cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A basic isozyme of yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with nucleic acid helix-destabilizing activity

Abstract A nucleic acid helix-destabilizing protein has been purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using affinity chromatographic techniques. Crude protein extracts at low ionic strength (approx. 0.05 M) were applied sequentially to tandem columns of native DNA-cellulose, aminophenyl-phosphoryl-UMP-agarose, poly(I · C)-agarose, poly(U)-cellulose and denatured DNA-cellulose. The 2 M NaCl eluant of the poly(U)-cellulose column was dialyzed to low ionic strength and recycled through native DNA-cellulose, poly(I · C)-agarose and poly(U)-cellulose. Purified helix-destabilizing protein eluted from the poly(U)-cellulose between 0.1 and 0.5 M NaCl. On the basis of enzymatic activity, immunological cross-reactivity, mobility on SDS gels, amino acid analysis and preliminary peptide mapping experiments, this material was identified as an isozymic fraction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The major crystallizable isozyme of this enzyme from yeast is, however, considerably more acidic than the helix-destabilizing protein, and displays significantly lower helix-destabilizing activity. Stoichiometric levels of the isolated protein at low (approx. 0.01) ionic strength depress the T m of poly(A-U) and poly[d(A-T)] by as much as 28 and 22°C, respectively. Longer double helices, poly(A · U) and Clostridium perfringens DNA, are also denatured by the helix-destabilizing protein, but at relatively slow rates. The binding of this protein to [3H]-poly(U) on nitrocellulose filters is [Na+]-dependent, with a 50% reduction at 0.09 M NaCl. Based on its effect on the circular dichroism spectrum of poly(A), the protein was shown to distort the conformation of the polynucleotide chain. An analogous protein from mammalian cells, P8, was also shown to depress poly(A-U) T m .
John H. Hickcox's Confession: An Addendum

Letter to the Editor John H. Hickcox’s Confession: An Addendum In 2004, we wrote an article for the Journal of Government Information reporting the arrest of John Howard Hickcox, creator of United States Government Publications: A Monthly Catalogue (also called Hickcox’s Monthly Catalogue) and Assistant Librarian at the Library of Congress, for stealing letters and money sent to the Librarian of Congress, Ainsworth R. Spofford. Since the charges against Hickcox were later dropped, and Spofford, his employer, was quoted in a newspaper account as saying that he believed that Hickcox was innocent, we speculated that he was not guilty (Stimson & Nobunaga, 2004). However, the recent discovery of a letter written in 1882, just over a month after Hickcox’s arrest, has led us to believe otherwise (Bramhall, 1882). Hickcox was probably better known as a prominent numismatist than he was as a government publications specialist. Hickcox was made an honorary member of the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society (ANAS) in 1859 (Hickcox, 1859). When Hickcox was arrested on January 19, 1882, it was front page news in newspapers across the United States. It appears that the ANAS learned of the arrest and asked their Corresponding Member in Washington, William L. Bramhall, to investigate and report back to the society. Bramhall’s letter to William Poillon, Secretary of the ANAS, dated February 24, 1882, (with the notation “JR [sic] Hickcox’s scrape” later written on the outside), says:
Functional connections within the human inferior frontal gyrus

The highly convoluted and cytoarchitectonically diverse inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) of humans is known to be critically involved in a wide range of complex operations including speech and language processing. The neural circuitry that underlies these operations is not fully understood. We hypothesized that this neural circuitry includes functional connections within and between the three major IFG subgyri: the pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis. To test this hypothesis we employed electrical stimulation tract-tracing techniques in 10 human patients undergoing surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy. The approach involved delivering repeated bipolar electrical stimuli to one site on the IFG while recording the electrical response evoked by that stimulus from a 64-contact grid overlying more distant IFG sites. In all subjects, stimulation of a site on one subgyrus evoked polyphasic potentials at distant sites, either on the same subgyrus or on an adjacent subgyrus. This provided prima facie evidence for a functional connection between the site of stimulation and the sites of the evoked response. The averaged evoked potentials tended to aggregate as response fields. The spatial spread of a response field indicated a divergent projection from the site of stimulation. When two or more sites were stimulated, the resulting evoked potentials exhibited different waveforms while the respective response fields could overlap substantially, suggesting that input from multiple sites converged but by engaging different neural circuits. The earliest deflection in the evoked potential ranged from 2 to 10 msec. No differences were noted between language-dominant and language-nondominant hemispheres.
Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy of lymphangiectasia.

