cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete Prices and Competition in a Dealer Market

The goal of this paper is to investigate the relation between price discreteness and competition in a dealer market, and to study their impact on the welfare of different market participants (dealers and investors). We present a model featuring a finite number of dealers competing in prices for supplying liquidity to a forthcoming market order. Our main result is that there exists an interaction between price discreteness and competition. When competition is lax, dealers prefer fine price grids (small tick size), while when competition is intense they prefer coarse price grids (large tick size). When competition is lax, investors' attitude towards the tick size is ambiguous with some preference towards larger ticks. When competition among dealers is intense, investors prefer fine price grids. The rate of convergence of welfare measures towards perfect competition becomes slower, as the grid of prices becomes finer. This means that the smaller is the tick size, the larger is the number of dealers required to assure a "close to competitive" outcome. Our results regarding low levels of competition among dealers stand in contrast to the standard view and conventional wisdom, that refining the grid of prices is always beneficial for investors. Our analysis shows that when deciding on the "correct" tick size for a specific stock, market designers should take into account the level of competition among dealers for this stock.
Radio polarimetry studies of magnetic turbulence in supernova remnants

Polarized radio emission from synchrotron radiation can give us unique information about the structure and amplitude of the magnetic fields in supernova remnants. This has implications for theories of particle acceleration at the forward shock of the SNR, in particular those that involve a strong amplification of the magnetic field through cosmic ray-induced instabilities. This turbulent magnetic field is modeled and I calculate the expected characteristics of polarized synchrotron emission and the effects of Faraday rotation as the radiation propagates through the source. The effects of an underlying homogeneous magnetic field or a compressed shock are also studied. Finally, constraints for realistic parameters describing the magnetic turbulence in the region downstream of the shock are discussed.
Prioritizing Clinician Wellbeing: The University of Virginia's Compassionate Care Initiative.

Background:Working in healthcare is increasingly challenging for nurses, physicians, and other health professionals. Ongoing high stress takes a toll on clinicians and interferes with the quality of their patient care. Fostering clinician wellbeing needs to be a priority; if not, the human and financial consequences are significant.Objective:To describe the University of Virginia (UVA) School of Nursing's Compassionate Care Initiative (CCI) as an example of an organizational case study that is engaged in multi-pronged efforts to cultivate a resilient healthcare workforce committed to high-quality, compassionate, relationship-based care.Methods:This case report de scribes the development, implementation, and evaluation of the CCI at UVA. Various elements of the program are reviewed, which include harnessing talents and interests of the larger institution in the establishment of Compassionate Care Ambassadors, outreach to the community, innovative student-specific educational activities, and a national medi...
Women and Mid-life Divorce: Some Practice Issues

Women who divorce during middle age face age-specific stresses, including loss of long-held social position, the possibility of overdependence on young adult children, a shrinking remarriage pool, socially denigrated body changes, and unfair labor market conditions. In assisting these women, social workers need to focus initially on grief and mourning. However, the overall treatment should emphasize changing maladaptive behavior and adverse environmental conditions. Relevant approaches include structured educational group treatment, task assignment, cognitive restructuring of maladaptive self-beliefs, reframing of the divorce experience as a challenge to growth, family treatment involving inperson contact with young adult children, and advocacy to end age discrimination in the hiring and wages of middle-aged women.
Cytotoxicity of Aberrant Proteins

A wide range of diseases are caused by the generation of aberrant proteins that for one reason or another are not functionally equivalent to the normal version. Here, we consider the basic cellular principles that govern the generation of aberrant proteins, their normal metabolism and in the case of disease, their adverse effects on cellular function. Key concepts The organization of proteins inside cells is highly regulated at many levels. Proteins that are not folded correctly or not trafficked to their intended destination are aberrant and have the potential to cause cellular dysfunction. Numerous quality control systems constantly detect and degrade aberrant proteins. Failure to either recognize or promptly degrade aberrant proteins can lead to their accumulation, and in some cases, their aggregation. Misfolded or mislocalized proteins can interact inappropriately with other cellular factors to cause toxicity. Most diseases of protein misfolding probably have multiple mechanisms that operate simultaneously to cause pathology. Keywords: quality control; protein misfolding diseases; neurodegeneration; protein aggregation; chaperones
The Current Status of the IQ Controversy

(1978). The current status of the IQ controversy. Australian Psychologist: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 7-27.
Implication of gallium results on the possibility of observing day-night matter oscillations at SNO, Super-Kamiokande, and Borexino

