cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LEARNING DEFICITS FOLLOWING HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS IN SPLIT-BRAIN CATS.

Abstract The effects of hippocampal lesions were investigated in cats with and without commissurotomies during tactile discrimination learning. Acquisition of the response was not affected in any of the subjects. Deficits in reversal performance occurred in both paws following bilateral hippocampal lesions, and in the paw contralateral to the lesion if forebrain commissures were sectioned. Deficits in extinction of the response occurred only after bilateral hippocampal lesions. The most severe deficits were found during extinction of the discrimination in split-brain subjects with unilateral hippocampal lesions. These deficits were always in the limb contralateral to the hippocampal lesion. It would appear from these results that hippocampal damage interferes with activities involving alteration of a stabilized habit.
Growth of HgZnTe alloy crystals by directional solidification

A series of Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Te crystals were grown by directional solidification with x ranging from 0.15 to 0.22. The axial and radial compositional variations were determined by precision density measurements, infrared (IR) transmission spectra, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Comparison between the axial compositional profiles and the calculated results of a one-dimensional diffusion model gives a value for the effective diffusion coefficient in the HgZnTe melt of 2 to 4 x 10 to the -6th sq cm/s.
RESEARCH: Relation of Religiosity and Scores on Fluency Tests to Subjective Reports of Health in Older Individuals

To test the hypothesis that frontal lobe functions mediate effects of religiosity on health, verbal and design fluency tasks, religiosity scales and self-report measures of health were administered to 80 community dwelling older persons. Low to moderate correlations were obtained between measures of fluency performance, intrinsic religiosity, and self-reported number of illnesses. Participants with both high fluency scores and high prayer (frequency) scores evidenced significantly better health scores than subjects with only high fluency performance or high prayer scores. Participants with both low fluency and low religiosity evidenced the poorest health scores. These data support the view that neuropsychologic measures may interact with private religious practices in producing better self-reported health in older people.
Low-temperature electronic properties of the Lan+1NinO3n+1 (n=2, 3, and ∞) system : evidence for a crossover from fluctuating-valence to fermi-liquid-like behavior

Abstract Measurements of the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity ρ( T ), magnetic susceptibility χ( T ), and Seebeck coefficient S ( T ) have been carried out on the n = 2, 3, and ∞ members of the homologous lanthanum nickel oxide systems La n +1 Ni n O 3 n +1 that were annealed in air. With increasing n , a progressive decrease in the electrical resistivity and a gradual change from insulating to metallic behavior are observed. La 3 Ni 2 O 7 is nonmetallic, showing a gradual increase in ρ when T decreases ( dp / dT 4 Ni 3 O 10 and LaNiO 3 exhibit metallic resistivity ( dp / dT > 0). A minimum in ρ( T ) near 140 K is observed for La 4 Ni 3 O 10 , while LaNiO 3 exhibits a T 2 dependence for ρ( T ) below ∼50 K. The magnetic susceptibility of LaNiO 3 is Pauli-like, but the χ( T ) data for La 3 Ni 2 O 7 and La 4 Ni 3 O 10 below 350 K show a decrease with decreasing temperature. The Seebeck coefficient of all these compounds is negative at high temperatures; La 3 Ni 2 O 7 and La 4 Ni 3 O 10 exhibit a sign change in S at low temperatures. These results suggest a crossover from a fluctuating-valence to a Fermi-liquid-like behavior with increasing n .
Participation in Pest Management Groups

When a group of farmers joins together to jointly control pests, usual marginal conditions for optimal input use are modified. A study of North Carolina farmers vealed that farmer participation in pest management groups is significantly affected by the percentages of their acres planted in a time-competing crop, farm size, group price, extension service subsidies, expected crop yield, and the deviation between individual and group pest control demand levels. A maximum likelihood logit estimation procedure is used.
Assessment of angiographic retinal capillary nonperfusion in central retinal vein occlusion.

We studied the reproducibility and accuracy of eight retinal specialists in assessing the extent of retinal capillary nonperfusion on fluorescein angiograms of 26 central retinal vein occlusions. Each specialist was asked to classify the retinal capillary perfusion status on every angiogram as nonischemic, minimally ischemic, moderately ischemic, markedly ischemic, or uncertain. Criteria for classification of each angiogram were specified in advance for each reviewer. Each examiner individually reviewed every angiogram on two separate occasions separated by at least one month. Intraexaminer and interexaminer reproducibility were both substantially better than the agreement predicted by chance alone (P
Interpretation of New American National Standards for Power Circuit Breaker Applications

A specific interpretation of the new American National Standard application guides for ac high-voltage circuit breakers, as an aid to obtaining uniform results when making short-circuit studies of industrial-plant power systems is described. A technique is introduced for interpolation when the major sources of industrial-plant short-circuit current include both local generators and a tie from the utility.
Cyclic ADP-Ribose Does Not Regulate Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Release in Intact Cardiac Myocytes

