cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Nonresonant Perturbation Theory

This paper presents a theory for a nonresonant perturbation technique for the measurement of electric and magnetic field strengths within a device. Most presently employed perturbation field strength measurements require the use of a resonance technique. In the technique discussed here, reflection coefficient measurements are made at the same frequency with, and without, a perturbing object placed at the point at which the field strength is to be measured. By these data, and by the equations derived and presented in this paper, the desired field strength can be calculated. The technique can be used for cavities that are too lossy to support resonance, and is suitable for cavities for which the resonant field configuration differs from the field configuration to be measured. In addition, this technique has the advantage that it permits the measurement of the phase, as well as the amplitude of the field.
Negative octahedral snowflakes or Tyndall figures in tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate

When a piece of ice Ih whose grains are not too small is irradiated by infrared or radio-frequency light, internal melt figures are often formed. They are often called Tyndall figures or Tyndall flowers after John Tyndall, who was the first to understand them1. No other substance has been reported to form internal melt figures, although any substance that melts to a denser liquid should form them at the proper conditions. The shape of the figures will, of course, depend on the symmetry of the crystal. Tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate2, which has the nominal composition C4H8O.17H2O, melts to a denser homogeneous liquid at 4.1 °C with a fractional change of volume of −0.0147±0.00033. Internal melt figures should therefore form inside the clathrate if it is heated internally. From the symmetry and the structure of the crystal, the figures should be octahedra2. This letter describes this second type of internal melt figure, which was discovered 130 years after the first, and suggests that melt figures should occur in many other crystals.
Using the theory of constraints to improve competitiveness: an airline case study

The aim of the discipline of Operations Management is to gain competitive advantage. One more recent and lesser‐known Operations Management technique that is finding greater acceptance is the Theory of Constraints (TOC). This paper illustrates the use of a specific TOC technique termed “The Thinking Processes” to solve an airline industry case toward improved competitive outcomes.
A convex approach to generalized fixed order interpolation

In this paper, we address the problem of finding a fixed order plant that interpolates given data in time and frequency domain, and satisfies additional constraints such as stability and passivity. The comprehensive framework developed in this paper can be used to address a wide range of complex control problems such as system identification with a priori bound on its order, fixed-order controller design and spectral estimation. To solve the proposed interpolation problem, it is first shown that it can be recast as finding a point in a properly defined semi-algebraic set. Then, an efficient numerical algorithm based on convex relaxations of rank minimization is proposed to solve the problem. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm.
Dependence and withdrawal following intracerebroventricular and systemic morphine administration: functional anatomy and behavior.

Abstract Regional cerebral glucose utilization (RCGU) and behavior during precipitated morphine withdrawal were studied in rats made dependent by either intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine. [ 4 C]2-deoxy- d -glucose autoradiography revealed that RCGU increased in an anatomically related group of limbic and brainstem structures in rats that were in morphine withdrawal precipitated by naloxone administration compared to morphine-dependent controls that were not in precipitated withdrawal. Correlation of RCGU for 24 brain structures comparing i.c.v. vs s.c. morphine-treated rats was highly significant for groups in withdrawal and for controls ( r values, 0.958 and 0.971, respectively). Withdrawal behaviors including autonomic signs of withdrawal, withdrawal jumping, and incidence of diarrhea were not different between the two groups in withdrawal (i.c.v. and s.c.). Weight loss during withdrawal increased ( P ) in rats made dependent by s.c. morphine administration compared to rats that received morphine by the i.c.v. route. Taken together, these results indicate that RCGU changes during morphine withdrawal result solely from effects of chronic morphine in the central nervous system, not in peripheral sites. The increased weight loss of s.c.-treated, morphine-dependent rats in withdrawal suggests an independent peripheral effect perhaps mediated by visceral opiate receptors.
The phylogenetic position of the genus Astragalus (fabaceae): Evidence from the chloroplast genes rpoC1 and rpoC2

Abstract A molecular phylogeny was inferred from the analysis of mapped restriction site variation in 51 species representing the genus Astragalus and putatively related genera in the legume tribes Galegeae, Millettieae, Trifolieae and Vicieae. The resulting hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships suggests: (1) the majority of Astragalus species share a common ancestor within the Galegeae; (2) the recognition of the segregate genera Astracantha and Biserrula makes Astragalus paraphyletic; (3) aneupoloidy and the annual habit have been derived on multiple occasions within the genus Astragalus; and (4) Astragalus as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic since the species A. complanatus, A. cysticalyx, A. sinicus and A. vogelii share a common ancestor with members of the subtribe Coluteinae.
Long-term In-Vivo Tumorigenic Assessment of Human Culture-expanded Adipose Stromal/Stem Cells

