cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An HNP-MP Approach for the Capacitated Multi-Item Lot Sizing Problem With Setup Times

In this paper, we consider the capacitated multi-item lot sizing problem with setup times. The problem is to schedule J different items over a horizon of T periods with the objective to minimize the sum of setup cost and inventory holding cost. To achieve feasible high-quality solutions, we propose a new solution approach which hybrids Nested Partitions and Mathematical Programming (HNP-MP). Nested Partitions is a partitioning and sampling based heuristic method with a global perspective on the problem. In the proposed new method the Mathematical Programming method is implemented to calculate the promising index and to provide a good guidance on partitioning in the Nested Partitions framework. A time-oriented decomposition heuristic method, Relax-and-Fix, is also implemented to obtain good promising regions and speed up the computational process. Computational results based on benchmark test problems show that the approach is computationally tractable and is able to obtain good results. The approach outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches found in the literature.
Effect of Pulsed Short Wave Diathermy on Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rabbits

The purpose of this study was to determine whether short wave diathermy (SWD) would enhance healing of a skeletal muscle injury. Thirty-two rabbits were divided into the following four groups: Experimental Group 1 (n = 8), which was given SWD twice daily for 8 consecutive days; Control Group 1 (n = 8), which was followed for 8 days but not given treatment; Experimental Group 2 (n = 8), which was given SWD twice daily for 16 consecutive days; and Control Group 2 (n = 8), which was followed for 16 days but not given treatment. The muscle injury was induced by giving all 32 rabbits three local injections of a myotoxic drug into the right gastrocnemius muscle. After the 8 or 16 days, all muscles were removed, then embedded in paraffin or frozen, sectioned, stained with adenosine triphosphatase or hematoxylin and eosin and examined with a light microscope. No statistically significant differences in the degree of muscle healing were found between the animals in Experimental Group 1 and Control Group 1 and those in Experimental Group 2 and Control Group 2. A trend toward faster resolution of the muscle injury was observed among those rabbits in Experimental Group 2 as compared with those rabbits in Control Group 2. Further study is required to determine whether SWD can be more effective for enhancing recovery from skeletal muscle injury.
The earliest House Sparrow introductions to North America

Several authors have argued that three separate introductions of roughly 100 individuals were required initially to establish the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) in the Brooklyn, New York area. We argue that these claims are in error and that the actual record suggests that it is likely the initial introduction of just 16 birds in 1851 was all that was required to establish the species in New York. We further suggest that a similar level of scrutiny of historical records will reveal more examples of misinterpretations and errors, casting doubt on the validity of studies that claim propagule pressure has played an important role in determining the fate of bird introductions.
Inhibition by active site directed covalent modification of human glyoxalase I

The glyoxalase pathway is responsible for conversion of cytotoxic methylglyoxal (MG) to d-lactate. MG toxicity arises from its ability to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on proteins, lipids and DNA. Studies have shown that inhibitors of glyoxalase I (GLO1), the first enzyme of this pathway, have chemotherapeutic effects both in vitro and in vivo, presumably by increasing intracellular MG concentrations leading to apoptosis and cell death. Here, we present the first molecular inhibitor, 4-bromoacetoxy-1-(S-glutathionyl)-acetoxy butane (4BAB), able to covalently bind to the free sulfhydryl group of Cys60 in the hydrophobic binding pocket adjacent to the enzyme active site and partially inactivate the enzyme. Our data suggests that partial inactivation of homodimeric GLO1 is due to the modification at only one of the enzymatic active sites. Although this molecule may have limited use pharmacologically, it may serve as an important template for the development of new GLO1 inhibitors that may combine this strategy with ones already reported for high affinity GLO1 inhibitors, potentially improving potency and specificity.
Cognitive image retrieval

Content-based image retrieval relies on low-level image features such as color, texture and segmentation. Humans, however, search for images by their cognitive, deep meaning content. This paper introduces an approach and an algorithm for cognitive image retrieval. Each image is indexed by a visual object-process diagram (VOPD) that represents the image content at the cognitive level. Querying amounts to generating a VOPD that expresses the cognitive content of the sought image. Employing set-theoretic and graph-matching techniques, the algorithm ranks images in the database by their cognitive proximity to the query. A query example illustrates these new concepts.
Effect of High-Calcium Diet on Coronary Artery Disease in Ossabaw Miniature Swine With Metabolic Syndrome

