cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the entropy of sums

It is shown that the entropy of a sum of independent random vectors is a submodular set function, and upper bounds on the entropy of sums are obtained as a result in both discrete and continuous settings. These inequalities complement the lower bounds provided by the entropy power inequalities of Madiman and Barron (2007). As applications, new inequalities for the determinants of sums of positive-definite matrices are presented.
HOST, MACROHABITAT, AND MICROHABITAT SPECIFICITY IN THE GILL PARASITE AFRODIPLOZOON POLYCOTYLEUS (MONOGENEA)

Studies on species of Monogenea have shown that these parasites often infect only a specific host species, genus, or family, and that they attach only to specific sites within hosts. Few studies, however, examine habitat specificity across host and habitat scales. In this study, we focused on host, macrohabitat, and microhabitat specificity in the monogenean diplozoon Afrodiplozoon polycotyleus, a gill parasite of African cyprinid fishes, Barbus spp. We first compared the occurrence of A. polycotyleus among 4 species of Barbus from a single location in the Mpanga River of western Uganda; Barbus neumayeri was the only species infected with the parasite. We then quantified parasite prevalence and mean abundance in B. neumayeri from a series of river and swamp sites in the same drainage, looking for environmental predictors of diplozoon prevalence and abundance over a broad habitat scale. The prevalence and mean abundance of A. polycotyleus on gills of B. neumayeri was highest in the hypoxic swamp habitat, followed by the intermittent stream sites, and faster flowing river sites. Parasite prevalence and mean abundance across habitats were negatively related to both water current and dissolved oxygen concentration. Within hosts, A. polycotyleus was strongly specific among hemibranchs in poorly oxygenated water and was found on arch 2, hemibranch 4 most frequently.
Workflows for incorporating stratigraphic and diagenetic relationships into a reservoir-analogue model from outcrops of Miocene carbonates in SE Spain

A workflow is presented for constructing an outcrop-based static geological model for Miocene heterozoan, photozoan, oolitic and microbial carbonates in SE Spain. Fieldwork and LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data were integrated to create a photorealistic virtual outcrop. Field-based data are depicted on the virtual outcrop, and used to identify and correlate horizons. Multivariate regression is used to extend stratigraphic horizons away from the outcrop and to create realistic time-equivalent model layers. Mapping and measured stratigraphic sections are used to assign depofacies within model layers. Pinning points are used to reconstruct sea-level history, and palaeotopography is used to define palaeobathymetry. Geospatial analysis of depofacies occurrence is used to extrapolate facies while also enforcing palaeobathymetric controls on depofacies distribution. Dolomitization and meteoric calcite cementation are dominant diagenetic products affecting porosity and permeability. Their distribution was mapped in the field and amounts were quantified in the laboratory, and these were used to populate diagenetic products into geomodel cells. Six scenario models were built to represent different stages and combinations of diagenetic effects on porosity and permeability. Construction of the static geological models required the development of new methods. These include: (1) a new workflow to extend clinoform surfaces across the model area by fitting equations to horizon picks made on the outcrop; (2) a new workflow relating relative sea level to model layers to allow calculation of palaeo-water depth and relate that to facies probability; and; (3) an experimental application to predict porosity and permeability from objective visual descriptions of carbonate samples.
Linear Programming for Profit Maximization

The subjec t of this p a p e r is the f u t u r e use of computer ized l inear p rogTamming to increase profi ts in the da i ry indus t ry . Genera l ly speaking, l inea r p r o g r a m m i n g is a f a i r l y recent ma themat ica l method fo r han dl ing m a n y s imple re la t ionsh ips s imultaneously. I t can be p e r f o r m e d by h a n d in several ways, bu t the a rduous deta i led calculat ions of the cust omary s i tua t ion a r e best done wi th a computer . One job the computer can do ve ry well is to consider s imultaneously, as no h u m a n b r a i n can, hundreds of in te r re la ted circumstances, none of which m a y be ve ry complicated, and produce the best answer a imed toward e i ther the h ighes t possible prof i t or the lowest possible cost s i tuat ion, all wi th in the maze of in te r re la ted circumstances. L inea r p r o g r a m m i n g produces facts and figures t h a t no account ing system can. The oil re f in ing i ndus t ry does the same th ing the da i ry i n d u s t r y does, t a k i n g basic r aw materials, p rocess ing them t h r o u g h co-used and shared equipment , and p roduc ing m a n y differen t products . The oil ref in ing indus t r ies have been us ing linear programming for more than ten years , and i t is evident t h a t ve ry few, i f any, of them could opera te compet i t ively today wi thou t it. Of the m a n y recent ly developed mathemat ica l techniques and business models m a k i n g use of the computer , l inear p r o g r a m m i n g is only one. Bu t i t is p r o b a b l y the mos t f u n d a m e n t a l and basic use of compute r s in business management . P robab ly , the bes t way to i l lus t ra te the use of l inear p r o g r a m m i n g in the da i ry i n d u s t r y is by example. As can be seen, f ou r p roduc t s can be produced and the company is faced wi th several l imi ta t ions on its resources. The first s tep requi red in a p rob lem of th is type is the convers ion of the verba l s t a t ement of the p rob lem to a mathemat ica l s t a t ement
Finding That College Students Cluster in Majors Based on Differing Patterns of Spatial Visualization and Language Processing Speeds

