cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of the Bose-Einstein condensate: quasi-one-dimension and beyond

It is shown that the quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate is experimentally accessible and rich in intriguing phenomena. We demonstrate numerically and analytically the existence, stability and perturbation-induced dynamics of all types of stationary states of the quasi-one-dimensional nonlinear Schr?dinger equation for both repulsive and attractive cases. Among our results are: the connection between stationary states and solitons; creation of vortices from such states; manipulation of such states with simple phase profiles; demonstration of the fragility of the condensate phase in response to shock; and a robust stabilization of the attractive Bose-Einstein condensate.
Spin-polarized Zener tunneling in (Ga,Mn)As

We investigate spin-polarized inter-band tunneling through measurement of a (Ga,Mn)As based Zener tunnel diode. By placing the diode under reverse bias, electron spin polarization is transferred from the valence band of p-type (Ga,Mn)As to the conduction band of an adjacent n-GaAs layer. The resulting current is monitored by injection into a quantum well light emitting diode whose electroluminescence polarization is found to track the magnetization of the (Ga,Mn)As layer as a function of both temperature and magnetic field.
ESCA and gravimetric reduction studies on V/Al2O3 and V/SiO2 catalysts

Abstract Two series of supported vanadia catalysts, namely V/Al2O3 and V/SiO2, with V2O5 loadings up to 20%, have been studied in their oxidized state by ESCA, and their reducibility has been studied by gravimetry. The vanadium was found to be highly, possibly monomolecularly, dispersed in the oxidized catalysts. Upon reduction in hydrogen at 500°C, the V/Al203 catalysts showed stable V4+ state as inferred by gravimetric measurements. Hydrogen-reduced V/Si02 catalysts showed about 70% reduction of V5+ to V3+. The results are discussed in terms of possible surface species present on these catalysts.
Nonhyperbolic reflection moveout for horizontal transverse isotropy

The transversely isotropic model with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI) has been used extensively in studies of shear‐wave splitting to describe fractured formations with a single system of parallel vertical penny‐shaped cracks. Here, we present an analytic description of longspread reflection moveout in horizontally layered HTI media with arbitrary strength of anisotropy. The hyperbolic moveout equation parameterized by the exact normal‐moveout (NMO) velocity is sufficiently accurate for P-waves on conventional‐length spreads (close to the reflector depth), although the NMO velocity is not, in general, usable for converting time to depth. However, the influence of anisotropy leads to the deviation of the moveout curve from a hyperbola with increasing spread length, even in a single‐layer model. To account for nonhyperbolic moveout, we have derived an exact expression for the azimuthally dependent quartic term of the Taylor series traveltime expansion [t2(x2)] valid for any pure mode in an HTI layer. Th...
Effects of Magnetic Fields on the Diskoseismic Modes of Accreting Black Holes

The origin of the rapid quasi-periodic variabilities observed in a number of accreting black hole X-ray binaries is not understood. It has been suggested that these variabilities are associated with diskoseismic oscillation modes of the black hole accretion disk. In particular, in a disk with no magnetic field, the so-called g-modes (inertial oscillations) can be self-trapped in the inner region of the disk due to general relativistic effects. Real accretion disks, however, are expected to be turbulent and contain appreciable magnetic fields. In this paper, we show that even a weak magnetic field (with magnetic energy much less than the thermal energy) can modify or "destroy" the self-trapping zone of the disk's g-modes, rendering their existence questionable in realistic black hole accretion disks. The so-called corrugation modes (c-modes) are also strongly affected when the poloidal field approaches equal-partition. On the other hand, acoustic oscillations (p-modes), which do not have vertical structure, are not affected qualitatively by the magnetic field, and therefore may survive in a turbulent, magnetic disk.
Data conflict resolution using trust mappings

In massively collaborative projects such as scientific or community databases, users often need to agree or disagree on the content of individual data items. On the other hand, trust relationships often exist between users, allowing them to accept or reject other users' beliefs by default. As those trust relationships become complex, however, it becomes difficult to define and compute a consistent snapshot of the conflicting information. Previous solutions to a related problem, the update reconciliation problem, are dependent on the order in which the updates are processed and, therefore, do not guarantee a globally consistent snapshot. This paper proposes the first principled solution to the automatic conflict resolution problem in a community database. Our semantics is based on the certain tuples of all stable models of a logic program. While evaluating stable models in general is well known to be hard, even for very simple logic programs, we show that the conflict resolution problem admits a PTIME solution. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first PTIME algorithm that allows conflict resolution in a principled way. We further discuss extensions to negative beliefs and prove that some of these extensions are hard. This work is done in the context of the BeliefDB project at the University of Washington, which focuses on the efficient management of conflicts in community databases.
Shock Formation in Overexpanded Tip Leakage Flow

