cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite element modeling of partially restrained beam-to-girder connections

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of finite element modeling of partially restrained beam-to-girder connections that is currently being used to model the partially restrained beam-to-girder connections. This chapter focuses on a finite element modeling technique that is being used to predict the moment-rotation behavior of various beam-to-girder connections. This method relies heavily on the behavior models of various connection sub-elements—bolts, welds, etc., which are also discussed in detail. Certain simplifications are adopted so that the finite element models do not become excessively complex. First, the three dimensional connection behavior is reduced to a two dimensional problem by ignoring out-of-plane effects. This is a common assumption made in most research that involves connections. Second, the two dimensional problem is then further simplified by using only one dimensional finite elements placed in two dimensional space. The elements used are beam, truss, and non-linear spring elements. Beam elements are used to represent the beam and rigid links. Truss elements are used to represent reinforcing steel, concrete, and steel plates. Non-linear springs are used to represent shear studs, bolts, and welds. Another important assumption in the finite element modeling is that the ability to predict the behavior of the fundamental elements of the connection. These fundamental elements are referred to as sub-elements. The term “elements” has been reserved for connection parts that are combinations of sub-elements, such as a seat angle connection and a reinforced composite slab.
Double Supervision Face Recognition Based on Deep Learning

Face recognition has become a hot problem in computer vision. Simultaneously, face recognition have been applied in practical life. However, many traditional feature extraction algorithms, such as Gabor, LBP, SIFT, cannot achieve a good performance. With development of deep learning, face recognition technology has achieve breakthrough, even some proposed state-of-the-art face recognition algorithms based on deep learning surpass the capable of person. In this paper, we propose double supervision face recognition to address the problem of face recognition based on deep learning. The proposed algorithm contains two supervisions: softmax supervision and triplet supervision, which is help to extract robust feature. Our proposed algorithms achieve surprise result on three public databases: LFW, AR, PubFig.
Deep Reinforcement Learning Monitor for Snapshot Recording

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been leading to state-of-the-art performance to learn control policies for a wide range of applications. However, it does not provide an explanation of how a policy is learned and how the learned policy performs on a given task. In this paper, we answer to the inquiry: what scenes does a machine learning agent need to memorize for efficient learning and additional explanation regarding performance? Proposing a monitoring model to record the most important moments from experience-called snapshot images-we examine them for analysis. Sparse Bayesian Reinforcement Learning (SBRL) is known to remember sparse input samples during training and to construct bases for value function approximation. Also, SBRL has successfully maintained the snapshot memory for sparse input sampling. We apply our method to a visual maze problem and Atari games to observe the recorded snapshot images. Analyzing the images, we evaluate the efficacy of the proposed monitoring model and the quality of collected snapshots.
Spontaneous ribosomal translocation of mRNA and tRNAs into a chimeric hybrid state

The elongation factor G (EF-G)–catalyzed translocation of mRNA and tRNA through the ribosome is essential for vacating the ribosomal A site for the next incoming aminoacyl-tRNA, while precisely maintaining the translational reading frame. Here, the 3.2-A crystal structure of a ribosome translocation intermediate complex containing mRNA and two tRNAs, formed in the absence of EF-G or GTP, provides insight into the respective roles of EF-G and the ribosome in translocation. Unexpectedly, the head domain of the 30S subunit is rotated by 21°, creating a ribosomal conformation closely resembling the two-tRNA chimeric hybrid state that was previously observed only in the presence of bound EF-G. The two tRNAs have moved spontaneously from their A/A and P/P binding states into ap/P and pe/E states, in which their anticodon loops are bound between the 30S body domain and its rotated head domain, while their acceptor ends have moved fully into the 50S P and E sites, respectively. Remarkably, the A-site tRNA translocates fully into the classical P-site position. Although the mRNA also undergoes movement, codon–anticodon interaction is disrupted in the absence of EF-G, resulting in slippage of the translational reading frame. We conclude that, although movement of both tRNAs and mRNA (along with rotation of the 30S head domain) can occur in the absence of EF-G and GTP, EF-G is essential for enforcing coupled movement of the tRNAs and their mRNA codons to maintain the reading frame.
Identifying Plasma Derived Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Contained Biomarkers in the Development of Chronic Neuropathic Pain.

