cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
9,10-Disubstituted octafluoroanthracene derivatives via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling.

9,10-Dichlorooctafluoroanthracene (1) reacts with aryl boronic acids and terminal alkynes under palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions to afford 9,10-diaryloctafluoroanthracenes (2a−e) and 9,10-dialkynyloctafluoroanthracenes (6a,b), respectively. Optical spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry indicate that octafluoro-9,10-di(thiophen-2-yl)anthracene (2d) exhibits donor−acceptor character and a LUMO energy level of −3.27 eV relative to vacuum. A functionalized 5-bromothiophen-2-yl derivative (2e) was obtained in high yield by bromination of 2d with NBS. X-ray crystallographic analysis of octafluoro-9,10-bis[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]anthracene (6a) reveals a solid-state structure that mimics the packing of columnar liquid crystals, with a π stacking distance of 3.39 A between the octafluoroanthracene cores. In addition, octafluoro-9,10-bis(mesitylethynyl)anthracene (6b) displays a LUMO energy level of −3.50 eV, which approaches the value of −3.65 eV measured for perfluoropentacene, making 9,10-dialkynylo...
Historical vignette : Dominique anel: father of the hunterian ligation?

On December 12, 1785, the famous British surgeon John Hunter ligated an artery that was feeding a popliteal aneurysm. During the procedure he ligated only the proximal side of the artery and left the aneurysm sac untouched. This is frequently viewed as a landmark event in the history of surgery. There is considerable evidence, however, that another surgeon, Dominique Anel, performed a substantially similar procedure more than 75 years earlier. It is possible that the weight Hunter's name has borne in the history of surgery has led to the procedure's bearing his name rather than that of the lesser known Anel.
Measures of lack of fit from tests of chi-squared type

Abstract If X2 is the Pearson chi-squared statistic for testing fit, then X 2 n has long been considered an associated measure of the degree of lack of fit. Here we consider two classes of statistics of chi-squared type, each having X2 as a member. The first is a class of directed divergence statistics discussed by Cressie and Read, the second consists of nonnegative definite quadratic forms in the standardized cell frequencies. We investigate the large sample behavior of T n , where T is any of these statistics. A number of auxiliary results on the Cressie-Read statistics are also obtained. The measures are illustrated by application to data from classical physics compiled by Stigler.
Pressure dependence of Hamiltonian matrix elements for solids

Abstract A very simple method of including the variation with hydrostatic pressure into the Hamiltonian matrix elements for the energy band theory of solids is outlined and used to obtain the pressure dependence of the conduction bands of LiF.
Class to survey application programming topics

This paper describes a class that we developed at the University of Northern Iowa to address covering the topics suggested in ACM/IEEE Computing Curricula 1991 [1]. All junior level students take this course, and thus are ensured of a minimum introduction to the topics of software engineering, database management, human computer interfaces, and computer ethics. This paper describes the course and lessons learned in teaching the course. One of the benefits of the course is that it introduces abstract modeling (entity-relationship model) and the model is used in a life cycle that includes analysis, design, implementation, and test. Students see how a model fits into software development and the benefits of modeling. The greatest challenge in the course is finding a coordinated text book that adequately covers all the topics in the course.
The Business Case for Diversity

Abstract The business case for valuing diversity is tied to the increasing competition for markets, demand for labor, and the economic imperative to devise new ways of organizing the work process for rapid response to changing conditions. Through diversity, talent can be mobilized into teams that are lean yet reflexive enough to be self-directed. This is not a matter of redundant sharing of power and responsibilities but the meshing of talent for value added. From this perspective, valuing diversity is not merely recognizing the legitimacy of differences but relying on these differences for competitive advantage.
Regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diseases.

In the most simplistic terms, immune tolerance can be envisioned as a balance with autoreactive cells that arise naturally in all individuals on one side and regulatory mechanisms designed to counter those autoreactive processes on the other. A tilt of the balance toward the autoreactive side, either by increasing the number or function of autoreactive cells or by diminishing regulatory mechanisms, is manifested as autoimmunity. In contrast, tilting of the balance toward increased regulation could conceivably cause immunodeficiency. Regulatory T cells (TREG), and particularly the naturally arising CD4+CD25+ subset of TREG cells, provide a substantial component of the autoimmune counterbalance. The identification of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) as a critical determinant of CD4+CD25+ TREG development and function has provided new opportunities and generated expanded interest in studying the delicate balance between autoimmunity and regulatory mechanisms in human autoimmune diseases. Identification of both human and mouse syndromes in which FOXP3 is mutated, and consequently CD4+CD25+ TREG cells are absent, has led to a rapid accumulation of knowledge regarding TREG development and function over the past 5 years. The recent development of antibody reagents to specifically identify CD4+CD25+ TREG cells by their FOXP3 expression has provided new tools to identify these elusive cells and investigate their role in human disease. This review will focus on the current state of knowledge regarding the role of TREG in human autoimmune diseases and on specific human immunodeficiencies that provide interesting models of autoimmunity.
Process of Care Performance Measures and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure

Background:Recent efforts to improve care for patients hospitalized with heart failure have focused on process-based performance measures. Data supporting the link between current process measures and patient outcomes are sparse.Objective:To examine the relationship between adherence to hospital-lev
Muscle Spindles in the Digastric Muscle of the Rabbit

The digastric muscle of the rabbit was studied for the presence of muscle spindles. One of the 19 adult digastric muscles we examined contained in excess of 12 spindles scattered throughout the belly. No spindles were found in the contralateral muscle, or in any of the digastric muscles from other animals. Although jaw depressor muscles of most mammals contain few, if any, muscle spindles, their occasional presence suggests that these muscles have a potential for spindle formation.
Nuclear protein 780BP from cauliflower binds an element in the 780 gene promoter of T-DNA

A 16 bp site of protein binding has been identified in the promoter of the 780 gene of T-DNA. Specific DNA-protein interactions were demonstrated between a double-stranded oligonucleotide containing this element (5′-TTGAAAAATCAACGCT-3′) and a protein isolated from nuclear extracts of cauliflower inflorescences. Specific bases required for this binding activity (780 binding protein; 780BP) were defined by kinetic competition studies with mutated oligonucleotides, methylation interference assays and DNAse I footprinting. 780BP binding was not competed with up to 1000-fold excess of previously characterized plant regulatory elements such as as-1, the LRE, and the ocs, G-box, and AT-rich elements. In addition, 780BP was shown to bind sequences overlapping a mammalian hormone receptor element with greater affinity than the 780 element.
Probabilistic testing for stochastic hybrid systems

In this paper we propose a testing based method for safety/ reachability analysis of stochastic hybrid systems. Testing based methods are characterized by analysis based on the execution traces of the system or the simulation thereof. Testing based method is very appealing because of the simplicity of its execution, the possibility of having a partial verification, and its highly parallel structure. The key idea in this paper is the construction of a robust neighborhood consisting of states that have the same probabilistic safety/reachability properties. We construct the robust neighborhood using the level sets of a stochastic bisimulation function. We also show how to construct stochastic bisimulation functions for systems whose continuous dynamics is stable and linear. As a case example, we consider the problem of conflict detection of aircraft flight, and show that we can infer some robust probabilistic safety property by using the algorithm that we present in this paper.
Incorporation of protease K into larval insect membrane vesicles does not result in disruption of integrity or function of the pore-forming Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin.

Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins insert into the brush border membranes of insect larval cells to form ion channels. A possible interaction of these toxins with a cytoplasmic component was examined by preloading vesicles from insect larval cells with protease K followed by incubation with toxin. There was no evidence for toxin antigens smaller than the intact toxin in extracts of solubilized vesicles, nor was there an effect of the inclusion of protease K on either of two functional properties, the formation of toxin aggregates or of ion pores. These toxins, physically and functionally, appear to be confined to the membrane.
A new efficient implementation of TDAC synthesis filterbank based on Radix-2 FFT

An improved implementation of the TDAC synthesis filterbank is proposed which is well suited for fixed point implementation on embedded platforms. The new implementation is based on computation of IMDCT by Radix-2 FFT. A new fast and regular structure has been derived by modifying the pre-processing, FFT and post-processing stages of the implementation. An efficient implementation of windowing for embedded platforms is also suggested.
Questioning the Child Witness What Can We Conclude from the Research Thus Far

In recent years, increasing numbers of studies have investigated children's memory, suggestibility, and false event reports. The purpose of this article is to highlight key findings from and implications of this research for interviewing child witnesses. First, developmental changes in children's memory and suggestibility are discussed. Second, theory and research concerning relations between emotional distress and children's memory are reviewed, with an emphasis on methodological differences that have led to varied results across studies. Third is a description of factors associated with the context of an interview that may influence children's susceptibility to false suggestions. Fourth, recent studies are described concerning individual differences in children's mnemonic capabilities, suggestibility, and false memories. At the end of the article, recommendations are provided about what can and cannot be concluded from research on questioning child witnesses.
What Can Professionals Qualitatively Analyze

(2000). What Can Professionals Qualitatively Analyze? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 19-23.
Identification of Proteins Immunologically Related to Interferon Regulatory Factor–1 That Bind with Interferon Regulatory Factor Element

