cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining the role of exercise in patients with chronic pulmonary disease.

ABSTRACT Chronic pulmonary diseases are common in the community and their pathophysiology is complex. The principal symptoms are dyspnea and limited exercise capacity. Some, but not all, patients have true ventilatory limitation where the maximal exercise ventilation (VEmax) equals the measured maximal ventilatory volume (MVV). Those with obstructive disease have impeded expiration requiring an obligatory expiratory time for adequate lung emptying (i.e., a timing constraint). In these patients, increased breathing frequency during exercise tends to lead to hyperinflation and smaller tidal volumes, circumstances that predictably worsen breathing efficiency (i.e., result in high VD/VT). Those with restrictive disease characteristically have limited inspiratory capacity but-unimpeded or even accelerated expiration (i.e. tidal volume constraint). These patients characteristically exhibit rapid respiratory rates (e.g., >50-min−1) at end exercise.
The spring bloom in the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone as observed from a mesoscale array of bio-optical sensors

The US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) conducted a series of survey and process studies in part to understand the processes regulating primary productivity and carbon flux in the APFZ, which is a high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) region. We deployed a high-resolution array of 12 moorings (average horizontal spacing 30 km) equipped with bio-optical and physical sensors to study the temporal and spatial scales of biological and physical processes in the APFZ. The moorings collected data from November 1997 to March 1998, effectively observing the growing season. Estimates of chlorophyll and sun-stimulated fluorescence/chlorophyll (F/C) were derived from the bio-optical measurements. Each mooring showed a strong spring bloom beginning in early December as the upper ocean began to stratify, with chlorophyll levels nearly quadrupling. The time series, along with ship studies, suggest that phytoplankton were initially light-limited as a result of deep, late spring mixing, followed by intense zooplankton grazing or silicate limitation, which controlled the maximum chlorophyll concentration, and finally by iron limitation, which led to increasing photoadaptive stress. These results suggest that phytoplankton in the APFZ are regulated by a confluence of processes involving light, grazing, silicate, and iron, and that models comprising a single mechanism may not be sufficient. The spring bloom in the APFZ is a transient event, persisting for only a few weeks, and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions from sporadic ship cruises. Moreover, its spatial scales are also small so that widely spaced hydrographic stations can easily overlook critical processes.
A Unified Strategy for Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Cladiellin and Briarellin Diterpenes: Total Synthesis of Briarellins E and F, and the Putative Structure of Alcyonin and Revision of Its Structure Assignment

Enantioselective total syntheses of briarellin E (12) and briarellin F (13), as well as the structure originally proposed for the cladiellin diterpene alcyonin (10), have been realized. Comparison of the spectral data for synthetic 10, natural alcyonin, cladiellisin (33), and cladiellaperoxide (34), as well as chemical transformations of 10 and natural alcyonin, suggest that the structure of this coral metabolite is allylic peroxide 11. The unified approach detailed herein can be used to access both C4-deoxygenated and C4-oxygenated cladiellins and briarellins. The central step in these syntheses is acid-promoted condensation of (Z)-α,β-unsaturated aldehydes 17 with cyclohexadienyl diols 18 to form intermediates 16 incorporating the hexahydroisobenzofuran core and five stereocenters of these marine diterpenes (Scheme 1).
Identification of G-Proteins Coupling to the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor VPAC1 Using Immunoaffinity Chromatography: Evidence for Precoupling☆

VPAC(1) receptor subtype-specific G-protein interactions were identified using a strategy that exploits an essential initial signaling event, namely the functional and physical association of the receptor with G-protein. An immunoaffinity purification column was constructed using a previously characterized antibody that had been raised against the first extracellular loop of the VPAC(1) receptor. VPAC(1)/G-protein complexes were solubilized from membranes and copurified. Receptor and Galpha-proteins were detected in eluates using (125)I-VIP labeling and immunoblotting, respectively. Human VPAC(1) transfected in HEK293 cells couples to Gs but not Gi3, Gi1/2, or Gq. Rat VPAC(1) in brain membranes is coupled to Gs and Gi3. Rat VPAC(1) in lung membranes couples to Gs, Gi3, and Gq. Pretreatment of membranes with VIP increased the level of all G-proteins copurifying with VPAC(1). Immunoaffinity chromatography also revealed VPAC(1) receptor precoupling to G-protein in the absence of VIP pretreatment. This was confirmed using a cross-linking procedure to capture VIP receptor/G-protein complexes in the native membrane milieu prior to solubilization. Precoupling suggests that there is a significant basal level of VPAC(1) receptor activity especially in cells, such as some human malignant tumor cells, that express high levels of receptor.
High performance liquid chromatographic quantitation of carboxypeptidase activity secreted by human Hep G2 cells

