cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family Socioeconomic Status, Peers, and the Path to College

Drawing on the primary/secondary effects perspective of educational inequality, this mixed methods study investigated connections between high school students’ trajectories through college preparatory course work and their relationships with parents and peers as a channel in the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic inequality. Growth curve and multilevel analyses of national survey and transcript data revealed that having college-educated parents differentiated students’ enrollment in advanced course work at the start of high school and that this initial disparity was stably maintained over subsequent years. During this starting period of high school, exposure to school-based peer groups characterized by higher levels of parent education appeared to amplify these course work disparities between students with and without college-educated parents. Ethnographic data from a single high school pointed to possible mechanisms for these patterns, including the tendency for students with college-educated parents to have more information about the relative weight of grades, core courses, and electives in college going and for academically relevant information from school peers with college-educated parents to matter most to students’ course work when it matched what was coming from their own parents.
32 USE OF TELEPHARMACY TO IMPROVE PHARMACEUTICAL ACCESS FOR PATIENTS IN PINE BLUFFS, WYOMING.

Purpose Due to increased utilization of prescription medications, it is essential that patients have easy access to drug therapy. This is important even if it is not feasible to establish a conventional pharmacy in a rural, agriculture-focused town like Pine Bluffs, WY, population 1,153. The purpose of this research was to understand the pharmaceutical needs of patients in a rural setting without a pharmacy, to investigate successful telepharmacy models and corresponding regulations, and to propose telepharmacy regulations for revision of a previously rejected proposal. Methods Informal interviews and discussions were conducted with the clinic physician and patients to determine how valuable telepharmacy would be to residents of Pine Bluffs, WY. A rejected telepharmacy proposal was reviewed. The telepharmacy model was analyzed and literature concerning states with successful integration of telepharmacy was reviewed. Review of the current Wyoming Pharmacy Act, consultation with a pharmacist, and composition of telepharmacy regulations that could be proposed to the Wyoming State Pharmacy Board were completed. Summary of Results A shortage in pharmacists and economic challenges can inhibit pharmacy service in rural communities, but these patients deserve the same quality care that their urban counterparts receive. Telepharmacy utilizes technology such as audiovisual and Internet links to deliver pharmaceutical care to patients in a remote community by a pharmacist in a distant location. The pharmacist at the base site controls a remote site “vending machine” that contains pre-dispensed medications. The remote site is staffed by an authorized individual. The process is audiovisually overseen and verified by the pharmacist ensuring safety and proper patient counseling. This innovative technology can complement the face-to-face relationships that patients, physicians, and pharmacists have come to expect and value. A provision was proposed to allow registered pharmacy technicians to dispense medications with only audiovisual supervision from pharmacists and without a pharmacist physically present. Conclusions Telepharmacy has proven to be useful in rural areas and settings like the emergency room where regular pharmacy service is not available. Wyoming health care professionals need to collaborate to make necessary changes to the Wyoming Pharmacy Act to begin implementation of this basic service, ensuring high-quality comprehensive care for rural patients.
Actinomycin D for methotrexate-failed low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Objective To determine outcomes and factors associated with failure of 5-day actinomycin D for treatment of methotrexate-failed low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Study design We reviewed the records of 358 patients treated with methotrexate 0.4 mg/kg (max 25 mg) IV push q.d. x 5 d every 14 d for FIGO-defined, low-risk GTN between 1979 and 2009. Actinomycin D 0.5 mg IV push q.d. x 5 d every 14 d was given to 64 of 68 patients (18%) who failed methotrexate: 48 (75%) for resistance and 16 (25%) for toxicity. Adjuvant surgery was used in selected patients. Clinical response and survival as well as factors affecting outcomes were analyzed retrospectively. Results The complete response rate to secondary chemotherapy with actinomycin D for failed methotrexate treatment of low-risk GTN was 75% (48/64), including 71% (34/48) for methotrexate resistance and 88% (14/16) for methotrexate toxicity. All 20 patients (6%) who failed sequential single-agent chemotherapy with methotrexate and actinomycin D were placed into permanent remission with the use of multiagent chemotherapy with or without surgery. The only factor significantly associated with resistance to secondary actinomycin D chemotherapy was clinicopathologic diagnosis of choriocarcinoma versus postmolar GTN (56% versus 20%, p = 0.025). Conclusion Actinomycin D 0.5 mg IV q.d. x 5 d every 14 d used as secondary therapy in methotrexate-failed low-risk GTN resulted in a 75% complete response rate and eventual 100% cure with subsequent multiagent chemotherapy with or without surgery. Resistance to sequential methotrexate and actinomycin D chemotherapy was significantly associated with original FIGO score > or = 3 and clinicopathologic diagnosis of choriocarcinoma.
Use of Chromatin Changes as Biomarkers