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), an intracellular second messenger known to mobilize Ca 2+ in sea urchin eggs, has been implicated in modulating Ca 2+ release in a variety of mammalian tissues. On the basis of studies of isolated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles and single SR Ca 2+ release channels, cADPR has also been proposed to be a modulator of SR Ca 2+ release in heart. In the present study, we directly examined the ability of cADPR to trigger SR Ca 2+ release and to modulate Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release (CICR) in intact rat ventricular myocytes. Voltage-clamped myocytes were dialyzed with up to 100 μmol/L caged cADPR and 0.6 μmol/L calmodulin along with the Ca 2+ -sensitive dye fluo 3. A step increase in the cADPR concentration induced by flash photolysis of caged cADPR neither directly triggered SR Ca 2+ release nor modulated CICR in intact myocytes. In contrast, under similar conditions, extracellular application of caffeine (1 to 2.5 mmol/L) onto myocytes produced both effects. Under equivalent conditions, flash photolysis of caged cADPR-loaded sea urchin eggs resulted in large Ca 2+ transients. Further, the sustained presence of high cytosolic concentrations of either cADPR or its antagonist, 8-amino-cADPR, was ineffective in altering normal CICR in myocytes. These findings indicate that cADPR does not regulate SR Ca 2+ release in intact cardiac myocytes.
The Enigmatic Function of Chandelier Cells

Chandelier (or axo-axonic) cells are one of the most distinctive GABAergic interneurons in the brain. Their exquisite target specificity for the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, together with their GABAergic nature, long suggested the possibility that they provide the ultimate inhibitory control of pyramidal neuron output. Recent findings indicate that their function may be more complicated, and perhaps more interesting, than initially believed. Here we review these recent developments and their implications. We focus in particular on whether chandelier cells may provide a depolarizing, excitatory effect on pyramidal neuron output, in addition to a powerful inhibition.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene variants and primary open-angle glaucoma: interactions with hypertension, alcohol intake, and cigarette smoking.

Objective To evaluate whether an association between risk of any of the factors of hypertension, alcohol intake, and cigarette smoking and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) depended on nitric oxide synthase 3 ( NOS3 ) gene variants. Methods Two functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (T-786C [rs2070744] and Glu298Asp [rs1799983]) and 2 tagging SNPs (rs7830 and rs3918188) were evaluated in nested case-control studies from the Nurses' Health Study (1980-2002) and the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (1986-2002). Participants were 40 years of age or older and white, and were followed up biennially. We included 527 incident case patients with POAG and 1539 control participants, matched by cohort, age, and eye examination at the matched case patients' diagnosis dates. Cohort-specific relative risks were estimated using multivariable conditional logistic regression and were pooled using meta-analytic methods. Results The association between hypertension and POAG depended on T-786C SNP variants. Compared with TT homozygotes without hypertension, the TT homozygotes with hypertension were at significantly higher risk of POAG (relative risk,1.45 [95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.08]); however, among carriers of the variant (C) allele, hypertension was not associated with POAG ( P interaction = .007). Similarly, compared with CC homozygotes with the rs7830 tagging SNP who never smoked, CC homozygotes who were past or current smokers were at significantly higher risk of POAG (relative risk, 1.63 [95% confidence interval, 1.15-2.31]); however, among carriers of the variant allele (A), smoking was not associated with POAG ( P interaction = .004). Interactions were not observed with alcohol intake. Conclusions The associations between hypertension and cigarette smoking in relation to POAG depended on NOS3 SNPs.
Generalized doubly stochastic matrices and linear preservers

A real or complex n×n matrix is generalized doubly stochastic if all of its row sums and column sums equal one. Denote by the linear space spanned by such matrices. We study the reducibility of und...
Ivory Crisp: A potato variety with high tuber solids and cold chipping ability

Ivory Crisp was released in 2002 by the experiment stations of Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and North Dakota, and by the USDA/ARS. It resulted from a 1980 cross of ND292-1 and A77268-4. Ivory Crisp is suited for use in both the direct delivery and storage chipping markets. Ivory Crisp is a medium-maturing potato variety with round, white tubers and excellent chipping quality. It has medium to high yield potential, high tuber solids, resistance to most internal and external tuber defects, and the ability to chip from cold storage. In trials in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, total and U.S. No. 1 tuber yield of Ivory Crisp was similar to Atlantic but lower than Chipeta. Yield of tubers in the size range 113–336 g for Ivory Crisp is higher than for either Atlantic or Chipeta. Ivory Crisp is resistant to growth cracks, secondary growth, hollow heart, and stem-end necrosis, but susceptible to shatter bruise. Tuber sugar content has consistently remained low following cold storage and near-acceptable chip color retained at 4.4 C. Ivory Crisp is susceptible or moderately susceptible to most common field diseases of potato. It is highly susceptible to common scab, powdery scab, and pink rot. Tubers of Ivory Crisp have dry matter content (22.4%) lower than those of Atlantic, but higher than those of Chipeta. Glycoalkaloid content of Ivory Crisp tubers is very low (4.3 mg 100 g-1). An application for Plant Variety Protection has been filed for Ivory Crisp. Seed is available from potato seed growers in Idaho, North Dakota, and Canada. Small amounts of seed, for research purposes, can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author.
Glial cells in adult and developing prothoracic ganglion of the hawk moth Manduca sexta

