cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vector Fields, Algebras and Groups Generated by a System of Ordinary Differential Equations and their Properties

Consider the algebra D (P, G) of the functions D = {cφ1(x), φ2(x),...} in the domain \(\tilde G = I \times G,G \in {R^n}\) , of existence and uniqueness of autonomous system⋆ $$\frac{{dx}}{{dt}} = f(x)$$ (1.1) solution. Define the algebra of functions D as a set of functions over a field P which contains every function together with its product on any number α ∈ P and contains every two functions together with their sum and product. This algebra is commutative, associative, and hass a unit. The functions D can be real or complexvalued, analytical, smooth (i.e. infinitely differentiable) or simply belong to the class C k , k ≺ +∞. The open set G, together with the differentiable structure D(G), is called a differentiable manifold. In the case when the algebra D(G) is produced by all possible analytical (real or complex) functions, D(G) is called an analytical (real or complex) manifold. To emphasize the field over which the manifold is considered, let us write D (K, G) for the complex case and D (R, G) for the real case. These notations can be represented in the unique form D(P, G). Further, if the opposite statement is not mentioned, the analytical manifold will be considered.
Comparison of anion exchange resins for recovering plutonium from nitric acid waste

Microreticular and macroreticular anion exchange resins were compared for their capability of recovering plutonium from nitric acid waste streams. Plutonium breakthrough capacity and elution behavior of the resins were determined as a function of resin properties. Small-bead microreticular resins with a polystyrene matrix containing 4% divinylbenzene cross-linkage showed the best performance. Of the 20- to 50-mesh resins, the macroreticular resin, Amberlite IRA-938, gave the highest plutonium breakthrough capacity and eluted plutonium the fastest.
Atypical Forms of Employment Contracts in Times of Crisis

This working paper builds on previous research undertaken by the ETUI on the impact of the economic and financial crisis on labour law reforms in EU Member States. It maps the landscape and evolutions in the regulation of atypical employment contracts, analysing how some of these evolutions can be related to the context of the economic and financial crisis.The paper uses a country-by-country analysis, pinpointing the main trends and tendencies regarding atypical employment and how the crisis has been used to push through reforms in this area.
3D Photonic Crystals: From Microwaves to Optical Frequencies

An overview of the theoretical and experimental efforts in obtaining a photonic band gap, a frequency band in three-dimensional dielectric structures in which electromagnetic waves are forbidden, is presented.
Mensch und Maschine Eine Computer-Metapher

Die Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Maschine hat nicht nur die gesellschaftlichen Organisationsformen verandert, sondern auch die Begriffe verwandelt, in denen der Mensch zu denken gewohnt war. Dies gilt besonders fur begriffliche Vorstellungen, die dazu dienen, die menschliche Natur selbst zu bestimmen. Jacques Ellul beschreibt den tiefgreifenden Einflus der Maschinen als weit uber die blose Anpassung des Menschen an die Maschine hinausgehend.
High-resolution acoustic imaging from a borehole to detect a nearby well

Abstract A new imaging application is presented using sonic waveform data for ranging to locate a nearby borehole. The challenge of locating a nearby well from a borehole is commonly addressed with...
Environmental Justice: the Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution.

The grassroots movement that placed environmental justice issues on the national stage around 1980 was soon followed up by research documenting the correlation between pollution and race and poverty. This work has established inequitable exposure to nuisances as a stylized fact of social science. In this paper, we review the environmental justice literature, especially where it intersects with work by economists. First we consider the literature documenting evidence of disproportionate exposure. We particularly consider the implications of modeling choices about spatial relationships between polluters and residents, and about conditioning variables. Next, we evaluate the theory and evidence for four possible mechanisms that may lie behind the patterns seen: disproportionate siting on the firm side, "coming to the nuisance" on the household side, market-like coordination of the two, and discriminatory politics and/or enforcement. We argue that further research is needed to understand how much weight to give each mechanism. Finally, we discuss some policy options.
A Quantitative, Pilot Investigation of a Service-Learning Trip as a Platform for Growth of Empathy

This work presents the quantitative findings from a multi-method study investigating service-learning as a platform to promote empathy growth within engineering undergraduates. Qualitative results from this study have previously demonstrated the potential of service-learning activities to support the development of empathy by leveraging group dynamics, interactions with the community, and self-reflection. A repeated measures design using the Davis’ Interpersonal Relativity Index (IRI) was administered to the 14 undergraduate student participants before and after a service learning experience. Exploratory quantitative findings indicating the potential of service-learning and the use of reflection as a platform for the growth of empathy, particularly within the IRI constructs of empathic concern and perspective taking, are presented. These findings, along with associated limitations, demonstrate the importance of further investigation into the use of service-learning, and other community-engaged student learning (CESL) activities as platforms for empathy development among undergraduate engineering students.
Rate of decay of turbulent kinetic energy in abruptly stabilized Ekman boundary layers

