cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Netrin-1 and DCC Mediate Axon Guidance Locally at the Optic Disc: Loss of Function Leads to Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Embryonic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons must extend toward and grow through the optic disc to exit the eye into the optic nerve. In the embryonic mouse eye, we found that immunoreactivity for the axon guidance molecule netrin-1 was specifically on neuroepithelial cells at the disk surrounding exiting RGC axons, and RGC axons express the netrin receptor, DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer). In vitro, anti-DCC antibodies reduced RGC neurite outgrowth responses to netrin-1. In netrin-1- and DCC-deficient embryos, RGC axon pathfinding to the disc was unaffected; however, axons failed to exit into the optic nerve, resulting in optic nerve hypoplasia. Thus, netrin-1 through DCC appears to guide RGC axons locally at the optic disc rather than at long range, apparently reflecting the localization of netrin-1 protein to the vicinity of netrin-1-producing cells at the optic disc.
Hospital Noise: How Librarians Can Help

Historically, librarians have been known for maintaining quiet spaces. A twist on the evolution of this role puts librarians on the frontline in hospitals on committees with charges of improving patient satisfaction, which may include noise reduction. In this article, details about the existence of hospital noise and its impact on patient recovery and satisfaction will be shared. The relationship between satisfaction and reimbursement rates will be explained, in order to enhance understanding of a problem that is a priority for many hospitals in the nation. The authors will describe noise reduction methods employed by a teaching hospital in the Midwest, involving partnerships between the hospital librarian and groups both within and outside the hospital. Findings from a review of the evidence will be shared, along with the description of an initiative to reduce noise and improve satisfaction. Outcomes from the noise reduction program will be conveyed, along with challenges, lessons learned, and future plans.
Forensic Psychological Expertise in the Wake of Daubert

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. established guidelines for screening the admissibility of scientific evidence and overruled the Frye “general acceptance” doctrine. Guidelines more akin to those advocated by psychologists to assess the trustworthiness of the expert testimony were established in light of the Federal Rules of Evidence on the reliability, relevance, and prejudicial or probative nature of the information. Forensic psychological experts will have to be explicit about the scientific foundations of their opinions. The more flexible formula for the admission of scientific evidence may exert greater quality control than the Frye test, and enhance the relationship of psychology and law by eliminating some sources of controversy within the professional community over expert witnesses. Research needs flowing from the new standards are identified.
Retinotopic organization of areas 20 and 21 in the cat

The retinotopic organization of cat cortex, in the vicinity of areas 20 and 21 as defined by Heath and Jones ('71), was determined using electrophysiological mapping techniques. Although the topography of the visual field representations in this region of cortex is more complex than that found in areas 17, 18, and 19, this region appears to contain four representations of the visual hemifield. The four cortical areas these visual field representations occupy have been labeled 20a, 20b, 21a, 21b. These representations are not as precise as those found in areas 17, 18, and 19; the receptive fields in areas 20a, 20b, 21a, and 21b are larger and there is more scatter in receptive field location among adjacent cells. The upper visual hemifield is emphasized in all four of these areas, but the extent of the representation ranges from just the central 20 degrees found in area 21a to nearly the entire upper visual quadrant found in area 20b. The peak areal magnification factors found in these areas are all at least one order of magnitude less than those found in area 17. The visual field transformations from retina onto cortex in areas 20a, 20b, 21a, and 21b are similar to the types we found in other cortical visual areas, and the significance of these transformations for visual processing is discussed.
Monthlyupdate - Central & peripheral nervous systems: Pharmacotherapeutic potential for compounds acting at NMDA receptors: Update 1995

The exciting developments of the past year occurring since our last comprehensive review of NMDA receptor pharmacological agents as drugs [1], not yet appearing in the refereed literature, involve the use of NMDA antagonists in stroke and traumatic brain injury. A year ago, there seemed to be a three way tie in the race for effective ‘brain-attack’ (emergency anti-stroke rescue therapy) and traumatic brain injury therapy between the anti-oxidant tirilazad (Upjohn), the NMDA-antagonist selfotel (Ciba, CGS 19755), and the NMDA-antagonist eliprodil (Synthelabo/Searle/Lorex, SL 82.0715). Unexpected side-effects severely retarded the progress of tirilazad, and the ‘dark horse’ glutamate-release blocker lubeluzole (Janssen) suddenly burst into, possibly, the leading position in this race, with selfotel and eliprodil still jockeying effectively as they move into Phase III trials in stroke. Some attention has also been focused on trials involving drug combinations. Although theoretically this would offer the adva...
Transient-grating frequency-resolved optical gating