Abstract Research into potentially novel biomarkers for chronic pain development is lacking. microRNAs (miRNAs) are attractive candidates as biomarkers due to their conservation across species, stability in liquid biopsies, and variation that corresponds to a pathologic state. miRNAs can be sorted into extracellular vesicles (EVs) within the cell and released from the site of injury. EVs transfer cargo molecules between cells thus affecting key intercellular signaling pathways. The focus of this study was to determine the plasma derived EV miRNA content in a chronic neuropathic pain rat model. This was accomplished by performing either spinal nerve ligation (SNL; n = 6) or sham (n = 6) surgery on anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Mechanosensitivity was assessed and plasma derived EV RNA was isolated at baseline (BL), day 3, and 15 postnerve injury. EV extracted small RNA was sequenced followed by differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and gene target enrichment/signaling pathway analysis performed using R packages and TargetScan/Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), respectively. Seven of the DE miRNAs were validated by Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). The data indicated that SNL rats displayed a time-dependent threshold reduction in response to evoked stimuli from day 3 to day 15 postnerve injury. The data also revealed that 22 and 74 miRNAs at day 3 and 15, respectively, and 33 miRNAs at both day 3 and 15 were uniquely DE between the SNL and sham groups. The key findings from this proposal include (1) the majority of the DE EV miRNAs, which normally function to suppress inflammation, were downregulated, and (2) several of the plasma derived DE EV miRNAs reflect previously observed changes in the injured L5 nerve. The plasma derived DE EV miRNAs regulate processes important in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain states and potentially serve as key regulators, biomarkers, and targets in the progression and treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Perspective This article describes the DE miRNA content of plasma derived EVs, comparing neuropathic pain to normal conditions. This data indicates that EV miRNAs may be important in nociception and may also serve as biomarkers for chronic pain. These results encourage further research on EV miRNAs in chronic neuropathic pain sufferers.
Spain and Sport in the 1930s

The Popular Olympics are often characterized as a part of the Workers’ Sport Movement; however, this overlooks the unique circumstances that created a united Popular Front which supported and would have attended these games. This chapter outlines the Spanish and Catalan political situations as well as approaches to sport and nationalism which made it possible to host a global mega-event with less than three months to prepare. Concepts of popular sport, the Popular Front, and Catalan nationalism are explained, and a brief narrative of the history of the Spanish Second Republic will acquaint the reader with the various parties and crises leading up to July 1936.
Die Boride HfCo 3 B 2 und ZrCo 3 B 2 als ternärer CaCu 5 -Typ

Die ternaren Boride HfCo3B2 und ZrCo3B2 kristallisieren im hexagonalen D 2d-(CaCu5)-Strukturtyp, Raumgruppe P 6/mmm,a=4,840,c=3,036A,c/a=0,627 bzw.a=4,863,c=3,043A,c/a=0,625. Die Boratome liegen in einem trigonalen Prisma, das von anderen metallreichen Boriden her bekannt ist. Der ternare CaCu5-Typ zeigt eine hohe Raumerfullung bei einem theoret. Achsenverhaltnisc/a=0,75 und einem theoret. Radienverhaltnis 1,5 ∶ 1 ∶ 0,81.
Probing the Evolution of Surface Chemistry at the Silicon–Electrolyte Interphase via In Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

We present a novel spectroscopic technique for in situ Raman microscopy studies of battery electrodes. By creating nanostructures on a copper mesh current collector, we were able to utilize surface...
The anti-discriminatory tradition in Virginia school public choice theory

This paper investigates the historical relationship between the emergence of public choice theory in the 1960s and the problem of racial discrimination. Drawing upon archival research, I argue that foundational public choice scholars brought together four distinct strains of anti-discriminatory theory to grapple with the challenges posed by segregationist public policy instruments during the Civil Rights era. They include (1) the treatment of racial discrimination as regulatory capture, which is typified in the work of Frank Knight and W. H. Hutt; (2) the treatment of discrimination as an efficiency problem, building upon the closely related Chicago school insights of Gary Becker and Milton Friedman; (3) the treatment of discrimination as a constitutional problem, as seen in extensions of the framework of James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock; and (4) historical analysis of discriminatory institutions, also as seen in the work of Tullock. Together, the four components provided the basis of a comprehensive economic critique of discrimination that has since been neglected in the literature on the history of economic thought, and that offers far-reaching insights into the academic literature on race and the continued problem of discriminatory institutions.
A Measure of Success? Utilizing Citation Analysis to Evaluate Consultation Strategies in Oral Communication Courses

This study sought to use citation analysis to gauge the effectiveness of library instruction, in the form of research consultation, for 12 sections of a 100 level Oral Communication course at a small private liberal arts institution. Librarians analyzed the source bibliographies of informative and persuasive speeches in order to determine if students were able to apply strategies from their informative speech consultation to later assignments. This article outlines the strategy used to analyze student sources, issues encountered with citation analysis as a research strategy, and impacts of librarian consultation and faculty influence on the sources that students chose to cite in assignments.
Assessing the role of the amygdala in fear of pain: Neural activation under threat of shock