The glial cells of the prothoracic ganglion of the hawk moth Manduca sexta were studied in histological sections of several postembryonic stages and classified according to cell morphology, size, staining properties, and topographical relationships. In general, each glial cell type was found to be confined to one of the major ganglionic domains and each of these domains (i.e., perineurium, cell body rind, glial cover of the neuropil, and neuropil) was found to comprise specific cell types. Some types of glia were recognized in both larval and later stages, but other types were found exclusively from late pupal stages. It is proposed that the higher morphological diversity expressed by the glia of the pharate adult is attained by differentiation of new cell types during metamorphosis. Before the differentiation of new cell types, extensive cell death and cell proliferation seem to occur within some glial subpopulations.
Why solids are not really crystalline.

Working with lattice-gas models, we give evidence that even at zero temperature matter does not always tend to form crystals; unit cells may tend to go out of phase. In particular, our results imply that noncrystalline equilibrium materials such as quasicrystals and incommensurate solids are not aberrations, but rather should be expected.
EPR detection of a cryogenically photogenerated intermediate in photosynthetic oxygen evolution

Abstract In Photosystem II preparations at low temperature we were able to generate and trap an intermediate state between the S1 and S2 states of the Kok scheme for photosynthetic oxygen evolution. Illumination of dark-adapted, oxygen-evolving Photosystem II preparations at 140 K produces a 320-G-wide EPR signal centered near g = 4.1 when observed at 10 K. This signal is superimposed on a 5-fold larger and somewhat narrower background signal; hence, it is best observed in difference spectra. Warming of illuminated samples to 190 K in the dark results in the disappearance of the light-induced g = 4.1 feature and the appearance of the multiline EPR signal associated with the S2 state. Low-temperature illumination of samples prepared in the S2 state does not produce the g = 4.1 signal. Inhibition of oxygen evolution by incubation of PS II preparations in 0.8 M NaCl buffer or by the addition of 400 μM NH2OH prevents the formation of the g = 4.1 signal. Samples in which oxygen evolution is inhibited by replacement of Cl− with F− exhibit the g = 4.1 signal when illuminated at 140 K, but subsequent warming to 190 K neither depletes the amplitude of this signal nor produces the multiline signal. The broad signal at g = 4.1 is typical for a S = 5 2 spin system in a rhombic environment, suggesting the involvement of non-heme Fe in photosynthetic oxygen evolution.
Influence of Oxygen Concentration of 288°C Water and Alloy Composition on the Films Formed on Fe-Ni-Cr Alloys

Abstract In situ identification of the films formed on alloys of Fe-13Cr-10Ni, Fe-5Cr-10Ni, and Type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel immersed in high-temperature (288°C), high-purity water was per...
Precision measurement of ℏ/ m Cs based on photon recoil using laser-cooled atoms and atomic interferometry

The recoil of an atom due to the absorption of up to 64 photons is measured, using laser-cooled cesium atoms which are made to interfere in an atomic fountain. Measurement of the photon recoil allows a determination of ℏ/m Cs, and hence the fine-structure constant. The measurement is described and a detailed theoretical and experimental study of potential systematic errors is presented. A relative precision in the photon recoil measurement of 0.1 ppm is obtained in two hours of data collection. The measurement is currently 0.85 ppm below the accepted value of ℏ/m Cs. We cannot now formally ascribe a systematic error, but suspect that the bulk of the discrepancy is due to imperfections of the interferometer beams used to induce the Raman transitions.
Automated Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Column Selection for Use in Protein Purification

