cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kindergarten Education and Early Childhood Teacher Education in the United States: Status at the Start of the 21st Century

The political, economic, social, equity, and historical influences on the status of kindergarten education and early childhood teacher education in the United States are discussed. There are many sources of data that create a picture of the diverse programs, resources, and opportunities that kindergarten children experience, including the preparation of kindergarten teachers. This article addresses the questions: What does kindergarten curriculum look like today compared with other times? What is the status of full-day kindergarten? What are the influences of the high-stakes testing movement, school budgets, and economic status across communities? How has early childhood state teacher certification changed during the past two decades? What is worthwhile learning? This article takes an editorial position that supports an intellectually significant curriculum in which specially prepared early childhood teachers match teaching with the ways in which kindergarten children learn, and might want to learn more.
Stress sensitivity in metastatic breast cancer: Analysis of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function

The normal diurnal cortisol cycle has a peak in the morning, decreasing rapidly over the day, with low levels during the night, then rising rapidly again to the morning peak. A pattern of flatter daytime slopes has been associated with more rapid cancer progression in both animals and humans. We studied the relationship between the daytime slopes and other daytime cortisol responses to both pharmacological and psychosocial challenges of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function as well as DHEA in a sample of 99 women with metastatic breast cancer, in hopes of elucidating the dysregulatory process. We found that the different components of HPA regulation: the daytime cortisol slope, the rise in cortisol from waking to 30 min later, and cortisol response to various challenges, including dexamethasone (DEX) suppression, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) activation, and the Trier Social Stress Task, were at best modestly associated. Escape from suppression stimulated by 1mg of DEX administered the night before was moderately but significantly associated with flatter daytime cortisol slopes (r=0.28 to .30 at different times of the post DEX administration day, all p<.01). Daytime cortisol slopes were also moderately but significant associated with the rise in cortisol from waking to 30 min after awakening (r=.29, p=.004, N=96), but not with waking cortisol level (r=-0.13, p=.19). However, we could not detect any association between daytime cortisol slope and activation of cortisol secretion by either CRF infusion or the Trier Social Stress Task. The CRF activation test (following 1.5mg of DEX to assure that the effect was due to exogenous CRF) produced ACTH levels that were correlated (r=0.66, p<.0001, N=74) with serum cortisol levels, indicating adrenal responsiveness to ACTH stimulation. Daytime cortisol slopes were significantly correlated with the slope of DHEA (r=.21, p=.04, N=95). Our general findings suggest that flatter daytime cortisol slopes among metastatic breast cancer patients may be related to disrupted feedback inhibition rather than hypersensitivity in response to stimulation.
Primary melanocytic lesions of the rabbit choroid following topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene: Preliminary observations

AbstractThere are no available animal models of primary human uveal melanoma, a potentially blinding and lethal condition. In an attempt to develop such a model, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in acetone was applied topically to the sclera of Dutch (pigmented) rabbits. Melanocytic hyperplasia was identified histologically in the choroid of 9 of 18 rabbits within 19 weeks following 5–14 weekly topical applications of a 1% solution of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in acetone (10 µl per application). The clinical emergence of fundus pigmentation was documented photographically in six of these nine rabbit eyes. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of a uveal melanocytic response to a chemical wcinogen in an animal eye large enough to be examined clinically.
The influence of visual and olfactory stimuli on jousting behaviour in Drosophila grimshawi (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Abstract Jousting, a display of sexually mature Drosophila grimshawi, is light-dependent. Neither jousting nor other ritualized signals, such as courtship and aggression, occurred under red light with wavelengths greater than 605 nm. Removal of varying numbers of antennal segments reduced but did not abolish jousting. Therefore, no antennally mediated stimulus is required for jousting to occur. The presence of male-produced odours slightly increased the amount of jousting in intact flies.
Quantitative study of adsorbate-adsorbate interactions of hydrogen on the Si(100) surface

The equilibrium spatial distribution of hydrogen atoms adsorbed on the clean $\mathrm{Si}(100)\ensuremath{-}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions has been investigated by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Singly occupied dimers, doubly occupied dimers, and clusters of adjacent doubly occupied dimers along a dimer row are observed. Through the evaluation of large-area STM images, a quantitative assessment of the prevalence of the different adsorbate configurations has been obtained for a range of hydrogen coverages from 0.03 to 0.59 monolayers. At moderate coverages, most of the hydrogen adatoms are found in doubly occupied dimers, while a relatively small number are present as singly occupied dimers or as part of clusters of doubly occupied dimers. The interaction between doubly occupied dimers was examined by determining the experimental size distribution of clusters and the spatial correlation function for the doubly occupied dimers. A nearest-neighbor interaction model is compared with experiment within analytic approximations and through full Monte Carlo simulations. The model is found to agree well with the experimental results. An effective pairing energy of $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}=0.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04\mathrm{eV}$ and an effective clustering energy of $\ensuremath{\omega}=0.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01\mathrm{eV}$ are inferred. These results are independent of any hypothesis concerning the adsorption/desorption pathways, but have implication for possible pathways and their kinetics.
Considering the best interests of infants in foster care placed separately from their siblings