In the late afternoon, the surface temperature drops below air temperature and the lower atmosphere's density stratification becomes stable. A simple model that predicts the rate at which turbulence kinetic energy and mixing decrease after the onset of stable stratification is presented.
Acceptable Wait Time Models at Transit Bus Stops

This study aimed at determining patrons’ acceptable wait times beyond the bus scheduled arrival time at bus stops in Washington, DC and to develop accompanying prediction models to provide decision-makers with additional tools to improve patronage. The research primarily relied on a combination of manual and video-based data collection efforts. Manual field data collection was used for surveying patrons to obtain their suggested acceptable wait times at bus stops, while video-based data collection was used to obtain bus stop characteristics and operations. In all, 3,388 bus patrons at 71 selected bus stops were surveyed. Also, operational data for 2,070 bus arrival events on 226 routes were extracted via video playback. Data were collected for AM peak, PM peak and mid-day periods of nine-month duration from May 2018 through January 2019. The results of the survey showed that the minimum acceptable wait time beyond the scheduled arrival time was reported to be 1 minute, while the maximum acceptable wait time was reported to be 20 minutes. Regression analyses were conducted to develop models to predict the maximum acceptable wait time based on factors including temperature, presence of shelter at the bus stops, average headway of buses, and patrons’ knowledge of bus arrival times. The models were developed for A.M., P.M. and mid-day periods. The F-Statistics for the models were determined to be statistically significant with p values
Beyond STEAM: Integrative inquiry in the Antarctic

In the U.S. Antarctic Program, NSF-funded scientists—most from universities—perform basic research in geosciences and other disciplines at research stations or field camps throughout the continent ...
Stress-induced Norepinephrine Downregulates CCL2 in Macrophages to Suppress Tumor Growth in a Model of Malignant Melanoma

Psychological stressors have been implicated in the progression of various tumor types. We investigated a role for stress in tumor immune cell chemotaxis in the B16F10 mouse model of malignant melanoma. We exposed female mice to 6-hour periods of restraint stress (RST) for 7 days, then implanted B16F10 malignant melanoma tumor cells and continued the RST paradigm for 14 additional days. We determined serum corticosterone and liver catecholamine concentrations in these mice. To evaluate the tumor microenvironment, we performed IHC and examined cytokine expression profiles using ELISA-based analysis of tumor homogenates. We found that tumors in mice subjected to RST grew significantly slower, had reduced tumor C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), and contained fewer F4/80-positive macrophages than tumors from unstressed mice. We observed a concomitant increase in norepinephrine among the RST mice. An in vitro assay confirmed that norepinephrine downregulates CCL2 production in both mouse and human macrophages, and that pretreatment with the pan-β-adrenergic receptor inhibitor nadolol rescues this activity. Furthermore, RST had no effect on tumor growth in transgenic CCL2-deficient mice. This study suggests that stress reduces malignant melanoma by reducing recruitment of tumor-promoting macrophages by CCL2.
The neurobiology of suicide in psychosis: A systematic review:

The lifetime risk of dying by suicide in schizophrenia and related psychoses has been estimated to be approximately between 5% and 7%, though some have estimated that the number is closer to 10%. The highest risk for suicide occurs within the first year after presentation, when patients have a 12 times greater risk of dying by suicide than the general population, or a 60% higher risk compared with patients in other phases of psychosis, although the risk continues for many years. Some 31% of all deaths in first and early episode samples are due to suicide. Studies in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR) or with attenuated positive symptoms also demonstrate that suicidality is common and problematic in these individuals. Therefore, suicide in psychosis is a particularly severe problem. In order to develop interventions aimed at reducing the risk of suicide in psychotic individuals, it will be critical to understand the neurobiology of suicide in psychosis. In this paper, I report on the results of a systematic review of the work done to date on the neurobiology of suicide in psychosis and on suicidality in the CHR period. I will also identify gaps in knowledge and discuss future strategies for studying the neurobiology of suicidality in psychosis that may help to disentangle the links between suicide and psychosis and, by doing so, allow us to gain a greater understanding of the relationship between suicide and psychosis, which is critical for developing interventions aimed at reducing the risk of suicide in psychotic individuals.
Growth and mortality of the giant arapaima in Guyana: Implications for recovery of an over-exploited population

