cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WISIP conference Part II: Polarimetric Interferometry. An Introduction of Keynote and Invited Papers with Overview of Sessions

During the past decade, two seemingly independent imaging sciences have advanced to maturity (I) Wideband (SAR) Polarimetry (UWB-POL-SAR), as discussed in Part I ofthese SPIE 3 120 Conference Proceedings, and (ii) Topographic Interferometric SAR (TOP-InSAR), which has become of considerable interest in Digital Elevation Mapping (DEM). In addition, with the rapid perfection ofDifferential Global electronic satellite Positioning Systems (D-GPS), Repeat-Pass Differential Interferometric SAR (RP-D-InSAR) has been realized with satellite (ERS-112, JERS) and airborne dual-antenna interferometer SAR systems (NASA-JPL-TOP-SAR, DCRS EMI-SAR; DLR-E-SAR, EREM-IFSAR, NAWC-QUAD-SAR, etc.)1'2. In conceptually extending generalized vector (polarization) holography, it follows directly that the complete utilization of polarimetric (dual channel: scattering matrix) radar (SAR) systems should strongly improve on the performance ofboth single-platform dual antennas and on repeat-pass (long-temporal baseline) radar (SAR) interferometry3. The benefits are two-fold in that polarimetric speckle reduction can be achieved, by means of the polarization-extended "Lee filter" of Jong-Sen Lee and coworkers at NRL-RSD/ISS, and interferometric phase coherence can strongly be enhanced with the implementation of Cloude's PIPCO (Polarimetric Interferometric Phase Coherence Optimization) algorithm. This is being demonstrated in papers by Cloude and Papathanassiou at DLR-Oberpfaffenhofen in coordination with Lee, Ainsworth, Schuler and coworkers ofNRL-RSD/ISS, Washington, DC, utilizing one ofthe ideally-matching repeat-pass pairs of the recent SIR-C/X-SAR Mission 2, Tien-San Tracks 122.20 (94 Oct. 08) and 154.20 (94 Oct. 09) L/C-band POL-D-InSAR Image Overlays within the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Division, Buriat Natural Sciences Center (RAS-SDBNSC) SE Baikal Lake, Selenga Delta geo/eco-environmental Sanctuary, the "Kudara Polygon" for which various institutes ofthe RAS-SD-BNSC have collected extensive geographic (geo-ecological and geo-tectonic environmental information and vegetative/eco-agriculture, forestry, urbanization, wildlife and fisheries, etc.) groundtruth data over the past several decades2. By coincidence, this tectonically active region ofthe Kudara Polygon lies within the Mid-Asian Baikal Tectonic Rift Zone of the Hovsogol/Mongolia - Baikal/BuriatiaLakes Basin; and is hence well-suited for serving as a test site for developing RPPOL-D-InSAR technology by implementation ofvarious image feature characterization algorithms such as Cloude-Pottier polarimetric "Entropy versus Anisotropy (H-ct) " andthe Cloude-Papathanassiou PIPCO concepts. Part II ofthese SPIE 3 120 Conference Proceedings contains the first complete records ofthis impressive advancement accomplished in spaceborne RP-POL-D-InSAR during the past three years.
Low-frequency intensity noise in semiconductor lasers

The low-frequency intensity noise at 25 MHz of a Fabry–Perot semiconductor laser is measured as a function of injection current. All the measurements are taken at room temperature and the laser is operated with a commercial current source (the conditions under which laser diodes are often used). At the highest injection current of twice threshold, the intensity noise is 5.5 dB above the shot-noise limit. When the longitudinal side mode suppression of the laser is 20 dB or larger, the intensity noise is modeled adequately by an expression derived from the single-mode, small-signal, linearized, semiclassical rate equations. All the parameters used in the theory are derived or referenced.
The anatomy and biochemistry of myelin and myelination

Despite advances in peripheral nerve repair techniques, complete functional recovery is seldom achieved. To understand the nerve’s regenerative capacity, it is necessary to understand its developmental and functional anatomy and its cellular constituents. This article serves to review the role of Schwann cell and myelination in normal and injured peripheral nerves. Schwann cells not only help to improve action potential conduction velocity, but recent studies have shown that these cells also play an important role in neural function. Schwann cell-mediated diseases such as type I Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, multiple sclerosis, and chronic nerve compression injury secondarily affect the function and organization of neurons to produce neural dysfunction.
Use of High Intensity Milling and Equal Channel Angular Extrusion to Produce and Consolidate Nanostructured Titanium Silicide

