cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of an early Titan atmosphere

Abstract Rapid escape from a proposed early CH 4 /NH 3 atmosphere on Titan could, in principle, limit the amount of NH 3 that is converted by photolysis into the present N 2 atmosphere. Assuming that this conversion occurred, a recent estimate of escape driven by the surface temperature and pressure was used to constrain Titan's accretion temperature. Here we show that for the range of temperatures of interest, heating of the surface is not the primary driver for escape. Atmospheric loss from a thick Titan atmosphere is predominantly driven by heating of the upper atmosphere; therefore, the loss rate cannot be used to easily constrain the accretion temperature. We give an estimate of the solar driven escape rate from an early atmosphere on Titan, and then briefly discuss its relevance to the cooling rate, isotope ratios, and the time period suggested to convert NH 3 to the present N 2 atmosphere.
Defects in cholangiocyte fibrocystin expression and ciliary structure in the PCK rat.

Abstract Background & Aims: Recent studies have showed that proteins associated with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) are expressed in cilia, linking this organelle and cyst formation in the kidney, but involvement of cilia in PKD-related biliary cystogenesis has not been shown. We investigated: (1) the expression of fibrocystin (a product of PKHD1 , the autosomal-recessive PKD [ARPKD] gene) in cholangiocyte cilia; (2) biliary cyst formation in an orthologous rat model, PCK; and (3) the effect of Pkhd1 mutation on ciliary structure. Methods: Biliary cystogenesis was assessed by microcomputed tomography. Fibrocystin expression in cholangiocytes of isolated intrahepatic bile ducts (IBDUs) and liver cysts was analyzed by confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, and ciliary structure and length by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were used to examine the effect of fibrocystin loss on ciliary structure. Results: The biliary tree in the PCK rat was distorted markedly, showing multiple bile duct dilatation and focal budding. In normal IBDUs, each cholangiocyte had a single cilium that expressed fibrocystin. In contrast, cilia in the PCK rat were abnormal with bulbous extensions and diminished length, and were devoid of fibrocystin. In cholangiocytes of normal IBDUs, specific siRNA reduced Pkhd1 messenger RNA by 80%, the length of cilia by 41%, and fibrocystin ciliary expression to an undetectable level. Conclusions: Our results indicate that fibrocystin is expressed in cholangiocyte cilia and that disruption of Pkhd1 by a germ line mutation in the PCK rat or by siRNA in IBDUs results in abnormalities in ciliary morphology and possibly biliary cystogenesis.
The efficacy of nucleoside analogs against JC virus multiplication in a persistently infected human fetal brain cell line

The effectiveness of nucleoside analogs in blocking viral multiplication was evaluated using an immortalized human neuroglial cell line capable of sustaining a persistent JCV infection, SVG-JC. Results from in situ DNA hybridization and hemagglutination assays performed on drug treated cultures were used as a measure of viral DNA replication and multiplication, respectively. Of the three drugs tested, Ara-C (cytosine arabinoside), AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine), and cidofovir (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxypropyl] cytosine), only Ara-C showed a significant effect in decreasing active JCV replication and multiplication. In vitro data, using different cell types and virus strains have shown that specific drugs can indeed modulate viral infection. However, such modulation has not previously been demonstrated in those cells of the CNS which are specifically targeted by JCV. The SVG-JC cells represent a unique system with which further studies can be conducted on the effects of drugs on brain derived cells that are susceptible to viral infection.
Generalized RNA-Directed Recombination of RNA

RNA strand exchange through phosphor-nucleotidyl transfer reactions is an intrinsic chemistry promoted by group I intron ribozymes. We show here that Tetrahymena and Azoarcus ribozymes can promote RNA oligonucleotide recombination in either two-pot or one-pot schemes. These ribozymes bind one oligonucleotide, cleave following a guide sequence, transfer the 3' portion of the oligo to their own 3' end, bind a second oligo, and catalyze another transfer reaction to generate recombinant oligos. Recombination is most effective with the Azoarcus ribozyme in a single reaction vessel in which over 75% of the second oligo can be rapidly converted to recombinant product. The Azoarcus ribozyme can also create a new functional RNA, a hammerhead ribozyme, which can be constructed via recombination and then immediately promote its own catalysis in a homogeneous milieu, mimicking events in a prebiotic soup.
Pulmonary embolism due to catheter fracture from a tunneled dialysis catheter

The patient presented to the emergency room with hemoptysis and pleuritic chest pain. A chest x-ray revealed a broken dialysis catheter tip lodged in the pulmonary artery. The fractured catheter tip was removed via the femoral vein using a loop snare. As has been described for central lines and venous ports, a fractured catheter tip from a hemodialysis catheter may also lead to pulmonary embolism.
An assessment of wind-hydrogen systems for light duty vehicles

