cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interhospital transfer handoff practices among US tertiary care centers: A descriptive survey.

BACKGROUND Interhospital transfer is an understudied area within transitions of care. The process by which hospitals accept and transfer patients is not well described. National trends and best practices are unclear. OBJECTIVE To describe the demographics of large transfer centers, to identify common handoff practices, and to describe challenges and notable innovations involving the interhospital transfer handoff process. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 32 tertiary care centers in the United States was studied. Respondents were typically transfer center directors surveyed by phone. MAIN MEASURES Data regarding transfer center demographics, handoff communication practices, electronic infrastructure, and data sharing were obtained. RESULTS The median number of patients transferred each month per receiving institution was 700 (range, 250–2500); on average, 28% of these patients were transferred to an intensive care unit. Transfer protocols and practices varied by institution. Transfer center coordinators typically had a medical background (78%), and critical care–trained registered nurse was the most prevalent (38%). Common practices included: mandatory recorded 3-way physician-to-physician conversation (84%) and mandatory clinical status updates prior to patient arrival (81%). However, the timeline of clinical status updates was variable. Less frequent transfer practices included: electronic medical record (EMR) cross-talk availability and utilization (23%), real-time transfer center documentation accessibility in the EMR (32%), and referring center clinical documentation available prior to transport (29%). A number of innovative strategies to address challenges involving interhospital handoffs are reported. CONCLUSIONS Interhospital transfer practices vary widely amongst tertiary care centers. Practices that lead to improved patient handoffs and reduced medical errors need additional prospective evaluation. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
GIFs as Embodied Enactments in Text-Mediated Conversation

ABSTRACTText messaging has become an increasingly common medium for communication. Its format provides a novel context for the study of social activity in ways that both mirror face-to-face dialogue and extend beyond it. Based on the analysis of a corpus of text-mediated conversations incorporating animated images (“graphical interchange formats,” commonly known as GIFs), we show how texters reproduce depictions of the embodied actions of others as stand-ins for their own nonverbal behavior. They use GIFs either as affective responses displaying their stance toward prior talk or as co-text demonstrations of affect and action. The use of GIFs represents a novel form of embodied reenactment made possible within the technological advances of the communicative system. Data are in American English.
Effective Analysis of Health Education About Endemic Fluorosis of Zoucheng City

OBJECTIVE To investigate the awareness of endemic fluorosis and the effectiveness of health education in Zoucheng City, and to provide a theoretical basis for preventing the endemic fluorosis. METHODS We investigated Grade 5 pupils of 5 schools and the women of child-bearing age around the schools with the questionnaires about the knowledge of endemic fluorosis before and after the education. And the results were compared. RESULTS Before the health education, the pupils in Grade 5 acquired the relevant knowledge of endemic fluorosis mainly from leaflets, wall newspapers and slogans, and accounted for 43.82%. The awareness rate of endemic fluorosis was 61.78%. Before the health education, the women of child-bearing age obtained relevant knowledge mainly from the doctors and medical professionals, accounted for 41.08% . The awareness rate of endemic fluorosis was 64.44% . There were statistically significant differences in the awareness rate of endemic fluorosis among the child -bearing age women with different educational background. After the health education, the awareness rates of endemic fluorosis of the students and women were both significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS The awareness rate of knowledge about preventing endemic fluorosis is significantly increased after the health education. In order to prevent endemic fluorosis, we should strengthen the publicity and develop health education.
Sparsely connected neural networks in FPGA for handwritten digit recognition

Deep convolutional neural networks provide state-of-the-art results for image classification tasks [1]. Due to the high amount of floating point operations, their implementation in embedded systems is still a challenge, but the rewards in case of success are significant. Embedded systems based on FPGA provide a much more efficient solution in terms of power, size and cost when compared with the alternatives (GPUs, workstations). This work presents an ongoing research aiming at developing new design methods capable of facilitating the integration of neural networks in image processing applications executing in FPGA. It has been shown [2] that L1 regularization can be used during the training phase of neural networks to reduce the number of floating point operations in multi-layer perceptrons. In this work we further analyze the impact of L1 regularization in other kinds of neural networks and conclude that pre-processing the data with convolutional layers in the FPGA improve not only the accuracy of the system but also allows for further reduction in floating point operations in the subsequent fully connected layers.
Promoting Supportive Relationships in Youth Programs: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

