cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Mechanical Stresses in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Implications for Treatment of Joint Injuries.

Excessive joint surface loadings, either single (acute impact event) or repetitive (cumulative contact stress), can cause the clinical syndrome of osteoarthritis (OA). Despite advances in treatment of injured joints, the risk of OA following joint injuries has not decreased in the past 50 years. Cumulative excessive articular surface contact stress that leads to OA results from posttraumatic joint incongruity and instability, and joint dysplasia, but may also cause OA in patients without known joint abnormalities. In vitro investigations show that excessive articular cartilage loading triggers release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria, and that these ROS cause chondrocyte death and matrix degradation. Preventing release of ROS or inhibiting their effects preserves chondrocytes and their matrix. Fibronectin fragments released from articular cartilage subjected to excessive loads also stimulate matrix degradation; inhibition of molecular pathways initiated by these fragments prevents this e...
Professional Development in Nursing Research—A Culturally Diverse Postdoctoral Experience

Given the current shift from culturally-sensitive to culturally-competent healthcare, preparing culturally diverse nurse-scientists beyond the doctorate is crucial to the ability to better understand the healthcare of diverse client populations. The probability of ethnic-minority postdoctoral fellows having mentors of the same race is low. This article describes key issues to consider for culturally integrated professional development experiences between ethnic-minority postdoctoral nursing research fellows and White, non-Hispanic nurse-scientists. The discussion delineates three characteristics that describe a scientific community: communality, colleagueship, and constructive competition. Conclusions are that four factors are critical to ensuring the survival and success of ethnic-minority researchers: instruction, affiliation and mentoring, sustaining ethnic-minority researchers' contributions, and expanding the number of ethnic-minority researchers.
13C NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic study of the role played by mitochondrial cytochrome b5 heme propionates in the electrostatic binding to cytochrome c.

The role played by the outer mitochondrial membrane (OM) cytochrome b5 heme propionate groups in the electrostatic binding between OM cytochrome b5 and horse heart cytochrome c was investigated by 13C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. To achieve these aims, 13C-labeled heme OM cytochrome b5 was expressed in Escherichia coli as previously described [Rivera M., Walker, F.A. (1995) Anal. Biochem. 230, 295-302]. Assignment of the resonances arising from the heme propionate carbons in ferricytochrome b5 was carried out by a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments. Titrations of [13C]heme-labeled OM cytochrome b5 with horse heart cytochrome c were carried out in order to monitor the resonances arising from the heme propionate carbonyl carbons in OM cytochrome b5. The results from these titrations clearly show that only the heme propionate located on the exposed heme edge in OM cytochrome b5 participates in the electrostatic stabilization of the complex between OM cytochrome b5 and horse heart cytochrome c. Similar experiments carried out monitoring 13C resonances arising from several other heme substituents demonstrated that the stoichiometry of the complex is 1:1. A conditional binding constant, K which equals 3.8 x 10(4) +/- 1.4 x 10(4) at mu = 0.02 M, was obtained for the formation of the complex by fitting the binding curves obtained experimentally to a model based on this stoichiometry. The X-ray crystal structure of rat liver OM cytochrome b5 solved to 2.7 A resolution shows that the structures of bovine liver microsomal cytochrome b5 and rat liver OM cytochrome b5 are almost identical when compared at medium resolution. The similarity between the two structures, combined with the findings that only the heme propionate located on the exposed heme edge of OM cytochrome b5 participates in the electrostatic binding to cytochrome c and that the stability of this complex is similar to that measured for the association between microsomal cytochrome b5 and cytochrome c, clearly indicates that the site of interaction on OM cytochrome b5 is almost identical to the one elucidated for microsomal cytochrome b5. It is therefore possible to conclude that the large body of information gathered by many investigators for the nonphysiological interaction between microsomal cytochrome b5 and cytochrome c (recently reviewed) [Mauk, A. G. Mauk, M. R., Moore, G. R., & Northrup, S. H. (1995) Bioenerg. Biomembr. 27, 311-330] has indeed biological as well as pedagogical validity.
A continuum model for curvilinear laminated composites

Abstract The governing kinematical, dynamical and constitutive equations of an approximate theory for a curvilinear laminated body are presented. Starting with two-term expansions of the field variables about the midsurfaces of the discrete layers, it is shown that in the first approximation the deformation of a curvilinear laminated body is described by three vector fields, termed the gross motion and the local deformations. Dynamical balance laws are derived for the resultant stresses and moments of stress. A constitutive theory is formulated for nonlinear elastic materials. A simplified version of linear constitutive equations is discussed and specific forms of the balance laws and constitutive equations are given for cylindrical and spherical laminated bodies.
Natural frequencies of heated annular and circular plates

Abstract The behavior of annular plates with clamped–clamped immovable boundary conditions subjected to axisymmetric in-plane thermal loads is considered. The plate is modeled using a linear form of the von Karman plate theory and the radial temperature distribution is determined from the steady-state heat conduction equation. A numerical shooting method is used to calculate the mode shapes and natural frequencies and the influence of key thermal and geometric parameters on the free vibrations and buckling of the annulus is investigated. Further, an approximate closed-form expression for the natural frequencies is introduced and its validity is explored by comparing its results with those obtained numerically. As a special case, the behavior of clamped thermally loaded circular plates is also investigated.
Nanosecond transient resonance Raman spectra of the FeII-CO and FeIII-NO photolysis products of horseradish peroxidase.