After more than a decade of extensive experimentation, the promise of stem cells to revolutionize the field of medicine has negotiated their entry into clinical trial. Adipose tissue specifically holds potential as an attainable and abundant source of stem cells. Currently undergoing investigation are adipose stem cell (ASC) therapies for diabetes and critical limb ischemia, among others. In the enthusiastic pursuit of regenerative therapies, however, questions remain regarding ASC persistence and migration, and, importantly, their safety and potential for neoplasia. To date, assays of in vivo ASC activity have been limited by early end points. We hypothesized that with time, ASCs injected subcutaneously undergo removal by normal tissue turnover and homeostasis, and by the host's immune system. In this study, a high dose of culture expanded ASCs was formulated and implanted as multicellular aggregates into immunocompromised mice, which were maintained for over one year. Animals were monitored for toxicity, and surviving cells quantified at study endpoint. No difference in growth/weight or lifespan was found between cell-treated and vehicle treated animals, and no malignancies were detected in treated animals. Moreover, real-time PCR for a human specific sequence, ERV-3, detected no persistent ASCs. With the advent of clinical application, clarification of currently enigmatic stem cell properties has become imperative. Our study represents the longest duration determination of stem cell activity in vivo, and contributes strong evidence in support of the safety of adipose derived stem cell applications.
Nanomedicine: a new paradigm in diagnosis and therapy

Nanotechnology offers unique approaches to probe and control a variety of biological and medical processes that occur at nanometer length scales, and is expected to have a revolutionary impact on biology 1 and medicine 2 . Nanomedicine is a new paradigm that seeks to exploit the use of nanotechnology in medicine. Among the various approaches within the nanomedicine paradigm, nanoparticles and nanotemplates offer some unique advantages as sensing, diagnostic, delivery, and image enhancement agents 3,4 . Several varieties of nanoparticles 5 are available: polymeric nanoparticles 6 , metal nanoparticles 7 , liposomes 8 , micelles, quantum dots, dendrimers, magnetic nanoparticles 9 , and nanoassemblies 10,11 . All of these nanoparticles can play a major role in medicine, and especially in diagnosis and therapy of cancer 12,13,14 , cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. To further the application of nanoparticles in disease diagnosis and therapy, it is important that the systems are stable, capable of being functionalized, biocompatible, and directed to specific target sites in the body after systemic administration. In this short review we discuss four areas of research carried out by the Nanomedicine Consortium using nanoparticles and nanotemplates to explore new approaches in nanotechnology for medical diagnosis, imaging and therapy.
From Personal Health into Community Action: Another Step Forward in Peer Health Education

Abstract Health education as a field is turning from its individualist roots in which behavior change is viewed as an isolated phenomenon that occurs within an individual to a new contextual framework in which behavior change occurs within a complex ecology of individuals interacting with and influenced by other people, cultural norms, access to healthcare, affiliation with community—the entire environment of a person's life. This article focuses on the “how to's” of translating this shift in the field of health education into a practical and replicable action step forward in peer health education. The author first examines four assumptions implicit in many current peer health education training and program delivery models. She then describes a training curriculum that helps reshape the philosophy and activity of peer health education programs from an individualist paradigm grounded in information to a community-oriented model grounded in service. This training model, entitled From Personal Health Into Co...
The low energy limit of string theory from the geometry of loop space

Abstract We show that the massless fields of the low-energy limit of the closed bosonic string are the unique set of fields which follow the existence of a certain symplectic structure on the loop space associated with the full string theory.
Fibrogenesis imperfecta ossium: MR imaging of the axial and appendicular skeleton and correlation with a unique radiographic appearance

We describe a distinctly unusual MR appearance of the cancellous bone never before described in a patient with biopsy-proven fibrogenesis imperfecta ossium.
Containment long-term operational integrity

Abstract Containment long-term operational integrity is becoming increasingly important as nuclear plants in the United States approach their forty-year design lifetime. Design and inservice codes and standards provide a comprehensive set of requirements for containment design, construction, inspection, testing and repair. Metal and concrete containments must be designed, fabricated, constructed, inspected, tested and maintained to quality standards commensurate with the importance of the safety function to be performed. Periodic integrated leak rate tests are required to assure that containments continue to meet allowable leakage limits. Although overall performance has been quite good to date, several major containment aging and degradation mechanisms have been identified. Two pilot plant life extension (PLEX) studies serve as models for extending the operational integrity of present containments for light-water cooled nuclear power plants in the United States. One study is for a Boiling-Water Reactor (BWR) and the second is for a Pressurized-Water Reactor (PWR). Research and testing programs for determining the ultimate pressure capacity and failure mechanisms for containments under severe loading conditions and studies for extending the life of current plants beyond the present 40-year licensed lifetime are under way. This paper presents an overview of containment designs in the United States. Also presented are a discussion of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME Code) and regulatory authority requirements for the design, construction, inservice inspection, leakage testing and repair of steel and concrete containments. Findings for containments from the pilot PLEX studies and continuing containment integrity research and testing programs are discussed. The ASME Code and regulatory requirements together with recommendations from the PLEX studies and containment integrity research and testing provide a basis for continued containment long-term operational integrity.
The Serendipitous Extragalactic X-Ray Source Identification Program. I. Characteristics of the Hard X-Ray Sample

