cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Bridge Signatures

AbstractInstrumentation of bridge structures provides a stream of data representing operational structural response under loading. The authors define the term bridge signature as the expected response of a particular bridge under loading, as measured by different instruments. In this research, the authors propose a new method to develop and evaluate a bridge signature. The signature can be monitored over time and statistically evaluated to detect potential structural deterioration and damage. An instrumentation system was implemented on the Powder Mill Bridge in Barre, Massachusetts, as a research prototype for the development of a structural health monitoring (SHM) system. Heavy truck events due to daily traffic were collected using an automatic measurement system, which triggers above a given threshold of recorded strains. Using the measured strain data due to daily traffic, a bridge signature was created using nonparametric statistical techniques. Maximum experimental strain values from heavy truck eve...
Serving large portions of vegetable soup at the start of a meal affected children's energy and vegetable intake

This study tested whether varying the portion of low-energy-dense vegetable soup served at the start of a meal affects meal energy and vegetable intakes in children. Subjects were 3- to 5-year-olds (31 boys and 41 girls) in daycare facilities. Using a crossover design, children were served lunch once a week for four weeks. On three occasions, different portions of tomato soup (150, 225, and 300 g) were served at the start of the meal, and on one occasion no soup was served. Children had 10 min to consume the soup before being served the main course. All foods were consumed ad libitum. The primary outcomes were soup intake as well as energy and vegetable intake at the main course. A mixed linear model tested the effect of soup portion size on intake. Serving any portion of soup reduced entree energy intake compared with serving no soup, but total meal energy intake was only reduced when 150 g of soup was served. Increasing the portion size increased soup and vegetable intake. Serving low-energy-dense, vegetable soup as a first course is an effective strategy to reduce children's intake of a more energy-dense main entree and increase vegetable consumption at the meal.
The Multimedia Articulation of Answers in a Natural Language Database Query System

This paper describes a domain independent strategy for the multimedia articulation of answers elicited by a natural language interface to database query applications. Multimedia answers include videodisc images and heuristically-produced complete sentences in text or text-to-speech form. Deictic reference and feedback about the discourse are enabled. The interface thus presents the application as cooperative and conversational.
Gustatory discrimination of sugars, amino acids, and selected allelochemicals by the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris

. Selected sugars, amino acids and allelochemicals were tested over a range of concentrations to determine their effect on the ingestion rates of adult tarnished plant bugs. Experiments were performed with a two-choice bioassay technique utilizing artificial membranes. Sucrose was the most effective feeding stimulant of all the compounds tested. Glucose was an effective stimulant but was 8 times less potent than sucrose. Fructose was 50 times less potent than sucrose. Methionine and phenylalanine were the only amino acids of seven tested which stimulated feeding. Leucine produced a deterrent effect. Cotton tannin was the most effective deterrent of all allelochemicals tested and was 10 times more potent than gossypol. The quinone, 1, 4-napthoquinone, and the alkaloid, tomatine, were also effective feeding deterrents. Sinigrin and its aglycone, ethyl isothiocyanate, were among the weakest deterrents of all the allelochemicals tested. Hydroquinone was the least potent deterrent of all compounds tested. The results indicate a strong chemosensory component regulating the feeding response of the tarnished plant bug. It is suggested that this response is mediated by epipharyngeal chemosensitive sensilla.
Signalled and unsignalled percentage reinforcement of performance under a chained schedule.

Pigeons were trained to peck a key under a chained fixed-ratio 15 fixed-interval 25-sec schedule of food presentation. In Experiment 1, blocks of sessions in which 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of the sequences ended with food presentation were conducted. When food presentation was omitted, a timeout of equal duration replaced it. As the frequency of food presentation decreased so did the frequency of completing the chained schedule. In Experiment 2, 75%, 50%, or 25% of the sequences terminated with food presentation and outcomes were signalled, i.e., completion of the fixed ratio resulted in either a stimulus correlated with the fixed-interval 25-sec schedule or a stimulus correlated with extinction. As the frequency of food presentation decreased, the number of sequences completed per session increased for two pigeons and remained high for a third. In Experiments 3 and 4, assessments of the effects of signalling the outcome of the chained schedule were made with response-independent presentation of events at the end of the sequence. Again, signalling the outcome of the chained schedule led to more chains being completed per session than did not signalling the outcome. Stimuli differentially paired with food presentation have powerful behavioral effects that may be attributed to the potency of these stimuli as conditioned reinforcers.
Evidence of two β’ phases in tristearin

