Volatile Fatty Acid Metabolism

Abstract Effects of feeding lactates and acetate supplemental to a basal ration of two-thirds sorghum silage and one-third mixture of beet pulp and soybean oil meal were determined, using five heifers in a 5×5 Latin-square design. Rations were fed ad libitum. Lactates were added to give 9.0% lactic acid equivalent in the ration dry matter (HL) and acetate at 2.8% acetic acid equivalent (HA) significantly (P Gains in body weight and efficiency of dry matter utilization were higher, but not significantly, when supplements were fed. The HA supplement increased the molar per cent of acetic acid; whereas, the HL supplement decreased the proportion of acetic acid and increased propionic acid. Blood levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were highest for the HL treatment. Blood glucose and ketones were not apparently affected by these supplements. The results suggest that the depression in dry matter consumption and lower rates of gain which often result from feeding silage rations compared to hay are due to factor(s) other than the acetate and lactate contribution of silages.
Neurodegeneration: cellular defences destroyed.

A lack of blood flow can kill nerve cells, by causing a massive influx of calcium ions. But what's happened to the cellular mechanisms for coping with excess calcium?
Which factors drive product sales in OTC markets

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine sales drivers for different OTC product categories.Design/methodology/approach – The study uses data from both consumer and retail panels, which are gathered for various product categories. These long‐term data are analyzed per product category with two specific regression models, mainly time‐series analysis with VAR models and Shapley value regression.Findings – It is found that purchase intention drives sales a lot in general. Besides, it is very important to distinguish seasonal vs non‐seasonal markets. The trend coefficient, which implies the stage of maturity of the market, indicates more or less saturated markets for the examples. The proposed models can be easily applied to different OTC categories without a lot of customization.Research limitations/implications – The study does not take into account different outlets (e.g. online, supermarkets) and does not estimate interaction effects between the single drivers.Practical implications – The paper...
Midazolam: effects on amnesia and anxiety in children.

Background The minimum time interval between administration of oral midazolam and separation of children from their parents that ensures good anterograde amnesia has not been previously determined. This is of particular importance in a busy operating room setting where schedule delays secondary to midazolam administration may not be tolerated. Methods Children (n = 113) undergoing general anesthesia and surgery completed preoperative baseline memory testing using a validated series of picture cards and were randomly assigned to one of three midazolam groups or a control group. Exactly, 5, 10, or 20 min after receiving oral midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) or 15 min after receiving placebo, children were administered a second memory test that used pictures. Anxiety of children was assessed during induction of anesthesia with use of a validated anxiety measurement tool. Postoperatively, recall and recognition for picture cards seen during baseline testing and postintervention testing were assessed. Results Postoperatively, recall and recognition of pictures presented to patients after drug administration (anterograde amnesia) showed significant group differences (P = 0.0001), with recall impaired in the 10- (P = 0.004) and 20-min groups (P = 0.0001). Similarly, recognition memory was impaired in the 5- (P = 0.0008), 10- (P = 0.0001) and 20-min (P = 0.0001) groups. Significant anxiolytic effects of midazolam were observed as early as 15 +/- 4 min after midazolam administration (P = 0.02). Conclusions Midazolam administered orally produces significant anterograde amnesia when given as early as 10 min before a surgical procedure.
Teacher Support and the School Engagement of Latino Middle and High School Students at Risk of School Failure

This investigation examined the effects of social support from teachers on the school engagement of middle and high school Latino students identified as being at risk of school failure. Regression analyses indicated that social support from teachers is an important factor in affective and behavioral aspects of school engagement. Specifically, teachers exerted an important effect on school engagement, beyond the effect of parental support. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for developing more effective dropout-prevention interventions for Latino students.
Spatially and temporally resolved EUV emissions from SATURN Z-pinches

