cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influenza vaccination in young children reduces influenza-associated hospitalizations in older adults, 2002-2006.

OBJECTIVES: To assess how influenza vaccination coverage in children is related to pneumonia and influenza (PI an exponential acceleration in the P&I rates with age was observed for each influenza season. State- and season-specific P&I rate accelerations were regressed against the percentage of vaccinated children, older adults, or both using mixed effects models. SETTING: U.S. population, 2002 to 2006. PARTICIPANTS: U.S. population aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: State-level influenza annual vaccination coverage data in children and older adults were obtained from the National Immunization Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, respectively. RESULTS: Child influenza vaccination coverage was negatively associated with age acceleration in P&I, whereas influenza vaccination in the older adults themselves was not significantly associated with P&I in older adults. CONCLUSION: Vaccination of children against influenza may induce herd immunity against influenza for older adults and has the potential to be more beneficial to older adults than the existing policy of preventing influenza by vaccinating older adults themselves.
Region Mura Detection using Efficient High Pass Filtering based on Fast Average Operation

Abstract A Mura (also called “alluck”) defect that causes local deterioration of colors or brightness on a LCD(liquid crystal display) panel is one of the critical issues in display manufacturing. In this paper, we propose mura detection method using frequency filtering. As a mean of frequency filtering to eliminate the low frequency background term, subtraction of the averaged image from the raw one is utilized. And a fast averaging algorithm has been devised for reducing computational costs. The validity and the performance of the proposed method is discussed through experimental studies on actual LCD panel mura defects.
Molecular photoacoustic imaging of angiogenesis with integrin-targeted gold nanobeacons

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines optical and acoustic imaging to generate high-resolution images of microvasculature. Inherent sensitivity to hemoglobin permits PAT to image blood vessels but precludes discriminating neovascular from maturing microvasculature. Α_vβ_3-Gold nanobeacons (α_vβ_3-GNBs) for neovascular molecular PAT were developed, characterized, and demonstrated in vivo using a mouse Matrigel-plug model of angiogenesis. PAT results were microscopically corroborated with fluorescent α_vβ_3-GNB localization and supporting immunohistology in Rag1^(tm1Mom) Tg(Tie-2-lacZ)182-Sato mice. Α_vβ_3-GNBs (154 nm) had 10-fold greater contrast than blood on an equivolume basis when imaged at 740 nm to 810 nm in blood. The lowest detectable concentration in buffer was 290 nM at 780 nm. Noninvasive PAT of angiogenesis using a 10-MHz ultrasound receiver with α_vβ_3-GNBs produced a 600% increase in signal in a Matrigel-plug mouse model relative to the inherent hemoglobin contrast pretreatment. In addition to increasing the contrast of neovessels detected at baseline, α_vβ_3-GNBs allowed visualization of numerous angiogenic sprouts and bridges that were undetectable before contrast injection. Competitive inhibition of α_vβ_3-GNBs with α_vβ_3-NBs (no gold particles) almost completely blocked contrast enhancement to pretreatment levels, similar to the signal from animals receiving saline only. Consistent with other studies, nontargeted GNBs passively accumulated in the tortuous neovascular but provided less than half of the contrast enhancement of the targeted agent. Microscopic studies revealed that the vascular constrained, rhodamine-labeled α_vβ_3-GNBs homed specifically to immature neovasculature (PECAM+, Tie-2−) along the immediate tumor periphery, but not to nearby mature microvasculature (PECAM+, Tie-2+). The combination of PAT and α_vβ_3-GNBs offered sensitive and specific discrimination and quantification of angiogenesis in vivo, which may be clinically applicable to a variety of highly prevalent diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease.—Pan, D., Pramanik, M., Senpan, A., Allen, J. S., Zhang, H., Wickline, S. A., Wang, L. V., Lanza, G. M. Molecular photoacoustic imaging of angiogenesis with integrin-targeted gold nanobeacons.
Basic structure-function relations of the epicardial coronary vascular tree. Basis of quantitative coronary arteriography for diffuse coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUNDQuantitative coronary arteriography has been validated for stenotic segments of coronary arteries. However, it does not currently account for diffuse coronary artery disease, because the normal size of the coronary artery for its distal myocardial bed size is not known and cannot be measured directly with diffuse involvement of the artery.METHODS AND RESULTSFrom clinical coronary arteriograms of 12 patients without coronary artery disease (group 1) and in 17 patients with coronary artery disease (group 2), we determined by quantitative coronary arteriography 1) the relations among measured coronary artery cross-sectional lumen area, summed distal branch lengths, and regional myocardial mass distal to each point in each coronary artery; 2) the ratio of coronary artery lumen area between parent and daughter vessels at 50 bifurcations; and 3) which of three different theoretical physical principles could underlie the tree structure of the human coronary artery system, by comparing the coronary arte...
Persistent ictal-like activity in rat entorhinal/perirhinal cortex following washout of 4-aminopyridine

