cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell proliferation in the bladder and implications for cancer risk assessment

Abstract Chemicals can increase carcinogenic risk by either directly damaging DNA or increasing cell replication or they can do both. These effects have different implications for a biologically-based extrapolation from rodent bioassays to humans. 2-Acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) administered at low doses to mice for a lifetime has a different dose-response for the liver (approximately linear) compared to the urinary bladder (apparent no effect dose of 45 ppm with a sigmoidal dose response at 60–150 ppm), which can be explained if carcinogen metabolism, DNA adduct formation and cell proliferation effects are considered. In contrast to 2-AAF and other genotoxic chemicals, chemicals which form calculi in the urine do not generally damage DNA directly but increase cell proliferation dramatically by eroding the bladder surface, leading to regenerative hyperplasia. This occurs only at doses at which calculi form; lower doses do not produce calculi and, therefore, do not increase cell proliferation or cause tumors. Extrapolation to humans from the rodent bioassay should be dependent on dose requirements for formation of calculi rather than any type of statistical extrapolation to lower doses. Saccharin and other sodium salts administered at high doses to rats also produce bladder cancer by increasing cell proliferation. These salts do not effect mice, hamsters, guinea pigs or monkeys. Based on dose and mechanistic considerations, saccharin and these other sodium salts are unlikely to be human carcinogens. Extrapolation to possible human cancer risk requires biological determinations rather than simply using statistical formulations.
Transient elevations in intracellular calcium are sufficient to induce sustained responsiveness to the neurotrophic factor bFGF

SUMMARY The present study investigates how a neuron’s past history of neural activity may alter its responsiveness to subsequent signals. We demonstrate that a depolarizing pulse of extracellular potassium can prime neurons to become responsive to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), even when the pulse is brief and occurs prior to addition of bFGF. Specifically, we subjected cultured embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons (E7) to a short pulse of elevated extracellular potassium followed by addition of bFGF and tested the effect of such treatment on neuronal survival. Neurons treated in this manner produced high levels of survival, whereas neurons exposed to either the pulse alone or the continuous presence of bFGF alone failed to promote any significant levels of survival. This priming effect of depolarization on bFGFinduced survival was blocked by calcium channel antagonists. To test the time dependency of this effect, we increased the time interval between termination of the calcium pulse and addition of bFGF. Our results demonstrate that a brief elevation in intracellular calcium has long lasting effects, up to 8 h after cessation of the depolarizing pulse, on neuronal responsiveness to bFCF. These findings suggest how a developing neuron’s history of activity can alter its subsequent ability to respond to neurotrophic factors and has significant implications on the mechanisms by which activity may influence neuronal survival. 0 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.*
Approximately optimal one-dimensional search policies in which search costs vary through time

Consider a model in which there are N neighboring cells in one of which there is an object that it is required to find. The a priori probabilities of the object being in cells 1, …, N are p1, …, pN respectively, and the costs of examination of these cells are tl, …, tN respectively; the search policy is considered to be optimal when the statistical expectation of the total cost of the search is minimized. For the case in which the ti†s are constant throughout the search, an optimal policy solution has previously been found by Bellman and by Smith. In the present paper it is assumed that the costs comprise a travel cost dependent upon the distance from the last cell examined, in addition to a fixed examination cost: initially, assuming that the searcher is next to cell 1, ti = i + t, where t is constant; and from then onwards, assuming that the jth cell has just been examined, ti = | i - j | + t. An optimal search strategy is found in the case where the pi† s are all equal, and approximately optimal strategies in the case where pi is proportional to i. The latter case has application to defense situations where complete searches occur at successive intervals of time, and hence the enemy objects are thinned out the nearer they come to the defense base.
Alice the Child-Imperialist and the Games of Wonderland

67j8E W would dispute the claim that Lewis Carroll was fascinated by games and puzzles. His interest in logical and mathematical games has been well documented. Moreover, although he seems rarely to have turned his attention to politics, on at least one occasion when he did-at the time of the Parliamentary debate over the Second Irish Home Rule Bill-he took a characteristic delight in reducing this heated political debate to a puzzle. In fact, his "Home-Rule Mystery" was just one of many Home-Rule puzzles and games introduced to the English market in the months following Gladstone's introduction of the Bill in February of 1893.' A man who could construct a parlor game out of an emotional political issue must, one imagines, have had an extraordinarily detached outlook on politics. Yet one need not be overly surprised that Carroll could find the imaginative material for a puzzle in the debate over Ireland's place in the Empire. Indeed, a close look at his earlier classic, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, reveals a fascination on his part with the imaginative possibilities latent in a "confrontation of cultures"-the kind of encounter that
Color stability of ascorbic acid tablets measured by light reflectance.

