cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binding of antibodies to the extractable nuclear antigens SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La is induced on the surface of human keratinocytes by ultraviolet light (UVL): implications for the pathogenesis of photosensitive cutaneous lupus.

Autoantibodies to the non-histone nucleoprotein antigens SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, and RNP are highly associated with photosensitive cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE). In order to better understand the potential mechanisms of ultraviolet (UV) light on photosensitivity in patients with cutaneous LE, we designed immunopathologic in vitro and in vivo experiments to evaluate the effects of UV on the binding of such autoantibodies to the surface of human keratinocytes, one major target of immunologic damage in photosensitive LE. Short-term 2% paraformaldehyde fixation of suspensions of cultured human keratinocytes previously incubated with monospecific antiserum probes enabled the detection of ENA expression on the cell surface by flow-cytometry analysis. UVB light (280-320 nm) induced the binding of monospecific antibody probes for SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La on keratinocytes in a dose-dependent pattern with maximal induction observed at the dose of 200 mJ/cm2 UVB. Binding of SS-A/ Ro, SS-B/La, and RNP antibody was augmented strongly, but binding of anti-Sm was very weak. In contrast, UVA (320-400 nm) light had no effect on the induction of binding of these antibody probes. Identical results were seen by standard immunofluorescence techniques. Hydroxyurea-treated keratinocytes showed similar induction of those antigens by UVB irradiation, which suggested that ENA expression on cultured keratinocytes by UVB were cell-cycle independent. Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation of proteins, reduced UVB light effect on the SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La antigen's expression. These in vitro FACS analyses revealed that ENA augmentation on the keratinocyte cell surface was dose dependent, UVB dependent, glycosylation dependent, and cell-cycle independent. In vivo ENA augmentation on the keratinocyte surface was examined in suction blister epidermal roofs. Specific antibody probes for SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, RNP, and Sm bound to human keratinocytes in intact suction blister epidermis following UVL irradiation in vivo. Using three different protocols, we have demonstrated that antibodies to SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, and U1RNP bind to UVL-irradiated human keratinocytes. We speculate that this antibody binding is an important inducer of antibody dependent keratinocyte damage in photosensitive cutaneous lupus.
A generalized Cantor theorem

A well known theorem of Cantor asserts that the cardinal of the power-set of a given set always exceeds the cardinal of the original set. An analogous result for sets having additional structure is the well known theorem that the set of initial segments of a well ordered set always has order type greater than the original set. These two theorems suggest that there should be a similar result for general partially ordered sets. In formulating such a theorem an extension to partially ordered sets of the notion of an initial segment of a well ordered set is required. Of the several possibilities for this choice, the most natural one is the concept of an order ideal. If P is a partially ordered set with order relation ≦, then a subset I of P is an order ideal if a≦b∈P implies a∈P. The set ℐ(P) of all order ideals of P is easily seen to be a complete partially ordered set when ordered by set inclusion, since the union and intersection of any set of order ideals is again an order ideal. Note that the empty set is specifically included among the order ideals.
Preoperative p27 status is an independent predictor of prostate specific antigen failure following radical prostatectomy.

ABSTRACTPurpose: p27 is an important cell cycle regulator, and decreased expression in radical prostatectomy specimens is associated with an increased risk of prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure. To our knowledge no prior study has shown that preoperative p27 status independently predicts recurrence after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: The prostate needle biopsy specimens of 161 men treated with radical prostatectomy were examined for p27 expression using immunohistochemistry. Various p27 cut points were examined for their ability to separate patients into groups with different risk for time to biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy. The best p27 cut point was compared to other clinical variables (PSA, clinical stage, age, biopsy Gleason score and percent of prostate needle biopsy with cancer) on multivariate analysis to determine which variables independently predicted biochemical failure.Results: A p27 cut point of less than 45% positive staining cells resulted in signi...
Personality Impressions from Communications Reflecting Attitudes toward Segregation

(1962). Personality Impressions from Communications Reflecting Attitudes toward Segregation. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 315-330.
Stereopsis during continuous head motion

This study investigated the degree to which the processing of stereoscopic information is degraded by side-to-side head rotations of amplitudes and frequencies known to disrupt binocular correspondence. Forced-choice recognition thresholds were obtained for a briefly presented stereoscopic test stimulus, formed from a dynamic random-element stereogram, under conditions of active head rotation. Thresholds were not impaired by such head movements, a result consistent with the hypothesis that precise binocular correspondence is not essential for the processing of stereoscopic information.
Identification of the antifungal compound, trans -cinnamic acid, produced by Photorhabdus luminescens , a potential biopesticide against pecan scab

