cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of human tumor cells with ADP or ATP yields arrest of growth in the S phase of the cell cycle.

Treatment of a variety of cultured human tumor cells with low levels (40–80 μM) of adenosine 5′-dephosphate (ADP) or adenosine 5′ -triphosphate (ATP) has produced arrest of these cells in the S phase of their cycle followed by cellular death. ADP and ATP are demonstrated to be incorporated into the cellular acid-soluble nucleotide pools, presumably by permeation through the plasma membrane of these cells. Since AMP, adenosine, 3′,5′ cycle AMP, or a variety of diadenosine polyhosphates do not produce similar cytostatic effects or similar alterations of the cellular acid-soluble nucleotide pools, we suggest that the effects of ADP and ATP are not due to their prior breakdown or modification. Cultured animal cells have been widely acknowledged not to incroporte acid-soluble adenine nucleotides although incorporation of exogenous intact nucleoside monophosphate into cellular pools has been demonstrated in a few cases. A 48-hour treatment of logarithmically growing human tumor cells with 40mUM of ADP or ATP produced substantial arrest of cell populations in the S phase of their cycle and a dramatic reduction in total cellular uridine 5′ -triphosphate (UTP) pools. AMP, adenosine, 3′,5′ cyclic AMP, Ap3A, Ap4A or Ap5A produced small and dissimilar effects. The experiments reported here suggest that the plasma membranes of several lines of human tumor cells are premeable to low levels of intact ADP and ATP. The suggestion of en bloc incorporation of low ADP and ATP levels into human tumor cells is supported by the almost identical effects of ADP and ATP on total cellular acid-soluble nucleotide pools and cellular growth. The rapid conversion of intracellular ADP pools into ATP in tumor cells has been reported.
Blue-Light Regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana Cab1 Gene

The steady-state level of Cab RNA in etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana increases as a result of a single pulse of blue light. The threshold for the response is at or below 10[deg] [mu]mol m-2 and begins within 1 h of irradiation. The response is not prevented by far-red treatment, and the blue-light source used does not elicit and observable very low fluence phytochrome response for RbcS RNA. The time course for blue-light-induced transcript accumulation differs from that of red, the blue beginning more quickly. Transcripts derived from the Cab1 (AB140; Lhcb1*3) member of the gene family are responsible in part for the blue-light-induced accumulation. This is the same member of the gene family that is responsible for phytochrome-induced Cab gene expression (G.A. Karlin-Neumann, L. Sun, E.M. Tobin [1988] Plant Physiol 88: 1323–1331). The mutant hy4, which lacks blue-light-induced suppression of hypocotyl elongation, retains the ability of Cab RNA to respond to blue light.
A practical software maintenance environment

A research project is described, the objective of which is the development of a practical software maintenance environment. The existing functional capabilities of the environment are described as well as research currently in progress. The ripple effect is identified and the application of the analyzer discussed. A brief description is given of current research, including semantic database integrity, maintenance information display, expansion to modern language capabilities, and management information systems. >
8.3 Critical Interdisciplinarity and Noticing Absences

This chapter explores the hows of doing research by bringing a critical lens from an outside field of research to bear on one’s own field of research: Critical Interdisciplinarity. In this research methodology, one draws on various studies, metaphors, and terms from one field in order to ask questions of, illuminate, or challenge some assumptions in another field. Using critical interdisciplinarity as a research methodology—as with any research methodology—involves acts of interpretation. In order to excavate how interpretive moments shape the research process, I will draw on my research study “Re-thinking Bodies in the Traditional Classroom Space”. I will briefly talk about this research project on bodies, trying to key in on moments where acts of interpretation came to the fore during the research process. I will then highlight the hows of doing my research study by foregrounding the ways that theory, interdisciplinary work, and personal experiences shape how we see the world and how we do research. I will highlight: the role of theory, the role of interdisciplinarity, and the role of background knowledges and experiences.
7.6 A 90nm embedded 1T-MONOS flash macro for automotive applications with 0.07mJ/8kB rewrite energy and endurance over 100M cycles under Tj of 175°C

The computerization of automotive control has expanded the application range of micro controller units (MCUs). A high-end engine-control unit (ECU) requires high-performance Flash MCUs, which integrate high-speed CMOS logic and large high-performance embedded Flash memories (eFlash) [1,2]. There are also broad markets for motor control MCUs: used to control actuators in parts such as seats, windows, and mirrors. In order to integrate analog circuits to control the high voltage (HV) drivers in these parts, those MCUs have been manufactured in Flashless process, and external EEPROM chips are being used. EEPROM chips work as “learning memories” which store the calibration data to optimize analog circuit performance in the field. Replacement of external EEPROM chips by eFlash, resulting in less additional process cost and higher rewrite endurance, is a requirement for more elaborate learning at a higher data sampling rate. In addition to automotive grade reliability under extremely harsh temperature conditions, low power consumption is also a strong requirement as the number of MCUs used in motor control systems is increasing.
Characteristics of Medical Professional Liability Claims in Pediatric Orthopaedics

