cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid Sequence Intubation Revisited

Abstract [Knopp RK: Rapid sequence intubation revisited. Ann Emerg Med March 1998;31:398-400.]
Electron microscope heteroduplex study of sequence relations of T2, T4, and T6 bacteriophage DNAs.

Abstract The regions of sequence homology and nonhomology between the DNA molecules of bacteriophages T2, T4, and T6 have been mapped by the electron microscope heteroduplex method. The heteroduplexes show characteristic reproducible patterns of substitution and deletion loops. The heteroduplex maps have been oriented with respect to the T4 genetic map by observing the positions of several T4 rII deletion loops and a lysozyme deletion loop relative to the heteroduplex patterns. All heteroduplexes show more than 85% homology. Some of the loop patterns in T 2 T 4 heteroduplexes are similar to those in T 4 T 6 . We find that the rII, the lysozyme and ac genes, the D region, and gene 52 are homologous in T2, T4, and T6. Genes 43 and 47 are probably homologous between T2 and T4. The region of greatest homology is that bearing the late genes. The host range region, which comprises a part of gene 37 and all of gene 38, is heterologous in T2, T4, and T6. The remainder of gene 37 is partially homologous in the T 2 T 4 heteroduplex ( Beckendorf et al. 1972 ), but it is heterologous in T 4 T 6 and in T 2 T 6 . Some of the tRNA genes are homologous, and some are not. The internal protein genes in general seem to be nonhomologous. Most of the regions of homology and nonhomology are gene size or larger. There is no evidence for many partially homologous sequences. This is the expected situation for phages which undergo genetic recombination. The molecular lengths of the T-even DNA's are the same within experimental error; the ratio of this molecular length to that of λ DNA is 3.63 ± 0.06, corresponding to a molecular length of 170 kilobase pairs (kb). This suggests that the molecular weight of the nonglucosylated T-even DNAs, carrying hydroxymethylcytosine, is 112 ± 4 × 106 daltons. Circular duplexes with single-stranded tails are observed by denaturation and renaturation of any one of the T-even DNAs because of its circular permutation and terminal repetition. The observed lengths of the circular duplexes indicate that the genome sizes are 166 ± 2 kb (T4), 164 ± 2 kb (T6), and 160 ± 2 kb (T2). Thus, T2 has a smaller genome than T4 and T6. The mean lengths of the terminal repetitions are 3.3 ± 1 kb (T4 and T6) and 9 ± 2 kb (T2). These differences in length of the terminal repetitions are consistent with the observed differences in genome size. The variability in length of the terminal repetition in any one phage is consistent with the interpretation that there is a variability of about 1% of the full molecular length in the amount of DNA packaged by the head-full mechanism.
Difference in citation rates by subject areas of LIS in Korea

Citation analysis, in addition to peer review, is one of the popular methods to assess faculty research performance. In some disciplines, the validity of citation counts for evaluating research has been proven by many studies. However, it should be used cautiously when different disciplines are concerned, because citation practices may vary across disciplines. Although there have been studies that have examined the different citation practices across disciplines, relatively little research has investigated the citation rates of subject areas within a single discipline. This study explores the citation rates of subject areas in library and information science (LIS) in Korea. The preliminary results of this study will provide the rationale for further work, analyzing the causes of different citation patterns in a discipline. Ultimately, the study could provide useful implications for understanding and using the citation counts in assessing research performance.
Technologies for Environmental Cleanup: Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management

This is the second in a series of EUROCOURSES conducted under the title, “Technologies for Environmental Cleanup.” To date, the series consist of the following Courses: 1992: Soils and Groundwater 1993: Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management The 1993 Course focuses on recent technological developments in the United States and Europe in the areas of waste management policies and regulations, characterization and monitoring of waste, waste minimization and recycling strategies, thermal treatment technologies, photolytic degradation processes, bioremediation processes, medical waste treatment, waste stabilization processes, catalytic organic destruction technologies, risk analyses, and data bases and information networks. It is intended that this Course will serve as a resource of state-of-the-art technologies and methodologies for the environmental protection manager involved in decisions concerning the management of toxic and hazardous waste.
Uses of vaccinia virus as a vector for the production of live recombinant vaccines

Vaccinia virus, the world's oldest vaccine, was used originally for the eradication of smallpox. It is now being genetically engineered to create new live vaccines for use against other infectious agents of medical and veterinary importance. Genes coding for antigens of several pathogens have been linked to vaccinia virus transcriptional regulatory signals and inserted into the vaccinia virus genome. The resultant recombinant viruses are infectious, express the foreign gene, stimulate specific immune responses in vaccinated animals and can protect against disease caused by the corresponding pathogen.
A Review of “A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World's Largest Experiment Reveals About Human Desire”

All criticism aside, this book is a great read. It is fun to peruse the kaleidoscope of human sexual behavior. There is apparently more variety to sexual expression than seasoned clinicians suspect...
Trajectories of alcohol use and electrophysiological and morphological indices of brain development: distinguishing causes from consequences.

