cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power and sample size of therapeutic trials in procedural dermatology: how many patients are enough?

Background Many new devices and therapeutic interventions are continually introduced in cutaneous surgery. The efficacy of these new techniques must be compared with that of preexisting standards so that patients can be appropriately counseled. Objectives The purpose of this article is to (1) review methods for estimating sample size and power, (2) estimate the range of sample sizes sufficient to ensure that true differences are not missed in clinical trials of new procedural dermatologic therapies, and (3) consider the reasons why the sample size may be too small in procedural dermatology trials and how this problem can be addressed. Methods (1) Selective review of textbooks and other relevant literature, presentation of a brief tutorial describing sample size and power determination for therapeutic clinical trials comparing two groups with continuous outcomes variables; (2) implementation of standard formulae and assumptions to estimate sample size in cutaneous surgery therapeutic trials. Results Assuming that one group receives a standard surgical intervention and another group undergoes a new technique, to identify a moderate difference in efficacy between groups, at least 50 to 200 subjects will need to be enrolled if conventional strategies are used to reduce the likelihood of finding a difference that does not really exist (Type I error), as well as the likelihood of missing a true difference (Type II error). Conclusion By face validity, it is apparent that most efficacy comparisons in procedural dermatology have low sample size and a concomitant risk of failing to detect actual differences between therapeutic arms. Owing to the limitations that restrict surgeons from frequently performing large randomized controlled trials in procedural dermatology, meta-analyses may be needed to pool the results of smaller studies. When it is critically important that differences between groups be accurately identified, dermatologic surgeons may consider eschewing smaller trials in favor of collaborating on larger trials with an adequate sample size. MURAD ALAM, MD, DAVID A. BARZILAI, PHD, AND DAVID A. WRONE, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Solution-processed transparent transistors for low-cost, flexible displays

In this work, we review our progress developing techniques for printing transparent transistors using various routes to realize solution-processed zinc oxide. We demonstrate printable ZnO inks based on ZnO nanoparticles, and realize transistors using this material as the channel. Additionally, we demonstrate a novel process for fabricating ZnO devices using chemical bath deposition. Pre-patterning may be achieved using printing, and subsequent chemical bath deposition is used to realize transparent ZnO films. Thus, through a combination of materials and process development, we demonstrate important steps towards the realization of printed transparent electronics.
Lack of Specificity in Plant Extracts and Chemicals as Inducers of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber Plants to Anthracnose

Canoia, lettuce, green bean, dwarf pea, tobacco, tomato, poplar, corn, wheat, and cucumber leaves were extracted by boiling with 95% ethanol. The ethanol was removed from the ethanol-water extract, and the water-soluble fraction was centrifuged and filtered to remove compounds with a molecular weight > 1 000 D. The undersides of the first true leaf of a cucumber plant (leaf 1) and the leaf above (leaf 2) were sprayed with each plant extract (induction), and 7 days later leaf 3 was inoculated with a conidial suspension of Colletotrichym lagenarium (challenge). Extracts from all plants tested induced systemic resistance in leaf 3 to C. lagenarium. Commercially available compounds were screened to determine structural similarities among the compounds which can induce systemic resistance. All compounds which induced resistance in leaf 3 caused some damage to leaves 1 and 2. but not all compounds which damaged leaves 1 and 2 induced resistance in leaf 3. Galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, salicyhc acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, y-resorcylic acid, protocatecbuic acid, gallic acid, hemimelletic acid, trimelletic acid, trimesic acid, phloroglucinol, and glycine induced systemic resistance, whereas catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogaLol, hydroxyhydroquinone, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, α-resorcylic acid, β-resorcylic acid, gentisic acid. 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, benzaldehyde, 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, β-resorcaldehyde, protocatechuic aldehyde, benzyl alcohol, salicyl alcohol, myo-inositol, phytic acid, pinitol, and quebrachitol did not. Structural similarities were not evident among either compounds which induced systemic resistance or those that did not.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Department of Defense Cooperative Multi-Site Agreement Pilot Study Program

In July 1998, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the military services entered into a Cooperative Multi-Site Agreement (CMSA) to address the remediation of over 1,000 sites in the Commonwealth. A feature of the agreement was the Pilot Study Program conducted by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). The purpose of the Pilot Study Program was to evaluate about 10 percent of the 659 study program sites the military considered to require “no further action,” and, based on these evaluations, develop a plan or protocol for addressing the remaining study program sites. The pilot study's goal was to categorize and classify the remaining study program sites to recommend further action by site classification. Initially, the study team reviewed site data, interpreted aerial site photos, and analyzed historical activities associated with the sites. Subsequently, the study team conducted site evaluations and generated reports on those activities. The site evaluation activities included limited site sampling to screen for potential contamination, with findings and recommendations for either resolution or additional analysis. Sites were either classified as requiring no further action or requiring further action. A simple analysis was then performed to determine which of the remaining study program sites could be classified as requiring no further action, requiring further action, or requiring further evaluation. This article summarizes the results of this two-year study that culminated in fall 2000. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the fatty acid composition of the heart.

