cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Etiology of Developmental Disorders: Good Science, Bad Science, and Pseudoscience

Developmental disorders originate in infancy or early childhood, are associated with presumed or observed organic abnormalities, and have serious long-term physical and/or psychological sequelae. Of particular interest here are two such disorders, mental retardation and autism. Purported causes range from genetics, early prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to toxins (including heavy metals), and recently, vaccinations. Single factors have often been claimed to be the cause of a developmental disorder, without regard to possible exacerbating or alleviating roles of other factors, including socioeconomic status. Unfortunately, professional and popular literature on both claimed causes and effective treatments has often been characterized by research and theorizing that is seriously flawed (bad science) or actively misrepresented (pseudoscience). The present paper critically reviews selected research on a few controversial issues concerning developmental disorders, particular mental retardation and autism, and emphasizes the role of low socioeconomic status.
Coronal reformations of the chest on 64-row multi-detector row CT: Evaluation of image quality in comparison with 16-, 8- and 4-row multi-detector row CT

Abstract Purpose To evaluate image quality of coronal reformations of chest performed on 64-row MDCT in comparison with 16-, 8- and 4-row MDCT. Materials and methods Consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary CT angiography using four different MDCT scanners were retrospectively studied with IRB approval: (1) n = 30, 64-row MDCT; (2) n = 30, 16-row MDCT; (3) n = 30, 8-row MDCT; (4) n = 30, 4-row MDCT. Coronal reformatted images (2 mm thickness and 2 mm intervals for 64-row MDCT; 5 mm thickness and 5 mm intervals for 16-, 8- and 4-row MDCT) were evaluated by consensus reading of two board-certified radiologists who were blinded to scanner type. The image quality of overall chest appearance and individual thoracic structures including heart, aorta and pulmonary arteries was graded using five-point scale. Grades from four different scanners were compared using Kruskal–Wallis test. A second evaluation was performed in 48 randomly selected patients (12 patients for each scanner). Reproducibility was assessed using weighted-kappa analysis. Result Significant reproducibility was observed between the first and second evaluations in 48 patients both for image quality of overall chest (weighted kappa = 0.826) and each thoracic structure (mean weighted kappa = 0.803; range, 0.729–0.858). Image quality of overall chest and individual thoracic structures differed significantly among four different MDCT groups, with 64-row MDCT having the highest grades, followed by 16-, 8- and 4-row MDCT (mean grades for overall chest in each scanner: 3.9, 3.0, 2.4 and 1.9, respectively) ( P Conclusion When comparing coronal reformations of chest using four different MDCT scanners, the 64-row MDCT had the highest image quality for overall chest appearance and individual thoracic structures, followed by 16-, 8- and finally 4-row MDCT.
Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Crack Opening, Stable Growth and Instability Behavior in Flawed 304 SS Piping

Crack initiation, stable growth, instability and crack opening behavior in flawed 304 SS piping has been examined within the framework of the engineering approach developed by Kumar, German and Shih [1]. Crack geometries considered include part-through, complete circumferentially cracked pipe subjected to remote tension, and through-wall flawed pipe in tension and in bending. Effect of flaw type and size, pipe diameter and length, and applied loading on the failure load and mechanism is investigated. Results are employed to assess the net section stress criterion based on plastic collapse. Crack opening area of interest in leak rate evaluations is calculated as a function of applied load or pipe end deflection for stationary as well as growing cracks.
Dead Men Walking: Search and Rescue in US National Parks

Abstract Objective.—To identify search and rescue (SAR) trends in US National Park Service (NPS) units. Methods.—A retrospective review of the US National Park Service Annual Search and Rescue Reports from 1992 to 2007 and the SAR statistics for all NPS units in 2005. Results.—From 1992 to 2007 there were 78 488 individuals involved in 65 439 SAR incidents. These incidents ended with 2659 fatalities, 24 288 ill or injured individuals, and 13 212 saves. On average there were 11.2 SAR incidents each day at an average cost of $895 per operation. Total SAR costs from 1992 to 2007 were $58 572 164. In 2005, 50% of the 2430 SAR operations occurred in just 5 NPS units. Grand Canyon National Park (307) and Gateway National Recreation Area (293) reported the most SAR operations. Yosemite National Park accounted for 25% of the total NPS SAR costs ($1.2 million); Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve ($29 310) and Denali National Park and Preserve ($18 345) had the highest average SAR costs. Hiking (48%) and...
Wetland Water-Level Prediction Using ANN in Conjunction with Base-Flow Recession Analysis

AbstractThis study introduces two artificial neural network (ANN)-based methodologies to predict hourly water levels (WLs) in wetlands characterized by water tables at or near the surface that respond rapidly to precipitation. The first method makes use of hourly precipitation data and WL data from nearby sites. The second method is a combination of ANN, recursive digital filter, and recession curve method and does not require any nearby site. The proposed methods were tested at two headwater wetlands in coastal Alabama. Site 17 had two nearby sites whose WLs were highly correlated with Site 17’s. The root-mean-square error and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies were 2.9 cm and 0.98, respectively, when the first method was applied to Site 17. The second method was tested at Site 32. For this, the WL time series was separated into quick- and slow-response components. A combination of ANN and base-flow separation methods proved to be very efficient for WL prediction at this site, especially when the duration of qu...
Effects of peripherally and centrally administered serotonin on primate spinothalamic neurons.

