cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hysterectomy in pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium

Abstract There is a small but definite place in the field of obstetrics, for hysterectomy. Probably no other operation so clearly demonstrates the justification for unity in obstetrics and gynecology. This paper is an attempt to correlate the indications for hysterectomy in pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium, and is based on those hysterectomies done on the obstetric service of the William H. Coleman Hospital, and the personal experience of the author. This discussion will be limited to abdominal hysterectomy, as aside from an occasional inversion of the uterus, there is little indication for vaginal hysterectomy in obstetrics. From the opening of the Coleman Hospital in October 1927, to Jan. 1 1941, there have been 12,536 deliveries including all births of babies of 1,000 Gm. or more. During this period there have been 27 abdominal hysterectomies definitely associated with the parturient state.
Integration of Flow and Chemical Sensing for Guidance of Autonomous Marine Robots in Turbulent Flows

We explored the utility of odor-gated rheotaxis (OGR) with a biomimetic robot. OGR is a widely accepted biological plume-tracing strategy that uses mean flow and chemical detection for guidance. In experiments which contrasted the `classic' single-sensor formulation of the strategy against one which used two sensors and against another which combined the use of two sensors and memory of past stimulation patterns we quantified the relative advantages of each. The use of two, spatially separated, chemical sensors confers a significant advantage and still greater performance is obtained with rudimentary memory. The performance of the American lobster under the same turbulent dispersal regime leads us to conclude that significantly more effective plume tracing strategies remain to be discovered.
Aspects of Avatime phonology

Avatime is one of 14 Central-Togo languages (formerly known as "Togo Remnant Languages") spoken in the Volta Region of Ghana and contiguous areas of Togo. The most striking typological feature of these languages compared to their closest Kwa relatives is the fact that they have active noun class systems. The present paper is a description of Avatime phonology, with emphasis on certain features which have been poorly described and/or are of general linguistic interest. Within the consonant system, Avatime has bilabial fricatives and a full series of labiovelar obstruents, including fricatives. Consonants with following glides are considered to be segment sequences rather than consonants with secondary articulations. The vowel system has nine vowels with [ATR] harmony. Continguous vowels undergo a variety of coalescence processes, which differ depending on morphological context and the specific vowels involved. Modem Avatime requires an analysis with four contrasting level tones. However, many instances of two of these tones (the highest level and the lower mid level) are derived through still active processes. One feature of the tone system not previously described is the presence of glottal stop following a syllable bearing non-low tone when that syllable falls at a phonological phrase boundary.
The HI Content of a Sample of Groups with Different Dynamical Ages

I present the results of an HI study of a sample of groups of galaxies with different spiral fractions. The focus is on the distribution of H I rich galaxies with respect to the dynamical center of the groups, the interaction rate as a function of evolutionary status, the amount of intergalactic H I, and the H I properties of individual galaxies. I use this data to compile an H I mass function for groups of galaxies.
Pre-Service Cleaning Philosophy for Boiling Water Reactors

The goal of both a plant cleaning procedure and a plant cleaning philosophy is to produce a plant which is clean at the time of plant startup. The development of a preoperational cleaning procedure to be used for either anuclear or fossil fueled power plant and the development of a cleaning philosophy related to either of the two types of plants have many common elements. However, they are distinctly different operations with potentially different consequences. Development of the philosophy incorporates all of the considerations involved in development of the procedure, plus other considerations, and a proper philosophic approach can result in greatly simplified cleaning procedural requirements. This paper presents the essential steps in the development of the philosophy, and contrasts them with the development of a procedure. The types of information required in each case are discussed, and pertinent laboratory data are presented. Some examples of plant cleaning problems are presented, with their solutions. General guidelines for the development of a cleaning philosophy are presented, and specific requirements for cleaning procedures are discussed.
Constitutive human steroid 21-hydroxylase promoter gene and pseudogene activity in steroidogenic and nonsteroidogenic cells with the luciferase gene as a reporter.

This study was directed toward initial comparison and characterization of the activities of the human steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) and pseudogene (CYP21P) promoters. DNA fragments containing the promoter regions of CYP21 and CYP21P were amplified and cloned into promoterless luciferase reporter plasmids either containing or lacking an enhancer element. Cells of the nonsteroidogenic COS-1 cell line, and the steroidogenic Y-1 cell line were transiently transfected with these recombinant plasmids and a beta-galactosidase cotransfection control plasmid. Cellular lysates were analyzed for luciferase and beta-galactosidase activities. In the nonsteroidogenic system, transfectants with either the CYP21 or CYP21P upstream sequence in enhancer containing plasmids showed a 2.3 fold increase (p < .001) in light production over controls. In the steroidogenic Y-1 cell system, these same CYp21 and CYP21P transfectants showed a 14.3 (+/- 0.8) and 5.2 (+/- 0.6) fold increase in luciferase activity respectively (p < .001) Transfections with recombinant reporter plasmids lacking an enhancer produced light emission which was not significantly different than controls. These observations indicate that 1.) one or more of the 35 nucleotide differences between the CYP21 and CYP21P upstream regions alters a DNA recognition site important for transcriptional activation of this gene in steroidogenic cells, 2.) the steroidogenic milieu has a stimulatory effect on both CYP21 and CYP21P promoter activities, and 3.) based on the minimal promoter activity observed in either cell type transfected with constructs lacking an enhancer element, both of these promoter sequences are enhancer dependent under constitutive conditions in both steroidogenic and nonsteroidogenic cells.
Accurate Non-parametric Estimation of Recent Effective Population Size from Segments of Identity by Descent