A new high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of carboxypeptidase N activity which quantitates the furylacryloyl-alanine released by enzymatic cleavage of furylacryloyl-alanyl-lysine or furylacryloyl-alanyl-arginine. A short isocratic gradient elutes the substrate and product in less than 7 min and multiple analyses are facilitated by an automatic sample injector. The microassay readily detects and quantitates carboxypeptidase N activity secreted into culture medium. It was determined that approximately 1 X 10(6) Hep G2 cells at early confluence secreted 1 ng of carboxypeptidase N in 24 h. The microassay will also detect as little as 51 pg of purified carboxypeptidase N or 8 pg of carboxypeptidase B.
Many-Body Interactions in a Sample of Ultracold Rydberg Atoms with Varying Dimensions and Densities

Ultracold highly excited atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) are strongly coupled by the dipole-dipole interaction. We have investigated the importance of many-body effects by controlling the dimensionality and density of the excited sample. We excited three different cylindrical volumes of atoms in the MOT to Rydberg states. At small radius, where the sample is nearly one-dimensional, many-body interactions are suppressed. At larger radii, the sample becomes three-dimensional and many-body effects are apparent.
Evaluations of abrasion resistance in transport packagings

In order to examine the equivalency of package abrasion caused by loading and vibration during actual transport and that generated by laboratory vibration testing, the results of transport trials were compared with horizontal vibration tests in the laboratory using sample packages made of white corrugated f ibreboard printed with checkered patterns. The following results were obtained. (i) The relationship between the abrasion occurring in the transport trials and that generated in the horizontal vibration tests at an acceleration of 1 G is that the average transport trial is equivalent to a 5 min laboratory vibration test. The maximum abrasion found in the transport trials was almost equivalent to a vibration test performed for 20 min. Thus we conclude that a 20 min laboratory vibration test can be used as a reference for package abrasion in transport. (ii) The vibration variables of frequency and contact surface pressure were also analysed at a low horizontal vibration frequency, and an acceleration of 0.5 G (i.e. a high speed of rubbing). An abnormally high abrasion ratio was found with the high contact surface pressure. (iii) The average height and number of drops caused by handling during transport were: flat drops from 6 cm on nine occasions; edge drops from 20 cm on 12 occasions; and corner drops from 29 cm on three occasions. At heights over 30 cm, where damage to packages can be anticipated, three drops occurred, from 40 cm including a maximum drop of 72 cm. These levels can be considered as equivalent to Level III, a standard load, of the JIS X 0200 Distribution Classification.
A NEOCLASSICAL MODEL OF HOUSING QUALITY GROWTH AN INTERPRETATION

The paper interprets a neoclassical model of quality growth in relation to housing technology, reinvestment choice, growth of the stock of shelter, growth with and without architectural design progress, and analyses of the golden rule of quality accumulation in the housing sector.
Convergence, Incommensurability, Contradiction, or Overlapping Consensus? A Response to Daniel Weiss

Contemporary religious and scientific perspectives make various metaphysical truth claims that are frequently perceived to be either competitive or contradictory. Two dominant approaches that have been employed to explain and to resolve such conflicts are those of convergence, where one view trumps over and assimilates the other, and incommensurability, where the views in question come to be regarded as actually non-competitive. Drawing on recent models of inter-religious dialogue, in his essay, ‘The Fruits of Contradiction: Evolution, Cooperation and Ethics in an Inter-Religious Context’, Daniel Weiss proposes by way of analogy a third approach, that of critical yet constructive interaction between religious and secular ethical perspectives where metaphysically contradictory commitments remain held in unresolved tension. In this essay, I engage Weiss’s proposal and raise questions about the analogy that he develops. Drawing on the political theory of Rawlsian liberalism, I propose a fourth conceptuality—...
Raman spectroscopy of mass-selected CrFe

We report on the resonance Raman spectroscopy of mass-selected CrFe. The molecule is isolated by sputtering a CrFe metal target, followed by mass-separation through a Wien filter. Samples are deposited in an argon matrix at 14 K. Raman spectra are obtained at several excitation wavelengths (476.5, 488.0, 496.5, 501.7, 514.5 nm) and a clear progression up to m 00 ¼ 6 is obtained. Analysis results in values of xe ¼ 166:6 � 0: 8c m � 1 and xexe ¼ 1:1 � 0: 1c m � 1 . This rather low frequency gives a force constant of 0.44 mdyne/� indicating considerably weaker bonding than observed in either Cr2 or Fe2. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Effects of Auxiliary Variables on Coefficient Bias and Efficiency in Multiple Imputation

Current research on multiple imputation suggests that including auxiliary variables in the imputation model may increase the accuracy and efficiency of coefficient estimation, yet few studies have actually tested this principle for regression analysis. This article uses data from the 2008 General Social Survey to present results from simulations that vary in three respects: (a) three types of auxiliary variables (variables related to the mechanism of missingness, variables related to the variable/varaibles being imputed, and extraneous variables); (b) three levels of missing data (10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent missing); and (c) two assumptions of missing (missing completely at random and missing at random). Results show that the inclusion of any type of auxiliary variable does not appreciably impact the coefficient bias or efficiency in this simulation, regardless of the amount of missing data or the assumption of missing. Hence, the inclusion of auxiliary variables may not be necessary in many a...
Optical non-reciprocity in optomechanical structures