The Serendipitous Extragalactic X-Ray Source Identification (SEXSI) program is designed to extend greatly the sample of identified extragalactic hard X-ray (2-10 keV) sources at intermediate fluxes (~10-13 to 10-15 ergs cm-2 s-1). SEXSI, which studies sources selected from more than 2 deg2, provides an essential complement to the Chandra Deep Fields, which reach depths of 5 × 10-16 ergs cm-2 s-1 (2-10 keV) but over a total area of less than 0.2 deg2. In this paper we describe the characteristics of the survey and our X-ray data analysis methodology. We present the cumulative flux distribution for the X-ray sample of 1034 hard sources and discuss the distribution of spectral hardness ratios. Our log N- log S in this intermediate flux range connects to those found in the Deep Fields, and by combining the data sets, we constrain the hard X-ray population over the flux range in which the differential number counts change slope and from which the bulk of the 2-10 keV X-ray background arises. We further investigate the log N- log S distribution separately for soft and hard sources in our sample, finding that while a clear change in slope is seen for the softer sample, the hardest sources are well described by a single power law down to the faintest fluxes, consistent with the notion that they lie at lower average redshift.
Organizational Behavior 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership/Organizational Behavior 2: Essential Theories of Process and Structure/Organizational Behavior 3: Historical Origins, Theoretical Foundations, and the Future

The article reviews “Organizational Behavior 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership,” “Organizational Behavior 2: Essential Theories of Process and Structure,” “Organizational Behavior 3: Historical Origins, Theoretical Foundations, and the Future,” all by John B. Miner.
Voiding Cystourethrography Revisited: Descriptive Statistics for the Detection of Vesicoureteral Reflux

OBJECTIVE. To determine which factors might influence the detection of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), we retrospectively reviewed factors including fluoroscopy time, number of true radiographic acquisitions, and patient characteristics from a large number of voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) examinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Nine hundred eighty-seven VCUG examinations performed between March 2006 and March 2009 were randomly selected for review. Data recorded were presence of VUR, patient age and sex, examination indication, follow-up status, presence of a diagnostic radiology trainee, fluoroscopy time, and number of true radiographic acquisitions. For initial examinations, descriptive comparison and logistic analyses were performed. To evaluate which variables related to reflux identification, we analyzed variables by logistic regression after stratifying by patient age (≤ 1 or > 1 year) for both the full sample and cases grouped by VUR severity (grades I and II [mild] or grades III–V [moderate to sever...
Rat brain de-acetylating activity: stereospecific inhibition by LSD and serotonin-related compounds.

Abstract A de-acetylase (aryl acylamidase, E.C.3.5.1.13) has been isolated and partially characterized from rat brain. Previous studies have shown that this enzymatic activity is inhibited by low concentrations of serotonin. This report examines the effects of closely related tryptamine derivatives and demonstrates that enzymatic activity is stereospecifically inhibited by LSD. Similar enzymatic activity from liver was found to be insensitive to any of the compounds tested. The significance of these findings with regard to well known serotonin-LSD interactions is discussed.
3D polarimetric GPR coherency attributes and full-waveform inversion of transmission data for characterizing fractured rock

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) can detect and describe fractures to help us characterize fractured rock formations. A fracture alters the incident waveform, or wave shape, of a GPR signal through constructive and destructive interference, depending on the aperture, fill, and orientation of the fracture. Because the electromagnetic (EM) waves of GPR are vectorial, features exhibiting strong directionality can change the state of polarization of the incident field. GPR methods that focus on changes in waveform or polarization can improve detection and discrimination of fractures within rock bodies. An algorithm based on coherency, a seismic attribute that delineates discontinuities in wavelet shape, is developed for polarimetric GPR. It uses the largest eigenvalue of the time-domain scattering matrix when calculating coherence. This algorithm is sensitive to wave shape and is unbiased by the polarization of GPR antennas. Polarimetric coherency works better than scalar coherency in removing the effects of polarization on field data collected from a fractured limestone plot used for hydrologic experimentation. Another method, for time-domain full-waveform inversion of transmission data, quantitatively determines fracture aperture and EM properties of fill, based on a thin-layer model. Inversion results from field data show consistency with the location of fractures from reflection data. These two methods offer better fracture-detection capability and quantitative information on fracture aperture, dielectric permittivity, and electrical conductivity of the fill than traditional GPR imaging and scalar-coherency attributes.
Your inner healers.