Summary form only given, as follows. EUV emissions can be used to measure several Z-pinch parameters. We have measured implosion velocity from Doppler splitting of lines and estimated electron temperature during run-in from the mean ionization state of line emissions. In an argon pinch we measure an electron temperature of 100 eV before stagnation. To date doppler split lines have measured implosion velocities less than 40 cm/microsecond. We are presently attempting to measure magnetic field or load current from Zeeman splitting and it may be possible to measure electron density from a Stark-broadened line. Opacity and ion thermal broadening may also contribute to line width information. The spectrometer utilizes a variable line space grating to give a flat focal field. Spectral resolution with a 60 micron detector resolution is up to 3000 and generally increases with wavelength. This is sufficient to detect several plasma line broadening mechanisms. The spectrometer may detect lines above 100 /spl Aring/ and below 1400 /spl Aring/. Spectral range across a microchannel plate stripline detector decreases with increasing wavelength setting. We may gate two striplines with 1 to 12 nsec gates at any time during the pinch discharge. Each stripline spatially images the pinch diameter perpendicular to the direction of dispersion. Spatial resolution in the pinch diameter is 1 mm. Spatial acquisition along the Z axis is also 1 mm. We will present data from argon, krypton, and aluminum Z-pinch discharges on the SATURN accelerator.
Report of the working group on studies of cancer and related diseases in migrant populations

The great variation among populations in site-specific cancer risks is well documented. Migrant populations, which represent an experiment of Nature, provide an observational setting in which the contributions of environmental factors and host characteristics to this variability can be investigated; to this end studies of selected migrant populations have been initiated during the past decade. To exchange information on techniques and ongoing investigations and to identify new opportunities for work, the UICC Committee on Studies of Migrant Populations organized a meeting of a Working Group at the East-West Center in Honolulu from February 5 to 12. Scientists from 11 countries (Australia, Colombia, France, Israel, Japan, Norway, Poland, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, United States) participated.
Effects of stress ratio on fatigue life of carbon-carbon composites

Cyclic loading causes cumulative damage and therefore degrades the inelastic properties of composite materials. Present work investigates the damage development under tension-tension fatique, and the effect of stress ratio on the fatigue life of carbon-carbon (CC) composites at room temperature at a frequency of 3 Hz. The fatigue damage has been identified through ultrasonic non-destructive technique, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. From the S-N curve it has been observed that the endurance strength of CC composite is quite high; approximately 85% of the ultimate tensile strength. The fatigue life of CC composites has also been observed to increase with the stress ratio. Matrix cracks, filament splitting within the yarns, complete delamination and the nucleation of the interfacial flaws have been identified as the failure mechanisms during the fatigue tests. On the other hand, the failure modes during the static test were found to be complete fiber fracture accompanied by partial delamination. A statistical fatigue life distribution for carbon-carbon composites has also been presented in this paper.
Representing rock: Poetry and popular music

(1994). Representing rock: Poetry and popular music. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1-12.
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency in hyperandrogenism

OBJECTIVE: Deficient adrenocortical 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity has been reported in 5% to 30% of hyperandrogenic women. Our objective was to determine the incidence and degree of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiencies in hyperandrogenism. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of adrenal function in patients with hyperandrogenism was performed in a tertiary care university medical center. Eighty-six consecutive patients with hirsutism or hyperandrogenic oligomenorrhea were studied; 26 healthy eumenorrheic women served as controls. All subjects underwent serum sampling at rest and a 1-hour adrenal stimulation test with 1 mg of intravenously corticotropin-(1-24). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, sex hormone—binding globulin, total and free testosterone, and luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones were measured in basal serum; dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17-hydroxypregnenolone were measured in basal and corticotropin-stimulated serum. On the basis of experience with genetically defined 21-hydroxylase late-onset adrenal hyperplasia, patients were presumed to suffer from 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase—deficient late-onset adrenal hyperplasia if they demonstrated a dehydroepiandrosterone or 17-hydroxypregnenolone response to corticotropin-(1-24) stimulation (absolute poststimulation level or net increment) greater than threefold the upper 95th percentile of controls. RESULTS: Three women of two families (2.3%) had a 17-hydroxyprogesterone response consistent with 21-hydroxylase-deficient late-onset adrenal hyperplasia and were excluded from further study. Eighteen (21 %) of the remaining patients had a 17-hydroxypregnenolone poststimulation increment above the upper 95th percentile of controls (13.9 nmol/L), and two had an elevated dehydroepiandrosterone increment (> 19.5 nmol/L). However, no patient exceeded threefold the upper control limit for either steroid response. Patients with an exaggerated dehydroepiandrosterone or 17-hydroxypregnenolone increment had higher circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels but similar basal total and free testosterone, sex hormone--binding globulin, luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations, basal or stimulated androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone/androstenedione, and 17-hydroxypregnenolone/17-hydroprogesterone than their less responsive counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Although an exaggerated response of 17-hydroxypregnenolone to adrenal stimulation is common in hyperandrogenism, a response severe enough to merit consideration as 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase—deficient late-onset adrenal hyperplasia was not encountered in this unselected patient population, suggestive of the rarity of this disorder.
Feasibility study of Monte Carlo modelling techniques for distributed-parameter systems. Part 3: A model of a continuous furnace

