cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Tobacco and Alcohol Refusal Efficacy for Urban and Rural African-American Adolescents

This study sought to determine the relative contributions of individual, family, peer, and community risk and promotive factors in explaining alcohol and tobacco refusal attitudes among 227 African-American adolescents (ages 12 to 17) from urban and rural areas. Hierarchical linear regression (HLR) results revealed differences in the predictive value of risk and promotive factors with respect to tobacco and alcohol refusal attitudes. Specifically, individual and peer risk factors were predictive of tobacco refusal attitudes among youths. Individual, peer, and family risk and promotive factors were predictive of adolescents' alcohol refusal attitudes. Community factors were not significant predictors of youths' ability to refuse tobacco and alcohol, after controlling for more proximal influences. Future research should consider other psychosocial influences within an ecological framework that may account for additional variance in substance use attitudes among African-American adolescents.
On complementary and independent mappings on databases

We define the notion of independent views to indicate whether the range values of the two views may be achieved independently The concept of complementary views indicates when the domain element can be uniquely determined by the range values of the two complementary views We consider the relationship between independent and complementary views In unrestricted domains, a view (but not the identity or empty view) can have more than one complementary, independent view Databases, however, are more restricted domains They are finite power sets A view is monotonic if it preserves inclusion However, in finite power sets when all views are monotonic, if a given view has another view which is independent and complementary, then this view is unique.
EVALUATION OF MALDI-FTMS FOR ANALYSIS OF PEPTIDE MIXTURES GENERATED BY LADDER SEQUENCING

Abstract Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS) is evaluated as an alternative to MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) for analysis of ladder-generated peptide mixtures because FTMS can provide high resolution and mass accuracy. Analysis of ladder sequences of high-mass peptides (above 3000 Da) by MALDI-FTMS is difficult because the terminating agent used in “ladder-generating chemistry” is unstable on the time scale of MALDI-FTMS experiments. However, ladder sequences of low-mass peptide mixtures can be successfully analyzed by MALDI-FTMS. It is shown that for peptides less than 1500 Da, MALDI-FTMS permits an average mass error of only ± 0.008 Da for identifying amino acids. Thus, ladder sequencing by FTMS has significant potential, particularly if more stable terminating groups can be identified.
Modern Maritime Piracy: An Overview of Somali Piracy, Gulf of Guinea Piracy and South East Asian Piracy

Maritime Piracy has existed since ancient times. In recent decades there has been a resurgence in piracy. The major focus for much of the past 10 years has been on piracy in the waters off the Horn of Africa conducted almost exclusively by Somali pirates. Attention has been drawn also to piracy in the West African Gulf of Guinea and in South East Asia. This paper draws upon the data resources of the International Chamber of Commerce International Maritime Bureau to develop statistical profiles of piracy over the 11 year period 2003-2013 for these regions. The actions of the pirates have economic and human consequences. A World Bank study estimated the annual, global cost of Somali piracy alone to be US$ 18 billion. Over the time period analyzed more than 6000 crew were held hostage, or kidnapped, for ransom. Guns were the most frequently cited weapon used in attacks. The data shows that the most of the successful attacks were those on ships at berth while the success rates were lowest for attacks on steaming ships. Drawing upon additional information in Reports of the UN Office of Drugs and Crime, studies by the World Bank and the ReCAAP Information Sharing Center, the paper discusses the differences in the strategies used by the Somali pirates, those employed by the pirates in the Gulf of Guinea and those in South East Asia.
Robust localization of auditory and visual targets in a robotic barn owl

Abstract In the last two decades, the barn owl, a nocturnal predator with accurate visual and auditory capabilities, has become a common experimental system for neuroscientists investigating the biological substrate of spatial localization and orienting behavior. As a result, much data are now available regarding the anatomy and physiology of many neural structures involved in such processes. On the basis of this growing body of knowledge, we have recently built a computer model that incorporates detailed replicas of several important neural structures participating in the production of orienting behavior. In order to expose this model to sensorimotor and environmental conditions similar to those experienced by a barn owl, the computer simulations of the neural structures were coupled to a robot emulating the head of a barn owl, which was presented with auditory and visual stimulation. By using this system we have performed a number of studies on the mechanisms underlying the barn owl’s calibration of orienting behavior and accurate localization of auditory targets in noisy environments. In this paper we review the main results that have emerged from this line of research. This work provides a concrete example of how, by coupling computer simulations of brain structures with robotic systems, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the basic principles of biological systems while producing robust and flexible control of robots operating in the real world.
Spontaneous revisitation during visual exploration as a link among strategic behavior, learning, and the hippocampus

