cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Suppression of Instabilities via Biphase Interfaces During Bulk Fabrication of Nanograined Zr

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a common method to fabricate nano-grained metals. However for Zr, a structural metal for nuclear applications, obtaining a nanoscale grain structure via SPD has ...
Application of a commercially-manufactured Doppler-shift laser velocimeter to the measurement of basilar-membrane vibration.

Abstract A commercially-available laser Doppler-shift velocimeter has been coupled to a compound microscope equipped with ultra-long-working-distance objectives for the purpose of measuring basilar membrane vibrations in the chinchilla. The animal preparation is nearly identical to that used in our laboratory for similar measurements using the Mossbauer technique. The vibrometer head is mounted on the third tube of the microscope's trinocular head and its laser beam is focused on high-refractive-index glass microbeads (10–30 μm) previously dropped, through the perilymph of scala tympani, on the basilar membrane. For equal sampling times, overall sensitivity of the laser velocimetry system is at least one order of magnitude greater than usually attained using the Mossbauer technique. However, the most important advantage of laser velocimetry vis-a-vis the Mossbauer technique is its linearity, which permits undistorted recording of signals over a wide velocity range. Thus, for example, we have measured basilar-membrane responses to clicks whose waveforms have dynamic ranges exceeding 60 dB.
Evidence for photoneutron production in the lead shielding of a dedicated intra-operative electron only facility

A dedicated electron-only intra-operative suite has just been completed at the Massachusetts General Hospital. This suite is located on the 3rd floor with the shielding consisting entirely of lead and borated polyethylene, except for concrete in the floor and ceiling to support the lead and on the finished floor. The radiation protection barriers for this facility were calculated on the basis of a maximum permissible dose of 10 microSv wk(-1) for photons and 10 microSv wk(-1) for neutrons, based on a quality factor of 10 (this factor is specified in the regulations of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts). This even split was predicated on the basis that, except for the primary beam, the neutron leakage from the machine was generally about the same as for x rays. The initial survey showed that the neutron dose equivalent outside all barriers, except below the floor, was within the calculated values, 25 microSv wk(-1). The neutron dose equivalent, for neutrons produced by bremsstrahlung photon interactions in the lead and based on a 3% photon background in the electron beam, was calculated to be 25 microSv wk(-1), in good agreement with this difference.
Prevalence, Effectiveness, and Predictors of Planning the Place of Death Among Older Persons Followed in Community‐Based Long Term Care

BACKGROUND: Little is known about whether patients plan for the site of their death and whether such planning is effective. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, effectiveness, and predictors of planning the place of death among older homebound persons followed in a community-based, physician-led house call program. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: A geographically defined catchment area in southeast Baltimore, Maryland. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty-five patients who died between July 1995 and November 1998 who were followed in a physician-led house call program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of a plan to die in a specific place and concordance between planned and actual place of death. RESULTS: Eighty patients (64%) made a plan to die in a specific place, and these plans were executed successfully in 73 cases (91%). The median time between formulating a plan to die in a specific place and death was 36 days. In logistic regression analysis, making a plan to die in a specific place was positively associated with an advance directive of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) (odds ratio (OR) 11.7, confidence interval (CI) 3.7, 32.5) and negatively associated with the lack of an identifiable main medical problem other than being homebound (OR 0.17; CI, 0.02-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Among a group of frail older persons living in the community, planning to die in a particular place was common and implemented successfully most of the time. Providing physician care at home may facilitate improved end-of-life care for older persons.
A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke.

Background Despite the use of antiplatelet agents, usually aspirin, in patients who have had an ischemic stroke, there is still a substantial rate of recurrence. Therefore, we investigated whether warfarin, which is effective and superior to aspirin in the prevention of cardiogenic embolism, would also prove superior in the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with a prior noncardioembolic ischemic stroke. Methods In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial, we compared the effect of warfarin (at a dose adjusted to produce an international normalized ratio of 1.4 to 2.8) and that of aspirin (325 mg per day) on the combined primary end point of recurrent ischemic stroke or death from any cause within two years. Results The two randomized study groups were similar with respect to base-line risk factors. In the intention-to-treat analysis, no significant differences were found between the treatment groups in any of the outcomes measured. The primary end point of death or recurrent ischemi...
Surgical treatment of avascular necrosis of the proximal pole of the capitate--Case report.

