cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality and Shelf Life of Ground Beef from Cattle Fed Distillers Grains Manufactured to Contain Different Amounts of Oil

ObjectivesEthanol processors have begun removing a portion of the free oil from distillers grains during the manufacturing process. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feeding modified distillers grains (MDGS) containing different amounts of oil on the fatty acid content and quality characteristics of raw and cooked ground beef.Materials and MethodsSteers (n = 256) were finished (134 d) on 1 of 4 diets: 1) corn control, 2) 40% full-fat MDGS, 3) 40% de-oiled MDGS, or 4) 40% de-oiled MDGS with oil added back in proportion to the oil removed during the de-oiling process. From each pen (N = 32; 8 pens per diet with 8 steers per pen), the shoulder clod from 1 USDA low Choice carcass was collected. Shoulder clods were stored at 4°C until processing. On d 14 postmortem, about 100 g of lean tissue (triceps brachii) and 30 g of subcutaneous fat was collected from the ventral end of each shoulder clod for fatty acid analysis and the remaining portion was ground. A ground composite sample was collected for fatty acid analysis. Raw patties (113 g) and cooked beef links (containing 0.75% salt and 0.25% sodium phosphate) were manufactured from each ground clod. The raw patties covered in oxygen permeable film were placed in a simulated retail display for 7 d at 4°C. The raw patties were analyzed for objective color (L*, a*, b*; Minolta CR-400), percentage discoloration by a 5-person panel, and lipid oxidation by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) protocol during retail display storage. Cooked beef links were stored at 4°C for 18 d and 0°C for 196 d, and were analyzed for lipid oxidation throughout storage. Data were analyzed for main effects of diet, and when appropriate, data were analyzed for main effects of diet, time, and their interaction using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (v.9.4; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Storage time was considered a repeated measure. When significant effects were identified (P ≤ 0.05), LS means separation was conducted using a Tukey adjustment.ResultsInclusion of any modified distillers grains increased the content of C18:2 in lean, subcutaneous fat, and ground composite samples, and the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in subcutaneous fat and composite samples (P ≤ 0.01). Diet did not impact objective color measures (P = 0.827), discoloration (P = 0.872), or lipid oxidation in raw beef patties (P = 0.289). Lipid oxidation and discoloration of raw patties increased throughout simulated retail display (P < 0.001). Similarly, finishing diet had no effect on lipid oxidation of cooked beef links in refrigerated (P = 0.342) or frozen storage (P = 0.948) but lipid oxidation did increase with increased refrigerated or frozen storage time (P < 0.001).ConclusionFeeding modified distillers grains manufactured to contained different amounts of lipid content to cattle increased the amount of C18:2 and PUFA in beef but did not have negative effects on the quality and shelf life of raw ground beef patties or cooked beef links.
A Pilot Study on the Effects of Nut Consumption on Cardiovascular Biomarkers

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and changes in lifestyle can minimize the likelihood of succumbing to heart disease. Anti-inflammatory agents are commonly used to reduce the chronic inflammatory state behind the pathogenesis of CVD. Multiple studies have been published correlating nut consumption with a reduction in both heart attacks and strokes. The goal of this study is to determine to what extent the consumption of almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts have on the blood markers associated with cardiac disease and inflammation. METHODS This was a six-week study in which subject's baseline values act as controls. Fasting blood draws occurred at week 0, week 2, and after four weeks of intervention (week 6). All participants had undesirable lipid profiles and no medications related to heart disease. RESULTS Total cholesterol (TC): high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) ratio was lowered a statistically significant amount at the six-week time point (3.89 ± 0.74) compared to both the zero-week (4.93 ± 1.16, p < 0.01) and two-week (4.63 ± 1.20, p < 0.5) timepoints. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) measurements were lowered a statistically significant amount at the six-week time point (135.6 ± 15.0 mg/dL) compared to the zero-week (159.7 ± 12.3 mg/dL, p < 0.01). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was lowered a statistically significant amount at six-week time point (10.44 ± 5.05 mm/h) compared to the zero-week (14.44 ± 5.12 mm/h, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Blood markers associated with CVD specifically and the general marker for inflammation associated with many chronic diseases can be favorably modified with the consumption of specific nuts as demonstrated by this study.
Gender Disparity Among American Medicine and Surgery Physicians: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background Disparity exists between men and women physicians. We aimed to examine changes in gender disparity in the medical profession over the last two decades. The study reviewed publications on gender differences and the measures which have been implemented or suggested to rectify these disparities. Methods Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library were searched in December 2019 using (“gender disparity” OR “gender gap” OR “pay gap” OR “gender discrimination”) from 1998-2019. The sources list of reviewed articles was also used to retrieve more relevant articles. Articles about physicians in the United States were included, and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was used to evaluate the quality of the articles. Results In this systematic review that includes 49 studies, there is still disparity and discrimination in research, leadership, and pay between male and female physicians. Women have less leadership roles and progress at a slower rate to associate and full professor. Women publish less articles and have a lower h-index than men. Men earn $20,000 more a year after salary adjustment. More women than men experience negative comments about their gender (36% vs 4%), experience gender discrimination (65% vs 10%) and sexual harassment (30% vs 6%). Conclusions Although substantial research exists on this topic, there remains significant room for improvement to achieve gender equality. Institutions and individuals should implement interventions to rectify this disparity .
Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are chronic wounds that are notoriously difficult to heal, thus leading to an exaggerated amputation rate in the diabetic population. Stem cells, through their inherent ability to secrete pro-healing cytokines/growth factors and cellular differentiation capabilities, are a promising regenerative approach to assist in wound healing for DFU patients. This chapter will focus on the underlying pathologic wound healing in the diabetic phenotype and the promising regenerative effects of stem cell treatments as adjuncts to wound healing for DFU. It will also detail the differing types of stem cells with their respective therapeutic effects, stem cell delivery systems for DFU treatment, and the future of stem cell therapies.
For Appearance’s Sake: An Empirical Study of Public Perceptions of Ethical Dilemmas in the Legal Profession