We introduce a transient-grating beam geometry for frequency-resolved optical-gating measurements of ultrashort laser pulses and show that it offers significant advantages over currently used geometries. Background free and phase matched over a long interaction length, it is the most sensitive third-order pulse-measurement geometry. In addition, for pulses greater than ∼300 fs in length and ∼1 µJ in energy, the nonlinear medium can be removed and the nonlinearity of air can be used to measure the pulse.
Volcanic versus anthropogenic carbon dioxide

[1] Which emits more carbon dioxide (CO2): Earth's volcanoes or human activities? Research findings indicate unequivocally that the answer to this frequently asked question is human activities. However, most people, including some Earth scientists working in fields outside volcanology, are surprised by this answer. The climate change debate has revived and reinforced the belief, widespread among climate skeptics, that volcanoes emit more CO2 than human activities [Gerlach, 2010; Plimer, 2009]. In fact, present-day volcanoes emit relatively modest amounts of CO2, about as much annually as states like Florida, Michigan, and Ohio.
Effects of solution chemistry and aging time on prion protein adsorption and replication of soil-bound prions.

Prion interactions with soil may play an important role in the transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) and scrapie. Prions are known to bind to a wide range of soil surfaces, but the effects of adsorption solution chemistry and long-term soil binding on prion fate and transmission risk are unknown. We investigated HY TME prion protein (PrPSc) adsorption to soil minerals in aqueous solutions of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and deionized water using western blotting. The replication efficiency of bound prions following adsorption in these solutions was also evaluated by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Aging studies investigated PrPSc desorption and replication efficiency up to one year following adsorption in PBS or DI water. Results indicate that adsorption solution chemistry can affect subsequent prion replication or desorption ability, especially after incubation periods of 30 d or longer. Observed effects were minor over the short-term (7 d or less). Results of long-term aging experiments demonstrate that unbound prions or prions bound to a diverse range of soil surfaces can readily replicate after one year. Our results suggest that while prion-soil interactions can vary with solution chemistry, prions bound to soil could remain a risk for transmitting prion diseases after months in the environment.
3D Morphometric Analysis of Human Fetal Cerebellar Development

To date, growth of the human fetal cerebellum has been estimated primarily from linear measurements from ultrasound and 2D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we use 3D analytical methods to develop normative growth trajectories for the cerebellum in utero. We measured cerebellar volume, linear dimensions, and local surface curvature from 3D reconstructed MRI of the human fetal brain (N = 46). We found that cerebellar volume increased approximately 7-fold from 20 to 31 gestational weeks. The better fit of the exponential curve (R2 = 0.96) compared to the linear curve (R2 = 0.92) indicated acceleration in growth. Within-subject cerebellar and cerebral volumes were highly correlated (R2 = 0.94), though the cerebellar percentage of total brain volume increased from approximately 2.4% to 3.7% (R2 = 0.63). Right and left hemispheric volumes did not significantly differ. Transcerebellar diameter, vermal height, and vermal anterior to posterior diameter increased significantly at constant rates. From the local curvature analysis, we found that expansion along the inferior and superior aspects of the hemispheres resulted in decreased convexity, which is likely due to the physical constraints of the dura surrounding the cerebellum and the adjacent brainstem. The paired decrease in convexity along the inferior vermis and increased convexity of the medial hemisphere represents development of the paravermian fissure, which becomes more visible during this period. In this 3D morphometric analysis of the human fetal cerebellum, we have shown that cerebellar growth is accelerating at a greater pace than the cerebrum and described how cerebellar growth impacts the shape of the structure.
Laser-Based Area-Selective Processing Techniques for High-Density Interconnects

This paper reviews several laser-based area-selective processing techniques developed for high-density multichip interconnection applications. Key material and process requirements for the development of a viable laser-direct-write interconnect technique on polyimide are addressed.
Development of Crash Energy Management Designs for Existing Passenger Rail Vehicles

As part of the passenger equipment crashworthiness research, sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration and supported by the Volpe Center, passenger coach and cab cars have been tested in inline collision conditions. The purpose of these tests was to establish baseline levels of crashworthiness performance for the conventional equipment and demonstrate the minimum achievable levels of enhancement using performance based alternatives. The alternative strategy pursued is the application of the crash energy management design philosophy. The goal is to provide a survivable volume where no intrusion occurs so that passengers can safely ride out the collision or derailment. In addition, lateral buckling and override modes of deformation are prevented from occurring. This behavior is contrasted with that observed from both full scale tests recently conducted and historical accidents where both lateral buckling and/or override occurs for conventionally designed equipment. A prototype crash energy management coach car design has been developed and successfully tested in two full-scale tests. The design showed significant improvements over the conventional equipment similarly tested. The prototype design had to meet several key requirements including: it had to fit within the same operational volume of a conventional car, it had to be retrofitted onto a previously used car, and it had to be able to absorb a prescribed amount of energy within a maximum allowable crush distance. To achieve the last requirement, the shape of the force crush characteristic had to have tiered force plateaus over prescribed crush distances to allow for crush to be passed back from one crush zone to another. The distribution of crush along the consist length allows for significantly higher controlled energy absorption which results in higher safe closing speeds.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Das Tabu brechen!; Versorgung bei Blasenschwäche; Komplexe Ursache; Stoma bei Säuglingen und Kindern

