cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foundational Challenges and Opportunities with Turning Data into Information for Grid Modernization

The electricity sector is going through an unprecedented change in structure. With the growth of distributed generation and prosumers (customers who both produce and consume power), typical assumptions for how load behaves are no longer suitable for transmission system owners and operators. This change drastically increases the value of high fidelity and timely operational data and load data for the energy sector and its partners. These data, if paired with proper analysis techniques, have the potential of lowering total energy consumption, reducing system costs, and improving reliability and resilience. The extraction of information via analytics, and the optimization of data to drive decision and control processes, is necessary to realize the potential benefits of raw data. This information could be useful to energy sector stakeholders who develop technologies and services for consumers and utilities.11TechNet, SunSpec Alliance, and DBL Partners. “Unlocking Grid Data”. December 2016. While sensors and observations from line workers generate data across the electricity system, there is variation in data-generating technology deployment across regions because each utility may have different priorities, and therefore have different needs for analytics. With proper collection strategies and tools, the data collected can be efficiently and effectively used for big data analysis. In addition, transparent and clearly articulated rules and regulations for data privacy and security can foster legal certainty and remove barriers for third parties seeking to use that data to provide innovative end use services.22U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). “Data Access and Privacy Issues Related to Smart Grid Technologies”. October 5, 2010. While there is infrastructure to generate and transmit data, the challenge is developing data practices for collection, sharing, and management to make efficient use of this data to: • Track changing system dynamics, such as those resulting from integration of renewables; • Share data that could improve emergency response; and • Inform investments that could improve resilience and emergency preparedness. This paper will discuss the following topics: (1) Importance of data development; (2) Progress in data sharing, protection, and standardization practices; and (3) Challenges and opportunities for improvement for utilities, the federal government, and third parties. This paper will conclude with areas of further research and development for energy data.
Sensitization of Carboplatinum- and Taxol-Resistant High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Cells Carrying p53, BRCA1/2 Mutations by Emblica officinalis (Amla) via Multiple Targets.

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC), the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, is highly resistant to current treatment strategies. High-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cells with increased somatic mutations and genomic instability and the resulting heterogeneous mutant phenotypes are highly resistant to therapy. Plant-derived natural products, including Amla (Emblica officinalis) extract (AE), have demonstrated potent anti-neoplastic properties. Recently we demonstrated that AE inhibits cell growth and the expression of angiogenic factors in OVCAR3 and SKOV3 OC cells in vitro as well as in xenografts in vivo. The goal of this study was to determine the anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic effects of AE on carboplatinum- and taxol-resistant HGSOC cells carrying p53, BRCA1/2 mutations. Methods: Anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects of AE on recently characterized carboplatinum- and taxol-resistant HGSOC cells (TOV3041G, OV866(2), OV4453 and, OV4485) was determined using the MTT, migration, invasion and spheroid assays in vitro. To understand the mechanism of AE-induced changes in angiogenesis-related hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and insulin growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), and EMT-associated SNAIL1 and E-cadherin proteins were studied using immunostaining and Western blotting. In vivo effects of AE were determined using mouse xenograft tumor model of OC developed by subcutaneous injection of OV4485 cells that carry mutant p53 and BRCA1, most aggressive and resistant among HGSOC cell lines used in this study. Tumor growth was measured using morphometry. Immunostaining and Western blotting were used to determine changes in Ki67 (proliferation marker), CD31 (angiogenesis marker) as well as changes in HIF-1α, IGF1R, SNAIL1 and E-cadherin proteins. Results: AE significantly attenuated migration and invasiveness properties of all tested HGSOC cell phenotypes (P≤0.001), significantly reduced the expression of HIF-1α, IGF1R, and SNAIL1 and increased the expression of E-cadherin in all tested HGSOC cell lines (P= 60%) that derived from OV4855 cells and decreased the expression of endothelial cell antigen-CD31, HIF-1α, IGF1R and SNAIL1 and increased the expression of E-cadherin in tumor tissues. Conclusions: AE sensitizes platinum- and taxol-resistant heterogenous HGSOC cells carrying mutations in p53, BRCA1/2 genes, and attenuates their malignant characteristics through targeting key signaling mechanisms of angiogenesis and metastasis. AE is a potential adjunct therapeutic agent for treating resistant, mutant, heterogenous OC.
Increased yield of gelatin coated therapeutic cells through cholesterol insertion

