cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structs, Enums, Arrays, and Collections

A struct is a way to organize a group of unlike variable types under a single name. Structs are a carryover from C++. Although they are not as valuable as they once were, they still provide some usefulness in creating user-defined types (UDTs).
On Hearsay Dragon-Slaying

This invited essay examines the debate between Prof. Liesa L. Richter and Judge Richard Posner over the future of the evidentiary rule barring hearsay. In discussing the merits of Prof. Richter's and Judge Posner's claims, the essay (1) discusses recent psychology studies evaluating the hearsay rule, and (2) advocates for evidentiary doctrine that is better grounded in empirical science.
Distribution-Preserving Stratified Sampling for Learning Problems

The need for extracting a small sample from a large amount of real data, possibly streaming, arises routinely in learning problems, e.g., for storage, to cope with computational limitations, obtain good training/test/validation sets, and select minibatches for stochastic gradient neural network training. Unless we have reasons to select the samples in an active way dictated by the specific task and/or model at hand, it is important that the distribution of the selected points is as similar as possible to the original data. This is obvious for unsupervised learning problems, where the goal is to gain insights on the distribution of the data, but it is also relevant for supervised problems, where the theory explains how the training set distribution influences the generalization error. In this paper, we analyze the technique of stratified sampling from the point of view of distances between probabilities. This allows us to introduce an algorithm, based on recursive binary partition of the input space, aimed at obtaining samples that are distributed as much as possible as the original data. A theoretical analysis is proposed, proving the (greedy) optimality of the procedure together with explicit error bounds. An adaptive version of the algorithm is also introduced to cope with streaming data. Simulation tests on various data sets and different learning tasks are also provided.
The system fayalite-albite-anorthite and the syenite problem

The presence in a magma of fayalite, the iron end-member of the olivine binary series, affects the feldspars at pressure by lowering the temperatures at which they crystallize from the magma. Starting with estimates from published literature it becomes obvious that at pressure, fayalite becomes important because the pressure effects on the melting temperatures are very different: large for albite, and small for anorthite. In this experimental study, a powder of fayalite composition was combined with six finely ground natural feldspars from Ab to An 97 to make six bulk compositions. Using graphite crucibles in piston-cylinder apparatus at a pressure of 5 kbar, a cotectic in the ternary system was found to range from 1141 °C at An(Fa) to 1124 °C at Ab(Fa), with fayalite contents from 68 to 17 wt%, respectively. The results can be used to show that ternary feldspars saturated with fayalite and Fe monoclinic pyroxene will crystallize at a 5 kbar multiphase eutectic 1010 °C—56 °C below a calculated azeotropic point on the Ab-Or join. The results are used to compare the end points of two very different layered intrusions, Skaergaard and Kiglapait, and to illuminate the nature and origins of syenite and trachyte, which are leucocratic rocks unsaturated with mafic minerals. Because fayalite-saturated melts are responsive to pressure unequally on the feldspar end-members, olivine of intermediate composition will have a damped but potentially significant effect on feldspar fractionation in the lower crust of the Earth, possibly affecting the origin of anorthosite and syenite.
Elasto-inertial migration of deformable capsules in a microchannel.

In this paper, we study the dynamics of deformable cells in a channel flow of Newtonian and polymeric fluids and unravel the effects of deformability, elasticity, inertia, and size on the cell motion. We investigate the role of polymeric fluids on the cell migration behavior and the performance of inertial microfluidic devices. Our results show that the equilibrium position of the cell is on the channel diagonal, in contrast to that of rigid particles, which is on the center of the channel faces for the same range of Reynolds number. A constant-viscosity polymeric fluid, modeled using an Oldroyd-B constitutive equation, drives the cells toward the channel centerline, while a shear-thinning polymeric fluid, modeled using a Giesekus constitutive equation, pushes the cells toward the channel wall. The findings of this paper suggest that the addition of polymers in microfluidic devices can be used to enhance the throughput of cell focusing and separation devices at a low cost. This study provides an insight o...
Examining Use of Mobile Phones for Sleep Tracking Among a National Sample in the USA.

Mobile technology has been designed to serve a number of functions relating to health, but we know little about individuals who use these tools to track sleep. This study utilized data from a cross...
Technical Section: Automatic urban modeling using volumetric reconstruction with surface graph cuts

The demand for 3D city-scale models has been significantly increased due to the proliferation of urban planning, city navigation, and virtual reality applications. We present an approach to automatically reconstruct buildings densely spanning a large urban area. Our method takes as input calibrated aerial images and available GIS meta-data. Our computational pipeline computes a per-building 2.5D volumetric reconstruction by exploiting photo-consistency where it is highly sampled amongst the aerial images. Our building surface graph cut method overcomes errors of occlusion, geometry, and calibration in order to stitch together aerial images and yield a visually coherent texture-mapped result. Our comparisons show similar quality to the manually modeled buildings of Google Earth, and show improvements over naive texture mapping and over space-carving methods. We have tested our algorithms with a 12sqkm area of Boston, MA (USA), using 4667 images (i.e., 280GB of raw image data) and producing 1785 buildings.
Modification of dislocation emission sources at symmetric tilt grain boundaries in Ag by Cu solute atoms