The effect of eight commonly used lubricants and glidants on the color stability of ascorbic acid tablets was studied. Light reflectance measurements were used to measure color change after an accelerated aging test. Lubricants low in metallic ion content, such as stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oil, conferred maximum color stability to ascorbic acid tablets. The alkaline lubricants such as magnesium and calcium stearate and minerals such as talc and hydrated sodium silico-aluminate were shown to cause excessive color reversion. The importance of humidity control when accelerated test conditions are used to measure the stability of pharmaceutical tablets is shown. Color stability was found to be closely related to chemical stability.
Survival in unfair conflict: Odds, resources, and random walk models

The classical gambler's ruin problem is viewed as a general model of conflict between opponents of unequal resources and capabilities. The gambling situation where two players have unequal resources and play a repetitive game, perhaps biased in favor of one player or the other, until one player loses his entire stock of resources can be modeled mathematically by a random walk process with absorbing barriers. The classical problem is extended to include analysis of the situation where it is possible for the game to terminate before either player has been completely ruined. Analysis of the gambling situation is presented in detail and the fundamental work presented here is serving as a basis for current work being done on: (1) construction of a modified random walk analogy to the famous Lanchester formulation of conflict and, (2) development of a mathematical model of guerrilla warfare.
A complete macroion-"blackberry" assembly-macroion transition with continuously adjustable assembly sizes in {Mo132} water/acetone systems.

A complete, continuous transition from discrete macroions to blackberry structures, and then back to discrete macroions, is reported for the first time in the system of {Mo132}/water/acetone, with {Mo132} (full formula (NH4)42[Mo132O372(CH3COO)30(H2O)72]·ca.300H2O·ca.10CH3COONH4) as the C60-like anionic polyoxomolybdate molecular clusters. Laser light scattering studies reveal the presence of the self-assembled {Mo132} blackberry structures in water/acetone mixed solvents containing 3 vol % to 70 vol % acetone, with the average hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of blackberries ranging from 45 to 100 nm with increasing acetone content. Only discrete {Mo132} clusters are found in solutions containing 70 vol % acetone. The complete discrete macroion (cluster)−blackberry−discrete macroion transition helps to identify the driving forces behind the blackberry formation, a new type of self-assembly process. The charge density on the macroions is found to greatly affect the blackberry formation and dissociat...
Reversible Behavioral Deficits in Rats during a Cycle of Demyelination-Remyelination of the Fimbria

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) selectively damages white matter. White matter damage does not produce deficits in many behavioral tests used to analyze experimental TBI. Rats were impaired on an active place avoidance task following inactivation of one hippocampal injection of tetrodotoxin. The need for both hippocampi suggests that acquisition of the active place avoidance task may require interhippocampal communication. The controlled cortical impact model of TBI demyelinates midline white matter and impairs rats on the active place avoidance task. One white matter region that is demyelinated is the fimbria that contains hippocampal commissural fibers. We therefore tested whether demyelination of the fimbria produces deficits in active place avoidance. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) was injected stereotaxically to produce a cycle of demyelination-remyelination of the fimbria. At 4 days, myelin loss was observed in the fimbria of LPC-, but not saline-injected rats. Fourteen days after injection, myelin content increased in LPC-, but not saline-injected rats. Three days after injection, both saline- and LPC-injected rats had similar performance on an open field and passive place avoidance task in which the rat avoided a stationary shock zone on a stationary arena. The following day, on the active place avoidance task, LPC-injected rats had a significantly higher number of shock zone entrances suggesting learning was impaired. At 14 days after injection, saline- and LPC-injected rats had similar performance on open field and passive place avoidance. On active place avoidance, however, saline- and LPC-injected rats had a similar number of total entrances suggesting that the impairment seen at 4 days was no longer present at 14 days. These data suggest that active place avoidance is highly sensitive to white matter injury.
Structural transformations in silica glass under high pressure

Abstract The structural transformations in silica glass that lead to changes in ion coordination under high pressure are examined with molecular simulations. These simulations determine the changes in the potential energy minima upon decreasing volume. The transformations are found to arise from discrete mechanical instabilities associated with disappearances of local minima on the potential energy surface. The ionic displacements arising from the mechanical instabilities are localized to a small number of ions, and involve primarily oxygen motion. The mechanical instabilities appear to be triggered in part by small Si–O–Si angles, which are highly strained. Compression of the glass also leads to a slight ordering of the oxygen ion packing.
Differences between synaptic plasticity thresholds result in new timing rules for maximizing long-term potentiation

The fundamental observation that the temporal spacing of learning episodes plays a critical role in the efficiency of memory encoding has had little effect on either research on long-term potentiation (LTP) or efforts to develop cognitive enhancers. Here we review recent findings describing a spaced trials phenomenon for LTP that appears to be related to recent evidence that plasticity thresholds differ between synapses in the adult hippocampus. Results of tests with one memory enhancing drug suggest that the compound potently facilitates LTP via effects on 'high threshold' synapses and thus alters the temporally extended timing rules. Possible implications of these results for our understanding of LTP substrates, neurobiological contributors to the distributed practice effect, and the consequences of memory enhancement are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
Recent advances in understanding the genetics of congenital heart defects.

