cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innate Immunity and Breast Milk.

Human milk is a dynamic source of nutrients and bioactive factors; unique in providing for the human infant’s optimal growth and development. The growing infant’s immune system has a number of developmental immune deficiencies placing the infant at increased risk of infection. This review focuses on how human milk directly contributes to the infant’s innate immunity. Remarkable new findings clarify the multifunctional nature of human milk bioactive components. New research techniques have expanded our understanding of the potential for human milk’s effect on the infant that will never be possible with milk formulas. Human milk microbiome directly shapes the infant’s intestinal microbiome while the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) drive the growth of these microbes within the gut. New techniques such as genomics, metabolomics, proteomics and glycomics are being employed to describe this symbiotic relationship. An expanded role for antimicrobial proteins/peptides (AMPs) within human milk in innate immune protection is described. The unique milieu of enhanced immune protection with diminished inflammation results from a complex interaction of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative factors provided by human milk to the intestine. New data supports the concept of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue and its contribution to the cellular content of human milk. Human milk stem cells (hMSCs) have recently been discovered. Their direct role in the infant for repair and regeneration is being investigated. The existence of these hMSCs could prove to be an easily harvested source of multi-lineage stem cells for the study of cancer and tissue regeneration. As the infant’s gastrointestinal tract and immune system develop there is a comparable transition in human milk over time to provide fewer immune factors and more calories and nutrients for growth. Each of these new findings opens the door to future studies of human milk and its effect on the innate immune system and the developing infant.
Implementation of a proton pump inhibitor stewardship program.

Purpose The development and implementation of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) stewardship program at a single institution are described. Summary Due to the overuse of PPIs and the increasing awareness of the adverse drug events associated with long-term PPI therapy, the pharmacy and internal medicine services of a medical center implemented a PPI stewardship program. All patients admitted to the internal medicine service were evaluated by the PPI stewardship team to determine if they had an appropriate indication for PPI continuation in the hospital as well as after discharge. If patients did not meet specified criteria for continuation of PPI use during hospitalization, PPI therapy was suspended and replaced by as-needed acid suppressive therapy, and the patients received discharge counseling regarding the implemented medication regimen changes. Challenges encountered during program development included establishing appropriate criteria for PPI continuation and determining the best method for discontinuing PPIs in order to reduce the risk of rebound hyperacidity. Conclusion In an effort to reduce unnecessary PPI use, a PPI stewardship program was developed and implemented to ensure appropriate continuation of PPIs for patients admitted and discharged from an internal medicine service.
Operant Performance at a Feeding Station in Rural Pennsylvania

Frequencies of operant responses for food, feeding bouts, and pecks at a food hopper were recorded in three successive winters at a rural feeding station for a mixed-species flock of wild passerine birds. Only one species in each winter performed the operant response, while nine other species did not work for the food they took, and thus benefited from the efforts of the altruists.
Predicativity and Regions-Based Continua

After recapitulating in summary form our basic regions-based theory of the classical one-dimensional continuum (which we call a semi-Aristotelian theory), and after presenting relevant background on predicativity in foundations of mathematics, we consider what adjustments would be needed for a predicative version of our regions-based theory, and then we develop them. As we’ll see, such a predicative version sits between our semi-Aristotelian system and an Aristotelian one, as well as falling generally between fully constructive and fully classical theories. Finally, we compare the resulting predicative theory and our original semi-Aristotelian one with respect to their power and unity.
Integrally closed pairs

In the discussion following Gilmer's address Kaplansky introduced the notion "integrally closed pair", raised the question of characterizing these pairs and conjectured an approximate answer. Mott wisely conjectured that the methods of Davis' thesis [1] might well provide an answer. This note establishes the validity of both conjectures, at least in the Noetherian case, and somewhat more generally, for Krull domains.
Emotional Labor in Mathematics: Reflections on Mathematical Communities, Mentoring Structures, and EDGE

Terms such as “affective labor” and “emotional labor” pepper feminist critiques of the workplace. Though there are theoretical nuances between the two phrases, both kinds of labor involve the management of emotions; some acts associated with these constructs involve caring, listening, comforting, reassuring, and smiling. In this article I explore the different ways academic mathematicians are called to provide emotional labor in the discipline, thereby illuminating a rarely visible component of a mathematical life in the academy. Underlying this work is my contention that a conceptualization of labor involved in managing emotions is of value to the project of understanding the character, values, and boundaries of such a life. In order to investigate the various dimensions of emotional labor in the context of academic mathematics, I extend the basic framework of Morris and Feldman (Acad. Manag. Rev. 21:986–1010, 1996) and then apply this extended framework to the mathematical sciences. Other researchers have mainly focused on the negative effects of emotional labor on a laborer’s physical, emotional, and mental health, and several examples in this article align with this framing. However, at the end of the article, I argue that mathematical communities and mentoring structures such as EDGE help diminish some of the negative aspects of emotional labor while also accentuating the positives.
Where Do Structures Come From

