cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Testbed Experiment of a (Smart) Marked Based, Student Transportation Policy: Non Convexities, Coordination, Non Existence

The paper develops and studies a decentralized mechanism for pricing and allocation challenges typically met with administrative processes. Traditional forms of markets are not used due to conditions associated with market failure, such as complex coordination problems, thin markets, non-convexities including and zero marginal cost due to lumpy transportation capacities. The mechanism rests on an assignment process that is guided by a computational process, enforces rules and channels information feedback to participants. Special, testbed experimental methods produce high levels of efficiency when confronted by individual behaviors that are consistent with traditional models of strategic behavior.
SYNTHESIS OF A FLUORINATED ANALOG OF 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE CARBOXYLIC ACID

Abstract A convenient synthesis of 2-fluoro-1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is described. Cyclopropanation of ethyl 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-fluoroacrylate followed by Curtius rearrangement, oxidative cleavage of the aromatic ring, and deprotection, produced the α-amino acid.
Image degradation due to various aero-optical environments

High speed time-resolved wavefront and imaging measurements were taken synchronously in-flight through the boundary layer and the shear layer environments around the Airborne Aero-Optical Laboratory for Beam Control (AAOL-BC). Instantaneous point spread functions were generated using wavefront data which enabled a relationship between largescale structures present in turbulent flows and resultant instantaneous image degradation to be identified. In this manner, image blurring patterns can be related to specific flow structures which begins to abridge the knowledge gap between treating quantitative wavefront properties and the resultant blurred images.
Adherence in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease with a major effect on quality of life. Treatment can be complex and may include topical corticosteroids, topical steroid-sparing agent, phototherapy, and oral therapy with systemic agents, or treatment with biologics. Biologics have higher adherence compared to other treatment modalities in psoriasis. However, such complexity of treatment contributes to the high rates of nonadherence in psoriasis patients. Other barriers to adherence include fear of side effects, knowledge gaps, forgetfulness, and high medication cost. Recognizing the prevalence of nonadherence and its impact on suboptimal treatment outcomes is crucial. Focusing on patient education, implementing a reminder system, and improving accountability are some of the approaches to improve adherence. Improving adherence will certainly lead to better treatment outcomes, reduced suffering, and better quality of life.
14 N( 14 N, 13 N) 15 N Reaction at Low Energies and the Elastic Scattering of 14 N by 14 N

The molecular-viewpoint form of nucleon tunneling theory is used in the two-level approximation and with neglect of the dynamic reaction terms for a partial-wave analysis allowing the inclusion of the effects of wave function absorption through the use of an imaginary part of the potential. The equations are used in an analysis of improved measurements of the differential and total cross sections of the reaction $^{14}\mathrm{N}$($^{14}\mathrm{N}$,$^{13}\mathrm{N}$)$^{15}\mathrm{N}$, with special attention to laboratory energies ${E}_{l}\ensuremath{\le}16$ MeV which are below the Coulomb barrier. At the lowest energies, the analysis involves only the Coulomb interaction between the heavy particles. Fits to data are improved at the higher energies through the introduction of optical potentials. The principal function of these in the present work is to modify the wave function at distances larger than those corresponding to definite contact between $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ and $^{14}\mathrm{N}$. The transfer function $\ensuremath{\beta}(R)$ is cut off at small values of the internuclear distance $R$ to avoid the inclusion of unrealistic contributions to neutron transfer when the two nuclei are no longer distinct. The potential has been adjusted for best fits to neutron-transfer data. The long distance tail of the potentials tried was made to agree, regarding relative values at different distances, with that calculated by McIntosh, Rawitscher, and Park in their work on the elastic scattering of $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ by $^{14}\mathrm{N}$, and depends therefore on nucleon-nucleus scattering information. The potentials were adjusted to represent the elastic-scattering $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ + $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ data simultaneously with neutron-transfer data. These combined requirements are met best by potentials referred to as 2 and 3 in the text. The reduced width of the transferred neutron obtained from transfer data depends on the potential only weakly. The same reduced width from elastic-scattering information is sensitive to the choice of potential. The best agreement of the elastic-scattering and neutron-transfer reduced widths is obtained for potential 3, the disagreement being less than by a factor 2. The combined uncertainty of the two ways of arriving at the reduced width is believed to be large and to make the discrepancy insignificant. The combined treatment of neutron transfer and of elastic scattering is self-consistent in the sense described. The neutron transfer reduced width is slightly smaller than the single-particle reduced width calculated with the nucleon-nucleus potential employed in obtaining the proportionality constant of the long-distance nucleus-nucleus potential tail.
Mechanisms of metapower & procedural injustices in the Colorado Oil and Gas Task Force decision-making process