A hydrogen economy could offer energy stability, economical, and environmental benefits. In this paper, a hydrogen system based on wind-generated electricity is presented as a viable component in a hydrogen transition strategy. The strengths of a wind-hydrogen system are exhibited in its modular design, exploitation of existing technology, and utilization of a renewable resource. Specifically, a state level assessment of wind power was conducted in order to determine the ability of individual states to meet light-duty vehicle hydrogen fueling demands while utilizing the proposed system. Additionally, analysis related to existing hydrogen resources is presented in order to form a transition scenario.
Subcutaneous Lipomas at Sites of Insulin Injection: Report of a Case

A thirty-eight-year-old female diabetic is described who bears symmetrical lipomas at the sites of insulin injection, which have persisted for twenty-six years. Incubation of biopsy specimens of adipose tissue from one of the lipomas compared with that of adjacent normal subcutaneous adipose tissue revealed an increase in baseline rates of oxidation of both glucose-1 and glucose-6-C-14 to C-14-0 2 by the lipoma tissue, as well as greater incorporation of C-14 into fatty acids. These parameters were not influenced by added insulin in the normal tissue, but were greatly stimulated in lipoma tissue. The lipoma tissue was clearly converting labeled glucose to fatty acid more efficiently than the normal tissue.
Risk of preterm delivery and growth restriction in twins discordant for structural anomalies

Objective We sought to determine whether twin gestations with an anomalous fetus are at increased risk of preterm delivery or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) compared to twins with 2 normal fetuses. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort of twins undergoing ultrasound 15-22 weeks' gestation. Groups were defined by the presence of 1 twin with a major anomaly (discordant) or by twins with no major anomalies (normal). The primary outcomes were preterm delivery ( Results Of 1977 twin pregnancies, 66 had a twin with a major anomaly. Preterm delivery occurred in 42 (63.6%) discordant twins, compared to 1271 (66.5%) normal twins (risk ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.8–1.2). IUGR was diagnosed in 15 (22.7%) normal co-twins, compared to 406 (21.3%) presenting twins in normal twins (risk ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.7–1.7). Conclusion Twins discordant for major anomalies are not at increased risk of preterm delivery or IUGR compared to twins with no major anomalies.
Beam steering and stabilizing systems: Present status and considerations for the future

Abstract Instability of the stored beam orbit, with its deleterious effects on synchrotron radiation beam stability, has compelled the development of photon beam position monitors and closed-loop orbit correcting systems at SSRL and other facilities. The vertically steering servo system used presently at SSRL can stabilize the beam to the 10 μm level within the single photon position monitor used for each beam line, but extending this level of stability to all critical points along the beam line will necessitate a two-monitor, two-loop servo system. Such a system is being developed for beam lines at PEP. Closed-loop steering for SPEAR undulator beam lines has not been regularly successful because the position monitor signal is degraded by bending magnet radiation. The need for new types of position monitors, horizontal as well as vertical, and the eventual need for closed-loop horizontal steering on undulator beam lines, is evident. Requirements needed to achieve the 10 μm or better stability, demanded for the new generation of low emittance and small aperture sources, include improved stored beam and photon beam position monitoring, a higher degree of mechanical and electrical stability of storage ring and beam line components, and optimized ring lattice designs.
Cells in the supraoculomotor area in monkeys with strabismus show activity related to the strabismus angle

We have earlier shown that monkeys reared with daily alternating monocular occlusion for the first few months of life develop large horizontal strabismus, A/V patterns, dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), and dissociated horizontal deviation (DHD). Here, we present results from neurophysiological experiments that show that neuronal activity of cells within the supraoculomotor area (SOA) of juvenile strabismic monkeys is correlated with the angle of strabismus. There was no modulation of SOA cell activity with conjugate eye position as tested during horizontal smooth pursuit. Comparison of SOA population activity in these strabismic animals and normal monkeys (described in the literature) suggests that both vergence (misalignment in the case of the strabismic animals) thresholds and vergence position sensitivities are different in the strabismic animals compared to the normals. Our data suggest that activity within the SOA cells is important in determining the state of horizontal strabismus possibly by altering vergence tone in extraocular muscle.
Utilizing the R-index measure for threshold testing in model caffeine solutions

