cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical patterns of failure following stereotactic interstitial irradiation for malignant gliomas

The vast majority of patients treated for malignant gliomas with surgery, conventional radiation therapy, and systemic chemotherapy recur within 2 cm of their original disease site as documented by CT scanning. We have analyzed the clinical patterns of failure in patients treated with stereotactic interstitial irradiation (brachytherapy) for malignant gliomas in order to determine if this modality has altered the recurrence pattern in this disease. Between December 1985 and December 1989, 53 patients with malignant glioma were treated with stereotactic interstitial irradiation using temporary high activity iodine-125. Thirty-three patients were treated as part of a primary treatment protocol that included 5940 cGy external beam prior to implantation. Twenty patients were treated at time of recurrence. The median dose of radiation given at implantation was 5040 cGy for the primary lesions and 5450 cGy for the recurrent lesions. Twenty-two patients have suffered relapse as documented by clinical and radiographic studies. The predominant patterns of failure in these 22 patients were in the margins of the implant volume (8) and distant sites (10) within the CNS (distant ipsilateral or contralateral hemisphere, spinal axis) or extraneural. Thus, marginal and distant recurrences accounted for 82% of the relapses in our patients. We conclude stereotactic interstitial irradiation has changed the recurrence pattern in patients with malignant glioma with true local recurrence no longer being the predominant pattern of failure as is seen with conventional therapy.
Evidence for the inducibility of the uvrB operon

A new tool for probing the regulation of non-essential gene products has recently been developed1—this is a derivative of bacteriophage Mu into which the Escherichia coli genes for lactose metabolism have been fused (referred to here as Mu(lac, amp)). The DNA of this defective virus can insert randomly into the chromosome of a cell and mutants canbe retrieved in which the β-galactosidase gene carried on the phage is under the control of the regulatory elements of the operon in which it now resides.We used this phage to generate DNA repair-deficient mutants, one of which washighly UV-sensitive due to insertion of the Mu(lac, amp) into the uvrB regionof the chromosome. When exposed to UV light, this strain produces β-galactosidase at a much greater rate than unexposed cells. This suggests that the uvrB operon is inducible. These results were initially rather surprising. Although various components of the enzyme systems involved in Weigle-reactivation2,3, post-replication repair4–6 and repair of alkylation damage7,8 had been established as inducible, the products of the uvrA, uvrB and uvrC genes which collectively effect nucleotide excision repair9–11, seemed to be firmly established as a constitutively synthesized repair system. This conclusion was drawn because the activity of these enzymes can be easily detected in uninduced cells9–11; and mutations in the genes recA and lexA, which affect the regulation of most of the inducible repair systems12, have relatively little effect on uvrA, uvrB -mediated excision repair13. Thus the uvrA and uvrB gene products seemed to be produced constitutively at maximal or near maximal rates. However, recent reports suggest a role for the uvrA and uvrB gene products in various inducible repair systems6,14–17. Because these studies all relied on indirect measurements of induction, it could never be determined if the results reflected induction of other components of these systems or if the uvrA or uvrB gene products themselves were regulated. The insertion mutant described here allowed us to monitor expression of the uvrB operon directly and provided evidence for regulated synthesis of the uvrB gene product.
Selection of the Dominant Follicle and Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-Binding Proteins: Evidence that Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A Contributes to Proteolysis of IGF-Binding Protein 5 in Bovine Follicular Fluid

Development of a dominant follicle is associated with decreased intrafollicular low molecular weight IGF-binding proteins (namely IGFBP-2, -4, and -5) and increased proteolysis of IGFBP-4 by pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). In addition to IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity, bovine follicular fluid contains strong proteolytic activity for IGFBP-5, but not for IGFBP-2. Here we show that the IGFBP-5 protease present in bovine follicular fluid is a neutral/basic pH-favoring, Zn2+ metalloprotease very similar to the previously described IGFBP-4 protease. We hypothesized that immunoneutralization and immunoprecipitation with anti-PAPP-A antibodies would result in abrogation of the IGFBP-4, but not the IGFBP-5, proteolytic activity in follicular fluid. As expected, anti-PAPP-A antibodies were able to neutralize and precipitate the IGFBP-4, but not the IGFBP-5, proteolytic activity of human pregnancy serum, which was used as a positive control for PAPP-A. Surprisingly, immunoneutralization and immunoprec...
Poultry Meat Sources and their Emulsifying Characteristics as Related to Processing Variables

