cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetime trauma, perceived control, and all-cause mortality: Results from the Midlife in the United States Study.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether lifetime-trauma exposure predicts all-cause mortality and whether this association is mediated or moderated by perceived control. METHOD A sample of middle-aged and older adults (N = 4,961) who participated in the second wave of the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS) provided data. Lifetime trauma was operationalized using the reported number of potentially traumatic experiences spanning childhood through adulthood. Both the perceived constraints and mastery dimensions of perceived control were examined. Cox regression models tested main effects and interactions of lifetime trauma with mastery and constraints predicting 10-year mortality risk. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of lifetime trauma, b = .06, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.07, p = .032, and an interaction of trauma with mastery, b = -.08, p = .004. A greater number of traumatic experiences was associated with increased mortality risk at below-average levels of mastery, -1 SD; HR = 1.14, p < .001, but not at above-average levels, +1 SD; HR = 0.97, p = .48. This interaction persisted after further adjustment for health status, psychological, and behavioral covariates. An association of constraints with elevated mortality risk, HR = 1.33, p = .008, was attenuated in a fully adjusted model, HR = 1.06, p = .26. CONCLUSION A strong sense of mastery may buffer elevated mortality risk associated with exposure to traumatic experiences. Findings extend evidence that mastery may foster resilience to the adverse health effects of traumatic stressors, whereas constraints may show stronger independent associations with health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
Sleep duration and C-reactive protein: Associations among pregnant and non-pregnant women.

Abstract Pregnant women experience more sleep disturbances and greater systemic inflammation than non-pregnant women. However, the few studies that have examined the links between sleep and inflammation in pregnant women have been in clinical samples. We examined whether sleep duration is associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, a marker of inflammation, in pregnant and non-pregnant women in a population-based sample of US women. Participants were 2865 women of reproductive age (aged 20–44 years) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative sample of Americans. Sleeping
Data clustering by Laplacian regularized l 1 -graph

l1-Graph has been proven to be effective in data clustering, which partitions the data space by using the sparse representation of the data as the similarity measure. However, the sparse representation is performed for each datum separately without taking into account the geometric structure of the data. Motivated by l1-Graph and manifold leaning, we propose Laplacian Regularized l1-Graph (LRl1-Graph) for data clustering. The sparse representations of LRl1-Graph are regularized by the geometric information of the data so that they vary smoothly along the geodesics of the data manifold by the graph Laplacian according to the manifold assumption. Moreover, we propose an iterative regularization scheme, where the sparse representation obtained from the previous iteration is used to build the graph Laplacian for the current iteration of regularization. The experimental results on real data sets demonstrate the superiority of our algorithm compared to l1-Graph and other competing clustering methods.
Role of the Dentate Gyrus in the Spread of Seizures within the Hippocampal-Parahippocampal Circuit

Recent studies have begun to provide an anatomic framework for seizures that begin in limbic circuits7,13,14,18,19. The major pathway of neuronal activity into and through the hippocampus follows the trisynaptic circuit. The entorhinal cortex activates the granule cells of the dentate gyrus via the perforant pathway, the dentate gyrus activates the CA3 pyramidal cells via the mossy fibers, and finally CA3 activates the CA1 pyramidal cells via the Schaffer collaterals. As can be seen from this circuitry, the dentate gyrus (DG) is in a position to act as a regulator of normal and epileptic activity passing into the hippocampus proper from the entorhinal cortex2,11,29
Human—Human Hybridomas in the Study of Immunodeficiencies

The majority of B-lymphocyte hybridomas, whether rodent—rodent, rodent—human, or human—human, are produced to use the resulting antibodies as tools. These monoclonal antibody products of hybridomas have been used successfully to purify proteins, define antigenic structures on normal and malignant cells, characterize viruses and microorganisms, and numerous other related tasks (Kennett et al., 1980; Yelton and Scharff, 1981). Certainly one of the major goals of human—human hybridoma technology is to use human monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis and therapy of a wide range of human disease states.
New Directions for Brothers and Sisters in Successor Teams in Family Firms

In a qualitative study of 12 family firms, we examined successor teams composed of both male and female family members (brothers and sisters). We highlighted the changing roles of women and examined their development as successors, using a case study approach and grounded theory analysis. In-depth interviews with family firm leaders identified a movement away from past characterizations of invisibility for women toward more fully recognized positions of authority in family firms. Our findings are summarized by six propositions and a model of sibling successor team formation and function in family firms.
NMDA Receptors Regulate Neuregulin 2 Binding to ER-PM Junctions and Ectodomain Release