We propose non-reciprocal optomechanical devices where light and matter interact via momentum exchange with a movable mirror. Non-reciprocity arises by utilizing the direction of linear momentum of light to differentiate forward and backward propagating light.
Activation of Hsp70 reduces neurotoxicity by promoting polyglutamine protein degradation

We sought new strategies to reduce amounts of the polyglutamine androgen receptor (polyQ AR) and achieve benefits in models of spinobulbar muscular atrophy, a protein aggregation neurodegenerative disorder. Proteostasis of the polyQ AR is controlled by the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)- and Hsp70-based chaperone machinery, but mechanisms regulating the protein's turnover are incompletely understood. We demonstrate that overexpression of Hsp70 interacting protein (Hip), a co-chaperone that enhances binding of Hsp70 to its substrates, promotes client protein ubiquitination and polyQ AR clearance. Furthermore, we identify a small molecule that acts similarly to Hip by allosterically promoting Hsp70 binding to unfolded substrates. Like Hip, this synthetic co-chaperone enhances client protein ubiquitination and polyQ AR degradation. Both genetic and pharmacologic approaches targeting Hsp70 alleviate toxicity in a Drosophila model of spinobulbar muscular atrophy. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of allosteric regulators of Hsp70 and provide new insights into the role of the chaperone machinery in protein quality control.
Adding limited compressibility to incompressible hydrocodes

Abstract A simple modification is described that may be used to add limited compressibility effects to incompressible hydrodynamics computer codes. Several sample calculations are discussed and used to compare the relative advantages of implicit and explicit time integration methods. It is also shown that the use of an artificially reduced speed of sound is not, in general, a good approximation for low speed fluid problems.
Effect of mixed transition-metal ions in glasses. Part III: The P2O5–V2O5–MnO system

Abstract Electrical and optical properties of phosphate glasses containing vanadium and manganese ions in the x P 2 O 5 –[(100 − x )(V 2 O 5 + MnO)] (PVM) system have been investigated. This is the last article of a III-part series devoted to the electronic properties of phosphate glasses containing a mixture of transition ions. The first article was devoted to the electrical conductivity of glasses having the general composition: x P 2 O 5 –[(100 − x )(V 2 O 5 + Fe 2 O 3 )] (PVF). Competitive transport of small polarons on V and Fe ion sites was found to contribute to a mixed transition-ion effect (MTE) in PVF glasses. Several features of MTE were found to be similar to the well known mixed alkali effect, observed in glasses containing two alkali ions. In the second article, optical absorption and electronic conduction of x P 2 O 5 –[(100 − x )(Fe 2 O 3 + MnO)] (PFM) glasses were reported. In the absence of competitive transport between the two transition ions (since Mn ions were determined not to contribute to dc conduction), MTE was not observed. The most important feature of PFM glasses was a sharp increase in resistivity at a critical concentration of iron ions, similar to ‘metal–insulator transition’ (MIT). In the present article, we report a resistivity transition in PVM glasses which is similar to that exhibited by the glasses of the PFM series. While Fe ions contributed the carriers in the PFM glasses, V ions serve the same purpose in the PVM compositions. As the concentration of vanadium ions, n V , is decreased in the composition range 0.82 > n V > 0.40, resistivity ( ρ ) increases marginally. For glasses with 0.2 n V W ) increase sharply with decreasing n V , marking the incidence of an MIT-type transition. As in the PFM glasses, the observation of MIT coincides with the transformation of small polarons to small bipolarons, which is confirmed by the shifting of the small polaron optical absorption band to higher energies with decreasing V concentration.
Morphology and Physiology of the Pectoral Muscles of Humming-birds

BODY size in organisms has a marked effect on the level of many physiological activities. Humming-birds are among the smallest known homoeotherms, and humming-bird flight requires extremely high levels of activity. Wing beat frequencies as high as 80 per sec have been recorded in the smallest species of trochilids1, and the energy cost of hovering flight is high2. A number of anatomical adaptations for humming-bird flight have been described3, but little is known about the physiology of flight.
Utilizing spatial autoregressive models to identify peer effects among adolescents

This study analyzes peer influences in a variety of adolescent developmental outcomes and explores the robustness of the results with regard to alternative specifications of the interaction matrix and the model. I employ the spatial autoregressive (SAR) model with group fixed effects in Lee et al. (Econom J 13(2):145–176, 2010) to separately identify endogenous, contextual, and correlated effects. I find evidence for both endogenous and contextual effects for all outcomes under consideration, even after controlling for confounding effects. I also find that a simple spatial weights matrix with equal weight among friends will serve the estimation purpose satisfactorily for the standard SAR model with a single row-normalized weighting matrix. The results are sensitive to the friendship reciprocity assumption as well as alternative model specifications.
In Vitro Characterization of Sodium Glycocholate Binding to Cholestyramine Resin

