cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
cat-ELCCA: catalyzing drug discovery through click chemistry

Click chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool in our arsenal for unlocking new biology. This includes its utility in both chemical biology and drug discovery. An emerging application of click chemistry is in the development of biochemical assays for high-throughput screening to identify new chemical probes and drug leads. This Feature Article will discuss the advancements in click chemistry that were necessary for the development of a new class of biochemical assay, catalytic enzyme-linked click chemistry assay or cat-ELCCA. Inspired by enzyme immunoassays, cat-ELCCA was designed as a click chemistry-based amplification assay where bioorthogonally-tagged analytes and enzymes are used in place of the enzyme-linked secondary antibodies used in immunoassays. The result is a robust assay format with demonstrated applicability in several important areas of biology and drug discovery, including post-translational modifications, pre-microRNA maturation, and protein-protein and RNA-protein interactions. Through the use of cat-ELCCA and other related click chemistry-based assays, new chemical probes for interrogating promising drug targets have been discovered. These examples will be discussed, in addition to a future outlook on the impact of this approach in probe and drug discovery.
The Distant Drumbeat: Why the Law Still Matters in the Information Era

Founded in 1981, the Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal is one of the first student-edited entertainment law journals in the United States. Over the course of the years, it has grown to be a leading journal in the field. To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Journal, the Cardozo Intellectual Property Law Program, in conjunction with Kluwer Law International, published The Marketplace of Ideas: Twenty Years of Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal. As an introduction to this volume, Professor Marci Hamilton discusses why information, like technology, is nothing more than a tool that can be used by humans for good and for evil. It also explains why intellectual property laws are just as relevant in the information age as they were in the past. As the essay pointed out, the hackers' utopia is a seductive but dangerous dream. The daily battle for liberty from tyrants continues, and the legal tools of the past should be ready to hand, even if they are in need of fine-tuning. In addition to this introductory essay, the anniversary volume collects some of the most widely-cited articles published in the Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal in the past 20 years, as well as distinguished intellectual property lectures sponsored by the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University. Contributors to this volume include leading commentators in the field of intellectual property, art, and communications law, as well as eminent jurists and former government officials from the U.S. Copyright Office.
Emerging Mechanisms of Vein Graft Failure: The Dynamic Interaction of Hemodynamics and the Vascular Response to Injury

Recently published data demonstrate that approximately 8 million men and women over 40 years of age have peripheral arterial disease and approximately, 20% of Americans greater than 65 years of age endure the symptoms of this disease process [1]. Despite its prevalence and cardiovascular risk implications, durable treatment options are limited, with only about 25% of PAD patients currently undergoing treatment. [2] Surgical revascularization using autologous vein remains among the dominant therapeutic options, with 110,000 peripheral bypass procedures performed in 2004. [1] Fueled by an epidemic of obesity and diabetes in the United States, substantial increases in the need for these interventions are projected over the next decade. Despite the escalating need for these often limb- and life-saving procedures, their medium and long-term durability remains compromised. Plagued by the problems of aggressive stenosis and luminal narrowing, contemporary data shows that almost 40% of lower extremity vein bypass grafts develop occlusive lesions or fail within a year (Fig. 1) [3]. Since many of the technical advancements for improved patency have been exhausted, the current concept is that the future of enhancing the durability of these reconstructions lies in a better understanding of the biology of the vein graft wall in response to interventions [4].
Vertebral artery compression test

Es wird eine Methode zur manuellen Kompression des proximalen Abschnittes der A. vertebralis beschrieben. Durch gleichzeitige Echo-Pulsregistrierung der A. vertebralis-Pulsation im Bereich der Atlasschlinge konnte der Kompressionserfolg kontrolliert werden. Zur Pulsregistrierung wurde ein Ultraschallverfahren angewendet. Moglichkeiten und Anwendungen dieses Verfahrens in der klinischen Diagnostik werden kurz diskutiert.
Circular arc graphs: New uses and a new algorithm

An undirected graph is called a circular-arc graph if there exists a family F of arcs on a circle and a 1-1 correspondence between vertices and arcs such that two distinct vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding arcs overlap. Circular-arc graphs have recently been applied to problems in multi-dimensional scaling, computer compiler design, and the characterization of a certain class of lattices. An efficient algorithm for recognizing a circular-arc graph is outlined.
Gait control in stroke