Medical malpractice is burdensome to practitioners, patients, and the US healthcare system. The purpose of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of the closed medical professional liability (MPL) claims in pediatric orthopaedics using data maintained by the Physician Insurers Association of America (PIAA), a trade association which collects information about malpractice claims for companies that collectively insure over 60% of physicians in private practice in the US. The PIAA registry of all closed MPL claims from 1985-2013 for orthopaedic surgery patients younger than 18 were retrospectively reviewed. The …
Neutral red as a lipid fluorochrome.

Aqueous 0.1% neutral red adjusted to pH 6.5, or mixed 1:1 with seawater, produced conspicuous fluorescence in plant and animal fats while acting as a conventional stain for acidic groups including volutin. The water-soluble, nonfluorescent dye predominating in acid solutions became deprotonized, lipophilic and fluorescent under neutral and alkaline conditions. Neutral dye crystals fluoresced dull red, whereas the fluorescence was either bright lemon yellow or blue-green in lipids, apparently dependent upon their composition.
The use of optimization techniques in the solution of partial differential equations from science and engineering

Optimal Control of systems governed by Partial Differential Equations is an applications-driven area of mathematics involving the formulation and solution of minimization problems. Given a physical phenomenon described by a differential equation, the Optimal Control Problem (OCP) seeks to force state variables to behave in a particular, desired way. This manipulation of state variables is achieved through the control variables. Many problems arising in applications of science and engineering can fruitfully be viewed and formulated as OCP problems. From the OCP point of view, one sees the structure underlying the optimization problem. In this thesis we will propose and analyze algorithms for the solution of Nonlinear Programming Problems (NLP) designed to exploit the OCP structure.
ROBINSON, Douglas. American Apocalypses: The Image of the End of the World in American Literature: Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1985. vii, 283 pp. $25.00.

(1988). ROBINSON, Douglas. American Apocalypses: The Image of the End of the World in American Literature. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 157-158.
Uroscopy in Early Modern Europe.

Though we may want to turn our nose up at the discussion of urine, Michael Stolberg argues that uroscopy played an “eminent role” in the lives of physicians, lay people, and patients. Stolberg defi...
Animal Studies in the Field of Transcranial Electric Stimulation

Dozens of animal studies of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) have provided insight into the cellular mechanism of stimulation. Biomarkers of tDCS/tACS responses at the neurophysiological, behavioral, and molecular levels provide a basis to design clinical interventions that engage specific targets. This chapter provides a broad introduction to methods and insights from animal models. Both tDCS and tACS are sub-threshold techniques, producing membrane polarization rather than firing. If the nervous system is engaged during tDCS/tACS, for example by cognitive behavioral therapy, then tDCS/tACS modulate this ongoing activity. Animal models have supported the basis for polarity-specific effects of tDCS (“anodal” excitation, “cathodal” inhibition) while also indicating limitations of simplistic dose strategies. tACS studies have focused on boosting of oscillations. Both techniques can modulate ongoing plasticity leading to lasting changes in brain function. As an adjunct therapy, tDCS/tACS may thus increase brain capacity for plasticity enhancing the effects of neuropsychiatric therapies, and compensating for disease-related decline.
Acute pancreatitis after upper endoscopy

A 50-year-old man with child’s A cirrhosis from steatohepatitis presented for a routine upper endoscopy to screen for gastro-esophageal varices. He subsequently developed acute pancreatitis after this procedure. Here we report a case of acute pancreatitis occurring as a rare complication after an uneventful, diagnostic upper endoscopy. A review of the literature as well as possible etiologic factors are described.
A liquid-state thermal diode

Abstract We demonstrate a liquid-state thermal diode in which the thermal conduction changes through thermal expansion of metallic liquid to displace air. The forward (high conduction) mode occurs when the liquid spans the diode to produce a highly conducting path. The reverse mode occurs when the hot side is adjacent to air in the diode. The air provides a large thermal resistance so that the liquid metal in the reverse mode is at a lower average temperature than in the forward mode, and thus the liquid does not span the diode. With a prototype device using mercury and air in a glass tube, we demonstrate that the thermal resistance between the forward and reverse modes can differ by a factor of two, giving a rectification coefficient of about one. The rectification occurs at a variety of temperatures, and increases with the temperature difference across the diode. A figure of merit for selection of the liquid is the product of the liquid’s thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity. Mercury was chosen because of large values of both of these properties, and the ability to wet and dewet a surface.
El, Yahweh, and Elohim: The Evolution of God in Israel and its Theological Implications