A vascular necrosis of the proximal pole of the capitate is rare. This case report describes a young woman treated by resection and palmaris longus interposition arthroplasty.
Photoperiod, stress and the distribution of leukocytes in the peripheral blood ofNotophthalmus viridescens

Adult newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, were maintained for 8 days at a constant temperature of 11.0±0.5 °C. In one series, the control animals were kept in constant darkness (DD), while the experimental newts were exposed to alternating 12-hour periods of light and dark (LD). In a second series, controlNotophthalmus lived in DD, and experimental animals lived in constant light (LL). In both series, the newts were sacrificed on the ninth day when blood smears were prepared. Differential counts of the leukocytes of animals that lived under the LD regimen were the same as those of controlNotophthalmus (Table 1). However, in newts that were maintained in LL, the neutrophils increased and the lymphocytes decreased relative to those types of cells in the controls (Table 1). Those changes indicate that continuous light constitutes stress for this species.
Sucrose and Glycerol Effects on Photosystem II

Abstract Photosystem II catalyzes the oxidation of water and the reduction of plastoquinone. The active site cycles among five oxidation states, which are called the S n states. PSII purification procedures include the use of the cosolvents, sucrose and/or glycerol, to stabilize water splitting activity and for cryoprotection. In this study, the effects of sucrose and glycerol on PSII were investigated. Sucrose addition was observed to stimulate the steady-state rate of oxygen evolution in the range from 0 to 1.35M. Glycerol addition was observed to stimulate oxygen evolution in the range from 0 to 30%. Both cosolvents were observed to be inhibitory at higher concentrations. Sucrose addition was shown to have no effect on the rate of Q A − oxidation or on the K M for exogenous acceptor. PSII was then treated to remove extrinsic proteins. In these samples, sucrose addition stimulated activity, but glycerol addition was inhibitory at concentrations higher than ∼0.5M. This inhibitory effect of glycerol at relatively low concentrations is attributed to glycerol binding to the active site, when extrinsic subunits are not present. Reaction induced FTIR spectra, associated with the S 1 to S 2 transition of the water-oxidizing complex, exhibited significant differences throughout the 1,800–1,200cm −1 region, when glycerol- and sucrose-containing samples were compared. These measurements suggest a cosolvent-induced shift in the pK A of an aspartic or glutamic acid side chain, as well as structural changes at the active site. These structural alterations are attributed to a change in preferential hydration of the oxygen-evolving complex.
Analog Joint Source Channel Coding over Non-Linear Channels

We investigate the performance of analog joint source channel coding systems based on the use of spiral-like space filling curves for the transmission of Gaussian sources over non-linear channels. The non-linearity proceeds from a non-linear power amplifier in the transmitter that exhibits saturation effects at the extremes and also near the origin (see Figure below). Then, the output of the amplifier is sent through an AWGN channel which introduces attenuation that depends on the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. This means that the attenuation cannot be subsumed into the noise variance.
Photoluminescence measurements of quantum-dot-containing semiconductor microdisk resonators using optical fiber taper waveguides

Optical fiber taper waveguides are used to improve the efficiency of room temperature photoluminescence measurements of AlGaAs microdisk resonant cavities with embedded self-assembled InAs quantum dots. As a near-field collection optic, the fiber taper improves the collection efficiency from microdisk lasers by a factor of ∼15–100 times in comparison to conventional normal incidence free-space collection techniques. In addition, the fiber taper can serve as an efficient means for pumping these devices, and initial measurements employing fiber pumping and collection are presented. Implications of this work towards chip-based cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments are discussed.
Comparison of Lipid Composition of Milk from Half-Danish Jersey Cows and United States Jersey Cows

Abstract We studied differences in lipid composition of milk from Jersey cows with US sires and from Jersey cows with Danish sires. Milk samples were obtained on DHIA test day from 32 cows with Danish sires and 32 herdmates with US sires in two herds. The Jerseys with US sires were paired with those with Danish sires by parity and stage of lactation. Mean percentage of milk fat was 5.7% for Jerseys with Danish sires and 4.8% for Jerseys with US sires. Total fat per day was the same (.91 kg) for both groups. Detailed analysis of milk lipids indicated that lipid composition of milk was similar for cows with US sires and those with Danish sires. However, milk from Jerseys with Danish sires contained more free cholesterol than milk from Jerseys with US sires, 17.5 versus 14.3 ± .6 mg/dl. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was greater for milk from Jerseys with US sires than for milk from Jerseys with Danish sires (2.3 vs. 2.1%). Although lipid composition of milk from both groups was generally similar, the milk of Jersey cows with Danish sires had higher concentrations of free cholesterol and lower proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids, both of which are possible negative factors for health of consumers.
Investigating desorption of native pyrene from sediment on minute- to month-timescales by time-gated fluorescence spectroscopy.