Abstract The objective of this study was to validate the use of R -index measure by the rating method for bitterness threshold testing. Untrained panelists (32 people) used the R -index rating method to determine difference thresholds for caffeine. Caffeine solutions (7) in spring water represented the signal. Panelists received five replicates each of noise and signal for R -index rating test and one replicate of the ASTM method of ascending limits. In the second part of the study, 15 randomly selected panelists completed another five replicates of R -index rating test and four replicates of ASTM test. The R -index group threshold for the initial panel was 0.0260 g caffeine/100 ml and 0.0148 g/100 mL for the second panel. Group thresholds, using the ASTM method, were 0.0291 g/100 ml for the first panel and 0.0309 g/100 ml for the second panel. These values are within the 0.0136–0.0350 g/100 ml literature threshold range of caffeine.
A study of the influence of heat treatment on field emission in superconducting RF cavities

Abstract The influence of heat treatment (HT) above 1100°C on field emission (FE) in superconducting radiofrequency (1.5 GHz) cavities was investigated. The experiments show higher average achievable fields with HT than with only a chemical treatment (CT); i.e. the average maximum surface field E pk improved to 29 MV/m from 18 MV/m without taking advantage of the benefits of He processing. Using He processing, HT raised the average E pk reached by cavities to 38 MV/m from the 22 MV/m achieved by a combination of CT and He processing. Surface magnetic fields greater than 1000 Oe were achieved in three out of the eight heat treatments, in contrast to one out of fifteen chemical treatments. The highest surface electric and magnetic fields achieved were 50.5 MV/m and 1260 Oe respectively. If these surface electric (magnetic) fields were reached in a 5-cell accelerating structure of the same cell geometry, the accelerating field would be 20.5 (27) MeV/m at a Q of ∼ 2 × 10 9 . Most of the HT tests (including the record) were still limited by FE. We find that FE can be progressively reduced by He processing with increased rf power. Up to 160 W of rf power have been used during processing. A high speed/superfluid FE temperature mapping system was used to measure the power deposited by the impact of electrons emanating from field emitters. FE and defect associated heating are characterized through detailed analysis of temperature distribution maps over cavity surfaces. The maps show a greater abundance of emitters present on CT cavity surfaces than on HT surfaces.
Distribution of endopeptidase-24.15 in rat brain nuclei using a novel fluorogenic substrate: comparison with endopeptidase-24.11.

Abstract A novel fluorogenic substrate for the neutral metalloendopeptidase-24.15 (E.C.3.4.24.15; EP-24.15) was synthesized which allowed continuous assay of the enzyme. The substrate, Glutaryl-Phe-Ala-Ala-Phe-4-methoxynaphthylamide (G-FAAF-4MN) is cleaved at the Phe-Ala bond by EP-24.15 (K m = 0.026 mM). The product, AAF-4MN is subsequently hydrolyzed to its constituent amino acids and the potent fluorophore 4MN by aminopeptidase M. This method has allowed the measurement of the specific activity EP-24.15 within microdissected nuclei of rat brain. The enzyme was found to have a relatively broad distribution within brain nuclei, and the activity ranged from 15–80 nmol 4MN/mg prot/h in all areas examined. The activity of EP-24.15 was relatively high in the medial and lateral pre-optic nuclei, where potential substrates include the dynorphin-like peptides and LHRH. The activity of EP-24.15 was compared with that of endopeptidase-24.11 (E.C.3.4.24.11, ‘enkephalinase’, EP-24.11), another peptide-cleaving metalloenzyme. EP-24.11 appeared to have a much more narrow distribution, with very high specific activity in basal ganglia as well as in the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Modification of the Acid Elution Technique for Quantitation of Fetal Hemoglobin in Individual Erythrocytes

A modification of the acid elution procedure for the demonstration of fetal hemoglobin in red cells using fast green stain is described. This technique not only permits improved visual estimation of the amount of fetal hemoglobin in red cells, but allows for the direct quantitation of fetal hemoglobin content of individual cells, using a scanning and integrating microdensitometer. As an application of this method, the distribution of fetal hemoglobin in populations of red cells of individuals was determined. Distributions were examined in sickle cell anemia patients with different proportions of fetal hemoglobin.
A liquid perfluorochemical decreases the in vitro production of reactive oxygen species by alveolar macrophages.