In contrast to other chromatographic methods for purifying proteins (e.g. gel filtration, affinity, and ion exchange), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) commonly requires experimental determination (referred to as screening or "scouting") in order to select the most suitable chromatographic medium for purifying a given protein (1). The method presented here describes an automated approach to scouting for an optimal HIC media to be used in protein purification. HIC separates proteins and other biomolecules from a crude lysate based on differences in hydrophobicity. Similar to affinity chromatography (AC) and ion exchange chromatography (IEX), HIC is capable of concentrating the protein of interest as it progresses through the chromatographic process. Proteins best suited for purification by HIC include those with hydrophobic surface regions and able to withstand exposure to salt concentrations in excess of 2 M ammonium sulfate ((NH(4;))(2;)SO(4;)). HIC is often chosen as a purification method for proteins lacking an affinity tag, and thus unsuitable for AC, and when IEX fails to provide adequate purification. Hydrophobic moieties on the protein surface temporarily bind to a nonpolar ligand coupled to an inert, immobile matrix. The interaction between protein and ligand are highly dependent on the salt concentration of the buffer flowing through the chromatography column, with high ionic concentrations strengthening the protein-ligand interaction and making the protein immobile (i.e. bound inside the column) (2). As salt concentrations decrease, the protein-ligand interaction dissipates, the protein again becomes mobile and elutes from the column. Several HIC media are commercially available in pre-packed columns, each containing one of several hydrophobic ligands (e.g. S-butyl, butyl, octyl, and phenyl) cross-linked at varying densities to agarose beads of a specific diameter (3). Automated column scouting allows for an efficient approach for determining which HIC media should be employed for future, more exhaustive optimization experiments and protein purification runs (4). The specific protein being purified here is recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP); however, the approach may be adapted for purifying other proteins with one or more hydrophobic surface regions. GFP serves as a useful model protein, due to its stability, unique light absorbance peak at 397 nm, and fluorescence when exposed to UV light (5). Bacterial lysate containing wild type GFP was prepared in a high-salt buffer, loaded into a Bio-Rad DuoFlow medium pressure liquid chromatography system, and adsorbed to HiTrap HIC columns containing different HIC media. The protein was eluted from the columns and analyzed by in-line and post-run detection methods. Buffer blending, dynamic sample loop injection, sequential column selection, multi-wavelength analysis, and split fraction eluate collection increased the functionality of the system and reproducibility of the experimental approach.
The effect of task characteristics on conceptual conflict and information processing in online discussion

A key guidance factor of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) is the specification of a discussion task. Aspects of the discussion task may affect the quality of group discussion for higher-order learning. This experiment investigated the effects of two aspects of discussion task on asynchronous text discussion of an online higher-education course. Groups completed discussion assignments that varied in degree of task context and outcome specification. Content analysis was used to assess conceptual conflict and level of information processing indicated in the online discussions. Results indicate that conceptual conflict is associated with higher-order discussion, but differences in task context and product do not have large effects on the quantity or quality of online discussion.
S-adenosyl-l-methionine decreases motor activity in the rat: Similarity to Parkinson's disease-like symptoms

S-Adenosyl- l -methionine has been shown to cause Parkinson's disease-like effects that include hypokinesia, tremor, rigidity, and abnormal posture. S-Adenosyl- l -methionine is the rate-limiting endogenous methyl donor. Its biochemical role, which includes the metabolism of dopamine and the synthesis of acetylcholine, also resembles the changes that occur in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, S-adenosyl- l -methionine may play a role in Parkinson's disease-like motor impairments. In this study we manipulated the levels of S-adenosyl- l -methionine in the brain of rats and quantified the changes in hypokinetic type motor activity that seems to occur also in Parkinsonism. Male Sprague—Dawley rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg/rat), cannulated, injected into the lateral ventricle with S-adenosyl- l -methionine or saline, and their motor activity was measured in a Digiscan Animal Activity Monitor. Other behaviors were also observed. S-Adenosyl- l -methionine caused hypokinesia, tremor, rigidity, and abnormal posture in rats. Motor activity was significantly decreased within 2 min postinjection. The hypokinesia was maximal at 60 min, at which time a 65, 75, and 90% decrease for total distance, number of movements, and the ratio of total distance to the number of movements occurred, respectively. The hypokinetic effect of S-adenosyl- l -methionine was dose dependent. A 65.0 and 51.3% decrease in total distance and number of movements, respectively, were observed following 9.38 × 10−9 mol. The 5.0 × 10−8 mol caused a reduction of 73.42 and 57.66% and 4.0 × 10−7 mol/rat caused a 94.9 and 78.43% decrease, respectively. A dose of 200 mg/kg l -dopa, the main therapeutic agent for Parkinson disease, blocked the hypokinetic effects of 5.0 × 10−8 mol S-adenosyl- l -methionine, but d -dopa, the inactive analog, showed no effect. S-Adenosyl- l -methionine is an important endogenous substance used in the metabolism of catecholamines via trans-methylation. In excess quantities, it may deplete dopamine, the major neurotransmitter that is depleted in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, these findings suggest that S-adenosyl- l -methionine-induced hypokinesia, and its associated symptomatology, may serve as a model for the study of Parkinsonism and it may in fact be involved in the etiology of the disease.
The effect of cyclic loading on the apparent cleavage fracture toughness of 1Cr-Mo-V rotor steel

Abstract A significant increase in the cleavage fracture toughness of 1Cr-Mo-V rotor steel due to cyclic loading was observed. A new model that is capable of predicting and explaining the observation is proposed. The model combines macroscopic fracture criteria with the assumption that transient flow properties of a material in the cyclic plastic zone can be represented by those of the material subjected to macroscopic low cycle fatigue under fully reversed strain control.
Development of magnetized plasma jets using radial foils on COBRA