We investigated desorption of native pyrene from field-aged sediments using time-gated, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. LIF is superior to conventional analytical methods for the measurement of quickly changing dissolved pyrene because it allows observations at minute-scale resolution, has a low detection limit (∼1 ng/L), and minimizes sample loss and disturbance since it requires no system subsampling and chemical analysis. The efficacy of LIF was demonstrated in studies of pyrene desorption from Boston Harbor sediment segregated into different size-fractions (38−75, 75−106, and 180−250 μm diameter) and used in varying solid-to-water ratios (20, 70, and 280 mgsolids/L). The effects of particle size and solid loading on desorption were consistent with diffusion physics. For suspension conditions between 20 and 280 mgsolids/L, we observed desorption continuing toward an apparent plateau level over the course of weeks to months. This implies that the characteristic desorption time of pyrene f...
The quality instinct: how an eye for art can save your business

Purpose – This paper was written to help the lay reader understand how learning to look at art can be helpful in learning to evaluate business decisions. The lessons of sorting out the best from the very good in art are directly applicable to decisions in everything from product design to evaluating goods that are designed, manufactured, displayed, or sold.Design/methodology/approach – The approach to honing a “quality instinct” involves developing visual literacy – learning to look at art – and moving on to learning to discern differences in the quality of art objects.Findings – Consumers are growing more visually sophisticated, and it behooves business leaders to be one step ahead of their competitors and their target markets. Visual literacy is achieved through a combination of study and practice. Seeing past the different ways artists tackle the same subject to discover both their intention and your reaction can train you to look at mass‐manufactured goods with a discerning eye.Value – Visual communic...
Using Lasers in Clinical Denial Practice

Lasers are an impressive potential treatment modality for a variety of clinical conditions. This article profiles several clinical applications in dentistry.
The Impact of Pediatric Brachial Plexus Injury on Families

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of brachial plexus injuries on families to best meet their clinical and social needs. METHODS: Our cross-sectional study included families with children between the ages of 1 and 18 years with birth or non-neonatal brachial plexus injuries (BPIs). The consenting parent or guardian completed a demographic questionnaire and the validated Impact on Family Scale during a single assessment. Total scores can range from 0 to 100, with the higher the score indicating a higher impact on the family. Factor analysis and item-total correlations were used to examine structure, individual items, and dimensions of family impact. RESULTS: A total of 102 caregivers participated. Overall, families perceived various dimensions of impact on having a child with a BPI. Total family impact was 43. The 2 individual items correlating most strongly with the overall total score were from the financial dimension of the Impact on Family Scale. The strongest demographic relationship was traveling nationally for care and treatment of the BPI. Severity of injury was marginally correlated with impact on the family. Parent-child agreement about the severity of the illness was relatively high. CONCLUSIONS: Caretakers of children with a BPI perceived impact on their families in the form of personal strain, family/social factors, financial stress, and mastery. A multidisciplinary clinical care team should address the various realms of impact on family throughout the course of treatment. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic II. Language: en
Differential up-regulation of gap junction connexin 26 gene in mammary and uterine tissues: the role of Sp transcription factors.

The mRNA and protein expressions of connexin 26 (Cx26) in rat mammary gland and uterus can be up-regulated during pregnancy as well as by the administration of human CG (hCG). In the present study, we found that the time course and magnitude of Cx26 induction by hCG was different in these two tissues. The molecular mechanism underscoring this difference was therefore investigated. We had previously demonstrated that both Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors play a functional role in Cx26 expression. By the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, nuclear extracts from both virgin mammary gland and uterus were capable of binding to a labeled oligonucleotide probe that contained the proximal GC box and formed three protein-DNA complexes (C1, C2, and C3). In the mammary gland, pregnancy enhanced the intensity of all three complexes, whereas in the uterine tissue there was a decrease in the C2 and C3 complexes and an emergence of a new major component, C4 complex. In the supershift study, the C1 complex could be su...
Paediatric pathology: a work in progress.

What is in fact the importance of Paediatric Pathology in developing countries? Why are there so few dedicated paediatric pathologists? The answers to these questions are not straightforward as there are probably many different reasons. What is perfectly understandable is the need for Paediatric Pathology to be practiced as a specialty and this can be demonstrated by some figures provided by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE).
The effect of coaching interviewees on subsequent interview performance in structured experience-based interviews

This study investigated the effect of coaching interviewees on subsequent interview performance within a structured experience-based interview format. Using a post-test only experimental design, participants (N = 144) were assigned to one of three coaching conditions of increasing comprehensiveness: low (introduction-only training), medium (introduction plus awareness training), and high (introduction plus awareness plus skill training). Results indicated that individuals who participated in more comprehensive coaching ultimately received higher interview ratings. Results also identified interviewee knowledge as a partial mediator of the relationship between coaching comprehensiveness and subsequent interview performance.
On weakly symmetric graphs of order twice a prime

Abstract A graph is weakly symmetric if its automorphism group is both vertex-transitive and edge-transitive. In 1971, Chao characterized all weakly symmetric graphs of prime order and showed that such graphs are also transitive on directed edges. In this paper we determine all weakly symmetric graphs of order twice a prime and show that these graphs too are directed-edge transitive.
Luminance controls the perceived 3-D structure of dynamic 2-D displays.

