cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OOPs! The Inherent Ambiguity of Out-of-Pocket Damages in Securities Fraud Class Actions

Most securities fraud class actions under SEC Rule 10b-5 involve revelation of negative information about the defendant company that should have been disclosed earlier – bad news that (allegedly) has been covered up by company agents. The standard remedy in such cases is out-of-pocket damages (OOPs). But this measure of harm is inherently ambiguous. Some courts interpret it as price inflation at the time of purchase. Others interpret it as the difference between the price paid and the price at which a stock settles after corrective disclosure. Although it might seem that these formulations are synonymous, the latter includes not only the difference in price that would have obtained if the truth had been known at the time of purchase but also any additional difference that might be caused by revelation of the truth. For example, the market may conclude that the company is likely to become the target of an SEC enforcement action or private securities litigation. Either way, the company is likely to suffer increased legal expenses. In addition, the company may suffer an increased cost of capital because the market perceives added risk that information about the company may be unreliable. These additional factors and possibly others – herein dubbed collateral damage – will be reflected in the decrease in price that occurs immediately upon corrective disclosure. But such collateral damage is harm suffered by the company that should be the subject of a derivative action – for the benefit of all stockholders – and not a direct (class) action. The clear implication is that OOPs should be measured as price inflation at the time of purchase– that is, price inflation narrowly defined net of any collateral damage. Indeed, because FRCP Rule 23 – which governs class actions – requires that a class action for damages be superior to any other means of resolving a dispute, Rule 23 itself requires that collateral damage be addressed in a derivative action simply because it can be so addressed. As demonstrated here, state corporation law is perfectly congruent with federal securities law such that a derivative action for collateral damage will lie whenever a meritorious claim can be stated under Rule 10b-5. Aside from simplifying the litigation process by providing for unitary corporate recovery, derivative actions avoid the circularity inherent in class actions while also addressing the problem of excessive deterrence by providing a perfectly tailored action against individual wrongdoers. Finally, because derivative actions quite clearly address corporate internal affairs, a corporation can assure that claims for collateral damage will be so addressed by adopting a bylaw to that effect.
Development and assessment of a formal learning module to educate veterinary students in an intensive care unit about transfusion reactions.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and assess the instructional efficacy of an online learning module on transfusion reactions in small animals and to evaluate participants’ satisfaction of the module. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: University teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: A total of 55, fourth‐year veterinary students, 27 in a treatment group that received the learning module plus standard rotation training and 28 in a control group (no module) who received only standard training INTERVENTIONS: Students received a pretest on transfusion reactions followed by administration of a transfusion reaction learning module covering recognition, treatment, prevention, case examples, and self‐assessment questions for 6 common transfusion reactions. Students also received a module satisfaction survey, a post‐test at 2 weeks post‐module, and a retention test at 6 weeks post‐module. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Previous transfusion medicine exposure did not affect pretest scores and there was no difference in pretest scores between groups. The module group scored higher on the post‐test (P < 0.001) and retention test (P = 0.002) than the control group. Mean post‐test scores were 74.4% and 57.7% and mean retention test scores were 80.6% and 56.5% for the module and control groups, respectively. The module group scored higher on posttest and retention questions involving reaction recognition (P < 0.001). Students were overall very satisfied with the module with an average score of 4.8 (1‐5). CONCLUSIONS: A transfusion reaction instructional module can be delivered successfully to veterinary students on an ICU‐based clinical rotation. Students taking the module scored significantly better on post‐assessments up to 6 weeks after module administration as compared to students receiving only conventional clinical rotation training.
1983 National Debate Tournament Final Debate: Should the United States Military Intervention into the Internal Affairs of Any Foreign Nation or Nations in the Western Hemisphere Be Prohibited?

Transcript, editorial analysis, and critiques of the NDT final debate: Should United States military intervention into the internal affairs of any foreign nation or nations in the Western Hemispher...
Doc hay: A chinese herbalist combating the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in America

This is a story about a Chinese herbalist Ing “Doc” Hay who combated the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in the America West. As an immigrant, he came to the States as a laborer, but he had knowledge of Chinese herbal medicine due to his family heritage. This made it possible for him to start practicing in the Chinese community in John Day, Oregon, until 1948 when he retired. During the time of the pandemic running wild in the 1910s, he prescribed formulas aimed at flu and boiled herbal decoction, personally delivering it to a working site for those Chinese laborers as well as non-Chinese patients. None of the laborer patients treated by him died during this deadly pandemic. Due to his success and fame, his practice was booming even after the Chinese community disappeared in John Day in later years. Doc Hay is always remembered in the history of earlier development in eastern Oregon, so that the site of his practicing, Kam Wah Chung and Co. Building, is now a national historic landmark. And more importantly, he has also been remembered by Chinese herbal medicine practitioners in the United States.
Surgical Pearls and Pitfalls

