cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Muon beam for cooling experiments

Within the framework of the Fermilab Muon Collider Task Force, the possibility of developing a dedicated muon test beam for cooling experiments has been investigated. Cooling experiments can be performed in a very low intensity muon beam by tracking single particles through the cooling device. With sufficient muon intensity and large enough cooling decrement, a cooling demonstration experiment may also be performed without resolving single particle trajectories, but rather by measuring the average size and position of the beam. This allows simpler, and thus cheaper, detectors and readout electronics to be used. This paper discusses muon production using 400MeV protons from the Linac, decay channel and beamline design, as well as the instrumentation required for such an experiment, in particular as applied to testing the Helical Cooling Channel (HCC) proposed by Muons Inc.
The Impact of Myriad and Mayo: Will Advancements in the Biological Sciences Be Spurred or Disincentivized? (Or Was Biotech Patenting Not Complicated Enough?)

For years, purified and isolated naturally occurring biological substances of great medical importance--including genes--have been the subject of U.S. patents. Similarly, methods in which the detection of a biological substance (e.g., in a blood sample) dictates subsequent actions, as in disease diagnostics and treatment, have long enjoyed patent protection. However, two recent Supreme Court cases, Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. (133 S. Ct. 2107) (2013) and Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. (132 S. Ct. 1289) (2012), have shaken up the status quo of biotech patenting. The highest court in our land unanimously agreed with patent challengers that much of what we took for granted as patentable subject matter is not, as a matter of law, eligible for patenting after all. This review discusses the Myriad and Mayo cases, their impact on which biology-based innovations we may or may not continue to patent, and whether the altered status quo is benignly corrective or gravely disruptive. Is what happened here a good thing or not?
Therapeutic advances in the management of chronic hepatitis B infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small nonenveloped DNA virus that is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family. Chronic HBV infection is estimated to effect more than 350 million people worldwide with over 2 billion people being exposed to the virus. Risk factors for chronic infection include age of exposure to the virus, concurrent immunosuppression and HIV infection. Individuals chronically infected are 200 times more likely to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than uninfected individuals and are at risk of developing cirrhosis and the risks of decompensated liver disease. This article focuses on the recent therapeutic advances that reduce the risk of developing these complications, those that prevent the spread of HBV and strategies for the prevention of post-liver-transplantation recurrence of HBV.
Acute enteral manganese intoxication with hepatic failure due to ingestion of a joint supplement overdose

Manganese is a ubiquitous, essential trace element and a common ingredient of joint supplement tablets. Little information is known about the inherent toxic potential if ingested at higher doses. A 5-year-old female spayed Pug dog presented for evaluation of vomiting and ataxia after accidental ingestion of approximately 100 joint supplement tablets. The dog developed acute hepatic failure and was euthanized 6 days after presentation due to progression of the disease. Necropsy showed severe acute hepatic necrosis. Liver and kidney samples were submitted for toxicology analysis, results of which showed severely elevated manganese concentrations in the liver and kidneys.
Parental access to assistance from services: Social status and age-related differences

Parental access to community-based assistance was investigated in relation to occupational status and age of their child/teenager with an intellectual disability. Three age cohorts were included in a stratified sample of 70 households. Results indicated both status and age-related differences in access to assistance. While most upper-occupational-status parents had received help with “information” most lower-occupational-status parents had not. Age-related differences indicated that assistance was more likely to have been received by parents of 3–5 year olds than at any time by parents of older children or teenagers. These results are discussed in relation to differential access to parental support from community based services.
Power laws without complexity

Power laws have been invoked in describing the sizes of a wide variety of objects in evolution and ecology. The apparent ubiquity of power laws is commonly attributed to a form of complex behaviour called self-organizing criticality. It is shown that power law behaviour inevitably arises from the statistics of large values from heavy-tailed distributions and that such distributions can be generated by processes that do not involve self-organized criticality. It follows that power law behaviour cannot be taken as prima facie evidence of self-organizing criticality.
The Effect of Smectite on the Corrosion of Iron Metal

