cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulus generalization in classical conditioning: An initial investigation and extension

Conditioning as a mechanism for attitude change has received much attention over the past 10 years. This research examines stimulus generalization, the extent to which a response conditioned to one stimulus transfers to similar stimuli. Stimulus generalization relates to both brand extension and private-label imitations of national brands. Two studies collectively provide evidence that attitudes which are conditioned to a particular brand can be transferred to a product with a similar name in the same category, as well as a product with the same name in a different category. Study Two suggests that stimulus generalization effects may be relatively transitory. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
α2-Macroglobulin Exposure Reduces Calcium Responses to N-Methyl-d-Aspartate via Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Abstract There is increasing evidence that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) can function as a signaling link in the central nervous system. To investigate the pathophysiological role of LRP in the central nervous system, we examined the effects of activated α2-macroglobulin (α2M*), a ligand of LRP, on intracellular calcium signaling in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neuronal effects of α2M* (50 nm) were assessed by a comparison of calcium signals produced in control and α2M*-pretreated neurons byN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid. α2M* pretreatment significantly decreased the calcium signals to NMDA, whereas little change was observed for the signals to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid. Native α2M, which is not a ligand for LRP, did not affect signals to NMDA. The receptor-associated protein prevented α2M*-induced decrease of calcium responses to NMDA, suggesting that α2M* exerted its effects through an LRP-mediated pathway. Experiments changing calcium sources demonstrated that α2M* pretreatment altered calcium responses to NMDA by primarily changing extracellular calcium influx and subsequently affecting calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that α2M* caused a reduction in the levels of the NMDA receptor subunit, NMDAR1. These results suggest that α2M* can alter the neuronal response to excitatory neurotransmitters and that α2M* pretreatment selectively reduced the calcium responses to NMDA by down-regulating the NMDA receptor.
Leonard Bloomfield : After fifty years

SUMMARYThis essay outlines Leonard BloomfiekT s career and describes his focal role in the history of linguistic science.RESUMEDans cet article, Fauteur presente un tour d'horizon de la carriere scientifique de Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949) et dresse le bilan du role qu'il a joue dans l'histoire de la linguistique du XXe siecle.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIm vorliegenden Aufsatz umreist der Autor Leonard Bloomfields (1887— 1949) wissenschaftliche Laufbahn und stellt seine zentrale Rolle in der Sprachwissenschaft des 20. Jahrhunderts dar.
Occupations and careers in computer networking and infrastructure management: implications for IS programs

This paper describes the research questions and methodology of a study that will investigate work done in the computer networking field. Because we are uncertain what occupations will be found in this area, this study will look more broadly at occupations in firms' IT infrastructure that may also involve computer networking. This research focuses on identifying the occupations that exist in computer networking and infrastructure and the typical career paths available to those who work in this area.The study will also identify the skill requirements for these occupations and the backgrounds that employees in this area usually have. Besides helping to characterize the occupations in this area, examining skill requirements and employee backgrounds could help in understanding the role that IS programs play, or could potentially play, in preparing students for work in computer networking.The methodology will be to interview senior managers of IT infrastructure and computer networking functions using a set of open ended questions in about 20 medium to large-size organizations. Additionally, an instrument will be used to collect information about the tasks, duties and skill requirements for occupations in this area.
Mathematical physics: A tight squeeze

How can identical particles be crammed together as densely as possible? A combination of theory and computer simulations shows how the answer to this intricate problem depends on the shape of the particles. Models based on knowledge of the geometry of dense particle packing help explain the structure of many systems, including liquids, glasses, crystals, granular media and biological systems. Most previous work in this area has focused on spherical particles, but even for this idealized shape the problem is notoriously difficult — Kepler's conjecture on the densest packing of spheres was proved only in 2005. Little is known about the densest arrangements of the 18 classic geometric shapes, the Platonic and Archimedean solids, though they have been known since the time of the Ancient Greeks. Salvatore Torquato and Yang Jiao now report the densest known packings of the 5 Platonic solids (tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron) and 13 Archimedean polyhedra. The symmetries of the solids are crucial in determining their fundamental packing arrangements, and the densest packings of Platonic and Archimedean solids with central symmetry are conjectured to be given by their corresponding densest (Bravais) lattice packings.
Warped galactic disks and optical projection effects

Direct and indirect evidence for global warping in galactic disks is reviewed. The existing data suggest that inversion symmetric warping is common in spiral galaxies, that it can occur throughout the inner and outer disk regions, and that it can involve stellar, dust, and gas components. The amplitude of the warping tends to be proportional to the radial distance from the galactic center and varies from instances wherein the disk is essentially flat to cases wherein thez-axis displacement is at least 30% of the galactocentric distance. Projection effects that are inherent features of warped optical disks are discussed.
Approximation Formulations for the Single-Product Capacitated Lot Size Problem

