cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity and ecological implications of maize‐expressed transgenic endo‐1,4‐β‐D‐glucanase in agricultural soils

Plant expression of thermostable endoglucanase (E1) has been proposed for improved conversion of lignocellulose to ethanol for fuel production. Residues of E1-expressing maize may affect ecological services (e.g., C mineralization and biogeochemical cycling) on soils where they occur. Therefore, the activity of residual E1 was investigated using soils amended with bacterial and plant-solubilized E1 compared with soil endogenous activity and residual activity from a mesostable cellulase (Aspergillus and Trichoderma spp.). An optimized analytical method involving a carboxymethyl cellulose substrate and dinitrosalicylic acid detection effectively assayed endoglucanase activity in amended and unamended soils and was used for determining E1 activity in 3 representative soils. The effect of E1 on soil carbon mineralization was determined by comparing CO2 evolution from soils amended with transgenic E1-expressing and wild-type maize tissue. Extraction and recovery of the mesostable comparator, bacterial E1, and plant-soluble E1 showed nearly complete loss of exogenous endoglucanase activity within a 24-h period. Carbon mineralization indicated no significant difference between soils amended with either the transgenic E1 or wild-type maize tissue. These results indicate that maize residues expressing up to 30 µg E1/g tissue negligibly affect soil endoglucanase activity and CO2 respiration for representative soils where transgenic E1 maize may be grown. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1996–2003. © 2014 SETAC
Aldosterone induction of electrogenic sodium transport in the apical membrane vesicles of rat distal colon.

Abstract Na-H exchange is present in apical membrane vesicles (AMV) isolated from distal colon of normal rats. Because in intact tissue aldosterone both induces amiloride-sensitive electrogenic sodium transport and inhibits electroneutral sodium absorption, these studies with AMV were designed to establish the effect of aldosterone on sodium transport. An outward-directed proton gradient stimulated 22Na uptake in AMV isolated from distal colon of normal and dietary sodium depleted (with elevated aldosterone levels) experimental rats. Unlike normal AMV, proton gradient-dependent 22Na uptake in experimental AMV was inhibited when uptake was measured under voltage-clamped conditions. 10 microM amiloride inhibited the initial rate of proton gradient-dependent 22Na uptake in AMV of normal and experimental rats by 30 and 75%, respectively. In contrast, 1 mM amiloride produced comparable inhibition (90 and 80%) of 22Na uptake in normal and experimental AMV. Intravesicular-negative potential stimulated 22Na uptake in experimental but not in normal AMV. This increase was inhibited by 90% by 10 microM amiloride. An analogue of amiloride, 5-(N-ethylisopropyl) amiloride (1 microM), a potent inhibitor of electroneutral Na-H exchange in AMV of normal rat distal colon, did not alter potassium diffusion potential-dependent 22Na uptake. Increasing sodium concentration saturated proton gradient-dependent 22Na uptake in normal AMV. However, in experimental AMV, 22Na uptake stimulated by both proton gradient and potassium diffusion potential did not saturate as a function of increasing sodium concentration. We conclude from these results that an electrically sensitive conductive channel, not electroneutral Na-H exchange, mediates 22Na uptake in AMV isolated from the distal colon of aldosterone rats.
Designing Global Climate Policy: Efficient Markets vs. Political Markets

This paper addresses the choice of regulatory instrument for international control of global climate change. First, it examines the efficiency attributes of options including harmonized policy measures, international emissions taxes, and quantitative emissions reductions with internationally tradeable allowances. The paper argues that in the international context of voluntary assent, regulatory instruments not only must promote cost-effectiveness, but also must be designed to attract participation in the cooperative regime and to prevent emissions leakage. The paper suggests that a system of international allowance trading could best fulfill these objectives in concert. Second, the paper addresses the international politics of climate policy. Individual countries and interest groups may favor globally inefficient policy in order to capture parochial rents. The interests arrayed against international allowance trading may include, among others, environmentalists who favor a high-cost policy on moral or social engineering grounds, and industrialized countries who would benefit from a high-cost policy that hurts them a little while it much more substantially raises their trade rivals' costs. Thus, global climate policy may confront a coalition of environmental baptists and predatory bootleggers. Meanwhile, some developing country diplomats may oppose international allowance trading because they feel their political status at home threatened by the empowerment of markets and the growth of the merchant class. Efficient global climate policy therefore requires both the selection of an efficient regulatory instrument and the cultivation of a political coalition for efficiency.
Demethylation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and production of thiols in anoxic marine sediments.

