cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitigating Denial-of-Service Attacks on the Chord Overlay Network: A Location Hiding Approach

Serverless distributed computing has received significant attention from both the industry and the research community. Among the most popular applications are the wide area network file systems, exemplified by CFS, Farsite and OceanStore. These file systems store files on a large collection of untrusted nodes that form an overlay network. They use cryptographic techniques to maintain file confidentiality and integrity from malicious nodes. Unfortunately, cryptographic techniques cannot protect a file holder from a Denial-of-Service (DoS) or a host compromise attack. Hence, most of these distributed file systems are vulnerable to targeted file attacks, wherein an adversary attempts to attack a small (chosen) set of files by attacking the nodes that host them. This paper presents LocationGuard - a location hiding technique for securing overlay file storage systems from targeted file attacks. LocationGuard has three essential components: (i) location key, (ii) routing guard, a secure algorithm that protects accesses to a file in the overlay network given its location key, and (iii) a set of location inference guards. Our experimental results quantify the overhead of employing LocationGuard and demonstrate its effectiveness against DoS attacks, host compromise attacks and various location inference attacks.
MULTI-CAMERA POSITIONING FOR AUTOMATED TRACKING SYSTEMS IN DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS

Most existing camera placement algorithms focus on coverage and/or visibility analysis, which ensures that the object of interest is visible in the camera's field of view (FOV). According to recent literature, handoff safety margin is introduced to sensor planning so that sufficient overlapped FOVs among adjacent cameras are reserved for successful and smooth target transition. In this paper, we investigate the sensor planning problem when considering the dynamic interactions between moving targets and observing cameras. The probability of camera overload is explored to model the aforementioned interactions. The introduction of the probability of camera overload also considers the limitation that a given camera can simultaneously monitor or track a fixed number of targets and incorporates the target's dynamics into sensor planning. The resulting camera placement not only achieves the optimal balance between coverage and handoff success rate but also maintains the optimal balance in environments with various target densities. The proposed camera placement method is compared with a reference algorithm by Erdem and Sclaroff. Consistently improved handoff success rate is illustrated via experiments using typical office floor plans with various target densities.
Live-Animal Imaging of Renal Function by Multiphoton Microscopy

Intravital microscopy, microscopy of living animals, is a powerful research technique that combines the resolution and sensitivity found in microscopic studies of cultured cells with the relevance and systemic influences of cells in the context of the intact animal. The power of intravital microscopy has recently been extended with the development of multiphoton fluorescence microscopy systems capable of collecting optical sections from deep within the kidney at subcellular resolution, supporting high-resolution characterizations of the structure and function of glomeruli, tubules, and vasculature in the living kidney. Fluorescent probes are administered to an anesthetized, surgically prepared animal, followed by image acquisition for up to 3 hr. Images are transferred via a high-speed network to specialized computer systems for digital image analysis. This general approach can be used with different combinations of fluorescent probes to evaluate processes such as glomerular permeability, proximal tubule endocytosis, microvascular flow, vascular permeability, mitochondrial function, and cellular apoptosis/necrosis.
Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome: disease classification and management strategies.

Background Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) typically complicates acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) and presents as a pseudocyst months after the initial episode of pancreatitis. However, our experience suggests that the presentation of DPDS may be quite varied and might require significant evaluation and judgment before surgical intervention. We sought to determine the presentations of DPDS and assess the management of the various forms of presentation. Study Design A retrospective review of all patients with DPDS between July 2005 and June 2011 was performed. Patients were included when CT scan demonstrated a clear disconnected pancreas that was confirmed at operation. Medical records were reviewed in detail to determine clinical presentation, management, and outcomes. Results Of the 50 patients identified, 66% were male, with a mean age of 53 ± 16 years. Mortality was 2% and 3 patients (6%) required late reoperation. The DPDS presented in 3 forms: diagnosed concurrently with ANP (concurrent DPDS; n = 28); delayed presentation with a pseudocyst (delayed DPDS; n = 15); and as a consequence of chronic pancreatitis (CP) (CP DPDS; n = 7). Concurrent DPDS was treated with necrosectomy including body/tail resection within 60 days of onset and complicated by a grade B/C fistula in 36%. Delayed DPDS required distal pancreatectomy 440 days after diagnosis, with a 7% fistula rate. Chronic pancreatitis DPDS was treated with lateral pancreatojejunostomy at 417 days with no fistulas. Conclusions Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome presents concurrently with ANP, in a delayed fashion, or infrequently in the setting of CP. Prompt recognition and classification with appropriate operative therapy results in low mortality and nonoperatively managed pancreatic fistulas.
Shear viscosity of strongly coupled N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma

Using the anti–de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, we relate the shear viscosity ? of the finite-temperature N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in the large N, strong-coupling regime with the absorption cross section of low-energy gravitons by a near-extremal black three-brane. We show that in the limit of zero frequency this cross section coincides with the area of the horizon. From this result we find ? = ? / 8N2T3. We conjecture that for finite ’t Hooft coupling gYM2N the shear viscosity is ? = f(gYM2N)N2T3, where f(x) is a monotonic function that decreases from O(x-2ln-1(1/x)) at small x to ?/8 when x??.
Each lipase has a unique sensitivity profile for organophosphorus inhibitors.