Abstract Arapaima are endemic to tropical South America and are among the largest freshwater fishes in the world. Although their populations have been harvested intensely for more than a century they are poorly studied. Here, we estimated for the first time, age, growth, and mortality rates for a Guyanese population of arapaima. Analyses were based on growth ring deposition on scales for 223 individuals (20 208 cm total length, TL), including ages 0 8. Rings on scales were annuli, and the scale radius versus total length relation was cubic. Theoretical maximum TL (∼192 cm) was less than maximum observed length (∼240 cm), but that estimate may have been biased downward by size-selective removal of faster-growing juveniles. Back-calculated TL at first annulus increased 18.6 cm between early and later year-classes, indicating removal of fast-growing juveniles in earlier years. Size-selective harvests may have delayed maturity of average survivors by two years. Comparison of length-mass relationships indicate that, for a given length, Guyanese arapaima will be much heavier than those from central Brazil. Annual total mortality was 62 72 % (ages 2 5 or 6), a rate that precludes notable harvests and that may suggest ongoing illegal harvests.
Nonequilibrium Solvent Effects during Photodissociation in Liquids: Dynamical Energy Surfaces, Caging, and Chemical Identity

In the gas phase, potential energy surfaces can be used to provide insight into the details of photochemical reaction dynamics. In solution, however, it is unclear what potential energy surfaces, if any, can be used to describe even simple chemical reactions such as the photodissociation of a diatomic solute. In this paper, we use mixed quantum/classical (MQC) molecular dynamics (MD) to study the photodissociation of Na2+ in both liquid Ar and liquid tetrahydrofuran (THF). We examine both the gas-phase potential surfaces and potentials of mean force (PMF), which assume that the solvent remains at equilibrium with the solute throughout the photodissociation process and show that neither resemble a nonequilibrium dynamical energy surface that is generated by taking the time integral of work. For the photodissociation of Na2+ in liquid Ar, the dynamical energy surface shows clear signatures of solvent caging, and the degree of caging is directly related to the mass of the solvent atoms. For Na2+ in liquid THF, local specific interactions between the solute and solvent lead to changes in chemical identity that create a kinetic trap that effectively prevents the molecule from dissociating. The results show that nonequilibrium effects play an important role even in simple solution-phase reactions, requiring the use of dynamical energy surface to understand such chemical events.
DO MINIMUM WAGE INCREASES INFLUENCE WORKER HEALTH?: MINIMUM WAGES AND HEALTH

This study investigates whether minimum wage increases in the United States affect an important non-market outcome: worker health. To study this question, we use data on lesser-skilled workers from the 1993-2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Surveys coupled with differences-in-differences and triple-difference models. We find little evidence that minimum wage increases lead to improvements in overall worker health. In fact, we find some evidence that minimum wage increases may decrease some aspects of health, especially among unemployed male workers. We also find evidence that increases reduce mental strain among employed workers.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Assessment of sex differences in ventricular-vascular coupling of left ventricular and aortic flow derived from 4D flow MRI in healthy, young adults

Abstract To gain further insight into male–female differences in cardiovascular conditions it is important to understand sex differences in healthy populations. A previous study from our group of 39 healthy young volunteers (20–35 years) paradoxically found that men had greater left ventricular (LV) kinetic energy (KE) but women had greater LV vorticity. We reanalyzed cardiac four-dimensional flow MRI data from 20 of the original subjects (10 male and 10 female) to quantify aortic flow in addition to LV flow. The combination of LV and aortic flow parameters were then used to calculate ventricular vascular coupling of KE and vorticity. The sex difference found in LV flow were not found in aortic flow and the ventricular-vascular coupling of LV-to-aortic flow was similar between men and women. Dimensional analysis to account for differences in cardiac output and ventricular volume explained the differences found in LV flow. The analysis methods and results of this study may be of further use in understanding ventricular vascular coupling of transported flow variables in healthy sex differences, healthy aging, and various cardiovascular conditions.
A social work perspective on the opioid solution: a community-based expansion of the hub-and-spoke ecosystem

Opioid use and overdose deaths have reached epidemic proportions in the U.S. Despite the opioid epidemic being broad, pervasive and multi-faceted, it has been addressed with a disaggregated acute c...
On the PTAS for Maximin Shares in an Indivisible Mixed Manna

We study fair allocation of indivisible items, both goods and chores, under the popular fairness notion of maximin share (MMS). The problem is well-studied when there are only goods (or chores), where a PTAS to compute the MMS values of agents is well-known. In contrast, for the mixed manna, a recent result showed that finding even an approximate MMS value of an agent up to any approximation factor in (0,1] is NP-hard for general instances. In this paper, we complement the hardness result by obtaining a PTAS to compute the MMS value when its absolute value is at least 1/p times either the total value of all the goods or total cost of all the chores, for some constant p valued at least 1.
An Examination of the Factor Structure of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory.

The Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI), a 60-item self-report measure, assesses the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Hexaflex. The factor structure of the MPFI was examine...
Carbon arc for nanoparticles production: Anode ablation rate and the value of the anode voltage drop

Ablation of a graphite anode by an arc is used to produce nanoparticles. The flow of the ablated carbon particles hampers access of plasma ions to the anode sheath. While the ablation rate is low, ions are still capable of reaching the sheath, where they counter the electric charge of electrons, anode voltage drop is negative. At ablation rates higher than some critical value, the flow of the ablating particles sweeps the plasma ions from the anode proximity; electron electric charge dominates in the sheath and the anode voltage drop turns positive. In these regimes, ions in the plasma move away from the anode and, therefore, they should be generated inside the sheath. The processes in the plasma in the case of positive anode voltage drop together with the process of ion generation inside the sheath are considered. The dependence of the anode voltage drop on the ablation rate is calculated and compared with available experimental data. A good correspondence is found.
Primary structure of T4 DNA polymerase. Evolutionary relatedness to eucaryotic and other procaryotic DNA polymerases.

