cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Solution for the Determination of Optimal Warehouse Location and Optimal Distribution Route

In this paper, a procedure to determine the optimal location of a distribution warehouse, from which products are sent out to a group of companies has been studied. The goal was to minimize annual transportation distance between the warehouse and the customers. Fundamentals of mathematics have been used to formulate a virtual map showing the location of the present customers. Mathematical models and equations were developed making certain assumptions and an optimal location for the warehouse has been determined. Various factors that are involved in relocating the warehouse have been considered. Also a solution is given for the optimal location of a satellite or an auxiliary warehouse in addition to the existing one. A case study has been conducted on the model with the help of various numerical examples. Based on the optimal location of the relocated warehouse and the satellite warehouse obtained, the reductions in the transport costs were estimated. Once the optimal warehouse location has been found out, the next step was to find out an optimal route (least travel distance) for a practical case in which several companies have to be supplied with necessary products from one warehouse in a single trip. For this purpose, mathematical models were created and optimal routing algorithms were developed. Case studies have been conducted with the help of numerical examples. High amounts of savings in terms of travel distances, costs and time could be observed by the implementation of these algorithms.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Calculation of rotational states of flexible molecules using simulated annealing

Abstract The simulated annealing technique is used to calculated the statistical distribution of conformational states as a function of tempereture
754 TYPE I COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS IN OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

We have examined the collagenous protein synthesized by dermal fibroblasts from 35 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and 12 controls. Fibroblasts were incubated with 3H-proline; the total collagenous proteins were determined by collagenase digestion and the ratio of type I to type III collagen estimated by interrupted acrylamide gel electrophoresis. At present, four patterns of type I synthesis have been observed roughly correlating with the clinical phenotypes: 1) Low type I synthesis without an abnormality in migration or ratio of the α1(I) and α2 chains. 2) Low or normal type I synthesis with an abnormality in the α1/α2 ratio or a structural abnormality of the α2 chains. Patients in either group have dominantly or sporadically inherited OI which is mildly to moderately deforming. 3) Normal to elevated type I synthesis with a normal type III to type I ratio. Both the α1(I) and α2 chains show delayed migration. These patients belong to the progressively deforming group as described by Sillence since they have severe growth retardation and are uniformly wheelchair bound. 4) Low to normal type I synthesis with structural abnormalities in the α1(I) chain. The α1(I) chain findings have only been found in patients with the neonatal lethal form of OI. The results of this biochemical survey indicate that a wide range of identifiable abnormalities of type I collagen are present in most patients with OI reflecting the genetic heterogeneity of this disease.
Planning for an undergraduate level computer-based science education system that will be responsive to society's needs in the 1970's

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the planning of an undergraduate level computer-based educational system for the sciences and engineering that will be responsive to society's needs during the 1970's. Considerable curriculum development research is taking place in many institutions for the purpose of increasing the effectiveness of student learning. Despite the efforts under way, only limited amounts of course matter using computer-based techniques are available within the sciences and engineering.
Characterization of array CD uniformity with respect to pattern density in 193nm dry photolithography

As we move toward printing sub-100nm features using 193nm dry photolithography with high-contrast photoresists, effects of mask transmission and pattern density start to play an important role in critical dimension uniformity (CDU). With these two factors in existence, the linewidth for a dense feature block gradually increases from the center to the edge of the array of the block. This change in CD is typically observed for low-transmission reticles. In this paper, we have characterized variables, such as reticle tone and resist processing parameters, which have an effect on the CD uniformity. Use of high-contrast photoresist can increase the effect of chemical flare and can have higher CDU. We have further shown that by using a topcoat or by making changes in the resist bake temperature and time, the effect of chemical flare can be reduced. We also propose a mechanism by which resists exhibit this characteristic and show that both the photoacid generator and quencher can contribute to chemical flare.
Decoding the Globe: Globalism, Advertising, and Corporate Practice

The current graphical rhetoric of advertising includes everything from images of the globe borrowed from the US space program (for example, Hewlett-Packard Corp. computer systems), to pseudotribal renderings of a very different sort [for example, Minute Maid's (The Coca Cola Co.) Fruitopia]. The use of these images are part of what Goldman calls the economy of ‘commodity signs’, where produced meanings are linked to commodities through the medium of the print or broadcast advertisement. The increased incorporation of global images in Western advertising presents an opportunity to analyze the ideological underpinning of the ‘new global economy’. The sheer volume of purchased advertising space places these often confusing images before our eyes at an increasing pace, producing meanings which tend to obfuscate and fetishize discourse related to globalism. A decoding of specific advertisements with the use of the Hewlett-Packard Corporation as a case study, juxtaposed against the real spatial practices of the...
American Heart Association Call to Action: Obesity as a Major Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease

In response to the emerging body of scientific, medical, and behavioral data about the link between excess adiposity and coronary heart disease, the American Heart Association (AHA) has reclassified obesity as a major, modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease. In doing so, the AHA focuses more of its attention and resources on the role of obesity in cardiovascular disease and issues a “call to action” to the medical and research community, as well as the public. The actions that we request are listed below and begin with the need for more funding for research on obesity, particularly the interrelated roles of the biochemical and behavioral factors that underlie weight regulation. Only through such research can we better understand this disorder and develop more effective preventive strategies and treatments for obesity. Obesity research today is in its infancy, at a stage comparable to lipid research 20 years ago. From epidemiology studies, we have learned that obesity is a serious risk factor for coronary heart disease, on a par with cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and high blood cholesterol. Because the research on this “new” risk factor for heart disease is in its infancy, the solutions are less clear. Few drugs exist to prevent and treat obesity, and certainly there are no drugs comparable to the “statins” to reduce high blood cholesterol. The long-term effects of the few treatments available remain unknown. There are few tools …
Metabolism of digitoxin in man and its modification by spironolactone.

The effect of spironolactone on the metabolism of intravenously administered3H-digitoxin (80 µCi) was investigated in eight patients. In three of them the labelled glycoside was given on a second occasion after spironolactone treatment had been discontinued for at least 65 days. Of total urinary radioactivity 79 % was unaltered drug and 12 % consisted of water soluble compounds. No digitoxigenin or digoxigenin and only trace amounts (<2 %) of digoxin and the bis- and monoglycosides of digoxigenin were found. After spironolactone total urinary radioactivity was unchanged but the fraction eliminated as unchanged digitoxin fell from 79 to 66 % and the water soluble compounds increased from 12 to 26 % (p<0.05). In addition spironolactone caused a 20 % reduction in the half-life of serum radioactivity (p<0.01) and a 16 % reduction in the volume of distribution (p<0.05). Induction of hepatic enzymes by spironolactone is proposed to explain the alteration in the metabolism of digitoxin in man. Both the altered metabolic pattern and the reduction in the volume of distribution appear to contribute to the reduction in half-life.
Computer simulation studies of a spaced-receiver drift experiment

Abstract A one-dimensional model of a spaced-receiver drift experiment is presented in which radio fading is produced by reflections from a perfectly reflecting wavy ionosphere. It is shown that this model, depending on the parameters of this wavy ionosphere, is capable of simulating many aspects of observed ionospheric drift records. These simulated drift records are then reduced by similar fade, correlation and dispersion methods to give drift velocities. For realistic fading rates the drift velocities so derived are found to be approximately equal to twice the translation velocity of the sinusoidal reflecting ionosphere. When the reflecting ionospheric contour is assumed to be given by the sum of two or more sinusoids moving at different translational velocities, similar fade and correlation analysis gives a single drift velocity that is approximately equal to twice a value lying between the translational velocities of the individual sinusoids. A dispersion analysis, utilizing only amplitude fading records, is found to be able to discriminate the motions of the individual sinusoids, however.
High resolution solar spectrometer system for measuring atmospheric constituents.

A mid-IR Michelson interferometer capable of obtaining 0.002/cm resolution solar spectra has been developed for balloon use. The interferometer is based on the Bomem self-aligning instrument, and is equipped with a solar tracking system, telemetry, and recording systems, as well as temperature control and gondola orientation. The interferometer has made two successful flights in the 7-14-micron interval up to 40 km. The basic systems are described and sample spectra are presented.
An EPR study of monomeric and dimeric radical cations of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene and 2,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene

Abstract According to EPR and INDO studies, monomeric radical cations of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene (DMHD) and 2,7-dimethyl 2,4,6-octatriene (DMOT) are formed in X-ray irradiated CCl 4 or CCIF 3 frozen solutions containing 1 mol% polyene, while dimeric radical cations are formed in 5–10% CCl 4 solutions of polyene reacted with AlCl 3 . The monomeric DMHD radical cation gives rise to EPR hyperfine coupling constants a 1 (6H) = 13.1, a 2 (6H)= 10.9, and a 3 (2H) = 3.0 G while the EPR couplings for the monomeric DMOT radical cation are a 1 (6H)= 9.5, a 2 (6H) = 8.3 and a 3 (2H) = 1.2 G. The resolved EPR spectrum of the DMHD dimer cation consists of two groups of twelve and one group of four equivalent protons with coupling constants equal to 6.0, 5.6 and 1.5 G respectively. The DMOT dimer radical cation EPR spectrum consists of a single unresolved line with a linewidth of 24 G.
Structure and quadrupole coupling measurements on the NO dimer

Abstract Rotational transition frequencies for 14 NO- 14 NO, 14 NO- 15 NO, and 15 NO- 15 NO were measured using a pulsed-nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Rotational constants for the different isotopic combinations allowed an unambiguous structure determination. The molecule is in a cis planar structure with a bond between the nitrogen atoms and an NNO angle θ = 99.6(2)°. The NN bond length is 2.236(1) A and the NO bond length is 1.161(4) A. Hyperfine structure due to nitrogen quadrupole coupling and spin-rotation interactions was observed and analyzed. Rotation constants, quadrupole coupling tensor, and spin-rotation tensor elements are given.
Alternatives to HIV-1 RNA concentration and CD4 count to predict mortality in HIV-1-infected children in resource-poor settings.

