cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coca’s haunting presence in the agrarian politics of the Bolivian lowlands

This essay explores the role of the coca economy in the politics of basic foodstuff production in the lowlands department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Efforts throughout the 1980s and 1990s to diminish the coca economy in Santa Cruz have led to a significant decrease in the physical presence of coca in the region. This paper argues that while coca has been physically eradicated, the relationships and inequalities that characterized the coca economy at its height in the 1980s and 1990s continue to haunt present-day agrarian relations and decisions in the region. Using the framework of haunting and drawing on stories narrating the intersections between the livelihood challenges of rice farmers in the province of Ichilo, Santa Cruz, regional agrarian politics, and regional-state governance conflicts, I explore how the coca economy matters to the dynamics of principal agrarian foodstuff production. While coca cultivation in Ichilo is expressly assigned to the past and modern agrarian politics are explicitly articulated as “post-coca,” this paper offers a reminder about how the coca economy continues to shape present day agrarian politics, even as it is considered “successfully” eradicated.
Styles in Intimate Relationships: The A-R-C Model

From a continuum of differentiation in intimate or close and prolonged relationships the author derives a model based on three styles: Abuse-Atrophy (A); Reactive-Repetitive (R), and Conductive-Constructive (C).
Anomolous solvent effects in the extraction of Co (II) from aqueous chloride solutions by long chain alkyl amines

A study was made on the extraction efficiency obtained with trialkyl amine systems dissolved in bromochloroalkane solvents for cobalt(II). The results show that the percent extraction of cobalt( II) increases with the age of the amine solution in bromochloroalkane. Experiments with the quaternary salts of the amines were conducted which indicate that the increase with age is due to the displacement of the bromine in the solvent and the formation of a quaternary salt of the amines. (D.L.C.)
Effects of cytochalasin B and other agents on insulin secretion from saurian islets

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of Cytochalasin B, glucagon and theophylline, in the presence of a high concentration of glucose (5 mg/ml), on insulin release from pancreatic (splenic) islets of a lizard (Anolis carolinensis) were studied in an in vitro perifusion system. 2. 2. Theophylline (10−3 M) plus glucagon (1 μg/ml) effected a significant increase in insulin secretion, suggesting adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate modulation of insulin release from saurian pancreatic B cells. 3. 3. A biphasic pattern of insulin release, similar to that found with glucose alone, was observed with Cytochalasin B (5 μg/ml) included in the perifusion medium, but the amount of insulin secreted was significantly greater than with glucose alone. 4. 4. Cytochalasin B in the presence of theophylline plus glucagon resulted in a monophasic pattern and essentially linear rise in insulin release.
Bigger, Smaller, Richer, Poorer: Trends in Agricultural Economics

The 1996 American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA) Employment Services Committee (ESC) survey results reveal that although enrollments are declining in both undergraduate and graduate programs, faculty numbers are increasing. These trends belie the fact that the increase in faculty has come among nontenure track faculty and that the number of tenure track assistant professors has declined markedly because of fewer hires, promotions, and attrition. One result is an aging tenure track faculty. Salaries among all faculty have been increasing at over 2% per year; however, a greater proportion of faculty is in the nontenure track at lower salaries. Key strategies to reverse declining enrollments are for departments to improve diversity, to gather information on placement of students at all levels, and especially to learn more about private-industry placements at the undergraduate and masters levels and about foreign employment at the graduate level.
Stratigraphic and sedimentologic evidence of a submarine island-arc volcano in the lower Mesozoic Peñon Blanco and Jasper Point Formations, Mariposa County, California

Detailed mapping in the foothills of the central Sierra Nevada has revealed that the Lower Jurassic Penon Blanco Formation and the newly named Jurassic-Triassic Jasper Point Formation occupy the core of a previously unrecognized anticline of Late Jurassic age that plunges gently southeastward, exposing the Upper Jurassic Mariposa Formation on its limbs. The Jasper Point Formation consists of >900 m of massive, pillowed, and brecciated basalt overlain by as much as 100 m of varicolored radiolarian chert; these units resemble layers 2 and 1 of the oceanic crust, respectively. The Penon Blanco Formation is composed of as much as 5 km of coarse, augite- and plagioclase-bearing volcaniclastic rocks and lesser flows that appear to have originated at a common vent. Fine tuff at the base of the formation is interbedded with, and overlies, the Jasper Point chert gradationally. A restored section of the Penon Blanco Formation suggests that the volcanic rocks define a single, composite volcano that probably originated as part of an island arc. Voluminous volcanidastic detritus that composes most of the volcano may have been produced at great depth, possibly by hyaloclasis, autoclasis, or mass wasting. Much of the detritus was deposited as turbidites of tuff and tuff breccia that define an extensive volcanic apron that thickens and coarsens upward over hundreds of metres, suggesting progradation. Submarine clastic processes thus dominated the construction of the volcano. Fragmentation of most of the erupted material probably occurred at or near the vent, and subsequent distribution of the detritus around the vent by epiclastic processes formed a distinctive Stratigraphic sequence. These hypotheses may be tested by dredging young, deeply submerged island-arc volcanoes.
Changing attitudes towards harm reduction among treatment professionals: a report from the American Midwest

Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of an educational presentation in changing the attitudes towards harm reduction (HR) of drug and alcohol treatment professionals working in the Midwest region of the United States. Treatment professionals ( N =137) with a mean of 10.13 years of drug or alcohol treatment experience attended a 2-h educational presentation about harm reduction. Participants' attitudes towards HR were assessed immediately before and after the presentation, using a 25-item Likert scale questionnaire. Participants' treatment philosophy allegiance was also assessed. Results indicated that attitudes towards HR, on both the overall scale and on 21 of the 25 individual scale items, were significantly more favourable after the presentation than before, even among professionals with a self-reported Alcoholics Anonymous/12-Step treatment orientation. Thus, despite the predominance of abstinence-focused approaches in the US, this study demonstrates that professionals' attitudes may be altered following education about HR approaches. Such education may be a necessary step in making HR approaches more available to Americans with drug and alcohol problems.
Characterization of aerosol associated with enhanced small particle number concentrations in a suburban forested environment

[1] Two elevated particle number/mass growth events associated with Aitken-mode particles were observed during a sampling campaign (13–29 September 2004) at the Duke University Free-Air CO2 Enrichment facility, a forested field site located in suburban central North Carolina. Aerosol growth rates between 1.2 and 4.9 nm hr−1 were observed, resulting in net increases in geometric mean diameter of 21 and 37 nm during events. Growth was dominated by addition of oxidized organic compounds. Campaign-average aerosol mass concentrations measured by an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS) were 1.9 ± 1.6 (σ), 1.6 ± 1.9, 0.1 ± 0.1, and 0.4 ± 0.4 μg m−3 for organic mass (OM), sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium, respectively. These values represent 47%, 40%, 3%, and 10%, respectively, of the measured submicron aerosol mass. Based on Q-AMS spectra, OM was apportioned to hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA, likely representing primary organic aerosol) and two types of oxidized organic aerosol (OOA-1 and OOA-2), which constituted on average 6%, 58%, and 36%, respectively, of the apportioned OM. OOA-1 probably represents aged, regional secondary organic aerosol (SOA), while OOA-2 likely reflects less aged SOA. Organic aerosol characteristics associated with the events are compared to the campaign averages. Particularly in one event, the contribution of OOA-2 to overall OM levels was enhanced, indicating the likelihood of less aged SOA formation. Statistical analyses investigate the relationships between HOA, OOA-1, OOA-2, other aerosol components, gas-phase species, and meteorological data during the campaign and individual events. No single variable clearly controls the occurrence of a particle growth event.
Tracking neuronal dynamics during seizures

We demonstrate that a meaningful estimation of the neuronal network dynamics from single measured variable is now possible by incorporating biophysical neuronal models into a model-based control framework. Specifically, we assimilate noisy membrane potential (V) measurements from individual hippocampal neurons to reconstruct the dynamics of networks of these cells, their extracellular microenvironment, and the activities of different neuronal types during seizures. We used two-compartmental models for the pyramidal cells (PCs) and interneurons (INs): a cellular compartment and the surrounding extracellular microenvironment. The membrane potentials of both cells were modeled by Hodgkin-Huxley equations containing sodium, potassium, calcium-gated potassium, and leak currents. The current equations were augmented with dynamic variables representing the intra- and extracellular ion concentrations (K + , Na + ,a nd Ca 2+ ). To estimate and track the dynamics of the neuronal networks, we applied a nonlinear ensemble version of the Kalman filter, the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) [1]. Details of the model and UKF implementation can be found in [2,3]. In Fig. 1 we show an example where we use V measurements to estimate the rest of the dynamics of CA1 PC. Fig. 1A shows an intracellular recording from a PC during seizures, and plot the estimated [K]o in Fig. 1B.
Enhanced T cell cytokine gene expression in mouse airway obliterative bronchiolitis.