Existing methods for estimating historical effective population size from genetic data have been unable to accurately estimate effective population size during the most recent past. We present a non-parametric method for accurately estimating recent effective population size by using inferred long segments of identity by descent (IBD). We found that inferred segments of IBD contain information about effective population size from around 4 generations to around 50 generations ago for SNP array data and to over 200 generations ago for sequence data. In human populations that we examined, the estimates of effective size were approximately one-third of the census size. We estimate the effective population size of European-ancestry individuals in the UK four generations ago to be eight million and the effective population size of Finland four generations ago to be 0.7 million. Our method is implemented in the open-source IBDNe software package.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor–Associated Cardiovascular Toxicity in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

For most patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have turned a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition. Imatinib, the first BCR-ABL1 TKI granted regulatory approval, has been surpassed in terms of molecular responses by the second-generation TKIs nilotinib, dasatinib, and bosutinib. Recently, ponatinib was approved as the only TKI with activity against the T315I mutation. Although all TKIs are associated with nonhematologic adverse events (AEs), experience with imatinib suggested that toxicities are typically manageable and apparent early during drug development. Recent reports of cardiovascular AEs with nilotinib and particularly ponatinib and of pulmonary arterial hypertension with dasatinib have raised concerns about long-term sequelae of drugs that may be administered for decades. Here, we review what is currently known about the cardiovascular toxicities of BCR-ABL1 TKIs, discuss potential mechanisms underlying cardiovascular AEs, and elucidate discrepancies between the reporting of such AEs between oncology and cardiovascular trials. Whenever possible, we provide practical recommendations, but we concede that cause-directed interventions will require better mechanistic understanding. We suggest that chronic myeloid leukemia heralds a fundamental shift in oncology toward effective but mostly noncurative long-term therapies. Realizing the full potential of these treatments will require a proactive rational approach to minimize long-term cardiovascular and cardiometabolic toxicities.
ICrafter: A Service Framework for Ubiquitous Computing Environments

In this paper, we propose ICrafter, a framework for services and their user interfaces in a class of ubiquitous computing environments. The chief objective of ICrafter is to let users flexibly interact with the services in their environment using a variety of modalities and input devices. We extend existing service frameworks in three ways. First, to offload services and user input devices, ICrafter provides infrastructure support for UI selection, generation, and adaptation. Second, ICrafter allows UIs to be associated with service patterns for on-the-fly aggregation of services. Finally, ICrafter facilitates the design of service UIs that are portable but still reflect the context of the local environment. In addition, we also focus on the system properties such as incremental deployability and robustness that are critical for ubiquitous computing environments. We describe the goals and architecture of ICrafter, a prototype implementation that validates its design, and the key lessons learnt from our experiences.
Direct measurement of serum iron and binding capacity.

Serum iron may be directly measured without protein precipitation, by incubation in an acetate buffer in the presence of a reducing agent and sulfonated bathophenanthro line. Mercaptoacetic and ascorbic acids have proved to be suitable reductants. Values obtained for serum iron by this procedure show excellent correlation with a trichloro acetic acid precipitation technic. Bilirubin interference may be compensated for. Hemoglobin interference is significant at values above 30 mg./100 ml. Lipid interference is not significant at concentrations below 1,960 mg./100 ml. The iron chelators, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and desferrioxamine do not interfere. Both unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) may be estimated; values for both show good correlation. Serum iron, TIBC, UIBC, and % saturation values obtained from a group of children aged 4-12 years are presented. The advantages of the direct technic for serum iron, TIBC, and UIBC are simplicity and sensitivity.
Adventures of an Adolescent Trash Barrel

Our demonstration presents the roving trash barrel, a robot that we developed to understand how people perceive and respond to a mobile trashcan that offers its service in public settings. In a field study, we found that considerable coordination is involved in actively collecting trash, including capturing someone's attention, signaling an intention to interact, acknowledging the willingness--or implicit signs of unwillingness--to interact, and closing the interaction. In post-interaction interviews, we discovered that people believed that the robot was intrinsically motivated to collect trash, and attributed social mishaps to higher levels of autonomy.
Natural radioactivity in west Devon water-supplies.