Shock formation due to overexpansion of supersonic flow at the inlet to the tip clearance gap of a turbomachine has been studied. The flow was modeled of a water table using a sharp-edged rectangular channel. The flow exhibited an oblique hydraulic jump starting on the channel sidewall near the channel entrance. This flow was analyzed using hydraulic theory. The results suggest a model for the formation of the jump. The hydraulic analogy between free surface water flows and compressible gas flows is used to predict the location and strength of oblique shocks in analogous tip leakage flows. Features of the flow development are found to be similar to those of compressible flow in sharp-edged orifices
Siloxyalkyne–Alkene Metathesis: Rapid Access to Highly Functionalized Enones

Mechanistically intriguing participation of siloxyalkynes occurs in the intramolecular Ru-catalyzed metathesis with terminal alkenes (see scheme; Ms=methanesulfonyl). Combined with efficient protodesilylation, this process resulted in the development of a new method for the synthesis of highly functionalized enones starting from readily accessible acyclic precursors. Heterocyclic and polycyclic compounds were prepared efficiently, which illustrates the generality of this novel method.
Thermally induced cycloadditions of donor/acceptor carbenes.

The thermal decomposition of aryldiazoacetates and aryldiazoketones in the absence of a catalyst leads to synthetically useful transformations. The thermal reaction of aryldiazoacetates with alkenes generates cyclopropanes in 68–97% yield and with good diastereoselectivity (up to 19:1 dr) when the aryl substituent is electron-rich. The thermal reaction of aryldiazoketones with alkenes generated cyclobutanones in 71–94% yield and with good diastereocontrol (≥9:1 dr).
2‐(o‐Hydroxyanilido)alkylnitriles vs. 2‐[1‐(o‐hydroxyanilido)alkyl]‐benzoxazoles as products from o‐aminophenol and cyanohydrins

The reaction of o-aminophenol with cyanohydrins leads to the formation of novel benzoxazoles 2 or the expected 2-(o-hydroxyanilido)alkylnitriles 3 or mixtures of these two, depending on the alkyl substituents on the cyanohydrin. The formation of benzoxazoles 2 was found to be due to the intrinsic instability of the corresponding 2-(o-hydroxyanilido)alkylnitriles, such as 4.
X-ray diffraction (pole figure) study of the epitaxy of gold thin films on GaAs

Abstract X-ray diffraction (pole figure) measurements were made on gold thin films (300–2300 A) evaporated on GaAs{111} and GaAs{001} to investigate the heteroepitaxy and twinning of the gold films and the chemoepitaxy of Au7Ga2 on GaAs. For both GaAs orientations the epitaxial relatiobship (hkl)Au[hkl]Au// (hkl)GaAs[hkl]GaAs was observed for all values of h, k and l. In addition, twin orientations were observed. For GaAs{111}, fourfold rotation twinning about the Au[111] direction resulted in four azimuthal orientations: [ 11 2]Au // [ 11 2]GaAs, [ 11 2]Au // [11 2 ]GaAs, [ 11 2]Au // [1 1 0]GaAs and [ 11 2]Au // [ 1 10]GaAs. For GaAs{001}, reflection twinning with the four Au{111} planes as twinning planes resulted in four other orientations with Au(00 1 ) at approximately 71° from GaAs(001). The relative amounts of the twins depended on the substrate temperature, the film thickness and the deposition rate. Chemoepitaxy was observed for Au7Ga2 on GaAs{111}; the epitaxial relationship was (111)Au / (01 1 0)Au7Ga2 // (111)GaAs, and Au7Ga2[0001] was off by 10° from GaAs[1 1 0], toward GaAs[0 1 1], i.e. Au7Ga2[0001] was off by 10° from Au[1 1 0], toward Au[0 1 1]. This relationship corresponds to a perfect lattice match between Au7Ga2 and gold.
Beyond Technology Transfer: US State Policies to Harness University Research for Economic Development

This paper examines the recent history of State-level policies in the United States for knowledge-based economic development, and identifies an emerging model based on technology creation. This new model goes beyond traditional investments in technology transfer and prioritizes cutting-edge scientific research in economically relevant fields. As research-intensive universities are indispensable for technology creation, these policies have yielded substantial new investments in university science.
A combinatorial algorithm for Horn programs

Abstract In this paper, we design and analyze a simple, greedy algorithm for checking the linear and integer feasibility of a class of linear programs called Horn programs. This algorithm, which we term the “Lifting Algorithm”, runs in time O ( m ⋅ n 2 ) on a Horn system (Horn program) with m constraints and n variables. The Lifting Algorithm is a variant of the Stressing Algorithm which was proposed for checking the feasibility of Difference Constraint systems. Inasmuch as Horn constraints subsume difference constraints, and all known algorithms for the problem of checking feasibility of Difference Constraint Systems run in time Ω ( m ⋅ n ) , the running time of our algorithm is only a factor n worse than the best known running time for checking the feasibility of Difference Constraint Systems. Horn programs arise in a number of application areas including econometrics and program verification; consequently, their study is well-motivated. An important feature of our algorithm is that it uses only one operator, viz., addition. We also show that our algorithm can identify the linear and lattice point feasibility of Extended Horn Systems in O ( m ⋅ n 2 ) time.
Higher Comparison Maps for the Spectrum of a Tensor Triangulated Category

