cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economics of the NFL Player Entry Draft System

The National Football League instituted the reverse order draft for entering players (rookies) in 1936. The NFL system is the original version of a player entry draft, and subsequent draft systems developed by North American team sport leagues are based on this model. The draft determines the initial contract assignment for (most) entering players. The entry draft creates a monopsony situation whereby the player may bargain only with one potential employer. Negotiation leverage for entering players is greatly reduced, and theoretically the monopsony (single buyer) model restrains salaries. As with most restrictions limiting labor mobility, the NFL draft was initially promoted as a tool to remedy competitive imbalance, and has since been defended as necessary to maintain competitive balance. Although the effect of the draft on competitive balance is ambiguous at best, the elimination of a competitive labor market and bargaining power for entering players’ services accomplishes the league’s objective of eliminating bidding competition and quite clearly reduces salaries. Notwithstanding, the very best entering players, the top draft choices, may also possess significant bargaining power. Contract negotiations in these circumstances may reflect a bilateral monopoly outcome where negotiated salaries compare to a competitive market result.
Cellular differentiation in the anamniota: III. Effects of Actinomycin D and cyanide on the morphogenesis of fundulus

Abstract Fertilized eggs and embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus reared in solutions of Actinomycin D for 24 hr exhibited strikingly different failures of morphogenesis dependent upon the time of initiation of the treatment. While morphogenesis was irreversibly inhibited cellular differentiation occurred. These two areas of development are therefore separable in time. The most severe effects, failure of gastrulation and axiation, occurred when the incubation period began immediately upon fertilization. Failure of cephalogenesis occurred when the incubation period began 1 hr after fertilization. Incubation of later onset (2 hr) led to microcephaly. Incubation beginning at blastulation had no effect on embryogenesis. Preincubation in cyanide until high blastula (stage 9) followed by incubation in Actinomycin D, led to failure of axiation similar in all details to the effect seen with incubation in Actinomycin D which included the first hour after fertilization. The Actinomycin D sensitive period of development therefore is dependent upon aerobic metabolism. A serial order of morphogenetic effects has been demonstrated by these inhibition studies: Failure of (1) gastrulation, (2) axiation, (3) cephalogenesis. Incubation of sperm in Actinomycin D prior to fertilization led to a severe mortality but no effect on morphogenesis in the survivors. Incubation of eggs, or eggs and sperm led to failure of development past the blastula. The implications of these data on the synthesis of morphogenetically meaningful macromolecules is discussed.
The Relation of Ca II K FEATURES TO MAGNETIC FIELD

We studied quantitatively the relation between the intensity of Caii K-line bright features and the intensity of the associated magnetic elements using two data sets obtained at the Big Bear Solar Observatory. Both network and intranetwork (IN) structures were considered. Magnetic field changes always affected the K-line emission; for example, the appearance of new bipoles was always followed by enhanced K-line emission. There is an almost linear correlation between the K-line intensity and the magnetic field strength of the stronger network elements (elements with absolute field strength higher than 11–19.5 G). We identified two classes of intranetwork K-line elements: magnetic and non-magnetic ones. The number of the magnetic K-line IN elements above a 1-sigma threshold was only 5%–10% of the number of the non-magnetic ones. The magnetic K-line IN elements were almost 3 to 4 times brighter compared to the non-magnetic elements. On the other hand, the non-magnetic elements were moving with typical velocities of 35–40 km s−1 while the velocities of the magnetic K-line elements were of the order of 1 km s−1.
Case study of the identification, assessment and early intervention of executive function deficits

Educators recognize the need to identify young children who may require intervention because the sooner intervention is initiated, the greater the possibility for remediating a problem. It is imperative that teachers be provided with timely and sufficient information about their students in order to begin to help child become successful learners. Executive functions play a fundamental role in a child's cognitive and social-emotional/behavioral functioning; hence the importance of early detection and early intervention. Through early screening, assessment and intervention, there is greater potential to enhance a child's long-term achievement, functional independence, and social-emotional/behavior challenges. This article focuses on the identification, assessment, and intervention of execution function deficits through a case study.
Geminin is Essential to Prevent DNA Re-Replication-Dependent Apoptosis in Pluripotent Cells, but not in Differentiated Cells.

