cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transurethral ultrasonography of the urinary bladder

Though considered a pelvic organ, the urinary bladder, unlike the prostate, can be assessed with a variety of radiographic and imaging techniques. Intravenous urography, cystography and abdominal ultrasonography have been shown to be more useful in studying this structure in contrast to the prostate gland. Other imaging studies such as transrectal ultrasonography, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have been proven to be of value in examining both organs. Most of these latter examinations have been utilized for the purpose of staging bladder tumors and, though noninvasive tumors and tumors demonstrating significant extravesical involvement can be readily identified, these imaging examinations have genrally not been satisfactory in determining the degree of muscle involvement by an invading bladder tumor.
Analysis of TGF-β type I receptor for mutations and polymorphisms in head and neck cancers

Abstract Transforming growth factor-β receptor (TβR)-dependent signals are critical for cell growth and differentiation and are often disrupted during tumorigenesis. The entire coding region of TβR-I and flanking intron sequences from 30 head and neck carcinomas were examined for alterations using “Cold” SSCP and direct sequencing. No somatic point mutations were found in the TβR-I gene. In contrast, 14 polymorphic sequence changes were detected in TβR-I in 13 (43%) of the samples, including eight (27%) nucleotide alterations identified as polymorphisms in an exon-1 (GCG) 9 microsatellite repeat, a previously reported tumor susceptibility allele. A nine base pair deletion was found in 23% of the samples including five heterozygous and two homozygous deletions as well as single homozygous 12 bp deletion. Additionally, six heterozygous polymorphisms in intronic sequences were determined, including one heterozygous C/A genotype at the +82 nucleotide position of the intron-5 intervening sequence (IVS), and five heterozygous G/A genotypes within intron-7 at the +24 nucleotide position. Exon-1 polymorphisms in the (GCG) 9 microsatellite region of the TβR-I gene and their association with head/neck cancers, suggest that development of these cancers may be a direct consequence of loss of responsiveness to TGF-β mediated growth inhibition.
Ultrastructure of a large ventro-lateral dendritic bundle in the rat ventral horn

There is an extensive bundle of dendrites with a rostro-caudal axis in the ventro-lateral lamina of the sixth lumbar segment in each side of the rat spinal cord. Such a bundle has a diameter of about 250 μm and contains over 1400 parallel dendrites., each with a diameter of less than 8 μm, interspersed between neuronal somata. The volume fraction of dendrites in the bundle neuropil is about 55%, the remainder being equally distributed between astrocytes, synaptic boutons, and axons, most of which are unmyelinated. An analysis of the median percentage covering of dendrites by contiguous elements of the neuropil reveals that as the dendrite diameter decreases from 4 to 0.2 μm (mean=2 μm), astrocytes increase from 43 to 75%, axons decrease from 21% to zero, boutons decrease from 28% to zero, and dendrites decrease from 10% to zero. There is a mean of 18 synaptic boutons per 100 μn2 of the overall dendritic surface, but larger boutons tend to be more frequent on larger dendritic profiles. Apposed dendrites and their somata may have either puncta adhaerentia or confronting subsurface cisternae. Synaptic types in the rat are similar to those reported for the cat. The morphological findings are discussed with respect to previously proposed interaction between neural elements.
Viewpoint: Are there valid concerns for completing a marathon at 39 weeks of pregnancy?

recently, widespread media attention has been given to Amber Danielle Miller, a 27-yr-old woman (163 cm tall), who, at 39 wk of pregnancy, gave birth following her completion of the Chicago Marathon on October 9, 2011 ([17][1], [19][2], [21][3]). She completed the Marathon in 6 h, 25 min, and 50 s
Effect of lesions of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray on the Pavlovian conditioned heart rate response in the rabbit

The present experiment sought to evaluate the contribution of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray to the expression of the conditioned bradycardic heart rate response in the rabbit. This response occurs in the presence of a fear-arousing conditioned stimulus. Lesions of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray made after training failed to affect retention of the conditioned response. The results suggest that this region of the midbrain plays a nonessential role in the expression of the conditioned bradycardic response.
Is cidofovir a useful adjunctive therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children

