cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postpartum Depression Risk following Prenatal Diagnosis of Major Fetal Structural Anomalies.

OBJECTIVES Our primary objective was to evaluate how prenatal diagnosis of a major fetal structural anomaly and resulting pregnancy outcome affected postpartum depression risk, as assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Secondary objectives were to review the rate of mental health follow-up and subsequent diagnosis of postpartum depression in screen-positive women. STUDY DESIGN Singleton pregnancies with prenatal diagnosis of one or more major fetal structural anomalies were ascertained from prospectively maintained databases that included perinatal outcomes and subsequent EPDS responses from January 2010 to May 2018. EPDS scores of 13 or higher were considered positive and prompted referral for mental health follow-up, which was verified by medical record review. Statistical analyses were performed using Student's t-test, χ2, and odds ratios (ORs) with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS A total of 1,306 women had a prenatal diagnosis of one or more major fetal structural anomalies, 896 (68%) also had a postpartum EPDS screening, and 82 (9.2%) screened positive. Positive EPDS screening was more common with anomalies of multiple organ systems (16.5 vs 7.8%, p = 0.002) and aneuploidy (17.1 vs 9.3%, p = 0.02). Pregnancies complicated by fetal death, neonatal death, and termination for anomaly were significantly more likely to screen positive than those with neonatal survival to discharge (OR, 3.1 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-6.2], 3.0 [95% CI, 1.5-5.8], and 4.4 [95% CI, 2.1-8.9], respectively, p ≤ 0.002). Of the 35 (43%) screen-positive women who attended follow-up appointments with mental health providers, 18 (51%) were diagnosed with a depressive disorder, accounting overall for 22% of those with a positive EPDS screen. CONCLUSION Among women with a prenatal diagnosis of a major fetal structural anomaly, those experiencing a perinatal loss or pregnancy termination have an increased risk of positive EPDS screen result compared with who have a neonate surviving to discharge. A depressive disorder was diagnosed postpartum in 22% of these women with a positive EPDS screen. Our findings highlight the mental health needs in this vulnerable population. KEY POINTS · Adverse pregnancy outcome increased positive EPDS screen risk among women with prenatal anomalies.. · A depressive disorder was diagnosed postpartum in 22% of such women with a positive EPDS screen.. · Our findings highlight the mental health needs in this vulnerable population..
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BREAST-FEEDING

For thousands of years, the popularity of breast-feeding among women of different cultures has fluctuated widely (1, 2, 3, 4). The longest known trend in this history has occurred in Western Europe and North America during the last century, when increasing proportions of women have failed to nurse their infants at all. The mean length of both full and partial breast-feeding of those who nursed has also steadily declined during this period (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). More recently, a pervasive decline in breast-feeding activity is also underway in urban areas of many less developed countries, with similar tendencies suggested in some rural areas as well (11, 12, 13, 14).
The scholarly publishing imbroglio: a personal view.

Exposes des interets et des attitudes, souvent divergents, des editeurs, chercheurs, praticiens et bibliothecaires face a l'edition dans le domaine medical
Using Comparison Charts to Assess Performance Measurement Data

Tutorial-at-a-Glance Background In 1997 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) announced the ORYX initiative, which integrates outcomes and other performance measurement data into the accreditation process. JCAHO uses control and comparison charts to identify performance trends and patterns that are provided to JCAHO surveyors in advance of the organization's survey. During its survey, the health care organization (HCO) is asked to explain its rationale for its selection of performance measures, how the ORYX data have been analyzed and used to improve performance, and the outcomes of these activities. What do control charts do? Control charts indicate whether an HCO's process is in statistical control (that is, stable insofar as only common cause variation exists) or out of statistical control (that is, unstable insofar as special cause variation exists). With the presence of special cause variation, the HCO should not make any change in its processes until the special cause is identified and eliminated. Choosing the correct control chart An HCO can use many different control charts. Selecting the correct control chart type for the type of data collected makes interpretation more sensitive for detecting special cause variation. The ORYX measures are calculated as proportions (rates), ratios, and means (continuous variables data, such as average length of stay), and this information forms the basis for selecting the correct type of control chart. In addition, the average rate (especially for rare event measures) and the average number of cases need to be considered when selecting the control chart type for small population measures.
Does Business Ownership Provide a Source of Upward Mobility for Blacks and Hispanics

Past research has indicated that disadvantaged minority groups may benefit from self-employment, which is hypothesized to decrease minority poverty levels, minority unemployment, and discrimination.However, little empirical evidence exists to demonstrate a correlation between minority self-employment and increased economic mobility. To study the impact of self-employment upon minorities, the research focuses on the earning patterns of self-employed and wage/salary-earning African-American and Hispanic individuals, comparing these results to those of their white counterparts.To study the earning patterns of the subjects, data were provided by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which collected data on young American men and women between 1979 and 1998.The limitations of these data set are discussed.Descriptive statistics are presented and explained. The results of the analysis revealed that:self-employed black and Hispanic men have greater mean and median earnings than their minority wage/salary counterparts; self-employed black men experience slower initial earnings than wage/salary workers; self-employed Hispanic men initially earn less than wage/salary workers, but experience quicker growth rates and slightly greater earnings after 9 years; and the earnings coefficients for both black and Hispanic women are not statistically significant.Self-employed black and Hispanic men still earn less than their white counterparts.The implications of challenges to many policies promoting minority self-employment are discussed. (AKP)
Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: what the primary care provider should know.