Alopecia is a common condition with varying levels of severity that affects both men and women. Hair loss can have a negative psychosocial effect with detriments to self-esteem, social success, and perceived attractiveness. Recent evidence has proven a significant reduction in the quality of life (QOL) in patients with this condition. Health-state utility studies have demonstrated the value of treating alopecia and reveal the motivations for patients seeking treatment [1]. Surgical hair restoration is now among the most highly sought cosmetic procedures. According to the International Society for Hair Restoration Surgery (ISHRS), the number of surgical hair restoration patients increased by 109% from 2012 to 2016 and by 67% from 2014 to 2016 alone [3]. Hair restoration aims to stimulate regrowth of lost hair and unlike many medical therapies, is not limited to prevention of hair loss [2]. Tremendous advancements in hair restoration techniques have led to greatly improved outcomes since restoration was first attempted in the early 1800s [2]. Procedures in the current era include hair transplantation with follicular unit extraction (FUE) or follicular unit transplant (FUT), use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), tissue expansion, local tissue rearrangement, and hairline lowering surgery.
Developing Safety Metrics for Automatic Vehicle Parking Using Machine Learning

Human depth perception requires binocular vision, therefore an impairment in a single eye can eliminate or drastically diminish depth perception. When such vision impairment occurs later in life, the brain relearns the calculation of depth perception based on prior experiences, however for vision loss occurring early in life, there is no catalog of information for the brain to use to draw conclusions about depth, and the person develops a type of "learned perception". This is greatly hindered when gauging depth while driving an automotive vehicle, especially for the close-range depth perception necessary to park a vehicle near an obstacle. The use of rear-facing sensors for vehicles has become commonplace but front-facing sensor options to assist with forward-facing distance measurement have not. In this paper, a front-facing distance sensor system for vehicle parking obstacle has been proposed and evaluated for obstacle avoidance during vehicle parking for assessing and enhancing safety for automatic and semi-automatic parking system and for developing safety metrics (the safety metrology) for enhanced safety in vehicle parking. In addition, the sensor data have been proposed to be processed with machine learning algorithms (e.g., the support vector machine, SVM) for developing machine learning-based advanced control strategies for automatic and semi-automatic parking system for obstacle avoidance during vehicle parking. The results as a whole can help drivers predict obstacles during parking and park with varied levels of safety.
Adherence to the bedside paediatric early warning system (BedsidePEWS) in a pediatric tertiary care hospital.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to describe the adherence to the Bedside Pediatric Early Warning System (BedsidePEWS) escalation protocol in children admitted to hospital wards in a large tertiary care children's hospital in Italy. METHODS This is a retrospective observational chart review. Data on the frequency and accuracy of BedsidePEWS score calculations, escalation of patient observations, monitoring and medical reviews were recorded. Two research nurses performed weekly visits to the hospital wards to collect data on BedsidePEWS scores, medical reviews, type of monitoring and vital signs recorded. Data were described through means or medians according to the distribution. Inferences were calculated either with Chi-square, Student's t test or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate (P < 0.05 considered as significant). RESULTS A total of 522 Vital Signs (VS) and score calculations [BedsidePEWS documentation events, (DE)] on 177 patient clinical records were observed from 13 hospital inpatient wards. Frequency of BedsidePEWS DE occurred < 3 times per day in 33 % of the observations. Adherence to the BedsidePEWS documentation frequency according to the hospital protocol was observed in 54 % of all patients; in children with chronic health conditions (CHC) it was significantly lower than children admitted for acute medical conditions (47 % vs. 69 %, P = 0.006). The BedsidePEWS score was correctly calculated and documented in 84 % of the BedsidePEWS DE. Patients in a 0-2 BedsidePEWS score range were all reviewed at least once a day by a physician. Only 50 % of the patients in the 5-6 score range were reviewed within 4 h and 42 % of the patients with a score ≥ 7 within 2 h. CONCLUSIONS Escalation of patient observations, monitoring and medical reviews matching the BedsidePEWS is still suboptimal. Children with CHC are at higher risk of lower compliance. Impact of adherence to predefined response algorithms on patient outcomes should be further explored.
Advances in Anticoagulants

Utilizing the previously discussed in vitro and in vivo models for the evaluation of new anticoagulants resulted in recent advances in the development of novel oral anticoagulants (NOA).Major advances in the development of NOA progressed well, with the goal of developing safe and effective oral anticoagulants that do not require frequent monitoring or dose adjustment along with minimal food/drug interactions. Indirect inhibitors such as low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and the pentasaccharide fondaparinux represent improvements over traditional drugs such as unfractionated heparin for acute treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with more targeted anticoagulant approaches, predictable pharmacokinetic profiles, and lack of need for monitoring. Vitamin K antagonist, with its inherent limitations of multiple food and drug interactions and frequent need for monitoring, remains the only oral anticoagulant approved for long-term secondary thromboprophylaxis in VTE. The oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran was withdrawn from the world market due to safety concerns. Newer anticoagulant drugs such as injectables (fondaparinux, idraparinux), oral direct thrombin inhibitors (dabigatran), oral direct factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, and others), and tissue factor/factor VIIa complex inhibitors are “tailor-made” to target specific procoagulant complexes and have the potential to greatly expand oral antithrombotic targets for both acute and long-term treatment of VTE, acute coronary syndromes, and prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation patients. The questions to be raised based on our early clinical experiences with the NOAs might include the following: Would the NOAs replace warfarin and would the NOAs replace heparin or LMWH?
CD28 Regulates Metabolism In Multiple Myeloma For Cell Survival and Proliferation

