cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The BlueGene/L pseudo cycle-accurate simulator

The design and development of a new computer system is a lengthy process, with a considerable amount of time elapsed between the beginning of development and first hardware availability. Hence, fast and reasonably accurate simulation of processor architecture has become critical as an enabling mechanism for software engineers to develop and tune system software and applications. In this paper, we present the time-stamped timing model extensions to the BlueGene/L functional simulator. These extensions were implemented to create a pseudo cycle-accurate simulator capable of providing tracing capabilities for detection of bottlenecks and for performance tuning of applications, before the actual hardware became available. Our validation tests, using the DAXPY kernel and the serial version of the NAS benchmarks, show that our pseudo cycle-accurate simulator provides timing information within 15% of the times measured using the actual BlueGene/L hardware. In addition, we present a couple of case studies, which describes how this simulator can be used for identification of performance bottlenecks and for application tuning.
Lipstick or Timberlands? Meanings of Gender Presentation in Black Lesbian Communities

Mignon R. Moore Lipstick or Timberlands? Meanings of Gender Presentation in Black Lesbian Communities C onsider the ways in which the following women explain gender pre- sentation in one black lesbian community: Asa Bambir (age 34, executive assistant): 1 In New York I saw more of this butch-femme thing and I was a little ﬂoored by it, a little shocked, like why do people have to play these roles? . . . But at the same time I looked at it in awe because there was a part of my childhood when I really liked wearing boyish clothes, but I never did. . . . So, I was very intrigued by it, and I think over the years I’ve just been allowing that to surface. I really do like wearing boyish clothes. Were you drawn to women who were more feminine looking or less feminine looking? I was deﬁnitely drawn to women who were feminine looking, very feminine looking. Lynn Witherspoon (age 33, corporate attorney): When I ﬁrst started to come out . . . it was interesting because I had this type that I was attracted to, and yet when I was going out I was always attracting the more butch looking women. And I was like, “Oh, I’m carrying this purse,” and all of these other things, you know, all these things you do in the straight community. So I had to change the way I dressed, and I stopped carrying a purse, and I was able to ﬁnd women who I was more attracted to, to go out with. When I ﬁrst came out I was wearing makeup; I stopped wearing makeup. Data collection was supported by the Woodrow Wilson Junior Faculty Career Enhance- ment Fellowship, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy, and the Institute for Research in African-American Studies at Columbia University. The Russell Sage Foundation generously supported the writing of this manuscript. I thank Karolyn Tyson, Elaine Harley, Laurie Essig, two anonymous reviewers, and the current and former editors of Signs for their helpful comments. Pseudonyms are used to protect respondents’ anonymity. Following Kath Weston’s (2004) model, I assign surnames to this study’s participants to convey a sense of respect and adult status not always afforded sexual or racial minority group members. [Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2006, vol. 32, no. 1] ᭧ 2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0097-9740/2006/3201-0009$10.00
Perceptions of Integrated Vascular Surgery Fellowship Graduates among Community Vascular Surgeons

Background Vascular training includes both integrated residency (“0+5”) and postresidency fellowship (“5+2”) programs. The impact of training models on attitudes toward graduates as prospective hires is incompletely understood, and existing studies have primarily surveyed surgeons from academic centers. We surveyed surgeons who were in active clinical practice but not affiliated with a medical school or training program to compare perceptions of integrated versus postgraduate programs. Methods Vascular surgeons not affiliated with a university-based practice were identified from membership rosters of one regional and one national specialty society and e-mailed an anonymous survey. The survey evaluated respondents' training, practice distribution, general surgery responsibilities, hiring practices, and perception of the integrated and postgraduate trained vascular surgeons. Agreement among specific responses was evaluated using McNemar's test. Results The survey was sent to 406 surgeons with 71 (17.5%) responding. A total of 42% of respondents indicated that half or more of their cases consisted of open procedures and 10% reported general surgery coverage as part of their practice. More respondents indicated that they consider postgraduate trained surgeons very mature (41% vs. 7%, P < 0.0001) and better prepared for open cases (89% vs. 28%, P < 0.0001), as well as endovascular cases (96% vs. 87%, P = 0.0339). Overall 84% stated that they would interview an integrated program graduate, although only 72% indicated that they would hire one. Overall 16.9% identified ability to cover general surgery as either very important or somewhat important characteristic for a potential hire. Conclusions Perceptions of 5+2 graduates as more mature and better prepared for opens surgical cases may influence hiring practices. This suggests that attitudes toward integrated versus 5+2 trained surgeons may differ between academic and community vascular surgeons. Further research is needed to assess whether these differences are related to actual differences in graduate skills, familiarity with integrated graduates, or other factors.
Spinal Injuries in Children