Pecan scab (caused by Fusicladium effusum) limits the productivity of pecan in the southeastern USA. Alternatives to conventional fungicides should be biorational, of low environmental risk with a lower risk of fungicide resistance. Research showed that metabolites from the nematode symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens suppress pecan scab, but the bioactive molecules had not been identified. Extracts from P. luminescens were investigated using a bioactivity-directed fractionation approach to identify the constituent(s) responsible for the activity. High throughput antifungal bioautography assays against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. fragariae, and C. acutatum were used to guide the fractionation. One of the metabolites was purified and identified as trans-cinnamic acid (TCA) using silica gel chromatography followed by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro tests confirmed toxicity of TCA to C. gloeosporioides, C. fragariae, and C. acutatum at 10 and 100 μg mL−1 using fungal bioautography inhibition screening plates. The antimycotic activity of TCA was tested in vitro against F. effusum. Zone of inhibition tests, and tests with TCA incorporated into agar showed TCA toxicity to F. effusum at concentration 148–200+ μg mL−1. Further tests incorporating TCA into liquid media demonstrated that TCA arrested all growth of F. effusum at a concentration even as low as 64 μg mL−1. Naturally occurring antimicrobial products might offer an alternative to disease control in crops, helping in minimizing the risk of fungicide resistance, while also minimizing any negative impact on the environment. Additional research is warranted to determine the potential to use TCA as a suppressive agent for pecan scab and other diseases.
Serial and parallel methods for i/o efficient suffix tree construction

Over the past three decades, the suffix tree has served as a fundamental data structure in string processing. However, its widespread applicability has been hindered due to the fact that suffix tree construction does not scale well with the size of the input string. With advances in data collection and storage technologies, large strings have become ubiquitous, especially across emerging applications involving text, time series, and biological sequence data. To benefit from these advances, it is imperative that we realize a scalable suffix tree construction algorithm. To deal with the aforementioned challenge, the past few years have seen the emergence of several disk-based suffix tree construction algorithms. However, construction times continue to be daunting -- for e.g., indexing the entire Human genome still takes over 30 hours on a system with 2 gigabytes of physical memory. In this paper, first, we empirically demonstrate and argue that all existing suffix tree construction algorithms have a severe limitation -- to glean reasonable disk I/O efficiency, the input string being indexed must fit in main memory. This limitation is attributed to the poor locality properties of existing suffix tree construction algorithms and inhibits both sequential and parallel scalability. To deal with this limitation, second, we show that through careful algorithm design, one of the simplest suffix tree construction algorithms can be re-architected to build a suffix tree in a tiled fashion, allowing the implementation to maintain a constant working set size and fixed memory footprint when indexing strings of any size. Third, we show how improved locality of reference coupled with effective collective communication facilitates an efficient parallelization on massively parallel systems like the IBM Blue Gene/L. Finally, we empirically show that the proposed approach affords improvements of several orders of magnitude when indexing large strings. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed parallelization is scalable and allows one to index the entire Human genome on a 1024 processor system in under 15 minutes.
Clay Minerals as Cumulative Records of Their Environments: ABSTRACT

The environmental aspects of clay minerals include relations of clay minerals to two environments that may differ radically from each other: the environment of origin (where formed) and the environment of deposition (where found). Environmental aspects are viewed as parts of geologic history and change. Three components constitute geologic history and change: (1) earth materials that undergo the changes and simultaneously serve as substantive records of the geologic changes, (2) the energies (climate, weathering, sedimentation, etc.) that effect the changes on the materials, and (3) the flow of time through which the energies act on the materials. Parent materials of clay minerals are argillaceous and nonargillaceous parent rocks, plus ions added minus ions removed during genesis. Energies effecting argillation include activities of the H+ (protons), other cations (notably K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe) and anions (carbonate and silica complexes), oxidation potential (electrons, e-), and organisms. Geological terms for these agents are fresh rain water, alkaline ocean water and brines, and hydrothermal solutions, but they can be quantified with the equilibrium diagrams and thermodynamic calculations of the geochemist. Time in geology correlates with kinetics of geochemistry. In the environment of deposition the already formed clay minerals may respond to (1) mechanical energy of sorting, (2) colloidal effects of flocculation or dispersion with consequent modification of surface areas and surface chemistry, ion exchange, dialysis, and the probably important but poorly understood interactions with organic materials, and (3) reaction with the ions of the aqueous medium in which deposition occurs. Following deposition, the clay minerals respond to the energies of mechanical compaction and mechanical dehydration, further thermal dehydration that is significantly important near the temperature of boiling water, activities of ions of concentrated brines accelerated in reactivity by high temperatures, and decrease in oxidation potential of surroundings. A cumulative record of events is imprinted on clay minerals insofar as changes are produced in the minerals. A specimen of clay minerals extracted from a core of shale from a 3-mi depth may have an exceedingly complicated genealogy, not completely interpretable. Its interpretation is a function of both the fidelity of the mineral record, and the competence of the interpreter. End_of_Article - Last_Page 535------------
Deaths Due to Childhood Asthma Are They Preventable

