cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preferential flow, diffuse flow, and perching in an interbedded fractured-rock unsaturated zone

Layers of strong geologic contrast within the unsaturated zone can control recharge and contaminant transport to underlying aquifers. Slow diffuse flow in certain geologic layers, and rapid preferential flow in others, complicates the prediction of vertical and lateral fluxes. A simple model is presented, designed to use limited geological site information to predict these critical subsurface processes in response to a sustained infiltration source. The model is developed and tested using site-specific information from the Idaho National Laboratory in the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), USA, where there are natural and anthropogenic sources of high-volume infiltration from floods, spills, leaks, wastewater disposal, retention ponds, and hydrologic field experiments. The thick unsaturated zone overlying the ESRP aquifer is a good example of a sharply stratified unsaturated zone. Sedimentary interbeds are interspersed between massive and fractured basalt units. The combination of surficial sediments, basalts, and interbeds determines the water fluxes through the variably saturated subsurface. Interbeds are generally less conductive, sometimes causing perched water to collect above them. The model successfully predicts the volume and extent of perching and approximates vertical travel times during events that generate high fluxes from the land surface. These developments are applicable to sites having a thick, geologically complex unsaturated zone of substantial thickness in which preferential and diffuse flow, and perching of percolated water, are important to contaminant transport or aquifer recharge.
Mentoring “Inside” and “Outside” the Action of Teaching: A Professional Framework for Mentoring

ABSTRACTThis study seeks to contribute to the research on mentored induction by investigating the practices mentors employ in their work with new teachers in two high-need, high-poverty urban elementary schools. Informed by Schwille’s (2008) temporal framework of “educative” mentoring practices occurring “inside” and “outside” the action of teaching, this study investigated the range of practices mentors employed, new teachers’ perceptions of the practices, and if the practices contributed to new teachers’ professional learning. Participants included six new teachers and two induction mentors. Results indicate that “inside” and “outside” mentoring practices are complementary and should be conceived as assisted performance and judiciously selected to promote productive changes in new teachers’ practice. Recommendations for mentoring programs are provided.
Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex during Sequential Planning in the Tower of London

To investigate the utility of neural theories for human planning, this study used near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate prefrontal (PFC) oxygenation for a well-established planning task: The Tower of London (TOL). Changes in prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin from baseline were measured during task performance. Performing the Tower of London led to a significant increase in oxygenation in the left caudal region of the PFC in difficult trials moves relative to easier trials. The different degree of prefrontal oxygenation agrees with previous research and provides further evidence for a capacity utilization framework for measuring neurocognitive demand. Higher activity in the left rostral frontopolar region predicted better performance in the Tower of London, which agrees with a proposed rostral-caudal control hierarchy for the prefrontal cortex. Observed results support the feasibility of near-infrared spectroscopy to assess activity during tasks requiring planning ability and provide support for two neu...
Levels of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bim are determined early in the response and positively correlated with memory T cell fate (LYM5P.702)

We and others have shown that the pro-apoptotic molecule Bim plays a critical role in controlling the contraction of T cell responses. Paradoxically, T cells destined to become memory (pre-memory) cells have higher levels of Bim than their effector counterparts. Similarly, after memory development, central memory (T CM ) cells have higher levels of Bim relative to their effector memory (T EM ) counterparts. However, due to the intracellular location of Bim, sorting and subsequent tracking of T cells based on Bim expression has been challenging. To circumvent this issue and determine the relationship between Bim expression and cell fate, we generated Bim-mCherry reporter mice, inserting an IRES-mCherry cassette into the 3’-UTR of the Bim gene. Similar to intracellular staining for Bim, mCherry levels were higher in pre-memory cells and T CM cells than their effector or T EM counterparts. In addition, the expression and function of Bim in T cells is not altered in Bim-mCherry reporter mice. The transfer of Bim hi or Bim lo T cells on the basis of mCherry expression favored their development into T CM or T EM cells, in recipient animals, respectively. Further, the levels of mCherry (and Bim) remained stable in the transferred mCherry hi or mCherry lo T cells across contraction of the response. These data suggest that the levels of Bim in CD8 T cells are determined at an early stage of infection and are paradoxically positively correlated with T cells having a memory fate.
Analysis of Student Use of Video in a Flipped Classroom.