PURPOSE To report a case of lymphangiectasia successfully treated with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. METHODS A 1.5-mm Brymill cryoprobe (Brymill Cryogenic Systems, Ellington, CT) was applied in a double freeze-thaw method after an incisional biopsy of a portion of the conjunctiva. Freeze times were 1-2 seconds with thawing of 5-10 seconds between freezes. RESULTS A 64-year-old white man had symptoms of bilateral epiphora, eye irritation, and episodic blurred vision that was worse in the right eye. Ocular examination revealed inferior chemotic conjunctiva in the right eye and redundant conjunctiva in the left eye without chemosis. Marsupialization and liquid nitrogen cryotherapy were performed on the right eye, and the symptoms and signs resolved within 2 weeks. One year after cryotherapy, the patient has had no more eye symptoms or signs of lymphangiectasia. CONCLUSION Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy may be an effective alternative to surgery in the treatment of conjunctival lymphangiectasia.
Simple Method for Constructing Obturators and Prosthetic Patches of Prevulcanized Latex

Th e mechanical replacement of ana­ tomic tissues and structures is an ever present problem in the general dental practitioner’s treatment planning. Pros­ thetic procedures require evaluation of conditions with particular reference to location, type of structure lost, pathologic change and mechanical limitations. Recent publicity has stressed the need for early diagnosis and possible surgical treatment of malignant lesions. In view of the fact that many of these lesions in­ volve the hard and soft palate, cheeks and other parts of the face, the demand for obturators and surgical prosthetic patches is greater now than ever before and will continue to increase in the future. In lesser numbers, presented for cor­ rection are such malconditions as cleft palates, syphilitic and other pathologic fistulas, unhealed tooth sockets involving maxillary sinuses and scar tissue areas in the hard and soft palate. • Defects such as these require early prosthetic treatment, for the untreated patient is handicapped when eating, drinking and speaking. Patients suffer­ ing these handicaps may develop a men­ tal condition that results in their with­ drawing as much as possible from their normal surroundings and associates. In the past, efforts have been made with varying success to correct such mal­ conditions by constructing obturators and complex hinged appliances from cast metal, vellum rubber, vulcanite rubber or solid rubber, all attached to some type of denture. From experience gained in the treat­ ment of mouth wounds of World War II veterans, a very simple process has been developed whereby it is possible to con­ struct obturators of any type, separate and independent of any other prosthetic appliance. These obturators are retained by undercuts or adhesives, and may be inserted or seated at any time after sur­ gical intervention. They will be tolerated by the most sensitive tissues, even postoperatively. The first consideration in developing these appliances was to find a material that could be used to simplify their con­ struction. O f all the well known dental materials such as vellum rubber, elasto acrylics and various types of metal, pre­ vulcanized latex has proved superior in length of service, creation of sure seal, toleration by tissue and ease in manipula­ tion, fabrication and insertion. Prevulcanized latex is an aqueous solu­ tion composed of about 65 per cent rub­ ber solids and 35 per cent water. When this aqueous solution is dehydrated, a pure, smooth rubber deposit results. An obturator or prosthetic patch can be fab­ ricated to any thickness desired by the application and dehydration of successive coats of the solution. Prevulcanized latex is a well known commercial item and may be obtained from any reputable chemical or drug firm.
Functional analysis of fibronectin isoforms in chondrogenesis: Full-length recombinant mesenchymal fibronectin reduces spreading and promotes condensation and chondrogenesis of limb mesenchymal cells

Abstract Fibronectin (FN), a large dimeric glycoprotein, functions primarily as a connecting molecule in the extracellular matrices of tissues by mediating both cell-matrix and matrix-matrix interactions. All members of the FN family are products of a single FN gene; heterogeneity arises from the alternative splicing of at least three regions (IIIB, IIIA, and V) during processing of a common primary transcript. During chick embryonic limb chondrogenesis, FN structure changes from B+A+ in precartilage mesenchyme to B+A− in differentiated cartilage, and exon IIIA has been shown to be necessary for the process of mesenchymal cellular condensation, a requisite event that precedes overt expression of chondrocyte phenotype. This study aims to investigate the mechanistic action of the FN isoforms in mesenchymal chondrogenesis and, in particular, to identify the specific cellular function in mesenchymal condensation mediated by the mesenchymal (B+A+) FN isoform. Full-length cDNAs corresponding to four splice variants (B+A+, B+A−, B−A+, B−A−) of FN were constructed, and expressed the corresponding proteins using a baculovirus expression vector system. Cell adhesion assays with purified proteins showed that, although the relative levels of cell attachment were approximately the same, chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells spread up to 40% less on mesenchymal (B+A+) FN than on cartilage (B+A−) FN, (B−A+) FN, or plasma (B−A−) FN. Cellular condensation and chondrogenic differentiation were also promoted in high-density micromass cultures of limb mesenchymal cells plated onto B+A+ FN. These observations suggest that the process of mesenchymal condensation is mediated at least in part by the enhanced ability of chondrogenic mesenchymal cells to migrate and aggregate as a consequence of residing in and interacting with mesenchymal FN. Our findings are consistent with and provide a mechanistic basis for previous observations that rounding of limb mesenchymal cells precedes the onset of chondrogenesis.
Toxic and nutrient element concentrations in soft tissues of zebra and quagga mussels from Lakes Erie and Ontario

