cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined effects of host-plant resistance and intraguild predation on the soybean aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis in the field

Soybean varieties that exhibit resistance to the soybean aphid Aphis glycines have been developed for use in North America. In principle, host-plant resistance to soybean aphid can influence the interactions between the soybean aphid and its natural enemies. Resistance could change the quality of soybean aphids as a food source, the availability of soybean aphids, or resistance traits could directly affect aphid predators and parasitoids. Here, we focus on the effect of soybean aphid resistance on the interactions between soybean aphids, the parasitoid Binodoxys communis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and predators of these two species. We determined whether host-plant resistance affected within-season persistence of B. communis by releasing parasitoids into resistant and susceptible soybean plots. We observed higher B. communis densities in susceptible soybean plots than in resistant plots. There were also higher overall levels of intraguild predation of B. communis in susceptible plots, although the per-capita risk of intraguild predation of B. communis was affected neither by plant genotype nor by aphid density. We discuss these effects and whether they were caused by direct effects of the resistant plants on B. communis or indirect effects through soybean aphid or predators.
Exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Concentration, Purification, and Characterization of Exotoxin A

Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-103) could be concentrated readily by precipitation with zinc acetate and ammonium sulfate. The toxin was purified by column chromatography with use of DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The final product contained about 8,000 mouse LD,,0/mg of protein. The toxin has a sedimentation constant of 3.35 S, and the molecular weight is estimated to be in the range of 50,000. The toxin is readily inactivated by trypsin and by heating at 70 C for 30 min. It can also be inactivated by incubation with sodium deoxycholate but not by similar treatment with sodium glycocholate, sodium cholate, or lauryl sulfate. Efforts to convert this toxin to toxoid so far have been unsuccessful.
To Do No Harm: A Buddhist View on Animal Use in Research

The issue of using animals for research raises many concerns for Buddhists. Buddhism recognizes that all sentient life shares the same fundamental consciousness but also recognizes a difference in the ability of a species to express that basic, underlying consciousness.Ahimsa or no-harm has been a guiding principle of Buddhist ethics which applies to nonhuman species as well as humans. Conflict arises when available methods for removing some forms of human suffering are dependent upon inflicting suffering on animals. This paper explores several resolutions to the conflict, with the resulting opinion that Buddhism will condone some forms of animal research.
On the reduced effectiveness of some sexually suggestive ads

Existing research on the effects of sexually suggestive illustrations in advertising has reported reduced recall of brand names and product information as well as negative product attitudes. This study evaluates two explanations for the reduced recall. A negative affect explanation hypothesizes that a viewer's attitudinal response to the suggestive material interferes with recall. An attention-distraction explanation hypothesizes that the visual draw of the suggestive illustrations decreases reading time for the ad copy. Ads varying in suggestiveness were viewed by male and female college students. Recall of both brand names and product information was lower for all suggestive ads. Recall differences were found to be totally unrelated to all affect differences, to measures of general attitudes toward the use of sex in advertising, and to demographic variables but were generally consistent with independent ratings of the visual characteristic of the illustrations. These results favor the attention-distraction hypothesis. Implications for advertising strategy are discussed.
No direct role for A1/A2 adenosine receptor activation to reflex cutaneous vasodilatation during whole-body heat stress in humans.

Aim The precise mechanisms underlying reflex cutaneous vasodilatation during hyperthermia remain unresolved. The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential contribution of adenosine A1/A2 receptor activation to reflex cutaneous vasodilatation. Methods Eight subjects were equipped with four microdialysis fibres on the left forearm, and each fibre was randomly assigned one of four treatments: (1) lactated Ringer's (control); (2) 4 mm of the non-selective A1/A2 adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline; (3) 10 mm L-NAME to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) synthase; and (4) combined 4 mm theophylline and 10 mm L-NAME. Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used as an index of skin blood flow, and blood pressure was measured beat-by-beat via photoplethysmography and verified via brachial auscultation. Whole-body heat stress to raise oral temperature 0.8 °C above baseline was induced via water-perused suits. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as LDF/mean arterial pressure and normalized to maximal (%CVC max) via infusion of 28 mm nitroprusside and local heating to 43 °C. Results There was no difference between control (65 ± 5%CVC max) and theophylline (63 ± 5%CVC max) sites. L-NAME (44 ± 4%CVC max) and theophylline + L-NAME (32 ± 3%CVC max) sites were significantly attenuated compared to both control and theophylline only sites (P < 0.05), and combined theophylline + L-NAME sites were significantly reduced compared to L-NAME only sites (P < 0.05). Conclusion These data suggest A1/A2 adenosine receptor activation does not directly contribute to cutaneous active vasodilatation; however, a role for A1/A2 adenosine receptor activation is unmasked when NO synthase is inhibited.
College Students’ Beliefs about Exam Preparation

