cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligent tutors in simulated environments that evolve to operator associates in actual systems

Effective operator training is possible via the use of intelligent tutoring systems. Such systems incorporate system knowledge and operational information under normal and degraded conditions. They can be designed to adapt to the skill levels of the operators, and function as operator associates that share responsibility for system operation. The author discusses the characteristics necessary for the evolution of tutors into operator associates. >
Critical notice of Frank Jackson, from metaphysics to ethics: A defence of conceptual analysis

(2000). Critical notice of Frank Jackson, from metaphysics to ethics: A defence of conceptual analysis. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 119-124.
A Review of some Recent Radiation Fog Prediction Studies and the Results of Integrating a Simple Numerical Model to Predict Radiation Fog over Brunei

Severalradiation fog studies with emphasis on numerical simulation and prediction are reviewed. One of the earliest attempts started with a given surface diurnal variation of temperature and water vapor, and concluded by forecasting the onset of saturation at various levels; thus fog, by examining the spread of temperature and moisture in the vertical. The one-dimensional (1-D) models are still popular. Some of the recent numerical simulations use more than 100 levels in the vertical and treat various kinds of vegetation, aerosols, and soils with moisture contents. Some also employ a mesoscale model in conjunction with a 1-D model to consider the advective effects. In the following a simple 1-D numerical model was used to predict the onset of fog at Brunei, based on a desktop computer and routine surface observations of dry bulb temperature(T)dewpoint temperature(T a )and wind speed at 1800 Local Time (LT). Optimism exists in improved predictions of fog and stratus as 1-D models incorporate many physical processes, and mesoscale models continue to improve in predicting advection and cloud cover.
Comparison of levels of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in highly purified and mixed primary cultures of neurons and non-neuronal cells from embryonic chick sympathetic ganglia.

Primary cultures containing ≥99% neurons, ≥99% non-neuronal cells (glia), or both cell types were prepared from the sympathetic ganglia of 12-day chick embryos. Levels of cyclic AMP in the non-neuronal cells (∼14 pmol/mg protein) were approximately 3-fold higher than levels in the neurons (∼4 pmol/mg protein). Mixed cultures had concentrations of cyclic AMP which fell between the values measured for pure neuronal and pure non-neuronal cultures. The measured cyclic AMP values of mixed cultures were indistinguishable from values predicted by summing the expected contributions of the neurons and non-neuronal cells. Thus, contact between the neurons and non-neuronal cells in these mixed cultures did not appear to alter the level of cyclic AMP in either cell type. Neuronal-glial interactions, such as the specific neuronal stimulation of non-neuronal cell proliferation, occurred independently of any changes in the level of cyclic AMP in the mixed cultures. Cell density was varied in both pure and mixed cultures, and both cyclic AMP concentrations and amounts of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA were measured. The cyclic AMP content of the non-neuronal cells varied inversely with cell density. [3H]Thymidine incorporation was independent of cell density in both neuronal and non-neuronal cultures. Parallel density-dependent decreases in cyclic AMP concentration and [3H]thymidine incorporation were observed in mixed cultures as cell density was increased. The data suggest that there is no relationship between changes in rate of non-neuronal cell proliferation and cyclic AMP levels in these cultures.
Scaling Exponents for Active Scalars

We provide bounds for Dirichlet quotients and for generalized structure functions for 3D active scalars and Navier–Stokes equations. These bounds put constraints on the possible extent of anomalous scaling.
Chemical shift assignments of mouse HOXD13 DNA binding domain bound to duplex DNA

The homeobox gene (Hoxd13) codes for a transcription factor protein that binds to AT-rich DNA sequences and controls expression of proteins that control embryonic morphogenesis. We report NMR chemical shift assignments of mouse Hoxd13 DNA binding domain bound to an 11-residue DNA duplex (BMRB No. 25133).
Atomic layer deposition of aluminum oxide on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces

Abstract Aluminum oxide was deposited at 45 °C by atomic layer deposition onto an atomically smooth gold surface coated with a CH 3 -terminated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and onto an OH-terminated silicon dioxide surfaces. The growth of the resulting films was characterized with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy, contact-angle measurement, and atomic force microscope. Aluminum oxide films on the SAMs exhibited a growth instability, while the films on the OH-terminated silicon dioxide maintained an atomically smooth surface.
P2P and the promise of internet equality

Technologies often come wrapped in stories about politics. These stories may not explain the motives of the technologists, but they do often explain the social energy that propels the technology into the larger world. In the case of P2P technologies, the official engineering story is that computational effort should be distributed to reflect the structure of the problem. But the engineering story does not explain the strong feelings P2P computing often evokes. The strong feelings derive from a political story, often heatedly disavowed by technologists but widespread in the culture: P2P delivers on the Internet's promise of decentralization. By minimizing the role of centralized computing elements, the story goes, P2P systems will be immune to censorship, monopoly, regulation, and other exercises of centralized authority.
Human Agency and HRD Returning Meaning, Spirituality, and Purpose to HRD Theory and Practice