Abstract Introduction The DSM-5 explicitly states that the neural system model of specific phobia is centered on the amygdala. However, this hypothesis is predominantly supported by human studies on animal phobia, whereas visual cuing of other specific phobias, such as dental fear, do not consistently show amygdala activation. Considering that fear of anticipated pain is one of the best predictors of dental phobia, the current study investigated neural and autonomic activity of pain anticipation in individuals varying in the degree of fear of dental pain. Method Functional brain activity (fMRI) was measured in women (n = 31) selected to vary in the degree of self-reported fear of dental pain when under the threat of shock, in which one color signaled the possibility of receiving a painful electric shock and another color signaled safety. Results Enhanced functional activity during threat, compared to safety, was found in regions including anterior insula and anterior/mid cingulate cortex. Importantly, threat reactivity in the anterior insula increased as reported fear of pain increased and further predicted skin conductance changes during pain anticipation. Limitations The sample was comprised of women. Conclusions Individual differences in fear of pain vary with activation in the anterior insula, rather than with the amygdala, indicating that fear is not uniquely associated with amygdala activation. Whereas coping techniques such as emotion regulation have been found to vary with activation in a frontal-amygdala circuit when confronted with visual cues, precision psychiatry may need to target specific brain circuits to diagnose and treat different types of specific phobia.
The Milpa Game: a Field Experiment Investigating the Social and Ecological Dynamics of Q’eqchi’ Maya Swidden Agriculture

We investigated the coupled social and ecological dynamics of swidden agriculture through a common property resource field experiment framed as a game with realistic social norms and ecological dynamics. We tested the hypothesis that community social norms related to labor reciprocity and graduated sanctioning may encourage sustainable swidden cultivation. We played the game with 150 people from two Q’eqchi’ Maya villages in southern Belize where swidden agriculture is common. We found that when the game mimics local social norms related to agricultural labor exchange, clearing requests decrease and a statistical analysis indicates that players sanctioned one another in order to decrease resource use and increase sustainability. We validated our results using qualitative methods, post-game surveys, and interviews, and we conclude that cultural and social norms related to labor exchange improve the sustainability of swidden agriculture.
Reduction of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-Triazol-5-One (NTO) by the Hematite─Aqueous Fe(II) Redox Couple

3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is an insensitive munition compound (MC) that has replaced legacy MC. NTO can be highly mobile in soil and groundwater due to its high solubility and anionic natur...
Party Preferences in Multidistrict Litigation

Perhaps the two most salient trends in complex litigation have been the rise of multidistrict litigation (MDL) and the fall of aggregation on plaintiffs’ terms. According to recent statistics, more than one third of federal cases are consolidated within MDLs—meaning that they are being litigated before judges handpicked by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (the JPML or the Panel), which itself was handpicked by the Chief Justice. Meanwhile, decisions on personal jurisdiction, class actions, and other topics have dramatically reduced plaintiffs’ ability to select their preferred forum for complex cases. These trends intersect when jurists and scholars suggest that MDL provides a backstop for aggregate litigation because it is not constrained by rules on personal jurisdiction and class certification. The ultimate choice of the forum in which large-scale cases will be litigated seems to be increasingly in the unconstrained hands of the Panel, and not the plaintiffs. This reliance on MDL as the primary vehicle for aggregation makes it particularly important to know how plaintiffs and defendants fare before the Panel when they argue over where and before whom a new MDL should be heard. This paper presents the results of our empirical study of the relationship between party preferences and the assignment of MDLs to particular districts and judges. Based on a study of every MDL for a five-year period (2012–2016), we find that party preferences are meaningful for the selection of MDL districts. When plaintiffs and defendants agree on a preferred district, that district is very likely to be the eventual location of the MDL. When they disagree, the Panel sides with plaintiffs and defendants roughly equally. Whether this formal equality implies substantive equality, though, is an issue that merits further attention—and it raises deeper concerns about those forces that are pushing more cases into MDL in the first place. We also examine the characteristics of individual judges to which MDLs are assigned. We find that the Panel has not used its appointment power to engage in partisan behavior, and it has ensured that transferee judges are as diverse as judges overall, although it has not been at the leading edge of diversification. In sum, we are encouraged by the Panel’s decisions as far as they go, though we believe that these findings call for further scrutiny of federal procedure and judicial administration. The Panel is treating plaintiffs and defendants equally with respect to forum choice, so it matters how frequently MDL is the best (or only) option for aggregation, and it is assigning cases to judges that are representative of federal district judges, so it matters who makes up the federal judiciary. And, of course, the Panel itself is a central actor in this ever-growing segment of federal litigation, so it matters whom the Chief Justice appoints to serve on the Panel in the first place. Understanding these forces is therefore critical to assessing procedural fairness in an era of increasing MDL dominance of the federal judicial system.
A serological and histological study of Passer domesticus infected with Toxoplasma gondii parasite