Zebra and quagga mussels were collected from Lakes Erie and Ontario in 1997 and the soft mussel tissues were analyzed for Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V and Zn. No consistent relationships were apparent when comparing element concentrations in soft mussel tissues and mussel type, size range or sampling location. Literature dealing with the absorption of metals by both mussel types is reviewed.
High-speed direct space-to-time pulse shaping with 1 ns reconfiguration

In this Letter we demonstrate high-speed direct space-to-time pulse shaping with waveform reconfigurations down to the order of 1 ns. Our pulse shaper implementation incorporates a modified arrayed-waveguide grating structure and an array of optoelectronic reflection modulators.
A gene expression analysis of syncytia laser microdissected from the roots of the Glycine max (soybean) genotype PI 548402 (Peking) undergoing a resistant reaction after infection by Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode)

The syncytium is a nurse cell formed within the roots of Glycine max by the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. Its development and maintenance are essential for nematode survival. The syncytium appears to undergo two developmental phases during its maturation into a functional nurse cell. The first phase is a parasitism phase where the nematode establishes the molecular circuitry that during the second phase ensures a compatible interaction with the plant cell. The cytological features of syncytia undergoing susceptible or resistant reactions appear the same during the parasitism phase. Depending on the outcome of any defense response, the second phase is a period of syncytium maintenance (susceptible reaction) or failure (resistant reaction). In the analyses presented here, the localized gene expression occurring at the syncytium during the resistant reaction was studied. This was accomplished by isolating syncytial cells from Glycine max genotype Peking (PI 548402) by laser capture microdissection. Microarray analyses using the Affymetrix soybean GeneChip directly compared Peking syncytia undergoing a resistant reaction to those undergoing a susceptible reaction during the parasitism phase of the resistant reaction. Those analyses revealed lipoxygenase-9 and lipoxygenase-4 as the most highly induced genes in the resistant reaction. The analysis also identified induced levels of components of the phenylpropanoid pathway. These genes included phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone isomerase, isoflavone reductase, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase. The presence of induced levels of these genes implies the importance of jasmonic acid and phenylpropanoid signaling pathways locally at the site of the syncytium during the resistance phase of the resistant reaction. The analysis also identified highly induced levels of four S-adenosylmethionine synthetase genes, the EARLY-RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 2 gene and the 14-3-3 gene known as GENERAL REGULATORY FACTOR 2. Subsequent analyses studied microdissected syncytial cells at 3, 6 and 9 days post infection (dpi) during the course of the resistant reaction, resulting in the identification of signature gene expression profiles at each time point in a single G. max genotype, Peking.
Delivering A Very Low Birth Weight Infant and The Subsequent Risk of Divorce or Separation

Background: The simultaneous rise over the last two decades in the U.S. in the proportion of VLBW (<1500 grams) deliveries and the improvement in their chance of survival has increased the number of families caring for VLBW infants and children. The families of VLBW infants with adverse outcomes can face psychological and monetary stresses, which in turn may influence marital instability and increase the risk of divorce or separation. The purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship of having a VLBW birth with the probability of divorce or separation in the first two years following delivery. Methods: We use data from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS). This national stratified, systematic “follow-back” survey augments information from birth records in 1988 by obtaining information on social, demographic, and economic variables from women that delivered a baby in 1988. We estimate a proportional discrete time hazard model of transitions to divorce/separation. Results: Parents of a VLBW infant have 2-fold higher odds of divorce/separation compared with parents of a child with a birth weight greater than 1500 grams. Two years after delivery of a non-VLBW baby 95 percent of the marriages remain stable, while about 90 percent of the marriages remain stable following the birth of a VLBW baby. If the pregnancy was not desired, then only 85 percent of the marriages remain stable 2 years following the delivery of a VLBW infant. Conclusions: There is an evident need to counsel and support families with VLBW infants on mechanisms to cope with the initial stressors that can be anticipated to arise.
Reproductive Sequelae of Diabetes in Male Patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasingly prevalent public health concern. A recent study projected the number of people worldwide with DM to increase from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. Although DM is a systemic disease that often leads to end-organ dysfunction of multiple body systems, the effects of the condition on male fertility are often not fully appreciated. DM is associated with multiple risk factors for reduced male fertility potential, including erectile dysfunction, various manifestations of ejaculatory dysfunction, and hypogonadism.
Getting ready for megatrends in travel attractions

Abstract Better use should be made of tourist attractions. Clare Gunn, Professor at the Recreation and Parks Department, Texas A&M University, shows why development, management and promotion of attractions should be geared to the relevant type of tourist and should provide the type of satisfaction expected.
How do medical residents discuss resuscitation with patients

OBJECTIVE: To describe how medical residents discuss do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders with patients.
The Rising Cost of Medical Education and Its Significance for (Not Only) Psychiatry