Effective exploratory behaviors involve continuous updating of sensory sampling to optimize the efficacy of information gathering. Despite some work on this issue in animals, little information exists regarding the cognitive or neural mechanisms for this sort of behavioral optimization in humans. Here we examined a visual exploration phenomenon that occurred when human subjects studying an array of objects spontaneously looked “backward” in their scanning paths to view recently seen objects again. This “spontaneous revisitation” of recently viewed objects was associated with enhanced hippocampal activity and superior subsequent memory performance in healthy participants, but occurred only rarely in amnesic patients with severe damage to the hippocampus. These findings demonstrate the necessity of the hippocampus not just in the aspects of long-term memory with which it has been associated previously, but also in the short-term adaptive control of behavior. Functional neuroimaging showed hippocampal engagement occurring in conjunction with frontocerebellar circuits, thereby revealing some of the larger brain circuitry essential for the strategic deployment of information-seeking behaviors that optimize learning.
Forces for reforming the U.S. health care system: a review of the cost and access issues.

In recent years, a spate of health care reform proposals have emerged on the American agenda. Although the elements of the reform proposals often vary substantially, most of the initiatives are fuelled by two common concerns: rising health care expenditures and a growing uninsured population. National health spending, for example, commands an increasing share of U.S. gross national product despite numerous cost-containment efforts initiated by public and private payers throughout the 1980s. And the uninsured population continues to grow--by an estimated 30 percent between 1978 and 1989. To facilitate understanding of the public policy options being considered to address these concerns, the article examines U.S. health care expenditure data and some of the causes of rising health care costs. The article also discusses the demographic characteristics of the uninsured population, the reasons why they lack health coverage, and the health consequences associated with being uninsured.
Does Armed Conflict Reduce Foreign Direct Investment in the Petroleum Sector

Existing studies argue that armed conflict reduces foreign direct investment (FDI) or, following rational expectations theory, should not affect FDI. In this paper, I offer a new theory on how armed conflict affects FDI, which encompasses the interaction between political risk and market conditions and provides a systematic explanation for investors’ divergent responses including an opportunistic behavior. To do so, I present a formal model focusing on a commodity's price, which is a key to investors’ profits and is also influenced by political risk. The model demonstrates that investors do not necessarily reduce FDI against political risk if armed conflict is expected to increase profit by increasing commodity prices, ceteris paribus . Statistical analysis of 50 countries that received FDI in the petroleum sector from 1980 to 2006 reveals that armed conflict ( intrastate and interstate ) reduces FDI in petroleum. However, it also shows that the effect of armed conflict on FDI in petroleum varies depending on oil prices. Consistent with the predictions, I find that investors do not decrease investment as oil prices get higher. An additional analysis on US FDI in petroleum from 1982 to 2006 also confirms the finding. This insight adds a new dimension to a current debate about the relationship between conflict and FDI.
Understanding Economic Justice Attitudes in Two Countries: Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

Analyzing data from the 2007 Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan Inequality Survey, I identify and compare the determinants of economic justice attitudes in two formerly similar majority-Muslim nations that are now distinguished almost exclusively by their dissimilar economic circumstances following the collapse of the Soviet Union. In Kazakhstan, where the economy is growing rapidly, the important factors predicting economic egalitarianism are connected to people's perceived ability to do well in the future. In contrast, in Kyrgyzstan, which has stagnated in the post-Soviet era, people's immediate economic vulnerability predicts egalitarianism, while their economic prospects are irrelevant. Finally, the effect of several factors on support for egalitarianism appears impervious to the prevailing economic winds: religious orthodoxy, the urban vs. rural divide, and membership in a historically privileged ethnic group. These patterns reflect both the commonalities in the two countries' histories, demography, and religion and their divergent economic trajectories since the collapse of the USSR.
Robust temperature control for microwave heating of ceramics

This paper presents results on the development of an automatic feedback control system for controlling the temperature of ceramic samples being heated by microwave energy. Design of the temperature controller is presented, and experimental results from heating experiments are given. The temperature control system is evaluated in terms of its robustness to parameter variations in the linearized model and in terms of its performance in actual experiments.
Receiver controlled medium access in multihop ad hoc networks with multipacket reception

The advent of diversity modulation and signal processing has changed the underlying assumption of the conventional collision model that at most one packet can be received at each node of a network. The use of antenna arrays, code division multiple access (CDMA), and space-time processing with multiuser detection makes multipacket reception (MPR) a more realistic model for the physical layer of future wireless networks. In this paper, a multiple access protocol based on receiver controlled transmissions (RCT) is presented for multihop ad hoc networks with MPR nodes. As a hybrid of scheduled and random access MAC, the RCT protocol is capable of providing high throughput at heavy traffic load and short delay in light traffic. Unlike existing global scheduling techniques, RCT requires only coarse coordination among regions of the ad hoc network, and it scales to networks of arbitrary sizes. Capacity analysis and the application of RCT for Manhattan-type multihop networks are presented where scheduled reception interval and the size of local contention are optimized. Performance analysis and simulations are also presented.
Quantification of differential diffusion in nonpremixed systems

