cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Undocumented Immigration Status and Diabetes Care Among Mexican Immigrants In Two Immigration “Sanctuary” Areas

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between immigration status and the patient experience of health care, diabetes self-management, and clinical outcomes among Mexican immigrants with diabetes receiving health care in two immigration sanctuary cities. We used data from the Immigration, Culture and Health Care study, a cross-sectional survey and medical record study of low-income patients with diabetes recruited from public hospitals and community clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area and Chicago. Undocumented Mexican, documented Mexican immigrants, and US-born Mexican-Americans' health care experiences, diabetes self-management, and clinical outcomes were compared using multivariate linear and logistic regressions. We found no significant differences in reports of physician communication, or in measures of diabetes management between undocumented and documented immigrants. All three groups had similar clinical outcomes in glycemic, systolic blood pressure, and lipid control. These results indicate that, at least in some settings, undocumented Mexican immigrants with diabetes can achieve similar clinical outcomes and report similar health care experiences as documented immigrants and US-born Mexican-Americans.
Physician Characteristics Associated with the Use of Bone Densitometry

To determine physician characteristics associated with the use of bone densitometry (BD), we conducted a cross-sectional survey of primary care practitioners in an urban community hospital. Participants were internists, geriatricians, and family practitioners. Seventy-two percent of the physicians never used BD. There was no association between physician or practice characteristics and BD use. Bone densitometry users were more likely than nonusers to treat their patients with osteoporosis or at risk of developing it. Self-reported barriers to use included cost, unfamilliarity with guidelines, uncertainty with clinical applicability, minimal impact on treatment decisions, and availability. In conclusion, although it has been shown that osteoporotic women who are aware of their BD results are more likely to accept treatment, further attention should be paid to primary care practitioners’ attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding the use of BD in the management of osteoporosis.
A new phase of the complex trinitratotris (triphenylphosphineoxide)neodymium(III)

The crystal structure of the complex [Nd(NO3)(OPPh3)] (1) was obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The central neodymium(III) ion is nine coordinate arranged in a tricapped trigonal prism geometry. Crystallization of 1 occurs in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14) with a = 14.6496(9), b = 18.4506(11), c = 20.5491(11); β = 102.925(3)°; and Z = 4.
Magnetotransport properties of Y1−xPrxBa2Cu3O7−δ single crystals

Abstract Magnetotransport measurements of Y 1− x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ ( x =0, 0.13, 0.2, 0.32, and 0.42) single crystals reveal two regimes in the pseudogap region for the x ⩾0.20 samples, with a crossover at a temperature T cr ( x ). For T c T T cr , there is a vortex-like response in magnetoresistivity. For T > T cr , the results are consistent with the picture in which the origin of the pseudogap is the nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi liquid renormalized by strong superconducting fluctuations.
Developing Installations and Activities for an Interactive Light Studio at the American Sign Language and English Lower School

Students from The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art created new installations and activities for an Interactive Light Studio for pre-kindergarten students at The American Sign Language and English Lower School (P.S. 347) in New York City. The studio creates ways for both deaf and hearing students to explore light and sound while simultaneously promoting science and technology to students at a young age. Improvements to the studio in the 2011–12 school year strove to further the educational mission of the project while introducing new and exciting interactive multimedia installations. A digital projection system was created using easily assessable sensors, electronics, and open-source computer software creating an interactive play and learning environment that encourages self-driven discovery. The project engages young children, including minorities, girls, and disabled children, in active science learning while providing Cooper Union students with an opportunity to work on a real world project in their community.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Infrared spectra and optical constants of astronomical ices: I. Amorphous and crystalline acetylene

Here we report recent measurements on acetylene (C2H2) ices at temperatures applicable to the outer Solar System and the interstellar medium. New near- and mid-infrared data, including optical constants (n, k), absorption coefficients (alpha), and absolute band strengths (A), are presented for both amorphous and crystalline phases of C2H2 that exist below 70 K. Comparisons are made to earlier work. Electronic versions of the data are made available, as is a computer routine to use our reported n and k values to simulate the observed IR spectra. Suggestions are given for the use of the data and a comparison to a spectrum of Makemake is made.
Cell Type-specific Differential Induction of the Human γ-Fibrinogen Promoter by Interleukin-6

