cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biosynthesis of basement membrane collagen in embryonic chick lens. I. Delay between the synthesis of polypeptide chains and the secretion of collagen by matrix-free cells.

Abstract The biosynthesis of collagen was studied both in vivo and in vitro in embryonic chick lens, a tissue in which all of the collagen is in the basement membrane of the lens capsule. Experiments in vivo demonstrated that only a small fraction of the total protein synthesized by the lens is collagen but that the rate of collagen synthesis increases significantly between about Day 18 and Day 20 of embryonic development. [14C]Proline was incorporated into basement membrane collagen by intact lenses in vitro and by matrix-free cells obtained by enzymic dissociation of the embryonic lenses. The [14C]proline incorporation per µg of DNA observed with the matrix-free cells was about 77% of the rate observed with intact lenses. Of the total hydroxy[14C]proline synthesized by the matrix-free cells, about 14% was present as the 3-isomer. Significant amounts of collagen 4-hydroxy[14C]-proline were secreted into the incubation medium by the matrix-free cells, but incubation of the cells with [14C]proline for varying periods of time indicated that the secretion of the collagen did not begin until about 1 hour after the incorporation of 14C into protein became linear. The results indicated that in lens cells there is a greater lag between the incorporation of [14C]proline into protein and the secretion of [14C]-collagen than is observed with matrix-free tendon cells under the same conditions. When the cells were incubated with [14C]lysine, 85 to 92% of the hydroxy[14C]lysine in both the intracellular and extracellular collagen synthesized by the system was glycosylated, and most of the glycosylated hydroxy[14C]lysine was present as glucosylgalactosylhydroxy[14C]lysine. The extent of glycosylation of hydroxy[14C]lysine in the intracellular collagen was maximal even after incubation with [14C]lysine for only 30 min, a time at which the secretion of [14C]collagen had not yet begun. The data indicated, therefore, that the glycosylation occurred shortly after the synthesis of hydroxylysine in the molecule and that the addition of both hexose residues was initiated considerably before the molecule was secreted.
Expression of octopaminergic receptor genes in 4 nonneural tissues in female Nicrophorus vespilloides beetles

Octopamine regulates the function of many tissues and physiological processes in invertebrates. The expression of octopamine receptor genes has been examined in multiple tissue types in several different insect orders. However, little work has addressed this issue in Coleoptera. Most studies characterize individual genes in different tissue types, but here we describe the expression of 6 octopamine receptor genes in thoracic musculature, oviducts, Malpighian tubules, and fat body of female Nicrophorus vespilloides beetles to characterize both different genes and different tissues within a single study. We then compare the gene expression profiles found in this beetle to other insects to examine the extent to which expression profiles are conserved across insects. We also examine the relative involvement of octopamine verses octopamine/tyramine receptors based on receptor gene expression in each tissue to help elucidate if tyramine plays a role in the regulation of these tissues. We find a high degree of overlap in the expression profile of the 6 genes examined in the thoracic musculature, a moderate amount for the oviducts, and divergent profiles for Malpighian tubules and fat body. Based on expression difference in receptor subtypes, our results also support the suggestion that tyramine is a biogenic amine with physiological actions separate from octopamine.
Galactose-rich glycoproteins are on the cell surface of herpes virus-infected cells: 1. Surface labeling and serial lectin binding studies of Asn-linked oligosaccharides of glycoprotein gC

Cell-surface glycoproteins of mock-infected and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected BHK-21 and HEp-2 cells were radiolabeled by incubation with galactose oxidase followed by reduction with NaB3H4. The incorporation of radiolabel into glycoconjugates in both BHK-21 and HEp-2 cells was increased several fold following infection with HSV, showing an increase in surface-exposed Gal residues in the infected cells. This was further confirmed by an increase in binding of cell-surface-labeled glycoproteins gC and gB from HSV-infected BHK-21 cells to Ricinus communis agglutinin I, which is specific for beta-D-Gal residues. Prior treatment of cells with Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase enhanced the surface radiolabeling by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 method: HEp-2 cells exhibited over sixfold enhancement in labeling, while BHK-21 cells showed only a slight increase. HSV glycoprotein gC was the predominant cell-surface glycoprotein radiolabeled by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 method in virus-infected BHK-21 cells. The glycoprotein gC was purified by immunoaffinity column chromatography on monoclonal anti-gC-antibody-Sepharose. The radiolabel in the glycopeptides of gC was resistant to beta elimination, showing that it was associated only with Asn-linked oligosaccharides. A serial lectin affinity chromatography of glycopeptides on columns of concanavalin A-Sepharose, lentil (Lens culinaris) lectin-Sepharose, and Ricin I-agarose allowed the assignment of minimal oligosaccharide structures bearing terminal Gal residues in gC.
Neutrophils Do Not Express IL-17A in the Context of Acute Oropharyngeal Candidiasis