The goal of this research was to detail college students’ beliefs about the examinations they face. We interviewed those closest to the exam preparation process, those who make the decisions about when, how, and what to study, college students themselves. Students responded to progressively more focussed questions. The conclusions that emerged from several rounds of questioning were checked with a new sample of students. What emerged was a complex set of beliefs about the examination preparation process. The students expressed beliefs about four aspects of exam preparation: (a) motivations to study for exams, (b) strategies for exam preparation, (c) affect about exam preparation, and (d) effects of external factors on study (e.g., instructors, previous exam experiences, social environment, physical environment, and content that is to be studied).
Conjecture for the extended Potts model magnetic eigenvalue

I exhibit a form for the magnetic eigenvalue of the extended Potts model which I believe to be exact. This result complements the discussion of the thermal eigenvalue given by Nienhuis, Berker, Riedel, and Schick.
Early Childhood Education and Care as a Social Work Issue

Early childhood education and care affects millions of young people, their parents, and ultimately society at large. Social workers are employed directly in early childhood education and care programs and also witness the results of inadequate early interventions in various practice settings. Yet social workers do little of the research related to this topic. Numerous issues relate to both social work and to thoughtful discussions of early childhood education and care, including the unequal use of high quality early education programs, which is ultimately a social justice issue. This article elucidates how social workers can and why they should contribute to practice, policy, and research related to early childhood education and care.
Effects of inhibitors of tumor promotion on 12-O-tetradecanoylphor-bol-13-acetate-induced keratin modification in mouse epidermis

In order to investigate the role that hyperplasia plays in the induction of the keratin modifications by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), the effects of several inhibitors of tumor promotion and cycloheximide on the TPA-induced protein changes were studied. The antiinflammatory steroid fluocinolone acetonide and cycloheximide, which prevent the induction of hyperplasia, were found to prevent the appearance of the TPA-induced keratin modifications. Retinoic acid and tosylphenylalanylchloromethyl ketone, which have minor influence on hyperplasia, were found to have essentially no effect on these protein changes. These results provided further evidence that the TPA-induced epidermal keratin changes were associated with the induction of hyperplasia by TPA and not necessarily related to promoting ability.
Eye Hand Coordination in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Reaching to grasp an object of interest requires complex sensorimotor coordination involving eye, head, hand and trunk. While numerous studies have demonstrated deficits in each of these systems individually, little is known about how children with cerebral palsy (CP) coordinate multiple motor systems for functional tasks. Here we used kinematics, remote eye tracking and a trunk support device to examine the functional coupling of the eye, head and hand and the extent to which it was constrained by trunk postural control in 10 children with CP (6-16 years). Eye movements in children with CP were similar to typically developing (TD) peers, while hand movements were significantly slower. Postural support influenced initiation of hand movements in the youngest children (TD & CP) and execution of hand movements in children with CP differentially depending on diagnosis. Across all diagnostic categories, the most robust distinction between TD children and children with CP was in their ability to isolate eye, head and hand movements. Results of this study suggest that deficits in motor coordination for accurate reaching in children with CP may reflect coupled eye, head, and hand movements. We have previously suggested that coupled activation of effectors may be the default output for the CNS during early development.
The Battle Between the Biometricians and the Mendelians: How Sir Francis Galton’s Work Caused his Disciples to Reach Conflicting Conclusions About the Hereditary Mechanism

Francis Galton, Charles Darwin’s cousin, had wide and varied interests. They ranged from exploration and travel writing to fingerprinting and the weather. After reading Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, Galton reached the conclusion that it should be possible to improve the human stock through selective breeding, as was the case for domestic animals and cultivated plants. Much of the latter half of Galton’s career was devoted to trying to devise methods to distinguish men of good stock and then to show that these qualities were inherited. But along the way he invented two important statistical methods: regression and correlation. He also discovered regression to the mean. This led Galton to believe that evolution could not proceed by the small steps envisioned by Darwin, but must proceed by discontinuous changes. Galton’s book Natural Inheritance (1889) served as the inspiration for Karl Pearson, W.F.R. Weldon and William Bateson. Pearson and Weldon were interested in continuously varying characters and the application of statistical techniques to their study. Bateson was fascinated by discontinuities and the role they might play in evolution. Galton proposed his Law of Ancestral Heredity in the last decade of the nineteenth century. At first this seemed to work well as an explanation for continuously varying traits of the type that interested Pearson and Weldon. In contrast, Bateson had published a book on discontinuously varying traits so he was in a position to understand and embrace Mendel’s principles of inheritance when they were rediscovered in 1900. The subsequent battle between Weldon and Pearson, the biometricians, and Bateson, the Mendelian, went on acrimoniously for several years at the beginning of the twentieth century before Mendelian theory finally won out.
On the negative relationship between the wage rate and the unemployment rate: application of efficiency wage models

