cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Steric Interactions Predict the Trend and Steric Interactions the Offset of Protein Stability in Cells.

Although biomolecules evolved to function in the cell, most biochemical assays are carried out in vitro. In-cell studies highlight how steric and non-steric interactions modulate protein folding and interactions. VlsE and PGK present two extremes of chemical behavior in the cell: the extracellular protein VlsE is destabilized in eukaryotic cells, whereas the cytoplasmic protein PGK is stabilized. VlsE and PGK are benchmarks in a systematic series of solvation environments to distinguish contributions from non-steric and steric interactions to protein stability, compactness, and folding rate by comparing cell lysate, a crowding agent, ionic buffer and lysate buffer with in-cell results. As anticipated, crowding stabilizes proteins, causes compaction, and can speed folding. Protein flexibility determines its sensitivity to steric interactions or crowding. Non-steric interactions alone predict in-cell stability trends, while crowding provides an offset towards greater stabilization. We suggest that a simple combination of lysis buffer and Ficoll is an effective new in vitro mimic of the intracellular environment on protein folding and stability.
Toxicity of moniliformin from Fusarium fujikuroi culture material to growing barrows.

In two studies, the effects of moniliformin (M)-contaminated diets from Fusarium fujikuroi culture material on growing barrows were evaluated. In the first study, six barrows (three replicates of two each, mean body weight = 17.8 kg) per group (four groups; 24 barrows total) were fed diets calculated to contain 0 mg M/kg feed (control); 25 mg M/kg feed; 50 mg M/kg feed; or 100 mg M/kg feed for 28 days. In the second study, the same experimental design and numbers of barrows (mean body weight = 15.3 kg) were used, and diets were formulated to contain 0 mg M/kg feed (control); 50 mg M/kg feed; 100 mg M/kg feed; or 200 mg M/kg feed. Diets of 100 mg or 200 mg M/kg feed reduced body weight, body weight gain, and feed consumption. Serum biochemical analytes were affected by 100 to 200 mg M/kg feed. Hematologic values were affected by 50, 100, and 200 mg M/kg feed. In the first study, one barrow in the 100 mg M-treated group died, and in the second study, one barrow died in the 100 mg M-treated group, and five b...
Delamination of Composite Materials

Abstract Fracture mechanics has been found to be a useful tool for understanding composite delamination. Analyses for calculating strain energy release rates associated with delamination growth have been developed. These analyses successfully characterized delamination onset and growth for particular sources of delamination. Low velocity impact has been found to be the most severe source of composite delamination. A variety of test methods for measuring interlaminar fracture toughness are being developed to identify new composite materials with enhanced delamination resistance.
Strengthening Family Resilience Through Spiritual and Religious Resources

How do families not only survive but thrive when faced with adversity, hardship, loss, or trauma? What processes of endurance, growth, meaning-making, and healing are at the heart of resilience? Walsh (1998) defines resilience as “the capacity to rebound from adversity strengthened and more resourceful… the qualities of resilience enable people to heal from painful wounds, take charge of their lives, and go on to live fully and love well” (p. 4). Spirituality and religion can be significant resources in individual and family resilience. A spiritual or religious worldview provides beliefs, values, practices, and relationships that can strengthen resilience. These powerful forces also can increase suffering and block recovery, making it vital to understand their processes and influences on individuals and families.
Multipole Ion Source for Ion Implantation and Isotope Separation

A multipole or magnetic cusp type ion source was designed for application as a source for ion implantation and electromagnetic isotope separation. The source has a single slit extractor. The multipole field was created by a combination of rare-earth cobalt magnets with iron yoke and pole structure. The magnetic structure is freon cooled and surrounds a graphite arc chamber. We tested 4, 6, and 10-pole configurations.
Identification of Receptor Ligands in Apo B100 Reveals Potential Functional Domains

LDL, VLDL and other members of the low-density lipoparticles (LLPs) enter cells through a large family of receptors. The actual receptor ligand(s) in apolipoprotein B100, one of the main proteins of LLP, remain(s) unknown. The objective of this study was to identify true receptor ligand(s) in apo B100, a molecule of 4563 residues. Apo B100 contains 33 analogues of Cardin-Weintraub arginine/lysine-based receptor ligand motifs and shares key lysine motifs and sequence similarity with the LDL receptor-associated protein, MESD, and heat shock proteins. Eleven FITC-labeled synthetic peptides of 21-42 residues, with at least one ligand, were tested for binding and internalization using HeLa cells. All peptides bind but display different binding capacities and patterns. Peptides B0013, B0582, B2366, and B2932 mediate endocytosis and appear in distinct sites in the cytoplasm. B0708 and B3181 bind and remain on the cell surface as aggregates/clusters. Peptides B3119 (Site A) and B3347 (Site B), the putative ligands, showed low binding and no cell entry capacity. Apo B100 regions in this study share similarities with related proteins of known function including chaperone proteins and Apo BEC stimulating protein, and not directly related proteins, e.g., the DNA-binding domain of interferon regulatory factors, MSX2-interacting protein, and snake venom Zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin-like proteins.
Tarnishing Silver Metal into Mithrene.

