cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute ethanol intoxication regulates f-met-leu-phe-induced chemotaxis and superoxide release by neutrophils and Kupffer cells through modulation of the formyl peptide receptor in the rat

Abstract This study was performed to assess alcohol-induced alterations in superoxide release and chemotaxis by Kupffer cells and blood neutrophils. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a bolus injection of alcohol (1.75 g/Kg) followed by an intravenous infusion (250–300 mg/Kg/hr). Three or 24 hr after alcohol infusion, blood neutrophils and Kuppfer cells were isolated and assayed for f-met-leu-phe-induced chemotaxis and superoxide release, and formyl peptide receptor expression. At 3 hr post-ethanol, f-met-leu-phe-induced-chemotaxis and superoxide release by blood neutrohils were increased 2 and 3-fold, compared to saline-treated group, and were further increased at 24 hr. The expression of formyl peptide receptors was also increased from 65, 000 ± 8, 000 sites per cell to 120, 000 ± 13,000 and 200,000 ± 16,400 sites at 3 and 24 hr post-ethanol, respectively. The equilibrium dissociation constant (K D ) of these receptors on neutrophils was increased at the same time interval. In contrast, alcohol infusion for 3 hr attenuated f-met-leu-phe-induced superoxide release by Kupffer cells (0.8 ± 0.25 nmol/10 6 cells), compared to saline-treated rats (3.7 ± 0.3). Chemotaxis by Kuppfer cells in response to f-met-leu-phe was also blunted by ethanol at 3 and 24 post-treatment. At 3 hr post-ethanol, the total number of binding sites and K D for f-met-leu-phe on these cells were reduced by almost 30%. The concentration and K D of high affinity binding sites and chemotactic activity of Kupffer cells were not significantly altered by ethanol at 3 hr. However, by 24 hr these were profoundly depressed.
Vocal biomarkers of depression based on motor incoordination

In Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), neurophysiologic changes can alter motor control [1, 2] and therefore alter speech production by influencing the characteristics of the vocal source, tract, and prosodics. Clinically, many of these characteristics are associated with psychomotor retardation, where a patient shows sluggishness and motor disorder in vocal articulation, affecting coordination across multiple aspects of production [3, 4]. In this paper, we exploit such effects by selecting features that reflect changes in coordination of vocal tract motion associated with MDD. Specifically, we investigate changes in correlation that occur at different time scales across formant frequencies and also across channels of the delta-mel-cepstrum. Both feature domains provide measures of coordination in vocal tract articulation while reducing effects of a slowly-varying linear channel, which can be introduced by time-varying microphone placements. With these two complementary feature sets, using the AVEC 2013 depression dataset, we design a novel Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based multivariate regression scheme, referred to as Gaussian Staircase Regression, that provides a root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) of 7.42 and a mean-absolute-error (MAE) of 5.75 on the standard Beck depression rating scale. We are currently exploring coordination measures of other aspects of speech production, derived from both audio and video signals.
Dynamic stability in a model of dual exchange rates

Abstract The dynamic stability of a small open economy operating under a regime of dual exchange rates is shown to depend on residents' net foreign asset position. This result is in contrast to the economy's dynamic behavior under unified fixed-rate and flexible-rate regimes where stability is unrelated to net foreign asset position.
Effect of filler fraction on strength, viscosity and porosity of experimental compomer materials.

Abstract Objective. The primary goal is to develop a self-cured polyacid-modified resin composite with good mechanical and rheological properties. To achieve such a goal, the aim of this study is to determine how volume filler fraction (VFF) affects mechanical properties and viscosities of such materials containing different filler volumes. Methods. A series of self-cured polyacid-modified composites made from polyacid modified resins and TEGDMA, mixed with filler particles, were evaluated regarding compressive strength (CS), diametral compressive strength (DCS) and viscosity. The maximum filler content, which could be incorporated into the materials, was calculated from CS tests as well as from viscosity measurements using Mooney's equation. Porosity contents were also determined in an attempt to explain different failure behaviours. Results. The CS values peaked at 18.9 vol.% filler particles and declined afterwards for self-cured polyacid-modified resin composites cured in air. Using photopolymerisation and barium filler in the polyacid-modified resin composites resulted in the highest CS and DCS values. The viscosity increased continuously with increased VFF. VFF results determined experimentally and with Mooney's equation at shear rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 s−1 revealed that the maximal filler fraction values were 54.9±1.8, 55.9±1.3, 56.3±0.9, and 56.8±0.8 vol.%, respectively. The largest porosity content occurred at a VFF value of 53 vol.% Conclusions. We conclude that an increase in filler fraction of the investigated experimental polyacid-modified resin composite materials above a certain value (20–30 vol.%) does not result in improved mechanical properties.
The presence or absence of fetal breathing movements as a predictor of outcome in preterm labor.