We consider two approximation formulations for the single-product capacitated lot size problem. One formulation restricts the number of production policies and the other rounds demands up to multiples of a constant. After briefly reviewing the literature within a new framework, we discuss the relations between these approximation formulations. Next, we provide relative error bounds and algorithms for solving the approximation problems. We demonstrate that these approximation formulations require a significantly smaller number of calculations than the original formulation, and that the relative error bounds are satisfactory for practical purposes.
Bioassays on the combined effects of chlorine, heavy metals, and temperature on fishes and fish food organisms. Part I. Effects of chlorine and temperature on juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Groups of Eastern brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were acclimated to four temperatures (7, 10, 15, or 20/sup 0/C) for two weeks; however, due to disease problems the 20/sup 0/C group was discarded after bioassay number 2. Separate subsamples of each acclimation group were exposed to a range of chlorine values at three temperatures (10, 15, 20/sup 0/C). There was no significant difference between the 96-hr mortality values at 10 or 15/sup 0/C regardless of previous acclimation temperature. However, in fish exposed to 20/sup 0/C test temperature, all 96-hr LC50 values were significantly less than at the lower test temperatures. The lower 96-hr LC50 values at the 20/sup 0/C test temperature were also independent of acclimation temperature. Differences were also observed between early mortality and 96 hr mortality. Groups that had experienced the greater temperature change from acclimation, experienced the higher mortality, regardless of whether the change was an increase or decrease. (ND)
Curves as traits: genetic and environmental variation in mate preference functions

Study of the genetic and developmental architecture of mate preferences lags behind the study of sexual ornaments. This is in part because of the challenges involved in describing mate preferences, which are expressed as a function of variation in ornaments. We used the function-valued approach to test for genetic and environmental components of variation in female mate preferences in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). These insects communicate with plant-borne vibrational signals, and offer a case study of speciation involving sexual selection and environmental change. We focused on female preferences for male signal frequency, the most divergent signal trait in Enchenopa. Obtaining complete, individual-level descriptions of mate preferences in a full-sib, split-family rearing experiment, we document substantial genetic variation in mate preference functions. Focusing on traits describing variation in the shape of the preference functions, we further document considerable broad-sense heritability and evidence of weak genotype × environment interaction in most traits. Against the background of recent and rapid divergence in Enchenopa, these results indicate potent mechanisms that maintain variation and sustain the involvement of mate preferences in sexual selection.
Hydroxyl concentration measurements in the NH3NOO2 reaction in postflame gases

Abstract Hydroxyl and stable species concentration profiles associated with the mixing of ammonia with lean combustion products containing nitric oxide have been measured. These measurements were then compared to a numerical calculation of the mixing and reaction process between ammonia and nitric oxide including elementary chemical kinetics.The comparison between measured and calculated profiles shows good agreement. The OH concentration is maintained in a reaction mechanism dominated by H 2 O 2 reactions so that the concentration profiles of OH are similar with and without ammonia addition. The NH concentration was estimated experimentally to be less than 10 ppm and the NH2 concentration to be below 500 ppm. Since both mixing and reaction are important in this NO reduction process, mixing low-temperature ammonia containing gases with combustion products containing NO at temperatures above the usual range for homogeneous NO reduction still leads to considerable NO reduction efficiency.
Ammonium perchlorate/(H2+CO) gaseous fuel diffusionflame studies

Counterflow diffusion flame experiments and modeling results are presented for a fuel mixture consisting of CO and H 2 flowing against decomposition products from a solid ammonium perchlorate (AP) pellet. The flame zone simulates the diffusion flame structure that is expected to exist between reaction products from fine AP crystals and a hydrocarbon binder with the decomposition products from large AP crystals, characteristic of a bimodal AP propellant. Quantitative species and temperature profiles have been measured for a mixture of two fuels, hydrogen and CO, and one strain rate, given by a separation of 5 mm, between the fuel exit and AP surface. Species measured included CN, NH, NO, OH, N 2 , O 2 CO 2 , H 2 , CO, HCl, and H 2 O. Temperature was measured using a combination of a thermocouple at the exit, spontaneous Raman scattering measurements throughout the flame, OH rotational population distributions, and NO vibrational population distributions. The burning rate of the AP was also measured for this flame's strain rate. The measured 12 scalars are compared with predictions from a detailed gas-phase kinetics models consisting of 86 species and 531 reactions. Model predictions are found to be in good agreement with experiment and illustrate the type of kinetic features that may be expected to occur in propellants when AP particle size distributions are varied.
Harmonic analysis of building thermal response applied to the optimal location of insulation within the walls