Lipases sensitive to organophosphorus (OP) inhibitors play critical roles in cell regulation, nutrition, and disease, but little is known on the toxicological aspects in mammals. To help fill this gap, six lipases or lipase-like proteins are assayed for OP sensitivity in vitro under standard conditions (25°C, 15 min incubation). Postheparin serum lipase, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (two sources), pancreatic lipase, monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase, cholesterol esterase, and KIAA1363 are considered with 32 OP pesticides and related compounds. Postheparin lipolytic activity in rat serum is inhibited by 14 OPs, including chlorpyrifos oxon (IC 50 50-97 nM). LPL (bovine milk and Pseudomonas) generally is less inhibited by the insecticides or activated oxons, but the milk enzyme is very sensitive to six fluorophosphonates and benzodioxaphosphorin oxides (IC 50 7-20 nM). Porcine pancreatic lipase is very sensitive to dioctyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (IC 50 8 nM), MAG lipase of mouse brain to 0-4-nitrophenyl methyldodecyl-phosphinate (IC 50 0.6 nM), and cholesterol esterase (bovine pancreas) to all of the classes of OPs tested (IC 50 < 10 nM for 17 compounds). KIAA1363 is sensitive to numerous OPs, including two 0-4-nitrophenyl compounds (IC 50 3-4 nM). In an overview, inhibition of 28 serine hydrolases (including lipases) by eight OPs (chlorpyrifos oxon, diazoxon, paraoxon, dichlorvos, and four nonpesticides) showed that brain acetylcholinesterase is usually less sensitive than butyrylcholinesterase, liver esterase, cholesterol esterase, and KIAA1363. In general, each lipase (like each serine hydrolase) has a different spectrum of OP sensitivity, and individual OPs have unique ranking of potency for inhibition of serine hydrolases.
The oncocyte that went places: diagnosis with EUS-guided FNA.

Although uncommon, Hurthle cell neoplasms have a characteristic histologic and cytologic features which often aid in the diagnosis of these lesions. In fine needle aspiration biopsies, determining malignant potential on cytologic features is challenging unless other evidence of malignancy (such as metastases) are known. The role of EUS-guided FNA in diagnosing superior mediastinal masses has been described previously. It's role in evaluating subcarinal metastases from lung cancer primaries have also heen studied. However we describe metastatic thyroid Hurthle cell carcinoma to the subcarina diagnosed through EUS-guided FNA combining the unique cytologic features o Hurthle cell neoplasms and the versatility ofthe endoscopic ultrasound to reach a diagnosis in this unusual neoplasm. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:977–979. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Location Estimation with a Differential Update Network

Given a set of hidden variables with an a-priori Markov structure, we derive an online algorithm which approximately updates the posterior as pairwise measurements between the hidden variables become available. The update is performed using Assumed Density Filtering: to incorporate each pairwise measurement, we compute the optimal Markov structure which represents the true posterior and use it as a prior for incorporating the next measurement. We demonstrate the resulting algorithm by calculating globally consistent trajectories of a robot as it navigates along a 2D trajectory. To update a trajectory of length t, the update takes O(t). When all conditional distributions are linear-Gaussian, the algorithm can be thought of as a Kalman Filter which simplifies the state covariance matrix after incorporating each measurement.
Serum electrolyte, serum protein, serum fat and renal responses to a dietary sodium challenge: allostasis and allostatic load.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess, in borderline hypertensive subjects, the homeostatic and allostatic responses of serum electrolytes, proteins, lipids, hematocrit and renal funct...
Comparison of uveal melanoma cytopathologic sample retrieval in trans-scleral versus vitrectomy-assisted transvitreal fine needle aspiration biopsy

Background/aims Fine needle aspiration biopsy has become a standard technique to obtain material from primary uveal melanoma for diagnosis, prognostication and research. Cytopathology requires a significantly greater tissue yield for a positive diagnosis compared to other molecular tests. The purpose of this report was to compare sample retrieval for cytopathology between trans-scleral and vitrectomy-assisted transvitreal biopsy in the same tumour in patients who underwent iodine-125 brachytherapy. Methods All clinical records of patients who underwent iodine-125 brachytherapy for the treatment of uveal melanoma in conjunction with pars plana vitrectomy from whom trans-scleral and vitrectomy-assisted transvitreal fine needle biopsies were obtained, were reviewed. Baseline patient and tumour characteristics, biopsy sample yield for cytopathology, and surgical outcomes were reviewed. Results Thirty-eight patients with a median follow-up time of 2 months were included. Overall, 27 of 38 (71%) of transvitreal biopsies, and 25 of 38 (66%) of trans-scleral biopsies yielded sufficient material for cytopathologic analysis (p=0.62). For transvitreal and trans-scleral biopsies, larger tumours were associated with significantly higher cytopathologic yield, but tumour location did not significantly affect cytopathologic yield. Conclusions Trans-scleral and vitrectomy-assisted transvitreal fine needle aspiration biopsy resulted in similar tissue yield for cytopathologic analysis. As molecular prognostication becomes the standard of care for obtaining patient information and directing clinical management, further investigation of biopsy techniques is warranted.
UV-induced porosity using photogenerated acids to catalyze the decomposition of sacrificial polymers templated in dielectric films

