cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research Challenges for Systems-of-Systems

Collaborative assemblages, systems-of-systems in the terms of the conference, pose specific challenges for design and development. These challenges are distinct from those of conventional systems, and have received relatively little research attention. These challenges are relatively clearly demonstrated in looking at example systems of current interest. The principle challenges are in joint design of social and technical equilibria, description and analysis of upper layer structures (as distinct from the bulk of network description and analysis methods), architectures as invariant elements, and sequential decision making on technology and system roadmaps with large uncertainty.
Optical Nonlinearity and Bistability Due to the Biexciton Two-Photon Resonance in CuCl

We have investigated the nonlinear dielectric function close to the biexciton two-photon resonance in CuCl, taking into account the background absorption due to the exciton tail in the vicinity of the biexciton as well as the broadening of the biexciton resonance with intensity. This analysis predicts biexcitonic optical bistability with ~10 MW/cm2 intensity for a ~10-µm-thick CuCl etalon with 90% reflecting mirrors. Our experimental results, obtained with 8- to 12-µm-thick CuCl films sandwiched between 90% reflecting mirrors, verify these predictions. Optical limiting and bistability were observed with ~15 to 30 MW/cm2 intensity. Subnanosecond switching times are limited by the response time of the detection system.
Logistics management in China: A case study of Haier

Chinese businesses began with a weak foundation in the intense world trade environment, similar to the many other companies that grew from developing countries. How were these Chinese businesses able to compete with foreign competitors armed with strong capital structures and efficient communication networks? Haier is an excellent example of how Chinese companies have successfully adapted to and prospered in the global economy, using information technology as a strategic weapon to improve its competitive advantage and further to create collaborative advantage. Haier's growth is miraculous: in less than two decades, it grew from a state-owned refrigerator factory into an innovative international giant. The company has become China's first global brand and the fifth largest appliance seller in the world. What are the secrets of Haier's success? Many researchers have conducted extensive studies on Haier's management and found the key is Management Information Systems such as e-Commerce and logistics systems that improve business operations between its suppliers, customers, and business partners. This article recounts the journey of Haier's achievements to excellence through its MIS, and provides analyses of the company's business model, the market chain management model.
Disks and Halos in Pre-Main-Sequence Stars

Two different geometries have been proposed to explain the dust emission from pre-main-sequence stars: flared disks and “classical” geometrically-thin optically-thick disks imbedded in optically thin halos. We show that only imaging observations can differentiate these two morphologies, while flux measurements can never distinguish between them. A model constructed with one geometry implies an equivalent model with the other that produces the identical flux at every wavelength. Even when its optical depth is much smaller than that of the disk, the halo can still have a significant effect on the disk temperature profile.
Controllability analysis of torque ripple due to phase commutation in brushless DC motors

In a brushless DC motor (BLDCM) drive system, it has been well noted that phase-current commutations and the imperfection of back electromotive force (EMF) are usually the major causes of electromagnetic torque pulsation. With the extension of BLDCM applications, many methods have been presented to attenuate the pulsation and, the most popular ones are optimizing phase-current waveforms by implementing different strategies in an inner closed-loop of current control. However, few studies are found on the controllability of phase-currents in a BLDCM system. In this paper, the elements that have effect on the control of phase-currents will be evaluated by considering the machine and its inverter supply. The operation zone that the torque pulsation can be attenuated are described analytically.
Nearby supernova rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search – I. The methods and data base

This is the first paper of a series in which we present new measurements of the observed rates of supernovae (SNe) in the local Universe, determined from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. We have obtained 2.3 million observations of 14 882 sample galaxies over an interval of 11 years (1998 March to 2008 December). We considered 1036 SNe detected in our sample and used an optimal subsample of 726 SNe (274 Type Ia SNe, 116 Type Ibc SNe and Type II 324 SNe) to determine our SN rates. This is the largest and most homogeneous set of nearby SNe ever assembled for this purpose, and ours is the first local SN rate analysis based on CCD imaging and modern image-subtraction techniques. In this paper, we lay the foundation of the study. We derive the recipe for the control-time calculation for SNe with a known luminosity function and provide details on the construction of the galaxy and SN samples used in the calculations. Compared with a complete volume-limited galaxy sample, our sample has a deficit of low-luminosity galaxies but still provides enough statistics for a reliable rate calculation. There is a strong Malmquist bias, so the average size (luminosity or mass) of the galaxies increases monotonically with distance, and this trend is used to showcase a correlation between SN rates and galaxy sizes. Very few core-collapse SNe are found in early-type galaxies, providing strong constraints on the amount of recent star formation within these galaxies. The small average observation interval (∼9 d) of our survey ensures that our control-time calculations can tolerate a reasonable amount of uncertainty in the luminosity functions of SNe. We perform Monte Carlo simulations to determine the limiting magnitude of each image and the SN detection efficiency as a function of galaxy Hubble type. The limiting magnitude and the detection efficiency, together with the luminosity function derived from a complete sample of very nearby SNe in Paper II, will be used to calculate the control time and the SN rates in Paper III.
Learning scientific concepts through material and social activities: Conversational analysis meets conceptual change.