Purpose To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with an overview of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, including the pathophysiology and etiology, incidence and prevalence, clinical presentation, diagnosis and differentials, management, and prognosis for these conditions. Data sources Selected research, reviews, and clinical articles, and the authors’ experience. Conclusions Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are two common and confusing diagnoses identified by healthcare providers in the treatment of low back pain. Symptoms can vary depending on the degree of disarticulation with radiculopathy occurring in advanced grades of spondylolisthesis. Standing, lateral lumbosacral radiographs remain the gold standard for diagnosis. The majority of patients will improve with conservative treatments. Surgical options are warranted after 6 months of failed conservative treatments for patients with radiculopathy, neurogenic claudication, progressive neurological deficits, high-grade slips, or bladder and bowel symptoms. Implications for practice NPs can distinguish these diagnoses and perform appropriate conservative management prior to referral to specialists for surgical evaluation. NPs are important providers in interdisciplinary care by assisting patients with both psychosocial and physical management of their back pain.
The Source of Early IFN-γ That Plays a Role in Th1 Priming

When naive CD4 T cells are primed, they rapidly differentiate into polarized Th1 and/or Th2 phenotypes. A major factor in producing such polarization is the early production of cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ in the case of Th1 cells and IL-4 in the case of Th2 cells). One issue that remains unresolved is the source of the early IFN-γ that synergizes with IL-12 to fully polarize CD4 T cells into Th1 cells. We have examined this question by injecting mice with anti-CD3 and examining cells from normal and various MHC-knockout mice. We found that IFN-γ is induced rapidly in a small subset of CD8 T cells. This subset is absent in mice that lack β 2 -microglobulin, but not in K b D b -double-knockout mice, indicating that these CD8 T cells are dependent on nonclassical MHC class Ib molecules. The early burst of IFN-γ polarizes CD4 T cells toward Th1 cells, in part by stimulating the release of IL-12 from APC. We also use TAP- and CD1-knockout mice to show that such cells are not CD1-restricted NK T cells, nor are they dependent on TAP-1 transport for surface expression of the relevant MHC class Ib molecule. Therefore, they arise on MHC class Ib molecules that do not depend on TAP-1 transporters.
Dynamical changes in the tropical Pacific warm pool and zonal SST gradient during the Pleistocene

In the late Pleistocene, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (pCO2) is thought to be a primary driving force for tropical sea surface temperature (SST) change because glacial-interglacial changes in tropical Pacific SST covary with pCO2. However, if the regional radiative effects of pCO2 were the only agent of change, tropical SST gradients should have remained similar as pCO2 varied with time. Instead, a new record of SST from the west Pacific shows that tropical SST gradients were different, even reversed, in the past, suggesting an important role for dynamical circulation changes. Specifically, changes in the temperature of upwelled source water, in addition to local pCO2 forcing, influenced tropical Pacific SST. These dynamical changes, rather than pCO2, may have shifted the background state of the tropics and even helped set the stage for the mid-Pleistocene transition.
Differences in Tryptophan Binding to Hepatic Nuclei of NZBWF1 and Swiss Mice: Insight into Mechanism of Tryptophan's Effects

We have observed that in NZBWF 1 mice the affinity for L-tryptophan binding to hepatic nuclei in vitro is markedly less than that of Swiss mice. In vitro binding of [ 3 H]tryptophan to hepatic nuclei from both strains was determined without and with unlabeled L-tryptophan(10 -4 mol/L). The relative specific binding of L-tryptophan to hepatic nuclei in vitro was 60.9 ± 4.4% for Swiss mice and 35.8 ± 5.4% (P < 0.01) in NZBWF 1 mice. The total specific binding (bound radioactivity/mg nuclear protein) of L-tryptophan to hepatic nuclei in vitro was 74.9% (P < 0.05) lower in NZBWF 1 mice than in Swiss mice. Other strains (DBA, SJL and BALB/c) had specific binding affinities similar to that of Swiss mice. Serum and hepatic free tryptophan concentrations and hepatic tryptophan dioxygenase activity in mice that were food-deprived ovemight or 1 h after tube-feeding L-tryptophan (20 mg/100 g body weight) were similar in the strains of mice. In vitro [ 14 C] leucine incorporation into protein using hepatic microsomes of mice 1 h after tube-feeding L-tryptophan (20 mg/100 g body weight) revealed a significantly greater (P < 0.05) increase relative to food-deprived controls in Swiss mice (76.8 ± 19.2%) than the increase in NZBWF 1 mice (26.5 ± 2.6%). Nuclear [ 14 C]-labeled RNA release in vitro was increased 77.2 ± 18.0% by tube-feeding of L-tryptophan in Swiss but only 7.6 ± 5.8% (P < 0.02) in NZBWF 1 mice. Liver nuclear poly(A)-polymerase and nucleoside triphosphatase activities were variably increased by the administration of L-tryptophan in both strains. In summary, compared with Swiss mice, NZBWF 1 mice have a lower specific binding affinity for L-tryptophan by hepatic nuclei, and this alteration may account for the other differences in responses to L-tryptophan by the two strains.
The cognitive apprenticeship model in a technologically rich learning environment: Interpreting the learning interaction

