cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of changes in size, speed, and distance on the perception of curved 3-D trajectories

Previous research on the perception of 3-D object motion has considered time to collision, time to passage, collision detection, and judgments of speed and direction of motion but has not directly studied the perception of the overall shape of the motion path. We examined the perception of the magnitude of curvature and sign of curvature of the motion path for objects moving at eye level in a horizontal plane parallel to the line of sight. We considered two sources of information for the perception of motion trajectories: changes in angular size and changes in angular speed. Three experiments examined judgments of relative curvature for objects moving at different distances. At the closest distance studied, accuracy was high with size information alone but near chance with speed information alone. At the greatest distance, accuracy with size information alone decreased sharply, but accuracy for displays with both size and speed information remained high. We found similar results in two experiments with judgments of sign of curvature. Accuracy was higher for displays with both size and speed information than with size information alone, even when the speed information was based on parallel projections and was not informative about sign of curvature. For both magnitude of curvature and sign of curvature judgments, information indicating that the trajectory was curved increased accuracy, even when this information was not directly relevant to the required judgment.
Predicting Individual Differences in Recall by Infants Born Preterm and Full Term

A heterogeneous sample of infants with preterm histories and infants born full term participated in a study of declarative memory and rate of encoding, as measured in an imitation task and an examining task, respectively. Here we report the comparisons of the performances of infants born very preterm (27–34 weeks gestation) and moderately preterm (35–37 weeks gestation) to infants born full term (38–41 weeks gestation) and tested at 12 months corrected age (from due date). Lower levels of recall were seen among the infants born very preterm. Rate of encoding, weeks gestation, and score on the Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were tested as possible sources of individual differences in recall. Rate of encoding and MDI predicted delayed ordered recall. Implications for early detection of cognitive difficulties in children with preterm histories are discussed.
Predictors of subjective cognitive difficulties in older adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Objective The objective of this study was to describe the relationship among cognitive test performance, psychological symptoms, and subjective cognitive difficulties in older adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Method Participants were 80 adults over the age of 55 with an unequivocal diagnosis of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Participants completed measures of neuropsychological functioning, psychological symptoms, and two measures of subjective cognitive difficulties. Results Psychological symptoms were most strongly associated with higher levels of reported cognitive difficulties. Overall neuropsychological functioning was modestly related to subjective cognitive difficulties but did not remain significant after controlling for psychological symptoms. Conclusions In this sample of older adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease, self-reported cognitive difficulties were most strongly related to overall level of psychological distress and not to actual cognitive test scores. Therefore, psychological factors may play an important role in the phenomenon of self-perceived cognitive decline in geriatric populations.
Stability of an elongated axisymmetric mirror with an energetic axis-encircling ion component

The equilibrium and stability of a long–thin axisymmetric magnetic mirror with a nearly axis-encircling energetic ion component is presented. A local sufficient condition valid for arbitrary azimuthal mode number (m) is derived and numerically evaluated. The results indicate that the ion beam component is highly stabilizing in regions where the beam density is increasing outwards and destabilizing where it is decreasing outwards. The results also show the existence of a persistent coupling of the beam particles to the magnetohydrodynamic interchange mode for large m. This result disagrees with previous work which showid a decoupling of orbits and mode perturbations for large m. This disagreement is attributable to the special periodic nature of the nearly axis-encircling orbits in long and thin configurations and indicates that aperiodic or stochastic orbits whose gyrocentres have a minimum spread would be more effective in providing stabilization.
Isolated Carbon Confinement Methodology for Ultrathin Boron Profiles in Strained Layers of Silicon Germanium

This work reports on observations of enhanced carbon confinement of boron in strained silicon germanium. By locating carbon outside of the boron-doped region during the pseudomorphic growth, less carbon is required to mitigate boron diffusion during subsequent thermal anneals, the film resistivity is reduced, and the film is more strained than the conventional method of placing carbon throughout. Secondary ion mass spectrometry is utilized to verify 0, C, B, and Ge concentrations in SiGeC layers following low-temperature growth by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition and a subsequent thermal annealing. A four-point probe is utilized for 49-point sheet resistance measurements, and X-ray diffraction is used to confirm the effect of carbon placement on the SiGe lattice parameter.
A maximum likelihood solution for the method of successive intervals allowing for unequal stimulus dispersions

A maximum likelihood solution for the method of successive intervals is presented together with an iterative procedure for obtaining estimates for stimulus scale values, boundary scale values, and stimulus dispersions. The method applies without modification to incomplete data matrices. The method was programmed for ILLIAC and a brief description of the program and a numerical illustration are included.
Leaching of 2,4-D and dicamba from home lawns