A UV-initiated process for selective incorporation of porosity and tuning of refractive index in a dielectric film is presented. The formation of porosity via radiation offers the advantages of lower processing temperatures and shorter processing times than most processes that rely on thermally-induced porosity. The ability to pattern porosity via the use of a photomask allows structures such as porous direct-write waveguides to be made. The direct-write process presented here used UV-generated acids to catalyze the decomposition of sacrificial polymers templated in a crosslinked matrix, resulting in the formation of porosity and decrease of refractive index and dielectric constant after subsequent removal of the generated acid. In unexposed areas, no acid molecules were generated, thus these areas remained non-porous and their refractive index remained relatively high compared to porous regions. Base-catalyzed gelation was used to crosslink the matrix at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature of the matrix in order to avoid thermal activation of the photoacid generators (PAGs) in the direct-write formulation. After crosslinking the matrix, deep ultraviolet (DUV) radiation was used to initiate the direct-write reactions thus creating a refractive index profile within the film. Neutralization or volatilization of the photogenerated acid was used to deactivate the system. The lowest interline dielectric constant achieved by direct-written films was 2.36 after the volatilization step compared to a value of 2.29 for porous films formed via the traditional template process. At optimum conditions, the average amount of UV-induced porosity was estimated to be as high as 21%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging showed that elongated mesopores (10 nm by about 20–30 nm) and elongated macropores (100 nm by about 200 nm in size) were produced within the internal structure of direct-written films. The porous films formed via the traditional template technique had internal structures with large collections of spherical mesopores (5–10 nm) located in close proximity to one another due to phase segregation of the polymer at high temperatures.
DNA copy number selection using robust structured sparsity-inducing norms

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is a newly introduced method for the detection of copy number abnormalities associated with human diseases with special focus on cancer. Specific patterns in DNA copy number variations (CNVs) can be associated with certain disease types and can facilitate prognosis and progress monitoring of the disease. Machine learning techniques have been used to model the problem of tissue typing as a classification problem. Feature selection is an important part of the classification process, because many biological features are not related to the diseases and confuse the classification tasks. Multiple feature selection methods have been proposed in the different domains where classification has been applied. In this work, we will present a new feature selection method based on structured sparsity-inducing norms to identify the informative aCGH biomarkers which can help us classify different disease subtypes. To validate the performance of the proposed method, we experimentally compare it with existing feature selection methods on four publicly available aCGH data sets. In all empirical results, the proposed sparse learning based feature selection method consistently outperforms other related approaches. More important, we carefully investigate the aCGH biomarkers selected by our method, and the biological evidences in literature strongly support our results.
Measurement of fine-needle aspiration thyroglobulin levels increases the detection of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma in cystic neck lesions.

BACKGROUND Patients with previously resected papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are monitored for disease recurrence/metastasis by ultrasound surveillance and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. However, accurate diagnosis in lesions with cystic degeneration may be difficult due to scant cellularity. In the current study, the authors evaluated thyroglobulin in FNA (Tg-FNA) for detecting metastatic and/or recurrent PTC in patients with cystic neck lesions after thyroidectomy. METHODS The pathology records were retrospectively searched for patients with previously resected PTC and subsequent Tg-FNA on a cystic neck mass. Tg-FNA was measured in needle rinses using a Tg assay. The ultrasound findings, Tg-FNA concentrations, and cytological and follow-up histological diagnoses were correlated. RESULTS A total of 21 FNA specimens of cystic lesions from 19 patients were identified. Of 7 cases with cytologic and subsequent histologic diagnoses of metastatic PTC, the median Tg-FNA level was 100,982 ng/mL. Of 8 cytologically benign cases, 7 cases had Tg-FNA levels 1000 ng/mL. For 6 cytologically equivocal cases, including 3 classified as atypical/suspicious for carcinoma, 2 classified as insufficient/acellular debris, and 1 classified as spindle cell neoplasm, 4 patients demonstrated markedly elevated Tg-FNA levels (> 150 ng/mL) with subsequent surgical confirmation of metastatic PTC, whereas 2 patients had Tg-FNA levels of < 0.2 ng/mL with negative follow-up. Using a cutoff value of 0.2 ng/mL, Tg-FNA demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 87.5%. CONCLUSIONS Tg-FNA is a useful ancillary test that improves the detection of cystic PTC metastases. Particularly in cytologically nondiagnostic cases, the measurement of Tg-FNA helps to distinguish benign from malignant cystic lesions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:521–526. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Land-Grant/Industry Relationships and the Institutional Relations of Technological Innovation in Agriculture