: Alcoholism is a major public health problem. Patterns of drinking during adolescence can influence the likelihood of this outcome. Both environmental variation and familial/genetic susceptibility play important roles in this process. While there is some evidence to suggest that metabolic factors play a role in whether some individuals are protected from developing alcohol problems, there is substantial reason to look for cognitive factors that are associated with increased susceptibility. Developmental trajectories for information processing that can be reflected in P300 amplitude changes over time, as well as trajectories describing acquisition of postural control when compared in offspring from families with multiple cases of alcoholism or those with none or few, suggest that brain development provides a clue to why some individuals are more susceptible to becoming alcoholic. Finally, differences seen in amygdala volume between high- and low-risk adolescents suggest that functional differences seen in electrophysiological responding or neuropsychological test performance may have anatomical correlates.
Antibiotic Treatment of Experimental Pneumonic Plague in Mice

A mouse model was developed to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of pneumonic plague; streptomycin was compared to antibiotics with which there is little or no clinical experience. Infection was induced by inhalation of aerosolized Yersinia pestis organisms. Antibiotics were administered by intraperitoneal injection every 6 hours for 5 days, at doses that produced levels of drug in serum comparable to those observed in humans treated for other serious infections. These studies compared in vitro to in vivo activity and evaluated the efficacy of antibiotics started at different times after exposure. Early treatment (started 24 h after challenge, when 0 of 10 mice tested had positive blood cultures) with netilmicin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, aztreonam, ampicillin, and rifampin (but not cefazolin, cefotetan, or ceftizoxime) demonstrated efficacy comparable to streptomycin. Late treatment (started 42 h after exposure, when five of five mice tested had positive blood cultures) with netilmicin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and a high dose (20 mg/kg of body weight every 6 h) of gentamicin produced survival rates comparable to that with streptomycin, while all of the beta-lactam antibiotics (cefazolin, cefotetan, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, aztreonam, and ampicillin) and rifampin were significantly inferior to streptomycin. In fact, all groups of mice treated late with beta-lactam antibiotics experienced accelerated mortality rates compared to normal-saline-treated control mice. These studies indicate that netilmicin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin may be alternatives for the treatment of pneumonic plague in humans. However, the beta-lactam antibiotics are not recommended, based upon poor efficacy in this mouse model of pneumonic plague, particularly when pneumonic plague may be associated with bacteremia.
Machiavelli and Empire

Machiavelli and Empire. By Mikael Hornqvist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 320p. $75.00.This study of the formation of Machiavelli's republican imperialism concludes with great political questions: “Machiavelli had created a power destined to put an end to centuries of backwardness, obscurantism, and oppression. By tearing asunder veils of political and religious illusion, uprooting and devouring all that comes in its way or opposes its principles and interests, [Machiavelli's modernity] has transformed, and is in the process of transforming, the lives of millions of people. Is it a destructive or benevolent force? A new form of imperialism, disguised as democracy and globalization, while in reality relying on naked, shameless, and brutal exploitation? Or is it a liberator that will bring justice and benefit to mankind? Perhaps it is too early to say. What is beyond doubt, though, is that the aim of this power is to conquer the world, and to do so in the name of liberty” (p. 290).
Microautophagy of Cytosolic Proteins by Late Endosomes

Autophagy delivers cytosolic components to lysosomes for their degradation. The delivery of autophagic cargo to late endosomes for complete or partial degradation has also been described. In this report we present evidence that distinct autophagic mechanisms control cytosolic protein delivery to late endosomes and identify a microautophagy-like process that delivers soluble cytosolic proteins to the vesicles of late endosomes/multivesicular bodies (MVBs). This microautophagy-like process has selectivity and is distinct from chaperone-mediated autophagy that occurs in lysosomes. Endosomal microautophagy occurs during MVB formation, relying on the ESCRT I and III systems for formation of the vesicles in which the cytosolic cargo is internalized. Protein cargo selection is mediated by the chaperone hsc70 and requires the cationic domain of hsc70 for electrostatic interactions with the endosomal membrane. Therefore, we propose that endosomal microautophagy shares molecular components with both the endocytic and autophagic pathways.
Structural characterization of 3C-SiC films grown on Si layers wafer bonded to polycrystalline SiC substrates