Abstract The analysis of heat transfer through building walls using Fourier transforms and the matric method are briefly reviewed. The formalism is applied to a simple one-room building. By making a few simplifying assumptions and by considering only one- or two-layer walls and roofs, the equations are kept sufficiently short to preserve the insight of the reader into the effects of a few construction features upon the building's thermal response. Such construction features, mainly the placement of insulation inside or outside the main wall mass, are extensively discussed, with an eye on their potential energy savings. The results are: (1) the placement of insulation outside the wall masonry reduces the amplitude of the internal temperature swing caused by weather conditions and by internal heat gains. If the inside temperature is left free to oscillate within a few degrees, the amplitude of the heating or cooling load is greatly reduced, allowing for substantial energy savings. However, the building is thermally sluggish and inefficient durign thermostat setbacks because of its large wall heat storage. (2) Inside placement of insulation increases the room temperature response to weather conditions and to internal heat gains. Thus, heating or cooling is needed for temperature peak-shaving. In return the building's response to a thermostat setting change is quick and the heat stored in the walls, lost during a setback, is relatively small.
Compact deposition system for device-based ultrathin crystalline film growth

The study of hot electron excitation at surfaces requires the deposition of ultrathin metal films. To probe the role of particle bombardment in such film excitations, homogeneous, atomically ordered, and relatively defect free thin films must be deposited in the same ultrahigh vacuum system where they will be studied. With these constraints in mind, the authors designed a compact deposition chamber that allows for in situ growth and analysis of metal layers, which are only a few monolayers. This deposition chamber is attached to the commercial variable temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and has an internal volume of 500cm3. The target substrates for deposition are compatible with the STM design and are held in place in a specially designed clamping slot that enables low temperature growth. They used the custom built chamber to deposit Ag top layers with thicknesses between 8 and 15nm on Si(100). Electronic and morphological characteristics of the prototype Ag∕n-Si(100) devices are presented.
Influence of adsorption on the measurement of diffusion coefficients by Taylor dispersion

The effect of adsorption on the measurement of diffusion coefficients by the Taylor dispersion technique is investigated by modifying the governing equation to account for reversible, nonequilibrium adsorption. The resulting two-dimensional equations are solved by an explicit finite-difference technique. Experimental data for the acridine carbon dioxide system indicated that acridine adsorbs on the walls on the tubing and these data were investigated with this model. The influence of carious parameters including the number of sites and the rates of adsorption desorption was investigated by conducting a parametric sensitivity analysis on the model. It was found that adsorption of the solute on the wall of the tubing could produce an error as high as 35% on the measured diffusion coefficient compared to the actual diffusion coellicient. Examination of the influence of each of the parameters will enable Inure investigators to reduce the effect of adsorption in the measurement of diffusion coefficients by Taylor dispersion.
On the upper critical dimension of Bernoulli percolation

We derive a set of inequalities for thed-dimensional independent percolation problem. Assuming the existence of critical exponents, these inequalities imply: $$\begin{gathered} f + v \geqq 1 + \beta _Q , \hfill \\ \mu + v \geqq 1 + \beta _Q , \hfill \\ \zeta \geqq \min \left\{ {1,\frac{{v^, }}{v}} \right\}, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where the above exponents aref: the flow constant exponent, ν(ν′): the correlation length exponent below (above) threshold, μ: the surface tension exponent, βQ: the backbone density exponent and ζ: the chemical distance exponent. Note that all of these inequalities are mean-field bounds, and that they relate the exponentv defined from below the percolation threshold to exponents defined from above threshold. Furthermore, we combine the strategy of the proofs of these inequalities with notions of finite-size scaling to derive: $$\max \{ dv,dv^, \} \geqq 1 + \beta _Q ,$$ whered is the lattice dimension. Since βQ≧2β, where β is the percolation density exponent, the final bound implies that, below six dimensions, the standard order parameter and correlation length exponents cannot simultaneously assume their mean-field values; hence an implicit bound on the upper critical dimension:dc≧6.
Prolonged Exposure With a World War II Veteran: 60 Years of Guilt and Feelings of Inadequacy

There is extensive empirical support for the use of exposure therapy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, there is little documented research on the use of these treatments wi...
Learning from animated classroom exemplars: the case for guiding student teachers' observations with metacognitive prompts

Student teachers learned about teaching principles with the help of an instructional program that included classroom animation exemplars, where expert teachers demonstrate how to apply teaching principles to a classroom scenario. Some students learned by solely observing the classroom animations, whereas others were presented with the expert's metacognitive prompts during their observations, either with or without the presence of the expert on the computer screen. Metacognitive prompts consisted of activating the teaching principles learned and focusing students' attention on relevant classroom information. Student teachers who were not provided with metacognitive prompts took longer time to study the instructional materials, produced lower scores in a transfer test, and showed lower motivation to learn than their counterparts. Consistent with past research on animated pedagogical agents, the expert teacher's presence on the computer screen did not affect learning. The findings support the need to use met...
Ferromagnetism and EMFs