Die Aufgaben der Kontinenz- und Stomaberater (KSB) sind Wissens- und Informationsaustausch sowie Schulung und Unterstutzung, sowohl fur Betroffene als auch fur Pflegende, die sich dieses spezielle Wissen aneignen und in ihrem Tatigkeitsbereich zum Wohle der Betroffenen anwenden. Betroffene sind Menschen aller Altersstufen mit Harn- und/oder Stuhlinkontinenz sowie Stomatrager.
Influence of Trajectory on Accuracy of Hazard Estimation During Lunar Landing

The feasibility of improving the performance of an on-line hazard estimation system by modifying the descent trajectory during lunar landing is demonstrated. A previously developed technique for inferring the size of rocks based on the measured size of their shadows is the primary hazard information source which feeds an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for recursive estimation of discrete hazard objects through the course of the landing. Ad ense, probabilistic hazard map of the landing zone is created by using the output of the EKF. An overview is given of the algorithmic steps required to extract hazard information from images, estimate the hazard and spacecraft state in the EKF, and create the hazard probability map. Results from a comparison of two trajectories over simulated terrain is given to show that a change in trajectory can produce a reduction in hazard map uncertainty. As a consequence of lower map uncertainty, a greater fraction of the landing zone can be identified as clear of hazards and so potentially suitable for touchdown.
Dramatic Enlargement of the Prostate due to Xanthogranulomatous Inflammation.

Case Xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the prostate is a rare condition that can cause lower urinary tract symptoms and may be mistaken for adenocarcinoma. It is often seen on prostate biopsy, but can usually be treated conservatively with temporary catheterization, alpha blockade, and allowing time for improvement. We present a case of a 78-year-old man found to have a 318 g prostate secondary to xanthogranulomatous inflammation. Outcome After a negative MRI-guided biopsy to rule out malignancy, the patient was treated successfully with open suprapubic prostatectomy with significant improvement in voiding symptoms. Conclusion This case highlights the ability of this clinical and pathologic entity to cause significant prostatic enlargement, how it is diagnosed, and the possible role of surgical therapy in its treatment.
SPERMATIC CORD TORSION WITH PRESERVED TESTIS PERFUSION: INITIAL ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS

ABSTRACTPurpose: Despite the high sensitivity and specificity of scrotal ultrasonography, there continue to be reports of missed torsion. These “false-negative” scans are attributed to technical factors and intermittent torsions. We hypothesize that patients with specific anatomical configurations maintain testicular blood flow for prolonged periods, and, therefore, will have flow on ultrasound despite concurrent torsion.Materials and Methods: Patient charts and scrotal ultrasounds were reviewed to identify patients younger than 18 years who underwent scrotal exploration between January 1998 and January 2003 for acute scrotum. Patients who underwent radiological evaluation before scrotal exploration were the main focus of this study. Operative reports were reviewed for specific anatomical details.Results: A total of 61 patients underwent scrotal exploration for acute scrotum during the study period. Of these patients 14 had torsion confirmed intraoperatively and a preoperative scrotal ultrasound available...
Theory and design of interferometric synthetic aperture radars

A derivation of the signal statistics, an optimal estimator of the interferometric phase, and the expression necessary to calculate the height-error budget are presented. These expressions are used to derive methods of optimizing the parameters of the interferometric synthetic aperture radar system (InSAR), and are then employed in a specific design example for a system to perform high-resolution global topographic mapping with a one-year mission lifetime, subject to current technological constraints. A Monte Carlo simulation of this InSAR system is performed to evaluate its performance for realistic topography. The results indicate that this system has the potential to satisfy the stringent accuracy and resolution requirements for geophysical use of global topographic data.
Elective tracheostomy for a patient with a history of difficult intubation

The anesthetic challenge of managing a difficult airway is demanding under the best of conditions. An emergency operation compounds the difficulty. Seldom do we have the opportunity to truly plan for a possible emergency. This report presents a solution to the problem of knowing of a difficult airway but having no control over the timing or possible emergent state of the operation.
Gain to absorption ratio of self-induced transparency modelocked quantum cascade lasers