The cost of medical education has been rising over the past 50 years at a rate that is unsurpassed in history [1]. Medical school tuition, in particular, has climbed sharply, and tuition increases are outpacing both inflation and the consumer price index [2]. Despite escalating fees, students continue to take on greater and greater debt burdens, and the median indebtedness of graduating medical students is now US$175,000—essentially a house mortgage in debt [3]. Asch and colleagues have questioned whether these growing expenses represent a “bubble market” and whether the price of a medical education has now become greater than its value [4]. They also point out that if the profession aims to reduce health care expenses, then medical education expenses need to be reduced—“the high costs of medical education are sustainable only if we keep paying doctors a lot of money, and there are strong signs that we can’t or won’t” [4]. Clearly, this is a critical issue facing the medical profession—and one that, if not addressed, may have a significant impact on not only the socioeconomic diversity of medical school matriculates, but also the specialty choices of medical school graduates. In this editorial, we briefly review factors contributing to the rising costs of medical education, discuss their implications for bothmedical students and the profession, and suggest possible solutions for addressing these challenges.
Postpolypectomy lower GI bleeding: Descriptive analysis

Abstract Background: Postpolypectomy hemorrhage may warrant intensive care monitoring, transfusions, and surgery. We sought factors predicting significant bleeding requiring blood transfusion and the benefits of critical care monitoring. Methods: Patients with postpolypectomy bleeding between April 1989 and November 1996 were identified from a comprehensive GI bleeding database. Data included age, gender, medical history, medications, polyp characteristics, and polypectomy technique. Outcomes assessed included bleeding cessation, transfusion requirements, recurrent bleeding, length of stay, and death. Results: There were 83 patients with a median age of 73 years (range 18 to 88 years; 56 men, 27 women). Comorbid conditions were common (71.1% cardiovascular, 43.4% musculoskeletal, 14.5% hematologic, 6.0% renal). Within 3 days of presentation, 32.5% had taken aspirin, 10.8% nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 12.0% warfarin, and 12.0% corticosteroids; and within 1 day, 10.8% intravenous heparin, 7.2% subcutaneous heparin, and 7.2% dipyridamole. Fifty-seven percent of patients were hemodynamically stable. Sessile cecal polyps greater than 2 cm in diameter bled more commonly. The median number of units transfused was equal between critical care and noncritical care patients. Using age in the logistic regression model, no other variable was predictive of transfusion. Eighty patients (96.4%) received endoscopic therapy, 1 required embolization and 2 hemicolectomy. There was no significant difference in outcomes for patients managed in an intensive care unit versus a general medical floor. Conclusions: Postpolypectomy bleeding appears to have a predictable presentation and outcome. Advanced age seems to be predictive of transfusion requirement. Patient monitoring in an intensive care setting is not absolutely necessary. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:690-6.)
Nonlinear power flow control applications to conventional generator swing equations subject to variable generation

In this paper1, the swing equations for renewable generators are formulated as a natural Hamiltonian system with externally applied non-conservative forces. A two-step process referred to as Hamiltonian Surface Shaping and Power Flow Control (HSSPFC) is used to analyze and design feedback controllers for the renewable generator system. This formulation extends previous results on the analytical verification of the Potential Energy Boundary Surface (PEBS) method to nonlinear control analysis and design and justifies the decomposition of the system into conservative and non-conservative systems to enable a two-step, serial analysis and design procedure. In particular, this approach extends the work done by [1] by developing a formulation which applies to a larger set of Hamiltonian Systems that has Nearly Hamiltonian Systems as a subset. The results of this research include the determination of the required performance of a proposed Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)/storage device to enable the maximum power output of a wind turbine while meeting the power system constraints on frequency and phase. The FACTS/storage device is required to operate as both a generator and load (energy storage) on the power system in this design. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is applied to the power flow equations to determine the stability boundaries (limit cycles) of the renewable generator system and enable design of feedback controllers that meet stability requirements while maximizing the power generation and flow to the load. Necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of renewable generators systems are determined based on the concepts of Hamiltonian systems, power flow, exergy (the maximum work that can be extracted from an energy flow) rate, and entropy rate.
Case Report: Hyperthyroidism Following Hypothyroidism

ABSTRACT Two patients are presented who developed autonomous thyrotoxicosis following a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. In one of these patients, antibodies to the TSH receptor were typical of Graves’ disease when measured as thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulins (TBII) and as human thyroid adenylate cyclase stimulating (HTACS) activity, while a needle biopsy of the thyroid gland was consistent with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Twenty-one other reported cases of this unusual sequence found in the literature are reviewed. This occurrence is more common than is generally appreciated.
Microwave Zeeman Effect of Free Hydroxyl Radicals: Π 1 2 2 Levels