The compactness theorem, Theorem 11.2, is one of the most frequently used basic tools of model theory. It implies that for every structure with an infinite domain there is another structure that is very similar but not isomorphic to the given one. We will see a toy example that shows how such structure could be used to study number-theoretic problems. A more advanced application is given in Appendix A.5.
The role of Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor (IGF-IR) in Trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer cells

1221 IGF-IR signaling interferes with the growth inhibitory action of Trastuzumab (Herceptin) in breast cancer cell lines and may play a role in conferring resistance to Trastuzumab treatment in patients. The aim of this study was to define the role of IGF-IR in Trastuzumab resistance. HER-2 and IGF-IR protein levels were determined by western blotting in twenty-four breast cancer cell lines. The anti-proliferative effect of Trastuzumab, on HER-2 positive breast cancer cell lines (including three HER-2 - transfected cell lines), was measured by cell counting and crystal violet assay. HER-2 and IGF-IR activity status were determined by immunoprecipitation with HER-2 and IGF-IR antibodies followed by western blotting with a phospho-tyrosine antibody. The effects of IGF-I/IGF-IR inhibition on proliferation and response to Trastuzumab were investigated. No significant correlation was observed between levels of HER-2 and response to Trastuzumab in ten HER-2 positive breast cancer cell lines. However, IGF-IR levels correlated with resistance to growth-inhibition by Trastuzumab in these ten cell lines. Phosphorylated IGF-IR was not detectable by western blot in any of these HER-2 positive cell lines. However, high levels of phosphorylated IGF-IR were detected in three Trastuzumab-conditioned cell lines (BT474-H, SKBR3-H and MDA-MB-361-H). The Trastuzumab-conditioned cell lines were treated with IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) or IGF-IR antibody αIR3 to block IGF-IR, but neither significantly inhibited the growth of the cells or enhanced the anti-proliferative effects of Trastuzumab. In conclusion, our results suggest that increased expression and/or activation of IGF-IR may play a role in response to Trastuzumab. Therefore, the combination of anti-IGF-IR therapy and Trastuzumab may be advantageous over Trastuzumab alone. Further in vitro investigation, however, is required to determine if anti-IGF-IR antibodies or specific IGF-IR tyrosine kinase inhibitors would be successful in overcoming IGF-IR-mediated Trastuzumab resistance.
Bipedial Locomotion Up Sandy Slopes: Systematic Experiments Using Zero Moment Point Methods

Bipedal robotic locomotion in granular media presents a unique set of challenges at the intersection of granular physics and robotic locomotion. In this paper, we perform a systematic experimental study in which biped robotic gaits for traversing a sandy slope are empirically designed using Zero Moment Point (ZMP) methods. We are able to implement gaits that allow our 7 degree-of-freedom planar walking robot to ascend slopes with inclines up to 10°. Firstly, we identify a given set of kinematic parameters that meet the ZMP stability criterion for uphill walking at a given angle. We then find that further relating the step lengths and center of mass heights to specific slope angles through an interpolated fit allows for significantly improved success rates when ascending a sandy slope. Our results provide increased insight into the design, sensitivity and robustness of gaits on granular material, and the kinematic changes necessary for stable locomotion on complex media.
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in Heart Transplant Recipients with Allograft Failure

Purpose Sudden cardiac death may occur in the setting of acute rejection or later in patients with allograft vasculopathy. The role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in heart transplant recipients with allograft failure is unknown. Methods We analyzed the United Network for Organ Sharing registry between January 2008 and March 2018 to include adults ≥18 who had undergone heart transplantation and were listed for retransplantation for the indication of allograft failure. Results Between January 2008 and March 2018, 1201 heart transplant recipients were re-listed for transplant of whom 229 (19%) had an ICD. Indications for re-listing included coronary artery disease (n = 699, 58%), primary graft failure (n = 188, 15.7%), chronic rejection (n = 141, 11.7%), acute rejection (n = 60, 5.0%), non-specific reason (n = 57, 4.7%), restrictive or constrictive disease (n = 49, 4.1%), and hyperacute rejection (n = 7, 0.6%). Allograft failure patients with ICDs were younger than those without (47.3 vs 43.5 years, p Conclusion Approximately 1 in 5 heart transplant recipients re-listed for primary allograft failure received an ICD. The use of ICDs does not appear to be associated with increased waitlist survival. More research is needed regarding the role of ICDs in this unique population.
Why all those spines? Anachronistic defences in the Didiereoideae against now extinct lemurs : research article

