cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rural Intelligent Transportation System for Snow Avalanche Detection and Warning

The growth of winter travel on alpine roads in the western United States, a result of the demand for reliable winter access, has increased the hazard to motorists and highway maintenance personnel from snow avalanches. Configurations are presented for systems that can detect and provide, in real time, warnings to motorists and highway maintainers of roadway avalanches. These warnings include on-site traffic control signing, in-vehicle audio alarms for winter maintenance vehicles, and notifying maintenance facilities or centralized agency dispatchers. These avalanche detection and warning systems can detect an existing avalanche and use the avalanche's remaining time of descent to initiate on-site alarms. Alternatively, real-time knowledge and notification of the onset of avalanching may be used to proactively manage the evolving hazard over an affected length or corridor of highway. These corridors can be several tens of kilometers in length and may be very remote, low-volume rural highways. As a conseque...
Design and Fabrication of Low-Loss Toroidal Air-Core Inductors

The design and fabrication of high-Q air-core toroidal inductors are described. Designs are optimized for maximum Q for a given size and inductance, independent any particular fabrication process. A fabrication process using a combination of thin-film processes and conventional machining has been used to make prototypes. Measurements performed on the first prototypes confirm the predicted Q of 115 at 50 MHz.
A dynamic multicast tree based routing scheme without replication in delay tolerant networks

Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) are a special type of wireless mobile networks which may lack continuous network connectivity. Multicast is an important routing function that supports the distribution of data to a group of users: a service needed for many potential DTN applications. While multicasting in the Internet and in mobile ad hoc networks has been studied extensively, efficient multicasting in DTNs is a considerably different and challenging problem due to the probabilistic nature of contact among nodes. This paper aims to provide a non-replication multicasting scheme in DTNs while keeping the number of forwardings low. The address of each destination is not replicated, but is assigned to a particular node based on its contact rate level and active level. Our scheme is based on a dynamic multicast tree where each leaf node corresponds to a destination. Each tree branch is generated at a contact based on the compare-split rule proposed in this paper. The compare part determines when a new search branch is needed, and the split part decides how the destination set should be partitioned. When only one destination is left in the destination set, we use either wait (no further relay) or focus (with further relay) to reach the final destination. The effectiveness of our approach is verified through extensive simulations. Ratio-based-split performs best in the compare-split step, both in synthetic and real traces. Using the wait scheme can reduce the number of forwardings, while using the focus scheme can reduce the latency.
Mercury in coniferous and deciduous upland forests in northern New England, USA: implications of climate change

Abstract. Climatic changes in the northeastern US are expected to cause coniferous stands to transition to deciduous stands over the next hundred years. Mercury (Hg) sequestration in forest soils may change as a result. In order to understand potential effects of such a transition, we studied aboveground vegetation and soils at paired coniferous and deciduous stands on eight mountains in Vermont and New Hampshire, USA. Organic horizons at coniferous stands accumulated more total Hg (THg; 42 ± 6 g ha−1) than deciduous stands (30 ± 4 g ha−1). Total Hg pools in the mineral horizons were similar for coniferous (46 ± 8 g ha−1) and deciduous stands (45 ± 7 g ha−1). Soil properties (C, % clay, and pH) explained 56 % of the variation in mineral soil Hg concentration when multiply regressed. Foliar and bole wood Hg concentrations were generally greater for coniferous species than deciduous species. Using allometric equations, we estimated that aboveground accumulation of Hg in foliage and woody biomass was similar between vegetation types but that coniferous stands have significantly smaller annual litterfall fluxes (0.03 g ha−1 yr−1) than deciduous stands (0.24 g ha−1 yr−1). We conclude that organic horizon Hg accumulation is influenced by vegetation type but mineral horizon Hg accumulation is primarily controlled by soil properties. Further investigations into the effect of vegetation type on volatilization, atmospheric deposition, and leaching rates are needed to constrain regional Hg cycling rates.
Mechanobiology: a new frontier for human pluripotent stem cells

Research on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has expanded rapidly over the last two decades, owing to the promises of hPSCs for applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and developmental biology studies. While most studies of hPSCs have so far focused on identifying extrinsic soluble factors, intracellular signaling pathways, and transcriptional networks that are involved in regulating hPSC self-renewal and differentiation, a few promising studies have emerged in recent years to reveal some unique mechano-sensitive and -responsive properties of hPSCs and the effect of the physical aspects of the local cellular microenvironment on regulating hPSC behaviors. This Frontier Review is to highlight these recent studies of mechanobiology in hPSCs and to discuss the impact of advancing our understanding of mechanoregulation of hPSC behaviors on improving survival, self-renewal and differentiation of hPSCs using well-controlled synthetic micro/nanoscale cell culture tools.
Response velocity, range of movement, and timing accuracy.