Toxoplasma gondii parasite has three contagious stages: the oocytes, which is introduced into the external environment with the faeces of the infected cats, which later form the spores. The current study depended on detection of antibodies by using the serological tests such as latex, and rapid cassette testing are widely used to diagnose toxoplasmosis due to their ease of use and low cost, as well as the lack of time and effort required to perform them, the result of the test is shown after 3-5 minutes and depends mainly on efficiency and accuracy is one of the tests used in the epidemiological studies of toxoplasmosis in birds, in particular, local chickens and pigeons, the results of the rapid cassette test used to examine 80 samples of a serum taken from bird Passer domesticus showed that the total infection rate in this species of Toxoplasma gondii parasite was 71.25% with 57 positive samples out of a total of 80 samples. It was also observed that the presence of IgG antibody was (7.01%) with 4 positive samples while IgM antibody (5.26%) was positive (3 positive samples), the highest IgG + IgM antibody was 62.5% (50) , In the study of histopathological changes in Passer domesticus members, the presence of Lesions lesions associated with infection in both the liver and the small intestine was characterized by the presence of congestion in the blood vessels, as well as the expansion of the jibaniat with the loss of the engineering structure of the liver. In the tissue with a degenerative degeneration.
DeCorus-NSA: detection and correlation of unusual signals for network syslog analytics

The management of large data centre (DC) network infrastructure confronts Network Reliability Engineers (NRE) with challenges. A single DC at a modern cloud services provider can host thousands of network devices. The syslog messages generated by these devices are an important type of monitoring data to detect and diagnose failures. Devices in a single DC produce millions of syslog messages per day in a variety of formats.
The terrestrial ionosphere at high latitudes

The magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere system at high latitudes is strongly coupled via electric fields, particle precipitation, field-aligned currents, heat flows, and frictional interactions, as shown schematically in Figure 12.1. Electric fields of magnetospheric origin induce a large-scale motion of the high-latitude ionosphere, which affects the electron density morphology. As the plasma drifts through the neutrals, the ion temperature is raised owing to ion-neutral frictional heating. The elevated ion temperature then alters the ion chemical reaction rates, topside plasma scale heights, and ion composition. Also, particle precipitation in the auroral oval acts to produce enhanced ionization rates and elevated electron temperatures, which affect the ion and electron densities and temperatures. These ionospheric changes, in turn, have a significant effect on the thermospheric structure, circulation, and composition. At F region altitudes, the neutral atmosphere tends to follow, but lags behind, the convecting ionospheric plasma. The resulting ion-neutral frictional heating induces vertical winds and O/N 2 composition changes. These atmospheric changes then affect the ionospheric densities and temperatures. The ionosphere–thermosphere system also has a significant effect on the magnetosphere. Precipitating auroral electrons produce conductivity enhancements, which can modify the convection electric field, large-scale current systems, and the electrodynamics of the magnetosphere–ionosphere system as a whole. Also, once the thermosphere is set into motion due to convection electric fields, the large inertia of the neutral atmosphere will act to produce dynamo electric fields whenever the magnetosphere tries to change its electrodynamic state.
Judaism and Business Ethics

Jewish ethics, since its biblical origins, has recognized and celebrated the dignity, value, and meaning of humanly productive activities, including economic activities. Keywords: Hillel's prosbol; beyond the letter of the law; Jewish ethics; economic justice
The Brand X Liberation: Doing Away with Chevron’s Second Step as Well as Other Doctrines of Deference

This paper argues that the Court’s decision in National Cable & Telecommunications Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Services has cleared the path to discard the various doctrines of deference courts use to review agency interpretations and replace them with a single interpretive rule followed by arbitrary and capricious review. Courts have justified deference to: reasonable agency interpretations of ambiguous statutes where the agency employed its lawmaking powers (Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council); persuasive agency interpretations where the agency acted in some less formal way (Skidmore v. Swift & Co.); or even agency interpretations of their own ambiguous regulations (Auer v. Robbins). The most far reaching doctrine, Chevron has spurred countless debates. Courts and commentators have approached Chevron in two subtlety distinct ways, often at the same time. First, using the Deference Approach courts finding an ambiguity would defer to an agency interpretation so long as that interpretation was reasonable. Second, the Acceptance Approach required courts finding an ambiguity to envision whether the agency interpretation fell into the range of possible choices delegated to the agency by Congress and, if so, simply to accept the reasonable choice. Brand X confronted one of the few differences in these approaches: the effect of stare decisis when a court interpreted the statute prior to an agency interpretation worthy of Chevron. Although Brand X itself continued to employ rhetoric from both approaches, it is best justified, given its holding, under the Acceptance Approach. There are several important implications of Brand X’s endorsement of the Acceptance Approach. First, Brand X assigns an interpretive role to the courts to identify a zone of discretion afforded by Congress to the agency to make law and set policy. This zone includes both the substantive choices that the agency can make and how it must make them. Second, once the court has performed that task, then a reasonableness inquiry under Step Two of Chevron is not needed nor permitted. Courts can and should review the agency’s procedures for reaching its choice using the arbitrary and capricious standard of review. Finally, courts’ institutional mandate to identify a zone of agency lawmaking that relates to both substance and form renders other doctrines of deference indefensible. Discarding these various doctrines would: better focus both courts and agencies on their tasks; resolve some of the outstanding disputes concerning those tasks; eliminate pernicious vagueness that is too easily used to fudge analysis; and still maintain a clear, limited, deferential standard of review.
Relationship between competence for transformation of Bacillus subtilis with native and single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract The response of populations of Bacillus subtilis to both native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and denatured DNA was investigated at maximal competence and at various times during the development of compentency. The results indicate that competence for transformation with native and denatured DNA increases and decreases simultaneously. Competition occurs between native and single-stranded DNA during transformation, and the same cells in a population can be doubly transformed by DNA molecules of both configurations.
Computer mapping of air quality