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is a natural product of algae and aquatic plants, particularly those from saline environments. We investigated whether DMSP could serve as a precursor of thiols in anoxic coastal marine sediments. The addition of 10 or 60 μM DMSP to anoxic sediment slurries caused the concentrations of 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MPA) and methanethiol (MSH) to increase. Antibiotics prevented the appearance of these thiols, indicating biological formation. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and acrylate also accumulated after the addition of DMSP, but these compounds were rapidly metabolized by microbes and did not reach high levels. Acrylate and DMS were probably generated by the enzymatic cleavage of DMSP. MSH arose from the microbial metabolism of DMS, since the direct addition of DMS greatly increased MSH production. Additions of 3-methiolpropionate gave rise to 3-MPA at rates similar to those with DMSP, suggesting that sequential demethylation of DMSP leads to 3-MPA formation. Only small amounts of MSH were liberated from 3-methiolpropionate, indicating that demethiolation was not a major transformation for 3-methiolpropionate. We conclude that DMSP was degraded in anoxic sediments by two different pathways. One involved the well-known enzymatic cleavage to acrylate and DMS, with DMS subsequently serving as a precursor of MSH. In the other pathway, successive demethylations of the sulfur atom proceeded via 3-methiolpropionate to 3-MPA.
Why are Assumptions Important

Assumptions are the foci for any theory and thus any paradigm. It is also important that assumptions are made explicit, and that the number of assumptions is sufficient to describe the phenomenon at hand. Explication of assumptions is even more crucial in research methods used to test the theories. As Mitroff and Bonoma (Evaluation Quarterly 2(2):235–260, 1978) have eloquently put it: “the power of an experiment is only as strong as the clarity of the basic assumptions which underlie it. Such assumptions not only underlie laboratory experimentation but social evaluation research as well.” A scale of articulation of assumptions is represented: (a) Very ambiguously tacit assumptions held in divergent beliefs; (b) Tacit but more obvious assumptions-where parties more or less have shared although unexpressed perceptions or beliefs e.g., legal assumptions in litigation; (c) Informally, explicit assumptions e.g., indirectly expressed or inherent in shared stories, norms, un-codified symbols, and myths; (d) Assumptions that are made explicit. E.g. in theories and models, policies and programs, research and methodology but untested; and (e) Explicit and tested assumptions.
Electrochemical oxidation of uric acid and xanthine: An investigation by cyclic voltammetry, double potential step chronoamperometry and thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of uric acid and xanthine has been studied at various graphite electrodes and at a gold electrode by a variety of techniques including cyclic voltammetry, double potential step chronoamperometry, and thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry. It has been confirmed that the primary electrooxidation product formed from uric acid or xanthine is a diimine species. This diimine is very unstable in solution and is rapidly hydrated to an imine-alcohol in a first order reaction having an apparent rate constant of ca. 30 s−1 at pH 8.0. Both below and above pH 8.0 the rate of the latter reaction appears to increase. Although the diimine primary electrooxidation product is very unstable in homogeneous solution, having a half-life at pH 8.0 of ca. 23 ms, a voltammetric reduction peak due to reduction of the diimine may be observed on cyclic voltammetry of uric acid or xanthine at quite slow sweep rates (e.g., 200 mV s−1 at pH 8.0) at graphite electrodes provided that the electrode has a rough surface (large surface area). This is so because the diimine is strongly adsorbed at the rough electrode surface and in the adsorbed state is appreciably more stable than in solution. The imine-alcohol, formed by partial hydration of the diimine, may be observed as a further, unstable, u.v.-absorbing intermediate upon electrochemical oxidation of uric acid or xanthine at pH 7–9 by means of thin-layer spectroelectrochemical studies. The imine-alcohol is hydrated in a first order reaction to give uric acid-4,5-diol, characterized by an observed rate constant of 8×10−3 s−1 between pH7 and 9. Uric acid-4,5-diol further decomposes to allantoin and CO2 in neutral and weakly alkaline solution.
4,4′,6,6′-Tetra-Substituted Hydrazo- and Azo-1,3,5-Triazines

The syntheses of 4,4′,6,6′-tetra(amino)- (1), tetra(hydroxylamino)- (2), tetra(hydrazino)- (3), and tetra(azido)hydrazo-1,3,5-triazines (4) are described. Compound (4) was oxidized to 4,4′,6,6′-tetra(azido)azo-1,3,5-triazine (5). The thermal and sensitivity properties of (4) and (5) are reported in addition to all physical properties of new compounds
Structural and functional characterization of the unusually short long terminal repeats and their adjacent regions of a novel endogenous avian retrovirus

Abstract We have cloned the long terminal repeats and their flanking regions from four different proviruses belonging to a large, highly conserved, novel family of avian endogenous retroviruses. This family, termed the endogenous avian retrovirus (EAV) family, is distinct from the previously characterized avian endogenous and exogenous retroviruses. We have analyzed the sequences of the long terminal repeats and their adjacent noncoding viral sequences, including the gag leader region and the 3′ noncoding region, of several different members of the EAV family and have found that the regulatory region of these novel viruses contains several unique features. The LTRs of the EAV proviruses are extremely short (243 by long) but contain all of the essential regulatory features of longer avian retrovirus LTRs. The gag leader region and the 3′ noncoding region of the novel EAVs are only weakly related to those of other avian retroviruses. Northern blot hybridization analysis of RNA from Line-0 chicken embryos reveals several transcripts derived from the EAV proviruses. Primer extension analysis indicates that all transcripts initiated from 5′ proviral LTRs are initiated at the predicted +1 position within the EAV LTRs. The relative shortness, sequence divergence from other known LTRs, and the retention of the transcriptional integrity of the EAV LTRs make these LTRs an interesting model system for LTR function and for study of the potential involvement of such highly conserved retroviral elements in development.
Advanced Computational and Experimental Techniques for Nacelle Liner Performance Evaluation