Abstract A very small amount of immiscible solutes can dramatically decrease the ability of dislocations to nucleate from grain boundaries. In this paper we report the results of the molecular dynamics simulations which show that at larger concentrations, the solute effect becomes rather non-trivial: there are concentration ranges where even small addition of solutes considerably suppresses the dislocation nucleation from grain boundaries and there are concentration ranges where addition of new solutes almost does not change the dislocation nucleation ability. We reveal the atomic mechanism of these effects.
Long-term risk of cardiovascular disease among colorectal cancer survivors in a population-based cohort study.

113Background: In the United States, colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer death. Few studies have examined the relationship between colorectal ...
Ángeles y demonios en «canto a Teresa»

In «Canto a Teresa» and in El diablo mundo (of which it constitutes an important section), as well as in certain others of his poems, Espronceda expresses his «titanic» challenger of the powers and the more of heaven and earth. He develops a varied imagery of angels and devils to characterize his relationship with Teresa Mancha, as well as to explore facets of his own character as a man and as a poet, so doing, he participates in a long tradition of depicting women as both angels and devils, a tendency which gained particular currency in his century. In this regard, Espronceda attempts in his poetry a Blakean «marriage of heaven and hell». Moreover, the poet refers to several verses on Lucifer and his fall in chapter 14 of Isaiah. He treats the text of the scripture with profound irony as he utilizes it to elaborate his portraits of Teresa and of himself with (and without) her. In these allusions, Espronceda repeatedly reveals his unresolved ambivalance and «anxiety of influence», in the realm of aesthetics, as well as of ethics.
Murine models of human acute myeloid leukemia.

Primary human AML cells can be isolated and studied in vitro, but many experimental questions can only be addressed using in vivo models. In particular, tractable animal models are needed to test novel therapies. The genetic complexity of human AML poses significant challenges for the generation of reliable animal models.
LtrDetector: A modern tool-suite for detecting long terminal repeat retrotransposons de-novo on the genomic scale

Long terminal repeat retrotransposons are the most abundant transposons in plants. They play important roles in alternative splicing, recombination, gene regulation, and genomic evolution. Large-scale sequencing projects for plant genomes are currently underway. Software tools are important for annotating long terminal repeat retrotransposons in these newly available genomes. However, the available tools are not very sensitive to known elements and perform inconsistently on different genomes. Some are hard to install or obsolete. They may struggle to process large plant genomes. None are concurrent or have features to support manual review of new elements. To overcome these limitations, we developed LtrDetector, which uses signal-processing techniques. LtrDetector is easy to install and use. It is not species specific. It utilizes multi-core processors available in personal computers. It is more sensitive than other tools by 14.4%-50.8% while maintaining a low false positive rate on six plant genomes.
Time with Grandchildren: Subjective Well-Being Among Grandparents Living with Their Grandchildren

The share of children living with grandparents has increased in recent years. Previous studies have examined how time with grandparents is associated with child well-being, but we know little about how grandparents fare in their time with grandchildren. We used diary data from the American Time Use Study (ATUS) to examine the association between grandparents’ time in activities with grandchildren and multiple measures of their subjective well-being in those activities. We used a subsample of co-residential grandparents from the American Time Use Study (N = 868 individuals; 2474 activities), paying close attention to potential differences between three-generational families (those with parents, grandparents and grandchildren living together) and grandfamilies (which do not include the parent generation). We examined subjective well-being (happiness, meaning, sadness, tiredness and stress) in relation to family type (three-generational or grandfamily) and grandchild presence during the activity, as well as other characteristics of the activity (e.g., type of activity, duration, etc.) and of the grandparent (i.e., demographic variables). This is the first study to address grandparent SWB as affective response to activities in relation to presence of grandchildren during those activities. Results of multilevel models show that grandparents living with their grandchildren experienced more happiness and more meaningfulness when they engaged in activities with their grandchildren compared to spending time alone or with other people. This relationship was partially moderated by family type, such that grandfamily grandparents experienced less happiness in time with grandchildren than alone, relative to grandparents in three-generational families.
Converting among log scaling methods: Scribner, international, and doyle versus cubic

Sawlogs in the United States, whether scaled on the ground or cruised on the stump, have traditionally been measured in terms of their lumber yield. The three commonly used measurement rules generally underestimate true recoveries. Moreover, they do so inconsistently, complicating the comparisons of volumes obtained by different board foot rules as well as by the cubic rules used internationally. In particular, for smaller log diameters, the undercount of board foot volume by US log scales can rise sharply. As sizes available to sawmills have declined, the ratios between scaled and actual volumes have changed. Thus, the factors used to convert volumes from one system to another have become outdated. A transition to cubic would improve domestic log market transparency by reducing the worst inequities of board foot scales and making regional comparisons easier, and would create a level playing field internationally.
Snowmelt timing impacts on growing season phenology in the northern range of Yellowstone National Park estimated from MODIS satellite data