A model to calculate the gain to absorption ratio of self-induced transparency modelocked quantum cascade lasers is presented and then used to find the gain to absorbing periods ratio that is required for stable operation.
Prediction and simulation in categorical fields: a transition probability combination approach

The investigation of spatial patterns implied in categorical spatial data, such as land use and land cover (LULC) classes and socio-economic statistics data, is involved in many aspects of geographical information science, such as spatial uncertainty modeling and spatial data mining. The discrete nature of categorical fields limits the application of traditional analytical methods, such as kriging-type algorithms, widely used in Gaussian random fields. This paper presents a new probabilistic method for modeling the posterior probabilities of class occurrence at any location in space given known class labels at data locations within a neighborhood around that prediction location. In the proposed method, the conditional or posterior (multi-point) probabilities are approximated by weighted combinations of pre-posterior (two-point) transition probabilities (rather than indicator covariances or vari-ograms) while accounting for spatial interdependencies that most of current approaches often ignore. Using sequential indicator simulation based on the properties of a truncated multi-variate Gaussian field as reference, the advantages and disadvantages of this new proposed approach are analyzed and highlighted.
The De Novo Methyltransferases DNMT3a and DNMT3b Target the Murine Gammaherpesvirus Immediate-Early Gene 50 Promoter during Establishment of Latency

The role of epigenetic modifications in the regulation of gammaherpesvirus latency has been a subject of active study for more than 20 years. DNA methylation, associated with transcriptional silencing in mammalian genomes, has been shown to be an important mechanism in the transcriptional control of several key gammaherpesvirus genes. In particular, DNA methylation of the functionally conserved immediate-early replication and transcription activator (RTA) has been shown to regulate Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Rta expression. Here we demonstrate that the murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV68) homolog, encoded by gene 50, is also subject to direct repression by DNA methylation, both in vitro and in vivo. We observed that the treatment of latently MHV68-infected B-cell lines with a methyltransferase inhibitor induced virus reactivation. In addition, we show that the methylation of the recently characterized distal gene 50 promoter represses activity in a murine macrophage cell line. To evaluate the role of de novo methyltransferases (DNMTs) in the establishment of these methylation marks, we infected mice in which conditional DNMT3a and DNMT3b alleles were selectively deleted in B lymphocytes. DNMT3a/DNMT3b-deficient B cells were phenotypically normal, displaying no obvious compromise in cell surface marker expression or antibody production either in naive mice or in the context of nonviral and viral immunogens. However, mice lacking functional DNMT3a and DNMT3b in B cells exhibited hallmarks of deregulated MHV68 lytic replication, including increased splenomegaly and the presence of infectious virus in the spleen at day 18 following infection. In addition, total gene 50 transcript levels were elevated in the spleens of these mice at day 18, which correlated with the hypomethylation of the distal gene 50 promoter. However, by day 42 postinfection, aberrant virus replication was resolved, and we observed wild-type frequencies of viral genome-positive splenocytes in mice lacking functional DNMT3a and DNMT3b in B lymphocytes. The latter correlated with increased CpG methylation in the distal gene 50 promoter, which was restored to levels similar to those of littermate controls harboring functional DNMT3a and DNMT3b alleles in B lymphocytes, suggesting the existence of an alternative mechanism for the de novo methylation of the MHV68 genome. Importantly, this DNMT3a/DNMT3b-independent methylation appeared to be targeted specifically to the gene 50 promoter, as we observed that the promoters for MHV68 gene 72 (v-cyclin) and M11 (v-bcl2) remained hypomethylated at day 42 postinfection. Taken together, these data provide the first evidence of the importance of DNA methylation in regulating gammaherpesvirus RTA/gene 50 transcription during virus infection in vivo and provide insight into the hierarchy of host machinery required to establish this modification.
The COPII pathway and hematologic disease.

Multiple diseases, hematologic and nonhematologic, result from defects in the early secretory pathway. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDAII) and combined deficiency of coagulation factors V and VIII (F5F8D) are the 2 known hematologic diseases that result from defects in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–to–Golgi transport system. CDAII is caused by mutations in the SEC23B gene, which encodes a core component of the coat protein complex II (COPII). F5F8D results from mutations in either LMAN1 (lectin mannose-binding protein 1) or MCFD2 (multiple coagulation factor deficiency protein 2), which encode the ER cargo receptor complex LMAN1-MCFD2. These diseases and their molecular pathogenesis are the focus of this review.
"SGP": a simple graphics package