The focus of this research is on (a) the use of mechanical alloying (MA) to produce nanostructured titanium silicide (Ti5 Si3 ) powder and (b) use of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) for powder consolidation to preserve the fine scale structure achieved via mechanical alloying. MA is a high-intensity ball milling process that can be used to produce nanocrystalline and amorphous powders. A 23 factorial design is applied to optimize the process and study the effect of MA parameters (milling time, milling speed, ball-to-powder ratio) on the grain size of powder. ECAE is a process that produces intense and uniform plastic deformation caused by simple shear of the material. A 4 × 2 factorial design was used to study the effect of ECAE parameters (number of extrusions, billet orientation, temperature) on the properties of the final product. The final product possesses a grain size of less than 20 nanometers.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Comments on "Synthesis of Multiple-Input Change Asynchronous Machines Using Controlled Excitation and Flip-Flops"

Mealy synchronous machines cannot be implemented by Chuang and Das"1 procedure for multiple-input change asynchronous circuits. The circuit must be changed to handle this common type of machine.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ru–Al–Mo alloys

Abstract Alloys in the Ru–Al–Mo system were investigated and the microstructure and phase compositions of alloys produced by arc-melting and by a cold crucible Czochralski technique were examined. Two sets of alloys were examined. One consisted of eutectic microstructures between RuAl and a bcc (Mo, Ru) solid solution. The RuAl–(Mo, Ru) eutectic was found to have a room temperature yield stress of 1500 MPa. The microstructures from the other set of alloys consisted of RuAl and a hcp(Ru, Mo) solid solution. For these alloys, a change from eutectic to peritectic solidification occurs as the Mo concentration increases. The RuAl–hcp(Ru, Mo) eutectic microstructure was found to consist of RuAl fibers embedded in a (Ru, Mo) matrix. A near eutectic RuAl–(Ru, Mo) alloy was found to have a room temperature fracture toughness above 35 MPa√m.
Architecture of web services interface for a Home Energy Management system

This paper proposes a web-based architecture to enable information retrieval and appliance management for a Home Energy Management (HEM) system. With the proposed architecture, homeowners can monitor their basic energy usage information, and can perform necessary appliance management based on their pre-defined load priority, preferences, and comfort settings. The proposed architecture is designed based on the Standard Energy Usage Information (PAP10), which ensures interoperability among smart grid equipment. It is also designed with comprehensive security measures. It is expected that the proposed architecture can serve as a reference model for custom hardware designs and implementation of a real time, lightweight and reliable embedded web server for HEM applications in the smart grid environment.
Ocular inserts for controlled release of antibiotics

Ocular inserts impregnated with antibiotics (erythromycin and erythromycin estolate) which have sustained release characteristics were prepared, mainly for the purpose of trachoma therapy. In vitro experiments showed that the elution rate of a drug with low solubility in water (erythromycin estolate) is constant when the water content of the hydrogel insert is more than 30%. In the case of a drug with higher solubility (erythromycin), the elution rate depends on the water content. Some in vivo experiments using rabbit eyes were also reported.
Recent Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide

Measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) in air samples collected from 27 locations between 71°N and 41°S show that atmospheric levels of this gas have decreased worldwide over the past 2 to 5 years. During this period, CO decreased at nearly a constant rate in the high northern latitudes. In contrast, in the tropics an abrupt decrease occurred beginning at the end of 1991. In the Northern Hemisphere, CO decreased at a spatially and temporally averaged rate of 7.3 (±0.9) parts per billion per year (6.1 percent per year) from June 1990 to June 1993, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere, CO decreased 4.2 (±0.5) parts per billion per year (7.0 percent per year). This recent change is opposite a long-term trend of a 1 to 2 percent per year increase inferred from measurements made in the Northern Hemisphere during the past 30 years.
Equilibrium structure of a triblock copolymer system revealed by mesoscale simulation and neutron scattering

Abstract We have performed both mesoscale simulations and neutron scattering experiments on Pluronic L62, a poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer system in aqueous solution. The influence of simulation variables such PEO/PPO block ratio, interaction parameters, and coarse-graining methods is extensively investigated by covering all permutations of parameters found in the literatures. Upon increasing the polymer weight fraction from 50 wt% to 90 wt%, the equilibrium structure of the isotropic, reverse micellar, bicontinuous, worm-like micelle network, and lamellar phases are respectively predicted from the simulation depending on the choices of simulation parameters. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements show that the same polymer systems exhibit the spherical micellar, lamellar, and reverse micellar phases with the increase of the copolymer concentration at room temperature. Detailed structural analysis and comparison with simulations suggest that one of the simulation parameter sets can provide reasonable agreement with the experimentally observed structures.
Characterization of [M + 14] and [M + 28] anions formed during negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry of 2-chloro-s-triazines

The results of a systematic study of the [M + 14]−. and [M + 28]−. adducts observed in the methane-enhanced negative ion mass spectra of several 2-chloro-s-triazine compounds are presented. Using argon and methane-d4 as alternative enhancement gases for negative chemical ionization, as well as high-resolution accurate mass measurements, it is shown that the methane gas is the source of the species responsible for formation of the adducts. Data from collisionally activated decomposition tandem mass spectrometric experiments and from some model compounds suggest that the NH bond of the s-triazine is the site on the substrate for reaction with the methane gas.
Military GPS handheld display development: past, present, and future