The Curved Duct Test Rig (CDTR) has been developed to investigate sound propagation through a duct of size comparable to the aft bypass duct of typical aircraft engines. The axial dimension of the bypass duct is often curved and this geometric characteristic is captured in the CDTR. The semiannular bypass duct is simulated by a rectangular test section in which the height corresponds to the circumferential dimension and the width corresponds to the radial dimension. The liner samples are perforate over honeycomb core and are installed on the side walls of the test section. The top and bottom surfaces of the test section are acoustically rigid to simulate a hard wall bifurcation or pylon. A unique feature of the CDTR is the control system that generates sound incident on the liner test section in specific modes. Uniform air flow, at ambient temperature and flow speed Mach 0.275, is introduced through the duct. Experiments to investigate configuration effects such as curvature along the flow path on the acoustic performance of a sample liner are performed in the CDTR and reported in this paper. Combinations of treated and acoustically rigid side walls are investigated. The scattering of modes of the incident wave, both by the curvature and by the asymmetry of wall treatment, is demonstrated in the experimental results. The effect that mode scattering has on total acoustic effectiveness of the liner treatment is also shown. Comparisons of measured liner attenuation with numerical results predicted by an analytic model based on the parabolic approximation to the convected Helmholtz equation are reported. The spectra of attenuation produced by the analytic model are similar to experimental results for both walls treated, straight and curved flow path, with plane wave and higher order modes incident. The numerical model is used to define the optimized resistance and reactance of a liner that significantly improves liner attenuation in the frequency range 1900-2400 Hz. A liner impedance descriptor is used to determine the liner parameters that achieve the optimum impedance.
The nature of the active site of hemerythrin

Abstract The oxygen-carrying pigment, hemerythrin, contains 0.81% Fe and has 2.4 Fe atoms per O2 molecule bound. It has been demonstrated that 2 of the 2.4 iron atoms are bound directly to the protein through sulfhydryl side chains, and that these two are close neighbors. It is these two iron atoms which participate directly in holding the O2 molecule. The near-ultraviolet spectrum of oxyhemerythrin resembles closely that of methemerythrin [Fe(III)], not at all that of deoxyhemerythrin [Fe(II)]. These similarities, added to the observed valence changes in oxygenation and the positive tests for peroxide ion in oxyhemerythrin, indicate that the Fe(II) in deoxyhemerythrin is converted, reversibly, to Fe(III) during the oxygenation process.
Rh Antigen and Hapten. Nature of Antigen and Its Isolation from Erythrocyte Stroma

Summary1. It has been demonstrated that the Rh antigen is quite different in character from the A and B substances as found in stroma from human erythrocytes. The Rh factor is particularly sensitive to thermal inactivation and is destroyed by a few minutes exposure to 56°C while the A and B substances remain intact. The inactivation by heat in the presence of moisture and the absence of oxygen suggests protein denaturation as the basis for its destruction.2. Erythrocyte stroma has been fractionated into 2 parts; (1) a protein previously described and called stroma tin, and (2) a new lipoprotein which we call elinin. The Rh specificity is associated with the elinin.3. An ether-soluble fraction has been separated from elinin which is characterized by a higher content of the Rh factor and a lower content of A and B substances. The Rh substance present in the ether solution which inhibits the anti-Rh serum showed an increased thermostability.
Beiträge zur Chemie der Si‐N Bindung, XXI. [1] Über die Strukturisomerisierung N‐silylierter Cyclosilazane

When 6- and 8-membered silazane rings are silylated after previous metalation with n-butyllithium isomerizations to cyclodisilazane structures take place by ring contraction. Structures of the various isomers are assigned by 1H-nmr.- and infrared spectra. The anionic rearrangements which were studied by proton nmr. spectroscopy and vapor-phase chromatography occur with catalytic amounts of base and proceed partly to equilibria following first-order-kinetics.
Two-proton Correlation Functions for 36Ar + 45Sc at E/A=80 MeV

Impact-parameter filtered longitudinal and transverse two-proton correlation functions measured for 36Ar+ 45Sc collisions at [ital E]/[ital A]=80 MeV are compared to predictions of the BUU transport model. For a cut on large transverse energies, the overall trends of the measured correlated functions are rather well reproduced by calculations for central collisions. Systematic discrepancies become visible, however, for calculations with larger impact parameters.
Ionization and photoacuoustically mediated optogalvanic signals

