cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Defect Formations in GaAs Devices Using Gain, Photoluminescence and Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy

We present an experimental methodology developed to probe the clustered defect formation in GaAs devices under both neutron and ion irradiations. The strengths, limitations, and path forward to gather structural defect information will be addressed.
Cell shape and membrane changes in the eight-cell mouse embryo: prerequisites for morphogenesis of the blastocyst.

Abstract At the eight-cell stage, the blastomeres of the preimplantation mouse embryo undergo a dramatic shape change, compaction, which is considered essential to the future segregation of presumptive cell types. This investigation demonstrates that compaction 1) occurs in vivo, 2) is accompanied by the formation of tight and gap junctions and 3) can be reversibly inhibited in vitro by calcium-depleted medium and also by cytochalasin B (CCB). Although microtubules frequently are observed in cortical regions where compaction is proceeding, colcemid and colchicine have no inhibitory effect. Calcium-free medium and CCB dissociate compacted embryos, over 50% of which recover in normal medium in 3 and 0.25 hr, respectively. The Ca2+ threshold for compaction is approximately 0.1–0.2 mM and may be required for normal intercellular adhesions. Since compaction marks the beginning of tight junction formation and provides the necessary cell-to-cell apposition for the development of the zonula occludens at the morula stage, it is considered to be the initial step in blastocyst morphogenesis. In addition, this investigation provides the means to reprogram compaction by reversible inhibition and thereby study theories of cell determination.
Use of intravenous immune globulin in the treatment of seizure disorders

Recurrent seizures are a significant cause of childhood morbidity. Often the underlying pathogenesis is unknown. Studies from several laboratories have suggested a relationship between perturbations of humoral immunity and clinical epilepsy. Brain-specific antigens have been observed in the systemic circulation after brain injury. This can be followed by the appearance of antibodies to neuronal tissues in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, there appears to be disproportionate representation of persons with coexisting humoral immune deficiencies among patients with chronic epilepsy. Interestingly, a potent immunosuppressant, adrenocorticotropic hormone, has long been the principal treatment for infantile spasms. Given this body of information associating humoral immunity with recurrent seizures, several investigators have recently attempted to treat intractable childhood epilepsy with high-dose intravenous immune globulin. Although the number of patients treated is small and it is not possible to make comparisons between individual studies, nevertheless the results have been encouraging. Five patients with intractable seizures who failed to respond to conventional therapy were treated with an outpatient regimen of intravenous immune globulin (1 gm/kg/day) for 2 days. Two patients showed significant clinical improvement while a third had an equivocal response. Immunologic analysis of these patients before therapy revealed a surprisingly high incidence of immune abnormalities. We conclude that intravenous immune globulin may be useful in the treatment of selected patients with chronic epilepsy unresponsive to anticonvulsants.
Energy-efficiency of multi-hop device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks

Device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying a cellular network is a promising technology in the future wireless networks to improve network capacity and user experience. In current works, D2D communications are considered as two user equipments (UEs) communicating directly without going through the central base station (BS). In fact, D2D communications can be further broadened to multi-hop D2D communications in which a UE may help other UEs communicate with each other, or assist other UEs to communicate with BS. In this paper, we investigate a scenario of multi-hop D2D communications where one UE may help other two UEs to exchange information, by utilizing analog network coding technique. We analyze the energy-efficiency of this multi-hop D2D communication, derive the average energy-efficiency under Rayleigh fading channels, and compare with direct one-hop D2D communication and traditional cellular communication through BSs.
Information Management Life-Cycle Model: A Case Study of How to Reengineer A Corporate Financial System

AbstractThis case analyzes and discusses the state-of-the-art life-cycle design and development (LCD&D) model that is currently used in modern global information systems. The analysis also provides a blueprint for designers and developers of complex systems and networks. Finally, the case addresses the LCD&D model’s cost determination of evaluation criteria reflecting all aspects of the new system. With a case study, the paper shows how the LCD&D model was implemented in a new corporate financial system (NCFS). The rationale behind the NCFS initiative was to develop a new system, free of corporate financial system (CFS) problems, using the LCD&D model. As a result of this implementation, the NCFS has effectively replaced the outdated CFS that was in operation for more than two decades in this Fortune 500 corporation. The NCFS is currently in full operation and is efficiently providing various financial statements and reports. This analysis highlights problem areas of the CFS regulatory financial statement...
In situ fourier transform infrared study of methanol synthesis on mixed metal oxide catalysts