For this study the authors explored the use of pre-recorded lecture videos by students in a large introductory management course using a flipped classroom design to determine patterns of video use and to explore the potential relationship between student use of videos (video viewing) and student learning measured by grades and student satisfaction as measured by an end-of-course survey. A quantitative study approach was used, using frequency counts of student video use, student grades on three exams, and student responses to a 20-question survey. Correlation analysis results indicate that student use of videos varied significantly along several aspects – across the multiple video segments addressing a course topic, by time of day and day of week, and during the full course term. Implications for effective use of pre-recorded videos when implementing the flipped classroom model are discussed along with directions for much-needed future research.
Characterizing spatial variability of air pollution from vehicle traffic around the Houston Ship Channel area

Abstract Mobile emissions are a major source of urban air pollution and have been associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. The Houston Ship Channel area is the home of a large number of diesel-powered vehicles emitting fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ; ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ). However, the spatial variability of traffic-related air pollutants in the Houston Ship Channel area has rarely been investigated. The objective of this study is to characterize spatial variability of PM 2.5 and NO x concentrations attributable to on-road traffic in the Houston Ship Channel area in the year of 2011. We extracted the road network from the Texas Department of Transportation Road Inventory, and calculated emission rates using the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator version 2014a (MOVES2014a). These parameters and preprocessed meteorological parameters were entered into a Research LINE-source Dispersion Model (RLINE) to conduct a simulation. Receptors were placed at 50 m resolution within 300 m to major roads and at 150 m resolution in the rest of the area. Our findings include that traffic-related PM 2.5 were mainly emitted from trucks, while traffic-related NO x were emitted from both trucks and cars. The traffic contributed 0.90 μg/m 3 PM 2.5 and 29.23 μg/m 3 NO x to the annual average mass concentrations of on-road air pollution, and the concentrations of the two pollutants decreased by nearly 40% within 500 m distance to major roads. The pollution level of traffic-related PM 2.5 and NO x was higher in winter than those in the other three seasons. The Houston Ship Channel has earlier morning peak hours and relative late afternoon hours, which indicates the influence of goods movement from port activity. The varied near-road gradients illustrate that proximities to major roads are not an accurate surrogate of traffic-related air pollution.
Abstract 82: Critical Role of Striatin in Vascular Responses to Sodium Intake

Striatin is a scaffolding protein that plays a role in vesicular trafficking in neurons. Striatin binds to regulatory proteins such as caveolin-1, Ca2+-calmodulin, Gαi and phosphatase 2A, thereby activating transduction molecules such as eNOS and mitogen-activated protein kinase. We have shown that striatin colocalizes with the minerlacorticoid receptor (MR), and that MR activation increases striatin levels in vascular cells in vivo and in vitro. To test the hypothesis that striatin is a critical regulator of vascular function, WT mice and heterozygous striatin-deficient mice lacking one allele for striatin (Strn-HET) were randomized in a crossover intervention to liberal salt (HS, 1.6% NaCl) and low salt (LS, 0.03% NaCl) diets for 7 days on each diet. Blood pressure (BP) and plasma aldosterone (ALDO) levels were measured and the aorta was excised to assess vascular function. Δ Systolic BP (BP on HS - BP on LS) was in Strn-HET > WT (16.5±3.5 vs 3.7±6.1 mmHg). Plasma ALDO levels were higher during LS diet, but were similar in WT and Strn-HET mice (152.6±23.9 vs 131.5±47.6 ng/dL on LS; 72.9±7.7 vs 70.9±8.3 ng/dL on HS). Phenylephrine (Phe) caused vascular contraction that was in Strn-HET (max 0.31±0.07g) > WT (0.23±0.07g). Also, high KCl (96 mM)-induced contraction was in Strn-HET (0.44±0.06g) > WT mice (0.33±0.05g) on HS diet, suggesting that the enhanced vascular contraction is not limited to a particular receptor. Endothelium removal, NOS inhibitor L-NAME and guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ enhanced contraction and increased sensitivity to Phe in WT mice and to a greater extent in Strn-HET mice on HS but not LS diet. On HS, acetylcholine (ACh) relaxation was in Strn-HET (max 33.16±4.47%)
Temporal Myopia in Strategic Search

In this paper, we explore the little studied phenomena of temporal myopia, i.e., an organization’s constraints taking into account time-varying performance implications of strategic choices made. I...
Structure sensitivity in acetylene reactions over bimetallic Pd/W surfaces

Acetylene reactions over a Pd/W(111) surface are found to exhibit size effects on the nanometer scale. Upon annealing 1 ML Pd/W(111), pyramidal facets are formed having bcc(211) faces with nanometer dimensions. The facets grow as a function of annealing time and temperature. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectra of benzene and ethylene, formed reactively following acetylene adsorption, change as a function of relative facet size. Results are compared to spectra from a similar experiment performed on planar Pd/W(211). TPD of chemisorbed benzene from several different Pd/W surface morphologies are also presented. The data show that structure sensitivity is exhibited for reactively-formed ethylene and benzene, as well as for chemisorbed benzene.
BLOOD GROUPS AND SODIUM, POTASSIUM STIMULATED ATPase