Abstract For each object in a tensor triangulated category, we construct a natural continuous map from the objectʼs support—a closed subset of the categoryʼs triangular spectrum—to the Zariski spectrum of a certain commutative ring of endomorphisms. When applied to the unit object this recovers a construction of P. Balmer. These maps provide an iterative approach for understanding the spectrum of a tensor triangulated category by starting with the comparison map for the unit object and iteratively analyzing the fibers of this map via “higher” comparison maps. We illustrate this approach for the stable homotopy category of finite spectra. In fact, the same underlying construction produces a whole collection of new comparison maps, including maps associated to (and defined on) each closed subset of the triangular spectrum. These latter maps provide an alternative strategy for analyzing the spectrum by iteratively building a filtration of closed subsets by pulling back filtrations of affine schemes.
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of metal carbonyls.

Metal carbonyl complexes offer both rich chemistry and complex vibrational spectroscopy due to strong coupling among the carbonyl stretches. Using twodimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy, it is possible to resolve the underlying transitions between vibrational energy levels, determine the orientations and relative magnitude of the corresponding transition dipole moments, measure the coupling between modes due to the anharmonicity of the potential, and probe energy redistribution among the modes as well as energy relaxation to other degrees of freedom. Measurements on metal carbonyl complexes have played, and continue to play, a crucial role in facilitating the development of 2DIR spectroscopy. These compounds have provided powerful demonstrations of the unique ability of 2DIR spectroscopy to resolve vibrational structure and dynamics in multimode systems. In addition, invaluable new information has been obtained on metal-to-ligand charge transfer processes, solvent-solute interactions and fluxionality. Since transition metal complexes play important roles in catalysis and as dye sensitizers for semiconductor nanoparticle photocatalysis, detailed probes of equilibrium and phototriggered dynamics should aid our understanding of these key catalytic systems. The richness and level of detail provided by the 2DIR spectra of metal carbonyl complexes turn them into extremely useful model systems for testing the accuracy of ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Accurate modeling of the 2DIR spectra of solvated metal carbonyl complexes requires the development of new theoretical and computational tools beyond those employed in the standard analysis of one-dimensional IR spectra, and represents an ongoing challenge to currently available computational methodologies. These challenges are further compounded by the increasing interest in triggered 2DIR experiments that involve nonequilibrium vibrational dynamics on multiple electronic potential surfaces. In this Account, we review the various metal carbonyl complexes studied via 2DIR spectroscopy and outline the theoretical approaches used in order to model the spectra. The capabilities of 2DIR spectroscopy and its interplay with modern ab initio calculations are demonstrated in the context of the metal carbonyl complex Mn2(CO)10 recently studied in our lab. Continued progress in experimental implementation and theoretical analysis will enable transient 2D spectroscopy to provide structurally sensitive details of complex, highly interacting nonequilibrium processes that are central to diverse chemical transformations.
Physical layer built-in security enhancement of DS-CDMA systems using secure block interleaving

As shown in Daemen, J. et al, (1999) and Zhang, M. et al, (2000), the physical layer built-in information privacy of the conventional CDMA system, provided by pseudo-random scrambling, is far from adequate and can be improved by applying cryptographic techniques in the scrambling process. Motivated by the fact that after scrambling, chips spread from one symbol still cluster together and could be fragile to strong burst errors and fading effects, in this paper, a chip-level secure interleaving procedure is proposed to improve the system performance while enhancing the security measure. More specifically, the AES algorithm is combined with block interleaving. It should be noted that interleaving is in fact a special case of scrambling. Security analysis is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed secure interleaving scheme under exhaustive search attack. Simulation examples are presented to illustrate the robustness of chip-level interleaving over channels with severe fading or strong burst errors.
The Betti numbers of some finite racks

Abstract We show that the lower bounds for Betti numbers given in (J. Pure Appl. Algebra 157 (2001) 135) are equalities for a class of racks that includes dihedral and Alexander racks. We confirm a conjecture from the same paper by defining a splitting for the short exact sequence of quandle chain complexes. We define isomorphisms between Alexander racks of certain forms, and we also list the second and third homology groups of some dihedral and Alexander quandles.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)-Terpestacin and Structural Revision of Siccanol Using Catalytic Stereoselective Fragment Couplings and Macrocyclizations

(-)-Terpestacin (1, naturally occurring enantiomer) and (+)-11-epi-terpestacin (2) were prepared using catalyst-controlled, stereoselective, intermolecular reductive coupling reactions of alkyne 9 and aldehyde 10, affording allylic alcohols 42 or 11-epi-42 in a 3:1 ratio (or 1:3 depending on the enantiomer of ligand 41a used). These stereoselective fragment couplings were instrumental in confirming that "siccanol" is not 11-epi-terpestacin but, in fact, is (-)-terpestacin itself. Several intramolecular alkyne-aldehyde reductive coupling approaches to 1 and 2 were also investigated and are discussed herein.
A polynomiality property for Littlewood-Richardson coefficients