Abstract VARIOUS forms of poultry meat are being discussed frequently as ingredients in emulsified type products. Mechanically deboned raw meat comes in the form of a paste and is thereby quite adaptable to emulsified products. Industry experience has indicated that mechanically deboned meat is most suitable in combination with other meat forms (Pauly, 1967). It is important, therefore, that more information is obtained on emulsifying characteristics of various poultry meat forms. Particular emphasis is needed on the processing variables as they relate to produce performance. Much previous work has involved the model system approach. Maurer and Baker (1966) studied various parts of different classes of poultry and indicated that collagen was a detriment to emulsifying capacity. Hudspeth and May (1967) observed that emulsifying capacity of salt soluble protein from dark meat was higher than that noted from white meat. More recently, Hudspeth and May (1969) reported that skin, heart and gizzard…
Lactose intolerance in Jewish patients with ulcerative colitis

Seventy patients with ulcerative colitis had lactose tolerance tests. Of 51 non-Jewish patients, 12 (23.5%) had lactose intolerance, whereas of 19 Jewish patients, 16 (84.2%) had lactose intolerance. This difference is significant (P<0.001). The control group of 41 Jews without ulcerative colitis had a 71% incidence of lactose intolerance, whereas of 53 non-Jewish controls, only 20.7% had such intolerance. These results are also statistically valid (P<0.001). This suggested that segregation of the genes for ulcerative colitis as well as for lactase deficiency in Jews is a possible reason for the high incidence of lactase deficiency found in patients with ulcerative colitis.
Dynamic versus steady-state approaches to evaluate irrigation management of saline waters

Abstract A general tend exists toward increasing the salt concentration of surface and ground waters in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Quantitative knowledge on the interaction between irrigation management and crop yield is becoming increasingly important as water salinities increase. This information is important to the farmer, water resource managers, and to regulatory agencies that might be considering imposing saline water quality standards for streams specifically designed to be protective of agricultural production. The initial guidelines for managing saline irrigation waters, which are still extensively used, were based on steady-state analyses. Subsequently, with the increased knowledge of the physical–chemical–biological interactions that occur in the soil-water–plant matrix, and the advent of high-speed computers, models have been developed that take into account the dynamic interactions. A comparison between two steady-state models and a transient-state model for the calculated ratio of applied saline water to potential evapotranspiration that produced a specific relative yield of corn (Zea mays L.) revealed that a much lower water application is prescribed by the transient-state model. The effects of rain can be quantified by the transient-state models, and can be approximated by calculating the weighted average water salinity of the rainfall and irrigation waters. The steady-state analyses generally over predict the negative consequences of irrigating with saline waters. Irrigation guidelines based on steady-state analyses should be revised using more advanced knowledge.
Antenatal Ureaplasma urealyticum Respiratory Tract Infection Stimulates Proinflammatory, Profibrotic Responses in the Preterm Baboon Lung

Chronic inflammation and fibrosis are hallmarks of lung pathology of newborn Ureaplasma infection. We hypothesized that antenatally acquired Ureaplasma stimulates a chronic inflammatory, profibrotic immune response that contributes to lung injury, altered developmental signaling, and fibrosis. Lung specimens from 125-d gestation baboon newborns ventilated for 14 d that were either infected antenatally with Ureaplasma serovar 1 or noninfected, and 125-d and 140-d gestational controls were obtained from the Baboon BPD Resource Center (San Antonio, TX). Trichrome stain to assess fibrosis and immunohistochemistry for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) were performed. Lung homogenates were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, TGFbeta1, oncostatin M (OSM), IL-10, and interferon gamma (IFNgamma)] and the chemokine MCP-1 and by Western blot for Smad2, Smad3, and Smad7. Compared with noninfected ventilated and gestational controls, Ureaplasma-infected lungs demonstrated more extensive fibrosis, increased alpha-SMA and TGFbeta1 immunostaining, and higher concentrations of active TGFbeta1, IL-1beta, and OSM, but no difference in IL-10 levels. There was a trend toward higher Smad2/Smad7 and Smad3/Smad7 ratios in Ureaplasma lung homogenates, consistent with up-regulation of TGFbeta1 signaling. Collectively, these data suggest that a prolonged proinflammatory response initiated by intrauterine Ureaplasma infection contributes to early fibrosis and altered developmental signaling in the immature lung.
Cognitive style and users’ metaphors for the web: an exploratory study

Abstract Undergraduates’ favorite metaphorical description for the Web is explored using the individual differences of cognitive style, gender, and database search experience. If such metaphors can be shown over time to have potential as effective mental maps or models, they may be valuable for designing more personalized instruction.
Does a Male Nurse Know about Football? American and Egyptian Children’s Understanding of Gender and Expertise

Abstract Three experiments explore how American (n=102) and Egyptian (n=73) preschoolers’ inferences about expertise are affected by an expert’s gender and occupation. Children viewed a nurse and a car mechanic in a gender stereotypical (female nurse, male mechanic) or counterstereotypical (female mechanic, male nurse) presentation and indicated who would know more about profession-related information and gender-stereotypical activities. American children inferred expert knowledge primarily based on the expert’s profession, regardless of gender. Egyptian children also made correct attributions about professional expertise, but they were more likely to be influenced by an expert’s gender than their American counterparts. Additionally, both American and Egyptian children were less likely to attribute stereotypical male knowledge to a male in a counterstereotypical profession. These results suggest that culturally mediated stereotypes affect preschool children’s social cognitive judgments. Implications for the development of gender stereotypes are discussed.
Proton NMR and optical spectroscopic studies on the DNA triplex formed by d-A-(G-A)7-G and d-C-(T-C)7-T.