Background Calcium is a shortfall essential nutrient that has been a mainstay of osteoporosis management. Recent and limited findings have prompted concern about the contribution of calcium supplementation to cardiovascular risk. A proposed mechanism is through the acceleration of coronary artery calcification. Determining causality between calcium intake and coronary artery calcification has been hindered by a lack of sensitive methodology to monitor early vascular calcium accumulation. The primary study aim was to assess the impact of high calcium intake on coronary artery calcification using innovative calcium tracer kinetic modeling in Ossabaw swine with diet‐induced metabolic syndrome. Secondary end points (in vitro wire myography, histopathology, intravascular ultrasound) assessed coronary disease. Methods and Results Pigs (n=24; aged ≈15 months) were fed an atherogenic diet with adequate calcium (0.33% by weight) or high calcium (1.90% from calcium carbonate or dairy) for 6 months. Following 5 months of feeding, all pigs were dosed intravenously with 41Ca, a rare isotope that can be measured in serum and tissues at a sensitivity of 10−18 mol/L by accelerator mass spectrometry. Kinetic modeling evaluated early coronary artery calcification using 41Ca values measured in serial blood samples (collected over 27 days) and coronary artery samples obtained at sacrifice. Serum disappearance of 41Ca and total coronary artery 41Ca accumulation did not differ among groups. Secondary end points demonstrated no treatment differences in coronary artery disease or function. Conclusion There was no detectable effect of high calcium diets (from dairy or calcium carbonate) on coronary artery calcium deposition in metabolic syndrome swine.
The ultra efficient amorphous substation transformer

A brief description is given of amorphous transformer technology development, and a comparison is made of the technical characteristics and performance to conventional high-efficiency silicon steel transformers. The author addresses how amorphous transformer technology can reduce industrial power losses and improve productivity. It is shown that amorphous transformers have a role in the equation of industrial productivity improvement. Each industrial user must make an independent assessment. Some will derive greater benefits than others. Most will realize some benefits. Benefits are considered to be greatest in the following situations: (1) areas with high electricity costs; (2) when transformer replacement is happening for PCB removal or other reasons; (3) when a plant is being constructed; (4) where transformers are inside and create an added air-conditioning load; (5) where transformers experience seasonal loads or extended low duty cycle; and (6) when overall economics justify replacing existing transformers for efficiency, reliability, or other reasons. >
Bellwether analysis: predicting global aggregates from local regions

Massive datasets are becoming commonplace in a wide range of domains, and mining them is recognized as a challenging problem with great potential value. Motivated by this challenge, much effort has been concentrated on developing scalable versions of machine learning algorithms. An often overlooked issue is that large datasets are rarely labeled with the outputs that we wish to learn to predict, due to the human labor required. We make the key observation that analysts can often use queries to define labels for cases, which leads to the problem of learning to predict such query-produced labels. Of course, if a dataset is available in its entirety, we can simply run the query again to compute labels. The interesting scenarios are those where, after the predictive model is trained, new data is gathered at significant incremental cost and, perhaps, over time. The challenge is to accurately predict the query-labels for the projected completion of new datasets, based only on certain cost-effective subsets, which we call bellwethers.
Amount of extension on small faults: An example from the Viking graben

Extension estimates based on palinspastic restoration of only the largest faults in a deformed terrane may be significantly deficient due to neglect of "small" faults (i.e., unsampled faults, most of which have smaller displacements than do sampled faults). Small faults individually account for little extension, but there may be large numbers of them. The cumulative extension on small faults can be calculated from the fractal size distributions of fault displacements. Independent extension estimates support the inference from fault population statistics that small faults account for significant amounts of extension. For example, restorations of Mesozoic faults interpreted from seismic reflection profiles across the Viking graben in the North Sea yield extension estimates that are only 40%-75% of independent estimates. The fractal size distribution of fault displacements in the Viking graben is consistent with the hypothesis that the remaining 25%-60% of extension resulted from displacements on small faults.
sEditor: A Prototype for a Sign Language Interfacing System

Sign languages are as capable of expressing human thoughts and emotions as traditional (spoken) languages. The dis- tinctive visual and spatial nature of sign languages makes it difficult to develop an interfacing system as a communication medium plat- form for sign language users. This paper targets this problem by presenting some explorations in the areas of computer graphics, interface design, and human-computer interaction with emphasis on software development and implementation. We propose a sign language interfacing system, as a working platform, that can be used to create virtual human body parts, simulate virtual gestures, and construct, manage, and edit sign language linguistic parts. It is expected that the system and the results presented in this paper would provide an example for the future sign language "editor."
A K-Main Routes Approach to Spatial Network Activity Summarization

Data summarization is an important concept in data mining for finding a compact representation of a dataset. In spatial network activity summarization (SNAS), we are given a spatial network and a collection of activities (e.g., pedestrian fatality reports, crime reports) and the goal is to find \(k\) shortest paths that summarize the activities. SNAS is important for applications where observations occur along linear paths such as roadways, train tracks, etc. SNAS is computationally challenging because of the large number of \(k\) subsets of shortest paths in a spatial network. Previous work has focused on either geometry or subgraph-based approaches (e.g., only one path), and cannot summarize activities using multiple paths. This paper proposes a K-Main Routes (KMR) approach that discovers \(k\) shortest paths to summarize activities. KMR generalizes K-means for network space but uses shortest paths instead of ellipses to summarize activities. To improve performance, KMR uses network Voronoi, divide and conquer, and pruning strategies. We present a case study comparing KMR's network-based output (i.e., shortest paths) to geometry-based outputs (e.g., ellipses) on pedestrian fatality data. Experimental results on synthetic and real data show that KMR with our performance-tuning decisions yields substantial computational savings without reducing summary path coverage.
Determinants of Residential Location Decisions Among the Pre-Elderly In Central Ohio