Abstract Bacteriophage T4 gene 43 codes for the viral DNA polymerase. We report here the sequence of gene 43 and about 70 nucleotides of 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences, determined by both DNA and RNA sequencing. We have also purified T4 DNA polymerase from T4 infected Escherichia coli and from E. coli containing a gene 43 overexpression vector. A major portion of the deduced amino acid sequence has been verified by peptide mapping and sequencing of the purified DNA polymerase. All these results are consistent with T4 DNA polymerase having 898 amino acids with a calculated Mr = 103,572. Comparison of the primary structure of T4 DNA polymerase with the sequence of other procaryotic and eucaryotic DNA polymerases indicates that T4 DNA polymerase has regions of striking similarity with animal virus DNA polymerases and human DNA polymerase alpha. Surprisingly, T4 DNA polymerase shares only limited similarity with E. coli polymerase I and no detectable similarity with T7 DNA polymerase. Based on the location of specific mutations in T4 DNA polymerase and the conservation of particular sequences in T4 and eucaryotic DNA polymerases, we propose that the NH2-terminal half of T4 DNA polymerase forms a domain that carries out the 3'----5' exonuclease activity whereas the COOH-terminal half of the polypeptide contains the dNTP-binding site and is necessary for DNA synthesis.
Antibody-ligand interactions studied by fluorescence enhancement methods. I. Properties of the ligands 4-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate and 6-anilinonaphthalene-2-sulfonate.

Abstract The arylnaphthalenesulfonates, 4-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate and 6-anilnonaphthalene-2-sulfonate, are shown to be suitable ligands for measuring specific binding to antibodies against the respective azonaphtthalenesulfonates,4-azonaphthalene-1-sulfonate and 6-azonaphthalene-2-sulfonate, by the method of fluorescence enhancement. Antibodies against the latter structure have not been studied previously. Each ligand, which is essentially non-fluorescence in aqueous solution shows enhanced fluorescence when bound to antibody against the homologous azonaphthalenesulfonate. The maximum fluorescence of each ligand when occupying sites of the homologous antibody was about 600 times the fluorescence shown by the ligand in the presence of normal rabbit γ-globulin. The enhanced fluorescence of each ligand when bound to antibody appears to depend in part on the hydrophobic character of its environment so that these ligands may serve to map out the hydrophobic region of an antibody site. However the contribution of other factors to the observed fluorescence enhancement must be first evaluated. The fluorescent properties of the ligands and the corresponding toluidinyl analogues were also studied when these compounds were in solutions of organic solvents and when bound to serum albumin.
Property Rights vs. Utilitarianism: Two Views of Ethics

This paper compares and contrasts the various attributes of two ethical systems, utilitarianism and property rights. Utilitarianism is the ethical position taken by the vast majority of economists as well as politicians and bureaucrats. However, upon close examination, several major flaws can be seen with the utilitarian approach. The property rights approach to ethics goes a long way toward overcoming these flaws.
The NESS Account of Natural Causation: A Response to Criticisms

The NESS (necessary element of a sufficient set) account of natural (scientific, ‘actual’, ‘factual’) causation is usually acknowledged to be a more satisfactory and comprehensive account than the traditional sine qua non (‘but for’) account. However, objections have been raised to the claim that the NESS account fully captures the concept of natural causation and properly handles all types of situations. Various types of counter-examples have been proposed. More fundamentally, it is argued that the NESS account is viciously circular, since causal terminology often is used in its elaboration and it relies upon the concept of causal laws. Many of the objections raised against the NESS account assume that it is essentially the same as Herbert Hart’s and Tony Honore’s ‘causally relevant factor’ account and John Mackie’s INUS account. In section II of this chapter I distinguish these three accounts, which differ in important ways that make the latter two accounts vulnerable to objections to which the NESS account is immune, and I offer an account of causal laws that I believe rebuts the claim that the NESS account is viciously circular. In section III I argue that the NESS account handles properly the various types of situations that have been raised as alleged counter-examples to its comprehensive validity.
Parties and Policymaking in Multiparty Governments: The Legislative Median, Ministerial Autonomy, and the Coalition Compromise