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 expression was surveyed in nontransformed and oncogene-transformed mouse fibroblasts, using Western immunoblot with an IRF- 1-specific antiserum, to examine possible differences resulting from cellular transformation. Ten additional proteins that reacted with the IRF-1 antibody and that underwent specific competition by peptide antigen were observed in extracts of both nontransformed and oncogene-transformed cell lines. Cross-reacting proteins were also observed in mouse macrophage extracts. Protein was captured from fibroblast nuclear extracts, using oligonucleotides representing IRF-binding sequences linked to magnetic beads. Captured proteins were eluted and analyzed by immunoblot with anti-IRF-1. Along with 43-kDa IRF-1, 4 of the 7 nuclearly located cross-reacting proteins (97, 90, 66, and 33 kDa) were found to complex with the IRF binding element. These proteins, with an epitope in common with the IRF-1 C-terminal region and IRF element DNA sequence-binding capability, may represent new members of the IRF family.
Communication Between the Dental Laboratory Technician and Dentist: Work Authorization for Fixed Partial Dentures

Purpose: A questionnaire was sent to laboratory technicians to determine the level of communication between dentists and dental laboratories in specific areas of the work authorization forms for the fabrication of fixed partial dentures. Materials and Methods: A select number of dental laboratories were randomly chosen from the National Association of Dental Laboratories (NADL) for each of the 50 states. The questionnaire was mailed to the laboratory directors for a total of 199 dental laboratories. The survey asked questions pertaining to the following areas of work authorization: legibility and thoroughness of prescriptions, patient information, choice of materials for the prosthesis, design of the prosthesis, and shade description. For each question, the number of responses received was tabulated and converted to a percentage. Results: Of the 199 laboratories surveyed, 114 (57%) responded to the questionnaire. Results from this survey suggest that there is lack of communication between dentists and dental laboratories through work authorization forms regarding choice of metal alloy, type of porcelain to be used, and choice of margin and pontic design for the prosthesis. Conclusions: Information obtained from the responding laboratories included effectiveness of work authorization forms. There were some similar trends indicated by the large percentage of dental laboratories agreeing on lack of communication by the dentists as reflected by the work authorization forms.
Visibility-based pursuit-evasion: the case of curved environments

We consider the problem of visually searching for an unpredictable target that can move arbitrarily fast in a simply-connected, curved, two-dimensional environment. A complete algorithm is presented that is guaranteed to find the elusive target if it is possible for a single pursuer. The key to the algorithm is a cell decomposition based on critical visibility events that occur because of inflections and bitangents of the environment boundary. We have implemented the cell decomposition algorithm, and show several computed examples. The technique is an extension and simplification of a previous technique for searching a polygonal environment. Our solution can also be considered as a step towards a unified approach to pursuit-evasion strategies that have little dependency on the representation of the environment.
Analysis of multipath routing, part 2: mitigation of the effects of frequently changing network topologies

In this paper, we extend the analysis of multipath routing presented in our previous work, so that the basic restrictions on the evaluation and optimization of that scheme can be dropped (e.g., disjoint paths and identical paths in terms of failure probability). In that work, we employed diversity coding in order to provide increased protection against frequent route failures by splitting data packets and distributing them over multiple disjoint paths. Motivated by the high increase in the packet delivery ratio, we study the increase we can achieve through the usage of multiple paths in the general case, where the paths are not necessarily independent and their failure probabilities vary. For this reason, a function that measures the probability of successful transmission is derived as a tight approximation of the evaluation function P/sub succ/. Given the failure probabilities of the available paths and their correlation, we are able to find in polynomial time the set of paths that maximizes the probability of reconstructing the original information at the destination.
The Story of El–Masri v. Tenet: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in the ‘‘War on Terror’’

Among the most notorious anti-terror techniques used by the U.S. government in the "War on Terror" are two shrouded in secrecy: extraordinary rendition and enforced disappearances. Extraordinary rendition entails the transfer of an individual for interrogation in a country known for the use of torture. Enforced disappearances occur when individuals are deprived of their liberty by state agents, who then fail to provide information about their fate or whereabouts, placing them outside the protection of the law. In the aftermath of 9/11, reports began to surface that terrorism suspects were being sent for interrogation by the United States to countries such as Egypt, Syria, and Morocco, where torture is systematic. Slowly, information also emerged concerning the American use of secret "black sites" to hold suspected al-Qaeda leaders and their allies. While never denying that these practices were being used, U.S. government officials repeatedly offered a single justification for departing from both human rights protections and prisoner of war rules when apprehending such individuals: the United States was involved in a new, unprecedented type of war. The case of Khaled El-Masri brings these issues before a U.S court. In an apparent case of mistaken identity, a German man of Lebanese descent was abducted while on vacation in Macedonia, transferred to a secret U.S.-controlled prison in Afghanistan, and subjected to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment over the course of five months. Released when then-National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice discovered that he was being held by mistake, a stunned El-Masri made his way back to Germany. In December 2005, the ACLU filed suit on his behalf, alleging violations of due process under the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and human rights claims based on numerous human rights and humanitarian law treaties which are cognizable under the Alien Tort Statute. This Chapter, which appears in Human Rights Advocacy Stories, tells the story of the El Masri case from its inception to dismissal, and from U.S. court to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Effect-Size Measures and Meta-Analytic Thinking in Counseling Psychology Research:

Effect sizes are critical to result interpretation and synthesis across studies. Although statistical significance testing has historically dominated the determination of result importance, modern views emphasize the role of effect sizes and confidence intervals. This article accessibly discusses how to calculate and interpret the effect sizes that counseling psychologists use most frequently. To provide context, the author presents a brief history of statistical significance tests. Second, the author discusses the difference between statistical, practical, and clinical significance. Third, the author reviews and graphically demonstrates two common types of effect sizes, commenting on multivariate and corrected effect sizes. Fourth, the author emphasizes meta-analytic thinking and the potential role of confidence intervals around effect sizes. Finally, the author gives a hypothetical example of how to report and potentially interpret some effect sizes.
The unreal future

Perhaps if the future existed, concretely and individually, as something that could be discerned by a better brain, the past would not be so seductive: its demands would he balanced by those of the future. Persons might then straddle the middle stretch of the seesaw when considering this or that object. It might be fun. But the future has no such reality (as the pictured past and the perceived present possess); the future is but a figure of speech, a specter of thought.
HDPE liquefaction: Random chain scission model

Liquefaction of commodity polymers to oils and gases can be used to recover the energy value of these materials. This article reports liquefaction data for high-density polyethylene (HDPE), one of the major plastics in recycled material. Thermal degradation of HDPE to oil–gas mixtures required higher temperatures (450–490°C) than low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (430–460°C) because of fewer chain branching points for HDPE, which are more susceptible to chain scission reactions. The addition of hydrogen (0.1–1.5 MPa) had negligible effect on product distribution. HDPE thermal degradation is consistent with a random chain scission mechanism. Product distributions for degradation at 450°C were modeled assuming random chain scission with a rate constant k(x) dependent on the molecular weight x by a power law model dependence, k(x) = kbxb, where kb is the pseudo-first-order rate constant, and b is the power index of dependence on molecular weight. Degradation rates dropped rapidly after initial breakup of the chains, and 2 sets of coefficients were needed to describe the molecular weight distributions as functions of reaction time. The error in model was about 10%. This model can be used to optimize the production of oils from thermal degradation of HDPE. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 1239–1251, 1998
Quantum efficiency and stability of alkali halide UV photocathodes in the presence of electric field

Abstract It was shown previously that CsI sensitivity can be substantially reduced by intense UV irradiation. In the present study we measure the influence of negative and positive electric fields on the degradation of CsI photocathode sensitivity when it is subject to a large dose UV irradiation. The UV sensitivity of positively biased CsI photocathodes did not decay as fast as in case of negatively biased films. Thus we found that negative (photoelectron-extracting) electric field not only increases quantum efficiency of CsI photocathodes (as reported previously by Buzulutskov et. al., J. Appl. Phys. 77 (1995) 2138), especially at long wavelengths, but also substantially reduces the long term performance of the photocathode under intense UV irradiation. Electron-repelling electric field (generally used in MCP detectors with opaque photocathodes), on the other hand, significantly reduces aging of the photocathode under UV irradiation.
The limited-preemption uniprocessor scheduling of sporadic task systems

Although preemptive uniprocessor scheduling algorithms are able to successfully schedule some systems that cannot be scheduled by any non-preemptive scheduling algorithm, the run-time overhead associated with implementing preemptive algorithms is often higher than for non-preemptive algorithms. In choosing between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling algorithms on uniprocessors, the tradeoff is therefore between enhanced feasibility on the one hand, and increased overheads on the other. Hybrid scheduling schemes are proposed and evaluated here: these schemes permit preemption where necessary for feasibility, but attempt to avoid unnecessary preemptions during run-time. This is done by determining, for each task in the system, the longest amount of time for which the task may execute non-preemptively without compromising the feasibility of the system.
'From the Best Authorities': The Mountains of Kong in the Cartography of West Africa

