cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Transmission Electron Microscope Study of the Chalcocite–Djurleite Transformation in Topotactically Grown Thin Films of CuxS

A study is made of both the phases present in, and the microstructural features of, CuxS films grown topotactically on the (1120) face of a CdS single crystal using the solid state reaction. The as-grown film is lower chalcosite but djurleite forms during oxidation at room temperature. Eventually it replaces all the lower chalcosite in the region of the CuxS layer not supported by CdS. However, where the CuxS layer is in direct contact with CdS, it consists of djurleite and lower chalcosite even after 1400 h at 20 °C. Sowohl die Phasen als auch die Mikrostruktur von CuxS-Schichten werden untersucht, die topotaktisch auf der (1120)-Flache von CdS-Einkristallen wahrend der Festkorperreaktion wachsen. Die ursprunglich gewachsene Schicht ist niedriges Chalkosit, jedoch bildet sich Djurleitit wahrend der Oxidation bei Raumtemperatur. Eventuell ersetzt es alles niedrige Chalkosit im Bereich der CuxS-Schicht, die nicht von CdS getragen wird. Wenn jedoch die CuxS-Schicht im direkten Kontakt mit CdS ist, besteht sie aus Djurleitit und niedrigem Chalkosit selbst nach 1400 h bei 20 °C.
Posterior urethral valves.

During the past decade some urologists and radiologists have doubted the existence o posterior urethral valves. It has been suggested that the primary lesion in patients thought to have urethral valves is bladder neck obstruction. During the past seven years we have seen an average of three new cases of posterior urethral valves per annum. In all cases the valves themselves, not the bladder neck, obstructed the urethra. The urologist may miss valves at urethroscopy, but use of the new fibreoptic endoscope has improved his chances of seeing them. Posterior urethral valves may not be demonstrated radiologically if the radiologist does not use a rapid recording device or if the patient does not micturate forcefully during micturating cystourethrography. Failure to detect the valves may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of bladder neck obstruction.
Distribution and partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different size fractions in sediments from Boston Harbor, United States.

The concentrations of 16 US EPA priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in four size fractions ( 250 μm) in three contaminated Boston Harbor sediments. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 7.3 to 358 μg/g dry wt. and varied largely among the different size fractions in these sediments. For all three sites, the highest PAH concentrations were associated with the large size (>250 μm) fractions while the fine silt and clay fractions (<62 μm) contained relatively low PAHs. Despite the great concentration differences, the composition of PAHs in the four size fractions of these sediments showed similar patterns dominated by PAHs with three or more rings. By examining the distribution patterns of selected alkyl homologs to parent compounds, the results indicate that the major PAHs contributing to the high contamination in the inner harbor sediments were from pyrogenic sources. A positive correlation between PAHs and sedimentary organic carbon exists for all size fractions in the sediments. Calculated organic carbon normalized partition coefficients (logKoc) for selected major PAHs indicate near-equilibrium partitioning of PAHs among the different size fractions despite their large concentration variations. Sedimentary organic matter associated with different size fractions was the controlling factor for the observed distribution differences of PAHs among the size fractions. Our results also suggest that sedimentary organic matter with different origins and maturities may have somewhat different PAH sorption characteristics. Particulate organic matter of charcoal, plant detritus and Capitella fecal pellets in the sediments appear to sorb PAHs more strongly than organic matter associated with clay minerals. The strong association of PAHs with these organic particles in sediments will have a great influence not only on their distribution but also on long-term environmental impact.
Kinetics of the Early Hydration of Tricalcium Aluminate in Solutions Containing Calcium Sulfate

The rates of reaction of 3CaO. Al2O3, in sulfate-containing solutions of three compositions were investigated. It was observed that the rates of calcium and sulfate uptake decreased with increasing calcium hydroxide concentration. In a further experiment using a calcium sulfate solution, which also contained NaOH, it was established that the kinetics of calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate formation are strongly dependent on the hydroxyl ion concentration. The rate of sulfate ion consumption per unit surface area of 3CaO·Al2O3 was observed to be constant during the period in which a calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate is a reaction product. The ratio of calcium-to-sulfate ions consumed in the hydration reactions investigated exceeded unity suggesting the formation of 4CaO·Al2O3·nH2O in addition to ettringite.
Excess Radiation from the Large Planets

An alternative model is proposed for the excess radiation emitted by the larger planets, each with a liquid metallic hydrogen annular domain about a central core of ice and rocks. This model is based on the mutual attraction between elements of an aggregate of charged bosons in a charge-neutralizing background, in equilibrium at very high pressure, and the property that spin-1 deuterons are bosons. Assuming valid parameters for Jupiter, it is derived that the deuteron density in Saturn is approximately equal to that in Jupiter and that particles emitted in reactions in the liquid metal domain are thermalized in the liquid hydrogen domain, resulting in infrared radiation, in accord with observed values. With corroborating properties of Neptune, it is proposed that this planet likewise contains a spherical shell of liquid metallic hydrogen outside and close to its rocky core. Whereas data are insufficient to support degenerate fusion, the known magnetic moment of Neptune is found to be consistent with positive charge components rotating in the frame of the liquid metallic hydrogen fluid with current density ≈8.4 × 10-6 A m-2. It is proposed that the related coupling between current and magnetic field is supported by a dynamo effect. A brief description is included describing the influence of convective storms in the large planets.
Xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase in Leishmania: divalent cation activation.

. Xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XPRTase; EC 2.4.4.22) was found in the promastigotes of four species of Leishmania (L. mexicana, L. donovani, L. braziliensis and L. tarentolae). In no case was there any transribosylation from 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRibPP), forming XMP, in dialyzed preparations, unless activated by a divalent cation. Magnesium and zinc were very low in activation efficiency in all cases, while manganese was optimally efficient. Cobalt was essentially equal to manganese for activation of the enzyme from L. mexicana and L. braziliensis but much less efficient for the enzyme from L. donovani and L. tarentolae. Gel filtration profiles of cell extracts of L. mexicana on Sephadex G-200 indicated that the enzymes catalyzing the transribosylation from PRibPP to guanine. hypoxanthine, and xanthine were inseparable. All were eluted near the void volume. The enzyme for adenine transribosylation was clearly separate. When cell extracts of L. mexicana were applied to Sephadex G-100 columns, the activity toward XMP formation from xanthine eluted with the void volume, together with a portion of that for the formation of GMP and IMP from guanine and hypoxanthine. A second peak of HGPRTase (EC 2.4.2.8) eluted somewhat later and was devoid of XPRTase activity. XPRTase from promastigotes of L. mexicana is heat labile, has rather a broad pH optima, and is stable to freezing when protected by nonspecific cell protein (40,000 g supernate as opposed to 100.000 g supernates).
Multiplexed digital mRNA profiling of the inflammatory response in the West Nile Swiss Webster mouse model.

Background and purpose The ability to track changes in gene expression following viral infection is paramount to understanding viral pathogenesis. This study was undertaken to evaluate the nCounter, a high throughput digital gene expression system, as a means to better understand West Nile virus (WNV) dissemination and the inflammatory response against WNV in the outbred Swiss Webster (SW) mouse model over the course of infection. Methodology The nCounter Mouse Inflammation gene expression kit containing 179 inflammation related genes was used to analyze gene expression changes in multiple tissues over a nine day course of infection in SW mice following intraperitoneal injection with WNV. Protein expression levels for a subset of these cytokine/chemokine genes were determined using a multiplex protein detection system (BioPlex) and comparisons of protein/RNA expression levels made. Results Expression analysis of spleen, lung, liver, kidney and brain of SW mice infected with WNV revealed that Cxcl10 and Il12b are differentially expressed in all tissues tested except kidney. Data stratification of positively confirmed infected (WNV (+)) versus non-infected (WNV (−) tissues allowed differentiation of the systemic inflammatory gene response from tissue-specific responses arising from WNV infection. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in C3ar1 was found in WNV (−) spleen. Il23a was significantly upregulated, while Il10rb was down-regulated in WNV (−) lung. Il3 and Mbl2 were down-regulated in WNV (−) liver. In WNV (+) livers, Stat1, Tlr2, chemokines Cxcl1, Cxcl3, Cxcl9, Cxcl10, cytokines Il6, Il18, cytokine-related gene Il1r and cytokine agonist Ilrn were significantly upregulated. In WNV (−) brain tissues, Csf2 and Cxcl10 were significantly upregulated. Similar gene and protein expression kinetics were found for Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4 and Ccl5 and correlated with the presence of infectious virus. In summary, the utility of the nCounter platform for rapid identification of gene expression changes in SW mice associated with WNV infection was demonstrated.
Zenith p-branch standard fenestrated endovascular graft for juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Objective This article reports the early clinical outcomes and experiences of Zenith pivot branch device (p-branch) standard fenestrated endovascular graft (Cook, Bloomington, Ind) for treating juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) originating below the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Methods A physician-sponsored investigational device exemption study was used to assess enrolled elective and emergency patients from August 2011 to September 2012 for treatment with an off-the-shelf Zenith p-branch device. Patients were included provided an anatomic seal could be established 4 mm below the SMA and the renal geometry fit the protocol based on reconstructed computed tomography data. The celiac artery was addressed with a scallop and the SMA with an 8-mm fenestration. The renal fenestrations were constructed as a modified design to allow a range of renal locations (7.5 mm radially from the center of the fenestration) to be acceptably treated with a single configuration. Two anatomic configurations were created for renal arteries (origins at the same level, or disparate renal arteries with left lower than right). Outcomes are reported in coherence with endovascular reporting standards documents. Results The study enrolled 16 patients (94% men; median age, 75 years [range, 59-87 years]) with a mean aneurysm size of 61 mm (range, 52-82 mm). Two were treated for aneurysm rupture. Technical success was achieved in all patients. The median fluoroscopy time was 62 minutes (range, 38-105 minutes), and the amount of contrast media was 69 mL (range, 31-121 mL). There were no aortic-related deaths, aneurysm ruptures, open surgical conversion, or type I/III endoleaks. One right renal artery occluded during follow-up in the setting of a conically shaped visceral aortic segment and was successfully treated with endovascular recanalization. Conclusions The use of the p-branch device for aneurysms originating infra-SMA is associated with a high rate of technical success and minimal problems during the short follow-up duration. The off-the-shelf design allows for the treatment of ruptures and other urgent situations. Additional patients and more follow-up will be required to further define the risks and benefits of such a treatment strategy.
Electromagnetic scattering from isotropic spherical particles calculated by two trigonometric expansions of the mie angular functions