Most attempts to quantify differential diffusion (DD) are based on the difference between different definitions of the mixture fraction. This paper presents a general method for evaluating differential diffusion in premixed or nonpremixed systems based on conservation equations for the elemental mass fractions. These measures form a basis for analysing differential diffusion. Casting these in terms of a mixture fraction gives particular insight into differential diffusion for nonpremixed systems, and provides a single DD measure. Furthermore, it allows direct evaluation of the validity of the traditional assumptions involved in writing a mixture fraction transport equation. Results are presented for one-dimensional opposed flow simulations of hydrogen and methane flames as well as direct numerical simulations (DNS) of CH4/H2–air and CO/H2–air flames. For a common definition of the mixture fraction, the DD measure can be approximated well by considering only the contribution of H2 and CH4 in methane–air fl...
Genetics and Imaging of Hepatocellular Adenomas: 2011 Update

Genotype-phenotype classification of hepatocellular adenomas is presented, with cross-sectional imaging findings of various subtypes of hepatocellular adenomas and their management implications.
Hyperspectral material identification on radiance data using single-atmosphere or multiple-atmosphere modeling

Reectance-domain methods convert hyperspectral data from radiance to reectance using an atmospheric compensation model. Material detection and identication are performed by comparing the compensated data to target reectance spectra. We introduce two radiance- domain approaches, Single atmosphere Adaptive Cosine Estimator (SACE) and Multiple atmo- sphere ACE (MACE) in which the target reectance spectra are instead converted into sensor- reaching radiance using physics-based models. For SACE, known illumination and atmospheric conditions are incorporated in a single atmospheric model. For MACE the conditions are un- known so the algorithm uses many atmospheric models to cover the range of environmental variability, and it approximates the result using a subspace model. This approach is sometimes called the invariant method, and requires the choice of a subspace dimension for the model. We compare these two radiance-domain approaches to a Reectance-domain ACE (RACE) ap- proach on a HYDICE image featuring concealed materials. All three algorithms use the ACE detector, and all three techniques are able to detect most of the hidden materials in the imagery. For MACE we observe a strong dependence on the choice of the material subspace dimension. Increasing this value can lead to a decline in performance.
Some properties of order statistic filters

Let X1, X2, ... be a stationary sequence of random variables with Pr(Xt less than or equal to x) = F(x), t = 1, 2, ... . Also let Xi:n(t), i = 1, ..., n, denote the i-th order statistic (OS) in the moving sample (Xt-N, ..., Xt, ..., Xt+N) of odd size n = 2N + 1. Then Yt = (summation)aiXi:n(t) with (summation)ai = 1 is an order statistics filter. In practice ai greater than or equal to 0, i = 1, ..., n. For t > N, the sequence (Yt) is also stationary. If X1, X2, ... are independent, the autocorrelation function ρ(r) = corr(Yt, Tt+r) is zero for r > n-1 and for r less than or equal to n-l can be evaluated directly in terms of the means, variances, and covariances of the OS in random samples of size n + r from F(x). In special cases several authors have observed that (Yt) produces a low-pass filter. It will be shown that this result holds generally under white noise. The effect of outliers (impulses) is also discussed.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Secretion of DDT by lactating cows fed thyroprotein.

Abstract Six lactating cows were subjected to DDT [2,2-bis ( p -chlorophenyl) -1, 1, 1-trichloroethane] contamination by intravenous dosing at a rate equivalent to 4ppm dietary intake for 14 consecutive days. Following a ten-day decline period, three animals were given a thyroid active substance 4 4Protamone: A thyroactive casein supplied by Agri-Tech, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri. at the rate of 1 g/11kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. The DDT output in the milk of the control arid thyroproteindosed animals was followed for 58 days after the prescribed dosing. Milk and milk fat yield increased and body weight decreased in the animals receiving thyroprotein. These yield figures declined below the values in the control group after thyroprotein feeding ceased. Concentration of DDT in the milk rose during intravenous administration to an average of 30ppm and declined to about 7ppm for both groups prior to thyroprotein feeding. The pesticide content of the milk fat of the control animals declined steadily to 2ppm during the remaining 12 weeks of the experiment. The DDT level in the milk of the animals that received thyroprotein declined to only about 4ppm during the comparable time. When the milk pesticide was expressed in terms of mg excreted per day, the thyroprotein-fed animals had a 2 mg/day higher yield during the thyroprotein dosing period. One week after the end of thyroprotein feeding the yield level had assumed almost identical values in both groups of animals.
Sub-channel below the perceptual threshold in audio

