cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E‐Mail Is The Campus‐Wide Information System!

In the fall of 1993, the law school will be going into its fifth year of being networked, and the application that has had the most impact on the culture of the institution is electronic mail. We have realized many of the usual advantages of networking including sharing scarce resources like software licenses, printing, and connection to external services like LEXIS and WESTLAW over the network. E‐mail, however, has changed the culture of the school and worked itself into the daily lives of every student, faculty, and staff member.
Antimonide Optoelectronics for Infrared Chemical Sensing

GaInAsSb semiconductors are investigated for broadband light emitters and detector photodiodes spanning 2.0-2.5 ums, a wavelength region of interest for optical chemical sensing of a variety of biomolecules such as glucose, lactate, and urea.
Dual exposure (e-beam and i-line) of OCG-895i resist

A process is described in which OCG-895i resist is exposed using both e-beam and i-line optical exposures. This dual exposure allows efficient writing of patterns requiring both fine geometries and large areas in a single lithographic layer. The unique aspect of this process is that the two exposure methods use completely independent developers. This allows the optical exposures to be aligned directly to the e-beam exposed resist, eliminating the need for 'zero- level' alignment marks. E-beam features as small as 200 nm lines and spaces, connected by large photo-exposed pads, have been fabricated. The process presented here results in e-beam contrast of 4.8, with insignificant unexposed film loss. The photo-exposure characteristics are unchanged by the e-beam exposure and develop process. The application of this process to the fabrication of surface acoustic wave devices is discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isometric exercise has opposite effects on central pain mechanisms in fibromyalgia patients compared to normal controls

Aerobic exercise has been shown to activate endogenous opioid and adrenergic systems and attenuate experimental pain in normal control subjects (NC). In contrast, fibromyalgia (FM) subjects' experimental pain ratings increase after aerobic exercise, suggestive of abnormal pain modulation. In order to determine whether central or peripheral mechanisms are predominantly involved in the abnormal pain modulation of FM patients, the effects of handgrip exercise on thermal (cutaneous) and mechanical (somatic) experimental pain was tested in local as well as remote body areas of FM and NC subjects. Supra-threshold thermal pain ratings and pressure pain thresholds over both forearms were obtained before and during 90 s of sustained 30% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). This isometric exercise resulted in substantially decreased thermal pain ratings and increased mechanical thresholds in local as well as remote body areas in NC. Opposite effects were detected in FM patients. Thus, sustained local muscular contraction induced widespread pain inhibitory effects in NC. In contrast, the widespread hyperalgesic effects of exercise on FM patients clearly indicate altered central pain mechanisms. However, whether these exercise effects of FM patients result from abnormal descending inhibition or excessive activation of muscle nociceptive afferents needs to be addressed in future studies.
Lattice Dynamics with Three-Body Forces. II. Krypton

An accurate pair potential for interaction of krypton atoms is derived by methods similar to those previously used for argon. This potential, in conjunction with the Axilrod-Teller three-body interaction, is used to calculate the Debye parameter, thermal expansion, and bulk modulus for crystalline krypton at low temperatures [(0-12)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K]. Agreement with experiment is very good except for a discrepancy of about 4% in the bulk modulus. As in the case of argon, this is tentatively ascribed to the effect of the helium pressure fluid on the lattice spacing.
Effects of diphenylhydantoin on mental abilities in the elderly.

An assessment was made of the effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on the mental functions of clinically normal elderly persons. Their basic intelligence levels ranged between normal and bright-normal and they represented middle and lower-upper socio-economic groups. The 10 subjects, 4 male and 6 female volunteers (average age, 69.3 years), were given pretrial intelligence tests, repeated twice during a double-blind, cross-over study of drug and placebo effects. Each cross-over period lasted three weeks. The dosage of DPH (Dilantin) was 100 mg twice daily, and placebo capsules of identical appearance were given on the same schedule. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale series in three alternate forms was used to measure specific mental functions. The weighted scores of the alternate forms were directly compared to measure the difference between drug and placebo conditions. Significant increases in favor of DPH were observed in the Information, Comprehension, and Digit Symbol subtests, and in the Verbal Scale and Full Scale Intelligence Quotients. The first two measures indicated significant improvement in long-term memory and social comprehension. The third reflected an increase in the ability to learn new material and increased speed in visual-motor coordination. The fourth and fifth showed the effectiveness of DPH in improving general mental functioning. Apparently the underlying factor synthesizing these general DPH-associated improvements is mental concentration.
A generalized method for the analysis of planar biaxial mechanical data using tethered testing configurations