In the last decade, unconventional oil and gas (UOG) has changed the world’s energy landscapes, often outpacing governments’ efforts to regulate it. Yet, few studies focus on the processes of gover...
Анализ Факторов Влияния Образования На Институциональную Динамику Страны (Региона) (Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Formation of the Institutional Dynamics of the Country [Region])

Russian Abstract: В работе проверено несколько гипотез, объясняющих нарастание враждебности среди профессуры и студентов в отношении частной собственности и иных институтов дружественных рынку при том, что сто лет назад лучшие университеты были оплотами консерватизма, каковой вполне гармонировал с тем высоким уровнем человеческого капитала которым владел выпускник известного университета. Основными причинами изменения ситуации стали, по всей видимости, различные направления финансирования высшей школы – от обучения до невоенных НИОКР. Свою роль могла сыграть и растущая административно-контрольная зависимость университетов от правительственных чиновников. English Abstract: In this paper we tested several hypotheses explaining the growth of hostility among professors and students to private property and other institutions that are friendly to market despite the fact that a hundred years ago, the best universities were bastions of conservatism, which was quite in harmony with the high level of human capital owned by a graduate of the famous university. The main reasons for changing the situation began to appear, multiple destinations of financing of high school - from education to non-military research and development. The growing dependence of the administrative control of universities from government officials could also have played its role.
Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Microglia Activation and Function

Microglia act as the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They play an important role in maintaining brain homeostasis but also in mediating neuroimmune responses to insult. The interactions between neurons and microglia represent a key process for neuroimmune regulation and subsequent effects on CNS integrity. However, the molecular mechanisms of neuron-glia communication in regulating microglia function are not fully understood. One recently described means of this intercellular communication is via nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) that transfer a large diversity of molecules between neurons and microglia, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. To determine the effects of neuron-derived EVs (NDEVs) on microglia, NDEVs were isolated from the culture supernatant of rat cortical neurons. When NDEVs were added to primary cultured rat microglia, we found significantly improved microglia viability via inhibition of apoptosis. Additionally, application of NDEVs to cultured microglia also inhibited the expression of activation surface markers on microglia. Furthermore, NDEVs reduced the LPS-induced proinflammatory response in microglia according to reduced gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1) and iNOS, but increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. These findings support that neurons critically regulate microglia activity and control inflammation via EV-mediated neuron–glia communication. (Supported by R21AA025563 and R01AA025591).
Prediction of Rock Mass Deformations in Three Dimensions for a Part of an Open Pit Mine and Comparison with Field Deformation Monitoring Data

The intact rock properties and discontinuity properties for both DRC and DP rock formations that exist in the selected open pit mine were determined from tests conducted on rock samples collected from the mine site. Special survey equipment which has a total station, laser scanner and a camera was used to perform remote fracture mapping in the research area selected at the mine site. From remote fracture mapping data, the fracture orientation, spacing and density were calculated in a much refined way in this study compared to what exist in the literature. Discontinuity orientation distributions obtained through remote fracture mapping agreed very well with the results of manual fracture mapping conducted by the mining company. GSI rock quality system and Hoek–Brown failure criteria were used to estimate the rock mass properties combining the fracture mapping results with laboratory test results of intact rock samples. Fault properties and the DRC–DP contact properties were estimated based on the laboratory discontinuity test results. A geological model was built in a 3DEC model including all the major faults, DRC–DP contact, and two stages of rock excavation. The built major discontinuity system of 44 faults in 3DEC with their real orientations, locations and three dimensional extensions were validated successfully using the fault geometry data provided by the mining company using seven cross sections. Numerical modeling was conducted to study the effect of boundary conditions and lateral stress ratio on the stability of the considered rock slope. For the considered section of the rock slope, the displacements obtained through stress boundary conditions were seemed more realistic than that obtained through zero velocity boundary conditions (on all four lateral faces). Stable deformation distributions were obtained for k 0 in the range of 0.4–0.7. Because the studied rock mass is quite stable, it seems that an appropriate range for k 0 for this rock mass is between 0.4 and 0.7. The displacements occurred between July 2011 and July 2012 due to the nearby rock mass excavation that took place during the same period were compared between the field monitoring results available from the mining company and the predicted numerical modeling results; the best agreement was obtained for k 0 = 0.4. Therefore, k 0 = 0.4 can be decided as the most appropriate value for the studied mine site. In overall, the successful simulation of the rock excavation during a certain time period indicated the possibility of using the procedure developed in this study to investigate rock slope stability with respect to expected future rock excavations in mine planning.
Correlates of Long Sleep Duration

