cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Status of Therapeutants for Penaeid Shrimp Culture in the United States

The lack of approved drugs and chemicals needed to manage disease and pests in culture systems is the major constraint facing the penaeid shrimp culture industry in the United States. The industry needs the timely approval of the therapeutants for disease control for cost effectiveness and public safety. The approval process for the needed chemotherapeutants (drugs, parasiticides, disinfectants, and water quality agents) is administered by the US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Both FDA and EPA have procedures for registration of compounds for minor use whereby needed approvals may be obtained at far less cost than is typical for uses in major agricultural industries. Aquatrine® is the only compound with specific approval for use in shrimp culture. Three others—formalin, oxytetracycline, and trifluralin—have entered the approval process. Because of human safety concerns, replacements are needed for malachite green, chloramphenicol, and the nitrofurans. Candidates for replacing these compounds include trifluralin, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, the potentiated sulfonamides, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline. A need exists for an environmentally safe and effective agent to treat fusarium disease. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4), in conjunction with FDA, has begun addressing the problems of the aquaculture industry. Thus, the penaeid shrimp industry has an excellent opportunity to obtain the approvals of chemotherapeutants that are needed for continued growth toward a full potential in this country.
Unbounded Practice: Women and Landscape Architecture in the Early Twentieth Century-Thaïsa Way

There are many gaps in the historiography of landscape architecture that still need to be filled. However, now that the profession has existed in many countries for one hundred years, more or less,...
On the distribution of binary search trees under the random permutation model

We study the distribution Q on the set Bn of binary search trees over a linearly ordered set of n records under the standard random permutation model. This distribution also arises as the stationary distribution for the move-to-root (MTR) Markov chain taking values in Bn when successive requests are independent and identically distributed with each record equally likely. We identify the minimum and maximum values of the functional Q and the trees achieving those values and argue that Q is a crude measure of the “shape” of the tree. We study the distribution of Q(T) for two choices of distribution for random trees T; uniform over Bn and Q. In the latter case, we obtain a limiting normal distribution for −ln Q(T). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methodology to develop gate networks for redundant digit systems

The design of digital systems that make use of redundant digit sets requires a specific design methodology. These types of systems are frequently used in high-performance arithmetic algorithms. Since more than one output represents the correct result and more than one bit-vector may represent the same output value, there are many possibilities for the system's realization. An important decision involves the selection of the digit codes. This decision impacts the area and delay of the final system. After the digit codes are defined, the number of possible implementations is usually large. This paper presents a design methodology for the implementation of redundant digit systems which allows the creation of an environment for the investigation of design alternatives for such systems. The use of this methodology makes it possible to systematically select digit codes and determine the best design solution. It provides the basis for the implementation of a CAD tool that can assist the designer in the generation of minimal gate networks for redundant digit systems. Besides presenting the methodology we also illustrate its use in the design of some redundant adders, and underline rules that should be followed in order to obtain the best gate networks.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Meromorphic solutions of the Benjamin-Ono equation

Abstract It is shown that the construction of N-soliton periodic solutions of the Benjamin-Ono equation can be reduced to solving an Nth order algebraic equation. If the period is infinite the solution is explicit and it is unnecessary to solve any algebraic equation.
Online controlled experiments: introduction, insights, scaling, and humbling statistics

The web provides an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate innovation by evaluating ideas quickly and accurately using controlled experiments (e.g., A/B tests and their generalizations). From front-end user-interface changes to backend algorithms, online controlled experiments are now utilized to make data-driven decisions at many other companies. While the theory of a controlled experiment is simple, running online controlled experiments at scale - hundreds of concurrent experiments on a given day at Bing has taught us many lessons. We provide an introduction, share real examples, key insights, cultural challenges, scaling challenges, and humbling statistics.
State-variable models of structures having rigid-body modes

In cases where the equations of motion of a structure having rigid-body freedom are cast in state-variable form, generalized state rigid-body modes may be needed. It is possible to find a linearly-independent set of generalized vectors which transform an n x n matrix into the almost-diagonal Jordan form. Attention is presently given to equations governing these generalized eigenvectors, together with illustrative examples of the damped and undamped structure cases.
The stabilization of β‐lactoglobulin by glycine and NaCl