The paper emphasises practical aspects of the development of a Monte Carlo model using techniques discussed in a previous paper. The furnace modelled has two heating zones whose temperature and length could be individually controlled. The interactive 3-dimensional model represents the furnace by 30000–60000 mesh points using a hybrid computer. It is used to study the effect of changing the furnace parameters on the divergence of the final temperature distribution from the desired temperature and flat profile, as material thickness alters.
Latitudinal Gradients in Greenhouse Seawater δ18O: Evidence from Eocene Sirenian Tooth Enamel

The Eocene greenhouse climate state has been linked to a more vigorous hydrologic cycle at mid- and high latitudes; similar information on precipitation levels at low latitudes is, however, limited. Oxygen isotopic fluxes track moisture fluxes and, thus, the δ 18 O values of ocean surface waters can provide insight into hydrologic cycle changes. The offset between tropical δ 18 O values from sampled Eocene sirenian tooth enamel and modern surface waters is greater than the expected 1.0 per mil increase due to increased continental ice volume. This increased offset could result from suppression of surface-water δ 18 O values by a tropical, annual moisture balance substantially wetter than that of today. Results from an atmospheric general circulation model support this interpretation and suggest that Eocene low latitudes were extremely wet.
Involvement of apoptosis in neurological injury after hypothermic circulatory arrest: a new target for therapeutic intervention?

Abstract Background . This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of apoptosis in neurological injury after hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). Methods . Twenty-one pigs (27 to 31 kg) underwent 90 minutes of HCA at 20°C and were electively sacrificed at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours, and at 7, 10, and 12 days after HCA, and compared with unoperated controls. In addition, 3 animals that had HCA at 10°C, and 3 treated with cyclosporine A (CsA) in conjunction with HCA at 20°C, were examined 72 hours after HCA. After selective perfusion and cryopreservation, all brains were examined to visualize apoptotic DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation on the same cryosection of the hippocampus: fluorescent in situ end labeling (ISEL) was combined with staining with a nucleic acid-binding cyanine dye (YOYO). Results . In addition to apoptosis, which was seen at a significantly higher level ( p = 0.05) after HCA than in controls, two other characteristic degenerative morphological cell types (not seen in controls) were characterized after HCA. Cell death began 6 hours after HCA and reached its peak at 72 hours, but continued for at least 7 days. Compared with the standard protocol at 20°C, HCA at 10°C and CsA treatment both significantly reduced overall cell death after HCA, but not apoptosis. Conclusions . The data establish that significant neuronal apoptosis occurs as a consequence of HCA, but at 20°C, other pathways of cell death, probably including necrosis, predominate. Although preliminary results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of lower temperature and of CsA are not a consequence of blockade of apoptotic pathways, inhibition of apoptosis nevertheless seems promising as a strategy to protect the brain from the subtle neurological injury that is associated with prolonged HCA at clinically relevant temperatures.
Performance of a spiralled continuous electron multiplier in a magnetic field

The gain and detection efficiency of a spiralled electron multiplier (Spiraltron) have been measured in a magnetic field. Results are presented as a function of field strength and angle between the field and detector. The multiplier is useful in fields as high as 900 G, considerably higher than the limit that has been obtained on a Channeltron curved electron multiplier.
Evolving Neural Network Topologies for Object Recognition