Abstract This article offers a perspective on the child welfare practice of placing infants and their siblings in foster care using the theoretical frameworks of attachment and infant mental health. The authors highlight issues for child welfare workers to consider when determining if moving an infant or young child from one home to another for the purpose of placing him with his siblings would cause trauma or disruption; and also issues to consider when determining the infant or young child's best interest when separated from siblings. First, the authors summarize the literature regarding attachment relationships and attachment disruptions. Then, they review outcome studies of children residing in foster care who are placed with their siblings and of those who are placed separately. Finally, the authors conclude with specific recommendations for child welfare workers to aid in making such difficult decisions about placing infants in foster care.
An investigation of the influence of dieting and self‐esteem on dietary disinhibition

Recent research on the eating behavior of restrained eaters following a dietary preload indicates that both dieting and self-esteem may influence consumption. While Polivy, Heatherton, and Herman (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 354-356, 1988) found a forced preload to lead to increased consumption by low self-esteem restrained eaters, Lowe, Whitlow, and Bellwoar (International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10, 461-471, 1991) found restrained dieters to decrease their consumption following a dietary preload. The current study was designed to investigate the influences of self-esteem and dieting on the eating behavior of restrained eaters while in a negative mood state. Subjects were 80 normal weight undergraduate women in a 2 x 2 x 2 design (Restrained/Unrestrained by Success/Failure by Low Self-Esteem/High Self-Esteem). Current dieting, though not self-esteem, was found to influence consumption. Restrained dieters consumed significantly less in a negative mood state than when in a positive mood state, while nondieters, irrespective of restraint status, consumed comparable amounts in both mood states.
RAMAN-SCATTERING STUDY OF THE CHARGE AND SPIN DYNAMICS OF THE LAYERED RUTHENIUM OXIDE CA3RU2O7

We report a Raman-scattering study of the relationship among the charge, spin, and lattice dynamics of ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}.$ The metal-insulator (MI) transition ${(T}_{\mathrm{MI}}\ensuremath{\sim}48 \mathrm{K})$ in this compound manifests itself as a rapid suppression of low-frequency electronic scattering intensity, reflecting the opening of a charge gap, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}760 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},$ and a concomitant softening and broadening of the $438 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ out-of-phase oxygen phonon mode. Furthermore, the transition to antiferromagnetic order below ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}\ensuremath{\sim}56 \mathrm{K}$ is associated with the development of a ${B}_{1g}$ resonance peak near $58 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$ We identify this feature as a two-magnon process, based upon which we estimate an in-plane antiferromagnetic exchange coupling of ${J}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}\ensuremath{\sim}8.7 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}.$
Long-term Successful Weight Loss Improves Vascular Endothelial Function in Severely Obese Individuals

Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Although short-term weight loss improves vascular endothelial function, longer term outcomes have not been widely investigated. We examined brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation and metabolic parameters in 29 severely obese subjects who lost ≥10% body weight (age 45 ± 13 years; BMI 48 ± 9 kg/m2) at baseline and after 12 months of dietary and/or surgical intervention. We compared these parameters to 14 obese individuals (age 49 ± 11 years; BMI 39 ± 7 kg/m2) who failed to lose weight. For the entire group, mean brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was impaired at 6.7 ± 4.1%. Following sustained weight loss, FMD increased significantly from 6.8 ± 4.2 to 10.0 ± 4.7%, but remained blunted in patients without weight decline from 6.5 ± 4.0 to 5.7 ± 4.1%, P = 0.013 by ANOVA. Endothelium-independent, nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD) was unaltered. BMI fell by 13 ± 7 kg/m2 following successful weight intervention and was associated with reduced total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP). Vascular improvement correlated most strongly with glucose levels (r = −0.51, P = 0.002) and was independent of weight change. In this cohort of severely obese subjects, sustained weight loss at 1 year improved vascular function and metabolic parameters. The findings suggest that reversal of endothelial dysfunction and restoration of arterial homeostasis could potentially reduce cardiovascular risk. The results also demonstrate that metabolic changes in association with weight loss are stronger determinants of vascular phenotype than degree of weight reduction.
Naturally Occurring Neoplasms in Pigeons in a Research Colony: A Retrospective Study