Silver metal exposed to the atmosphere corrodes and becomes tarnished as a result of oxidation and precipitation of the metal as an insoluble salt. Tarnish has so poor a reputation that the word itself connotes corruption and disrespectability; however, tarnishing is a facile synthetic approach for preparing thin metal-sulfide films on silver or copper metal that might be exploited to prepare more elaborate materials with desirable optoelectronic properties. In this work, we prepare luminescent semiconducting thin films of mithrene, a metal–organic chalcogenolate assembly, by replacing the tarnish-causing atmospheric sulfur source with diphenyl diselenide. Mithrene, or silver benzeneselenolate [AgSePh]∞, is a crystalline solid that contains both an organic supramolecular phase and a two-dimensional inorganic coordination polymer phase. This compound gradually accumulates as the sole product of silver metal corrosion. The chemical reaction is carried out on metallic silver thin films and yields crystalline...
The Classic Noh Plays

The matter of authorship and literacy is used to set up this chapter which is primarily about plays written in the first half of the fifteenth century. After looking at what little is known about plays by other prominent performers, attention turns to the plays of the kind generally known as Zeami’s style. These are exemplified through representative works: five by Zeami and one by each of his pupils, Kanze Motomasa and Konparu Zenchiku. These are organized to show the basic structure of the plays in Zeami’s style and to trace how that structure developed into something more complex. Questions of audience reception at the time are discussed.
NEA 162385 (2000 BM19): Near-infrared compositional analysis of a mining target

Abstract The research is an integrated effort beginning with telescopic observations and extending through detailed mineralogical characterizations to provide constraints on the albedo, diameter, composition, and meteorite affinity for the near-Earth asteroid 162385 (2000 BM19). Results of the analysis indicate a diameter ranging from 0.46 to 0.57 km (km) using albedo values of 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30. 2000 BM19 exhibits 1- and 2-μm absorption features from which a compositional analysis was conducted revealing Fs23 and Fa28 values, which are consistent with the Fa and Fs values for the LL-chondrites.
The Viability of Media Interviews as Materials for Auditory Training.

Purpose Rehabilitative auditory training for people with hearing loss faces 2 primary challenges: generalization of learning to novel contexts and user adherence to training goals. We hypothesized ...
Patient-reported Outcomes and Late Toxicity After Postprostatectomy Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy.

Abstract Background Limited long-term data characterize patient-reported quality of life (QOL) following postprostatectomy intensity-modulated radiation therapy (PPRT), and predictors of decline are poorly defined. Objective To identify modifiable dosimetric and clinical risk factors impacting QOL and late toxicity following PPRT. Design, setting, and participants A prospective cohort study of consecutive men with prostate cancer who received PPRT between 2007 and 2015 at a single academic institution. Intervention Patients were prospectively evaluated using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC-26) QOL instrument. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events toxicity grades were assigned at every follow-up visit. Treatment was delivered to the prostate bed (median 68 Gy) ± pelvic lymphatics (65%, median 50.4 Gy) with daily image guidance. Androgen deprivation therapy was concomitantly administered to 132 (66%) men for a median of 4 mo. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Changes were deemed relevant if they exceeded the minimally clinically important difference (MCID), as calculated by a distribution-based method. Generalized estimating equation models and Cox regression were used for QOL and late toxicity univariate and multivariable analysis. Results and limitations Overall, 199 men were identified with a median follow-up of 33 mo. Overall urinary function (UF), bowel function (BF), sexual function (SF), and urinary irritation/obstruction (UI/UO) scores were never lower than the MCID. Between 8% and 18% of men experienced a small multidomain (1× MCID) decline, and 0–8% experienced a moderate multidomain decline (2× MCID) at a given time point up to 84 mo after PPRT. The rates of freedom from grade 2 or higher (Gr2+) genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity were 94% and 95%, respectively, at 4 yr. Factors associated with worse QOL or toxicity included longer time to PPRT (UC and UF), higher BMI (UF, BF, and late GI toxicity), older age (BF, SF, and late GU toxicity); hormone therapy (SF), total dose (late GI toxicity), tobacco history (BF), and higher bladder V70 Gy (UC, UF, and late GU toxicity). Conclusions Long-term QOL and late toxicity are favorable following postprostatectomy radiation therapy. Identifiable clinical and dosimetric risk factors may guide decision making to optimize urinary, sexual, and bowel function. Patient summary The following study provides a detailed report of favorable patient-reported quality of life and late side-effect profiles of radiation therapy following surgery for localized prostate cancer. Our findings provide patients guidance on what symptoms to expect if they are planning to undergo radiation therapy in this setting. It also allows physicians to counsel patients appropriately, and modify certain clinical and radiation-related risk factors to optimize quality of life.
High-intensity and low-divergence THz laser with 1D autofocusing symmetric Airy beams.

