cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANIMAL MODELS FOR THE STUDY OF LOWER EXTREMITY CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE : LESSONS LEARNED AND FUTURE NEEDS

The purpose of this review is to define animal models of chronic venous disease and to demonstrate how animal studies can impact our understanding and treatment of this disorder. To this end an extensive literature search was conducted highlighting potential animal models of chronic lower extremity venous disease. Scientific investigations using animals to study particular aspects of this disease are also reviewed. This review was conducted by members of the Committee on Research of the American Venous Forum to help provide direction for future venous research endeavors. Useful models of chronic venous occlusive disease involve controlled ligation of a major lower limb vein and multiple tributaries. Such a model can provide sustained venous hypertension and studies using this model have confirmed that an isodiametric graft can provide early hemodynamic relief. Models of primary, postphlebitic, and isolated chronic deep venous insufficiency are available for study. Valve repair or transplantation can positively impact the insufficiency observed in these models. Investigations into valve substitutes have generally been disappointing or are undergoing early evaluation. In conclusion, animal models for the study of some aspects of chronic venous disease do exist and have already affected our clinical approach to patients. The scientific study of basic pathophysiology, diagnostics, end-organ response, and long-term surgical treatments of this disorder in well-controlled animal experiments have not been conducted. (Ann Vasc Surg 1998;12:487–494.)
Kinetic Isotope Effects in the Oxidation of Arachidonic Acid by Soybean Lipoxygenase-1

The reaction of soybean lipoxygenase-1 with linoleic acid has been extensively studied and displays very large kinetic isotope effects. In this work, substrate and solvent kinetic isotope effects as well as the viscosity dependence of the oxidation of arachidonic acid were investigated. The hydrogen atom abstraction step was rate-determining at all temperatures, but was partially masked by a viscosity-dependent step at ambient temperatures. The observed KIEs on k(cat) were large ( approximately 100 at 25 degrees C).
Strong isospin breaking of the nucleon and delta masses on the lattice

Abstract Strong isospin breaking in the spectrum of the nucleons and deltas can be studied in lattice QCD with the help of chiral perturbation theory. At leading order in the chiral expansion, the mass splittings between the proton and neutron and between the deltas are linear in the quark mass difference. The next-to-leading order contributions to these splittings vanish even away from the strong-isospin limit. Therefore, any non-linear quark mass dependence of these mass splittings is a signal of the next-to-next-to-leading order mass contributions, thus providing access to low energy constants at this order. We determine the mass splittings of the nucleons and deltas in two-flavor, heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory to next-to-next-to-leading order. We also derive expressions for the nucleon and delta masses in partially quenched chiral perturbation theory to the same order. The resulting mass expressions will be useful both for the extrapolation of lattice data on baryon masses, and for the study of strong isospin breaking.
DISCRETE SQUARE ROOT SMOOTHING

The basic techniques applied in the square root least squares and square root filtering solutions are applied to the smoothing problem. Both conventional and square root solutions are obtained by computing the filtered solutions, then modifying the results to include the effect of all measurements. A comparison of computation requirements indicates that the square root information smoother (SRIS) is more efficient than conventional solutions in a large class of fixed interval smoothing problems.
Evidence for double diffraction in pp interactions at 300 GeV/c

We have observed evidence for the double diffraction process $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{N}^{*}{N}^{*}$ at 300 GeV/c. The symbol ${N}^{*}$ is used here to refer to the low-mass enhancement which decays into three charged particles (with or without neutrals). The cross section for this reaction is measured to be 0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 mb. The cross section for the single-beam-diffraction reaction, $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{N}^{*}$, is measured to be 0.82\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 mb. These data are in good agreement with the predictions of the factorization hypothesis.
Current Findings Regarding the Effectiveness of Counseling: Implications for Practice.

Research on the effectiveness of counseling is reviewed, and conclusions are drawn about the consequences for professional practice. The research literature clearly shows that counseling is effective in relation to no-treatment and placebo control conditions. The effects of counseling seem to be relatively lasting. These effects are attained in relatively brief time periods, with the percentage of clients who show substantial improvement increasing as the number of counseling sessions increases. There continues to be little evidence of specific efficacy for particular techniques or counseling theories, and a small portion of clients seem to deteriorate while undergoing, and perhaps because of, counseling interventions.
Preparation of Protease-Free Neuraminidase by Affinity Adsorption on Fetuin-Derivatized Cellulose

Abstract A simple, rapid procedure is described for eliminating protease contaminants from commercially available neuraminidase by affinity adsorption to celluloseimmobilized fetuin. Neuraminidase activity is enriched 10- to 25-fold depending on the enzyme source. Recovery of activity from batchwise adsorption is approximately 60%, while column chromatography recovery is better than 95%. Affinityadsorbed neuraminidase is virtually free of protease activity when evaluated using [ 3 H]hemoglobin as a substrate. The affinity adsorbent can be reused after elution of the enzyme, and defined proteases such as trypsin and pronase do not bind under experimental conditions. The analytical value of protease-free neuraminidase is discussed in relation to studies of the biological fates of desialated glycoproteins and tumor cells.
Taxing capital in a large, open economy