Although research suggests that positive contact with non-parental adults is developmentally beneficial for youth; many adolescents do not have access to such relationships. It is important that adults structure existing relationships to optimize positive youth development. Relationships with adults, who support youth’s needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence, provide youth with scaffolding as they navigate their way through adolescence. Self-Determination Theory offers a straight-forward approach to understanding the elements of contexts that best promote the development of supportive relationships. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature concerning youth-adult relationships, including their associated prevalence and developmental benefits across multiple contexts. These findings are then integrated into a framework of best practices for developing and supporting positive youth relationships with adults within youth program settings. Several theory-based recommendations are offered for youth program administrators and staff who wish to improve youth-adult relationships in their programs.
Educating Children to Bend the Curve: For a Stable Climate, Sustainable Nature and Sustainable Humanity

While climate change is one of several major challenges for sustainable development, it has become a poster-child for unsustainable consumption and for the gross failure of current models of economic growth, which do not value the depletion of natural capital. It is a poster child because climate change links all aspects of human well being, including ecological, cultural, social, economic and political aspects. The stock of climate pollutants already in the atmosphere is sufficient to warm the climate to unprecedented levels within 35 years, with serious if not devastating consequences to the poorest three billion people, who had very little to do with the pollution. But there is still time to avoid catastrophic climate disruption—which could result in systemic risks and even existential threats for all. While the present generation is taking positive steps (with the 195-nation Paris agreement a decisive major step), these steps and actions are not commensurate with the urgency or scope of the dangers of climate disruption.
A dimensionless analysis of residence time distributions for continuous powder mixing

Abstract For continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, understanding the dynamics of how a material flows through the process is critical with respect to the development of a control strategy for product quality assurance. Such understanding of the process dynamics can be obtained by characterization of the residence time distribution (RTD). The RTD for a process is not fixed and can vary due to changes in operating conditions or physiochemical properties of the blend. As such the RTD needs to be evaluated over the range of operating condition that can impact process dynamics (e.g. throughput, impeller rotation rate etc.). In this paper, we demonstrate that the dimensionless RTD (normalized with respect to the mean residence time) is invariant with throughput and impeller rotation rates under certain conditions for the two continuous direct compression processes. We present a case study to illustrate the utility of this relationship for predicting the process dynamics at different operating conditions (i.e., throughputs) and evaluating the impact of variations in the process dynamics on the control strategy for a continuous direct compression process.
Causal Sets and Generalizations

This chapter describes properties of directed sets and multidirected sets, which supply the basic structural content of discrete causal theory. Mathematically, these objects are usually called directed graphs and directed multigraphs, respectively, but set-theoretic terminology seems preferable for physical applications, despite the fact that the term “directed set” has a more specific conventional meaning. Directed sets and multidirected sets may be viewed as generalizations of causal sets, which have been studied as discrete models of spacetime since the 1980s. One of the main tasks of this chapter is to begin to describe some of the ways in which the version of discrete causal theory developed in this book differs from causal set theory, and to explain the reasons for these differences. Section 3.1 describes the preliminaries of causal set theory, along with some historical details. Section 3.2 explains how Sorkin’s ansatz for causal sets, “order plus number equals geometry,” may be viewed as an early version of the classical causal metric hypothesis. Section 3.3 briefly outlines quantum causal set theory, which serves as a point of comparison for the version of discrete quantum causal theory developed in Part II. Section 3.4 describes some topics in causal set dynamics and phenomenology, with a focus on Sorkin and Rideout’s theory of sequential growth dynamics. Section 3.5 presents a formal axiomatic description of causal set theory. Section 3.6 introduces the more general classes of directed sets and multidirected sets necessary to describe the version of discrete causal theory developed in this book. Directed sets serve as models of classical spacetime, while multidirected sets supply the “higher-level” structure of configuration spaces of classical histories arising in the corresponding quantum theory. Section 3.7 describes basic structural notions for multidirected sets, such as chains, antichains, and domains of influence. Section 3.8 outlines useful analogies involving order theory and category theory, with emphasis on the contributions of Grothendieck. Section 3.9 explains why transitive binary relations, such as those used in causal set theory, are likely inadequate to model fundamental causal structure in the discrete setting. A few prominent physicists, such as David Finkelstein, have previously recognized this problem. Section 3.10 introduces the causal relation, which is a generally nontransitive binary relation that generates the transitive relation usually associated with causal structure in conventional contexts.
Robot Cognition using Bayesian Symmetry Networks