Unprocessed pro-neuregulin 2 (pro-NRG2) accumulates on neuronal cell bodies at junctions between the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane (ER-PM junctions). NMDA receptors (NMDARs) trigger NRG2 ectodomain shedding from these sites followed by activation of ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinases, and ErbB4 signaling cell-autonomously downregulates intrinsic excitability of GABAergic interneurons by reducing voltage-gated sodium channel currents. NMDARs also promote dispersal of Kv2.1 clusters from ER-PM junctions and cause a hyperpolarizing shift in its voltage-dependent channel activation, suggesting that NRG2/ErbB4 and Kv2.1 work together to regulate intrinsic interneuron excitability in an activity-dependent manner. Here we explored the cellular processes underlying NMDAR-dependent NRG2 shedding in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We report that NMDARs control shedding by two separate but converging mechanisms. First, NMDA treatment disrupts binding of pro-NRG2 to ER-PM junctions by post-translationally modifying conserved Ser/Thr residues in its intracellular domain. Second, using a mutant NRG2 protein that cannot be modified at these residues and that fails to accumulate at ER-PM junctions, we demonstrate that NMDARs also directly promote NRG2 shedding by ADAM-type metalloproteinases. Using pharmacological and shRNA-mediated knockdown, and metalloproteinase overexpression, we unexpectedly find that ADAM10, but not ADAM17/TACE, is the major NRG2 sheddase acting downstream of NMDAR activation. Together, these findings reveal how NMDARs exert tight control over the NRG2/ErbB4 signaling pathway, and suggest that NRG2 and Kv2.1 are co-regulated components of a shared pathway that responds to elevated extracellular glutamate levels.
Simulation Guidelines for Wideband Ground Backed Coplanar Waveguide Transmission Lines

This paper presents a series of guidelines to transition ground backed coplanar waveguide (GBCPWG) from the design phase to finite-element-method (FEM) electromagnetic simulations. A two step process is discussed including a design to circuit simulation and circuit to electromagnetic simulation. The majority of the paper focuses on the differences between circuit simulations and FEM simulations including port definition, side ground placement, and excitation of higher order modes. Careful consideration of these topics are crucial to achieve ideal performance over wide bandwidths, but also develop accurate simulation models. A DC-20 GHz CPWG transmission line is used as a design example throughout this paper.
Graduate school preparation from the Ronald E. McNair Postbaccalaureate Achievement Program: A systematic review

Underrepresented students attain a lower proportion of graduate degrees in the United States (US), demonstrating inequity in higher education. The Ronald E. McNair Post-baccalaureate Achievement Program has been providing underrepresented students with supports to increase their ability to attain a graduate degree. A systematic literature review identified that the Ronald E. McNair Post-baccalaureate Achievement Program promotes student growth in personal, social, and academic areas, as well as assist students enter graduate school. Few articles mentioned issues with the program but include students’ difficulties with socialization and the transition into graduate school. Limitations of the collected studies and possibilities for future research examining this program are included
Racial Disparities in Utilization of Palliative Care Among Patients Admitted With Advanced Solid Organ Malignancies

Background:There is increasing recognition of the importance of early incorporation of palliative care services in the care of patients with advanced cancers. Hospice-based palliative care remains ...
Quantitative Characterization of Interface Traps in Ferroelectric/Dielectric Stack Using Conductance Method

In this work, the conductance method with an optimized circuit model is established to investigate the trapped charges at the ferroelectric/dielectric (FE/DE) interface. The density of interface states is quantitatively characterized to be $\sim 4 \times 10^{12}$ to 1013 cm $^{-2}\cdot eV^{-1}$ . And the injection and accumulation of these enormous interfacial charges play a key role in the operation of the FE/DE stack. The proposed measurement technique provides a comprehensive understanding of the FE/DE stack as well as some new insights of negative capacitance effect and ferroelectric field-effect transistor device operations.
The Evolution of the Populist Radical Right and Their Impact on Health in Italy

The populist radical right (PRR) Lega, formally known as Lega Nord, is the oldest party in the Italian parliament and currently the party with the greatest support throughout Italy. Formally focused on regionalism and Northern succession with anti-immigration sentiments, the party expanded its platform to encompass all of Italy unifying its base through the unconditional rejection of foreigners. The health policies passed or supported by Lega politicians can be summarised as being: (1) conservative due to the strict debt-containment measures during the Berlusconi coalitions (II–IV); (2) welfare chauvinistic as there were several attempts to decrease healthcare access and social benefits for migrants; and (3) anti-scientific, particularly visible during the Conte I government with regards to vaccination. Health policies in the country might be better studied on a regional level seeing as the devolution of the health system has left the national competencies rather sparse.
Hearth and Home and Horror: Gothic Trappings in early C20th Latin American Short Fiction

The Gothic short form in Latin America has yet to receive focused scholarly attention. Yet, despite no early Gothic novel tradition to speak of, the Gothic mode emerged in poetry and short fiction,...
Machine Learning for Understanding the Relationship Between Political Participation and Political Culture