The number of analyses of cognitive activity situated in a material and social world has increased. It has been particularly challenging to the theoretician and researcher to make the bridge from macrosocial theories of cultural learning to microanalytic details of situated human activities for learning in specific subject domains. The ontogenesis of conceptual change in scientific thinking provides a central case for examining this problem. A sociocultural framework informed by studies of conversation analysis is described, in which meaning negotiation and appropriation are identified as mechanisms for achieving such conceptual change. Key implications of this perspective for the design and study of learning environments are outlined.
Optical spectroscopic elucidation of β-turns in disulfide bridged cyclic tetrapeptides

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopic features of type II β-turns were characterized previously, but, criteria for differentiation between β-turn types had not been established yet. Model tetrapeptides, cyclized through a disulfide bridge, were designed on the basis of previous experimental results and the observed incidence of amino acid residues in the i + 1 and i + 2 positions in β-turns, to determine the features of VCD spectra of type I and II β-turns. The results were correlated with electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra and VCD spectra calculated from conformational data obtained by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. All cyclic tetrapeptides yielded VCD signals with a higher frequency negative and a lower frequency positive couplet with negative lobes overlapping. MD simulations confirmed the conformational homogeneity of these peptides in solution. Comparison with ECD spectroscopy, MD, and quantum chemical calculation results suggested that the low frequency component of VCD spectra originating from the tertiary amide vibrations could be used to distinguish between types of β-turn structures. On the basis of this observation, VCD spectroscopic features of type II and VIII β-turns and ECD spectroscopic properties of a type VIII β-turn were suggested. The need for independent experimental as well as theoretical investigations to obtain decisive conformational information was recognized. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85: 1–11, 2007. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Comparison of mono Q, superose-6, and ABx fast protein liquid chromatograhy for the purification of IgM Monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Nine immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) produced in ascites fluids or in cell culture supernatants, have been purified on a fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) system using anion-exchange, size-exclusion, or mixed-mode chromatography matrices. The use of a mixed-mode ABx column provided an IgM that had a purity of greater than 99% after a single purification step. Anion-exchange chromatography using a Mono Q column, provided a partial purification fo the IgM which could subsequently be purified to a product of ca. 90% purity (determined from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) by size-exclusion chromatography on a Superose-6 column. Alternatively, the ascites containing the IgM was ammonium sulfate precipitated and chromatographed on the Superose-6 column under normal-as well as high-ionic strength conditions, which also yielded a product of ca. 90% purity. The purification of IgM from concentrated cell culture supernatants was evaluated using the Superose-6 or the ABx column. IgM purified from this source was greater than 99% pure when chromatographed on the mixed-mode column and ca. 60% pure on the size-exclusion column. MAbs from each of the procedures retained their immunoreactivity, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence staining of fixed cell preparations. A comparison of these methods revealed that mixed mode chromatography was simple, efficient, and yielded a product of high purity. The optimization of these methods facilitates the large-scale purification of mouse IgM MAbs and provides practical procedures for generating IgMs for use as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents.
Zero Anaphora in Second Language Acquisition: A Comparison among Three Varieties of English.

This study examines the use of zero anaphora in the English production of three speaker groups: native speakers, second language learners, and speakers of a non-native institutionalized variety. General discourse function for zero anaphora is found to be similar across speaker groups, although in many cases, ungrammatical by prescriptive standards. In addition, there are important quantitative and structural differences between the native speakers and non-native speakers in how this device is used. The results suggest that the relationship between performance data and second language acquisition needs to be reexamined. In particular, it cannot be assumed that spontaneous production of a given form isa direct indicator of acquisition and conversely, that non-production is necessarily proof of non-acquisition.
Synthesis of superconducting compounds by thermolysis of volatile hydrides and organometallic compounds on glowing wires

Abstract The synthesis of high temperature superconducting phases in the NbGe, NbSn, VSi, VGe, VSn, NbC and MoC systems is described by method consisting in the thermolysis of volatile hydrides or organometallic compounds on resistively heated wires. For face-centred cubic NbC a higher transition temperature than previously reported was obtained. The A15 phase boundary of NbGe is extended towards the stoichiometric 3:1 composition, affording samples of Nb3 Ge with a Tc onset of 15.8°K.
Colloidal Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Supported Pd−Cu Nanoparticle Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