Study Objective Sleeping more than 7 to 8 hours per day has been consistently associated with increased mortality. Whether this association is causal and what pathways explain this association are unknown. We sought to identify factors that could potentially explain the association between long sleep and mortality.
Traveling waves of dominance in motion-induced blindness

There is accumulated evidence supporting the idea that motion-induced blindness (MIB) and binocular rivalry (BR) may be mediated by a common mechanism(s). To test this hypothesis, we examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of perceptual switches in MIB. It is well known that perceptual switches occur in a traveling-wave-like fashion during binocular rivalry, meaning that a suppressed stimulus during BR regains its dominance locally and progressively expands its dominance over space and time. If MIB and BR share a common mechanism, their spatiotemporal dynamics should resemble each other. In each trial, observers viewed a MIB display consisting of a rotating grid of black crosses on a grey background and a static, segmented, white arc presented in the periphery within protection zones. Observers pressed and held a key once the entire arc completely disappeared from awareness due to MIB. Target reappearance was induced by briefly flickering a portion of the end of the arc right after it completely disappeared. Observers released the response key when a segment of the arc reappeared at a designated location. The target reappearance location was systematically varied in distance from the flicker pulse along the arc across trials. We found that the reappearance of the arc reached locations further from the flicker pulse with greater latencies, resembling the traveling-wave-like propagation of dominance observed in BR. Participants indeed reported that reappearance of the targets appeared to propagate in a wave-like manner along the arcs. Our results indicate that the suppressed targets in MIB regain visual awareness in a wave-like fashion similar to BR. The consistent spatiotemporal dynamics between BR and MIB indicates that both visual phenomena may be mediated by a common mechanism(s). Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.
Causality and Information Flow

Correlation does not imply causation. If the outcome of an event A is correlated with the outcome of another event B, then either A is a cause of B, B is a cause of A, or the two events possess some common cause. For more than two variables, however, the pattern of correlations can provide detailed causal information. Since variation in cause produces a correlated variation in effect, the question of which events are causes of which other events is equivalent to the question of how information flows between events. I examine the conditions under which underlying causal structure can be deduced from statistical information.
Rural Planning: General

Rural planning is about developing and protecting physical and human capital and addressing the at times conflicting goals of economic development and resource conservation. It encompasses both the development of agriculture and natural resources – minerals, forests, fisheries, and scenery – and the conservation of these along with improving the access of rural people to infrastructure, education, housing, and amenities. Rural planning aims to bring about economic development, yet maintain the sustainability of renewable resources and reduce income disparities. It has been variously defined, including that it is place-based in focus and pertains to places that are nonurban, small town, and open spaces. The goals of rural planning post–World War II varied depending on the political ideology of nation states that formed the first, second, and third worlds. Forces of globalization during recent decades have erased many of the international differences in rural planning. The current global challenge of rural planning is to build up and diversify the rural economy, reduce inequity, and exploit the land and natural resources in a way that allows renewal and is sustainable.
Production of Specific Fragments of φX174 Replicative Form DNA by a Restriction Enzyme from Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Endonuclease HP

A restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus parainfluenzae degrades {varphi}X174 replicative form DNA into eight specific fragments, ranging from 1,700 to 150 base pairs and terminated specifically by deoxycytidylic acid.
Application of pattern recognition techniques to hydrogeological modeling of mature oilfields

Several pattern recognition techniques are applied for hydrogeological modeling of mature oilfields. Principle component analysis and clustering have become an integral part of microarray data analysis and interpretation. The algorithmic basis of clustering - the application of unsupervised machine-learning techniques to identify the patterns inherent in a data set - is well established. This paper discusses the motivations for and applications of these techniques to integrate water production data with other physicochemical information in order to classify the aquifers of an oilfield. Further, two time series pattern recognition techniques for basic water cut signatures are discussed and integrated within the methodology for water breakthrough mechanism identification.
Addressing Readiness to Change PTSD with a Brief Intervention: A Description of the PTSD Motivation Enhancement Group

Poor response to PTSD treatment and the disorder's chronicity among combat veterans may at least partly be due to ambivalence about the need to change PTSD symptoms and related problems. The PTSD Motivation Enhancement (ME) Group described in this article was developed to address problem acknowledgement among veterans in treatment for PTSD. This manualized, brief therapy intervention is conceptually based on the Stages of Change and draws on Motivational Interviewing techniques. The goal of the PTSD ME Group is to help patients make decisions about the need to change any behaviors and coping styles not previously recognized as problematic so that patients will perceive PTSD intervention components as more relevant, thereby fostering greater engagement in treatment and more adaptive post-treatment coping. The authors discuss theory and research findings related to the group, the structure and content of the intervention, and important clinical issues to consider when implementing the group.
Desorption Kinetics for Field-Aged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Sediments

