cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fire and Grazing Influence Site Resistance to Bromus tectorum Through Their Effects on Shrub, Bunchgrass and Biocrust Communities in the Great Basin (USA)

Shrubs, bunchgrasses and biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are believed to contribute to site resistance to plant invasions in the presence of cattle grazing. Although fire is a concomitant disturbance with grazing, little is known regarding their combined impacts on invasion resistance. We are the first to date to test the idea that biotic communities mediate the effects of disturbance on site resistance. We assessed cover of Bromus tectorum, shrubs, native bunchgrasses, lichens and mosses in 99 burned and unburned plots located on similar soils where fires occurred between 12 and 23 years before sampling. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized relationships between environmental and disturbance characteristics, the biotic community and resistance to B. tectorum cover. Characteristics of fire and grazing did not directly relate to cover of B. tectorum. Relationships were mediated through shrub, bunchgrass and biocrust communities. Increased site resistance following fire was associated with higher bunchgrass cover and recovery of bunchgrasses and mosses with time since fire. Evidence of grazing was more pronounced on burned sites and was positively correlated with the cover of B. tectorum, indicating an interaction between fire and grazing that decreases site resistance. Lichen cover showed a weak, negative relationship with cover of B. tectorum. Fire reduced near-term site resistance to B. tectorum on actively grazed rangelands. Independent of fire, grazing impacts resulted in reduced site resistance to B. tectorum, suggesting that grazing management that enhances plant and biocrust communities will also enhance site resistance.
Defining and Detecting Environment Discrimination in Android Apps

Environment discrimination—a program behaving differently on different platforms—is used in many contexts. For example, malware can use environment discrimination to thwart detection attempts: as malware detectors employ automated dynamic analysis while running the potentially malicious program in a virtualized environment, the malware author can make the program virtual environment-aware so the malware turns off the nefarious behavior when it is running in a virtualized environment. Therefore, an approach for detecting environment discrimination can help security researchers and practitioners better understand the behavior of, and consequently counter, malware. In this paper we formally define environment discrimination, and propose an approach based on abstract traces and symbolic execution to detect discrimination in Android apps. Furthermore, our approach discovers what API calls expose the environment information to malware, which is a valuable reference for virtualization developers to improve their products. We also apply our approach to the real malware and third-party-researcher designed benchmark apps. The result shows that the algorithm and framework we proposed achieves 97% accuracy.
Oncogenes and human breast cancer.

Abstract The role of oncogenes in breast tumorigenesis is unclear. Alterations and/or amplification of several oncogene sequences have been observed in primary human breast tumors, in breast tumor cell lines, and in mammary tumors in model systems. In principle, such alterations could be sites of primary lesions for human breast cancer, causes of tumor progression or metastasis, or simply secondary lesions of highly aberrant tumor genomes. The present study tested genetic linkage of breast cancer susceptibility to nine oncogenes in 12 extended families including 87 affected individuals. Lod scores for close linkage of each candidate sequence to breast cancer were -19.6 for HRAS, -12.3 for KRAS2, -1.0 for NRAS, -6.0 for MYC, -6.1 for MYB, -8.2 for ERBA2, -7.9 for INT2, and -5.1 for RAF1. Regions of chromosome 11p associated with tumor homozygosity and the region of 3p carrying the gene for Von Hippel-Lindau disease could also be excluded from linkage to human breast cancer. The 5-kb allele of the MOS oncogene, previously proposed to be associated with breast cancer, was absent in these families, suggesting that polymorphism at this locus is not associated with inherited susceptibility. These results strongly suggest that oncogenes are not the sites of primary alterations leading to breast cancer. On the other hand, alterations in one or more of these sequences may be associated with tumor progression.
A Neurophysiological View of Autism

Parents, teachers, clinicians, and researchers consistently observe that people with autism do not seem to pay attention to their environment in a normal fashion, and do not, as a rule, respond to stimuli that would be surprising and attention-getting to normal people.
The relationship between self-rated health and local government spending on parks and recreation in the United States from 1997 to 2012.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between local government spending on parks and recreation and self-rated health in the United States. Using four publicly available datasets from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Current Population Survey, the Decennial Census, the American Community Survey, and the State and Local Government Finance Survey for the years 1997–2012 (n = 303,203), we estimated a multinomial and a binary logit model predicting self-rated health with county area percentage of expenditures contributed to parks and recreation operations as the independent variable of interest. A one-percent increase in the portion of county area expenditures contributed to parks and recreation operations was associated with decreased relative risk of very good (RRR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.93, 0.96), good (RRR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.93, 0.97), or fair (RRR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.87, 0.92) health relative to excellent health. The effect held in the binary logit model for adult men and women, but not youth. Higher levels of parks and recreation spending were associated with higher levels of self-rated health for adults across the United States from 1997 to 2012. Investing greater portions of local government budgets in parks and recreation operations may have the potential to improve self-rated health among residents.
Current-Driven Dyakonov-Shur Instability in Ballistic Nanostructures with a Stub