Strmmary.-This study examined the relationship between variation in response velocity, range of motion, and temporal accuracy for 25 subjects executing stroking movements aimed to terminate coincidently with a moving stimulus arriving at a target. Analysis indicated that temporal accuracy improved with increasing velocity and decreasing range of movement. Although it is commonly observed that individuals can trade off speed for spatial accuracy and spatial accuracy for speed in performing various motor skds (I), increasing movement speed concomitantly tends to decrease temporal error (2). Previous research examining temporal accuracy used (a) controlled response velocities with a constant velocity stimulus (31, (b) uncontrolled response velocities with varying stimulus velocities (5), and (c) controlled response speeds and durations without visual target stimuli (2). From a practical point of view individuals in sports such as tennis must respond to objects that vary in velocity by selecting an appropriate stroking speed which allows the racket head to be coincident with a ball arriving at a specific location at a specific time. Consequently, the present study manipulated velocity of response and range of movement to examine those conditions associated with the least temporal error in being coincident with moving stimuli, varying in velocity, arriving at a target point. Method.-Twenty-five subjects were randomly placed into one of four groups prior to their first visit to the laboratory. GMAX was designated as a group who would subsequently be asked to execute a forehead stroke at * 8% of the maximum stroking velocity for specified ranges of motion. Groups G20 and G40 were, respectively, designated to execute strokes at i 8% of velocitles whch were 20% and 40% less than their maximum stroking velocity. GSS was identified as a group who self-selected the speed with which they executed forehands, i.e., no velocity
Disabling arthritis at the base of the thumb: treatment by resection of the trapezium and flexible (silicone) implant arthroplasty.

Arthritic involvement of the joints at the base of the thumb can seriously interfere with normal function of the hand. This disability may result from osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis. The severity of the symptoms and deformity depend on the severity of the destructive changes which occur at the basal thumb joints and the resulting imbalance of forces on the distal thumb joints. The swan-neck deformity seen in rheumatoid thumbs and in severe osteoarthritic thumbs is caused by arthritic changes of the basal joints. [See figure in the PDF file]. A study of the roentgenograms of the patients selected for reconstructive surgery of the thumb demonstrated that the arthritic changes most frequently occur at the trapeziometacarpal joint, but that the trapezioscaphoid, trapeziotrapezoid, and the trapezio-second metacarpal joints are also involved in a significant number of cases. The trapezium was at the center of the arthritic process in all cases of osteoarthritis and of traumatic arthritis. Rheumatoid patients may have a similar localized involvement of the basal thumb joints. They also may have severe absorptive changes of the trapezium and base of the metacarpal which produces a result not unlike a resection arthroplasty. If the joint is reasonably stable, mobile and pain-free, no surgery is indicated. A new method of trapezium resection and implant arthroplasty for the treatment of disabilities at the base of the thumb is described. Total resection of the affected trapezium and replacement with a heat-molded, intramedullary-stemmed silicone rubber implant has been used successfully in my clinic for the last five and one-half years. It has restored a stable, mobile, pain-free and powerful thumb. With a mobile joint at the base of the thumb, a severe collapse deformity can be treated by fusion of the distal joints, if need be, without producing a rigid thumb. The indications and surgical techniques are discussed as well as the treatment of the associated collapse deformities of the thumb and the technical pitfalls that must be avoided. The results obtained in forty-six thumbs operated on during the past five and one-half years are presented. The trapezium resection implant arthroplasty is a reliable method of treatment for disabling arthritis at the base of the thumb if certain simple points of technique are followed.
Epigenetics and Assisted Reproductive Technology

With increasing use of assisted reproductive technology (ART), ­concern has arisen over possible risks and long-term health implications of ART. Studies in animals have revealed epigenetic alterations associated with ART, including altered DNA methylation after embryo manipulation, ovarian stimulation, and in vitro embryo culture. Of concern, studies in humans have suggested an increased prevalence of imprinting disorders in children born after ART, particularly Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS). Moreover, children conceived using ART and affected by BWS or AS are more likely to have ­methylation abnormalities as the underlying molecular cause of the syndrome compared with affected offspring born after natural conception. Fortunately, both BWS and AS are very uncommon and the absolute risk remains low. Large prospective cohort studies of children conceived using ART are needed to better delineate long-term effects of potential epigenetic alterations possibly associated with ART.
Hitachi Global Storage Technologies: Competing on Time

This case discusses a firm’s challenge of establishing an integrated business analysis process and a policy for new product introduction decisions, such as the time-to-market decision and post-introduction operational decisions. Such decisions are based on various factors and information is often dispersed across multiple functional areas (such as Marketing, Manufacturing, and R&D) within an organization. The timing decision depends on various factors such as investing more time and resources in product and process design and improvement or push the product to market before competitors. Market-timing decisions are even more challenging when product life cycles are shortened and firms are pressured to release new products more frequently. What has been the optimal timing for a new product may not be the best timing for the next new product. The case illustrates challenges involved in a cross-functional and collaborative approach to develop and introduce a new product to the market.
An approach to the fairy tale card game: a rotating sets competitive knapsack problem with strongly stochastic rewards and item availability