Abstract Millions of people worldwide are devastated each year by stroke, which leaves many of them with permanent disability and limited mobility for activities of daily living and societal participation, thus affecting quality of life. This chapter presents interventions for gait correction to improve mobility after stroke, with emphasis on implantable devices. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems using surface and implanted electrodes have been used for foot drop correction and are now commercially available. Multichannel surface FES systems addressing additional deficits at the hip and knee were effective for gait correction but impractical for daily use. Percutaneous multichannel FES systems also improved walking, and efforts are under way to evaluate fully implanted receiver stimulator and electrodes to correct multiple gait deficits normally exhibited by individuals with stroke.
Ohmic Contacts to II–VI and III–V Compound Semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter clarifies the current understanding of the effects of inter-racial reactions occurring during formation of ohmic contacts, rather than to compile various recipes for their formation. New generations of high speed transistors, such as high electron mobility (HEMTs) and heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), have been developed from the superior transport properties of III–V semiconductors. Epitaxial growth techniques—such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD)—on an atomic scale, enabled such development of heterojunction devices with different compositions of ternary or quaternary compounds. Therefore, bandgaps offer higher frequency and power characteristics unattainable in Si-based devices. In addition to the superior transport properties, III–V and II–VI semiconductors have direct bandgaps, enabling quantum well heterostructures for optoelectronic applications such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and diode lasers (DLs). For Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and Indium phosphide (InP), where Fermi level pinning has a significant effect on ohmic contacts, incorporation of dopants upon epitaxial regrowth of the semiconductor is the dominant method of forming ohmic contacts. The epitaxial regrowth of doped GaAs or InP is achieved by interfacial reactions, which dissociate the semiconductor lattice. Subsequent reactions decompose the phases bonded to the semiconductor elements and allow them to epitaxially regrow in the solid phase. For GaN and ZnSe, the Fermi level is not completely pinned and therefore it should be easier to form ohmic contacts. This is true for n-type materials where metals with work functions less than the electron affinities result in ohmic contacts, often after heat treatment to penetrate inter-racial contamination layers.
Predictive Models Informed by Simulation, Measurement, and Surrogates

In this chapter techniques for combining simulation and experiments through surrogate models are presented. We begin with the classic problem of using experimental data to fix parameters in a simulation. To do this properly, we require Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, and this method is discussed in Sect. 11.2. Section 11.3 using MCMC to estimate calibration parameters. The formalism of Kennedy and O’Hagan is then used to introduce a discrepancy function that contains the difference between simulation and experiment, and MCMC is used to estimate both the discrepancy and surrogate simultaneously. Finally, Sect. 11.5 shows how a hierarchy of fidelities can be used to make predictions.
Numerical Dispersion and Stability of the Time Domain Propagator Numerical Algorithm

The numerical dispersion and stability conditions for the full wave time domain propagator solution of Maxwell's equations are presented. The Propagator Method is a numerical integral operator technique for moving the electromagnetic field through a numerical space at successive time increments. A derivation of the numerical dispersion relation and stability condition in 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensions is presented. It is shown that the coefficients in the numerical equations in 2- and 3-D can be found based upon a dispersion and stability condition analysis.
Abstract TP280: Triage and Outpatient Evaluation of Emergency Department Patients With TIA and Minor Stroke: Rapid Access Vascular Evaluation-Neurology (RAVEN)

Introduction: The timely evaluation of TIA and minor stroke (TIAMS) is important, but whether TIAMS patients with no debilitating deficits should be admitted or not remains unsettled. We piloted a ...
Layer-by-Layer Biomaterials for Drug Delivery.

Controlled drug delivery formulations have revolutionized treatments for a range of health conditions. Over decades of innovation, layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly has emerged as one of the most ...
National Institutes of Health Support for Clinical Emergency Care Research, 2015 to 2018.

Study objective I determine the most recent data on National Institutes of Health (NIH) support for clinical emergency care research. Methods A search of the NIH category of emergency care from 2015 to 2018 was conducted, using a clinical focus and excluding animal and bench research projects, as well as career development grants. Results During the study period, the number of new emergency care projects submitted to NIH increased from 373 in 2015 to 434 in 2018. A total of 403 new applications were funded for $161.9 million, with an overall success rate of 24%. The total amount of support for both new and existing projects during the 4-year study period was $263 million. The number of funded R01 grants increased from 17 in 2015 to 32 in 2018, with an overall success rate of 21%. There were fewer emergency care grant submissions than those for other similar-sized disciplines. Conclusion During the 4-year study period, emergency care research increased, but the number of grant submissions remains low.
Studying the Effects of Collagenase (Type 1) on the Collagen in Woody Breast Meat.