The ability to control the size and composition of metal or alloys nanoparticles is important in preparing catalysts. This paper reports a colloidal synthesis methodology for the preparation of monodisperse palladium−copper (Pd−Cu) alloy nanoparticles with an average diameter of 3 nm for the as-prepared particles and 5−10 nm upon removal of the capping agents. Our approach involves the use of metal precursors, capping agents, and reducing agents in controlled ratios for nanoparticle formation in a single organic phase, followed by deposition of the capped nanoparticles on high surface area carbon and removal of the capping agents via heat treatment in either oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. The results of characterizations using transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (TEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature programmed oxidation and reduction combined with mass spectrometry (TPO/TPR-MS), powder X-ray diffracti...
Ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in ovary.

Abstract The incorporation of isotopic uridine and valine into RNA and protein of rabbit ovarian slices in vitro is enhanced by pretreatment in vivo with pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Significant changes in RNA and protein turnover in the ovarian slice are detectable within 60 min after hormone treatment. When ovarian follicles and ovarian interstitial tissue were incubated separately, it was found that FSH pretreatment stimulated uridine and valine incorporation only in the Graafian follicles; whereas LH pretreatment stimulated uridine and valine uptake by both follicles and interstitial tissue, with the latter showing the greater increment. Increased uridine incorporation following LH administration in vivo occurred mainly in the nuclear and post-mitochondrial cellular fractions. The stimulatory effect of gonadotropin on uridine incorporation was blocked by actinomycin D in vitro .
Functions of vigilance behaviour in a social carnivore, the spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta

Risk is a fundamental driver of prey behaviour, but the importance of risk in the decision-making processes of top predators is poorly understood. We investigated the functions of vigilance behaviour in wild spotted hyaenas. These large carnivores have few predators but face frequent threats of attack and food theft by conspecifics. We made repeated observations of vigilance behaviour by hyaenas when they were resting, feeding and nursing, and examined variation due to age, group size, social rank, and factors related to predation risk. We used these observations to test whether vigilance functions in hyaenas to detect prey, mates, conspecific threats or interspecific threats, and whether functions differ between juveniles and adults. We found that adults were more vigilant than juveniles in all contexts. Vigilance by adults was greatest when nursing, but nursing females reduced their vigilance as cubs matured. Among both age groups, vigilance decreased with increasing group size, and hyaenas were less vigilant when feeding on high-quality food than when feeding on low-quality food. Social rank did not affect vigilance in either age group. Individual adults, but not juveniles, showed consistent patterns of vigilance within, but not between, behavioural contexts. Surprisingly, our results indicate that the primary function of vigilance in hyaenas is to detect interspecific threats. Furthermore, vigilance was context specific, and adult hyaenas showed individual variation in vigilance within behavioural contexts. These findings illustrate the relative importance of particular risks in shaping vigilance behaviour of a top carnivore.
A Comparison of Two Digestive Enzymes in the House Fly and American Cockroach

Comparisons of digestive enzymes by previous workers on insects have dealt with the pH required for optimum activity and with substrate specificities. Such activity data do not prove identity of enzymes in different organisms but if a number of parameters are found to be similar then it becomes highly probable that the enzymes are similar in their essential features. In the present paper the effects of temperature on the activity of invertase and proteinase in adult house flies ( Musca domestica ) and American cockroaches ( Periplanela americana ) have been compared. The work was done partly to compare another parameter for the similarity of these enzymes in several insects with those in other animals and in plants, and partly to obtain data for comparison with the temperature coefficients of other processes in these insects [study of the latter aspect is still incomplete and will be reported on later].
Driving nonlinear systems with chaotic signals

Recent work using chaotic signals to drive nonlinear systems shows that chaotic dynamics is rich in new application possibilities. The approach of using nonlinear dynamics concepts to guide synthesis of new nonlinear systems leads to the concepts of synchronization of chaotic systems and pseudoperiodic driving. These are only the beginnings of new and unique uses of chaotic dynamics.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative spectroscopy of superficial turbid media

We report a novel diffuse optical spectroscopy probe design for determining optical properties of superficial volumes of turbid samples. The fiber-based probe employs a highly scattering layer placed in contact with the sample of interest. This layer diffuses photons from a collimated light source before they enter the sample and provides a basis for describing light transported in superficial media by the diffusion approximation. We compare the performance of this modified two-layer diffusion model with Monte Carlo simulations. A set of experiments that demonstrate the feasibility of this method in turbid tissue phantoms is also presented. Optical properties deduced by this approach are in good agreement with those derived by use of a benchmark method for determining optical properties. The average interrogation depth of the probe design investigated here is estimated to be less than 1 mm.
Correlations between the Earth's Gravitational and Magnetic Fields