IL-17 protects against pathogens by acting on nonhematopoietic cells to induce neutrophil recruitment through upregulation of chemokines and G-CSF. IL-17- and Th17-deficient humans and mice are susceptible to mucosal Candida albicans infections, linked to impaired neutrophil responses. IL-17 production is traditionally associated with CD4+ Th17 cells. However, IL-17 is also expressed during innate responses to facilitate rapid pathogen clearance. Innate IL-17-expressing cells include various lymphocyte-type subsets, including ILC3, NKT, γδ-T and "natural" Th17 (nTh17) cells. Some reports suggest that neutrophils can express IL-17 during fungal infections. Here, we asked whether neutrophils serve as a source of IL-17 during acute oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) using an IL-17A fate-tracking reporter mouse. Mice were subjected to OPC for two days, and oral tissue was analyzed by flow cytometry. IL-17A was expressed by γδ-T cells and TCRβ+ natural Th17 (nTh17) cells, as recently reported. Although infiltrating neutrophils were recruited to the tongue following infection, they did not express the IL-17A reporter. Moreover, neutrophil-depleted mice exhibited normal transcription of both Il17a and downstream IL-17-dependent gene targets after Candida challenge. Thus, in acute OPC, neutrophils are not a measurable source of IL-17 production, nor are they necessary to trigger IL-17-dependent gene expression, although they are essential for ultimate pathogen control.
Health Care Professionals’ Responses to Religious or Spiritual Statements by Surrogate Decision Makers During Goals-of-Care Discussions

Importance Although many patients and their families view religion or spirituality as an important consideration near the end of life, little is known about the extent to which religious or spiritual considerations arise during goals-of-care conversations in the intensive care unit. Objectives To determine how frequently surrogate decision makers and health care professionals discuss religious or spiritual considerations during family meetings in the intensive care unit and to characterize how health care professionals respond to such statements by surrogates. Design, setting, and participants A multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted between October 8, 2009, and October 24, 2012, regarding 249 goals-of-care conversations between 651 surrogate decision makers and 441 health care professionals in 13 intensive care units across the United States. Audio-recorded conversations between surrogate decision makers and health care professionals were analyzed, transcribed, and qualitatively coded. Data analysis took place from March 10, 2012, through May 24, 2014. Exposures Goals-of-care conferences. Main outcomes and measures Constant comparative methods to develop a framework for coding religious and spiritual statements were applied to the transcripts. Participants completed demographic questionnaires that included religious affiliation and religiosity. Results Of 457 surrogate decision makers, 355 (77.6%) endorsed religion or spirituality as fairly or very important in their life. Discussion of religious or spiritual considerations occurred in 40 of 249 conferences (16.1%). Surrogates were the first to raise religious or spiritual considerations in most cases (26 of 40). Surrogates' statements (n=59) fell into the following 5 main categories: references to their religious or spiritual beliefs, including miracles (n=34); religious practices (n=19); religious community (n=8); the notion that the physician is God's instrument to promote healing (n=4); and the interpretation that the end of life is a new beginning for their loved one (n=4). Some statements fell into more than 1 category. In response to surrogates' religious or spiritual statements, health care professionals redirected the conversation to medical considerations (n=15), offered to involve hospital spiritual care providers or the patient's own religious or spiritual community (n=14), expressed empathy (n=13), acknowledged surrogates' statements (n=11), or explained their own religious or spiritual beliefs (n=3). In only 8 conferences did health care professionals attempt to further understand surrogates' beliefs, for example, by asking questions about the patient's religion. Conclusions and relevance Among a cohort of surrogate decision makers with a relatively high degree of religiosity, discussion of religious or spiritual considerations occurred in fewer than 20% of goals-of-care conferences in intensive care units, and health care professionals rarely explored the patient's or family's religious or spiritual ideas.
Ant control efficacy of pyrethroids and fipronil on outdoor concrete surfaces.

BACKGROUND Urban and residential concrete surfaces are often treated with pesticides to control ants. Run-off from irrigation/rainfall can remove pesticides from concrete and contaminate urban waterways. Recent regulations and mitigations in regions such as California aim to reduce insecticide run-off (e.g. pyrethroids), but are often proposed without adequate consideration of their impact on ant control efficacy. METHODS We carried out an outdoor study with a side-by-side comparison between pesticide run-off potential and residual ant toxicity after exposing treated concrete to summer conditions and simulated precipitations. RESULTS Treatments with bifenthrin, permethrin or fipronil all showed fast ant knockdown initially, and over 50% of ants were killed within 16 h after 1-min contact with the treated surfaces. Shorter ant median lethal time (LT50) was observed on concrete treated with over-the-counter (OTC) granule/dust formulations than OTC liquid or professional formulations. However, the treated surfaces rapidly lost ant control efficacy after outdoor exposure and repeated precipitations. Except for OTC solid permethrin treatment, the ant toxicity disappeared after 20 days for all other formulation treatments. In contrast, pesticides were detected in run-off water from simulated precipitations even 89 days after the treatment, with levels above 0.5 µg L−1 for bifenthrin, 30 µg L−1 for permethrin and 0.15 µg L−1 for fipronil. Pyrethroid run-offs from OTC solid formulations were >10 times higher than the other two formulations. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested viable options for run-off mitigation include decreasing use on concrete such as using crack/spot treatments instead of broadcast applications, limiting pesticide use on hardscapes away from water contact, and avoiding using dust/granule formulations on hardscapes. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Embodying the nation-state:Canada's response to human smuggling

