cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with seroprevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in Mississippi, USA.

Abstract Anecdotally, Veterinary Feed Directive prescriptions in the southeastern United States (U.S.) are written most often for treatment and prevention of bovine anaplasmosis (BA) but seroprevalence estimates and factors associated with this disease are currently unavailable in Mississippi (MS). Bovine anaplasmosis, a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by Anaplasma marginale, remains an economically important disease in U.S. The lack of recent seroprevalence of BA throughout the U.S. makes accurate assessment of production losses incurred by the cattle industry in the U.S. difficult, if not impossible to estimate. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of and factors associated with BA in MS. Data were obtained from an active survey of 207 beef cows slaughtered between May 2013 and December, 2014 as well as from reviewing 5182 Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories (VDLs) records of specimens from MS submitted for BA testing between 2002 and 2018. From the active surveillance, the overall observed apparent seroprevalence of BA in MS with cELISA was 28.99% (95% CI: 23.23 — 35.50%) while the estimated true seroprevalence was 29.02% (22.74 — 36.07%). However, from the laboratory records, the overall apparent period seroprevalence of BA in MS between 2002 and 2018 irrespective of diagnostic assay used was 16.72% (15.73 — 17.76%) and yearly increase in the diagnosis of BA followed a significant trend (P
‘The wages of empire’: American inventions of mixed-race identities and Natasha Trethewey’s Thrall (2012)

ABSTRACTWithin her collection, Thrall (2012), Natasha Trethewey turns to Mexico’s eighteenth-century casta paintings to contemplate the enthralling nature of race and mixed-race identity in the Uni...
Objective sleep and physical activity using 24-hour ankle-worn accelerometry among toddlers from low-income families.

Abstract Objectives Poverty is a risk for short sleep duration and limited physical activity. This study describes sleep, physical activity, and sedentary behavior of Women, Infants, and Children–eligible toddlers and the proportion of toddlers meeting recommendations for sleep and physical activity, and examines associations with body mass index z scores and poverty. Participants/measurements A total of 101 toddlers (12-32 months) from low-income families (62% African American) wore 24-hour ankle accelerometers over 3-7 consecutive days. Concurrent validity for daytime napping was assessed using parent-reported toddler wake/sleep between 08:00 and 20:00 collected using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Logistic regressions predicted odds of meeting guidelines. Results Toddlers averaged 10.56 hours of sleep in 24 hours. All toddlers averaged ≥180 minutes of total activity per day, 38% had ≥60 minutes of moderate/vigorous physical activity per day, 32% of toddlers slept between 11 and 14 hours over 24 hours, and 26% had a bedtime before 9:00 pm . Body mass index z score was not associated with meeting guidelines. Poverty was associated with less than 60 minutes of moderate/vigorous physical activity. Conclusions Most toddlers were not meeting sleep guidelines. This study provides objective data on sleep and activity among a diverse sample of low-income toddlers. Objective measures of sleep and physical activity facilitate surveillance of children meeting guidelines for sleep and physical activity. Such norms are needed to examine disparities among children from varying racial and economic backgrounds. Future research should examine if meeting guidelines is related to other health indicators.
Heterogeneous antiretroviral drug distribution and HIV/SHIV detection in the gut of three species

HIV replication within tissues may increase in response to a reduced exposure to antiretroviral drugs. Traditional approaches to measuring drug concentrations in tissues are unable to characterize a heterogeneous drug distribution. Here, we used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to visualize the distribution of six HIV antiretroviral drugs in gut tissue sections from three species (two strains of humanized mice, macaques, and humans). We measured drug concentrations in proximity to CD3+ T cells that are targeted by HIV, as well as expression of HIV or SHIV RNA and expression of the MDR1 drug efflux transporter in gut tissue from HIV-infected humanized mice, SHIV-infected macaques, and HIV-infected humans treated with combination antiretroviral drug therapy. Serial 10-μm sections of snap-frozen ileal and rectal tissue were analyzed by MSI for CD3+ T cells and MDR1 efflux transporter expression by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The tissue slices were analyzed for HIV/SHIV RNA expression by in situ hybridization and for antiretroviral drug concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The gastrointestinal tissue distribution of the six drugs was heterogeneous. Fifty percent to 60% of CD3+ T cells did not colocalize with detectable drug concentrations in the gut tissue. In all three species, up to 90% of HIV/SHIV RNA was found to be expressed in gut tissue with no exposure to drug. These data suggest that there may be gut regions with little to no exposure to antiretroviral drugs, which may result in low-level HIV replication contributing to HIV persistence.
Correction to: Towards pixel-to-pixel deep nucleus detection in microscopy images.

Following publication of the original article [1], we have been notified of a few errors in the html version:
Assessing the Patient Safety Culture in Dentistry.

