cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 28. Reactions of Interest in Medicinal Chemistry

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the reactions that are of special interest in medicinal chemistry. The use of a two phase ether-aqueous chromic acid system for oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones has been reported to afford, in a rapid fashion, ketones that are remarkably free of isomerized and side products. Amine oxides can be prepared in 90% yield from the corresponding mines, using m-chloroperbenzoic acid in chloroform, followed by purification of the reaction mixture on an alumina column. In other studies, electrolysis has been reported to effect the selective hydrogenolysis of aryl bromide moieties in the presence of other reducible groups. The yield was 94%, compared to 13% with Et 3 SnH. Amides may also be reduced electrochemically on a 0.05 mole scale to the corresponding aldehydes and alcohols, depending on conditions, in 50–97% yield. Facile, high-yield reduction of epoxides to alcohols has been reported to be effected without rearrangment by lithium in ethylenediamine. Lithium in methylamine was reported to reduce carboxylic acids to aldehydes or amines, depending on workup, in 50–70% yield.
Decoupling Strength and Grid Resolution in Peridynamic Theory

The primary mechanism of damage evolution of brittle materials in peridynamic theory is based on individual pair-wise bond strain. A critical value for bond strain is derived based on linear elastic fracture mechanic theory. It is a function of the horizon, the radius of non-locality of the material. The horizon must be larger than the material point spacing but not too large which would significantly slow the simulation. Typical sizes used for the horizon range between three and six times the material point spacing, if a constant multiple is used it could be said that the critical strain is a function of the model’s material point grid resolution. This critical strain function ensures that the fracture toughness is independent of the horizon and grid resolution. This works well when modeled materials have pre-existing cracks. However, since the peridynamic fracture toughness manifests as a critical strain it imposes an artificial strength onto the modeled material that may not represent the real strength of the material. When the material strength is less than the model’s critical strain certain flaw insertion methods can be used to capture the strength behavior. However, if the material strength is larger than the critical strain then the flaw size that represents that strength is too small to model. To address this discrepancy, multi-resolution models have been previously used, having differently sized horizons, such that the region that is expected to nucleate failure is represented correctly while the bulk material is modeled with a coarser grid and larger horizon. Such a multiscale approach could be designed from the beginning of the simulation or exhibit adaptive refinement during crack propagation. Such multiscale approaches add significant complexity to the simulation framework and fundamental model descriptions. This paper introduces a method that is able to decouple the model strength from the horizon and grid resolution by using a refinement overlay technique. This overlay is virtual and does not change the explicit material resolution as adaptive techniques do.
Interaction Needs and Opportunities for Failing Robots

The inevitable increase in real-world robot applications will, consequently, lead to more opportunities for robots to have observable failures. Although previous work has explored interaction during robot failure and discussed hypothetical danger, little is known about human reactions to actual robot behaviors involving property damage or bodily harm. An additional, largely unexplored complication is the possible influence of social characteristics in robot design. In this work, we sought to explore these issues through an in-person study with a real robot capable of inducing perceived property damage and personal harm. Participants observed a robot packing groceries and had opportunities to react to and assist the robot in multiple failure cases. Prior exposure to damage and threat failures decreased assistance rates from approximately 81% to 60%, with variations due to robot facial expressions and other factors. Qualitative data was then analyzed to identify interaction design needs and opportunities for failing robots.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Increases Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Cultures of Normal and Neoplastic Chromaffin Cells

The adrenal medulla is innervated by cholinergic preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers from the splanchnic nerve. These fibers synapse on chromaffin cells and stimulate catecholamine release. They also participate in both short-term and longterm regulation of catecholamine production through their effects on tyrosine hydroxylase, the major regulatory enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. These effects consist of rapid increases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity produced by alterations of the enzyme protein and more delayed increases produced by synthesis of new enzyme protein. They are known respectively as “activation” (Masserano and Weiner, 1979) and “transsynaptic induction” (Guidotti and Costa, 1977) of tyrosine hydroxylase, and both can be initiated by synaptic release of acetylcholine.
A Framework for Planning Technology Used in Teacher Education Programs that Serve Rural Communities

This article presents a planning framework for instructors to reflect upon in their decision making and implementation process of technology use. Detailed components include consideration of factor...
Effects of talker variability on spoken word recognition for adult cochlear implant users