Abstract Triplex and duplex formation of two deoxyribohexadecamers d-A-(G-A)7-G (a) and d-C-(T-C)7-T (b) have been studied by UV, CD, fluorescence, and proton NMR spectroscopy. Optical studies of a and b at dilute concentrations (μM range) yielded results similar to those seen for polymers of the same sequence, indicating that these hexadecamers have properties similar to the polymers in regard to triplex formation. The CD spectra of concentrated NMR samples (mM range) are similar to those observed at optical concentrations at both low and high pH, making possible a correlation between CD and NMR studies. In NMR spectra, two imido NH-N hydrogen bonded resonance envelopes at 12.6 and 13.7 ppm indicate that only the duplex conformation is present at pH > 7.7. Four new NH-N hydrogen-bonded resonance envelopes at 12.7, 13.5, 14.2. and 14.9 ppm are observed under acidic conditions (pH 5.6) and the two original NH-N resonances gradually disappear as the pH is lowered. Assignment of these four peaks to Watson-Cr...
Differential Effects of Web-Based and Paper-Based Administration of Questionnaire Research Instruments in Authentic Contexts-of-Use:

Questionnaire instruments are routinely translated to digital administration systems; however, few studies have compared the differential effects of these administrative methods, and fewer yet in a...
A case for heterogeneous on-chip interconnects for CMPs

Network-on-chip (NoC) has become a critical shared resource in the emerging Chip Multiprocessor (CMP) era. Most prior NoC designs have used the same type of router across the entire network. While this homogeneous network design eases the burden on a network designer, partitioning the resources equally among all routers across the network does not lead to optimal resource usage, and hence, affects the performance-power envelope. In this work, we propose to apportion the resources in an NoC to leverage the non-uniformity in network resource demand. Our proposal includes partitioning the network resources, specifically buffers and links, in an optimal manner. This approach results in redistributing resources such that routers that require more resources are allocated more buffers and wider links compared to routers demanding fewer resources. This results in a novel heterogeneous network, called HeteroNoC, which is composed of two types of routers -- small power efficient routers, and big high performance routers. We evaluate a number of heterogeneous network configurations, composed of big and small routers, and show that giving more resources to routers along the diagonals in a mesh network provides maximum benefits in terms of performance and power. We also show the potential benefits of the HeteroNoC design by co-evaluating it with memory-controllers and configuring it with an asymmetric CMP consisting of heterogeneous cores.
Intelligent eco-driving suggestion system based on vehicle loading model

Eco-driving skill has been getting more and more attentions because of global warning and increasing oil price. So far, existing eco-driving assistance systems mainly offered raw instantaneous fuel economy to driver. However, inexperience driver still had the difficulty to turn raw fuel economy information into proper eco-driving behavior. For this situation, an intelligent eco-driving suggestion system based on vehicle loading model was developed. The instantaneous fuel economy was computed according to the information from vehicle on board diagnostic system. In addition, fuzzy inference system was applied to estimate eco-level and fuzzy rules were utilized to establish a vehicle loading model. The appropriate eco-driving suggestion was analyzed by built-in artificial intelligence and can be displayed on any Android portable device. Finally, the developed eco-driving suggestion system was ported on Smart Vehicle Information Gateway, installed on real vehicle and tested on real track. The experimental results proved that 7% fuel economy can be improved.
Interferon, double-stranded RNA and mRNA degradation.

INTERFERONS are glycoproteins which are synthesised in various animal cells following viral infection. They are excreted, interact with other cells and inhibit in them the replication of a broad range of viruses1. Extracts from interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumour cells (S30INT) differ in various biochemical characteristics from extracts from control cells (S30C) (refs 2–4 and see also refs 5–8). We have reported recently that reovirus messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are degraded faster in reaction mixtures containing S30INT than in those containing S30C, but only if the reaction mixtures are supplemented with double-stranded (ds) RNA9. We have also reported10 that dsRNA promotes the phosphorylation by ATP of at least two proteins in S30INT. Here we describe further characteristics of the faster degradation of reovirus mRNA in S30INT supplemented with dsRNA. ATP is required, in addition to dsRNA, for the acceleration of mRNA degradation in S30INT (ref. 11), and we show that this phenomenon can be divided into two phases. In the first phase (activation) both dsRNA and ATP, but not reovirus mRNA, are required; in the second phase (endonuclease action), in which added reovirus mRNA is degraded, it seems that neither dsRNA nor ATP has to be present.
Common genetic influences on the timing of first use for alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis in young African-American women