Abstract This paper analyzes capital taxation in a dynamic, optimizing, equilibrium model of a large, open economy. It is shown that the existence of current account imbalances may yield surprising results. For example, if a country has a current account deficit, the tendency of an increased tax on investment to lower wages is dampened. If the deficit is sufficiently large, an increased investment tax may actually increase both wages and welfare in the long run. A country with a current account surplus may find that temporary investment incentives improve its current account in all but the short run.
The Yarra granite: An intradeformational pluton associated with ductile thrusting, Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia

The Yarra granite is a deformed S-type pluton on the eastern edge of the Wyangala batholith intruded into deformed early Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. Detailed structural studies of the pluton include the character and geometry of the foliation and its history of development in both the pluton and wall rock, the relationship of the foliation to the pluton/wall-rock boundary, and microstructural relationships in the contact aureole. Evaluation of the above and regional data indicate that pluton emplacement is broadly synorogenic; in detail, however, it is post-tectonic relative to an early phase and pretectonic relative to later phases of deformation, and it may be more accurately classified as intradeformational. Structures in the wall rock have a complex history which indicates that at least three cycles of transposition of planar elements have occurred, giving rise to composite structures often exhibiting largely parallel orientation and comparable morphology. These multiple composite structures show a gentle to moderate westerly dip, a down-dip orientation of stretching lineations and rotated fold axes, and consistent west-over-east asymmetry of various kinematic markers. Field and laboratory data indicate that transposition occurred in a gentle to moderately dipping zone of ductile thrusting under upper-greenschist- facies conditions. The Yarra granite was deformed while it still contained considerable magmatic heat, which promoted and facilitated ductile deformation of the wall rocks and pluton during the thrusting event. We speculate that movement along the zone of ductile thrusting may have attenuated the pluton at depth and possibly detached it from its source. If this is so, it implies that the Yarra granite (and possibly the eastern part and/or all of the Wyangala batholith) may have been brought up from some depth and displaced eastward along the zone of ductile thrusting.
Electron injection into dense neon: A comparison with hydrogen and helium

As a probe of the electron-neon fluid surface barrier, hot electrons (~1 eV) obtained from thin-film cold-cathode emitters were injected into neon liquid and dense neon gas at temperatures below 77 K. In neon, at all densities including the liquid, we find a universal characteristic shape for the current attenuationi/i 0 vs. E/N, in contrast to the cases of helium and hydrogen. The neon results are discussed in terms of various injection models and interpreted to imply a very long electron thermalization distance and an upper limit for the electron-neon surface barrier of 0.1 eV.
SINGLE-PARTICLE DYNAMICS IN PARTICLE STORAGE RINGS WITH INTEGRABLE POLYNOMIAL FACTORIZATION MAPS

A six-dimensional symplectic tracking code based on the concept of integrable polynomial factorization (IPF) maps has been developed for the study of beam dynamics in large storage rings. To examine the accuracy of the IPF maps, comparison studies on beam dynamics between the IPF maps and the original system have been conducted with two sample lattices: a lattice containing one sextupole kick that is otherwise linear and the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) collision lattice. It was found that the errors in the $n\mathrm{th}$-order IPF map scale as the $(n+1)\mathrm{th}$ power of phase-space amplitude. As the order of the map is increased, the difference between the original system and its IPF map can thus be reduced to be as small as desired. A study of phase-space portraits showed that the IPF map precisely reproduces the resonance structure of the original system even in the phase-space region where the system is quite nonlinear. The tracking study for the LHC showed that the IPF map accurately predicts the same dynamic aperture as does element-by-element tracking. Our results suggest that the IPF map is a reliable model for the study of long-term behavior of beam particles in large storage rings.
Neuropsychological rehabilitation: Application of a modified multiple baseline design

The treatment of brain impairment following traumatic injury has proliferated in the past few years. Because many proposed treatment methods have not yet been proven, an important aspect of each treatment attempt is the evaluation of possible gains derived as a result of treatment. A modified multiple baseline design has been suggested as a means of partialing out extraneous influences in the assessment of treatment effects. This paper presents data from the application of a modified multiple baseline design to the treatment of memory and abstraction deficits in a young man who had experienced a closed head injury. Both psychometric-nomothetic and idiographic data are presented and discussed.
Cyclic pyridyltriazole–Cu(II) dimers as supramolecular hosts

Tetradentate bis(pyridyltriazole) ligands containing aromatic spacers of different sizes react with Cu2+ to produce metallo-supramolecular hosts that bind 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane molecules internally.
Perineural invasion of cutaneous malignancies.