Serotonin has actions at several different levels of the neural system responsible for nociception. When injected into the arterial circulation of a muscle, serotonin excites small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers supplying nociceptors (Mense & Schmidt, 1974; Fock & Mense, 1976; Mense, 1977). Serotonin is thus an algesic agent in terms of its peripheral action. By contrast, serotonin is thought to be one of the synaptic transmitters in the central nervous system pathways that mediate stimulation-produced analgesia (Akil & Mayer, 1972; Akil & Liebeskind, 1975; Yaksh, 1979; Yaksh & Wilson, 1979).
Genetic Diversity and Horizontal Transfer of Genes Involved in Oxidation of Reduced Phosphorus Compounds by Alcaligenes faecalis WM2072

Enrichment was performed to isolate organisms that could utilize reduced phosphorus compounds as their sole phosphorus sources. One isolate that grew well with either hypophosphite or phosphite was identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis as a strain of Alcaligenes faecalis. The genes required for oxidation of hypophosphite and phosphite by this organism were identified by using transposon mutagenesis and include homologs of the ptxD and htxA genes of Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88, which encode an NAD-dependent phosphite dehydrogenase (PtxD) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hypophosphite dioxygenase (HtxA). This organism also has the htxB, htxC, and htxD genes that comprise an ABC-type transporter, presumably for hypophosphite and phosphite transport. The role of these genes in reduced phosphorus metabolism was confirmed by analyzing the growth of mutants in which these genes were deleted. Sequencing data showed that htxA, htxB, htxC, and htxD are virtually identical to their homologs in P. stutzeri at the DNA level, indicating that horizontal gene transfer occurred. However, A. faecalis ptxD is very different from its P. stutzeri homolog and represents a new ptxD lineage. Therefore, this gene has ancient evolutionary roots in bacteria. These data suggest that there is strong evolutionary selection for the ability of microorganisms to oxidize hypophosphite and phosphite.
Stapled intestinal anastomosis in neonates and infants : use of the endoscopic intestinal stapler

Stapled anastomoses of the gastrointestinal tract, commonplace in adults and older children, are rarely performed in newborns because of the size of the instruments. The development of smaller stapling devices for laparoscopic and thoracoscopic procedures presented an opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of such anastomoses in neonates and infants. Over an 11-month period, seven newborn or young infants underwent stapled functional end-to-end small or large intestinal anastomoses using the Endo-GIA 30. The male:female ratio was 3:4, and the mean age was 72d (range, 1 to 134 days). The mean weight at the time of the stapled anastomosis was 3.7 kg (range, 1.88 to 6.6 kg). The clinical setting requiring the intestinal anastomoses included ileostomy closure after perforated necrotizing enterocolitis (3), intestinal atresia (1), distal ileal volvulus (1), left colon mesenteric cyst (1), and biliary atresia (1). There were no deaths or anastomotic leaks. Nasogastric decompression was discontinued at a mean of 6 days (range, 3 to 11 days), and oral feedings were begun at a mean of 7.0 days (range, 4 to 12 days). The patients were discharged from the hospital 7 to 117 days after the operation (mean, 33 days). The endoscopic stapling instrument is safe and effective in performing small and large intestinal anastomoses in newborns and young infants.
Forage production and quality of 4 perennial grasses grown under and outside canopies of mature Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa (mesquite)

Comparisons were made of dry matter production and forage quality of two coolseason grasses, Canada wildrye (Elymus canadensis L.), Virginia wildrye (Elymus virginicus L.), and two warm-season grasses, green panic (Panicum maximum var.trichoglume Eyles) and plains bristlegrass (Setaria leucopila Scribn. & Merr.), planted under and outside the canopies of mature honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var.glandulosa). Green panic gave the greatest cumulative dry matter yield in both canopy (5120 kg ha−1) and open (3370 kg ha−1) locations, followed by plains bristlegrass under mesquite (1130 kg ha−1) and in the open (570 kg ha−1). One-time yields from Canada wildrye and Virginia wildrye, under and outside mesquite canopy, were 247 and 329 kg ha−1, and 272 and 268 kg ha−1, respectively. Dry matter production of green panic (p=0.001) and plains bristlegrass (p=0.026) was greater under mesquite only for the first of four harvests, although both warm-season grasses exhibited a trend for greater production under mesquite than in the open. Average nitrogen content of green panic was greater (p=0.0004) under mesquite than in the open, while plains bristlegrass exhibited a trend for greater crude protein content in the open than under mesquite. Overall, moisture content of the warm-season grasses was greater (p=0.0001) under mesquite than in the open, while Virginia wildrye was more (p=0.002) succulent under mesquite than in the open. Averagein-vitro dry matter digestibility of warm-season grasses was almost significantly greater (p=0.0501) in the open than under mesquite. Canopy soils contained significantly more organic C (p=0.0004) and total N (p=0.0001) than open soils, with differences of 8.3 Mg organic C ha−1 and 1.3 Mg total N ha−1. Correlations indicated that soil fertility was more limiting to grass production than light intensity.
Effect of regression to the mean in multivariate distributions