Effect of glycine and NaCl on the thermal denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin was examined. The results showed that the transition temperature of beta-lactoglobulin is increased by the addition of glycine and NaCl at 0.5 and 1M. This observed stabilization by glycine and NaCl was interpreted in terms of their favorable interactions with the native state of beta-lactoglobulin and unfavorable interactions with the denatured state.
Mgm1p, a Dynamin-related GTPase, Is Essential for Fusion of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mitochondrial fusion requires at least two outer membrane proteins, Fzo1p and Ugo1p. We provide direct evidence that the dynamin-related Mgm1 protein is also required for mitochondrial fusion. Like fzo1 and ugo1 mutants, cells disrupted for the MGM1 gene contain numerous mitochondrial fragments instead of the few long, tubular organelles seen in wild-type cells. Fragmentation of mitochondria in mgm1 mutants is rescued by disrupting DNM1, a gene required for mitochondrial division. In zygotes formed by mating mgm1 mutants, mitochondria do not fuse and mix their contents. Introducing mutations in the GTPase domain of Mgm1p completely block mitochondrial fusion. Furthermore, we show that mgm1 mutants fail to fuse both their mitochondrial outer and inner membranes. Electron microscopy demonstrates that although mgm1 mutants display aberrant mitochondrial inner membrane cristae, mgm1 dnm1 double mutants restore normal inner membrane structures. However, mgm1 dnm1 mutants remain defective in mitochondrial fusion, indicating that mitochondrial fusion requires Mgm1p regardless of the morphology of mitochondria. Finally, we find that Mgm1p, Fzo1p, and Ugo1p physically interact in the mitochondrial outer membrane. Our results raise the possibility that Mgm1p regulates fusion of the mitochondrial outer membrane through its interactions with Fzo1p and Ugo1p.
Anti-metallothionein IgG and levels of metallothionein in autistic children with GI disease

Aim: To assess both serum concentration of metallotionein (MT) and anti-metallothionein (anti-MT) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in autistic children with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and controls, and to test the hypothesis that there is an association between the presence of MT, anti-MT IgG, and inflammatory GI disease seen in many children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD).
Proteasome modulator 9 and macrovascular pathology of T2D

Aims: Coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke share a major linkage at the chromosome 12q24 locus. The same chromosome region entails at least a major risk gene for type 2 diabetes (T2D) within NIDDM2, the non-insulindependent-diabetes 2 locus. The gene of Proteasome Modulator 9 (PSMD9) lies in the NIDDM2 region and is implicated in diabetes in mice. PSMD9 mutations rarely cause T2D and common variants are linked to both lateonset T2D and maturity-onset-diabetes of the young (MODY3). In this study, we aimed at determining whether PSMD9 is linked to macrovascular pathology of T2D. Methods and Results: In our 200 T2D families from Italy, we characterized the clinical phenotype of macrovascular pathology by defining the subjects for presence or absence of CAD, stroke and/or transitory ischemic attacks (TIA), plaques of the large arterial vessels (macro-vasculopathy) and arterial angioplasty performance. We then screened 200 T2D siblings/families for PSMD9 +nt460A/G, +nt437C/T and exon E197G A/G single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and performed a non-parametric linkage study to test for linkage for coronary artery disease, stroke/TIA, macro-vasculopathy and macrovascular pathology of T2D. We performed 1,000 replicates to test the power of our significant results. Our results show a consistent significant LOD score in linkage with all the above-mentioned phenotypes. Our 1000 simulation analyses, performed for each single test, confirm that the results are not due to random chance. Conclusions: In summary, the PSMD9 IVS3+nt460A/G, +nt437C/T and exon E197G A/G SNPs are linked to CAD, stroke/TIA and macrovascular pathology of T2D in Italians.
Methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) as a potent inhibitor of mammalian and yeast S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases.

Abstract The putrescine-activated S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases of rat ventral prostate and baker's yeast are strongly inhibited by methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), a substance which has been reported to exhibit anti-leukemic actions. Low concentrations of the drug preferentially inhibit the enhancement by putrescine of the decarboxylation of S-adenosylmethionine by the prostate enzyme. The magnesium ion-activated and putrescine insensitive S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase of E. coli is inhibited only at very high concentrations of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). Some observations on the specificity of activation of the yeast and mammalian S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases by short chain aliphatic diamines are also discussed.
A look inside IBM's green data center research

With data centers using 10--30 times more energy per square foot than office space, data center energy use doubling every 5 years, and delayed capital investments in new power plants—energy efficiency is becoming a key design constraint for modern servers and data centers. This talk will discuss a wide variety of energy management research being performed within IBM Research, including topics such as low-power process technology, novel processor energy management features, memory power management, system-level power shifting, power-aware task placement, power-aware virtualization/consolidation, partition-level power management, energy-efficient high-performance storage, energy-efficient cooling and electrical distribution/backup technologies, and datacenter modeling and optimization. The talk will conclude with a discussion of the key challenges that remain and some important open research topics.
Tradeoffs in transactional memory virtualization