Cholestyramine resin in a bile acid sequestrant which binds with bile salts in the intestinal lumen to increase the fecal excretion of bile salts and, thus, lower blood serum cholesterol. In order to gain a better understanding of the low in vivo potency of cholestyramine, in vitro equilibrium binding studies, water sorption studies, and resin capacity measurements were performed using cholestyramine and the bile salt sodium glycocholate. Equilibrium binding and water sorption studies entailed equilibrating cholestyramine (1.0-20 mg/mL) with solutions which varied in glycocholate anion concentration (0.20-16.5 mM) and chloride anion concentration (15-150 mM). The resin's practical specific capacity for glycocholate was lower than the practical specific capacity for chloride. This difference suggests that the rigid, bulky bile salt was pore excluded from 10% of the resin's ionogentic sites. A fundamental parameter called the capacity-corrected molar selectivity coefficient, KGC-Cl-, was postulated to describe the underlying binding phenomena and was determined by measuring the free glycocholate and chloride anion concentrations; KGC-Cl- ranged from 9.8 (+/- 0.7) to 18.6 (+/- 0.2) and depended on the square of the free chloride concentration. The capacity-corrected molar selectivity coefficient was larger than the molar selectivity coefficient due to pore exclusion of glycocholate. A more simple method to calculate the capacity-corrected molar selectivity coefficient which required less data gave similar values to the more rigorous method (r2 = 0.955).
The facile detection of the nt 1226 mutation of glucocerebrosidase by 'mismatched' PCR.

Abstract The most common Gaucher disease-producing mutation among Ashkenazi Jews is an A → G substitution at cDNA nt 1226 (genomic nt 5841). We describe a simple method for detecting this mutation both in genomic DNA and in cDNA by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a 5'-primer mismatched at one nucleotide so as to create an Xho I restriction site. When the mutation is present, the 105 bp fragment formed is cleaved to 89 and 16 nt fragments. The 89 bp fragment is easily visualized on a gel making it possible to distinguish individuals who do not have the mutation from heterozygotes and homozygotes.
Transforming a help desk from average to excellent

Educational institutions face the challenge of providing technical support to faculty, staff, and students for diversified systems and expanded services. The campus help desk has become the "hub" of support with the many "spokes" of user services centered on it. The help desk directs the communication between services and teams, unifies the support to faculty, staff, and students of centralized and decentralized systems, and manages change so its impact is transparent as possible to users.There are six common challenges that most campus help desks face. They are: 1) Creation of an internal Service Agreement, 2) Coordination of centralized and decentralized support, 3) Limited resources, 4) Change management, 5) Acquisition of timely feedback, and 6) Collaboration among teams. Developing workable and creative solutions to these challenges will turn an average help desk into one of excellence.
Programming language constructs for highly parallel operations on lists

A data structure called strips is described for representing linked lists, which enables unit time access of random list elements. Running parallel prefix on strips effectively converts a list into an array. When combined with nondeterministic statement sequencing and data operations, loops for performing iterations over lists, and insertions and deletions on lists can be parallelized yielding very efficient algorithms. The strips-based representation also allows efficient serial operations on lists, which is important both when loops cannot be parallelized or when there is more parallelism than processors.
Vegetation and soil carbon-13 isoscapes for South America: integrating remote sensing and ecosystem isotope measurements

The carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of terrestrial vegetation and soils is required for a diverse set of research, including carbon cycle studies that utilize global atmospheric CO2 and δ13C data, as well as studies of animal migration and food web dynamics where the δ13C of plants and soils is imparted to animal tissues. We present δ13C maps for South America that correspond roughly to the year 2000, based upon predictions of the abundance and distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation, along with empirical measures of the δ13C of plant leaf and soil endmembers. Our approach relies upon the near-universal restriction of C4 photosynthesis to the herbaceous growth form and the differing performance of C3 and C4 grasses in various climates, along with land-cover and crop-type distributions. Specifically, we predict the percentage cover of C3 and C4 vegetation in each 5-minute grid cell (∼10 km) based on input gridded layers of vegetation growth form fractional cover, crop-area/crop-type distributions, and a high spatial resolution climate data. We develop a consistent set of rules to harmonize the different data layers. The δ13C of vegetation in South America is then estimated based on the C3/C4 composition in each land grid cell, assuming constant mean values for closed C3 tropical forest (−32.3‰), open C3 forest ecosystems (−29.0‰), C3 herbaceous cover (−26.7‰) and C4 herbaceous cover (−12.5‰). In addition to using the mean isotope values, we also incorporate the measured standard deviation for each category. Soil δ13C is estimated for the C4-favored climate regions of South America using two, largely independent approaches: one that is derived from our vegetation δ13C prediction and one that is based on a previously published relationship between fractional woody cover and the δ13C of soil organic carbon. Finally, we present preliminary maps of relative uncertainty in the estimates of vegetation growth form, generated by integrating global measures of accuracy with local measures of neighborhood variability. These maps demonstrate that the highest uncertainty is found in savanna ecosystems, which contain the most heterogeneous vegetation cover and structure along with a high percentage of C4 grass cover.
Comparison of low-temperature with high-temperature diffusion of sodium in albite