Objectives:Medical errors are among the leading causes of death within the United States. Studies have shown that patients can be harmed while receiving care, sometimes resulting in permanent injur...
White Matter Lesion Severity is Associated with Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Abstract Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and white matter lesion (WML) severity are associated with higher rates of death and disability in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A prior report identified an increased risk of IVH with greater WML burden but did not control for location of ICH. We sought to determine whether a higher degree of WML is associated with a higher risk of IVH after controlling for ICH location. Methods: Utilizing the patient population from 2 large ICH studies; the Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke (GERFHS III) Study and the Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage study, we graded WML using the Van Swieten Scale (0-1 for mild, 2 for moderate, and 3-4 for severe WML) and presence or absence of IVH in baseline CT scans. We used multivariable regression models to adjust for relevant covariates. Results: Among 3023 ICH patients, 1260 (41.7%) had presence of IVH. In patients with IVH, the proportion of severe WML (28.6%) was higher compared with patients without IVH (21.8%) (P
Seasonal changes in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) foliar chemistry

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere) is an eastern North American conifer threatened by the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand). Changes in foliar terpenes and pheno...
Preventing myocardial injury following non‐cardiac surgery: A potential role for preoperative antioxidant therapy with ubiquinone

Over 240 million non-cardiac operations occur each year and are associated with a 15-20% incidence of adverse perioperative cardiovascular events. Unfortunately, preoperative therapies that have been useful for chronic ischemic heart diseases, such as coronary artery revascularization, antiplatelet agents, and beta-blockers have failed to improve outcomes. In a pre-clinical swine model of ischemic heart disease, we showed that daily administration of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10, CoQ10) enhances the antioxidant status of mitochondria within chronically ischemic heart tissue, potentially via a PGC1α-dependent mechanism. In a randomized controlled trial, among high-risk patients undergoing elective vascular surgery, we showed that NT Pro-BNP levels are an important means of risk-stratification during the perioperative period and can be lowered with administration of CoQ10 (400 mg/day) for 3 days prior to surgery. The review provides background information for the role of oxidant stress and inflammation during high-risk operations and the potential novel application of ubiquinone as a preoperative antioxidant therapy that might reduce perioperative adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric intracranial aneurysms: comparison with an adult population in a 30-year, prospective database.

OBJECTIVE Pediatric intracranial aneurysms are rare. Most large series in the last 15 years reported on an average of only 39 patients. The authors sought to report their institutional experience with pediatric intracranial aneurysms from 1991 to 2021 and to compare pediatric patient and aneurysm characteristics with those of a contemporaneous adult cohort. METHODS Pediatric (≤ 18 years of age) and adult patients with one or more intracranial aneurysms were identified in a prospective database. Standard epidemiological features and outcomes of each pediatric patient were retrospectively recorded. These results were compared with those of adult aneurysm patients managed at a single institution over the same time period. RESULTS From a total of 4500 patients with 5150 intracranial aneurysms admitted over 30 years, there were 47 children with 53 aneurysms and 4453 adults with 5097 aneurysms; 53.2% of children and 36.4% of adults presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Pediatric aneurysms were significantly more common in males, more likely giant (≥ 25 mm), and most frequently located in the middle cerebral artery. Overall, 85.1% of the pediatric patients had a modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 2 at the last follow-up (with a mean follow-up of 65.9 months), and the pediatric mortality rate was 10.6%; all 5 patients who died had an SAH. The recurrence rate of treated aneurysms was 6.7% (1/15) in the endovascular group but 0% (0/31) in the microsurgical group. No de novo aneurysms occurred in children (mean follow-up 5.5 years). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric intracranial aneurysms are significantly different from adult aneurysms in terms of sex, presentation, location, size, and outcomes. Future prospective studies will better characterize long-term aneurysm recurrence, rebleeds, and de novo aneurysm occurrences. The authors currently favor microsurgical over endovascular treatment for pediatric aneurysms.
3-O-Carbamoyl-5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins: Synthesis and Preliminary Antiproliferative Evaluation.

To search for novel androgen receptor (AR) modulators for the potential treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), naturally occurring silibinin was sought after as a lead compound because it possesses a moderate potency towards AR-positive prostate cancer cells and its chemical scaffold is dissimilar to all currently marketed AR antagonists. On the basis of the structure–activity relationships that we have explored, this study aims to incorporate carbamoyl groups to the alcoholic hydroxyl groups of silibinin to improve its capability in selectively suppressing AR-positive prostate cancer cell proliferation together with water solubility. To this end, a feasible approach was developed to regioselectively introduce a carbamoyl group to the secondary alcoholic hydroxyl group at C-3 without causing the undesired oxidation at C2–C3, providing an avenue for achieving 3-O-carbamoyl-5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins. The application of the synthetic method can be extended to the synthesis of 3-O-carbamoyl-3′,4′,5,7-O-tetramethyltaxifolins. The antiproliferative potency of 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybin and its nine 3-carbamoyl derivatives were assessed in an AR-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and two AR-null prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU145). Our preliminary bioassay data imply that 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybin and four 3-O-carbamoyl-5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins emerge as very promising lead compounds due to the fact that they can selectively suppress AR-positive LNCaP cell proliferation. The IC50 values of these five 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins against the LNCaP cells fall into the range of 0.11–0.83 µM, which exhibit up to 660 times greater in vitro antiproliferative potency than silibinin. Our findings suggest that carbamoylated 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins could serve as a natural product-based scaffold for new antiandrogens for lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Photon-number parity oscillations in the resonant Jaynes–Cummings model