Purpose of review To review recent advances in our understanding of the genetic causes of congenital heart disease (CHD).
Young women's passionate friendships: a qualitative analysis

Recent research suggests that heterosexual and sexual minority women are more similar to each other in relationship development than they are to men who identify a similar sexual orientation (Diamond, L.M., 2008. Sexual fluidity: understanding women's love and desire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Glover, J.A., Galliher, R.V., and Lamere, T.G., 2009. Identity development and exploration among sexual minority adolescents: examination of a multidimensional model. Journal of homosexuality, 56, 77–101). The current study adds to this literature by examining past and current passionate friendship experiences of a small sample of heterosexual and sexual minority young adult women through qualitative interviews. Passionate friendships represent a unique relationship category that blurs the lines between friendship and romantic relationship. Five content themes emerged regarding the formation, features, and function of passionate friendships. Implications for future research based on preliminary findin...
Calculation of nuclear level density from an equation of state.

The nuclear level density \ensuremath{\rho}(U,I) is derived from an equation of state, without reference to the Fermi gas model. If the yrast line backbends, then the effective level density parameter ${a}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ must be spin dependent at low temperatures. The spin dependent components of ${a}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ renormalize the spin cutoff factor \ensuremath{\sigma}.
The electrical resistance ratio (RR) as a thin film metal monitor

Data that demonstrate the usefulness of RR, the electrical resistance ratio between 298 K and 77 K, for monitoring the equality of Al-Si metal films are presented. A correlation between RR, electromigration median-time-to-fail (MTTF), and median-grain-radius (MGR) of the metal is shown, using examples of N/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O contaminated films. >
Resistance to vemurafenib resulting from a novel mutation in the BRAFV600E kinase domain

Resistance to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib poses a significant problem for the treatment of BRAFV600E-positive melanomas. It is therefore critical to prospectively identify all vemurafenib resistance mechanisms prior to their emergence in the clinic. The vemurafenib resistance mechanisms described to date do not result from secondary mutations within BRAFV600E. To search for possible mutations within BRAFV600E that can confer drug resistance, we developed a systematic experimental approach involving targeted saturation mutagenesis, selection of drug-resistant variants, and deep sequencing. We identified a single nucleotide substitution (T1514A, encoding L505H) that greatly increased drug resistance in cultured cells and mouse xenografts. The kinase activity of BRAFV600E/L505H was higher than that of BRAFV600E, resulting in cross-resistance to a MEK inhibitor. However, BRAFV600E/L505H was less resistant to several other BRAF inhibitors whose binding sites were further from L505 than that of PLX4720. Our results identify a novel vemurafenib-resistant mutant and provide insights into the treatment for melanomas bearing this mutation.
Characterization of mold compound to improve delamination performance in power package

This paper elaborately discusses the process of selecting the most prominent mold compound candidate which balanced the quality, cost and moldability aspects. In this experiment sample X7 was selected based on the validation performed. The mold compound fluidity properties and critical molding parameters' window were analyzed by measuring Visual mechanical rejects, weight gain (%) and SAT on nickel plated lead tip as output response. In the experiment conducted, transfer time and spiral flow were identified as significant factors affecting weight gain and delamination on nickel plated post. In order to ensure all related stress to die is below the limit of 30ksi, Finite Element Modeling and simulation were performed to study die thermal stresses when it is loaded with temperature excursion during package assembly steps assuming the packaging raw materials has not been pre-stressed by its manufacturing process such as when the leadframe undergo stamping, die saw and etc. The analysis recommends the use of mold compound X7 for its superior performance at reflow condition. Before the mold compound could be released into production mode, mold runners were redesigned by modifying the draft angle at `weak point' and ejector pin were slotted-in on cull surface to allow uniformed ejection force. It reports the successful introduction of delamination improved mold compound which complies to MSL-1 260C package robustness.
Imaging of abdominal manifestations of melanoma.