This study considers desorption kinetics for 12 field-aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) desorbing from size- and density-fractionated sediments collected from two locations in the New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary. Desorption kinetics for PAHs with a log octanol-water partition coefficient greater than 6 were well-described by a one-domain diffusion model that assumes that PAHs are initially uniformly distributed throughout spherical sediment aggregates. PAH hydrophobicity and sediment specific surface area were the parameters most strongly correlated with the magnitude of the observed diffusivity for the one-domain model. For less hydrophobic PAHs, a two-domain desorption model was used also, and the results suggest that a substantial fraction of these field-aged PAHs desorb via a relatively fast macro-mesopore diffusion mechanism. The model-predicted fraction of PAHs in the fast-diffusion regime by compound and sediment was highly correlated with the measured percent PAH desorption in 24 h. The fast-domain diffusivity was 100 times greater than the slow-domain diffusivity, was correlated with both PAH properties and sediment physical and chemical properties, and could be estimated by readily obtainable physical and chemical parameters. In contrast, the slow-domain diffusivity was not significantly correlated with PAH properties. Our results suggest that macro-mesopore diffusion may control mass transport of less-hydrophobic PAHs in estuarine sediments.
Gelatin hydrolysis for identification of the filamentous phase of Histoplasma, Blastomyces and Chrysosporium species

Differentiation between mold-phase growth of Histoplasma capsulatum and morphologically similar species and genera can be made on the basis of visible liquefaction of 15% plain gelatin slants at 25°C. Stab and surface inoculations of 12 primary isolates and 58 older strains of H. capsulatum and 4 strains of H. farciminosum did not liquefy gelatin in 6 weeks, whereas 6 or 7 strains of H. duboisii did so in 24–96 hrs. Twelve isolates of Blastomyces dermatitidis hydrolyzed gelatin in 1–2 weeks while none of 12 strains of B. brasiliensis did so in 6 weeks. All 25 strains of the form-genus Chrysosporium liquified gelatin within 24 hrs. to 1 week. Neither growth rate, pigment production, nor the presence or absence of any type of spores can be correlated with gelatinase activity.
Pseudotumor cerebri: An update on treatment options

Aims: The aim was to identify Pseudotumor cerebri treatment options and assess their efficacy. Setting and Design: Review article. Materials and Methods: Existing literature and the authors' experience were reviewed. Results: Treatment options range from observation to surgical intervention. Weight loss and medical treatment may be utilized in cases without vision loss or in combination with surgical treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid shunting procedures and/or optic nerve sheath decompression is indicated for severe vision loss or headache unresponsive to medical management. The recent use of endovascular stenting of transverse sinus stenoses has also demonstrated benefit in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Conclusion: While each treatment form may be successful individually, a multimodal approach is typically utilized with treatments selected on a case-by-case basis.
Racial Discrimination Is Associated with a Measure of Red Blood Cell Oxidative Stress: A Potential Pathway for Racial Health Disparities

There are racial health disparities in many conditions for which oxidative stress is hypothesized to be a precursor. These include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and premature aging. Small clinical studies suggest that psychological stress may increase oxidative stress. However, confirmation of this association in epidemiological studies has been limited by homogenous populations and unmeasured potential confounders. We tested the cross-sectional association between self-reported racial discrimination and red blood cell (RBC) oxidative stress in a biracial, socioeconomically heterogeneous population with well-measured confounders. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a consecutive series of 629 participants enrolled in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. Conducted by the National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, HANDLS is a prospective epidemiological study of a socioeconomically diverse cohort of 3,721 Whites and African Americans aged 30–64 years. Racial discrimination was based on self-report. RBC oxidative stress was measured by fluorescent heme degradation products. Potential confounders were age, smoking status, obesity, and C-reactive protein. Participants had a mean age of 49 years (SD = 9.27). In multivariable linear regression models, racial discrimination was significantly associated with RBC oxidative stress (Beta = 0.55, P < 0.05) after adjustment for age, smoking, C-reactive protein level, and obesity. When stratified by race, discrimination was not associated with RBC oxidative stress in Whites but was associated significantly for African Americans (Beta = 0.36, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that there may be identifiable cellular pathways by which racial discrimination amplifies cardiovascular and other age-related disease risks.
Feature - Multidimensional systems and signal processing: Good theory for good practice