This paper examines the use of genetic algorithms and neural networks to generate neural network topologies. The data set consists of digital images of objects taken from different angles. A successful neural network topology had been trained on this data, so it was investigated whether the genetic algorithm could evolve a neural network topology capable of learning the training data. The genetic algorithm is used to evolve populations of neural network topologies. The neural network is trained using each of the topologies, and the remaining error in training is used to provide a fitness value for each of the topologies. Thus, the fitness function is the neural network itself.
Abstract 4345: Inadequate repair of ionizing radiation damage: A consequence of the invasive tumor phenotype

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL A major characteristic of the transition of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to invasive prostate cancer is the progressive loss of laminin 322 in the basal lamina and loss of A6B4 integrin, a laminin 322 adhesion receptor in the basal cells. Previous work from our group reported that the loss of interaction with laminin 322 decreased the ability of normal prostate cells to respond to DNA damage. The defect was manifested as an alteration of an ionizing radiation (IR) induced G2 progression block. In this study, the goal was to determine if an invasive phenotype of human tumor cells, expressing A6B1 integrin, a laminin 511 adhesion receptor, influenced a DNA damage response (DDR) to IR. DU145 tumor cells were grown on laminin 511 and DDR was determined under conditions of stimulated invasion via HGF. The DDR endpoint chosen was the production, resolution and persistence of nuclear H2AX phosphorylation foci as an indicator of damage, repair and inadequate repair, respectively. Similar to a recent report, we observed a fast and transient phosphorylation of H2AX in response to IR within the basal cells of the normal human prostate epithelium that was both dose and time dependent. Utilizing tissue culture conditions, we determined that under optimal growth conditions on laminin 511 there was a dose and time response of H2AX phosphorylation in response to IR treatment. Under conditions of HGF stimulation, the persistence of H2AX foci 24 hours after IR was two to four fold higher as compared to unstimulated cells. The amplified persistence of H2AX foci was observed at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy at both 24 and 36 hours after IR treatment. Current studies are determining if the inadequate repair response to IR under conditions of stimulated invasion results in an increased tumor cell killing or an increased genomic instability of surviving tumor cells. (Supported in part by NIH Cancer Center Core Grant CA 23074 and DOD grant W81XWH-10-1-0496) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4345. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4345
Impact of instrumental systematics on the CMB bispectrum

We study the effects of instrumental systematics on the estimation of primordial non-Gaussianity using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) bispectrum from both the temperature and the polarization anisotropies. For temperature systematics we consider gain fluctuation and beam distortions. For polarization we consider effects related to known instrumental systematics: calibration, pixel rotation, differential gain, pointing, and ellipticity of the instrument beam. We consider these effects at the next to leading order, which we refer to as nonlinear systematic effects. We find that if the instrumental response is linearly proportional to the received CMB intensity, then only the shape of the primordial CMB bispectrum, if there is any, will be distorted. We show that the nonlinear response of the instrument can in general result in spurious non-Gaussian features on both the CMB temperature and polarization anisotropies, even if the primordial CMB is completely Gaussian. We determine the level for both the linear and nonlinear systematics parameters for which they would cause no significant degradation of our ability to constrain the primordial non-Gaussianity amplitude ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}$. We find that the nonlinear systematics are potentially a bigger worry for extracting the primordial non-Gaussianity than the linear systematics, especially because the current and near future CMB probes are optimized for CMB power-spectrum measurements which are not particularly sensitive to the nonlinear instrument response. We find that if instrumental nonlinearities are not controlled by dedicated calibration, the effective local non-Gaussianity can be as large as ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}\ensuremath{\sim}O(10)$ before the corresponding nonlinearities show up in the CMB dipole measurements. The higher-order multipoles are even less sensitive to instrumental nonlinearities.
Lipid lowering in liver and chronic kidney disease