During an acute phase response, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and glucocorticoids up-regulate expression of the three fibrinogen (FBG) genes (fga, fgb, and fgg) in liver and lung epithelium; however, little constitutive lung expression occurs. Recently, we showed that the magnitude of Stat3 binding to three IL-6 motifs on the human gammaFBG promoter correlates negatively with their functional activity in hepatocytes, although these cis-elements are critical for promoter activity. We determined the role of IL-6-receptor-gp130-Stat3 signaling in IL-6 activation of the gammaFBG promoter in liver and lung epithelial cells. Although IL-6 induced gammaFBG promoter activity approximately 30-fold in HepG2 cells, it was increased only 2-fold in lung A549 cells. Equivalent production of gp130 was demonstrated in both cell types by Western blotting; however, lower production of both IL-6-receptor and Stat3 explains, in part, reduced activity of the gammaFBG promoter in lung cells. Dexamethasone potentiated IL-6 induction of the gammaFBG promoter 2.3-fold in both HepG2 and A549 cells for a combined increase in promoter activity of 70-fold or 4.5-fold, respectively. Dexamethasone potentiation is likely due to the induction of IL-6-receptor expression as well as prolonged intensity and duration of Stat3 activation. By circumventing IL-6-receptor-gp130-coupled signaling with ectopic expression of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (GCSFR)-gp130(133) chimeric receptor, overexpression of Stat3 induced gammaFBG promoter activity 30-fold in A549 cells. Together, the data suggest tissue-specific differences in IL-6-receptor-gp130-coupled signaling, thereby limiting the extent of Stat3 activation and gammaFBG expression during lung inflammation.
Intra-household allocation of food and health care: current findings and understandings--introduction

This work offers an anthropological analysis of intra-household processes underlying gender- and age-specific differences in individual nutritional and health care allocations and outcomes in particular cultures. Based on recent ethnographic studies in India, Nepal, Madagascar, Mexico, and Peru, correspondences are analyzed between local cultural ("emic") and scientist-policy maker practitioner ("etic") understandings of nutrition, health, and human development, and the relative "values" of females, males, and children of different ages. The data and analyses clarify specific epidemiological and demographic findings on age and gender bias in nutrition and health and highlight the multiple cultural, economic, and biological factors that contribute to gender- or age-based discrimination or neglect. Recent advances in nutrition policy have argued for a broader concept of nutritional security, one that incorporates both food quantity and quality, and of nutrition as "food, health and care" (International Conference on Nutrition, World Declaration and Plan of Action for Nutrition, FAO/WHO, Rome, 1992). These ethnographic findings; lend strong support for such broader nutrition concepts and associated nutrition policies. The studies also suggest ways in which anthropological questions, methods, and data and community-based research can help predict or identify the nutritionally vulnerable within households and help other social and medical scientists design more effective interventions.
Bowen fluorescence on the sun

An identification is made of a weak line in the high-resolution EUV solar spectrum, and the contribution of the Bowen fluorescence mechanism to line emission is considered. The line at 303.625 A is noted to coincide with the 2p 3d(3P2 0) - 2p2(3P1) transition of O III at 303.621 A, which could be excited by He II line excitation of the O III 2p2(3P2) - 2p 3d(3P2 0) transition at 303.799 A. Computations of the collisionally induced intensities of the 2p2(3P) - 2p3d(3P 0) multiplet are shown to result in values not observed in the solar spectrum, indicating that Bowen fluorescence, rather than collisional excitation, is the source of the line. The Bowen fluorescence mechanism is noted to have implications for the identification of other spectral lines, and for models of the solar corona.
Modeling seasonal vegetation variation and its validation against Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations over North America

[1] Seasonal variability of vegetation, determined by plant phenology, impacts the seasonality of surface and atmospheric water cycles as well as the seasonality of surface energy budget. At the same time, leaf seasonal variations respond to both cumulative and concurrent hydrometeorological conditions. In order to account for this vegetation feedback at the seasonal timescale, a predictive phenology scheme for various plant functional types is developed on the basis of previous studies, and a methodology for crop simulations is proposed and implanted to supplement this phenology scheme. The phenology scheme is then incorporated into the Community Land Model (CLM). The geographic focus of this study is on the United States where the need for seasonal prediction is urgent and vegetation seasonal characteristics have been shown to significantly influence summer precipitation and temperature. Comparison of the model simulation with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived leaf area index data indicates that our model reproduces the observed vegetation seasonality reasonably well. Subsequent experiments demonstrate the interannual variability of vegetation phenology and its impact on surface water and energy budgets using the 1988 drought and 1993 flood in the U.S. Midwest as examples.
Self‐consistent Core‐Edge Nonlinear Transport Simulations with CORSICA 2

The coupled core-edge nonlinear transport code CORSICA 2 is introduced and the structure of its iterative coupling algorithm is briefly discussed. Selected application results are reported that reproduce equilibria in DIII-D discharges with plasma profiles initialized from the experimental data. Simulations for an L-H transition and for a gas puffing experiment in DIII-D plasmas are presented.
A digital gate for a two parameter multichannel analyzer

Abstract The design and construction of a digital gate and four quadrant routing circuit for use with a two parameter multichannel analyzer is described. The application of this device to coincidence measurements employing Ge(Li) detectors is discussed.
Robust fuzzy logic tracking control of mechanical systems