Abstract We report a technique which permits distinction between conventional optogalvanic signals, ones produced by ionization rate changes, and photoacoustically mediated optogalvanic signals, ones which do not involve ionization rate changes. The effects of rf frequency changes near resonance on the temporal profiles of the optogalvanic signals produced by pulsed laser excitation of an rf neon discharge permit this distinction. The results show that many temporal profiles reported in the literature (even for laser excitation into the discharge) are dominated by the photoacoustic effect.
Microzooplankton herbivory in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Abstract Microplankton abundances and phytoplankton mortality rates were determined at six stations during four cruises spanning three seasons in the Ross Sea polynya, Antarctica (early spring, Oct.–Nov. 1996; mid-late summer, Jan.–Feb. 1997; fall, Apr. 1997; mid-late spring, Nov.–Dec. 1997). Rates of microzooplankton herbivory were measured using a modified dilution technique, as well as by examining the rate of disappearance of phytoplankton (chlorophyll) in samples incubated in the dark (i.e. grazing in the absence of phytoplankton growth). Strong seasonal cycles of phytoplankton and microzooplankton abundance were observed during the study. Microzooplankton abundance varied by more than three orders of magnitude during the four cruises, and was positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass over the entire data set. Nevertheless, microzooplankton grazing was insufficient to impact significantly phytoplankton standing stocks during most of the experiments performed in this perenially cold environment. Only thirteen out of a total of 51 experiments yielded phytoplankton mortality rates that were significantly different from zero. The highest mortality rate observed in this study (0.26 d−1) was modest compared with maximal rates that have been observed in temperate and tropical ecosystems. Results from twenty experiments examining the rate of decrease of phytoplankton biomass during incubations in the dark agreed quite well with the results of the dilution experiments performed at the same time. The range of mortality rates for the dark incubations was −0.09–0.06 d−1, and the average was essentially zero (−0.01 d−1). That is, chlorophyll concentration was virtually unchanged in samples incubated in the dark for 3 d. A number of factors appeared to contribute to the very low rates of microbial herbivory observed, including low water temperature, and the size and taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton assemblage. Based on our results we conclude that the seasonal, massive phytoplankton blooms observed in the Ross Sea are due, in part, to low rates of removal by microbial herbivores.
A modification of the Papanicolaou exfoliative cytology stain to demonstrate keratin in paraffin-block tissue sections

A method of staining for keratin by application of a modified Papanicolaou staining procedure to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues is described. The modification is achieved by increasing the staining time for the three basic Papanicolaou stains and incorporating phloxine B as an additional staining component. Since the Papanicolaou staining components are common to most histopathology laboratories and phloxine B is not a rare stain component, this procedure can be instituted with a modicum of effort. The procedure is less time consuming than the usual staining methods for demonstrating keratin and does so with a high degree of reliability.
Feasibility study of the University of Utah TRIGA reactor power upgrade part I: Neutronics-based study in respect to control rod system requirements and design

We present a summary of extensive studies in determining the highest achievable power level of the current University of Utah TRIGA core configuration in respect to control rod requirements. Although the currently licensed University of Utah TRIGA power of 100 kW provides an excellent setting for a wide range of experiments, we investigate the possibility of increasing the power with the existing fuel elements and core structure. Thus, we have developed numerical models in combination with experimental procedures so as to assess the potential maximum University of Utah TRIGA power with the currently available control rod system and have created feasibility studies for assessing new core configurations that could provide higher core power levels. For the maximum determined power of a new University of Utah TRIGA core arrangement, a new control rod system was proposed.
High permittivity patch radiator for single and multi-element hyperthermia applicators

A compact, low-profile patch radiator which is the base element for efficient, small-size applicators suitable for superficial hyperthermia is described. The design criteria and the technological processes involved are presented. The electromagnetic characteristics of the patch element are outlined, and possible application of the radiator are discussed. >
Accumulation of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone by rat alveolar macrophages in cell culture

Amiodarone is a clinically effective antiarrhythmic drug shown to cause lung damage in humans and animals. While the mechanism of this pulmonary toxicity is unknown, it may be associated with the accumulation of amiodarone and its principal metabolite, desethylamiodarone, by alveolar macrophages. In the present study, characteristics of the uptake of these drugs by rat alveolar macrophages in vitro were examined. The alveolar macrophages were collected by pulmonary lavage from male Fischer 344 rats. Amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were incubated separately (2.5 μM) with the cells in culture for 1, 2, 4 and 18 hr. High performance liquid chromatography was used to measure drug uptake. At 1 and 2 hr, the uptake of desethylamiodarone by alveolar macrophages was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of amiodarone, but over time, the accumulation of amiodarone began to approach that of desethylamiodarone and was not significantly different by 4 hr. To simulate a more physiological situation, plasma levels achieved in the adult male rat after 1 week of amiodarone treatment (150 mg/kg) were used. Amiodarone (1.95 μg/mL) and desethylamiodarone (0.80 μg/mL) were added together into the cell culture. At 1 and 18 hr, the ratio of desethylamiodarone/amiodarone uptake was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than in incubation medium containing no cells, indicating an enhanced uptake of desethylamiodarone. Metabolic inhibitors (KCN, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and ouabain) and other cationic, amphiphilic drugs (chlorcyclizine, chlorphentermine, and imipramine) were added individually to the cell cultures containing amiodarone or desethylamiodarone. During 1 hr of incubation, these agents had no effect in blocking the accumulation of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in the cells. The efflux of amiodarone or desethylamiodarone was measured from cells following incubation for 4 hr with each drug. After this time, the medium was replaced with drug-free medium, and the cells were incubated for another 24 hr. Sixty-three percent of amiodarone was lost as compared to only 31% of desethylamiodarone over the 24-hr period (P < 0.05). The results of this study are suggestive of a preferential uptake and retention of desethylamiodarone as compared to amiodarone. The accumulation of the drugs appears not to be due to active transport or associated with any carrier protein involved in the transport of other structurally-related compounds.
Design of a Covalent Peptide Heterodimer for Sequence-Specific Recognition in the Minor Groove of Double-Helical DNA