How can we restore the public’s faith in government institutions, particularly the courts? With the public’s opinion of the legal system at an all-time low, the legal profession faces a crisis of confidence. This article argues that the “appearance of impropriety” standard should be categorically applied to regulate all members of the legal profession to restore the public’s faith in the profession. The standard is intended to prevent the public’s loss of confidence by disciplining members of the profession who appear to act improperly even if they do not violate specific ethics rules. When applying the standard, courts generally ask whether the conduct in question creates an appearance of impropriety “in the mind of an ordinary knowledgeable citizen.” Critics argue that this “vague” test allows judges to levy disciplinary sanctions based on their idiosyncratic views of ordinary citizens. As such, some jurisdictions apply the standard on a selective basis for only judges and government lawyers, based on the assumption that their appearances of impropriety are more damaging to the public’s confidence. Using a series of original survey experiments, this article offers the first empirical evidence that determines which ethical dilemmas consistently undermine the public’s confidence in the legal system and thereby provides an empirical grounding for the formerly “vague” standard. Furthermore, this article finds that the selective application of the standard is misguided. The assumption that judges and government lawyers do greater damage to the public’s confidence than private lawyers is empirically unfounded. This article suggests that, to restore the public’s faith in the legal system, the standard should regulate all members of the profession for most ethical dilemmas, even when they do not violate specific ethics rules.
Hematologic Malignancies Involving the Genitourinary System

Hematologic malignancies can infiltrate any organ system in the body, including the genitourinary (GU) system. Leukemias involving solid organs in general are already widespread throughout many organ systems, and with rare exceptions do not have primary presentations in the GU tract. Lymphomas are more likely to have primary or focal involvement of the GU tract. This involvement of the GU system can be conceptualized in the following manifestations: (1) primary lymphoma presentations in the GU tract; (2) secondary tumor spread of a systemic lymphoma to the GU tract; or (3) extrinsic compression of the GU system from adenopathy in the abdomen or pelvis.
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance: Studies on its Mechanism of Action and Activity as an Anti-Tumor Agent

The urogenital ridge of the developing mammalian embryo is a complex structure in which the Wolffian and Mullerian ducts, each comprised of luminal epithelium surrounded by mesenchyme, develop side by side. As the maturing gonad begins to declare its genetic sex as either an ovary or testis, significant changes occur in the ducts contained within the urogenital ridge. If the gonad is an ovary the Wolffian duct, which develops into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles of the male, begins to atrophy while the Mullerian ducts expand. Conversely, testicular development coincides with the regression of the Mullerian ducts, the precursor of the ovarian coelomic epithelium, Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper third of the vagina. As expected in this case, the Wolffian duct continues to enlarge.
Designing an Objective Static Force Plate to Measure Severity of Lameness in Multi-Parity Sows

Lameness is a major reason for culling sows from the commercial breeding herds. Stalder reported that sows culled for feet, leg, and locomotion disorders ranged between 6 to 15 %. In the U. S., commercial sow farms evaluate lameness using subjective methods. An objective and standardize method for assigning lameness scores to a sow would likely be more accurate than subjective scoring measures and provide producers with a useful tool to assess lameness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to design and build a static force plate to measure weight distribution on four legs of a standing sow. Faculty and students in Animal Science, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, and Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine developed a static force plate system with automated characteristics to objectively detect lameness in sows. The static force plate system has many advantages over other alternative systems. The static force plate is made of durable materials, is accurate, fits gestation or farrowing stalls, and can measure the weight placed on each hoof independently. The static force plate is a practical application for the commercial swine industry and may allow for earlier detection of lameness problems when compared to subjective lameness evaluation. This in turn will allow for more timely treatment or culling of individual sows from the breeding herd.
Tools for Operations Planning (TOPL2)