Wide variations in the natural radioactive content of water supplies have been demonstrated in West Devon snd elsewhere. Unexpected variations in cancer incidence, apparently related to water supplies, have also been reported in west Devon. An intensive program of measurement of radioactivity and a social survey is now being conducted in west Devon to try to define the extent of individual exposure in the area to radiation and to sny other agents in the water, and to relate this exposure to any effects that may be produced. (auth)
Review of recent advances of radioisotope power systems

Radioisotope power systems have demonstrated numerous advantages over other types of power supplies for long-lived, unattended applications in space and in remote terrestrial locations. Many especially challenging power applications can be satisfied by proper selection, design, and integration of the radioisotope heat source and the power conversion technologies that are now available or that can be developed. This paper provides a brief review of the factors influencing selection of radioisotopes and design of power systems, and discusses the current state of practice and future programmatic and technical challenges to continued use of radioisotope power systems in space.
Vegetation impacts on near bank flow

Vegetation is an important component of stream restoration designs used to control streambank retreat, but vegetation effects on near bank flows need to be quantified. The goal of this research was to evaluate how three-dimensional velocity structure and turbulence characteristics vary with three vegetation treatments: tree, shrub and grass. A second order prototype stream (Tom's Creek in Blacksburg, Virginia, USA) with individual reaches dominated by each vegetation treatment was modelled in a research flume using a fixed-bed Froude-scate modelling technique. One model streambank of the prototype stream was constructed for each vegetation type and compared to a bare control (only grain roughness). Velocity profiles perpendicular to the flume model boundary were measured using a three-dimensional acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Three-dimensional velocity records, turbulent kinetic energy characteristics, and Reynolds stresses were analysed. The addition of vegetation on a sloping streambank increased the free stream streamwise velocity as compared to a bare streambank. Velocity in the downstream direction decreased in the area close to the streambank boundary for all vegetation treatments. Tree turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress distributions were similar to the bare condition due to the sparse tree placement characteristic of mature forests. The turbulence caused by the upright shrub treatment increased turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses near the streambank, particularly at the toe. The flexible grass vegetation folded and protected the streambank, reducing shear stress near the boundary.
Interest rates and exchange rates: Some new empirical results

Abstract This paper presents indirect evidence on the behavior on the real interest rate by studying the correlations between changes in nominal interest rates and in exchange rates. These correlations are examined both before and after October 6, 1979. The empirical evidence supports the views that monetary shocks affect the real rate and that the change in Fed monetary policy on October 6 led to greater variation in the real rate.
Fine structure of the spermatheca of the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.).

The spermatheca of the female mealworm beetle is an inflorescence of branching cuticular ducts which is connected to the bursa copulatrix via a cuticular neck surrounded by a muscular coat. The infolded bursal cuticle consists of a distinct outer epicuticle, inner epicuticle, procuticle, and a subcuticular zone; the latter is rich in mucopolysaccharides. The cuticle of the neck lacks a distinct procuticle. The cuticle of the spermatheca itself is mostly inner epicuticle with two thin underlying lamellae of procuticle. The cells of the bursa are loosely coupled to the procuticle, whereas cuticular projections bind the epithelia of the “neck” and the spermatheca proper to the underlying epithelia. The apical plasma membranes of the spermathecal epithelium are sinuous and much infolded; we believe that this epithelium controls the micro-environment within the cuticular ducts.
A conditioned weight illusion: reafference learning without a correlation store.

Each of 20 female college students repeatedly judged the weight of a heavy metal cylinder dropped repeatedly (180 times) into her waiting hand. The cylinder came to appear lighter to her when the release of the cylinder was accompanied by the onset of an indicator lamp than when it was not, but only providing the onset of the lamp preceded the release of the cylinder by a half second rather than being simultaneous with it. This conditional illusion has implications for von Holst and Mittelstaedt’s well-known thesis that every neural efference leaves an efference copy or corollary discharge of itself in the nervous system to be compared with concurrent neural reafference. Apparently some types of conditioned-efference leave no copies, and objects lifted in part by such unregistered efforts appear lightened accordingly. The illusion illustrates a form of reafference learning that need involve no correlation store (Held, 1961).
Optimizing chemotherapy and targeted agent combinations in NSCLC

