cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of heterogeneously expressed genes in cancer

Several mutations have been found to be heterogeneous throughout cancer samples. As an example, approximately 20% of lung cancer cases have a mutation in the proto-oncogene RAS. In order to specifically test for heterogeneous mutations we introduce a new test that measures differences between quantiles. It will be shown that this test can achieve larger power values than a previously published test by Coombes et al. when sample sizes are small (10-20 samples) and the probability of mutation is small (10%-40%). When applied to two publicly available microarray data sets our method also produces lists of results that are 12% and 27% the size of those produced by Coombes et al.
Fast Detection of Malicious Behavior in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

In this paper we consider the problem of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks (CRN) in the presence of misbehaving nodes. We propose a novel approach based on the iterative expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to detect the presence of the primary users, to classify the cognitive radios, and to compute their detection and false alarm probabilities. In contrast to previous work we assume that the FC has no prior information about the radios in the network except that the honest radios are in majority. As shown in the paper this is required for any algorithm to uniquely identify the CRs. Another distinguishing feature is that our approach can classify the radios into more than just two classes of honest and malicious CRs. This applies in cases where the honest CRs have different detection and false alarm probabilities, which may arise when they employ different spectrum sensing techniques or encounter dissimilar channel and noise conditions. Another case is when the CRN includes more than one type of misbehaving CRs. Our numerical results show significant improvements over the widely popular reputation-based classifier (RBC). In particular, with only a few decisions from the CRs, the proposed algorithm can quickly and efficiently classify the CRs whereas the RBC method fails even for networks with a large number of CRs. In all of our numerical results the EM algorithm converged in five or fewer iterations resulting in fast convergence of the proposed method. This makes the proposed method a good candidate for implementation in CRNs. The numerical results are also compared with the Cramer-Rao lower bound and show a close match. Simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm in the presence of correlated observations among the radios.
Double-contrast examination of the colon after preparation with Golytely (a balanced lavage solution).

Evaluation of the efficacy and adequacy for double-contrast barium enema (DCBE) of a recently described oral lavage solution incorporating anonabsorbable solute (Golytely®) and its comparison with a traditional method of colon cleansing, is reported. Preparation with Golytely® achieved results equal to those of the traditional, more rigorous method with a saving of time and reduction in patient annoyance and without significant alterations in patients' weights and body fluid status.
The Forgotten Complication of Recurrent Nephrolithiasis: "Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis"-A Case and Review of the Literature.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the renal pelvis is an aggressive tumor with insidious onset of unspecific symptoms and advanced stages at diagnosis. It is a rare entity, accounting for 0.5–8% of renal tumors. In this paper, we describe the case of a patient with a history of recurrent nephrolithiasis that presented with an aggressive form of SCC of the renal pelvis with rapid relapse after resection.
Modeling media access in embedded two-flow topologies of multi-hop wireless networks

In this paper, we decompose a large- or small-scale multi-hop wireless network into embedded subgraphs, each consisting of four nodes and two flow pairs. We systematically study all twelve possible topologies that arise according to whether the different nodes are in radio range of each other. We show that under both a random spatial distribution of nodes and random waypoint mobility with shortest-path routing, a critical and highly probable scenario is a class in which the channel state shared by the two flows is not only incomplete (i.e., the graph is not fully connected), but there is also asymmetry in the state between the two flows. We develop an accurate analytical model validated by simulations to characterize the long-term unfairness that naturally arises when CSMA with two- or four-way handshake is employed as a random access protocol. Moreover, we show that another key class of topologies consists of incomplete but symmetric shared state. We show via modeling and simulations that in this case, the system achieves long-term fairness, yet endures significant durations in which one flow dominates channel access with many repeated transmissions before relinquishing the channel. The model predicts the time-scales of this unfairness as a function of system parameters such as the maximum retransmission limit.
Blunt renal artery injury treatment: changing perspectives a National Trauma Data Bank study

RESULTS: 157 patients completed the study. Average age was 39.2 12.7 and 65.0% were female. Comorbidities included: hypertension (10.2%), diabetes (6.4%) and asthma (5.7%). TBV and HGB values are reported. There was a significant drop in HGB in the crystalloid infused groups when compared to the preand postdonation HGB (p<0.0001). A formula was created to predict hemoglobin levels from a given estimated blood loss (EBL) and volume replacement (VR): Hemodilution HGB1⁄4(MeanPre-donation HGB e estimated hemorrhage HGB drop eestimated resuscitation HGB drop)1⁄4{MeanPre-donation HGB e [(EBL/TBV)*h] e [(VR/TBV)*r], h1⁄40.5521⁄4%TBV loss coefficient, r1⁄44.2641⁄4% TBV replacement coefficient.} Coefficients and means vary by sex and fluid used.
Detection of Castor Contamination by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Due to the potential for intentional contamination of food with crude preparations containing ricin, a real-time PCR method was developed for the detection of castor plant material in ground beef. One primer pair was identified and confirmed to be castor-specific and efficient for amplification of ricin in DNA extracts from castor or beef matrices. Of three different DNA extraction protocols compared, the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method yielded the highest quality of DNA for QPCR assay. The detection limit for castor contamination in ground beef samples was <0.001% (<10 Ig of castor acetone powder per gram of beef, corresponding to 0.5 Ig of ricin), indicating excellent sensitivity for the assay, well below the threshold for oral toxicity.
Reoperation after in-theater combat spine surgery.