Abnormal collagen infiltration in the Pectoralis major, breast muscle, of fast-growing big broilers has led to woody breast (WB) myopathy resulting in meat quality issues. Mechanisms to degrade the collagen were investigated to potentially improve WB texture. Freshly deboned WB fillets (n = 5 per trial; 3 trials) were ground and divided in to 25 g portions. Aqueous collagenase Type I solution (1 mL) from concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL were incorporated in ground WB samples (n = 3 samples/treatment × 3 trials). Ground WB with 1 mL water acted as a control. All the samples were placed at 4 °C for 24 h and frozen at −80 °C. Control samples without any treatment or water addition (n = 3/trial) were frozen immediately upon grinding. Data collected on total (TC), soluble (SC), and insoluble collagen (IC) content was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) (p ≤ 0.05). Fresh WB fillets had TC, SC, and IC content of 19.5, 4.9, and 14.6 mg/g, respectively. The addition of collagenase decreased (p ≤ 0.05) the IC to 5.8 mg/g in the 10 mg/mL treatment after 24 h. Converting IC to SC using collagenase can potentially help the poultry industry to reduce WB toughness.
Surgical Treatment of Esophageal Perforation

Esophageal perforations represent a highly morbid condition. While endoscopic interventions have recently emerged as an important management strategy, surgical treatment remains the core treatment option for patients presenting with benign esophageal perforations. The main surgical principles include correct identification of the anatomic location of the perforation, debridement of devitalized tissues, closure in two layers where appropriate, buttressing with pedicled tissue flaps, and wide surgical drainage. The most important key to obtaining optimal outcomes for the treatment of esophageal perforation is prompt recognition and intervention to prevent unfavorable tissue conditions and the development of mediastinitis.
Suppression of elevated Cdc42 activity promotes the regenerative potential of aged intestinal stem cells

Homeostasis in the intestinal epithelium is maintained by Lgr5-positive intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt. The function of ISCs is reduced upon aging which leads to a decline of regeneration of the intestinal epithelium. We report that aged intestinal crypts present with an elevated activity of the small RhoGTPase Cdc42. Elevation of Cdc42 activity in young animals by genetic means causes premature ISC aging, whereas pharmacological suppression of elevated Cdc42 activity restores organoid formation potential in vitro. Consistent with a critical role of elevated Cdc42 activity in aged ISCs for a reduced regenerative capacity of aged ISCs, suppression of Cdc42 activity in vivo improves crypt regeneration in aged mice. Thus, pharmacological reduction of Cdc42 activity can improve the regeneration of aged intestinal epithelium.
FPGA Implementation of a Pseudo-Random Signal Generator for RF Hardware Test and Evaluation

Test and evaluation (T&E) is a critically important step before in-the-field deployment of radio frequency hardware in order to assure that the hardware meets its design requirements and specifications. Typically, T&E is performed either in a lab setting utilizing a software simulation environment or through real-world field testing. While the former approach is typically limited by the accuracy of the simulation models (of the anticipated hardware effects, channel conditions, etc.) and by non-real-time data rates, the latter can be extremely costly in terms of time, money, and manpower. To address these issues, this work presents the development of an FPGA-based T&E tool that allows for real-time pseudo-random signal generation for testing radio frequency receiver hardware (such as communication receivers, spectrum sensors, etc.). In particular, a framework is developed for an FPGA-based implementation of a test signal emulator that allows for user-defined randomization of test signal parameters such as center frequencies, bandwidths, start times, and durations, as well as receiver and channel effects such as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). To test the accuracy of the developed emulation framework, the randomization properties of the framework are analyzed to assure correct probability distributions and independence. Additionally, FPGA implementation decisions such as bit precision vs. accuracy of the generated signal and the impact on the FPGA’s hardware footprint are analyzed. Ultimately, it is shown that this framework is easily extensible to other signal types and channel models.
Antimuscarinic use among older adults with dementia and overactive bladder: a Medicare beneficiaries study.

This study examined the incidence and predictors of antimuscarinic medication use including non-selective antimuscarinics among older adults with dementia and overactive bladder (OAB).The study use...
Increased Mortality in Underinsured Penetrating Trauma Patients.

IntroductionIt remains unclear whether an increased mortality risk in uninsured patients exists across Injury Severity Score (ISS) classifications. We hypothesized that penetrating trauma self-pay ...
High entropy spinel oxide for efficient electrochemical oxidation of ammonia

Ammonia has emerged as a promising energy carrier owing to its carbon neutral content and low expense in long-range transportation. Therefore, development of a specific pathway to release the energy stored in ammonia is therefore in urgent demand. Electrochemical oxidation provides a convenient and reliable route to attain efficient utilization of ammonia. Here, we report that the high entropy (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)3O4 oxides can achieve high electrocatalytic activity for ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) in non-aqueous solutions. The AOR onset overpotential of (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)3O4 is 0.70 V, which is nearly 0.2 V lower than that of their most active single metal cation counterpart. The mass spectroscopy study reveals that (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)3O4 preferentially oxidizes ammonia to environmentally friendly diatomic nitrogen with a Faradic efficiency of over 85%. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) result indicates that the balancing metal d-band of Mn and Cu cations helps retain a long-lasting electrocatalytic activity. Overall, this work introduces a new family of earth-abundant transition metal high entropy oxide electrocatalysts for AOR, thus heralding a new paradigm of catalyst design for enabling ammonia as an energy carrier.
Evaluating the Signs of Suicide Program: Middle School Students at Risk and Staff Acceptability