Abstract A methodology for the design of fuzzy control laws for tracking control of mechanical systems is described. The approach uses Lyapunov's stability theory to formulate a class of control laws that guarantee convergence of the tracking errors to within specification limits in presence of bounded parameter uncertainties and input disturbances. The proposed methodology results in control laws that possess a large number of parameters and functional relationships to be chosen by the designer. The flexibility of the approach makes it suitable for fuzzy logic implementation. Different fuzzy implementations of the proposed control methodology are described. All implementations guarantee tracking error convergence to within prespecified performance limits. Simulations using a model of a two-degree-of-freedom robot manipulator were performed to investigate fuzzy and non-fuzzy implementations of the proposed methodology. The study demonstrates better performance of the fuzzy control implementation compared to its non-fuzzy counterpart.
The computational leech

Abstract The local bending reflex of the leech computes a well-defined sensorimotor input—output function in which each of several unique patterns of sensory input elicits a unique pattern of motoneuron activity. Interneurons in the reflex respond to most input patterns and contribute to most motor patterns, suggesting a distributed processing mechanism for the reflex. This suggestion is supported by models in which connection strengths are adjusted by a neural network optimization algorithm to reproduce the local bending input—output function. In addition, computational parallels between the local bending network and the perceptron, a major class of artificial neural networks, brings the functional role of local bending interneurons into question and suggests new physiological experiments.
On the gel effect in the presence of a chain transfer agent in methyl methacrylate polymerization and its copolymerization with various acrylates

The kinetics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization, and of its copolymerization with various acrylates, at high conversions in the presence of a chain transfer agent, are investigated with a dilatometer over the entire course of reaction. The displacement to higher conversions of the onset of the gel effect in the MMA homopolymerization, in the presence of a chain transfer agent, was determined. Similar information is also provided for the MMA-acrylate copolymerization systems. An increase in polymerization temperature slightly delays the onset of the gel effect in the MMA-acrylate copolymerization, but considerably increases the final conversion. The final conversion in copolymerization for a constant concentration of the chain transfer agent is independent of the initiator concentration, but is a function of the polymerization temperature. The reaction time for reaching the limiting conversion in copolymerization is increased with an increasing amount of the second monomer, as well as with an increasing number of carbon atoms in the acrylate used as the second monomer. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometry for the Rapid Determination of Beryllium in Beryllium-Copper Alloys:

Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectrometry has been combined with the long spark technique and applied to the rapid determination of beryllium in beryllium-copper alloys. A calibration curve was developed which related the beryllium concentration in a solid copper matrix to the Be(I) 234.9-nm to Cu(II) 235.7-nm intensity ratio. The beryllium concentrations ranged from 0.001 to 0.22%. For the lowest concentration the relative standard deviation of replicate samples was 7%, implying a detection limit of 0.0002% (2 ppm) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The excitation temperature was determined from Boltzmann plots on Cu(I) and Cu(II), assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium. The values from the two spectra agreed well, and averaged to 13,850 K at 1 μs into the plasma lifetime.
Pattern of cyanophycin accumulation in nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria

The temporal and spatial accumulation of cyanophycin was studied in two unicellular strains of cyanobacteria, the diazotrophic Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142 and the non-diazotrophic Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Biochemistry and electron microscopy were used to monitor the dynamics of cyanophycin accumulation under nitrogen-sufficient and nitrogen-deficient conditions. In Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 grown under 12 h light/12 h dark nitrogen-fixing conditions, cyanophycin was temporally regulated relative to nitrogenase activity and accumulated in granules after nitrogenase activity commenced. Cyanophycin granules reached a maximum after the peak of nitrogenase activity and eventually were utilized completely. Knock-out mutants were constructed in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cphA and cphB genes to analyze the function of these genes and cyanophycin accumulation under nitrogen-deficient growth conditions. The mutants grew under such conditions, but needed to degrade phycobilisomes as a nitrogen reserve. Granules could be seen in some wild-type cells after treatment with chloramphenicol, but were never found in Δ cphA and Δ cphB mutants. These results led to the conclusion that cyanophycin is temporally and spatially regulated in nitrogen-fixing strains such as Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 and represents a key nitrogen reserve in these organisms. However, cyanophycin appeared to play a less important role in the non-diazotrophic unicellular strains and phycobilisomes appeared to be the main nitrogen reserve.
Neutron activation analysis of gold and iridium in steel

A method of determination of trace gold and iridium in steel is presented. The samples were preconcentrated with an anion exchanger. The chemical recoveries were determined by an isotope tracer technique using198Au and192Ir.
Hate Crimes and Stigma-Related Experiences Among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States: Prevalence Estimates From a National Probability Sample