The ProblemHuman resource development (HRD) research and theories often do not adequately capture the holistic and self-directed nature of human beings at work. Likewise, HRD practice can fall shor...
International water law and supporting water management principles in the development of a model transboundary agreement between riparians in international river basins

A set of water management principles are analyzed and form the basis for a template for a model transboundary agreement for international river basins. The tenets of international water law, which support the selection of the principles, are analyzed. The principles include equitable and reasonable utilization and the obligation to not cause significant harm as the interrelated and overarching principles of international watercourse management. The development of a template is undertaken because ratification of the 1997 UN watercourses convention is at hand and a template consistent with this convention may facilitate the protection of shared water resources.
Crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of the group B streptococcus alpha C protein.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis among neonates and an important cause of morbidity among pregnant women and immunocompromised adults. Invasive diseases due to GBS are attributed to the ability of the pathogen to translocate across human epithelial surfaces. The alpha C protein (ACP) has been identified as an invasin that plays a role in internalization and translocation of GBS across epithelial cells. The soluble N-terminal domain of ACP (NtACP) blocks the internalization of GBS. We determined the 1.86-A resolution crystal structure of NtACP comprising residues Ser52 through Leu225 of the full-length ACP. NtACP has two domains, an N-terminal β-sandwich and a C-terminal three-helix bundle. Structural and topological alignments reveal that the β-sandwich shares structural elements with the type III fibronectin fold (FnIII), but includes structural elaborations that make it unique. We have identified a potential integrin-binding motif consisting of Lys-Thr-Asp146, Arg110, and Asp118. A similar arrangement of charged residues has been described in other invasins. ACP shows a heparin binding activity that requires NtACP. We propose a possible heparin-binding site, including one surface of the three-helix bundle, and nearby portions of the sandwich and repeat domains. We have validated this prediction using assays of the heparin binding and cell-adhesion properties of engineered fragments of ACP. This is the first crystal structure of a member of the highly conserved Gram-positive surface alpha-like protein family, and it will enable the internalization mechanism of GBS to be dissected at the atomic level.
MONOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Monocyte chemotaxis was determined by an agarose technique in normal newborns, infants, older children, and adults and in selected patients. Monocytes were obtained from heparinized blood by Ficoll-Hypaque separation and exposed to zymosan treated serum as the chemotactic source. Newborn values (50 ± 33; ± 1 S.D.) were significantly different from adult values (216 ± 75, p 2 S.D.) in one patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and 4/29 patients with atopic dermatitis. In 8 patients on salicylate therapy, a mean decrease of monocyte chemotaxis of 25% was seen with salicylate levels >15 mgs% compared to a mean increase of 8% when neutrophil chemotaxis was concurrently measured. We also noted decreased monocyte chemotaxis in several seemingly normal subjects with absent delayed hypersensitivity skin tests to tetanus toxoid but normal in vitro lymphocyte transformation to tetanus. These findings extend previous studies demonstrating maturational defects in human phagocytic cells, re-emphasize the possible role of defective monocyte chemotaxis in immunodeficient states, and suggest a possible mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of salicylates.
Medical information privacy and the conduct of biomedical research.

We live in an era in which the growth of powerful information technology; the profound changes in our system of health-care organization, delivery, and financing; and dramatic advancements in biomedical research, especially in human genetics and genomics, have stirred intense public concern about the privacy of individually identifiable medical information. Protection of medical-information privacy in the United States at this time is limited to State laws, which are generally regarded as fragmentary, variably effective, discordant, and dissatisfying. Why, despite broad-based public support of the need for comprehensive federal legislation, have repeated Congressional efforts in recent years to enact privacy legislation failed to get out of committee? This chapter attempts to answer this question by providing context that is often lacking in the public and political discourse. I explain the high volume and complex flows of identifiable medical information that are necessary for the day to day operations of the contemporary health-care system, that is, to provide treatment and payment and enable system operations, but give special attention to the critically important role played by archived medical information in supporting medical research, advancing medical knowledge, and improving the health of the public. Medicine is an empirical discipline, and the foundations of medical knowledge have been created over generations by the systematic study of countless patients and their families to elucidate the causes, natural history, presentations, and therapeutic responses of human diseases. I emphasize that it is possible to provide identifiable medical information used in research with almost total protection from forcible trespass, and indeed, to assure the confidentiality of such information with far more confidence than is true for medical information used in providing care, or, for that matter, for any other kind of personal information. I argue that everyone who confronts disease is an immediate and direct beneficiary of the knowledge accrued over generations from studies using medical information of countless other individuals and families with similar ailments, and that the ethical principle of justice supports the proposition that since everyone benefits, everyone is obligated to allow his or her medical information to be used in medical research.
New Ambipolar Organic Semiconductors. 2. Effects of Electron Acceptor Strength on Intramolecular Charge Transfer Photophysics, Highly Efficient Electroluminescence, and Field-Effect Charge Transport of Phenoxazine-Based Donor−Acceptor Materials