Abstract Calculation of electromagnetic scattering from isotropic spherical particles of size comparable to the wavelength involves summation of many terms, each the product of an angular function and a coefficient, an or bn, which is a function of the size and refractive index of the particle. The classical formulation is in terms of the Mie angular functions, Hn(cos θ), Tn(cos θ), involving derivatives of Legendre polynomials. They have also been transformed to series in increasing orders of Legendre polynomials to express the total scattered light. We had found a cosine power series expansion, and have now developed two new formulations, involving only sines and cosines as angular functions, which give the intensity functions for the separate polarized components of the scattered light: i 1 = ∣ −i ∑ v=1,2 ∞ (A v sin vθ sinθ + vB v cos vθ) ∣ 2 , i 2 = ∣ i ∑ v=1,2 ∞ (vA v cos vθ + B v sin vθ sinθ ) ∣ 2 , and i −1 = ∣ −i ∑ v=0,1 ∞ α v cos vθ ∣ 2 , i 2 = ∣ i ∑ v=0,1 ∞ β v cos vθ ∣ 2 The range in ν is the range in order, n, of the classical Mie angular functions. Both methods require initial calculation, from the classical Mie an's and bn's, of the new coefficients Aν, Bν or αν, βν. The series are considerably simpler than those in Legendre polynomials, and are suitable for rapid computer calculation. They yield as complete information about the state of polarization of the scattered light as the classical formulation, and have the advantage of convenience in analytical studies of single and multiple scattering.
The Integral Inner Nuclear Membrane Protein MAN1 Physically Interacts with the R-Smad Proteins to Repress Signaling by the Transforming Growth Factor-β Superfamily of Cytokines

Smad proteins are critical intracellular mediators of the transforming growth factor-β, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), and activin signaling. Upon ligand binding, the receptor-associated R-Smads are phosphorylated by the active type I receptor serine/threonine kinases. The phosphorylated R-Smads then form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, translocate into the nucleus, and interact with various transcription factors to regulate the expression of downstream genes. Interaction of Smad proteins with cellular partners in the cytoplasm and nucleus is a critical mechanism by which the activities and expression of the Smad proteins are modulated. Here we report a novel step of regulation of the R-Smad function at the inner nuclear membrane through a physical interaction between the integral inner nuclear membrane protein MAN1 and R-Smads. MAN1, through the RNA recognition motif, associates with R-Smads but not Smad4 at the inner nuclear membrane in a ligand-independent manner. Overexpression of MAN1 results in inhibition of R-Smad phosphorylation, heterodimerization with Smad4 and nuclear translocation, and repression of transcriptional activation of the TGFβ, BMP2, and activin-responsive promoters. This repression of TGFβ, BMP2, and activin signaling is dependent on the MAN1-Smad interaction because a point mutation that disrupts this interaction abolishes the transcriptional repression by MAN1. Thus, MAN1 represents a new class of R-Smad regulators and defines a previously unrecognized regulatory step at the nuclear periphery.
Sirtuins in Aging and Disease

Sirtuin genes function as anti-aging genes in yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila. The NAD requirement for sirtuin function indicates a link between aging and metabolism, and a boost in sirtuin activity may in part explain how calorie restriction extends life span. In mammals, one of the substrates of the SIR2 ortholog, SIRT1, is a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, PGC-1alpha. Indeed, the putative SIRT1 activator resveratrol has been shown to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and deliver health benefits in treated mice. I explore here how mitochondrial biogenesis may have beneficial effects on aging and, perhaps, diseases of aging. In particular, I speculate that SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis may reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, a possible cause of aging, and offer two possible mechanisms for this effect. An understanding of how calorie restriction works may lead to novel drugs to combat diseases of aging.
Chronic nicotine and locomotor activity: influences of exposure dose and test dose.

Repeated exposure to nicotine increases both the number of central nicotinic receptors and the behavioral stimulant effect of nicotine. In the present experiments, the behavioral response to nicotine was examined in photocell activity cages. Groups of rats were tested using doses from 0.1 to 1.6 mg/kg both before and after all rats were exposed for 5 days to a common dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day. Prior to the 5-day exposure, there was a dose-related stimulant response to nicotine, with a maximum response seen at 0.4 mg/kg. After the 5-day exposure, the dose-effect curve was shifted upward, so that greater stimulation was produced at each test dose of nicotine.
Dislocation motion-induced strain in nanocrystalline materials: Overlooked considerations