Calculations are presented to determine what real time day-night effects would be observable at SNO, Super-Kamiokande, or Borexino for the [Delta][ital m][sup 2], sin[sup 2]2[theta] space allowed by the present gallium, [sup 37]Cl, and Kamiokande solar neutrino results. We show that the combination of possible day-night effects and the observation of overall neutrino detection rates in the upcoming experiments might allow discrimination between the allowed regions of mass and mixing parameters. Approximate analytical expressions for the real time MSW effect in the Earth are presented to clarify the nature of electron-neutrino regeneration as a function of path length through the Earth. We point out that even for the allowed small sin[sup 2]2[theta] MSW solution, it might be possible to detect a day-night effect for neutrino trajectories through the core of the Earth.
Government and Market Mechanisms to Provide Alternatives to Scrap Tire Disposal

SUMMARY The current study examines disposal and recycling of scrap tires with a discussion of the role of government policies and an empirical study of tire dealers' preferences for market and government solutions to disposal problems. Preference for government intervention was related positively to dealer perceptions of environmental concerns, consumer concerns and the severity of the problem, but related negatively to dealers' assessments of manufacturer effectiveness in disposal solutions. Results show the need for more information from manufacturers and government agencies and show dealer support of specific remedies in developing new uses, technologies, and markets for scrap tires. Market development and commercialization of recycled products may be facilitated by cooperation of involved business and government agencies. Particular government actions to stimulate markets include enforcement of disposal restrictions; provision of technological and capital assistances; participation in setting industry...
Prediction of biliary excretion in rats and humans using molecular weight and quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships.

The aims were (1) to evaluate the molecular weight (MW) dependence of biliary excretion and (2) to develop quantitative structure–pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPKR) to predict biliary clearance (CLb) and percentage of administered dose excreted in bile as parent drug (PDb) in rats and humans. CLb and PDb data were collected from the literature for rats and humans. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was utilized to determine whether a MW threshold exists for PDb. Stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to derive QSPKR models. The predictive performance of the models was evaluated by internal validation using the leave-one-out method and external test groups. A MW threshold of 400 Da was determined for PDb for anions in rats, while 475 Da was the cutoff for anions in humans. MW thresholds were not present for cations or cations/neutral compounds in either rats or humans. The QSPKR model for human CLb showed a significant correlation (R 2 = 0.819) with good prediction performance (Q 2 = 0.722). The model was further assessed using a test group, yielding a geometric mean fold-error of 2.68. QSPKR models with significant correlation and good predictability were also developed for CLb in rats and PDb data for anions or cation/neutral compounds in rats and humans. Both CLb and PDb data were further evaluated for subsets of MRP2 or P-glycoprotein substrates, and significant relationships were derived. QSPKR models were successfully developed for biliary excretion of non-congeneric compounds in rats and humans, providing a quantitative prediction of biliary clearance of compounds.
Changes in ambulatory health care use during the transition to young adulthood.

Abstract Purpose To identify changes in ambulatory health care use during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Methods We analyzed data from health care encounters for adolescents (13–18 year olds) and young adults (19–24 year olds) in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys or National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys from 1997 through 2004. We present bivariate analysis of visit characteristics (including clinician specialty and health care setting, primary reason for the visit, and expected source of payment) for young adults as compared with those for adolescents, using weights provided by the National Center for Health Statistics to make national estimates. Results Adolescents and young adults used similar number of health care visits annually; however, a greater proportion of ambulatory care for young adults was delivered in emergency departments as compared with adolescents (20% vs. 14%; p p p Conclusions Significant changes in ambulatory health care use occur during young adulthood. Improving health care during the transition to adulthood will necessitate attention to health care research and delivery agendas that are relevant to the young adult population.
Improved visibility calculations with tree trunk obstruction modeling from aerial LiDAR

Viewshed and line-of-sight are spatial analysis functions used in applications ranging from urban design to archaeology to hydrology. Vegetation data, a difficult variable to effectively emulate in computer models, is typically omitted from visibility calculations or unrealistically simulated. In visibility analyzes performed on a small scale, where calculation distances are a few hundred meters or less, ineffective incorporation of vegetation can lead to significant modeling error. Using an aerial LiDAR light detection and ranging data set of a lodgepole pine Pinus contorta dominant ecosystem in Idaho, USA, tree obstruction metrics were derived and integrated into a short-range visibility model. A total of 15 visibility plots were set at a micro-scale level, with visibility modeled to a maximum of 50 m from an observation point. Digital photographs of a 1 m2 target set at 5 m increments along three sightline paths for each visibility plot were used to establish control visibility values. Trunk obstructions, derived from mean vegetation height LiDAR data and processed through a series of tree structure algorithms, were factored into visibility calculations and compared to reference data. Results indicate the model calculated using trunk obstructions with LiDAR demonstrated a mean error of 8.8% underestimation of target visibility, while alternative methods using mean vegetation height and bare-earth models have an underestimation of 65.7% and overestimation of 31.1%, respectively.
Stability of superdislocations and shear faults in L12 ordered alloys