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the qualitative features of the teacher-student interaction during classroom teaching and learning while modern technological thinking and problem-solving skills were mediated for seventh grade students. The learning interaction was organized according to the principles of a cognitive apprenticeship model and applied to a technologically rich learning environment. In an analysis of the qualitative process, the appropriate functioning of the cognitive apprenticeship methods in teacher-student interaction has been described. This analysis focused on the relevance of social interaction for students' learning and involvement. In addition, the effects of the technologically rich learning environment on the learning interaction have been clarified. Eight case-based descriptions were used to demonstrate the possible qualitative processes of learning interactions based on cognitive apprenticeship. It is concluded that the technologically rich learning environment facilitated learning in social interaction based on cognitive apprenticeship. However, the relevant functioning of the cognitive apprenticeship methods was based on reciprocal interpretations of the situations by the teacher and the students. If this had not been the case, the teacher's special instructional assistance, such as scaffolding or modeling, would have been reacted to like in any other knowledge-mediating situation.
Formation and decomposition of alkyl-gold(I) complexes

Abstract The syntheses of new primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) complexes are described. Isolation of the thermally stable tert-butyl, isopropyl and sec-butylgold(I) complexes is unusual among organotransition metal complexes. All of these alkyl(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) complexes are monomeric in benzene solution. Methyl and primary alkyl derivatives undergo reduction coupling in high yields on thermolysis of the solid or in solution. The more highly branched isopropyl and tert-butyl analogs afford disproportionation products. The decomposition of methyl(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) in decalin follows first-order kinetics and is retarded by added triphenylphosphine. A mechanism for reductive coupling to ethane is proposed, in which a rate-limiting loss of phosphine is followed by a rapid association with an additional methyl(triphenylphosphine)gold(I).
EVALUATION OF DOSE VARIATION DURING TOTAL SKIN ELECTRON IRRADIATION USING THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS

Abstract Purpose: To determine acceptable dose variation using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) in the treatment of Mycosis Fungiodes with total electron beam (TSEB) irradiation. Methods and Materials: From 1983 to 1993, 22 patients were treated with total skin electron beam therapy in the standing position. A six-field technique was used to deliver 2 Gy in two days, treating 4 days per week, to a total dose of 35 of 40 Gy using a degraded 9 MeV electron beam. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed on several locations of the body and the results recorded. The variations in these readings were analyzed to determine normal dose variation for various body locations during TSEB. Results: The dose to flat surfaces of the body was essentially the same as the dose to the prescription point. The dose to tangential surfaces was within ± 10% of the prescription dose, but the readings showed much more variation (up to 24%). Thin areas of the body showed large deviations from the prescriptions dose along with a large amount of variation in the readings (up to 22%). Special areas of the body, such as the perineum and eyelid, showed large deviations from the prescription dose with very large (up to 40%) variations in the readings. Discussion: The TLD results of this study will be used as a quality assurance check for all new patients treated with TSEB. The results of the TLDs will be compared with this baseline study to determine if the delivered dose is within acceptable ranges. If the TLD results fall outside acceptable limits establised above, then the patient position can be modified or the technique itself evaluated.
Cotton Fiber Length Is Affected by Far-Red Light Impinging on Developing Bolls

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber length is an important component of quality as defined by the textile industry. The fibers are single elongated cells that extend from the seed coat during development within bolls. It was hypothesized that elongating cotton fibers would be responsive to the far-red (FR) to red light (R) photon ratio (FRIR) reflected to developing bolls. To test the hypothesis, plants were grown in trickle irrigated field plots over different colored soil covers that reflected high FRIR and low photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), or low FRIR and high PPF to developing bolls. Newly opened flowers were tagged over three replicate plots of each of four colors. After the flowers were fertilized, randomly selected young bolls were covered with aluminum foil to shield them from light during development. Others served as unshielded controls. The FRIR and PPF impinging on developing bolls affected biomass per area of carpel walls and the amount of FR transmitted into the bolls to the developing fibers. Fiber lengths were determined after the bolls matured. Fibers in unshielded bolls that developed over green and red (higher reflected FR/R) soil covers were significantly longer than those that developed over aluminum and white (higher reflected PPF). The difference in length of fiber developed in unshielded versus shielded bolls was greater over green and red than over aluminum and white indicating a greater response to increased FR/R than to increased PPF impinging on the developing bolls. These results suggest that reflected FR should be considered along with other environmental factors when developing innovative production systems that involve nontraditional row spacing, plant population densities, or soil surface conditions that can affect the photon ratios to which the developing plants are exposed.
Teaching Children to Subtract by Counting Up.