Estimating treatment effects in the presence of regression to the mean is a problem arising in truncated distributions that is being recognized with increasing interest in recent literature. As noted in a previous communication by the authors (1991), any extraneous source of variability such as within-subject variability and measurement errors can contribute to the magnitude of regression toward the mean. The main focus of this paper is consideration of a model for estimating treatment effects when truncation and regression to the mean occur on more than one random variable. This situation occurs often in investigations where subjects are selected for study because measurements on two characteristics of interest both exceed specified values.
Organizational role conflict: Its antecedents and consequences

Abstract The linkages and underlying structure of a comprehensive model relating role conflict to its antecedents and consequences were tested using multivariate behavioral research methodology. Data were drawn from professional-level employees representing five major roles in nine organizations. Role conflict was treated as a multivariate construct consisting of various conflict types. Antecedents of role conflict included objective role requirements (i.e., integration and boundary-spanning activities, personnel supervision activities, and nonsupervisory scientific research activities) and characteristics of the role set (i.e., average organizational distance and average authority of role senders). Consequences included job-related tension and satisfaction, perceived effectiveness, and attitude toward role senders. Using a cluster analytic approach, five distinct conflict orientation groups were isolated. An analysis of the simultaneous linkages between antecedents and conflict orientation revealed an additive continuum composed of objective role conditions which stratified the five conflict orientations, highlighting the impact of simultaneous role requirements. Finally, work-related outcomes were shown to be significantly different for individuals in different conflict orientation groups. In addition to providing support for previous findings, this comprehensive approach provides new insights into the nature of conflict in organizations.
Capacity-approaching transceiver design for asymmetric UWB links

Wireless networks, while evolving to provide an unprecedented variety of services, often encounter heterogeneous nodes. In the mean time, ultra-wideband (UWB) link emerges as a promising physical layer candidate for a wide range of wireless networks. In addition to the potential of very high data rate, the ultra-wide bandwidth also provides enhanced flexibility for transceiver designs with variable complexity, which is particularly suitable for networks with heterogeneous nodes. However, to establish physical communication links between nodes with distinct complexity requirements, asymmetric UWB transceivers need to be designed. Towards this objective, we utilize their similarity with multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems and deploy the geometric mean decomposition (GMD) approach to achieve optimally in terms of both channel throughput and bit error rate (BER). Analysis and simulations corroborate the effectiveness of our transceiver designs
Micro-Relief Surface Depression Storage: Changes during Rainfall Events and Their Application to Rainfall-Runoff Models

: Micro-relief surface depression storage is one of the dynamic components of the rainfall-runoff process. The quantification of the effect of rainfall intensity and duration on the micro-relief was the subject of this study. Micro-relief measurements were made on 88 soil bin samples before and after the application of simulated rainfdl events. The surface depression changes are described with empirical equations, using basic rainfall, surface hydrology, and soil parameters and their cross products as independent variables. A rainfall-runoff model demonstrates the value of a dynamic description of the surface depression storage function.
The search for muon neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts with AMANDA B-10 and AMANDA-II

Gamma-ray bursts have been observed for more than three decades and, yet, much about their nature remains a mystery. Here we describe the results of the ongoing search for high-energy muon neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts with the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA). Current results are consistent with no neutrino emission; thus preliminary upper limits are derived for the event rate, four-year combined flux, and single-year fluence. We also address plans for improving these limits in the future.
Opioid Receptor Modulation of a Metabolically Sensitive Ion Channel in Rat Amygdala Neurons