Simulation of the mechanical behavior of soft tissues is critical for many physiological and medical device applications. Accurate mechanical test data is crucial for both obtaining the form and robust parameter determination of the constitutive model. For incompressible soft tissues that are either membranes or thin sections, planar biaxial mechanical testing configurations can provide much information about the anisotropic stress-strain behavior. However, the analysis of soft biological tissue planar biaxial mechanical test data can be complicated by in-plane shear, tissue heterogeneities, and inelastic changes in specimen geometry that commonly occur during testing. These inelastic effects, without appropriate corrections, alter the stress-traction mapping and violates equilibrium so that the stress tensor is incorrectly determined. To overcome these problems, we presented an analytical method to determine the Cauchy stress tensor from the experimentally derived tractions for tethered testing configurations. We accounted for the measured testing geometry and compensate for run-time inelastic effects by enforcing equilibrium using small rigid body rotations. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we simulated complete planar biaxial test configurations that incorporated actual device mechanisms, specimen geometry, and heterogeneous tissue fibrous structure using a finite element (FE) model. We determined that our method corrected the errors in the equilibrium of momentum and correctly estimated the Cauchy stress tensor. We also noted that since stress is applied primarily over a subregion bounded by the tethers, an adjustment to the effective specimen dimensions is required to correct the magnitude of the stresses. Simulations of various tether placements demonstrated that typical tether placements used in the current experimental setups will produce accurate stress tensor estimates. Overall, our method provides an improved and relatively straightforward method of calculating the resulting stresses for planar biaxial experiments for tethered configurations, which is especially useful for specimens that undergo large shear and exhibit substantial inelastic effects.
Consciousness, affect and objectifying in Cassirer's conception of symbolizing

An examination of Cassirer’s conception of symbolizing, which is born in his critique of Kant, will show that objectifying human experience without external absolutes is grounded in affect, not cognition. When there is no external absolute to guide objectifying, then the roots of objectifying begin with how we are affected by experience and led to reflect. Affect formulates how we become conscious of what there is and express this consciousness so as to objectify it. Affect thus has an indirect influence on consciousness and objectifying. Cassirer expands the scope of the free play of the imagination, which Kant restricted to aesthetic judgments, to account for how order arises through any modality when a rule is not given. He anchors this generative source in human expression itself, and thereby prevents objectifying from sinking into relativism. Affect is thus shown to play a regulative role in consciousness when we objectify human experience without external absolutes.
Comparison of basal glutathione S-transferase activities and of the influence of phenobarbital, butylated hydroxy-anisole or 5,5'-diphenylhydantoin on enzyme activity in male rodents.

Abstract 1. Hepatic cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, toward five substrates, were shown to vary markedly among three laboratory rodent species. 2. Basal GST activities for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (hamster > mouse > rat), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (mouse > rat > hamster), p-nitrobenzyl chloride (rat = mouse = hamster), bromosulfophthalein (rat > mouse > hamster) and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (mouse > rat = hamster) differed with respect to magnitude and distribution among species. 3. GST substrate activities in response to phenobarbital, butylated hydroxy-anisole or 5,5'-diphenylhydantoin treatment were increased more often in mouse and rat as compared to the hamster. 4. These results suggest that basal GST activity, as well as inducibility, differ among rodent species. Since GST are involved in detoxication processes, differences in GST properties may underlie variability in species sensitivity to toxicants.
Conduction in poly(arylene vinylene) copolymers and blends

Abstract The d.c. conductivities of a series of iodine-doped poly( p -phenylene vinylene- co -2,5-thienylene vinylene) (poly(PV- co -TV)) copolymers and their molar equivalent homopolymer blends (PPV-PTV) are reported. Poly(PV- co -TV) is shown to have a conductivity profile that is critically dependent on the average number of contiguous thienylene vinylene (TV) repeat units, whereas conductivity in PPV-PTV blends is linearly dependent on the TV content above a low concentration of TV. Below this threshold, conductivity is independent of TV content. The increase in conductivity in oriented films obtained by uniaxial drawing is also discussed in terms of its sensitivity to lateral TV interchain correlation.
Polarized Protons for ISABELLE

Polarized proton acceleration and storage in ISABELLE (the Brook-haven 400 GeV proton collider) is possible if the injector synchrotron, the Brookhaven AGS, produces polarized beams. For polarized protons in ISABELLE, the injection energy has to be lowered to about 22 GeV, and one or two “Siberian Snakes” have to be installed to eliminate resonances. Magnet imperfections may still have some depolarizing effect, especially at high energies; however, if orbit error are kept small enough, it appears that polarization can be maintained at least to 300 GeV. Either transverse or longitudinal polarization is obtainable. If polarized H ion sources with currents around 100 microamperes become available, the luminosity of ISABELLE with polarized beams is estimated to be less than an order of magnitude below that with unpolarized beams, i.e., about 1032 cm-2 sec-1.
High temperature mass spectrometric gas-release studies of Hawaiian volcanic glass: Pele's tears