Summary form only given. The paper explores the concept and possible ways of making use of an audio channel's capacity below the perceptual threshold as a hidden sub-channel. Such an audio channel can be one in conventional telephony or in voice-over-IP. Since the sub-channel is hidden, not detectable by the human ear, a communications system equipped with this technology is compatible with the existing system in terms of audio signal transmission. Two potential applications of the technology are concurrent services and the extension of audio bandwidth. The latter application provides the listener with an improved audio quality, as demonstrated by experiment.
Promptcat issues for acquisitions: Quality review, cost analysis and workflow implications

PromptCat is a new service offered by OCLC, in conjunction with monograph materials vendors, that provides libraries with a full bibliographic record from the OCLC Online Union Catalog (OLUC) simultaneous to the supply of materials from a vendor. The library's holdings are set automatically on the OLUC record. Because PromptCat eliminates the need for libraries to do individual title-by-title searching and record selection when materials are received, it will streamline local cataloging activities. It may also provide an impetus for libraries to reevaluate local editing practices and determine whether materials can be processed quickly upon receipt in acquisitions rather than in copy cataloging. This article addresses issues relating to PromptCat, including tests of the service conducted at The Ohio State University (OSU) and Michigan State University (MSU), an estimated cost/benefit analysis based on OSU's approval plan, and issues including coordination between OCLC, materials vendors, system vendors, and the library as well as workflow, organizational implications and staffing issues.
A Cross-Functional Approach to Evaluating Multiple Line Extensions for Assembled Products

Assembled product manufacturers often introduce line extensions that share components with existing products, or among themselves, resulting in cost interactions among products because of shared costs, and revenue interactions because of cannibalization. We present a cross-functional approach to evaluating multiple line extensions that simultaneously considers revenue implications of component sharing at the product level and cost implications at the component level. We develop a source-of-volume model and a measurement procedure to decompose the life-cycle sales volume from a line extension into sales from cannibalization, competitive draw, and demand expansion. We develop an activity-based costing procedure for estimating the life-cycle costs of line extensions that share components. We develop an optimization model that uses these revenue and cost estimates to identify a subset of line extensions that maximizes incremental profits. We implement our approach at a quartz wristwatch manufacturer. Results suggest that our approach would have improved profits for the firm by over 5%, while actually launching fewer line extensions. We also find that the drivers of cannibalization are counterintuitive. In simulation studies, our approach outperforms three managerial heuristics. We demonstrate that this approach is most valuable when cannibalization dominates competitive draw as a source of volume, and discuss its relative merits under low and high parts-sharing.
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, and isolation of endothelial progenitors from 21- to 23.5-year cryopreserved cord blood

Cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) is crucial for cord blood (CB) banking and transplantation. We evaluated recovery of functional HPC cryopreserved as mononuclear or unseparated cells for up to 23.5 years compared with prefreeze values of the same CB units. Highly efficient recovery (80%-100%) was apparent for granulocyte-macrophage and multipotential hematopoietic progenitors, although some collections had reproducible low recovery. Proliferative potential, response to multiple cytokines, and replating of HPC colonies was extensive. CD34+ cells isolated from CB cryopreserved for up to 21 years had long-term (≥ 6 month) engrafting capability in primary and secondary immunodeficient mice reflecting recovery of long-term repopulating, self-renewing HSCs. We recovered functionally responsive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, generated induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells with differentiation representing all 3 germ cell lineages in vitro and in vivo, and detected high proliferative endothelial colony forming cells, results of relevance to CB biology and banking.
Context-Awareness in a Persistent Hospital Companion Agent

We describe the design and preliminary evaluation of a virtual agent that provides continual bedside companionship and a range of health, information, and entertainment functions to hospital patients during their stay. The agent system uses sensors to enable it to be aware of events in the hospital room and the status of the patient, in order to provide context-sensitive health counseling. Patients in the pilot study responded well to having the agent in their rooms for 1–3 days and engaged in 9.4 conversations per day with the agent on average, using all available functions.
Band of Believers?: The Influence of Religion on Rebel Group Structure

How does religion impact the organizational structure of rebel groups? To date, a near consensus exists among scholars and policymakers that religion provides a unique set of tools for unifying and maintaining the allegiance of insurgents. Yet, even a cursory review of internal wars over the past few decades reveals a number of conflicts characterized by the proliferation of religiously motivated organizations. In this paper, I clarify the empirical record by leveraging new data on the religious dynamics and fragmentation of 240 rebel groups that participated in armed conflicts between 1990 and 2009. Several findings emerge: first, religiously motivated groups appear twice as likely as their secular counterparts to splinter; second, duration also has a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of a rebel group splitting; and, third, material resources and conditions that favor spoiling are not correlated with fragmentation. I argue that the connection between religion and group fragmentation is the result of three challenges distinctive to institutionalizing any new religious movement, but which can also be particularly problematic for rebel groups: the privacy of religious beliefs, the abstract nature of religious goals, and charismatic foundations. A case study of the decades-long insurgency war in the southern Philippines traces how each proposed mechanism explains, in part, the proliferation of Islamic insurgent groups in that conflict. By offering a richer understanding of the role of religion in sustaining rebel organizations, this study calls into question the widely supported, highly influential, and insufficiently tested assumption that religiously motivated rebel movements are inherently more difficult to defeat than other types.
Area postrema: essential for support of arterial pressure after hemorrhage in rats