Abstract Background Context The ideal timing of surgical decompression or stabilization following combat-related spine injury remains unclear. Purpose The study aims to determine the etiology and factors related to reoperation following evacuation to the United States after undergoing in-theater spine surgery. Study Design This is a retrospective analysis. Patient Sample The sample includes 13 patients with combat-related spine injuries undergoing revision spine surgery. Outcome Measures The outcome measures were time to arrival in the United States, time to reoperation, indications for revision, operative details, further revision surgery, infection rate, complications after reoperation, and most recent clinical follow-up information. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing spine surgery designated as injured during the Global War on Terrorism between July 2003 and July 2013. Inpatient and outpatient medical records, operative reports, and imaging studies were reviewed. Results The mean time to index surgery was 1.6 days. The mechanisms of injury included five gunshot wounds, three improvised explosive devices (IED), two helicopter crashes, one motor vehicle accident, and two other mechanisms (fall and crush injury). The mean injury severity score (ISS) was 22.7 (range: 13–45). There were six cervical, seven thoracic, eight lumbar, and two sacral injuries, with a mean of 1.8±1.0 spinal regions injured per patient. Twelve patients had a spinal cord injury, four of which were AIS (American Spinal Association Impairment Scale). Three patients underwent spinal stabilization on the date of injury, and one patient had three separate spine surgeries while downrange before arrival. Four patients underwent fixation in theater. There was a mean of 5.5 days from injury to arrival in the United States, and the mean time to revision fixation was 11.2 days post-index surgery (range: 4–14 days). Revision indications included instability or progressive kyphosis (N=6), and two of these patients had decompression without instrumentation downrange. Other indications included inadequate decompression (N=4), infection, persistent drainage, and epidural hematoma. At a mean of 5.5-year follow-up, all patients were medically retired from service, with minimal neurologic improvement. Conclusions Our study found that instability or progressive kyphosis and incomplete decompression were the most common indications for reoperation after evacuation to the United States. Our data provide additional understanding of the potential etiologies of failure and reoperation following in-theater combat spine surgery, and may help avoid such complications.
Radiative lifetimes of s and d states of potassium

The radiative lifetimes of the $7s\ensuremath{-}11s$ and $5d\ensuremath{-}9d$ states of potassium have been measured by means of a time- and wavelength-resolved laser-induced-fluorescence approach. The observed lifetimes (in \ensuremath{\mu}sec), measured at a temperature of 355 K, of the $7s\ensuremath{-}11s$ states are 0.165(12), 0.260(14), 0.441(38), 0.60(13), and 0.91(12). The observed lifetimes (in \ensuremath{\mu}sec) of the $5d\ensuremath{-}9d$ states are 0.61(9), 0.89(6), 1.21(10), 1.59(13), and 2.04(30). The measured $s$-state lifetimes are roughly a factor of 2 shorter than the hydrogenic ones, and the measured $d$-state lifetimes are roughly a factor of 10 longer than the hydrogenic ones. The $d$-state lifetimes are reduced from the 0-K radiative lifetimes by as much as 20% by stimulated emission and absorption induced by blackbody radiation. For both $s$ and $d$ states the calculated and observed values of 355-K lifetimes agree to within 10%.
Race, gender, and jobs

In his influential indictment of the Great Society, Charles Murray focused upon young black males being unemployed as the result of government programs. He is correct in stating that the employment problems of young black males have worsened since 1965 but wrong in asserting that older black males and white males had no employment problems. Labor force participation for all males has dropped since 1965. The employment problems of young black males resulted from sweeping changes in the job market and, secondarily, the revolution in female employment. Blue-collar jobs and full-time jobs are a smaller portion of the job market, while white collar and part-time jobs have increased substantially. Women have obtained a far higher proportion of all jobs than ever before, and sometimes in occupational categories dominated by males. Both the restructured job market and the competition of men and women for jobs, issues ignored by, Murray, raise painful policy dilemmas. To what extent should a politically powerless group like young black males be directly assisted in their employment struggles? To what extent should they be encouraged to migrate or secure further education? To what extent should women's employment be publicly supported through programs such as day care?
Structure-Battery Composites for UUVs: Multifunctional Interaction Effects