This paper examines the differences and similarities in residential movement patterns and motivations between young households (under 50), pre-elderly households (50 through 64) and elderly households (65 and over). We use deed transfer records and a survey of home owners who moved between late 2004 and early 2006 in Franklin County, the central county of the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area. The patterns are mapped and the motivations and household characteristics are explored through descriptive analysis and discriminant analysis. Most expectations are supported and the pre-elderly are seen to be a distinct group with some similarities to each of the other two age cohorts, but also some unique characteristics and interests.
Fire and aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: current knowledge and key questions

Understanding of the effects of wildland fire and fire management on aquatic and riparian ecosystems is an evolving field, with many questions still to be resolved. Limitations of current knowledge, and the certainty that fire management will continue, underscore the need to summarize available information. Integrating fire and fuels management with aquatic ecosystem conservation begins with recognizing that terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are linked and dynamic, and that fire can play a critical role in maintaining aquatic ecological diversity. To protect aquatic ecosystems we argue that it will be important to: (1) accommodate fire-related and other ecological processes that maintain aquatic habitats and biodiversity, and not simply control fires or fuels; (2) prioritize projects according to risks and opportunities for fire control and the protection of aquatic ecosystems; and (3) develop new consistency in the management and regulatory process. Ultimately, all natural resource management is uncertain; the role of science is to apply experimental design and hypothesis testing to management applications that affect fire and aquatic ecosystems. Policy-makers and the public will benefit from an expanded appreciation of fire ecology that enables them to implement watershed management projects as experiments with hypothesized outcomes, adequate controls, and replication.
Mitochondrial Mutations and Hearing Loss

Mitochondrial-related hearing loss is not uncommon, can be caused by a number of different mutations, and because of the susceptibility of individuals with the 1555 mutation and their maternal relatives to aminoglycosides is important to diagnose. The role of acquired mitochondrial mutations in presbycusis is suggested at this time, but requires further study for confirmation that the that relationship exists is causal. Lastly, the pathophysiological pathways between the mitochondrial mutations and the hearing impairment are not well understood, and experimental approaches using animal models and a dissection of mitochondrial RNA processing and translation are applied to eventually elucidate these pathways.
A Classroom Study on the Relationship Between Student Achievement and Retrieval-Enhanced Learning

Retrieval practice has been shown to produce powerful learning gains in laboratory experiments but has seldom been explored in classrooms as a means of enhancing students’ learning of their course-relevant material. Furthermore, research is lacking concerning the role of individual differences in learning from retrieval. The current study explored the effects of retrieval in a large undergraduate introductory biology course as a function of individual differences in student achievement. Students completed in-class exercises that required them to retrieve course information (e.g., recalling definitions for terms and labeling diagrams) followed by feedback or to simply copy the information without retrieving it. A later quiz over the information showed that high-performing students benefited more from retrieving than copying, whereas middle- and low-performing students benefited more from copying than retrieving. When asked to predict their quiz scores following the in-class exercises, high-performers demonstrated better overall metacognitive calibration compared to middle- or low-performers. These results highlight the importance of individual differences in learning from retrieval and encourage future research using course-relevant material to consider the role of student achievement in classroom-based interventions.
The Sheep Third Ventricle: Scanning Electron Microscopy of Estrous, Anestrous and Estrogen-Progesterone-Treated Anestrous Ewes

Surface features of the third ventricle in estrous, anestrous and anestrous estrogen-progesterone (E2 +P)-treated ewes were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To ensure uniformly good preparations, a procedure for rapid perfusion of sheep brains was developed as well as the use of critical point drying. Ependymal surfaces on the dorsal aspects of the lateral walls as viewed by SEM were hesvily ciliated while the ventral aspect of the lateral walls and ventral floor were not. In all groups, the appearance of the lateral walls was similar while that of the ventral.floor-median eminence appeared to vary with the absence or presence of gonadal steroids. In estrous ewes there were numerous stubby microvilli and miniblebs on ependyma of the ventrolateral wall-floor, many of which are presumed to be tanycytes. This contrasted with the appearance of similar regions in anestrous ewes where there were patchy smooth bare areas on ependymal surfaces with fewer microvilli and small surface protrusions. Anestrous E2 +P-treated ewes showed an appearance intermediate between the other two groups. The SEM data support a correlation between reproductive status and the relative presence or absence of surface modifications on the ventral floor of the sheep third ventricle.
Pneumothorax as a complication of bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ventilation