Summary Application of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 100μM) in a solution containing 0.6mM Mg 2+ and 1.2mM Ca 2+ to hippocampal-entorhinal-perirhinal slices of adult rat brain induced ictal-like epileptiform activity in entorhinal and perirhinal cortices as revealed by electrophysiological field potential recordings. The ictal-like activity persisted after washing out the 4-AP. This persistence indicated that a change had occurred in the slice so that it was now "epileptic" in the absence of the convulsant 4-AP. Induction of persistent ictal-like activity was dependent upon the concentration of divalent cations during 4-AP exposure; that is, although 4-AP caused ictal-like activity in approximately half the slices in solution containing 1.6mM Mg 2+ and 2.0mM Ca 2+ , this ictal-like activity did not persist upon washout of the 4-AP. Expression of the persistent ictal-like epileptiform activity required ionotropic glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission: application of the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist NBQX after 4-AP washout reduced persistent ictal-like activity, and the combined application of NBQX and the NMDA receptor antagonist d-AP5 completely blocked it. In order to investigate the mechanism of induction of persistent ictal-like activity, several agents were applied before the introduction of 4-AP. Application of d-AP5 did not block the onset of ictal-like activity upon introduction of 4-AP but did prevent the persistence of the ictal-like activity upon washout of the 4-AP. In contrast, induction of persistent ictal-like activity was not prevented by simultaneous application of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonists LY 367385 and MPEP or by application of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. In conclusion, we have characterized a new in vitro model of epileptogenesis in which induction of ictal-like activity is dependent upon NMDA receptor activation but not upon group I mGluR activation or protein synthesis.
BH3 mimetics to improve cancer therapy; mechanisms and examples

Tumor cell survival is highly dependent on the expression of certain pro-survival Bcl-2 family proteins. An attractive therapeutic approach is to inhibit these proteins using agents that mimic the Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domains of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, which neutralize these proteins by binding to their surface hydrophobic grooves. A number of BH3 mimetic peptides and small molecules have been described, a few of which have advanced into clinical trials. Recent studies have highlighted ABT-737, a bona fide BH3 mimetic and potent inhibitor of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, as a promising anticancer agent. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of action of BH3 domains and several classes of BH3 mimetics, as well as the prospects of using these agents to improve cancer therapy.
Moral Reasoning Effects on Political Participation

In this study, respondents who agreed to participate in a computer-administered interview were presented with information and questions about public interest groups, followed by the Defining Issues Test of moral reasoning (DIT). Respondents with high DIT scores stressed morally central over morally peripheral considerations in deciding whether to participate in public interest groups. Less sophisticated reasoners showed the opposite pattern. Morally central considerations also had a much greater impact on the probability that sophisticated respondents would attempt to participate in public interest groups after completing the interview. The analysis included controls forpotential confounding variables such as cognitive ability, education, prior political participation, and gender. The findings imply motivational differences between advantaged and disadvantaged population groups. Such differences may help to account for the differing strategies and successes of political organizations mobilizing these groups.
Isolation of dimethylallylpyrophosphate: Tryptophan dimethylallyl transferase from the ergot fungus (Claviceps spec.)

Summary Cell-free extracts of Claviceps spec. , strain SD 58, were obtained which catalyze the formation of L-dimethylallyltryptophan from dimethylallylpyrophosphate and L-tryptophan. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction has been partially characterized. It is absent from young mycelia, but begins to appear at the end of the growth phase, preceding alkaloid formation by about one day.
Analyzing Discourse Processing Using a Simple Natural Language Processing Tool

Natural language processing (NLP) provides a powerful approach for discourse processing researchers. However, there remains a notable degree of hesitation by some researchers to consider using NLP, at least on their own. The purpose of this article is to introduce and make available a simple NLP (SiNLP) tool. The overarching goal of the article is to proliferate the use of NLP in discourse processing research. The article also provides an instantiation and empirical evaluation of the linguistic features measured by SiNLP to demonstrate their strength in investigating constructs of interest to the discourse processing community. Although relatively simple, the results of this analysis reveal that the tool is quite powerful, performing on par with a sophisticated text analysis tool, Coh-Metrix, on a common discourse processing task (i.e., predicting essay scores). Such a tool could prove useful to researchers interested in investigating features of language that affect discourse production and comprehension.
The diphasic effects of proteases on serum complement

In vitro studies document a dose-dependent, diphasic action of proteases on serum complement. Low protease doses enhance, whereas high protease doses depress complement activity.
The Algol-like binary TT Hydrae - The stars, circumstellar matter, and superionized plasma

