cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homeland tour guide narratives and the discursive construction of the diasporic

By analyzing the constitutive role of tour guides narratives, this article addresses the recruitment of tourism as a means of forging transnational ties between diasporans and their ethnic homeland. Combining theoretical frameworks from linguistic anthropology and the sociology of tourism, it examines the narratives told to American Jewish youth at three graves at a military cemetery in Israel and analyzes the discursive, linguistic, and rhetorical strategies in the narratives, including stancetaking, reported speech, and pronominal usage. Attending to the growing phenomenon of diaspora homeland tourism, it analyzes how tour guide narratives about the past work as a form of social action in constituting present day transnational identifications.
Anaerobic photodecomposition of an acridan drug through energy transfer

Anaerobic irradiation of 2-chloro-9-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)acridan phosphate (1:1) (IIIa) with filtered visible light (300-400 nm) resulted in its quantitative conversion to its acridine derivative IV. Photoproduct IV exerted significant product catalysis on the reaction rate at concentrations of 5 x 10(-6) M. The anaerobic photodecomposition of IIIa to IV was catalyzed by the monosodium salt of riboflavin 5-phosphate (Ia). Loss of Ia was insignificant relative to that of IIIa, and reagents known to serve as quenchers of the triplet state of Ia retarded the reaction. Fluorescence spectra of Ia in the presence of IIIa and 1 x 10(-4) M KI indicated no quenching of the Ia singlet excited state. No deuterium isotope effect was noticed when IIIa and its deuterated derivative IIIb were subjected to anaerobic photodecomposition in the presence of Ia. It is suggested that the anaerobic photodecomposition of IIIa by visible light in the presence of Ia proceeds via a triplet-triplet energy transfer from Ia to IIIa.
SU-E-T-379: Concave Approximations of Target Volume Dose Metrics for Intensity- Modulated Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

Purpose: The widely used treatment plan metric Dx (mimimum dose to the hottest x% by volume of the target volume) is simple to interpret and use, but is computationally poorly behaved (non-convex), this impedes its use in computationally efficient intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment planning algorithms. We therefore searched for surrogate metrics that are concave, computationally efficient, and accurately correlated to Dx values in IMRT treatment plans. Methods: To find concave surrogates of D95—and more generally, Dx values with variable x values—we tested equations containing one or two generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) functions. Fits were obtained by varying gEUD ‘a’ parameter values, as well as the linear equation coefficients. Fitting was performed using a dataset of dose-volume histograms from 498 de-identified head and neck IMRT treatment plans. Fit characteristics were tested using a crossvalidation process. Reported root-mean-square error values were averaged over the cross-validation shuffles. Results: As expected, the two-gEUD formula provided a superior fit, compared to the single-gEUD formula. The best approximation uses two gEUD terms: 16.25 x gEUD[a=0.45] – 15.30 x gEUD[a=1.75] – 0.69. The average root-mean-square error on repeated (70/30) cross validation was 0.94 Gy. In addition, a formula was found that reasonably approximates Dx for xmore » between 80% and 96%. Conclusion: A simple concave function using two gEUD terms was found that correlates well with PTV D95s for these head and neck treatment plans. More generally, a formula was found that represents well the Dx for x values from 80% to 96%, thus providing a computationally efficient formula for use in treatment planning optimization. The formula may need to be adjusted for other institutions with different treatment planning protocols. We conclude that the strategy of replacing Dx values with gEUD-based formulas is promising.« less
Structure, stability, and mechanical properties of epitaxial W/NbN superlattices

Epitaxial W/NbN superlattices with modulation wavelengths Λ ranging from 1.3 to 25 nm were grown on MgO(001) substrates by dc reactive magnetron sputtering in Ar/N2 mixtures. The epitaxial relationship between the layers is given by W(001)‖NbN(001) and W[110]‖NbN[100]. X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering results fitted using simulations showed that the superlattices had well-defined planar layers with interface widths of ≈0.2 nm. Nanoindentation measurements showed superlattice hardnesses as high as 33 GPa compared to 8 for W and 20 for NbN. The superlattices showed little change in x-ray superlattice reflections or nanoindentation hardness after vacuum annealing up to the highest temperature tested, 1000 °C for 6 h. Thus, the layers remained intact during annealing, allowing the superlattice hardness enhancement to be retained.
EPR of VO2+-doped CdK2(SO4)2·6H2O: Forbidden hyperfine transitions and bonding coefficients