Seven cases of death in patients with severe asthma are presented. The cause of death in asthmatic children is discussed under the following headings: mucus plugs, insufficient treatment, infection, aspiration, concomitant disease, oversedation, theophylline toxicity, overuse of metered dose pressurized aerosols, inadequate steroid therapy, and sudden cardiopulmonary arrest. The authors conclude that asthmatic deaths are preventable.
The lin-12 locus specifies cell fates in caenorhabditis elegans

We describe two classes of mutations in the lin-12 locus of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Ten semidominant mutations (lin-12[d]) appear to elevate the level of lin-12 activity. Thirty-two recessive alleles (lin-12[0]), including two amber mutations, appear to eliminate gene activity. The lin-12(d) and lin-12(0) mutations result in reciprocal homeotic transformations in the fates of defined cells in several different tissues. Gene dosage studies suggest that a high level of lin-12 activity specifies one cell fate and a low level specifies an alternative fate. Temperature-shift experiments indicate that lin-12 acts at the time cell fate is determined in wild type. We propose that lin-12 functions as a binary switch to control decisions between alternative cell fates during C. elegans development.
End-to-end performance of commercial applications in the face of changing hardware

This paper investigates the changes in AIX behavior, or the lack of them, and the resulting performance impact from a generational change in servers in a typical large scale eCommerce application environment without extensive tuning of the OS and the application stack for the changing hardware. We have investigated the performance and impediments to performance at the microprocessor level and at the OS level. This paper dissects the performance data as observed from the OS and from hardware performance counters, and suggests areas for further improvements.
The way we teach… haematology to undergraduates.

In this article the author describes the integrated undergraduate haematology course at McMaster University. A novel feature is the ‘Triple-Jump Exercise’ three-step form of evaluation, which offers an opportunity to assess problem solving, history taking, and data acquisition and formulation in a reasonably standardized way. An account of how haematology is taught at postgraduate level will be published in the next issue of Medical Teacher.
Underutilization of partial nephrectomy for stage T1 renal cell carcinoma in the United States, trends from 2000 to 2008. A long way to go.

Abstract Introduction Recent American Urologic Association Guidelines for small renal masses recommend partial nephrectomy for surgical treatment of T1 renal masses to preserve renal function and minimize cardiovascular comorbidities. This procedure is performed more often than in the past, after the technical issues of hemorrhage, fistula, and technique evolved. We reviewed the trends, practice patterns, and application of partial nephrectomy for T1 renal cell carcinoma in the United States from 2000 to 2008, before the American Urologic Association Guidelines. The objective is to investigate whether economic or societal factors favor the use of partial over radical nephrectomy surgery. Methods Data on 142,194 cases from 1267 hospitals diagnosed with kidney and renal pelvis cancer in the National Cancer DataBase from 2000 to 2008 were the basis of the study. Results Partial nephrectomy rates for stage T1 kidney and renal pelvis cancer have increased from 17% in 2000 to 31% in 2008. Differences in partial nephrectomy rates that arise from sex or race were not large. However, there was a disproportionate increase based on income and education. Also, there were differences based on insurance status; patients with managed care, in the military and veterans had higher partial nephrectomy rates. Partial nephrectomy rates were higher in teaching and research hospitals and in veterans hospitals. Geographically, the procedure was performed at higher rates in the eastern and midwestern parts of the country. Conclusions Partial nephrectomy rates for stage T1 renal cell carcinoma increased from 17% in 2000 to 31% in 2008. The procedure has been used preferentially with patients who are more educated and have high incomes.
Medical and Physical Impairments and Chronic Illness

Children with chronic conditions face a number of challenges which place them at risk for difficulties in psychosocial functioning. Aspects related to the condition itself or the treatment of the condition may serve as significant stressors. These include hospitalizations, excessive school absences, pain, fatigue, changes in physical appearance, teasing, restrictions on physical activity, extensive monitoring and treatment regimens, lifestyle modifications, and mobility, sensory, or neurocognitive impairments (La Greca,1990; Schuman & La Greca,1999). Multiple aspects of social functioning have important implications in several areas for children with chronic conditions, including adjustment to and management of the condition. For example, peers may be a significant source of social support, influence treatment adherence, and impact health-promoting and health-risk behaviors
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Induces Cell Cycle Delay via Recruitment of the Same E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex That Targets APOBEC3 Proteins for Degradation