Abstract The complexity of human disease and individual heterogeneity emphasizes the need for precision medicine. Biomarkers can be utilized for diagnosis, prognosis, and predicting treatment outcomes on a case-by-case basis. Recent advances in genome-wide techniques have led to a rapid expansion in our detection and understanding of epigenetic landscapes. These well-established epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs, are essential for normal development and are now intimately linked to disease phenotypes through their involvement in the regulation of gene transcription. Readout of these epigenetic marks provides three new avenues for discovery and implementation of biomarkers. Promising epigenetic targets are emerging as biomarkers of cancer, neurologic disorders, diabetes, and imprinting disorders. Understanding and interpreting the epigenome in human disease is critical for providing patients with individualized medical decisions and treatments. Panels of epigenetic biomarkers coupled with traditional markers are likely the future of noninvasive screens for diagnosis, prognosis, and informing treatment decisions.
Spanning trails with variations of Chvátal–Erdős conditions

Abstract Let α ( G ) , α ′ ( G ) , κ ( G ) and κ ′ ( G ) denote the independence number, the matching number, connectivity and edge connectivity of a graph G , respectively. We determine the finite graph families F 1 and F 2 such that each of the following holds. (i) If a connected graph G satisfies κ ′ ( G ) ≥ α ( G ) − 1 , then G has a spanning closed trail if and only if G is not contractible to a member of F 1 . (ii) If κ ′ ( G ) ≥ max { 2 , α ( G ) − 3 } , then G has a spanning trail. This result is best possible. (iii) If a connected graph G satisfies κ ′ ( G ) ≥ 3 and α ′ ( G ) ≤ 7 , then G has a spanning closed trail if and only if G is not contractible to a member of F 2 .
Human Papillomavirus–Associated Neoplasms of the Head and Neck

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an essential causal factor in a subset of head and neck neoplasms, most notably oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, for which HPV infection has important diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. This article summarizes the current understanding of HPV-associated neoplasms of the head and neck, including the recently described carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like features. Salient clinical, gross, and microscopic features are discussed, and the utility of specific ancillary studies is highlighted.
Phase 2 study of CHOP‑R‑14 followed by 90Y‑ibritumomab tiuxetan in patients with previously untreated diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma

The aim of this open-label, single-center, phase 2 study was to assess the efficacy and safety of dose-dense CHOP-R-14 followed by 90Y-ibritumomab radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in patients with previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A total of 20 patients, the majority presenting with high-risk characteristics, were enrolled to receive dose-dense cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone and rituximab every 14 days (CHOP-R-14), followed by 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan consolidation. Sixteen patients completed RIT consolidation (rituximab 250 mg/m2 on day 1 and day 7, 8, or 9, followed by a single injection of 90Y-ibritumomab). Complete response (CR) rates of 75 and 95% were observed after treatment with CHOP-R-14 and RIT, respectively; 4 of the 5 patients who achieved a partial response after CHOP-R-14 converted to CR following treatment with RIT. With a median follow-up of 89.7 months, the progression-free and overall survival rates for the cohort were 75 and 85%, respectively. Hematological adverse events were common following CHOP-R-14 and RIT, but they were manageable with treatment interruption. Therefore, this regimen achieved promising survival outcomes in high-risk DLBCL on long term follow-up, with manageable toxicity.
Users as makers: user experience design for and by the crowd

This project explores some key implications for how overlapping user roles and user experiences are affected by the design of public, crowdsourced projects. The growing prevalence of crowdsourcing is creating new and complex contexts for communication, prompting a need to more fully understand how these arrangements can best be sustained for and by their participants and stakeholders. I draw on an ethnographic study of LibriVox.org---a volunteer audiobook publishing project---to argue that such large communities of makers necessitate a unique understanding of usability: one where, instead of flawless consumer experiences, a more important, long-term goal is to cultivate good, empowering user experiences for makers. Through surveying four central sites of user-generated LibriVox documentation, I learn how this decentralized maker community offers its volunteers multiple and flexible paths toward valuable instances of user-as-maker agency.
A novel intracellular pool of LFA-1 is critical for asymmetric CD8+ T cell activation and differentiation.

The integrin lymphocyte function–associated antigen 1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18) is a key T cell adhesion receptor that mediates stable interactions with antigen-presenting cell (APC), as well as chemokine-mediated migration. Using our newly generated CD11a-mYFP knock-in mice, we discovered that naive CD8+ T cells reserve a significant intracellular pool of LFA-1 in the uropod during migration. Intracellular LFA-1 quickly translocated to the cell surface with antigenic stimulus. Importantly, the redistribution of intracellular LFA-1 at the contact with APC was maintained during cell division and led to an unequal inheritance of LFA-1 in divided T cells. The daughter CD8+ T cells with disparate LFA-1 expression showed different patterns of migration on ICAM-1, APC interactions, and tissue retention, as well as altered effector functions. In addition, we identified Rab27 as an important regulator of the intracellular LFA-1 translocation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that an intracellular pool of LFA-1 in naive CD8+ T cells plays a key role in T cell activation and differentiation.
Driver Workload and Secondary Task Modality while Driving on Horizontal Curves

