cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Product–Delay algorithm for graphic design

Abstract A Product–Delay algorithm is presented for creating graphic designs on a computer. In this algorithm two functions u ( t ) and v ( t ) are multiplied yielding a function x ( t ). Another function y ( t ) is formed by delaying or advancing x ( t ) by a fixed amount of time t . These functions are evaluated over a suitable time interval and the results are plotted in the x–y plane. For appropriate choices of the functions and parameters, the x–y displays exhibit interesting geometric patterns. In this paper the algorithm is illustrated with a pair of sine and square waves. It is shown that a wide variety of graphic designs can be created with these simple waveforms. By virtue of its simplicity this algorithm can be programmed easily and quickly using general purpose software such as Maple, Matlab or Mathematica. It can be executed on standard platforms such as IBM PC compatibles, Macintosh computers or workstations. Some results in polar coordinates are also given.
Understanding ice supersaturation, particle growth, and number concentration in cirrus clouds

Many factors control the ice supersaturation and microphysical properties in cirrus clouds. We explore the effects of dynamic forcing, ice nucleation mechanisms, and ice crystal growth rate on the evolution and distribution of water vapor and cloud properties in nighttime cirrus clouds using a one-dimensional cloud model with bin microphysics and remote sensing measurements obtained at the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility located near Lamont, OK. We forced the model using both large-scale vertical ascent and, for the first time, mean mesoscale velocity derived from radar Doppler velocity measurements. Both heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation processes are explored, where a classical theory heterogeneous scheme is compared with empirical representations. We evaluated model simulations by examining both bulk cloud properties and distributions of measured radar reflectivity, lidar extinction, and water vapor profiles, as well as retrieved cloud microphysical properties. Our results suggest that mesoscale variability is the primary mechanism needed to reproduce observed quantities. Model sensitivity to the ice growth rate is also investigated. The most realistic simulations as compared with observations are forced using mesoscale waves, include fast ice crystal growth, and initiate ice by either homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations (tens to hundreds particles per liter) are typically two orders of magnitude smaller than previously published results based on aircraft measurements in cirrus clouds, although higher concentrations are possible in isolated pockets within the nucleation zone.
Primary Pigmented Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Uterine Cervix

A primary pigmented neuroectodermal tumor of the uterine cervix is described. The patient was 57 years old when she presented with vaginal bleeding. She underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and pelvic lymph adenectomy, followed by chemotherapy. Histologically, the tumor was characterized by the concomitant presence of two neural crest derivatives, neuroblasts and melano cytes. The latter cells were arranged in a tubulopapillary fashion and contained abun dant melanin. Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic exami nation confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was alive without evidence of disease 5 years later. An origin of this tumor from abnormally migrated neural crest cells is suggested. Int J Surg Pathol 2(1):31-36, 1994
An unusual cause of chronic painless hematochezia.

Question: A 74-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of persistent hemorrhoids presented with painless intermittent hematochezia per rectum of 6 months’ duration. A thorough physical and digital rectal examination were unremarkable. Laboratory analysis on admission included hemoglobin of 9.9 g/dL and hematocrit of 30.3%. Previous colonoscopy 5 years before admission showed a tubular adenoma. She became symptomatically anemic and underwent a colonoscopy, showing a large rectal fungating mass extending between 10 and 15 cm in length, occupying >50% of the colon circumference (colonoscopy; Figure A, B). Biopsy and subsequent immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of the rectal mass was completed (IHC analysis; Figure C). What is the most likely diagnosis? See the Gastroenterology web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.
The thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate in fused salt solution and in the presence of added salts

The thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate in a fused equimolar mixture of sodium and potassium nitrates has been studied. It is shown that the reaction is first order with respect to ammonium ions. the rate of decomposition is increased by cations of a highly polarising nature, whereas anions, such as sulphates, phosphates and fluorides, which act as bases in the system, decrease the rate of decomposition. the observations are in accord with an ionic mechanism for the decomposition of ammonium nitrate, involving the reaction of ammonia with the nitronium ion.
Distribution of the transit tax burden in five U.S. metropolitan areas

As transit subsidies increased twelve-fold in the United States between 1970 and 1980, metropolitan areas responded in very different ways to the challenge of financing burgeoning transit costs. The variety of approaches to transit finance has led to variation in the income-redistributive impacts of taxation. This paper reports on the results of disaggregate analysis of transit tax incidence in Chicago, Portland, northern New Jersey, San Antonio, and Phoenix. In cases where alternative tax shifting assumptions can be made, a range of tax burden distributions is calculated. Causes of the variation in redistributive impact are discussed. The analysis concludes by comparing the regressivity of financing transit through higher fares with the regressivity of taxes needed to support subsidies.
1701 DEVELOPMENT OF AN OLFACTORY TEST FOR CHILDREN

