cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Periodic compensation of polarization mode dispersion

Polarization mode dispersion is the effect of signal broadening in a fiber with birefringent disorder. The disorder, frozen into the fiber, is characterized by the so-called vector of birefringence (VB). In a linear medium a pulse broadens as the two principal states of polarization split. It is well-known that, under the action of short-correlated disorder, naturally present in fibers, the dispersion vector (DV), characterizing the split, performs a Brownian random walk. We discuss a strategy of passive (i.e., pulse-independent) control of the DV broadening. The suggestion is to pin (compensate) periodically or quasi-periodically the integral of VB to zero. As a result of the influence of pinning, the probability distribution function of the DV becomes statistically steady in the linear case. Moreover, pinning improves confinement of the pulse in the weakly nonlinear case. The theoretical findings are confirmed by numerical analysis.
Reduction in Lung Liquid Production Caused by Nitric Oxide is Blocked by Methylene Blue. |[dagger]| 1484

We have previously shown that nitric oxide (NO), an important mediator of pulmonary vasodilation at birth, reduces lung liquid production (Pediatr Res 1994; 329A) and that this effect is mimicked by instilling cGMP directly into the fetal lung liquid (Pediatr Res 1997). To further define the role of cGMP in nitric oxide induced reduction in lung liquid, we studied the effects of methylene blue, which inhibits the activation of guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide, on lung liquid production and pulmonary hemodynamics in six chronically instrumented fetal sheep at an average gestational age of 130 ± 4 d. Net lung luminal liquid production (Jv) was measured by plotting the change in lung luminal liquid concentration of radiolabelled albumin, an impermeant tracer that was mixed into the lung liquid at the start of each study. Jv was measured during a 1-2 h baseline, then for 2-3 h following instillation of methylene blue (3 mg), then for 2-3 h following instillation of methylene blue and a 10% saturated nitric oxide solution (5 ml). Results were: (Qp = left pulmonary blood flow; PA=pulmonary artery; CA=carotid artery; LA = left atrium; HR = heart rate):Table Control (saline) instillations (n=8) caused no significant change in any variable. Previous studies using the same dose of nitric oxide resulted in a 75% reduction in Jv. Thus, methylene blue totally blocked the effect of nitric oxide on Jv, supporting the notion that nitric oxide reduces Jv by stimulating guanylate cyclase.
Kinetics of methanol and methane synthesis over Pd/SiO2 and Pd/La2O3

Abstract A study of the kinetics of methanol and methane synthesis over Pd/SiO2 and Pd/La2O3 has been carried out. The activation energy and the orders with respect to H2 and CO partial pressures are found to be essentially the same for methanol synthesis over both catalysts. This suggests that the methanol reaction mechanism is unaffected by support composition. The higher specific activity of Pd/La2O3 relative to Pd/SiO2 for methanol synthesis is believed to be due to small differences in the relative strengths of H2 and CO adsorption. The rate expressions for methane synthesis over Pd/ La2O3 and Pd/SiO2 differ significantly. This strongly suggests that the methanol reaction mechanism for the two catalysts is different, or alternatively that the mechanism is the same but the rate-limiting Step is different.
A simplified method for measuring helium closing volume.

A simple method for delivering a constant volume of helium for the measurement of airway closing volume is described. Using a standard fiveway valve and PVC plastic irrigation pipe, a device was constructed which permits the delivery of a uniform volume of helium and avoids the troublesome valve change during inspiration. Results obtained when using this device were comparable to those with the use of a conventional bag to contain the helium.
Divergence of eigenfunction expansions

We shall use a result of Rellich on the convergence of spectral projections to analyze mean and almost everywhere convergence of eigenfunction expansions. The basic result is a transplantation theorem, which reduces these questions on manifolds to questions on the boundedness of Fourier multiplier operators on the cotangent space. Results such as these were long known in the context of Fourier series, where they were introduced by Stein and Weiss (121. Various authors gave generalizations, but the most far-reaching was obtained by Mitjagin [8], who applied his results to elliptic problems. In this paper we shall give several extensions of Mitjagin’s results. In the main part of the paper we shall employ these extensions and the results of Kenig and Tomas [S, 61 to analyze certain nonelliptic problems. This paper is divided into four sections. In the first, we shall give Mitjagin’s original proof that one may transplant problems on the convergence of eigenfunction expansions in Lp mean to Fourier multiplier problems on I?“. We shall also extend this to convergence of other summability methods, and also to joint eigenexpansions of commuting selfadjoint operators.
The energy-linked carotenoid band-shift in Chromatium vinosum