Abstract Stability of superdislocations, superpartials, and APBs and/or SISFs between superpartials in L12 ordered alloys is analyzed within the framework of anisotropic linear elasticity theory. In the case of primary slip system, {111} 〈101〉, the tangenital component of elastic interaction between two superpartials is zero along the edge orientation, but along the screw orientation it is of comparable magnitude to the radial component, e.g. 0.62 and 2.30 for APB- and SISF-type dissociations, respectively, in Ni3Al. The concept of a “force couplet” on a shear fault is used to describe the bending of the fault, which is associated with climb dissociation of fractional Shockley edge partials. Discussion is given on dislocation microstructure (TEM), on core structure of superdislocations (atomistic simulation), and on possible intrinsic effects associated with positive and negative temperature dependences of the anomalous flow behavior of Ni3Al.
Update on Liposarcoma: A review for cytopathologists

Liposarcoma (LS) represents the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma. LS is subdivided into four distinct subtypes: well-differentiated, myxoid/round cell, pleomorphic, and mixed LS. In addition to distinctive morphology, each of the subgroups has a different prognosis and treatment strategy. While subgrouping has traditionally been based on conventional morphology, recent molecular and cytogenetic findings have validated the current classification system. Well-differentiated LS is characterized by overexpression of MDM2, which blocks the tumor suppressor function of p53. Myxoid/round cell LS is characterized by a specific translocation resulting in a fusion protein which interferes with adipocyte differentiation. Pleomorphic LS, like other high grade sarcomas, is characterized by multiple chromosomal abnormalities. Each of these distinctive molecular signatures can be exploited to aid in the subtyping of LS and in distinguishing true sarcomas of lipogenic derivation from benign mimics.
Detectability of perfusion defect in five-dimensional gated-dynamic cardiac SPECT images.

Purpose: In previous work, the authors developed and demonstrated the concept of an image reconstruction procedure aimed to unify gated and dynamic nuclear cardiacimaging, which the authors have termedfive-dimensional (5D) SPECT. Gated imaging permits the clinician to evaluate wall motion and, through the use of stress and rest scans, allows perfusion defects to be observed. Dynamic imaging depicts kinetics in the myocardium, which can be used to evaluate perfusion, but traditional dynamic images are motionless and do not depict wall motion. In this article, the authors investigate the degree to which perfusion defects can be detected from the dynamic information conveyed by 5D images, a problem that is particularly challenging in the absence of multiple fast camera rotations. Methods: The authors first demonstrate the usefulness of dynamic reconstructed images for perfusion detection by using linear discriminant analyses (Fisher linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis) and a numerical channelized Hotelling observer. The authors then derive three types of discriminant metrics for characterizing the temporal kinetic information in reconstructed dynamic images for differentiating perfusion defects from normal cardiac perfusion, which are the Fisher linear discriminant map, temporal derivative map, and kinetic parametric images. Results: Results are based on the NURBS-based cardiac-torso phantom with simulation of Tc99m-teboroxime as the imaging agent. The derived metric maps and quantitative contrast-to-noise ratio results demonstrate that the reconstructed dynamic images could yield higher detectability of the perfusion defect than conventional gated reconstruction while providing wall motion information simultaneously. Conclusions: The proposed metrics can be used to produce new types of visualizations, showing wall motion and perfusion information, that may potentially be useful for clinical evaluation. Since 5D imaging permits wall motion and kinetics to be observed simultaneously, it may ultimately obviate the need for separate stress and rest scans.
Commentary On Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Openmindedness

Several lines of evidence support the concept that pluripotent stem cells reside in the hematopoietic system of adults, but each has been questioned for valid reasons. Thus, the results reported to date after infusion of bone marrow stem cells, may be due to cell fusion, non-physiological de-differentiation and subsequent differentiation to lineages directed by the culture environment, microchimerism, or transdifferentiation. Several authors have suggested complex ways of investigating each of these possibilities, but in no case are any of the suggested protocols complete, nor will they rule out other possible causes of the results observed to date. Determining the nature, origin, and characteristics of adult cells is important and interesting, but the important question at this time is not what happens physiologically, but what we can do with these cells therapeutically. Research addressing therapeutic endpoints now takes a pivotal position in studies of nonembryonic stem cells.
Pleural fluid exchange in rabbits.