SUMMARY. This study reports the gross and microscopic pathology of naturally occurring neoplasms in adult pigeons that were presented for necropsy at the Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from 2001 to 2011. The study population consisted of white carneau and mixed-breed pigeons used in behavioral studies in the Department of Psychological Sciences at Purdue University. Twelve types of neoplasms or proliferative disorders were identified in 28 of 83 pigeons (33.7%). Five pigeons had two or three types of neoplasms–proliferative disorders. Of the 83 pigeons, 11 (13.3%) had seminoma, five (6.0%) had thyroid adenoma, four (4.8%) had lymphoma, four (4.8%) had adenocarcinoma of female reproductive tract origin, two (2.4%) had pulmonary carcinoma, and two (2.4%) had cutaneous vascular hamartomas. Also identified were single incidences of dysgerminoma, mesothelioma, liposarcoma, cloacal papilloma, cloacal adenocarcinoma, and gizzard carcinoma. The most frequently occurring tumor was seminoma; 7/11 case...
Diversity and versatility of lipid–protein interactions revealed by molecular genetic approaches

The diversity in structures and physical properties of lipids provides a wide variety of possible interactions with proteins that affect their assembly, organization, and function either at the surface of or within membranes. Because lipids have no catalytic activity, it has been challenging to define many of their precise functions in vivo in molecular terms. Those processes responsive to lipids are attuned to the native lipid environment for optimal function, but evidence that lipids with similar properties or even detergents can sometimes partially replace the natural lipid environment has led to uncertainty as to the requirement for specific lipids. The development of strains of microorganisms in which membrane lipid composition can be genetically manipulated in viable cells has provided a set of reagents to probe lipid functions. These mutants have uncovered previously unrecognized roles for lipids and provided in vivo verification for putative functions described in vitro. In this review, we summarize how these reagent strains have provided new insight into the function of lipids. The role of specific lipids in membrane protein folding and topological organization is reviewed. The evidence is summarized for the involvement of anionic lipid-enriched domains in the organization of amphitropic proteins on the membrane surface into molecular machines involved in DNA replication and cell division.
The T loop in normal children

Abstract The highly magnified spatial horizontal and frontal T loops from 50 normal children aged 1 to 13 years were studied. The following normal values were obtained: (1) Orientation of the maximal T vector: horizontal plane mean, 342 °, SD ± 25.75 °; frontal plane mean, 47 °, SD ± 9.84 °. The maximal T vector always pointed posteriorly from 1 month to 4 years. (2) Angle between maximal QRS and T vectors: horizontal plane mean 45 °, SD ± 10.86 °; frontal plane mean 14 °, SD ± 9.94 °. (3) Rotation of the T loop: horizontal plane: C-CW, 54%; CW, 30 per cent; figure of eight, 16 per cent. Frontal plane: CW, 44 per cent; figure of eight, 40 per cent; C-CW, 16 per cent. (4) Ratio of length-to-width: horizontal plane mean, 7.8; SD ± 7; frontal plane mean, 18; SD ± 9. (5) Magnitude of the maximal T vector: horizontal plane mean, 0.33 mv; SD ± 0.13 mv; frontal plane mean, 0.42 mv; SD ± 0.14 mv. The significance of the normal T loop was discussed, particularly regarding the importance of recognizing the normal to differentiate abnormal repolarization in infancy and childhood. It is suggested that the population be divided according to age whenever the orientation of the maximal T vector is analyzed.
Using simultaneous higher-level and partial lower-level data in reliability assessments

When a system is tested, besides system data, some lower-level data may become available such as a particular subsystem or component was successful or failed. Treating such simultaneous multi-level data as independent is a mistake because they are dependent. In this paper, we show how to handle simultaneous multi-level data correctly in a reliability assessment. We do this by determining what information the simultaneous data provides in terms of the component reliabilities using generalized cut sets. We illustrate this methodology with an example of a low-pressure coolant injection system using a Bayesian approach to make reliability assessments.
Influence of crystallinity on CO gas sensing for TiO2 films

Abstract In the present research, carbon monoxide (CO) gas sensing response was studied for TiO 2 thick films calcined and sintered between 700 and 900 °C. Crystalline phase, crystallite size, surface area, particle size, and amorphous content were measured for the calcined powder. Crystallinity of the powder was found to affect sensing response significantly towards CO. Anatase phase of TiO 2 thick film was stable up to 900 °C however, as calcination temperature increased from 700 to 900 °C, surface area and amorphous phase content decreased. Films calcined and sintered at 700 °C showed a lower response towards CO than those calcined at 800 °C. Upon increasing the calcination temperature further, particle growth and reduced surface area hindered the sensing response. A calcination temperature of 800 °C was necessary to achieve sufficient order in the crystal structure leading to more efficient adsorption and desorption of oxygen ions on the surface of TiO 2 .
A Study of Three Brothers with Infantile Autism: A Case Report with Follow‐up

This is a clinical case report on three full brothers, all of whom met the DSM-III criteria of Infantile Autism. Possible genetic factors and biological stressors contributing to the manifestation of this syndrome are discussed.
Selection of the optimal scanning agent for thyroid cancer.