Abstract Chromatium vinosum chromatophores contain an energy-linked pyrophosphatase that is insensitive to oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Pyrophosphate hydrolysis produces a carotenoid band-shift similar to that resulting from illumination. The carotenoid band-shift can also be produced by a K + diffusion potential (interior positive) and the magnitude of the band shift is proportional to the membrane potential over at least a 100-fold variation in K + concentration. The light-induced carotenoid band-shift in whole cells is identical to that seen in chromatophores but K + diffusion potentials (interior positive) produce a mirror image of the light-induced band-shift. These results are interpreted in terms of chromatophores being inside-out vesicles.
FDG-PET as a predictive biomarker for therapy with everolimus in metastatic renal cell cancer

The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor, everolimus, affects tumor growth by targeting cellular metabolic proliferation pathways and delays renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression. Preclinical evidence suggests that baseline elevated tumor glucose metabolism as quantified by FDG-PET ([18F] fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography) may predict antitumor activity. Metastatic RCC (mRCC) patients refractory to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibition were treated with standard dose everolimus. FDG-PET scans were obtained at baseline and 2 weeks; serial computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained at baseline and every 8 weeks. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the most FDG avid lesion, average SUVmax of all measured lesions and their corresponding 2-week relative changes were examined for association with 8-week change in tumor size. A total of 63 patients were enrolled; 50 were evaluable for the primary endpoint of which 48 had both PET scans. Patient characteristics included the following: 36 (72%) clear cell histology and median age 59 (range: 37–80). Median pre- and 2-week treatment average SUVmax were 6.6 (1–17.9) and 4.2 (1–13.9), respectively. Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST)-based measurements demonstrated an average change in tumor burden of 0.2% (−32.7% to 35.9%) at 8 weeks. Relative change in average SUVmax was the best predictor of change in tumor burden (all evaluable P = 0.01; clear cell subtype P = 0.02), with modest correlation. Baseline average SUVmax was correlated with overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.023; 0.020), but not with change in tumor burden. Everolimus therapy decreased SUVs on follow-up PET scans in mRCC patients, but changes were only modestly correlated with changes in tumor size. Thus, clinical use of FDG-PET-based biomarkers is challenged by high variability. In this phase II trial, FDG-PET was explored as a predictive biomarker for response to everolimus (mTOR inhibition) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Everolimus therapy decreased SUVs on follow-up FDG-PET scans in these patients. SUV changes were modestly correlated with changes in tumor size and baseline average SUVmax values were correlated with overall survival.
Subjective social status: reliability and predictive utility for global health

This article examines the test–retest reliability and predictive utility of a new self-report measure of subjective socioeconomic status (SES) with a large, multiethnic national sample. The measure showed adequate test–retest reliability, and was associated with self-reported health even after controlling for traditional measures of SES. Negative affect did not appear to confound the association between subjective status and health, but may operate as a mediating factor which explains the link between subjective status and health. Future studies on social class disparities in health should consider how subjective perceptions of SES influence health, and explore psychological processes mediating subjective beliefs about status and health outcomes.
The limits of networks as models for organizing the social

Social network services exhibit dual processes that enable both the creation of new public spaces and the controlling and monitoring of these spaces through mechanisms facilitated by the architecture of the network itself. This article explores how network science informs the design of for-profit networking services by providing templates for organizing the social. As the case of social networking websites illustrates, networks have gone from scientific frameworks or even mere descriptive metaphors to actualized models that normalize a particular kind of privatized sociality. In an attempt to theorize forms of resistance to these templates of social organization, I suggest two concepts crucial to the articulation of a critical theory of networks: nodocentrism and paranodality. The goal of such a critique is not a complete rejection of networks as models for organizing sociality but rather a shift in our ways of knowing the world through the epistemological exclusivity of the node.
SNMP/MBD hybrid network management

In the context of bridging advanced research, new technologies, and emerging applications, an implementation is described, where management by delegation (MBD) and SNMP are integrated in a composite architecture. Also reviewed is the range of distributed management paradigms and centralized management paradigms. Agent technology advances are reviewed, in the context of the drive for self-manageability. A roadmap for a win-win community collaboration strategy is drafted, emphasizing rapid availability of advanced technology to the marketplace. Specific challenges and examples are provided, in the areas of high speed ATM networking, advanced telemedicine, and wireless/mobile satellite broadcast applications.
A Hexacyclic ent-Trachylobane Diterpenoid Possessing an Oxetane Ring from Mitrephora glabra

[chemical reaction: see text]. Three new ent-trachylobane diterpenoids (1-3) were isolated and structures elucidated from Mitrephora glabra Scheff. (Annonaceae). Mitrephorone A (1) possesses a hexacyclic ring system with adjacent ketone moieties and an oxetane ring, both of which are unprecedented among trachylobanes. All compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a panel of cancer cells, where 1 displayed the most potent and broadest activity, and against a battery of antimicrobial assays, where all compounds were approximately equipotent.
Controlled experimental study depicting moving objects in view-shared time-resolved 3D MRA.