Discussion of spinal injuries in children is confined to the following aspects: identification of activities that subject children to the risk of spinal injury, with suggestion of preventive measures; diagnostic pitfalls in the evaluation of neurologic and roentgenographic examinations; first aid and initial care; and skeletal deformities unique to spinal injuries in the growing child.
Field Tests of Systemic Insecticides for the Control of Sitka-Spruce Weevil

Oxydemetonmethyl and Bidrin® (3-hydroxy- N, N -dimethyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate) were sprayed on the leading shoots of young Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., to determine their effects on Sitka-spruce weevil, Pissodes sitchensis Hopkins. Spring applications made after egg laying, but before the larvae caused appreciable damage, provided good control. Exploratory tests were made also with injected applications of oxydemetonmethyl, Bidrin, demeton, and schradan. Because of limited replication the results of the injection tests can be regarded only as tentative, but both oxydemetonmethyl and Bidrin appeared to provide a good measure of control.
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

The space-time path of the Manitoba grain handling system is explored in order to identify behavioral characteristics of a multi-locational economic activity undergoing spatial consolidation. Descriptive hypotheses regarding spatial trends as well as temporal trends are formulated and then tested. The Manitoba data set used in this testing consists of 388 locations and 32 time periods. Findings include: (a) closures occur in a quasi-concentric fashion; (b) a strong propensity exists for grain delivery points to remain active, or to remain inactive; and (c) significant spacetime covariation is latent in the data. Little is known about the general nature of the dynamics of multi-locational systems, especially during the declining stage of their life cycles. An understanding of such systems increasingly is important to the functioning of economic agents. In the public sector of the economy, for instance, many urban areas are faced with the problem of optimally rationalizing school systems. The solution to this problem ultimately involves closures, since the basic reason for this rationalization is declining student enrollments. Meanwhile, in the private sector of the economy gasoline service stations, for example, are closing due to declining margins of profit, declining demand attributable to better fuel economy, and a shift in consumer tastes. The primary purpose of this paper is to explore space-time paths of multi-locational economic activities in order to identify behavioral characteristics of spatial economic systems that are affiliated with the rationalization stage of the life cycle. Two general hypoth
Survey on self-rated social adaptability of employees in Panyu District,Guangzhou

Objective To Understand the correlation between social health status of employees in Panyu District,Guangzhou and their demographic,sociological characteristics and other factors,and to provide the orientation for the promotion of social health of employees. Methods The sub-scale of social health from the self-rated health measurement scale(SRHMS)was used to survey social adaptability of 831 employees aged 16 to 59-year-old in Panyu District. Results These employees had a high score in the items such as role activities and social adaptation,social resources and social contacts,social support and self-rated general health,accounting for 85.0%,78.6%,69.3% and 78.3% of maximum theoretical values,respectively. The variation of some items among different sub-group employees,such as gender,marital status,educational level,economic status,types of enterprise employees,was statistically significant(P 0.05 or P 0.01). Conclusion Generally,the employees in Panyu District had a good score in survey on self-rated social adaptability. The gender,marital status,education level,economic status and enterprise type may affect the social health of employees.
Anomalous left main coronary artery originating from the right sinus of Valsalva: Pathophysiology, angiographic definition, and surgical approaches

The origin of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) from the right sinus of Valsalva, its course between the aorta and pulmonary artery, is a rare congenital coronary anomaly, seen in only 0.02% of all coronary arteriograms performed at the Cleveland Clinic. We describe the cases of four patients, aged 17 to 71 years, with this anomaly. The 17-year-old patient had an acute anterolateral myocardial infarction with sudden cardiac collapse. In two patients, aged 58 and 71 years, the diagnosis of the anomaly was made serendipitously during cardiac catheterization for arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease. The fourth patient, aged 58 years, combined aspects of both groups with clear evidence of anterior myocardial injury but without evidence of fixed coronary obstruction. At operation, the coronary anomaly was carefully inspected in three of the four patients. We report the second surgical repair in a young individual with follow-up catheterization and define the preoperative angiographic approach for accurate diagnosis and definition of this lesion. On the bases of a careful inspection of the coronary anatomy at operation and our understanding of the pathophysiology leading to myocardial ischemia and sudden death, we advise a surgical approach for the repair of this rare and often lethal congenital coronary anomaly.
Polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis and other vasculitides.