Objective : To determine whether reactive oxygen metabolite production by alveolar macrophages is affected by liquid perfluorochemical exposure. Design : Controlled, animal laboratory investigation of alveolar macrophage function in vitro. Setting : Animal research facility of a health sciences university. Subjects : Six adult male New Zealand white rabbits and six young piglets. Interventions : Alveolar macrophages were obtained after sacrifice from both species by total lung lavage. Macrophages were divided into control and experimental groups. Macrophages in the experimental groups were exposed to perfluorooctylbromide. To determine production of reactive oxygen metabolites, hydrogen peroxide production and chemiluminescence were measured in both experimental and control groups after chemical stimulation. Measurements and Main Results : Perfluorooctylbromide-exposed alveolar macrophages produced significantly less hydrogen peroxide (1.4 ± 1.5 vs. 2.4 ± 1.6 nmol/10 6 cells ; p = .002). Perfluorooctylbromide-exposed alveolar macrophages demonstrated significantly less chemiluminescence activity compared with nonexposed cells (0.70 ± 0.2 vs. 1.5 ± 0.2 mV of relative activity per 3.5 x 10 5 cells ; p =.005). Conclusions : Exposure of alveolar macrophages to perfluorooctylbromide in vitro decreases the responsiveness of macrophages to potent stimuli. This finding may partially explain the decrease in pulmonary inflammation seen in animals treated with partial liquid ventilation during experimentally induced lung injury. (Crit Care Med 1995 ; 23 :1533-1539)
Modelling, Identification, and Passivity-Based Robust Control of Piezo-actuated Flexible Beam

This paper presents modelling, system identification, simulation, and experimental results for passivity-based robust control of piezo-actuated flexible beam. The flexible beam configuration considered is a cantilever aluminum beam with a piezoelectric transducer used as the actuator and tip-accelerometer as the sensor. The actuator and sensor are non-collocated. The Lagrangian formulation is used to obtain mathematical model of the flexible link dynamics with piezo actuator. For control design purposes, a finite dimensional approximate model is derived using assumed modes approach. It is shown that the approximate model compares very well with the experimentally identified model. Since the system is inherently not passive, passification techniques are used to render the system robustly passive which enables the use of passivity-based feedback control design. The controller design is validated both in simulation as well as in experiments. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of controller in suppressing the tip vibrations of the link. The controller design is shown to be robust to both parametric uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics.
Improving Children's Person Identification:

The accuracy of children's person identification on a recall task was compared to their accuracy on specially developed feature lineup tasks. In two experiments, children participated in a play session with a stranger and subsequently were interviewed about the stranger's appearance. Each child was first asked to recall appearance features (e.g., height, age, skin color) and then was asked to identify the features using target-present lineups. In Experiment 1, 48 3- to 6-year-olds used feature lineups immediately after the play session. In Experiment 2, 48 4- to 9-year-olds used modified feature lineups that included a "don't know" option after a 2-week delay. Children's identification accuracy was significantly related to age and type of identification task. In Experiment 1, use of the feature lineups increased children's correct responses but also increased their incorrect responses. Use of the modified feature lineups in Experiment 2 led to increased accuracy with mixed results concerning commission errors. In both experiments, older children were more accurate than younger children. Language: en
Environment Strategy Coalignment: An Empirical Test of Its Performance Implications

The positive performance impact of a coalignment between the environment and strategy of a business is an important theoretical proposition in strategic management. In spite of its importance and intuitive appeal, the extent of empirical support is equivocal and riddled with problems of conceptualizing and testing for coalignment. This paper evaluates alternate approaches to testing such a proposition and argues in favor of specifying coalignment as ‘profile deviation’, which states that coalignment is the degree to which strategic resource deployments adhere to an ‘ideal profile’ for a given environment. Subsequently, this proposition is tested across two time periods, and eight distinct environments in two different samples drawn from the PIMS data base. Results, which were generally robust across the two periods, strongly support the proposition of a positive performance impact of environment-strategy coalignment. Implications and research directions are developed.
Micro-CT analysis with multiple thresholds allows detection of bone formation and resorption during ultrasound-treated fracture healing.

Multiple threshold algorithms applied to microcomputed tomography analysis were used to probe the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on fracture healing. Rat femurs were fractured in accordance with IACUC guidelines. Ultrasound treatment was administered daily to one femur; the contralateral bone was treated with a sham transducer. Each week for 3 weeks healing fractures were harvested and scanned by micro-CT. Remodeling activity was confirmed by evaluation of TRAP activity. Using thresholds of 331–700 and 225–330, area of cortical bone, and new bone formation, respectively, were identified, and by inference, regions of bone resorption. The increased sensitivity of this multithresholding procedure revealed that ultrasound treatment significantly increased the rate of fracture healing in vivo by activating both new bone formation and by increasing the removal of cortical bone in a time- and site-specific manner. At week 1, compared to the proximal side, there was a significant increase in new bone formation distal to the fracture site. Removal of the existing cortical bone followed the same pattern at week 2. Results of the study indicate that at sites of bone turnover, this multithresholding analytical technique can be used to provide quantitative information on bone formation, as well as resorption. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 673–679, 2009
Younger Generations’ Investing Behaviors in MutualFunds: Does Gender Matter?

