cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of strategies for transformation with multiple genes via microprojectile-mediated bombardment

The stable insertion and expression of multiple transgenes in crops is highly desirable, as the manipulation of complex agronomic traits and the introduction of novel biosynthetic pathways are dependent upon it. This study was performed to explore the frequency and efficiency of introducing multiple genes in soybean by using somatic embryogenesis and microprojectile bombardment transformation. The co-transformation frequency of six selectable marker or reporter genes (GusA, bleomycin resistance, glufosinate resistance, hygromycin resistance, green fluorescent protein, and kanamycin resistance) were followed throughout the T0, T1, and T2 generations. Three bombardment strategies were compared to determine the best method to generate transgenic plants that express the introduced transgenes and have a simple insertion pattern that would facilitate any downstream breeding. The plasmid bombardment treatments were (1) a six-gene-containing plasmid, (2) an equimolar treatment of five individual plasmids that collectively contained the six transgenes of interest (genes of glufosinate and hygromycin resistance were on the same plasmid), and (3) a 1:9 ratio mixture of the five plasmids, in which the plasmid containing the selectable marker used in the regeneration process, hygromycin resistance, was used in ninefold excess to all the other plasmids. Of the six bombardments performed per plasmid treatment, the results of seven independent events for the six-gene plasmid, four events for the 1:9 treatment, and a single regenerated event for the equimolar treatment indicate that containing all the transgenes on one plasmid just had an advantage in terms of frequency of a successful transformation events. Based on Southern analysis, the only events that contained all six transgenes was the one obtained by the equimolar treatment. No event was obtained that expressed all six transgenes, and certain transgenes seem to be non-randomly lost, namely gusA, bleomycin resistance, and glufosinate resistance, regardless of treatment. The addition of elements to optimize the expression of each gene cassette when multiple genes are in close proximity needs to be further investigated.
It Is Time for a Moratorium on Legislation Enabling Prescription Privileges for Psychologists

The prescription privileges proposal may be one of the most widely debated and divisive issues organized psychology has ever faced. I argue that the concerns raised and evidence presented by Robiner et al. in this issue's article opposing prescription privileges justify an immediate review of American Psychological Association (APA) policy on prescription privileges and an accompanying moratorium on enabling legislation. It is critical that both basic and applied psychologists appreciate that the proposal is not just a professional and consumer protection issue, but fundamentally a training issue that would overhaul the nature of the entire discipline. Concerns raised include the viability of university-based departments of psychology and thereby the maintenance of psychological science and its evidence-based applications.
Development of a Clinically Comprehensive Database and a Simple Procedure for Identification of Molds from Solid Media by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a powerful tool for the rapid and highly accurate identification of clinical pathogens but has not been utilized extensively in clinical mycology due to challenges in developing an effective protein extraction method and the limited databases available. Here, we developed an alternate extraction procedure and constructed a highly stringent database comprising 294 individual isolates representing 76 genera and 152 species. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive clinically relevant mold database developed to date. When challenged with 421 blinded clinical isolates from our institution, by use of the BioTyper software, accurate species-level (score of ≥ 2.0) and genus-level (score of ≥ 1.7) identifications were obtained for 370 (88.9%) and 18 (4.3%) isolates, respectively. No isolates were misidentified. Of the 33 isolates (7.8%) for which there was no identification (score of <1.7), 25 were basidiomycetes not associated with clinical disease and 8 were Penicillium species that were not represented in the database. Our library clearly outperformed the manufacturer's database that was obtained with the instrument, which identified only 3 (0.7%) and 26 (6.2%) isolates at species and genus levels, respectively. Identification was not affected by different culture conditions. Implementation into our routine workflow has revolutionized our mycology laboratory efficiency, with improved accuracy and decreased time for mold identification, eliminating reliance on traditional phenotypic features.
Adult Day Health Center Participation and Health-Related Quality of Life

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the association between Adult Day Health Center (ADHC) participation and health-related quality of life. Design and methods Case-controlled prospective study utilizing the Medical Outcomes Survey Form 36 (SF-36) to compare newly enrolled participants from 16 ADHC programs with comparable community-dwelling older adults who did not attend an ADHC. Assessments were conducted at study enrollment, 6 and 12 months. Results ADHC participants (n = 57) and comparison group subjects (n = 67) were similar at baseline in age, ethnic diversity, medical conditions, depression, cognition, immigration history, education, income, and marital status. Significantly more comparison group subjects lived alone (p = .002). One year after enrollment, the SF-36 domains role physical and role emotional improved significantly. Adjusted role physical scores for ADHC participants improved (23 vs. 36) but declined for the comparison group (38 vs. 26, time by group interaction p = .01), and role emotional scores improved for ADHC participants (62 vs.70) but declined for the comparison group (65 vs. 48, time by group interaction p = .02). Secondary analyses revealed that changes in daily physical functioning, depressed affect, or cognitive functioning did not explain the improvements found in role physical and role emotional scores for ADHC participants. No significant differences in trends for the 2 groups occurred for the SF-36 domains physical functioning, social functioning, and mental health. Implications ADHC participation may enhance older adults' quality of life. Quality of life may be a key measure to inform care planning, program improvement, and policy development of ADHC.
Awareness of sleepiness and ability to predict sleep onset: can drivers avoid falling asleep at the wheel?