A methodology for mapping the spatial distribution of air pollutants by computer is presented. Using input data from discretely located air monitoring stations, estimates of pollutant concentrations are computed at 1.2-mile (2-km) increments between stations by two-dimensional interpolation. Maps are then printed to show the resulting distribution. Application of this technique to mapping the oxidant distribution in a select study area is demonstrated. Oxidant data are displayed in both measured units (e.g., pphm) and as Pollutant Standards Index values. Practical applications examined include the use of mapping to site air monitoring stations, providing public information, preparation of environmental impact studies, and conducting trend analyses.
Oceanic calcium changes from enhanced weathering during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: No effect on calcium-based proxies

[1] During the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM ∼55 Myr ago), prominent climatic and biogeochemical changes took place in the atmosphere, ocean, and on land. For example, deep-sea temperatures rose by 5°C to 6°C, while sea surface temperatures at high latitudes increased by up to 9°C. In the sedimentary record, the onset of the PETM is marked by widespread dissolution of calcium carbonate on the seafloor. In addition, there is evidence for globally higher humidity, precipitation and increased weathering during the PETM. Both calcium carbonate dissolution and enhanced weathering probably affected the seawater calcium concentration. Here we investigate implications that possible changes in the ocean's calcium inventory may have had on boron/calcium (B/Ca) and magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios, which are used as proxies for deep water carbonate chemistry and temperature, respectively. We also examine effects on δ44Ca of seawater, which is used as an indicator for variations in the marine calcium cycle. We focus on the magnitude of change in the ocean's calcium ion concentration as a result of the carbon perturbation, which resulted in increased weathering fluxes and the dissolution of calcite on the ocean floor during the PETM. Different ranges of carbon input scenarios and their effect on ocean chemistry were examined using the Long-term Ocean-atmosphere-Sediment CArbon cycle Reservoir (LOSCAR) model. We found that under the most plausible scenario, the calcium ion concentration change (Δ[Ca2+]) was less than 0.7% and around 2% in the most extreme scenario. Our results show that B/Ca and Mg/Ca proxies were not affected within analytical precision by changes in oceanic calcium due to weathering and carbonate dissolution during the PETM. The most extreme scenario (Δ[Ca2+] = 2%) would result in ∼4 μmol kg−1 uncertainty in reconstruction of Δ[CO32−]. The same scenario affects the temperature reconstruction by ∼0.2°C. The effect on the ocean's calcium isotope budget was insignificant as well, resulting in Δδ44Casw of less than 0.05‰.
A Cosmological Calculation Suggesting a Threshold for New Physics at 5 TeV

A calculation by E.D.Jones of the cosmological mass scale for the phase transition from pre-geometric to physical description as about 5 Tev could be interpreted as a prediction of an effective threshold for novel physical effects in particle-particle collisions.
Strict LT2: Regular : : Local : Recognizable

We provide a characterization of the local sets (sets of trees generated by CFGs) in terms of definability in a restricted logical language, which we contrast with a similar characterization of the recognizable sets (sets of trees accepted by finite-state tree automata). In a strong sense, the distinction between these two captures abstractly the distinction between ordinary CFGs and those in which labels are finitely extended with additional features (as in GPSG). In terms of descriptive complexity, the contrast is quite profound—while the recognizable sets are characterized by a monadic second-order language, the local sets are characterized by a severely restricted modal language. In the domain of strings, there is an analogous contrast between the regular languages and the strict 2-locally testable languages, a weak subclass of the star-free sets.
Ion Tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lacking the Ca2+/CaM-Dependent Phosphatase (Calcineurin) Is Improved by Mutations in URE2 or PMA1

