cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of plasmids in hydrogen uptake positive and hydrogen uptake negative strains ofRhizobium japonicum

Modifications were made of published procedures to allow routine isolation of plasmids fromRhizobium japonicum. The plasmid profiles of a series of H2 uptake positive and H2 uptake negative strains were compared. None of the strains ofR. japonicum with high H2 uptake activities exhibited discernible plasmids, while most of the strains, with little or no H2 uptake activity, showed plasmids with molecular weights ranging from approximately 49–290 x106. An examination of H2 uptake negative mutants derived from an H2 uptake positive parent revealed two discernible plasmid bands in nonrevertible mutants but no detectable plasmids in revertible mutants or in the parent strain from which mutants were derived.
On the Performance of Magnetic Bubble Memories in Computer Systems

This correspondence describes simple queueing models for a magnetic bubble memory chip organization. Some of the unique features of bubble memories are outlined. The performance improvement due to bidirectional shifting is modeled as a function of program locality.
Lethality of intestinal tissue extracts from Eimeria -infected chickens

Evidence exists that lethal activity is associated with extracts from Eimeria tenella-infected caecal tissues. We examined tissues of the small intestine infected with other species of Eimeria for a similar lethal activity. Extracts were prepared from intestinal tissues of chickens infected with either E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis or E. necatrix. Appropriate control extracts from tissues of non-infected chickens were also prepared. Intravenous injection of the extracts into healthy chickens showed that lethality of infected tissue extracts was higher than control extracts and was independent of the site of infection within the intestine. Comparison of the lethality of caecal extracts from chickens infected with embryo-adapted or parent lines of E. tenella showed that lethality was independent of the recognized pathogenic characteristics of the lines. Also, it was demonstrated that lethal activity is associated with extracts of tissues containing massive numbers of arrested and non-arrested sporozoites and early trophozoites.
Elevated levels of wild-type p53 induced by radiolabeling of cells leads to apoptosis or sustained growth arrest.

Abstract Background: The tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates progression through the checkpoint between the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle in response to radiationor drug-induced DNA damage. We have examined potential p53-mediated effects of metabolically labeling cultured mammalian cells with [ 35 S]methionine and [ 3 H]thymidine, methods that are commonly used to study the biochemical properties, synthesis, processing and degradation of proteins and the replication of DNA in proliferating cells. Results Wild-type p53 protein concentrations rapidly increased to high levels following metabolic radiolabeling of cells, as determined by four distinct assays. The increased concentration of wild-type p53 resulted in apoptosis of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes and of murine T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. In leukemia cells containing no p53, or only mutant p53 alleles, p53 protein levels were not increased and the cells did not undergo apoptosis in response to radioactive labeling. Radiolabeling of human diploid fibroblasts resulted in a prolonged growth arrest that was maintained for nearly three weeks. Conclusion The results of experiments employing radiolabeling techniques to characterize various aspects of cellular physiology may be seriously influenced by the induction of aberrant cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis mediated by wild-type p53. Furthermore, our observations suggest that stabilization of wild-type p53 in response to irradiation may not act primarily to facilitate the repair of DNA damage by inducing a transient G1-phase arrest, but rather to ensure genetic stability through sustained cell-cycle arrest or apoptotic death of the damaged cells.
A brief history of premolecular induction studies

Abstract Induction was recognized by the embryological anatomists of the early nineteenth century, and it was seen to involve interactions between the component embryonic parts and between the embryo and its environment. In the 1920s, Spemann's laboratory redefined and reinvigorated the concept of induction, making it the center of embryology. This concept of induction incorporated both morphogenesis and differentiation. In the 1930s, studies of embryonic induction merged with those of gradients to form a world-wide research program that sought to find the molecular agents of these phenomena. Work in induction then continued on its own paths, but also stimulated the new field of developmental genetics.
The presence of citrulline in epidermal proteins

Abstract Citrulline is present in the stratum corneum proteins of human, cow snout, pig snout and guinea pig epidermis but is absent from the stratum corneum proteins of frog, mouse, turtle, rat and hamster epidermis. The amino acid is released by acid hydrolysis and ranges from 1.7 to 5.5 residues per thousand residues of protein amino acid. Protein derived citrulline co-chromatographs with authentic l -citrulline on an amino acid analyzer, on Dowex-50, on Dowex-2 and on thin-layer chromatography. Dansylated material co-chromatographed with authentic dansyl- l -citrulline in two thin-layer chromatography systems. Labelling experiments have shown that the protein bound citrulline is derived from protein bound arginine and probably results from enzymatic conversion of the guanido group to the ureido group.
SUBMAXILLARY SALIVARY ENZYMES AS A MEASURE OF GLANDULAR ACTIVITY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS.