Abstract Objective: To assess the usefulness of cidofovir in treating recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children. Cidofovir is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that has been reported to be effective in the treatment of respiratory papillomatosis in several small series of patients. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 11 children (mean, 2.1 years; range, 0.5–3 years at diagnosis) with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis who at the start of the study were requiring debridement of papillomas at least every 6 weeks. After microlaryngoscopy with powered microdebridement of papillomas patients received intralesional injection of cidofovir (5 mg/ml). The severity of papillomatosis was rated at each visit using a standardized papilloma severity scoring system. The success of therapy was measured by the trend in the patient’s papilloma severity scores before and after cidofovir therapy and by whether the frequency of operative interventions decreased in the period after treatment began. Results: Three patients had impressive improvements in severity scores and a decrease in the frequency of required operative interventions after cidofovir, two patients had a partial response, and for six patients cidofovir was considered ineffective. Conclusions: Intralesional cidofovir did not decrease the severity or frequency of operative intervention for recurrent respiratory papillomas in the majority of children in this study. The drug did improve papillomatosis in the minority of patients without causing notable morbidity. A large multi-institutional controlled study is needed to better assess the efficacy of this treatment.
Size dependence of the nonlinear elastic softening of nanoscale graphene monolayers under plane-strain bulge tests: a molecular dynamics study

The pressure bulge test is an experimental technique to characterize the mechanical properties of microscale thin films. Here, we perform constant-temperature molecular dynamics simulations of the plane-strain cylindrical bulge test of nanosized monolayer graphene subjected to high gas pressure induced by hydrogen molecules. We observe a nonlinear elastic softening of the graphene with an increase in hydrogen pressure due to the stretching and weakening of the carbon-carbon bonds; we further observe that this softening behavior depends upon the size of the graphene monolayers. Our simulation results suggest that the traditional microscale bulge formulas, which assume constant elastic moduli, should be modified to incorporate the size dependence and elastic softening that occur in nanosized graphene bulge tests.
Gender differences in the regulation of vascular tone

Summary 1. The greater incidence of hypertension and coronary artery disease in men and post-menopausal women compared with premenopausal women has suggested vascular protective effects of the female sex hormone oestrogen. However, vascular effects of the female sex hormone progesterone and the male sex hormone testosterone have also been suggested. 2. Oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone receptors have been identified in the plasmalemma, cytosol and nuclear compartments of vascular cells. The interaction of sex hormones with their specific receptors triggers not only long-term genomic vascular effects, but also acute non-genomic vascular responses. 3. Sex hormones may activate endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation pathways, including the nitric oxide–cGMP and prostacyclin–cAMP pathways and a hyperpolarizing factor pathway. 4. Sex hormones may also inhibit the mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction, such as [Ca2+]i, protein kinase C and other protein kinases. 5. The sex hormone-induced stimulation of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle contraction may contribute to the gender differences in vascular tone and may represent potential beneficial vascular effects of hormone-replacement therapy during natural and surgically induced deficiencies of gonadal hormones.
MARKET STRUCTURE AND PRICE‐COST MARGINS:A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF U.K. AND U.S. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

This paper reports a comparative study of market structure- performance relations in U. K. and U.S. manufacturing indus- tries. The multivariate regression results support the hypothesis of homogeneity of the links between market structure and the price-cost margin dimension of performance in manufacturing industries of the two countries. Furthermore, the results indicate that the differences in the legal and cultural environments of U.K. and U.S. industries do not significantly affect the pattern of similarity in the links.
CORRELATES OF SELF-CONTROL: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF SELF-CONTROL THEORY

ABSTRACT Two important propositions flow from self-control theory. The first proposition (versatility) states that self-control as a general construct predicts various crimes and analogous acts. The second proposition (stability) assumes that self-control is a stable predictor over time. A deviant versatility index and an indirect measure of subsequent criminal behavior were constructed to test the implications from these two hypotheses. Using a sample of first-time apprehended property offenders, the results indicate that self-control: (1) can explain various deviant acts and a specific property crime; (2) is also significantly associated with offenders’ intentions to commit crime again.
The postnatal development of the canine cerebellar cortex

The cerebellum of the neonatal puppy was found to be incompletely differentiated. Its gross dimensions were less than half those of the normal adult, and although major lobules were recognizable, folial development was rudimentary. Microscopically, the cortex on the second postnatal day was distinguished by a thick subpial external granular layer of actively dividing cells. Beneath this transient layer, permanent cortical layers were largely undeveloped and myelination was not yet evident. During the first two postnatal weeks, the width of the external granular layer remained relatively constant (at slightly more than 50 μ), while other cortical layers underwent considerable growth, with histologic and cytologic differentiation. After the second postnatal week, the width of the external granular layer declined steadily, so that by the tenth week only a vestige of the layer remained. Between the second and seventy-second postnatal days, a tenfold increase occurred in the width of the molecular layer. Major growth and differentiation also occurred in the internal granular layer, which became almost tripled in its width during the first ten postnatal weeks. Myelination proceeded in a centrifugal direction and occurred earlier in the vermis than in the hemispheres. By the end of the first month, myelination of the vermis was practically complete, and by the tenth week, the arbor vitae of the hemispheres appeared fully myelinated.
International migration and social policy underdevelopment in the Dominican Republic