The epidemiology of vasculitic syndromes encompasses a broad spectrum of diverse clinical syndromes. Almost all lack identified etiologic agents, and their clinical characteristics are determined predominantly by the size of the involved vessel and the end organs damaged. With the exception of giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica in the elderly, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease in the pediatric population, the vasculitic syndromes are infrequently observed diseases.
Decline of the Partnership of Church and State

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the frontier was rapidly closing across North America and native peoples—who included, in Canada, the mixed-race Metis—were no longer beyond the borders of advancing “civilization” but increasingly surrounded by it. The population of the United States west of the Mississippi rose from seven to more than 11 million during the 1870s. In the Dakota Territory, for example, there had been twice as many Indians as whites in 1870, but a decade later the Indians were outnumbered by more than six to one. “More area came under the plow in the half-century following the Civil War than had been broken in all of the years since the landing at Jamestown.”1 This changed the context within which schooling was provided, but not, for some decades, either the purpose or the dominant role, in pursuing public as well as charitable goals, of Christian religious organizations.
Interferon-alpha-2b induced signal transduction and gene regulation in patient immune cells is not enhanced by a dose increase from 5 MU/m2 to 10 MU/m2

3026 Background: High dose interferon-alpha-2b (IFN-a) is employed as an adjuvant in melanoma patients who have had surgery for high-risk lesions. It mediates its anti-tumor effects via activation ...
Pentagastrin protects against stress ulceration in rats.

Abstract Stress ulcer formation was examined in the following four groups of 18 rats each: (a) chow fed, (b) fed an isocaloric amount of a liquid diet, (c) fed a liquid diet plus pentagastrin injections (250 μg/kg, 3 times/ day), and (d) fed a liquid diet plus histamine (20 mg/ kg, 3 times/day). The diet regimen lasted 10 days, and injections of saline, pentagastrin, or histamine were given over the last 7 days before water immersion induced stress. Six rats from each group were killed before stress (zero time) and after 4 and 20 hr of stress. Serum gastrin and oxyntic gland mucosal DNA synthesis were significantly lower before stress in all liquid-fed rats compared with chow-fed controls. At this time, the ulcer index was zero in all groups. DNA synthesis decreased, and the ulcer index increased progressively in all groups with exposure to stress. After 4 hr of stress, the ulcer index was 3.8 in the group receiving pentagastrin, compared with 14.1 and 10.7 in the animals receiving liquid diet alone or liquid diet with histamine injections, respectively. During stress, DNA synthesis in the group receiving pentagastrin decreased significantly less than in all other groups. There was significant correlation (r = 0.782; P
Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their Metabolites

Commercial preparations containing synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are rapidly emerging as drugs of abuse. Although often assumed to be "safe" and "legal" alternatives to cannabis, reports indicate that SCBs induce toxicity not often associated with the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). This chapter will summarize the evidence that use of SCBs poses greater health risks relative to marijuana and suggest that distinct pharmacological properties and metabolism of SCBs relative to Δ9-THC may contribute to this increased toxicity. Studies reviewed will indicate that in contrast to partial agonist properties of Δ9-THC typically observed in vitro, SCBs act as full CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists both in cellular assays and animal studies. Furthermore, unlike Δ9-THC metabolism, several SCB metabolites retain high affinity for and exhibit a range of intrinsic activities at CB1 and CB2 receptors. Finally, the potential for SCBs to cause adverse drug-drug interactions with other drugs of abuse, as well as with common therapeutic agents, will be discussed. Collectively, the evidence provided in this chapter indicates that SCBs should not be considered safe and legal alternatives to marijuana. Instead, the enhanced toxicity of SCBs relative to marijuana, perhaps resulting from the combined actions of a complex mixture of different SCBs present and their active metabolites that retain high affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors, highlights the inherent danger that may accompany use of these substances.
Spillovers From Creditor Control

A loan covenant violation may be informative to parties outside of the lender-firm pair that agreed to the covenant term. This implies externalities of lender monitoring. I find that a firm's covenant violation yields spillover effects both to other violators and to non-violators in the firm's industry. Covenant violators have ex post renegotiation outcomes that depend upon rival firm violation. This suggests that violation by peers informs the optimal renegotiation outcome following covenant violation. Non-violators benefit competitively from peer violation. Average spillover effects amount to between 8% to 60% of the direct effect, depending on the outcome studied.
Public Perception and Behavior in Relation to Vehicle Passenger Restraints

With motor vehicle injuries currently occurring to 1 in 50 to 60 people per year in the U.S. [1], the objective risk of injury in a vehicle crash during a lifetime is high. But the probability of such a crash on any given trip is usually very low. The risk is known to vary substantially by time of day, day of week, characteristics of vehicles, characteristics of roadways, and weather conditions as well as driver’s age and use of alcohol and drugs. Less well-known is the extent to which transient psychological and psysiological states of drivers increase or decrease their own, their passengers’ and other road users’ risk. Such factors as stress, anger, preoccupation with matters other than driving and numerous others, probably increase the risk. They are sometimes inferred based on post-crash interviews but are not measured precisely because of their transience and the questionable validity of recall.
Conformational Modulation of α-Synuclein by Dynamic Metal Coordination