Despite an increasing incidence of melanoma in this country, innovative new therapies are allowing patients to receive aggressive experimental treatments. Diagnostic imaging remains crucial for tumor staging and for follow-up of patients being treated with these protocols. Because metastases occur in the abdomen and pelvis in approximately 60% of patients, it is important to accurately identify all sites of tumor spread. A variety of imaging techniques are used to image these patients, with CT currently being used for staging purposes and to guide diagnostic biopsies. Other imaging techniques, such as MR, ultrasound, and fluoroscopy, are currently reserved for investigating specific complications of melanoma, such as vascular invasion, hemorrhage from a tumor, and small bowel involvement, including intussusception. Recently, whole body positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has been shown to be highly accurate in assessing patients with metastatic malignant melan...
The Effects of Context on Attitude Measurement: The Case of Job Satisfaction

With data collected from nonmanagerial employees of four companies during the recession of 1975, this paper attempts to utilize the unemployment context as a contextual variable in explaining individual job satisfaction. It was expected that area unemployment rate would affect job satisfaction less strongly than would a more subjective measure of context perceived by each respondent. It was also expected that when no referents were provided the respondent in evaluating job satisfaction, this evaluation would be affected by local employment conditions. Our findings show that while unemployment rate has no direct relationship with job satisfaction, when used as a measure of context it influences the ability to predict job satisfaction. When the rate is high, variables that have usually been found to be good predictors predict less well or not at all. The perceived context measure was not as good a predictor as we had expected. Finally, the more global measure of the dependent variable, general job satisfact...
E-books: Histories, trajectories, futures

This essay traces the historical trajectory of e-books in the U.S. and imagines their possible futures. Legal, economic, and technical developments that led to contemporary e-books reveal a tension between commercial and non-commercial programming. Commercial e-book designs control end uses, reduce production and distribution costs, stimulate consumption, and monitor user behaviors; however, alternative producers and users on the periphery continue to challenge these centralizing tendencies.
The Nature of Sleep

In April of 2004, only a few months into my fieldwork, I was struck by the level and variety of doubt expressed by the physicians at the Midwest Sleep Disorder Center (MSDC). The MSDC is a group of physicians recognized in the field as experts in many areas of sleep medicine, especially parasomnias—such as sleepwalking, sleep-related eating, and REM behavior disorder. Dr. Richards, the clinic's senior researcher and a neurologist by training, began the weekly departmental rounds. Generally, these consisted of case studies presented by the assembled clinicians and fellows, but at times rounds wandered into more philosophical discussions or ribald joking. On this day, Dr. Richards asked Dr. Pym if he had seen any patients of note. Pym was trained as a pediatrician, and his patients, at both the MSDC and the neighboring Children's Hospital, were mostly adolescents and young children. Pym had been in Nicaragua for the previous three weeks as part of a volunteer program to provide medical aid to the rural poor, and so had no cases, but he took the opportunity to make some observations on sleep disorders in Central America. He remarked that most of the places he had been to had about eleven hours of night and thirteen of daylight, and with only intermittent electrical lighting in the evening, most people went to bed at nightfall and arose with the sun. As a result, he postulated, most of the sleep disorders that physicians dealt with in the United States were not found there. He went on to blame electric lighting for many of the sleep problems in the United States—including insomnia and advanced and delayed sleep phase disorders—since it negatively affected biological impulses to sleep. Pym claimed that sleep disorders were “rare” in Nicaragua. He said most children there slept with their parents, who attended to their sleep problems as they happened, and so they did not develop into more acute pathological forms. This led into a broader conversation about light and its effects on human sleep patterns, in which some of the discussion revolved around sleeplessness in intensive care units; apparently, Richards reported, many people never entered REM sleep while in the units due to lighting disruptions, which, he said, might account for “ICU psychosis,” as people hallucinated due to sleepiness. At this point, Dr. Blake, a young pediatrician, remarked in relation to the newness of sleep medicine, “We're all flying by the seats of our pants,” to which Richards said, “We don't know anything.”
The Distribution of Cordulegaster (Odonata: Cordulegastridae) Nymphs in Seeps and Springs of Nelson Swamp (Madison County, NY)

Abstract Given the presence of foraging and reproducing adult Cordulegaster (spiketail) dragonflies in Nelson Swamp (Madison County, NY), we examined nymph distribution and abundance in the seeps and springs found within the swamp. From 9 September–4 November 2010, we surveyed 8 sites along Chittenango Creek in order to determine: (1) the species present and their distribution/occurrence among sites, (2) factors influencing species presence and abundances, and (3) patterns in size and age distribution among and within sites. For sites, we delineated habitat zones (inlet, middle, outlet), determined the benthic substrate, and measured shoreline perimeters. For nymphs, we measured head width, body length, and wing pad length and identified some to species. The majority of spiketails we identified were Cordulegaster diastatops (Delta-spotted Spiketail); Cordulegaster maculata (Twin-spotted Spiketail) was also present. Most nymphs occurred in inlets with muck and cobble bottoms and in water depths less than 1...
Active Involvement in Health Education: The Student Health Newsletter

(1999). Active Involvement in Health Education: The Student Health Newsletter. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 188-189.
Multiple ant tracking with global foreground maximization and variable target proposal distribution