(Leyton, 2001) proposed a generative theory of shape, and general cognition, based on group actions on sets as defined by the wreath product. Our position expressed here is that this approach can provide a strong basis for robot cognition when: 1. tightly coupled to sensorimotor data and analysis, 2. used to structure both general concepts and specific instances, and 3. combined with a probabilistic framework (Bayesian networks) to characterize uncertainty. We describe a roadmap to achieve these and provide some evidence of feasibility.
Finite element simulation of photoacoustic fiber optic sensors for surface corrosion detection on a steel rod

Structural steel members have become integral components in the construction of civil engineering infrastructures such as bridges, stadiums, and shopping centers due to versatility of steel. Owing to the uniqueness in the design and construction of steel structures, rigorous non-destructive evaluation techniques are needed during construction and operation processes to prevent the loss of human lives and properties. This research aims at investigating the application of photoacoustic fiber optic transducers (FOT) for detecting surface rust of a steel rod. Surface ultrasonic waves propagation in intact and corroded steel rods was simulated using finite element method (FEM). Radial displacements were collected and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) was applied to obtain the spectrogram. It was found that the presence of surface rust between the FOT and the receiver can be detected in both time and frequency domain. In addition, spectrogram can be used to locate and quantify surface rust. Furthermore, a surface rust detection algorithm utilizing the FOT has been proposed for detection, location and quantification of the surface rust.
Kolkata paise restaurant game for resource allocation in the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising networking technology that will realize many innovative smart city applications. It is anticipated that the number of connected IoT devices will greatly outweigh the available communication resources, and, thus, a key challenge is to optimize the allocation of wireless resources among the IoT devices, which are often limited in their functionality. In this paper, a distributed approach is proposed for enabling IoT devices with incomplete information and multiple objectives to effectively utilize the limited communication resources. In particular, a massive IoT consisting of IoT devices with imperfect knowledge competing over limited communication resources is formulated using a novel Kolkata paise restaurant game. For the formulated game, it is shown that the socially optimal solution coincides with the Nash equilibrium. Furthermore, a learning framework is developed to enable the IoT devices to autonomously learn their equilibrium strategies to optimize their transmission. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme in increasing the number of successful transmissions as a function of the amount of available information, device density, and transmission probability is analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed learning framework can significantly increase the percentage of communication resources used to successfully transmit by up to threefold, compared to a baseline random allocation scheme. The results also show that the proposed learning framework with imperfect knowledge is more effective in an IoT with higher device density.
Pedestrian hybrid beacon signals: Identifying characteristics associated with negative consequences to reduce danger at mid-block locations

Abstract The focus of this paper is on an evaluation of negative consequences due to the installation of pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB) signals and to identify associated characteristics to proactively plan and reduce danger at mid-block locations. Data for thirteen mid-block locations with a PHB signal in the city of Charlotte, North Carolina was gathered to conduct before-after analysis using Empirical Bayes (EB) method. Data for fifty-nine mid-block locations without a PHB signal or similar treatment was considered as control locations for developing a safety performance function (SPF). The on-network characteristics were considered as the predictor variables, while the number of all crashes from 2011 to 2013 was considered as the dependent variable. The SPF was validated using 2014 data. A calibration factor was applied to estimate the number of all crashes at each PHB location. The results obtained from before-after EB analysis showed that the actual number of all crashes are relatively higher after the installation of PHB signals at five out of the thirteen PHB signal locations when compared with the estimated number of all crashes, had the PHB signal not been installed. Pearson correlation coefficients were estimated and used to examine the relationship between the number of all crashes and predictor variables such as demographic, socio-economic, land use, and on-network characteristics within the vicinity of each PHB signal location. The findings indicate that installing PHB signals at mid-block locations along high traffic volume, high-speed and wide roads, and, near office, multi-family, retail, and vertical mixed land use areas will lead to an increase in the number of all crashes after its installation.
Evolution Without Change in Gene Frequencies