Abstract We study the time evolution of photon number parity operator for a single-mode quantized cavity field interacting with a two-level atom as described by the resonant Jaynes–Cummings model. With the field prepared in a coherent state and the atom prepared in its excited state, we find that the photon number parity undergoes oscillations at the Rabi frequency but only during the period between the collapse and revival of the Rabi oscillations of the atomic inversion. We explain this in terms of the global parity of the Jaynes–Cummings model. The phenomenon is related to the interference of the counter-rotating components of the field in phase space, which in turn gives rise to occurrence of highly oscillatory photon number probability distributions near half the revival time of the atomic inversion noted by Bužek et al. (Phys. Rev. A 45, 1992, p. 8190). Detection of the photon number oscillations would amount to a detection of this interference effect.
Affirmative Action and the Rights of the Majority

Honorable parties, seeking just remedies for social wrongs, often disagree heatedly about the rights of members of minority groups and of the majority. Disagreement is compounded by misunderstanding. One source of such misunderstanding is the ambiguity of the phrase “affirmative action.” I aim to expose this ambiguity, to identify some of the errors associated with it, and thus to suggest both the proper functions of affirmative action and some limits imposed upon it by the rights of all citizens.
Automatic Generation of Conceptual Database Design Tools

The development of a database design tool for an object-oriented data model is a formidable task. In an attempt to reduce the implementation effort of this task, a software system, called Seaweed, is proposed to automatically generate database design tools from data model specifications. Three phases of design tool generation are defined in SeaWeed: data model specification in terms of the primitives of SeaWeed’s meta-data model, implementation scheme formation based on an extended state transition diagram model, and database design tool generation by customizing reusable software components. SeaWeed combines techniques for meta-data modeling, software reusability, and artificial intelligence into a methodology for the automatic generation of database design tools.
Frank Rosengarten. Giacomo Leopardi's Search for a Common Life through Poetry

Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837) is an enigmatic and emblematic figure in the history of letters. One of the most significant poets and thinkers of the nineteenth century, he drew from the wells of Rom...
Debt, Managerial Incentives and Learning

Using a dynamic model with uncertainty and asymmetric information, we study the impact of debt on managerial compensation and performance targets. In this model, compensation has two roles to play – providing incentives to the manager and learning about his type. We show that debt acts as a substitute of compensation in both dimensions. If uncertainty is not too low, the incentive role of debt dominates the learning role. Thus in the presence of debt, compensation contracts can be more effective in learning about the manager. As debt increases, the pay-performance sensitivity falls and learning increases. We also examine the choice of debt and derive conditions under which a positive level of debt is optimal. We also conduct comparative statistics with respect to the degree of asymmetric information and uncertainty.
Assessment of image quality with a fast fully 3D reconstruction algorithm

True three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from fully 3D positron emission tomography (PET) data yield high-quality images but at a high computational cost. Image representation using three-dimensional spherically-symmetric basis functions on a body-centered cubic (BCC) grid, as opposed to a simple cubic (SC) grid, can reduce the computational demands of a 3D approach without compromising image quality by reducing the number of image elements to be reconstructed. The goal of this study was to determine if the image quality improvements predicted for the 3D row action maximum likelihood algorithm (RAMLA) over 2.5D RAMLA after Fourier rebinning (FORE) would be seen with clinical PET data. Torso phantom, whole-body patient, and brain patient studies were used in this analysis. Data were corrected for detector efficiency, scatter, and randoms prior to reconstruction. Attenuation effects were either incorporated into the system model or pre-corrected prior to reconstruction. Higher contrast at comparable noise levels (or lower noise for comparable contrast) are seen with 3D RAMLA (SC or BCC grid) for both phantom and patient data. The brain patient data show improved axial resolution with 3D RAMLA, where the degradation in resolution with FORE is eliminated. Application of a fully 3D reconstruction algorithm is possible in clinically reasonable times.
Synthesis and surface expression of hyaluronan by dendritic cells and its potential role in antigen presentation.