Abstract Objectives Regarding the causes of sleep-related accidents, this study assesses whether individuals can anticipate sleep onset accurately and how individuals acknowledge and use physiological and cognitive cues to make judgments related to sleep onset. Methods A group of 41 partially sleep-deprived subjects predicted the likelihood of sleep in 30 consecutive two-minute intervals and noted physiological and cognitive signs of sleepiness, including involuntary eye closure, head-nodding, wandering thoughts, yawns, and instances of sleep, collectively referred to as “sleep complaints”. Continuous polysomnographic recording compared these predictions to actual instances of sleep. Results Subjects varied in their ability to predict sleep onset. For all subjects, the mean prediction of the likelihood of sleep prior to sleep was significantly higher than the mean prediction of the likelihood of sleep prior to intervals in which no sleep occurred (78% vs. 42%; p Conclusion Subjects who acknowledged a limited number of physiological and cognitive indicators of sleepiness tended to be poor predictors. Subjects whose physiological and cognitive signs of sleepiness failed to provide a strong indication of whether or not sleep onset would occur also tended to be poor predictors. Inability to judge sleep onset and, hence, susceptibility to sleep-related accidents, may be attributable to both a scarcity of meaningful warning signs and a failure to acknowledge the importance of physiological and cognitive indicators.
Using talking heads for real-time virtual videophone in wireless networks

Low bandwidth makes real-time video over wireless and mobile networks expensive and limits transmission length. An architecture that substitutes a person's face with a text-based facial vector description transmitted over a network in tandem with a voice stream requires minimal bandwidth, enabling real-time videophony over various wireless networks
An undergraduate embedded systems project

Courses in embedded systems can approach the subject from a variety of perspectives, ranging from emphasis on hardware, emphasis on software, or emphasis on system design. This paper describes a course in embedded systems that requires students to develop software to control a system that is physically available in the laboratory. The hardware models a rapid transit system that is controlled using a distributed system consisting of five independent microcontrollers, communicating with each other via Ethernet. Designing the control software includes communicating with the other microcontrollers via UDP packets, communicating with the system hardware, and providing a web page to report status and accept system parameters such as tram speed and station waiting time. Students use an open-source operating system for their software, which they write in the C language; the operating system uses cooperative threads and provides library functions for serial and Ethernet input/output. The semester goal is to properly control as many trams as possible, with safety interlocks implemented. The physical system allows students to see the results of their software.
Automated single molecule nucleic acid detection with a waveguide chip

Lambda DNA (λ-DNA) molecules were labeled with SYBR Gold nucleic acid stain using a PDMS-based programmable microfluidic chip (Automaton). Single DNA molecules were detected in a vertically integrated liquid-core waveguide chip.
An analog study of the thermal buckling behavior of thin cylindricalshells.

Abstract : A simple beam-column model is utilized to study the thermal buckling behavior of similar shells. Closed-form solutions of the governing differential equation are presented for the cases of simply-supported ends and clamped ends. Numerical calculations are performed and the data obtained used to construct equilibrium curves relating the axial load to the axial end shortening and to the midlength lateral deflection. The theoretical curves obtained for the clamped beam-column are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental curves recorded in an equivalent problem of a previous investigation. (Author)
The History of Biological Weapons Use: What We Know and What We Don't

This article critically reviews the literature on the history of biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrimes. The first serious effort to review this entire history, made in 1969, had numerous limitations. In recent decades, several authors have filled many of the gaps in our understanding of the past use of biological agents (including both pathogens and toxins), making it possible to reconstruct that history with greater fidelity than previously possible. Nevertheless, there are numerous remaining gaps, and closer inspection indicates that some supposed uses of biological weapons never took place or are poorly substantiated. Topics requiring additional research are identified.
Implementing work requirements in Wisconsin