Applying efficiency wage models, this article finds that there is a strong evidence of a negative wage curve for the state of Alabama. The elasticity of the wage curve is estimated to be −0.28, suggesting that the wage rate in Alabama is much more sensitive to a change in the unemployment rate than the USA and there exist segmented labour markets. The log-linear function performs slightly better than the semi-log function.
Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases: atomic physics meets condensed matter physics

Abstract Bose–Einstein condensed atomic gases are a new class of quantum fluids. They are produced by cooling a dilute atomic gas to nanokelvin temperatures using laser and evaporative cooling techniques. The study of these quantum gases has become an interdisciplinary field of atomic and condensed matter physics. Topics of many-body physics can now be studied with the methods of atomic physics. Many long-standing predictions of the theory of the weakly interacting Bose gas have been verified, including thermodynamic properties of the phase transition and dynamic properties such as shape oscillations and sound propagation. Stimulated light scattering was used to determine the dynamic structure factor both in the phonon and free-particle regime. Atomic Bose condensates show a variety of novel phenomena which include multi-component spinor condensates, magnetic domain formation, miscibility and immiscibility of quantum fluids, and finite-size effects.
Non-Markovian Relaxation of a Three-Level System: Quantum Trajectory Approach

The non-Markovian dynamics of a three-level quantum system coupled to a bosonic environment is a difficult problem due to the lack of an exact dynamic equation such as a master equation. We present for the first time an exact quantum trajectory approach to a dissipative three-level model. We have established a convolutionless stochastic Schrodinger equation called the time-local quantum state diffusion (QSD) equation without any approximations, in particular, without Markov approximation. Our exact time-local QSD equation opens a new avenue for exploring quantum dynamics for a higher dimensional quantum system coupled to a non-Markovian environment.
Conversion to Aflibercept For Chronic Refractory Or Recurrent Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose To explore the visual and anatomic outcomes of patients with refractory or recurrent neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) who were converted from bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab to aflibercept. Design Two-center, retrospective chart review. Methods Treatment history, visual acuity (VA), and central macular thickness (CMT) on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were collected. Patients were divided into "refractory" (persistent exudation despite monthly injections) or "recurrent" (exudation suppressed, but requiring frequent injections). Results One hundred and two eyes of 94 patients were included; 68 were refractory and 34 were recurrent. Eyes received a mean of 20.4 prior bevacizumab/ranibizumab injections and a mean of 3.8 aflibercept injections. Mean follow-up was 18 weeks. Mean VA was 20/50-1 before conversion, 20/50-2 after 1 aflibercept injection ( P = .723), and 20/50+2 after the final injection ( P = .253). Subgroup analysis of refractory and recurrent cases also showed stable VA. Of the refractory cases, mean CMT had improved after 1 injection ( P P P P P = .003). Of the recurrent cases, mean CMT improved after 1 injection ( P P P = .003) and subretinal ( P = .046) fluid decreased after 1 injection, and the mean injection interval was extended from 7.2 to 9.5 weeks ( P = .001). Conclusions Converting patients with chronic neovascular AMD to aflibercept results in stabilized vision and improved anatomic outcomes, while allowing injection intervals to be extended.
Ventricular lead redundancy to prevent cardiovascular events and sudden death from lead fracture in pacemaker-dependent children

Background Children requiring a permanent epicardial pacemaker (PM) traditionally have a single lead placed on the right ventricle. Lead failure in pacemaker-dependent (PMD) children, however, can result in cardiovascular events (CVEs) and death. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if redundant ventricular lead systems (RVLS) can safeguard against CVE and death in PMD children. Methods This was a single-center study of PMD patients undergoing placement of RVLS from 2002–2013. Patients ≤21 years of age who were PMD were included. Patients with a biventricular (BiV) system placed for standard resynchronization indications were excluded. RVLS patients were compared to PMD patients with only a single pacing lead on the ventricle (SiV). Results Seven hundred sixty-nine patients underwent PM/implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement with 76 BiV implants; 49 patients (6%) were PMD. Thirteen patients underwent implantation of an RVLS. There was no difference between the RVLS group (n = 13) and SiV PMD control group (n = 24) with regard to age (RVLS 9.5 ± 5.8 years vs SiV 9.4 ± 6.7 years, P = .52), weight (RVLS 38.2 ± 32.6 kg vs SiV 35.2 ± 29.3 kg, P = .62), indication for pacing, procedural complications, or time to follow-up. There were 2 lead fractures (17%) in the RVLS group (mean follow-up 3.8 ± 2.9 years), with no deaths or presentations with CVE. The SiV control group had 3 lead fractures (13%) (mean follow-up 2.8 ± 2.9 years), with no deaths, but all 3 patients presented with CVE and required emergent PM placement. Conclusion RVLS systems should be considered in children who are PMD and require permanent epicardial pacing. BiV pacing and RVLS may decrease the risk of CVE in the event of lead failure in PMD patients.
Free-Access Policy for Internal Networks