Abstract Transmission infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize adsorbed species on methanol synthesis catalysts under reaction conditions. A copper carbonyl, bidentate formate, and methoxy species were identified as stable surface species. An adsorbed formaldehyde species was unstable at the reaction temperature, but could be observed on the catalyst surface at the beginning of the reaction. Surface species were very similar for feed mixtures of (1) carbon monoxide and hydrogen, (2) carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen, and (3) formic acid and hydrogen. Carbon monoxide was adsorbed on copper sites to form a linearly bonded carbonyl species. The formate species was adsorbed on a zinc site different from the zinc site on which formaldehyde and methoxy groups were adsorbed. The rate-determining step in methanol synthesis was determined to be the reaction of hydrogen from a hydroxyl species with a methoxy group to yield methanol. It was established that at the experimental conditions used in this study, the methanol synthesis reaction was far from equilibrium while the water-gas shift reaction was near equilibrium.
Density Measurements from the Asymmetry of the Lyman ζ Line in a Vacuum Spark Lithium Discharge

A lithium spectrum is obtained form vacuum spark discharges using a grazing-incidence flat-field spectrometer. Hydrogen-like lines up to Lyman η are identified in the spectrum. The spectrum is analyzed, and it is found that the experimental line widths increase along the Lyman series. An asymmetry between the blue and red wings appears in the profile of the Lyman e line, and becomes significant in the profile of the Lyman ξ line. A relatively new method is used to estimate an electron density of 1 ± 0.4 × 10 18 cm -3 from the experimental degree of asymmetry between the blue and the red wings of the Lyman ξ line. This result is compared with an analysis of the experimental widths of two optically thin lines, namely, Lyman δ and Lyman ξ. In this analysis an electron density of 1.2±0.5 × 10 18 cm -3 is deduced. The principal quantum number of Lyman η (n=8) is used in the Inglis-Teller formula for the last line seen before the merging of the lines with the continuum, and the estimated electron density is found to be 2.0 × 10 18 cm -3 for the lithium plasma. Thus, it is demonstrated that the new method employing the asymmetry of the lineshapes in dense plasmas yields results consistent with the analysis of the widths of the lines. However, it requires obtaining the profile of just one spectral line, which is a great advantage. The reference data on the Stark broadening of the Lyman ξ line is also tabulated, which was previously unavailable in the literature.
Population extinction and recolonization in human demographic history.

Abstract For over 30 years, a debate has raged among anthropologists about the origins of anatomically modern humans. At first the debate centered on fossil evidence, but in the past 10–15 years population geneticists have entered the fray. One model, the multiregional evolution model, posits a gradual transition from Homo erectus to anatomically modern humans throughout the Old World. In contrast, the recent African origin model hypothesizes that anatomically modern humans arose from a small, isolated population in Africa, spread out of Africa, and replaced indigenous H. erectus populations in Eurasia and Australasia. A primary objection, from a population genetics perspective, to the multiregional model is that the genetic data suggest a small effective population size for humans. This effective size is on the order of 10 000. Effective population size has a complex relationship with census size, but it has been argued that, assuming that effective size is roughly equal to the number of breeding individuals in human populations under standard demographic conditions, 10 000 breeding individuals could not have occupied much of the Old World throughout the Pleistocene and remained a cohesive species via gene flow. However, this argument is not valid if one considers population extinction and recolonization, which might have played an important role in human history during the Pleistocene. With population extinction and recolonization, the inbreeding effective population size can be small and the census size extremely large. In this paper, I will show that under conditions of population extinction and recolonization, an effective population size of 10 000 suggested by genetic data is compatible with a large census size consistent with the multiregional model.
Chemical esterification of 5'-AMP occurs predominantly at the 2' position

We describe experiments here which show that chemical esterification of 5′-adenylic acid (5′-AMP) withN-acetylD-orL-phenylalanine (Ac-D- or Ac-L-Phe) imidazolide occurs principally, if not exclusively, at the 2′ position. Furthermore, in experiments with the formation of the 2′–3′ diester with butyric acid andN-acetyl glycine (Ac-Gly), we found the second esterification was also predominantly at the 2′ position. This means that mixed diesters can be predictably prepared with the positions of the substituents known. The results are consistent with a model for the preferential catalytic synthesis ofL-based peptides via a 2′–3′ diester intermediate of purine monoribonucleotides.
Recent western South Atlantic bottom water warming

[1] Potential temperature differences are computed from hydrographic sections transiting the western basins of the South Atlantic Ocean from 60°S to the equator in 2005/2003 and 1989/1995. While warming is observed throughout much of the water column, the most statistically significant warming is about +0.04°C in the bottom 1500 dbar of the Brazil Basin, with similar (but less statistically significant) warming signals in the abyssal Argentine Basin and Scotia Sea. These abyssal waters of Antarctic origin spread northward in the South Atlantic. The observed abyssal Argentine Basin warming is of a similar magnitude to that previously reported between 1980 and 1989. The Brazil Basin abyssal warming is similar in size to and consistent in timing with previously reported changes in abyssal southern inflow and northern outflow. The temperature changes reported here, if they were to hold throughout the abyssal world ocean, would contribute substantially to global ocean heat budgets.
Reciprocal Space and Irreducible Representations of Space Groups