1. Richard M. Oldrieve[1][1] 2. Cynthia Bertelsen[2][2] 1. 1Cleveland State University, OH, USA 2. 2Bowling Green State University, OH, USA 1. Richard M. Oldrieve, 318 Julka Hall, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA. Email: oldrieve{at}aol.com For over 30 years, researchers such as Eisenberg and McGinty have investigated the relationship between 3-D visualization skills and choice of college major. Results of the present study support the fact that science and math majors tend to do well on a measure of 3-D visualization. Going beyond these earlier studies, the present study investigated whether a measure of Rapid Automatic Naming of Objects—which is normally used to screen for elementary school students who might struggle with speech, language, literacy, and numeracy—would further differentiate the choice of majors by college students. Far more research needs to be conducted, but results indicated that college students differentially clustered in scatterplot quadrants defined by the two screening assessments. Furthermore, several of these clusters, plus a statistical multiplier, may lead to a new understanding of students with phonological processing differences, learning disabilities, and speech and language impairments. [1]: #aff-1 [2]: #aff-2
Con-Struct Map

Summary: Con-Struct Map is a graphical tool for the comparative study of protein structures. The tool detects potential conserved residue contacts shared by multiple protein structures by superimposing their contact maps according to a multiple structure alignment. In general, Con-Struct Map allows the study of structural changes resulting from, e.g. sequence substitutions, or alternatively, the study of conserved components of a structure framework across structurally aligned proteins. Specific applications include the study of sequence-structure relationship in distantly related proteins and the comparisons of wild type and mutant proteins. Availability: http://pdbrs3.sdsc.edu/ConStructMap/viewer_argument_generator/singleArguments Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Dose Studies for Human Growth Hormone in Hypopituitarism

A number of studies have reported growth responses to different doses of human growth hormone (hGH). Most such reports deal with the first year or first 18 months of therapy in hypopituitarism. Twice-a-week (b.i.w) therapy has also been compared to three-times-a-week (t.i.w) therapy and has been found to be not quite as effective. The report of Aceto et al. (1) in 1973 suggested that an effective therapeutic dose could be 0.1 IU/kg body weight given t.i.w., and this has found widespread acceptance. This work was based on a collaborative study carried out on hypopituitary patients in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The hGH used in those studies varied from batch to batch and had mean biopotencies ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 IU/mg. It was about 50% monomeric and included a considerable amount of dimers and polymers. The significance of these other forms of hGH was not appreciated until the mid-1970s.
Statin therapy across the lifespan: evidence in major age groups

This review provides needed perspective on statin efficacy and safety in individuals under 40, 40-75, and > 75 years of age. Starting with the 2013 ACC-AHA cholesterol guidelines extensive evidence base on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) we added references in the past 5 years that discussed statin efficacy and safety over the life span. In those under 40, statins are primarily used for treatment of severe hypercholesterolemia, often familial, and they are well tolerated. In middle-aged adults, statins have strong evidence for benefit in primary and secondary prevention trials; however, in primary prevention, a clinician-patient risk discussion should precede statin prescription in order to determine appropriate treatment. In those over 75, issues of statin intensity and net benefit loom large as associated comorbidity, polypharmacy, and potential for adverse effects impact the decision to use statins with RCT data strongest in support of use in secondary prevention. Statin drugs have been studied by RCTs in a large number of individuals. In those groups shown to benefit, statins have reduced the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with few side effects as compared to controls. This review has detailed considerations that should occur when statins are given to individuals in different age groups.
Problems in the Use of Manuscripts