The effects of alcohol on the total fatty acid composition of the heart have been measured, and two highly significant differences were noted between the alcohol-treated animals and the two control groups. Linoleic acid was elevated, and arachidonic acid was decreased. The increase in linoleate appeared to be a generalized increase within the various lipids analyzed, whereas the decrease in arachidonate was accounted for largely in the phosphatidyl cholines. The ratios of 20∶4ω6/18∶2 were calculated and compared to data from other researchers. The decrease in this ratio in the hearts from the alcohol-treated animals was similar to the data from the liver of animals treated with various agents which produce a fatty liver. Various mechanisms that could cause such changes in these two essential fatty acids are discussed, and it was concluded that a combination of effects could cause these changes in linoleate and arachidonate. These effects include: (a) increased mobilization of linoleate from adipose tissue; (b) decreased β-oxidation of linoleate; and (c) inhibition of the elongation-desaturation system which converts linoleate to arachidonate.
The components of assertion: Factor analysis of a multimethod assessment battery

Ninety-two community women were subjects in a multimethod, multidimensional study of assertive behaviour. A standard assertion assessment package was administered to each subject, including self-report inventories (4), and a behavioural role-play test (5 observational measures and 3 subjective self-reports) designed to measure assertive behaviours and related affect. In addition, two scales measuring constructs related to assertion were included. A factor analysis was performed and results indicate four distinct response dimensions: verbal assertion skill, self-report assertion-related affect, general social anxiety, and observed assertion-related affect.
Formation of protein molecular imprints within Langmuir monolayers : A quartz crystal microbalance study

Protein imprinting leading to enhanced rebinding of ferritin to ternary lipid monolayers is demonstrated using a quartz crystal microbalance. Monolayers consisting of cationic dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide, non-ionic methyl stearate, and poly(ethylene glycol) bearing phospholipids were imprinted with ferritin at the air/water interface of a Langmuir-Blodgett trough and transferred hydrated to hydrophobic substrates for study. This immobilization was shown by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to significantly hinder any further diffusion of lipids, while rebinding studies demonstrated up to a six-fold increase in ferritin adsorption to imprinted versus control monolayers. A diminished rebinding of ferritin to its imprint was observed through pH reduction to below the protein isoelectric point, demonstrating the electrostatic nature of the interaction. Rebinding to films where imprint pockets remained occupied by the template protein was also minimal. Studies with a smaller acidic protein revealed the importance of the steric influence of poly(ethylene glycol) in forming the protein binding pockets, as albumin-imprinted monolayers showed low binding of ferritin, while ferritin-imprinted monolayers readily accommodated albumin. The controllable structure-function relationship and limitations of this system are discussed with respect to the application of protein imprinting in sensor development as well as fundamental studies of proteins at dynamic interfaces.
Demand response as a strategy to support grid operation in different time scales

Demand Response has been conventionally used as a resource to support the grid under steady state operating conditions by peak shifting or leveling the electrical load. The characteristics of responsive demand resources can also be used to support the grid during emergency and contingency conditions. Demand resources can respond very fast to provide ancillary services such as frequency regulation and operating reserves for the bulk grid; while the distributed nature of the resource can help in better solving local feeder level problems such as phase balancing, cold load pick up, etc. This paper presents some of these applications of demand response to support the grid under different time scales of operation; ranging from seconds to hours. The analysis will compare before and after benefits from using demand response, a controls strategy for using demand response, and its interface with the legacy grid controls for the above mentioned demand response applications.
Plasma Formation and Shielding by three Ophthalmic Neodymium-YAG Lasers

Because microplasma formation may provide an energy-absorbing shield that protects the retina from inadvertent injury during neodymium-YAG laser surgery, we studied plasma formation and shielding by three ophthalmic neodymium-YAG lasers (the Q-switched American Medical Optics YAG-100, the mode-locked Meditec OPL-3, and the Q-switched LASAG Sirius Microruptor 2) with three model targets (physiologic saline, 1% sodium hyaluronate, and a cellophane membrane). Plasma formation produced a linear reduction in the transmission of light energy along the beam path in a qualitatively similar manner for all three lasers but there were quantitative differences. Plasma shielding was similar in both saline and sodium hyaluronate; enhancement of the shield effect occurred only with the cellophane membrane target. Operating the lasers at energy levels far above threshold did not reduce total light transmission significantly. Clinical use should be guided by the principle of employing the minimum energy necessary to cut the target tissue.
Eight Years of High Cloud Statistics Using HIRS