It is often taken for granted today that the differing terms for God in the Hebrew Bible function as synonyms, although, originally, not all terminology used for God referred to the same deity. Thi...
Variants At 6q21 Associated with Radiation-Induced Second Malignancies After Hodgkin Lymphoma Differentially Regulate PRDM1 Expression Following Radiation Exposure

Abstract 431 Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors are particularly susceptible to second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) caused by radiation therapy (RT). To identify genetic risk factors for SMNs, we undertook a genome-wide association study of 96 SMN cases and 86 SMN-free controls. Both cases and control sets consisted of long-term survivors of childhood HL who received antecedent RT. Two variants at chromosome 6q21 intergenic between PRDM1 and ATG5 were associated with SMNs (rs4946728: P = 1.26×10 −9 , OR = 3.17 [2.16–4.65] and rs1040411: P = 4.68×10 −8 , OR= 2.41 [1.76–3.32]). These results were replicated in an independent set of 63 SMN cases and 75 SMN free controls (rs4946728: P =. 003, and rs1040411: P =. 04). The risk variants form a haplotype associated with decreased basal expression of PRDM1 , as well as impaired induction of the PRDM1 protein by radiation exposure. An analysis of the genomic region spanned by the SMN-associated haplotype revealed four evolutionarily conserved putative enhancers, characterized by both H3K27 acetylation and DNase I hypersensitivity. To determine whether these putative enhancers modulate expression following radiation exposure, we cloned each into the pGL3 vector downstream of a luciferase reporter gene. We then transiently transfected each construct into lymphoblastoid cell lines. Data will be presented showing how carriage of either the risk or protective haplotype alters the activity of these enhancers in response to radiation. Furthermore, ChIP-Seq data indicate that NFkB variably binds each putative enhancer. As NFkB has previously been shown to induce PRDM1 expression and is itself activated by radiation, we treated LCLs with an NFkB inhibitor to determine whether NFkB is involved in induction of PRDM1 following radiation exposure. These data demonstrate that incorporating etiologic exposures, such as radiation, can enhance the discovery disease-associated genetic variation and guide functional follow-up experiments. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Lubricant-Sensitivity Assessment of SPRESS® B820 by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Comparison of Multivariate Methods

The predictability of multivariate calibration models, calculated with offline near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), assessing impact of magnesium stearate (MgSt) fraction, blending time, and compression force on the tablet breaking force (TBF) of SPRESS® B820 was statistically compared. Tablets of lubricated SPRESS® B820 were prepared by varying lubrication and compression conditions using 24 full factorial design. Tablets were scanned in reflection mode on a benchtop NIRS. A qualitative principal component analysis and quantitative principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS) regression relationship between lubricant concentration, blending time, compression force, preprocessed NIR spectra, and measured TBF was calculated with calibration data set. The predictability of calibration models was validated with independent data set. Expected qualitative correlations between MgSt blending time and TBF and a nonlinear relationship between MgSt fraction and TBF were observed. Predictability of PLS comprehensive (0.25%-1% w/w MgSt) model was significantly different from individual 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% w/w MgSt PLS models. In addition, PLS calibration models' predictability was different from PCR calibration models. Thus, added lubrication fraction and adopted multivariate methodology should be selected carefully during the calibration and validation stages as it may have a significant impact on the predictability of the developed models.
Interstage Home Monitoring After Newborn First-Stage Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Family Education Strategies

Children born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are at high risk for serious morbidity, growth failure, and mortality during the interstage period, which is the time from discharge home after first-stage hypoplastic left heart syndrome palliation until the second-stage surgical intervention. The single-ventricle circulatory physiology is complex, fragile, and potentially unstable. Multicenter initiatives have been successfully implemented to improve outcomes and optimize growth and survival during the interstage period. A crucial focus of care is the comprehensive family training in the use of home surveillance monitoring of oxygen saturation, enteral intake, weight, and the early recognition of "red flag" symptoms indicating potential cardiopulmonary or nutritional decompensation. Beginning with admission to the intensive care unit of the newborn with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, nurses provide critical care and education to prepare the family for interstage home care. This article presents detailed nursing guidelines for educating families on the home care of their medically fragile infant with single-ventricle circulation.
Effect of Point Defects on Optical Properties of Graphene Fluoride: A First-Principles Study

The experimental optical gap of graphene fluoride has been measured between 3.1 and 3.8 eV, which is much smaller than the corresponding theoretical predictions (∼5.1–5.7 eV). To resolve this discrepancy, we examine the optical properties of graphene fluoride in the presence of point defects. We employ a first-principles method for large-scale calculations of electronic excitations in solids based on density functional theory with optimally tuned and range-separated hybrid (OT-RSH) functionals. The method is validated for lithium fluoride, graphene fluoride, and phosphorene with excellent agreement to previous computational and experimental results. We reveal that the optoelectronic properties of graphene fluoride can be influenced profoundly by a small amount of fluorine vacancies and exciton binding energy in graphene fluoride can be doubled by a small concentration of oxygen substitutional defects. These point defects are believed to be responsible for the discrepancy in the optical gaps between the th...
Energy Usage of Known-Age Blacklegged Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): What Is the Best Method for Determining Physiological Age?