Last year Hide and Malin reported a significant correlation between the Earth's gravitational field and the non-dipole part of the geomagnetic field. The first two papers here criticize the statistical procedures that were used, and are followed by a reply from Hide and Malin.
Surgical Patent Foramen Ovale Closure for Prevention of Paradoxical Embolism–Related Cerebrovascular Ischemic Events

Background—The role of surgical closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) for cerebral infarction (CI) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) resulting from paradoxical embolism is unclear, and its effect on recurrence is unknown. Our objective was to determine the outcome of surgical closure of PFO in patients with a prior ischemic neurological event, define the rate of CI or TIA recurrence after PFO closure, and identify risk factors for these recurrences. Methods and Results—We retrospectively analyzed 91 patients (58 men, 33 women) with ≥1 previous cerebrovascular ischemic events who underwent surgical PFO closure between April 1982 and March 1998. The presence of a PFO with a right-to-left shunt was confirmed with transesophageal echocardiography. Mean age was 44.2±12.2 years. The index event was a CI in 59 and a TIA in 32; a Valsalva-like episode preceded the event in 15 patients. Deep venous thrombosis was documented in 9 patients, and a hypercoagulable state was identified in 10. Surgical closure was perf...
A validated model of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balancing act in articular cartilage lesion formation.

Traumatic injuries of articular cartilage result in the formation of a cartilage lesion and contribute to cartilage degeneration and the risk of osteoarthritis (OA). A better understanding of the framework for the formation of a cartilage lesion formation would be helpful in therapy development. Towards this end, we present an age and space-structured model of articular cartilage lesion formation after a single blunt impact. This model modifies the reaction-diffusion-delay models in Graham et al. (2012) (single impact) and Wang et al. (2014) (cyclic loading), focusing on the "balancing act"' between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Age structure is introduced to replace the delay terms for cell transitions used in these earlier models; we find age structured models to be more flexible in representing the underlying biological system and more tractable computationally. Numerical results show a successful capture of chondrocyte behavior and chemical activities associated with the cartilage lesion after the initial injury; experimental validation of our computational results is presented. We anticipate that our in silico model of cartilage damage from a single blunt impact can be used to provide information that may not be easily obtained through in in vivo or in vitro studies.
Design Considerations of Junction Transistors at Higher Frequencies: Based upon an Accurate Equivalent Circuit

The analytical solution of the diffusion equation has been used to construct an accurate equivalent circuit of the junction transistor. All network components are expressed in terms of the physical parameters of the transistor. This network has been used to calculate Mason's U-function, which in turn gives the highest frequency at which a transistor can give a power gain. From the derived formula, it is possible to see how the physical parameters interact to limit the frequency response. The design requirements for a given maximum frequency can be obtained from the formulas; a few examples are discussed. The accurate equivalent circuit will be helpful in designing transistors for more specialized applications.
The Faith We Love and the Facts We Abhor: A Response to Lisa Sowle Cahill's "Catholic Feminists and Traditions: Renewal, Reinvention, Replacement"

Since women and girls compose more than 50 percent of the world’s population, feminist theology quite rightfully should be considered the most important and influential theological movement in our lifetimes. While it is certainly clear that feminism in religion and theology covers a broad spectrum of perspectives—Protestant and Catholic; conservative, progressive, and radical; female exclusive and male inclusive; straight or queer—feminist theology is not a monolithic theological school without differentiation either implicitly or explicitly. As a response to Lisa Sowle Cahill’s “Catholic Feminists and Traditions: Renewal, Reinvention, and Replacement,” this essay contends that Catholic feminist theology has common emphases with its various analogues but has its own inherent complexity and intrinsic debates that have to be reckoned with in order to guarantee that gender equality and sexual justice are realities in our time.
TSH regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in the thyroid

Summary TSH-regulated activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been demonstrated in calf thyroid slices. Despite the apparently high basal levels of cAMP in the thyroid, small changes in cAMP concentration in response to the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 1-methyl-3-isobutyl xanthine caused a significant activation of the kinase intracellularly. When TSH was added to the incubation medium there was a time-dependent and dose-dependent activation of the kinase which was closely correlated with the concentration of cAMP in the tissue. Homogenization of the tissue in NaCl to prevent re-association of the kinase subunits demonstrated that 16 mU/ml of TSH was sufficient for almost complete activation of kinase intracellularly.
An object infrastructure for Internet middleware. IBM on Component Broker