Multifunctional structure-battery (SB) composites have recently been designed, fabricated and characterized for use in unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). This works reports on advanced multifunctional testing and performance of these composites. The SB composites described in this work use traditional fiber reinforced layers to provide structure function and commercial rechargeable lithium polymer “pouch” cells to provide both energy storage and structure function. SB composites can free-up interior hull space for additional fuel or other payloads through relocation of system batteries into skin and/or other structural components. Prior characterization of three fabricated SB beam prototype designs demonstrated similar bending performance, buoyancy, and dimensions to their unifunctional counterparts, and volumetric energy storage densities ranging from 42 to 58 Wh/L. Advanced multifunctional testing performed in this work shows the presence of load relaxation effects under constant-displacement 3-point flexure due to anelastic shear of the specimens' adhesive layers and the embedded battery cells. Up to 6% decrease in load was observed in the SB sandwich specimens. The relaxation is also affected by concurrent discharge-charge cycling of the embedded battery cells due to concomitant volumetric changes in the cells. Energy storage capacity under hydrostatic pressure was also measured and showed a decrease in capacity of ~6-8% with pressures up to 2 MPa. Additional testing is underway to assess the flexural strength of the SB prototypes and the combined effects of discharge rate and hydrostatic pressure on energy storage capacity.
Problem Situations and Curricular Resources at Central College: An Exemplification of Curricular Arts

All curricular change involves deliberation. Moving from one curriculum to another means weighing at least two alternatives and the reasons for choice. Such minimal deliberation, however, may not be adequate to solve the problem for which the change is being made. For instance, a school administration may try to replace an old view of a subject with a current view without any consideration of the effects of the change on teachers and students.
Scores on the California Psychological Inventory for men and women majoring in counseling.

Research has suggested that counsehg students differ in worldview (5), are more flexible (6), have fades with greater dysfunction (2), and have higher scholastic aptitude (4). As certain personal characteristics have been related to counseling effectiveness (1) and are desirable (7), it was hypothesized that graduate students in counseling would have more desirable personabty characteristics than the general norms for college students. Forry-nine graduate students in counseling complered the California Psychological Inventoy (3), a widely used measure of interpersonal traits which has acceptable psychometric properties. The 36 women students' means indicated that they scored significantly lower than the means of the norm group on Flexibility, Capacity for ssratus, Empathy, Responsibility, Intellectual efficiency, Well-being, Socialization, and Sense of security. The men's means were significantly hgher than those for the normative group on Independence, Self-acceptance, Sociab~lity, Managerial potential, Empathy. Dominance, Social presence, and Achevement via conforrnance. Men scored significantly lower than the norm on Reservedness. Absence of extreme scores permits the interpretation that high scores are associated with favorable characteristics and vice versa. Personabty differences for female majors are of more concern than those for the men; however, these results should be interpreted with caution until replication and further study show these particular characteristics are consistently associated with desired effectiveness of counseling.
Modeling wildfire propagation with the stochastic shortest path

Wildfires have significant environmental and economic effects. Since containment of wildfires involves deciding under tight time constraints, there is an increasing need for accurate yet computationally efficient wildfire prediction models. We consider the problem of finding the fire traversal time across a landscape considering wind speed as an unpredictable phenomenon. The landscape is represented as a graph network and fire propagation time is modeled as the Stochastic Shortest Path problem. Monte-Carlo simulation is utilized to determine the fire travel-time distribution. A network size reduction methodology is introduced to quicken the simulation time by eliminating the unimportant parts of the network. This methodology is implemented in Java to simulate the wildfire propagation on a study area located in Massachusetts. This method shows the capability of substantially reducing the simulation time without affecting prediction accuracy, enabling the algorithm to serve as a fast and reliable tool for fire prediction. Fire traversal time is modeled as the Stochastic Shortest Path.The model accounts for the variability of the wind speed.A network size reduction methodology is introduced to speed up the simulation.A case study in Massachusetts confirms that the reduction methodology is accurate and efficient.
Altered Brain Oxygen Extraction with Hypoxia and Hypotension Following Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

The utilization of cardiopulmonary bypass in neonates, infants, and children often requires the use of deep hypothermia at 18°C with occasional periods of circulatory arrest. Thus, marked physiologic extremes of temperature and perfusion are induced. The safety of these techniques appears to be related to the reduction of metabolism, particularly cerebral metabolism. We studied the effect of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass on brain oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy. After hypothermic arrest, brain oxygen extraction during severe hypoxia and severe hypotension is diminished. However, these responses remain intact after cardiopulmonary bypass. Additionally, cardiopulmonary bypass, rather than deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, alters the cerebral oxygen response to hypercapnia. The primary goal of studying alteration of brain oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is to improve our understanding of the association between these methods and perturbations in hemodynamics and ventilation, so that effective brain protection strategies can be developed.
Triple-exposure recording technique for heterodyne holographic interferometry of transient displacements