The amount of plastic strain caused by the motion of a single dislocation across an individual nanosize grain is drastically higher than the amount recorded for larger grain sizes. As a result, in nanocrystalline materials, only a small number of dislocations would need to move within each individual grain in order to accommodate the plastic strain on the entire sample. This observation leads to a quantitative criterion for determining if observed dislocation activity is sufficient to accommodate realistic applied plastic strains. This new criterion is directly applicable to the interpretation of in situ TEM experiments and computational molecular dynamics simulations.
240 RECOMBINANT BOVINE TRYPSIN MADE IN MAIZE INACTIVATES BOVINE HERPES VIRUS-1 ADSORBED TO THE BOVINE ZONA PELLUCIDA

For embryo culture, it is often desirable to use media that are devoid of animal products. One problem is that the trypsin required for treatment of embryos for export is an animal product. Therefore, we studied the efficacy of recombinant trypsin produced from the bovine gene in maize (TrypzeanTM, Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St Louis, MO, USA) for inactivating bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1), initially without ova present. We found that 525 U mL−1 Trypzean is equivalent in efficacy to the standard 0.25% bovine trypsin treatment. Active virus was titrated on MDBK cells using a standard plaque assay. Next, ova recovered from superovulated cows were incubated for 45 min with BHV-1-infected cells for virus adsorption to the zona pellucida. Both unfertilized ova (n = 26) and embryos (n = 22) were allotted to 4 treatments: (1) control, not exposed to virus; (2) exposed to virus and then washed 10×; (3) treatment 2 plus trypsin treatment as recommended in the IETS Manual; and (4) treatment 2 plus 525 U Trypzean mL−1 and 1 mM EDTA substituted for the 4th and 5th washes of 1 min each; the 6th wash of 10 washes was with soybean trypsin inhibitor at 80 µg mL−1 (Sigma). The chemically defined medium used for handling ova was Syngro® (AB Technology, Pullman, WA, USA), except that trypsin and inhibitor were made up in Hank's balanced salt solution with 0.2% polyvinyl alcohol, but without Ca2+ or Mg2+. Ova were stored in 0.5 mL at −80°C until sonication and inoculation onto MDBK cells in duplicate undiluted and at 0.1× dilution. The virus was allowed to adsorb for 45 min, and then overlaid with MEM containing 0.5% agarose, 5% FBS, and antibiotics. Two days later an identical overlay was added, but containing 0.005% neutral red; plaques were counted the following day. Unfertilized ova and embryos led to similar results, which are pooled. No virus was detected in the 5 control ova not exposed to virus. As has been shown by others, BHV-1 remained adhered to zonae even after 10 washes (Table 1). In contrast, treatment with Trypzean or the IETS trypsin protocols reduced this to near zero. We thus confirm that trypsin treatment is effective in inactivating BHV-1 adhered to bovine zonae pellucidae, whether trypsin is derived from animals or genetically engineered plants. We have found that Trypzean is more efficacious than some ‘trypsin-like’ enzymes for this purpose. Table 1.Mean plaque-forming units (pfu) per ovum incubated with virus (2 replicates per ovum pooled)
Systemic Contact Dermatitis: Current Challenges and Emerging Treatments

Systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) is poorly understood, and its very existence has even been questioned. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an immune-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity (type-IV) reaction, usually manifesting itself as a visible and symptomatic inflammation of the skin. The majority of patients diagnosed with ACD improve clinically with allergen avoidance. The mainstay of avoidance for most allergens is the prevention of skin contact through discontinuation of products that contain the allergen(s), the selection of alternatives from “safe lists,” and counseling patients on environmental sources of allergens. While ACD affects a large percentage of the population, relatively few patients have been documented as having had a significant contribution to their allergic state by allergen exposure through sources other than by cutaneous contact. SCD is defined as provocation or exacerbation of dermatitis by non-cutaneous exposure to an allergen in a patient who is already cutaneously sensitized. Exposure routes in SCD are varied, with the most common and frequently documented being oral exposure. Diet may be an important source of exposure to contact allergens in some patients with ACD, and low-allergen diets have been developed for some common allergens, such as nickel, cobalt, and Balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae). When contact avoidance and dietary restriction of allergen fail, escalation from topical treatments to systemic immune-suppressants may be necessary. Emerging therapies such as nickel oral hypo-sensitization may be beneficial in the future.
BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF DIPLOCOCCUS INTRACELLULARIS AND GONOCOCCUS

The most marked differences, exclusive of pathogenic effects in man, between gonococcus and Diplococcus intracellulans are cultural ones, and consist chiefly in abundance of growth and choice of medium. Relatively larger doses of gonococci than of diplococci are required to kill young guinea-pigs, but the lesions are very similar in the two cases, and both organisms lose pathogenic power rapidly when cultivated artificially. Agglutinins, aggressins, protective power, and the amboceptors developed in the serum of immunized animals seem to be largely common to both diplococcus and gonococcus. Neither other Gram negative cocci nor Streptococcus pyogenes have any receptors in common with intracellularis and gonococcus.
Elderly health beliefs, attitudes, and maintenance