USE of manuscripts presents the librarian or archivist, whose job it is to look after them and make them available, with problems different from those that face the historian or scholar who uses manuscripts to interpret them. This article considers the curatorial problems of controlling access to manuscripts, of encouraging scholarly and preventing irresponsible use of manuscripts, and of making materials available by means of microfilm or other copies. Manuscripts differ from any other kind of material in that no two are precisely alike; their preservation is the prime concern of the curator, and the need of protection from thieves and vandals calls for a careful admission policy. As a basic, minimal requirement the potential reader of manuscripts must at least be asked to identify himself, with some proof of his identity, and to write his name in an attendance book provided. This is all that is asked in the Public Archives of Canada,1 for example, and in most English county record offices,2 where probably it would occur to none but the expert that there might be something of monetary value. At the British Museum and the Public Record Office readers' cards are issued, and each application must bear the signature of a householder, vouching for the applicant's honesty, not his academic prowess. Usually more is required. The applicant should know how to handle manuscripts properly, and sometimes there is an age requirement:3 16 at the Library of Congress, 18 at the Pierpont Morgan Library. Often letters of recommendation are asked for, to show that a responsible person, usually academic, considers the applicant capable of han
Scattering control using square and hexagonal checkerboard surfaces

The reflection variation property of Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) structures can be utilized to reduce the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of ground planes. Combining PEC and EBG structures on the same ground plane forms checkerboard surfaces which can achieve a RCS reduction in a narrow frequency band. However, a wider band RCS reduction can be realized by combining two different EBG structures. It can realize 60% frequency bandwidth for the 10-dB RCS reduction. The scattered fields for square checkerboard surfaces are re-directed toward four quadrants, while the scattering for hexagonal checkerboard surfaces are toward six directions. The maxima of the RCS for checkerboard surfaces in the four quadrants are 10 dB less than those of the PEC ground plane, and more than 19 dB RCS reduction is obtained along the principal planes. Both bistatic and monostatic RCS are compared with those of the equal-sized PEC ground planes.
Condemnation to the Mines in the Later Roman Empire

Lactantius, in his shrill polemical pamphlet De mortibus persecutorum, made the following observation while attacking his principal adversary, the emperor Galerius: “There was no mild punishment with him, not islands, not mines, not prisons; but fire, the cross, and wild beasts were daily and ready at hand.” More than a sign of the times, it is also a measure of his fury that Galerius could make exile, hard labor, and imprisonment seem to be lenient sentences. While one must resist succumbing immediately to credulity, one also must admit that even such hyperbole may have a kernel of truth in it. Lactantius probably assumed—as did many others—that the myriad adjustments to the complex relations between the church and the empire, which were in the process of being engineered by Constantine and his associates, would eliminate the need to inflict such punishments on Christians for religious reasons.
Adaptive threshold-based RF spectrum scanning through joint energy and bandwidth detection with USRPs in cognitive sensor networks for ROAR architecture

Opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks is regarded as an emerging technology for efficient utilization of under utilized of idle radio frequency spectrum. For opportunistic spectrum access, wireless devices are required to identify idle spectrum through spectrum sensing. The performance study of existing spectrum sensing algorithms often overlooks bandwidth of the detected signal while detecting the signal using peak of the energy spectrum that crosses the pre-specified threshold. This results in high false alarm probability. In this paper, we evaluate an adaptive threshold based RF spectrum sensing approach using USRP Software Defined Radio (SDR) for real-time opportunistic spectrum access in cloud based cognitive radio networks (ROAR) architecture where both signal energy and band-width of the signal are taken into account. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approach using probability of misdetection and false alarms metrics. The proposed approach can be particularized to a scenario with energy based detection or bandwidth based detection. The proposed approach is illustrated through numerical results obtained from experiments.
Biomechanical and Microstructural Response of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Pigs

Tensile loading is a common physiological condition of peripheral nerves but can induce pathologic effects. Significant defects in nerve conduction have been reported for strains as low as ∼6% greater than the in situ strain [1]. In order to better understand the functional deficits resulting from tensile loading of nerve tissue, biomechanical testing is performed. The long-term goal of this research is to develop a constitutive and a computational model of the biomechanical properties of the “packaging,” or connective tissues of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) to investigate their role in the onset of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVP). The vocal folds are important for protection of the airway during swallowing, the regulation of breathing, and for voice production. Although surgery is most often linked to onset of UVP, the cause remains unknown in a large percentage of those with this disorder. Recent research has suggested that individuals with idiopathic UVP may have damage to the RLN at the level of the aortic arch related to a thoracic aneurysm. Our preliminary work has resulted in the conclusion that connective tissues of the RLN exhibit different biomechanical properties in the region of the aortic arch [2]. An aneurysm would impose increased stress and strain on the RLN where it is adjacent to the aorta resulting in impaired nerve function. The primary goal of this study is to identify the relationship between the biomechanical response of RLN tissue and how it response is governed by load dependent underlying extracellular matrix (collagen) organization. We hypothesize that regional differences exist in the microstructure and/or biomechanical response of the RLN and that these differences play a role in the onset of idiopathic UVP.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Topologies on Ordered Sets