Over the last 8 yr frequency and location of cloud observations have been compiled using multispectral High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar-orbiting satellites; this work is an extension of the 4-yr dataset reported by D. Wylie et al. The CO 2 slicing algorithm applied to the HIRS data exhibits a higher sensitivity to semitransparent cirrus clouds than the cloud algorithm used by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project; the threshold for cloud detection appears to require visible optical depths (t vis) greater than 0.1. The geographical distributions of clouds in the 8-yr dataset are nearly the same as those reported from 4 yr of data. The detection of upper-tropospheric clouds occurs most often in the intertropical convergence zone and midlatitude storm belts with lower concentrations in subtropical deserts and oceanic subtropical highs. The areas of concentrated cloud cover exhibit latitudinal movement with the seasons as in other cloud datasets. HIRS finds clear sky in 25%, opaque cloud in 32%, and semitransparent cloud in 43% of all its observations. The effective emissivity of the all semitransparent clouds (t vis , 6) ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 with an average value of about 0.5. Time trends are reexamined in detail. A possible cirrus increase in 1991 reported by Wylie and coauthors in 1994 is found to be diminished upon reinspection. The revised 8-yr record has indications of an increase in high clouds in the northern midlatitudes (0.5% yr21) but little change elsewhere. The seasonal cycle of cloud cover in the Southern Hemisphere becomes very noticeable in 1993.
Tobacco abstinence symptom suppression: the role played by the smoking-related stimuli that are delivered by denicotinized cigarettes.

Aims Cigarette smoking causes cancer and disease, yet people find quitting difficult due to aversive symptoms that accompany tobacco abstinence. Understanding how to suppress these symptoms is critical in developing effective smoking cessation treatments. Pharmacologically, pure nicotine suppresses tobacco abstinence symptoms partially, and non-nicotine, smoking-related stimuli suppress these abstinence symptoms fully, at least for 24 hours. The current study was designed to clarify the impact of smoking-related stimuli on tobacco withdrawal, and to explore the duration of their ability to suppress withdrawal in smokers. Design Three double-blind, within-subjects, Latin square-ordered, 5-day conditions in which participants smoked nicotinized, denicotinized or no cigarettes. Setting Out-patient laboratory at Virginia Commonwealth University. Participants Thirteen women and 19 men. Measurements Subjective, physiological and performance measures were collected daily and compliance with study conditions was verified objectively. Findings Smoking-related stimuli are sufficient for suppressing some symptoms of tobacco abstinence over a 5-day period [i.e. Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU) factor 1, ‘Desire for sweets’, ‘Hunger’ and ‘Urges to smoke’], while in this study a combination of nicotine and smoking-related stimuli suppressed other symptoms (i.e. ‘Difficulty concentrating’, ‘Increased eating’, ‘Restlessness’ and ‘Impatient’). Conclusions These results indicate that, while some tobacco abstinence symptoms may be suppressed with nicotine, suppressing others may also require strategies that address the absence of smoking-related stimuli.
The depth distribution of void swelling produced by 5 MeV Ni ions

Abstract The depth distribution of void swelling has been measured in alloys bombarded with 5 MeV Ni ions. At 625°C there is a 50 nm void-free zone at the surface, and an additional 50 nm zone in which the swelling is reduced due to surface proximity. The observed swelling profiles are compared with predictions based on the calculated displacement profile and earlier swelling data obtained by TEM analysis in the peak damage region or by step height measurements. Analysis of the effects of variation in displacement rate along the ion range, similar to the analysis of Garner and Guthrie, shows that extreme variations of the swelling profile will be produced at bombardment temperatures far removed from the peak swelling temperature. Ignoring displacement rate effects will result in an error of less than 15% if the bombardment temperature is no more than 25°C higher or 50°C lower than the peak swelling temperature, but the error will increase rapidly outside that temperature range. Anomalously high swelling is observed in some alloys in a sub-surface region located 0.1 to 0.3 μm from the surface.
Emergency medicine clerkship: a joining of private-practice referral veterinary medicine with an academic institution.

ABSTRACT Novel approaches to the clinical training of veterinary students in many disciplines are being sought by veterinary colleges. In 2004, the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine approached the Small Animal Department and Florida Veterinary Specialists (FVS) in Tampa with a proposal to jointly design and run an elective clerkship in emergency medicine. The program would focus on providing increased emergency case exposure in a real-world environment to interested third- and fourth-year veterinary students. The purpose would be to better prepare these students for emergent cases while increasing their overall level of clinical confidence. This article reviews in detail the clerkship structure, its objectives, and the logistics of training and support at FVS. In this instance, the academic–private institution partnership has been successful in providing effective learning for veterinary students over the last three years. This clerkship structure may serve as a template for other insti...
Comparison of five methods of presenting the Rod-and-Frame test.