Abstract Background. Why older persons engage in varying amounts of health maintenance activity is becoming both an increasingly important policy issue and a topic of interest to health services researchers. Such activity may help the elderly to delay the onset of the health—related problems associated with aging, maintain if not improve their functional abilities, and perhaps improve their quality of life. Methods. Using a conceptual model largely based upon the health belief model, this study sought to examine predictors of variability of health maintenance activity among older persons. The project included cross-sectional data drawn from the first phase of a multiyear panel study of elderly community residents. Results. Results of ordinary least-squares and logistic regression analyses of seven types of health maintenance activity suggest that health beliefs are an important consideration but that other variables, namely, type of insurance plan and select sociodemographic factors, also had significant impacts. Another consistent finding was that each of the types of health maintenance activity was associated with different types of predictor variables. Conclusion. These findings suggest that in order for levels of health maintenance activity to be increased, intervention programs need to be targeted toward specific types of health beliefs and need to take into account the importance of social differences.
Oscillations in crystallite shape during heating in hydrogen of model iron/alumina catalysts

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy is used to bring evidence for an alternation in the shape of iron crystallites supported on planar, nonporous, alumina substrates, when the specimens were heated, at 400 °C, in hydrogen contaminated with traces of oxygen (less than 1 ppm) and/or moisture. The crystallites alternated between a torus which encloses a cavity and a shape in which an annular gap separates the torus from a core in the cavity. Electron diffraction indicated that this is accompanied by a corresponding alternation in the chemical state of the catalyst. The torus with an enclosed cavity corresponds to an oxidized state, in which iron oxides, resulting on oxidation by the contaminant oxygen, form solid solutions in alumina, with the tendency to approach the aluminates FeAl2O4 and/or Al2Fe2O6. The torus containing a core in the cavity corresponds to a less-oxidized state, in which a part of the previously dissolved oxide diffuses out to be (at least partially) reduced by hydrogen to the metal and/or to a lower oxide (including possibly nonstoichiometric oxides). After prolonged heating, the two alternating shapes become less distinct, probably because of mechanical fatigue which eventually leads to a breakup of the crystallites. Similar behavior is observed at temperatures up to 600 °C, though with diminished sharpness of the two alternating shapes above 500 °C. An attempt is made to explain the shape alternation on the basis of surface phenomena resulting from the physical and chemical interactions between gas, crystallite, and substrate.
Displaced Basal Coronoid Fracture and Fixation in a 7 Year Old: A Case Report and Review of the Literature*

We present the delayed presentation, treatment, and outcome of a 7 year old male with a rare paediatric displaced basal coronoid fracture.
Weaving Seamless Webs

On a hot sleepy summer day an old truck rattles along a dusty road. A turnip falls off the truck, the truck does not stop. Perhaps the old man who drives the truck does not know that the turnip fell off, or perhaps he does not care. He values his time or his ease more than he values the turnip. We, who know not only that turnips are nourishing but that many people go hungry, may say that the man ought to have stopped to pick up the turnip. According to the prevailing view, the turnip fell off the truck regardless of whether anyone knows that it fell off. According to the prevailing view, turnips are nourishing regardless of whether anyone knows that they are nourishing; but that turnips are nourishing is a fact relative to us. Strictly speaking, turnips are nourishing for omnivores. According to the prevailing view, these hard facts (absolute and relative) are to be distinguished from values, i.e. really valuings. Turnips have value only if human beings value them, only if they choose to eat them or to feed them to their domestic animals; the man's not caring is wrong only if we care about people going hungry. All this is vague, it is a mere gesturing in the direction of the fact/value distinction, or the science/morality distinction, or the description/prescription distinction. It is not necessary for me to be clearer than this, for my aim in this paper is to defend the view that nonmoral facts and moral facts are so intimately interwoven that the distinctions alluded to will bear hardly any philosophical weight at all; in particular, they will not support moral scepticism.
Compositional inhomogeneities in a single Icelandic tholeiite flow

New trace element analyses of 25 basalt samples from a vertical traverse in an 11 m thick flow of Icelandic tholeiite show compositional differences which exceed analytical uncertainties and are random with respect to height. These variations suggest a short-range segregation model in which the amounts of phenocrysts, groundmass materials, and residual liquid vary randomly in different samples of the flow; a least-squares method is applied to determine if these variations reflect different proportions of crystallizing phases and residual liquid. Monte Carlo computations indicate that short-range segregation results in inhomogeneity of a magnitude of interflow compositional differences; this causes incoherence in elements with different geochemical behaviors while preserving coherence in elements of similar behavior.
Determining kinetic constants of chlorinated ethane metabolism in the rat from rates of exhalation