Various methods have been used for time-resolved contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA), many involving view sharing. However, the extent to which the resultant image time series represents the actual dynamic behavior of the contrast bolus is not always clear. Although numerical simulations can be used to estimate performance, an experimental study can allow more realistic characterization. The purpose of this work was to use a computer-controlled motion phantom for study of the temporal fidelity of 3D time-resolved sequences in depicting a contrast bolus. It is hypothesized that the view order of the acquisition and the selection of views in the reconstruction can affect the positional accuracy and sharpness of the leading edge of the bolus and artifactual signal preceding the edge. Phantom studies were performed using dilute gadolinium-filled vials that were moved along tabletop tracks by a computer-controlled motor. Several view orders were tested, which use view-sharing and Cartesian sampling. Compactness of measuring the k-space center, consistency of view ordering within each reconstruction frame, and sampling the k-space center near the end of the temporal footprint were shown to be important in accurate portrayal of the leading edge of the bolus. A number of findings were confirmed in an in vivo CE-MRA study.
Genetic ancestry and its association with asthma exacerbations among African American subjects with asthma

Background There are large and persisting disparities in severe asthma exacerbations by race-ethnicity, and African American subjects are among those at greatest risk. It is unclear whether this increased risk solely represents differences in environmental exposures and health care or whether there is a predisposing genetic component. Objective We sought to assess the relationship between genetic ancestry and severe exacerbations among African American subjects with asthma. Methods Participants were part of the Study of Asthma Phenotypes and Pharmacogenomic Interactions by Race-ethnicity (SAPPHIRE). These subjects were 12 to 56 years of age, received care from a single large health system, and had a physician's diagnosis of asthma. Genetic ancestry was estimated by using a set of validated ancestry informative markers. Severe exacerbations (ie, asthma-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and burst oral steroid use) were prospectively identified from health care claims. Results We assessed genetic ancestry in 392 African American subjects with asthma. The average proportion of African ancestry was 76.1%. A significant interaction was identified between ancestry and sex on severe exacerbations, such that the risk was significantly higher with increasing African ancestry among male but not female subjects. The association among male subjects persisted after adjusting for potential confounders (relative rate, 4.30 for every 20% increase in African ancestry; P = .029). Conclusions African ancestry was significantly and positively associated with severe exacerbations among male African American subjects. These findings suggest that a portion of the risk of asthma exacerbations in this high-risk group is attributable to a genetic risk factor that partitions with ancestry.
Mapping Educational Inequality: Concentrations of Poverty among Poor and Minority Students in Public Schools.

We examine high concentrations of poverty in public schools by comparing economic segregation in schools and in their corresponding attendance boundaries. To do this, we assign poverty rates from the 2000 census to maps of school attendance boundaries for 21 of the largest school districts and link this with data enumerating the number of poor children enrolled in each school. Results show that percentages of poor children in neighborhood schools is greater than in their corresponding catchment areas and this difference is greater when the majority of children living in a neighborhood are racial minorities. These patterns reflect the withdrawal of wealthier children from public schools and into private, charter and magnet schools. The result is that poor and minority children are much more concentrated in high-poverty public schools than they would be if all children attended their local schools.
Effects of nonuniform substitution on the reversal process of individual barium ferrite recording particles

Micromagnetic simulation is utilized to investigate the mechanism responsible for the sharp decrease with increasing particle size in the switching field observed from experimental measurements of isolated BaFe/sub 12-x/(CoTi)/sub x/O/sub 19/ particles. Simulation results show that nucleation can occur at applied field values far below the intrinsic anisotropy field when the effect of nonuniform substitution of Co-Ti is considered. >
Spectrum Stealing via Sybil Attacks in DSA Networks: Implementation and Defense

In this paper, we investigate Sybil attacks on spectrum allocation in distributed dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks. Using IEEE 802.11 devices as secondary nodes, we demonstrate the feasibility of mounting Sybil attacks in the cognitive radio testbed, in which the malicious node poses as multiple normal secondary nodes with different identities in order to steal more spectrum bands. We also show the impact of the attack through an example and simulation results. A defense strategy using the statistics of beacon intervals is also proposed. Through experimental results, we show the effectiveness of this defense mechanism when there is no interference from external sources as well as in the presence of interference.
Virtual-machine-based emulation of future generation high-performance computing systems

This paper describes the design of a system to enable research, development, and testing of new software stacks and hardware features for future high-end computing systems. Motivating uses include both small-scale research and development on simulated individual nodes of proposed high-performance computing systems, and large scaling studies that emulate a sizeable fraction of a future supercomputing system. The proposed architecture combines system virtualization, architectural simulation, time dilation, and slack simulation to provide scalable emulation of hypothetical systems. Virtualization-based full-system measurement and monitoring tools are also included to aid in using the proposed system for co-design of high-performance computing system software and architectural features for future systems. Finally, this paper provides a description of the implementation strategy and status of the system.
Economic Rights and Distributive Justice in Developing Societies