For transactional memory (TM) to achieve widespread acceptance, transactions should not be limited to the physical resources of any specific hardware implementation. TM systems should guarantee correct execution even when transactions exceed scheduling quanta, overflow the capacity of hardware caches and physical memory, or include more independent nesting levels than what is supported in hardware. Existing proposals for TM virtualization are either incomplete or rely on complex hardware implementations, which are an overkill if virtualization is invoked infrequently in the common case.We present eXtended Transactional Memory (XTM), the first TM virtualization system that virtualizes all aspects of transactional execution (time, space, and nesting depth). XTM is implemented in software using virtual memory support. It operates at page granularity, using private copies of overflowed pages to buffer memory updates until the transaction commits and snapshots of pages to detect interference between transactions. We also describe two enhancements to XTM that use limited hardware support to address key performance bottlenecks.We compare XTM to hardwarebased virtualization using both real applications and synthetic microbenchmarks. We show that despite being software-based, XTM and its enhancements are competitive with hardware-based alternatives. Overall, we demonstrate that XTM provides a complete, flexible, and low-cost mechanism for practical TM virtualization.
Acetylcholine release from the rabbit retina mediated by kainate receptors

The cholinergic amacrine cells of the rabbit retina may be labeled with 3H-choline, and the activity of the cholinergic population may be monitored by following the release of 3H-ACh. In magnesium-free medium, the glutamate analog NMDA caused massive ACh release, up to 50x the basal efflux. Magnesium blocked the NMDA-evoked release of ACh with an IC50 of 151 microM. The NMDA-evoked release of ACh was unchanged in glycine-free medium or in the presence of 500 microM glycine. However, the block of NMDA-evoked release by 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-Cl-Kyn) was reversed by exogenous glycine. This suggests that the NMDA receptors mediating ACh release possess an allosteric glycine binding site, but under normal conditions, it is saturated by endogenous glycine. Submaximal doses of NMDA were used to determine the potency of NMDA antagonists and their specificity was established with submaximal doses of other glutamate agonists. DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (DL-AP-7) was a competitive NMDA antagonist, with an IC50 of 33 microM and (+)5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801) was a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, with an IC50 of 10.6 nM. Neither antagonist blocked the light-evoked release of ACh from the retina. Furthermore, light stimulation did not activate the use-dependent block characteristic of MK-801, indicating that the endogenous transmitter did not open the NMDA channel. These results suggest that NMDA receptors do not mediate the physiological input to cholinergic amacrine cells in the rabbit retina.
Measles virus inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription and replication by blocking cell-cycle progression of CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Acute measles virus (MV) infection results in a decrease in plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in co-infected children. An in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture system was used to assess the mechanisms by which MV blocks HIV-1 replication. MV inhibited proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes, the target cell for HIV-1 replication. In the presence of MV, cells did not progress to G1b and S phases, steps critical for the completion of HIV-1 reverse transcription and productive replication. This block in cell-cycle progression was characterized by an increased proportion of CD4+ and HIV-1-infected cells retained in the parental generation in PBMCs co-cultured with MV and HIV-1, and decreased levels of cyclins and RNA synthesis. Early HIV-1 replication was also inhibited in the presence of MV, as measured by reduced expression of a luciferase reporter gene and lower levels of both early (LTR) and late (LTR–gag) DNA intermediates of HIV-1 reverse transcription in the presence of CCR5-tropic HIV-1. The effects of MV on lymphoproliferation and p24 antigen production were reproduced by n-butyrate and hydroxyurea, drugs that block the cell cycle in G1a and G1/S, respectively. It was concluded that MV inhibits HIV-1 productive replication in part by blocking the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes.
Future Climate Change Spells Catastrophe for Blanchard's Cricket Frog : Acris blanchardi (Amphibia : Anura: Hylidae)

Climate change may be one of the greatest environmental catastrophes encountered by modern human civilization. The potential influence of this global disaster on wildlife populations is subject to question. I interpolated how seasonal variation in weather patterns influences growth and reproduction in the Blanchard’s cricket frog ( Acris blanchardi ). Then I extrapolated the influence of future climate conditions on these life history characteristics using fuzzy regression. Fuzzy regression was an accurate predictor of growth and reproduction based on the climate conditions present from 1900–2007. It predicted that the climate projections expected for Arkansas by 2100 could reduce total reproductive investment in the Blanchard’s cricket frog by 33–94%. If these results reflect responses by other poikilotherms, climate change could induce major population declines in many species. Because poikilotherms represent the vast majority of vertebrates and significant ecosystem components, it is imperative that we implement strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and circumvent this possible catastrophe.
Antilocalization of cancer cells injected in irradiated area of rats.