Gelatin coatings are effective in increasing the retention of MSCs injected into the heart and minimizing the damage from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but early studies suffered from low fractions of the MSCs coated with gelatin. Biotinylation of the MSC surface is a critical first step in the gelatin coating process, and in this study, we evaluated the use of biotinylated cholesterol "lipid insertion" anchors as a substitute for the covalent NHS-biotin anchors to the cell surface. Streptavidin-eosin molecules, where eosin is our photoinitiator, can then be bound to the cell surface through biotin-streptavidin affinity. The use of cholesterol anchors increased streptavidin density on the surface of MSCs further driving polymerization and allowing for an increased fraction of MSCs coated with gelatin (83%) when compared to NHS-biotin (52%). Additionally, the cholesterol anchors increased the uniformity of the coating on the MSC surface and supported greater numbers of coated MSCs even when the streptavidin density was slightly lower than that of an NHS-biotin anchoring strategy. Critically, this improvement in gelatin coating efficiency did not impact cytokine secretion and other critical MSC functions. Proper selection of the cholesterol anchor and the biotinylation conditions supports cellular function and densities of streptavidin on the MSC surface of up to ~105 streptavidin molecules/μm2 . In all, these cholesterol anchors offer an effective path towards the formation of conformal coatings on the majority of MSCs to improve the retention of MSCs in the heart following AMI.
Indirect Rule and Public Goods Provision: Evidence from Colonial India

This paper examines the persistent effect of historical institutional differences in colonial India on the contemporary provision of public goods. In particular, it explores the long-term effects in directly and indirectly ruled areas. It looks at a single region of India, which has areas that historically experienced both direct and indirect institutions. The theoretical mechanism focuses on the differences in the local leaders' incentives and emphasizes that the colonizer's formal accountability is more efficient than informal accountability in the absence of effective control mechanisms. Unlike local princes, colonizers in directly ruled territories had stronger incentives to provide goods, because of more restriction by the necessity to extract resources. A spatial regression discontinuity design is used to compare territories with direct and indirect rule. The empirical results show that indirect rule has long-term negative effects on the provision of various public goods.
Improvements in the extraction of milk phospholipids from beta-serum using ultrasound prior to tertiary amine extraction

Abstract We report improvements in the extraction of milk phospholipids (MPLs) from beta-serum, a dairy byproduct, by applying ultrasound prior to a tertiary amine extraction. Three acoustic intensities (15.53 ± 1.20, 31.76 ± 2.46, or 44.56 ± 3.47 W cm−2) were applied for 4 min before the amine extraction (N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, CyNMe2). The extracted lipids were fractionated by solid phase-microextraction, and the recovered MPLs were quantified by HPLC-CAD. An acoustic intensity of 44.56 ± 3.47 W cm−2 followed by CyNMe2 extraction (12/1, solvent to ratio) yielded 69.67 ± 3.45% of MPLs, while only 7.57 ± 0.59% were recovered without ultrasound. The fraction of MPLs was made of phosphatidylinositol (32%), phosphatidylethanolamine (30%), and sphingomyelin (37%). Scanning electron images and particle size revealed significant disruption of the complex arrangement between membrane proteins and MPLs, which may help to release the MPLs into the aqueous medium.
Will Financial Liberalization Help China to Invest More Efficiently? Evidence from China’s Saving and Investment from 1993 to 2017

China has enjoyed high saving and high investment ratios by international standards. However, mainstream economists argue that China suffers from inefficient investment due to excessive state inter...
Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Minke whale)

These karyotypes are gifts of Dr. Ulfur Arnason, Lund, Sweden and came from fibrous tissue cultures. Two males and one female were studied with similar findings. They have been published by Arnason, including C-banding. As in other whales, large blocks of heterochromatin are distributed irregularly over the chromosomes with some polymorphism. The X was identified by autoradiography in the female; it comprises 4.7% of the haploid set (A + X). The Y is 1.9%.
k -link shortest paths in weighted subdivisions

We study the shortest path problem in weighted polygonal subdivisions of the plane, with the additional constraint of an upper bound, k, on the number of links (segments) in the path. We prove structural properties of optimal paths and utilize these results to obtain approximation algorithms that yield a path having O(k) links and weighted length at most (1+e) times the weighted length of an optimal k-link path, for any fixed e>0. Some of our results make use of a new solution for the 1-link case, based on computing optimal solutions for a special sum-of-fractionals (SOF) problem. We have implemented a system, based on the CORE library, for computing optimal 1-link paths; we experimentally compare our new solution with a previous method for 1-link optimal paths based on a prune-and-search scheme.
The Association Between Erectile Dysfunction and Depressive Symptoms in Men Treated for Prostate Cancer

ABSTRACT Introduction The relationship between erectile dysfunction (ED) and depressive symptoms is well established. However, this relationship is not well explored in men with prostate cancer. Limited data suggest men with prostate cancer may experience less ED bother than men with ED who do not have prostate cancer, implying that ED and depressive symptoms may not be associated in men with prostate cancer. Aim To determine if ED is associated with depressive symptoms in men with prostate cancer. Main Outcome Measures Assessments of quality‐of‐life (The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy [FACT‐P]), anxiety/depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), and erectile function. Erectile function was measured with one question from the FACT‐P similar to that used by the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Methods Men with prostate cancer, and naive of hormone treatment, completed the study questionnaires at a single time point. Results The average age of the 339 men was 67 ± 10 years. The average time since diagnosis was 3.9 ± 3 years. When answering the question, “I am able to have and maintain an erection” on a 1 to 5 scale (5 representing the best function), the mean score was 2 indicating “a little bit.” On univariate analysis, erectile function and depression were associated, r = −0.12, P r = 0.11, P r = 0.56, P r = −0.42, P P Conclusions Erectile function was associated with depressive symptoms in both univariate and multivariate analysis, indicating that ED is independently associated with depressive symptoms even though patients were approximately 4 years post diagnosis. These cross‐sectional data suggest ED in men with prostate cancer can have lasting psychological effects. Nelson CJ, Mulhall JP, and Roth AJ. The association between erectile dysfunction and depressive symptoms in men treated for prostate cancer. J Sex Med 2011;8:560–566.
Calmodulin regulates fodrin susceptibility to cleavage by calcium-dependent protease I.