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses blood groups and sodium-, potassium-stimulated ATPase. While most mammalian erythrocytes are high in potassium content and low in sodium, some mammals including dogs, cats, and cattle have red cells with low potassium and high sodium levels. Domestic sheep fall into two general classes with respect to potassium content; some have high levels (HK) and others have low levels (LK). The HK red cell has a fourfold greater activity of sodium-, potassium-stimulated ATPase (S-ATPase) than the LK cell. The marked differences in activity of S-ATPase, the enzyme which transports sodium and potassium, can account for the differences in electrolyte concentration. It is possible to stimulate a specific metabolic membrane activity by an antibody to a blood group substance. The L antigen is a soluble antigen elaborated into the serum and picked up by the erythrocyte, where it interferes with the cation pump. Reticulocytes normally have much higher levels of S-ATPase activity in man, rats, and rabbits.
Iron Neurotoxicity in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke

Disturbance of iron homeostasis in the brain plays an important pathogenic role in aggravating secondary neuronal injury and influencing recovery and functional outcome following cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage via several mechanisms including the release of redox-active iron, depletion of cellular energy stores, production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxidation. We systematically review the currently available preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the role of iron-mediated toxicity in ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and its potential mechanisms. We also highlight the strategies being developed for the reduction of iron toxicity in stroke patients, and novel clinical therapeutic trials of iron-modifying agents in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Targeting iron toxicity as a treatment for stroke is an appealing and promising option. Future clinical studies are needed to translate a plethora of preclinical data into the clinical setting.
Molecular Cytology Applications in Soft Tissue

Molecular studies are increasingly being applied to a variety of soft tissue tumors for more definitive diagnoses and subtyping. This has been particularly helpful in cytology and small biopsy specimens, which may lack defining histological features and have notoriously been challenging. Thus, the expanding realm of molecular tests available in soft tissue tumors has allowed us to not only provide a pattern-based diagnosis but to provide more definitive subtyping. In this chapter, we describe the variety of tests available and how they can be applied in bone and soft tissue lesions diagnosed on cytological material.
Interferon-Mediated Response to Human Metapneumovirus Infection

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory diseases in infants and children worldwide. Although this pathogen infects mainly young children, elderly and immunocompromised people can be also seriously affected. To date, there is no commercial vaccine available against it. Upon HMPV infection, the host innate arm of defense produces interferons (IFNs), which are critical for limiting HMPV replication. In this review, we offer an updated landscape of the HMPV mediated-IFN response in different models as well as some of the defense tactics employed by the virus to circumvent IFN response.
A Selected Fiction? Lawrence Durrell and the Overgrown Typescript of Bitter Lemons

This article looks at previously unmined archival documents in order to explore the preand post-publication history of Lawrence Durrell’s Bitter Lemons, a travelogue written during the ‘emergency years’ of the EOKA campaign against British rule and for union with Greece. It examines the ways in which paratextual documents surrounding this publication history illuminate the awkward, sometimes contradictory, relationship between Durrell’s book and the last years of the British colonial government in Cyprus, a government for which Durrell worked as an employee in the Public Information Office.
Stereoelectroencephalography in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is an invasive technique used during the surgical management of medically refractory epilepsy. The utility of SEEG rests in its ability to survey the three-dimensional organization of the epileptogenic zone as well as nearby eloquent cortices. Once concentrated to specialized centers in Europe and Canada, the SEEG methodology has gained worldwide popularity due to its favorable morbidity profile, superior coverage of deep structures, and ability to perform multilobar explorations without the need for craniotomy. This rapid shift in practice represents both a challenge and an opportunity for pediatric neurosurgeons familiar with the subdural grid approach. The purpose of this review is to discuss the indications, technique, and safety of long-term SEEG monitoring in children. In addition to reviewing the conceptual and technical points of the diagnostic evaluation, attention will also be given to SEEG-based interventions (e.g., radiofrequency thermo-coagulation).
Materializing Datafied Body Doubles: Insulin Pumps, Blood Glucose Testing, and the Production of Usable Bodies

The network of devices involved in insulin pump treatment reads and quantifies the physiological processes of Type 1 Diabetes as it performs life-sustaining functions inside and upon users’ bodies. Together, these devices gather that information to produce what I call Datafied Body Doubles: numerical stand-ins for the body that recreate them as both usable and controllable for pump users and their physicians. By establishing and normalizing a system of quantification through blood glucose testing and temporally mapping body-readings into data collections, these Datafied Body Doubles fundamentally alter the conceptual and material experience of living with Diabetes. As medically-compelled users, people with Type 1 Diabetes participate in their own datafication through their continued use of those devices—a choice which is not much of a choice at all—but their bodies are re-created and used to drive their participation in those very techno-medicalized treatments nevertheless.
Taking a history: A roundtable discussion of APSA’s past

Abstract During the APSA 50th Anniversary Meeting, a panel of pediatric surgery legends and leaders captured our attention for a special session on the history of our organization. Learning from history is an important means of shaping the future. As APSA moves forward, we look to our past to understand how our organization and our specialty have emerged, evolved, and expanded. We had the privilege of hearing from Drs. Kathryn Anderson, Arnold Coran, Dick Ellis, Lucian Leape, and Alberto Pena, as well as other distinguished APSA members in the audience. They shared first-hand accounts of the origins of our organization, stories of adversity and growth, tales of caution, and words of advice. Their collective experiences from their remarkable careers in pediatric surgery offer invaluable insight into our mission of saving lifetimes.
Exploration of NPTX2 in Islets of Langerhans