SummaryWalker 256 tumor cells were injected subcutaneously in an X-irradiated area of the right hip of Sprague-Dawley rats and in a corresponding nonirradiated area of controls. The tumors which developed in the injected areas were much larger in the controls than in the irradiated animals. The tumors were heavily encapsulated by fibrous tissue in the controls, but with little or no encapsulation in the irradiated animals. More viable cells and necrosis were present in the tumors of the controls. Special characteristics of the irradiated animals and not of the controls were invasiveness of the tumor and the presence of metastases.
Long-term outcomes of patients with lymph node metastasis treated with radical prostatectomy without adjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy.

Abstract Background The presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM) at radical prostatectomy (RP) is associated with poor outcome, and optimal treatment remains undefined. An understanding of the natural history of node-positive prostate cancer (PCa) and identifying prognostic factors is needed. Objective To assess outcomes for patients with LNM treated with RP and lymph node dissection (LND) alone. Design, setting, and participants We analyzed data from a consecutive cohort of 369 men with LNM treated at a single institution from 1988 to 2010. Intervention RP and extended LND. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Our primary aim was to model overall survival, PCa-specific survival, metastasis-free progression, and freedom from biochemical recurrence (BCR). We used univariate Cox proportional hazard regression models for survival outcomes. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for freedom from metastasis and freedom from BCR, with prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesical invasion, surgical margin status, and number of positive nodes as predictors. Results and limitations Sixty-four patients with LNM died, 37 from disease. Seventy patients developed metastasis, and 201 experienced BCR. The predicted 10-yr overall survival and cancer-specific survival were 60% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49–69) and 72% (95% CI, 61–80), respectively. The 10-yr probability of freedom from distant metastasis and freedom from BCR were 65% (95% CI, 56–73) and 28% (95% CI, 21–36), respectively. Higher pathologic Gleason score (>7 compared with ≤7; hazard ratio [HR]: 2.23; 95% CI, 1.64–3.04; p p Conclusions A considerable subset of men with LNM remained free of disease 10 yr after RP and extended LND alone. Patients with pathologic Gleason score
The duality of taxes and tradable permits: A survey with applications in Central and Eastern Europe

Economic instruments such as taxes and tradable permits have been promoted as efficiency improving policies in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere. The little noticed potential for a symmetric equity impact from the two instruments in a world without distortions is first discussed. A specific policy option is suggested in which existing environmental taxes in Central and Eastern Europe can be increased without imposing additional financial burdens in industry if appropriate tax credits are provided. Second, conditions in Central and Eastern Europe are identified that reduce the change of efficiency losses in a general equilibrium setting when distortions exist. The trade-off between efficiency and equity in such a setting is found to depend on country-specific parameters and to be reduced if: (1) a cost-effective policy is implemented, (2) environmental assets can be distributed prior to privatization, and (3) government expenditures can decline.
A simplified mesh-free method for shear bands with cohesive surfaces

A simple methodology to model shear bands as strong displacement discontinuities in a mesh-free particle method is presented. The shear band is represented as a set of sheared particles. A sheared particle is developed through enrichment by tangential displacement discontinuities. The representation of the shear band as set of cohesive segments provides a simple and versatile model of shear bands. The loss of material stability is used as the criterion for switching from a classical continuum description of the constitutive behaviour to a traction-separation law acting on the discontinuity surface. The method is implemented for two and three dimensions. Examples of shear band progression in rate-dependent and rate-independent materials are presented, including the Kalthoff problem, where the transition from brittle fracture to shear banding is studied. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and Genetic Characterization of Nonclassic 21-hydroxylase Deficiency

Nonclassic steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a frequent, relatively mild disorder of cortisol biosynthesis characterized by variable signs of postnatal androgen excess. It is inherited as an allelic variant of the CYP21B gene encoding the 21-hydroxylase enzyme. CYP21B is located in the HLA histocompatibility complex, and a nonclassic allele is often associated with characteristic HLA antigens: B14;DR1. A CYP21B gene from a HLA-B14;DR1 homozygous patient with nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency was cloned and analyzed. Five deviations from the normal sequence of CYP21B were found, but only one appeared likely to affect the functional integrity of the protein: codon 281, GTG, encoding valine, was changed to TTG, leucine. An oligonucleotide probe was constructed corresponding to the mutant sequence surrounding codon 281 and hybridized with DNA samples digested with restriction endonuclease Taq I. Samples from 8 nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency patients carrying HLA-B14;DR1 contained a hybridizing fragment 3700 base-pairs long, indicating presence of the val-281 mutation in the CYP21B gene. In contrast, unaffected individuals and one patient who lacked HLA-B14;DR1 showed no evidence of the val-281 mutation in CYP21B. We conclude that the codon 281 mutation is a consistent molecular genetic marker for nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency associated with HLA-B14;DR1.
Dentin Proteins: Chemistry, Structure and Biosynthesis