Based on the Dominican Republic’s economic and political institutional characteristics, we would expect social spending there to be at least average for Latin America. Yet in reality this country ranks at or near the bottom of the region in educational, health, pension and overall social spending, alongside significantly poorer, slower growing and less democratic countries. This article argues that the underdevelopment of Dominican social policies reflects the political impact of international migration flows, including both Dominican emigration to the United States and the immigration into the Dominican Republic from neighboring Haiti. These flows have inhibited the development of progressive political actors, including the partisan left and organized labor, and facilitated the adoption of an economic production model that erects additional obstacles to the expansion of the country’s social policies. Although the Dominican case is rather anomalous within Latin America, it holds important implications for...
Atomic imaging of Au/Ni multilayers

Abstract The role of interfaces in materials often plays a decisive part in determining physical properties. The order/disorder state of the interfacial structure, induced during the composition modulated synthesis, becomes increasingly property significant as the multilayer period decreases, i.e. the proportional number of interfaces increases. The presence or lack of interlayer coherency is dependent on the atomic misfit between host lattices compounded with short-long-range interactions, as well as the deposition-dependent growth morphology. The use of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) to atomically image the structure of Au/Ni multilayers will provide unique insight into the interfacial role in the “supermodulus” effect-a severalfold increase in the biaxial modulus above homogenous solution values which takes place over a narrow layer thickness range. This critical range of multilayer periods, between 1 and 3 nm, corresponds to a high interface volume fraction. A strain-wave description of atomic displacements coincident with the multilayer period appears appropriate to explain the highly distorted, “single phase” structure observed on an atomic scale.
Small bowel obstruction after hysterectomy to treat benign disease.

Abstract Study Objective To estimate the incidence of small bowel obstruction (SBO) after hysterectomy performed because of benign indications and to compare the incidence of SBO after laparoscopic, vaginal, and abdominal hysterectomy. Design Single-center retrospective analysis of all hysterectomies performed to treat benign disease over 9 years (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting University-affiliated tertiary medical center. Patients The study included 3229 women who underwent hysterectomy performed because of benign indications. Interventions International Classification of Diseases , 9th revision, codes were applied to eligible patients' medical records to identify those who potentially had an SBO. Again, the electronic medical record was reviewed to confirm the occurrence of SBO. The Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the relationship between SBO and categorical variables, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to evaluate the relationship between SBO and continuous variables. Measurements and Main Results During the 9-year study, 3229 women with benign disease underwent hysterectomy: 38.3% abdominal, 39.3% vaginal, and 22.3% laparoscopic. Seventeen of 3229 women (0.53%; 95% confidence interval, 0.32–0.86) who underwent hysterectomy were identified as having an SBO. Among hysterectomy types, the incidence of SBO was not statistically significant for abdominal hysterectomy (9 of 17), vaginal hysterectomy (5 of 17), or laparoscopic hysterectomy (3 of 17) (p = .58). There were no differences in demographic data between patients with and without SBO. Incidence rates for SBO were calculated on the basis of hysterectomy route. Conclusion The incidence of SBO after hysterectomy performed because of benign indications is low. The hysterectomy route does not seem to affect risk of SBO.
Molecular determinants of HIV-1 NCp7 chaperone activity in maturation of the HIV-1 dimerization initiation site

Human immunodeficiency virus genome dimerization is initiated through an RNA–RNA kissing interaction formed via the dimerization initiation site (DIS) loop sequence, which has been proposed to be converted to a more thermodynamically stable linkage by the viral p7 form of the nucleocapsid protein (NC). Here, we systematically probed the role of specific amino acids of NCp7 in its chaperone activity in the DIS conversion using 2-aminopurine (2-AP) fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Through comparative analysis of NCp7 mutants, the presence of positively charged residues in the N-terminus was found to be essential for both helix destabilization and strand transfer functions. It was also observed that the presence and type of the Zn finger is important for NCp7 chaperone activity, but not the order of the Zn fingers. Swapping single aromatic residues between Zn fingers had a significant effect on NCp7 activity; however, these mutants did not exhibit the same activity as mutants in which the order of the Zn fingers was changed, indicating a functional role for other flanking residues. RNA chaperone activity is further correlated with NCp7 structure and interaction with RNA through comparative analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of NCp7 variants, and complexes of these proteins with the DIS dimer.
Specific and quantitative detection of human polyomaviruses BKV, JCV, and SV40 by real time PCR