This study aims to understand younger generations’ investing behaviors in mutual funds in order to help wealth advisors understand how better to work with younger generations. Using survey data, this study reveals that knowledge, experience, and income are important factors that influence younger generations’ investing behaviors in mutual funds. Moreover,gender emerges as the most important factor that differentiates younger generations’ investing behaviors in mutual funds. The findings point out challenges for younger women’s wealth management, as they tend to exhibit fewer investing behaviors in mutual funds than their counterparts do. Consistent with previous research on wealth management among older generations, gender differences have significant implications for wealth advisors. As a result, wealth advisors should help younger women enhance their wealth management and financial future by facilitating their acquisition of necessary financial knowledge and experiences and their involvement with their wealth management. Wealth advisors are also urged to consider helping their clients manage their wealth by being aware of gender-predicted differences in client situations.
Bleomycin-lidocaine mixture reduces pain of intralesional injection in the treatment of recalcitrant verrucae

Intralesional bleomycin has been effective treatment of recalcitrant verrucae since 1970, but one major drawback is the moderate to severe pain associated with the injection. To minimize procedural discomfort, bleomycin can be reconstituted in lidocaine. It is effective, associated with minimal morbidity, and well tolerated by most patients.
Shear Band Initiation of Brittle Damage Materials

Some effects of material degradation on failure mechanisms of brittle damage materials are investigated. Conditions for the localization of deformation within a shear band are established for rate independent damage materials. In contrast with previous work on shear band initiation that relied on plasticity and flow theory formulation, the present study finds it sufficient for the shear band to emerge in the regime of infinitesimal strain for brittle damage materials. Bifurcations from the homogeneous deformation mode in the form of shear bands are captured for loading conditions of plane strain compression and uniaxial compression using conventional continuum damage mechanics formulations. The inclination angle and critical strain for shear band initiation are calculated using well-established mathematical theory. A finite element simulation of shear band initiation for a rectangular mesh deformed in plane strain compression is also presented.
Mechanism of Formation of Actomyosin Interface

Force generation in muscle results from binding of myosin to F-actin. ATP binding to myosin provides energy to dissociate actomyosin complex while the hydrolysis of ATP is needed for re-binding of myosin to F-actin. At the end of each cycle myosin and actin form a tight complex with a substantial interface area. We investigated the dynamics of formation of actomyosin interface in presence and absence of nucleotides by quenched flow cross-linking technique. We showed previously that myosin head (subfragment 1, S1) directly interacts with at least two monomers in the actin filament. The quenched flow cross-linking experiments revealed that the initial contact (in presence or absence of nucleotides) occurs between loop 635-647 of S1 and 1-12 N-terminal residues of one actin and, then, the second contact forms between loop 567-574 of S1 and the N terminus of the second actin. The distance between these two loops in S1 corresponds to the distance between N termini of two actins in the same strand (53 A) but is smaller than that between two actins from the different strands (102 A). The formation of the actomyosin complex proceeds in ordered sequence: S1 initially binds to one actin then binds with the second actin located in the same strand but probably closer to the barbed end of F-actin. The presence of nucleotides slows down the interaction of S1 with the second actin, which correlates with recently proposed cleft movement in a 50 kDa domain of S1. The sequential mechanism of formation of actomyosin interface starting from one end and developing towards the barbed end might be involved in force generation and directional movement in actin-myosin system.
Saturation effects in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) could provide a more useful tool for intracellular studies and biological sample characterization if measurement times could be reduced. While an increase in laser power can enable an autocorrelation function (ACF) with adequate signal-to-noise to be acquired within a shorter measurement time, excitation saturation then leads to distortion of the ACF and systematic errors in the measurement results. An empirical method for achieving reduced systematic errors by employing a fitting function with an additional adjustable parameter has been previously introduced for two-photon FCS. Here we provide a unified physical explanation of excitation saturation effects for the three cases of continuous-wave, pulsed one-photon excitation, and two-photon excitation FCS. When the time between laser pulses is longer than the fluorescence lifetime, the signal rate at which excitation saturation occurs is lower for pulsed excitation than for cw excitation, and due to the disparate timescales of the photophysical processes following excitation, it is lower still for two-photon excitation. We use a single-molecule description of FCS to obtain improved analytical ACF fitting functions for the three cases. The fitting functions more accurately account for saturation effects than those previously employed without the need for an additional empirical parameter. Use of these fitting functions removes systematic errors and enables measurements to be acquired more quickly by use of higher laser powers. Increase of background, triplet photophysics, and the cases of scanning FCS and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy are also discussed. Experimental results acquired with a custom built apparatus are presented.
Effects of Question Periods on a Speaker's Credibility with a Television Audience.