Finding compact, inexpensive terahertz sources, detectors, mixers, and other components is the prime issue in ultrahigh-speed electronics. This article proposes using the instability of plasmonic modes driven by a ballistic direct current to generate high-power THz radiation. The boundary conditions and plasmonic velocity in arrays of field-effect transistors are controlled with plasmonic stubs, narrow channel extensions that support plasmonic waves orthogonal to the plasmonic-crystal channel in a device. This approach could also be used for THz detection, mixing, frequency multiplication, and rf-to-THz conversion, opening the way to an entire THz system on a chip.
High levels of PGE2 in bone marrow transplant mice impairs autophagy in alveolar macrophages

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is commonly used as a therapeutic strategy to treat different health disorders such as cancer. Although it benefits the host by restoring a damaged immune system with a healthy immune system, BMT recipients develop different complications in handling pulmonary pathogens. Previous studies have shown that immune and structural cells in the lungs of BMT recipients highly express cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, leading to overproduction of immunosuppressive prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2) and may explain the susceptibility observed in BMT recipients to opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Alveolar macrophages reside in the lower airways where they compose the first line of host defense against a wide array of pathogens. Previous studies have demonstrated that alveolar macrophages can target and clear pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa via autophagy, a mechanism by which pathogens are encapsulated in an autophagosome wherein the bacterial components are targeted for degradation. We have evidence that BMT recipient mouse alveolar macrophages harbor a deficiency in autophagy. To determine if PGE 2 regulates autophagy in alveolar macrophages, we performed a series of in vitro and in vivo assays using a syngeneic BMT mouse model. Our results indicate impaired autophagy activity in alveolar macrophages in the presence of exogenous PGE 2 as well as in the lung compartment of BMT mice. These observations highlight targeting the PGE 2 signaling pathway as a method to restore immune activity in alveolar macrophages post-BMT.
Catalytic reductive [4 + 1]-cycloadditions of vinylidenes and dienes

Cycloaddition reactions provide direct and convergent routes to cycloalkanes, making them valuable targets for the development of synthetic methods. Whereas six-membered rings are readily accessible from Diels-Alder reactions, cycloadditions that generate five-membered rings are comparatively limited in scope. Here, we report that dinickel complexes catalyze [4 + 1]-cycloaddition reactions of 1,3-dienes. The C 1 partner is a vinylidene equivalent generated from the reductive activation of a 1,1-dichloroalkene in the presence of stoichiometric zinc. Intermolecular and intramolecular variants of the reaction are described, and high levels of asymmetric induction are achieved in the intramolecular cycloadditions using a C 2 -symmetric chiral ligand that stabilizes a metal-metal bond.
Adaptive smoothing algorithms for MBIR in CT applications

Many model based image reconstruction (MBIR) methods for x-ray CT are formulated as convex minimization problems. If the objective function is nonsmooth. primal-dual algorithms are applicable with the drawback that there is an increased memory cost due to the dual variables. Some algorithms recently developed for large-scale nonsmooth convex programs use adaptive smoothing techniques and are of the primal type. That is, they achieve convergence without introducing the dual variables, hence without the increased memory. We discuss one such algorithm with an O(1/k) convergence rate, where k is the iteration number. We then present an extension of it to handle strong convex objective functions. This new algorithm has the optimal convergence rate of O(1/k 2) for its problem class. Our preliminary numerical studies demonstrate competitive performance with respect to an alternative method.
What is Extreme About Mises’ Extreme Apriorism?

There is something extreme about Mises’ apriorism, namely, his epistemological justification of the a priori element(s) of economic theory. His critics have long recognized and attacked the extremeness of Mises’ epistemology of a priori knowledge. However, several of his defenders have glossed or ignored what is (and what has long been recognized by his critics to be) extreme about Mises’ apriorism. Thus, the argument is directed less against Mises than those contributions to the secondary literature that assert his methodological moderation while glossing or plainly ignoring what the most prominent critics have found extreme about Mises’ apriorism. Defending Mises as a merely moderate apriorist because he held only a narrow part of the foundation of economics to be a priori is a straw-man defense against criticisms of his apriorism as epistemologically extreme.
Adenochondroma of the Thyroid in a 3-Year-Old Female: A Case Report:

Follicular adenomas are the most common benign thyroid neoplasm but are unusual in children. However, other rare degenerative lesions and those of developmental origin can also present as thyroid m...
Buprenorphine Medication for Opioid Use Disorder: A Study of Factors Associated With Postpartum Treatment Retention.