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif recruits a Cullin 5 ubiquitin ligase that targets APOBEC3 proteins for degradation. Recently, Vif has also been shown to induce cell cycle disturbance in G2. We show that in contrast to the expression of Vpr, the expression of Vif does not preclude cell division, and therefore, Vif causes delay and not arrest in G2. We also demonstrate that the interaction of Vif with the ubiquitin ligase is required for cell cycle disruption, as was previously shown for HIV-1 Vpr. The presence of APOBEC3 D/E, F, and G had no influence on Vif-induced alteration of the cell cycle. We conclude that cell cycle delay by Vif is a result of ubiquitination and degradation of a cellular protein that is different from the known APOBEC3 family members.
An energy recondensation method using the discrete generalized multigroup energy expansion theory

Abstract In this paper, the discrete generalized multigroup (DGM) method was used to recondense the coarse group cross-sections using the core level solution, thus providing a correction for neighboring effect found at the core level. This approach was tested using a discrete ordinates implementation in both 1-D and 2-D. Results indicate that 2 or 3 iterations can substantially improve the flux and fission density errors associated with strong interfacial spectral changes as found in the presence of strong absorbers, reflector of mixed-oxide fuel. The methodology is also proven to be fully consistent with the multigroup methodology as long as a flat-flux approximation is used spatially.
MODELING DIFFUSIVE SPREAD IN A HETEROGENEOUS POPULATION: A MOVEMENT STUDY WITH STREAM FISH

Using a mark–recapture technique in a small temperate stream, we described the movement of four fish species over a five-month period and developed a mathematical model that described the observed movement patterns. The movement distributions were generally leptokurtic, and two of the four species demonstrated some degree of upstream bias. There was little difference in movement among species or through time. There were no temporal correlations in probability of movement, movement direction, or distance moved. The spatial spread of the most abundant species, bluehead chubs, over a four-month period was characterized by upstream bias, diffusion-like spread, and persistent leptokurtosis. Bluehead chubs demonstrated complex relationships between probability of movement and size and growth, while creek chubs showed only an effect of size on probability of movement. Further, growth of individual bluehead chubs was correlated through time. These empirical results suggest the hypothesis that heterogeneity in phenotypic attributes, such as size and growth, is related to heterogeneity in movement behavior. A diffusion–advection model of bluehead chub movement, structured with two subgroups that dispersed at different rates (“fast fish” and “slow fish”), was parameterized and validated with the field data. This model with heterogeneity in movement rates generated the leptokurtic pattern observed in the field data, in contrast to the classic diffusion model without population heterogeneity, which produces a normal distribution. The results from this work suggest that heterogeneity in fitness-influencing attributes such as size and growth could explain heterogeneity in individual-level movement behavior and might underlie the leptokurtic patterns that have been observed at the population level in numerous field studies.
Notes to the Russian Edition

This article was written on the basis of a report made by L.S. Vygotsky in the defectology section of the Institute of Scientific Pedagogy at the second Moscow State University. It was published in the book Works of the Second Moscow University (Moscow, 1929, v. I). Guided by the teachings of dialectic materialism on development, Vygotsky defines defectology as a branch of knowledge about qualitative developmental diversity in abnormal children, about the diversity of the kinds of this development. On this basis he outlines the main theoretical and practical tasks facing Soviet defectology and the special school.
Entanglement entropy for a Maxwell field: Numerical calculation on a two dimensional lattice

We study entanglement entropy (EE) for a Maxwell field in (2 + 1) dimensions. We do numerical calculations in two dimensional lattices. This gives a concrete example of the general results of our recent work [1] on entropy for lattice gauge fields using an algebraic approach. To evaluate the entropies we extend the standard calculation methods for the entropy of Gaussian states in canonical commutation algebras to the more general case of algebras with center and arbitrary numerical commutators. We find that while the entropy depends on the details of the algebra choice, mutual information has a well defined continuum limit as predicted in [1]. We study several universal terms for the entropy of the Maxwell field and compare with the case of a massless scalar field. We find some interesting new phenomena: An “evanescent” logarithmically divergent term in the entropy with topological coefficient which does not have any correspondence with ultraviolet entanglement in the universal quantities, and a non standard way in which strong subadditivity is realized. Based on the results of our calculations we propose a generalization of strong subadditivity for the entropy on some algebras that are not in tensor product.
“My Parent is so Stubborn!”—Perceptions of Aging Parents’ Persistence, Insistence, and Resistance