Physical and biologic principles, availability, and experience in use determine which radiopharmaceuticals will be the optimal agents to portray scintigraphically thyroid cancers. However, clinical reasoning must dictate which scanning procedure to use and when. To identify functioning thyroid nodules, and thereby exclude malignancy and also disclose the source of excess thyroid hormone, technetium Tc 99m pertechnetate is the agent of choice. To evaluate patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) for possible radiopharmaceutical therapy, low doses (no more than and probably less than 74 MBq or 2 mCi) of 131I iodide are preferred. 131I is especially necessary if dosimetry is undertaken to help prescribe the optimal therapeutic dose of 131I. For less well differentiated tumors that do not concentrate 131I, most experience has been with thallium 201, which enables depiction of most metastases, but, in time, newer agents may be found to produce superior scans. The goal of imaging of the less...
Accruals' persistence, accruals mispricing and operating cycle: evidence from the US

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of operating cycle on the differential persistence of accruals and cash flow, and the market reaction to the different components of earnings across firms with various operating cycles.Design/methodology/approach – By examining the US public firms' earnings and the capital market reaction to different components of earnings, from 1964 to 1993, it is found that the longer the operating cycle, the lesser will be the persistent of accruals.Findings – This result is consistent with Sloan's theory that the differential persistence of accruals is attributable to estimation errors in accruals. Moreover, the market efficiency test shows that the mispricing of accruals is greater for firms with longer operating cycle, indicating that investors fixate on earnings, while ignoring the persistence of accruals among firms with different earnings quality.Originality/value – This paper adds to the growing literature that has begun to examine the factors aff...
Bribes v. Bombs: A Study in Coasean Warfare

The use of bribes to co-opt an enemy's forces can be a more effective way to wage war than the conventional use of force: Relative to bombs, bribes can save lives and resources, and preserve civic institutions. This essay evaluates the efficacy and normative desirability of selectively substituting bribes for bombs as a means of warfare. We show how inter-country disparities in wealth, differences in military strength, the organization of the bribing and recipient forces, uncertainty about the outcome of the conflict, and communications technology can contribute to the efficacy of bribes. We discuss methods for enforcing bargains struck between opposing forces, a key problem in structuring bribes. We also examine the legal status of bribe agreements, under both international and U.S. law. While the former apparently views bribery as legitimate means of warfare, the latter poses a potentially significant obstacle by refusing on public policy grounds to enforce secret contracts made with foreign agents.
Approaches to Optimal Dosing of Vitamin K Antagonists

Although vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin have been used clinically for decades, evidence supporting how best to manage their use in clinical practice is lacking, but continues to emerge. This article summarizes available information regarding the clinical management of VKAs with focus on dosing strategies. For patients with previously stable international normalized ratio (INR) control, the single mildly out-of-range INR does not warrant a change in VKA dose. For out-of-range INRs, prompt repeat testing is associated with better INR control. After the first or second in-range INR value a maximum recall interval of 28 days is optimal, but after the third or greater consecutive in-range INR, longer recall intervals (up to 12 weeks for very stable patients) can be used. The use of validated VKA dosing nomograms is suggested as a means of reducing unwanted variability in VKA dosing decisions. Ensuring timely INR monitoring, and adjusting VKA doses when necessary, is important when interacting medications are prescribed during VKA therapy. Daily low-dose vitamin K supplementation is unlikely to improve INR control in patients with stable INR control but may be of benefit in VKA patients with unexplainable variability in the INR response. Dosing decisions during VKA therapy should follow a systematic and coordinated process as used in dedicated anticoagulation management services. Patient self-management of VKA therapy offers advantages for motivated patients who can demonstrate competency in self-management including fingerstick INR testing. Most patients with excessive anticoagulation who are not bleeding can be managed without administering vitamin K. There is an ongoing need for research evaluating VKA dosing practices that can consistently improve the outcomes of VKA therapy.
Recurrent injury event-time analysis.

Public health decision making based on data sources that are characterized by a lack of independence and other complicating factors requires the development of innovative statistical techniques. Studies of injuries in occupational cohorts require methods to account for recurrent injuries to workers over time and the temporary removal of workers from the ‘risk set’ while recuperating. In this study, the times until injury events are modelled in an occupational cohort of employees in a large power utility company where employees are susceptible to recurrent events. The injury history over a ten-year period is used to compare the hazards of specific jobs, adjusted for age when first hired, and race/ethnicity differences. Subject-specific random effects and multiple event-times are accommodated through the application of frailty models which characterize the dependence of recurrent events over time. The counting process formulation of the proportional hazards regression model is used to estimate the effects of covariates for subjects with discontinuous intervals of risk. In this application, subjects are not at risk of injury during recovery periods or other illness, changes in jobs, or other reasons. Previous applications of proportional hazards regression in frailty models have not needed to account for the changing composition of the risk set which is required to adequately model occupational injury data. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the United States.
Ole Secher: a true hero of anesthesiology.