Substantial variations (up to factors of 5) were observed in the intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) fluorescence quantum yields and electroluminescence efficiencies among a series of emissive bipolar donor−acceptor (D−A) materials based on a phenoxazine donor and different acceptors with a varying electron acceptor strength, including quinoline, quinoxaline, benzoquinoxaline, and benzoylquinoxaline. High-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with colors spanning the visible spectrum were achieved from the new emissive ambipolar materials. The performance of the OLEDs based on the D−A molecules decreased with increasing electron acceptor strength, largely owing to the reduction in fluorescence efficiencies. Green OLEDs (CIE = 0.27, 0.61) from a phenoxazine-quinoline molecule gave the best performance (36190 cd/m2, 10.9 cd/A at 5115 cd/m2). Red OLEDs (CIE = 0.63, 0.37) with moderate performance (9580 cd/m2, 2.3 cd/A at 230 cd/m2) were obtained from the phenoxazine-benzoylquinoxaline molecule. T...
Solving multidimensional bioeconomic problems with singular-perturbation reduction methods: Application to managing pest resistance to pesticidal crops

Abstract We investigate the application of ‘singular-perturbation’ reduction methods from the dynamical-systems literature to solve continuous-time multidimensional bioeconomic models resulting from integrating economics with increasingly complex biological structures. These methods reduce multidimensional solution space to the lower-dimensional subspace confining long-term dynamics. They arise naturally in problems with state variables evolving on widely disparate time scales. In particular, we demonstrate how the methods reduce the solution space of a linear-control specification—characterized by two state variables adjusting at widely disparate rates—to a single differential equation in the slow variable. All other system variables are determined by algebraic equations. We apply singular-perturbation methods to investigate the optimal management of pest resistance to pesticidal crops. The pest population evolves on a fast-time scale, while the population's genetic composition evolves on a slow-time scale. In comparison with past work, we can more fully characterize the continuous-time dynamics associated with a complex genetic specification.
New directions in symptomatic therapy for patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

The cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; coxibs) were developed in order to reduce upper gastrointestinal (GI) side effects associated with traditional nonselective NSAIDs. This article presents an overview of clinical trials showing the efficacy of coxibs for the treatment of patients with arthritis. In osteoarthritis trials, coxibs were more effective than placebo and similarly effective compared with standard doses of traditional NSAIDs. Some studies lasted up to a year and showed effectiveness of coxibs for long-term treatment of patients with osteoarthritis. There are currently few adequately powered trials comparing the efficacy of the 2 first-generation coxibs, celecoxib and rofecoxib. Of 2 head-to-head studies comparing the 2 agents, 1 indicated similar efficacy, whereas the other showed the superiority of rofecoxib at a dose of 25 mg daily compared with celecoxib at a dose of 200 mg daily. In studies enrolling patients with rheumatoid arthritis, coxibs also have shown efficacy superior to that of placebo and similar to that of traditional NSAIDs. There are no clinical trials comparing the efficacy of different coxibs for treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In endoscopic studies, the GI safety and tolerability profile of coxibs has been consistently superior to that of traditional NSAIDs. In large clinical outcome trials, at least 1 of the coxibs, rofecoxib, significantly reduced the risk of confirmed complicated upper GI events compared with the conventional NSAID naproxen. Both rofecoxib and celecoxib reduced the risk of confirmed clinical upper GI events compared with the nonselective NSAIDs naproxen and ibuprofen in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis not taking low-dose aspirin. Therefore, coxibs provide effective relief of pain from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, with efficacy that is comparable to traditional NSAIDs, but with a significantly lower incidence of GI complications.
Niflumic and flufenamic acids are potent inhibitors of chloride secretion in mammalian airway

Abstract Effects of niflumic acid (NFA) and flufenamic acid (FFA), the two nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents recently reported to inhibit Cl − current in Xenopus oocytes, were examined in cultured monolayers of dog and cow trachea. Both agents showed potent inhibition to the short-circuit current (I sc ), an index of magnitude of transepithelial Cl − secretion, with values of K i of 0.02 (for FFA) mM, respectively. The sensitivity sequence of I sc to the Cl − channel inhibitors tested was NFA > FFA > diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC) >> anthracene-9-carboxylate (A9C). Thus, NFA and FFA are so far the most potent commercially available Cl − channel inhibitors tested in Cl − secreting epithelia. The sensitivity sequence of 36 Cl uptake to the above Cl − channel inhibitors in Xenopus laevis oocytes was found to be identical to the cultures of trachea. This seems to imply that the membrane Cl − channels of Xenopus oocytes are functionally similar to that identified in mammalian Cl − secreting epithelia.
Damus-Stansel-Kaye procedure: Current indications and results