High driver workload has been considered as a risk factor in motor vehicle crashes. To minimize the number of crashes and improve driving safety, it is necessary to investigate driver workload and ...
A New Nearctic Species of the Fungus Gnat Genus Palaeodocosia Meunier1

A new Nearctic species of the fungus gnat genus Palaeodocosia Meunier was discovered in western Michigan. Two adult males flew to a Malaise trap in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert) forest in early December, after the first snows of late autumn had melted. This brings the total number of known extant Palaedocosia species to four. Two are Palaearctic [Palaeodocosia alpicola (Strobl) and Palaeodocosia flava (Edwards)], one is Holarctic [Palaedocosia vittata (Coquillett)], whereas the new species is Nearctic only. Adult females and juveniles of Palaeodocosia michigana Taber are unknown.
Investigation of network phenomena in hippocampal slices using multi-electrode recording arrays

Tools that are capable of sampling electrophysiological signals across spatially distributed brain networks, such as multi-electrode recording arrays, will likely be used increasingly often as more and more researchers strive to bridge the gap between synaptic interactions and computations across neuronal ensembles. This chapter pointed out specific studies in which the increased dimensions of information provided by multi-electrode recording allowed spatiotemporal patterns to be observed that would have been difficult to discern using conventional recording methods. Although technical difficulties can complicate the use of multi-electrode recording, they can largely be overcome through sophisticated analysis techniques. As computational methods and the electronic devices themselves are advanced, further insights into the complex operations of brain networks are to be expected.
Influence of Number of Teeth and Centrifugal Force on Forces Distribution on Silent Chain Transmissions

The aim of this paper is to define and to analyse the theoretical contact forces that appear in a sprocket—silent chain joint. The contact force between the links and the teeth flanks of the sprocket can be considered as a reaction to the axial force (tensioning force) transmitted throughout the pins. The centrifugal force is considered to be constant and the friction between the elements is not considered. This paper is presenting an analysis of forces in the joints of links and between links and sprocket in order to establish a distribution along links and the influence of number of teeth of sprockets and centrifugal force on number of links transmitting the load.
SEQUENTIAL CONTROL OF TFTR POWER SUPPLIES

The design of the TFTR power supplies and their control infrastructure provides a maximum of flexibility in terms of control strategy options. Utilizing this inherent flexibility two types of sequential control have been developed. The first, which is presently operational in the Toroidal Field (TF) system, is designed to optimize power factor while permitting two quadrant rectifier operation. The second, which is presently under development and will be used for the TF and Ohmic Heating (OH) systems, is designed to optimize both power factor and distribution of thermal loading while permitting single quadrant rectifier operation only. With these control methods the ultimate capability of the TFTR power supply system is made available.
Homeless Children and Stress: An Empirical Study

Families with children constitute the fastest-growing segment of the homeless population. Past literature has indicated that children who are homeless experience more stress than children who are not homeless. This study measured the level of psychosocial stress experienced by homeless children by utilizing two direct and two indirect measurement tools. The sample included 52 children from family-shelter facilities in Central Florida. T-test results indicated a statistically significant difference between the sample's scores and that of the normative group. Prompt intervention at both the individual and environmental level is recommended.
Open Source Software: An Introduction from a Serialist's Perspective

Abstract This article provides a brief introduction to the open source software (OSS) movement in libraries from a serialist's perspective. After defining what the open source software movement is about, the article highlights three examples of OSS applications in libraries: jake (Jointly Administered Knowledge Environment); Koha and OpenBiblio, two open source library systems; and MyLibrary@NCState.It concludes by suggesting some sources for further research and study and encourages serialists to get involved in this worthwhile movement. Serials Review 2003; 29:36–39.
The Effects of Ethanol on Receptor Activated Phospholipid Cascades

Ethanol is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. The resulting alcohol abuse and alcoholism is a major health and social problem. An understanding of the actions of ethanol are fundamental to a rational approach to treating alcoholism and to reversing the pathology associated with excessive ethanol consumption.
DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF SUMMERTIME VERY HEAVY PRECIPITATION IN THE EASTERN AND CENTRAL UNITED STATES

This study was prompted by the apparent confusion in the meteorological and climatological literature on the time of day very heavy precipitation is most likely to occur. Harmonic analysis and cluster analysis were used to investigate the large-scale spatial variations in the diurnal cycle of very heavy precipitation in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Significant spatial variations in the diurnal cycle of very heavy precipitation were found to exist, and seven largely contiguous regions with unique diurnal characteristics of very heavy precipitation were identified.
Voltage and Power Optimization in a Distribution Network with High PV Penetration