Abstract resonance Raman spectra, obtained with 7 ns pulsed laser axcitation, are reported for the photoproducts of the FeII-CO anf FeIII-NO adducts of horseradish peroxidase. The porphyrin skeletal frequencies are the same as those observed for unligated FeII and FeIII (native) horseradish peroxidase, respectively. the absence of unrelaxed spectra is discused in relation to the photoproduct frequency shifts and relaxations observed previously for hemoglin. It is proposed that protein conformational changes which are likely to be associated with the hydrogen-bonding interactions in the horseradish peroxidase heme pocket may not produce detectable changes in the porphyrin skeletal mode frequencies.
Requiring Professional Athletic Training Programs at the Post-Baccalaureate Level: Considerations and Concerns

O ver the last two decades discussions have ebbed and flowed related to whether athletic training should move to professional programs at the post-baccalaureate level. Looking back at my own beliefs I had been very much opposed to such a move; but now I simply find myself conflicted, unsure of the most appropriate direction for our profession. The reason for my conflict is that I cannot discount the positive nature that such a move might bring to the profession; nor can I discount the negative implications such a move may have. As I have listened intently to proponents of post-baccalaureate professional programs and taken time to reflect, I believe I have come to better understand the issues. This editorial serves to articulate what I believe are some positive considerations for moving toward a Post-Baccalaureate Professional Education program, heretofore referred to as an Entry-Level Masters (ELM) programs. I will also share some of, what I believe, are substantial concerns should our profession move in that direction.
M-embedded subspaces of certain product spaces

Abstract A subspace Y of a space X is said to be M-embedded in X if every continuous f : Y → Z with Z metrizable extends to a continuous function f ¯ : X → Z . For topological spaces X i ( i ∈ I ) and J ⊆ I , set X J : = ∏ i ∈ J X i . The authors prove a general theorem concerning κ-box topologies and pseudo- ( α , κ ) -compact spaces, of which the following is a corollary of the special case κ = α = ω . Theorem If Y ⊆ X I and π J [ Y ] = X J for all ∅ ≠ J ∈ [ I ] ω + , and if each X J , for ∅ ≠ J ∈ [ I ] ω , is Lindelof, then Y is M-embedded in X I . Remark Several results in Chapter 10 of the book [W.W. Comfort, S. Negrepontis, Chain Conditions in Topology, Cambridge Tracts in Math., vol. 79, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982] depend on Lemma 10.1, of which the given proof was incomplete. A principal contribution here is to furnish a correct proof, allowing the present authors to verify and unify all the results from Chapter 10 whose status had become questionable, and to extend several of these.
Urinary Tract Infections in Men: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Purpose To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infections in men, especially insofar as they differ from those in women. Data identification Studies published between 1954 and 1988 were identified using MEDLINE (1981-1988) and Index Medicus (1981-1988), and through extensive manual searching of textbooks, symposia, monographs, and bibliographies of identified articles. Study selection More than 200 studies were reviewed; those studies most pertinent to the topics reviewed were cited. Unpublished data from the author's studies were also cited. Data extraction Study quality and descriptive information about prevalence, evaluations, interventions, and outcomes were assessed. Quantitative synthesis was not done. Results of data analysis Most men with urinary tract infection have a functional or anatomic abnormality of the genitourinary tract. Prostatic hypertrophy and genitourinary instrumentation are the major predispositions to infection in men. Signs and symptoms of bacteriuria in men are similar to those in women. Diagnosis rests on a properly collected specimen yielding 10(3) or more colony-forming units/mL of a single or predominant species. Eschericia coli is the most frequent uropathogen, but other gram-negative and gram-positive species cause up to one half of cases. Treatment of men with single-dose therapy is inadequate; men with recurrent infections require at least 6 weeks of appropriate treatment. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in elderly men, but does not usually necessitate treatment. Although genitourinary abnormalities are frequent in bacteriuric male patients, a diagnostic evaluation is probably indicated only in young boys and in men with recurrent or complicated infections. Conclusions Several important aspects of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infections differ in male populations from those in the much better studied female populations. Knowledge of recently available data will help clinicians develop a rational approach to caring for bacteriuric men.
The American Catholic revolution: how the ’60s changed the Church forever

by Mark S. Massa, SJ, New York, Oxford University Press, 2010, xvi + 191 pp., US$27.95, ISBN 978-0-19-973412-2 Going through my mind as I read through Mark S. Massa’s fine book, The American Cathol...
Biomass allocation in old‐field annual species grown in elevated CO2 environments: no evidence for optimal partitioning