We have analyzed a four-player card game called Fairy Tale. We created an implementation of the Fairy Tale game and several algorithms for playing the game. Comparisons among our algorithms have yielded interesting insights. For example, in some cases a player's particular algorithm choice is less important than simply having an algorithm that is different from the algorithms the other players are using. In the game, drafting a card means selecting a card so that no one else can use it. Players receive sets of cards from the deck and draft a card from each set. Each card's value is determined by a function of which other cards have been selected. Although one may expect that some cards are inherently more valuable than other cards, particularly at the beginning of the game, we have demonstrated that any algorithm for the Fairy Tale game that bases its first draft decision on a static ranking of which cards to draft will not be optimal. The Fairy Tale game that we have analyzed can be characterized as a competitive knapsack problem with 100% turnover in item availability between selections and reward functions where the value of each item is based on the set of items in the knapsack.
Matched Field 3-D Tomographic Inversion

Matched Field Processing (MFP) is a full field signal processing technique that has enjoyed much recent success in applications to Acoustical Oceanography, mainly as a consequence of the high accuracy currently achievable in the propagation modeling of the phases and amplitudes of ocean acoustic fields. MFP is a generalization of plane wave beamforming and accounts for the non-planar, multipath character of the acoustic fields. The MFP technique compares array measurements of relative signal phases and amplitudes along the array to model predictions. It has been used primarily to solve the inverse source problem, i.e., to determine the unknown range, depth, and bearing of acoustic sources in a known ocean environment. However, the MFP approach has also been more recently applied to the environmental inverse problem, i.e., to determine the characteristics of an unknown ocean environment. The MFP tomographic technique is designed to use simple shot sources (either air or ship deployed) and either multiple vertical arrays, a single vertical array re-deployed several times (under slowly changing conditions), or horizontal arrays of sonobuoys. This paper will discuss such work with: (1) simulated data to determine (a) deep ocean sound-speed profiles for the Chiu ocean and (b) shallow water bottom parameters, e.g., sediment sound-speeds, densities, and layer thicknesses; (2) recent experimental data (collected on a a single vertical array deployed once) to determine average shallow water bottom properties in a region of the Mediterranean Sea.
Unmanned? Gender Recalibrations and the Rise of Drone Warfare

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—drones—are increasingly prominent in U.S. military strategy (Shaw and Akhter 2012). The U.S. Air Force (USAF) trains more UAV pilots than fighter and bomber pilots combined (Parsons 2012). A 2011 Defense Department analysis predicted “a force made up almost entirely of [UAVs] by the middle of this century” (U.S. Department of Defense 2011). Some argue that drones and other robotics so alter the character and conduct of military operations as to constitute a revolution in military affairs (RMA) (Singer 2009).
Uptake and partitioning of simulated atmospheric N inputs in populus tremuloides - Pinus strobus forest mesocosms

Canopies of forest ecosystems frequently intercept and retain >50% of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. Atmospheric N reaching the forest floor often is retained in litter and soil pools, but if atmospheric N retained by the canopy is assimilated through foliar uptake, then N inputs may have greater effects on tree N requirements and growth than suggested by N additions to forest floors alone. To quantify foliar and root uptake of N deposition by trees and to determine patterns of within-tree N allocation, we performed a tightly controlled 15N tracer experiment using constructed, seminatural forest mesocosms. Mesocosms contained seedling trees, which assimilated modest amounts of the aqueous 15NH4Cl applied to their canopies and surrounding soils (10% and 14%, respectively). The seedlings allocated most of the 15N that they took up to leaf biomass (40%–50%), regardless of uptake pathway. Soil pools retained >80% of the 15N applied to mesocosm forest floors, with soil organic matter concentration explai...
From a Letter to President William Jewett Tucker

Presents the text of a letter given by Edward Tuck to President William Jewett Tucker of The Amos Tuck School at Darmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, about the school.
A Simplification of Certain Problems in Arithmetical Division

(1928). A Simplification of Certain Problems in Arithmetical Division. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 9-14.
ULTIMATE RESISTANCE OF VERTICAL PLATE ANCHORS IN CLAY

Laboratory model test results for the ultimate pullout resistance of vertical square anchors embedded in saturated or near saturated clay have been presented. The undrained shear strength of the clay and the embedment ratio of the anchors have been varied. Based on the model test results, an empirical parametric relationship for estimation of the ultimate pullout resistance of shallow and deep square anchors has been presented.
Categorization of Six Wheat Plant Introduction Lines for Resistance to the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine categories of resistance of 6 wheat, Triticum aestivum L., plant introduction (PI) lines (PI 47545, PI 94355, PI 94365, PI 151918, PI 225245, and PI 225262) identified previously as resistant to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). A susceptible wheat standard, ‘Stephens’, and a resistant oat, Avena sativa L., standard, ‘Border’, were used for comparisons. PI 225245 displayed the highest resistance level to D. noxia of the 6 plant introduction lines and exhibited antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance to D. noxia . This was the only plant introduction line that was preferred less than the susceptible wheat standard. All 6 plant introduction lines displayed low levels of antibiosis (reduced daily nymphal production) even though aphids had longer nymphipositional periods and lived longer than on Stephens wheat. The 6 plant introduction lines also showed low to moderate levels of tolerance based on the percent reduction of dry weight after infestation with D. noxia .
Children and young adults who received tracheostomies or were initiated on long-term ventilation in PICUs