One of the most abundant noncollagenous proteins of dentin is a phosphoprotein rich in aspartic acid and phosphoserine. This protein occurs in soluble and inextractable forms, the latter being associated with the insoluble collagenous matrix. This protein is capable of tightly binding a relatively high level of calcium. Biosynthetic and radioautographic data suggest that shortly after its biosynthesis, the phosphoprotein is transported and bound to the collagen at the predentin-dentin junction. This event is probably central to the mineralization process, though other glycoproteins may be involved.
Formal verification at Intel

As designs become more complex, formal verification techniques are becoming increasingly important in the hardware industry. Many different methods are used, ranging from propositional tautology checking up to use of interactive higher-order theorem provers. Our own work is mainly concerned with the formal verification of floating-point mathematical functions. As this paper illustrates, such applications require a rather general mathematical framework and the ability to automate special-purpose proof algorithms in a reliable way. Our work uses the public-domain interactive theorem prover HOL Light, and we claim that this and similar 'LCF-style' theorem provers are a good choice for such applications.
Depression, Anxiety, and Physical Impairments and Quality of Life in the U.S. Noninstitutionalized Population

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine health-related quality of life and health behaviors among persons reporting a primary mental health impairment compared with those reporting a primary physical health impairment and those reporting no impairment. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an ongoing state-based, random-digit telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. population aged 18 years or older. In 2001-2002, health-related quality-of-life measures were administered in 23 states and the District of Columbia. RESULTS: An estimated 5.1 percent of U.S. adults reporting a primary health impairment indicated that a mental health problem was the primary cause. Those with a primary mental health impairment were more likely than those with a primary physical health impairment to report infrequent vitality (less than 14 days in the previous 30 days) and frequent occurrences of mental distress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety (at least 14 days ...
SGLT2 Inhibitors: The Latest “New Kids on the Block”!

Everything in the world of diabetes is moving fast these days. Over the last few months, we have received extensive new information regarding the burden of diabetes and suggested changes in treatment strategies. Specifically, in the December 2014 issue of Diabetes Care , we reported startling new statistics about the rising costs associated with diabetes and prediabetes (1). The economic burden associated with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus, and prediabetes was estimated to be 48% higher than that reported in 2007. For 2012, the estimated total burden exceeded $322 billion, comprising $244 billion in excess medical costs and $78 billion in reduced productivity (1). Following the release of these economic statistics there came further proposals regarding strategies for managing diabetes. In the January 2015 issue of Diabetes Care , and coordinated with a release in Diabetologia , there was an update to the 2012 position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) on the management of hyperglycemia (2). A prominent change with respect to treatment options since publication of the 2012 statement concerned the sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors. Metformin remains the preferred drug for monotherapy, but based on a rapid accumulation of new information about SGLT2 inhibitors, this new class of agents is included as a reasonable choice for second-line or third-line therapy in the updated statement. Because Diabetes Care has recently received many submissions reporting new data and evolving clinical strategies for SGLT2 blockers, our editorial team has elected to feature this class of agents in this issue of Diabetes Care . The articles presented in this issue describe research related to novel combinations with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor or with insulin, favorable effects on blood pressure and weight as well as glycemic control, and …
Sample-efficient evolutionary function approximation for reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning problems are commonly tackled with temporal difference methods, which attempt to estimate the agent's optimal value function. In most real-world problems, learning this value function requires a function approximator, which maps state-action pairs to values via a concise, parameterized function. In practice, the success of function approximators depends on the ability of the human designer to select an appropriate representation for the value function. A recently developed approach called evolutionary function approximation uses evolutionary computation to automate the search for effective representations. While this approach can substantially improve the performance of TD methods, it requires many sample episodes to do so. We present an enhancement to evolutionary function approximation that makes it much more sample-efficient by exploiting the off-policy nature of certain TD methods. Empirical results in a server job scheduling domain demonstrate that the enhanced method can learn better policies than evolution or TD methods alone and can do so in many fewer episodes than standard evolutionary function approximation.
Security Interests in Minerals and Timber: Delicate Balance between Real Estate Law and the Uniform Commercial Code