Symbolic subtraction problems such as 14 8 = ? were interpreted to children as story problems with dot pictures that supported count-up solutions. Children in first-grade mathematics classes were taught with considerable success to solve such symbolic subtraction problems by counting up from the smaller number to the larger ("8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; 6 more make 14") while keeping track of the number counted up by using one-handed finger patterns. The children improved quite considerably on a timed test of the more difficult subtraction combinations, and this improvement held up over a month. Interviews indicated that almost all children could count up to solve subtraction combinations they did not know. Many used counting up to solve subtraction story problems with different semantic structures: performance on compare, separate (take-away), and equalize (how many more to make the same?) story problems was similar and good.
Predictors of Satisfaction with Field Practicum Among Social Work Students

Practicum is essential to professional social work education. What makes this intense learning experience satisfactory to students? One hundred forty-two graduate social work students specializing in direct practice were studied to determine factors associated with satisfaction. Contributing most to satisfaction were students' perceptions of the quality of field instruction, the desirability of and involvement in the agency, and didactic explanations for the field instructor. The findings highlight the importance of accessible supportive supervision, active learning, and feedback and conceptual input into student learning.
EPIDEMOLOGY OF HIGH GRADE PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA

The prevalence of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), the age at which this lesion starts and the potential racial or ethnic differences in its distribution are poorly documented. HGPIN is becoming increasingly implicated as a premalignant lesion for clinically significant prostatic carcinoma (PCa) with mounting evidence linking it to carcinoma according to morphologic immunohistochemical and recent genomic studies. We describe our experience with the age and race distribution of HGPIN resulting from two study populations of African-American (AA) and Caucasian (C) males. The first component of this report describes an autopsy study aimed at determining the prevalence of latent PCa and HGPIN in AA and C men 20 years of age or older; 370 (218 AA and 152 C) consecutive step-sectioned, totally embedded prostate glands were microscopically evaluated and mapped for HGPIN and PCa. HGPIN was first identified in the third decade and increased steadily with age. Latent PCa increased steadily with age with no significant difference in the prevalence between AA and C males in any age group (3rd to 8th decades). HGPIN, on the other hand, was more prevalent in AA men with 18, 31, 69, 78 and 86% in their 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th decades harboring the lesion. The corresponding figures for C men were 14, 21, 38, 50 and 63% respectively. When HGPIN was quantitated as focal and extensive according to the degree of glandular involvement, extensive HGPIN appeared earlier in AA males under 60 years of age compared to C males cohort. The difference in age distribution appeared to follow a chronological pattern, with HGPIN in AA preceding that of C males by approximately a decade. The second component of this report describes a surgical series of 345 consecutive radical prostatectomies from patients (155 AA and 190 C) with clinically localized PCa, which were thoroughly evaluated microscopically by two urologic pathologists. Similar to the findings in the autopsy study, extensive HGPIN was more prevalent in AA men 60 years of age or younger (57% vs. 33%). In both races, the mean percentage of the gland involved by HGPIN decreased with advancing age in contrast to the mean tumor volume that increased with patient age. These findings indicating a different prevalence of HGPIN in the two racial groups may help explain the higher incidence of prostatic cancer in African-Americans.
Automating gait generation

One of the most routine actions humans perform is walking. To date, however, an automated tool for generating human gait is not available. This paper addresses the gait generation problem through three modular components. We present ElevWalker, a new low-level gait generator based on sagittal elevation angles, which allows curved locomotion - walking along a curved path - to be created easily; ElevInterp, which uses a new inverse motion interpolation algorithm to handle uneven terrain locomotion; and MetaGait, a high-level control module which allows an animator to control a figure's walking simply by specifying a path. The synthesis of these components is an easy-to-use, real-time, fully automated animation tool suitable for off-line animation, virtual environments and simulation.
Time-to-Degree for the Economics Ph.D. Class of 2001-2002

Based on the median salary for full-time jobs held by new Ph.D. economists in the United States, a rough estimate of the opportunity cost of taking an additional year to earn an economics Ph.D. was $74,000 in 2002. The median time required to earn a Ph.D. for the class of 2002 was 5.5 years, up from 5.25 years for the class of 1997. If the three-month difference is interpreted as 200 students (i.e., roughly onequarter of the class of 2002) taking a year longer to complete their degrees and get a job than did their counterparts from the class of 1997, it implies an increase from 1997 to 2002 in the annual opportunity cost of producing Ph.D. economists exceeding $14.5 million. A growing elapsed time required to earn a Ph.D. also may affect application and matriculation decisions of students who are weighing alternative careers (T. Aldrich Finegan et al., 2006). We examine the time required to earn a Ph.D. in economics for those graduating between July 1, 2001, and June 30, 2002, using survey responses from 398 graduates and 121 thesis advisors of nonrespondents among the cohort. The 519 graduates for whom we have information comprise 61 percent of the 850 individuals estimated to have earned a Ph.D. in the United States in 2002 (Siegfried and Stock, 2004). Based on survey responses from the graduates, we examine whether demographic attributes, type of undergraduate training, and type of financial aid are systematically related to either the time required to write a dissertation or to earn a Ph.D. Using a similar earlier survey (Siegfried and Stock, 2001), we also compare time-to-degree across cohorts.
Tip bluntness transition measured with atomic force microscopy and the effect on hardness variation with depth in silicon dioxide nanoindentation