Multiple myeloma is an incurable hematological malignancy of transformed plasma cells. Many cellular interactions and soluble factors have been demonstrated to play a role in myeloma pathogenesis; however, novel targets to enhance therapeutic intervention are needed. We have demonstrated that CD28 signaling in myeloma cells supports their survival during chemotherapeutic challenge in vitro and in vivo . However, the cellular mechanisms by which CD28 confers this survival advantage to myeloma cells are not completely understood. CD28 is best characterized as the canonical T cell co-stimulatory molecule. During T cell activation, CD28 signaling induces glycolysis, a metabolic program required for T cell proliferation and functional maturation. In the absence of glycolysis, T cells utilize fatty acid oxidation for energy production through the mitochondria. However, the way in which CD28 regulates metabolism in multiple myeloma is not well understood. Here we present evidence that CD28 signaling induces glut1 expression, and that poisoning the glycolytic pathway inhibits proliferation and survival of myeloma cells. AMPK, an energy sensitive kinase known to regulate metabolism by driving fatty acid oxidation, is normally activated when cellular energy levels are low. Interestingly, poisoning glycolysis with a glucose analogue that cannot be processed (2DG) leads to AMPK inhibition in myeloma cells. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of AMPK by AICAR, an AMP analogue, is not sufficient to rescue myeloma cell proliferation from glycolytic inhibition and in fact increases cell death (p<.01 from no treatment, p<.05 from 2DG). This evidence suggests that multiple myeloma cells are absolutely dependent upon CD28-mediated glycolysis for proliferation and survival, and that myeloma cells cannot utilize fatty acid oxidation as a subsidiary metabolic pathway for proliferation in the absence of glycolysis. This understanding will allow us to target metabolism in multiple myeloma as a novel therapeutic strategy through pharmacological targeting of the CD28 pathway. This approach can be quickly translated into the clinic, as there are FDA approved drugs which activate AMPK (Metformin) and block CD28 signaling (Abatacept). Disclosures: Off Label Use: Abatacept, purpose to prevent CD28-mediated cell survival in multiple myeloma Metformin, purpose to activate AMPK in driving multiple myeloma cell death.
The nucleases of yeast: II. Purification, properties and specificity of an endonuclease from yeast

Abstract A nuclease has been purified approx. 30-fold from the supernatant fraction of a hybrid yeast (Saccharomyces fragilis × Saccharomyces dobzhanskii) by salt fractionation, chromatography on Sephadex G-200, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The optimum pH is 7.6 and Mg2+ is required for the full activity. The action of this nuclease on polyribonucleotides is exclusively endonucleolytic. The major products upon extensive digestion of homopolymers are di- and trinucleotides having 5′-phosphomonoester end groups. The formation of mononucleotide is slight. Polyadenylic acid and polyuridylic acid are hydbrolyzed first to a family of small oligonucleotides having 5′-phosphomonoester end groups. The distribution of these oligonucleotides is not completely random and depends on the conformation of the substrate. Hydrolysis of shorter chains is much slower than longer chains. This endonuclease has no apparent specificity for a particular base residue in polynucleotides. This mode of hydrolysis coupled with its high stability make this enzyme a very useful reagent for the preparation of oligonucleotides with 5′-phosphate ends from either synthetic polynucleotides or nature RNA. This enzyme appears to be specific for polynucleotides having a random coil conformation. Double- and triple-stranded helical conformations are less susceptible to attack. Polyadenylic acid, polyuridylic acid and polyinosinic acid are hydrolyzed much faster than polycytidylic acid, transfer RNA or ribosomal RNA. The enzyme preparation hydrolyzes denatured DNA at approximately the same rate as yeast ribosomal RNA. Highly polymerized native Escherichia coli DNA is almost inactive as substrate.
Pricing Benefit Externalities of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Multifunctional Agriculture

“Multifunctionality” emphasizes the benefit externality properties of nonfood products that coincide with agricultural commodity production, some of which also have public-good properties. However, determining the willingness to pay for local benefit externalities is seen as necessary but daunting. This paper pursues the idea that the valuation process might first start by estimating the incentives required to supply various levels of a benefit externality. With the use of carbon sequestration through the adoption of no-till cultivation as an example of a multifunctional benefit externality, mathematical programming is used to derive representative price schedules. The implication for incentive prices are examined in light of risk aversion.
Approaches to Art Therapy : Theory and Technique