Data from Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and features of the preparative method are all consistent with the existence of 2 intermediate β’ phases for tristearin; the first, a lower melting phase, β’2, transforms at 61 C into the second, β’1 , which in turn changes at 64 C into β-tristearin. Raman spectral evidence indicates that the 2 mesophases occur in an orthorhombic packing environment and that the β’2 to β’1 transition results from a change in lateral packing of the hydrocarbon chains.
A Label-free High Throughput Resistive-pulse Sensor for Simultaneous Differentiation and Measurement of Multiple Particle-laden Analytes

We describe an all-electronic, label-free, resistive-pulse sensor that utilizes multiple microchannels for parallel detection, counting and differentiation of multiple biological particles simultaneously. Four particle solutions, including 20 µm and 40 µm polymethacrylate particles, Juniper Scopulorum (Rocky Mountain Juniper) pollen and Populus deltidoes (Eastern Cottonwood) pollen, were loaded to the four peripheral reservoirs, respectively, and were driven to the central reservoir through four microchannels, all operating simultaneously for particle detection and counting. Experiments demonstrated that this sensor was able to differentiate and count multiple particle solutions simultaneously through its four microchannels fabricated on polymer membranes. Thus the sensing throughput has been improved significantly in contrast to typical Coulter counters without sacrificing accuracy, sensitivity and reliability. Furthermore, the experimental results also proved the feasibility of differentiating various pollens from polymethacrylate microparticles with the multi-channel resistive-pulse sensor. The differentiation is based on difference in size and surface charge for the bioparticles, with no need for labeling of samples. Possible improvements and extensions to other biological particle detection are discussed.
Evaluating the Cooperative Component in Cooperative Learning: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

In this study, the authors employed a quasi‐experimental research design to examine the efficacy of a cooperative learning pedagogy (i.e., think‐pair‐share exercises) integrated into sections of microeconomic principles. Materials, exercises, and assessment instruments for all study sections are identical except for the nature of the problem‐solving process used for in‐class practice problems. The results suggest that the treatment group of students engaging in think‐pair‐share problem‐solving exercises performed no better on the Test of Understanding in College Economics (Saunders 1991) or overall course scores than students in a control group engaging in independent, in‐class, problem solving. Similarly, no differences on measures of student interest, attitudes toward the subject, or other perceptions of the course or instructor emerge between the treatment and control groups.
Regulation of tight junctions and loss of barrier function in pathophysiology

The mechanism by which epithelial and endothelial cells interact to form polarized tissue is of fundamental importance to multicellular organisms. Dysregulation of these barriers occurs in a variety of diseases, destroying the normal cellular environments and leading to organ failure. Increased levels of growth factors are a common characteristic of diseases exhibiting tissue permeability, suggesting that growth factors play a direct role in elevating permeability. Of particular concern for this laboratory, increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor may enhance vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy, leading to vision impairment and blindness. However, the mechanism by which growth factors increase permeability is unclear. Polarized cells form strong barriers through the development of tight junctions, which are specialized regions of the junctional complex. Tight junctions are composed of three types of transmembrane proteins, a number of peripheral membrane structural proteins, and are associated with a variety of regulatory proteins. Recent data suggest that growth factor-stimulated alterations in tight junctions contribute to permeability in a variety of disease states. The goal of this review was to elucidate potential mechanisms by which elevated growth factors elicit deregulated paracellular permeability via altered regulation of tight junctions, with particular emphasis on the tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1, protein kinase C signaling, and endocytosis of junctional proteins. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying growth factor-mediated regulation of tight junctions will facilitate the development of novel treatments for diseases such as brain tumors, diabetic retinopathy and other diseases with compromised tight junction barriers.
Algorithms and tools for high-throughput geometry-based analysis of crystalline porous materials

Abstract Crystalline porous materials have a variety of uses, such as for catalysis and separation. Identifying suitable materials for a given application can, in principle, be done by screening material databases. Such a screening requires automated high-throughput analysis tools that calculate structural properties for all materials contained in a database so they can be compared with search queries, grouped or classified. One important aspect of the structural analysis of materials such as zeolites and metal organic frameworks is the investigation of the geometrical parameters describing pores. Here, we present algorithms and tools to efficiently calculate some of these important parameters. Our tools are based on the Voronoi decomposition, which for a given arrangement of atoms in a periodic domain provides a graph representation of the void space. The resulting Voronoi network is analyzed to obtain the diameter of the largest included sphere and the largest free sphere, which are two geometrical parameters that are frequently used to describe pore geometry. Accessibility of nodes in the network is also determined for a given guest molecule and the resulting information is later used to retrieve dimensionality of channel systems as well as in Monte Carlo sampling of accessible surfaces and volumes. The presented algorithms are implemented in a software tool, Zeo++, which includes a modified version of the Voro++ library. We present example applications of our algorithms and tools using zeolite frameworks currently listed in the Atlas of Zeolite Frameworks.
Geographical Concentration of Military Expenditures in the Middle East