The military Precision Lightweight Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver or 'PLGR' hand-held product eliminated many technical barriers to bring a low cost 'commercial' transflective display to be a standard military issue. This low cost display, combined with silicone keypad, provides a human interface that has been extremely successful at a current rate of 190 units built per day. With the PLGR and more recent PLGR-II success in meeting the challenges of the military GPS market with a low-cost display, the PLGR is now a platform to provide affordable military-commercial display solutions for the future. The paper will provide technical background on the display provided for the initial GPS hand- held award and the technology changes that were based on the voice of the customer. The display performance in the areas of contrast, Night Vision Goggle (NVG) compatibility, backlighting, and off axis viewability will be presented. Current and future challenges in hand-held and vehicular GPS products will also be presented with possible applications of new display technologies.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reconstructing diet and behavior in bioarchaeological groups using incisor microwear texture analysis

Diet and behavioral strategies of modern humans are examined through several indirect and direct lenses. One of the direct lenses is dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), which examines enamel texture signatures associated with food fracture properties or behavioral regimes. While molar texture signatures are linked to dietary proclivities, those of incisors appear to reflect diet, abrasives, and non-dietary anterior tooth use behaviors. This study builds upon previous research of incisor microwear textures with the addition of six recent modern human groups. This expands the known database of incisor microwear textures to 11 bioarchaeological samples. Dental microwear textures from six bioarchaeological samples (n = 142) were collected using a white-light confocal profiler with a 100× objective lens. High-resolution casts of maxillary central incisors were scanned for clean, antemortem microwear textures. Four adjacent scans of the labial surface, nearest the incisal edge, were created, defects were removed, and scans were characterized for microwear textures using SFrax and Toothfrax scale-sensitive fractal analysis software packages. Results show that the samples differ significantly from each other in four texture variables: anisotropy, textural fill volume, heterogeneity, and complexity. These data strengthen previous hypotheses concerning anisotropy and textural fill volume as indicators of non-dietary anterior tooth use and anterior loading regimes, respectively. Moreover, while heterogeneity indicates abrasive load exposure, this measure may be exacerbated by non-dietary behaviors. Complexity is found to be significant in the current study and may reflect a balance between abrasive loads and non-dietary regimes.
Job choice and post decision dissonance

The job choice and post decision attitudes and behavior of 431 accounting students were studied. Data on the attractiveness of working for different firms was shown to be a good predictor of both the job application and the job choice behavior of the individuals. Data collected after the job choice decision was made showed that the chosen firms increased in attractiveness after choice and the rejected firms decreased. After one year of employment, the subjects rated all firms lower in attractiveness than they had before they applied for jobs. It was concluded that attitudes toward firm attractiveness determine job choice behavior and that job choice behavior influences post employment attitudes about firm attractiveness.
The ATPase subunit 6 gene of tobacco mitochondria contains an unusual sequence.

We have isolated and characterized the F0-ATPase subunit 6 gene (atp6) from tobacco mitochondria. The tobacco sequence exists as a single copy, is transcribed and contains an open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding a peptide of 395 amino acids. The first 130 amino acids of the tobacco putative polypeptide show limited homology with the N terminus predicted for the maize ATPase subunit 6. Although poorly conserved at the sequence level, the tobacco and maize amino termini are hydrophilic and have a high percentage of charged amino acids. This portion of the predicted peptide may represent a presequence that is common to the ATPase subunit 6 of plants. Significant homology between tobacco and maize begins with amino acid 131, in a region that is highly conserved among fungal ATPase 6 subunits. In the remainder of the predicted protein, tobacco and maize share approximately 81% homology. A 41 by sequence and a 175 by conserved region found upstream from the tobacco atp6 coding region are homologous with sequence elements found in the 5′ flanking regions of other plant mitochondrial genes and may be important for regulation and expression of the atp6 gene.
Many-Dimensional Generalized Moment Representations and Padé -Type Approximants for Functions of Many Variables

We propose an approach to the construction of multidimensional Pad´e-type approximants for analytic functions based on the extension of Dzyadyk’s method of generalized moment representations.
A cost analysis of the lumber and plywood industries in two Pacific Northwest sub-regions

Translog cost models are used to represent production technologies for the Pacific Northwest lumber and plywood industries. Expressions for cost elasticities are obtained along with measures for derived demand, factor substitution, and biased technological change. Emphasis is placed on the behavior of costs over output, the derived demand and substitutability of inputs due to changes in factor prices and technology, and the resulting effects on product prices. Estimation results over the 1950–79 sample period suggest the presence of output economies in specific industries, a potential impact of reduced factor prices, and the lack of a consistent trend in technological change across products and regional industries.
Origins of fine aerosol mass in the western United States using positive matrix factorization