While 1:1 peptide-DNA models aided in the design of oligopeptides for recognition of long tracts of contiguous A,T base pairs of DNA, early efforts to design peptides for recognition of mixed A,T and G,C sequences met with limited success. The synthetic peptides 2-PyN and2-ImN, targeted to the 5'-TGTTA- 3' site as 1:1 complexes, were found to bind the unanticipated sequence 5'-TGTCA-3' as anti parallel side-by-side dimers in the minor groove. These and other recent 2:1 peptide-DNA complexes offer a revised model for the design of ligands for sequence-specific recognition in the minor groove of DNA. In addition to sequence-dependent minor groove width being a determinant of specificity, the 2:1 model allows specific contacts with each strand on the floor of the minor groove. Based on this new understanding, we report here a successful second generation molecule, a covalent peptide heterodimer, which specifically binds the designated sequence 5'-TGTTA-3'.
The Length of Light Quanta

AT the meeting of the American Physical Society in December last, Lawrence and Beams reported experiments showing that the length of light quanta is smaller than 3 cm. Experiments were made by me in the spring and summer of 1926 on the same subject with a similar result, though by a different method. While the experiments were begun, however, a theoretical consideration showed that a positive result would be very improbable, and so the results were not published. The reasoning was as follows:
Dopamine receptor agonists in cardiovascular medicine

The cardiovascular and renal effects of dopamine are mediated through peripheral catecholamine receptors. Knowledge of the receptor type responsible for each of the actions of dopamine leads to its rational use clinically and to understanding the hemodynamic actions of the newer dopamine receptor agonists recently introduced into clinical trials. Several of the newer agonists have profiles of receptor activities that differ from dopamine, and early clinical studies indicate that they will have different therapeutic indications and applications.
Crystallography of the compounds of californium—II crystal structure and lattice parameters of californium oxychloride and californium sesquioxide☆

Abstract Californium oxychloride has been found to exhibit the tetragonal PbFCl-type structure. X-ray diffraction data from three polycrystalline samples give the average lattice parameters a = 3·956±0·002 A and c = 6·662±0·009 A, where the error limits represent the 95 per cent confidence interval. Three samples of a low-temperature californium sesquioxide have been prepared. Two of these samples, prepared by the hydrolysis of other californium compounds, were found to exhibit the cubic, Mn 2 O 3 -type structure with the average lattice parameter a = 10·838±0·020 A. The third sample, reacted in oxygen, had the lattice parameter a = 10·809±0·003 A, where the error limits represent the 95 per cent confidence level and reflect the internal consistency of the data for that particular sample. In an earlier study [1], the lattice parameter of an air-ignited oxide sample was 10·811±0·005 A; upon treatment with H 2 (g) the lattice parameter increased by 0·49 per cent. These changes in the lattice parameter may reflect small departures from the sesquioxide stoichiometry and thus may constitute evidence for higher and/or lower oxidation states of californium.
Microsporins A and B: new histone deacetylase inhibitors from the marine-derived fungus Microsporum cf. gypseum and the solid-phase synthesis of microsporin A

Two new cyclic peptides, microsporins A and B (7 and 8), were isolated from culture extracts of the marine-derived fungus Microsporum cf. gypseum obtained from a sample of the bryozoan Bugula sp. collected in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The structures of the new compounds were determined by extensive interpretation of 2D NMR data and by chemical methods. Microsporins A and B are potent inhibitors of histone deacetylase and demonstrate cytotoxic activity against human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT-116), as well as against the National Cancer Institute 60 cancer cell panel. The total synthesis of microsporin A on solid-phase is also reported.
Maisonneuve fracture equivalent with proximal tibiofibular dislocation. A case report and literature review.