Summary.-An analysis contrasting the military expenditures of Middle Eastern countries with those of Western industrial nations indicated a pattern of high military expenditures associated with the Middle East geographical area. Interpretations of this association centering around cultural and religious factors are discussed. Religious beliefs can be classified along a continuum anchored at one terminus by Quakers and Buddhists and on the other by fundamentalist Christians, Jews, and Moslems. Associated with this continuum is a probability of t Russell, 1971). The likelihood of a war is exacerbated if traditionally opposing sects or religions toward the fundamentalist pole of religious beliefs are in close physical proximity. The configuration of these factors, conducive to confrontation, seems most evident in the Middle East (Janowitz, 1975; Korany, 1987). Verification of this hypothesis would involve a series of extensive analyses to identify the psychological, social, economic, and political components that function to create and maintain this state of affairs. The present research, however, examined one facet of this problem by focusing on the available data concerning the fiscal allocations for various countries that seem to follow a pattern that historically has a relatively high probability of conflict. Specifically, we sought to examine the differences in military expenditures of two different geographical and cultural regions: one of which embodies the above criterion and one which is generally characterized by religious tolerance or an homogeneity of religious beliefs. Method.-Military expenditures as percentages of the Gross National Product (GNP) for nine Middle Eastern countries and nine Western predominately industrial countries were drawn from a report of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (1984) and are reproduced in Table 1 [Middle Eastern countries: M = 21.8, SD = 10.8; industrial nations: M = 3.6, SD = 1.01. These countries represent those allocating the highest percentages of their GNP to military expenditures in each category. An analysis of variance using a regression model was performed on these data wherein military expenditures of the Middle Eastern countries were contrasted with those of the industrial countries. If these differences are statistically significant, then evidence can support a claim that countries substantiating the above criterion
Backlund transformation for solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation

We present a Backlund transformation operating on solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation. It provides a unifying approach to the theory of solitary waves (solutions). Recursive application of the transformation to any solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation generates a hierarchy of solutions for which an algebraic recursion relation is obtained. Every such hierarchy (one of which is the known family of pure multisoliton solutions) thus admits a nonlinear superposition principle.
Norplant and the 'coerced conception' controversy.

Norplant was approved for use by the FDA on December 10 1990. This approval started a strong debate over the issue of coerced contraception because of this unique method of contraception. It is a series of tubes the size of a match stick which are implanted under the skin of the upper arm and last for 5 years. It can be easily monitored by checking to see that the tubes are in place. Almost as soon as it came out an editorial appeared in the December 12th edition of the Philadelphia Enquirer calling for financial incentives for welfare mothers to use it. The editor later apologized. In January a California court sentenced a women to use is it when she pleaded guilty to a child abuse charge. In February the Kansas state legislature proposed the state pay women on welfare $500 to use it. The bill was never passed although it certainly added to the debate. Over the last 10 years lower courts have used contraception or sterilization as part of plea bargain agreements in child abuse neglect or endangerment cases. These agreements violate Supreme Court rulings establishing the rights to reproductive freedom; however there have been no cases contesting these sentences. If there were to be an appeal of such a sentence it is probable that the Court of Appeals would have to over turn the sentence because of its unconstitutionality.
Ambient temperature solid state batteries

Abstract The application of solid ionic compounds to solid state batteries has driven the search for new solid electrolytes. The problem that initially limited this development was the absence of solid state materials with appropriate electrical transport properties. Various types of batteries were developed during the past forty years and are reviewed. Long term (18.5 years) studies of solid state Ag/I2 batteries confirm the stability of these systems. The Li/I2 pacemaker battery has been the most successfully commercialized solid state cell. The major focus of research is now directed to the rechargeable solid polymer electrolyte battery.
Salmon by-product storage and oil extraction

Abstract Oils extracted from wild salmon by-products are excellent sources of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, quality loss is expected if time delays are encountered before oil extraction. The free fatty acid levels (FFA), fatty acid profile and total fat soluble antioxidant activity in extracted oil from aging pink salmon heads and viscera stored at two temperatures (6 and 15 °C) for four days were determined. The FFA values in raw salmon heads and viscera increased with storage time and temperature. A significant difference (p
Treatment of hypothalamic obesity with caffeine and ephedrine.

Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that the peripheral actions of caffeine and ephedrine to increase sympathetic tone and metabolic rate and to preserve lean tissue will cause weight loss in ...
Steel containment resistance under dynamic pressure

Abstract Loadings to cause severe accidents on containment buildings can include combinations of uniform internal pressure, dynamic pressure, and seismic. Most studies that have been conducted to predict containment building capacity have focused on the effect of overpressurization on containment performance. A simple methodology that permits rapid and reasonably accurate analysis for assessing the capacity of steel containment buildings due to global or local uniform or spatially varying dynamic loading was developed. An axisymmetric model was used and the circumferential variation of the pressure, displacements, and stress resultants were represented by Fourier series. Shell vibration and buckling analysis were performed using modified versions of BOSOR4 and BOSOR5 finite difference codes. The modified version of BOSOR5 allows the input of pressures that vary along the meridianal direction. These pressures were increased until failure of the containment occurred. Failure was defined to occur when membrane strains reached twice the yield strain or the bifurcation point was introduced. The applicability of this analysis method was verified by analyzing several problems as well as a simplified containment building. The axisymmetric analysis demonstrated a powerful tool to access the capacity of steel containment buildings.
BORON IN GRAPHITE: CONTENT, SPECIATION, AND SIGNIFICANCE

Abstract The mean boron content of syngenetic graphite in metasedimentary rocks is significantly higher than that of epigenetic vein graphite or igneous graphite. The boron commonly found in chemical analyses of natural graphites does not occur in solid solution with the carbon but rather is contained in a mechanically included borosilicate phase.
Two-dimensional Raman-Nath acousto-optic bistability by use of frequency feedback.

From the frequency dependence of the optical transmission characteristics of Raman–Nath acoustic-optic diffraction, the dynamic equations and steady-state solutions of a two-dimensional Raman–Nath acousto-optic bistable system are derived. In this system, feedback is realized by use of a diffracted light beam to control the frequency of the acoustic-optic driver. The curves of light output versus input corresponding to several orders of the diffracted beams are obtained by theoretical analysis. They can all lead to bistability. The amount of hysteresis is a function of the order of the diffracted beam, the bias frequency, and the feedback coefficient. Experimental results are presented and compared with theoretical analyses.
Startle response in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Background: The main purpose of the present study was to examine the startle reflex in individuals diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and control participants in terms of three questions. First, is the basic startle reflex modulated by autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation and/or attentional focus? Second, are induced and self-reported emotional states related to the magnitude of the startle response? And third, do individuals with GAD and their controls show differential startle responses? Methods: Experimental tasks designed to elicit sympathetic and parasympathetic activation and requiring internal and external attention foci were administered to nine individuals with GAP and nine controls. Results: Individuals with GAD showed a greater startle reflex than controls during involvement in tasks that either induced worry or relaxation but not during a baseline period. Startle responses differed in terms of intentional focus but not ANS activity. During baseline and emotional induction, self-reported negative emotionality was significantly correlated with magnitude of the startle response. Conclusions: These results suggest that negative emotionality at the time of the startle probe is an important determinant. Further, attentional focus plays a more important role in startle modulation than autonomic nervous system manipulation. These results are discussed in relation to negative emotion, focus of attention, and use of the startle response as a measure of change during psychotherapy. Depression and Anxiety 26:147–154, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. y
THE EFFECT OF BRAISING AND PRESSURE SAUCEPAN COOKERY ON THE COOKING LOSSES, PALATABILITY, AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF THE PROTEINS OF ROUND STEAKSab

SUMMARY Paired top and bottom round steaks cut from 3 carcasses, graded U. S. Commercial, were cooked by the following methods: (a) under 10 p.s.i.g. pressure to an internal temperature of 176°F. (80°C), (b) under 15 p.s.i.g. pressure to an internal temperature of 176°F. (80°C), (c) under 15 p.s.i.g. pressure to an internal temperature of 234°F. (112.2°C.), and (d) braised to an internal temperature of 176°F. (80°C.) in a rotary gas oven maintained at 300°F. (148.9°C). The internal temperature to which the meat was cooked, rather than the method of cooking, was important in determining the cooking losses and palatability of the steaks. Those cooked to 176°F. (80°C.) lost less weight during cooking, and were less tender, but more desirable in aroma, flavor, and juiciness than steaks cooked to 234°F. (112.2°C.). None of the cooking methods lowered the nutritive value of the meat when measured in terms of growth and nitrogen retention in the growing rat. Under the conditions of the experiment, a diet supplying 1.6% of nitrogen from beef was as useful as a diet providing 2.0% of nitrogen for comparing the nutritive value of beef prepared by different methods.
The ITM2B (BRI2) gene is a target of BCL6 repression: Implications for lymphomas and neurodegenerative diseases