The subject of multidimensional systems, as originally conceived, is concerned with a mathematical framework for tackling a broad range of paradigms whose analysis or synthesis require the use of functions and polynomials in either several complex or real variables. Its applications, which may range from the processing of spatial and temporal signals of diverse physical origin to the design of linear continuous-discrete multidimensional control systems, are already plentiful. This paper aims to promote interaction between a broad spectrum of scientists and engineers through clear exposition and interpretation of fundamentals, albeit a daunting task, so that complex theoretical results become useful to practitioners in distinct but related disciplines. The expanding arena of theory and applications of the original aims and scopes attest to the importance and vitality of the subject-matter.
Interactive force control of an operator–mobile manipulator coordination system

In this article, a new type of coordination control called interactive force control is developed for an operator–mobile manipulator coordination system (OMMCS) based on a base force/torque sensor. In the interactive force control scheme, a robust force control of the manipulator and impedance control of the mobile platform are integrated to achieve smooth interaction between the operator, the manipulator, and the mobile platform. In simulation, the developed methods are compared for control performance in tracking and force regulation. Simulation results show the promise of the developed control scheme, which utilizes robust force control based on a base force/torque sensor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Skin Biopsy to Confirm Suspected Acute Graft-vs-Host Disease: Results of Decision Analysis

Results: The decision to treat immediately for GVHD without performing a skin biopsy yielded the best clinical outcome for the specified clinical setting and under the parameters specified by expert opinion. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that these conclusions are robust if the prevalence of acute cutaneous GVHD in stem cell recipients with rash is greater than 50%, if the sensitivity of skin biopsy specimen is less than 0.8, and the specificity of skin biopsy specimen is less than 0.9. Only 25% of physicians interviewed chose an intervention consistent with their estimates of prevalence, test characteristics, and outcome evaluations, indicating an opportunity to improve management of this important clinical condition. Conclusions: This decision analysis modeling technique predicts that in patient populations in which the prevalence of GVHD is 30% or greater (typical for allogeneic stem cell transplantation), the best outcomes were obtained with treatment for GVHD and no skin biopsy. In populations with prevalence of GVHD of 30% or less, obtaining a skin biopsy specimen to guide treatment was predicted to provide the best patient outcomes.
Cascade fluorescent decay in Pr3+-doped fluorides: Achievement of a quantum yield greater than unity for emission of visible light

Studies of the fluorescence spectrum of Pr3+ under excitation with the 185 nm resonance line of Hg have been made in a number of fluoride host lattices. In some of these phosphors such as YF3 and LaF3 the radiative decay originates in the 1S0 level of Pr3+ and proceeds via a simple cascade process in which, for some of the decay paths, two visible photons are emitted. In other hosts such as LiYF4 the fluorescence originates in the 4f5d levels and consists of four principal bands in the ultraviolet. A third type of host exhibits a mixture of these two types of emission. In one phosphor of the first type, YF3 activated with 0.1 mol % Pr3+, an overall quantum yield of 1.4 ± 0.15 for visible light has been measured at room temperature.
Characteristics of the in vitro inhibition of arenavirus synthesis by bis-benzimidazoles.

The dihydrochloride salt of ( S,S )-1,2-bis(5-methoxy-2-benzimidazolyl)-1,2-ethandiol (A37536) inhibits the synthesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM), Parana, and Pichinde viruses in L-929 cells. The compound has no direct inactivating effect on LCM virus nor does it affect the adsorption of LCM virus to L cells. The drug-cell interaction is slow. Maximal activity is observed only by exposing cells to the drug at least 8 h prior to LCM virus infection, or by concomitant drug treatment and infection at a low multiplicity. Addition of serum-free media to L cells after LCM virus infection diminishes the activity of A37536. Whereas A37536 exhibits its antiviral activity at concentrations that have little or no effect on L cell division rate, a marked change can be noted in the cell9s sensitivity to lysis by standard trypsin dispersal procedures. A37536 has no specific antiviral activity in LCM virus-infected BHK, HeLa, or Vero cells. All of the four tested derivatives of A37536 showed antiviral activity against LCM virus but only at concentrations that reduced the growth rate or were toxic to L cells.
Electron bunch length monitors using spatially encoded electro-optical technique

Abstract A single-shot, nondestructive, electro-optical, electron bunch length monitor is experimentally verified by encoding the Coulomb field of the bunch profile on the spatial intensity distribution of an unchirped femtosecond laser pulse in an orthogonal geometry (hence, a temporal-to-spatial transformation). This electron bunch measurement scheme can simultaneously measure large timing jitter (∼ps) with a wide measurement timespan covering picosecond to subpicosecond ranges.
Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to skeletal muscle mass: a case report.