The role of transition metals in neuronal health has become increasingly more appreciated in recent years. A tight regulatory system exists to maintain normal function; however, the abnormal accumulation of metals in specific regions of the brain is associated with both aging and neurodegeneration. Metal imbalance has long been linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) due to the accumulation of iron in the substantia nigra pars compacta, while copper levels in this same region are diminished. Despite the redox characteristics and ability of these transition metal ions to produce damaging free radicals, their potential for promoting normal brain function under homeostatic conditions must be considered. Both copper and iron trigger conformational changes within the intrinsically disordered protein αS, the principal component of Lewy body inclusions, which are the proteinaceous deposits within PD brains. This presentation will focus on new insights into potential protagonistic and antagonistic effects of metal-protein interactions. The conformational dynamics associated with iron, copper, and manganese binding to αS will be discussed as well as their ability to activate O2 and generate radicals. Unique changes are observed in the protein secondary and quaternary structure upon the introduction of stoichiometric quantities of individual metal ions based on circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering analyses. Immunoblotting techniques have further revealed that metal-bound αS can follow distinct pathways towards toxic oligomers or β-sheet fibrils depending on the metal. Furthermore, a clear involvement of ambient oxygen in the production of post-translational modifications has been observed. Such metal-induced changes can result in altered protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions, which could have physiological implications. Taken together, these results contribute to the ongoing conversation within the field about the role of metals and αS in PD progression.
Development of quantum and interband cascade lasers on silicon (Conference Presentation)

We are developing midwave infrared (mid-IR) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and interband cascade lasers (ICLs) bonded to silicon. The heterogeneous integration of mid-IR photonic devices with silicon promises to enable low-cost, compact sensing and detection capabilities that are compatible with existing silicon photonic and electronic technologies. The first Fabry-Perot QCLs on silicon were bonded to pre-patterned silicon-on-nitride-on-insulator (SONOI) substrates. Lateral tapers in the III-V mesas transferred the optical mode from the hybrid III-V/Si active region into the passive silicon waveguides, with feedback provided by reflections from both the III-V tapers and the polished passive silicon facets. Lasing was observed at   4.8 m with threshold current densities as low as 1.6 kA/cm2 when operated in pulsed mode at T = 20 oC. The first mid-IR DFB lasers integrated on silicon employed gratings patterned into the silicon waveguides before bonding. Over 200 mW of pulsed power was generated at room temperature, and operated to 100 °C with T0 = 199 K. Threshold current densities were measured below 1 kA/cm2.The grating imposed considerable wavelength selectivity and 22 nm of thermal tuning, even though the emission was not spectrally pure. Ongoing research focuses on flip-chip bonding to improve heat sinking for continuous-wave operation, and arrayed waveguide gratings for beam combining. ICLs have also been bonded to silicon and the GaSb substrate has been chemically removed with an InAsSb etch-stop layer. Tapered ICL ridges designed for lasing in a hybrid III-V/Si mode have been processed above passive silicon waveguides patterned on SOI. A goal is to combine the power generated by arrays of QCLs and ICLs residing on the same chip into a single, high-quality output beam.
Postmarketing cases of eluxadoline-associated pancreatitis in patients with or without a gallbladder.

Background Cases of pancreatitis were identified in the eluxadoline clinical development program, reflected in initial product labelling, and the subject of postmarketing reports. Aim To analyse postmarketing cases of eluxadoline-associated pancreatitis. Methods We retrospectively analysed all US adverse event reports of pancreatitis associated with eluxadoline reported to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from May 27, 2015 through February 15, 2017. Results The analysis included 119 cases of pancreatitis associated with eluxadoline; one resulted in death and 75 in hospitalisation. Sixty-seven cases reported the presence (n = 12) or absence (n = 55) of the patient's gallbladder. The eluxadoline dose received in the 55 cases of patients without gallbladders was 75 mg (n = 43), 100 mg (n = 5), or not reported (n = 7). Of the 119 cases, 37 reported the patient did not abuse alcohol and 82 did not report the alcohol abuse status. The single fatal case occurred in a patient without a gallbladder who received eluxadoline 75 mg and did not abuse alcohol. Forty-seven cases reported development of pancreatitis within the first or second dose of eluxadoline initiation. The median time to onset for the development of pancreatitis (n = 83) was 1 day, ranging from 1 to 56 days of continued use of eluxadoline. Conclusion The FAERS cases suggest that patients with or without a gallbladder receiving eluxadoline are at risk for the development of pancreatitis. However, patients without a gallbladder, despite receiving the recommended lower dose of eluxadoline 75 mg and screening for alcohol abuse, appear to be overrepresented among patients who developed eluxadoline-associated pancreatitis.
Wave propagation in a micropolar elastic half-space

Wave propagation in an infinite micropolar elastic half space and the reflection of plane longitudinal displacement waves from a fixed flat surface of a micropolar elastic half space are investigated. Reflection laws and amplitude ratios are presented for specific cases. New propagating and reflected waves are found in addition to the classical ones.
The Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-analysis.