Subfringe displacement information is recorded and may be extracted using heterodyne interferometric techniques to read out a holographic record. Heterodyne techniques employ any of several methods to ensure that light arriving at the output plane from one virtual object is at a slightly different frequency from light arriving from the other virtual object reconstructed from the hologram. The effect of frequency shifting one of the light beams is to cause the intensity of the image in the output plane to vary periodically at the difference frequency of the two beams. While the frequency of the intensity variation is the same at every point on the object surface, different points in the image plane may not fluctuate precisely in phase with each other. The degree of phase difference in intensity fluctuation between two points in the observation plane is directly related to the difference in surface displacement between the two points.
Imaging with Electricity

The study of exotic sensory systems, such as electroreception in fish, echolocation in bats, and sound localization in owls, has revealed general principles of neuronal organization that are frequently present but more difficult to discern in other animals and humans. Weakly electric fish are an exceptional model system to study sensory acquisition, neuronal information processing, and sensory-motor integration. These animals detect nearby objects by sensing object-induced distortions in their electric organ discharge (EOD) electric field (reviewed in Bastian 1994; Carr 1990; Bullock and Heiligenberg 1986). Sensory electroreceptor organs, distributed across the fish’s body, are acutely sensitive to small changes in transdermal voltage, which constitute an “electric image” of the object. We have investigated how electric fish might identify object features, such as size, shape, location, and impedance, from the object’s electric images (Fig. 1). For example, how might a fish differentiate between a large, distant object and a small, nearby one; or a large object with impedance similar to water, and a small object with greater impedance difference? To resolve these questions, we constructed detailed and accurate simulations of the electric images of spheres and ellipsoids placed in EOD fields (Rasnow 1996). Electric images were computed analytically by assuming the measured EOD field was uniform around the object. Measured electric images of large metal spheres verified the simulations, and revealed their robustness to this assumption. In this paper, we summarize the algorithms for electrolocation presented by Rasnow (1996) and propose a plausible neural implementation of these algorithms in the fish’s hind and midbrain.
Dorsomedial hypothalamic NPY affects cholecystokinin-induced satiety via modulation of brain stem catecholamine neuronal signaling

Increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) has been shown to cause hyperphagia, but the pathway underlying this effect remains less clear. Hypothalamic neural systems play a key role in the control of food intake, in part, by modulating the effects of meal-related signals, such as cholecystokinin (CCK). An increase in DMH NPY gene expression decreases CCK-induced satiety. Since activation of catecholaminergic neurons within the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) contributes to the feeding effects of CCK, we hypothesized that DMH NPY modulates NTS neural catecholaminergic signaling to affect food intake. We used an adeno-associated virus system to manipulate DMH NPY gene expression in rats to examine this pathway. Viral-mediated hrGFP anterograde tracing revealed that DMH NPY neurons project to the NTS; the projections were in close proximity to catecholaminergic neurons, and some contained NPY. Viral-mediated DMH NPY overexpression resulted in an increase in NPY content in the NTS, a decrease in NTS tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, and reduced exogenous CCK-induced satiety. Knockdown of DMH NPY produced the opposite effects. Direct NPY administration into the fourth ventricle of intact rats limited CCK-induced satiety and overall TH phosphorylation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DMH NPY descending signals affect CCK-induced satiety, at least in part, via modulation of NTS catecholaminergic neuronal signaling.
Workforce 2000, Silver Bullet or Dud: Job Structure Changes and Economic Prospects for Black Males in the 1990s

Workforce 2000 (Johnston and Packer, 1987) a widely circulated study supported by the U.S. Department of Labor, was greeted with vastly different responses. Most Americans. Especially in the business community, bemoaned the substantial "skills mismatch" predicted by this study. By contrast, the black and Hispanic communities greeted the report with enthusiasm because the report suggested that America could no longer afford 10 waste its human resources. According to the report, thirty percent of the new jobs created by the year 2000 will require workers with a four year college degree. Further, blacks, Hispanics, and other "non-traditional” workers will represent eighty-five percent of the new workforce. Thus, the tragic human waste represented by growing mortality, joblessness, incarceration and drug abuse among young black males is a threat to not only the black community but also to American economic competitiveness. These conclusions seemed to provide the "silver bullet" needed to support renewed investments in the health, education, and training of black youth (Schorr, 1988; William T. Grant Foundation. 1988).
Reaction Rate Study of the Dissolution of Cuprite in Sulphuric Acid