Motion and behavior analysis of social insects such as ants requires tracking many ants over time. This process is highly labor-intensive and tedious. Automatic tracking is challenging as ants often interact with one another, resulting in frequent occlusions that cause drifts in tracking. In addition, tracking many objects is computationally expensive. In this paper, we present a robust and efficient method for tracking multiple ants. We first prevent drifts by maximizing the coverage of foreground pixels at at global scale. Secondly, we improve speed by reducing markov chain length through dynamically changing the target proposal distribution for perturbed ant selection. Using a real dataset with ground truth, we demonstrate that our algorithm was able to improve the accuracy by 15% (resulting in 98% tracking accuracy) and the speed by 76%.
Genomewide discovery and classification of candidate ovarian fertility genes in the mouse.

Female infertility syndromes are among the most prevalent chronic health disorders in women, but their genetic basis remains unknown because of uncertainty regarding the number and identity of ovarian factors controlling the assembly, preservation, and maturation of ovarian follicles. To systematically discover ovarian fertility genes en masse, we employed a mouse model (Foxo3) in which follicles are assembled normally but then undergo synchronous activation. We developed a microarray-based approach for the systematic discovery of tissue-specific genes and, by applying it to Foxo3 ovaries and other samples, defined a surprisingly large set of ovarian factors (n = 348, ∼1% of the mouse genome). This set included the vast majority of known ovarian factors, 44% of which when mutated produce female sterility phenotypes, but most were novel. Comparative profiling of other tissues, including microdissected oocytes and somatic cells, revealed distinct gene classes and provided new insights into oogenesis and ovarian function, demonstrating the utility of our approach for tissue-specific gene discovery. This study will thus facilitate comprehensive analyses of follicle development, ovarian function, and female infertility.
Remote perception of floral nectar by bumblebees

On both artificial flowers in the laboratory and certain plant species in the field, bumblebees often closely approached flowers and then departed without probing for nectar. In laboratory experiments where nectar rewards were associated with subtle visual or olfactory cues, bumblebees approached and avoided non-rewarding flowers. Flowers that bees entered and probed for nectar contained rewards much more frequently than predicted by chance alone. When there were no external cues associated with nectar content, bees visited rewarding flowers by chance alone, provided rewarding flowers were not spatially clumped. In the field, bumblebees approached and rejected a large proportion of dogbane flowers and red clover inflorescences. On both species, flowers or inflorescences probed by bees contained more nectar than those rejected by bees or those that I chose at random. On fireweed and monkshood, bees rarely or never approached and rejected healthy-looking flowers. Predictions generated by an optimal foraging model were tested on data from four bumblebee species foraging on red clover. The model was highly successful in qualitatively predicting the relationship between handling time and proportion of inflorescences rejected by individual bees, and the relationship between threshold nectar content for acceptance by bees and average resource availability. Thus, bees appeared to use remotely perceived cues to maximize their rates of nectar intake.
A Novel Concept: Message Driven Frequency Hopping (MDFH)

Frequency hopping systems have been widely used in military communications to prevent hostile jamming, interception and detection. In traditional frequency hopping (FH) systems, hopping frequency selection at the transmitter end is controlled by a pseudo-random code sequence, and the receiver operates accordingly in exact synchronization with the transmitters hopping pattern. In an effort to meet the ever increasing requirement on information capacity and reduce the burden of synchronization, in this paper, an innovative message-driven frequency hopping (MDFH) system is proposed. By embedding part of information into the process of hopping frequency selection, the spectral efficiency of the FH system can be significantly improved. Quantitative analysis on the proposed scheme is presented to demonstrate its superior performance and enhanced security features.
Attenuation estimation using spectral cross-correlation

Estimation of the local attenuation coefficient in soft tissue is important both for clinical diagnosis and for further analysis of ultrasound B-mode images. However, it is difficult to extract spectral properties in a small region of interest from noisy backscattered ultrasound radio frequency (RF) signals. Diffraction effects due to transducer beam focal properties also have to be corrected for accurate estimation of the attenuation coefficient. In this paper, we propose a new attenuation estimation method using spectral cross-correlation between consecutive power spectra obtained from the backscattered RF signals at different depths. Since the spectral cross-correlation method estimates the spectral shift by comparing the entire power spectra, it is more robust and stable to the spectral noise artifacts in the backscattered RF signals. A diffraction compensation technique using a reference phantom with a known attenuation coefficient value is also presented. Local attenuation coefficient estimates obtained using spectral cross-correlation are within 2.3% of the actual value with small estimation variances, as demonstrated in the simulation results
Engineering Ethics: What? Why? How? And When?