Abstract Background: The polyomaviruses that infect humans, BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), and simian virus 40 (SV40), typically establish subclinical persistent infections. However, reactivation of these viruses in immunocompromised hosts is associated with renal nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) caused by BKV and with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by JCV. Additionally, SV40 is associated with several types of human cancers including primary brain and bone cancers, mesotheliomas, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Advancements in detection of these viruses may contribute to improved diagnosis and treatment of affected patients. Objective: To develop sensitive and specific real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) assays for the detection of T-antigen DNA sequences of the human polyomaviruses BKV, JCV, and SV40 using the ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System. Study design: Assays for absolute quantification of the viral T-ag sequences were designed and the sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. A quantitative assay to measure the single copy human RNAse P gene was also developed and evaluated in order to normalize viral gene copy numbers to cell numbers. Results: Quantification of the target genes is sensitive and specific over a 7 log dynamic range. Ten copies each of the viral and cellular genes are reproducibly and accurately detected. The sensitivity of detection of the RQ-PCR assays is increased 10- to 100-fold compared to conventional PCR and agarose gel protocols. The primers and probes used to detect the viral genes are specific for each virus and there is no cross reactivity within the dynamic range of the standard dilutions. The sensitivity of detection for these assays is not reduced in human cellular extracts; however, different DNA extraction protocols may affect quantification. Conclusion: These assays provide a technique for rapid and specific quantification of polyomavirus genomes per cell in human samples.
CFD Analysis of Composite Axial Water Turbine

This paper presents computational investigation of the flow in composite material axial water turbines using Finite Volume based commercial CFD package namely Fluent. Based on three dimensional numerical flow analysis and fluid-structure interaction, the flow characteristics of water turbines including nozzle, impeller and diffuser are predicted. Two particulare cases are studied and compared. The extract power of water turbine in different rotating speed and water inlet velocity are analyzed. The calculated results will provide a fundamental understanding of the impeller as water turbine, and this design method is used to shorten the design period and improve the water turbine’s performance.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Anterior medial temporal lobe volumes in polydipsic schizophrenic patients with and without hypo-osmolemia: a pilot study.

The volume of certain brain structures, particularly those in the anterior medial temporal lobe, may be reduced to a greater extent in hyponatremic/hypo-osmolemic polydipsic schizophrenics than other schizophrenic patients. To explore if volume reduction is specific to this particular brain region, and if it is fundamentally associated with polydipsia, we imaged the anterior hippocampi/subicula and adjacent temporal lobes in normal males (n = 10) and polydipsic schizophrenic patients with (n = 7) and without (n = 6) hypo-osmolemia. Bilateral hippocampal/subicular (p < .01), but not temporal lobe (p < .30), volumes were diminished in the hypo-osmolemics relative to the other two groups, who resembled each other on these measures. No recognized or putative factor could explain these findings. Thus anterior medial temporal lobe structures appear to be preferentially diminished in hypo-osmolemic polydipsic schizophrenics. Additional studies are needed to more precisely define these anatomic differences and their relationship to these patients' impaired water excretion and severe mental illness.
1-link shortest paths in weighted regions

We illustrate the Link Solver software for computing 1-link shortest paths in weighted regions. The Link Solver implements a prune-and-search method that can be used to approximate an optimal solution within a user specified precision. The theoretical foundation of the method is a result stating that an optimal solution goes through a vertex of the subdivision. This result provides a way to discretize the problem with respect to vertices of interest which in turn leads to efficient algorithms.
Chemical identity of hypothalamic neurons engaged by leptin in reproductive control

The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin plays a critical role as a metabolic cue for the reproductive system. Conditions of low leptin levels observed in negative energy balance and loss-of-function mutations of leptin or leptin receptor genes are characterized by decreased fertility. In recent years, advances have been made for identifying possible hypothalamic neurons relaying leptin's neuroendocrine control of reproductive function. Studies from different laboratories have demonstrated that leptin action in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is exerted via hypothalamic interneurons regulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells, oppose to direct action on GnRH neurons. Following this observation, studies focused on identifying leptin responsive interneurons. Using a Cre-loxP system to re-express or delete the leptin receptor long form (LepRb) from kisspeptin neurons, our laboratory found that leptin's action on kiss1 cells is neither required nor sufficient for leptin's role in reproductive function. Endogenous re-expression of LepRb however, in glutamatergic neurons of the ventral premammilary nucleus (PMV) or ablation of agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons from leptin signaling-deficient mice are both sufficient to induce puberty and improve fertility. Recent studies have also shown that leptin action in first order GABAergic neurons is required for fertility. Together, these studies begin to delineate key neuronal populations involved in leptin's action in reproduction. In this review, we discuss recent advances made in the field and highlight the questions yet to be answered.
“Don’t Know” and Accuracy of Breast Cancer Risk Perceptions Among Appalachian Women Attending a Mobile Mammography Program: Implications for Educational Interventions and Patient Empowerment