Single crystal 3C-SiC epitaxial layers have been grown on SOI substrates using low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD). The SOI substrates consist of nominally 150 A Si layers bonded to 100 mm poly 3C-SiC substrates using direct wafer bonding and SOI film transfer techniques. Miscut Si(100) films were incorporated into the wafer bonding process for the first time in an effort to further reduce anti-phase domain formation in the 3C-SiC films. The Si films were transferred from Si(100) wafers miscut 4° toward the (110) direction. For growth of 3C-SiC layers, a two-step process is needed. First the Si is carbonized using propane mixed in a hydrogen carrier gas to convert the surface to SiC at atmospheric pressure. Next SiC growth is conducted by the addition of silane into the gas mix and a reduction of the process to 150 Torr. Previous characterization of these films via SEM and XRD indicated that the films were single crystal and oriented with respect to the starting Si bonded film. In this work we present results of TEM analysis of these films which show details of the atomic structure at the 3C-SiC/poly-crystalline SiC interface where a thin (6 nm thick) amorphous region has been detected, likely due to SiO2 used to wafer bond the Si film to the poly substrate. A detailed study of this material system is presented with the aim of providing feedback for possible improvements in the 3C-SiC growth process.
Everyone Has Questions: Developing a Social Marketing Campaign Promoting a Sexual Health Text Message Service

Text message services that provide sexual health information are increasingly popular, but often they are not promoted. This article describes the development of a social marketing campaign promoti...
Treatment of Dyspareunia Secondary to Vulvovaginal Atrophy

Declining estrogen levels associated with menopause can result in vulvovaginal atrophy and some degree of dyspareunia for more than half of all women in menopause. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved ospemifene, a nonhormonal oral medication for the treatment of dyspareunia in menopause. This article will provide an overview of ospemifene and its indications, side effects and implications for nurses.
From Natural Logic to Natural Reasoning

This paper starts with a brief history of Natural Logic from its origins to the most recent work on implicatives. It then describes on-going attempts to represent the meanings of so-called evaluative adjectives in these terms based on what linguists have traditionally assumed about constructions such as NP was stupid to VP, NP was not lucky to VP that have been described as factive. It turns out that the account cannot be based solely on lexical classification as the existing framework of Natural Logic assumes.
Metrics, Metrics, Metrics: Negative Hedonicity

Intelligent technologies such as performance support systems and decision aids represent a key aspect of modern sociotechnical systems. When new tools are introduced into the workplace, they represent hypotheses about how cognitive work is expected to change. The tacit hypothesis is that any such change will be for the better, performance will be more efficient, and decisions will be improved - that is, they'll be made faster and on the basis of greater evidence. Experience suggests that technological interventions sometimes have the intended positive effect. However, they often result in negative effects, including unintended cascading failures and worker frustration due to "user-hostile" aspects of interfaces.
Rituximab in ANA positive polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with uveitis

We report the case of a 15 year old girl with an 8 year history of difficult to control polyarticular ANA +ve, RF -ve, JIA with severe right sided uveitis treated with Rituximab based on the NICE approved regime for adult rheumatoid arthritis. She presented at the age of 7 years with a 6 week history of painful arthritis involving both ankles, knees, left elbow and left middle PIP joints. Subsequently there was progression to include wrists, TMJs, with erosive disease in both hips and ankles, and intermittent wheelchair use. She was treated with 15–20 mg/m2 of Methotrexate, tried on full dose Etanercept for 12 months, then Infliximab for 6 months, followed by Adalimumab for 6 months. Ciclosporine was added for a 3 DMARD approach but stopped due to hypertension. Throughout she always required additional multiple intra-articular steroid injections and methlyprednisolone infusions (and topical Pred Forte eye drops) to maintain her in reasonable remission. After much consideration she was treated with Rituximab 1 gm by intravenous infusion repeated 2 weeks later and sub-cutaneous methotrexate continued. Since then she has remained in arthritis free remission for 7 months but her uveitis is unchanged in severity. CHAQ scores fell from 1.5 pre-treatment to 0.4 post treatment and active joint counts fell from 5 to 0. Rituximab may be useful in polyarticular JIA resistant to anti-TNF therapy and we recommend a drug trial for this small group of patients.
The Television As Robot Servant

Abstract : Television and computing have an interesting intersection in the topic of how to put computer software into the television infrastructure. It is widely recognized that the result is a home information appliance. However, despite previous commercial experimentation, such an appliance has not emerged as successful. Perhaps there is only a deficiency in properly conceptualizing the appliance. In keeping with this theme, this paper presents a theory of why people value information. Using this theory as a design aid in the creation of future home information appliances should improve their chances of commercial success.
The impact of mega-scale data centers on internet architecture

Growing expertise with clusters of commodity PCs have enabled a number of companies to harness petaflops of computation power and petabytes of storage in a cost-efficient manner. Clusters consisting of tens of thousands of PCs are not unheard of in the largest companies and thousand-node clusters are increasingly common in universities, research labs, and companies. Important applications classes include scientific computing, financial analysis, data analysis and warehousing, and large-scale network services. In response to these trends, the data center infrastructure has retooled to extract maximum efficiency from available computation and storage, with particular emphasis on power, cooling, and density.
HMGN2 inducibly binds a novel transactivation domain in nuclear PRLr to coordinate Stat5a-mediated transcription.