In parliamentary democracies, governments are typically composed of multiple political parties working together in a coalition. Such governments must confront a fundamental challenge in policymaking�the preferences of coalition parties often diverge significantly, but the government can adopt only one common policy on any specific issue. This fact raises a critical question that has far-reaching implications for the quality of democratic representation: Whose preferences are ultimately reflected in coalition policy choices? In this study, we explore three competing answers to this question derived from the theoretical literature on multiparty governance and parliamentary institutions. Our findings, based on an analysis of the legislative history of more than 1,000 government bills from three parliamentary democracies, strongly suggest that coalition policies reflect a compromise between government parties rather than the preferences of the ministers proposing them or the preferences of the median party in the legislature.
Because I Said So: Practical Authority in Plato’s Crito

This essay is an analysis of the central arguments in Plato’s Crito. The dialogue shows, in a variety of ways, that the opinion of another person can have practical relevance in one’s deliberations about what to do – e.g. as an argument, as a piece of expert advice, as a threat. Especially important among these forms of practical relevance is the relevance of authoritative commands. In the dialogue, the Laws of Athens argue that Socrates must accept his sentence of death, because he must regard the court’s verdict as a command from a practical authority – the city. The Laws’ arguments rely on special features of authority-reasons that many commentators have overlooked. This article explains why the Law’s arguments are unsuccessful. Finally, it is argued that Socrates’ description of ‘the many’ suggests that the city lacks the deliberative capacity necessary for possessing practical authority.1
η ′ →ηππ decay as a probe of a possible lowest-lying scalar nonet

We study the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay within an effective chiral Lagrangian approach in which the lowest lying scalar meson candidates $\ensuremath{\sigma}(560)$ and $\ensuremath{\kappa}(900)$ together with the ${f}_{0}(980)$ and ${a}_{0}(980)$ are combined into a possible nonet. We show that there exists a unique choice of the free parameters of this model which, in addition to fitting the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}K$ scattering amplitudes, well describes the experimental measurements for the partial decay width of ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and the energy dependence of this decay. As a by-product, we estimate the ${a}_{0}(980)$ width to be 70 MeV, in agreement with a new experimental analysis.
Differentiating Delinquent Youths for Program Planning and Evaluation

There is general agreement that delinquent youths are not all alike and, consequently, cannot be expected to respond to a given program in the same way. Program effects may be positive or negative, depending on person-program interactions. The aim of this article is to introduce a method for creating treatment-relevant typologies that can be continually developed and linked to outcomes within the context of an information system. To increase understanding of interactions between programs and client outcomes, a typology of clients was created based on 14 personality scales, using scores obtained at the point of program admission. This article reports on the methods used to construct the typology, the substance of the classification system, and the steps that are being taken to ensure its continued development. It also emphasizes the advantage to typology development of ongoing access to an information system that includes recidivism and other outcome data.
Comment on "Molecular phylogenies link rates of evolution and speciation" (I).

Webster et al . ([ 1 ][1]) reported an association between rates of speciation and molecular evolution, suggesting that speciation is often accompanied by Mayrian genetic revolutions, or molecular punctuated equilibria. This important finding has been hinted at in previous studies ([ 2 ][2]).
Formation of Nanometer-Sized Surface Platinum Oxide Clusters on a Stepped Pt(557) Single Crystal Surface Induced by Oxygen: A High-Pressure STM and Ambient-Pressure XPS Study

We studied the oxygen-induced restructuring process on a stepped Pt(557) single crystal surface using high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy (HP-STM) and ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) at O2 pressures up to 1 Torr. HP-STM has revealed that nanometer-sized clusters are created on Pt(557) at 1 Torr of O2 and at room temperature. These clusters are identified as surface Pt oxide by AP-XPS. The appearance of clusters is preceded by the formation of 1D chain structures at the step edges. By using a Pt(111) surface as a reference, it was found that the step sites are the nucleation centers for the formation of surface oxide clusters. These surface oxide clusters disappear and the stepped structure is restored on Pt(557) after evacuating O2 to 10–8 Torr. Changes in the surface oxide concentration in response to variations in the O2 gas pressure are repeatable for several cycles. Our results that small clusters are initiated at step sites at high pressures demonstrate the importan...
Balancing cell migration with matrix degradation enhances gene delivery to cells cultured three-dimensionally within hydrogels