Plants evolve physical defences, such as spines, against browsing herbivores. However, in some cases, these defences may be anachronistic because the principal consumers of protected parts of the plant are extinct. In such cases, there may be few extant species consuming heavily defended resources. Here we examine the spiny defences of Madagascar's endemic Didiereoideae, and ask whether they may be anachronistic. To accomplish this aim, we reviewed the literature to determine which species consume these plants today, and then used stable isotope biogeochemistry to determine who may have exploited Didiereoideae in the recent past. There are four major groups of browsers that are now extinct in Madagascar: giant lemurs, elephant birds (Aepyornis and Mullerornis: Aepyornithidae), pygmy hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus) and giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys: Testudinidae). Each group was evaluated for isotopic evidence of didiereoid plant consumption. Given the structure of members of this plant clade (especially Alluaudia), we predicted that lemurs would be their most important consumers. Three extant lemur species consume Didiereoideae. Several of the extinct lemurs, particularly Hadropithecus stenognathus, may have relied heavily on these spiny plants. None of the non-lemur megafaunal browsers (elephant birds, hippopotamuses and giant tortoises) were important consumers of Didiereoideae.
Neonatal pain and reduced maternal care alter adult behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity in a sex-specific manner.

Preterm infants often spend a significant amount of time in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) where they are exposed to many stressors including pain and reduced maternal care. These early-life stressful experiences can have negative consequences on brain maturation during the neonatal period; however, less is known about the long-term cognitive and affective outcomes. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of neonatal pain and reduced maternal care on adult behavior and HPA axis reactivity in an animal model. Male and female rats underwent a series of repetitive needle pokes and/or reduced maternal care (through a novel tea ball infuser encapsulation method) during the first 4 days of life and were then assessed in a battery of behavioral tests as adults. We found that early-life pain enhanced spatial learning independent of the animal's sex, but altered HPA recovery from an acute stressor in females only. Moreover, reduced maternal care altered long-term spatial memory and reversal learning in males. These findings indicate that neonatal stressors have unique sex-dependent long-term biobehavioral effects in rodents. Continued examination of the behavioral consequences of these stressors may help explain varying vulnerability and resiliency in preterm infants who experienced early stress in the NICU.
Political Attitudes, Partisanship, and Merger Activity

We demonstrate that similarity in employees’ political attitudes plays an important role in mergers and acquisitions. Using detailed data on employees’ campaign contributions to Democrats and Republicans, we find that firms are considerably more likely to announce and complete a merger when their political attitudes are closer. Furthermore, acquisition announcement returns and post-merger performance are higher when employees have more similar political attitudes. The effects are stronger when political polarization is greater, and when the target and acquirer plan to integrate operations. Overall, we provide new estimates that political attitudes and polarization affect the allocation of real assets.
The impact of body mass index (BMI) on the safety and outcomes of small molecule inhibitors (SMI) in gastrointestinal cancer.

144Background: A number of studies have demonstrated that overweight and early obese states are associated with improved survival in renal and melanoma cancer patients. The purpose of this study wa...
Improved in-solution trypsin digestion method for Methanol-Chloroform precipitated cellular proteomics sample.

Methanol-chloroform based protein precipitation is an essential step in many liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based cellular proteomics applications. However, re-solubilization of the total protein precipitate is difficult using regular in-solution digestion protocol. Sodium deoxycholate is reported as an efficient surfactant for re-solubilization of membrane fractions. In this study, we demonstrated an application combining methanol-chloroform based protein precipitations and deoxycholic acid assisted re-solubilization of pellets to evaluate the improvement of protein identifications in mass spectrometry-based bottom-up proteomics. We evaluated the modified method using an equal amount of Raw 264.7 mouse macrophage cell lysate. Detailed in-solution trypsin digestion studies were presented on methanol-chloroform precipitated samples with or without deoxycholic acid treatments and compared with popular sample digestion methods. A mass spectrometric analysis confirmed an 82% increase in protein identification in deoxycholic acid-treated samples compared to other established methods. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of an equal amount of proteins from methanol-chloroform precipitated, and methanol-chloroform/deoxycholic acid-treated macrophage cell lysate showed a 14% increase and 27% unique protein identifications. We believe this improved digestion method could be a complementary or alternative method for mammalian cell sample preparations where sodium dodecyl sulfate based lysis buffer is frequently used.
Convex Optimization over Sequential Linear Feedback Policies with Continuous-time Chance Constraints

The present paper extends the classically studied chance-constrained optimal control to incorporate continuous-time chance constraints. While the classical approaches provide risk guarantees only at discretized epochs, it is essential for most physical systems to have continuous-time risk guarantees; it is especially important for unstable systems. This paper develops a new approach to enforce continuous-time risk guarantees by leveraging a notion of Cumulative Lyapunov Exponent, which measures the cumulative stabilities of Linear Time-Varying (LTV) systems. The solution method finds a sequence of feedback control policies for LTV systems that minimizes the expected control cost subject to continuous-time chance constraints. We demonstrate the approach with a spacecraft orbit control scenario on an unstable orbit. Monte Carlo simulations with the optimized feedback policies show that our approach respects the continuous-time chance constraints whereas a classical approach results in the constraint violation between the discretized epochs.
Creating a model to predict time intervals from induction of labor to induction of anesthesia and delivery to coordinate workload.