Objectives: To describe the complication of pneumothorax in two paediatric patients receiving bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ventilation for respiratory insufficiency. Design: Two patient...
CRRES Microelectronics Test Package (MEP)

The Microelectronics Test Package (MEP) flown onboard the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) contained over 60 device types and approximately 400 total devices, which were tested for both single event upset (SEU) and total dose (parametric degradation and annealing). A description of the experiment, the method of testing the devices, and the structure of the data acquisition system are presented. Sample flight data are shown. These included SEUs from a GaAs 1K RAM during the March 1991 solar flare, and a comparison between passive shielding and a specially designed spot shielding package. >
Abnormal hemodynamics in schizophrenia during an auditory oddball task.

Background Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by diffuse brain abnormalities that affect many facets of cognitive function. One replicated finding in schizophrenia is abnormalities in the neural systems associated with processing salient stimuli in the context of oddball tasks. This deficit in the processing of salience stimuli might be related to abnormalities in orienting, attention, and memory processes. Methods Behavioral responses and functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected while 18 patients with schizophrenia and 18 matched healthy control subjects performed a three-stimulus auditory oddball task. Results Target detection by healthy participants was associated with significant activation in all 38 regions of interest embracing distributed cortical and subcortical systems. Similar reproducibility was observed in healthy participants for processing novel stimuli. Schizophrenia patients, relative to control subjects, showed diffuse cortical and subcortical hypofunctioning during target detection and novelty processing, including bilateral frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices and amygdala, thalamus, and cerebellum. Conclusions These data replicate and extend imaging studies of target detection in schizophrenia and present new insights regarding novelty processing in the disorder. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that schizophrenia is characterized by a widespread pathologic process affecting many cerebral areas, including cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar circuits.
Case Studies in Real Estate Education: The New AACSB Accreditation Standards and a Proposed Case Study in Real Estate Management

Case studies have long been employed as an instructional tool in business education, including real estate. This study examines the merits of, and issues associated with, case studies in real estat...
Landscape and economics: perceptions and perspectives

Humanalterations to the landscape are as old as humanity itself. In fact, landscapeas the word itself says – is land-shaped, reﬂecting social and economic needs of a particular society at a given moment (Antrop 2006). Over the last 10,000 years, human activities have brought about major changes to the world’s landscapes. These changes occur as a result of the expansion of settlements, the creation of ﬁelds and pastures for agriculture, the clearing of forests and the draining of marshes andwetlands etc. Some theoreticians claim that any landscape formed and inﬂuenced byman is cultural. According to Taylor (2002: 94) ‘cultural landscapes can be thought of as any landscape bearing the impact of human activity, historic or prehistoric.’1 Cultural landscapes are in contrast to natural landscapes,which are spaces not (yet) changedbyhumanhands.ByTaylor’s deﬁnition, most landscapes are cultural, shaped over time but with varying degrees of modiﬁcation. In Europe, for instance, every landscape can be considered cultural. Rural as well as urban, central, marginal or remote landscapes, but also industrial, rural or urban wastelands are covered by this term – only a few of them do not reﬂect the immediate impact of human interventions.
Was There a Bubble in Nasdaq? Information-Based Reexamination

There is not much doubt in the public mind that the dot-com boom on NASDAQ in the end of 90s represented a bubble. Indeed, major violations of rationality were observed. For instance, some dot-coms, which terminated their business still held positive market value. A market cap of the Internet companies, which sold airline tickets once was higher, than combined market capitalization of all airlines. However, academics are not so united in diagnosing the situation, which existed with hi-tech stocks at the turn of the century as the bubble, as well as the existence of asset pricing bubbles in principle (Siegel, 2003, Donaldson and Kamstra, 1996, Oftek and Richardson, 2003). Recently, Jarrow, Protter and Shimbo (2006-2007) developed a quantitative definition of a bubble. Unlike other studies of bubbles, which are based on analysis of the difference between "fundamental(i.e. economically driven) price of the asset and its market price. However, fundamental price is notoriously difficult to predict. In my work, I propose alternative method of the study of the bubbles, which does not depend on a particular valuation model.
Practical Opportunities for Healthy Diet and Physical Activity: Relationship to Intentions, Behaviors, and Body Mass Index

PURPOSE Current strategies for improving diet and activity patterns focus on encouraging patients to make better choices, but they meet with limited success. Because the choices people make depend on the choices they have, we examined how practical opportunities for diet and physical activity shape behavioral intentions and achieved behaviors. METHODS Participants included 746 adults who visited 8 large primary care practices in the Residency Research Network of Texas in 2012. We used structural equation models to confirm factor structures for a previously validated measure of practical opportunities, and then modeled achieved diet (Starting the Conversation – Diet questionnaire), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and BMI as a function of opportunities (classified as either resources or conversion factors that influence use of resources), behavioral intentions, and demographic covariates. RESULTS In path models, resources (P CONCLUSIONS Individuals’ feasible opportunities for healthy diet and activity have clinically meaningful associations with intentions, achieved behaviors, and BMI. Assessing opportunities as part of health behavior management could lead to more effective, efficient, and compassionate interventions.
The Disease of the Little Paper