Chemotherapy extends life and provides symptom palliation for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Numerous trials have been conducted that evaluate a variety of doublet regimens, but the majority of trials have found equal efficacy among the treatment arms. Indeed, a plateau appears to have been reached with respect to survival associated with traditional cytotoxic drug regimens. It was initially hoped that the addition of novel targeted agents to conventional chemotherapy would produce significant survival benefits for patients with advanced NSCLC; however, most trials have failed to show such a benefit. There is no survival benefit associated with adding erlotinib or gefitinib to a chemotherapy regimen, although there is a significant improvement in survival associated with erlotinib monotherapy in the second- and third-line advanced disease setting. In contrast, the results of E4599 clearly demonstrate that the addition of bevacizumab to paclitaxel-carboplatin chemotherapy extends survival in a select group of patients with non-squamous cell NSCLC. E4599 also represents a rational approach to drug development that could be modeled in other trials, namely, the use of a large, well designed, randomized trial prior to beginning a traditional phase II approach. This strategy can lead to the identification of subgroups most likely to benefit, as well as those that might experience increased toxicity, such as patients with squamous cell carcinoma treated with bevacizumab. Another approach to optimizing targeted therapy involves selecting a chemotherapy regimen with the greatest potential for synergy based on preclinical modeling. Because docetaxel has been shown to prolong survival in second-line treatment, a number of novel agents have been combined with docetaxel in order to improve efficacy. Alternatively, investigators have sought to combine novel agents with either carboplatin-paclitaxel or cisplatin-gemcitabine in first-line treatment. A number of trials are underway that combine these agents with inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the proteasome, as well as COX2 inhibitors, and novel immunomodulators.
Synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in water ice by ion irradiation

Abstract We present infrared absorption studies on the effects of 50–100 keV Ar + and 100 keV H + ion irradiation of water ice films at 20–120 K. The results support the view that energetic ions can produce hydrogen peroxide on the surface of icy satellites and rings in the outer Solar System, and on ice mantles on interstellar grains. The ion energies are characteristic of magnetospheric ions at Jupiter, and therefore the results support the idea that radiolysis by ion impact is the source of the H 2 O 2 detected on Europa by the Galileo infrared spectrometer. We found that Ar + ions, used to mimic S + impacts, are roughly as efficient as H + ions in producing H 2 O 2 , and that 100 keV H + ions can produce hydrogen peroxide at 120 K. The synthesized hydrogen peroxide remained stable while warming the ice film after irradiation; the column density of the formed H 2 O 2 is constant until the ice film begins to desorb, but the concentration of H 2 O 2 increases with time during desorption because the water sublimes at a faster rate. Comparing the shape of the 3.5-μm absorption feature of H 2 O 2 to the one measured on Europa shows excellent agreement in both shape and position, further indicating that the H 2 O 2 detected on Europa is likely caused by radiolysis of water ice.
Influence of the Dietary Level of Iron from Iron Methionine and Iron Sulfate on Immune Response and Resistance of Channel Catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings were fed purified diets supplemented with iron at levels of 0, 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg from iron sulfate (FeS) or 5, 10, 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg from iron methionine (FeM) in triplicate tanks for 8 wk. Fish were then divided into two groups and subjected to different assays to measure disease resistance and individual immune functions. Representative fish from each dietary treatment were challenged by bacterial immersion with virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri, and mortality due to enteric septicemia was recorded. Other fish were immunized with 0.2–mL formalin-killed E. ictaluri and boosted 21 d post-immunization. Antibody response was determined by FAST-ELISA. Chemiluminescent and chemotaxis assays were performed using peritoneal macrophages. Supplementation of the diet with various levels of iron from FeS or FeM did not significantly affect antibody production. Chemotactic migration by macrophages was depressed in iron-deficient fish and a level of 60 mgkg from either FeS or FeM provided the highest chemotactic indexes. A deficiency of dietary iron was found to increase mortality of channel caffish due to enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). However, more studies should be conducted to better understand the effects of sources and levels of dietary iron on immune responses and disease resistance in channel caffish.
The Role of Supplemental Instruction in the First Accounting Course

This study investigates empirically the role of supplemental instruction (SI) as a means of enhancing student performance in the first accounting course. SI is a proactive educational intervention program that targets traditionally “high‐risk” courses and employs collaborative learning techniques emphasizing learning strategies and critical‐thinking skills. This emphasis on “learning to learn” has been advocated by the Accounting Education Change Commission (AECC) as a goal of the first accounting course. ANCOVA‐based results from 1,359 students in nine sessions of Principles of Accounting indicate that SI was effective at increasing academic performance; after controlling for self‐selection bias, participation in both voluntary and mandatory SI sessions was found to be positively associated with the total points earned in the course. Additionally, a step pattern is observed in the increased performance for both the voluntary and mandatory attendance phases of the study, indicating that the level of SI at...
On the mechanism of diffusion-induced boundary migration

A grain-boundary-dislocation mechanism for diffusion-induced boundary migration is proposed. It is suggested that point-defect emission from grain-boundary dislocations is necessary for the solutio...
1010-120 Comparison of Arbutamine Stress and Treadmill Exercise Thallium-201 SPECT: Hemodynamics and Diagnostic Accuracy