[1] In order to evaluate the impact of Asian dust to the air quality of North America, a relatively new type of factor analysis, positive matrix factorization (PMF), was applied to the PM2.5 particle composition data obtained at two high elevated sampling sites in the western United States from Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) program. These two sites are Crater Lake National Park (1981m) and Lassen Volcanic National Park (1798m). PMF can provide optimal point-by-point weighting by using the estimates uncertainty in the data and can permit efficient treatment of missing and below detection limit values. It also imposes the nonnegativity constraint on the factors. Seven and six sources were resolved from the Crater Lake National Park and Lassen Volcanic National Park data, respectively. The factors were normalized by using aerosol fine mass concentration data through multiple linear regression so that the quantitative source contributions for each resolved factor were obtained. Among the sources resolved at the two sites, six are common. These six sources exhibit not only similar chemical compositions but also similar seasonal variations at both sites. The Asian dust was represented by Al, Ca, Fe, NO3, S, K, and Ti with strong seasonal variation. Secondary sulfate with a high concentration of S and strong seasonal variation correlated with the Asian dust. Wood smoke was represented by organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and K; sea salt with the high concentrations of Na, S and NO3. Nitrate was dominated by NO3 and motor vehicle with high concentrations of OC, EC, and dust elements. A incinerator source with the presence of Cu and Zn also was resolved from the Crater Lake site. Generally, most of the sources at these two sites showed similar chemical composition profiles and seasonal variation patterns. The source profile of Asian dust resolved from this study agreed reasonably well with the source characteristics found in other Asian dust studies. This study indicated that PMF was a powerful factor analysis method to extract sources from the ambient aerosol concentration data.
Beyond Bosnia: Ethno‐national diasporas and security in Europe

(1996). Beyond Bosnia: Ethno‐national diasporas and security in Europe. Contemporary Security Policy: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 146-173.
The influence of scope and timing of reliability assurance in B2B e-commerce

Abstract This study investigates potential demand for third-party assurance reports in business-to-business electronic commerce (B2B e-commerce). We experimentally analyze 95 purchasing professionals' decisions to recommend using a B2B exchange. The experiment is a 2 × 2 between-participants design varying the scope and timing of an assurance report with an additional control condition of no assurance. The results suggest that purchasing professionals are more likely to recommend use of the exchange when general assurance over the reliability of the exchange's system is present than when specific assurance over the reliability of transaction information is present. Purchasing professionals are also more likely to recommend using the exchange when the assurance report is continuous than when it is static, issued at a point in time. However, the results also suggest that participants are less likely to recommend using the exchange when specific information assurance or static assurance is present than when assurance is not present at all. Further, other factors besides assurance, especially trust in the trading partner and propensity to trust, have a stronger influence on the decision to use a B2B exchange than the presence of either continuous or systems assurance. Potential implications for practice include redesigning existing assurance services to provide continuous assurance, de-emphasizing formalized reports and considering assurance services over other factors, such as web site design.
Regulation of in vitro insulin release from a transplantable Syrian hamster insulinoma.

An insulin-producing islet cell tumor of the Syrian hamster has been studied in vitro for its capacity to respond to known stimuli of insulin release. Insulin secretion during short term incubation and perifusion of fragments of tumor was detected by radioimmunoassay. Insulin release was increased 2-4-fold by 40 mM potassium in the presence of calcium, glucose (22 mM), glucagon (0.3- 3.0 µM), N6O2,-dibutyryl adenosine 3,,5,-monophosphate (cAMP; 6 mM), and theophylline (10 mM). Concentrations of glucagon that induced insulin release were also effective in activating adenylate cyclase in the membranes of tumor cells. Thus, this tumor appears to possess a cAMP-mediated mechanism for insulin release. Somatostatin (0.8-25 µm) inhibited glucagon-induced insulin release without altering basal or glucagon stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. It would appear that inhibition of glucagon induced insulin release by somatostatin is not mediated by adenylate cyclase. We propose that insulin release by this tumor is s...
Anomalous Course of the Left Subclavian Artery Leading to Aneurysm Formation and Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – A Case Report

Subclavian artery aneurysm is rare. Anomalous course of the subclavian artery behind the middle scalene muscle in the neck resulting in aneurysm formation is unknown. We describe a case of left subclavian artery aneurysm where the artery passed behind the middle scalene muscle producing angulation with distal aneurysm formation. It produced a visible swelling in the neck; effort related symptoms of fatigue or pain in the left arm muscles. The preoperative work-up and surgical procedure are described.
Topological entanglement entropy

We formulate a universal characterization of the many-particle quantum entanglement in the ground state of a topologically ordered two-dimensional medium with a mass gap. We consider a disk in the plane, with a smooth boundary of length L, large compared to the correlation length. In the ground state, by tracing out all degrees of freedom in the exterior of the disk, we obtain a marginal density operator rho for the degrees of freedom in the interior. The von Neumann entropy of rho, a measure of the entanglement of the interior and exterior variables, has the form S(rho)=alphaL-gamma+[centered ellipsis], where the ellipsis represents terms that vanish in the limit L-->[infinity]. We show that -gamma is a universal constant characterizing a global feature of the entanglement in the ground state. Using topological quantum field theory methods, we derive a formula for gamma in terms of properties of the superselection sectors of the medium.
Inheritance of prophage P2 in bacterial crosses.