Middleware covers a variety of rapidly evolving capabilities. It began as software to fill the gaps as industry moved first to client-server and then to multi-tier distributed systems. As monolithic software was broken up and dispersed across servers, it became necessary to reconnect capabilities, manage disparate resources and functions, and access information and functions from remote requesters. This resulted in a host of software offerings for the middle tier. Component Broker is Internet middleware for distributed objects. It is designed to absorb complexity in the operational and development environment so that applications appear to be transparent, local and fully resourced. Component Broker is a complete package, with everything a developer needs to build, run and manage Web-enabled business objects, components and applications.
Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas

Cystic neoplasms are rare tumors of the pancreas. There are two distinct types: (a) mucinous cystic tumors (mucinous cystadenoma; mucinous cystadenocarcinoma), which have a high malignant potential; and (b) microcystic adenomas (serous cystadenoma), which are benign. There has been considerable confusion regarding the differences between these two lesions. In the older literature, mucinous cystadenomas most often were confused with microcystic adenomas (1–5). More recently, however, the specific differences between these two tumors have been carefully defined by Compagno and Oertel, and by Hodgkinson, ReMine, and Weiland (6–9).
Computational Modeling for Language Acquisition: A Tutorial With Syntactic Islands.

Purpose Given the growing prominence of computational modeling in the acquisition research community, we present a tutorial on how to use computational modeling to investigate learning strategies t...
Citizens' voluntary governing boards: Waiting for the quorum

In complex societies formal power, legitimacy, and responsibility are typically allocated to councils, or governing boards. This is an old strand in American political culture, strengthened by the growth of private not-for-profit organizations and concern for citizens' representation. It is also a growing trend in Great Britain, West Germany, and other modern societies. Such boards are often taken for granted; we think we understand them, hence the value of investigating the “obvious.” In this essay they are examined with respect to their external and internal relations (or structure), their problems and performance (or processes), and the blurred nature of their authority in an “interpenetrated” society where public and private interests are inextricably intertwined. Illustrations are derived from the author's research in the governance of labor union locals, municipal governments and reform movements, urban renewal efforts, community mental health centers, and private hospital governing boards.
Trade and the Distribution Sector: Some Evidence from OECD Countries

In this paper the link between an economy's distribution sector and its international trade is studied, using bilateral trade data from twenty-three OECD countries. The empirical analysis provides strong support for the view that the distribution sector has considerable impact on a country's trade and that high distribution costs can act as a trade barrier. It is found that increased efficiency of the distribution sectors of trading countries will increase trade between them. JEL Classification: Fl Commerce international et secteur de la distribution: quelques resultats a' propos des pays de l'OCDE. Ce m6moire 6tudie le lien entre le commerce international d'un pays et son secteur de la distribution en utilisant les donn6es sur le commerce bilat6ral de vingt-trois pays de l'OCDE. L'analyse empirique supporte fortement le point de vue que le secteur de la distribution a un impact consid6rable sur le commerce international d'un pays, et que des couts de distribution 6lev6s peuvent agir comme empechement au commerce international. 11 appert qu'une efficacit6 accrue dans les secteurs de distribution de pays qui commercent les uns avec les autres va tendre a accroitre le commerce international entre eux.
Studies on the mechanism of action of salicylates VII: Effect of a few anti-inflammatory agents on uridine-5′-diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase

Phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, indomeihacin, flufenamic acid, and mefenamic acid, like salicylic acid, inhibit the oxidation of uridine-5′-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) competitively with nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD) and noncompetitively with UDPG. The Km and Ki values of these inhibitory agents are presented.
REHARDENING OF SOFTENED TOOTH ENAMEL

Abstract Measurements of the hardness of enamel provide a sensitive measure of changes in the enamel surface. Ground surface enamel has a hardness of about 300 Knoop hardness numbers (KHN). When teeth are exposed to 0.001 n lactate buffer at pH 5.0, the hardness decreases linearly to about 100 KHN in 10 to 12 hr at 35 °C. This hardness corresponds approximately to that for incipient natural white spots. If enamel surfaces are exposed to freshly prepared solutions of calcium and phosphate salts above pH 6.9, the softened enamel may be rehardened. Optimal conditions at 37 ° are approximately: calcium concentration, 1 to 2 m m /l; Ca P ratio 1.67; pH 7.3; and fluoride concentration, 0.05 m m /l. The solutions are metastable, and the pH drops below 6.9 after 30 to 60 min. Fresh calcifying solutions are used when the pH drops below 6.9. Under such conditions, the hardness may be increased from 150 KHN to about 300 KHN in 3 to 4 hr. When the teeth had been previously softened below about 150 KHN, the recovery after exposure to rehardening solutions was less complete. Such solutions produce an increase of about 10 per cent in the hardness of ground surface enamel and of intact surface enamel, not softened previously. Saliva alone produces some rehardening of softened enamel, and the conditions affecting this action of saliva are under study. Freshly prepared rehardening solutions were incorporated in the bacteriological medium used for the production of in vitro caries by oral bacteria. Calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions were studied singly and in all combinations. The combination of all these ions, as expressed for the optimal conditions above, completely inhibited the in vitro caries. The combination of calcium and fluoride ions inhibited significantly, but the other combinations were relatively ineffective.
Emission-angle-dependent post-collision interaction