The presence or absence of fetal breathing movements may be helpful in differentiating between true and false, preterm labor. We attempted to demonstrate the clinical utility of this simple ultrasonic observation in predicting short-term delivery outcome during suspected preterm labor. A total of 50 pregnancies between 26 and 34 weeks' gestation with presumed preterm labor were observed in a prospective manner. During 20 minutes of observation with real-time ultrasound at the time of admission, fetal breathing movements were observed in 33 patients and considered absent in the remaining 17 patients. In those pregnancies with absent fetal breathing movements, true labor with subsequent delivery occurred in 16 patients. Of the 33 pregnancies with fetal breathing movements present, 29 continued for >48 hours. It appears that the absence of fetal breathing movement is a reliable indicator of imminent preterm delivery, irrespective of fetal membrane status (p
Regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by mitogenic growth factors

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts was increased in varying degrees by these mitogenic growth factors: fetal bovine serum, insulin, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, epidermal growth factor, vasopressin, fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factors I and II. PC synthesis was increased 2-4-fold by 10% serum, up to 4-fold by growth factors alone, and up to 8-fold by combinations of two or more growth factors. Single growth factors had no effect on the incorporation of [3H]choline into the acid-soluble precursors of PC, while serum or combinations of two or more mitogens could increase the incorporation of [3H]choline into acid-soluble material by up to 2-fold. Serum was shown to increase choline phosphorylation, choline kinase activity and the size of the phosphocholine pool. These data were utilized to calculate the radioactive specific activity of phosphocholine. Serum did not increase phosphocholine specific activity above control values; thus the increased incorporation of labelled choline into PC after serum stimulation resulted from increased PC synthesis and not from a simple change in specific activity of precursor phosphocholine.
Efficacy and Maintenance of an Education Program for a Consumer Cooperative.

We examined the effects of contingency management on participation in and maintenance of an education program by new members of a student housing cooperative. With credit and fine contingencies in place, the percentage of participants completing study guides was five times higher than without the contingencies. Members continued to implement the program for 9 years without researcher involvement.
A continuum of care from hospital to community

This study evaluates the impact of deinstitutionalization on a multiorganizational inpatient and outpatient treatment system. Data are presented on the system's use by 613 patients over an 8 1/2 year period. Goals of a deinstitutionalization program, increasing outpatient service utilization and decreasing rehospitalization, were not clearly achieved. The needs of an inpatient and outpatient care system include effective communication between systems of care, provisions for patient drift from one community to another, and outpatient services of sufficient breadth and quantity to meet the needs of various service users, particularly the severely disabled.
Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II δ mediates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through nuclear factor-κB

Rationale: Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been implicated as a maladaptive mediator of cardiac ischemic injury. We hypothesized that the inflammatory response associated with in vivo ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is initiated through CaMKII signaling. Objective: To assess the contribution of CaMKIIδ to the development of inflammation, infarct, and ventricular dysfunction after in vivo I/R and define early cardiomyocyte–autonomous events regulated by CaMKIIδ using cardiac-specific knockout mice. Methods and Results: Wild-type and CaMKIIδ knockout mice were subjected to in vivo I/R by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery for 1 hour followed by reperfusion for various times. CaMKIIδ deletion protected the heart against I/R damage as evidenced by decreased infarct size, attenuated apoptosis, and improved functional recovery. CaMKIIδ deletion also attenuated I/R-induced inflammation and upregulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) target genes. Further studies demonstrated that I/R rapidly increases CaMKII activity, leading to NF-κB activation within minutes of reperfusion. Experiments using cyclosporine A and cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ knockout mice indicate that NF-κB activation is initiated independent of necrosis and within cardiomyocytes. Expression of activated CaMKII in cardiomyocytes leads to IκB kinase phosphorylation and concomitant increases in nuclear p65. Experiments using an IκB kinase inhibitor support the conclusion that this is a proximal site of CaMKII-mediated NF-κB activation. Conclusions: This is the first study demonstrating that CaMKIIδ mediates NF-κB activation in cardiomyocytes after in vivo I/R and suggests that CaMKIIδ serves to trigger, as well as to sustain subsequent changes in inflammatory gene expression that contribute to myocardial I/R damage.
Optimization of Preoperative Status in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With Intact Atrial Septum by Left Atrial Decompression and Bilateral Pulmonary Artery Bands