Background and objectives The factors associated with medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment retention among pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD) are largely unknown. This study sought to characterize factors associated with postpartum treatment retention. Methods A retrospective chart review from 2014 to 2017 was conducted among women with OUD in pregnancy treated with buprenorphine. Women were assigned to the treatment retention group if they attended an appointment within 10 to 14 weeks postpartum. Others were assigned to the dropout group. The groups were compared using bivariate analysis for sociodemographic variables, obstetrical and neonatal outcomes, clinical and subjective opioid withdrawal symptoms, buprenorphine dosage, urine drug toxicology (UDT) results, and other factors. Results A total of 64 pregnancies received treatment until delivery, and 47 (73.1%) were retained in treatment by 12 weeks postpartum. The treatment dropout group had lower buprenorphine doses at delivery, a higher percentage of benzodiazepine positive UDT, and number of UDT positive for benzodiazepine in the third trimester. Breastfeeding rates were higher in the treatment retention group. Discussion and conclusions Future research of variables related to postpartum treatment retention is needed to provide guidelines regarding MOUD during the perinatal period and to optimize maternal and fetal well-being. Scientific significance This study supports previous recommendations that aggressive treatment of withdrawal symptoms in pregnant women with OUD is needed to maximize treatment retention. This is the first study to find that breastfeeding was associated with postpartum treatment retention; while, increased use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy was associated with postpartum treatment dropout. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00-00).
Al 0.3 InAsSb/Al 0.7 InAsSb Digital Alloy nBn Photodetectors

We report Al0.3InAsSb/Al0.7InAsSb digital alloy n-barrier-n (nBn) photodetectors that operate in the 2-μm wavelength window. The AlxIn1-xAsySb1-y digital alloy material system exhibits near-zero valence-band offset, which is beneficial for nBn photodetectors. At 300 K these Al0.3InAsSb/Al0.7InAsSb nBn photodetectors have achieved specific detectivities of 1.7 × 10 10 and 3.0 × 10 10 Jones under 2-μm and 1.8-μm illumination, respectively. The dark current density at -0.5 V bias decreases from 3.1 × 10 -3 A/cm 2 at 300 K to 1.6 × 10 -10 A/cm 2 at 120 K, where the dominant dark current component is tunneling. The area-dependence of key performance parameters show that for mesa diameter ≤ 250 μm, surface defects assume a dominant role in the total noise.
Secondary Voltage and Frequency Regulation for Grid Re-Synchronization in Microgrid with Unified Virtual Oscillator Controlled Multi-port Converters

Unified Virtual Oscillator Controller (uVOC) is a type of oscillator based nonlinear time domain controller that achieves faster primary control response than conventional droop control as no phase-locked loop (PLL) is required. uVOC can be used effectively for either grid following or grid-forming voltage source converters. Grid-forming converter is essential for a microgrid to operate in islanded mode in addition to the more common grid-connected mode. In this paper, a secondary regulation scheme is proposed to augment the capability of uVOC based on a Multi-port Converter (MPC) by adding voltage and frequency regulation for grid re-synchronization. With this method, changing primary controller is not required and seamless transition is achieved. To implement this secondary regulation, communication or data exchange between different components is required. The network connectivity is implemented based on the RIAPS platform, an open-source distributed operating system developed for real-time control of microgrid/smartgrid systems. Finally, the suitability of proposed secondary regulation with uVOC based MPC was verified through simulation and experiment on a microgrid testbed.
Some Aspects of the Modified Newtonian and Prandtl-Meyer-Expansion Method for Axisymmetric Blunt Bodies at Zero Angle of Attack

In a recent article on hypersonic flow, Lees and Kubota suggested a modification of the local-expansion method to predict the surface pressures in the region of a nose-cylinder junction where Newtonian theory fails. The modification consists of matching the Newtonian pressure distribution and the Prandtl-Meyer relation at the point on the nose surface where both the pressure and the pressure gradient, predicted by these two solution, are equal. With this approximation, the pressure distribution can be predicted quite accurately up to the nose-cylinder junction for blunt-nosed bodies of continuous curvature, provided centrifugal-force effects are negligible. The purpose of this note is to facilitate the application of Lees' suggestion and to draw attention to some of its consequences.
The Hidden Agenda of the Political Mind: How Self-Interest Shapes Our Opinions and Why We Won't Admit It

Part I: Political Minds Chapter 1: Agendas in Action 3 Chapter 2: Investigating Interests 26 Chapter 3: Machiavellian Minds 44 Part II: Political Issues Chapter 4: Fighting over Sex: Lifestyle Issues and Religion 69 Chapter 5: Rules of the Game: Group Identities and Human Capital 96 Chapter 6: Money Matters: Redistribution and Hard-Times Programs 123 Part III: Political Coalitions Chapter 7: The Many Shades of Red and Blue 145 Chapter 8: The Republican Coalition 160 Chapter 9: The Democratic Coalition 176 Part IV: Political Challenges Chapter 10: An Uncomfortable Take on Political Positions 195 Acknowledgments 217 Appendixes 219 Data Appendix for Chapter 2 219 Data Appendix for Part II 236 Data Appendix for Chapter 4 251 Data Appendix for Chapter 5 268 Data Appendix for Chapter 6 287 Data Appendix for Chapter 8 304 Data Appendix for Chapter 9 321 Notes 343 References 351 Index 359
The Power of Story: Using Personal Narrative, Computer Technology and Podcasting with Young Adult English Language Learners.