Arbutamine (ARB). a new β-agonist developed as a pharmacologic stress agent, was compared with treadmill exercise testing (Ex) in a multicenter study using thallium-201 (TI) SPECT A total of 75 patients (pts) performed both forms of stress. Of the 73 pts having quantitative angiography, 68 (93%) had coronary artery disease ( ≥ 50% stenosis). TI scans were obtained in 68 pts and were scored by a central laboratory using a twenty segment (seg)/scan visual analysis (5 point system: 0 = normal, 4 = absent uptake; segmental score ≥2 = defect). Stress TI segs with defects were further classified as reversible (rev) or nonreversible (nonrev). Hemodynamic response was summarized for 75 pts. Maximum heart rate (HR) by ARB and Ex was 122 vs 141 bpm, respectively (p l 0.05); mean %HR change from baseline was similar (79% vs 82%, respectively). Maximum systolic BP for ARB and Ex was 173 vs 176 mmHg, respectively and mean %change from baseline was 31% vs 26%, respectively (p = NS for both). In the 68 pts with angiographic CAD, sensitivity for detecting CAD by ARB TI was 94% and 97% by Ex TI-SPECT (p = NS). Stress TI-SPECT segmental agreement for presence or absence of defect between ARB and Ex in 1360 segs (68 pts) was 94% (k = 0.7). Of 76 discordant segs, 38 (50%) were normal by ARB and abnormal by Ex. Exact segmental stress TI score (0–4) agreement was 85% (k = 0.7). Of the 199 segs with discordant scores, the ARB-TI score was higher in 98 (49%), Among 346 segs with stress defects by both ARB and Ex, defect rev agreement was 86% (k = 0.7). Of the 50 discordant segs, 25 (50%) were rev by ARB and nonrev by Ex. Adverse events were mostly mild. Sustained arrhythmias were not observed; 3 pts had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia with ARB and 1 with Ex. Conclusion In this patient population, arbutamine and treadmill exercise produced a similar degree of hemodynamic response compared to baseline. The two forms of stress yielded similar diagnostic accuracy and high agreement for the presence, extent, severity and reversibility of stress myocardial perfusion abnormalities.
Fractured Phenomenologies: Thought Insertion, Inner Speech, and the Puzzle of Extraneity

: How it is that one’s own thoughts can seem to be someone else’s? After noting some common missteps of other approaches to this puzzle, I develop a novel cognitive solution, drawing on and critiquing theories that understand inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia as stemming from mismatches between predicted and actual sensory feedback. Considerable attention is paid to forging links between the first-person phenomenology of thought insertion and the posits (e.g. efference copy, corollary discharge) of current cognitive theories. I show how deficits in the subconscious mechanisms regulating inner speech may lead to a ‘fractured phenomenology’ responsible for schizophrenic patients’ reports of inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations. Supporting work on virtual environments is discussed, and lessons concerning the fixity of delusional belief are drawn.
Chronic toxicity of ethylene glycol in the monkey

Abstract Incorporation of ethylene glycol in the diet of 2 male monkeys at the level of 0.2% and 1 female monkey at a level of 0.5% for a period of 3 years produced no toxic effects.
Inelastic neutron scattering studies of the spin and lattice dynamics in iron arsenide compounds

Although neutrons do not couple directly to the superconducting order parameter, they have nevertheless played an important role in advancing our understanding of the pairing mechanism and the symmetry of the superconducting energy gap in the iron arsenide compounds. Measurements of the spin and lattice dynamics have been performed on non-superconducting 'parent' compounds based on the LaFeAsO ('1111') and BaFe{sub 2}As{sub 2} ('122') crystal structures, and on electron and hole-doped superconducting compounds, using both polycrystalline and single crystal samples. Neutron measurements of the phonon density-of-state, subsequently supported by single crystal inelastic X-ray scattering, are in good agreement with ab initio calculations, provided the magnetism of the iron atoms is taken into account. However, when combined with estimates of the electron-phonon coupling, the predicted superconducting transition temperatures are less than 1 K, making a conventional phononic mechanism for superconductivity highly unlikely. Measurements of the spin dynamics within the spin density wave phase of the parent compounds show evidence of strongly dispersive spin waves with exchange interactions consistent with the observed magnetic order and a large anisotropy gap. Antiferromagnetic fluctuations persist in the normal phase of the superconducting compounds, but they are more diffuse. Below T{sub c}, there is evidence in threemore » '122' compounds that these fluctuations condense into a resonant spin excitation at the antiferromagnetic wavevector with an energy that scales with T{sub c}. Such resonances have been observed in the high-T{sub c} copper oxides and a number of heavy fermion superconductors, where they are considered to be evidence of d-wave symmetry. In the iron arsenides, they also provide evidence of unconventional superconductivity, but a comparison with ARPES and other measurements, which indicate that the gaps are isotropic, suggests that the symmetry is more likely to be extended-s{sub {+-}} wave in character.« less
Base Hydrolysis of HMX and HMX-Based Plastic-Bonded Explosives with Sodium Hydroxide between 100 and 155 °C

The degradation of HMX-based high explosives (HMX, PBX 9404, and PBX 9501) with sodium hydroxide solutions is described. To obtain practicable reaction rates, the reaction was carried out in a pres...
CLUSMOL: A system for the conceptual clustering of molecules