BACKGROUNDPerineural invasion is an important mode of tumor spread and is associated with increased aggressiveness and a propensity for recurrence among cutaneous malignancies.OBJECTIVETo review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cutaneous tumors exhibiting perineural invasion.METHODSThis
Turning Points and Trajectories in Military Deployment

Previous military family research has assumed a stable set of deployment phases. In line with critiques of such models within family communication, we identified the varied turning points and trajectories military spouses experience across deployment. We interviewed 50 Army and Army National Guard wives whose husbands served in missions to Iraq and Afghanistan. Participants graphed turning points and corresponding marital satisfaction levels across a recent deployment. Participants reported 519 turning points that fell into four supraordinate categories: Deployment/Military-Related Events, Life Events, Communication Events, and Other. Trajectories within each deployment phase reflected five patterns: Turbulent, Increasing, Decreasing, Stabilized, and Dipped. Most participants' trajectories reflected turbulence during the predeployment and deployment phases, and declining or dipped satisfaction during the postdeployment period. Results reflect varied experiences and provide useful information for those exp...
Nothing Matters in Survival

Do I have a special reason to care about my future, as opposed to yours? We reject the common belief that I do. Putting our thesis paradoxically, we say that nothing matters in survival: nothing in our continued existence justifies any special self-concern. Such an “extreme” view is standardly tied to ideas about the metaphysics of persons, but not by us. After rejecting various arguments against our thesis, we conclude that simplicity decides in its favor. Throughout the essay we honor Jim Rachels, whose final days exemplified his own unselfish morality as well as the “neutralist” ideal we espouse. As an appendix, we include the last original work to be published by James Rachels, in which he criticizes Sidgwick’s most famous defense of egoism.
The Role of Doubly Diffusive Instabilities in the Core-Collapse Supernova Mechanism

We investigate doubly diffusive instabilities in hot, dense stellar material by examining its behavior in response to small perturbations. These instabilities, particularly "neutron fingers," have been suggested to arise in the postcollapse cores of massive stars, where entropy and lepton gradients are stabilizing and destabilizing, respectively, and to be important for the supernova explosion mechanism. We model neutrino-mediated equilibration of energy and leptons as a linear system characterized by four response functions. These latter are evaluated for a given thermodynamic state by detailed neutrino-transport experiments. Our results indicate that regions in a postcollapse stellar core may be semiconvectively rather than neutron-finger unstable but that these regions shrink with time as more and more of the lepton profile of the core falls below the critical lepton number for which a negative lepton gradient becomes stabilizing. Because these results differ from what has been assumed before, the role of doubly diffusive instabilities in the supernova explosion mechanism will have to be reexamined.
An entity-life modeling approach to the design of concurrent software

Using the idea of Entity-Life Modeling for task decomposition, the design of a prototypical elevator control system is explored and compared to an earlier JSD solution.
Lewis Morris--New Jersey's Colonial Poet-Governor

Lewis Morris (1671-1746) was the govenor of colonial New Jersey from 1738-1746 and his family papers are in Rutgers Special Collections. Among these papers are a sheaf of some eighteen poems of the Governor's own composition.Â Cook discusses his public life and his poetry.Â He concludes Moris "practiced poetry as a gentlemanly diversion, intended for little more than the private amusement of himself and a few friends. It is perhaps a sufficient tribute to Lewis Morris's satiric vigor that the modern reader, more than two centuries later, can still share some measure of that amusement."
Preliminary investigations of magnetic osmometry

Abstract The theory and results of experiments in which an osmometer is placed in a magnetic field are presented. The pressure generated by an osmotic magnetic field of 7600 G is found to be 1.8 cm of H2O for a 2.0 % w/w solution of bovine serum albumin. The possibility of utilizing this effect to study the magnetic properties of biological macromolecules and for more precise molecular weight determinations is discussed.
Glucose and glutamine provide similar proportions of energy to mucosal cells of rat small intestine

The objectives of this study were to establish a reliable method for quantifying glycolytic flux in intestinal epithelial cells, to determine the proportion of energy provided to small intestine epithelial cells by glucose vs. glutamine, and to determine whether there was an energetic advantage to having both substrates present simultaneously. There was substantial retention of 3H in alanine and lactate when [2-(3)H]glucose was used as tracer for quantifying glycolysis, and the magnitude of the 3H retention was influenced by the presence of other substrates and metabolites. Detritiation was at least 99% complete, however, when [3-(3)H]glucose was used as tracer in this system and the tritium was recovered as 3H2O. Glycolytic flux was six- to sevenfold higher in cells of the proximal than distal small intestine but was not significantly different for young adult (4 mo) vs. aged adult (24 mo) rats. Net ATP production from exogenous substrates was higher when both glucose and glutamine were present simultaneously than when either substrate was present alone, and glucose was calculated to provide 50-60% of the net ATP produced from these two substrates. Most of the energy produced from glucose was produced via the anaerobic metabolic pathways (78% for glucose alone, 95% with glucose and glutamine). Net energy production was calculated to be 10% lower in cells from aged animals than in those from young animals, since CO2 production from these major substrates was lower in cells from aged animals.
A comparative performance evaluation of various state maintenance mechanisms