Trends and geographic patterns of change in vegetation phenology metrics and snowmelt timing from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data sets were analyzed for the Northern Range of Yellowstone National Park over the period 2001 to 2017. The main question posed in this analysis was “Where has the growing season length, amplitude, and integrated greenness cover changed over the past two decades on the Northern Range, particularly in relation to vegetation cover types and the timing of spring snowmelt?” Phenology metric patterns derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series at 250-m resolution were used to track changes in the growing season length, amplitude, and integrated greenness cover over the past two decades. Trend analysis showed that end of the growing season timing (EOST) and integrated greenness increased significantly over nearly 30% of the Northern Range study area, and NDVI amplitude increased significantly in several large drainages, particularly in shrub-grassland cover types. Significant variation in the start of the growing season (SOST), NDVI amplitude and integrated greenness could be further explained by the timing of spring snow melt. In years with relatively late snowmelt dates (after mid-May), higher plant growth was observed over the ensuing growing season, as captured in the amplitude and integrated greenness metrics, potentially due to elevated snow water inputs that can maintain available soil moisture levels for plant growth into the mid- and late-summer months. The ecological implications of an extended period in November–December when grassland and shrub biomass supplies remain relatively snow-free and readily accessible to grazing ungulates will require further assessments.
Exploring critical components of an integrated STEM curriculum: an application of the innovation implementation framework

Increased emphasis on accountability in education reform and evidence-based practices underscores the need for research on the implementation of K-12 curricular innovations. However, detailed accounts of research examining fidelity of implementation for K-12 STEM curricula remain relatively scarce. This paper illustrates the application of one frequently cited framework for exploring fidelity of implementation, the innovation implementation framework. The paper describes how this framework was applied to identify and describe the implementation of critical components of a newly developed middle school STEM curriculum. Drawing on classroom observations, student interviews, and teacher interviews, the paper provides illustrative findings and practical examples of methodology and instruments employed over the course of a 2-year study of curriculum implementation. The paper discusses three ways in which the innovation implementation framework enhanced our understanding of curriculum implementation: specifying critical components of the curriculum and their enactment, informing instrument design and data collection, and revealing implementation patterns. This paper provides support for the use of the innovation implementation framework to study the implementation of curricula developed within the context of research-practice partnerships. In addition to illustrating the application of the innovation implementation framework, the paper extends previous implementation work focused on efficacy and effectiveness studies to demonstrate the practical advantages of studying fidelity of implementation in the context of design and development projects.
Motion artifacts reduction in brain MRI by means of a deep residual network with densely connected multi-resolution blocks (DRN-DCMB)

Abstract Objective: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition is inherently sensitive to motion, and motion artifact reduction is essential for improving image quality in MRI. Methods: We developed a deep residual network with densely connected multi-resolution blocks (DRN-DCMB) model to reduce the motion artifacts in T1 weighted (T1W) spin echo images acquired on different imaging planes before and after contrast injection. The DRN-DCMB network consisted of multiple multi-resolution blocks connected with dense connections in a feedforward manner. A single residual unit was used to connect the input and output of the entire network with one shortcut connection to predict a residual image (i.e. artifact image). The model was trained with five motion-free T1W image stacks (pre-contrast axial and sagittal, and post-contrast axial, coronal, and sagittal images) with simulated motion artifacts. Results: In other 86 testing image stacks with simulated artifacts, our DRN-DCMB model outperformed other state-of-the-art deep learning models with significantly higher structural similarity index (SSIM) and improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (ISNR). The DRN-DCMB model was also applied to 121 testing image stacks appeared with various degrees of real motion artifacts. The acquired images and processed images by the DRN-DCMB model were randomly mixed, and image quality was blindly evaluated by a neuroradiologist. The DRN-DCMB model significantly improved the overall image quality, reduced the severity of the motion artifacts, and improved the image sharpness, while kept the image contrast. Conclusion: Our DRN-DCMB model provided an effective method for reducing motion artifacts and improving the overall clinical image quality of brain MRI.
Optogenetic activation of the inhibitory nigro-collicular circuit evokes orienting movements in mice