In regenerative medicine, hydrogels are employed to fill defects and support the infiltration of cells that can ultimately regenerate tissue. Gene delivery within hydrogels targeting infiltrating cells has the potential to promote tissue formation, but the delivery efficiency of non-viral vectors within hydrogels is low, hindering their applicability in tissue regeneration. To improve their functionality, we have conducted a mechanistic study to investigate the contribution of cell migration and matrix degradation on gene delivery. In this report, lipoplexes were entrapped within hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) crosslinked with peptides containing matrix metalloproteinase degradable sequences. The mesh size of these hydrogels is substantially less than the size of the entrapped lipoplexes, which can function to retain vectors. Cell migration and transfection were simultaneously measured within hydrogels with varying density of cell adhesion sites (Arg-Gly-Asp peptides) and solids content. Increasing RGD density increased expression levels up to 100-fold, while greater solids content sustained expression levels for 16 days. Increasing RGD density and decreasing solids content increased cell migration, which indicates expression levels increase with increased cell migration. Initially exposing cells to vector resulted in transient expression that declined after 2 days, verifying the requirement of migration to sustain expression. Transfected cells were predominantly located within the population of migrating cells for hydrogels that supported cell migration. Although the small mesh size retained at least 70% of the lipoplexes in the absence of cells after 32 days, the presence of cells decreased retention to 10% after 16 days. These results indicate that vectors retained within hydrogels contact migrating cells, and that persistent cell migration can maintain elevated expression levels. Thus, matrix degradation and cell migration are fundamental design parameters for maximizing gene delivery within hydrogels.
Misuse of the Mood Disorders Questionnaire as a case-finding measure and a critique of the concept of using a screening scale for bipolar disorder in psychiatric practice.

Zimmerman M. Misuse of the Mood Disorders Questionnaire as a case-finding measure and a critique of the concept of using a screening scale for bipolar disorder in psychiatric practice. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 127–134. © 2012 The Author. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: Under-recognition of bipolar disorder (BD) is common and incurs significant costs for individuals and society. Clinicians are often encouraged to use screening instruments to help them identify patients with the disorder. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is the most widely studied measure for this purpose. Some studies, however, have used the MDQ as a case-finding instrument rather than a screening scale. Such inappropriate use of screening scales risks distorting perceptions about many facets of BD, from its prevalence to its consequences. Methods: Studies using the MDQ were reviewed to identify those reports that have used the scale as a case-finding measure rather than a screening scale. Results: Multiple studies were identified in the BD literature that used the MDQ as a diagnostic proxy. The findings of these studies were misinterpreted because of the failure to make the distinction between screening and case-finding. Conclusions: Inappropriate conclusions have been drawn regarding the prevalence, morbidity, and diagnostic under-recognition of BD in studies that rely on the MDQ as a diagnostic proxy. A conceptual critique is offered against the use of self-administered screening questionnaires for the detection of BD in psychiatric settings.
NMR spectra of halopermethylpolysilanes

Abstract Proton NMR spectra were determined for the series X(SiMe2)nX (n = 3, 4, 6 and X  F, Cl, I) and Me(SiMe2)6X. Fluorine-19 NMR spectrafor the fluorosilanes of these series were also determined. The chemical shift of the methyl protons of the SiMe2X group appears at higher field as the chain length increases. This chemical shift also is at higher field for monohalopolysilanes than for the corresponding dihalopolysilanes. These observations are consistent with increased donation from halogens to vacant polysilane orbitals with increased chain length and with transmission of the effect of a second halogen through the silicon chain.
Renal Hemodynamic Response to Vasopressor Agents in the Treatment of Shock

Norepinephrine, when administered to normotensive subjects by continuous intravenous infusion produces a marked renal vasoconstriction and a reduction in renal blood flow. The opposite response is observed when this drug is given to patients in whom glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow are already depressed due to shock. When the blood pressure in these patients is returned to normal with norepinephrine, there is an increase in both glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. There is also an increase in water and electrolyte excretion which is secondary to the increase in glomerular filtration rate.
Fat brains, greedy genes, and parent power: A biobehavioural risk model of child and adult obesity

We live in a world replete with opportunities to overeat highly calorific, palatable foods - yet not everyone becomes obese. Why? We propose that individuals show differences in appetitive traits (e.g. food cue responsiveness, satiety sensitivity) that manifest early in life and predict their eating behaviours and weight trajectories. What determines these traits? Parental feeding restriction is associated with higher child adiposity, pressure to eat with lower adiposity, and both strategies with less healthy eating behaviours, while authoritative feeding styles coincide with more positive outcomes. But, on the whole, twin and family studies argue that nature has a greater influence than nurture on adiposity and eating behaviour, and behavioural investigations of genetic variants that are robustly associated with obesity (e.g. FTO) confirm that genes influence appetite. Meanwhile, a growing body of neuroimaging studies in adults, children and high risk populations suggests that structural and functional variation in brain networks associated with reward, emotion and control might also predict appetite and obesity, and show genetic influence. Together these different strands of evidence support a biobehavioural risk model of obesity development. Parental feeding recommendations should therefore acknowledge the powerful - but modifiable - contribution of genetic and neurological influences to children's eating behaviour.
Gangliocytic paraganglioma of the duodenum: report of cytologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of a case.