CLUSMOL is designed to conceptualize the chemist's understanding of a group of molecules, by creating taxonomic trees, in which structurally similar molecules are placed in the close leaf nodes, while the intermediary nodes represent the maximal common substructures for the leaf structures under the node. The system is tested on some antibiotics and shown to be useful for lead structure recognition in drug design.
Prolactin Secretion in Vitro: Effects of Thyroid Hormones and Insulin

The effects of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and insulin on prolactin secretion in vitro were investigated. Anterior pituitary glands from mature female rats were cultured in synthetic 199 medium for 3 days in 95% O2-5% CO2 atmosphere at 35 C. The prolactin levels in the medium samples which contained T4 (0.1 μg/val) and T3 (0.1 μg/wl) were significantly higher than the activities of control samples, by 51.8 and 59.3%, respectively, on the basis of IU/100 mg of cultured pituitary tissue. When expressed as IU per gland, the respective prolactin levels in the T4 and T3 medium samples were 51.1 and 62.8% higher than the control values. Neither T3 nor T4 influenced the pigeon crop response to prolactin. It was concluded that the thyroid hormones increased prolactin secretion by a direct action on the adenohypophysial explant cells. Insulin was unnecessary for active prolactin secretion in vitro, did not influence prolactin production and was without effect on the pigeon crop response to prolactin.
Planetary protection issues for sample return missions.

Planetary protection (PP) issues for both a comet nucleus sample return (CNSR) mission and a Mars rover sample return (MRSR) mission are discussed, with special attention given to the PP requirements for such missions, the exobiology science objectives for the CNSR and MRSR missions, and a qualitative PP risk assessment for both mission types. A set of contamination control procedures for both missions is presented, which identify procedures for each of the mission phases (i.e., the prelaunch, launch, sample handling, transit vehicle, and earth return). Recommendations for further research and technology development are discussed.
Diversification Theorems for Subsets of Risk Averters

The strategy of diversification has been demonstrated to be optimal for risk averting investors under a variety of conditions.' Of course, diversification remains the best strategy under the same conditions even if agents are restricted to a proper subset of all risk averters. When agents are so restricted, new sufficient conditions which differ significantly from previously published results can be derived. One interesting subset of risk averters can be defined by designating a particular agent to be the least risk averse one in the set and only agents at least as risk averse as he are then admissible. Sets of this type are useful in those cases where it is simply inappropriate to insist that the admissible risk averters must range to the risk neutral agent.2 Nonetheless, it should be observed that if this type of subset is bounded by a risk neutral agent, we have the special case where the subset then coincides with the set of all risk averters. In this paper we shall consider two types of sets of risk averters but will focus principally'on the type of subsets described above. We shall provide new sufficient conditions under which diversified portfolios are unanimously preferred to the specialized ones. With a restricted subset of risk averters we can show that the condition of equal means for assets is no longer necessary for a unanimous decision to diversify.
Pseudonystagmus--clinical features and quantitative characteristics.

Shaikh et al. describe the case of a 60 year-old woman with multiple sclerosis who presented to a vestibular clinic with head tremor and vestibular hypofunction. This combination of symptoms caused oscillopsia, a visual sensation of oscillation of stationary objects. On the basis of eye and head movement measurements, the patient was diagnosed with pseudonystagmus resulting from diminished compensatory vestibulo-ocular reflex responses to the head tremor.
Energy functions for minimizing misclassification error with minimum-complexity networks

Abstract For automatic target recognition, a neural network is desired that minimizes the number of misclassifications with the minimum network complexity. Minimizing network complexity is important for both improving generalization and simplifying implementation. The least mean squares (LMS) energy function used in standard back propagation does not always produce such a network. Therefore, two minimum misclassification error (MME) energy functions are advanced to achieve this. Examples are given in which LMS requires five times as many hidden units in a multilayer perceptron to achieve test set classification accuracy similar to that achieved with the MME functions. Examples are given to provide insight into the nature of the LMS performance, namely that LMS approximates the a posteriori probabilities and class boundaries emerge indirectly from this process. The examples also show that the MME functions tend to find local minima less often than LMS does for the same number of hidden units. This is believed to be due to the difference in network complexity needed to accurately approximate a posteriori probabilities versus class boundaries.
Disposition Predictors Of Individual Differences In T-Cell Function And Cytokine Levels

In the present study, we examined the relations of state distress to T-cell function and in vivo cytokine levels in 40 male college freshman on two occasions. In addition, we assessed the possible contribution of dispositional determinants of distress to immune-related differences in mood. Relative to characteristically less anxious subjects, subjects who were characteristically more anxious (but subclinically anxious) had more anxious mood and had significantly lower lymphocyte proliferative responses to the mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A), as well as lower levels of circulating interleukin-1β. In addition, subjects with more negative attributional styles for bad events exhibited reduced Con A-stimulated T-cell responses and lower levels of circulating interleukin-2. Finally, subjects who were more depressed (but sub-clinically depressed) also had reduced blastogenic responses. Individual differences in cortisol and β-endorphin were not shown to mediate these relationships. The present study provides evidence that dispositionally-related variations in distress in psychiatrically healthy, relatively unstressed college males have immunological correlates that suggest altered T-cell and macrophage activity.
Loose Protein Packing around the Extracellular Half of the GABAA Receptor β1 Subunit M2 Channel-lining Segment *

GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels formed by the pseudosymmetrical assembly of five homologous subunits around the central channel axis. The five M2 membrane-spanning segments largely line the channel. In the present work we probed the water surface accessibility of the β1 subunit M2 segment using the substituted cysteine accessibility method. We assayed the reaction of the negatively charged sulfhydryl-specific reagent, p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate (pCMBS–), by its effect on subsequent currents elicited by EC50 and saturating GABA concentrations. pCMBS–, applied with GABA, reacted with 14 of the 19 residues tested. At the M2 cytoplasmic end from 2′ to 6′ only β1A252C (2′) and β1T256C (6′) were pCMBS–-reactive in the presence of GABA. We infer that the M2 segments are tightly packed in this region. Toward the extracellular half of M2 all residues from β1T262C (12′) through β1E270C (20′) reacted with pCMBS– applied with GABA. We infer that this region is highly mobile and loosely packed against the rest of the protein. Based on differences in pCMBS– reaction rates two domains can be distinguished on the putative channel-lining side of M2. A faster reacting domain includes the 2′, 9′, 12′, 13′, and 16′ residues. The slower reacting face contains the 6′, 10′, and 14′ residues. We hypothesize that these may represent the channel-lining faces in the closed and open states and that gating involves an 80–100° rotation of the M2 segments. These results are consistent with the loose packing of the M2 segments inferred from the structure of the homologous Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Proof Without Words: The Cosine of a Difference

(2002). Proof Without Words: The Cosine of a Difference. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 398-398.
A Simple Bedside Stroke Dysphagia Screen, Validated against Videofluoroscopy, Detects Dysphagia and Aspiration with High Sensitivity

Background Early identification of dysphagia is associated with lower rates of pneumonia after acute stroke. The Barnes–Jewish Hospital Stroke Dysphagia Screen (BJH-SDS) was previously developed as a simple bedside screen performed by nurses for sensitive detection of dysphagia and was previously validated against the speech pathologist's clinical assessment for dysphagia. In this study, acute stroke patients were prospectively enrolled to assess the accuracy of the BJH-SDS when tested against the gold standard test for dysphagia, the videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS). Methods Acute stroke patients were prospectively enrolled at a large tertiary care inpatient stroke unit. The nurse performed the BJH-SDS at the bedside. After providing consent, patients then underwent VFSS for determination of dysphagia and aspiration. The VFSS was performed by a speech pathologist who was blinded to the results of the BJH-SDS. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Pneumonia rates were assessed across the 5-year period over which the BJH-SDS was introduced into the stroke unit. Results A total of 225 acute stroke patients were enrolled. Sensitivity and specificity of the screen to detect dysphagia were 94% and 66%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the screen to detect aspiration were 95% and 50%, respectively. No increase in pneumonia was identified during implementation of the screen ( P = .33). Conclusion The BJH-SDS, validated against videofluoroscopy, is a simple bedside screen for sensitive identification of dysphagia and aspiration in the stroke population.
Optimistic implementation of bulk data transfer protocols

During a bulk data transfer over a high speed network, there is a high probability that the next packet received from the network by the destination host is the next packet in the transfer. An optimistic implementation of a bulk data transfer protocol takes advantage of this observation by instructing the network interface on the destination host to deposit the data of the next packet immediately into its anticipated final location. No copying of the data is required in the common case, and overhead is greatly reduced.Our optimistic implementation of the V kernel bulk data transfer protocols on SUN-3/50 workstations connected by a 10 megabit Ethernet achieves peak process-to-process data rates of 8.3 megabits per second for 1-megabyte transfers, and 6.8 megabits per second for 8-kilobyte transfers, compared to 6.1 and 5.0 megabits per second for the pessimistic implementation. When the reception of a bulk data transfer is interrupted by the arrival of unexpected packets at the destination, the worst-case performance of the optimistic implementation is only 15 percent less than that of the pessimistic implementation. Measurements and simulation indicate that for a wide range of load conditions the optimistic implementation outperforms the pessimistic implementation.
Comparison of the NLDAS Weather Forcing Model to Agrometeorological Measurements in the western United States