To determine if olfaction could be reliably measured in young children, we tested 114 normal children, ages 4-10 years. We used 41 microfragrance (“scratch ‘n’ sniff”) cards, and photographs to depict the test substances. The cards were randomized into 41 blocks of five. Each subject was scored on 5 trials of one block of five odorants, and identified each odorant by selecting one of the photographs. Children ages 4-5 identified 10, children ages 5-6 identified 13, and children ages 8-10 identified 22 of the odorants correctly more than 70% of the time. We then selected 5 of the more frequently recognized odorants and tested 175 additional children. The odorants were candy cane, fish, baby powder, bubble gum, and orange. We also administered the Peabody Picture Vocabulatory Test-Revised to determine the relationship, if any, between olfactory scores and general intellectual ability. Children between the ages of 3 6/12 and 4 years had only 68% correct. By age 5, the percent correct had reached a plateau of 93%. An adult with Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia) had only 24% correct. There was no relationship between the Peabody Test scores and percent correct on the olfactory test. In conclusion, we have developed an olfactory test for evaluating young children. The improvement in olfactory scores with age may be due to maturation of the olfactory process rather than intellectual development.
C. elegans Twist gene expression in differentiated cell types is controlled by autoregulation through intron elements

The temporospatial regulation of genes encoding transcription factors is important during development. The hlh-8 gene encodes the C. elegans mesodermal transcription factor CeTwist. Elements in the hlh-8 promoter restrict gene expression to predominantly undifferentiated cells of the M lineage. We have discovered that hlh-8 expression in differentiated mesodermal cells is controlled by two well-conserved E box elements in the large first intron. Additionally, we found that these elements are bound in vitro by CeTwist and its transcription factor partner, CeE/DA. The E box driven expression is eliminated or diminished in an hlh-8 null allele or in hlh-2 (CeE/DA) RNAi, respectively. Expression of hlh-8 is also diminished in animals harboring an hlh-8 intron deletion allele. Altogether, our results support a model in which hlh-8 is initially expressed in the undifferentiated M lineage cells via promoter elements and then the CeTwist activates its own expression further (autoregulation) in differentiated cells derived from the M lineage via the intron elements. This model provides a mechanism for how a transcription factor may regulate distinct target genes in cells both before and after initiating the differentiation program. The findings could also be relevant to understanding human Twist gene regulation, which is currently not well understood.
Degradation of Nitralin by Rhizoctonia solani

Summary: Resume: Zusammenfassung Degradation studies of nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2.6-dinitro-N.N-dipropylaniline] were performed with pure cultures of Rhizactoma solani Kuhn. Czapek Dos Broth was selected as the growth medium and contained no components which interfered with extraction and subsequent TLC analysis. Ten to I I degradation products were detected after 14 to 21 days incubation at 33°C, The nonpolar fraction (ethyl acetate exlraclahkl contained at least nine compounds visible on TLC plales. Only one product other than the parent nitralin was identified the monoalkylated derivate. 4-(meihylsulfonyl)-2.6-dinitro-N-pro-pylanilinc. After 21 days approximately 10% of the original nitralin could be detected. The aqueous phase (after ethyl ace-late extraction) was concentrated, placed on a Sephadex G10 column and separated into at leasi two products. No 14CO2 evolution was detected from 14C-ring labeled nitralin. Degradation de la nilralinepar Rhizoclonia solani Dcs etudes de degradation de la nitraline [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropilanihne) ont ete effectuees avec des cultures pures de Rhizurtvnia solani Kuhn. Le milieu de culture de Czapek. Dox, Broth, a ete choisi; il ne contenait pas de composes qui auraient pu interferer a vet I'extraction el avec l'analyse chromalographique en couchc mince ulteneure. Dtx a 11 produits de degradation ont ete deceles apres 14 a 21 jours d'incubation a 33 C, La fraction non polaire (extructible par l'acetate d'ethyle) contenait iu minimum 9 composes visibles sur les chromatogrammes Un produit seulement. autre que la nitralinc apparentee. a ete identific. le derive monoalkyle. 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2.6-dinilro-N-propylflniline, Apres 2l jours. 10% environ de la nitralinc origmale avait pu etre decelee. La phase aqueuse (apres extraction a l'acetate d'ethyle) a ete con-centree. placee sur une colonne de Scphadex G10 el separee en deux produits au moins. II n'a pas ete decele d'eevolution du 14CO2 provenant du cycle marque au 14C de la nitraline. Abhau van Nitrulirt durch Rhizoctonia solani Es wurden Abbaustudien mit Nitralin unter Verwendung von Rcinkulturen von Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn durchgefuhrt. Also Wuchsmedmm wurde Czapek Dox Broth verwendet. das keine Substanzen enthielt. die die Extraktion und die daraffogende dunnschichtchromatographische Analyse storten. Nach einer Inkuhationszeit von 14 bis 21 Tagen nei einer Temperatur von 13°C. fturden 10 bis 11 Abbauprodukte nachgewiesen. Die nicht-polare Fraktion (extrahierbar mil Athylacetal) enthielt mindestens 9 auf Dunnschichtplatten sichtbare Verbindungen Eine Substanz wurde identifiziert—das monoalkylierte Derivat 4-(Methylsulfonyl)-2.6-dinitro-N-propylanilin Nach 21 Tagen konnten noch ungefahr 10% des ursprunglichen Nitralins nach. gewiesen werden. Die wassrige Phase (nach Extraktion mit Athylacetat) wurde eingeengt und auf einer Sephadex G 10 Saule in mindestens 2 Verbindungen aufgetrennt. Aus l4C-ring-markiertem Nitralin konnte keine 14CO2 -Freisetzung nachge-wiesen werden.
Impact of hormone therapy on quality of life after menopause.