The Maisonneuve fracture was initially described in 1840 by Dr. Jacques Maisonneuve1. The initial description involved a proximal fibular fracture associated with an injury to the medial ankle structures. Lauge-Hansen then classified this fracture as a pronation-external rotation variant, with disruption of the syndesmosis2. Danis3 and Weber4 classified these injuries as type-C fractures, and the AO/ASIF Group described them as type-C3 injuries5. This pronation-external rotation mechanism involves either an avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus or disruption of the deltoid ligaments. This is followed by an external rotation force that causes disruption of the syndesmotic ligaments and the interosseous membrane. The energy pattern continues along the path of the interosseous membrane and exits in the proximal fibular region. Proximal tibiofibular dislocation initially was described by Dubreuil6 in 1844 and then by Malgaigne in 18557. Fig. 1 Stress radiograph of the left (injured) ankle, showing the medial clear space of 5.4 mm and the talocrural angle of 6.2°. We present the case of a patient who sustained a pronation-external rotation injury involving an avulsion of the medial malleolus, with disruption of the deltoid ligaments and the proximal tibiofibular joint. There was no fibular fracture, but the patient did sustain an ipsilateral tibiofibular dislocation. On the basis of our review of the literature, we do not believe that this association has been described previously. The patient was informed that data concerning this case would be submitted for publication. Aseventeen-year-old boy presented to the emergency room after a twisting injury of the left ankle. Initially, he was thought to have an ankle sprain with no evidence of fracture. The patient was managed with a splint because of severe soft-tissue swelling and was referred to the orthopaedic surgery department. Fig. 2 Stress radiograph of the right (uninjured) …
Optimal design of an uncoupled six degree of freedom dynamometer

A design analysis of a class of six degree of freedom strain-gage dynamometers which are virtually uncoupled in each force and moment component is presented. The method of design is detailed and an optimal design algorithm is implemented. The dynamometer is made of six or more T-sections with thin webs and flanges called shear panel elements (SPE). Complete stress and buckling analyses are carried out for the SPE, and experiments confirm the predictions of the analyses. The optimal design method is illustrated with several case studies. A dynamometer has been built and used in laboratory and field experiments.
Low temperature anaerobic digestion response to organic loading rate and bioaugmentation

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of organic loading rate (OLR) and Yucca schidigera extract bioaugmentation on the performance of attached‐film anaerobic digesters under low temperature conditions (10°C). The digesters were packed with layered media (polyester above limestone). Digester performance was evaluated with respect to biogas production, methane production, and methane yield based on volatile solids added. Methane yield increased as OLR was reduced, apparently because of continued digestion of solids that had accumulated at the higher OLRs. After the OLR was reduced to its lowest value (0.01 kg VS/m3.d), yield began decreasing as stable operation was approached. Bioaugmentation appeared to improve methane production in a digester operated under stress (10°C and a very low OLR of 0.01 kg VS/m3.d).
A new tool for identifying RR lyrae stars

We show that combining observations of ultraviolet source variability by the NASA Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) satellite with color selections from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is an effective tool for identifying RR Lyrae stars. The method is used here to identify 11 previously unknown RR Lyrae stars, in the absence of light curves.
Analog Data Processing Circuits for Thomson Scattering Diagnostic Systems

Simple analog data processing circuits are described which transmit serially over a single transmission line the integrated outputs of a multichannel Thomson scattering diagnostic system. The small, battery powered circuits may be mounted in the photomultiplier tube housing for maximum noise rejection.
Ferromagnetic resonance study of nanoscale ferromagnetic ring lattices

Square lattices of permalloy rings with different inner diameters (Di) were fabricated by electron beam lithography and investigated by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Results reveal that FMR spectra are sensitive to the ring dimensions. A large shift of the uniform mode from 1200 to 1800 Oe, and a dramatic decrease in its intensity are observed as Di increases from 0 to 300 nm. Other resonance peaks at fields slightly below the uniform mode greatly increase in intensity and shift to lower field with increasing Di. An isolated resonance below 200 Oe is also observed. Possible reasons for these variations are discussed.
Evolving Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.

BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections due to USA300 have become widespread in community and healthcare settings. It is unclear whether risk factors for bloodstream infections (BSIs) differ by strain type. OBJECTIVE To examine the epidemiology of S. aureus BSIs, including USA300 and non-USA300 MRSA strains. DESIGN Retrospective observational study with molecular analysis. SETTING Large urban public hospital. PATIENTS Individuals with S. aureus BSIs from January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2013. METHODS We used electronic surveillance data to identify cases of S. aureus BSI. Available MRSA isolates were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Poisson regression was used to evaluate changes in BSI incidence over time. Risk factor data were collected by medical chart review and logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis of risk factors. RESULTS A total of 1,015 cases of S. aureus BSIs were identified during the study period; 36% were due to MRSA. The incidence of hospital-onset (HO) MRSA BSIs decreased while that of community-onset (CO) MRSA BSIs remained stable. The rate of CO– and HO– methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infections both decreased over time. More than half of HO-MRSA BSIs were due to the USA300 strain type and for 4 years, the proportion of HO-MRSA BSIs due to USA300 exceeded 60%. On multivariate analysis, current or former drug use was the only epidemiologic risk factor for CO- or HO-MRSA BSIs due to USA300 strains. CONCLUSIONS USA300 MRSA is endemic in communities and hospitals and certain populations (eg, those who use illicit drugs) may benefit from enhanced prevention efforts in the community. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(12):1417–1422
Correlation of Laryngeal Chemoreflex Severity With Laryngeal Muscle Response