This paper evaluates the free-access policy as a control mechanism for internal networks. We derive the optimal message pricing scheme, compare it to the free-access policy, and study the associated net-value loss. We derive uniform upper bounds on this value loss, and apply our results to the polar implementations of ethernet and token ring networks. The results show that the free-access policy is often attractive.
A NOTE ON ‘A COMPARISON OF BAYES AND MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF THE INTRACLASS CORRELATION COEFFICIENT’

Palmer and Broemeling [1] compare Bayes and maximum likelihood estimates of the intraclass correlation (ICC). The prior information in their derivation of the Bayes estimator is placed on the variance components instead of the ICC itself. This paper finds a Bayes estimator of the ICC with the prior placed on the ICC. Bayes estimates based on three different priors are then compared to method of moments estimate.
Electrodeposition of Porous Silver Films on Blanket and Patterned Aluminum–Copper Films

As an alternative to the zincate process, aluminum-copper (Al-Cu) films are made amenable for metallization by anodization and chemical etching of aluminum oxide. Electrodeposition of silver on anodized and etched Al-Cu films proceeds with the formation of a porous network composed of electrically interconnected nanoparticles of silver. The mean particle diameter is 30 ± 7 nm. The frequency response of the porous network is evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using the transmission line model. The capacitance normalized to the geometric electrode area and the gravimetric capacitance are 2.9 ± 0.1 mF/cm 2 and 3.9 ± 0.1 F/g, respectively. The electrolyte-accessible area of electrodeposited nanoparticles is 20 m 2 /g. The proposed procedure for electrodeposition on anodized and etched Al-Cu films is compatible with photolithographic techniques. Electrodeposition on patterned Al-Cu films is achieved by transferring the plating mask from a photoresist to a layer of barrier aluminum oxide.
Should people who donate a kidney to a stranger be permitted to choose their recipients? Views of the United States public.

Background Several transplant centers have begun to accept kidneys donated by altruistic living strangers. Many of these centers insist that such donations be nondirected, meaning that the donors may not choose their recipients. On the other hand, some authors have argued that anonymous donors should be allowed to select their recipients. This study was designed to explore public attitudes toward this issue. Methods Two telephone surveys of US adults, each including more than 1000 participants, were conducted. The first asked about the general acceptability of allowing altruistic strangers to direct donations, the willingness to donate a kidney to a stranger, and the impact of permitting directed donation on willingness to give. The second survey asked about the acceptability of directed donation to members of specific groups. Results About one quarter of the respondents said they would donate a kidney to a stranger for free, and the vast majority of them would donate even if they could not choose their recipients. Two thirds would not allow anonymous kidney donors to direct their gifts to a member of a specific racial or religious group, but three quarters would support kidney donations directed to children. Conclusions These data support the current policy of several transplant centers that people who wish to donate a kidney to a stranger are not permitted to choose their recipients on the basis of membership in a racial or religious group. On the other hand, theoretical considerations and the results of this study suggest that people who wish to donate a kidney only to an unknown child should be permitted to do so.
The Genetic Overlap and Distinctiveness of Flourishing and the Big Five Personality Traits

The growing evidence that subjective well-being (SWB) produces an array of beneficial outcomes has increased requests for recommendations on how to promote it. Evidence that all of SWB’s genetic variance overlaps with personality led to the strong claim that it is a ‘personality thing’ and that personality is the strongest predictor of SWB. However, studies do not include a comprehensive assessment that reflects eudaimonic as well as hedonic SWB. We revisit the question of SWB’s complete overlap with personality employing the tripartite model—emotional, psychological, and social—of SWB that, together, reflect Keyes’ (2002) model of flourishing. Data are from the Midlife in the United States national sample of 1,386 twins. Analyses were done using Mx to test Cholesky decomposition models and a two latent factor common pathway model. One-third of the total (72 %) heritability of flourishing and 40 % of its environmental variability are distinct from the big-five personality traits. We also find a low phenotypic association (mean r = .22) between the three dimensions of SWB and big-five personality traits despite substantial shared genetic etiology. In addition to non-trivial amounts of distinctive genetic and environmental variance and low phenotypic correlation, we point to limited investigation of reciprocal causation of SWB and personality. Psychologist should not yet conclude that SWB is a ‘personality thing’ anymore than personality might be a ‘well-being thing’.
Confirmation, increase in probability, and partial discrimination: A reply to Zalabardo