In this study, characteristics of good and bad question periods were determined, and the effects of these and no question period on a speaker's credibility with a television audience were measured. Additionally, the effects of high, low, and no credibility introductions were measured. It was found that both question periods and introductions have a significant effect on a speaker's credibility and that a poor question period performance is particularly damaging to a speaker's reputation.
The Adoption of Persuasive Internet Communication in Advertising and Public Relations Curricula

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the diffusion of Internet communication into the curricula of advertising and public relations programs. While the establishment of any new medium is a process that develops over time, the Internet has taken hold faster than other mass media. This explosion has caused many scholars to ask whether advertising and public relations curricula have kept pace. An online survey administered to a sample of advertising and public relations educators (n=253) explored the perceived attitude, adoption, and innovation attributes associated with persuasive Internet communication. The results indicate that educators have integrated persuasive Internet communication into their curricula, and many have adopted specialized courses in this topic. Compatibility, observability, and trialability predict the rates of adoption.
Amphotericin b and imidazole therapy for coccidioidal meningitis in children

Coccidioidal meningitis is a fatal form of Coccidioides immitis infection. Amphotericin B (AMB) therapy has reduced mortality but is itself toxic, and experience with it in very young children is meager. We are treating six children for coccidioidal meningitis diagnosed at 19 to 74 months of age. All had acute hydrocephalus and ventriculitis. The first four patients were initially treated with AMB but were changed to imidazole therapy (miconazole and ketoconazole). In the last two patients therapy was begun with the imidazoles. Ommaya reservoirs for cisternal therapy have been of limited usefulness. AMB therapy has been limited by local and systemic toxicity and by failure in one case. All children have improved with 15 to 22 mg oral ketoconazole per kg per day and 3 to 5 mg intraventricular miconazole for instillation therapy, including those with noncommunicating hydrocephalus in whom the intraventricular drug does not reach the basilar cisterns. Peak concentrations of ketoconazole in ventricular fluid were 0.08 to 5.6 micrograms/ml. Shunt obstruction and bacterial superinfections have been the major causes of morbidity. Imidazole therapy of coccidioidal meningitis may be more effective than is AMB in young children, and it offers the advantages of fewer side effects and not requiring intrathecal or cisternal administration.
Refrigeration requirements for ice cream freezing.

Abstract The heat removed from an ice cream mix during freezing is a function of several variables with composition predominating. This investigation compared experimental calorimetric results with predicted refrigeration requirements. The predictions were obtained by adding the contributions of sensible heat of mix above the initial freezing point, sensible heat of unfrozen mix portion, latent heat and sensible heat of ice to obtain the total heat. Each of these contributions varied with mix composition. The experimental results were obtained with mix compositions in which the sugar was 100% sucrose, 79% sucrose and 21% corn syrup solids and 50% sucrose and 50% corn syrup solids. Refrigeration requirements increased as corn syrup solids decreased and sucrose increased. Good agreement between predicted and experimental results was obtained. The major contributions to total refrigeration requirement were by sensible heat of unfrozen mix and latent heat for ice frozen at the product temperature.
Deceased donor risk factors influencing liver transplant outcome.

Summary As the pressure for providing liver transplantation to more and more candidates increases, transplant programs have begun to consider deceased donor characteristics that were previously considered unacceptable. With this trend, attention has focused on better defining those donor factors that can impact the outcome of liver transplantation. This review examines deceased donor factors that have been associated with patient or graft survival as well as delayed graft function and other liver transplant results.
Modeling posture-dependent leg actuation in sagittal plane locomotion

The spring loaded inverted pendulum template has been shown to accurately model the steady locomotion dynamics of a variety of running animals, and has served as the inspiration for an entire class of dynamic running robots. While the template models the leg dynamics by an energy-conserving spring, insects and animals have structures that dissipate, store and produce energy during a stance phase. Recent investigations into the spring-like properties of limbs, as well as animal response to drop-step perturbations, suggest that animals use their legs to manage energy storage and dissipation, and that this management is important for gait stability. In this paper, we extend our previous analysis of control of the spring loaded inverted pendulum template via changes in the leg touch-down angle to include energy variations during the stance phase. Energy variations are incorporated through leg actuation that varies the force-free leg length during the stance phase, yet maintains qualitatively correct force and velocity profiles. In contrast to the partially asymptotically stable gaits identified in previous analyses, incorporating energy and leg angle variations in this manner produces complete asymptotic stability. Drop-step perturbation simulations reveal that the control strategy is rather robust, with gaits recovering from drops of up to 30% of the nominal hip height.
Effects of collimation and reconstruction algorithm on noise using low-dose lung cancer screening CT techniques