Hyaluronan (HA) is a large glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. HA is known to act as a filling material of extracellular matrices and as an adhesive substrate for cellular migration. Here we report that dendritic cells (DC) express mRNAs for HA synthases and hyaluronidases, actively synthesize HA, and display HA on their surfaces. Interestingly, HA expression levels on DC were not significantly altered by their maturation states. With respect to physiological function, three specific HA inhibitors, i.e., bovine proteoglycan, a 12-mer HA-binding peptide (GAHWQFNALTVR) termed Pep-1, and an oligomeric Pep-1 formulation, all interfered with DC-induced activation of CD4(+) T cells isolated from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice. For example, Pep-1 oligomer efficiently inhibited DC-dependent cluster formation, IL-2 and IFN-gamma production, and proliferation by DO11.10 T cells in vitro without affecting the viabilities of DC or T cells, DC function to uptake exogenous proteins, or DC-T cell conjugate formation at earlier time points. These observations suggest a paracrine mechanism by which DC-associated HA facilitates some of the late changes in T cell activation. Although T cells constitutively expressed mRNAs for HA synthases and hyaluronidases, their surface HA expression became detectable only after activation. Oligomeric Pep-1 and bovine proteoglycan both inhibited mitogen-triggered T cell activation in the absence of DC, suggesting an autocrine mechanism by which HA expressed by T cells assists their own activation processes. Finally, adoptively transferred DO11.10 T cells showed progressive mitosis when stimulated with Ag-pulsed DC in living animals, and this clonal expansion was inhibited significantly by administration of Pep-1 oligomer. Our findings may introduce a new concept that relatively simple carbohydrate moieties expressed on DC and perhaps T cells play an important immunomodulatory role during Ag presentation.
A family study of 50 REM narcoleptics.

A family history was obtained from fifty REM Narcoleptic probands who were diagnosed by polygraphic sleep recordings. The overall rate of Narcolepsy and disorders of excessive sleep (DES) among the parents, siblings, and children of the probands was 9.2 per cent. The prevalence of Narcolepsy alone among the relatives was 2.5 per cent, a rate which is more than 60 times higher than in the general population. This risk for sleep disorders among the relatives of affected individuals is almost certainly an underestimate, as nearly 73 per cent of the children of the probands with a positive family history have not yet passed through the major period of risk for development of Narcolepsy (between 10 and 20 years of age). Considering our data, a recessive or a simple dominant mode of transmission of Narcolepsy or DES seems unlikely.
Life Cycle of an Electropore: Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Steps in Pore Creation and Annihilation

Electropermeabilization, an electric field-induced modification of the barrier functions of the cell membrane, is widely used in laboratories and increasingly in the clinic; but the mechanisms and physical structures associated with the electromanipulation of membrane permeability have not been definitively characterized. Indirect experimental observations of electrical conductance and small molecule transport as well as molecular dynamics simulations have led to models in which hydrophilic pores form in phospholipid bilayers with increased probability in the presence of an electric field. Presently available methods do not permit the direct, nanoscale examination of electroporated membranes that would confirm the existence of these structures. To facilitate the reconciliation of poration models with the observed properties of electropermeabilized lipid bilayers and cell membranes, we propose a scheme for characterizing the stages of electropore formation and resealing. This electropore life cycle, based on molecular dynamics simulations of phospholipid bilayers, defines a sequence of discrete steps in the electric field-driven restructuring of the membrane that leads to the formation of a head group-lined, aqueous pore and then, after the field is removed, to the dismantling of the pore and reassembly of the intact bilayer. Utilizing this scheme we can systematically analyze the interactions between the electric field and the bilayer components involved in pore initiation, construction and resealing. We find that the pore creation time depends strongly on the electric field gradient across the membrane interface and that the pore annihilation time is at least weakly dependent on the magnitude of the pore-initiating electric field and, in general, much longer than the pore creation time.
Simple shear, hysteresis and yield stress in biofluids

Biofluids such as blood, as well as other structured materials, exhibit rather complex rheological behaviour. In this paper, starting from a first-order kinetic model, we developed a constitutive equation and studied its applicability to model biofluids. In particular, we studied the cases of simple shear flow, hysteresis and yield stress. Model predictions were successfully compared with experimental data on complex materials such as blood and a penicillin suspension. Les liquides biologiques tel le sang, ou encore d'autres matieres structurees, montrent un comportement rheologique plutǒt complexe. Dans cet article, a partir d'un modele cinetique du premier ordre, on a mis au point une equation constitutive et etudie son applicabilite afin de modeliser des liquides biologiques. En particulier, on a etudie les cas d'un ecoulement de cisaillement, de l'hysterese et de la contrainte seuil. Les predictions du modele ont ete comparees avec succes a des donnees experimentales sur des matieres complexes comme le sang et une suspension de penicilline.
Superfluid helium quantum interference devices: present status and future prospects

The development of superfluid weak links has led both to the discovery of new physical phenomena and also to the development of superfluid helium quantum interference devices (SHeQUIDs). We describe the physics underlying the SHeQUID and present a brief overview of the current state of this promising technology.
Quiescent left atrial myxoma