Abstract This paper argues that a shift in the scale of analysis of the nation-state, from national and global scales to the finer scale of the body reveals processes, relations, and experiences otherwise obscured. The response of the Canadian government to the arrival of migrants smuggled by boat from China to British Columbia in 1999 serves as a case study. I draw on feminist and post-structural theories that locate exercises of power and productions of difference at the body in order to address a broader debate about the power of the nation-state to mediate transnational flows. Following accusations that they were losing control of borders, civil servants of the federal government of Canada sought to contain the issue of human smuggling by detaining migrants, controlling flows of information, and carefully constructing the public image of the state. This research, based on ethnographic fieldwork with Citizenship and Immigration Canada, suggests potential in new epistemologies of the nation-state drawn through corporeal geographies, currently undervalued in mainstream political geography.
Within-Team Variation of Shared Knowledge Structures: A Business Performance Study

This pre-post exploratory study looks at the interplay between individual and team level knowledge structures, proposing a new method for conceptualizing and operationalizing within team knowledge variation. This research quantitatively analyzes variation between an individual's knowledge organization versus their team's shared knowledge structure. Team process success is measured by financial results as teams compete in a dynamic ERP simulation market. Higher team knowledge structure metrics are found to be insufficient indicators of success when high within-team variation exists. Contrasting individual-level versus team-level business process knowledge provides a rich explanation for team performance outcomes. Initial findings show that high with-in team variance results in lower performance in comparison to teams with low within-team variance of knowledge structures. This finding is supported even when high-variance teams contain a highly knowledgable individual. This study suggests that teams with high similiarity of shared team knowledge structures achieve better team financial performance.
Bacteriophages of psychrophilic pseudomonads. I. Host range of phage pools active against fish spoilage and fish-pathogenic pseudomonads

A total of 180 bacteriophages active against 37 of 55 psychrophilic bacteria (isolated from fish and other sources) were isolated from sea water, sewage, and fish fillets. Cross-infection tests made with pools of homologous phages indicated that only 8 strains were resistant to all the phages. Some similarities between marine and terrestrial pseudomonads were found, as well as significant differences between species previously considered to be closely related.
Covering arrays, augmentation, and quilting arrays

Numerous constructions of the best known covering arrays are effective only for specific numbers of symbols. Fusion replaces numerous symbols by one, and can thereby employ such constructions to pr...
Work, Retirement, and Depression

This study investigates the relationship between depression and labor force participation by examining whether retirement induces depression or depression discourages labor force participation. The sample is drawn from newly available, nationally representative data of those 50–64 years old using the 2006 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. We model two possibly inter-related outcomes; depression and work. We first examine whether retirement influences depression, using the mandatory retirement provisions of the Korean labor force to identify a pathway to retirement that is not a consequence of depression. We then estimate the determinants of current work using instrumental variables for depression. We find that mandatory retirement is not associated with subsequent depression but find evidence that depression leads to reduced labor force participation, after using instrumental variables to predict the existence of depressive symptoms among respondents. We find strong evidence that depression leads to reduced labor force participation. Although retirees are often more depressed than workers, the causes that induce retirement, such as poor health, care-giving responsibilities, and inability to find a job, are also associated with depression.
American Manhood and the Rhetoric of War

Book reviewed in this article: Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars
Angiotensin type II receptor expression and ureteral budding.

Purpose: Deletion of the angiotensin type II receptor gene (Agtr2) in mice results in a spectrum of urinary tract anomalies similar to that in humans. The mechanism behind this anomalous development is poorly understood. We evaluated Agtr2 expression as it relates to normal and abnormal ureteral budding.Materials and Methods: A total of 400 wild type mice were inspected at birth for gross evidence of a urinary tract anomaly. In addition, the urinary tracts of 30 wild type embryos were evaluated at 11.0/11.5 and 13.5 weeks of gestation. These embryos were examined for ureteral budding site via section and whole mount in situ hybridization with c-ret probe and Agtr2 expression via in situ hybridization with Agtr2 riboprobe. There were 740 newborn mice homozygous for the null mutation of Agtr2 also evaluated along with 55 angiotensin type II knockout embryos at the aforementioned gestational ages.Results: All wild type newborn animals were grossly normal. Of the angiotensin type II knockout newborns 23 (3.1%...
New lichen records from Oregon to Alaska in North America