NPTX2 (neuronal pentraxin-2) is a synaptic protein found abundantly in only two locations in a healthy human body: the brain and the pancreas, specifically islet of Langerhans cells. NPTX2’s role in the brain has been a focus of study in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease, as it is upregulated in PD patients. Its primary functions in the brain are to establish excitatory synapses and to recruit alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors to said synapses. These AMPA receptors signal for the neurotransmitter, glutamate, that regulates insulin secretion. This is of pathological significance to the onset of type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the depletion of islet β-cells in the pancreas, which are responsible for insulin secretion. Without a supply of insulin, fatal consequences will ensue. NPTX2’s function in the pancreas is unstudied and extremely relevant to unraveling the complex processes that the body undergoes with the onset of this autoimmune disease. In recent mRNA studies, NPTX2 mRNA was significantly downregulated in type 1 diabetes. To understand the underlying cause of this downregulation and its potential role in the destruction of islet β-cells, it is first necessary to localize NPTX2 in the islet cells of type 1 diabetic, auto-antibody positive, and control donors. Immunofluorescent staining indicates that NPTX2’s co-expression in
Verifying the Survival of Time-Energy Entanglement through Tissue

Two-photon microscopy (TPM) with entangled photons may provide significant enhancements over classical TPM. Though previously little explored, here we demonstrate via a unique Franson interferometer, the robust maintenance of entanglement through millimeters of bio-samples.
Optimal Asynchrophasor In PMU Using Second Order Kalman Filter

Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) importance to reduce the operation cost have led the operators to work on alternative solutions to reduce the error rate. PMU is very costly according to energy regulator and utility companies. Therefore, it's essential to work for improving the PMU to reduce cost. In this paper, we are optimizing the PMU to reduce the level of error using second order Kalman Filter. So, the Optimizing is based on minimizing the number of error when receiving the signal from access point or from the main access point. We come up with very simple mathematical model to estimate the phase coming from the PMU.
7T MR Thermometry technique for validation of system-predicted SAR with a home-built radiofrequency wrist coil.

Purpose A 7T magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT) technique was developed to validate the conversion factor between the system-measured transmitted radiofrequency (RF) power into a home-built RF wrist coil with the system-predicted SAR value. The conversion factor for a new RF coil developed for ultra high magnetic field MRI systems is used to ensure that regulatory limits on RF energy deposition in tissue, specifically the local 10g-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR10g ), are not exceeded. MRT can be used to validate this factor by ensuring that MRT-measured SAR values do not exceed those predicted by the system. Methods A 14-cm diameter high-pass birdcage RF coil was built to image the wrist at 7T. A high spatial and temporal resolution dual-echo gradient echo MRT technique, incorporating quasi-simultaneous RF-induced heating and temperature change measurements using the proton resonance frequency method, was developed. The technique allowed for high-temperature resolution measurements (~±0.1°C) to be performed every 20 s over a 4-min heating period, with high spatial resolution (2.56 mm3 voxel size) and avoiding phase discontinuities arising from severe magnetic susceptibility-induced B0 inhomogeneities. Magnetic resonance thermometry was performed on a phantom made from polyvinylpyrrolidone to mimic the dielectric properties of muscle tissue at 297.2 MHz. Temperature changes measured with MRT and four fiber optic temperature sensors embedded in the phantom were compared. Electromagnetic simulations of the coil and phantom were developed and validated via comparison of simulated and measured B1 + maps in the phantom. The position of maximum SAR within the coil was determined from simulations, and MRT was performed within a wrist-sized piece of meat positioned at that SAR hotspot location. MRT-measured and system-predicted SAR values for the phantom and meat were compared. Results Temperature change measurements from MRT matched closely to those from the fiber optic temperature sensors. The simulations were validated via close correlation between the simulated and MRT-measured B1 + and SAR maps. Using a coil conversion factor of 2 kg-1 , MRT-measured point-SAR values did not exceed the system-predicted SAR10g in either the uniform phantom or in the piece of meat mimicking the wrist located at the SAR hotspot location. Conclusions A highly accurate MRT technique with high spatial and temporal resolution was developed. This technique can be used to ensure that system-predicted SAR values are not exceeded in practice, thereby providing independent validation of SAR levels delivered by a newly built RF wrist coil. The MRT technique is readily generalizable to perform safety evaluations for other RF coils at 7T.
Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in US FDA-Approved Drug Labels (2000-2020).

