cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower Doses of Fructose Extend Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans

Epidemiological studies indicate that the increased consumption of sugars including sucrose and fructose in beverages correlate with the prevalence of obesity, type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension in humans. A few reports suggest that fructose extends lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Anopheles gambiae, fructose, glucose, or glucose plus fructose also extended lifespan. New results presented here suggest that fructose extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) wild type (N2). C. elegans were fed standard laboratory food source (E. coli OP50), maintained in liquid culture. Experimental groups received additional glucose (111 mM), fructose (55 mM, 111 mM, or 555 mM), sucrose (55 mM, 111 mM, or 555 mM), glucose (167 mM) plus fructose (167 mM) (G&F), or high fructose corn syrup (HFCS, 333 mM). In four replicate experiments, fructose dose-dependently increased mean lifespan at 55 mM or 111 m Min N2, but decreased lifespan at 555 mM (P < 0.001). Sucrose did not affect the lifespan. Glucose reduced lifespan (P < 0.001). Equal amount of G&F or HFCS reduced lifespan (P < 0.0001). Intestinal fat deposition (IFD) was increased at a higher dose of fructose (555 mM), glucose (111 mM), and sucrose (55 mM, 111 mM, and 555 mM). Here we report a biphasic effect of fructose increasing lifespan at lower doses and shortening lifespan at higher doses with an inverse effect on IFD. In view of reports that fructose increases lifespan in yeast, mosquitoes and now nematodes, while decreasing fat deposition (in nematodes) at lower concentrations, further research into the relationship of fructose to lifespan and fat accumulation in vertebrates and mammals is indicated.
Unbiased? Race, gender, and sport effects in university medical staff’s perceptions of injured student-athletes

Injured student-athletes rely on university medical staff personnel for care. Do these practitioners exhibit race and/or gender biases in their perceptions of injured student-athletes? While such b...
Poroelastic Analysis of Natural Fracture Propagation and Coalescence

Propagation of natural fractures under a compressive in-situ stress state often involves mode I and mode II propagation. Shear slip on the fracture surfaces initiates the so-called wing cracks which kink at approximately 70 degrees from the crack tip. To date, the literature is mostly concerned with the propagation of dry cracks under increasing compressive stresses. This, however, is not a true representation of the actual in-situ stress path since the far-field stresses remain unchanged in most petroleum, and geothermal operations. Instead, injection pressure and the associated thermo-poroelastic stresses are the main driving forces for propagation. Hence, a coupled poroelastic hydro-mechanical model is proposed to study the reservoir stimulation mechanism in naturally fractured reservoirs. The model is used to study wing crack growth considering pore pressure and poroelastic stresses.The results indicate that the injection pressure required for wing crack propagation is higher in a poroelastic rock than in an elastic one due to the back stresses caused by the pore fluid diffusion into the matrix.
The Role of the Primary Care Provider in Long-Term Counseling: Establishing a Therapeutic Alliance with the Child and Family

The primary care provider has a challenging yet important role in the prevention, screening, and management of childhood obesity. The therapeutic alliance describes a trusted relationship between the provider, patient, and family in which nonjudgmental and honest communication can help inform evidence-based and patient-centered healthcare decisions. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a key strategy that supports the development and sustenance of a successful therapeutic alliance. Providers can learn the core skills of MI and improve their use with repeated practice. Empathy is at the center of all MI skills and allows the provider to “meet the patient where they are,” normalizing the stages of change and guiding the patient toward healthier behaviors. Patient autonomy is critical to success, and MI provides a framework for facilitating meaningful shared decisions. MI has a growing evidence base to support its use by primary care providers in order to improve patient satisfaction, decrease provider burnout, and make healthy behavior choices more likely.
“If We Would Have Known”: A Couple’s Regret Over a Missed Opportunity to Have a Biological Child After Lung Transplantation:

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic, chronic disease that results in thickened secretions in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts. Over 95% of males with CF have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens causing infertility. This is a case study of a 29-year-old male who underwent a lung transplant after 8 months of oxygen dependency secondary to poor lung function. Approximately 1 year posttransplant, he and his wife decided that they wanted to start a family and consulted a fertility specialist who advised them to utilize donor sperm due to the teratogenic effects of posttransplant medications. Taken by surprise with this news, they expressed regret about the missed opportunity for pretransplant sperm aspiration and cryopreservation to conceive a biological child. He reported, "If we would have known, we would have made sure I [banked] my own [sperm]." This case study highlights a critical gap in CF comprehensive clinical care.
On the Basic Notions in the Theory of Induction

My main purpose here is to describe an abstract, algebraic context in which one can develop at least the rudiments of the theory of inductive definability. It will be obvious that all the standard examples of induction fit the abstract model in a natural way: these include ordinary recursion theory on the integers and its generalizations to various kinds of abstract structures as well as the theories of positive and non-monotone elementary induction, e.g. see Moschovakis (1974a, b). Despite this generality, the model is very simple and one can establish for it easily the basic results which are common to all these theories. My hope is that future monographs on inductive definability will start with a brief chapter on ‘algebraic preliminaries’ which will contain some version of this material.
Large-Field and Focusing Schlieren Methods