Students at risk of suicide can be identified effectively through school-based prevention programs such as Signs of Suicide (SOS), which incorporate both psychoeducation and screening components. P...
De novo biosynthesis of para-nitro-L-phenylalanine in Escherichia coli

Nitroaromatic functional groups can impart valuable properties to chemicals and to biological macromolecules including polypeptides. Para-nitro-L-phenylalanine (pN-Phe) is a nitroaromatic amino acid with uses including immune stimulation and fluorescence quenching. As the chemical synthesis of pN-Phe does not follow green chemistry principles and impedes provision of pN-Phe to engineered bacterial cells in some contexts, we sought to design a de novo biosynthetic pathway for pN-Phe in Escherichia coli. To generate the nitro chemical functional group, we identified natural diiron monooxygenases with measurable in vitro and in vivo activity on envisioned amine-containing precursors of para-amino-L-phenylalanine (pA-Phe) and para-aminophenylpyruvate. By expressing one of these N-oxygenase genes together with previously characterized genes for the biosynthesis of pA-Phe, we achieved the synthesis of pN-Phe from glucose. Through further optimization of the chassis, plasmid constructs, and media conditions, we were able to improve the selectivity of pN-Phe biosynthesis, resulting in a maximum titer of 819 {micro}M in rich defined media under shake-flask conditions. These results provide a foundation for the biosynthesis of related nitroaromatic chemicals and for downstream biological applications that could utilize pN-Phe as a building block. HighlightsO_LIPara-nitro-L-phenylalanine (pN-Phe) is a valuable small molecule for its applications in genetic code expansion. C_LIO_LIWe establish de novo biosynthesis of pN-Phe from glucose in E. coli, which is also the first example of a de novo pathway design for an unnatural but commonly used non-standard amino acid. C_LIO_LIWe show the first use of an N-oxygenase enzyme in the de novo synthesis of a nitroaromatic product. C_LIO_LIScreening of natural N-oxygenases and strain engineering resulted in final pN-Phe titers of 820 {+/-} 130 {micro}M in shake flask experiments with rich defined media. C_LI
Trends in Health Equity Among Children in the United States, 1997-2018.

Objectives Health equity is crucial to population health. To achieve this aim, extensive monitoring efforts beyond traditional disparities research are required. This analysis assesses trends in health equity for children from 1997 to 2018. Methods Health equity in a given year is calculated using a previously developed measure as the mean weighted departure of individual health from the best achievable level of health. This criterion is defined as the median health of the most socially privileged identifiable group: white, non-Latinx boys in upper-income households. Using more than 20 years of data from the National Health Interview Survey, we apply this methodology to six measures of child health: parent-reported health status, school days missed due to illness or injury in the past year, a strength and difficulties questionnaire score, emotional difficulties, a toddler mental health indicator score, and toddler depression. We separately calculate racial/ethnic and income disparities. Monte Carlo simulation is used to assess whether trends are statistically significant. Results Health equity among children increased gradually over the past 2 decades, with five of the six measures demonstrating upward trends. Improvements in health equity are stronger among younger children (age 0-3 and 4-7). Unlike previous work examining adults, both types of disparities narrowed over the study period. Conclusions for practice Progress on health equity requires accountability to an objective metric. This analysis suggests some improvement over the past two decades, although these gains are under threat from potential decreases in government spending on programs affecting children and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Prevention of Pediatric Obesity

Key Points The prevalence of childhood obesity has dramatically increased during the past 20 to 30 yr, paralleling the trends seen in adults. Childhood obesity is associated with hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, dislipidemias, and other comorbidities. Identifying specific environmental contributors to childhood obesity may help to guide the development of novel prevention strategies. School-based programs targeting reduced television viewing have been shown to help prevent weight gain in children. Coordinated efforts between the food industry and government policy changes may be at the forefront of future obesity prevention efforts.
A 10MS/s 11-b 0.19mm/sup 2/ Algorithmic ADC with Improved Clocking

A 10Ms/s 11-b algorithmic ADC with an active area of 0.19mm2 is presented. Using an improved clocking scheme, this design overcomes the speed limit of algorithmic ADCs. The proposed ADC employs amplifier sharing, DC offset cancellation, and input memory effect suppression to reduce area and power, and achieve high linearity. The ADC implemented in a 0.13mum thick gate-oxide CMOS process achieves 69dB SFDR, 58dB SNR, and 56dB SNDR, while consuming 3.5mA from 3V supply
Role of groundwater in watershed response and land surface feedbacks under climate change