This paper reports on superionized UV emission lines discovered in TT Hydrae (HD 97528), a semidetached eclipsing binary system in the Southern-Hemisphere sky. The list of emission lines observed is typical for interacting nondegenerate binaries of the Algol type, but with system-specific relative-intensity characteristics. The primary component of the system is a B9.5 V main-sequence star with effective temperature of 9800 K. Its mass equals 2.25 solar masses; the radius is 1.9 solar radii; and surface gravity log g equals 4.23. The secondary star has a mass of 0.41 solar mass and fills its critical Roche lobe. Evidence obtained on mass interaction supports the conclusion that HD 97528 is a normal semidetached system.
A Resurrection for Siskiyou bells, Prosartes parvifolia (Liliaceae), a Rare Siskiyou Mountains Endemic

We conducted a study of Prosartes parvifolia S. Watson, a rare Siskiyou Mountains endemic, currently known from only 15 sites in Del Norte Co., California, and Curry and Josephine counties, Oregon. We found that P. parvifolia is (a) fertile, (b) probably not of hybrid origin, and (c) distinct and worthy of recognition as a species. Unlike congeners, its flowers produce ovaries with a single locule, and are pollinated by bees that buzz pollen from connivent anthers. Nectar is not produced. We provide an expanded description, illustrations, and distribution map for P. parvifolia as well as a key to the Prosartes of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon.
The effect of irrelevant cues on 'same-different' judgments in a sequential information processing task.

Abstract Two experiments were performed to test the effect of irrelevant stimulus attributes on retrieval time for a relevant stimulus attribute. Subjects saw a pair of colored shapes presented sequentially; the second of the pair was the probe. In experiment 1, color (red, green, or yellow) was the relevant stimulus attribute and shape (circle, square, or triangle) was the irrelevant attribute. In experiment 2, shape was the relevant attribute and stimulus color was the irrelevant attribute. Subjects pressed a ‘Same’ key if the relevant attributes of the stimulus and probe were the same and a ‘Different’ key if the relevant attributes of the stimulus and probe were different. Same and different responses were affected differently by the congruence or lack of congruence between the irrelevant attributes of the stimulus and probe. Same responses were faster when the irrelevant attributes of stimulus and probe were congruent, and different responses tended to be faster when the irrelevant attributes of stimulus and probe were incongruent.
Computational Requirements for Simulating the Structures and Proton Activity of Silicaceous Materials.

Structures of disiloxane and silanol and the energetics of their protonation, deprotonation, and proton exchange reactions have been studied with 14 density functionals in combination with eight basis sets. The geometries optimized by these 112 density functional methods are compared to those obtained by the second-order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory and the coupled cluster method, and the performance of all these methods on energetics is evaluated with benchmark Weizmann-1w results. The most accurate density functional for both geometries and energetics is M05-2X. Polarized augmented triple-ζ basis sets are found to be about a factor of 3−4 more accurate than polarized augmented double-ζ basis sets.
STRUCTURE OF LAMINAR JUNCTURE FLOWS

A computational study of both steady and periodic laminar horseshoe vortex flows generated upstream of a cylinder/flat plate juncture is presented. The flowfields are simulated using the full three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations and a time-accurate implicit algorithm. A new type of laminar horseshoe vortex topology is identified. For the case of a single primary vortex, this new topology is found to be independent of the computational grid and is also supported by recent experimental flow visualizations. The flat plate skin-friction portraits corresponding to the new and to the standard horseshoe vortex topologies are equivalent, pointing out the nonunique relation between the wall limiting streamline pattern and the three-dimensional flow above the plate. For the new topology, the foremost line of coalescense is an attachment rather than a separation line. This unusual feature illustrates the fact that convergence of skin-friction lines is a necessary but not sufficient condition for separation. As the Reynolds number increases, the flow topology evolves from a single to multiple primary horseshoe vortices, in agreement with experimental observations. At least two different types of triple horseshoe vortex systems are shown to be possible. Above a certain value of the Reynolds number, the juncture flow becomes unsteady and periodic at a frequency that increases with Reynolds number. The unsteady horseshoe vortex process upstream of the cylinder is found in qualitative agreement with experiment. Horseshoe vortices are periodically generated and convected toward the juncture. Vorticity intensification by vortex stretching, and the eruption of vorticity from the plate surface are observed.
Dynamics of Microcantilevers Tapping on Nanostructures in Liquid Environments in the Atomic Force Microscope

The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) has become an indispensable tool in biology because it permits the probing of nanomechanical properties under physiological (liquid environments) conditions. AFM has been used in liquid environments to image, manipulate and probe atoms, living cells, bacteria, viruses, subcellular structures such as microtubules, individual proteins and DNA. Probably the most popular method used for AFM in liquids is the tapping mode wherein a resonant microcantilever is scanned over a sample. Yet very little is known about the dynamics of microcantilevers in liquid environments while interacting with nanostructures. This problem is especially challenging because viscous hydrodynamics couples strongly with cantilever motions, and the contribution from the electric double layer forces, which is not significant in air, must be taken into account. Previous attempts in the analysis and simulation of tapping mode in liquid modeled the tip-sample interaction forces using either a Lennard-Jones potential [1, 2], an exponentially growing force of small duration of the cantilever oscillation cycle [3] without any contact mechanics, or an unrealistic discontinuous interaction force [4]. Moreover, in all these papers the microcantilever was modeled by a point (lumped) mass, and the hydrodynamic effects were not derived rationally from basic hydrodynamic theory. Instead, a low quality factor (Q factor) and an added fluid mass were simply assumed [1–4]. A direct method to systematically deal with the AFM microcantilever using continuous beam theory in liquids governed by the unsteady Stokes equations and experiencing intermittent contact with the sample is not available in the literature.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Triplodia, replacement name for Triodia A. M. Clark, 1970 (Ophiuroidea: Amphiuridae), non Hübner, 1820 (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