In contrast to predictions from the current model of basal ganglia (BG) function, we report here that increasing inhibition from the BG to the superior colliculus (SC) through the substantia nigra (nigra) using in vivo optogenetic activation of GABAergic terminals in mice, produces contralateral orienting movements. Orienting movements resulting from activation of inhibitory nigral terminals are unexpected because decreases and not increases, in nigral activity are generally associated with orienting movements. To determine how orienting movements may result from activation of inhibitory terminals, we performed a series of slice experiments and found that the same optogenetic stimulation of nigral terminals used in vivo, evoked post-inhibitory rebound depolarization and spiking in SC output neurons in vitro. Only high frequency (100Hz) stimulation evoked contralateral movements in vivo and triggered rebound spiking in vitro. The latency of orienting movements relative to the stimulation in vivo was similar to the latency of rebound spiking in vitro. Taken together, our results point toward a novel hypothesis that inhibition from the BG may play an active rather than passive role in the generation of orienting movements in mice.
Exact decoding of the sequentially Markov coalescent

In statistical genetics, the sequentially Markov coalescent (SMC) is an important framework for approximating the distribution of genetic variation data under complex evolutionary models. Methods based on SMC are widely used in genetics and evolutionary biology, with significant applications to genotype phasing and imputation, recombination rate estimation, and inferring population history. SMC allows for likelihood-based inference using hidden Markov models (HMMs), where the latent variable represents a genealogy. Because genealogies are continuous, while HMMs are discrete, SMC requires discretizing the space of trees in a way that is complicated and can lead to bias. In this work, we propose a method that circumvents this requirement, enabling SMC-based inference to be performed in the natural setting of a continuous state space. We derive fast, exact methods for frequentist and Bayesian inference using SMC. Compared to existing methods, ours requires minimal user intervention or parameter tuning, no numerical optimization or E-M, and is faster and more accurate.
Recognizing Cayley Digraphs

A criterion is developed that decides in a finite number of steps whether a finite digraph is a Cayley digraph of some group. In the process, a class of algebraic structure more general than groups...
Predicting Crack Growth in Multiple Degradation Experiment with Dynamic Bayesian Network

Ships and marine structures are subjected to fatigue damage from repeated fluctuating loads. Predicting crack growth is important for increasing structural safety and service life, however few approaches currently deal with multiple cracks in a complex structural system. To mimic many of the properties of larger and more complex marine structures in a laboratory-level experiment, a hexagon tension specimen with four propagating fatigue cracks on each corner is designed and tested. This specimen replicates the properties of a marine structure with redundant load paths, crack interaction and component to system level integration. The applied loading cycles and corresponding crack lengths are recorded as major time-varying data of degradation state which is used to evaluate the performance of a dynamic Bayesian network for predicting crack growth. The dynamic Bayesian network models the time-varying process with sequential slices. The dependence among components are controlled by hyperparameters and are integrated into complex system behavior to reflect the structure from components level to system level. The ability of network to predict the experiment is assessed.
“Allow Me a Confession: I Love America”

This chapter examines Kristeva’s take on the United States, providing a vital part of the dialogue with American critics’ engagement with her thought. I focus on fundamental concepts underlying her writing, for example, the relationship between the psyche and the external world as well as the power of metaphor. Especially in her essays, Kristeva also elaborates in clear and cogent terms an oppositional idea of freedom as our most valuable strength as human beings via a discussion of the philosophical foundations of her thinking. Such freedom is unlike the American notion of liberty, which often engages one in pragmatically adapting to the marketplace. I demonstrate that, beginning with the 1998 essay, “Europhilia-Europhobia,” Kristeva’s analysis of the dyad psyche/society continues to be powerful, if to some extent problematic, for American writers.
Scapular motion is accelerated in asymptomatic individuals with dyskinesis: An observational study.

Abstract Introduction Individuals with shoulder and upper extremity pathology often present with altered scapular motion. Few studies have looked at variations in scapular acceleration as a way of quantifying scapular motion. The purpose was to determine the effectiveness of wireless accelerometers for detecting changes in acceleration in individuals with scapular dyskinesis. Materials/methods Twenty-seven asymptomatic college students (mean age 24 (SD ± 1.54), 65% female, 93% right handed) were visually screened for scapular dyskinesis using previously described criteria. Of the students recruited, fifteen students were determined to have scapular dyskinesis. After securing a wireless accelerometer (MyoResearch 3D DTS) on the dominate scapula, the participants performed five repetitions of standing scaption from 0 to 140°. Linear scapular accelerations along three orthogonal axes (frontal-y, transverse-z, and sagittal-x) were collected. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3, k) were used to determine the between day intra-rater reliability while a one-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences in acceleration between those with and without dyskinesis. Results There was good between day intra-rater reliability for the average of all three axes (ICC = 0.79) and for the x and y axes (ICC > 0.78). Reliability was poor (ICC = 0.31) for the z-axis. There was a significant increase in overall acceleration of the scapula in those with dyskinesis (p = .039). There was also a significant increase in acceleration along the y-axis for those with dyskinesis (p = .003) but not for the other axes (p > .16). Conclusion Wireless accelerometers reliably quantify scapular acceleration in healthy individuals. In a healthy population with dyskinesis, the overall magnitude of scapular acceleration was greater when compared to a healthy group without dyskinesis.
Partial compensation for coarticulatory vowel nasalization across concatenative and neural text-to-speech

