cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OUT OF BOUNDS: ANONYMOUS’ TRANSITION TO COLLECTIVE ACTION

Although scholars recognize the importance of understanding the range of structures that precede the emergence of social movements, there has been little effort to elucidate how collective actors s...
Axicon′s diffraction mode for spherical wave beam with eccentricity

Since the central spot diameter of exit beam generated by the spherical wave beam passing through a conical lens is small and the focal depth of the exit beam is long,it is suitable for long distance measurement and alignment in laser communication.The diffraction mode of the conical lens for the spherical wave beam with eccentricity was emphatically investigated to reduce the effects of the off-axis phenomenon on measurement,and to prevent the center-line deviation or tilt of the spherical wave beam.Based on the diffraction theory and stationary phase method,the diffraction mode of the conical lens for the spherical wave beam with eccentricity was derived,and the characteristic of its radial energy distribution was analyzed.The experiments and simulations are performed by using a conical lens whose radius is 15 mm and basic angle is 1°.The experimental results are compared with the theoretical analysis and computer simulation results.The comparison indicates that the influence of eccentricity on the diffraction mode decreases as the radius of curvature of incidental spherical wave and the propagation distance decrease.Therefore,the spherical wave with small radius of curvature instead of plane wave can extend the focal depth and reduce the influence of eccentricity on the measurement.
Crystal structures of three substituted 3-aryl-2-phenyl-2,3-di-hydro-4H-1,3-benzo-thia-zin-4-ones.

Three ring-substituted 3-aryl analogs of 2-phenyl-2,3-di­hydro-4H-1,3-benzo­thia­zin-4-one, namely 3-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)-2-phenyl-4H-1,3-benzo­thia­zin-4-one, C21H17NO2S, (I), 2-phenyl-3-[4-(tri­fluoro­meth­yl)phen­yl]-2,3-di­hydro-4H-1,3-benzo­thia­zin-4-one toluene hemisolvate, C21H14F3NOS·0.5C7H8, (II), and 3-(3-bromo­phen­yl)-2-phenyl-2,3-di­hydro-4H-1,3-benzo­thia­zin-4-one toluene hemisolvate, C20H14BrNOS·0.5C7H8, (III), were synthesized and their crystal structures determined. The hemisolvates differ in that in (II), the asymmetric unit comprises two molecules of the benzo­thia­zinone compound and a toluene solvent mol­ecule, whereas in (III), the unit comprises one benzo­thia­zinone mol­ecule and a half-occupancy toluene solvent mol­ecule. All crystals are of racemic mixtures of the chiral 2-C atom of the thia­zine moiety, which in all structures has a screw-boat puckering, with the puckering amplitude values within the range 0.575–0.603 A. In all three structures, the benzene plane of the benzo­thia­zine system makes a dihedral angle in the range 78.60 (5) to 98.40 (5)° with the unsubstituted benzene plane and in the range 70.50 (1) to 121.00 (5)° with the substituted benzene plane. The CF3 substituent group in one of the mol­ecules of (II) shows positional disorder, with an occupancy ratio of 0.57 (3):0.43 (3). In the crystals of (I) and (II), weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions are present, giving in (I), mol­ecules arranged in a plane parallel to (010), and in (II), chains along a. In addition, all three structures show weak C—H⋯π inter­actions involving various aromatic rings.
The impact of assistive technology services in post-secondary education for students with disabilities: Intervention outcomes, use-profiles, and user-experiences

ABSTRACTThe outcomes of assistive technology (AT) support services for post-secondary education students with disabilities are under-reported, and little is known about use-profiles and user experiences when AT interventions are applied to this rapidly growing population. We examined AT service outcomes related to performance and satisfaction of common academic tasks (using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure [COPM]), as well as how students with disabilities use and experience AT and AT services (employing an AT-use survey). Three-hundred fifty-three students with disabilities completed the AT-use survey, with a subset of these (n = 216) also participating with pre-post AT intervention COPM assessment. COPM performance and satisfaction ratings significantly increased from pre- to post-AT intervention in all academic task categories (reading, writing, note-taking, test-taking, and studying; p < 0.001). The AT-use survey most notably revealed these students preferred face-to-face training, used t...
Assessment of fractional collection efficiency in louvered inertial particle classifiers

Abstract This study reexamines the literature data on performance of louvered inertial classifiers and offers a preliminary correlation of particle fractional collection efficiency, η. These classifiers incorporate a converging array of blades to intercept the inlet particle-laden gas and separate it into major and minor flows. A basic design concept in such classifiers is that particles, with larger Stokes number St, follow the minor flow for collection. The correlation is for rectilinear classifiers, with flat plate louvers, in turbulent flow where pressure loss is independent of Reynolds number. The fractional collection efficiency near 0.5, with 0.2
Bullying and cyberbullying in adulthood and the workplace