The financing of collateral that is located deep within the earth (oil, gas, minerals), or firmly rooted to the ground (timber), can be complicated. The complications arise not only because of the interplay between real property and personal property interests, and the separate legal regimes that operate in each area, but also because historical traditions in the extraction, harvesting, sale and financing of these assets are long-established and have strongly influenced developments in the law. This is particularly the case with minerals, where many states have enacted laws that apply specially to the financing of mining, drilling and related activities, perhaps none more prevalent than in the oil and gas industry. With respect to both minerals and timber, Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code is careful to tread lightly into the real estate world, entering the picture only when the collateral takes on (or is about to take on) characteristics of personal property. It does this primarily by applying its rules to two rather awkwardly named categories of collateral: “as-extracted collateral” in the minerals group, and “timber that is to be cut and removed under a conveyance or contract of sale.” Oil, gas and minerals in the ground before extraction are not covered by Article 9. They are deemed to be part of the real estate. The coverage of “as-extracted” minerals, however, allows a person who has an interest in minerals while they are in the ground (typically the landowner) to enter into an Article 9 security agreement covering those minerals before they are extracted. Upon extraction, the Article 9 security interest attaches. The approach to timber is somewhat different and seems intended to benefit purchasers of the timber as well as the landowners or sellers. Like minerals, standing timber is not covered by Article 9 when the trees are deemed to be part of the land, but an Article 9 interest can arise once the timber is covered by a conveyance or contract and is expected to be cut and removed from the land at some later point in time. Once timber is covered by such a contract, an Article 9 security interest can attach to the timber. This paper examines the rules for attachment, perfection, and priorities of Article 9 interests in minerals (including oil and gas) and timber. While there is some discussion of real estate financing principles, the focus is primarily on how Article 9 addresses these two types of land-related collateral.
Motility: Methods for in vivo Measurements

The absorption from, and transport down the gastrointestinal tract is an important, integrated function. It is accomplished in spite of the heterogeneous motor functions of various portions of the tract; every region within the tract is unique in its relationship to lumenal content. For example, the esophagus is essentially a transport organ, carrying a bolus in a caudad fashion through the closed chest cavity into the stomach in approximately 9.5 sec. The stomach is really two organs: a “hopper” or body and a “grinder” or antrum. Both storage, reduction of particle size and approach to isoosmolarity of content occur in this organ. The prime function of the small intestine is absorption of nutrients. The integration of nutrient absorption and caudad propagation of non-absorbable material defies explanation. We do not have a clear idea or even a working hypothesis for the systematic mechanisms of such a multiple meter-length of tubing. The colon, permits us to be civilized. Again, final absorption of water and electrolytes (a spin-drying effect), as well as higher nervous system control, permit us to empty the colon at our convenience. The above general activities of the various areas of the gastrointestinal tract have been known for years.
[d]-Carbon–carbon double bond engineering in diazaphosphepines: a pathway to modulate the chemical and electronic structures of heteropines

We have designed and synthesized the first examples of 7-membered diazaphosphepines using phosphorus–amine (P–N) chemistry. Different from previous functional protocols of heteropines, the installation of π-conjugated substituents having diverse chemistries at the [d]-CC double bond position of heteropine core allows us to effectively control the chemical and electronic structures in both the ground and excited states of these diazaphosphepines. This functionalization has led to a diverse set of crystal structures, which has in turn provided access to rich photophysical and redox properties. Of particular interest is the evidence for planar π-conjugated backbone in our non-aromatic heteropine and twisted intramolecular charge transfer, which have never been reported for heteropines. The introduction of electron-accepting substituents at [d]-position of diazaphosphepines results in heteropines that are more electron deficient than any heteropine reported to-date. As proof of concept, we have fabricated organic solar cells with heteropines as non-fullerene acceptors.
Inner Workings of the Chinese Economy

The recent economic downturn in China has severely impacted the global economy. Chinese GDP growth has slowed sharply; corporate-debt ratios are unprecedentedly high; the equity markets are exceptionally volatile; the renminbi has depreciated and capital flight has drained China's forex reserves at an alarming rate. This paper investigates the root causes of all these events and shows the complexities and difficulties, such as the thorny trilemma (impossible trinity) problem, faced by the policymakers in their attempt to fix these problems. The paper then discusses some feasible policies Chinese officials can consider in dealing with the current situations and some structural reforms to steer away from these problems.
PHAGE FORMATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS MUSCAE CULTURES : III. THE COMPETITION BETWEEN HOST AND VIRUS FOR A NUTRIENT