Abstract Extensive room temperature X-band EPR measurements on a single crystal of VO2+-doped CdK2(SO4)2·6H2O have been carried out. In addition to the allowed transitions, strong nominally forbidden hyperfine transitions were observed. The intensities of the allowed and forbidden hyperfine lines have been well accounted for theoretically to be due to the hyperfine interaction, S·A·I. The principal values and direction cosines of the principal axes of the g2 and A2 tensors of VO2+, as well as the principal values and direction cosines of the principal axes of the quadrupole tensor, Q, of VO2+, are evaluated using least-squares fitting procedures from the allowed and forbidden hyperfine line positions, respectively. The asymmetry parameter for the vanadium nucleus has been estimated to be 0.78. The orientation of the VO2+ molecule (V4+−O2− bond) has been determined to lie close to the Cd−H2O(8) direction. Finally, using the experimental optical-absorption data previously reported and the present EPR data the bonding coefficients of the VO(H2O)2+5 complex have been estimated.
Glutamine Nutrition in the Management of Radiation Enteritis

Although glutamine-supplemented diets appear to be beneficial in the model described here, carefully designed clinical trials must be done before such therapy is recommended in patients receiving XRT. Such studies should examine the efficacy of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition as well as enteral feedings. They must address the issue of potential stimulation of tumor growth by glutamine supplementation. In addition, the question has been raised as to whether glutamine will result in the tumor being more refractory to radiation therapy.
Sounding the Stratosphere and Mesosphere by Infrared Limb Scanning from Space

Inversion of the measurements obtained by the infrared limb scanner on the Nimbus 6 satellite has demonstrated that the stratospheric and mesospheric temperatures and ozone concentrations may be obtained remotely from space with accuracy and precision comparable to in situ methods. Such global data have many applications in middle atmospheric research and operational temperature sounding.
The determinants of state gasoline taxation in the 1970s

Abstract The extent to which state governments consider both allocative issues (pollution, congestion and wear and tear on the highways) and distributive issues (the effect on tax shares of oil producers, trucking interests and non-drivers) in the setting of gasoline taxes is examined. Standard tests of regression coefficients indicate that both the distributive and allocative issues are important. Statistical comparisons of residuals from simulations indicate that the hypothesis that governments adjust taxes systematically cannot be rejected, but that the hypothesis that taxes are set randomly or capriciously can be rejected with high confidence. The estimates can be used to calculate the value of pollution reduction implicit in gasoline tax policy.
Eating and drinking induced by cerebral-ventricular injections in rats with lesions in the lateral hypothalamus.

Par des lesions bilaterales hypothalamiques on a rendu des rats aphagiques et adipsiques. Durant la periode de convalescence, on a injecte dans le ventricule lateral du pentotal de sodium (ce qui normalement fait manger les animaux) et une solution saline hypertonique (qui normalement les fait boire). On a trouve qu'apres les lesions les rats ne reagissent que lorsqu'ils sont redevenus capables de manger et de boire spontanement.
Structure of Cytochrome c Oxidase

Cytochrome c oxidase or cytochrome c : oxygen oxidoreductase (CH 1.9.3.1) is the terminal oxidase in respiratory metabolism of all aerobic organisms and is responsible for catalyzing the reduction of dioxygen to water in the reaction: $$ 4{H^ + } + 4{e^ - } + {O_2} \rightleftarrows 2{H_2}O $$ The electrons for this reaction are provided by reduced cytochrome c: the free energy developed is used to promote oxidative phosphorylation and in consequence becomes available to the cell as ATP.
Responses of lamb nucleus of the solitary tract neurons to chemical stimulation of the epiglottis.

Previous research has shown that applications of chemical stimuli to the epiglottis produced distinct patterns of activity in the lamb superior laryngeal nerve. To determine the response characteristics of second-order neurons, we recorded from single cells in the lamb nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) while stimulating the epiglottis with 0.5 M KCi, NH4CI, NaCI, LirA, distilled water, 0.005 M citric acid and 0.01 N HCI. Most neurons responded to more than one of the chemical solutions. The order of effective stimuli was KC! = NH4C! > distilled water > HC! > citric acid > NaCI > LiCI. An analysis of the variation in response frequency over time found that different chemical stimuli produced significantly different response patterns in NST neurons. A comparison of the mean neural response profiles of NST neurons and superior lar)ngeal nerve fibers for each of the stimuli found that only the response profiles elicited by NH4C! were significantly different. In addition to their responses to chemical solutions, almost one-lhird of the NST neurons responded to the rinse following application of at least some of the stimuli and 80% of the neurons were excited by mechanical stimulation of the epiglottis with a soft brush. Also, a small number of neurons exhibited a rhythmic response coordinated with respiration. The majority of recording sites were located in areas of the NST linked to swallowing and respiration suggesting that the response patterns of NST neurons elicited by chemical stimulation of receptors on the epiglottis may play a role in upper airway reflexes.
Delirium in the nursing home.