An unusual case of metastases to the right thigh muscles and region of the external iliac vessels is presented. This followed 5 1/2 years following a right nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. The patient's metastases were removed and one year later the patient remains free of recurrence.
The effect of leadership and cultural heterogeneity on group performance: A test of the contingency model

Abstract An experiment was conducted (a) to compare the performance of 96 culturally and linguistically homogeneous and heterogeneous three-man teams under powerful and weak leadership positions and on three types of tasks varying in structure and requirements for verbal interaction, and (b) to test a previously described Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. Homocultural and heterocultural groups differed in performance only on the highly verbal task. Heterogeneous groups, despite obvious communication difficulties and culturally divergent backgrounds, performed about as well on the structured and nonverbal tasks as did homogeneous groups. Groups led by recruit leaders performed as well as groups directed by petty officers. Thus, neither the military leadership training and experience nor the position power of petty officers contributed to the effectiveness of these groups. These findings have considerable potential implications for leadership training programs and evaluation of the communication variable in affecting group productivity. The experiment clearly supported the hypothesis derived from the Contingency Model that the specific leadership style required for effective group performance is contingent upon the favorableness of the group-task situation. As in previous research, groups under managing, task-controlling (low LPC) leaders performed best in very favorable group-task situations as well as in group-task situations which were relatively unfavorable or very unfavorable. Permissive, considerate, group-oriented leaders performed best in situations intermediate in favorableness.
Segmentation of Large Periapical Lesions toward Dental Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Cone-Beam CT Scans

This paper presents an experimental study for assessing the applicability of general-purpose 3D segmentation algorithms for analyzing dental periapical lesions in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. In the field of Endodontics, clinical studies have been unable to determine if a periapical granuloma can heal with non-surgical methods. Addressing this issue, Simon et al. recently proposed a diagnostic technique which non-invasively classifies target lesions using CBCT. Manual segmentation exploited in their study, however, is too time consuming and unreliable for real world adoption. On the other hand, many technically advanced algorithms have been proposed to address segmentation problems in various biomedical and non-biomedical contexts, but they have not yet been applied to the field of dentistry. Presented in this paper is a novel application of such segmentation algorithms to the clinically-significant dental problem. This study evaluates three state-of-the-art graph-based algorithms: a normalized cut algorithm based on a generalized eigen-value problem, a graph cut algorithm implementing energy minimization techniques, and a random walks algorithm derived from discrete electrical potential theory. In this paper, we extend the original 2D formulation of the above algorithms to segment 3D images directly and apply the resulting algorithms to the dental CBCT images. We experimentally evaluate quality of the segmentation results for 3D CBCT images, as well as their 2D cross sections. The benefits and pitfalls of each algorithm are highlighted.
Learning and Learning Capability in the Fordist and Post-Fordist Age: An Integrative Framework

In this paper we use the concept of ‘learning capability’ to integrate several frameworks regarding the changing nature of industrial organization and international competition. In doing so, we emphasize the primacy of learning and learning capability in the post-Fordist world of international competition, with a focus on analyzing Fordist and post-Fordist forms of learning at various levels and their differing impact on the learning capability of firms in a regional context. First, we examine the organizational arrangements that promote individual and organizational learning within the firm, with special reference to the Japanese practices of lean and flexible production. Second, we introduce the concept of transactional learning to delineate various forms of Fordist and post-Fordist learning that occur in the marketplace. After reinterpreting Porter's (1990) diamond model as a market structure for transactional learning, we extend his work by emphasizing the role of interfirm networks in facilitating le...
Leading indicators of phytoplankton transitions caused by resource competition

Many important transitions in phytoplankton composition of lakes and oceans are related to shifts in nutrient supply ratios. Some phytoplankton transitions, such as cyanobacteria blooms in freshwater supplies and red tides in coastal oceans, are important for aquatic resource management. Therefore, it would be useful to have leading indicators which precede phytoplankton shifts and could be readily monitored in the field. We investigated potential indicators using a well-understood model of phytoplankton dynamics parameterized to mimic the transition toward cyanobacteria blooms in freshwater lakes. In stationary distributions, performance of the indicators depends on whether the species are capable of stable coexistence over a certain range of nutrient inputs. In transient simulations, however, indicators show consistent responses regardless of the possibility of stable coexistence. Leading indicators occurring 10 to 40 days prior to species shift include shift of lag-1 autoregression coefficient toward 0, low standard deviation, fluctuating skewness, and high kurtosis. These responses are different from those reported for critical transitions such as fold bifurcations. Thus, the indicators reveal clues to the mechanisms of important ecosystem transitions. In practice, indicators should be measured for multiple ecosystem variables, and interpretation of the indicators should be guided by experiments and mechanistic site-specific models to help resolve potential ambiguities.
The effect of L-DOPA on basal LH, FSH and Prolactin (Pr) secretion in subjects with Turner syndrome