One way to ensure a high quality, personalized literacy program for English language learners is to use the learners’ own lives and experiences as curriculum. Creating spaces for students to compose and share stories results in a strong sense of community facilitates the development of authentic literacy skills and increases student motivation and achievement. Present day, multimedia, networked computers provide a range of informational communicative and publishing tools that can be used to dissolve classroom walls, bringing the students out and the world inside. Moreover, students who work on projects using computers demonstrate increased cooperation and collaboration. For this project, young adult learners from diverse cultures, studying English as a second or other language at a community college made use of computer technology to compose personal narratives and share them with others. Results indicate that using student stories as texts and sharing those texts via podcasting enhances literacy skills, increases student confidence and selfefficacy, and inspires them to work for the common good. The study involved only two small classes of multicultural students, but the strong success of the project suggests using students’ life stories as curriculum and computer technology as a means of sharing is a powerful model of instruction.
Clinical utility of calf front hoof circumference and maternal intrapelvic area in predicting dystocia in 103 late gestation Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows.

The objective of this study was to determine the clinical utility of measuring calf front hoof circumference, maternal intrapelvic area, and selected morphometric values in predicting dystocia in dairy cattle. An observational study using a convenience sample of 103 late-gestation Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows was performed. Intrapelvic height and width of the dam were measured using a pelvimeter, and the intrapelvic area was calculated. Calf front hoof circumference and birth weight were also measured. Data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs), Mann-Whitney U test, and binary or ordered logistic regression; P 0.068 cm/cm(2)). Determining the ratio of calf front hoof circumference to maternal intrapelvic area has clinical utility in predicting the calving difficulty score in Holstein-Friesian cattle.
Energy and environmental assessment of on-site power and cooling for data centers

High density data centers consume mega watts of electricity for both computing and cooling. Because of the fast paced growth of data center energy demand, effective energy conservation measures must be implemented. The use of on-site combined power generation and cooling systems for data centers that are located on campuses is discussed and compared to grid-powered data centers. The placement of the power plant on site not only reduces transmission losses, but also allows the utilization of the power plant waste heat to generate cooling for the data center and both heating and cooling for adjacent campus buildings. This is why on-site power generation for data centers is an appealing option. Further, with on-site power generation, it is possible to supply the data center with direct current (DC)power, thus, avoiding the cascade of waste in the multiple AC/DC conversions typical of conventional data centers. This article presents a detailed modeling effort to assess the efficiency and environmental and ene...
Leading the nation in women's health: the important role of research.

Article history: Received 20 April 2011; Accepted 20 April 2011 Over the past two decades, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has supported numerous initiatives to remedy gaps in services available to women veterans. Finding deficits in the VHA’ sw omen’s health care delivery in the early 1990s, reports from the U.S. Government Accounting Office spurred the initial move to upgrade the care provided to women veterans. Unfortunately, much of the country continued to marginalize women’s services in VHA, providing only a “pap” clinic and part-time (and often “collateral duty”) Women Veteran Coordinators to meet all of the needs of women veterans. Nonetheless, there were pockets of true excellence, facilities that engaged in a process of intensive development of comprehensive women’ sh ealth centers (BeanMayberry et al., 2007; Yano, Goldzeig, 2006). In 2008, my office, which oversees delivery of VA health care to women veterans nationally, launched an initiative to take this early work to the next level, transforming VA’s women’s health delivery system into an ational leader in women’s health. Our goal is to provide “the best care anywhere” for women veterans (Longman, 2005). A solid foundation of research is essential to this vision. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has already produced an impressive body of work that has helped to guide changes in strategies for the provision of care for women veterans (BeanMayberry, et al., 2010; Goldzweig, Balekian, Rolon, Tano, & Shekelle, 2006). However, still more research is needed; this current Special Issue of Women’s Health Issues takes another important step forward in filling remaining gaps, while also identifying new areas of research needing attention. As more and more women are entering and serving in military roles, many of which of which expose them to combat, we are challenged to understand and treat the effects of military service on women’s lives. Examining all of the possible effects of military service includes, of course, not only careful assessment of negative effects and vulnerabilities, but also of positive outcomes based on hard-won opportunities to serve their country, strengths, and resilience, and other factors that may have had less attention overall. Nationally, our population of women veterans is rapidly expanding, from the group of pioneering womenwho comprised only 3.5% of the military during World War II, to 4% during the Vietnam Era, and to approximately 11% in 1991, during Gulf War I. Today, women comprise 15% of active duty military and 17% of the National Guard and Reserve forces (Women’s Research and Education Institute, 2008). Thus, we need to plan for the many women “in the pipeline” who will be seeking health care from the VA in the next few years and beyond. The characteristics of the women veteran population and subpopulations (e.g., by period of service or era, among racial-ethnic minorities, education, marital status) are changing as well, requiring ongoing research to support our strategic planning and readiness in the face of their long-term preventive, reproductive, chronic
Seawall: performance isolation for cloud datacenter networks