Copyright ,c’ 1994 by Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 0002.8703/94/$3.00 + 0 4/4/63613 has not appreciably enhanced the understanding of the natural history of this disorder. The potentially sudden, devastating nature of the complications of this tumor mandates prompt surgical excision once the diagnosis is made.4 The documentation of the growth rate of myxoma has been limited primarily to observation of recurrent tumors after a prior excision.5 Recently, it has been suggested that primary intracardiac myxomas grow at a rapid rate.6-8 We report a patient who had documentation of a left atrial myxoma by echocardiography over an interval of more than 2 years. A 72-year-old man presented for general examination at the Mayo Clinic in July 1992. He was free of symptoms except for a mild resting tremor, which had been present for several years. His medical history was remarkable for benign colon polyps and prostate cancer, diagnosed in 1989, for which he received radiotherapy. He also gave a history of an abnormal echocardiogram performed in March 1990 as part of a general examination by another physician, which he reported showed evidence of a possible left atria1
The burden of rheumatoid arthritis: tolerating the uncertainty.

All living requires tolerating a considerable amount of uncertainty — to state this is to state the obvious. But a study of the victims of rheumatoid arthritis provides an insight into the demands placed upon living when uncertainty is exaggerated beyond the usual level of toleration. This paper examines the disease conditions which produce variable uncertainty. It then analyzes the strategies arthritics develop in order to tolerate this uncertainty … The ultimate social-psychological tyranny of tolerating the uncertainty lies in balancing [the use of these strategies] one against the other. Compounding this is the additional problem of balancing drug side effects against relief. This burden of balancing limited options is examined at the conclusion of the paper.
Signal transduction mediated by Bid, a pro-death Bcl-2 family proteins, connects the death receptor and mitochondria apoptosis pathways

Two major apoptosis pathways have been defined in mammalian cells, the Fas/TNF-R1 death receptor pathway and the mitochondria pathway. The Bcl-2 family proteins consist of both anti-apoptosis and pro- apoptosis members that regulate apoptosis, mainly by controlling the release of cytochrome c and other mitochondrial apoptotic events. However, death signals mediated by Fas/TNF-R1 receptors can usually activate caspases directly, bypassing the need for mitochondria and escaping the regulation by Bcl-2 family proteins. Bid is a novel pro-apoptosis Bcl-2 family protein that is activated by caspase 8 in response to Fas/TNF-R1 death receptor signals. Activated Bid is translocated to mitochondria and induces cytochrome c release, which in turn activates downstream caspases. Such a connection between the two apoptosis pathways could be important for induction of apoptosis in certain types of cells and responsible for the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases.
Digital-image-based finite element analysis for bone microstructure using conjugate gradient and Gaussian filter techniques

Analyzing bone micromechanics has become increasingly necessary for understanding how bone structure is adapted in response to mechanical stimulus. The complex geometry of bone microstructure makes it difficult to use traditional finite element techniques for analysis. The use of finite element modeling procedure based on direct mesh generation from digital images using an Element-By-Element Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient solution technique for analyzing bone microstructure was presented. The results from digitized meshes were compared to smooth mesh results for microstructures of regular geometry to assess the digitized solutions. The digitized solutions were found to match the smooth mesh solutions well except near material boundaries where the digitized solutions exhibited numerical oscillations. A smoothing procedure utilizing Gaussian Filter techniques was investigated for smoothing solution oscillations, but results indicated that the filtering techniques did not significantly smooth the oscillation. In conclusion, digital image based finite element analysis will produce reasonably accurate estimates of stress and strain within microstructures but smoothing techniques for numerical oscillations at material boundaries need to be developed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 levels in infant formula produced in the United States

Abstract Seventy milk- and soy-based infant formulas from four U.S. manufacturers were assayed from October 1985 through September 1987 for vitamin D3 and vitamin K1. Mean vitamin levels per 100 kcal were 71 IU for vitamin D3 and 18 μg for vitamin K1. Vitamin D3 levels (IU/100 kcal) were similar (α = 0.05) in soy-based (72) and milk-based (70) formulas. Vitamin K1 levels (μg/100 kcal) were higher (α = 0.05) in soy-based (22) than in milk-based (15) formulas. Significant differences were found in vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 levels in formulas produced by different manufacturers. Mean levels of the various manufacturers products ranged from 66 to 78 IU/100 kcal for vitamin D3 and 15 to 24 μg/100 kcal for vitamin K1. Levels of vitamin D3 ranged from 41 to 99 IU/100 kcal. For vitamin K, the microgram per 100 kcal levels ranged from 8 to 39. All formulas met minimum levels of the 1980 Infant Formula Act for both vitamin D3 and vitamin K1. For vitamin D3, none of the formulas exceeded the maximum of 100 IU/100 kcal specified by the Act, and the mean level was 177% of the minimum requirement of 40 IU/100 kcal. On the basis of the Act requirement for vitamin K1 of 4 μg/ 100 kcal, milk-based and soy-based formulas contained 368 and 555%, respectively, of the minimum required level.
Habermas's theory of communicative action as a theoretical framework for mediation practice