This study goes beyond the ‘first and last appearance’ approach of cartographic historians to examine the social contexts in which the Kong Mountains were first depicted in and then eliminated from nineteenth-century maps of Africa. This history shows that the conventional periodization of the history of cartography into ‘decorative’ and ‘scientific’ phases is greatly exaggerated. We trace the mountains' origins to the geographer James Rennell and show how their purported existence served to support his arguments on the course of the Niger River at the turn of the nineteenth century. The enduring depiction of the Kong Mountains throughout the century illustrates the authoritative power of maps. This authority is based on the public's belief that cartographers are guided by an ethic of accuracy and are applying scientific procedures in mapmaking. Despite doubts about the existence of this mountain chain, the ‘extraordinary authority’ of maps helped to perpetuate an erroneous spatial image of West Africa until Binger's famous expedition in the late 1880s. With the publication of his travels and maps, Binger became the new authority on West African geography. His work altered the subsequent cartography of the region and substantially contributed to French empire-building.
Activation of BRCA1/BRCA2-Associated Helicase BACH1 Is Required for Timely Progression through S Phase

BACH1 (also known as FANCJ and BRIP1) is a DNA helicase that directly interacts with the C-terminal BRCT repeat of the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1. Previous biochemical and functional analyses have suggested a role for the BACH1 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans during DNA replication. Here, we report the association of BACH1 with a distinct BRCA1/BRCA2-containing complex during the S phase of the cell cycle. Depletion of BACH1 or BRCA1 using small interfering RNAs results in delayed entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Such timely progression through S phase requires the helicase activity of BACH1. Importantly, cells expressing a dominant negative mutation in BACH1 that results in a defective helicase displayed increased activation of DNA damage checkpoints and genomic instability. BACH1 helicase is silenced during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and is activated through a dephosphorylation event as cells enter S phase. These results point to a critical role for BACH1 helicase activity not only in the timely progression through the S phase but also in maintaining genomic stability.
Kohonen Feature Maps and Growing Cell Structures - a Performance Comparison

A performance comparison of two self-organizing networks, the Kohonen Feature Map and the recently proposed Growing Cell Structures is made. For this purpose several performance criteria for self-organizing networks are proposed and motivated. The models are tested with three example problems of increasing difficulty. The Kohonen Feature Map demonstrates slightly superior results only for the simplest problem. For the other more difficult and also more realistic problems the Growing Cell Structures exhibit significantly better performance by every criterion. Additional advantages of the new model are that all parameters are constant over time and that size as well as structure of the network are determined automatically.
Biological rhythms and depression: The role of zeitgebers and zeitstorers

Major depressive disorder is frequently associated with the disruption of the natural orderliness of rhythmic physiological processes such as sleep and endocrine function. Several hypotheses have been developed to account for this disturbance in biological rhythms, associated with depressive episodes, which are briefly reviewed. We previously postulated that depression may he the result of loss of “social Zeitgebers” (i.e., persons, social demands, or tasks that set the biological clock). We have been impressed with the need for investigations into how internal as well as external social and environmental factors may disrupt the integrity of biological rhythms. We now present the concept of a “Zeitstorer” (time disturber) which is envisioned as a physical, chemical, or psychosocial event which acts as a source for circadian rhythm disruption. The development of a Zeitstorer concept has led us to a revised hypothesis of rhythm disturbance and affective disorders. It is our expectation that this hypothesis can provide descriptive models for application in the study of human psychopathology, as well as potentially new therapeutic modes of treatment. Depression 1:285–293 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cochlear function in mice lacking the BK channel α, β1, or β4 subunits

Large conductance voltage- and calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are important for regulating many essential cellular functions, from neuronal action potential shape and firing rate to smooth muscle contractility. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, BK channels mediate the intrinsic frequency tuning of the cochlear hair cell by an electrical resonance mechanism. In contrast, inner hair cells of the mammalian cochlea are extrinsically tuned by accessory structures of the cochlea. Nevertheless, BK channels are present in inner hair cells and encode a fast activating outward current. To understand the role of the BK channel alpha and beta subunits in mammalian inner hair cells, we analyzed the morphology, physiology, and function of these cells from mice lacking the BK channel alpha (Slo-/-) and also the beta1 and beta4 subunits (beta1/4-/-). Beta1/4-/- mice showed normal subcellular localization, developmental acquisition, and expression of BK channels. Beta1/4-/- mice showed normal cochlear function as indicated by normal auditory brainstem responses and distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Slo-/- mice also showed normal cochlear function despite the absence of the BKalpha subunit and the absence of fast activating outward current from the inner hair cells. Moreover, microarray analyses revealed no compensatory changes in transcripts encoding ion channels or transporters in the cochlea from Slo-/- mice. Slo-/- mice did, however, show increased resistance to noise-induced hearing loss. These findings reveal the fundamentally different contribution of BK channels to nonmammalian and mammalian hearing and suggest that BK channels should be considered a target in the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss.
What do providers, payers and patients need from comparative effectiveness research on diagnostics? The case of HER2/Neu testing in breast cancer