Two new paramagnetic resonance spectra of the free ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$H radical have been observed at 3 cm wavelength in the products of an electric discharge in water vapor. The spectra arise from $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type doubling transitions in the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $J=\frac{3}{2}$ and $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $J=\frac{5}{2}$ levels. Molecular magnetic moments and hyperfine structure constants measured from the spectra lead to refinements in the theory developed earlier to account for similar measurements on $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ levels. A consistent analysis of the combined $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ data is then possible, and yields the following major results. From the measured magnetic moments we find ${g}_{s}(\mathrm{OH})={g}_{s}(\mathrm{free}\mathrm{electron})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002$, $\ensuremath{\lambda}=\ensuremath{-}7.504\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$, where ${g}_{s}(\mathrm{OH})$ is the spin $g$ factor of a molecular electron and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the ratio of the spin-orbit coupling constant to the rotational constant of the ground state. This value of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ disagrees with an earlier microwave measurement. Values of matrix elements connecting the ground and first excited electronic states are also derived from the measured magnetic moments. Analysis of the hyperfine structure yields the molecular constants (in units of ${10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$): ${〈\frac{1}{{r}^{3}}〉}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=(1.089\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008)$, ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{2}(0)=(0.113\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001)$, $〈\frac{(3{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{-}1)}{{r}^{3}}〉=(1.125\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008)$, and $〈\frac{{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\chi}}{{r}^{3}}〉=(0.477\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003)$, which describe the distribution of unpaired electrons about the hydrogen nucleus. The hyperfine structure is perturbed rather strongly by configuration interaction.
Clinical and Quantitative Evaluation of Robotic-Assisted Treadmill Walking to Retrain Ambulation After Spinal Cord Injury

Despite evidence of the effectiveness of body-weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT) to enhance walking ability after spinal cord injury (SCI), its clinical practice is limited by the labor-intensive demands placed on therapists. Development of robotic devices that provide automated assistance during treadmill walking may improve delivery of BWSTT. Using clinical and quantitative measures, the effects of robotic assistance during treadmill ambulation using the Lokomat® (Hocoma Medical Engineering, Inc.) has been compared to therapist-assisted interventions. Our preliminary findings of the effects of robotic-assisted BWSTT after SCI are discussed and indicate the potential utility of such a device in the clinical setting.
A bi-Hamiltonian structure for the integrable, discrete non-linear Schrödinger system

Abstract This paper shows that the AL (Ablowitz–Ladik) hierarchy of (integrable) equations can be explicitly viewed as a hierarchy of commuting flows which: (a) are Hamiltonian with respect to both a standard, local Poisson operator J , and a new non-local, skew, almost Poisson operator K , on the appropriate space; (b) can be recursively generated from a recursion operator R = K J − 1 . In addition, the proof of these facts relies upon two new pivotal resolvent identities which suggest a general method for uncovering bi-Hamiltonian structures for other families of discrete, integrable equations.
Rethinking ESL Service Courses for International Graduate Students

Drawing on data from a writing program in English as a second language (ESL) at a large university in the midwestern United States, this article addresses the significant gap in programmatic and pedagogical responses for graduate writing support by probing the notion of ESL service courses that approach graduate writing courses as being essentially the same as undergraduate writing courses. It looks into the teaching of writing and writing instructor training in TESOL by tracing the complex phenomenon by which first-year students in a master's in teaching English as a second language (MATESL) program—both native and nonnative speakers who do not have any experience of teaching let alone writing—become instructors of ESL graduate writing courses in which many doctoral students are enrolled. It raises questions about ESL practitioners’ assumptions about the transfer of writing skills across disciplines and genres and examines the implications of English for academic purposes pedagogy for graduate students’ writing practices. This article aims to prompt critical reflection on, and ultimately innovation in, writing programs designed for international graduate students while contributing to the development of a meta-disciplinary awareness of the study of ESL writing in TESOL.
Assessing the Long-Term Outcomes of Minor Lower Limb Amputations: A 5-Year Study

Our aim was to assess the long-term outcome for minor forefoot amputations. A retrospective study of 126 patients who had such amputations between 1999 and 2004 was performed. Patients were divided into 2 groups, diabetic (group A: 79 patients) and nondiabetic (group B: 47 patients). Angiograms were requested in 45 patients in group A compared with 31 patients in group B (P = ·77). In group A, 11 patients underwent further ipsilateral amputations compared with 30 patients in group B (P = ·02.). The 2 groups were equally likely to have vascular reconstruction (35% vs 37%). The overall 5-year mortality was 27%, with 58% of deaths occurring within the first year. This study shows that foot amputees have high mortality and reintervention rates. Adequate utilization of vascular services, extra vigilance in the prevention of complications, and risk factor modifications are required to improve postoperative outcomes.
Infra-orbital paraesthesia following upper third molar removal

Abstract A case report of infra-orbital paraesthesia following upper third molar removal is described, and its aetiology discussed.
THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF PUGET SOUND FISH