This article articulates Habermas's “presuppositions of argumentation,” which can help mediators focus on fundamental elements of conflict resolution, and encourages discussion that derives from Habermas's ideas of the “conditions of communication.”
Aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic tailoring with geometry variables for minimizing the gust response of a cantilevered finite span wing

The goal of aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic tailoring is to change the static and dynamic behavior of wings and wing-like surfaces. This study begins to examine aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic tailoring for gust response of a finite span cantilevered wing both with and without geometric variables. The research is broken into two tailoring studies, aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic. For the aeroelastic tailoring studies the goals are: (1) minimize the open-loop RMS of the integral of the mode shapes due to a gust over a range of airspeeds and (2) maintain a certain open-loop instability speed. The aeroservoelastic tailoring studies goals are: (1) minimize the closed-loop RMS of the integral of the mode shapes due to a gust over a range of airspeeds, (2) maintain a certain open-loop instability speed, (3) maintain a certain closed-loop instability speed, (4) restrict the aileron rotation angle RMS over a range of airspeeds. Multiobjective optimization is applied to the tailoring problems to find the optimal combination of design variables The tailoring process was able to find aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic designs that reduced the gust response by up to 100%. The results also illustrate the desire of the planform to go to a high sweepback angle configuration and to reduce the exposed wing area (increase wing loading) to reduce the gust response.
Mid-Infrared Interband Cascade Photodetectors With Different Absorber Designs

We report an experimental investigation on the influence of absorber thicknesses in mid-infrared interband cascade (IC) photodetectors. The electrical and optical properties of these five-stage IC detectors are characterized in detail over a wide operating temperature range. The IC detectors are operational above 400 K under zero bias, with a 50% cutoff of 4.56 μm and external quantum efficiency (single pass, no antireflection coating) up to 10.1% at room temperature. The dark current in the IC detectors is at 10 μA/cm 2 at -10 mV, with a Johnson-limited D* of 1.10 × 10 11 Jones at 200 K. Our experimental results show that both the optical response and the noise performance in the quantum-engineered IC detectors improve with increased discrete absorber thicknesses. It is also suggested that the dark current in the IC detectors is determined by tunneling components at lower temperatures, and becomes diffusion-limited at higher temperatures.
Hormones in the Wild: Monitoring the Endocrinology of Family Relationships

SYNOPSIS For the past 23 years we have conducted a field study of child stress and family environment in Bwa Mawego, Dominica. Our primary objectives were to document hormonal responses of children to everyday interactions with their parents and other care providers, concomitant with longitudinal assessment of developmental and health outcomes. Here we provide a brief summary of our research design and highlight a few results from this collaborative, interdisciplinary project.
Aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin after chronic lymphocytic leukemia

We report two cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin subsequent to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Both cases had an unusually aggressive course for a nonmelanoma skin malignancy with extensive metastases in both, resulting in death in one patient. A literature review supports the likelihood of an increased incidence of SCC in patients with CLL. Though the mechanism is unknown, immunosuppression may play a central role. We urge patients with CLL to avoid exposure to direct sun. Any questionable skin lesion should be biopsied early, and completely excised if it is a tumor. The patient should also be examined thoroughly for metastatic disease via subsequent follow-up visits.
Coupling Across an Intimate Ceprate-Manganite Interface

Electronic and magnetic coupling across the interface between a ferromagnetic La2-xBaxMnO4 (“ colossal magnetoresistance” CMR) layer and a La1.85Ba0.15CuO4 (high-temperature superconductor) layer are studied in a self-consistent virtual crystal approximation using the local spin density functional approach. The manganite material dopes the first cuprate layer, with holes ifx = 2/3 and with electrons if x = 0. Forx near the CMR regime the ferromagnetic manganite slab should be half-metallic. Such multilayer systems may be useful as magnetic field-controlled current switches, or as a relatively high-temperature superconducting material with small critical field.
Coordinating orders in supply chains through price discounts

In this paper, we examine the issue of order coordination between a supplier and multiple retailers in a decentralized multi-echelon inventory/distribution system where the supplier provides a product to multiple retailers who experience static demand and standard inventory costs. Specifically, we propose and analyze a new policy where a manufacturer, who outsources production to an Original Equipment Manufacturer, offers a price discount to retailers when they coordinate the timing of their orders with the manufacturer's order cycle. We show that our proposed policy can lead to more efficient supply chains under certain conditions, and present a straightforward method for finding the manufacturer's optimal price discount in this decentralized supply chain. A numerical experiment illustrates the managerial implications of our model as well as conditions when a manufacturer should consider adopting such a policy.
Shear reduction of collisional transport: Experiments and theory

