cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QCD jets to all logarithmic orders

We examine the cross section for e+e− → two jets in QCD. We show that, in leading power, the dependence on the jet energy and angular resolution can be exponentiated in a form where all logarithms have been summed up via the renormalization group. Our result makes it possible to systematically compute the effect of non-leading logarithms.
Outcome for children with metastatic solid tumors over the last four decades.

Background Outcomes for pediatric solid tumors have significantly improved over the last 30 years. However, much of this improvement is due to improved outcome for patients with localized disease. Here we evaluate overall survival (OS) for pediatric patients with metastatic disease over the last 40 years. Procedure The United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to conduct this study. Patients diagnosed between 0 and 18 years of age with metastatic Ewings sarcoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma or Wilms tumor were included in the analysis. Results 3,009 patients diagnosed between 1973–2010 met inclusion criteria for analysis. OS at 10 years for patients diagnosed between 1973–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999 and 2000–2010 was 28.3%, 37.2%, 44.7% and 49.3%, respectively (p<0.001). For patients diagnosed between 2000–2010, 10-year OS for patients with Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms tumor was 30.6%, 54.4%, 29.3%, 27.5%, and 76.6%, respectively, as compared to 13.8%, 25.1%, 13.6%, 17.9% and 57.1%, respectively, for patients diagnosed between 1973–1979. OS for neuroblastoma significantly increased with each decade. For patients with osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, there was no improvement in OS over the last two decades. There was no improvement in outcome for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma or Wilms tumor over the last 30 years. Conclusions OS for pediatric patients with metastatic solid tumors has significantly improved since the 1970s. However, outcome has changed little for some malignancies in the last 20–30 years. These data underscore the importance of continued collaboration and studies to improve outcome for these patients.
The measurement of oxygen diffusion coefficients in polymeric solutions

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present a new method of measuring oxygen diffusion coefficients with membrane-covered polarographic oxygen electrodes and to assess its applicability to viscous polymeric solutions of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), dextran and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The results indicate that, except in CMC solutions, the oxygen diffusion coefficient decreases with an increase in polymer concentration. In the CMC solutions, however, oxygen diffusion coefficients first decrease with an increased polymer concentration, then increase while the polymer concentration exceeds a critical value. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are explored.
The Politics of Venture Philanthropy in Charter School Policy and Advocacy.

Philanthropists have long funded a wide range of educational research, practice, and policy initiatives, primarily through namesake foundations. Some observers have criticized these efforts as doing little to change the status quo in education and have called for more aggressive action on the part of this sector. Out of this critique has emerged a new philanthropic form, often termed venture philanthropy . Perhaps nowhere is venture philanthropy more prevalent than in the charter school and policy and advocacy terrain. Drawing from document analysis and a review of historical literature, this article provides a sociopolitical, descriptive discussion of this “new” form of philanthropy in supporting the charter school reform network. It also examines the funding strategies of venture philanthropies and the areas of policy intersection in program initiatives. The article concludes with a discussion of some political and philosophical tensions that venture philanthropy raises and also provides suggestions for...
“You See It Everywhere. It’s Just Natural.”: Contextualizing the Role of Peers, Family, and Neighborhood in Initial Substance Use

The current study utilizes in-depth interviews with inner city African-American and Latino adolescents to understand how they negotiate initial substance use. We applied the social norms approach to explore the role of peers, family, and neighborhood on adolescents’ initial substance use. Utilizing data from 36 interview participants, our analysis revealed that extended family members were pivotal in providing adolescents with their initial alcohol; however, female adolescents were more likely than male adolescents to acquire marijuana from their male peers, for free. Understanding situational contexts underlying initial substance use is imperative for future interventions with this population.
The new biochemistry: blending the traditional with the other

Abstract Designing and presenting a modern biochemistry course is a challenging task. With an overabundance of topics to cover and a limited amount of class time, instructors must be creative and flexible. Traditionally, biochemical studies have been based on protein structure and function with emphasis on metabolism and bioenergetics. Developing methods in molecular biology are providing a new perspective on biochemistry. To train students for the future, it is imperative that these new topics be blended with the traditional. Model syllabi with this perspective are presented for a typical one-year, (28 weeks, two semester) course for biochemistry majors and the shorter survey course (one half-year, 14 weeks, one semester) for nonmajors, usually health professionals and biological science majors. The major change suggested from the present is to move the coverage of nucleic acid structure and function before metabolism. It is then possible to present metabolism in a more contemporary format with emphasis on regulation and integration.
Improving within-genus tree species discrimination using the discrete wavelet transform applied to airborne hyperspectral data