Single-mode THz quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) have been realized using a wide variety of techniques to obtain a combination of large power output, good beam quality with single-lobed beams, and low far-field divergence. Beam shaping using external components has not been previously exploited due to limited commercial availability of THz optical components and also the accompanying large loss from most THz optical materials. Here, we demonstrate that excellent beam characteristics could be obtained for a THz QCL by integration of a surface-emitting distributed-feedback (DFB) QCL with a simple lens within the vacuum chamber of a cryocooler. Plano-convex lenses are made from inexpensive plastic balls and integrated in proximity with a 3.4 THz DFB QCL. With appropriately chosen lens parameters, dual-lobed Airy beams are generated that autofocus into a high-intensity single-lobed beam with large focusing efficiency. A simple and general method to generate one-dimensional autofocusing Airy beams is thus demonstrated that is applicable at any wavelength. THz laser beams with high peak intensity (57 mW/mm2 in a spot-size of 1 mm2) or low-divergence (1.4∘×1.8∘ for a beam with 118 mW peak power) are realized at 62 K in a compact electrically operated Stirling cooler. A high brightness of 5.4×106 Wsr −1m −2 is estimated for the focused beams by measuring the beam propagation ratios (M 2 parameters).
S04.4 Implementing molecular testing to predict neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility in clinical practice

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the second most common reported sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Globally there have been increasing reports of antimicrobial resistant infections. In order reduce the direct selection pressure of a single treatment regimen on Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it might be beneficial to use different treatments. Recent advances in molecular biology allow for the prediction of antimicrobial susceptibility in bacteria based on short DNA sequence patterns in certain genes associated with resistance. In 2015, we introduced the routine use of a molecular GyrA assay to predict ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections at UCLA Health. We found that use of the assay was associated with a significant decrease in ceftriaxone use, significant increase in ciprofloxacin use and in a small group of ciprofloxacin-treated cases (N=25), 100% cure. Additional clinical trials are underway. Similar molecular assays to predict ciprofloxacin susceptibility in gonorrhea have been approved for marketing in Europe and Australia. Commercial Neisseria gonorrhoeae GyrA testing is also available in the United States.
Determination of protein-ligand binding modes using fast multi-dimensional NMR with hyperpolarization.

Elucidation of small molecule-protein interactions provides essential information for understanding biological processes such as cellular signaling, as well as for rational drug development. Here, multi-dimensional NMR with sensitivity enhancement by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) is shown to allow the determination of the binding epitope of folic acid when complexed with the target dihydrofolate reductase. Protein signals are selectively enhanced by polarization transfer from the hyperpolarized ligand. A pseudo three-dimensional data acquisition with ligand-side Hadamard encoding results in protein-side [13C, 1H] chemical shift correlations that contain intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) information. A scoring function based on this data is used to select pre-docked ligand poses. The top five poses are within 0.76 A root-mean-square deviation from a reference structure for the encoded five protons, showing improvements compared with the poses selected by an energy-based scoring function without experimental inputs. The sensitivity enhancement provided by the D-DNP combined with multi-dimensional NMR increases the speed and potentially the selectivity of structure elucidation of ligand binding epitopes.
Culturally Responsive Teacher Education for Rural and Native Communities

This article explores the marginalized contexts of rural and Native American communities that have made recruitment and retention in teacher education inequitable in remote areas. Through facilitat...
Predicting complications of pediatric temporal bone fractures.

Abstract Objective Our aim is to characterize complications of pediatric temporal bone fractures and identify predictive risk factors associated with fracture complications. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all temporal bone fractures diagnosed in children (age less than or equal to 18 years) from a single academic institution between 2003 and 2017. Demographics, mechanism of injury, fracture characteristics, computed tomography evaluation and follow-up duration were recorded on each patient. Outcomes measured include facial nerve injury (FNI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), and conductive hearing loss (CHL). Results One-hundred-seventeen patients with 129 temporal bone fractures were included in the study. Most fractures were otic capsule sparing (OCS) (96%, n = 124) and longitudinal (71%, n = 91). Otic capsule violating (OCV) fractures were associated with higher CSF leak rates (20% versus 2%, p = 0.14) and FNI rates (60% versus 5%, p = 0.002) compared to OCS fractures. Audiograms were available in 37 patients (34%). Patients with Glasgow coma scale (GCS) consistent with a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) (GCS > 13) had significantly fewer complications (FNI and CSF leaks) compared to the group with moderate and severe TBI (GCS Conclusions Higher complication rates are seen with OCV fractures and transverse fractures. Moderate and severe TBI as measured by GCS is predictive of FNI and CSF complications in pediatric temporal bone fractures.
Eine Bestandsaufnahme: Unsere Welt zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts

Fur die meisten Menschen auf dieser Erde ist das Leben auf dieser Erde gerade in den letzten 200 Jahren besser geworden. Wir leben deutlich langer, immer weniger Menschen hungern oder sind Analphabeten. Diese Entwicklung steht jedoch in deutlichem Kontrast zu unserer psychischen Gesundheit. Die weltweite Krankheitslast durch psychische Storungen steigt bestandig, mehr als eine Milliarde Menschen sind von einer psychischen Storung oder einer Suchterkrankung betroffen. Besonders haufig sind Depressionen und stressassoziierte Erkrankungen, Suizidzahlen steigen, besonders in den USA, und hier vor allem – besonders besorgniserregend – bei jungen Madchen. Haben wir die richtigen Antworten auf diese Entwicklungen?
Use of Opioid Analgesics in Postsurgical and Trauma Patients

Proper analgesia should be part of an integrated care plan for patients who undergo surgery or sustain trauma. Satisfactory analgesia is not only compassionate care but also necessary for optimal end-organ function and recovery. Establishing expectations regarding pain management, assessing pain, and limiting variability in practice by developing and implementing protocols will allow for appropriate pain control in postsurgical and trauma patients. While opioids are effective in managing pain, side effects may limit their utility. A multimodal pharmacologic approach is often employed as part of a comprehensive plan for pain management in an effort to optimize but also limit opioid administration. This chapter presents not only specific opioids commonly utilized in contemporary practice, but also non-opioid analgesics and adjuncts useful in opioid sparing. Specific metabolism factors in the setting of end-organ dysfunction are reviewed. Case specific scenarios as well as transitioning of care during recovery are also discussed.
Power, Vigilance, Connection, Mystery

Biesta has told mentors they need to be responsive to students, and Oliver enables them to better consider what this entails. Witnessing is comprised of elements that I consider the building blocks of our ability to respond across difference: vigilance,1 elaboration, analysis, interpretation, and performing.
Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Adolescent Pregnancy

Abstract Study Objective To investigate the outcomes of adolescent pregnancy. Design Retrospective cohort study from the Consortium on Safe Labor between 2002 and 2008. Setting Twelve clinical centers with 19 hospitals in the United States. Participants Nulliparous women (n = 43,537) younger than 25 years of age, including 1189 younger adolescents (age ≤ 15.9 years), 14,703 older adolescents (age 16-19.9 years), and 27,645 young adults (age 20-24.9 years). Interventions Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated, controlling for maternal characteristics and pregnancy complications (young adults as a reference group). Main Outcome Measures Maternal, neonatal outcomes, cesarean indications, and length of labor. Results Younger adolescents had an increased risk of maternal anemia (aOR = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.07-1.45), preterm delivery at less than 37 weeks of gestation (aOR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.14-1.62), postpartum hemorrhage (aOR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.10-1.95), preeclampsia or hemolysis, increased liver enzyme levels, and low platelet syndrome (aOR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.17-1.77) but had a decreased risk of cesarean delivery (aOR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.42-0.59), chorioamnionitis (aOR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47-0.84), and neonatal intensive care unit admission (aOR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.65-0.98). Older adolescents had an increased risk of maternal anemia (aOR = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09-1.22), preterm delivery at less than 37 weeks of gestation (aOR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.25), and blood transfusion (aOR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02-1.43), but had a decreased risk of cesarean delivery (aOR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.71-0.79), chorioamnionitis (aOR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.75-0.91), major perineal laceration (aOR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71-0.95), and neonatal intensive care unit admission (aOR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96). Older adolescents were less likely to have a cesarean delivery for failure to progress or cephalopelvic disproportion (aOR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.98). For adolescents who entered spontaneous labor, the second stage of labor was shorter ( P Conclusion Adolescents were less likely to have a cesarean delivery. Failure to progress or cephalopelvic disproportion occurred less frequently in older adolescents. Adolescents who entered spontaneous labor had a shorter second stage of labor.
The effects of color on brightness

Observation of human subjects shows that the spectral returns of equiluminant colored surrounds govern the apparent brightness of achromatic test targets. The influence of color on brightness provides further evidence that perceptions of luminance are generated according to the empirical frequency of the possible sources of visual stimuli, and suggests a novel way of understanding color contrast and constancy.
Work and its role in shaping the social gradient in health

Adults with better jobs enjoy better health: job title was, in fact, the social gradient metric first used to study the relationship between social class and chronic disease etiology, a core finding now replicated in most developed countries. What has been less well proved is whether this correlation is causal, and if so, through what mechanisms. Duringthepastdecade,muchresearchhasbeendirectedattheseissues.Bestevidencein2009suggeststhatoccupation does affect health. Most recent research on the relationship has been directed at disentangling the pathways through which lower-status work leads to adverse health outcomes. This review focuses on six areas of recent progress: (1) the role ofstatus in a hierarchical occupational system; (2) the roles of psychosocial job stressors ;( 3) effects of workplacephysicalandchemicalhazardexposures;(4)evidencethatworkorganizationmattersasacontextualfactor; (5) implications for the gradient of new forms of nonstandard or “precarious” employment such as contract and shift work; and (6) emerging evidence that women may be impacted differently by adverse working conditions, and possibly more strongly, than men.
SHORT-TERM N215-INCORPORATION BY AZOTOBACTER