Abstract The identification of gaseous molecular species and mechanisms of their release from glassy lava have been investigated with a high temperature mass spectrometer. Using Pele's tears as representative of quenched liquids of Hawaiian tholeiitic basalts, it was found that volatiles are released at low temperatures by a rate-limiting diffusion mechanism and, at temperatures in the softening range of the glass, by bursting of bubbles trapped near the vaporizing surface of the sphere-like particles. Gases released by bursting gave pressure surges and were found to be water vapor, CO 2 and CO. Those released principally by diffusion, and in some cases generated by thermal degradation and further reaction with the sample, include H 2 , O 2 , N 2 , S 2 , H 2 S, SO 2 , SO 3 , COS, HCl, HF and NH 3 . Average mole percent compositions of the volatiles H 2 O, CO 2 and SO 2 relative to the total gas released were found to be 95 per cent, 3·5 per cent and 1 per cent, respectively. Minor concentrations of organic constituents, previously unobserved in volcanic gas analyses, were also found. Fragmentation patterns and gas release behavior suggest that these are derived from a mixture of low-molecular weight saturated and unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons (C 1 -C 4 ).
Optical studies of the electronphonon interaction in the pyrene-PMDA complex

Abstract Low temperature phosphorescence spectra of pyrene-PMDA (pyromellitic acid dianhydride) imbedded in a naphthalene-PMDA host crystal are reported. The spectra exhibit resolved zero-phonon and multi-phonon structure which is significant since the phosphorescent state is characterized by ≈36% charge-transfer character. Several different phonons contribute to the structure with the dominant phonon having ground and excited state (from hot band analysis) frequencies of 25 and 15 cm−1. The linear electronphonon coupling strength for the 25cm−1 phonon is computed. This phonon is tentatively assigned to rotational motion of the rigid complex. Linewidth data yield a relaxation time of 0.4 ps at 2 K for the 25 cm−1 phonon which is believed to be a pseudolocalized or resonant mode.
Atomistic studies of helium defect properties in bcc iron: Comparison of He–Fe potentials

In the fusion irradiation environment, helium created by transmutation will play an important role in the response of structural materials to neutron radiation damage. Atomistic simulations have been carried out using a new three-body He–Fe interatomic potential and the results have been compared to those obtained using two He–Fe pair potentials. In simulations with the three-body potential, helium interstitials are very mobile and multiple He interstitials can coalesce to form interstitial clusters which are also mobile. The He interstitial cluster binding energy is in good agreement with DFT calculations. If the He cluster is sufficiently large, it can create additional free volume by ejecting an Fe interstitial atom, creating a Frenkel pair. The corresponding vacancy is incorporated into the existing He cluster, and the resulting helium–vacancy cluster is not mobile. The ejected self-interstitial atom is mobile, but is trapped by the He–vacancy cluster. If additional helium atoms join a He–vacancy clus...
Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range [Invited]

As alternatives to conventional metals, new plasmonic materials offer many advantages in the rapidly growing fields of plasmonics and metamaterials. These advantages include low intrinsic loss, semiconductor-based design, compatibility with standard nanofabrication processes, tunability, and others. Transparent conducting oxides such as Al:ZnO, Ga:ZnO and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) enable many high-performance metamaterial devices operating in the near-IR. Transition-metal nitrides such as TiN or ZrN can be substitutes for conventional metals in the visible frequencies. In this paper we provide the details of fabrication and characterization of these new materials and discuss their suitability for a number of metamaterial and plasmonic applications.
Chapter 3 Mechanisms of thrombus formation and dissolution

Abstract This chapter presents a brief overview of the process of thrombogenesis. Emphasis is placed on the balance between prothrombotic and antithrombotic pathophysiological reactions. The rheologic considerations are reviewed in chapter 2, and the process of thrombus formation in devices composed of biomaterials is summarized in chapter 15.
The Postwar War

Contending expressions of survival are examined in terms of their implications for the American post-Vietnam experience. The author draws on his work with rap groups of antiwar veterans to describe the struggles of these men with their personal and the country's socio-political survivor's mission. He contrasts the responses and strategies of the antiwar enlisted personnel to those of the POW returnees (mainly military elite), considers that most of the American people find themselves somewhere in the middle of these two polar response groups, and speculates on the insight that possible survivor formulations may provide about war in general.
A Bayesian Approach to a Generalized House Selling Problem

The problem of choosing the one best or several best of a set of sequentially observed random variables has been treated by many authors. For example, the seller of a house has this problem when deciding which bids on the house to accept and which to reject. We assume that the bids are identically distributed random variables and at most n can be observed. Each bid is accepted or rejected when received; a bid rejected now cannot be accepted later on. The object is to maximize the expected value of the bid actually accepted. Unlike most previous authors, we examine the case where one or more parameters of the common underlying distribution are unknown and information on these is updated in a Bayesian manner as the successive random variables are observed. Using the properties of location and scale parameters, an explicit form for the optimal policy is found when the underlying distribution is normal, uniform, or gamma and the prior is from the natural conjugate family. Simulation results concerning sensitivity of the value obtained to the amount and correctness of the prior information for these three families is then presented.
Attitude heritability and attitude reinforcement: A test of the niche building hypothesis