Abstract The intracellular calcium-dependent proteolysis of fodrin has been postulated to be central to the regulation of plasticity of the cortical cytoskeleton of many eukaryotic cells. The close proximity of the sites of calmodulin (CaM) binding and calcium-dependent protease I (CDP-I) cleavage in mammalian alpha-fodrin suggested that their action may be linked. In hypotonic and isotonic buffers, CDP-I proteolysis of the beta subunit of fodrin was absolutely dependent upon the presence of active CaM. The stimulation by CaM was inhibited by CaM antagonists. The rate of CDP-I proteolysis of both subunits was enhanced by CaM, while the rate of fodrin proteolysis with other proteases was not influenced by CaM. The increase in the susceptibility of fodrin to CDP-I proteolysis was half-maximal at 80 nM CaM, and maximal at 200 nM CaM. The unusual and differential susceptibility of alpha- and beta-fodrin to proteolysis by CDP-I in the absence of CaM was exploited to investigate the quaternary structure of fodrin in which only the alpha subunit was cleaved. Cleavage of the alpha subunit alone did not destroy the tetrameric form of the molecule, whereas CDP-I cleavage of both subunits rendered the molecule incapable of reforming tetramers. These results provide structural and functional evidence that CaM and CDP-I act synergistically in the regulated proteolysis of fodrin.
Random Logistic Maps. I

Let {Ci}∞0 be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with vales in [0, 4]. Let {Xn}∞0 be a sequence of random variables with values in [0, 1] defined recursively by Xn+1=Cn+1Xn(1−Xn). It is shown here that: (i) E ln C1 0, E |ln(4−C1)| 0 and −∫ ln(1−x) π(dx)=E ln C1. (v) E ln C1>0, E |ln(4−C1)|<∞ and {Xn} is Harris irreducible implies that the probability distribution of Xn converges in the Cesaro sense to a unique probability distribution on (0, 1) for all X0≠0.
Method of Successive Approximations

Ordinary first-order differential equations can be solved by the well-known picard method of successive approximations.
Is Voting Necessary? Organization Standing and Non-Voting Members of Environmental Advocacy Organizations

This article will examine the law of standing, and specifically, the conflicting decisions concerning the importance of voting rights in order to establish organizational standing. The article concludes that voting rights should not be essential to the assertion of representational standing. Nevertheless, the article will also consider alternate forms of organization that will improve an organization's chances of establishing representational standing, while addressing the concerns that lead organizations to avoid a voting membership in the first place.
The unconditional constants of frame expansions and cross-frame expansions

It was shown in Ref. 1 that the unconditional constant for frame expansions is √B/A, where A and B are the frame bounds of the frame. It was also shown that a Bessel sequence is 1-unconditional if and only if it can be partitioned into an orthogonal sum of tight frames. In Ref. 2 cross-frame expansions were considered. It was shown that as long as the cross-frame expansions stay uniformly bounded away from zero, then similar results could be obtained. In this paper, we summarize these results into one concise source as well as add a few basic results that were not considered before.
CONSTRAINTS ON THE TIME DELAY BETWEEN NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND COSMIC-RAY ACCELERATION FROM OBSERVATIONS OF 59 Ni AND 59 Co

Measurements of the abundances of cosmic-ray ^(59)Ni and ^(59)Co are reported from the Cosmic-Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) on the Advanced Composition Explorer. These nuclides form a parent-daughter pair in a radioactive decay which can occur only by electron capture. This decay cannot occur once the nuclei are accelerated to high energies and stripped of their electrons. The CRIS data indicate that the decay of ^(59)Ni to ^(59)Co has occurred, leading to the conclusion that a time longer than the 7.6 × 10^4 yr half-life of ^(59)Ni elapsed before the particles were accelerated. Such long delays indicate the acceleration of old, stellar or interstellar material rather than fresh supernova ejecta. For cosmic-ray source material to have the composition of supernova ejecta would require that these ejecta not undergo significant mixing with normal interstellar gas before ~10^5 yr has elapsed.
Mechanism of O2 activation by cytochrome P450cam studied by isotope effects and transient state kinetics.