The question of whether weak, extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can cause cancer always generates heated debate (see, for example, refs 1-3). In addition to epidemiological studies, a substantial body of literature exists on EMF stimulation of cells grown in vitro (for example, refs 4, 5). Although numerous effects have been reported, many have been difficult to replicate (see refs 6, 7), and no clear biophysical mechanism has emerged. Many of the proposed mechanisms, like ion cyclotron resonance, have drawn criticism for being physically unrealistic (see ref. 9).
Assessing High-Risk Scenarios by Full-Range Tail Dependence Copulas

Copulas with a full-range tail dependence property can cover the widest range of positive dependence in the tail, so that a regression model can be built accounting for dynamic tail dependence patterns between variables. We propose a model that incorporates both regression on each marginal of bivariate response variables and regression on the dependence parameter for the response variables. An ACIG copula that possesses the full-range tail dependence property is implemented in the regression analysis. Comparisons between regression analysis based on ACIG and Gumbel copulas are conducted, showing that the ACIG copula is generally better than the Gumbel copula when there is intermediate upper tail dependence. A simulation study is conducted to illustrate that dynamic tail dependence structures between loss and ALAE can be captured by using the one-parameter ACIG copula. Finally, we apply the ACIG and Gumbel regression models for a dataset from the U.S. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The empirical analysi...
Artificial Intelligence in Information Retrieval Systems.

Abstract A survey is given of the potential role of artificial intelligence in retrieval systems. Papers by Bush and Turing are used to introduce early ideas in the two fields and definitions for artificial intelligence and information retrieval for the purposes of this paper are given. A simple model of an information retrieval system provides a framework for subsequent discussion of artificial intelligence concepts and their applicability in information retrieval. Concepts surveyed include pattern recognition, representation, problem solving and planning, heuristics, and learning. The paper concludes with an outline of areas for further research on artificial intelligence in information retrieval systems.
Effects of olanzapine infusions to the ventral tegmental area on lordosis and midbrain 3α,5α-THP concentrations in rats

Rationale The progesterone metabolite and neurosteroid 5α-pregnane-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP) facilitates sexual behavior of estradiol-primed rodents through its actions in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, may exert some of its actions by increasing 3α,5α-THP levels.
ORFEUS II Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of AM Herculis

Six high-resolution (λ/Δλ ≈ 3000) far-UV (λλ = 910-1210 A) spectra of the magnetic cataclysmic variable AM Herculis were acquired in 1996 November during the flight of the ORFEUS-SPAS II mission. AM Her was in a high optical state at the time of the observations, and the spectra reveal emission lines of O VI λλ1032, 1038, C III λλ977, 1176, and He II λ1085 superposed on a nearly flat continuum. Continuum flux variations can be described as per Gansicke et al. by a ≈ 20 kK white dwarf with a ≈ 37 kK hot spot covering a fraction f ~ 0.15 of the surface of the white dwarf, but we caution that the expected Lyman absorption lines are not detected. The O VI emission lines have a broad and narrow component structure similar to that of the optical emission lines, the C III and He II emission lines are dominated by the broad component, and the radial velocities of these lines are consistent with an origin of the narrow and broad components in the irradiated face of the secondary and the accretion funnel, respectively. The density of the narrow- and broad-line regions is nnlr ~ 3 × 1010 cm-3 and nblr ~ 1 × 1012 cm-3, respectively, yet the narrow-line region is optically thick in the O VI line and the broad-line region is optically thin; apparently, the velocity shear in the broad-line region allows the O VI photons to escape, rendering the gas effectively optically thin. The orbital phase variations of the emission-line fluxes are unexplained.
Validation Methodology in Computational Fluid Dynamics

Verification and validation are the primary means to assess accuracy and reliability in computational simulations. This paper presents an extensive review of the literature in computational validation and develops a number of extensions to existing ideas. We discuss the early work in validation by the operations research, statistics, and CFD communities. The emphasis in our review is to bring together the diverse contributors to validation methodolozv and procedures. The disadvantages of standard c a hypersonic cruise missile. We present six recommended characteristics of how a validation experiment is designed, executed, and analyzed. Since one of the key features of a validation experiment is a careful experimental uncertainty estimation analysis, we discuss a statistical procedure that has been developqd for improving the estimation of experimental uncertainty. One facet of code verification, the estimation of computational error and uncertainty, is discussed in some detail, but we do not address many other important issues in code verification. We argue for the separation of the concepts of error and uncertainty in computational simulations. Error estimation, primarily that due to numerical solution error, is discussed with regard to its importance in validation. In the same vein, we explain the need to move toward nondeterministic simulations in CFD validation, that is, the propagation of input quantity uncertainty in CFD simulations which yield probabilistic output quantities. We discuss the relatively new concept of validation quantification, also referred to as validation metrics. The inadequacy, in our view, of hypothesis testing in computational validation is discussed. We close the paper by presenting our ideas on validation metrics and we apply them to tsvo conceptual examples. *Distinguished Member Technical Staff, Associate Fellow **Distinguished Member Technical Staff Copyright Q 2000 The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. All rights reserved. Sandia is a multiprogram laborato~ operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Portomesenteric air from acute necrotizing appendicitis.