Although the lists of medical complaints that some patients bring to appointments may irritate doctors, they seem to serve a salutary purpose. Perhaps naming our demons aloud makes them less frightening. Or maybe concerns set in ink seem less likely to be ignored.
Matrix infrared spectroscopic and theoretical studies on the reactions of scandium, yttrium, and lanthanide metal atoms with dimethyl ether.

Reactions of laser-ablated scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and several lanthanide metal atoms with dimethyl ether have been studied using matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy. Identifications of the major products, M(CH3OCH3) and CH3OMCH3 (M = Sc, Y, La, Ce, Gd, Tb, Yb, and Lu), are supported by experiments with deuterium substitution as well as theoretical calculations. It is found that most ground-state metal atoms react with dimethyl ether to give the M(CH3OCH3) complexes spontaneously on annealing, which isomerize to the CH3OMCH3 insertion products with visible irradiation. Density functional calculations reveal that the M(CH3OCH3) complexes possess C2v symmetry with metal atoms bound to the oxygen side of dimethyl ether, and bent geometries are found for the inserted CH3OMCH3 molecules with direct M–O and C–O bonds. All of these products have the same ground states as their corresponding metal atoms except for Tb. Although the Lu(CH3OCH3) complex is predicted to be a stable molecule, it is not observ...
Identification on the three kinds of mosquitoes using diagnostic rDNA-ITS2 sequence

Objective To establish molecular identification methods for mosquitoes using rDNA-ITS2 sequence.Methods Design diagnosis primer with rDNA-ITS2 gene of Culex pipiens pallens,Aedes albopictus and Anopheles anthropophagus for cloning of their specific sequences,and then use this system for the identification of the mosquitoes caught from breeding spot.Results The PCR products of Cx.pipiens pallens,Ae.albopictus and An.anthropophagus with diagnostic primers are 440,514 and 558 bp.The sequences of these clones accord with GenBank-blast(99% identity).At the same time,there are SNPs among the different clone of each strain.Moreover,the rDNA-ITS2 sequence of Cx.pipiens pallens both form laboratory and breeding spot show 99% identification with GenBank.Conclusion By analyzing the rDNA-ITS2 sequence of Cx.pipiens pallens,Ae.albopictus and An.anthropophagus,it was found that the rDNA-ITS2 gene of the three are specific-particular.The PCR system with an universal primer can distinguish the three species of mosquitos.
The PIC Monolithic Integrated Circuit Applied in Plot Supervisory System

This article discusses one kind of intelligent plot supervisory system based on the PIC monolithic integrated circuit, realizing the skill of the data record of the water meter, the electric meter and the gas meter automatically, as well as the monitoring of the fire, the gas leakage, the burglary and so on. It also elaborates the designs of the system's softwares and hardwares, the PC and many PIC monolithic integrated circuit's serial communication plans while using monolithic integrated circuit related software and hardware technology.
Dependence of V2 illusory contour response on V1 cell properties and topographic organization

An illusory contour is an image that is perceived as a contour in the absence of typical contour characteristics, such as a change in luminance or chromaticity across the stimulus. In cats and primates, cells that respond to illusory contours are sparse in cortical area V1, but are found in greater numbers in cortical area V2. We propose a model capable of illusory contour detection that is based on a realistic topographic organization of V1 cells, which reproduces the responses of individual cell types measured experimentally. The model allows us to explain several experimentally observed properties of V2 cells including variability in orientation tuning and inducer spacing preference. As a practical application, the model can be used to estimate the relationship between the severity of a cortical injury in the primary visual cortex and the deterioration of V2 cell responses to real and illusory contours.
Topics in Quantum Physics

This chapter discusses the concept of quantum physics. The quantum theory brought to physics many fundamental conceptual changes. Quantum theory was brought to fruition in 1925 by Schrodinger's formalism, wave mechanics. The Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom introduced and suggested the significance of the quantum number n in that description of the simplest atom. The appearance of n in Bohr's model was an ad hoc assumption: the quantization of the angular momentum was introduced with appropriately chosen values because these choices produced results consistent with spectroscopic observations. When the hydrogen atom is treated by wave mechanics, however, the analogous quantum number, still called n , arises automatically from the solution of the basic equation of wave mechanics. A wave-mechanical treatment of an electron moving in the electric field of the much more massive proton requires not one but three quantum numbers to specify a permitted state of the hydrogen atom. An empirical principle, one based on observed facts rather than derived from more fundamental laws, was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli. This rule, which provides a logical explanation of the electronic configurations of the chemical elements, is called the Pauli exclusion principle.
SOIL PROPERTIES IMPORTANT TO STREAM DEVELOPMENT ON MINED LANDS