Abstract Diffusion of sodium in albite from Amelia County, Virginia, was examined at high and intermediate temperatures by means of the sectioning technique and at low temperatures by means of an exchange technique. These studies indicate that diffusion is heterogeneous at low and intermediate temperatures, but goes to volume diffusion at high temperatures. Apparent diffusion coefficients of the order of magnitude of 10 −18 cm 2 /sec and an activation energy of approximately 3000 cal/mole sodium are determined for the low-temperature movement. An activation energy of approximately 35 kcal/mole sodium is determined for the high-temperature movement.
Cytological evidence for the association of the short arms of the X and Y chromosomes in the human male.

EVIDENCE for the association of the X and Y chromosomes during the first meiotic division in man has been documented1,2. Until the centromere positions of the meiotic chromosomes were located with certainty, no information about the arm relationship between the two sex chromosomes could be obtained. The identification of the positions of the centromere in human male meiotic chromosomes at the late diplotene stage has been reported3. This observation revealed that the short arm of the Y chromosome was in association with the short arm of the X chromosome. Partial support for this finding was presented by Pearson and Bobrow4, who interpreted fluorescent staining of the distal end of the long arm of the Y chromosome of the XY bivalent in man as evidence that the short arm of the Y chromosome was associated with the X chromosome. Because the centromere position of the X chromosome could not be demonstrated in their material, it was not possible to determine which arm of the X chromosome was associated with the short arm of the Y chromosome. The purpose of this communication is to provide additional cytological evidence for the association of the X and Y chromosomes at their short arms.
Readiness to change: A longitudinal study of changes in adult identity

Abstract It has been suggested in the identity literature that a readiness to change may play a role in identity development beyond adolescence, but an empirical investigation of this relationship had yet to be conducted until now. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to establish a longitudinal relationship between readiness to change and adult identity development. Participants completed measures of readiness to change and identity at both the beginning and the end of the study. The results revealed a relationship between readiness to change and changes in identity exploration over the study interval, and between readiness to change and changes in identity commitment. The findings are discussed in terms of the currently available literature on identity development in adulthood.
Chisholm's Legacy on Intentionality

: The problem of intentionality, or how mind and language can take things in the world as “intentional objects,” engaged Chisholm throughout his philosophical career. This essay reviews and discusses his seminal contributions on this problem, from his early work in “Sentences about Believing” and Perceiving during the 1950s to his last and most mature account in The First Person, published in 1981. Chisholm's final view was that de se reference, or a subject's directly taking himself as an intentional object, is fundamental and primitive, and that all other forms of intentional reference, such as de re and de dicto, can be understood on the basis of de se intentionality. The essay ends with a discussion of the worry that this account might lead to what may be called “intentional solipsism,” the proposition that the self is the only genuine object of intentional reference.
Seasonal variation in the regulation of testosterone levels in the eastern mud snail (Ilyanassa obsoleta)

Abstract. Some gastropods appear to utilize a strategy for regulating testosterone levels that is atypical of such processes thus far identified in other metazoans. While most animals convert testosterone largely to polar derivatives that are readily eliminated from the organism, the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta converts testosterone to apolar testosterone-fatty acid esters that are retained by the organism. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that fatty acid esteri-fication serves to store testosterone and that stored testosterone-fatty acid ester pools vary through the reproductive cycle of the snail. This hypothesis was tested by 1) modulating total testosterone levels in individual snails and measuring the amount of the hormone stored as the fatty acid ester relative to the amount retained as free steroid and 2) measuring changes in esterified testosterone in a field population of snails during their reproductive cycle. Adult snails were experimentally manipulated to contain from ∼36–300% the level of total testosterone measured in unmanipulated individuals. The amount of testosterone-fatty acid ester present in these organisms increased in direct proportion to the level of total testosterone, while, free testosterone levels remained relatively constant. These observations suggest that free testosterone levels are regulated in the snail by fatty acid esterification/de-esterification processes. Among field sampled snails, testosterone existed predominantly in the free, non-esterified form at the onset and end of the egg laying period. At other times, the majority of testosterone was sequestered as fatty acid esters. This study provides compelling evidence that free testosterone levels in the mud snail are regulated through fatty acid esterification/de-esterification processes and this regulatory function contributes to seasonal fluctuations in free testosterone levels.
Oxidation and sulfidation resistance of a Nb-Cr alloy