We present a polynomiality property of the Littlewood-Richardson coefficients c λµ v. The coefficients are shown to be given by polynomials in λ, µ and v on the cones of the chamber complex of a vector partition function. We give bounds on the degree of the polynomials depending on the maximum allowed number of parts of the partitions λ, µ and v. We first express the Littlewood-Richardson coefficients as a vector partition function. We then define a hyperplane arrangement from Steinberg's formula, over whose regions the Littlewood Richardson coefficients are given by polynomials, and relate this arrangement to the chamber complex of the partition function. As an easy consequence, we get a new proof of the fact that c Nλ Nµ Nν, is given by a polynomial in N, which partially establishes the conjecture of King et al. (CRM Proceedings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 34, 2003) that c Nλ Nµ Nν is a polynomial in N with nonnegative rational coefficients.
Quantum Monte Carlo study of inhomogeneous neutron matter

We present an ab-initio study of neutron drops. We use Quantum Monte Carlo techniques to calculate the energy up to 54 neutrons in different external potentials and we compare the results with Skyrme forces. We also calculate the rms radii and radial densities and we find that a re-adjustment of the gradient term in Skyrme is needed in order to reproduce the properties of these systems given by the ab-initio calculation. By using the ab-initio results for neutron drops for close- and open-shell configurations, we suggest how to improve Skyrme forces when dealing with systems with large isospin-asymmetries like neutron-rich nuclei.
Island-corner barrier effect in two-dimensional pattern formation at surfaces

Using rate-equation analysis, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and embedded-atom model calculations, we establish the crucial importance of island-corner crossing in determining the island morphology during submonolayer epitaxy. We show that compact islands can be formed only if adatoms can frequently cross island corners; conversely, without effective corner crossing the islands must be noncompact with fractional dimensionality. These conclusions provide the basis for understanding initial island morphologies in existing experiments.
Customized Dynamic Load Balancing for a Network of Workstations

Load balancing involves assigning to each processor work proportional to its performance, thereby minimizing the execution time of a program. Although static load balancing can solve many problems (e.g., those caused by processor heterogeneity and nonuniform loops) for most regular applications, the transient external load due to multiple users on a network of workstations necessitates a dynamic approach to load balancing. In this paper we show that different load balancing schemes are best for different applications under varying program and system parameters. Therefore, application-driven customized dynamic load balancing becomes essential for good performance. We present a hybrid compile-time and run-time modeling and decision process which selects (customizes) the best scheme, along with automatic generation of parallel code with calls to a run-time library for load balancing.
Foreign direct investment and technology spillovers: Theory and evidence

Abstract Within the endogenous growth framework, we offer an explanation on how foreign direct investment (FDI) generates externalities in the form of technology transfer. We distinguish between the level and rate effects of spillovers on the productivity of domestic firms. A new insight gained from the theory is that the level and rate effects of spillovers can go in opposite directions. The negative level effect underscores the fact that technology transfer is a costly process—scarce resources must be devoted to learning. The positive rate effect indicates that technology spillovers enhance domestic firms' future productive capacity. Using a large panel of Chinese manufacturing firms, we find suggestive evidence that an increase in FDI at the four-digit industry level lowers the short-term productivity level but raises the long-term rate of productivity growth of domestic firms in the same industry. We also find that spillovers through backward and forward linkages between industries at the two-digit level have similar effects on the productivity of domestic firms, and backward linkages seem to be statistically the most important channel through which spillovers occur.
Three-body losses in trapped Bose-Einstein-condensed gases

A time-dependent Kohn-Sham-like equation for N bosons in a trap is generalized for the case of inelastic collisions. We derive adiabatic equations which are used to calculate the nonlinear dynamics of the Bose-Einstein condensate and non-mean-field corrections due to the three-body recombination. We find that the calculated corrections are about 13 times larger for three-dimensional (3D) trapped dilute bose gases and about seven times larger for 1D trapped weakly interacting Bose gases when compared with the corresponding corrections for the ground-state energy and for the collective frequencies. The results are obtained at zero temperature.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Cyclopropenes

The first catalytic diastereo- and enantioselective hydroformylation of cyclopropenes was demonstrated. The reaction proceeds efficiently under very mild conditions and low catalyst loadings providing high yields of cyclopropylcarboxaldehydes. This novel methodology represents a convenient, atom-economic approach toward optically active cyclopropylcarboxaldehydes from readily available prochiral cyclopropenes.
Monolithic voltage conversion in low-voltage CMOS technologies

Abstract A high-to-low switching DC–DC converter that operates at input voltages up to two times as high as the maximum voltage permitted in a low-voltage CMOS technology is proposed in this paper. The proposed circuit technique is based on a cascode bridge that maintains the steady-state voltage differences among the terminals of all of the transistors within a range imposed by a specific low-voltage CMOS technology. An efficiency of 87.8% is achieved for 3.6–0.9 V conversion assuming a 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The DC–DC converter operates at a switching frequency of 97 MHz while supplying a DC current of 250 mA to the load.
Quadri-stability of a spatially ambiguous auditory illusion