Utilization of solar energy in distribution networks is on the rise, especially in the form of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) panels. Using smart inverters, it is now possible to allow PVs to inject both active and reactive power into the grid. However, high penetration of PVs can introduce operational challenges as it may cause voltage rise beyond the permissible limits and may lead to additional stress on system components. Also, if uncoordinated, injecting reactive power locally could interfere with the utility's efforts in controlling node voltages. Hence, a proper coordination among various electrical devices in the distribution system is necessary in order to pave the way for maximizing PV penetration and to minimize, concurrently, the overall system losses. In this paper an evolutionary algorithm (EA) is used in order to find the optimal settings of the controllable components in a distribution system in a centralized fashion. The control variables considered are PV active and reactive powers, load curtailment through demand response, tap positions of the voltage regulators (VRs), and status of switching capacitors (SC). The main objective of the proposed approach is to minimize system losses, operational variations of VRs and SCs, as well as curtailment in the PV active power. Two aspects are in particular investigated in this paper: the impact of PV reactive power support on the grid, and the effect of high PV integration on switching devices (SCs and VRs). The proof-of-concept simulation is conducted over a one-day period in order to assess the proposed optimal scheduling.
Learning Landscapes: Where the Science of Learning Meets Architectural Design

Author(s): Bustamante, Andres S; Hassinger-Das, Brenna; Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy; Golinkoff, Roberta M
Chapter 6 – Quality Control for RNA Preparations

Every laboratory application involving purified RNA requires a quality assessment of the sample, particularly the mRNA fraction. Because of the labor-intensive and costly nature of most downstream assays, it is prudent to show that the template material is intact and of sufficient purity so as to maximize productivity, reproducibility, and sensitivity. In the RNA world, it is all about quality control. Checking an RNA sample for integrity and level of purity may be accomplished in a variety of ways, some of which are also very good positive-control techniques for a number of transcription-based assays. Of the methods delineated below, spectrophotometric analysis and examination of the electrophoretic profile of each sample should always be performed shortly after purification and, if the RNA has been stored for a while, a second aliquot should be tested just prior to use. Do not ever assume that a sample previously characterized remains intact after storage for several months, even at −80°C.
A Safe, Open Source, 4G Connected Self-Flying Plane With 1 Hour Flight Time and All Up Weight (AUW) <300 g: Towards a New Class of Internet Enabled UAVs

Here, we present an open-source cloud (4G) connected and controlled self-flying airplane based on a secure, encrypted flight stack with all up weight of <;300 g as an example of a new class of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The avionics portion (including the flight controller, 4G cellular data modem, and on-board companion Linux computer) weighs only 40 g, which is about 10 times lighter than previous avionics package achieving the same mission: 4G secure encrypted robust self-healing Internet connectivity for video and telemetry, autonomous flight capability without the need for a pilot in local proximity to the UAV, and GPS positioning. With a flight time of 1 h, this represents the lightest, longest flight time 4G UAV ever demonstrated. Enabled by the convergence of advances in multiple hardware and software systems and disciplines, this effectively defines a new class of the UAVs, distinct from larger multirotors for aerial surveys and photography and smaller nano-quadcopters with short flight times and ranges, defined by the characteristics of inherently stable aerodynamic flight in case of hardware failure (such as motor failure), inherently long flight times, inherently long range due to the efficiency of a wing over quadrotor, and Internet connectivity for control from any point on earth to virtually any point on earth.
A Survey of Recent Trends in Wireless Communication Standards, Routing Protocols, and Energy Harvesting Techniques in E-Health Applications

One of the most rapidly growing technology areas is the advances in sensing, networking, and miniaturization in medical domain, which enables innovative new applications. This is especially apparent in e-Health and telemedicine. There is an enormous demand for innovation in wireless sensor networking, body area networks, network security and routing, and many other areas, attracting the attention of numerous researchers. With all the advances it can be challenging to identify trends and areas with opportunities for research engagement. In this paper, the authors therefore review the state-of-the-art in wireless communication used in telemedicine and e-Health applications-ranging from the Wide Area Networks to Body Area Networks-and discuss the studies and literature that employ these technologies for e-Health applications. Moreover, recent routing protocols and techniques that are used for Body Area Networks are investigated. One key challenge for e-Health applications, particularly for mobile or patient-worn devices, is energy consumption and supply. One possible solution is found in energy harvesting, and our survey encompasses current challenges and accomplishments in its application to e-Health and discuss various promising techniques.
Charge fractionalization in nonchiral Luttinger systems