TOPL is a suite of tools to specify operational improvements including ramp metering, incident and demand management, auxiliary lanes, traveler information, and to quickly estimate the benefits that such improvements can realize. TOPL is based on the macroscopic cell transmission model (CTM). Advances under TOPL2 can be classified under (1) theory, (2) software and algorithms, and (3) applications. In terms of theory, the CTM model for a freeway was thoroughly analyzed and extended to arterials. In software, the major advance was the development of Aurora—an object-oriented simulation framework. The major application of the theory was to congestion pricing and control. Aurora was used to simulate I-880. The versatility of Aurora was exhibited by its use to simulate an arterial, signal control, and to model sensors. Significant theoretical and empirical progress was made in the statistical imputation of ramp data in the absence of actual measurements.
Employment Effects of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah

Summary Local, state, and federal governments, along with the Salt Lake City Organizing Committee, spent roughly $1.9 billion in planning and hosting the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. Event promoters suggested that the Games would increase employment in the state by 35,000 job-years. We investigate whether the 2002 Winter Olympics actually increased em ployment finding that the Games' impact was a fraction of that claimed by the boosters. While the Salt Lake City Olympics did increase employment overall by between 4,000 and 7,000 jobs, these gains were concentrated in the leisure industry, and the Games had little to no effect on employment after 12 months.
Effects of Uniaxial Stress on Magnetoacoustic Emission Spectra of Steel

In the previous study, we have shown the consistency between the spectral characteristics of magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) and the effects of uniaxial stress, with an AC magnetic field applied parallel to the stress axis [1,2]. This is based on the following facts; first, the main contribution to MAE generation is due to the motion of 90° domain walls and, second, the uniaxial stress controls the area of 90° domain walls through the domain alignment [3]. The area of 90° domain walls decreases monotonically upon the application of tensile stress. At the initial stage of applying uniaxial compression, however, the area of 90° domain walls, contributing to the MAE generation, increases up to certain level of compressive stress and begins to decrease beyond that point. The amplitude of MAE burst was seen to follow the above-stated uniaxial stress effects on the area of 90° domain walls. More specifically, the MAE amplitude increased upon the application of compressive stress and reached its maximum in a range between −50 to −75 MPa.
Clothes Make the (Wo)Man? Doctors, Patients, and Identity Fashioning

The title of Rainer Herrn’s book plays upon the interaction of clothing, sexcorrection surgery, and the emergence of collective and individual gender identities. Focusing on Berlin at the height of modernity (1900–1930), Herrn provides a convincing elucidation of the process of differentiation between homosexuals, transvestites, and transsexuals. Herrn is a key researcher of the Magnus Hirschfeld Society in Berlin, and Hirschfeld’s writings receive much attention. Not only did Hirschfeld coin the term ‘‘transvestite’’ in 1910, but he also introduced the term ‘‘transsexual’’ in 1923. Volkmar Sigusch, former head of the now defunct Institute for Sexual Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University in Frankfurt/Main, penned the volume’s forward. Setting the tone for Herrn’s study, which is largely medical and historical, Sigusch openly challenges the changing role of doctors and surgeons both then and now. He is convinced that many patients who undergo any body-altering surgery overlook or underestimate the associated health risks. Sigusch’s main concern, however, is the blurred objectivity of some doctors who assist patients—including transsexuals—in undergoing irreversible surgery without having thoroughly consulted their patients beforehand. While Sigusch questions both the state of body-altering surgery and the objectivity of today’s doctor-patient relationships, Herrn presents historical causalities neutrally and straightforwardly. Herrn takes a teleological approach; however, he is careful not to generalize. The study is intended to fill the gaps in research on the theoretical differentiation of transvestites from sexual pathologies, Hirschfeld’s sexual-scientific conception of transvestitism, and its reception in both the transvestite and the scientific communities. In 1870, Berlin psychologist Carl Westphal equated cross-dressing with same-sex desire. These ‘‘contrary sexual desire[s]’’ encompassed ‘‘[…] all modes of behavior
Automated quantitative immunochemical analysis of human immunoglobulins.

A commercial automated continuous-flow procedure for estimating specific serum proteins has been evaluated for use in determination of IgG, IgA, IgM (both 19S and 7S), α1-antitrypsin, and cerebrospinal fluid proteins. Results of the automated procedure correlate well with manual methods, but are much more precise. Estimation of 7S IgM by the automated method is more accurate than estimation by radial immunodiffusion, because concentrations of 7S IgM are not spuriously elevated.
New Members of the British Marine Bottom Fauna

A STUDY is being made of the smaller members of the fauna of marine gravels on the sea-bed in the Plymouth area. One aspect of the results so far obtained is concerned with the array of pygmy species encountered, several of which, as might have been expected, are new to the British fauna.
Hyperbaric Oxygen: Toxicity to Fish at Pressures Present in Their Swimbladders

When juvenile Pacific rock-fish, Sebastodes miniatus, are exposed to oxygen tensions equal to those in their swimbladders, they exhibit symptoms characteristic of oxygen poisoning in mammals and ultimately die. Thus their central nervous system appears to be as sensitive to elevated oxygen pressure as that of higher vertebrates, whereas the cells of the gas gland tissue inside the swimbladder must be insensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen which they help to produce.
Segmentation of MR Images using Curve Evolution and Prior Information