This essay seeks to answer an important question of normative political theory concerning the developing countries: What claims to economic benefits are people justified in pressing against governments that are preoccupied with the development of their economies? Two alternative principles of distributive justice—the principle of maximizing growth and the principle of minimizing poverty—are examined with special reference to the circumstances of developing societies. An attempt is made to bring intergenerational considerations systematically to bear on the problem of economic rights in the present. It is concluded that there is an absolute minimum level of welfare to which everyone is entitled, and that this level is usefully conceived in terms of “basic needs.”
Development of variable microsatellite loci and range-wide characterization of nuclear genetic diversity in the important dryland shrub antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata)

Abstract Antelope bitterbrush ( Purshia tridentata Pursh DC; Rosaceae) is an arid-land shrub that occupies an important ecological niche in various fire-dominated communities across much of the western United States. Because of its importance as a browse for large mammals and a food source for granivores, P. tridentata is frequently planted by Federal agencies in arid-land revegetation. We are currently analyzing the range-wide genetic diversity of this species as part of a larger effort to develop seed movement guidelines. In this study, we describe the development of eight novel nuclear microsatellite loci and characterize the amount and apportionment of range-wide nuclear genetic diversity. The eight microsatellite loci exhibited a high level of polymorphism (13–33 alleles per locus) and in general, observed levels of heterozygosity did not deviate form Hardy–Weinberg expectations. An initial screen of 196 individuals from 12 widely distributed populations revealed a moderate amount of genetic differentiation ( F ST = 0.09, p Purshia species. These results demonstrate the utility of these markers and provide useful measures of neutral genetic diversity and population differentiation.
Singular values of two-parameter matrices: an algorithm to accurately find their intersections

Consider the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a two-parameter function A(x), x@?@W@?R^2, where @W is simply connected and compact, with boundary @C. No matter how differentiable the function A is (even analytic), in general the singular values lose all smoothness at points where they coalesce. In this work, we propose and implement algorithms which locate points in @W where the singular values coalesce. Our algorithms are based on the interplay between coalescing singular values in @W, and the periodicity of the SVD-factors as one completes a loop along @C.
Locomotor activity differences between sympatric patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): implications for the evolution of long hindlimb length in Homo.

Homo erectus is notable for its taller stature and longer lower limbs relative to earlier hominids, but the selective pressures favoring such long limbs are unclear. Among anthropoid primates, patas monkeys (Erythro- cebus patas) and extant hominids share several extreme characteristics involved with foraging and movement, including the relatively longest lower limb proportions, longest daily travel distances and largest home ranges for their body or group size, occupancy of some of the driest habitats, and very efficient thermoregulatory systems. We suggest that patas monkeys are an appropriate behavioral model with which to speculate on the selective pressures that might have operated on H. erectus to increase lower limb length. Here, in a comparison of the locomotor activities of patas monkeys and sympatric, closely related vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), we pro- vide evidence for the hypothesis that patas use their long stride more to increase foraging efficiency while walking than to run, either from predators or otherwise. Am J Phys Anthropol 105:199-207, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A reliable synchronous transport protocol for wireless image sensor networks

Recent advances in image sensing hardware have enabled the development of wireless image sensor networks. Similar to generic wireless sensor networks that collect information from surrounding physical environments as scalar variables, wireless image sensor networks can collect data to generate descriptions of interested targets as images or video streams that, in turn, enhance the userpsilas understanding. However, relaying images over wireless image sensor networks with certain QoS requirements is a challenging task due to the characteristics of wireless channels. In this paper, a novel transport protocol for wireless image sensor networks is presented. This protocol aims at the reliable and synchronous transmission of images from multiple sensor nodes to a sync point. The semantics of JPEG stream are exploited in order to improve the performance of the proposed protocol. We have conducted a series of simulation experiments and reported on their results. Our simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs well in error-prone wireless channels even under high packet loss rates.
A clock distribution scheme for nonsymmetric VLSI circuits

The authors propose a clock distribution scheme that minimizes the difference in the length of clock lines, which is the foremost factor responsible for clock skew in a VLSI circuit. The scheme uses the hierarchy created by the clock buffers to parallelize the distribution of the clock signal. At each hierarchical level, an exhaustive search of paths with intelligent pruning is used to determine the optimal layout of clock lines at that level. Unlike other related work in this area, both delay and skew are taken into account in determining the layout. >
Estimating the Degree of Mobilization and Conversion in the 1890s: An Inquiry into the Nature of Electoral Change