Abstract Three species, Biatoridium monasteriense, Catillaria picila and Hymenelia cyanocarpa are reported as new to North America, the first two occurring in Oregon and the last in British Columbia. Northward range extensions from California are reported for Aspicilia knudsenii, Lecanora mellea, and Lecidea mannii. The range of Caloplaca nivalis is extended southward. Other range extensions are given for Acarospora sinopica, Anaptychia bryorum, Caloplaca nivalis, Gyalidea asteriscus, Gypsoplaca macrophylla, Heterodermia japonica, Pertusaria chiodectonoides, Pycnothelia papillaria, Rhizocarpon sulphurosum, and Rinodina oregana.
Collinearity and forecasting

Old saw: Collinearity will not harm forecasts as long as it continues into the forecast period. If, however, collinearity is unlikely to continue but has already harmed estimation, then corrective action (introduction of prior information) to improve estimates should improve forecasts. This paper marshals the diagnostic information needed to assess collinearity's continuance and, when required, to direct meaningful corrective action. The process is illustrated by an example involving forecasts using energy prices.
Object-level processing of spectral imagery for detection of targets and changes using spatial-spectral-temporal techniques

Automatic detection of ground targets and their movements is an important problem in military remote sensing. Much recent attention has been afforded the exploitation of spectral imagery for this application. However, current spectral detection algorithms yield inadequate performance in many demanding scenarios. The present work explores several techniques founded on the notion of object-level image processing. In object-level processing we seek to progress from a pixel-level image description to a description at the spatial scale of natural objects. The concept of a natural object is inspired by the human visual system. An important advancement of a recently reported spectral object extraction method is presented. This technique, Knowledge Based Object Reassembly, extracts objects based on the spectral similarity of their pixels and then merges spatially adjacent objects according to a maximum classification confidence criterion. The improvement in object extraction allows the accurate coon of natural objects by a spatial-spectral feature set. This feature set then forms the basis of detection, classification and change ion algorithms. The performance of the technique is assessed and its impact on spectral object level change detection and spatial-spectral object-level target discrimination and classification is measured. Both multi-spectral and hyper-spectral imagery over several spectral regions is analyzed.
The ethics of metropolitan growth: A framework

Although debates about the shape and future of the built environment are usually cast in economic and political terms, they also have an irreducible ethical component that stands in need of careful examination. This paper is the report of an exploratory study in descriptive ethics carried out in Atlanta, Georgia. Archival sources and semi-structured interviews provide the basis for identifying and sorting the diverse value judgments and value conflicts that come into play in a rapidly growing metropolitan area. The goal of the project is to expand and refine a draft framework for grappling with the ethical complexity of the situations from which individuals and communities make important decisions about their surroundings. The success of the framework is to be measured by its usefulness in informing the judgment of professionals and citizens, and in facilitating a robust normative debate about the built environment.
EFFECT OF MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDE (MCT) ADMINISTRATION ON CARNITINE METABOLISM IN THE ANESTHESIZED PIGLET AND CULTURED KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS

To test the hypothesis that carnitine plays a role in medium chain fatty acid metabolism, blood, urine, liver and bile specimens were collected from anesthesized neonatal piglets prior to, and after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes of a continuous intravenous infusion of MCT (1 g/kg-h). Interval fractional tubular reabsorption was calculated throughout the infusion. 3H-L-Carnitine uptake was determined in cultured renal tubular epithelial (Cos-l) cells incubated with increasing amounts of octanoic acid.
America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I

Detailing the events of the Progressive Era and World War I (1901-20), America in the Age of the Titans is the only interdisciplinary history covering this period currently available. The book contains the results of research into primary sources an drecent scholarship with an emphases on leading personalities and anecdotes about them. Sean Dennis Cashman's sequesl to America in the Gilded Age gives special attention to industry and inventions, and social and cultural history. He covers developments in science, technology, and industry; the Progressive movement and the presidencies of Theodore Roosevelt, immigration, the new woman, and labor, including the Industrial Workers of the World and the Great Red Scare; the transportation and communications revolution in radio and motion pictures; the cultural contribuation of artists, architects, and creatice writers; and America's foreign policies across the world. Written in a lively, accessible style with over sixty illustrations, this book is an excellent introduction to these momentous years. It provides an assessment of the contributions of the titans - political, scientific, and industrial.
The Rhox genes

Homeobox genes encode transcription factors that have crucial roles in embryogenesis. A recently discovered set of homeobox genes--the Rhox genes--are expressed during both embryogenesis and in adult reproductive tissues. The 33 known mouse Rhox genes are clustered together in a single region on the X chromosome, while likely descendents of the primodial Rhox cluster, Arx and Esx1, have moved to other positions on the X chromosome. Here, we summarize what is known about the regulation and function of Rhox cluster and Rhox-related genes during embryogenesis and gametogenesis. The founding member of the Rhox gene cluster--Rhox5 (previously known as Pem)--has been studied in the most depth and thus is the focus of this review. We also discuss the unusually rapid evolution of the Rhox gene cluster.
The association of CAG repeat length with clinical progression in Huntington disease.