Two studies generated profiles of cyberbullying/cyberincivility and traditional bullying/incivility in adults, particularly within the workplace. In Study 1, 20% of 3,699 participants had the majority of cyberbullying victimization and 7.5% had the majority of traditional bullying victimization occur in adulthood, with 30% saying they were bullied at work. Relationships between bullying and negative outcomes were found. Because of the clear evidence of bullying and cyberbullying in the workplace in Study 1, Study 2 addressed the relationship of these constructs to workplace incivility. Workplace face-to-face incivility and bullying were related among 321 participants, as were workplace cyberbullying and cyberincivility. Face-to-face incivility was more common than online incivility, face-to-face bullying, or online bullying, yet all four behaviors were associated with negative outcomes. Differences in intentionality, acceptability, and severity were observed, with workplace face-to-face bullying perceived as the most severe and having the greatest intentionality to harm. These results emphasize the importance of studying bullying among adults, and highlight the conceptual independence of bullying and incivility. Correlates of workplace aggression are discussed using job demands-resources theory.
Application of digital pathology systems for biomarker analysis in translational pathology: Challenges and caveats for the pathologist

T across HLA and ABO barriers is now possible with pre-transplant desensitization for highly sensitized patients, but recipients of HLA incompatible allograft are at increased risk of rejection and graft loss. 745 renal transplant biopsies, including 380 protocol biopsies at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-transplant, from 129 recipients of HLA-incompatible kidney allograft, with follow up of more than 1 year (median 3 years) at the Johns Hopkins Hospital were analyzed. Biopsyproven rejection was associated with approximately 30% lower 5 year graft survival. Subclinical rejections were identified by protocol biopsies in a significant proportion of patients: 36% for cell mediated rejection (CMR) and 13% for antibody mediated rejection (AMR). Protocol biopsies detected glomerulitis, a feature of AMR and an important risk factor for development of chronic transplant glomerulopathy, in 41% of all biopsies performed in the first year post transplant. Transplant glomerulopathy within the first year post transplant is associated with worse graft survival and was observed in 22% of patients in this study. Transplant glomerulopathy at 1year was detected by protocol biopsies in approximately 75% of cases. Arteritis was noted in the graft of approximately 30% patients. Protocol biopsies detected about half of the arteritis in the renal grafts. Preliminary analysis of the data did not show significant association of arteritis with worse graft survival. Theobservation support the value of protocol biopsies performed serially after transplantation in revealing early subclinical lesions amenable to treatment, and improving graft survival.
Ritual, dependency care and Confucian political authority

In this paper I intend to argue that the liberal democratic model of individual rights and limited government that has carried us this far is no longer conceptually adequate to carry us forward into this interdependent and globalized world where emerging environmental/economic/social/political problems oftentimes crisscross multiple personal, social, legal, cultural, geographical, and national boundaries. We need a different kind of political paradigm that addresses, first and foremost, the inevitability of dependency by grounding the state authority in its capacity to care for the most socially vulnerable instead of relegating the responsibility of caring for the dependent to the private/personal realm (and conventionally women’s realm); secondly, we need a political theory that doesn’t narrowly focus on defending the negative liberty of the selfreliant individual instead of providing an enduring social mechanism to render the self ever more porous to others so that complex and globalized problems can get addressed and solved. In sum, a modern democratic liberal state infused with Confucian emphasis on ritual to ensure social/political cohesion and its political imperative to care for the socially vulnerable is the proper way for us to move forward into the ever more caring, progressive, and inclusive future for humanity.
A stochastic estimation procedure for intermittently-observed semi-Markov multistate models with back transitions.

Multistate models provide an important method for analyzing a wide range of life history processes including disease progression and patient recovery following medical intervention. Panel data cons...
Geometry of flux attachment in anisotropic fractional quantum Hall states

Fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states are known to possess an internal metric degree of freedom that allows them to minimize their energy when contrasting geometries are present in the problem (e.g., electron band mass and dielectric tensor). We investigate the internal metric of several incompressible FQH states by probing their response to band mass anisotropy using infinite DMRG simulations on a cylinder geometry. We test and apply a method to extract the internal metric of an FQH state from its guiding center structure factor. We find that the response to band mass anisotropy is approximately the same for states in the same Jain sequence, but changes substantially between different sequences. We provide a theoretical explanation of the observed behavior of primary states at filling $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/m$ in terms of a minimal microscopic model of flux attachment.
Motion-Based segmentation for cardiomyocyte characterization

Stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes are increasingly being studied for pre-clinical drug testing for cardiotoxity. Traditional analysis using plates that measure motion patterns through physical contact are not suitable for high-throughput analysis, and may cause undesirable tissue response. We recently developed a method for automated cardiomyocytes monitoring by analyzing the apparent motion captured by video microscopy. However, this method is limited to producing overall signals on the whole image, which makes it unsuitable for images containing multiple motion patterns in different regions. Here we introduce a motion-based segmentation method that can robustly segment regions with different beating rhythms without knowing beforehand the number of regions. The regions can then be characterized separately for more robust cardiomyocytes analysis. We demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of our approach on a number of synthetic and real datasets.
Properties and Motions of Ellerman Bombs