Many aspects of the physics and chemistry of crystalline solids require the use of group theory, for example, the study of band theory, of phonon theory and infra-red and Raman active modes, of soft modes and of the Landau theory of phase transitions are all based fundamentally upon the theory of space groups and their irreducible representations. The set of pure translational symmetry operations (e/Ti) is a subgroup of the space group of a three dimensional crystalline solid, and this leads naturally to an initial search for the irr. reps, of this subgroup. A representation is a set of matrices which are associated with the symmetry operations (in this case the pure transitions) of the group and which multiply like the operations, i.e., if Ψ1 is a matrix associated with T1 and Ψ2 is associated with T2 then Ψ2Ψ1 associated with T1 + T2. It is not necessary that Ψ1 ≠ Ψ2.
Network Effects on New Venture Internationalization: A Network-Knowledge Framework - Executive Summary

This study was designed to explore the research question: How do alliance networks of a new venture affect the venture's speed of internationalization? To address this question, this paper builds a theoretical framework, from the network perspective, to systematically examine the effects of multiple network constructs. A set of longitudinal data of new ventures in the U.S. biotechnology industry was collected and employed for data analysis. The results show that both network content (number and features of alliances and characteristics of partners) and network structure (network density) are important to new ventures' speed of internationalization.
Beyond the Gatekeepers - Court Professionals' Self-Reported Attitudes About and Experiences With Misdemeanor Domestic Violence Cases

This study used intensive interview and survey data from 62 municipal court professionals (judges, prosecutors, and public defenders) to expand on the limited research on the court processing of domestic violence cases. The participants reported legal variables as both what should be and what were actually most commonly used in domestic violence court decisions. Victim testimony was also reported as important, and these data suggest that domestic violence victims cooperate with the courts more often than is believed. Victim advocate and batterer intervention workers' opinions were reported as both what should be and were least influential in the case outcome. Finally, the respondents rated the case sentences as having very little impact on domestic violence recidivism.
Augmenting Conversational Characters with Generated Question-Answer Pairs.

We take a conversational character trained on a set of linked question-answer pairs authored by hand, and augment its training data by adding sets of question-answer pairs which are generated automatically from texts on different topics. The augmented characters can answer questions about the new topics, at the cost of some performance loss on ques- tions about the topics that the original character was trained to answer. for conversational characters which is available for down- load as part of the ICT Virtual Human Toolkit. 1 NPCEd- itor is trained on a knowledge base in the form of linked question-answer pairs, and is able to answer novel ques- tions by selecting the most appropriate response from the available answers in the knowledge base. For each new in- put question, NPCEditor computes a language model for the ideal answer using the linked training data; it then compares the language model of the ideal answer to those of all of the answers in the knowledge base, and selects the closest avail- able answer based on a similarity metric between language models. The use of language models allows NPCEditor to overcome some variation in the phrasing of questions, and retrieve appropriate responses for questions it has not seen in the training data.
Vector delta-sigma modulation with integral shaping of hardware-mismatch errors

A common architecture here unifies ordinary scalar delta-sigma modulators, vector I/O delta-sigma modulators (including parallel banks of scalar ones), mismatch-shaping DACs, delta-sigma modulators incorporating mismatch-shaping DACs in the conventional way, and something new: scalar or vector delta-sigma modulators incorporating spectral shaping of hardware mismatches as a natural and integral part of the modulator structure. The common architecture resembles a conventional delta-sigma loop but using vector signals and a vector quantizer to operate in a space of higher dimension than the input/output, which are inserted/extracted from the loop along a subspace. The expansion of dimension provides the redundancy that permits the spectral shaping of hardware errors. This common view of these systems suggests that the multidimensional structure of the quantizer is key.
Rhesus monkey brain imaging through intact skull with thermoacoustic tomography

Two-dimensional microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) is applied to imaging the Rhesus monkey brain through the intact skull. To reduce the wavefront distortion caused by the skull, only the low-frequency components of the thermoacoustic signals (< 1 MHz) are used to reconstruct the TAT images. The methods of signal processing and image reconstruction are validated by imaging a lamb kidney. The resolution of the system is found to be 4 mm when we image a 1-month-old monkey head containing inserted needles. We also image the coronal and axial sections of a 7-month-old monkey head. Brain features that are 3 cm deep in the head are imaged clearly. Our results demonstrate that TAT has potential for use in portable, cost-effective imagers for pediatric brains.
Approaches to solving tool corrosion problems through process modification

The presence of HCl during low temperature (790 degrees Celsius - 850 degrees Celsius) wet oxidation process has been shown to cause severe tool corrosion in vertical furnaces. Two types of particulates were observed: white film deposited inside and outside the loading station and metal corrosion at the process door. Although the origin of the white film has not been identified, both types of particles are found to have a direct relationship to the condensed liquid produced during the process. In this study, we evaluated the corrosion causing process and have made modifications to the process as an attempt to resolve the corrosion problem. Three new processes were developed using the same oxidation temperature as the standard HCl/wet oxidation: (1) non-HCl wet oxidation, (2) non-HCl wet oxidation followed by post-oxidation anneal at higher temperature and (3) HCl wet oxidation and high temperature post-oxidation anneal. The anneal step was added as a way to remove acidic condensation. In order to ensure the integrity of MOS devices due to process changes, the end-of- line parameters (Yield, V t shift and Q BD ) were evaluated. Parametric data showed that the changes do not significantly impact the gate oxide integrity.
An Empirical Assessment of High-Performing Medical Groups: Results from a National Study:

The performance of medical groups is receiving increased attention. Relatively little conceptual or empirical work exists that examines the various dimensions of medical group performance. Using a national database of 693 medical groups, this article develops a scorecard approach to assessing group performance and presents a theory-driven framework for differentiating between high-performing versus low-performing medical groups. The clinical quality of care, financial performance, and organizational learning capability of medical groups are assessed in relation to environmental forces, resource acquisition and resource deployment factors, and a quality-centered culture. Findings support the utility of the performance scorecard approach and identification of a number of key factors differentiating high-performing from low-performing groups including, in particular, the importance of a quality-centered culture and the requirement of outside reporting from third party organizations. The findings hold a number of important implications for policy and practice, and the framework presented provides a foundation for future research.
Spectrum and influence of hypoplasia of the left heart in neonatal aortic coarctation.

Obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract may be associated with hypoplasia of the left heart, which importantly influences the options for treatment. Although the influence of the size of the left heart on the outcome for critical aortic stenosis has been described, less is known about the spectrum of such hypoplasia seen with neonatal aortic coarctation, and how this influences outcome. To determine, first, the spectrum and influence of hypoplasia of the left heart in neonatal coarctation, second, if the previously described critical values for adequacy of the left heart in neonates with critical aortic stenosis are applicable to neonates with coarctation, and, third, if any of the variables or associated abnormalities are risk factors for recoarctation, we studied 63 neonates who underwent repair of coarctation. From the initial echocar diogram, we measured multiple structures in the left heart, and calculated a score for adequacy as has been done for critical aortic stenosis. The sizes were compared to previously reported minimal values. We then analyzed the influence of the variables and the associated anomalies on outcome. There were no deaths. There was a broad spectrum of sizes that did not correlate with the need for re-intervention. The calculated score for adequacy would have predicted survival in only 56% of the patients, and 73% of the neonates had at least one parameter measured in the left heart below the previously reported minimal values. There is, therefore, a broad spectrum of sizes for the left heart in neonates with aortic coarctation that is not predictive of outcome. Minimal sizes, and the score for adequacy used for critical aortic stenosis, are not applicable to neonates with coarctation.
Implementing Family-Centered Rounds: Pediatric Residents’ Perceptions

Purpose. Many hospitals are adopting family-centered rounds (FCRs). Limited studies suggest that FCRs improve family and staff satisfaction. No study has investigated residents’ opinions about FCRs. We sought to elicit house staff opinions regarding structure, teaching, and patient care with FCRs. Method. In fall 2006, FCRs were implemented at Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, a freestanding children’s hospital. Between March and June 2008, a cross-sectional study was mailed to pediatrics and medicine-pediatric residents. Results. Nearly all (89%) respondents supported FCRs somewhat (50%) or strongly (39%). House staff cited improved relationships with other providers, increased parent/family satisfaction, decreased need for plan clarification, and improved, “nondidactic” teaching. Concerns persisted about didactic teaching and efficiency. The most important factor associated with resident satisfaction was the attending physician. Conclusions. Residents support the use of FCRs.Training for inpatient ...
Protective MCMV immunity by vaccination of the salivary gland via Wharton's duct: replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expressing individual MCMV genes elicits protection similar to that of MCMV

Salivary glands, a major component of the mucosal immune system, confer antigen-specific immunity to mucosally acquired pathogens. We investigated whether a physiological route of inoculation and a subunit vaccine approach elicited MCMV-specific and protective immunity. Mice were inoculated by retrograde perfusion of the submandibular salivary glands via Wharton's duct with tcMCMV or MCMV proteins focused to the salivary gland via replication-deficient adenovirus expressing individual MCMV genes (gB, gH, IE1; controls: saline and replication deficient adenovirus without MCMV inserts). Mice were evaluated for MCMV-specific antibodies, T-cell responses, germinal center formation, and protection against a lethal MCMV challenge. Retrograde perfusion with tcMCMV or adenovirus expressed MCMV proteins induced a 2- to 6-fold increase in systemic and mucosal MCMV-specific antibodies, a 3- to 6-fold increase in GC marker expression, and protection against a lethal systemic challenge, as evidenced by up to 80% increased survival, decreased splenic pathology, and decreased viral titers from 106 pfu to undetectable levels. Thus, a focused salivary gland immunization via a physiological route with a protein antigen induced systemic and mucosal protective immune responses. Therefore, salivary gland immunization can serve as an alternative mucosal route for administering vaccines, which is directly applicable for use in humans.—Liu, G., Zhang, F., Wang, R., London, L., London, S. D. Protective MCMV immunity by vaccination of the salivary gland via Wharton's duct: replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expressing individual MCMV genes elicits protection similar to that of MCMV.
Surveying International Studies Programs: Where Do We Stand?