Leaching of the broadleaf herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba from home lawns was monitored with ceramic extraction plates placed at a 0.2 m depth beneath undisturbed sod. The site was located on a Merrimac sandy loam. Four treatments, consisting of two rates of herbicide applications coupled with two irrigation regimes. were evaluated on 12 plots. The low herbicide rate consisted of 1.1 and 0.1 kg ha−1 yr−1 of 2,4-D and dicamba, respectively. The high rate used was 3.3 and 0.33 kg ha−1 yr−1 of 2,4-D and dicamba applied in three equal applications. Irrigation treatments were (1) minimal irrigation to avoid drought stress and percolation from the root zone and (2) overwatering at 37.5 mm week−1. Geometric mean concentra tions of 2,4-D ranged from 0.55 to 0.87 μg L−1 compared to 0.26 to 0.55 μg L−1 for dicamba. The low application-minimum irrigation treatment generated significantly higher concentrations than the other treatments for both herbicides. The low concentrations observed for both herbicides suggest that excellent degradation conditions exist in the root zone of turfgrass during the summer months when application occurs.
Plug and play modular strategies for synthetic retrotransposons.

Recent progress in L1 biology highlights its role as a major driving force in the evolution of mammalian genome structure and function. This coincides with direct confirmation of the preponderance of long interspersed elements in mammalian genomes at the nucleotide level by large scale sequencing efforts. Two assay systems have been prominently featured in L1 studies over the past decade, which are used to assess L1 activities in cultured cells and transgenic mice respectively. However, constructing retrotransposon assay vectors and subsequent mapping of integration sites remain technically challenging aspects of the field. Synthetic biology approaches have changed the playing field with regard to the strategic design of retrotransposons. To streamline the construction and optimization of synthetic retrotransposons, we have implemented a highly efficient modular design for L1 vectors allowing “plug and play” swapping of individual modules as new knowledge is gained and optimization of constructs proceeds. Seven functional modules are divided by strategically placed unique restriction sites. These are utilized to facilitate module exchange and construction of L1 vectors for gene targeting, transgenesis and cell culture assays. A “double SfiI” strategy utilizing two non-complementary overhangs allows insert swapping to be carried out with a single, robust restriction/ligation cycle. The double-SfiI strategy is generic and can be applied to many other problems in synthetic biology or genetic engineering. To facilitate genomic mapping of L1 insertions, we have developed an optimized inverse PCR protocol using 4-base cutters and step-down cycling conditions. Using this protocol, de novo L1 insertions can be efficiently recovered after a single round of PCR. The proposed modular design also incorporates features allowing streamlined insertion mapping without repeated optimization. Furthermore, we have presented evidence that efficient L1 retrotransposition is not dependent on pCEP4 conferred autonomous replication capabilities when a shortened puromycin selection protocol is used, providing a great opportunity for further optimization of L1 cell culture assay vectors by using alternative vector backbones.
A novel tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell line (M2205): molecular cytogenetic characterization demonstrates C-MYC amplification and jumping translocations

The paucity of cell lines from early-stage prostate cancer tumors has hindered the recognition of genetic and cellular changes that are associated with the acquisition of tumorigenesis. We describe the chromosomal complement of a novel tumorigenic prostate epithelial cell subline, called M2205, that acquired only three new, consistent chromosomal changes (from those present in the SV40T antigen immortalized parental cell line, P69SV40TAg) when it attained tumor-forming potential. The consistent changes, which were fully characterized using GTG-banding, CBG-banding, silver staining, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and spectral karyotyping (SKY), involved segmental jumping translocations and resulted in gains in the copy number of genes located on the distal long arm of chromosome 8 (8q22 to 8q24.3), including c-myc. Furthermore, the jumping translocations also resulted in ribosomal genes being present in multiple, tandem copies next to the chromatin from 8q. Given the relatively small number of cytogenetic changes present, this subline provides a means for better understanding the cellular changes associated with the acquired chromosomal imbalances. Further studies of this subline could also provide insight as to the mechanism or mechanisms leading to the formation of jumping translocations, as well as potential position effects resulting from the relocation of ribosomal genes next to other cellular genes or oncogenes.
Hazard Mitigation Through Design

The intent of this article is to start a dialog for exploring the concepts of PtD as applied to the hazards in construction. This article summarizes the scope and potential impact the NIOSH PtD initiative could have on electrical safety for all crafts in construction work environments. Based on NIOSH analysis, the construction industry represents 7% of the U.S. workforce but accounts for 45 % of occupational fatalities due to electrical hazards in the workplace. This article summarizes the goals and offers input in developing digital object identifier 10.1109/MIAS.2010.936122 strategies to be apart of the PtD initiative. Practical examples are provided to further stimulate expansion of these concepts in construction work environments.
Interhemispheric differences in polar mesospheric clouds observed by the HALOE instrument