Fifty undergraduate women were tested with 5 versions of the Rod-and-frame Test. One method yielded a significantly smaller variance than any other. The same method also gave a smaller frame effect than has previously been noted for female Ss.
Thermal optical surface properties and high-temperature solar energy conversion

The effects of thermal surface properties on the performance of representative point focusing solar power plants are assessed in this paper. The tradeoff relationships are presented in terms of normalized system performance as a function of thermal optical design parameters. Crucial surface properties include solar reflectance, specular spreading due to microscopic roughness, surface error due to manufacturing slope tolerance or waviness and concentrator pointing accuracy. Two representative power conversion systems, a Rankine steam cycle and an open air Brayton cycle, are considered.
Kinetics of vanadate dissociation: Estimation of the rate by inhibitor inactivation☆

Abstract Vanadate (+5) is a potent inhibitor of a variety of ATPases including dynein ATPase. We describe a method useful for estimating the functional dissociation rate of vanadate from the active site which does not rely on classical physical separation techniques. The method involves spectrophotometrically monitoring the enzymatic activity as the inhibitor dissociates from the enzyme and is inactivated by norepinephrine. Norepinephrine effectively reverses vanadate inhibition by reducing vanadate (+5) to oxovanadium (+4). This reduction by norepinephrine is sufficiently fast for these purposes—addition of vanadate after norepinephrine shows no inhibition of ATPase activity. The mathematical estimation procedure is generally useful for estimation of dissociation rates of other reversible inhibitors which can be quickly inactivated after dissociation from the enzyme. The rate of dissociation of vanadate from dynein with ATP and 2-N3ATP as substrates using this method was estimated to be in the ranges 0.0023–0.0042 and 0.0057–0.0075 s−1, respectively. These rates permit estimation of the rates of vanadate association with dynein by using the reported dissociation constant for vanadate. The results are consistent with the very fast and potent inhibition of dynein ATPase activity observed.
Protein identification via surface-induced dissociation in an FT-ICR mass spectrometer and a patchwork sequencing approach

Surface-induced dissociation (SID) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) are ion activation techniques based on energetic collisions with a surface or gas molecule, respectively. One noticeable difference between CID and SID is that SID does not require a collision gas for ion activation and is, therefore, directly compatible with the high vacuum requirement of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometers. Eliminating the introduction of collision gas into the ICR cell for collisional activation dramatically shortens the acquisition time for MS/MS experiments, suggesting that SID could be utilized for high-throughput MS/MS studies in FT-ICR MS. We demonstrate for the first time the utility of SID combined with FT-ICR MS for protein identification. Tryptic digests of standard proteins were analyzed using a hybrid 6-tesla FT-ICR mass spectrometer with SID and CID capabilities. SID spectra of mass-selected singly and doubly charged peptides were obtained using a diamond-coated target mounted at the rear trapping plate of the ICR cell. The broad internal energy distribution deposited into the precursor ion following collision with the diamond surface allowed a variety of fragmentation channels to be accessed by SID. Composition and sequence qualifiers produced by SID of tryptic peptides were used to improve the statistical significance of database searches. Protein identification MASCOT scores obtained using SID were comparable or better than scores obtained using sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID), the conventional ion activation technique in FT-ICR MS.
Modeling of Rotational Nonequilibrium in Post-Normal Shock Flow Analyses

Recent modeling of thermal nonequilibrium processes in simple molecules like hydrogen and nitrogen has indicated that rotational nonequilibrium becomes as important as vibrational nonequilibrium at high temperature. In this study, to analyze rotational nonequilibrium, the rotational mode is separated from the translational-rotational mode that is usually considered in two-temperature models. Then, the translational, rotational, and electron-electronic-vibrational modes are considered separately in describing the thermochemical nonequilibrium behind a strong normal shock wave. The energy transfer for each energy mode is described by recently evaluated relaxation time parameters including rotation-to-vibration energy transitions and state-to-state kinetics. One-dimensional post-normal shock flow equations are constructed with these thermochemical models, and post-normal shock flow calculations are performed for the conditions of existing shocktube experiments and various re-entry points. In analyzing the shock-tube experiments, it is shown that the present thermochemcial model is able to describe the rotational and electron-electronic-vibrational relaxation processes behind a strong shock wave.
SU-E-J-259: Quantification of Rotational Localization Offset in Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To verify the necessity of 6D localization detection and correction in radiation therapy. Methods: An anthropomorphic head and neck phantom was used to test the BrainLab ExacTrac x-ray imaging system. After initial positioning, both ExacTrac and the on-board kV CBCT were used to detect the offset at the same position, using both manual and automatic registration algorithms. Then 6D offset including rotational errors up to 5 degree were introduced. Both ExacTrac and CBCT were used to correct the offsets and the residual errors were evaluated. Finally, 6D offset detected by ExacTrac for a C-Spine patient was reported. Results: The differences in 3D offset detected by ExacTrac and CBCT were 1.5 ± 1.2(Lateral), 2.7 ± 2.7(Vertical), and 4.0 ± 6.3(longitudinal) mm with manual registration while the corresponding differences decreased to 0.6 ± 0.3, 1.0 ± 0.3, and 0.3 ± 0.3 when automatic registration were used. CBCT corrected the translational offset to within 0.5 mm but the rotational errors remained and detected by the ExacTrac system (Yaw=2.1, Roll=1.1, Pitch=1.4 degree). When similar offset was introduced and corrected using ExacTrac, the residual error detected by both CBCT and ExacTrac were within 0.5 mm / 0.5 degree. The average offset from the 112 ExacTrac x-ray corrections for the C-Spine patient was 0.6 ± 1.6 (lateral), 5.4 ± 8(vertical), 1.6±1.1(longitudinal) mm, and 0.7 ± 0.6 (pitch), 0.7 ± 0.4(roll), 1.2 ± 0.7 (yaw) degree. Larger rotational errors, with a maximum of 2.7 degree (corresponds to about 1.5 to 4.5 mm offset for a POI 10 to 30 cm away from the isocenter), were observed when couch rotational were involved. Conclusion: Rotational errors are common in patient localization, especially when couch rotation is involved. Both appropriate imaging system and 6D robotic couch are necessary to detect and correct the rotational localization errors.
Pragmatic approach to soft-decision decoding of linear block codes