Background and objectives: The study was designed to better characterize pleural fluid absorption in rabbits with the following two objectives: to determine the relative absorption of saline versus high-protein solutions, and to identify the relative rates of absorption of dextran molecules of varying sizes. Methods: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits received a 12-mL intrapleural injection of saline solution and a 10% protein solution on opposite sides, each solution containing dextran molecules with varying MWs. At sacrifice at 1, 4, 8, 18 and 24 h, the volume of pleural fluid and the concentrations of the dextran molecules were determined. Results: Saline was absorbed faster than the high-protein fluid (P < 0.001). Dextran concentrations in the saline were significantly higher than those in the protein solution at all times after injection (P = 0.005; P < 0.001, respectively). The higher-MW dextrans were cleared more slowly than the lower-MW dextrans in a continuously graded manner. Conclusions: Saline was absorbed faster than a solution with a high protein content. There was a continuous spectrum in the rate of absorption of the dextran molecules, with the larger molecules being absorbed more slowly.
Protonation of 18-crown-6 by dichloropicric acid in anhydrous and in water saturated 1,2-dichloroethane. Homoconjugation of dichloropicric acid

From conductometric and UV-VIS spectrophotometric studies of the reaction between 18-crown-6 (L) and dichloropicric acid (HA) in dry and water saturated 1,2-dichloroethane, it has been concluded that formation of a 1:1 homoconjugate HA 2 − accompanies the simple protonation of L, viz, L+HA⇆LH+A− and L+2HA⇆LH+HA 2 − . The electrolytes LH+A− and LH+HA 2 − are extensively, or practically completely dissociated in both solvents under the experimental conditions. The specie LH+A− appears to be a contact ion pair in DCE. The stability constant of HA 2 − in the dry solvent, 5.7×103 mol−1-cm3, is some 102.4 times that in propylene carbonate reflecting the difference in H-bond accepting capacity of the two solvents. Hydration of HA, A− and HA 2 − in wet dichloroethane is negligible or slight. As expected, LH+ is rather strongly hydrated, the ratio of the hydration constants of LH+ and L being about 1×101.
The Arc Spectrum of Copper

The arc spectrum of coppper is partly an ordinary doublet spectrum with lowest term $^{2}S=62308.0$; and partly a complicated spectrum with lowest term $m^{2}D_{3}=51105.5$ and $m^{2}D_{2}=49062.6$. The next lowest terms of the complicated spectrum are $^{4}P$, $^{4}F$, $^{4}D^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $^{2}F$, $^{2}P$, $^{2}D^{\ensuremath{'}}$ in the order given extending from $^{4}P_{3}=23289.4$ to ${^{2}D^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{3}=15709.7$. They combine with $^{2}S$ and $m^{2}D$. The quartets are all inverted, while the doublets are not. There are eleven higher terms which include amongst others a second set $^{2}F$, $^{2}P$, $^{2}D^{\ensuremath{'}}$. This is all as predicted by the Heisenburg-Hund theory. Most of the lines of the arc spectrum are due to the combinations of the above quartets and doublets with a set of terms having negative wave-numbers extending from -95.2 to -14772.4. In particular, the lowest four negative terms are a complete $^{4}D$ and form by combination with $^{4}P$, $^{4}F$, $^{4}D^{\ensuremath{'}}$ multiplets of great intensity in the visible. The other negative terms include a set $^{4}S$, $^{4}P^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $^{4}D$, $^{4}F^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $^{4}G$, which also combine with considerable intensity with the first mentioned quartets. The limit of the negative quartet terms can be calculated to be at roughly -22,000. This should be the lowest spark $^{3}D$ term.The nature of the quartet spectrum was partly determined from Zeeman effects in the ultra-violet below 2500. The $g$-values of many of the terms are irregular but the $g$-sums are correct. Line intensities were used mainly as criteria for the designation of terms. Unresolved Zeeman effects give confirmation in many cases.The two types of spectra are connected by combinations of the lowest terms of each with higher terms of the other. Other theoretically possible combinations do not occur.
Molecular dynamics study of the proposed proton transport pathways in [FeFe]-hydrogenase

Possible proton transport pathways in Clostridium pasteurianum (CpI) [FeFe]-hydrogenase were investigated with molecular dynamics simulations. This study was undertaken to evaluate the functional pathway and provide insight into the hydrogen bonding features defining an active proton transport pathway. Three pathways were evaluated, two of which consist of water wires and one of predominantly amino acid residues. Our simulations suggest that protons are not transported through water wires. Instead, the five-residue motif (Glu282, Ser319, Glu279, H2O, Cys299) was found to be the likely pathway, consistent with previously made experimental observations. The pathway was found to have a persistent hydrogen bonded core (residues Cys299 to Ser319), with less persistent hydrogen bonds at the ends of the pathway for both H2 release and H2 uptake. Single site mutations of the four residues have been shown experimentally to deactivate the enzyme. The theoretical evaluation of these mutations demonstrates redistribution of the hydrogen bonds in the pathway, resulting in enzyme deactivation. Finally, coupling between the protein dynamics near the proton transport pathway and the redox partner binding regions was also found as a function of H2 uptake and H2 release states, which may be indicative of a correlation between proton and electron movement within the enzyme.
Epigenetic Regulation of Infant Neurobehavioral Outcomes.