This study investigates the perception of coarticulatory vowel nasality generated using different text-to-speech (TTS) methods in American English. Experiment 1 compared concatenative and neural TTS using a 4IAX task, where listeners discriminated between a word pair containing either both oral or nasalized vowels and a word pair containing one oral and one nasalized vowel. Vowels occurred either in identical or alternating consonant contexts across pairs to reveal perceptual sensitivity and compensatory behavior, respectively. For identical contexts, listeners were better at discriminating between oral and nasalized vowels in neural than in concatenative TTS for nasalized same-vowel trials, but better discrimination for concatenative TTS was observed for oral same-vowel trials. Meanwhile, listeners displayed less compensation for coarticulation in neural than in concatenative TTS. To determine whether apparent roboticity of the TTS voice shapes vowel discrimination and compensation patterns, a “roboticized” version of neural TTS was generated (monotonized f0 and addition of an echo), holding phonetic nasality constant; a ratings study (experiment 2) confirmed that the manipulation resulted in different apparent roboticity. Experiment 3 compared the discrimination of unmodified neural TTS and roboticized neural TTS: listeners displayed lower accuracy in identical contexts for roboticized relative to unmodified neural TTS, yet the performances in alternating contexts were similar.
Older and Wiser? Age Moderates the Association Between Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms in American Indians and Alaska Natives.

Objectives: To examine age differences in the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among urban American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN). Methods: A sample of 303 urban AI/AN (18-78 years old) reported on lifetime and past-week experiences of racial discrimination and depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were regressed on racial discrimination, age, and their interaction, adjusting for demographic factors and other life stressors. Results: Lifetime and past-week discrimination were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and these associations were stronger among younger than older adult AI/AN. Discussion: The results are consistent with prior reports in other populations, but this is the first such study to focus on AI/AN, and it highlights the importance of considering life course perspectives. Conclusions are limited by the cross-sectional nature of the data. Longitudinal and qualitative work is needed to understand why discrimination may have a stronger effect on mental health for younger than older AI/AN.
Isolation of the Cadmium Derivative of Lipoyl Dehydrogenase

Abstract Reduced lipoamide dehydrogenase reacts with cadmium ion to form a moderately stable compound characterized by 1 g atom of cadmium bound per mole of flavin adenine dinucleotide, a modified spectrum in the visible region, and altered reactivity with electron acceptor substrates. The 450-mµ band is shifted to the blue and the 370-mµ shoulder is lost. On storage, the spectrum of the cadmium-lipoyl dehydrogenase complex tends to return to that of the unmodified enzyme. Alkylated lipoyl dehydrogenase, inactive in the DPNH-lipoamide dehydrogenase reaction, forms the corresponding cadmium compound. The latter appears more stable than the cadmium compound of the unalkylated enzyme. The activity profile of the cadmium compound is characterized by increased rates of 2,6-dichloroindophenol and quinone reductase, little change in ferricyanide reductase, decreased pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, and highly inhibited DPNH-lipoamide dehydrogenase activity.
Roentgen Ray Methods Applied to the Grading of Early Life

(1910). Roentgen Ray Methods Applied to the Grading of Early Life. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 396-420.
Binding of Vibrio cholera toxin and the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli to GM1, derivatives of GM1, and nonlipid oligosaccharide polyvalent ligands.

Abstract Vibrio cholera toxin and the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli have been shown to differ somewhat in their ligand specificity and in the antigenicity of their binding sites. Therefore, the components of the oligosaccharide portion of GM1 bound by cholera toxin and the heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli were identified by determining the concentration of GM1, derivatives of GM1, oligosaccharide isolated from GM1, or clustered oligosaccharide needed to inhibit toxin binding to GM1-coated plastic wells. The KIs for GM1, the C(7) sialosyl alcohol [corrected] of GM1, and ethanolamine-sialosyl-GM1 were similar (approximately 30-50 nM) for both toxins. N-Deacetylation of GM1 resulted in a small increase in KI; formation of the sialosyl methyl ester increased the KI 2-5 fold; loss of the terminal galactosyl residue (GM2) increased the KI by 10-15-fold; and removal of the sialosyl moiety (asialo-GM1) resulted in loss of inhibition of both toxins. Oligosaccharide isolated from GM1 had a KI for both toxins that was approximately 100-fold greater than that obtained for GM1 and approximately 1000-fold greater than that for a clustered oligosaccharide derivative having an average of 8 oligosaccharide residues (isolated from GM1) per molecule of poly-L-lysine. These results indicate that both toxins are functionally quite similar in their recognition of GM1 as a ligand in that each requires the free carboxyl group of sialic acid for optimum binding, does not need carbons 8 and 9 of the sialosyl moiety nor the acetyl groups associated with the sialic acid and galactosamine residues, and can have its binding to GM1 blocked by a nonlipid compound, i.e. oligo-GM1-poly-L-lysine.
In memoriam David C. Seldin, MD, PhD.