We have used single-channel patch-clamp recordings to study opiate receptor effects on freshly dissociated neurons from the rat amygdalohippocampal area (also called the posterior nucleus of the amygdala), an output nucleus of the amygdala implicated in appetitive behaviors. Dissociated cells included a distinct subpopulation that was 30–40 μm in diameter, multipolar or pyramidal in shape, and immunoreactive for neuron-specific enolase, μ opioid receptors, and galanin. In whole-cell perforated-patch recordings, these cells responded to low concentrations of μ opioid agonists with a hyperpolarization. In cell-attached single channel recordings, these cells expressed a large variety of K+-permeable ion channels, including 20–100 pS inward rectifiers and 150–200 pS apparent Ca2+-activated K+channels, none of which appeared sensitive to the presence of opioid drugs. In contrast, a 130 pS inwardly rectifying channel was selectively activated by μ opioid receptors in this same subpopulation of cells and was active only in the presence of opioid agonists, and inhibited in the presence of antagonists. Channels identical to the 130 pS channel in conductance and voltage sensitivity were activated in the absence of opioids, when the cells were treated with glucose-free medium or with the metabolic inhibitor rotenone. The sulfonylurea drug tolbutamide inhibited 130 pS channel openings elicited by opioids. Thus, a subpopulation of amygdala projection neurons expresses a metabolically sensitive ion channel that is selectively modulated by opiate receptors. This mechanism may allow opioid neurotransmitters to regulate ingestive behaviors, and thus, opiate drugs to influence reward pathways.
The Myth of Class in Jacksonian America

In the mid-1960s, Charles G. Sellers, Jr., was perhaps the most widely respected historian of the Jacksonian era. The author of several seminal articles on the period, he was in the midst of writing a multivolume biography of James K. Polk, two volumes of which had already appeared. Sellers's knowledge of the intricacies of Jacksonian politics, his comprehension of the importance of state politics, and his understanding of the relationship between society and politics were unrivaled. The second volume of his study of Polk received the Bancroft Prize, and Jacksonian scholars eagerly awaited the appearance of the promised third volume, covering the most crucial years of Polk's presidency.
Endoscopic sclerosis of the gastric cardia for prevention of experimental gastroesophageal reflux

Surgical anti-reflux therapy appears to involve the muscles of the proximal gastric cardia and those of the lower esophageal sphincter. In an experimental canine reflux model, we injected sclerosant solution into the submucosa of the proximal gastric cardia, hypothesizing that the subsequent fibrotic reaction might exert an anti-reflux effect Reflux was induced by atropine infusion, and the amount of reflux was quantitated by pH monitoring. Endoscopic sclerosis was effective in preventing reflux induced by high-dose atropine. Because the length and pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter were unaffected by endoscopic treatment, reflux prevention was possibly related to enhancement of the gastric component of the reflux barrier.
Religion and Intergroup Conflict Findings From the Global Group Relations Project

How might religion shape intergroup conflict? We tested whether religious infusion-the extent to which religious rituals and discourse permeate the everyday activities of groups and their members-moderated the effects of two factors known to increase intergroup conflict: competition for limited resources and incompatibility of values held by potentially conflicting groups. We used data from the Global Group Relations Project to investigate 194 groups (e.g., ethnic, religious, national) at 97 sites around the world. When religion was infused in group life, groups were especially prejudiced against those groups that held incompatible values, and they were likely to discriminate against such groups. Moreover, whereas disadvantaged groups with low levels of religious infusion typically avoided directing aggression against their resource-rich and powerful counterparts, disadvantaged groups with high levels of religious infusion directed significant aggression against them-despite the significant tangible costs to the disadvantaged groups potentially posed by enacting such aggression. This research suggests mechanisms through which religion may increase intergroup conflict and introduces an innovative method for performing nuanced, cross-societal research.
Development of the integrated construction automation methodology

Current research In construction automation Is focusing on automating Individual processes Instead of approaching the problem from a hierarchical systems viewpoint; thus many systems being studied treat the construction site as a “hostile” environment and Incorporate many sensors to extract Information from the building. As a result, sensor and signal processing technology can be a limiting factor In the design of machines to automate building processes. However, If Integration and automation of the construction process are approached from a systems view, then existing technology can be used to design economical machines to automate many construction processes, and to coordinate and Integrate their use within the construction environment. A new design methodology, the Integrated Construction Automation Methodology (ICAM), Is presented here to assist in achieving high levels of integration and automation using existing technology.
Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in post-operative adhesions

BACKGROUND: The deficiency of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) substrate, L-arginine (L-Arg), the co-factor tetrahydrobiopterin (H 4 B) or molecular oxygen may lead to lower NO levels, which enhances the development of adhesion phenotype. METHODS: We utilized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and immunoprecipitation with nitrotyrosine antibody to determine the levels of H 4 B, citrulline and protein nitration in fibroblasts established from normal peritoneal and adhesion tissues. RESULTS: The level of H 4 B was dramatically attenuated in adhesion fibroblasts. The immunoprecipitation with nitrotyrosine antibody revealed higher protein nitration in adhesion compared with normal fibroblasts. There were higher accumulations of citrulline in adhesion fibroblasts as compared with normal fibroblasts. In addition, peritoneal fibroblasts treated with 2% oxygen for 24 h and implanted back into the peritoneal cavity of the rats exhibited marked increase in severity of adhesion as well as extensive distribution involving many sites and organs. CONCLUSIONS: Control of the catalytic activity of iNOS in adhesion fibroblasts may be because of subsaturating amounts of L-Arg and H 4 B which allow iNOS to generate a combination of reactive oxygen species in addition to NO, thereby influencing NO bioavailability and function.
Bilateral intrathoracic neurofibromas of the vagus nerves, with a note on the physiologic effects of cervicothoracic vagectomy in man; a case report.