Objectives: To examine the relationship between the severity of the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) and the pattern of laryngeal muscle activity during an LCR-induced apnea. Methods: The laryngeal mucosa of 20 piglets aged 17 to 20 days was stimulated under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Respiration, blood pressure, and activity of the thyroarytenoid (TA) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles were monitored during the LCR-induced apnea. Results: Hypoxemia resulted in a shorter average apnea duration but a greater degree of hypotension. All piglets recovered spontaneously following normoxic LCR stimulation. Hypoxic stimulation resulted in two divergent apneic responses: transient with a spontaneous recovery (17 piglets) or profound requiring resuscitation (three piglets). An increase in TA muscle activity and a decrease in PCA muscle activity was the most common response to LCR stimulation. The response of the TA and PCA muscles was maintained in piglets destined for spontaneous recovery. Decreasing TA activity and increasing PCA activity correlated with the development of a profound response. Conclusions: The piglet demonstrates two distinct responses to hypoxic laryngeal chemostimulation that correlate with the activity of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Failure to maintain the activity of the TA and PCA muscles during a profound response is associated with the development of severe cardiovascular instability. This study suggests that the critical event involving the LCR is the development of complications secondary to hypoxia.
The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual

(1957). The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 18-31.
Model selection in multiobjective decision making for river basin planning

Abstract Appropriate model selection among three alternative multiobjective techniques is studied using an example in river basin planning. The three techniques are ELECTRE, compromise programming and multiattribute utility theory. Key questions in the selection process are concerned with the type of data required, the necessary amount of interaction between the decision maker and analyst, and the nature of the problem. Such characteristics are used as criteria to demonstrate whether or not a particular model can be successfully applied.
The morphology of the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) bursa of Fabricius: a scanning and light microscope study.

Two starlings, a male and female, were sampled from the nest in 1980 and 1981. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy revealed the bursa of Fabricius to be similar in these two nestlings. In the center of the elongated bursa is a wide central canal from which blind secondary canals branch. The luminal surface of the central canal is smooth and lacks the plicae characteristically observed in the chicken's bursa. The central and secondary canals contain a mixture of epithelial cells: mucin-producing goblet cells and epithelial cells with deeply stained granules. The former cells are present in the chicken's bursa while the latter cells are not. These epithelial cells lack the florid microvilli observed in the chicken7apos;s interfollicular epithelium. The secondary canals are lined by bursal follicles which are divided into a cortex and medulla by epithelial cells. The epithelial cells of the corticomedullary border form an arch which partly encloses lymphocytes. A row of lymphoblasts commonly line the archlike epithelial cells. Follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) appears at the apex of the bursal follicle. Unlike the chicken, one may observe tingible-body macrophages associating with the FAE. A prominent terminal web is located beneath the apical surface of the FAE.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the transcriptional regulator RfaH from Escherichia coli and its complex with ops DNA

The bacterial transcriptional factor and virulence regulator RfaH binds to rapidly moving transcription elongation complexes through specific interactions with the exposed segment of the non-template DNA strand. To elucidate this unusual mechanism of recruitment, determination of the three-dimensional structure of RfaH and its complex with DNA was initiated. To this end, the Escherichia coli rfaH gene was cloned and expressed. The purified protein was crystallized by the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion technique. The space group was P6122 or P6522, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 45.46, c = 599.93 A. A complex of RfaH and a nine-nucleotide oligodeoxyribonucleotide was crystallized by the same technique, but under different crystallization conditions, yielding crystals that belonged to space group P1 (unit-cell parameters a = 36.79, b = 44.01, c = 62.37 A, α = 80.62, β = 75.37, γ = 75.41°). Complete diffraction data sets were collected for RfaH and its complex with DNA at 2.4 and 1.6 A resolution, respectively. Crystals of selenomethionine-labeled proteins in both crystal forms were obtained by cross-microseeding using the native microcrystals. The structure determination of RfaH and its complex with DNA is in progress.
Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α signaling by anti-tumor necrosis factor α antibodies and pentoxifylline is unable to prevent fumonisin hepatotoxicity in mice

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin from Fusarium verticillioides, disrupts sphingolipid metabolism by inhibiting ceramide synthase leading to modulation of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. Current study investigated the effect of interrupting TNFα signaling, known to be involved in FB1 hepatotoxicity. Male C57BL/6N mice were injected intravenously once with anti-TNFα antibodies or treated with pentoxifylline at 150 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice a day for 5 days to inhibit TNFα production before and during subcutaneous injection of 2.25 mg FB1/kg daily for 5 days; mice were sampled one day after the last treatment. Results showed that both anti-TNFα antibodies and pentoxifylline did not prevent FB1 hepatotoxicity; the latter was somewhat augmented, indicated by increases in circulating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and incidence of apoptotic hepatocytes. Anti-TNFα antibodies did not alter FB1-induced accumulation of free sphingoid bases or expression of TNFα in liver following the FB1 treatment. Pentoxifylline significantly reduced accumulation of free sphinganine and expression of TNFα. Neither anti-TNFα antibodies nor pentoxifylline altered FB1-induced expression of interleukin-12, interferonγ, lymphotoxinβ, and c-myc. Expression of c-myc, an inducer of cell death, increased after interference with TNFα signaling. These findings suggest a dual role of TNFα signaling activation in FB1 hepatotoxicity.
A Juxtamembrane Tyrosine in the Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Regulates Ligand-induced Src Association, Receptor Kinase Function, and Down-regulation