Segmentation of anatomic structures of the human brain from MR images is important for assessing treatment efficacy, screening for anomalies, and improving our understanding of human development. The labor intensive nature of manual segmentation, however, makes such a technique viable only in selected cases. In this paper we present a new approach to segmentation that involves only minimal human interactions. The technique utilizes a variational formulation to obtain an edge-strength function over the region of interest, and uses curve evolution and a pre-segmented atlas to guide the actual segmentation process. The approach is demonstrated via both phantoms and actual MR images, and when applied to the lateral ventricles and caudate nucleus, showed a size accuracy error of 5%–20% with respect to manual segmentation, depending on the manual segmentation method utilized.
Work‐Family Conflict and the Quality of Family Life: Specifying Linking Mechanisms

This study evaluated a conceptual model that specified relationships between work and family demands, work-family conflict, stress, and the quality offamily life. Usinga sample of 328female and 187 male working parents, path analysis indicated that the intersect of structural and psychological characteristics of work andfamily was related to work-family conflict, influenced stress, and eventually predicted the quality offamily life. Also, as expected, the linkages between work andfamily variedfor mothers and fathers.
The treatment of patent ductus arteriosus.

The literature concerning patent ductus arteriosus is briefly reviewed. A persistent patent ductus arteriosus may be eliminated by surgical division or ligation. When the duct remains open after the first year of life, spontaneous obliteration is not likely to occur. Unless associated with other cardiovascular anomalies, its surgical treatment in children over the age of four years should be considered in order that life expectancy may be increased. The surgical mortality in skilled hands is sufficiently low to justify this conclusion. Since recanalization has frequently followed ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus, division is considered the procedure of choice. A modified technic for division of a patent ductus arteriosus is presented. This technic is considered to have several advantages, being safer and more widely applicable than the technics now in use. Twelve cases are reported in which the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus was made and operation performed. In one case the preoperative diagnosis of patent ductus was in error. There was one surgical (anesthetic?) death. Other cases reported in detail include: one in which massive hemorrhage occurred following division of the duct and in which convalescence was complicated by the occurrence of pulmonary emboli; one in which the aorta was clamped for a total of thirty- five minutes while hemorrhage was being controlled and the duct divided; one case in which attacks resembling narcolepsy were apparently relieved following ligation of the duct; and one in which decortication of the lung was performed at the time of ductus ligation.
SOUNDING ROCKET MEASUREMENTS OF ION COMPOSITION AND CHARGED PARTICLE TEMPERATURES IN THE TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE.

Sounding rocket measurements of ion composition and charged particle temperatures in upper ionosphere
On the Use of Protein Turnover and Half-Lives

Another excellent paper from the Porrino and Nader group has examined the recovery of the dopamine parameters (D1, D2, and DAT) after abstinence from long-term self-administration of cocaine in monkeys (Beveridge et al, 2008). As the authors note, this is important because of the findings in humans and other species that there are changes in brain after cocaine use, and an enduring question has been whether these changes can revert to normal, particularly in humans. This has implications for the potential degree of recovery from addiction.
Evidence for amino-acid: proton cotransport in Ricinus cotyledons.

During germination and early growth of the castor-bean (Ricinus communis L.), protein in the endosperm is hydrolyzed and the amino acids are transferred into the cotyledons and then via the translocation stream to the axis of the growing seedling. The cotyledons retain the ability to absorb amino acids after removal of the endosperm and hypocotyl, exhibiting rates of transport up to 70 μmol g-1 h-1. The transport of L-glutamine was not altered by KCl or NaCl in low concentrations (0–20 mM). High concentrations of KCl (100 mM) inhibited transport, presumably by decreasing the membrane potential. An increase in the pH of the medium bathing the cotyledons was observed for 10 min following addition of L-glutamine but not with D-glutamine, which is not transported. The rate of proton uptake was dependent on the concentration of L-glutamine in the external solution. Inhibitors and uncouplers of respiration (azide, 2, 4-dinitrophenol, carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone and N-ethylmaleimide) inhibited both L-glutamine uptake and L-glutamine-induced proton uptake. Amino acids other than L-glutamine also caused a transient pH rise and the rate of proton uptake was proportional to the rate of amino-acid uptake. The stoichiometry was 0.3 protons per amino acid transported. Addition of sucrose also caused proton uptake but the alkalisation by sucrose and by amino acids were not additive. Nevertheless, when sucrose was added 60 min after providing L-glutamine at levels saturating its uptake system, a rise in pH was again observed. The results were consistent with amino-acid transport and sucrose transport in castor-bean cotyledons both occurring by a proton cotransport in the same membrane system but involving separate carriers.
Nonlinear distributions and quasilinear ellipticity