During fetal development and early infancy, environmental signals can induce epigenetic changes that alter neurobehavioral development and later-life mental health. Several neurodevelopmental genetic diseases influence epigenetic regulatory genes and genomic imprinting. Recently, brain epigenetic marks have been involved in idiopathic neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders. The placenta is an important regulator of the intrauterine environment that links maternal and fetal nervous systems. Placental epigenetic signatures have been associated with the neurodevelopment of healthy newborns quantified through the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scales (NNNS). Associations have been observed for DNA methylation of genes involved in cortisol (NR3C1, HSD11B) , serotonin (HTR2A) , and metabolic (LEP) pathways. Dysregulation of imprinted genes and microRNAs has also been associated with neurobehavior assessed by NNNS. Further analysis is needed to characterize the mechanisms by which the epigenome influences neurodevelopment and the connection between this dysregulation and mental health disorders. In the future, epigenetic marks could serve as functional biomarkers of mental health and cognitive function.
A Mouse Model of Diabetic Retinopathy

Objective: To obtain a model of diabetic retinopathy to which modern methods of genetic engineering may be applied, by determining the response of 2 strains of mice to long-term galactose feeding. Methods: Both C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c mice were fed each of 2 galactose-rich diets (30% and 50% galactose), and trypsin digests of their retinas were compared with those of controls at durations of up to 26 months. Results: The mortality rate in galactose-fed animals was lower in C57BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice, and both strains tolerated the 30% galactose diet significantly better than the 50% galactose diet. In C57BL/6 mice fed 30% galactose for 21 to 26 months, saccular microaneurysms were observed in the retina, together with significant increases in the thickness of capillary basement membrane and the prevalence of acellular capillaries and pericyte ghosts. The 50% galactose diet caused significantly more acellular capillaries than normal by 15 months, but excessive mortality precluded study at longer durations. The frequency of acellular capillaries also was greater than normal in BALB/c mice fed 30% galactose for 21 months. Retinal polyol levels in galactose-fed mice were found to be lower than those in galactosemic rats. Conclusion: The mouse may provide an inexpensive model suitable for in vivo study of the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy using molecular biological techniques.
The Ancients' Views of Science

The Way and the Word Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece. by Geoffrey Lloyd and Nathan Sivin. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2002. 368 pp. $35, £25. ISBN 0-300-09297-0. Comparing the cosmology, science, and medicine in Greek and Chinese civilizations in the six centuries from 400 B.C., Lloyd and Sivin discuss the social, political, and intellectual context of scientific concepts and thinkers and relate conceptual differences to these circumstances.
Glucocorticoids and aging

Information on the role of glucocorticoids in the aging of vertebrate species is reviewed. There is strong evidence that elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels have a causal role in the rapid deterioration following reproduction in semelparous vertebrate species. If this deterioration is an example of rapid senescence, then it is clear that glucocorticoids can promote aging processes in vertebrate species. However, the evidence that glucocorticoids promote aging in the gradual senescence characteristic of most vertebrate species is not robust. Indeed, there is reason to believe that periods of moderately elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels may retard aging processes in rats, mice, and humans.
Suspicious appearance of simple cyst caused by technical artifact.

Abstract A case is presented in which excessive injection of contrast material caused a simple cyst to appear as a hypovascular tumor.
Analgesia for formalin-induced pain by lateral hypothalamic stimulation

Few studies of analgesia induced by electrical brain stimulation have examined the effects of brain stimulation on responses to tonic pain stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that analgesia for tonic and phasic pain may involve different neural substrates. The present study examined the effects of lateral hypothalamic (LH) stimulation on responses to tonic pain induced by subcutaneous formalin. Our findings demonstrate that LH stimulation produced analgesia for tonic pain and that the effect is primary and not related to stress-induced analgesia. The results are discussed in relation to hypotheses regarding the different neural substrates involved in analgesia for tonic and phasic pain.
Tumour Development in the Rat induced by Blood of Irradiated Animals

EXPERIMENTS are being carried out tox ascertain whether the incidence of tumours in non-irradiated animals can be influenced by the introduction into the body of fluids or tissues from irradiated donors. This communication reports preliminary results from a three and a half year study of rats injected with blood plasma or with blood plasma ultra-filtrate from irradiated rats and sheep.
Confronting Death: Perceptions of a Good Death in Adults With Lung Cancer

Investigations regarding patients' concerns about death have focused on the importance of autonomy, resolution of concerns, family relationships, and religiosity, and relied on data from physicians, nurses, family members, and healthy older adults. Few studies have focused on patients with diseases that have short-term survival rates. This study examined lung cancer patients' perceptions of a good death. One hundred lung cancer patients answered open-ended questions about what a good death was and completed measures assessing coping, spirituality, religious coping, and life satisfaction. Content analysis revealed 4 themes describing a good death: (a) during sleep, (b) pain-free, (c) peaceful, and (d) quick. These findings have implications for those caring for terminally ill patients as the 4 themes differ from those derived from studies of more heterogeneous patients, their families, and health care providers.
Hey stud: Race, sex, and sports

This article is an examination of how the intersection of sport and race plays out in the sexualization of the sporting role of African American male athletes. Further, the article is an examination of the multiple roles the media, sport, and race play as these impact the public persona of African American male athletes in high-profile sports. The article concludes with a number of recommendations for ending the negative images of African American male athletes.
Behavioral and academic problems in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome: differences between children with and without seizures.