The risks associated with early age at initiation for alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis use are well documented, yet the timing of first use has rarely been studied in genetically informative frameworks, leaving the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to age at initiation largely unknown. The current study assessed overlap in heritable and environmental influences on the timing of initiation across these three substances in African-American women, using a sample of 462 female twins (100 monozygotic and 131 dizygotic pairs) from the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study. Mean age at the time of interview was 25.1 years. Ages at first use of alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis were gathered in diagnostic interviews administered over the telephone. Standard genetic analyses were conducted with substance use initiation variables categorized as never, late, and early onset. Variance in the timing of first use was attributable in large part to genetic sources: 44% for alcohol, 62% for cigarettes, and 77% for cannabis. Genetic correlations across substances ranged from 0.25 to 0.70. Shared environmental influences were modest for alcohol (10%) and absent for cigarettes and cannabis. Findings contrast with reports from earlier studies based on primarily Caucasian samples, which have suggested a substantial role for shared environment on substance use initiation when measured as lifetime use. By characterizing onset as timing of first use, we may be tapping a separate construct. Differences in findings may also reflect a distinct etiological pathway for substance use initiation in African-American women that could not be detected in previous studies.
Morphological granulometric simulation: distribution of the pattern-spectrum mean and variance for binary images with overlapping elements

Several studies have discussed how the granulometric pattern-spectrum moments can provide good texture discrimination within images. Because textural images are modeled as random processes, the moments of an image's pattern spectrum are random variables, and knowledge of their distributions is key to the classification procedure. Both exact and asymptotic discriptions of the mean and variance distributions have previously been found under the assumption that the texture elements are nonoverlapping. The present study employs computer simulations to address the situation where the elements are not disjoint. The image is generated by Monte Carlo techniques with the predefined set of primitives, openings are calculated, and the pattern spectrum is found. It is seen that the pattern-spectrum mean remains close to its theoretical distribution.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The importance of both early and delayed responses in the biological actions of nerve growth factor

A general principle that has emerged from the study of intercellular signals is that these agents often promote both rapidly onsetting and delayed responses. For example, insulin enhances the uptake of glucose within minutes of its application to target cells. In contrast, other responses to insulin, such as stimulation of DNA synthesis, are apparent only after latencies of tens of hours. The object of this article is to review evidence that nerve growth factor (NGF), a protein with a variety of actions on vertebrate dorsal root sensory and sympathetic neurons 1–3 , also triggers both rapid and delayed responses. In addition, we raise the issue that the highly asymmetric form of neurons as well as their trophic interactions have brought this duality of action to an especially, and perhaps uniquely, important role in the nervous system.
Classifying sensor data with Calchas

Abstract Learning how to classify sensor data is one of the basic learning tasks in engineering. Data from sensors are usually made available over time, and are classified according to the behavior they exhibit in specific time intervals. This paper addresses the problem of classifying finite, univariate time series that are governed by unknown deterministic processes contaminated by noise. Time series in the same class are allowed to follow different processes. In this context, the appropriateness of using induction algorithms not specifically designed for temporal data is investigated. The paper presents Calchas , a simple supervised induction algorithm that uses serial correlation as its inductive bias in a Bayesian framework, and compares it empirically to a popular general-purpose classifier, in a NASA telemetry monitoring application. Two comparisons were performed: one in which the general purpose classifier was applied directly to the data, and another in which features that captured serial correlations were extracted before the induction. Serial correlation appeared to be an important form of inductive bias, most effectively utilized as an integral part of the learning algorithm. Feature extraction occurs too early in the training process to utilize correlation knowledge effectively.
Seasonal fluctuations of benthic macrofauna in the apalachicola estuary, Florida, USA: The role of predation

Long-term monitoring studies revealed a negative correlation between the abundance of bottom-feeding fishes (Leiostomus xanthurus and Micropogonias undulatus) and benthic macrofaunal density, suggesting a causal relationship. To test this hypothesis, large (3x3 m) topless predator-exclusion cages (mesh opening=6 mm) of a design that produced minimal physical artifacts were constructed at two shallow mud-bottom oligohaline stations. Two-sided control cages and uncaged control areas were also sampled Experiments coincided with maximum abundances of bottom-feeding fishes in the spring and motile macroinvertebrates (penaeid shrimp) in the fall. During short-term (two-month) exclusion experiments in the spring and fall of 1980, large predators (those excluded by 6-mm mesh) were not a major factor in regulating the densities of most macrofaunal species. Predation may be important during other seasons, although this possibility was not tested. Densities of Leiostomus xanthurus and Penaeus setiferus during 1980 were lower than in previous years. Despite the reduced abundance of bottom-feeding fishes, macrofaunal densities still declined during late winter/early spring. It is postulated that increased river flow and lowered salinities during the late winter/early spring may contribute to the decline of macrofaunal densities by reducing larval recruitment.
Effect of Increased Duration of High Perfusion Pressure on Stress Failure of Pulmonary Capillaries