Our beloved colleague, David C. Seldin died on 27 June 2015 of prostate cancer. He was 58 years old. David was a distinguished professor, brilliant investigator, and a caring physician. He was a Pr...
JPL pulsar timing observations. I. The VELA pulsar.

It is found through an analysis of 12 years of arrival time data for PSR 0833-45, by fitting a model of the pulse period to the data in a least-squares sense, that there exist regions of exceptionally stable behavior in which rms residuals are typically about 40 microsec. In addition, each residual exhibits a significant period parameter second derivative which is found to change little within a given interjump era. Parameter changes in the period P, and the derivatives introduced by each of the four large observed jumps in period, are recomputed to demonstrate that the post-jump decay is nearly exponential in form. It is found that random fluctuations in P are an order of magnitude less than the systematic variations caused by the seond derivative period parameter, whose component associated with the general slowdown of the pulsar can be reliably measured when the observations span 55 years or more.
GROWTH AND CYCLES, IN THE MODE OF MARX AND SCHUMPETER

I propose a theory of endogenous growth and cycles under competitive conditions. Firms choose how many workers to hire, how much to invest, and which technologies to use. New capacity, embodying labor-saving technologies, is costlier than old one but allows for a lower wage bill. The interaction between labor-saving innovations and changes in the relative price of labor is the source of growth cycles.
ROSAT High Resolution Imager observations of three magnetic cataclysmic variables: EP Draconis, EUVE J2115 - 58, and AR Ursae majoris

I present ROSAT HRI observations of the magnetic cataclysmic variables EP Dra, EUVE J2115-58, and AR UMa. The HRI light curve for EP Dra shows the typical polar behavior for one-pole accretion. When the data from a 1993 PSPC observation are phased correctly, the PSPC and HRI light curves appear nearly identical in behavior. The eclipses differ in width, however. The PSPC eclipse is about half the width of the HRI eclipse, suggesting that the HRI eclipse is a combined eclipse and stream occultation. The EUVE J2115-58 observation was obtained in two parts approximately 180 days apart. The count rates differ by a factor of 3 between the two epochs. The X-ray data do not resolve the period ambiguity, because the light curves look very similar when folded on every published period. A period search using the longer observation yields two periods of 102.6 and 110.4 minutes. The HRI observation for AR UMa occurred during an off state. AR UMa is detected at a significance level of 3 σ at a luminosity of ~4 × 1029 ergs s-1, which likely arises from the M dwarf companion.
Kinetic Modeling of the Oxidation of Ammonia in Flames

Abstract We have investigated theoretically a variety of burner-stabilized and freely propagating NH3/2 and NH3/H2/2. flames. The agreement between theory and experiment is generally good except, perhaps, for very rich flames, where it appears that the kinetic model may be missing important pyrolysis steps. Nevertheless, the important NO and N2 formation reactions can be identified. In lean flames, nitric oxide is produced primarily through the nitroxyl (HNO intermediate, formed either by the reaction of NH2. with oxygen atoms or NH with hydroxyl and oxygen molecules. Similarly, in lcan flames conversion of NO to N2. is by reaction with NH2 or NH, forming NNH or N2.O as intermediates. Under richer conditions NH2.and NH are rapidly converted to nitrogen atoms, and the extended Zel'dovich mechanism becomes responsible for NO formation and the conversion of NO to N2. In addition to our analysis of the nitric oxide production and destruction paths, we find from a sensitivity analysis that the most important r...
When domestic goes capital: juror decision making in capital murder trials involving domestic homicide

Prior research suggests that homicide cases involving familial offenders and victims are subject to a "domestic discount" that reduces sentencing severity. However, the operation of a domestic discount in regard to death penalty sentencing has been rarely examined. The current research uses a near-population of jury decisions in capital murder trials conducted in North Carolina from 1991 to 2009 (n = 800), and a series of logistic regression analyses to determine whether there is (a) a direct effect between offender-victim relationship (e.g., domestic, friend/acquaintance, and stranger) and jury decision making, and/or (b) whether domestic offender-victim relationship (as well as other offender-victim relationships) moderates the effect of legal and extralegal case characteristics on jury assessment of the death penalty. Our findings revealed no empirical support for a "domestic discount" whereby juries are less likely to impose death sentences in cases involving domestic homicides. However, substantial differences in predictors of death sentencing were found across offender-victim dyads; most notably, domestic homicide cases demonstrated the most legalistic model of jury decisions to impose death sentences.
Interrelation of exposure and exposure rate in germinating seeds of barley and its concurrence with dose-rate theory