Abstract HALOE data have been used to study Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) and to investigate differences in the characteristics of the clouds between the northern and southern hemispheres. HALOE has been observing the high latitude summer regions since the fall of 1991, which has provided observations of 14 northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere PMC seasons. HALOE infrared extinction profiles are used to extract PMC extinction and the altitude of the PMC for each cloud observation. We present evidence of higher PMC occurrence frequencies, lower cloud altitudes and larger PMC extinction in the NH compared to the SH. When the PMC data are combined for all years between the latitudes of 55° and 70°, we find that the northern hemisphere clouds are brighter by 29±5% and the peak altitude occurs at 0.9±0.1 km lower than the southern hemisphere clouds. In addition, we find that PMCs occur twice as frequently in the northern hemisphere. Seasonal distributions of PMC extinction and occurrence frequency for the combined multi-year datasets reveal an offset between the two hemispheres with the SH season starting about 10 days earlier than for the NH. Interhemispheric PMC altitude differences are supported by a lower altitude region of saturation in the NH and by a lower H2O peak altitude in the NH. HALOE mean temperature profiles for PMC events alone reveal a colder NH up to ∼82 km, but NH and SH profile error bars overlap above this altitude. Analysis of all temperature profiles (PMC and non-PMC) measured during the high-altitude polar summer reveal a colder NH at all altitudes suggesting this as one possible cause for the observed interhemispheric differences in PMC properties.
Pressure effects of He and Xe on the resonance line of strontium

Abstract The effects of He pressure (up to a relative density or r.d. of 60) and those of Xe pressure (up to r.d. 13) on the shape of the Sr 4607 or Sr(1) line are reported. The half-width and shift in low foreign gas density region (less than 10 atm) are found to be reasonably linear with He. The linear region for Sr(1)/Xe is highly limited. In He, the line contours are quite symmetrical but in Xe the line contours show very strong red asymmetry. Assuming a Lenard-Jones (6–12) form for the interactomic potentials, the depths of the difference potential well were found via the classical impact theory. These values are 0.86 cm−1 for Sr(1)/He at an interatomic distance of 7.35 A and 2.51 cm−1 for Sr(1)/Xe at 12.83 A.
GaAs buffer layers grown at low substrate temperatures using As2 and the formation of arsenic precipitates

Abstract We have grown GaAs layers by molecular beam epitaxy at low substrate temperatures (250°C) using the dimer arsenic source As 2 . Following a one hour anneal at 600°C, the GaAs layers were examined with transmission electron microscopy. The GaAs layers contained arsenic precipitates of average diameter 100 A and density of 10 17 cm −3 .
In Situ Optical Diagnostics for Measurements of Water Vapor Partial Pressure in a PEM Fuel Cell

A fiber optic coupled diode laser sensor has been constructed for in situ measurements of water vapor partial pressure in active proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems. The bipolar plate of a prototypical PEM fuel cell was modified to allow for transmission of a near infrared laser beam through the flow channels on either the fuel or oxidizer side of its membrane-electrode assembly. The laser wavelength was scanned over several water rotational and vibrational transitions and the light absorption was detected by measuring the transmitted laser power through the device. The intensity and line shape of the measured transition was used to extract path-averaged values for the water vapor partial pressure. Measurements were initially taken in a non-operating cell with known temperature and humidity input gas streams to calibrate and test the optical device. A technique for rapid determination of the water partial pressure was developed. The optical technique is applicable over a significant temperature and humidity operating range of a PEM fuel cell. The measurement technique was applied to an operating PEM fuel cell system to examine the effects of incoming gas humidity and load on the water vapor partial pressure variation in one of the flow channels.
Smooth local subspace projection for nonlinear noise reduction

Many nonlinear or chaotic time series exhibit an innate broad spectrum, which makes noise reduction difficult. Local projective noise reduction is one of the most effective tools. It is based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and works for both map-like and continuously sampled time series. However, POD only looks at geometrical or topological properties of data and does not take into account the temporal characteristics of time series. Here, we present a new smooth projective noise reduction method. It uses smooth orthogonal decomposition (SOD) of bundles of reconstructed short-time trajectory strands to identify smooth local subspaces. Restricting trajectories to these subspaces imposes temporal smoothness on the filtered time series. It is shown that SOD-based noise reduction significantly outperforms the POD-based method for continuously sampled noisy time series.
An overview of nanoparticle assisted laser therapy

Abstract Interest in minimally invasive and localized treatments for cancer has led toward a dramatic increase in the development of novel nanomaterials as light absorbing agents. The application of nanoparticles as exogenous agents in laser therapy or photothermal therapy (PTT) is rapidly expanding to include nanostructures of various composition and geometries. The particles enhance the magnitude of light absorption resulting in a more precise delivery of energy at lower laser powers and prevent damage to nearby healthy tissue. To date, preclinical and clinical studies of plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) with gold metal nanoparticles have been extensively studied and recently PTT of magnetoplasmonic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and nano-polymers have shown success in treatment of subcutaneous tumors. In addition, numerical investigations serve as a subsidiary tool for experimental explorations of nanoparticle assisted laser therapy. Since PTT can only be delivered to subcutaneous regions, the introduction of phantom numerical models in nanoparticle assisted laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) has shown potential in delivering efficient ablative energy doses to deep-seated tumors. The following review provides experimental and mathematical models that concern metal, inorganic, and polymer nanoparticle assisted laser therapy.
Gastric secretory activity in mice and rats with transplanted hormone secreting adrenocortical tumors.