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that attitudes with high heritabilities are more accessible, more resistant to change, and produce larger similarity-attraction effects (i.e. are stronger) than attitudes with low heritabilities. These effects may be the outcropping of people constructing social niches that protect those attitudes which are based on biological predispositions. This niche building framework led to the hypothesis that attitude reinforcement effects should be more pronounced in the case of high rather than low heritability attitudes. Subjects (N = 110) were given four choices on up to 50 trials. Each choice type was systematically followed by either a high or low heritability attitude item showing a response that was either similar or dissimilar to the subject's. Using two attitudes sets and two replications, mixed support was obtained for the hypothesis that the effect of attitude similarity on choice is moderated by heritability. The results are discussed in terms of potential differences in information-processing elicited by the different attitude sets.
Pharmacological Management of Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumours

The Ewing sarcoma family of tumours comprises of a group of well-characterised neoplasms with aggressive behaviour. Despite significant progress with the use of intensive multiagent chemotherapy and local control measures, a significant proportion of patients die because of disease progression. Most treatment regimens are based on the intensification of alkylating agents and topoisomerase-II inhibitors. Using this approach, the expected survival rate is between 70 and 80% in patients with localised disease. An increasingly important complication among survivors is the development of treatment-related haematological malignancies. The outcome for patients with metastatic disease is very poor and many studies have explored the use of high-dose chemotherapy with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The benefit of this approach is unclear and HSCT must therefore be considered investigational. New strategies, such as the use of immunotherapy, biological modifiers and novel classes of chemotherapeutic agents must be explored.
Dynamics of gene targeting and chromatin remodelling by nuclear receptors

Activation of the murine-mammary-tumour virus (MMTV) promoter by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is associated with a chromatin structural transition in the B nucleosome region of the viral long terminal repeat (LTR). We have reconstituted this nucleoprotein transition with chromatin assembled on MMTV LTR DNA with Drosophila embryo extracts, purified GR, and HeLa nuclear extract. Chromatin remodelling in vitro is ATP-dependent and maps to a region identical with that found in vivo. We demonstrate specific, glucocorticoid response element dependent, binding of purified GR to a large, multi-nucleosome MMTV chromatin array and show that GR-dependent chromatin remodelling is a multistep process. In the absence of ATP, GR binds to multiple sites on the chromatin array and inhibits nuclease access to GR recognition sites. On the addition of ATP, GR induces remodelling resulting in a large increase in access of enzymes to their sites within the transition region. These findings are complemented by studies in living cells; using a tandem array of MMTV-Ras reporter elements and a form of GR labelled with the green fluorescent protein, we have observed direct targeting of the receptor to response elements in live mouse cells. Whereas the ligand-activated receptor is associated with the MMTV promoter for observable periods, photobleaching experiments provide direct evidence that the hormone-occupied receptor undergoes rapid exchange between chromatin and the nucleoplasmic compartment. The results both in vitro and in vivo are consistent with a dynamic model (9hit and run9) in which GR first binds to chromatin after ligand activation, recruits a remodelling activity and is then lost from the template.
Acrobat 2.0 [multimedia systems]

Summary form only given, as follows. Acrobat 2.0 can play an important part in multimedia systems. The PDF file format and Acrobat viewers allow the faithful, high-quality reproduction of printed matter in electronic form. The Acrobat approach is useful in areas where: the visual structure of a document conveys information, legacy information cannot be re-authored, there are legal or artistic requirements on page fidelity, or documents require sophisticated formatting. With Acrobat Distiller, any PostScript document can be converted to PDF, preserving PostScript's rich imaging model. Acrobat allows the creation of hyperlinks within and between documents, and links to World-Wide Web URLs-becoming "active" documents in the World-Wide Web, not just a "leaf format". The Acrobat architecture is extensible-new objects and functionality may be added through a "plug-in" mechanism, which may extend the hypermedia features of the application. Acrobat 2.0 includes functionality that supports OLE 2.0 embedding, AppleEvents, and Lotus Notes/FX integration.
A brief intervention by emergency department providers decreased 12 month alcohol use