Cochlear implants (CIs) have been highly successful in providing a restored sense of hearing to profoundly deaf individuals. However, CI users must rely on a signal that is highly degraded in acoustic-phonetic details, conveying limited talker information. Normal-hearing (NH) listeners devote processing resources to accommodating talkers’ voices, and show less accurate and slower word recognition in multiple-talker compared to single-talker conditions. CI users may display a different strategy in adapting to new talkers due to limitations in talker discrimination. The current study examined the effects of talker variability on spoken word recognition by experienced, post-lingually deafened adult CI users, and the extent to which talker variability effects are mediated by limitations in talker discrimination. Word recognition accuracy for lexically easy and hard words were obtained in single-talker and multiple-talker conditions, varying by gender (female, male, mixed). Results demonstrated that single-talker performance was highly variable, but a detrimental effect of talker variability was observed in mixed conditions, when talker differences were best discriminated, particularly for hard lexical items. Taken together, findings suggest that while CI users may be affected less by talker variability overall, they may display a similar strategy as NH listeners for talker adaptation when talker differences are discriminable.Cochlear implants (CIs) have been highly successful in providing a restored sense of hearing to profoundly deaf individuals. However, CI users must rely on a signal that is highly degraded in acoustic-phonetic details, conveying limited talker information. Normal-hearing (NH) listeners devote processing resources to accommodating talkers’ voices, and show less accurate and slower word recognition in multiple-talker compared to single-talker conditions. CI users may display a different strategy in adapting to new talkers due to limitations in talker discrimination. The current study examined the effects of talker variability on spoken word recognition by experienced, post-lingually deafened adult CI users, and the extent to which talker variability effects are mediated by limitations in talker discrimination. Word recognition accuracy for lexically easy and hard words were obtained in single-talker and multiple-talker conditions, varying by gender (female, male, mixed). Results demonstrated that single-tal...
Use of fomepizole as an adjunct in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose: a case series

Acetaminophen toxicity remains a leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States and world-wide. Fomepizole is a cytochrome P450 inhibitor that may inhibit production of toxic metabolites...
Opioid Prescription Filling Trends Among Children with Sickle Cell Disease After the Release of State-Issued Guidelines on Pain Management.

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of Ohio's 2012, 2013, and 2016 opioid prescribing guidelines on opioid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prescription filling and health care utilization for pain among children with sickle cell disease (SCD). DESIGN Quasi-experimental retrospective cohort study. SETTING Ohio Medicaid claims data from August 2011 to August 2016. SUBJECTS Medicaid beneficiaries under age 19 years with SCD. METHODS Interrupted time series analyses comparing population-level rates of opioids and NSAID prescriptions filled, standardized amounts of opioids dispensed, and acute health care utilization for pain before and after release of each guideline. RESULTS In our cohort of 1,505 children with SCD, there was a temporary but significant decrease in the opioid filling rate (-2.96 prescriptions per 100 children, P = 0.01) and in the amount of opioids dispensed (-31.39 milligram morphine equivalents per filled prescription, P < 0.001) after the 2013 guideline but a temporary but significant increase in the opioid filling rate (7.44 prescriptions per 100 children, P < 0.001) and in the amount of opioids dispensed (72.73 mg morphine equivalents per filled prescription, P < 0.001) after the 2016 guideline. The NSAID filling rate did not significantly change after any of the guidelines. Acute health care utilization rates for pain after the 2016 guideline were similar to those before the 2013 guideline (rate ratio = 1.04, P = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Ohio's 2013 and 2016 guidelines were associated with significant but nonsustained changes in opioid prescription filling among children with SCD. Additional studies are needed to confirm that opioid guidelines have a sustained impact on excessive opioid prescribing, filling, and misuse.
Scimitar syndrome: A new multipatch technique and incidence of postoperative pulmonary vein obstruction.

Abstract Objective A review of our center's experience before March 2011 showed that one half of 36 patients who had a baffling or reimplantation procedure to repair scimitar syndrome developed pulmonary vein obstruction. We analyzed the results of a new operation that enlarges the left atrium and avoids circuitous pathways or tension on the scimitar pulmonary vein. Methods Between April 2011 and November 2018, 22 patients underwent scimitar vein surgery; 11 had baffling or reimplantation and 11 only had the new operation that included resection of the atrial septum with removal of the muscular limbus. The left atrium was pulled down toward the scimitar vein and a V-shaped incision made at the scimitar vein atrial junction with the space filled with a pulmonary homograft. If the scimitar vein coursed adjacent to the atrium, a V-shaped incision was made into the scimitar vein and directly anastomosed to the atrium. A patch of autologous pericardium was used to septate the atrium and an additional patch placed anteriorly to augment the inferior vena cava. Results Of the 11 patients who had baffling or reimplantation, 5 developed pulmonary vein obstruction between 45 days and 9.5 months after surgery associated with baffle thrombosis or tension on the pulmonary vein. None of the 11 patients who only had the new procedure developed pulmonary vein obstruction during postoperative monitoring up to 3.6 years. Conclusions Patients having only the multipatch procedure for repair of scimitar syndrome have not developed postoperative pulmonary vein obstruction in the short to intermediate term.
An Investigation on Photocatalytic Dye Degradation of Rhodamine 6G Dye with Fe- and Ag-Doped TiO 2 Thin Films