(1971). Topologies on Ordered Sets. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 78, No. 8, pp. 877-879.
Research and Application of the Integrated Intelligent Control System of Video Conferencing

Based on the analysis of the current status and some problems of the video conferencing system in Jiangsu electric power company,a solution of the integrated intelligent control system of video conferencing was proposed in this paper.This system could be compatible with multi-conferencing system based on Huawei,ZTE and POLYCOM.It could also make synchronous and automatic switching among provinces,cities and counties,improving work efficiency It was easy to operate and worth popularizing
Study on Noise Source Control for Naturally Ventilated Cooling Tower

This article introduces the status of noise pollution of naturally ventilated cooling tower,sound mechanism of the tower and some experimental research work for noise control using buffer layers.The effect of noise reduction is predicted.Selection of buffer material and its distribution pattern are optimized.
The long-term effects of periodic malnutrition on cellular development in Japanese quail (Corturnix corturnix Japonica).

SUMMARY An experiment was conducted with quail to study the long-term effects of periodic malnutrition upon the cellularity of various body tissues. The degree of stunting was directly proportional to the duration of the period of malnutrition. In quail stressed only mildly and late in development, compensatory cellular hyperplasia appeared in some tissues although overall growth still appeared to be reduced, when compared with unstressed controls.
Catherine and Agha Mohammad (1781–1797)

The renewed Russian interest in the southern shores of the Caspian was owed in part to the opportunity presented by the internecine competition among the Qajar and the general chaos reigning in Persia. In a larger part, however, the revival was owed to the proactive policy of Tsarina Catherine II (1762–1796), later styled the Great, particularly in reference to her long-term view toward subjugating Central Asia. To get there, the first order of business was to gain a foothold on the southeastern shores of the Caspian. This task was given in 1781 to Count Voinovich.
BREAKING WITH THE PAST, REORGANIZING FOR THE FUTURE

Even with the advantages of elite political resources, party regeneration was far from inevitable. It required an enormous transformation of the communist parties' organizations from tools of authoritarian rule to instruments of democratic competition. Once they were forced out of power, these parties now had to signal their new intentions, obtain strategic flexibility, and steel themselves for further programmatic, electoral, and parliamentary transformation. To that end, early and rapid centralization of the organization and a symbolic break with the past were crucial. One resulting irony was that success in democracy often involved profoundly undemocratic organizational means: weakening or eliminating party membership, abolishing internal debates, and reducing local autonomy. Organizational transformation was a response to the parties' radically changed circumstances. The more the parties were discredited, and the greater the opposition they faced, the bigger the change required, both to function in a democracy and to convince the public of the parties' new intentions. The regime collapse and the parties' chaotic exit from power led to both administrative turnover and a clear signal of a dramatic change in the status quo, allowing change in policy and within organizations (Kingdon 1984). However, the communist parties first had to extricate themselves from tangled webs of organizational structures, which were as unwieldy as they were vast (see Table 2.1). There were three main reasons for this organizational sprawl throughout the communist era. First, the parties held a monopoly on legislative, executive, and judicial decisions and administration.
The Henderson Site: Colonial Hohokam in North Central Arizona a Preliminary Report*

AbstractIn October of 1969 the Prescott College Archaeological Survey contracted witli the Arizona State Museum, through the Statewide Archaeological Highway Salvage program, to excavate a ruin along the Agua Fria River. The ruin was within the right-of-way of State Road 169, just cast of Dewey, Arizona.Excavations yielded a complex series of superimposed Colonial Hohokam structures, a prehistoric canal, and artifacts and ceramics of the Santa Cruz Phase.
Is It Family or School? Getting the Question Right

Much research has tried to parse the school’s contribution to children’s learning apart from the family’s and the family’s contribution apart from the school’s as though they were discrete and separable. The 1966 Equality of Educational Opportunity report helped launch this agenda, finding in favor of family. In this essay I argue that the framing of the issue as “family versus school” is fundamentally flawed. Rather, family and school (and neighborhood) together shape children’s academic development. I argue that the strong effect associated with school socioeconomic composition in the original report, and stronger still in more recent studies, is in fact an expression of family influence: family determines where children live and the schools they attend. But it is a school influence as well. When properties of family, neighborhood, and school overlap, as they do under conditions of extreme neighborhood and school segregation, poor children’s profile has them triply disadvantaged. The same ecological perspective on children’s learning implies that by reducing the degree of overlap across these “overlapping spheres of influence,” school socioeconomic context can function instead to offset family disadvantage. Relevant literatures are reviewed and the concluding section considers the potential of socioeconomic integration at the school level as a policy lever for improving poor children’s educational prospects.
Abstract 3645: A non-ATP competitive IKKβ inhibitor for cancer therapy