Summary form only given. This research focuses on the initial ablation phase of a thin (20μm) Al foil driven on the 1MA-in-100ns COBRA through a 5mm diameter cathode in a radial configuration. In these experiments, ablated surface plasma (ASP) on the top side of the foil and a strongly-collimated axial plasma jet can be observed developing midway through current-rise. Our goal is to establish the relationship between the ASP and the jet. These jets are of interest for their potential relevance to astrophysical phenomena. An independently-pulsed 200μF capacitor bank with a Helmholtz-coil pair allows for the imposition of a slow (150μs) and strong (~1T) axial magnetic field on the experiment. Without this applied field, time-gated axial pinhole images show significant azimuthal asymmetry in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) emission of ASP before and during the formation of the jet. A phase transition is clearly visible at a point of sharp change in emission intensity which closely corresponds to the point predicted by a 1D Ohmic heating model. With the axial field, the ASP develops considerable azimuthal motion, which reduces observed asymmetries and translates into a spiral motion in the jet. The additional azimuthal motion slows the development of the jet as observed in side-on XUV emission imaging. The conservation of canonical angular momentum is closely related to the observed jet behavior. Initial contributions come only from the applied field. Later on, the ASP gains mechanical angular momentum which is transferred to the jet as it is formed by ASP material collecting near the axis. Laser-backlit shadowgraphy and interferometry confirm that the jet-hollowing is correlated with the application of the axial magnetic field.
Amyopathic Dermatomyositis: A Review

Jim Gilliam's research interests throughout his career were forced upon better defining the relationships that exist between the cutaneous and systemic manifestations of the rheumatic diseases. Although the majority of his time was spent studying such relationships in lupus erythematosus patients, he was also intensely interested in dermatomyositis (DM) in this regard as well. He was particularly intrigued with the dissociation of the cutaneous and muscular manifestations of this disorder that occasionally occurs. The term ''dermatomyositis sine myositis'' has been used in the past to describe patients who present with only the cutaneous manifestations of DM; however, very little published data is available from systematic examinations of such patients. For several reasons, we have preferred the term ''amyopathic dermatomyositis" to describe that rare patient who for long periods of time suffers from the classical skin lesions of DM as the only clinically significant manifestation of their disease. In this presentation, we review our own personal experience with a group of six such patients and compare and contrast it to that of other workers who have dealt with this subject over the past two decades.
Self-selection and the obese Zucker rat: The effect of dietary fat dilution

Adult female lean and obese Zucker rats were allowed to compose their own diets by giving them access to three macronutrient sources. After a baseline period, the fat source was serially diluted. In all, eight concentrations of fat were used. Dilution of the fat source promoted significant increases in the intake of fat by both lean and obese rats. The increased intake of fat was not simply compensatory in nature, but rather represented significant increases in fat consumption. These results suggest that the reported increased appetite for fat of the obese rat is not a unique trait of that genotype. Further, results from this experiment demonstrate that caloric and protein regulation mechanisms may not be controlling the intake of obese and lean rats as precisely as once believed.
Design of Solvent Extraction Systems

Abstract In order to approach the design of solvent extraction systems in a logical manner, one needs to consider where such systems are being used and how these uses could be extended; also where solvent extraction is not used but could well be expected to find application. A generalized classification of solvent extraction systems of all types would be the most likely to lead to a broad interdisciplinary approach to their design, but at this time there has been little progress towards such an all encompassing scheme. It is not possible, therefore, to come up with clearly defined guidelines for designing solvent extraction systems. Instead, at best, one can try to exemplify different cases, to indicate which parameters are general and which specific, and then to show how new problems can be handled. This presentation will of necessity be very personal, deriving from a particular scientific and technological background, but it can nevertheless serve as a general approach towards system selection and desig...
Natural history of nicotine withdrawal

Aims To examine the natural history of nicotine withdrawal and individual differences associated with withdrawal duration and severity. Design and Setting Prospective study of withdrawal symptoms among smokers who quit for at least 24 hours. Participants used Ecological Momentary Assessment to monitor symptoms in their natural environment using an Electronic Diary (ED). Participants A total of 214 cigarette smokers (59% female, 92% Caucasian). Intervention All participants received a clinic-based, behavioral, group cessation intervention. Severity and duration of withdrawal was not addressed explicitly in treatment. Measurements Participants were ‘beeped’ by the ED approximately five times/day to complete affect assessments (negative affect, arousal, attention disturbance, restlessness), and daily assessments of sleep disturbance (at waking) and of cognitive performance (each evening) for a week prior to quitting and for up to 21 days after quitting. Withdrawal was considered resolved when withdrawal scores returned to baseline levels for at least 2 consecutive days. Findings All symptoms returned to baseline levels within 10 days of quitting. All variables except arousal and sleep disturbance showed change over time. No robust predictors of individual differences in withdrawal responses emerged. Conclusions The time-course of withdrawal may be shorter than previously reported. The natural history of nicotine withdrawal may have implications for theories of withdrawal and smoking relapse and for smoking cessation treatment.
The formation of Ganymede's grooved terrain: Numerical modeling of extensional necking instabilities