The rate of reaction of cuprite was measured in a series of sulphuric acid solutions, from which oxygen had been excluded, at various concentrations and temperatures. The overall reaction Cu2O + H2SO4 → Cu++ + Cuo + H2O + SO4= may be explained quantitatively by two simultaneous rate reactions involving not only H+ but also the hydrolytic adsorption of H2SO4. The results indicate the importance of considering surface mass balance relationships associated with heterogeneous surface reactions.
The Bachelor’s to PhD Transition: Factors Influencing PhD Completion Among Women in Chemistry and Physics:

Existing research has examined if undergraduate factors influence chemistry and physics, or physical science, doctoral degree entry and whether variables during PhD programs associate with graduati...
Axisymmetric Magnetic Mirror Applications – Divertor Test Stand to Fusion Power Plant

Axisymmetric mirrors can be MHD-stabilized by end losses. Neutral-beam-sustained operation to β~0.6, and Te~0.2 keV, with 5 ms 5 MW neutral beams on the Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) has been demonstrated...
Nucleoside and Nucleotide Stimulation of Fluid Secretion in the Pigmented Rabbit Conjunctiva

Pigmented rabbit conjunctival epithelium is capable of secreting fluid at a rate of 4.3 ± 0.2 µl/hr/cm2.1 Active chloride secretion across the epithelium, which in the case of conjunctiva is modulated by second messengers such as cAMP,2 Ca2+,2 protein kinase C (PKC),2,3 and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides,4 is proposed to be a major driving force for this vectorial fluid movement.5 Several of these second messengers also stimulate fluid secretion across the corneal epithelium,6 retinal pigment epithelium,7 and tracheal epithelium.8 Further, we have reported previously that 8Br-cAMP is an efficient stimulant to fluid secretion in the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva.1
Diagnosis and Management of Headache in Older Adults

Headache is a common, disabling neurologic problem in all age groups, including older adults. In older adults, headache is most likely a primary disorder, such as tension-type headache or migraine; however, there is a higher risk of secondary causes, such as giant cell arteritis or intracranial lesions, than in younger adults. Thus, based on the headache history, clinical examination, and presence of headache red flags, a focused diagnostic evaluation is recommended, ranging from blood tests to neuroimaging, depending on the headache characteristics. Regardless of the primary or secondary headache disorder diagnosis, treatment options may be limited in older patients and may need to be tailored to the presence of comorbid medical conditions. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the management of headache in older adults, from diagnosis to treatment.
Poetry in Commotion: Katko v. Briney and the Bards of First-Year Torts

A classroom incident involving Katko v. Briney, the famous Iowa “spring-gun case,” started the author thinking about the suffocating environment legal education imposes on original expression.Law school offers virtually no outlets for creativity, which is curious given the substantial reservoir of brain power collected in law schools and the fact that good lawyers must be creative thinkers. Students generally have only two avenues for expressing themselves within the institutional framework: their classroom comments and their written products.Many law professors like to believe they foster a dynamic, vibrant classroom learning environment, but it is easy to confuse a successful bag of teaching tricks with vibrancy. True vibrancy requires risk-taking, spontaneity, inconsistency in presentation, and a relaxed freedom to speak openly — but these ingredients are missing from most law school classes.The author’s one-percent solution (a mere footnote to a brainstorm) was to require his Torts students to compose poetry instead of case briefs about Katko, with surprising, satisfying results. The students’ poems make up much of the article.
Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-2 Correlates to Hypothermic Neuroprotection in Ischemic Stroke

Hypothermia is neuroprotective against many acute neurological insults, including ischemic stroke. We and others have previously shown that protection by hypothermia is partially associated with an anti-inflammatory effect. Phagocytes are thought to play an important role in the clearance of necrotic debris, paving the way for endogenous repair mechanisms to commence, but the effect of cooling and phagocytosis has not been extensively studied. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a newly identified surface receptor shown to be involved in phagocytosis. In this study, we examined the effect of therapeutic hypothermia on TREM2 expression. Mice underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and were treated with one of the two cooling paradigms: one where cooling (30°C) began at the onset of MCAO (early hypothermia [eHT]) and another where cooling began 1 hour later (delayed hypothermia [dHT]). In both groups, cooling was maintained for 2 hours. A third group was maintaine...
Experiments in Criminology: Improving Our Understanding of Crime and the Criminal Justice System

Crime is costly, yet we understand little about it. The United States justice system costs $280 billion per year, but compared to other areas, such as medicine and agriculture, we have few answers ...
Pilot Program in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Simulation for MLS Students