When Western counties seek to reform welfare so that recipients have to work in return for aid, this poses implementation as well as policy problems. This study of work requirements in Wisconsin illustrates the challenges. It also confirms success of a top-down model of implementation. Wisconsin's welfare work programs had little impact on dependency through the mid 198os because work was not a priority and work programs were underdeveloped. From 1985-6, however, the state increased funding and built up the employment bureaucracy. It required that more recipients participate in work programs, enter jobs rather than education, and avoid welfare if possible. It attuned the bureaucracy to its goals through funding incentives. These measures along with strong economic conditions then drove the welfare rolls down, with largely good effects. Wisconsin's achievement rested on its good-government traditions. Not all regimes have the same capacity. Western counties now seek to require that more working-aged doubts who receive assistance from government work or look for work as a condition of aid. The goal is to reduce assistance costs and to reduce the social separation between the poor and mainstream society. These polices are being applied to varying extents to the unemployed living on jobless benefits and to single mothers, who traditionally raised children without a work test. The new work demands are strongest in the United States, but lesser moves in the same direction have appeared in Canada, Britain, and other European countries. This attempt to combine aid with work requirements is currently a leading innovation in Western social policy. That endeavour demands that scholars pay more attention to the administrative side of welfare policy. The tendency has been to focus on the initial enactment of social programs and then assume that their execution followed. Most scholarship about welfare reform in the United States has centred on legislative politics. We have treatises on why the proposals to expand welfare made in the 196os and 1970s
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as controlled release drug delivery and gene transfection carriers

In this review, we highlight the recent research developments of a series of surface-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) materials as efficient drug delivery carriers. The synthesis of this type of MSN materials is described along with the current methods for controlling the structural properties and chemical functionalization for biotechnological and biomedical applications. We summarized the advantages of using MSN for several drug delivery applications. The recent investigations of the biocompatibility of MSN in vitro are discussed. We also describe the exciting progress on using MSN to penetrate various cell membranes in animal and plant cells. The novel concept of gatekeeping is introduced and applied to the design of a variety of stimuli-responsive nanodevices. We envision that these MSN-based systems have a great potential for a variety of drug delivery applications, such as the site-specific delivery and intracellular controlled release of drugs, genes, and other therapeutic agents.
Modular control of varied locomotor tasks in children with incomplete spinal cord injuries

A module is a functional unit of the nervous system that specifies functionally relevant patterns of muscle activation. In adults, four to five modules account for muscle activation during walking....
Primary Malignant Giant-Cell Tumor of Bone Has High Survival Rate

Malignant giant-cell tumors (MGCT) comprise 2–9% of all giant-cell tumors (GCTs). The limited existing studies fail to distinguish primary, secondary, or postradiation cancers, making it difficult to design rational treatment strategies. This study compared malignant to benign GCTs and defined the clinical outcome of the patients in a large series of case-matched patients from a single institution. Clinical, radiological, and outcome features were compared between 26 malignant and 244 benign GCTs treated in our institution. Five postradiation cancers were excluded. We also performed a 1:2 case-matched comparison of patients with malignant and benign disease. Distal femur (P = 0.019), proximal tibia (P = 0.032), and distal tibia (P = 0.049) had a higher frequency of MGCT. Campanacci stage 1 tumors had a low probability of malignancy (P = 0.017). MGCT were less likely to have aneurysmal bone cyst changes. The 5-year recurrence-free status probability was 80% for malignant and 91% for benign cases in matched groups. The difference in the recurrence rate between benign and malignant groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.24). Functional impairment and limited activity were greater in MGCT patients than in benign GCT patients, whether treated by resection/amputation or curettage/cryosurgery. We found that malignant and benign GCT have similar epidemiology and that recurrence was higher in MGCT (20 v 9%). Local recurrence for MGCT was not statistically different for excision versus intralesional therapy, but there was little statistical power. Finally, the 16% mortality for patients with MGCT suggests low-grade malignancy.
Influence of the normal menstrual cycle on vaginal microflora.

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The Waqf of Muhammad Bey Abu Al-Dhahab in Historical Perspective

Whoever builds a mosque for God, even like the nest of a bird to lay her eggs, God will build for him an abode in paradise.1.In 1774, the Mamluk shaykh al-balad Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab began the construction of a large mosque-madrasa-takiyya in one of central Cairo's prime locations. The complex bearing the name of the donor lies within a rough triangle formed by the main gate of al-Azhar, the Khan al-Zarakisha, and the wikāla of the 16th-century Mamluk ruler Qansuh al-Ghawri and forms the most important part of Muhammad Bey's waqf. Extensive agricultural lands and urban properties were included in the waqf by the donor to support the personnel of the mosque, school, and rakiyya, to pay for the religious activities stipulated by the terms of the waqf, and for the upkeep of the buildings.
A Possible Meteorite Crater in Northeastern New Mexico

This note presents a brief description of a possible meteorite crater found in northeastern New Mexico, in December, 1948, during an air search for another meteoritic fall.
Men's experience with penile rehabilitation following radical prostatectomy: a qualitative study with the goal of informing a therapeutic intervention.