Abstract Ganymede's grooved terrain likely formed during an epoch of global expansion, when unstable extension of the lithosphere resulted in the development of periodic necking instabilities. Linear, infinitesimal-strain models of extensional necking support this model of groove formation, finding that the fastest growing modes of an instability have wavelengths and growth rates consistent with Ganymede's grooves. However, several questions remain unanswered, including how nonlinearities affect instability growth at large strains, and what role instabilities play in tectonically resurfacing preexisting terrain. To address these questions we numerically model the extension of an icy lithosphere to examine the growth of periodic necking instabilities over a broad range of strain rates and temperature gradients. We explored thermal gradients up to 45 K km−1 and found that, at infinitesimal strain, maximum growth rates occur at high temperature gradients (45 K km−1) and moderate strain rates (10−13 s−1). Dominant wavelengths range from 1.8 to 16.4 km (post extension). Our infinitesimal growth rates are qualitatively consistent with, but an order of magnitude lower than, previous linearized calculations. When strain exceeds ∼ 10 % growth rates decrease, limiting the total amount of amplification that can result from unstable extension. This fall-off in growth occurs at lower groove amplitudes for high-temperature-gradient, thin-lithosphere simulations than for low-temperature-gradient, thick-lithosphere simulations. At large strains, this shifts the ideal conditions for producing large amplitude grooves from high temperature gradients to more moderate temperature gradients (15 K km−1). We find that the formation of periodic necking instabilities can modify preexisting terrain, replacing semi-random topography up to 100 m in amplitude with periodic ridges and troughs, assisting the tectonic resurfacing process. Despite this success, the small topographic amplification produced by our model presents a formidable challenge to the necking instability mechanism for groove formation. Success of the necking instability mechanism may require rheological weakening or strain localization by faulting, effects not included in our analysis.
Computing performance guarantees for compressed sensing

There are various conditions on the CS matrix for unique and stable recovery. These include universality, or spark, and UUP. Furthermore, quantitative bounds on the stability depend on related properties of the CS matrix. The construction of good CS matrices - satisfying the various properties - is key to successful practical applications of compressive sensing. Unfortunately, verifying the satisfiability of any of these properties for a given CS matrix involves infeasible combinatorial search. Our methods use i\ and semidefinite relaxation into a convex problem. Given a set of candidate CS matrices, our approach provides tools for the selection of good CS matrices with verified and quantitatively favorable performance.
A Bi-directional Radio-over-Fiber System with All-optical Up-converted DPSK for Downstream and Re-modulated OOK for Upstream

We propose and demonstrate a novel full-duplex radio-over-fiber system using OOK re-modulation of up-converted downstream DPSK signal for upstream connection. The bi-directional 2.5 Gbits/s data is successfully transmitted over 40 km SMF-28 with <2 dB power penalty
ERP Responses to Face Repetition During Passive Viewing: A Nonverbal Measure of Social Motivation in Children With Autism and Typical Development

This study examined whether individual differences in social motivation affect the extent of processing of social versus nonsocial information. Event-related potentials were recorded in 13 children with autism spectrum disorder and 11 typically developing children during passive viewing of unfamiliar faces and houses. One image in each category was presented repeatedly, the rest were shown once. Analyses indicated no group differences in the early perceptual responses. Only typical children evidenced larger P600 for the repeated faces. These results were replicated during a retest session. Individual differences in memory for the repeated faces correlated with standardized behavioral assessments of social skills.
A microserver view of HTMT

Hybrid technology multithreaded architecture (HTMT) is an ambitious new architecture combining cutting edge technologies to reach petaflop performance sooner than current technology trends allow. It is a massively parallel architecture with multi-threaded hardware and a multi-level memory hierarchy. Microservers provide a new perspective for viewing this memory hierarchy whereby memory is actively involved in process execution. This paper discusses the microserver memory semantics and initial HTMT execution models to analyze application at each level of the system hierarchy and to develop user-level functions for expressing this inherent concurrency and parallelism. In order to do this we studied several applications to model the control and data flow within the HTMT hierarchy and developed pseudo-code representing the user-level functions necessary to express application concurrency and parallelism.
A 3-D High-Frequency Array Based 16 Channel Photoacoustic Microscopy System for In Vivo Micro-Vascular Imaging