Schardin essentially overlooked the large-scale possibilities of the lens-and-grid schlieren technique which he and H. Maecker pioneered [2]. Sixty years later, this and other opportunities have emerged to free the schlieren technique from its traditional bonds of small scale. Concurrently some of these approaches allow narrow depth-of-field as well, hence the ability to focus upon a “plane” in a 3-D schlieren field. Both possibilities are crucial to the renewed vitality of schlieren imaging.
A new aspinothoracid arthrodire from the Late Devonian of Ohio, U.S.A.

The Cleveland Shale fauna represents a unique view of the time after a major Devonian extinction event (Frasnian–Famenian) with the recovery of arthrodires (Placodermi) best represented by this most specious North American fauna. This time was followed by an additional event (Hangenberg Biocrisis) leading to the extinction of arthrodires (and all other placoderms). An understanding of the diversity and interrelationships of North American arthrodires can aid our understanding of this critical time in vertebrate evolution. A new aspinothoracid arthrodire Hlavinichthys jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Late Devonian of northern Ohio, U.S.A., which adds to our knowledge of this group. It provides a point of comparison to other members of the fauna whose interrelationships are poorly known. A phylogenetic analysis supports an assignment of Hlavinichthys jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. among the aspinothoracid arthrodires. This work has drawn attention to the continued need for descriptive and phylogenetic analyses of this unique fauna. Decades old species descriptions need revision along with preparation and description of new taxa. The work on Hlavinichthys jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. here is one step in that process.
Improving pain after video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy—advantages of a wound retractor camera port

Pain after thoracic surgery remains the Achilles heel of our discipline. Many techniques have been developed over the years to address postoperative pain to varying degrees of success. It is with this in mind that we reviewed the study by Raveglia et al . (1) with great interest. The authors present a single-institution prospective randomized trial comparing use of a wound protector to the standard rigid trocar for the camera port during video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lung resections. This novel technique was first published by the authors in 2016 (2) and is now common practice at their institution. The main study outcome was postoperative pain measured by both visual analog scale as well as morphine consumption.
African American Males’ Decisions to Teach: Barriers, Motivations, and Supports Necessary for Completing a Teacher Preparation Program:

The growing diversity of student populations within the public schools of the United States and the lack of diversity present in the current pool of certified teachers are of great interest to coll...
Is a Reported Goodwill Impairment Loss Really a Goodwill Impairment Loss? A Financial Reporting Case on Evaluating the Efficacy of Authoritative Guidance

ABSTRACT While undergraduate financial reporting courses focus primarily on the application of generally accepted accounting principles and the mechanics of accounting treatments, graduate-level co...
A multiresolution ensemble Kalman filter using the wavelet decomposition

We present a method of using classical wavelet-based multiresolution analysis to separate scales in model and observations during data assimilation with the ensemble Kalman filter. In many applications, the underlying physics of a phenomena involve the interaction of features at multiple scales. Blending of observational and model error across scales can result in large forecast inaccuracies since large errors at one scale are interpreted as inexact data at all scales due to the misrepresentation of observational error. Our method uses a partitioning of the range of the observation operator into separate observation scales. This naturally induces a transformation of the observation covariance and we put forward several algorithms to efficiently compute the transformed covariance. Another advantage of our multiresolution ensemble Kalman filter is that scales can be weighted independently to adjust each scale’s affect on the forecast. To demonstrate feasibility, we present applications to a one-dimensional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (K–S) model with scale-dependent observation noise and an application involving the forecasting of solar photospheric flux. The solar flux application uses the Air Force Data Assimilative Photospheric Transport (ADAPT) model which has model and observation error exhibiting strong scale dependence. Results using our multiresolution ensemble Kalman filter show significant improvement in solar forecast error compared to traditional ensemble Kalman filtering.
The Domino Procedure is a Viable Strategy with Acceptable Outcomes