Objective: To determine whether the rate of clinical progression in Huntington disease (HD) is influenced by the size of the CAG expansion. Methods: The dataset consisted of 3,402 examinations of 512 subjects seen through the Baltimore Huntington9s Disease Center. Subjects were seen for a mean of 6.64 visits, with mean follow-up of 6.74 years. Subjects were administered the Quantified Neurological Examination, with its subsets the Motor Impairment and Chorea Scores, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the HD Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale. Results: In an analysis based on the Random Effects Model, CAG length was significantly associated with the rate of progression of all measures except chorea and ADL. There was a significant interaction term between CAG length and disease duration for all measures except chorea. Further graphical exploration of the data supported these linear models and suggested that subjects at the low end of the expanded CAG repeat range may experience a more benign late course. Conclusions: CAG repeat length has a small effect on rate of progression that may be clinically important over time. Individuals with the shortest expansions appear to have the best prognosis. These effects of the CAG length may be relevant in the analysis of clinical trials.
The effect of coronary artery bypass grafting on specific causes of long-term mortality in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation

Objectives We sought to examine the effect of revascularization with coronary artery bypass grafting on specific causes of death in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation cohort. Although the effect of coronary revascularization on long-term mortality has been previously described, there are limited data describing its effect on specific causes of death in patients with coronary artery disease. Evaluation of cause of death might help elucidate disease mechanisms and be useful for developing treatment strategies. Methods In the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation randomized trial and registry, 3610 patients underwent initial revascularization with coronary artery bypass grafting or balloon angioplasty and were followed for an average of 7.7 years. Causes of all deaths were classified by an independent committee. Results Among 3610 revascularized patients, 2239 underwent coronary artery bypass grafting as an initial or subsequent procedure. Over 7.7 years of follow-up, 3% of all patients died of sudden cardiac death, 3% died of myocardial infarction–related death, 2% died of congestive heart failure and other cardiac causes, and 9% died of noncardiac causes. Coronary artery bypass grafting (vs no coronary artery bypass grafting) was associated with a significantly lower risk of sudden cardiac death (relative risk, 0.60; P = .01) but was not significantly associated with any other causes of long-term mortality. Conclusions In the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation coronary artery bypass grafting significantly decreased the risk of sudden cardiac death but not any other cause of long-term mortality. Because major risk factors for sudden cardiac death have historically favored a revascularization strategy of coronary artery bypass grafting over angioplasty, evaluation of the current practice of extending angioplasty as an alternative to coronary artery bypass grafting in similar high-risk subgroups is paramount.
Intrinsic differences among spatially distinct neural crest stem cells in terms of migratory properties, fate-determination, and ability to colonize the enteric nervous system

We have systematically examined the developmental potential of neural crest stem cells from the enteric nervous system (gut NCSCs) in vivo to evaluate their potential use in cellular therapy for Hirschsprung disease and to assess differences in the properties of postmigratory NCSCs from different regions of the developing peripheral nervous system (PNS). When transplanted into developing chicks, flow-cytometrically purified gut NCSCs and sciatic nerve NCSCs exhibited intrinsic differences in migratory potential and neurogenic capacity throughout the developing PNS. Most strikingly, gut NCSCs migrated into the developing gut and formed enteric neurons, while sciatic nerve NCSCs failed to migrate into the gut or to make enteric neurons, even when transplanted into the gut wall. Enteric potential is therefore not a general property of NCSCs. Gut NCSCs also formed cholinergic neurons in parasympathetic ganglia, but rarely formed noradrenergic sympathetic neurons or sensory neurons. Supporting the potential for autologous transplants in Hirschsprung disease, we observed that Endothelin receptor B (Ednrb)-deficient gut NCSCs engrafted and formed neurons as efficiently in the Ednrb-deficient hindgut as did wild-type NCSCs. These results demonstrate intrinsic differences in the migratory properties and developmental potentials of regionally distinct NCSCs, indicating that it is critical to match the physiological properties of neural stem cells to the goals of proposed cell therapies.
Disease-Modifying Drugs for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis and Future Directions for Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics

With the development of effective therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), therapeutic nihilism, which was so prevalent just 10 years ago, has given way to exuberance and optimism. The current mood is understandable because MS is such a devastating disease. Within 10 years of symptom onset, 50% of patients with MS are unable to carry out household and employment responsibilities; within 15 to 20 years, 50% are unable to walk unassisted; and within 25 years, 50% are unable to walk at all. The average annual cost of MS in the United States has been estimated at greater than $6.8 billion, or $34 103 per person. This review summarizes evidence that disease-modifying drugs can significantly improve the course of patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and frames key issues relating to the use of current drugs. Major issues confronting experimental MS therapeutics are discussed.
Stockpiling to Survive a Nuclear Attack: The second phase of a total defense system must bridge the gap until production facilities are restored.