Background Erectile rehabilitation (ER) following radical prostatectomy (RP) is considered an essential component to help men regain erectile functioning; however, many men have difficulty adhering to this type of program. This qualitative study explored men's experience with ER, erectile dysfunction (ED), and ED treatments to inform a psychological intervention designed to help men adhere to ER post-RP. Methods Thirty men, 1-to-3-years post-RP, who took part in an ER program, participated in one of four focus groups. Thematic analysis was used to identify the primary themes. Results Average age was 59 years (standard deviation = 7); mean time since surgery was 26 months (standard deviation = 6). Six primary themes emerged: (1) frustration with the lack of information about postsurgery ED; (2) negative emotional impact of ED and avoidance of sexual situations; (3) negative emotional experience with penile injections and barriers leading to avoidance; (4) the benefit of focusing on the long-term advantage of ER versus short-term anxiety; (5) using humor to help cope; and (6) the benefit of support from partners and peers. Conclusions Men's frustration surrounding ED can lead to avoidance of sexual situations and ED treatments, which negatively impact men's adherence to an ER program. The theoretical construct of acceptance and commitment therapy was used to place the themes into a framework to conceptualize the mechanisms underlying both avoidance and adherence in this population. As such, acceptance and commitment therapy has the potential to serve as a conceptual underpinning of a psychological intervention to help men reduce avoidance to penile injections and adhere to an ER program. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tomographic imaging of lithospheric structures under Taiwan

Abstract Tomographic images of the crustal and mantle velocity structures under Taiwan are obtained by simultaneous inversion of local earthquake P-wave arrival times for hypocenters and P-wave velocity structures. In northern Taiwan, a high-velocity zone, coinciding with the Wadati-Benioff zone, can readily be identified as the subducted Philippine Sea plate. The imaged zone dips toward the north at an angle of 40° from a depth range of 20–55 to 100–130 km. An upper-mantle low-velocity wedge, ranging from 40 to 80 km in depth, exists above the subducted slab. Above this wedge is the Ilan Plain of northern Taiwan which lies at the west end of the Okinawa Trough, a well recognized back-arc basin; the crustal velocities under the Plain are also relatively low. The well-defined high-velocity zone and the low-velocity wedge provide some constraints on the thermal structures of the subduction system under northern Taiwan. In tomographic images across the central section of Taiwan, thickening of the crust and up-arching of the lower-crustal materials under the Central Range are commonly observed; the crust under the Western Foothills region is clearly thinner and the near-surface low-velocity layers are well developed. The structures under the Central Range show that although the Taiwan orogeny is quite young, a root, deeper in the north and shallowing to the south, has formed. The results of our tomography show that a significant portion of the lithosphere is involved in the Taiwan orogeny.
Mast Cell–Mediated Stimulation of Angiogenesis: Cooperative Interaction Between A2B and A3 Adenosine Receptors

Adenosine is released during tissue injury, ischemia and tumor growth, and promotes angiogenesis. Because mast cells accumulate in the proximity of new blood vessel development, we examined if they may contribute to adenosine-induced angiogenesis. We found that HMC-1 human mast cells express A 2A , A 2B , and A 3 adenosine receptors. The adenosine agonist NECA (100 μmol/L) increased interleukin-8 (IL-8), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiopoietin-2 mRNA expression. NECA-induced secretion of IL-8 and VEGF was verified by ELISA. A 2B receptors mediate VEGF and IL-8 secretion because neither CGS21680 (selective A 2A agonist) nor IB-MECA (selective A 3 agonist) produced this effect, and it was inhibited by the selective A 2B antagonist IPDX but not by the selective A 2A antagonist SCH58261 or the selective A 3 antagonist MRS1191. In contrast, the selective A 3 agonist IB-MECA (EC 50 1 nmol/L) stimulated angiopoietin-2 expression. Conditioned media from NECA-activated HMC-1 stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and induced capillary tube formation. Capillary formation induced by mast cell–conditioned media was maximal if both HMC-1 A 2B and A 3 receptors were activated, whereas activation of A 2B receptor alone was less effective. Thus, adenosine A 2B and A 3 receptors act in a functional cooperative fashion to promote angiogenesis by a paracrine mechanism involving the differential expression and secretion of angiogenic factors from human mast cells.
When Winning Means Losing: Why a State Takeover of Public Lands May Leave States Without the Minerals They Covet

This White Paper, the third in a series assessing state efforts to take over federal public lands, addresses state claims to the minerals underlying those lands. Using Utah as an example, we argue here that even if states overcome extremely long odds to convince a court that the federal government is obligated to dispose of more public land, and that such a disposal obligation necessitates giving the public domain to the states, well established legal principles would prevent grants of most mineral lands to the states. Moreover, any mineral rights that states did obtain would be realized only after years of costly site-specific litigation — litigation above and beyond that required to test the validity of their efforts to compel disposal. Mineral title is important because Utah’s best, and perhaps only, hope of covering management costs involves mineral development. Indeed, during 2013, federal mineral leasing (primarily oil, natural gas, and coal) produced 93-percent of all revenue derived from the targeted public lands. Taking on the management of millions of acres of new land without simultaneously securing a source of funding to fulfill those obligations would be contrary to the state’s best interests.
Waves in a Smoothly Jointed Plate and Half-Space