Previous studies have indicated that the area postrema (AP) of the rat is necessary for the development of chronic angiotensin-dependent hypertension. The present study assesses the role of the AP in the maintenance of arterial pressure during hemorrhage. Sprague-Dawley rats were given sham or AP lesions 1 wk before the experiment. They were instrumented with femoral arterial and venous catheters 2 days before the experiment. On the day of the experiment, base-line mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured for 1 h before hemorrhage. During the following 45 min, each rat was subjected to one 7-ml/kg hemorrhage every 15 min for a total of three hemorrhages. MAP was monitored by computerized data acquisition. As shown previously, MAP was slightly but significantly lower in AP-lesion rats compared with sham-lesion rats before the hemorrhage procedure. In AP-lesion rats, hemorrhage resulted in a significantly greater fall in arterial pressure than in sham-lesion rats. In spite of larger drops in pressure in AP-lesion rats, hemorrhage caused equivalent increases in plasma renin and vasopressin in both groups. In AP-lesion rats compared with sham-lesion rats, significant bradycardia was present before hemorrhage. Hemorrhage caused bradycardia in both sham- and AP-lesion rats relative to the prehemorrhage heart rates, but AP-lesion rats showed greater bradycardia than did sham-lesion rats during every time period. We conclude that the AP may play an important role in the defense of arterial pressure against hemorrhage.
Optimality conditions for the numerical solution of optimization problems with PDE constraints

A theoretical framework for the numerical solution of partial di erential equation (PDE) constrained optimization problems is presented in this report. This theoretical framework embodies the fundamental infrastructure required to e ciently implement and solve this class of problems. Detail derivations of the optimality conditions required to accurately solve several parameter identi cation and optimal control problems are also provided in this report. This will allow the reader to further understand how the theoretical abstraction presented in this report translates to the application.
Social Support, Mastery, and Psychological Distress in Black and White Older Adults

Social support and mastery can protect against psychological distress in late life, carrying implications for theory and intervention. However, some groups have not been well studied, with African Americans receiving less empirical attention, especially in regard to their satisfaction with social support. In this study, samples of African American and White American community-dwelling older adults reported their perceived mastery, degree of psychological distress, and social support. A model investigating the separate relationships of these variables by race explained significantly more variance than a model for all participants combined. For both groups, mastery was significantly associated with lower psychological distress. However, among White Americans, social support was significantly associated with lower distress, while among African Americans, there was no relationship between satisfaction with social support and distress. The findings indicate that social support and mastery are important variables to consider in their relationship to psychological distress in later life and that diverse racial groups may display differing relationships among these variables.
Continuous Spinning of Zirconia Fibers: Relations Between Processing and Strength

Continuous ZrO2 precursor fibers were produced by dry spinning an aqueous zirconium acetate solution containing a soluble yttrium salt and a high molecular weight (MW = 5 × 106) polymer (PEO) to control rheology. A ZrO2-Y2O3 binary composition containing 3 mole % Y2O3 was chosen to control grain growth and to produce tetragonal ZrO2 subsequent to pyrolysis and heat treatment. Fine grained (< 0.3 μm), poly crystalline Zr(Y)O2fibers with diameters between 2 to 12 μm were produced by pyrolysis and heat treatment up to 1400 °C. Fiber tensile strength was measured as a function of processing variables. The objective was to relate flaw populations encountered during strength measurements to processing variables with the goal of controlling and increasing fiber strength.
Inappropriately ordered echocardiograms are related to socioeconomic status.