Abstract Background Induction of labor continues to become more common. We analyzed induction of labor and timing of obstetric and anesthesia work to create a model to predict the induction-anesthesia interval and the induction-delivery interval in order to co-ordinate workload to occur when staff are most available. Methods Patients who underwent induction of labor at a single medical center were identified and multivariable linear regression was used to model anesthesia and delivery times. Data were collected on date of birth, race/ethnicity, body mass index, gestational age, gravidity, parity, indication for labor induction, number of prior deliveries, time of induction, induction agent, cervical dilation, effacement, and fetal station on admission, date and time of anesthesia administration, date and time of delivery, and delivery type. Results A total of 1746 women met inclusion criteria. Associations which significantly influenced time from induction of labor to anesthesia and delivery included maternal age (anesthesia P Conclusions Time to obstetric and anesthesia tasks can be estimated to optimize induction of labor start times, and shift anesthesia and delivery workload to hours when staff are most available.
Nano Pom-poms Prepared Highly Specific Extracellular Vesicles Expand the Detectable Cancer Biomarkers

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, are emerging biomarker sources. However, due to heterogeneous populations secreted from diverse cell types, mapping EV multi-omic molecular information specifically to their pathogenesis origin for cancer biomarker identification is still extraordinary challenging. Herein, we introduced a novel 3D-structured nanographene immunomagnetic particles (NanoPoms) with unique flower pom-poms morphology and photo-click chemistry for specific marker-defined capture and release of intact small EVs. This specific EV isolation approach leads to the expanded identification of targetable cancer biomarkers with enhanced specificity and sensitivity, as demonstrated by multi-omic EV analysis of bladder cancer patient tissue fluids using the next generation sequencing of somatic DNA mutations, miRNAs, and the global proteome. The NanoPoms prepared sEVs also exhibit distinctive in vivo biodistribution patterns, highlighting the highly viable and integral quality. The developed method is simple and straightforward, and is applicable to nearly all types of biological fluids and amenable for scale up and high-throughput EV isolation.
Coupling Effect of Single-Threshold Sensor Rules in Two-Sensor Tandem Network

We consider a distributed detection network that has two sensors in tandem and in collaboration to detect the presence of a deterministic signal in correlated Gaussian noise. It is known that the optimum decision rules of both sensors are coupled in nature. By partitioning the two-dimensional signal space into three regions, we establish in each region the availability and properties of coupled single-threshold sensor rules. Results are also validated with numerical results. The detection performance of coupled single-threshold sensor rules is further compared with sensor rules generated using the genetic algorithm. The effect of placement of two sensors in the tandem network is also discussed. In addition, we prove that the optimal fusion rule in tandem configuration converges to Exclusive-OR rule, the same fusion rule obtained in the parallel configuration, as the correlation coefficient approaches 1.
Comprehensive Molecular and Clinicopathologic Analysis of 200 Pulmonary Invasive Mucinous Adenocarcinomas Identifies Distinct Characteristics of Molecular Subtypes.

Purpose: Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) is a unique subtype of lung adenocarcinoma, characterized genomically by frequent KRAS mutations or specific gene fusions, most commonly involving NRG1. Comprehensive analysis of a large series of IMAs using broad DNA- and RNA-sequencing methods is still lacking, and it remains unclear whether molecular subtypes of IMA differ clinicopathologically. Experimental Design: A total of 200 IMAs were analyzed by 410-gene DNA next-generation sequencing (MSK-IMPACT; n = 136) or hotspot 8-oncogene genotyping (n = 64). Driver-negative cases were further analyzed by 62-gene RNA sequencing (MSK-Fusion) and those lacking fusions were further tested by whole-exome sequencing and whole-transcriptome sequencing (WTS). Results: Combined MSK-IMPACT and MSK-Fusion testing identified mutually exclusive driver alterations in 96% of IMAs, including KRAS mutations (76%), NRG1 fusions (7%), ERBB2 alterations (6%), and other less common events. In addition, WTS identified a novel NRG2 fusion (F11R–NRG2). Overall, targetable gene fusions were identified in 51% of KRAS wild-type IMAs, leading to durable responses to targeted therapy in some patients. Compared with KRAS-mutant IMAs, NRG1-rearranged tumors exhibited several more aggressive characteristics, including worse recurrence-free survival (P Conclusions: This is the largest molecular study of IMAs to date, where we demonstrate the presence of a major oncogenic driver in nearly all cases. This study is the first to document more aggressive characteristics of NRG1-rearranged IMAs, ERBB2 as the third most common alteration, and a novel NRG2 fusion in these tumors. Comprehensive molecular testing of KRAS wild-type IMAs that includes fusion testing is essential, given the high prevalence of alterations with established and investigational targeted therapies in this subset.
Viral binding proteins as antibody surrogates in immunoassays of cytokines.