Summary Cheaper, simpler alternatives to CD4 lymphocyte count and HIV-1 RNA detection for assessing the prognosis of HIV-1 infection are needed for resource-poor settings. However, little is known about the predictive value of alternative assays, in particular in children. We assessed the prognostic value of total lymphocyte count, immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen, white blood cell count, packed-cell volume (haematocrit), and serum albumin for mortality in 376 HIV-1-infected, mainly African-American or Hispanic children enrolled during March, 1988 to January, 1991. In a Cox proportional hazards model, including all assay-alternatives to CD4 and RNA, total lymphocyte count (p
Strain effects on the electronic structure of SrTiO 3 : Toward high electron mobilities

Using the screened hybrid functional of Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof (HSE) we explore the effects of strain on the energetic ordering and effective mass of the lowest conduction-band states in SrTiO${}_{3}$. We predict that biaxial stress in the (001) or (110) planes results in the lowest-energy conduction-band state having significantly smaller electron mass in the in-plane directions compared to the unstrained SrTiO${}_{3}$, thus suggesting that pseudomorphic growth is a promising route to increasing the electron mobility in epitaxial films. We propose possible substrates that may lead to SrTiO${}_{3}$ films with enhanced electron mobilities, and report deformation potentials that allow accurate prediction of conduction-band splittings for arbitrary strain configurations.
THU0422 Psychometric Properties of the Brief Fatigue Inventory-Short Form in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Background A 12-week prospective, observational study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brief Fatigue Inventory-Short Form (BFI-SF) 1 and determine its appropriate use for the measurement of fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) clinical trials. Objectives The aim of this study was to validate the performance of BFI-SF in a sample of patients with moderate-to-severe SLE. Methods Participants ≥18 years, who self-reported a physician diagnosis of SLE (confirmed by medical record review) and active SLE demonstrated by a Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ) score of ≥11 (0-44 scale), were recruited using a free electronic medication monitoring service. All participants completed the BFI-SF, Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF), and Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) electronically at baseline, week 2, and week 12. Score distributions, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity were evaluated. Results A total of 122 participants were included in the study. The mean age was 45.7 years, 95.9% were female, and 68.9% were non-Hispanic white. Cronbach9s alpha were >0.9 for all BFI-SF items. Test-retest reliability of the BFI-SF showed a stable intraclass correlation for item #7 (ICC 0.76), and BFI domain scores had higher correlations (around 0.5) than most items (around 0.3-0.4). Construct validity was measured by strength of the correlations of the BFI-SF severity domains and global scores, and were moderately positively correlated to the SLAQ score (r>0.4). The domain and global scores were moderately negatively correlated to the SF-36 Vitality and Physical Function domains and SF-36 Physical Component scores (all r 36) on all domains of the BFI-SF (total score, 4.66±1.55 vs. 6.80±1.13; p Conclusions Assessment of fatigue severity and the impact of fatigue on daily functioning as measured by the BFI-SF demonstrated validity and reliability in a sample of patients with SLE and may be used as a patient-reported outcome tool in clinical trials. References Mendoza TR, et al. Cancer 1999;85:1186-96 Acknowledgements This research was funded by Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN. Disclosure of Interest : S. Al Sawah Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, A. Naegeli Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.2055
Bean seedling damage by root-feeding grubs (Schizonycha spp.) in Kenya as influenced by planting time, variety, and crop residue management

Abstract Use of legume cover crops to improve soil productivity has had unexpected effects on cropping system components in a maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cropping system in Trans Nzoia district, Kenya. Smallholder farmers who recently adopted relay cropping of lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) observed a decline in bean yields where lablab residues had been incorporated prior to maize and bean planting. We investigated chafer grub (Schizonycha spp.) damage to beans and studied the impact of lablab and maize stover residue management strategy, planting time, and bean cultivar selection on seedling damage. Seedling assays (germination to flower initiation), involving four different bean varieties (GLP2, KK15, KK22, and KTL3), were carried out in three consecutive planting periods. The assays were superimposed on a long-term, factorial experiment where soils had been subjected to differential lablab and maize stover residue management strategies for 7 years. Factors were (1) lablab residues removed (L0) or retained (L1); (2) maize stover removed (S0) or retained (S1) and (3) residues left on the soil surface (I0) or incorporated (I1). Planting time significantly affected the degree of chafer grub damage, with later planted beans sustaining substantially more damage. Of the four bean varieties, KK15 and GLP2 were more grub tolerant than KK22 and KTL3. Grub damage was most severe in plots where lablab residues had been retained and maize stovers had been removed (L1S0). This factor combination had the highest seedling mortality, the poorest stand establishment, and the largest proportion of plants with severed roots systems. The results of this study show that the current farmer practice (lablab residue retention and maize stover removal) is conducive to increased grub-induced bean seedling damage and suggest that early planting, retention of maize stover, and selection of grub-tolerant varieties are important management strategies to reduce damage and subsequent productivity decline.
IRIDIUM‐192: A LITERATURE REVIEW FOR FURTHER REFERENCING THE ISOTOPE, ITS ACTIVITY UNITS, AND DOSIMETRY TECHNIQUES