Germinating seeds of barley ( Hordeum vulgare ‘Himalaya’) were irradiated with 137 Cs gamma rays at various combinations of total exposure (400–3200 R) and exposure rate (30–24,000 R/hr). Seedling height was measured 5 days after the initiation of irradiation and the various levels of growth inhibition produced by each combination of treatments were determined. The results obtained ranged from no effect on growth to 100 per cent growth inhibition. Growth inhibition curves based on both total exposure and exposure rate were constructed. The exposures required to produce 20 and 35 per cent growth inhibition at each exposure rate were determined, 35 per cent growth inhibition being the highest level that could be determined over the entire range of rates used (20 per cent growth inhibition was used for comparative purposes). For both levels of growth inhibition, as exposure rate increased (or, concomitantly, as exposure time decreased), the total exposure required to produce the end point decreased (effectiveness increased) as a straight line relationship on a double logarithmic plot between 30 and 1500 R/hr (0·03 to 0·3 hr exposure time). Above 1500 R/hr, further increases in exposure rate (or decreases in exposure time) increased the total exposure required for a given effect, i.e., effectiveness decreased. Conversion of exposure rate to exposure time demonstrates this point of change in effectiveness to occur well within one mitotic cycle. These results are discussed with regard to current dose-rate theory and are at least partially consistent therewith. A straight-line dependency of the exposure rate producing maximum growth inhibition on total exposure is shown. The point at which the combinations of exposure and exposure rate for 35 per cent growth inhibition occurs is restricted to barley, and may differ for other species. This may depend on chromosome size or DNA content and/or the mitotic cycle time characteristic of a species.
Magnetically stabilized fluidized beds with time-varying magnetic fields

Abstract This work compares the experimental and theoretical behavior of fluidized beds of magnetizable particles stabilized by alternating current magnetic fields and beds stabilized using steady, direct current magnetic fields. The measured velocity of transition to bubbling is a monotonically increasing function of frequency that approaches the steady DC value as the frequency of the time-varying field increases. A corresponding equation for evolution of voidage perturbation in a bed with AC excitation is derived. The equation contains a time-periodic coefficient and so is analysed for temporal stability using Floquet theory for comparison with the measurements. Bed fluidity, determined by angle of repose measurements, solids discharge tests, and yield stress measurements, is promoted when using a time-varying field, thus giving directional support to the model assumption of an inviscid particulates phase.
Causal attributions and perceptions of leadership

Abstract The potential importance of causal ascriptions in determining perceptions of leadership were investigated. Observer—subjects (N = 128) viewed one of two videotapes of the same four-person problem solving group with the salience of the group's leader, the existence of alternative causal explanations for performance, and the group's performance being manipulated. Although causal ascriptions and perceptions of leadership were each affected by the experimental manipulations as hypothesized, our results suggested that explicit causal analyses were unnecessary for explaining leadership perceptions. The data appeared to be more consistent with cognitive categorization processes that have recently been proposed as a model of leadership perceptions.
ON THE NECESSITY OF PRODUCTION AMPLITUDES IN S-MATRIX THEORY. II.

Abstract It is shown that as a consequence of consistency between unitarity and crossing relations, production amplitudes are necessary in two-particle scattering with any spins and isotopic spins. The proof assumes that the scattering amplitudes satisfy the analytically requirements of the Mandelstam representation with a finite number of subtractions.
Teaching process dynamics and control using an industrial-scale real-time computing environment

This article describes how an industrial-scale real-time computing platform, namely, the Honeywell TDC3000, has been incorporated into the undergraduate process control course at Arizona State University. The mixing tank dynamics and gas-oil furnace control experiments described here are among 11 laboratory exercises developed for this course which provide students with unique insights on life-cycle issues in control, real-time system architecture and information needs, and the benefits of "off-line" computer-aided design tools. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pro-carcinogenic activity of β-carotene, a putative systemic photoprotectant

β-carotene is a strong singlet oxygen quencher and antioxidant. Epidemiologic studies have implied that an above average intake of the carotenoid might reduce cancer risks. Earlier studies found that the carotenoid, when added to commercial closed-formula rodent diets, provided significant photoprotection against UV-carcinogenesis in mice. Clinical intervention trials found that β-carotene supplementation evoked no change in incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer. However, when smokers were supplemented with the carotenoid a significant increase in lung cancer resulted. Recently, employing a β-carotene supplemented semi-defined diet, not only was no photoprotective effect found, but significant exacerbation of UV-carcinogenesis occurred. Earlier, a mechanism, based upon redox potential of interacting antioxidants, was proposed in which β-carotene participated with vitamins E and C to efficiently repair oxy radicals and, thus, thought to provide photoprotection. In this schema, α-tocopherol would first intercept an oxy radical. In terminating the radical-propagating reaction, the tocopherol radical cation is formed which, in turn, is repaired by β-carotene to form the carotenoid radical cation. This radical is repaired by ascorbic acid (vitamin C). As the carotenoid radical cation is a strongly oxidizing radical, unrepaired it could contribute to the exacerbating effect on UV-carcinogenesis. Thus, vitamin C levels could influence the levels of the pro-oxidant carotenoid radical cation. However, when hairless mice were fed β-carotene supplemented semi-defined diet with varying levels of vitamin C (0–5590 mg kg−1 diet) no effect on UV-carcinogenesis was observed. Lowering α-tocopherol levels did result in further increase of β-carotene exacerbation, suggesting β-carotene and α-tocopherol interaction. It was concluded that the non-injurious or protective effect of β-carotene found in the closed-formula rations might depend on interaction with other dietary factors that are absent in the semi-defined diet. At present, β-carotene use as a dietary supplement for photoprotection should be approached cautiously.
Theory and design of Smith-Purcell semiconductor THz sources