The early steps in dioxygen activation by the monooxygenase cytochrome P450cam (CYP101) include binding of O2 to ferrous P450cam to yield the ferric-superoxo form (oxyP450cam) followed by an irreversible, long-range electron transfer from putidaredoxin to reduce the oxyP450cam. The steady state kinetic parameter kcat/Km(O2) has been studied by a variety of probes that indicate a small D2O solvent isotope effect (1.21 ± 0.08), a very small solvent viscosogen effect, and a 16O/18O isotope effect of 1.0147 ± 0.0007. This latter value, which can be compared with the 16O/18O equilibrium isotope effect of 1.0048 ± 0.0003 measured for oxyP450cam formation, is attributed to a primarily rate-limiting outer-sphere electron transfer from the heme iron center as O2 that has prebound to protein approaches the active site cofactor. The electron transfer from putidaredoxin to oxyP450cam was investigated by rapid mixing at 25 °C to complement previous lower-temperature measurements. A rate of 390 ± 23 s-1 (and a near-uni...
Algorithm validation using multicolor phantoms.

We present a framework for hyperspectral image (HSI) analysis validation, specifically abundance fraction estimation based on HSI measurements of water soluble dye mixtures printed on microarray chips. In our work we focus on the performance of two algorithms, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and the Spatial LASSO (SPLASSO). The LASSO is a well known statistical method for simultaneously performing model estimation and variable selection. In the context of estimating abundance fractions in a HSI scene, the “sparse” representations provided by the LASSO are appropriate as not every pixel will be expected to contain every endmember. The SPLASSO is a novel approach we introduce here for HSI analysis which takes the framework of the LASSO algorithm a step further and incorporates the rich spatial information which is available in HSI to further improve the estimates of abundance. In our work here we introduce the dye mixture platform as a new benchmark data set for hyperspectral biomedical image processing and show our algorithm’s improvement over the standard LASSO.
Long-Term Stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition among Demographic Subgroups: Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Age:

Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition was investigated separately across gender, race/ethnicity, and age subgroups. Participants were 642 students from 3...
Ray tracing voxel data via biquadratic local surface interpolation

Various shaded hidden-surface display techniques have been used to render voxel data. In this paper, an approach to using general ray tracing for the rendering of voxel data is presented. Central to this approach is the interpolation of a surface with respect to the volume of a given voxel and its neighbors. Nine columns (of three voxel volumes each) provide sufficient constraints on the integral of a biquadratic function over the column's base to solve its specific coefficients. The use of these locally interpolated surfaces to define a scene to be ray traced is investigated.
The distribution and speciation of mercury in the South and equatorial Atlantic

Abstract Mercury concentration and speciation were measured in surface and deep ocean waters of the South and equatorial Atlantic. In the surface waters, total Hg was 2.9±1.7 pM on average, with a significant fraction present as reactive Hg (1.7±1.2 pM). The reactive Hg fraction consisted of elemental Hg (Hg°) as the dominant species (1.2±0.8 pM). Measurements in surface waters also showed that Hg partitioned to the “colloidal” phase (0.33±0.28 pM) and was associated with particulate matter (0.1±0.05 pM). No dimethylmercury (DMHg;
Abnormal plasma lipids of patients withRetinitis pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a hereditary retinal degeneration of unknown etiology, resulting in progressive night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, abnormal retinal pigmentation and reduced electroretinographic response. Docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6ω3) is found in high concentration in the rod outer segment membranes of the retina. Previous reports of low 22∶6ω3 in blood lipids or phospholipids in RP patients prompted us to evaluate the complete fatty acid (FA) profiles of plasma phospholipids (PL), cholesteryl esters, triglycerides (TG) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in ten patients with RP. In the PL fraction, we found significantly depressed levels of 22∶6ω3, 22∶5ω3, total ω3, 22∶5ω6, 22∶4ω6 and total ω6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and elevated total saturated acids. Plasma TG showed normal levels of PUFA, normal total saturated FA and total monounsaturated FA. The NEFA fraction showed significant elevation in total saturated FA with depressed total ω6 PUFA. Evidence is accumulating that RP is associated with abnormal PUFA and lipid metabolism.
Improving RAID-5 Performance by Un-striping Moderate-Sized Files

A method to reduce the average operation time, and increase the transfer rate of RAID-5 disk arrays is presented, along with quantitative models for these paramaers as a funcrion of load. The modified controller allocates moderate sized files (1-20 sectors), and parity information for groups of consecutive sectors, entirely on one disk, avoiding the compounding of latency and queuing delaysfor multiple disks.
Neural nets for image restoration

No imaging system in practice is perfect, in fact the recorded images are always distorted or of finite resolution. An image recording system can be modeled by a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. An inversion of the kernel representing the system, in the presence of noise, is an ill posed problem. The direct inversion often yields an unacceptable solution. In this paper, we suggest an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architecture to solve ill posed problems in the presence of noise. We use two types of neuron like processing units: the units that use the weighted sum and the units that use the weighted product. The weights in the model are initialized using the eigen vectors of the kernel matrix that characterizes the recording system. We assume the solution to be a sample function of a wide sense stationary process with a known auto-correlation function. As an illustration, we consider two images that are degraded by motion blur.
Eigenbubbles: An Enhanced Apparent BRDF Representation

In this paper we address the problem of relighting faces in presence of cast shadows and specularities. We present a solution to this problem by capturing the spatially varying Apparent Bidirectional Reflectance Functions (ABRDF) fields of human faces using Spline Modulated Spherical Harmonics and representing them using a few salient spherical functions called Eigenbubbles. Through extensive experiments on the Extended Yale B and the CMU PIE benchmark datasets we demonstrate that the proposed method clearly outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques in synthesized image quality. Furthermore, we show that our framework allows for ABDRF field compression and can also be used to enhance performance of face recognition algorithms.
Rapport expressed through nonverbal behavior

Family Medicine residents were videotaped in interviews with a new and a return-visit patient. Two coders recorded nonverbal behavior performed by the residents for two, one-minute segments of each interview. Categories of movement included: proxemic behaviors of distance, orientation, and trunk lean, and head, hand/arm, and leg/foot movement, facial expression, and direction of gaze.
Irradiation of polymers by high-energy electrons.