This paper presents a simple scheme for manipulating graphical information. The basic idea is to generate a user-readable, and therefore editable, file of device-independent picture descriptions. This file would typically be created by a set of FORTRAN-callable subroutines, each having a specific function (draw a vector, draw an axis, write text), but could be created in more direct ways by a user sufficiently familiar with the file structure. Once such a file has been created and perhaps examined and edited, a postprocessor may be selected to translate the file into the device-dependent instructions necessary to produce a picture on a specific device. If the file is saved, a different postprocessor could obviously be used later to generate the same picture on another device.
Impariamo Insieme (Learning Together) in Italy: Communication, Collaboration & Content

0 0 1 132 754 Northern Arizona University 6 1 885 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} Global Understanding is time sensitive. It requires spending quality time immersed within another culture and learning from people. But for educators, what does that look like, how does it happen, and in what curriculum contexts can mutually beneficial cognitive and affective goals be realized? During a semester abroad, in Italy, nine (9) teacher candidates, twenty-seven (27) 8 th graders, two professors and one middle school teacher, (Dr. T), developed a unique Scambio di instruzione –educational exchange. Language, culture, art and technology, were anchored in Social Studies’ curricula to assess adolescent thinking. The result: collaboration, team teaching, dual language discussion, peer learning, and original high quality student products, created on ipads in Web 2.0 format, that aligned with The NCSS C3R Framework and the Ministry of Education’s program of study.
Behavior-based clustering of visual code

A perennial problem with online repositories of end-user programmers' code is the low level of reuse, including in situations where existing code might aid in learning. This paper presents a formative study of middle-schoolers learning the Scratch animation environment, which revealed that they struggled to find short pieces of code that they could reuse directly, or from which they could discover language primitives (language instructions) to implement desired behavior. In response, we present a model and supporting prototype tool for clustering behaviorally similar code together, as a basis for helping end-user programmers to locate code. We conducted an empirical study confirming that our tool's model for estimating code similarity does correspond well with programmers' perceptions of code's behavioral similarity. Future work will expand on these results by providing new search engines that help end-user programmers to find and reuse visual code from online repositories.
Real-time ultrasound simulation for medical training and standardized patient assessment

With the increasing role played by ultrasound in clinical diagnostics, ultrasound training in medical education has become more and more important. The clinical routine for ultrasound training is on real patients; therefore monitored and guided examinations involving medical students are quite time-constrained. Furthermore, standardized patients (SPs), who are increasingly used in medical school for teaching and assessing medical students, need to be augmented. These SPs are typically healthy individuals who can not accurately portray the variety of abnormalities that are needed for training especially when medical examinations involve instrument interactions. To augment SPs in a realistically effective way and also address the resourced time constraints for sonography training, a computerized ultrasound simulation is essential for medical education. In this dissertation, I investigate a real-time ultrasound simulation methodology based on a virtual 3-dimentional (3-D) mesh organ. This research has developed the simulation technology to augment SPs with synthetic ultrasound images. I present this methodology and its use in simulating echocardiography. This simulated echocardiogram displays the various oriented sonographs in real time according to the placement of a mock transducer without the need of an actual patient.
Towards automating the development of federated distributed simulations for modeling sustainable urban infrastructures

The study of sustainable urban systems requires analysis of interdependencies and relationships among infrastructures and social processes. Federated simulations using the High Level Architecture is a natural approach to modeling such systems-of-systems. Simulations interoperability requires a common structure and meaning of shared data represented in a Federation Object Model (FOM). Developing the FOM and modifying simulations to comply with the FOM requires a significant amount of time and effort. We describe a system to automate portions of this task. Specifically we present a workflow by which existing simulations can be integrated in a semi-automated process to reduce the manual labor required. We use SysML to describe entities of the federated distributed simulation. These descriptions are used for automatic generation of the FOM and code required for HLA integration. Finally we present a case study applying this methodology to create a federated distributed simulation to study sustainable urban growth.
Case Report: Red Cell Fragmentation Produced by Renal Artery Stenosis

Fragmentation hemolytic anemia caused by mechanical trauma of red cells has been associated with abnormalities either of the heart and aorta or of small arteries. However, disease of arteries that constitute major branches of the aorta, in particular renal artery stenosis, has not previously been shown to produce this syndrome. In this report, the authors describe a patient with severe, bilateral renal artery stenosis, who had a fragmentation hemolytic anemia that resolved after surgical correction of the arterial lesions.
Autonomy in Autocracy: Explaining Ethnic Policies Under Dictatorships

Why do dictators grant ethnic autonomy? Using a dynamic game of incomplete information, I argue that autocrats strategically offer ethnic autonomy to incorporate ethnic minorities into their factions when their dominance is compromised by their inner-circle rivals. Ethnic autonomy serves an institutional instrument that helps the dictator reconstruct the composition of the inner circle while undermining the influence of his rivals in the central leadership. Based on the comparative statics, I show that a nascent dictator, who is in the urgent need of consolidating his dominance, is more likely to grant ethnic autonomy. In contrast, autocracies that witnessed the presence of self-determination conflicts are not more likely to offer autonomy. I use China as an instructive case to illustrate how central power competition shapes the ethnic policies within a regime.
Antigenicity of Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acids Including Poly I:C:

SummaryRabbits repeatedly injected intravenously with poly I:C developed antibodies reactive with poly I:C. However, oral or nasal administration of poly I:C to rabbits failed to stimulate detectable circulating antibodies. Intravenous injection of ICR mice, guinea pigs, and grivet monkeys also failed to stimulate a detectable circulating antibody. Combination of poly I:C with methylated bovine serum albumin enhanced the antigenicity of poly I:C in rabbits. Antibodies produced in response to poly I:C were primarily the IgM type, whereas those produced in response to poly I:C plus methylated bovine serum albumin were mainly the IgG type. Hyperimmunization with poly I:C resulted in shift to predominance of IgG antibodies.Rabbits with high antibody titers to poly I:C showed reduced serum interferon production in response to induction with poly I:C. However, blood leukocyte alterations and febrile responses to poly I:C in immunized and normal rabbits were essentially similar. Both the IgM and IgG antibodies t...
Complement Activation Resulting from Blood-Material Interactions

Recently there has been a growing awareness of the importance of the interactions of the human complement system with biomaterials which largely stems from the understanding that complement-materials interactions may result in the production of inflammatory mediators, termed C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins, that can produce significant pathopysiologic alterations in the exposed patient. This presentation will review studies of complement activation produced by various hemodialysis membranes. our current data suggests that hemodialysis membranes may be roughly divided into three categories. The first type of membrane displays a high complement-activating potential as judged by measurements of C3a antigen levels produced during dialysis. These membranes also liberate sufficient quantities of C5a to induce both significant granulocytopenia and cardiopulmonary effects. The second group of membranes exhibits a moderate capacity to activate complement, with the amount of C3a antigen produced by these devices being about half that seen with the highly activating dialyzers. Dialyzers in this intermediate group produce only enough C5a to provoke a modest degree of leukopenia and they generally fail to induce cardiopulmonary manifestations. The third type of device fails to produce significant amounts of either free C3a or C5a and does not produce significant granulocytopenia. Factors that could affect the propensity of a material to activate complement include the density and type of surface nucleophiles, and the presence of surface dcarge which may facilitate the interaction of regulatory components and the adsorbtion of both active and bystander proteins.
Effect of Adrenal Cortical Hormone on Reduction of Plasma Volume Resulting from Etherization.

ConclusionPreliminary experiments demonstrate that repeated intravenous injections of adrenal cortical extract may act to preserve the normal plasma volume under ether anesthesia.
Microscopic examination of parathion activating microsomes from American cockroach fat body.

Periplaneta americana (L.) fat body homogenates were separated into 3 fractions by differential centrifugation. The debris fraction (390 gmax for 10 min) supernatant was fractioned to 2 other fractions designated as the mitochondrial (650 gmax for 120 min) and the microsomal (55,610 gmax for 45 min) fractions. The mitochrondrial pellet contained 92% of the cytochrome oxidase and 25% of the parathion activation activity in the debris supernatant. The microsomal fraction contained 17% of the cytochrome oxidase and 77% of the parathion activation activity of the debris supernatant. The microsomal fraction appeared to be derived from the cellular endoplasmic reticulum.
Phorbol ester-induced U-937 differentiation: Effects on integrin α5 gene transcription

Lung injury is accompanied by increased deposition of fibronectin (FN) matrices. Activated monocytic cells recruited to sites of lung injury express integrin receptors for FN that mediate their int...
National Security at All Costs: Why the CFIUS Review Process May Have Overreached Its Purpose

This Comment analyzes the current balance between foreign investment and national security in light of recent Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ("CFIUS") decisions and questions whether further administrative changes such as judicial review would prevent the counterproductive politicization of the process. Part I describes how the CFIUS process has evolved over time, including the powers given to the president under the 2007 Foreign Investment and National Security Act ("FINSA"). Part II analyzes recent cases reviewed by CFIUS under FINSA, including those involving “non-traditional” security concerns such as “persistent co-location” and food safety, as well as the impact new CFIUS actions are having on foreign direct investment and international trade. Part III recommends an improved statutory and administrative regime that would bolster foreign investors’ confidence in pursuing transactions while reserving an appropriate level of review within the executive branch.
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate decreases colonic inflammation and permeability in a mouse model of colitis, but reduces macronutrient digestion and exacerbates weight loss.