The combination of zero-valent iron (ZVI) and a clay-type amendment is often observed to have a synergistic effect on the rate of reduction reactions. In the present study, electrochemical techniques were used to determine the mechanism of interaction between the iron (Fe) and smectite clay minerals. Iron electrodes coated with an evaporated smectite suspension (clay-modified iron electrodes, CMIEs) were prepared using five different smectites: SAz-1, SWa-1, STx-1, SWy-1, and SHCa-1. All the smectites were exchanged with Na+ and one sample of SWy-1 was also exchanged with Mg2+. Potentiodynamic polarization scans and cyclic voltammograms were taken using the CMIEs and uncoated but passivated Fe electrodes. These electrochemical experiments, along with measurements of the amount of Fe2+ and Fe3+ sorbed in the smectite coating, suggested that the smectite removed the passive layer of the underlying Fe electrode during the evaporation process. Cyclic voltammograms taken after the CMIEs were biased at the active-passive transition potential for varying amounts of time suggested that the smectite limited growth of a passive layer, preventing passivation. These results are attributed to the Bronsted acidity of the smectite as well as to its ability to sorb Fe cations. Oxides that did form on the surface of the Fe in the presence of the smectite when it was biased anodically were reduced at a different electrochemical potential from those that form on the surface of an uncoated Fe electrode under otherwise similar conditions; this difference suggested that the smectite reacted with the Fe2+ formed from the oxidation of the underlying Fe. No significant correlation could be found between the ability of the smectite to remove the Fe passive film and the smectite type. The results have implications for the mixing of sediments and Fe particles in permeable reactive barriers, underground storage of radioactive waste in steel canisters, and the use of smectite supports in preventing aggregation of nano-sized zero-valent iron.
Measuring Responses to Commercials: A Projective-Elicitation Approach

Abstract Photoelicitation and projective assessment are research methods derived from visual sociology and psychoanalysis respectively. This study combined the methods by having respondents view a commercial, and then showing them one of two versions of a projective drawing showing a lone or a male-accompanied woman sitting on a couch. Respondents were told that the woman in the drawing had just seen the commercial and were asked about what the woman was thinking. The results show that a paper-and-pencil attitude measure correlated moderately with the visually-primed responses, but the visually-primed responses included psychoanalytically-predicted reactions such as denial and displacement and were dependent upon the social situation depicted in the drawing.
Laparoscopic Management of Pancreatic Malignancies

Laparoscopic pancreatic resection is performed with increasing frequency for malignant tumors. Data are emerging demonstrating the safety of the laparoscopic approach for distal (left) pancreatectomy, with potential benefits over the standard open approach; however, less information exists as to the effects of laparoscopic resection of cancers of the pancreas. This article reviews and analyzes the existing literature on laparoscopic pancreatectomy for pancreatic malignancies.
Convergence regions with bounded convex complements for continued fractions K (1/ b n )

Abstract In this paper we resurrect some twin convergence region results of Thron from the 1940s for continued fractions K (1/ b n ) and derive from them best simple convergence region results for these continued fractions. Our principal contribution is an elementary proof of what we call the Uniform Circle Theorem. This theorem says that a certain one-parameter family of regions which are complements of open disks containing the origin is a family of best uniform convergence regions for continued fractions K (1/ b n ) and, moreover, it contains a sharp useful estimate for the speed of convergence. We apply this theorem to obtain a new convergence result for variable element continued fractions of Stieltjes type, which we call the Limacon Theorem.
Broken circadian clocks: a clock gene mutation and entrainment by feeding

many animals have evolved the ability to anticipate periodic food availability. In mammals, this ability is due to a circadian clock that still functions after ablation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), although such lesions abolish (or severely disrupt) virtually all circadian rhythms in
Use of the Internet and Mobile-Based “Apps” for Sex-Seeking Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in New York City

The Internet continues to be a popular venue for men who have sex with men (MSM) to seek sexual partners. Increased sexual risk behavior has been linked to MSM who use the Internet to seek partners...
Computation of electrostatic field around a partially wet insulator surface through numerical techniques and simulation

Insulators in actual service conditions are polluted due to ambient operating conditions. Due to leakage currents dry bands can be formed on the surface of the insulators. Distortion of the potentials would occur by the existence of both a wet polluted band and a dry band in presence of air. In this work a rotationally symmetric approximation of the insulator is considered with varying lengths of dry band and wet bands. Simulations are carried out with different values of resistivities for wet and dry bands and different ratios of wet and dry band dimensions. Finite difference code was developed to calculate the potential & stress distributions. Two configurations were considered. In one the dry band is maintained next to high voltage electrode and in the other dry band is maintained next to grounded electrode. The details of simulation, the configurations considered our results and conclusions are presented.
Interannual Sea Level in the Northern and Eastern Indian Ocean

Abstract Monthly Indian and Pakistani sea level records, adjusted for the effect of atmospheric pressure, were used to examine interannual sea level variability in the northern Indian Ocean. The interannual sea level is correlated along the boundary. The observations hint that interannual sea level propagates along the boundary, but the evidence is not conclusive. Calculations with the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set wind stress as input to a simple model suggest that the interannual sea level signal occurs along more than 8000 km of Indian Ocean coastline extending from southern Java to Bombay and is generated remotely by zonal interannual winds blowing along the equator. The eastern Indian Ocean boundary is broken between Indonesia and Australia and examination of north- western Australian interannual sea level shows that it is not well correlated with that in the northern Indian Ocean. The northwestern Australian sea level is larger in amplitude, related to ENSO, and of Pacific origin. Calculat...
Constraint-Induced Therapy as Behavior Analysis Neurorehabilitation Intervention: An Interview With Dr. Edward Taub