Propagating dilatational and distortional disturbances in a half-space, generate wave motion in a plate that covers the half space. The motion of the plate is described by the Bernoulli-Euler-Kirchhoff theory. The half-space (subgrade) is homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic. Plate and subgrade are in smooth contact and thus only normal disturbances are transmitted at the plate subgrade interface. The response of the plate to plane dilatational and distortional waves is examined. Explicit expressions are derived for the plate deflection, the bending moment, and the reflection coefficients. Several special cases such as normal incidence, grazing incidence, and wave incidence—for which the plate effect vanishes—are examined. Diagrams show the deflection and the bending moment as functions of the angle of emergence, the frequency, and the plate-subgrade parameters. The modifications of the equations, if a perfect bond between plate and half-space is assumed, are examined briefly.
Utility of features of the patient's history in the diagnosis of atraumatic shoulder pain: a systematic review.

Background Whereas physical examination tests for shoulder disorders have numeric values that describe the utility of the test and its effect on the probability of having a diagnosis, this information is lacking for elements of the history. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine numeric data (sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood or odds ratios) for elements of the history with regard to diagnoses in patients with chronic atraumatic shoulder pain. Methods We performed a systematic review to extract information from the existing literature regarding the numeric utility of different features of the patient history as they pertain to chronic atraumatic shoulder pain. Data sources were MEDLINE through PubMed (1946–January 2012) and EMBASE through Ovid (1980–January 2012). Results Twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria. A diagnosis of rotator cuff tear was more likely with a history of hypercholesterolemia, having a relative with rotator cuff disease, excessive lifting, above-shoulder work, hand-held vibration work, or age older than 60 years. Acromioclavicular arthritis was more likely in weightlifters. Glenohumeral arthritis was more likely if the patient has a history of prior dislocation, age >75 years, or a diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. Adhesive capsulitis was more likely with a history of diabetes or thyroid disorder. Posterior labral tear was more likely in football players. Conclusions The numeric values for the utility of these history features will help establish numeric probabilities for diagnoses in patients with shoulder pain.
The Stress-Hybrid Finite Element

The purpose of this note is to illustrate an efficient method for obtaining the H matrix. The notion is used herein is that of Cook. The theory of the stress-hybrid element will not be developed because it is readily available.
Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions

The year 2015 marks the 75th anniversary of the first known reference to Harold D. Lasswell's model of communication in 1940. In recognition of this milestone, this paper revisits Lasswell's famous construct, “Who, said what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect?” by offering a textual analysis of its conceptual evolution over the last 75 years. Inspired by Eulau and Zlomke's (1999) study on Harold Lasswell's legacy to the discipline of political science, we pose a similar question to the field of communication: If one only knows about Harold Lasswell by reading the citations or references to his model of communication, what would his legacy seem to be? In doing so, this paper first explicates the relationship between Lasswell's legacy to the field and the role his model of communication has played in it. Second, it tests the utility of Lasswell's model in light of a significantly changing media landscape, and gauges its current value for communication scholars. Finally, we conclude that Lasswell's...
Doing the Truth: Georg Kuhlewind and Pragmatism

I argue that Georg Kuhlewind's thought and pragmatism have a great deal in common. Both are a matter of activity, of "doing the truth," and pragmatism itself has nothing to do with being commercial or materialistic. Biblical and Greek notions of truth are discussed and related to pragmatism. Kuhlewind's discussion of "noticing" and forgetfulness of Self are related to Pilate and truth. The contemplative dimension of pragmatism - in James but especially in Dewey - is highlighted. In conclusion, "the linguistic turn" and pragmatism are connected to Kuhlewind's interest in language and in his teaching that I-beings are "word-beings".
A Model for Curvature in Film-Substrate System

Growth of lattice mismatched films creates bending in the whole structure. There has been great interest in the study of these curvatures in epitaxially-grown materials. An analytical solution for the radius of curvature produced by stresses developed in growing lattice mismatched materials has been obtained. The analyses were based on beam bending theory and strain partitioning theory introduced by our group earlier. The expressions for radius of curvature were obtained for a two-layer heterostructure. The variation of the radius of curvature with the relative thicknesses, relative lattice constants, and relative elastic constants of the layers was determined. The model was verified by applying it to a symmetric tri-laminate structure. The above model can also be extended to determine the curvature for multi-layered heterostructures.
Recursively Generated Evolutionary Turing Machines and Evolutionary Automata