There is scarcely an agricultural research administrator or policymaker who is unaware of the scholarly tradition of induced innovation, at least insofar as its “returns to research” branch is concerned. The stylized take-home message from studies in the returns to research tradition has been that public investments in agricultural research and development (RD Huffman and Evenson 1993). Agricultural research administrators and policymakers have naturally welcomed being able to appeal to legislators and constituents by saying that because the returns to public R&D have been so consistently high, far greater sums could be invested with the near certainty that these funds would generate very high internal rates of return to public investments.
Murine monoclonal antibodies to type Ib polysaccharide of group B streptococci bind to human milk oligosaccharides.

Abstract The chemical structures of the repeating units of the type Ib polysaccharide of group B streptococci and of the desialylated form of this antigen are almost identical to those of some oligosaccharides in human milk and certain fetal antigens. The structural similarities suggested that the molecules may be immunologically cross-reactive. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to the sialylated and nonsialylated forms of the type Ib polysaccharide were produced and tested for their ability to bind to immobilized human milk oligosaccharides. One antibody, SMB19, reacted specifically with the sialylated form of the type Ib polysaccharide and was also bound by an affinity column containing immobilized sialyllacto-N-tetraose a. The antibody was eluted from the affinity column with EDTA, since its binding to the antigen was calcium dependent. A second monoclonal antibody. SIbD2, bound specifically to the nonsialylated form of the type Ib polysaccharide and also to immobilized lacto-N-tetraose. The antibody was eluted from the affinity column at an acidic pH and retained immunologic activity. These results further extend our previous observations that certain antibodies raised against group B streptococci can also react with normal human glycoconjugates.
An Unusual Presentation of Isolated Brain Abscess in Non-Traumatic Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report (P1.314)

Objective: To present a unique case of isolated brain abscess presenting as non-traumatic convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH) six days before radiologic signs could be seen. Background: To our knowledge only one other case of cSAH due to brain abscess has been reported thus far in the literature. Methods: Presentation of the case report Results: A 42-year old man with no past medical history or prior trauma presented with acute onset of transient left hemianesthesia lasting ten minutes. Computed tomography (CT) of the head revealed cSAH. We were presented with a diagnostic dilemma when magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the head and neck, magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and conventional angiography failed to show the cause of cSAH. Transthoracic and transesophegeal Echo was unremarkable. The patient was discharged in a stable condition, but returned six days later with worsening symptoms, including left hemiparesis. Repeat MRI with contrast revealed a cerebral abscess in the same location as the prior cSAH. Conclusions: cSAH without clear evidence of trauma due to abscess is a rare occurrence. We suggest that in cases of cSAH with persistent or worsening symptoms which localize to the site of the hemorrhage, follow-up imaging within seven days should be considered. Disclosure: Dr. Dolla has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Athar has nothing to disclose.
Distribution network fault location based on zero-sequence acquisition value

Most ground-fault location methods for un-grounded power system need to install additional equipment,and can only determine the fault feeder,but do nothing about fault segment selection.In order to locate fault accurately,the zero-sequence circuit of faulted distribution network is analyzed.The fault characteristics of electrical acquisition values are obtained,and several criteria for fault phase,feeder and segment selection based on zero-sequence acquisition values are proposed.The application of this method in distribution network with distributed generators is also discussed.Verified by Matlab simulation,the proposed method is not only highly reliable and precise,but also saves equipment costs,reduces implementation difficulty,which highly adapts to the construction of smart distribution network.
Hygienic evaluation of air ventilation system in air-conditioned carriages.