Transparent Fe- and Ag-doped titania thin films were developed on fluoride-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate via sol-gel dip coating process. Structural, basic morphological as well as optical attributes of the films were studied by X-ray beam diffraction (XRD), field emission SEM (FESEM) and UV–visible spectroscopy. XRD result depicts prevalent formation of anatase crystalline phase of TiO2. In UV–visible spectroscopy, optical properties of the film like transmission, reflectance and absorption were studied over wavelength range of 300–800 nm. Some important parameters like band gap (Eg), thickness (t) and refractive index (n) of the developed films were calculated from the spectroscopic data. It was found that the optical and structural properties of the film were reliant on the type of doped material incorporated in the film. Acquired band gap of 2.78 eV and 2.85 eV, respectively, for Ag- and Fe-doped films reflects higher strained Ag-doped film compared to that of Fe-doped one. Higher activity of Ag assimilation over Fe toward Rhodamine 6G degradation is credited to Ag deposition on TiO2 surface creating electron trap center which reduces the recombination probability and improves charge transfer process on the matrix.
The Dangers of Fashion: Towards Ethical and Sustainable Solutions: Edited by Sara B. Marcketti and Elena E. Karpova London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2020

The Dangers of Fashion: Towards Ethical and Sustainable Solutions provides an overview of past and current fashion-related dangers. The editors, Sara B. Marcketti from Iowa State University and Ele...
Natural History and Outcomes of Nonreplaced Aortic Sinuses in Patients With Bicuspid Aortic Valves.

Abstract Background Enlargement of the sinus of Valsalva (SOV) is common in patients with bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs), and management at the time of aortic valve replacement (AVR) and concomitant ascending aorta replacement/repair is controversial. Methods Between January 2000 and July 2017, 400 patients with BAVs underwent AVR and concomitant ascending aorta repair (graft replacement, 79%; aortoplasty, 21%). To assess the impact of the initial SOV dimension on future dilatation and outcomes, patients were stratified into 2 groups: SOV of less than 40 mm (SOV Results Patients with SOV≥40 mm were older and more often male. At a median follow-up of 8.1 years (interquartile range, 7.4-9.1 years), 6 patients underwent reoperations on the ascending or sinus portion of the aorta due to aneurysmal dilatation, and enlargement of the sinus was the primary indication for operation in 1 patient. Adjusted analysis showed that baseline SOV and SOV dimension over time were not associated with late outcomes. A gradual increase in SOV diameter over time was identified (P = .004). Patients with smaller baseline SOV diameters showed an initial early decrease in diameter, followed by gradual increase, whereas those with larger baseline diameters had a stable early phase, followed by gradual dilatation. Conclusions Ascending aorta replacement may lead to an initial remodeling/stabilizing effect on the spared bicuspid aortic root, which is more pronounced in patients with lower SOV diameters. In addition, our data demonstrate that the retained aortic sinuses enlarge slowly, and within the limited follow-up of our study, SOV diameter was not a risk factor for survival or reoperation.
Short-range correlation physics at low renormalization group resolution

Recent experiments have succeeded in isolating processes for which short-range correlation (SRC) physics is dominant and well accounted for by SRC phenomenology. But an alternative and compelling picture emerges from renormalization group (RG) evolution to low RG resolution. At high RG resolution, SRCs are identified as components in the nuclear wave function with relative pair momenta greater than the Fermi momentum. Scale separation results in wave-function factorization that can be exploited with phenomenologies such as the generalized contact formalism or the low-order correlation operator approximation. Evolution to lower resolution shifts SRC physics from nuclear structure to the reaction operators without changing the measured observables. We show how the features of SRC phenomenology manifested at high RG resolution are cleanly identified at low RG resolution using simple two-body operators and local-density approximations with uncorrelated wave functions, all of which can be systematically generalized. We verify that the experimental consequences to date follow directly at low resolution from well-established properties of nucleon-nucleon interactions such as the tensor force. Thus the RG reconciles the contrasting pictures of the same experiment and shows how to get correct results using wave functions without SRC components. Our demonstration has implications for the analysis of knock-out reactions for which SRC physics is not cleanly isolated.
Indirect effects of HPA axis dysregulation in the association between peer victimization and depressed affect during early adolescence.

Abstract Objective Previous research has identified a link between peer victimization and depressive symptoms during adolescence. The goal of the current study is to examine the possible indirect effects of HPA axis dysregulation in the link between adolescent peer victimization and depressive symptoms. Method A total of 113 boys (n = 61) and girls (n = 52) participants from grade 5 (M age = 10.31 years) and grade 6 (M age = 11.33 years) who were predominantly European-Canadian completed self-report measures of peer victimization and depressed affect as well as, measures of salivary cortisol and self-reports of negative experiences collected in conjunction with one another five times per day over the course of four school days. Results Multi-level structural equation modeling found that peer victimization was indirectly associated with depressive symptoms via blunted cortisol reactivity (i.e. increases in cortisol in response to a negative event) but only at high rates of chronic peer victimization. Conclusion The findings suggest that future studies should focus on HPA axis dysregulation for better understand the development, as well as the stability of depression over time and that interventions targeting peer victimization may want to put a special focus on those who are chronically experiencing peer victimization over time.
Spag17 Deficiency Results in Skeletal Malformations and Bone Abnormalities