BACKGROUND Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), chronic allograft rejection of the lung, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Previous studies using the heterotopic mouse trachea model of chronic airway rejection have shown a T cell infiltrate composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The goal of these experiments was to characterize the pattern of T lymphocyte cytokines during chronic airway rejection using the heterotopic mouse trachea model. METHODS Isografts (BALB/c into BALB/c) and allografts (BALB/c into C57BL/6) were implanted into cyclosporin-treated animals and harvested 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks posttransplant. Cytokine mRNA expression in these grafts was determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. Expression of Th1 cytokines, interleukin- (IL) 2 and gamma-interferon, and Th2 cytokines, IL-4, and IL-10 were analyzed, as well as the cytotoxic lymphocyte product granzyme B and expressed relative to beta-actin gene expression. RESULTS In allografts, expression of IL-2 (P=0.002), gamma-interferon (P=2x10(-6)), granzyme B (P=0.003), IL-4 (P=0.06), and IL-10 (P=8x10(-6)) were 2- to 10-fold higher compared to isografts throughout the time-course of graft injury. Th1 and cytotoxic lymphocyte gene expression were increased to a greater extent than Th2 cytokines in allografts compared with isografts, and both Th1 and Th2 cytokine gene expression persisted at 6-10 weeks. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Th1, Th2, and cytotoxic lymphocyte subtypes all contribute to the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in the heterotopic mouse trachea model. Efforts to reduce the development of obliterative bronchiolitis may require the antagonism of multiple T cell pathways.
Spectral dependence of 1ƒγ noise on gate bias in n-MOSFETS

Abstract The modified McWhorter model that has been developed before to explain the 1 ƒ γ noise in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistors was extended to include frequency dependence of the noise power spectrum on operating voltages. Under the assumption of energy and spatial distribution of traps in the oxide, the drain voltage noise spectrum was calculated for MOSFETs operating in the linear region. Experimentally flicker noise measured on n -channel enchancement-mode MOSFETs up to the frequency of 4 kHz. The actual value of the exponent γ in the 1 ƒ γ spectrum was found to increase with gate bias. Furthermore, it was found that the magnitude of the noise power decreased with gate bias. The detail of the calculations and the experimental results are presented.
Dialectical behavior therapy for clients with binge-eating disorder or bulimia nervosa and borderline personality disorder.

Objective: This treatment development study provides summary data for standard Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) with minimal adaptation for 8 women with binge-eating disorder (BED) (5) or bulimia nervosa (BN) (3) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Method: DBT involved 6 months of weekly skills group, individual DBT, therapist consultation team meeting, and 24-hour telephone coaching. Assessments were conducted at pre-, post-treatment, and 6-months follow-up and utilized standardized clinical interviews including the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE), Personality Disorders Exam, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Results: From pre- to post-treatment, effect sizes for objective binge eating, total EDE scores and global adjustment were large and for number of non-eating disorder axis I disorders and for suicidal behavior and self-injury were medium. From pre- to 6-months follow-up, effect sizes were large for all these outcomes. Conclusion: This provides promising pilot data for larger studies utilizing DBT for BED or BN and BPD. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Golden Block Search for the Maximum of Unimodal Functions

In a previous paper [Avriel, M., D. J. Wilde. 1966. Optimal search for a maximum with sequences of simultaneous function evaluations. Management Sci.12 722.], the authors presented the minimax block search strategy for locating the maximum of unimodal functions of one variable by a sequence of simultaneous function evaluations. In the present work the nearly optimal minimax golden block search method is developed which has the advantage that the number of function evaluations need not be specified in advance. For one experiment per block it reduces to the well known golden section method. It is shown that this method is an excellent approximation of the block search strategy and that for a certain marginal resolution the two methods become identical.
Molecular analysis of thyroid tumors

In the recent years, a large number of molecular alterations in thyroid cancer has been discovered and characterized. Some of these markers may have significant diagnostic utility, can be used for tumor prognostication, and serve as potential therapeutic targets. The diagnostic utility of these markers is of particular importance in thyroid fine-needle aspiration samples. Some molecular markers, such as BRAF, offer help in risk stratification and can be potentially used to optimize surgical and postsurgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. This review discusses major molecular alterations known to occur in thyroid cancer, focusing on those markers that have been extensively characterized, carry clinical significance, and are being introduced into pathology practice.
Shades of the Sunbelt: Essays on Ethnicity, Race, and the Urban South

Preface The Development of the Modern Urban South: A Historical Overview by Randall M. Miller The Palmetto and the Maple Leaf: Patterns of Canadian Migration to Florida by Robert F. Harney Jewish Migration to the Sunbelt by Deborah Dash Moore Ethnicity, Urbanization, and Historical Consciousness in Savannah by Gary W. McDonogh Race, Ethnicity, and Women's Lives in the Urban South by Julia Kirk Blackwelder The Changing Face of Neighborhoods in Memphis and Richmond, 1940-1985 by Christopher Silver Race, Ethnicity, and Political Change in the Urban Sunbelt South by Ronald H. Bayor Ethnic Politics in Miami, 1960-1986 by Raymond A. Mohl Florida: A Demographic and Cultural Profile, 1880-1980 by Raymond Arsenault and Gary R. Mormino Migration to the Urban South: An Unfinished Agenda by Goerge E. Pozzetta Bibliography Index
Identification of the Palmitoylation Site in Rat Myelin P0 Glycoprotein