Kinases are promising targets in cancer drug discovery. IKKβ is an important kinase in the canonical NF-κB pathway, which promotes survival of cancer cells and is constitutively active in number of cancers including pancreatic cancer. Inflammatory stimulus such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is known to activate the canonical IKKβ-NF-κB pathway. Upon TNFα stimulation, serine residues 177 and 181 in the activation loop of IKKβ undergo phosphorylation resulting in activated IKKβ. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies showed the presence of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα in ∼50% of surgically resected tumor specimens but in only ∼10% of corresponding normal tissues. Consistently, IHC studies by us with patient samples obtained from the UNMC rapid autopsy pancreatic cancer program showed elevated levels of phosphorylated S181 IKKβ in the tumor and liver metastases samples when compared to the stroma and ductal cells for normal pancreas. Several small molecule IKKβ inhibitors were developed by pharmaceutical industry to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. Despite complete preclinical characterization of many candidates, to date none of them has been approved by the FDA for clinical use. Nearly all the small molecule IKKβ inhibitors reported are ATP competitive. These inhibitors completely block IKKβ mediated NF-κB activity as a result chronic administration in mice leads to granulocytosis and increased susceptibility to infection-mediated death. Here we report the discovery a non-ATP competitive IKKβ inhibitor that allows transient activation but blocks the sustained activation of IKKβ mediated NF-κB activity. We present a model that has a novel-binding site, which is accessible upon activation of IKKβ and explains the observed experimental results. Our IKKβ inhibitor does not share the toxicity profile of the ATP competitive IKKβ inhibitors. In an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model mice treated with our inhibitor showed reduced tumor growth and metastasis compared to vehicle controls. We also showed that in a mantle cell lymphoma model the median survival of mice treated with our inhibitor nearly doubled when compared vehicle treated mice. Our results suggest that non-ATP competitive IKKβ inhibitors are viable lead candidates for cancer therapy. Citation Format: Sandeep Rana, Elizabeth Blowers, Amarnath Natarajan. A non-ATP competitive IKKβ inhibitor for cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3645. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3645
Evidence for an imidazoline by-product from glycans using tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Herein is reported the separation and identification of a previously unknown imidazoline by-product originating from the fluorescent labeling procedure when applied to enzymatically released N-linked glycans of a human IgG1. The imidazoline by-product was generated via the reductive amination procedure with either sodium cyanoborohydride or 2-picoline borane. Using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in conjunction with hydrophilic interaction-based chromatography (HILIC), the 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA)-labeled glycans were well-resolved from imidazoline by-products to facilitate direct identification utilizing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) with fragmentation. It was found that this minor species (∼2%) was 18.0105 u less than the neighboring peak GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 Fuc peak, abbreviated as A2G0F at 1582.5899 u. While this mass loss corresponds to the mass of a water molecule, the molecular location of loss of water was not straightforward in consideration of the biantennary A2G0F structure. Model studies were carried out using A2G0F standard and N- acetyllactosamine to identify the impurity as an imidazoline ring structure located at the reducing end of the glycan as confirmed by high resolution mass fragment ions. Imidazoline content decreased when the reductant concentration was increased. To conclude, evidence for the imidazoline structure was accomplished through high resolution, high accuracy mass spectrometry (HRAM), and experiments showing chemical susceptibility and isotopically labeled tracers. This study is the first to identify these minor species which likely impact all N -acetylglucosamine-type N-linked glycans from biologics.
Educating medical residents through podcasts developed by PharmD students

Abstract Background and purpose Podcasts are increasingly popular in education due to their accessibility, portability, and scheduling flexibility. Pharmacy students often interact with resident physicians during advanced pharmacy practice experiences, but few studies have evaluated their ability to teach medical residents about pharmacotherapy concepts or how these interactions might impact their own development. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacy student-created podcasts in two areas: the ability to increase medical resident understanding of selected medical topics and the effect on the pharmacy student's confidence in teaching. Educational activity and setting Eight fourth-year pharmacy students created enhanced podcasts and assessment questions on a medical topic. The assessment questions were split randomly into pre- and post-podcast assessments to be given to residents. The assessment quizzes and podcast comprised content modules that were delivered to consenting medical residents at two week intervals. Pharmacy student confidence was evaluated with pre- and post-experience surveys, which were administered before they created the podcast and after they viewed the aggregate results of resident assessments of their podcast. Findings Overall, 79.3% (23/29) of residents participated with an average of 44% participation on each module. Resident knowledge increased as evidenced by the overall aggregate score, significantly improving from 36% prior to podcasts to 76% following podcasts (p=0.001). When rated on a 1–10 scale, average pharmacy student confidence in teaching their topic also significantly increased from 5.63 to 8.00 (p=0.041). Summary Podcasts are an effective method for medical residents to learn from pharmacy students and may also improve pharmacy students' confidence in their abilities.
Endovascular Repair of an Abdominal Aortoiliac Aneurysm with GORE EXCLUDER Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis (IBE)

The endovascular management of aneurysmal disease affecting the distal common iliac artery and its bifurcation traditionally involved embolization of the internal iliac artery with extension of the stent graft into the external iliac artery. The development of iliac branch endoprosthesis allows for extension of the endograft into the external iliac artery with preservation of flow into the internal iliac artery. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Fragile Watermarking of 3D Motion Data.