Height is the result of many growth and development processes. Most of the genes associated with height are known to play a role in skeletal development. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the SPAG17 gene have been associated with human height. However, it is not clear how this gene influences linear growth. Here we show that a targeted mutation in Spag17 leads to skeletal malformations. Hind limb length in mutants was significantly shorter than in wild-type mice. Studies revealed differences in maturation of femur and tibia suggesting alterations in limb patterning. Morphometric studies showed increased bone formation evidenced by increased trabecular bone area and the ratio of bone area to total area, leading to reductions in the ratio of marrow area/total area in the femur. Micro-CTs and von Kossa staining demonstrated increased mineral in the femur. Moreover, osteocalcin and osterix were more highly expressed in mutant mice than in wild-type mice femurs. These data suggest that femur bone shortening may be due to premature ossification. On the other hand, tibias appear to be shorter due to a delay in cartilage and bone development. Morphometric studies showed reduction in growth plate and bone formation. These defects did not affect bone mineralization, although the volume of primary bone and levels of osteocalcin and osterix were higher. Other skeletal malformations were observed including fused sternebrae, reduced mineralization in the skull, medial and metacarpal phalanges. Primary cilia from chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from knockout mice were shorter and fewer cells had primary cilia in comparison to cells from wild-type mice. In addition, Spag17 knockdown in wild-type MEFs by Spag17 siRNA duplex reproduced the shorter primary cilia phenotype. Our findings disclosed unexpected functions for Spag17 in the regulation of skeletal growth and mineralization, perhaps because of its role in primary cilia of chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls by gas-liquid chromatography and flame ionization detection. I. One to three chlorine atoms.

Abstract Retention indices on six liquid phases are given for the mono-, di- and trichlorobiphenyls, and the additivity of half-retention index values in predicting retention indices is confirmed for these compounds. A method is given for predicting the relative molar response of the hydrogen flame ionization detector to polychlorinated biphenyls for which no pure standard is available. Solute-solvent interactions between these “non-polar” compounds and a variety of liquid phase are discussed.
Evidence for “Rose‐Colored Glasses”: An Examination of the Positivity Bias in Young Children’s Personality Judgments

Young children exhibit a positivity bias in their judgment of personality traits, wherein they attend to or process information selectively to maintain optimistic views of the self and others. In addition to its theoretical relevance for developing a cohesive model of personality reasoning, the positivity bias has implications for several aspects of psychosocial well-being (e.g., peer relations, personal safety). Despite its importance and recurrence across many research studies, little attention has been devoted to studying the positivity bias systematically. This article describes 3 lines of research that demonstrate a positivity bias in early personality reasoning and presents arguments for the role of adaptive immaturity and socialization factors in setting the stage for, and perpetuating, the positivity bias. Suggestions for future research center on the need to consider the positivity bias as a profile of personality attribution, to identify the factors that contribute to the bias, and to understand the significance of the bias over the course of development.
Crafting a Compiler

Clear description of algorithms and clean design of compiler components. Crafting a Compiler presents a practical approach to compiler construction with thorough coverage of the material and examples that clearly illustrate the concepts in the book. Unlike other texts on the market, Fischer/Cytron/LeBlanc uses object-oriented design patterns and incorporates an algorithmic exposition with modern software practices. An ideal reference and tutorial. MARKET: Software engineers, systems analysts, software architects
Self-sealing shields for micrometeorite protection

The meteoroid environment of space presents a potential hazard in propellant losses due to meteorite penetration. Earth-orbit and long-range space vehicle missions rely upon sufficient propellant volumes for successful completion. A small leak from a meteorite puncture in the propellant tanks could cause complete failure of a long-range mission. Two approaches can be taken to eliminate this problem of leakage: (1) prevent meteorite penetration, and (2) allow meteorite penetration and seal the puncture.
Abstract 19616: Ischemic Stress Reduces Cardiac Progenitor Cell Self-renewal Through Gsk3β Activation and Reduction in Cmyc Stability

Introduction: The adult heart harbors a population of resident stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into cardiac, smooth muscle and endothelial lineages. Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have been shown to promote cardiac regeneration and improve heart function. However, despite their potential use in cardiac repair, evidence suggests that resident CPCs regenerative capacity is limited in conditions of severe hypoxia such as ischemic cardiomyopathy. Elucidation of the mechanisms involved in CPC protection against hypoxic stress is essential to maximize their cardioprotective and therapeutic potential. Methods and Results: We investigated the growth pattern of murine CPCs under normoxia (21% oxygen) and hypoxia (0.5% oxygen) conditions along a period of 96 hours. We found that CPC proliferation in hypoxia was significantly reduced by 40% after 72-96 hours (p<0.05, n=4-7), without evidence of increase in cell death. CPC proliferation was accompanied with a time-dependent increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity by 30% in hypoxia relative to normoxia control (p<0.02, n=7). Western blot analysis of CPCs grown under normoxia and hypoxia revealed a time-dependent decrease in the expression of the transcription factor cMyc and its downstream target Bmi-1 by 40% and 30% (p<0.05, n=4-5) relative to normoxia control, respectively. Interestingly, reduction in cMyc protein expression was not associated with a decrease in cMyc transcripts, suggesting that cMyc protein degradation is activated under hypoxia. Treatment of CPCs with cycloheximide to block protein synthesis showed that the rate of cMyc degradation under hypoxia is increased by 30% (p<0.05, n=5) relative to normoxia. GSK3β plays a central role in the control of cMyc stability. Growth of CPCs in the presence of GSK3β inhibitor rescued proliferation in hypoxia by approximately 40% (n=4). Conclusions: Our results suggest that hypoxic stress reduces CPC self-renewal potential by inducing CPC senescence through a mechanism that involves decrease of cMyc stability through GSK3β activation. Modulation of GSK3β activity may be used as a therapeutic approach for protection of endogenous CPCs self-renewal potential under ischemic conditions.
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase and the Synthesis of Glyceride-Glycerol from Pyruvate in Adipose Tissue