Abstract Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides glucose trend information that can be used to guide treatment and motivate patients with diabetes. Currently, the evidence on effec...
Scapholunate Ligament Internal Brace 360 Tenodesis (SLITT) Procedure: A Biomechanical Study.

Background Twelve paired fresh frozen cadaveric wrists were randomized to a 360-degree tenodesis repair group or the 360-degree tenodesis repair with an internal brace (suture tape) construct. Case Description The specimens were preloaded to 5 N and subsequently biomechanically loaded to failure, at a rate of 0.1 mm/s on a jig that allowed for axial load. The maximum load and mode of failure were recorded. Load to failure in the 360 tenodesis group with internal brace was 283.47 ± 100.25 N, compared with the 360 tenodesis group only, whose yield strength was 143.61 ± 90.54 N. The mode of failure within the internal brace construct was either through knot slippage, graft disruption, or bone separation from strength testing construct. The 360 tenodesis group tended to fail via graft slippage or graft rupture. Literature Review The management of scapholunate instability can be a difficult problem to treat. Traditionally, many of the surgical reconstructions have focused upon dorsal ligament reconstruction with Kirschner (K) wire fixation. This results in prolonged immobilization of the wrist with varied outcomes, in part due to the multiaxial instability that may persist due to concomitant volar ligament disruption. To address this instability, surgical techniques have been devised that address both the volar and dorsal ligament injuries. Clinical Relevance Scapholunate reconstruction with a 360-degree tenodesis and internal brace augmentation (SLITT procedure) provided superior biomechanical stability than tenodesis alone.
Technologie- und Standortwahl beim Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien – Eine empirische Analyse zum unternehmerischen Verhalten von Anlagenbetreibern

Im Zuge der Energiewende wird der Ruckbau leistungsstarker Groskraftwerke durch den Ausbau zahlreicher Kleinkraftwerke, wie Windkraft‑, Solar und Biomasseanlagen, kompensiert. Aufgrund der geringen Energiedichte sowie der starken Volatilitat erneuerbarer Energien wird dies sehr flachenintensiv ausfallen und zwangslaufig die Fragen aufwerfen, auf welchen Standorten sich dieser Ausbau vollziehen soll. Aus wissenschaftlicher Perspektive ist dabei vor allem unklar, wie hierzu die Entscheidungsprozesse ablaufen, welche Akteure bei diesen Entscheidungen involviert sind und welche okonomischen, okologischen und sozialen Folgewirkungen damit einhergehen. Um hieruber mehr Klarheit zu bekommen, ist es erforderlich, nicht nur die Verhaltensweisen der Anwohner erneuerbarer Energien zu analysieren, wie das in zahlreichen Studien bereits der Fall ist. Vielmehr erscheint es angebracht, die Handlungen der Anlagenbetreiber selbst in den Fokus der Forschung zu rucken, da deren Verhaltensweisen eine wesentliche Determinante lokaler Akzeptanz sind. Dabei stellt sich im Besonderen die Frage, welche Rolle diesen zentralen Akteuren der Energiewende im Hinblick auf eine nachhaltige Energieversorgung zukommt, welche Vorstellungen, Motive, Werte, Denkmuster, Praktiken und Wissensbestande ihr Verhalten bestimmen und welche Konflikte damit einhergehen. Aus diesem Grund wurde erstmalig eine technologieubergreifende quantitative Befragung von Betreibern erneuerbarer Energien in den Planungsregionen Augsburg und Lausitz-Spreewald durchgefuhrt. Im Fokus der Erhebung standen dabei die unternehmerischen Zielsetzungen und technologischen Ausrichtungen, das standortplanerische Verhalten, die Fahigkeiten der Informationsbeschaffung und -verarbeitung, die Einbettung der Unternehmer in sozio-institutionelle und soziokulturelle Kontexte, die daraus hervorgehenden Wirkungen sowie die regionalen Besonderheiten.
Attitudes and opinions regarding leadership qualities of marketing executives: A quantitative analysis

In this research study, students at a large urban university completed our questionnaire regarding leadership. The student’s opinions regarding leadership qualities are consistent with our literature review. Marketing leaders need to be creative, global thinkers, with integrity who can create innovative learning organizations, encourage diversity, and ensure employees are engaged in meaningful work that achieves sustainability and results in a competitive advantage.
Respiratory Tract Diseases That May Be Mistaken for Infection