Experiments and theory on collisional diffusion and viscosity in quiescent single-species plasmas demonstrate enhanced transport in the two-dimensional (2D) bounce-averaged regime, limited by shear in the plasma rotation. For long plasma columns, the measured diffusion agrees quantitatively with recent theories of three-dimensional long-range E×B drift collisions, and is substantially larger than predicted for classical velocity-scattering collisions. For short plasmas, diffusion is observed to be enhanced by Nb, the number of times a thermal particle bounces axially before being separated by shear. Equivalently, recent theory in the 2D bounce-averaged regime shows how diffusion decreases with increasing shear, generalizing the zero-shear perspective which gives Bohm diffusion. Viscosity is similarly enhanced in the 2D regime, but there is presently only qualitative agreement with theory. These results apply to both non-neutral and neutral plasmas, and provide the first rigorous analysis of shear reductio...
Effect of Impurities on the Corrosion Behavior of CO2 Transmission Pipeline Steel in Supercritical CO2−Water Environments

The corrosion property of carbon steel was evaluated using an autoclave under CO(2)-saturated water phase and water-saturated CO(2) phase with impurities (O(2) and SO(2)) at 80 bar CO(2) and 50 °C to simulate the condition of CO(2) transmission pipeline in the carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications. The results showed that the corrosion rate of carbon steel in CO(2)-saturated water was very high and it increased with adding O(2) in the system due to the inhibition effect of O(2) on the formation of protective FeCO(3). It is noteworthy that corrosion took place in the water-saturated CO(2) phase under supercritical condition when no free water is present. The addition of O(2) increased the corrosion rates of carbon steel in water-saturated CO(2) phase. The addition of 0.8 bar SO(2) (1%) in the gas phase dramatically increased the corrosion rate of carbon steel from 0.38 to 5.6 mm/y. This then increased to more than 7 mm/y with addition of both O(2) and SO(2). SO(2) can promote the formation of iron sulfite hydrate (FeSO(3)·3H(2)O) on the steel surface which is less protective than iron carbonate (FeCO(3)), and it is further oxidized to become FeSO(4) and FeOOH when O(2) is present with SO(2) in the CO(2)-rich phase. The corrosion rates of 13Cr steel were very low compared with carbon steel in CO(2)-saturated water environments with O(2), whereas it was as high as carbon steel in a water-saturated CO(2) phase with O(2) and SO(2).
A reduced reaction mechanism for diamond deposition modeling

Abstract A brute force sensitivity analysis was used to identify the key gas-phase reactions and species in conditions typical of hot-filament diamond reactors. The model reduction is accomplished by comparing the concentrations of important species (H, CH 3 , and C 2 H 2 ) with values calculated using “full” mechanisms in an idealized hot-filament environment. Two proposed mechanisms, containing 24 and 89 reactions, were both reduced to an identical simplified model consisting of 9 species and 9 elementary reactions. Some of these reactions may be grouped into two net reactions, further reducing the mechanism to six species and six reactions. The reduced number of species and reactions will significantly reduce the computational requirements of two- and three-dimensional simulations.
Measurements and Nonlinear Modeling

This paper examines some issues at the interface between nonlinear circuit analysis and RF/microwave measurements. We examine methods of nonlinear circuit analysis and device modeling, consider how device measurements affect accuracy of analysis, and identify areas where the process could be enhanced.
Structural characterization of the mouse Hfh4 gene, a developmentally regulated forkhead family member.

Abstract Hepatocyte nuclear factor-3/forkhead homologue 4 (HFH-4) is a forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor family member that has a unique temporal and spatial pattern of gene expression in the developing and adult lung, choroid plexus, testis, and oviduct. To characterize HFH-4 further, mouse genomic clones were isolated and analyzed. TheHfh4gene is encoded on a 5.5-kb region located on the distal end of mouse chromosome 11 and consists of two exons and one intron. Unlike most forkhead genes, the DNA binding domain is divided between two exons, and the intron position corresponds precisely to the site of gene translocations involving two known human forkhead homologues. Multiple putative transcription start sites are identified in a G+C-rich sequence that does not contain TATA or CAAT boxes. Within 2.1 kb of 5′ flanking sequence are three identical E boxes and multiple putative transcription factor binding sites. Transfection of plasmids containingHfh45′ flanking sequence linked to a reporter gene results in promoter activity in lung epithelial cells but not in epithelial-like fibrosarcoma cells, suggesting that this 5′ flanking sequence can function as a promoter with the proper cell-type specificity.
On incidence structures of nonsingular points and hyperbolic lines of ovoids in finite orthogonal spaces

We study the point-line incidence structures of nonsingular points and hyperbolic secant lines associated with ovoids in finite orthogonal spaces. We show that these incidence structures frequently produce partial linear spaces and the parameters of the bipartite graphs (called ovoidal graphs) associated with these structures produce simple and effective isomorphism invariants to distinguish non-isomorphic ovoids. We prove explicit formulas for these isomorphism invariants for a number of infinite families of 2-transitive ovoids.
The discovery of two novel archosaur diseases with implications for future paleopathological exploration

Two novel bone diseases from the archosaur record were noted during the course of a survey of archosaur oral pathology. These abnormalities, pertaining to abnormal suturing of the crocodilian palat...
What Should We Do About HIV-Positive Health Professionals?