The activity of the enzymes, amylase and acid and alkaline ribonuclease, was utilizedin this study as a reflection of submaxillary glandular activity. These enzymes were measured in the submaxillary saliva of 9 patients with cystic fibrosis and in that of 9 normal children. Analysis revealed a three- to fivefold increase of amylase and two- to threefold increase of acid and alkaline ribonucleases in submaxillary saliva from patients with cystic fibrosis. The findings strongly support the concept of a generalized increase in the secretion of all organic constituents by the seromucoid glands of patients with cystic fibrosis.
Carbenes as catalysts for transformations of organometallic iron complexes.

Compared with the enormous arsenal of catalysts used to produce organic compounds, complementary species that are able to mediate sophisticated organometallic transformations are virtually nonexistent. We found that stable N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) can mediate unusual organometallic transformations in solution at room temperature. Depending on the choice of NHC initiator, stoichiometric or catalytic reactions of bis(cyclooctatetraene)iron [Fe(COT)2] ensue. The stoichiometric reaction leads to the isolation of a previously unknown mixed-valent species, featuring distinct and directly bonded Fe(0) and Fe(I) centers. In the catalytic process, three iron atoms are fused to afford the tri-iron cluster Fe3(COT)3, which is a hydrocarbon analog of Dewar’s classic Fe3(CO)12 complex. The key step in both of these processes is proposed to involve the NHC’s ability to induce metal–metal bond formation. These NHC-mediated reactions provide a foundation on which to develop future organometallic transformations that are catalyzed by organic species.
Large-vocabulary speech recognition: a system for the Italian language

We describe a research project in automatic speech recognition which has led to the development of an experimental large-vocabulary real-time recognizer for Italian, and show how the maximum-likelihood techniques which had been employed in the development of prototype recognizers for English can be tailored to a language with substantially different characteristics.
A propositional policy algebra for access control

Security-sensitive environments protect their information resources against unauthorized use by enforcing access control mechanisms driven by access control policies. Due to the need to compare, contrast, and compose such protected information resources, access control policies regulating their manipulation need to be compared, contrasted, and composed. An algebra for manipulating such access control policies at a higher (propositional) level, where the operations of the algebra are abstracted from their specification details, is the subject of this paper. This algebra is applicable to policies that have controlled nondeterminism and all or nothing assignments of access privileges in their specification. These requirements reflect current practices in discretionary and role-based access control models. Therefore, the proposed algebra can be used to reason about role-based access control policies combined with other forms of discretionary policies. We show how to use algebraic identities to reason about consistency, completeness, and determinacy of composed policies using similar properties of their constituents.
Spontaneous rupture of gravid uterus in a patient with diethylstilbestrol-type genital changes

Spontaneous rupture of the gravid uterus without a predisposing cause such as a uterine scar, prior elective abortion, congenital uterine abnormality (such as a noncommunicating horn), previous uterine infection, placenta percreta, or cornual pregnancy is very un­ common. This report concerns spontaneous rupture of a term, gravid uterus with fetal loss in a patient with a history and genital findings consistent with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol.
Degradation of polymeric insulation due to photoemission caused by high electric fields

The mechanism of electrical tree initiation in polyethylene subjected at AC, DC, and half-rectified AC voltages is studied by an optical technique which is at least two orders of magnitude more sensitive than partial discharge detection. For DC voltage up to 46 kV, no light emission or tree inception was detected in the polymer containing the normal and decreased concentrations of air in its free volume. For AC and half-rectified AC voltages, tree inception only occurred if light, in the visible and ultraviolet ranges, was detected. Photodegradation of the polymeric insulation by ultraviolet radiation can occur when the voltage applied to the polymer exceeds the threshold voltage of light inception such as during switching and lightning overvoltages. This can account for the gradual degradation of the polymeric insulation which ultimately leads to the formation of an electrical tree. By comparing the light emitted from the polymer subjected to AC voltage having half-cycles of different amplitudes to DC superimposed on AC it is shown that the space charge injected into the polymer causes the zero-crossing of the local field in the polymer. This is required for light emission and subsequent tree inception. >
The significance of the pathology margins of the tumor excision on the outcome of patients treated with definitive irradiation for early stage breast cancer.

Abstract To evaluate the significance of the pathology margins of the tumor excision on the outcome of treatment, an analysis was performed of 697 consecutive women with clinical Stage I or II invasive carcinoma of the breast treated with breast-conserving surgery and definitive irradiation. Complete gross excision of the primary tumor was performed in all cases, and an axillary staging procedure was performed to determine pathologic axillary lymph node status. The 697 patients were divided into four groups based on the final pathology margin from the primary tumor excision or from the re-excision if performed. These four groups were: (a) 257 patients with a negative margin (>2 mm), (b) 57 patients with a positive margin, (c) 37 patients with a close margin (⪯2 mm), and (d) 346 patients with an unknown margin. The patients with positive final pathology margins were focally positive on microscopic examination. Patients with grossly positive margins or with diffusely positive microscopic margins were treated with conversion to mastectomy. There was a significant difference in the total radiation dose for the four groups (median dose of 6000 vs 6500 vs 6400 vs 6240 cGy, respectively; p p = .19), no evidence of disease (NED) survival ( p = .95), or relapsefree survival ( p = .80). There was no significant difference among the four groups for five year actuarial local or regional control (all p ≥ .29). Subset analyses did not identify any poor outcome subgroups. These results have demonstrated that selected patients with focally positive or close microscopic pathology margins can be adequately treated with definitive breast irradiation. Patient selection and the technical delivery of radiation treatment including a boost may have been important contributing factors to the good outcome in these patients.
A New Host for Caryospora lampropeltis (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Eastern Hognose Snake, Heterodon platirhinos (Ophidia: Colubroidea: Dipsadinae), from Arkansas, U.S.A., with a Summary of Hosts of This Coccidian.