Geminin is a dual-function protein unique to multicellular animals with roles in modulating gene expression and preventing DNA re-replication. Here, we show that geminin is essential at the beginning of mammalian development to prevent DNA re-replication in pluripotent cells, exemplified by embryonic stem cells, as they undergo self-renewal and differentiation. Embryonic stem cells, embryonic fibroblasts, and immortalized fibroblasts were characterized before and after geminin was depleted either by gene ablation or siRNA. Depletion of geminin under conditions that promote either self-renewal or differentiation rapidly induced DNA re-replication, followed by DNA damage, then a DNA damage response, and finally apoptosis. Once differentiation had occurred, geminin was no longer essential for viability, although it continued to contribute to preventing DNA re-replication induced DNA damage. No relationship was detected between expression of geminin and genes associated with either pluripotency or differentiation. Thus, the primary role of geminin at the beginning of mammalian development is to prevent DNA re-replication-dependent apoptosis, a role previously believed essential only in cancer cells. These results suggest that regulation of gene expression by geminin occurs only after pluripotent cells differentiate into cells in which geminin is not essential for viability. Stem Cells 2015;33:3239–3253
Evans aldol reaction

Asymmetric aldol reaction of aldehyde and chiral acyl oxazolidinone, the Evans chiral auxiliary.
Forgiveness education in fibromyalgia: A qualitative inquiry

The purpose of this qualitative study was to assess perspectives on the acceptability and the potential applicability of a forgiveness education in patients with fibromyalgia. The concept and tools of forgiveness were presented to thirteen women (age: 40 - 54 years) with a previous diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Subjects participated in 1 of 2 focus groups following a 90-minute education session in which forgiveness was presented as an emotion-focused coping strategy to deal with interpersonal stressors. Qualitative assessment of focus group discussions reveals 3 themes: 1) forgiveness is healthy and reduces pain, 2) forgiveness is within a patient’s personal control, and 3) forgiveness education is similar to other types of patient education and is well received. Our results suggest that forgiveness education is acceptable and feasible in patients with fibromyalgia. This justifies further exploration of forgiveness as an emotion-focused self- management strategy to decrease psychological distress.
UrbanSim: Modeling Urban Development for Land Use, Transportation, and Environmental Planning

Abstract Metropolitan areas have come under intense pressure to respond to federal mandates to link planning of land use, transportation, and environmental quality; and from citizen concerns about managing the side effects of growth such as sprawl, congestion, housing affordability, and loss of open space. The planning models used by metropolitan planning organizations were generally not designed to address these issues, creating a gap in the ability of planners to systematically assess them. UrbanSim is a new model system that was developed to respond to these emerging requirements and has now been applied in three metropolitan areas. This article describes the model system and its application to Eugene-Springfield, Oregon.
Orthodontic mini-implant diameter does not affect in-situ linear microcrack generation in the mandible or the maxilla

Introduction Microdamage reduces bone mechanical properties and thus could contribute to implant failure. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the diameter of mini-implants affects linear microcrack generation and whether this differs between the mandible and the maxilla because of their contrasting cortical thicknesses. Methods Maxillary and mandibular quadrants of 5 dogs were randomly assigned to receive, in situ, no pilot drilling or mini-implant insertion (control), pilot drilling only without mini-implants, or pilot drilling plus a mini-implant of 1 of 3 diameters: 1.4 mm (n = 18), 1.6 mm (n = 18), and 2.0 mm (n = 18). Linear microcracks were assessed on basic fuchsin-stained sections by using epifluorescence microscopy. Results Pilot drilling without mini-implant insertion produced significantly higher linear microcrack burdens in the mandible compared with the maxilla. In the both the mandible and the maxilla, all implants produced higher linear microcrack burdens than did the controls, yet there were no differences between the 3 implant diameters. Conclusions Neither the diameter of the mini-implant nor the site of insertion (mandible vs maxilla) had a significant effect on the amount of linear microdamage adjacent to the implant when the implants were inserted after pilot drilling in situ.
DEFECTIVE IN VITRO LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN SEVERELY ILL CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS

Pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) eventually occurs in virtually every patient with cystic fibrosis. Progression of infection and, ultimately, death occurs despite circulating specific antibody. For these reasons, studies of cell mediated immune responses to PA were undertaken in patients with cystic fibrosis. In vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to PA, Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus hemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus antigen were tested by 3H thymidine incorporation. Twenty-nine patients with chronic PA infection including 16 in fair or good condition (Shwachman Case History Score of 15-25 points) and 13 in poor condition (Score of 1-14) were tested. In addition, 6 patients who had never had PA recovered from sputum cultures and 13 normal persons were also tested. The mean response to three different PA strains was 753 counts per minute (cpm) in the “poor” group compared to 3234 cpm in the “good” group (p<0.0005) and 2572 in the normal groups (p<0.005). This difference was not present in the responses to PHA and Con-A or to the other bacterial antigens. Two terminally ill patients gave lower responses to four of their own PA strains than did the other patients. In addition, two sibling pairs in which one child was severely ill and infected with PA while the other child had not yet shown PA on sputum cultures were studied. In both cases, the uninfected child had normal responses, wherease the severely ill sibling had virtually no response against his own PA.
Adsorption of Copper Clusters in TS-1 Pores: Ti versus Si and Gold versus Copper