Between October 1983 and August 1991, 29 consecutive Damus-Stansel-Kaye procedures were performed. Indications for operation included restrictive bulboventricular foramen or subaortic stenosis associated with complex univentricular congenital heart disease (25) and Taussig-Bing heart, subaortic stenosis, or both associated with complex biventricular congenital heart disease (4). Twelve patients underwent concurrent Fontan procedures. Average age at operation was 39.8 months (range, 1 to 132 months). Average outflow tract gradient was 28 mm Hg (range, dynamic to 80 mm Hg). Of the 29 patients, 23 were male and 6 were female. There were three early deaths (10%), two in patients who had a concurrent Fontan procedure. Although there was a trend toward lower age and higher outflow tract gradients in nonsurvivors, these and other factors were not statistically significant predictors of death. Actuarial freedom from cardiac-related death was 88% at 5 years (n = 7). In a mean follow-up of 3.5 years (range, 0.1 to 7.7 years), 3 patients have required reoperation (10%), 2 for aortic valve insufficiency (5 days and 2.75 years) and 1 for a gradient across the anastomosis (5.75 years). Actuarial freedom from reoperation related to a failed Damus-Stansel-Kaye procedure was 90% at 4 years and 75% at 6 years (n = 7).
Developing Selenium-Enriched Animal Feed and Biofuel From Canola Planted for Managing Se-Laden Drainage Waters in the Westside of Central California

We studied the reuse of selenium (Se)-laden effluent for producing canola (Brassica napus) and subsequent bioproducts in central California. Canola was irrigated with poor quality waters [electrical conductivity (EC) of ≈5 dS m−1 sulfate-salinity, 5 mg B L−1, and 0.25 mg Se L−1]. Typical seed yields were 2.2 metric tons ha−1. Seeds were processed for their oil, and transesterified to produce ASTM-quality biodiesel (BD) blends. The resulting Se-enriched seed cake meal (containing ∼2 mg Se kg−1 DM) was used in a dairy feed trial. Seventy-two Jersey and Holstein cows, 36 respectively, were fed Se-enriched canola meal as 6.2% of their daily feed ration for five weeks. Blood and milk samples were collected weekly and analyzed for total Se. This study showed that Se-enriched canola meal did not significantly increase total blood Se content in either cow breed. Milk Se concentrations did, however, significantly increase to safe levels of 59 μg Se L−1 and 52 μg Se L−1 in Jersey and Holstein cows, respectively. Th...
G proteins and low-molecular-weight GTP-binding proteins in platelets

Platelets contain at least two distinct families of proteins that can bind GTP: the G proteins and the low-molecular-weight GTP-binding proteins. G proteins are heterotrimeric regulatory proteins that mediate the interaction between cell surface receptors and the enzymes that generate second messengers during platelet activation. At least five different G proteins have been identified in platelets. The low-molecular-weight GTP-binding proteins range in size from 21 to 28 kDa. Little is known for certain about their function, but at least 15 such proteins have been identified in platelets, many of which have been shown to be homologous to the products of the ras protooncogene. In cells other than platelets, low-molecular-weight GTP-binding proteins have been implicated in protein transport, cell activation events, and malignant transformation. Their role in platelets is unknown.
Interactions and deposition patterns of multiplexed electrosprays

Abstract Multiplexed electrospray is a promising aerosol technique to achieve both high throughput and unique advantages of the electrospray such as monodispersity and small droplet size down to nanometer range. Here we study the interaction and overall deposition pattern of multiplexed electrosprays. First, we derived an approximate model for the profile of a single electrospray subjected to its own space charge field as well as external driving electric field. Then the spray profile model was generalized to describe the deposition pattern for multiple electrosprays. Numerically, we investigated the interaction of charged droplets generated by up to 91 electrospray sources using a full Lagrangian model. The highly intensive computational load was successfully handled by implementing the numerical code on a desktop supercomputer with 10 Tera FLOPS of computational power delivered by Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The results from the spray profile model and numerical simulation were compared to experimental data and good agreements were demonstrated. The simplicity of the spray profile model can conveniently guide the design and operation of multiplexed electrosprays for a range of promising applications.
Following in the footsteps of a giant: When fieldwork past influences field‐work present, Karl Tirén and Die lappische Volksmusik