Abnormalities of gastric secretory activity have been reported in both hyper and hypo-adrenocorticoidism in man and animals. It has been suggested that different adrenocortical steroids vary in their effect upon gastric secretion. Gastric secretory activity was studied in mice and rats with transplanted hormone secreting adrenocortical tumors, and in normal rats receiving corticosterone and desoxycorticosterone acetate. Corticosterone and 11β-OHΔ4 androstene-3,17-dione are the principal steroids produced by the mouse adrenal tumor and corticosterone is the major steroid secreted by the rat adrenal tumor. No 17α hydroxylated adrenocortical steroids have been detected in theadrenal tumor tissues in vivo or in vitro in these animals. There was no significant difference in gastric juice volume, pH, hydrochloric acid, potassium and chloride concentration or pepsin content in the tumor bearing animals when compared to the controls. The sodium content of the juice in tumor bearing rats was significantly elevated...
Diabetes Alters Intracellular Calcium Transients in Cardiac Endothelial Cells

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a diabetic complication, which results in myocardial dysfunction independent of other etiological factors. Abnormal intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) homeostasis has been implicated in DCM and may precede clinical manifestation. Studies in cardiomyocytes have shown that diabetes results in impaired [Ca2+]i homeostasis due to altered sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) activity. Importantly, altered calcium homeostasis may also be involved in diabetes-associated endothelial dysfunction, including impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and a diminished capacity to generate nitric oxide (NO), elevated cell adhesion molecules, and decreased angiogenic growth factors. However, the effect of diabetes on Ca2+ regulatory mechanisms in cardiac endothelial cells (CECs) remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of diabetes on [Ca2+]i homeostasis in CECs in the rat model (streptozotocin-induced) of DCM. DCM-associated cardiac fibrosis was confirmed using picrosirius red staining of the myocardium. CECs isolated from the myocardium of diabetic and wild-type rats were loaded with Fura-2, and UTP-evoked [Ca2+]i transients were compared under various combinations of SERCA, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) and NCX inhibitors. Diabetes resulted in significant alterations in SERCA and NCX activities in CECs during [Ca2+]i sequestration and efflux, respectively, while no difference in PMCA activity between diabetic and wild-type cells was observed. These results improve our understanding of how diabetes affects calcium regulation in CECs, and may contribute to the development of new therapies for DCM treatment.
Thermodynamics of the Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of 1-Dodecanoic Acid with (−)-Menthol in Organic Solvents

The thermodynamics of the lipase-catalyzed stereospecific esterification of 1-dodecanoic acid with (−)-menthol in seven organic solvents have been investigated. Equilibrium measurements were performed using hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, toluene, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, acetonitrile, and 2-methyl-2-butanol at the temperature T = 298.15 K. The equilibrium constants have been correlated with the (octanol + water) partition coefficients and the relative permittivities of the solvents. The saturation molalities and the (hexane + water) partition coefficients of (−)-menthol, 1-dodecanoic acid, and (−)-menthyl dodecanoate have also been determined at T = 298.15 K. The equilibrium constant of the esterification reaction in aqueous media has been calculated. An important finding is that the molality of water plays an important role in determining the extent of ester formation. In acetonitrile and 2-methyl-2-butanol, which have a very high molality of water, the formation of (−)-menthyl dodecanoate is considerably ...
Verbal abuse from outsiders versus insiders: comparing frequency, impact on emotional exhaustion, and the role of emotional labor.

Research on aggression from organizational outsiders (customers, clients or patients) has ignored insider-instigated aggression, and has been limited to employees in emotional labor jobs (e.g., social work and customer services). The authors argue that customer-employee interactions have distinct characteristics from organizational insider interactions, and provide two studies to compare the frequency and strain of verbal abuse from customers, supervisors and coworkers. Furthermore, they assess whether customer verbal abuse is only a critical issue for employees in jobs requiring emotional labor, measured with both O*NET job codes and self-reported display rules. With a national random sample of U.S. employees (n = 2446) and a convenience sample of U.S. employees who have customer contact (n = 121), the authors find that verbal abuse from outsiders (1) occurs more frequently than insider verbal abuse, particularly for those with higher emotional labor requirements, and (2) predicts emotional exhaustion over and above insider verbal abuse, regardless of emotional labor requirements. The authors conclude that better integration of customer aggression and insider aggression research is needed. Language: en
Transvenous balloon-protected embolization of a scalp arteriovenous fistula using Onyx liquid embolic.