The prime voting dynamic in the critical presidential election of 1896 was, according to the literature, the conversion of Democrats to the Republican banner. Unfortunately, mobilization of new voters has not been given much attention. To assess the role of mobilization, the vote shift possibilities from 1892 to 1896 were formalized, and all possible scenarios conforming to the aggregate data that characterized the electoral shift were analyzed by computer. Solutions to the tables representing the changes in voting from 1892 to 1896 show that in the Midwest more voters were mobilized in the 1896 election than were converted. In the Northeast, the conventional wisdom was not challenged. The findings illustrate the importance of mobilization as an explanation of large-scale electoral change.
Inner Fringe Zone

North of the CS Region is that termed the Discontinuous Settlement Region. This is the source of nearly all Norway’s internal migration. The region has two sections of Inner Fringe Zone. These are 80–160 km. (50–100 mi.) apart and each is 40–120 km. (25–75 mi.) wide with a main axis oriented NE-SW; the eastern part is about 440 km. (275 mi.) long while the western extends about 645 km. (400 mi.) (Fig. 1). The latter is primarily a coastal area and the eastern one is entirely inland. However, both have highly irregular internal boundaries which are sharply defined.
Learning by Doing, Scale Effects, or Neither? Cardiac Surgeons after Residency

Learning by doing is a very well-known mechanism by which health care providers achieve improvements in patient outcomes with increased production experience (Luft, Bunker, and Enthoven 1979). Scale effects driven, for example, by indivisibilities in critical investments may similarly impact patient outcomes. However, in cardiac surgery most recent work fails to document substantial and/or significant relationships between individual operator volume and patient outcomes (California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development 2007; Shahian et al. 2007; Huesch and Sakakibara 2009; Sfekas 2009;) at any except the lowest output levels. Nevertheless, some payor and patient advocates and some in the medical community argue that high minimum scale thresholds lead to lower mortality, morbidity, and costs (Birkmeyer et al. 2003). Since coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations are still the most common major surgical procedure in the United States today, with substantive mortality, morbidity, and cost impacts, these unsettled questions of learning by doing and scale economies have clear relevance to multiple stakeholders in the health care system. This study examines these questions in an underexplored empirical setting, focusing on “new” surgeons in practice following completion of specialist surgical residencies. One might expect both experience and scale economies to have substantial impact here, given fast diminishing returns to high cumulative experience,1 and given changes in scale with practice growth. Experience may drive several independent sets of skill: those of technical competence2 as well as decision making capabilities,3 and also those of collaboration and coordination with other health care professionals (e.g., intensivists). However, experience may suffer from “forgetting” or other causes of depreciation of experience. The benefits of scale at the individual surgeon level are less intuitive. Higher current practice volume may justify and facilitate discrete investments in office support and in regular training. Higher current volume necessarily implies closer spacing of practice, well known in other fields to improve technical proficiency. Indirect effects may be in preferred operating room (OR) slots and a more stable team structure with preferred anesthesiologists and OR staff. Scale may also be accompanied by a closer integration into hospital processes of care as surgeons increasingly spend time in pre- and postoperative ward consultations.
Humility in medicine

Becoming a physician comes with privilege and exciting opportunities. The rigor of academic medicine can be challenging. The ability to have humility as a physician is not only a sign of a good doctor, but it can be one of the most challenging attributes to maintain. My surgeon, Dr. Steven Kopits, embodied what it means to be a humble, yet accomplished physician.
MINTS: A general framework and tool for supporting test-suite minimization

Test-suite minimization techniques aim to eliminate redundant test cases from a test-suite based on some criteria, such as coverage or fault-detection capability. Most existing test-suite minimization techniques have two main limitations: they perform minimization based on a single criterion and produce suboptimal solutions. In this paper, we propose a test-suite minimization framework that overcomes these limitations by allowing testers to (1) easily encode a wide spectrum of test-suite minimization problems, (2) handle problems that involve any number of criteria, and (3) compute optimal solutions by leveraging modern integer linear programming solvers. We implemented our framework in a tool, called MINTS, that is freely-available and can be interfaced with a number of different state-of-the-art solvers. Our empirical evaluation shows that MINTS can be used to instantiate a number of different test-suite minimization problems and efficiently find an optimal solution for such problems using different solvers.
Vitamin B Regulation of Alcoholic Liver Disease

Abstract Chronic alcoholism may result in generalized malnutrition with multiple vitamin deficiencies. Folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 are involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease through their effects on hepatic methionine metabolism that regulates methylation potential and epigenetic control over the expressions of genes involved in alcoholic liver injury. This chapter focuses first on the effects of chronic alcoholism on metabolism and maintenance of these three vitamins, and their roles in hepatic methionine metabolism; second, on the interactions of hepatic methionine metabolism in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease; and third, on evidence for epigenetic regulation of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease through changes in vitamin dependent methylation of relevant genes.
Electrochemical detection of catecholamine release from rat carotid body in vitro