One-dimensional metals, such as quantum wires or carbon nanotubes, can carry charge in arbitrary units, smaller or larger than a single electron charge. However, according to Luttinger theory, which describes the low-energy excitations of such systems, when a single electron is injected by tunneling into the middle of such a wire, it will tend to break up into separate charge pulses, moving in opposite directions, which carry definite fractions f and (1-f) of the electron charge, determined by a parameter g that measures the strength of charge interactions in the wire. (The injected electron will also produce a spin excitation, which will travel at a different velocity than the charge excitations.) Observing charge fractionalization physics in an experiment is a challenge in those (nonchiral) low-dimensional systems which are adiabatically coupled to Fermi liquid leads. We theoretically discuss a first important step towards the observation of charge fractionalization in quantum wires based on momentum-resolved tunneling and multi-terminal geometries, and explain the recent experimental results of Steinberg et al. [H. Steinberg, G. Barak, A. Yacoby, L.N. Pfeiffer, K.W. West, B.I. Halperin, K. Le Hur, Nature Physics 4 (2008) 116].
The Spine of Australopithecus

The early hominin (Ardipithecus and Australopithecus) fossil record contains over 100 preserved vertebral elements (n = 107; approximately half of which are well-preserved), ~65% of which have not been described since the turn of the millennium. Many are fragments, some for which detailed descriptions are pending (e.g., those of Australopithecus anamensis). Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus sediba are known from cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, whereas Australopithecus africanus is known from thoracic and lumbar vertebrae but not cervical vertebrae. A partial skeleton from Member 4 of Sterkfontein, StW 573, preserves vertebrae from all presacral regions, but its species designation is debated and not yet formalized in the literature. Other early hominin species, such as Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus kadabba, Australopithecus deyiremeda, Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and Australopithecus garhi, do not preserve vertebrae. Vertebrae from Swartkrans and Cooper’s Cave are thought to belong to either Paranthropus or Homo and are discussed in Meyer and Williams (this volume). The vertebrae discussed in this chapter are from five sites in East and South Africa: Aramis, Asa Issie, and Hadar from the Afar Depression of Ethiopia and Sterkfontein and Malapa in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa.
Microbial Metabolism Modulates Antibiotic Susceptibility within the Murine Gut Microbiome

Summary Although antibiotics disturb the structure of the gut microbiota, factors that modulate these perturbations are poorly understood. Bacterial metabolism is an important regulator of susceptibility in vitro and likely plays a large role within the host. We applied a metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approach to link antibiotic-induced taxonomic and transcriptional responses within the murine microbiome. We found that antibiotics significantly alter the expression of key metabolic pathways at the whole-community and single-species levels. Notably, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, which blooms in response to amoxicillin, upregulated polysaccharide utilization. In vitro, we found that the sensitivity of this bacterium to amoxicillin was elevated by glucose and reduced by polysaccharides. Accordingly, we observed that dietary composition affected the abundance and expansion of B. thetaiotaomicron, as well as the extent of microbiome disruption with amoxicillin. Our work indicates that the metabolic environment of the microbiome plays a role in the response of this community to antibiotics.
Staebler-Wronski Effect in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

A discussion of salient experimental observations of light induced fatigue of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, Staebler-Wronski(S-W), effect is presented. The aim is to formulate the boundaries within which any model of the effect must lie. At present it is known that the S-W effect involves thermally activated hole and electron trapping in deep traps. The activation energies are in the vicinity of 1eV and 1.5eV for electron and hole, respectively.
Data-Driven STFT for UAV Micro-Doppler Signature Analysis

The Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) constructs the instantaneous spectrum of an observed dataset after applying a temporal taper for the sake of micro-Doppler feature extraction. Here, the temporal window applied to the STFT is adjusted proportionally to the instantaneous periodicity of the dataset as to establish more consistent UAV micro-Doppler signatures and improve the separability of relevant features. The outlined approach is developed in the context of UAV rotor blade analysis. Techniques for estimating the periodicity of the radar returns and examining the temporal correlation of the signal are presented. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed data-driven STFT algorithm, simulated and experimentally measured results of UAV rotor blades are analyzed.
Polymer Chain Diffusion in All-Polymer Nanocomposites: Confinement vs. Chain Acceleration

All-polymer nanocomposites, in which soft, polymer-based nanoparticles are dispersed in the polymer matrix, have received great interest lately due to their potential use in a range of applications...
Extended Abstract: Using Empirical Data to Inform Technical-Editing Pedagogies

Prescriptive usage rules form a core part of technical-editing curricula. In spite of calls to view technical editing from a rhetorical perspective, the way these prescriptive rules are taught sometimes still lacks a rhetorical focus. In this project, I argue that empirical usage data derived from corpora can help technical-editing instructors teach prescriptive usage rules in a more rhetorical way. Specifically, I discuss the findings from a large-scale corpus-linguistic study of prescriptive usage rules in formal and informal written English. I also discuss three guiding principles that can help technical-editing teachers use empirical data to promote a more rhetorically aware approach to their classroom instruction.
Pleurectomy Decortication in the Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Encouraging Results and Novel Prognostic Implications Based on Experience in 355 Consecutive Patients.