cope (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been reported to have putative health effects including the prevention of inflammation and obesity. Historically, polyphenols have been regarded as antinutritionals and while such effects may be beneficial in obese subjects, they may be deleterious in nutritionally compromised individuals. Methods and results We examined the effect of EGCG in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mouse model of ulcerative colitis. Following induction of colitis, mice were treated with EGCG (3.2 mg/g) as the sole source of drinking fluid for 3 days. EGCG treatment mitigated DSS-induced colon shortening and spleen enlargement. EGCG also decreased colonic protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as colonic lipid peroxides compared to DSS-treated controls. We observed that EGCG reduced DSS-induced gastrointestinal permeability. These beneficial effects were offset by enhanced body weight loss in EGCG-treated mice compared to DSS-treated controls. These effects were related to decreased protein and lipid digestion in EGCG-treated mice compared to DSS-treated controls. Conclusions Our results suggest that although EGCG may exert anti-inflammatory effects, its ability to modulate macronutrient digestion may represent a dose-limiting adverse effect that must be considered in the context of its use for treating inflammatory bowel disease.
Anticipating Practices and Theories in the Future.

The coeditors for this volume synthesize key propositions from the volume chapters and offer recommendations for community colleges to employ college impact theories in student affairs practice.
Multi-Stage Adaptive Robust Optimization over Bioconversion Product and Process Networks with Uncertain Feedstock Price and Biofuel Demand

Abstract Uncertainties abound in the biofuel industry and other product and process networks. Some key uncertainties include feedstock price uncertainty and product demand uncertainty. Product demand can guide strategic decisions such as sizing of capital equipment, and feedstock price can affect operational purchasing and processing decisions. We propose a multi-stage adaptive robust optimization approach to handle both of these different types of uncertainties in order to find the minimum total annualized cost of a bioconversion product and process network. Robustness of the solutions are controlled by budgets of the uncertainty, allowing for various solutions with varying levels of conservativeness. The minimum total annualized cost among the robust solutions ranges from $17.9M/y to $22.5M/y. A solution with a good compromise between risk and cost was identified with a cost of $21.9M/y.
Atomistic simulations of CO2 and N2 within cage-type silica zeolites.

The behavior of CO2 and N2, both as single components and as binary mixtures, in two cage-type silica zeolites was studied using atomistic simulations. The zeolites considered, ITQ-3 and paradigm cage-type zeolite ZK4 (the all-silica analog of LTA), were chosen so that the principles illustrated can be generalized to other adsorbent/adsorbate systems with similar topology and types of interactions. N2 was chosen both because of the potential uses of N2/CO2 separations and because it differs from CO2 most significantly in the magnitude of its Coulombic interactions with zeolites. Despite similarities between N2 and CO2 diffusion in other materials, we show here that the diffusion of CO2 within cage-type zeolites is dominated by an energy barrier to diffusion located at the entrance to the narrow channels connecting larger cages. This barrier originates in Coulombic interactions between zeolites and CO2’s quadrupole and results in well-defined orientations for the diffusing molecules. Furthermore, CO2’s fav...
Induction of Autoimmune Encephalitis by Treatment with Ipilimumab and Nivolumab (P2.162)

Objective: To describe two cases of autoimmune encephalitis occurring within days of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We provide a paradigm for the evaluation and management of patients with presumed autoimmune neurological disorders treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Background: Paraneoplastic neurological disorders encompass heterogeneous syndromes of neurological signs and symptoms that occur temporally and anatomically remote from an identified tumor, although some may also develop as autoimmune conditions in the absence of cancer. These syndromes are estimated to occur in 0.01[percnt] of patients with cancer, but this is likely an underestimate as these syndromes are becoming better described and recognized. Methods: Autoantibody testing confirmed identification of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in Case 1 and anti-glial nuclear antibody (AGNA) antibodies in serum in Case 2. Results: Enhanced T cell activation has been observed to lead to a number of other immune-related adverse effects both systemically and specific to the central and peripheral nervous system. Here we report two patients with metastatic cancer who developed autoimmune encephalitis within days of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Both patients responded well to systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Conclusions: As immune checkpoint inhibitors like ipilimumab and nivolumab are used with increasing frequency either as monotherapy or in combination in patients with various tumor types, practitioners should consider autoimmune neurologic syndromes such as limbic and anti-NMDAR encephalitis among other immune-related adverse events in patients who present with neurologic signs and symptoms. These cases emphasize the importance of the clinical recognition and rapid treatment of autoimmune neurological syndromes, particularly in the setting of checkpoint inhibitor treatment for cancer. Early recognition and appropriate management of these neurological syndromes will be essential for maximizing the clinical benefit and minimizing the impact of immune-related adverse events. Disclosure: Dr. Benavides has nothing to disclose. Dr. Williams has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patrice has nothing to disclose. Dr. Le has received research support from Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Aduro Biotech. Dr. Lipson has received personal compensation for activities with Amgen, Castle Biosciences, Merck and Bristol-Myers Squibb as a consultant. Dr. Mowry has received research support from Teva Pharmaceuticals and Biogen Idec. Dr. Probasco has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity from Oxford University Press for serving as a section editor in the textbook "The Neurobiology of Disease" 2nd Edition.
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on Hot-smoked Salmon by the Interaction of Heat and Smoke or Liquid Smoke †.