Commentary on: D'Onofrio G, Fiellin DA, Pantalon MV, et al. A brief intervention reduces hazardous and harmful drinking in emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60: 181–92.[OpenUrl][1] Emergency department (ED) patients have a high prevalence of alcohol use problems making it potentially an opportune setting to intervene. Brief interventions for alcohol misuse have demonstrated efficacy in other medical settings, but within the ED it has been less clear.1 ,2 The study by D'Onofrio and colleagues provides additional insights into this question. This randomised controlled trial at a single urban academic ED evaluated whether a brief intervention for alcohol, with or without a booster intervention, decreases 7-day alcohol use and 28-day binge use (ie, greater than four drinks per occasion for men and three drinks for women) 12 months later. The study randomised 889 adult ED patients who screened positive for hazardous or harmful drinking to receive either (1) a brief negotiation interview (BNI), (2) … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnn%2BEmerg%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D60%26rft.spage%253D181%2B92%26rft.atitle%253DA%2BBRIEF%2BINTERVENTION%2BREDUCES%2BHAZARDOUS%2BAND%2BHARMFUL%2BDRINKING%2BIN%2BEMERGENCY%2BDEPARTMENT%2BPATIENTS.%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
GmRIN4 protein family members function nonredundantly in soybean race‐specific resistance against Pseudomonas syringae

The Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrB interacts with four related soybean (Glycine max) proteins (GmRIN4a-d), three (GmRIN4b, c, d) of which also interact with the cognate resistance (R) protein, Rpg1-b. Here, we investigated the specific requirements for the GmRIN4 proteins in R-mediated resistance and examined the mechanism of Rpg1-b activation. Using virus-induced gene silencing, we show that only GmRIN4a and b are required for Rpg1-b-mediated resistance. In planta binding assays show that GmRIN4a can associate with Rpg1-b indirectly via GmRIN4b. Pathogen-delivered AvrB induces the phosphorylation of GmRIN4b alone, and prevents interactions between GmRIN4b and Rpg1-b or GmRIN4a. Consistent with this result, a phosphomimic derivative of GmRIN4b (pm4b) fails to bind Rpg1-b and GmRIN4a. Conversely, a phosphodeficient derivative of GmRIN4b (pd4b) continues to bind the R protein and GmRIN4a, in the presence of AvrB. Coexpression of Rpg1-b with pm4b, but not GmRIN4b or pd4b, induces cell death and ion leakage in the heterologous Nicotiana benthamiana. Our data suggest that the AvrB-induced phosphorylation of GmRIN4b, and the subsequent inhibition of interaction among GmRIN4b, GmRIN4a and Rpg1-b, might activate the R protein. Furthermore, even though GmRIN4c and d are not required for Rpg1-b-derived resistance, they do function in resistance derived from other R loci.
Complete clinical response of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma to sorafenib in a patient with hemochromatosis: A case report

Hepatocellular carcinoma is rare, but increasing in prevalence in the United States. Recent studies have shown that sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, can reduce tumor progression in patients with this cancer. However, complete remission has not been observed. We report a case of a 78-year old patient with unresectable metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma who had a rapid and complete clinical response following therapy with sorafenib for six months. No evidence of disease recurrence has been noted for 6 months after discontinuation of therapy.
A Model of Rhetorical Legitimation: The Structure of Communication and Cognition Underlying Institutional Maintenance and Change

We develop a model of rhetorical legitimation that specifies the communicative and cognitive structure underlying the maintenance and change of institutions. To do so we draw on Toulmin (1958) and his idea that social actors can use two structurally distinct forms of rhetoric: intrafield rhetoric and interfield rhetoric. We use this distinction to develop and advance novel arguments about the role of rhetoric in legitimation processes. Specifically, we theorize how the use of intrafield and interfield rhetoric shapes and reflects social actors' assumptions of legitimacy at two different levels. We then theorize how the use of intrafield rhetoric relates more to institutional maintenance, whereas the use of interfield rhetoric relates more to institutional change.
Event-based retrieval from a digital library containing medical streams

We describe a digital library that contains streams and supports event-based retrieval. Streams used in the digital library are CT scan, medical text, and audio streams. Events, such as 'tumor appeared', were generated and represented in the user interface to enable doctors to retrieve and playback segments of the streams. This paper concentrates on describing the data organization and the user interface.
FEMTOSECOND DYNAMICS OF UNIMOLECULAR AND UNRESTRICTED BIMOLECULAR REACTIONS

The results of two time-resolved experiments using femtosecond laser pulses are presented. In the first, molecular photoinduced detachment of I2 from methylene iodide is studied. The progress of the reaction is monitored by selective detection of fluorescence from the iodine product; molecular dynamics are probed by depletion of the fluorescent state. Pump-probe spectroscopy of the halogen moiety following high-energy (12 eV) excitation reveals that the reaction proceeds by a concerted asynchronous mechanism. The second experiment is a real-time study of an unrestricted bimolecular reaction. In this process, gas phase mercury atoms are photoassociated to an electronically excited state using a femtosecond pulse; the real-time dynamics of the resulting excimers are probed by fluorescence depletion using a second pulse. Analysis of the rotational anisotropy in the nascent dimers reveals the degree of rotational excitation in the excited state and indicates the impact parameter selectivity of the photoassociation process.
Nanofabrication in cellulose acetate