Soit ω un domaine borne de R N . Soit Qu=−D i [a ij (x, u) D j u+b i (x, u) u]+C i (x, u) D i u+ d(x, u) u. On etudie l'equation Qu+g 0 (x, u)−D i G i (x, u), ou pour sχR, g i (x, s)χL 2 (ω). Pour chaque s, D i G(xa s) engendre une distribution dans H 1 (ω). On donne des resultats pour des distributions non lineaires
1 ƒ noise in copper whiskers

Abstract We have observed current-induced 1 ƒ noise in thin copper crystals (“whiskers”) ranging from 0.15 to 1.20 cm in length. We find that the noise power is proportional to the square of the applied d.c. voltage and has a power spectrum varying approximately as ƒ-1 over the frequency range 0.5 Hz–2 kHz. The magnitude of the noise is 102–103 times larger than typical magnitudes reported for copper films of similar volume.
MeV Implantation For CMOS Applications

SummaryMega -volt implantation offers a number of attactive options for fine -line CMOS device fabrication. We have described a developing process for use of MeV P ion implantation for a retrograde n -well structure.Integration of this process into a practical routine requires a series of process modeling, optimization anddevice testing cycles. Additional considerations includedevelopment of appropriate masking techniques, machines performance evaluation and throughputmodeling. Extensions of MeV implantation to otherdevice applications, such as buried planes and grids,direct placement of device isolation junctions under thick oxides and customization of memory and microprocessor devices by late- process implants willfollow quickly after the introduction of MeV machines into the fab area. Aknowledgements -Vpt(V) We acknowledge the vigorous assistance of many 12 people at the Xerox -PARC Integrated CircuitLaboratory and the use of facilities at Universal EnergySystems and National Electrostatics for MeV implants.
Solid-phase synthesis of polymers using the ring-opening metathesis polymerization.

We report a general method for the solid-phase synthesis of polymers via the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The method involves polymerization in solution to form a block copolymer, immobilization of the polymer via reaction of one block with a resin-bound functional group, modification of the other block, and liberation of the polymer from the resin. We demonstrated the utility of this approach by generating a block copolymer with an N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester-substituted block (for on-resin functionalization) and a maleimide-substituted block (for conjugation to the resin). We showed that the Diels−Alder reaction can be employed to immobilize the polymers and that amines of diverse structure can be used to modify the resin-bound polymers. The reversibility of the furan−maleimide Diels−Alder adduct was exploited to liberate the polymer from the support. Specifically, treatment of the resin with cyclopentadiene resulted in complete polymer release. The resulting polymers are functional: ...
Novel approaches in the treatment of thyroid cancer

Abstract Although most patients with thyroid cancer do well with traditional therapy, some will go on to develop progressive disease. In the past, few effective treatment options were available for patients with metastatic thyroid carcinoma. However, advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid cancer initiation and progression have led to many new potential therapies targeted at specific molecular pathways. Many of these novel compounds have been evaluated in cell lines, animal models, and recently, in clinical trials. This review will focus on new potential therapies in the treatment of progressive thyroid cancer, with an emphasis on the activity of these agents in the clinical arena.
Movement of myosin-coated beads on oriented filaments reconstituted from purified actin

Although the biochemical properties of the actin/myosin interaction have been studied extensively using actin activation of myosin ATPase as an assay1,2, until recently no well-defined assay has been available to measure the mechanical properties of ATP-dependent movement of myosin along actin filaments. The first direct measurements of the rate of myosin movement in vitro3,4 used a naturally occurring, biochemically ill-defined array of actin filaments from the alga Nitella. We report here the construction of an oriented array of filaments reconstituted from purified muscle actin and the use of this array in a biochemically defined quantitative assay for the directed movement of myosin-coated polystyrene beads. We demonstrate for the first time that actin alone, linked to a substratum by a protein anchor, is sufficient to support movement of myosin at rates consistent with the speeds of muscle contraction and other forms of cell motility.
Cediranib inhibits both the intraosseous growth of PDGF D-positive prostate cancer cells and the associated bone reaction.

BACKGROUND The major cause of death in prostate cancer (PCa) cases is due to distant metastatic lesions, with the bone being the most prevalent site for secondary colonization. Utilization of small molecule inhibitors to treat bone metastatic PCa have had limited success either as monotherapies or in combination with other chemotherapeutics due to intolerable toxicities. In the current study, we developed a clinically relevant in vivo intraosseous tumor model overexpressing the platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF D) to test the efficacy of a newly characterized VEGFR/PDGFR inhibitor, cediranib (also called AZD2171).
Gastroduodenal fistulae and double pyloric canal