In the absence of glucose, significant amounts of labeled pyruvate were converted to glyceride-glycerol by rat epididymal fat pads in vitro. Using specifically labeled pyruvate-14C we found twice as much C-2 incorporated into glyceride-glycerol as C-1. Although this ratio is not affected by changes in dietary conditions, the amount of pyruvate incorporated into glyceride-glycerol is decreased 3-fold in fasted rats as compared to fasted-refed animals. The addition of glucose to the incubation medium depressed the appearance of label in glycerol and stimulated the formation of fatty acids from pyruvate. Under all dietary conditions, over 90% of pyruvate C-1 and 43 to 49% of pyruvate C-2 incorporated into glycerol were in the α carbon atoms. These results indicate the occurrence of the dicarboxylic acid shuttle in adipose tissue and are supported by the following findings: phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase activity is present in soluble and mitochondrial fractions of adipose tissue; its activity increases with fasting when compared to the fasted-refed animal; and it is sufficiently high to account for the observed rates of conversion of pyruvate to glycerol. This pathway, under conditions of glucose deprivation, may supply α-glycerophosphate for the re-esterification of fatty acids.
Whole-blood fibrinolytic activity in normal and hypertensive pregnancies and its relation to the placental concentration of urokinase inhibitor.

Abstract Whole-blood fibrinolytic activity was measured in 68 pregnant and 29 nonpregnant women with a sensitive, solid-state assay in which 125 I-labeled fibrin was bound to polystyrene tubes. Antepartum fibrinolytic activity in 36 normotensive gravid women [234.5 ± 29.2 (mean ± standard error of the mean) ng fibrin lysed/30 min] was significantly (p
Structure and Macromolecular Composition of the Jelly Coats of the Urodele Ambystoma mexicanum

Cleavage-stage embryos of the neotenic urodele Ambystoma mexicanum are surrounded by a fertilization envelope and four macroscopic jelly coats termed J1 (innermost) through J4 (outermost). In sections prepared for light microscopy, each of the jelly layers stained with protein stains and the periodic acid-Schiff's reagent, but only J1 stained with alcian blue at pH 2.5. These results suggest that each layer consists of proteins and glycoproteins and that J1 uniquely contains some sulfate esters. Only J4 was solubilized with alkaline mercaptan treatment in situ, however, the isolated inner jelly complex (J1, J2 and J3) was easily dissolved in this reagent suggesting that solvent access is impaired in situ. A single alcian blue-staining component plus one protein-staining component were detected on reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of outer jelly (J4). In the inner jelly complex (J1, J2, J3), two protein-staining components were detected and no alcian blue-staining components were observed. A predominant polypeptide of 110,000 molecular weight was detected and purified to homogeneity on reducing and denaturing gels of the inner jelly complex. Amino acid analysis of the polypeptide demonstrated a slightly higher fraction of acidic over basic amino acids (Glx+Asx=18.1 mole%vs. Arg + Lys = 11.7 mole%). The N-terminal amino acid was Glu and the sequence of the first eleven amino acids was determined.
Enhanced reporter gene expression in the rat brain from helper virus-free HSV-1 vectors packaged in the presence of specific mutated HSV-1 proteins that affect the virion.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) gene expression is hypothesized to shut off promoters in HSV-1 vectors, but in a helper virus-free HSV-1 vector system, a number of promoters support only short-term expression. Thus, recombinant gene expression remains short-term in the absence of ∼99% of the HSV-1 genome. To resolve this paradox, we hypothesized that specific HSV-1 proteins that affect the virion can shut off recombinant gene expression. This study evaluated expression from HSV-1 vectors, containing neuronal-specific promoters, that were packaged in the presence of specific mutated HSV-1 proteins that affect the virion. The mutated HSV-1 proteins that were examined included two protein kinases (UL13 and US3), the virion host shut-off factor (vhs), the transactivator of immediate early promoters (VP16), and a virion protein that affects RNA metabolism (US11). Helper virus-free packaging could occur in the presence of each mutated protein alone or specific combinations of two or three mutated proteins. In BHK and PC12 cells, vectors packaged in the presence of each mutated protein increased (∼2-fold) the level of expression per cell, and vectors packaged in the presence of specific combinations of mutated proteins supported larger (4–7-fold) increases. In the rat striatum, vectors packaged in the presence of a mutated US3 displayed enhanced gene transfer (13–18-fold increases in the number of cells at 4 days), and vectors packaged in the presence of mutated UL13 or VP16 enhanced long-term expression (2 months). Vectors packaged in the presence of mutated vhs or US11 displayed minimal changes in expression.
On the potential impacts of land use change policies on automobile vehicle miles of travel