Summary Diverse topography and climate in the American West have stymied efforts to accurately quantify the flux of water on the land surface at a high spatial resolution. Observations of the processes governing the earth’s water budget and energy balance are generally from disparate point measurements on the ground and have lower frequency, distinction, or confidence when remotely sensed. Combined, these terrestrial and aerial sources can offset the other’s inherent weaknesses. At a local scale, methodologies have been developed to estimate evapotranspiration. A systematic approach to calculating reference evapotranspiration at a regional scale over the western United States was explored by comparing the drivers of the North American Land Data Assimilation System weather forcing model to 704 agriculturally representative, electronic weather stations at an hourly time step. Parameters of solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed were analyzed to identify any uncertainties and biases. Initial inspection of the weather parameter comparisons revealed unsatisfactory performance of one or more of the NLDAS parameters in several regions, but this was mollified in the calculation of reference evapotranspiration for all but the southerly portions of the study area.
Distinct Regions of the Cadherin Cytoplasmic Domain Are Essential for Functional Interaction with Gα12 and β-Catenin

Heterotrimeric G proteins of the G12 subfamily mediate cellular signals leading to events such as cytoskeletal rearrangements, cell proliferation, and oncogenic transformation. Several recent studies have revealed direct effector proteins through which G12 subfamily members may transmit signals leading to various cellular responses. Our laboratory recently demonstrated that Gα12 and Gα13specifically interact with the cytoplasmic domains of several members of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules (Meigs, T. E., Fields, T. A., McKee, D. D., and Casey, P. J. (2001)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 519–524). This interaction causes β-catenin to release from cadherin and relocalize to the cytoplasm and nucleus, where it participates in transcriptional activation. Here we report that two distinct regions of the epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) tail are required for interaction with β-catenin and Gα12, respectively. Deletion of an acidic, 19-amino acid region of E-cadherin abolishes its ability to bind β-catenin in vitro, to inhibit β-catenin-mediated transactivation, or to stabilize β-catenin; causes subcellular mislocalization of β-catenin; and disrupts cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. On the other hand, deletion of a distinct 11-amino acid region of E-cadherin dramatically attenuates interaction with Gα12; furthermore, Gα12 is ineffective in stimulating β-catenin release from an E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain lacking this putative Gα12-binding region. These findings indicate that Gα12 and β-catenin do not compete for the same binding site on cadherin and provide molecular targets for selectively disrupting the interaction of these proteins with cadherin.
Response to a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog in heifers treated with recombinant growth hormone.

Abstract Sixteen pregnant Holstein heifers (430kg) were used to determine the effect of long-term administration of a bovine growth hormone (bGH) made by recombinant DNA technology on the ability of a bolus injection of a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog (Ac-His-1, D-Ala-2, Nle-27, GHRH(1–29 NH 2 ) to increase serum GH. Eight heifers received a daily intramuscular injection of bGH (50 mg/day) for 5 months while the other half received a daily injection of physiological saline (control) over the same period. On the last day of bGH treatment and 1, 5, 10 and 25 days after the cessation of bGH treatment, five heifers from each group were challenged with GHRH analog and the response to this releasing hormone analog was measured. Basal GH concentrations were elevated on the last day of treatment in bGH-treated heifers and declined to concentrations similar to control heifers by 1 day after cessation of treatment. Response to GHRH analog was impaired by bGH during the last day of treatment and one day later. Responsiveness returned to a level similar to controls by 5 days after the end of bGH treatment. Response to GHRH analog was lessened during the period of bGH treatment but there were no long term effects on the animals' ability to respond to the releasing hormone.
Synthesis and crystal structure of the first cerium sandwich complex of a carborane ligand system

Abstract The reaction of closo-exo-Li(TMEDA)-1-Li(TMEDA)-2,3-(SiMe3)2-2,3-C2B4H4 (1) and anhydrous CeCl3, in a molar ratio of 2:1, in dry benzene at 0 °C produced a novel Ce(III) bent-sandwich complex, [Li(TMEDA)2][1-Cl-1-(μ-Cl)-2,2′,3,3′-(SiMe3)4-5,6-[(μ-H)2Li(TMEDA)]-4,4′,5′-[(μ-H)3Li(TMEDA)]-1,1′-commo-Ce(2,3-C2B4H4)2] (2), as an orange crystalline solid in 91% yield, thus establishing a pattern of reactivity in the formation of lanthanacarboranes.
An Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Protocol for Continuous-Time Markovian Channels

This paper analyzes the throughput of an adaptive hybrid ARQ communications protocol used with a continuous-time two-state Markovian channel. The proposed protocol adapts to changes in the channel state. i.e., changes in noise level, by selecting one of two block error-correction codes for each packet according to an estimate of the next channel state; the estimate, based on the error pattern in the previous packet, is fed back to the transmitter via the acknowledgment. We compare throughputs and computational costs of three next-state estimators. The first, an optimal estimator, is shown to be impractical. A second, suboptimal, estimator is found to require negligible computation and memory. An improved suboptimal estimator is also considered. Throughputs are evaluated; numerical results are presented. The throughput improvement due to adaptation is shown to be greater for the continuous-time channel than for the discrete-time channel with sirmilar parameters. The improvemient is also less sensitive to the parameters.