[Objective] To collect evidences of air ventilation system pollution of air-conditioned carriages and to provide scientific basis and reasonable proposals for disease prevention.[Methods] Three models of representative air-conditioned carriages(25G,25T and CRH-5) were selected,and each was monitored at 4 sampling points including hard seat,hard berth,soft berth and dining-car in April,May and June of 2011.The monitoring indices of air supply system included temperature,humidity,inhalable particles(PM10),air exchange flow and the total colony forming units(CFU) of bacteria,fungi and β-type hemolytic streptococcus.The monitoring indices of air ventilation ducts included the amount of dust particles and the total CFU of bacteria and fungi.The monitoring index of condensed water was Legionella pneumophila.[Results] No Legionella pneumophila was found in the condensed water of air ventilation system of 25G and 25T carriages.The average air exchange flow of 25G,25T and CRH-5 carriages were(49.1±10.3),(41.5±18.1) and(52.4±12.3) m3/(h·p) respectively.In the air supply system,the average humidity were(40.1±1.5)%,(29.4±7.3)% and(42.1±4.5)% respectively;the average CFU of bacteria were(603.7±124.0),(643.3±331.3) and(256.5±67.7) cfu/m3 respectively;the average CFU of fungi were(148.7±39.7),(216.8±227.6) and 0.0 cfu/m3 respectively;the average CFU of β-type hemolytic streptococcus were(7.3±5.6),0.0 and 0.0 cfu/m3 respectively.In the air ventilation duct,the average amount of dust particles were(8.5±1.5),(9.2±8.7) and(5.0±0.5) g/m2 respectively.There was a significant difference in humidity among selected models(F=4.685 6,P=0.011 5),but no significant difference was found in other monitoring indices.[Conclusion] The problems of the amount of dust particles in air ventilation ducts and the total CFU of bacteria,fungi and β-type hemolytic streptococcus in air supply system of selected models exist in varying degrees.Regular cleaning and disinfection,and air purifier installment if allowed,should be undertaken to control microbes from growing in the air ventilation system of air-conditioned carriages.
Cancers of the Female Reproductive System

This chapter reviews the anatomy of the female reproductive system. In addition, students are questioned regarding the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancers of the female reproductive system. Specific questions regarding the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of these cancers are included.
Biogeography, Ecological Theories in

Ecological theory in biogeography seeks to explain why we observe patterns of species ranges and diversity through geographic space. Several theories have been put forward to describe different sets of patterns. The modern perspective of theory in biogeography began in earnest with the equilibrium theory of island biogeography which predicts how species richness should change with island area and isolation. Other ecological and biogeographic theories seek to explain patterns in the way range sizes changes across space, the effect of area on species richness, and the distribution of commonness and rarity. These theories share the common goal of describing or predicting persistent biogeographic patterns from a simple set of core mechanisms.
Keeping an Eye Out: Real Time, Real World Modeling of Behavior in Health Care Settings

Imagine a health care facility that is able to track and understand the meaningful behaviors of the patients 24 h a day, 365 days a year, understanding individual variation in behavior over both the short and the long term. Now consider the needs of patients with Alzheimers, who typically have trouble with spatial and visual issues. They are sometimes unable to distinguish between a shadow cast on the floor and a step; they can also spend the entire day at the “front door” anticipating arrivals and departures. The families of these patients, to the best of their ability, want to be able to maintain surveillance and understand the changes in the behavior of their parents or spouses. Continuing on the work of the Computing in Place research group that includes faculty with specialties in architecture, computer vision, ubiquitous computing and anthropology, we propose in this paper a new paradigm for intelligent architectural settings. Health care settings, like most architecture, are generally conceptualized as a spatial volume containing human and technical elements. There is an implicit distinction between the active contents and the passive container. From our research group’s expertise in ethnography, we emphasize the importance of meaning to the understanding of behavior, to the idea of place as a construed setting: or, as Clifford Geertz describes it, the difference between “a wink and a blink”. Our new paradigm proposes the creation of “intelligent” architectural settings that capture such meaningful behavior in real time and generate knowledge that is useful both in the real world and in the evaluation of design revisions.
Teaching Love: Embodying Prophetic Imagination Through Clowning

AbstractChristian religious educators are charged with teaching the practice of loving as Jesus did—transforming broken relationships and enacting radical, life-giving ways of being with and for one another. Redefining some of the sensibilities of “clown ministry” of earlier decades, the author presents clowning as a critical pedagogy that “tutors” (Pruyser 1983) learners to embody prophetic imagination, thereby approximating God's new creation. The article explores experiences of students clowning led by the author. In mimicking “fools for Christ,” they surprise themselves and those they meet by loving. Their experiences are analyzed through interdisciplinary perspectives, drawing on D.W. Winnicott, Walter Brueggemann, Maria Harris, Paulo Freire, and others.
Crystallization-Induced Dynamic Resolution of a Diarylmethylamine toward the Synthesis of a Potent TRPM8 Inhibitor

The development and demonstration of a crystallization-induced dynamic resolution (CIDR) to prepare a chiral diarylmethylamine, a key intermediate toward the synthesis of a potent TRPM8 inhibitor, is described. Essential to the development of this process was the discovery of (1) efficient classical resolution conditions by a high-throughput screening method, (2) formaldehyde as the optimal racemization agent based on comparison of first-order reaction rate constants, and (3) mechanical grinding as a method to improve solid–liquid mass transfer and facilitate reaction progress. Kinetic analysis of the racemization process and identification of the substrate functional group required for racemization provided the foundation for a mechanistic proposal.
Theoretical kinetics of O + C2H4