We have demonstrated nanofabrication with commercialized cellulose acetate. Cellulose acetate is used for bulk nanofabrication and surface nanofabrication. In bulk nanofabrication, cellulose acetate reacts with an e-beam and permanent patterns are formed in it instead of being transferred to other substrates. We have studied the nano relief modulation performance of cellulose acetate before and after development. The depth of the nanopatterns is magnified after development, and is varied by exposing dosage and line width of the pattern. The thinnest 65 nm wide line is achieved in the bulk fabrication. We also demonstrate a binary phase Fresnel lens array which is directly patterned in a cellulose acetate sheet. Because of its unique mechanical and optical properties, cellulose is a good candidate for a template material for soft imprinting lithography. In the surface nanofabrication, cellulose acetate thin film spin-coated on silicon wafers is employed as a new resist for e-beam lithography. We achieved 50 nm lines with 100 nm pitches, dots 50 nm in diameter, and single lines with the smallest width of 20 nm. As a new resist of e-beam lithography, cellulose acetate has high resolution comparable with conventional resists, while having several advantages such as low cost, long stock time and less harmfulness to human health.
Interactions with RNA direct the Polycomb group protein SCML2 to chromatin where it represses target genes

Polycomb repressive complex-1 (PRC1) is essential for the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. SCML2 is a mammalian homolog of Drosophila SCM, a Polycomb-group protein that associates with PRC1. In this study, we show that SCML2A, an SCML2 isoform tightly associated to chromatin, contributes to PRC1 localization and also directly enforces repression of certain Polycomb target genes. SCML2A binds to PRC1 via its SPM domain and interacts with ncRNAs through a novel RNA-binding region (RBR). Targeting of SCML2A to chromatin involves the coordinated action of the MBT domains, RNA binding, and interaction with PRC1 through the SPM domain. Deletion of the RBR reduces the occupancy of SCML2A at target genes and overexpression of a mutant SCML2A lacking the RBR causes defects in PRC1 recruitment. These observations point to a role for ncRNAs in regulating SCML2 function and suggest that SCML2 participates in the epigenetic control of transcription directly and in cooperation with PRC1.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02637.001.
Yawing impact on thin plates by blunt projectiles

Two experimental investigations and a corresponding analytical study were conducted to examine the phenomena attendant to the impact of blunt-nosed, hard-steel strikers on stationary thin plates of aluminum and steel at moderate angles of yaw and zero obliquity. The variation of ballistic limit with yaw angle or the terminal velocity and final trajectory angle in perforation tests were ascertained. Post-mortem examination of the plates indicated that damage and failure occurred by bulging, lateral indentation, and side and front petaling. A theoretical model based on a membrane representation was developed that analyzed the impact by dividing the process into five stages. This model underpredicted the ballistic limit by up to 14%, with better correlation found at higher yaw angles. Excellent agreement was observed between the experimental and analytical final velocities when the data points were corrected to reflect the difference between the experimental values of the ballistic limit and that predicted by the model. Fair agreement was found between the experimental and the analytical values of the trajectory angle.
Enumeration of isomers of polysubstituted C60 and application to NMR

Abstract Polya's theorem combined with computational techniques is used to enumerate isomers of C60Hn, deuterated C60Hn Dm and other compounds such as C60HnClm. It is established that there are numerous isomers for C50Hn even for small n. Applications to possible two-dimensional multiple quantum NMR of isotopic mixtures of C60HnDm are outlined.
Out-of-Plane Coupling Effects on Stress Intensity Factors at Interface Cracks in Composite Lap Joints

The existence of off-axis plies in adhesively bonded lap joints leads to anisotropic stress-strain relationships where the in-plane and out-of-plane components of stress and deformation (in a plane perpendicular to the width of the joint) are coupled. In this paper, the anisotropic elasticity solution near a bimaterial crack tip is formulated using an eigenfunction expansion of the stresses and displacements. This elasticity solution is subsequently used in conjunction with finite elements in a global/local method in order to determine mode I, mode II, and mode III stress intensity factors. Numerical results for [(±θ)2]s layups indicated that an out-of-plane mode III stress intensity factor, KIII, arises when off-axis plies are present even though the loading is in-plane. Depending on the layup angle and crack location, KIII can be as large as 43% of KI and 55% of KII. It was also found that, in addition to producing a mode III intensity factor, out-of-plane coupling affects the magnitude of the in-plane ...
VeriKey: A Dynamic Certificate Verification System for Public Key Exchanges