Although the appropriateness of ordering tests is increasingly measured, the demographic characteristics of patients receiving inappropriate cardiac tests, such as echocardiograms, have seldom been studied. The authors hypothesized that particular patient characteristics might influence the frequency of inappropriate echocardiogram ordering. Demographics and appropriateness were examined in a consecutive series of 535 inpatients receiving echocardiograms at a metropolitan hospital; inappropriate tests were ordered in 9% of cases. Disabled patients received a significantly higher proportion of inappropriate echocardiograms compared to both retired and employed patients. Among patients receiving repeat echocardiograms, Medicaid patients were significantly more likely to receive inappropriately ordered echocardiograms than patients with either Medicare or private insurance. In conclusion, certain socioeconomic and demographic characteristics are associated with a higher incidence of inappropriate test orderi...
Moving Steps and Crystal Defects on Spinel Surfaces

The morphology of the reconstructed {001} surface of MgAl2O4 spinel is studied by scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The observations show that the {001} surface of MgAl2O4 may exist as two variants which are related through 90° rotation about the [001] axis. These surface variants exhibit different lateral forces and tend to grow/evaporate and to etch anisotropically along either the [110] or the [110] directions of the crystal. Surface terraces that are formed by different variants were found to be separated by ∼2.0 A-high steps, while the terraces which belong to the same variant are separated by ∼4.0 A-high steps. It is expected that the origins of the preferential motion of ledges on the {001} spinel surface is related to the anisotropic distribution of cations along either the [110] or the [110] directions within the {001} crystal planes in the spinel crystal.
Striking a Balance between Brand "Popularity" and Brand Loyalty

The relationship between a brand's share of users and its loyal franchise is investigated. Using TGI data on consumer purchase habits covering 1,000 brands in 86 product classes, it is found that brands with a larger share of users have proportionately larger fractions of loyal buyers. These results are useful in the allocation of resources between the enlargement of a brand's base of users and the development of users' loyalty. HOW do popular brands with a large number of customers, that is, large user shares, compare with small user share brands in terms of the number of brand loyal customers? Do they have the same percentage of brand loyal customers? Is there any naturally occurring relationship between share of users and loyalty in the marketplace? This article will provide answers to these questions. A brand's size is typically measured in terms of its market share or user share to reflect the extent to which it has gained customers. Although both of these indicate brand size, they are not adequate indicators of brand strength. In a sense, the quality of the user share gained by a brand also needs to be assessed by describing the composition of the brand's user share in terms of the proportion of brand loyal users; that is, how much of a brand's user share can be attributed to repeat purchase by a stable or brand loyal following? The larger the number of loyal customers, the more stable the brand's market share, and the less vulnerable it will be to competitive efforts (Moran 1976, Rubinson 1979). Conversely, a brand with a large number of nonloyal customers is more open to share erosion.
EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE IN SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES.

Models of the evolution of host shifts and speciation in phytophagous insects are often built upon the assumption that host selection is under simple genetic control, perhaps even a single locus. The genetic basis for differences in host-plant preference by ovipositing insects was investigated using two closely related species of swallowtail butterfly, Papilio oregonius and P. zelicaon, which differ in the plant families on which females oviposit. Both species had been shown previously to vary within populations in host selection. A combination of analyses using reciprocal interspecific crosses and isofemale strains within populations indicated that oviposition preference in these species is determined significantly by one or more loci on the X chromosome, which female Lepidoptera inherit only paternally. Hence, preferences in hybrid females tended toward the paternal species. This is the first insect group for which partial control of oviposition preference has been localized onto a particular chromosome. In addition, one or more loci on another chromosome(s) appear to contribute to preference, as indicated by the partially intermediate preferences of some hybrid crosses. The overall differences in preference in the reciprocal interspecific hybrids were restricted to differences in the distribution of eggs laid among the local host plants of these two Papilio species; the reciprocal crosses did not differ in the small percentage of eggs laid on a novel potential host species. The variation in host selection found among the isofemale strains reinforces earlier results for these strains, indicating that there is genetic variation in host selection within these populations. Overall, the results indicate that the evolution of oviposition preference in these species involves genetic changes at two or more chromosomes with the X chromosome playing an important role in determining preference.
Size-selective Predation by a Specialist Forager, the Roseate Tern

Parent birds must be able to recognize and provide for the energetic demands of their chicks. In semiprecocial species, including many seabirds, the energy requirements of young birds reach a peak at some point before fledging, coinciding with the period of maximum growth (Dunn 1980, Ricklefs and White 1981). Thus, older chicks that are still growing require more food than they did at a younger age. During this time, the energy budgets of parent birds increase sharply, because they must maintain a positive energy balance as well as provide for the energy requirements of their chicks (Ricklefs 1983). Parents can adjust to this increased burden in three ways: (1) they can deliver a constant quantity of food to their young at an increasing rate, (2) they can maintain a constant feeding rate but deliver a larger quantity of food per trip, or (3) they can increase both food load and feeding rate. Terns appear to meet the increased demands of their chicks by delivering increasingly larger prey items rather than by increasing provisioning rate (Miller and Confer 1982, Wiggins and Morris 1987, Burger and Gochfeld 1991, Smith 1993, Shealer 1995) . The increases in prey size observed in terns suggest that they are capable of size-selective predation. Evidence in support of size-selective predation by adult seabirds has been weak, however, primarily because of confounding factors. First, terns and other seabirds feed primarily on small fish, usually youngof-the-year, or the "0" age class (Harris and Wanless 1991, Monaghan et al. 1992, Bertram and Kaiser 1993). Juvenile fish also are growing at this time, such that as seabird chicks grow larger, the average size of individuals in the prey base increases as well (Miller and Confer 1982). Therefore, studies that document an increase in the size of prey fed to chicks over time cannot infer size-selective predation without using other methods. For example, Burger and Gochfeld (1990) found that some Black Skimmers (Rhynchops niger) fed their mates consistently larger fish than were fed to chicks at similar times throughout the breeding season, suggesting that adults recognized and provided for the different needs of their dependents. Second, previous studies of piscivorous birds have demonstrated that size-selective predation differs with the structural complexity of the foraging habitat. In simple habitats without vegetative cover or shelter, predators showed a consistent preference for larger prey; however, when vegetation or cryptic substrates were added, this preference was less pro-
Ideology, Interests, and Foreign Policy