Between 1909 and 1916, the Swedish amateur folklorist Karl Tiren crisscrossed the northernmost regions of his country, collecting examples of joik, a vocal genre unique to Scandinavia's indigenous Sami populations. While the resulting book of his transcriptions. Die lappische Volksmusik, fell short of his goal to preserve this tradition for future generations of Sami singers, Tiren's legacy in the region remains a palpable presence, despite his demise in 1955. In this article, the author discusses the impact of this early twentieth century fieldwork on his own research with contemporary joik artists, with Tiren occasionally emerging as an unanticipated “partner” in the process.
Nursing Masculinity: Male Nurses' Experiences through a Co-Cultural Lens

Based on the lived experiences of male nurses, this article argues for a nuanced, dynamic, and contextualized understanding of co-culture. In applied context, this understanding means that context-specific changes in patterns of interaction can create more welcoming and satisfying work environments, aiding the reduction of retention-related nursing shortages. In-depth interviews indicate that male nurses experience their presence among nurses and among dominant cultures of masculinity as co-cultural, which limits their participation in the profession from 2 directions. Co-cultural experiences are not related simply to men's numerical minority in nursing but are lived as such because male nurses have to negotiate a sense of otherness that limits free expression of cultural values. Through various communication tactics—emphasizing commonalities, censoring self, and overcompensating (M. Orbe, 1998a)—they strive for assimilation at work and socially. Male nurses in this study also used a previously unidentifi...
Risk Aversion and Personality Type

The finance literature supports an increasing role for behavioral aspects of investment decision-making. Among other factors such as demographics, personality type may influence risk tolerance as well. This paper explores the relationship between personality type dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the moments approach to individual investor risk tolerance inherent in expected utility theory (EUT). Our study uses survey results to relate ex ante EUT tolerance for variance and skew to MBTI measures. Results indicate that personality type does explain individual ex ante EUT risk tolerance. Our results further suggest that the relationship between personality type and individual ex ante EUT risk tolerance is non-linear in form.
Interpersonal constructs for nursing practice

Abstract This paper was presented at a seminar on the role of psychiatric nurses in interpersonal relationships, given at Highland College of Nursing and Midwifery, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness. Selected interpersonal constructs were examined; such theoretical concepts, when applied by nurses in practice situations, provide explanations of observations nurses make and serve also to guide actions which nurses choose, to facilitate a helping nurse-client relationship. Finally, it was suggested that nurse teachers have a large responsibility in helping students to examine various theoretical constructs, learn and apply them in nursing practice, and to develop the necessary intellectual and interpersonal competencies for constructive psychiatric nursing practice.
On test data compression and n-detection test sets

We consider the relationship between test data compression and the ability to perform comprehensive testing of a circuit under an n-detection test set. The size of an n-detection test set grows approximately linearly with n. Therefore, one may expect a decompresser that can decompress a compressed n-detection test set to be larger than a decompresser required for a compact conventional test set. The results presented in this work demonstrate that it is possible to use a decompresser designed based on a compact one-detection test set in order to apply an n-detection test set. Thus, the design of the decompresser does not have to be changed as n is increased. We describe a procedure that generates an n-detection test set to achieve this result.
Atomistic modeling of the diffusion of small penetrant molecules in the bulk amorphous polyimide of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-(4-aminophenoxy) propane

Abstract Diffusion of two small penetrant molecules, O2 and N2, in the bulk amorphous polyimide of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-(4-aminophenoxy) propane is studied with molecular dynamics simulations. This polyimide is abbreviated as PI-2. The temperature of the simulation is chosen to be slightly below the experimental glass transition temperature of PI-2 (230°C, or 503 K). The ratio of the diffusion coefficients of O2 and N2 in PI-2 from the simulation compares favorably with experimental results of the same ratio in structurally similar glassy polyimides. Detailed analysis is performed for the diffusion of O2 in PI-2. Throughout the molecular dynamics trajectory, O2 for most of the time is trapped in certain locations (voids) of the polymer matrix. The residence time is on the order of 100 ps. Occasionally, an O2 goes into a fast motion and translates rapidly to a neighboring void. Some voids are visited by different O2 at different times, indicating that although the thermal fluctuations of the polymer matrix play an important part in the diffusion process, conformational relaxation of the polymer chains may not be important for estimating the diffusion coefficient. The chemical and geometric environment of O2 is studied via the pair correlation functions of the diffusant molecules and the atoms in the polymer. For some of the atoms in PI-2, the peaks in the pair correlation functions do not correspond exactly to the sum of the van der Waals radii of the atom in the diffusant molecule and the atom in the polymer chain. This finding indicates that the local packing of the amorphous polymer tends to shield some of the atoms from close contact with the diffusant molecules in the diffusion process. The atomic grouping in PI-2 that have the greatest exposure to O2 are identified.
Applied physics: making sense of magnetic fields.