Medical Laboratory Science (MLS) educational programs face the challenge of placing students for clinical practica/rotations. In a non-medical university, this has been particularly true for clinical microbiology practica as local healthcare systems centralize microbiology, serology, and molecular testing services with smaller hospitals housing “stat labs” only. Encouraged by the success of a immunohematology simulation practicum implemented over 15 years ago, in the summer 2018 faculty piloted a clinical microbiology simulation lab to satisfy entry-level practical competency requirements. The pilot program consisted of three weeks of on-campus lab simulation, followed by a two-week hospital clinical experience, as opposed to five weeks in the clinical setting in the traditional practicum. In the lab simulation, students completed clinical microbiology evaluations on all clinical specimen types. Identification techniques included bench top tests, automated identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Students utilized rapid kit tests and performed quality control. Upon completion of the students’ practicum final exam and microbiology section of the comprehensive program exit exam, faculty evaluated student learning using two-sample t-tests to establish if statistically significant differences existed in the scores achieved by students enrolled in the pilot versus the traditional model. We hypothesized that no such differences would exist. There were no statistically significant differences between the post-practicum exam results achieved by both groups (p
Antipsychotics in Hyperthyroid-Related Psychosis: Case Report and Systematic Review.

Objectives Hyperthyroidism has been associated with relatively rare presentations of psychotic symptoms. We report an example of the successful use of antipsychotics to manage psychotic symptoms in hyperthyroid-related psychosis. Furthermore, we systematically describe the available literature on the use of antipsychotics in this setting to determine the associated relative efficacies of the various antipsychotic agents. Methods Presentation of a case of hyperthyroid-related psychosis treated with an antipsychotic agent followed by a systematic review of all similar cases: PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and PMC were searched for articles published between 1960 and 2017 that report on the use of specific antipsychotics in the management of hyperthyroid-related psychosis. Results An 81-year-old woman presented with hallucinations and delusions in the context of untreated Graves' Disease and was effectively treated with medical management of her thyroidopathy and psychopharmacologic management of psychotic symptoms. Systematic review revealed that typical and atypical antipsychotics have comparable efficacy in the management of psychotic symptoms in hyperthyroid-related psychosis. Conclusion Choice of antipsychotic in hyperthyroid-related psychosis should be primarily based on side-effect profile and medical comorbidities. Risperidone is the optimal and seemingly effective choice for treating hyperthyroid-related psychosis in an elderly thyrotoxic patient.
Insect predator odors protect herbivore from fungal infection

Abstract Lethal predators and pathogens can reduce the size of pest populations and help regulate crop-damaging herbivores. Additionally, predators like the spined soldier bug (Podisus maculiventris) can elicit non-consumptive effects in herbivores such as the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), causing changes in prey behavior, physiology and life history. While it is known that lethal predators and pathogens interact, there is little known about the interaction of predator-induced non-consumptive effects and pathogens on their shared hosts. Using the spined soldier bug, which is known to elicit non-consumptive effects on potato beetles (e.g. reduced feeding), we studied the interaction of predator-induced non-consumptive effects and the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana on the survival of Colorado potato beetle larvae. In laboratory microcosms we found a 16–50% increase in survival of fungus-treated beetles held with non-lethal male stink bugs. We also studied the predator-fungus interaction on jasmonic acid-treated plants to assess whether elevated levels of host plant defenses made larvae more susceptible to fungal infection. Beetles’ susceptibility to fungal infection did not change when provided jasmonic-acid treated foliage as food. Finally, we determined that two volatile compounds (E-2-hexenal and alpha-terpineol), produced as part of the bugs’ aggregation pheromone, reduced conidial germination, resulting in higher levels of beetle survival. Our findings suggest that stink bug odors protect prey against fungal pathogens.
Formative Research on Promoting Car-Free Youth Transportation

Car accidents are the leading cause of death among U.S. 10- to 24-year-olds (CDC, 2018). Motivating youth to drive less by choosing car-free mobility may reduce fatalities and contribute to positive environmental impact. Yet, little is known about how youth perceive car-free transportation or what may motivate them to choose it more often. Results from focus groups analyzed through the lens of the theory of planned behavior explore youth perceptions and experiences about car-free transportation. Perceived effectiveness of car-free messages also is presented. This study contributes to understandings of the theoretical underpinnings of an understudied area of public interest communications. Practical recommendations for strategic communication with youth about car-free transportation include appealing to their agency and autonomy and reinforcing their safety.
The role of E-selectin and P-selectin in children with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

Severe mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(SMPP) cause severe lung and multiple system organs demage, but its pathogenesis is unclear.With the in-depth study, it is widely recognized that the immune mechanism plays an important role in pathogenesis of SMPP.Selectin is an important adhesion molecule that participates in many physiological and pathological processes, such as inflammation and immune response, coagulation and thrombosis.This paper intends to explore the possible role of e-selectin and p-selectin in the pathogenesis of severe mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Key words: Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; E-selectin; P-selectin; Inflammatory response; Hypercoagulability
The Effect of COVID-19 on AGU Journal Authors by Gender and Geographical Location