New-onset or subsyndromal delirium is one of the most disruptive conditions in nursing home life. As shown in this issue of the Journal, delirium occurs in nearly 1 in 5 nursing home residents who experience an acute illness, and delirium is a major risk factor for a noticeable decline in cognition following the acute episode.1 In 6 Dutch nursing homes, the prevalence of delirium was 8.9%, with an incidence of 20.7 per 100 person-years.2 A Canadian study in long term care residents found a prevalence of 3.4% in persons with a Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) of greater than 10 and 33.3% in those with a lower MMSE.3 A large study of 35,721 long term stay residents in the United States using the Minimum Data Assessment 2.0 found that 1.4% had delirium and 30.4% had subsyndromal delirium.4 Other studies have found a higher prevalence of delirium on admission to postacute care ranging from 5.5% to 51.0%.5e8 Many residents remain in a state of subsyndromal delirium over a prolonged period of time. Delirium is often unrecognized.9 One of the most commonly used and best validated screening tools in the United States for delirium is the Confusion Assessment Methodology (CAM).10 The key components of diagnosis are acute onset, fluctuation throughout the day, inattention, disorganized thinking, and abnormal level of consciousness. The new Minimum Data Set, Version 3.0, includes a modification of the CAM screen for delirium.11 Studies have suggested that nurses in nursing homes fail to identify almost half the cases of delirium,12 even though they can differentiate delirium from dementia and depression.13 When the CAM is used, there is a greater reliability of identifying delirium in the nursing home.14 Delirium has been recognized as a serious and underrecognized problem, leading to the suggestion that mental status should be considered the sixth vital sign.15 The Department of Veterans Affairs Delirium Working Group has developed a simple pictorial mental status vital sign to improve recognition of delirium.16 Based on this concept, a modified version of the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (mRASS) was developed. If the mRASS assessments (which take <30 seconds on average to perform) were done serially (from shift to shift), a change indicated incident deliriumwith a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 92%.17 In addition, all new-onset falls in the nursing home should be considered to be a delirium equivalent until proven otherwise.18e22
Selective epitaxy using silane and germane

Silicon and germanium have been selectively grown epitaxially on silicon using the thermal decomposition of SiH4 or GeH4. The silicon or germanium was grown in holes in masking layer of thermally grown SiO2. At relatively low growth temperatures, such as 700 °C for germanium and 1100 °C for silicon, the material deposited uniformly over the water surface and was single crystal in the holes in the oxide and polycrystalline on top of the oxide. At higher temperatures, above 800 °C for germanium and above 1175 °C for silicon, the material grew only in and around the holes in the oxide, where epitaxial growth was obtained. The growth process consisted of decomposition of the hydride over the complete wafer surface and migration of the silicon or germanium across the oxide surface until the material reached a hole in the oxide. This is in contrast to the situation that occurs when SiCl4 is used for selective epitaxy where control of the quasi-equilibrium conditions at the gas-solid interface determine the growth conditions.
CULTURAL FACTORS IN FAMILY PLANNING

Obstacles to family planning in India are described. The greatest structural obstacle is the distrust by subordinate groups of policies carried out for them by dominant groups despite the programs being couched in terms of the subordinate groups self interest. Cultural obstacles include the extreme importance of male offspring in conjunction with a well-founded lack of faith that 2 or 3 children will survive suspicion of Western medicine a females valuation in terms of her fertility desire for a large family workforce and expectation of a family even by working women. Interpersonal problems include attitudes toward sex attitudes toward physiological side effects of contraceptives and a shift in the balance of power from the extended to the nuclear family with parental determination of family size. Worldwide the greatest obstacle to family planning is perhaps the arrogance of the educated and the advantaged toward problems of the disadvantaged. Family planning and male and female roles especially in the United States and India are discussed in a dialog between several researchers. The redefinition of womens personality and self could awaken people to the possibility of human redefinition.
Unsteady aerodynamics and flutter of propfans using a three-dimensional Full-Potential Solver

A full-potential solver coupled with a linear structural dynamics model is used to calculate the unsteady aerodynamics and aeroelasticity of propfans. The solver allows calculations for arbitrary interblade phase angles. Results are presented for two propfan configurations. Good agreement is seen between the full-potential results and results from linear theory since the flow is subsonic and the thickness of the propfan blades is small. Some difficulty is encountered due to wave reflections from outer computational boundaries; however, this does not affect the results in the range of frequencies of aeroelastic interest.
System and network trustworthiness in perspective

Characteristic problem areas experienced in the past are considered here, as well as some of the challenges that must be confronted in trying to achieve greater trustworthiness in computer systems and networks and in the overall environments in which they must operate. Some system development recommendations for the future are also discussed.
The Impact of Positivism: Academic Political Thought in Britain, c. 1945–1970

Summary This article examines the nature of academic political theory in Britain in the post-war period, examining in particular the degree to which theorists were able to mount normative theoretical arguments. Traditionally, commentators such as Brian Barry and Perry Anderson have argued that political theory in this period was largely dead between 1945 and 1970 due to the impact of positivism, but I argue this is mistaken for two main reasons. First, it fails to distinguish between the different forms that positivism took in the post-war era. Thus although it is true many theorists tended to claim that moral and political values could (or should) not be discussed rationally, their reasons for doing so varied considerably. For while theorists such as A. J. Ayer and T. D. Weldon justified their positions theoretically, with arguments drawn from behaviourist social science or innovations made in linguistic philosophy, others, such as Ralf Dahrendorf and Anthony Crosland, argued that it was the perceived su...
Positioning museums on an authenticity continuum