Summary Several species of marine fish were sampled bacteriologically to determine the bacterial types associated with the skin, gills, gut and mouth of the animals. Analysis of the total sample distribution of 311 pure cultures showed that Pseudomonas species composed 44–48% of the floras of all the areas except the mouth, where they comprised 68% of the flora, and Achromobacter and Micrococcus made up about 17% and 6%, respectively, of the floras from the several sites. A pleomorphic, coccoid, fermentative Vibrio type was found in greatest numbers in the gut, although it was present on the gills and, less frequently, on the skin. The biochemical and physiological characteristics of the organisms isolated suggest that detectable differences exist among the bacterial populations from the skin, gills, gut and mouth. Fish caught in the water of Puget Sound by hand line, deep water otter trawl, inshore otter trawl, beach seine and purse seine were examined bacteriologically to determine the effects of catching method on the qualitative distribution of types, and 299 pure cultures were isolated and extensively tested. The hand line samples yielded a flora consisting predominantly of Pseudomonas and Achromobacter, though Micrococcus and Flavobacterium were present in significant numbers. Some differences were observed between the bacterial populations of the fish captured by the other methods, particularly in the presence of Bacillus and Corynebacterium and of miscellaneous types. These differences, in general, could be attributed to the catching operation.
A MULTIPLE PARADIGM APPROACH TO ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL

The literature on the nature of organizational control processes is dominated by the four broad perspectives of cybernetics/goal, power/authority, culture, and evolution. Arguing against subscribing to any individual perspective, this paper proposes a multiple paradigm perspective, employing the three sociological paradigms of social factism, social behaviorism, and social definitionism. This multi‐perspective approach is then applied to an evolutionary conception of organizational control.
Do erythroblastotic newborn infants destroy Rh-negative red blood cells?

Summary Three infants with erythroblastosis fetalis in whom twice the estimatedblood volume was replaced with Rh-negative blood are reported. In view of the large amount of Rh-negative blood required in these three patients, the question is raised as to whether or not replacement of Rh-positive blood with Rh-negative blood completely answers the problem. The question is also raised as to the mechanism causing destruction of the Rh-negative red blood cells.
Mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication in mouse L cells: localization of alkali-sensitive sites at the two origins of replication.

Abstract Under alkaline conditions which completely degrade RNA but leave DNA intact, only a few percent of the mitochondrial DNA molecules of mouse L cells remain as intact closed circles. Approximately one-third of the closed circular molecules are nicked only once or twice, and the remainder are nicked at several sites, producing a heterogeneous distribution of fragment lengths. We have compared the products of alkali treatment of replicative intermediates with those of nonreplicating molecules, and no variation in the pattern of alkali-sensitive sites was detected. The two strands of the mitochondrial DNA duplex are both sensitive to high pH. Alkaline treatment of the two largest BamHI restriction endonuclease fragments produces specific degradation products consistent with the presence of alkali-sensitive sites at both the heavy- and light-strand replication origins. These sites may represent residues of ribonucleotide priming of the asynchronously replicated strands of mouse mitochondrial DNA.
Dimethylsulfoxide and thermoregulation: studies on body temperature, metabolic rate and thyroid function.

Abstract It has been demonstrated that intraperitoneal injections of DMSO to rats results in a dose-dependent transient depression of thyroid function which is both dose and time correlated with similar effects on body temperature and metabolic rate. At this time, no cause and effect relationships have been established for these effects of DMSO. However, the evidence indicates that the DMSO-treated animals did not elicit a number of normal responses for maintaining body temperature within the homeothermic range. Since these responses are coordinated by hypothalamic control, it has been suggested that the actions of DMSO on thermoregulation might be at that level.
The US Department of Energy's regional economic legacy: spatial dimensions of a half century of dependency

Abstract Using an interregional economic simulation model, a comparative analysis was made of the economic impacts of making substantial changes in funding of the US Department of Energy's (DOEs) environmental management, defense, and science and energy research programs. Focusing on the DOEs major facilities in Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, as well as Washington, DC and the rest of the US, striking regional economic impacts occur when funds are shifted among the major programs and when the DOE program as a whole is substantially cut. The DOE-centered regions in Ohio and Colorado are buffered by their economic size and large economic multiplier capacity. At the opposite pole are the sites in South Carolina, Washington, and Texas, which are smaller and are less able to convert DOE investments into new jobs. These less populated and more economically dependent sites suffer badly as a result of shifts in DOE funding priorities and, as we show, constitute the core of the DOEs economic legacy.
Optimizing procedural outcomes in percutaneous mitral valve therapy using transesophageal imaging: a stepwise analysis

Moderate or severe mitral regurgitation is the most common valve disease in the USA. Without treatment, severe mitral regurgitation has a 5-year survival rate of approximately 40%. Surgery plays a pivotal role in the treatment of these patients. However, close to 50% of patients can be denied surgery due to being deemed to be high risk. The pioneering work of St Goar led to the development of a catheter-based system, the MitraClip™, that percutaneously accomplishes the Alfieri’s method. With this percutaneous technique, rather than sutures, one or two clips are placed under transesophageal guidance attaching the midportions of the anterior and posterior leaflets, creating a double mitral orifice. The procedure requires seven basic steps with strong collaboration between the interventional cardiologist and echocardiologist. This paper focuses on the role of echocardiography for patient selection and procedural guidance for the MitraClip insertion.
Treatment of smoking by covert sensitization.