Aims: Comparing effectiveness of diagnostic tests is one of the highest priorities for comparative effectiveness research (CER) set by the Institute of Medicine. Our study aims to identify what information providers, payers and patients need from CER on diagnostics, and what challenges they encounter implementing comparative information on diagnostic alternatives in practice and policy. Materials & methods: Using qualitative research methods and the example of two alternative protocols for HER2 testing in breast cancer, we conducted interviews with 45 stakeholders: providers (n = 25) from four academic and eight nonacademic institutions, executives (n = 13) from five major US private payers and representatives (n = 7) from two breast cancer patient advocacies. Results: The need for additional scientific evidence to determine the preferred HER2 protocol was more common for advocates than payers (100 vs 54%; p = 0.0515) and significantly more common for advocates than providers (100 vs 40%; p = 0.0077). The...
Use of Mucor miehei Lipase to Improve Functional Properties of Yolk‐Contaminated Egg Whites

Egg yolk contamination of egg whites continues to be a serious problem in the egg industry. The ability of egg whites to form stable and voluminous foams is greatly inhibited by yolk contamination, even at very low levels, between 0.01% and 0.2% w/w yolk in white. Experiments were conducted to determine if Mucor miehei lipase could regenerate the functional properties of yolk-contaminated egg whites. Lipase from M. miehei and colipase from porcine pancreas were added to yolk-contaminated (0.2%, w/w) egg white samples to hydrolyze triglycerides originating from egg yolk. Enzymatic hydrolysis of triacylglycerols was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography. Treatment of yolk-contaminated samples with lipase and colipase yielded significant (P < 0.05) improvements in a number of the functional properties, including the final foam volume, foam capacity, and foaming power. These functional properties showed complete restoration to control levels. However, foam stability and foam drainage levels were not statistically different from yolk-contaminated samples that had not been enzymatically treated. Enzyme-treated yolk-contaminated egg whites were also tested in angel food cakes. Enzyme-treated, yolk-contaminated egg whites performed similarly to non-yolk-contaminated control, and much better than yolk-contaminated sample in angel food cakes. The results show that most negative effects of yolk contamination can be reversed by treatment with Mucor miehei lipase and colipase.
What you should know about queueing models to set staffing requirements in service systems

One traditional application of queueing models is to help set staffing requirements in service systems, but the way to do so is not entirely straightforward, largely because demand in service systems typically varies greatly by the time of day. This article discusses ways—old and new—to cope with that time-varying demand. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Nuclear Effects in J/ψ and Lepton-Pair Production

High-energy processes in nuclear media provide important tests of quantum chromodynamics, since in principle one can use the nuclear environment to perturb and study the mechanisms involved in confinement and hadronization. In this talk I will discuss several examples of nuclear effects in QCD affecting the propagation and hadronization of quarks and gluons in nuclear matter. The issues include: possible signatures for quark-gluon plasma formation in heavy ion collisions, particularly J/Ψ production; hadronization due to jet coalescence; the limits of validity of QCD factorization formulae due to initial- and final-state interactions; formation zone physics; shadowing of the quark and gluon structure functions of nuclei; and color transparency in hard quasielastic reactions inside of nuclei.
Novel methods to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea in children

Sleep-disordered breathing encompasses a spectrum of disorders that increase in severity from snoring to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA is a clinical disorder that requires a polysomnogram (PSG) to make the diagnosis. The PSG is the gold standard to confirm OSA. Alternative diagnostic tests are presented to supplement the clinical evaluation with objective information when evaluating the snoring child. Diagnostic tests to identify the anatomical site of obstruction are also discussed.
The social sources of authenticity in global handicraft markets - evidence from Northern Thailand.

What happens to authenticity in the age of global markets? Rather than enforce such sharp dichotomies as ‘authentic/inauthentic’ (object) or ‘exploited/not-exploited’ (artisan), this article recogn...
Synthesis and characterization of novel thermoresponsive‐co‐biodegradable hydrogels composed of N‐isopropylacrylamide, poly(L‐lactic acid), and dextran