Abstract This research was designed to contribute to scholarly and applied understanding of how curators define authenticity and how those perspectives fit into the contemporary role of museums today. The study was drawn from a sample of curators based in the heritage museums of the state of Iowa, United States. A complex cross-section of ideologies behind the museum curtains is unveiled. This study positions the curators on an authenticity continuum and suggests a negotiation model reflecting active citizenship and social capital for the museum audience seeking a cultural tourism experience.
GAFFKEMIA IN CALIFORNIA SPINY LOBSTERS

Gaffkemia, a systemic infection of Atlantic lobsters (Homarus sp.) by Pediococcus homari (formerly Gaffkya homari), can be initiated by injection of virulent strains of the bacterium into the California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus). At 17 C, an LD50 of 103 bacteria per ml hemolymph was observed. The number of hemocytes drop and the clotting times are extended as the disease progresses. The demonstration of the disease in the California spiny lobster is particularly significant since we have isolated P. homari from California estuarine waters.
Fetal microchimerism and cancer.

The persistence of fetal stem cells with multilineage potential in women who have been pregnant, a phenomenon known as fetal microchimerism, is emerging as a potential contributing factor in certain diseases, including cancer. For example, fetal microchimerism has been implicated in autoimmune disease, wound healing, and cancer. Studies of this phenomenon may provide a novel perspective on cancer in women, including in breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. [Cancer Res 2008;68(23):9567–9]
A Genetic Screen for Candidate Tumor Suppressors Identifies REST

Tumorigenesis is a multistep process characterized by a myriad of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Identifying the causal perturbations that confer malignant transformation is a central goal in cancer biology. Here we report an RNAi-based genetic screen for genes that suppress transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. We identified genes previously implicated in proliferative control and epithelial cell function including two established tumor suppressors, TGFBR2 and PTEN. In addition, we uncovered a previously unrecognized tumor suppressor role for REST/ NRSF, a transcriptional repressor of neuronal gene expression. Array-CGH analysis identified REST as a frequent target of deletion in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, we detect a frameshift mutation of the REST gene in colorectal cancer cells that encodes a dominantly acting truncation capable of transforming epithelial cells. Cells lacking REST exhibit increased PI(3)K signaling and are dependent upon this pathway for their transformed phenotype. These results implicate REST as a human tumor suppressor and provide a novel approach to identifying candidate genes that suppress the development of human cancer.
Histochemical and ultrastructural features of an equine pulmonary granular cell tumour (myoblastoma).

Abstract Multiple nodules of a granular cell tumour (myoblastoma) in the right lung of a horse were characterized histologically by closely-packed polyhedral cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. Occasional cells contained angulate bodies, which have not been previously reported in equine granular cell tumours. The cytoplasmic granules and the angulate bodies were periodic acid/Schiff positive and diastase-resistant. Ultrastructurally, the tumour was composed of three cell types: granular cells, angulate body cells, and interstitial cells. Granular cells were the most numerous type. They contained small, round, cytoplasmic granules with vesicular or amorphous contents and large pleomorphic granules composed of segregated cytoplasmic constituents. Mature angulate body cells contained membrane-bound angulate bodies and cytoplasmic granules like those of the granular cells. Early angulate body cells, containing non-membrane-bound angulate bodies, resembled interstitial cells. Fusiform, fibroblast-like interstitial cells were the least differentiated cell. The ultrastructural appearance of this neoplasm supports the theory that granular cell tumours arise from a pluripotential mesenchymal cell.
Diffusive and electrostatic effects with insolubilized enzymes

Abstract The combined effects of diffusive resistance and electrostatic field on the rate of reaction catalysed by an enzyme insolubilized on a non-porous surface are considered. An effectiveness factor, the ratio of the actual reaction rate to that which would obtain in the absence of diffusive and electrostatic effects, is defined and shown to be a function of an electrostatic parameter, the Michaelis constant and the ratio of the maximum reaction rate to the maximum transfer rate. When this last is small the effect can be expressed by a modified value of the Michaelis constant. A form for a general potential distribution is given and this is evaluated for the Gouey diffuse double-layer. Calculations are given for a typical set of parameters and results of such calculations are shown over a range of cases.
Use of waste heat of TIEC as the power source for AMTEC

In this investigation, the heat rejected by one heat conversion device has been utilized as the source of power input for another device. A mathematical model has been developed to cascade the two devices under investigation consisting of a thermionic energy converter (TIEC) and an alkali metal thermal to electrical converter (AMTEC) cell. The latter uses the waste heat of the former as the energy input. This cascade system employs a different type of AMTEC, which is a vapor anode system rather the liquid anode used in an earlier work. Also, it uses a more involved algorithm with increased number of nodes than simulated previously. The efficiency of the new cascade has been optimized by solving 16 non-linear equations by MATHCAD. Because of the limitation of MATHCAD the solution is performed in two loops. Nevertheless, the efficiency of this new cascade is thus improved by 28% over the previous one.
Automated assessment of students' testing skills for improving correctness of their code