A case of gangliocytic paraganglioma of the duodenum is reported, including light microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical characteristics. The cytologic appearance, as might be seen in fine-needle aspiration smears, indicates a neoplasm with three cellular components (epithelioid, ganglion, and spindle cells) seen histologically by light and electron microscopy. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:314-9.
A single-tube radioimmunoassay for the antiviral agent 2,6-diamino-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)purine (A134U)

Abstract A direct radioimmunoassay for the detection of A134U in biological fluids and extracts has been developed. The entire assay, including scintillation counting, is performed using 12 × 55mm centrifuge tubes and results in a sensitive, reliable, and relatively inexpensive procedure. The log-logit transformation is linear over a range of 1 to 30 pmol per sample. Intra-assay precision was found to be excellent with a coefficient of variation ranging from 4.1 to 14.5% for the standard curve with plasma and a coefficient of variation ranging from 4.0 to 17.8% for the standard curve with urine. Interassay precision and accuracy were also found to be good. With the antisera chosen for use, no cross-reactivity was found with acyclovir or its two known metabolites, while some cross-reactivity was seen with the corresponding two derivatives of A134U. Only very minor cross-reactivities were seen with a small number of other compounds out of a large number tested.
Joint elements, stress post‐processing and superconvergent extraction with application to Mohr–Coulomb failure

In this study we investigate issues related to stress post-processing and superconvergent extraction techniques for finite element analysis involving joint elements. The behaviour of joint elements is first compared with more standard finite element models and homogenization techniques. Then the interface stress extraction problem is investigated. Finally we extend and apply this idea to Mohr–Coulomb failure. Supporting numerical studies are conducted to demonstrate the ideas and their implications. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The angiotensin infusion test as a method of evaluating left ventricular function.

Abstract Fifteen patients had left ventricular function measured by the angiotensin infusion method. Seven patients had no evidence of heart disease, and eight patients had angina pectoris and coronary arteriographic evidence of coronary disease without congestive heart failure. During angiotensin infusion, those patients without heart disease had a decrease in cardiac index (average, 0.63 L. per minute per square meter) and a decrease in heart rate (average, 12 beats per minute). The ventricular function curve had a poor SWI response in four of the seven subjects. The patients with coronary artery disease also had a reduction in cardiac index during angiotensin (average, 0.44 L. per minute per square meter) and the heart rate was unchanged in four subjects, increased in two subjects, and decreased in two subjects. Six of the subjects had flat or descending slopes on the function curve, and in one subject there was only a very gradual ascending slope. Many of the curves of both groups looked similar so that the function curves did not differentiate between those patients with or without heart disease. The mechanism for production of bradycardia, reduction of cardiac output, and depressed function curves with angiotensin is multifactorial, but is probably due to the baroreceptor reflex response, the increase in coronary artery resistance, and possibly to the direct effect of increased left ventricular afterload itself. The ventricular response to angiotensin is so variable that the angiotensin infusion method of evaluating ventricular function is not reliable.
Construction of an extreme ultraviolet polarimeter based on high-order harmonic generation

We report on the development of a polarimeter for characterizing reflective surfaces throughout the extreme ultraviolet (EUV). The instrument relies on laser high-order harmonics generated in helium, neon, or argon gas. The 800 nm laser generates a discrete comb of odd harmonics up to order 100 (wavelengths from 8-62 nm). The flux of EUV light is a couple orders of magnitude less than a synchrotron source but 30,000 times greater than a plasma source currently in operation at BYU. The polarimeter determines the reflectance from surfaces as a function of incident angle, linear light polarization orientation, and wavelength. The instrument uses a wave plate in the laser beam to control the orientation of the harmonic polarization (linear, same as laser). After reflecting from the sample, the harmonic beams are dispersed by a grating and focused onto a micro-channel plate coupled to a phosphor screen. We have demonstrated the feasibility of this project with a simple prototype instrument, which measured the reflectance of samples from 30 nm to 62 nm. The prototype demonstrated that sensitivity is sufficient for measuring reflectances as low as 0.5% for both s- and p-polarized light. The full instrument employs extensive scanning mobility as opposed to the fixed angle and fixed wavelength range of our earlier prototype. An advantage of employing harmonics as a source for EUV polarimetry is that a wide range of wavelengths can be measured simultaneously. This project represents an authentic 'work-horse' application for high-order harmonics, as opposed to merely demonstrating proof of concept.
A Monte Carlo algorithm for computing the IBD matrices using incomplete marker information

Identity-By-Descent (IBD) is a general measurement of the relationship between two groups of genes. If the two groups consist of two homologous genes, one from each individual, the IBD is called the coancestry between the two individuals. Coancestry is an important concept in both population and quantitative genetics. It is the probability that both genes are copies of the same gene in the genealogy. The average coancestry value at a random locus in a population reflects the level of population diversity, effective population size, the level of inbreeding and other attributes. Coancestry is also the building block for the covariance structure used to estimate the additive genetic variance component for a quantitative trait. There are many other types of IBD matrices, depending on the natures of the genes included in each group, and these IBD matrices vary from locus to locus. Molecular markers distributed along the genome provide information that can be used to infer these locus-specific IBD matrices. As a result, we can estimate and test the variance components of a quantitative trait contributed by these loci using the inferred IBD matrices. In this study, we develop the concept of locus-specific epistatic IBD matrices and a Monte Carlo method to infer these IBD matrices. The method is suitable for large pedigrees with arbitrary complexity and various levels of missing marker information. With these locus-specific IBD matrices, we are ready to search for quantitative trait loci along the genome in complicated pedigrees.
Effects Of Rapid Thermal Processing On Device Reliability