Biologists often define evolution as a change in allele frequencies. Consideration of the evolution of the pocket mouse will show that it is possible to have evolution without any change in the allele frequencies in a population (through change in the genotype frequencies). The implications of this for genic selectionism are then discussed. Sober and Lewontin (1982) have constructed an example to demonstrate the “blindness” of genic selectionism in certain cases. Sterelny and Kitcher (1988) offer a defense against these arguments which assumes a conventionalist approach to populations. The example considered here will be shown to offer a more plausible and far-reaching argument against the view that alleles can always be seen as the units of selection.
Personhood and the Right to Life

The recent convergence of technological, medical, and social factors has lent a new interest and urgency to philosophical problems about the ascription of rights, particularly the right to life. Our technology now enables us to keep persons’ bodies functioning even after they apparently have irreversibly lost consciousness or have been reduced to states that seemingly no longer include cognitive abilities. Until recently, irreversible cardiac arrest was the sufficient and necessary legal criterion for the determination of death; but now the point at which it could be properly said that a person has died has become unclear.
A Transfer Function for Relating Mean 2D Cross-Section Measurements to Mean 3D Particle Sizes

It is common practice to estimate mean 3D particle and grain size of polycrystalline materials by multiplying 2D cross-sectional measurements by a multiplication factor. However, the most frequently used multiplication factors apply only to uniform or specific dispersions of particles, and therefore can provide misleading results. In the present work, empirical equations are developed to more accurately predict the mean 3D grain size of a lognormal spherical particle dispersion, regardless of the dispersion’s width. The equations provide an improvement over scalar multiplier values by allowing the effects of particle size distribution to be accounted for using inputs that can be obtained by cross-sectional analysis.
A simplified mechanism for anisotropic constriction in Drosophila mesoderm.

ABSTRACT Understanding how forces and material properties give rise to tissue shapes is a fundamental issue in developmental biology. Although Drosophila gastrulation is a well-used system for investigating tissue morphogenesis, a consensus mechanical model that explains all the key features of this process does not exist. One key feature of Drosophila gastrulation is its anisotropy: the mesoderm constricts much more along one axis than along the other. Previous explanations have involved graded stress, anisotropic stresses or material properties, or mechanosensitive feedback. Here, we show that these mechanisms are not required to explain the anisotropy of constriction. Instead, constriction can be anisotropic if only two conditions are met: the tissue is elastic, as was demonstrated in our recent study; and the contractile domain is asymmetric. This conclusion is general and does not depend on the values of model parameters. Our model can explain results from classical tissue-grafting experiments and from more-recent laser ablation studies. Furthermore, our model may provide alternative explanations for experiments in other developmental systems, including C. elegans and zebrafish.
Passage of Escherichia coli across the air-blood barrier in the lung of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

28 INTRODUCTION 29 MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 Experimental design and Inocula 31 Fimbriae purification 34 RESULTS 36 Bacteriology 36 Histopathology 36 Transmission electron microscopy 38
Faculty Perceptions of Entrustable Professional Activities to Determine Pharmacy Student Readiness for Advanced Practice Experiences