Summary Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide supply is predicted to alter plant growth and biomass allocation patterns. It is not clear whether changes in biomass allocation reflect optimal partitioning or whether they are a direct effect of increased growth rates. Plasticity in growth and biomass allocation patterns was investigated at two concentrations of CO2 ([CO2]) and at limiting and nonlimiting nutrient levels for four fast- growing old-field annual species. Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, and Polygonum pensylvanicum were grown from seed in controlled growth chamber conditions at current (350 μmol mol−1, ambient) and future- predicted (700 μmol mol−1, elevated) CO2 levels. Frequent harvests were used to determine growth and biomass allocation responses of these plants throughout vegetative development. Under nonlimiting nutrient conditions, whole plant growth was increased greatly under elevated [CO2] for three C3 species and moderately increased for a C4 species (Amaranthus). No significant increases in whole plant growth were observed under limiting nutrient conditions. Plants grown in elevated [CO2] had lower or unchanged root:shoot ratios, contrary to what would be expected by optimal partitioning theory. These differences disappeared when allometric plots of the same data were analysed, indicating that CO2-induced differences in root:shoot allocation were a consequence of accelerated growth and development rates. Allocation to leaf area was unaffected by atmospheric [CO2] for these species. The general lack of biomass allocation responses to [CO2] availability is in stark contrast with known responses of these species to light and nutrient gradients. We conclude that biomass allocation responses to elevated atmospheric [CO2] are not consistent with optimal partitioning predictions.
Anti-cheating 201: Preparing multiple versions of accounting exam problems through dynamic linking of word processing and spreadsheet programs

Abstract Preparation of multiple versions of examination problems is a necessary responsibility of educators. The dynamic linking feature present in many word processing and spreadsheet programs provides a powerful, accurate, yet surprisingly simple method for accomplishing this task. The numbers given within the text of an examination problem can be changed painlessly, providing alternate versions of examination problems, along with their respective solutions. Detailed instructions are provided for preparing multiple versions of a simple example problem using Lotus 1-2-3 for DOS or Windows and WordPerfect for DOS or Windows, or Microsoft Excel and Word for Windows.
Between Nihilism and Anti-Essentialism: A Conceptualist Interpretation of Nāgārjuna

This essay defends a “conceptualist” interpretation of Nāgārjuna that stands in between two other prominent accounts, the nihilist view and what is called here the anti-essentialist view. The nihilist reading, recently defended by Thomas Wood, holds that for Nāgārjuna nothing exists either at the ultimate or at the conventional level. In the anti-essentialist account, supported by Jay Garfield and David Kalupahana, though Nāgārjuna rejects the ultimate existence of things as svabhāva (independent), he affirms their conventional existence as interdependent. It is argued here that the nihilist view raises two challenges to which anti-essentialists have given no adequate response. The first alleges that the notion that all things are interdependent is incoherent. The second consists of passages from Nāgārjuna’s writings that seem to claim that whatever exists is svabhāva or depends on what is svabhāva . The conceptualist interpretation, it is suggested here, allows us to respond to these challenges while avoiding the implausible nihilist account. In this view, the passages in question assert a claim not about what exists but about the concept of existence, namely that it is a core part of this concept that what exists is either svabhāva or depends on what is svabhāva . Thus, contra the anti-essentialist, Nāgārjuna’s view is that there is no coherent concept of universal interdependent existence. But contra the nihilist, things can still be said to exist conventionally, since conventional discourse is precisely discourse in which subjects do not endorse the svabhāva component of the concept of existence. The upshot—again contra the anti-essentialist—is that both conventional truth and emptiness are strictly inconceivable.
Boundary-condition effects in anharmonic lattice dynamics: Existence criteria for intrinsic localized modes from extended-mode properties