The individual embarking on an iridium-192 brachytherapy program is faced with an abundance of concepts, terms and dosimetry techniques. This article introduces the beginning brachytherapist to the basic physical parameters of iridium-192, to the potential units for source strength and to the general concepts of the various dosimetry techniques. Multiple literature references are listed for more in-depth study.
Union steward locus of control, job, union involvement, and grievance behavior

Abstract Discretionary behaviors of union stewards are described. The use (or otherwise) of these behaviors may be a critical index of the number of grievances filed in an organization. Utilization of proactive grievance filing behaviors is systematically associated with steward job involvement, union involvement, and locus of control orientations. This hypothesis received empirical support in this research. Implications for organizational theorists and practitioners alike are discussed.
Surgical resection of intracardiac gastrinoma

There has been only one previous report of an intracardiac gastrinoma causing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In this communication we describe the successful surgical resection of a gastrinoma located in the interventricular septum using cardiopulmonary bypass, blood cardioplegia, and mild hypothermia. Preoperative evaluation and histologic examination of the resected tumor strongly suggest that this was a primary intracardiac gastrinoma.
Error sensitivity of the Linux kernel executing on PowerPC G4 and Pentium 4 processors

The goals of this study are: (i) to compare Linux kernel (2.4.22) behavior under a broad range of errors on two target processors - the Intel Pentium 4 (P4) running RedHat Linux 9.0 and the Motorola PowerPC (G4) running YellowDog Linux 3.0 - and (ii) to understand how architectural characteristics of the target processors impact the error sensitivity of the operating system. Extensive error injection experiments involving over 115,000 faults/errors are conducted targeting the kernel code, data, stack, and CPU system registers. Analysis of the obtained data indicates significant differences between the two platforms in how errors manifest and how they are detected in the hardware and the operating system. In addition to quantifying the observed differences and similarities, the paper provides several examples to support the insights gained from this research.
Fragments of a journey: The drama in T. S. Eliot's Sweeney Agonistes

(1988). Fragments of a journey: The drama in T. S. Eliot's Sweeney Agonistes. English Studies: Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 497-508.
Regulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor proteins during neonatal cerebella development

The cyclin dependent kinase holoenzymes (CDKs), composed of catalytic (cdk) and regulatory (cyclin) subunits, promote cellular proliferation and are inhibited by cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKIs). The CDKIs include the Ink4 family (p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, p18Ink4c, p19Ink4d) and the KIP family (p21Cip1 and p27Kip1). The sustained induction of p21 and p18 during myogenesis implicates these CDKI in maintaining cellular differentiation. Herein we examined the CDK (cyclin D1, cdk5) and CDKI expression profiles during the first 24 days of postnatal rat cerebella development. Cdk5 abundance increased and cyclin D1 decreased from day 9 through to adulthood. The CDKIs increased transiently during differentiation. p27 increased 20-fold between days 4 and 24, whereas p21 rose twofold between 6 to 11 days. p19, p18 and p16 increased approximately two- to threefold, falling to low levels in the adult. Immunostaining of cyclin D1 was localized in the external granular cells, whereas p27, was found primarily in the Purkinje cells. The period of maximal differentiation between days 9 to 13 was associated with a change in p21 and p16 staining from the external granular and Purkinje cells to a primarily Purkinje cell distribution. Protein-calorie malnutrition, which was previously shown to arrest rat cerebella development, reduced cyclin D1 kinase activity and p27 levels. However, p16 and p21 levels were unchanged. We conclude that the CDKIs are induced with distinct kinetics in specific cell types and respond differentially to growth factors during cerebella development, suggesting discrete roles for these proteins in normal cerebella development.
Cohomology over Fiber products of local rings

Abstract Let S and T be local rings with common residue field k, let R be the fiber product S × k T , and let M be an S-module. The Poincare series P M R of M has been expressed in terms of P M S , P k S and P k T by Kostrikin and Shafarevich, and by Dress and Kramer. Here, an explicit minimal resolution, as well as theorems on the structure of Ext R ( k , k ) and Ext R ( M , k ) are given that illuminate these equalities. Structure theorems for the cohomology modules of fiber products of modules are also given. As an application of these results, we compute the depth of cohomology modules over a fiber product.
Nicotinic effects on cognitive function : behavioral characterization, pharmacological specification, and anatomic localization