Objective Given the complexity of the literature on quality of life (QOL) and hormone therapy (HT) among women in the menopausal transition and postmenopause, the purposes of this integrative review were to (1) define QOL as a multidimensional construct; (2) review validated instruments for measurement of QOL; (3) review results of HT and QOL clinical trials that have used validated instruments; and (4) assess the effectiveness of HT on QOL, including health-related QOL (HRQOL), menopause-specific QOL (MSQOL), and global QOL (GQOL). Methods The literature on HT and QOL was searched for definitions of QOL and validated instruments for measuring QOL, and the results were summarized. The purposes of this integrative review were to evaluate the effects of HT on HRQOL, differentiating the effects of HT on GQOL, HRQOL, and MSQOL. As a basis for this review, we searched for published controlled clinical trials in which the effects of HT on QOL were studied using validated QOL instruments, in particular menopause-specific validated instruments. Results Clear definitions are elucidated. Validated instruments for the measurements of HRQOL, GQOL, and MSQOL are summarized, and the necessity of their incorporation into future research and clinical practice is emphasized. The published effects on QOL of estrogens and progestogens administered to symptomatic and nonsymptomatic women in the menopausal transition and beyond are reviewed. Conclusions The impact of various health state-related symptoms on HRQOL and GQOL is now an integral component of contemporary health care. Effects of HT include GQOL and HRQOL and should be menopause-specific. There is clearly a need for further studies on menopause and menopause-related therapies using appropriate and validated instruments. Literature review shows that HT provides a significant benefit for MSQOL in midlife women, mainly through relief of symptoms, but treatment also may result in a global increase in sense of well-being (GQOL). HRQOL benefits are contingent on symptom status, as are MSQOL outcomes. Women who are severely symptomatic experience a significant improvement in HRQOL and MSQOL, although this improvement is not significant among women without severe symptoms at baseline measures in clinical trials.
The dynamics of quality costs in continuous improvement

Purpose – The ideals of total quality view contradicts with the traditional prevention‐appraisal‐failure (PAF) model. The PAF model, based on the “higher quality‐higher cost” notion, fails to explain the “higher quality‐lower cost” premise of total quality. The purpose of this study is to examine the behaviour of quality costs and investigate the two contradicting views.Design/methodology/approach – Based on the literature, a generic descriptive model is developed to examine the dynamics of quality costs and quality level over time. Through illustrative examples, the behaviour of quality costs is demonstrated and relevant implications are highlighted.Findings – The proposed model supports continuous improvement regardless of the effectiveness of the firm's quality improvement programs. When the quality improvement program is highly effective, the “higher quality‐lower cost” phenomenon is observed; whereas, in a less effective quality improvement program, the authors observe the “higher quality‐higher cost...
Rational emotive education and relaxation training in large group treatment of test anxiety.

Underachieving college students often report discomfort during examinations. The object of the study was to provide treatment to students enrolled in a course designed to improve study skills and habits. Since students are often unwilling to undergo comprel~ensive treatment, a short-term presentation in a classroom was given to subjects randomly selected from three sections (N = 150) of a course on improving study. Two sections received rational emotive education (n = 42) or relaxation training (n = 45). while the third section served as controls (n = 36). Each group was administered the Alexander-Husak Anxiety Differential (1) as pre- and post-treatment measures. The Anxiety Differential has a tesr-reresr reliability of .88 (2) and differentiates significantly between anxious and control groups (4). Low scores indicate greater anxiety about examinations. Each of the groups received 3 1-hr. treatments. The rational emotive treatment involved an introduction to the A (activating event), B (beliefs), and C (consequences) paradigm of rational emotive therapy (3). Subjects were then taught to use the model in identifying and replacing beliefs that lead to test anxiety: Irrational beliefs which typically cause text anxiety include: fear of failure, self-downing, perfectionism, need for approval, blocking and low frustration tolerance, and anxiety about test anxiery (5). Techniques such as disputation, thought stopping, and rational emotive imagery were demonscrated and practiced. The relaxation training began with an introduction to the behavioral view of test anxiety, deep muscle relaxation, and systematic desensitization via imagery of stressful situations. Since intact groups were used, the pretest score on the Anxiety Differential served as the covariate. The pre- and adjusted post-test means and standard deviations were M = 87.45 (SD = 6.60) and 88.621(SD = 6.31) for the rational emotive education, M = 89.62 (SD = 7.74), 87.96 (SD = 7.08) for relaxation training, and 87.31 (SD = 7.08), 85.99 (SD = 6.31) for controls. The analysis of covariance indicated differences (F2.19 = 2.83, p < '06). Post hoc comparisons supported differences between the means for rational emotive education and controls (p < .06). When treatment of test anxiety is short term or held in large groups a rational emotive approach may be more useful than relaxation training. Effects of length of treatment and size of group need to be
The Question of the Transcendental Ego: Sartre's Critique of Husserl