Risk perceptions are motivating factors for engaging in preventive health behaviors. Yet, almost one third of women attending a mobile mammography program targeted to rural and medically underserved Appalachian women respond "don't know" to their perceived 5-year risk of breast cancer. This study used cross-sectional data from women aged >40 years participating in Bonnie's Bus Mammography Screening and Preventive Care Survey from 2009 to 2011 to identify factors associated with "don't know" responses and accuracy of perceived risk according to constructs of the health belief model and sociodemographic characteristics. Women who responded "don't know" were more likely to be less educated, of lower income, insured by Medicaid, and less knowledgeable about breast cancer. Conversely, women who accurately perceived their risk were more likely to be of higher education, more knowledgeable about breast cancer, and have a family history of breast cancer. However, women with a high objective 5-year risk of breast cancer and older age at childbirth or were nulliparous were less likely to accurately perceive their risk. These findings suggest that women who indicate "don't know" responses and hold inaccurate risk perceptions are a population vulnerable to health disparities and may benefit from educational interventions focused on improving breast cancer knowledge and perceptions to empower them to take an active role in their preventive health and make informed decisions based on their individual level of risk.
Acid potentiation of the capsaicin receptor determined by a key extracellular site

The capsaicin receptor, VR1, is a sensory neuron-specific ion channel that serves as a detector of pain-producing chemical and physical stimuli. The response of VR1 to capsaicin or heat is dynamically potentiated by extracellular protons within a pH range encountered during tissue acidosis, such as that associated with arthritis, ischemia or tumor growth. A molecular determinant for this activity was localized to an extracellular Glu residue (E600) in the region linking the fifth transmembrane domain with the pore region of the channel. This residue serves as a key regulatory site of the receptor by setting sensitivity to other noxious stimuli in response to changes in proton concentration. We also show that protons, vanilloids, and heat promote channel opening through distinct pathways, because mutations at a second site (E648) selectively abrogate proton-evoked channel activation without diminishing responses to other noxious stimuli. Our findings provide molecular evidence for stimulus-specific steps in VR1 activation and offer strategies for the development of analgesic agents.
Surface impedance studies on the electrodynamical response of organic superconductors

Abstract We have performed detailed measurements of the surface impedance in the normal and superconducting state of κ-(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu(NCS) 2 in the millimeter wave frequency range (1 cm −1 to 3 cm −1 ), and have evaluated the complex conductivity for different crystallographic orientations. Above the transition temperature, the material behaves like a metal with a scattering rate of approximately 20 cm −1 . In the superconducting state the electrodynamics of both materials is in good agreement with calculations based on a BCS ground state: the penetration depth is temperature independent for T → 0; while the penetration depth and the coherence length are strongly anisotrop, the superconducting energy gap shows no indications of line nodes.
Strengths and weaknesses of the global ocean conveyor: Inter-basin freshwater disparities as the major control

Abstract According to the current paradigm of modern climatology and oceanography, the global ocean thermohaline circulation works as the so-called “global ocean salinity conveyor belt” – a system of currents connecting different ocean basins and most notably – the northern North Atlantic and northern North Pacific Oceans – the most distant regions of the world ocean. It is shown here that a slight disparity in freshwater redistribution between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans can be sufficient for building up and maintaining a global conveyor-type ocean thermohaline circulation. On the other hand, relatively small changes in this disparity leading to change in sea surface salinity contrasts between and in the north-south within the northern parts of these two oceans can easily change the conveyor.
Personality Characteristics of Dog and Cat Persons

The present study explored personality differences between dog persons and cat persons. Participants (n=126) identified themselves as either a dog person, cat person, both or neither, and rated their own masculinity, femininity, independence, dominance and athleticism. Participants also read a description of a person who was labelled either dog person or cat person, and rated this person on these same personality characteristics. Results showed that females were more likely to label themselves cat persons than were males. Quality of past experience with dogs and cats was related to current ownership of dogs and cats. There were no personality differences between dog/cat owners versus non owners. However, there were personality differences between self-labelled dog versus cat persons. In addition, others attributed different personality characteristics to dog versus cat persons, often as a function of gender. The real versus perceived differences in personality were not the same.
Properties of GaP Schottky barrier diodes at elevated temperatures.