A detailed application of covert sensitization to smoking behavior is presented. Data are presented to indicate that the results of covert sensitization cannot be attributed to S's expectancies. The available evidence indicates that the technique is effective in modifying smoking behavior.
Minimum-mass design of multielement structures under a frequency constraint.

This paper investigates the minimum-mass design of structural elements and simple N-element structures of sandwich type which support "nonstructural" mass and which are subject to a constraint on the lowest natural frequency of vibration. In the case of the \-element axial vibration problem, comparison of results for the continuous optimum design with those for the piecewise uniform optimum design and the completely uniform design indicate that the piecewise uniform design is an excellent approximation to the continuous design. Multiple extrema of the optimum problem are discussed with emphasis on their implications for solution by numerical techniques. The general flexural cantilever beam optimization problem is treated formally, and single-element results are given which include rotational inertia effects of tip mass.
The entropic contributions in vitamin B12 enzymes still reflect the electrostatic paradigm

The catalytic power of enzymes containing coenzyme B12 has been, in some respects, the “last bastion” for the strain hypothesis. Our previous study of this system established by a careful sampling that the major part of the catalytic effect is due to the electrostatic interaction between the ribose of the ado group and the protein and that the strain contribution is very small. This finding has not been sufficiently appreciated due to misunderstandings of the power of the empirical valence bond (EVB) calculations and the need of sufficient sampling. Furthermore, some interesting new experiments point toward entropic effects as the source of the catalytic power, casting doubt on the validity of the electrostatic idea, at least, in the case of B12 enzymes. Here, we focus on the observation of the entropic effects and on analyzing their origin. We clarify that our EVB approach evaluates free energies rather than enthalpies and demonstrate by using the restraint release (RR) approach that the observed entropic contribution to the activation barrier is of electrostatic origin. Our study illustrates the power of the RR approach by evaluating the entropic contributions to catalysis and provides further support to our paradigm for the origin of the catalytic power of B12 enzymes. Overall, our study provides major support to our electrostatic preorganization idea and also highlights the basic requirements from ab initio quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations of activation free energies of enzymatic reactions.
A retinal projection to the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).

Abstract The retinohypothalamic tract of the Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) was examined using intraocular injections of horseradish perixodase conjugated to cholera toxin. In addition to the retinal input to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), a retinal projection to the caudal paraventricular nuclei was identified. This projection may mediate some effects of light upon pineal gland physiology independently of the SCN and the circadian-rhythm generating system.
Effect of yogurt on symptoms and kinetics of hydrogen production in lactose-malabsorbing children.

Lactase-deficient adults demonstrate improved lactose absorption and fewer symptoms when consuming yogurt than when consuming milk containing equivalent amounts of lactose. To examine this effect and its mechanisms in children, we compared symptoms and hydrogen production as an index of lactose malabsorption after typical servings of milk, pasteurized yogurt, and yogurt containing active live culture in 14 lactose- malabsorbing children (mean age 9.5 y). Symptoms and interval breath-hydrogen concentrations were recorded for 8 h after inges- tion of 12 g lactose served as milk and yogurts. Lactose-malab- sorbing children experienced significantly fewer symptoms after consuming yogurt containing active cultures than after consuming milk (P < 0.005). Pasteurized yogurt showed an intermediate effect. Lactose from yogurt was not better absorbed than was lactose from milk, as indicated by similar areas under the hydrogen curve; however, yogurt was associated with a delayed time to rise and lower rate of rise of the hydrogen curve. The rate of hydrogen rise correlated with the degree of symptoms. In children, mecha- nisms other than enhanced lactose absorption from yogurt may bead to changes in the kinetics of hydrogen production, which in turn are associated with improved tolerance. Am J C/in Nutr
Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNA transport-defective (mtr) mutants

To understand the mechanisms of mRNA transport in eukaryotes, we have isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants which accumulate poly(A)+ RNA in the nucleus at the restrictive temperature. A total of 21 recessive mutants were isolated and classified into 16 complementation groups. Backcrossed mRNA transport-defective strains from each complementation group have been analyzed. A strain which is ts for heat shock transcription factor was also analyzed since it also shows nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA at 37 degrees C. At 37 degrees C the mRNA of each mutant is characterized by atypically long polyA tails. Unlike ts pre-mRNA splicing mutants, these strains do not interrupt splicing of pre-mRNA at 37 degrees C; however four strains accumulate oversized RNA polymerase II transcripts. Some show inhibition of rRNA processing and a further subset of these strains is also characterized by inhibition of tRNA maturation. Several strains accumulate nuclear proteins in the cytoplasm when incubated at semipermissive temperature. Remarkably, many strains exhibit nucleolar fragmentation or enlargement at the restrictive temperature. Most strains show dramatic ultrastructural alterations of the nucleoplasm or nuclear membrane. Distinct mutants accumulate poly(A)+ RNA in characteristic patterns in the nucleus.
Healthy Eating Index Scores Among Adults, 60 Years of Age and Over, by Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics: United States, 1999-2002