THE interaction of high-energy radiation with various forms of matter has been shown to produce a variety of chemical effects, depending upon the system. These effects fall into various classes, among which are oxidation and reduction, polymerization and depolymerization. Recently, Charlesby and Little have reported the cross-linking of polymers by high-energy radiation1–3.
A dynamic efficiency model using data envelopment analysis

Abstract Changes in productivity due to technological progress or regress are incorporated in models of data envelopment analysis (DEA) in two ways: either through a network technology or in terms of a capacity variable or capital input embodying technical progress. The second way is analyzed here in terms of time-varying capital inputs due to the changes in input prices over time. This provides an optimal control theoretic view of the time path of capital inputs which minimizes a discounted sum of total input costs for each DMU. The cost of risk aversion and the adjustment cost of input price fluctuations may then be minimized in an extended DEA model framework. These extensions of the DEA model are analyzed here and illustrated by an empirical application to international airlines data.
Structure and function of occupational health services within selected Department of Energy sites.

The mission of the United States Department of Energy sites has recently changed from nuclear weapons production to site remediation. Considering the mass of radiological and chemical contaminants at these sites, ensuring the health and safety of workers is a major challenge. This study used the findings from a written survey to describe occupational health services at 10 Department of Energy sites. The study aims were to describe and compare: (1) the primary hazards associated with the site activities; (2) the occupational safety and health structure, including service providers ; and (3) the occupational health and safety functions, including surveillance, training, and service provision. Although explosions and radiological agents were identified as the hazards with the greatest associated risks, workers at these sites were most likely to be exposed to physical hazards, ergonomic hazards, and/or chemicals, including asbestos. Physicians accounted for 2.4% of service providers, nurses for 5.5%, industrial hygienists for 12.2%, safety personnel for 11.8%, and health physicists for 64.9%. It was concluded that there is an imbalance between the most important hazards and the types of health and safety personnel at these sites.
Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: Labile-Fe(II) and other trace metals

[1] Ambient aerosol samples were collected over the Arabian Sea during the month of March of 1997, aboard the German R/V Sonne, as part of the German Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) project. This is the third study in a series of analogous measurements taken over the Arabian Sea during different seasons of the monsoon. Dichotomous high-volume collector samples were analyzed for ferrous iron immediately after collection, while trace metals, anions, and cations were determined upon return to the laboratory. The main crustal component was geochemically well represented by the average crustal composition and amounted to 5.94 ± 3.08 m gm 3 . An additional crustal constituent of clay-like character, rich in water-soluble Ca and Mg, was seen in the fine fraction in air masses of Arabian origin. Total ferrous iron concentrations varied from 3.9 to 17.2 ng m 3 and averaged 9.8 ± 3.4 ng m 3 , with 87.2% of Fe(II) present in the fine aerosol fraction. Fe(II) concentrations accounted for on average 1.3 ± 0.5% of the total Fe. While ferrous iron in the coarse fraction appeared to be correlated with the main crustal component, the fine Fe(II) fraction exhibited a more complex behavior. The anthropogenic contribution to the aerosol, as traced by Pb, Zn, and some anions and cations, was found to be considerably larger, especially during the first 10 days of this cruise, than in previously collected samples from the inter-monsoon and southwest monsoon of 1995. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere— composition and chemistry; 4801 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Aerosols (0305); 4805 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Biogeochemical cycles (1615); 4875 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Trace elements; KEYWORDS: ferrous iron, trace metals, aerosol particles, Indian Ocean Citation: Johansen, A. M., and M. R. Hoffmann, Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: Labile-Fe(II) and other trace metals, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4408, doi:10.1029/2002JD003280, 2003.
Optimizing production of ethyl esters of grease using 95% ethanol by response surface methodology

Previous research suggested that ethyl esters derived from recycled restaurant grease might be a potential source of biodiesel. Accordingly, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize reaction parameters—temperature, time, level of lipase, mole ratio of reactants—in the PS-30 lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction of grease to ethyl esters using 95% ethanol. The regression equation obtained by a modified central composite design of RSM predicted optimal reaction conditions of 38.4°C, 2.47 h, 13.7 wt% lipase (PS-30), and a mole ratio of grease to ethanol of 1:6.6. Under these conditions the predicted optimal percentage ethyl ester yield was 85.4%. Subsequent experiments using the predicted parameter combinations indicated a trend where experimental percentage yields of ethyl ester were consistently lower than predicted values. In an effort to improve the experimental yield of esters, a second portion of PS-30 lipase was added without success; however, the addition of 5% SP435 one hour after the start of the initial reaction increased the yield of esters to >96%. Neither lipase PS-30 nor lipase SP435 alone, however, gave the RSM-predicted yield of ethyl esters.
Direct determination of effective interfacial optical constants by nonlinear optical null ellipsometry of chiral films.