The effects of collimation and reconstruction algorithm on image noise in CT were investigated using several low dose techniques typical of lung cancer screening protocols. Tube current settings were 10mA, 20mA, 50mA, and 100 mA, all at 120kVp and 0.8 sec rotation time. A homogeneous water phantom was scanned with various mA setting, collimation, and reconstruction algorithm combinations. Noise was measured under each condition and radiation doses for each tube current used were extrapolated from CTDIw values measured at each collimation. Noise values for each mA, collimation, and algorithm combination were compared as a function of radiation dose (CTDIw) and were also compared with the noise and radiation dose values of currently employed lung cancer screening techniques (e.g. 120 kVp, 50 mA, .8 sec, 2.5 mm collimation, bone reconstruction algorithm). The data shows that thinner slices (those < 2.5 mm) at the same mA setting and reconstruction algorithm yield higher noise values and higher radiation dose values than current techniques, as high as nearly 3 times the original CTDIw. In lung cancer screening imaging with CT, moving to thinner slices presents some difficult tradeoffs between dose and noise. Reconstruction algorithm can be used to reduce image noise, but at a price of reduced in-plane spatial resolution, offsetting some of the benefit of using thinner slices to detect smaller lesions.
Journals: Increase Revisions, Not Rejections

In their Report “Flows of research manuscripts among scientific journals reveal hidden submission patterns” (this issue, p. [1065][1]; published online 11 October), V. Calcagno et al. discuss an enlightening and unexpected finding about the path that manuscripts often follow in the publication process. Among other insights, they show that previously rejected manuscripts that are submitted to other journals ultimately receive more citations, once published, than papers in the same journal that were not previously rejected. In light of this result, a feature on this Report in Nature ([ 1 ][2]) quotes physicist Michael Schreiber from the Technical University of Chemnitz in Germany, who suggests that journal editors should reject more manuscripts because that improves their citation count. I argue that editors should do the opposite to improve their own journal's citation impact. According to Calcagno et al. 's findings, rejecting to improve the quality of papers, as suggested by the Nature article ([ 1 ][2]), will not directly benefit the journal that rejects the paper. Journal editors could increase the quality of papers published in their own journals by exacting more rigorous standards for revision without rejecting them. Providing authors more opportunities to revise and resubmit manuscripts following peer review, while being clear to authors that substantial improvement must be made before a final decision is reached, would increase the citation impact of an editor's own journal. 1. [↵][3] 1. P. Ball , Nature News (11 October 2012); 10.1038/nature.2012.11583. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11583 [OpenUrl][4][CrossRef][5] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1227833 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%2BNews%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnature.2012.11583%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nature.2012.11583&link_type=DOI
Engendering Democracy: Domestic Labour and Coalition-Building in South Africa

This article examines aspects of social change in South Africa through an analysis of paid domestic labour after the 1994 inception of a new democracy. Race, class and gender divisions continue to define this social institution as the ‘last bastion of apartheid’. Sharp power asymmetries between women positioned as either domestic workers or employers present distinctive challenges to the accessibility of gender rights that remain central to South Africa's democratisation. Although domestic workers comprise one of the largest sectors of working women, their location in private households poses severe obstacles to formalising this particular labour. In the South African case, domestic work continues to reinforce social constructions of the household as a feminised and racialised space, through the paid labour of black women. While domestic workers face severe marginalisation as a result of continuing social inequalities, women are also actively confronting barriers to democracy in the private employment sph...
The restoration of endodontically treated teeth: an update.

W ith increasing numbers of teeth being retained by endodontic therapy there is a concomitant need for the dentist to have the knowledge and skills to restore them. The restorative method depends on the amount’ of supported coronal tooth structure that remains. If a substantial part of the crown is intact, a conservative approach may be used. If little or no coronal tooth structure remains, provision must be made for creating a core, a synthetic crown preparation such as gold, amalgam, composite, or glass ionomer, over which a crown can be placed. Ideally a post inserted in a preparation within the confines of the root by using the canal as a guide provides optimum support for the core. This post may be supplemented with one or more TMS pins (Whaledent International, New York, N.Y.) to increase retention. However, there are instances when the use of a retentive post may be prohibited by (1) a curve in the root that prevents the placement of a post of adequate length to provide necessary retention, (2) the presence of a silver point that cannot be removed to the desired depth, and (3) the presence of a previous post that cannot be removed. In these instances, if sufficient horizontal root face is present, pins may be used to support the core. If neither a post nor pins can be used, the restorative effort is nullified and extraction is necessary.
Lack of national primary care organization partnerships with community groups to promote health care reform.