Speculative execution and dynamic scheduling are two promising techniques for achieving high performance in superscalar processors. These techniques require a mechanism for maintaining all architecturally visible machine state. The authors examine the performance implications of three common state maintenance mechanisms: the reorder buffer, the history buffer, and checkpointing. They model the execution of the four integer benchmarks from the SPEC89 suite for a variety of maintenance techniques. They report the results of these measurements and their implications with respect to the design of high performance superscalar processors. >
Reduced journal rates

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Self‐report versus medical record – perinatal factors in a study of infant leukaemia: a study from the Children's Oncology Group

In a case-control study of infant leukaemia, we assessed agreement between medical records and mother's self-reported pregnancy-related conditions and procedures and infant treatments. Interview and medical record data were available for 234 case and 215 control mothers. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for maternal report were estimated for case and control mothers separately, taking the medical record as correct. For most perinatal conditions, sensitivity and specificity were over 75%. Low sensitivity was observed for maternal protein or albumin in the urine (cases: 12% [95% exact confidence interval (CI) 8%, 18%]; controls: 11% [95% CI 7%, 17%]) and infant supplemental oxygen use (cases: 25% [95% CI 11%, 43%]; controls: 24% [95% CI 13%, 37%]). Low specificity was found for peripheral oedema (cases: 47% [95% CI 37%, 58%]; controls: 54% [95% CI 43%, 64%]). Sensitivity for maternal hypertension appeared much lower for cases (cases: 46% [95% CI 28%, 66%]; controls: 90% [95% CI 70%, 99%]; P = 0.003). We did not detect other case-control differences in recall (differentiality), even though the average time between childbirth and interview was 2.7 years for case and 3.7 years for control mothers. Many conditions exhibited notable differences between interview and records. We recommend use of multiple measurement sources to allow both cross-checking and synthesis of results into more accurate measures.
Mutations in SIN4 and RGR1 Cause Constitutive Expression of MAL Structural Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Transcription of the Saccharomyces MAL structural genes is induced 40-fold by maltose and requires the MAL-activator and maltose permease. To identify additional players involved in regulating MAL gene expression, we carried out a genetic selection for MAL constitutive mutants. Strain CMY4000 containing MAL1 and integrated copies of MAL61promoter-HIS3 and MAL61promoter-lacZ reporter genes was used to select constitutive mutants. The 29 recessive mutants fall into at least three complementation groups. Group 1 and group 2 mutants exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes and represent alleles of Mediator component genes RGR1 and SIN4, respectively. The rgr1 and sin4 constitutive phenotype does not require either the MAL-activator or maltose permease, indicating that Mediator represses MAL basal expression. Further genetic analysis demonstrates that RGR1 and SIN4 work in a common pathway and each component of the Mediator Sin4 module plays a distinct role in regulating MAL gene expression. Additionally, the Swi/Snf chromatin-remodeling complex is required for full induction, suggesting a role for chromatin remodeling in the regulation of MAL gene expression. A sin4Δ mutation is unable to suppress the defects in MAL gene expression resulting from loss of the Swi/Snf complex component Snf2p. The role of the Mediator in MAL gene regulation is discussed.
Coupling correction and beam dynamics at ultralow vertical emittance in the ALS

For synchrotron light sources and for damping rings of linear colliders it is important to be able to minimize the vertical emittance and to correct the spurious vertical dispersion. This allows one to maximize the brightness and/or the luminosity. A commonly used tool to measure the skew error distribution is the analysis of orbit response matrices using codes like LOCO. Using the new Matlab version of LOCO and 18 newly installed power supplies for individual skew quadrupoles at the ALS the emittance ratio could be reduced below 0.1% at 1.9 GeV yielding a vertical emittance of about 5 pm. At those very low emittances, additional effects like intra beam scattering become more important, potentially limiting the minimum emittance for machine like the damping rings of linear colliders
A thermodynamic efficiency for Stokesian swimming

Since free Stokesian swimming does no work external to fluid and body, the classical thermodynamic efficiency of this activity is zero. This paper introduces a potential thermodynamic efficiency by partially tethering the body so that work is done externally and instantaneously. We compare the resulting efficiency with other definitions utilized in Stokes flow, extend the instantaneous definition to encompass a full swimming stroke, and compute it for propulsion of a spherical body by a helical flagellum.
Geriatric Depression Scale as a community screening instrument for elderly Chinese immigrants.