Abstract Recent US traffic growth is summarized and its causes discussed, emphasizing the complex causal linkages between automobile travel and the underlying land use patterns that shape it. This causal framework is used to frame a discussion of how the demands for vehicle travel might be reduced through suitable land use impacting policy instruments. This includes instruments that alter the location, mix and intensity of traffic generating and attracting land use, as well as instruments that affect land development through the supply of added transportation capacity. The existing scientific evidence for the effects of land development patterns on aggregate vehicle miles of travel is found to be of limited use at the present time. For the most part this results from past data limitations and because of the variety of both spatial and temporal scales across which such data needs to be collected and analyzed. It is also concluded that successful travel reduction policies are likely to evolve as part of a broader public policy debate over quality of life issues, notably those involving “urban sprawl” and the balance of economic development against environmental sustainability. The full costs of expanding while also maintaining the current automobile dominated transportation infrastructure may also provide an economic rationale for change.
IL-27 subunits and its receptor (WSX-1) mRNAs are markedly up-regulated in inflammatory cells in the CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Abstract IL-27 (EBI3p28) is a recently discovered heterodimeric cytokine, which is functionally related to IL-23p40p19 and IL-12p40p35. IL-27 acts in synergy with IL-12 early during Th1 development from naive T cells. IL-27 functions through the WSX-1 and the gpl30 receptor subunits, which shares homology with the IL-12Rβ2 subunit. We have previously reported that IL-23 is up-regulated in CD11b + microglia/macrophages in the CNS during the early phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and thus may contribute to the early induction of EAE. In the present study, we examined the expression of IL-27 and its receptor in the CNS, spleen, and lymph nodes at different stages of EAE actively induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35–55 . Our findings show that IL-27 EBI3 and p28 mRNA were up-regulated to a maximum level at the peak of disease in APC from the CNS and lymph nodes, but not in the spleen. Moreover, IL-27 receptor (WSX-1) expression was greatly up-regulated during the early stage of EAE in both the CNS and lymph nodes. Taken together, our data show that subunits of IL-27 and its receptor (WSX-1) mRNAs are markedly up-regulated in inflammatory cells in the CNS at the peak of disease. Thus, IL-27 produced by infiltrating cells in the CNS may regulate in a paracrine manner the Th1 response in EAE.
Aggregation and Hydrolysis Reactions of Bismuth Alkoxides

New bismuth alkoxide and oxo-alkoxide complexes have been prepared from the salt metathesis reaction of NaOR with BiCl3. When R = CH(CF3)2, the product is [Bi(μ- OR)(OR)2(THF)]2 Similar work with R = C6F5 has not yielded a simple alkoxide, but complexes of formulation NaBi3(μ3-O)(OR)8(THF), NaBi4((μ3-O)2(OR)9(THF)2, Na2Bi4(μ3-O)2(OR)10 and Bi6(μ3-OR)(μ3-O)4[μ3-OBi(OR)4]3 have been observed. The reaction of BiPh3 with HOC6F5, however, did produce the desired alkoxide which has been characterized as [Bi(OR)2(μ-OR)(toluene)]2 and [Bi(OR)2(μ-OR)(toluene)[2.2 toluene. The reaction of this alkoxide with NaOC6F5 led to the production of Bi6(β3-O)2 (μ4-O)(OR)12 and NaBi3(μ3- O)(OR)8(THF)3. Reaction of BiPh3 with HOC6F5 in THF led to the formation of Bi6(μ3-OR)(μ3-O)4[μ3-OBi(OR)4]3 (THiF)2. Surprisingly the reaction of BiEt3 and HOR (R = C6F5 or Ph) displaced only one Et group to give [Et2Bi(μ-OR)]∞ which exist as infinite chain polymers with alternating Bi-O-Bi backbones. These spiral chains form chiral helices in the crystal lattice.
Statistical parametric mapping for in vivo MRI assessment of morphological changes in rat articular cartilage

This paper explores the use of statistical parametric mapping, which has been widely used in brain imaging applications, in the assessment of morphological changes in rat articular cartilage during OA. This approach can not only detect but also localize changes, effectively zooming in statistically more informative areas and therefore maximizing the sensitivity. The analysis of in-vivo MR images of rat articular cartilage demonstrates that the new approach is at least as sensitive as the cartilage volume analysis.
Asymptotic Theory for a Class of Nonautonomous Delay Differential Equations