Objective We report a series of 355 consecutive patients treated over 9 years in a single institution with intended PDC. Background Surgery for MPM has shifted from extra-pleural pneumonectomy to PDC with the goal of MCR. Methods Clinical and outcome data were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier estimators and log rank test were used to compare the overall survival, and logistic regression models were used. Results MCR was achieved in 304. There were 223 males, median age was 69 and histology was epithelioid in 184. The 30 and 90-day mortality were 3.0% and 4.6%.Most complications were low grade. Prolonged air leak in 141, deep venous thrombosis in 64, Atrial fibrillation in 42, chylothorax in 24, Empyema in 23, pneumonia in 21, Hemothorax in 12 and pulmonary embolus in 8.Median/5-year survival were 20.7 months/17.9% in the intent-to-treat cohort and 23.2 months/21.2% in the MCR group. The survivals were best for patients with T1stage and epithelioid histology (69.8 months/54.1%). In a multivariable analysis, factors that were found to be associated with longer patient overall survival included epithelioid histology, T stage, quantitative clinical stage/tumor volume staging, adjuvant chemotherapy, intraoperative heated chemo, female sex, and length of stay shorter than 14 days. Conclusions PDC is feasible with low mortality and is associated with manageable complication rates. 5-year survival of patients undergoing PDC with MCR in multi-modality setting is approaching 25% depending on quantitative and clinical stage, sex and histological subtype and is better than PDC without- MCR.
Prenylated xanthones from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) activate the AhR and Nrf2 pathways and protect intestinal barrier integrity in HT-29 cells.

Abstract Xanthones from the tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) display anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Here, we isolate and identify potential inducers of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways from mangosteen using a bioassay-guided strategy. Mangosteen fruit pericarp extracts were subjected to sequential solvent extractions, followed by chromatography coupled with NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometric analyses for identification and isolation of pure compounds. Isolation of active fractions led to seven prenylated xanthones that were identified and subsequently evaluated for bioactivity. In vitro luciferase reporter cellular assays using H1L6.1c3 (AhR induction) and HepG2-ARE (Nrf2 induction) were used to identify AhR and Nrf2 activators. All seven prenylated xanthones displayed AhR inducing activity, whereas only five xanthones activated Nrf2. Garcinone D (GarD) significantly upregulated AhR/Cyp1a1 and Nrf2/HO-1 protein expression and enhanced zonula occludens-1 and occludin protein levels in HT-29 cells. In addition, GarD inhibited oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by enhancing tight junction (TJ) proteins and inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. Inhibition of AhR by pretreating cells with an AhR antagonist revealed that the AhR pathway is required for the improved epithelial barrier functions of GarD. These results highlight a dual mechanism by GarD that confers protection against intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction.
The Wooden Boat Circuit

This chapter introduces the three fieldwork settings: Riverside Maritime Museum, the historic American warship USS Integrity, and the wooden cod-fishing ship Paloma. All three fieldwork sites were engaged in the restoration of wooden watercraft, although the scale of the work and the social organization of the boatbuilders varied from site to site. The chapter also begins to address a key analytical thread in this research, considering whether these three workshops constitute discrete research settings or collectively function as a single learning community. This question is approached through characterizing the small set of East Coast workshops as stops on a ‘circuit’ along which aspirational young boatbuilders travel, moving between locations in search of opportunities for learning.
Trimodal X-ray, luminescence, and fluorescence imaging of bacterial infection responsive myeloperoxidase activity in mice

1588 Objectives To localize Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the bacterial infection responsive myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity in vivo. Methods Multimodal imaging of mice challenged earlier with S.aureus were used to obtain X-ray contrast, luminescence, and near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) images. Three different non-radioactive agents, luminol (i.p), visipaque (i.v.), and a fluorescent probe containing a bis(zinc2+dipicolylamine, Zn-DPA) motif (i.v.) were administered under anesthesia after 24 hrs after infection. An imaging system, which combines optical imaging and digital X-ray imaging, was used to obtain anatomical localization of the fluorescence and luminescence signals. Results The luminescence molecular signals, a byproduct of MPO enzyme action co localized in vivo with the X-ray contrast signals of the radiopaque agents collected at the urinary bladder. The NIRF molecular signals of Zn-DPA-fluoroprobe, a motif, which binds with high affinity to apoptotic, necrotic, and bacterial surfaces were not present at the bladder. However robust binding of the fluorescence probe was observed at the liver. Conclusions A combined luminescence, fluorescence, and radiopaque signals aided in the determination of the increased MPO activity at the bladder with relatively little bacteria interacting fluoroprobe in the vicinity. The MPO activity corresponds to the neutrophil activation as a bacterial infection response. This initial immune response shows stark similarities with the mechanism suggested recently for Myobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment of cancer of the bladder
SALINITY AND FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE POCASSET RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS1