What is most distinctive, one might say new, in Sartre’s view of man is his conception of a consciousness that is not me, that is transphenomenal, pre-personal, pre-reflexive, his own conception of transcendental consciousness. This is the non-substantial absolute. It is “mine” but it does not contain a “me.” It is absolute because it is its own foundation, its own justification; it does not come from something else; it comes from itself and exists for itself because consciousness can only come from consciousness. It is a primitive given, not a being except in the sense of “the being of nothingness,” the source of “nihilating” acts which discover the “negativities” of denial, negation, absence, otherness, abstraction, determination, the possible, the potential, the subjunctive, the “not” in being. Consciousness is not a “mode of being” and can never be reduced to being; nor can being ever be reduced to consciousness. It is necessarily non-substantial; its only content comes from its objects; its only unity comes from its objects; it is a pure intentionality, a directedness towards a world of being which it is not.
Grantland Rice and His Heroes: The Sportswriter as Mythmaker in the 1920s

With no way for fans to verify their facts, the sportswriters of the 1920s enjoyed a near monopoly on sports news. Journalist Mark Inabinett explores the incomparable Grantland Rice's role in creating the legends that surrounded six sports stars--Jack Dempsey, Babe Ruth, Bobby Jones, Bill Tilden, Red Grange, and Knute Rockne. Photographs.
Combinatorial auction-based protocols for resource allocation in grids

In this paper, we introduce the combinatorial auction model for resource management in grids. We propose a combinatorial auction-based resource allocation protocol in which a user bids a price value for each of the possible combinations of resources required for its tasks execution. The protocol involves an approximation algorithm for solving the combinatorial auction problem. We implement the new protocol in a simulated environment and study its economic efficiency and its effect on the system performance.
Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) can occur when a mother is immunized against fetal platelet antigens inherited from the father. Early diagnosis and appropriate platelet transfusion therapy are essential to prevent life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage in the thrombocytopenic fetus or neonate. Five major human platelet antigen (HPA) systems are capable of causing this disorder with HPA-1a indicated most frequently. This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and management of NAIT. We also present our experience with treatment of neonates affected with this disorder.
Surface denoising using a tight frame

In this paper, we propose a new method to denoise a surface. This method is motivated by the Laplacian flow and the theory of tight frames. Mesh denoising is achieved by building local Wiener filtering into the detail representation of the surface. We have performed a number of experiments to assess the accuracy, advantages and limitations of our approach with very encouraging results
Detection of Chlamydiosis in a Shipment of Pet Birds, Leading to Recognition of an Outbreak of Clinically Mild Psittacosis in Humans

Avian chlamydiosis was detected in a shipment of > 700 pet birds from a Florida bird distributor that were sold to nine Atlanta-area pet stores in August 1995. Respiratory illness among persons who had recently acquired birds from this shipment was reported to local public health officials. The attack rate of acute respiratory illness was 10.7% among persons in households exposed to birds from the implicated flock vs. 1.8% among control households (odds ratio, 6.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.39-31.2). Illness and serological evidence of infection in the absence of symptoms were more common among persons in households with recently purchased birds that were sick or that had died and among persons who had had direct contact with the birds. Clinical psittacosis or serological evidence of Chlamydia psittaci infection was found in 30.7% of households with birds from the infected flock. Mild illnesses and asymptomatic infections in exposed persons were unusual features of this outbreak.
Writing on the walls: geological context and early American spiritual beliefs

Native American culture in many parts of California is preserved in fragmentary oral and conventional written histories, but also in sometimes dramatic petroglyphs and pictographs throughout the state. The symbolism of these images has been interpreted to reflect the natural environment, in particular issues related to rain. Although there is little doubt that rain was of paramount concern to native tribes, I suggest that geological context also played an important role in shaping early spiritual beliefs in general, and petroglyph sites in particular. From the standpoint of Native American philosophies and spiritual beliefs, geological unrest is not merely a reflection but in some cases an actual embodiment of the spiritual world. To understand the significance of petroglyph sites, they must be considered in the context of overall Native American beliefs. In this context, sites of repeated geological unrest would invariably have evolved great spiritual significance. Petroglyph locations and ages may thus provide independent age controls on ‘prehistoric’ earthquakes in California. Petroglyphs: history and conventional
Predation and the Maintenance of Color Polymorphism in a Habitat Specialist Squamate