Gallium phosphide Schottky barrier diodes, discussing construction and metals used, barrier height relationships to impurity concentration and temperature, rectifying characteristics and internal quantum efficiency
The extended satisfaction with life scale: Development and psychometric properties

The development and psychometric properties of the Extended Satisfaction With Life Scale (ESWLS) are described in detail. The ESWLS is a 50-item self-report scale that measures satisfaction with life in nine domains. It can be completed by most people in under 20 minutes and can be used by researchers and clinicians. The readability of the ESWLS was estimated to be between the seventh and tenth grade levels. Internal consistency, estimated by coefficient α, ranged from 0.81 to 0.96 for the individual subscales. Two-week test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.74 to 0.87. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses strongly supported the factor structure of the ESWLS. Preliminary evidence of convergent and discriminant validity is provided as well as preliminary norms.
Optimal routing of hazardous materials considering risk of spill

Abstract The diffusion of gases over wide areas from possible spills during transport of hazardous materials is considered when determining the least risk path through a network. Spills could occur through improper operation of vehicle or container or through a collision. Relationships for minimum risk paths are developed for these cases: specific wind directions, uniform average wind direction, maximum concentration wind directions, wind-rose averaged wind directions and speeds, and multiday routing with uncertain weather conditions. The relationships are illustrated for a full-sized urban network. This paper illustrates, how a Geographical Information System approach coupled with elementary principles of optimization theory can be used to solve such complex routing problems. The mathematics developed also reveals some consistent properties of all routing problems that are generalizable. For short trips the least risk path is invariant with the assumed wind speed, the size of spill, and the toxicity of the material. It is also invariant with the selection between uniform average wind direction and maximum risk direction criteria. A hybrid between numerical and analytical methods was adopted to reduce computation requirements which are still large but acceptable.
Projection or Persuasive Press? Contrary Effects of Personal Opinion and Perceived News Coverage on Estimates of Public Opinion

This study explores the effects of personal opinion and perceived media content on individuals' assessments of public opinion, as well as the curious phenomenon that, although people perceive public agreement with their own point of view, they tend to see press coverage as disagreeable. One hypothesis, based on theories of projection of personal opinion, predicts that people will see public opinion as much like their own, but a contrary outcome is suggested by 2 interrelated hypotheses, the hostile media effect and the persuasive press inference. Data were collected on 4 issues from a large, representative national sample and provided evidence for all 3 effects. Projection received the most consistent support, but findings indicate that this assimilation effect can be substantially offset by media coverage seen as both disagreeable and influential.
Antigen Disappearance in Hibernating Ground Squirrels

The rate of antigen disappearance was studied in hibernating ground squirrels ( Citellus tridecemlineatus ) injected with I 131 -labeled bovine serum albumin. There was no detectable disappearance of antigen during 14 days of hibernation. The induction period, however, ended 5 days after arousal as compared to a 7-day induction period in nonhibernating ground squirrels.
The 'morality' of occupational health.

Both ethics and law are based on value systems. George Lakoff has contributed to our understanding of the value systems that influence attitudes toward public issues in his book, Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don’t (University of Chicago Press, 1996). He argues that two antagonistic but co-existing moral systems influence attitudes toward public issues. Both are derived from metaphors of family life and child development and the “morality” of allowing certain actions. One moral system stresses individual responsibility and risk-taking, the other empathy and mutual assistance. The tension between these value systems explains much in political debate; issues generally tend to fall on one side or the other. Occupational health and related issues, almost uniquely, have the unfortunate characteristic of falling short in both. Our best efforts may be judged “immoral” by the strictest interpretations of both systems, even when they are successful. The practical implication is that we must not accept this pattern of thinking. The work relationship is not like a family. It is important to separate issues in occupational health from this pattern of thinking in both professional and public discourse.
One-Color Molecular Photodissociation and Detection of Hydrogen Atoms

The wavelength 205.14 nm is absorbed by many hydrogen-containing molecules, which then dissociate to form hydrogen atoms. These in turn can absorb two more 205.14 nm photons and reach the 3s or the...
Lumbar myofascial flap for pseudomeningocele repair.