The direct actions of transmembrane receptors within the nucleus remain enigmatic. In this report, we demonstrate that the prolactin receptor (PRLr) localizes to the nucleus where it functions as a coactivator through its interactions with the latent transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (Stat5a) and the high-mobility group N2 protein (HMGN2). We identify a novel transactivation domain within the PRLr that is activated by ligand-induced phosphorylation, an event coupled to HMGN2 binding. The association of the PRLr with HMGN2 enables Stat5a-responsive promoter binding, thus facilitating transcriptional activation and promoting anchorage-independent growth. We propose that HMGN2 serves as a critical regulatory factor in Stat5a-driven gene expression by facilitating the assembly of PRLr/Stat5a onto chromatin and that these events may serve to promote biological events that contribute to a tumorigenic phenotype. Our data imply that phosphorylation may be the molecular switc...
Central venous catheters coated or impregnated with antimicrobial agents effectively prevent microbial colonisation and catheter-related bloodstream infections

Commentary on: Lai NM, Chaiyakunapruk N, Lai NA, et al. Catheter impregnation, coating or bonding for reducing central venous catheter-related infections in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;6:CD007878.[OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2] A total of 78 000 catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) occur in US hospitals and dialysis units annually, resulting in a mortality rate of 12.3% and an excess cost of US$7288–US$29 156/case. A commonly used and guideline-supported strategy to prevent CRBSI is to use a central venous catheter (CVC) that has been impregnated with antimicrobial agents. Lai and colleagues performed a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that studied any type of coated CVC compared with either a non-coated CVC or CVC with another coating. The major outcomes of interest were clinically diagnosed sepsis, CRBSI and mortality. A comprehensive search strategy was used. The Cochrane data extraction method was utilised with two reviewers independently evaluating study relevance and risk of bias. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCochrane%2BDatabase%2BSyst%2BRev%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.spage%253DCD007878%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23740696%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23740696&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F2%2F56.atom
The Role of Gender in Identifying Subtypes of Schizophrenia: A Latent Class Analytic Approach

Past literature suggests that schizophrenic men and women may be at different risks for developing different subtypes of schizophrenia. This hypothesis was tested using data from the well-known retrospective cohort family studies, the Iowa 500 and the Iowa non-500. The sample consisted of 171 male and 161 female DSM-IH schizophrenic patients and 713 of their first-degree relatives. First, bivariate tests for gender differences were conducted regarding family morbidity, age of onset, premorbid history, season of birth, and expression of deficit and affective symptoms. Restricted maximum likelihood latent class analysis was then used to test whether there was a subgroup of schizophrenic men who were more likely to have a low familial risk for schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders, deficit symptoms, poor premorbid history, and birth in the winter months, suggesting possible early environmental insults, compared to schizophrenic women. Results showed that although men were more likely to meet these criteria, women also met them, thus suggesting gender differences in the prevalence of the subtype. Schizophrenic women were more likely to express a form of the illness characterized by dysphoria, persecutory delusions, and a higher family morbidity risk for schizophrenia than schizophrenic men. Results for spectrum disorders among relatives were equivocal with regard to gender.
Combining individual Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and caregiver–child sessions for childhood depression: An open trial:

The objective was to obtain preliminary evidence on the feasibility and efficacy of combining individual cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with complimentary caregiver-child sessions for depressed youths. Fifteen children participated in an open clinical trial. Treatment included 16 CBT sessions combined with seven caregiver/caregiver-child sessions over 12 weeks. Data were collected at pre-, mid-, and post-treatment and at one- and six-month follow-ups. Significant decreases in depressive symptoms were apparent, with the majority showing clinically meaningful improvement. Benchmarked against the literature, the combination equaled or outperformed CBT in other studies and was superior to control conditions. Mother and teacher reports of child functioning significantly improved, providing social validation of the effects. Mothers reported improved caregiver-child relationships and less parenting stress. Children did not report acute improvements in relations with their caregivers. However, when a father participated, improved father-child relations were reported in the follow-up period. Younger age and lower pretreatment severity predicted greater symptom change. The positive treatment effects provide support for the combined intervention and suggest a further research focus on the effects of caregiver involvement in the treatment of depressed youths.
Factory: an object-oriented parallel programming substrate for deep multiprocessors

Recent advances in processor technology such as Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) and Chip Multiprocessing (CMP) enable parallel processing on a single die. These processors are used as building blocks of shared-memory multiprocessor systems, or clusters of multiprocessors. New programming languages and tools are necessary due to the complexities introduced by systems with multigrain, multilevel execution capabilities. This paper introduces Factory, an object-oriented parallel programming substrate which allows programmers to express multigrain parallelism, but alleviates them from having to manage it. Factory is written in C++ without introducing any extensions to the language. Because it leverages existing C++ constructs to express arbitrarily nested parallel computations, it is highly portable and does not require extra compiler support. Moreover, Factory offers programmability and performance comparable to already established multithreading substrates.
Chemolithotrophy in Rhizobium