Objective Aging parents may respond to advice or help with daily problems from their grown children by insisting, resisting, or persisting in their ways or opinions, behaviors which are commonly viewed as stubbornness. Research has not examined how frequently such behaviors occur and what factors are associated with these behaviors. Methods Middle-aged adults and parents (N = 189 dyads) reported the prevalence of parental behaviors attributed to stubbornness. Utilizing hierarchical linear regression and multilevel modeling this exploratory study examined the association of parent stubbornness with individual and relationship-based characteristics and concordance in reports within dyads. Results Over 77% of children and 66% of parents reported parents acting in ways attributed to stubbornness at least sometimes. Children reported higher levels of parental stubbornness than parents self-reported. Children's perceptions of occurrence were related to parent disability and relationship characteristics, while parents' self-reports were associated with their own personalities. Discrepancies in reports between parents and children were associated with child and parent characteristics. Discussion This novel exploration demonstrated that individual and relationship-based factors are linked to the perceived expression of stubbornness by parents and that there is discordance in perceptions within families. Findings suggest a need for intervention to increase understanding within families.
A mixed methods multiple case study of implementation as usual in children’s social service organizations: study protocol

Background: Improving quality in children’s mental health and social service settings will require implementation strategies capable of moving effective treatments and other innovations (e.g., assessment tools) into routine care. It is likely that efforts to identify, develop, and refine implementation strategies will be more successful if they are informed by relevant stakeholders and are responsive to the strengths and limitations of the contexts and implementation processes identified in usual care settings. This study will describe: the types of implementation strategies used; how organizational leaders make decisions about what to implement and how to approach the implementation process; organizational stakeholders’ perceptions of different implementation strategies; and the potential influence of organizational culture and climate on implementation strategy selection, implementation decision-making, and stakeholders’ perceptions of implementation strategies. Methods/design: This study is a mixed methods multiple case study of seven children’s social service organizations in one Midwestern city in the United States that compose the control group of a larger randomized controlled trial. Qualitative data will include semi-structured interviews with organizational leaders (e.g., CEOs/directors, clinical directors, program managers) and a review of documents (e.g., implementation and quality improvement plans, program manuals, etc.) that will shed light on implementation decision-making and specific implementation strategies that are used to implement new programs and practices. Additionally, focus groups with clinicians will explore their perceptions of a range of implementation strategies. This qualitative work will inform the development of a Web-based survey that will assess the perceived effectiveness, relative importance, acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness of implementation strategies from the perspective of both clinicians and organizational leaders. Finally, the Organizational Social Context measure will be used to assess organizational culture and climate. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods data will be analyzed and interpreted at the case level as well as across cases in order to highlight meaningful similarities, differences, and site-specific experiences. Discussion: This study is designed to inform efforts to develop more effective implementation strategies by fully describing the implementation experiences of a sample of community-based organizations that provide mental health services to youth in one Midwestern city.
Surface chemistry: a non-negligible parameter in determining optical properties of small colloidal metal nanoparticles

Surface chemistry can become pronounced in determining the optical properties of colloidal metal nanoparticles as the nanoparticles become so small (diameters <20 nm) that the surface atoms, which can undergo chemical interactions with the environment, represent a significant fraction of the total number of atoms although this effect is often ignored. For instance, formation of chemical bonds between surface atoms of small metal nanoparticles and capping molecules that help stabilize the nanoparticles can reduce the density of conduction band electrons in the surface layer of metal atoms. This reduced electron density consequently influences the frequency-dependent dielectric constant of the metal atoms in the surface layer and, for sufficiently high surface to volume ratios, the overall surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption spectrum. The important role of surface chemistry is highlighted here by carefully analyzing the classical Mie theory and a multi-layer model is presented to produce more accurate predictions by considering the chemically reduced density of conduction band electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms in nanoparticles. Calculated absorption spectra of small Ag nanoparticles quantitatively agree with the experimental results for our monodispersed Ag nanoparticles synthesized via a well-defined chemical reduction process, revealing an exceptional size-dependence of absorption peak positions: the peaks first blue-shift followed by a turnover and a dramatic red-shift as the particle size decreases. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between surface chemistry and optical properties is beneficial to exploit new applications of small colloidal metal nanoparticles, such as colorimetric sensing, electrochromic devices, and surface enhanced spectroscopies.
Conditional deletion of beta-catenin mediated by Amhr2cre in mice causes female infertility.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulation of aromatase gene expression in vitro requires the transcriptional coactivator beta-catenin. To ascertain the physiological significance of beta-catenin in granulosa cells during folliculogenesis, mice homozygous for floxed alleles of beta-catenin were intercrossed with Amhr2cre mice. Conditional deletion of beta-catenin in 8-wk-old females occurred in derivatives of the Mullerian duct, granulosa cells and, surprisingly, in brain, pituitary, heart, liver, and tail. Female mice deficient for beta-catenin were infertile, despite reaching puberty and ovulating at the expected age, indications of apparently normal ovarian function. In contrast, their oviducts were grossly distended, with fewer but healthy oocytes. In addition, their uteri lacked implantation sites. Together, these two phenotypes could explain the complete loss of fertility. Nevertheless, although the ovary appeared normal, with serum estradiol concentrations in the normal range, there was marked animal-to-animal variation of mRNAs encoding beta-catenin and aromatase. Similarly, inhibin-alpha and luteinizing hormone receptor mRNAs varied considerably in whole ovaries, whereas pituitary Fshb mRNA was significantly reduced. Collectively, these features suggested cyclization recombination (CRE)-mediated recombination of beta-catenin may be unstable in proliferating granulosa cells, and therefore may mask the suspected steroidogenic requirement for beta-catenin. We tested this possibility by transducing primary cultures of granulosa cells from mice homozygous for floxed alleles of beta-catenin with a CRE-expressing adenovirus. Reduction of beta-catenin significantly compromised FSH stimulation of aromatase mRNA and subsequent production of estradiol. Collectively, these data suggest that FSH regulation of steroidogenesis requires beta-catenin, a role that remains hidden when tested through Amhr2cre-mediated recombination in vivo.
A model of temporary migration: the Egyptian case.