With the increase in demand of motion planning solutions for digital actors in animation movies, 3D games and virtual reality, copyright protection of motion data becomes increasingly important. Likewise, a lot of time and effort is invested in generating motion capture data, which is susceptible to plagiarism due to its digital nature. To address this problem, watermarking techniques have been used for copyright protection of digital data. This paper proposes a fragile watermarking algorithm for 3D motion curves. An imperceptible watermark is inserted into the wavelet coefficients of the 3D motion data prior to publishing the 3D digital work that utilizes the motion data. The novelty of the proposed scheme lies in using wavelet transform for watermark insertion. To detect altered or plagiarized copies of the 3D motion data, the extracted watermark is compared to the originally inserted watermark. If the comparison results fall within a threshold value, the motion data is declared as authentic, else flagged as plagiarized or tampered. Experimental results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme is imperceptible and resistant to affine transformations.
A Linear Fractional Program with Homogeneous Constraints by

This paper proposes an algorithm for solving a linear fractional functionals program when some of its constraints are homogeneous. Using these homogeneous constraints a transformation matrix T is constructed. Matrix T transforms the given problem into another linear fractional functional program but with fewer constraints. A relationship between these two problems, which ensures that the solution of the original problem can be recovered from the solution of the transformed problem, is established. A simple numerical example illustrates the steps of the proposed algorithm.
Molecular characterization of a reduced glutathione transporter in the lens.

Purpose. To characterize glutathione (GSH) transporter in the lens. Methods. Poly (A) + RNA isolated from bovine lens was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Oocytes were incubated for 1 hour in either NaCI or sucrose medium containing tracer GSH, and cell-associated radioactivity was determined. Glutathione efflux was determined in lens mRNA injected oocytes preloaded with GSH. Relationship of lens GSH transporter to the two recently cloned sodium-independent hepatic membrane GSH transporters was studied by Northern blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. Bovine lens mRNA also was probed for gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) by RT-PCR. Results. Uptake of tracer 35 S-GSH could be demonstrated in X, laevis oocytes injected with poly (A) + RNA from bovine lens. Glutathione transport was carrier mediated (K m ∼1.3 mM) and was sodium independent. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the molecular form of uptake was predominantly (>98%) as it was for GSH. Poly (A) + RNA-injected oocytes preloaded with 16.5 nmol GSH-oocyte showed GSH efflux at a rate of 2.6 nmol/oocyte per hour. When bovine lens poly (A) + RNA was hybridized with the cDNA probe for the sodium-independent rat canalicular GSH transporter (RcGshT), the transcript for RcGshT was observed. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of RcGshT and showed the absence of rat sinusoidal GSH transporter (RsGshT) and GGT mRNA in rat lens. Conclusions. The authors have demonstrated for the first time that lens contains mRNA for RcGshT and expresses a low-affinity GSH transporter in oocytes. Glutathione efflux from the apical side of the anterior epithelium and progressive uptake, and inward efflux into cortical fibers, might be explained by expression of RcGshT alone or in combination with as yet unidentified GSH transporters. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1785-1792.
A Suspect Screening Method for Characterizing Multiple Chemical Exposures among a Demographically Diverse Population of Pregnant Women in San Francisco.

Background: In utero exposure to environmental chemicals can adversely impact pregnancy outcomes and childhood health, but minimal biomonitoring data exist on the majority of chemicals used in comm...
The CNS Immune-Privilege Goes Down the Drain(age)

Ongoing research is revealing multiple, previously unappreciated, facets of immunity in the central nervous system, and the recent studies on the meningeal lymphatic system represent an emblematic example. In this context, a paper from Louveau and colleagues (Nat. Neurosci. 2018;21:1380–1391), which we discuss here, elucidates the importance of the meningeal lymphatics for the drainage of macromolecules and immune cells from the cerebrospinal fluid, and their delivery into the cervical lymph nodes, especially during neuroinflammatory diseases.
CDC's guideline on pediatric mild traumatic brain injury: Recommendations for neurologists.