Abstract Ticks expend energy while host-seeking and must consume blood to advance to the next life stage. The energy required for activity is derived from the tick's lipid reserves, a valuable resource that sustains the tick until it finds the next host and can take another bloodmeal. The amount of lipid reserves in an unfed tick has been proposed as an index of tick biological age. Two different methods for aging nymphal blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, were analyzed in this study. To study lipid usage, colony-raised nymphs were held in lab-controlled chambers at 21.0 °C and ≥95% relative humidity, with a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h. Samples of ticks were frozen at -80 °C every 2-3 wk, starting at 12-wk postmolt and continuing until 38-wk postmolt. Lipid reserves were determined indirectly through measurements of "physiological age" that estimate the energy a tick has based on the evaluation of morphometric size ratios of the tick scutum and alloscutum, and quantified directly through chloroform extractions of lipid from individual ticks. Morphometric age ratios and lipid amounts were compared to determine if morphometric measurements accurately estimated a tick's physiological state. Although the morphometric age ratio did correlate significantly with total tick lipid content, the predictive value of the ratio was not reliable; chloroform extraction results showed that lipid amounts declined steadily through the study and more accurately characterized the physiological condition of nymphal I. scapularis. The study of physiological aging of blacklegged ticks may lead to a better understanding of how changing environmental conditions affect tick longevity.
Biogeochemical cycling at the aquatic–terrestrial interface is linked to parafluvial hyporheic zone inundation history

Abstract. The parafluvial hyporheic zone combines the heightened biogeochemical and microbial interactions indicative of a hyporheic region with direct atmospheric/terrestrial inputs and the effects of wet–dry cycles. Therefore, understanding biogeochemical cycling and microbial interactions in this ecotone is fundamental to understanding biogeochemical cycling at the aquatic–terrestrial interface and to creating robust hydrobiogeochemical models of dynamic river corridors. We aimed to (i) characterize biogeochemical and microbial differences in the parafluvial hyporheic zone across a small spatial domain (6 lateral meters) that spans a breadth of inundation histories and (ii) examine how parafluvial hyporheic sediments respond to laboratory-simulated re-inundation. Surface sediment was collected at four elevations along transects perpendicular to flow of the Columbia River, eastern WA, USA. The sediments were inundated by the river 0, 13, 127, and 398 days prior to sampling. Spatial variation in environmental variables (organic matter, moisture, nitrate, glucose, % C, % N) and microbial communities (16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequencing, qPCR) were driven by differences in inundation history. Microbial respiration did not differ significantly across inundation histories prior to forced inundation in laboratory incubations. Forced inundation suppressed microbial respiration across all histories, but the degree of suppression was dramatically different between the sediments saturated and unsaturated at the time of sample collection, indicating a binary threshold response to re-inundation. We present a conceptual model in which irregular hydrologic fluctuations facilitate microbial communities adapted to local conditions and a relatively high flux of CO2. Upon rewetting, microbial communities are initially suppressed metabolically, which results in lower CO2 flux rates primarily due to suppression of fungal respiration. Following prolonged inundation, the microbial community adapts to saturation by shifting composition, and the CO2 flux rebounds to prior levels due to the subsequent change in respiration. Our results indicate that the time between inundation events can push the system into alternate states: we suggest (i) that, above some threshold of inundation interval, re-inundation suppresses respiration to a consistent, low rate and (ii) that, below some inundation interval, re-inundation has a minor effect on respiration. Extending reactive transport models to capture processes that govern such dynamics will provide more robust predictions of river corridor biogeochemical function under altered surface water flow regimes in both managed and natural watersheds.
Preliminary Toxicity Evaluation of Aluminum/Iodine Pentoxide on Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrates

Aluminum/iodine pentoxide (Al/I2O5) composites are currently receiving much attention for their capabilities as potential anthrax combatants. Their high halogen gas release, coupled with high temperature evolution from combustion, renders them effective in bacterial deactivation. Despite extensive research on the energetic capacities of these compounds, limited information is currently available in relation to their potential environmental (non-target) effects. We evaluated the effects of Al/I2O5 on aquatic (Daphnia magna) and terrestrial (Eisenia fetida, Acheta domesticus) invertebrates, as well as alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seed germination. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, or DuPont Teflon® MP1150) was examined concurrently to assess whether observations were general to halogen, or element specific. Our observations were based on mortality and reproduction (hatchability) for the terrestrial and aquatic assays. In all Al/I2O5 assays, mortality was concentration dependent, ranging from 0% mortality in the control samples to partial and complete mortality in the contaminated cases. The PTFE assays showed no mortality at all contaminant concentrations. At a maximum Al/I2O5 contaminant concentration of 1000 μg/g (ppm), 100% mortality was observed in cricket assay conducted in sand within 72 h exposure and earthworm assay conducted in soil within 4 days exposure. In the aquatic assay, a water concentration of 200 μg/mL (ppm) caused 100% mortality to D. magna in less than 12 h. The effect of aluminum/iodine pentoxide on earthworm cocoon hatching success was also determined. At soil concentrations ≤ 400 μg/g, hatching success for earthworm cocoons was equivalent to control (un-contaminated) soil; above this concentration, hatching success was reduced by a factor of 2. Alfalfa germination tests were performed at a single contaminant concentration of 1000 μg/g. This soil concentration was completely inhibitory to seed germination.
Abstract P485: Use of a Noninvasive, Closed-loop, Allostatic, Neurotechnology Reduced Blood Pressure and Improved Heart Rate Variability in a Pre-hypertensive Cohort

Background: Prehypertension increases risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease, but effective interventions have not been defined. Disturbed central control of cardiovascular regulation due...
The Radiology Report

Last month I began my disquisition on the radiology report, or at least my particular take on what should be in it and what should not be in. I began with a recitation of conventions or habits that should be subject to scrutiny. For the sake of improvement I will now continue with this roster of bad habits before considering at a later session what is our obligation as communicators in the radiology report.
Prospective Second-Cancer Risk Estimation for Contemporary Radiotherapeutic Protocols

The ability to predict radiation-induced cancer risks associated with modern radiation therapy protocols should allow the risks of second cancers to be included, and potentially minimized, in radiation therapy treatment plan optimization. This consideration is of increasing importance in light of the increasing number of younger patients undergoing radiation therapy, and with increasing survival times. As screening programs lead to earlier treatment and at younger ages, and as improvements in radiotherapy result in longer survival times, the issue of radiation-induced second cancers is becoming increasingly important [1, 2]. The 5-year relative survival rate for prostate cancer in the US has increased from about 67% in the mid 1970s to about 98% in the 1990s [3], while the mean age at diagnosis decreased from 72 to 69 [4]. The corresponding 10-year relative survival rates are now 76% for both prostate and breast.
Lipoprotein Modification and Macrophage Uptake: Role of Pathologic Cholesterol Transport in Atherogenesis

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a major extracellular carrier of cholesterol and, as such, plays important physiologic roles in cellular function and regulation of metabolic pathways. However, under pathologic conditions of hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and/or genetic disorders, specific components of LDL become oxidized or otherwise modified, and the transport of cholesterol by modified LDL is diverted from its physiologic targets toward excessive cholesterol accumulation in macrophages and the formation of macrophage “foam” cells in the vascular wall. This pathologic deposition of modified lipoproteins and the attendant pro-inflammatory reactions in the artery wall lead to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Continued accumulation of immunogenic modified lipoproteins and a pro-inflammatory milieu result in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, which may obstruct the arterial lumen and/or eventually rupture and thrombose, causing myocardial infarction or stroke. In this review, we survey mechanisms of LDL modification and macrophage lipoprotein uptake, including results of recent in vivo experiments, and discuss unresolved problems and controversial issues in this growing field. Future directions in studying foam cell formation may include introducing novel animal models, such as hypercholesterolemic zebrafish, enabling dynamic in vivo observation of macrophage lipid uptake.
End-to-End Transformation in the Cemex Supply Chain

Operating a supply chain in an emerging economy is especially challenging, given the diverse needs of the customer bases, the evolving infrastructure, and the operational uncertainties in the field. But CEMEX, a company in a very traditional industry - cement - shows that it is possible to use information technologies, innovative processes, human resource and cultural developments to create a highly efficient supply chain. CEMEX was able to test their new concepts and practices in a very challenging supply and demand environment of Mexico, and eventually applied them worldwide. This chapter describes how CEMEX transformed its cement supply chain from end-to-end, leading to world class business performance.
Polylogarithms in Arithmetic and Geometry

The classical polylogarithms were invented in the correspondence of Leibniz with Bernoulli in 1696 [Lei]. They are defined by the series $$L{i_n}(z) = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{z^k}}}{{{k^n}}}} \left| z \right| < 1$$ and continued analytically to a covering of ℂP1\{0,1,∞}: $$L{i_n}(z): = \int {_0^zL{i_{n - 1}}(t)\frac{{dt}}{t},L{i_1}(z) = - \log (1 - z)}$$ .
Software Engineering Education: Workshop Overview