Abstract The extant ophiuroid genus Triodia A. M. Clark, 1970 is a junior homonym of the lepidopteran genus Triodia Hubner, 1820. The replacement name Triplodia is herein proposed to accommodate Triodia abdita A. M. Clark, 1970, assigned to this monotypic genus.
A graphical representation of the electrostatic potential and electric field on a molecular surface

The graphics program presented, ARCHEM, draws the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) on a molecular surface color-coded according to the magnitude of the potential. Vectors can be drawn on the surface to show the electric field surrounding the molecule and color-coded according to the magnitude of the field. The electrostatic potential (ESP) calculated from the wave function or from net atomic charges using GAUSSIAN 80 UCSF1.2 can be plotted at points on a shell surrounding the molecule. For the neurotransmitter glycine zwitterion, the MEP is calculated from the wave function and from different point charge models, and the results are represented graphically.
Simulations of Breast Cancer Imaging Using Gamma-Ray Stimulated Emission Computed Tomography

Here, we present an innovative imaging technology for breast cancer using gamma-ray stimulated spectroscopy based on the nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) technique. In NRF, a nucleus of a given isotope selectively absorbs gamma rays with energy exactly equal to one of its quantized energy states, emitting an outgoing gamma ray with energy nearly identical to that of the incident gamma ray. Due to its application of NRF, gamma-ray stimulated spectroscopy is sensitive to trace element concentration changes, which are suspected to occur at early stages of breast cancer, and therefore can be potentially used to noninvasively detect and diagnose cancer in its early stages. Using Monte-Carlo simulations, we have designed and demonstrated an imaging system that uses gamma-ray stimulated spectroscopy for visualizing breast cancer. We show that gamma-ray stimulated spectroscopy is able to visualize breast cancer lesions based primarily on the differences in the concentrations of trace elements between diseased and healthy tissue, rather than differences in density that are crucial for X-ray mammography. The technique shows potential for early breast cancer detection; however, improvements are needed in gamma-ray laser technology for the technique to become a clinically feasible method of detecting and diagnosing cancer at early stages.
Density Functional and Electrostatic Calculations of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Active Site Complexes in Protein Environments

Density functional and electrostatic methods have been applied to calculate active site geometries and the redox potential of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). The initial active site clusters were built up by including only first-shell side chain ligands and then augmented by second-shell ligands. The density functional optimized Mn−ligand bond lengths for the reduced complexes in general compared fairly well with protein crystallography data; however, large deviations for calculated Mn−OH distances were found for the oxidized active site clusters. Our calculations suggest that this deviation can be attributed to the redox heterogeneity of the oxidized protein in X-ray crystallography studies. The redox potential was calculated by treating the protein environment and the solvent bulk by a semimacroscopic electrostatic model. The protein structures were taken from the Thermus thermophilus enzyme. The calculated coupled redox potentials converge toward experimental values with increasing size of the ...
Development of dental Pd-Ti alloys.

Abstract Alloys, in which the main constituents are palladium and titanium, have the following potential advantages for dental application: corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and acceptable casting temperatures for porcelainfused-to-metal dental prostheses. Alloy compositions chosen for investigation were as follows: 30 w/o Ti which lies in the 5% single-phase region near TiPd, 50 w/o Ti which lies near the 1120°C melting temperature minimum of the Pd−Ti system, and 70% Ti which minimizes Pd content while still in a relatively low melting range (1300°C). Analysis of the X-ray diffraction of 70%Pd30%Ti showed mostly PdTi with some Pd5Ti3; in 50%Pd50%Ti mostly PdTi2 was observed with some PdTi; in 30%Pd70%Ti mostly PdTi2 was found with some alpha Ti and PdTi4. The amounts of the minor phases in each of the 3 alloys depended on heat treatment. The Knoop hardness of the alloys ranged from 300–500 KHN for the as-melted condition; after heat treatment the maximum hardness values were 400 KHN. After centrifugal casting, hardness values increased to a range of 350 to 560 KHN, depending on composition. These values exceed those obtained for the pure metals which were in the neighborhood of 100 KHN. From anodic potentiodynamic scans the breakdown potentials in Ringer's solution for 70%Pd30%Ti, 50%Pd50%Ti and 30%Pd70%Ti were 600, 650 and 500 (SCE); the repassivation potentials for the same alloys are 450, 300 and 350 (SCE), respectively. These are all above oral potential. The Pd−Ti system investigated was, thus, found to have adequate corrosion resistance and hardness. Therefore, it can be considered of good potential as a dental prosthetic alloy.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Palliative Care