We recently proposed a room-temperature semiconductor THz source that operates via Smith-Purcell radiation of Gunn domains. We present simulation results of an optimized narrowband design that generates 0.4mW at 0.3THz and 1.1uW at 2.5THz and discuss preliminary results towards the design of a room-temperature chip-scale THz synthesizer.
Statistical analysis of winter ozone events

We have developed quadratic regression models that predict the daily ozone concentration in either the Uintah Basin (UB) of Utah, USA, or the Upper Green River Basin (UGRB) of Wyoming, USA. Sites selected for study are ozone stations near the towns of Ouray, Utah, in the UB and Boulder, Wyoming, in the UGRB. Input data for the UB model are daily values of lapse rate, snow depth, solar angle, temperature, and the number of consecutive days under inversion conditions. The UGRB model also requires the wind speed. Standard errors are 10 and 5 ppb for the UB and the UGRB, respectively. The models have been optimized to predict seasonal exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), i.e., the number of times each season that the daily maximum in the eight-hour running average exceeds 75 ppb, and they perform in this regard to an accuracy of ±1 day. (However, Ouray is not at this time a regulatory site for judging compliance with federal law.) We predict that any given winter will be NAAQS compliant with 44 % odds in the UB and with 60 % odds in the UGRB. We have estimated the ozone production for each winter in the UB since 1950, under the assumption that precursor emissions are at modern values.
The primal route to the turnpike and asymptotic stability

Abstract Asymptotic turnpike theorems in the case where the future is discounted are traditionally derived under the assumptions that a utility function is twice differentiable and that is Hessian is negative definite. Replacing these assumptions by a weaker one. I give a proof of the theorem simpler than existing ones.
Effects of α-MSH on motivation, vigilance and brain respiration☆

In a series of experiments designed to assess the effects of alpha-MSH on various motivational processes, it was observed that the hormone can slightly decrease food intake and increase water consumption during the first hr after administration in rats. alpha-MSH also modified avoidance behavior in 1- and 3-day-old chicks, but there were no reliable effects on activity, distress vocalizations and the tonic immobility response. alpha-MSH appeared to modulate the sleep-waking activity of rats, and the most prominent effect was an increase of slow wave sleep during the 2-3 rd hr after treatment. A possible second effect was a homogenization of sleep patterns--with poor sleepers exhibiting increases of activated sleep and good sleepers a reduction. Measurement of in vitro brain oxygen consumption indicated that mice treated with alpha-MSH exhibit an 18% reduction in respiration of the brain stem section which includes the locus coeruleus, but did not reliably change respiration in forebrain cortices. alpha-MSH also produced a modest 14% increase of plasma glucose. These results are discussed in terms of possible modulation by alpha-MSH of activity in central autonomic cell groups such as the locus coeruleus.
Accumulation and release of pituitary vasopressin in rats heterozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus.

Rats heterozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) and normal rats of the same strain were subjected to 4 days of water deprivation and 5 days of subsequent rehydration. Pituitary vasopressin depletion was 57 % as rapid in the rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus as in normal rats even though the osmotic stimulus to vasopressin release was greater. The heterozygotes excreted a greater volume of more dilute urine throughout the period of dehydration. Pituitary vasopressin reaccumulation in the abnormal rats during rehydration was only 38% of the rate for the normal rats. There was no dissociation between biologically and immunologically measurable pituitary vasopressin in the rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus at any time period. The data indicate that bhe defect in the Brattleboro strain of diabetes insipidus rats is one involving both synthesis and release of vasopressin, with only the synthesis defect being apparent in the homozygous rat. The heterozygous rat appears to...
The Formation and Growth of a Stabilized Spark Discharge

The production and properties of a spatially stabilized atmospheric pressure spark discharge are described. Nanosecond experiments are reported on controlled discharge formation via an electronically driven, quarter wave, current injection spark source at repetition rates up to 3000 per second. Formation of electrode space charges, acceptance of current by the discharge, electrode erosion, time-resolved spectral output, and potential analytical applications are treated. Chemical mechanisms for discharge formation and growth from electrically generated metastable argon are presented. Methods for high precision stroboscopic discharge observation are developed and used for verification of stabilization processes.