Lipid lowering, particularly with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors ("statins"), reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Patients with chronic liver and kidney disease present challenges to the use of lipid medications. In the case of most liver disorders, the concern has been one of safety. There is evidence that most lipid-lowering medications can be used safely in many situations, although large outcomes trials are not available. In contrast, in chronic kidney disease, dosing of lipid medications may require substantial modification depending on creatinine clearance. There are significant alterations in lipid metabolism in chronic kidney disease with concomitant increases in cardiovascular risk. Some data are available on cardiovascular outcomes with dyslipidemia treatment in renal patients. This review will examine lipid physiology and cardiovascular risk in specific liver and kidney diseases and review the evidence for lipid lowering and the use of statin and non-statin therapies in chronic liver and kidney disease.
Zorba the Greek, Sixties exotica and a new cinema in Hollywood and Greece

Zorba the Greek (1964), Michael Cacoyannis’s film adaptation of Nikos Kazantzakis’s novel The Life and Times of Alexis Zorba (1946), poses a serious problem of classification within a national specific context. And yet, the article argues that the film found a central place in Hollywood and Greece in the 1960s. This was a time when both industries were encouraging a new cinema with commercial potential but also art qualities. Playing with musical genre codes and postcolonial discourses about Greece, the film invites Western audiences to assume the gaze of the foreigner protagonist and look at an exotic Greece. It is argued that, if seen in the light of its industrial and socio-political context of production and reception, the film was carefully designed to become a Hollywood runaway production directed by an acknowledged European auteur and a movie that would attract pleasure-seeking audiences and tourists.
Synergistic Effect of lontophoresis and a Series of Fatty Acids on LHRH Permeability through Porcine Skin

The effect of chemical penetration enhancers (e.g., fatty acids) in combination with iontophoresis was examined on the in vitro permeability of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) through porcine skin. Porcine epidermis was pretreated with either ethanol (EtOH) or 10% fatty acid/EtOH. The permeability coefficient of LHRH was significantly (p < 0.05) greater through EtOH, lauric acid/EtOH, palmitic acid/EtOH, oleic acid/EtOH, linoleic acid/EtOH, and linolenic acid/EtOH treated epidermis than the control (untreated epidermis). Iontophoresis further enhanced the permeability of LHRH (p < 0.05) through enhancer-pretreated epidermis in comparison with corresponding passive permeability. Among saturated fatty acids tested, 10% palmitic acid/iontophoresis showed the highest permeability coefficient [(59.52 +/- 2.40) x 10(-4) cm/h], which was approximately 16-fold higher than that of the control [(3.57 +/- 0.41) x 10(-4) cm/h]. Unsaturated cis-octadecenoic acids were more effective penetration enhancers when compared with octadecanoic acid. Among cis-octadecenoic acids in combination with EtOH, the greater iontophoretic permeability coefficient [(59.18 +/- 12.43) x 10(-4) cm/h] was obtained through linolenic acid treated epidermis, which was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than through saturated octadecanoic acid treated epidermis [(29.08 +/- 3.18) x 10(-4) cm/h]. Also, pretreatment of epidermis with 5% linolenic acid/propylene glycol (PG) resulted in greater (p < 0.05) iontophoretic flux of LHRH in comparison to 5% linolenic acid/EtOH. Furthermore, increases in the degree of unsaturation in octadecenoic acids did not produce corresponding increases in the degree of enhancement. Reversibility studies revealed that the postrecovery passive flux of LHRH through 5% linolenic acid in combination with EtOH or PG/iontophoresis treated epidermis was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced than the prerecovery value but could not completely recover to the baseline flux (i.e., flux of LHRH through untreated epidermis).
Application of queuing models to electronic toll collection