Nicotine has been shown in a variety of studies in humans and experimental animals to improve cognitive function. Nicotinic treatments are being developed as therapeutic treatments for cognitive dysfunction. Critical for the development of nicotinic therapeutics is an understanding of the neurobehavioral bases for nicotinic involvement in cognitive function. Specific and diverse cognitive functions affected by nicotinic treatments are reviewed, including attention, learning, and memory. The neural substrates for these behavioral actions involve the identification of the critical pharmacologic receptor targets, in particular brain locations, and how those incipient targets integrate with broader neural systems involved with cognitive function. Nicotine and nicotinic agonists can improve working memory function, learning, and attention. Both α4β2 and α7 nicotinic receptors appear to be critical for memory function. The hippocampus and the amygdala in particular have been found to be important for memory, with decreased nicotinic activity in these areas impairing memory. Nicotine and nicotinic analogs have shown promise for inducing cognitive improvement. Positive therapeutic effects have been seen in initial studies with a variety of cognitive dysfunctions, including Alzheimer's disease, age-associated memory impairment, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Discovery of the behavioral, pharmacological, and anatomic specificity of nicotinic effects on learning, memory, and attention not only aids the understanding of nicotinic involvement in the basis of cognitive function, but also helps in the development of novel nicotinic treatments for cognitive dysfunction. Nicotinic treatments directed at specific receptor subtypes and nicotinic cotreatments with drugs affecting interacting transmitter systems may provide cognitive benefits most relevant to different syndromes of cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Further research is necessary in order to determine the efficacy and safety of nicotinic treatments of these cognitive disorders.
The impact of age and shopping experiences on the classification of search, experience, and credence goods in online shopping

This study explores how age and consumers' Web shopping experience influence the search, experience, and credence (SEC) ratings of products and services in online shopping. Using the survey data collected from 549 consumers, we investigated how they perceived the uncertainty of product quality on six search, experience, and credence goods. The ANOVA results show that age and the Web consumers' shopping experience are significant factors. A generation gap is identified for all but one experience good. Web shopping experience is not a significant factor for search goods but is for experience and credence goods. There is an interaction effect between age and Web shopping experience for one credence good. Implications of these results are discussed.
Gas-producing necrotizing fasciitis following mandibular fracture

A case of necrotizing fasciitis following a mandibular fracture is reported. The diagnosis and treatment of the disease are discussed.
Corticosterone levels during midgestation in the maternal plasma and fetus of cleft palate-sensitive and -resistant mice.

Corticosterone levels in the maternal plasma and fetal extracts during days 11–15 of gestation were measured by RIA in cleft palate-sensitive A/J and -resistant C57BL/6J mice. In both strains, the maternal plasma corticosterone increased from 10 μg/100 ml in nonpregnant animals to 100 μg/100 ml between days 12–13. In A/J mice, the corticosterone level declined to 60 μg/100 ml by day 15, whereas in C57BL/6J mice, the corticosterone concentration remained elevated during this period. In contrast, fetal corticosterone levels in both strains remained unchanged between days 11–13 (0.5–1.0 ng/embryo) and increased on days 14 and 15 to 4–7 ng/embryo. The absence of significant differences in the concentration of maternal or fetal corticosterone between A/J and C57BL/6J mice suggests that the in vivo strain differences in the glucocorticoid susceptibility to cleft palate production are not related to any intrinsic differences in the endogenous levels of corticosterone between these two strains during midgestation.
Effect of dietary trace mineral supplementation and a multi-element trace mineral injection on shipping response and growth performance of beef cattle.