Four cases of endoscopically proven gastroduodenal fistulae (double pyloric canal) are presented, and ten case reports in the literature are reviewed. The fistula develops from a penetrating gastric ulcer. Presumably, the ulcer becomes adherent to adjacent duodenum and penetrates further to establish a fistulous connection, which ultimately becomes lined with mucosa, creating a second pyloric canal. Fistulae between the lesser curve of the antrum and superior fornix of the duodenal bulb were the commonest (9 out of 14). Fistulae also form between the lesser curve of the body of the stomach and the duodenal bulb or fourth part of the duodenum. Gastro-gastric fistula and a fistula into the inferior fornix of the duodenal bulb from a pyloric ulcer have been described. In two of the four cases in this series fistulae had formed from the greater curve of the antrum to the inferior fornix of the duodenal bulb, an entity not previously described. Radiologic appearances may be confused with an antral carcinoma, an ulcerating carcinoma, Crohn's disease, or lymphoma. The presence of previous ulceration and evidence of scarring should aid in avoiding confusion with malignancy. The term gastroduodenal fistula is suggested to describe double pyloric canal.
Governing the “New Hometowns”: Race, Power, and Neighborhood Participation in the New Inner City

Inner city residents, once shunned and ignored by city planners, are now seen as a vital resource in United States urban redevelopment plans. This shift in perspective has come at a time when municipal elites routinely champion the neoliberal strategies of privatization, marketization, and consumerism across the urban policy spectrum. In this article, I draw upon ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a gentrifying neighborhood in Philadelphia to illuminate the ways in which race, power, and neighborhood participation shape urban governance. Against the governmentalist approach, which tends to present a totalizing vision of neoliberal rule, this article emphasizes the failures and instabilities of urban governance under contemporary conditions. In particular, I direct attention to the overlooked dynamics of racial politics as they play out at the neighborhood level, where attempts to encourage self-governance on the part of inner city residents are predicated upon post-civil rights era notions of diversity a...
Identification and determination of synthetic estrogens in pharmaceuticals by high-speed, reversed-phase partition chromatography

A high-speed, reversed-phase partition chromatographic method is described for the identification and quantitative determination of synthetic estrogens in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method is applicable to diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol, hexestrol, benzestrol, chlorotrianisene, and the dipropionic acid esters of diethylstilbestrol and promethestrol. Prior to UV spectrophotometric detection at 254 nm, the synthetic estrogens are separated on either a chemically bonded hydrocarbon column or an ether partition column, utilizing 2-propanol-water mobile phase systems. Limits of detectability are at the nanogram level for diethylstilbestrol and dienestrol, the synthetic estrogens most commonly found in commercial preparations. Chromatographic studies were conducted after a number of the synthetic estrogens underwent photochemical change, and the synthetic estrogen 4,4′-stilbenediol esters underwent controlled ester hydrolysis. The chromatograms of the photochemical and hydrolysis degradation products were found to be useful for identification. For example, a scheme developed for the identification of diethylstilbestrol provides for the separation of three photochemical by-products: the cis-isomer of diethylstilbestrol, the phenanthrenedione (3,4,5,6-hexahydro-3,6-dioxo-9,10-diethylphenanthrene), and the phenanthrenediol (9,10-diethyl-3,6-phenanthrenediol). Application of the method to the analysis of synthetic estrogens in commercial preparations is described.
Long-term vitamin E deficiency in mice decreases superoxide radical production in brain.

Abstract: We investigated the effect of long-term vitamin E deficiency (38 weeks) on free radical (superoxide) production and free radical products (neuroprostanes and isoprostanes) and on mitochondrial function (oxygraph and electron transport chain activities) in C57B6J mice. We found that after 38 weeks, while liver was approximately 95% deficient, the brain had retained approximately 50% of its α-tocopherol. We also found that superoxide production was lowered in multiple brain regions of male vitamin E-deficient mice, as were neuroprostanes. Oxygraph studies showed higher respiratory control ratios (RCRs) in liver and lower RCRs in brain, which did not appear to be due to changes in electron transport chain activities. We conclude that vitamin E can function in vivo in both its traditional role as a lipid-soluble antioxidant as well as in non-traditional roles in the mitochondria.
Dynamic gyromagnetic effects

Synopsis Time-dependent linear gyromagnetic effects are treated in terms of Kubo's theory of irreversible processes. Quantitative and qualitative relations between various possible experiments are pointed out. The time constants can give information about relative relaxation rates of spin and orbital angular momentum. If the hyperfine interaction is strong, the Einstein-de Haas effect may give information on electron-nuclear spin correlations; also nuclear polarization by rotation analogous to Rose-Gorter polarization is expected to be possible; a small inertial line shift due to rotation is noted.
Teratogen-induced activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinases in early postimplantation murine embryos.

BACKGROUND Although many teratogens are known to activate apoptotic pathways culminating in abnormal development, little is known about how the embryo transduces a teratogenic exposure into specific responses. Signal reception and transduction are regulated by a number of signal transduction pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and the stress-activated protein kinase, p38. METHODS To analyze the effects of teratogens on MAP kinases, we used whole embryo culture, Western blot analyses, and antibodies recognizing inactive or active MAP kinases, or both. RESULTS We show that heat shock (HS) induces a rapid, strong, but transient activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 with maximal activation occurring within 30 min of the heat shock. By contrast, cyclophosphamide (CP) and staurosporine (ST) failed to activate ERK or JNK during the time period studied (7. 5 hr). ST and CP did induce a low but reproducible activation of p38 beginning at around 3 hr and 5 hr, respectively, after the initiation of exposure. Previous work has shown that heat shock induces elevated cell death in the embryo, primarily in the developing neuroepithelium, but not in the embryonic heart. Thus, we also compared the activation of these three MAP kinase pathways in heads, hearts, and trunks isolated from day 9 embryos exposed to 43 degrees C for 15 min. The results show that ERK, JNK, and p38 are activated in heads, hearts, and trunks. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that day 9 embryos do activate MAP kinase signaling pathways in response to teratogenic exposures; however, activation of a particular pathway does not appear to be required for teratogen-induced apoptosis.
A Monte-Carlo evaluation of an improved-sensitivity, 76Ge double-beta-decay experiment