Recent theoretical studies of periodic one-dimensional anharmonic lattices with standard periodic boundary conditions established fundamental connections between the existence of intrinsic localized modes (ILM's) and the stability of the extended lattice modes into which they evolve with decreasing amplitude. While the odd-order anharmonicity drops out of the equations of motion for the extended modes within these boundary conditions, it nevertheless produces an amplitude-dependent period-averaged ``dynamical stress'' across the supercell boundaries. Here, we allow the supercell length to adjust so as to eliminate this stress and find that the frequency vs amplitude curves for the anharmonic extended modes are markedly changed for a variety of realistic nearest-neighbor interactions, whereas highly localized ILM's are little affected. Nevertheless, in all cases ILM existence remains intimately connected to an instability of the associated extended mode. Furthermore, the use of zero-stress periodic boundary conditions now allows one to predict the spatial extent of an ILM from extended-mode stability properties in lattices with odd-order anharmonicity. Most importantly, for the zero-stress periodic boundary conditions we obtain an additional ILM existence criterion, based on simple dynamical properties of the unperturbed related extended mode. Since well-localized ILMs are independent of the specific choice of boundary conditions, our results yield promising tools for ILM predictions in real systems.
Theoretical Calculations on the Torsion Potential of Peroxynitrite Anion in Aqueous Solution

Solvent effects have been calculated on the torsion potential of the peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) in aqueous solution, using the continuum solvent SCI−PCM method at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level, and by a combined (ab initio or DFT)/Monte Carlo simulation method at the MP2 and B3LYP levels using the 6-311+G* basis set. On the basis of the SCI−PCM calculations, the relative internal energy hardly changes for the cis and trans conformers upon solvation, but the difference in the solute−solvent interaction energy raises the free energy of the trans conformer relative to the cis to 4.3 kcal/mol, as compared to the gas-phase value of 3.1 kcal/mol at T = 298.15 K. Geometry distortion upon solvation is small, and subsequent changes in the relative thermal corrections for the different conformers are also small in general. B3LYP/Monte Carlo calculations at T = 310 K result in a decrease of the relative trans free energy to 1.8−2.5 kcal/mol when changes in the geometry upon solvation were considered, and the atomic char...
Excitation of surface plasmon polaritons by the scattering of a volume electromagnetic beam from a circularly symmetric defect on a planar metal surface

In a recent theoretical study of the scattering of a surface plasmon polariton by a circularly symmetric protuberance or indentation on an otherwise planar metal surface in contact with vacuum, it was found that the angular dependence of the intensity of the volume electromagnetic waves scattered into the vacuum region possesses a maximum in the plane of incidence at a polar scattering angle of approximately 28 degree(s). This suggests that if a p-polarized volume electromagnetic field in the form of a beam of finite width is incident on the same surface defect, the efficiency of exciting a surface plasmon polariton will be greatest for a polar angle of incidence close to 28 degree(s). To test this hypothesis, in this paper we study this problem theoretically. The reduced Rayleigh equations for the amplitudes of the p- and s-polarized components of the scattered field are reduced to a set of one-dimensional integral equations by exploiting the circular symmetry of the surface defect, which is assumed to have a Gaussian form. The efficiency of exciting surface plasmon polaritons in this fashion is calculated as a function of the polar angle of incidence, and is found to be maximal when this angle is close to 28 degree(s).
Electron Beam Systems At IBM Status Report

For over ten years IBM has been pursuing Manufacturing Electron Beam Systems in Manufacturing for direct wafer lithography exposure. These efforts have resulted in three generations of systems for wafer exposure, each with a greater capability. These systems have been configured to minimize system ailments and to maximize throughput. Their principal application has been to reduce turn around time. They have provided satisfactory service in Manufacturing and in Development applications. Having proved themselves to be beneficial and reliable Manufacturing tools, electron beams are being implemented for additional applications. Mask exposure, mask inspection and module inspection are some of the newer applications for E-Beam systems, in IBM at East Fishkill.
Infertility and Early Pregnancy Loss

Abstract OBJECTIVES: We describe the epidemiologic characteristics of conception, including subclinical early pregnancy loss, in a population of healthy women volunteers who had heterogeneous fertility experiences, and we describe the conception experience of women within this group who had evidnece of impaired fertility. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective observational study of a cohort of women employed in two semiconductor manufacturing facilities. A total of 148 volunteers completed interview and daily diaries and collected daily urine specimens for an average of 7 months. Conception, including subclinical losses and clinical pregnancies, was determined with a highly sensitive and specific assay for urinary human chorionic gonadotropin, and ovulation was determined with assays of urinary ovarian steroid hormones. RESULTS: There were 679 mensutral cycles at risk for pregnancy contributed by 124 (84%) of the 148 women. Women with evidence of subfertility before or during the study period had a rate of early pregnancy loss of 70% compared with 21% in women without fertility problems (relative risk 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 3.8). The risk of pregnancy loss associated with subfertility increased with age and remained the same in women treated with clomiphene citrate. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that subfertile women have increased subclinical pregnancy losses regardless of fertility treatment and that the association between reduced fertility and advancing age may be related, in part, to early subclinical pregnancy loss.
Accommodation Capacity Analysis of the Large Scale PV Power Generation Access to Regional Power Grid