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) with intact (IAS) or highly restrictive atrial septum (RAS) has extremely poor outcomes largely related to pulmonary pathology. At birth, immediate left atrial (LA) decompression is required to remain viable, but there is a tradeoff between residual increase in LA pressure and pulmonary overcirculation, either of which exacerbates the pulmonary status. From August 2010 to April 2013, a retrospective chart review was performed on consecutive patients with a prenatal diagnosis of HLHS with IAS/RAS presenting to a single center. The management strategy was immediate LA decompression followed by placement of bilateral pulmonary artery bands (bPAB) and subsequent conventional Norwood procedure. Six patients were born with HLHS with IAS/RAS during this time period with this planned management strategy. Four patients underwent LA decompression and subsequently developed low cardiac output with pulmonary overcirculation. bPAB were used with improvement in cardiac output and pronounced diuresis. These patients all survived the Norwood and subsequent Glenn procedures and remain alive [median follow-up 2.2 years (range 11 months–2.7 years)]. Two patients did not survive with therapy being withdrawn before the Norwood procedure. It is hypothesized that a strategy of total LA decompression followed by bPAB maximizes preoperative systemic perfusion and minimizes ongoing injury to the pulmonary system. This may enhance patient candidacy for the Norwood procedure and long-term survival.
Effect of exogenous growth regulators on flowering and cytokinin levels in azaleas

Abstract ‘Alaska’ and ‘Redwing’ azaleas having dormant flower buds were sprayed with gibberellins (GA3 or GA4 + 7) alone and in combination with thiourea, N6 benzyl adenine (BA) or kinetin weekly for 3 or 4 weeks to test the efficacy of these materials in breaking bud dormancy. Additional plants received 6 weeks of cold storage at 4.5°C or glasshouse day temperatures of 21°C and above. The 2000 and 3000 mg l−1 GA3 and Ga4 + 7 sprays were better than 1000 mg l−1 in promoting flowering, with ‘Redwing’ responding better than ‘Alaska’. GA-treated plants flowered in fewer days than those receiving cold storage. Flower diameter and pedicel length increased with higher levels of GA, and flower uniformity was comparable to cold-stored plants on most GA-treated ‘Redwing’-plants. Thiourea, BA and kinetin applied alone had no effect and considerable cytokinin activity was highest in GA-treated buds 14–21 days after treatment application. No increase in activity occurred on plants not receiving GA.
Preliminary study on the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in the neonatal foal

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of the anticonvulsant phenobarbital were studied in seven pony and two Thoroughbred foals aged between four and 10 days. A single, 20 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) dose of phenobarbital was given intravenously over 25 mins and the serum concentrations of the drug were measured using an EMIT AED assay (coefficient of variation 1.37 per cent at 30 micrograms/ml, n = 7). Phenobarbital elimination was found to follow first order kinetics. The mean (+/- sd) peak phenobarbital serum concentration was 18.6 +/- 2.1 micrograms/ml at 1 h after initiation of infusion with a mean (+/- se) half-life of 12.8 +/- 2.1 h. The mean (+/- se) volume of distribution was 0.86 +/- 0.026 litres/kg bwt and mean (+/- se) total body clearance was 0.0564 +/- 0.0065 litres/kg bwt/h. Sedation was noticed 15 to 20 mins after the beginning of infusion and lasted for up to 8 h. All foals could be aroused and could walk although they were ataxic for the first 1 to 2 h. A degree of delayed hyperexcitability occurred 3 to 8 h after infusion. In equine neonatal seizure disorders it is recommended to use a loading dose of 20 mg/kg bwt of phenobarbital, followed by maintenance doses of 9 mg/kg bwt at 8 h. With this regimen, average steady state serum phenobarbital concentrations should range between approximately 11.6 and 53 micrograms/ml. Phenobarbital serum concentrations should be monitored following the loading dose and 24 h after initiating the maintenance doses to check that levels remain within the suggested (human) therapeutic range of 15 to 40 micrograms/ml.
Effects of dietary supplementation of a commercial prebiotic Previda® on survival, growth, immune responses and gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

A 35-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, bacterial populations of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing the commercial prebiotic Previda®. Diets were formulated to contain Previda® at 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.6 g kg−1 by weight. At the end of the study, differences in weight gain and survival among treatments were not significant (P > 0.05), but denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the microbial communities in the GIT changed significantly with the inclusion of dietary Previda® at different levels. Previda® was therefore able to selectively modify the microbial communities in the shrimp's GIT. Although individual bacterial species were not identified, enteric populations in shrimp fed the prebiotic at similar levels of inclusion were genetically similar. In addition, shrimp fed Previda® at 1.6 g kg−1 responded significantly (P < 0.05) better immunologically with respect to hemocyte phagocytic capacity, haemolymph protein, hyaline cell counts and haemolymph glucose compared with shrimp fed the basal diet. Although shrimp were not exposed to virulent pathogens in this study, the observed upregulation of some of imm-une responses upon prebiotic supplementation indicates that an improved outcome of such challenges may be anticipated in Previda®-fed shrimp under commercial conditions.
Native Breath: Incorporating Linguistically Relevant Pedagogy in the Classroom through Reified Literature