The kinetic constants of chemical metabolism are used to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) models which predict the time course distribution of volatile chemicals in mammalian systems. Gas uptake techniques have proved useful in determining kinetic constants for a variety of volatile compounds including the following chloroethanes: ethyl chloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Unfortunately, low vapor pressure materials and those exhibiting increasing blood and tissue solubilities could not be examined by gas uptake methods. An alternative gas phase method was developed in which rats were first exposed by constant concentration inhalation for 6 hr and then placed in 2.5-liter exhaled breath chambers with fresh air flow and chamber effluent was serially analyzed for test chemical. The resulting elimination behavior was extremely sensitive to metabolism, and kinetic constants for chemical metabolism were estimated by simulation with a PB-PK model containing equations that accurately described the experimental conditions. Optimized maximum metabolic rates (Vmax) were determined for 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane, and hexachloroethane with resulting values of 7.69, 6.39, 12.9, 9.71, and 1.97 mg/kg/hr, respectively. With several of these test chemicals the PB-PK modeling identified fur adsorption of chemical as significantly contributing to the exhalation chamber concentration time course after whole body exposure.
Redwood/tanoak stand development and response to tanoak mortality caused by Phytophthora ramorum

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) form mixed-evergreen forests along the northern California coast. In the mid-1990s, an introduced pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) began causing extensive mortality of tanoak in these forests. This research reconstructed stand development patterns occurring in stands with and without the pathogen, measured stand responses to tanoak mortality, and developed projections of future stand development and structure in the presence of P. ramorum. Redwood forms an upper canopy layer while tanoak forms a multicohort lower canopy, resulting in distinct vertical stratification patterns. Individual redwood tree response patterns to tanoak mortality included crown expansion, increased basal sprouting, and increased basal area growth. Future stand structures will likely have greater proportions of redwood relative to tanoak.
The effect of chronic ingestion of lead on gastrointestinal transit in rats

GI symptoms such as constipation and abdominal colic are signs of lead poisoning in man, but mechanisms of these effects have not been elucidated. To evaluate GI transit, male Wistar rats were dosed with 1% lead or 0.7% sodium acetate in their diet (AIN-76A). After 7 weeks, lead-treated animals exhibited decreased hematocrit, increased 24-hr urinary excretion of delta-ALA, increased kidney/body weight ratio, and decreased body weight. Blood-lead concentrations were elevated to 196 +/- 57 micrograms/dl. Lead treatment, however, did not result in change in GI transit of a nonabsorbable marker, 51Cr, 15 min or 6 hr after po administration. There was also no change in fecal percentage water content. Since in control animals the semipurified diet AIN-76A markedly decreased fecal excretion rate of 51Cr compared to a cereal-based diet, NIH-07, the latter was used in subsequent experiments. Rats fed 2 or 4% lead acetate in NIH-07 for 8 weeks exhibited renal and hematologic toxicity as in the initial experiment. Weight gain was impaired in the 4% group compared to pair-fed controls. No significant differences were observed in the 1-hr gastric emptying or the fecal excretion of 51Cr in the 2 or 4% lead-treated animals, although there was a trend for slower transit in rats receiving the higher dose. These observations indicate that concentrations of lead sufficient to induce renal and hematologic toxicity in rats do not substantially affect GI transit.
Effect on cardiac myosin of diverse methods of preparation.

1. 1. Myosin was extracted from dog hearts and isolated by three methods which utilize ammonium sulfate fractionation and by two modifications of SZENT-GYORGYI'S dilution-precipitation method. 2. 2. The molecular weight of the myosin was determined by the YPHANTIS meniscus-depletion equilibrium method. 3. 3. Velocity sedimentation of the myosin using schlieren optics never revealed aggregation. Calculation of the molecular weight by the YPHANTIS method, however, revealed that several myosin samples were disperse. There is some evidence that dispersity may be avoided by using a method which includes a final high speed centrifugation. 4. 4. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.025) was demonstrated between the mean molecular weight, 4.76·105, of myosin prepared by MUELLER'S modification of SZENT-GYORGYI'S method and the mean molecular weight, 5.37·105, of the myosin prepared by all the methods which utilized ammonium sulfate fractionation. 5. 5. The best estimate of the molecular weight of myosin is 4.76·105. 6. 6. The calcium-activated ATPase activity was unaffected by the method of preparation.
Differences in postprandial lipemia between patients with normal glucose tolerance and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

In this paper we have compared the postprandial increase in triglyceride (TG) rich lipoproteins of intestinal origin in 10 patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 10 subjects with normal glucose tolerance. The two groups were matched for age, sex distribution, body mass index, and plasma TG concentration. Breakfast was consumed at 0800 h and lunch at 1200 h, at which time vitamin A was also administered. Blood was sampled frequently from 1200 h to 2400 h, and measurements made of glucose, insulin, and TG concentrations. Furthermore, the retinyl palmitate (RP) content of plasma, the Sf > 400 lipoprotein fraction, and the Sf 20-400 lipoprotein fraction was also determined, and differences compared by two-way analysis of variance. Fasting and postprandial (from 1200 h to 2400 h) TG concentrations in the plasma and the two lipoprotein fractions were not significantly different in normal subjects and patients with NIDDM. In addition, the postprandial RP concentration of the two groups ...
Energy diffusion equation for an electron gas interacting with polar optical phonons: Non-parabolic case