We studied the autoionization electrons of two doubly excited states of helium---(2s2p${)}^{1}$P and (2${p}^{2}$${)}^{1}$D---that were collisionally excited by multiply charged and relatively fast ions. The ion velocities (2--4.5 a.u.) were faster than the velocities of the emitted electrons (\ensuremath{\sim}1.6 a.u.). The wings of the measured autoionization profiles were significantly different from standard Beutler-Fano profiles. These differences are largest at forward angles, smaller ion velocities, and larger ion charges. The distortion is explained with use of a classical kinematic model. After emission, the autoionization electron is accelerated if emitted in a forward direction (toward the projectile) or slowed down if emitted in a backward direction (away from the projectile). A modification of a post-collision interaction theory accounts for the interference between the bound-state electrons and the continuum electrons. Fits of the measured electron-energy spectra with use of this model show very good agreement.
Simulation of human problem-solving behavior

In the simulation of human behavior on a digital computer, one first attempts to discover the manner in which subjects (Ss) internally represent the environment and the rules that they employ for acting upon this representation. The interaction between the rules and the environmental representation over a period of time constitutes a set of processes. Processes can be expressed as flow charts which, in turn, are stated formally in terms of a computer program. The program serves as a theory which is tested by executing the program on a computer and comparing the machine's performance with S's behavior.
The non-refluxing gastrostomy : an evaluation

A gastrostomy is often essential to deliver adequate and safe nutrition. Various types are now available such that the technique can be tailored to the specific needs of the patient. This paper explores the non-refluxing gastrostomy for long-term intermittent gastrostomy feeding, avoiding the need for a permanent indwelling appliance. A full-thickness vascularized flap based on the right gastroepiploic vessels is raised from the greater curve of the stomach. The proximal half of the tubularized flap is buried in a submucosal tunnel and the free distal end is brought to the skin surface as a catheterizable stoma. Fifteen children with varied mental and physical disabilities formed the cohort of the study. There were 3 stomal stenoses and 3 mild mucosal eversions requiring minor surgical adjustments. One child had a wound dehiscence 10 days postoperatively. Once the stoma had healed, the majority fed by intermittent catheterization and bolus feeds at conventional feed times during the day. Intermittent catheterization was painless and easy and was well accepted by caregivers and patients. Perhaps the most important advantages were the increased patient and caregiver confidence and independence, as well as the reduction in anxiety and hospital attendance.
The Effects of an Alternative Model of Student Teaching Supervision on Clinical Master Teachers

Abstract Traditionally, student teaching programs have used a triad supervision model that involves the student teacher, the school-based cooperating teacher, and the university-based supervisor. However, the professional literature recognizes deficiencies in this model. This article describes an alternative model to supervision that teams Clinical Master Teachers who combine the traditional roles of the cooperating teacher and the college supervisor. Specifically, this article will examine four secondary teachers as they participated in their first year of the program and the changes these teachers made in their supervision.
A comparison of reconstruction and viewing parameters on image quality and accuracy of stress myocardial CT perfusion.

Background Myocardial stress computed tomography perfusion (CTP) has similar diagnostic accuracy for detecting perfusion defects (PDs) versus single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, the optimal diagnostic viewing and image processing parameters for CTP are unknown. Objective We sought to compare the diagnostic accuracy of different image processing techniques, cardiac phases, slice thicknesses, and viewing parameters for detection of PDs. Methods A stress and rest dual-source CTP protocol was performed with adenosine. Twelve subjects with severe stenosis proven by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), with corresponding territorial defects at SPECT, were selected as well as 7 controls (subjects with similar clinical suspicion but negative QCA and SPECT). Short-axis stress images were processed with 3 techniques: minimum intensity projection (MinIP), maximum intensity projection, and average intensity multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), 3 thicknesses (1, 3, 8 mm), and 2 phases (systolic, mid-diastolic). The resulting images (n = 1026) were randomized and interpreted by independent readers. Results Diastolic reconstructions (8-mm MPR) showed the highest sensitivity (81%) to detect true PDs. The highest accuracy was achieved with the 8-mm (61%) and 1-mm (61%) MPR diastolic images. The most sensitive and accurate systolic reconstructions were 3-mm MinIP images. These findings related to viewing in relatively narrow window width and window level settings. Conclusion Viewing parameters for optimal accuracy in detection of perfusion defects on CTP differ for systolic and diastolic images.
Simultaneous Temperature, Species and Velocity Measurements via Combined Raman Spectroscopy and HTV