The native breath of linguistic minority students, including speakers of vernaculars and dialects, has traditionally been stifled in classroom ecologies that perpetuate the hegemony of English. A model of linguistically relevant pedagogy is articulated that empowers students both native and nonnative to the Standard to develop cultural competence and critical consciousness towards language. This potentially results in improved native breath valuation and paving the road for improved academic outcomes and facility in learning the societal Standard language as well as gaining tools required in the global age. Drawing from the LIAD (Nero, 2005) and Dialect Awareness (Adger, Wolfram & Christian, 2006) pedagogical frameworks, this paper proposes ways in which educators can support linguistically relevant pedagogy through the teaching of "canonized" fiction. The language I have learn’ed these forty years, my native English I must forgo; and now my tongues use is to me no more Than an unstringed viol or a harp, Or like a cunning instrument cased up, Or, being open, put into his hands That knows no touch to tune the harmony: Within my mouth you have engao’ld my tongue Doubly portcullis’d with my teeth and lips; And dull unfeeling barren ignorance Is made my gaoler to attend on me I am too old to fawn upon a nurse, Too far in years to be a pupil now: What is thy sentence then but speechless death, Which robs my tongue from breathing native breath -Mowbray, Richard II, Act 1 scene 3 (Shakespeare, W. 1595)
Megacusps on rip channel bathymetry: Observations and modeling

Abstract The formation of beach megacusps along the shoreline of southern Monterey Bay, CA, is investigated using time-averaged video and simulated with XBeach, a recently developed coastal sediment transport model. Investigations focus on the hydrodynamic role played by the bay's ever-present rip channels. A review of four years of video and wave data from Sand City, CA, indicates that megacusps most often form shoreward of rip channels under larger waves (significant wave height (Hs) = 1.5–2.0 m). However, they also occasionally appear shoreward of shoals when waves are smaller (Hs ~ 1 m) and the mean water level is higher on the beach. After calibration to the Sand City site, XBeach is shown to hindcast measured shoreline change moderately well (skill = 0.41) but to overpredict the erosion of the swash region and beach face. Simulations with small to moderate waves (Hs = 0.5–1.2 m) suggest, similar to field data, that megacusps will form shoreward of either rip channels or shoals, depending on mean daily water level and pre-existing beach shape. A frequency-based analysis of sediment transport forcing is performed, decomposing transport processes to the mean, infragravity, and very-low-frequency (VLF) contributions for two highlighted cases. Results indicate that the mean flow plays the dominant role in both types of megacusp formation, but that VLF oscillations in sediment concentration and advective flow are also significant.
Reasons for eating: personal experiences in nutrition and anthropology.

Social, ecological, physiological and cognitive processes all influence choices among foods that cumulate in dietary intake. This broad research field is studied by nutritionists, agricultural economists and consumer researchers, specialists in ingestive behaviour, biosocial psychologists and cognitive anthropologists of food acceptance, sociologists and anthropologists of social roles of food and historians, folklorists, geographers and other cultural scholars of belief systems surrounding food research. Each discipline has its primary concerns, sometimes with other close fields. This workshop considered merits and mechanisms of inclusive research meetings, journals and books as physical units as well as separate workers and facilities for virtual conferences, documents and organizations.
Science education goes on-line with PSInet ™

People Sharing Information Network™ (PSInet™) is a computer conferencing system that has supported the wide-area computer communications needs of science and mathematics educators, students, and administrators throughout the nation since 1985. This article contains several examples of actual PSInet use, as well as a description of how the system works, how users interact with it, and its advantages. The paper ends with a brief vision of how PSInet may be used with international data highways such as NSFnet.
Measurement and modeling of thermal flow in an enclosed tube containing superfluid helium film

Abstract We describe measurements of the thermal conductivity of a vertical tube partially filled with superfluid liquid helium at saturated vapor pressure. The tube was heated from the top while the bottom was maintained at 0.3 K. Thermal conduction through superfluid film creep and vapor reflux has been modeled in the literature and previously measured at T ⩾ 0.9 K. From our measurements we assess the validity of the model at the lower temperatures, where significant temperature gradients develop, and consider the effect of ancillary thermal conductances. The work is motivated by the cryogenic requirements for a proposed cryogenic measurement of the electric dipole moment of the neutron.
Optical birefringence images of dislocations in large gallium phosphide crystals