We studied the properties and proper motions of Ellerman bombs (EBs) around a sunspot in a mature active region using high-resolution off-band Hα filtergrams together with nearly simultaneous magnetograms. Sixty-four percent of the EBs (class I) did not correspond accurately to enhanced magnetic field elements while the rest corresponded well to such elements (class II), which all were moving magnetic features (MMFs). We studied the lifetimes, shapes and dimensions, contrasts and time profiles of the EBs. These properties were essentially the same for both classes, in agreement with previous authors. Class I EBs did not move but class II EBs tracked the MMFs well, with horizontal proper motions up to a maximum of 1.1 km s−1 and their velocity pattern was similar to the velocity pattern of the MMFs.
Introduction to AXIOM

Welcome to the world of AXIOM. We call AXIOM a scientific computation system: a self-contained toolbox designed to meet your scientific programming needs, from symbolics, to numerics, to graphics.
42-month follow-up of sonidegib efficacy and safety in advanced basal cell carcinoma: Final analysis from BOLT.

9551Background: Sonidegib is a hedgehog pathway inhibitor (HPI) approved in the United States for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (laBCC) not amenable to ...
Measuring Reliability of Movement With Accelerometry: Fitbit® Versus ActiGraph®.

OBJECTIVE. We sought to determine the reliability of the Fitbit® Flex™ compared with the ActiGraph® Bluetooth® Smart wGT3X-BT wireless activity monitor and to contribute to the clinical utility of accelerometry measurement of upper extremity (UE) movement. METHOD. Two studies were conducted at different sites with healthy adult participants. In Study 1, participants wore both accelerometers on both wrists during everyday activities for a 24-hr period. In Study 2, participants wore both accelerometers on the dominant wrist for 4 hr during an active period of the day. All participants wore the accelerometers during regular daily activities. RESULTS. Data recorded from the Fitbit and the ActiGraph showed a high positive correlation; however, the Fitbit recorded significantly fewer movements than the ActiGraph. CONCLUSION. Although the Fitbit and the ActiGraph measure UE activity similarly, the Fitbit was not as sensitive as the ActiGraph. This study provides informative data on the clinical utility of the Fitbit compared with the ActiGraph.
Effects of Three Fertilization Methods on Weed Growth and Herbicide Performance in Soilless Nursery Substrates1

Abstract Research objectives were to determine the effect of fertilization method (incorporation, subdress, and topdress) on weed growth and the performance of preemergence herbicides applied to so...
Molecular Epidemiology of SFTSV

Indigenous severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) has been reported to be endemic to China, South Korea, and Japan. To date, several molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic studies of SFTS virus (SFTSV) have been performed. At the beginning of this review, the impact of the source of the samples (i.e., patient specimens vs. in vitro isolates) that potentially affect the phylogenetic analysis was explained in detail. Next, the nucleotide sequences of more than 200 SFTSV strains identified in China, South Korea, and Japan were phylogenetically reanalyzed. The SFTSV strains were clustered into two clades, which were consistent with the geographic distribution (i.e., China and South Korea/Japan) of the viruses. Interestingly, several strains identified in a specific region in China and most of the strains in South Korea were clustered into the Japanese clade. On the other hand, some strains identified in Japan were clustered into the Chinese clade. These results imply that some strains of SFTSV in China and South Korea were transmitted, likely several times, from Japan across the East China Sea and/or the Sea of Japan, and vice versa.
Report of the ALCTS Technical Services Workflow Efficiency Interest Group Meeting. American Library Association Midwinter Meeting, Seattle, January 2019

The ALCTS Technical Services Workflow Efficiency Interest Group (TSWEIG) held its meeting at the American Library Association Midwinter Meeting in Seattle on January 28, 2019.Adapting Training With...
Inhibition of E.coliβ-hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase by ppGpp

Abstract Guanosine-5′-diphosphate-3′-diphosphate was found to inhibit β-hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase of E. coli at concentrations corresponding to those generated in vivo during amino acid starvation of rel + cells.
Targeted Microsurgical Denervation of the Spermatic Cord for Chronic Orchialgia: the Current Standard of Care.