We present a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) analysis of interaction of Cu 1-5 clusters with nondefect and metal-vacancy defect versions of T6-Ti and T6-Si sites in TS-1. The clusters inside the TS-1 pores are significantly stabilized due to long-range interactions such as van der Waals forces. We predict stronger adsorption of Cu clusters on Ti sites versus that on Si sites and on defect sites versus that on nondefect sites. A graph of adsorption energy (ΔE ads ) versus cluster size (n) shows a peak around n = 3. While these findings are consistent with previous results on Au clusters, we have identified significant differences in the Au/TS-1 and Cu/TS-1 systems, especially in the charge-transfer interactions. Moreover, the binding configurations and cluster-support interactions are different in Cu/Ti and Cu/Si systems. While Cu 1-5 clusters adsorbed on Si sites are negatively charged, the Cu 3 and Cu 5 clusters adsorbed on Ti sites are significantly positively charged. Due to relatively low ionization potential, these clusters lose electron density to cationic Ti sites through negatively charged lattice oxygens. The attractive coulomb interactions between positively charged Cu atoms and negatively charged lattice oxygens are consistent with the X 2 O 2 and X 3 O 3 (X m Ο n: . m metal atoms and n oxygen atoms) binding configurations of Cu 3 /Cu 5 clusters adsorbed on Ti sites, which make the lattice-oxygen-mediated charge-transfer energetically favorable. The X 1 O n (n = 1 or 2) binding configurations are preferred by the Cu 1-5 clusters adsorbed on Si sites and also by the Au 1-5 clusters adsorbed on both Ti and Si sites. Because the Au-Ο interactions are weaker than the Cu-O interactions, the X 2 O 2 and X 3 O 3 binding configurations are not preferred by the Au 3 /Au 5 clusters adsorbed on Ti sites. The differences in cluster-support interactions in Cu/Ti versus Cu/Si and Au/Ti versus Cu/Ti systems can be explained on the basis of geometric and electrostatic effects.
Studies directed toward the total synthesis of 14-membered cyclopeptide alkaloids: Synthesis of a cyclic precursor to nummularine-F

Abstract Investigations leading to the synthesis of a linear precursor (2) to the 14-membered cyclopeptide alkaloid, nummularine-F, are described. The Ugi four-component condensation reaction was utilized to prepare the key intermediate (3) which, under mild conditions, was elaborated to 2. The attempted cyclization conditions all led to the formation of a 28-membered cyclopeptide.
The regiochemistry of reduction of mono-ethyl fumarate and maleate using a ruthenium BINAP catalyst

Abstract The regiochemistry of the reduction of mono-ethyl fumarate using bis (carboxylato){2,2′- bis (diphenylphosphino)-[R]-1,1-binapthyl}-ruthenium(II) (Ru[BINAP]) in H 2 /CH 3 OD is reported and occurs opposite to the regiochemistry observed in the reduction of tiglic acid. Reduction of mono-ethyl maleate with D 2 /CH 3 OD is very sluggish but produces meso -dideuteriosuccinic acid with high stereoselectivity. Reduction of mono-ethyl maleate with Ru[BINAP](O 2 CR) 2 and H 2 /CH 3 OD results in mono-ethyl succinate-d 1 with nearly complete loss of regiochemistry.
Investigation of Pb-Li compatibility issues for the dual coolant blanket concept

Abstract One proposed blanket concept uses advanced ferritic alloys and a SiC/SiC composite flow channel insert with both Pb–17 at.%Li and He coolants. As the first step in determining the long-term compatibility of SiC/SiC in Pb–Li, specimens of high-purity, chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC were exposed in capsules for up to 5000 h at 800 °C and 1000 h at 1200 °C. Dissolved Si was detected in the Pb–Li after the highest temperature exposures suggesting that SiC may be limited to
The case for inductive and visual techniques in the analysis of spatial data

As the attribute spaces available to geography expand, new challenges are posed in comprehending and analysing data. This article introduces two complementary approaches to analysis that show promise in addressing data with high attribute dimensionality: inductive learning and visualisation. Whilst neither of these techniques are yet as robust or generally available as many accepted parametric techniques, they are nevertheless able to provide insight, and in the case of inductively-based classifiers and approximation methods, have been shown to outperform traditional approaches in some geographic settings. Some problems with parametric inferential statistics are briefly mentioned, followed by descriptions of inductive and visual analysis methods, and some of the important research that remains to be done before they can take a more prominent role.
Systematic review of the effect of individual and combined nutrition and exercise interventions on weight, adiposity and metabolic outcomes after delivery: evidence for developing behavioral guidelines for post-partum weight control.