To examine the effect of trace mineral (TM) status and TM injection on growth performance and carcass characteristics in beef cattle, 40 steers were used in a growing and finishing study. Steers were stratified by weight (323 ± 14.8 kg) and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments for an 84-d depletion period: 1) a corn silage-based diet supplemented with Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn to meet or exceed NRC recommendations (CON), or 2) CON diet without supplemental Cu, Mn, Se, or Zn but supplemented with 300 mg Fe and 5 mg Mo/kg diet DM as dietary TM antag- onists (DEF) to induce mild deficiencies. To mimic ship- ping stress, steers were shipped for 20 h on d 88 and were received back on d 89. On d 91 an equal number of steers from both dietary treatments were injected with sterilized saline (SAL) or Multimin 90 (MM; containing 15, 60, 10, and 5 mg/mL of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Se, respectively) at a dose of 1 mL/68 kg BW. Steers were fed a common finish- ing diet supplemented with 10 mg Cu, 20 mg Mn, 0.1 mg Se, and 30 mg Zn/kg diet DM for the 90-d repletion period. Steers were harvested 91 d postinjection and carcass data were collected. During the depletion period, diet did not affect BW, ADG, DMI, or G:F (P > 0.20). During the ship- ping period (defined as the time between 2-d consecutive weights on d 83 and 84 and d 90 and 91), DEF steers tend- ed to lose more weight per day than CON steers (P = 0.06) and had lesser DMI (P = 0.03), suggesting that response to shipping stress may be modulated by TM status. During the repletion period, ADG of DEF + MM steers was great- er (P = 0.03) compared with DEF + SAL and was not dif- ferent (P = 0.92) among CON + MM and CON + SAL steers. There was no effect of diet or injection on HCW or dressing percentage (P > 0.20). Within the CON group, TM injection decreased yield grade (P = 0.03) but did not affect yield grade of DEF steers (P > 0.20). Steers given TM injection had a larger rib eye area (P = 0.04) regard- less of previous diet. Interestingly, both diet and injection affected marbling scores (MS), where CON steers had greater MS than DEF steers (P = 0.01) and MM steers had greater MS than SAL steers (P = 0.04). These results indicate that adequate TM nutrition is essential for mar- bling development, during both the growing and finishing phases. Overall, an injectable mineral improved rib eye area and MS regardless of initial TM status and improved growth of mildly TM deficient steers.
Ion implantation of Si, Mg and C into Al0.12Ga0.88N

Abstract Si, Mg and C were implanted in undoped semi-insulating layers of Al x Ga 1− x N with x =0.12. Activation of implanted Si occurred after annealing at 1140°C in ammonia with subsequent anneal at 800°C in nitrogen. For a dose of 5 × 10 14 cm −2 an average electron concentration of 1.2 × 10 18 cm −3 was achieved. Implantation and annealing of Mg and C resulted in very highly resistive AlGaN layers for all annealing conditions, with no evidence of shallow acceptor activation. Proton implantation into initially conducting AlGaN produced highly resistive material suitable for electrical device isolation.
The Role of Systems Engineering in Electrical Engineering Education

Systems Engineering, including its subspecialties, has much to offer and is a needed component in electrical engineering education. Inclusion of efforts in systems engineering philosophy and methodology within the electrical engineering curriculum can do much towards the enhancement of student achievement of technical and management proficiency and, perhaps more importantly, towards achievement of appreciation of the vital role of the human element in resolution of large scale problems through technology. A framework for an introductory systems engineering course is described.
The Structure of the Homogeneous Oxidation Catalyst, Mn(II)(Br-1)x, in Supercritical Water: An X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure Study

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies were used to probe the first-shell coordination structure about Mn(II) and Br-1 ions that exist as contact ion pairs in supercritical water. This work was performed to clarify why solutions of MnBr2 in supercritical water are known to effectively catalyze the aerobic oxidative synthesis of terephthalic acid from p-xylene as well as a number of other methylaromatic compounds. The Mn and Br K-edge spectra were collected at the bending magnet beamline (sector 20) at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. The first-shell coordination structure about the Mn(II) ion changes from octahedral at ambient conditions to tetrahedral at supercritical conditions. Under supercritical conditions, the measured bond distances of Mn−OH2 and Mn−Br are 2.14 and 2.46 A, respectively. Direct contact ion pairs form with about 2 Br-1 ions present in the first coordination shell of the Mn(II) ion. The s...
Detection and identification of nucleic acid engineered fluorescent labels in submicrometre fluidic channels

Nucleic acid engineers have created nanoscale fluorescent labels that are uniquely identifiable by the number of conjugated fluorophores, and with binding characteristics that permit recognition of individual specific biomolecules. The viability of this technology for use in multi-analyte homogeneous assays depends on the ability to optically detect individual labels, and distinguish the fluorescence emission of each label. We describe the use of fluidic channels with submicrometre dimensions to rapidly detect individual labels in solution. Labels with small differences in fluorophore composition were differentiated with varying degrees of accuracy. Labels were synthesized at the molecular level from dendrimer-like DNA, with the identity encoded into the number of Alexa Fluor 488 and BODIPY 630/650 fluorophores conjugated with the structure. To explore the decoding resolution limit, labels with a single fluorophore of each colour were detected, and were found to be distinguishable as a group, but not individually, from labels with one additional red fluorophore. Labels with one green and three red fluorophores were individually distinguishable with greater than 80% accuracy from labels with one red and three green fluorophores. Photon counting histograms were analysed to differentiate the various labels, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was used to measure their mobilities. Fluidic channels were fabricated in fused silica with a 500 nm square cross section, resulting in a focal volume of approximately 500 al. Because the entire channel width was illuminated, every fluorescent molecule in solution passing through the channel was uniformly excited and analyzed. Flow control enabled a balance of rapid data acquisition and efficient fluorescence collection with these nanoscale systems.
Effects of corticosteroids on experimental amoebiasis.