Abstract Although Sturge-Weber (SWS) syndrome is associated with behavioral and academic problems in childhood, it is unknown whether those problems are concomitants of the disorder itself or of the seizure disorder that is common in SWS. We compared two groups of children with SWS-- one with seizures (n = 20) and one without seizures (n = 14)--on parent-report and teacher-report measures of behavioral and academic functioning. The two subgroups were compared with each other as well as with children with epilepsy alone (n = 29) and a group of healthy controls (n = 21). The SWS group with seizures was more impaired than the seizure-free group on 9 of 15 measures and the children with seizures were 10 times as likely to have received special education services. Overall, children with SWS and seizures were similar to the epilepsy group, whereas children with SWS and no seizures were similar to the controls.
Breast Milk as the Gold Standard for Protective Nutrients

In this introductory overview, I explore the observation that breast milk is the gold standard for protective nutrients fed to newborn infants and present clinical evidence of its strong protective effect against age-related infectious gastroenteritis. The composition of breast milk changes according to the newborn infant's needs for passive protection. In addition, substances in breast milk can actively stimulate development of the newborn's host defenses to provide continued mucosal protection after breastfeeding is terminated. Later I present several specific examples of the development of intestinal host defenses due to breastfeeding. An important function of early breastfeeding is its anti-inflammatory effect on the immature, excessive inflammatory response in newborns. Several components of breast milk can reduce the inflammatory response to stimuli in the newborn intestine. These include transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, interleukin (IL)-10, erythropoietin, and lactoferrin. These components of breast milk can act individually or in concert to contain the neonatal immature anti-inflammatory response.
The Immunogenicity of Modified Lipoproteins

The immunogenicity of modified low-density lipoprotein (mLDL) has been demonstrated both in laboratory animals and humans. Circulating human mLDL antibodies, purified by affinity chromatography, are predominantly of the IgG isotype, subclasses 1 and 3. The purified antibodies react with malondialdehyde-lysine and carboxymethyl-lysine epitopes, but also recognize minimally modified forms of LDL that do not contain significant amounts of those two epitopes. The quantitative assays of mLDL and mLDL antibodies in serum samples by enzymoimmunoassay (EIA) are unreliable owing to the interference of preformed circulating immune complexes (CICs). Isolation of CICs by precipitation with low concentrations of polyethylene glycol followed by analysis of antigens and antibodies contained in the precipitates is a technically complex approach, but one that yields valuable data. With this approach we have confirmed that the IgG antibodies involved in IC formation belong to the proinflammatory IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes, have a higher avidity than those that remain unbound in the supernatant after CIC precipitation, and are of higher avidity in diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria than in those with normal albuminuria. We have also developed capture assays for different forms of mLDL. These assays have shown a significant enrichment in mLDL of the precipitated ICs. The enrichment is also more pronounced in the CICs obtained from diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria. In conclusion, isolation and characterization of LDL-ICs appears to yield information of significant value that is not derived from other approaches to measure LDL modifications and their corresponding antibodies in humans.
Students Study Energy Usage for . Heat Processing Pizzas

Undergraduate students in Food Service and Lodging Management participated in a foodservice energy research project during one semester. They determined the effect of oven paranteters upon energy consuniption during infrared and convective heating of siiyiulated pizzas. Three different oven temperatures and times were studied for infrared and convection ovens. Because of different process materials used, energy comparisons were made within each oven type, rather than between infrared and convective heating. This paper includes guidelines for the organization of suclr a project. The need for the recommended laboratory controls is illustrated by providing their research findings. To illustrate the practical application of the research findings, two scenarios are given, one for a pizza establishnrent, and one for a school foodservice operation.
The role of high-resolution electron microscopy in the development of solid state chemistry

Abstract The unique capability of high-resolution lattice and structure imaging to provide information on local structure including defects directly has made the greatest impact on the recent development of solid state chemistry. It is also of immense importance that regions of one micron dimension are enough to obtain structural information. Advances in understanding complex higher oxides of the rare earth elements is offered as an example of an ordinary system which has yielded to HRTEM investigation beyond the level which could be attained by conventional methods. In this case the structures including polymorphism and the structural principle behind the intermediate phases R n O 2n−2 have been proposed. The atomic level intergrowth structures that cause chemical hysteresis and underlie mechanisms of reaction are revealed. In addition, the structural changes accompanying disorder-order reactions in nonstoichiometric phases are being clarified. A short account is also given of some of the most recent applications of HREM to problems of chemical importance. This includes finding the disposition, often incommensurate, of guest atoms in tunnel structures, the clarification of alloy structures with stacking disorder, the nature of interfaces, chemical reactions and ordering in thin crystalline or amorphous films, the textures of amorphous carbon films and the formation of charge transfer complexes made visual almost at the atomic level.
Covalent Association of Protein Disulfide Isomerase with Recombinant Human Interleukin 2in Vitro