Bulen, W. A. (Charles F. Kettering Research Laboratory, Yellow Springs, Ohio), J. R. LeComte, and H. E. Bales. Short-term N215-incorporation by Azotobacter. J. Bacteriol. 85:666–670. 1963.—Short-term N215-incorporation measurements were used to determine which of the growth requirements were necessary for nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter agilis (A. vinelandii). Normal cells required neither added iron nor molybdenum, but a marked stimulation by Na+ and a minor stimulation by Mg2+ were observed. The Na+ stimulation was not accompanied by an increase in O2 uptake. A lag period preceded the response of molybdenum-deficient cells to added Mo. In systems employing 10 and 20% O2 with 10% N215 in the gas phase, O2 appeared to be both required and inhibitory. These observations may be helpful in attempts to fractionate cell-free nitrogen-fixing systems from this aerobe.
Research design in clinical psychology

Preface. 1.Introduction. 2.Drawing Valid Inferences I: Internal and External Validity. 3.Drawing Valid Inferences II: Construct and Statistical Conclusion Validity. 4.Selection of the Research Problem and Design. 5.Experimental Research: Group Designs. 6.Control and Comparison Groups. 7.Assessing the Impact of the Experimental Manipulation. 8.Observational Research: Case-Control and Cohort Designs. 9.The Case Study and Single-Case Research Designs. 10.Qualitative Research Methods. 11.Assessment Methods and Strategies. 12.Special Topics in Assessment. 13.Sources of Artifact and Bias. 14.Statistical Methods of Data Evaluation. 15.Selected Topics in the Interpretation of Data. 16.Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research. 17.Publication and Communication of Research Findings. 18.Closing Comments: Methodology in Perspective. Glossary. References. Indices.
Endowments and Investments within the Household: Evidence from Iodine Supplementation in Tanzania

Standard theories of resource allocation within the household posit that parents’ investments in their children reflect a combination of children’s endowments and parents’ preferences for child quality. We study how changes in children’s cognitive endowments affect the distribution of parental investments amongst siblings, using data from a large-scale iodine supplementation program in Tanzania. We find that parents strongly reinforce the higher cognitive endowments of children who received in utero iodine supplementation, by investing more in vaccinations and early life nutrition. The effect of siblings’ endowments on own investments depends on the extent to which quality across children is substitutable in parents’ utility functions. Neonatal investments, made before cognitive endowments become apparent to parents, are unaffected. Fertility is unaffected as well, suggesting that inframarginal quality improvements can spur investment responses even when the quantity-quality tradeoff is not readily observable.
U.S. healthcare fix: Leveraging the lessons from the food supply chain

BACKGROUND: U.S. healthcare costs consistently outpace inflation, causing growing problems of affordability. This trend cannot be sustained indefinitely. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to use supply-chain tools for macro-level examination of the U.S. healthcare as a business system and identify options and best use practices. METHOD: We compare the important and successful U.S. food industry to the essential but problematic U.S. healthcare industry. Supply chain strategies leading to food business operations success are examined and healthcare applications suggested. We emphasize "total cost of ownership" which includes all costs incurred by all stakeholders of U.S. healthcare, including maintenance and cleanup, not just the initial purchase price. RESULTS: U.S. hospitals and clinics can use supply chain strategies in a total cost of ownership framework to reduce healthcare costs while maintaining patient care quality. Supply chain strategies of resource pooling, mass customization, centralized logistics, specialization, postponement and continuous improvement that have been successfully used in the U.S. food industry should be more widely applied to the U.S. healthcare industry. New and growing areas of telemedicine and medical tourism should be included in the supply chain analysis of U.S. healthcare. Valid statistical analysis of results in all areas of U.S. healthcare is an important part of the process. CONCLUSIONS: U.S. healthcare industry problems are systematic operational and supply chain problems rather than problems with workforce or technology. Examination of the U.S. healthcare industry through a supply chain framework should lead to significant operational improvement in both prevention and treatment of acute and chronic ailments. A rational and unemotional reorganization of the U.S. healthcare system operations, using supply chain strategies, should help reduce healthcare costs while maintaining quality and increasing accessibility.
Measurement of viscosity of biologic fluids by cone plate viscometer.