Fluvial processes and channel development on landscapes have recently received more attention as designers attempt to establish or replace natural streams on disturbed or degraded sites. Several approaches using similar parameters have been developed to evaluate stream development and erosion processes on natural soils and landscapes. Such approaches include the Manning's and stream power equations for stream development, and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) for erosion. Soil properties used in these methods to evaluate erosion potential include texture (clay, silt and sand contents), bulk density, aggregate stability, rock fragments, soil horizons, rooting density and vegetation cover. Soil scientists have developed a well-known descriptive system for identifying and classifying disturbed soils and this information should be used to more fully evaluate the process of channel development on new landscapes. Therefore, the soil properties used in classification can be evaluated in designing channels and streams on disturbed lands, and refinements on interpreting these physical properties in the context of stream design need to be made.
Complete Genome Sequences of the Plasmid-Bearing Campylobacter coli Strains HC2-48, CF2-75, and CO2-160 Isolated from Retail Beef Liver.

ABSTRACT The complete genome sequences of Campylobacter coli strains HC2-48, CF2-75, and CO2-160, isolated from retail beef liver, showed the presence of 1,663,782-, 1,711,393-, and 1,683,224-bp circular chromosomes and 44,064-, 44,233-, and 44,228-bp circular plasmids, respectively. This is the first reported Campylobacter coli genome sequence isolated from retail beef liver.
A Simulation Framework for Evaluating Detector Performance in Cargo Screening Applications

Deployed radiation portal monitor systems (RPMs) screen gamma-ray signatures of cargo at international border crossings with the goal of detecting illicit radiological materials. Estimating the detection sensitivity of these systems requires an in-depth understanding, and quantification, of RPM response to both benign and illicit sources. Benign sources of radioactivity include background, alterations of the background due to the presence of vehicles and cargo, as well as sources that frequently cause nuisance alarms. These nuisance sources, for example those consisting of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and medical isotopes, frequently limit system performance. Advanced detector technology promises to increase the capability of deployed systems to discriminate illicit from nuisance sources. Presented here is a framework developed to assess the performance of these passive detection technologies. Due to the difficulty in obtaining empirical data for emerging technologies, the foundation of this comparison framework lies on a simulated benign source population to create a comprehensive set of data representing cargo vehicles driving through the RPM. Quantification of performance stems from injecting simulated signatures from illicit sources and comparing probabilities of detection via case and population studies.
Bevacizumab for recurrent WHO grade III anaplastic glioma (AG).

2028 Background: Salvage treatment with bevacizumab (BEV) has been increasingly used in grade III AG, but limited data are available, with conflicting results reported. Because of differences in mo...
Addition and Substitution Reactions of Nitrile-Stabilized Carbanions

The utilization of carbanions stabilized by various electron-withdrawing groups to effect carboncarbon bond formation occupies a central position in organic synthesis. This chapter focuses on the reactions of nitrile-stabilized carbanions with an array of carbon electrophiles and updates another chapter along these lines in this series. Subsequent review articles have dealt with various aspects of the chemistry of nitrile-stabilized carbanions. In this review, the reactions of nitrile-stabilized anions are grouped according to the nature of the substituents attached to the carbanion center bearing the nitrile group. These substituents include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl groups as well as various α-oriented halogen-, oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-, and selenium-containing groups. Notably absent from this survey are the carbanions derived from active methylene compounds bearing two electron-withdrawing groups such as cyanoacetate esters, malononitriles, α-sulfonylnitriles, and α-phosphorylnitriles. Also absent are those carbanions such as Reissert compounds, which are the subject of comprehensive reviews. The chapter is arbitrarily subdivided into six sections: (1) reactions of alkyl-, aryl-, and heteroaryl-substituted nitriles; (2) reactions of α,β- and β,γ-unsaturated nitriles as well as tolunitriles; (3) reactions of cyanohydrins and their hydroxyl-protected derivatives; (4) reactions of nitriles bearing α-sulfur and α-selenium substituents; (5) reactions of α-(dialkylamino)nitriles; and (6) reactions of α-halonitriles. Within each of these sections, the reactions are further subdivided according to the nature of the electrophile: (1) alkylation reactions employing alkyl halides, alkyl sulfonates, dialkyl sulfates, and epoxides; (2) arylation reactions involving the substitution of hydrogen, halogen, nitro, or alkoxy groups on aryl or heteroaryl substrates; (3) acylation reactions employing carboxylic esters, anhydrides, acid chlorides, dialkyl carbonates, and nitriles; (4) addition reactions involving aldehydes, ketones, imines, alkenes, and alkynes; and (5) Michael-type addition reactions to unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, imines, sulfoxides, sulfones, and nitro compounds. Finally, a section involving cyclization reactions is included for each of the six groups of nitrile-stabilized anions. Keywords: addition; substitution; nitriles; anions; scope; limitations; protected cyanohydrins anions; halonitrile stabilized carbanions; alkylations; side reactions; arylation; vinylation; acylation; Michael acceptors; ketones; aldehydes; Darzens reaction; olefins; nitrile stabilized carbanions; sulfur substituents; selenium substituents; (dialkylkylamino)nitriles; unsaturated nitriles; experimental procedures
Relationship of bone mineral density with valvular and annular calcification in community-dwelling older people: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