Dr. Edward Taub has developed an effective therapy for stroke victims called Constraint-Induced Movement therapy. The foundation of this therapy is based entirely on behavior analysis principles, and intervention is a matter of applying contingencies of reinforcement for improving the movement of limbs impaired by different types of central nervous system damage. The result is a very efficacious therapy that produces large and clinically significant gains in performance that have been replicated numerous times across patients, clinics, and countries. Dr. Taub answers questions regarding the development of this therapy, which started with animal models, and offers insight into implementing behavior-analysis based treatments in medical settings.
The Effectiveness of Gunboat Diplomacy

incidents of gunboat diplomacy ranging from 1946 to 1978, this article empirically tests the hypotheses and statistically evaluates them. The results indicate that the most effective gunboat diplomacy involves a definitive, deterrent display of force undertaken by an assailant who has engaged in war in the victim's region and who is militarily prepared and politically stable compared to the victim. During the early part of the 1980s the world has experienced a remilitarization of international relations. The emphasis has been on the use of physical coercion as a means of achieving objectives, as confrontations in the Falklands, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Grenada, and Iran and Iraq painfully illustrate. The pendulum seems to have swung away from detente and the dominance of the economic North-South split, back to the Cold War and the supremacy of the military East-West split. Despite the presence of some full-scale wars during this period, states have exhibited a marked preference for applications of limited military force. The Reagan administration has led the way in this regard, and an excerpt from an April 1984 speech by Secretary of State George Shultz (1984: 18) explains the underlying rationale:
Evolution of the amino acid code: inferences from mitochondrial codes.

The amino acid code is usually presented as a table of 64 codons. Actually the code results from the action of tRNA molecules that carry amino acids to codons in mRNA by means of codon-anticodon pairing. The tRNA molecules are transcribed from genes that undergo evolution and the number of anticodons can therefore increase during evolution, but the number of codons is fixed at 64. Mammalian mitochondrial codes contain only 22 anticodons for 20 amino acids as compared with 54 anticodons for 20 amino acids in the universal code. It is proposed that an archetypal code containing 16 anticodons for 15 amino acids evolved into the universal code by gene duplication, followed by mutations that modified the anticodons and amino acid acceptor sites. In substantiation of this proposal, it is noted that the mammalian mitochondrial code, is simplified by comparison with the universal code. For example, single anticodons are used for each of eight amino acids in the mammalian mitochondrial code. This simplification may represent an evolutionary retrogression towards the proposed archetypal code.
INTERANNUAL SHORELINE VARIATIONS AT DUCK, NC, USA

We have analyzed 3 years of daily observations of the shoreline position along a 2 km segment of the coast at Duck, NC. Shoreline variations were found to be dominated by length scales of order 1 kilometer, with an amplitude that was modulated by a seasonal cycle, and a spatial structure that progressed alongshore at an average rate of 1 m/day. Surprisingly, the alongshore-averaged shoreline position did not display an annual cycle. Instead, the most pronounced alongshore-averaged shoreline changes occurred over several years. The dominance of large spatial and temporal scales suggests that short scale studies at Duck (typical duration < 1 month and lengths < 500 m) seriously under-resolve an important component of shoreline variability
Arab Mothers, American Sons: Women in Arab-American Autobiographies

Strong and spirited mother figures (far removed from the stereotypical Arab woman) people the autobiographies of second-generation Arab-American men, just as they did the life stories of first generation writers like Salom Rizhk and Abraham Rihbany.1 In both early and late autobiographies, these female portraits serve as rhetorical vehicles for challenging Western assumptions about the Arab world while, at the same time, placing the author and his values. For the author to speak of his mother becomes an efficient way to define himself, its logic summed up in the traditional Arab belief that as a child nurses, it ingests its character from its mother. Furthermore, since each writer sees his mother (or grandmother) as the embodiment of his ethnic heritage, his read of her character is crucial as he sets about the archetypal American task of negotiating between the claims of two cultures, ethnic and mainstream. Both generations of writers must take on this difficult task. But the second-generation Arab-American writer finds himself in this situation through no act or decision of his own. He is not the one who embarked on an epic journey across the seas; he is not the heroic agent of change, merely its by-product. Born in America, the second-generation writer is born also to an ethnic tradition that he can respond to in several ways-he can deny it, he can resent it, or he can glory in it. Each of these responses is illustrated in the autobiographical writings of three Arab-American authors-Vance Bourjaily, William Peter Blatty,
Orienting to the Phenomenon

A central concern of this chapter is to articulate relationships among researchers’ and interactants’methods for orienting to naturally occurring social activities. Basic questions are raised as central to the future course of research on social interaction. Following an overview of research commitments of conversation analysis, a discussion of “coding” is offered as a practical achievement enacted by all researchers as they orient Id interaction. A transcribed segment of courtroom interaction is offered so as to examine, in turn-by-tum detail, the nature of participants’ achieved orientations to a civil hearing. It is argued that by examining actual sequences of interaction as displays of social order, priority is given to the talk itself. This position is in contrast to accounting for the detailed work of speakers and hearers by invoking “macroconcepts” such as power, status, identity, institution, or related forces in any way “external” to the interaction.
A Californium-252 Fission Spectrum Irradiation Facility for Neutron Reaction Rate Measurements