The accurate three-dimensional (3-D) appearance of two-dimensional (2-D) shadow projections cast by rotating 3-D objects-the kinetic depth effect (KDE)-frequently is used to visualize depth in computer-generated displays representing complex structures. According to current perceptual theories, the addition of simulated linear perspective will prevent illusory reversals of perspective associated with the KDE, due to the geometric fact that the reversed-perspective percept is inconsistent with rigid object rotation. However, the reversed, nonrigid perceptual state can be induced by correlating luminance with the represented nearness of luminous lines, thus overriding geometric cues of form and motion that are supposed to govern the perception of rigid objects in the KDE. This finding complicates theories of 3-D motion perception based on 2-D arrays, but is of practical value in the design of visual displays representing complex 3-D objects.
The effect of cyclamate on the hypoglycaemic response of tolbutamide and chlorpropamide in rats

Abstract The effect of cyclamate, alone and in combinations with tolbutamide and chlorpropamide, on blood-glucose levels was investigated in rats. The artificial sweetener given subcutaneously at 100 mg/kg had no significant effect on blood-glucose levels. Cyclamate given 30 min prior to treatment with tolbutamide showed no potentiating effect on tolbutamide's hypoglycaemic action, but rather appeared to negate its effect. When given prior to chlorpropamide, the artificial sweetener significantly enhanced the chlorpropamide-induced hypoglycaemia. Speculation as to the possible mechanism responsible for these results is presented. The most probable appears to be an ability of cyclamate to displace various agents from stores bound to plasma proteins.
Rationalität und Erkenntnisfortschritt : Kritische Bemerkungen zur Methodologie der wissenschaftlichen Forschungsprogramme

Die Arbeit kritisiert den Versuch Imre Lakatos, durch eine Erweiterung und Veranderung eines falsifikationistischen methodologischen Programms einen funktionierenden Standard des Ausscheidens objektsprachlicher Theorien zu gewinnen. Dies leistet Lakatos auch nicht durch seine Wendung zur Historiographie, die eine Beurteilung konkurrierender methodologischer Programme ermoglichen soll. Immer bleibt seine Methodologie auf die Moglichkeit des Gehaltsvergleiches angewiesen, die nur in den restringiertesten Fallen vorliegen wird und fallt damit noch hinter die fruhen Vorschlage Paul K. Feyerabends zuruck. Lakatos kann in keiner Phase seiner methodologischen Entwurfe ein rationales Entscheidungskriterium begrunden und fluchtet sich am Ende in einer restaurativen Wende in das angebliche kompetente Urteil der jeweils inthronisierten Wissenschaftlergemeinde. Damit aber gibt Lakatos einen methodischen Anspruch auf und last methodologische Reflexion in eine Art der ‘mob psychology’ degenerieren, wie er es ursprunglich gegenuber den methodologischen Auffassungen von Th. Kuhn vorgeworfen hatte.
Self-Assembly and Characterization of Mesostructured Silica Films with a 3D Arrangement of Isolated Spherical Mesopores

We report the self-assembly and characterization of mesoporous silica thin films with a 3D ordered arrangement of isolated spherical pores. The preparation method was based on solvent-evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA), with MTES (CH3–Si(OCH2CH3)3) as the silica precursor and a polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) diblock copolymer as the structure-directing agent. The synthetic approach was designed to suppress the siloxane condensation rate of the siloxane network, allowing co-self-assembly of the silica and the amphiphile, followed by retraction of the PEO chains from the silica matrix and matrix consolidation, to occur unimpeded. The calcined films retained the methyl ligands and exhibited no measurable microporosity, thereby indicating that the 3D-ordered spherical mesopores are not interconnected. A solvent-mediated formation mechanism is proposed for the absence of microporosity. Due to their closed porosity and hydrophobicity, the MTES-based films and MTES-TEOS (Si(OCH2CH3)4)-based hybrid films we describe should be promising for applications such as low-k dielectrics.
THz beam sensors

Summary form only given. The use of thin ZnTe electro-optic sensors for coherent characterization of a freely propagating terahertz beam demonstrated a bandwidth up to 37 THz. This represents a significant improvement over the previous result of 7 THz by using a GaP crystal, and also confirms the broadband nature of mid-IR radiation generated by optical rectification. With the ultrashort laser pulses of 10 fs, it is feasible to generate and detect a THz beam with a bandwidth over 40 THz.
Women's Attitudes Toward Their Jobs: Some Longitudinal Data on a National Sample.