*# Non -intrusive molecular flow tagging method s, such as Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry (HTV), ha ve shown the capability of providing quantitative velocity informat ion in both room temperature and flames. Benefiting from the instantaneous nature of HTV and the feasibility of single -pulse measurements of Raman scattering with an UV excimer laser, simultaneous velocity, temperature and major species measurem ents can be realized. In the present work , these non -intrusive diagnostics methods are used to obtain quantitative measurements in a lifted, turbulent hydrogen jet diffusion flame . A narrowband KrF excimer lase r tuned to 248. 634 nm is used to measure major species concentration s (H 2, O 2, N2 and H 2O) and temperature is determined by invoking the ideal gas law. After the firing of the KrF e xcimer laser , a 7 x 7 OH grid is generated via single -photon photodissociation of H2O by a ~193 nm ArF excimer laser. A “read” laser sheet from a pulsed frequency -doubled dye laser operating at 28 1.997 is then use d to reveal the grid through fluorescence caused by A 2 � + (v � = 1) � X 2 �i (v � = 0) pumping. Two consecutive images, of a known time delay , are acquired to calculat e the velocity field * through a time -of -flight method.
Thermal stress and predation risk trigger distinct transcriptomic responses in the intertidal snail Nucella lapillus

Thermal stress and predation risk have profound effects on rocky shore organisms, triggering changes in their feeding behaviour, morphology and metabolism. Studies of thermal stress have shown that underpinning such changes in several intertidal species are specific shifts in gene and protein expression (e.g. upregulation of heat-shock proteins). But relatively few studies have examined genetic responses to predation risk. Here, we use next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to examine the transcriptomic (mRNA) response of the snail Nucella lapillus to thermal stress and predation risk. We found that like other intertidal species, N. lapillus displays a pronounced genetic response to thermal stress by upregulating many heat-shock proteins and other molecular chaperones. In contrast, the presence of a crab predator (Carcinus maenas) triggered few significant changes in gene expression in our experiment, and this response showed no significant overlap with the snail's response to thermal stress. These different gene expression profiles suggest that thermal stress and predation risk could pose distinct and potentially additive challenges for N. lapillus and that genetic responses to biotic stresses such as predation risk might be more complex and less uniform across species than genetic responses to abiotic stresses such as thermal stress.
Ceramic Processing Of High-T c Superconductors

The means by which superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 0 7-x powders can be synthesized are summarized. Methods of forming powders into useful shapes are then described. Lastly, heat treatment schedules used for consolidation of the powders into dense, sound bodies with good superconducting properties are discussed.
Exchange coupling in magnetic multilayers grown on iron whiskers

Meaningful tests of theoretical predictions of magnetic multilayer properties require the fabrication of multilayers with nearly the same atomic scale precision as the theoretical models. Multilayers grown epitaxially on single-crystal Fe whisker substrates come very close to this ideal standard. We have investigated the growth, magnetic structure, and exchange coupling of Fe/(Ag, Au, Cr, Mn, V, Cu, or Al)/Fe (1 1 0) whisker structures primarily using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis (SEMPA), and in some systems, confocal magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy. In cases of nearly layer-by-layer growth, the measured oscillatory coupling periods and strengths agree well with theoretical predictions. For rougher growth, less predictable non-collinear coupling is generally observed.
Smart: Single-Cycle Multihop Traversals over a Shared Network on Chip

As the number of on-chip cores increases, scalable on-chip topologies such as meshes inevitably add multiple hops to each network traversal. The best practice today is to design one-cycle routers, such that the low-load network latency between a source and destination is equal to the number of routers and links (that is, twice the hops) between them. Designers of operating systems, compilers, and cache coherence protocols often try to limit communication to within a few hops because on-chip latency is critical for their scalability. In this article, the authors propose an on-chip network called Smart (Single-cycle Multihop Asynchronous Repeated Traversal) that aims to present a single-cycle datapath all the way from the source to the destination. They do not add any additional fast physical express links in the datapath; instead, they drive the shared crossbars and links asynchronously up to multiple hops within a single cycle. They designed a router and link microarchitecture to achieve such a traversal, and a flow-control technique to arbitrate and set up multihop paths within a cycle. A place-and-route design at 45 nm achieves 11 hops within a 1-GHz cycle for paths without turns (9 hops for paths with turns). The authors observe 5 to 8 times reduction in low-load latencies across synthetic traffic patterns on an 8&#x00D7;8 chip multiprocessor, compared to a baseline one-cycle router network. Full-system simulations with Splash-2 and Parsec benchmarks demonstrate 27 and 52 percent reduction in runtime for private and shared level-2 designs, respectively.
Patterns of Political Support: Examining Congress and the Presidency