AbstractSpontaneous fission sources of 252Cf, lightly encapsulated and with neutron source strengths approaching 1010 n/s, have been developed especially for integral cross-section measurements and neutron reaction rate calibrations. An irradiation facility at the National Bureau of Standards makes use of these sources in two well-investigated geometries. A free-field neutron flux in the range of 107 n/(cm2 s) (105 n/mm2 · s) and fluences of up to 1013 n/cm2 (1011 n/mm2) are established at the facility based only on a distance measurement and the absolute source strength of the national standard Ra-Be photoneutron source. The error in the 252Cf source strength (±1.1%) dominates the total free-field flux uncertainty of ±1.4% (1σ). Neutron scattering effects in the source capsule and support structures and neutron return from concrete and earth boundaries have been calculated and investigated experimentally. In the worst case, they contribute ±0.7% to the total flux response uncertainty for all observed neu...
New Murine Model of Early Onset Autoimmune Thyroid Disease/Hypothyroidism and Autoimmune Exocrinopathy of the Salivary Gland

Sixty to seventy percent of IFN-γ(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice given sodium iodide (NaI)-supplemented water develop a slow onset autoimmune thyroid disease, characterized by thyrocyte epithelial cell (TEC) hyperplasia and proliferation (H/P). TEC H/P develops much earlier in CD28(-/-) mice and nearly 100% (both sexes) have severe TEC H/P at 4 mo of age. Without NaI supplementation, 50% of 5- to 6-mo-old CD28(-/-)IFN-γ(-/-) mice develop severe TEC H/P, and 2-3 wk of NaI is sufficient for optimal development of severe TEC H/P. Mice with severe TEC H/P are hypothyroid, and normalization of serum thyroxine levels does not reduce TEC H/P. Activated CD4(+) T cells are sufficient to transfer TEC H/P to SCID recipients. Thyroids of mice with TEC H/P have infiltrating T cells and expanded numbers of proliferating thyrocytes that highly express CD40. CD40 facilitates, but is not required for, development of severe TEC H/P, as CD40(-/-)IFN-γ(-/-)CD28(-/-) mice develop severe TEC H/P. Accelerated development of TEC H/P in IFN-γ(-/-)CD28(-/-) mice is a result of reduced regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers, as CD28(-/-) mice have significantly fewer Tregs, and transfer of CD28(+) Tregs inhibits TEC H/P. Essentially all female IFN-γ(-/-)CD28(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice have substantial lymphocytic infiltration of salivary glands and reduced salivary flow by 6 mo of age, thereby providing an excellent new model of autoimmune exocrinopathy of the salivary gland. This is one of very few models where autoimmune thyroid disease and hypothyroidism develop in most mice by 4 mo of age. This model will be useful for studying the effects of hypothyroidism on multiple organ systems.
Coupled Physics Performance Predictions and Risk Assessment for Dry Gas Seal Operating in MW-Scale Supercritical CO2 Turbine

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has recently sponsored research programs to develop megawatt scale supercritical CO2 (sCO2) turbine for use in concentrated solar power (CSP) and fossil based applications. To achieve the CSP goal of power at $0.06/kW-hr LCOE and energy conversion efficiency > 50%, the sCO2 turbine relies critically on extremely low leakage film riding seals like dry gas seal (DGS). Although DGS technology has been used in other applications before. making it successful for stringent conditions of an sCO2 turbo-expander is challenging. This paper presents results from a multi-scale coupled physics model that predicts the performance of DGS under a typical sCO2 turbine mission cycle and addresses some of the risks specific to operation in sCO2. Real gas equations of state are incorporated in the models to capture large discontinuities in fluid properties close to the critical point. A novel experimental setup is developed to observe and characterize transition of CO2 through liquid-vapor and supercritical phases. Coupled fluid-structure-thermal interaction model investigates the effect of aerodynamic and thermal perturbations on the structural and rotordynamic instabilities. Dynamic instabilities arising from sonic transition in thin sCO2 film of DGS pose additional challenges while the large surface roughness changes due to sCO2 corrosion warrant further design considerations. Effectiveness of features like spiral grooves in converting fluid momentum into pressure rise in the thin film and also in achieving local flow reversals is investigated. Effect of various design features on the optimal performance is quantified and insights for a successful DGS operation in a sCO2 turbomachine are provided.© 2016 ASME
Atmospheric oxygenation driven by unsteady growth of the continental sedimentary reservoir