How might machine learning be employed to help promote the ethos of democratic citizenship in popular society? This chapter uses machine learning tools to better understand the role political culture plays in determining levels of political participation among citizens spread across our democratic republic. Although many studies have utilized political culture to explore rates of political participation along class, economic, gender, and other such cleavage lines, many scholars focusing on this framework often neglect the importance of race. In what regional political culture are we more likely to find higher levels of political participation among White and Black Americans? We investigate this question. We also seek to determine whether Black Americans have their own political culture that transcends previous understandings of regional political subcultures? We show that Elazar’s classification of regional political subcultures applies mostly to White Americans, and that political culture among Blacks do not adhere to geographical lines or region. Machine learning tools are deployed to sift through massive data and uncover patterns and structures embedded within it. The machine learning tools here were used to test model specification and will be used to improve its performance to better predict political participation among Americans. The information may be used by policymakers and concerned citizens in their effort to increase civic participation and combat political apathy.
Distrust and poor self-reported health. Canaries in the coal mine?

A growing body of research, including “Distrust of the Healthcare System and Self-Reported Health” published in the current issue of JGIM,1 seeks to understand the relevance of distrust to health outcomes, public health, and the provision of health care. The current study conceptualizes health care system distrust as creating access barriers to optimal health status. In this Editorial, we examine alternative perspectives to suggest that prevalent distrust reflects lack of trustworthiness exhibited by the health care system. We further assert that studying distrust is just one component of efforts to understand and address lack of trustworthiness in the health care system. Remedying the health care system's levels of trustworthiness is essential to ensure the provision of quality health care for all users.
CNC-lithography: Computer-controlled multidirectional light-motion-synchronized lithography for 3-D microfabrication

This paper presents a computer-controlled multidirectional UV-LED (ultraviolet light-emitting diode) lithography system for three-dimensional (3-D) microfabrication, introducing the concept of CNC-lithography. The system comprises a switchable, movable UV-LED array as a light source and a motorized tilt-rotational sample holder, in which each system element is computer-controlled. This approach enables a relatively small size and overall portability of the system. The proposed system has two unique features; (1) the movable LED array improves the uniform UV light distribution over the substrate area; and (2) the switchable function of the LEDs is synchronized with the movement of the tilt-rotational sample holder, enabling the creation of 3-D patterns of substantial complexity. Unlike layer-by-layer additive approaches such as stereolithography, the CNC-lithography system can form fine shapes with no layering artifacts in a batch-compatible manner, at the expense of true arbitrariness of formable shape. When compared to conventional inclined lithography, CNC-lithography greatly increases ease of fabrication by eliminating multiple manual exposure steps and also enables the fabrication of new 3-D structures that would have been challenging to implement previously. Demonstration lithographic shapes, including a micro-‘pipe,’ a micro-‘hi,’ a micro-‘Calla lily,’ and a micro-‘cyborg’, are fabricated to illustrate the range of the process.
Water resources at Cape Coral, Florida: Problems created by poor planning and development

Abstract Residents of Cape Coral, FL, are concerned about the availability of an economically acceptable supply of potable water to meet a continually growing demand. Water resource problems have been exacerbated by the absence of planning and the use of unsound land development practices. Since few if any provisions for services were made by the original developer and since water resources have been severely degraded by the developmental practices that were used, city officials have been forced to implement innovative water supply techniques that include a reverse osmosis water treatment plant and a newly proposed dual water system.
A Review of “Music, Disability, and Society”

Alex Lubet's recent Music, Disability and Society is an important and engaging contribution to the growing field of disability studies. This book has the potential to become one of the most signifi...
Social Control of Herd Animals by Integration of Artificially Controlled Congeners

We study socialcontrol of a cow herd in which some of the animals are controlled by a sensing and actuation device mounted on the cow. The control is social in that it aims at exploiting the existing gregarious behavior of the animals, rather than controlling each individual directly. As a case study we consider the open-loop control of the herd's position using location-dependent stimuli. We propose a hybrid dynamical model for capturing the dynamics of the animals during periods of grazing and periods of stress. We assume that stress can either be induced by the sensing and actuation device or by social amplification due to observing/overhearing nearby stressed congeners. The dynamics of the grazing part of the proposed model have been calibrated using experimental data from 10 free-ranging cows, and various assumptions on the animal behavior under stress are investigated by a parameter sweep on the hybrid model. Results show that the gregarious behavior of the animals must be increased during stress for control by undirected stimuli to be successful. We also show that the presence of social amplification of stress allows for robust, low-stress control by controlling only a fraction of the herd.
Canonical Timescales In GRBs--199