This paper reviews the pathophysiology, current literature, techniques for full microsurgical denervation (MDSC) and targeted microsurgical denervation (TMDSC) of the spermatic cord, and outcomes for these treatment options for patients with chronic scrotal content pain (CSCP) or orchialgia. Significant reduction in pain (77–100%) is reported across various studies for CSCP patients with minimal patient morbidity. The testicular atrophy/loss risk is less than 1%. Testosterone levels do not appear to be affected by TMDSC/MDSC. The outcomes between TMDSC and MDSC are comparable (not statistically significantly different). However, TMDSC is significantly more efficient and a lot less tedious to perform. TMSCD had a shorter microsurgical operative time (21 min vs 53 min, P = 0.0001) than MDSC. Targeted or full microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord is a safe and effective treatment option that is well published across several studies. The targeted MDSC approach is a more efficient and potentially less risky approach with similar outcomes to full MDSC.
LOST IS FOUND: NAVIGATING NARRATIVES OF PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY ON THE TENURE TRACK

The tenure track is a contentious space in which pre-tenure faculty are asked to navigate the corporatization of the university, and uncertainty with regards to the expectations of success to achieve tenure. In this article, we frame the period of pre-tenure as a liminal space, not as a space of inadequacy but as a necessary shelter of respite. Living in a temporary autonomous zone, we find ourselves challenged to lose and find varying aspects of our professional identities as faculty. We use arts-based narratives in the form of micro-storymaking as well as Solnit’s (2005) discussion of what it means to be lost to locate and (re)frame our stories of navigating the tenure track. We argue that the liminal space of pre-tenure, in the context of the “slow” movement is a time of openings that prepare us to embrace and engage in passionate artistic practices as we enter mid-career.
Supporting Black Male Preservice Teachers: Evidence from an Alternative Teacher Certification Program

Drawing on semistructured interviews with 20 Black male preservice teachers, this article examines one alternative teacher certification program’s attempt to support these aspiring educators throug...
Little things make big things happen

Iron core nanoparticles can serve as vesicle shuttles and be guided by external magnetic fields to deliver therapeutic exosomes to injured tissue.
Synthesis and characterization of biomass-derived surface-modified activated carbon for enhanced CO2 adsorption

Abstract In this study, activated carbon (AC) based adsorbents were synthesized from biomass-derived hydro-char (HC) through modified hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process coupled with H3PO4 (PA), ZnCl2, (ZnCl), and KOH thermochemical activation with a specific impregnation ratio of 1:3 (HC/activating agent) at 600 °C. The prepared ACs were characterized through CHN-S analyser, XRD, SEM/EDS, BET, TGA, and FTIR analysis. The modification in textural and surface morphology has been observed. Thermochemical activation results in surface modification of AC samples with a higher specific (SBET) surface area having a range of 650−1225 m2/g, large microporous volume (VμD-A, VμD–R) up to 0.624 and 0.642 cm3/g with 68–90 % micro-porosity. The CO2 adsorption capacity was examined through a high-pressure gas sorption analyser at a pressure of 0−16 bar and temperature of 15 °C, 30 °C, and 45 °C. At 15 °C of temperature, AC-PA showed the adsorption capacity of 130 and 958 mg/g, while AC-ZnCl exhibited 160 and 836 mg/g of adsorption at 1 and 16 bar of pressure respectively. Whereas AC-KOH exhibited a notable CO2 adsorption capacity of 198 and 1560 mg/g at 1 and 16 bar of pressure (15 °C). Furthermore, experimental equilibrium data of CO2 adsorption were analysed by applying Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, and Toth isotherm models and validate these models by calculating the regression coefficient (R2), and standard deviation Δq (%). Finally, the thermodynamics parameters (ΔH°, ΔS°, ΔG°, and ΔHIsosteric) were evaluated and concluded that the adsorption of CO2 (adsorbate) on adsorbent is spontaneous and exothermic.
The demise of #NSFW: Contested platform governance and Tumblr’s 2018 adult content ban:

On December 3, 2018, Tumblr announced that it would ban sexually explicit content from the platform, drawing immediate backlash from users. The ensuing discord on the site is conceptualized here as...
Intentional mindwandering and unintentional mindwandering are differentially associated with the experience of self-alienation

Abstract Self-alienation is a component of authenticity robustly connected to psychological flourishing. Building on theorizing about the importance of an experiential sense of self-ownership for feeling connected to one's true self, we tested whether intentional and unintentional mindwandering differentially correlate with the experience of self-alienation. Participants (N = 278) completed a baseline measure of trait self-alienation, followed by 6 weekly assessments of self-alienation and mindwandering. Weekly fluctuations in intentional mindwandering were negatively associated with self-alienation and weekly fluctuations in unintentional mindwandering were positively associated with self-alienation. These findings advance what is known about the link between self-alienation and mindwandering, and provide evidence for the importance of volition for self-alienation.
Fate of the Ophthalmic Artery After Treatment With the Pipeline Embolization Device.