Abstract Atmospheric oxygen concentration has increased over Earth history, from ∼0 before 2.5 billion years ago to its present-day concentration of 21%. The initial rise in pO2 approximately 2.3 billion years ago required oxygenic photosynthesis, but the evolution of this key metabolic pathway was not sufficient to propel atmospheric oxygen to modern levels, which were not sustained until approximately two billion years later. The protracted lag between the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis and abundant O2 in the surface environment has many implications for the evolution of animals, but the reasons for the delay remain unknown. Here we show that the history of sediment accumulation on continental crust covaries with the history of atmospheric oxygen concentration. A forward model based on the empirical record of net organic carbon burial and oxidative weathering of the crust predicts two significant rises in pO2 separated by three comparatively stable plateaus, a pattern that reproduces major biological transitions and proxy-based pO2 records. These results suggest that the two-phased oxygenation of Earth's surface environment, and the long delays between the origin of life, the evolution of metazoans, and their subsequent diversification during the Cambrian Explosion, was caused by step-wise shifts in the ability of the continents to accumulate and store sedimentary organic carbon. The geodynamic mechanisms that promote and inhibit sediment accumulation on continental crust have, therefore, exerted a first-order control on the evolution of Earth's life and environment.
A wind-tunnel study of the effect of turbulence on PM10 deposition onto vegetation

Abstract The fraction of particles deposited from an airstream (deposition fraction) onto idealized substrates has been shown to be influenced by isotropic turbulence through increased deposition onto nonimpaction surfaces (Moran, S.M., Pardyjak, E.R., Veranth, J.M., 2013. Understanding the role of grid turbulence in enhancing PM10 deposition: scaling the Stokes number with R λ . Physics of Fluids 25, 115103). Here, we extend this by considering deposition onto realistic vegetative surfaces. Results from wind-tunnel deposition experiments conducted using nonvolatile particles and various types of artificial vegetation under grid-generated isotropic turbulence conditions are presented and compared with the previous idealized experiments. The nonimpaction-surface fraction of the total deposition is shown to scale with the Reynolds number and a new effective area parameterization is developed to account for inertial deposition onto nonimpaction surfaces. A combined formulation of the turbulent Stokes number and the effective deposition area are used to collapse the data. The results show that laminar impaction models dramatically under predict deposition for a given classical Stokes number. The new parameterization shows improved performance for deposition onto vegetation with the coefficient of determination ( r 2 ) increasing from 0.15 to 0.65 when accounting for turbulence and nonimpaction-surface deposition area.
Fabrication of Oxygenation Microfluidic Devices for Cell Cultures

Current cell culture procedures that use normoxic (21%) oxygen concentrations have been proven to be physiologically inaccurate since the oxidation conditions in the human body ranges mostly between 1-13%. Recent studies have acknowledged this fact and have begun utilizing microfluidic devices to create an oxygen gradient to accurately depict the human physiology. While these studies have taken a step in the right direction, the gradient achieved is rather steep posing a spatial constraint in accurate testing. In order to address this problem we have fabricated microfluidic devices of five different specialized micro-channel architectures and tested them to find the optimal low rise oxygen gradient. Through fabrication and testing of multiple batches, we have determined that one of our specialized micro-channel designs (Architecture 3) has successfully produced a low rise oxygen gradient that provides ample spatial resolution to accurately pinpoint oxygen concentrations of interest, paving the way to improve the accuracy of cell culture techniques.
GrammarViz 3.0: Interactive Discovery of Variable-Length Time Series Patterns

The problems of recurrent and anomalous pattern discovery in time series, e.g., motifs and discords, respectively, have received a lot of attention from researchers in the past decade. However, since the pattern search space is usually intractable, most existing detection algorithms require that the patterns have discriminative characteristics and have its length known in advance and provided as input, which is an unreasonable requirement for many real-world problems. In addition, patterns of similar structure, but of different lengths may co-exist in a time series. Addressing these issues, we have developed algorithms for variable-length time series pattern discovery that are based on symbolic discretization and grammar inference—two techniques whose combination enables the structured reduction of the search space and discovery of the candidate patterns in linear time. In this work, we present GrammarViz 3.0—a software package that provides implementations of proposed algorithms and graphical user interface for interactive variable-length time series pattern discovery. The current version of the software provides an alternative grammar inference algorithm that improves the time series motif discovery workflow, and introduces an experimental procedure for automated discretization parameter selection that builds upon the minimum cardinality maximum cover principle and aids the time series recurrent and anomalous pattern discovery.
Estimation of water solubility and octanol/water partition coefficient of hydrophobic dyes: Part II: Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Capacity factors were determined for 20 disperse and solvent dyes by a high performance liquid Chromatographic method using methanol/water and a C-18 reverse-phase column. Regression equations are given that establish relationships among capacity factors, water solubilities and octanol/water partition coefficients. The method is easy to apply to commercial dyes with resulting estimations that are accurate to better than one order of magnitude. Possible sources of error are discussed and suggested as implicit in the method when applied to dyes. The regressions are also used to estimate the octanol/water partition coefficients and solubilities for 14 other disperse dyes and for indigo, none of which have been previously measured. The estimated values for all of the dyes correspond to calculated sediment I water partition coefficients and bioconcentration factors, ranging from about 2.3 to 8.5 and from 2 to 7 log units, respectively.
Mississippian–Permian evolution and paleogeographic distribution of the Cromyocrinidae and Pirasocrinidae (Crinoidea, Dendrocrinida)