Abstract The optical birefringence induced by the strain field of a dislocation has been used to follow dislocation lines through large gallium phosphide crystals. Dislocations could be seen whether their lines were parallel to the imaging light beam or were steeply inclined to it. The images obtained so far suggest that it would be possible to resolve individual dislocations in crystals that contain ⩽5 × 105 dislocations per cm2.
Academic Achievement in the High School Years: The Changing Role of School Engagement

School engagement is an important theoretical and practical cornerstone to the promotion of academic accomplishments. This article used a tripartite-behavioral, emotional, and cognitive-model of school engagement to assess the relationship between school engagement and academic success among high school students, and to determine whether a reciprocal relationship exists between these constructs. Data were derived from 710 youth (69% female) who took part in Waves 6 through 8 (Grades 10 through 12) of the 4-H study of positive youth development. Longitudinal confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the invariance of the tripartite model of school engagement. Results of a structural equation model showed that the components of school engagement and academic achievement were mutually predictive and that these predictions varied from grade to grade. Future possibilities for evaluating the relationship between school engagement and academic achievement, as well as the implications for educational policy and practice, are discussed.
Cyclic automorphisms of a countable graph and random sum-free sets

Cyclic automorphisms of the countable universal ultrahomogeneous graph are investigated using methods of Baire category and measure theory. This leads to the study of random sumfree sets; it is shown that the probability that such a set consists entirely of odd numbers is strictly positive, and bounds are given.
Influence of Induced Changes in Blood Plasma Osmotic Activity on Intestinal Absorption

Summary and ConclusionsExperiments are reported in which the volume, osmotic activity, chloride and sulfate contents of plasma and ileal loop segments are measured, before and after raising the plasma osmotic activity by hypertonic sodium chloride solution injection by vein. The osmotic activity of originally isotonic sodium chloride-sodium sulfate solutions placed in the ileum rises above the pre-injection plasma osmotic activity after 100 cc of 5% sodium chloride solution was injected intravenously. In view of the fact that in more than a hundred control experiments with equiosmotic mixtures of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate the gut fluid osmotic activity has never exceeded the plasma osmotic activity except when poisons were present, the results of these experiments are believed to constitute satisfactory proof that the effect observed was due to the hypertonic salt solution injection.After the elevation of the plasma osmotic activity the gut fluid values did not approach the former as closely as o...
Ubiquitous expression of the 43- and 44-kDa forms of transcription factor USF in mammalian cells

USF is a helix-loop-helix transcription factor that, like Myc, recognizes the DNA binding motif CACGTG. Two different forms of USF, characterized by apparent molecular weights of 43,000 and 44,000, were originally identified in HeLa cells by biochemical analysis. Clones for the 43-kDa USF were first characterized, but only partial clones for the human 44-kDa USF (USF2, or FIP) have been reported. Here we describe a complete cDNA for the 44-kDa USF from murine cells. Analysis of this clone has revealed that the various USF family members are quite divergent in their N-terminal amino acid sequences, while a high degree of conservation characterizes their dimerization and DNA-binding domains. Interestingly, the 3' noncoding region of the 44-kDa USF cDNAs displayed an unusual degree of conservation between human and mouse. In vitro transcription/translation experiments indicated a possible role for this region in translation regulation. Alternative splicing forms of the 44-kDa USF messages exist in both mouse and human. Examination of the tissue and cell-type distribution of USF by Northern blot and gel retardation assays revealed that while expression of both the 43- and 44-kDa USF species is ubiquitous, different ratios of USF homo- and heterodimers are found in different cells.
Fundamental Impact of Firing Syngas in Gas Turbines

This paper addresses the impact of burning syngas in a large size, heavy-duty gas turbine designed to run on natural gas while maintaining hot section life. The process used to produce syngas is not discussed here; we mainly focus on analyzing the issues related to switching from natural gas to syngas on the gas turbine hot sections and the possibility of reducing the firing temperature in order to maintain the durability of the hot metal section life. The analysis indicate that the power output for a syngas-fired turbine plant could be increased as much as 20–25% when compared with the same turbine fired at the same metal temperature as the natural gas, however this increase in power output is also accompanied by an increase in the moisture content of the combustion products due largely to higher hydrogen content in the syngas and the increased turbine flow which contribute significantly to the overheating of turbine component parts. Correlations based on the hydrogen content as well as the lower heating value of the fuels were obtained in order to determine specific firing temperature reduction necessary to obtain durable metal temperature.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Working Together: A Literature Review of Campus Information Technology Partnerships