Abstract We have previously shown that raising the capillary transmural pressure (Ptm) in rabbit lung causes disruption of the capillary endothelium, alveolar epithelium, or sometimes all layers of the wall. In those studies the lungs were perfused with autologous blood (1 min), then saline/dextran (3 min), followed by glutaraldehyde fixative (10 min), all at the same pressure. The present study was designed to determine whether increasing the time of exposure of the capillaries to the increased pressure altered the frequency of stress failure. The procedure was identical to that of the previous study except that the duration of the blood perfusion was extended from 1 to 10 and 100 min. We chose a Ptm of 32.5 cm H 2 O because our previous studies showed that this caused only a few disruptions per millimeter endothelial and epithelial boundary length (0.7 ± 0.4 and 0.9 ± 0.6 (SE), respectively). Ten New Zealand white rabbit lungs were perfused with autologous blood plus homologous blood from additional rabbits for 10 and 100 min. After 100 min of blood perfusion the number of disruptions per millimeter endothelial and epithelial boundary length (0.66 ± 0.4 and 0.52 plusmn; 0.33 (SE), respectively) was not significantly different from the earlier study. Thus, increasing the duration of the increased Ptm during blood perfusion by 100-fold did not alter the incidence of stress failure. These results indicated that any viscoelastic behavior resulting in further strain and ultimately failure of the capillary walls is insignificant over a wide range of exposure times to increased pressure under the conditions of this study.
Renal transplantation for patients 60 years of age or older: A single-institution experience

OBJECTIVE: The authors reviewed renal transplant outcomes in recipients 60 years of age or older. BACKGROUND: Before cyclosporine, patients older than 45 years of age were considered to be at high risk for transplantation. With cyclosporine, the age limits for transplantation have expanded. METHODS: The authors compared patient and graft survival, hospital stay, the incidence of rejection and rehospitalization, and the cause of graft loss for primary kidney recipients 60 years of age or older versus those 18 to 59 years of age. For those patients > or = 60 years transplanted since 1985, the authors analyzed pretransplant extrarenal disease and its impact on post-transplant outcome. In addition, all surviving recipients > or = 60 years completed a medical outcome survey (SF-36). RESULTS: Patient and graft survival for those > or = 60 years of age versus those 18 to 59 years of age were similar 3 years after transplant. Subsequently, mortality increased for the older recipients. Death-censored graft survival was identical in the two groups. There were no differences in the cause of graft loss. Those 60 years of age or older had a longer initial hospitalization, but had fewer rejection episodes and fewer rehospitalizations. Quality of life for recipients 60 years of age or older was similar to the age-matched U.S. population. CONCLUSION: Renal transplantation is successful for recipients 60 years of age or older. Most of them had extrarenal disease at the time of transplantation; however, extrarenal disease was not an important predictor of outcome and should not be used as an exclusion criterion. Post-transplant quality of life is excellent.
India's South Asia policy in the twenty-first century: new approach, old strategy

Maintaining regional supremacy and stability and denying extra-regional actors a military foothold in South Asia have long been key objectives of India's regional policy. In pursuance of these objectives, India displayed a willingness to undertake coercive action against its smaller South Asian neighbours. Evidence of this is seen in the military intervention in Sri Lanka (1987–1990) and a virtual economic blockade of Nepal (1989–1990). However, during the past decade, India appeared to draw away from such overt interventionist policies and even accepted outside actors like Norway and the United Nations being involved in the peace process in Sri Lanka (2002–2006) and Nepal (2006–2011), respectively. Notwithstanding India's apparent shift in behaviour, these actions do not represent a fundamental change in the country's traditional policy towards the region.
Functional self-similarity, scaling and a renormalization group calculation of the partition function for a non-ideal chain

Abstract The hypothesis of asymptotic self-similarity for nonideal polymer chains is used to derive the functional and differential equations of a new renormalization group. These equations are used to calculate the partition functions of randomly jointed chains with hard-sphere excluded-volume interactions. Theoretical predictions are compared with Monte Carlo calculations based on the same microscopic chain model. The excess partition function converges very slowly to its true asymptotic form δQ ( N →∞)∼ κ N −1 . The conventional asymptotic formula, δQ ( N →∞)∼ κ N −1 N γ −1 , is found to be applicable for chains of moderate length and for excluded-volume interactions appropriate to the subclass of flexible self-avoiding chains.
Climate change and disturbance interactions