Neurotransmitter secretion from carotid body glomus cells is hypothesized to be an essential element of chemotransduction. To address one aspect of this hypothesis, catecholamine release in response to hypoxic hypoxia and histotoxic hypoxia was examined using electrically treated carbon-fiber microelectrodes placed in rat carotid bodies in vitro. Carotid bodies of mature rats were removed, along with a portion of the sinus nerve, and suspended in oxygenated (95% O2–5% CO2) Ringer saline at 35 degrees C. The microelectrode differential current after a 50-mV step was recorded over the potential range of -300 to +500 mV. In some preparations, a suction electrode applied to the sinus nerve recorded single-fiber chemoreceptor afferent activity. Stimulation by severe hypoxia (Po2 approximately 0–10 Torr for 3 min, n = 10) and cyanide (2 mM for 2 min) caused an increase in sinus nerve activity and an increase in the carbon-fiber electrode current at a potential corresponding to the oxidation potential of dopamin...
An examination of age-related changes in the control of lexical and sublexical pathways in mapping spelling to sound

The current study investigated the extent to which young and older adults are able to direct attention to distinct processes in mapping spelling onto sound. Young and older adults completed either a speeded pronunciation task (reading aloud words) or regularization task (pronouncing words based on spelling-to-sound correspondences, e.g., pronouncing PINT such that it rhymes with HINT) in order to bias processing of lexical, whole-word information, or sublexical, spelling-to-sound mapping, respectively. Both younger and older adults produced reduced word-frequency effects and lexicality effects in the regularization task compared to the normal pronunciation task. Importantly, compared to younger adults, older adults produced exaggerated effects of task (i.e., pronunciation vs. regularization) on the observed frequency and lexicality effects. These results highlight both the flexibility of the lexical processing system and changes in the influence of the underlying lexical route due to additional 50 years of reading experience and/or changes in attentional control.
A CROSS‐LAGGED MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MENTOR–MENTEE RELATIONSHIPS AND INTENTIONAL SELF‐REGULATION IN ADOLESCENCE

Intentional self-regulatory, or goal-directed, skills are essential for positive social relationships, success, and well-being during adolescence. Prior theory has suggested that mentoring relationships may provide a key resource for building these skills. However, there is little direct evidence linking mentoring relationships to growth in youth intentional self-regulation (ISR). Accordingly, we examined the bidirectional relations between mentor–mentee relationship and ISR using data from 415 mentor–mentee dyads from programs around the United States. The 415 youth (48% female) ranged in age from 10.14 to 20.65 and were ethnically and socioeconomically diverse. The 114 mentors (58.8% female; 64% Caucasian) were, on average, 33.6 years of age. Results from cross-lagged structural equation modeling indicated that a latent factor of mentor–mentee relationship predicted growth in a latent factor of youth ISR. These findings support the role of mentors in promoting youth ISR. The implications of these findings for the training of practitioners are discussed.
Understanding the Effects of Victimization: Applying General Strain Theory to the Experiences of LGBQ Youth

ABSTRACTUsing a statewide probability sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) youth (N = 484), this study uses a general strain theory framework to better understand the processes that connect LGBQ youths’ experiences with victimization, negative outcomes, and social support. Results show that while victimization reliably predicts negative outcomes, including poor academic performance, substance use, and suicidality, the moderating effects of social support are unreliable and contrary to theoretical expectations. Reconceptualizing social support from a moderating variable to social isolation, an independent variable, helps elucidate the role of social support in LGBQ youths’ experiences with negative outcomes. Implications are discussed.
Validation of the Informal Decoding Inventory

This study investigated the reliability and validity of Part 1 of the Informal Decoding Inventory (IDI), a free diagnostic assessment used to plan Tier 2 intervention for first graders with decoding deficits. Part 1 addresses single-syllable words and consists of five subtests that progress in difficulty and that contain real word and pseudoword components. The IDI was administered to a sample of 94 first graders who attended three high-poverty schools in a rural district located in a South Atlantic state. The Test of Word Recognition Efficiency–Second Edition (TOWRE-2) was given in the same session. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) exceeded .70 for the total scores and all but one subtest. Total scores for real words and pseudowords correlated highly with TOWRE-2 subtests. Confirmatory factor analysis substantiated the five-factor structure of the IDI, and mean comparisons affirmed the order of the subtests in all cases but one. Overall, this preliminary study affirmed the reliability and validity of ...
Cloning of immunoglobulin-producing human leukemic and lymphoma cells in long-term cultures.