Objective. To quantify pharmacy faculty members' perceptions of the importance of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and the expected level of entrustment that should be achieved to determine APPE readiness. Methods. Entrustable professional activities define the core skills and tasks expected of new pharmacy graduates and may serve as a logical framework for determining pharmacy student readiness to begin advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). A five-question survey was distributed to all faculty members, staff members, and administrators at Ferris State University College of Pharmacy. Respondents were asked to rate 18 statements mapped to 12 EPAs on the perceived importance of each statement and the expected level of entrustment students should achieve to determine readiness for APPEs. Thresholds were used to determine consensus for importance and level of entrustment for each statement. Results. Of the 44 faculty members surveyed, 28 (63.6%) responded. A strong consensus was reached on the level of importance for 16 of 18 statements (89%), while two statements demonstrated moderate consensus (11%). No strong consensus was identified on levels of entrustment. Seven (39%) of 18 statements demonstrated moderate entrustment consensus and 11 (61%) statements demonstrated little consensus. Conclusion. Strong consensus was identified regarding which EPAs are important to determine students' APPE readiness; however, no strong consensus was found when evaluating levels of entrustment. Lack of consensus regarding entrustment raises several questions that require further study and clarification as the implementation of EPAs continues throughout the Academy.
Effect of nonlocal metal-dielectric environments on concentration quenching of HITC dye

Understanding and harnessing energy transfer in organic and inorganic systems is of high fundamental and practical importance. In this work, we have experimentally studied the effect of lamellar hyperbolic metamaterials and metal/dielectric interfaces on the concentration-dependent luminescence quenching in thin polymeric poly (methyl methacrylate) films doped with 2-[7-(1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,3,5-heptatrienyl]-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indoliumiodide dye molecules. The rate of the concentration quenching (energy transfer to quenching centers) was found to be approximately proportional to the square of the dye concentration. The concentration quenching was strongly inhibited in the vicinity of metallic films and lamellar metal–dielectric metamaterials with hyperbolic dispersion. The characteristic length-scale of the inhibition (the distance between the dye molecules and the metallic surface, at which the inhibition becomes significant) was found to be $\sim{47}\,\,{\rm nm}$∼47nm. It was much longer than the Forster radius (the characteristic distance of the donor–acceptor energy transfer, 5 nm to 7 nm), and smaller than the penetration of the surface plasmon polariton field to the dielectric ($ \ge {250}\,\,{\rm nm}$≥250nm). The explanation of the observed phenomenon is likely to be sought in terms of a model taking into account spectral overlap of the emission of donors and absorption of acceptors and/or collective behavior of emitters coupled with surface plasmons.
Cognitive Radio Networks: An Information Theoretic Perspective.

Information-theoretic limits of {\it cognitive radio} networks have been under exploration for more than a decade. Although such limits are unknown for many networks, including the simplest case with two pairs of transmitter-receiver, there are several cases for which the capacity limits are obtained either exactly or up to a constant gap. The goal of this chapter is to provide insights into the nature of transmission techniques associated with optimal communication when cognitive radio technology is used. %, with an emphasis on 5G networks. Outlining the state of the art in the information-theoretic analysis of different cognitive systems, we highlight the salient features/points of the capacity-achieving or capacity-approaching strategies that should be considered in wireless network design paradigms based on this technology. In particular, we emphasize the interaction of cognitive radio with emerging technologies for 5G networks.
The biotic and abiotic environment of zebrafish

Abstract The zebrafish is a premier laboratory model for developmental genetics and is used increasingly for ethology and behavioral neuroscience. A fuller appreciation of zebrafish behavior, and its underlying neurobiology, physiology, and genetics, demands an understanding of the species' ecology, past, and present. Studies of natural history are beginning to provide such context and reveal that zebrafish lives across diverse habitats, encompassing tremendous variation in temperature, water quality, altitude, and community composition. Integrating knowledge of biotic and abiotic environments with studies of behavior in the lab and field should provide new insights into the evolutionary origins and selective consequences of zebrafish behavioral phenotypes.
Increasing Syphilis in Rhode Island: Return of an Old Foe

The number of people diagnosed with syphilis has increased significantly in the United States over the last decade. In Rhode Island, the number of new diagnoses has increased more than four-fold since 2008. Syphilis disproportionately impacts gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), with those from African American and Hispanic/Latino communities most affected. Given these trends, physicians need to be aware of current prevention, diagnosis, and treatment practices for syphilis, especially when working with populations who are most at risk. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2019-02.asp].
Clinical Factors Associated With Chronic Pain in Communicative Adults With Cerebral Palsy: A Cross-Sectional Study