Psychodynamic Approaches. Rubin, Discovery and Insight in Art Therapy. Kramer, Sublimation and Art Therapy. Wilson, Symbolism and Art Therapy. Robbins, Object Relations and Art Therapy. Lachman-Chapin, Self-psychology and Art Therapy. Irwin, Addendum: Object Relations. Edwards, Jungian Analytic Art Therapy. Wallace, Healing through the Visual Arts. Schaverien, Commentary. Humanistic Approaches. Betensky, Phenomenological Art Therapy. Rhyne, Gestalt Art Therapy. Garai, Humanistic Art Therapy. Rogers, Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy. Allen, Art Making as Spiritual Path. Moon, Commentary. Psycho-educational Approaches. Roth, Behavioral Art Therapy. Rosal, Cognitive-Behavioral Art Therapy. Aach-Feldman, Kunkle-Miller, Developmental Art Therapy. Silver, Assessing and Developing Cognitive Skills Through Art. Anderson, Commentary. Systemic Approaches. Sobol, Williams, Family and Group Art Therapy. Riley, Commentary. Integrative Approaches. Ulman, Variations on a Freudian Theme. Wadeson, An Eclectic Approach to Art Therapy. McNiff, Pandora's Gifts: The Use of Imagination and all of the Arts. Henley, Lessons in the Images: Art Therapy in Creative Education. Ault, Commentary. Conclusion. Appendix
Knowledge Acquisition by Analysis of Verbatim Protocols

How does an expert physician reason about the mechanisms of the body? We are exploring the hypothesis that the physician has a cognitive “causal model” of the patient: a description of the mechanisms of the human body and how they influence each other. This causal model, incorporating the expert’s knowledge of anatomy and physiology, can be used to simulate the normal working of the body, its pathological behavior in a diseased state, and the idiosyncracies that characterize a particular patient. The causal model supports the expert performance of the physician by simulating the possible courses of the patient’s disease and treatment, by serving as a coherency criterion on hypotheses about the patient’s state, and by providing a common framework for explanations and discussion among physicians.
Deglacial changes in ocean circulation from an extended radiocarbon calibration

Temporal variations in the atmospheric concentration of radiocarbon sometimes result in radiocarbon-based age-estimates of biogenic material that do not agree with true calendar age. This problem is particularly severe beyond the limit of the high-resolution radiocarbon calibration based on tree-ring data, which stretches back only to1,2 about 11.8 kyr before present (BP), near the termination of the Younger Dryas cold period. If a wide range of palaeoclimate records are to be exploited for better understanding the rates and patterns of environmental change during the last deglaciation, extending the well-calibrated radiocarbon timescale back further in time is crucial. Several studies attempting such an extension, using uranium/thorium-dated corals3,4,5 and laminae counts in varved sediments6,7,8,9, show conflicting results. Here we use radiocarbon data from varved sediments in the Cariaco basin, in the southern Caribbean Sea, to construct an accurate and continuous radiocarbon calibration for the period 9 to 14.5 kyr BP, nearly 3,000 years beyond the tree-ring-based calibration. A simple model compared to the calculated atmospheric radiocarbon concentration and palaeoclimate data from the same sediment core suggests that North Atlantic Deep Water formation shut down during the Younger Dryas period, but was gradually replaced by an alternative mode of convection, possibly via the formation of North Atlantic Intermediate Water.
Double edge triggered devices: Speed and power constraints

A new set of double edge triggered flip-flops has been developed. It requires fewer transistors to implement than earlier designs. The energy consumption in the authors' double edge triggered flip-flops is shown to be lower than in single edge triggered (SET) flip-flops. This is demonstrated by architecture level analysis, circuit analysis and simulation techniques. The maximum data rate in double and single edge triggered flip-flops is also compared via simulation. >
A proton magnetic resonance study of the interaction of adenylyl (3′ 5′) adenosine with polyuridylic acid

The interaction of adenylyl (3′ 5′) adenosine (ApA) with polyuridylic acid in D2O solution at neutral pD has been studied by high resolution proton magnetic, resonance spectroscopy. At temperatures above ∼32°C, no evidence was obtained for the interaction of ApA with poly U. Below this temperature, a rigid triple-stranded complex involving a stoichiometry of 1 adenine to 2 uracil bases is formed, presumably via specific adenine–uracil base-pairing and cooperative base stacking of the adenine bases in a manner similar to that previously reported for the adenosine–poly U complex.
Assessing stream integrity based on interpretations of map-based riparian and subbasin properties