Calcineurin is a conserved, Ca2+/CaM-stimulated protein phosphatase required for Ca2+-dependent signaling in many cell types. In yeast, calcineurin is essential for growth in high concentrations of Na+, Li+, Mn2+, and OH-, and for maintaining viability during prolonged treatment with mating pheromone. In contrast, the growth of calcineurin-mutant yeast is better than that of wild-type cells in the presence of high concentrations of Ca2+. We identified mutations that suppress multiple growth defects of calcineurin-deficient yeast (cnb1Delta or cna1Delta cna2Delta). Mutations in URE2 suppress the sensitivity of calcineurin mutants to Na+, Li+, and Mn2+, and increase their survival during treatment with mating pheromone. ure2 mutations require both the transcription factor Gln3p and the Na+ ATPase Pmr2p to confer Na+ and Li+ tolerance. Mutations in PMA1, which encodes the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase, also suppress many growth defects of calcineurin mutants. pma1 mutants display growth phenotypes that are opposite to those of calcineurin mutants; they are resistant to Na+, Li+, and Mn2+, and sensitive to Ca2+. We also show that calcineurin mutants are sensitive to aminoglycoside antibiotics such as hygromycin B while pma1 mutants are more resistant than wild type. Furthermore, pma1 and calcineurin mutations have antagonistic effects on intracellular [Na+] and [Ca2+]. Finally, we show that yeast expressing a constitutively active allele of calcineurin display pma1-like phenotypes, and that membranes from these yeast have decreased levels of Pma1p activity. These studies further characterize the roles that URE2 and PMA1 play in regulating intracellular ion homeostasis.
A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada

Broad in scope yet written from a well-defined perspective, this book provides a superb narrative survey of Christian churches, institutions, and interactions with culture in the United States and Canada from the colonial period to the present.One of the foremost authorities on the history of Christianity in North America, Mark Noll has intentionally made this history a comprehensive, balanced one-volume work: the book covers the great variety of Christian experience throughout all of North American history, sensitively encompassing the story of many contrasting groups and regions--elite and common people, whites and blacks, Catholics and Protestants, men and women, North and South. Adding a personal dimension to the narrative, numerous biographical profiles further enrich Noll's multifaceted exploration of major movements and events.
Prevention of mammary preneoplastic transformation by naturally-occurring tumor inhibitors

Aberrant hyperproliferation (AH) is a late occurring post-initiational event that precedes mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. Experiments on the spontaneously immortalized, non-tumorigenic murine mammary epithelial C57/MG and MMEC cells were designed to validate AH as an in vitro cellular marker for preneoplastic transformation. Colony forming efficiency (% CFE) in anchorage-independent conditions of growth represented the quantitative parameter for AH. C57/MG and MMEC cells, upon treatment with chemical carcinogens or transfection with oncogenes, exhibited at least a 60-300-fold increase in AH relative to that seen in appropriate untreated controls. Transplantation of mammary epithelial cells initiated either by chemical carcinogens or by oncogenes into mammary fat pads of syngeneic mice produced rapidly growing tumors at the transplant site within 4-6 weeks. The tumor-derived T1/Pr1 and myc3/Pr1 cell lines (positive controls) exhibited at least an 800-900-fold increase in AH. Treatment of initiated cells with naturally occurring tumor inhibitors eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), indole-3-carbinol (I3C), (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), squalene (SQE), and perillyl alcohol (PA) at non-toxic doses, resulted in a 70-99% inhibition of AH, depending on the initiator and the chemopreventive test compound. Upregulation of AH in initiated mammary epithelial cells in vitro prior to tumorigenesis in vivo, and persistent inhibition of AH by diverse naturally occurring tumor inhibitors, provides evidence for AH as a cellular surrogate endpoint for induction and modulation of mammary neoplastic transformation.
Detection of recombination among Salmonella enterica strains using the incongruence length difference test.

Abstract Particular serovars of Salmonella enterica have emerged as significant foodborne pathogens in humans. At the chromosomal level, discrete regions in the Salmonella genome have been identified that are known to play important roles in the maintenance, survival, and virulence of S. enterica within the host. Interestingly, several of these loci appear to have been acquired by horizontal transfer of DNA among and between bacterial species. The profound importance of recombination in pathogen emergence is just now being realized, perhaps explaining the sudden interest in developing novel and facile ways for detecting putative horizontal transfer events in bacteria. The incongruence length difference (ILD) test offers one such means. ILD uses phylogeny to trace sequences that may have been acquired promiscuously by exchange of DNA during chromosome evolution. We show here that the ILD test readily detects recombinations that have taken place in several housekeeping genes in Salmonella as well as genes composing the type 1 pilin complex (14 min) and the inv–spa invasion gene complex (63 min). Moreover, the ILD test indicated that the mutS gene (64 min), whose product helps protect the bacterial genome from invasion by foreign DNA, appears to have undergone intragenic recombination within S. enterica subspecies I. ILD findings were supported using additional tests known to be independent of the ILD approach (e.g., split decomposition analysis and compatibility of sites). Taken together, these data affirm the application of the ILD test as one approach for identifying recombined sequences in the Salmonella chromosome. Furthermore, horizontally acquired sequences within mutS support a model whereby evolutionarily important recombinants of S. enterica are rescued from strains carrying defective mutS alleles via horizontal transfer.
Researching your institution's computer past