There is a plethora of confirmation measures in the literature. Zalabardo considers four such measures: PD (Probability-Difference), PR (Probability-Ratio), LD (Likelihood-Difference), and LR (Likelihood-Ratio). He argues for LR and against each of PD, PR, and LD. First, he argues that PR is the better of the two probability measures. Next, he argues that LR is the better of the two likelihood measures. Finally, he argues that LR is superior to PR. I set aside LD and focus on the trio of PD, PR, and LR. The question I address is whether Zalabardo succeeds in showing that LR is superior to each of PD and PR. I argue that the answer is negative. I also argue, though, that measures such as PD and PR, on one hand, and measures such as LR, on the other hand, are naturally understood as explications of distinct senses of confirmation.
Minimum dissipation rates in magnetohydrodynamics

Minimum dissipation rate states are explored for a current-carrying channel of magnetofluid, supported by a dc magnetic field and driven by an applied electric field. The minimization is carried out subject to the constraints of constant axial (toroidal) magnetic flux and constant time-averaged rate of supply of magnetic helicity. The solutions of the resulting Euler-Lagrange equations are sensitive to boundary conditions on the current density j. One set of boundary conditions on j leads to the same consequences as Taylor's 'minimum-energy' theory. A different set leads to significantly different consequences, including a departure from the 'force-free' magnetic profile and a toroidal component of current density that does not reverse at the wall when the toroidal magnetic field reverses.
Tradition and Change: The Case of Music

The cultural patterning of perceptions has long been an accepted fact. The ways we see and hear are learned. Special institutional mechanisms that serve to perpetuate such traditional patterns exist in all societies and have recently received attention by those interested in their transformation through modernization. Thus in order to study 'The Primitive World and its Transformation' Robert Redfield felt it necessary to focus upon what he called 'the social organization of tradition'.1 He placed major emphasis upon those institutions that traditionally had perpetuated and elaborated the great philosophical and religious traditions of ancient civilizations, while keeping them integrated with the little traditions of peasant villagers. This was accomplished through drawing upon the creative impulses of the little tradition as sources of new stimuli to serve as points of departure for further elaboration of the great tradition. These would reinfluence the little tradition, establishing a chain of mutual interdependence. The impact of modernization has served radically to alter the role of tradition in many societies. In particular, the impact of modern science and technology has greatly weakened the position of systems of belief, perception, and social organization of tradition. This transformation has become a major area of interest for students in many disciplines. Whether studying economic changes, political changes, or changes in world view, all have had to take into account major alterations in traditional culture patterns under the impact of a transformation by the West. This has been true whether the student concentrated upon those aspects which are the result of the impact of Western ideas or those which are reactions to the introduction of Western technology. As a result of the study of the transformation of traditional society, there has developed a dichotomy between modern and traditional societies, which has treated the modern (Western) as a largely finished entity to 1 Robert Redfield, 'The Social Organization of Tradition', The Far Eastern Quarterly, XV, No. 1.
Development of Castor with Reduced Toxicity

ABSTRACT Two approaches are being used to develop castor (Ricinus communis L.) cultivars with reduced levels of toxin. Conventional sexual hybridization was used to develop F6 lines of castor that have a 75-70% reduction in ricin + RCA toxins. The plants will be combined with transgenic castor plants which have a potential for > 99% reduction in ricin content. Subsequent selection in segregating generations should provide a 99.9% reduction in protein toxins allowing development of a very low toxin (VLT) castor cultivars. These cultivars would allow production of castor in the U.S. while increasing the value of the high protein meal remaining after extraction of the castor oil.
Increased Litter Size in the Rat X-Irradiated during the Estrous Cycle before Mating

Average numbers of ovulations, implantations, and living fetuses obtained from rats x-irradiated during the estrous cycle before mating are a function of both the radiation dose and the time of exposure during the cycle. Animals irradiated during metestrus or the day thereafter exhibit significant increases in the factors studied, while those irradiated on the 3rd day after metestrus maintain fewer implantations after exposure to 300, 500, and 600 roentgens, and fewer living fetuses after exposure to 100 to 600 roentgens.
Application of copulas to improve covariance estimation for partial least squares.

Dimension reduction techniques, such as partial least squares, are useful for computing summary measures and examining relationships in complex settings. Partial least squares requires an estimate of the covariance matrix as a first step in the analysis, making this estimate critical to the results. In addition, the covariance matrix also forms the basis for other techniques in multivariate analysis, such as principal component analysis and independent component analysis. This paper has been motivated by an example from an imaging study in Alzheimer’s disease where there is complete separation between Alzheimer’s and control subjects for one of the imaging modalities. This separation occurs in one block of variables and does not occur with the second block of variables resulting in inaccurate estimates of the covariance. We propose the use of a copula to obtain estimates of the covariance in this setting, where one set of variables comes from a mixture distribution. Simulation studies show that the proposed estimator is an improvement over the standard estimators of covariance. The methods are illustrated from the motivating example from a study in the area of Alzheimer’s disease.
Biological and Serological Properties of Potato virus Y Isolates in Northeastern United States Potato.