This article reviews the recent literature about the essential but often uneasy alliances made between content experts (archivists and librarians) and technology experts. Differing professional cultures, misunderstandings of one another, limited abilities to envision change, and lack of support from top-level administrators are the most often cited reasons for the persistent difficulty in working together. Failure to collaborate may result in the marginalization or exclusion of content experts from projects where their professional skills are most needed. In spite of these problems, successful models for working together do exist. True collaborations are mutually beneficial, open opportunities for continuing relationships, and involve complex interpersonal connections. They are based on trust, mutual understanding, and respect for one another's skills and respective professions.
Introducing Charge Hydration Asymmetry in the Realm of Continuum Solvation

Charge hydration asymmetry (CHA) manifests itself in the experimentally observed strong dependence of free energy of ion hydration on the sign of the ion charge. This asymmetry is not consistently accounted for by popular models of solvation; its magnitude varies greatly between the models. While it is clear that CHA is somehow related to charge distribution within a water molecule, the exact nature of this relationship is unknown. We propose a simple, yet general and rigorous criterion that relates rotational and charge inversion properties of a water molecule's charge distribution with its ability to cause CHA. We show which electric multipole components of a water molecule are key to explain its ability for asymmetric charge hydration. We then test several popular water models and explain why specific models show none, little, or strong CHA in simulations. We use the gained insight to derive an analogue of the Born equation that includes the missing physics necessary to account for CHA and does not rely on redefining the continuum dielectric boundary. The proposed formula is as simple as the original, does not contain any fitting parameters, and predicts hydration free energies and entropies of spherical cations and anions within experimental uncertainty. We further incorporate CHA into the framework of Generalized Born continuum solvation model; our findings suggest that the gap between the practical continuum electrostatics framework and the more fundamental explicit solvent treatment can be reduced considerably by explicitly introducing CHA into the existing framework.
Ion energy containment in the Oak Ridge Tokamak

The ORMAK (Oak Ridge tokamak) experiment gives the first extensive measurement of ion transport in a collisionless plasma. We find a transition from neutral domination to a thermal-conduction limit as the ratio of central electron density to central neutral density varies by an order of magnitude. The results agree with neoclassical predictions of ion thermal transport throughout the whole range.
Natural resource development for science, technology, and environmental policy issues: the case of hydraulic fracturing

The development and effective use of natural resources is essential for meeting crucial societal needs and for the economic development of a nation. Discussed here is the case of hydraulic fracturing which is used to fracture underground formations to recover natural gas and oil. Described in the article are economic benefits and environmental and human health implications of this technology; views on these aspects rapidly become controversial. Presented here is a consensus building paradigm to address and mitigate controversies related to the implementation of this technology.
Relationship between mucosal inflammation, computed tomography, and symptomatology in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis.

Objectives:This study was an attempt to determine whether sinus mucosal inflammation is related to computed tomographic findings and patients' reported symptoms in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) without polyposis.Methods:I retrospectively reviewed the clinical symptom scores according to the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory (RSI), the radiographic findings, and the histopathologic findings in the paranasal sinus mucosa for a consecutive series of adult patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. Linear regression analysis was conducted for the relationship between tissue pathology inflammatory severity score graded on a 5-point Likert scale and the RSI symptom domains. A similar analysis was conducted for the relationship between the pathology inflammatory score and the total Lund score.Results:The study cohort consisted of 115 adult patients (mean age, 40.2 years). The mean Lund score for the cohort was 8.8 (95% confidence interval, 7.9 to 9.7), and the mean pathology severity score was 2.1 (m...
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in the context of phentermine use resulting in intracranial hemorrhage.

Introduction Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a brain disorder characterized by clinical symptoms of headache, visual changes, altered mentation, and seizures. On neuroimaging, focal regions of symmetrical hemispheric edema are most commonly seen in the occipital lobes. It has been suggested that associated intracranial hemorrhage is present in approximately 5% to 17% of cases. We report a case of PRES with large bilateral parieto-occipital hemorrhages in the context of phentermine use. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of phentermine use associated with PRES. Case report A 35-year-old woman taking phentermine for weight loss presented with altered mental status and 2 witnessed generalized seizures. She was found to have large bilateral parieto-occipital hemorrhages. The radiographic imaging was consistent with PRES with hemorrhagic conversion. After treatment with anti-epileptic medication, normalization of blood pressure, and discontinuation of phentermine, the patient improved clinically. Five months after the event, the patient had a repeat brain magnetic resonance imaging that showed resolution of the diffuse edema and hemorrhage. Conclusions This case of PRES with hemorrhagic conversation is distinctive in the bilateral and extensive nature of the hemorrhage, and, to our knowledge, is the first reported case of phentermine use likely resulting in PRES. Physicians should be aware of the cerebrovascular risks associated with phentermine use.
Mixture Analysis Using Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry and Multivariate Calibration