The differential diagnosis of lung infiltrates in transplant patients includes non-infectious processes that may mimic pneumonia. Hydrostatic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, as well as transfusion-related lung injury, may cause bilateral airspace opacification that may be confused with an infectious process. Chemotherapeutic agents, whether administered for treatment of an underlying hematologic malignancy, for induction prior to transplant, or for the treatment of GVHD or graft rejection after transplant, may cause lung injury that in some cases may not become apparent until years later. Radiation-induced lung injury may cause a distinct pattern of lung injury, which may present months after exposure. In hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, pulmonary diagnoses such as engraftment syndrome, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage can mimic pneumonia. After lung transplantation, infiltrates may be seen as a consequence of primary graft dysfunction or allograft rejection. Organizing pneumonia may be seen both in recipients of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Organizing pneumonia may be cryptogenic or associated with the use of the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. Failure to accurately diagnose non-infectious infiltrates may lead to unnecessary antibiotic treatment and failure to address the underlying pathophysiologic process.
Plasticity of phenotype and heteroblasty in contrasting populations of Acacia koa

Background and aims Heteroblastic plant species, whose morphology or growth habit changes suddenly during development, offer unique opportunities to investigate the role of selection in canalizing development or increasing the adaptive importance of plasticity. Leaf forms of the Hawaiian tree Acacia koa (koa) change morphologically and physiologically during the first year of growth, providing time to study abiotic factors influencing transition rates relative to other Acacia species. Methods The roles of light and water availability in triggering transition to the mature leaf form in contrasting (wet/dry) ecotypes of koa were investigated using a novel modelling technique to distinguish between chronological and ontogenetic controls in triggering transition. A light quality treatment was included to test interactions of heterophylly (the presence of multiple leaf forms) with heteroblastic processes on the resulting phenotype at transition. Key results Increased light intensity increased transition rates, but reduced red to far-red light (R:FR) ratios did not affect transition rates, solidifying the current paradigm of heteroblasty. However, evidence was found for earlier transition ontogenetically under water stress, which is not part of the current paradigm and could differentiate the role of heteroblasty in some Acacia species versus other heteroblastic species. Ecotypic responses also indicate that plasticity of development could vary across koa's range and the adaptive significance of heteroblasty could be marginalized or amplified dependent on the disparate selective pressures present across koa's range. Conclusions The use of novel survival functions and a species with an elongated transition time helped to elucidate abiotic modifiers of ontogenetic trajectories. Differences in ontogenetic trajectories between contrasting ecotypes suggest that ongoing climate and land use change will have non-uniform effects on koa regeneration and establishment dynamics across its range.
Reconfigurable X-shaped THz Metamaterials employing Quantum Dots

We report the utilization of an X-shaped metamaterial (MM) designed to have resonant frequencies in the THz regime. The reconfigurable behavior was observed when exciting photoluminescent down-shifting quantum dots deployed on the aforementioned MM with a UV source. The expected outcome will be the modification of the resonant frequency amplitude upon exposure of the metallic array with an UV source. The demonstration described herein is anticipated to enable the fabrication of additional circuitry elements operating in the THz regime.
Trajectory-aware Lowest-cost Path Selection: A Summary of Results

The trajectory-aware lowest-cost path selection problem aims to find the lowest-cost path using trajectory data. Trajectory data is valuable since it carries information about travel cost along paths, and also reflects travelers' routing preference. Path-centric travel cost estimation models using trajectory data grows popular recently, which considers the auto-correlation of the energy consumption on different segments of a path. However, path-centric models are more computationally expensive than edge-centric models. The main challenge of this problem is that the travel cost of every candidate path explored during the process of searching for the lowest-cost path need to be estimated, resulting in high computational cost. The current path selection algorithms that use path-centric cost estimation models still follow the pattern of "path + edge" when exploring candidate paths, which may result in redundant computation. We introduce a trajectory-aware graph model in which each node is a maximal trajectory-aware path. Two nodes in the trajectory-aware graph are linked by an edge if their union forms a trajectory-union path. We then propose a path selection algorithm to find a path in the proposed trajectory-aware graph which corresponds to the lowest-cost path in the input spatial network. We prove theoretically the proposed algorithm is correct and complete. Moreover, we prove theoretically that the proposed path selection algorithm cost much less computational time than the algorithm used in the related work, and validate it through experiments using real-world trajectory data.
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, Activation of Cardiac Biomarkers and Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Population-Based Cohort