[1] We use an integrated, distributed groundwater-surface water-land surface model, ParFlow, to analyze integrated watershed response and groundwater-land surface feedbacks in the Little Washita River watershed, located within the southern Great Plains region of North America, under observed and perturbed climate conditions. Basin-scale hydrologic sensitivity to temperature and precipitation perturbations is shown to be greatest under energy-limited (direct runoff) conditions compared to moisture-limited (base flow) conditions. Feedbacks between groundwater depth and the land surface water and energy balance are shown to significantly influence surface fluxes under moisture-limited conditions, with differences in latent and sensible heat flux between areas of shallow and deep groundwater depth exceeding 75 W/m2 under strongly energy-limited conditions. The influence of groundwater feedbacks on sensitivity of surface fluxes to changing climate conditions is shown to depend on changes in both moisture and energy availability over the watershed. Results demonstrate that hydrologic sensitivity to climate change depends on feedbacks between groundwater, overland flow, and the land surface water and energy balance. Results suggest not only that local and watershed response to global climate change depends on groundwater feedbacks but that the magnitude and seasonality of these feedbacks is sensitive to changes in climate.
Aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon balance in electric transformer oils

Abstract Laboratory-scale NMR studies of transformer oils reveal the presence of highly branched aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with evidence of proportional balance in both aged and new oils. The primary to secondary proton ratios of aged oils were determined to be approximately 1, whereas the ratio ranged from 1.120 to 1.194 in new oils. Analyses indicate that several transitions in the chemistry of oil components contributed to the observed composite peaks and did not allow the identification of specific compounds beyond their functional groups. Resonances of non-hydrocarbons are observed for concentrations between 2 and 4 ppm, while the aromatic families occur at concentrations between 9 and 6 ppm. No consistent trend is observed between oil aging and the evolution of oil chemical composition. However, the color numbers, 0.50–1.82, increase with the oil age and the direction of color change matches that of increasing turbidity from new (T34 and T44) to old oils (T14 and T24). This implies that turbidity may be a dependable method of indexing the aging of transformer oils.
CONVERSION TO CURATIVE MORPHOLOGY IN ENDOTHIA PARASITICA AND ITS RESTRICTION BY VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY

Endothia parasitica strains in some vegetative compatibility (v-c) groups barrage weakly when their mycelia meet on agar media. The morphology associated with Italian white curative (hypovirulent) strains of this fungus was used as a marker to detect cytoplasmic transfer between weakly-barraging strains. The (cytoplasmic) determinants for curative morphology were rapidly transferred between most weakly-barraging strains, but transferred infrequently or not at all between strongly-barraging strains.
Neuroscientists as cartographers: mapping the crossroads of gonadal hormones, memory and age using animal models.

Cognitive function is multidimensional and complex, and research in multiple species indicates it is considerably impacted by age and gonadal hormone milieu. One domain of cognitive function particularly susceptible to age-related decrements is spatial memory. Gonadal hormones can alter spatial memory, and they are potent modulators of brain microstructure and function in many of the same brain areas affected by aging. In this paper, we review decades of animal and human literature to support a tertiary model representing interactions between gonadal hormones, spatial cognition and age given that: 1) gonadal hormones change with age, 2) age impacts spatial learning and memory, and 3) gonadal hormones impact spatial learning and memory. While much has been discovered regarding these individual tenets, the compass for future aging research points toward clarifying the interactions that exist between these three points, and understanding mediating variables. Indeed, identifying and aligning the various components of the complex interactions between these tenets, including evaluations using basic science, systems, and clinical perspectives, is the optimal approach to attempt to converge the many findings that may currently appear contradictory. In fact, as discoveries are being made it is becoming clear that the findings across studies that appear contradictory are not contradictory at all. Rather, there are mediating variables that are influencing outcome and affecting the extent, and even the direction, of the effects that gonadal hormones have on cognition during aging. These mediating variables are just starting to be understood. By aligning basic scientific discoveries with clinical interpretations, we can maximize the opportunities for discoveries and subsequent interventions to allow individuals to “optimize their aging” and find their own map to cognitive health as aging ensues.
The feature chart: A tool for communicating the analysis for a decision support system

Abstract In developing information systems, analysts must communicate their understanding of the business problem to the user and must specify the proposed system to the designer. Over the years, various kinds of flow charts have been used to convey this information. Flow charts were originally developed when most programs either made scientific calculations or processed transactions. More recently, data flow diagrams have been used to document the analysis phase. A major point of this paper is that neither type of flow diagram is well suited to the development of interactive systems, particularly decision support systems. In an effort to address this problem, Sprague and Carlson developed the ROMC approach to the design of decision support systems. While their approach helps classify the components of a decision support system, it does not provide the analyst with a means of conveying the necessary information to the user or designer of a specific decision support system. The feature chart, which is a synthesis of the ROMC model and structured analysis, is proposed as a graphic tool for analysis and communication. It serves the purpose of analysis in that tasks are defined and user interfaces shown. It also shows the controls available to the user and the ways the user can navigate through the system. The use of the feature chart is discussed for two applications: a geographic decision support system and a financial application using a generator.
Molar enthalpies of formation of BaCmO3 and BaCfO3