Multiple studies have addressed the mechanisms maintaining polymorphism within a population. However, several examples exist where species inhabiting diverse habitats exhibit local population-specific polymorphism. Numerous explanations have been proposed for the maintenance of geographic variation in color patterns. For example, spatial variation in patterns of selection or limited gene flow can cause entire populations to become fixed for a single morph, resulting in separate populations of the same species exhibiting separate and distinct color morphs. The mottled rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus lepidus) is a montane species that exhibits among-population color polymorphism that correlates with substrate color. Habitat substrate in the eastern part of its range is composed primarily of light colored limestone and snakes have light dorsal coloration, whereas in the western region the substrate is primarily dark and snakes exhibit dark dorsal coloration. We hypothesized that predation on high contrast color and blotched patterns maintain these distinct color morphs. To test this we performed a predation experiment in the wild by deploying model snakes at 12 sites evenly distributed within each of the two regions where the different morphs are found. We employed a 2×2 factorial design that included two color and two blotched treatments. Our results showed that models contrasting with substrate coloration suffered significantly more avian attacks relative to models mimicking substrates. Predation attempts on blotched models were similar in each substrate type. These results support the hypothesis that color pattern is maintained by selective predation.
Operation Bootstrap, Industrial Autonomy, and a Parallel Economy for Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap began to stagnate around 1970, leaving high unemployment. Structural weakness of the economy will continue to inhibit growth, and the historical strategy appears u...
Microstructural and Chemical Components of Ceramic-Metal Interfacial Fracture Energies

Failure of ceramic-metal interfaces induced by residual or applied stress is often brittle in nature although plastic strain in one or more bonding layers may add to the fracture energy for decohesion. Thus, the fracture toughness depends on chemical bonding across the interface, the plasticity and flow stress of the metal as well as other factors, arising from local internal stresses and the microstructure of the ceramic-metal couple, that cause crack tip branching, deflection, bridging, blunting or shielding. Electron microscopy and DCB testing of metal-glass systems provide insights into the relative importance of factors that determine the decohesion resistance.
Novel delivery system for T-oligo using a nanocomplex formed with an alpha helical peptide for melanoma therapy

Oligonucleotides homologous to 3'-telomere overhang (T-oligos) trigger inherent telomere-based DNA damage responses mediated by p53 and/or ATM and induce senescence or apoptosis in various cancerous cells. However, T-oligo has limited stability in vivo due to serum and intracellular nucleases. To develop T-oligo as an innovative, effective therapeutic drug and to understand its mechanism of action, we investigated the antitumor effects of T-oligo or T-oligo complexed with a novel cationic alpha helical peptide, PVBLG-8 (PVBLG), in a p53 null melanoma cell line both in vitro and in vivo. The uptake of T-oligo by MM-AN cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis indicated that the T-oligo-PVBLG nanocomplex increased uptake by 15-fold. In vitro results showed a 3-fold increase in MM-AN cell growth inhibition by the T-oligo-PVBLG nanocomplex compared with T-oligo alone. Treatment of preformed tumors in immunodeficient mice with the T-oligo-PVBLG nanocomplex resulted in a 3-fold reduction in tumor volume compared with T-oligo alone. This reduction in tumor volume was associated with decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression and induction of thrombospondin-1 expression and apoptosis. Moreover, T-oligo treatment downregulated procaspase-3 and procaspase-7 and increased catalytic activity of caspase-3 by 4-fold in MM-AN cells. Furthermore, T-oligo induced a 10-fold increase of senescence and upregulated the melanoma tumor-associated antigens MART-1, tyrosinase, and thrombospondin-1 in MM-AN cells, which are currently being targeted for melanoma immunotherapy. Interestingly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of p73 (4-10-fold) abolished this upregulation of tumor-associated antigens. In summary, we suggest a key role of p73 in mediating the anticancer effects of T-oligo and introduce a novel nanoparticle, the T-oligo-PVBLG nanocomplex, as an effective anticancer therapeutic.
Ultraviolet inactivation of DNA primer activity: I. Effects of different wavelengths and doses