Background Scalp arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare and potentially complex lesions that can be treated in a multimodal fashion. We present here the first successful treatment of a Stage Ib scalp AVF using a balloon-protected, retrograde transvenous embolization with the liquid embolic Onyx.
Drug use and HIV treatment outcomes among HIV-infected men who have sex with men accessing Ryan White services in New York: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Drug use poses multiple challenges to maintenance of the physical health of HIV-infected individuals. Few studies have explored the association between drug use and HIV treatment outcomes among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). We aimed to examine the relation between drug use (defined here as use of crystal methamphetamine, crack cocaine or cocaine, heroin, or off-label prescription medications) and HIV treatment outcomes (unsuppressed viral load and a low CD4 count) among HIV-infected MSM. Methods Analyses were done on all HIV-infected MSM who received Ryan White part A funded services at provider agencies in the greater New York metropolitan area, and had: an enrolment in a Ryan White part A programme between November, 2010, and June, 2012; at least one substance use assessment; and a valid viral load measurement with or without CD4 count in the 6 months before the substance use assessment. The primary outcomes for this study were unsuppressed viral load (>200 copies per mL) and a low CD4 count ( Findings Among 3287 HIV-infected MSM, 366 (11%) reported drug use. Most of the study population was aged 30–49 years (1798 [55%]; range 13–82 years), non-Hispanic black (1424 [43%]), and on antiretroviral therapy (2530 [79%]). In bivariate analyses, drug users were more likely than non-users to have unsuppressed viral load (234 of 340 [some missing values; 69%] vs 1044 of 2717 [38%]) and a low CD4 count (154 of 336 [46%] vs 924 of 2691 [34%]). In multivariate analyses controlling for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, drug users were more likely to have unsuppressed viral load (aOR 2·74, 95% CI 2·09–3·59) and a low CD4 count (1·41, 1·10–1·80) than were non-users. Interpretation Our results show a significant relation between drug use and both low CD4 count and unsuppressed viral load. Future studies should examine biological and psychosocial predictors of drug use, to inform intervention development for MSM who are drug users in HIV care settings. Although the substance use data for this study were based on self-report, which could be limited by recall and social desirability bias, this study was strengthened by use of the New York City HIV Surveillance Registry, which is a comprehensive source of longitudinal HIV-related laboratory data for individuals diagnosed with HIV or receiving HIV care in New York City. Funding This work was supported through a grant from the Health Resources and Services Administration (H89HA00015) to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
Establishing Spartina alterniflora Marsh in North Carolina

Spartina alterniflora salt-marsh has been established from seed and transplants on dredged materials and sandy shorelines along the North Carolina coast. Transplants were more successful than seeding over a greater portion of the intertidal range and under more rigorous environmental conditions, but seeding was successful in the upper half of protected sites. Seeding at the rate of 100 viable seeds per square metre from April through May can result in complete vegetational coverage by the end of the first growing-season. At the end of the second growing-season, above-ground biomass accumulation from seeding approached that produced by transplants which had originally been planted on a 0.9-metre centre. Both above-ground and below-ground production of planted marsh compared well with values for these components in natural marshes. There were no differences in production by epiphytes between planted and natural S. alterniflora marsh at two different locations. Faunal production in the upper 13 cm of sediment was significantly less in planted than in natural marsh, and where marsh plants accumulated sediments, faunal numbers and biomass were less in planted than in unplanted areas. Sediment carbon content indicated that 4 to 25 years might be required for a newly-planted marsh to resemble a natural marsh. Based on our studies, the techniques developed to plant S. alterniflora on dredged material and along sandy shorelines can be employed to initiate new and functional salt-marsh where none existed previously. The length of time required for man-initiated marsh to resemble natural marsh depends upon how closely the new substrate resembles natural marsh in the type of sediment accumulated, in the elevation of the new substrate, in the natural sedimentation rate in the area, and in the relative maturity of the natural marsh system.
Mathematical model of conventional tomography.

A Fourier decomposition approach is used to study the imaging properties of conventional tomography.Spatial frequency response curves (MTFs) are calculated for both linear and axial transverse tomography. These curves depend on the product of the spatial frequency of the sinusoidal density variations in thin layers parallel to the tomographic plane and the distance between such layers and the tomographic plane. Based on the spatial frequency response curves, a quantitative definition of tomographic layer thickness is given. Furthermore, the spatial frequency response curves suggest that unattenuated low‐frequency information from outside the tomographic layer limits the resolution in conventional tomograms and that high‐pass spatial filtering of the image may substantially improve the diagnostic quality of tomographic images, particularly in the identification of boundaries.
The acceptance and accuracy of decision analysis methods

Abstract This paper reports a field experiment which compared two approaches to decision analysis, called cases and criteria scaling, in terms of their acceptance to users and their predictive features. The case method simulates decisions likely to occur in practice. Each decision is described by particular values of the decision criteria. Experts consider the values of criteria present in each decision and make a judgment. Regression is used to correlate the criteria values with the judgments. The regression equation provides the prediction model. The criteria scaling method decomposes the decision task. Experts weight each criterion and specify how decisions change across levels of each criterion. The predictive model is made up of the sum of each criterion weight multiplied by the criterion-predictor functional relationship. Both methods were applied to build models which predicted the demands for nursing time, using patient severity indicators, for two hospital units. The case method had considerable predictive accuracy and had favorable participant reactions. Predictions made by criteria scaling overestimated needs and this method was viewed as inaccurate and hard to understand by participants. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Quantitative electrocortical changes in the rat induced by phencyclidine and other stimulants.