Although there have been dramatic advances in generating enormous magnetic fields, measuring these fields remains difficult. A non-metallic sensor based on a silver chalcogenide looks promising.
Solving iterated functions using genetic programming

An iterated function f(x) is a function that when composed with itself, produces a given expression f(f(x))=g(x). Iterated functions are essential constructs in fractal theory and dynamical systems, but few analysis techniques exist for solving them analytically. Here we propose using genetic programming to find analytical solutions to iterated functions of arbitrary form. We demonstrate this technique on the notoriously hard iterated function problem of finding f(x) such that f(f(x))=x2--2. While some analytical techniques have been developed to find a specific solution to problems of this form, we show that it can be readily solved using genetic programming without recourse to deep mathematical insight. We find a previously unknown solution to this problem, suggesting that genetic programming may be an essential tool for finding solutions to arbitrary iterated functions.
Effects of extracellular Ca2+ and the intracellular Ca2+ antagonist 8-(N,N-diethylamino) octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate on rabbit platelet conversion of arachidonic acid into thromboxane

Abstract The regulatory role of Ca2+ on the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into thromboxane B2 (TXB2) was examined in washed rabbit platelets, whose secretoary processes are known to have requirements for extracellular CA2+. Varying the extracellular free Ca2+ [Caf2+] concentration from
Effect of train loading on the water level in a deep glacial‐drift well in Central Illinois

The paper presents additional detailed information on.the effect which a known surface loading has on the piezometric water surface of a confined aquifer. The reaction of the water surface to the loading and unloading effects of passing railroad trains of different weights, moving at varying speeds, is measured with a specially constructed sensitive water-level recorder.
The design of a joined wing flight demonstrator aircraft

A joined-wing flight demonstrator aircraft has been developed at the NASA Ames Research Center in collaboration with ACA Industries. The aircraft is designed to utilize the fuselage, engines, and undercarriage of the existing NASA AD-1 flight demonstrator aircraft. The design objectives, methods, constraints, and the resulting aircraft design, called the JW-1, are presented. A wind-tunnel model of the JW-1 was tested in the NASA Ames 12-foot wind tunnel. The test results indicate that the JW-1 has satisfactory flying qualities for a flight demonstrator aircraft. Good agreement of test results with design predictions confirmed the validity of the design methods used for application to joined-wing configurations.
Entropy, semantic relatedness and proximity.

Although word co-occurrences within a document have been demonstrated to be semantically useful, word interactions over a local range have been largely neglected by psychologists due to practical challenges. Shannon’s (Bell Systems Technical Journal, 27, 379–423, 623–665, 1948) conceptualization of information theory suggests that these interactions should be useful for understanding communication. Computational advances make an examination of local word–word interactions possible for a large text corpus. We used Brants and Franz’s (2006) dataset to generate conditional probabilities for 62,474 word pairs and entropy calculations for 9,917 words in Nelson, McEvoy, and Schreiber’s (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 402–407, 2004) free association norms. Semantic associativity correlated moderately with the probabilities and was stronger when the two words were not adjacent. The number of semantic associates for a word and the entropy of a word were also correlated. Finally, language entropy decreases from 11 bits for single words to 6 bits per word for four-word sequences. The probabilities and entropies discussed here are included in the supplemental materials for the article.
Measurement of differential capacitance for faradaic systems under potentiodynamic conditions: Considerations of Fourier transform and phase-selective techniques

Abstract The differential capacitance (Cdiff) technique is widely employed in studies of metal–liquid interfaces, and is particularly useful for probing electrochemical effects of surface charge variations under voltage control. For such applications, however, it is generally necessary to measure Cdiff under potentiodynamic conditions, and these measurements are typically performed using single frequency phase-selective AC voltammetry. In the present work, we analyze the constraints and variables of these phase-selective measurements by using multi-frequency time resolved Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (FT-EIS). From a detailed comparison of the working principles of single-frequency and spectroscopic impedance methods, we illustrate how different processing of experimental data in the two approaches could lead to different results. As a model system for this study, we consider faradaic surface reactions of Cu in the presence of specifically adsorbing I− anions in KOH solutions. The kinetic parameters of these reactions (obtained with FT-EIS) provide voltage dependent time resolved data for Cdiff, as well as a framework to illustrate the experimental constraints of the phase-selective approach.
Recruiters' and Applicants' Awareness of the other Party's Postinterview Evaluations