In this article a family migration model is introduced where differences in regional amenities and wage rates can result in voluntary temporary migration. A household production model of temporary migration will be developed and tested to analyse Egyptian temporary migration to the Gulf region. The theoretical model will be a two-period model of temporary migration and will be empirically tested using the well known and comprehensive 1982 Egyptian Fertility Survey which is part of the World Fertility Survey and covers a period for which temporary migration from Egypt was at or near its peak. This was also before the Gulf War after which patterns of migration were different. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
The use of a goal for SO2 mitigation planning and management in China's 11th Five-Year Plan

Using the goal of a 10% reduction of SO2 emissions in China’s 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) as a case study, this paper analyses how environmental goals are used in a large country with multi-level governments and insufficient rule of law. After the central government set up the goal, the mitigation burden was shared among local governments, and mechanisms were designed to enhance their commitment to the goal. This paper found that in the 11th Five-Year Plan, both the central and local governments were much more committed to SO2 mitigation than previously, which could help to explain China’s recent significant reduction of SO2 emissions. The case indicates that goals can effectively plan and manage environmental protection and other national government agendas.
Administrative behavior and student dissatisfaction: A possible relationship

Studies have shown that the behavior patterns exhibited by people in organizations differ as a result of the administrative styles that leaders exercise within each organization. Within educational organizations there are two groups of people who are most affected by leadership style, teachers and students. Most studies in this area have concerned themselves with studying the relationship between leadership style and teacher satisfaction-dissatisfaction. Few have concerned themselves with the possible relationship between administrative style and student satisfaction-dissatisfaction. It is our purpose in this paper to:
Effect of Sodium Chloride and Phosphates on the Thermal Properties of Chicken Meat Proteins

Maximum thermal transition (Tmax) and denaturation enthalpy (ΔH) of water-washed myofibrils and finely cut chicken breast muscle, treated with 1–4% NaCl and/or 0.25–1% of either pyrophosphate (PP) or tripolyphosphate (TPP), were monitored by differential scanning calorimetry. Increasing the concentration of NaCl destabilized the heat resistance of the proteins in water-washed myofibrils and in meat specimens. Actin showed the greatest reduction of Tmax, a 16°C decline in the presence of 4% NaCl. In a meat system, the addition of 4% NaCl resulted in one Tmax instead of five transitions, as seen in untreated meat. The presence of PP and TPP, especially in concentrations of 0.25 and 0.50%, enhanced the thermal stability of myosin. Changes in denaturation temperatures of proteins were accompanied by corresponding changes in AH.
Array feeds for the compact range

The authors examine a potential alternative to reflector edge treatment in which the conventional single-element feed is replaced with an array. The reflector is designed for optimal geometrical-optics performance, so that a larger quiet zone is available at high frequencies. Two approaches to the design of the array are presented. The first is an optimization technique based upon reciprocity and implemented using the conjugate field matching method, while the second is based upon beam shaping techniques. For this study, the reflector is assumed to be an offset paraboloid having a circular rim, and all the array elements are situated in the focal plane. Improvement over the single point source feed is obtained, even at frequencies 10% above and below the design frequency. >
Fertility and Sterility: an evaluation

At the end of the Editor-In-Chief's first 7-year tenure, Fertility and Sterility has emerged as a top-ranking medical specialty publication. It competes internationally as one of two premier peer review journals in reproductive medicine. It is profitable to its publisher and to its sponsor, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). The journal is a prestige publication, a credit to the society it represents, and is appealing to a rapidly expanding international constituency. Relative to 11 criteria of medical journal performance, the journal operates well or exceedingly well, except for excessive publication lag which is in part a consequence of the journal's success in obtaining new manuscripts.
Land and agricultural competitiveness