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is a key subset of precision medicine that relates genomic variation to individual response to pharmacotherapy. We assessed longitudinal trends in US FDA approval of new drugs labeled with PGx information. Drug labels containing PGx information were obtained from Drugs@FDA and guidelines from PharmGKB were used to compare the actionability of PGx information in drug labels across therapeutic areas. The annual proportion of new drug approvals with PGx labeling has increased by nearly threefold from 10.3% (n = 3) in 2000 to 28.2% (n = 11) in 2020. Inclusion of PGx information in drug labels has increased for all clinical areas over the last two decades but most prominently for cancer therapies, which comprise the largest proportion (75.5%) of biomarker–drug pairs for which PGx testing is required. Clinically actionable information was more frequently observed in biomarker–drug pairs associated with cancer drugs compared to those for other therapeutic areas (n = 92 (59.7%) vs. n = 62 (40.3%), p < 0.0051). These results suggest that further evidence is needed to support the clinical adoption of pharmacogenomics in non-cancer therapeutic areas.
The National Incidence Of Juvenile Suicide In Adult Jails And Juvenile Detention Centers

Federal policy currently permits children to be placed in adult jails if they are kept separate from adult prisoners. However, past research suggests that facility and staff limitations at jails often result in juveniles being held in isolation without supervision. Based upon a national probability sample, the following hypotheses are tested: the suicide rate among children held in adult jails is higher than the suicide rate among children held in secure juvenile detention centers, and the latter rate is higher than the suicide rate among juveniles in the general population of the United States.
Violence in America: a survey of suicide linked to homicides.

This paper describes murder-suicide in the United States from 1990 through 1995, using the cases reported in six major newspapers. Spousal murder-suicide was the predominant type with a range of 42%–57%; familicide-suicide was the second predominant type with a range of 22%–47%. The perpetrators were predominantly males; the victims were female sexual partners or consanguineous relatives. Firearms (guns) were used in 90% of the cases. The author concludes that a national surveillance system that specifically identifies and codes this phenomenon, and multi disciplinary studies are necessary to hinder this phenomenon.
Human Carbonic Anhydrases XII. THE COMPLETE PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF THE C ISOZYME

Abstract Sequence studies of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase C show that it is a single chain of 259 amino acid residues. A series of relatively small, soluble peptides obtained by chymotryptic and tryptic digestion of heat denatured enzyme, large peptides produced by tryptic cleavage at arginine residues of maleylated enzyme, as well as those resulting from further enzymatic cleavage of these peptides, and a cyanogen bromide cleavage product served as the materials for deriving the primary structure. The over-all sequence reveals that 60% of the residues in the human B and C forms of the enzymes are identical in homologous position. Most of the differences result from a single base substitution in the responsible codon.
Environmental Induction of Teleost Cytochrome P-450 Detected by Immunochemical Analysis

Organic foreign compounds have been recognized as having worldwide distribution. Polychlorinated biphenyls, for example, are found in regions extending from the atmosphere (Atlas and Giam, 1981) to the deep sea (Stegeman et al., 1986). In some estuaries and coastal waters there are local high concentrations of these and other compounds that possess biological activity. The significance of such compounds in the sea is not yet known, but may be disclosed by studies on mechanisms of their biological action and transformation. Many such compounds are transformed by oxidative metabolism to products that are either more reactive or less reactive than the parent compound.
Serial measurement of N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin T for cardiovascular disease risk assessment in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background N-terminal-pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin T (TnT) predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a variety of populations. Whether their predictive value varies by ethnicity is unknown. We sought to determine whether NT-proBNP and TnT improve prediction of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and CVD, independent of CVD risk factors, in a multiethnic population; whether NT-proBNP improves prediction compared with the Framingham Risk Score or the Pooled Cohort Risk Equation; and whether a second NT-proBNP further improves prediction. Methods Both NT-proBNP and TnT were measured in 5,592 MESA white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese participants (60% nonwhite; mean age 62.3 ± 10.3 years) in 2000 to 2002 and 2004 to 2005. We evaluated adjusted risk of incident CHD and CVD based on baseline and change in biomarker concentration. Results Participants were followed up through 2011 and incurred 370 CVD events (232 CHD). Concentrations of NT-proBNP and TnT varied by ethnicity. Both NT-proBNP and TnT were associated with an increased risk of events (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for CHD [95% CI] for fifth quintile vs other 4 quintiles of NT-proBNP, 2.03 [1.50-2.76]; HR for CHD for detectable vs undetectable TnT, 3.95 [2.29-6.81]). N-terminal-pro–B-type natriuretic peptide improved risk prediction and classification compared with the Framingham Risk Score and the Pooled Cohort Risk Equation. Change in NT-proBNP was independently associated with events (HR for CHD per unit increase in ΔlogNT-proBNP, 1.95 [1.16-3.26]). None of the observed associations varied by ethnicity. Conclusions Both NT-proBNP and TnT are predictors of incident CHD, independent of established risk factors and ethnicity, in a multiethnic population without known CVD. Change in NT-proBNP may add additional prognostic information.
4‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)pent‐3‐en‐2‐one