Introduction The domino-donor operation is a procedure applicable to heart-lung transplantation (HLT) for septic or hypertensive lung disease. Often a "conditioned" heart from the HLT recipient is transplanted (HT) into a recipient with increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The procedure is thought to maximize the number of donor organs but is very rarely performed in the current era. The purpose of this systemic review was to investigate the indications and outcomes associated with the domino procedure. Methods An electronic search was performed to identify all studies on the domino procedure in the English literature. Eight studies reporting on a total of 183 HLT recipients and 266 HT recipients were included for final analysis. Results HLT indications included cystic fibrosis in 58% (95%CI: 27-84) of recipients, primary pulmonary hypertension in 17% (95%CI: 12-24), bronchiectasis in 5% (95%CI: 3-10), emphysema in 5% (95%CI: 0-45), and Eisenmenger's syndrome in 4% (95%CI: 2-8). HT indications included ischemic heart disease in 40% (95%CI: 33-47), nonischemic disease in 39% (95%CI: 25-56), and retransplantation in 10% (95%CI: 1-59). The pooled mean pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in HT recipients was 3.05 Woods units (95%CI: 0.14-5.95). The overall mortality in the HLT group was 28% (95%CI: 18-41) at an average follow-up of 15.7 months (95%CI: 0.82-30.5), and 35% (95%CI: 17-58) in the HT group at average follow-up of 37.3 months (95%CI: 6.7-67.8). Freedom from rejection in HT was 94% (95%CI: 75-99) at 1 month, 77% (95%CI: 30-96) at 6 months, and 41% (95%CI: 33-50) at 1 year. A subgroup comparison between HLT and HT groups demonstrated a significant difference in the age [mean HLT age, 26.7 years (95%CI: 21.3-32.2) vs mean HT age, 40.4 years (95%CI: 32.2-48.6) p ≤ 0.01] and a trend towards significance in male sex [45% males in HLT group (95%CI: 29-63), vs 68% males in the HT group (95%CI: 52-80) p=0.06]. Pooled survival over time for both groups is shown in the figure. Conclusions The domino procedure appears to be a viable option in properly selected patients that can be performed safely with acceptable outcomes.
Introduction to Lens Design

Optical lenses have many important applications, from telescopes and spectacles, to microscopes and lasers. This concise, introductory book provides an overview of the subtle art of lens design. It covers the fundamental, optical theory, and the practical methods and tools employed in lens design, in a succinct and accessible manner. Topics covered include first-order optics, optical aberrations, achromatic doublets, optical relays, lens tolerances, designing with off-the-shelf lenses, miniature lenses, and zoom lenses. Covering all the key concepts of lens design, and providing suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter, this book is an essential resource for graduate students working in optics and photonics, in addition to engineers and technicians working in the optics and imaging industries.
Transient central diabetes insipidus during prolonged sinus surgery: case report and literature review

Abstract We present a rare case of transient central diabetes insipidus occurring in the setting of endoscopic sinus surgery, without evidence of structural intracranial/pituitary complications. Other etiologic factors were excluded. Literature review is presented about prior reported cases of diabetes insipidus associated with non-intracranial surgeries.
Cell permeability, β-lactamase activity, and transport contribute to high level of resistance to ampicillin in Lysobacter enzymogenes

Discovery of multidrug resistance (MDR) in environmental microorganisms provides unique resources for uncovering antibiotic resistomes, which could be vital to predict future emergence of MDR pathogens. Our previous studies indicated that Lysobacter sp. conferred intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics at high levels, especially ampicillin, the first broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for resistance to ampicillin in Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3 (LeC3) remain unknown. In this study, screening a Tn5 transposon mutant library of LeC3 recovered 12 mutants with decreased ampicillin resistance, and three mutants (i.e., tatC, lebla, and lpp) were selected for further characterization. Our results revealed that genes encoding β-lactamase (lebla) and twin-arginine translocation (tatC) system for β-lactamase transport played a pivotal role in conferring ampicillin resistance in L. enzymogenes. It was also demonstrated that the lpp gene was not only involved in resistance against β-lactams but also conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics in L. enzymogenes. Permeability assay results indicated that decreased MDR in the lpp mutant was in part due to its higher cellular permeability. Furthermore, our results showed that the difference of LeC3 and L. antibioticus strain LaATCC29479 in ampicillin susceptibility was partly due to their differences in cellular permeability, but not due to β-lactamase activities.
Role for Circulating Exosomes with Cardiac Self-Antigens (Myosin and Vimentin) in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Rejection in a Murine Heterotopic Model of Cardiac Transplantation

Purpose The aim of the study is to determine the of kinetics of circulating exosomes induced with cardiac self-antigens (SAgs) (Myosin, Vimentin) and their role in de novo development of antibodies (Abs) to SAgs leading to chronic rejection following heterotopic cardiac transplantation (HTx). Methods Allogenic (BALB/c to C57BL/6) HTx was performed heterotopically in the abdominal cavity. Costimulatory blockade consisting of MR1 (250 μg i.p.) and CTLA4-Ig (200 μg i.p.) treatment (days 0 and 2, respectively) resulted in prolongation of HTx for 45-60 days. However, histopathological analysis demonstrated chronic rejection as evidenced by myocyte damage, cellular infiltration with mononuclear cells and fibrosis. Sera were collected on days 7, 15, 30, and 45 for kinetic analysis of exosome induction, Ab development, and characterization of exosomes for cardiac SAgs, transcription factors, class II MHC trans-activator (CIITA), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and 20S proteasome by western blot using specific Abs. Results BALB/c to C57BL/6 HTx rejected heart on day 7 to 8. Sera, at the time of rejection, demonstrated exosomes with SAgs, CIITA, NF-κB and 20S proteasome. HTx done following costimulatory blockade developed chronic rejection between 45 to 60 days. Kinetic studies demonstrated induction of circulating exosomes containing SAgs; Myosin (3.3 vs 1.09; p Conclusion Circulating exosomes containing SAgs, transcription factors, and development of Abs to SAgs preceded development of chronic rejection in a murine model of chronic rejection occurring after co-stimulation blockade in allogenic HTx, thus, supporting an important role for circulating exosomes induced following HTx in breaking the tolerance induced by co-stimulation blockade resulting in immune responses leading to chronic rejection.
Doing biocultural anthropology: Continuity and change