: P0 glycoprotein, the major protein of PNS myelin, contains approximately 1 mol of covalently bound long-chain fatty acids. To determine the chemical nature of the fatty acid-protein linkage, P0 was labeled in rat sciatic nerve slices with [3H]palmitic acid and subsequently treated with various reagents. The protein-bound palmi-tate was released by incubation with the reducing agents dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol, and with 1M hydrox-ylamine at pH 7.5. In addition, P0 was deacylated by treatment with 10 mM NaBH4 with the concomitant production of [3H]hexadecanol, indicating that the fatty acid is bound in a thioester linkage. This conclusion was supported further by the fact that deacylation with hydroxylamine generated free thiol groups, which were titrated with [14C]-iodoacetamide. To identify the cysteine residue involved in the thioester linkage, [14C]carboxyamidomethylated P0was digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. Identification of the radioactive protein fragments by amino acid analysis and amino-terminal peptide sequencing revealed that Cys153 in rat P0 glycoprotein is the acylation site. The acylated cysteine is located at the junction of the putative transmem-brane and cytoplasmic domains. This residue is also present in the P0 glycoprotein of other species, including human, bovine, mice, and chicken.
A Vision-Based System For Automatic Detection and Extraction Of Road Networks

In this paper we present a novel vision-based system for automatic detection and extraction of complex road networks from various sensor resources such as aerial photographs, satellite images, and LiDAR. Uniquely, the proposed system is an integrated solution that merges the power of perceptual grouping theory (Gabor filtering, tensor voting) and optimized segmentation techniques (global optimization using graph-cuts) into a unified framework to address the challenging problems of geospatial feature detection and classification. Firstly, the local precision of the Gabor filters is combined with the global context of the tensor voting to produce accurate classification of the geospatial features. In addition, the tensorial representation used for the encoding of the data eliminates the need for any thresholds, therefore removing any data dependencies. Secondly, a novel orientation-based segmentation is presented which incorporates the classification of the perceptual grouping, and results in segmentations with better defined boundaries and continuous linear segments. Finally, a set of Gaussian-based filters are applied to automatically extract centerline information (magnitude, width and orientation). This information is then used for creating road segments and then transforming them to their polygonal representations.
Speed of presentation influences story recall in college students and persons with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Story memory tests are commonly used in clinical neuropsychology. Surprisingly, no guidelines are provided for speed of presentation for two of the most commonly used story memory tests in clinical neuropsychology. The current investigation was designed to explore whether speed of presentation influences recall on the Story subtest from the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test. Consistent with predictions, college students in Study 1 and multiple sclerosis participants in Study 2 recalled significantly more story elements at immediate recall when the story was presented slow versus fast. This effect, however, was limited to the conditions where the fast story was presented before the slow story. At delayed recall, participants in both studies recalled more story elements in the slow versus fast story independent of presentation conditions. Both studies also revealed that significantly more participants fell in the “impaired” range on immediate recall for the fast story in the condition where it was presented first. Data from these studies show that speed of presentation can substantially alter story recall in a wide range of individuals. It will be important to develop story tests for which speed of presentation is standardized to ensure that erroneous conclusions regarding memory are not drawn about individuals seen in clinical neuropsychological practice.
Toward A Unified Theory of Macromarketing: A Systems Theoretic Approach

This article explores the analytic nature and domain of macromarketing from a systems theoretic perspective. Macromarketing is developed as the study of the complex coordination and control processes underpinning growth, evolution, and design of exchange systems. This approach provides a rich conceptual framework in which to unify the traditional themes of macromarketing and, potentially, to accelerate empirical research.
The conversion of methanol and other O-compounds to hydrocarbons over zeolite catalysts

Abstract The conversion of methanol and other O-compounds to C 2 C 10 hydrocarbons using a new class of shape-selective zeolites is reported. Methanol, dimethyl ether, or an equilibrium mixture thereof appears to be converted in a first reaction sequence to olefins predominantly in the C 2 C 5 range. In the final steps of the reaction path, the C 2 C 5 olefins are converted to paraffins, aromatics, cycloparaffins and C 6 + olefins. The final hydrocarbons are largely in the gasoline (C 4 C 10 ) boiling range. The thermochemistry of the methanol to hydrocarbon reaction is described and possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Newspaper Advertising of Eggs by Retail Food Stores

Abstract NEWSPAPER advertisements by food stores are aimed at increasing customer traffic, sales, and profit. This may or may not imply stimulating sales of the particular products advertised. The object of this investigation was to determine whether newspaper advertising of eggs, in its present form significantly affects egg sales. Knowledge of the effectiveness of advertising and the factors which contribute to an effective promotional program should be of value to the egg industry. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Data on egg deliveries during 1961 and 1962 were obtained from an Arizona grocery chain and that chain’s wholesale supplier. Information on the quantity of egg advertising and advertised prices was obtained from all major daily newspapers in Arizona. Statistical bulletins published by the United States government were used as a source of allied data. It is readily apparent that many factors affect egg sales in addition to any effect newspaper advertising may have. This complicates…
Rejoinder to David Mechanic.