Discrete wavelet analysis was assessed for its utility in aiding discrimination of three pine species (Pinus spp.) using airborne hyperspectral data (AVIRIS). Two different sets of Haar wavelet features were compared to each other and to calibrated radiance, as follows: (1) all combinations of detail and final level approximation coefficients and (2) wavelet energy features rather than individual coefficients. We applied stepwise discriminant techniques to reduce data dimensionality, followed by discriminant techniques to determine separability. Leave-one-out cross validation was used to measure the classification accuracy. The most accurate (74.2%) classification used all combinations of detail and approximation coefficients, followed by the original radiance (66.7%) and wavelet energy features (55.1%). These results indicate that application of the discrete wavelet transform can improve species discrimination within the Pinus genus.
On the application of simple rift basin models to the south polar region of Enceladus

[1] The south polar terrain (SPT) of Saturn’s moon Enceladus is a mysteriously active region that exhibits intriguing tectonic signatures and widespread fracturing. The central region of the nearly-circular SPT is depressed into the surface by a few hundred meters and bounded by a ring of cliffs roughly 1 km high. In this study, we investigate whether this depression and surrounding mountainous uplift is consistent with the morphology of terrestrial rift basins and the possibility that the SPT could have formed during a tectonic event analogous to those of such rift basins on Earth. Using three mechanical models of basin formation, we compare our predicted topography of the SPT with observed topography of the region. The first of three models we consider assumes crustal stretching by factor b, and predicts a basin depth of roughly 600 m, closely matching previously published estimates of the depth at the SPT. Models of extension and compression, assuming an elastic response in the ice crust, predict best-fit mountain uplift of roughly 1820 m and 1130 m, respectively. Our preferred model suggests that the icy shell in the SPT has been stretched, but the extension is (partially) balanced by compression along the edges of the basin leading to the uplift of the mountains along the boundary, thereby implying that the SPT may have a tectonic origin analogous to that of a terrestrial basin.
Towards a cultural heritage digital library

This paper surveys research areas relevant to cultural heritage digital libraries. The emerging National Science Digital Library promises to establish the foundation on which those of us beyond the scientific and engineering community will likely build. This paper thus articulates the particular issues that we have encountered in developing cultural heritage collections. We provide a broad overview of audiences, collections, and services.
Speech Evaluation for Patients with Cleft Palate

Children with cleft palate are at risk for speech problems, particularly those caused by velopharyngeal insufficiency. There may be an additional risk of speech problems caused by malocclusion. This article describes the speech evaluation for children with cleft palate and how the results of the evaluation are used to make treatment decisions. Instrumental procedures that provide objective data regarding the function of the velopharyngeal valve, and the 2 most common methods of velopharyngeal imaging, are also described. Because many readers are not familiar with phonetic symbols for speech phonemes, Standard English letters are used for clarity.
A peritoneal-based automated wearable artificial kidney.

Work on wearable kidneys has evolved around the technology of hemodialysis or hemofiltration, which call for continuous anticoagulation of the extracoporeal circulation and are encumbered with potential immunologic and non-immunologic complications of continuous blood–artificial membrane interactions. A peritoneal-based automated wearable artificial kidney (AWAK) requires no extracorporeal circulation and is therefore “bloodless.” Because AWAK is designed to continuously regenerate and reuse the spent dialysate in perpetuity, it is also “waterless.” A sorbent-based assembly regenerates both the aqueous and the protein components (AqC and PrC) of the spent dialysate, producing a novel, autologous protein-containing dialysate. The regenerated AqC has the same composition as the commercially available peritoneal dialysate, but contains bicarbonate instead of lactate and has a more physiological pH. The regenerated PrC is recycled back into the peritoneal cavity, thereby ameliorating or eliminating protein loss. Depending on the steady-state protein concentrations that can be achieved (under the condition of continuous dialysate regeneration and recycling), the PrC also has the potential of both augmenting ultrafiltration and mediating the removal of protein-bound toxins. Additional sorbents can be incorporated into AWAK for the removal of middle molecular weight uremic toxins. At a regeneration rate of 4 l/h, AWAK provides a dialysate flow of 96 l/day (8–12 times the current rate). Round-the-clock dialysis and ultrafiltration provide steady-state metabolic-biochemical and fluid balance regulation, thereby eliminating “shocks” of abrupt changes in these parameters that characterize the current dialytic modalities. Dialysis-on-the-go, made possible by AWAK’s “wearability” and automation, frees end-stage renal failure patients from the servitude that is demanded by the current dialytic regimentations.
The SmaCC transformation engine: how to convert your entire code base into a different programming language

The SmaCC Transformation Engine is a workbench for building program transformation systems. It has been used to create a wide variety of transformations ranging from simple refactorings to much larger ones, such as converting entire code bases between languages. We will demonstrate how the system works, present a quick overview of the architecture of the generated transformers, describe how typical large scale transformations, such as a migration project, proceeds perform several small transformations of a formula language, and demonstrate some larger, inter-language migrations.
A Tool for Structured Functional Simulation