The first pure cultures of Rhizobium species were described by Beijerinck in 1888 who surface disinfected nodules from Vicia, Lathrus and Trifolium and cultured the nodule endophytes on gelatin plates containing plant extracts, sucrose, and asparagine. Since this pioneering discovery, Rhizobium species have been considered chemoorganotrophs and always have been supplied with carbon substrates such as hexoses, pentoses, or complex carbohydrates (Vincent, 1978).
A Role for Protein Kinase C-δ in the Regulation of Ornithine Decarboxylase Expression by Oxidative Stress

The expression of genes that regulate cell growth, such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), can be modulated by oxidant tumor promoters. Treatment of murine papilloma PE cells with H2O2 led to a transient induction of ODC enzyme activity, which could be blocked by calphostin, a nonspecific inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Peak activity (11-fold) occurred 5-6 h after treatment, followed by a rapid decline. The increase in ODC activity was associated with an elevation of both ODC mRNA (3-fold) and protein (7-fold). Direct involvement of PKC in the regulation of ODC by oxidants was determined by stable transfection of PE cells with a dominant-negative PKC-delta mutant. PKC-delta activity was completely inhibited in response to H2O2 in cells overexpressing mutant PKC-delta compared with cells transfected with a blank plasmid. Induction of ODC mRNA, protein, and activity was also completely inhibited in cells expressing the PKC-delta mutant after H2O2 treatment. Activation of an ODC promoter-luciferase reporter construct by H2O2 was attenuated in mutant cells compared with control cells, further confirming that ODC is regulated transcriptionally by PKC-delta. However, fold-increases in ODC mRNA and protein were much less than the increase in activity, suggesting that ODC may also undergo posttranscriptional regulation in the presence of oxidants. Taken together, these studies provide new insight into the regulation of ODC by oxidants and suggest that PKC-delta may play a critical role in this regulation.
Finite element solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional steady flow through a section of a canine aorta model.

Abstract A finite element solution to the Navier-Stokes equations for flow through a segment of the aorta has been developed, providing information on the velocity profiles, wall shear stresses and pressures. One purpose was to compare these results with experimental data on wall shear stresses, obtained in a plastic model of a canine aorta-excellent agreement was found. The patterns are found to be extremely sensitive to changes in flow splits through the branching celiac and anterior mesenteric arteries and also on the fine detail of the shapes of the flow dividers. Other interesting results include possible separation of flow beyond the anterior mesenteric as indicated by the pressure variation in that region, and the calculated velocity fields show eddy formation on the outer walls in the celiac branch. The calculations illustrate the power of the method used in that the important features of the flow have been reproduced. It also indicates the potentialities for prediction in more complex cases, such as that of pulsatile flow and distensible walls, for which experimental measurements are difficult.
Influence of intertree distance on foraging behaviour of Rhagoletis pomonella in the field

. 1. We tested a prediction from contemporary foraging theory that animals should decrease their allocation of energy to the searching of individual patches when interpatch travel costs decrease. 2. We used individual Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae) females foraging for oviposition sites (=Crataegus fruit) in a host tree which was surrounded by four other trees at varying distances. 3. We found that flies generally invested less search, measured as time spent searching a tree or number of leaves visited on a tree, when neighbouring trees were nearby than when farther away. 4. Under our test conditions, flies appeared to have difficulty locating neighbouring trees at a distance of more than 1.6 m. 5. Our study calls into question the interpretation of search effort by insects within resource patches in the absence of information on interpatch distances.
Assessing the functional consequence of loss of function variants using electronic medical record and large-scale genomics consortium efforts.

Estimates from large scale genome sequencing studies indicate that each human carries up to 20 genetic variants that are predicted to results in loss of function (LOF) of protein-coding genes. While some are known disease–causing variants or common, tolerated, LOFs in nonessential genes, the majority remain of unknown consequence. We explore the possibility of using imputed GWAS data from large biorepositories such as the electronic medical record and genomics (eMERGE) consortium to determine the effects of rare LOFs. Here, we show that two hypocholesterolemia-associated LOF mutations in the PCSK9 gene can be accurately imputed into large-scale GWAS datasets which raises the possibility of assessing LOFs through genomics-linked medical records.
In-situ measurement of lime kiln burden temperature by laser induced fluorescence