In this paper, the factors are analyzed,which affect the accommodation capacity of large scale PV power generation access to the grid . The analysis method mainly consider the peak load adjustment ability of the whole power system. Then a real case based on provincial grid is calculated and analyzed. The results show that: As an important technical style ,the generation and acommodation of the large scale photovoltaic power generation are influenced by the light resource, load level, adjustment ability, transmission channel. The planning of large-scale photovoltaic power plants must keep pace with the conventional power and grid planning.
Generation of Anomalous Internal Pressures in Source Rocks and Its Role in Driving Petroleum Migration

High pressures generated within shales probably have an important role in driving the expulsion of oil and gas. The rising temperature that accompanies increasing depth of burial and drives the generation process causes thermal expansion of the water and in an isolated pore aquathermal pressuringcan lead to high overpressures. In addition, the generation process itself seems to proceed with a volume increase that can cause very high overpressures. These mechanisms have been discussed previously only for liquid-filled systems. The presence of gas leads to very different behaviour and pores in source rocks become subnormally pressured on burial unless there is sufficient generation from the organic matter to offset this. In the absence of continuing generation (e. g. for biogenic methane) gas steadily dissolves and pressures fall considerably below hydrostatic. Conversely, on uplift gas-bearing systems tend to overpressure and the pressure can rise to the rock load for the depth when fracturing must occur. Thermal cracking of the bitumens that remain in a source rock as it is buried goes with a volume increase, and in an isolated pore system pressures rise to high values. Only about one percent of oil-like butimen needs to be cracked to gas for the pressure to reach the rock load with fracturing as an inevitable consequence.
Three-dimensional analysis of Deep Space Network antenna coverage

There is a need to understand NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) coverage gaps and any limitations to provide redundant communication coverage for future deep space missions, especially for manned missions to Moon and Mars. The DSN antennas are required to provide continuous communication coverage for deep space flights, interplanetary missions, and deep space scientific observations. The DSN consists of ground antennas located at three sites: Goldstone in USA, Canberra in Australia, and Madrid in Spain. These locations are not separated by the exactly 120 degrees and some DSN antennas are located in the bowl-shaped mountainous terrain to shield against radiofrequency interference resulting in a coverage gap in the southern hemisphere for the current DSN architecture. To analyze the extent of this gap and other coverage limitations, simulations of the DSN architecture were performed. In addition to the physical properties of the DSN assets, the simulation incorporated communication forward link calculations and azimuth/elevation masks that constrain the effects of terrain for each DSN antenna. Analysis of the simulation data was performed to create coverage profiles with the receiver settings at a deep space altitudes ranging from 2 million to 10 million km and a spherical grid resolution of 0.25 degrees with respect to longitude and latitude. With the results of these simulations, two- and three-dimensional representations of the area without communication coverage and area with coverage were developed, showing the size and shape of the communication coverage gap projected in space. Also, the significance of this communication coverage gap is analyzed from the simulation data.
Geospatial Technologies as a Vehicle for Enhancing Graduate Education and Promoting the Value of Geography

Geospatial technologies (GSTs), such as geographic information systems, global positioning systems and remote sensing, present an avenue for expanding the already strong interdisciplinary nature of geography. This paper discusses how GSTs served as a common thread for a crosscutting faculty institute that was established to enhance graduate student teaching and learning at a comprehensive university. Results of this institute demonstrate that this effort advanced graduate education and promoted the value of geographic scholarship across the university.
Altitude resolved sprite spectra with 3 ms temporal resolution

[1] Altitude resolved sprite spectra have been obtained with an imaging slit spectrograph with 3 ms temporal and ∼3 nm spectral resolution. Spectral coverage is from 640 to 820 nm. The slit was vertical to provide altitude resolution. The observed spectra are exclusively composed of emissions from the N2 first positive (1PG) bands. There are no obvious N2+ Meinel emissions, probably due to a combination of quenching and rapid motion of the streamer heads in which ionization is assumed to take place. The spectral analysis shows that the vibrational population in the upper state of the 1PG bands, N2 B 3Πg state, varies with altitude and is similar to that of laboratory afterglow at high pressure. This result suggests that secondary interactions among excited states created by electron impact may also play a role in exciting the B 3Πg state.
On the Sequential Construction of D-Optimal Designs

Abstract A very general procedure for the sequential construction of D-optimal designs is given, which includes Wynn's procedure as a special case. An example is presented to compare various alternative procedures. Properties of the weights αn in these procedures are discussed, and the convergence rate of Fedorov's procedure is obtained.
EFFICACY OF CHLORHEXIDINE AS A POSTMILKING TEAT DISINFECTANT FOR THE PREVENTION OF BOVINE MASTITIS DURING LACTATION