Abstract Monte Carlo calculations have been made of the sensitivity of a 200 cm 3 intrinsic germanium detector, guarded by a large NaI(Tl) Compton suppression annulus, for the observation of the hypothesized neutrinoless double beta decay of 76 Ge. It was assumed apriori that the background levels would be similar to those achieved by Fiorini and his co-workers in the original experiment. It was determined, for example, that an annulus 51 cm in diameter and 61 cm long, would suppress the continuum background in the vicinity of the 2.045 MeV neutrinoless double beta decay peak, so as to allow the observation of a decay with a half-life of 2.6 × 10 25 y.
Application of chiral lanthanide shift reagents for assignment of absolute configuration of alcohols.

The absolute configuration of secondary and tertiary alcohols can be predicted from analysis of the chemical shift behaviors of the CX- and CY-carbons in the presence of (R)- and (S)-Pr(tfc)3 as formulated in the boxes.
Stereoselective syntheses of three different classes of neolignans from the same starting materials

Abstract Lewis Acid catalyzed reactions of 2-alkoxy-5-allyl-1,4-benzoquinones with styrenes can be manipulated to form either the burchellin or guianin neolignans, or 4-allyl-2-aryl-3-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans.
The dying of death: Historical perspectives

Abstract Death is built into the American social order, in education, sports, finance, insurance and government. Yet no one seems to be aware of this. Walt Whitman wrote that until America produces a great poem of death, its democracy will be a failure. (Saul Bellow)
U.S. softwood lumber demand and supply estimation using cointegration in dynamic equations

Abstract This research estimated dynamic supply and demand equations for the U.S. softwood lumber using two-stage least squares. Long-run and ECM equations were derived from the estimated coefficients. Empirical data included monthly observations from 1990 to late 2006. Stationarity of the residuals was explored using Augmented Dickey–Fuller statistics. Results suggest that demand and supply elasticities in both short and long-run are relatively small compared with past studies. The Canadian softwood lumber supply to the U.S. is more price elastic than the domestic softwood lumber supply. U.S. import tariffs have had limited impact on the amount of softwood lumber imported from Canada. Technological progress and end-of-year seasonal effects on softwood lumber demand and supply were significant over this period.
Preparing Dust Samples for Microscopic Examination—Notes on a New Method

(1954). Preparing Dust Samples for Microscopic Examination—Notes on a New Method. American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 206-210.
Loss of epigenetic silencing in tumors preferentially affects primate-specific retroelements

Close to 50% of the human genome harbors repetitive sequences originally derived from mobile DNA elements, and in normal cells, this sequence compartment is tightly regulated by epigenetic silencing mechanisms involving chromatin-mediated repression. In cancer cells, repetitive DNA elements suffer abnormal demethylation, with potential loss of silencing. We used a genome-wide microarray approach to measure DNA methylation changes in cancers of the head and neck and to compare these changes to alterations found in adjacent non-tumor tissues. We observed specific alterations at thousands of small clusters of CpG dinucleotides associated with DNA repeats. Among the 257,599 repetitive elements probed, 5% to 8% showed disease-related DNA methylation alterations. In dysplasia, a large number of local events of loss of methylation appear in apparently stochastic fashion. Loss of DNA methylation is most pronounced for certain members of the SVA, HERV, LINE-1P, AluY, and MaLR families. The methylation levels of retrotransposons are discretely stratified, with younger elements being highly methylated in healthy tissues, while in tumors, these young elements suffer the most dramatic loss of methylation. Wilcoxon test statistics reveals that a subset of primate LINE-1 elements is demethylated preferentially in tumors, as compared to non-tumoral adjacent tissue. Sequence analysis of these strongly demethylated elements reveals genomic loci harboring full length, as opposed to truncated elements, while possible enrichment for functional LINE-1 ORFs is weaker. Our analysis suggests that, in non-tumor adjacent tissues, there is generalized and highly variable disruption of epigenetic control across the repetitive DNA compartment, while in tumor cells, a specific subset of LINE-1 retrotransposons that arose during primate evolution suffers the most dramatic DNA methylation alterations.
Evaluating “Humint”: The Role of Foreign Agents in U.S. Security