International studies (IS) programs have proliferated across campuses over the past decades. Given the increasing ubiquity of IS education, as well as the interdisciplinary nature of IS, most previous scholarship on IS programs has focused on issues of curricular structure. Yet there is a lack of systematic information on many key issues facing IS programs. Through a survey of directors of these programs, this study seeks to examine some of the broader issues surrounding IS as a field of undergraduate study. In particular, I examine student popularity of our programs, the various ways in which they are administratively structured, and the perceived stature of IS programs within home institutions. Additionally, some of the factors that contribute to growth in IS programs are examined. The overall goal of this study is to provide a “first step” towards building a comparative assessment and benchmark of the institutional and administrative characteristics of IS programs.
Respiratory and Cognitive Subtypes of Panic Preliminary Validation of Ley’s Model

A review of the panic disorder literature strongly suggests subtypes of panic attacks, including a respiratory subtype. This study empirically tested several aspects of Ley's panic subtype theory, measuring end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) levels at baseline, during psychologic and respiratory stressors, and at recovery. As predicted, Type 1 (classic or respiratory) panickers had significantly lower resting ETCO2 compared to Type 3 (cognitive) and to controls. Type 3 panickers did not differ from controls. Physiologic findings support the existence of respiratory and other subtypes of panic attacks in panic disorder. More complex measures of respiration and other physiology are likely required to elicit full subtype profiles. Distinguishing between chronic (compensated) hyperventilators and acute hyperventilators will likely be useful in clarifying the subtypes. Recognizing the need for differential diagnosis of panic attacks can facilitate developing more specific treatment plans and interventions (e.g., restoration of normal ETCO2 in Type 1), improving treatment success rates.
Evaluation of Devices to Prevent Construction Equipment Backing Incidents

Blind areas around construction equipment are a major contributing factor in incidents involving a piece of equipment striking a worker. In highway construction, these types of incidents result in an average of 22 deaths a year in the United States. The Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Transportation, is evaluating methods to decrease these incidents. One such method uses devices that assist equipment operators in monitoring blind areas around the equipment to prevent collisions with workers or other objects. Several camera and sensor systems are available for this application. These systems were evaluated on various trucks used in road construction and maintenance. Tests were conducted on sanding trucks during the winter months, which allowed researchers to investigate the effectiveness and limitations of various technologies under the most extreme conditions. Tests were also conducted on dump trucks and utility vehicles during the warmer months to study the effectiveness of the systems in highway work zones. Results showed that many difficulties arise when using camera and sensor systems in cold, snowy climates. And, while the operation of these systems is more reliable during the warmer months, challenges still exist in using them on equipment in congested work areas.
Secondary doping in polyaniline layers coated on multi-walled carbon nanotubes

HC1 doped coaxial polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposites were first prepared by in–situ chemical polymerization of aniline monomers in the presence of MWCNTs with less structural defects. P-toluene sulfonic acid (TSA) and 5-sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate (SSA) redoped PANI/MWCNT nanocomposites were achieved after the as-prepared nanocomposites were treated by ammonia respectively. The redoped nanocomposites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman, X–ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The results indicated that the thermal stability and electrochemical behaviour of TSA doped PANI/MWCNT nanocomposites were better than that of SSA doped PANI/MWCNT nanocomposites.
Hard Work Never Goes to Waste: The Role of Iberia in the Mid-Upper Paleolithic Transition

The present paper offers an assessment of a topic which is usually ignored in modern archaeological research: the importance of taking into account the data and information obtained by old studies and original fieldwork. While it is clear that standards were very different from the ones we use at present, this paper shows that each site must be independently evaluated, because in some cases, such as the one presented here, earlier work—part of it carried out one hundred years ago—has proved to be crucial for the advance in the study of the Mid-Upper Paleolithic transition, both in practical terms, regarding archaeological collections, as well as in the theoretical sphere.
Compliance with the law: A decision-making approach to taxpaying.

The effectiveness of law as an instrument of social control depends on the assumptions lawmakers and implementers have about human behavior. The tax laws offer a good example of the difficulties in trying to anticipate what people will do in response to various legal requirements. This paper proposes a new approach to understanding tax compliance drawn from behavioral decision theory. The paper discusses the issue of rationality, explores the strategies people use to make taxpaying decisions, focuses on the distinction between norm-processing and outcome-processing strategies, and presents some implications of this approach for research and for legal policy making.
L-leucine-14C (UL) metabolism in isolated fat cells.