Depression is the most prevalent mental health problem among the elderly, including Chinese-American elderly. A Chinese-language version of the popular Geriatric Depression Scale Long Form (GDS-LF) and Short Form (GDS-SF) was developed. Based on the responses of 50 elderly Chinese immigrants to the U.S. (25 women and 25 men), the GDS-LF evidenced high internal consistency but the GDS-SF did not. Factor analysis was then used to develop a new version of the GDS-SF, which was internally consistent. The revised GDS-SF is an important and easy-to-administer tool for community screening of depression among elderly Chinese immigrants.
First Thought, Best Thought: Positive Mood Maintains and Negative Mood Degrades Implicit-Explicit Attitude Correspondence:

Two studies investigate the effect of mood on the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes toward African Americans (Experiment 1) and implicit and explicit academic attitudes (Experiment 2). Because explicit and implicit attitudes are more related when people validate their automatic attitudes as true (the associative-propositional evaluation model) and because people tend to validate their immediate reactions when they are in positive rather than negative moods (the affect-as-information model), the authors predicted a stronger implicit-explicit attitude correspondence among positive versus negative mood participants. As predicted, in both studies, participants exhibited a significant correspondence between implicit and explicit attitudes when in positive moods but not when in negative moods.
High-frequency loading of lumbar ligaments increases proinflammatory cytokines expression in a feline model of repetitive musculoskeletal disorder

Abstract Background context Cumulative (repetitive) lumbar disorder is common in the workforce, and the associated epidemiology points out high risk for lifting heavy loads, performing many repetitions, and performing movements at high velocity. Experimental verification of viscoelastic tissue degradation and a neuromuscular disorder exist for cyclic work under heavy loads. Experimental validation for a disorder because of cyclic loads under high-velocity movement is missing. Purpose Obtain experimental verification that high-velocity lumbar flexion-extension results in significant increase of proinflammatory cytokines in the viscoelastic tissues. Study design Laboratory experiments using two in vivo feline model groups subjected to cyclic flexion-extension at low and high velocity. Methods Seven hours after cumulative 60 minutes of cyclic flexion-extension at moderate load of 40 N and 0.25 Hz for first group and 0.5 Hz for the second group, the supraspinous ligaments of L3–L4 to L5–L6 were harvested and subjected to cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β1) analysis. Two-way mixed model analysis of variance with a post hoc analysis were used to assess any significant differences (p Results Expression levels of the five cytokines were significantly increased in the group subjected to the high-frequency loading. Conclusions Exposure of the lumbar spine to high-velocity flexion-extension triggers a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines, indicating pronounced changes consistent with an acute inflammation. Further exposure to activity over prolonged periods may trigger chronic inflammation and tissue degeneration as the source of cumulative lumbar disorder.
Novel Use of a Gastrointestinal Stapler for Diaphragm Division During Thoracoabdominal Aortic Exposure

A significant portion of the morbidity associated with a thoracoabdominal approach to the suprarenal aorta is due to postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. A contributing factor to this dysfunction is division of the diaphragm during surgical exposure and subsequent repair upon completion of the operation. In this brief technical report, we describe a novel technique using a gastrointestinal stapler to divide the diaphragm that is rapid, hemostatic, and aids with reapproximation at the completion of the case. This method of diaphragm division is quicker and less traumatic and has the potential to decrease the incidence of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction.
Modelling and Simulation of Vertical Subcooling Condensers

This paper presents a set of working equations for the dynamic simulation of vertical subcooling condensers. The model shows that the condenser's dynamic characteristics change dramatically with vapor load. The changing dynamics make it difficult to control the subcooled condensate temperature with cooling water flow. The paper also discusses two different schemes for improved temperature control. In particular a self-tuning controller could be useful on these condensers.
Characteristics of Open Access Journals in Six Subject Areas.

We examine the characteristics of 663 Open Access (OA) journals in biology, computer science, economics, history, medicine, and psychology, then compare the OA journals with impact factors to comparable subscription journals. There is great variation in the size of OA journals; the largest publishes more than 2,700 articles per year, but half publish 25 or fewer. While just 29 percent of OA journals charge publication fees, those journals represent 50 percent of the articles in our study. OA journals in the fields of biology and medicine are larger than the others, more likely to charge fees, and more likely to have a high citation impact. Overall, the OA journal landscape is greatly influenced by a few key publishers and journals.
Joint modeling of observed inter-arrival times and waveform data with multiple hidden states for neural spike-sorting

We present a novel, maximum likelihood framework for automatic spike-sorting based on a joint statistical model of action potential waveform shape and inter-spike interval durations of cortical neuronal firing clusters. We derive an expression for the joint likelihood of the set of observed waveforms and neuronal firing times and hidden neuronal labels. We then use an iterative unsupervised procedure for simultaneous clustering and parameter estimation to find the maximum-likelihood sequence of neuronal labels. We evaluate our method on the WaveClus artificial data-set with 2483 firing events, and obtain a significant improvement in clustering accuracy over the waveform-only EM-GMM baseline in high noise conditions.
Behavioral interactions between three birch aphid species and Adalia bipunctata larvae