[69404-97-3] C11H22O2Si (MW 214.38) InChI = 1S/C11H22O2Si/c1-9(12)8-10(2)13-14(6,7)11(3,4)5/h8H,1-7H3/b10-8+ InChIKey = ZRVOCNOYAJIAAP-CSKARUKUSA-N (silyl enol ether; reagent for the mild and selective introduction of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl protecting group) Alternate Name: acetylacetone enol tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether. Physical Data: bp 48–50 °C/0.2 mmHg; d 0.907 g mL−l at 20°C. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: assay ≥97.0% (GC). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: personal protective equipment is required to manipulate this reagent. In view of the low flash point of 80°C, precautions should be taken against potential fire hazards. Preparative Method: acetylacetone enol tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether was prepared by refluxing a mixture of tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane, pentane-2,4-dione, and imidazole in THF for 7–12 h (eq 1). After being cooled to room temperature and concentrated, the crude product was suspended in ether and the solid removed by filtration through silica gel. The filtrate was concentrated and distilled to afford the product as a clear liquid, consisting of two isomers with a cis/trans ratio of 1:6.1 (1)
Combatting the Prescription Painkiller Epidemic: A National Prescription Drug Reporting Program

Prescription painkiller abuse is the fastest growing drug problem in the United States. Approximately, 1 out of every 20 twenty Americans reported misuse or abuse of prescription painkillers in the past year. Several factors contribute to the prescription painkiller epidemic. Drug abusers use various methods — such as doctor shopping, paying with cash, and filling prescriptions in different states — to avoid detection and obtain prescription painkillers for illegitimate uses. A few rogue physicians and pharmacists, lured by substantial profits, enable drug abusers by illegally prescribing or supplying controlled substances. Even ethical physicians rarely have adequate training to recognize and address prescription drug abuse, and as a result, prescribe painkillers to patients that are not using them for legitimate medical purposes. Similarly, although the majority of pharmacies have taken steps to combat drug abuse and reduce prescription painkiller dispensing, under current reporting systems, pharmacists lack visibility into several important indicators of drug abuse. As a result, vigilant pharmacists find it extremely difficult to identify and detect drug abuse with certainty. While state governments have established prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) to crack down on prescription drug abuse, these programs have proven to be inadequate. The programs currently suffer from inadequate data collection, ineffective utilization of data, insufficient inter-state data sharing, and constraints on sharing data with law enforcement and state agencies. By contrast, third-party prescription payment systems run by pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) or health insurers have been effective in detecting prescription drug abuse. This paper suggests that a national prescription drug reporting program building on existing PBM networks could be significantly more effective than existing state PDMPs in detecting prescription drug abuse.
The Effect of Vibration on the Flow of a Turbulent Newtonian Fluid in a Pipe

It has been noted (see, for example, [1]) that in turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid in a straight pipe with circular cross-section, under a constant pressure gradient, the rate of discharge is not proportional to the pressure gradient as it is for laminar flow. Also, the distribution of the time-averaged velocity over a cross-section of the tube is no longer parabolic. Furthermore, if the cross-section of the pipe is non-circular, the direction of the time-averaged velocity is not, in general, longitudinal; a mean flow in transverse planes is superimposed on the time-averaged longitudinal flow. Both of these effects are similar to effects which occur with non-Newtonian fluids and it has been suggested [2] that it may, in some respects, be useful to regard the turbulent fluid as a non-Newtonian fluid.
Far UV irradiation of DNA in the presence of proteins, amino acids or peptides.

— The DNA of bacteriophage SP02c12 was subjected to 254 nm irradiation in solutions containing lysozyme or histone. In these solutions, the protein-DNA mass ratios and the ionic strengths of the solvents were varied to change the amount of protein associated with the DNA. Lysozyme-DNA binding constants were measured under the same conditions. The sensitivity of phage DNA to biological inactivation by UV increased as the amount of lysozyme bound per DNA strand increased. Although binding constants could not be measured for the DNA-histone interaction, this protein had a protective effect which was greater under conditions which cause enhanced binding. No crosslinking of either protein could be detected even at doses ten-fold greater than those giving a surviving fraction of 0.01. Irradiation was also performed in the presence of various amino acids and short peptides. These were chosen to include amino acids which: (1) are positively charged, (2) absorb UV of this wavelength or (3) form UV-induced crosslinks to DNA. None of the amino acids tested affected sensitivity of the DNA to biological inactivation. Peptides containing a UV-absorbing amino acid and a positively charged amino acid enhanced sensitivity. For each of these peptides, a mixture of the constituent amino acids had the same effect as the peptide itself. Under the conditions used, no evidence for formation of DNA-amino acid crosslinks was found. The results indicate that proteins and peptides can sensitize DNA to UV inactivation by mechanisms other than covalent crosslink formation. Such mechanisms could include energy or electron transfer or alterations in the conformation of the DNA.
Chlorophyll fluorescence analyses of photosystem II reaction center heterogeneity