The dopaminergic tuberoinfundibular system has been shown to play a role in the regulation of the pituitary secretion of LH an Pr in experimental animals. In humans,DA and DA agonists have an inhibitory effect on LH and Pr release which differs in the two sexes and in women in the different phases of the menstrual cycle. We examined the effect of L-DOPA in the dose used for GH stimulation on the LH,FSH and Pr levels in 9 subjects with Turner syndrome, who had never received estrogens. We found the following (mean ± SD). Although there is an intense suppressive effect of L-DOPA on plasma Pr concentration there is no synchronous significant decrease in LH. Thus synchronism in Pr and LH suppression caused by adrenergic stimuli in other experimental settings was not detected in the present one. This finding may indicate that there exists a differential, dose related, sensitivity of LH and Pr to the adrenergic stimulus. It may however indicate that the synchronous suppression of LH and Pr by adrenergic stimulus represents age or estrogen-related maturational event.
Fluid sorption of orthopedic grade ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in a serum environment is affected by the surface area and sterilization method.

It is shown in this work that lubricant sorption in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) increases with available surface area of the component. This has clinical relevance, because sliding and articulation experienced in simulator studies can result in changes in surface roughness and the creation of new surfaces. This study compares the fluid sorption of orthopedic grade UHMWPE with different surface areas (but equivalent volume) for different sterilization methods. For both the gamma radiation and nonsterile control samples, the gain in total fluid absorbed scaled proportionately with surface area. For the EtO sterilization treatment, the fluid gain was nonlinear and substantially less than the radiated and control groups. The findings from this study clearly indicate that the sterilization and surface area affect the fluid uptake and weight gain of UHMWPE.
A Comparison of Community Noise Metrics for Open Rotor Engine Architectures

Recent increases in fuel prices have driven the commercial aviation industry to focus on fuel efficiency. The efficiency of propellers and prop-fans has produced renewed interest in advanced “open rotor” engine designs. To contribute to the design process, noise predictions need to accurately identify the issues associated with these new designs and must forecast the annoyance of the population near airports due to the new noise sources. Spectra from propeller designs are typically dominated by tones at harmonics of the blade passage frequency, whereas turbofans generate much smoother spectra with some tonal components. Inconsistency already exists regarding the need for tone corrections for turbofans, with certification noise levels including a tone correction and community noise contours not including one through the use of Day-Night Level (DNL). In this paper, a number of metrics and tone corrections are assessed for a range of open rotor architectures. The results will compare the relationship between metrics for turbofan and open rotor spectra and assess the significance of these differences in the context of regulation with multiple metrics.
House Effects and the Reproducibility of Survey Measurements: A Comparison of the 1980 GSS and the 1980 American National Election Study

This paper examines a collaborative experiment between the General Social Survey, National Opinion Research Center, and the American National Election Study, Center for Political Studies. Identical items were asked by both surveys, thereby permitting a test of reproducibility and house effects. Significant differences were found between the houses, with the largest and most systematic differences involving item nonresponse. Various explanations for the differences are examined and a general assessment of the importance of the differences is presented. Tom W. Smith is a Senior Study Director, National Opinion Research Center. This research was done for the General Social Survey project directed by James A. Davis. The project is supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. SOC77-03279. Public Opinion Quartedly Vol. 46 54-68 ? 1982 by The Tiustees of Columbia University Published by Elseviei Noith-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/82/0046-54/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.255 on Mon, 01 Aug 2016 06:02:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
A case report of glial choristoma of the tongue

Glial choristoma of the tongue is extremely rare. The authors report the case of a 9-day-old infant with a congenital lingual glial choristoma. Complete surgical excision was performed without postoperative complications or recurrence. The authors also present a review of the literature and outcome of this benign tumor.
Structural and Functional Investigation of the Intermolecular Interaction between NRPS Adenylation and Carrier Protein Domains.

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are modular proteins that produce peptide antibiotics and siderophores. These enzymes act as catalytic assembly lines where substrates, covalently bound to integrated carrier domains, are delivered to adjacent catalytic domains. The carrier domains are initially loaded by adenylation domains, which use two distinct conformations to catalyze sequentially the adenylation of the substrate and the thioesterification of the pantetheine cofactor. We have used a mechanism-based inhibitor to determine the crystal structure of an engineered adenylation-carrier domain protein illustrating the intermolecular interaction between the adenylation and carrier domains. This structure enabled directed mutations to improve the interaction between nonnative partner proteins. Comparison with prior NRPS adenylation domain structures provides insights into the assembly line dynamics of these modular enzymes.
The Use of Cryotherapy for Papilloma and Early Laryngeal Cancers Long-term Results