Background Post-partum weight retention contributes to the risk of chronic obesity and metabolic alterations. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of post-partum nutrition and exercise interventions on weight loss and metabolic outcomes. DATA SOURCES: Four electronic databases were searched from inception to January, 2012. Two investigators reviewed titles and abstracts, performed data abstraction on full articles and assessed study quality.
Nanoantenna-enhanced optical heterodyning and photoemission devices

We propose the use of optical nanoantennas for new-generation photonic nanodevices. We report the design and realization of enhanced optoelectronic photomixers taking advantage of the strong field localization and enhancement at the nanoantenna gap. We achieve high-power THz photomixers based on field-emission nanodiodes integrated with nanomanipulated conical antennas or clusters of nanobowtie antennas. We also demonstrate high quantum-efficiency phototriodes based on cross-slot nanoantennas forming the gate-electrode aperture.
Pre-eclampsia and serum antibodies to oxidised low-density lipoprotein

Oxidised low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) has been associated with arterial foam-cell formation, and autoantibodies to Ox-LDL are present in human serum. Lipid peroxidation is enhanced in pre-eclampsia. We assessed whether the titre of IgG autoantibody to an epitope of Ox-LDL, malondialdehyde-conjugated low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL), was increased in the sera of pre-eclamptic patients. 16 such patients had significantly higher mean titres of autoantibodies to MDA-LDL than healthy pregnant women (p = 0.028). In a multiple regression model, pre-eclamptic patients still had a significantly higher mean titre (p = 0.048). Enhanced lipid peroxidation may be involved in the foam-cell formation of decidua and in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.
Improved frequency resolution in multidimensional constant-time experiments by multidimensional Bayesian analysis

The resolution of spectral frequencies in NMR data obtained from discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) along D constant-time dimensions can be improved significantly through extrapolation of the D-dimensional free induction decay (FID) by multidimensional Bayesian analysis. Starting from Bayesian probability theory for parameter estimation and model detection of one-dimensional time-domain data [Bretthorst, (1990) J. Magn. Reson., 88, 533–551; 552–570; 571–595], a theory for the D-dimensional case has been developed and implemented in an algorithm called BAMBAM (BAyesian Model Building Algorithm in Multidimensions). BAMBAM finds the most probable sinusoidal model to account for the systematic portion of any D-dimensional stationary FID. According to the parameters estimated by the algorithm, the FID is extrapolated in D dimensions prior to apodization and Fourier transformation. Multidimensional Bayesian analysis allows for the detection of signals not resolved by the DFT alone or even by sequential one-dimensional extrapolation from mirror-image linear prediction prior to the DFT. The procedure has been tested with a theoretical two-dimensional dataset and with four-dimensional HN(CO)CAHA (Kay et al. (1992) J. Magn. Reson., 98, 443–450) data from a small protein (8 kDa) where BAMBAM was applied to the 13Cα and Hα constant-time dimensions.
Muscle growth learns new tricks from an old dog.

The S6K1 kinase lies downstream of a signaling network crucial for muscle hypertrophy. It now seems that S6K1 also interacts with another kinase—AMPK—to integrate muscle-cell growth with metabolic regulation.
Instrumenting Programs for Symbolic-Trace Generation

Symbolic traces increase error-detection capabilities of program tests and indicate the extent of their coverage. This instrumentation system generates traces automatically upon program execution.
Perspective on the local interstellar medium

Theoretical local-interstellar-medium (LISM) models designed to explain the observed soft-X-ray background (SXRB) are reviewed. Consideration is given to the LISM in the immediate solar vicinity (the Local Fluff, extending 3-10 pc), the local bubble (a large irregularly shaped cavity filled with very-low-density gas at 10 to the 6th K and surrounded by denser material), the three-dimensional structure of the SXRB emitting region, the thermal nature of the SXRB, and the implications of process time scales for LISM theories. A number of possible mechanisms are discussed in the context of a model in which the LISM hot gas is a remnant from the creation of the local bubble about 20 Myr ago and/or the product of supernova reheating as recently as 150 kyr ago.
Origin of Saturation Effects in Electron Transport

The diffraction model is generalized to incorporate a postulate on the electron-phonon interaction; viz., phonons with wavelength exceeding the electron mean free path are ineffective electron scatterers. This postulate leads to a limiting resistivity when the electron mean free path is of the order of the interatomic spacing. The generalized diffraction model is also shown to explain many anomalous features common to high-resistivity metals. Crystalline Nb, $A15'\mathrm{s}$, and glassy metals are discussed.
Vertical-Zonal Propagation of a Stationary Planetary Wave Packet.