Background Flow diverters have emerged as a major tool in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. A crucial issue with the use of flow diverters is the patency of side branches covered by the device, most importantly the ophthalmic artery (OA). Objective To assess the patency of the OA after coverage with the pipeline embolization device (PED). Methods All patients who had a PED covering the OA and in whom angiographic follow-up was available were included in the study. The patency of the OA at follow-up was systematically evaluated by 2 authors who were not involved in the procedure. Results Of 95 treated patients, the OA was covered by 1 PED in 81 patients (85%) and by 2 PEDs in 14 patients (15%). Mean angiographic follow-up was 7.5 months, ranging from 3 to 24 months. At the latest follow-up, the OA remained patent in 85 patients (89%), showed diminished flow in 4 patients (4%), and was occluded in 6 patients (7%). Only 1 patient had clinical symptoms related to OA occlusion. In multivariable analysis, larger aneurysm size predicted OA occlusion (P = .04). There was also a strong trend for younger age (P = .06) and coverage by more than 1 device (P = .07). Conclusion Treatment of internal carotid artery aneurysms with the PED preserves the patency of the OA in most cases. The occlusion of the OA in the few cases where it occurs is usually a clinically irrelevant event. Minimizing the number of PEDs across the OA is crucial to preserve its patency.
The pecking order, information asymmetry, and financial market efficiency

This paper studies the marginal debt issuance behavior of publicly traded companies with firm-level data from 42 countries. The focus is on the extent to which measures from the literature on finance and development can help to explain the observed differences among countries in the corporate use of marginal debt financing. Using the pecking order testing framework of Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999), this study provides empirical evidence that financial market imperfections and institutional development affect the debt issuance decisions of firms when raising external capital. Country development, Law enforcement, legal origin, shareholder protections, effectiveness of the government, and control of corruption are significantly related to marginal debt issuance decisions of firms. Finally, the coefficient estimates of the pecking order regressions are correlated with the long run average growth rates of the countries and appear to be a powerful objective measure of financial market efficiency.
Goddard Robotic Telescope

We are constructing the 14″ fully automated optical robotic telescope, Goddard Robotic Telescope (GRT), at the Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory. The aims of our robotic telescope are 1) to follow‐up the Swift/Fermi Gamma‐Ray Bursts (GRBs) and 2) to perform the coordinated optical observations of the Fermi/Large Area Telescope (LAT) Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Our telescope system consists of the 14″ Celestron Optical Telescope Assembly (OTA), the Astro‐Physics 1200GTO mount, the Apogee U47 CCD camera, the JMI’s electronic focuser, and the Finger Lake Instrumentation’s color filter wheel with U, B, V, R and I filters. With the focal reducer, 20′×20′ field of view has been achieved. The observatory dome is the Astro Haven’s 7 ft clam‐shell dome. We started the scientific observations on mid‐November 2008. While not observing our primary targets (GRBs and AGNs), we are planning to open our telescope time to the public for having a wider use of our telescope in both a different research fiel...
Extraction of certain anionic actinide complexes from aqueous solutions by long chain alkyl ammonium compounds—I: Thorium-sodium alizarin 3-sulphonate system

Abstract The extraction of the anion(s) of sodium alizarin 3-sulphonate (ARS) and the thorium-ARS complex by a long chain quaternary salt has been studied under various conditions of pH, organic diluent, concentration of reactants and temperatures. The ARS extracts from aqueous solution in a 1:1 ratio with the quaternary compound. The spectra of the organic extract indicates that a single species is extracted, probably the acid form of the dye with the quaternary cation replacing the sodium ion. The 1:1 thorium-ARS complex also extracts from aqueous solution in a 1:1 ratio with the quaternary salt. The spectra of the extracted thorium-ARS complex implies that the metal is probably chelated to the two phenolic oxygen atoms of the ARS.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Environmental Occurrence and Analysis

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are complex mixtures which have been identified in every component of the global ecosystem. This chapter discusses the distribution of PCBs in the environment and points out recent analytical advances which now permit high resolution congener-specific analysis of PCBs in diverse analytes using high resolution capillary gas chromatographic techniques. The biologic and toxic effects of PCBs are structure-dependent and the adverse environmental and human health impacts of the different mixtures of PCBs are related to the individual components of these mixtures and their interactions. The chapter points out that high resolution PCB analysis will now permit the unequivocal identification and quantitation of the individual PCBs in environmental samples and this data can be used for more accurate risk assessment
Quantitation of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine using the slide immunologic test for pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. The use of the slide immunologic test in a semiquantitative procedure for determining HCG titers in urine has been described. This method is simple, reliable, and rapid. The test can be performed in one hour. 2. 2. The sensitivity and accuracy of this method have been compared with those of the Friedman test and the results found have been good. 3. 3. The sensitivity of the immunologic test described is approximately 5 I.U. per milliliter, as determined by the use of the Second International Standard for human chorionic gonadotrophin. 4. 4. The geometric mean of titers observed in 295 urine samples obtained at varying times throughout pregnancy is presented. In the practical use of this test, a titer of 1:64 (320 I.U. per milliliter) is considered the high limit of normal during the first trimester of pregnancy. 5. 5. The potential use of this serologic test in the diagnosis of abnormal conditions like hydatidiform moles and chorionepitheliomas is discussed.
Chromosome activity and cell function in polytenic cells. 3. Growth and replication.