The human BCL6 gene encodes a transcriptional repressor that is crucial for germinal center B cell development and T follicular helper cell differentiation. It is involved in the pathogenesis of certain human lymphomas. In an effort to identify targets of BCL6 repression, we used a previously described cell system in which BCL6 repressive effects are inhibited, followed by subtractive hybridization, and identified the integral membrane 2B gene (ITM2B, formerly BRI2) as a potential target. Here we show that BCL6 can bind to its preferential consensus binding site within the first intron of ITM2B and represses its transcription. Knockdown of endogenous BCL6 in a human B cell lymphoma line increases ITM2B expression. Further, there is an inverse relationship between the expression levels of BCL6 and ITM2B proteins in 16 human B- and T-cell lymphomas studied by immunohistochemistry. Both the BCL6 and ITM2B proteins are expressed ubiquitously. Similar to some other targets of BCL6, a short form of the ITM2B protein generated by alternative splicing induces apoptosis in hematopoietic cell lines. Molecular alterations in the ITM2B gene are associated with two neurodegenerative diseases, Familial British and Familial Danish dementia. ITM2B dysfunction also may be relevant for the development of Alzheimer's disease. Our data confirm ITM2B as a target of BCL6 repression in lymphoma. A further understanding of the genes that function as regulators of the ITM2B protein may provide insights for the development of new molecular tools not only for targeted lymphoma therapy but also for the treatment of these dementias.
Time of infection and accumulative effect of Rhizoctonia on successive crops of potatoes

1. Treated potato tubers were planted in five successive years in soil where potatoes apparently never were grown before, to study the infection of potato plants withRhizoctonia. 2. Potato tubers had only a very small percentage of infection withRhizoctonia in the first year and this infection increased considerably the second year and remained until the end of this investigation. 3. Potato stems, stolons, and roots showed a small percentage of infection during the first two years and this infection increased considerably for stems and stolons and moderately for roots during the third year of the study and remained at the same level until the end of the investigation. 4. Potato stems, stolons, and tubers are very susceptible and potato roots are somewhat resistant to infection withRhizoctonia. 5. It appears that a period of only one or two years is necessary under favorable conditions to build up theRhizoctonia inoculum in the soil to produce maximum infection on potatoes. 6. In controlling this disease it appears it is necessary besides treating tubers, to use long rotations.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH): a new application in the delineation of true vs. pseudomosaicism in prenatal diagnosis.

Metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei from nine amniotic fluid cultures were studied with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The samples were initially analyzed with routine G-banding and were diagnosed as having true mosaicism (five patients) or pseudomosaicism (four patients). In our study, FISH analysis could provide additional information to distinguish pseudo– from true mosaicism by allowing interphase studies and analysis of an increased number of metaphase spreads. These results suggest a multilinear origin of ‘in situ’ colonies of cells.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for self-focusing of short ultraintense laser pulse in underdense plasma.

We analyze the propagation of a short intense laser pulse in underdense cold plasma. When no electron cavitation is present, a global invariant [ital H] is obtained, and its relation with self-focusing is studied. For relativistic self-focusing, [ital H][lt]0 is a sufficient and necessary condition. For relativistic and ponderomotive self-focusing, [ital H][lt]0 is sufficient but not necessary. Numerical simulations are performed to confirm the above points.
RAIN: A novel approach to computer-aided decision making in agriculture and forestry

Abstract RAIN (Remote Automated Intelligence Network) is a computer system that (a) monitors local microclimate variables at field sites, (b) provides an electronic message system among growers, scientists, and Cooperative Extension personnel, and (c) makes site-specific recommendations for appropriate agricultural responses based on site and regional data. The central hub of the network has a pair of Sun 3/60 graphic workstations which use expert system software to link multi-source databases with geographic information systems. Remote stations in the network are inexpensive portable computers, some of which are equipped with sensors that measure temperature, leaf wetness and other environmental variables. RAIN stations are free-standing; communication with the hub is over standard telephone lines. Each station initiates an unattented nightly telephone call to transmit accumulated sensor data, exchange messages, and receive new programming from the hub. Electronic mail can be sent between stations via the hub. Over 90 RAIN stations are currently deployed in Georgia, Florida, Alabama, South Carolina, Texas and California.
Abstract C12: Beta-catenin enhances synovial sarcomagenesis and provides a therapeutic target.