Understanding the bimodal duration distribution (dynamic range $>$ 10$^{4}$) of $\gamma$-ray bursts is central to determining if the phenomenon is in fact a singular one. A unifying concept, beyond isotropy and inhomogeneity of the two groups separately, is that bursts consist of pulses, organized in time and energy: wider pulses are more asymmetric, their centroids are shifted to later times at lower energies, and shorter, more symmetric pulses tend to be spectrally harder. Long bursts tend to have many pulses while short bursts usually have few, relatively narrow pulses. Two factors, viewing angle and beaming, may account for pulse asymmetry and the large dynamic range ($\sim$ 200) in pulse widths. A cosmological time-dilation signature, with an expected dynamic range of order two, would be difficult to measure against these large intrinsic variations and low signal-to-noise levels of dimmer bursts. Some statistics ($T_{\rm 90}$, pulse intervals) are particularly sensitive to brightness bias, noise, and apparently minor variations in definition. Also, spectral redshift would move narrower, high-energy emission from dim bursts into the band of observation, constituting a countering effect to time dilation. With analyses restricted to bursts longer than $\sim$ 2 s, tests for time dilation that are constructed to be free of brightness bias have yielded time-dilation factors $\sim$ 2--3, for pulse structures, intervals between structures, and durations.
Extraction of temporal motor activity signals from video recordings of neonatal seizures by feature tracking methods based on deformable motion models

This paper presents a new method for tracking features in video. This method estimates the displacement of a feature between two successive frames by minimizing an error function defined in terms of the feature intensities at these frames. Feature tracking relies on a rigid motion model, which allows for translation, rotation and uniform scaling of the feature tracked from one frame to the next. The proposed feature tracking method is used to extract motor activity signals from video recordings of neonatal seizures.
Is DVT prophylaxis necessary for thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy

Background Recent guidelines suggest pharmacologic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis in all patients undergoing major surgical procedures to minimize the risk of postoperative DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE). Pharmacologic DVT prophylaxis perioperatively might increase the risk of bleeding complications. Our goal was to study the risk/benefit ratio of DVT prophylaxis in patients who undergo thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. Methods A review of the ACS NSQIP Database from 2005 to 2007 was performed. The incidence of DVT/PE complications in a cohort of 347,862 patients was compared with the 16,022 patients who underwent a thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. We identified risk factors for DVT/PE and developed a surrogate variable to determine the risk for postoperative bleeding. Results The risk of DVT/PE complication in the thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy patients (0.16) was 6 fold less than the entire cohort (0.96) (P Conclusion Patients who underwent thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy have a low incidence of developing DVT/PE complications and have a significantly greater risk of developing bleeding complications. Hence, we believe that DVT prophylaxis should be done at the discretion of the surgeon in select high-risk patients only.
Protein translocation: Is Hsp70 pulling my chain?

Hsp70 proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and in the mitochondrial matrix are thought to drive the translocation of proteins into each organelle. Recent experiments aimed at distinguishing between two models for Hsp70 function appear to reach opposite conclusions.
RECLASSIFICATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY (NHANES)-III COHORT USING NEUTROPHIL LYMPHOCYTE RATIO

Role of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting cardiovascular events has not been studied in general population. To see if NLR adds to Framingham risk score (FRS) for prediction of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in a nationally representative cohort. We included 6,413 subjects of
The relationship of fetal eye movements to non-stress test results.

Objective: This study was designed to correlate ultrasound-observed fetal eye movements with fetal heart rate reactivity to determine its potential role in fetuses with persistent non-reactivity. Methods: A total of 104 non-stress tests (NSTs) were evaluated in 62 patients referred for fetal surveillance for standard antepartum indications. Ultrasound-observed eye movements, assessed during portions of these NSTs, were categorized as negative (0), intermittent (1-5/min), or rapid (≥ 6/min). Results: Of the NSTs, 97 were reactive and seven were non-reactive. All studied fetuses were apparently healthy, as the seven patients with persistently non-reactive NSTs had biophysical profile scores of 8/10. During the NSTs, 120 reactive portions and 81 non-reactive portions were evaluated for ultrasound-observed eye movements. During reactive portions, eye movements were negative 19% of the time, intermittent 24% of the time and rapid 56% of the time. During non-reactive portions, eye movements were negative 84% of...
Geophysical evidence for peat basin morphology and stratigraphic controls on vegetation observed in a Northern Peatland