Using survey responses collected via the Internet from a U.S. national probability sample of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults (N = 662), this article reports prevalence estimates of criminal victimization and related experiences based on the target's sexual orientation. Approximately 20% of respondents reported having experienced a person or property crime based on their sexual orientation; about half had experienced verbal harassment, and more than 1 in 10 reported having experienced employment or housing discrimination. Gay men were significantly more likely than lesbians or bisexuals to experience violence and property crimes. Employment and housing discrimination were significantly more likely among gay men and lesbians than among bisexual men and women. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
The isomorphism conjecture fails relative to a random oracle

Berman and Hartmanis [1977] conjectured that there is a polynomial-time computable isomorphism between any two languages complete for NP with respect to polynomial-time computable many-one (Karp) reductions. Joseph and Young [1985] gave a structural definition of a class of NP-complete sets-the k-creative sets-and defined a class of sets (the K f k 's) that are necessarily k-creative. They went on to conjecture that certain of these K f t 's are not isomorphic to the standard NP-complete sets. Clearly, the Berman-Hartmanis and Joseph-Young conjectures cannot both be correct. We introduce a family of strong one-way functions, the scrambling functions. If f is a scrambling function, then K f k is not isomorphic to the standard NP-complete sets, as Joseph and Young conjectured, and the Berman-Hartmanis conjecture fails. Indeed, if scrambling functions exist, then the isomorphism also fails at higher complexity classes such as EXP and NEXP. As evidence for the existence of scrambling functions, we show that much more powerful one-way functions-the annihilating functions-exist relative to a random oracle. Random oracles are the first examples of oracles relative to which the isomorphism conjecture fails with respect to higher classes such as EXP and NEXP.
Development of sickle cell retinopathy.

The evolution, of cases of full blown sickle cell retinopathy have been documented by fundus photographs. Interpretation of these sequential changes have led to a reconstruction of the probable pathogenesis of this unique retinopathy.
Enhanced Adsorptive Capacity of Activated Charcoal in the Presence of Magnesium Citrate, N F

In a series of experiments to determine the effect of magnesium citrate solution, NF, on the adsorption of sodium salicylate onto charcoal, salicylate adsorption was shown to be enhanced in the presence of citrate ion and, to a lesser extent, magnesium ion. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies with sodium salicylate, as well as other drugs, will be necessary to fully assess the potential clinical implications of these findings.
The molecular topography of rna polymerase-promoter interaction

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation forms covalent crosslinks between E. coli RNA polymerase and the lac UV5 promoter substituted with bromouracil in the place of thymine. I have determined the polymerase subunit and the base within the promoter sequence that are joined to each other in two such crosslinks. The σ and β subunits of RNA polymerase, respectively, are crosslinked to the third base upstream (−3) and the second base downstream (+3) from the starting point of transcription (+1). Both bases are on the nontemplate strand of the promoter DNA. The location of the β subunit suggests that it forms at least part of the catalytic site of the enzyme. The disposition of σ suggests that this subunit plays a direct role in unwinding the DNA at the promoter. The σ crosslink is close to the "Pribnow Box," which is centered about 10 bases upstream from the RNA start site, contains a striking homology between promoters and is the locus of many promoter mutations.
Overcoming Misunderstanding about the Concept of Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement is a misunderstood concept. This article describes a quiz that helps students ascertain whether they understand the concept. Six remedies for alleviating their misunderstanding are also described. The first three remedies pertain to teaching the concept of negative reinforcement. The remaining remedies alert students to the problems associated with the connotative meaning of the word negative and to the relative paucity of literature citations and textbook coverage of negative reinforcement.
Parameterizing Passive Participle Movement

Parameterizing Passive Participle Movement* Ivano Caponigro and Carson T. Schutze Department of Linguistics UCLA Box 951543 Los Angeles, CA 90095–1543 capo@humnet.ucla.edu, cschutze@ucla.edu Thanks to the participants in the UCLA Fall 1999 seminar on A-movement, and to Adam Albright, Lisa Brunetti, Carlo Cecchetto, Dave Embick, Tom Ernst, Heather Robinson, Manola Salustri, Gianluca Storto, Tim Stowell, Harold Torrence, and two anonymous referees. Standard disclaimers apply. Portions of this work were presented in Schutze (2000) and at the 2002 LSA annual meeting. The second author was supported by a UCLA Academic Senate grant.
The Effects of Endoxifen and Other Major Metabolites of Tamoxifen on the Sulfation of Estradiol Catalyzed by Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferases hSULT1E1 and hSULT1A1*1