A 75-year-old man presented to the emergency department (ED) with a history of 2 days of abdominal distention. He complained of mild nausea with vomiting but no abdominal pain or reported fevers. His temperature was 94.8°F (34.9°C), pulse was 106, and blood pressure was 99/59. He was awake and alert and did not appear toxic. His abdomen was firm and distended without significant tenderness. Initial laboratory tests, including white blood cell count, were essentially normal.
Photo-optical sensor system for rapid evaluation of planter seed spacing uniformity

Seed spacing uniformity is crucial to crops such as sugarbeets. Planter manufacturers, dealers, and sugarbeet growers are interested in how uniformly planters place seeds into the soil. The current laboratory method for testing planter accuracy uses a stationary planter unit to place seeds onto a grease belt, allowing visualization of the seed spacings. This method, however, is very difficult and time consuming. Automation of the test using photonics is desirable. A rectangular photogate block was designed with light emitting diodes (LEDs) opposite photo- transistors. Twenty-four pairs of LEDs and photo-transistors were connected to a digital I/O board on a personal computer to detect space and time between seeds. During laboratory testing of a planter unit, the photogate was positioned beneath the seed drop tube to simulate the bottom of a furrow. A program was developed to poll the twenty four digital channels and three counters so no seeds could go through the photogate without being detected. Planter ground speed was monitored through a magnetic switch. Histograms of seed spacing and relative location of seed passing through the photogate were provided for each test. The outputs conform with the requirements of International Organizations for Standardization 7256/1 - 1984.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Changing patterns in motor vehicle crash mortality: 1940-1980

Overall motor vehicle mortality rates in the United States varied little between 1940 (26 deaths per 100,000 per year) and 1980 (23 deaths per 100,000 per year). However, the distribution of motor vehicle deaths by age, sex, and road user status has changed considerably. Among the elderly there has been a substantial increase in motor vehicle death rates. The result of these changes, and of the altered age structure of the population, is that the number of years of life lost to motor vehicle crash injury before age 70 has increased 84 percent between 1940 and 1980.
Effect of intravenous amino acids on protein kinetics in preterm infants.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize recent findings of the effects of intravenous amino acids on protein kinetics in low-birth-weight infants and to describe the potential cellular mechanism for these observations.Recent findingsAmino acids administered intravenously for 3–5 h in infants have been shown t
Use of a battery-operated needle driver for intraosseous access by novice users: skill acquisition with cadavers.

Study objectives We determine skill acquisition and performance by using a battery-operated, intraosseous needle driver in cadavers. Methods This was a prospective study of the EZ-IO, a battery-operated intraosseous needle driver (Vidacare Corp). Operators received a 5-minute presentation (with 1 insertion demonstration) and then performed 3 tibial insertions on a cadaver. Insertion time was measured from skin placement until stylet removal. Another participant recorded the time and determination of "success." Success required stable bone position and infusion of fluid without extravasation. After testing, operators completed a questionnaire including ease of use (1 to 5; 1=very difficult, 5=very easy), speed versus central line (faster, same, slower), ease of use versus a central line (easier, same, harder), and willingness to use the device in future cardiac arrest situations (yes, maybe, no). Results Operators included 42 emergency medicine attending physicians, 13 other physicians, 31 emergency medicine residents, and 13 nonphysicians (emergency medical services, etc). None had previous experience with the EZ-IO, and 80 of 99 (80.8%) had never placed an intraosseous needle. Two hundred eighty-nine of 297 insertions (97.3%) were successful. Success rates for the first, second, and third insertion were 96.9%, 94.9%, and 100%, respectively. Median insertion time was 6 seconds (range 3 to 25 seconds), with interquartile range 5 to 8 seconds. The mean ease of use rating was 4.8 (95% confidence interval 4.70 to 4.90). All operators subjectively rated the device faster and easier than a central line; 98 of 99 (99%) expressed willingness to use the device in a cardiac arrest. Conclusion The EZ-IO requires minimal training, is easy to use, and is fast. Skill acquisition is rapid, with a high success rate on the initial insertion after a brief training session and a single demonstration.
Code Generation in the Columbia Esterel Compiler