Cr and Cr-bearing alloys possess satisfactorily good oxidation resistance at high temperatures, but they sulfidize catastrophically in sulfur-bearing environments which are encountered frequently in energy conversion systems and in petrochemical industries. Nb, on the other hand, has good sulfidation resistance but poor oxidation resistance at high temperatures. A combination of Cr and Nb is shown to improve the corrosion resistance at high temperatures in oxidizing and sulfidizing environments. Kinetic and microstructural studies of oxidation and sulfidation of Cr-40wt%Nb alloys were preformed at 1173 K in sulfur vapor ( P ~ , = 0.74 atm) . This two phase alloy consists of an fcc CrsNb intermetallic phase and small amount of Cr base alloy and shows very good oxidation resistance and appreciable sulfidation resistance in comparison with Fe-45Cr, pure Nb and Fe-40Mo. The dominant oxidation product is Cr203, while the sulfidation products are rhomobohedral Cr2S3 as an external scale and a Nb sulfide inner scale between the Cr2S3 and substrate.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of phenylene-bridged aminophosphine ligands: acceleration of N-arylation and aryl fluoride phosphorylation reactions.

Hindered β-aminoarylphosphines show promise as bidentate ligands for metal centers, but their reported synthesis requires heating at high temperatures for several days. Herein are reported conditions by which the two steps composing this synthesis, Buchwald−Hartwig amination and nucleophilic phosphorylation reactions, may both be completed in less than 3 h using microwave irradiation. The effects of several parameters on the outcome of the amination reaction are discussed, as are some indications of the scope within which each of these microwave protocols is effective.
Charge Carriers and Time Dependent Currents in BaTiO 3 -Based Ceramic

The following items are treated for BaTiO 3 -based ceramic and multilayer ceramic (MLC) capacitors: type of charge carrier, mode of transport, and time dependence of conductivity during degradation. For a specific X7R-type ceramic, the charge carrier is verified to be the electron by several independent measurements. Seebeck voltages are negative; Galvanic voltages are zero; leakage currents are constant over long time periods; space charge limited currents are evident. The shapes of complex impedance plots depend on ceramic composition, indicating that grain boundary impedance may be present in some cases and not others. A quantitative model based on ionic movement is presented to account for leakage currents that increase exponentially with time. Evidence for ionic movement for specific Z5U capacitors is reported. Degradation can be reversed by reversing bias polarity or by storage under zero bias.
Gas chemistry and helium isotopes at Cerro Prieto

Abstract Seven producing wells and seven hot springs in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field were sampled during April and September 1977, for determination of gas chemistry and helium isotope ratios. Well gases are remarkably uniform in gas chemistry and helium isotope ratio, showing high 3 He/ 4 He ratios characteristic of mantle-derived helium, and higher than expected N 2 /Ar ratios. Comparison with the hot spring data suggests that the deep gas component observed in wells is modified during transit to the hot springs by addition of crustal helium, dissolved air and possibly organic methane; alternatively, chemical re-equilibration at lower temperatures may be responsible for increasing the CH 4 /H 2 ratio.
FROM THE HEAD AND THE HEART: LOCATING COGNITION- AND AFFECT-BASED TRUST IN MANAGERS' PROFESSIONAL NETWORKS

This article investigates the configuration of cognition- and affect-based trust in managers’ professional networks, examining how these two types of trust are associated with relational content and structure. Results indicate that cognition-based trust is positively associated with economic resource, task advice, and career guidance ties, whereas affect-based trust is positively associated with friendship and career guidance ties but negatively associated with economic resource ties. The extent of embeddedness in a network through positive ties increases affect-based trust, whereas that through negative ties decreases cognition-based trust. These findings illuminate how trust arises in networks and inform network research that invokes trust to explain managerial outcomes.
Facing up to SUDEP

Epilepsy is a chronic condition that affects approximately 2.3 million people in the United States.1 Approximately one-third of people with epilepsy continue to have seizures despite adequate medication trials and adherence to medical recommendations.2 People of all races and backgrounds, young and old, are affected by epilepsy from a variety of etiologies, and epilepsy carries a high burden of comorbidity including the risk of death. The overwhelming majority of the deaths are due to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which is closely related to a recent convulsive or tonic-clonic seizure,3 and thus may be a direct result of a seizure. SUDEP preferentially affects young people and carries a public health burden estimated in potential life years lost (1.16 cases per 1,000 patients with epilepsy) second only to stroke.4 The mechanism of SUDEP has been debated: CNS shutdown with impaired autonomic regulation, cardiac causes (arrhythmias), or respiratory etiology (mostly central apneas with hypoventilation) are the top choices, with recent insights from a video-EEG review of recorded SUDEP in the epilepsy monitoring unit.5 Understanding the mechanism of SUDEP may help to prevent it. Increasing research and funding are being devoted to SUDEP to prevent this feared consequence of uncontrolled epilepsy. The rapidly growing literature indicates that uncontrolled and unattended tonic-clonic seizures are likely the strongest risk factor,6 but other important risk factors, such as early onset of epilepsy, longer duration of illness, and prolonged postictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES),7 also correlate with SUDEP. Unfortunately, aside from optimized seizure control, these features are difficult to influence. One potential modifiable risk factor has been identified: being found in bed in the prone position; however, there were no large studies to confirm this.8
A path-based approach for analyzing reliability of networks with dependent failures and multimode components