The reaction of atomic oxygen with ethylene is a fundamental oxidation step in combustion and is prototypical of reactions in which oxygen adds to double bonds. For 3O+C2H4 and for this class of reactions generally, decomposition of the initial adduct via spin-allowed reaction channels on the triplet surface competes with intersystem crossing (ISC) and a set of spin-forbidden reaction channels on the ground-state singlet surface. The two surfaces share some bimolecular products but feature different intermediates, pathways, and transition states. In addition, the overall product branching is therefore a sensitive function of the ISC rate. The 3O+C2H4 reaction has been extensively studied, but previous experimental work has not provided detailed branching information at elevated temperatures, while previous theoretical studies have employed empirical treatments of ISC. Here we predict the kinetics of 3O+C2H4 using an ab initio transition state theory based master equation (AITSTME) approach that includes an a priori description of ISC. Specifically, the ISC rate is calculated using Landau–Zener statistical theory, consideration of the four lowest-energy electronic states, and a direct classical trajectory study of the product branching immediately after ISC. The present theoretical results are largely in good agreement with existing low-temperature experimental kinetics and molecular beam studies.more » Good agreement is also found with past theoretical work, with the notable exception of the predicted product branching at elevated temperatures. Above ~1000 K, we predict CH2CHO+H and CH2+CH2O as the major products, which differs from the room temperature preference for CH3+HCO (which is assumed to remain at higher temperatures in some models) and from the prediction of a previous detailed master equation study.« less
Epidemiology of Chronic Critical Limb Ischemia

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is often referred to as a continuum of disease of occlusive arterial syndromes that can range from asymptomatic obstructive disease through occlusive disease requiring amputation. This entire spectrum of PAD has prevalence as high as 20 % of the general population (Bitar and Garcia, Vasc Disc Manag 7:E182–E184, 2010). This spectrum becomes more progressive and symptomatic as the disease causes an imbalance of distal perfusion pressure to the tissue and metabolic demands within that tissue. On the latter end of this continuum, chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) has a prevalence that is more difficult to define and is quite variable in the published literature. Unlike asymptomatic PAD or exertional claudication, CLI occurs with inadequate perfusion at rest (Alonso et al., Peripheral vascular disease. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2011).
CD30 antigen expression in florid immunoblastic proliferations: A clinicopathologic study of 14 cases

Reactive immunoblastic proliferations may be confused with certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease on morphologic grounds. In addition, a characteristic antigen, CD30 (Ki-1; BerH2) on these neoplastic entities may be observed in morphologically atypical yet reactive florid immunoblastic proliferations such as those associated with acute infectious mononucleosis. Although it has been documented, a large series determining the frequency and extent of CD30 antigen expression on a variety of nonneoplastic immunoblastic proliferations is lacking. The authors studied 14 florid immunoblastic proliferations (9 in lymph nodes and 5 in tonsils) for CD30 antigen expression and for B- and T-cell paraffin markers. In situ hybridization to determine the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes also was performed. Cases were classified into monospot-positive acute infectious mononucleosis (4 cases), EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorder suggestive of acute infectious mononucleosis (5 cases), and other etiologies (5 cases). CD30 Antigen expression was found on the immunoblasts in cases from all three categories and overall in 9 (64%) of 14 specimens. CD30 reactivity in the positive cases varied from occasional to numerous positive cells; 4 samples (3 EBV-related lymphoid proliferations and 1 vaccine-related lymphadenopathy) had numerous CD30-reactive immunoblasts. Expression of CD30 antigen on B or T cells and prominence of B or T cells within a proliferation were variable. Significant "atypia" of immunoblasts was found only in EBV-related disorders and correlated with B-cell prominence of the infiltrate. Appropriate clinical correlation and ancillary laboratory data are necessary to assist in differentiating these CD30(+)-reactive disorders from similar-appearing malignant lymphomas. Most important, a fresh tissue sample should be procured and adequately processed to allow for comprehensive determination of clonality and cellular lineage.
Acute Physical Stress Modulates the Temporal Expression of Self-Reported Contagious Yawning in Humans

A growing number of studies on non-human animals have documented that stressors modulate the expression of yawning. In particular, recent experimental research shows that yawns are initially inhibited following physical stress, but then become potentiated thereafter. However, stress-induced yawning in humans has yet to be demonstrated experimentally. Here, we investigated the temporal relationship between self-reported contagious yawning and an acute physical stressor in 141 human subjects in the laboratory. Using a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, participants either underwent the cold pressor test (CPT) or a matched control condition prior to viewing a contagious yawning stimulus that was either displayed immediately thereafter or following a 20-min delay. Consistent with the comparative literature, we show an interaction between stress and time conditions, whereby both the incidence and frequency of yawning are lowest in the immediate-CPT trials and highest in the delayed-CPT trials. These findings support a homologous effect of acute physical stress on yawning across birds and mammals that may be related to an adaptive thermoregulatory and arousal function.
The Validation Function of a Sustained Orientation and Transfer Program: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study.