An adequate civilian defense system has two phases. The first phase demands special structures, including stocked fallout shelters throughout the country and a maximum number of blast-resistant structures in and near population centers, with adequate instruments for detecting and measuring air pollutants and maintaining communications. The second, or recovery, phase requires stockpiling of fuels for operating farm machinery; power sources (fossii or nuclear) for rebuilding the nation's industrial plant; and, above all, stockpiling of food to keep human beings alive and functioning. (R.J.S.)
Hybrid Biological Power Cells for Cardiac Pacemakers - Materials Evaluation

A number of cathode and anode materials for an implantable hybrid biogalvanic fuel cell have been evaluated. Results of in vitro polarization tests and in vivo experiments with a voltagesensing transmitter are presented. Experiments performed in an artificial interstitial-fluid (AIF) electrolyte are also discussed. A Pt activated-carbon cathode and zinc anode have exhibited the most suitable characteristics when all aspects of this type of power source are considered. This electrode pair has been used to power a cardiac pacemaker in two dogs with surgically created A-V blocks.
Simple fully automated group classification on brain fMRI

We propose a simple, well grounded classification technique which is suited for group classification on brain fMRI datasets that have high dimensionality, small number of subjects, high noise level, high subject variability, imperfect registration and capture subtle cognitive effects. We propose threshold-split region as a new feature selection method and majority vote as the classification technique. Our method does not require a predefined set of regions of interest. We use average across sessions, only one feature per experimental condition, feature independence assumption, and simple classifiers. The seeming counter-intuitive approach of using a simple design is supported by signal processing and statistical theory. Experimental results in two block design datasets that capture brain function under distinct monetary rewards for cocaine addicted and control subjects, show that our method exhibits increased generalization accuracy compared to commonly used feature selection and classification techniques.
Ultrasonic defect detection in wooden pallet parts for quality sorting

Ultrasonic defect detection in wooden pallet parts for quality sortingDaniel L. SchmoldtUSDA Forest Service, Southern Research StationBrooks Forest Products Center, Blacksburg VA 2406 1-0503Robert M. NelsonUSDA Forest Service, Southern Research StationOne Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison WI 53705Robert J. RossUSDA Forest Service, Forest Products LaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison WI 53705ABSTRACTMillions of wooden pallets are discarded annually due to damage or because their low cost makes them readilydisposable. Higher quality wooden pallets, however, can be built from high quality deckboards and stringers, and have amuch longer life cycle and a lower cost per trip. The long-term goal ofthis project is to develop an automated pallet partinspection system to sort pallet parts according to grade. Ultrasonic time of flight (TOF) measurements in a pitch-catcharrangement are being used to distinguish different types of defects, including knots, decay, cross grain, and voids, fromclear wood. Rolling transducers of 3 different frequencies (84 KHz, 0.5 MHz, and 1 .25 MHz) have been used to collectmeasurements on four oak deckboards of 1/2" thickness. Ultrasonic C-scans taken on a 1/2" x 1/2" grid indicate that TOFwith 84 KHz transducers can be used to partially distinguish between several deckboard features and clear wood.Nevertheless, future application of these results to defect detection must not be limited to single, pixel value classification,but must include pixel neighborhoods with textural information.Keywords: ultrasound, wooden pallets, inspection, grading, defect detection, time of flight.
Stimulation of 3T3 cells induces transcription of the c- fos proto-oncogene

Transcription of the c-fos proto-oncogene is greatly increased within minutes of administering purified growth factors to quiescent 3T3 cells. This stimulation is the most rapid transcriptional response to peptide growth factors yet described, and implies a role for c-fos in cell-cycle control. Transformation by c-fos may result from a temporal deregulation of this control.
Multivariate analyses with end-member mixing to characterize groundwater flow: Wind Cave and associated aquifers

Summary Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to hydrochemical data has been used with end-member mixing to characterize groundwater flow to a limited extent, but aspects of this approach are unresolved. Previous similar approaches typically have assumed that the extreme-value samples identified by PCA represent end members. The method presented herein is different from previous work in that (1) end members were not assumed to have been sampled but rather were estimated and constrained by prior knowledge; (2) end-member mixing was quantified in relation to hydrogeologic domains, which focuses model results on major hydrologic processes; (3) a method to select an appropriate number of end members using a series of cluster analyses is presented; and (4) conservative tracers were weighted preferentially in model calibration, which distributed model errors of optimized values, or residuals, more appropriately than would otherwise be the case. The latter item also provides an estimate of the relative influence of geochemical evolution along flow paths in comparison to mixing. This method was applied to groundwater in Wind Cave and the associated karst aquifer in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. The end-member mixing model was used to test a hypothesis that five different end-member waters are mixed in the groundwater system comprising five hydrogeologic domains. The model estimated that Wind Cave received most of its groundwater inflow from local surface recharge with an additional 33% from an upgradient aquifer. Artesian springs in the vicinity of Wind Cave primarily received water from regional groundwater flow.
Robust supply chain design under uncertain demand in agile manufacturing