Ecosystems have become a primary focus for conservation efforts seeking to maintain native freshwater biodiversity. Inherent in lotic ecosystem studies is consideration of the influences that multiscale environmental properties have on the state of biological communities and ecological processes, herein referred to more generally as stream integrity. The Watershed Habitat Evaluation and Biotic Integrity Protocol (WHEBIP) was developed to provide rapid assessment of stream integrity for stream segments throughout watersheds based on riparian and subbasin features interpreted principally from aerial imagery and topographic maps. Protocol calibration was based on relationships between WHEBIP scores and aquatic community and aquatic habitat field data collected in the French Creek watershed, Chautauqua County, NY, USA. A test of the protocol in the Cussewago Creek watershed, Crawford and Erie Counties, PA, USA, indicated that the WHEBIP can be used as a generalized-stream integrity rapid-assessment tool, especially related to fish communities. However, the protocol’s ability to predict stream macroinvertebrate biological integrity measures was limited, emphasizing that it should be used primarily as a stratification tool to guide the classification of stream integrity within watersheds.
Nested group divisible designs and small nested designs

Abstract The designs considered are nested in the sense of W.T. Federer, that is, each block of the larger design contains a smaller distinguished subblock and the set of subblocks also forms a design. One of the most useful constructions for obtaining new designs is the group divisible design. We use the concept of nested group divisible design to obtain many infinite classes of nested group divisible designs and nested designs and give a catalogue of all possible nested designs with larger replication number ≤15.
At the crossroads: EGFR and PTHrP signaling in cancer-mediated diseases of bone

The epidermal growth factor receptor is a well-established cancer therapeutic target due to its stimulation of proliferation, motility, and resistance to apoptosis. Recently, additional roles for the receptor have been identified in growth of metastases. Similar to development, metastatic spread requires signaling interactions between epithelial-derived tumor cells and mesenchymal derivatives of the microenvironment. This necessitates reactivation of developmental signaling molecules, including the hypercalcemia factor parathyroid hormone-related protein. This review covers the variations of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in cancers that produce bone metastases, regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein, and evidence that the two molecules drive cancer-mediated diseases of bone.
Selective migration among southern blacks: A reinterpretation of Lee (1951)

Abstract Comparisons of the mean IQs of Northern and Southern blacks have consistently shown a 7–12 point difference favoring the former group. Explanations of this difference have been highly polarized. Hereditarians have generally favored an hypothesis of selective migration; environmentalists have tended to ascribe the difference to such environmental causes as education, discrimination and cultural deprivation. Two studies (Klineberg, 1935; Lee, 1951) have been interpreted by many commentators as decisively vindicating the environmentalist position. In this paper this interpretation is questioned and certain neglected features of Lee's (1951) data are construed as providing strong evidence for selective migration.
Large P body-like RNPs form in C. elegans oocytes in response to arrested ovulation, heat shock, osmotic stress, and anoxia and are regulated by the major sperm protein pathway

As Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites age, sperm become depleted, ovulation arrests, and oocytes accumulate in the gonad arm. Large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) foci form in these arrested oocytes that contain RNA-binding proteins and translationally masked maternal mRNAs. Within 65 min of mating, the RNP foci dissociate and fertilization proceeds. The majority of arrested oocytes with foci result in viable embryos upon fertilization, suggesting that foci are not deleterious to oocyte function. We have determined that foci formation is not strictly a function of aging, and the somatic, ceh-18, branch of the major sperm protein pathway regulates the formation and dissociation of oocyte foci. Our hypothesis for the function of oocyte RNP foci is similar to the RNA-related functions of processing bodies (P bodies) and stress granules; here, we show three orthologs of P body proteins, DCP-2, CAR-1 and CGH-1, and two markers of stress granules, poly (A) binding protein (PABP) and TIA-1, appear to be present in the oocyte RNP foci. Our results are the first in vivo demonstration linking components of P bodies and stress granules in the germ line of a metazoan. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that formation of oocyte RNP foci is inducible in non-arrested oocytes by heat shock, osmotic stress, or anoxia, similar to the induction of stress granules in mammalian cells and P bodies in yeast. These data suggest commonalities between oocytes undergoing delayed fertilization and cells that are stressed environmentally, as to how they modulate mRNAs and regulate translation.
Investigating the deformation of nanocrystalline copper with microscale kinematic metrics and molecular dynamics