Abstract Objective To classify subjects in a general population per their renal function and characterize the cardiac biomarker levels, left ventricular function and cardiovascular outcomes over a 10.2 year follow-up period (interquartile range, 5.1–11.4 years). Methods This was a retrospective review of a population-based random sample of residents aged ≥45 years. Data were collected between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2000. One thousand nine hundred eighty-one individuals were classified based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) into group I (>90 mL/min/1.73 m2), group II (60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m2) and group III ( Results Eight hundred nineteen patients were classified as group I, 1036 as group II, and 126 of 1981 (6.4%) as group III or CKD. Subjects in group III were older and had a higher incidence of hypertension, diabetes, and MI at baseline. Over a 10.2-year follow-up period, CKD was associated with an increased risk of MI (hazard ratio, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.2-3.14; P=.006) and composite cardiovascular outcomes including MI, congestive heart failure, stroke, and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.05-1.83 ;P=.02). Subjects with NT-proBNP or hs-TnT in the third tertile were at greater risk of cardiovascular events without significant interactions between eGFR and levels of NT-proBNP and hs-TnT. Conclusion Subjects with CKD had significantly elevated cardiac biomarkers and were at an increased risk of MI and adverse cardiovascular events. This warrants future studies to investigate whether these cardiac biomarkers could identify high-risk CKD patients for aggressive management of cardiovascular risk factors.
Complexity and Evolution: Toward a New Synthesis for Economics

Historically, economics has been predicated on the idea of rational actors acting in self-interest. Counter to this, the participants of the Ernst Strungmann Forum collectively argue that complexit...
Political isolation in America

This study documents historical trends of size and political diversity in Americans’ discussion networks, which are often seen as important barometers of social and political health. Contrasting findings from data drawn out of a nationally representative survey experiment of 1,055 Americans during the contentious 2016 U.S. presidential election to data arising from 11 national data sets covering nearly three decades, we find that Americans’ core networks are significantly smaller and more politically homogeneous than at any other period. Several methodological artifacts seem unlikely to account for the effect. We show that in this period, more than before, “important matters” were often framed as political matters, and that this association probably accounts for the smaller networks.
An integrated detection scheme for fast, embedded measurement of deep tissue blood flow with Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy

We demonstrate compact low-noise measurements of deep tissue blood flow with an embedded unbiased photodiode using diffuse speckle contrast analysis.
Performance Improvement of Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converter based Motor Drive using SiC MOSFETs

Modular Multilevel Converters have been proposed to be a viable topology for medium voltage and high power motor drives due to the stackable structure of the topology. This allows for a transformer-less drive, better output current THD and reduces input and output filter sizes compared to traditional topologies. Replacing the traditional Si IGBT based submodules with SiC MOSFETs has been shown to improve the overall efficiency of the MMC. However, the lower switching losses of SiC MOSFETs have not been fully utilized to realize further system level improvements in the MMC. In this paper, the impact of the SiC MOSFETs on the efficiency, power density and output current THD of the drive is compared against Si IGBTs using analytical and simulation. A 7 kV dc bus, 4.16 kV ac, 1 MVA, 0-1,000 Hz medium voltage variable speed drive based on 1.7 kV devices based is used for the comparison.
A comparison of computational models for predicting yield sooting index

Abstract Sooting propensity, a measurement of how much particulate matter is produced when a fuel is burned, is a property of significant interest among researchers who are striving to discover the next generation of cleaner, more efficient fuels and fuel additives. Many compounds are not viable as fuels and/or fuel additives, and as a result, designing cleaner-burning biofuels using only experimental techniques is inefficient. Predictive models have been instrumental in reducing this inherent difficulty, providing researchers with a tool to preemptively screen compounds before production and testing. The present work compares the accuracies and interpretabilities of existing models used to predict a particular measure of sooting propensity, Yield Sooting Index (YSI). These models include artificial neural networks, graph neural networks, and multivariate equations. A novel equation for predicting YSI based on atom path count and bond order is proposed, which can highlight key structural components that contribute to YSI. It was found that artificial neural networks slightly outperform graph neural networks and greatly outperform multivariate equations in blind (test set) prediction accuracy; however, graph neural networks and multivariate equations provide significantly more interpretability as to how compound structure relates to YSI. Predictions of YSI are compared to experimental measurements for previously un-tested compounds with cetane numbers comparable to diesel fuel (50-60) (butyl decanoate, ethyl decanoate, 1,4-bis(ethenoxymethyl)cyclohexane, and 5-heptyloxolan-2-one), and it was found that these compounds produce significantly less soot compared to diesel fuel.
The wake structure of a propeller operating upstream of a hydrofoil