The increasing importance of the economic approach to education is stressed and the postulates concern- ing the concepts and social functions of education upon which modern economics of education is based are analyzed and criticized. The studies on the economics of education in the course of the last ten years, in France and elsewhere, fall into three categories which correspond to three levels of elaboration of a new ideology of education, the origin of which is also contained in the sociological approach upon which the modern economics of education is based. The increasing importance of the economic approach to education in the last ten to fifteen years does not need to be stressed. The number of publications on the matter bears witness to this importance (Unesco, I.I.E.P., 1965). At the same time, the concept underlying this approach (based upon the sole relationship of education and economy) is tending to become generally accepted. Government officials, politicians, administrators, educators themselves have * Paper read at the Fifth World Congress of So- ciology at Varna (Bulgaria), September 14-19, 1970. We are indebted to Mme J. Maucorps for trans- lating this paper into English from the original French. The authors are aware of the preliminary na- ture of this reflection. However, it is intended as an initial effort which, they hope, could stimulate the ideas they put forward, although they may seem insufficiently developed. Further exploration should allow us to liberate the discussion of the relationship between education and economy from its ideological basis. We have only considered here Western eco- nomists. The fact that some Soviet economists, who claim to be Marxists, use the same methods of economic calculation does present a problem. But this does not modify our position as regards the critique of the theoretical basis which author- izes this mode of calculation in the context of a system of capitalist production. Whether the use of these methods is justifiable or not is another problem which we shall not discuss here. This paper is mainly critical. It is not our pur- pose to suggest another form of analysis of the relationship between education and economy; we wish only to stress the way in which this particu- lar analysis contributes to the elaboration and dif- fusion of an economic ideology of education. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.18 on Thu, 12 May 2016 05:46:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The effects of 2D and 3D maps on learning virtual multi-level indoor environments

It is known that people have problems when wayfinding in multi-level buildings. We propose that this challenge is largely due to development of inaccurate multi-level cognitive maps of the 3D building structure. We argue that better visualization of the layered structure of the building could facilitate multi-level cognitive map development and significantly improve spatial behaviors requiring cross-floor knowledge. To address this issue, we compare two viable mobile digital visualization methods (2D top-down view maps and 3D bird's eye view maps), each showing users' real-time position as they navigated. Participants first learned a multi-level virtual building using each of these conditions, as well as a third control (non-assisted) condition. Their task was to find and learn four targets situated at two different landmark types (e.g., contiguous landmarks that were vertically aligned on each floor and non-contiguous landmarks that had no obvious alignment between floors). Participants then took part in three cross-level testing tasks performed without the map assistant used during learning: pointing between targets, vertical navigation (e.g., navigate from point A on floor 1 to the corresponding vertically aligned point on floor 2) and paper-based drilling (e.g., drawing circles to indicate floor 1's target locations on floor 2's layout). Preliminary results showed that both 2D and 3D map significantly improved pointing and vertical navigation accuracy compared to the control condition with no map assistance. However, no significant differences were found for either condition between the two map conditions. By contrast, in the paper-based drilling task, users showed significantly higher accuracy in the 2D map condition than in both the 3D map and control conditions, giving 2D interactive maps the advantage for supporting multi-level spatial behaviors.
What a to-do: studies of task management towards the design of a personal task list manager

This paper reports on the results of studies of task management to support the design of a task list manager. We examined the media used to record and organize to-dos and tracked how tasks are completed over time. Our work shows that, contrary to popular wisdom, people are not poor at prioritizing. Rather, they have well-honed strategies for tackling particular task management challenges. By illustrating what factors influence task completion and how representations function to support task management, we hope to provide a strong foundation for the design of a personal to-do list manager. We also present some preliminary efforts in this direction.
Fractionally Charged Color Singlets

Larue, Phillips, and Fairbank have reported the observation of excess charges ±1/3 e on cold Nb spheres1,2. Since every schoolboy now knows that color is permanently confined (except perhaps at the very high temperatures of the early universe), this observation implies the existence of a new kind of particle, a fractionally charged color singlet which we shall generically call a “fracton”.
Insertion of capsid proteins from nonenveloped viruses into the retroviral budding pathway.

Retroviral Gag proteins direct the assembly and release of virus particles from the plasma membrane. The budding machinery consists of three small domains, the M (membrane-binding), I (interaction), and L (late or “pinching-off”) domains. In addition, Gag proteins contain sequences that control particle size. For Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), the size determinant maps to the capsid (CA)-spacer peptide (SP) sequence, but it functions only when I domains are present to enable particles of normal density to be produced. Small deletions throughout the CA-SP sequence result in the release of particles that are very large and heterogeneous, even when I domains are present. In this report, we show that particles of relatively uniform size and normal density are released by budding when the size determinant and I domains in RSV Gag are replaced with capsid proteins from two unrelated, nonenveloped viruses: simian virus 40 and satellite tobacco mosaic virus. These results indicate that capsid proteins of nonenveloped viruses can interact among themselves within the context of Gag and be inserted into the retroviral budding pathway merely by attaching the M and L domains to their amino termini. Thus, the differences in the assembly pathways of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses may be far simpler than previously thought.
Timing characterization of dual-edge triggered flip-flops