Warming temperatures across western North America, coupled with increased drought, are expected to exacerbate disturbance regimes, particularly wildfires, insect outbreaks, and invasions of exotic species. Many ecologists and resource managers expect ecosystems to change more rapidly from disturbance effects than from the effects of a changing climate by itself. A particular challenge is to understand the interactions among disturbance regimes; for example, how will massive outbreaks of bark beetles, which kill drought-stressed trees by feeding on cambial tissues, increase the potential for large severe wildfires in a warming climate? Researchers in climatology, ecosystem science, fire and insect ecology, and landscape modeling from across western North America convened in Tucson, Ariz., for a 2 and a half day intensive workshop to identify new research directions in climate change and disturbance ecology. Four work groups focused on different aspects of the response of disturbance regimes to climate change: (1) extreme events and climatic variability (2) the effects of changing disturbance regimes on ecosystems, (3) disturbance interactions and cumulative effects, and (4) developing new landscape disturbance models. The workshop was structured with the analytic hierarchy process, a decisionsupport method for achieving consensus from diverse groups of experts without sacrificing individual contributions.
Identification of Sporozoite Surface Proteins and Antigens of Eimeria nieschulzi (Apicomplexa)

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, lectin binding, and {sup 125}I surface labeling of sporozoites were used to probe sporozoites of the rat coccidian, Eimeria nieschulzi. Analysis of silver stained gels revealed greater than 50 bands. Surface iodination revealed about 14 well labeled, and about 10 weakly labeled but potential, surface proteins. The most heavily labeled surface proteins had molecular masses of 60, 53-54, 45, 28, 23-24, 17, 15, 14, 13, and 12 kD. Following electrophoresis and Western blotting, 2 of the 12 125I labeled lectin probes bound to two bands on the blots, which collectively indicated that two bands were glycosylated. Concanavalin A (ConA) specifically recognized a band at 53 kD, which may represent a surface glycoprotein, and a lectin derived from Osage orange (MPA) bound to a single band at 82-88 kD, that may also be a surface molecule. Immunoblotting using sera collected from rats inoculated orally with oocysts, as well as sera from mice hyperimmunized with sporozoites, revealed that many surface molecules appear to be immunogenic.
The Pd2 and Lf2 Loci Define Soybean Linkage Group 16

Despite progress made in constructing the molecular map of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.J, many genes remain to be located on the classical map. The genetic linkage studies reported here were undertaken to advance the construction of the classical genetic map. Hybridizations were made in the field and the F 2 and F 3 generations were produced and classified in the greenhouse or field at Beltsville, MD. Data were tested by chi-square for single-factor segregation and linkage. Recombination estimates were made by the maximum likelihood method. The Lf2 locus (controlling leaflet number) segregated independently of the T, Ln, Wl, Rjl, F, Y17, Df4, Fr2, and Pc loci. The Pd2 locus (controlling pubescence density) segregated independently of the W1 locus. The chi-square for Lf2 and Pd2 strongly indicated linkage. The recombination frequency between the Lf2 and Pd2 loci was estimated at 12 ± 2.2%. Soybean breeders attempting to couple or decouple the Lf2 and Pd2 alleles in their breeding populations should take cognizance of this linkage association in estimating the population sizes required to achieve their goals.
Postfire invasion potential of rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea).

North American sagebrush steppe communities have been transformed by the introduction of invasive annual grasses and subsequent increase in fire size and frequency. We examined the effects of wildfires and environmental conditions on the ability of rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea L.), a perennial Eurasian composite, to invade degraded sagebrush steppe communities, largely dominated by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.). Recruitment of rush skeletonweed from seed and root buds was investigated on 11 burned and unburned plot pairs on Idaho’s Snake River Plain following summer 2003 wildfires. Emergence from soil seedbanks was similar on burned and unburned plots in 2003 and 2004 (P 5 0.37). Soils from recently burned plots (P 5 0.05) and sterilized field soil (P , 0.01) supported greater emergence than did unburned field soils when rush skeletonweed seeds were mixed into the soils in the laboratory. These decreases may indicate susceptibility of this exotic invasive to soil pathogens present in field soils. Seeds in bags placed on field soil in late October 2003 reached peak germination by mid-January 2004 during a wet period; 1% remained viable by August 2004. Seedling emergence from sown plots or the native seedbank and establishment of new rosettes from root sprouts in 2003–2005 indicate that seed germination of rush skeletonweed on the Snake River Plain may be facultative, occurring in fall or spring if soil moisture is adequate, although many germinants may not survive. Stand development results primarily from root sprouting. Establishment from seed is episodic but provides for dispersal, with increasing fire frequency and size expanding the areas of disturbance available for new invasions.
Preventing shortages of biologic medicines