β-catenin is a master regulator in the cellular biology of development and neoplasia. Its dysregulation is implicated as a driver of colorectal carcinogenesis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in other cancers. Nuclear β-catenin is known to be a poor prognostic sign in synovial sarcoma, the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in adolescents and young adults. Beyond this prognostic correlation, the biology of β-catenin9s role in synovial sarcoma has not been explored. We show through genetic experiments in mice demonstrate that loss of β-catenin hampers SS18-SSX2-driven synovial sarcomagenesis. Expression of a stabilized form of β-catenin greatly enhances synovial sarcomagenesis. Stabilization of β-catenin specifically enables transformation under the influence of the SS18-SSX2 fusion oncogene by blocking differentiation and apoptosis. As part of the mechanism of this impact, β-catenin recruits BRG1-containing SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes to activated target genes. Compounds disrupting the transcriptional activity of β-catenin are toxic to human and mouse synovial sarcoma cell lines. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C12. Citation Format: Kevin B. Jones, Benjamin Illum, Huifeng Jin, Julie Zhu Mu, Michael Monument, Allie Grossmann, Mario R. Capecchi. Beta-catenin enhances synovial sarcomagenesis and provides a therapeutic target. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C12.
Reduced-Order Modeling of an Elastic Panel in Transonic Flow

Reduced-order modeling is applied to a transonic aeroelastic panel that experiences oscillatory motions of a normal shock. Two-dimensional, transonic inviscid flow over an elastic panel produces transonic limit-cycle oscillations over a range of panel parameters. Proper orthogonal decomposition, in concert with domain decomposition, is shown to produce an accurate reduced-order model for the coupled aeroelastic system. Panel flutter in the transonic regime results in a large streamwise movement of a transonic normal shock across the panel surface. The accuracy and order reduction of the reduced-order model is quantified. In addition, the computational savings for this implementation is documented, and the robustness of the reduced-order model to changes in a panel parameter is explored.
Exploring the Status of Population Genetics: The Role of Ecology

The status of population genetics has become hotly debated among biologists and philosophers of biology. Many seem to view population genetics as relatively unchanged since the Modern Synthesis and have argued that subjects such as development were left out of the Synthesis. Some have called for an extended evolutionary synthesis or for recognizing the insignificance of population genetics. Yet others such as Michael Lynch have defended population genetics, declaring “nothing in evolution makes sense except in the light of population genetics” (a twist on Dobzhansky’s famous slogan that “nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”). Missing from this discussion is the use of population genetics to shed light on ecology and vice versa, beginning in the 1940s and continuing until the present day. I highlight some of that history through an overview of traditions such as ecological genetics and population biology, followed by a slightly more in-depth look at a contemporary study of the endangered California Tiger Salamander. I argue that population genetics is a powerful and useful tool that continues to be used and modified, even if it isn’t required for all evolutionary explanations or doesn’t incorporate all the causal factors of evolution.
Foreign Language Work at New College

Author's summary.— A sketch of the various phases of the language work at New College, a new institution for the training of teachers. The arrangement of the activities in accordance with the philosophical set-up of the College is radically different from the traditional series of courses.
El recuerdo de las tres palabras. ¿Es útil en el cribado del deterioro cognitivo en las personas mayores?

Resumen Introduccion Objetivo Determinar la validez de la prueba del recuerdo de 3 palabras (R3P) como prueba de cribado del deterioro cognitivo, utilizando la prueba de Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire [SPMSQ] como referencia. Material y metodos Diseno: descriptivo transversal con seguimiento de un ano. Emplazamiento: 3 consultas de atencion primaria que atienden a poblacion urbana. Participantes: pacientes de 65 anos o mas que acuden a la consulta. La muestra inicial fue n = 172 (precision del 5%, nivel de confianza del 95% y proporcion esperada de deterioro cognitivo del 10%). Mediciones principales: las mediciones se realizaron en los periodos 1/4/2004-31/5/2004 y 1/4/2005-31/5/2005. Se administro la prueba de R3P inicialmente y al cabo de ano, para determinar su sensibilidad, especificidad y cocientes de probabilidad, al compararlo con el SPMSQ. Resultados La evaluacion en 2004, incluyo a 172 personas, el 58% (100) mujeres, con una media 76,4 ± 6,3 anos y un 5% (9) de analfabetos. El SPMSQ mostro un 90,1% (155) de individuos normales frente al 9,9% (17) con algun grado de alteracion de la memoria. En el R3P se observo que un 42,4% (73) de los individuos recordo 3 palabras, el 39,5% (68) recordo 2, el 13,4% (23) recordo 1 y el 4,7% (8), ninguna. El punto de corte de 1-2 palabras recordadas en el R3P presenta: sensibilidad = 58,5% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 36-78,4), especificidad = 86,5 % (IC del 95%, 80,2-91%) y valor predictivo negativo = 95% (IC del 95%, 90,1-97,6). Conclusiones Recordar 2 o 3 palabras no permite descartar razonablemente el diagnostico de deterioro cognitivo. El recuerdo de 0 o una palabra hace imprescindible realizar pruebas neuropsico-logicas para confirmar ese deterioro.
Integration and utilization of management science activities in organizations.