Tamoxifen is successfully used for both treatment and prevention of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, yet side effects and development of resistance remain problematic. Endoxifen is a major active metabolite of tamoxifen that is being investigated for clinical use. We hypothesized that endoxifen and perhaps other major metabolites of tamoxifen may affect the ability of human estrogen sulfotransferase 1E1 (hSULT1E1) and human phenol sulfotransferase 1A1 isoform 1 (hSULT1A1*1) to catalyze the sulfation of estradiol, an important mechanism in termination of estrogen signaling through loss of activity at estrogen receptors. Our results indicated that endoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen (N-desTAM), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHTAM), and tamoxifen-N-oxide were weak inhibitors of hSULT1E1 with Ki values ranging from 10 μM to 38 μM (i.e., over 1000 times higher than the 8.1 nM Km value for estradiol as substrate for the enzyme). In contrast to the results with hSULT1E1, endoxifen and 4-OHTAM were significant inhibitors of the sulfation of 2.0 µM estradiol catalyzed by hSULT1A1*1, with IC50 values (9.9 μM and 1.6 μM, respectively) that were similar to the Km value (1.5 μM) for estradiol as substrate for this enzyme. Additional investigation of the interaction of these metabolites with the two sulfotransferases revealed that endoxifen, 4-OHTAM, and N-desTAM were substrates for hSULT1E1 and hSULT1A1*1, although the relative catalytic efficiencies varied with both the substrate and the enzyme. These results may assist in future elucidation of cell- and tissue-specific effects of tamoxifen and its metabolites.
Bon voyage: social travel planning in the enterprise

A proliferation of travel-related web sites enable people to share their travel plans, review hotels, offer advice, and more. In this paper we study social travel planning in the enterprise. While business travelers and leisure travelers have different preferences and needs, employees may benefit from sharing information and travel plans within the enterprise. We present a study collecting the requirements for social travel from employees, detail the design principles of a social travel application in the enterprise, and present Voyage, the outcome. We evaluated Voyage based on qualitative and quantitative data and discuss the results using four perspectives: collaborative activities, social information impact, usage patterns, and sharing behavior. Employees expressed their growing satisfaction from the social information contributed by fellow employees. Moreover, we observed that Voyage shortens the reservation time, thus saving costs for the enterprise.
Salvage rates after progression of high-risk neuroblastoma with a soft tissue mass.

Abstract Purpose Treatment of progression in high-risk neuroblastoma remains challenging despite improved survival. We retrospectively evaluated outcomes in children with a first progression that included soft-tissue masses. Methods We reviewed records of 903 consecutive children with high-risk neuroblastoma diagnosed between 2004 and 2014, and identified 42 whose first progression included soft-tissue masses. Data on demographics, disease characteristics, treatment, and survival were collected. Primary outcome was 5-year overall survival (OS) from time of first progression. Secondary outcomes were local disease-free progression (LDFR) and progression-free survival (PFS) postprogression. We evaluated the prognostic significance of concomitant bone/bone marrow involvement, MYCN status, and multifocality of soft tissue relapse. Results Median age at diagnosis was 3.0 (range: 1–10.7) years. Median time to first relapse or progression was 1.2 (range: 0.1–4.5) years after complete remission or minimal stable residual disease. Twelve (29%) patients had concomitant bone or marrow involvement at progression/relapse. There were 11 (26%) patients with International Neuroblastoma Staging System stage 3 disease (all with MYCN amplification), and 31 (74%) with stage 4 disease (12 with MYCN amplification). Nine (21%) patients had multifocal soft tissue progression. R1 resection was achieved in 41 children (95%), 38 (95%) of whom also received salvage radiation therapy. Five-year OS postprogression was 35% (95% CI: 19–51%), 5-year LDFS was 52% (95% CI: 32–72%), and 5-year PFS postprogression was 20% (95% CI: 6–34%). Conclusion Among children with high-risk neuroblastoma who underwent aggressive treatment of a first soft-tissue recurrence, 5-year postprogression overall survival was 34%. Multifocality and MYCN amplification were the predominant prognostic correlates for worse survival.
Translocation Carcinomas of the Kidney After Chemotherapy in Childhood

Purpose Children who survive cancer are at more than 19-fold increased risk of developing another malignancy. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) occurring as a secondary malignancy is uncommon. Translocation RCC, bearing TFE3 or TFEB gene fusions, are recently recognized entities for which risk factors have not been identified. Patients and Methods We describe the clinical, pathologic, cytogenetic, and molecular data on six translocation RCCs that arose in five young patients who had received chemotherapy. Results The ages at time of diagnosis of the RCC ranged from 6 to 22 years. Histologically, these tumors showed typical features previously described for translocation RCCs. At the molecular level, three tumors contained the ASPL-TFE3 fusion, two contained Alpha-TFEB, and one contained PRCC-TFE3. The intervals between chemotherapy and the diagnosis of RCC ranged from 4 to 13 years. The indications for the antecedent chemotherapy were varied and included acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia with ...
Anomaly detection in computer security and an application to file system accesses