Shortages of small-molecule injectable drugs have captured the attention of patients, healthcare providers, regulators and policy makers in recent years. While these shortages have several causes, non-compliance with current good manufacturing practice and subsequent shutdowns of manufacturing facilities have played a central role. Sterile injectable drugs are particularly susceptible to manufacturing quality disruptions because of their sensitivity to contamination. Biologics are subject to the same fill-finish contamination risk as sterile injectables, but their active ingredients are also sensitive to subtle changes in the manufacturing process and to storage and handling of their final dosage forms. Originator biologics will lose market exclusivity in the years ahead as patents expire and as competitors develop biosimilar products. The availability of therapeutic alternatives may provide opportunities to reduce costs and increase patient access, but this should not come at the expense of critical investments in the manufacturing of these complex and sensitive products.
On the trigonometric moment problem in two dimensions

Abstract A finite sequence c 0 , … , c k of complex numbers is the set of trigonometric moments of a measure d μ = ∣ P k ( e i θ ) ∣ − 2 d θ with P k ( z ) a polynomial of degree k , zero-free in | z | ≤ 1 , providing only that the Hermitian Toeplitz matrix having c 0 , … , c k as its top row is positive-definite. The analogous representation in two dimensions for a rectangular array of numbers requires additional conditions, discovered by J.S. Geronimo and H.J. Woerdeman. We use orthogonal decomposition to give an alternate proof of their important result.
Polarization dependence of semiconductor exciton and biexciton contributions to phase-resolved optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectra

We study the coherent light-matter interactions associated with excitons, biexcitons, and many-body effects in GaAs quantum wells. For most polarization configurations the phase-resolved two-dimensional Fourier-transform (2DFT) spectra are dominated by excitonic features, where their strength and dispersive line shapes are due to many-body interactions. Cross-linear excitation suppresses many-body interactions, changing the line shape and strength of the 2DFT features.
General paediatric training in the United Kingdom

Training of general paediatricians in the UK has produced high quality doctors with skills to deliver holistic care to the broad range of children presenting to secondary services with undifferentiated illness. They also play a key role as part of a regional network of care involving deployment of subspeciality knowledge and skills. Current recommendations from the Shape of Training review (Oct 2013) from Professor Greenaway emphasise the importance of the generalist who has important skills to deal with the majority of problems presenting to hospitals and community services and to filter those children requiring expert specialist services and direct them appropriately. There are significant problems with this vision of a shorter training time which coupled with current overproduction of CCT holders and subspecialists means that revision of the balance of training between generalists and subspecialists is needed. Changes in population needs mean that a revision of the current content of general paediatric training is also required. This should include more skills to deal with the rising tide of emotional and mental health problems and skills in the areas of quality improvement, team leadership and system analysis.
Interactions between chemical herbicides and the candidate bioherbicide Microsphaeropsis amaranthi

Abstract The fungal plant pathogen Microsphaeropsis amaranthi is virulent against a number of key weeds in the Amaranthaceae, including common waterhemp, and is under investigation as a bioherbicide. Common waterhemp has become a key weed in midwestern crop production systems and is a good target for a bioherbicide that could be integrated into weed management systems. We investigated the direct effects of a range of chemical herbicides and adjuvants upon conidia of M. amaranthi and found that many herbicides and most adjuvants were strongly inhibitory to germination. On the other hand, M. amaranthi was compatible with a selection of postemergence herbicides commonly used in midwestern weed management systems, including carfentrazone, chloransulam, and imazethapyr. Most glyphosate products suppressed or abolished germination of M. amaranthi conidia, but by testing adjuvants commonly used in glyphosate products and technical-grade glyphosate salts, it was revealed that this inhibition was due to formulatio...
Alimentary Lymphoma in Cats and Dogs

Gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma should be suspected in animals with an acute or prolonged history of signs of disease related to the GI tract. Systemic staging tests (complete blood count/chemistry/urinalysis/thyroxin levels/thoracic radiographs) are used to identify concurrent disease. Abdominal ultrasonography is useful to document intestinal wall thickening, mass lesions, concurrent organ involvement, lymphadenopathy, and abdominal lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound findings can be used to decide if the next diagnostic test should be laparotomy, laparoscopy, or endoscopy, with the goal of obtaining diagnostic histologic specimens. Histopathologically, lymphoma may be lymphoblastic or lymphocytic. Chemotherapy, including steroids and nutritional support, are essential in the management of alimentary lymphoma.
Low-power video encoder/decoder using wavelet/TSVQ with conditional replenishment