Abstract Viscosity of a fluid is defined as the ratio of shear stress to sheer rate. Shearing occurs as the result of the internal friction of the fluid layers moving over one another during flow. For simple fluids this relationship is linear. The presence of colloidal suspensions or macromolecular substances usually cause marked alinearity of this shear stress-shear rate relationship. Biologic fluids such as blood, which contains protein and a colloidal suspension of cells, have been demonstrated to have anamolous flow properties, i.e., a nonlinear change in viscosity with a constantly increasing or decreasing shear rate. A cone plate viscometer capable of recording absolute values of shear stress and shear rate is described. The instrument permits the rapid analysis of small samples of fluid. Whole blood was shown to consistently demonstrate pseudoplastic (shear thinning) flow behavior. Samples of mucus from the respiratory tract also demonstrated the same characteristics at considerably higher values of viscosity.
Genetic manipulation of Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral anaerobic bacterium, is an important etiological agent of periodontal disease and may contribute to cardiovascular disease, preterm birth, and diabetes as well. Therefore, genetic studies are of crucial importance in investigating molecular mechanisms of P. gingivalis virulence. Although molecular genetic tools have been available for many bacterial species for some time, genetic manipulations of Porphyromonas species were not developed until more recently and remain limited. In this unit, current molecular genetic approaches for mutant construction in P. gingivalis using the suicide vector pPR-UF1 and the transposon Tn4351 are described, as are protocols for performing electroporation and conjugation. Furthermore, a technique to restore the wild-type phenotype of the mutant by complementation using vector pT-COW is provided. Finally, a description of a noninvasive reporter system allowing the study of gene expression and regulation in P. gingivalis completes this unit. Keywords: Porphyromonas gingivalis; molecular genetics; mutation; transposon; vector; recombinant DNA; conjugation; Bacteroides; oral pathogens; anaerobic bacteria
A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals

Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized. Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management. Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for alpha- and beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely, from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation of beta-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls, lutein + zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only beta-carotene despite moderately high lutein + zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid metabolism and function.
The ellipsoidal representation of spectral sensitivity

When plotted in three-dimensional color-space, thresholds of colored lights fall on or near the surface of an ellipsoid. Using data reported in the literature, we estimate the deviation between sets of spectral threshold measurements and the ellipsoid that passes closest to the data. Seventy-three percent of the reported spectral thresholds fall within 0.1 log units of the best-fitting ellipsoid. Our ability to distinguish one ellipsoidal fit as significantly better than another is limited by the choice of sampling directions in color-space. Spectral lights do not provide a good set of sampling directions for reducing the uncertainty about the estimated best-fitting ellipsoid. Complete characterization of visual sensitivity requires measuring thresholds to mixtures of spectral lights.
Repeated episodes of chronic intermittent ethanol promote insensitivity to devaluation of the reinforcing effect of ethanol

Studies in animal models have shown that repeated episodes of alcohol dependence and withdrawal promote escalation of drinking that is presumably associated with alterations in the addiction neurocircuitry. Using a lithium chloride-ethanol pairing procedure to devalue the reinforcing properties of ethanol, the present study determined whether multiple cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure by vapor inhalation also alters the sensitivity of drinking behavior to the devaluation of ethanol's reinforcing effects. The effect of devaluation on operant ethanol self-administration and extinction was examined in mice prior to initiation of CIE (short drinking history) and after repeated cycles of CIE or air control exposure (long drinking history). Devaluation significantly attenuated the recovery of baseline ethanol self-administration when tested either prior to CIE or in the air-exposed controls that had experienced repeated bouts of drinking but no CIE. In contrast, in mice that had undergone repeated cycles of CIE exposure that promoted escalation of ethanol drinking, self-administration was completely resistant to the effect of devaluation. Devaluation had no effect on the time course of extinction training in either pre-CIE or post-CIE mice. Taken together, these results are consistent with the suggestion that repeated cycles of ethanol dependence and withdrawal produce escalation of ethanol self-administration that is associated with a change in sensitivity to devaluation of the reinforcing properties of ethanol.
Systolic pressure variation: a dynamic measure of the adequacy of intravascular volume

Central venous pressure and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure measurements are complicated by ventilatory changes in intrathoracic pressure and have a poor record as a preload parameter. The hemodynamic changes of mechanical ventilation have the effect of withholding a volume of blood and then giving it back during each respiratory cycle. The inspiratory phase of mechanical ventilation reduces preload and increases afterload of the right heart, while the preload is increased and afterload is reduced. These changes are reversed during expiration. The systolic pressure variation (SPV) by mechanical ventilation is closely related to the intravascular volume according to Starling’s law. The effect of mechanical ventilation on the left ventricular stroke volume has given birth to dynamic monitors of preload obtained from the arterial side in the form of SPV and pulse pressure variation. Animal studies and numerous clinical studies in surgical and critically ill patients have shown the superiority of dynamic monitors over the venous and pulmonary artery occlusion pressures.
From footdragging to flight: The evasive history of peasant avoidance protest in south and South‐East Asia

(1986). From footdragging to flight: The evasive history of peasant avoidance protest in south and South‐East Asia. The Journal of Peasant Studies: Vol. 13, Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in South‐East Asia, pp. 64-86.
Conductance behavior of electrolytes in 1,3-dimethylethyleneurea and 1,3-dimethylpropyleneurea at 25°C