Abstract The ability of denatured DNA to act as a primer for enzymic DNA synthesis is lowered drastically by ultraviolet irradiation of DNA in either native or denatured form. Radiation of 280 mμ is more effective than 239 mμ and the effects of 280 mμ irradiation are partially reversed by 239 mμ. These results suggest that the lesions produced in DNA by ultraviolet light are dimers between adjacent thymines. Priming activity does not fall to zero upon ultraviolet irradiation but, for high AT DNA's, levels off at about 10 % of its initial activity. The product produced from these irradiated primers has a higher G/A ratio than that made from unirradiated primer. These results are interpreted on a model that takes into account the nature of the priming reaction and suggest a possible mechanism for the mutagenic action of ultraviolet light.
Evaluation of Routine Serial Fluoroscopic Examinations of the Heart in the Postero-anterior and Oblique Views at Specific Degrees of Rotation With Special Reference to the Angle of Clearance of the Left Ventricle

An evaluation of 2973 serial fluoroscopic examinations at specific degrees of rotation for 500 subjects 2 to 21 years of age, made by 35 different observers with an average of five examiners per patient, is presented. In the postero-anterior view, 1 per cent showed convexity of the pulmonary segment. In the right anterior oblique position 1 per cent showed retrodisplacement of the esophagus. The angle of clearance of the left ventricle in the left anterior oblique position was less than 55 degrees in 99 per cent of the fluoroscopic examinations. In addition, 1393 routine serial fluoroscopic examinations of 100 patients with inactive rheumatic heart disease, 4 to 48 years of age, were analyzed. There was a total of 49 observers, an average of 8 per patient. The angle of clearance of the left ventricle ranged between 55 and 70 degrees. There was left auricular enlargement in 98 patients. It is concluded that fluoroscopic examination at specific degrees of rotation is a reliable procedure for detecting cardiac chamber abnormality, and should be included as part of the routine examination.
Atmosphere Propagation and Communication Channel Model for Laser Wavelengths

The advent of the laser has generated much interest in its use for communication. Consideration is given in this paper to obtaining a communication channel model of the atmosphere for laser frequencies. For this purpose a fairly exhaustive, tutorial, and partly critical review of a major part of the extensive literature pertaining to theoretical and experimental results on the propagation of laser signals in the atmosphere is given. Some of the basic characteristics of the channel for Which detailed results are given are 1) channel time spread (or, equivalently, channel coherence bandwidth) due to multipathing and dispersion, 2) channel gain, 3) channel doppler spread and coherence time, 4) channel spatial coherence and amplitude covariance functions. Consideration is given to both point receivers and area receivers, heterodyne and direct detection receivers, nonplanar (i.e., spherical and beam) wave propagation, and infinite plane-wave propagation. The results are given for clear weather conditions. Brief attention is given to additive noise. In reviewing the extensive literature dealing with the propagation of optical signals through a turbulent medium, an attempt is made to put this varied, diverse, and in some instances controversial material into proper perspective; to note where theoretical results derived for one set of conditions were applied to experimental results obtained for another set of conditions; to correct some invalid conclusions drawn from some theoretical results as far as signal degradation effects and parameter variations; and to indicate where out-of-date vertical profile models were used with updated models being given, and where possible the new theoretical predictions based on these models provided. The paper should, as a result, be of help to those familiar with the literature as Well as those who are not. For those not acquainted with the literature, in addition to providing a fairly in-depth knowledge of the characteristics of propagation through a turbulent medium and an indication of the status of our understanding of this subject, the paper should provide a stepping stone for obtaining a more thorough understanding of the subject and for doing work in the field.
Bringing the human actors back on stage: the personal context of the Einstein-Bohr debate

In concluding his ‘Autobiographical notes’, Albert Einstein explained that the purpose of his exposition was to ‘show the reader how the efforts of a life hang together and why they have led to expectations of a definite form’. Einstein's remarks tell of a coherence between personal ‘strivings and searchings’ and scientific activity, which has all but vanished in the midst of the current trend of social constructivism in history of science. As Nancy Nersessian recently pointed out, in the process of illuminating complex relationships between scientific activity and its social context, ‘socio-historical analysis has “black-boxed” the individual scientist’. Has the pendulum swung too far? In reaction to the preceding great-man hagiographie approach to the history of science, the social constructivists have largely ‘thrown the baby out with the bathwater’; consideration of individual scientists' personal approaches to science was unnecessarily expunged with the removal of ‘genius’ as an explanatory tool.
A study of the effects of diluents on near-limit H2-air flames in microgravity at normal and reduced pressures