The Hippocratic Oath is still sworn by physicians on their graduation from medical school. It states that a physician will only use his or her power to help those in need it and under no circumstances will a doctor use his power in a malevolent way or with the intention of hurting another. The influence – or lack thereof – of the oath prevailed also during the Second World War and the Holocaust. The period marks one of humanity’s darkest hours. The genocide perpetrated by the Nazi regime was often actively assisted by the medical profession. Two groups of physicians that were geographically closely situated and whose medical culture was rooted within the oath acted in very divergent ways. On one hand there were the Nazi doctors who debased the oath by their participation in the ‘selection’ process, their participation in the euthanasia program, and the testing of drugs and surgical techniques on camp inmates. In contrast, the medical community of a neighboring northern European country, Denmark, reacted to events during the war completely differently. In a systematic fashion, the Danish medical community joined the country’s resistance movement in rescuing thousands of Jews and shipping them to neutral Sweden.
Web-based GIS: the vector-borne disease airline importation risk (VBD-AIR) tool

Background Over the past century, the size and complexity of the air travel network has increased dramatically. Nowadays, there are 29.6 million scheduled flights per year and around 2.7 billion passengers are transported annually. The rapid expansion of the network increasingly connects regions of endemic vector-borne disease with the rest of the world, resulting in challenges to health systems worldwide in terms of vector-borne pathogen importation and disease vector invasion events. Here we describe the development of a user-friendly Web-based GIS tool: the Vector-Borne Disease Airline Importation Risk Tool (VBD-AIR), to help better define the roles of airports and airlines in the transmission and spread of vector-borne diseases.
Lake sturgeon management in the Menominee River, a Wisconsin-Michigan boundary water

The Menominee River, a boundary water between northeastern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan, contains a sport fishery for lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, which is jointly managed by both states. Previous studies indicated that overfishing of this sturgeon population was occurring, and this investigation examined the impact of new angling regulations. The sturgeon population is fragmented into sections by hydroelectric dams. Stocks from the three main sections of the river were compared before and after implementation of the new angling regulations. Records of the legal harvest of lake sturgeon from each river section were obtained through a registration system, which has been in effect since 1983, and estimates of exploitation were derived from these data. Overfishing of lake sturgeon stocks in two of the three sections of the Menominee River is still occurring. Management recommendations are made which would allow for a continued fishery by providing further protection to the stocks.
Mastoid Size Determined with Lateral Radiographs and Computerized Tomography

Minimal pneumatization of the temporal bone is characteristic of otitis media. The classic radiographic assessment of mastoid air cell system size is the Runstrom II view, but the Law lateral view is the commonly used clinical view in the United States. Isolated temporal bone specimens are most accurately positioned using a modified Law Lateral view (with the film perpendicular to the central X-ray beam). Computerized tomography is the best radiographic means of assessing mastoid pneumatization. The mathematical relationships of mastoid pneumatization size determined by the Runstrom II, Law, and modified Law lateral radiographs, and computerized tomography were determined in 30 adult cadaver specimens. These data may facilitate additional study of otitis media.
Water and Power in Highland Peru: The Cultural Politics of Irrigation and Development

Water and Power in Highland Peru: The Cultural Politics of Irrigation and Development. Paul H. Gelles. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000.233 pp.
Split restoration with wavelength conversion in WDM networks

In this paper, we propose a path restoration algorithm for a single fiber fault in WDM network equipped with wavelength conversion. The integer linear programming (ILP) formulas for minimizing the path recovery cost can yield the optimum solution but it is NP-complete. Our heuristic algorithm relaxes the complexity by two steps. In the off-line step, the node-link topology is replaced by the node-wavelength topology, the alternate paths for source-destination node pairs are listed, and the wavelengths in each link are assigned by maximum matching. In the on-line step, traffics going through the failed link are split into subtraffics and are restored according to their priorities. The performance analysis and the simulation results indicate that out heuristic algorithm is practical for WDM networks restoration.
A comparison of testing methods in assessing the elastic properties of sputter-deposited gold films

Two techniques employed to assess the elastic properties of sputtered gold thin films are reported and compared in this paper. One is the membrane deflection experiment (MDE) technique that tests freestanding films and the other is a magnetostrictive strip sensor (MSS) that tests films attached to a substrate. The films were sputter-deposited simultaneously at room temperature and thickness was varied from 0.25 μm to 1.50 μm. The Young's modulus was measured using both techniques and the results indicated good agreement between them. The MSS test exhibited modulus values in the range of 66 to 77 GPa for all thicknesses and the MDE test was in the range of 68 to 78 GPa. All films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) to assess film microstructure and texture. EBSD results showed an evolution from a mixed texture in the 0.25 μm thick films to a strong (111) texture at larger film thicknesses; however, the Young's modulus did not appear to be sensitive to the texture variation.
The Sex Determination Gene doublesex Regulates the A/P Organizer to Direct Sex-Specific Patterns of Growth in the Drosophila Genital Imaginal Disc