Object Initial management for lumbar pseudomeningoceles entails the closed external drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with or without blood patch application. The presence of longstanding pseudomeningoceles and those associated with nonmicroscopic dural tears can be more problematic. Additionally the failure of nonoperative measures may necessitate surgery. Ideally the procedure should involve repairing the dural defect, removing the encapsulated cavity of the pseudomeningocele, and obliterating the extraspinal dead space to minimize the recurrence of the problem. Methods The authors describe a technique performed in 12 patients with large (> 5-cm-diameter) pseudomeningoceles referred for management following the failure of less aggressive measures. Diagnosis was based on symptoms of lumbar wound swelling, postural headaches, back and leg pain, and was confirmed by imaging studies. In all patients subarachnoid CSF drainage and initial operative attempts to obliterate the pseudomeningocele had failed. ...
Influence of magma withdrawal on compositional gradients during the AD 79 Vesuvius eruption

COMPOSITIONAL variations in pyroclastic deposits have been used as indicators of pre-eruptive chemical gradients in magma chambers and of processes leading to compositional stratification1,2. Theoretical studies of the fluid dynamics of magma withdrawal from stratified chambers have shown that compositional gradients in the products erupted at the surface are not merely inversions of the gradients that had existed in the magma chamber. These studies predict that complex mixing can occur across stratified layers, and that withdrawal of dense underlying layers through overlying low-density layers can occur given certain combinations of discharge rate and magma density contrast3–7. These predictions have yet to be quantitatively verified, however, because simultaneous measurements of eruption dynamics and compositional gradients for a specific eruption have not been collected. Here we explore the relationship between chemical gradients observed in pyroclastic deposits and the dynamics of magma withdrawal, by modelling the temporal evolution of magma discharge rate during the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius in Italy. The results provide evidence that compositional gradients in zoned deposits cannot be properly interpreted without consideration of the dynamics of magma withdrawal.
Analyzing molecular dynamics scattered data for large atomic movements

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations generally produce massive amounts of data, which contain key structural and dynamical information about the material system under consideration. Information extraction from atomic position-time series is, however, a non-trivial task. It perhaps requires examining the entire data set since it is not known a priori in which parts of the data and in what form the desired information resides. A manual analysis involving all atomic positions at each and every time step is infeasible and ineffective even for moderate-sized data. Here, we develop a system to perform an automatic analysis of MD simulation data sets. Our system focuses on how constituent atoms move and provides an algorithm to automatically identify their movements that are larger than usual oscillating (wiggling) motions in terms of the distance covered within a short time window. The algorithm employs methods from signal processing and uses a regression model to distinguish different types of motions. The system also explores local bonding and structural changes occurring in the time intervals of large displacements, which can perhaps be responsible for structural rearrangement as well as transport phenomena. For illustrations, we analyze the first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of liquid silica ( SiO 2 ) from 2800 to 4000 K at zero pressure. Our system detects, in an automated fashion, numerous significant movements of Si and O atoms, and then associate them to Si–O and O–Si coordination states. The silica liquid is known to form a tetrahedral network mainly consisting of four oxygen coordinated Si atoms and doubly silicon coordinated O atoms (i.e., bridging oxygen). Our analysis suggests that only small fractions of odd coordination states account for the detected large atomic movements. Moreover, threefold coordinated Si atoms and singly coordinated O atoms (non-bridging oxygen) appear to contribute to atomic-diffusion more than pentahedral Si and threefold O states.
Dipolar Determinations in Solids by Relaxation-Assisted NMR Recoupling

The determination of internuclear I-S distances and geometries in solids from dipolar coupling measurements constitutes one of the most important capabilities of NMR.1 These determinations are usually complicated by the simultaneous presence of largersbut structurally uninterestingsinteractions such as the anisotropic chemical shift. Dipolar contributions to a total powder NMR line shape can be successfully extracted using spin-echo double resonance (SEDOR),2,3 a heteronuclear recoupling experiment which during recent years has been successfully extended to rotating solids.4-6 In spite of their usefulness, the application of these techniques is challenged by the need of a third radio frequency (rf) channel for proton decoupling and by quadrupolar effects that can complicate the data evaluation. In the present paper, we discuss and demonstrate an alternative recoupling strategy that, by requiring irradiation on only one of the coupled species, is free from these technical and quantification demands. The system to be considered here consists of an I-S spin pair, and the aim will be to retrieve their dipolar interactions by observation of the S spectrum. The Hamiltonian defining the signal can be expressed as1
Role of MOOCs in integrated STEM education: A learning perspective

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have created a major paradigm shift in online education by offering web-based courses at no cost to virtually anyone with access to a computer/laptop with internet connection. In 2012, MOOCs gained significant attention from media, students, educators, and entrepreneurs. It is continuing to develop into a more popular and widespread educational technology. This paper identifies and discusses few key elements of massively open online education that can influence pedagogy and learning in STEM disciplines. It also examines the potential of MOOCs in improving learning experiences and facilitating interdisciplinary education in STEM fields.
Monte Carlo Simulation of the Sequence Length and Junction Point Distributions in Random Copolymers Obeying Bernoullian Statistics