ABSTRACT: Between May 2012 and July 2013, 4 eastern hognose snakes (Heterodon platirhinos) were collected from Arkansas (n = 2) and Oklahoma (n = 2), U.S.A., and examined for coccidians. Feces from a single H. platirhinos from Arkansas, U.S.A., were found to be contain oocysts of Caryospora lampropeltis Anderson, Duszynski, and Marquardt, 1968. Oocysts obtained from host feces were spheroidal to slightly subspheroidal with a rough, colorless, and bilayered wall, measure 23.5 × 22.8 µm, and with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.0; both micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent, but a prominent polar granule was present. Sporocysts were ovoidal, 16.8 × 12.8 µm, L/W of 1.3; a prominent Stieda and sub-Stieda body was present; a sporocyst residuum was present and composed of numerous spheroidal granules dispersed into small and large granules. Sporozoites lie lengthwise and parallel in a semispiral in the sporocyst; a spheroidal anterior refractile and a posterior refractile body are present; a single nucle...
Is resveratrol an estrogen agonist in growing rats

Trans-3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene (resveratrol), a polyphenolic compound found in juice and wine from dark-skinned grape cultivars, was recently shown to bind to estrogen receptors in vitro, where it activated transcription of estrogen-responsive reporter genes. The purpose of this 6-day study in weanling rats was to determine the dose response (1, 4, 10, 40, and 100 microg/day) effects of orally administered resveratrol on estrogen target tissues. The solvent (10% ethanol) had no significant effect on any measurement or derived value. 17Beta-estradiol treatment (100 microg/day) decreased the growth rate, final body weight, serum cholesterol, and radial bone growth (periosteal bone formation and mineral apposition rates) at the tibia-fibula synostosis. In the uterus, 17beta-estradiol treatment increased wet weight, epithelial cell height, and steady state messenger RNA levels for insulin-like growth factor I. In contrast, resveratrol treatment had no significant effect on body weight, serum cholesterol, radial bone growth, epithelial cell height, or messenger RNA levels for insulin-like growth factor I. Resveratrol treatment resulted in slight increases in uterine wet weight, but significance was achieved at the 10-microg dose only. A second experiment was performed to determine whether a high dose of resveratrol (1000 microg/day) antagonizes the ability of estrogen to lower serum cholesterol. As was shown for the lower doses, resveratrol had no effect on body weight, uterine wet weight, uterine epithelial cell height, cortical bone histomorphometry, or serum cholesterol. 17Beta-estradiol significantly lowered serum cholesterol, and this response was antagonized by cotreatment with resveratrol. These in vivo results suggest, in contrast to prior in vitro studies, that resveratrol has little or no estrogen agonism on reproductive and nonreproductive estrogen target tissues and may be an estrogen antagonist.
Quantum molecular sensing, communication and processing by photons

This paper examines various engineered and natural photonic and biophotonic systems. To analyze and design microscopic systems, we examine quantum phenomena which are exhibited and utilized. Quantum effects and photonic technology are widely used in biotechnology, communication, electronics, medicine and other applications. Basic research and discoveries in photonics and biophotonics are foundations of science and engineering in developing new knowledge bases, systems and technologies beyond currently available. Advances are needed in computer-brain interfacing, photoelectronics, optogenetics, neurophotonics, etc. With a focus on practical engineered devices, we perform quantum analysis and propose enabling solutions. Our three-fold objectives are: (1) Examine microscopic systems; (2) Study phenomena, effects and mechanisms possibly utilized by natural systems to accomplish sensing, communication and processing; (3) Devise novel microscopic systems by researching solutions which may enable a knowledge base and discover new sensing and processing capabilities comparable to exhibited by living organisms. Our transformative findings are substantiated by means of basic, applied and numerical studies which are consistent with experiments, biophysics and quantum mechanics.
Computed optical interferometric tomography for high-speed volumetric cellular imaging

We demonstrate the combination of interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (ISAM), computational adaptive optics (CAO) and coherence tomography microscopy (OCM) provides a high-speed volumetric cellular imaging.
On Fieller's Theorem and the General Linear Model