Author(s): Edwards, Jeffrey D; Houtrow, Amy J; Lucas, Adam R; Miller, Rachel L; Keens, Thomas G; Panitch, Howard B; Dudley, R Adams | Abstract: ObjectivesTo characterize patients who received tracheostomies for airway compromise or were initiated on long-term ventilation for chronic respiratory failure in PICUs and to examine variation in the incidence of initiation, patient characteristics, and modalities across sites.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional analysis.SettingsSeventy-three North American PICUs that participated in the Virtual Pediatric Systems, LLC.PatientsPICU patients admitted between 2009 and 2011.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsAmong 115,437 PICU patients, 1.8% received a tracheostomy or were initiated on long-term ventilation; 1,034 received a tracheostomy only, 717 were initiated on invasive ventilation, and 381 were initiated on noninvasive ventilation. Ninety percent had substantial chronic conditions and comorbidities, including more than 50% with moderate or worse cerebral disability upon discharge. Seven percent were initiated after a catastrophic injury/event. Across sites, there was variation in incidence of tracheotomy and initiation of long-term ventilation, ranging from 0% to 4.6%. There also was variation in patient characteristics, time to tracheotomy, number of extubations prior to tracheostomy, and the use of invasive ventilation versus noninvasive ventilation.ConclusionsAlthough the PICU incidence of initiation of tracheostomies and long-term ventilation was relatively uncommon, it suggests that thousands of children and young adults receive these interventions each year in North American PICUs. The majority of them have conditions and comorbidities that impose on-going care needs, beyond those required by artificial airways and long-term ventilation themselves.
The “gatekeepers” – curators

The group of curators consists of museum directors or head curators and of curators of Israeli art. Museum directors or head curators are appointed by boards of directors consisting of different public figures with the participation of Ministry of Education officials and representatives of Municipal Cultural Departments. It is museum directors and head curators who appoint curators of Israeli art, though, this is also done with the approval of boards of directors. The group includes people who began their career with an occasional appointment in a museum (usually a clerical position) in the period when the first museums in Israel appeared, and advanced to important positions in them, as well as relatively young people. These were appointed to their positions directly, as a result of an announced vacancy, or were personally invited by boards of directors or directors themselves; they filled these positions since the 1970s, when the founding curators had to retire and more general offices were split. The members of the former group in most cases either lack formal education altogether or have some education which is not related to the field of their activity; the latter are graduates of Art History or Museology departments in Israel and abroad, who have some experience as art critics, or as museum curators outside Israel. In any case, the two groups ascended to their positions of influence simultaneously with the rise of Conceptualism.
Part I: Ancestral Inference in Population Genetics

1 Introduction 1.1 Genealogical processes 1.2 Organization of the notes 1.3 Acknowledgements 2 The Wright-Fisher model 2.1 Random drift 2.2 The genealogy of the Wright-Fisher model 2.3 Properties of the ancestral process 2.4 Variable population size 3 The Ewens Sampling Formula 3.1 The effects of mutation 3.2 Estimating the mutation rate 3.3 Allozyme frequency data 3.4 Simulating an infinitely-many alleles sample 3.5 A recursion for the ESF 3.6 The number of alleles in a sample 3.7 Estimating \(\theta \) 3.8 Testing for selective neutrality 4 The Coalescent 4.1 Who is related to whom? 4.2 Genealogical trees 4.3 Robustness in the coalescent 4.4 Generalizations 4.5 Coalescent reviews 5 The Infinitely-many-sites Model 5.1 Measures of diversity in a sample 5.2 Pairwise difference curves 5.3 The number of segregating sites 5.4 The infinitely-many-sites model and the coalescent 5.5 The tree structure of the infinitely-many-sites model 5.6 Rooted genealogical trees 5.7 Rooted genealogical tree probabilities 5.8 Unrooted genealogical trees 5.9 Unrooted genealogical tree probabilities 5.10 A numerical example 5.11 Maximum likelihood estimation 6 Estimation in the Infinitely-many-sites Model 6.1 Computing likelihoods 6.2 Simulating likelihood surfaces 6.3 Combining likelihoods 6.4 Unrooted tree probabilities 6.5 Methods for variable population size models 6.6 More on simulating mutation models 6.7 Importance sampling 6.8 Choosing the weights 7 Ancestral Inference in the Infinitely-many-sites Model 7.1 Samples of size two 7.2 No variability observed in the sample 7.3 The rejection method 7.4 Conditioning on the number of segregating sites 7.5 An importance sampling method 7.6 Modeling uncertainty in N and \(\mu \) 7.7 Varying mutation rates 7.8 The time to the MRCA of a population given data from a sample 7.9 Using the full data 8 The Age of a Unique Event Polymorphism 8.1 UEP trees 8.2 The distribution of \(T_\Delta \) 8.3 The case \(\mu = 0\) 8.4 Simulating the age of an allele 8.5 Using intra-allelic variability 9 Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods 9.1 K-Allele models 9.2 A biomolecular sequence model 9.3 A recursion for sampling probabilities 9.4 Computing probabilities on trees 9.5 The MCMC approach 9.6 Some alternative updating methods 9.7 Variable population size 9.8 A Nuu Chah Nulth data set 9.9 The age of a UEP 9.10 A Yakima data set 10 Recombination 10.1 The two locus model 10.2 The correlation between tree lengths 10.3 The continuous recombination model 10.4 Mutation in the ARG 10.5 Simulating samples 10.6 Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype sharing 11 ABC: Approximate Bayesian Computation 11.1 Rejection methods 11.2 Inference in the fossil record 11.3 Using summary statistics 11.4 MCMC methods 11.5 The genealogy of a branching process 12 Afterwords 12.1 The effects of selection 12.2 The combinatorics connection 12.3 Bugs and features References
Epstein-Barr Virus