The article discusses research on reprogramming living cells that serve the therapeutic value of embryonic stem cells while sidestepping the public controversy that surrounds use of embryonic stem cells. Concepts underlying the article are highlighted with references made to induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC), disease therapies that could derive from IPSCs, and how well IPSCs will perform compared to embryonic cells. The article also discusses the therapeutic promise and power of IPSCs, the use of cloning to produce IPSCs, and functional testing of IPSCs.
Psychometric Assessment of the Depressive Cognition Scale in Women Family Members of Adults with Serious Mental Illness

Family members of persons with serious mental illness (SMI) are vulnerable to depression, and early identification of cognitive depressive symptoms is important to prevent it. The Depressive Cognition Scale (DCS) may be beneficial for early detection, but the scale's psychometrics have not been tested in family members of persons with SMI. In this study, 60 women relatives of adults with SMI completed the eight-item DCS and measures of caregiver burden, resourcefulness, sense of coherence, and quality of life. A Cronbach's alpha of .87 indicated internal consistency. Construct validity was supported by correlations with caregiver burden (.40), resourcefulness (-.65), sense of coherence (-.77), and quality of life (-.70). Confirmatory factor analysis produced a single factor with 48% of the variance explained and factor loadings >.45 for all items. The findings suggest the DCS is useful for early detection of depression in women relatives of adults with SMI.
Dispersion relations and mode shapes for waves in laminated viscoelastic composites by variational methods

Abstract The propagation of oscillatory waves through periodic elastic composites has been analysed on the basis of the Floquet theory. This leads to self-adjoint differential equation systems which it was proved convenient to solve by variational methods. Many composites, such as the light-weight high-strength boron-epoxy material, consist of strong reinforcing components in a plastic matrix. The latter can exhibit viscoelastic properties which can have a significant influence on wave propagation characteristics. Replacement of the elastic constant by the viscoelastic complex modulus changes the mathematical structure so that the differential equation system is no longer self-adjoint. However, a modification of the variational principles is suggested which retains formal self-adjointness, and yields variational principles which contain additional boundary terms. These are applied to the determination of wave speeds and mode shapes for a laminated composite made of homogeneous elastic reinforcing plates in a homogeneous viscoelastic matrix for plane waves propagating normally to the reinforcing plates. These results agree well with the exact solution which can be evaluated in this simple case. The variational principles permit solutions for periodic, but otherwise arbitrary variation of material properties.
Bilateral successive testicular cancer of different cell types

The fourth case of bilateral successive testicular tumors of different cell types is reported (seminoma and embryonal carcinoma), and the English literature on bilateral testicular tumors from 1965 to 1975 is reviewed. The absence of direct organ extension or demonstrable metastatic lymphatic or vascular involvement points to the primary origin of these lesions.
Mixing, entrainment and fractal dimensions of surfaces in turbulent flows

Some basic thoughts are set down on the relation between the fractal dimension of various surfaces in turbulent flows, and the practically important processes of mixing between two streams (reacting or otherwise) separated by a convoluted surface, as well as of entrainment of irrotational flow by a turbulent stream. An expression based on heuristic arguments is derived for the flux of transportable properties (such as mass, momentum, and energy) across surfaces, and a prediction made on this basis for the fractal dimension of surfaces in fully turbulent flows is shown to be in essential agreement with measurements. It is further shown that this prediction remains robust when corrected for the non-uniform effects along the surface. A related prediction concerning the dependence of mixing on the Reynolds number and the fractal dimension of the surface is substantiated, in the developing as well as the fully developed states, by independent measurements of both the fractal dimension and the amount of mixing between reactants in a temporally evolving countercurrent shear flow.
Mechanical stability assessment of novel orthodontic mini-implant designs: Part 2

Objective: To assess the mechanical stability of a newly revised orthodontic mini-implant design (N2) compared with a design introduced in Part 1 of the study (N1) and the most widely-used commercially-available design (CA). To evaluate the mean buccal bone thickness of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: From the CBCT scans of 20 patients, six tomographic cross-sections were generated for each tooth. Buccal bone thickness was measured from the most convex point on the bone to the root surface. CA (1.5 mm in diameter and 6 mm in length), N1, and N2 (shorter and narrower than N1) were inserted in simulated bone with cortical and trabecular bone layers. Mechanical stability was compared in vitro through torque and lateral displacement tests. Results: The bone thickness ranged from 2.26 to 3.88 mm. Maximum insertion torque was decreased significantly in N2 compared to N1. However, force levels for all displacement distances and torque ratio were the highest in N2, followed by N1 and CA (a 5 .05). Conclusions: Both torque and lateral displacement tests highlighted the enhanced stability of N2 compared with CA. Design revisions to N1 effectively mitigated N1’s high insertion torque and thus potentially reduced microdamage to the surrounding bone. The N2 design is promising as evidenced by enhanced stability and high mechanical efficiency. Moreover, N2 is not limited to placement in interradicular spaces and has the capacity to be placed in the buccal bone superficial to the root surface with diminished risk of endangering nearby anatomic structures during placement and treatment. (Angle Orthod. 2011;81:1001–1009.)
Genetic Based Plant Resistance and Susceptibility Traits to Herbivory Influence Needle and Root Litter Nutrient Dynamics