The synchronous language Esterel provides deterministic concurrency by adopting a semantics in which threads march in step with a global clock and communicate in a very disciplined way. Its expressive power comes at a cost, however: it is a difficult language to compile into machine code for standard von Neumann processors. The open-source Columbia Esterel Compiler is a research vehicle for experimenting with new code generation techniques for the language. Providing a front-end and a fairly generic concurrent intermediate representation, a variety of back-ends have been developed. We present three of the most mature ones, which are based on program dependence graphs, dynamic lists, and a virtual machine. After describing the very different algorithms used in each of these techniques, we present experimental results that compares twenty-four benchmarks generated by eight different compilation techniques running on seven different processors.
Trajectory stabilizing controls in systems with input delays

The following phenomenon is specific to a class of systems with input delays: In these systems stabilizing controls cannot have the same rate of decay as that of the stabilized trajectories. We explore the structure of such systems (termed trajectory stabilizable), closed and open loop stabilization schemes, and the relation of stabilizability to controllability properties.
The N-Terminal Ig Domain of Endoglucanase Cel9A from the Thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus Acidocaldarius Enhances Protein Stability

As part of our ongoing studies of thermophilic cellulases, we are examining the subfamily E1 of family 9 of glycoside hydrolases, members of which have an N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain followed by the catalytic domain (CD). While the function of the Ig-like module has not been determined, deletion of the Ig-domain results in complete loss of enzymatic activity in the cellobiohydrolase, CbhA from Clostridium thermocellum. In this work we used simulation approaches to investigate the role of the (Ig)-like domain in the non-processive endonuclease Cel9A from the thermoacidophilic bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (Aa_Cel9A) for which the crystal structure has only recently been resolved. We are using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to provide a dynamic view of Aa_Cel9A. Our goal is to try to piece together the available activity, kinetic, biophysical and structural information and to offer insights into domain interactions and domain motions that may be associated with Aa_Cel9A activity and stability. To examine the role of the Ig-domain, MD simulations combined with a simplified force field model were performed on the structure of Aa_Cel9A both with and without the Ig-like domain. Umbrella Sampling and free energy perturbation (UM/FEP) were also performed to obtain unfolding free energy landscapes for both cases. Both methods show that the Ig-like domain stabilizes the structure of the catalytic domain; thus, a major function of N-terminal Ig-like domain appears to be to confer thermostabilty. We also used the results of our MD simulations to study correlated motions among atoms in the Ig-like domain and atoms in the CD. Our preliminary results show that Ig-like domain motions are correlated with active site molecular motions, suggesting that the Ig-domain may be required for proper control and orientation of active site residues.
THE SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR GROUND STATE USING A VARIATIONAL MONTE CARLO METHOD

A Monte Carlo method is used to evaluate the ground-state energy of a quantum particle in a harmonic oscillator potential. The use of a trial wavefunction illustrates the process by means of which the Monte Carlo method approximates with great accuracy the well known ground-state energy of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator. A FORTRAN program incorporating the numerical approach that is suitable for a personal computer is available in the PDF version of this article.
Tomographic compressive holographic reconstruction of 3D objects

Compressive holography with multiple projection tomography is applied to solve the inverse ill-posed problem of reconstruction of 3D objects with high axial accuracy. To visualize the 3D shape, we propose Digital Tomographic Compressive Holography (DiTCH), where projections from more than one direction as in tomographic imaging systems can be employed, so that a 3D shape with better axial resolution can be reconstructed. We compare DiTCH with single-beam holographic tomography (SHOT) which is based on Fresnel back-propagation. A brief theory of DiTCH is presented, and experimental results of 3D shape reconstruction of objects using DITCH and SHOT are compared.
Roles for a promoter and RNA processing in the synthesis of mitochondrial displacement-loop strands.

Abstract The major site for regulation of replication and transcription of animal mitochondrial DNA is the displacement loop. Transcription of each strand, heavy and light, emanates from this region and the origin of heavy-strand, replication is located down-stream of the light-strand promoter. It is known that the light-strand promoter is responsible both for transcription of light-strand genes as well as for priming of DNA synthesis. The efficient transcription system is composed of at least two protein entities with a transcription factor, capable of binding specific regions of mitochondrial DNA, being required in addition to mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Processing of a transcript complementary to the replication origin sequence is involved in displacement-loop metabolism and is effected by a site-specific endoribonuclease; this processing activity is a ribonucleoprotein. A currently identified RNA component of the endonuclease is a nucleus-encoded species that, by definition, must be imported to the organelle matrix.
Cost efficient sampling design for quality control of a birth defects registry