One of the roots of evolutionary computation was the idea of Turing about unorganized machines. The goal of this paper is the development of foundations for evolutionary computations, connecting Turing’s ideas and the contemporary state of art in evolutionary computations. The theory of computation is based on mathematical models of computing automata, such as Turing machines or finite automata. In a similar way, the theory of evolutionary computation is based on mathematical models of evolutionary computing automata, such as evolutionary Turing machines or evolutionary finite automata. The goal of the chapter is to study computability in the context of the theory of evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms. We use basic models of evolutionary computation, such as different types of evolutionary machines, evolutionary automata and evolutionary algorithms, for exploration of the computing and accepting power of various kinds of evolutionary automata. However, we consider not only how evolutionary automata compute but also how they are generated because a rigorous study of construction techniques for computational systems is an urgent demand of information processing technology. Generation schemas for evolutionary automata are studied and applied to computability problems.
Effects of Hydrolysis and Torrefaction on Pyrolysis Product Distribution of Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC)

This study investigates the use of spent mushroom compost (SMC) as a potential feedstock for the production of bio-oil via fast pyrolysis process. It was found that, although SMC can be converted to bio-oil, due to its high moisture and ash contents, fast pyrolysis of SMC results in low yield and quality of bio-oil. Reduction of the moisture and ash contents in SMC is the key element to make SMC a desirable feedstock for biomass conversion. This investigation has revealed that pyrolysis of SMC that has been treated by a combination of hydrolysis and torrefaction processes results in a higher yield of bio-oil production. The biomass that was only pretreated with torrefaction produces a lower yield of bio-oil compared to those that have been hydrolyzed or hydrolyzed then torrefied.
New species of Stigmarcarus (Acari: Podapolipidae) parasitic on weevils (Lixus sp. Curculionidae) from Tshikaji, Zaire.

The adult female and male and larval female of Stigmacarus stantoni sp. nov. are described. These parasitic mites were collected from the bases of radial veins of the wings of weevils ( Lixus sp. Curculionidae) in Tsikaji, Zaire. S. stantoni is compared with the only other known species of Stigmacarus, S. lukoschusi Feldman-Muhsam and Havivi 1977, and also associated with weevils.
Diffusion of phosphorus in olivine and molten basalt

The diffusivity of phosphorus in San Carlos olivine (SCO) was measured at near-atmospheric pressure and 650–850 °C by in-diffusion of P from a surface powder source consisting of pre-reacted SCO and AlPO 4 . The experiments were conducted in evacuated silica-glass ampoules at oxygen fugacities fixed by solid-state buffers, generally Ni-NiO but also including two experiments buffered at wustite-magnetite. Phosphorus uptake profiles were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). The temperature dependence of P diffusion in SCO conforms to the expected Arrhenius relation D = D 0 exp(− E a /R T ), where the constants are as follows: log( D 0 , m 2 /s) = −10.06 ± 0.80 and E a = 229 ± 16 kJ/mol. These values characterize P as a relatively slow diffuser in olivine—slower by about an order of magnitude than Cr and Ca at basalt near-liquidus temperatures—but substantially faster than Si. With a view toward modeling P uptake during rapid growth of natural olivines, P diffusion was also characterized in dry MORB basalt melt over the temperature range 1250–1500 °C at 1 GPa, using traditional diffusion couples contained in graphite. Phosphorus diffusion profiles in the quenched and depressurized samples were quantified by laser-ablation ICP/MS. Phosphorus diffusion in basaltic melt is similar to that of Si, with log( D 0 , m 2 /s) = −6.30 ± 0.7 and E a = 147 ± 22 kJ/mol. The new data for P diffusion in olivine and basalt melt can be used to explore the acquisition of fine-scale zoning in natural olivine phenocrysts through kinetic models, as well as the survival of P zoning in olivine with time spent at elevated temperature. Models of growth entrapment of a P-enriched near-surface layer in the olivine lattice indicate that crystal growth at plausible sustained rates is indeed likely to result in regions of anomalously high P content in the resulting crystal. Phosphorus concentrations above the equilibrium partitioning value can also result from development of a diffusive boundary layer in the melt against a rapidly growing crystal, but this mechanism is ineffective at typical sustained olivine growth rates, requiring dendrite-forming growth speeds. Preservation of P zoning on the scale of a few micrometers apparently requires cooling within a few months of formation of the zoning.
Prevention of mammary tumorigenesis by intermittent caloric restriction: Does caloric intake during refeeding modulate the response?