This paper deals with asymptotic behavior of solutions of the nonlinear nonautonomous delay differential equation x′(t) = −∝t − r(t)t f(t, x(s))dμ(t, s), (su∗) where xf(t, x) ⩾ 0, f(t, 0) = 0, t − r(t) nondecreasing, μ(t, s) is nondecreasing and of bounded variation. General sufficient conditions, which are easy to verify, are obtained for the solutions to be bounded and asymptotically stable (locally and globally). These results improve many existing ones principally by allowing: (i) r(t) to be unbounded, (ii) both discrete and distributed delays, and (iii) the equation to be strongly nonlinear and nonautonomous. Various examples are given in the form of corollaries with a highly flexible integrand.
A comparison of ceria and Sm-doped ceria for hydrocarbon oxidation reactions

Abstract The oxidation of methane, ethane, propane, and n -butane has been studied over CeO 2 and Samaria-doped ceria (SDC) catalysts. The rates for methane and ethane were found to be indistinguishable over the two catalysts, while the rates for propane and n -butane were much higher on ceria compared to SDC. The difference between n -butane oxidation over ceria and SDC is shown to result from a low-temperature rate process on ceria that is not present on SDC. Measurements using CD 4 and C 4 D 10 show that both low- and high-temperature rates exhibit a similar kinetic-isotope effect; however, the low-temperature process is half-order in O 2 , while the high-temperature process is zero-order. Pulse studies demonstrate that oxygen from the bulk becomes accessible for reaction at approximately the same temperature as that at which the high-temperature rate process becomes important. The implications of these results for understanding the effect of doping on reactions over ceria, and for characterization of oxides using standard test reactions, are discussed.
An Incorrect Theorem

In the fourth edition of Hilbert-Ackermann's Grundzuge der Theoretischen Logik (Springer-Verlag: Berlin-Gottingen-Heidelberg 1959) the following assertion is “proved” (p. 131): Ein Ausdruck , der keine freien Individuenvariablen enthalt, ist dann und nur dann allgemeingultig, wenn allgemeingultig ist. Die Ausdrucke, die die Identitat enthalten, sind dabei eingeschlossen . As a counter example one can cite: ∃ x (¬∃ xFx ∨ Fx ), which is universally valid yet the generalized form: ∀ x (¬∃ xFx ∨ Fx ) is not (e.g. let the domain of individuals be the natural numbers and let ‘ Fx ’ be ‘ x is factorable’). It may be of interest to see where the alleged proof went astray. It is argued (correctly) that any expression can only be derived by the given rules from a formula , or from this formula with any other variable in place of y . Moreover (still correctly) any upper formula of such a formula is of the form (“Upper formula” in the transitive sense of an upper formula of an upper formula being an upper formula). But then it is stated (incorrectly) that if is an upper formula of , then is an upper formula of . To show that this is incorrect we here append a proof of the universally valid formula mentioned above:
On negative cycles in mixed graphs

We show that, for mixed graphs, i.e., graphs having both directed and undirected edges, with a length function defined on the edges, the problems of detecting negative cycles and of finding the shortest path in the absence of negative cycles are NP-complete.
Spasticity and spasms in hemiplegia and paraplegia.

SUMMARY There are differences between the spasticities appearing in hemiplegia due to supraspinal lesions and in paraplegia due to spinal lesions, although the basic quality is progressive increased tension in muscles in response to stretch. Spasticity in hemiplegia is characterised by extensor predominance in the lower extremity and flexor predominance in the upper. In spinal paraplegia the spastic lower extremities are usually in flexion, although occasionally extension is present, more so with incomplete spinal lesions. Spasms, or rapid involuntary muscular contractions, have a similar distribution in the two states and may be spontaneous or induced by a variety of stimuli. The general physiological mechanisms involve exaggerated spinal stretch reflexes, due to release from and facilitation by supraspinal controls, especially reticular and cerebellar influences, increased susceptibility to proprioceptive stimuli, and possible overactivity in the gamma control system of the muscle spindles. Other special factors in spinal lesions include irritative phenomena at the site of the lesion and excessive activity at interneurones related to sprouting of boutons.
Leucine 245 is a critical residue for folding and function of the manganese stabilizing protein of photosystem II.

In solution, Manganese Stabilizing Protein, the polypeptide which is responsible for the structural and functional integrity of the manganese cluster in photosystem II, is a natively unfolded protein with a prolate ellipsoid shape [Lydakis-Simantiris et al. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 404−414; Zubrzycki et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 13553−13558]. The C-terminal tripeptide of Manganese Stabilizing Protein was shown to be critical for binding to photosystem II and restoration of O2 evolution activity [Betts et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 14230−14236]. Here, we report new biochemical, hydrodynamic, and spectroscopic data on mutants E246K, E246STOP, L245E, L245STOP, and Q244STOP. Truncation of the final dipeptide (E246STOP) or substitution of Glu246 with Lys resulted in no significant changes in secondary and tertiary structures of Manganese Stabilizing Protein as monitored by CD spectroscopy. The apparent molecular mass of the protein remained unchanged, both mutants were able to rebind to photosystem II, and b...
Acute pulmonary interstitial and mediastinal emphysema (airblock) and pneumothorax in infancy and early childhood