Pulmonary rehabilitation has been demonstrated to improve symptoms and quality of life of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. These benefits are not necessarily associated with physiological improvement and have not been shown to improve mortality. In this sense, its goals are palliative. Rehabilitation programs assess patients' knowledge of their diseases, degree of symptoms such as dyspnea and fatigue, understanding of common therapies, and capacity for exercise. The exercise component of pulmonary rehabilitation improves function within the rehabilitation setting and may translate to increased activity at home for some patients. The programs also offer additional opportunities to identify for referring providers potentially undetected underlying comorbidities such as sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression, which contribute to a poor quality of life for many patients. In addition, patients and their caregivers can be encouraged to ask questions about interventions during exacerbations, the meaning of advance care planning, and goals for end of life care with the intent that these dialogues will lead to further discussions with their doctors and families.
Reading interventions for struggling readers in the upper elementary grades: a synthesis of 20 years of research

A synthesis of the extant research on reading interventions for students with reading difficulties and disabilities in fourth and fifth grade (ages 9–11) is presented. Thirteen studies with treatment/comparison study designs and eleven single group or single subject studies were located and synthesized. Findings from the 24 studies revealed high effects for comprehension interventions on researcher-developed comprehension measures. Word recognition interventions yielded small to moderate effects on a range of reading outcomes. Few studies were located implementing vocabulary and multi-component interventions.
γ-Secretase: A Horseshoe Structure Brings Good Luck

The intramembrane protease γ-secretase is a key player in signaling and Alzheimer's disease, but its structural features have remained obscure. A structure reported recently reveals a horseshoe-shaped arrangement of 19 transmembrane helices and an extracellular domain positioned for substrate recognition. This advance bodes well for a finer resolution before long.
Normative Data for the Words-in-Noise Test for 6- to 12-Year-Old Children

Purpose To establish normative data for children on the Words-in-Noise Test (WIN; R. H. Wilson, 2003; R. H. Wilson & R. McArdle, 2007). Method Forty-two children in each of 7 age groups, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years (n = 294), and 24 young adults (age range: 18–27 years) with normal hearing for pure tones participated. All listeners were screened at 15 dB HL (American National Standards Institute, 2004) with the octave interval between 500 and 4000 Hz. Randomizations of WIN Lists 1, 2, and 1 or WIN Lists 2, 1, and 2 were presented with the noise fixed at 70 dB SPL, followed by presentation at 90 dB SPL of the 70 Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (T. W. Tillman & R. Carhart, 1966) words used in the WIN. Finally, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised (L. M. Dunn & L. M. Dunn, 1981) was administered. Testing was conducted in a quiet room. Results There were 3 main findings: (a) The biggest change in recognition performance occurred between the ages of 6 and 7 years; (b) from 9 to 12 year...
Dielectric and Radiative Properties of Sea Foam at Microwave Frequencies: Conceptual Understanding of Foam Emissivity

Foam fraction can be retrieved from space-based microwave radiometric data at frequencies from 1 to 37 GHz. The retrievals require modeling of ocean surface emissivity fully covered with sea foam. To model foam emissivity well, knowledge of foam properties, both mechanical and dielectric, is necessary because these control the radiative processes in foam. We present a physical description of foam dielectric properties obtained from the foam dielectric constant including foam skin depth; foam impedance; wavelength variations in foam thickness, roughness of foam layer interfaces with air and seawater; and foam scattering parameters such as size parameter, and refraction index. Using these, we analyze the scattering, absorption, reflection and transmission in foam and gain insights into why volume scattering in foam is weak; why the main absorption losses are confined to the wet portion of the foam; how the foam impedance matching provides the transmission of electromagnetic radiation in foam and maximizes the absorption; and what is the potential for surface scattering at the foam layers boundaries. We put all these elements together and offer a conceptual understanding for the high, black-body-like emissivity of foam floating on the sea surface. We also consider possible scattering regimes in foam.
Development and Evaluation of Various Drilling Fluids for Slim Hole Wells

Slim hole drilling has gained wide acceptance, however, it presents a new set of challenges and problems. One such challenge is reducing annular pressure losses (APLs). Due to the reduced annular clearance in slim hole wells, the APL is usually high, translating to a high equivalent circulating density which can lead to fracturing the formation and lost circulation. Fifty-three fluids were evaluated for their APLs using three different wellbore configurations under atmospheric conditions and at 150°F. Each fluid was characterized using the Bingham Plastic and Power Law rheological models. It was observed that the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) viscosified brines gave the lowest frictional pressure losses of all fluids tested. However, the xanthan viscosified brines exhibited better carrying capacity due to their high viscosities. As expected, APL gradients were reduced at high temperatures due to reduced viscosities which led to reduced carrying capacities of the fluids.
The biochemistry of connective tissue

Abstract Study of the biochemistry of connective tissues has progressed rapidly in recent years. Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the structure of collagen fibers and their metabolism while less is known regarding elastic fibers. The chemistry and metabolism of acid mucopolysaccharides is becoming clear. These studies already point the way to new approaches to the study of connective tissue disease. It seems likely that greater insight into both the physiology and pathology of connective tissue soon may be at hand.
Dollars and sense: considerations for experimental model design.