Vegetation patterns in peatlands suggest autogenic peatland development and hydrological processes are controlling factors in peatland evolution. These processes regulate vegetation ordination by influencing pH and nutrient availability at the peat surface. Geophysical studies in Caribou Bog, a 2200-hectare peatland in central Maine, indicate a close correlation between underlying geologic deposits and dominant vegetation type. The location of pools within the bog also appears to be related to subsurface geologic materials. Electrical resistivity imaging along a 1 km transect across the central unit of Caribou Bog resolved underlying lake sediment and glacio-marine clay thickness, as well as variability in depth to glacial till. Ground penetrating radar precisely defined the organic-rich lake sediment, the glacio-marine interface, and elevated till surfaces where peat thickness is less than 10 m. Direct verification of peat and lake sediment thickness, in addition to samples of the glacio-marine and till deposits, constrained the geophysical interpretation. Wooded heath (WH) interspersed with occasional Sphagnum lawn occurs where lake sediment and glacio-marine clay accumulation is thickest. Abrupt thinning of both layers (such that peat rests directly on till in places) correlates with a sharp transition to shrub heath dominated vegetation. A major open pool area located within the WH coincides with a localized sandy mineral soil-lake sediment contact at the base of the bog. The geophysical data suggest the underlying double basin system influences peatland development and dictates vegetation patterning. Limited groundwater elevation data suggest that sub-organic sediment stratigraphy mapped with geophysics regulates water levels at the peat surface, exerting a control on vegetation patterning. The major pool area, located between the basins, appears to reflect isolation of stagnant water at a point where peat development is incomplete and thus suggests that pools exist concurrent with peatland formation.
Molecular ruler lithography using sacrificial host structures fabricated using electron beam lithography

Molecular ruler nanolithography combines conventional lithography techniques with chemical self-assembly methods to improve the resolution of the existing lithography tools. We demonstrate the implementation of molecular ruler nanolithography using sacrificial multilayer host structures defined by electron-beam lithography. Using this process, 40-nm metal features are produced using host features spaced 100 nm apart. Using a thicker sacrificial layer, 100-nm-thick daughter metal layers are also produced, demonstrating the flexibility of this technique.
Manufacturability Evaluation Shell: A Re-Configurable Environment for Technical and Economic Manufacturability Evaluation

The process of manufacturability evaluation is composed of a series of generic tasks. Though domain knowledge is utilized to evaluate manufacturability the evaluation method itself is independent of domain. Manufacturability has different levels of abstraction – process level, workshop level and machine level. Currently existing assessment tools address manufacturability in specific domains and stages. In the emerging markets of increasing competition, streamlining the PRP involves designing with manufacturing capability in mind, and knowledge and application of new technology and processes. This paper proposes a generic domain independent shell for manufacturability that is configurable and customizable to any domain or process. The paper presents the three stages of manufacturability and its relevance to a domain independent approach to manufacturability assessment. The paper presents the problems plaguing current systems and charts out the requirements for a new generic shell that can overcome these shortcomings. The paper then presents the architecture of the shell and presents issues of implementation and two case studies (2.5D milling and injection-molding) as a proof of concept of the functioning of the shell.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Melting point variations in linear high polymers

Abstract The melting is analyzed for folded chain, fringed micelle, and extended chain crystals of linear high polymers which crystallize in lamellar, isometric, fibrillar and dendritic morphology. Time-dependent differential thermal analysis or differential scanning calorimetry are the best techniques usable for such investigations. After detailed analysis of polymer crystals, it seems feasible that this method of time- dependent thermal analysis can be transferred to the analysis of other materials.
Computer-based remote sensing technology - a look to the future

Editor's Note: The paper presented immediately below is the first response to my invitation to the Associate Editors o f this journal to prepare in-depth overviews o f some critically important research areas and topics. These papers would go beyond an assessment o f the state-of the-art to an examination o f the probable future course o f events, obstacles to be overcome, opportunities for breakthroughs, and consequences of such efforts. Prof. David Landgrebe has done just this for the area of remote sensing systems based on machine analysis methods.
Partial oxidation of higher olefins on Ag(1 1 1): Conversion of styrene to styrene oxide, benzene, and benzoic acid

Abstract Temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) were used to study the partial oxidation of styrene on Ag(1 1 1). Styrene oxide, benzene, and benzoic acid were identified as partially oxidized reaction products. XPS and RAIRS provide evidence for the formation of a styrene-derived surface oxametallacycle that either forms styrene oxide or is further oxidized in a branching reaction to form benzoate, which is the intermediate responsible for the formation of both benzene and benzoic acid. The strong dependence of the product distribution on oxygen coverage suggests that O monomers adsorbed on Ag(1 1 1) provide a higher selectivity for partial oxidation than oxygen from the Ag(1 1 1)–p(4 × 4)-O reconstruction.
Untreated prenatal maternal depression and the potential risks to offspring: a review

Research exploring the effects of prenatal maternal depression on a developing fetus and child is underrepresented in the literature. Empirical papers have typically focused on the effects of postpartum depression (after birth) instead of prepartum depression (before birth). Disparate empirical findings have produced ongoing debate regarding the effects of prenatal depression on a developing fetus and later in infancy and early childhood. Even more controversial is determining the role of antidepressant medication on offspring outcomes and whether research that does not include the proper control population (e.g., unmedicated depressed participants) can adequately address questions about risks and benefits of treatment during pregnancy. The current review systematically summarizes the literature focusing on unmedicated prenatal depression and offspring outcome and concludes that prepartum depression is highly prevalent, is associated with negative outcomes in offspring, and remains understudied.
An optimizing sampling-based motion planner with guaranteed robustness to bounded uncertainty