Chronic caloric restriction (CCR) prevents mammary tumorigenesis in rodents, but a protective effect for intermittent caloric restriction (ICR) is less well documented. We recently reported that ICR reduced mammary tumor (MT) incidence of mouse mammary tumor virus-transforming growth factor (MMTV-TGF)-alpha mice to a greater extent than did CCR. Here, we repeated this protocol and obtained serum and tissue samples. Ad libitum (AL) MMTV-TGF-alpha mice were fed AIN-93M diet. Beginning at 10 weeks of age, ICR mice received isocaloric AIN-93M-mod diet (2-fold increases in protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals) at 50% of ad libitum for 3 weeks followed by 3 weeks refeeding with AIN-93M diet. CCR mice were pair-fed AIN-93M:AIN-93M-mod (2:1) matching intakes for restriction/refeeding cycles. Mice were sacrificed for MT size, at 79 (end of 12th restriction) or at 80 (1 week after 12th refeeding) weeks of age. AL and ICR-80 mice had heavier body weights than ICR-79 and CCR mice (P < 0.0001). Cumulative food intakes of ICR and CCR mice were reduced 12% and 15% versus AL mice (P < 0.0001). However, ICR mice consumed significantly (P < 0.0001) more food than did AL mice during refeeding. MT incidence was 84%, 13%, and 27% for AL, ICR, and CCR mice, respectively. MT weight (P < 0.0011) and number (P < 0.01) were higher for AL mice compared with ICR and CCR mice. AL and ICR-80 mice had similar serum IGF-I levels, but only AL values were higher than those of ICR-79 and CCR mice (P < 0.0017). ICR mice had more MT DNA breaks compared with AL and CCR mice, suggesting enhanced apoptosis (P < 0.02). AL mice had higher mammary fat pad ObR and ObRb leptin receptor mRNA expression than did ICR and CCR mice (P < 0.001), but there was no effect on MTs. These results confirm that ICR prevents development of MTs to a greater extent than does CCR, although "overeating" during refeeding may compromise this protection.
77 NOVEL MECHANISM OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2-MEDIATED ENDOTHELIAL CELL BARRIER ENHANCEMENT: ROLE OF EPCR, S1P1 RECEPTOR, EPAC, RAP1, AF-6, AND PROFILIN.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important tissue-specific autocrine inflammatory mediator. In lung, unlike other tissues, PGE2 exerts an anti-inflammatory, tissue-reparative, and endothelial cell (EC) barrier protective response, which can have therapeutic potential in various pulmonary diseases. Therefore, we examined the mechanism of PGE2-induced pulmonary EC barrier regulation. Addition of PGE2 (100 nM, 5-30 minutes) to EC induced recruitment of EP2 and EP3 receptor (E prostanoid receptor subtypes), EPCR (endothelial cell protein C receptor), S1P1 receptor, Epac (cAMP-activated Rap1 exchange factor), Rap1 (small GTP binding protein), AF-6 (scaffolding protein that binds activated Rap1 and profilin), and profilin (actin polymerizing cytoskeletal protein) to caveolin-enriched microdomains (lipid rafts). Silencing EP2 (but not EP3), EPCR (siRNA) or inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity (29,59-dideoxy-39-ATP) attenuated PGE2-induced recruitment of Epac and Rap1 to EC lipid rafts. Silencing S1P1 receptor inhibited PGE2-induced AF-6 and profilin recruitment to EC lipid rafts. Finally, inhibiting lipid raft formation (methyl-b-cyclodextrin), inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity, or silencing EP2, EPCR, S1P1 receptor, Epac, Rap1, AF-6, or profilin attenuated PGE2-induced increased EC barrier function. Taken together, these data suggest that PGE2 ligation of EP2 receptor induces EPCR and S1P1 receptor signaling required for Epac, Rap1, AF-6, and profilin recruitment to lipid rafts during pulmonary EC barrier enhancement.
H Reflex Changes in Lower Extremities in Spastic Cerebral Palsy Children and Reliability Analysis of H Reflex Evaluating Limb Spasm

Objective To explore H reflex changes in lower extremities in children with spastic cerebral palsy(CP) and to analyze the reliability of H reflex evaluating limb spasm in order to seek the objective index for quantitative evaluation of spastic high muscular tension. Methods Fifty cases of spastic CP children from Jan.2010 to Dec.2011 in Department of Neurology,Children′s Hospital of Zhengzhou,were collected as CP group,including 33 males and 17 females.Another 20 cases of healthy children were selected as healthy control group,including 11 males and 9 females.H reflex latency,amplitude and percentage of Hmax/Mmax(H/M) were determined and compared between CP group and healthy control group by using electromyogram instrument-Viking ⅣD(Nicolet Company,USA).Composite spasticity scale(CSS) score of lower extremities in CP group was evaluated and the correlation analysis between CSS score and H reflex amplitude,and percentage of H/M were calculated. Results The H reflex latency,amplitude and percentage of H/M in CP group were(18.87±2.94) ms,(4.21±2.85) μV,35.24±16.32,respectively.The H reflex latency,amplitude and percentage of H/M in healthy control group were(23.20±1.98) ms,(2.34±1.53) μV,14.23±6.36,respectively.The H reflex latency decreased,amplitude and percentage of H/M increased in CP group,and the differences were statistically significant compared with those in the healthy control group(Pa0.05).CSS score of children in CP group was 7.75±2.27,and was positively correlated with H reflex amplitude(r=0.562,P0.05) and percentage of H/M(r=0.904,P0.01),and the linear equation was Y= 8.425X-30.021. Conclusion H reflex can be used as quantitative indicators of motor neurons excitabilities of lower extremity in spastic CP children.
The role of exogenous calcium for gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone production by human granulosa-luteal cells.