Our recent review indicates that numerous factors are involved in selecting an animal model for the study of human disease processes. These include: anatomic, neurologic, physiologic, and pathologic parameters, concept of discrimination, volume of knowledge available, and costs. Regarding costs, data was collected from twelve medical research institutions in relation to the eight animals selected for comparative cost analysis: rhesus monkey, cynomolgus monkey, Sprague-Dawley (S.D.) rat, dog (mongrel), cat (mixed breed), swine (piglet), guinea pig, and rabbit. Biologically, the choices are vast and depend upon the investigator and the experimental design. Economically, pricing is a substantial constraint that varies widely and is institutionally dependent. Furthermore, within the same institution, costs differ according to the source of funding (e.g., private, federal, state, or institutional). However, if the investigator carefully considers these biologic and economic factors, it is possible to select an appropriate animal model.
Development of a Coupling-Phase SCAR Marker Linked to the Ur-7 Rust Resistance Gene and Its Occurrence in Diverse Common Bean Lines

Bean rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.: Pers.) Unger, is an important disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A coupling-phase random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker OAD12.550 previously was identified to be linked (no recombination) to Ur-7 of Middle American (MA) origin for specific rust resistance in the common bean cross of Great Northern (GN) 1140 x GN Nebr. #1. However, a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker for Ur-7 present in GN1140 has not been reported. Our objectives were to convert the RAPD marker OAD12.550 most tightly linked to Ur-7 to a SCAR marker SOAD12.537 for use as a marker-assisted selection tool, and survey the presence or absence of the SCAR marker SOAD12.537 in 90 MA and Andean bean genotypes for determining the genetic relationship of Ur-7 with Ur-6. The coupling-phase SCAR marker SOAD12.537 based on a specific forward (5'-AAGAGGGCGTGAGATCGTCG-3') and reverse (5'-AAGAGGGCGTCTTGAAGGTT-3') primer pair showed no recombination with Ur-7 in an F 2 population of the GN1140 x Nebr. #1 cross. The SCAR marker was also present in pinto US-5 from which the rust resistance of GN1140 was derived and in the closely related pinto US-14. The cosegregating SCAR marker identified MA pinto bean cultivars/lines Olathe, Bill Z, Apache, Montrose, BelDak-RR-1 and-2, and CO 12783 that have rust resistance gene Ur-6 and also have Ur-7, identified in earlier literature as Ur c , due to presence of the marker. Other cultivars/lines with Ur-6 such as Weihing, Burke, Kodiak, Topaz, Golden Gate Wax, BelMiNeb 1-13, BelDakMi 1-23, and other Colorado breeding lines lack Ur-7 because of absence of the SCAR marker for the MA gene. This SCAR marker linked to Ur-7 on linkage group 11 of the core P. vulgaris linkage map can identify a phenotypically hidden resistance gene, and along with markers for other rust resistance genes, can be utilized to pyramid multiple genes for more durable rust resistance.
The Streptomyces coelicolor glnR gene encodes a protein similar to other bacterial response regulators

Abstract The Streptomyces coelicolor glnR gene positively regulates the transcription of the glutamine synthetase-encoding glnA gene. The nucleotide sequence of a 1682-bp DNA segment containing glnR was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of the GlnR protein was found to be similar to the sequence of several bacterial response regulators that are known to function as transcriptional activators. Primer extension analysis of glnR mRNA identified three transcriptional tart points ( tsp ) upstream from the glnR coding sequence.
World view from a satellite

A world map data base is processed by an APL program, called SATMAP, to represent the view of the earth seen from a satellite at any altitude, latitude, and longitude. The data base is processed by line segments characterized in terms of maximum and minimum latitudes and longitudes. This permits a more cost effective searching of the data base against a line-segment-visibility criterion than would be possible testing each point separately for visibility. The resultant view can then be presented on a suitable graphics and/or printer terminal such as a Tektronix 4015.
Syntheses of geometric isomers of di-, tetra-, and hexadeuterated 12-octadecenoates and their triglycerides