While today's virtual datacenters have hypervisor based mechanisms to partition compute resources between the tenants co-located on an end host, they provide little control over how tenants shore the network. This opens cloud applications to interference from other tenants, resulting in unpredictable performance and exposure to denial of service attacks. This paper explores the design space for achieving performance isolation between tenants. We find that existing schemes for enterprise datacenters suffer from at least one of these problems: they cannot keep up with the numbers of tenants and the VM churn observed in cloud datacenters; they impose static bandwidth limits to obtain isolation at the cost of network utilization; they require switch and/or NIC modifications; they cannot tolerate malicious tenants and compromised hypervisors. We propose Seawall, an edge-based solution, that achieves max-min fairness across tenant VMs by sending traffic through congestion-controlled, hypervisor-to-hypervisor tunnels.
Optimizing data-acquisition schedules in physicochemical experiments : Part 2. Refinement of the Method and Principles of “Burst” (“Clustered-point”) Experimentation

Abstract A method was recently described for choosing the data-acquisition schedule in a physicochemical experiment so as to maximize the precisions obtained in evaluating the parameters that characterize the behavior of the system being studied. Separating the variables that control the spacing and distribution of the data points renders that method independent of the shape of the relative-influence curve. It also leads to substantial increases of the precision indices that express the degree of optimization attained, because it entails closer spacing than the original method and because the precision indices increase as the spacing becomes closer. The limit is reached in “burst” or “clustered-point” experimentation, in which the data are tightly bunched around the peak(s) of the relative-influence curve, and which provides the best precisions that can be secured from data corresponding to any particular values of the standard errors of measurement of the dependent and independent variables.
SimPaD: A word-similarity sentence-based plagiarism detection tool on Web documents

Plagiarism is a serious problem that infringes copyrighted documents/materials, which is an unethical practice and decreases the economic incentive received by their legal owners. Unfortunately, plagiarism is getting worse due to the increasing number of on-line publications and easy access on the Web, which facilitates locating and paraphrasing information. In solving this problem, we propose a novel plagiarism-detection method, called SimPaD, which (i) establishes the degree of resemblance between any two documents D1 and D2 based on their sentence-to-sentence similarity computed by using pre-defined word-correlation factors, and (ii) generates a graphical view of sentences that are similar (or the same) in D1 and D2. Experimental results verify that SimPaD is highly accurate in detecting (non-)plagiarized documents and outperforms existing plagiarism-detection approaches.
Current problems in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological impotence

Abstract The recent psychiatric experience with sex therapy of impotent men has enabled clinicians to acquire extensive experience with this symptom, has reemphasized the need for careful differential diagnosis, and has increased awareness of our knowledge deficits. Important unanswered questions concerning the diagnosis or treatment of impotent men are the following: (1) What is the role of constitutional factors? (2) What mediates the loss of erectile capacity with age? (3) Which impotent men should have penile implants? (4) How effective is conjoint sex therapy for psychological impotence? (5) What should be the role of surrogate partners? Scientifically derived answers to these questions may revolutionize the therapeutic approach to impotence.
The extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Determination of subunit stoichiometry.

The giant extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, has four major O2-binding chains, a, b, and c (forming a disulfide-linked trimer) and d ("monomer"). Participation of additional "linker" chains L1, L2, and L3 is necessary for the assembly of the approximately 3,900+ kDa two-tiered hexagonal structure. We have determined the proportions of linker chains, trimer, and chain d in the hemoglobin by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography which resolves all of the components and also permits simultaneous determination of the heme content. The proportions of components were determined by two independent procedures: integration of the absorbance peaks at 220 nm and amino acid analysis of the peak fractions. The results indicate that the weight proportion of linker chains is 0.163 +/- 0.023. This value, together with molecular masses determined both by amino acid sequence analysis and by matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry, gives a molar ratio of abcd chains to linkers of 8:1, corresponding to the minimal unit (abcd)2.L. This ratio suggests that 24 (abcd)2 units and 24 linker chains form the complete structure with a total calculated mass of polypeptide of 3,975 kDa with hemes on chains a, b, c and d and on one linker. The calculated heme content is 3.1% not including carbohydrate. This accounts for a measured heme content of 3.0% on a polypeptide basis. Additional mass (approximately 133 kDa, 3.4%), attributed to carbohydrate, brings the total mass to 4,108 kDa with a minimum molecular mass/heme of 20,500 Da. The presence of equimolar quantities of three unique linker chains means that the apparent one-twelfth structural units seen by electron microscopy cannot all be identical.
Principles of Planetary Climate