A novel timing characterization for dual-edge triggered flip-flops is presented. This characterization takes into account the real overhead taken from the clock cycle by the flip-flops. Our study shows the correctness of these new metrics when compared against data-to-output delay. An example of the proposed delay characterization and comparison with conventional (data-to-output) metrics for dual-edge flip-flop design is given.
Social facilitation of dominant and subordinate responses

The hypothesis was examined that, because it. is drive-producing, the presence of an audience enhances the emission of dominant responses and inhibits the emission of subordinate responses. Thirty-nine subjects performed a pseudo-recognition task in which their guessing responses were based on dominant and subordinate habits, previously established by means of differential training. The probability of dominant responses was found to be higher for subjects working in the presence of an audience than for those working alone. The opposite result, however, was observed for subordinate responses. These findings are related to others in the area of social facilitation. Social facilitation studies show that the presence of other organisms, as coactors or as spectators, enhances performance on such tasks as multiplication (Allport, 1924; Dashiell, 1930)) chain association (Allport, 1924)) pursuit rotor (Travis, 1925)) signal detection (Bergum and Lehr, 1963), etc. The eating response, too, has been observed to increase in the presence of others (Harlow, 1932; James, 1953; Tolman and Wilson, 1965). Some studies, however, seem to show that the presence of other organisms has detrimental effects. The presence of spectators, for instance, was found to interfere with nonsense-syllable learning (Pessin, 1933) and with finger-maze learning (Husband, 1931). Animal subjects were also observed to suffer interference in maze learning when other members of the same species were present (Gates and Allee, 1933; Klopfer, 1958). These seemingly conflicting experimental results are reconciled by assuming that the presence of others has arousal consequences (Zajonc, 1965). If this assumption is valid, we would expect the presence of others to manifest the same pattern of effects as are obtained by increasing generalized drive (D) state, such as, for instance, the enhancement of dominant responses (Spence, 1956). If for a given experimental task dominant responses are largely correct ones-as they are in the performance of previously acquired skills-then the presence of others will
Soil characteristics and plant exotic species invasions in the Grand Staircase—Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA

The Grand Staircase—Escalante National Monument (GSENM) contains a rich diversity of native plant communities. However, many exotic plant species have become established, potentially threatening native plant diversity. We sought to quantify patterns of native and exotic plant species and cryptobiotic crusts (mats of lichens, algae, and mosses on the soil surface), and to examine soil characteristics that may indicate or predict exotic species establishment and success. We established 97 modified-Whittaker vegetation plots in 11 vegetation types over a 29,000 ha area in the Monument. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and multiple linear regressions were used to quantify relationships between soil characteristics and associated native and exotic plant species richness and cover. CCA showed that exotic species richness was significantly ( P< 0.05) associated with soil P (r = 0.84), percentage bare ground (r = 0.71), and elevation (r = 0.67). Soil characteristics alone were able to predict 41 and 46% of the variation in exotic species richness and cover, respectively. In general, exotic species invasions tend to occur in fertile soils relatively high in C, N and P. These areas are represented by rare mesic high-elevation habitats that are rich in native plant diversity. This suggests that management should focus on the protection of the rare but important vegetation types with fertile soils. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Effects of acute ischemic mitral regurgitation on three-dimensional mitral leaflet edge geometry

Background: Improved quantitative understanding of in vivo leaflet geometry in ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is needed to improve reparative techniques, yet few data are available due to curr ...
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme–Derived Angiotensin II Formation During Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension

The extent to which endogenous angiotensin (Ang) II formation is responsible for increasing kidney Ang II content and blood pressure during Ang II–induced hypertension is unknown. To address this, mice were treated with an Ang-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (ACEi) to block endogenous Ang II formation during chronic Ang II infusions. C57BL/6J male mice (8 to 12 weeks) were subjected to Ang II infusions (400 ng/kg per minute) with or without an ACEi (lisinopril, 100 mg/L in the drinking water) for 12 days. Blood pressure was monitored by tail-cuff method and telemetry. Ang II content was determined by radioimmunoanalysis. Ang II infusions increased 24-hour mean arterial pressure significantly (141.0±3.7 mm Hg) versus controls (110.0±1.0 mm Hg). ACEi prevented the increase in concentration in Ang II–infused mice (Ang II+ACEi; 114.0±7.4 mm Hg; P value not significant). Plasma Ang II content was significantly increased by Ang II (367±60 fmol/mL) versus controls (128±22 fmol/mL; P<0.05); plasma Ang II was not altered by ACEi alone (90±31) or in combination with Ang II infusions (76±27). Intrarenal Ang II content was significantly increased by Ang II (998±143 fmol/g) versus controls (524±60 fmol/g; P<0.05), and this was prevented by ACEi (Ang II+ACEi; 484±102 fmol/g; P value not significant). Thus, ACEi ameliorates the increases in blood pressure and intrarenal Ang II content caused by Ang II infusions, indicating that endogenous ACE-mediated Ang II formation plays a significant role in the increases of blood pressure and intrarenal Ang II during Ang II–induced hypertension.
Long Distance Radio Communication in Chile