Engineering ethics is professional ethics, as opposed to personal morality. It sets the standards for professional practice, and is only learned in a professional school or in professional practice. It is an essential part of professional education because it helps students deal with issues they will face in professional practice. The best way to teach engineering ethics is by using cases—not just the disaster cases that make the news, but the kinds of cases that an engineer is more likely to encounter. Many cases are available, and there are methods for analyzing them. Engineering ethics can be taught in a free-standing course, but there are strong arguments for introducing ethics in technical courses as well. Engineering is something that engineers do, and what they do has profound effects on others. If the subject of professional ethics is how members of a profession should, or should not, affect others in the course of practicing their profession, then engineering ethics is an essential aspect of engineering itself and education in professional responsibilities should be part of professional education in engineering, just as it is in law and medicine. Probably few engineering educators would disagree with these claims; their implementation in engineering education is another matter. We want to discuss the introduction of engineering ethics into engineering education in terms of four questions: What is engineering ethics? Why should it be emphasized in engineering education? How should it be taught? and When should it appear in the student’s education?
Perceived and measured stigma among workers with serious mental illness.

Objective: This research analyzed the extent to which self-reports of jobrelated discrimination by persons with serious mental illness are associated with econometric measures of discrimination. Methods: Data were from the 1994–1995 National Health Interview Survey–Disability Supplement. Data for workers with mood, psychotic, or anxiety disorders (N=1,139) were compared with data for those without such disorders (N=66,341). The main outcome measures were self-reports of wages and stigmatizing experiences in the workplace. Results: After the analyses controlled for functional limitations and job characteristics, no significant difference in mean wages was found between workers with serious mental illness who did not report experiencing stigma and those with no mental illness. In contrast, for all types of mental disorders examined, mean wages for workers with serious mental illness who reported experiencing stigma were significantly lower than mean wages for those with no mental illness. Conclusions: Workers’ self-reports of stigmatizing experiences in the labor market appear to be consistent with econometric measures of the effect of stigma on wages, suggesting that workers know when they are being discriminated against. (Psychiatric Services 57:388–392, 2006)
Drag Force on Single Piles in Clay Subjected to Surcharge Loading

Piles driven into clay are often subjected to indirect loading as a result of the surcharge applied on the surrounding area. During the drained period, both the piles and the soil undergo downward movements caused by the axial and the surcharge loading, respectively. Depending on the relative movement of the pile–soil system, positive and negative skin friction develop on the pile’s shaft. Negative skin friction is the drag force that may be large enough to reduce the pile capacity and/or to overstress the pile’s material causing fractures or perhaps structural failure of the pile, and/or possibly pulling out the pile from the cap. A numerical model that uses the finite element technique combined with the soil responses according to Mohr–Coulomb criteria was developed for case simulation. The computer program CRISP (developed by Cambridge University) was used in this study. The numerical model was first tested against the results predicted by the bearing capacity theories for pile foundations in clay subj...
Determinants of direct medical costs in primary and revision total knee arthroplasty.

Background TKA procedures are increasing rapidly, with substantial cost implications. Determining cost drivers in TKA is essential for care improvement and informing future payment models.
Plasmodium falciparum exports the Golgi marker sphingomyelin synthase into a tubovesicular network in the cytoplasm of mature erythrocytes

This work describes two unusual features of membrane development in a eukaryotic cell. (a) The induction of an extensive network of tubovesicular membranes by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in the cytoplasm of the mature erythrocyte, and its visualization with two ceramide analogues C5-DMB-ceramide and C6-NBD-ceramide. "Sectioning" of the infected erythrocytes using laser confocal microscopy has allowed the reconstruction of detailed three-dimensional images of this novel membrane network. (b) The stage-specific export of sphingomyelin synthase, a biosynthetic activity concentrated in the Golgi of mammalian cells, to this tubovesicular network. Evidence is presented that in the extracellular merozoite stage the parasite retains sphingomyelin synthase within its plasma membrane. However, intracellular ring- and trophozoite-stage parasites export a substantial fraction (approximately 26%) of sphingomyelin synthase activity to membranes beyond their plasma membrane. Importantly we do not observe synthesis of new enzyme during these intracellular stages. Taken together these results strongly suggest that the export of this classic Golgi enzyme is developmentally regulated in Plasmodium. We discuss the significance of this export and the tubovesicular network with respect to membrane development and function in the erythrocyte cytosol.
Antibiotic use in pregnancy and drug-resistant infant sepsis.