This book introduces the reader to all the basic physical building blocks of climate needed to understand the present and past climate of Earth, the climates of Solar System planets, and the climates of extrasolar planets. These building blocks include thermodynamics, infrared radiative transfer, scattering, surface heat transfer and various processes governing the evolution of atmospheric composition. Nearly four hundred problems are supplied to help consolidate the reader's understanding, and to lead the reader towards original research on planetary climate. This textbook is invaluable for advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate students in atmospheric science, Earth and planetary science, astrobiology, and physics. It also provides a superb reference text for researchers in these subjects, and is very suitable for academic researchers trained in physics or chemistry who wish to rapidly gain enough background to participate in the excitement of the new research opportunities opening in planetary climate.
THE DAMPING OF THE CHANDLER WOBBLE AND THE POLE TIDE

The damping of the Chandler wobble is an old yet actively researched problem still awaiting resolution in a number of respects. Due to both observational and theoretical limitations the actual damping rate is uncertain even now; a decay time of 45–70 years or more seems probable. The two most likely candidates for dissipating wobble energy are mantle anelasticity and a dynamic response of the oceans to wobble. Because of the frequency dependence of anelastic mechanisms, study of the oceanic response may be useful for constraining low-frequency anelasticity.
The clinical utility of microalbuminuria in nephrotic syndrome with complete remission, isolated microscopic hematuria and renal transplantation donors.

Using urinary microalbumin radioimmunoassay, we evaluated the clinical utility of microalbumin excretion in nephrotic syndrome with complete remission, isolated microscopic hematuria and kidney donors in reanl transplantation. The highest value in normal controls was 10.86 μg/min, and the upper normal level was set to 15 μg/min. The range of microalbuminuria in patients with nephrotic syndrome with complete remission was 1.67 μg/min to 32.5 μg/min. There was no significant correlation between the recurrence rate and microlbuminuria level in nephrotic syndrome with complete remission. The range of microalbuminuria levels in isolated microscopic hematuric patients was between 2.37μg/min and 103.2 μg/min. There was no singificant correlation between the amount of the red blood cells in urine and the level of microalbuminuria in the isolated microscopic hematuric patients. Most renal transplantation donors showed a normal range of microalbuminuria after nephrectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of urinary microalbuminuria in diseases other than diabetes. We concluded that further extensive and specific study will be required to determine the clinical utility of microalbuminuria.
WEBsistments: enabling an intelligent tutoring system to excel at explaining rather than coaching

Most step-based Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are well suited for providing problem solving practice, and are well-tailored to help students solve specific items. Consequently, many ITS typically fail to perform as strong media for conveying conceptual and procedural instruction, rather than coaching. In order to overcome this deficiency, we leverage existing web-based resources, as many existing resources are well-designed for providing instruction. By combining external web pages with the ASSISTments tutoring system, we have created a stronger intervention that we have dubbed WEBsistments. A preliminary study found that students who were wrong on a problem and received a web page as assistance, improved more, relative to students who did not see a web page. In addition, our results suggest that weaker students seem to benefit more from using web pages as extra help.
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry

Energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) is a technique for measuring the intensity of x-ray emission as a function of the energy of the x-ray photons. The excitation source for the x-rays can be energetic electrons, photons, or ions, and the target can be solid, liquid, or gas, although solid targets are the norm in virtually all materials science applications. The measured x-ray intensity can be related to the concentration (i.e., mass or atomic fraction) for each element present by performing physical/empirical matrix corrections to account for the interelement modification of the generated x radiation caused by (1) primary radiation stopping power and ionization effects, (2) attenuation of secondary characteristic x-rays during their passage through matter, and (3) any inefficiencies in detection. In this article, various aspects of the process of obtaining high-quality x-ray spectra, the interpretation of spectra, and the accurate extraction of x-ray intensities from spectra are considered. Materials analysis techniques that employ EDS include the following. Electron excitation: (1) electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA)/analytical scanning electron microscopy (ASEM), where EDS complements wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (WDS); (2) analytical electron microscopy (AEM). Photon excitation: X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Ion excitation: particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE). This article will concentrate on EDS performed in electron-beam instruments. The general principles of EDS x-ray detection, processing, display, and spectral manipulation are similar for all analytical techniques regardless of the excitation source. The procedures for quantitative analysis depend in detail on the excitation process. Quantitative x-ray microanalysis by electron excitation is considered in detail in the section on Electron Probe Microanalysis. Those aspects of quantitative x-ray microanalysis that are particular to EDS spectral measurement are considered. Keywords: energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry(EDS); principles; practical aspects; method automation; data analysis; initial interpretation; quantitative analysis; background removal; deconvolution; peak overlaps; matrix corrections; standardless analysis; sample preperation; specimen modification; problems; protocols
Abstract 5556: Identification of signaling pathways active in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) compared to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by proteomic profiling