Abstract An automated technique for the continuous analysis of different frequency bands of the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of the rat has been used to quantify the actions of phencyclidine (PCP) and various other stimulant drugs. It has been demonstrated that phencyclidine, etoxadrol and LY154045 produced similar changes in the individual frequency bands whereas amphetamine and apomorphine had different profiles of activity. The phencyclidine-like compounds exhibited extremely strong stimulation of the ECoG with very large increases recorded in high frequency (15–50 Hz) activity and reductions in all other frequency bands. Various compounds have been used in an attempt to antagonise the changes in the ECoG. Chlorpromazine caused a slight shift in the dose-response curves as did chlordiazepoxide when used with phencyclidine. The GABA agonists, THIP and muscimol, had no effect on the stimulation of the ECoG. In contrast another presumed GABA agonist, baclofen, proved to be the most effective agent for blocking the stimulation induced by phencyclidine. The role of the GABA B receptor in the action of phencyclidine is discussed.
High-resolution 13C DNP NMR and 13C knight shift suppression in single crystals of the organic conductor (fluoranthenyl)2PF6

We report a 13C DNP NMR study of the organic conductor fluoranthenyl (FA) radical cation salt (FA)2+PF6−. We have been able to suppress the Knight shift by saturating the ESR line. Overhauser enhancements achieved were large enough to detect 1016 carbons after 1 s of microwave saturation.
The Navy 500-Hour Test (NFHT) of the Intercooled Recuperated Gas Turbine Engine System (ICR)

The Intercooled Recuperated Gas Turbine Engine System (ICR) is being developed by the United States Navy (USN) for shipboard application as a prime mover. The major development goal of the program is reduced fuel consumption relative to the LM2500, the current fielded gas turbine prime mover. This paper describes a 500-hour endurance test of the ICR system. The test was conducted at Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (NSWCCD), Philadelphia, in accordance with USN requirements which mimicked the qualification requirements for the system.Data to assess the capability of the ICR to pass the qualification test was collected. Overall, the ICR has demonstrated a readiness to commence qualification testing.The ICR completed the test with a total accumulated operating time of 457 hours and total endurance time of 322 hours. Achievement of the planned 500 endurance hours was precluded by persistent facility waterbrake problems.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Individual author prototyping: desktop development of courseware

Abstract This paper explores the application of recently introduced general purpose programming languages to courseware prototyping. Following the desktop publishing metaphor, it is now possible for individual authors to bring about a smooth transition from prototyping to publishing innovative and effective courseware. The author's experience developing an economics application demonstrates that the new language HyperCard is particularly well-suited to CAL development.
Annealing of silver chloride crystals containing internal print-out

Abstract The H aynes -S hockley technique was used to obtain internal print-out in single silver chloride crystals. Print-out was produced in all crystals from various boules after observing that, in some discs from the boules, the surface deformation from manufacturer disc-shaping had a depth of 2.54 mm. After internal print-out was produced, the crystals were given a short MgO anneal at 425°C, which decorated substructure and produced small internal precipitates with definite geometric configurations. Annealing at 425°C for 40–50 hr produced uniform cylindrical precipitates with diameters of approximately 2 μ and lengths
Efectividad de la vacuna antigripal en individuos de 50-64 años de edad durante una estación de baja concordancia antigénica entre las cepas de virus de la vacuna y las cepas circulantes del virus de la gripe: Colorado, Estados Unidos, 2003-2004*

During the 2003-2004 influenza season, we conducted a case-control study of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) among Colorado residents aged 50-64 years. Cases (n = 330) were identified from laboratory-confirmed influenza reports to the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). Controls (n = 1,055) were recruited by random-digit dial telephone survey. VE was 60% (43-72%) and 48% (21-66%) among those without and with high-risk medical conditions, respectively. VE was 90% (68-97%) and 36% (0-63%) against influenza-related hospitalization for persons without and with high-risk conditions, respectively.
Automation and customization of rendered web pages

On the desktop, an application can expect to control its user interface down to the last pixel, but on the World Wide Web, a content provider has no control over how the client will view the page, once delivered to the browser. This creates an opportunity for end-users who want to automate and customize their web experiences, but the growing complexity of web pages and standards prevents most users from realizing this opportunity. We describe Chickenfoot, a programming system embedded in the Firefox web browser, which enables end-users to automate, customize, and integrate web applications without examining their source code. One way Chickenfoot addresses this goal is a novel technique for identifying page components by keyword pattern matching. We motivate this technique by studying how users name web page components, and present a heuristic keyword matching algorithm that identifies the desired component from the user's name.
Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of lymphocyte-derived corticotropin: endotoxin induction of a truncated peptide.