Depth-sensing indentation measurements of surfaces and structures with indentation depths less than 100 nm necessitate the use of accurate area functions for correct property evaluation. Here, the effect of a blunt nanoindenter tip geometry is characterized using atomic force microscopy to measure the direct tip geometry and modeled by a power law profile shape. Direct measurement of tip geometry is a method to observe changes in the tip curvature and transition from the blunt tip region to an ideal tip geometry. The tip shape, curvature, and transition to ideal geometry is found to correspond with the increase in hardness observed experimentally in SiO2 using a self-similar contact model. For a Berkovich indenter, tip bluntness was found to have a power law degree of 1.5 near the tip apex with a continuously varying degree of bluntness until an ideal pyramidal shape was reached at a depth of 160 nm.
Novel Sandwich Coordination Polymers Composed of Cobalt(II), 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylato Ligands, and Homopiperazonium Cations

Two novel cobalt(II) coordination polymers, (H 4 hpz)[Co 3 (BTEC) 2 (H 2 O) 12 ].11H 2 O (1) and (H 4 hpz)[Co(BTEC)(H 2 O) 3 ].3H 2 O (2) (H 4 hpz = homopiperazonium; BTEC = 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate), have been synthesized under aqueous conditions at room temperature and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1ο1 with a = 9.823(4) A, b = 11.587(4) A, c = 20.385(7) A, α = 95.10(2)°, β = 92.423(19)°, γ = 98.90(2)°, and Z = 2. Compound 2 also crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 9.7755(17) A, b = 11.208(3) A, c = 11.224(2) A, α = 60.304(12)°, β = 73.687(12)°, γ = 84.311(14)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds have layered structures. In the case of 1, homopiperazonium cations and 1D anionic chains of [Co(BTEC)(H 2 O) 4 ] 2- n are sandwiched between 2D sheets of [Co 2 (BTEC)(H 2 O) 8 ] n . In the case of 2, homopiperazonium cations alone are sandwiched between 2D sheets of [Co(BTEC)(H 2 O) 3 ] 2- n .
The highs and lows of scientific conferences.

What are the main characteristics of scientific conferences and what distinguishes the successful meetings from the less successful? When comparing, for example, big versus little conferences, long versus short meetings and specialized versus more general conferences, which features 'win'?
A mechanistic study of 4-aminoantipyrine and iron derived non-platinum group metal catalyst on the oxygen reduction reaction

Abstract A highly active non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) catalyst derived from iron and 4-aminoantipyrine precursors was synthesized using a sacrificial support method (SSM) to obtain a highly porous, open framed structure. The ratio of iron to 4-aminoantipyrine had been previously optimized to catalyze the reduction of oxygen in both acid and alkaline media. In this study, the mechanism of the reduction of oxygen in both media was investigated, and it was found to follow the 2 × 2 pathway. On its face, electrochemical analysis seems to suggest that the direct 4 electron transfer pathway is favored due to the low peroxide yield, but a closer examination reveals that the 2 × 2 pathway is followed, where the fast step is the partial reduction to peroxide, and the ensuing reduction step to water is also fairly rapid.
Mitochondrial antioxidant function is a potential mechanism for organ differences in interleukin-1-mediated tolerance to oxidative injury.

ABSTRACT Background: Pretreatment with interleukin-1 (1L-1) induces resistance to lung injury from hyperoxia exposure and to cardiac dysfunction after ischemiareperfusion in animal models. In contrast, IL-1 pretreatment did not produce tolerance to ischemiareperfusion injury and did not seem to alter antioxidant enzyme activities in the kidney. Recently, we determined that mitochondria scavenge superoxide anion via a nonenzymatic mechanism and that this newly identified intracellular antioxidant function was inducible in the lung. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that organ differences after IL-1 pretreatment between the lung and the heart, which become tolerant, and the kidney, which does not become tolerant, were a consequence of differential responses in mitochondrial superoxide scavenging. Methods: Rats were given IL-1 a (50 ng intratracheally, 36 hrs before assay) and lung and kidney mitochondria were isolated. Mitochondrial scavenging of superoxide anion was then determined by using an assay that we developed and published previously. We then tested the effects of IL-1 pretreatment on
Pre-transplant Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Is Associated with Post Transplant Acute Graft Rejection and Graft Failure