When the COVID-19 pandemic forced institutions to close their physical spaces, many researchers and professors were required to work from home. Media outlets and individuals wondered if women speci...
Injection-Site Lesions: Incidence, Tissue Histology, Collagen Concentration, and Muscle Tenderness in Beef Rounds

The national incidence and extent of injection-site lesions in the muscles of the round were determined via audits conducted at retail stores and in purveying establishments. Two additional experiments were conducted to examine the subsequent effects of pharmaceutical administration on tissue histology, soluble and insoluble collagen concentration, and muscle tenderness in beef bottom-rounds. Injection-site lesion incidence in beef round cuts audited at retail (n = 3,538) and in steak-cutting facilities (n = 15,464) was 8.45 and 10.04%, respectively, with an average lesion-trim of 314.7 and 191.59 g, respectively, in these two studies. Lesion classification revealed that 93.20 and 99.91% of lesions reported for the retail and purveyor audits, respectively, were chronologically aged lesions. Overall, 19,002 round cuts were examined, and injection-site lesion incidence (nationally) was 9.74%, whereas lesion-trim averaged 211.8 g. Warner-Bratzler shear measurements taken near lesions and in areas 7.62 cm from the lesions were higher (P < .001) for lesioned, than for control bottom-round steaks. Warner-Bratzler shear values for lesion cores were 3.5 times greater than those in paired control (non-affected) steaks. Concentrations of insoluble and soluble collagen were much higher (P < .001) at the site of the lesion center in lesion-afflicted vs control steaks. Histological determinations of the relative proportions of muscle, connective tissue and fat to a distance of 5.08 cm from the site of the lesion center confirmed that severe disruption of muscle tissue constituents and architecture had occurred. Injection-site lesions occur at an unacceptable frequency in the muscles of the round, and severe tissue changes accompany these lesions that can dramatically affect tenderness of those cuts.
Sinonasal Small Cell Carcinoma–Case Series of a Rare Malignancy:

Sinonasal small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SNEC) is an extremely rare and aggressive neoplasm that can arise in the sinonasal region. These tumors are associated with high morbidity and mortality, are difficult to diagnose, and are hard to treat. We describe 2 cases of this poorly understood malignancy and review imaging, pathology, and treatment decisions. A 41-year-old male and a 64-year-old female presented to a tertiary center in 2019 after developing nasal obstruction and were found to have sinonasal masses on imaging. Both biopsies showed strong expression of pancytokeratin with dot-like reactivity and expression of neuroendocrine markers chromogranin and synaptophysin. The findings were diagnostic of SNEC. Staging positron emission tomography/computed tomography and brain MRI were performed, and patients were discussed at a multidisciplinary tumor board. Neither had distant metastatic disease at presentation. One patient had no intracranial or orbital disease and underwent a subtotal endoscopic resection with adjuvant chemoradiation. The other patient demonstrated middle cranial fossa, dural, and orbital involvement as well as cranial nerve V palsy. This patient was treated with induction chemotherapy, followed by concurrent chemoradiation. Both patients are presently alive at 4 months follow-up, but one with persistent local disease and the other distant metastasis. Sinonasal small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a rare and poorly understood malignancy with an aggressive clinical course. Continued careful review of pathology and study of molecular features are needed for improved understanding of SNEC, and particularly for head and neck SNEC, to establish a staging system and better formulate treatment protocols.
The Bloody Board Game: A Game-Based Approach for Learning High-Value Care Principles in the Setting of Anemia Diagnosis.

Introduction With growing health care costs, high-value care is an increasingly important subject for medical training. Many resident and medical student curricula have incorporated lectures-based ...
Estimating Predicate Selectivities in a NoSQL Database Service

An estimate of the number of items in a database that satisfy an equality or range predicate is useful for several tasks, such as cost-based query optimization, provisioning of system resources, and determining the financial costs of using database services. In a traditional database system, such estimates are computed and used internally by the system and have been well studied. In contrast, such estimates have not received much attention in the context of a cloud-based database service, where they must be computed by the application that uses the service using only the limited features of the interface provided by the service. This paper motivates and formulates the selectivity-estimation problem for database services. It describes the characteristics of this problem that distinguish it from the analogous problem in traditional database systems. It outlines some subproblems and methods to address them. It provides a method for estimating selectivities based on random sampling along with some experimental results.
Allelopathic suppressive effects of Thevetia peruviana L. and Nerium oleander L. leaf extracts on germination and seedling growth of Cyperus rotundus L.