Abstract Each Drosophila genital imaginal disc contains primordia for both male and female genitalia and analia. The sexually dimorphic development of this disc is governed by the sex-specific expression of doublesex ( dsx ). We present data that substantially revises our understanding of how dsx controls growth and differentiation in the genital disc. The classical view of genital disc development is that in each sex, dsx autonomously "represses" the development of the inappropriate genital primordium while allowing the development of the appropriate primordium. Instead, we show that dsx regulates the A/P organizer to control growth of each genital primordium, and then directs each genital primordium to differentiate defined adult structures in both sexes.
Family Transitions in Congenital Heart Disease Management: The Impact of Hospitalization in Early Adulthood

With advances in medical and surgical management of congenital heart disease (CHD), it is becoming more common for patients to survive into adulthood. This article reviews family management of CHD ...
Three-dimensional massively parallel electromagnetic inversion—II. Analysis of a crosswell electromagnetic experiment

Summary A 3-D electromagnetic inversion scheme has been successfully applied to crosswell electromagnetic data collected at the Richmond Field Station near Berkeley, California. By comparing images of data collected before and after the injection of 50000 gallons of salt water, a 3-D image of the plume has been developed, which shows the location of zones of maximum permeability surrounding the injection well through which the salt water has migrated. A resolution analysis has determined that the location of the plume is fairly accurate. However, the image of the geology will be distorted due to incomplete data coverage. This latter problem is further complicated by the fact that data residuals indicate that the wells deviate from the vertical. These deviations have been shown to cause artefacts within the images and thus further reduce the accuracy of the images with respect to the geology.
The PMS and ISP descriptive systems for computer structures

In this paper we propose two notations for describing aspects of computer systems that currently are handled by a melange of informal notations. These two notations emerged as a by-product of our efforts to produce a book on computer structures (Bell and Newell, 1970). Since we feel it is slightly unusual to present notations per se, outside of the context of particular design or analysis efforts that use them, it is appropriate to relate some background history.
The Vourinos Ophiolite, Greece: Cyclic Units of Lineated Cumulates Overlying Harzburgite Tectonite

Re-examination of the Vourinos ophiolite shows it to be composed of metamorphic tectonites, cumulates, plagiogranites, dikes, and lava. The contact between the tectonites and the cumulates is exposed and sharp. Beneath the cumulate contact, the rocks have been highly deformed and complexly folded; above that contact, they simply have been tilted vertically to expose a stratiform complex 1,500 m (4,800 ft) thick. The stratiform intrusion is characterized by cyclic units, rich in olivine at the base, and rich in feldspar at the top. Some cumulus diorites are present at the top of the section which grade into quartz diorites (plagiogranites) with hypautomorphic textures. Lineate lamination characterizes the cumulates and may indicate the direction or orientation of the Mesozoic mid-oceanic ridge crest with respect to the present position of the complex. A siliceous dike swarm cuts the upper part of the stratiform complex. The section suggests that in the case of Vourinos, a large magmatic chamber formed at a mid-oceanic ridge crest and that intrusion was a much more important process than extrusion in the formation of oceanic crust in that area. The reported presence of cumulates in many other ophiolite complexes suggests that these relations may obtain generally at most or all spreading ridges. The contact between the tectonites and the cumulates of the complex would not have corresponded with seismic M.
On ‘Cultural Liberty’ and its self-defeating implications: A critique of the UNDP Human Development Report 2004

The global Human Development Report (HDR) was first commissioned in 1990 and has since been published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In a sustained attempt to set the international development agenda, the HDR has often framed development issues in new and unorthodox ways. The 2004 report continues this tradition by coining and promoting the notion of ‘cultural liberty.’ The central argument is that cultural liberty—being able to freely choose one’s identity without being discriminated against in the process—should be seen as a vital component of human development, and indeed as a fundamental human right (HDR, 2004, p. 6). From this the HDR goes on to assert that self-government rights for ethno-linguistic minorities, and their entrenchment in the institutional structure of the state, are crucial to the promotion of cultural freedom (pp. 7–8). I argue, however, that the contrary is probably closer to the truth: the political ‘recognition’ of ethnic identities through power sharing and federal arrangements on a communal basis, explicitly endorsed in the HDR (p. 51), reifies culture and thereby fosters phenomena of cultural essentialism. In situations of communal conflict, one particular ethno-linguistic or ‘national’ identity can thus easily become dominant over all other forms of individual belonging. Ironically, the institutional recognition of groupdifferentiated political rights may therefore narrow individuals’ cultural freedom and Ethnopolitics, Vol. 5, No. 2, 183–190, June 2006
Absolute Quantification of Human Liver Phosphorus-Containing Metabolites In Vivo Using an Inhomogeneous Spoiling Magnetic Field Gradient