A large-scale field study was undertaken to attempt to improve our understanding of the experiences of operational research and related management science (OR/MS) activities in U.S. industries. Multiple interviews were conducted in 66 major firms. An initial analysis of the data suggests several parameters which might be important to the success of management science activities and which researchers may wish to consider in future efforts at theory building. Examples of such factors are: background of the OR/MS leaders and analysts; succession of leaders; amount of OR/MS exposure in the firm; extent of computer usage in the firm; organizational location; project missions; top management relations; client relations; staff relations; personality conflicts. Selected cases are presented to illustrate the interaction of many of these factors in the reported experiences of several firms. Interface relations are examined with special attention given to data collection and implementation problems. The increasing usage of liaison roles is noted. Further studies are being conducted to compare these U.S. experiences with those of OR/MS activities in other countries.
Smith–Magenis syndrome

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex neurobehavioral disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of the retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1) gene on chromosome 17p11.2. Diagnostic strategies include molecular identification of a 17p11.2 microdeletion encompassing RAI1 or a mutation in RAI1. G-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) are the classical methods used to detect the SMS deletions, while multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and real-time quantitative PCR are the newer, cost-effective, and high-throughput technologies. Most SMS features are due to RAI1 haploinsufficiency, while the variability and severity of the disorder are modified by other genes in the 17p11.2 region. The functional role for RAI1 is not completely understood, but it is likely involved in transcription, based on homology and preliminary studies. Management of SMS is primarily a multidisciplinary approach and involves treatment for sleep disturbance, speech and occupational therapies, minor medical interventions, and management of behaviors.
A role for TRAIL/TRAIL-R2 in radiation-induced apoptosis and radiation-induced bystander response of human neural stem cells

Adult neurons, which are terminally differentiated cells, demonstrate substantial radioresistance. In contrast, human neural stem cells (NSC), which have a significant proliferative capacity, are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. Cranial irradiation that is widely used for treatment of brain tumors may induce death of NSC and further cause substantial cognitive deficits such as impairing learning and memory. The main goal of our study was to determine a mechanism of NSC radiosensitivity. We observed a constitutive high-level expression of TRAIL-R2 in human NSC. On the other hand, ionizing radiation through generation of reactive oxygen species targeted cell signaling pathways and dramatically changed the pattern of gene expression, including upregulation of TRAIL. A significant increase of endogenous expression and secretion of TRAIL could induce autocrine/paracrine stimulation of the TRAIL-R2-mediated signaling cascade with activation of caspase-3-driven apoptosis. Furthermore, paracrine stimulation could initiate bystander response of non-targeted NSC that is driven by death ligands produced by directly irradiated NSC. Experiments with media transfer from directly irradiated NSC to non-targeted (bystander) NSC confirmed a role of secreted TRAIL for induction of a death signaling cascade in non-targeted NSC. Subsequently, TRAIL production through elimination of bystander TRAIL-R-positive NSC might substantially restrict a final yield of differentiating young neurons. Radiation-induced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis could be partially suppressed by anti-TRAIL antibody added to the cell media. Interestingly, direct gamma-irradiation of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells using clinical doses (2–5 Gy) resulted in low levels of apoptosis in cancer cells that was accompanied however by induction of a strong bystander response in non-targeted NSC. Numerous protective mechanisms were involved in the maintenance of radioresistance of neuroblastoma cells, including constitutive PI3K-AKT over-activation and endogenous synthesis of TGFβ1. Specific blockage of these survival pathways was accompanied by a dramatic increase in radiosensitivity of neuroblastoma cells. Intercellular communication between cancer cells and NSC could potentially be involved in amplification of cancer pathology in the brain.
Services for the Elderly Some Empirical Findings on Agency Managers' Preferences

The end result of any service provision program is critically dependent on the preferences of the managers of service provision agencies. The theoretical concept of managerial utility provides a potentially useful device for examining the impact of managerial preferences on service provision, but the value of this approach in practice is limited by a paucity of information on the actual nature of managerial preferences. This article presents results from a recent study that provide an empirical basis for constructing a model of agency managerial behavior. These results apply specifically to services provided to the elderly.
Dynamics and Dilemmas of Women Leading Women

Through examination of transcripts of the first five leadership succession discussions that occurred in a work group designed to empower teachers we explored dynamics and dilemmas associated with women leading a women's group based on feminist principles. We addressed three research questions: How is leadership, as reflected in leadership succession processes, experienced in such a group? What dynamics are associated with leadership succession in this type of group? What are outcomes of the process for members?Results indicated that the experience of leadership shifted considerably during the first six years of the group, with reflective images of leadership moving from the mythical to the pragmatic, from the powerful to the less powerful. Dynamics evolved in ways that were partially consistent and partially inconsistent with organizational life-cycle literature.The group experienced ambivalence and tension surrounding the type of authority given to designated leaders. Members dealt with discomfort by shifting the focus of the group coordinator's attention to external relations and by rotating internal leadership responsibilities. This approach resolved tensions associated with authority and increased members' senses of their own power, even as it decreased the range of initiative-taking that was implicitly allowable within the group.This analysis of leadership succession in a women's group with an empowerment agenda offers a salient case for the study of dilemmas likely to be present in many change efforts. Its results suggest that attempting to resolve contradictions and tensions is less helpful than acknowledging them and working within them.
Female Status and the “Gender Gap” in U.S. Homicide Victimization