Abstract Atomistic simulations are employed to investigate the deformation of nanocrystalline copper and the associated strain accommodation mechanisms at 10 K as a function of grain size. Volume-averaged kinematic metrics based on continuum mechanics theory are formulated to analyze the results of molecular dynamics simulations. The metrics rely on both reference and current configurations, along with nearest neighbor lists to estimate nanoscale behavior of atomic deformation fields in nanocrystalline copper. Various deformation mechanisms are activated in the structures, and shown to depend on average grain size of the nanocrystalline structure. Furthermore, grain boundaries, along with dislocation glide, become an important source of strain accommodation as grain size is reduced. It is demonstrated that the metrics capture the contributions of various mechanisms, and provide a sense of the history of atomic regions undergoing both elastic and plastic deformation. The significance of this research is that unique kinematic signatures of the mechanisms are uncovered using certain metrics, and we are able to resolve the contributions of the deformation mechanisms to the overall strain of the structure using Green strain.
Hypothermia is associated with increased mortality in patients undergoing repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of hypothermia on mortality in patients presenting with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAA). METHODS Between July 2007 and September 2009, 73 patients with ruptured AAAs presented to our Emergency Department (ED). Thirteen patients did not receive surgical treatment; of the 60 patients (46 men; mean age 76 years, range 63-90) who did, 35 had endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and 25 open repair. Body temperatures, which were recorded upon arrival to the ED and operating room, during the procedure, and just prior to leaving the operating room, were analyzed for any association with mortality or hypotension. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day mortality rate. RESULTS Six (17%) patients in the EVAR group and 10 (40%) patients in the open group died during the 30-day period. Temperature upon arrival to OR, lowest temperature recorded during the procedure, and temperature at the end of the procedure were higher among survivors (p<0.005), independent of the repair technique implemented. Patients in the EVAR group left the OR with a mean temperature of 35.5 degrees C versus 35.0 degrees C for patients in the open group (p = 0.12). CONCLUSION Hypothermia is associated with increased mortality after repair of rAAA. Efforts to correct hypothermia are more frequently successful in patients undergoing EVAR. Increased communication with anesthesia providers, as well as aggressive measures to correct hypothermia, including active intravascular rewarming methods, should be considered to improve mortality in this gravely ill patient population.
Ecology and Valuation: Big Changes Needed

Abstract Ecological Economics has developed as a “transdisciplinary science,” but it has not taken significant steps toward a truly integrated process of evaluating anthropogenic ecological change. The emerging dominance within ecological economics of the movement to monetize “ecological services,” when combined with the already well-entrenched dominance of contingent pricing as a means to evaluate impacts on amenities, has created a “monistic” approach to valuation studies. It is argued that this monistic approach to evaluating anthropogenic impacts is inconsistent with a sophisticated conception of ecology as a complex science that rests on shifting metaphors. An alternative, pluralistic and iterative approach to valuation of anthropogenic ecological change is proposed.
Sediment transport by fecal pellets in British Columbian fjords

Abstract Monthly sediment traps moored near the surface and bottom of Saanich and Jervis Inlets were examined for fecal pellets and lithologic composition. Three major categories of pellets were observed: cylinders, threads and small spheroids. Cylinders occurred throughout the year, and were composed of an undifferentiated mixture of particles including lithic material (dominant during winter months) and diatoms (dominant from spring through fall). Threads occurred only in the fall in Jervis Inlet, and were also of mixed composition. Spheroids occurred throughout the year, but were more common in late spring and summer. They were composed only of fine particles, and in some cases of monospecific fragments of small diatoms. The monthly trend of pellet flux in Saanich Inlet is inverse to that of total mass and of diatom flux, being at a minimum during spring and early summer blooms. This trend is interpreted as reflecting the relative rates of pellet production and destruction, with the latter process predominating during the productive period. In Jervis Inlet pellet flux is in phase with mass and diatom flux, and pellet production rate controls the flux. Pellet flux decreases with increasing depth throughout the year, indicating that destructive processes dominate the deep waters. Possible mechanisms include coprophagy and physical disaggregation, perhaps enhanced by bacterial action. Estimates of loss rate suggest that pellet destruction is linear with depth in both fjords. Given the composition of the pellets, and the destruction of most of them with depth, it is probable that this mode of transport does not have a marked effect on the lithologic or fossil taxonomic composition of the sediments.
Sensory-to-motor transformations in the vestibular system.

The vestibulo-ocular reflex is a compensatory reflex that results in eye movements that are 180° out of phase with movements of the head but that match head velocity. Because of these reflex eye
Length of prolactin priming differentially affects maternal behavior in female rats.

Prolonged exposure to prolactin (Prl) or to ectopic pituitary grafts that secrete Prl has been shown to stimulate maternal behavior in steroid-treated, hypophysectomized female rats. Since Prl levels in the blood of pregnant rats increase beginning 2-3 days prepartum, it was of interest to determine whether acute Prl priming prior to exposure to rat young would also stimulate full maternal behavior. Hypophysectomized, ovariectomized nulliparous rats were assigned to one of three treatments: Group 1, prolonged Prl; Group 2, acute Prl; or Group 3, controls/no Prl. All groups were implanted with 3 X 30 mm progesterone (P)-filled Silastic capsules s.c. at the time of ovariectomy (ovx) on Treatment Day 1. After ovx, Group 1 rats (prolonged Prl) were injected twice daily with 0.5 mg Ovine (o) Prl throughout the course of the study. Group 2 (acute Prl) and 3 (controls/no Prl) females were injected with vehicle alone or noninjected from Day 1-10. On Day 11 of Treatment, P implants were removed from all rats and each female was given a 2 mm estradiol-17 beta (E2)-filled Silastic implant. Starting on Day 11, Group 2 females were injected twice daily with oPrl. Group 3 rats continued to receive vehicle only. Behavioral testing began on Day 12 and was conducted daily through Day 22. Prolonged Prl priming (Group 1) stimulated a rapid onset of all aspects of maternal behavior (latencies less than 1 day, all p less than 0.05-0.001 vs. Group 3 controls). Control latencies ranged from 4-10 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Differentiation of wound vessel members without DNA synthesis, mitosis or cell division.