The Chilean radio stations at Llanquihue and Punta Arenas are described in detail. The best wave length and power for this 875-mile (1,349-km.) transmission are given. The effects of strays, their reduction and signal fading are discussed.
Diffusion of C and O in calcite at 100 MPa

The diffusivities of C and O in calcite were determined in a pure CO{sub 2} atmosphere at 100 MPa and temperatures ranging from 600 to 800 C. The calcite crystals were preannealed and H{sub 2}O was excluded from the system to determine the self-diffusion coefficients. The CO{sub 2} consisted of 99% {sup 13}C and 90% {sup 18}O. After heating for 7--147 d, diffusion profiles were measured with the use of secondary ion mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the diffusivity of C is D{sub c} = 7.77 x 10{sup {minus}9} exp ({minus}166 {+-} 16 kJ/mol/RT) cm{sup 2}/s and of O is D{sub o} = 7.5 x 10{sup {minus}3} exp ({minus}242 {+-} 39 kJ/mol/RT)cm{sup 2}/s. In comparison with other determinations of diffusivities in calcite, diffusion of O under the experimental conditions is consistent with vacancy migration in the intrinsic region, and diffusion of C seems to occur by diffusion of carbonate anions. Increased pressure appears to reduce the activation energy and the value of D{sub 0}, and the presence of H{sub 2}O greatly increases the diffusivity of O without appreciably changing the activation energy. Closure temperatures calculated for isotopic exchange by diffusion predict that C isotope compositions of calcite are preservedmore » during cooling in most geologic environments, but that O isotope compositions in H{sub 2}O-rich environments are preserved only in rapidly cooling environments, such as contact metamorphic aureoles.« less
Signaling pathway by which TGF-beta1 increases expression of latent TGF-beta binding protein-2 at the transcriptional level.

The cytokine transforming growth factor-β has multiple effects on a wide variety of cell types. These effects include modulation of growth and regulation of gene transcription. In the present work, we demonstrate that TGF-βl increases transcription of the latent transforming growth factor+ binding protein-2 (LTBP-2) gene in cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts leading to a significant increase in LTBP-2 mRNA steady state level. The stability of LTBP-2 mRNA was not appreciably altered. A corresponding increase in production of LTBP-2 protein accompanied the increase in mRNA. Through the use of specific inhibitors, we demonstrate that a member of the Ras super family and a protein kinase C, probably of the atypical (non-diacylglycerol, non-Ca++ dependent) class are likely to he components in the signaling pathway. However, phospholipases, C proteins and extracellular-signal regulated kinases do not appear to be involved. These results combined with previous findings on elastin regulation by TGF-β1 (Kucich ...
Fast, Cheap, and Creative: Evaluating Translation Quality Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk

Manual evaluation of translation quality is generally thought to be excessively time consuming and expensive. We explore a fast and inexpensive way of doing it using Amazon's Mechanical Turk to pay small sums to a large number of non-expert annotators. For $10 we redundantly recreate judgments from a WMT08 translation task. We find that when combined non-expert judgments have a high-level of agreement with the existing gold-standard judgments of machine translation quality, and correlate more strongly with expert judgments than Bleu does. We go on to show that Mechanical Turk can be used to calculate human-mediated translation edit rate (HTER), to conduct reading comprehension experiments with machine translation, and to create high quality reference translations.
New Pathways into Robotics: Strategies for Broadening Participation

This paper suggests new strategies for introducing students to robotics technologies and concepts, and argues for the importance of providing multiple entry points into robotics. In particular, the paper describes four strategies that have been successful in engaging a broad range of learners: (1) focusing on themes, not just challenges; (2) combining art and engineering; (3) encouraging storytelling; (4) organizing exhibitions, rather than competitions. The paper describes a new technology, called the PicoCricket, that supports these strategies by enabling young people to design and program artistic creations that integrate light, sound, music, and motion. The paper concludes with an analysis of robotics activities in three educational environments, examining how these new strategies and technologies can engage young people with diverse interests and learning styles.
Cognitive Architecture, Concepts, and Introspection: An Information-Theoretic Solution to the Problem of Phenomenal Consciousness