Abstract The larval salivary glands of Chironomus tentans grow from about 4 to about 20 μg protein during the intermolt stage of the last instar. Their nuclei undergo 2 to 3 endomitotic replications during this period of time. Throughout larval life the frequency of replicating nuclei is highest during the intermolt periods and declines sharply toward the end of all molting periods. The same correlation between replication intensity and the molting cycle is shown by the Malpighian tubules. It appears that at the end of molting periods no new replications are initiated. However, injection of high dosages of ecdysone does not cause an immediate decline in the frequency of replicating nuclei. Inhibition of RNA or of protein synthesis for 48 hours does not markedly interfere with replication in mid-intermolt last-instar larvae. Since the length of the S-period at this stage is between 10 and 20 hours, continuation of DNA synthesis and its initiation do not seem to require the concurrent or immediately preceding synthesis of RNA or of protein. In contrast, the initiation of replication is blocked in most cells if RNA or protein synthesis are inhibited in larvae at the beginning of the last instar. It is suggested that early in the last larval instar some stable proteins of the replication machinery are synthesized from concurrently made RNA, and that they program the cells for the new instar.
C-axis Josephson plasma resonance observed in Tl(2)Ba(2)CaCu(2)O(8) superconducting thin films by use of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

We have unambiguously observed the c-axis Josephson plasma resonance (JPR) in high-critical-temperature Tc cuprate Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 superconducting thin films, employing terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in transmission as a function of temperature in zero magnetic field. These are believed to be the first measurements of the JPR temperature dependence of a high-Tc material in transmission. With increasing temperature, the JPR shifts from 705 GHz at 10 K to ∼170 GHz at 98 K, corresponding to an increase in c-axis penetration depth from 22.4±0.6 μm to 94±9 μm. The linewidth of the JPR peak increases with temperature, which indicates an increase in the quasi-particle scattering rate. We have probed the onset of the c-axis phase coherence to ∼0.95 Tc. The JPR vanishes above Tc as expected.
The role of porosity in filtration: Part V. Porosity variation in filter cakes

Expressions are derived in which local porosity in a filter cake is determined as a function of the distance through the cake. Under conditions where the superficial flow rate through the cake is constant and the medium pressure can be neglected, local porosity and the hydraulic pressure are functions of the fractional cake distance.
Temporal patterning in sea lion barking (Zalophus californianus)

Quantitative data were obtained to determine whether the temporal patterning of barks by male California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ) could be used in their acoustical communication. The most important findings were: (a) The mean number of barks per series was significantly greater while a bull was locomoting than while he was stationary. (b) Nondirected barks were significantly slower than the mean repetition rate of a series of directed barks. (c) The repetition rate was significantly more rapid when bulls were at close range and displaying at their mutual boundary than when they were in the center of their territories. (d) If a bull was actively herding females, his rate of barking was significantly more rapid than when he barked from a stationary position. Thus, adult male Zalophus vary both the number of barks in a series as well as the rhythm of their barks, depending on the social context. In this way the barking animal appears to control the movements and other behavior patterns of its neighbors.
Differential responses to retail sales promotion among African-American and Anglo-American consumers☆

Abstract Ethnic populations are growing in numbers throughout the United States, and retailers today are challenged to develop promotional strategies to reach these consumers. Couponing is one particular sales promotion activity to which ethnic consumers have historically responded poorly. This study examines the responses of African-American and Anglo-American consumers to four types of retail sales promotion—coupons, product displays, feature advertisements, and price discounts. Results show that significant differences exist between African- and Anglo-Americans only in their use of'cents-off'coupons. One implication is that there are possibly some media-related factors contributing to this outcome, since using coupons is the one promotion activity involving media exposure outside of the retail establishment. Thus, there is a need for retailers to plan promotional strategies so that they are effective in reaching the particular ethnic markets which they serve.
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and complex III deficiency associated with a stop-codon mutation in the cytochrome b gene

We have reinvestigated a young woman, originally reported by us in 1983, who presented with exercise intolerance and lactic acidosis associated with severe deficiency of complex III and who responded to therapy with menadione and ascorbate. Gradually, she developed symptoms of a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Immunocytochemistry of serial sections of muscle showed a mosaic of fibers that reacted poorly with antibodies to subunits of complex III but reacted normally with antibodies to subunits of complexes I, II, or IV, suggesting a mutation of mtDNA. These findings demonstrate the diagnostic value of immunocytochemistry in identifying specific respiratory-chain deficiencies and, potentially, distinguishing between nuclear- or mtDNA-encoded defects. Sequence analysis revealed a stop-codon mutation (G15242A) in the mtDNA-encoded cytochrome b gene, resulting in loss of the last 215 amino acids of cytochrome b. PCR-RFLP analysis indicated that the G15242A mutation was heteroplasmic and was present in a high percentage (87%) of affected tissue (skeletal muscle) and a low percentage (0.7%) of unaffected tissue (blood) but was not detected in controls. Analysis of microdissected muscle fibers showed a significant correlation between the immunoreactivity toward the Rieske protein of complex III and the percentage of mutant mtDNA: immunopositive fibers had a median value of 33% of the G15242A mutation, whereas immunonegative, ragged-red fibers had a median value of 89%, indicating that the stop-codon mutation was pathogenic in this patient. The G15242A mutation was also present in several other tissues, including hair roots, indicating that it must have arisen either very early in embryogenesis, before separation of the primary germ layers, or in the maternal germ line. The findings in this patient are contrasted with other recently described patients who have mutations in the cytochrome b gene.
Nested variant of the method of moments of coupled cluster equations for vertical excitation energies and excited-state potential energy surfaces