Abstract A novel technique has been developed for measuring the temperature of the burdeninside an operating industrial lime kiln. In this technique, trace quantities of a rare earth element are introduced into the input stream to the kiln. Conditions inside the kiln cause the rare earth ions to become incorporated as substitutional impurities on the crystal lattice of the calcium oxide product. This results in a product which exhibits strong fluorescence under ultraviolet excitation. The decay time constant of this fluorescence, which is strongly temperature dependent, serves as a measure of burden temperature. The spectral and temporal characteristics of the fluorescence of several rare earths have been studied over a temperature range of 800 to 1150 °C which is the range of interest in an operating kiln. This work has led to the selection of praseodymium as the most suitable rare earth element and to the development of techniques to permit temperature measurements with an accuracy of approximately ±20 °C to be performed at rare earth concentrations in the parts per million range. A prototype sensor employing this fluorescence technique has been developed. This sensor, which has been designed to survive in the harsh lime kiln environment, utilizes a frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser to provide high energy UV pulses at 355 nm and a specially designed telescope and fiber-optic light collection system to detect the emitted fluoresence. This device will provide the first accurate, in-situ measurement of lime kiln burden temperature which can be made on a continuous basis.
Estimating the contribution of lightning to microbial evolution: guidance from the Drake equation: comment on "Lightning-triggered electroporation and electrofusion as possible contributors to natural horizontal gene transfer" by Tadej Kotnik.

The possibility that lightning-mediated horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has contributed to evolution has been raised before [1–5], but not vigorously pursued. Kotnik now thoughtfully argues for doing so [6]. In addition to applauding his presentation, I suggest that estimating the significance of lightning’s contribution to HGT in microbial evolution is fundamentally a quantitative issue. For this reason aspects of electroporation (EP) and the Drake equation are briefly discussed. Fig. 1 is based on experimental exposure conditions, mainly for mammalian cells, and indicates both Supra-EP and Conventional EP [7]. The former involves creation of about 100-fold more pores during nsPEF (nanosecond pulsed electric fields) than conventional EP (pulse duration greater than about 1 μs), but nsPEF pores are mostly small. Lightning-induced electric fields in the sea and soil lie within this strength-duration space, with smaller bacteria requiring ten-fold larger strengths for pulse durations greater than ∼ 1 μs. The most relevant feature of lightning is its generation of an electric current density, J , in sea or soil. The spatially distributed J leads to electric fields that can electroporate prokaryote membranes, with these field pulse strengths, durations and repetitions defining three hemispherical zones [5,6]: lethal, HGT possible and no EP effect. Here discussion focuses on DNA delivery by electroporation without electrofusion. This seems to be the more general possibility, requiring neither bacterial protoplasts nor membrane contact.
Neutron Transfer to the Ground State of 14 C in the 13 C( 14 N, 13 N) 14 C Reaction

Thick targets of $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ (91.7%) were bombarded with $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ ions accelerated in the Oak Ridge tandem Van de Graaff, and the cross section for the neutron-transfer reaction $^{13}\mathrm{C}$($^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{13}\mathrm{N}$)$^{14}\mathrm{C}$ was measured from 12.5 to 20.5 MeV. The cross section measured in this energy range is due predominantly to transfer that proceed to the $^{14}\mathrm{C}$ ground state, since the threshold for the reaction to populate the 6.09-MeV first excited state is 17.6 MeV. The measured excitation function was then compared with cross sections calculated from the recent distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) treatment of Schmittroth, Tobocman, and Golestaneh. It was possible to find an optical potential for which the DWBA matched the observed excitation function above 14-MeV (lab) incident energy. From this fit the spectroscopic factor for the $^{14}\mathrm{C}$ ground state was determined. The excitation function for the compound-nucleus reaction $^{13}\mathrm{C}(^{14}\mathrm{N},2p)^{25}\mathrm{Na}$ was also measured for $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ incident energies from 13.5 to 20.5 MeV.
A Combined Mössbauer, Magnetic Circular Dichroism, and Density Functional Theory Approach for Iron Cross-Coupling Catalysis: Electronic Structure, In Situ Formation, and Reactivity of Iron-Mesityl-Bisphosphines

While iron-bisphosphines have emerged as effective catalysts for C–C cross-coupling, the nature of the in situ formed iron species, elucidation of the active catalysts and the mechanisms of catalysis have remained elusive. A combination of 57Fe Mossbauer and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies of well-defined and in situ formed mesityl-iron(II)-SciOPP species combined with density functional theory (DFT) investigations provides the first direct insight into electronic structure, bonding and in situ speciation of mesityl-iron(II)-bisphosphines in the Kumada cross-coupling of MesMgBr and primary alkyl halides using FeCl2(SciOPP). Combined with freeze-trapped solution Mossbauer studies of reactions with primary alkyl halides, these studies demonstrate that distorted square-planar FeMes2(SciOPP) is the active catalyst for cross-coupling and provide insight into the molecular-level mechanism of catalysis. These studies also define the effects of key reaction protocol details, including the role of...
Ground-Water Salinity Control Assessment Along the Canadian River—An Integrated Geophysical Approach