Abstract A novel method previously presented to explicitly solve the Boltzmann equation for highly energetic electrons interacting with polar optical phonons is improved in order to take into account the non-parabolicity of the conduction band. For the case of field free spatial diffusion, the carrier velocity is compared with Monte Carlo simulations. For GaAs the agreement between the analytical and the numerical method is quite good at 77 and 300 K. Also, the results derived for a parabolic band structure show a strong overestimation of the carrier velocity.
Subclavian artery compression from a chest tube after thoracotomy in a premature infant

A premature baby underwent thoracotomy for repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, during which time a right chest tube was placed. In the immediate postoperative period, right subclavian artery occlusion was recognized and relieved by partial withdrawal of the chest tube, which had migrated high into the apex of the right hemithorax.
Copper deficiency and cholesterol metabolism in the rat

The influence of copper deficiency on both 3H incorporation into plasma and liver lipids following [3H]mevalonate injection, and the excretion of biliary steroids from cannulated bile ducts was examined in the rat in two separate experiments. Copper-deficient rats exhibited a significant hypercholesterolemia (129% increase, P < 0.001) at 181 days. Four hours after [3H]mevalonate injection, 3H incorporation into plasma free and esterified cholesterol was elevated 162% (P < 0.005) and 80% (P < 0.025), respectively, and 3H incorporation into liver total lipids and cholesterol esters was depressed 18% (P < 0.04) and 43% (P < 0.005, respectively, in copper-deficient rats. Hepatic copper concentration of deficient rats showed a significant negative correlation with 3H incorporation into plasma cholesterol (r= −0.83, P < 0.02) and cholesterol ester (r = −0.70, P < 0.08). Total hepatic cholesterol remained unchanged by deficiency despite the significant increase in total plasma cholesterol burden of copper deficient rats (82%, P < 0.001). Copper deficiency failed to impair biliary steroid excretion. The 56% (P < 0.001) increase in bile acid excretion in the first 8 hours was paralleled by the 62% (P < 0.005) increase in plasma cholesterol concentration of deficient rats. The observations suggest a more rapid synthesis and clearance of cholesterol to the plasma pool, with this cholesterol being unavailable for excretion as biliary steroids, in copper-deficient rats.
Bystander intervention in computer-mediated communication

‘Chat groups’ were observed to demonstrate that the theoretical framework proposed in Latane and Darley's theory of bystander intervention (Latane & Darley, 1970; The unresponsive bystander: why doesn't he help? New York, NY: Appleton-Centruy Crofts) can also be utilized to explain and predict intervention in computer-mediated communication. Specific hypotheses focused on the relations between the amount of time it took a bystander to give assistance with the gender of the individual seeking help, the number of bystanders present, and whether help was asked for by specifying a bystander's name. Results showed that gender had no significant effect on response time. Additionally, as the number of people present in a computer-mediated chat group increased, it took longer for an individual to receive help. Finally, the bystander effect was virtually eliminated and help was received much more quickly when help was asked for by specifying a bystander's name.
CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT IN NICOTIANA TABACUM ‘MARYLAND MAMMOTH’

A B S T R A a T The development of chloroplasts in light-grown and in previously etiolated tissues of tobacco has been studied. A single membrane-bound body is found in the developing plastids of both light- and dark-grown tissue. The contents of the body appear homogeneous, becoming progressively granular as the chloroplast develops. In the mature chloroplast the body contains a fibrillar network resembling strands shown to be DNA by other workers. The prolamellar body persists even in moderately well developed chloroplasts in light-grown plants. Frequently the prolamellar body is connected to the membrane-bound body as well as to the grana. Relatively mature chloroplasts are seen to divide in this tissue. The membrane-bound body may have a role in the formationi of lamellae, but the nature of its contents-is yet to be determined.
Mapping the key issues shaping the landscape of global public health

Abstract A survey of global health experts attending an invited meeting provided a means to map key issues perceived to be shaping emerging global public health agendas. Eighty-five participants proposed three major issues likely to have the most significant impact on the field of global health in the coming years. Six raters grouped the resultant items, with multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis producing a composite two-dimensional map depicting the overall patterning of items. Thematic clusters were incorporated within four major domains: changing health and prevention needs (15% of items), globalisation and global health governance (33% of items), transforming health systems (30% of items) and innovations in science and technology (7% of items). The remaining 15% of items addressed forms of environmental change. The distribution of items across domains was not significantly influenced by the current professional role of participants, their current location in the ‘global north’ or ‘global south’ or...
Effects on food cravings of a very low calorie diet or a balanced, low calorie diet.