This paper considers a supply chain design problem for a new market opportunity with uncertain demand in an agile manufacturing setting. We consider the integrated optimization of logistics and production costs associated with the supply chain members. These problems routinely occur in a wide variety of industries including semiconductor manufacturing, multi-tier automotive supply chains, and consumer appliances to name a few. There are two types of decision variables: binary variables for selection of companies to form the supply chain and continuous variables associated with production planning. A scenario approach is used to handle the uncertainty of demand. The formulation is a robust optimization model with three components in the objective function: expected total costs, cost variability due to demand uncertainty, and expected penalty for demand unmet at the end of the planning horizon. The increase of computational time with the numbers of echelons and members per echelon necessitates a heuristic. A heuristic based on a k-shortest path algorithm is developed by using a surrogate distance to denote the effectiveness of each member in the supply chain. The heuristic can find an optimal solution very quickly in some small- and medium-size cases. For large problems, a ''good'' solution with a small gap relative to our lower bound is obtained in a short computational time.
The effects of vagotomy upon biliary function in dogs

Abstract Hepatic and celiac vagotomy in dogs does not alter the volume and motility of the gallbladder after 10 weeks. However, hepatic and celiac vagotomy results in less secretion of bilirubin and neutral red in bile and decreased concentration of radiologic contrast material in the gallbladder.
AN EXPERIMENT WHICH MEASURES RESONANT MODE CONVERSION IN He II

The results of an experiment to observe the non-linear conversion of second sound to first sound within a waveguide are described. The non-linear term which dominates the coupling between the two modes arises from the Galilean invariant ([MATH])2. Measurements show that the resonant mode conversion occurs precisely at the predicted frequency. Unique procedures were used to get absolute calibration of the first sound transducers and using these calibrations we find the amplitude of the mode converted first sound has its theoretically predicted value.
SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT AND STIMULUS CHANGE

Forty-eight rats were tested in conditioning, extinction and spontaneous recovery with levels of response-produced light or no light across the factors. The results indicated that response-produced light is rewarding as a function of its novelty when presented during the test for spontaneous recovery. Light presented in extinction depressed responding in recovery, an effect which was inhibited when light was presented during conditioning.
Characterizing Nicotine-Induced α4∗ nAChR Upregulation with Fluorescence Microscopy

Nicotine addiction is the world's leading preventable cause of mortality. Smokers also have a much lower incidence of Parkinson's disease. A plausible cellular/molecular mechanism for some responses to chronic nicotine is selective chaperoning of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry (S-CHARNS). To investigate S-CHARNS in a neuronlike environment, we are using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to monitor localization and trafficking of α4(eGFP)β2 and α4(eGFP)β4 nAChRs expressed in neuroblastoma cells (N2a). As in previous investigations on native neurons and heterologous expression systems, we find large pool(s) of intracellular α4(eGFP)β2 receptors predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We also find α4(eGFP)∗ receptors on vesicles (mobile puncta with diffraction-limited profiles consistent with the point-spread function of our microscope). Time-lapse photobleaching analyses of docked or fused vesicles indicate that vesicles carry 1-2 α4(eGFP)β2 receptor(s). In contrast, cells expressing α4(eGFP)β4 display (a) fewer ER-localized α4(eGFP)∗ receptors, (b) 5-fold more α4(eGFP)∗ receptors/vesicle, and (c) ∼10-fold more receptors at the plasma membrane (perhaps resulting from (a) and (b)). The β2 and β4 subunits differ most in the M3-M4 intracellular loop, which includes several motifs that may govern the distinct roles of β2 and β4 subunits in α4∗ receptors. Chronic exposure (24-48 h) to 0.1 μM nicotine results in increased α4(eGFP)β2 or α4(eGFP)β4 receptors at the plasma membrane. We observe many more α4(eGFP)β2 receptors in the filopodia in nicotine-treated cells compared to non-nicotine treated control cells. Thus high-resolution, quantitative imaging of S-CHARNS is providing data required to understand, and eventually to manipulate, changes due to chronic nicotine exposure.R.P. and R.S. contributed equally to this work. Grants: NS11756, DA17279, Michael J. Fox, Philip Morris, Targacept. Fellowships: Ford and APA-DPN (RP). AHA postdoctoral (FJM).
How television news programs use video news releases