Abstract To determine the degree of similarity between pituitary and lymphocyte proopiomelanocortin, the lymphocyte mRNA was reverse transcribed, cloned, and sequenced. Murine lymphocyte mRNA was first purified by oligo(dT)-cellulose affinity chromatography and was reverse transcribed by using a selective 3' antisense oligonucleotide primer directed at the boundary between the translated/nontranslated region on the 3' end of exon 3. This cDNA was then amplified in a polymerase chain reaction with selective primers containing Sal I and Kpn I restriction endonuclease sites. Amplified cDNA was then directionally ligated into M13mp18 and M13mp19 bacteriophage and was sequenced. The nucleotide sequence encoding this peptide was identical to that of mouse pituitary corticotropin (ACTH). Elevated levels of lymphocyte immunoreactive ACTH were then induced with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and the peptide(s) was purified by antibody affinity chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The predominant immunoreactive ACTH species was approximately 3 kDa and its sequence was identical to pituitary ACTH(1-25). These results conclusively demonstrate that lymphocytes produce authentic ACTH and harbor its mRNA.
Optimizing residual carriers in undoped InAs/GaSb superlattices for high operating temperature mid-infrared detectors

The mid-infrared 21 A InAs/24 A GaSb superlattices (SLs) designed for the 4 μm cutoff wavelength were grown by molecular beam epitaxy at growth temperatures between 370 and 430 °C in order to reduce residual background carriers. The lowest density of 1.8 × 10 11 cm -2 was obtained from the SLs grown at 400 °C. With increasing growth temperature, in-plane hole mobility decreased from 8740 to 1400 cm 2 / Vs due to increased interfacial roughness, while the photoluminescence (PL) intensity increased due to a decrease in the number of nonstoichiometric nonradiative defects. Further reduction of carrier density to 1 × 10 11 cm -2 was achieved by increasing barrier width. As GaSb layer width increases from 24 to 48 A, the cutoff wavelength decreased from 4.1 to 3.4 μm, which is still in the mid-infrared detection window. More importantly, a dramatic improvement on the PL intensity and the full width at half maximum was achieved from the SL samples with the wider GaSb widths. All mid-infrared SL samples investigated in our studies were residually p-type.
Unemployment-inflamation trade-offs with rational expectations open economy

The paper establishes the existence of unemployment inflation trade-offs with rational expectations in an open economy. In general, instantaneous competitive market clearing is required in addition to rational expectations for the unemployment .rate to be independent of stabilization policy. By abandoning this ‘efficient auction market hypothesis’ for the labor market and the domestic output market and by giving the home country some control over the world price of its exportable, it is possible to ‘buy’ domestic inflation at a rate below the world rate of inflation by keeping the unemployment rate above the natural rate, or domestic unemployment below the natural rate by accepting a rate of inflation in excess of the world rate of inflation. The scope for stabilization policy to influence the internal and external targets (unemployment, inflation and balance of payment equilibrium) is characterized using the concepts of dynamic point controllability and dynamic path controllability.
Posttranslational modifications and activity of natural and recombinant tissue factor

Tissue factor is a membrane protein, which in a complex with factor VIIa initiates in vivo blood coagulation. Due to the scarcity of natural tissue factor protein, most studies have relied upon recombinant tissue factor forms. However, there have been only cursory experimental comparisons of natural and recombinant tissue factor proteins. Our preliminary data suggested that placental tissue factor in a complex with factor VIIa was more efficient activator of factor X than the recombinant protein. After deglycosylation, both forms of tissue factor showed almost an identical activity in the extrinsic factor Xase. Analyses using tryptic digestion and mass-spectrometry revealed that the levels of glycosylation and the composition of carbohydrates present in natural placental tissue factor were different than those in its recombinant counterpart. These data indicate that natural and recombinant tissue factor proteins differ in their posttranslational modifications and that these differences translate into different cofactor activity. Thus the use of recombinant tissue factor proteins for the quantitation of natural tissue factor is misleading.
Why Alzheimer trials fail: removing soluble oligomeric beta amyloid is essential, inconsistent, and difficult