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) via Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) technology has significantly altered traffic operations during toll collection. In particular, the value of the average processing rate of a lane providing both ETC service as well as a traditional service, fluctuates over the rush hour between the average value of the processing rate of the traditional service and the capacity of the ETC service. This study develops a queuing model to address the changing processing rates for the different mixed lanes. The model is applied to the westbound 9-lane portion of the Holland East Plaza in Orlando, Florida. Data is evaluated for 6 different rush hours that include 3 different configuration patterns implemented over a period of 3 years. In the first configuration, only the traditional toll collection services are provided. In another configuration, all traditional lanes become mixed to include ETC except for the center lane, which becomes a lane dedicated solely to ETC service. In a final configuration, two lanes become dedicated to ETC service. A calibration factor between 1.15 and 1.19 corrects the predicted delay. A plaza delay sensitivity analysis is performed on each of the model's innut variables.
“Bucket Handle” Avulsion of Intestine in Gastroschisis

Two infants with gastroschisis had most of the midgut avulsed during cesarean section. There was only 12 and 20 cm of small bowel remaining, with an intact ileocecal valve in each case. Cutaneous enterostomy followed by anastomosis was done in both patients. The first child is 4 years old and is now on total enteral feedings after prolonged intravenous support. The second infant is still on partial parenteral nutrition. The cases illustrate the vulnerability of the fetus with gastroschisis during extraction by cesarean section.
A Mean Paradox

In a recent departmental research project, it was important to calculate certain statistics related to the average length of the cycles in a random permutation. By a well-known combinatorial result, when each of the n\ permutations on n symbols is written as a product of disjoint cycles, the mean cycle length, averaged over all these cycles, is asymptotic (as n -> oo) to n/\ogn. However, when we did a computer simulation and averaged the cycle lengths over all the permutations that were generated, the mean cycle length was significantly larger than the n/ log n we were expecting. This is what we call the "Mean Paradox."
Expression of μ-BCR-ABL Transcripts in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia

The classification of chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is controversial. Our purpose was to correlate clinical, pathologic, and molecular analyses in 2 cases of CNL. In both cases, the patients were referred because of a substantially increased peripheral WBC count noted during routine examination. Bone marrow biopsies and aspirate smears revealed hypercellularity with myeloid/erythroid ratios of 4:1 and 11:1, respectively. The bone marrow aspirate results were as follows: case 1: blasts, 2%; promyelocytes, 2%; myelocytes, 6%; metamyelocytes, 16%; band neutrophils, 13%; segmented neutrophils, 34%; and case 2: blasts, 1%; promyelocytes, 2%; myelocytes, 15%; metamyelocytes, 20%; band neutrophils, 24%; neutrophils, 19%. Reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction studies demonstrated expression of µ-BCR-ABL transcripts in 13% and 25% of the bone marrow cells, respectively. In both cases, the positive signal was noted mainly in the early granulocytic precursors and was present in occasional mature neutrophils. To our knowledge, this is the first in situ demonstration of µ-BCR-ABL expression in CNL. Our findings reinforce the usefulness of this messenger RNA as a molecular marker of CNL. Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare myeloproliferative disorder, characterized by persistent neutrophilia, myeloid hyperplasia, hepatosplenomegaly, elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP), and the absence of the classic BCR-ABL rearrangement found in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). 1 CNL generally is characterized by a less severe course compared with CML, with less prominent splenomegaly and anemia, a longer survival, and delayed or no blastic transformation. 2
Relative Efficiency of Depolarization and Repolarization of the Myocardium Determined from the Spatial Vectorcardiogram

Utilizing differential vectorcardiography and certain calculations, a method is presented by which the relative quantities of electrical energy expended in depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium in man can be determined.
Breaking the Rules: Bureaucracy and Reform in Public Housing

This is a study of how a bureaucracy allocates a commodity or a service in this case, public housing. In the broadest sense, it seeks to understand how bureaucrats try to resolve two often conflicting goals of regulatory justice: equity (treating like cases alike on the basis of rules) and respon siveness (making exceptions for persons whose needs require that rules be stretched). It analyzes the extent to which such factors as bureaucratic norms, the task orientation of workers, third-party pressure, and outside intervention affect staff members' use of discretion. Many of the rules under consideration were intended by federal officials to achieve such programmatic objectives as racial desegregation and housing for the neediest; in this regard, the study is also an examination of federal-local relationships. Finally, the study examines how the use of discretion changes over time as an agency's mission shifts and reforms are attempted. This book is directed at the audience of administrators of programs who offer services to the public and struggle with how to allocate them. The book is also intended for those concerned with housing policy, partic ularly the difficult problems of whom to house. Finally, it is hoped that students of public management, social welfare, government, and urban planning, who are interested in how public policy is administered through a bureaucracy, will find the book insightful. The case chosen for study is the Boston Housing Authority."
Modulation of Guanine Triphosphate Nucleotide Binding to p21ras Immunoprecipitates of Rat Liver Plasma Membranes by Agents Affecting Redox State