Abstract Prophage P2 may be located on the genetic chromosome of the host cell (Escherichia coli strain C) by crossing genetically marked lysogenic strains. At lysogenization, prophage P2 establishes itself at a specific locus (location I or preferred location). In the process of double lysogenization by means of superinfection of a singly lysogenic strain, the second prophage establishes itself at a different locus. Two such second-choice locations are recognized. In superinfection of doubly lysogenic strains, substitution of the prophage in location I occurs more often than substitution of the prophage in the second-choice location. A temperate phage closely related to P2, but belonging to a different immunity class, behaves like P2 in respect to location choice. In doubly lysogenic strains the prophage in the preferred location contributes more heavily than the other prophages to the phage yield of the lysogenic cells.
Relation of brain regional physostigmine concentration to cholinesterase activity and acetylcholine and choline levels in rat

The relationship between physostigmine (Phy) concentration, acetylcholine (ACh), choline (Ch) and cholinesterase (ChE) activity was examined in whole rat brain after the administration of [3H]Phy (650 μg/kg i.m.). Cholinesterase inhibition was found to be inversely related to Phy levels. Maximal inhibition (80%) was seen at 5 min and by 2 hrs ChE activity had returned to control levels. Acetylcholine levels in whole brain peaked at 30 min at a concentration (80 nmol/g) 2.3 times higher than controls (33 nmol/g). Choline levels were not significantly altered. The regional distribution of Phy concentration and ChE activity was studied in six areas of the brain following i.m. administration of three different dosages of [3H]Phy. Physostigmine concentration and ChE activity showed a dose dependency in each area examined except in SP (medial septum). Striatum (ST) showed the greatest relative increase of ACh up to 30 min, when compared to other areas. Choline levels were not changed in any area with the exception of ST at 5 min where a decrease was seen. There was a relationship between ChE activity, Phy concentration and ACh levels in all areas examined with exception of the medulla oblongata (MO). Our results indicate that even though ChE was inhibited practically uniformly in all brain areas, the percent increase with respect to control animals and the relative increase of ACh varied widely from area to area. This finding has clinical implications in cases in which cholinomimetic therapy is used to elevate ACh levels in specific brain areas which show a cholinergic deficit.
The Protector Species Hypothesis: Do Black Skimmers Find Refuge from Predators in Gull‐billed Tern Colonies?

The protector-species hypothesis explains mixed-species coloniality on the basis of benefits individuals of a species may receive by nesting with another species, the 'protector' species, that responds aggressively to potential threats. The reactions of nesting individuals to both natural and model predators were observed to determine whether black skimmers (Rhynchops niger) gain an antipredator advantage by nesting with gull-billed terns (Sterna nilotica). Observations of natural predators were gathered from three mixed-species and three single-species (black skimmers) subcolonies. Natural predators most commonly encountered by the colonies were herring gulls (Larus argentatus), laughing gulls (Larus atricilla), and ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres). Gull-billed terns responded to the gulls, but not to the turnstones, in higher proportions than did black skimmers. Two decoys, a mink and a gull, were used to simulate predatory encounters, and a duck decoy was used as a control at two mixed-species and one single-species subcolonies. Gull-billed terns responded in significantly higher proportitons than did skimmers to all decoy treatments in the mixed-species subcolonies. Mobbing of both natural and model predators by the terns suggests that skimmers may gain a reproductive advantage by nesting with these terns. However, the response of black skimmers to both natural and simulated predators was independent of the presence of gull-billed terns in the colony, indicating that black skimmers may not pcrceive these objects as threats, or may react differently to predators than do gull-billed terns.
Novel process of isolating novolac resin fractions

Typical phenol/formaldehyde resin syntheses generate a broad distribution of molecular weight fragments with a wide polydispersity. A process was developed to isolate novolak resin fractions of narrow polydispersity from phenol- formaldehyde condensation products in ethyl lactate without any high temperature distillation. The characterization and the performance of these fractions in i-line photoresist composition are discussed.
Applications of neural networks for coordinate transformations in robotics