Abstract The enthalpies of solution of BaCmO 3 and BaCfO 3 in 1.00 mol dm −3 HClO 4 were measured at 298.15 ± 0.05 K and p ° = 101.325 kPa as −(345.3±4.7) and −(347.2 ± 1.9) kJ mol −1 , respectively. The resulting standard molar enthalpies of formation, Δ f H m °(BaCmO 3 , cr) = −(1517.8 ± 7.1) kJ mol −1 and Δ f H m °(BaCfO 3 , cr) = −(1477.9 ± 5.6) kJ mol −1 , together with other corresponding experimental values for several lanthanide, actinide and transition metal complex oxides with barium and strontium, are used to estimate the molar enthalpies of formation of a number of homologous actinide compounds. The present results also provide additional information on the standard molar enthalpy of formation of CfO 2 and on the Cf 4+ /Cf 3+ standard potential.
Cost of Major Surgery in the Sarcopenic Patient

Background Sarcopenia is associated with poor outcomes after major surgery. There are currently no data regarding the financial implications of providing care for these high-risk patients. Study Design We identified 1,593 patients within the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative (MSQC) who underwent elective major general or vascular surgery at a single institution between 2006 and 2011. Patient sarcopenia, determined by lean psoas area (LPA), was derived from preoperative CT scans using validated analytic morphomic methods. Financial data including hospital revenue and direct costs were acquired for each patient through the hospital's finance department. Financial data were adjusted for patient and procedural factors using multiple linear regression methods, and Mann-Whitney U test was used for significance testing. Results After controlling for patient and procedural factors, decreasing LPA was independently associated with increasing payer costs ($6,989.17 per 1,000 mm 2 LPA, p 2 decrease in LPA (p 2 decrease in LPA (p Conclusions Sarcopenia is associated with high payer costs and negative margins after major surgery. Although postoperative complications are universally expensive to payers and providers, sarcopenic patients represent a uniquely costly patient demographic. Given that sarcopenia may be remediable, efforts to attenuate costs associated with major surgery should focus on targeted preoperative interventions to optimize these high risk patients for surgery.
Research Data Needs from Academic Libraries: The Perspective of a Faculty Researcher

Column Editor's Note This JLA column posits that academic libraries and their services are dominated by information technologies, and that the success of librarians and professional staff is contin...
In vitro polyoma DNA synthesis: asymmetry of short DNA chains.

Abstract The kinetics of annealing of the separated strands of the polyoma DNA Hpa II restriction fragments 1 and 2 to an excess of purified short DNA chains isolated from in vitro pulse-labeled replicating polyoma DNA were determined. The results indicate that for each growing fork, the DNA strand which must grow discontinuously is represented about 4 times as frequently in the population of short DNA chains as the strand which could replicate continuously. In addition, the absolute concentration of short DNA chains in the two growing forks is approximately the same. The average size of the short DNA chains from the continuous strand was shown to be very similar to that of the short DNA chains from the discontinuous strand. We conclude that polyoma DNA replication in vitro proceeds by a predominantly semi-discontinuous mechanism.
Rare complications of osteolysis and periprosthetic tissue reactions after hybrid and non-hybrid total disc replacement

Few complications have been reported for lumbar total disc replacement (TDR) and hybrid TDR fixations. This study evaluated retrieved implants and periprosthetic tissue reactions for two cases of osteolysis following disc arthroplasty with ProDisc-L prostheses. Implants were examined for wear and surface damage, and tissues for inflammation, polyethylene wear debris (polarized light microscopy) and metal debris (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Despite initial good surgical outcomes, osteolytic cysts were noted in both patients at vertebrae adjacent to the implants. For the hybrid TDR case, heterotopic ossification and tissue necrosis due to wear-induced inflammation were observed. In contrast, the non-hybrid implant showed signs of abrasion and impingement, and inflammation was observed in tissue regions with metal and polyethylene wear debris. In both cases, wear debris and inflammation may have contributed to osteolysis. Surgeons using ProDisc prostheses should be aware of these rare complications.
Determination of lysosomal acid lipase activity in leukocytes with the inhibitor lalistat 2

latter, not. MPS IH patients unexpectedly showed a similar developmental trajectory as the MPS IA group suggesting that the treatment may have lessened the severe impact of the disease Their significantly more decline in Communication with age may have been due to the MPS IH group's overall lower cognitive function. Future studies should track the relationship of the adaptive function variability with the number and severity of medical challenges that these patients face.
Photoreduction of 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol by Diphenylcarbazide: A Photosystem 2 Reaction Catalyzed by Tris-Washed Chloroplasts and Subchloroplast Fragments