Summary 1. It is generally assumed that the same factors drive the decomposition of both litter and roots and that nutrient release from litter and roots is synchronized. However, few studies have explicitly tested these assumptions, and no studies have examined whether plant genetics (i.e. plant susceptibility to herbivory) could affect these relationships. 2. Here we examine the effects of herbivore susceptibility and resistance on needle and fine root litter decomposition of pinon pine, Pinus edulis . The study population consists of individual trees that are either susceptible or resistant to herbivory by the pinon needle scale, Matsucoccus acalyptus , or the stem-boring moth, Dioryctria albovittella . Genetic analyses and long-term experimental removals and additions of these insects to individual trees have identified trees that are naturally resistant or susceptible to M. acalyptus and D. albovittella . In addition, these herbivores increase litter chemical quality and alter soil microclimate, both of which mediate decomposition in ecosystems. 3. The effects of herbivore susceptibility and resistance on needle litter mass and phosphorus (P) loss, when significant, are largely mediated by herbivore-induced changes to microclimate. But the effects of herbivore susceptibility and resistance on root litter nitrogen (N) and P retention, and needle litter N retention, are largely governed by herbivore-induced changes to litter chemical quality. Whether a particular tree was resistant or susceptible to herbivores exerted a large influence on net nutrient release, but the direction of herbivore influence varied temporally. 4. The controls on decomposition vary between herbivore-susceptible and herbivoreresistant phenotypes. This suggests that understanding decomposition and nutrient retention in some ecosystems may require considering the effects of herbivores on aboveand below-ground processes and how these effects may be governed by plant genetics. 5. Synthesis . Because so few studies have attempted to quantify genetic components of ecosystem processes, the integration of ecosystem ecology with population genetics has the potential to place ecosystem science within a genetic and evolutionary framework. Using field trials of known genetic composition, ecosystem scientists may use quantitative genetics techniques to explore ecosystem traits just as population geneticists have used these techniques to explore traditional traits such as resistance to insects.
The interaction of veracity and syntax in the processing of sentences1

The reaction times of 80 Ss in judging sentences true or false with respect to pictures were analyzed, and it was noted (a) that true sentences containing an expected surface structure required less time than false sentences of the same structure, (b) that latencies to true sentences containing an unexpected surface structure were longer than latencies to the same sentences when their structure was identical to that of previous sentences, and (c) that transitive-verb constructions appeared easier to judge than predicate nominatives of the same length.
Spatially Resolved Infrared Observations of Saturn. III. 10- and 20- μm Disk Scans at B'= -11°.8

Abstract Disk scans of Saturn at 10 and 20 μm were obtained when the Saturnicentric solar declination ( B ′) was −11°.8. The scans show little change from scans obtained when B ′ was −16°.3, and this could result from the long radiative time constant of the Saturnian atmosphere. The observations at 20 μm, in the H 2 continuum, show positively that the temperature inversion at the south pole has a higher temperature than at any other point on the disk. In addition, the 12.1- and 20-μm scans indicate that the temperature of the inversion region is higher at the equator compared to the temperate zone. The data also suggest that enhanced 20-μm emission is correlated with the strength of the ultraviolet absorption.
Professionalism and the Nurse‐Midwife Practitioner: An Exploratory Study

This article reports the findings of an exploratory study on the level of professionalism among certified-nurse midwives (CNMs). Using a five dimensional scale to measure professionalism, our research examined the level of professionalism among CNMs. It explored the relationship between organizational reward structures, level of education, and professionalism. The results show that CNMs exhibit a high degree of professionalism in the practice of nurse-midwifery. The findings also support the notion of a causal relationship between reward structures, education levels and CNM professionalism.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF PARS INTERMEDIA OF THE HUMAN HYPOPHYSIS