SummaryEffects were studied of insulin and of varying the concentration of glucose upon L-leucine-14C (UL) metabolism by isolated rat epididymal adipose tissue cells. At lower glucose concentrations, insulin increased CO2 formation and lipid synthesis from labelled L-leucine. At higher glucose concentrations insulin decreased apparent CO2 formation and lipid synthesis. Insulin stimulated protein synthesis at all levels of glucose concentration studied, but the increment was less at higher glucose concentrations.
Absorption and excretion of sulfachloropyridazine.

SummarySulfachloropyridazine is rapidly absorbed and rapidly excreted in the urine, in contrast to sulfamethoxypyridazine which is also absorbed fairly rapidly but is excreted much more slowly.
On the Images of Japanese in Hollywood Feature Films during World War II

During World War II,the images of Japanese people in Hollywood's feature films were mostly negative.We should put some of these films into the large picture of American society and politics,and distinguish between the historically based exposure of Japanese wartime crimes and racism against the Japanese people.While the former is justified,the latter is maleficent.
Total Knee Arthroplasty After Fractures About the Knee

It has been estimated that posttraumatic arthritis accounts for over $3 billion in annual health-care costs in the United States and that posttraumatic arthritis comprises approximately 9.8% of all cases of knee arthritis (Brown et al. J Orthop Trauma. 20:739–44, 2006). Patients who have undergone previous knee surgery receive total knee replacement at a significantly younger age than patients with primary osteoarthritis (Brophy et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 96:801–5, 2014). Yet, nearly one half of periarticular knee fractures occur in the patients older than 50 years (Bohm et al. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 94:1160–9, 2012; Mallina et al. Knee. 17:181–6, 2010). In particular, distal femoral fractures are more common in the older patients than in younger patients ((Bohm et al. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 94:1160–9, 2012), with an annual incidence of approximately 20 cases per 100,000 persons over 50 years old (Mallina et al. Knee. 17:181–6, 2010)).
Comprehensive Reliability-Aware Statistical Timing Analysis Using a Unified Gate-Delay Model for Microprocessors

A framework is proposed to perform timing analysis of state-of-art microprocessors considering the impact of process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations and the aging effect, including bias temperature instability (BTI), hot carrier injection (HCI), and time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB). In this work, not only statistical timing analysis (StTA) due to each wearout mechanism is studied individually, but also the performance degradation while all these wearout mechanisms happen simultaneously is analyzed. Moreover, this work takes into account realistic use scenarios which include active, standby, and sleep modes. A unified gate-delay model, which combines both PVT variations and the aging effect, is constructed via a technique called multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARSP). Then a timing engine, which consists of two parts: a block-based analyzer and a path-based analyzer, is built to perform PVT-reliability-aware timing analysis. The accuracy and effectiveness of our framework has been verified on large industrial designs, like the LEON3 microprocessor, through a comparison with SPICE.
Abstract 298: Fibrate use in patients with type 2 diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is considered to be a coronary heart disease (CHD) equivalent, with heart disease and stroke accounting for the majority of diabetes-related deaths. As a result, patients with diabetes require aggressive treatment of CHD risk factors, including dyslipidemia. In addition to targeted reduction of LDL cholesterol, current guidelines recommend addition of a fibrate (gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, or clofibrate) in patients with established CHD and atherogenic dyslipidemia: triglycerides (TG) 200-499 mg/dL and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) ≤40 mg/dL. Fibrates have also been recommended for patients with TG ≥500 mg/dL to reduce risk of acute pancreatitis. Yet, data supporting the use of fibrates in these settings remains variable and inconclusive. We therefore sought to provide an in-depth analysis of patterns of fibrate use among patients with type 2 diabetes between 2001 and 2010. Using Ingenix administrative claims, we identified 71,161 patients age ≥18 years old with an established diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (ICD-9 250.XX) and ≥3 years of continuous enrollment who were newly initiated on a fibrate between 2001 and 2010. Lab results were available for a subset of 18,863 (26.5%) patients, who were included in final analysis. During each 2-year period, between 77.6% - 84.1% of patients had a lipid test performed within the preceding 12 months (p=0.59 for change in testing over time). The prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia increased over time, from 20.8% (2001-2002) to 41.2% (2009-2010); 4.84% rise per 2-year period (p=0.002). The prevalence of severe atherogenic dyslipidemia (HDL-C ≤40 mg/dL and TG ≥500 mg/dL), also increased over time, from 9.3% in 2001-2002 to 13.6% in 2009-2010; 1.17% rise per 2-year period (p=0.002). In contrast, percent of patients with TG ≥500 mg/dL decreased over time, from 20.5% in 2001-2002 to 16.7% in 2009-2010; 1.19% decline per 2-year period (p=0.03). Initiation of new fibrate therapy in treatment naive patients with diabetes remained constant; 2.0% in 2001-2002 and 1.6% in 2009-2010 (p=0.93). Subgroup analysis of patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia also showed no significant change in fibrate initiation over time; 11.4% in 2001-2002 and 15.7% in 2009-2010 (p=0.3). Similarly, while there was a trend toward increased initiation of fibrates among patients with TG ≥500 mg/dL, this trend was not statistically significant (27.4% in 2001-2002 and 41.6% in 2009-2010; 3.34% change per 2-year period (p=0.09)). In conclusion, the prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia among patients with type 2 diabetes has increased significantly over the past decade. However, fibrate use in all patients with type 2 diabetes, including those specifically with atherogenic dyslipidemia, has remained constant throughout the observation period, despite lack of conclusive evidence supporting its use.
Flexible graphite antennas for plastic electronics