Introduction: While there have been multiple studies identifying differences in phenotypes of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) compared to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), identification of key signaling pathways that may differ and may represent new therapeutic targets for SCLC need to be specified. To this end, we have compared expression of a large number of proteins and genes involved in key cell regulatory pathways of SCLC with those in NSCLC using reverse phase protein array (RPPA) and genome-wide mRNA profiling. Methods: 34 SCLC and 74 NSCLC cell lines that have been previously characterized for oncogenotype mutations, copy number changes, and mRNA expression profiles (using Affymetrix U133A, U133B, U133 Plus 2.0, and Illumina arrays) were grown under 10% serum, serum-starved, and serum-stimulated conditions. Cell lysates from each media condition were harvested and 176 total and phosphoproteins representing multiple signaling pathways were quantified by RPPA. Differences in protein and gene expression levels between SCLC and NSCLC lines were assessed using unsupervised hierarchical clustering, t-test, and ANOVA. Results: Unsupervised hierarchical clustering separated SCLC from NSCLC cell lines based on their distinct protein expression patterns under all three media conditions. Two high-grade neuroendocrine NSCLC cell lines clustered with the SCLC cell lines, reflecting their SCLC-like protein expression. Using a false discovery rate of Conclusions: Proteomic profiling identified increased DNA repair and apoptosis pathway activity and decreased MAPK pathway activity in SCLC. Among the proteins upregulated in SCLC, several have potential as therapeutic targets, such as PARP1. Although cKit over expression and cMyc amplification are both common in SCLC, we showed that they were mutually exclusive of each other at a protein expression level, reflecting the heterogeneity of SCLC and suggesting a rationale for testing targeted therapies specifically in subsets of patients whose tumors overexpress the targeted marker. Pathway activation will be further investigated in SCLC patient tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5556.
Heat-transfer characteristics in annuli with blowing or suction at the walls

Numerical solutions were obtained for thermally and hydrodynamically developing laminar flow in annular passages with blowing and suction at the walls. Two separate thermal boundary conditions at the walls were studied: arbitrarily prescribed constant temperatures and constant heat fluxes at each wall. Cases involving blowing, suction, and impermeable walls were considered. Assuming that the properties of the fluid are constant and the injection or extraction velocities at the walls are uniform, the results were obtained in the form of pressure drops and Nusselt numbers. The results are presented for several inner-to-outer tube radius ratios, Prandtl numbers, and injection and extraction Reynolds numbers at the walls. ci,k Cp Dh dj,k = Ej,k — h K k Nu = P+ = P Pr
Local Recurrence After Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Rectal Polyps and Early Cancers

Background Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) allows for local excision of rectal neoplasms with greater exposure than transanal excision and less morbidity than transabdominal approaches. This study examines the implications of the procedure with respect to predictors of recurrence.
Speech of B. Estève “EPR deployment shifting into high gear”

Abstract Economics of nuclear power has been assessed by various European studies. Of particular interest in the Finnish study which supported the decision to build Finland's 5th nuclear power unit. Sensitivity studies, as well as the 2005 update of this study, demonstrate the robustness of nuclear competitiveness compared to other electricity generation means. EPR is AREVA's generation 3+ reactor: a large evolutionary power reactor with improved safety. EPR is being built at the Finnish site of Olkiluoto. It is being launched in France at Flamanville and it is licensed in the USA in view of its deployment on that market. It has also been offered to China in response to the Generation 3 international invitation to bid.
Book Reviews To Test or Not to Test Ho

The impressive 1997 edited volume What If There Were No Significance Tests? is reviewed. The book is applauded for its comprehensive consideration of the pros and cons of statistical hypothesis testing (and alternatives) in psychological and educational research. The highlights of each chapter are summarized along with each contributor's presumed stance on the focal to-test-or-not-to-test question. Also included is the reviewer's personal set of recommendations for transforming statistical hypothesis testing, as it is currently practiced, into an intelligent process that is capable of yielding more informative scientific retums.
Calculations of intermediate scattering factors for molecular liquids from cumulant theory

Abstract The “self” scattering factor for a nucleus in a molecular liquid is considered. The intermediate factor F(k,t) is evaluated from liquid-state simulations of models for nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Approximations made to simplify this function are then compared with the simulations. These include: translation-rotation separability and use of cumulant theory to calculate the time-dependence of the separate translational and rotational factors. In all cases considered, the approximations are quite accurate, with only minor discrepancies appearing at large k,t.
Westward Pacific drift and the tectonics of Eastern Asia