This paper examines political support toward Congress and the presidency. With data made available by Hibbing and Theiss-Morse (1995), I extend the work of Easton and Dennis (1969), demonstrating that there are distinct patterns of political support that correspond to diffuse support and to specific support for particular branches of the national government. The findings also support the arguments of Alwin et al. (1991) and others regarding generational assessments of political institutions. In particular, older citizens base their support toward Congress on perceptions of governmental performance.
Operant and classically-conditioned aggressive behavior in Siamese fighting fish.

Male Betta splendens were conditioned to emit an operant response sequence reinforced by presentation of a model of another male Betta in aggressive display (Thompson, 1963). The color of the model with respect to the color of the subject co-varied with the rate of operant response (Thompson and Sturm, 1965). In another experiment, unconditioned aggressive display behavior elicited by the mirror image of a male Betta was brought under the control of a previously ineffective stimulus by classical conditioning. Relative rates of acquisition of four components of the display were compared. A discriminative conditioning procedure, using two different colors of light as the CS, revealed that the response was elicited specifically by the CS (Thompson and Sturm, 1966).
Smart MEMS for smart structures

Future advanced fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, launch vehicles, and spacecraft will incorporate smart MEMS devices to monitor structural integrity and manage overall structural health. These smart structures will be capable of assessing vehicle structural damage in real time and ultimately reconfiguring the vehicle flight control to prevent catastrophic failures. This paper describes an overview of Honeywell's MEM technology for new and aging aircraft applications to assess preflight readiness, in- flight structural integrity, and postflight time-based maintenance. Honeywell's MEMS approach combines silicon micromachining, free-space optical waveguides, high-speed optical interconnects, and supervisory sensor management to monitor structural integrity and health. A unique second-generation polysilicon resonance microbeam sensor is described. It incorporates a micron-level vacuum-encapsulated microbeam to optically sense structural-integrity parameters such as acoustic- mission, strain, and to optically power the sensor pickoff. Its principle of operation and significant payoffs and benefits are summarized.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Methods for estimating adsorbed uranium(VI) and distribution coefficients of contaminated sediments

Assessing the quantity of U(VI) that participates in sorption/desorption processes in a contaminated aquifer is an important task when investigating U migration behavior. U-contaminated aquifer sediments were obtained from 16 different locations at a former U mill tailings site at Naturita, CO (U.S.A.) and were extracted with an artificial groundwater, a high pH sodium bicarbonate solution, hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, and concentrated nitric acid. With an isotopic exchange method, both a KD value for the specific experimental conditions as well as the total exchangeable mass of U(VI) was determined. Except for one sample, KD values determined by isotopic exchange with U-contaminated sediments that were in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 agreed within a factor of 2 with KD values predicted from a nonelectrostatic surface complexation model (NEM) developed from U(VI) adsorption experiments with uncontaminated sediments. The labile fraction of U(VI) and U extracted by the bicarbonate solution were...
NEW YORK HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES EMERGENCY EVENTS SURVEILLANCE: LEARNING FROM HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES RELEASES TO IMPROVE SAFETY

Since 1993, the New York State Department of Health, funded by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, has collected data about non-petroleum hazardous substances releases through the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (NYHSEES) project. This study investigates risk factors for hazardous substances releases that may result in public health consequences such as injury or reported health effects. The 6428 qualifying events that occurred during the 10-year-period of 1993-2002 involved 8838 hazardous substances, 842 evacuations, more than 75,419 people evacuated, and more than 3120 people decontaminated. These events occurred both at fixed facilities (79%) and during transport (21%). The causative factors most frequently contributing to reported events were equipment failure (39%) and human error (33%). Five of the 10 chemicals most frequently associated with injuries were also among the 10 chemicals most frequently involved in reported events: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonia, sodium hypochlorite, and carbon monoxide. The chemical categories most frequently associated with events, and with events with adverse health effects were volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and solvents, and acids. Events with releases of hazardous substances were associated with injuries to 3089 people including employees (37%), responders (12%), the general public (29%) and students (22%). The most frequently reported adverse health effects were respiratory irritation, headache, and nausea or vomiting. Most of the injured were transported to the hospital, treated, and released (55%) or treated at the scene (29%). These data have been used for emergency response training, planning, and prevention activities to reduce morbidity and mortality from future events.