Abstract Protein disulfide isomerase has broad specificity in the catalysis of the formation and rearrangement of native disulfide bonds in proteins. This enzyme has two independent thioredoxin-like active sites (-CGHC-) and a peptide binding site. However, the mechanisms involving the catalytic processes are not clearly understood. It was reported that the enzyme associates with scrambled pancreatic ribonuclease Ain vitro,and with misfolded human lysozymein vivo.In the present study, recombinant human interleukin 2 has been chosen to probe the reaction intermediate in the reaction with the enzyme. We have identified and characterized a covalent associate formedin vitroby SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. This associate has a molecular weight of 71–72 kDa, the approximate sum of the molecular weights of the enzyme and the substrate. Western blot analysis confirmed that it formed via an intermolecular disulfide bond. Upon treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, this bond was cleaved.
Acoustic mine detection coupling method using a liquid-filled roller array

This acoustic mine detection system uses an acoustic array of hydrophones embedded within a unique fluid-coupling structure that deforms to the ground contours and has an acoustic impedance comparable to that of the ground to facilitate energy transfer and eliminate losses at the air ground interface. Broadband and impulsive acoustic array techniques are used to localize buried objects and interpret the buried object's surrounding. The goal of this system is a low-cost, hand-held mine detector that rolls or slides across the ground, suitable for a soldier ti inspect and clear a two-foot wide path. The array contains sensor and sound source, which send out various acoustic waveforms and analyzes the returning echoes and emissions to determine if an object buried below the surface has affected the propagating sound. The sensor on the array remain in a fixed linear geometry hovering over the ground to facilitate beamforming while eliminating the huge losses associated with coupling airborne sounds to the ground. Reflections at material discontinuities, as well as mine shape, materials, and depth contribute to the variations of the induced and resultant sound field. Preliminary data is presented that shows detections of underground objects, and a discussion of future efforts, to include further processing of the data introduced in this report.
A parallel Born-von Karman study of diamond and the diamond type crystals

Abstract The measured dispersion curves of diamond have been reexamined within the Born-von Karman framework parallel to Ge, Si and α-Sn for which long range Born-von Karman forces have been established. Contrary to earlier reports, it was found that fifth neighbor interactions are absolutely necessary for a correct description of the dispersion curves. The importance of fifth neighbors is a feature common to all four diamond type materials related to their structure. A few systematic trends and interrelationships observed in the numerical values of the force constants are discussed. With the fitted values of the force constants the frequency distributions were calculated accurately and some new information was obtained. Concerning the two-phonon bound state controversy, in diamond, the fifth neighbor fit obtained here clearly showed that the Raman frequency is indeed the absolute maximum frequency for the Δ2′(LO) branch. Thus, a two phonon bound state in diamond cannot be ruled out on the basis of opposite claims.
Improved spatial localization of post-stimulus BOLD undershoot relative to positive BOLD

The negative blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal following the cessation of stimulation (post-stimulus BOLD undershoot) is observed in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. However, its spatial characteristics are unknown. To investigate this, gradient-echo BOLD fMRI in response to visual stimulus was obtained in isoflurane-anesthetized cats at 9.4 T. Since the middle cortical layer (layer 4) is known to have the highest metabolic and cerebral blood volume (CBV) responses, images were obtained to view the cortical cross-section. Robust post-stimulus BOLD undershoot was observed in all studies, and lasted longer than 30 s after the cessation of 40-60 s stimulation. The magnitude of post-stimulus BOLD undershoot was linearly dependent on echo time with little intercept when extrapolating to TE = 0, indicating that the T2* change is the major cause of the BOLD undershoot. The post-stimulus BOLD undershoot was observed within the cortex and near the surface of the cortex, while the prolonged CBV elevation was observed only at the middle of the cortex. Within the cortex, the largest post-stimulus undershoot was detected at the middle of the cortex, similar to the CBV increase during the stimulation period. Our findings demonstrate that, even though there is significant contribution from pial vessel signals, the post-stimulus undershoot BOLD signal is useful to improve the spatial localization of fMRI to active cortical sites.
Preparation of highly purified fatty acids via liquid-liquid partition chromatography

The application of reversed-phase, liquid-liquid partition chromatography to the preparation of highly purified methyl esters of fatty acids is described. The parameters of fractionation of methyl esters by this method are demonstrated with model mixtures of these compounds. Model mixtures are also used to demonstrate the use of adsorption chromatography on columns of silicic acid, impregnated with silver nitrate, in conjunction with liquid-liquid partition chromatography to eliminate fractional distillation in the preparation of polyunsaturated methyl esters. The formation of artefacts of 4, 5 and 6 double bond methyl esters during fractional distillation and their fractionation is described. The use of liquid-liquid partition chromatography for preparative purposes on a large laboratory scale is demonstrated by the preparation of pure methyl linolenate from linseed oil esters. Methyl arachidonate, eicosapentaenoate, docosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate are also prepared in high purity.
Screening yeast artificial chromosome libraries with robot-aided automation.