Objective—This report presents Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores for adults, 60 years of age and over, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2002, and examines the association between the HEI scores and sex, age, race and ethnicity, education, smoking status, tooth retention, self-reported health, and body mass index (BMI). Methods—The percentage of older adults meeting the recommendations for the HEI components and dietary quality based on the overall score were estimated. Means and standard errors were calculated for selected sociodemographic and health characteristics for the total population and stratified by sex. A two-tailed t-test or analysis of variance was used to test the effects of the sociodemographic and health characteristics on the HEI scores. When a characteristic consisted of three levels, the Bonferroni method of adjustment was used to assess significant differences in the mean scores. Results—Seventy-two percent of older adults met the guidelines for cholesterol intake and 56% met the recommendation for diet variety, but less than one-third met the recommendations for HEI’s five food groups. Only 17% of older adults consumed a ‘‘good’’ quality diet. Males had higher scores for some components, but females had higher scores for others. Age significantly influenced several HEI components, but not in a consistent fashion. Non-Hispanic white persons usually had the highest scores and non-Hispanic black persons had the lowest scores. Adults with more years of education usually had higher scores but smokers usually had lower scores. Edentulous persons and those who rated their health as fair or poor generally ate fewer servings of fruits and vegetables, ate a less varied diet, and had a poorer quality diet than persons with teeth or who rated their health higher. Females with a BMI of 30 or higher ate fewer servings of dairy products, consumed a higher percentage of calories from total and saturated fat, and had a lower quality diet than those whose BMI was less than 30. Conclusions—This research demonstrates that many older adults’ diets need improvement, and that many sociodemographic and health characteristics were associated with their intake of food and nutrient groups and overall dietary quality.
Optimized digital compatible pulse sequences for testing of RF front end modules

Due to the escalating costs associated with testing of precision RF components, there is a pressing need for identifying novel test methods that allow RF circuits to be tested with low cost test instrumentation. Specifically, test costs can be lowered significantly if stimulus from a digital pattern generator can be adapted to serve as test stimulus for analog/RF circuits. In this paper, we propose a novel digital pulse based test signal generation technique for testing RF circuits. An optimized pulse stream containing a combination of spectral components within a specified RF frequency band is used as the test stimulus. The optimization is performed using a genetic optimization algorithm and allows gain and nonlinearity specifications to be computed accurately from the observed (down-converted) test response. Simulation data for an RF power amplifier shows excellent correlation of the test results with the test specification values of the device under test (DUT) while allowing all the specifications to be measured from a single data acquisition.
Neural regions essential for distinct cognitive processes underlying picture naming

We hypothesized that distinct cognitive processes underlying oral and written picture naming depend on intact function of different, but overlapping, regions of the left hemisphere cortex, such that the distribution of tissue dysfunction in various areas can predict the component of the naming process that is disrupted.To test this hypothesis, we evaluated 116 individuals within 24 h of acute ischaemic stroke using a battery of oral and written naming and other lexical tests, and with magnetic resonance diffusion and perfusion imaging to identify the areas of tissue dysfunction. Discriminant function analysis, using the degree of hypoperfusion in various Brodmann’s areascBA 22 (including Wernicke’s area), BA 44 (part of Broca’s area), BA 45 (part of Broca’s area), BA 21 (inferior temporal cortex), BA 37 (posterior, inferior temporal/fusiform gyrus), BA 38 (anterior temporal cortex) and BA 39 (angular gyrus)cas discriminant variables, classified patients on the basis of the primary component of the naming process that was impaired (defined as visual, semantics, modality-independent lexical access, phonological word form, orthographic word form and motor speech by the pattern of performance and types of errors across lexical tasks). Additionally, linear regression analysis demonstrated that the areas contributing the most information to the identification ofpatientswith particularlevels of impairmentin the naming processwerelargelyconsistent with evidence for the roles of these regions from functionalimaging.This study provides evidence that the levelof impairment in the naming process reflects the distribution of tissue dysfunction in particular regions of the left anterior, inferior and posterior middle/superior temporal cortex, posterior inferior frontal and inferior parietal cortex. While occipital cortex is also critical for picture naming, it is likely that bilateral occipital damage is necessary to disrupt visual recognition.These findings provide new evidence that a network of brain regions supports naming, but separate components of this network are differentially required for distinct cognitive processes or representations underlying the complex task of naming pictures.