ABSTRACT A survey of six potato viruses, Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virus M (PVM), Potato virus S(PVS), Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus Y (PVY), and Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), was conducted in New York and Maine during 2002 and 2003. Leaf samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and PVY-positive samples were further tested to determine whether a necrotic strain of PVY (PVYN) or a strain able to induce necrosis in tobacco and in potato tubers (PVYNTN) were present. In both years, PVY and PVS were identified in a majority of the samples, and mixed infections predominated in 83% of the symptomatic leaves in 2002. Of the total 394 PVY-positive samples, 3 reacted with monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1F5 and caused veinal necrosis (VN) in tobacco. Two of these isolates caused tuber necrosis in the potato cv. Yukon Gold. Three PVY isolates reacted with MAb 1F5 but did not cause VN in tobacco, and two caused VN but did not react with MAb 1F5. None of these eight isolates were able to overcome th...
Correlations among combustion effluent species at Barrow, Alaska: Aerosol black carbon, carbon dioxide, and methane

As part of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP II) continuous measurements of atmospheric aerosol black carbon (BC) were made at the NOAA/GMCC observatory at Barrow, Alaska (71°19′N, 156°36′W) during the period March 21–April 22, 1986. Black carbon is produced only by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials and so is a particularly useful atmospheric indicator of anthropogenic activities. The BC data have been analyzed together with the concurrent measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and condensation nuclei (CN) that are routinely made at the observatory. All four species showed elevated and highly variable concentrations due to local human activities, principally in the township of Barrow, 7 km to the southwest, and at the DEW Line radar installation 1 km to the northwest. We distinguish between those periods of the record that are affected by local activities and those that are not, on the basis of the short-term (periods of up to 1 hour) variability of the continuous CO2 and CN records, with large short-term variabilities indicating local sources. We identified seven periods of time (events) with durations ranging from 13 to 37 hours when the BC, CO2, and CH4 concentrations changed smoothly over time, were highly correlated with each other, and were not influenced by local activities. These events had BC/CO2 ratios in the range (50–103)×10−6. These ratios are dimensionless since we convert the CO2 concentrations to units of ng m−3 of carbon. Such values of BC/CO2 are characteristic of the combustion effluent from large installations burning heavy fuel oil or coal, automobiles, and domestic-scale natural gas usage. We conclude that these events are indicative of air masses that have been polluted with combustion emissions in a distant location and then transported to the Arctic. In the absence of species-selective loss mechanisms, these air masses will maintain their combustion effluent signatures during the transport. The BC/CO2 ratios found for the local combustion activities are consistent with those expected from known combustion processes.
Transoral Robotic Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Perioperative Management and Postoperative Complications

Importance Patients who undergo surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have acceptable perioperative morbidity that is similar to that seen in other sleep-related surgical procedures. Objective To perform the first large-scale evaluation of perioperative management and postoperative complications in patients who undergo transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for OSA. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study from 2010 to 2013 of 166 adult patients with moderate to severe OSA (defined as apnea-hypopnea index, >20) who had experienced failure of conventional therapy with positive airway pressure and underwent TORS at an academic practice with follow-up greater than 3 months. Interventions Transoral robotic surgery with or without additional multilevel airway procedures. Main Outcomes and Measures Major and minor complication rates. Results There were 122 men and 44 women with a mean (SD) age of 54.6 (12.3) years. The mean (SD) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score was 2.3 (0.5). There were 11 major complications, including secondary bleeding requiring intervention (7 patients), pulmonary embolism requiring anticoagulation therapy (2 patients), aspiration requiring prolonged hospitalization (1 patient), and dysphagia resulting in gastrostomy tube dependence (1 patient). There were 32 minor complications, including dehydration and/or uncontrolled pain (16 patients), globus sensation (8 patients), bleeding (5 patients), lip burn (2 patients), and pharyngeal laceration during intubation (1 patient); the majority resolved without sequelae. Preoperative ASA score ( P = .003) and number of procedures performed ( P = .004) predicted a postoperative complication. Age ( P = .29), body mass index ( P = .55), apnea-hypopnea index ( P = .67), lowest arterial oxygen saturation ( P = .63), number of comorbidities ( P = .46), and individual comorbidities did not predict a complication. Conclusions and Relevance Transoral robotic surgery can be safely performed in patients with OSA with an acceptable complication rate. Complications are similar to those seen with other surgical treatments of OSA and were only predicted by ASA score and number of procedures performed.
Genetic knockout and pharmacologic inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase attenuate nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in mice.