Reasons for violent conflicts between states probably change with changes in the international system. For each system reflects and influences the values of its member states, and conflict within the system results from the incompatibility of those particular values. The crucial characteristic of the nation-state system is the insistence of every state to exist in sovereign equality. From this resolve national interests arise, either objectively or claimed by governments, influencing the behavior of states far more powerfully than other social interests or any other factors, ideology among them. Throughout the era of the nation-state system there has never been any doubt about the predominance of these interests. The argument for national interests as the prime mover has therefore been constant. It mirrors the enduring determination of peoples to have their state survive as an independent political entity. In contrast, the argument for ideology as a significant influence upon state behavior has been intermittent and popular when established values were challenged, as they were during revolutionary periods
DWORKIN VERSUS TILLICH

Early in John Updike's exquisite historical novel In the Beauty of the Lilies, a Presbyterian pastor named Clarence Wilmot, whose faith has deserted him, calls upon a certain Elias Orr, a member of his flock who lies on his deathbed. Orr asks his pastor whether he—Orr—is among the elect or headed to eternal damnation in the flames of Hell. Clarence, searching for words of comfort, tells him, “I should estimate your chances to be excellent.” The dying man is unpersuaded. If the order of salvation was laid down by God at the moment of creation, he demands, “[w]hat can we poor bodies down here do?”
Radioisotopes and their use in the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease

The use of radioactive isotopes in thyroid evaluation and therapy gives important information in the endocrine assessment of the aged. Thyroid uptake imaging can be used to establish a hypothyroid or hyperthyroid state and can determine the functional status of a palpable nodule. Investigational agents, such as T1 201m DMSA, MIBG, FDG, and Gallium are reviewed in relation to the evaluation of neoplasia. A detailed discussion of thyroid carcinoma ablation and subsequent radioiodine therapy is described, as are radiation safety procedures as they relate to the elderly.
King Lear: ‘O! See, See’

At its Greek root, the word ‘theatre’ means ‘seeing place’, and King Lear, more audaciously than any other Shakespearean play, challenges the capacity of those who watch it to bear up under the kinds of seeing in which audiences engage during performance. That challenge involves both what they see and how they see. Characters in Lear speak often of seeing. Goneril, for exmple, begins the competition to gain the largest dowry by declaring that she loves Lear ‘Dearer than eyesight’ (I.i.55). When Kent tries to prevent Lear from dividing the realm and disowning Cordelia, Lear orders, ‘Out of my sight’, and Kent responds, ‘See better, Lear, and let me still remain / The true blank of thine eye’ (I.i.156–8). After the King of France accepts Cordelia as his wife, Lear finalises his rejection of the daughter he most loves, vowing never to see her again: ‘we / Have no such daughter, nor shall ever see / That face of hers again’ (I.i.261–3). There is talk of seeing as Lear ends. Albany interrupts his own effort to restore political order and, calling, ‘O! see, see!’ (V.iii.303), directs the gaze of characters and audience alike to the sight of Lear with the corpse of his beloved Cordelia. Lear’s last words, according to the Folio version that most modern editors follow, also call for acts of seeing: ‘Do you see this? Look on her, look, her lips, / Look there, look there!’ (V.iii.309–10).
Chromatographic considerations in the standardization of liquid chromatographic methods used for extractables screening

Organic extractables and leachables (E&L) from drug product packaging, manufacturing components, and delivery devices are of concern as they could impact product quality and/or user safety. Proper ...
Enzymes associated with Fusarium infection of barley