Membrane introduction mass spectrometry has been coupled with multivariate calibration for the analysis of volatile organic compound (VOC) mixtures. Three mixtures of increasing complexity were modeled using multivariate calibration methods. Multivariate calibration models built using partial least-squares (PLS) regression were compared with univariate calibration for the analysis of a benzene, toluene, and p-xylene (BTX) mixture and an ethylbenzene and p-xylene (EX) mixture. The univariate and multivariate calibration methods performed similarly for the BTX mixture with prediction errors of <15%. For the isomer EX mixture, the PLS model outperformed the univariate model having prediction errors between 8 and 13% compared to errors of 40% for the univariate model. The third mixture, containing all four analytes (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene), was modeled using PLS and resulted in calibration relative errors of 6−15% and prediction relative errors of 3−48%. This paper demonstrates the feasibili...
Extended Inferior Turbinate Flap for Endoscopic Reconstruction of Skull Base Defects

Objective When the use of the nasoseptal flap for endoscopic skull base reconstruction has been precluded, the posterior pedicle inferior turbinate flap is a viable option for small midclival defects. Limitations of the inferior turbinate flap include its small surface area and limited arc of rotation. We describe a novel extended inferior turbinate flap that expands the reconstructive applications of this flap. Design Cadaveric anatomical study. Participants Cadaveric specimens. Main Outcome Measures Flap size, arc of rotation, and reconstructive applications were assessed. Results The average width of the flap was 5.46 ± 0.58 cm (7.32 ± 0.59 cm with septal mucosa). The average length of the flap was 5.01 ± 0.58 cm (5.28 ± 0.37 cm with septal mucosa). The average surface area of the flap was ∼ 27.26 ± 3.65 cm2 (40.53 ± 6.45 cm2 with septal mucosa). The extended inferior turbinate flap was sufficient to cover clival defects extending between the paraclival internal carotid arteries. The use of the flap in 22 cadavers and 5 clinical patients is described. Conclusion The extended inferior turbinate flap presents an additional option for reconstruction of skull base defects when the nasoseptal flap is unavailable.
Literacy Coaching for Transformative Pedagogies: Navigating Intellectual Unrest

Dozier illuminates the notion of intellectual unrest and the complexities of mandated professional development for teachers. She challenges readers to reconsider how mandated professional development is crafted and invites literacy coaches to become collaborative critical designers of practices with teachers to help them navigate competing definitions of literacy they encounter in the workplace.
Effects beyond first-order perturbation theory in the polarization charges forE4 transitions

Recent spectroscopy and electron scattering measurements indicate that severalE4 transitions in thef-p shell are severely retarded compared to shell model estimates. We examine whether core polarization mechanisms could be invoked to explain these anomalousE4 transitions and conclude that open shell effects wellbeyond core polarization are necessary to explain the data.
Evidence for the synthesis of lung surfactant dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine by a "remodeling" mechanism.

Summary Synthesis of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in the isolated perfused rat lung has been studied using radio labeled glucose and palmitate. Following subsequent isolation of lamellar bodies, microsomes and surfactant and nonsurfactant fractions, evidence in support of at least two pools of palmitate, one synthesized de novo from glucose and one supplied by exogenous palmitate for dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine synthesis has been obtained. Further, the results indicate that palmitate of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine is derived to a greater extent from the de novo synthesized pool of palmitate than from exogenous palmitate and that dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine synthesis involves a “remodeling” mechanism.
Fosphenytoin : Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of intramuscular loading doses