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a key enzyme for nitric oxide production in neuronal tissues and contributes to the spinal central sensitization in inflammatory pain. However, the role of nNOS in neuropathic pain remains unclear. The present study combined a genetic strategy with a pharmacologic approach to examine the effects of genetic knockout and pharmacologic inhibition of nNOS on neuropathic pain induced by unilateral fifth lumbar spinal nerve injury in mice. In contrast to wildtype mice, nNOS knockout mice failed to display nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Furthermore, either intraperitoneal (100 mg/kg) or intrathecal (30 μg/5 μl) administration of L-NG-nitro-arginine methyl ester, a nonspecific NOS inhibitor, significantly reversed nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity on day 7 post-nerve injury in wildtype mice. Intrathecal injection of 7-nitroindazole (8.15 μg/5 μl), a selective nNOS inhibitor, also dramatically attenuated nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of nNOS protein was significantly increased in ipsilateral L5 dorsal root ganglion but not in ipsilateral L5 lumbar spinal cord on day 7 post-nerve injury. The expression of inducible NOS and endothelial NOS proteins was not markedly altered after nerve injury in either the dorsal root ganglion or spinal cord. Our findings suggest that nNOS, especially in the dorsal root ganglion, may participate in the development and/or maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity after nerve injury.
The virtual data grid: a new model and architecture for data-intensive collaboration

It is increasingly common to encounter communities engaged in the collaborative analysis and transformation of large quantities of data over extended periods of time. I argue that these communities require a scalable system for managing, tracing, exploring and communicating the derivation and analysis of diverse data objects. Such a system could bring significant productivity increases facilitating discovery, understanding, assessment, and sharing of both data and transformation resources for computation, storage, and collaboration. I define a model and architecture for a virtual data grid capable of addressing these requirements. I define a broadly applicable model of a "typed dataset" as the unit of derivation tracking, and simple constructs for describing how datasets are derived from transformations and from other datasets. I also define mechanisms for integrating with, and adapting to, existing data management systems and transformation and analysis tools, as well as grid mechanisms for distributed resource management and computation planning. Finally, I report on successful application results obtained with a prototype implementation called Chimera, involving challenging analysis of high-energy physics and astronomy data.
Lateral spread of high energy implanted ions studied by electronic test structures

The lateral spread of high-energy implanted ions in Si is studied by electronic test structures. It is shown that the ions implanted through thick overlying layers spread significantly in the substrate. The lateral spread of boron ions is estimated to be about 1 mu m at a 650-keV implantation energy for 650-nm-thick dielectric film. The spread measured with the test structures shows rough agreement with simulation but with a slight difference. When it is required to separately control the threshold voltage of neighboring transistors in small-dimension devices using high-energy ion implantation, the neighboring transistors should be separated at least by the space determined by the spread of ions. >
Subunit-specific action of an anticonvulsant thiobutyrolactone on recombinant glycine receptors involves a residue in the M2 membrane-spanning region.

The anticonvulsant α-ethyl, α-methyl-γ-thiobutyrolactone (αEMTBL) potentiates the response to a submaximal concentration of glycine produced by receptors composed of human glycine α1-subunits but reduces the response of receptors composed of rat glycine α3-subunits. Both the potentiating and blocking actions of αEMTBL are reduced by higher concentrations of glycine. The subunit specificity of αEMTBL block is conferred by a residue in the second membrane-spanning region (M2), which is alanine in the α3-subunit (A254) and glycine in the α1-subunit. The mutation A254G in the α3-subunit removes blocking by αEMTBL and reveals potentiation. Picrotin, a picrotoxinin analog, blocks responses of receptors composed of either α1 or α3-subunits. Blocking of α3 receptors by picrotin is reduced in the presence of αEMTBL, indicating that the mechanisms interact at some point, but the mutation α3 A254G does not remove block by picrotin. However, mutation of a nearby residue α3 T258F does remove block by picrotin, picrotoxinin and αEMTBL. These observations suggest that αEMTBL and picrotin act on glycine α3 receptors to produce block by an allosteric mechanism that involves overlapping sets of residues in the M2 region. Coexpression of the α3-subunit with the β-subunit of the glycine receptor also removes block by αEMTBL and reveals potentiation, suggesting that receptors containing either α3 or α1 glycine receptor subunits are potentiated in the adult brain.
A 0.8 V CMOS amplifier design

A low-voltage operational amplifier design in a standard CMOS process is presented for operation at ±0.4 V. The design incorporates a low voltage level shift current mirror using forward body-biased MOSFETs limited to a maximum of 0.4 V to minimize latchup and hot carrier effects. Some of the measured performances are as follows: 58 dB open-loop gain, 30 kHz bandwidth, 50° phase margin and 80 ?W power dissipation and are in close agreement with the corresponding design and SPICE simulated values.
The Dazzle in Germ Cell Differentiation

Embryonic stem cells have demonstrated the capacity to differentiate into germ cells in vitro. Until recently, the molecular basis of early post-meiotic germ cell development was largely unknown. Now, two reports including one published here recently, have demonstrated the significant contribution of Dazl in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into pre- and post-meiotic germ cells. Although factors that Dazl influences during this process have been identified, the underlying mechanisms warrant future studies.
Making it Personal: How Personalization Affects Trust Over Time

The over-arching purpose of this research is to broaden the study of trust as it applies to developing stable relationships in electronic environments. In contrast, previous research on trust has not progressed to looking at trust through its incremental development. This may be because methods are difficult to develop that study process models and concepts are difficult to operationalize that influence the incremental progression of variables. Exploring previous empirical research, antecedents emerge that enhance initial perceptions of trust, which possibly influence the progression of trust to deeper levels. More conceptual work identifies antecedents that swiftly cultivate trust, allowing for stable relationships to develop more quickly. One antecedent, personalization, has emerged as a popular technique to identify with consumers and is utilized and many popular electronic commerce websites. This research looks the effects of personalization on consumers trusting beliefs.
Culture of human septal chondrocytes in a rotary bioreactor.