D URING acute and chronic disease of the respiratory tract, or states of excessive strain on the pulmonary apparatus, or following trauma, air may suddenly escape under pressure from the alveolar structures into the interstitial tissues of the lungs, the mediastinum, their fascial extensions, and the pleural spaces. The mechanism leading to the production of the resulting pulmonary interstitial and mediastinal emphysema, or airblock, and of pneumothorax has been described by Hamman 1' ~ and by the Macklins2, 4 The condition may develop unsuspectedly in infants and children, and may be exhibited clinically only by persistent dyspnea and cyanosis of a severity not accounted for by physical signs on examination. Roentgenography of the chest may provide the initial clue to the presence of extravasations of air that underlie the acute respiratory and circulatory embarrassment. To illustrate this sequence of events and to demonstrate some representative .causes of airblock, the following case histories are presented.
Trajectory Controllability of Nonlinear Integro-Differential System—An Analytical and a Numerical Estimations

A stronger concept of complete (exact) controllability which we call Trajectory Controllability is introduced in this paper. We study the Trajectory Controllability of an abstract nonlinear integro-differential system in the finite and infinite dimensional space setting. We will then discuss how approximations to these problems can be found computationally using finite difference methods and optimization. Examples will be presented in one, two and three dimensions.
The band description of materials with localizing orbitals

Density functional theory is a form of many body theory that maps the problem onto an equivalent single particle-like system by limiting to the ground state (or some limited ensemble). So it should be surprising that this ground state theory could have any relevance whatsoever to the excitation properties of a material, and yet it does when used carefully! However, the most interesting materials involve active orbitals that are at least partially localized in space, and this has profound effects both on the ground state and the excitation spectrum. My long term interest is in Ce and actinide compounds, where the popular concerns are mixed valence, heavy fermions, and the various forms of magnetic transitions. Band structure calculations can give a great deal of information concerning the mechanisms and degree of the localization as will be shown by examples using the Ce and U Ll2 structured materials and the Ce cubic Laves phase materials. There are some difficulties due to an incomplete knowledge of the functions involved that causes an underestimate of the local character. This will be illustrated and discussed.
N-3 vs. saturated fatty acids: Effects on the arterial wall☆

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis and unstable plaques are underlying causes for cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease is associated with consumption of diets high in saturated fats. In contrast there is increasing evidence that higher intakes of dietary n-3 fatty acids decrease risk for cardiovascular disease. Recent studies are beginning to clarify how n-3 compared with saturated fatty acids influence cardiovascular disease risk via pathways in the arterial wall. In this paper we will review studies that report on mechanisms whereby dietary fatty acids affect atherosclerosis through modulation of arterial wall lipid deposition, inflammation, cell proliferation, and plaque vulnerability.
The rank of (mixed-) integer polyhedra

We define a purely geometrical notion of the rank of (mixed-) integer rational polyhedra that differs substantially from the existing notions found in the literature.
Plasma free 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D binding protein, and risk of breast cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study II

Purpose Prior prospective studies, including our own, have evaluated total plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and breast cancer risk with inconsistent results. However, recent studies suggest that some vitamin D functions may be more relevant to the unbound (free) fraction of 25(OH)D. Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) influences the free 25(OH)D levels and thus possibly the biological activities of vitamin D.
Disaster relief management and resilience using photovoltaic energy

According to recent reports, the number of natural disasters worldwide has steadily increased since 1970s [1]. When a disaster strikes, the whole infrastructure including electricity shuts down for days or years depending on the nature of the disaster. In the absence of electricity, all human activities and businesses are either damaged or ruined. Hurricane Sandy left 8.5 million people across the East Coast without power [2]. One way of overcoming this problem is to use solar energy which is well know example of green technology. Generating electricity from solar energy through the process of photovoltaic can be used to power, heat, cool, and light our homes and businesses. Photovoltaic (PV) power systems provide emission free electricity fueled by the sun which is reliable, secure, noise free and does not need refueling. It also helps to reduce consumption of fossil fuels in power plants, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change. When businesses fail to survive after a disaster, the overall economic health and social viability of a community is threatened requiring measures taken to return the community to normal after providing relief in the early stages of disaster [3]. Solar energy has the ability to enhance resilience in the communities by providing backup power even if the grid is not restored. This can be achieved by making use of solar microgrids and developing community solar which is a partnership between citizens, government and businesses. The “Resilient Community” partnership is a cooperative framework that is essential to fostering community disaster resilience [4]. The goal of this partnership is to maintain the economic and social viability of the community following a disaster. After the immediate disaster relief, it is important to provide continuous power to the community in case grid system takes longer to resume or is located at remote areas.
Socioeconomic and demographic factors contributing to outcomes in patients with primary lymphoma of bone.

Background Primary lymphoma of bone (PLB) is a rare disease, comprising a malignant lymphoid infiltrate of bone. The goal of this study was to identify socioeconomic, demographic, and anatomic factors as prognostic indicators of survival for this disease using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.