The use of artificial neural networks is investigated for application to trajectory control problems in robotics. The relative merits of position versus velocity control is considered and a control scheme is proposed in which neural networks are used as static maps (trained off-line) to compute the inverse of the manipulator Jacobian matrix. A proof of the stability of this approach is offered, assuming bounded errors in the static map. A representative two-link robot is investigated using an artificial neural network which has been trained to compute the components of the inverse of the Jacobian matrix. The controller is implemented in the laboratory and its performance compared to a similar controller with the analytical inverse Jacobian matrix.
Surface vibrations of adsorbed intermediates in the reaction of alcohols with Cu(100)

Abstract High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy has been used to study the structure and orientation of surface species formed in the reaction of methanol and ethanol with Cu(100). Each alcohol was found to react with atomic oxygen on Cu(100) below room temperature to form the stable surface species CH3OCu, and C2H5OCu, respectively. Both of these species were stable to approximately 370 K but decomposed at higher temperatures to yield gaseous products, and a clean surface. Vibrational assignments of the observed modes was made with reference to the energy loss spectra of atomic oxygen and the deuterated alcohols on Cu(100), and infrared gaseous spectra of the alcohols. By applying the surface dipole selection rule, we show that both alkoxide species are oriented normal to the surface, although the ethoxide species is nonlinear. These results are in agreement with published thermal desorption studies on copper, and give strong support for the role of surface alkoxide species as stable surface intermediates in alcohol oxidation on copper surfaces.
LIMITING BEHAVIOR OF U-STATISTICS, V-STATISTICS, AND ONE SAMPLE RANK ORDER STATISTICS FOR NONSTATIONARY ABSOLUTELY REGULAR PROCESSES

Abstract The weak convergences of U- and V-statistics were established by Yoshihara (1976, Z. Warsch. Verw. Gebiete 35 237–252) for stationary absolutely regular processes. Later Yoshihara (1978, Z. Warsch. Verw. Gebiete 43 101–127) also proved the weak convergence of one sample rank order statistics under similar conditions. In this paper, we extend some of Yoshihara's results to the nonstationary cases.
Intraoperative measurements to determine the extent of radical hysterectomy.

Abstract Hypotheses. The extent of radical hysterectomy can be objectively measured and the measured extent of resection will correlate with morbidity. Study design: Observational. The extent of radical hysterectomy was determined by measurement of overall length and excised portions of the uterosacral and cardinal ligaments. Analysis of morbidity was performed on 120 patients. Univariate analysis was accomplished with correlation, t test, and χ 2 statistical methods, and regression models were used for multivariate analysis. Results. In precisely defined terms, the patients in this study underwent modified radical hysterectomy. The extent of the resection had an independent relationship to blood loss, operative time, and duration of postoperative bladder drainage. The extent of resection was also directly related to persistent bladder and rectal dysfunction. Conclusions. This method for objectively measuring the extent of a radical hysterectomy is feasible. The extent of the procedure correlates with morbidity.
Disclaiming: A test of two competing views

Sociologists Hewitt and Stokes (1975) argue that disclaiming is a positive interactional tactic used to define forthcoming problematic actions as irrelevant to one's established identity. Several researchers interested in speech styles argue that disclaiming negatively impacts on one's identity by creating an image of powerlessness. The findings of an experiment reported here suggest that disclaimers have no effect, positive or negative, on others’ credibility attributions. This finding is inconsistent with past speech styles research. A second study supported a “hammer effect”; reinterpretation of these studies. It was only when subjects were presented with an unrealistic number of disclaimers that adverse effects for disclaiming were found.
Alternative Visions of Schooling: An Introduction

This issue is the sequel to a symposium organized at the 1992 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, held in San Francisco. The purpose of the symposium was to present and discuss ethnographic findings on successful schooling experiences among minority populations.' Since most research points to a seemingly inescapable connection between minority status and failure, we decided to focus our analysis on those instances wherein students, teachers, parents, and community-amidst their marginality-were able to construct successful educational experiences. A number of the articles are revised versions of the working papers presented at that symposium. All others were written in response to our invitation to join and expand the dialogue. The sequential ordering of the volume's articles follows a general progression from studies with a broader scope toward those that are more narrowly focused. Additionally, the articles tend to move from reflections and actions dealing with complex social issues to discussions of possibilities for everyday educational praxis. In this issue, the voices of students, parents, teacher, coaches, and teacher aides who have been confronted with the pervasive refusal of school and society are called upon to share their perspectives regarding language, schooling, and culture. Within these articles resonate the voices of committed Navajo, Yup'ik, and Brazilian teachers engaged in serious efforts to improve their education so that in turn they might empower their students; the voices of teachers in England who are resisting state reforms by becoming involved in collective action and establishing new alliances; the voices of teachers and school aides who find alternative ways of accessing and assisting their students; the voices of Aymara women who take a decisive first step in building defenses against the oppression in their daily lives; the voices of elementary and high-school English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) students and their advocates who struggle in their attempts to shape and negotiate rules that
Comparisons of ureide and acetylene reduction methods for estimating biological nitrogen fixation by glasshouse-grown cowpea