Biocultural anthropology has long represented an important approach in the study of human biology. However, despite demonstrated utility, its somewhat amorphous identity leaves some scholars questioning just what it means to be biocultural. In this article, rather than providing proscriptive doctrine, we contribute to these conversations about the nature of biocultural anthropology by considering what biocultural research does. We begin with a consideration of some of the foundational themes of biocultural work including recognition of the dialectical nature of sociocultural and biological forces, interest in inequality, and incorporation of both evolutionary and political economic perspectives. To emphasize the consistency of biocultural work over time, we also trace these themes from originating work to their appearance in current research. We then identify some of the key actions of the biocultural approach, noting that biocultural work can execute any number though rarely all of these actions simultaneously. We then offer brief introductions to the articles that make up this special issue, highlighting the ways in which each piece undertakes key biocultural actions. Following these introductions, we provide a discussion of some of the types of biocultural work that are not present in this special issue, recognizing the breadth of biocultural research across multiple subfields of anthropology. Finally, we point to some potentially fruitful directions for future biocultural research. In the end, we conclude that while biocultural anthropology may not have a cohesive or set agenda, it does have a clear and recognizable form of content and methodology illuminated by its actions.
Preventing animal-vehicle crashes using a smart detection technology and warning system

Animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs), and deer-vehicle collisions (DVCs) in particular, are a major safety problem on roads in Virginia, United States. Mitigation measures such as improved fencing and ...
Vancomycin Hypersensitivity Reactions Documented in Electronic Health Records.

Background Vancomycin, the most common antimicrobial used in US hospitals, can cause diverse adverse reactions, including hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs). Yet, little is known about vancomycin reactions documented in electronic health records. Objective To describe vancomycin HSR epidemiology from electronic health record allergy data. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of patients with 1 or more encounter from 2017 to 2019 and an electronic health record vancomycin drug allergy label (DAL) in 2 US health care systems. We determined prevalence and trends of vancomycin DALs and assessed active DALs by HSR phenotype determined from structured (coded) and unstructured (free-text) data using natural language processing. We investigated demographic associations with documentation of vancomycin red man syndrome (RMS). Results Among 4,490,618 patients, 14,426 (0.3%) had a vancomycin DAL with 18,761 documented reactions (2,248 [12.0%] free-text). Quarterly mean vancomycin DALs added were 253 ± 12 and deleted were 12 ± 2. Of 18,761 vancomycin HSRs, 7,903 (42.1%) were immediate phenotypes and 3,881 (20.7%) were delayed phenotypes. Common HSRs were rash (32% of HSRs) and RMS (16% of HSRs). Anaphylaxis was coded in 6% cases of HSRs. Drug reaction eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome was the most common coded vancomycin severe cutaneous adverse reaction. RMS documentation was more likely for males (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.17-1.44) and less likely for blacks (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.47-0.75). Conclusions Vancomycin causes diverse adverse reactions, including common (eg, RMS) and severe (eg, drug reaction eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome) reactions entered as DAL free-text. Anaphylaxis comprised 6% of documented vancomycin HSRs, although true vancomycin IgE-mediated reactions are exceedingly rare. Improving vancomycin DAL documentation requires more coded entry options, including a coded entry for RMS.
Atomic Bonding and Crystal Structures

On December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain demonstrated the world’s first transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories. The point-contact transistor was made in the area of a large single-crystalline grain on a piece of reused polycrystalline germanium. Above the Ge slab was a polystyrene wedge structure where, at the bottom tip of the wedge, the gold-foil emitter and collector electrodes make point contacts, separated by ~50 µm, to the n-type Ge base. In this device, the injection of both electrons and holes into a semiconductor was first demonstrated. Shortly after that, the zone refining process was developed by William Pfann for the growth of silicon and germanium crystals of predetermined purity. Today, transistors, light-emitting diodes, injection lasers, integrated circuits, and many other semiconductor devices are made from single crystals of semiconductor material with extremely high purity. There are other semiconductor devices which are not made from single-crystal material, though they could be and their operation is usually obtained as if they were. Hence, a study of the basic properties of crystal structures is necessary for a meaningful explanation of the operation of semiconductor devices. In this chapter, the tetrahedron bond structure—the basic building block of major semiconductor crystals—is first derived from atomic sp3 orbitals. The reciprocal lattice is then introduced as an alternative but powerful approach to investigate the lattice structure of the crystal. For example, crystal diffraction results are best discussed in the reciprocal lattice space. Finally, the Brillouin zone concept is introduced.
Pembrolizumab in Patients with Advanced Metastatic Germ Cell Tumors.