During the summer of 1963 and the spring of 1965, a study was made comparing the subtidal sediment salinities with those of the immediately overlying water in a small estuary north of Woods Hole, the Pocasset River, and relating these findings to the distribution of the estuarine fauna. The estuary is a fluctuating type with a nearly constant river flow. At each location, there are pronounced though precise fluctuations of the water salinity with tidal periodicity. Bottom waters show periods of highly saline, essentially marine water and periods of nearly freshwater, separated by abrupt and brief transitional periods throughout the upper half of the estuary. The low salinity phase is longer at the upper end of the estuary and the high salinity phase gradually predominates as one proceeds seaward. In contrast to the marked fluctuation in bottom salinity, the salinities in the sediments are stable and constant, with each station having its own characteristic salinity that gradually increases from the uppermost reaches to the mouth. This salinity regime has a marked effect on the distribution of the benthic fauna. The epifauna, subjected to the extreme salinity fluctuation and rapid and extreme salinity changes, is poorly represented, particularly in the upper part of the estuary. The infauna, living under much more stable salinity conditions, make up the vast majority of the fauna. The periodic short-term fluctuations in the water salinity stabilize the sediment salinities and subject the infauna to less physiological stress than that imposed on the epifauna. A brackish water fauna dominates the uppermost part of the estuary. The fauna is transitional in a zone where the sediment salinities vary from 19 to 22%. At higher sediment salinity values, lower in the estuary, the marine element predominates. Animals collected from the transitional zone were exposed in the laboratory to low and high salinity water obtained from the same locality at low and high tide, respectively, and to a control salinity duplicating the average sediment salinity of the zone. There were four patterns of response: 1) stress symptoms and death usually in less than 24 hr; 2) stress symptoms and recovery; 3) behavioral response; and 4) normal, identical activity in the low, high, and control salinity water. These responses were related to the depth distribution patterns of the species, sediment salinities, and redox potential values at the collecting site.
Efficacy of SmartLoss, a smartphone-based weight loss intervention: results from a randomized controlled trial.

Objective Test the efficacy of SmartLossSM, a smartphone-based weight loss intervention, in a pilot study. Methods In a 12-week randomized controlled trial, adults (25 ≤ BMI ≤ 35 kg/m2) were randomized to SmartLoss (n = 20) or an attention-matched Health Education control group (n = 20). SmartLoss participants were prescribed a 1,200 to 1,400 kcal/d diet and were provided with a smartphone, body weight scale, and accelerometer that wirelessly transmitted body weight and step data to a website. In the SmartLoss group, mathematical models were used to quantify dietary adherence based on body weight and counselors remotely delivered treatment recommendations based on these objective data. The Health Education group received health tips via smartphone. A mixed model determined whether change in weight and other end points differed between the groups (baseline was a covariate). Results The sample was 82.5% female. Mean ± SD baseline age, weight (kg), and BMI were 44.4 ± 11.8 years, 80.3 ± 11.5 kg, and 29.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2, respectively. One participant was lost to follow-up in each group before week 4. Weight loss was significantly (P < 0.001) larger in the SmartLoss (least squares mean ± SEM: −9.4 ± 0.5%) compared with the Health Education group (−0.6 ± 0.5%). Conclusions SmartLoss efficaciously promoted clinically meaningful weight loss compared with an attention-matched control group. Smartphone-based interventions might prove useful in intervention dissemination.
Development of an evidence-informed in-home family services model for families and children at risk of abuse and neglect

This paper describes the components of a programme designed to prevent child maltreatment which includes the promising practices of a continuous engagement process, cognitive-behavioural parent and skill teaching, and development of formal and informal supports for families. The programme was also designed to be implemented wide scale. METHODS for assessment of strengths and needs, individualization of goals and intervention strategies, and assessment of goal achievement are also described. Finally, preliminary results of a programme implementation fidelity and outcome evaluation are summarized. The authors conclude that this programme is ready for a more rigorous efficacy trial to continue to build the evidence base for this promising intervention addressing a prevalent social problem. Language: en
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii From Free-Ranging Black Bears (Ursus americanus) From Florida

Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a significant worldwide parasitic protozoan. In the present study, prevalence of antibodies of T. gondii was examined from 29 free-ranging black bears (Ursus americanus) from south-central Florida where the host species was listed as state threatened during this project. Overall T. gondii prevalence was found to be 44.8%, specifically 46.2% in male and 43.8% in female U. americanus, using a modified agglutination test (1∶25 titer). Seroprevalence differences between sexes were not significant (P > 0.05). Results of the present study add supportive data to the growing body of evidence suggesting that U. americanus has one of the highest T. gondii seroprevalences among all known intermediate hosts. In addition, our data emphasize the importance of understanding parasitic disease dynamics from a conservation perspective.
Heterologous expression of a bacterial haemoglobin improves the growth properties of recombinant Escherichia coli