Although software testing is included as a regular part of many programming courses, current assessment techniques used in automated grading tools for evaluating student-written software tests are imperfect. Code coverage measures are typically used in practice, but that approach does not assess how much of the expected behavior is checked by the tests and sometimes, overestimates the true quality of the tests. Two robust and thorough measures for evaluating student-written tests are running each students' tests against others' solutions(known as all-pairs testing) and injecting artificial bugs to determine if tests can detect them (also known as mutation analysis). Even though they are better indicators of test quality, both of them posed a number of practical obstacles to classroom use. This proposal describes technical obstacles behind using these two approaches in automated grading. We propose novel and practical solutions to apply all-pairs testing and mutation analysis of student-written tests, especially in the context of classroom grading tools. Experimental results of applying our techniques in eight CS1 and CS2 assignments submitted by 147 students show the feasibility of our solution. Finally, we discuss our plan to combine the approaches to evaluate tests of assignments having variable amounts of design freedom and explain their evaluation method.
CARBON, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS ACCUMULATION IN FLOODPLAINS OF ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN RIVERS, USA

Net nutrient accumulation rates were measured in riverine floodplains of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, USA. The floodplains were located in watersheds with different land use and included two sites on the Chickahominy River (urban), one site on the Mattaponi River (forested), and five sites on the Pocomoke River (agricultural). The Pocomoke River floodplains lie along reaches with natural hy- drogeomorphology and on reaches with restricted flooding due to channelization and levees. A network of feldspar clay marker horizons was placed on the sediment surface of each floodplain site 3-6 years prior to sampling. Sediment cores were collected from the material deposited over the feldspar clay pads. This overlying sediment was separated from the clay layer and then dried, weighed, and analyzed for its total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content. Mean C accumulation rates ranged from 61 to 212 g·m 22 ·yr 21 , N accumulation rates ranged from 3.5 to 13.4 g·m 22 ·yr 21 , and P accumulation rates ranged from 0.2 to 4.1 g·m 22 ·yr 21 among the eight floodplains. Patterns of intersite variation in mineral sediment and P accumulation rates were similar to each other, as was variation in organic sediment and C and N accumulation rates. The greatest sediment and C, N, and P accumulation rates were observed on Chickahominy River floodplains downstream from the growing metro- politan area of Richmond, Virginia. Nutrient accumulation rates were lowest on Pocomoke River floodplains that have been hydraulically disconnected from the main channel by channelization and levees. Sediment P concentrations and P accumulation rates were much greater on the hydraulically connected floodplain immediately downstream of the limit of channelization and dense chicken agriculture of the upper Pocomoke River watershed. These findings indicate that (1) watershed land use has a large effect on sediment and nutrient retention in floodplains, and (2) limiting the hydraulic connectivity between river channels
Multicentric bilateral renal cell carcinomas and a vascular leiomyoma in a child

We report a unique case of multicentric bilateral renal cell carcinomas and a simultaneous large renal vascular leiomyoma in an 11-year-old child with sickle cell anemia. The patient presented with several episodes of massive hematuria. Abdominal sonography and computed tomography demonstrated bilateral renal neoplasms and the patient was clinically thought to have bilateral Wilms' tumor. An initial biopsy of the lower pole of right kidney revealed a renal cell carcinoma. Accordingly, bilateral renal angiography followed by right total nephrectomy and left upper pole partial nephrectomy were performed. Pathologic studies showed multicentric, bilateral renal cell carcinomas (two in the right kidney and one in the left kidney), of clear, granular, and oncocytic cell types. A simultaneous large vascular leiomyoma was also present in the right kidney. The smooth muscle nature of the leiomyoma was determined by light microscopy, immunohistology, and electron microscopy. The diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing them from other renal tumors are discussed.
Pressure drop of single phase flow through raschig ring type tower packings: Effect of hole size

The effects of hole size of the cylindrical tower packing on pressure drop of single phase flow were investigated. It was shown that the hole size had a profound effect on the correlation of pressure drop data. This was attributed to the difference in the characteristics of the spaces inside and outside the packing units and to the interlocking of the packing units in the beds.
Crash and Wait? The Impact of the Great Recession on the Retirement Plans of Older Americans

This study uses data from pre- and post-crash surveys from the Cognitive Economics study to examine the impact of recent stock and labor market wealth losses on the planned retirement ages of older Americans. Regression estimates imply that the average wealth loss between July 2008 and May/June 2009 is associated with an increase in planned retirement age of approximately 2.5 months. Furthermore, pessimism about future stock market returns is found to amplify the impact of wealth losses on retirement timing.
Phenotypic Relationship of Yield and Type Scores from First Lactation with Herd Life and Profitability