It is very evident from such reviews of the pituitary problem as the one by Geiling (1), that we are in the midst of an unusually rapid transition period with reference to the conceptions of the functions of the different parts of the hypophysis. The tendency seems to be to greatly limit the sphere of its influence. Due to its small size and location in the interior of the organ, pars intermedia is one of the least understood parts of the gland. Judging from some of the discussions found in the medical literature, some writers lack a concrete idea of the actual magnitude of the tissue known as the intermediate portion of the human hypophysis. The primary purpose of this note is to call attention to the great variation in the actual weight of this part of the hypophysis as determined by fairly accurate volumetric methods. The procedure consists of making serial sections of the organ and by means of a projection apparatus tracing the enlarged outline of the various portions on heavy standardized paper.
Scale Model Shake Table Testing of Seismic Earth Pressures in Soft Clay

This research consists of scale model shake table tests to investigate the development of seismic earth pressures in soft clay. The soft clay was modeled after prototype San Francisco Bay Mud consisting of a mixture of kaolinite, bentonite, class C fly ash and water. A flexible walled testing container founded on a 1g shake table was used to house the model soil and mimic 1D site response. An array of accelerometers embedded in the model soil measure during an input earthquake motion. A scale model wall is equipped with pressure sensors to measure the seismic earth pressures over the duration of an input earthquake motion. A total of 14 time histories were run through this test set up. A single degree of freedom oscillator was added to the scale model wall and used to mimic the period of a structure. Test results show that for retaining walls with clay soils seismic earth pressures develop triangularly over the face of the wall with an amplitude of about 3.8 times the static pressures. For small building structures, the development of seismic earth pressures depends on height above the base of the wall. Although the pressure distribution is not well defined, localized peaks in pressure are observed at depths of 1/3H and 2/3H below the ground surface. Arias intensity and cumulative absolute velocity correlate linearly with the measured dynamic pressures. Differences between arias intensity and cumulative absolute velocity for each scale model configuration are not pronounced. The simplified Monnobe-Okabe method was also evaluated in this study. Although the Mononobe-Okabe method may be inappropriate for cohesive soils, a seismic coefficient of about 1/10 the PGA was back-calculated from empirically measured earth pressures. The results of this investigation provides an empirical basis to the behavior of walls in clay.
Superconducting domain walls from a supersymmetric action.

A model constructed from chiral superfields is considered, and a simple, but exact, domain wall solution is found which interpolates between supersymmetric vacuum states. The domain wall supports fermionic zero modes, for which approximate analytic solutions are found. It is also found that bosonic bound states localized within or near the core of the wall can exist. The fermionic superconducting domain wall can therefore be endowed with both fermionic and bosonic charges and currents.
Sorption of macromolecules to solid surfaces: Sorption of dextran to cellulose nitrate membranes in the presence of serum albumin and surface-active agents☆☆☆

Abstract Dynamic measurements of osmotic pressure may be affected by sorption phenomena on the membrane. Likewise the sorption of polymeric plasma expanders to tissue after infusion may have adverse physiological effects. The sorption of C 14 carboxy-labeled dextran ( M n = 35,000) to collodion membranes was studied in several media. The membranes were cast over mercury from a Merck collodion solution under controlled conditions. Aqueous solutions were prepared containing dextran, sodium chloride, serum albumin, and three detergents having different chemical characteristics, in different combinations. Both sides of the membranes were exposed to these solutions for a selected sequence of time intervals up to 52 hours; they were uniformly washed (without scrubbing) and air-dried at 30°C. The radioactivity in each membrane, which is a measure of the amount of dextran present, was determined with a PC-1 Proportional Counter. The experiment was statistically designed in order to isolate and compensate for possible systematic errors due to differences between membranes and to variations in the counting procedure or fluctuations in the instrument, and in order to evaluate the precision of the data. The results indicate differences between membranes, despite the precautions taken in their preparation. Aqueous solutions containing only dextran show a continuous increase in sorption with a high initial rate. Addition of sodium chloride increases the amount of sorption, whereas the presence of serum albumin decreases it, whether or not sodium chloride is present. The cationic detergent markedly increases the sorption of dextran to the membrane, whereas the nonionic detergent has the reverse effect.
The reactions of intermediates derived from the chlorination of indoles

Abstract The various steps involved in the reaction of indoles with sodium hypochlorite have been studied. At low temperatures, these reactions lead to the formation of 3-chloroindolenine. The 3-chloroindolenines have been found to be thermally labile. For example, 2,3-dimethyl-3-chloroindolenine rapidly rearranges to an isomeric compound at 15°. Selective reactions of 3-chloroindolenines with silver ion in methanol have been shown to produce 3-methoxyindolenines in high yield. In contrast, the rearranged isomer of 2,3-dimethyl-3-3-chloroindolenine has been shown to give high yields of indole derivatives which are functionalized in the 2-position. The rearrangements of the tosylate or p-nitrobenzoate of 1-hydroxy indoles have been found to result in the formation of the respective tosylate or p-nitrobenzoate of the 3-hydroxyindolenine.
Practicing What You Preach: Infidelity Attitudes as a Predictor of Fidelity