Late Paleozoic macroevolutionary crinoid faunas were dominated by dendrocrinids, replacing most of the camerata crinoids that had dominated the Early and Middle Paleozoic macroevolutionary crinoid faunas. Two dendrocrinid taxa, the Cromyocrinidae and Pirasocrinidae, first recognized in the Mississippian (Visean), attained their greatest generic diversity in the late Moscovian to early Kasimovian, declined in the Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian, and became extinct in the Late Permian or end-Permian extinction event. The paleontologic record of the Cromyocrinindae and Pirasocrinidae is best documented from the Midcontinent of the United States and both are recognized worldwide in the Late Paleozoic. Their diversity in the latest Pennsylvanian and Early Permian is probably greater than currently recognized because disarticulated ossicles that are ascribed to one or the other of the two families in described faunas are commonly not recognizable at the genus level. Both families show individual evolutionary trends while following the general evolutionary trends of the dendrocrinids.
Goal focused positive psychotherapy: an integration of positive psychology and psychotherapy

This article introduces the empirical support for and theoretical tenets of Goal Focused Positive Psychotherapy (GFPP), a comprehensive, evidence-based, psychotherapy model. GFPP’s approach emerges...
Adaptive sample size re-estimation in MRMC studies

Multi-reader multi-case (MRMC) studies are often used for the evaluation of medical imaging devices. Due to limited prior information, the sizing of such studies (i.e., sizing both readers and cases) is often inaccurate. It is therefore desirable to adaptively resize the study towards a target power after an interim analysis of the study data. The major statistical concern for sample size re-estimation based on the interim analysis is the inflation of type I error rate. We developed methods that, based upon the observed data at the interim analysis, simultaneously resize the study towards a target power and adaptively adjust the critical value for the final hypothesis testing to control the type I error rate. Our methodologies apply to commonly used study endpoints including the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. Simulation studies show our methods can boost the statistical power to a target value by resizing the study after an interim analysis while controlling the type I error rate at the nominal level. We have developed a freely available R software package for the design and analysis of adaptive MRMC studies.
Hungary: The Cult of Defeat

This chapter shows how the Hungarian reaction to defeat was distinctly outward-looking with an obsessive fixation on territorial revision and the restoration of historic Hungary. Instead of treating defeat as an opportunity for renewal and learning, Hungarians framed it as a humiliating experience and a stimulus for revenge. This attitude facilitated and popularized extremist and revanchist movements which carried the banner of revisionism and made it into a daily practice and a profession of faith for citizens and elites alike. Throughout the interwar period, revisionism became the clarion call for rallying the masses—a call that completely absorbed Hungarian political classes, distorted political judiciousness, and induced illusions and unfounded hopes. Complete denial of guilt and responsibility triumphed. Self-exculpatory explanations were legion and popular. Intense feelings of humiliation, diminution, and resentment prevailed. Desires for revenge took hold of both the Hungarian masses and elites. Defeat was a major cause behind the emergence of a host of radical and violent movements and led to the emergence of reactionary, aggressive, and militarist Hungarian nationalism that ultimately made Hungary an early ally of Fascist Italy and later of Nazi Germany.
Seismic expressions of deep-shelf depositional and erosional morphologies, Miocene Utsira formation, North Sea Basin

The Middle–Late Miocene Utsira Formation of the North Sea Basin contains a fully preserved, regional marine sand deposit that records a stable paleogeographic setting of sand transport and accumulation within a deep, epeiric seaway which persisted for >8 Ma. The sediment dispersal system was defined by (1) input through a marginal prograding strandplain platform, coast-to-basin bypass, transport along a narrow strait, and accumulation in strait-mouth shoal complexes within a shelf sea; (2) a high-energy marine regime; (3) very low time-averaged rates of sediment supply and accumulation; and (4) consequent high sediment reworking ratio. Sand distribution and stratal architectures reflect regional along-strike sediment transport and local to sub-regional landward sediment transport. Plume-shaped, south-building, submarine sand shoals that formed along the recurved arc of the strandplain margin nourished the shoal system. Very low-angle sigmoid clinoforms and down-stepping, aggradational top sets are distinctive architectures of these strike-fed sand bodies. The combination of strong marine currents and slow but long-lived sand supply from the Shetland strandplain created regional, sandy shelf shoal depositional systems that individually covered 3,500 to 6,000 km2 of the basin floor. Defining attributes of the shelf shoal systems include their location within the basin axis, abundance of autochthonous sediment, and sandy marine facies composition. Diagnostic depositional architectures include the along-strike-dipping sigmoidal clinoforms, poly-directional low-angle accretionary bedding at both regional and local scales, and mounded depositional topography. Erosional features include regional hummocky, low-relief shelf deflation surfaces, broad, elongate scours and sub-circular scour pits.
Role of appetitive phenotype trajectory groups on child body weight during a family-based treatment for children with overweight or obesity