Purpose of review In September 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published an evidence-based guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) among children. Recent findings Based on a systematic review of the evidence that covers research published over a 25-year span (1990–2015), the CDC Pediatric mTBI Guideline strives to optimize the care of pediatric patients with mTBI. The guideline was developed using a rigorous methodology developed by the American Academy of Neurology. Summary Clinical practice recommendations in the CDC Pediatric mTBI Guideline can help guide neurologists with critical diagnostic and management decisions and to implement evidence-based strategies for the recovery of their young patients with this injury.
Material response, localization and failure of an aluminum alloy under combined shear and tension: Part II analysis

Abstract The responses of the tubular specimens loaded under combined tension and torsion in Part I exhibited limit load instabilities followed by extensive localized deformation prior to failure. The present manuscript outlines an analytical framework that aims to establish the extent to which plasticity can reproduce the measured responses up to the onset of failure without the introduction of damage-induced softening effects. The analysis incorporates a suitably calibrated non-quadratic anisotropic yield function, a material hardening response extracted to large strains from a simple shear test, and a finite element model with refined 3-D elements. The analysis successfully reproduces the shear and axial stress levels during the homogeneous deformation parts of the response, the stresses and deformations at the load maxima, and the parts with decreasing stress associated with localized deformation. Furthermore, the geometry of the necked zones and the rapid growth of strain inside them are reproduced to levels that correspond to the recorded failure strains. Critical aspects of this successful effort are the non-quadratic anisotropic yield function and the material hardening adopted. It is concluded that the framework developed, combined with a suitable failure criterion based on results like those in Part I, constitute a viable tool for establishing the end of life of structures in engineering practice.
Vers un modèle d’opérationalité des études Usages & Attitudes : GFK Navigator

Les etudes Usages & Attitudes ne peuvent se contenter de decrire un marche, elles doivent etre un outil d’aide a la decision. Dans ce sens nous proposons une methodologie specifique qui a travers la proposition d’un schema theorique permet d’apprehender la diversite des problematiques liees aux etudes Usages & Attitudes, et ce sous un angle “ pour action ”. Des lors, il s’agit de donner une valeur explicative a l’approche traditionnelle descriptive : non seulement determiner les facteurs cles qui sous tendent la demarche d’achat (Quoi faire ?), mais aussi mettre en evidence des opportunites pour l’entreprise (Comment faire ?) aupres de cibles de clienteles operationnelles (Aupres de qui ?)
Perpendicular magnetofluid theory for magnetically confined plasmas in the collisionless limit

Note that the magnetically confined plasmas in thermonuclear fusion turn to be collisionless. Some particles are trapped by the inhomogeneous equilibrium field or by the waves, while some others keep circulating. One cannot expect the charged particles to be collectively localized in space by collisions along the magnetic field lines. Consequently, the fluid parameters relating to the parallel motion, such as parallel fluid velocity, become inadequate. In this paper, the perpendicular magnetofluid theory for magnetically confined plasmas in the collisionless limit is developed. It revises Braginskii's transport theory by releasing the collisional dominance assumption. In the perpendicular direction, the particle spatial localization is solo resulted from the strong magnetic field, while the finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects are taken into account in the next order. In the parallel direction, the particle mobility feature is fully retained by constructing only the perpendicular moments. Therefore, besides the FLR effects till order O ( k ⊥ 2 ρ i 2 ), the Landau damping, the trapped particle effects, and other parallel kinetic effects are all kept in the current formalism. Here, k ⊥ is the perpendicular wave number and ρi is the ion Larmor radius. The theory can be used for both the analytical and numerical studies of magnetically confined plasmas.
Illness-Related Work Absence in Mid-April Was Highest on Record.

This survey study analyzes data from the Current Population Survey to compare trends in work absence over the first 4 months of 2020 relative to 2019 to shed light on the health and ecenomic effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
A Causality-Free Neural Network Method for High-Dimensional Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman Equations

Computing optimal feedback controls for nonlinear systems generally requires solving Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations, which, in high dimensions, are notoriously difficult. Existing strategies often rely on specific, restrictive problem structures, or are valid only locally around some nominal trajectory. In this paper, we propose a data-driven method to approximate semi-global solutions to HJB equations for general high-dimensional nonlinear systems and compute optimal feedback controls in real-time. To accomplish this, we model solutions to HJB equations with neural networks (NNs) trained on data generated without discretizing the state space. Training is made more effective and data-efficient by leveraging the known problem structure and using the partially-trained NN to aid in further data generation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by learning solutions to HJB equations for nonlinear systems of dimension up to 30 arising from the stabilization of a Burgers'-type partial differential equation. The trained NNs are then used for real-time optimal feedback control of these systems.
Positive and negative professionalism experiences of genetic counseling students in the United States and Canada