This paper presents a novel framework to substantiate self-signed certificates in the absence of a trusted certificate authority. In particular, we aim to address the problem of web-based SSL man-in-the-middle attacks. This problem originates from the fact that public keys are distributed through insecure channels prior to encryption. Therefore, a man-in-the-middle attacker may substitute an arbitrary public key during the exchange process and compromise communication between a client and server. Typically, web clients (browsers) recognize this potential security breach and display warning prompts, but often to no avail as users simply accept the certificate since they lack the understanding of Public Key Infrastructures (PKIs) and the meaning of these warnings. In order to enhance the security of public key exchanges, we have devised an automated system to leverage one or more vantage points of a certificate from hosts that have distinct pathways to a remote server. That is, we have a set of distributed servers simultaneously retrieve the server's public key. By comparing the keys received by peers, we can identify any deviations and verify that an attacker has not compromised the link between a client and server. This is attributable to the fact that an attacker would have to compromise all paths between these vantage points and the server. Therefore, our technique greatly reduces the likelihood of a successful attack, and removes the necessity for human interaction.
Thoracic duct cannulation in a patient with lung cancer

Previously the authors demonstrated limited effectiveness of tumor specific active immunotherapy adjunct to radical surgery in patients with lung cancer. In order to improve the therapeutic effectiveness, a patient with inoperable lung carcinoma was treated with a radical surgery, tumor vaccination, and “unblocking procedures” which consisted of splenectomy and thoracic duct canulation. In vitro studies demonstrated the evidence of sensitization of the patient against his own tumor, removal of blocking factor by the thoracic duct fistula from the circulation.
The impact of a standards-based science course for preservice elementary teachers on teacher attitudes toward science teaching

This study reports on the measured change in the attitude of students toward teaching science as a result of their experiences in an elementary activity-based science course for preservice elementary teachers. Overall, the students in this study showed a positive shift in attitude as measured by the Revised Science Attitude Scale instrument that was administered at the beginning and the end of the semester. When the researchers looked at specific subscales within the instrument, one of the four subscales did not show a statistically significant change in attitude. The course is required for all elementary preservice teachers.
Temperature dependent relaxation of a “solid–liquid”

We have used the Interfacial Force Microscope to perform temperature dependent indentation measurements on a model viscoelastic material, Silly Putty. By transforming time dependent stress relaxations into frequency dependent modulus, we can identify the temperature dependence of the elastic and viscous response of an experimentally challenging material. This technique promises to be useful in determining the mechanical properties of composite materials with microscopic spatial resolution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1285–1290, 2009
An evaluation of the interaction between dispatching rules and truncation procedures in job-shop scheduling

Abstract Previous research has suggested the use of truncation to alleviate problems of high variance in flow time and tardiness when dispatching jobs using the shortest processing time rule. These studies have suggested truncation schemes based on the time a job spends waiting in the queue to be processed and on job slack. This study describes three new truncation procedures, along with the two existing methods, that truncate jobs based on their critical ratio, operation slack and change in queue rank. In addition, the truncated (priority) jobs are dispatched using four common dispatching rules. The results show that the interaction between truncation schemes and dispatching rules is always significant and that the new truncation schemes proposed here perform as well as or better than older methods with respect to certain performance measures.
An active, non-linear, model of the leg drop pendulum test: assessing changes in spastic cerebral palsy

Reports on the use of a second order nonlinear system with active force input to model the leg drop pendulum test in spastic cerebral palsy. The model is used as a means of gaining insight into a therapeutic intervention with this population. Optimization techniques are used to adjust model parameters, such that model data fit actual data. Actual data is taken from a set of triplets, two of which have varying degrees of spastic: cerebral palsy and one is without disability. The author compares five sets of data, one from the normal triplet and two each from the subjects with spasticity. Data from the subjects with spasticity is taken before and after vertical stimulation similar to that which one would receive while on horseback. The model parameters show several trends. First, the amplitude of the active forces are reduced to more normal values after vestibular stimulation. Second, the duration of these forces is longer after stimulation than before.
Are We “Reading the World”? A Review of Multicultural Literature on Globalization

Given its commitment to “reading” the social context, how is multicultural education accounting for the shifting context of our globalized world? A conceptual review of multicultural journals reveals limited engagement. However, a more sustained analysis could fuel re-articulations and contestations of the purpose of education in the 21st century.
Divergence with gene flow in a population of thermophilic bacteria: a potential role for spatially varying selection