BLOSIM is a general purpose time-driven (as opposed to event-driven) simulation language. It is written in C language, and is intended to provide a highly structured environment for simulations, thereby making practical the accumulation of libraries of simulation routines which can be reused and making multiprogrammer simulation efforts more practical. It is written with the philosophy of not including any simulation primitives within the language itself, but rather complete generality is maintained by having the user provide these as C routines (either coded from scratch or from a user-provided library). It includes as features a hierarchical specification of blocks, interconnection of blocks by first-in first-out buffers, the passing of parameters to blocks, multiple instances of blocks, and automatic scheduling of the order of block execution. It has been used for the multiprogrammer simulation of data transmission and speech processing systems, in both academic and industrial environments, with good results.
Abundance and Size Structure of Shortnose Sturgeon in the Altamaha River, Georgia

Abstract Endangered Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum inhabit large tidal rivers along the Atlantic coastline of North America, ranging from the St. John River, Canada, southward to the St. Johns River, Florida. Currently, long-term assessments of the abundance and age structure of southern populations are completely lacking. To address this information gap, we assessed recent changes in Shortnose Sturgeon abundance and age structure by sampling with anchored entanglement gear in the Altamaha River, Georgia, during summer in 2004–2010. To estimate abundance, we used the Huggins closed-capture model in Program MARK. We assessed size structure by interpreting the first, second, and third quartiles of the FL of individuals captured during each year. In total, we captured 1,737 Shortnose Sturgeon (72 recaptures). Total estimated abundance was variable, ranging from 1,206 individuals (95% lognormal confidence interval [CI] = 566–2,759) in 2009 to 5,551 individuals (95% CI = 2,804–11,304) in 2006. Much ...
Aminodeoxychorismate synthase inhibitors from one-bead one-compound combinatorial libraries: "staged" inhibitor design.

4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase (ADCS) catalyzes the first step in the conversion of chorismate into p-aminobenzoate, which is incorporated into folic acid. We aim to discover compounds that inhibit ADCS and serve as leads for a new class of antimicrobial compounds. This report presents (1) synthesis of a mass-tag encoded library based on a “staged” design, (2) massively parallel fluorescence-based on-bead screening, (3) rapid structural identification of hits, and (4) full kinetic analysis of ADCS. All inhibitors are competitive against chorismate and Mg2+. The most potent ADCS inhibitor identified has a Ki of 360 μM. We show that the combinatorial diversity elements add substantial binding affinity by interacting with residues outside of but proximal to the active site. The methods presented here constitute a paradigm for inhibitor discovery through active site targeting, enabled by rapid library synthesis, facile massively parallel screening, and straightforward hit identification.
Narrating Acts of Resistance Explorations of Untold Heroic and Horrific Battle Stories Surrounding Robert Franklin Williams's Residence in Lake County, Michigan

The scholarship analyzing the political career of Robert F. Williams has either misinterpreted him, minimized his effect, or only provided limited information about his legacy as a Black revolutionary nationalist leader. In Tyson's biography, for instance, the treatment on Williams in Lake County, Michigan, raises much skepticism when he writes that Williams spent the last 15 years of his life in a quiet place “where he and his family could recover a life of their own.” Different from Tyson's assessment, this article argues that while living in Western Michigan, Williams continued to fight for rights that the U.S. Constitution guaranteed him, his people, and his community by staging a one-man protest against the editor of the Lake County Star for refusing to publish a letter he requested to be printed as a paid advertisement and by fighting to eliminate prostitution, police brutality, and political corruption in the area. Williams was one of several people who were responsible for organizing the People's ...
Using PC-Based Data Acquisition to Teach Data Analysis and Statistical Process Control

An undergraduate laboratory has recently been developed to expose junior mechanical engineering students to the concept, components and operation of data acquisition boards, PC-based data acquisition, analysis and control. The laboratory, which has been taught during the last two fall semesters, consists of the compression testing of golf ball cores using a Riehle compression tester, and analysis of the collected data using digital signal processing techniques and statistical process control (SPC). Student feedback to date suggests the labs have had a positive impact on student learning and underline the importance of including the topic of PC-based data acquisition and analysis in an undergraduate engineering curriculum.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Reliability-aware exceptions: tolerating intermittent faults in microprocessor array structures

In future technology nodes, reliability is expected to become a first-order design constraint. Faults encountered in a chip can be classified into three categories: transient, intermittent, and permanent. Fault classification allows a chip to take the appropriate corrective action. Mechanisms have been proposed to distinguish transient from non-transient faults where all non-transient faults are handled as permanent. Intermittent faults induced by wearout phenomena have become the dominant reliability concern in nanoscale technology, yet there is no mechanism that provides finer classification of non-transient faults into intermittent and permanent faults. In this paper, we present a new class of exceptions called Reliability-Aware Exceptions (RAEs) which provide the ability to distinguish intermittent faults in microprocessor array structures. The RAE handlers have the ability to manipulate microprocessor array structures to recover from all three categories of faults. Using RAEs, we demonstrate that the reliability of two representative microarchitecture structures, load/store queue and reorder buffer in an out-of-order processor, is improved by average factors of 1.3 and 1.95, respectively.
Determinants of performing radical prostatectomy pelvic lymph node dissection and the number of lymph nodes removed in elderly men.