Abstract It is commonly believed that dieting and the restriction of specific types of foods produces cravings for these foods. This study, therefore, compared changes in self-reported cravings experienced by 93 obese subjects with Type II diabetes who were randomly assigned to behavioral treatment programmes which used either: (a) a balanced, low-calorie diet (LCD) of 1000–1200 kcal/day throughout, with all foods allowed in moderation, or (b) a programme which included a 12-week period of a very low calorie diet (VLCD), where intake was restricted to 400 kcal/day with only lean meat, fish, or fowl allowed. There were significant decreases in cravings for all types of foods over the 20 weeks of the study for both the VLCD and the LCD conditions. The decreases in cravings were particularly pronounced for the VLCD condition for low-fat, high-protein foods (the only foods allowed on the VLCD) and for complex carbohydrates, especially grains (one of the types of foods prohibited on this diet). There was no evidence to support the belief that restricting intake of certain foods leads to increased craving for these foods or that the magnitude of weight loss is related to food cravings.
Carbon and oxygen dynamics of shallow aquatic systems : Process vectors and bacterial productivity

[1] In shallow aquatic systems subject to heavy allochthonous (terrestrial) organic loading, bacterial processing of organic matter can be a significant component in the ecosystem C-cycle. Because this bacterial processing of organic matter also produces reduced species (Fe+2, Mn+2, S−2, NH3, etc.), these processes also create an additional chemical oxygen demand. Hence, net ecosystem operation can deviate significantly from the “Redfield Line” defined by the traditional photosynthesis/respiration reaction stoichiometry. Here, a 3D process vector concept is presented in terms of (gas-exchange-corrected) CO2 or O2-TDIC-time to characterize significant bacterial contributions to the net O2 and TDIC dynamics of the ecosystem. The direction of the process vector provides an important clue to the internal process dynamics and the biogeochemical pathways that govern the net ecosystem function. Using instrumented in situ measures of O2 and TDIC in a small pond (ca. 0.7 m deep), this ecosystem is shown to operate significantly off the “Redfield Line” with multiple periods producing a net increase in both (gas-exchange-corrected) O2 and CO2 and exporting of both to the atmosphere. A methodology for the quantification of the minimum bacterially produced TDIC in the ecosystem (MBP) is developed. The rates (38–91 mmoles C m−2 day−1) are consistent with measured carbon fluxes from shallow terrestrial aquatic systems as well as anticipated cell numbers in the sediment that likely contribute to this bacterially produced carbon. The process vector concept can be extended to additional dimensions (CH4, NO3−, NH4+, Fe+2, etc.) and may provide a tool for visualization of observatory data streams.
Ab initio calculation of inner-sphere reorganization energies of arenediazonium ion couples.

The geometries of a series of substituted arenediazonium cations (p-NO2, p-CN, p-Cl, p-F, p-H, m-CH3, p-CH3, p-OH, p-OCH3, p-NH2) and the corresponding diazenyl radicals were optimized at the HF/6-31G*, MP2/6-31G*, B3LYP/6-31G*, B3LYP/TZP, B3PW91/TZP, and CASSCF/6-31G* levels of theory. Inner-sphere reorganization energies for the single electron-transfer reaction between the species were computed from the optimized geometries according to the NCG method and compared to experimental values determined by Doyle et al. All levels of theory predicted a CNN bond angle of 180° in the cation. A bent neutral diazenyl radical was predicted at all levels of theory excepting B3LYP/TZP and B3PW91/TZP for the p-Cl-substituted compound. Inner-sphere reorganization energies determined at the HF, MP2, and CASSCF levels of theory correlated poorly with both experimental results and calculated geometries. Density functional methods correlated best with the experimental values, with B3LYP/6-31G* yielding the most promising ...
Exposing document context in the personal web

Reconnaissance agents show context by displaying documents with similar content to the one(s) the user currently has open. Research paper search engines show context by displaying documents that cite or are cited by the currently open document(s). We present a tool that applies such ideas to the personal web, that is, the space rooted in user documents but tightly connected to web documents as well. The tool organizes the personal web with a single topic hierarchy based on direct links, instead of the traditional file, bookmark, and (hidden) direct link hierarchies. The tool allows a user to easily navigate through related user and web documents, no matter whether the documents are related by directory-document, bookmark-document, direct-link, or even similar content relationships.
Tracheal aspirate examination for Pneumocystis carinii cysts as a guide to therapy in pneumocystis pneumonia.

Both Y. pseudotuberculos is and Y. enterocolit ica organisms are ubiquitous, so the diagnosis of Yersinia mesenteric lymphadeni t is should be considered in any child with persistent fever and abdominal pain. The presence of skin rash, nonpurulent conjunctivitis, ar thr i t i s with a sterile joint, and pleural effusions (all suggesting hypersensitivity) should enhance suspicion of this diagnosis. Pat ients in countries where the infection is known to be endemic and those who have recently traveled in these areas may be more likely to have Yersinia infections.
Instantaneous complex conjugate resolved spectral domain and swept-source OCT using 3x3 fiber couplers

We report that the complex conjugate artifact in Fourier domain optical coherence tomography approaches (including spectral domain and swept source OCT) may be resolved by the use of novel interferometer designs based on 3x3 and higher order fiber couplers. Interferometers built from NxN (N>2) truly fused fiber couplers provide simultaneous access to non-complementary phase components of the complex interferometric signal. These phase components may be converted to quadrature components by trigonometric manipulation, then inverse Fourier transformed to obtain A-scans and images with resolved complex conjugate artifact. We demonstrate instantaneous complex conjugate resolved Fourier domain OCT using 3x3 couplers in both spectral domain and swept source implementations. Complex conjugate artifact suppression by factors of ~20dB and ~25dB are demonstrated for spectral domain and swept source implementations, respectively.