Cytokines are pivotal to a balanced innate or cell-mediated immune response, can be indicative of disease progression and/or resolution, and are being evaluated as therapeutics. There is a need to ...
The Development of a Radical Political Organization in the Bush: A Case Study in Sierra Leone

In looking historically at political organizations in West Africa one is struck by the fact that the vast majority have been concerned primarily with issues about which individual, group, or coalition is to rule, almost to the exclusion of questions about the nature of the political system or about the ways in which power and economic resources are distributed among its inhabitants. In short, most political organizations have been conservative in the traditional use of that term. There have, of course, been exceptions such as the Parti D6mocratique de Guin6e, the Sierra Leone Socialist Party, the Parti Africain de l'Ind6pendance, the West African Youth League and others organizations which sought major political and economic change. This paper is devoted to an examination of one such organization, the Kono Progressive Movement, in the hope of shedding some light on factors which influence demands for change and the creation of organizations which articulate those demands.
SRPT Scheduling for Web Servers

This note briefly summarizes some results from two papers: [4] and [23]. These papers pose the following question: Is it possible to reduce the expected response time of every request at a web server, simply by changing the order in which we schedule the requests?In [4] we approach this question analytically via an M/G/1 queue. In [23] we approach the same question via implementation involving an Apache web server running on Linux.
Oscillatory- and sector-zoned garnets record cyclic (?) rapid thrusting in central Nepal

[1] Garnets with oscillatory zoning (repeated compositional reversals) and sector zoning (crystallographically controlled compositional differences) were discovered in rocks from near the Main Central Thrust in the Langtang region, central Nepal. This zoning results from crystal growth kinetic effects related to extraordinarily rapid, possibly cyclic thrusting. If cyclic thrusting occurred, then timescales of thrust rate inhomogeneities are ∼25 Kyr, implying that satellite determination of modern fault movement rates may not accurately reflect slip rates or strain partitioning in orogens on timescales exceeding thousands of years. Sector zoning in Ca but not Y, Mn, or Mg implies maximum intracrystalline diffusion rates for Ca of ∼10−21 cm2/s at 550°C but faster rates for other elements.
Human arachnoid granulation probability of occurrence and surface area quantification

Meeting abstracts - A single PDF containing all abstracts in this supplement is available here .
Type I IFNs modulate T effector (Teff) and T regulatory (Treg) cell function during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (IRC4P.485)

Type I IFNs (IFNα and IFNβ) are a family of cytokines that mediate multiple roles in inflammation and autoimmunity. Previous studies have demonstrated that Type I IFNs primarily act on myeloid cells during the course of EAE. We have re-examined the role of Type I IFNs in EAE by generating mixed bone marrow chimeras between wild type (WT) mice and mice with a deficiency in the IFN receptor (IFNAR-/-). IFN plays a role in the T lymphocyte homeostasis as the ratio of WT to IFNAR-/- CD4+ T cells is skewed toward WT and the skewing is more marked in the Treg compartment. Surprisingly, after induction of EAE, the ratio of WT to IFNAR-/- T cells is reversed in the periphery and the mixed chimeras develop more severe disease than the WT/WT chimeras. Almost all of the CD4+Foxp3- and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in the CNS of chimeric mice are derived from the IFNAR-/- donor, but the percentage of Foxp3+ T cells was similar in WT/WT and WT/IFNAR-/- chimeras. Both CD4+Foxp3- and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells from the IFNAR-/- donor expressed higher levels of α4 integrins, which may account for their increased numbers in the CNS during EAE. Mice with a conditional deletion of the IFNAR in Treg rapidly developed a very severe form of EAE. Taken together, these results demonstrate that signaling via the IFNAR is required for Treg suppressor function in EAE and that IFNAR signaling may also modulate homing of Teff cells to the CNS and/or their susceptibility to suppression by Treg.
Distance to M31 with the Hubble Space Telescope and Hipparcos Red Clump Stars

Following the approach by Paczynski & Stanek, we compare the red clump stars with parallaxes known to better than 10% in the Hipparcos catalog with the red clump stars observed in three fields in M31 using the Hubble Space Telescope. There are ~600 and ~6300 such stars in the two data sets, respectively. The local red clump luminosity function is well represented by a Gaussian with the peak at MI,m=-0.23 and the dispersion σRC ≈ 0.2 mag. This allows a single-step determination of the distance modulus to M31, μ0, M31=24.471 ± 0.035 ± 0.045 mag (statistical plus systematic error), and the corresponding distance, RM31=784 ± 13 ± 17 kpc. The number of red clump stars is large enough that the formal statistical error in the distance is only 2%. We also correct the treatment of the local interstellar extinction by Paczynski & Stanek, and we obtain the Galactocentric distance modulus, μ0, GC=14.57 ± 0.04 ± 0.04 mag (statistical plus systematic error), and the corresponding Galactocentric distance, R0=8.2 ± 0.15 ± 0.15 kpc.
Looking for a Few Good Men