Despite evidence that a human immunodeficiency virus—positive (HIV + ) dentist infected several patients, governmental or institutional efforts to discover HIV + professionals and to routinely restrict them from "invasive procedures" arenotjustified. This was the general, although not unanimous, consensus at a recent conference attended by 200 physicians, nurses, dentists, health care attorneys, ethicists, and public health officials from all over America. The conference, entitled "The HIV+ Health Professional: Policy Options for Individuals, Institutions, and States" was held December 7-8, 1990, in New Brunswick, NJ. It was sponsored by the Regional AIDS (AcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome) Education and Training Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), Newark, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, and the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners. A distinguished national faculty of 28 speakers and panelists contributed perspectives from epidemiology, surgery, infectious disease, dentistry, nursing, law, and ethics. Other points of widespread
ON THE CAUCHY PROBLEM OF NONLINEAR DEGENERATE PARABOLIC EQUATION

In this paper, we prove the existence of solution of the Cauchy problem of a nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation. Moreover some regularizing effects are exhibited.
Mitochondrial DNA replication in Paramecium aurelia. Cross-linking of the initiation end

Mitochondrial DNA from Paramecium aurelia consists of three types of molecules: linear monomers, linear dimers and lariats (circles with tails). These have been characterized by partial denaturation mapping and snapback reassociation after denaturation. The partial denaturation pattern of the linear monomers was highly asymmetric with one-half of the molecule more resistant to denaturation than the other. Similar mapping of the lariats and dimers indicated that replication originates at or very close to the more resistant end of the molecule and proceeds unidirectionally towards the other. This process results in the formation of linear dimers in which the two monomer units are associated in a head-to-head arrangement. The processing of DNA in this manner requires a strong linkage at the initiation end of the DNA which is maintained throughout the replication process. This linkage appears to be covalent by two criteria. In one-third of the monomers measured, a small denaturation bubble was observed at the end of the resistant half of the molecule. This denaturation bubble was also observed in a large proportion of the lariats and dimers. In the lariats, the bubble appeared directly opposite the fork in the circular portion of the molecule while in the dimers it appeared at the center of the molecule. In addition, the dimers, lariats and a significant proportion of the monomers exhibited a rapid, intrastrand snapback reassociation to double-stranded molecules following denaturation by heat. The linkage was resistant to Pronase, alkali and ribonuclease H but was cleaved in the monomers by S1 nuclease.
First-Principles Calculation of Self-Diffusion Coefficients

We demonstrate a first-principles method to compute all factors entering the vacancy-mediated self-diffusion coefficient. Using density functional theory calculations of fcc Al as an illustrative case, we determine the energetic and entropic contributions to vacancy formation and atomic migration. These results yield a quantitative description of the migration energy and vibrational prefactor via transition state theory. The calculated diffusion parameters and coefficients show remarkably good agreement with experiments. We provide a simple physical picture for the positive entropic contributions.
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase 2 Activation Is Essential for Progression through the G2/M Checkpoint Arrest in Cells Exposed to Ionizing Radiation *

An increasing body of evidence suggests that mitogen-induced activation of the RAF/ERK signaling pathway is functionally separate from the stress-induced activation of the SEK/JNK/p38 signaling pathway. In general, stress stimuli strongly activate the p38s and the JNKs while only weakly activatingERK1 and ERK2. However, a number of independent groups have now shown that the RAF/ERK signaling pathway is strongly activated by ionizing radiation. In this work, we examine this paradox. We show that both mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and MAP kinase kinase 2 (MEK2) are activated by ionizing radiation. Blockage of this activation through the use of dominant negative MEK2 increases sensitivity of the cell to ionizing radiation and decreases the ability of a cell to recover from the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint arrest. Blocking MEK2 activation does not affect double-strand DNA break repair, however. Although MEK1 is activated to a lesser extent by ionizing radiation, expression of a dominant negative MEK1 does not affect radiation sensitivity of the cell, the G2/M checkpoint of the cell, or double-strand break repair. Because ionizing radiation leads to a different cell cycle arrest (G2/M arrest) than that typically seen with other stress stimuli, and because we have shown that MEK2 can affect G2/M checkpoint kinetics, these results provide an explanation for the observation that the MEKs can be strongly activated by ionizing radiation and only weakly activated by other stressful stimuli.