An improved reliability approximation method is presented which reduces the number of states to be considered by exploiting the path structure of the network. The method does not impose restriction on the reliability criterion; criteria more general than those based on connectivity can be used. The reduction of the number of states is usually substantial, sometimes dramatic. The approach is applicable for all communication networks. Furthermore, very general reliability criteria can be used. >
From Axonal Sprouting to Giggly Barristers

Recovery After Stroke . Michael P. Barnes, Bruce H. Dobkin, and Julien Bogousslavsky, (Eds.). 2005. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 656 pp., $170.00 (HB). Recovery after Stroke is an edited book (656 pages), and its contributors hale mostly from the United Kingdom and Western Europe. The title might suggest a focus on rehabilitation and treatment, but the contents extend well beyond, and include the neuroanatomic foundations of stroke syndromes as well as their “natural” course of recovery. The book is quite clearly intended for a general, multidisciplinary audience. As such, it covers a wide variety of topics such as spasticity/pain, imbalance and gait disorders, sleep disorders, incontinence, dysphagia, and the theory and practice of physical rehabilitation. More systemically, there are chapters addressing the principals of vocational rehabilitation, community rehabilitation, and sexual relationships after stroke.
The law of one price: intranational evidence for Canada

This study investigates the behaviour of intranational prices for 45 specific consumer goods across 25 Canadian cities. It finds positive roles for distance and provincial borders in intercity price disparities. While sizable, the provincial border effect is an order of magnitude smaller than the estimates for the Canada-U.S. border. A majority of the intercity relative price series are stationary around small mean values, indicating that long-run price differences are close to zero. The intercity prices converge at rates considerably faster than the consensus estimates for international prices. In fact, half-lives for intercity price deviations average well under a year. JEL Classification: F15, F31 La loi d’un seul prix : resultats intra-nationaux pour le Canada Ce memoire examine le comportement des prix intra-nationaux de 45 biens de consommation specifiques dans 25 villes canadiennes. Il semble que la distance et les frontieres inter-provinciales ont un impact sur les differentiels de prix entre villes.Meme si l’impact des frontieres inter-provinciales est important, il est beaucoupplus petit que l’impact de la frontiere Canada- U.S. Une majorite des series de prix relatifs entre villes sont stationnaires autour de petites valeurs moyennes, ce qui suggere que les differences de prix a long terme s’approchent de zero. Il est clair que les prix entre villes convergent a des taux considerablement plus rapides que ce qu’on observe au niveau international. En fait les deviations de prix entre villes ont une esperance de vie qui en moyenne est de moins d’un an.
SM-10ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUGS AND CORTICAL IRRITABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH TUMORAL EPILEPSIES.

Tumor-associated seizures and epilepsy in patients with primary malignant brain tumors constitute a major healthcare challenge. Seizures and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) used in their management significantly impact patients' quality of life; there is a dearth of information regarding the actual effects of AEDs on cortical irritability, as measured by electroencephalograms (EEGs). Herein, we investigated the effects of various AEDs on the presence or absence of epileptiform discharges (EDs) in glioma patients. METHODS: We identified 210 patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of primary glioma and who had at least 1 EEG at our institution from 01/01/2009 to 12/31/2013. EEGs were independently reviewed and scored for the presence of EDs and current AEDs were recorded. RESULTS: "Last available" EEGs were reviewed on 149 patients (M = 75, F = 74, mean age at time of EEG = 51 SD-14.2). Eighty-five percent of patients had high-grade glioma (HGG) and 15% had low-grade glioma (LGG). EDs were identified in 34.2% of all patients; in 27.3% of those with LGG and in 35.8% of those with HGG. We noted that patients with HGG had a higher incidence of EDs in the EEG than those with LGG, however this difference was not significant (35.8% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.44). Further, we did not observe a specific effect of any of the AEDs used on the presence/absence of EDs (p > 0.05 for levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate, lacosamide, zonisamide, or topiramate). CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective data indicate that there is no correlation between AED(s) used and cortical irritability as measured by EEG in patients with gliomas. This is an interesting and important observation. Prospective clinical trials are needed to assess the role of EEG in guiding treatment decisions, as related to AED therapy and choice in this population and the value of pre-treatment EEG as a possible biomarker for the development of tumor-related epilepsy needs to be evaluated.
Population Control and the Psychology of Forced Compliance