Quality control studies of registries are frequently conducted. We employed a cost effective sampling scheme for assessing the quality of case identification and abstracting in one birth defects registry. The general sampling method was a stratified two-stage design, and the optimal sample size for each stratum was chosen to minimize cost, which was defined as time for data collection. The resulting sample sizes depended on the variability in the number of abstracts between and within data collection facilities, and the amount of time needed to complete each data collection step. The most time effective scheme was to visit several facilities each for a short period of time rather than fewer facilities for a longer period of time. Cost efficient sampling strategies, such as the method used here, can be applied to ensure precision in registry quality control analyses and other public health studies.
Application of Molecular Marker Analysis to Vehicular Exhaust for Source Reconciliations

Abstract Molecular marker analysis has been applied to organic matter in vehicular exhaust and various source materials. Vehicular exhaust can be distinguished from the natural background (mainly plant wax and resin residues in ambient aerosols) by the presence of petroleum residues in the form of characteristic homologous compounds and geologically mature molecular markers (steranes, triterpanes, PAH). Incomplete combustion products such as oxy-PAH compounds, ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids are also present in vehicular exhausts. These compound suites can be distinguished from emissions of biomass burning, which contain specific thermally-altered biomarker compounds. The characteristic molecular marker signatures of vehicular emissions and smoke can thus be quantified and distinguished from the natural background of vegetative emissions to ambient aerosols.
Low Plasma Cortisol In Term Infants With Refractory Hypotension. 1076

Low levels of circulating plasma cortisol have been reported in extremely low birthweight infants (ELBW) with hypotension refractory to vasopressors and volume expansion (Pediatrics 1993; 92:715). This is thought to be related to adrenal immaturity and has been shown to respond to glucocorticoid therapy. Based on clinical observations we theorized that a subset of term infants might also be incapable of synthesizing/secreting adequate cortisol in response to prolonged stress. Serum cortisol levels were obtained prior to initiating steroid therapy in term infants with refractory hypotension. Five were identified who had significant hypocortisolemia (2.3, 3.3, 5.6, 9.1, 15.4 mcg/dl). All had required inotropes and repeated volume expansion to maintain adequate blood pressure and urine output. Birthweight was 2.4 to 3.5 kg, gestational age 38-41 weeks and age 1-5 days. Diagnoses were congenital diaphragmatic hernia (n=2), meconium aspiration syndrome, meconium peritonitis, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Four were on dopamine (5-20 mcg/kg/min) and dobutamine (4-15 mcg/kg/min) and one was on epinephrine. All had received between 20 and 94 cc/kg of 5% albumin and/or fresh frozen plasma in the 24 hours prior to measurement of plasma cortisol. Blood cultures were negative. Echocardiograms revealed normal systolic function. All five infants were treated with dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg/day. Vasopressors were weaned rapidly and discontinued within 72 hours in 4/5 patients. In 2/5 no volume expanders were required after initiation of steroids; none needed volume after 3 days. Urine output improved from 1.6 to 5.2 cc/kg/hr. All five infants survived. We conclude that a subset of critically ill term infants with refractory hypotension lack the ability to mount either an immediate or a sustained glucocorticoid response to stress. Steroid therapy results in rapid improvement in blood pressure and urine output. Whether, as in ELBW infants, this is the result of developmental delay or is secondary to some other mechanism remains to be determined.
Dynamic Interaction of Stargazin-like TARPs with Cycling AMPA Receptors at Synapses

Activity-dependent plasticity in the brain arises in part from changes in the number of synaptic AMPA receptors. Synaptic trafficking of AMPA receptors is controlled by stargazin and homologous transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs). We found that TARPs were stable at the plasma membrane, whereas AMPA receptors were internalized in a glutamate-regulated manner. Interaction with AMPA receptors involved both extra- and intracellular determinants of TARPs. Upon binding to glutamate, AMPA receptors detached from TARPs. This did not require ion flux or intracellular second messengers. This allosteric mechanism for AMPA receptor dissociation from TARPs may participate in glutamate-mediated internalization of receptors in synaptic plasticity.
Wrongful Firing in Violation of Public Policy An Empirically Based Model of the Process

Wrongful firings in violation of public Policy have received inadequate attention from managers and researchers. Such firings involve ethical issues, including employees for refusing to engage in w...
Research to Practice: The Professionalization of Continuing Education

(2001). Research to Practice: The Professionalization of Continuing Education. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 43-44.
Murine female reproductive tract intraepithelial lymphocytes display selection characteristics distinct from both peripheral and other mucosal T cells.