A natural exposure trial was conducted for 12 mo in a herd of 150 lactating Jersey cows to determine efficacy of a .35% chlorhexidine teat dip containing a glycerine emollient for the prevention of bovine intramammary infections. Right teats of cows were dipped in the experimental teat dip after milking machine removal and left teats were not dipped. The herd was free of Streptococcus agalactiae and had a low prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus. Most new major pathogen intramammary infections resulted from Streptococcus species, primarily Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. New infections by Streptococcus species were significantly lower in teats dipped in chlorhexidine than in undipped teats. Overall efficacy of the chlorhexidine teat dip against major mastitis pathogens was 50%. The experimental teat dip also reduced coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species infections 49.0% and Corynebacterium bovis infections 65.2%. Overall efficacy against minor mastitis pathogens was 54.0%. No irritation or chapping of teats dipped in the experimental teat dip was observed.
Predators and Parasites: Persistent Agents of Transnational Harm and Great Power Authority

Predators and Parasites: Persistent Agents of Transnational Harm and Great Power Authority. By Oded Lowenheim. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2007. 280p. $70.00 cloth, $24.95 paper. At a time when tangible success in the global war on terror seems increasingly elusive, and critics question not only its direct costs (both economic and in human lives) but also the indirect costs of resources diverted from other important concerns, Oded Lowenheim provides a timely explanation of the single-minded U.S. focus on Al Qaeda at the expense of other (and some would argue) equally if not more destructive actors in international society. The author argues that Al Qaeda, and terrorist groups in general, can be viewed as one among many subnational actors he designates as PATHs, “persistent agents of transnational harm,” and as such, they are usefully understood in terms of their impact (perceived or otherwise) on Great Power authority.
Uniqueness and stability theorem for the generalized solution of the initial-value problem for a class of quasi-linear equations in several space variables

in the region t>0. Here x =(Xl, x2 . . . . , xn), u =u(t, x), the f j , j = 1, 2, . . . , n, are continuously differentiable functions of a single real variable, and u0 (x) is in the class F; i.e., Uo(X) is a bounded function having locally bounded variation in the sense of TOt~LLI-CESARI. Moreover for each fixed t, u(t, x) is in the same class F. A function f is said to have bounded variation in the sense of TONeLLI-CEsld~I over a compact set (2 if there exists a set Z of measure zero in Q such that the functions
Numerical realization of coaxial electric arcs

Basing on computational results a possibility is proposed for realizing an arc discharge at coaxial cathodes. Such a discharge can be used at a relatively high current, which will enable an increase in its thermal effect on the article to be processed.
Comb Polymer Architecture Effects on the Rheological Property Evolution of Concentrated Cement Suspensions

We have studied the rheological behavior of concentrated cement suspensions in the absence and presence of comb polymers comprised of a polyacrylic acid (PAA) backbone and charge-neutral, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) teeth. These species possessed a uniform backbone molecular weight and graft density, with varying teeth molecular weight. Both PAA, a linear polyelectrolyte, and PAA/PEO comb polymers imparted initial stability to concentrated cement suspensions above a critical weight fraction, w* of 4 mg/(g of cement). Cement– PAA suspensions, however, set prematurely. Their rapid, irreversible stiffening stemmed from deleterious interactions between PAA and multivalent counterions in solution. Interestingly, the presence of PEO teeth comprised of only a few monomer units in length mitigated such interactions. The rheological property evolution of concentrated cement–PAA/ PEO suspensions exhibited complex behavior ranging from the reversible gel-like response observed at short teeth lengths to a remarkable gel-to-fluid transition observed during the deceleratory period for systems comprised of longer PEO teeth. At longer hydration times, all cement–PAA/PEO suspensions
Forgetting the Unforgettable Through Conversation Socially Shared Retrieval-Induced Forgetting of September 11 Memories

A speaker's selective recounting of memories shared with a listener will induce both the speaker and the listener to forget unmentioned, related material more than unmentioned, unrelated material. We extended this finding of within-individual and socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting to well-rehearsed, emotionally intense memories that are similar for the speaker and listener, but differ in specifics. A questionnaire probed participants' memory of the September 11 terrorist attacks. Questions and responses were grouped into category-exemplar structures. Then, participants selectively rehearsed their answers (using a structured interview in Experiment 1 and a joint recounting between pairs in Experiment 2). In subsequent recognition tests, response times yielded evidence of within-individual retrieval-induced forgetting and socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting. This result indicates that conversations can alter memories of speakers and listeners in similar ways, even when the memories differ...
Racial Stereotypes and Gender in Context: African Americans at Predominantly Black and Predominantly White Colleges

In this study, relationships among stereotype expectations, gender, and academic self-concept and performance of African American students in predominantly White and predominantly Black college contexts were examined. Stereotype expectations are students' perceptions of biased treatment and evaluation within their major classroom settings (SE). Findings indicated that students' majors were related to stereotype expectations, as well as to their academic competence. Our results also provide evidence of gender and institutional interactions in the relationships between stereotype expectations and academic outcomes. Results are discussed in terms of the need to examine issues of race and gender in the academic experiences of African Americans, as well as how their specific school and classroom contexts may influence their experiences.
Giant Fibre Activation of Direct Flight Muscles in Drosophila