Lessons learned Advanced germ cell tumors are aggressive and associated with poor prognosis. Pembrolizumab was overall well tolerated in 12 heavily pretreated patients. Three patients had radiographic stable disease that lasted for 10.9 months, 5.5 months, and 4.5 months, respectively. Published data of immunotherapeutic agents in patients with advanced germ cell tumors are confirmed. The limited antitumor activity of immunotherapy in germ cell tumors is, at least partially, attributed to tumor biology (low tumor mutational burden; low PD-1 expression) and other poor-risk features. Tumor profiling to understand the mechanisms of resistance to pembrolizumab and innovative clinical trials that may include immunotherapy are warranted. Background Advanced germ cell tumors are associated with poor prognosis. We investigated the role of pembrolizumab in patients with advanced germ cell tumors. Methods We analyzed a prespecified cohort of an open-label, phase II clinical trial in which patients with advanced germ cell tumors were treated with pembrolizumab (200 mg) intravenously every 21 days. The endpoints of the study were the non-progression rate (NPR) at 27 weeks, safety, and tolerability. An NPR >20% was considered successful and worthy of further pursuit. Results From August 2016 to February 2018, 12 patients (10 men, 2 women) were treated (median age, 35 years [range, 22-63 years]; median number of prior systemic therapies, 3.5 [range, 2-7]; median number of metastatic sites, 3 [range, 2-8]). Overall, pembrolizumab was well tolerated. One patient experienced both grade 1 immune-related skin rash and grade 3 immune-related pneumonitis. No patient died from toxicity. Three patients had radiographic stable disease that lasted for 10.9 months, 5.5 months, and 4.5 months, respectively. No objective response was noted. The median progression-free survival was 2.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-4.5 months), and the median overall survival was 10.6 months (95% CI, 4.6-27.1 months). The 27-week NPR was 9.0% (95% CI, 0.23-41.2%). Conclusion Overall, pembrolizumab was safe and had limited antitumor activity in these patients. In the advanced, metastatic setting, tumor profiling to understand the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy and innovative clinical trials to identify efficacious combination regimens rather than off-label use of pembrolizumab are warranted.
Collective Belief and Scientific Change

Scientific progress may be understood to involve a given scientific community’s changing its mind. This raises the question: what is it for such a change to occur? Is it, or is it solely, a matter of individual scientists changing their minds? This paper argues for an alternative conception in terms of a conception of collective belief that it explains. Given their internal structure, collective beliefs act as constraints on the actions and utterances of the members of a given scientific community, and it takes more than a change in individual minds to change them. This may help to explain the phenomenon of outsiders or neophytes who contribute to scientific progress, as in the case of the bacterial theory of ulcers.
Preliminary findings for adverse childhood experiences and associations with negative physical and mental health and victimization in transmasculine adults.

Abstract Introduction Studies highlight the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on risk for negative health outcomes in adulthood, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, substance use, and mental health. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people report higher rates of ACEs than non-LGBT people, with transgender people at greatest risk. Objective This study aims to comprehensively assess the prevalence of ACEs and association with health outcomes among transmasculine individuals. Participants and setting A sample of 131 transmasculine individuals enrolled in a clinical trial on preventive cervical cancer screening between March 2015 and September 2016 in the United States were surveyed about ACEs and health outcomes. Methods Pearson's chi-squared tests and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between self-reported ACEs prior to age 18 and the risk of various negative health outcomes in adulthood. ACEs were categorized as 0–1 ACEs, 2–3 ACEs, and 4+ ACEs. Results Over 90% of the sample (120/131) reported at least 1 ACE; 45% (59/131) reported 4+ ACEs. Report of 4 or more ACEs increased risk for negative health outcomes and risk factors compared to 0–1 ACEs, including: depression (AOR = 5.3, 95%CI = 1.7, 16.2), suicidality (AOR = 5.2, 95%CI = 1.4, 18.8), post-traumatic stress disorder (AOR = 6.0, 95%CI (1.6, 22.8)), intimate partner violence (AOR = 5.3, 95%CI = 1.4, 18.8), and obesity (AOR = 8.2, 95%CI = 1.8, 37.2). Report of 2–3 ACEs was also significantly associated with obesity (AOR = 5.9, 95%CI = 1.3, 26.2). Conclusions ACEs are highly prevalent in this sample, and more attention is needed for research and intervention. This exploratory study is the first to comprehensively highlight patterns of physical and mental health risk and victimization associated with report of ACEs among transmasculine individuals. Trauma-informed screening and intervention efforts tailored to the unique needs of this population are needed to provide appropriate and effective care. Clinicians should consider routinely screening for ACEs among transmasculine youth and engage in prevention strategies to reduce health disparities. Further research is warranted to validate these findings among larger, more representative samples to better reflect the diversity of experiences and identities of transmasculine individuals and produce more reliable findings.
Protecting Building Occupants Against the Inhalation of Outdoor-Origin Aerosols