SUMMARY A case of bilateral cervicothoracic neurofibromas of the vagus nerves without cutaneous neurofibromatosis or evidence of neurofibromas elsewhere in a 40-year-old man is presented. The surgery performed in removing these tumors involved an extensive cervicothoracic vagectomy, intentionally sacrificing the left recurrent laryngeal nerve but preserving this nerve on the right side. Postoperatively, some physiologic observations have been made upon the effects in this patient of cervicothoracic vagectomy upon cardiorespiratory function. These alterations in function consisted of a diminished cough reflex, persistently elevated pulse rate and blood pressure, a normal cardiac output with a normal response to exercise, but a diminished pulse rate response to exercise, and a lack of any detectable response of this elevated resting pulse rate to a therapeutic dose of atropine. Some of the physiologic implications of these observations are briefly discussed.
Do You Suppose That, in Addition to the Sensorimotor Isolation of REM, There Is Impairment of Intrinsic Attentional Processes That We Experience as an Inability to Observe and Think in Our Dreams?

I answer this question in the spirit of the general Hobson theory which seeks a mechanistic answer to Dream Consciousness. The problem of consciousness involves two aspects for which attention is central: awareness and control. Clearly we are aware in the dream state, but for most people the ability to be in control of the dream content is lost.
Exploratory analysis of factors influencing performance dynamics of telecommuters and traditional office workers

Advances in information technology are enabling the formation of new work arrangements, where employees may perform work activities at any location, at any time. This includes remote locations such as an employee's home or a satellite office. When employees work remotely, there are fewer opportunities for face-to-face (FTF) communication, and more communication occurs in non-FTF modes. Communication is a crucial component of the work process and can affect the performance of work activities. Clearly, the resources necessary to provide an effective work environment are different for traditional and remote workers. It is thus critical to identify and study the dynamics of this environment to foster effective job performance. The authors are particularly interested in the use of communication to coordinate work activities and the resulting effect on performance. We investigate the difference in use of formal, informal, and electronic coordination techniques in the remote and traditional work environments. We also investigate the influence of job characteristics and information technology (IT) factors on job performance in both work environments. The study was conducted through a survey of a large number of telecommuters and a control group of nontelecommuters in eight firms in Atlanta (USA). We use inductive learning to identify patterns of behavior present in the data. Results from the study indicate communication needs in this work environment are much more complex than previously recognized. The research indicates that the method of use of communication channels and the communication partner must be considered, in addition to the work environment of the individual to provide an atmosphere conducive to good performance. We also found that job characteristics and IT factors had differing effects on the groups which should be explored further.
Comments On a Discreteness Condition for Subgroups of SL(2, C)

SL(2, C) is the group of all complex unimodular 2 × 2 matrices. A subgroup of SL(2, C) is said to be discrete if it does not contain any convergent sequence of distinct elements. A subgroup is said to be elementary if the commutator of any two elements of infinite order has trace 2. The discreteness condition which this note relates to is the following: PROPOSITION 1. If two complex, unimodular 2 × 2 matrices X and Y generate a non-elementary, discrete group, then
Dynamics of nocturnal activity of moths in the Heliothis complex (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in cotton

Nocturnal activity of adult Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.) was monitored in cotton, from the pinhead square to open boll stage, in the Delta region of Mississippi. Samples were taken at hourly intervals by hand capture and pheromone traps and through the night by ultraviolet blacklight traps and compared with egg counts obtained from whole-plant inspection made the following day. H. virescens was the dominant species in all sampling (>80% of all trapped males, >98% of all hand captured adults, and >98% of all egg counts), with the exception of blacklight traps (33% of all adults trapped). Low average adult fat body ratings (<2) and low average number of spermatophores in females, together with low oviposition rates, indicate that H. zea was not a predominant resident during the sampling period (generations F2-F4). For H. virescens , hand captures of both males and females were highly correlated with egg counts ( r = 0.8888; P < 0.0001). Correlation between H. virescens moths caught in pheromone traps and those caught by hand (and egg counts) were highest when the number caught in traps was compared with the number caught by hand 4 d previously ( r = 0.5800, P < 0.0001). No association was found between captures in blacklight traps and captures by hand (or egg counts) for either species. Over 70% of all H. virescens caught by pheromone traps occurred after midnight, 64% of all H. virescens females caught by hand occurred before midnight, and hand-captured males were nearly equally divided before and after midnight. Over the season, during each generation, trapped and hand-captured males showed a tendency to reach peak numbers in later intervals. For both sexes, movement was most frequently observed during early intervals (2000-2300 hours CDST), with a lull in activity around midnight, followed by a high frequency of mating during later intervals (0100-0300 hours). The highest frequency of mating females was found during the sixth interval (0145-0245 hours), coincident with a dip in trap capture frequency. Trap capture frequency rose to a second peak during interval 7 (0300-0400 hours), coincident with the highest frequency of mating males. The consistency of the observed nocturnal patterns (in-field and trap), together with other studies showing similar results, lead to the conclusion that knowledge of nightly temporal frequency of trap captures may provide critical information for more accurate prediction of field population development than is currently possible with daily summary trap data alone.
The Fractionation and Solubilization of Prodenia eridania Chitin Synthetase