We present an overview of anomaly detection used in computer security, and provide a detailed example of a host-based Intrusion Detection System that monitors file systems to detect abnormal accesses. The File Wrapper Anomaly Detector (FWRAP) has two parts, a sensor that audits file systems, and an unsupervised machine learning system that computes normal models of those accesses. FWRAP employs the Probabilistic Anomaly Detection (PAD) algorithm previously reported in our work on Windows Registry Anomaly Detection. FWRAP represents a general approach to anomaly detection. The detector is first trained by operating the host computer for some amount of time and a model specific to the target machine is automatically computed by PAD. The model is then deployed to a real-time detector. In this paper we describe the feature set used to model file system accesses, and the performance results of a set of experiments using the sensor while attacking a Linux host with a variety of malware exploits. The PAD detector achieved impressive detection rates in some cases over 95% and about a 2% false positive rate when alarming on anomalous processes.
CONFIRMATION OF WATER QUALITY MODELS

Abstract Water quality simulation models, whether descriptive or predictive, must undergo confirmatory analyses if inferences drawn from the models are to be meaningful. Current practices in the confirmation of simulation models are examined and criticized from this perspective. In particular, labeling this process “verification” or “validation” (truth) probably contributes to the often inadequate efforts, since these states are unattainable. The evaluation of scientific hypotheses, or water quality simulation models, may proceed according to inductive logic, the hypothetico-deductive approach, or perhaps according to a falsification criterion. The result of successful testing is at best confirmation or corroboration, which is not truth but rather measured consistency with empirical evidence. On this basis a number of statistical tests are suggested for model confirmation. The major difficulty to overcome, before confirmation becomes meaningful, is the generally inadequate data for establishing rigorous statistical tests.
Molecular Analysis of Group A Streptococcus Type emm18 Isolates Temporally Associated with Acute Rheumatic Fever Outbreaks in Salt Lake City, Utah

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and subsequent rheumatic heart disease are rare but serious sequelae of group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections in most western countries. Salt Lake City (SLC), Utah, and the surrounding intermountain region experienced a resurgence of ARF in 1985 which has persisted. The largest numbers of cases were encountered in 1985-1986 and in 1997-1998. Organisms with a mucoid colony phenotype when grown on blood agar plates were temporally associated with the higher incidence of ARF. To develop an understanding of the molecular population genetic structure of GAS strains associated with ARF in the SLC region, 964 mucoid and nonmucoid pharyngeal isolates recovered in SLC from 1984 to 1999 were studied by sequencing the emm gene. Isolates with an emm18 allele were further characterized by sequencing the spa, covR, and covS genes. Peak periods of ARF were associated with GAS isolates possessing an emm18 allele encoding the protein found in serotype M18 isolates. Among the serotype M18 isolates, the difference in the number of C repeats produced three size variants. Variation was limited in spa, a gene that encodes a streptococcal protective antigen, and covR and covS, genes that encode a two-component regulatory system that, when inactivated, results in a mucoid phenotype and enhanced virulence in mouse infection models. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed a single restriction profile for serotype M18 organisms isolated during both peak periods of ARF. In SLC, the incidence of ARF coresurged with the occurrence of GAS serotype M18 isolates that have very restricted genetic variation.
Vibrational relaxation in supercritical fluids near the critical point

We present a theory for the temperature and density dependence of the vibrational lifetime T1 and the vibrational line position ν of a solute in a supercritical solvent, both close to and far from the critical point. The theory is based on the relation between a classical force correlation function and T1 and ν. The force correlation function is determined from density functional theory, and can be expressed in terms of the solvent structure factor and the solute–solvent direct correlation function, thereby allowing physical properties in the region of large critical fluctuations to be described by various phenomenological scaling laws. The theory has been used to investigate recent experiments on the density dependence of the lifetimes and frequencies of the asymmetric CO stretching mode of W(CO)6 in supercritical ethane. Near the critical point, the experimental data are essentially independent of the density over a fairly broad range of densities. This behavior is ascribed to the existence of long-rang...
Physical Education, Liberal Education and the Leaving Certificate Examination.

This article considers the conceptualization of physical education as a Leaving Certificate Examination subject and the place of physical education in a liberal education. Special attention is given to the conceptual evolution of physical education and its intrinsic educational values and to the developments in the idea of a liberal education over the past quarter century. It is concluded that physical education merits inclusion in liberal education and a place in the Leaving Certificate Examination.
Accuracy of Megargee's Criminal Offender Infrequency (Fc) Scale in Detecting Malingering Among Forensic Examinees:

E. I. Megargee (2004) developed a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Infrequency scale for use in criminal settings called the Criminal Offender Infrequency (Fc) scale. This study...
Left ventricular torsion is equal in mice and humans

Global cardiac function has been studied in small animals with methods such as echocardiography, cine-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cardiac catheterization. However, these modalities make l...
Design and channel constraint analysis of ultrafast multihop all-optical networks with deflection routing employing solitons