Purpose Absolute concentrations of high-energy phosphorus (31P) metabolites in liver provide more important insight into physiologic status of liver disease compared to resonance integral ratios. A simple method for measuring absolute concentrations of 31P metabolites in human liver is described. The approach uses surface spoiling inhomogeneous magnetic field gradient to select signal from liver tissue. The technique avoids issues caused by respiratory motion, chemical shift dispersion associated with linear magnetic field gradients, and increased tissue heat deposition due to radiofrequency absorption, especially at high field strength. Methods A method to localize signal from liver was demonstrated using superficial and highly non-uniform magnetic field gradients, which eliminate signal(s) from surface tissue(s) located between the liver and RF coil. A double standard method was implemented to determine absolute 31P metabolite concentrations in vivo. 8 healthy individuals were examined in a 3 T MR scanner. Results Concentrations of metabolites measured in eight healthy individuals are: γ-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) = 2.44 ± 0.21 (mean ± sd) mmol/l of wet tissue volume, α-ATP = 3.2 ± 0.63 mmol/l, β-ATP = 2.98 ± 0.45 mmol/l, inorganic phosphates (Pi) = 1.87 ± 0.25 mmol/l, phosphodiesters (PDE) = 10.62 ± 2.20 mmol/l and phosphomonoesters (PME) = 2.12 ± 0.51 mmol/l. All are in good agreement with literature values. Conclusions The technique offers robust and fast means to localize signal from liver tissue, allows absolute metabolite concentration determination, and avoids problems associated with constant field gradient (linear field variation) localization methods.
Paying for Particulars in People-to-Be

The push of biomedical profits and pull of consumer desire for happier and more successful children heralds a robust market in offspring enhancement. There are two reasons that we might worry about the reach of commerce into the realm of selective reproduction. The first is that for-profit genetic enhancement, under conditions of economic necessity, would exploit the poor by coercing them, in effect, to part with reproductive material. The second concern is that buying and selling sperm, eggs, and embryos would distort the meaning, and degrade the worth, of those entities and the reproductive practices that enlist them. This Article evaluates these exploitation and corruption concerns. I use analogies to more familiar markets in markets in blood, tissues, and organs, I outline the conditions under which distinct strands of each concern provide weak or strong reasons to resist a market in offspring with specified characteristics. I sketch policy recommendations that draw on tax, patent, and contract mechanisms to regulate commercial means of genetic control.
A Camera for Borrmann Stereo X-Ray Topographs

A relatively inexpensive camera which was designed for taking Borrmann topographs with standard X-ray diffraction equipment is described. This camera has been used to take stereo pairs of Borrmann topographs by rotating the crystal around an axis normal to the diffraction planes. Topographs have been taken of nearly perfect copper crystals up to 0.2 cm thick using silver, molybdenum, copper, and chromium radiation, and comparisons have been made with topographs obtained with crystal monochromated radiation. Geometrical factors affecting the resolving power of the technique are briefly reviewed. In addition, the resolution inherent in the diffraction phenomenon is analyzed on the basis of the theory of anomalous transmission. Comparisons are made between calculated and observed image widths of a few dislocations.
Separation and Identification of Isomeric Glycans by Selected Accumulation-Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Electron Activated Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry

One of the major challenges in structural characterization of oligosaccharides is the presence of many structural isomers in most naturally occurring glycan mixtures. Although ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has shown great promise in glycan isomer separation, conventional IMS separation occurs on the millisecond time scale, largely restricting its implementation to fast time-of-flight (TOF) analyzers which often lack the capability to perform electron activated dissociation (ExD) tandem MS analysis and the resolving power needed to resolve isobaric fragments. The recent development of trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) provides a promising new tool that offers high mobility resolution and compatibility with high-performance Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometers when operated under the selected accumulation-TIMS (SA-TIMS) mode. Here, we present our initial results on the application of SA-TIMS-ExD-FTICR MS to the separation and identification of glycan linkage isomers.
Invest Social Security, But Don't Privatize

We provide a permanent solution to the US Social Security problem of maintaining current benefits without a dramatic increase in contributions. We do so by a process we call "risk diversification through a common portfolio". We show that in effect saving Social Security is effectively guaranteeing a rate of return on the common portfolio and we explain the mechanism to do so in dynamic markets. We also demonstrate the flaws of privatization
Spectroscopic Properties of Nanophase Eu-Doped ZrO2 and Its Potential Application for Fast Temperature Sensing Under Extreme Conditions