Several papers have appeared in recent years on the in vitro chitin synthetase activity in insect and fungal cell-free extracts (Glasser and Brown 1957, Jaworski et al. 1963, Porter and Jaworski 1965). Some knowledge of the mechanism of biosynthesis of insect and fungal chitin seems desirable. The workers just cited have shown that both insect and fungal chitin synthetase activity is associated with a particulate fraction. To facilitate studies on the mechanism of chitin synthetase in insects we chose to solubilize the mitochondrial fraction from the southern armyworm Prodenia eridania (Cramer).
Brief Psychotherapy for Maternal Depression: Impact on Mothers and Children.

Objective Two-generation studies demonstrate that treating maternal depression benefits school-age children. Although mothers prefer psychotherapy to medication, little is known about how psychotherapy for maternal depression affects offspring, especially in very high-risk families in which both mothers and children concurrently meet syndromal criteria for psychiatric disorders. This trial evaluated the effects of 2 brief psychotherapies for maternal depression on very high-risk families. Method Mothers with major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to 9 sessions of either brief interpersonal psychotherapy for mothers (IPT-MOMS; n = 85) or brief supportive psychotherapy (BSP; n = 83). Independent assessors evaluated mothers and their children, ages 7 to 18 years, diagnosed with at least 1 internalizing disorder, every 3 months over the course of 1 year. Results Symptoms and functioning of mothers and children improved significantly over time, with no between-group differences. However, children of mothers assigned to BSP had more outpatient mental health visits and were more likely to receive antidepressant medication. Mothers reported greater satisfaction with IPT-MOMS than BSP. Improvement in mothers' depressive symptoms was associated with improvement in child functioning in time-lagged fashion, with children improving 3 to 6 months after mothers improved. Antidepressant medication use and number of mental health visits received by children did not affect outcomes. Conclusion IPT-MOMS and BSP demonstrated comparable beneficial effects on maternal depression. Children's functioning improved following maternal improvement, independent of youths' treatment. Children of mothers randomized to IPT-MOMS, compared with BSP, achieved comparable outcomes despite less follow-up treatment. Observation of lagged association between maternal improvement and change in child functioning should influence treatment planning for families. Clinical trial registration information —Psychotherapy for Depressed Mothers of Psychiatrically Ill Children; http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT00919594.
Locomotive Wheel Inspection With EMAT Technology

There is a need to analyze locomotive wheels for flank cracks in a non-destructive manner in order to prevent catastrophic failures. Flaw, shape, and size are desired parameters in establishing the quality of commercial tires. A variety of defects such as voids, inclusions, surface and internal cracks, or the like, must be discerned in order to prevent failure. This paper exhibits and compares the benefits of a number of different techniques used for flaw detection. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques used are magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant, eddy current, electro-magnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). The techniques vary in their ability to ascertain the flaw characteristics. Using a non-contact sensor such as the EMAT, to scan the wheels in an automated manner offers greater inspection speed at lower manpower. This paper reviews the basic concept of EMATs, introduces a recently developed technique for simulating EMAT performance by Finite Element calculation and features bench top results of waveform acquisition and signal-to-noise ratio dependence on lift-off. Next presented are calibration results for spark-eroded flaws in wheel sections for a variety of locations and sizes. Finally data are on flaw detection in a railroad service facility on several locomotives with wheels spinning at speeds up to 40 meters/minute. Results for both artificial and actual flaws are shown.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Some Fungi Collected in Virginia

During a brief vacation near the end of October, I916, the writer spent several days on Apple Orchard Mountain in the Blue Ridge, eighteen miles north of Bedford, Virginia, and obtained a number of fungi for the Garden herbarium. Large collections of fungi had previously been obtained by me from the regions about Blacksburg and Mountain Lake, in the southwestern part of Virginia and from Falls Church, near Washington, but my knowledge of Blue Ridge fungi had been chiefly gained at Biltmore and the Pink Beds in western North Carolina.
Real-time Monitoring and Calculation Model of Transmission Lines Unequal Ice-coating