1. Electrical stimuli delivered to the brain were used to activate the giant fibre of Drosophila. 2. The giant fibre drove a prominent wing opening movement. 3. Intracellular microelectrode recordings from direct wing opener muscle fibres showed that giant fibre activation of an anterior pleural muscle, pa3, was responsible for the wing opening movement. 4. The giant fibre drove a slight wing elevation movement. 5. Intracellular recordings from direct wing elevator muscle fibres showed that these muscles were not activated by the giant fibre. 6. It is suggested that giant fibre-driven wing elevation movements were mediated by the tergotrochanter muscle (TTM).
Floating Bodies Subject to Capillary Attractions

Admissible shapes of bodies are characterized, according to the range of configurations in which the body can be made to float in a bath with horizontal surface, in the presence of capillary attractions.
Quantitative Determination of Serum Triglycerides by the Use of Enzymes

We describe a novel method for determining serum triglycerides, in which an enzymatic hydrolysis replaces the more commonly used saponification procedure. Under the conditions of the assay, the enzymatic hydrolysis can be completed in less than 10 min by the combined action of a microbial lipase and a protease. We have been able to demonstrate complete hydrolysis of triglycerides by thin-layer chromatography of the reaction products, by recovery of glycerol from sera of known triglycerides content, and by comparison of triglyceride assays on a number of sera assayed by our method vs. the AutoAnalyzer procedure. The hydrolysis is directly coupled to the enzymatic determination of glycerol, and is followed through absorbance changes at 340 nm. The assay is simple, rapid, and requires only 50 µl or less of sample. Because the enzymes used do not release glycerol from other compounds in serum, the hydrolysis can be considered specific for triglycerides.
Data vs. knowledge mining: a crossing of theories

Agent associates are knowledge-based systems that provide advice and guidance in (self-referentially) developing the knowledge base of an expert system. Practically speaking, agent associates extract critical knowledge from the user towards rule capture. The task of the knowledge engineer is thus reduced to that of random programming. In summary, this paper views knowledge mining as an extension of data mining. Whereas a loss of information is inherent to all stochastic data mining operations, a gain of random knowledge is inherent to all knowledge mining operations. Results have implication to directed data and knowledge mining. Results also shed new light on domain-specific approaches to cracking the knowledge acquisition bottleneck in knowledge-based systems.
Three-dimensional stability of an elliptical vortex in a straining field

The three-dimensional linear stability of a rectilinear vortex of elliptical cross-section existing as a steady state in an irrotational straining field is studied numerically in the case of finite strain. It is shown that the instability predicted analytically for weak strain persists for finite strain and that the weak-strain results continue to be quantitatively valid for finite strain. The dependence of the growth rates of the unstable modes on the strain and the axial-disturbance wavelength is discussed. It is also shown that a three-dimensional instability is always more unstable than a two-dimensional instability in the range of parameters of most interest.
Effect of anaesthetic technique and other perioperative factors on cancer recurrence

Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment for potentially curable solid tumours. Metastatic disease is the most important cause of cancer-related death in these patients. The likelihood of tumour metastases depends on the balance between the metastatic potential of the tumour and the anti-metastatic host defences, of which cell-mediated immunity, and natural killer cell function in particular, is a critical component. It is increasingly recognized that anaesthetic technique and other perioperative factors have the potential to effect long-term outcome after cancer surgery. Surgery can inhibit important host defences and promote the development of metastases. Anaesthetic technique and drug choice can interact with the cellular immune system and effect long-term outcome. The potential effect of i.v. anaesthetics, volatile agents, local anaesthetic drugs, opiates, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are reviewed here. There is particular interest at present in the effect of regional anaesthesia, which appears to be beneficial. Retrospective analyses have shown an outcome benefit for paravertebral analgesia for breast cancer surgery and epidural analgesia for prostatectomy. Blood transfusion, pain, stress, and hypothermia are other potentially important perioperative factors to consider.
The Effects of Tooth Movement Upon Endodontically Treated Teeth

Abstract No Abstract Available. This study was supported in part by GRS Grant No. 5-SO1-RR05314-10, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
Numerically generated basis functions for elliptic boundary-value problems

Abstract A variation on the standard finite difference method for elliptic boundary-value problems is presented. The proposed technique is designed to be most effective on problem which are termed nearly singular. A theoretical justification for the method notes that it reduces the constant—not increases the exponent—on the leading term of the formal truncation error. The usefulness of the method depends on the efficient generation of a basis function which models the nearly singular behavior of the solution. A scheme which accomplishes this for ordinary differential equations is discussed and then extended to partial differential equations. Results from numerical experiments which vary the grid size and problem difficulty are presented.
GEOTROPIC ORIENTATION OF YOUNG MICE.