Intelligence is considered the first line of defense in U.S. security against foreign threats. Relying on archival research, rare survey data, and interviews with policymakers and intelligence professionals, this research explores the contribution to America's security made by humint—spies—over the years. Humint has its downsides, especially the unreliability of agents, but it has proved to be a useful tool for gathering information about world affairs. Survey data from inside the intelligence community indicates a high level of reliance on humint by Washington decision makers. The prudent policymaker will continue to seek information from all collection sources, with human intelligence having a valuable role to play.
The information-outage probability of finite-length codes over AWGN channels

The performance of random error control codes approaches the Shannon capacity limit as the code length goes to infinity. When the code length is finite, then the code will be unable to achieve arbitrarily low error probability and a nonzero codeword error rate is inevitable. Information-theoretic bounds on codeword error rate may be found as a function of length through traditional methods such as sphere packing. Alternatively, the behavior of finite-length codes can be characterized in terms of an information-outage probability. The information- outage probability is the probability that the mutual information, which is a random variable, is less than the rate. In this paper, a Gaussian approximation is proposed that accurately models the information-outage probability for moderately small codes. The information-outage probability is related to several previously derived bounds, including Shannon's sphere-packing and random coding bounds, as well as a bound on maximal error probability known as Feinstein's lemma. It is shown that the information- outage probability is a useful predictor of achievable error rate.
BLOCK SPARSE EXCITATION BASED ALL-POLE MODELING OF SPEECH

In this paper, it is shown that an appropriate model for voiced speech is an all-pole filter excited by a block sparse excitation sequence. The modeling approach is generalized in a novel manner to deal with a wide spectrum of speech signal; voiced speech, unvoiced speech and mixed excitation speech. In this context, the input sequence to the all-pole model is modeled as a suitable weighted linear combination of a block sparse signal and white noise. We develop the corresponding estimation procedure to reconstruct the generalized input sequence and model parameters via sparse Bayesian learning methods employing the Expectation-Maximization based procedure. Rigorous experiments have been performed to show the efficacy of our proposed model for the speech modeling task. By imposing a block sparse structure on the input sequence, the problems associated with the commonly used Linear Prediction approach is alleviated leading to a more robust modeling scheme.
SU‐FF‐T‐189: Dosimetric Figures‐Of‐Merit Based Comparison of Three IMRT Modalities: Helical Tomotherapy, Sequential Tomotherapy and DMLC‐IMRT

Purpose:Intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) can be delivered using several different techniques. The present study compares dosimetric characteristics of three commercial IMRT planning and delivery systems, i.e., helical tomotherapy (TOMO), sequential tomotherapy with MIMiC (MIMiC) and dynamic multileaf collimated IMRT (DMLC‐IMRT). Method and Materials:IMRT plans for three common clinical cases, head‐and‐neck (HN), brain and prostate cancers, were generated using respective RTOG protocols 9406, 9803 and H0022 as guidelines. For each case, multiple (more than four) plans were produced for each technique using different strategies by adjusting constraints and/or parameters such as beam width, modulation factor, the number of fields, etc. Dosimetric indices were used as figures‐of‐merit to evaluate the plans. These indices include coverage index (CI), overflow index (OI), sparing index (SI), and overall conformal index (COIN), where COIN=CI×OI×SI. The plans for each technique were compared among themselves to determine the best plan of each technique which in turn was used for the comparison of different techniques. Results: For the HN case, the COINs for TOMO, MIMiC and DMLC‐IMRT were 0.333, 0.064 and 0.305, respectively. TOMO had highest SI, but DMLC‐IMRT had highest CI and OI. MIMiC plan performance was poorer than TOMO and DMLC‐IMRT for the HN case. The COINs for TOMO, MIMiC and DMLC‐IMRT were 0.471, 0.616 and 0.685 for the brain case, and 0.304, 0.487 and 0.554 for the prostate case, respectively. DMLC‐IMRT had the highest COIN for both the brain and prostate cases. TOMO had best coverage for the brain case while DMLC‐IMRT had best coverage for the prostate case. Conclusion:IMRT plan optimization is a process to balance and compromise between target coverage and normal tissue sparing. The three techniques may result in different plans for similar constraints. Using different strategies, all three techniques produced clinically acceptable treatment plans for all cases.
An overview of process and outcome data in the patterns of care study.

INTRODUCTION The basic concepts of the Patterns of Care Study (PCS) have been described previously.‘” In brief, the study seeks to establish the national profile of radiation therapy practice in the United States; to define gap areas capable of improvement and to develop an ongoing quality assessment program. We have used Donabedian’s model of quality of care assessment in terms of structure, process and outcome.’ Initially, we identified all facilities in this country who provided radiation therapy by means of supervoltage equipment. Very complete Facilities Master Lists were established in 1973, 1974 and again in 1977. Table 1 shows a comparison between 1973 and 1977 of the number of patients treated, the number of facilities and the number of fulland part-time therapists engaged in practice. Other data gathered include the type of practice, i.e. community hospital, university hospital, or free standing facilities, and the size of the practice in each case. This information formed the basis for a stratification system which, in turn, enabled us to develop a statistically valid sample of all facilities in the United States.’