Abstract In order to explain why the Aleutian high stands out in the winter stratosphere, a complex Fourier analysis is made of simulated and observed stationary waves. It is found that in the troposphere the envelope of the time mean geopotential height consisting of wavenumbers 1 ∼ 3 attains its major and minor maxima in the Pacific and Atlantic, respectively. The major maximum is dominated by wavenumbers 1 ∼ 2 and shifts eastward with height in the stratosphere in the approximate direction of the group velocity and strengthens the Aleutian high. The minor maximum is dominated by wavenumber 3 and is confined in the troposphere.
The representer method for data assimilation in single-phase Darcy flow in porous media

We apply the representer method, a data assimilation algorithm, to single-phase Darcy flow in porous media. The measurement array that yields the assimilated data can be expressed as a vector of linear functionals of pressure. The a priori discretization errors in the representer method are analyzed in terms of the convergence properties of the underlying numerical schemes used in each part of the algorithm. We formulate some proof-of-concept numerical experiments that illustrate the error analysis.
Evidence for a Gm ab Allele in the Gm System of American Negroes

RHESUS-POSITIVE [Rh(+)] red blood cells coated with selected incomplete anti-D sera may be caused to agglutinate by serum from selected patients with rheumatoid arthritis1. The agglutinating activity of the rheumatoid arthritis serum may be inhibited by sera from some normal individuals1. Inhibiting normal sera are called Gm(+), non-inhibiting normal sera are called Gm(−). Four Gm factors detected by different pairs of rheumatoid arthritis and anti-D sera have been reported. They are Gma 1, Gmb 2, Gmx 3and Gm-like4.
Is schizophrenia on the autism spectrum

With the ongoing consideration of the diagnostic criteria for mental disorders that is active in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) revision processes, it is timely to review the phenomenological overlap between autism and schizophrenia. These disorders have at various times been regarded alternatively as closely related and as non-overlapping and incompatible. Nevertheless, there are several reports in the literature that have described individuals with both autism and schizophrenia, and the broader phenotypes of these disorders clearly intersect. Recent studies reveal theory of mind deficits in both disorders, and mirror neuron impairments also appear to be shared. There also may be similar connectivity deficits emerging in functional imaging studies, and both disorders share several genetic signals that are being identified through detection of copy number variants. Taken together, these data suggest that it may be time to revisit the possibility that these disorders are related.
Numerical simulation of time-dependent beach and dune erosion

A computational procedure is developed for predicting the time-dependent, two-dimensional beach and dune erosion during severe storms due to elevated water levels and waves. The model employs the equation of sediment continuity and a dynamic equation governing the cross-shore sediment transport due to a disequilibrium of wave energy dissipation levels. These equations are solved numerically by an implicit, double-sweep procedure to determine the change in position of elevation contours in the profile. Given sufficient time, the profile will evolve to a form where the depth, h, in the surf zone is related to the distance seaward of the waterline by the relationship: h = Ax23, which is consistent with many natural profiles and in which A depends on sediment characteristics. The model is verified qualitatively and quantitatively through application to several idealized cases and through a preliminary simulation of erosion during Hurricane Eloise. In general, the time scales for shoreline response were found to be quite long relative to natural storm systems and erosion in the early response stages was found to be sensitive to storm surge height, but much less sensitive to wave height. The model response characteristics for simulation of erosion due to time-varying storm conditions show a lag between the maximum storm surge elevation and maximum erosion with the maximum erosion rate occurring at the time of the peak surge. For the simulated erosion due to Hurricane Eloise, reasonable agreement was found between the post-hurricane dune profiles and those calculated. However, the eroded volumes were in better agreement than the profile forms as the steepening of the natural dune profiles was not reproduced in the model.
The Emotional and Economic Costs of Bereavement in Health Care Settings

Research to date on grief and bereavement in health care providers has focused on those experiences from the perspective of the individual. We propose, however, that the emotional costs of bereavement in the health care setting are also health care systems issues. This paper focuses on the emotional costs of grief and bereavement in health care providers, and on the economic costs of bereavement and bereavement care in health care settings. Evidence regarding the costs and cost-effectiveness of bereavement interventions is limited. We summarise existing relevant research and offer an overview of the types of costs and cost information that would optimally be collected in research on bereavement in health care settings. We also propose an analytic framework that could be used to systematically consider the larger picture of bereavement in health care settings, how available evidence fits into this picture, and what evidence is needed to improve care. This approach is derived from health services research. It is hoped that the proposed framework will prove useful in stimulating new research questions, and in guiding research that not only advance
Gas-phase electrophilic attack of a double bond exhibits stereoselectivity.

Protonated acetaldehyde (ion 1) reacts with allyltrimethylsilane (allyl-TMS) in the gas phase to yield cis-piperylene (cis-1,3-pentadiene) as the major product. The cis isomer predominates over trans by a factor ≥15:1, a degree of stereoselectivity that is unprecedented in a reaction where the double bond geometry has not been specified in the reactant. The neutral products were assessed by creating tritiated 1 via decay of a tritium nucleus in gaseous ethanol molecules labeled with >1 tritium atom. The radioactive C5H8 products must result from addition of the electrophilic ion to the allyl group followed by an elimination. Deprotonation of C5H9+ cannot account for the product stereochemistry. One possible explanation is that addition of the electrophile to the double bond is followed by elimination of Me3SiOH2+ on a time scale faster than that by which the initially formed adduct ion can change its conformation.
Image Processing Based Approach for Retrieving Data from a Seismic Section in Bitmap Format