In this article we discuss the problem of proper balancing of the noniterative corrections to the ground- and excited-state energies obtained with approximate coupled cluster (CC) and equation-of-motion CC (EOMCC) approaches. It is demonstrated that for a class of excited states dominated by single excitations and for states with medium doubly excited component, the newly introduced nested variant of the method of moments of CC equations provides mathematically rigorous way of balancing the ground- and excited-state correlation effects. The resulting noniterative methodology accounting for the effect of triples is tested using its parallel implementation on the systems, for which iterative CC/EOMCC calculations with full inclusion of triply excited configurations or their most important subset are numerically feasible.
Adaptive structures with algebraic loops

The contraction theorem has many fields of application, including linear algebraic equations, differential and integral equations, control systems theory, optimization, etc. The paper aims at showing how contraction mapping can be applied to the computation and the training of adaptive structures with algebraic loops. These structures are used for the approximation of unknown functional relations (mappings) represented by training sets. The technique is extended to multilayer neural networks with algebraic loops. Application of a two-layer neural network to breast cancer diagnosis is described.
Multidimensional Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics Yields a Converged Ensemble of an RNA Tetranucleotide.

A necessary step to properly assess and validate the performance of force fields for biomolecules is to exhaustively sample the accessible conformational space, which is challenging for large RNA structures. Given questions regarding the reliability of modeling RNA structure and dynamics with current methods, we have begun to use RNA tetranucleotides to evaluate force fields. These systems, though small, display considerable conformational variability and complete sampling with standard simulation methods remains challenging. Here we compare and discuss the performance of known variations of replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) methods, specifically temperature REMD (T-REMD), Hamiltonian REMD (H-REMD), and multidimensional REMD (M-REMD) methods, which have been implemented in Amber’s accelerated GPU code. Using two independent simulations, we show that M-REMD not only makes very efficient use of emerging large-scale GPU clusters, like Blue Waters at the University of Illinois, but also is critically...
Mosaic Amplification of Multiple Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Genes in Glioblastoma

Tumor heterogeneity has been implicated in tumor growth and progression as well as resistance to therapy. We present an example of genetic heterogeneity in human malignant brain tumors in which multiple closely related driver genes are amplified and activated simultaneously in adjacent intermingled cells. We have observed up to three different receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, MET, PDGFRA) amplified in single tumors in different cells in a mutually exclusive fashion. Each subpopulation was actively dividing, and the genetic changes resulted in protein production, and coexisting subpopulations shared common early genetic mutations indicating their derivation from a single precursor cell. The stable coexistence of different clones within the same tumor will have important clinical implications for tumor resistance to targeted therapies.
The enzymatic assay of pyruvic and lactic acids. A definitive procedure.

Abstract An investigation of the enzymatic assay of pyruvic and lactic acids was undertaken to establish conditions for a stable equilibrium, as seen spectrophotometrically, which approximates a complete reaction in the appropriate direction. These conditions were employed to develop a definitive assay for the above acids using the known absorption coefficient for DPNH at 340 Mμ, thereby eliminating the need either for standard solutions or for estimating endogenous rates. The procedures are described in detail.
Voltammetry and electrolysis of coal slurries and H-coal liquids

The voltammetric and electrolytic behaviour of several coal slurries and H-coal liquids was examined in both aqueous and organic solvents. Most aqueous coal samples yielded anodic currents starting a approximately + 0.4 V versus SCE while current was observed only at more positive potentials in dimethylsulphoxide and acetonitrile. The electroactive species always appeared to consist largely of material extracted from the coal matrix. The extract from the aqueous coal slurries contained significant amounts of iron, and the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ was found to be largely responsible for the anodic currents at + 0.4 V. Constant potential electrolysis of the aqueous coal slurries indicated that the onset of coal oxidation occurred at an applied potential difference of approximately 1.0 V and again appeared to be related directly to the oxidation of Fe2+ leached from the coals.
Deep-sea biodiversity: a tribute to Robert R. Hessler