Regular two-connected multihop transparent optical networks using ultrahigh bit-rate single-wavelength on/off keying are addressed. A novel solution for packet and node architecture is introduced to take full advantage of the recently demonstrated optical samplers and of the electronic processing capability. Channel transmission error arguments show how the size of these nonregenerative networks employing deflection routing is limited for a given optical bit rate. These limits are quantified for the Manhattan street network and ShuffleNet employing solitons. An upper bound on network performance in terms of maximum achievable bit rate and throughput for a given packet error rate is evaluated by taking into account the soliton self-frequency shift due to Raman scattering, the jitter due to amplified spontaneous emission noise, the short-range interaction, and their interplay. Results show that if the packet error rate is to be bounded below 10/sup -6/, the node-to-node fiber span cannot exceed a few kilometers for network sizes greater than 64 nodes when the optical bit rate is as high as 100 Gb/s. >
Generalization of a parameter set selection procedure based on orthogonal projections and the D-optimality criterion

Many models derived from first principles contain more parameters than can be reliably estimated from data. Selecting a subset of the parameters for estimation is one common approach to deal with this problem. One popular method sequentially selects parameters based on orthogonalization of the sensitivity vectors; however, it has the drawback that only one parameter is added at each step of the iteration and that no correlations of not yet chosen parameters can be taken into account. To address this drawback, a generalization of the parameter set selection procedure based on orthogonalization is presented in this work. The procedure can add any number of parameters at each iteration such that correlations among the parameters that will be added to the set of estimated parameters can be taken into account. It is shown that two existing parameter set selection techniques form special cases of the presented method. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Photodynamic therapy on keloid fibroblasts in tissue-engineered keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture.

Background and Objectives: Keloids are disfiguring, proliferative scars that are a pathologic response to cutaneous injury. An organotypic tissue culture system (the Raft model [1–10]) was used to investigate the feasibility of using photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunctive therapy to treat keloids following surgical excision. The Raft co-culture system mimics skin by layering keratinocytes on top of fibroblasts embedded in a collagen matrix. PDT uses drugs that produce singlet oxygen in situ when irradiated by light, and may lead to a number of effects in living tissues varying from the modulation of growth to apoptosis. PDT is already used to treat several benign and malignant diseases in organs such as the skin, retina, and esophagus. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Normal adult, neonatal, and keloid fibroblasts and keratinocytes were isolated from skin obtained from patients undergoing elective procedures and used to construct theRafts. Mature Rafts (after 4 days) were incubated with 5-amino levulinic acid (5-ALA), a photosensitizer, for 3 hours and were laserirradiated (635 nm) for total energy delivery of 5 J/cm 2 , 10 J/cm 2 , or 20 J/cm 2 . Rafts were examined 24 hours and 14 days later. Cell viability was determined using confocal imaging combined with live-dead fluorescent dyes. Multiphoton microscope (MPM) imaged collagen structure and density. As Rafts contract over time, surface area was measured using optical micrometry daily. Results: At 10 and 20 J/cm 2 , near-total cell death was observed in all constructs, while at 5 J/cm 2 cell viability was comparable to controls. Cell viability in keloid and neonatal Rafts was greater than that observed in normal adultRafts. Treated Rafts contracted less over the 14-day period compared to controls. Contraction and collagen density were greatest in keloid and neonatal Rafts. Conclusions: A PDT dosimetry range was established, which reduces tissue contraction and collagen density while minimizing injury to fibroblasts. Lasers Surg. Med. 37:231–244, 2005. 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A structured testing approach for DSP software

This paper presents an application of the structured testing methodology to the DSP software projects at Motorola, Corporate Research and Technology Center Singapore. The structured testing, also called "basis path testing", is based on the cyclomatric complexity measure of McCabe, and classified as white box testing. This method was experimented on a DSP project and resulted in a 7.8/spl times/ improvement of in-process faults and 1.3/spl times/ improvement of the productivity.
Interactions Between Forms of Memory: When Priming Hinders New Episodic Learning

Human memory consists of multiple forms, including priming and explicit memory. Although considerable evidence indicates that priming and explicit memory are functionally and neuroanatomically distinct, little is know about when and how these different forms of memory interact. Here, behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods were used to examine a novel and counterintuitive hypothesis: Priming during episodic encoding may be negatively associated with subsequent explicit memory. Using an experimental design that exploited known properties of spacing or lag effects, the magnitudes of behavioral and neural priming during a second study episode were varied and the relation between these magnitudes of priming during re-encoding and performance on a subsequent explicit memory test was examined. Results revealed that greater behavioral priming (reduced reaction times) and neural priming (reduced left inferior prefrontal brain activation) during re-encoding were associated with lower levels of subsequent explicit memory. Moreover, those subjects who demonstrated greater behavioral and neural priming effects during re-encoding following a long lag tended to demonstrate the least benefit in subsequent explicit memory due to this second study episode. These findings suggest that priming for past experiences can hinder new episodic encoding.
The Wilsonian Moment in East Asia: The March First Movement in Global Perspective