Nonlinear optical null ellipsometry (NONE) measurements of chiral interfaces allowed direct experimental measurement of the linear interfacial optical constants in surface second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. Since phase information is retained in NONE measurements, the real and imaginary components of the interfacial refractive index (n and k, respectively) were uniquely obtained from the measured chiral χ(2) tensor elements of a fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin film. The sensitivity of the calculated χ(2) tensor elements on the assumed values of the interfacial optical constants allowed measurements of n and k to four significant figures with no additional adjustable parameters and independent of molecular symmetry. The optical constants measured by SHG agreed within a relative error of 0.8% with values predicted independently using a simple effective medium approximation, also with no adjustable parameters. Additionally, those same optical constants produced relationships between the ...
Effects of chlorpromazine, propranolol and phospholipase C on thyrotropin and prostaglandin stimulation of adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system in dog thyroid slices

Abstract The effect of chlorpromazine, propranolol and phospholipase C on the TSH and PGE1, stimulation of the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system and 14C-1-glucose oxidation was studied in dog thyroid slices. Chlorpromazine (2 × 10−4 M) completely inhibited TSH (3 mU./ml.) stimulation of glucose oxidation, 3H-adenine incorporation into 3H-cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP concentrations. The inhibition could be partially overcome by increasing the amount of TSH to 50 mU./ml. Chlorpromazine also reduced the stimulation of 3H-cyclic AMP formation and cyclic AMP concentrations induced by prostaglandin E1 (1 μg./ml.). Propranolol (10−3 M) markedly diminished the TSH (5 mU./ml.) augmentation of adenyl cyclase activity, 3H-cyclic AMP formation and cyclic AMP levels while 10−4 M propranolol had no effect. Neither concentration of propranolol nor chlorpromazine influenced basal levels of these parameters. Incubation of thyroid slices with phospholipase C was associated with some increase in basal glucose oxidation but marked reduction of the subsequent TSH (10 mU./ml.) stimulation of 14CO2 production, cyclic AMP levels and 3H-cyclic AMP formation. These results are all compatible with the concept that the chlorpromazine, propranolol and phospholipase C inhibition of TSH stimulation of glucose oxidation reflect and effect on adenyl cyclase and cyclic AMP generation. Prostaglandin E1 and F1α (100 mg./ml.) increased 32P incorporation into phospholipids while an equivalent amount of prostaglandin B1 had no effect and A1 inhibited 32P incorporation. These results provide further evidence that stimulation of 32P incorporation into phospholipids may be independent of changes in cyclic AMP concentrations.
Polymerizations of olefins and diolefins catalyzed by monocyclopentadienyltitanium complexes containing a (dimethylamino)ethyl substituent and comparison with ansa‐zirconocene systems

{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]cyclopentadienyl}titanium trichloride (Cp N TiCl 3 , 1) was activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) to catalyze polymerizations of ethylene (E), propylene (P), ethylidene norbornene (ENB), vinylcyclohexene (VCH), and 1,4-hexadiene (HD). The dependence of homopolymerization activity (A) of 1/MAO on olefin concentration ([M] n ) is n = 2.0 ± 0.5 for E and n = 1.8 ± 0.2 for P. The value of n is 2.4 ± 0.2 for CpTiCl 3 /MAO catalysis of ethylene polymerization; this system does not polymerize propylene. 1/MAO catalyzes HD polymerization at one-tenth of A H for 1-hexene, probably because of chelation effects in the HD case. The copolymerization of E and P has reactivity ratios of r E = 6.4 and r P = 0.29 at 20°C, and r E r P = 1.9, which suggests 1/MAO may be a multisite catalyst. The copolymerization activity of CpTiCl 3 /MAO is 50 times smaller than that of Cp N TiCl 3 /MAO. Terpolymerization of E/P/ENB has A of 10 5 g of polymer/(mol of Ti h), incorporates up to 14 mol % (∼40 wt %) of ENB, and high MW's of 1 to 3 x 10 5 . All of these parameters are surprisingly insensitive to the ENB concentration. The E/P/VCH terpolymerization has comparable A value of (1.3 ± 0.3) x 10 5 g/(mol of Ti h). The incorporation of VCH in terpolymer increases with increasing [VCH]. Terpolymerization with HD occurs at about one-third of the A of either ENB or VCH; the product HD-EPDM is low in molecular weight and contains less than 4% of HD. These terpolymerization results are compared with those obtained previously for three zirconocene precursors: rac-ethylenebis(1-η 5 -indenyl) dichlorozirconium (6), rac-(dimethylsilylene)bis(1-η 5 -indenyl) dichlorozirconium (7), and ethylenebis(9-η 5 -fluorenyl) dichlorozirconium (8). The last compound is a particularly poor terpolymerization catalyst; it incorporates very little VCH or HD and no ENB at all. 7/MAO is a better catalyst for E/P/VCH terpolymerization, while 6/MAO is superior in E/P/HD terpolymerization.
Apology of Socratic studies