This paper presents a low-power, low-complexity video encoder/decoder algorithm and architecture for portable video-conferencing applications. We encode each frame using wavelet decomposition followed by tree-structured vector quantization (TSVQ) of crossband vectors, achieving a compression ratio of 16:1 spatially. The temporal correlation between frames is exploited using conditional replenishment. For video commonly used in conferencing applications, conditional replenishment achieves a compression ratio of 4:1 temporally. Thus, the data rate for YUV (4:1:1) compressed video (176/spl times/144/spl times/30 fps) is 150 kbps on average with a PSNR of approximately 33 dB. The proposed scheme has an architectural simplicity, allowing the encoder and decoder to be performed on two separate chips. The power dissipated is estimated to be 7.2 mW for the encoder and 1.0 mW for the decoder in a 0.8 micron CMOS technology at 1.5 V.
Do Public Expenditures Improve Child Outcomes in the U.S.? A Comparison across Fifty States

Our paper utilizes variation across the 50 U.S. states to examine the relationship between public expenditures on children and child outcomes. We find that public expenditures on children are related to better child outcomes across a wide range of indicators, including measures of child mortality, elementary-school test scores, and adolescent behavioral outcomes. States that spend more on children have better child outcomes even after taking into account potential confounding influences. Our results are robust to numerous variations in model specifications and to the inclusion of proxies for unobserved characteristics of states. Our sensitivity analyses suggest that the results we present may be conservative, yet our findings show that public investments in children yield broad short-term returns in the form of improved child outcomes.
Adhesion and homing of blood-borne cells in bone marrow microvessels.

After birth, the bone marrow (BM) is the principal site of hematopoiesis in mammals. Thus, a large number of newly formed blood cells must penetrate the wall of BM microvessels to enter the circulation. In addition, the BM appears to function as a lymphoid organ and is also part of the macrophagal system. Subsets of circulating lympho- cytes and other cells of the immune system continu- ously home to the BM. However, neither the mecha- nisms of blood cell migration to and from the BM nor its precise role in the immune system are well understood. One reason for the relative paucity of data on BM physiology is the fact that normal BM is surrounded by thick cortical bone that impedes direct observation and experimental manipulation. One notable exception is the calvaria of the murine skull where hematopoietically active BM is only covered by a thin lamella of bone that is sufficiently translucent to allow a detailed in situ analysis of the BM microcirculation by epi-fluorescence micros- copy. Here, we review our current knowledge of the anatomic, hemodynamic, and endothelial prop- erties of the specialized microvascular bed within murine skull BM. In addition, we summarize recent studies on the molecular mechanisms that mediate the homing of circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells to the BM, an event that is critical for the success of BM transplantations. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 25-32; 1999.
Cloud Properties over the North Slope of Alaska: Identifying the Prevailing Meteorological Regimes

AbstractLong time series of Arctic atmospheric measurements are assembled into meteorological categories that can serve as test cases for climate model evaluation. The meteorological categories are established by applying an objective k-means clustering algorithm to 11 years of standard surface-meteorological observations collected from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2010 at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site of the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM). Four meteorological categories emerge. These meteorological categories constitute the first classification by meteorological regime of a long time series of Arctic meteorological conditions. The synoptic-scale patterns associated with each category, which include well-known synoptic features such as the Aleutian low and Beaufort Sea high, are used to explain the conditions at the NSA site. Cloud properties, which are not used as inputs to the k-means clustering, are found to differ significantly between the regimes and...
Serum iron and iron-binding capacity in normal and tumour-bearing golden hamsters

SUMMARY In contrast to other plasma constituents, serum iron levels"'in hamsters were notably different (higher) from those in man. There were no significant differences in serum iron levels or iron-binding capacity between tumourbearing and normal hamsters, or between the sexes.
Shear velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy beneath eastern North America from Rayleigh wave inversion

[1] We have obtained shear velocity structure beneath the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada using Rayleigh wave phases and amplitudes. Thin crust (36–42 km) is observed along the Atlantic coast and in the eastern Appalachian orogen, and thick crust (42–46 km) is imaged in the western Appalachians and in the western New York portion of the Grenville Province. The variation of crustal thickness correlates well with the observed Bouguer gravity anomalies. In the upper mantle, the high-velocity continental keel of cratonic North America is present in the western part of the study area, while a broad low-velocity region is imaged in New England from the Hudson River valley to the White Mountains. This low-velocity anomaly is probably the consequence of past heating of the lithospheric mantle associated with the Monteregian hotspot and may represent intrusion of asthenosphere into the edge of the keel. In addition to lateral variations in velocity, we estimate the azimuthal dependence of phase velocity. Strong and relatively uniform shear wave splitting is observed in the study region, but at periods of 100 s or less, the average azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves is less than 1% and is not significantly different from zero at any individual period. This small degree of azimuthal anisotropy is not consistent with a substantial contribution to shear wave splitting from fossil anisotropy in the lithosphere. Much of the source of the shear wave splitting must lie deeper than 200 km.