This paper presents a novel sampling-based planner which guarantees robustness for linear systems subject to bounded process noise, localization error, and/or uncertain environmental constraints. The proposed algorithm extends RRT*, efficiently generating and optimizing robust, dynamically feasible trajectories. During planning, state constraints are individually tightened for robustness against future uncertainty, while the input constraints can be tightened in order to apply feedback policies within planning for reduced conservatism. Simulation results demonstrate identification of smooth, guaranteed-safe trajectories in complex scenarios subject to both internal and external uncertainty, including cases where the uncertainty may be asymmetric and/or non-convex.
CRITERIA FOR SURGERY IN AORTIC VALVULAR DISEASE.

Abstract Aortic valvular disease in many patients causes progressive myocardial impairment leading to premature death. The present state of progress in surgical correction would indicate operative therapy at the onset of symptoms. The results so far in the use of prosthetic valves demonstrated that this is an effective method of treatment in the surgical correction of these valvular deformities.
The correlation structure of the sample autocovariance function for a particular class of time series with elliptically contoured distribution

In the context of time series, the classical estimator of the autocovariance function can be written as a quadratic form of the observations. If data have an elliptically contoured distribution with constant mean, then the correlation between the sample autocovariance function at two different lags is a function of the time design matrix and the covariance matrix of the process. When data have a regular support, an explicit formula for this correlation is available for a particular family of covariance matrices. Surprisingly, this correlation structure is exactly the same as the one for a Gaussian white noise.
Effect of hepatic irradiation on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of adriamycin in children

Abstract The effect of hepatic irradiation on adriamycin toxicity and pharmacokinetics was studied in 10 children who received adriamycin with concurrent abdominal irradiation for Wilms' tumor. Hepatic irradiation to 2400–2700 rad at 100–150 rad per fraction did not alter the clinical toxicity or plasma pharmacokinetics of adriamycin.
Relationship Between Relational Status and Adversarial Sexual Attitudes Toward Women

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between relational status and adversarial sexual attitudes toward women. Data were collected online at a large southwestern university. Seven hundred seventeen individuals participated in the study (342 men and 375 women). The mean age of the sample was 22.23 years (SD = 5.53; range, 18–63). Participants reported their current relational status as being casually dating, seriously dating, engaged, married, divorced, not seeing anyone, and “other.” Results indicate that individuals in more advanced relational stages, such as marriage or having been married (i.e., divorced), are less accepting of rape myth acceptance, adversarial sexual beliefs, and acceptance of interpersonal violence than individuals in less advanced relational stages or less defined relational stages (e.g., “other”). Additional analyses examined relational status and age as they relate to the criterion variables, and results indicate that individuals who are younger are som...
The acoustic response of rooms with open windows to airborne sounds.

The objective of the work described in this and the companion paper was to establish a theory for predicting the sound field generated in a room by a sonic boom incident on an open window. In this paper, some basic theoretical results are presented. First, the case of a normally incident harmonic wave was considered. Expressions for the pressure field were obtained by viewing the room as a terminated duct and by using a Green function method. The concept of mode excitation distribution functions was formulated and used to match the boundary conditions. This concept has been extended for oblique incidence. A modified form of Laplace transform technique was used to obtain expressions in the time domain for transient signals.
Tuberculous Meningitis at a Large Inner-City Medical Center

Tuberculosis in the United States has become primarily an inner-city disease. We examined the epidemiology of culture-confirmed tuberculous meningitis among patients cared for at an urban public hospital in Atlanta. During an 11.5-year period (January 1984-June 1995) cerebrospinal fluid cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were positive in 34 patients, accounting for 1.5% of all culture-confirmed tuberculosis cases. All patients were born in the United States, 31 (91%) were black, 16 (47%) of 34 were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive, 9 (26.5%) were HIV seronegative, and 9 (26.5%) had an unknown HIV serostatus. No significant differences were seen in clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid, or other laboratory data between HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative/ unknown groups, except for a lower serum white blood cell count among HIV seropositive patients. Mortality was striking; 14 (41.2%) died because of tuberculous meningitis despite appropriate therapy initiated a mean of 3 days after admission. Six survivors had permanent neurologic sequelae. Univariate analysis of outcome was not statistically associated with any measured demographic, laboratory value, stage at presentation, treatment regimen, or HIV serostatus. Multivariate analysis of outcome using 13 independent variables also demonstrated no significant association between these variables and outcome, although a trend was seen for increased mortality for white people (P = 0.09) and increasing age (P = 0.09). Tuberculous meningitis among inner-city residents remains a devastating disease associated with high morbidity and mortality that has changed little during the past 4 decades. HIV infection does not change markedly the clinical presentation or the response to therapy.
Effects of clozapine on plasma catecholamines and relation to treatment response in schizophrenia: A within-subject comparison with haloperidol