Increased salinity in Lake Meredith has been attributed by water sampling to a reach of 5.5 mi of the Canadian River immediately below Ute Dam near Logan, New Mexico, as a source of saline inflow. Since Lake Meredith, impounded by Sanford Dam 150 mi downstream from Ute Dam, and the Canadian River are primary water supplies for several municipalities, including the city of Amarillo, Texas, remediation of salinity contamination is needed. Investigations performed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the Texas Water Quality Board, the Canadian River Municipal Water Authority, and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation conclude that the saline contamination is the result of naturally occurring artesian aquifers associated with evaporites. Proposals concluded that relieving the artesian head on these aquifers through pumping and disposing of the brine in deep-injection wells would greatly reduce the saline inflow into the river. An exploration program was initiated in November 1993 to determine the character of the brine aquifer(s), lateral extent, porosity/permeability, and also potential deep injection strata for disposal wells for the brine water. Included in this program were exploration drilling, borehole geophysics, surface seismic reflection, and pumping tests. Shallow geophysical reflection surveys in the river channel mapped the brine aquifer and located lateral discontinuities, interpreted as collapse zones providing vertical flow paths from the brine aquifer to the river channel. Deep seismic reflection surveys, tied to existing deep oil wells in the area, show sufficiently thick sedimentary sequences for deep disposal wells. These sedimentary sections of arkosic sands are associated with a deep graben in the vicinity of Logan where brine flows into the Canadian River. Log analysis of existing wells in the area allowed the correlation of lithology to seismically derived structural horizons. Information on a variety of lithologic parameters, including primary and fracture porosity, allowed selection of disposal formations prior to injection testing.
Stretch-induced Ca2+ release via an IP3 insensitive Ca2+ channel

Various mechanical stimuli increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). A part of the increase in [Ca2+]i is due to the release of Ca2+ from intra...
Body-Size Diversity and Community Structure of Fossil Hyracoids

Hyracoidea is a mammalian order that shows remarkable diversity in body mass through time in contrast to the narrow range of body mass that occurs among extant species of the order. Despite growing knowledge of taxonomic, locomotor, and dietary diversity among Tertiary hyracoids, estimates of body mass for extinct forms have been unavailable. Fourteen regression equations derived from dental measurements of a wide range of ungulates were used to estimate body mass in extinct hyracoids. Significant differences in estimates of mass for individual species occurred among different regressions, among different tooth measurements, and between upper and lower molars, raising the question of how regression equations should be selected. Despite the problems inherent in estimation of body mass, it is clear that extinct hyracoids ranged from small taxa, the size of rabbits, to large ones, the size of Sumatran rhinos. Early Tertiary communities of hyracoids in Africa prior to the arrival of groups of northern ungulates demonstrated a range of body mass comparable to that of modern communities of ungulates (3–2,000 kg). Later communities of hyracoids showed reduced diversity in size associated with greater diversity among sympatric non-hyracoid ungulates. Pliocene to Recent hyracoids showed limited diversity in body size within a single community, with Eurasian pliohyracines being restricted to a large size range (800–1,400 kg) and modern procaviids being restricted to a small size range (1.0– 4.5 kg).
What is normal ovarian reserve

While hormonal and ultrasonographic measures of ovarian reserve are often used to counsel patients about their fertility potential, normative data for these markers in the general population are lacking. Most studies are cross sectional and take place within specific subpopulations. Antral follicle count and anti-Mullerian hormone have been shown to be the best indicators of a woman's total follicular reserve. Ovarian volume, inhibin B, estradiol, and follicle-stimulating hormone are less helpful. Antral follicle count and anti-Mullerian hormone decrease with age and have been used to attempt to predict the length of the fertile window. Additional longitudinal data are needed for these biomarkers in populations of young, healthy, multiethnic women to assess for the presence of cofactors and determine the rate of age-related decline. Currently, these biomarkers are insufficient as predictors of fertility potential or advancement to menopause and no definitive determinations can be made about what constitutes "normal" levels of each measure.
Aliovalent MnTi and GaTi substitution in high-temperature piezoelectric (x)Bi(Zn0.5Zr0.5)O3—(y)BiScO3—(100 – x − y)PbTiO3

Aliovalent substitution of 1–2 % Mn and Ga for Ti has been carried out in the high-temperature ternary system (x)Bi(Zn0.5Zr0.5)O3—y)BiScO3—(100−x−y)PbTiO3 near the morphotropic phase boundary, specifically 2.5BZZ-37.5BS-60PT in an attempt to reduce the loss tangent. Modifications of this particular composition were chosen due its high-Curie temperature of 420 °C and excellent piezoelectric coefficient of 520 pm/V. Dielectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical properties were characterized as a function of temperature, frequency, and electric field for all compositions. Small concentrations of Mn and Ga were shown to increase both the electrical and mechanical quality factors, with a Q m and Q e of 300 and 150, respectively, from room temperature up to 300 °C for Mn-doped compositions.
497 SUBPERIOSTEAL ABSCESS OF THE ORBIT