Objective Controversy persists regarding the adequacy of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) and cancer control when comparing minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (MIRP) and open radical prostatectomy (RRP). We characterized determinants of performance and extent of PLND during radical prostatectomy in elderly men. Methods A population-based study was conducted comprised of 5448 men ≥65 years undergoing RRP and MIRP during 2004 to 2006 from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare-linked data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the effect of demographic and tumor characteristics, surgical approach, and surgeon volume on the likelihood of performing PLND. Results PLND was performed for 87.6% vs. 38.3% of men undergoing RRP vs. MIRP ( P P Conclusions Independent of tumor characteristics, men undergoing RRP vs. MIRP were more likely to undergo PLND with greater lymph node yield and racial variation observed. Further studies are needed to determine the appropriate use of PLND.
Thermal Based Optimization of Functional Block Distributions in a Non-Uniformly Powered Die

Microprocessors continue to grow in capabilities, complexity and performance. The current generation of microprocessors integrates functional components such as logic and level two (L2) cache memory into the microprocessor architecture. The functional integration of the microprocessor has resulted in better performance of the microprocessor as the clock speed has increased and the instruction execution time has decreased. However, the integration has introduced a layer of complexity to the thermal design and management of microprocessors. As a direct result of function integration, the power map on a microprocessor is highly non-uniform and the assumption of a uniform heat flux across the chip surface is not valid. The objective of this paper is to minimize the thermal resistance of the package by optimizing the distribution of the uniformly powered functional blocks. In order to model the non-uniform power dissipation on the silicon chip, the chip surface area is divided into a 4 × 4 and 6×6 matrix with a matrix space representing a distinct functional block with a constant heat flux. Finally, using a FEM code, an optimization of the positioning of the functional blocks relative to each other was carried out in order to minimize the junction temperature Tj. This analysis has no constraints placed on the redistribution of functional blocks. The best possible Tjmax reduction could thus be found. In reality (and at a later date) constraints must be placed regarding the maximum separation of any 2 (or more) functional blocks to satisfy electrical timing and compute performance requirements. Design guidelines are then suggested regarding the thermal based optimal distribution for any number of functional blocks. The commercial finite element code ANSYS® is used for this analysis.© 2005 ASME
Hybrid locked plating of osteoporotic fractures of the humerus.

Background: Locked plating techniques recently have gained popularity and offer a different biomechanical approach for fracture fixation compared with traditional compression plating. In certain clinical situations, it may be preferable to employ a “hybrid” construct, in which an unlocked screw is used to assist with reduction and locked screws are subsequently used to protect the initial reduction. In the present study, we used an unstable osteoporotic fracture model of the humerus to determine (1) whether a hybrid construct behaved more like a locked construct or a conventional unlocked construct and (2) whether there was a difference between locked and unlocked constructs. Methods: Thirty third-generation Sawbones humeri were divided into three groups of ten humeri each. A locking plate with combination holes was applied to each bone with use of either a locked construct, an unlocked construct, or a hybrid construct. To simulate purchase in osteoporotic bone, all screw-holes were drilled to 0.3 mm less than the diameter of the screw used. Each specimen was then osteotomized in the middle part of the shaft, and a 5-mm segment was removed. Oscillating cyclic torsion testing was performed to ±10 N-m for 1000 cycles, torsional stiffness was determined at periodic cyclic intervals, and the groups were compared. Results: The locked and hybrid constructs demonstrated similar behavior. The initial stiffness was similar in these two groups. At ten cycles, the locked and hybrid constructs retained 96.3% and 95.4% of their initial stiffness, respectively. During the remainder of cycling the stiffness of the locked and hybrid constructs decreased in a linear fashion (R2 = 0.89 and 0.88, respectively), and at 1000 cycles the stiffness of the locked and hybrid constructs averaged 80.0% and 79.2% of the initial values, respectively (p = 1.0). In contrast, the unlocked constructs initially were significantly less stiff than both the locked and hybrid constructs (p < 0.001). At ten cycles the unlocked constructs retained 80.4% of their initial stiffness, and at 1000 cycles they retained only 22.3% of their initial stiffness. Conclusions: Hybrid constructs are mechanically similar to locked constructs, and both are significantly more stable than unlocked constructs under torsional cyclic loading. Clinical Relevance: Combining screws in the hybrid configuration used in the present study did not compromise the mechanical performance of the construct. Hybrid constructs may decrease cost and may provide additional clinical value when treating fractures in osteoporotic bone.
Oxygen reduction on LaMnO3-Based cathode materials in solid oxide fuel cells