This study investigates the relationship of female status with the homicide “gender gap” (relative risk of victimization) across U.S. central cities. The research is patterned after Gartner, Baker, and Pampel's (1990) cross-national study, which found that female status explains some variance in the gender gap, especially in societies with a combination of low degrees of female educational attainment and occupation of nontraditional roles. Results from analyses of U.S. cities do not find an effect of various indicators of female status on the gender gap, despite considerable variation in both dependent and explanatory variables. Possible explanations for these results are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.
Linear porokeratosis in a 74-year-old woman

Linear porokeratosis is a rare clinical variant of porokeratosis of Mibelli. 1,2 Porokeratosis of Mibelli occurs in all age groups; however, the linear variant appears most commonly during infancy or childhood and may resemble a linear verrucous epidermal nevus. 1,3 To our knowledge, the oldest reported age at onset of linear porokeratosis is 56 years. 2 We report the onset of linear porokeratosis in a 74-year-old woman
Microsatellites as Targets of Natural Selection

The ability to survey polymorphism on a genomic scale has enabled genome-wide scans for the targets of natural selection. Theory that connects patterns of genetic variation to evidence of natural selection most often assumes a diallelic locus and no recurrent mutation. Although these assumptions are suitable to selection that targets single nucleotide variants, fundamentally different types of mutation generate abundant polymorphism in genomes. Moreover, recent empirical results suggest that mutationally complex, multiallelic loci including microsatellites and copy number variants are sometimes targeted by natural selection. Given their abundance, the lack of inference methods tailored to the mutational peculiarities of these types of loci represents a notable gap in our ability to interrogate genomes for signatures of natural selection. Previous theoretical investigations of mutation-selection balance at multiallelic loci include assumptions that limit their application to inference from empirical data. Focusing on microsatellites, we assess the dynamics and population-level consequences of selection targeting mutationally complex variants. We develop general models of a multiallelic fitness surface, a realistic model of microsatellite mutation, and an efficient simulation algorithm. Using these tools, we explore mutation-selection-drift equilibrium at microsatellites and investigate the mutational history and selective regime of the microsatellite that causes Friedreich’s ataxia. We characterize microsatellite selective events by their duration and cost, note similarities to sweeps from standing point variation, and conclude that it is premature to label microsatellites as ubiquitous agents of efficient adaptive change. Together, our models and simulation algorithm provide a powerful framework for statistical inference, which can be used to test the neutrality of microsatellites and other multiallelic variants.
Authorship versus “Credit” for Participation in Research: A Case Study of Potential Ethical Dilemmas Created by Technical Tools Used by Researchers and Claims for Authorship by Their Creators

The distinction between authorship and other forms of credit for contribution to a publication has been a persisting controversy that has resulted in numerous guidelines outlining the expected contributions of those claiming authorship. While there have been flagrant, well-publicized deviations from widely accepted standards, they are largely outnumbered by cases that are not publicity-worthy, and therefore remain known to only those directly involved with the inappropriate conduct. We discuss the definition and ethical requirements of authorship, offer a case example of the authorship debate created by a technical tool at our institution, and review parallels that support and dispute the authorship claims of our software developers. Ultimately, we conclude that development of a technical tool that enables data collection does not adequately substitute for contributions to study design and manuscript preparation for authorship purposes. Unless the designers of such a technical tool prospectively participate as a part of the project, they would not have an adequate understanding of the publication's genesis to defend it publicly and cannot be listed as authors. Therefore, it is incumbent upon project members to invite tool developers to participate at the beginning of such projects, and for tool developers to contribute to study design and manuscript preparation when they desire authorship listings.
Laser-fabricated delay lines in GaAs for optically steered phased-array radar

We have used laser direct fabrication techniques to implement optical delay lines on an epitaxial GaAs/AlGaAs substrate. These integrated photonic circuits, which are important for optically-controlled phased-array radar, include asymmetric splitters with various splitting ratios, smoothly curved 90/spl deg/ bends, as well as linear waveguides. The delay lines were tested and found to have the desired delay and a power-output uniformity of /spl plusmn/2-4%. >