Abstract During normal operations, buildings can protect their occupants from outdoor airborne particle hazards of all types, including airborne pollutants. A long-term international research effort has advanced our knowledge of building protection physics. Recently we have developed an operationally efficient, regional-scale methodology - Regional Shelter Analysis - to account for both building protection effects and the typical distribution of people in and among buildings. To provide input to this capability, we estimate here the degree of protection afforded by the currently existing US building stock. We first assemble and summarize the published literature relevant to indoor particle losses including (a) deposition to indoor surfaces, (b) losses that occur when particles penetrate through the building envelope, and (c) heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system filtration efficiencies as well as general building operating conditions. Building protection against inhaling particulate hazards varies strongly, by orders of magnitude, according to building use (occupancy), particle-size, and airborne particle loss rate. Protection increases modestly as particle size increases from 0.1 to 1 μm and significantly as particle size increases from 1 to 10 μm. Model results are placed in context with previously reported measurements. Suggestions for future work, including enhanced validation datasets are provided. Description of Supplemental Materials
Optics-Free Imaging Using A Self-Consistent Supervised Deep Neural Network

We propose a deep neural network self-consistent supervised model for optics-free image reconstruction. The model learns both the inverse imaging problem as well as the forward to better constrain the reconstruction.
The Exploration of Female Identity in the Father-Daughter Dynamic in Caroline Bowles's Poetry

The work and literary accomplishments of Caroline Bowles Southey established her significance as a poet in the Romantic tradition as well as contemporary culture. Similar to many other women writers, she worked within the established poetic genres against the conformity of the masculine norms of Romanticism. The father-daughter relationship is not new, yet in Caroline Bowles’s poetry it becomes a symbol of the patriarchal relation of women and men in society, a precursor to the questioning of woman’s role and place in culture. This paper aims to examine the father-daughter dynamic in Ellen Fitzarthur and Birth-Day. Bowles interrogates the ambivalence of self: the private and the public persona, which has to come to terms with the demands and pressures of patriarchal society. To achieve self-fulfillment a woman has to be free from the power of the father. Caroline Bowles’s poetry is such an attempt to strive towards the personal and poetic independence from the expectations of the patriarchal society.
The Volumetric Properties of the Transition State Ensemble for Protein Folding

Hydrostatic pressure together with the temperature is an important environmental variable that plays an essential role in biological adaptation of extremophilic organisms. In particular, the effects of hy-drostatic pressure on the rates of the protein folding/unfolding reaction are determined by the magni-tude and sign of the activation volume changes. Here we provide computational description of the ac-tivation volume changes for folding/unfolding reaction, and compare them with the experimental data for six different globular proteins. We find that the volume of the transition state ensemble is always in-between the folded and unfolded states. Based on this, we conclude that hydrostatic pressure will invariably slow down protein folding and accelerate protein unfolding.
Stress and Work/Family

Work–family research studies how individuals manage the competing demands of multiple roles. Two prominent frameworks – role strain and person–environment fit – both emphasize how this is often a stressful experience. The influence of gender roles and ideology means that men and women tend to experience work–family stress for different reasons. Similarly, the characteristics of work and family (e.g., work hours, autonomy, number of children, and spousal support) also play a big role in who experiences work–family stress and how much. Keywords: family; gender; sociology of family; work
Anti-Americanism and the Financial Crisis

The global image of the United States severely deteriorated under the Bush administration and anti-Americanism, an individual attitude of fundamental distrust towards what America is and does, rose accordingly during the same period. Favorable views of the US started to improve in the world in 2008, but then the financial crisis hit in September 2008. Did the crisis reignite anti-American sentiments worldwide? The crisis had the potential for increasing negative sentiments towards the US because it feeds into several of the underlying classical sources of anti-Americanism and because foreign leaders may be tempted to blame the US and stoke anti-Americanism domestically in order to absolve themselves from the failings of their own policies. Yet we do not observe such a spike in anti-American sentiments worldwide, at least at the level of public opinion. Why? The paper argues that this potential anti-Americanism has been mitigated by several factors, including the election of Obama, the new face of globalization, and the perception of US decline. The paper also examines whether anti-Americanism can affect the policy responses to the crisis.
A Framework for Evaluating Distributed Object Models and its Application to Web Engineering