GTP-gamma-[35S] and GTP-gamma-[32P] or GTP-alpha-[32P] bound to plasma membranes of rat liver was immunoprecipitated using anti p21V-H-ras. Binding was enhanced approximately 2-fold by incubation with an exogenous electron acceptor, potassium ferricyanide (but not with potassium ferrocyanide), or oxidized ubiquinone10 and was inhibited or unaffected by incubation with reduced pyridine nucleotides (NADH or NADPH) or reduced ubiquinone10. The results suggest a mechanism of guanine nucleotide exchange that is responsive to oxidation-reduction.
Microbial Community Structure and Oxidative Enzyme Activity in Nitrogen-amended North Temperate Forest Soils

Large regions of temperate forest are subject to elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition which can affect soil organic matter dynamics by altering mass loss rates, soil respiration, and dissolved organic matter production. At present there is no general model that links these responses to changes in the organization and operation of microbial decomposer communities. Toward that end, we studied the response of litter and soil microbial communities to high levels of N amendment (30 and 80 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) in three types of northern temperate forest: sugar maple/basswood (SMBW), sugar maple/red oak (SMRO), and white oak/black oak (WOBO). We measured the activity of extracellular enzymes (EEA) involved directly in the oxidation of lignin and humus (phenol oxidase, peroxidase), and indirectly, through the production of hydrogen peroxide (glucose oxidase, glyoxal oxidase). Community composition was analyzed by extracting and quantifying phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) from soils. Litter EEA responses at SMBW sites diverged from those at oak-bearing sites (SMRO, BOWO), but the changes were not statistically significant. For soil, EEA responses were consistent across forests types: phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities declined as a function of N dose (33-73% and 5-41%, respectively, depending on forest type); glucose oxidase and glyoxal oxidase activities increased (200-400% and 150-300%, respectively, depending on forest type). Principal component analysis (PCA) ordinated forest types and treatment responses along two axes; factor 1 (44% of variance) was associated with phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities, factor 2 (31%) with glucose oxidase. Microbial biomass did not respond to N treatment, but nine of the 23 PLFA that formed >1 mol% of total biomass showed statistically significant treatment responses. PCA ordinated forest types and treatment responses along three axes (36%, 26%, 12% of variance). EEA factors 1 and 2 correlated negatively with PLFA factor 1 ( r = -0.20 and -0.35, respectively, n = 108) and positively with PLFA factor 3 ( r = +0.36 and +0.20, respectively, n = 108). In general, EEA responses were more strongly tied to changes in bacterial PLFA than to changes in fungal PLFA. Collectively, our data suggests that N inhibition of oxidative activity involves more than the repression of ligninase expression by white-rot basidiomycetes.
Chondrocyte viability in press-fit cryopreserved osteochondral allografts.

Abstract The viability of chondrocytes in press-fit glycerol-preserved osteochondral allografts was compared to that in fresh autografts, after transplantation into load-bearing and non-load-bearing sites in mature sheep stifle joints. We used macroscopic grading, tonometer pen indentation testing, histology, sulfate uptake and viability as determined by confocal-microscopy to assess cartilage condition. Despite there being no statistical differences between macroscopic appearance and tonometer testing of all grafts, confocal microscopy and histology demonstrated a positive effect of load-bearing placement on cryopreserved osteochondral allografts. Allografts transplanted into load-bearing sites demonstrated superior confocal microscopy-measured chondrocyte viability (77% ± 17%SD) than those transplanted into non-load-bearing sites (25% ± 2%). Load-bearing effect was not seen in autografts (78% ± 15%), and was comparable in adjacent cartilage (83% ± 9%). Similarly, load-bearing allografts demonstrated histological scoring closer to that of autografts and adjacent cartilage, all of which fared significantly better than non-load-bearing allografts. Load-bearing allografts had a greater amount of fibrocartilage than autografts or adjacent cartilage but less fibrocartilage than non-load-bearing allografts. Both autografts and allografts had non-significant increases in metabolism compared to adjacent cartilage as measured by sulfate-uptake. Load-bearing placement improved chondrocyte viability of glycerol cryopreserved osteochondral allograft following a press-fit implantation.
Parallel dialysis normalizes serum chemistries during venovenous perfusion induced hyperthermia.