Cubic perovskite LaMnO3 surface models were constructed to elucidate the mechanism of oxygen reduction using quantum chemical calculations with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Calculations predict that both dissociative and molecular adsorption may occur, depending on adsorbate configurations. Superoxo- or peroxo-like species may locate at La, Mn, and Osub active sites with different vibrational frequencies and atomic charges. A stepwise elementary reaction sequence via the superoxo- or peroxo-like intermediates at both perfect and defective LaMnO3 was constructed by mapping out minimum-energy paths (MEPs) using the nudged elastic band (NEB) method. Charge transfer for the O2−LaMnO3 interactions was also explored by Bader charge analysis. In particular, ab initio MD simulations carried out to simulate solid oxide fuel cell conditions at 1073 K suggest that oxygen vacancies enhance O2 dissociation kinetics.
A neutron study of diffuse scattering in cubic KNbO3

The present work describes an inelastic neutron scattering study of the diffuse excitation associated with the ferroelectric phase transition in cubic KNbO3 (T > Tc = 423°C). As in BaTiO3, strong an isotropic quasielastic scattering is observed. Variation of diffuse mode scattering with temperature and wave vector is studied. The temperature dependence of the integrated intensity is consistent with a Curie-Weiss temperature of T0 = 368 ± 10°C, which is in good agreement with the value determined from measurements of the dielectric constant. Qualitatively the behavior appears to be very similar to that of BaTiO3, and in particular no evidence is found to support the existence of statically disordered domains in cubic KNbO3.
Anatomy of Six Public School-University Partnerships

The purposes of this article are to examine 6 school-university partnerships developed between the Special Education Department of the Universiy of South Florida and surrounding school districts and to delineate key factors contributing to their progress. The literature on partnerships is used as a guide for the review. Context and key personnel seem to be two of the most important factors in these 6 projects. Challenges to partnerships are discussed, including the establishment of parity and the role of personal values in developing school-university partnerships.
CALIFORNIA PSYCHOLOGICAL INVENTORY AND THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY

The generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model was tested using the California Psychological Inventory, with the Interpersonal Adjective Scales Revised—B5 and the NEO-Personality Inventory scales as markers for the five major personality factors. The three inventories were completed by 88 male and 99 female undergraduates. Results provided strong empirical evidence for the generality of four factors (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness, and Conscientiousness) but not for the comprehensiveness of the five-factor model.
The manufacture of thick lithium-drifted silicon detectors☆

Abstract A method is described which is used in the manufacture of thick lithium-drifted silicon radiation detectors for use in nuclear physics experiments at the University of Colorado cyclotron laboratory. An effort has been made to simplify and reduce in number the usual procedures of detector manufacture. The counters which are produced by this method are operated either at room temperature or at dry ice temperature and are of a quality comparable to that of the best detectors available.
Mesh Chambers for Positron Emission Tomography

The mesh chamber consists of a multi-layer tungsten mesh gamma convertor coupled to a multiwire proportional chamber. Spatial resolution, time resolution, and efficiency will be discussed for such detectors as applied to positron emission imaging systems operating in both an area and slice mode.
Selecting Among Otolaryngology Residency Applicants to Train as Tomorrow’s Leaders

In contrast, the contemporary residency applica-tionsseemtoemphasizeaccomplishmentovercharac-ter. They are filled with extracurricular activities, re-searchprojects,grades,andboardscores.Implicitinthisaccomplishment emphasis is that the necessary char-acteralreadyexists.However,accomplishmentsarenotnecessarilyequatedwithcharactersinceindividualscandotherightthingsforthewrongreasons.Considerthisexample. There is a critical difference between some-one performing community service with the ultimategoalofenhancingtheircurriculumvitae,comparedwithsomeonewithanultimategoaltoserve.Similarly,thereisacriticaldifferencebetweenanapplicantwithahighboardscorewithlittlecommonsenseandanotherwiththesame(orlower)scorewhopossessesclinicaljudg-ment. It remains challenging to assess one’s characterfromtheapplicationsincecharacterisrelegatedtocom-mentsinrecommendationlettersorsentencesinaper-sonalstatement.Thisdilemmaprecipitatedustorevampourselec-tionprocesstobetterevaluatethecharacterofourap-plicants and reflect our mission of “Training Tomor-row’s Leaders.” As a faculty, we explicitly seek to trainleaders that exemplify 5 core qualities of initiative, in-tegrity, self-discipline, responsibility, and accountabil-ity.InconsultationwiththeDukeFuquaBusinessSchool,as well as support from a Duke Chancellor innovationgrant,ourfacultyunderwentspecifictrainingthatusesbehavior-basedinterviewing(BBI)focusedonour5corequalities.Behavior-based interviewing is a standardized in-terviewingstrategyusedwidelyinanumberoffieldsandisbasedonthepremisethatpastbehaviorpredictsfu-ture performance. Behavior-based interviewing ques-tionsusuallybeginwithdeclarativessuchas,“Describea time…” or “Give an example when….” Studies haveshown that this interview format yields improved jobperformance.
Low even configurations in the first spectrum of ruthenium (Ru I)