The real-time calculation and monitoring of transmission lines ice-coating is a new subject.This paper put forward a new real-time calculation and monitoring model and method of transmission lines ice-coating,that is according to the inclination angle of line conductor and the excursion angle of hang insulating string.For the condition of unequal ice-coating at the spans between two pyton towers,after introduced the classical design calculation method,the paper introduce and educe the method and process of calculating conductor ice-coating thickness by the inclination angle of line conductor and the excursion angle of hang insulating string.,and provide practical formulas.The paper also introduce the function of developed conductor temperature-inclination angle monitoring device and excursion angle of hang insulating string monitoring device,and the real-time synthetic monitoring system that is consist of small weather station,line video monitoring device,inclination angle of line conductor monitoring device,excursion angle monitoring device of hang insulating string,the host computer and monitoring software.The system can monitor the complete process of the ice-coating engendering,developing and worsening.The system was already implemented at Electric Network of Zhejiang Province,it has comparative integrated function,and is a practical valid and new generation ice-coating real-time monitoring system.
Behavioral Group Treatment for Addictive-Appetitive Disorders

Early critics of behavior therapy charged that support for the approach rested largely on studies of the innocuous, transient ailments of college students (e.g., Cooper, Furst, & Bridger, 1969). Naturally, behavior therapists did not take such a slur lying down. Attempts were made by some to logically refute the charge (Levis, 1970; Mahoney, Kazdin, & Lesswing, 1974; McGlynn, 1975) and by others to empirically prove the criticism false. This latter reaction has taken the form of expanding the range of problems and client groups that are amenable to behavioral techniques, among the most aggressively tackled of which have been the addictive and appetitive disorders of alcoholism, smoking, obesity, and drug abuse. As a result, we now have an enormous amount of information on behavior therapy’s ability to alter these historically prevalent and intractable patterns. And because the bulk of those treatment outcome studies employed a group format, we also have a wealth of data that is pertinent to the practice of behavioral group therapy per se.
Effects of increased dietary energy and protein during late gestation on mammary development in gilts.

Thirty-two gilts were used to evaluate the effects of increased dietary energy and CP during late gestation on mammary development. On d 75 of gestation, gilts were assigned randomly in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to adequate (5.76 Mcal ME/d) or increased (10.5 Mcal ME/d) energy and adequate (216 g CP/d) or increased (330 g CP/d) protein. On d 105 of gestation, gilts were slaughtered and total mastectomies were performed. Mammary tissue was separated into mammary parenchymal and mammary extraparenchymal stromal tissue and analyzed for DNA, RNA, protein and lipid. No interactions between dietary energy and protein level were detected (P greater than .20). When adjusted for number of mammary glands and maternal BW (weight of the sow less the weight of the fetuses), mammary parenchymal weight was 27% greater (P less than .03) in gilts fed adequate energy than in gilts fed increased energy, but mammary extraparenchymal stroma weight was unaffected by dietary energy level. Total mammary parenchymal DNA was 30% greater in gilts fed adequate energy than in gilts fed increased energy (P less than .03). Total mammary parenchymal RNA (P less than .02) and total mammary parenchymal protein (P less than .02) also were greater in gilts fed adequate energy than in gilts fed increased energy. Dietary protein level did not affect mammary variables measured, except that increased dietary protein tended to reduce mammary extraparenchymal stromal weight (P less than .09). Increased dietary protein between d 75 and d 105 of gestation did not benefit mammary development, but increased dietary energy was detrimental to development of mammary secretory tissue.
Trends in Congenital Heart Disease: The Next Decade.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common class of major congenital malformations. Although there is slight variation between many population-based studies, CHD occurs in ≈1% of live births, with similar prevalence throughout world,1–3 and in 10% of aborted fetuses.4 It is also the leading cause of mortality from birth defects.5 Approximately one-quarter of the 40 000 children born with CHD annually in the United States require intervention in the first year of life. In the 60 years since the first successful repair of a congenital heart defect using cardiopulmonary bypass in 1953, the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of even the most complex congenital heart lesions have become standard practice. Critical CHD is often lethal in the absence of treatment, and effective surgical, catheter, and medical therapies have dramatically extended life expectancy. With advances in the survival of patients with CHD, there have been major demographic shifts, so that adult patients with CHD now outnumber children even with complex forms of CHD.6 The expected surgical outcomes for patients with simpler congenital cardiovascular lesions (eg, typical forms of septal defects) have continually improved7 and have long since reached a very high level of excellence. These procedures can now be reasonably viewed as a commodity, which is widely available in the developed world. In treatment of simpler lesions, research is increasingly focused on methods to increase the safety, efficiency, and value of therapeutic procedures, and to provide high-quality alternatives to children in nations with resource-constrained healthcare infrastructure and budgets, as well. On the other end of the spectrum of disease severity, outcomes continue to improve in patients with more complex lesions (Figure 1).8 Survival through childhood is now common even in the most complex and lethal malformations, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome. …
Child Custody Evaluations