This study examines a number of aspects of job satisfaction among women in their thirties and forties over the 1967–1972 period using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys. The data presented suggest that black women were less satisfied with their jobs than whites, and that levels of job satisfaction declined between 1967 and 1972. When asked which aspects of their jobs they liked best, these women were most likely to mention a dimension of their work which stemmed from the job content. Also of particular importance were the socio-emotional aspects of their jobs. There were remarkably few changes in the pattern of responses over the 5-year period. Furthermore, there is evidence that women whose skills were underutilized tended to be more dissatisfied than women for whom this was not the case. Conflicting demands between responsibilities at home and at work also appear to result in lower-than-average levels of job satisfaction. The greatest conflict in this regard appeared to result from an unfavorable attitude of the woman's husband toward her working, indeed more so than by the presence of young children or by her own attitude toward the propriety of women working. The lack of certain straightforward relationships between job satisfaction and such dimensions as family circumstances, skills and labor market characteristics is interpreted in the context of the conceptual framework of Lawler (1973).
Large-scale latent semantic analysis

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is a statistical technique for representing word meaning that has been widely used for making semantic similarity judgments between words, sentences, and documents. In order to perform an LSA analysis, an LSA space is created in a two-stage procedure, involving the construction of a word frequency matrix and the dimensionality reduction of that matrix through singular value decomposition (SVD). This article presents LANSE, an SVD algorithm specifically designed for LSA, which allows extremely large matrices to be processed using off-the-shelf computer hardware.
Finite element modeling, reconciliation and evaluation of predictive accuracy - A case study

Results of a case study in high precision finite element model updating are presented. The goal of the study was to investigate the effects that model form errors have on the overall test/analysis model reconciliation process by tracking the characteristics of an updated model through a structural modification. Two classes of analytical model were considered for each configuration. Modal tests were performed on each structural configuration and the results of these tests were subsequently used as criteria for updating selected physical parameters in both finite element models and in assessing the predictive accuracy of the models. The updates were performed using Bayes Estimation. The results demonstrate that a high degree of accuracy can be achieved for both classes of analytical models through systematic reconciliation with test-estimated modal parameters, and that much of this accuracy is maintained through the design modification. (Author)
Shoreward advection of phytoplankton and vertical re-distribution of zooplankton by episodic near-bottom water pulses on an insular shelf: Oahu, Hawaii

Abstract Shoreward pulses of cold, high salinity, phytoplankton-rich bottom water represent short time scale changes in nearshore hydrography and biological community structure off the leeward coast of Oahu, Hawaii. A three-week mooring deployment in Spring 2009 revealed that ‘cold pulses’ occurred over all phases of the semidiurnal surface tide, but that a statistically greater proportion occurred at low slack tide, when the typically along-shore flow rotated and briefly exhibited a more dominant onshore component. Cold pulses were more frequent and propagated farther shoreward when background water-column stratification increased. Targeted shipboard sampling of a cold pulse in Spring 2010 revealed that chlorophyll fluorescence within the cold pulse was 7 standard deviations higher than the 11-h mean outside the cold pulse, phytoplankton concentrations (cells mL −1 ) were up to a factor of 3 higher within the cold pulse, and phytoplankton entrained within the cold pulse were adapted to habitats with lower light levels and higher nutrient concentrations compared to ambient waters. Analysis of multi-frequency acoustic data collected during two shipboard surveys in 2009 and 2010 indicated that acoustic scattering during cold pulses was predominantly biological, dominated by 1.0–1.5 mm spheroid fluid-like scatterers, both in the waters above the cold pulse and in a strong-scattering feature at the cold–pulse interface. These aggregations of larger organisms at the cold-pulse interface did not appear to migrate downwards into the phytoplankton-rich water during the active passage of the cold pulse. Observations of similar temperature events throughout the tropical Pacific, combined with our multidisciplinary findings, suggest that pulsed deliveries of phytoplankton-rich water to nearshore habitats may be regular occurrences throughout the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.
Electronic charge reconstruction of doped Mott insulators in multilayered nanostructures

Dynamical mean-field theory is employed to calculate the electronic charge reconstruction of multilayered inhomogeneous devices composed of semi-infinite metallic lead layers sandwiching barrier planes of a strongly correlated material (that can be tuned through the metal-insulator Mott transition). The main focus is on barriers that are doped Mott-insulators, and how the electronic charge reconstruction can create well-defined Mott insulating regions in a device whose thickness is governed by intrinsic materials properties, and hence may be able to be reproducibly made.
WHO LIVES IN AFFLUENT SUBURBS? RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN ELEVEN METROPOLITAN REGIONS*

Abstract As the suburbanization of racial and ethnic minorities begins to catch up with that of non-Hispanic whites, the question of which suburbs they enter becomes increasingly important. This study evaluates this issue in terms of the median income of suburbs, a valuable indicator of the quality of a community's residential environment. It compares the places in which whites live to those of blacks, Hispanics and Asians in 11 large metropolitan regions. The residential location process is broadly similar for whites, Asians and Hispanics. Suburbanites of Asian background live in places of equivalent socioeconomic standing as do whites. Though Hispanics live on average in considerably poorer suburbs, this disparity arises almost entirely from this group's lower socioeconomic resources and immigrant origin. The case of blacks is quite distinct. Suburban blacks live in poorer suburbs than whites even after taking into account differences in individuals' income, education and homeownership. This black-white...
Eating Regulation Styles, Appearance Schemas, and Body Satisfaction Predict Changes in Body Fat for Emerging Adults.