The complexity of algorithms to perform soft-decision decoding on block codes has impeded their use in practical systems. The authors investigate correlation decoding along with hard-decision decoding. The proposed method uses a hard-decision decoder that decodes to a codeword. Although this codeword may be in error, it is usually close in Hamming distance to the transmitted codeword. Correlation is then performed on only a small set of 'nearby' codewords. This pseudo maximum likelihood (PML) decoding method can approach the performance of true correlation decoding with a significant reduction in complexity.
Homogeneous genotyping assays for single nucleotide polymorphisms with fluorescence resonance energy transfer detection

A homogeneous detection mechanism based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been developed for two DNA diagnostic tests. In the template-directed dye-terminator incorporation (TDI) assay, a donor dye-labeled primer is extended by DNA polymerase using allele-specific, acceptor dye-labeled ddNTPs. In the dye-labeled oligonucleotide ligation (DOL) assay, a donor dye-labeled common probe is joined to an allele-specific, acceptor dye-labeled probe by DNA ligase. Once the donor and acceptor dyes become part of a new molecule, intramolecular FRET is observed over background intermolecular FRET. The rise in FRET, therefore, can be used as an index for allele-specific ddNTP incorporation or probe ligation. Real time monitoring of FRET greatly increases the sensitivity and reliability of these assays. Change in FRET can also be measured by end-point reading when appropriate controls are included in the experiment. FRET detection proves to be a robust method in homogeneous DNA diagnostic assays.
In vitro assessments of diverse plant pathogenic fungi treated with a novel growth control agent

The efficacy of an agent with an iodine-based active ingredient (a.i.) was evaluated for controlling the growth of fungi pathogenic to many different food crops. Even though iodine is a necessary mineral for mammals and is an approved food additive, interest in using iodine-based agrochemicals for fungal control is recent. Fusarium verticillioides (synonym=F. moniliforme J. Sheld) sensitivity to the iodine-base agent was determined using two methods. One method used an agar plug taken from an actively growing culture and the other method used isolated conidia. The concentration of the agent required to inhibit growth of F. verticillioides was greater for the culture plug than isolated conidia. Forty-eight strains of F. verticillioides were analyzed representing different states within the United States, countries outside the United States, monocot and dicot plant hosts, and mating types. All strains of F. verticillioides, regardless of geographic origin, plant host, or mating type were sensitive to the test compound. In addition, 25 species of fungi pathogenic to a diverse array of crops were analyzed and demonstrated to be sensitive to this agent. A pesticide developed with an iodine-based a.i. could be an effective control for diverse fungi pathogenic to a range of plant hosts. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cadmium, zinc, and copper metabolism in the mottled mouse, an animal model for Menkes' kinky hair syndrome.

Abstract Studies of uptake and release of 64 Cu, 109 Cd, and 65 Zn in suckling C57BL/6J male mice revealed kinetics and distributions that differed for each metal both within and among the organs analyzed, suggesting distinct, albeit overlapping, mechanisms for transport and binding of each metal. In mutants, there were tissue-specific increases in copper-binding capacity. In hemizygotes (Mo blo /y) accumulation of 64 Cu was increased in kidney, lung, and duodenum. In heterozygotes (Mo blo /+), 64 Cu content was increased in kidney, with a smaller increase in lung, and no change in duodenal Cu. Decreased 64 Cu accumulation was seen in liver in both hemi- and heterozygotes. In contrast, 64 Zn and 109 Cd accumulation in organs of heterozygote mice was not significantly distinguishable from normal. In skin and connective tissues there is excessive accumulation of 64 Cu in Mo blo /+ and Mo blo /y, no abnormality in heterozygote 65 Zn accumulation, but a clear decrease in heterozygote 109 Cd content. In both mutant kidney and liver, there was an aberrant subcellular distribution of 64 Cu, with the major fraction of sequestered 64 Cu in the cytosol. Our studies establish that in spite of the ubiquity of metallothioneins and the structural similarities of those that have been characterized, there is specificity and functional heterogeneity in metal binding among tissues. The aggregate data suggest that there are unique regulatory mechanisms for the metabolism
Characterization of the CEBAF 100 kV DC GaAs photoelectron gun vacuum system