A series of novel multifunctional hydrogels that combined the merits of both thermoresponsive and biodegradable polymeric materials were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The hydrogels were copolymeric networks composed of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) as a thermoresponsive component, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) as a hydrolytically degradable and hydrophobic component, and dextran as an enzymatically degradable and hydrophilic component. The chemical structures of the hydrogels were characterized by an attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) technique. The hydrogels were thermoresponsive, showing a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at approximately 32 °C, and their swelling properties strongly depended on temperature changes, the balance of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic components, and the degradation of the PLLA component. The degradation of the hydrogels caused by hydrolytic cleavage of ester bonds in the PLLA component was faster at 25 °C below the LCST than at 37 °C above the LCST, determined by the ATR–FTIR technique. Due to their multifunctional properties, the designed hydrogels show great potential for biomedical applications, including drug delivery and tissue engineering. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5054–5066, 2004
Ethical Climates and Workplace Safety Behaviors: An Empirical Investigation

In this article, the important but neglected link between workplace safety-enhancing behavior and ethics is explored. Using data from 237 employees from five manufacturing plants in the Midwest, we investigated how specific local ethical climate types are linked to incidences of injuries and two types of safety-enhancing behaviors: safety compliance and safety participation. It was hypothesized that egoist climates are positively related to injuries and negatively related to safety-enhancing behaviors. In contrast, it is proposed that both benevolent and principled climates have negative relationships with injuries and positive relationships with safety-enhancing behaviors. Results provided support only for our principled climate types while benevolence has the desired negative relationship with injuries. Egoism and benevolence are not related to safety-enhancing behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed.
A Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Outbreak in One Geographic Region of the United States: Descriptive Epidemiology and Investigation of the Possibility of Airborne Virus Spread.

This study describes a spring 2013 outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv), using data from 222 swine sites in 14 counties area in 4 contiguous states in the United States. During the outbreak, the premises-level incidence of PEDv was 40.5 percent (90/222 sites). One of the three companies from which data were collected had a lower incidence (19.5 percent) than the other two companies (41.1 and 47.2 percent). Sow sites had the highest incidence of PEDv during the outbreak (80.0 percent). Spatial analysis showed that PEDv was clustered rather than randomly distributed, which suggested that sites near a positive site had increased risk of acquiring PEDv infection. Meteorological data were used to investigate the hypothesis that PEDv was spread by air. If airborne dissemination played a role in this outbreak, we would expect the direction of disease spread to correlate with the predominant wind direction. Two methods were used to determine the direction of disease spread—linear direction mean analysis in ArcGIS and the direction test in ClusterSeer. The former method indicated PEDv spread was south to slightly southwest, and the latter indicated spread was to the southeast. The predominant wind direction during the month of the outbreak was toward the south, with some southeast and southwest winds; the strongest wind gusts were toward the southwest. These findings support the hypothesis that PEDv was spread by air. The results, however, should be interpreted cautiously because we did not have information on direct and indirect contacts between sites, such as movement of trucks, feed, pigs or people. These types of contacts should be evaluated before pathogen spread is attributed to airborne mechanisms. Although this study did not provide a definitive assessment of airborne spread of PEDv, we believe the findings justify additional research to investigate this potential mechanism of transmission.
Police satisfaction and disorder: results from a survey of a semi-rural community

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the relationship between disorder and police satisfaction while controlling for other relevant factors related to police satisfaction such as race, gender, age, and prior police contact. We present results from a survey of residents in a semi-rural southern city. This survey location provides a unique opportunity to explore the effects of disorder and social cohesion on police satisfaction in an environment that incorporates elements of both urban and rural environments. The results indicate that white respondents, older respondents, and those that were more integrated into their neighbourhoods were more satisfied with the police. Variation in the levels of disorder did not, however, have an impact of citizen satisfaction. The implications for these findings are also discussed.
Urban transportation emissions mitigation: Coupling high-resolution vehicular emissions and traffic models for traffic signal optimization

Abstract This paper proposes a methodology that allows high-resolution traffic and emissions models, known as microscopic simulation models, to be efficiently used to address transportation optimization problems that account for complex environmental metrics. The methodology consists of a metamodel simulation-based optimization (SO) approach. The metamodel combines traffic and emissions information from high-resolution microscopic simulators with information from lower-resolution analytical macroscopic models. This paper formulates and uses an analytical and differentiable macroscopic approximation of the non-differentiable simulation-based microscopic emissions model. A differentiable macroscopic traffic model is also used. This paper shows that the analytical structural information provided by macroscopic analytical emissions models can contribute, despite their lower-resolution, to enhance the computational efficiency of algorithms that embed higher-resolution inefficient emissions models. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient, i.e., it can identify points with improved performance within few simulation runs. More generally, the results of this paper highlight the added value of embedding analytical structural information within SO algorithms to address complex SO problems. A traffic signal control case study is carried out. The proposed metamodel identifies signal plans that improve travel time and various emissions metrics. We present the corresponding monetary savings that can be achieved. This optimization framework enables practitioners to use high-resolution microscopic traffic and emissions models to systematically design transportation schemes that account directly, in the design process, for environmental metrics. Hence, the use of such high-resolution models is no longer limited to the environmental evaluation of a small set of predetermined schemes. The tight computational budgets used in this paper show that such complex problems can be addressed in a computationally efficient manner.
Foot and ankle experience in orthopaedic residency