Unxuer.sify of Connecticut 3zrmmay.-This study examined applicants' and recruiters' awareness of the ocher party's evaluations after joint participation in 219 campus employment interviews. Although both parties showed some awareness of the other's postinterview evaluations, applicanrs left the interview with a greater awareness of recruirers' evaluations than vice versa. In particular, applicants were aware of recruiters' assessments of the l~kelihood of a job offer, whereas recruiters were unaware of applicants' assessments of the likelihood that they would accept such an offer. Liden and Parsons (1989) depicted the employment interview as an event in which recruiters and applicants signal the other party about their judgments and intentions as well as a device that helps them to make decisions about employment. According to their model of the process of the employment interview, recruiters and applicants form impressions of the other party both prior to and during the interview and then convey these through verbal and nonverbal messages. For example, their nonverbal behavior reflects their interest or lack of interest during the &scussion (Rynes & Mdler, 1983). Also, the amount of time they devote to asking questions about the other versus sehg themselves to the other reflects their impressions of what the other party has to offer (Dougherty, Turban, & Callender, 1994). If communications between applicants and recruiters, indeed, take place during the interview to the extent suggested by Liden and Parsons (19891, each party should be able to predict the other party's evaluations by the end of the interview. Applicants should be able to predict recruiters' evaluations of themselves, and recruiters should be able to predct applicants' evaluations of job opportunities. This study explored the extent to which such a "meeting of the mmds" actually occurs in an employment interview. Specifically, it was hyporheslzed that (1) recruiters' perceptions of applicants' evaluations of job opportun~ties would be related to applicants' actual evaluations of job opportunities and (2) applicants' perceptions of recruiters' evaluations of themselves would be related to recruiters' actual evaluations of themselves.
Explicit boundary element method for nonlinear solid mechanics using domain integral reduction

Abstract Applied to solid mechanics problems with geometric nonlinearity, current finite element and boundary element methods face difficulties if the domain is highly distorted. Furthermore, current boundary element method (BEM) methods for geometrically nonlinear problems are implicit: the source term depends on the unknowns within the arguments of domain integrals. In the current study, a new BEM method is formulated which is explicit and whose stiffness matrices require no domain function evaluations. It exploits a rigorous incremental equilibrium equation. The method is also based on a Domain Integral Reduction Algorithm (DIRA), exploiting the Helmholtz decomposition to obviate domain function evaluations. The current version of DIRA introduces a major improvement compared to the initial version.
Time-Transgressive Aspects of Some Critical Planktonic Species: ABSTRACT

The origin of Globigerina bulloides in temperate areas occurs in the middle Miocene in Neogene zones 9 or 10, whereas in tropical sections it appears in the upper Miocene in Neogene zones 16 or 17, a cool-water cycle. In both cases it could be represented as being derived from Globigerina praebulloides. The origin of the temperate Globorotalia (Turborotalia) pachyderma, dextrally coiled, occurs in Neogene zone 13 or just below in temperate areas, whereas it invaded subtropical areas only during the principal cold cycles subsequent to deposition of zone 13. Forms of Neogloboquadrina lacking umbilical toothlike structures such as N. dutertrei subcretacea appeared in tropical and warm temperate areas in the late Miocene. Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei with umbilical toothlike structures appeared near the end of Pliocene or at the beginning of Pleistocene time in Neogene zone 22 in tropical areas, whereas the primitive forms continued into the Holocene in temperate areas. Thus, there is an apparent extinction datum plane of the primitive form near the end of Neogene zone 21 deposition in tropical areas but not in temperate areas. Coiling characteristics and form ratios distinguish this group from Globorotalia (Turborotalia) pachyderma. Praeorbulina spp. appear initially in the lower Miocene Neogene zone 8 in tropical areas; isomorphs of this genus appear initially in temperate areas in Neogene zones 11 or 12. The earlier forms originated from species of Globigerinoides whereas those in temperate areas appear to have originated from Globigerina. Ecologic-evolutionary relations are responsible for these and many other kinds of time-transgressive aspects of planktonic datum planes. End_of_Article - Last_Page 330------------
An inverse method for determining wind stress from water-level fluctuations

Abstract The hydrodynamic equations governing the water-level response of a lake to wind stress are inverted to determine wind stress from water-level fluctuations. In order to obtain a unique solution, the wind-stress field is represented in terms of a finite number of spatially dependent basis functions with time-dependent coefficients. The discretized version of the inverse equation is solved by a least-squares procedure to obtain the coefficients, and thereby the stress. The method is tested for several ideal cases with Lake Erie topography. Real water-level data is then used to determine hourly values of vector wind stress over Lake Erie for the period 5 May–31 October, 1979. Results are compared with measurements of wind speed and direction from buoys deployed in the lake. Calculated stress direction agrees with observed wind direction for wind speeds > 7.5 m s −1 . Under neutral conditions, calculated drag coefficients increase with the wind speed from 1.53 × 10 −3 for 7.5−10 m s −1 winds to 2.04 × 10 −3 for 15−17.5 m s −1 winds. Drag coefficients are lower for stable conditions and higher for unstable conditions.
A Non-Linear Dynamic Model of the Variance Risk Premium