The geotropic orientation of young mice, on a plane at angles between 20° and 50° to the horizontal, obeys the equations previously found for young rats by Crozier and Pincus (1926–27). When the individuals tested in such experiments are not of the utmost uniformity, the variability of the measured orientations is increased.
Satellite observations of atmospheric variances: A possible indication of gravity waves

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite has now produced the first global maps of small-scale variances in the middle atmosphere. Initial analyses are presented here that suggest these variances are due to gravity waves, and the technique used to extract gravity wave information from saturated radiance measurements is described. Observations at 30–80km altitudes show that the variances of horizontal scales less than ∼100km are strongly correlated with upper tropospheric convection, surface topography and stratospheric jetstreams. MLS monthly averages during solstice periods suggest that the normalized variance amplitude grows exponentially with height in the stratosphere, and saturates in the mesosphere as expected from wave breaking and dissipation at these altitudes.
High performance BiCMOS process integration: trends, issues, and future directions

This work will review trends for high performance BiCMOS technology. A section comparing CMOS and Bipolar for RF attempts to forecast the future need for BiCMOS. This is followed by the status on Bipolar scaling trends and directions. A detailed section on BiCMOS process integration from starting substrate to final metal comprises the bulk of the paper. Key figures-of-merit for several BiCMOS processes in a variety of different application areas are summarized.
Skeptical Realism: From Either/or to Both-And

In this paper a rapprochement is attempted between epistemological skepticism and ontological realism, two positions hitherto understood to be incompatible by most sociospatial theorists. It is done by recontextualizing key aspects of these two positions within an analysis of individual human finitude. Avoiding both individualism' and ‘decisionism’, and taking full account of poststructuralist insights concerning fragmented or multiple subjectivity, the analysis calls attention to the constraints imposed upon discourses concerning what is real and how we can know the real by the inherent limitations of the human individuals through which such discourses are unavoidably mediated. After arguing for the continuing relevance of ‘the epistemological subject’, I present an abstract heuristic model of this subject in order to clarify the concepts of ‘finitude of scope’ and finitude of faculties', which are defined with reference to the work of David Harvey, Marcus Doel, Noel Castree, and Donna Haraway. These two...
Salsalate kinetics in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis

A 1500 mg dose of salsalate (SSA) was given to five patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis on an interdialytic day and again before dialysis. Compared with control subjects, patients undergoing dialysis had a lower peak plasma SSA level (17 +/- 3 vs. 45 +/- 2 micrograms/ml; P less than 0.01) that occurred slightly later. In contrast, plasma salicylic acid (SA), the active SSA metabolite, had a similar but later peak level that remained substantially higher. Therefore, the AUC for SA was increased by 50% and the SA t1/2 was prolonged in the patients receiving dialysis (8.1 +/- 0.7 vs 3.8 +/- 0.2 hours; P less than 0.01). During a single treatment, dialysis clearance reduced plasma SA levels, removed 18% of total body SA, and returned the SA t1/2 to nearly normal. Because the elimination of SA is impaired in patients undergoing dialysis, the interdialytic SSA dosage should be reduced. Hemodialysis improves SA kinetics and may be followed by a normal SSA replacement dose. However, periodic monitoring of plasma SA levels is recommended when SSA dosing is begun in patients receiving dialysis.
Internuclear Genetic Transfer in Vegetative Dikaryons of SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE: I. Di-Mon Mating Analysis

A series of hemi-compatible dikaryon x monokaryon (di-mon) matings was designed to determine whether there was any genetic interaction between the dikaryotic nuclei. One of the nuclei in each dikaryon was known to carry a recessive gene (mnd) that promoted the development of an abnormal growth form, mound. Dikaryons containing both mnd( +) and mnd nuclei produced mosaic colonies that consisted of three distinct kinds of hyphae: mound, fruiting body, and vegetative (devoid of any multihyphal structure). When dikaryotic hyphae from each of these morphological regions were used in di-mon matings, the genetic and developmental characteristics of the selected nuclear types were examined in the resulting derived dikaryons. The results showed that fruiting-body and vegetative cells contained the expected mnd and mnd(+) nuclei. Dikaryotic mound hyphae, however, contained only mnd nuclei. In a manner as yet unresolved, but clearly dependent on the presence of the mnd allele, the mnd( +) allele of a wild nucleus was altered to, or acquired, the mnd allele. A number of hypotheses were considered to explain the genetic event(s) that generates [mnd + mnd*] dikaryotic cells from [mnd(+) + mnd] cells, but none was found to be entirely satisfactory.