The use of diphenylcarbazide as an electron donor coupled to the photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol by tris-washed chloroplasts or subchloroplast fragments provides a simple and sensitive assay for photosystem 2 of chloroplasts. By varying the concentration of tris buffer at pH 8.0 during an incubation period it is shown that the destruction of oxygen evolution activity is accompanied by a corresponding emergence of an ability to photooxidize diphenylcarbazide, as evidenced by absorbance changes due to diphenylcarbazide at 300 nm. The temperature-sensitive oxidation of diphenylcarbazide is inhibited by DCMU and by high ionic strengths. This activity appears to measure the primary photochemical reaction of photosystem 2.
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Protein Complex 2 Regulates Differentiation of Th1 and Th2 Cell Subsets via Distinct Signaling Pathways

Many functions of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) have been defined, but relatively little is known about the biology of an alternative mTOR complex, mTORC2. We showed that conditional deletion of rictor, an essential subunit of mTORC2, impaired differentiation into T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells without diversion into FoxP3(+) status or substantial effect on Th17 cell differentiation. mTORC2 promoted phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB, or Akt) and PKC, Akt activity, and nuclear NF-kappaB transcription factors in response to T cell activation. Complementation with active Akt restored only T-bet transcription factor expression and Th1 cell differentiation, whereas activated PKC-theta reverted only GATA3 transcription factor and the Th2 cell defect of mTORC2 mutant cells. Collectively, the data uncover vital mTOR-PKC and mTOR-Akt connections in T cell differentiation and reveal distinct pathways by which mTORC2 regulates development of Th1 and Th2 cell subsets.
Strategies for optimizing the response of cancer and normal tissues to radiation

More than half of all patients with cancer receive radiation therapy, but normal tissue tolerance to radiation often limits the ability to cure tumours with radiation therapy. Here, Moding, Kastan and Kirsch discuss current approaches and possible future directions for combining radiation therapy with targeted therapies to enhance the probability of tumour cure. Approximately 50% of all patients with cancer receive radiation therapy at some point during the course of their treatment, and the majority of these patients are treated with curative intent. Despite recent advances in the planning of radiation treatment and the delivery of image-guided radiation therapy, acute toxicity and potential long-term side effects often limit the ability to deliver a sufficient dose of radiation to control tumours locally. In the past two decades, a better understanding of the hallmarks of cancer and the discovery of specific signalling pathways by which cells respond to radiation have provided new opportunities to design molecularly targeted therapies to increase the therapeutic window of radiation therapy. Here, we review efforts to develop approaches that could improve outcomes with radiation therapy by increasing the probability of tumour cure or by decreasing normal tissue toxicity.
Efficient Design of QCA Adder Structures

Optimizing arithmetic primitives such as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) adders is important for investigating high-performance QCA computers in this emerging nano-technological paradigm. In this paper, we demonstrate that QCA ripple carry adder and bit-serial adder designs actually outperform carry-look-ahead and carry-select adder designs because of the increase in required interconnects. Simulation results obtained by using the QCADesigner tool for the proposed adder designs are also presented.
Induction of endometriosis in mice : a new model sensitive to estrogen

Endometriosis consists of the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. A rat model of endometriosis is available to evaluate the potential for environmental chemicals to promote the disease but may be relatively insensitive for the evaluation of the hazard of certain compounds. Our objective, which was to develop a mouse model for endometriosis, was based on (a) the promotion of endometriosis in primates by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), (b) the apparent relationship between endometriosis and immunodeficiency, and (c) evidence that humoral immunity is suppressed in mice but not rats following TCDD exposure. In the mouse model, slices of uterus were sutured to intestinal mesenteric vessels. By 3 weeks after surgery, these sites were cyst-like structures. The growth of the sites was hormone dependent. In intact mice, sites measured 3.60 +/- 0.22 mm; vehicle and estrone (0.5 microgram/day) treatments produced site diameters of 0.95 +/- 0.128 and 5.28 +/- 0.355 mm, respectively. This new mouse model provides a sensitive and useful technique for future studies of the potential for specific xenobiotics to promote the development of endometriosis.
Stochastic differential equations driven by stable processes for which pathwise uniqueness fails

Abstract Let Zt be a one-dimensional symmetric stable process of order α with α∈(0,2) and consider the stochastic differential equation d X t =φ(X t− ) d Z t . For β
DB2 and Web services

The World Wide Web offers a tremendous amount of information. Accessing and integrating the available information is a challenge. "Screen scraping" and reverse template engineering are manual and error-prone integration techniques from the past. Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) allowed Web sites to become programmable Web services. W3C SOAP is based on XML (Extensible Markup Language) and is a lightweight protocol that provides a service-oriented architecture for applications on the Web. Clients compose requests and send SOAP envelopes to providers, who reply through SOAP responses. In this paper, we describe DB2?® and Web services, with techniques for integrating information from multiple Web service providers and exposing the collective information through Web services.
Software design for wireless sensor-based site-specific irrigation