We conducted a within-subject comparison of the effects of clozapine and haloperidol on plasma levels of neurotransmitters and metabolites, and related changes in specific plasma neurochemicals with clozapine response. The subjects were 14 inpatients with schizophrenia or schzoaffective disorder, who were refractory to haloperidol and at least one other typical antipsychotic medication. Subjects underwent, in the following order: a 6-week “fixed, flexible dose” haloperidol trial, followed by a 2–4 week medication-free phase, and a 6-week clozapine trial. Plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and objective clinical ratings of total, positive, negative, and depressive symptoms were obtained at the end of each phase. As expected, we found a substantial increase of plasma NE with clozapine but not with haloperidol. However, the increase in NE was not associated with improvement in total or positive symptomatology. There was some evidence for an association between improvement in negative symptoms and increased HVA on clozapine, as well as diminished HVA during the medication-free phase. The implications of these data for understanding the mechanisms of action of clozapine are discussed.
Academic research productivity, department size and organization: Further results

Abstract Data published by the Conference Board of Research Councils are employed to extend our previous work concerning the research productivity of academic economists to a wide range of academic disciplines. While there are substantial differences in publication rates across fields, joint tests that incorporate data from all 23 academic disciplines in the sample support conclusions that publishing activity is higher in private institutions and increases with department size at a diminishing rate.
Reply to Eisler: On the subtractive theory of stimulus comparison

Since actual ratios and differences of the samenumbers are not monotonically related in suitable(factorial) designs, this finding has been interpretedas consistent with Torgerson's (1961) theory thatsubjects use one comparison operation for bothtasks(Birnbaum, 1978; Birnbaum & Elmasian, 1977;Birnbaum M Birnbaum VHagerty & Birnbaum, 1978;Rose & Birnbaum, 1975;Schneider, Parker, Farrel, & Kanow, 1976; Veit,1978). Birnbaum (1978) has considered five theoriesof stimulus comparison and has shown that withfour-stimulustasks, one can distinguish theories thatwould be indistinguishable with two-stimulus experi­ments.Birnbaum (1978) concluded that the SubtractiveTheory gave the most coherent account of the datafor six scalingtasks studied by Hagerty and Birnbaum(1978) and Veit (1978). Eisler (1978) challenged thisconclusion and suggested two theories that permitone to retain the ratio model for "ratio" judgmentsby postulating an internal transformation that occursonly for "difference" judgments. Both theoriessucceed in explaining the results for five of the sixtasks, but both make an incorrect prediction for onetask. To make the Transformation Theories equiv­alent to the Subtractive Theory, Eisler proposes thatsubjects "reinterpret" the instructions for one task.The present article contends that, sincethe SubtractiveTheory accounts for all of the results without suchadditional post hoc assumptions, it seems the pre­ferred interpretation.Figure 1 shows theoretical outlines of two- andfour-stimulus judgment tasks. In the outline,
Integrating Nature of Science Instruction into a Physical Science Content Course for Preservice Elementary Teachers: NOS Views of Teaching Assistants.

Teacher education programs have met with limited success in improving teachers' understanding of the nature of science (NOS). Research suggests that such efforts could be enhanced by addressing NOS in preservice teachers' science courses. We planned NOS instruction in a physical science content course for preservice elementary teachers. Our first concern was the NOS views of the instructors for the course, which included undergraduate teaching assistants (UTAs). We examined the NOS views of nine UTAs, and the impact of job-embedded professional development on their views. Although initially UTAs held a number of views inconsistent with science education reforms, four modes of explicit-and-reflective interventions, including analysis of NOS views of preservice teachers, resulted in favorable changes in UTAs' views. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed90:912–935, 2006
Bound on the mass gap for finite volume stochastic Ising models at low temperature

We consider a sequence of finite volume Λ⊂Zd,d≧2, reversible stochastic Ising models in the low temperature regime and having invariant measures satisfying free boundary conditions. We show that associated with the models are random hitting times whose expectations, regarded as a function of Λ, grow exponentially in |Λ|(d-1)/d; moreover, the mass gaps for the models shrink exponentially fast in |Λ|(d-1)/d. A geometrical lemma is employed in the analysis which states that if a Peierls' contour is sufficiently small relative to the faces of Λ, then the fraction of the contour tangent to the faces is less than a constant smaller than one.
Prejudice Toward Fat People: The Development and Validation of the Antifat Attitudes Test