A fundamental goal of evolutionary biology is to understand how ecological diversity arises and is maintained in natural populations. We have investigated the contributions of gene flow and divergent selection to the distribution of genetic variation in an ecologically differentiated population of a thermophilic cyanobacterium (Mastigocladus laminosus) found along the temperature gradient of a nitrogen-limited stream in Yellowstone National Park. For most loci sampled, gene flow appears to be sufficient to prevent substantial genetic divergence. However, one locus (rfbC) exhibited a comparatively low migration rate as well as other signatures expected for a gene experiencing spatially varying selection, including an excess of common variants, an elevated level of polymorphism and extreme genetic differentiation along the gradient. rfbC is part of an expression island involved in the production of the polysaccharide component of the protective envelope of the heterocyst, the specialized nitrogen-fixing cell of these bacteria. SNP genotyping in the vicinity of rfbC revealed a ~5-kbp region including a gene content polymorphism that is tightly associated with environmental temperature and therefore likely contains the target of selection. Two genes have been deleted both in the predominant haplotype found in the downstream region of White Creek and in strains from other Yellowstone populations of M. laminosus, which may result in the production of heterocysts with different envelope properties. This study implicates spatially varying selection in the maintenance of variation related to thermal performance at White Creek despite on-going or recent gene flow.
A Three Sample Test of Some Extensions to the Job Characteristics Model of Work Motivation

Two theoretical extensions to the Hackman and Oldham (1976) job characteristics model of work motivation describe: (1) the relationship between job scope and psychological response as curvilinear, ...
Earthquake triggering of mud volcanoes

Mud volcanoes sometimes erupt within days after nearby earthquakes. The number of such nearly coincident events is larger than would be expected by chance and the eruptions are thus assumed to be triggered by earthquakes. Here we compile observations of the response of mud volcanoes and other geologic systems (earthquakes, volcanoes, liquefaction, ground water, and geysers) to earthquakes. The compilation shows a clear magnitude-distance threshold for triggering, suggesting that these seemingly disparate phenomena may share similar underlying triggering mechanisms. The compilation also shows that pre-existing geysers and already-erupting volcanoes and mud volcanoes are much more sensitive to earthquakes than quiescent systems. Several changes produced by earthquakes have been proposed as triggering mechanisms, including liquefaction and loss of strength, increased hydraulic permeability or removing hydraulic barriers, and bubble nucleation and growth. We present new measurements of the response of erupted mud samples to oscillatory shear at seismic frequencies and amplitudes, and find that loss of strength occurs at strain amplitudes greater than 10 � 3 . This is much larger than the peak dynamic strains associated with earthquakes that may have triggered eruptions or influenced already-erupting mud volcanoes. Therefore, we do not favor loss of strength as a general triggering mechanism. Mechanisms involving bubbles require significant supersaturation or incompressible mud, and neither condition is likely to be relevant. We analyze the response of the Niikappu group of mud volcanoes in Japan to several earthquakes. We find that this system is insensitive to earthquakes if an eruption has occurred within the previous couple of years, and that static strain magnitudes are very small and not correlated with triggering suggesting that triggering likely results from dynamic strain. Moreover, triggering may be frequency-dependent with longer period seismic waves being more effective at triggering. Available data are insufficient, however, to determine whether triggering characteristics at Niikappu are representative of triggered eruptions in general. Nor can we determine the exact mechanism by which dynamic (long-period) strains induce eruption, but given the apparent failure of all mechanisms except increasing permeability and breaching barriers we favor these. More observations and longer records are needed. In particular, gas measurements and broadband seismic data can be collected remotely and continuously, and provide key information about processes that occur during and immediately after the arrival of seismic waves. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Disabling Our Diagnostic Dilemmas

The physical therapy profession's diagnostic dilemma results from its confused response to competing issues that affect the physical therapist's role as a diagnostician. The major components of the diagnostic dilemma are: (1) the competition among new ideas, (2) the complexity of the diagnostic process and language used to describe the outcome, (3) the profession's lack of consensus regarding the diagnostic classification construct to be embraced, and (4) the rapid evolution and impact of new knowledge. The interaction of these 4 components results in "diagnostic disablement." Whether managing a patient, creating a curriculum to educate new physical therapy practitioners, or applying for research funding to study the science or practice of diagnostic classification, physical therapists face a real challenge in understanding and complying with all the current diagnostic requirements of the US health care system and the physical therapy profession. This article traces the 4 components and considers the strategies the profession can use to resolve its diagnostic dilemma. The first step would be to standardize the language that physical therapists use to describe or diagnose phenomena within their scope of practice.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems for Disaster Relief: Tornado Alley

Unmanned aerial vehicle systems are currently in limited use for public service missions worldwide. Development of civil unmanned technology in the United States currently lags behind military unmanned technology development in part because of unresolved regulatory and technological issues. Civil unmanned aerial vehicle systems have potential to augment disaster relief and emergency response efforts. Optimal design of aerial systems for such applications will lead to unmanned vehicles which provide maximum potentiality for relief and emergency response while accounting for public safety concerns and regulatory requirements. A case study is presented that demonstrates application of a civil unmanned system to a disaster relief mission with the intent on saving lives. The concept utilizes unmanned aircraft to obtain advanced warning and damage assessments for tornados and severe thunderstorms. Overview of a tornado watch mission architecture as well as commentary on risk, cost, need for, and design tradeoffs for unmanned aerial systems are provided.