Abstract The purpose of this note is to indicate that Fieller's Theorem can be expressed in the matrix formulation of the general linear model. The practical consequence is that one general computer program which can estimate the parameters and test the validity of a pertinent model, can also compute confidence limits for the ratios of any linear combinations of the parameters.
Numerical investigation of oxy-coal combustion in a large-scale furnace: Non-gray effect of gas and role of particle radiation

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the oxy-coal combustion in a large-scale furnace were performed by applying different weighted sum of gray-gases models (WSGGMs). Before simulation of the furnace, the different WSGGMs were tested in an enclosed rectangular box containing only gases inside. In both cases of air and oxy-fuel combustion, the calculated radiative sources and wall heat fluxes obtained with gray and non-gray WSGGMs were completely different. Only with the non-gray WSGGMs (i.e., non-gray implementation), the calculated results could well agree with the benchmark data. In the simulation of furnace, three WSGGMs were adopted: Smith’s gray WSGGM (i.e., gray implementation), Johansson’s non-gray-A WSGGM with uniform distribution of radiative energy of particles in each gray band, and Johansson’s non-gray-B WSGGM, in which the radiative energy of particles was distributed using weighting factors. The weighting factors for the particles can be calculated with the same function as that used for gas but using the particle temperature instead of gas temperature, i.e., wp,i = wg,i (Tp). Being different from the rectangular box without particle radiation, in the real furnace, the gas temperature and wall heat flux calculated by gray and non-gray-A WSGGMs almost show no obvious difference. This is attributed to the fact that particle radiation plays a more significant role than gas radiation in the real furnace. However, using the non-gray-B model instead of Smith’s gray model or non-gray-A model can obviously influence the distribution of wall heat flux and total amount of heat absorbed by the walls. This indicates that in the numerical simulation of oxy-fuel combustion, the non-gray WSGGMs should be used by combining with the weighting factors of wp,i = wg,i (Tp) for particles, in order to rigorously describe both the gas and particle radiation during oxy-fuel combustion of coal in real furnace.
Apophysomyces elegans infection in a renal transplant recipient

Abstract A 50-year-old cadaveric renal transplant recipient on immunosuppressive therapy is described with post-traumatic cutaneous infection caused by Apophysomyces elegans . He showed no evidence of hematogenous dissemination and recovered fully after therapy with extensive local debridement and amphotericin B lipid complex. An apparent drug-drug interaction between amphotericin B lipid complex and cyclosporine was encountered. The course of A elegans infection in transplant recipients may be similar to that described in immunocompetent hosts. A elegans infection should be considered in evaluation of post-traumatic cutaneous infection not readily responsive to antibacterial therapy. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
A stabilized transistor oscillator

Summary form only given. The most serious causes of frequency instability are the effect of temperature on parameters of transistors and the variation of supply voltage. There are some circuit arrangements which can considerably minimize these effects. A stability in the order of 20 parts per million for ±10 percent changes in supply voltage has been obtained for a variable-frequency oscillator at a frequency of 1 megacycle. By using a 100-kc crystal, a frequency stability better than ONE PART PER MILLION PER 1 VOLT SUPPLY VOLTAGE OR PER DEGREE CENTIGRADE RESPECTIVELY can be obtained over a wide range of supply voltage and temperatures. Output voltage of this oscillator is in the order of 3 volts rms, for a supply voltage of 12 volts and current drain of 2 ma. The maximum frequency change is 2 cps for a variation of load resistance from 100,OOO ohms to 1 ohm. PER TEN MILLION PER DEGREE CENTIGRADE can he At frequency 1 mc. a frequency stability better than ONE PART obtained.
Increased capillarity in skeletal muscle of growing guinea pigs acclimated to cold and hypoxia.

Capillarity was evaluated on transverse sections of frozen gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of young, growing guinea pigs exposed to the combined stresses of cold (6°C) (C) and hypoxia (ambient PO2=85 Torr) (H) for up to 16 weeks and these data were compared to those obtained in a control group of guinea pigs kept in Denver (22°C, ambient PO2=133 Torr). Capillarity was assessed from measurements of capillary density and capillary density to fiber ratios. Mean (R) and maximal (R9) diffusion distances were measured by the closest individual method. The body growth rate of guinea pigs exposed to C + H was the same as that in the control condition. The gastrocnemius muscle grew at the same rate as in the control guinea pigs. Exposure to C + H produced a significant (P<0.001) increase in the capillary density and the C/F of the gastrocnemius, reducing the mean and the maximal diffusion distances. However, the soleus muscles of the guinea pigs in C + H did not grow at the same rate and relative to body size the soleus muscles of these guinea pigs in C + H were smaller due to their smaller fiber cross-sectional area; consequently, there was a relatively larger capillarity in these muscles. It is hypothesized that the increased muscle capillarity in animals exposed to C + H results from a marked lowering of the tissue PO2 which may result from a leftward shift of the HbO2 dissociation curve.
Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 12. Infrared spectral and rapid thermolysis studies of azide-containing monomers and polymers