A new method for retrieving seismic data from a seismic section provided in a bitmap format is described. The method is based on image processing techniques and includes creating a grey level image of a seismic section, processing the grey level image (by integration, filtering, etc.) and then reconstructing digitized values of individual seismic traces_ from the resulting image, thus ending with the data in standard SEG-Y format
Closed chromatin loops at the ends of chromosomes

The termini of eukaryotic chromosomes contain specialized protective structures, the telomeres, composed of TTAGGG repeats and associated proteins which, together with telomerase, control telomere length. Telomere shortening is associated with senescence and inappropriate telomerase activity may lead to cancer. Little is known about the chromatin context of telomeres, because, in most cells, telomere chromatin is tightly anchored within the nucleus. We now report the successful release of telomere chromatin from chicken erythrocyte and mouse lymphocyte nuclei, both of which have a reduced karyoskeleton. Electron microscopy reveals telomere chromatin fibers in the form of closed terminal loops, which correspond to the “t-loop” structures adopted by telomere DNA. The ability to recognize isolated telomeres in their native chromatin conformation opens the way for detailed structural and compositional studies.
Loss of gravitational mass of a rotating rod as outgoing gravitational radiation

The solution of the gravitational field equations of general relativity is obtained for the metric field of a rotating rod. A Schwarzschildian correction term is found that represents a steady diminution of mass of the rod on account of the gravitational waves emitted.
Networking and Cooperative Collection Management— The Illinois Experience

Efforts to initiate cooperative collection management have evolved from two distinct networking contexts in Illinois. The earliest was the Illinois Library and Information Network (ILLINET), a statewide network that has grown into a multitype resource‐sharing network of libraries of all kinds and sizes. The second network context was the Library Computer System (LCS), which is based at the University of Illinois, Urbana‐Champaign but includes the holdings of some 30 public and private academic libraries in Illinois. LCS was selected by the Illinois Board of Higher Education (IBHE) as the unified database on which to build its program for cooperative collection management in Illinois academic libraries.
Calf muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption measured with near-infrared spectroscopy during venous occlusion

We present non-invasive measurements of the calf muscle blood flow (BF) and oxygen consumption (OC) by near-infrared spectroscopy. We used a frequency domain tissue oximeter (modulation frequency: 110 MHz, wavelengths: 758 and 830 nm) to measure in real time (acquisition time: 0.64 s) the hemoglobin concentration and saturation. After 1-min of baseline acquisition, we achieved venous occlusion by inflating a pneumatic cuff on the subjectOs thigh to a pressure of 60 mmHg. The cuff was released after 1 min. The baseline/inflation/release procedure was repeated 3 times to verify reproducibility. We calculated the BF and OC from the initial rate of increase of the total hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration immediately after the onset of venous occlusion. We examined 8 healthy subjects and 18 patients affected by peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in 1 or 2 legs to investigate whether muscle BF and OC at rest can be useful indicators of vascular insufficiency. In healthy legs, we obtained average values of BF=0.73 ml/(100ml)/min and OC=0.10 ml/(100g)/min. The corresponding average values found in legs affected by PVD are BF=1.39 ml/(100ml)/min and OC=0.16 ml/(100g)/min. The ranges of values of BF and OC measured in the healthy legs broadly overlap with the corresponding ranges measured in the PVD legs.
Methods and applications of snapshot spectropolarimetry

We present adaptations of the channelled spectropolarimetry technique, a method which allows both spectral and polarization information to be captured in a single integration period. The first adaptation uses a mathematical decomposition of the system matrix, which is then modified for imaging spectropolarimetry; the second adaptation is applied first to a single-point and then to an imaging system, for which we also show applications and measurements from experimental work.
Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America

In Warhogs, Stuart D. Brandes masterfully blends intellectual, economic, and military history into a fascinating discussion of a great moral question for generations of Americans: Can some individuals rightly profit during wartime while others sacrifice their lives to protect the nation? Drawing upon a wealth of manuscript sources, newspapers, contemporary periodicals, government reports, and other relevant literature, Brandes traces how in financing its wars each generation has endeavored to assemble resources equitably, to define the ethical questions of economic mobilization, and to manage economic sacrifice responsibly. He defines profiteering as price gouging, quality degradation, trading with the enemy, plunder, and fraud, among others, in order to examine the different guises of war profits and the degree to which they existed from one era to the next. Brandes traces the complex and evershifting issue of war profits across nearly the entire scope of American history through the four major military mobilizations (Revolution, Civil War, and World Wars I and II) and such smaller conflicts as the colonial wars, the Indian campaigns, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Spanish-American War. His even-handed discussion of wartime profit-seeking culminates with profiteering as a continuing cultural issue during the Cold War. No other study so thoroughly surveys the history of war profits in America. By examining this particular category of semi-legitimate wealth - not specifically illegal, but not entirely ethical - Brandes provides an in-depth analysis of American thought and culture as it has evolved over the past four centuries.
Development of an antimicrobial microporous polyurethane membrane