The theory of intermediate coupling with configuration interaction is used to calculate energy levels and g values in the 4d65s2, 4d75s, and 4d8 configurations of Ru i. By using fifteen parameters, the positions of fifty-seven observed levels are calculated with a mean deviation of ±54 cm−1 between theory and experiment. There are unexplained differences greater than 500 cm−1 for two other levels, one of which is well confirmed by experiment. Over-all agreement between observed and calculated g values is within ±0.006. Linear relations are obtained between similarly defined electrostatic parameters in the three configurations.
Transient Behavior of Hydrogen Permeation Through Pd/Ag Alloy Micro/Nano Membranes

Separation of hydrogen from the reaction products stream leaving a fuel processor is an essential step prior to its introduction to the fuel cell. To this end, we are developing micromachined Palladium-Silver alloy micro/nano membranes for in-situ hydrogen separation suitable for integration with catalytic fuel reforming microreactors. Although achieving the maximum steady-state hydrogen flux across these membranes is the most important design goal, a detailed understanding and control of the transient process from the starting (no permeation) conditions to the nominal steady-state are critical for effective utilization of H2-separating membranes in a distributed power scheme. In our previous work (McLeod et al., Proceedings of ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, CA) a steady-state model was developed which divides the hydrogen permeation sequence into seven distinct regimes: gas phase mass transport to the surface, adsorption onto the surface, transition into the bulk material, solid-phase diffusion through the bulk material, transition to the effluent surface, desorption into the gas phase and diffusion away from the surface. This presentation investigates the kinetics of each permeation step in order to understand and predict the transient behavior of thin Pd/Ag alloy membranes exposed to varying hydrogen concentration gradients and to establish the rate-limiting step(s). Possible explanations for observed long-term transient behavior, on the order of several hours, will also be discussed. In addition to transient behavior of the Pd/Ag membranes, the design and effects of critical geometric parameters for the membrane test fixture will also be discussed. In order to accurately measure the true performance of a gas permeable membrane, it is critical to minimize changes in partial pressure and the effects of gas-phase mass diffusion across the membrane surface. To quantify these effects three time scales have been defined; flow time, chemical time and diffusion time. The importance of the relative values of these time scales will be discussed for the ideal membrane test fixture.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A game-based platform for crowd-sourcing biomedical image diagnosis and standardized remote training and education of diagnosticians

Over the past decade, crowd-sourcing complex image analysis tasks to a human crowd has emerged as an alternative to energy-inefficient and difficult-to-implement computational approaches. Following this trend, we have developed a mathematical framework for statistically combining human crowd-sourcing of biomedical image analysis and diagnosis through games. Using a web-based smart game (BioGames), we demonstrated this platform’s effectiveness for telediagnosis of malaria from microscopic images of individual red blood cells (RBCs). After public release in early 2012 (http://biogames.ee.ucla.edu), more than 3000 gamers (experts and non-experts) used this BioGames platform to diagnose over 2800 distinct RBC images, marking them as positive (infected) or negative (non-infected). Furthermore, we asked expert diagnosticians to tag the same set of cells with labels of positive, negative, or questionable (insufficient information for a reliable diagnosis) and statistically combined their decisions to generate a gold standard malaria image library. Our framework utilized minimally trained gamers’ diagnoses to generate a set of statistical labels with an accuracy that is within 98% of our gold standard image library, demonstrating the “wisdom of the crowd”. Using the same image library, we have recently launched a web-based malaria training and educational game allowing diagnosticians to compare their performance with their peers. After diagnosing a set of ~500 cells per game, diagnosticians can compare their quantified scores against a leaderboard and view their misdiagnosed cells. Using this platform, we aim to expand our gold standard library with new RBC images and provide a quantified digital tool for measuring and improving diagnostician training globally.
Inauguration address for the Irwin H. Rosenberg professorship of nutrition and human security: human security and the pivotal role of science in achieving it.