In addition to vision, audition plays an important role in sound localization in our world. One way we estimate the motion of an auditory object moving towards or away from us is from changes in volume intensity. However, the human auditory system has unequally distributed spatial resolution, including difficulty distinguishing sounds in front versus behind the listener. Here, we introduce a novel quadri-stable illusion, the Transverse-and-Bounce Auditory Illusion, which combines front-back confusion with changes in volume levels of a nonspatial sound to create ambiguous percepts of an object approaching and withdrawing from the listener. The sound can be perceived as traveling transversely from front to back or back to front, or “bouncing” to remain exclusively in front of or behind the observer. Here we demonstrate how human listeners experience this illusory phenomenon by comparing ambiguous and unambiguous stimuli for each of the four possible motion percepts. When asked to rate their confidence in perceiving each sound’s motion, participants reported equal confidence for the illusory and unambiguous stimuli. Participants perceived all four illusory motion percepts, and could not distinguish the illusion from the unambiguous stimuli. These results show that this illusion is effectively quadri-stable. In a second experiment, the illusory stimulus was looped continuously in headphones while participants identified its perceived path of motion to test properties of perceptual switching, locking, and biases. Participants were biased towards perceiving transverse compared to bouncing paths, and they became perceptually locked into alternating between front-to-back and back-to-front percepts, perhaps reflecting how auditory objects commonly move in the real world. This multi-stable auditory illusion opens opportunities for studying the perceptual, cognitive, and neural representation of objects in motion, as well as exploring multimodal perceptual awareness.
On fault tolerant routings in general networks

Abstract We construct fault-tolerant routings for several families of graphs, including all graphs of maximal degree less than cn 1 3 for some c>0. With these routings, the diameter of the surviving graph is bounded by a constant (e.g., 4 or 6), so long as the number of faults is less than the connectivity of the graph. This result partially confirms a conjecture of Dolev et al. (1984, in “Proceedings, 16th ACM Symp. on Theory of Comput.,” pp. 526–535).
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGING OF THE OUTBURST SITE OF M31 RV. II. NO BLUE REMNANT IN QUIESCENCE

M31 RV is a red transient that erupted in 1988 in the Andromeda bulge, reaching a luminosity intermediate between novae and supernovae. It was cool throughout its outburst, unlike a normal classical nova. In 2006, Bond & Siegel examined archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical images of the M31 RV site, obtained in 1999. We found only old red giants at the site and no stars of unusual color. However, Shara et al. recently claimed to have detected (1) a bright UV source within the error box in HST UV images taken in 1995, (2) a hot (T eff > 40, 000 K) optical source in the same 1999 images that we examined, and (3) cooling of this source from 1999 to 2008. Shara et al. argue that this source's behavior is consistent with a classical-nova outburst occurring on a low-mass white dwarf. I have re-examined all of the HST frames, including new ones obtained in 2009-2010. I find that (1) the bright 1995 UV source reported by Shara et al. was actually due to cosmic rays striking the same pixel in two successive exposures; (2) the claim that an optically bright star in the error box is very hot is actually due to misinterpretation of red-giant colors in the STmagnitude system; (3) there is no evidence for variability of any source within the error box from 1999 to 2010; and (4) there are no stars of unusually blue or red color in the error box. Our 2006 conclusions remain valid: either M31 RV had faded below HST detectability by 1999, or its remnant is an unresolved companion of a red giant in the field, or the remnant is one of the red giants.
Terrestrial imaging spectroscopy

Abstract A review of progress made in the new field of imaging spectroscopy is presented based on the nine papers making up the special issue of this journal. Background material on the motivation for the new approach to earth remote sensing is discussed. The history, design, and performance of the pioneering sensor for terrestrial high resolution remote sensing, the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS), are presented. Concluding this paper is a discussion of plans for the future of imaging spectroscopy of the earth.
Hybrid stars that masquerade as neutron stars

We show that a hybrid (nuclear+quark matter) star can have a mass-radius relationship very similar to that predicted for a star made of purely nucleonic matter. We show this for a generic parameterization of the quark matter equation of state and also for an MIT bag model, each including a phenomenological correction based on gluonic corrections to the equation of state. We obtain hybrid stars as heavy as 2 M☉ for reasonable values of the bag model parameters. For nuclear matter, we use the equation of state calculated by Akmal and coworkers using many-body techniques. Both mixed and homogeneous phases of nuclear and quark matter are considered.
Training and qualifying your employees

Procedures alone cannot provide an improvement in electrical safety performance. Personnel who are exposed to electrical hazards must understand the basics of electrical hazards and safe work practices in order to implement the procedures. Training and qualifying your employees on these issues can be difficult and confusing. This article outlines a process for training employees on electrical safety issues. It will define "qualified" in terms that will satisfy the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and NFPA 70E of the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) and also define the steps to meet the requirements of being qualified. The information contained in this article is the result of training the author has performed with electricians and nonelectrical personnel. The information is based upon the interpretation of the author. Employers should review the information and compare it to their interpretation of the regulations.
Dynamical Origin of Extrasolar Planet Eccentricity Distribution