The sequence length and junction point distributions (SLD and JPD, respectively) in random copolymers influence processing and end-use properties such as thermal transitions, chain conformation, and elastic properties. There are currently no experimental methods to determine SLD. As such, information on this type of distribution can be accessed, at present, only through models and simulations. Here, we present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the SLD and the JPD of generic AB random copolymers with Bernoullian distributions of interest and with individually varying chain length (degree of polymerization) and monomer ratio. Results from the simulations show, among other things, the development of bimodality in the SLD of a particular monomer as a function of increasing percent of that monomer in the copolymer and the development of JPD as a function of varying monomer ratios, and that, in select cases, the JPD based on an even number of junction points is much larger than the corresponding distrib...
Some relations between growth and carbohydrate metabolism in tissue cultures.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of nitrogen, oxygen and cyanide on the carbohydrate metabolism and the growth in terms of protein synthesis have been investigated in cultures of 15-day chick embryonic lung and intestine. 2. 2. On cultivation under air respiration predominates over glycolysis, but increase of the glucose level in the culture medium raises the percentage glycolysis considerably. 3. 3. On cultivation under 100 per cent N2 carbohydrate metabolism becomes completely glycolytic, while growth is almost normal. The tissues remain alive and active for the duration of the experiment (8 days). 4. 4. In cyanide (0.25–0.50 mM/1) with respiration largely inhibited, protein synthesis is severely decreased. The tissues become inactive at 4–6 days. 5. 5. On cultivation under 100 per cent O2 respiration is markedly decreased, while protein is lost from the explants. The tissues become inactive at 4 days.
Enhancement of absorption spectra by dye-laser quenching

Absorption spectra enhancement by organic dye laser quenching, considering applications for absorbing species spectroscopic detection
Addition of a One-Meter Extension and Right-Angle Bend in Vacuum to a Compact, 1-MV, 6-kA Radiography Source

Summary form only given. Hybrid radiation source (HRS) is a compact pulsed power generator consisting of a commercial flash X-ray system that has been retrofitted with a custom front-end assembly, replacing a sealed glass tube. A new high impedance (~120 Ohm) space-charge-limited (SCL) diode was fielded on the HRS. This diode produces a ~1.6 mm diameter X-ray spot suitable for high-resolution radiography. This system has been modified by extending the diode from the generator with a one-meter-long vacuum transmission line. Also, the anode has been rotated to point perpendicular to the transmission-line axis. The extension and rotation allow for the placement of the high-yield, small-spot-size, HRS radiographic source in previously unreachable locations. Parameters such as voltage, current, and source size have been measured and analyzed, allowing for optimization of the radiographic source. Discussion will also include circuit diagrams, simulation models, and diagnostic traces.
Metabolizable Energy of Meat and Bone Meal

Abstract Assaying meat and bone meal as separate fractions rather than complete meal yields substantially higher metabolizable energy (ME). Past research has indicated that elevated mineral levels in meat and bone meal depress the metabolizable energy of this ingredient under assay conditions. Samples of meat and bone meal from port and from beef origin were separated into “bone” and “meat + fat” fractions by chloroform flotation. When meat + fat fractions were assayed and an ME value estimated for residual protein and fat in the bone fractions, the energy for samples of beef and of port meat and bone meals used in this study were 2449 kcal/kg (1115 kcal/lb) and 2847 kcal/kg (1275 kcal/lb, respectively (94% DM).
King of the hill

Purpose – This article seeks to highlight patron‐driven acquisitions (PDA) of e‐books.Design/methodology/approach – The article discusses an important new book devoted to PDA. It also describes a PDA pilot in the author's library consortium, and discusses some of the early findings.Findings – The article suggests that PDA has numerous benefits, but challenges longstanding practices and beliefs about traditional collection building. It also assumes that e‐book access will become increasingly accepted by users.Originality/value – The article provides theories about the effects of sustained PDA programs.
Growth and cytochrome c oxidase activity in minute mutants of Drosophila.

Total soluble protein present in 48-, 60- and 72-hour larval stages of Drosophila melanogaster was determined for controls and for heterozygotes of the following Minute mutants: M(2)1, M(2)173, M(2)z, M(2)S-10, M(3)w, M(3)124, M(3)B2, M(3)y and M(3)1. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was also assayed at these stages of development in mitochondria isolated from whole larvae of each genotype. The results indicate that all of these mutants possess a common retardation in the rate of growth throughout the larval period. The different Minutes, however, each had distinctive growth patterns, often characterized by particular lags occurring at specific stages. The concentration of cytochrome c oxidase was not necessarily lowered in conjunction with periods of especially retarded growth, but instead, activity higher than that of the control was frequently found. Only one mutant of those tested, M(2)z, showed a significantly lower concentration of this enzyme.