Luminescent nanophase europium-doped ZrO2 precursors are subjected to pyroprobe heating with nominal heating rates of 20 000 °C/s for 1 and 10 s to various temperatures. When heated above the crystallization temperature, the material forms tetragonal and monoclinic polymorphs. Optical spectroscopy is used to measure the excitation spectra, fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence lifetimes of the heated samples. These optical signatures are evaluated for their potential as temperature indicators for short heating events. The fluorescence lifetimes and the intensity ratio of two fluorescence peaks appear to be promising temperature indicators. The fluorescence intensity ratio of two peaks at about 591 and 592 nm of the tetragonal polymorph decreases linearly with temperature and the peak position increases linearly with temperature between about 800 and 1300 K. The fluorescence lifetimes of both polymorphs increase with temperature. As the temperature reaches about 1000 K for the tetragonal phase and 1200 K ...
Switching Off Electron Transfer Reactions in Confined Media: Reduction of [Co(dipic)2]− and [Co(edta)]− by Hexacyanoferrate(II)

The kinetics of reduction of two cobalt(III) complexes with similar redox potentials by hexacyanoferrate(II) were investigated in water and in reverse micelle (RM) microemulsions. The RMs were composed of water, surfactant [(sodium(bis(2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate)), NaAOT], and isooctane. Compared to the reaction in water, the reduction rates of (ethylenediaminetetraacetato)cobaltate(III) by hexacyanoferrate(II) were dramatically suppressed in RM microemulsions whereas a slight rate increase was observed for reduction of bis-(2,6-dipicolinato)cobaltate(III). For example, the ferrocyanide reduction of [Co(dipic)2]− increased from 55 M–1 s–1in aqueous media to 85 M–1 s–1 in a wo = 20 RM. The one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) 1H NMR and FT-IR studies are consistent with the reduction rate constants of these two complexes being affected by their location within the RM. Since reduction of [Co(edta)]− is switched off, in contrast to [Co(dipic)2]−, these observations are attributed to the penetratio...
Challenges in meeting fellowship procedural guidelines in pediatric therapeutic endoscopy and liver biopsy.

Objective The aims of this study were to assess the opportunities for therapeutic endoscopy, liver biopsies, and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placements available to fellows during a 3-year pediatric gastroenterology fellowship, and to evaluate access to ancillary procedural-training opportunities. Methods Data were collected from 12 pediatric gastroenterology fellowship programs in the United States. Procedures completed in the years 2009-2011 were queried using CPT codes and endoscopy databases. The maximal opportunity for procedures was based on the total procedures performed by the institution in 3 years divided by the total number of fellows in the program. The centers completed a questionnaire regarding ancillary opportunities for endoscopic training. Results There is significant variability in pediatric endoscopic training opportunities in specialized gastrointestinal (GI) procedures. Under the 1999 guidelines, no centers were able to meet the thresholds for polypectomy and control of nonvariceal bleeding. The 2013 guidelines allowed the number of programs reaching polypectomy thresholds to increase by 67% but made no difference for control of bleeding despite a decrease in the threshold. Training in PEG placement was not available in 42% of the surveyed centers. Elective ancillary procedural training is offered by 92% of the surveyed centers. Conclusions Most training programs do not have the volume of therapeutic endoscopy procedures for all of the fellows to meet the training guidelines. Training in therapeutic endoscopy, PEG placement, and liver biopsy in pediatric GI fellowships should be supplemented using all of the possible options including rotations with adult GI providers and hands-on endoscopy courses. A shift toward evaluating competency via quality measures may be more appropriate.
Observation of all-optical Berezinskii-Krosterlitz-Thouless crossover in a photonic lattice

We experimentally observe an all-optical Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, in which vortices spontaneously appear due to nonlinear interactions. We show that the number of vortices and their correlations agree with predictions from mean-field theory.
Research of Making Skarn Gold Mine Tailings into Art Pottery Body Material

By modern technology,phase composition,chemical constitution and grain composition of a skarn gold mine tailing from Hubei Province were systematically tested.Remedying the defect of tailings used pottery clay according to its composition.Mixing water and raw material for green bodies and then firing the green bodies into the pottery bodies was designed under oxidizing atmosphere through 15 hours with the firing temperature of 980 ~ 1 000 ℃.The results showed that some new kinds of mineral facies,such as calcium feldspar,appear in pottery bodies and the pottery bodies meet the performance requirements of art pottery bodies because of their closegrained internal structure,7.46% water absorption and 5.5 ~ 6 Mohs hardness.It can be proved that skarn gold mine tailings are feasible for art pottery body materials making.
Tomorrow’s Segmentation Strategies may Invite Social and Legislative Conflict

The need for strategic long range planning in response to increased environmental changes and threats is clearly recognized. Scenarios of tomorrow’s marketing environment anticipate increased attention to market segmentation. However, social and political influences on business portend conflicts which may eliminate the rewards from otherwise profitable marketing segments.