The success of building distributed object systems depends on important factors such as architecture, the distributed object model (DOM) selected, and the process adapted in the selection of the DOM. There are a number of DOMs. Although the primary goals of these models are the same, each model has a unique underlying architecture, maturity, and features provided. A critical evaluation of DOMs is thus needed by those organizations that are considering migrating to distributed object computing. The evaluation process can be time-consuming and may drain organizational resources. Most of the current evaluation processes adopted by organizations are not generic enough, and they concentrate only on the problem on hand. Hence, they cannot be used by any other organization, sometimes not even a different project at the same organization. Therefore, a more generalized framework or template is required to evaluate DOMs. This paper proposes a framework to evaluate DOMs. A number of important managerial items such as cost, personnel, and technology resources, training, enterprise changes, and time constraints have been identified, explained, and justified as the evaluation criteria. An evaluation of the most widely used DOMs, CORBA, DCOM, and RMI, is provided using the above criteria. Finally, a case study of a production web-based system is presented to demonstrate the use of the framework.
Optimal control of a chemical vapor deposition reactor

We study a simple model of chemical vapor deposition on a silicon wafer. The control is the flux of chemical species, and the objective is to grow the semiconductor film so that its surface attains a prescribed profile as nearly as possible. The surface is spatially fast oscillating due to the small feature scale, and therefore the problem is formulated in terms of its homogenized approximation. We prove that the optimal control is bang-bang, and we use this information to develop a numerical scheme for computing the optimal control.
Effect of ritodrine infusion on uterine and umbilical blood flow in pregnant sheep.

Abstract The effect of ritodrine upon uterine artery blood flow (UtBF) and umbilical vein blood flow (UmBF) was investigated in near-term chronic sheep preparations. During intravenous ritodrine infusions to the ewe in sequential dose rates from 100 to 800 μg per minute, UtBF fell progressively to 43 per cent below control levels and mean maternal arterial pressure (MMAP) declined 20 per cent. During constant infusions of 100, 400, or 800 μg per minute of ritodrine to the ewe for 120 minutes, UtBF decreased 10, 37, and 31 per cent, respectively, and MMAP decreased 6, 20, and 25 per cent respectively. Dose-related maternal tachycardia and hyperglycemia occurred. There were no significant changes in UmBF, mean fetal arterial pressure, or fetal heart rate. During all infusions, maternal and fetal arterial pH, Pco 2 , and Po 2 remained within normal physiologic limits. Simultaneous infusion of ritodrine (400 μg per minute) and propranolol (100 μg per minute) blocked the maternal tachycardia, but decreases in UtBF, MMAP, and UmBF were observed. Ritodrine infusions to the fetus (25 μg per minute) resulted in fetal tachycardia and a variable increase in UmBF.
Perioperative Cost Analysis of Minimally Invasive vs Open Resection of Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors.

BACKGROUND Minimally invasive spinal surgery (MIS) has emerged as a clinically effective tool but its cost-effectiveness remains unclear. No studies have compared MIS vs open surgical techniques for the treatment of intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors. OBJECTIVE To analyze and compare open and MIS techniques for resection of IDEM tumors, with focus on perioperative costs. METHODS Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database including 35 IDEM patients (18 open, 17 MIS). Perioperative data, hospital costs, and hospital and physician charges for in-hospital services associated with the index surgical procedure and readmissions within 90 days were compared. RESULTS Mean estimated blood loss, operative time, preoperative hospital charges, and physician fees were similar between open and MIS techniques. Patient and tumor characteristics were similar between groups. MIS cases were associated with shorter intensive care unit and floor stay. There were 3 complications in the open group, requiring 2 readmissions and 1 reoperation. Hospital costs ($21 307.80 open, $15 015.20 MIS, P < .01), and postoperative ($75 383.48 open, $56 006.88 MIS, P < .01) and total charges ($100 779.38 open, $76 100.92 MIS, P < .01) were significantly lower in the MIS group. There were no tumor recurrences in either group. All patients except for one in the open group maintained or improved their Nurick score. CONCLUSION Both MIS and open techniques were able to adequately treat IDEM tumors. Reductions in complication rate and intensive care unit and hospital stay led to a decrease in hospital costs of almost 30% in the MIS group. MIS resection of IDEM tumors is not only an effective and safe option, but allows faster hospital discharge and significant cost savings.
Oxprenolol Hydrochloride: Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse Effects and Clinical Efficacy

Oxprenolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that also possesses intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) and membrane stabilizing effects. Oxprenolol undergoes first pass metabolism with only 30% of an oral dose reaching the systemic circulation. The drug is approximately 80% protein bound and is eliminated primarily by glucuronidation in the liver. Less than 4% of oxprenolol is excreted unchanged in the urine. Oxprenolol may reduce the heart rate and prolong the effective and functional atrioventricular nodal refractory period. Oxprenolol has less negative inotropic and chronotropic effects than propranolol. Plasma renin activity is reduced; however, changes in plasma aldosterone level are not significant. Long term metabolic effects require further study. Oxprenolol appears to be comparable to other beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris with no additional adverse reactions. If its partial agonist effect proves useful, it may have an advantage over other agents in treating patients with borderline cardiac reserve. Because of limited data, the use of oxprenolol for the treatment of arrhythmias, migraine, thyrotoxicosis, anxiety, and glaucoma cannot be recommended at this time.
What causes a crossover step when walking on uneven ground? A study in healthy young women