1,3-Dimethylethyleneurea (DMEU) and 1,3-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU) were investigated as electrolytic media for a number of alkali metal and triisoamylbutylammonium salts via conductivity measurements over a concentration range of 1–100×10−4M at 25°C. The data were analyzed by the Fuoss-Shedlovsky, Fuoss-Onsager, and expanded Pitts equations. The limiting equivalent conductivities were about 1.5 times greater in DMEU than in DMPU, which is exactly the ratio of the viscosities. From the Fuoss-Onsager analysis, all salts studied were found to be essentially unassociated in both solvents. From the expanded Pitts equation the extent of association was small, but within a salt series the equation indicated that association decreased in the order iodides, thiocyanates > perchlorate > tetraphenylborates. Neither solvent differentiated between sodium and potassium ion mobilities, indicating a type of solvation behavior different from that in acyclic urea solvents such as tetramethyl- and tetraethylurea.
Role of the CCA bulge of prohead RNA of bacteriophage ø29 in DNA packaging.

The oligomeric ring of prohead RNA (pRNA) is an essential component of the ATP-driven DNA packaging motor of bacteriophage o29. The A-helix of pRNA binds the DNA translocating ATPase gp16 (gene product 16) and the CCA bulge in this helix is essential for DNA packaging in vitro. Mutation of the bulge by base substitution or deletion showed that the size of the bulge, rather than its sequence, is primary in DNA packaging activity. Proheads reconstituted with CCA bulge mutant pRNAs bound the packaging ATPase gp16 and the packaging substrate DNA-gp3, although DNA translocation was not detected with several mutants. Prohead/bulge-mutant pRNA complexes with low packaging activity had a higher rate of ATP hydrolysis per base pair of DNA packaged than proheads with wild-type pRNA. Cryoelectron microscopy three-dimensional reconstruction of proheads reconstituted with a CCA deletion pRNA showed that the protruding pRNA spokes of the motor occupy a different position relative to the head when compared to particles with wild-type pRNA. Therefore, the CCA bulge seems to dictate the orientation of the pRNA spokes. The conformational changes observed for this mutant pRNA may affect gp16 conformation and/or subsequent ATPase-DNA interaction and, consequently, explain the decreased packaging activity observed for CCA mutants.
Investigation of injectant properties on jet penetration in a supersonic stream

The effect of liquid properties on secondary injection from a single small-diameter nozzle in a supersonic stream was investigated experimentally. Normal penetration of liquid jets was inferred from scattered-light and schlieren photographs. Primary flows of Mro = 2.8 and 4.0 were produced in a 4 X 4-in. blowdown wind tunnel. Data on normal penetration of roomtemperature water were used to extend published correlations to lower injection pressure ratios. The effect of vapor pressure on penetration was investigated by injecting superheated water and acetone. Penetration height was correlated with injection pressure ratio for superheated liquid injection; these data were compared with roomtemperature results. Vapor pressure breakup outside of the spray nozzle had little effect on the penetration height. Liquid viscosity and surface tension were varied over a wide range of conditions; neither property affected the penetration height for flow in the acceleration-wave breakup regime.
Health Practices and Disability: Some Evidence from Alameda County

With greater longevity people are increasingly concerned about how to avoid disability during their longer lives. Policy decisions concerning ways to extend health as well as life have become part of the nation's health agenda. Opportunity to examine that issue has arisen in the Alameda County Human Population Laboratory. Earlier studies there established seven health practices as risk factors for higher mortality: excessive alcohol consumption, smoking cigarettes, being obese, sleeping fewer or more than 7-8 hours, having very little physical activity, eating between meals, and not eating breakfast. Observation now reveals that, taking into account age, gender, physical health status, and social network index in 1965, the occurrence of disability was only about one-half as great among the cohort survivors in 1974 who reported good health practices in 1965 as among those with poor health practices; those with an intermediate level of health practices experienced about two-thirds the relative disability risk of those with poor health practices. Essentially similar relationships prevailed for the 1982/1983 survivors of the original (1965) cohort who, upon requestioning, had been found to be without disability in 1974.
Role of plasma arginine vasopressin in the impaired water diuresis of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency in the rat

Role of plasma arginine vasopressin in the impaired water diuresis of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency in the rat. The role of antidiuretic hormone in the impaired water excretion of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency was investigated in the thyroxin-re-placed, anterior hypophysectomized rat. Hypophysectomized rats demonstrated marked impairment in the excretion of an oral water load (32 ± 4% vs. 94 ± 4%), plasma hypoosmolality (281 ± 2 vs. 289 ± 2 mOsm/kg), and hyponatremia (129 ± 1 vs. 140 ± 1 mEq/liter) compared to controls (all P Role de l'rginine vasopressine du plasma dans l'ncapacite de diluer l'urine au cours du deficit isole en glucocorticoides chez le rat. Le role de l'hormone antidiuretique dans l'incapacite a diluer l'urine au cours du deficit isole en glucocorticoides a ete etudie chez des rats ayant subi une hypophysectomie anterieure et compenses par de la thyroxine. Les rats hypohysectomises ont un deficit important de l'excretion d'une charge en eau (32 ± 4% contre 94 ± 4%), une hypoosmolalite plasmatique (281 ± 2 contre 289 ± 2 mOsm/kg), et une hyponatremie (129 ± 1 contre 140 ± 1 mEq/liter), par comparaison aux controles (P
Making Cluster Strategies Work