Abstract A vacuum system with pressure in the low ultra-high vacuum (UHV) range is essential for long photocathode lifetimes in DC high voltage GaAs photoguns. A discrepancy between predicted and measured base pressure in the CEBAF photoguns motivated this study of outgassing rates of three 304 stainless steel chambers with different pretreatments and pump speed measurements of non-evaporable getter (NEG) pumps. Outgassing rates were measured using two independent techniques. Lower outgassing rates were achieved by electropolishing and vacuum firing the chamber. The second part of the paper describes NEG pump speed measurements as a function of pressure through the lower part of the UHV range. Measured NEG pump speed is high at pressures above 5×10−11 Torr, but may decrease at lower pressures depending on the interpretation of the data. The final section investigates the pump speed of a locally produced NEG coating applied to the vacuum chamber walls. These studies represent the first detailed vacuum measurements of CEBAF photogun vacuum chambers.
Solvable Relativistic Hydrogenlike System in Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory

A relativistic quantum field theory extension to the classical Kepler problem provides a new method to compute the bound states of massive $W$ bosons in planar $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills.
Modified algorithm for MIMO self-tuning control

Abstract A modified certainty-equivalent algorithm for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) self-tuning control is proposed in this paper. The main feature of the algorithm is that the certainty-equivalent control law within the self-tuning structure is modified to improve its effectiveness. A simulation example is used to illustrate the algorithm.
Time-Resolved EPR Study of a 1,9-Flexible Biradical Dissolved in Liquid Carbon Dioxide. Observation of a New Spin-Relaxation Phenomenon: Alternating Intensities in Spin-Correlated Radical Pair Spectra

X-band (9.5 GHz) time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra of a 1,9-acyl−alkyl biradical were obtained at room temperature in benzene and in liquid (950 psi) carbon dioxide (CO2) solutions. The spin exchange interaction (J) in this biradical is negative and larger in magnitude than the hyperfine interaction (q). This leads to the observation, in both solvents, of spin-correlated radical pair (SCRP) spectra which are net emissive. Spectra obtained at later delay times (>1.5 μs) in CO2 exhibit alternating intensities of their SCRP transitions due to spin relaxation but do not show any significant change in line width. The same effect is observed in benzene, but on a slower time scale. Q-band (35 GHz) experiments in benzene showed that the phenomenon was found to be both field and temperature dependent. It is also chain-length dependent, being much stronger in short biradicals (<C10). A Redfield theory analysis of the spin-state populations is presented and discussed that includes J modul...
Formation of a sterically crowded iridium(III)-silyl complex from the bulky terphenyl silane H3Si(C6H3Mes2-2,6)

Abstract The reaction of [Ir(COE)Cl] 2 and Et 2 PhP in a 1:6 ratio affords the iridium(I) complex (Et 2 PhP) 3 (Cl)Ir ( 4 ) as orange crystals in good yield (80%). The 1 H- and 31 P-NMR data are consistent with the structure of 4 . The structure of 4 was determined by X-ray crystallography. The sterically hindered iridium(III)-silyl complex 5 is prepared in 63% yield by the reaction of 4 and H 3 Si(C 6 H 3 Mes 2 -2,6) ( Eq. 5 ). Complex 5 is isolated as colorless crystals that are thermally stable up to the temperature at which they melt (162–163 °C). The 31 P- and 29 Si-NMR and IR spectroscopic data and the X-ray crystallographic analysis are consistent with the structure of 5 .
A New Approch to IC Color Subcarrier Regeneration Employing Internal Monolithic Phasing Elements

This paper describes a phase locked loop color subcarrier regenerator system employing internal monolithic phasing elements in the color APC, ACC detector, and color tint circuitry. External dc controls are provided for frequency set-up, killer threshold, and color tint.
Enzymatic digestion of human plasma inter-α-trypsin inhibitor by snake venom metalloproteinases

Incubation of human plasma inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor with crotalid, viperid, colubrid or elapid venoms resulted in random cleavage of the intact inhibitor (200,000 mol. wt) and formation of inhibitor of 130,000, 77,000, 58,000, and 38,000 mol. wt, along with several minor products. The overall patterns of digestion varied among the venoms studied. However, a 77,000 mol. wt inhibitor cleavage product was formed by all venoms tested, and this fragment was resistant to proteolysis even after a 24 hr incubation with the venoms. Venom pre-treated with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride digested inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor; however, pre-treatment with EDTA completely stopped the reaction, indicating that venom metalloproteinases were responsible for the inhibitor digestion. The inhibitor cleavage products retained the ability to inhibit trypsin, but had no inhibitory activity against venom proteinases.
Isolation of Uridine Diphosphate-Glycosyl Compounds from the Slug

An examination of the acidsoluble nucleotides of Limax maximus Linne revealed, among others, several uridine diphosphate-glycosyl compounds. Nucleotides isolated and identified were the uridine diphosphates of glucose, acetylglucosamine, and acetylgalactosamine.
Does Max Weber's notion of authority still hold in the twenty‐first century?