EDITOR'S NOTE: This short paper is the inauguration address for installing Dr. Peter Walker as the first Irwin H. Rosenberg Professor of Nutrition and Human Security at Tufts University. The paper addresses the determinants of human security, of which nutrition is a large part, and the challenges that scientists face when doing research on human security issues.
Meta‐analysis of clinical trials as a scientific discipline. I: Control of bias and comparison with large co‐operative trials

Meta-analysis is an important method of bridging the gap between undersized randomized control trials and the treatment of patients. However, as in any retrospective study, the opportunities for bias to distort the results are widespread. Attempts must be made to introduce the controls found in prospective studies by blinding the selection of papers and extraction of data and making blinded duplicate determinations. Informal and personalized methods of obtaining data are probably more liable to error and bias than employing only published data. Publication bias is a serious problem requiring further research. There also need to be more comparisons of meta-analysed small studies with large co-operative trials.
High dietary salt alters arteriolar myogenic responsiveness in normotensive and hypertensive rats

We evaluated arteriolar myogenic responsiveness in normotensive, salt-loaded and hypertensive rats and investigated the potential influence of luminal blood flow or shear stress on myogenic respons...
Implications of technology scaling on leakage reduction techniques

The impact of technology scaling on three run-time leakage reduction techniques (input vector control, body bias control and power supply gating) is evaluated by determining limits and benefits, in terms of the potential leakage reduction, performance penalty, and area and power overhead in 0.25 um, 0.18 um, and 0.07 um technologies. HSPICE simulation results are estimations with various functional units and memory structures are presented to support a comprehensive analysis.
An exact discrete-time transfer-function representation for the analysis and design of discrete/continuous control systems

Discrete/continuous (D/C) control is a modern generalization of contemporary "zero-order-hold" (zoh) type discrete-time control. In this paper, a transfer-function formulation of MIMO discrete/continuous controllers and corresponding, exact "D/C-discretized" MIMO plant models is developed. The results allow control designers to analyze and design D/C controllers using exact, discrete-time transfer-functions and classical block-diagram methods.
Quantification of fundus autofluorescence to detect disease severity in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration.

Importance Accurate assessment of disease burden and determination of disease progression are challenging in dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We assessed the utility of quantified fundus autofluorescence in (FAF) the evaluation and follow-up of dry AMD. Objective To develop a method for quantitative FAF image analysis that is capable of stratifying severity of nonexudative AMD. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective analysis from 2008 to 2012 at a university eye center of FAF images taken of normal and nonexudative AMD eyes compared the Index of Retinal Autofluorescence (IRA) with retinal specialists’ clinical rankings of FAF images and the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) grading scheme of corresponding color fundus photographs. Intervention Digital files of Heidelberg Spectralis FAF images taken of normal and nonexudative AMD eyes were analyzed. For each image, a unique horizontally oriented FAF signature composed of vertically averaged gray-scale values was generated through the fovea. A pairwise comparison of 2 signatures was performed using a modified difference of squares method, which generated a single quantitative value, the IRA. Main Outcomes and Measures The effects of intersession testing, cataract extraction, pupillary dilation, focal plane, and gain settings on the IRA were assessed. Results The FAF images taken of the same subjects at different times demonstrated low intersession variability of the IRA (intraclass coefficient = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.45-0.92). The IRA was affected by cataract severity, cataract extraction, small pupillary diameters ( rs = 0.77). The IRA was positively correlated with AREDS score ( rs = 0.73) and could statistically distinguish AREDS grades 3 and 4 ( P Conclusions and Relevance The IRA method applied to FAF digital files can quantify AMD disease severity and may be helpful in identifying AMD progression.
Modeling the dosage effect of oncogenes in leukemogenesis.

Purpose of reviewThis review discusses the dosage effects of some oncogenes in leukemogenesis and compares various methods that model human hematologic malignancies in mice by introducing genetic lesions in a cell type–specific, time-controlled, and dosage-relevant manner.Recent findingsRecent evide
APPLied mechanics: Uncovering how adiponectin modulates insulin action

Adiponectin, an adipocyte secretory hormone, has been causally linked to insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. A recent paper (Mao et al., 2006) shows that the APPL1 adaptor protein binds to the intracellular domain of adiponectin receptors and mediates some of adiponectin's actions, identifying a novel mechanism linking adiponectin to insulin sensitization.
The effect of fibrin structure on fibrinolysis.

Fibrin structure contributes to the regulation of the fibrinolytic rate. As the fibrin fiber size is decreased, the fibrinolytic rate also decreases. Fibrin structure was altered by either changing the ratio of thrombin to fibrinogen, i.e. altering the assembly rate or by adding a fibrin assembly inhibitor, iopamidol. Changes in the fibrinolytic rate were followed by measuring the time dependence of the decrease in the fiber mass/length ratio during fibrinolysis. A measure of the overall fibrinolytic rate was determined from the decrease in the mass/length ratio versus time. An 8-fold reduction in the fibrinolytic rate was seen on decreasing the mass/length ratio from 2.7 x 10(12) daltons/cm to 0.5 x 10(12) daltons/cm. It is shown that thin fibrin fibers have a decreased rate of conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator and that thin fibrin fibers are lysed more slowly than thick fibrin fibers.
Impedance, gas mixing, and bimodal ventilation in constricted lungs

To evaluate the effect of increasing smooth muscle activation on the distribution of ventilation, lung impedance and expired gas concentrations were measured during a 16-breath He-washin maneuver i...
A consistent test of functional form via nonparametric estimation techniques