First and fourth instars of three birch aphid species were exposed to first and fourth instars of Adalia bipunctata (L.), the most common aphid predator on silver birch, Betula pendula Roth, in northern California. Defensive behavior differed by aphid species. Euceraphis betulae (Koch) (Eb), the most successful escapee, was highly mobile and frequently walked away from coccinellid larvae. Betulaphis brevipilosa Borner (Bb), a flat, sessile species, was the least successful aphid at actively escaping from A. bipunctata larvae, but could passively escape detection when coccinellid larvae walked over nymphs and did not perceive them. Active escape behavior was much safer for aphids than passive avoidance of detection. Both instars of Eb and fourth instars of Callipterinella calliptera (Hartig) (Cc) escaped from coccinellid larvae more frequently when approached from the front, apparently using vision for pre-contact detection of A. bipunctata. These aphids avoided physical contact with larger predators more often than with smaller predators. Level of predation by A. bipunctata on these three aphid species is dependent upon types of aphid defense. RESUME Interactions entre les comportements de trois especes du pucerons du bouleau et celui des larves d'Adalia bipunctata Des larves de premier et troisieme stades de 3 especes de pucerons du bouleau: Betulaphis brevipilosa, Callipterinella calliptera et Euceraphis betulae ont ete exposees aux attaques des larves du premier et du quatrieme stades d'Adalia bipunctata, predateur le plus frequent de pucerons sur Betula pendula en Californie du Nord. Le comportement defensif depend beaucoup de l'espece de puceron. E. betulae, qui s'echappe avec le plus de succes, est tres mobile et s'ecarte frequemment des larves agressives de coccinelles. B. brevipilosa, espece plate, sessile, a le moins de succes dans la protection active contre les attaques des larves de A. bipunctata, mais elle peut echapper passivement a la detection des larves de coccinelles qui ne peuvent pas les discerner lorsqu'elles circulent parmi les larves de pucerons. E. betulae (aux deux stades) et C. calliptera (au quatrieme) echappent le plus aux larves de coccinelles qui attaquent de front, ce qui laisse supposer que la vision permet de detecter A. bipunctata avant le contact. Le succes des larves de coccinelles varie selon les stades du puceron et de la coccinelle. Les possibilites d'obtention de niveaux de predation eleves de ces 3 pucerons par A. bipunctata depend du type de protection du puceron.
Regulation of Translational Efficiency by Disparate 5′ UTRs of PPARγ Splice Variants

The PPAR- gene encodes for at least 7 unique transcripts due to alternative splicing of five exons in the -untranslated region (UTR). The translated region is encoded by exons 1&#x2013;6, which are identical in all isoforms. This study investigated the role of the -UTR in regulating the efficiency with which the message is translated to protein. A coupled in vitro transcription-translation assay demonstrated that PPAR-1, -2, and -5 are efficiently translated, whereas PPAR-4 and -7 are poorly translated. An in vivo reporter gene assay using each -UTR upstream of the firefly luciferase gene showed that the -UTRs for PPAR-1, -2, and -4 enhanced translation, whereas the -UTRs for PPAR-5 and -7 inhibited translation. Models of RNA secondary structure, obtained by the mfold software, were used to explain the mechanism of regulation by each -UTR. In general, it was found that the translational efficiency was inversely correlated with the stability of the mRNA secondary structure, the presence of base-pairing in the consensus Kozak sequence, the number of start codons in the -UTR, and the length of the -UTR. A better understanding of posttranscriptional regulation of translation will allow modulation of protein levels without altering transcription.
Multiple Type-B Response Regulators Mediate Cytokinin Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis

Type-B Arabidopsis thaliana response regulators (ARRs) are transcription factors that function in the final step of two-component signaling systems. To characterize their role in plant growth and development, we isolated T-DNA insertions within six of the genes (ARR1, ARR2, ARR10, ARR11, ARR12, and ARR18) from the largest subfamily of type-B ARRs and also constructed various double and triple combinations of these mutations. Higher order mutants revealed progressively decreased sensitivity to cytokinin, including effects on root elongation, lateral root formation, callus induction and greening, and induction of cytokinin primary response genes. The triple mutant arr1,10,12 showed almost complete insensitivity to cytokinin under many of the assay conditions used. By contrast, no significant change in the sensitivity to ethylene was found among the mutants examined. These results indicate that there is functional overlap among the type-B ARRs and that they act as positive regulators of cytokinin signal transduction.
Beliefs and Experiences Regarding Smoking Cessation Among American Indians