Introduction Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a significant cause of morbidity and graft failure in liver transplant recipients (LTR). Diastolic dysfunction (DD) is frequently present in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation. However, it is unclear if DD leads to ACR.
Evaluation of Experimenter as a Method of Reducing Vascular Stress

To validate a verbal measure of aggression, a replication of a study by Hokanson and Burgess (1962b) was conducted. 32 introductory psychology students were frustrated during a timed mental task by the experimenter. Systolic blood-pressure measurements indicated a significant elevation following the frustration. 16 subjects who completed a questionnaire evaluating the experimenter following the frustration were able to reduce vascular elevations to baseline readings. 16 control subjects, who completed a self-evaluation questionnaire instead of the experimenter-evaluation instrument, maintained significantly higher systolic blood-pressures.
Software I: Function-level computing: A new programming method, linked to radically different architectures, may greatly simplify software development

Describes a new programming method, linked to radically different architectures, which may greatly simplify software development.
Hunting for supersymmetry in dark matter allowed regions

Supersymmetry remains compelling theory over 30 years in spite of lack of its discovery. It might be somewhere near the corner at the present era of TeV energy colliders and sensitive dark matter search experiments which are crucial for constraining or even discovery of the supersymmetry.
Liquid Densities and Refractive Indices of Binary Mixtures for the Dimethyl Ether of a Glycol + Ethanol from T = 288.15 K to 318.15 K

Experimental results are reported for densities, ρ, and refractive indices, nD, of {(x)CH3(OCH2CH2)νOCH3 + (1 − x)C2H5OH} for ν = 1−4 at T = (288.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure over the entire mole fraction range. Densities were measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter, and excess volumes molar volumes, VE, for the mixtures were derived. Refractive indices were measured using a digital refractometer, and deviations as a function of mole fraction, ΔnD, were calculated from the experimental data. The excess molar volumes are negative in every case and become more negative as the ν of the glycol increases. The deviations in refractive indices are generally positive and increase as the ν of the glycol increases. Excess molar volumes increase as the temperature increases, while deviations in refractive indices decrease as the temperature increases. The temperature has no significant effect on VE of the glycols with ν = 3 and 4 in ethanol. Values of excess volumes and deviations in ...
Understanding core-level decay processes in the high-temperature superconductors

A highly correlated $\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{n}$ cluster model is utilized to interpret the core-level Auger and x-ray emission decay spectra for $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ and CuO. The evidence indicates that the initial core-level shakeup states relax to states of the same symmetry before the core-level decay, provided they have a shakeup excitation energy much greater than the core-level width.
Leucopoietic Effect of Calusterone (7 β, 17 α‐Dimethyltestosterone) in Women with Advanced Breast Cancer

Calusterone, a new anabolic, weakly androgenic testosterone derivative, found highly effective in women with advanced breast cancer, was studied for its peroral effect on white blood cell count (WBC). A significant rise in WBC occurred during treatment of 80 women, as compared both with a contol group of 21 untreated breast cancer patients and a similar group of 27 patients receiving Δ1-estololactone 1, 000 mg daily. Δ1-estololactone produced no significant change in WBC. The combination of 5-fluorouracil 500 mg i.v. once a week plus Δ1-estololactone 1, 000 mg a day by mouth in 28 patients produced significant mild leucopenia. The effect of androgens on leucopoiesis and the potential value of calusterone in leucopenia, in addition to its efficacy in breast cancer, is discussed.
Elastic Parameters of Brittle, Elastic Solids Containing Slits — Critical State

The present study focuses on the determination of the critical density of rectilinear slits in a two-dimensional elastic continuum. The critical slit density was deter mined using the percolation theory for several different distributions of damage. The derived results were subsequently discussed in terms of the phase transition indicating some as yet unresolved and not entirely understood aspects of the theory.
Spontaneous resolution of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy.

Objective We sought to estimate the rate of spontaneous resolution of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and to evaluate factors associated with its resolution. Methods A cohort of women enrolled in a large multicenter randomized bacterial vaginosis antibiotic trial (metronidazole versus placebo) that, when randomly allocated, had asymptomatic C trachomatis diagnosed by urine ligase chain reaction (from frozen archival specimens) between 16(0/7) and 23(6/7) weeks were included. The urine ligase chain reaction is a highly accurate predictor of genital tract chlamydial infection. A follow-up ligase chain reaction was performed between 24(0/7) and 29(6/7) weeks. Results A total of 1,953 women were enrolled in the original antibiotic trial; 1,547 (79%) had ligase chain reaction performed both at randomization and follow-up. Women receiving antibiotics effective against Chlamydia between randomization and follow-up or having symptomatic Chlamydia infection were excluded (26 women). Of the 140 women (9%) who were diagnosed as positive via the initial ligase chain reaction assay, 61 (44%) had spontaneous resolution of Chlamydia by the follow-up ligase chain reaction assay. Factors associated with spontaneous resolution included older age (P = .02), more than 5 weeks from randomization to follow-up (P = .02), and a greater number of lifetime sexual partners (P = .02). Using a logistic regression model, maternal age and a greater-than-5-week follow-up interval remained significant; for every 5-year increase in maternal age, the odds of a positive result on the ligase chain reaction test at follow-up decreased by 40% (odds ratio 0.6; 95% confidence interval 0.4-0.9). Race, substance abuse, parity, and treatment with metronidazole were not associated with spontaneous resolution. Gram stain score and vaginal pH at randomization and follow-up also were not associated. Conclusion The prevalence of asymptomatic C trachomatis in pregnancy was 9%; infection resolved spontaneously in almost half of these women. The association of older age and increasing time interval to spontaneous resolution of Chlamydia is consistent with a host immune-response mechanism.
Multiple paths to transfer and constraint relaxation in insight problem solving