To impart antimicrobial property, a moiety of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-imidozalidin-4-one (TMIO) hydantoin was successfully grafted onto microporous polyurethane (PU) membrane surface as an N-halamine precursor through a two-step grafting procedure. A combination of techniques was used to confirm the surface grafting. Thermal and mechanical properties of modified PU membranes were evaluated accordingly. Upon exposure to chlorine bleaching, the hydantoin structures on the grafted PU membranes were transformed into N-halamines. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis and iodometric titration were used to analyze the chlorine contents of the PU membranes after chlorination. A total reduction of both Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) was observed after a 2-h contact period. Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) remained essentially unchanged after surface modification with TMIO. Consequently, a microporous PU membrane that not only possesses good barrier and hygiene protections, but also maintains sufficient WVTR for comfort was developed.
Delayed-onset cytomegalovirus disease coded during hospital readmission after kidney transplantation.

Background Use of prophylactic anti-CMV therapy for 3 to 6 months after kidney transplantation can result in delayed-onset CMV disease. We hypothesized that delayed-onset CMV disease (occurring ≥ 100 days post-transplant) occurs more commonly than early-onset CMV disease, and that it is associated with death.
Work stress in aging police officers

Data are sparse regarding the impact of psychosocial work stress on the health and well-being of aging workers, even for employees working in high-stress occupations, such as law enforcement. To improve our understanding of this issue in older workers, we assessed and characterized work stress, coping strategies, and stress-related health outcomes in a sample of police officers aged 50 years and older (n = 105). The most important risk factors associated with officers' perceived work stress were maladaptive coping behaviors (e.g., excessive drinking or problem gambling) (odds ratio [OR], 4.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11 to 11.6) and exposure to critical incidents (e.g., shootings) (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.71 to 8.65). In turn, perceived work stress was significantly associated with anxiety (OR, 6.84; 95% CI, 2.81 to 16.65), depression (OR, 9.27; 95% CI, 3.81 to 22.54), somatization (OR, 5.74; 95% CI, 2.47 to 13.33), posttraumatic stress symptoms (OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.29 to 6.47), symptoms of "burnout" (OR, 5.93; 95% CI, 2.54 to 13.86), chronic back pain (OR, = 3.55; 95% CI, 1.57 to 8.06), alcohol abuse (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.45 to 7.22), and inappropriately aggressive behavior (OR, 4.00; 95% CI, 1.34 to 11.88). These data suggest that older workers in high-stress jobs may be at increased risk for work stress-related health problems, especially if they rely on risky health behaviors to cope with stress. Given the size of the rapidly aging US workforce and the likelihood that many are employed in high-stress jobs, interventions are urgently needed to address this emerging public health issue.
Ordering of Implicants

Correspondence between logical relations of Boolean function implicants and numerical relations between identifiers
Central and Peripheral Visual Impairment and the Risk of Falls and Falls with Injury

Objective To evaluate whether central (CVI) and peripheral visual impairment (PVI) are independent risk factors for falls and falls with injury 4 years later. Design Population-based, prospective cohort study. Participants A population-based sample of 3203 adult Latinos. Methods Baseline presenting binocular central distance acuity was measured and impairment was classified as mild (20/40–20/63) or moderate/severe (≤20/80). Peripheral visual impairment was classified as mild (−6 dB Main Outcome Measures Falls and falls with injury in the past 12 months were assessed by self-report at the 4-year follow-up visit. Results Out of 3203 individuals, 19% reported falls and 10% falls with injury 4 years after the baseline examination; participants with falls were more likely to be ≥60 years of age, be female, report lower income, have >2 comorbidities, report alcohol use, report wearing bifocal glasses, and report obesity. Among those who reported falls, 7% had CVI (visual acuity >20/40) compared with 4% who did not report falls; and 49% had PVI (mean deviation P P trend = 0.04; and OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06–1.91l P trend = 0.01, respectively) and with falls with injury (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.10–7.02; P value = 0.03; and OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.94–2.05 P trend = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions Both CVI and PVI were independently associated with increased risk for falls and falls with injury 4 years after the initial examination in a dose–response manner. Although vision-related interventions for preventing falls have mainly focused on correcting CVI, this study suggests that targeting both central and peripheral components may be necessary to effectively reduce rates of falls and falls with injury related to vision loss. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Regio- and Stereoselective Enolizations Using Calcium Bis(hexamethyldisilazide) as a Base: Synthetic, Solid-State, and Solution Studies