Milk records from Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Jersey, and Milking Shorthorn cows that first calved between 18 and 35 mo were combined with scores for linear type traits collected before 43 mo during first lactation to study herd life and lifetime profitability. Profitability (discounted relative net income) was the value of milk, calves, and cow salvage minus fixed costs, operating costs, and cow depreciation costs. Cows were included if they appeared only in a single herd and if the herd remained on test for 72 mo after birth date of the cow. Phenotypic correlations were computed for milk and fat yields and for 14 type traits during first lactation with nine variables for lifetime performance from 3895 Ayrshire, 7997 Brown Swiss, 20,179 Guernsey, 71,731 Jersey, and 628 Milking Shorthorn cows. Multiple correlations for predicting discounted relative net income for the four breeds with the most data were 0.43 to 0.46 from milk and fat yields (linear and quadratic effects) during first lactation, 0.11 to 0.29 from final score, and 0.21 to 0.33 from all type traits. Type scores had considerably less predictive ability than yield during first lactation for predicting profitability and had limited predictability after yield was included. Final score increased multiple correlations only 0.00 to 0.02 above that for yield for the same four breeds. Final score plus 13 type traits (linear, quadratic, and interaction effects) increased multiple correlations only 0.02 to 0.04 above that for yield. Because of the limited value of some of the linear type traits, an effort should be initiated to eliminate them from programs of breed associations.
Structure and spectroscopic characterization of free base and metal complexes of 5,5-dimethyl-10,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)isocorrole

Copper and zinc complexes of 5,5-dimethyl-10,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)isocorrole are presented, including the first crystal structures of the free base and 5-isocorrole metal complexes.
"Archaeology at the University of Kansas: Williston, Eiseley, Spaulding, Smith, edited by Marlin F. Hawley. The Kansas Anthropologist; 13(1 and 2):1-72, 1992

Histories of archaeology on a national or continental scale can include only the briefest details of individual contributions. By contrast a history focused on a region or state, in this case Kansas, can provide substantial information on the careers and achievements of its people and this make a valuable contribution to archaeological history.
Ethanol feeding enhances age-related deterioration of the rat hepatic mitochondrion

Chronic ethanol feeding damages the hepatic mitochondrion by increasing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) oxidation, lowering mtDNA yields and impairing mitochondrial respiration. These effects are also seen during aging. By employing a 21-day chronic feeding regimen, we investigated the effects of ethanol consumption on mtDNA content and mitochondrial respiration in 2-, 12-, and 24-mo-old male rats. Aging resulted in decreased mtDNA content, increased mtDNA damage (as indicated by inhibition of Taq polymerase progression), and a decline in state 3 respiration; effects that were further exacerbated by ethanol feeding. Additionally, ethanol consumption caused an increase in the levels of citrate synthase while not impacting mitochondrial protein content. In conclusion, ethanol and aging combine to cause deterioration in the structural and functional integrity of the hepatic mitochondrion. The additive effects of aging and ethanol feeding may have serious consequences for hepatic energy metabolism in aged animals, and their detrimental combination may serve as one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of alcoholic liver disease.
Ligand-induced conformational changes in a thermophilic ribose-binding protein

Background Members of the periplasmic binding protein (PBP) superfamily are involved in transport and signaling processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Biological responses are typically mediated by ligand-induced conformational changes in which the binding event is coupled to a hinge-bending motion that brings together two domains in a closed form. In all PBP-mediated biological processes, downstream partners recognize the closed form of the protein. This motion has also been exploited in protein engineering experiments to construct biosensors that transduce ligand binding to a variety of physical signals. Understanding the mechanistic details of PBP conformational changes, both global (hinge bending, twisting, shear movements) and local (rotamer changes, backbone motion), therefore is not only important for understanding their biological function but also for protein engineering experiments.
Viral and cellular factors underlying neuropathogenesis in HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)

As the HIV-1 epidemic enters its fourth decade, HIV-1 associated neurological disorders (HAND) continue to be a major concern in the infected population, despite the widespread use of anti-retroviral therapy. Advancing age and increased life expectancy of the HIV-1 infected population have been shown to increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction. Over the past 10 years, there has been a significant progress in our understanding of the mechanisms and the risk factors involved in the development of HAND. Key events that lead up to neuronal damage in HIV-1 infected individuals can be categorized based on the interaction of HIV-1 with the various cell types, including but not limited to macrophages, brain endothelial cells, microglia, astrocytes and the neurons. This review attempts to decipher these interactions, beginning with HIV-1 infection of macrophages and ultimately resulting in the release of neurotoxic viral and host products. These include: interaction with endothelial cells, resulting in the impairment of the blood brain barrier; interaction with the astrocytes, leading to metabolic and neurotransmitter imbalance; interactions with resident immune cells in the brain, leading to release of toxic cytokines and chemokines. We also review the mechanisms underlying neuronal damage caused by the factors mentioned above. We have attempted to bring together recent findings in these areas to help appreciate the viral and host factors that bring about neurological dysfunction. In addition, we review host factors and viral genotypic differences that affect phenotypic pathological outcomes, as well as recent advances in treatment options to specifically address the neurotoxic mechanisms in play.
Familial and ecological correlates of self-esteem in African American children