Before amyloid formation, peptides cleaved from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) exist as soluble oligomers. These are extremely neurotoxic. Their concentration is strongly correlated with synaptic impairment in animals and parallel cognitive decline in animals and humans. Clinical trials have largely been aimed at removing insoluble beta amyloid in senile plaques and have not reduced soluble load. Even treatment that should remove soluble oligomers has not consistently reduced the load. Failure to significantly improve cognition has frequently been attributed to failure of the amyloid hypothesis or to irreversible alteration in the brain. Instead, trial failures may be because of failure to significantly reduce load of toxic Aβ oligomers. Moreover, targeting only synthesis of Aβ peptides, only the oligomers themselves, or only the final insoluble amyloid may fail to significantly reduce soluble load because of the interrelationship between these 3 points in the amyloid cascade. Thus, treatments may fail unless trials target simultaneously all 3 points in the equation-"triple therapy". Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and other monitoring tools may in the future provide reliable measurement of soluble load. But currently, only analysis of autopsied brains can provide this data and thus enable proper evaluation and explanation of the outcome of clinical trials. These data are essential before attributing trial failures to the advanced nature of the disease or asserting that failures prove that the theory linking Alzheimer's disease to products of amyloid precursor protein is incorrect.
The nuclear receptor corepressor SMRT inhibits interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) transcription through an HRE-independent mechanism.

Abstract Nuclear receptors inhibit synthesis of collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproeinase-1; MMP-1), an enzyme that degrades interstitial collagens and contributes to joint pathology in rheumatoid arthritis. SMRT (Silencing Mediator for Retinoid and Thyroid hormone receptors) mediates the repressive effect of nuclear receptors at hormone responsive elements (HREs), prompting us to investigate whether this co-repressor could also regulate transcription of MMP-1, which lacks any known HREs. We find that primary synovial fibroblasts express SMRT. When over-expressed by transient transfection, SMRT inhibits MMP-1 promoter activity induced by interleukin-1 (IL-1), phorbol phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or v-Src. SMRT apparently inhibits MMP-1 gene expression by interfering with one or more transcriptional elements clustered in a region between −321 and +63. We conclude that SMRT negatively regulates MMP-1 synthesis through a novel, HRE-independent mechanism that involves proximal regions of the MMP-1 promoter.
T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia is characterized by massive TCRBV-restricted clonal CD8 expansion and a generalized overexpression of the effector cell marker CD57.

INTRODUCTION Large granular lymphocyte leukemia (LGL) is a clonal lymphoproliferative disease of CD8+ T cells expressing the CD57 activation marker. It is, however, unknown whether the CD57+ population represents the LGL clone or not. We previously demonstrated that the clone can be found in both CD8+CD57+ and CD8+CD57- cells, indicating that the LGL clone also resides in the CD57- fraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we quantified the extent of the clonal CD8 expansion in LGL using T-cell receptor Vbeta (TCRBV)-specific monoclonal antibodies, and determined whether the CD4 population also contained skews. Furthermore, dominant TCRBV populations were assessed for clonal status using T-cell receptor-gamma (TCRG) PCR on genomic DNA. RESULTS We show that the dominant TCRBV in LGL contains CD57+ and CD57- cells. Molecular analysis of CD8+CD57+ and CD8+CD57- subfractions of the dominant TCRBV by TCRG PCR demonstrates that indeed both fractions are clonal, and that the clone is absent from the dominant TCRBV-negative population. Furthermore, we show that CD57 overexpression is not restricted to the LGL clone, but a general phenomenon in CD8 cells of LGL patients. CONCLUSION We therefore conclude that the primary characteristic of LGL is a clonal expansion of CD8 cells, with a concomitant upregulation of CD57 on this clone and uninvolved cells.
Soil thermal and moisture regimes on forested slopes of an appalachian watershed

Abstract Soil thermal and moisture regimes were studied at four sites of contrasting slope positions and aspects within a forested Appalachian watershed (39° 41′N, 79° 45′W, elevation from 567 m to 796 m). The overall mean temperature for the 0–50 cm soil layer was 12.3°C in 1981; mean annual temperatures ranged from 13.3°C at 2 cm depth on a south-facing lower site to 11.0°C at 50 cm depth on a north-facing lower site. During the growing season soil temperatures of the south-facing lower site exceeded those of other sites by 1°C or less for soils less than 20 cm in depth. Maximum temperature differences between sites were reached in November, and the minimum temperature differences between sites were observed in January. The soil moisture content on the north-facing site exceeded that of all other sites. The south-facing lower site was the driest, while the south-facing upper site and the ridge top were intermediate and had similar moisture regimes. It was concluded that the moisture regime of the south-facing lower site was a joined effect of aspect and relatively high stoniness.
The publishing performance of U.S. economics departments in industrial economics

The publication records (1980–1986) of U.S. Ph.D.-granting economics departments are used to rank departments in industrial economics. Princeton, Cal Tech, Harvard, Yale, and Northwestern demonstrate the strongest and most consistent publishing performances. Also examined are the departmental publication records in each of the 16 subfields of industrial economics and the publication records of the leading individual researchers. The results indicate that the overall reputation of a department does not always reflect faculty strength in industrial economics.