SummarySingle cell clones were derived from 4 lines of human leukemia and Burkitt lymphoma cells in long-term culture by a semi-solid agar procedure. Some clonally derived cell strains were shown to produce only one component of heavy chain immunoglobulins and others produced 2 components as determined by immunofluorescence. One of 4 cell lines tested contained 2 different types of cells. One cell type produced only Ig M. The other cell type produced both Ig M and Ig G. All of the clones derived from 3 other cell lines produced the same immunoglobulins as their parent cultures.We thank Mr. Donald Wudarski for excellent technical assistance and Dr. M. Konn for assistance with the immunofluorescent studies.
Expectation Maximization of Frequent Patterns, a Specific, Local, Pattern-Based Biclustering Algorithm for Biological Datasets

Currently, binary biclustering algorithms are too slow and non-specific to handle biological datasets that have a large number of attributes, which is essential for the computational biology problem of microarray analysis. Specialized computers may be needed to execute an algorithm, and may fail to produce a solution, due to its large resource needs. The biclusters also include too many false positives, the type I error, which hinders biological discovery. We propose an algorithm that can analyze datasets with a large attribute set at different densities, and can operate on a laptop, which makes it accessible to practitioners. EMFP produces biclusters that have a very low Root Mean Squared Error and false positive rate, with very few type II errors. Our binary biclustering algorithm is a hybrid, axis-parallel, pattern-based algorithm that finds multiple, non-overlapping, near-constant, deterministic, binary submatricies, with a variable confidence threshold, and the novel use of local density comparisons versus the standard global threshold. EMFP introduces a new, and intuitive way to calculate internal measures for binary biclustering methods. We also introduce a framework to ease comparison with other algorithms, and compare to both binary and general biclustering algorithms using two real, and 80 synthetic databases.
Observation on Application Effect of Chronic Diseases Health Management for Employees Based on Community Health Service Center in Enterprise-oriented Hospitals

OBJECTIVE To analyze the management effect of chronic diseases in a state-owned enterprise which rely on community health center to carry out health management.Explore effective health management model to provide references for the enterprise.METHODS After integration of human,financial and technical resources of the community health center,the state-owned enterprise established a hypertension management group of 310 patients and a diabetes management group of 52 people.The patients of two groups were long-term followed up and intervention.Using paired comparison to analyze the change of clinical indicators 8 months after implementing the model,and then to evaluate the effect of the new health management mode.RESULTS After the new health management model been implemented for 8 months,systolic blood pressure in male patients,total cholesterol,triglycerides and blood glucose levels in all patients were significandy lower(P0.01) in the hypertensive group;total cholesterol,triglycerides and low density lipoprotein levels were significantly lower(P0.01)in diabetic group.CONCLUSION Chronic disease management that relying on the community health center can play a role in the prevention and treatment of hypertension through lower blood pressure,blood glucose and adjusting blood lipids to a certain extent.
Investigation of Apodemus agrarius and its ectoparasites in frontiers of Russia and northeast China

Objective To investigate species quantity of Apodemus agrarius,species composition and parasitism on ectoparasites including fleas,ticks,gamasid mites,chigger mites on the Apodemus agrarius in frontiers of Russia and Northeast China. Methods Catching rodents with cage,and collecting the ectoparasites of the rodent. Results 3351 rodents were recorded from 5 cities and counties in frontiers of Russia and Northeast China,among which Apodemus agrarius 1964(58.6%) were predominant species.The quantity composition of Apodemus agrarius varied with different cities and counties,habitats,months.7732 ectoparasites of Apodemus agrarius belonged to 34 species,18 genera,of which fleas were 11 species,8 genera;ticks 2 species,2 genera;gamasid mites 13 species,6 genera;chigger mites 8 species,2 genera.The predominant species were Leptopsylla pectiniceps(28.8%),Ctenophthalmus congenerides(23.8%),Neopsylla bidentatiformis(19.7%);Ixodes persulcatus (90.8%);Laelaps jettmari(53.5%),Eulaelaps stabularis(40.0%) and Neotrombicula tamiyai(66.4%).The mouse with the highest infested rates(69.2%) and infested index(8.7) by the ticks was Apodemus agrarius. Conclusion Bases was given for further studies and control on species quantity of Apodemus agrarius,species composition and parasitism on ectoparasites of Apodemus agrarius in frontiers of Russia and Northeast China.
Antimicrobial Properties of Human Lysozyme Transgenic Mouse Milk

The antimicrobial properties of standard human lysozyme and the milk of transgenic mice expressing human lysozyme were investigated using bacterial strains important to the dairy industry. Standard human lysozyme was found to be effective at significantly slowing the growth of the milk cold-spoilage organism Pseudomonas fragi (P < 0.001), of a clinical isolate of the mastitis-causing organism Staphylococcus aureus (P < 0.005), and of a nonpathogenic strain of E. coli (P < 0.05). Milk from transgenic mice secreting human lysozyme in their milk at an average concentration of 0.38 mg/ml was found to be bacteriostatic against the cold-spoilage organisms Pseudomonas fragi and Lactobacillus viscous and a mastitis-causing strain of Staphylococcus aureus, but not against a pathogenic strain of E. coli. These results demonstrate that transgenic animals producing human lysozyme in their milk can affect the microbial nature of milk.
Parens Patriae and the States' Historic Police Powers