Emerging evidence suggests that individual appetitive traits may usefully explain patterns of weight loss in behavioral weight loss treatments for children. The objective of this study was to identify trajectories of child appetitive traits and the impact on child weight changes over time. Secondary data analyses of a randomized noninferiority trial conducted between 2011 and 2015 evaluated children’s appetitive traits and weight loss. Children with overweight and obesity (mean age = 10.4; mean BMI z = 2.0; 67% girls; 32% Hispanic) and their parent (mean age = 42.9; mean BMI = 31.9; 87% women; 31% Hispanic) participated in weight loss programs and completed assessments at baseline, 3, 6,12, and 24 months. Repeated assessments of child appetitive traits, including satiety responsiveness, food responsiveness and emotional eating, were used to identify parsimonious grouping of change trajectories. Linear mixed-effects models were used to identify the impact of group trajectory on child BMIz change over time. One hundred fifty children and their parent enrolled in the study. The three-group trajectory model was the most parsimonious and included a high satiety responsive group (HighSR; 47.4%), a high food responsive group (HighFR; 34.6%), and a high emotional eating group (HighEE; 18.0%). Children in all trajectories lost weight at approximately the same rate during treatment, however, only the HighSR group maintained their weight loss during follow-ups, while the HighFR and HighEE groups regained weight (adjusted p-value < 0.05). Distinct trajectories of child appetitive traits were associated with differential weight loss maintenance. Identified high-risk subgroups may suggest opportunities for targeted intervention and maintenance programs.
Vowel duration and closure duration in voiced and unvoiced stops: there are no contrast effects here

The experiments test directly a claim in the literature [Kluender, Diehl & Wright, Journal of Phonetics (1988), 16, 153-169) that the generally inverse relationship between durations of vowels and of closures for following voiced and voiceless obstruents occurs because language communities exploit an ostensible property of the auditory system identified as "auditory durational contrast". In this account, the long vowel before voiced, as compared to voiceless, consonants makes their already short closures sound even shorter than they are, thereby enhancing the perceptual distinctive ness of voiced and voiceless obstruents. The first experiment of the present series shows that contrast does not affect judgments either of closure durations or of vowel durations in VCV synthetic-speech disyllables. To the contrary, long vowels are associated with increased judgments that a closure is long, and, compatibly, long closures are associated with increased judgments that a vowel is long. A second experiment fails to replicate findings by Kluender et at. showing that classification judgments of non-speech square-wave VCV analogs varying in the duration of the first (vowel-like) tone and in the duration of the (consonant-like) gap between tone pairs exhibit durational contrast. Judgments of these signals, like judgments of VCVs themselves, show assimilation, rather than contrast, effects. Whatever the reason may be for vowel durations and closure durations to vary inversely in voiced and voiceless obstruents, it is not because language communities are exploiting durational contrast in the auditory system. For stimuli in these durational ranges and with these acoustic characteristics, there is no durational contrast effect to exploit. Moreover, if the assimilation effects that durational judgments did exhibit do, in fact, reflect distorting properties of the auditory system for signals such as VCVs, language communities are evidently snubbing those properties entirely in settling on durational properties of vowels before voiced and voiceless obstruents.
Osteoid Osteoma Masquerading as Cholelithiasis: A Case Report.

Case We present a case report of an 18-year-old woman who presented to a general surgeon with a several month history of intermittent right upper quadrant pain, strongly suggestive of symptomatic cholelithiasis and underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. She was eventually found to have an osteoid osteoma (OO) of the right eighth rib. She was treated with radiofrequency ablation with complete resolution of symptoms 1 month after treatment. Conclusions In cases where a patient's age and risk factors would make the diagnosis of cholelithiasis less likely, OO should be added to the differential diagnosis of symptomatic right upper quadrant pain.
Under Our Very Eyes

Under Our Very Eyes A 64-year-old man with a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy presented to the emergency department in the summer with intermittent high fevers that had begun 7 weeks after he und...
How does paid family leave affect unpaid care providers

Abstract This study uses difference in difference methodology applied to data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation in 1998, 2003, 2006 and 2011 to assess the impact of California’s paid family leave law on labor market outcomes of unpaid care providers, controlling for nationwide compositional changes in the sample of unpaid care providers. I find California’s paid family leave law increased the likelihood of being an unpaid care provider in the labor force by 1% among women and the higher educated. Increased labor force participation enhances the retirement preparedness of unpaid care providers, most of whom are women, and suggests a role for paid leave policies in tackling the U.S. retirement savings shortfall.
Burn survivors' perception of recovery after injury: A Northwest Regional Burn Model System investigation.