We explore the possibility that the observed eccentricity distribution of extrasolar planets arose through planet-planet interactions, after the initial stage of planet formation was complete. Our results are based on ~3250 numerical integrations of ensembles of randomly constructed planetary systems, each lasting 100 Myr. We find that for a remarkably wide range of initial conditions the eccentricity distributions of dynamically active planetary systems relax toward a common final equilibrium distribution, well described by the fitting formula $dn p eexp [ − f{1}{2}(e/0.3)2] de$ -->. This distribution agrees well with the observed eccentricity distribution for -->e 0.2 but predicts too few planets at lower eccentricities, even when we exclude planets subject to tidal circularization. These findings suggest that a period of large-scale dynamical instability has occurred in a significant fraction of newly formed planetary systems, lasting 1-2 orders of magnitude longer than the ~1 Myr interval in which gas giant planets are assembled. This mechanism predicts no (or weak) correlations between semimajor axis, eccentricity, inclination, and mass in dynamically relaxed planetary systems. An additional observational consequence of dynamical relaxation is a significant population of planets (10%) that are highly inclined (25?) with respect to the initial symmetry plane of the protoplanetary disk; this population may be detectable in transiting planets through the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect.
Cusps and Triaxiality

Statler demonstrated that self-consistent triaxial models with the perfect density law could be constructed for virtually any choice of axis ratios. His experiments are repeated here using triaxial mass models based on Jaffe's density law, which has a central density that diverges as r-2, similar to what is observed in low-luminosity elliptical galaxies. Most of the boxlike orbits are found to be stochastic in these models. Because timescales for chaotic mixing are generally shorter than a galaxy lifetime in triaxial models with strong cusps, and because fully mixed stochastic orbits have shapes that are poorly suited to reproducing a triaxial figure, only the regular orbits are included when searching for self-consistent solutions. As a result of the restriction to regular orbits, equilibrium solutions are found only for mass models with a modest range of nearly spheroidal or nearly spherical shapes. This result may explain in part the narrow range of elliptical galaxy morphologies and kinematics.
Analysis of kernel method for surface curvature estimation

Abstract We examine a method of curvature estimation that computes the curvature directly from three dimensional data. We refer to this as the kernel method of curvature estimation and our experiments indicate that several parameters be modified from those originally suggested to achieve more accurate and reliable results. This improved performance is essential for analysis of medical volume data by computer aided diagnosis algorithms, many of which use curvature estimation for shape computations and pattern recognition. We also examine cases in which the kernel method yields inaccurate responses based on specific topologies.
High-order, finite-volume methods in mapped coordinates

We present an approach for constructing finite-volume methods for flux-divergence forms to any order of accuracy defined as the image of a smooth mapping from a rectangular discretization of an abstract coordinate space. Our approach is based on two ideas. The first is that of using higher-order quadrature rules to compute the flux averages over faces that generalize a method developed for Cartesian grids to the case of mapped grids. The second is a method for computing the averages of the metric terms on faces such that freestream preservation is automatically satisfied. We derive detailed formulas for the cases of fourth-order accurate discretizations of linear elliptic and hyperbolic partial differential equations. For the latter case, we combine the method so derived with Runge-Kutta time discretization and demonstrate how to incorporate a high-order accurate limiter with the goal of obtaining a method that is robust in the presence of discontinuities and underresolved gradients. For both elliptic and hyperbolic problems, we demonstrate that the resulting methods are fourth-order accurate for smooth solutions.
Conservation of magnetic helicity during plasma relaxation.

The change in magnetic energy and magnetic helicity has been measured during the sawtooth relaxation in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed-field pinch. The larger decay of the energy (4.0%--10.5%), relative to helicity decay (1.3%--5.1%), modestly supports the helicity conservation hypothesis in Taylor's relaxation theory. However, the observed helicity change is larger than the simple magnetohydrodynamics prediction. Enhanced fluctuation-induced helicity transport during the relaxation is observed.
Fractals in Geology and Geophysics

The definition of a fractal distribution is that the number of objects N with a characteristic size greater than r scales with the relation N ~ r −D . The frequency-size distributions for islands, earthquakes, fragments, ore deposits, and oil fields often satisfy this relation. Fractals were originally introduced by Mandelbrot to relate the length of a coastline to the length of the measuring stick. This application illustrates a fundamental aspect of fractal distributions, scale invariance. The requirement of an object to define a scale in photographs of many geological features is one indication of the wide applicability of scale invariance to geological problems, scale invariance can lead to fractal clustering. Geophysical spectra can also be related to fractals; these are self-affine fractals rather than self-similar fractals. Examples include the earth’s topography and geoid.
Fractal Holography: a geometric re-interpretation of cosmological large scale structure