Abstract Through extraordinary research and training of graduate students, Robert R. Hessler has profoundly influenced our knowledge of biodiversity in the deep sea. This special volume honors his contributions and presents recent advances in the study of deep-sea biodiversity on a broad range of topics.
Intergroup Social Relations and Architecture: Vernacular Architecture and Issues of Status, Power, and Conflict:

This study examines the relationship between religion, majority-minority intergroup relations, and vernacular domestic architecture. Specifically, it looks at three facets of intergroup relations, power, status, and conflict, and their interrelationships with architecture. Through an ethnographic study focusing on the Zoroastrians, a religious minority in predominantly Muslim Iran, and their domestic architecture, we indicate how the design of the home and of the neighborhood expresses religion-related hegemonic social relations, power differentials, status distinctions, and conflict. We show that architectural features such as location, designs of houses, heights, and presence or absence of special devices, such as badgirs and "sacrificial spaces," play a part in the enaction of power, status, and conflict while forming a record of them. Architectural features can aid in the survival and preservation of a group's cultural identity, and be symbolic of resistance. We indicate how for the Zoroastrians, arch...
Synthesis of regiospecifically meta‐substituted poly(phenylacetylene)s and some of their electrical properties

The syntheses, characterizations, and electrical properties of four regiospecifically substituted poly(phenylacetylene)s are described. Tungsten(VI) chloride/tetra-n-butyltin (WCl6/n-Bu4Sn) catalyst system (Higashimura–Masuda, H.–M. catalyst) was used to polymerize 3-bromo-, 3-chloro-, 3-trimethylsilyl-, and 3-trimethylstannylphenylacetylenes in order to obtain high-molecular-weight and soluble materials. Characterizations of these polymers were done by IR and UV spectroscopic methods, GPC, DSC, and elemental analysis. The electrical conductivities of the polymers were measured on the surface of pressed pellets by a four-point probe.
Diamonds are a guerrilla's best friend: The impact of illicit wealth on insurgency strategy

Current internal wars in Africa are increasingly being driven by the desire to control important sources of revenue, not by revolutionary ideals of redressing real or perceived injustices. It is not accidental that some of the nastiest wars in Africa are being fought in countries richly endowed with natural resources. This paper deals with Angola, a potentially rich country ravaged by war since independence. It suggests that control of important diamond producing areas has given the rebel UNITA group a new lease of life after suffering serious setbacks at both the national and international levels. The paper also highlights the political and military miscalculations committed by the rebels and attributes them to the quick infusion of large sums of money into rebel coffers.
Living With Earthquakes in California: A Survivor's Guide

I write this review from a California government building in a roomful of somber, frightened strangers with armed sheriffs guarding the door. We are prohibited from leaving. A state of emergency has been declared, the airports are closed, the burly man next to me is tearing up, and all I can think of is getting home to my loved ones. What are the odds of being trapped in a jury room with armed guards and a television set, watching the collapse of the World Trade Center Towers and the smoking Pentagon? What are the odds of being trapped in a building, thinking of loved ones, as the Earth shakes, the furniture dances, and the ceiling falls when the long-awaited ‘Big One’ finally hits California? The analogy is sobering.
Elastic constants of the C15 laves phase compound NbCr2

Elastic properties of a solid are important because they relate to various fundamental solid-state phenomena such as interatomic potentials, equations of state, and phonon spectra. Elastic properties are also linked thermodynamically with specific heat, thermal expansion, Debye temperature, and Gruneisen parameter. Most important, knowledge of elastic constants is essential for many practical applications related to the mechanical properties of a solid as well: load-deflection, thermoelastic stress, internal strain (residual stress), sound velocities, dislocation core structure, and fracture toughness. In order to understand better the physical properties and deformation behavior of the C15 compound NbCr{sub 2}, the authors have studied its elastic properties in this paper. In Section 2, the experimental methods are described, including the preparation of the sample and the measurement of the elastic constants. In Section 3, the experimental results are presented and the implications of these experimental results are discussed. Conclusions are drawn in Section 4.
Medical education’s authenticity problem

Why we do what we do, and who we are, are often just as important as what we do Medical education is punctuated by gating mechanisms, and anyone involved knows the unsavoury and contrived behaviors that this often breeds. At each stage of their training, aspiring physicians are pressured to shape and reshape their activities, interests, and values to meet the expectations of selection committees, attending physicians, and preceptors. The notion of authenticity provides a useful framework for examining the impact of these dynamics on the development of new physicians. The term, popularized by Harvard Business School professor Bill George, entails discovering, understanding, and being faithful to your core values and purpose. Instead of emulating the characteristics, traits, or practices of others, authentic individuals interrogate their life experiences to discover their values and purpose through a process of continuous self reflection.1 Current dynamics in medical education are often at odds with authenticity. Selection requirements for undergraduate and graduate medical training lead aspiring physicians to appropriate and proclaim interests that are often disingenuous. Junior doctors hoping for selection into competitive training programs are pressured to research and publish, despite the …