THE formulation of a general model of gene regulation in eukaryotic organisms would be facilitated were it known when the molecular events responsible for reprogramming of genetic information occur during the cell cycle. Evidence from various systems in which animal cells differentiate in vivo and in vitro suggests that certain characteristics of the fully differentiated state are not manifest until the cells undergo DNA synthesis and nuclear division1. Similarly the differentiation of wound vessel members (WVM) in plant parenchyma tissue is thought to occur only after cells have replicated at least once in inductive conditions2.
Soft decision differential phase detection with Viterbi decoding in satellite mobile systems

Noncoherent sequence detection is considered with soft decision differential phase detection and Viterbi decoding. The proposed receiver is analyzed with convolutionally encoded binary FSK and DPSK signals over narrowband fading channels. Numerical results presented for a Gaussian, satellite mobile and land mobile channels indicate that the proposed soft decision sequence detection receiver performs significantly better than uncoded signals and hard decision sequence detection. The division of subregions in the soft decision differential phase detector is also analyzed.
Magnetic-polarity stratigraphy of the Miocene type Tesuque Formation, Santa Fe Group, in the Española Valley, New Mexico

Several of the type sections of the Tesuque Formation, lower Santa Fe Group, exposed near Espanola, New Mexico, have yielded a composite magnetic-polarity stratigraphy in which the 230-m, fine-grained, tuffaceous middle (Skull Ridge) member is characterized by a long zone of uninterrupted reversed polarity; approximately 300 m of the coarser-grained, upper (Pojoaque) member is characterized by rocks predominantly of normal polarity. Results from AF demagnetization in fields up to 300 oe and from the acquisition and removal of IRM indicate that the more stable magnetic remanence in these rocks is probably borne by detrital magnetite and therefore can be taken as a record of the geomagnetic field at or near the time of deposition. The stratigraphic utility of the results is confirmed by replication in geographically separate, lithostratigraphically equivalent sections in different fault blocks. Within the constraints of a middle to late Miocene age long acknowledged for this part of the Santa Fe Group, this composite polarity stratigraphy appears best to correlate with the standard Tertiary polarity time scale as follows: fossiliferous Nambe Member, early Epoch 16; Skull Ridge Member, late Epoch 16 to early Epoch 15; Pojoaque Member, mid Epoch 15 to as young as early Epoch 12. The results indicate an age for at least part of the Pojoaque Member significantly older (by about 1.5 to 3.5 m.y.) than fission-track ages recently reported for ash beds in its type section. They are, however, more consistent with age assignments of these sediments based on placement of their contained mammalian faunas in the North American Land Mammal Age chronology.
Energy-gap function in the theory of superconductivity

The relation between the form of the energy-gap function $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ and experimental results for the superconductors with stronger coupling, Pb and Hg, is discussed. It is shown that the critical field curve is affected rather strongly by the form of $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ near the Fermi surface, but that the form of $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ at distances of a Debye energy or more has little effect. The positive deviation of the critical field from a parabolic indicates that $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is flat or slightly increasing on moving away from the Fermi surface. Solutions of the BCS integral equation are given for the Bogoliubov, Bardeen-Pines, and Eliashberg interactions. When a screened Coulomb interaction is included, all of these solutions have the necessary form at the Debye energy to explain the anomalous tunneling behavior of Pb. The critical field data eliminate both the Bogoliubov and Bardeen-Pines interactions, and favors the Eliashberg interaction. However, the Pb and Hg critical fields can not be reproduced with these solutions since the ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)}{k{T}_{c}}$ is much too small.
Pursuit of Bodily Excellence: Paul Weiss’s Platonic (Religious) Imagination of Sports

Almost thirty years ago, Warren Fraleigh wrote that Paul Weiss’s intellectual contribution to the philosophic study of sport was like a tributary, converging with others to eventuate in numerous scholarly colloquia, a new academic society, new courses and curricula, articles and books. Paul Weiss contends in Sport: A Philosophic Inquiry that sport is a pursuit of bodily excellence. Weiss tells a story about bodily excellence; it is a bodily good that can be realized in the practice of sport. His metaphysic and teleology provide the content and context for his philosophy of sport. For him, sport bodies speak or give voice to a particular metaphysical tradition that I argue is problematic. Weiss’s metaphysic and teleology swallow and sublate sportive bodies and the concomitant goods intrinsic to embodiment and the practice of sports. The net effect is dematerialization and depersonalization of bodily performances and personal identity, respectively. More recently, Feezell and Dombrowski advance theses about...
Denitrification likely catalyzed by endobionts in an allogromiid foraminifer.