Infection of barley with species of Fusarium has been reported to decrease malt yield, wort β-glucan, and viscosity and to increase wort soluble nitrogen, free amino nitrogen, and color. These changes are suggestive of the presence of active fungal enzymes, and the objective of this research was to determine whether proteolytic or cell wall degrading enzymes were associated with Fusarium-infected barley. Barley was inoculated with Fusarium graminearum and F poae in the greenhouse to reduce contamination with other microorganisms. Control samples were inoculated with distilled water only. Mature harvested grain was screened for the presence of endoproteinase, endoxylanase, and β-glucanase. Inoculated barley was found to contain considerable amounts of proteinase and β-glucanase, whereas only a trace of these activities were detected on the control samples. Malts prepared from these samples showed correspondingly elevated free amino nitrogen levels and reduced levels of wort β-glucans. Inoculated barley also displayed significant amounts of endoxylanase, wih no activity being detected in the controls. The results strongly suggest that fungi associated with the Fusarium head blight infection of barley contribute β-glucanase, xylanase, and proteinase activities to the grain. Further, the enzyme levels appear to be such that they may affect the quality of the malt and its consequent wort.
The heterogeneous integration approach for advanced semiconductor materials and microsystems

Recent advances in bonding and thin-layer splitting technologies enables a new approach to integrate dissimilar semiconductor materials and microsystems. The integration process incorporates the bonding of two substrates and the use of delamination to achieve wafer-scale or die-scale layer transfer. This 'paste-and-cut' integration method is an appealing alternative to direct deposition approaches because each material or microsystem layer for a given device function can be grown or fabricated on an ideally suited substrate and then combined with a dissimilar receptor substrate. In this paper, we review available technologies for pasting (direct bonding, anodic bonding, metal bonding, and polymeric bonding) and for cutting (ion cut, chemical cut, mechanical cut, and laser liftoff). Advanced semiconductor substrates, MEMS, and photonics-on-Si are used as examples to illustrate the versatility of this approach.
Classification of Depression, Cognitive Disorders, and Co-Morbid Depression and Cognitive Disorders with Perfusion SPECT Neuroimaging

Background Depression and cognitive disorders (CDs) are two common co-morbid afflictions that commonly present with overlapping symptoms. Objective To evaluate if perfusion neuroimaging with brain SPECT can distinguish persons with depression from those with CDs or both conditions. Methods Inclusion criteria were DSM-IV defined depression or CDs (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia not otherwise specified, and amnestic disorders not otherwise specified) including persons with both (total n = 4,541; 847 CDs, 3,269 depression, 425 with both). Perfusion differences between the groups were calculated using two-sampled t-tests corrected for multiple comparisons. Diagnostic separation was determined with discriminant analysis. Feature selection revealed predictive regions in delineating depression from CDs and comorbid cases. Results Persons with CDs had lower cerebral perfusion compared to depression. In co-morbid persons, cerebral hypoperfusion was additive, with regions showing lower regional cerebral blood flow compared to either diagnosis alone. Both baseline and concentration SPECT regions yielded correct classification of 86% and leave one out cross-validation of 83%. AUC analysis for SPECT regions showed 86% accuracy, 80% sensitivity and 75% specificity. Discriminant analysis separated depression and CDs from comorbid cases with correct classification of 90.8% and cross validated accuracy of 88.6%. Area under the curve was 83% with sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 70%. Feature selection identified the most predictive regions in left hippocampus, right insula, cerebellar, and frontal lobe regions. Conclusion Quantitative perfusion SPECT neuroimaging distinguishes depression from dementia and those with both co-morbidities. Perfusion brain SPECT can be utilized clinically to delineate between these two disorders.
Driveline Infection in Ventricular Assist Devices and Its Implication in the Present Era of Destination Therapy

Advances in mechanical circulatory support devices provided the technology to develop long-term, implantable left ventricular assist devices as bridge to transplant, destination therapy, and in a lesser group of patients, as bridge to recovery. Despite the benefits from this innovative therapy, with their increased use, many complications have been encountered, one of the most common being infections. With the driveline acting as a portal to the exterior environment, an infection involving this structure is the most frequent one. Because patients with destination therapy are expected to receive circulatory support for a longer period of time, we will focus this review on the risk factors, prevention, and treatment options for driveline infections.
Atomic structure and properties of defects and interfaces in semiconductor heterostructures

Atomic structure of defects and interfaces in semiconductor heterostructures determine properties and operation of device structures of these materials. In order to minimize their adverse effects, we need to understand the atomic structure of these defects and correlations with physical properties and device operation. A three-step iterative procedure has been developed to determine atomic structure of dislocations, twins, stacking faults and grain boundaries. These steps consist of : (a) calculation of atomic structure of defects using appropriate interatomic potentials, (b) simulation of high-resolution TEM images, and (c) comparison with experimental images. By manipulating atomic structure of defects, electrically active defects can be converted into inactive defects, thus reducing their effectiveness as trap or recombination centers. We also discuss various methods which can be employed to reduce the number density or preferably eliminate the process-induced defects.