Previous studies of cells from various species have indicated that exogenous calcium is necessary for gonadotropic stimulation of steroidogenesis. To determine whether this requirement for exogenous calcium is a universal attribute of steroidogenic cells, we studied baseline and stimulated progesterone (P) production by cultured human granulosaluteal cells obtained at the time of oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization (IVF). During 4 hours in culture, both cholera toxin (1.25 μg/mL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 1 IU/mL) stimulated a significant (P
A laser infrared source of nanosecond pulses tunable from 1.4 to 22 μm

A reliable source of coherent ns pulses of infrared radiation continuously tunable between 1.4 and 22 μm has been designed and built with the aim of developing a time-resolved infrared vibrational spectroscopy for species adsorbed on surfaces. The system is based on a Nd: YAG-laser and dye-laser combination which drive difference mixing processes in a sequence of nonlinear optical crystals (two LiNbO3, and a CdSe or AgGaS2). The system operates at MW peak power levels above 2500 cm−1, at kW power levels from 1000–2500 cm−1 and at 10–100 W levels down to 450 cm−1. These power levels are certainly sufficient for spectroscopic purposes, and at shorter wavelengths molecular pumping and applications requiring high-power should be possible. Vibrational spectra of a monolayer of CO adsorbed on Pt in an electrochemical cell have been obtained in an initial application of this source.
Bilateral Ureteral Stricture from Polyarteritis Nodosa

A case of bilateral, asynchronous ureteral stricture from polyarteritis nodosa is described. Two cases of unilateral ureteral stricture from polyarteritis nodosa have been reported previously. Ureteral obstruction not associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis is rare with polyarteritis nodosa.
The Celtic Tiger: Incentives, Infrastructure, Tax Rates, Luck?

Ireland is often held up in economic development circles as the success story that proves the effectiveness of using investment incentives. Yet Ireland pursued essentially the same strategy of attracting foreign multinationals from the 1950s through the 1980s with little success. In the 1990s, the Irish economy boomed, creating the Ireland we know today. This chapter will analyze the relative contribution of incentives, EU infrastructure and training support, education and low tax rates to try to determine what finally went right.
Understanding the Relationship Between Different Types of Instructional Humor and Student Learning

1. Moshe Machlev[1][1][⇑][2] 2. Nancy J. Karlin[1][1] 1. 1University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, USA 1. Moshe Machlev, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, McKee 14, Greeley, CO 80639, USA. Email: nancy.karlin{at}unco.edu The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of use of different types of humor in the classroom for a possible relationship with perceived and actual learning. This relationship was examined using quantitative methods. Participants answered questions about their perceived and actual learning and the type of humor to which they were exposed (examining the frequency of such exposure). Student’s final grade in the course served as the measure of actual learning. The study consisted of 195 undergraduate students ranging in age from 18 to 25. A factor analysis identified two distinct types of humor (relevant/appropriate and non-relevant) used in the classroom with relevant/appropriate humor predicting perceived learning. No relationship was found between the different types of humor and actual learning. There was also no difference in the interaction between different types of humor with gender. [1]: #aff-1 [2]: #corresp-1
Application and Physics of Type-II Submonolayer Quantum Dots as an Active Medium for Intermediate Band Solar Cells

We present growth and characterization of vertically correlated submonolayer type-II ZnCdTe/ZnCdSe quantum dots suitable for fabricating intermediate band solar cells. An actual p-i-n structure, lattice matched to InP, will be described.
Mexican-origin male perspectives of diet-related behaviors associated with weight management.

Mexican-origin male perspectives of diet-related behaviors associated with weight management
Development of an on-line preconcentration method for the analysis of pathogenic lipopolysaccharides using capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry. Application to small colony isolates.

The present investigation describes the use of on-line chromatographic preconcentration coupled to capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry (cPC-CZE-ES-MS) for trace level analysis of negatively charged lipopolysaccharides (LPS) obtained from pathogenic strains of Haemophilus influenzae. The analytical performance of two different types of adsorption media [i.e., C18 irregular particles and poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) membrane] for anionic analytes was first evaluated using a mixture of peptide standards to determine the overall sensitivity of this approach. These chromatographic preconcentrators provided an enhancement of sample loadings of up to 5 microliters with good linear response and low nM concentration detection limits for most peptides investigated. The application of cPC-CZE-ES-MS is further demonstrated for extracts of O-deacylated LPS obtained from H. influenzae strain Eagan. In combination with novel enzymatic releasing methods using proteinase K, this technique provides unparalleled sensitivity and enabled the identification of LPS surface antigens from as little as five bacterial colonies.