Abstract This paper summarizes recent fluorescence investigations which probe the heterogeneity displayed by photosystem II (PS II) reaction centers. Those studies which reveal PS II functional and structural heterogeneity using chlorophyll fluorescence transients and steady state intensities are highlighted. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements are especially well suited for revealing the existence of heterogeneity within PS II reaction centers in terms of both their antenna composition and their efficiency of electron flow to the plastoquinone pool. The spectroscopic characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence — in particular, the intensity and induction kinetics of the steady state room-temperature emission — reflect the fundamental properties of the chlorophyll molecules and their environment. Although numerous other effective tools for the elucidation of PS II heterogeneity are available, this discussion is limited to considerations of the de-excitation of electronically excited chlorophyll molecules via fluorescence emission as an indicator of PS II organization and function.
Raman spectroscopy study of layered-double hydroxides containing magnesium and trivalent metals

Abstract We examined the Raman spectra for LDHs containing Mg 2+ and a trivalent metal (Al 3+ , Ga + or In + ) with an Mg 2+ /M 3+ ratio of 3. The Raman spectra exhibited very strong signals at ca . 1060 cm –1 , 540 cm –1 and 150 cm –1 that were ascribed to symmetric stretching of interlayer carbonate ions, symmetric stretching of Mg–O–Mg bonds in Mg 3 (OH) structural units and stretching of M–O bonds, respectively. The spectra additionally contained various weaker signals suggesting that the LDHs studied consist solely of Mg 3 (OH) and Mg(OH) 2 M(III)O structural units.
Growth effects of nonproprietary innovation

We study an endogenous growth model where a profit-motivated R and D sector coexists with the introduction of free blueprints invented by philanthropists. These goods are priced at marginal cost, contrary to proprietary ones which are produced by a monopoly owned by the inventor. We show that philanthropy does not necessarily increase long-run growth and that it may even reduce welfare. The reason is that it crowds out proprietary innovation which on net may reduce total innovation in the long run. These effects would be reinforced if philanthropical innovation diverted people from other productive activities, if free goods were less taylored to customers than proprietary ones, and if philanthropical inventors sometimes came out with another version of an existing proprietary good. Dynamics can also be characterized and it is shown that the impact effect of free inventions on growth is positive. (JEL: L12, L13, L16, L86, O31, O32, O34)
Misunderstanding Meta-Analysis

Although it is increasingly common, meta-analysis is still a relatively new addition to the toolbox of research strategies. Partially because of its newness and partially because its early enthusiasts may have overstated its presumed contributions, a number of common misunderstandings have developed about the meta-analytic approach. These misunderstandings have to do with the way that meta-analysis is conducted and interpreted and its relation to primary research and narrative review. This article aims to highlight these misunderstandings and offer an alternative view of meta-analysis. It is hoped that meta-analytic research of the future will be a partnership with primary research and that meta-analysis will be valued not so much for its definitiveness as for the creative speculations it allows about patterns that appear across studies.
Wind gust alerting for supervisory control of a Micro Aerial Vehicle

In this paper we present a method for estimating wind gusts and a corresponding display for increasing the situational awareness of a minimally trained operator controlling a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV). Our method utilizes statistical correlations between MAV controller output and prior wind conditions to predict the presence of a gust in the current flight environment. The findings show that the effect of wind gusts on the MAV are significantly correlated to the rate of increase and duration of a gust rather than the magnitude of the gust. The primary benefit of this method is the simplicity of identifying wind gusts without additional sensors and without performing additional maneuvers. This technique enables existing vehicles to incorporate wind conditions into their operator displays without vehicle modification and without dedicating computation resources to flight modeling. In contrast to traditional wind indicators, our display presents wind information in the form of a warning metric rather than a wind velocity vector.
Preliminary results with the Clarion cochlear implant.

A new cochlear implant has become available. This device, called the Clarion Multichannel Cochlear Implant, is the result of collaborative efforts between the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the Research Triangle Institute (RTI), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and the device manufacturer and sponsor, Mini Med Technologies of Sylmar, California. The Clarion represents a new generation of multi-programmable cochlear implant systems. Options in waveform, the stimulation mode, and the temporal distribution of the signal permit the device to be optimally customized for each individual patient. The speech coding scheme offering the greatest opportunity for speech recognition can be selected. The first Clarion recipient has recently been implanted at UCSF, initiating the Clarion's investigational clinical trials. A description of the device and preliminary patient results are presented.
Valve Replacement After T-Grafting: “Beating Heart Surgery”

Patent internal thoracic and radial artery T-graft will adequately perfuse the heart during reoperation. Five of 1,023 patients with prior T-grafting had aortic (3) or mitral valve redo operations in which the heart was allowed to beat (after an initial dose of cardioplegia) during the operation without clamping the patent T-graft. Rapid resumption of cardiac function after one dose of cardioplegia and no intraoperative or postoperative evidence of myocardial infarction indicated adequacy of perfusion without apparent myocardial injury. This approach avoids injury to the T-graft from dissection and clamping, saves time, and simplifies the operation.
Activities of nucleases in senescing daylily petals.