Many aspects of genetic counseling training programs have been examined over the years. However, no study has explored professional or unprofessional behaviors genetic counseling graduate students experience during their training, and how these behaviors influence satisfaction with their training. This exploratory study examined students' experiences with program leaders, instructors, supervisors, and other trainees. Specific experiences included actions of favoritism, bias, negativity, abuse of power, and examples of positive role modeling. A survey was sent to all members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors and program directors in order to reach graduates of Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling (ACGC)-accredited programs from 2015-2019 who were eligible to participate. Responses to questions relating to demographics, satisfaction with graduate education, behaviors experienced or seen during graduate school, and reporting of inappropriate behaviors were collected and analyzed. Results demonstrated that 95% of the genetic counseling graduates were highly satisfied with their graduate education and those who experienced inappropriate behaviors during their training were somewhat less satisfied (p = .04). Individuals who felt more prepared by their graduate education were more satisfied with their graduate education (p < .01). Being publicly embarrassed or humiliated, being made to feel like a burden in clinic, or being subjected to negative or offensive behavior based on their personal beliefs or personal characteristics (excluding areas of gender, race/ethnicity, or sexual orientation) were all negatively associated with satisfaction (all p < .04). We conclude that this survey could serve as a "Genetic Counseling Training Experiences Assessment" which could be incorporated into annual evaluations required by the ACGC. Implementation of this assessment would enhance the current evaluations of genetic counseling training programs and provide important information regarding student experiences during their training.
Astrocytes drive divergent metabolic gene expression in humans and chimpanzees

ABSTRACT The human brain utilizes ∼ 20% of all of the body’s metabolic resources, while chimpanzee brains use less than 10%. Although previous work shows significant differences in metabolic gene expression between the brains of primates, we have yet to fully resolve the contribution of distinct brain cell types. To investigate cell-type specific interspecies differences in brain gene expression, we conducted RNA-Seq on neural progenitor cells (NPCs), neurons, and astrocytes generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from humans and chimpanzees. Interspecies differential expression (DE) analyses revealed that twice as many genes exhibit DE in astrocytes (12.2% of all genes expressed) than neurons (5.8%). Pathway enrichment analyses determined that astrocytes, rather than neurons, diverged in expression of glucose and lactate transmembrane transport, as well as pyruvate processing and oxidative phosphorylation. These findings suggest that astrocytes may have contributed significantly to the evolution of greater brain glucose metabolism with proximity to humans.
Bifocal Patellar Tendon Avulsion Fractures in Children and Adolescents: Diagnosis and Treatment Considerations for a Unique Injury Pattern

Purpose To highlight important diagnostic and treatment considerations in patients who present with bifocal patellar tendon avulsion fractures from the tibial tubercle and inferior patellar pole. Methods Radiographic presentation, surgical technique, and complications of 5 children who sustained bifocal patellar tendon avulsion fractures with ≥6 months postoperative follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) Brief Functional Activity Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pain interference, PROMIS mobility, and Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee Scale (Pedi-IKDC) were assessed at most recent follow-up. Results Five children (4 boys, 1 girl) presented with bifocal patellar tendon avulsion fractures with a median follow-up of 12.8 months (range 7.7 to 26.4). In 1 case, advanced imaging was not pursued, and the bifocal nature of injury was subsequently discovered intraoperatively. In all other cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correctly characterized the bifocal injuries and revealed the full extent of fractures and soft tissue injury. Surgical management involved suture anchor repair with heavy nonabsorbable sutures. Postoperative functional and patient-reported outcomes were within the range of population healthy/normative values (for those that were available for comparison, e.g., Pedi-IKDC), and clinically relevant improvement was noted when comparing preoperative and postoperative patient-reported outcome measures of both pain and mobility. Conclusions Advanced imaging (e.g., MRI) is required to understand the full extent of injury and should be obtained in the setting of traumatic patella alta to evaluate for the presence of a bifocal lesion and plan surgical intervention accordingly. These patients demonstrate satisfactory functional and patient-reported outcomes after operative repair. Level of Evidence IV, therapeutic case series.
Macroeconomic forecasts and microeconomic forecasters

In the presence of principal-agent problems, published macroeconomic forecasts by professional economists may not measure expectations. Forecasters may use their forecasts in order to manipulate beliefs about their ability. I test a cross-sectional implication of models of reputation and information-revelation. I find that as forecasters become older and more established, they produce more radical forecasts. Since these more radical forecasts are in general less accurate, ex post forecast accuracy grows significantly worse as forecasters become older and more established. These findings are consistent with reputational factors at work in professional macroeconomic forecasts.