The fractal dimension of large scale galaxy clustering has been reported to be roughly DF~2 from a wide range of redshift surveys. If correct, this statistic is of interest for two main reasons: fractal scaling is an implicit representation of information content, and also the value itself is a geometric signature of area. It is proposed that a fractal distribution of galaxies may thus be interpreted as a signature of holography ('fractal holography'), providing more support for current theories of holographic cosmologies. Implications for entropy bounds are addressed. In particular, it is shown that because of spatial scale invariance in the matter distribution, violations of the spherical entropy bound can be removed. This holographic condition instead becomes a rigid constraint on the nature of the matter density and distribution in the universe. Inclusion of a dark matter distribution is also discussed, on the basis of theoretical considerations of possible universal ΛCDM density profiles.
PULSAR PAIR CASCADES IN MAGNETIC FIELDS WITH OFFSET POLAR CAPS

Neutron star magnetic fields may have polar caps (PCs) that are offset from the dipole axis, through field-line sweepback near the light cylinder or non-symmetric currents within the star. The effects of such offsets on electron-positron pair cascades are investigated, using simple models of dipole magnetic fields with small distortions that shift the PCs by different amounts or directions. Using a Monte Carlo pair cascade simulation, we explore the changes in the pair spectrum, multiplicity, and energy flux across the PC, as well as the trends in pair flux and pair energy flux with spin-down luminosity, L sd. We also give an estimate of the distribution of heating flux from returning positrons on the PC for different offsets. We find that even modest offsets can produce significant increases in pair multiplicity, especially for pulsars that are near or beyond the pair death lines for centered PCs, primarily because of higher accelerating fields. Pair spectra cover several decades in energy, with the spectral range of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) two orders of magnitude higher than for normal pulsars, and PC offsets allow significant extension of all spectra to lower pair energies. We find that the total PC pair luminosity L pair is proportional to L sd, with L pair ~ 10–3 L sd for normal pulsars and L pair ~ 10–2 L sd for MSPs. Remarkably, the total PC heating luminosity for even large offsets increases by less than a factor of two, even though the PC area increases by much larger factors, because most of the heating occurs near the magnetic axis.
Nucleosynthesis in Fast Expansions of High-Entropy, Proton-rich Matter

We demonstrate that nucleosynthesis in rapid, high-entropy expansions of proton-rich matter from high temperature and density can result in a wider variety of abundance patterns than heretofore appreciated. In particular, such expansions can produce iron-group nuclides, p-process nuclei, or even heavy, neutron-rich isotopes. Such diversity arises because the nucleosynthesis enters a little explored regime in which the free nucleons are not in equilibrium with the abundant 4He. This allows nuclei significantly heavier than iron to form in the presence of abundant free nucleons early in the expansion. As the temperature drops, nucleons increasingly assemble into 4He and heavier nuclei. If the assembly is efficient, the resulting depletion of free neutrons allows disintegration flows to drive nuclei back down to iron and nickel. If this assembly is inefficient, then the large abundance of free nucleons prevents the disintegration flows and leaves a distribution of heavy nuclei after reaction freezeout. For cases in between, an intermediate abundance distribution, enriched in p-process isotopes, is frozen out. These last expansions may contribute to the solar system's supply of the p-process nuclides if mildly proton-rich, high-entropy matter is ejected from proto-neutron stars winds or other astrophysical sites. Also significant is the fact that, because the nucleosynthesis is primary, the signature of this nucleosynthesis may be evident in metal-poor stars.
Uncertainties in Spiral Galaxy Projection Parameters

We investigate the impact of nonaxisymmetric structure on estimates of galaxy inclinations and position angles. A new minimization technique is used to obtain estimates of inclination and position angle from a global fit to either photometric or kinematic data. We discuss possible systematic uncertainties that are much larger than statistical uncertainties. Our investigation reveals that systematic uncertainties associated with fitting photometric data dominate the formal statistical uncertainties. For our sample of inclined galaxies, we estimate that nonaxisymmetric features introduce inclination and position angle uncertainties of ≈5°, on average. The magnitudes of these uncertainties weaken the arguments for intrinsically elliptical galaxy disks.
Distribution of seismicity across strike-slip faults in California

[1] The distribution of seismicity about strike-slip faults provides measurements of fault roughness and damage zone width. In California, seismicity decays with distance from strike-slip faults according to a power law ∼(1 + x2/d2)−γ/2. This scaling relation holds out to a fault-normal distance x of 3–6 km and is compatible with a “rough fault loading” model in which the inner scale d measures the half width of a volumetric damage zone and the roll-off rate γ is governed by stress variations due to fault roughness. According to Dieterich and Smith's 2-D simulations, γ approximates the fractal dimension of along-strike roughness. Near-fault seismicity is more localized on faults in northern California (NoCal, d = 60 ± 20 m, γ = 1.65 ± .05) than in southern California (SoCal, d = 220 ± 40 m, γ = 1.16 ± .05). The Parkfield region has a damage zone half width (d = 120 ± 30 m) consistent with the SAFOD drilling estimate; its high roll-off rate (γ = 2.30 ± .25) indicates a relatively flat roughness spectrum: ∼k−1 versus k−2 for NoCal, k−3 for SoCal. Our damage zone widths (the first direct estimates averaged over the seismogenic layer) can be interpreted in terms of an across-strike “fault core multiplicity” that is ∼1 in NoCal, ∼2 at Parkfield, and ∼3 in SoCal. The localization of seismicity near individual faults correlates with cumulative offset, seismic productivity, and aseismic slip, consistent with a model in which faults originate as branched networks with broad, multicore damage zones and evolve toward more localized, lineated features with low fault core multiplicity, thinner damage zones, and less seismic coupling. Our results suggest how earthquake triggering statistics might be modified by the presence of faults.
Calixarenes with Nitrogen or Phosphorus Substituents on the Lower Rim