The current studies used the Perceptions of Dating Infidelity Scale (PDIS), which identifies attitudes toward three types of behaviors indicative of cheating: Ambiguous, Deceptive, and Explicit behaviors, to predict actual infidelity behaviors. Participants reported their attitude toward these behaviors and then reported their willingness to engage in these behaviors with a hypothetical target (Study 1) and reported actually engaging in these behaviors over the course of one month (Study 2). Study 1 showed that attitudes for Ambiguous and Deceptive behaviors significantly predict a willingness to engage in these behaviors with a hypothetical target. Study 2 showed that attitudes toward Ambiguous behaviors significantly predict actual engagement in Ambiguous behaviors during the course of one month.
The military revolution in warfare at sea during the early modern era: technological origins, operational outcomes and strategic consequences

It has been over 125 years since Charles Oman referred to the developments that enabled the armies of Habsburg Spain and Austria to halt the westward advance of the Ottoman Turks between 1529 and 1...
The Recruitment of Work-Bound, At-Risk Hispanic High School Students by Texas Community Colleges

The growth of the Hispanic population, and current Texas legislation highlight the need for an effective recruitment strategy by community colleges. Many work-bound, at-risk Hispanic high school students are not targeted in recruitment practices. This study aimed to describe the frequency and perceived effectiveness of recruitment tools used to recruit this population. The findings suggested that the participants did not implement what they perceived to be the most effective ways to recruit the population.
The use of mercury in dentistry: a critical review of the recent literature

This definitive review explores two critical issues related to the use of mercury in dentistry that have been the subject of intermittent controversy since the 1800s. The first is the effect of mercury exposure from dental amalgam on patients. The second is the effect of occupational mercury exposure on dentists. A discussion of current knowledge concerning mercury metabolism, toxicity, and allergy is included relative to both of these issues. This 14-page review was compiled with more than 100 references—the latest scientific information available—and concludes that no evidence exists linking mercury vapor from amalgam restorations to mercury poisoning. Mercury has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes for centuries. Exposure to mercury can occur from environmental, dietary, and occupational sources. Since the beginning of the early 1800s, intermittent controversy has surrounded the use of mercury in dental amalgam restorations. At the center of this controversy are questions concerning the amounts and effects of mercury exposure to dental patients and personnel. This report reviews recent scientific literature on the safety and use of mercury in dentistry.
Malware defense using network security authentication

Malware defenses have primarily relied upon intrusion fingerprints to detect suspicious network behavior. While effective for discovering computers that are already compromised, these systems are not designed to stop the spread or damage of malware. Standard gateway firewalls can prevent outside-based attacks; however, they are ineffective in a mobile network where threats originate from inside and administrators have limited control over client machines. This paper introduces a new strategy for malware defense using security authentication which focuses on vulnerabilities rather than exploits. The proposed system uses a remote security scanner to check for vulnerabilities and quarantines machines using logical network segmentation. This maximizes the usefulness of the machine in question while preventing attacks. Furthermore given the unique ability to quarantine machines without any specialized host software, the proposed system can defend against internal malware threats in a mobile network. Positive results have been achieved utilizing a proof-of-concept model and standard networking tools.
Hume's Impression/Idea Distinction

Understanding the distinction between impressions and ideas that Hume draws in the opening paragraphs of his A Treatise on Human Nature is essential for understanding much of Hume's philosophy. This, however, is a task that has been the cause of a good deal of controversy in the literature on Hume. I here argue that the signifi cant philosophical and exegetical issues previous treatments of this distinction (such as the force and vivacity read­ ing and the external-world reading) encounter are extremely problematic. I propose an alternative reading of this distinction as being between original mental entities and copied mental entities. I argue that Hume takes himself to discover this distinction as that which underlies our pre-theoretical sorting of mental entities. Thus, while the Copy Principle is initially treated by Hume as a mere empirical fact, it later comes to play a more substantial explanatory role in his account of human nature. This reading makes Hume's distinction a more philosophically robust one, and avoids many of the exegetical diffi culties of previous interpretations. Hume sets out in the fir st Book of the Treatise 1 to present a theory of the mental according to which everything mental can be accounted for in terms of mental entities and their relations and behaviors. Hume calls such mental entities "percep­ tions" and divides these into two important classes: impressions and ideas. Hume's offi cial position on what determines whether a mental entity is an impression or an idea has been the subject of some debate, largely because Hume's text is subtly ambiguous on the issue. One main point dividing scholars has been how to treat
Reinforcement learning for human-machine collaborative optimization: Application in ground water monitoring