This paper discusses the design of a novel photoacoustic microscopy imaging system with promise for studying the structure of tissue microvasculature for applications in visualizing angiogenesis. A new 16 channel analog and digital high-frequency array based photoacoustic microscopy system (PAM) was developed using an Nd: YLF pumped tunable dye laser, a 30 MHz piezo composite linear array transducer, and a custom multichannel receiver electronics system. Using offline delay and sum beam- forming and beamsteering, phantom images were obtained from a 6 mum carbon fiber in water at a depth of 8 mm. The measured -6 dB lateral and axial spatial resolution of the system was 100 plusmn 5 mum and 45 plusmn 5 mum, respectively. The dynamic focusing capability of the system was demonstrated by imaging a composite carbon fiber matrix through a 12.5 mm imaging depth. Next, 2-D in vivo images were formed of vessels around 100 mum in diameter in the human hand. Three-dimensional in vivo images were also formed of micro-vessels 3 mm below the surface of the skin in two Sprague Dawley rats.
Saint Sebastian and the Blue-Eyed Blacks: Corpus Christi in Cusco, Peru

The early summer festival of Corpus Christi has been for many centuries the occasion for vibrant street theatre throughout the Roman Catholic world. The pageantry thrives in Cusco, Peru, where the week of Corpus Christi festivities runs concurrently with the massive civic parades that precede the reconstructed Inca solstice festival of Inti Raymi. This miscegenation of festive traditions befits the celebration's multiple ethnic referents, invoking the heritages of Spain, the Incas, the rural Indians of the Amazon and the Andes, and urban mestizos.
Obesity, Diet, Physical Activity, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Endometrial Cancer Survivors

Obesity, low-quality diet, and inactivity are all prevalent among survivors of endometrial cancer. The present review was conducted to assess whether these characteristics are associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Electronic databases, conference abstracts, and reference lists were searched, and researchers were contacted for preliminary results of ongoing studies. The quality of the methodology and reporting was evaluated using appropriate checklists. Standardized mean differences were calculated, and data were synthesized narratively. Eight of the 4385 reports retrieved from the literature were included in the analysis. Four of the 8 studies were cross-sectional, 1 was retrospective, 1 was prospective, and 2 were randomized controlled trials. Obesity was negatively associated with overall HRQoL in 4 of 4 studies and with physical well-being in 6 of 6 studies, while it was positively associated with fatigue in 2 of 4 studies. Meeting the recommendations for being physically active, eating a diet high in fruit and vegetables, and abstaining from smoking were positively associated with overall HRQoL in 2 of 2 studies, with physical well-being in 2 of 3 studies, and with fatigue in 1 of 3 studies. Improvements in fatigue and physical well-being were evident after lifestyle interventions. The findings indicate a healthy lifestyle is positively associated with HRQoL in this population, but the number of studies is limited. Additional randomized controlled trials to test effective and practical interventions promoting a healthy lifestyle in survivors of endometrial cancer are warranted.
Local increases in intracellular calcium elicit local filopodial responses in helisoma neuronal growth cages

Highly localized changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) can be evoked in neuronal growth cones; these are followed by local changes in filopodia. Focally applied electric fields evoked spatially restricted, high magnitude increases in growth cone [Ca2+]i. The earliest and greatest increases were localized to small regions within a growth cone. Such fields also produced characteristic changes in the disposition of filopodia: both filopodial length and number were significantly increased on the cathode side of growth cones. The requirement for extracellular Ca2+ and the strong correlation between the evoked rise in [Ca2+]i and the changes in filopodia (r = 0.98) indicate that cathode stimulation results in local Ca2+ influx, leading to locally increased [Ca2+]i and local changes in filopodial behavior.
Choosing front-of-package food labelling nutritional criteria: how smart were 'Smart Choices'?

Objective The 'Smart Choices' programme was an industry-driven, front-of-package (FOP) nutritional labelling system introduced in the USA in August 2009, ostensibly to help consumers select healthier options during food shopping. Its nutritional criteria were developed by members of the food industry in collaboration with nutrition and public health experts and government officials. The aim of the present study was to test the extent to which products labelled as 'Smart Choices' could be classified as healthy choices on the basis of the Nutrient Profile Model (NPM), a non-industry-developed, validated nutritional standard. Design A total of 100 packaged products that qualified for a 'Smart Choices' designation were sampled from eight food and beverage categories. All products were evaluated using the NPM method. Results In all, 64 % of the products deemed 'Smart Choices' did not meet the NPM standard for a healthy product. Within each 'Smart Choices' category, 0 % of condiments, 8·70 % of fats and oils, 15·63 % of cereals and 31·58 % of snacks and sweets met NPM thresholds. All sampled soups, beverages, desserts and grains deemed 'Smart Choices' were considered healthy according to the NPM standard. Conclusions The 'Smart Choices' programme is an example of industries' attempts at self-regulation. More than 60 % of foods that received the 'Smart Choices' label did not meet standard nutritional criteria for a 'healthy' food choice, suggesting that industries' involvement in designing labelling systems should be scrutinized. The NPM system may be a good option as the basis for establishing FOP labelling criteria, although more comparisons with other systems are needed.
EVALUATION OF THE LONG CHAIN REACTION AS A MEANS FOR DETECTING TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIBODY TO GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI IN HUMAN SERA