A dearth of information exists about American Indians' views about smoking and cessation. We present results from six focus groups conducted among current and former smokers from American Indian communities in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area, as part of a larger qualitative study. Findings indicate that, although smoking is common and acceptable among this population, many would like to quit. The majority of focus group participants attempted cessation without the aid of counseling and pharmacotherapy. Many held negative attitudes toward pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, including worries about side effects, skepticism about effectiveness, and dislike of medications in general. Negative attitudes were grounded partly in a lack of trust in conventional medicine and, for some, were related to historic and continuing racism. Participants also reported a lack of information about tobacco dependence treatment from health care providers, including information about the functional benefits of such treatment. Nonetheless, participants thought smokers might try pharmacotherapy if it was made more accessible in their community and if community members could offer word-of-mouth testimonials regarding its effectiveness. Results point to the need for community- and peer-based smoking cessation treatment in the American Indian community, including accurate information from trusted sources.
Dual function of a tip fimbrillin of Actinomyces in fimbrial assembly and receptor binding

Interaction of Actinomyces oris with salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs), which serve as fimbrial receptors, involves type 1 fimbriae. Encoded by the gene locus fimQ-fimP-srtC1, the type 1 fimbria is comprised of the fimbrial shaft FimP and the tip fimbrillin FimQ. Fimbrial polymerization requires the fimbria-specific sortase SrtC1, which catalyzes covalent linkage of fimbrial subunits. Using genetics, biochemical methods, and electron microscopy, we provide evidence that the tip fimbrillin, FimQ, is involved in fimbrial assembly and interaction with PRPs. Specifically, while deletion of fimP completely abolished the type 1 fimbrial structures, surface display of monomeric FimQ was not affected by this mutation. Surprisingly, deletion of fimQ significantly reduced surface assembly of the type 1 fimbriae. This defect was rescued by recombinant FimQ ectopically expressed from a plasmid. In agreement with the role of type 1 fimbriae in binding to PRPs, aggregation of A. oris with PRP-coated beads was abrogated in cells lacking srtC1 or fimP. This aggregation defect of the ΔfimP mutant was mainly due to significant reduction of FimQ on the bacterial surface, as the aggregation was not observed in a strain lacking fimQ. Increasing expression of FimQ in the ΔfimP mutant enhanced aggregation, while overexpression of FimP in the ΔfimQ mutant did not. Furthermore, recombinant FimQ, not FimP, bound surface-associated PRPs in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, not only does FimQ function as the major adhesin of the type 1 fimbriae, it also plays an important role in fimbrial assembly.
Assessment of liver function tests on Piccolo Xpress point of care chemistry analyzer in a pediatric hospital.

Abstract Objectives Point of care testing (POCT) contributes to diagnosis and monitoring with fast testing time and easily performed assays. We evaluated the Abaxis Piccolo Xpress point of care chemistry analyzer using the Liver Panel Plus discs for our pediatric patient population at Texas Children's Hospital. Design and methods Analytical performance was evaluated for precision and linearity using quality control materials and commercially available verification samples. Comparison studies were performed between Piccolo Xpress analyzer and Vitros 5600 analyzer using patient samples. Interference studies were carried out using nine different patient pool sera. Lipemia interference was removed using LipoClear for severely lipemic sample pools. Results Precision of all tests was excellent (CVs Conclusions The Piccolo Xpress chemistry analyzer showed an acceptable analytical performance for precision, linearity and interference from common substances. Increased bias for three analytes in comparison studies could be due to different methodologies.
Sustaining Cultural Diversity When Faced with Changing Technologies

The Twenty-first Century has presented us with an odd paradox: the forces of technology, and most especially the digital revolution, have been providing us with increasingly individualized entertainment options, while the forces of the economy have tended to reduce those options and to homogenize them, homogenizing cultures in the process. Under the guise of increasing individual choice, the diversity of the world’s varied cultures is under threat.
Toward Equity in Mathematics Education for Students with Dis/Abilities: A Case Study of Professional Learning.

This case study documents a professional learning community (PLC) comprised of urban elementary educators working toward equitable education for students with dis/abilities. We employ an equity-exp...
Character and Integrity in Organizations: The Civilization of the Workplace

In this paper, I argue that the new field of organizational ethics?first seen as a small area within applied ethics dealing, for example, with hospitals as locations of complex moral decision making?must now be conceived as a major subject-matter alongside personal, business, professional and poli tical ethics. This reconception is needed if the classical model of the moral agent in a moral community is to evolve under current conditions. We must develop an appropriate analog to the larger moral community, as a model for the structure and functions of the workplace organization. If this cannot be done, then the core of that classical model?the concept of moral responsi bility developing within one's character and lived within that commu nity?will be lost to a morally unworkable fragmentation of self and community. Such fragmentation breeds moral pathologies. Man cannot live a morally sound life under just any conditions whatsoever. Here I [1] explore a few fundamentals about the character and integrity of the person in community and discuss Aristotle's view of the good person as citizen. I then turn to [2] the cognitive dissonance between our moral heritage and our current situation. [3] A short discussion of recent failures and achievements in organizational ethics illustrates this appraisal, and sketches challenges to and accomplishments of organizational ethics to date. That section is followed [4] by a brief discussion of the moral culture of workplace organizations as morally healthy or corrupting, and I conclude [5] with
PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTIONS OF NONLINEAR AEROELASTIC PROBLEMS IN 3D TRANSONIC FLOW