Abstract The IR spectra of the monomers and homopolymers of glycidyl azide (GAP), 3-azidomethyl-3-methyloxetane (AMMO), 3,3-bis(azidomethyl)oxetane (BAMO), 3-azidooxetane (AZOX), and 3-(2,3-diazidopropoxymethyl)-3-methyloxetane (DAPMMO) were assigned. Rapid-scanning Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (10 scans s−1) was used to characterize the slow (5K min−1) and rapid thermolysis (50–255K s−1) of these compounds. The azide group decomposes before the polymer backbone does. However, once decomposed the products are essentially a mixture of those expected of low-membered cyclic ethers and methyl azide. The gaseous decomposition product concentrations are strikingly insensitive to the applied pressure (1–1000 psi Ar) and to the heating rate (50–255K s−1). HCN is the dominant IR active product in all cases except for AMMO monomer, where CO is more abundant. AMMO polymer is the most thermally stable of the polymers.
Optical selection rules and magnon assignments for the low temperature magnetic spin structures of CsCoCl3 and CsNiCl3

Abstract The optical selection rules for excitons, magnons and exciton-magnon coupled modes are derived for the various magnetic phases of CsCoCl 3 and CsNiCl 3 . For CsCoCl 3 , these selection rules are used in conjunction with the energy levels calculated in the previous paper (I) to account for the sharp side bands observed in the optical spectrum. For CsNiCl 3 , the discussion focuses on the utility of the selections rules to be used as a tool to distinguish phases, particularly in the region of the controversial intermediate phase.
Several Remarks on Index Generation Functions

We propose a probabilistic greedy algorithm for decomposing partially specified index generation functions. These functions have numerous applications in a variety of circuit design problems. We show that finding an optimal decomposition is an intractable problem, which motivates our approach.
Jupiter's Red Spot in 1967-68

Abstract Photographic observations of Jupiter's Red Spot between 12 September 1967 and 17 July 1968 are reported. As the activity in the south component of the South Equatorial Belt (SEBs) decreased, the Red Spot became larger and darker, finally regaining the prominence it had during early 1966.
Large-volume laparoscopic partial nephrectomy using the potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser in a survival porcine model.

Abstract Objectives Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) remains a technically challenging procedure primarily because of difficulties with hemostasis. In an attempt to develop a hemostatic cutting instrument for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, we evaluated the potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser for use during large-volume laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in a porcine model. Methods Transperitoneal lower pole laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was performed in six pigs. Two nonsurvival animals were used initially to develop the laser technique. Four animals underwent a right-sided laparoscopic laser partial nephrectomy followed by an identical left-sided procedure 2 weeks later. Renal hilar occlusion was used in all cases. A novel 365-μm end-firing laser fibre and 80-W KTP laser were used for resection and hemostasis. All renal remnants underwent retrograde pyelography and histologic examination. Results Laser resection and hemostasis was successfully completed in all cases, and no perioperative complications occurred. Mean estimated blood loss was 80ml (25–250ml). Mean laser and warm ischemia times were 35 and 34 minutes, respectively. Resection speed was limited by smoke formation but not by cutting or hemostatic efficiency of the laser. Mean resected kidney mass was 30g or 25% of total kidney mass. There were no urinomas, but, on retrograde pyelogram, extravasation was noted in seven of eight kidneys (87.5%). Conclusions The KTP laser provides hemostasis during large-volume resection in the porcine kidney. This technique appears promising for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in humans.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae as the causative agent for pneumonia in the immunocompromised host.

A young man undergoing chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma presented with fever, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a new infiltrate on the chest roentgenogram. Routine cultures and cytopathologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid provided no evidence for an etiology; however, special cultures of the BAL fluid demonstrated heavy growth of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. We recommend that evaluation of pneumonia in the immunocompromised host include appropriate cultures of BAL fluid for M pneumoniae, particularly when the patient is 5 to 25 years old, the age of high incidence of mycoplasmal pneumonia. (Chest 1991; 100:860-61)
Understanding patterns of economic growth : searching for hills among plateaus, mountains, and plains

The historical path of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the United States (U.S.) is, except for the interlude of the great depression, well characterized by reasonably stable exponential trend growth with modest cyclical deviations: graphically, it is a modestly sloping, slightly bumpy hill. However, almost nothing that is true of U.S. GDP per capita (or that of other countries of the organization for economic co-operation and development) is true of the growth experience of developing countries. A single time trend does not adequately characterize the evolution of GDP per capita in most developing countries. Instability in growth rates over time for a single country is great, relative to both the average level of growth and the variance across countries. These shifts in growth rates lead to distinct patterns. While some countries have steady growth (hills and steep hills), others have rapid growth followed by stagnation (plateaus), rapid growth followed by decline (mountains) or even catastrophic falls (cliffs), continuous stagnation (plains), or steady decline (valleys). Volatility, however defined, is also much greater in developing than in industrial countries. These stylized facts about the instability and volatility of growth rates in developing countries imply that the exploding econometric growth literature that makes use of the panel nature of data is unlikely to be informative. In contrast, research into what initiates (or halts) episodes of growth has high potential.
Investigating Personality and Viewing-Motivation Correlates of Reality Television Exposure