Abstract In dry field conditions, obtaining estimates of biological nitrogen fixation using either the acetylene reduction assay or measurements of ureide concentrations in xylem sap is limited by the difficulties involved in digging out root-nodule systems or obtaining xylem sap. This study was conducted to determine whether ureide concentrations in extracts from stem tissues are as reliable for estimating rates of biological nitrogen fixation by cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] as acetylene reduction assays or ureide concentrations in xylem sap. Glasshouse-grown cowpeas were subjected to different levels of NO 3 − (0, 2, 10 mM) in a basal nutrient solution to achieve different levels of nitrogen fixation. Both levels of added nitrogen (2 and 10 mM) reduced nodulation and nitrogen fixation as measured by the ureide methods and acetylene reduction assay. All methods used to estimate rates of nitrogen fixation exhibited similar seasonal trends but some differences were apparent among treatments. Hot-water extraction of ureides from dried stem tissue appears promising as a rapid technique that could be effective under dry field conditions where the other techniques are not effective. Relative ureide abundance, expressed as 100 × [ureide (N)]/[ureide (N) + NO 3 − (N) + NH 4 + (N)], in either xylem sap or stem tissue, provided approximate estimates of the extent to which cowpeas rely on biological nitrogen fixation. Values of 85–95% were obtained for plants relying totally on nitrogen fixation, whereas non-nodulated plants grown on NO 3 − had values of 3–12%.
Rapid melting and quenching with microsecond current pulses

We report the use of microsecond current pulses to transform layered crystalline Ni-Zr films to amorphous alloys. The starting materials were electron-beam- or sputter-deposited multilayers with a composition modulation wavelength of 34 nm, an average composition of Ni63Zr37 and a total thickness of 68Onm. The electrical pulses were approximately rectangular and about 3 ms in duration, with an intensity of several hundred amp&es, directly coupling 1.6-3 J of energy uniformly into the film. By monitoring current and voltage, the reaction and melting of the sample were observed, and the total energy of the pulse was easily computed. A sharp threshold in pulse energy for sample transformation was observed. A simple heat flow calculation demonstrated that the chemical energy released by the reaction and the change in diffusion kinetics as the sample temperature exceeded the glass transition temperature of the amorphous alloy are responsible for this sudden onset. The maximum temperature estimated from this calculation is below the melting point of the constituents, and the cooling rate is 107-108 K s -1 which is in agreement with the formation of amorphous alloys.
Consideration of a nitrogen-selective membrane for postcombustion carbon capture through process modeling and optimization

Abstract The potential of a nitrogen-selective membrane for postcombustion CO2 capture from a coal-fired power plant was investigated in this study. Bi-objective optimization was performed using the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to simultaneously minimize energy consumption and membrane surface area requirement with targets of >90% CO2 capture and 95% purity. The properties of the nitrogen-selective membrane used in the calculation are based on measurements of nitrogen and hydrogen transport in vanadium at high temperatures (ca. 600 °C). The lowest energy consumption was found to be 1.1 GJ/metric ton CO2 with a hybrid nitrogen- and CO2-selective membrane system.
Ridge Belts on Venus: Morphology and Origin

Ridge belts, composed of closely spaced individual ridges 5–20 km wide, form sinuous patterns 30–400 km wide and 200–2000 km long in the plains of northern Venus. They are not homogeneously distributed, but occur primarily in two regions: between 0 ° E and 90 ° E ridge belts are associated with large blocks of tessera, and have a cumulative length of about 13,200 km; and between 150 ° E and 250 ° E, the ridge belts form a fan-shaped pattern and have a total cumulative length of about 25,800 km. Most ridge belts trend within 10 ° of N-S. Five morphologic components exist within the ridge belts: (1) broad ridges, which have no sharp crest and usually occur individually in the plains: (2) discontinuous ridges, with short ridge segments less than 20 km long; (3) paired ridges, with closely spaced ridges (less than 10 km apart) that never merge; (4) parallel ridges, with widely spaced (10–50 km), less prominent ridges; and (5) anastomosing ridges, in which ridges splay at angles up to 30 °. Subtle cross-strike lineaments cut the ridge belts at angles of 30–90 ° to the ridge belt, and augen-shaped plains are often present in anastomosing ridges. We examine the relationships between the components, plains, cross-strike lineaments, and augen-shaped plains in five ridge belts. Broad arches similar to the arches associated with wrinkle ridges on the Moon, Mars and Mercury appear in all of the ridge belts examined. Through studying each of these components individually and in the context of five specific ridge belts, we conclude that these ridge belts formed by compressional forces. The ridge belts form a continuum of deformation, from the simple broad arches (Nephele Dorsa), representing small amounts of shortening, through asymmetric ridge belts in the plains (Pandrosa Dorsa) and adjacent to tessera (Kamari Dorsa), to ridge belts in troughs representing underthrusting (Ausra and Lukelong Dorsa). Underthrusting is also observed along the borders of Lakshmi Planum, associated with Freyja and Danu Montes.
Factors affecting Type IV creep damage in Grade 91 steel welds