1. Experiments carried out in Fildes' synthetic medium show that there is a competition between the host and virus for a substance present in acid-hydrolyzed casein. This substance appears to be essential for the multiplication of the virus but not for the host.
Non-invasive evaluation of cardiac repolarization in mice exposed to single-wall carbon nanotubes and ceria nanoparticles via intratracheal instillation

We present results obtained from electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements performed on mice exposed to single-walled carbon nanotubes and ceria nanoparticles through instillation. From these non-invasive ECG measurements, QT and RR intervals were obtained at various times after exposure and used to compute a novel metric for evaluating cardiac signal propagation stability, the reserve of refractoriness (RoR). It is demonstrated that while the isolated QT and RR intervals are essentially uncorrelated with histological data from hematoxylin and eosin stains of control and exposed tissue samples, the RoR is sensitive to cardiovascular effects from the exposure to nanoparticles.
The SEC's New Resale Rules: A Major Advance in Intelligibility and Sound Policy

Over the decades, the Securities and Exchange Commission has had trouble formulating sensible rules regarding the resales of securities purchased by investors (holders) from issuers. Often acting through no-action letters, the Commission constructed an approach to holder resales that was murky, ephemeral, and seemingly lacking in sound core principles and theoretical consistency. The most problematic of all the Commission's holder resale rules were in Rule 145, which governed the resale of securities acquired in connection with acquisitions and recapitalizations and which, perhaps more than any other of its resale rules, led to unprincipled outcomes and created interpretative nightmares for the Commission and reselling holders.The Commission's 2008 amendments to Rule 144 and Rule 145, however, mark an important shift in the substantive rules governing holder resales. The amended Rules, when considered with the Commission's resale "rules" one finds in no-action letters, suggest a significantly improved overall regime for holder resales, one that better balances competing policies, enhances consistency and intelligibility, and reduces transaction costs by eliminating complex and overly burdensome resale conditions.
Pretreatment Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Sorbic Acid,Benzoic Acid and Saccharin Sodium in Different Foods by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Objective To establish pre-treatment methods for the simultaneous determination of sorbic acid,benzoic acid and saccharin sodium in different foods by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with DAD detection.Methods Different samples were pre-treated with different methods and detected by HPLC with the external standard quantification.Results There was a good linear relationship,the relative standard deviations were 3.18% for sorbic acid,2.74% for benzoic acid and 2.15% for saccharin sodium.The recoveries ranged from 90% to 100% for the targeted components.Conclusion The method is simple,rapid,reliable and accurate,which is suitable for the determination of food additives.
A Model for Practice Guideline Adaptation and Implementation: Empowerment of the Physician

Article-at-a-Glance Background Although the number of well-developed clinical practice guidelines is increasing rapidly, the successful implementation of practice guidelines on a large scale has not yet occurred. At the University of Michigan Medical Center, we model the process for implementation of practice guidelines and present the value added to clinical groups that undertake this process. Methods Evaluation and selection of nationally developed clinical practice guidelines are based on prospectively determined criteria. Clinical champions are then recruited to lead teams in the adaptation of national guidelines to local circumstances and promote buy-in. Once optimal care has been defined by local clinicians, appropriateness of medical practice can be evaluated effectively; the definition of optimal care endorsed by local clinicians serves as the benchmark for analyzing medical practice decisions. Implementation of guidelines occurs using leadership from clinical champions. Contracts and package prices that reflect optimal care can also be developed. Finally, this work can be disseminated throughout a health care delivery network. This activity will promote the delivery of optimal and comprehensive medical care throughout the region. Results The Medical Center is now involved in eight separate practice guideline projects using this model. Conclusion Important features of this model include 1) physician participation; 2) use of previously developed guidelines as a baseline (does not require development of practice guidelines de novo); 3) review of historical data after guideline endorsement to prevent biased definition of optimal care; 4) focus on appropriateness, not mechanics, of care; 5) a process that complements critical pathway development; 6) development of a package price that reflects value per unit service as well as strict cost competitiveness; and 7) a process to strengthen relationships with network partners.
Human capital: Linking behavior to rational choice via dual process theory

Abstract This article begins with the observation that the cost of human capital is a direct measure of the importance of bounded rationality for human decision making. It outlines a simple model of human capital with a finite event space based upon dual process theory from cognitive psychology. The model integrates behavioral choice with rational choice via learning by doing, and implies a learning by doing curve that does a good job fitting the data in Jovanovic and Nyarko (1995). It is also shown that if the criteria for performance is deterministic — namely for each event there is a bright line optimal decision, then even if the event space is infinite, behavior converges to rational choice for a large class of similarity measures. The implications of this approach are illustrated with some evidence from the literature on short run versus long run labor supply in the context of unemployment insurance, and the hours choice of taxi drivers in New York City.
Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species on Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue

Obesity resulting from the delivery of an excess amount of energy to adipose tissue from glucose or free fatty acids is associated with insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as contributors to both the onset and the progression of insulin resistance. ROS can be generated by overloading the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, and also by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) produced by either adipocytes, which only produce NOX4, or by macrophages, which produce mainly NOX2. The source of the ROS might differ in the early, intermediate and late stages of obesity, switching from NOX4-dependence in the early phases to NOX2-dependence, in the intermediate phase, and transiting to mitochondria-dependence later in the time course of obesity. Thus, depending on the stage of obesity, ROS can be generated by three distinct mechanisms: i.e., NOX4, NOX2, and mitochondria. In this review, we will discuss whether NOX4-, NOX2-, and/or mitochondria-derived ROS is/are causal in the onset of adipocyte insulin resistance as obesity progresses. Moreover, we will review the pathophysiological roles of NOX4, NOX2, and mitochondria-derived ROS on adipose tissue inflammation.
Sleep Apnea, Sleep Duration and Brain MRI Markers of Cerebral Vascular Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC)

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [U01HL53934, U01HL64360, HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, HHSN268201100012C]; NHLBI [R01-HL70825]; [R21 HL121412]
N100 as a generic cortical electrophysiological marker based on decomposition of TMS-evoked potentials across five anatomic locations

N100, the negative peak of electrical response occurring around 100 ms, is present in diverse functional paradigms including auditory, visual, somatic, behavioral and cognitive tasks. We hypothesized that the presence of the N100 across different paradigms may be indicative of a more general property of the cerebral cortex regardless of functional or anatomic specificity. To test this hypothesis, we combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to measure cortical excitability by TMS across cortical regions without relying on specific sensory, cognitive or behavioral modalities. The five stimulated regions included left prefrontal, left motor, left primary auditory cortices, the vertex and posterior cerebellum with stimulations performed using supra- and subthreshold intensities. EEG responses produced by TMS stimulation at the five locations all generated N100s that peaked at the vertex. The amplitudes of the N100s elicited by these five diverse cortical origins were statistically not significantly different (all uncorrected p > 0.05). No other EEG response components were found to have this global property of N100. Our findings suggest that anatomy- and modality-specific interpretation of N100 should be carefully evaluated, and N100 by TMS may be used as a biomarker for evaluating local versus general cortical properties across the brain.
On Learning and Co-learning Effective Strategies in Iterated Travelers' Dilemma

In this short paper, we summarize our previous results, and share some new insights, ideas and challenges about what types of adaptable strategies generally tend to get rewarded in Iterated Travelers' Dilemma (ITD). Our primary motivation for studying ITD is that this strategic 2-person game provides implicit incentives for cooperation – but only if both players cooperate. ITD is a non-zero-sum two-player game that generalizes the better known Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD). Both IPD and ITD can be viewed as repeated exchanges of proposals or bids, where the payoff to each agent at the end of a round is based on i) how close were the two agents' bids to each other and ii) who bid lower in that round. Our broader goal is to understand how a resource-bounded rational agent can learn about the behavior of other self-interested agents, in order to adjust his or her own bidding strategy in a manner that is most likely to be rewarding in the long run. In addition to exploring traditional reinforcement learning mechanisms in this setting, we also initiate studying the potential promise of co-learning between pairs of adaptive, self-interested but non-malicious agents with bounded computational resources.
A simplified approach to predict neutral plane and estimate drag forces on drilled shafts resulting from deformation in soil caused by a heavily loaded adjacent shallow foundation using ‘Isodefers’

Construction of foundations close to each other, which results in substantial interaction between them, has become a common practice. However, not much literature is available for practicing engineers to analyse and design deep and shallow foundations when they are constructed adjacent to each other. This study analyses one such scenario where a structure supported on drilled shafts was supposed to be constructed adjacent to another structure supported on a large mat foundation with heavy floor load. A detailed parametric study using finite element techniques was performed to better understand stress distributions and develop simplified methods to analyse this type of problems. Lateral stress and drag forces on the shafts resulting from the heavy load on the mat foundation were identified to be the key factors. This paper is focused on estimating the drag forces. A deformation bulb under a uniformly loaded square foundation, similar to the well-known pressure bulb, is proposed. A new term ‘Isodefers’ has ...
Vein of Galen malformation in a neonate: A case report and review of endovascular management

Vein of Galen malformation in a neonate: A case report and review of endovascular management