. The extent to which differences exist across race/ethnicity, sex and service group in rates of retention and promotion of military officers is examined. Three separate statistical models capture differences in the possible effects of race/ethnicity on variation in retention and promotion rates. Ordinary least squares regression (OLS) was used to estimate the models employing cohort data from the period 1979–1988. All analyses were performed separately for men and women. The models exhibited greater explanatory power for men than for women. The empirical results were used to develop predictions of the numbers of individuals that will be retained from each cohort during the next decade. Predicted distributions of officers across grades were also generated for each cohort. Results indicate that while retention rates for minorities appear high, little change in the demographic composition of higher grades is likely if current recruitment, and promotion practices continue. Thus, programs designed to increase the numbers of women and ethnic minorities in the officer corps should focus on recruitment rather than retention. Lastly, recommendations for future research to expand and support these preliminary analyses are presented.
LARGE AREA NANOSCALE PATTERNING BY INTERFEROMETRIC LITHOGRAPHY – NANOPHOTONICS AND NANOFLUIDICS

Interferometric lithography offers a facile, inexpensive, large-area fabrication capability for the formation of large areas of nanoscale periodic features. A self-aligned frequency doubling process to a 22-nm half-pitch is demonstrated. Many investigations of nanoscale phenomena require large-area samples, both for scientific investigations and certainly for ultimate large-scale applications. The utility of interferometric lithography is demonstrated to applications in nanophotonics and nanofluidics. For nanophotonics, metamaterial fabrication, negative index metamaterials and plasmonic applications are discussed. Two approaches to the fabrication of nanofluidic structures: etching and oxidation of silicon substrates, and colloidal deposition of silica nanoparticles to form porous walls and roofs followed by calcination to remove the photoresist and sinter the particles. These later structures have evident biomimetic functionality.
Truncation of screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development by irradiation of embryos.

Gamma irradiation of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), embryos was used to truncate the life cycle at the prepupal stage. Egg hatch and larval survival were not reduced by dosages ≤8 kilorads (kr). Pupariation and adult emergence were inhibited by dosages ≥2.8 and 1.2 kr, respectively. Larvae, irradiated as embryos with dosages ≤8 kr, successfully infested wounded sheep, although larval weight was lower than normal. A dosage of 5.8 kr was sufficient to prevent pupariation, while permitting larval development to the third instar. Truncation of screwworm development permits the use of artificially wounded and infested animals for screwworm population surveillance and research without danger of accidentally releasing fertile screwworms.
The Rhetoric of War in Tibet: Toward a Buddhist Just War Theory

This article analyzes the rhetoric that the Fifth Dalai Lama Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho (1617-1682) employs to describe various forms of violence. In particular, I explore the justifications he offers or implies for various types of violence to which he seems to grant his approval. I focus on his 1643 Song of the Queen of Spring, written immediately after a broad-ranging war that culminated in his own ascent to political rule over Tibet. Concentrating on his assessment of Gushri Khan, the Mongolian strongman responsible for installing the Dalai Lama in power, I conclude that the Dalai Lama attempts to legitimize Gushri Khan's violence by representing the khan as a transcendent agent of benefit, a bodhisattva whose own goodness permits him to perform actions that would be condemned if performed by a less exalted actor.
Circuits and microcontrollers in computer organization laboratories (abstract only)

This workshop will introduce a set of hands-on laboratory activities appropriate for a first Computer Organization course. Participants will work with real equipment: first implementing elementary digital circuits with TTL logic chips, and then programming AVR microcontrollers in assembly to drive fun accessories such as LEDs and speakers. Participants will not take equipment home afterwards, but will receive parts lists and vendor information. The workshop is intended for educators with little electronics background who are interested in incorporating electronics laboratories into their courses. Laptops (Linux, Mac, or Windows) will provide the programming environment for the AVRs. Free software will be available before the workshop. Participants will work in pairs. Laptop recommended.
The Human Rights Philosophy as a Values Framework for the Human Behavior Course: Integration of Human Rights Concepts in the Person-in-Environment Perspective

The human behavior course is an ideal venue for delivery of human rights content, since the human rights philosophy and the person-in-environment perspective align with each other. With the goal of supporting efforts to meet the human rights competency in the most recent version of accreditation standards, this manuscript describes the three core concepts of the human rights philosophy and their relevance for the micro, mezzo, and macrolevels of the person-in-environment perspective. Further, the benefits and challenges of integrating these three concepts in the human behavior course are discussed.
Variation in Leaf Structure and Function in Quercus douglasii Trees Differing in Root Architecture and Drought History