We aimed to explore associations between chronic pain and somatosensory, motor, cognitive, etiologic, and environmental factors in adults with cerebral palsy (CP). This observational study enrolled 17 adult participants with CP (mean age 31 years; 8 female; Gross Motor Functional Classification Status levels I-V) able to self-report and 10 neurotypical adult volunteers (mean age 34 years; 9 female). Participants reported pain characteristics (PROMIS), demographics, and affective factors (PHQ-4). Physical examination included somatosensory and motor evaluation. Between-group comparisons used a ranksum test, and correlation analyses estimated effect size in terms of shared variance (⍴2). Individuals with CP reported significantly (p<0.05) greater pain intensity, neuropathic qualities, and nociceptive qualities than control participants. Higher pain intensity was associated with female gender (⍴2=16%), anxiety/depression symptoms (⍴2=16%), and lower household income (⍴2=19%). It was also associated with less severe motor impairment (GMFCS ER ⍴2=5%), better communicative ability (Communication Functional Classification System; ⍴2=21%), spinothalamic (sharp/temperature) sensory abnormalities (⍴2=30%), and a greater degree of prematurity (⍴2=17%). This study highlights similarity of chronic pain associations in people with CP with patterns seen in other populations with chronic pain. Spinothalamic sensory abnormalities suggest central pain mechanisms.
Predictions of Disease Risk in Space and Time Based on the Thermal Physiology of an Amphibian Host-Pathogen Interaction

Emerging infectious diseases have been responsible for declines and extinctions in a growing number of species. Predicting disease variables like infection prevalence and mortality and how they vary in space and time will be critical to understanding how host-pathogen dynamics play out in natural environments and will help to inform management actions. The pandemic disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been implicated in declines in hundreds of amphibian species worldwide. We used field-collected measurements of host body temperatures and other physiological parameters to develop a mechanistic model of disease risk in a declining amphibian, the Northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans). We first used a biophysical model to predict host body temperatures across the species range in the eastern United States. We then used empirically derived relationships between host body temperature, infection prevalence and survival to predict where and when the risk of Bd-related declines is greatest. Our model predicts that pathogen prevalence is greatest, and survival of infected A. crepitans frogs is lowest, just prior to breeding when host body temperatures are low. Taken together, these results suggest that Bd poses the greatest threat to short-lived A. crepitans populations in the northern part of this host's range and that disease-related recruitment failure may be common. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the utility of mechanistic modeling approaches for predicting disease outbreaks and dynamics in animal hosts.
Medicare for All, Some, or None? Testing the Effects of Ambiguity in the Context of the 2020 Presidential Election

Political scientists have long contemplated whether candidates are better off taking more ambiguous policy positions. Taking advantage of a lack of clarity in Senator Kamala Harris’s healthcare position, I use an original survey experiment to apply these theories to the case of the 2020 presidential election. I find that ambiguity offers Harris little to no advantage over two of her leading Democratic primary opponents and, among certain subjects, harms her relative to Senator Elizabeth Warren. I also find negative effects on Harris’s favorability relative to President Donald Trump. These results have interesting implications for both the 2020 election and the broader study of candidate rhetoric because they illustrate potential downsides to avoiding clear issue statements.
Race, Ethnicity and Subjective Well-Being: Exploring the Disparities in Life Satisfaction Among Whites, Latinx, and Asians

While much research has been done on the causes and correlates of subjective well-being over the last two decades, a relatively small number of studies have addressed disparities in subjective well-being between various racial and ethnic groups. Recently more research has addressed the differences between blacks and whites, and begun to unpack the causes for these differences. A smaller number of studies have started to look at differences between white and Latinx respondents. In the present work we add to this literature by examining differences in life satisfaction between white, Latin and Asian respondents, as well as the persistence of these differences after controlling for a variety of social, economic and lifestyle variables. After assessing how much of the racial and ethnic disparity between these groups can be explained by such factors, we present additional preliminary analysis that begins to explore the role of culture in understanding the relationship between race, ethnicity and subjective well-being.
Advancing Inclusive Mentoring Through an Online Mentor Training Program and Coordinated Discussion Group