Abstract The tectonics of southeast Asia is attributed to the flow of mantle material away from a region of accumulation in the mantle at the west Pacific margin. The accumulation is dynamically maintained by the continuous introduction of material from the east, in the form of the westward-drifting Pacific plate. The region bounded on the north by southern Siberia and on the south by southern Indonesia is experiencing westward displacement as a result of slow flow in the mantle. The displacement is fastest in low latitudes, resulting in the westward embayment of the Equatorial west Pacific margin. Besides the westward displacement of Sundaland in the fashion described by Powell and Johnson (1980), the model calls for the encroachment of southeast Asia upon northern Burma and India. The geoidal features upon which the model is based are attributed to mantle mass anomalies, rather than to core-mantle topography. The pressure gradient associated with the western slope of the west Pacific geoidal high results in the flow of mantle material in that direction.
Solar box cookers: Towards a decentralized sustainable energy strategy for sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract The continued economic decline of sub-Saharan Africa, and the African energy crisis in particular, have received considerable attention in recent literature. Little attention, however, has been given to the assessment of solar power as an environmentally sound and economically viable energy strategy. Considering the increasing fuelwood scarcity and debt incurred through petroleum imports, solar energy provides a welcome alternative to traditional biomass and fossil fuel energy sources. Research and development in solar energy has concentrated primarily on highly technical, capital intensive applications, leaving possibilities for small scale utilizations unexplored. This paper argues for small scale, decentralized development of solar power as a sustainable household fuel source for sub-Saharan Africa. Domestic cooking constitutes more than 60% of total energy use in the region and consumes scarce time, labor, income, and natural resources. Thus, the appropriate management of fuel and energy resources in the residential sector is crucial for significant development. This paper examines the economic viability of solar box cookers (SBCs), their costs and benefits both on the household and community levels, and how they may contribute to economic development. In arguing for the implementation of SBCs, policy implications in terms of financing and a comprehensive energy plan geared towards sustainable development are also presented.
Human skeletal muscle metabolic economy in vivo: effects of contraction intensity, age, and mobility impairment

We tested the hypothesis that older muscle has greater metabolic economy (ME) in vivo than young, in a manner dependent, in part, on contraction intensity. Twenty young (Y; 24 ± 1 yr, 10 women), 18...
Frequent sports injuries of children: etiology, treatment, and prevention.

Millions of American children are playing and competing on basketball, football, soccer, tennis, baseball, swim, and wrestling teams. Organized sports participation has become an integral part of a child's developmental experience. Children generally enjoy participating on teams, but injuries do occur. This article will focus on frequent sports injuries sustained by children during practice and competition, the injury potential of sports, and the etiology, prevention, and treatment of the injury. Items necessary for the “team medical bag” for initial treatment of sports injuries is also discussed.
Routine drain placement after partial nephrectomy is not always necessary.

Purpose: To our knowledge the benefit of routine drainage after partial nephrectomy has never been investigated, although a drain after partial nephrectomy can be associated with morbidity. We report our initial experience with omitting the drain in select cases of superficial renal cortical tumors.Materials and Methods: From a surgery database we identified 512 consecutive open partial nephrectomies performed by a single surgeon between January 2005 and May 2009 using standardized technique. The study group included 75 evaluable patients (14.6%) who did not have a drain placed. Clinical data, surgical information, histological type and postoperative complications within 90 days of the procedure using the modified Clavien system were included in analysis.Results: Median patient age was 64 years (IQR 49, 70) and 56.8% of the patients were male. Median tumor size was 2.0 cm (IQR 1.5, 3.0) and more than 70% were malignant. A total of 38 patients (50.7%) underwent renal artery clamping and cold ischemia with ...
Human Missions to Mars Orbit, Phobos, and Mars Surface Using 100-kWe-Class Solar Electric Propulsion

Solar electric propulsion (SEP) tugs in the 100-kWe range, may be utilized to preposition cargo in the Mars system to enable more affordable human missions to Phobos and to the surface of Mars. The SEP tug, a high heritage follow-on to the 50-kWe SEP spacecraft proposed for the Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission (ARRM), would have the same structure, tankage, electric propulsion components, and avionics as the ARRM version, But with double the number of solar arrays, Hall thrusters, and power processor units (PPUs) and would be accommodated within the same launch envelope defined for ARRM. As a feasibility study, a 950-day human mission to Phobos using a conjunction class trajectory, such as the 2033 opportunity, was developed using two 100-kWe SEP vehicles to preposition a habitat at Phobos and propulsion stages in high Mars orbit (HMO). An architecture concept for a crewed Mars surface lander mission was also developed as a reference to build on the Phobos mission architecture, adding a lander element that could be delivered using chemical propulsion and aerocapture.