Seasonal changes in leaf specific mass, nitrogen, chlorophyll, and photosynthetic properties were measured for two groups of spatially intermixed Quercus douglasii trees with different drought histories and apparently different root architectures. One group, referred to as "high-ψpd" trees, included trees with low amounts of fine root biomass in the upper 50 cm of soil and high predawn xylem pressure potentials (ψpd) during summer drought. These two characteristics indicate that trees in this group have deep roots, which may reach the water table. The second group, referred to as "low-ψpd" trees, had three to five times higher fine root biomass in the upper 50 cm of soil and low ψpd during summer drought. These two characteristics indicate that these trees may not have access to the water table and are dependent on shallow soil moisture, which decreases rapidly during the rainless summers of central California. In the spring, after the full expansion of new leaves, but prior to significant divergence in ψ...
Advocating for the Use of Informatics in the Earth and Space Sciences

Earth and space scientists are engaged in integrating knowledge stemming from different disciplines about the constituent parts of the complex Sun-Earth system with the objective of understanding its properties as a whole system. Earth and space system analysis is a real challenge for scientists as well as for information technology (IT) experts. The scope and complexity of Earth and space system investigations demand the formation of distributed, multidisciplinary, collaborative teams [Foster and Kesselman, 2006]. The growing area of geoscience informatics is concerned with providing integrated access to a range of advanced information and processing resources for the environment.
Thermionic properties of tungsten in iodide vapors

Abstract A method for the measurement of saturated thermionic emission in pure alkali halide vapor was developed, and made possible the study of electrical sorption properties at much higher pressures than previously available. Ion emission in this pressure range was found not to follow the temperature dependence of the Saha-Langmuir equation, but can be treated by a modified equation which takes into account the heat of dissociation on the surface. The persistence of iodine sorption as the substrate temperature is raised increases with pressure of ambient iodide vapor; cesium, from cesium iodide, persists to equally high temperatures. NaI raises the work function of hot tungsten over the entire range studied, while CsI is even more effective in lowering the work function.
Bayesian Approach to Dynamically Controlling Data Collection in P300 Spellers

P300 spellers provide a noninvasive method of communication for people who may not be able to use other communication aids due to severe neuromuscular disabilities. However, P300 spellers rely on event-related potentials (ERPs) which often have low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). In order to improve detection of the ERPs, P300 spellers typically collect multiple measurements of the electroencephalography (EEG) response for each character. The amount of collected data can affect both the accuracy and the communication rate of the speller system. The goal of the present study was to develop an algorithm that would automatically determine the necessary amount of data to collect during operation. Dynamic data collection was controlled by a threshold on the probabilities that each possible character was the target character, and these probabilities were continually updated with each additional measurement. This Bayesian technique differs from other dynamic data collection techniques by relying on a participant-independent, probability-based metric as the stopping criterion. The accuracy and communication rate for dynamic and static data collection in P300 spellers were compared for 26 users. Dynamic data collection resulted in a significant increase in accuracy and communication rate.
Mapping of mitochondrial DNA of individual sheep and goats: Rapid evolution in the D loop region

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from sheep and goat was compared by restriction endonuclease analysis and heteroduplex mapping in the electron microscope. The fragment patterns produced by endonuclease Hae III from three individual sheep and two goat mtDNAs all differed from each other. The three sheep mtDNAs had identical Eco RI and Hind III fragments, but the two goat mtDNA patterns differed from each other as well as from sheep mtDNA. We estimate that each sheep mtDNA differs from each other by 0.5-1% of its nucleotide sequences, the two goat mtDNAs by 1-2%, and there is a 6-11% sequence difference between sheep and goat mtDNAs. We have mapped the Eco RI and Hind III sites of goat and sheep mtDNA and determined the positions of the D loop, which marks the replication origin, relative to the restriction map. The D loops are at homologous positions on the mtDNAs from both species, but the goat D loop is only 75% as long as the sheep D loop. Regions with a high degree of sequence divergence occur at both ends of the D loop. We suggest that a duplication of about 150 base pairs has occurred in the region where the sheep and goat D loops differ in length. We discuss mtDNA evolution in terms of divergence of isolated "mitochondrial DNA clones."
Recoil 18F chemistry XIII. High-pressure investigation of CF4

Abstract The reactions of nuclear recoil 18 F atoms with CF 4 have been studied in the gas phase. The principal hot reaction, F-for-F substitution, produces energy rich CF 3 18 F molecules that may undergo one or more sequential CF bond dissociations. The unstable products CF 2 18 F, CF 18 F and C 18 F react with Cl 2 to form CF 2 18 FCl, CF 18 FCl 2 and C 18 FCl 3 . The yields of the labeled organic species are measured using radio-gas-chromatography, and used to determine the reaction mechanism throughout the pressure range 0.5–91.4 kTorr.
The influence of manganese and phosphate on delayed light emission, fluorescence, photoreduction and photosynthesis in algae