Four geometrically isomeric deuterated 12-octadecenoates and their triglycerides were synthesized for use in metabolism studies in humans. Methyl trans-12-octadecenoate-15,15,16,16-d4 (81.7% d4) and the corresponding cis isomer (88.9% d4) were obtained by the Wittig reaction between hexyl-3,3,4,4-d4-triphenylphosphonium bromide (or iodide) and methyl 12-oxododecanoate. The phosphonium salt was derived, in several steps, from 3-hexynol and the methyl 12-oxododecanoate from cyclododecene. Methyl cis-12-octadecenoate-9,10,15,15,16,16-d6 (79.9% d6) was obtained via the Wittig reaction between hexyl-d4-triphenylphosphonium bromide and methyl 12-oxododecanoate-9,10-d2. This deuterated aldehyde ester was prepared by lead tetraacetate oxidation of methyl 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecanoate-9,10-d2 which was obtained, in several steps, from Vernonia anthelmintica seed oil. A simple and convenient stereospecific synthesis of methyl trans-12-octadecenoate-9,10-d2 (84.9% d2) was accomplished by thermal decomposition of methyl 12,13-di-O-(ethoxymethylene)-octadecanoate-9,10-d2 which was prepared, in several steps, from 12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoate obtained from Vernonia oil. All deuterations were catalyzed by tris(triphenylphosphine)chlororhodium. cis- and trans- isomers were separated on an Amberlyst XN 1005 column impregnated with silver ions.
On Postmodern Intellectuals, Implied Obligations, and Political Constituencies

Observing that the humanities have entered an age of epistemological explosion, wherein traditional notions of archive, text, method, and attitude are all up for grabs, this short essay invites scholars to forego allegiance to rhetorical criticism or critical theory and instead to work on topics of political salience while speaking to interdisciplinary audiences and allied constituencies.
Anthropocentrism: A Modern Version

Anthropocentrism is proposed as a valid and necessary point of view for mankind to adopt for consideration of his place in nature. Our current ecological problems do not stem from an anthropocentric attitude per se, but from one too narrowly conceived. Anthropocentrism is consistent with a philosophy that affirms the essential interrelatedness of things and that values all items in nature since no event is without some effect on wholes of which we are parts. The ecological crisis is viewed as an inevitable crisis in human evolution. Through cultures knowledge becomes cumulative. A crisis occurs when our knowledge of nature, which determines our power to exploit nature, exceeds our knowledge of how to use knowledge for our own survival and for improvement in the quality of our lives. An anthropocentric belief in the value, meaningfulness, and creative potential of the human phenomenon is considered a necessary motivating factor to participatory evolution which, in turn, may be requisite to the future survival of the human species and its cultural values.
Intropunitiveness in suicidal adolescents.

Summary An attempt was made to evaluate the hypothesis that intropunitiveness is the fundamental dynamic underlying the self-destructive behavior of suicidal individuals (especially suicidal adolescents). Suicidal, psychiatrically disturbed but not suicidal, and normal adolescents were administered the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test. Their protocols were scored for intropunitiveness. No significant differences in intropunitive scores were found among the three groups of subjects. It was concluded that the hypothesis needs to be re-examined.
P01.07. The Chinese herbs Chuan Bei Mu and Huang Qin can produce dose-dependent biphasic response in endometrial cancer cells

Results We found that at low doses Huang Qin induced cytotoxicity (1 μg/ml), but at high doses, 50-300 μg/ml, the same herb induced cell proliferation. Chuan Bei Mu exhibited a similar biphasic response with cytoxicity at 1-200 μg/ml but proliferation at 400 μg/ml. Data on Lian Qiao was scattered but the herb induced cytotoxicity at low doses from 1-10 μg/ml and less significantly at high doses. Bai Zhi was the only herb that did not induce cytotoxicity in endometrial cancer cells.
Effects of Neutron Irradiation and Post-Irradiation Annealing on the Radiant Output Power of Infrared Light Emitting Diodes

This paper presents results of a study of the degradation of commercially available GaAs and AlGaAs light emitting diodes subjected to neutron bombardment at a TRIGA reactor. Devices were characterized using current-voltage and light output measurements prior to and following a sequence of neutron irradiations and after high temperature annealing. A model is derived which can be used to determine the lifetime damage constant product, τoK, if the light output measurements as a function of IMeV equivalent neutron fluence are made at a fixed operating current. For current levels smaller than approximately 1 ma, τoK and operating current is logarithmic with τoK decreasing as current increases. Annealing at temperature up to 275°C recovers some of the neutroninduced damage but does not affect the validity of the model.
Preadolescent Class II problems: Treat now or wait?