This study longitudinally examined the experiences of four different student cohorts who participated in Adelante, a sustained orientation/transfer program designed to assist students in the transf...
Methylation of Carbohydrates

Several methods have been described for the permethylation (methylation of all available OH groups) of different carbohydrate derivatives. Most of them apply dimethyl sulfate in an alkaline medium, which may lead to complete methylation if repeated several times. The disadvantage of this procedure, in addition to the incompleteness of the methylation, is that the alkaline medium may set free hydroxyl groups which were substituted in the native product. Other procedures suffer from similar disadvantages and/or may require the use of liquid ammonia, which makes these procedures unfit for use as exercises for students. The procedure described here is quite efficient for the permethylation of carbohydrates with fewer undesirable side effects on the investigated material. The method was developed by Hakomori (1964). Raffinose will be used as a model substance in this method.
Comparing Malaysia and Britain

In this chapter, Shah provides a historical background of the state’s management of Islam and sexuality in Malaysia and Britain. The chapter begins by considering the shared legal and cultural legacies left by the British Empire that continue to shape laws and public opinions about Islam and sexuality in both countries. Shah then highlights the aspects that are especially relevant to the experiences of the gay Muslims explored in the rest of this book.
Pentachlorophenol biodegradation—II: Anaerobic

Abstract The fate of pentachlorophenol (PCP) during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge solids was tested in a three phase protocol. Phase I involved acclimation; Phase II investigated biodegradation in semicontinuous-flow, stirred-tank reactors at solids retention times of 10, 20 and 40 days; phase III assessed the importance of nonbiological removal mechanisms and collected additional data concerning the extent of biodegradation. PCP was found to inhibit methanogenesis in unacclimated cultures at concentrations in excess of 200 μg l−1 and thus acclimation of the digesters to PCP required very gradual increases in the influent concentration thereby allowing enrichment of organisms capable of degrading PCP. Once acclimation was achieved, digesters receiving influent containing 5.0 mg l−1 PCP achieved stable operation with effluent PCP concentrations below 5 μg l−1 at all retention times studied. Sorption was shown to be unimportant in PCP removal. Volatilization was considered to be unimportant based upon results obtained in forced aeration studies. This suggested that PCP was subject to at least primary biodegradation. Other evidence collected during the study indicated that more complete biodegradation probably was occurring.
The Perilobular Hemangioma: A Benign Microscopic Vascular Lesion of The Breast

Vascular tumors of the breast are rare, and reports in the literature suggest that most are malignant. The present study is concerned with a benign vascular tumor of the breast, a lesion generally known as perilobular hemangioma. This microscopic lesion consists of a meshwork of thin-walled, dilated vascular channels that may be situated within a breast lobule or in the extralobular mammary stroma. Hemangiomas of this type were found in seven or 1.2% or 555 mastectomies performed in 1974 in female patients who had mammary carcinoma. There was no association with a specific type of mammary carcinoma. Similar hemangiomas were observed as often in a series of breast biopsies performed for benign conditions. None of the angiomas showed any significant atypia or anaplasia.
MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow and spinal cord motion in neurologic disorders of the spine.

SUMMARY In summary, MR imaging of CSF and cord motion helps to evaluate diseases affecting cord and CSF motion and to identify the specific pathophysiology involved. A number of significant points have been made. First, MR imaging flow studies can be useful in evaluating CSF spaces and cystic diseases. Second, longitudinal and transverse motions occur in the spinal cord and CSF. Traveling wave motion occurs along the length of the spinal cord. Third, spinal cord tethering is associated with decreased cord velocity and loss of cord displacement at tethering site. Decreased transverse velocities occur with lateral cord tethering to the spinal canal. Fourth, in spinal dysraphism, longitudinal cord velocity is decreased by tethering, and is normal in asymptomatic patients with low conus. Normal cord motion helps to rule out possible tethering in symptomatic dysraphism with hydromyelia. Fifth, in acquired and nonmyelodysplastic symptomatic tethering, spinal cord motion is decreased. Sixth, in symptomatic cord compression, CSF flow and cord motion decrease, but recover after surgical decompression and after compensatory atrophy. Seventh, in asymptomatic spinal stenosis, cord motion is normal or increased. Diffuse spinal stenosis with cord atrophy leads to diffuse cord acceleration and prolonged cord caudal velocity, possibly related to the loss of the transverse mobility of the cord. Finally, focal spinal stenosis leads to focal dynamic cord deformation and can be associated with prominent intramedullary deformations. When compression is severe or symptomatic, cord motion is significantly decreased. Postoperative cases demonstrate good recovery of cord and CSF motion, unless compression or obstruction is still present.
Rodent Models of Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome

Simple, rapid and inexpensive rodent models of nicotine physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome have proved useful for preliminary screening of smoking cessation treatments. They have led to an exponential increase of knowledge regarding the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of dependence and withdrawal syndrome. The human nicotine withdrawal syndrome in smoking cessation is variable and multidimensional, involving irritability, anxiety, depression, cognitive and attentional impairments, weight gain, sleep disturbances, and craving for nicotine. Aside from sleep disturbances, analogous phenomena have been seen in rodent models using different measures of withdrawal intensity. It appears likely that different withdrawal phenomena may involve some partially divergent mechanisms. For example, depression-like phenomena may involve alterations in mechanisms such as the mesolimbic dopamine pathway from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens. Irritability and anxiety may involve alterations in endogenous opioid systems and other regions, such as the amygdala. This chapter reviews many additional anatomical, neurochemical, and developmental elements that impact nicotine physical dependence.
Acoustic Transducers and Lens Design for Acoustic Microscopy

The transducer-lens system is one major component in the performance of an acoustic microscope. The design criteria for the various types of applications of an acoustic microscope are different. For surface imaging applications, it is desired to have a small spot size and low sidelobe level. For materials characterization and subsurface imaging applications (such as subsurface crack imaging), it is required to have high surface wave excitation efficiency. Several researchers addressed the problem of surface imaging.1-5 Also, some work has been done to investigate materials properties indirectly by using so-called V(z) curves.6-8 The resolution obtained in the latter case is always much worse than that of the corresponding lens. The direct measurement of surface wave velocity by using conventional transducer-lens systems also gives poor spatial resolution because it suffers from the interference of the specularly-reflected signal with the surface wave component caused by the low efficiency of surface wave excitation.9 In order to increase the surface wave excitation efficiency, we first modified the design of the standard longitudinal transducer-lens system. Furthermore, we worked out a novel configuration, i.e, the shear transducerlens system. This gives very high surface wave excitation efficiency and anisotropic acoustic beam distribution. Therefore, it can be used for direct measurements of materials properties in different directions with much less defocus than in the case of conventional transducer-lens systems. This gives the potential of many new applications of materials characterization with excellent spatial resolution.
Comparing and Contrasting the Women’s Rights Movement from the 1960s and Today

Throughout history, society has downgraded women. They have not been treated equally and did not have many rights. Women used to not have rights in education and were seen out of the norm when they wanted to seek an education or a job before the late 20th century. In the 1920s, after the Suffrage Movement women won the right to vote based on the Nineteenth Amendment. After many years, in the 1960s, women felt that the first movement was not successful enough and created a second wave of feminist movements pushing for more equality in the workforce and abortion rights. Some movements women created in the 1960s were NOW and Women’s Liberation movement. Although the years have passed, women today still protest about their right of their own body and equal pay. In January 2017, over one million people protested for women’s rights around the nation, which shows how women still feel downgraded by society in a way. Despite the fact that the Women’s March Movement has been inspired by the Women’s rights movement from the 1960s, there are many differences such as diversity, the image of women, and the goals. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Combinatorial Therapy of Zinc Metallochaperones with Mutant p53 Reactivation and Diminished Copper Binding

Chemotherapy and radiation are more effective in wild-type (WT) p53 tumors due to p53 activation. This is one rationale for developing drugs that reactivate mutant p53 to synergize with chemotherapy and radiation. Zinc metallochaperones (ZMC) are a new class of mutant p53 reactivators that restore WT structure and function to zinc-deficient p53 mutants. We hypothesized that the thiosemicarbazone, ZMC1, would synergize with chemotherapy and radiation. Surprisingly, this was not found. We explored the mechanism of this and found the reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity of ZMC1 negates the signal on p53 that is generated with chemotherapy and radiation. We hypothesized that a zinc scaffold generating less ROS would synergize with chemotherapy and radiation. The ROS effect of ZMC1 is generated by its chelation of redox active copper. ZMC1 copper binding (KCu) studies reveal its affinity for copper is approximately 108 greater than Zn2+. We identified an alternative zinc scaffold (nitrilotriacetic acid) and synthesized derivatives to improve cell permeability. These compounds bind zinc in the same range as ZMC1 but bound copper much less avidly (106- to 107-fold lower) and induced less ROS. These compounds were synergistic with chemotherapy and radiation by inducing p53 signaling events on mutant p53. We explored other combinations with ZMC1 based on its mechanism of action and demonstrate that ZMC1 is synergistic with MDM2 antagonists, BCL2 antagonists, and molecules that deplete cellular reducing agents. We have identified an optimal Cu2+:Zn2+ binding ratio to facilitate development of ZMCs as chemotherapy and radiation sensitizers. Although ZMC1 is not synergistic with chemotherapy and radiation, it is synergistic with a number of other targeted agents.
Multi-agent system modeling of advection-diffusion-reaction equations

This work addresses a problem of model-order reduction for a wide class of Partial Differential Equations (PDE). Starting from the popular continuity equation, describing a general conservation law in space, a typical advection-diffusion-reaction equation is illustrated and then turned into a finite-dimensional system by means of reasonable approximations of the processes involved. The reduced-order model takes the form of a Linear Time-Varying (LTV) system, inheriting qualitative and quantitative properties of the original infinite-dimensional model. Convergence properties are discussed and illustrated, also highlighting connections with known results on multiagent systems. Preliminary numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.