Purpose – The purpose of this brief commentary is to provide a brief overview of Max Weber's life, work, and contributions to management thought before addressing the question of whether his notion of authority still holds in the twenty‐first century.Design/methodology/approach – The commentary begins with a brief biographical sketch followed by an examination of Weber's conceptualization of authority, its influence on the field of management and its relevancy in the twenty‐first century.Findings – Weber's writings on charismatic authority have been and continue to be instrumental in shaping modern leadership theory, that the charismatic form of authority may be particularly applicable and effective in today's chaotic and rapidly changing environments, and that the empowered and self‐managing organizational forms of the twenty‐first century may represent merely a different incarnation of Weber's iron cage of legal/rational authority.Originality/value – This commentary makes an important contribution to th...
The actualization of neoliberal space and the loss of housing affordability in Santa Monica, California

Abstract This paper reveals the contingent aspect associated with the actualization of a neoliberal space. The paper examines the material, institutional, and economic conditions necessary for a neoliberal agenda to transform its urban policy objectives into a material reality. The study follows changes in housing conditions in Santa Monica, California from 1990 to 2008. During this period, the confluence of three sets of events led to the actualization of a neoliberal space. First, housing damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake removed “dead capital” from the housing sector. Second, subsequent administrative actions at the local level and more importantly deregulation legislation at the state level eliminated rent control regulations and created market incentives that favored upscale development. Finally, the state’s economic recovery generated a substantial flow of private investments into the real estate market. These combined factors led not only to the dismantling of affordable housing in Santa Monica, but also to the erosion of residents’ and local authorities’ ability to manage housing choices and, consequently, to a historic restructuring of Santa Monica’s physical and social space. These changes had a disproportionately and negative effect on low-income and minority renters.
The M-property of flag varieties

Abstract We consider arbitrary “generic” arrangements of high-dimensional Schubert cells in the series of real flag varieties PT∗ P n and prove the coincidnece of the sum of Betti numbers of these arrangements with the sum of Betti numbers of their complexifications. We give an example of the violation of this property in the case of arrangements in G 2,4 . We also prove degeneration of the Mayer-Vietoris spectral sequence in the E 1 term for some class of configurational spaces.
The electrocatalyzed reduction of fumaronitrile in aqueous solution by 4,4′-dimethyl-1,1′-trimethylene-2,2′-dipyridinium ion

Abstract An electrocatalytic strategy for the reduction of activated olefins in aqueous solution has been demonstrated using fumaronitrile as a model olefin. Cyclic voltammetric experiments show that the reduction of fumaronitrile in pH 8.0 Tris is catalyzed by the cation radical of 4,4′-dimethyl-1,1′-trimethylene-2,2′-dipyridinium ion (DMV2+). Controlled-potential electrolysis experiments show that the electrocatalytic reduction of fumaronitrile proceeds via a two-electron two-proton pathway to form succinonitrile. Kinetic studies of the catalytic reaction by cyclic voltammetry show that the rate-determining step is the solution electron transfer from DMV·+ to fumaronitrile with a rate constant of 15 M−1 s−1. In order to understand better the general applicability of 1,1′-bridged-2,2′-dipyridinium ions as catalysts, molecular modeling was carried out on eight such ions including DMV2+. The results of these calculations were correlated with previously reported electrochemical data to show that an increase in interplanar twist angle results in a more negative E° value, apparently due to the increased importance of inter-ring conjugation in the cation radical. This understanding should aid, within limits, in the rational design of catalysts for a given olefin of interest.
Analysis of ADAMTS4 and MT4-MMP indicates that both are involved in aggrecanolysis in interleukin-1-treated bovine cartilage

Summary Objective To investigate the mechanism of aggrecanolysis in interleukin-1 (IL-1)-treated cartilage tissue by examining the time course of aggrecan cleavages and the tissue and medium content of membrane type 4-matrix metalloproteinases (MT4-MMP) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type I motifs (ADAMTS)4. Methods Articular cartilage explants were harvested from newborn bovine femoropatellar groove. The effects of IL-1 treatment with or without aggrecanase blockade were investigated by Western analysis of aggrecan fragment generation, ADAMTS4 species (p68 and p53), and MT4-MMP, as well as by realtime PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for ADAMTS4 and 5. Aggrecanase was blocked with mannosamine (ManN), an inhibitor of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis, and esculetin (EST), an inhibitor of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 gene expression. Results IL-1 treatment caused a major increase in MT4-MMP abundance in the tissue and medium. ADAMTS4 (p68) was abundant in fresh cartilage and this was retained in the tissue in untreated cartilage. IL-1 treatment for 6 days caused a marked loss of p68 from the cartilage and the appearance of p53 in the medium. Addition of either 1.35mM ManN or 31–500μM EST blocked IL-1-mediated aggrecanolysis and this was accompanied by nearly complete inhibition of the MT4-MMP increase, the p68 loss and the formation of p53. IL-1 treatment increased mRNA abundance for ADAMTS4 (∼3-fold) and ADAMTS5 (∼10-fold) but this was not accompanied by a marked change in enzyme protein abundance. Conclusion These studies support a central role for MT4-MMP in IL-1-induced cartilage aggrecanolysis and are consistent with the identification of p68 as the aggrecanase that cleaves within the CS2 domain, and of p53 as the aggrecanase that generates G1-NITEGE. Since the induction by IL-1 was not accompanied by marked changes in total ADAMTS4 protein, but rather in partial conversion of p68 to p53 and release of both from the tissue, we conclude that aggrecanolysis in this model system results from MT4-MMP-mediated processing of a resident pool of ADAMTS4 and release of the p68 and p53 from their normal association with the cell surface.
Breast implants and illness: a model of psychological factors