Publisher Summary This chapter examines several issues relevant to child custody evaluations in the United States, including state laws, ethical guidelines, data collection, tests used, and interpretation of results. Recommendations for conducting child custody evaluations have been provided. Most states in the United States have legislated a Best Interests of the Child (BIC) standard through which placement decisions are made. It is important that the custody evaluator know and understand the ethical guidelines for conducting child custody evaluations. Presently, the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC) have published guidelines for conducting child custody evaluations. Clinical interviews should be conducted with both caregivers and with each child separately. As it is important that the same information be gathered from each parent, structured interviews are preferred over non-structured interviews. Parent-child observations should be conducted in multiple settings and long enough for the examinees to habituate to the presence of an observer.
Ammonia Oxidation in the Ocean Can Be Inhibited by Nanomolar Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide

Marine Thaumarchaeota were discovered over 20 years ago and although a few isolates from this group are now available for study, we do not yet understand the environmental controls on their growth and distribution. Thaumarchaeotes oxidize ammonia to nitrite, mediating a key step in the global nitrogen cycle, and it is estimated that about 20% of all prokaryotic cells in the ocean belong to this phylum. Despite their almost ubiquitous distribution, marine Thaumarchaeota are rarely abundant in open-ocean surface (<100 m) waters. We tested the hypothesis that this vertical distribution is driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically H2O2, generated by photochemical and biological processes – ‘indirect photoinhibition’ rather than light inhibition as previously postulated for ammonia-oxidizing Archaea. Here we show that H2O2 can be surprisingly toxic to Thaumarchaeota from the Southern Ocean, with ammonia oxidation inhibited by additions of as little as 10 nM H2O2, while temperate Thaumarchaeota ecotypes were more tolerant. This sensitivity could explain the seasonal disappearance of Thaumarchaeota from polar surface waters and the increase in ammonia oxidation rates with depth commonly observed in marine environments. Our results highlight the need for further physiological studies of Thaumarchaeota, and indicate that ROS sensitivity could be used as a characteristic for dividing the group into meaningful ecotypes.
Accessory chromosomes inPhysalis ixocarpa

Das Vorkommen eines Neben-Chromosoms ist zum ersten Mal in der GattungPhysalis festgestellt worden. Das kleine Chromosom besitzt ein in der Mitte liegendes Centromer und tritt sowohl bei der Mitose, wie auch bei der Meiose in Erscheinung. Pflanzen mit diesem Chromosom sind steril.
FOLATE DEFICIENCY AND METHANOL POISONING IN THE RAT

Species differences in sensitivity to methanol toxicity is well known. Rodents do not develop metabolic acidosis or ocular toxicity after methanol treatment, whereas the monkey and man display these features. Since the administration of methanol results in formic acid accumulation in the monkey but not in the rat, and since both species metabolize formate primarily through a folate-dependent pathway, differences in the ability of the animal to metabolize formate could explain the relative sensitivity of the species to methanol. The rat metabolizes formate at rates approximately twice those observed in the monkey. Rats were placed on a folate-deficient diet and the maximal rate of formate oxidation was reduced to that of the monkey. Administration of methanol (4 g/kg, intraperitoneally) led to formate accumulation in the blood to levels comparable to those observed in the methanol-intoxicated monkey (18 mEq/1). This was accompanied by a marked decrease in blood pH (7.04). This represents the first demonstration of a metabolic acidosis in the rat after methanol and suggests that the species differences observed between the primate and the rat may be related to folate and its biological disposition.
Endophthalmitis Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human bacterial pathogen responsible for a wide variety of ocular diseases, including sight-threatening infections such as keratitis, corneal flap melt after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), cellulitis, endophthalmitis, and panophthalmitis. Staphylococcus aureus isolates that are resistant to methicillin are known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and are usually also resistant to other β-lactam antimicrobial drugs. In current practice, methicillin sensitivity is usually performed with oxacillin or cefoxitin, as methicillin is no longer commercially available in the United States. Oxacillin is more likely to maintain its activity during storage better than methicillin, while cefoxitin can give more reproducible and accurate results than tests with oxacillin or methicillin. The organisms are still called “MRSA” and not “oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus” or “cefoxitin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus” because of this historic role.
The Wisdom and Constitutionality of Teaching Intelligent Design in Public Schools

In "The Wisdom and Constitutionality of Teaching Intelligent Design in Public Schools", Professor Loewy explores the constitutionality of teaching intelligent design alongside evolution in public schools. In the article, Loewy explains that while the government cannot support or approve of religion in schools, it also cannot disapprove of religion. He argues a ban on teaching intelligent design in schools constitutes disapproval of religion, and is therefore unconstitutional under the neutrality standard required by the Supreme Court.