Calix[n]arenes (n=4,6) with diphenylphosphinite groups appended to their lower rim have been synthesized by reaction first with base, followed by chlorodiphenylphosphine. The reaction has also been carried out with the partially methoxylated calix[n]arenes. Calix[6]arenes with phosphate groups selectively bridging adjacent pairs of oxygens have been synthesized by reaction first with base, followed by ethyl dichlorophosphate. Calix[n]arenes (n=4,6) with 2-aminoethyloxy groups appended to the lower rim have been synthesized both by the reduction of an amide or nitrile group. Calixarenes with 2-hydroxyethyloxy and 2-bromoxyethyloxy groups appended to the lower rim have also been prepared. A route to preparing calixarene-functionalized polymers by the alkylation of polyethyleneimine is also described.
Complexation of ATP to a Synthetic [15]-N3 Macrocyclic Polyammonium Receptor

A new macrocyclic triamine, (S)-2-hydroxymethyl-1,6,11-triazacyclopentadecane, was synthesized from ornithine, and complexation of its conjugate acid with ATP was studied by 31P-NMR.
Spectroscopic Signatures of Conduction-mediated Transition Layers above an X-Ray-illuminated Disk

We derive a semianalytic solution for the structure of conduction-mediated transition layers above an X-ray-illuminated accretion disk and calculate explicitly the X-ray line radiation resulting from both resonance-line scattering and radiative recombination in these layers. The vertical thermal structure of the illuminated disk is found to depend on the illuminating continuum: for a hard power-law continuum, there are two stable phases connected by a single transition layer, while for a softer continuum, there may exist three stable phases connected by two separate transition layers, with an intermediate stable layer in between. We show that the structure can be written as a function of the electron scattering optical depth through these layers, which leads to unique predictions of the equivalent width of the resulting line radiation from both recombination cascades and resonance-line scattering. We find that resonance-line scattering plays an important role, especially for the case in which there is no intermediate stable layer.
Unstable topography of biphasic surfactant monolayers

We study the conformation of a heterogeneous surfactant monolayer at a fluid-fluid interface, near a boundary between two lateral regions of differing elastic properties. The monolayer attains a conformation of shallow, steep "mesas" with a height difference of up to 10 nm. If the monolayer is progressively compressed (e.g.,in a Langmuir trough), the profile develops overhangs and finally becomes unstable at a surface tension of about K(δc0)2, where δc0 is the difference in spontaneous curvature and K a bending stiffness. We discuss the relevance of this instability to recently observed folding behavior in lung surfactant monolayers, and to the absence of domain structures in films separating oil and water in emulsions.
Shape sensitivity analysis of wing static aeroelastic characteristics

A method is presented to calculate analytically the sensitivity derivatives of wing static aeroelastic characteristics with respect to wing shape parameters. The wing aerodynamic response under fixed total load is predicted with Weissinger's L-method; its structural response is obtained with Giles' equivalent plate method. The characteristics of interest include the spanwise distribution of lift, trim angle of attack, rolling and pitching moments, wind induced drag, as well as the divergence dynamic pressure. The shape parameters considered are the wing area, aspect ratio, taper ratio, sweep angle, and tip twist angle. Results of sensitivity studies indicate that: (1) approximations based on analytical sensitivity derivatives can be used over wide ranges of variations of the shape parameters considered, and (2) the analytical calculation of sensitivity derivatives is significantly less expensive than the conventional finite-difference alternative.
Real-time optimization-based planning in dynamic environments using GPUs

We present a novel algorithm to compute collision-free trajectories in dynamic environments. Our approach is general and does not require a priori knowledge about the obstacles or their motion. We use a replanning framework that interleaves optimization-based planning with execution. Furthermore, we describe a parallel formulation that exploits a high number of cores on commodity graphics processors (GPUs) to compute a high-quality path in a given time interval. We derive bounds on how parallelization can improve the responsiveness of the planner and the quality of the trajectory.
Noncommutative Instantons: A New Approach

We discuss instantons on noncommutative four-dimensional Euclidean space. In the commutative case one can consider instantons directly on Euclidean space, then we should restrict ourselves to the gauge fields that are gauge equivalent to the trivial field at infinity. However, technically it is more convenient to work on the four-dimensional sphere. We will show that the situation in the noncommutative case is quite similar. One can analyze instantons taking as a starting point the algebra of smooth functions vanishing at infinity, but it is convenient to add a unit element to this algebra (this corresponds to a transition to a sphere at the level of topology). Our approach is more rigorous than previous considerations; it seems that it is also simpler and more transparent. In particular, we obtain the ADHM equations in a very simple way.