In this paper we report on the simulation, fabrication, and characterization of planar graphite antennas on flexible polyimide (kapton) substrate, operating in the ISM band. The patch antennas are constructed from pyrolytic graphite sheets adhered to the flexible substrate, and designed to resonate at 2.4 GHz. Simulation and measurements show that the antenna is relatively immune to changes in impedance match induced by bending, although the gain is adversely affected by several dB. For the first time, single-port convex bending measurement is performed on these graphite antennas, revealing only minimal change in resonant frequency as the antenna is bent, and little to no memory effect from the induced curvature. We conclude by showing the possibility of fabrication of an all carbon-based RF receiver.
A Modular Approach to Integrating Biofuels Education into Chemical Engineering Curriculum: Part I – Learning Materials

In view of potential demand for skilled engineers and competent researchers in the biofuels field, we have identified a significant gap between advanced biofuels research and undergraduate biofuels education in chemical engineering. To help bridge this gap, we created educational materials that systematically integrate biofuels technologies into undergraduate chemical engineering curricula. The modular approach we used aims to address some of the major obstacles of introducing biofuels education into chemical engineering curricula, such as the lack of appropriate learning materials and challenge associated with adding new courses or changing curricula. Specifically, we create independent modular learning materials that are compatible with existing curricula for easy adoption, meaning that no new courses or textbooks changes are needed. An instructor can simply use the examples and problems provided by the modules to replace or supplement some of the textbook examples and homework problems. In addition, due to the complex nature of the many advanced biofuels processes and most students’ limited exposure to biofuels, we have also created a series of web modules to accompany the classroom modules. Both classroom and web modules are publically available through the project website: www.BiofuelsAcademy.org. We present the project in a series of two papers: the current paper focuses on the motivations and basic ideas of the project, as well as the developed classroom modules and web modules; and the second paper focuses on the classroom implementation of the developed materials and project assessment.
Finite Element Modeling of Ventricular Mechanics

Computing the distributions of stress and strain in a body with the complex geometry, boundary conditions, and material properties of the heart is a difficult yet worthwhile endeavor. The most promising method for obtaining numerical solutions to this problem is the finite element method. In this chapter, we review the use of finite element analysis for modeling ventricular mechanics. And we conclude by presenting a new axisymmetric finite element model of the passive left ventricle with a realistic geometry and fibrous architecture, physiological boundary conditions, and a three-dimensional constitutive equation.
Enhanced aerodynamic reach of vapor and aerosol sampling for real-time mass spectrometric detection using Venturi-assisted entrainment and ionization ☆

Abstract Venturi-assisted ENTrainment and Ionization (VENTI) was developed, demonstrating efficient entrainment, collection, and transport of remotely sampled vapors, aerosols, and dust particulate for real-time mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Integrating the Venturi and Coanda effects at multiple locations generated flow and analyte transport from non-proximate locations and more importantly enhanced the aerodynamic reach at the point of collection. Transport through remote sampling probes up to 2.5 m in length was achieved with residence times on the order of 10−2 s to 10−1 s and Reynolds numbers on the order of 103 to 104. The Venturi-assisted entrainment successfully enhanced vapor collection and detection by greater than an order of magnitude at 20 cm stand-off (limit of simple suction). This enhancement is imperative, as simple suction restricts sampling to the immediate vicinity, requiring close proximity to the vapor source. In addition, the overall aerodynamic reach distance was increased by approximately 3-fold over simple suction under the investigated conditions. Enhanced aerodynamic reach was corroborated and observed with laser-light sheet flow visualization and schlieren imaging. Coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), the detection of a range of volatile chemical vapors; explosive vapors; explosive, narcotic, and mustard gas surrogate (methyl salicylate) aerosols; and explosive dust particulate was demonstrated. Continuous real-time Venturi-assisted monitoring of a large room (approximately 90 m2 area, 570 m3 volume) was demonstrated for a 60-min period without the remote sampling probe, exhibiting detection of chemical vapors and methyl salicylate at approximately 3 m stand-off distances within 2 min of exposure.
Contemporary Environmental Art in China: Portraying Progress, Politics, and Ecosystems

Art has long been an important force in environmental movements. In China, environmental art is a fast-growing sector of the art scene. This new area of emphasis is expanding the function of art an...
Endurance in Open Online Communities: An Examination of Visibility and Focus of Attention in the Context of Free/Libre Open Source Software Projects