The primary objective of the Interface Workshop on Software Engineering Education was to facilitate communication between leading educations and practitioners on the needs and objectives of software engineering education. This purpose was captured well in the opening remarks delivered at the Workshop by Prof. William Parker, Assistant Vice-Chancellor for Plans and Programs, University of California, Irvine: The objective that you have set for yourselves in examining the relationship of an educational program to industrial needs in the area of software engineering is a manifestation of a general problem which any university must face these days. The university is faced with the problem of adjusting its educational programs to respond to the ever changing needs of society. Industry and the university have different objectives. If we do not have discussions, such as these today, we will end up going our own ways. So I would hope that during these discussions there would be a frank exchange of views so that the university can learn what the industrial needs are and the people in industry can realize the constraints within which the educational programs must function. The objectives of the workshop included communication between both groups of people on the specific needs for software engineering education, the present and future roles of software engineers, and the value of current attempts to provide software engineering education.
Phase II trial of sorafenib plus doxorubicin (SD) in patients (Pts) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after progression of disease (PD) on sorafenib (S).

4080Background: SD may synergistically improve outcome after PD on S by promoting ASK-1 mediated apoptosis through RAF-1 inhibition. In a prior retrospective analysis of 14 pts who in the lack of o...
Optimized Growth of Titanium Nitride Films Using Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition

We investigate and find that the quality of titanium nitride grown at 350°C and 375°C using atomic layer deposition on silicon and sapphire substrates respectively are approaching the metallicity of sputtered films.
Entering the ethnographic mind: A grounded theory of using ethnography in psychological research

ABSTRACTEthnography has flourished in small pockets of psychological researchers but is not widely embraced in psychology. Increased calls for qualitative methods have taken place recently in psych...
Language Contact and the Making of an Afro-Hispanic Vernacular: Variation and Change in the Colombian Chocó

Exploring creole studies from a linguistic, historical, and socio-cultural perspective, this study advances our knowledge of the subject by using a cohesive approach to provide new theoretical insights into language shift, language acquisition and language change. It compares the legal system regulating black slavery in Choco, Colombia with the systems implemented by other European colonial powers in the Americas, to address questions such as what do Choco Spanish linguistic features say about the nature of Afro-Hispanic vernaculars? What were the sociohistorical conditions in which Choco Spanish formed? Was slavery in Choco much different from slavery in other European colonies? Whilst primarily focused on Afro-Hispanic language varieties, Sessarego's findings and methodology can be easily applied and tested to other contact languages and settings, and used to address current debates on the origin of other black communities in the Americas and the languages they speak.
Detection of circulating tumor DNA in pancreas cancer.

645Background: Pancreas cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death. Improved detection of early relapse or early failure of chemotherapy also has the potential to further improve outcom...
11 – Ecosystem Structure and Function

This chapter describes the major structural and functional parameters of ecosystems to provide the basis for the description of insect effects on different parameters. Insects affect an ecosystem structure and function in a number of ways, and they are primary pathways for energy and nutrient fluxes. An ecosystem structure reflects the organization of various abiotic and biotic pools that exchange energy and matter. Abiotic pools are the atmosphere, oceans, and sediments, which represent the sources of energy and matter for biotic use. Biotic pools are the various organisms in the community. The energy available to ecosystems comes primarily from solar radiation, captured and stored in carbohydrates by primary producers through the process of photosynthesis. The total rate at which energy is captured (GPP) depends on the exposure to sunlight, availability of water, and biomass. Some of the energy from gross primary production is expended through plant respiration. Energy is the currency with which organisms acquire and concentrate material resources necessary for growth and reproduction. Material resources are often available in limited supply, favoring the mechanisms that facilitate retention and reuse within the ecosystem. Ecosystems also modify local and regional climatic conditions. The degree to which vegetation reduces soil warming, evaporation, erosion, and wind speed depends on the density and vertical architecture. Insects and other organisms affect the vegetation structure, hence the canopy atmosphere interactions. Models have become important tools for synthesizing complex, and often incomplete, data for the prediction of ecosystem responses to and effects on global environmental changes.
Legal Education Reform Pursuits in Ethiopia: Attainments and Challenges (2006-2019)

This article examines attainments and challenges in the pursuits of legal education reform launched in 2006. Achievements and challenges in LL.B programmes are examined based on the standards of the legal education reform programme relating to admission of students to law schools, staff profile, standards of reform relating to curriculum, course delivery, assessment, law school autonomy, research, publications, quality assessment and the requisite resources thereof. There are commendable achievements such as raising the duration of legal education from four to five years, the introduction of LL.B exit exam, and the preparation of a significant number of teaching materials. However, the data, documents and literature discussed and analyzed in this article indicate that the level of quality and standards in Ethiopia’s legal education stand below most of the thresholds that were envisaged in the 2006 Legal Education Reform Programme. Key terms Legal education reform · Quality · Standards · LL.B programmes · Ethiopia
Assessment of esophageal body peristaltic work using functional lumen imaging probe panometry.

Functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) panometry assesses esophageal response to distension and provides a simultaneous assessment of pressure and dimension during contractility. This enables an obj...
A phononic interface between a superconducting quantum processor and quantum networked spin memories

We introduce a method for high-fidelity quantum state transduction between a superconducting microwave qubit and the ground state spin system of a solid-state artificial atom, mediated via an acoustic bus connected by piezoelectric transducers. Applied to present-day experimental parameters for superconducting circuit qubits and diamond silicon-vacancy centers in an optimized phononic cavity, we estimate quantum state transduction with fidelity exceeding 99% at a MHz-scale bandwidth. By combining the complementary strengths of superconducting circuit quantum computing and artificial atoms, the hybrid architecture provides high-fidelity qubit gates with long-lived quantum memory, high-fidelity measurement, large qubit number, reconfigurable qubit connectivity, and high-fidelity state and gate teleportation through optical quantum networks.
Dynamic Leptin Secretion in Obesity and Diabetes

The analysis of plasma leptin levels in relation to metabolic pathophysiology has focused predominantly on specimens collected under basal conditions. The findings from such studies indicate that fasting leptin levels are directly correlated with measures of adiposity (such as BMI or body fat) in lean and obese subjects as well as in persons with diabetes. We and others have reported that administration of glucocorticoids results in significant increases (usually a doubling above baseline) in plasma leptin levels. Similar reports have shown that exogenous insulin also stimulates leptin production leading to increases in plasma leptin levels. Thus, glucocorticoids and insulin can be deployed as leptin secretagogues to probe the metabolic physiology and pathophysiology of dynamic leptin secretion. This chapter discusses the results of dynamic leptin secretion in relation to obesity and diabetes. Healthy subjects respond with a doubling of plasma leptin levels following challenge with a single dose (1–4 mg) of dexamethasone, and also show ~50 % increase in leptin levels following infusion of insulin under clamped euglycemic conditions. Evaluation of dynamic leptin secretion across a wide range of adiposity—in lean, obese, and massively obese individuals—indicates that the leptinemic responses to glucocorticoid and insulin are largely preserved in lean and obese persons but attenuated in massively obese individuals. Basal leptin levels lie within the expected range for BMI in people with diabetes. However, dynamic leptin levels in response to glucocorticoid challenge reveal a significant leptin secretory defect. Similarly, patients with diabetes show subnormal leptin secretory response to insulin. We propose the term “diabetic dysleptinemia” to describe the defective dynamic leptin secretion in patients with diabetes.
Vascular Graft Infections

Infection of a vascular reconstruction is an infrequent, but ominous, complication. The patient is at risk not only from the infection but also from the potential for ischemia if the conduit must be interrupted, replaced or removed. Because vascular grafts function as substitute conduits in the arterial circulation, vascular graft infections are approached with a greater sense of gravity than other surgical wound or prosthetic implant infections. A vascular graft infection may be associated with sepsis, erosion of the graft into the gastrointestinal tract, dehiscence of the graft-artery suture line, and result in hemorrhage or false aneurysm formation or rupture of the graft itself. The incidence of infection is less when autologous tissue is used for artery replacement or bypass compared with prosthetic bypass grafting, and this observation remains a compelling reason to use autologous conduits in the management of arterial trauma where contamination is frequent. However, routine replacement of aortic segments for aneurysmal or occlusive disease cannot use autologous tissue, as there is no large enough segment of conduit that can be sacrificed.
Toxicogenomic responses of human liver HepG2 cells to silver nanoparticles

The increased use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in foods and cosmetics has raised public safety concerns. However, only limited knowledge exists on the effect of AgNPs on the cellular transcriptome. This study evaluated global gene expression profiles of human liver HepG2 cells exposed to 20 and 50 nm AgNPs for 4 and 24 h at 2.5 µg ml–1. Exposure to 20 nm AgNPs resulted in 811 altered genes after 4 h, but much less after 24 h. Exposure to 50 nm AgNPs showed minimal altered genes at both exposure times. The HepG2 cells responded to the toxic insult of AgNPs by transiently upregulating stress response genes such as metallothioneins and heat shock proteins. Functional analysis of the altered genes showed more than 20 major biological processes were affected, of which metabolism, development, cell differentiation and cell death were the most dominant categories. Several cellular pathways were also impacted by AgNP exposure, including the p53 signaling pathway and the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway, which may lead to increased oxidative stress and DNA damage in the cell and potentially result in genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Together, these results indicate that HepG2 cells underwent a multitude of cellular processes in response to the toxic insult of AgNP exposure, and suggest that toxicogenomic characterization of human HepG2 cells could serve as an alternative model for assessing toxicities of NPs. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The Levels of Visual Framing.