Abstract Introduction Previous reports suggest that many factors impact recovery from burn injury. To improve our understanding of these factors, we queried adult burn survivors using a mixed method design during the first year after injury. Methods An anonymous, 2-page survey was developed and administered to adult burn survivors during routine outpatient clinic follow-up visits at a regional burn center. Participants rated issues of concern and their impacts on return to pre-burn activity levels. Both quantitative and qualitative data were obtained. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data and thematic analysis was used to identify, analyze and report patterns from open-ended responses. Results Over seven months in 2016, 187 patients completed the anonymous survey. Study participants were predominantly male, white, and non-Hispanic. Participants who had not yet returned to pre-burn function reported worse outcomes for all issues queried compared to those who had. Burn survivors from racial and ethnic minority groups reported greater difficulty with accessing medical care and information about their injury as well as higher levels of self-identified posttraumatic stress, issues related to appearance and concerns for loss of strength. Several themes and sub-themes were identified that had both negative and positive impact on early recovery. Such themes included: healing process, psychological recovery and emotional health, and community reintegration/employment. Conclusions Several themes from responses provided insight into challenges as well as key support systems during the first year of recovery after injury. Collectively, these findings can be used to direct clinical outpatient care, patient education and psychosocial support services.
Failing at the Help Desk: Performing Online Teacher.

Performing failure presents radical opportunities for reimagining the world. Drawing from critical autoethnographic accounts, I utilize performance as a method to examine individual and structural ...
Dielectric Resonator Antenna Coupled Infrared Antimonide Photodetectors

A Dielectric Resonator Antenna Coupled Infrared Antimonide Photodetector (DRACAD) is presented. The large capture area of the DRA feeds incident radiation to the subwavelength dimension detector. The reduced dimension of the detector reduces the Noise Equivalent Power (NEP). The large capture area of the DRA increases the captured signal. The combination leads to high Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR). The DRACAD is designed using a Genetic Algorithm Optimization to obtain dimensions which maximize the absorbed infrared radiation with the smallest possible detector. The plasmonic metals are modeled as effective lossy sheet impedances. Absorption spectrum simulations between $8-12\mu m$ wavelengths show the DRACAD absorbs nearly 73% of the incident light at $9\mu m$ after all metal losses are accounted for.
A Comparison of Negative Pressure and Conventional Therapy in Infected Open Chest Wounds

Background: The role of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the management of open chest wounds is unclear. Our aim was to determine the safety and efficacy of NPWT compared with conventional...
Endoscopic hemostatic spray for uncontrolled bleeding after complicated endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection: a report of 2 cases

Background and Aims There is a significant bleeding risk after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and EMR cases. This case series describes the use of an endoscopic hemostasis spray, which is not typically used to treat this type of bleeding, after multiple attempts with other modalities failed. Methods We present 2 patient cases of ESD and EMR used to treat a gastric adenoma (case 1) and 2 gastric hyperplastic masses (case 2) with refractory bleeding after use of multiple other treatment modalities. Both patients were not surgical candidates because of their medical comorbidities. Results Bleeding was eventually controlled with the use of endoscopic hemostasis spray after attempts were made using SB Knife Jr tip, Coagrasper Hemostatic Forceps, Argon Photocoagulation, and scope tamponade. Conclusions In very specific cases, endoscopic hemostasis spray may have some utility for refractory bleeding after dissection of gastric lesions. After using this spray, it became technically challenging to suture endoscopically because of the mud-like quality of the hemostasis material.
Consumers’ perceptions and behavior toward food waste across countries

Food waste has become a global issue that has received increased attention. Food waste at the household level is a major source of food loss in developed countries. While culture is an important fa...
Race/Ethnicity Considerations in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke

To describe racial and ethnic considerations that exist for the prevention and treatment of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Multiple studies have characterized stroke disparities. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (GCNKSS) found that Black individuals have nearly twice the rates of stroke compared to White individuals. Differences in the incidence of stroke risk factors, both inherited and acquired, contribute to these disparities. Black individuals have an earlier age of onset, a longer duration, and greater severity of hypertension compared to White individuals. Beyond stroke risk factors, disparities also exist for hospital arrival times and stroke treatments. Black patients are more likely than White patients to delay presentation to the hospital, and Mexican Americans are less likely to say they would call 911 when experiencing a stroke. Finally, stroke outcomes including mortality also differ as Black individuals experience higher mortality rates compared with other groups. Multiple studies have demonstrated the existence of racial and ethnic disparities among stroke patients. Reasons for these disparities include a greater incidence of stroke risk factors, knowledge gaps about recognizing stroke warning signs and presenting for timely treatment, and less access to care.