Coalitions are necessary for successful political change. Few national primary care provider organizations partner with community, consumer, or labor organizations, and very few do so to promote policy on access to health care. Many of these provider organizations do work on health care access policy issues and do work in partnership with a variety of organizations, suggesting that community–provider partnerships may be a promising but overlooked strategy for promoting health care reform.
Investigating the moderating role of sport service type and personality on audiences' emotional responses to hedonic vs. cognitive advertisements

Although advertising theorists have suggested that for maximum effectiveness the type of message appeal needs to match the type of service offered (i.e., a rational advertisement message appeal is more effective for a utilitarian service; an emotional advertisement message approach is suitable for a hedonic service), empirical inquiry in the area of advertising for services has produced contradictory evidence. After considering the limitations of previous research, this study utilized a series of mixed experimental designs to examine the moderating role of the type of sport service and personality trait (i.e., sensation seeking) on the relationship between the type of advertisement message and the consumers' emotional responses. The mixed measures ANCOVA results revealed that sensation seeking fails to show a moderating effect between the type of message appeal and participants' emotional responses. However, sport service type moderates the effect of the advertising message on the participants' emotional ...
Fate of sulfadimethoxine in the lobster, Homarus americanus

Abstract Between 4 and 336 h after intrapericardial administration of 14C-sulfadimethoxine in the lobster (Homarus americanus) the percentage of the dose in the hemolymph declined from about 24% to 2%, while the percentage dose in the hepatopancreas remained relatively constant at 3–4%. To determine the metabolism of sulfadimethoxine, samples of hemolymph and hepatopancreas were extracted with solvents at 4, 48 and 336 h after dosing and the fraction of radioactivity as parent compound and metabolites was determined by TLC. Hemolymph and hepatopancreas contained both sulfadimethoxine and polar metabolites, with N-acetyl sulfadimethoxine as only a minor component. Over time the percentage of unmetabolized drug in the hepatopancreas decreased and polar metabolites increased, while percent metabolites in the hemolymph remained relatively constant. In contrast to mammalian species, the lobster formed many metabolites of sulfadimethoxine, which were slowly eliminated.
Infantile clivus chordoma without clivus involvement: case report and review of the literature

We present a giant clival chordoma with disseminated disease but without involvement of the clivus. To our knowledge, this is the youngest child and only the second case, presenting without base of skull involvement, in paediatric literature and the fourth reported case of a chordoma in a patient with tuberous sclerosis. We discuss the subtle presentation, difficulties in diagnosis and management and also review the literature.
Transpiration drying of porous hygroscopic materials

Abstract The phenomenon of transpiration drying of porous hygroscopic bodies has been investigated, both experimentally and theoretically, to understand the process of heat and mass transfer involved in the drying. The experiments consist of measuring the drying rates of thin sheets of paper dried by passing dry air through the sheets. The time history of drying was measured, under different air flow conditions and for different paper thicknesses, by a gravimetric method. The drying rates were deduced from these data and correlated against flow variables. Characteristic constant and falling drying rates were observed. A two region theoretical analysis of the problem is made. In the first phase, a bulk analysis of the constant drying regime is worked out. This analysis provides a means of properly defining the heat- and mass-transfer coefficients. The analysis is extended to include a specific internal evaporative mechanism within the fibrous body. Analytical and numerical solutions in the form of an evaporative coefficient have been obtained. In the second phase of the analysis, the falling drying rate regime is accounted for by the fact that the vapor pressure inside the body decreases with decreasing moisture content. A numerical solution to the transient mass-energy equation is obtained (incorporating the effects of solid matrix conduction and fiber shrinkage) to predict the drying rate as a function of time. The results agree well with observed data. Based on the analytical and experimental results correlations are given to predict the time to dry from a given initial moisture content to a specific final moisture content.
African lithospheric structure, volcanism, and topography

In Africa volumetrically minor, mid-plate volcanic rocks of Cenozoic age are concentrated in areas affected by Pan-African (500 ± 150Ma) crustal reactivation, and are virtually absent from cratonic ares. We interpret this as indicating that Pan-African areas are underlain by fertile lithospheric mantle and cratons by depleted lithospheric mantle, and propose a model to explain both the distribution of volcanism and the two kinds of African mantle lithosphere: (1) Cratons were formed by the assembly of collided island arcs, and for this reason are underlain by depleted, sub-oceanic-type mantle lithosphere. (2) Comparable depleted mantle lithosphere has been delaminated from beneath areas thickened during Tibetan-style continental collision (especially in Pan-African times) and replaced by fertile material which now forms the lithospheric mantle below the Pan-African reactivated crust. (3) When the African plate came to rest with respect to sub-lithospheric mantle circulation patterns at about 30 Ma, heating from below extracted magmas from the fertile but not from the depleted mantle lithosphere. (4) As a result of interaction with an underlying convective pattern for the last 30 Ma, Pan-African reactivated areas display both Neogene elevations and volcanism but cratonic areas display only elevations.