Associations between bone mineral density and aortic valvular, aortic annular, and mitral annular calcification were investigated in a cross-sectional analysis of a population-based cohort of 1497 older adults. Although there was no association between continuous bone mineral density and outcomes, a significant association between osteoporosis and aortic valvular calcification in men was found. The process of cardiac calcification bears a resemblance to skeletal bone metabolism and its regulation. Experimental studies suggest that bone mineral density (BMD) and valvular calcification may be reciprocally related, but epidemiologic data are sparse. We tested the hypothesis that BMD of the total hip and femoral neck measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is inversely associated with prevalence of three echocardiographic measures of cardiac calcification in a cross-sectional analysis of 1497 older adults from the Cardiovascular Health Study. The adjusted association of BMD with aortic valve calcification (AVC), aortic annular calcification (AAC), and mitral annular calcification (MAC) was assessed with relative risk (RR) regression. Mean (SD) age was 76.2 (4.8) years; 58% were women. Cardiac calcification was highly prevalent in women and men: AVC, 59.5 and 71.0%; AAC 45.1 and 46.7%; MAC 42.8 and 39.5%, respectively. After limited and full adjustment for potential confounders, no statistically significant associations were detected between continuous BMD at either site and the three measures of calcification. Assessment of WHO BMD categories revealed a significant association between osteoporosis at the total hip and AVC in men (adjusted RR compared with normal BMD = 1.24 (1.01–1.53)). In graded sensitivity analyses, there were apparent inverse associations between femoral neck BMD and AVC with stenosis in men, and femoral neck BMD and moderate/severe MAC in women, but these were not significant. These findings support further investigation of the sex-specific relationships between low BMD and cardiac calcification, and whether processes linking the two could be targeted for therapeutic ends.
Nonisolated High Step-Down Converter With ZVS and Low Current Ripples

In this paper, a nonisolated high step-down converter is proposed. Energy transfer capacitor and built-in transformer are employed to achieve a very high step-down conversion ratio. Due to the interleaved technique, small values of output inductance can be used, leading to a fast transient response. Furthermore, the use of a coupled inductor reduces inductor current ripples, which implies lower losses. Two main switches and two synchronous rectifiers are used in the converter and all can achieve zero-voltage-switching. As no floating switches are employed, grounded gate drivers and boost strap drivers can be used, avoiding the use of complex isolated gate drivers. In addition, if the switches are shorted, the high input voltage does not appear at the output; thus, the load is protected. A 48 V/1 V 30 A prototype was built, and experimental results are provided to verify the performance of the converter.
The Macro Pedagogy Debate: Teaching DSGE to Undergraduates Symposium: Teaching DSGE to undergraduates symposium: Introduction

Keynes is dead, dynamic programming, Keynes is still dead. That is how a Stanford grad student summarized graduate macro to me a decade ago (Colander 2008b). Graduate macro hasn't changed much sinc...
AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUES FOR EXTRACTION OF GEOLOGICAL FRACTURE PATTERNS

A major problem in automatic detection of geological fracture patterns is the integration of information from low level processes for linear feature extraction with geological expertise. This paper describes a knowledge-based approach which utilizes a set of decision rules developed by geologists to guide the interpretation of low level outputs. Low level operators extract low level features such as gradient, curvature, and line length from the image data. Selection, integration, and interpretation of low level outputs are performed by the high level decision processes which may, in certain instances, trigger additional low level processing. Global and contextual information collected by the high level decision processes is employed by the decision rules in addition to local information to determine which linear features are geologically significant. Experimental results of the approach are presented for Landsat TM data.
Why would a big retailer refuse to collaborate on manufacturer SPIFF programs