Certain strains of Group A streptococci showed striking increase in chain length when grown in liquid media to which was added human sera that contained antibody to M protein of homologous type. This "long chain reaction" was shown to be a highly specific and sensitive biological test for human type-specific antibody and correlated closely with the classical bactericidal test. Patients infected with Type 12 or Type 3 Group A streptococci showed the appearance of anti-M antibody in their sera by both methods at similar intervals during convalescence. Of 217 sera studied in these patients the two tests showed agreement in all but 11 specimens. Of 99 patients who were bled serially following Type 12 or Type 3 infections, and whose sera were tested by both methods, there was close agreement, the bactericidal test being only slightly more sensitive. The advantages and limitations of this new biological test for human type-specific immunity are discussed.
Loss of the p53/p63 Target PERP is an Early Event in Oral Carcinogenesis and Correlates with Higher Rate of Local Relapse

Background PERP is a p53/p63-regulated gene encoding a desmosomal protein that plays a critical role in cell-cell adhesion and tumor suppression. Study Design We evaluated PERP expression in different grades of oral dysplasia (34 cases) and at different stages of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and correlated the latter with clinical outcome. A tissue microarray consisting of nondysplastic mucosa, carcinoma in situ, SCC, and nodal metastases from 33 patients with human papilloma virus–negative SCC was stained for PERP and E-cadherin. Results Complete loss of PERP expression was associated with worse local control in patients with SCC. The 5-year local control rate was 91% for patients with partial PERP loss versus 31% for those with complete loss ( P = .01). Conclusions This is the first study to show that loss of PERP expression correlates with the transition to SCC and with increased local relapse in patients with oral cavity SCC.
Impaired Prosaposin Secretion During Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Rats and Protection of Nerve Regeneration by a Prosaposin-Derived Peptide

Prosaposin is both a precursor of sphingolipid activator proteins and a secreted neurotrophic and myelinotrophic factor. Because peripheral nerve regeneration is impaired in diabetes mellitus, we measured prosaposin protein levels from control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats by collecting endoneurial fluid secreted into a bridging tube connecting the ends of transected sciatic nerve. Prosaposin protein levels were significantly reduced in endoneurial fluid from diabetic rats and increased in the proximal nerve stump compared to controls. To investigate whether a prosaposin-derived peptide could improve nerve regeneration, rats were treated with prosaptide TX14(A) after sciatic nerve crush. In control rats, TX14(A) was without effect in the uninjured nerve but shortened toe spread recovery time after nerve crush. In diabetic rats, efficacy of prosaptide TX14(A) was confirmed by correction of thermal hypoalgesia, formalin-evoked hyperalgesia, and conduction slowing in the uninjured nerve. The peptide also prevented diabetes-induced abnormalities in nerve regeneration distance and mean axonal diameter of regenerated axons, whereas delayed recovery of toe spread was not improved. Muscle denervation atrophy was attenuated by TX14(A) in both control and diabetic rats. These results suggest that reduced prosaposin secretion after nerve injury may contribute to impaired regeneration rates in diabetic rats, and that prosaptide TX14(A) can improve aspects of nerve regeneration.
Relative Carnitine Deficiency in Autism

A random retrospective chart review was conducted to document serum carnitine levels on 100 children with autism. Concurrently drawn serum pyruvate, lactate, ammonia, and alanine levels were also available in many of these children. Values of free and total carnitine (p < 0.001), and pyruvate (p = 0.006) were significantly reduced while ammonia and alanine levels were considerably elevated (p < 0.001) in our autistic subjects. The relative carnitine deficiency in these patients, accompanied by slight elevations in lactate and significant elevations in alanine and ammonia levels, is suggestive of mild mitochondrial dysfunction. It is hypothesized that a mitochondrial defect may be the origin of the carnitine deficiency in these autistic children.
Deformation-assisted fluid percolation in rock salt

Deep geological storage sites for nuclear waste are commonly located in rock salt to ensure hydrological isolation from groundwater. The low permeability of static rock salt is due to a percolation threshold. However, deformation may be able to overcome this threshold and allow fluid flow. We confirm the percolation threshold in static experiments on synthetic salt samples with x-ray microtomography. We then analyze wells penetrating salt deposits in the Gulf of Mexico. The observed hydrocarbon distributions in rock salt require that percolation occurred at porosities considerably below the static threshold due to deformation-assisted percolation. Therefore, the design of nuclear waste repositories in salt should guard against deformation-driven fluid percolation. In general, static percolation thresholds may not always limit fluid flow in deforming environments.
Predicting thromboembolism and selecting patients for anticoagulant therapy in atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation remains a challenge to manage. Although there are issues concerning rate and rhythm control, prevention of thromboembolism remains the most important aspect of management. Untreated, strokes will occur in about 2% to 5% of patients per year, and the strokes caused by atrial