Nitrogen can be a limiting macronutrient for carbon uptake by the marine biosphere. The process of denitrification (conversion of nitrate to gaseous compounds, including N2 (nitrogen gas)) removes bioavailable nitrogen, particularly in marine sediments, making it a key factor in the marine nitrogen budget. Benthic foraminifera reportedly perform complete denitrification, a process previously considered nearly exclusively performed by bacteria and archaea. If the ability to denitrify is widespread among these diverse and abundant protists, a paradigm shift is required for biogeochemistry and marine microbial ecology. However, to date, the mechanisms of foraminiferal denitrification are unclear, and it is possible that the ability to perform complete denitrification is because of the symbiont metabolism in some foraminiferal species. Using sequence analysis and GeneFISH, we show that for a symbiont-bearing foraminifer, the potential for denitrification resides in the endobionts. Results also identify the endobionts as denitrifying pseudomonads and show that the allogromiid accumulates nitrate intracellularly, presumably for use in denitrification. Endobionts have been observed within many foraminiferal species, and in the case of associations with denitrifying bacteria, may provide fitness for survival in anoxic conditions. These associations may have been a driving force for early foraminiferal diversification, which is thought to have occurred in the Neoproterozoic era when anoxia was widespread.
Formal modeling of synchronization methods for concurrent objects in Ada 95

One important role for Ada programming is to aid engineering of concurrent and distributed software. In a concurrent and distributed environment, objects may execute concurrently and need to be synchronized to serve a common goal. Three basic methods by which objects in a concurrent environment can be constructed and synchronized have been identified [1]. To formalize the semantics of these methods and to provide a formal model of their core behavior, we provide some graphic models based on the Petri net formalism. The purpose of this formal modeling is to illustrate the possibility of automatic program analysis for object-oriented features in Ada-95. Models for the three distributed- object synchronization methods are discussed, and a potential deadlock situation for one of the methods/models is illustrated. We conclude with some comparison of the three methods in terms of the model abstractions.
Chemical studies on vitamin BT isolation and characterization as carnitine.

Abstract Vitamin BT has been isolated as a pure, crystalline substance from liver and whey. Analytical data and production of trimethylamine on alkaline degradation suggested that vitamin BT might be identical with carnitine. A careful comparison of the properties of derivatives and of reactions of the two substances established conclusively that vitamin BT is carnitine.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Age: A Double Insult to Brain Function?

Rationale: Healthy aging is associated with cognitive deficits similar to those found in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). As in OSA, older adults show compensatory cerebral activation during cognitive demands in the face of neurocognitive decline.Objectives: The current study examines whether the combination of increasing age and sleep apnea will lead to a stronger compensatory response than either factor alone, or overwhelm the brain's capacity to compensate.Methods: A total of 14 treatment-naive patients with sleep apnea (aged 25–59 yr) and 14 age-matched healthy control subjects were each divided into two age groups of young (<45 yr) and middle-aged (≥ 45 yr). All underwent a sleep study, followed the next morning by a functional magnetic resonance imaging session that included a sustained attention and a verbal encoding task. A priori contrast analyses compared middle-aged patients with OSA to young patients, young control subjects, and middle-aged control subjects.Measurements and Main Results: Middle-...
Adjoints of composition operators with rational symbol

Abstract Building on techniques developed by Cowen and Gallardo-Gutierrez, we find a concrete formula for the adjoint of a composition operator with rational symbol acting on the Hardy space H 2 . We consider some specific examples, comparing our formula with several results that were previously known.
Landscape, Legal, and Biodiversity Threats that Windows Pose to Birds: A Review of an Important Conservation Issue

Windows in human residential and commercial structures in urban, suburban, and rural landscapes contribute to the deaths of billions of birds worldwide. International treaties, federal, provincial, state, and municipal laws exist to reduce human-associated avian mortality, but are most often not enforced for bird kills resulting from window strikes. As an additive, compared to a compensatory mortality factor, window collisions pose threats to the sustainability and overall population health of common as well as species of special concern. Several solutions to address the window hazard for birds exist, but the most innovative and promising need encouragement and support to market, manufacture, and implement.
The pep/8 memory tracer: visualizing activation records on the run-time stack

This paper presents a virtual machine simulator with a memory trace facility having two unique features. First, the machine is designed to illustrate the translation from C/C++ to assembly language and from thence to machine language. Instead of the more common memory dump labeled by address, the tracer displays a graphic representation of the cell labeled by its symbol. Second, the simulator displays in real time the growth of the run-time stack on function activation, detects and displays the boundaries of the activation record, and displays all the cells on the run-time stack labeled by symbol. The paper includes download information for the open-source application.