The timing of treatment for Class II malocclusion remains a controversial clinical issue despite the considerable volume of literature on this topic over the last few years. Clinical decisions such as the optimal time to start treatment are inevitably difficult because of the variability between patients and the uncertainty about growth and treatment response. The purpose of clinical research is to provide unbiased evidence so that safe, effective, and efficient procedures can be identified, and ineffective, unsafe, or inefficient practices avoided. Much of the current debate about early versus late treatment for Class II malocclusion can be usefully considered in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Ideally, treatment would be provided when it is most effective and most efficient. The debate is not really whether Class II malocclusion can be corrected at various times in a child’s development; there is ample evidence from clinical practice that it usually can. Rather, the question should be whether early treatment, which is almost always followed by a second phase of treatment, provides superior results to conventional treatment started in the permanent dentition, and, if it does, is there enough additional benefit to justify the almost inevitable greater burden of treatment for patients, parents, and practitioners? Several important factors play into the choices about the optimal timing of orthodontic treatment for patients with Class II malocclusion, and these largely relate to the uncertainty about growth and treatment response. The majority of patients with moderate to severe Class II occlusal problems also have some type of skeletal imbalance. Thus, early treatment to modify growth might allow subsequent treatment to correct the alignment and the occlusion of permanent teeth to proceed more quickly or by simpler methods. This argument raises 3 critical issues:
Atherosclerotic lesion progression is attenuated by reconstitution with bone marrow from macrophage-specific cholesteryl ester hydrolase transgenic mice

Accumulation of cholesteryl ester (CE)-enriched macrophage foam cells is central to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Intracellular CE hydrolysis is the rate-limiting step in the removal ...
Thermomechanical cracking due to moving frictional loads

Abstract In this paper the problem of thermomechanical cracking in an unflawed semi-infinite elastic medium from high speed asperity excitations is expounded. The paper is in three parts in which a general three-dimensional theory is established, the asperity characteristics with a single moving asperity are examined and the cumulative effect of repeated asperity excitations is analyzed. The need for a more realistic but more complicated three-dimensional formulation than the two-dimensional formulation is also presented. The general mathematical solutions are left in the expressions of double Fourier transforms, from which special solutions can be obtained by numerical inverse transforms. The general solutions are applied to the problem of a single moving asperity principally to study the various effects of the contact area configuration and of the uniformity of load distribution over the contact area. It is found that contact areas of the same asperity width (in the direction of motion) and of the same aspect ratio result in nearly the same stress state regardless of their shape. However, contact areas of higher aspect ratio, while having the same surface temperature, result in a lower temperature gradient at the subsurface and thus a lower stress there. In the limit, with the same uniformly distributed load, a two-dimensional model (aspect ratio approaching infinity) requires a load almost seven times that of a circular asperity contact area to initiate fracture. Finally, for the same total load, a nonuniformly distributed load causes higher stress than a uniformly distributed load. In the problem of repeated asperity excitations the cumulative effects in terms of the period and the number of repetitions are studied. At a periodic spacing of 600 asperity widths, neither the mechanical effect nor the thermal effect is cumulative. At a periodic spacing of six asperity widths, while the mechanical effect is non-cumulative, the thermal effect of preceding excitations does influence the temperature field, resulting in higher stress with increasing repetitions, approaching an upper bound. A numerical example shows that, for a single moving asperity to initiate cracking at a friction load of 98 MPa (14200 lbf in−2), a repetition of three asperities at a spacing of six asperity widths is sufficient to initiate cracking at a friction load of only 44 MPa (6350 lbf in−2).
PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES AND STRATIFICATION TYPES OF COARSE‐GRAINED POINTBARS: MODERN AND ANCIENT EXAMPLES1

SUMMARY Primary sedimentary structures in modern point bar deposits of the Amite River in Louisiana and the Colorado River in Texas are analogous to features observed in Eocene Simsboro and Pleistocene Colorado River deposits of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain. Short-duration peak flow, channel pattern, average stream gradient of about 2–3 ft./mile, and bank stabilization by dense vegetation are major parameters controlling the depositional pattern of coarse sand and pebble gravel of the Amite and Colorado rivers. Stratification is directly related to specific depositional features and consists of: large-scale trough-fill cross-stratification in the scour pool; trough-fill cross-stratification and foreset cross-stratification in the lower point bar; parallel laminae, large foreset cross-stratification, and trough-fill cross-stratification in the chute bar; parallel inclined laminae, climbing ripple laminae, and mud drapes in the chute fill; and parallel inclined laminae, mud drape, and foreset cross-stratification in overbank, flood-plain deposits. Fundamental differences between point bars of bed-load streams (low suspended load/bed load ratio) and mixed-load streams (high suspended load/bed load ratio) are that upper point bar sediments with small trough sets and parallel inclined laminae occur only in fine-grained (mixed load) fluvial deposits, and large scale foresets of chute bars are common to coarse-grained (bed load) fluvial deposits but are not found in fine-grained fluvial deposits. Upward fining sequences, characteristic of fine-grained fluvial deposits, are uncommon in sediments deposited by bed-load streams such as the Amite and Colorado rivers. The Simsboro Sandstone consists mainly of scour pool, lower point bar, and chute bar sediments. Chute fill and flood-plain deposits are preserved only in the highest stratigraphic sequence. Pleistocene Colorado River deposits display the same sequence of stratification types as the Simsboro but are composed of coarser material.