Summary Purpose: Fosphenytoin (FPHT; Cerebyx) is well absorbed when given intramuscularly (IM). All prior pharmacokinetic studies had the first plasma sample obtained 30 min after IM administration. The objectives of this study were to determine the rate and extent of FPHT absorption and to evaluate the tolerability of IM FPHT compared with IM saline. Methods: This was an open-label, double-blinded study in which patients received 10 mg/kg dose of IM FPHT in one gluteus and IM saline in the other gluteus. Half the patients received saline injection of equal volume to FPHT (up to 19.5 mL); the other half received 2 mL of saline. Neurologic examination, vital signs, PHT blood samples, injection site examination, and subjective pain scores at injection site were obtained before and at timed intervals for 6 h. Results: Total PHT serum concentrations 10 μg/mL were obtained in 5 min in 14.3% of patients and in 26.3% after 10 min. More than half the patients had therapeutic serum concentrations at 30 min; 45.8% of patients reported no pain at either the FPHT or saline injection site. No significant difference in pain was noted between FPHT and saline injection sites at 60 min and thereafter. Early decrease in blood pressure occurred but was not clinically significant. Classic PHT-induced central nervous system (CNS) side effects were evident in one third of patients within 1 h after injection. Conclusions: (a) IM FPHT is rapidly absorbed (therapeutic levels achieved as early as 5–20 min). (b) IM FPHT is well tolerated by most patients irrespective of injection volume.
ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate Glasses, 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log10 viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log10 viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na2O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type log10η=−A+B× 103/ (T−T0) where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO2, 2Na2O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al2O3 for Na2O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log10n due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature Ta. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log10n per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (Al2O3) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al2O3) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log10n per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al2O3. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from Viscosity Measurements . The sharp bends in the plots of change of log10n due to substitution of an oxide for Na2O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na2O─CaO─SiO2. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO2, 2Na2O) due to Substitution of B2O3 for SiO2 The change of log10n (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log10n per per cent B2O3. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na2O.
On the Measurement and Control of Beta Change: Reply to Terborg, Maxwell, and Howard

In response to an earlier article in which the present authors discuss scale recalibration and concept redefinition, Terborg, Maxwell, and Howard voice certain criticisms. This reply comments on each of the criticisms and cites evidence that suggests that the retrospective procedure is subject to respondent rhetoric—the omission, juxtaposition, and embellishment of recollections—and thus is of limited value.
GO associates with another 40 kDa brain protein.

Guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) mediate a variety of cellular responses to external stimuli. Pure G protein, receptor, and effector are sufficient to reconstitute hormonal activation of an effector in phospholipid vesicles, but other components may be important for specificity or localization in vivo. If another protein associates with G??? the molecular weight of Go solubilized from membranes would be larger than the molecular weight of Go after purification. We find that Go solubilized from bovine brain membranes by Triton X-100 behaves as a single population of molecules on sucrose density gradients and gel filtration columns. Its molecular mass is about 40 kDa larger than pure Go. Association of Go with the other protein is fragile as the proteins dissociate on further purification. There was no difference in ADP-ribosylation or tryptic cleavage of Go in larger and smaller form. These studies provide a basis for future experiments to stabilize the interaction and identify the protein.
Observation of the concurrent creation and annihilation of periodic orbits in a nonlinear RLC circuit.

We have numerically investigated and experimentally demonstrated the presence of antimonotonicity: the concurrent creation and destruction of periodic orbits in a driven nonlinear RLC circuit. A simple manifestation of antimonotonicity is the formation of dimples in a high iterate return map. The evolution of such dimples allows for both contact making and contact breaking homoclinic tangencies of the stable and unstable manifolds. Both numerical and experimental return maps unequivocally exhibit the formation of such dimples. The experimental time series were captured using a 16-bit resolution digitizer allowing for a faithful computation of the high iterate return maps. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Snort offloader: a reconfigurable hardware NIDS filter

Software-based network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) often fail to keep up with high-speed network links. In this paper an FPGA-based pre-filter is presented that reduces the amount of traffic sent to a software-based NIDS for inspection. Simulations using real network traces and the Snort rule set show that a pre-filter can reduce up to 90% of network traffic that would have otherwise been processed by Snort software. The projected performance enables a computer to perform real-time intrusion detection of malicious content passing over a 10 Gbps network using FPGA hardware that operates with 10 Gbps of throughput and software that needs only to operate with 1 Gbps of throughput.
Global-view abstractions for user-defined reductions and scans

Since APL, reductions and scans have been recognized as powerful programming concepts. Abstracting an accumulation loop (reduction) and an update loop (scan), the concepts have efficient parallel implementations based on the parallel prefix algorithm. They are often included in high-level languages with a built-in set of operators such as sum, product, min, etc. MPI provides library routines for reductions that account for nearly nine percent of all MPI calls in the NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) version 3.2. Some researchers have even advocated reductions and scans as the principal tool for parallel algorithm design.Also since APL, the idea of applying the reduction control structure to a user-defined operator has been proposed, and several implementations (some parallel) have been reported. This paper presents the first global-view formulation of user-defined scans and an improved global-view formulation of user-defined reductions, demonstrating them in the context of the Chapel programming language. Further, these formulations are extended to a message passing context (MPI), thus transferring global-view abstractions to local-view languages and perhaps signaling a way to enhance local-view languages incrementally. Finally, examples are presented showing global-view user-defined reductions "cleaning up" and/or "speeding up" portions of two NAS benchmarks, IS and MG. In consequence, these generalized reduction and scan abstractions make the full power of the parallel prefix technique available to both global- and local-view parallel programming.