Study Design:Retrospective chart review.Objective:To determine the efficacy of adjuvant cryotherapy in the treatment of early glottic cancer and laryngeal papillomatosis.Summary of Background Data:...
Can I email this? The use restrictions found in licensed digital resources

Recent digital library research has raised concerns about how use restrictions, such as limits on printing or emailing, may affect licensed digital resource usability. This paper describes the results of a study to investigate the types of technological protection measure (TPM) based use restrictions that authorized users of licensed scholarly resources experience when making typical use of licensed resources. Data collection involved a use based assessment of a sample of resources from engineering, health sciences and history/art history. Analysis developed a framework of observed TPM. The framework distinguishes between “hard” and “soft” TPM and identifies 6 subtypes of soft TPM including extent of use, frustration, obfuscation, omission, decomposition, and threat. The study concludes that soft TPM are common in licensed scholarly resources and while hard TPM are less common, they are not unknown. The framework provides a vocabulary to distinguish between different types of use restrictions and to therefore test which use restrictions may create more usability problems.
Nutrient dynamics of vegetation and detritus following two intensities of fire in the New Jersey pine barrens

The nutrient dynamics of upland forest sites in the New Jersey Pine Barrens exposed to different fire intensities were determined. Nutrient concentrations and inventories in biomass, litter, humus, and standing dead wood were determined for an unburned site, two sites burned by severe wildfire and two sites burned by light prescribed burning. Humus nutrient levels were similar among sites despite differing fire histories. Amounts of calcium, magnesium, and potassium in biomass and in litter were lower in wildfire sites than in prescribed burn sites, all of which were lower than the control. Standing dead wood nutrient levels were much higher in the wildfire sites than in the other three sites. Output of nutrients to groudwater correlated poorly with the amounts of nutrients retained in humus or standing dead wood; however strong inverse correlations were found between nutrient output and nutrient storage in biomass or biomass plus litter and humus. These results emphasize the central role of nutrient immobilization in regrowing biomass in after fire on nutrient poor soils.
PARENTAL AWARENESS AND CHILD ABUSE: A Cognitive‐Developmental Analysis of Urban and Rural Samples

A cognitive-developmental analysis of parental reasoning on child-rearing issues is presented and applied in two controlled studies of parents of abused or neglected children. Significant differences in parental awareness were found between urban parents and their controls; this relationship is sustained in a rural sample, controlling for child handicap as well as for other familial characteristics.
Interleukin-12-based immunotherapy against rat 9L glioma.

OBJECTIVE Interleukin-12 (IL-12) may be useful for immunotherapy against gliomas because it can reverse the glioma-induced suppression of T-cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production. We postulated that peripheral infusion of IL-12 along with irradiated tumor cells can lead to immunological rejection of 9L glioma. METHODS 9L gliosarcoma flank tumors were established in syngeneic Fischer 344 rats. Osmotic minipumps delivered IL-12 subcutaneously, and irradiated 9L cells were injected on Days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Tumor volumes were measured by a blinded observer. For tumor rechallenge, animals initially cured of 9L flank tumors received either another implantation of flank tumor or a stereotactic injection of 10(6) 9L cells into the right striatum. Delayed-type hypersensitivity was measured after injecting 10(6) irradiated 9L tumor cells into the right pinnae. RESULTS Tumor growth curves were significantly different between treated and control animals. Among the animals that received 1 ng per day of IL-12, 40% did not develop any measurable tumors at all. A combination of irradiated 9L cells and IL-12 was necessary for optimal effect. Cured animals rejected future flank tumors. All animals rechallenged with intraparenchymal brain tumors survived, whereas control animals all died by Day 22. Delayed-type hypersensitivity measurements showed a specific and long-lasting response against 9L cells. CONCLUSION Continuous administration of the lymphokine IL-12, in the presence of irradiated tumor cells for antigen presentation, circumvents the need for gene transfection for generating tumor cell vaccines. We have demonstrated that the combination of IL-12 and irradiated tumor cells can lead to regression of 9L flank tumors and resistance to future flank and central nervous system tumor challenges.
The School Sociologist: A New Role for the Public School.

An argument is made for the usefulness of sociology in solving current problems of the public school and for the creation of a new professional role—the school sociologist—to carry this out. Five areas of sociological knowledge useful to the school are discussed: family and community life, youth culture and adolescence, organization and bureaucracy, teaching as a profession, and the school as a social system. Specific tasks that the school sociologist would undertake are then discussed, followed by an analysis of how the sociologist would fit into and work within the school organization. Finally, suggestions are made about university training for the job and the kind of curriculum necessary for that purpose.