In-field sensor-based site-specific irrigation management is of benefit to producers for efficient water management. Integration of the decision making process with the controls is a viable option for determining when and where to irrigate, and how much water to apply. This research presents the design of decision support software and its integration with an in-field wireless sensor network (WSN) to implement site-specific sprinkler irrigation control via Bluetooth wireless communication. Wireless in-field sensing and control (WISC) software was designed by four major design factors that provide real-time monitoring and control of both inputs (field data) and outputs (sprinkler controls) by simple click-and-play menu using graphical user interface (GUI), and optimized to adapt changes of crop design, irrigation pattern, and field location. The WISC software provides remote access to in-field micrometeorological information from the distributed WSN and variable-rate irrigation control. An algorithm for nozzle sequencing was developed to stagger nozzle-on operations so as evenly distributed over the 60-s cycle. Sensor-based closed-loop irrigation was highly correlated to catch can water with r^2=0.98.
Bearing More Risk for Results Performance Accountability and Nonprofit Relational Work

Performance accountability systems require nonprofits to bear more risk for achieving results. Although a growing body of work has examined nonprofit accountability, less attention has been given to the concept of risk. This article points to a potential conflict between performance accountability frameworks and nonprofit work. This conflict can be best understood as a one between managing risk in task-driven relationships, in which relationships are formed simply to achieve desirable results, and managing risk in developmentally driven relationships, in which performing a task is intended not only to achieve desirable results but also to build enduring capacity to take action on common problems.
A variant mouse myeloma secreting excess heavy chain.

Abstract A variant of the IgA immunoglobulin secreting mouse myeloma, S194, was isolated by cloning and established tissue culture line on agar. The variant secretes apparently normal immunoglobulin subunits, but an excess of polymeric heaby chain together with both free monomeric light chain and light chain dimers. Unliek the parent myeloma immunoglobulin the variant protein separates readily into its subunits on an SDS-sephadex column. The binding of DNP-carrier by the parent immunoglobulin is also possessed by a fraction of the variant protein; this fraction has been shown to be dissociable heavy chain polymer and light chain dimer. The subunits of the variant immunoglobulin complement on the polysome but subsequently form unstable immunoglobulin secreted by the variant. Immunoglobulin secretion and assembly mechanisms in the light of these results are discussed.
SU-FF-J-13: Simulated Real Time Image Guided Intra-Fraction Tracking-Delivery Method for Prostate IMRT

Purpose: The magnitude and frequency of intrafraction target motion (due to anatomical, physiological and physical changes) has an important role in delivery accuracy for image‐guidedradiotherapy. This motion could show significant variations even in few‐second timeframe. However, there are no standard characteristics of target motion that can be assumed for a particular patient. This work aims to study the feasibility of tracking real time prostate motion with subsequent irradiation using Step‐and‐Shoot IMRT.Method and Materials: The prostate motion for actual patient was recorded using image‐tracked Cyberknife system during a 150‐minute single fraction treatment, and subsequently analyzed. Single fraction IMRT plan was planned for the same patient. The plan was normalized such that 95.1% of the CTV received 100% of the prescribed dose. To study the effect of intrafraction prostate motion and how the dose delivered was affected, two groups of IMRT plans were generated, one for 30 (group1) and one for 15 (group2) minutes total delivery time. Group 1 and 2 has 5 and 10 plans, respectively, to reflect the 150 minutes intrafraction prostate movement recorded. In these plans, for each segment, time averaged displacements of the target (AP, LR, and SI movements) were introduced and the MLC positions were shifted accordingly. Results: The dose coverage of the CTV was reduced from the original 95.1% to 92.5 ± 2.6 % in group1, and to 90.4 ± 7.2 % in group2. Plan 5 of group2 shows the lowest dose coverage of 71.2 % due to significant prostate movement (0.5 – 2 cm) within 3601–4500 second period. Dose coverage without plan 5 increased to 92.6 ± 2.7% for group2. Transformed plans receive lower dose to the selected organs‐at‐risk (OAR) compared to original plans. Conclusion: This result indicates the necessity of real time image‐guided compensated IMRT delivery for moving target.
IaaS cloud computing services for libraries: cloud storage and virtual machines

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of current uses of cloud computing (CC) services in libraries, address a gap identified in integrating cloud storage in IaaS level, and show how to use EC2 tools for easy backup and resource monitoring.Design/methodology/approach – The article begins a literature review of CC uses in libraries, organized at the SaaS, PaaS and IaaS levels. The author presents his experience of integrating cloud storage services S3 and GCS. In addition, he also shows how to use virtual machine EC2 tools for backup and monitoring resources.Findings – The article describes a case study of integrating cloud storage using S3 and GCS. S3 can be integrated with any program whether the program runs on cloud or locally, while GCS is only good for applications running on GAE. The limitation of the current GCS approach makes it hard to use for a stand‐alone cloud storage. The author also discusses virtual machines using EC2 and its related tools for backup, increase stor...