A finite element method based on a Direct EulerianLagrangian formulation is presented, and used to obtained numerical solutions to nonlinear aeroelastic problems in 3D transonic flow. In this approach, the fluidstructure system is modeled as a single problem, without the introduction of normal or assumed modes. The efficacy of this approach has already been demonstrated in two-dimension al aeroelastic computations, where it has been shown to lead to a very accurate evaluation of the energy exchange between the fluid and the structure. This is an important numerical consideration in aeroelastic stability calculations. Mindlin-Reissner plate elements are used to model the wing structure, and the unsteady aerodynamic model is based on a finite element discretization of the Euler equations on an unstructured mesh. The computational model is implemented on the IBM SP2 parallel computer system, to obtain fully nonlinear static and dynamic aeroelastic solutions for both straight and swept wings in the transonic flow regime.
Integrated fusion simulation with self-consistent core-pedestal coupling

Accurate prediction of fusion performance in present and future tokamaks requires taking into account the strong interplay between core transport, pedestal structure, current profile, and plasma equilibrium. An integrated modeling workflow capable of calculating the steady-state self-consistent solution to this strongly coupled problem has been developed. The workflow leverages state-of-the-art components for collisional and turbulent core transport, equilibrium and pedestal stability. Testing against a DIII-D discharge shows that the workflow is capable of robustly predicting the kinetic profiles (electron and ion temperature and electron density) from the axis to the separatrix in a good agreement with the experiments. An example application is presented, showing self-consistent optimization for the fusion performance of the 15 MA D-T ITER baseline scenario as functions of the pedestal density and ion effective charge Zeff.
Toxicity and Nonrepellency of Spinosad and Spinetoram on Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Spinosyn products, spinosad and spinetoram, are widely used to control various agricultural pests. Spinosad has been tested on Kalotermitidae and Termitidae but not on Rhinotermitidae, the most destructive of termite families. In this study, we tested the effect of spinosad and spinetoram on Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Both no-choice and choice tests were conducted using three concentrations, 1 ppm, 25 ppm, and 50 ppm, of the spinosyn products Entrust, Tracer, and Radiant on three substrates, sand, soil, and filter paper. In the no-choice test in sand, >85% mortality was observed at 25 and 50 ppm after 1 d of exposure followed by 100% mortality at 7 d. Similarly, after 7 d at 25 and 50 ppm in soil and filter paper, 100% mortality was observed, but compared to sand at 1 d, mortality was low. In the two-choice test, observations before the onset of termite mortality showed that none of the products or concentrations was repellent. Likewise, in the multiple-choice test, there was no repellency or preference of termites among 1 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, control, and release chamber at all three concentrations, and the tunnel area in the control and treated choices were not significantly different. These findings support the nonrepellent attribute of spinosyns on C. formosanus .
The effect of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis deficiency in a prostate cancer mouse model

781 Introduction: Tumorigenesis is invariably associated with an imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a highly regulated process that is inhibited by several members of the IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis) family. Among these, the best-characterized and most potent inhibitor of apoptosis is the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). The anti-apoptotic functions of XIAP and other IAP members have been presumed to be mediated by their inhibition of caspases, the proteolytic effectors of apoptosis. Given its role in apoptosis, XIAP has been the subject of much interest as a target for antineoplastic drug development. These approaches have generally targeted the XIAP-caspase interaction; however, XIAP has also been shown to have a myriad of other signaling properties independent of its ability to inhibit caspases. The goal of our study was to evaluate the role of XIAP in tumorigenesis using a Xiap-deficient mice and a murine prostate cancer model. This approach allows us to abrogate all biological functions of Xiap, not merely those involving caspase inhibition. Methods: The effect of knocking out XIAP expression was examined in the TRAMP mouse prostate cancer model. TRAMP mice were bred to Xiap-deficient mice to generate TRAMP transgenic mice deficient in Xiap. Male TRAMP progeny that were also Xiap-deficient were compared to littermate controls. Mouse tumor-free and overall survival was evaluated. In addition to abdominal palpation, longitudinal MRI was employed as an extremely sensitive measure of tumor burden. Results: Overall survival was not significantly lengthened in Xiap-null mice, nor was there a significant difference in tumor growth in the Xiap-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the time to palpable tumor onset was shorter in the Xiap-deficient TRAMP mice compared to wildtype XIAP controls, although this trend was not statistically significant. Conclusions: XIAP-deficient TRAMP mice develop tumors in a manner that is not significantly different from wild-type controls. Thus, at least in this murine model, Xiap does not appear to be critical in oncogenesis.