Abstract Video news releases are an important public relations tactic, but use by television stations is difficult to evaluate. While electronic tracking exists, data are rarely shared or published. This study analyzed proprietary data regarding the use of 14 VNRs, which resulted in 4,245 airings across the U.S. Findings indicate all sizes of markets are likely to use VNRs, but smaller markets are more likely to use longer video segments, and to use them later in the day or days after the initial satellite feed. The most common use was as a voice-over story in an early evening newscast. VNRs associated with children and their safety or health got the greatest number of uses. The results have implications for public relations practitioners who need to make cost-effective decisions regarding tactics to target specific audiences.
Simulation and prediction of magnetic propellant reorientation in reduced gravity

Recent advances in magnet technology suggest that magnetic positive positioning of liquids may become a viable technology for future spacecraft systems. Development of a computational tool for simulation of this process is presented, as are results from experimental and computational studies. Simulation results that extend beyond the parameter space of the experimental investigation are presented to better understand this process and aid in the design of future experiments. A magnetic bond number is defined and serves as a valuable predictive correlating parameter for the investigation of magnetically induced propellant reorientation. Simulation predictions are presented and compared by the use of the magnetic bond number to determine if tank geometry, magnetic field configuration, tank fill, initial position, and g level have significant effects on the reorientation process. The influence of the magnetic field on propellant reorientation timing is also evaluated. Evidence is presented and conclusions are drawn that support the use of the simulation and the magnetic bond number as viable modeling and predictive tools in the continuing study of magnetic fluid positioning.
Semi-supervised ranking for document retrieval

Ranking functions are an important component of information retrieval systems. Recently there has been a surge of research in the field of ''learning to rank'', which aims at using labeled training data and machine learning algorithms to construct reliable ranking functions. Machine learning methods such as neural networks, support vector machines, and least squares have been successfully applied to ranking problems, and some are already being deployed in commercial search engines. Despite these successes, most algorithms to date construct ranking functions in a supervised learning setting, which assume that relevance labels are provided by human annotators prior to training the ranking function. Such methods may perform poorly when human relevance judgments are not available for a wide range of queries. In this paper, we examine whether additional unlabeled data, which is easy to obtain, can be used to improve supervised algorithms. In particular, we investigate the transductive setting, where the unlabeled data is equivalent to the test data. We propose a simple yet flexible transductive meta-algorithm: the key idea is to adapt the training procedure to each test list after observing the documents that need to be ranked. We investigate two instantiations of this general framework: The Feature Generation approach is based on discovering more salient features from the unlabeled test data and training a ranker on this test-dependent feature-set. The importance weighting approach is based on ideas in the domain adaptation literature, and works by re-weighting the training data to match the statistics of each test list. We demonstrate that both approaches improve over supervised algorithms on the TREC and OHSUMED tasks from the LETOR dataset.
Does prime modality influence morphological processing

Abstract Facilitation among morphologically related words generally is impervious to the prefixed or suffixed structure of primes and targets. A notable exception arises, however, when both primes and targets are suffixed. More specifically, when primes are auditory and targets are visual, facilitation for a suffixed target (e.g., payment) is absent when it follows a prime (e.g., payable) that is morphologically related and suffixed (Marslen-Wilson, Tyler, Waksler, & Older, 1994). To account for null facilitation (viz., the “suffix–suffix” effect), Marslen-Wilson and his colleagues posit inhibitory links between suffixes of morphological relatives. The present study assesses the generality of the “suffix–suffix” effect. When morphological facilitation is assessed relative to an orthographically related baseline, suffixed primes facilitate derivationally as well as inflectionally related morphological targets when primes are visual as well as auditory in both the lexical decision and naming tasks. The present findings call into question lexical models that posit inhibitory links between suffixes of morphological relatives.
Computer-aided detection of polyps in CT colonography by means of AdaBoost

Computer-aided detection (CADe) has been investigated for assisting radiologists in detecting polyps in CT colonography (CTC). One of the major challenges in current CADe of polyps in CTC is to improve the specificity without sacrificing the sensitivity. We have developed several CADe schemes based on a massive-training framework with different nonlinear regression models such as neural network regression, support vector regression, and Gaussian process regression. Individual CADe schemes based on different nonlinear regression models, however, achieved comparable results. In this paper, we propose to use the AdaBoost algorithm to combine different regression models in CADe schemes for improving the specificity without sacrificing the sensitivity. To test the performance of the proposed approach, we compared it with individual regression models in the distinction between polyps and various types of false positives (FPs). Our CTC database consisted of 246 CTC datasets obtained from 123 patients in the supine and prone positions. The testing set contained 93 patients including 19 polyps in seven patients and 86 negative patients with 474 FPs produced by an original CADe scheme. The AdaBoost algorithm combining multiple massive-training regression models achieved a performance that was higher than each individual regression model, yielding a 94.7% (18/19) bypolyp sensitivity at an FP rate of 2.0 (188/93) per patient in a leave-one-lesion-out cross validation test.