Abstract Differences in parent material heat treatment and composition apparently have remarkably little influence on the creep life of the heat affected zone (HAZ). Thus, tendency for Type IV cracking in the fine grained or intercritically heat treated regions of the HAZ does not appear to directly depend on the strength of the base steel. However, the current work indicates that the angle of the weld preparation changes the measured cross weld creep life. The results presented suggest that both development of residual stresses and the local properties of the constituent zones in the HAZ influence the tendency for Type IV damage in martensitic steels.
Moment tensor estimation using regional seismograms from a Tibetan Plateau portable network deployment

The authors present the results of moment tensor inversions using regional seismograms recorded during the 1991-1992 PASSCAL passive seismic experiment on the Tibetan Plateau. Using data recorded over a one-year period, they estimate the source mechanisms for 38 earthquakes within and near the Tibetan Plateau with moment-magnitudes (M{sub w}) ranging from 3.8 to 5.0. With only one exception, all the events within the Plateau, but away from the Plateau boundary, indicate either strike-slip or extensional faulting, a result consistent with previous studies. Three-fourths of all the events occurred at depths less than 10 km, and all but two at depths less than 15 km. Several events, located near the southeastern section of the Plateau, exhibit an unusual m{sub b}-M{sub w} difference of approximately one magnitude unit. 19 refs., 3 figs.
The significance of small epidemics of tuberculosis.

This is a report of a small epidemic involving 22 persons, all of whom were infected by a girl with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Out of these 22 patients, three died of meningitis, seven developed pleurisy with effusion, and eight others were ill for shorter or longer periods with signs and symptoms of primary tuberculosis. The whole purpose of this summary review of some previously reported small epidemics of tuberculosis has been to emphasize the following points which I believe to be implicit in adequate control of tuberculosis. First, routine use of the tuberculin test, which reveals recent converters (ideal cases for chemotherapy) and therefore those most likely to manifest signs and symptoms of active tuberculosis within a short period of time, secondly, the indispensable value of the x-ray film to reveal lesions within the thorax undetectable by any other means; thirdly, the menace of just one unrecognized case of active pulmonary tuberculosis in a tuberculin negative community, and fourthly, the "chain reaction" nature of the spread of tuberculous infection.
Symbolic generation of finite element stiffness matrices

Abstract A symbolic processor to assist in the generation of stiffness matrices for finite elements, based on a recently developed symbolic language, is presented. Operations are performed upon the element characteristics and material properties in symbolic form to produce a “matrix template,” consisting of the algebraic expresions for the stiffness matrix coefficients as functions of the problem parameters in literal form. Required input is minimized by automatically synthesizing the constituent matrices from user-supplied specifications of displacement functions, material properties and stress-strain relationships, all in symbolic notation. Elements of the computational implementation and an illustrative example are presented, in order to illustrate the procedures adopted and the symbolic processing facilities utilized. The results of the research presented are extrapolated to indicate a number of highly promising directions of future research, both in the specific area of finite element analysis and in general areas of utilization of symbolic processing.
Occupational Medicine and the Construction of “Difficult Reputations”

The creation of “difficult reputations” is a collective act of disparagement often undertaken to diminish the influence of the target individual or group for political reasons. This process can be observed in efforts to discredit the field of occupational medicine and the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) by revising its history. Examples are given from Draper's The Company Doctor: Risk, Responsibility, and Corporate Professionalism and LaDou, in which new sources of historical information do not support the allegations or impressions conveyed. This tendency is inimical to progress in occupational health in general and may be highly destructive to the field if not recognized and discouraged.
Vasogenic edema with intraparenchymatous expanding mass lesions: A theory on its pathophysiology and mode of action of hyperventilation and corticosteroids

Vasogenic edema with expanding mass brain lesions is hypothesized to be due to an increased intracapillary pressure. The latter may be due to preferential occlusion of the venous system by the growth of the lesion but endothelila proliferation and biogenic amines may also play a part. Endocytosis appears to be a mechanical response to the increased intraluminal pressure. This is a poorly selective process which can explain the proteinaceous nature of vasogenic edema. Steroids may act by forming hydrophobic bonds in the endothelial cell membrane and making it more difficult for any membrane fission to occur. Hyperventilation can be of use in vasogenic edema by decreasing intracranial pressure, providing better oxygenation and also by diminishing the capillary head pressure.