Purpose Subperiosteal abscess (SA) is one entity in a spectrum of orbital infectious processes associated with sinusitis, the differentiation of which is made clinically and radiologically. Management of this entity varies in adults versus children as a result of differing sinus physiology and microbial flora. This case series demonstrates these differences and outlines challenges in management. Methods Interventional case series. Results Case 1: A 50 year-old male with a history of sinusitis and Sampter’s triad (aspirin sensitivity, asthma, nasal polyps) presented with fever, right periorbital swelling and erythema, proptosis, globe displacement, and intermittent diplopia. He had been treated with oral ciprofloxacin and intravenous (IV) unasyn without clinical improvement. He had previously undergone multiple functional endoscopic sinus surgeries (FESS) for nasal polyposis and sinusitis, and had been found to have a right lamina papyrycea erosion. Orbital CT demonstrated right ethmoiditis and an adjacent SA in the superomedial orbit. After 48 hours of worsening symptoms despite broad-spectrum (aerobic and anaerobic) antibiotic coverage, he underwent FESS and right endonasal polypectomy with drainage of the abscess. This resulted in clinical resolution of his symptoms. Case 2: A 20 month-old male presented with fever and right periorbital swelling. Orbital CT showed bilateral ethmoiditis with an eroded right lamina papyrycea and adjacent orbital SA. He improved clinically on IV unasyn alone, without any need for surgical drainage. Orbital complications of sinusitis primarily affect children, with SA comprising less than ten percent of cases. Ethmoiditis is the most frequent source, and preseptal cellulitis is the most frequent orbital complication. Other more ominous sequelae include cavernous sinus thrombosis and cerebral abscess. Diagnosis is made by orbital CT, and treatment includes broad-spectrum IV antibiotics. Children usually have monomicrobial infections that respond to IV antibiotics alone, while adults often have polymicrobial (including anaerobic) infections that may require additional surgical drainage. This difference in microbial population has been attributed to larger sinus ostia in children, allowing for more sinus aeration. Conclusions Subperiosteal abscess is managed differently in adults versus children due to differing sinus physiology and microbial flora. Expectant medical management for children is usually adequate, while adults may require surgical intervention. Frequent monitoring of the disease course after initiating broad-spectrum IV antibiotics will aid in determining the need for surgery.
Analysis of results of malaria control and surveillance in 6 counties/cities in Yulin area of three-province malaria control network

Objective To analyze the result of malaria control and to evaluate the surveillance measure for mobile population in Yulin city from1992 to 2002 Methods The data on blood smear examination of febrile patients both of the local residents and mobile population, surveillance of IFAT in focus population from 1992 to 2002 were collected and analyzed Results 748 602 blood smear of febrile patients from local residents and 63 024 blood smear of febrile patients from mobile population were identified The average positive rate were 0 004% and 0 93% respectively The positive rate of IFAT in focus population was 0 037% Conclusion No indigenous cases of malaria were found in this area from 1999 The positive rate of mobile population from 3 94% in 1992 down to 0 15% in 2002 The results showed the measure for malaria control in mobile population is effective
Nursing Research on Children with Status Epilepticus

Objective To explore and complete the clinical nursing of children with status epilepticus. Methods 120 children with status epilepticus treated in our hospital were randomly divided into observation group(60 cases) and control group(60 cases). The control group was given conventional nursing, the observation group was given nursing intervention on this basis. The nursing satisfaction of two groups was compared. Results The nursing satisfaction rate of observation group was 96.67%, significantly higher than 80.00% of control group, with statistical difference(P 0.05). Conclusions In the clinical nursing of status epilepticus patients, nursing intervention can effectively alleviate patients' symptoms and improve patients' disease state with high clinical application value, which deserves promotion.
Cost Comparative Analysis to Evaluate Wastewater Service Charge Savings Strategies

Abstract The wastewater construction projects are needed for meeting the environment regulatory and compliance, preserving the sewer system and treatment infrastructure and reducing the sewer spills. However, most business owners do not understand the fundamental of the sewer service charge program and the current sewer service charge adjustment guideline only provides very basic information for the program. These business owners end up with significant amount of money and time wasted since they often fall short of qualification for sewer service charge adjustment. More importantly, no sewer service charge evaluation or cost benefit analysis is conducted for new construction projects. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to evaluate wastewater charge saving strategies through two case studies that include hospital buildings and large residential complex buildings having more than 100 units. Detailed cost comparative analysis is presented to show if the saving strategies are achievable for each case. Lastly, this paper recommends the best property management approach for the review of sewer service charge so that the significant amount of long term sewer service charge saving can be achieved for larger commercial project.
Sophocles, Oinomaos and the east pediment at Olympia

Date, lieu et reconstruction de la mise en scene originale d'O. Influence de la piece sur le choix du motif du fronton est du temple de Zeus.