The remarkable success of open source software applications, such as the Mozilla web browser and the Apache server, which have surpassed the success of most of their commercial counterparts (Mockus et al. 2002), can be attributed, to a large part, to the knowledge collaboration (Faraj et al. 2011) and consequent innovations (von Krogh and von Hippel 2006; O’Mahony and Ferraro 2007) that take place in the online communities that foster FLOSS projects. Even when the FLOSS movement has transcended its mythical beginnings as groups of hackers’ working voluntarily in software projects, the consciousness of kind, shared rituals and traditions, and a sense of duty or obligation among members are community markers that persist (Bagozzi and Dholakia 2006).
Properties of Chebyshev Ω-Splines

Relying on the results of Theorem 6.0.1, we first introduce the discrete family of Chebyshev functions \( {{\{ {{R}_{n}}{\mkern 1mu} = {\mkern 1mu} {{R}_{{B,{{\omega }_{\alpha }},r,m,n}}}\} }_{{n \geqslant r}}} \) extremal in the problem $$ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{f}^{{(m)}}}(0){\mkern 1mu} \to \sup ,} & {f{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \in {\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} {{W}^{r}}{{H}^{\omega }}[0,{\mkern 1mu} {{d}_{n}}],} & {{{{\left\| f \right\|}}_{{\mathbb{C}[0,{\kern 1pt} {{d}_{n}}]}}}{\mkern 1mu} \leqslant B,} \\ \end{array} $$ (0.0) for ω(t) = t α, 0 < α < 1, and some interval [0, d n ], d n = d n (B, ω, r, m). Then, referring to the results of our paper [7] or [8], we describe the Chebyshev ω-splines of the problem (0.0) for arbitrary ω. Finally, we analyze various properties of Chebyshev ω-splines crucial in the construction of extremal functions in the Kolmogorov problem on the half-line ℝ+.
ETV1-Positive Cells Give Rise to BRAFV600E -Mutant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common subtype of sarcoma. Despite clinical advances in the treatment of KIT/PDGFRA-mutant GIST, similar progress against KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GIST, including mutant BRAF-driven tumors, has been limited by a lack of model systems. ETV1 is a master regulator in the intestinal cells of Cajal (ICC), thought to be the cells of origin of GIST. Here, we present a model in which the ETV1 promoter is used to specifically and inducibly drive Cre recombinase in ICC as a strategy to study GIST pathogenesis. Using a conditional allele for BrafV600E , a mutation observed in clinical cases of GIST, we observed that BrafV600E activation was sufficient to drive ICC hyperplasia but not GIST tumorigenesis. In contrast, combining BrafV600E activation with Trp53 loss was sufficient to drive both ICC hyperplasia and formation of multifocal GIST-like tumors in the mouse gastrointestinal tract with 100% penetrance. This mouse model of sporadic GIST model was amenable to therapeutic intervention, and it recapitulated clinical responses to RAF inhibition seen in human GIST. Our work offers a useful in vivo model of human sporadic forms of BRAF-mutant GIST to help unravel its pathogenesis and therapeutic response to novel experimental agents. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3758-65. ©2017 AACR.
Care at the Close of Life: Evidence and Experience

Care at the Close of Life: Evidence and Experience fills a much-needed niche by providing guidance on how to care for patients facing progressive or terminal illnesses. Not only is it a wonderful source of information for medical professionals, but it also serves as an accessible resource for patients and their families to learn about a difficult topic: death and dying. Composed of carefully selected articles published previously in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Care at the Close of Life assembles the critical topics of palliative care into a concise and poignant read. Each chapter of Care at the Close of Life is structured around a patient case study, which is further elaborated upon by the family’s, patient’s, and physician’s perspectives. These viewpoints are real-life examples and are given to the reader in a conversational nature, which illustrates the discussed topics in an extremely meaningful and relevant manner. Additionally, pertinent information about diagnostic and treatment options is interspersed throughout the chapter, which is summarized at the end of the chapter and followed by a self-assessment quiz. Care at the Close of Life is an extremely comprehensive book that covers a broad series of topics ranging from communication issues with patients to helping physicians deal with psychological and ethical issues. Although it is aimed at health care providers who care for patients facing serious illnesses, it is a relevant resource for anyone who wants to learn more about palliative care. Overall, Care at the Close of Life is a very informative and a must-read for those who are caring for patients with life-limiting illnesses. Not only does it give health care providers an understanding of what needs to be addressed clinically, but perhaps more importantly, it allows for providers to give insight into the experience, intuition, and compassion necessary to care for patients — qualities that often take years to develop.
Lead-Uranium System

The Pb-U system has been investigated by X-ray, thermal, and microscopic analyses. Two pyrophoric intermetallic compounds were found; UPb3 and UPb. The crystallographic structure of UPb3 is reported. A phase diagram was drawn for the system showing three eutectic and one syntectic reaction.