This study was undertaken to assess the allelopathic suppressive effects of Thevetia peruviana and Nerium oleander vinegar leaf extracts on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) tuber germination and seedling growth at the Crop Science Laboratory, Eastern University, Sri Lanka from January to February 2019. Fourteen treatments were imposed viz. Control (T1-no application), 100% vinegar, 100%, 75% and 50% fresh and dry leaf extract of N. oleander and T. Peruviana. Experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Equal sized tubers were soaked in different plant extracts as per treatment structure for a period of two hours before planting. Then leaf extracts were applied to germinating tubers at two days interval for three times. All the management practices were followed uniformly. Germination percentage (%), seedling length, seedling dry weight and seed vigour index were measured ten days after planting. Analysis of variance was performed to determine the effect of treatments on measured parameters and mean separation was done using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (p
Lessons From the Trenches: Students’ Perspectives of Their Own Marine Transdisciplinary Education

Recent environmental changes have demonstrated that the Earth has entered the Anthropocene. In this new age, complex interactions between human and natural systems exacerbate “wicked problems” that challenge researchers to engage both deep disciplinary expertise and broad integrative knowledge to address these societally relevant problems. Researchers and practitioners are making an increased effort to bridge the divide between human and natural systems research by facilitating multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary collaborations. Despite 21st century changes to the research environment, the structure of a typical graduate education remains largely unchanged over the past several decades. Wicked problems necessitate communication and collaboration expertise; innovative transdisciplinary training and research opportunities can equip graduate students with these necessary skills. Oregon State University has offered such an opportunity through an NSF-funded Research Traineeship Program (NRT) for students focusing on Risk and Uncertainty Quantification and Communication in Marine Science. Herein, we reflect on the experience of graduate students who successfully completed the NRT and assert that support for transdisciplinary training and research at the graduate stage is urgently needed. We present five lessons learned from our year-long transdisciplinary project focused on the development of an approach for integrating diverse data sets within a social-ecological systems framework to reach a broader understanding of the interconnections between a marine reserve system, people, and the environment. Finally, we present current challenges and paths forward to enhance the success of early career transdisciplinary research.
Stealing Culture: Digital Repatriation (A Case Study)

Across the globe, an intense debate has formed around repatriation of cultural artifacts from essentially Western museums and collectors. At the extremes, the dialogue surrounds whether these artifacts should be returned to their locations of origin or retained by those that currently possess the artifacts. Between the extremes is a discussion about whether artifacts could and should be digitally copied, placing one version of the artifact within the possession of the originating location and another version outside. This case study uses cultural artifacts to analyse the relationship between an American university museum and the peoples of Rapa Nui.
Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of HCV Protease Inhibitor Fluorination as a General Approach to Avoid Drug Resistance

Third generation Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitors (PIs), glecaprevir and voxilaprevir, are highly effective across genotypes and against many resistant variants. Unlike earlier PIs, these compounds have fluorine substitutions on the P2-P4 macrocycle and P1 moieties. Fluorination has long been used in medicinal chemistry as a strategy to improve physicochemical properties and potency. However, the molecular basis by which fluorination improves potency and resistance profile of HCV NS3/4A PIs is not well understood. To systematically analyze the contribution of fluorine substitutions to inhibitor potency and resistance profile, we used a multi-disciplinary approach involving inhibitor design and synthesis, enzyme inhibition assays, co-crystallography, and structural analysis. A panel of inhibitors in matched pairs were designed with and without P4 cap fluorination, tested against WT protease and the D168A resistant variant, and a total of 22 high-resolution co-crystal structures were determined. While fluorination did not significantly improve potency against the WT protease, PIs with fluorinated P4 caps retained much better potency against the D168A protease variant. Detailed analysis of the co-crystal structures revealed that PIs with fluorinated P4 caps can sample alternate binding conformations that enable adapting to structural changes induced by the D168A substitution. Our results elucidate molecular mechanisms of fluorine-specific inhibitor interactions that can be leveraged in avoiding drug resistance.
Fundamental Chemical Kinetics

This chapter discusses the chemical kinetics of practical hydrocarbon and biodiesel fuels used in engines. Elementary reactions that provide chain branching are identified, and their role in producing autoignition is explained. Roles of differences in fuel molecular structure, particularly primary, secondary, and tertiary C–H bonds, on rates of combustion and ignition are explained and used to explain how fuel parameters such as octane and cetane numbers depend on the fuel molecule size and structure. Chemical kinetic factors are used to explain the way in which selected additives can improve either the cetane or octane ratings for fuels, through their roles in influencing chain-branching rates. Examples are provided to illustrate the principles, including very recent studies in biodiesel fuel kinetic modeling. Keywords: chemical kinetics; reactions; reaction mechanisms; oxidation; cool flames; low temperature oxidation; biofuels; autoignition