Recent literature implicates a regulatory function of the juxtamembrane domain (JMD) in receptor tyrosine kinases. Mutations in the JMD of c-Kit and Flt3 are associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and acute myeloid leukemias, respectively. Additionally, autophosphorylated Tyr559 in the JMD of the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor (CSF-1R) binds to Src family kinases (SFKs). To investigate SFK function in CSF-1 signaling we established stable 32D myeloid cell lines expressing CSF-1Rs with mutated SFK binding sites (Tyr559-TFI). Whereas binding to I562S was not significantly perturbed, Y559F and Y559D exhibited markedly decreased CSF-1-dependent SFK association. All JMD mutants retained intrinsic kinase activity, but Y559F, and less so Y559D, showed dramatically reduced CSF-1-induced autophosphorylation. CSF-1-mediated wild-type (WT)-CSF-1R phosphorylation was not markedly affected by SFK inhibition, indicating that lack of SFK binding is not responsible for diminished Y559F phosphorylation. Unexpectedly, cells expressing Y559F were hyperproliferative in response to CSF-1. Hyperproliferation correlated with prolonged activation of Akt, ERK, and Stat5 in the Y559F mutant. Consistent with a defect in receptor negative regulation, c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation and CSF-1R/c-Cbl co-association were almost undetectable in the Y559F mutant. Furthermore, Y559F underwent reduced multiubiquitination and delayed receptor internalization and degradation. In conclusion, we propose that Tyr559 is a switch residue that functions in kinase regulation, signal transduction and, indirectly, receptor down-regulation. These findings may have implications for the oncogenic conversion of c-Kit and Flt3 with JMD mutations.
The effect of increasing hydrophobicity on the self-assembly of amphipathic β-sheet peptides

Peptide self-assembly processes are central to the etiology of amyloid diseases. Much effort has been devoted to characterizing amyloid structure and the mechanisms of peptide self-assembly leading to amyloid. It has been proposed that aromatic side-chain interactions play a central role in early self-assembly recognition events, but this contention remains somewhat controversial. Recent studies have indicated that in some amyloid peptides, aromatic residues can be exchanged for other hydrophobic residues and these nonaromatic variant peptides still retain competency to form amyloid, although with attenuated kinetics. In an effort to understand the relative contributions of aromatic versus generic hydrophobic interactions, studies to quantify the self-assembly properties of amyloid peptides as a function of increasing hydrophobicity and altered aromatic character have been undertaken. In the present study, the amphipathic (FKFE)(2) peptide has been chosen as a model system. The aromatic phenylalanine residues have been globally replaced with nonaromatic natural residues with lower hydrophobicity (alanine, valine, and leucine) and a nonnatural residue with greater hydrophobicity (cyclohexylalanine). The self-assembly properties of these peptides have been characterized by secondary structure analysis and microscopic analysis of the resulting aggregate structures. These studies confirm that aromatic interactions are not strictly required for amyloid formation and that the nonaromatic, but highly hydrophobic, cyclohexylalanine appears to have unique self-assembly characteristics and enhanced hydrogelation properties. The aromatic phenylalanine-containing peptide displays intriguing solvent- and concentration-dependent polymorphism, suggesting that aromatic interactions, while not essential for self-assembly, may give rise to unique structural features.
Effect of denervation on the endogenous phosphorylating activity in the cytosol of rat skeletal muscle

Abstract An endogenous phosphorylating activity is demonstrated in the cytosol from soleus muscle of the rat which is markedly stimulated after severing the motor nerve fibers to this muscle. The [γ-32P]ATP phosphotransferase reaction is heat-labile, dependent upon Mg2+ but not Ca2+ or cyclic GMP, inhibited by a cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase inhibitor, and directly related to the amount of cytosolic protein which provides the endogenous source of both the protein kinase enzyme, ATP, cyclic AMP and phosphorylatable protein substrate. The time-course of the delayed transitory stimulation of the cytosolic phosphorylating activity of the denervated soleus may involve neurotropic factors.
IT-driven identity work: Creating a group identity in a digital environment

While organizational scholars are increasingly interested in issues of identity, identity work, and identification, in-depth empirical studies analyzing the process of identity creation have lagged behind, particularly when such process is triggered by the digitization of a work environment. In this longitudinal case study, we take a social constructionist perspective to investigate the identity creation process of a group of librarians in charge of a new information commons library. We call attention to the dialectic forces underlying this process, emphasizing how the librarians' image, as reflected by the patrons, led the librarians to try multiple provisional identities, which were supported by liminal actions reminiscent of either ''who they were'' and/or ''who they could be.'' We also consider how technology was appropriated throughout this dynamic and suggest a technology identification process model that parallels the group identity creation process.