In 1964, three researchers, Michael Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong, and Yvonne Barr, published in The Lancet their discovery of what would later be known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (1). Before this breakthrough, Epstein had been studying chicken tumor viruses at the Middlesex Hospital in London. In 1961, Epstein attended a lecture by Denis P. Burkitt, a British surgeon who had been stationed in Uganda, in which he detailed the relationship between Burkitt lymphoma and the geographical patterns of temperature, rainfall, and altitude (2). Suspicious of a viral etiology, Epstein spent the next few years attempting to isolate viral material from lymphoma biopsy samples taken from tumors of Ugandan children sent weekly by Burkitt to London. Despite a switch to tissue culture and assistance from Yvonne Barr and Bert Achong, isolation of a virus was unsuccessful. On December 5, 1963, the sample sent by Burkitt was delayed due to inclement weather, which fortuitously resulted in viable, free-floating, lymphoma cells that astonishingly grew in culture and demonstrated viral particles by electron microscopy (1). Though this initial finding was met with skepticism, mounting evidence over the following decades eventually resulted in the acceptance of EBV as the cause of Burkitt lymphoma, and the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research and Cancer declared EBV as a group 1 carcinogen in the 1990s (2). Approximately 90% of people worldwide are carriers of latent EBV, and it is estimated that the virus causes more than 200,000 cancers each year, primarily B-cell neoplasms, which account for 1.5% of all cancers (2). There are two types of EBV, EBV-1 (A type) and EBV-2 (B type), that are distinguished by differences found primarily in their latent genes. EBV in America and Europe are much more likely to be EBV-1, whereas EBV found in Africa may be EBV-1 or EBV-2.
Abstract 74: Endothelial PPARγ Protects Against Vascular Thrombosis by Downregulating P-Selectin-Mediated Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions

Background and Hypothesis: Tissue-specific effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) on vascular thrombosis are not well understood. Using a novel murine model of selective interference with endothelial PPARγ, we tested the hypothesis that endothelial PPARγ protects against vascular thrombosis. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative PPARγ mutant (E-V290M) selectively in endothelium were compared with non-transgenic (non-Tg) littermates. Susceptibility to occlusive thrombosis of the carotid artery was assessed following chemical (7% FeCl3) or photochemical (rose bengal and green laser) injury. Leukocyte rolling on mesenteric venules was measured by intravital microscopy. P-selectin mRNA levels were assayed by real-time PCR and P-selectin protein levels were measured by ELISA and flow cytometry. To assess the role of P-selectin and leukocytes in thrombosis, P-selectin blocking antibodies or leukocyte-depleting antibodies were infused before carotid artery injury. Results: The time to occlusion of the carotid artery was significantly shortened in E-V290M mice compared with non-Tg mice after either chemical (5.1±0.2 vs. 10.1±3.3 vs. minutes; P=0.01) or photochemical injury (48±9 vs. 74±9 minutes; P=0.04). Both plasma P-selectin levels and P-selection mRNA levels in the carotid artery were significantly higher in E-V290M mice than in non-Tg mice (P Conclusions: We conclude that endothelial PPARγ protects from thrombosis through a mechanism that involves downregulation of NF-kB-mediated P-selectin expression and leukocyte-endothelial interactions.
MLL-Rearranged Leukemias—An Update on Science and Clinical Approaches

The Mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) gene (now renamed Lysine [K]-specific MethylTransferase 2A or KMT2A) on chromosome 11q23 is disrupted in a unique group of acute leukemias. More than 80 different partner genes in these fusions have been described, although the vast majority of leukemias result from MLL1 fusions with one of about six common partner genes. Approximately 10% of all leukemias harbor MLL1 translocations. Of these, two patient populations comprise the majority of cases: patients younger than one year of age at diagnosis (primarily acute lymphoblastic leukemias), and young- to-middle-aged adults (primarily acute myeloid leukemias). A much rarer subgroup of patients with MLL1 rearrangements develop leukemia that is attributable to prior treatment with certain chemotherapeutic agents – so-called “therapy related leukemias”. In general, outcomes for all of these patients remain poor when compared to patients with non-MLL1 rearranged leukemias. In this review we will discuss the normal biological roles of MLL1 and its fusion partners, how these roles are hypothesized to be dysregulated in the context of MLL1 rearrangements, and the clinical manifestations of this group of leukemias. We will go on to discuss the progress in clinical management and promising new avenues of research which may lead to more effective targeted therapies for affected patients.
Closed Reduction Conversion of a Dual Mobility Dislocation to an Intraprosthetic Dislocation

Building on a paucity of prior reported cases, we report on a patient with an off-label dual mobility liner, who sustained a dislocation. Following closed reduction in the emergency room, catching/grinding was felt, and imaging confirmed an intraprosthetic dislocation (IPD). This required revision hip arthroplasty. Dual mobility dislocations have the unique risk of conversion to IPDs during closed reduction attempts. There should be a low threshold to perform closed reductions in the operating room (OR) setting by an orthopaedic surgeon under full relaxation/sedation to optimize success and reduce the risk of creating an IPD.
Do psychosocial interventions improve rehabilitation outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? A systematic review.

Objective:To examine the role of psychosocial interventions in improving patient-reported clinical outcomes, including return to sport/activity, and intermediary psychosocial factors after anterior...
Specialists/primary care professionals: Striking a balance

Even before the recent movement toward managed care, there was mounting evidence of excessive numbers of many medical and surgical specialists. Generalist physicians are now in short supply, as are nonphysician providers. The ideal correction for the current problems of specialty surplus and total physician excess would be based on economics or the marketplace. However, a rapid correction is unlikely in a voluntary system. A national commission has been suggested by several bodies. This commission could make recommendations for the total number of training positions and, subsequently, the subspecialty trainees needed. Implementation of the recommendations could be through large multistate regional consortia.
Serious gaming for participatory planning of multi-hazard mitigation

Collaborative, holistic, and proactive planning for basin-wide water management solutions addressing multiple water-related hazards is challenging. Shared vision planning (SVP) and decision support...
Research on meteorological impact factors of wind farm output power in plateau mountainous areas

It is discussed the characteristics of wind resource, and is forced on researching the meteorological impact factors of wind farm output power in plateau mountain areas and in different terrain conditions. The thesis analyzes the influences of wind farm output power caused by meteorological impact factors in wind farm areas with the typical characteristics of plateau mountain areas. Finally, It is pointed out that the set of wind speed and wind direction is the minimum meteorological impact factor set of wind farm output power in plateau mountain areas.
The Motivations Behind Banking Reform

In the past few decades, most state legislatures fundamentally reformed and deregulated the banking industry by adopting new laws on branching and other banking activities. Because those efforts took place on a state-by-state basis, the reforms offer a rich laboratory in which to investigate what drives deregulation. Did banking deregulation happen first in states in which people would most benefit from reform, or in states in which well-organized political groups had the most to gain from deregulation? The author's analysis of branching deregulation suggests the latter explanation, known as the private interest theory of government action, best accounts for the pattern of banking reform that unfolded in the last 30 years.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Changes after 48 Hours of Effective Therapy for Hemophilus Influenzae Type B Meningiti

Interval cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is often performed to assess efficacy of treatment for bacterial meningitis. The authors reviewed 101 cases of pediatric bacterial meningitis resulting from Hemophilus influenzae type b in which analysis of CSF occurred on admission and between 48 and 72 hours after initiation of parenteral antibiotic therapy; of these, only one patient had a positive repeat CSF culture. Of the 100 cases with sterile CSF on repeat culture, there was no instance of recrudescence of infection during hospitalization. The following characterized the interval changes in CSF profile of this group: 100 (100%) with persistence of pleocytosis; 14 (14%) with differential cell count conversion from polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte (PMN) predominance to relative lymphocytosis; 96 of 98 (98%) with initial positive Gram-stained smear with negative results for organisms; 53 of 75 (71%) with normalization of initial hypoglycorrhachia; and 10 of 94 (11%) with normalization of initial abnormally elevated protein levels. The differences in mean values of CSF total white blood cell counts, percentage PMNs, and glucose and protein concentrations on presentation and between 48-72 hours of therapy were highly significant (P less than 0.0001). After 48 hours of effective antibiotic therapy for H. influenzae type b meningitis, CSF pleocytosis and abnormally elevated protein concentration are usually preserved, whereas hypoglycorrhachia usually resolves; it is not uncommon for the differential cell count to convert from a PMN predominance to a relative lymphocytosis. Significant alteration in all CSF parameters associated with H. influenzae type b meningitis can occur after 48 hours of effective parenteral antibiotic therapy.
The Bulbocavernosus Reflex in Urology: A Prospective Study of 299 Patients