Abstract The activity of nucleases during organ death was investigated using daylily petals (Hemerocallis hybrid cv. Stella d’Oro), in which the processes associated with senescence are rapid and clearly ordered. The number of nuclei with fragmented DNA as well as activities of various nucleases increase before certain other events that are related to senescence. Furthermore, DNA breakage and activities of nucleases occur earlier when senescence is accelerated by abscisic acid and occur later when senescence is retarded by cycloheximide. These results suggest that the activities of nucleases contribute to the senescence of daylily petals. Therefore, studying the regulation of nuclease gene expression may be useful for understanding components of the signal transduction system that leads to the death of these organs.
Feature discovery on segmented objects in SAR imagery using self-organizing neural networks

In this paper we investigate the applicability of the feature extraction mechanisms found in the neurophysiology of mammals to the problem of object recognition in synthetic aperture radar imagery. Our approach is to present multiple views of objects to be recognized to a two-stage self-organizing neural network architecture. The first stage, a two-layer Neocognitron, performs feature extraction in each layer The resulting feature vectors are presented to the second stage, an ART-2A classifier self-organizing neural network which clusters the features into multiple object categories. The feature extraction operators resulting from the self-organization process are compared to the feature extraction mechanisms found in the neurophysiology of vision. In a previous paper, the Neocognitron was trained on raw SAR imagery. The architecture was able to recognize a simulated vehicle at arbitrary azimuthal orientations at a single depression angle while rejecting clutter as well as other vehicles. Feature extraction on raw imagery yielded features that were robust but very difficult to interpret. In this paper we report the results of some new experiments in which the self-organization process is applied separately to shadow and bright returns from objects to be recognized. Feature extraction on shadow returns yield oriented contrast edge operators suggestive ofmore » bipartite simple cells observed in the striate cortex of mammals. Feature extraction on the specularity patterns in bright returns yield a collection of operators resembling a twodimensional Haar basis set. We compare the performance of the earlier two-stage neural network trained on raw imagery with a modified network using the new feature set.« less
Quantum mechanical treatment of librations (and librons) in molecular solids

Abstract A quantum lattice dynamics treatment is presented for the angular degrees of freedom in molecular solids. Variational wavefunctions are chosen to span the whole range from high to low rotational barriers. The theory is applied to quadrupole forces in solid hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. It is concluded that quadrupole forces provide a better description of anisotropic forces in nitrogen than in CO2. In the limit, the treatment gives a valid description of the librons in solid ortho-hydrogen.
Conformational Plasticity of an Enzyme during Catalysis: Intricate Coupling between Cyclophilin A Dynamics and Substrate Turnover

Enzyme catalysis is central to almost all biochemical processes, speeding up rates of reactions to biological relevant timescales. Enzymes make use of a large ensemble of conformations in recognizing their substrates and stabilizing the transition states, due to the inherent dynamical nature of biomolecules. The exact role of these diverse enzyme conformations and the interplay between enzyme conformational dynamics and catalysis is, according to the literature, not well understood. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study human cyclophilin A (CypA), in order to understand the role of enzyme motions in the catalytic mechanism and recognition. Cyclophilin A is a tractable model system to study using classical simulation methods, because catalysis does not involve bond formation or breakage. We show that the conformational dynamics of active site residues of substrate-bound CypA is inherent in the substrate-free enzyme. CypA interacts with its substrate via conformational selection as the configurations of the substrate changes during catalysis. We also show that, in addition to tight intermolecular hydrophobic interactions between CypA and the substrate, an intricate enzyme-substrate intermolecular hydrogen-bonding network is extremely sensitive to the configuration of the substrate. These enzyme-substrate intermolecular interactions are loosely formed when the substrate is in the reactant and product states and become well formed and reluctant to break when the substrate is in the transition state. Our results clearly suggest coupling among enzyme-substrate intermolecular interactions, the dynamics of the enzyme, and the chemical step. This study provides further insights into the mechanism of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases and the general interplay between enzyme conformational dynamics and catalysis.
Vespasiano in America: conquistadors, gold, anti-Semitism, and the Spanish Black Legend

One of the most persistent negative cultural stereotypes in the West is purveyed by the myth known as the “Spanish Black Legend,” a form of orientalism and anti-Semitism that portrays Spaniards as uniquely brutal and greedy, assigning to them the role of “the other” traditionally held by Muslims and Jews. This article examines the use made in the early modern era of medieval narratives about the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans in AD 70, focusing on the anonymous late fifteenth-century Castilian romance known as the Historia del noble Vespasiano. The latter's dramatic visual illustrations of death, destruction and gold-ingesting prefigure some of the images of the conquistadors as articulated by the Spanish Black Legend, including the famous Theodore De Bry woodcut that depicts Indians pouring molten gold down the throats of Spaniards, a striking parallel with the scene of the Jews forced to eat powdered gold in Vespasiano.