African American children develop positive self-esteem and ethnic identity with the assistance of a supportive family environment and strong kinship network and with the formation of an appropriate peer group.
Decentralized Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Collaborative Sensing Missions

Cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) teams can serve as a mobile sensor networks to autonomously execute sensing tasks in uncertain and dynamic environments. We have implemented a UAV system that performs collaborative sensing missions under the supervision of a single user. Decentralized task allocation and autonomous mission execution are enabled by onboard computing and ad-hoc wireless communication and provide robustness to communication and resource losses in quickly evolving scenarios. The collaboration algorithm combines shared and local information to produce multi-step plans with the goal of minimizing the global cost of the mission. Missions are constructed in real time from tasks such as patrolling an area or searching for an intruder, and may include constraints such as a restricted airspace. Algorithms for decentralized planning, guaranteed search and avoiding a restricted airspace were demonstrated using a team of four UAVs. Experimental data shows that tasks were allocated to the appropriate UAVs and successfully executed.
Progress in Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Stroke

Importance Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1996 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Nearly 20 years later, it remains the only approved treatment, despite limitations in both efficacy and safety. With a growing capacity for stroke treatment worldwide, physicians need to understand where we have come from and what the future of stroke treatment might be. Objective To present a historical prospective as well as current trends in thrombolytic therapy, focusing on characteristics of drugs that have worked and clinical trials that are moving the field forward. Evidence Review Sources are published pivotal clinical trials; seminal articles on physiology, pharmacology, and neuroimanging; and listings from clinical trial registries. Findings The slow progress in thrombolysis for acute stroke has been multifactorial. A focus on extending the time window for alteplase beyond 4.5 hours has encumbered substantial resources in the field for many years, yet these efforts have been largely unsuccessful. New drug development has also been slow. Several drugs have failed in clinical trials and currently only tenecteplase remains to be tested as a potential alternative to alteplase. The parallel pursuit for catheter-based interventional revascularization in acute stroke, which appears to be successful, has shifted emphasis away from pharmacologically based studies. Conclusions and Relevance Although the field of acute thrombolysis has been making progress slowly for many years, advances in neuroimaging and new clinical trials that combine thrombolytics with other pharmacological and interventional techniques are beginning to gain momentum once again. The emergence of new approaches based largely on combination therapy strategies has reset a course to advance thrombolytic treatment for acute stroke and promises to improve outcomes in acute stroke in the near future.
Perceptions of Time Matter: The Importance of Geoscience Outreach

Most people, at some time in their life, are faced with making decisions that would be better informed with basic knowledge of the interactions between the Earth’s systems. This basic knowledge is critical for all people who must understand topics as diverse as the interactions between humans, their large animal symbionts, large-scale agriculture, and the Earth, including climate evolution; the availability of fresh water; issues of land use and development; preparing for natural disasters; and the supply of natural resources to support our current technological standard. Every student and adult, from grade school through university and beyond, should have a basic understanding of the ultimate complex system, the Earth. In addition, there are many opportunities to raise the awareness of the general public to the importance of geological processes at all time and length scales—from catastrophes to waste disposal to natural resource management to evolution. Increasing Earth Science literacy should be a major goal and crucial for the stewardship of the planet. All scientists should be responsible for reaching out, explaining what they do and why they think it is important in an accessible manner.
The microRNA-30 family is required for vertebrate hepatobiliary development.

Background & Aims: The function of microRNA (miRNA) in liver development is unknown. To address this issue, we characterized miRNA expression in the embryonic mouse liver, performed functional miRNA analysis in zebrafish larvae, and identified novel hepatic miRNA targets. Methods: Hepatic RNA isolated from mice at embryonic days 15.5, 18.5, and postnatal day 2 was hybridized to a mouse miRNA microarray. The microarray results were confirmed by Northern blot hybridization and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The spatial distribution of selected miRNAs was determined by in situ hybridization. Functional analysis of miR-30a was performed in zebrafish using antisense-mediated miRNA knockdown. Targets of miR-30a were identified by microarray analysis of gene expression following knockdown in cultured cells. Results: A set of 38 differentially expressed fetal hepatic miRNAs was identified. Several of these miRNAs were found to exhibit distinct temporal and spatial patterns of expression in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and nonepithelial cells within the liver. Two (miR-30a and miR-30c) are the first examples of ductal plate and bile duct-specific hepatic miRNAs. Knockdown of miR-30a in the zebrafish larva results in defective biliary morphogenesis. Several newly identified targets of miR-30a are known regulators of liver development and function. Conclusions: We have identified miRNAs whose spatial and temporal patterns of expression are suggestive of functional roles in hepatic development and/or function. One of these, the biliary miRNA miR-30a, is required for biliary development in zebrafish. This is the first demonstration of a functional role for miRNA in hepatic organogenesis.
A transferred-substrate HBT wide-band differential amplifier to 50 GHz