Abstract This paper presents a consistent test of functional form of nonlinear regression models. The test combines the methodology of the conditional moment test and nonparametric estimation techniques. Using degenerate and nondegenerate U-statistic theories, the test statistic is shown to be asymptotically distributed standard normal under the null hypothesis that the parametric model is correct, while diverging to infinity at a rate arbitrarily close to n, the sample size, if the parametric model is misspecified. Therefore, the test is consistent against all deviations from the parametric model. The test is robust to heteroskedasticity. A version of the test can be constructed which will have asymptotic power equal to 1 against any local alternatives approaching the null at rates slower than the parametric rate 1/√n. A simulation study reveals that the test has good finite-sample properties.
Motion control of the rabbit ankle joint using a flat interface nerve electrode

A flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) improves spatial fascicular selectivity by reshaping a peripheral nerve and realigning the fascicles inside the nerve trunk. Enhanced fascicular selectivity enables the control of different muscles with a single electrode. However, building a control algorithm using a multi-contact nerve electrode is a challenging problem due to the complexities of the neuromuscular skeletal systems. We developed a motion control algorithm for the neuromuscular skeletal systems using a FINE. The proposed control algorithm separates the static and dynamic properties and finds an inverse model efficiently with little prior knowledge of the system. The algorithm was tested on the motion control of the rabbit ankle joint with a FINE placed on the sciatic nerve. The results show good tracking performance of the proposed control algorithm.
The effects of types of social support from adult children on depression in elderly persons

Employing a stressors-mental health outcomes model, this study examines the effects of four newly developed measures of functional social support from adult children on the depressive symptomatology of elderly persons. Data derive from structured interviews of a community, stratified probability sample of adults aged 50 and over (N =1,174). The stressors examined are undesirable life events and level of disability. Scales representing four types of social support provided by adult children to their elderly parents are employed: caring and concern (CC), social integration (SI), love and affection (LA), and instrumental support (IN). We observed their differential effects on depression in a model which includes sociodemographic factors, disability, and stressful life events. Among the expressive scales (CC, SI, and LA), operationalizations of Cobb's definition of social support, CC and SI show inverse though modest main effects on depression. Conversely, IN exhibits no significant effects. Salutary effects of expressive support are maximized when CC is high. Only SI exhibits a buffering effect. Implications of these and other findings are discussed.
Personality and neuroimaging measures differentiate PTSD from mTBI in veterans

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is common among recent veterans and often is associated with chronic post-concussive symptoms (PCS). Elevated PCS may also be a consequence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which shares symptoms with PCS. Identification of personality, biological, and psychopathology factors that contribute to the relationship between mTBI and PCS could help isolate the sources of chronic post concussive syndrome in veterans. Clinician rated diagnoses (PTSD, Major Depression, Alcohol Dependence), personality characteristics (Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire [MPQ] subscales), white matter brain imaging measures (Mean Diffusivity, Generalized Fractional Anisotropy), and diagnoses of mTBI were collected from 125 American military veterans of Iraq or Afghanistan. Linear and logistic regression models were tested to determine contributions to PCS and whether there were similar contributors to PTSD and mTBI. PCS score was associated with personality characteristics of high Stress Reaction and Traditionalism and low Control as well as mTBI. A diagnosis of PTSD was associated with low Social Closeness, PCS, Alcohol Dependence, and abnormal white matter mean diffusivity. Diagnosis of mTBI was associated with fewer white matter mean diffusivity abnormalities, PCS, and number of deployments. As commonly observed clinically, both PTSD and mTBI were associated with higher rates of PCS, though the contribution of PTSD appears to be secondary to personality traits, particularly Stress Reaction. Furthermore, the observation of factors that are uniquely associated with Blast mTBI (number of deployments) or with PTSD (Lifetime Alcohol Dependence and low Social Closeness), as well as a factor (region of abnormal MD) that had opposite effects on the likelihood of each diagnosis, indicates that the complex relationships between personality, psychopathology, and nature of mTBI need to be considered when interpreting chronic post-concussive symptoms.
A framework for unrestricted whole-program optimization

Procedures have long been the basic units of compilation in conventional optimization frameworks. However, procedures are typically formed to serve software engineering rather than optimization goals, arbitrarily constraining code transformations. Techniques, such as aggressive inlining and interprocedural optimization, have been developed to alleviate this problem, but, due to code growth and compile time issues, these can be applied only sparingly.This paper introduces the Procedure Boundary Elimination (PBE) compilation framework, which allows unrestricted whole-program optimization. PBE allows all intra-procedural optimizations and analyses to operate on arbitrary subgraphs of the program, regardless of the original procedure boundaries and without resorting to inlining. In order to control compilation time, PBE also introduces novel extensions of region formation and encapsulation. PBE enables targeted code specialization, which recovers the specialization benefits of inlining while keeping code growth in check. This paper shows that PBE attains better performance than inlining with half the code growth.