Whole-body hyperthermia is currently under investigation as a method to treat systemic malignancies; however, available techniques induce a derangement in serum and urine chemistries. This study was done to determine whether veno-venous perfusion induced hyperthermia (vv-PISH) that incorporated a parallel dialysis system to control blood chemistries would eliminate these heat induced derangements. Adult female Yorkshire swine were divided into perfusion only (group P, n = 6, 62.8 +/- 2.5 kg), and perfusion with dialysis (group PD, n = 6, 63.8 +/- 4.3 kg). In both groups, hyperthermia was induced with a computer assisted jugular-to-femoral venovenous heat exchange/perfusion system primed with a balanced electrolyte solution, operating at 30 ml/min-1/kg-1, which used a thermal gradient induced by blood heated to a maximum of 48 degrees C and a perfusate-to-blood temperature gradient < 10 degrees C during heating. The target core temperature was 43 degrees C for 120 min as measured by the average of the rectal, bladder, esophageal, bilateral tympanic, and pulmonary artery temperatures. Including ramp-up and cool down, the total perfusion interval was 263 +/- 29 min in group P and 240 +/- 18 min in group PD (ns). Serum and urine chemistry values expressed as the mean value +/- SEM were compared before and after hyperthermia treatment. Variables include blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, glucose, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), plasma free hemoglobin, urine specific gravity, pH and urine creatinine. All variables remained within normal ranges for the PD group. In the P group, the following final values were outside the normal range: (normal range) creatinine 2.1 +/- 1 (0.4-1.4) mg/dl, Ca2+ 5.1 +/- 1 (6-13) mg/dl, Mg2+ .8 +/- 0.1 (1.2-10) mg/dl, ALKP 134 +/- 6 (34-122) U/L, ALT 69 +/- 3 (9-51) U/L, and LDH 1291 +/- 237 (300-600) U/L. We conclude that the significant changes in serum and urine chemistries associated with vv-PISH are normalized with the use of a parallel dialysis system and may decrease the incidence of electrolyte associated complications.
Elements of artificial neural networks

History of neural networks supervised learning - single-layer networks supervised learning - multilayer networks I supervised learning - multilayer networks II unsupervised learning associative models optimization methods a little math data.
Attention and Motor Skill Learning

Chapter 1: Attentional Focus and the Learning Process Motor Skill Learning Stages Attentional Resources Summary Chapter 2: Internal Versus External Focus Instructions First Experimental Evidence Sport Skill Learning Other Skills Distance Effects Individual Differences Performance Versus Learning Summary Chapter 3: Internal Versus External Focus Feedback Attentional Focus and Concurrent Feedback Sport Skill Learning Theoretical Implications Summary Chapter 4: Advantages of Attentional Focus on the Movement Effect Not Focusing on the Movement or Focusing on the Movement Effect Constrained Action Hypothesis Attentional Focus and the Stages of Learning Preconditions for External Focus Benefits Summary Chapter 5: Level of Expertise Instruction and Feedback in Novice Motor Learning and Performance Instruction and Feedback in Expert Motor Learning and Performance Action Control and Attentional Focus Optimal Attentional Focus Summary Chapter 6: Suprapostural Tasks Type of Attentional Focus Type of Attentional Focus and Enhanced Learning of Balance Tasks Summary Chapter 7: Special Populations Children Aging Parkinson's Disease Stroke Speech Disorders Summary