Obesity and high body fat percentages are a major public health issue. The percentage of obese and overweight Americans has increased over the past 30 years. On average, overweight individuals with higher percent body fat than normal weight individuals are at increased risk for numerous negative outcomes both physically and mentally. A prime time to investigate changes in body composition and associated psychological influences on decision making is during the emerging adulthood period. The first few years of college are a time when adolescents begin to regulate for themselves their own eating behaviors. Previous research shows that freshmen gain weight and increase in percent body fat during their first year of college. The current study addresses the limitations of previous research by investigating (1) individual growth in percent body fat over a longer period of time in college than previous available research and (2) important psychological and sex differences in this growth. This study measures percent body fat across the first 3 years of college at 8 time points for 542 undergraduates (351 females, 65 %; 191 males, 35 %). Longitudinal data analysis was conducted to identify changes in percent body fat, psychological predictors of those changes, and how changes differ for males and females. Our study found that significant increases exist in percent body fat during undergraduates’ college years and that change differs for males and females. In addition, through the use of nested hierarchical models, eating regulation style (autonomous or controlled regulation), appearance schema (self-evaluative salience or motivational salience), and body satisfaction were identified as influential predictors of change in percent body fat. For example, young females, who do not feel in control of their physical appearance yet spend a great deal of time maintaining their appearance, have the highest initial body fat percentage and the steepest increase in percent body fat. Overall, males and females with high autonomous regulation and high motivational salience are likely to maintain (instead of increase) percent body fat over the college years. Knowing the influence of these predictors can be useful for promoting health and intervening with young adults in the college setting and other emerging adults who are not enrolled in postsecondary institutions.
Altered Drug Disposition Following Bariatric Surgery: A Research Challenge

Bariatric surgery constitutes an approach to the management of obesity in which the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract is altered to reduce access of nutrients to absorptive surfaces, to restrict the absolute volume of material that can be ingested at once, or a combination of the two. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), currently the most common bariatric surgical procedure worldwide, has both malabsorptive and restrictive features. RYGB can be associated with alterations in absorption and disposition of medications. However documenting and predicting the specific pharmacokinetic changes associated with RYGB is a difficult research challenge. Because obesity and weight loss themselves can alter drug disposition, it may be difficult or impossible to resolve whether pharmacokinetic alterations in post-RYGB patients are due to the surgery itself as opposed to the subsequent weight loss. Changes in disposition of medications may be drug-specific as opposed to generalized. Further, statistically significant modifications in drug disposition are not necessarily of clinical importance. Clinical decisions on medication use in post-bariatric surgical patients should be based on a review of the original literature dealing with the particular drug in question.
Objective white-light speckles and their application to stress-intensity factor determination.

A new technique using objective white-light speckles for displacement and deformation measurement is introduced that has an application to fracture mechanics.
Role of catecholamines and β-receptors in ventilatory response during hypoxic exercise

The ventilatory response to moderate exercise in hypoxia is potentiated in goats, decreasing PaCO2 more than in normoxic exercise. We investigated the hypothesis that this potentiation results from a ventilatory stimulus provided by increased levels of circulating catecholamines (norepinephrine and/or epinephrine), acting via β-receptors. Plasma norepinephrine [NE] and epinephrine [E] concentrations, arterial blood gases and ventilation were measured in normoxia and hypoxia (PaO2 = 34–38 Torr) at rest and during moderate exercise (5.6 kph; 5% grade) in seven female goats. PaCO2 decreased from rest to exercise in normoxia (2.9 ± 0.7 Torr; P 0.2). Experiments were repeated following administration of the β-adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol (2 mg/kg, i.v.). After β-blockade, PaCO2 decreases from rest to exercise in normoxia (3.2 ± 0.7 Torr; P < 0.01) and hypoxia (8.1 ± 0.7 Torr; P < 0.001) were not significantly different from control. The data indicate that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation is not necessary for a greater decrease in PaCO2 during hypoxic versus normoxic exercise. The greater rise in [NE] suggests a possible role in ventilatory control during hypoxic exercise, perhaps via α-adrenergic receptors. However, recent evidence suggests that NE is inhibitory in goats, and that NE is unlikely to mediate extra ventilatory stimulation during hypoxic exercise.
Effect of nickel deficiency on soluble anion, amino acid, and nitrogen levels in barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Onda’) plants were grown in nutrient solutions supplied either 0 (no Ni added), 0.6, or 1.0 μM NiSO4. Plants supplied 0 μM Ni developed Ni deficiency symptoms; Ni deficiency resulted in the disruption of nitrogen metabolism, and affected the concentration of malate and various inorganic anions in roots, shoots, and grain of barley.
Soil Moisture Extraction by Vegetation in a Mediterranean/Maritime Climatic Regime

Timing and extent of soil moisture extraction are critical when evaluating perennial grasses for their adaptability to the climate and soils. We hypothesized that in the southwest Oregon foothills perennial grasses able to extract moisture early in the growing season should be more competitive with resident annual plants than those that utilize soil moisture later. Our objective was to assess the potential for competition of selected native and introduced perennial grasses with annual plants (...)
Translational regulation of the vasopressin v1b receptor involves an internal ribosome entry site.