Differential amplifiers are used in automatic gain control amplifiers and limiting amplifiers in fiber-optic receivers. Here we present a differential amplifier fabricated in the transferred-substrate heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) integrated circuit technology. The amplifier has a gain of 11 dB and the 3-dB bandwidth is greater than 50 GHz. Two gain stages with DC interstage coupling are used. Biasing is through active current mirrors and a single negative power supply. A bandwidth of 50 GHz is the highest bandwidth ever reported for a broad-band differential amplifier in any technology.
Examining Alternative Measures of Social Disadvantage Among Asian Americans: The Relevance of Economic Opportunity, Subjective Social Status, and Financial Strain for Health

Socioeconomic position is often operationalized as education, occupation, and income. However, these measures may not fully capture the process of socioeconomic disadvantage that may be related to morbidity. Economic opportunity, subjective social status, and financial strain may also place individuals at risk for poor health outcomes. Data come from the Asian subsample of the 2003 National Latino and Asian American Study (n = 2095). Regression models were used to examine the associations between economic opportunity, subjective social status, and financial strain and the outcomes of self-rated health, body mass index, and smoking status. Education, occupation, and income were also investigated as correlates of these outcomes. Low correlations were observed between all measures of socioeconomic status. Economic opportunity was robustly negatively associated with poor self-rated health, higher body mass index, and smoking, followed by financial strain, then subjective social status. Findings show that markers of socioeconomic position beyond education, occupation, and income are related to morbidity among Asian Americans. This suggests that potential contributions of social disadvantage to poor health may be understated if only conventional measures are considered among immigrant and minority populations.
In-vivo binding of lithium using the cation exchange resin sodium polystyrene sulfonate

The purpose of this study was to determine if the exchange resin sodium polystyrene sulfonate increases the clearance of lithium in a healthy volunteer. A single healthy volunteer received 900 mg lithium for each of three study phases. A sodium polystyrene sulfonate dose of either 0, 20, or 40 grams was administered one half hour after each lithium dose to assess the effect on lithium clearance. Multiple blood samples were obtained for serum lithium concentrations over a 36- to 48-hour time period. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were calculated and compared. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate was found to increase the clearance of lithium in a single volunteer. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate may be useful in the treatment of lithium intoxication by increasing the clearance of lithium.
Analysis of the Major Metabolite of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Urine III. A GC/ECD Procedure

A gas chromatographic/electron capture detection procedure was developed for the analysis of 11-nor-Ag-tetrahydrocanna o binol-9-carboxylic acid in urine. Hydrolyzed urine samples (1 mL or less) were extracted by a simple acid-base partitioning step. The extracted metabolite was derivstized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in s biphasic system using benzyl tributylemmonium hydroxide as a phase transfer catalyst. 11-Nor-cannabinol-9-carboxylic acid was used as internal standard. A linear relationship was observed between the peak height ratio of the metabolite/internal standard and the concentration of the metabolite (r = 0.9996), and between the peak height and concentration of the metabolite (r = 0.9995). Concentration of 5 ng/mL of metabolite in urine resulted in a peak-to-noise ratio of 4:1; however, concentrations down to 1 to 2 ng/mL could be determined. The procedure has many advantages over currently available methods, of which sensitivity and speed are the most important.
Effect of prey species on plant feeding behavior by the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Say) (Heteroptera: Geocoridae), on cotton.

The effect of prey species on plant feeding behavior by Geocoris punctipes (Say) females was determined by observing prey and plant feeding behavior on cotton plants for three prey treatments: 1) corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), eggs, 2) H. zea first instars, and 3) cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, adults. Feeding behavior of individual G. punctipes females was observed in the laboratory using caged cotton terminals with prey on the leaves. A. gossypii adults were less acceptable to G. punctipes females as prey than H. zea eggs and first instars. Female G. punctipes fed much less on cotton plants than prey when more acceptable prey, H. zea eggs and first instars, were available but exhibited no feeding preference for the cotton plant versus prey when less acceptable prey, A. gossypii adults, were available. Nevertheless, because G. punctipes females fed on cotton plants regardless of acceptability of prey even in the presence of abundant prey, we conclude that plant feeding is an integral part of the feeding behavior of G. punctipes in cotton. Conservation of G. punctipes by reducing applications of insecticides that are toxic to these predators when they feed on insecticide-treated foliage or by providing nutritionally good plant resources could increase their effectiveness as natural enemies of H. zea and other pests in cotton.