In two experiments participants received various training methods designed to relax constraints present in the Four-Tree problem (deBono, 1967), a difficult insight problem. Geometry misconceptions were corrected via direct instruction. Participants’ difficulty with developing three-dimensional representations was addressed via spontaneous analogical transfer (Experiment 1) or via cued analogical transfer (Experiment 2). We found that, while both training methods were effective, alleviating multiple constraints was more effective than the alleviation of single constraints via training programmes (c.f. Kershaw & Ohlsson, 2004). Providing single difficulty hints was ineffective in promoting solution. Implications for multiple paths to transfer (Nokes, 2009; Nokes & Ohlsson, 2005) and multiple constraints are discussed.
Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of dense fluid methane

Abstract We present a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of 125 methane molecules using a variant of the isokinetic “sllod” algorithm. The shear viscosity, pressure and internal energy of methane in a dense, supercritical fluid state (temperature 285.7 K and mass density 0.288 g cm 3 ) are calculated and the viscosity compared with experiment, with excellent agreement: the predicted shear viscosity is within 1% of the experimental value, improving on the result obtained for this same system by Evans (≈10% agreement). We attribute the improvement to the improved non-equilibrium algorithm used. The model for the intermolecular potential is a site-site exponential-6, with only two-body interactions being considered.
Lacan and feminine sexuality

Jacques Lacan. Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the Ecole Freudienne. Edited by Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose. New York: W. W. Norton., 1983. 187 pp. $9.95 paper. Jane Gallop. The Daughter's Seduction: Feminism and Psychoanalysis. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1982. 164 pp. $19.95 cloth.
Carbene-functionalized ruthenium nanoparticles

Stable ruthenium nanoparticles were synthesized by protecting the particles with diazo molecules that reacted readily with the ruthenium surface forming Ru=C carbene bonds, as manifested in Fourier transform infrared and 1 H NMR measurements. The resulting particles, with the core diameter averaged at 2.12 ± 0.72 nm as determined by transmission electron microscopic measurements, showed a Mie scattering profile in optical absorption measurements. In electrochemical studies, the particles exhibited interesting quantized charging characteristics, similar to those observed with alkanethiolate-protected gold (AuSR) nanoparticles. In addition, a proof-of-concept experiment was carried out to demonstrate that metathesis reactions on ruthenium surfaces might be exploited for the chemical functionalization of the particles through efficient surface place exchange reactions. 1 H NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the reaction kinetics which exhibited a rate constant twice that observed with AuSR particles with another thiol ligand.
A NOTE ON FLUX TRAPPING AND SUPERCONDUCTIVE GLASS STATE IN HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS

We have shown that the power law behavior of H versus T*, attributed to a de Almeida-Thouless criticality in a high temperature superconductor, may be due to shielding effects and critical currents. We calculate a hitherto unrecognized scaling of T* with J0 and specimen size. Verification of these predictions will favor the conventional Type II model over the glass model for these systems.
Regularized p-version collocation BEM algorithms for two-dimensional heat conduction

Based on conditioning, expectations should be that the boundary element method (BEM) is at least as sensitive to local modeling error as the finite element method (FEM), thus requiring comparable surface mesh densities when using the same order approximations. While the FEM appears most efficient as a sparse, low order, large scale approximation, the dense BEM formulation is more attractive as a small scale, high order approximation. Results show that p-version refinement in the BEM using interpolations as high as sixteenth order can reduce errors by five orders of magnitude for a given system size and can reduce system sizes by an order of magnitude for a given level of accuracy, thus reducing computational expense by three orders of magnitude. The algorithm presented includes a regularized form for the gradient boundary integral equation (BIE) and a super-regularized form for the standard BIE along with a comparison of the convergence behavior for the two forms. Examples are taken from two-dimensional heat conduction.
Development of metabolic response to cold in young mice of four species.