In this paper, we defend Socratic studies as a research programme against several recent attacks, including at least one recently published in Polis (by William Prior). Critics have argued that the study of Socrates, based upon evidence mostly or entirely derived from some set of Plato’s dialogues, is sfounded upon faulty and indefensible historical or hermeneutical technique. We begin by identifying what we believe are the foundational principles of Socratic studies, as the field has been pursued in recent years, and we then show how the research programme that derives from accepting these principles is not defeated by any of the most common recent criticisms of it. Specifically, we argue that challenges to sorting Plato’s dialogues by date, more general challenges to historicist interpretations of Plato’s dialogues, as well as recent literary criticisms of Socratic studies all fail to undermine the research programme. We conclude with some thoughts about how and why Socratic studies has proved itself a valuable and fruitful research programme.
A (1→3)-β-glucanase expressed during oat endosperm development

Abstract In mature kernels of oat (Avena sativa L.) and other cereals, mixed-linked (1→3; 1→4)-β-glucans and arabinoxylans are major structural polysaccharides in cell walls of the endosperm. However, (1→3)-β-glucans are deposited transiently in walls during cellularization of endosperm early in grain development [Planta 202 (1997) 414–426]. The absence of (1→3)-β-glucans in mature endosperm cell walls suggests that (1→3)-β-glucanases are active during endosperm development. To investigate the role of β-glucanases during endosperm development, a (1→3)-β-glucanase cDNA, Oglc13, was isolated from an oat (A. sativa L.) kernel cDNA library. The enzymatic activity of the protein product, OGLC13, expressed from the cDNA in an in vitro expression system, exhibited substrate specificity for (1→3)-β-glucans. Oglc13 transcripts were detected in the endosperm of portions of developing kernels with the highest steady state level of mRNA at 15 days after anthesis (DAA) and not in vegetative tissues. Antibodies raised against OGLC13 immunoprecipitated (1→3)-β-glucanase activity from endosperm extracts of 10 and 15 DAA kernels and milky endosperm extracted from 15 DAA kernels. The OGLC13 antibodies did not precipitate (1→3)-β-glucanase activity from leaf extracts. These results indicated that Oglc13 is a unique (1→3)-β-glucanase expressed early in endosperm development.
Multivariate evaluation and optimization of an activated-magnesium/co-solvent system for the reductive degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The present study evaluates the capability of an activated-magnesium metal and protic co-solvents to promote the reductive degradation of three different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, specifically pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the kinetics of degradation was affected by several experimental factors such as magnesium loading, acid addition and solubility of the compounds. It was determined that an acid activator is needed for the degradation reaction to proceed and it is also noted that the use of a 1:1 ethanol/ethyl lactate co-solvent is ideal for the complete dissolution of all three compounds with concentrations varying from 200 to 275 mg L −1 . The experimental results also indicate that, at room temperature conditions, only 0.05–0.1 g of magnesium is required in order to achieve greater than 93% degradation efficiency after 24 h of reaction. This methodology is attractive and may allow for the development of an economic and environmentally friendly field application for the remediation of other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
D=-Aldohexopyranoside dehydrogenase of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens

Abstract Growing cultures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens convert D = -glucosides and D = -galactosides to D = - ribo - and D = - xylo -hexopyranoside-3-ulose derivatives (“ketglycosides”) respectively (Bernaerts et al ., 1958, 1960a, 1960b, 1961, 1963a, 1963b; Feingold et al ., 1961; and Fukui et al ., 1963a, 1963b, 1963c). Sucrose-grown resting cells of the organism convert D = -glucose to D = - ribo -hexos-3-ulose (Fukui, 1965; Grebner, 1964). In addition, formation of ketsucrose from sucrose by resting cells has been reported (Fukui et al ., 1963c). However, there has been no report of the behavior of resting cells of A . tumefaciens toward other sugars, nor of enzyme preparations which catalyze formation of 3-uloses. The latter two aspects are discussed in this paper.
Neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in dentate gyrus is increased following angular bundle transection.