The relationship of the psychology of forced compliance to changing fertility behavior is evaluated. Because for numerous persons fertility control is a behavior at variance with private attitudes it is assumed that changes in both attitudes and behaviors are required for effective and permanent changes in the rate of population growth. Therefore it is recommended that the theory of cognitive dissonance one of the major factors in forced compliance research be utilized to support an inducement approach to obtaining behavior consistent with family planning. This latter behavior once adopted can stimulate changes in attitudes that in turn reinforce family planning behavior. Attitude change however can be produced only under the following conditions: 1) The behavior can only be induced the use of force must be prohibited; 2 ) Incentives offered to encourage the behavior must be just minimally sufficient to elicit the desired behavior; and 3) The behavior leads to consequences that were heretofore undesired. The difficulty of avoiding the pitfalls of selecting too high or a too low incentive and the social and political dangers of forced compliance techniques are discussed.
Morphological and kinetic abnormalities of platelets in hypercholesterolemic rabbits

Abstract Hypercholesterolemia (HC = hypercholesterolemia or hyperchoiesterolemic) was produced in rabbits by feeding them diets supplemented with cholesterol and peanut oil. Platelet counts and volumes, white ceU counts, reticulocyte counts, and hematocrits were determined at intervals for 8–12 weeks in blood from HC animals and controls on a normal rabbit diet. Microthrombocytosis was a consistent occurrence in the presence of HC, developing as early as 2 weeks into the diet. Microthrombocytosis was generally associated with normal platelet counts, but mild thrombocytosis occurred late in the diet at the tune of the highest levels of serum cholesterol (>1300 mg/dl). Platelets from HC rabbits were morphologically normal by transmission electron microscopy. Survivals of 51 Cr-labeled platelets from HC and non-HC rabbits were measured in HC and non-HC recipients. The results identified an intrinsic defect in the ability of HC platelets to survive in the circulation. They also confirmed previous findings of an environmental defect in HC that causes shortened platelet survival.
Blood-Brain Barrier Transport for RNAi

RNAi-based therapeutics represent a new generation of potential drugs for the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system, including brain tumors and neurogenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. However, the progress in this field is limited by the poor transport of these molecules across cellular and vascular barriers. A global brain distribution of shRNA expressing genes and siRNA molecules, as well as the targeting of specific regions of the brain, is even more complicated because conventional delivery systems, as in the case of viruses, have poor diffusion in brain when injected in situ and do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is only permeable to lipophilic molecules of less than 400 Da. Advances in the “Trojan Horse Liposome” (THL) technology applied to the transvascular non-viral gene therapy of brain disorders presents a promising solution to the shRNA delivery problem. The THL is comprised of immunoliposomes carrying shRNA expression plasmids for RNAi effect. The tissue target specificity of THL is given by conjugation of ∼1% of the PEG residues in the THL surface to peptidomimetic monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that bind to specific endogenous receptors located on both the BBB and on brain cellular membranes, i.e. insulin receptor and transferrin receptor (TfR). These MAbs mediate (1) receptor-mediated transcytosis of the THL complex through the BBB, (2) endocytosis into brain cells, and (3) transport to the brain cell nuclear compartment. More recently, conjugates of an anti-TfR MAb and streptavidin were able to deliver biotinylated-siRNA to brain tumors in vivo following intravenous administration, and to produce silencing of a target transcript within the brain tumor. This review presents an overview on this RNAi transport technology and its current application to experimental brain tumor models.
Biostatistical modeling using traditional preoperative and pathological prognostic variables in the selection of men at high risk for disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer.

AbstractPurpose: Biostatistical models predicting the risk of recurrence after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer are necessary. Identifying these high risk patients shortly after surgery, while tumor burden is minimal, makes them candidates for possible adjuvant therapy and/or investigational phase II clinical trials. This study builds on previously proposed models that predict the likelihood of early recurrence after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: In our analysis we evaluate age, race, prostatic acid phosphatase and nuclear grade with the established prognostic variables of pretreatment prostate specific antigen, postoperative Gleason sum and pathological stage.Results: After multivariable Cox regression analysis using only statistically significant variables that predicted recurrence we developed an equation that calculates the relative risk of recurrence (Rr) as: Rr = exp[(0.51 × Race) + (0.12 × PSAST) + (0.25 × Postop Gleason sum) + (0.89 × Organ Conf.). Thes...
Nonmedical use of prescription opioids among U.S. college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey

Abstract Objectives This study examined the prevalence rates and correlates of nonmedical use of prescription opioid analgesics among U.S. college students in terms of student and college characteristics. Methods This study analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 10,904 randomly selected students attending 119 four-year colleges in 2001. Results The lifetime prevalence of nonmedical prescription opioid use was 12% and the past year prevalence was 7%. Approximately one in every four colleges had a prevalence of 10% or higher for past year nonmedical use of prescription opioids. Multivariate regression analyses indicated nonmedical use was more likely to occur among college students who were white, residents of fraternity and sorority houses, attended more competitive colleges, earned lower grade point averages, and reported higher rates of substance use and other risky behaviors. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the nonmedical use of prescription opioids represents a problem on college campuses. These findings have important implications for developing prevention efforts and therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the nonmedical use of prescription opioid analgesics among college students while not hindering necessary medication management for pain.