Objective: We sought to evaluate the effect of antepartum and intrapartum antibiotic use on antimicrobial-resistant neonatal sepsis. Study Design: We analyzed perinatal outcomes for 8474 pregnancies (8593 live births) delivered at 6 hospitals. Data were collected regarding maternal antibiotic use and perinatal course, neonatal cultures, and outcomes. The diagnosis of confirmed neonatal sepsis required at least one positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture. Neonatal cultures were evaluated on the basis of the occurrence and timing of maternal antibiotic exposure. Results: There were 96 neonates with confirmed sepsis (11.2/1000 live births). Sepsis was 19.3-fold more common after preterm birth (57 vs 3.1/1000; P < .001), with 76% of septic infants being delivered preterm. Forty-five percent of pathogens were ampicillin resistant. Ampicillin resistance increased with preterm birth (50% vs 26%; P = .04), antepartum antibiotics (57% vs 34%; P = .03), intrapartum antibiotics (55% vs 28%; P < .01), and any prenatal antibiotic exposure (52% vs 22%; P = .01). Infection with an organism resistant to at least one maternal antibiotic was more common with intrapartum antibiotic exposure than with antepartum exposure only (57% vs 17%; P = .01). Regarding early-onset sepsis (n = 55), ampicillin resistance was more common with intrapartum antibiotics (50% vs 16%; P < .01), and resistance to at least one maternally administered antibiotic was more frequent with intrapartum exposure (56.7% vs 0%; P < .01). Conclusions: Maternal antibiotic treatment is associated with neonatal sepsis by organisms resistant to ampicillin and to maternally administered antibiotics. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:816-21.)
COMPARISON OF EARLY SEASON VERSUS LATE SEASON TRAP SCHEDULES FOR HARVEST OF RED SWAMP CRAWFISH PROCAMBARUS CLARKII CULTURED IN EARTHEN PONDS WITHOUT PLANTED FORAGE

Abstract The effect of a redistribution of the majority of total trap harvest days (69) during April through October on yield of red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii cultured in earthen ponds without planted forage was evaluated in northeast Mississippi, USA (Latitude 33.45 and Longitude 88.82). The majority of trap days occurred from either April through June (55.1%), early harvest schedule, or July through October (62.3%), late harvest schedule. Twelve ponds (0.04–0.05 ha), 6 replicates per trap harvest strategy, that already contained established populations were provided a pelleted feed during 10 mo and trap harvested according to a common protocol except for the different monthly schedules. For the early and late harvest schedule treatments, mean total production (2448 and 2269 kg/ha), mean number harvested per ha (105,770 and 104,411/ha), and mean individual harvest weight (23.6 and 22.1 g) were not significantly different. These results suggest that the majority of trap harvesting in ponds withou...
Male-Female Differences in Knee Laxity and Stiffness A Cadaveric Study

Background:It has been reported that over 70% of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in noncontact situations and that females are at 2 to 8 times greater risk of ACL injury than males. Increased joint laxity and reduced knee stiffness in female knees have been suggested as possible explanations for the higher ACL injury rates in females.Hypothesis:Compared with male knees, female knees will demonstrate increased laxity and reduced stiffness along the anterior-posterior (AP), internal-external (IE), and varus-valgus (VV) directions.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Forty-seven fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were tested (22 male and 25 female) by use of a robotic system. Mean ages were 34.6 years (range, 19-45 years) for males and 28.4 years (range, 16-42 years) for females. Joint laxity and stiffness were measured from force-vs-displacement or torque-vs-rotation curves recorded for 3 modes of testing: ±134 N AP force, ±5 N·m IE torque, and ±10 N·m VV moment.Results:Compared ...
The Impact of Age and Sex in DLBCL: Systems Biology Analyses Identify Distinct Molecular Changes and Signaling Networks

Potential molecular alterations based on age and sex are not well defined in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We examined global transcriptome DLBCL data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) via a systems biology approach to determine the molecular differences associated with age and sex. Collectively, sex and age revealed striking transcriptional differences with older age associated with decreased metabolism and telomere functions and female sex was associated with decreased interferon signaling, transcription, cell cycle, and PD-1 signaling. We discovered that the key genes for most groups strongly regulated immune function activity. Furthermore, older females were predicted to have less DLBCL progression versus older males and young females. Finally, analyses in systems biology revealed that JUN and CYCS signaling were the most critical factors associated with tumor progression in older and male patients. We identified important molecular perturbations in DLBCL that were strongly associated with age and sex and were predicted to strongly influence tumor progression.
Surgical Algorithm and Results of Isolated Traumatic Axillary Nerve Injuries.