Abstract Screening of collections of yeast artificial chromosomes utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires large numbers of reactions in parallel. Four steps were implemented to reduce the labor involved: (a) The number of initial samples for DNA extractions was decreased by compressing libraries up to 12-fold. (b) DNA extraction from yeast clones was robot assisted. (c) A Biomek 1000 station was adapted to pipette samples for PCR assays. (d) Sample preparation was integrated with a temperature cycler constructed to carry out up to 576 reactions in six 8 × 12-well trays. The implementation of these steps increases the number of reactions per person per day by an order of magnitude. In tests with X-chromosome-specific probes, the robot-aided screening recovered all of the clones detected by slower manual methods.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of steroid side chains via organoboranes. Stereospecific synthesis of 20R- and 20S-25-hydroxycholesterol.

Abstract Both 20R- and 20S-25-hydroxycholesterol have been stereospecially prepared from readily 3β-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one.
Combining genome-wide and targeted gene expression profiling in drug discovery: microarrays and real-time PCR

Genome-wide examination of transcriptional events involved in drug action can provide new foundations for more mechanistic-based studies of the molecular and physiological basis of the effects and disposition of therapeutic agents. Although microarrays offer the allure of assessing gene expression levels for thousands of genes simultaneously, this technology is inherently exploratory in nature and interpretation of the results can be overwhelming and ambiguous. The statistical methods necessary to assign significance for array data have yet to be standardized or agreed upon by researchers. Here, one developing field of analysis using permutation-based procedures is reviewed. Quantitative real-time PCR, a fast and relatively inexpensive technique, can then be used to validate and extend array findings.
Sliding Contact of Elastically Dissimilar Periodic Profiles

Various methods for solving the partial contact of surfaces with regularly periodic profiles—which might arise in analyses of asperity level contact, serrated surfaces or even curved structures—have previously been employed for elastic materials. A new approach based upon the summation of evenly spaced Flamant’s solution is used here to solve periodic problems in plane elasticity for sliding contact with Coulomb friction. The advantage is that solutions are derived in a straightforward manner without requiring extensive experience with advanced mathematical theory.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Predator and flow influence on bivalve clam excurrent jet characteristics

Predator–prey interactions, and subsequently, marine communities, may be controlled by the hydrodynamics of the fluid flow in which the organisms live. This study looked at the pumping behavior of the bivalve clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, and how clams may use ambient and jet hydrodynamics to control the information available to their tracking predators. Specifically, this study quantified the velocity of the excurrent jet of actively pumping clams in the presence and absence of predator chemical cues under several ambient crossflow velocities using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Clams were found to increase the standard deviation values of the jet velocity fluctuations and to increase the randomness (as measured by fractal dimension) of the velocity values when predator chemical cues were present in the flow. The increased standard deviation of the jet velocity fluctuations, when a predator was present upstream, corresponded to increasing the energetic cost of pumping by approximately five times. However, increasing the randomness of the velocity values (as measured by the fractal dimension) did not appear to be more energetically costly. The changes seen here in the fluctuating characteristics of the clam excurrent jet are likely to promote the mixing of clam chemical metabolites by controlling the chemical source characteristics, which suggests that the behavior may be a means of predator avoidance.
The Exact Distributions of the Stopping Times and Their Functionals in Two-Stage and Sequential Fixed-Width Confidence Intervals of the Exponential Parameter

Abstract The asymptotic properties of two-stage and sequential procedures for fixed-width, 2δ, confidence interval estimation of the mean β of an exponential distribution are well known. In the present paper we derive the exact operating characteristics of these procedures for any given δ > 0. The methodology is similar to that of Zacks and Mukhopadhyay (2005); (2006). The results are, however, more explicit.
Improved protein identification through the use of unstained gels.

In this work, a method for improved protein identification of low-abundance proteins using unstained gels, in combination with robotics and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry, has been developed and evaluated. Omitting the silver-staining process resulted in increased protein identification scores, an increase in the number of peptides observed in the MALDI mass spectrum, and improved quality of the tandem mass spectrometry data. Keywords: unstained gels • protein identification • PAGE • silver staining • immunoprecipitation • robotics • automation • MALDI−MS