We hypothesized that, during gait, the perturbation caused by stepping on a 1.2-cm high protuberance with the medial forefoot would not only alter stance foot kinematics and kinetics, but also alter subsequent step location and timing, even to the point of causing a crossover step. Twelve healthy young women performed at least three flat surface and three perturbation trials while walking along a level walkway. To obstruct visual monitoring of their upcoming foot placement they used both hands to carry a large tray in front of their abdomen. Kinematic data from optoelectronic markers and force plate data were recorded at 50 and 100 Hz, respectively. The results showed that the medial forefoot perturbation significantly decreased the net ankle eversion moment (p < 0.001) and increased the maximum inversional foot acceleration (p = 0.007). Step width (SW) and time (ST) of the post-perturbation recovery step were significantly decreased compared with normal steps (p = 0.002 and 0.049, respectively). The maximum inversional foot acceleration correlated negatively with SW and ST of the recovery step (both p = 0.001). Finally, four of 36 (12%) recovery steps were crossover steps. We conclude that a medial forefoot perturbation results in an increased inversional acceleration of the stance foot followed by a decrease in recovery SW and ST. In some cases, a medial forefoot perturbation can result in a crossover step, an extreme form of a narrow recovery step. Keywords: Gait; Irregular surface; Step variability; Falls; Balance
Television and Prejudice Reduction: When Does Television as a Vicarious Experience Make a Difference?

Televised role portrayals and interracial interactions, as sources of vicarious experience, contribute to the development of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination among children. The first section of this article reviews the amount and nature of racial/ethnic content on television, including limited portrayals of racial/ethnic groups and of interracial/ethnic interaction. The second section focuses on theoretical models that help explain television's role in the development, maintenance, and modification of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. The third section addresses research on the effects of television in altering stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination, with particular attention given to media intervention programs specifically designed to address these issues (Sesame Street and Different and the Same). This article concludes with a discussion of suggestions for future research.
Critical Considerations about Clinical Trials Simulation

Despite current advances in clinical trial design and analysis, examples of drug failures after lengthy and expensive development processes can still be found. Clinical trials simulation (CTS) has been helpful in minimising the attrition factor of drug discovery and its capabilities continue to expand. In integrating different methodologies — pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic, statistical and computational — CTS has the potential to greatly aid the setup and execution of actual confirmatory clinical trials so that they have a much smaller risk of failure. However, caution is needed as something unknown cannot just be simply simulated from what is previously known. Much like an impossibility, akin to the idea of ‘bootstrapping’, the challenge is to look for answers to questions that nobody has posed before. Putting the focus on emulating real prospective patients, their full biological characteristics must be considered so that elusive adverse reactions that can stop drug development at a late clinical stage are avoided. The new generation of CTS may address some of the outstanding problems: experimental designs including hierarchical Bayesian approaches have been tried; Markov chain modelling and simulated annealing provide interesting features; machine learning classifiers, from genetic algorithms to artificial neural networks, may provide valuable insights; and game theory merged with CTS may produce significant advancements.
The Evolution of the Community College System in Nebraska.

Nebraska's community college system will be celebrating its 25th anniversary in 1998. From the “poor stepchild” of higher education, Nebraska's community colleges have grown up to be the fastest growing and a highly respected sector of Nebraska's postsecondary education system, serving every corner of the state. Applied technology (vocational and occupational) education is the primary focus of the system — over 86% of all students in the system are enrolled in applied technology education. Local governance and local funding are hallmarks of the system's success, and a newly re‐enforced funding partnership among the six community college areas, the State ofNebraska, and college constituents will assure the viability and financial stability of the system into the next century.
Random graphs in a neural computation model

We examine in this work the following graph theory problem that arises in neural computations that involve the learning of boolean expressions by studying the asymptotic connectivity properties of $G_{n\comma 1/\lpar kn\rpar ^{1/2}}$ random graphs, where k is a fixed positive integer. For an undirected graph $G = \lpar V\comma \; E\rpar $ let $N\lpar X\comma \; Y\rpar = \lcub v \in V - \lpar X \cup Y\rpar \!\mid$ $ \exists x \in X\ \hbox{with}\ \lpar v\comma \; x\rpar \in E\rcub $ . For fixed k construct an undirected graph $G = \lpar V\comma \; E\rpar $ such that for all disjoint sets $A\comma \; B \subseteq V$ such that $\vert A \vert = \vert B \vert = k$ , and $C = N\lpar A\comma \; B\rpar \cap N\lpar B\comma \; A\rpar $ , set C is such that $\vert C \vert$ is either exactly k or as close to k as possible. Asymptotic results for large values of k are also presented.