Large eddy simulations are presented on the wake flow of a notional propeller (the INSEAN E1658), upstream of a NACA0020 hydrofoil of infinite spanwise extent, mimicking propeller–rudder interaction. Results show that the flow physics is dominated by the interaction between the coherent structures populating the wake of the propeller and the surface of the hydrofoil. The suction and pressure side branches of the tip vortices move towards inner and outer radii, respectively. The hub vortex is split into two branches at the leading edge of the hydrofoil. The two branches of the hub vortex shift in the opposite direction, compared to the tip vortices, towards the rudder suction sides. As a result, a contraction of the propeller wake on the suction sides occurs, leading to increased levels of shear stress and turbulence. At downstream locations along the hydrofoil the spanwise deflection of the suction side branches of the tip vortices affects the trajectory of the overall propeller wake, including also the smaller helical vortices across the span of the wake of each blade and the two branches of the hub vortex on the two sides of the hydrofoil. This cross-stream shift persists, producing a strong anti-symmetry of the overall wake.
The Distinctive Role of Social Enterprise

Social enterprises, such as microfinance institutions, fair trade firms, and work integration social enterprises, pose a challenge to the traditional tenets of corporate law. On the one hand, they do not necessarily maximize profits, and on the other, contrary to nonprofit theory, they often distribute profits to their owners. The proliferation of social enterprises has led commentators to question both the profit maximization norm and the non-distribution constraint as essential elements of for-profit and nonprofit corporate law respectively. In this article, I present a theory of social enterprise that is consistent with the prevailing theories of corporate law. Social enterprises, I argue, perform a distinctive role, which I call the measurement function of social enterprise. More specifically, social enterprises that have a commitment to transact with their beneficiaries as patrons (e.g., customers, such as poor borrowers, or providers of input, such as disadvantaged employees) have incentives to measure or gather information on the attributes of their beneficiaries. This information enables social enterprises to enter into transactions with their patron-beneficiaries and allocate subsidies to them efficiently. The measurement function makes social enterprises efficient vehicles for channeling subsidies to certain categories of beneficiaries. In particular, social enterprises tend to be more efficient than other alternative mechanisms which bear a similar structure, but have a distinctly different function, such as corporate social responsibility initiatives and corporate charity. The measurement function can thus serve as the basis for informing legal policy, especially the design of a new social enterprise legal form.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Core Muscle Injuries in High Level Athletes.

ABSTRACT Core muscle injuries are common injuries in athletes involved in high speed side-to-side acceleration movements. The term core muscle injury encapsulates several different injuries that occur in the pelvic region that have similar presentations. Along with a good history and physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be a helpful tool in the diagnostic process. Correct orientation and protocols are needed to show the correct anatomy with an MRI. Furthermore, to determine the exact etiology of the core muscle injury, it is important to know which structures are likely to be involved and be able to recognize the patterns of injury on imaging.
Land of strangers: the civilizing project in Qing Central Asia: by Eric Schluessel, New York, Columbia University Press, 2020, 304 pp., $35.00 £27.00 (paperback), ISBN 9780231197540

Land of Strangers is a great example of why history of borderlands and peoples considered peripheral by the metropole should matter for furthering our understanding of late imperial Chinese history...
The role of non-conventional treatments in the management of alcohol use disorder— a focused review

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a devastating disease with branching consequences that can affect one’s physical health, psychology, relationships, and finances. The etiology of AUD is as equally com...
Inveterate imperialists: contested imperialisms, North American history, and the coming of the U.S. Civil War

In the decades preceding the U.S. Civil War, sectional conflict frequently took place in overlapping continental, hemispheric, Atlantic, and international contexts. Within these broader geographies...
Caregiver-perceived neighborhood safety and pediatric asthma severity: 2017-2018 National Survey of Children's Health.

OBJECTIVE To examine the association between caregiver-perceived neighborhood safety and pediatric asthma severity using a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample. STUDY DESIGN Using data from the 2017-2018 National Survey of Children's Health, children aged 6-17 years with primary caregiver report of a current asthma diagnosis were included (unweighted N = 3209; weighted N = 3,909,178). Perceived neighborhood safety, asthma severity (mild vs. moderate/severe), demographic, household, and health/behavioral covariate data were collected from primary caregiver report. Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate the association between perceived neighborhood safety and caregiver-reported pediatric asthma severity. RESULTS Approximately one-third of children studied had moderate/severe asthma. A total of 42% of children with mild asthma and 52% of children with moderate/severe asthma identified as Hispanic or non-Hispanic Black. Nearly 20% of children with mild asthma and 40% of children with moderate/severe asthma were from families living below the federal poverty level (FPL). Children living in neighborhoods perceived by their caregiver to be unsafe had higher prevalence of moderate/severe asthma compared to those in the safest neighborhoods (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.34; 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.74). This association was found to be independent of race/ethnicity, household FPL, household smoking, and child's physical activity level after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Children living in neighborhoods perceived by their caregiver to be unsafe have higher prevalence of moderate or severe asthma. Further investigation of geographic context and neighborhood characteristics that influence childhood asthma severity may inform public health strategies to reduce asthma burden and improve disease outcomes.