Although the stigma of obesity in our society is well documented, the measurement of antifat attitudes has been a difficult undertaking. Two studies were conducted to construct and validate the Antifat Attitudes Test (AFAT). In study 1, college students (110 men and 175 women) completed the preliminary 54-item AFAT and specific indices of body image and weight-related concerns. Psychometric and factor analysis revealed a 47-item composite scale and three internally consistent factors that were uncorrelated with social desirability: Social/Character Disparagement, Physical/Romantic Unattractiveness, and Weight Control/Blame. Several body images correlates of antifat prejudice were identified, and men expressed more negative attitudes than women. Study 2 experimentally examined the effects of information about the controllability of weight on the antifat attitudes of 120 participants. Exposure to information on behavioral vs. biogenetic control led to greater blame of persons who are fat for their body size. The implications of the findings and the potential utility of the AFAT are discussed.
Explaining the impact of family structure during adolescence on adult educational attainment: A longitudinal study

Abstract We estimated a structural equation model that specifies the intervening processes accounting for the modest but statistically significant relationship between family structure (intact family) and educational attainment. Using data from a panel ( N = 3,322) tested in the seventh grade, when the subjects were in their twenties, and when the subjects were in their mid-thirties, we observed the mediating processes in the relationship between intact family and educational attainment. Growing up in intact families was associated with a better financial situation in the parental home and a more positive early school experience, which led to a later entry into adult roles of labor force participation and marriage/cohabitation, and to continuation of post-secondary education. These intervening processes together accounted for the effects of intact family on higher educational attainment in middle adulthood.
Is More Always Better? Empirical Evidence on Optimal Portfolio Size

A restriction on portfolio size results in welfare losses for investors. To measure these welfare losses, we compare n-asset optimal portfolios with 26-asset optimal portfolios using the concept of proportionate opportunity cost. The original historical asset returns data are used with a VAR in generating joint returns distributions for the portfolio formation period. We find that suboptimal diversification imposes substantial costs on investors with low levels of relative risk aversion. Investors with high levels of risk aversion incur very small or no cost at all diversifying sub-optimally. We show that investors with high levels of risk aversion place most of their initial wealth in the safe asset and, therefore, few stocks are needed to achieve optimal diversification.
κ-Opioid withdrawal in Planaria

Abstract Many drug-abusers engage in poly-drug abuse, but there has been relatively little quantification of withdrawal from poly-drug use. Planarians are an advantageous model for these studies due to mammalian-relevant neurotransmitter systems (e.g. dopamine, opioid, and 5-HT). We recently developed a metric that quantified an acute cocaine withdrawal phenomenon in planarians. However, despite much indirect evidence, we lacked direct evidence of a receptor- or carrier-mediated effect. We now report dose-related, naloxone- and nor-binaltorphine-sensitive acute abstinence-induced withdrawal and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from the κ-opioid agonist U-50,488H (trans-(±)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-[1-pyrrolidinyl]cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide). The less active enantiomer [1R,2R]U-50,488 produced significantly less withdrawal and U-50,488H withdrawal was not due to pH or osmolarity. These data provide pharmacologic evidence of a κ-opioid receptor-mediated withdrawal phenomenon and neuroadaptation to a pharmacologic stimulus (adaptations in transduction mechanisms) in this model.
The role of chlorpromazine in the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic pulmonary emphysema.

SUMMARY Clinical experiences with the use of Thorazine in 35 patients with bronchial asthma and/or chronic pulmonary emphysema are reported. The effect on minute volume of respiration and arterial blood gases and pH, was determined in 21 patients with chronic diffuse obstructive pulmonary emphysema. It is concluded that the drug may be safely and effectively administered, either singly or in combination with known bronchodilator agents, in the therapy of paroxysms of bronchial asthma. In chronic pulmonary emphysema, chlorpromazine appears to be a useful adjunct, in combination with intensive therapy designed to correct pulmonary ventilation.
Thermoregulatory responses of decerebrate and spinal cats

Abstract Cooling the spinal cord of the unanesthetized cat elicited shivering, piloerection, and vasoconstriction. A high-level decerebration abolished these effects. Lowering the decerebration to the level of the lower pons or medulla reinstated these responses to spinal cord cooling. In unanesthetized chronic spinal cats, cooling the spinal cord below the level of a T6 transection produced similar thermoregulatory effects limited to the hind limbs, although it was of less intensity and without piloerection. A high-level decerebration abolished shivering in the forelimbs to whole body cooling, while permitting shivering below the level of transection to spinal cord cooling. Lowering the level of decerebration to the lower pons or medulla reinstated shivering, vasoconstriction, and piloerection in the forelimbs. The data suggest that there is a region in the midbrain and upper pontine tegmentum which exerts tonic inhibition on lower regions in the lower pons, medulla, and spnal cord. When released from inhibition these lower regions are capable of facilitating thermoregulatory responses. Such an organization resolves contradictory reports on the abolition of thermoregulation after decerebration and answers the question of why spinal cord cooling produces shivering in spinal preparations but not in decerebrate preparations.