Abstract A combination of microgravity experiments and computational simulations were used to study effects of diluents on the near-limit properties of laminar, premixed hydrogen/air flames. The experiments were conducted in a short-drop free-fall laboratory facility that provided at least 450 ms of 10 −2 g conditions. Outwardly propagating spherical flames were used to measure near-limit laminar burning velocities at various fuel-equivalence ratios and pressures with reactants containing varying concentrations of He, Ar, N 2 , and CO 2 as fire suppressants. Burning velocities were also computed using the steady, one-dimensional laminar premixed flame code PREMIX with detailed chemical kinetics, transport properties, and radiative heat loss based on an optically thin assumption. Measured and computed results both showed the suppressant effectiveness to increase in the order He, Ar, N 2 , and CO 2 . This is attributed to both the increasing specific heats and the decreasing transport rates of the gases. The suppressants can also decrease the Markstein number, especially for CO 2 , causing the flames to become more susceptible to preferential-diffusion instability. The resulting increase in flame surface wrinkling increases the burning velocity, thus counteracting the desired effect of the flame suppressant. The agreement between measured and computed laminar burning velocities was better than it was near the limit. Sensitivity analyses suggest that inaccuracies in three-body termination rates for H + O 2 + M = HO 2 + M reactions and in mass diffusion coefficients for H 2 diffusion are the most likely explanation for the near-limit differences.
Genetic Structure across Broad Spatial and Temporal Scales: Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs (Ascaphus montanus; Anura: Ascaphidae) in the Inland Temperate Rainforest

Contemporary and historical processes interact to structure genetic variation, however discerning between these can be difficult. Here, we analyze range-wide variation at 13 microsatellite loci in 2098 Rocky Mountain tailed frogs, Ascaphus montanus, collected from 117 streams across the species distribution in the Inland Northwest (INW) and interpret that variation in light of historical phylogeography, contemporary landscape genetics, and the reconstructed paleodistribution of the species. Further, we project species distribution models (SDMs) to predict future changes in the range as a function of changing climate. Genetic structure has a strong spatial signature that is precisely congruent with a deep (~1.8 MY) phylogeographic split in mtDNA when we partition populations into 2 clusters (K = 2), and is congruent with refugia areas inferred from our paleorange reconstructions. There is a hierarchical pattern of geographic structure as we permit additional clusters, with populations clustering following mountain ranges. Nevertheless, genetic diversity is the highest in populations at the center of the range and is attenuated in populations closer to the range edges. Similarly, geographic distance is the single best predictor of pairwise genetic differentiation, but connectivity also is an important predictor. At intermediate and local geographic scales, deviations from isolation-by-distance are more apparent, at least in the northern portion of the distribution. These results indicate that both historical and landscape factors are contributing to the genetic structure and diversity of tailed frogs in the Inland Northwest.
Docosahexaenoic Acid and the Aging Brain

The dietary essential PUFA docosahexaenoic acid [DHA; 22:6(n-3)] is a critical contributor to cell structure and function in the nervous system, and deficits in DHA abundance are associated with cognitive decline during aging and in neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies underscore the importance of DHA-derived neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) in the homeostatic regulation of brain cell survival and repair involving neurotrophic, antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that NPD1 synthesis is activated by growth factors and neurotrophins. Evolving research indicates that NPD1 has important determinant and regulatory interactions with the molecular-genetic mechanisms affecting beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) and amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide neurobiology. Deficits in DHA or its peroxidation appear to contribute to inflammatory signaling, apoptosis, and neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer disease (AD), a common and progressive age-related neurological disorder unique to structures and processes of the human brain. This article briefly reviews our current understanding of the interactions of DHA and NPD1 on betaAPP processing and Abeta peptide signaling and how this contributes to oxidative and pathogenic processes characteristic of aging and AD pathology.
A design laboratory in electrical and computer engineering for freshmen

ECE 110, Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering, is a new laboratory course for freshmen. Unlike most freshman engineering courses, ECE 110 provides substantial design and problem solving experiences with electronic devices and electrical systems. To convey fundamental concepts and principles in electrical and computer engineering, ECE 110 is directed toward the design of an autonomous electric vehicle. Each laboratory session focuses on one subsystem of the vehicle, such as the power supply, the infrared photodiode sensors, and the digital pulse width modulation circuit to control motor speed. The last four weeks culminate in a design challenge: each pair of students enhances their vehicle to negotiate a previously unseen course with obstacles. Topics are covered in lectures as they are needed in the laboratory. >
Interrelations between nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis in microorganisms.

Abstract The synthesis of ribonucleic acid by amino acid-requiring mutant strains of yeast and bacteria is dependent on the presence of the corresponding amino acid. In histidineless Aerobacter aerogenes , histidine is required even under conditions of no protein synthesis. A hypothesis to account for these facts is discussed.
The division of labor in contemporary marriage: Expectations, perceptions, and performance.