Posttranscriptional mechanisms play an important role regulating pituitary levels of vasopressin V1b receptors (V1bR) during adaptation to stress. This study investigates the involvement of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) on V1bR translation. Transfection of bicistronic luciferase constructs into MCF-7 cells showed marked increases in translation of the second cistron after insertion of a 499-bp fragment of the V1bR 5′UTR in the intercistronic region, independently of cap-mediated translation, indicating the presence of IRES activity. IRES-mediated translation was potentiated by the protein kinase C activators, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (PMA) and bryostatin 1, and appears to involve phosphorylation of amino terminus of eIF4G. In Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with pV1bR-green fluorescent protein (pV1bR-GFP), PMA increased V1bR-GFP protein levels when cap-mediated translation was inhibited by rapamycin. The effect of PMA was due to increased t...
Inguinal and Scrotal Problems in Infants and Children

Early and accurate diagnosis will not only prevent the catastrophe of gangrenous bowel in infants and children with inguinal and femoral hernia, but in the case of hydrocele will also avoid unnecessary parental anxiety. An accurate diagnosis and knowledge of the natural history of inguinal conditions can avoid unnecessary referral to surgical consultants. Finally, an understanding of the surgical expectations, ie, orchiopexy for the undescended testis, will provide parents and patients with realistic expectations.
Neutropenia in X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is usually considered a disorder of B cell development; however, the gene that is defective in XLA encodes a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase called Btk, that is expressed throughout myeloid as well as B cell differentiation. A review of medical records of patients in whom mutations in Btk had been identified indicated that 13 of 50 patients (26%) had experienced episodes of profound neutropenia. In 12 of the 13 patients, neutropenia was part of the acute illness that precipitated an evaluation for immunodeficiency. These boys were more likely to be less than a year of age at the time of diagnosis and they were less likely to have a family history of immunodeficiency. Neutropenia was associated with staphylococcal or pseudomonas sepsis in 6 of the patients. The duration of neutropenia was variable but was often more than 1 week. Neutropenia was not seen in any patient with XLA receiving intravenous gammaglobulin. Although neutropenia was not associated with any specific mutation in Btk, most of the alterations in this gene in the patients with XLA and neutropenia resulted in the absence of Btk protein or in amino acid substitutions in sites thought to be critical to Btk function. Btk may not be required for neutrophil production under normal circumstances; however, it may play a role in the response to stress.
Estimates of Young Breast Cancer Survivors at Risk for Infertility in the U.S.

Background. Standardtreatmentsforbreastcancercanimpair fertility. It is unknown how many U.S. survivors are at risk for infertility. We estimated the population at risk for infertility secondary to treatment among reproductive-aged breast cancer survivors. Methods.Wecombineddatafromthreesources:theNational Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and Surveillance, Epidemiology,andEndResultscancerregistrydataonincident breast cancers diagnosed in women aged 15–44 years between 2004 and 2006; treatment data from NPCR’s 2004 Breast and Prostate Cancer Data Quality and Patterns of Care (PoC) study; and data on women’s intentions to have children fromthe2006–2010NationalSurveyofFamilyGrowth(NSFG). Results. In the cancer registry data, an average of 20,308 women with breast cancer aged ,45 years were diagnosed annually.BasedonestimatesfromPoCdata,almostallofthese survivors (97%, 19,416 women) were hormone receptor positive or received chemotherapy and would be at risk for infertility.Thesewomenneedinformationabouttheimpactof treatments on fertility. Estimates based on NSFG datasuggest approximately half of these survivors (9,569 women) might want children and could benefit from fertility counseling and fertility preservation. Conclusion. NearlyallyoungbreastcancersurvivorsintheU.S. areatriskforinfertility.Physiciansshoulddiscussthepotential impactoftreatmentonfertility.Asmallerbutsizeablenumber ofat-risksurvivorsmaybeinterestedinhavingchildren.Given the magnitude of potential infertility and its quality-of-life implications,thesesurvivorsshouldhaveaccesstoandpotential coverageforfertilityservices.TheOncologist2014;19:814–822
Endolymphatic sac tumor

Endolymphatic sac tumor is an uncommon, locally aggressive tumor. The tumor is located in the medial and posterior petrosal bone region and may involve the dura. A hypervascular tumor involving the endolymphatic sac with destructive changes, it involves the bone and may show reactive new bone formation. Diagnosis is based on clinical, radiological, and pathological correlation. We present a case of endolymphatic sac tumor in a 24-year-old female who presented with a chief complaint of hearing loss.
Doing Democracy Up-Close: Culture, Power, and Communication in Community Building:

This article considers how democracy gets done, and undone, at the micro-level of the planning meeting. I use concepts of social performance to frame issues of culture and power that have received limited attention in earlier planning research. Drawing on three brief ethnographic accounts of a public interaction or “speech occasion,” I extend Forester's call for planners and policy professionals to understand and respond to the diverse communication styles and subtle power relations that shape public life. Informed responses are critical if planners aim to learn and get results while meaningfully involving various “publics” or stakeholders in decisions. Without such competence, many efforts to deliberate to “do” democracy in a diverse society will struggle along at needlessly high levels of confusion, distrust, and even resentment.
Theoretical Analysis of the Operation of the Field-Displacement Ferrite Isolator

A theoretical analysis of the resistance-sheet isolator is carried out, and numerical solutions are obtained for the forward and reverse propagation constants of the distorted dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide containing a transversely magnetized thick ferrite slab displaced slightly from the side wall. The microwave electric field patterns within the waveguide are plotted for several values of the physical design parameters of the isolator for which experimental performance data have been reported. Field patterns are used to describe the principles of the isolator and to select the optimum values of slab thickness, internal dc magnetic field, ferrite magnetization, and location of the slab in the waveguide for the idealized isolator. Evidence is presented to show that it is necessary to use a comparatively thick ferrite slab located in a very small usable range of distances from the side wall. The appropriate value of internal dc magnetic field is simply related to the magnetization of the ferrite and to the frequency. It has not been necessary to take into account the perturbing effects of the resistance card or matching techniques in order to explain the basic design principles.
Standoff spectroscopy via remote generation of backward lasing and/or gain swept superradiance in air

The continuous monitoring of the atmosphere for traces of gases and pathogens at kilometer-scale distances is an important and challenging problem. We have demonstrated [1,2] that by tailored pairs of pulses of different colors (e.g., red and blue) it is possible to invert an ensemble of molecules such that lasing and/or gain-swept superradiance is realized in a direction toward the observer. In recent experiments, we have observed [3] strong backward lasing of oxygen-ionized molecules in air, thus enabling a transient gain for an optical field propagating toward the observer. This technique results in the generation of a strong, coherent, counter-propagating optical probe pulse. Such a probe, combined with a wavelength-tunable laser signal(s) propagating in the forward direction, provides a tool for various remote-sensing applications. The proposed technique can be enhanced by combining it with the gain-swept excitation approach as well as with beam shaping and adaptive optical techniques.
Noncoherent multistage multiuser detection of M-ary orthogonal signals

In recent years, a great deal of research has been performed on methods of alleviating the performance degradations suffered by code division multiple access (CDMA) systems due to multiple access interference. The majority of work thus far has focused on the coherent case, spurred by the development of an optimal detector for asynchronous binary phase shift keying (BPSK) by Verdu. Much less work has been performed on noncoherent detection. There are, however, several reasons why noncoherent detection may be preferred for some applications. For instance, there may be difficulty tracking carrier phase over some channels due to oscillator phase instability, movement of the transmitter and receiver in a mobile environment, and multipath fading. In this paper, a multistage detector for noncoherent CDMA using M-ary orthogonal signals is proposed and analyzed. Using a decorrelating detector as its first stage, the detector iteratively estimates the multiple access interference affecting the desired signal, subtracts the estimated interference, and forms symbol estimates for each of K users. Numerical examples are provided to contrast the bit error rate performance of the decorrelating detector with previous detectors for the same signalling scheme.
Developing new avenues for growth: Challenges presented by five trends in the global environment

Abstract This paper documents five major trends in the global environment, and examines the impact of each on the corporate strategies of multinational firms striving for higher rates of growth in corporate earnings. The five trends documented are: 1. shifts in economic activity and growth between and within regions of the world; 2. increasing demand for goods and services among the very poor in emerging markets; 3. a faster pace and wider locus of technological innovation; 4. Increasingly global labor markets; and 5. increasingly ubiquitous and inexpensive access to information and knowledge. Each of these trends presents multinational firms with a potentially new avenue for growth, or an avenue down which they should consider moving further and/or faster. These potentially new avenues for growth are encouraging managers of multinational firms to challenge the current corporate strategies of their firms, and examine the need to reorient or renew them. The paper discusses the strategic challenges associated with these new avenues for growth, and the need for more research on the concept of country risk, on the concepts of the transnational strategy and organizational structure, and on the challenges of very limited sustainable capacity to consume among the very poor.
ACCOUNTING FOR THE OZONE HOLE

In the early 1980s, accounts of ozone depletion in the popular press, Congressional hearings and scientific literature reported reduced projections of loss. This environmental problem did not seem ...