Objectives(1) To show that extracellular matrix deposition in 3-dimensional culture of human septal chondrocytes cultured in a rotary bioreactor is comparable to the deposition achieved under static culture conditions. (2) To demonstrate that the biomechanical properties of human septal chondrocytes cultured in a bioreactor are enhanced with time and are analogous to beads cultured under static culture.Study DesignProspective, basic science.SettingResearch laboratory.MethodsHuman septal chondrocytes from 9 donors were expanded in monolayer and seeded in alginate beads. The beads were cultured in a rotary bioreactor for 21 days in media supplemented with growth factors and human serum, using static culture as the control. Biochemical and biomechanical properties of the beads were measured.ResultsGlycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation significantly increased during 2 measured time intervals, 0 to 21 days and 10 to 21 days (P < .01). No significant difference was seen between the static and bioreactor conditio...
Image reconstruction strategies using dual modality MRI-NIR data

An imaging system which simultaneously performs near infrared (NIR) tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been developed at Dartmouth College, to study breast tissue of women in vivo. A NIR image reconstruction technique which exploits the combined multi-wavelength data set is presented which implements the MR structure as a soft-constraint in the NIR property estimation. The benefits of spatial and spectral priors, applied independently and together, in NIR diffuse tomography image reconstruction of in vivo measurements are presented. When both spatial and spectral priors are applied in a healthy volunteer, glandular tissue shows higher total blood content, water, and scattering power compared to fatty tissue.
Sociocognition in Work Groups: The Evolution of Group Integrative Complexity and Its Relation to Task Performance

The study described in this article examined the integrative complexity of shared conceptualizations of group culture: how they can be distinguished from member cognitions about group culture and how they affect taskperformance over time. Twenty-two workgroups wrote weekly essays about their collective activity over a 12-week period. Group members first wrote independent accounts and then collaborated to create a single group account of their activity during that week During thefirst 5 weeks of that period, the integrative complexity of group essays was not significantly differentfrom that of average individual essays but was significantly lower than that of essays written by the highest complexity members. During the last 5 weeks, the level of group complexity increased at a greater rate than either the average orhighest individual levels, until it was significantly greater than that of the average individual and statistically equivalent to that of the highest member The results also supported the notion...
Social Validity’s Presence in Field-Based Reading Intervention Research

Social validity refers to participants’ perceptions regarding the goals, procedures, and effects of a practice. The collection and report of social validity data can serve an important role in understanding, and possibly remedying, obstacles affecting the successful adoption of empirically based practices by the field. Studies published between 2000 and 2006 were reviewed to provide a snapshot of the amount of social validity data reported on reading interventions. Results indicate that experimental research is scarce and that feedback from teachers and students is often not reported.
Physiological responses of Prunus cerasus to whole-plant source manipulation. Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water relations and carbohydrate concentrations.

The source-sink ratio of 1-year-old, potted sour cherry trees (Prunus cerasus L.) was altered by whold-plant partial defoliation or continuous illumination to determine if trees were primarily sink limited and to elucidate the means whereby photosynthetic enhancement or inhibition occurs. Leaf xylem water potential was not affected by either treatment. Although stomatal conductance was reduced by 1 to 3 days of continuous illumination, internal CO2 concentration was not significantly affected indicating that the enhanced physical limitation imposed by the stomata was of no physiological significance. Net CO2 assimilation (A) was significantly higher 4 days after partial defoliation and lower from 1 to 4 days following continuious illumination. The increase in A in partially defoliated plants was associated with reduced leaf starch and increased surose and sorbitol concentrations. The decrease in A in continuously illuminated plants was associated with a decrease in variable fluorescence, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and an increase in instantaneous fluorescence, indicating that leaves were photoinhibited and that irreversible damage had occurred to PSII. In addition, leaves of continuously illuminated plants had 80% more starch and significantly less sucrose and sorbitol. These altered leaf carbohydrate concentrations indicate that the existing sink limitation may have been aggravated by continuous illumination leading to an insufficient utilization of sucrose from the leaf. Whether the altered photochemical and biochemical events occurred simultaneously and/or to the same degree to lead to the observed responses remains equivocal.