In this paper we examine the marital role expectations and perceptions of spouse's role expectations with respect to childcare, housework, money management, and earning income in a sample of 489 married couples. We analyze degree of agreement between spouses about expectations, accuracy of the perceptions about a partner's expectations, the differences between expectations and behaviors, and the effects of expectations and perceptions of expectations on role performance. Results indicate that: (1) marriage partners do not want to give up their own traditional gender roles even though they are willing to participate in the traditional roles of the opposite sex; (2) spouses accurately perceive their partner's expectations about half the time, and husbands are more accurate than wives; (3) spouses think they carry more responsibility for household duties than their partners think they do; (4) perceptions of partner's expectations significantly influence spouses' role performances; and (5) the husband's expectations are powerful predictors of performance, indicating that male prerogatives in marital role bargaining are still quite strong.
Assessing Relative Performance of Econometric Models in Measuring the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Using Spatial Autoregression

Although econometric models have been widely used to measure the impact of climate change on agriculture, there exist differences among the modelers on which specification should be preferred. To help explain the discrepancies, this paper assesses four different econometric models, i.e. OLS, panel, and two spatial models using a South American agricultural household data. The relationship among the econometric specifications is examined in terms of the freedom given to a spatial autoregressive parameter. In spatial models, the spatial parameter is free within the model, but is fixed a priori in the aspatial models. Empirical results show a high correlation of the land values across South America. Spatial models result in somewhat lower climate change impact estimates than those from the aspatial models.
Understanding depression and suicide in college athletes: emerging concepts and future directions

Depression and suicide remain major public health concerns affecting broad segments of the population. The prevalence rates for depression are notably high in young adults. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, the prevalence of depression in individuals aged 18–25 years is 8.7%.1 Clinically significant depression symptoms appear to be as prevalent in collegiate athletes as in the general college student population.2 Suicide remains the third leading cause of death among individuals of collegiate age and is reported as the second leading cause of death among the general college student population.3 ,4 In college athletes, a suicide ranks fourth as a leading cause of death.5 Current estimates of depression and suicide prevalence in these populations are challenged by the lack of consistent methodology, inconsistent reporting by schools and a poor understanding of relevant screening tools to effectively evaluate athletes. Thus, under-reporting of mental health concerns in athletes is a significant concern, and depression and suicide are tangible concerns to address in athletes of all ages and levels of ability. Some studies suggest …
Influenza A and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-infection in rhesus macaques - A model of severe pneumonia.

Abstract Background Influenza results in up to 500,000 deaths annually. Seasonal influenza vaccines have an estimated 60% effectiveness, but provide little or no protection against novel subtypes, and may be less protective in high-risk groups. Neuraminidase inhibitors are recommended for the treatment of severe influenza infection, but are not proven to reduce mortality in severe disease. Preclinical models of severe influenza infection that closely correlate to human disease are needed to assess efficacy of new vaccines and therapeutics. Methods We developed a nonhuman primate model of influenza and bacterial co-infection that recapitulates severe pneumonia in humans. Animals were infected with influenza A virus via intra-bronchial or small-particle aerosol inoculation, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , or co-infected with influenza and methicillin-resistant S. aureus combined. We assessed the severity of disease in animals over the course of our study using tools available to evaluate critically ill human patients including high-resolution computed tomography imaging of the lungs, arterial blood gas analyses, and bronchoalveolar lavage. Results Using an intra-bronchial route of inoculation we successfully induced severe pneumonia following influenza infection alone and following influenza and bacterial co-infection. Peak illness was observed at day 6 post-influenza infection, manifested by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and hypoxemia. The timing of radiographic and physiologic manifestations of disease in our model closely match those observed in severe human influenza infection. Discussion This was the first nonhuman primate study of influenza and bacterial co-infection where high-resolution computed tomography scanning of the lungs was used to quantitatively assess pneumonia over the course of illness and where hypoxemia was correlated with pneumonia severity. With additional validation this model may serve as a pathway for regulatory approval of vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of severe influenza pneumonia.
Paediatric cardiology fellowship training: effect of work-hour regulations on scholarly activity.

BACKGROUND In 2003, work-hour regulations were implemented by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Much has been published regarding resident rest and quality of life as well as patient safety. There has been no examination on the effect of work-hour restrictions on academic productivity of fellows in training. Paediatric subspecialty fellows have a scholarly requirement mandated by the American Board of Pediatrics. We have examined the impact of work-hour restrictions on the scholarly productivity of paediatric cardiology fellows during their fellowship. METHODS We conducted a literature search for all paediatric cardiology fellows between 1998 and 2007 at a single academic institution as first or senior authors on papers published during their 3-year fellowship and 3 years after completion of their categorical fellowship (n=63, 30 fellows before 2003 and 33 fellows after 2003). The numbers of first- or senior-author fellow publications before and after 2003 were compared. We also collected data on final paediatric cardiology subspecialty career choice. RESULTS There was no difference in the number of fellow first-author publications before and after 2003. Before work-hour restrictions, the mean number of publications per fellow was 2.1 (±2.2), and after work-hour restrictions it was 2.0 (±1.8), (p=0.89). By subspecialty career choice, fellows who select electrophysiology, preventative cardiology, and heart failure always published within the 6-year time period. CONCLUSIONS Since the implementation of work-hour regulations, total number of fellow first-authored publications has not changed. The role of subspecialty choice may play a role in academic productivity of fellows in training.