We propose a new class of non-linear diffusion processes for modeling financial markets data. Our non-linear diffusions are obtained as transformations of affine processes. We show that asset-pricing and estimation is possible and likelihood estimation is straightforward. We estimate a non-linear diffusion model for the VIX index under both the objective measure and the risk-neutral measure where the latter is obtained from futures prices. We find evidence of significant non-linearity under both measures. We define the difference between the P and Q drift as a measure of the variance risk premium and show that it has strong predictive power for stock returns.
Sub-Optimal Choice by Pigeons: Failure to Support The Allais Paradox

Abstract Pigeons show a preference for an alternative that provides them with discriminative stimuli (sometimes a stimulus that predicts reinforcement and at other times a stimulus that predicts the absence of reinforcement) over an alternative that provides them with nondiscriminative stimuli, even if the nondiscriminative stimulus alternative is associated with 2.5 times as much reinforcement ( Stagner & Zentall, 2010 ). In Experiment 1 we found that the delay to reinforcement associated with the nondiscriminative stimuli could be reduced by almost one half before the pigeons were indifferent between the two alternatives. In Experiment 2 we tested the hypothesis that the preference for the discriminative stimulus alternative resulted from the fact that, like humans, the pigeons were attracted by the stimulus that consistently predicted reinforcement (the Allais paradox). When the probability of reinforcement associated with the discriminative stimulus that predicted reinforcement was reduced from 100% to 80% the pigeons still showed a strong preference for the discriminative stimulus alternative. Thus, under these conditions, the Allais paradox cannot account for the sub-optimal choice behavior shown by pigeons. Instead we propose that sub-optimal choice results from positive contrast between the low expectation of reinforcement associated with the discriminative stimulus alternative and the much higher obtained reinforcement when the stimulus associated with reinforcement appears. We propose that similar processes can account for sub-optimal gambling behavior by humans.
Lizards reduce food consumption by spiders: mechanisms and consequences

To determine the effect of lizards on webspider populations, we conducted a long-term field experiment in the Bahamas. Numbers of spider individuals were about 3 times higher in lizard-removal enclosures than in control enclosures with natural densities of lizards. Dietary analyses showed that lizards ate spiders and that lizard and spider diets overlapped substantially. Lizards reduced biomass of prey consumed by spiders; details indicated that they reduced biomass of large (> 4 mm) prey consumed by spiders more than biomass of small (≤4 mm) prey. Similarly, lizards reduced biomass of large aerial arthropods caught in sticky traps but not biomass of small aerial arthropods. We found no evidence that the lizard effect on prey consumption by spiders was caused by a spatial shift from areas with high aerial arthropod abundance to areas with low aerial arthropod abundance. Lizards reduced adult female cephalothorax width and fecundity of spiders. In a separate experiment, food-supplemented spiders were more fecund than control spiders. This study indicates that the interaction between lizards and spiders includes both predation and competition for food.
Referred Students' Performance on the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Fourth Edition.

This study investigates the convergent relations of the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children−Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Data from counterba...
In vitro release of α1-acid glycoprotein RNA sequences shows fidelity with the acute phase response in vivo

The acute phase reaction of rat liver to subcutaneous turpentine challenge results in a 20- to 100-fold increase in α1-acid glycoprotein (αAGP) mRNA. We utilized this response to establish conditions appropriate for study of RNA transport in vitro using hybridization with 32P-labeled exon and intron αAGP sequences. Contamination of nuclear preparations by membrane-absorbed cytoplasmic RNA was eliminated by detergent-rinsing. The in vitro incubation conditions that most reflected the in vivo state required RNase inhibitor (purified from placenta), polyvinylpyrrolidone to prevent nuclear swelling, and addition of ATP. Under these circumstances, αAGP sequences were transported only from turpentine-stimulated preparations, were found only in poly(A) + RNA, and were the same size as authentic cytoplasmic mRNA. Omission of polyvinylpyrrolidone resulted in release of some αAGP sequences in smaller, more heterogeneous poly(A)-RNA, and leakage of some αAGP sequences was observed from control preparations. Omission of ATP resulted in restriction of mature αAGP mRNA to the nucleus. In contrast to αAGP mRNA, transport of albumin mRNA was decreased 3-4X in turpentine-treated preparations. The largest αAGP intron was not found in RNA transported from treated nuclei in complete medium. The intron-containing fragments remained in the nucleus, largely in poly(A)- RNA of a size consistent with free intron. Some hybridization of intron sequences was observed with cytoplasmic and nuclear membrane-associated poly(A) + RNA preparations which may represent 3′-processing catabolites; leakage of these sequences was considerably greater in the absence of PVP. On the basis of densitometric estimates, a 5-fold increase in the amount of αAGP exon sequences was observed in nuclear RNA, comparing treated with control animals, but transport of αAGP exon sequences was detectable only from treated nuclei, indicating at least a 50-fold increase in abundance of αAGP sequences. This suggests that a selective gating mechanism may be operative at the level of post-transcriptional nucleocytoplasmic transport during induction of αAGP in the acute phase response.