In manganese-deficient cultures of the green alga, Ankistrodesmus braunii, photosynthesis and delayed light emission are strongly inhibited, photoreduction (even in extreme cases of deficiency) is not affected, and fluorescence is much increased. The effect of manganese deficiency is very similar to that of poisoning by hydroxylamine and by other inhibitors of oxygen evolution in photosynthesis. These results provide additional evidence for the role of manganese in the oxygenevolving system of photosynthesis. In young, phosphate-deficient algae, delayed light emission is increased; in older cultures, it is decreased. Photosynthesis and photoreduction are inhibited to approximately the same extent. Fluorescence is enhanced. The effect of phosphate deficiency is similar to that of poisoning by 2,4-dinitrophenol or cyanide, that is, by inhibitors of carbon dioxide reduction in photosynthesis. Furthermore, phosphate-deficient cells show a peculiar type of induction phenomenon of delayed light emission, similar to that observed previously with anaerobic algae in the absence of CO2 (16) and in algae poisoned with 2,4-dinitrophenol.3 This supports the assumption that phosphate is mainly involved in the fixation of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.
{Mn(OH2)2[Mn(bpym)(OH2)]2[Fe(CN)6]2}∞: a two-dimensional ferrimagnet with a partial cubane motif

{Mn(OH2)2[Mn(bpym)(OH2) ]2[Fe(CN)6]2}∞, a two-dimensional cyanide-bridged polymer, exhibits canted ferrimagnetism with TC = 11 K.
Designing a patient education framework via use case analysis.

: One of the challenges of developing patient education content in electronic form is to determine the information and interaction needs that motivate a patient to learn in the first place. We have found that use case analysis of patient education helps in clarifying the types of information and interaction required to educate a patient effectively. This paper presents a use case model for patient education as well as a Java-based framework that facilitates both the extension and updating of individually tailored, electronic patient education content. The framework defines an abstract interface that represents a particular panel of information, and provides a content manager that dynamically discovers and refreshes new panels as they are added or modified.
Suppression of Machine Tool Chatter Using Nonlinear Energy Sink

Suppression of regenerative instability in a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) machine tool model was studied by means of targeted energy transfers (TETs). The regenerative cutting force generates time-delay effects in the tool equation of motion, which retained the nonlinear terms up to the third order in this work. Then, an ungrounded nonlinear energy sink (NES) was coupled to the SDOF tool, by which biased energy transfers from the tool to the NES and efficient dissipation can be realized whenever regenerative effects invoke instability in the tool. Shifts of the stability boundary (i.e., Hopf bifurcation point) with respect to chip thickness were examined for various NES parameters. There seems to exist an optimal value of damping for a fixed mass ratio to shift the stability boundary for stably cutting more material off by increasing chip thickness; on the other hand, the larger the mass ratio becomes, the further the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation is delayed. The limit cycle oscillation (LCO) due to the regenerative instability appears as being subcritical, which can be (locally) eliminated or attenuated at a fixed rotational speed of a workpiece by the nonlinear modal interactions with an NES (i.e., by means of TETs). Three suppression mechanisms have been identified; that is, recurrent burstouts and suppressions, partial and complete suppressions of regenerative instabilities in a machine tool model. Each suppression mechanism was characterized numerically by time histories of displacements, and wavelet transforms and instantaneous energies. Furthermore, analytical study was performed by employing the complexification-averaging technique to yield a time-delayed slow-flow model. Finally, regenerative instability suppression in a more practical machine tool model was examined by considering contact-loss conditions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
FORTRAN IV Program for Data Transformations.

A FORTRAN IV program for transforming raw scores into square roots, natural logarithms, arc sines, the AX+B form (where A and B are constants), natural logarithms of (X+C) (where C is a constant), and ranks of scores within columns is described. Any or all of the transformations may be made on a data matrix of 15 columns or fewer, and 100 rows or fewer.
The study of disease in relation to culture.

In this paper, frameworks for conceptualizing the term disease are first reviewed and compared. Then, problems inherent in traditional approaches to evaluating psychiatric illness in settings where Western medicine has had little or no impact are discussed. In particular, conceptual issues stemming from contrasting medical orientations and from adopting a dualistic approach to illness are reviewed and related. Peculiar difficulties of analyzing psychological data are given some focus. The link between biomedicine, ethnomedicine, and psychiatric illness is systematically probed. The paper concludes by outlining a frame of reference that may be followed in studying health and illness cross-culturally. It is felt that such a perspective may minimize the theoretical problems discussed in the substance of the paper.