Big retailers that carry a large assortment of products rely on knowledgeable salespeople to provide purchase advice to customers and match customers with suitable products. Interestingly, big retailers vary in their policies regarding whether to allow their salespeople to receive manufacturer SPIFF (Sales Person Incentive Funding Formula) payments, which motivate salespeople advising at no cost of the retailer. In this study, we investigate a big retailer’s incentive to block manufacturer SPIFF programs, which has the consequence of demotivating salespeople from advising customers, from the perspective of vertical channel interactions. We scrutinize a big retailer’s decision to maximize its profit through managing its channel interactions with upstream manufacturers offering horizontally differentiated products, customers uncertain about true fits with competing products, and its salesperson who can match customers with suitable products through offering purchase advice. Our analysis shows that motivating the salesperson to advise customers is profitable for the retailer only if the such advising has moderate effectiveness in matching consumers and suitable products, and only in this case would the retailer collaborate on manufacturer SPIFF programs. Otherwise, salesperson advising hurts retailer profit and the big retailer benefits from blocking manufacturer SPIFF programs. Our study reveals the interesting theoretical insight that the incentives of a big retailer and upstream manufacturers to motivate sales advising reside in their incentives to battle for a more favorable channel status.
Toward Ubiquitous Assessment of Neonates' Health Condition

Neonates needs an intensive health care during their early life. The cost of health care is high. In addition, health care might not be accessible to neonates in rural areas. In this paper, we propose the development of a smart, accessible, and cost-effective system to monitor neonates' health conditions using the advanced technologies of artificial intelligence and ubiquitous computing. The paper also presents an approach for automatically measuring neonates' pain, which is a main indication of an underlying health condition. While the preliminary results of our approach are encouraging, several extensions should be considered in future.
Adaptive Grayscale Mapping to Improve Molecular Ultrasound Difference Images

Ultrasound microbubble imaging with targeted mi-crobubbles can have low signal-to-background ratio due to spurious contrast signals from tissue leakage and the low power necessary to avoid microbubble destruction during imaging. A typical imaging strategy to identify bound microbubbles is to subtract b-mode images before and after bursting the microbubbles with a high-pressure ultrasonic pulse. However, motion and deformation cause misregistration artifacts that increase difficulty separating background tissue and noise from microbubbles. We've applied a geospatial change detection algorithm called adaptive grayscale mapping to detect and remove difference image signal patterns characteristic of misregistration errors and attenuate noise signal. Phantom studies suggest no microbubble signal is lost with the method and SNR improvements are demonstrated with both phantom and in vivo mouse studies.
Adaptations to Extreme and Unusual Habitats

Abstract Abiotic extremes create unusual environments that are engaging to aquatic ecologists because of their novelty. Microorganisms that can live in almost boiling water and animals that can live in near-freezing water are fascinating. In addition to piquing academic interest, these habitats can provide insight into how organisms may tolerate pollution and other human-caused environmental perturbations. For example, studies on thermal pollution and global warming may require an understanding of how organisms cope with high temperatures, and organisms from saline lakes may provide clues to species’ responses to salinization by agricultural and urban runoff. Furthermore, aquatic microbial ecologists and biotechnologists have isolated useful microbes from extreme habitats, such as those that produce the enzymes essential for the polymerase chain reaction, an essential tool in modern molecular biology. In this chapter, we discuss how organisms adapt to different extremes and the environments in which the extremes occur. The extremes considered here include high and low temperatures, periodic drying, high salinity, surface layers of water (experiencing damagingly high light), and ultraoligotrophic waters. In the next chapter, we will discuss how human stressors, such as pollution, can have detrimental effects on organisms, and adaptations discussed in this chapter will be very relevant to those discussed in the next
Highly Scaled, High Endurance, Ω-Gate, Nanowire Ferroelectric FET Memory Transistors

In this work, we demonstrate highly scaled, non-volatile memory transistors with ferroelectric Zr-doped HfO2(HZO) as gate insulator. ${\Omega }$ -gate transistors with gate length ~30 nm and width ~85 nm were fabricated on ~20 nm thick SOI. We demonstrate robust memory operation with ≤100 ns program and erase speed at ±5 V, projected memory retention time up to 10 years at 85 °C, and ~0.5 V memory window after 108 endurance cycles. The impact of ${V} _{\text {D}}$ on erase speed provides insights into the importance of holes on memory operation.
Do girls pay an unequal price? Black and Latina girls' math attitudes, math anxiety, and mathematics achievement

Abstract This study examined the longitudinal relation between math attitudes and math anxiety in first grade (Mage = 6 years, 10 months) and mathematics achievement in fourth grade (Mage = 9 years, 11 months) for 155 Black and Latinx children. Multi-group structural equation modeling showed an inverse relation between math attitudes and math anxiety in first grade for boys and girls. Although there were no mean differences in math anxiety between boys and girls, there was a significant difference in its longitudinal relation with mathematics achievement: for girls, but not boys, first grade math anxiety negatively predicted fourth grade mathematics achievement, controlling for earlier achievement. Math anxiety longitudinally contributes to minoritized girls' long-term mathematics achievement. Teachers should be knowledgeable about the relation between math anxiety and math attitudes and be more responsive to Black and Latinx girls' mathematical learning needs to provide them equitable opportunities to be successful in mathematics.