Device reliability is an important issue for the introduction of a new process technique. In this paper, our experimental findings regarding the performance and stability of devices fabricated by rapid thermal processing (RTP) are presented. Test structures for this study include p-n junction diode, metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor, and n-channel MOS field-effect-transistor (MOSFET). The integrity of p-n junction is found to be wellpreserved by RTP. Charge trapping in the gate oxide of MOS capacitor is highly dependent on the RTP temperature and can be reduced to the level of furnace processed capacitor at higher temperature RTP condition. The performance of fresh n-channel MOSFET fabricated by RTP can be superior to conventional furnace processed ones. However, higher substrate current and charge trapping in the gate oxide of RTP processed devices cause slightly higher device instability as compared to the furnace annealed devices after accelerated stress.
Unilateral choanal atresia in identical twins:: case report and literature review

Choanal atresia is postulated to be secondary to an abnormality of the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane during the embryological period. This condition usually occurs sporadically, but has been described in siblings and successive generations. The genetics remain unclear. We present monozygotic twins with identical findings of unilateral choanal atresia and no other associated anomalies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such an occurrence.
Atrophy of the zona fasciculata in the adrenal cortex of thyroparathyroidectomized rats: A quantitative study

Atrophy of the adrenal gland induced by thyroparathyroidectomy (TPX) is attributable primarily to narrowing of the zona fasciculata. But absolute volumes of the adrenal gland and zona fasciculata, not the zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis, were decreased significantly 7 weeks after TPX. Changes consistent with atrophy were also seen in the zona fasciculata by electron microscopy. A slight decrease in volume of cytoplasm in cells of the zona fasciculata was evident 2 weeks after TPX as shown by quantitative stereological techniques. Seven weeks after TPX, there was a significant decrease in average cytoplasmic volume as well as mitochondrial volume and surface density of mitochondrial membranes. A decrease in total volume of the zona fasciculata, as well as volume per cell of mitochondria, correlates directly with decreased production of corticosterone in response to stress in TPX rats. Parathyroidectomy (PX) had no effect on the volume of the adrenal gland, on the volume of the individual cortical zones, or on the volume per cell of cytoplasm or mitochondria; these observations indicate that changes in TPX rats are due primarily to ablation of the thyroid gland.
Picturing African‐Americans: Readers reading magazine advertisements

In recent years, advertisements depicting stereotypes of African‐Americans have given way to advertising images that show African‐Americans as middle‐ and upper class consumers. This articles uses photo‐elicitation to study the meaning readers attach to advertising images of African‐American success. The results provide insight into how advertisements pull readers into a web of ideological meanings. The results also show how other social structures and their discursive frameworks, e.g., religion, education, political ideology, media and social class mitigate, inflect, deflect and reinforce readers’ readings of advertisements.
Correlation of hardness trends with d electron to atom ratio in refractory hard‐metals

Dempsey's assumption [1] of a metallic type band model for 3d, 4d, and 5d refractory hard-metals based on the donation of p electrons from the anion atom (B, C, N) into the transition metal cation d-band and his empirical correlation of melting temperature and electrical resistivity have been extended to indentation microhardness. It is seen that only the 4d diborides and the 5d dimetal carbides (bicarbides) violate the rule, and these only to shift the hardness maxima in their series from 5.5 d electrons per atom to 7.0 and 6.5 d electrons per atom, respectively. At any d electron per atom ratio, however, the order of compounds on the melting temperature and hardness plots can vary. Die Annahme von Dempsey [1] uber ein metallahnliches Bandermodell fur die schwer schmelzbaren 3d-, 4d- und 5d-Hartmetalle, das auf der Abgabe eines p-Elektrons vom Anionenatom (B, C, N) an das Ubergangsmetallkationen-d-Band beruht, und seine empirische Verknupfung von Schmelztemperatur und elektrischer Leitfahigkeit wird auf die Eindruck-Mikroharte ausgedehnt. Es wird gezeigt, das nur die 4d-Diboride und die 5d-Dimetallkarbide (Bikarbide) diese Regel verletzen und dies nur im Hinblick auf eine Verschiebung der Hartemaxima in ihrer Serie von 5,5 d-Elektronen pro Atom zu 7,0 bzw. 6,5 d-Elektronen pro Atom. Bei jedem Verhaltnis d-Elektronen/Atom kann jedoch die Anordnung der Verbindungen auf den Schmelzpunkt- und Hartekurven variieren.