AbstractBulbocavernosus reflex was evaluated clinically in 299 patients during a routine urodynamic evaluation and compared to the electromyographic demonstration of the reflex. The findings were correlated with the neurologic status of the patients. There were 127 patients who were normal neurologically, and 98 per cent of the male and 81 per cent of the female patients in this group had a normal bulbocavernosus reflex clinically. All of the male and 92 per cent of the female patients had a bulbocavernosus reflex demonstrated by electromyography. There were 73 patients with neurologic lesions involving the sacral spinal cord. All patients with a complete lesion had absent bulbocavernosus reflexes clinically and on electromyography, while 44 per cent of the patients with incomplete sacral lesions had an intact bulbocavernosus reflex clinically and 78 per cent had reflex demonstrated by electromyography. There were 99 patients with neurologic lesions of the spinal cord above the sacral outflow, and 90 per ...
Operator Solution of Infinite Gδ Games of Imperfect Information

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the operator solution of infinite G δ games of imperfect information. If the data is a set H of positions and the problem is to calculate v(H) , that is, the value of the game hitting H infinitely often. The set Q of sets H is topologically the space of infinite sequences of 0s and 1s, and v , considered as a function on this space turns out not to be Borel measurable. Therefore, something as complex as transfinite iteration is probably necessary.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Functioning and Quality of Life Outcomes in Female Vietnam Veterans

OBJECTIVE: This investigation assessed whether current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with impaired functioning in a nationally representative sample of female Vietnam veterans. METHODS: Logistic models were used to determine the association between PTSD and outcome while adjusting for demographic characteristics and medical and psychiatric co-morbidities. RESULTS: PTSD was associated with significantly elevated odds of poorer functioning in five of the six outcome domains; only the association between perpetration of violence in the past year and PTSD did not achieve statistical significance. After adjusting for demographics and medical and psychiatric co-morbidities, PTSD remained associated with significantly elevated odds of bed days, poorer physical health, and currently not working. CONCLUSIONS: Among female Vietnam veterans PTSD is associated with a broad profile of functional impairment. The significantly increased odds of impaired functioning and diminished quality of life suggest that PTSD may be the core problem of the set of problems afflicting female Vietnam veterans. Language: en
A basal gene expression signature to predict for synergy of combined EZH2 and HDAC inhibition in EZH2 dysregulated lymphomas.

7546Background: EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of PRC2, and induces methylation of H3K27. Activating mutations and overexpression of EZH2 are found in NHL. Inactivating mutations in histone acetyltr...
Web-based medical data visualization and information sharing towards application in distributed diagnosis

Abstract Network based medical data computing and collaborative visualization have been commonly used in remote medicine and distributed diagnosis, where visualizing 3D medical data on web browsers and sharing medical information on internet are critically important. However, due to the lack of efficient algorithms and compatible graphics hardware support, there are still some major technical challenges in web based medical data visualization and information exploration on internet. To address these practical issues, we created a new network based medical data rendering and information sharing system, where an Apache HTTP Server was applied to handle data information, and MySQL and PHP were exploited for data storage and management. In this system, medical data rendering and computation were supported with GPU and WebGL 2.0 (WebGL2), and a novel data information extraction algorithm was designed to optimize data storage and management. Taking advantage of the new 3D features of WebGL2, a web based raycasting algorithm was developed to deliver real-time data visualization on web browsers, in which a novel voxel classification method was integrated for color mapping and high-quality image generation. The developed medical information system can deliver 60 ± 2 frames per second rendering performance for high-quality medical data visual exploration on modern browsers as well as medical information communication on internet. The system has been seamlessly integrated with web server, database and client computers equipped with modern graphics hardware, which has wide applications in the fields such as internet based computer-aided medical decision and education, as well as distributed disease diagnosis.
Logic Process Compatible 40nm 256K×144 Embedded RRAM with Low Voltage Current Limiter and Ambient Compensation Scheme to Improve the Read Window

In this paper, we present a low voltage current limiter that can effectively confine the filament size by limiting the write current to a preset compliance level after forming or SET operations. In addition, a word-line (WL) location-aware and a temperature compensation schemes are also proposed to deal with the ambient variations and tighten cell current distribution. As a result, the silicon data measured from a 36Mb of RRAM test chip demonstrates a 9.5uA of read window after 10K cycles and 85C 10 years of retention test in 40nm logic process.
4 Visual Perception