AbstractWhile framing research has centered mostly on the evaluations of media texts, visual news discourse has remained relatively unexamined. This study surveys the visual framing techniques and methods employed in previous studies and proposes a four-tiered model of identifying and analyzing visual frames: (1) visuals as denotative systems, (2) visuals as stylistic-semiotic systems, (3) visuals as connotative systems and (4) visuals as ideological representations. These four tiers are defined and the process of identifying frames at each level is explicated. The proposed system can be applied to analyzing any type of visual media content or audiences’ perception of that content.
Effect of shoe type on descending a curb

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of shoe type on the performance of women during curb descent. Performance during curb stepping may be explained by biomechanical research that has evaluated the kinematics of overground walking and stair ascent and descent. Studies have reported that women exhibit performance differences when wearing high heels, flip flops and sneakers during overground walking and stair ascent and descent. Thus, in addition to features of the curb, the type of shoe being worn may also affect performance. Although several studies have investigated curb stepping, no known studies have investigated the effects of different types of footwear on curb descent performance. This research was conducted in a real-world environment where participants wore three different types of shoes and performed a series of activities that involved curb stepping. The subjects were videotaped while descending a curb, allowing for observation of changes in gait parameters. Results of this study indicate that wearing high heels leads to performance differences as compared to wearing flip flops or sneakers.
Other-Emptiness in the Jonang School: The Theo-logic of Buddhist Dualism

This paper aims to clarify the meaning of other-emptiness in the Jonang ( jo nang ) tradition of Buddhism of Tibet. The focus is on the writings of Dolpopa ( dol po pa shes rab rgyal mtshan , 1292–1361), the renowned forefather of this tradition. Dolpopa famously differentiated two types of emptiness, or two ways of being empty—self-emptiness ( rang stong ) and other-emptiness ( gzhan stong )—and proclaimed the superiority of the latter. Dolpopa maintains that other-emptiness is better because it represents what really exists while self-emptiness does not, and that it also offers a more effective means to access the real. While Dolpopa is famous for asserting the real existence of a nondual ultimate reality, it is argued here that his depiction of other-emptiness represents a fairly clear-cut account of dualism.
Why read Sermons? What Americanists can learn from the Sermons of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts

This article argues that the anniversary sermons of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) provide an important and underused resource for historians of colonial America. The SPG was a voluntary society devoted to spreading Christianity and strengthening the Church of England in British colonies, especially by providing the American colonies with Anglican clergy and churches. As they articulated the SPG's mission and raised funds for the society's work, the anniversary sermons, which were delivered annually from 1701 onward, also commented on a wide range of issues pertaining to Britain's presence in North America. This paper briefly describes four major areas in which the sermons provide information of particular interest to historians of early America: the New World and the discourse of mission; depictions of American Indians; attitudes to Africans and slavery; and reactions to colonists and the Revolution.
Diagnosis of Renal Proximal Tubular Injury by Urinary Immunoassay for a Proximal Tubular Antigen, the Adenosine Deaminase Binding Protein

A sandwich ELISA assay has been formatted from two commercially available murine monoclonal antibodies, URO-4 and URO-4a, directed against a 120,000 dalton glycoprotein, the adenosine deaminase binding protein (ABP), found on the brush border of the renal proximal tubular epithelial cell. Untimed urine samples from 37 normal individuals and urinary ABP less than 0.1 AU; 37 patients with pure glomerular disease had ABP less than 0.4 AU (with 29, or 76% less than 0.2 AU); 10 patients with pre-renal azotaemia had ABP less than 0.6 (with 8, or 80% less than 0.3 AU). In contrast, 79 patients with post-ischaemic acute tubular necrosis had ABP greater than 0.6 AU. Acute renal failure due to myoglobinuria, contrast dye, and aminoglycoside toxicity were all associated with urinary ABP greater than 1.0 AU. In addition, all six patients with acute bacteraemic pyelonephritis had ABP greater than 0.7 AU, as opposed to ABP less than 0.2 AU in the urines of 12 women with acute cystitis. We conclude that this monoclonal antibody based urinary assay is a sensitive measure of renal proximal tubular injury, reliably distinguishes acute tubular from glomerular disease, and may be helpful in differentiating forms of urinary tract infection.
Diffraction of solitary waves

Whitham's extension of geometrical optics to nonlinear diffraction is applied to solitary waves of reference amplitudea 0 in water of uniform depthd 0 on the hypotheses thata 0≪d 0 and that the angle through which a diffracted wave is turned is of the order of (a 0/d 0)1/2. The equations governing the amplitude and direction of the waves are reduced to a quasi-linear, hyperbolic systemof two first-order partial differential equations. Explicit results are obtained for diffraction by a convex bend and by a concave corner, and it is found that a solitary wave of initial amplitudea 0 cannot be turned through a convex angle greater than (3a 0/d 0)1/2 without separating or otherwise losing its identity. An empirical generalization for larger amplitudes and turning angles is proposed. General solutions are obtained (in an appendix) through a hodograph transformation.