L. monocytogenes was inoculated onto the surface of brined salmon steaks and heat processed in a commercial smokehouse to simulate a hot process for preparing smoked fish. The minimum temperature required for inactivation of L. monocytogenes was 153°F (67.2°C) when generated smoke was applied throughout the entire process. When generated smoke was added only during the last half of the process, L. monocytogenes was recovered from steaks heated to temperatures as high as 176°F (80.0°C). When smoke was not applied during the process, L. monocytogenes survived on steaks heated to internal temperatures between 131°F and 181°F (55.0 to 82.8°C) but was not isolated from steaks heated above 181°F (82.8°C). When liquid smoke CharSol C-10 was applied as a full-strength (100%) dip before processing, L. monocytogenes was inactivated in samples processed at temperatures as low as 138°F (58.9°C). When liquid smoke 10-Poly or CharSol C- 10 was applied at a concentration of 50%, the lethal temperature was increased to the range of 145 to 150°F (62.8 to 65.6°C). With further dilution of C-10 to 25% and 10% the inactivation temperatures increased to 156°F (68.9°C) and 163°F (72.8°C). A full-strength dip of CharOil, the oil-soluble fraction of CharSol C-10. was less effective, and L. monocytogenes survived in salmon steaks processed to an internal temperature of 166°F (74.4°C), the highest temperature tested with this liquid smoke. This study provides evidence that heat alone is not reliable for inactivation of L. monocytogenes during the hot-smoking process. The proper stage and duration of smoke application or proper composition and concentration of liquid smoke in combination with heat are critical for inactivation of the organism.
Prevalence and Diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Identified Among Feral Pigs in Texas.

Abstract The population size and geographic range of feral pigs in the United States are rapidly expanding. Nevertheless, the role of this invasive species in the ecology and transmission of zoonotic enteric pathogens is poorly understood. Our objectives were to describe the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia shedding among feral pigs throughout Texas and to identify risk factors for infection. Fecal samples were collected from feral pigs in Texas from February 2014 through May 2015. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected using a direct immunofluorescence assay, and genotyping of positive samples was performed. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium shedding was 1.6% (6/370), and C. scrofarum and C. suis were identified. The prevalence of Giardia shedding was 4.3% (16/370), and assemblages A and E were identified. Cryptosporidium shedding was significantly more common among juvenile and subadult pigs than among adult pigs, but age group was not associated with Giardia shed...
Impingement of Single-Tilting Disc Mitral Prosthesis During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

An 80-year-old woman with a medical history of mitral valve replacement with single-tilting disc prosthesis underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The tilting disc was noted to have abnormal motion after re-ballooning of the TAVR valve. Cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated, and the procedure was converted to surgical aortic valve replacement. After removal of the TAVR valve, the tilting disc moved freely. Although TAVR in patients with mitral prostheses is technically feasible, particular caution is necessary, and postdeployment dilation should be avoided.
A thermodynamic yield criterion in viscoplasticity

A phenomenological thermodynamic theory of viscoplasticity is presented in which the internal variables are the plastic deformation tensor and a hardening variable. The latter is defined in such a way that a yield criterion follows from the dissipation inequality if the free energy is an increasing function of the hardening variable. The limiting case of inviscid plasticity is explored, and the significance of the results is discussed in terms of dislocation kinematics.
Short-Term and Long-Term Educational Mobility of Families: A Two Sex Approach:

We use a multigenerational perspective to investigate how families reproduce and pass their educational advantages to succeeding generations. Unlike traditional mobility studies that have typically focused on one-sex influences from fathers to sons, we rely on a two-sex approach that accounts for interactions between males and females—the process in which males and females mate and have children with those of similar educational statuses and jointly determine the educational status attainment of their offspring. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we approach this issue from both a short-term and a long-term perspective. For the short term, grandparents’ educational attainments have a direct association with grandchildren’s education as well as an indirect association that is mediated by parents’ education and demographic behaviors. For the long term, initial educational advantages of families may benefit as many as three subsequent generations, but such advantages are later offset by the lower fertility of highly educated persons. Yet, all families eventually achieve the same educational distribution of descendants because of intermarriages between families of high- and low-education origin.