Background:Dedicated orthopaedic residency training in the musculoskeletal discipline of foot and ankle is an important contribution to the development of a well-rounded orthopaedic surgeon. Curren...
Numerical simulation of mass transfer in porous media of blood vessel walls

The tunica media of a blood vessel wall is modeled as a heterogeneous medium composed of a periodic array of cylindrical smooth muscle cells and a continuous interstitial fluid phase of proteoglycan and collagen fibers. By applying Brinkman's model to describe the behavior of the interstitial flow, we obtain an analytical solution for the transmural flow field through the periodic array of smooth muscle cells in the form of a power series, making it possible to compute the convection of solutes in the interstitial phase. With reaction of solutes at the surface of smooth muscle cell membranes being treated as boundary conditions and the diffusion of species being limited to the interstitial fluid phase only, mass transfer in the media of blood vessel walls is simulated numerically using Cray supercomputers. It is found that the Sherwood number (the dimensionless mass-transfer coefficient) is not only constant for all interior smooth muscle cells but also minimally sensitive to changes of parameters controlling the relative rates of diffusion and convection in the interstitial fluid phase and the reaction on the smooth muscle cell surface. In addition, the Sherwood number is not very sensitive to changes in the volume fraction of smooth muscle cells. A homogeneous, one-dimensional model (effective-medium model) is also developed to predict the bulk concentration profile in the media, based on the equivalent properties of the effective medium derived from the heterogeneous medium. A comparison of results from the one-dimensional model and two-dimensional simulation is quite satisfactory for all practical ranges of parameters. It is also determined that, for a small molecule such as ATP, the mass transfer to the surface of smooth muscle cells is "reaction limited" as assumed previously in the literature, whereas, for a large molecule such as low-density lipoprotein, the mass transfer might not be reaction limited.
Extended follow-up of lung cancer and non-malignant respiratory disease mortality among California diatomaceous earth workers

Objectives Millions of workers worldwide are employed in occupations involving potentiality hazardous exposure to crystalline silica. The diatomaceous earth industry can have particularly high exposures, but there is a lower likelihood of simultaneously occurring confounding exposures. We extended follow-up for diatomaceous earth industry workers previously studied for mortality. Methods The cohort included 2342 white men who were employed for at least 1 year at a diatomaceous earth plant in Lompoc, California beginning in 1942. Workers’ vital status was updated using the National Death Index through 2011, an extension of 19 years from earlier studies. Detailed work history and quantitative air monitoring measurements estimated exposure intensity. Cox proportional hazards modelling estimated HRs and 95% CIs. SMRs were calculated. Results Elevated mortality was observed by quartile of cumulative crystalline silica exposure for lung cancer (HR=2.03, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.85, highest quartile, unlagged) and non-malignant respiratory disease (NMRD) (HR=3.59, 95% CI 1.94 to 6.67, highest quartile, unlagged), although trends were not statistically significant. Associations were attenuated when adjusted for smoking and asbestos exposure. Mortality from NMRD was significantly increased over the entire follow-up compared to the general population (SMR=1.37, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.60). An increase for lung cancer was confined to the earlier follow-up (SMR=1.29, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.61). Conclusions The risk of lung cancer and NMRD mortality remained elevated, although generally non-significant, and exposure-response trends with cumulative crystalline silica persisted on extended follow-up of this cohort. The findings support a generally consistently observed aetiological relation between crystalline silica and lung cancer.
A Conceptual Framework for Ad Agency Compensation

The problems inherent in compensating advertising agencies for their services are treated in terms of criteria for risk sharing between advertiser and agency. A conceptual framework is developed wh...
Examination of copper electrowinning smoothing agents. Part I: A review

Organic smoothing additives are used to produce dense, thick, high-quality cathodes in copper electrowinning. Glue had been used traditionally and is still used in operations that do not employ solvent extraction to produce the electrowinning electrolyte. With the advent of solvent extraction–electrowinning, guar started to be used and remained in use for many years as it does not affect the phase disengagement in solvent extraction. Recently, however, guar has been replaced by less-expensive saccharide- and polyacrylamide-based additives. This paper is the first of a series of four papers that examine saccharides and polyacrylamides as new additives for copper electrowinning. A review of previous research related to copper electrowinning additives is presented here, along with a selected review of additives in other copper electrodeposition systems.