This study investigated the personality and viewing-motivation correlates of reality television exposure. Results from a survey of 592 undergraduates showed that extroversion negatively predicted reality television exposure, whereas neuroticism was not associated with it. Both instrumental (social interaction, information, and arousal) and ritualized (relaxation, pass time, entertainment, and companionship) viewing motivations positively predicted exposure to reality television. A two-stage model by which personality traits contributed to viewing motivations, which, in turn, contributed to the selection of reality television, was tested and offered an adequate fit to the data. Implications for uses and gratifications research are discussed.
Social Diffusion Patterns in Three-Dimensional Virtual Worlds

This paper presents a visualization tool set that can be used to visualize the evolution of three-dimensional (3D) virtual environments, the distribution of their virtual inhabitants over time and space, the formation and diffusion of groups, the influence of group leaders, and the environmental and social influences on chat and diffusion patterns for small (1 –100 participants) but also rather large user groups (more than 100 participants). The techniques are applied to analyze and visualize data recorded during events in virtual worlds, as well as simulated data, but are also applicable to real-world data. Resulting visualizations can and have been used to ease social navigation in 3D virtual worlds, help evaluate and optimize the design of virtual worlds, and provide a means to study the communities evolving in virtual worlds. The visualizations are particularly valuable for analyzing events that are spread out in time and/or space or events that involve a very large number of participants. The paper reviews and builds upon research in information visualization, scientific visualization, geography, architecture, and social science. It discusses intended user groups and their tasks and how the proposed techniques support those tasks. Three dimensional virtual world technologies are briefly described before the visualization tool set is explained in detail together with sample applications. The paper concludes with a discussion of results and an outlook for future work. Information Visualization (2003) 2, 182– 198. doi:10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500050
FzCRITIC-a functional timing verifier using a novel fuzzy delay model

Chip performance and density are increasing tremendously and the CAD tools are always lagging behind. In this paper, we introduce a functional timing verifier using a novel fuzzy delay model which bridges the gap between the front-end timing verification and the back-end delay fault testing. The proposed fuzzy delay model can handle uncertainties with respect to timing characteristics, and manufacturing anomalies. Experimental results are presented for the ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits.
Barriers to Oral Medication Adherence for Adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objective To identify family-reported, adherence-related barriers for adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and examine their relationship to 6-MP/azathioprine and 5-ASA medication adherence. Methods Participants included 74 adolescents, aged 13–17 years, diagnosed with IBD and their caregivers. Adolescents and caregivers jointly completed a measure of barriers to medication adherence. Adherence to medication was measured by family-report, pill-count, and serum assay. Results Families endorsed one to seven total barriers to medication adherence. The most commonly reported barriers included forgetting, being away from home, and interference with an activity. Neither demographic nor disease severity variables were related to the total number of reported barriers. Fewer total reported barriers was related to better adherence by adolescent and maternal report. Conclusion Most families experience at least one barrier to treatment adherence. Effective problem-solving around these barriers and its integration into future treatment protocols may help improve medication adherence in the pediatric IBD population.
Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans Serotonin Reuptake Transporter MOD-5 Reveal Serotonin-Dependent and -Independent Activities of Fluoxetine

We isolated two mutants defective in the uptake of exogenous serotonin (5-HT) into the neurosecretory motor neurons ofCaenorhabditis elegans. These mutants were hypersensitive to exogenous 5-HT and hyper-responsive in the experience-dependent enhanced slowing response to food modulated by 5-HT. The two allelic mutations defined the gene mod-5(modulation of locomotion defective), which encodes the only serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) in C. elegans. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (Prozac) potentiated the enhanced slowing response, and this potentiation requiredmod-5 function, establishing a 5-HT- and SERT-dependent behavioral effect of fluoxetine in C. elegans. By contrast, other responses of C. elegans to fluoxetine were independent of MOD-5 SERT and 5-HT. Further analysis of the MOD-5-independent behavioral effects of fluoxetine could lead to the identification of novel targets of fluoxetine and could facilitate the development of more specific human pharmaceuticals.
Evaluation of Design Alternatives for a Multiprocessor Microprocessor

In the future, advanced integrated circuit processing and packaging technology will allow for several design options for multiprocessor microprocessors. In this paper we consider three architectures: shared-primary cache, shared-secondary cache, and shared-memory. We evaluate these three architectures using a complete system simulation environment which models the CPU, memory hierarchy and I/O devices in sufficient detail to boot and run a commercial operating system. Within our simulation environment, we measure performance using representative hand and compiler generated parallel applications, and a multiprogramming workload. Our results show that when applications exhibit fine-grained sharing, both shared-primary and shared-secondary architectures perform similarly when the full costs of sharing the primary cache are included.
The Perverse Effects of Social Transparency on Online Advice Taking