Abstract 1. 1. The species studied were: Baiomys taylori , 8 g mature wt; Perognathus longimembris , 10 g; Peromyscus maniculatus , 21·5 g; Mus musculus , 32 g. Metabolic rate of a litter was measured at 1–6-day intervals until it could maintain a “constant” increased metabolism for 1–1.5 hr at T a 20°C, the response here defined as homeometabolism. 2. 2. B. taylori and M. musculus showed no rise of metabolism at T a 20°C until 5–8 days old and 1 day old respectively. The initial ability to increase metabolism may depend on muscular movement in B. taylori , but it does not in the larger species. In all species the ability for sustained increase coincided with the first occurrence of obvious shivering and piloerection, and with 2–4 mm of underfur. 3. 3. The weight at which each species attained homeometabolism is directly related to mature weight, and the age at this time is inversely related to weight. Both a minimum body weight and a minimum time for development after birth are necessary for homeometabolism. 4. 4. B. taylori became homeometabolic at 2·4 g, which is the weight Pearson (1948) predicted as the minimum for homeothermy in mammals. 5. 5. In all species the average ml O 2 ·g −1 hr −1 at T a = 20°C and the minimum at 35°C both increased with growth, up to the point where they equalled adult values. These rates then declined with further growth. Maximum metabolic rate increased with growth to at least four to six times the adult basal rate.
Mono-component fuel droplet evaporation in the presence of background fuel vapor

Abstract A simplified set of equations is examined for the problem of droplet evaporation. The equations employ the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) boundary condition for the surface fuel-vapor, which is responsible for mathematical behaviors that include an initial condensation stage of droplet swelling followed by an evaporation stage. Numerical methods of analysis are used in conjunction with an asymptotic analysis of each of the three stages: (I) condensation; (II) transition; and (III) evaporation. Droplet evaporation in partial condensation environments is discussed.
Primary care outcomes in patients treated by nurse practitioners or physicians: a randomized trial.

ContextStudies have suggested that the quality of primary care delivered by nurse practitioners is equal to that of physicians. However, these studies did not measure nurse practitioner practices that had the same degree of independence as the comparison physician practices, nor did previous studies provide direct comparison of outcomes for patients with nurse practitioner or physician providers.ObjectiveTo compare outcomes for patients randomly assigned to nurse practitioners or physicians for primary care follow-up and ongoing care after an emergency department or urgent care visit.DesignRandomized trial conducted between August 1995 and October 1997, with patient interviews at 6 months after initial appointment and health services utilization data recorded at 6 months and 1 year after initial appointment.SettingFour community-based primary care clinics (17 physicians) and 1 primary care clinic (7 nurse practitioners) at an urban academic medical center.PatientsOf 3397 adults originally screened, 1316 patients (mean age, 45.9 years; 76.8% female; 90.3% Hispanic) who had no regular source of care and kept their initial primary care appointment were enrolled and randomized with either a nurse practitioner (n = 806) or physician (n = 510).Main Outcome MeasuresPatient satisfaction after initial appointment (based on 15-item questionnaire); health status (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36), satisfaction, and physiologic test results 6 months later; and service utilization (obtained from computer records) for 1 year after initial appointment, compared by type of provider.ResultsNo significant differences were found in patients' health status (nurse practitioners vs physicians) at 6 months (P = .92). Physiologic test results for patients with diabetes (P = .82) or asthma (P = .77) were not different. For patients with hypertension, the diastolic value was statistically significantly lower for nurse practitioner patients (82 vs 85 mm Hg; P = .04). No significant differences were found in health services utilization after either 6 months or 1 year. There were no differences in satisfaction ratings following the initial appointment (P = .88 for overall satisfaction). Satisfaction ratings at 6 months differed for 1 of 4 dimensions measured (provider attributes), with physicians rated higher (4.2 vs 4.1 on a scale where 5 = excellent; P = .05).ConclusionsIn an ambulatory care situation in which patients were randomly assigned to either nurse practitioners or physicians, and where nurse practitioners had the same authority, responsibilities, productivity and administrative requirements, and patient population as primary care physicians, patients' outcomes were comparable.
Effects of variable partial premixing on turbulent jet flame structure

Abstract Characteristics of partially premixed turbulent flames are investigated using a burner design that allows for a variation in the level of premixing between fuel and air. In this study, initially nonpremixed flames with a coaxial injection of air at variable positions are considered. Velocity and mixing characteristics of coannular streams have been measured, which show a region of enhanced turbulence and mixing in the shear region, and also indicate an increased partial premixing with increasing inner tube recess ( Δx D i ). The ratio of the inner and outer jet velocities (flow rates) affects the flame characteristics, as the overall fuel-air ratio increases with an increase in the inner jet velocity. Inner jet air also assists in entrainment of surrounding air. These effects lead to a decrease in the flame height as the ratio of the inner and outer jet velocities increases. Through enhanced fuel air mixing via inner tube traverse, flame radiation decreases with increasing Δx D i ; however, a similar change in Δx D i , has a minor effect on the flame height. The lift-off height has a linear dependence on the velocity ratio ( U i U o ), while the slope becomes smaller with increasing Δx D i . Flame stability characteristics have also been obtained, which indicates that the region of stable flame operation is extended when Δx D i is increased beyond a certain limiting value. These observations suggest a method of controlling both the flame length and flame stability via variations of U i U o and Δx D i , respectively.