This chapter consists of tutorials on three theoretical and methodological issues in visual perception: (a) Foundational questions: the functions of vision, the relationship between percepts and visual neurons, the concept of information, the notion of representation and representational transformation, the relationship between perception and cognition, the concept of modularity and the place of illusions in the development of perceptual theory. (b) Psychophysics: ranging from the simplest threshold theory to the theory of signal detection. We first compare four threshold models: fixed energy threshold—naive observer, fixed energy threshold—guessing observer, variable energy threshold—guessing observer and variable energy threshold—variable guessing rate. We then review the receiver operating characteristic and ways to distinguish the sensitivity of observers from their response bias. We conclude this section by examining the application of psychophysical methods in a number of contemporary investigations. (c) Environmental regularities and their relation to perceptual regularities: We trace the evolution of the notion of redundancy reduction into the notion of redundancy exploitation leading to the method of covariational analysis. Finally we look in detail at an investigation which deploys covariational analysis to ask how the statistics of contour relationships in natural images may be linked to the characteristics of the processes of contour grouping in visual perception. Keywords: visual perception; information; representation; psychophysics; threshold; covariational analysis
Cholecystectomy reduced major complications vs catheter drainage in high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis

Source Citation Loozen CS, van Santvoort HC, van Duijvendijk P, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus percutaneous catheter drainage for acute cholecystitis in high risk patients (CHOCOLATE): ...
THE LEADS DON'T LIE

Brugada Syndrome (BrS) is a rare inherited arrythmogenic disease that is associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in a structurally normal heart. Accurate diagnosis and risk stratification has major implications in management. A 48-year old male with a family
S&P 500 Affiliation and Stock Price Informativeness

When firms are added to a stock index, more information should be discovered, traded on, and incorporated into their stock prices, making them more informative. We test this hypothesis using a larg...
Affect and Motion Pictures

Emotions play at least three key roles in cinema. First, many motion pictures present highly emotional situations, involving characters who fall in love, who endure unbearable loss, and who become hell-bent on revenge. To make sense of movies, we must identify the emotions that drive their characters. Second, motion pictures seem to arouse emotions. We go to tearjerkers that make us cry, splatter films that make us writhe, and action films that keep us at the edges of our seats. Third, these emotional experiences are, ostensibly, part of cinema’s allure; we value movies that evoke strong feelings. One might summarize these three observations by saying that movie-going involves emotion attribution, arousal, and motivation. Each of these has been a domain of philosophical contestation. How are emotions attributed when experiencing a cinematic fiction? Are genuine emotions really aroused? And do emotional experiences really bring us to the box office? This discussion explores controversies along these three dimensions.
Field evidence for two paths to cross-cultural competence: implications for cultural dynamics

Interaction between members of culturally distinct (ethnic) groups is an important driver of the evolutionary dynamics of human culture, yet relevant mechanisms remain underexplored. For example, cultural loss resulting from integration with culturally distinct immigrants or colonial majority populations remains a topic whose political salience exceeds our understanding of mechanisms that may drive or impede it. For such dynamics, one mediating factor is the ability to interact successfully across cultural boundaries (cross-cultural competence). However, measurement difficulties often hinder its investigation. Here, simple field methods in a uniquely suited Amazonian population and Bayesian item–response theory models are used to derive the first experience-level measure of cross-cultural competence, as well as evidence for two developmental paths: cross-cultural competence may emerge as a side effect of adopting out-group cultural norms, or it may be acquired while maintaining in-group norms. Ethnographic evidence suggests that the path taken is a likely consequence of power differences in inter- vs intra-group interaction. The former path, paralleling language extinction, may lead to cultural loss; the latter to cultural sustainability. Recognition of such path-dependent effects is vital to theory of cultural dynamics in humans and perhaps other species, and to effective policy promoting cultural diversity and constructive inter-ethnic interaction.
Development of Plant Prime-Editing Systems for Precise Genome Editing

Prime-editing systems have the capability to perform efficient and precise genome editing in human cells. In this study, we first developed a plant prime editor 2 (pPE2) system and test its activity by generating a targeted mutation on an HPT-ATG reporter in rice. Our results showed that the pPE2 system could induce programmable editing at different genome sites. In transgenic T0 plants, pPE2-generated mutants occurred with 0%-31.3% frequency, suggesting that the efficiency of pPE2 varied greatly at different genomic sites and with prime-editing guide RNAs of diverse structures. To optimize editing efficiency, guide RNAs were introduced into the pPE2 system following the PE3 and PE3b strategy in human cells. However, at the genomic sites tested in this study, pPE3 systems generated only comparable or even lower editing frequencies. Furthemore, we developed a surrogate pPE2 system by incorporating the HPT-ATG reporter to enrich the prime-edited cells. The nucleotide editing was easily detected in the resistant calli transformed with the surrogate pPE2 system, presumably due to the enhanced screening efficiency of edited cells. Taken together, our results indicate that plant prime-editing systems we developed could provide versatile and flexible editing in rice genome.
Scoping Review of Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agents in the Detection of Myocardial Ischemia

Objective:A systematic search was conducted to categorize targeted ultrasound contrast agents used in the detection of myocardial ischemia.Methods:The search identified 14 primary research articles...