Increasingly, the advice people receive on the Internet is socially transparent in the sense that it displays contextual information about the advice-givers or their actions. We hypothesize that activity transparency -seeing an advice giver's process while creating his or her recommendations - will increase advice taking. We report three experiments testing the effect of activity transparency on taking mediocre advice. We found that the presence of a web history increased the likelihood of following a financial advisor's advice and reduced participant earnings (Exp. 1), especially when the web history implied greater task focus (Exp. 2, 3). CSCW research usually emphasizes how to increase information sharing; this work suggests when shared information may be inappropriate. We suggest ways to counter activity transparency's potential downsides.
Technical Analysis and Liquidity Provision

The apparent conflict between the level of resources dedicated to technical analysis by practitioners and academic theories of market efficiency is a long-standing puzzle. We offer an alternative explanation for the value of technical analysis that is consistent with market efficiency - specifically, that it reveals information about liquidity provision. We find evidence consistent with the hypotheses that support and resistance levels coincide with peaks in depth on the limit order book and that moving average forecasts reveal information about the relative position of depth on the book. These results demonstrate that technical analysis can have value even in an efficient market, and provide a practical method for estimating the level of liquidity on the book.
Resequencing Worst-Case Analysis for Parallel Buffered Packet Switches

This paper considers a general parallel buffered packet switch (PBPS) architecture which is based on multiple packet switches operating independently and in parallel. A load-balancing mechanism is used at each input to distribute the traffic to the parallel switches. The buffer structure of each of the parallel packet switches is based on either a dedicated, a shared, or a buffered-crosspoint output-queued architecture. As in such PBPS multipath switches, packets may get out of order when they travel independently in parallel through these switches, a resequencing mechanism is necessary at the output side. This paper addresses the issue of evaluating the minimum resequence-queue size required for a deadlock-free lossless operation. An analytical method is presented for the exact evaluation of the worst-case resequencing delay and the worst-case resequence-queue size. The results obtained reveal their relation, and demonstrate the impact of the various system parameters on resequencing
Vector theory of diffraction by a single-mode fiber: application to mode-field diameter measurements

We derive a far-field diffraction integral by (vector) electromagnetic theory; the result differs from the (scalar) Rayleigh–Sommerfeld or Kirchhoff result in that it depends on polarization. For unpolarized light, we derive a factor (1+cos2θ)1/2/2 that replaces the usual obliquity factor. Omitting this factor can cause an error of the same order as the measurement uncertainty in determining the mode-field diameter of a single-mode fiber from far-field data.
Identification of putative fallopian tube stem cells.

Stem cells are used to repair and regenerate multiple tissues in the adult. We have previously shown that stem cells play a significant role in mediating endometrial repair and tissue regeneration. We hypothesized that the oviduct may possess a similar population of stem cells that contribute to the maintenance of this tissue. Here we identify label-retaining cells (LRCs) in the murine oviduct which indicate the presence of a stem/progenitor cell population in this tissue as well. Two-day-old CD-1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) or vehicle control. Female animals (n = 36 for each group) were killed at 6 weeks post injection. Reproductive tracts were removed, specimens were embedded in paraffin, and 5-µ sections were prepared. Oviduct was identified by hematoxylin and eosin staining and morphology. Immunofluorescence studies were performed on serial sections tissues (n = 12 per animal) using antibodies against BrdU. Confocal microscopy was used to identify 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)- and BrdU-stained nuclei. In the group of mice exposed to BrdU, we identified a population of LRCs in all specimens and not in controls. The putative stem cells are located at the base of each villi, suggesting the location of the stem cell niche. The number of DAPI-stained nuclei divided by the number of LRCs; LRCs constituted 0.5% of all nucleated cells. The oviduct contains a population of progenitor cells, likely used in the repair and regeneration of fallopian tube. Defective or insufficient stem cell reserve may underlie common tubal diseases, including hydrosalpinx and ectopic pregnancy.
ENERGY LEVELS AND SPECTRAL LINES OF QUADRUPLY IONIZED IRON (Fe V)