The history of computing in educational institutions is relatively young, but quickly forgotten as computing students today have no concept of what it was like to use a computer back in the 1950-1990 time period. However, preserving one's own institution's computer past should be more than just a history lesson. It can be a way to connect present day students with their institution's own achievements and it can be a mechanism for recruiting young people into your institution. In any case telling the story of the people whose achievements may only be known by a few or even forgotten is something that needs to be preserved. This project spans both academic and administrative computing as well as the people involved including alumni, faculty, and staff. It is both an oral history and a documented history as it covers university events and the university's own internal use of computing. Presented in this paper are the methods of research used as well as ideas on how one might go about such a task at their institution. The final goals of this research are to produce a book with a companion website and host a computing history symposium. specific permission and/or a fee.
Host DNA synthesis after infection of Escherichia coli with mutants of bacteriophage T4.

Abstract Host DNA synthesis normally ceases very soon after bacteriophage T4 infection. However, cells infected with T4 gene 30 (DNA ligase) mutants resume synthesis of unstable host DNA during the subsequent degradation to acid-soluble nucleotides. Mutations in T4 genes 46 or 47 somewhat increase the stability of this E. coli DNA and permit its properties to be studied. It is double-stranded and its synthesis depends not only on the host's polA gene product (DNA polymerase I) but also on proteins synthesized after viral infection. The unstable E. coli DNA synthesis can occur concurrently with T4 DNA replication but does not require the products of T4 late genes or of the early genes 32, 41, 43, 44, or 45. We postulate that the E. coli DNA synthesis constitutes an ill-fated attempt to repair T4-induced degradation of host DNA and that the T4-induced DNA ligase has a role in host DNA degradation.
Evaluation by computerized axial tomography of eclamptic women with seizures refractory to magnesium sulfate therapy

Over a 1-year period, seven eclamptic patients with repetitive seizures while receiving therapeutic levels of intravenous magnesium sulfate were evaluated by computerized axial tomography. In five patients brain abnormalities were identified, which included diffuse cerebral edema (one), cerebral venous thrombosis (two), and low density white matter (two). Clinical management of eclamptic women on the basis of structural central nervous system abnormalities documented by computerized tomography appears to warrant further investigation.
Multiconfigurational Hartree-Fock theory for identical bosons in a double well

Multiconfigurational Hartree-Fock theory is presented and implemented in an investigation of the fragmentation of a Bose-Einstein condensate made of identical bosonic atoms in a double-well potential at zero temperature. The approach builds in the effects of the condensate mean field and of atomic correlations by describing generalized many-body states that are composed of multiple configurations which incorporate atomic interactions. Nonlinear and linear optimization is utilized in conjunction with the variational and Hylleraas-Undheim theorems to find the optimal ground and excited states of the interacting system. The resulting energy spectrum and associated eigenstates are presented as a function of double-well barrier height. Delocalized and localized single configurational states are found in the extreme limits of the simple and fragmented condensate ground states, while multiconfigurational states and macroscopic quantum superposition states are revealed throughout the full extent of barrier heights. Comparison is made to existing theories that either neglect mean field or correlation effects and it is found that contributions from both interactions are essential in order to obtain a robust microscopic understanding of the condensate's atomic structure throughout the fragmentation process.
Lower extremity fractures in patients with spinal cord injury

Lower limb fractures occurring in patients with established spinal paralysis were considered different enough to warrant variations in treatment usually provided to patients without paralysis. Treatment should ensure that the functional level will be unchanged after healing occurs. Splints made of soft materials were effective, inexpensive, safe, and allowed for good healing with early rehabilitation.
Sequence analysis of leukotoxin secretion determinants from a Pasteurella haemolytica-like organism

The pHLBD genes encoding the secretion functions for the 105 kDa RTX leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica-like (PHL) organism has been cloned and sequenced. Like analogous genes from other RTX determinants, the pHLBD genes lie immediately downstream from the leukotoxin structural gene, pHLA. Although isolated from a diverse group of gram-negative organisms, the pHLBD genes and the characterized RTX BD genes from other organisms exhibit a high degree of homology at both the DNA and predicted amino acid sequence levels. We have previously reported the cloning of the leukotoxin gene (pHLCA) (Chang et al., Infect. Immun. 61:2089-2095), which encodes a 105-kda polypeptide with cytotoxic activity. DNA sequence analysis of the pHLBD genes shows 83.93% and 86.05% homologous to that of P. haemolytica IktBD genes, respectively.
Reddening and the Extinction Law at High Galactic Latitude