Background Axillary nerve injuries are common and typically occur during high-energy, traumatic events. The purpose of this study is to propose a treatment algorithm for acute isolated axillary nerve injuries and report the outcomes of surgically treated patients. Methods A retrospective review identified 14 patients surgically treated for an isolated axillary nerve injury. Axillary nerve neurolysis was performed for all patients, and a triceps branch of the radial nerve was transferred to the axillary nerve in patients without evidence of deltoid function following intraoperative axillary nerve stimulation. Four patients were treated with neurolysis alone and 10 patients received a transfer. Pre- and postoperative deltoid strength, shoulder abduction, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) outcome score were evaluated. Results At most recent follow-up, both the neurolysis and nerve transfer groups had significant improvement in deltoid strength, with 86% achieving M4 or greater. Shoulder abduction improved from a mean of 63 to 127 degrees. This difference was significant in the nerve transfer group and when all patients were analyzed together. DASH scores significantly improved from a mean of 47 to 34 when all patients were analyzed together. No patients experienced a decrease in elbow extension strength following nerve transfer. Conclusions In patients with preserved triceps strength, a triceps branch of the radial nerve can be coapted directly to the axillary nerve in the absence of deltoid contraction following electrical stimulation. Functional improvements were seen in patients treated with neurolysis alone and in combination with nerve transfer, supporting the use of intraoperative axillary nerve stimulation to guide treatment.
Erratum to: MINE: Module Identification in Networks.

Erratum It was brought to our attention that there was a discrepancy between the description and implementation of the MINE algorithm in our article [1]. We regret any inconvenience that may have resulted from this inaccuracy. The primary difference is that as implemented, only the immediate neighborhood of each node is searched to identify initial clusters, and the merging process then facilitates cluster growth and removal of redundant clusters. This implementation results in accelerated cluster prediction relative to a more exhaustive search, which would perform comparably to a depthfirst search across a larger portion of the network for each node. The published results and performance of MINE are unaffected; the description of the method, algorithm pseudocode, Fig. 1, and Additional file 1: Figure S1 have been updated to accurately reflect the implemented version of MINE.
Legitimation, Endorsement, and Stability

Intuition and formal theories of legitimacy suggest that endorsement of a social order should have important effects on compliance to and the stability of that order. Evidence from experimental and nonexperimental research fails to offer consistent support for that argument. This article contends that investigators have generally failed to recognize acts as objects of legitimation and entirely neglect variation in the sources of legitimacy. As a result, models of legitimation processes are not properly specified and the effects of endorsement are generally confounded with the effects of other uncontrolled sources of variation. We identify three objects of legitimation-persons, positions, and actsand three sources of legitimacy-propriety, endorsement, and authorization-and argue that each is important to a proper analysis of legitimation processes. The laboratory investigation which we report minimizes uncontrolled variation from those additional independent variables and we demonstrate that endorsement of an experimental task structure delays or prevents approximately 38 percent of change which occurs in task structures which are not endorsed.
The Nymphal Stages of Three North American Species of the Genus Enderleinellus Fahrenholz (Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae)

The nymphal stages of three North American species of the genus Enderleinellus Fahrenholz are described and illustrated. Taxonomic characters which are useful in distinguishing the nymphal stages of the species are also considered.
Alfalfa Inhibitor in Chick Rations

Abstract INTRODUCTION WHEN ground dehydrated alfalfa meal is placed before chicks they will voluntarily eat very little of it (Dove, 1935). When dehydrated alfalfa is mixed in rations in progressively increasing amounts, chicks will progressively consume less of the mixture, grow more slowly, and utilize the ingested feed less efficiently (Cooney et al., 1948). The reasons for the low voluntary intake of alfalfa by chicks are unknown. A series of feeding trials to determine some of the possible causes is reported in this communication. The Maillard reaction, sometimes referred to as the “browning reaction” or “non-enzymic browning” of foods, has been shown to be one of the causes of deterioration of various foodstuffs, among them fruits (Stadtman, 1948), potatoes (Ross, 1948), and eggs (Lightbody and Fevold, 1948). Such chemical deterioration is decreased by sulfur dioxide treatment prior to dehydration, by storage at low moisture content, or at low temperatures. Moreover, the . . .
Local Environment Around Barium Atoms in the Superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O

The local structure around Ba atoms in the compound superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O has been studied by measuring the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) near the Ba K edge. This technique is used to investigate the changes in the short range order structure when the system is doped with impurities.
Calculation of Survival from Double Hot-water Immersion Treatment for Papayas Infested with Oriental Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Papaya fruits infested with eggs of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel , were exposed to a variety of double hot-water immersion treatments, and larval survival rates were measured. Using measurements of egg number as a function of fruit depth, a mathematical model was developed to calculate survival rates. Predictions compared favorably with the experimental results.
Antibodies to APC Virus Type 8 in Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis.

SummaryThe sera from patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) in Japan, Italy, Switzerland, and North America regularly contain neutralizing antibodies to APC virus type 8, whereas such antibodies are absent from the general population in these areas. Paired sera from patients with EKC show a significant rise in neutralizing antibodies to APC virus type 8. These antibodies persist for only a limited period after the onset of the disease. The constant association of clinical EKC and antibodies to APC virus type 8 suggests that this agent (or antigenically related virus) may play a role in the etiology of this disease.