This paper, combining a critical compilation with new calculations, provides revised comprehensive lists of recommended energy levels, observed spectral lines, and transition probabilities in the spectrum of quadruply ionized iron (Fe V). The new level optimization made in this work is based on critically assessed uncertainties of about 2000 wavelengths previously measured with grating spectrographs. For 80% of energy levels, relative uncertainties have been reduced by a factor of three on average, compared with previously reported uncertainties. For 65% of observed lines, uncertainties of the new Ritz wavelengths are smaller than those of observed wavelengths by a factor of four on average.
Surrogates for the Study of Norovirus Stability and Inactivation in the Environment: A Comparison of Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of food- and waterborne outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As a result of the lack of a mammalian cell culture model for these viruses, studies on persistence, inactivation, and transmission have been limited to cultivable viruses, including feline calicivirus (FCV). Recently, reports of the successful cell culture of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) have provided investigators with an alternative surrogate for human NoVs. In this study, we compared the inactivation profiles of MNV-1 to FCV in an effort to establish the relevance of MNV-1 as a surrogate virus. Specifically, we evaluated (i) stability upon exposure to pH extremes; (ii) stability upon exposure to organic solvents; (iii) thermal inactivation; and (iv) surface persistence under wet and dry conditions. MNV-1 was stable across the entire pH range tested (pH 2 to 10) with less than 1 log reduction in infectivity at pH 2, whereas FCV was inactivated rapidly at pH values 9. F...
Diverse active well neutron coincidence counter utility at the Savannah River National Laboratory

In this paper we describe use of the Aquila active well neutron coincidence counter for nuclear material assays of 235U in multiple analytical techniques at Savannah River Site (SRS), at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), and at Argonne West National Laboratory (AWNL). The uses include as a portable passive neutron counter for field measurements searching for evidence of 252Cf deposits and storage; as a portable active neutron counter using an external activation source for field measurements searching for trace 235U deposits and holdup; for verification measurements of U-Al reactor fuel elements; for verification measurements of uranium metal; and for verification measurements of process waste of impure uranium in a challenging cement matrix. The wide variety of uses described demonstrate utility of the technique for neutron coincidence verification measurements over the dynamic ranges of 100–5000 g for U metal, 200–1300 g for U-Al, and 8–35 g for process waste. In addition to demonstrating use of the instrument in both the passive and active modes, we also demonstrate its use in both the fast and thermal neutron modes.
Content Analysis of Expressive Writing Narratives About Stressful Relational Events Using Interpersonal Decentering

This study used secondary analysis of data from two studies of expressive writing about stressful relational events to first describe the relations of word use to social-cognitive maturity of role-...
Bit error rate measurements of diffraction by non-true-time-delay, holographic optical element

The impact on digital communications performance from non-true-time-delay beam steering by a holographic optical element (HOE) is investigated. Free-space data transmission experiments were performed using an HOE with a 5 mm diameter and 33 diffraction angle at the data rate of 10 Gbit/s with return-to-zero and non-return-to-zero formats. For this diffraction case, a small penalty of 0.7 dB at 10 -9 bit error rate is observed for both formats. This penalty is smaller than the optical loss but would be expected to increase for larger diameters and data rates.
Metallic state of low-mobility silicon at high carrier density induced by an ionic liquid

High-mobility and dilute two-dimensional electron systems exhibit metallic behavior down to the lowest experimental temperatures. In studies of ionic liquid gated insulating silicon, we have observed transitions to a metallic state in low-mobility samples at much higher areal carrier densities than found for samples of high mobility. We have also observed a mobility peak in metallic samples as the carrier density was increased beyond ${10}^{13}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
Enhanced gene expression in mouse muscle by sustained release of plasmid DNA using PPE-EA as a carrier.

Delivery of plasmid DNA by nanoparticles improves the DNA bioavailability, for instance in intramuscular administration, by localizing the DNA in the muscle tissue. Extracellular sustained release of the DNA may lead to more prolonged transgene expression. The present study describes a novel controlled gene delivery system based on a water soluble and biodegradable polyphosphoester, poly(2-aminoethyl propylene phosphate) (PPE-EA). The polymer degraded in PBS at 37°C through the cleavage of the backbone phosphate bonds, and it was synthesized with a relative high molecular weight to ensure a suitable hydrolytic stability as a gene carrier. The tissue response and cytotoxicity study demonstrated a better tissue compatibility of PPE-EA in mouse muscle compared with commonly used polyethylenimine and poly-L-lysine. PPE-EA condensed DNA efficiently and protected DNA from nuclease and serum degradation. Sustained release of plasmid was achieved from PPE-EA/DNA complexes as a result of PPE-EA degradation. The DNA release profiles appear to be predominantly controlled by carrier degradation and the release rate of plasmid could be adjusted by varying the charge ratio of PPE-EA to DNA. At an N/P (amino to phosphate groups) ratio of 1, a 46% burst was observed for the first day, followed by about 4% release per day (24 μg DNA/day/mg of complex) for 12 days. Higher charge ratios reduced both the DNA release rate and the burst effect. The released DNA retained its structural and functional integrity. Intramuscular injection of PPE-EA-p43-LacZ complexes at N/P ratios of 0.5 and 1 resulted in enhanced β-galactosidase expression in anterior tibialis muscle in Balb/c mice, as compared with naked DNA injections. Similarly, PPE-EA/IFNα2b DNA complexes generated an increased systemic level of interferon-α2b in mouse serum following intramuscular injection, as compared with naked DNA injection.