Land costs account for a significant proportion of total costs for many agricultural products that are traded internationally. For owner-operators, a common form of tenure in the U.S. and most other countries, land costs are largely implicit with few cash outlays, i.e., are opportunity costs. To the extent that land is rented or where the owner is making mortgage payments, however, larger explicit land costs are incurred and can be a very significant factor in the cost of production and competitiveness. U.S. cost of production data for most crops in recent years indicate that the returns on equity, including land and other owned resources, are zero or negative, i.e., the prices of farm products are too low to cover total costs including opportunity costs. Thus, while land costs may not be a significant factor for competitiveness in the current policy framework where government payments are a significant part of the net returns of farm operators, they are a factor that can affect agricultural competitiveness, especially in the long run.
Regulatory Reform for Closing Africa’s Competitiveness Gap

Over the past decade, Africa has been experiencing an economic resurgence. Yet, the continent is facing several difficult challenges and many economies of the region continue to be among the least competitive in the world. Africa competitiveness is advers
Prediction of buried minelike target radar signatures using wideband electomagnetic modeling

Current ground penetrating radars (GPR) have been tested for land mine detection, but they have generally been costly and have poor performance. Comprehensive modeling and experimentation must be done to predict the electromagnetic (EM) signatures of mines to access the effect of clutter on the EM signature of the mine, and to understand the merit and limitations of using radar for various mine detection scenarios. This modeling can provide a basis for advanced radar design and detection techniques leading to superior performance. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed a radar technology that when combined with comprehensive modeling and detection methodologies could be the basis of an advanced mine detection system. Micropower Impulse Radar (MIR) technology exhibits a combination of properties, including wideband operation, extremely low power consumption, extremely small size and low cost, array configurability, and noise encoded pulse generation. LLNL is in the process of developing an 'optimal' processing algorithm to use with the MIR sensor. In this paper, we use classical numerical models to obtain the signature of mine-like targets and examine the effect of surface roughness on the reconstructed signals. These results are then qualitatively compared to experimental data.
Lions Among Us: How Our Child Protective Agencies Harm the Children and Destroy the Families They Aim to Help

Time after time, our newspapers and the TV news report cases of alleged abuse and neglect or even the death of a child under the protection of a state's child protective services agency. Child "protective" agencies use the appropriate words and have, presumably, the appropriate intent, but the reality, sadly, is far different. The National Coalition for Child Protection Reform issued a report on foster care in Florida, saying "there is probably no place in the United States where it is worse to be a foster child than the State of Florida."A class-action suit filed on behalf of Florida's foster children alleged that the Florida foster care system violates the cruel and unusual punishment prohibitions of the U.S. Constitution, and opined that "as operated, the Florida foster care system is the single biggest abuser, neglecter (sic) and exploiter of children in Florida.”Part I of this article provides the introduction, and Part II examines examples of failures in protecting children and in overreaching into the lives of innocent families under the guise of prevention. Part III of this article examines new programs that are being implemented both in Florida and elsewhere, including privatization of government responsibilities, and looks at the pros and cons (and successes and failures) of these initiatives. Part IV and the conclusion examines where such agencies are headed, including some surprising success stories, and will advocate for a sweeping policy change from preventive removal to family preservation, looking at what can further be done to ensure that state child protective service agencies are there first and foremost to help the children, not destroy families unnecessarily.
The Kindness of Strangers: Interdisciplinary Foundations of a Duty to Act

In American tort law, one has historically been allowed to do nothing and not be held liable for injuries to others resulting from that inactivity. Viewed perhaps more charitably, tort law does not punish citizens for minding their own business. People generally have no affirmative duties to aid or protect others -- you can watch blind people walk into traffic and not be sued for failing to stop them. It's not nice, but it's not tortious. This essay examines the no duty to act rule in torts and the policy reasons typically offered in support of its enduring presence. It then explores state Good Samaritan statutes that provide immunity from liability in negligence if people decide to offer emergency assistance, and questions whether law should go further to enact Bad Samaritan statutes to compel citizens to assist strangers in emergency situations when they can reasonably do so. The essay analyzes feminist critiques of the no duty to act concept, but proposes instead a much different basis for criticizing the no duty rule. Drawing on works in anthropology, education, ecology, sociology, and social psychology, this essay makes the interdisciplinary case for a duty to act to assist strangers in peril.
The Black Panther Party: A Study in Local and National Impact on Advocacy and Policy