This is a draft of a forthcoming work in progress. Class actions have long been contracting as procedural vehicles in mass tort litigation. At the same time, parens patriae actions brought by state attorneys general for injuries to their state’s citizenry have been expanding. This form of public dispute has emerged as a full-fledged alternative form of aggregate litigation in mass torts. The use of this public alternative is already widespread in consumer, antitrust, environmental, and health law cases. Despite the widespread use of parens patriae litigation by states, the source of the power to sue in this way is vague and ill-defined. Courts have struggled to articulate and explain the source and scope of the state’s power to bring mass tort suits for injuries to the state’s populace, sometimes reaching seemingly contradictory results.Although the use of parens patriae power in mass tort litigation has been both praised and criticized by complex litigation scholars, commentators have largely overlooked the historical and constitutional functional role of parens patriae litigation. This Article fills that gap by examining the states’ parens patriae power from the Framing to the modern era excavate the doctrine’s historical roots and purpose in our constitutional structure. It debunks the false history used by modern courts to justify the doctrine’s existence, suggesting courts have relied on a faulty foundation to expand the doctrine. In so doing, this Article makes space for a new foundation for parens patriae litigation rooted in the historic police powers of the states. The Article argues that the historic police powers of the states are inextricable from parens patriae power. Modern mass tort litigation brought by states is thus deeply connected to federalism in a way that traditional class actions are not.
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films in surface-micromachined sensor structures

The suitability of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films for use in microsensor structures is demonstrated. Sensors based on the integration of surface micromachining techniques with sol-gel deposition of PZT films have been fabricated and show promise for sensing schemes based on direct charge detection. The piezoelectric coupling coefficients are between one and two orders of magnitude higher than those for nonferroelectrics such as zinc oxide. The magnitude of the dipole moment offers the possibility of enhanced pyroelectric detection as well, although the high dielectric constant and loss tangent of the films make encapsulation of the films necessary. A significant dipole moment exists in the as-deposited and annealed film prior to any deliberate poling. Sol-gel processing of the PZT films poses a more difficult integration problem that does sputter-deposition, but the techniques remain compatible with integrated circuit processing, assuming that surface micromachining techniques are used. >
Impact of air pollution induced climate change on water availability and ecosystem productivity in the conterminous United States

Air pollution from greenhouse gases and atmospheric aerosols are the major driving force of climate change that directly alters the terrestrial hydrological cycle and ecosystem functions. However, most current Global Climate Models (GCMs) use prescribed chemical concentrations of limited species; they do not explicitly simulate the time-varying concentrations of trace gases and aerosols and their impacts on climate change. This study investigates the individual and combined impacts of climate change and air pollution on water availability and ecosystem productivity over the conterminous US (CONUS). An ecohydrological model is driven by multiple regional climate scenarios with and without taking into account the impacts of air pollutants on the climate system. The results indicate that regional chemistry-climate feedbacks may largely offset the future warming and wetting trends predicted by GCMs without considering air pollution at the CONUS scale. Consequently, the interactions of air pollution and climate change are expected to significantly reduce water availability by the middle of twenty-first century. On the other hand, the combined impact of climate change and air pollution on ecosystem productivity is less pronounced, but there may still be notable declines in eastern and central regions. The results suggest that air pollution could aggravate regional climate change impacts on water shortage. We conclude that air pollution plays an important role in affecting climate and thus ecohydrological processes. Overlooking the impact of air pollution may cause evident overestimation of future water availability and ecosystem productivity.
On-chip eletromechanically induced Brillouin scattering on suspended aluminum nitride waveguides

We propose and have theoretically investigated on-chip eletromechanically induced Brillouin scattering on suspended aluminum nitride waveguides by simulation of its acoustic and optical properties. Prototype devices have been fabricated.
Russia’s Night Wolves Motorcycle Club: from 1%ers to political activists

In the late 2000s, the Night Wolves Motorcycle Club, Russia’s largest motorcycle organization, became closely intertwined with the Kremlin’s domestic and international agendas, although only a decade ago they protested against the Soviet establishment and called for freedom and democracy. This article traces the ideological development of the Night Wolves, explores the nature of their relationship with the Kremlin, and evaluates their role in President Vladimir Putin’s sistema—a system of governance grounded on informal mechanisms of power distribution and personalized loyalties. In addition, the article analyzes the activities of the Night Wolves in Ukraine and their role in the consolidation of pro-Russian forces and propagation of Kremlin-designed narratives.