THE examination of the influence of drugs on amœbiasis has depended in large part on results obtained from experimentally infected laboratory animals. Conventional methods for the establishment of experimental amœbiasis have involved administration of amoeba per os or per anum, or the injection of trophozoites into the csaecal lumen.
Unraveling the psychological correlates of intercultural adjustment potential

Abstract This article reports three studies that examine the personality and behavioral correlates of the Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale (ICAPS), which measures constructs empirically related to adjustment, including emotion regulation, openness, flexibility, and critical thinking. Study 1 involved a reanalysis of previously published data and examined the convergent, concurrent predictive, and incremental validities of these dimensions to predict adjustment. Study 2 replicated Study 1 with different measures. The findings from both studies provided strong evidence for the validity of the ICAPS scales to predict adjustment above and beyond that already predicted by personality. In Study 3 participants completed the ICAPS, a nonverbal emotion recognition task, and a behavioral task related to adjustment. The ICAPS predicted actual behaviors above and beyond that already predicted by emotion recognition. These results are discussed in terms of a possible universal set of psychological skills necessary for life adjustment.
Crystal structure and band gap of AlGaAsN

Abstract Quantum dielectric theory is applied to the quaternary alloy AlxGa1−xAs1−yNy to predict its electronic properties as a function of Al and N mole fractions. Results are presented for the expected crystal structure, minimum electron energy band gap, and direction in k-space of the band gap minimum for all x and y values. The results suggest that, for a proper choice of x and y, AlxGa1−xAs1−yNy could exhibit certain advantages over AlxGa1−xAs when utilized in field-effect transistor structures.
The bandwidth performance of a two-element adaptive array with tapped delay-line processing

The bandwidth performance of a two-element adaptive array with a tapped delay line behind each element is examined. It is shown how the number of taps and the delay between taps affect the bandwidth performance of the array. An array with two weights and one delay behind each element is found to yield optimal performance (equal to that obtained with continuous-wave interference) for any value of intertap delay between zero and T/sub 90//B, where T/sub 90/ is a quarter-wavelength delay time and B is the fractional signal bandwidth. Delays less that T/sub 90/ yield optimal performance but result in large array weights. Delays larger than T/sub 90//B yield suboptimal signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio when each element has only two weights. For delays between T/sub 90//B and 4T/sub 90//B, the performance is suboptimal with only two taps but approaches the optimal if more taps are added to each element. Delays larger than T/sub 90//B result in suboptimal performance regardless of the number of taps used. >
G1/S cell cycle arrest provides anoikis resistance through Erk-mediated bim suppression

Proper attachment to the extracellular matrix is essential for cell survival. Detachment from the extracellular matrix results in an apoptotic process termed anoikis. Anoikis induction in MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells is due not only to loss of survival signals following integrin disengagement, but also to consequent downregulation of epidermal growth factor (EGFR) and loss of EGFR-induced survival signals. Here we demonstrate that G(1)/S arrest by overexpression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16(INK4a), p21(Cip1), or p27(Kip1) or by treatment with mimosine or aphidicolin confers anoikis resistance in MCF-10A cells. G(1)/S arrest-mediated anoikis resistance involves suppression of the BH3-only protein Bim. Furthermore, in G(1)/S-arrested cells, Erk phosphorylation is maintained in suspension and is necessary for Bim suppression. Following G(1)/S arrest, known proteins upstream of Erk, including Raf and Mek, are not activated. However, retained Erk activation under conditions in which Raf and Mek activation is lost is observed, suggesting that G(1)/S arrest acts at the level of Erk dephosphorylation. Thus, anoikis resistance by G(1)/S arrest is mediated by a mechanism involving Bim suppression through maintenance of Erk activation. These results provide a novel link between cell cycle arrest and survival, and this mechanism could contribute to the survival of nonreplicating, dormant tumor cells that avert apoptosis during early stages of metastasis.
Fractal Analysis of Binding and Dissociation Kinetics of Thrombin on Biosensor Surfaces