Rational design of novel as well as improved cellular biocatalysts by genetic manipulation of cellular metabolism has recently attracted considerable interest. A wide range of bacteria have been genetically modified by integrating new enzymatic functions into their metabolic network1–7. A central problem in the aerobic growth of any cell culture is the maintenance of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations above growth-limiting levels especially in high cell-density fermentations which are usually of a fed-batch type. The optimal rate of nutrient addition (and consequently the productivity) is ultimately limited by the rate at which cells can aerobically catabolize the carbon source without generating growth-inhibitory metabolites such as lactate and acetate8,9. All approaches thus far have concentrated on improving the oxygen mass transfer rates by manipulating various environmental parameters. We10 have isolated the gene for a haemoglobin-like molecule, expressed by the aerobic bacterium Vitreoscilla in poorly-oxygenated environments11,12, and expressed it in Escherichia coli. The recombinant cells contain enhanced haem as well as active haemoglobin, and they grow faster and to considerably greater cell densities than comparable plasmid-containing cells which do not express haemoglobin. This haemoglobin increases the rate of oxygen use, especially when dissolved oxygen is less than 5% of air saturation.
Implications of Recent Work in Philosophy of Science for the Role of Operational Definition in Psychology

Summary.-Philosophers of science have recently shown chat not only extreme operationism but any operationist posicion faces very serious difficulties. Psychology has tended to tayte for granted chat only one kind of terms, terms in the "data language" or "observation terms," have direct empirical meaning, and that the empirical meaning of all other terms is given by their operational definitions. Strong arguments have now been put forch indicating both that such "observation terms" are impossible to distinguish and char there ate other indirect sources of empirical meaning besides operational definitions. I€ these arguments are correct, two conclusions follow: (a) It can no longer be maintained that psychological concepts must be "reconstructed" in terms of operational definitions; and (b) There is no longer any basis for failing to requite the justification of operational definitions used in psychological research.
Social–biological information technology: An integrated conceptual framework

A model is proposed that is motivated by the growing theoretical importance of the affective domain in information science (IS) and human–computer interaction (HCI), and the increased need for integrated models that provide an explicit account of how human mental and physiological systems dynamically interact in task performance with information systems. The ecological constructionism framework defines a social and biological information technology that is created through the dynamic intersection of technological affordances in symbiotic interaction with affective, cognitive, and sensorimotor information procedures that users creatively construct to satisfice the social practices inherent in information settings. Samples of spontaneous user discourse were mapped, demonstrating the model's suitability for charting the flow of mental procedures that users perform in interaction with information systems. The framework is shown to be compatible with the research focus in the literature on information behavior in IS and user affect in HCI. It also addresses current challenges to create more versatile architectures integrating technology, biology, and community into organic or synergic systems. The model specifies the components and dynamics of a human–computer symbiotic information environment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silica Nanoarchitectures Incorporating Self-Organized Protein Superstructures with Gas-Phase Bioactivity

We have encapsulated self-organized protein superstructures containing cytochrome c into a mesoporous silica-based nanoarchitecture. The protein superstructure, nucleated by colloidal gold in buffered medium and nanoglued with silica sol, remains intact upon supercritical drying of the wet composite gel and exhibits rapid gas-phase recognition of NO. We posit that specific adsorption of the heme edge at nanoparticulate Au creates a high radius-of-curvature nanoscale hybrid that induces protein−protein self-directed assembly. We also have evidence that an outer “skin” of protein is damaged upon experiencing the chemical and physical denaturants necessary to create an aerogel but that this sacrificial layer shields the proteins within the superstructure. Transmission electron microscopy verifies that objects on the order of 102 nm are present in the biocomposite silica aerogel. The temperature−pressure stability exhibited by the protein in the biocomposite nanoarchitecture may provide an experimental, sea-l...
Balancing Act: Approaches to Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Among Boston Public Housing Residents

Boston public housing residents are more likely to report fair or poor health status, been diagnosed with obesity, and to be physically inactive compared with other Boston residents (Digenis-Bury, Brooks, Chen, Ostrem, & Horsburgh, 2008 ). Little is known about perceptions of and opportunities for healthy eating and physical activity in this population. We conducted eight focus groups at public housing developments to explore residents' views regarding opportunities and barriers to healthy eating and physical activity. Sixty-seven English- and Spanish-speaking residents participated. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. All residents described the challenge of balancing considerations of food quality, access, and affordability. Other findings included underutilized nutritional resources; abundant availability of unhealthy food; and economic and structural barriers to exercise. Transportation-related challenges were a dominant theme. Building opportunities for physical activity and providing access to affordable and quality food choices may be important interventions for promoting health among public housing residents.