Studies of disease outcomes have not produced an explanation or an intervention for the symptoms and complaints that some women have attributed to breast implants. Reviews of the literature have found no increased risk of specific systemic disease, and no treatment recommendations have emerged. However, similar symptoms in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, and other contexts have been considered to be stress or behaviourally mediated, and a number of promising behavioural interventions have been developed. Aetiological, research, and treatment implications may follow from the consideration of such symptoms within a behavioural medicine model that allows for the interaction of physical and psychological influences. In the case of implants, a mass somatisation model may also help to discern the potential effects of litigation and other social influences.
Why are Older Faculty Members More Accepting of Students with Attention‐deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? A Life‐course Interpretation

The presence of university students in the United States with disabilities is not a new phenomenon. However, little is known about the attitudes of university faculty concerning less visible disabilities such as attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using a sample of faculty at a university in the United States (n = 136), the impact of age on faculty’s acceptance of ADHD was examined. Results indicated a higher percentage of older faculty members, compared with middle‐aged and younger faculty, selected ADHD as a condition worthy of special instructional accommodations. Irrespective of age of the respondents, ADHD had the lowest acceptance as a condition deserving special accommodations. Finally, fewer middle‐aged and older faculty attributed difficulties experienced by a student with ADHD symptoms to “bad” character, a lack of discipline or a lack of motivation. These findings suggest more emphasis should be placed on disability‐related education and training for faculty members during early st...
Setting times of Resilon and other sealers in aerobic and anaerobic environments

Eleven sealers, including Resilon sealer, were mixed according to manufacturer's instructions. Setting times were determined in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Two samples of each sealer were mixed and placed in the following conditions: (a) uncovered in an aerobic incubator; (b) covered with a glass cover-slip in the aerobic incubator; (c) covered with phosphate buffered saline in an aerobic incubator; (d) uncovered in an anaerobic incubator; (e) light cured and then placed in the aerobic incubator (Resilon only). All samples were tested for setting times with a Gillmore needle at 15, 30, and 60 minutes, then hourly up to 8 hours, then at 24, 48, and 72 hours, and then weekly up to 3 weeks. Ketac Endo and Kerr Tubliseal, were the fastest sealers to set in aerobic environments. Ketac Endo and Resilon were the fastest sealers to set in anaerobic environments. Roth 801 and Roth 811 were the slowest sealers to set, taking over 3 weeks to set in either anaerobic or aerobic environments. Resilon sealer set in 30 minutes in both anaerobic environments. However, in the presence of air, Resilon took a week to set and when placed in PBS, an uncured layer remained on the surface.
Political Vulnerabilities of a Primate City: The May 2010 Red Shirts Uprising in Bangkok, Thailand:

Dynamics of the May 2010 ‘Red Shirts’ uprising in Bangkok are examined through literature about the primate city, a city that is exponentially larger than a country’s other cities. Employing news coverage of events, history about Bangkok’s urban and political development, and analyses of class-based inequalities and nationalisms that the city harbors within its confines, attributes of primate city are expanded to include its perennially vulnerable political status. Such a rendering of the politically vulnerable primate city is employed to theorize how the primate city – when functioning as a national capital – is more than a large urban center, but one that collects much of the nation’s hopes, dreams, and political struggles.
Error-resilient test data compression using Tunstall codes

This paper presents a novel technique for achieving error-resilience to bit-flips in compressed test data streams. Error-resilience is related to the capability of a test data stream (or sequence) to tolerate bit-flips which may occur in an automatic test equipment (ATE), either in the electronics components of the loadboard or in the high speed serial communication links between the user interface workstation and the head. Initially, it is shown that errors caused by bit-flips can seriously degrade test quality (as measured by the coverage), as such degradation is very significant for variable codeword techniques such as Huffman coding. To address this issue a variable-to-constant compression technique (namely Tunstall coding) is proposed. Using Tunstall coding and bit-padding to preserve vector boundaries, an error-resilient compression technique is proposed. This technique requires a simple algorithm for compression and its hardware for decompression is very small, while achieving a much higher error-resilience against bit-flips compared with previous techniques (albeit at a small reduction in compression). Simulation results on benchmark circuits are provided to substantiate the validity of this approach in an ATE environment.
Norepinephrine-induced hepatocellular dysfunction in early sepsis is mediated by activation of α2-adrenoceptors

Gut-derived norepinephrine (NE) has been shown to play a critical role in producing hepatocellular dysfunction in early sepsis, but it is not known whether α2-adrenoceptor activation mediates this ...