This essay is a sustained attempt to bring new light to some of the perennial problems in philosophy of mind surrounding phenomenal consciousness and introspection through developing an account of sensory and phenomenal concepts. Building on the information-theoretic framework of Dretske (1981), we present an informational psychosemantics as it applies to what we call sensory concepts, concepts that apply, roughly, to so-called secondary qualities of objects. We show that these concepts have a special informational character and semantic structure that closely tie them to the brain states realizing conscious qualitative experiences. We then develop an account of introspection which exploits this special nature of sensory concepts. The result is a new class of concepts, which, following recent terminology, we call phenomenal concepts: these concepts refer to phenomenal experience itself and are the vehicles used in introspection. On our account, the connection between sensory and phenomenal concepts is very tight: it consists in different semantic uses of the same cognitive structures underlying the sensory concepts, such as the concept of red. Contrary to widespread opinion, we show that information theory contains all the resources to satisfy internalist intuitions about phenomenal consciousness, while not offending externalist ones. A consequence of this account is that it explains and predicts the so-called conceivability arguments against physicalism on the basis of the special nature of sensory and phenomenal concepts. Thus we not only show why physicalism is not threatened by such arguments, but also demonstrate its strength in
Does Constituency Work Have an Electoral Impact? The Case of New Zealand MPs*

(1987). Does Constituency Work Have an Electoral Impact? The Case of New Zealand MPs. Political Science: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 105-118.
Phase in speech and pictures

It is generally known that preservation of phase information in images is important as evidenced by the fact that modifying an image such that phase is preserved but the magnitude of all the spectral components is set to unity generally preserves many of the features of the original image. A similar experiment has been carried out with speech, showing that preservation of only the long-time phase retains many important features of the original speech. An interpretation of these results, and their potential application to blind deconvolution, is suggested.
Improved critical-current-density uniformity by using anodization

We discuss an anodization technique for a Nb superconductive-electronics-fabrication process that results in an improvement in critical-current-density J/sub c/ uniformity across a 150-mm-diameter wafer. We outline the anodization process and describe the metrology techniques used to determine the NbO/sub x/ thickness grown. In the work described, we performed critical current I/sub c/ measurements on Josephson junctions distributed across a wafer. We then compared the J/sub c/ uniformity of pairs of wafers, fabricated together, differing only in the presence or absence of the anodization step. The cross-wafer standard deviation of J/sub c/ was typically /spl sim/5% for anodized wafers but >15% for unanodized wafers. This difference in J/sub c/ uniformity is suggestive of an in-process modification from an unknown cause that is blocked by the anodic oxide. It is interesting that small junctions do not see an improvement in I/sub c/ uniformity - apparently the anodization improves only the J/sub c/ uniformity and not the variation in junction size. Control of J/sub c/ is important for all applications of superconductive electronics including quantum computation and rapid single-flux quantum (RSFQ) circuitry.
The Criss-Cross Method for Solving Linear Programming Problems

This paper1 describes the Criss-Cross Method of solving linear programming problems. The method, a primal-dual scheme, normally begins with a problem solution that is neither primal nor dual feasible, and generates an optimal feasible solution in a finite number of iterations. Convergence of the method is proved and flow charts of the method are presented. The method has been programmed in FORTRAN and has been run on a number of computers including the IBM 1620, the IBM 7044, the CDC G-20, and the CDC 6400. A number of problems have been solved using the Criss-Cross method, and some comparisons between the Criss-Cross method and the Simplex method have been made. The results, though scanty, are favorable for the Criss-Cross method. A means of using the product form of the inverse with the Criss-Cross method is also discussed.
A SYNTHETIC ESTIMATE OF THE NATIONAL WEALTH OF JAPAN 1885–1973*

This article present estimates, in current prices, of the national wealth of Japan and of about a dozen components for twelve benchmark dates between 1885 and 1973, the distance ranging, with one exception, from five to twelve years. The estimates are derived by a combination of (a) Ohkawa's perpetual inventory estimates of reproducible fixed assets for the period from 1885 to 1940 and Economic Planning Agency censuses for 1950 to 1965, roughly extrapolated to 1973; with (b) estimates of other components of national wealth (land, inventories, consumer durables and net foreign assets) taken for the pre-war period chiefly from census-type data and derived for the postwar period from miscellaneous, mainly official, sources. As in most countries the current value of Japan's national wealth increased until World War II considerably more slowly than its national product, which expanded with extraordinary rapidity. In the postwar period, however, the ratio showed a slight upward trend reaching by 1973 fully 3 1/2. The ratio of all reproducible assets to national product showed a similar pattern at a lower level, reaching 2 1/2 in 1973. In contrast the ratio of so-called productive assets (non-residential buildings, equipment and inventories) failed to show a definite secular trend remaining between 1.5 and 2.2 at all but one benchmark date. Changes in the structure of national wealth over the past century were pronounced, but very different before and after World War II. Up to the 1940's, the share of land declined sharply from about one-half to less than one-fourth, to the benefit primarily of producer durables and non-residential structures. In the last quarter of a century, in contrast, the extraordinary rise in urban land prices brought the share of land in national wealth back to one-third (though the share of agricultural land continued to decline rapidly), while that of producer and consumer durables continued to increase.