What factors determine whether grassroots organizations engaged in local protest influence national policy and advocacy agendas? Existing research points to the importance of local protest strategy for constituencies that are unable to gain access to the political system. The political representation of politically marginalized groups, such as low-income communities of color, is a challenge for mainstream interest groups in the US political system. Due to such challenges, scholars have argued that advocacy on behalf of marginalized groups might be more likely to occur at the local level. Grassroots based organizations are more likely to engage constituencies in protest activities and to work on affecting change at the national, state, city, or neighborhood levels. Additionally, recent scholarship indicates that these local groups may influence national policy deliberations and organizational priorities. In this paper, I present a piece of a larger book project assessing the organizing activities of the Black Panther Party between 1968 and 1971, and the impact of those activities on national policy deliberations and organizations. Based on the archives of the BPP, the NAACP, National Urban League, the SCLC, and congressional hearings and debates, my findings indicate that the BPP’s grassroots organizing activities influenced national policymakers in their consideration of policy with disproportionate impact on low-income African American communities – specifically, anti-poverty policy. Additionally, my findings indicate that the BPP’s activities shaped the focus and priorities of more traditional, and less radical, civil rights organizations.
Cancer drug troglitazone stimulates the growth and response of renal cells to hypoxia inducible factors.

Troglitazone has been used to suppress the growth of a number of tumors through apoptosis and autophagy. However, previous in vitro studies have employed very high concentrations of troglitazone (≥10(-5) M) in order to elicit growth inhibitory effects. In this report, when employing lower concentrations of troglitazone in defined medium, troglitazone was observed to stimulate the growth of primary renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells. Rosiglitazone, like troglitazone, is a thiazolidinedione (TZD) that is known to activate Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Υ (PPARΥ). Notably, rosiglitazone also stimulates RPT cell growth, as does Υ-linolenic acids, another PPARΥ agonist. The PPARΥ antagonist GW9662 inhibited the growth stimulatory effect of troglitazone. In addition, troglitazone stimulated transcription by a PPAR Response Element/Luciferase construct. These results are consistent with the involvement of PPARΥ as a mediator of the growth stimulatory effect of troglitazone. In a number of tumor cells, the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is increased, promoting the expression of HIF inducible genes, and vascularization. Troglitazone was observed to stimulate transcription by a HIF/luciferase construct. These observations indicate that troglitazone not only promotes growth, also the survival of RPT cells under conditions of hypoxia.
Who Will Advise Us? On Proper Relations between Science and Democratic Institutions

This essay will argue that, in place of the present hit-and-miss system of specialist advisement (the system of scientific experts performing case-by-case studies at numerous regulatory agencies, like for the instance the US Office of Technology Assessment), we require a corps of professional public servants for the dissemination of credible, learned, relevant and useful information pertaining to the issues of the day. This is necessary because first of all scientists are as a group poorly prepared for the task of advising (as contrasted with the quite different task of conducting research in the relevant subject area) and more importantly because governments cannot ask scientists to provide that information without also incentivizing third parties (albeit unintentionally) to compromise the institution of science itself. This corps must also be poised to perform such aggregations of opinion (or arbitrations between conflicting opinions and interests) when requests are duly submitted by both governmental and citizen bodies. The product of this corps will be a dynamic, massively cross-referential, virtual document that I shall refer to as the Citizenpedia. This essay is devoted to justifying the government subsidy of such a document, as well as to evaluating the best role for scientists in a democracy. It will contrast the Citizenpedia proposal with practices that have been tried: (1) governmental agencies; and (2) citizen panels. Most importantly, it is devoted to showing that a world in which Citizenpedia advises government is substantially different from one in which either citizens or “experts” do so, just as it is substantially different from a world (our own) in which the media plays the largest role in educating the public on science policy matters.
Character control and historical moral responsibility

Some proponents of compatibilist moral responsibility have proposed an historical theory which requires that agents deploy character control in order to be morally responsible. An important type of argument for the character control condition is the manipulation argument, such as Mele’s example of Beth and Chuck. In this paper I show that Beth can be exonerated on various conditions other than her failure to execute character control—I propose a new character, Patty, who meets these conditions and is, I argue, morally responsible for her actions despite lacking character control. Thus the character control condition is unmotivated. I suggest there may be an alternative basis for an historical theory of moral responsibility nonetheless.
Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral blood flow in animal stroke models

Perfusion could provide useful information on metabolic and functional status of tissue and organs. This review summarizes the most commonly used perfusion measurement methods: dynamic susceptibility weighted contrast (DSC) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) and their applications in experimental stroke. Some new developments of CBF techniques in animal models are also discussed.
Factorization of Polynomials

(1950). Factorization of Polynomials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 57, No. 5, pp. 317-320.