Abstract Despite immense effort, the development of vaccines effective at mucosal sites has proceeded at a faltering pace. Efforts concentrating on humoral immunity but neglecting cellular immunity may be misdirected by ignoring many viral mucosal pathogens. Improved understanding of the development and maintenance of lymphocytes populating the reproductive tract (rtIELs) may inform advances in vaccination strategies for sexually transmitted diseases. Recent studies highlight tissue-specific differences in the development of mucosal immunity and suggest that the local milieu may play a role in selection, maintenance and function of resident lymphocytes. Here, we describe MHC class I and thymus dependence of subpopulations of rtIELs. TCRαβ+ CD8αβ+ T cells in the periphery, intestine, and female reproductive tract are all developmentally dependent on classical class I MHC and the thymus. TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ are absent from the periphery and the rtIELs, but are present and classical MHC class I-independent, in the intestine. In contrast to intestinal TCRγδ+ cells, TCRγδ+ rtIELs are CD8 negative and thymus dependent. In contrast to peripheral TCRγδ+ cells, murine TCRγδ+ rtIELs express not a diverse array of Vδ genes, but rather, a canonical Vδ1. In summary, lymphocytes isolated from the murine female reproductive tract have characteristics distinct from both peripheral T cells and those found at other mucosal sites. Therefore, for the purpose of vaccination strategies, the female reproductive tract should be regarded neither as peripheral nor mucosal, but rather as a tissue with distinctive immunological characteristics.
Supersensitivity to d-amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior induced by chronic d-amphetamine administration.

Guinea pigs exhibit an increased sensitivity to both d-amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior following chronic pretreatment with d-amphetamine. This chronic agonist or “innervation” supersensitivity is believed to be a reflection of an increased sensitivity of dopamine receptor sites within the corpus striatum to dopaminergic agonists. The appearance of dyskinetic movement disorders in humans following the chronic use of levodopa or amphetamine may be a manifestation of similarly increased dopamine receptor site sensitivity within the striatum. It is suggested that the animal model of “innervation” supersensitivity may be useful in the investigation of these human movement disorders.
Stressed mirror polishing experiment underway at Kitt Peak National Observatory

The objective of the "Stressed Mirror Polishing" experiment is to investigate the practicality and economical feasibility of manufacturing precisely specified, large diameter, off-axis paraboloidal mirror segments, derived from a long radius of curvature parent paraboloid. Toward this end, the KPNO Large Optical Component Manufacturing Team is attempting to produce two nearly identical, 2-meter diameter segments, of 4.3-meter off-axis center distance, derived from a 40.5-meter radius of curvature parent paraboloid. Optical fabrication methods, optical alignment techniques, optical testing procedures, mechanical properties of the back support, and the bending fixture are discussed from the perspective of their use during manufacturing and testing.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A spectral radius theorem for matrix seminorms

Abstract A matrix seminorm ∥·∥ is called supspectral if it satisfies the condition that the spectral radius of a square matrix A is lim sup ∥ A n ∥ 1/ n as n →∞. This property is shown to be equivalent to each of two conditions on ∥·∥, one characterizing behavior on idempotent A , and the other characterizing behavior on non-nilpotent A . Examples of supspectral seminorms are provided.
BEAM ELLIPSE MATCHING: WAIST-TO-WAIST TRANSPORT.

Abstract We drive the most general form of the beam transport transformation matrix that takes a given initial beam ellipse into a given final beam ellipse. The result is specialized to waist-to-waist transport and applied to the problem of drift-thin lens-drift. A large number of interpretative comments are made concerning the results of this analysis.
Thorium isotopes as analogues for “particle-reactive” pollutants in coastal marine environments

Abstract Experiments using radioactive tracers in microcosms of 150 l and 13 m 3 volumes, which are designed to mimic Narragansett Bay, indicate that Th isotopes are good analogues for studying the removal behavior of “particle-reactive” pollutants such as Am, Pb, Po, Hg and Cr(III) in coastal environments. The removal of Th isotopes and Fe has been found to be closely linked in microcosms and Narragansett Bay. In addition, the settling velocities of tracer microspheres in the experimental tanks were found to be faster in spring and summer than expected from Stokes' law and similar to those of 234 Th-containing particles in Narragansett Bay [5]. It is concluded that aggregation of particles is important in accelerating the removal of surface-reactive elements during the warm season.
Cochannel interference computation and asymptotic performance analysis in TDMA/FDMA systems with interference adaptive dynamic channel allocation

It has been shown through simulation results that the interference adaptive dynamic channel allocation (IA-DCA) scheme is a promising resource allocation strategy in time/frequency-division multiple-access (TDMA/FDMA) communication systems. The major obstacle in analyzing IA-DCA is the computation of cochannel interference without the constraint of conventional channel reuse factors. To overcome this difficulty, one needs a computationally efficient representation which can approximate the interference distribution accurately. For this purpose, a concept called channel reuse zone (CRZ) is introduced. Based on this new concept, both downlink and uplink cochannel interference are computed with two different propagation models, namely, a simplified deterministic model and a shadowing model. The results are then used to calculate the outage probability of the idealized, interference adaptive maximum parking (IAMP) scheme. Finally, as a significant contribution, an asymptotic performance bound for the two-way IA-DCA strategy is derived.