In the Summer 1983 issue of this journal, Heany and Weiss introduced “cluster strategy” into the lexicon of strategic planning. They argued that in diversified corporations, additional leverage can be gained by integrating the strategies of a number of related strategic business units (SBUs), thereby giving rise to a cluster strategy. They proposed seven bases for formulating clusters (quest for efficiency, market relatedness, shared production processes, underlying technology, market systems relationships, distribution system, company specific) and also touched upon an administrative problem involved in establishing business clusters. That is, only CEOs have sufficient clout to translate perceived strategic relationships among SBUs into a unified strategy based on inter‐SBU cooperation.
Rethinking Bestiality:: Towards a Concept of Interspecies Sexual Assault

This paper seeks to introduce a view of bestiality which differs radically from both the anthropocentrism enshrined in the dogma of Judaeo-Christianity and also from the pseudo-liberal tolerance fa...
Thoracic aorta imaging with multisclice CT.

The development of multislice CT (MSCT) technology has revolutionized the ability to image the thoracic aorta noninvasively. MSCT allows scanning with greater speed and narrower collimation compared with single-detector helical CT systems, which translatesto largervolumes ofcoverage withimproved spatial resolution [1]. The promise of isotropic voxel imaging may be realized with MSCT, and should dramatically improve the quality of the acquired datasets and provide very high quality image postprocessing. Multislice CT aortography (MSCTA) possesses several advantages over other modalities frequently used to investigate thoracic aortic disease, such as transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), MR imaging, and aortography. The speed and ease of MSCT make it the examination of choice for acute aortic pathologies, such as dissection, intramural hematoma (IMH), aneurysm, and acute traumatic injury. MSCT is less operator-dependent than TEE [2] and is easier and faster to perform than either MR imaging or aortography. These considerations are particularly advantageous in acutely ill patients. Another benefit of MSCT that these other methods do not enjoy is the ability effectively to image other thoracic organs, especially the lung parenchyma and pleural space. This is particularly important because cardiovascular abnormalities frequently present with nonspecific symptoms, and nonvascular etiologies of the patient’s presentation may be obvious with CT. Finally, the volumetric data obtained with MSCTA is readily processed using two-dimensional, three-dimensional, or volume-rendering techniques to provide angiogram-like images or images in any desired plane or obliquity. As more radiology practices adopt multislice scanners, MSCT will replace single-detector helical CT as the imaging modality of choice for the investigation of acute aortic syndromes.
Profiling lung adenocarcinoma: Insights from genes and more genes

Commentary to: Alterations in Cell Cycle Genes in Early Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma Identified by Expression Profiling Sunil Singhal, Kunjilata Amin, Robert Kruklitis. Peter DeLong, Michael E. Friscia, Leslie A. Litzky, Mary E. Putt, Larry R. Kaiser and Steven M. Albelda
Effect of Foods on Serum Esterase of Rats

SummaryIt has been shown that the oral administration of non-lipoid foods, glycerol, sucrose, glucose and proteose-peptone exert no demonstrable effect on the serum esterase of rats. The administration of neutral fats, oleic and palmitic acids leads to a marked increase which lasts for several hours.The authors gratefully acknowledge their great indebtedness to the John and Mary R. Markle Foundation for financial assistance in this research.
Course of depressive symptoms in patients undergoing heart surgery: confirmatory analysis of the factor pattern and latent mean structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality, stability, and course of depressive symptoms over the 12-month period beginning approximately 1 week before heart surgery. Methods: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered to 570 patients before heart surgery and 1, 3.5, 6.5, and 12.5 months later. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis rejected a four-factor model as a result of small variances for two interpersonal items. With their elimination, a three-factor solution (negative affect, low positive affect, somatic/vegetative symptoms) showed good psychometric properties. Except for the somatic/vegetative factor at the 1-month follow up, there was a high degree of stability in the factor pattern over a 12-month period beginning approximately 1 week before heart surgery. Latent mean structure analysis indicated that, apart from elevations in several somatic/vegetative symptoms during the month after surgery, means for all three depressive symptoms declined over time. The recovery of positive affect showed a steeper trajectory toward the end of the follow-up period by comparison with the rates of decline for depressed affect and somatic/vegetative symptoms. Conclusions: These findings support using 18 CES-D items to measure three depressive symptom dimensions in heart patients and may reflect a normative pattern of adjustment to heart surgery.