Abstract In the central nervous system, the highest levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA are found in the hippocampal formation. In the present study, we report that a unilateral transection of the angular bundle, which relays cortical information via the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal formation, increases NGF and BDNF mRNA in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. Within 4 hours following transection, the hybridization signal for NGF and BDNF mRNA increases in stratum granulosum 3- and 5-fold, respectively, compared to control levels. This lesion-induced increase of both mRNA returns to control levels within 24 hours and is maintained for at least 5 days. The induction is not prevented by pretreatment with AP-5, CNQX, or cholinergic denervation due to transection of the fimbria-fornix. Finally, the induction of neurotrophin mRNA is preceded by an increase in c- fos mRNA. These results provide evidence that transection of the cortical input to the hippocampal formation upregulates NGF and BNDF mRNA selectively in stratum granulosum. We suggest that the increased expression of NGF and BDNF mRNA may be an early step in the synaptic rearrangement of neurotrophin responsive cholinergic afferents observed following damage to the entorhinal cortex.
HY4 gene of A. thaliana encodes a protein with characteristics of a blue-light photoreceptor

Specific responses to blue light are found throughout the biological kingdom. These responses--which in higher plants include phototropism, inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, and stomatal opening--are in many cases thought to be mediated by flavin-type photoreceptors. But no such blue-light photoreceptor has yet been identified or isolated, although blue-light responses in plants were reported by Darwin over a century ago, long before the discovery of the now relatively well characterized red/far-red light photoreceptor, phytochrome. Here we describe the isolation of a gene corresponding to the HY4 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. The hy4 mutant is one of several mutants that are selectively insensitive to blue light during the blue-light-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation response, which suggests that they lack an essential component of the cryptochrome-associated light-sensing pathway. The HY4 gene, isolated by gene tagging, was shown to encode a protein with significant homology to microbial DNA photolyases. As photolyases are a rare class of flavoprotein that catalyse blue-light-dependent reactions, the protein encoded by HY4 has a structure consistent with that of a flavin-type blue-light photoreceptor.
Three-dimensional pattern recognition using joint transform correlation

A three-dimensional (3D) pattern recognition technique using classical joint transform correlation was proposed recently. However, it exhibits the same drawbacks of classical two-dimensional classical joint transform correlation by producing wide and broad correlation peak in the output plane. Thus, we propose a technique based on fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation to be used in 3D pattern recognition. The proposed technique yields better correlation discrimination ability compared to alternate 3D classical joint transform correlation by producing sharper and stronger correlation peak intensity. Simulation results verify the performance of the proposed technique.
Translationally controlled tumor protein is a novel heat shock protein with chaperone-like activity

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is often designated as a stress-related protein because of its highly regulated expression in stress conditions. Following a thermal shock, TCTP expression is highly upregulated in a variety of cells. However, at present it is not known whether this upregulation has any cell protective function similar to other heat shock proteins. In this study human TCTP (HuTCTP) and a TCTP homolog (SmTCTP) from Schistosoma mansoni were evaluated for heat shock protein-like function and molecular chaperone activity. Our results show that similar to other molecular chaperones, both human and parasite TCTPs can bind to a variety of denatured proteins and protect them from the harmful effects of thermal shock. An important observation was the ability of both HuTCTP and SmTCTP to bind to native protein and protect them from thermal denaturation. Over expression of TCTP in bacterial cells protected them from heat shock-induced death. These findings suggest that TCTP may belong to a novel small molecular weight heat shock protein.
Instituting the Hobbesian Commonwealth

In Hobbes' political theory, a commonwealth established by force is a commonwealth by acquisition, while a commonwealth established by the mutual agreement of individuals in a Hobbesian State of Nature is a commonwealth by institution. In this essay, I reconstruct Hobbes' account of commonwealth by institution and its role in justifying sovereignty, filling in gaps in the original account when necessary but remaining faithful to Hobbes' own premises. I argue that according to this Hobbesian reconstruction, commonwealth by institution can produce essentially the same result as result of commonwealth by acquisition. This is the conclusion Hobbes wants, but the Hobbesian reconstruction renders commonwealth by institution a weak tool for justification. However, I propose a modified reconstruction of commonwealth by institution that drops Hobbes' dubious premise that absolute monarchy is the best form of government. I suggest that with this modification, one can use commonwealth by institution as a tool for justifying a democratic commonwealth.
Measurement of heats of sublimation of some ortho-substituted benzoic acids by differential scanning calorimetry

Mesure par calorimetrie differentielle a balayage avec rapidite et bonne precision de ΔH de fusion, sublimation et vaporisation de C 6 H 5 CO 2 H et composes o-substitues
Inhibition of 16α-hydroxylation in human testis tissue by SU-9055

Abstract Testis tissue obtained from a patient with a feminizing syndrome was incubated with 1μC progesterone-4-C 14 and 10 −4 M SU-9055. The conversions of labeled progesterone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, and 16α-hydroxy-progesterone observed in control incubations were inhibited in the presence of the SU-9055. This is the first demonstration of inhibition of 16α-hydroxylation by SU-9055.
A Comparison of Alternative Measures of Group Conformity Influence on Consumer Behavior.

(1979). A Comparison of Alternative Measures of Group Conformity Influence on Consumer Behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 137-138.
Protein-Polysaccharide Loss during Endochondral Ossification: Immunochemical Evidence

Fluorescein labeled antibodies to protein- polysaccharides from rat and calf cartilage were used for the histochemical localization of protein- poly saccharide in epiphyseal cartilage. There was less protein- polysaccharide in the zone of provisional calcification than in the proliferating and maturing zones, and none was demonstrable in the metaphysis. During or just preceding cal cification, protein- polysaccharide or its protein component is lost or drastically altered.