The BIACORE biosensor based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) principle is being used to identify thrombin inhibitors. It is important to obtain kinetic and dissociation rate coefficients for the thrombin inhibitor interactions in order to obtain better physical insights into these reactions. An analysis of the binding and dissociation interaction, wherein human-thrombin is immobilized on the sensor chip of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor and the corresponding analyte is in solution, is an initial step in this direction. The SPR biosensor protocol analyzes the binding (and dissociation where ever applicable) kinetic curves using classical saturation models involving analyte-receptor binding generally under diffusion-free conditions and assuming that the receptors are homogeneously distributed over the sensor surface. Computer programs and software that come with the equipment provide values of the binding (and the dissociation) rate coefficients (Biacore, 2002). Though a careful analysis and experimental protocol may eliminate or minimize the influence of diffusional limitations; realistically speaking, it is more appropriate to include a heterogeneous distribution of receptors on the sensor surface. It is for this reason that the computer programs and the software indicated above, and provided by the manufacturers (Biacore, 2002) are not used in the present analysis. Instead, an alternate analysis is used that incorporates theoretically in the kinetic model the heterogeneous distribution of receptors on the sensing surface. This is a more realistic approach to the real-life situation. This would become more significant if the degree of heterogeneity of the receptors on the surface affects the binding and the dissociation rate coefficients to a large degree. One possible way of accounting for the presence of heterogeneity that exists on the surface is by using fractals. A characteristic feature of fractals is the self-similarity at different levels of scale. Fractals are particularly useful for this type of analysis because they help characterize the heterogeneity that exists on the surface by a lumped parameter, the fractal dimension.
Multibeam imaging using spatially variant insonification

Summary form only given, as follows. The design, fabrication, and preliminary results from a sonar system that projects different orthogonal waveforms in different directions are considered. It is demonstrated that this design criterion is identical to that encountered in multiaccess, spread-spectrum communication systems. The time-bandwidth properties of the system therefore limit the simultaneous requirement of decorrelatable beams and good range resolution. As a specific implementation of the technique a frequency-hopping code is presented. The performance of this code is examined, and it is demonstrated that this code is nearly optimal with respect to the above criterion. Design techniques for frequency-hop codes are presented for both coherent and incoherent processing algorithms. The spatial part of the problem is also addressed. Various configurations of transducers that specifically exploit the properties of spatially variant insonification are considered. The principles of multibeam sonar imaging systems using variant insonification are illustrated by constructing several examples of active sonar systems whose performance is superior to that of traditional designs. >
Urinary cystatin C as a biomarker for diabetic nephropathy and its immunohistochemical localization in kidney in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats.

Abstract Cystatin C, a cysteine protease inhibitor, is a novel biomarker of renal damage. In the present study, we examined the usefulness of urinary cystatin C for the detection of diabetic nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats compared to other biomarkers (β2-microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), alpha-glutathione S-transferase (GST-α), mu-glutathione S-transferase (GST-μ), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), osteopontin, tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Urinary levels of cystatin C were increased in ZDF rats where renal damage was not histopathologically observed, and then further increased with the progression of renal damage, demonstrating the usefulness of early detection and accurate assessment of diabetic nephropathy. Urinary β2-microglobulin, clusterin, GST-μ, KIM-1, and osteopontin had the potency to detect renal damage in ZDF rats as well as cystatin C. We also investigated immunohistochemical localization of cystatin C in the kidney according to progressive renal damage. Cystatin C expression was mainly observed in the proximal renal tubule in ZDF rats, and hardly changed with progression of nephropathy. When renal damage was remarkable, cystatin C expression was also observed in the tubular lumen of the cortex and medulla, which was considered to be characteristic of renal damage in diabetic nephropathy. In conclusion, urinary cystatin C, β2-microglobulin, clusterin, GST-μ, KIM-1, and osteopontin could be useful biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy in ZDF rats. Immunohistochemical cystatin C expression in the proximal renal tubule was hardly changed by the progression of diabetic nephropathy, but it was newly observed in the tubular lumen when renal damage was remarkable in ZDF rats.
Recombinant Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibodies Directed against Clostridium difficile Toxin B Produced by Use of an Optimized Phage Display System

Recombinant antibody cloning and phage display technologies were used to produce single-chain antibodies (scFv) against Clostridium difficile toxin B. The starting material was the mouse B cell hybridoma line 5A8, which generates a monoclonal antibody against the toxin. The integrated cloning, screening, and phage display system of Krebber et al. (J. Immunol. Methods 201:35-55, 1997) allowed us to rapidly obtain toxin B-binding scFv sequences derived from the hybridoma cell line. The best candidate scFv sequences, based on preliminary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening data were then subcloned into the compatible expression vector. Recombinant single-chain antibodies were expressed in Escherichia coli. A 29-kDa band was observed on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as predicted. The expressed product was characterized by immunoblotting and detection with an anti-FLAG antibody. The toxin B-binding function of the single-chain antibody was shown by a sandwich ELISA. The antibody was highly specific for toxin B and did not cross-react with material isolated from a toxin B-negative C. difficile strain. The sensitivity of the soluble single-chain antibody is significantly higher than the original monoclonal antibody based on ELISA data and could detect a minimum of 10 ng of toxin B/well. Competitive ELISAs established that the affinity of the 5A8 parent antibody and the best representative (clone 10) of the single-chain antibodies were similar and in the range of 10−8 M. We propose that recombinant antibody technology is a rapid and effective approach to the development of the next generation of immunodiagnostic reagents.