The March First Movement of 1919 was a major watershed in Korean history, but it also, this essay argues, unfolded in a global context. It was shaped by the numerous currents of change in international affairs in the wake of World War I, including the rise of Wilsonian ideas, the impact of the Russian Revolution, the possibilities inherent in the Paris peace negotiations, and the growing upheaval elsewhere in the colonial world, in East Asia and beyond. It involved not only Koreans on the peninsula but also transnational network of activists abroad. The Korean experience sheds light on the relationship between international events and the development of national movements in the colonial world, showing how the emerging discourse of the especially the spread of the principle of self-determination as the bedrock of international legitimacy-shaped the events of 1919 and beyond.
Central mechanisms for the hypertensive effects of preproadrenomedullin-derived peptides in conscious rats

Peptides derived from postranslational processing of preproadrenomedullin exert potent hypotensive effects in the periphery. One of those peptides, adrenomedullin (AM) also has been demonstrated to...
Nano-Photonics and Opto-Fluidics on Bio-Sensing

Optofluidics is the integration of optical and microfluidic systems to achieve novel functionalities. An important ability of optofluidics is the manipulation, assembly, and patterning of objects of interest in a microfluidic environment. Recent advances in nanophotonics have introduced exciting methods for biological and chemical sensing with single molecule sensitivities. Therefore, the integration of nanophotonic sensors with optofluidic manipulation platforms is essential for sensing and monitoring of single cells and other biomaterials. In recent years, optoelectronic tweezers (OET) have emerged as a powerful technique for the manipulation of micro and nanoscopic particles. Here, we will present the capabilities of OET optofluidic platform for parallel manipulation of single cells and large-scale patterning of nanophotonic sensors.
Anthozoans, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, and Tunicates of Rocas Alijos

Invertebrate communities of rock walls at Rocas Alijos and elsewhere are composed largely of sessile species, those that are permanently attached to the rocks, or sedentary animals, which, like sea anemones, have some capacity for movement but frequently remain in one place. Members of these communities include sponges, cnidarians, barnacles, tube-building gastropods, attached pelecypods, tube-building polychaetes, bryozoans, and tunicates.
Evidence for novel aspects of Nox4 oxidase regulation of mitochondrial function and peroxide generation in an endothelial cell model of senescence.

Observations by Koziel et al. reported in this issue of the Biochemical Journal suggest the existence of novel regulatory processes associated with new evidence for increased Nox4 (NAPDH oxidase 4) regulation of mitochondrial function in a cultured endothelial cell aging-induced senescence model. Cellular aging appears to promote a Nox4 interaction with mitochondria that disrupts complex I in the electron transport chain and increases the detection of mitochondrial H 2 O 2 . Nox4 appears to maintain a highly interconnected mitochondrial network, which may influence mitochondrial fission and/or fusion mechanisms in a manner that could be a contributing factor in the loss of replicative lifespan seen in senescence.
Serum Prolactin in Diagnosis of Epileptic Seizures

The results of studies in databases and references concerning serum prolactin levels (PRL) in patients with suspected seizures were rated for quality and analyzed by members of the Therapeutics Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Rabies-HydrophobiaA Study of Fixed Virus, Determination of the M.L.D., Vaccine Treatment (Högyes, Pasteur, and Dialyzed Vaccine), and Immunity Tests

The object of this paper is to present, first, the results of research on fixed virus, i.e., the action of disinfectants, the effect of heat, passage through Berkefeld filters, infectivity, exposure to peritoneal fluid in vivo, and dialysis; second, the determination of the M.L.D. of the virus and the results of immunity tests on sets of animals which had been vaccinated by the various methods of antirabic treatment, i.e., H6gyes, Pasteur, and a new method, devised in this laboratory, which will be designated the method of dialysis. Throughout the experimental work, unless otherwise stated, a standard suspension (I-Ioo) of fresh rabic brain in physiological salt solution was employed. The preparation of this standard homogeneous suspension is given in detail under the consideration of the M.L.D.
Separation of thrombin from thrombokinase by continuous flow paper electrophoresis.

SummaryThrombokinase prepared from bovine plasma was further purified by continuous flow paper electrophoresis. Thrombokinase was assayed by its capacity to activate prothrombin in the presence of oxalate, and also by production of thrombin in a system containing prothrombin, cephalin, calcium and bovine “barium carbonate serum.” Curves of these 2 assays were similar and formed a peak ahead of the thrombin peak. TAMe esterase activity appeared in 2 peaks which corresponded respectively to thrombin and thrombokinase peaks.
Two-Factor Theory: Preliminary Study of Relationship between Drive Reduction and Ucs Duration

The present results for 40 Ss suggest that drive reduction, rather than contiguity, is the critical variable in PGR conditioning when a response defined concept of drive reduction, i.e., return of ...