The alkaline earth metal complex calcium bis(hexamethyldisilazide), Ca(HMDS)2, has proven to be a useful reagent to carry out the regio- and stereoselective enolization reactions of ketones. The reactions give almost quantitative conversions to the corresponding silyl enol ethers at 0 °C using THF as solvent medium. Excellent kinetic selectivities (up to >99%) are found in the reactions of Ca(HMDS)2 with a series of unsymmetrical ketones, and this base system displays high Z-selectivity (up to 96%) for stereoselective enolization reactions. Six new enolate-containing crystal structures have also been elucidated. The amidocalcium enolates adopt monomeric, dimeric, tetranuclear, and charge-separated constitutions. In addition, the unexpected preparation of a hexanuclear complex composed of amide, enolate, and enolized aldolate units was discovered. NMR spectroscopic studies of the amidocalcium enolate systems reveal that a common dynamic equilibrium between multiple species is established in pyridine-d5. Th...
Microtubules restrict plastid sedimentation in protonemata of the moss Ceratodon

Apical cells of protonemata of the moss Ceratodon purpureus are unusual among plant cells with sedimentation in that only some amyloplasts sediment and these do not fall completely to the bottom of vertical cells. To determine whether the cytoskeleton restricts plastid sedimentation, the effects of amiprophos-methyl (APM) and cytochalasin D (CD) on plastid position were quantified. APM treatments of 30-60 min increased the plastid sedimentation that is normally seen along the length of untreated or control cells. Longer APM treatments often resulted in more dramatic plastid sedimentation, and in some cases almost all plastids sedimented to the lowermost point in the cell. In contrast, the microfilament inhibitor CD did not affect longitudinal plastid sedimentation compared to untreated cells, although it did disturb or eliminate plastid zonation in the tip. These data suggest that microtubules restrict the sedimentation of plastids along the length of the cell and that microtubules are load-bearing for all the plastids in the apical cell. This demonstrates the importance of the cytoskeleton in maintaining organelle position and cell organization against the force of gravity.
Mechanistic insights into extracorporeal photochemotherapy: Efficient induction of monocyte-to-dendritic cell maturation

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma, as well as immunomodulation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and transplanted organ rejection. ECP’s mechanism encompasses large-scale physiologic platelet induction of dendritic cells (DCs). The normal bidirectional immunologic talents of DCs likely contribute heavily to ECP’s capacity to immunize against tumor antigens, while also suppressing transplant immunopathology. Our understanding of how ECP physiologically induces monocyte-to-DC maturation can enhance the treatment’s potency, potentially broaden its use to other cancers and autoimmune disorders and tailor its application to individual patients’ diseases. ECP’s next decade is filled with promise.
The effect of cyclo (Leu-Gly) on chemical denervation supersensitivity of dopamine receptors induced by intracerebroventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine in mice.

Abstract Chemical denervation supersensitivity of postsynaptic dopamine receptors was induced in mice by intracerebroventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Fourteen days after the 6-hydroxydopamine injection, mice exhibited greater spontaneous locomotor activity and hypothermic response when challenged intraperitoneally with apomorphine. Whole brain levels of dopamine were reduced by 80%. Daily subcutaneous administration of cyclo (Leu-Gly) (50 μg/mouse/day) for 14 days inhibited the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by 6-hydroxydopamine as evidenced by the blockade of an apomorphine induced locomotor and hypothermic effect. Cyclo (Leu-Gly) did not alter the depletion of brain dopamine induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. These data suggest that cyclo (Leu-Gly) can block the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by 6-hydroxydopamine without protecting the neurons from dopamine depletion.
Time to Come Clean? Disclosure and Inspection Policies for Green Production

We examine the interplay between two important decisions that impact environmental performance in a production setting: inspections performed by a regulator and noncompliance disclosure by a production firm. To preempt the penalty that will be levied once a compliance violation is discovered in an inspection, the firm dynamically decides whether it should disclose a random occurrence of noncompliance. Anticipating this, the regulator determines inspection frequency and penalty amounts to minimize environmental and social costs, performing either random inspections or periodic inspections. We study this problem by developing a novel analytical framework that combines features from reliability theory and law enforcement economics. We find that, contrary to common belief, surprising the firm with random inspections is not always preferred to inspecting the firm periodically according to a set schedule. We also find that the firm's opportunistic disclosure timing behavior may lead to a partial disclosure equilibrium in which the substitutable relationship between inspection intensity and penalty is reversed; a threat of increased penalty is accompanied by more frequent inspections.
The effect of channel-exit protocols on the performance of finite population radom-access systems

Random-access systems (RAS) for collision-type channels have been studied extensively under the assumption of an infinite population which generates a Poisson arrival process. If the population is finite and if the (practically desirable) free-access channel-access protocol is used, then it is shown that the specification of a channel-exit protocol is crucial for the stability and the fairness of the RAS. Free-exit and blocked-exit protocols are analyzed and it is concluded that the p-persistent blocked-exit protocol provides the mechanisms to assure stability and fairness for a wide range of arrival process models.