In this paper, we introduce reinforcement learning as a methodology to solve complex multi-criteria optimization problems for ground water monitoring. Multiple analytical criteria are used to assess design decisions and human feedback is simulated by adding random noise. Different learning automata based reinforcement learning methods as well as a genetic algorithm based method are used in experimental studies, which demonstrate the efficiency of reinforcement learning approaches.
A Muslim President? Misperceptions of Barack Obama's Faith in the 2008 Presidential Campaign

Rumors that President Barack Obama is a Muslim were rampant during the 2008 presidential campaign and continued well into his presidency. These rumors were widely believed, were electorally consequential, and are part of a growing trend of politically motivated misconceptions. Thus, relying principally on the theory of motivated reasoning, we examine the factors that shaped citizens’ beliefs about and responses to messages about Obama's faith. Using an original survey experiment and data from the 2008–2009 American National Election Study panel, we show that citizens’ responses to rumors about Obama's religion were shaped by political predispositions, political awareness, and their interactions. Identification of Obama with Islam was most widespread, and the cues encouraging such identification were most successful, among individuals with low levels of political awareness, conservative and Republican identifications, and negative views of cultural out-groups. Viewing Obama as Muslim was significantly less prevalent among people with high levels of awareness and with the opposite set of predispositions.
Photoacoustic and ultrasound dual-modality imaging of human peripheral joints

A photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) dual modality system, for imaging human peripheral joints, is introduced. The system utilizes a commercial US unit for both US control imaging and PA signal acquisition. Preliminary in vivo evaluation of the system, on normal volunteers, revealed that this system can recover both the structural and functional information of intra- and extra-articular tissues. Confirmed by the control US images, the system, on the PA mode, can differentiate tendon from surrounding soft tissue based on the endogenous optical contrast. Presenting both morphological and pathological information in joint, this system holds promise for diagnosis and characterization of inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Pre-B-Cell Colony-Enhancing Factor and Its Clinical Correlates With Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis

Background Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) is a potential biomarker for acute lung injury (ALI) in sepsis. We aimed to determine the clinical correlates for elevated plasma PBEF upon ICU admission for severe sepsis and the usefulness of PBEF to predict ALI development and sepsis mortality. Methods This is a prospective cohort of patients admitted to the medical ICU with severe sepsis. Patients without available blood samples or who were not enrolled within 24 h of admission were excluded. Plasma collected within 24 h of ICU admission was measured for PBEF concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were followed for ALI development as defined by the American-European Consensus Conference and for all-cause hospital mortality. Results Between September 30, 2008, and March 10, 2009, 113 patients were enrolled, and 50 (44%) developed ALI. Elevated PBEF levels significantly correlated with higher APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) III scores ( R 2 = 0.08, P = .003) and failure to reach early sepsis goals within 6 h of severe sepsis ( P = .003). PBEF did not differ by ALI status ( P = .58). The mortality rate was 46%. Nonsurvivors had higher PBEF levels than survivors (2.53 ng/mL; interquartile range [IQR], 1.07-8.16 vs 1.44 ng/mL; IQR, 0.84-2.81; P = .02). After adjusting for severity of illness, PBEF levels were no longer significantly associated with mortality (OR, 1.44 per 10-fold increase; 95% CI, 0.69-3.03, P = .34). Conclusions In this study, elevated PBEF did not correlate with lung injury in sepsis. However, it was associated with sepsis mortality mainly due to its association with greater severity of illness on ICU admission.
Effect of disulfide bond cleavage on the structure and conformation of glycinin

The effect of S-S bond cleavage on the molecular properties of glycinin has been studied by u.v. difference spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, viscometry, tryptic hydrolysis, turbidimetry and electrophoresis. U.v. difference spectra, fluorescence spectra, viscometry and tryptic hydrolysis revealed that the overall protein structure becomes more flexible up to a cleavage of about 15 S-S bonds. However, the cleavage of all the protein S-S bonds decreased the structural flexibility. U.v. circular dichroic spectral measurements revealed that the increase in the conformational flexibility (up to 15 S-S bond cleavage) results from a decrease in both secondary (ordered) and tertiary structure of the protein. These measurements also indicated that the decrease in the conformational flexibility of the glycinin with all the S-S bonds cleaved was caused by protein refolding. Turbidity measurements indicated that high ionic strength (γ/2 = 0.3) increases protein-protein interactions among the completely S-S bond cleaved polypeptides. Electrophoretic experiments suggested that the basic polypeptides are responsible for the protein aggregation at high ionic strength. Hydrophobic associations are primarily involved in these protein-protein interactions.
The Crisis of Feudalism An Environmental History

Environmental historymayhelp explain feudalism’s demise and capitalism’s ascent in the 16th century. Medieval Europe was riven by profound socio-ecological contradictions. Feudalism’s environmental...