We present near-infrared (JHKL) photometry of 103 southern stars located behind translucent interstellar clouds at high Galactic latitude. Our data are combined with visual photometry and spectral type information from the literature in a detailed analysis of the wavelength dependence of interstellar extinction by dust in these high-latitude clouds. We investigate the shape of the near-infrared extinction curve and evaluate the total line-of-sight extinction (AV) and ratio of total-to-selective extinction (RV) in each line of sight. Sources of uncertainty in RV arising from photometric errors and spectral classification errors are carefully assessed and quantified as functions of the line-of-sight reddening. We detect appreciable differences in our results compared with the average extinction curve for dust in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) close to the Galactic plane. Assuming a power-law form in the near-infrared, we find the mean for high-latitude clouds to be well described by Aλ ∝ λ-2.3, somewhat steeper than that for the diffuse ISM (Aλ ∝ λ-1.8). Our sample includes a substantial number of lines of sight with low RV values (47% with RV < 2.8) relative to the diffuse ISM average of 3.05 ± 0.15. We conclude that many high-latitude clouds have enhanced abundances of relatively small grains.
An evaluation of neural influences on the sphincter of oddi in the dog.

Opening pressures of the choledochoduodenal junction were measured in anesthetized dogs before and after vagotomy. Measurements were also made in anesthetized, vagotomized dogs prior to and during appropriate electrical stimulation of the severed ends of the peripheral and central vagi and of the peripheral splanchnic nerves. Vagotomy itself was not associated with significant changes in mean ductal opening pressures. Central and peripheral vagal stimulation and peripheral splanchnic nerve stimulation did not yield significant effects on the mean opening pressure parameter. However, changes in circulating fluid volume were shown to significantly influence mean ductal opening pressures. Reductions in systemic arterial pressure were associated with a reduction in mean opening pressures, whereas increases in cardiovascular fluid volume were associated with a marked elevation of opening pressures. It is concluded that ductal opening pressures can be significantly changed by hydraulic factors but are apparently unresponsive to direct neural influences.
Stress and relapse to drug seeking in rats: studies on the generality of the effect.

Rationale: Intermittent footshock reinstates drug-taking behavior in rats, but not behaviors previously maintained by food reinforcers. Here we tested further the generality of this phenomenon by determining whether restraint and food deprivation stressors would reinstate heroin seeking, whether the environment in which footshock is given modulates footshock-induced reinstatement, and whether footshock would reinstate operant responding previously maintained by brain stimulation reward (BSR). Methods: Groups of rats were trained to self-administer for 10 days either heroin (0.05–0.1 mg/kg/infusion, IV, three 3-h sessions/day) or brain stimulation into the septal area (trains of monopolar cathodal pulses of 100 µs for 500 ms, one 60-min session/day). After extinction of the heroin-reinforced behavior (10–13 days), the rats were tested for reinstatement after exposure to food deprivation (1 and 21 h), restraint given outside the self-administration environment (5, 15 and 30 min), or intermittent footshock (0.8 mA, 15 min) given in the self-administration environment or in a novel (non-drug) environment. For BSR-trained rats, the effect of footshock on reinstatement after extinction (6–10 days) was compared with that induced by non-contingent brain stimulation (three or six discrete stimulations at the start of the test sessions). Results: Food deprivation reinstated heroin seeking. Footshock reliably reinstated heroin seeking when given in the drug environment, but not when given in a non-drug environment. Similarly, restraint given outside the self-administration environment failed to reinstate heroin seeking. In addition, footshock was as effective as priming brain stimulation in reinstating operant responding previously maintained by BSR. Conclusions: The effect of footshock on reinstatement of heroin seeking generalizes to food deprivation, and appears to be dependent on the environment in which the stressor is given. The data with BSR indicate that the phenomenon of footshock-induced reinstatement is not selective for drug reinforcers.
Isolation and partial electrophoretic characterization of total protein from non-sheared rat liver chromatin.

Abstract 1. 1.|Highly purified chromatin from rat liver has been prepared in a soluble form without the use of shearing by a method originally described for the preparation of sea urchin sperm chromatin. Some physiochemical properties of the purified chromatin have been measured. 2. 2.|Over 90% of the proteins (both histones and non-histones) have been isolated from the purified chromatin by dissociation of the chromatin in 2.5 M guanidinium chloride and removal of the freed DNA by high speed centrifugation. The guanidinium chloride salt was removed and the proteins kept in solution by dialysis against 5 M urea. 3. 3.|The isolated chromosomal proteins have been analyzed in two polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems. Both histones and non-histone proteins are well separated in both systems. In addition to revealing the expected histone classes, a large number of non-histone protein bands have been fractionated. 4. 4.|The extracted proteins have also been separated by analytical isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel over the pH range of 3–10. Due to their very high pI most of the histones migrate out of the gel but the non-histones are separated throughout the pI range of 6–10. 5. 5.|Some preliminary experiments to separate the non-histone proteins from the histones using both strongly anionic and cationic Sephadex ion exchangers in batch and column operations, respectively, are also reported.