Mentoring is key to ensure success of the high impact practice of undergraduate-led research and scholarly activities; however, most faculty and staff members are not trained in the best practices of mentoring undergraduate students. The National Institutes of Health-funded Building Infrastructure Leading to Diversity (NIH BUILD) Initiative at California State University Long Beach is developing an online mentor training program with a coordinated discussion group to refine mentoring skills across faculty and staff from all disciplines. Faculty and staff members participated in two pilots of the Advancing Inclusive Mentoring (AIM) Program, where participants watched training videos and came together to discuss mentoring: either face-to-face (spring 2020) or virtually (fall 2020). Participants indicated that the videos and discussion were engaging and reported that AIM provided useful information on communicating with their own mentees as well as with any student on campus. Participants also reported that AIM provided strategies to work with students from diverse backgrounds and strengthened their commitment to inclusive mentoring. Finally, participants indicated that they would recommend AIM to colleagues and that the program was not only beneficial to their mentoring, but also that they would put into practice techniques that they had learned. There were some differences in usage, but no significant differences in participants’ ratings of the program across the two delivery formats. Thus, the AIM Program with facilitated discussion appears to provide a useful mentor training experience in both in-person and virtual formats. Because this unique program is intentionally inclusive to faculty and staff mentors across all disciplines, the goal is that this training will ultimately benefit student success across campus.
A Cooperative Crash Avoidance Framework for Autonomous Vehicle under Collision-Imminent Situations in Mixed Traffic Stream

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to increase the safety of transportation systems because automation minimizes human error in driving tasks. It is likely that such benefits will be fully manifested only when AV market penetration reaches 100%. However, the transition from a system of human-driven vehicles (HDVs) dominant to AVs dominant is expected to be time consuming. Thus, the safety benefits of AVs will be curtailed by the human error persisting through the human-driven vehicles (HDVs) during mixed traffic flow comprised of both AVs and HDVs. Such heterogeneity causes unsafe traffic operations maneuvers due particularly to the errant nature of human driving, especially in high-velocity lane-change maneuver. In this study, two perspectives of human error under the mixed traffic environment are proposed: 1) human error from inside of the vehicles; 2) human error from outside. This paper focuses on the second perspective, in the context of aggressive lane-change HDV. By formulating a Model Predictive Control (MPC) and V2V based cooperative framework, the AVs in such situations will be able to avoid side-impact and rear-end collision with the aggressive HDV. The framework is tested under different traffic conditions in terms of the vehicle bumper-to-bumper distance and relative velocities. The crash avoidance success rate averages at 90%, even reaches 100% when the relative velocity was low.
Optimal Control Modification for Time-Scale Separated Systems

Recently a new optimal control modification has been introduced that can achieve robust adaptation with a large adaptive gain without incurring high-frequency oscillations as with the standard model-reference adaptive control. This modification is based on an optimal control formulation to minimize the L2 norm of the tracking error. The optimal control modification adaptive law results in a stable adaptation in the presence of a large adaptive gain. This study examines the optimal control modification adaptive law in the context of a system with a time scale separation resulting from a fast plant with a slow actuator. A singular perturbation analysis is performed to derive a modification to the adaptive law by transforming the original system into a reduced-order system in slow time. A model matching conditions in the transformed time coordinate results in an increase in the actuator command that effectively compensate for the slow actuator dynamics. Simulations demonstrate effectiveness of the method.
Lectin identification of olfactory receptor neuron subclasses with segregated central projections

Our previous studies have demonstrated that the primary olfactory projection in rainbow trout is organized nontopographically; the pattern of termination of olfactory axons in the olfactory bulb is unrelated to the distribution of their cell bodies in the olfactory mucosa. In the present research we have further characterized the organization of this projection by examining the lectin-binding properties of olfactory receptor neurons. The results indicate that in trout, as in mammals, populations of olfactory receptor neurons differ significantly from one another in their carbohydrate “signatures.” We have identified subsets of olfactory receptor neurons, specified by unique lectin-binding properties, that are widely distributed and intermingled with the other receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa and nerve, but that segregate as they enter the olfactory bulb and project to restricted regions of the glomerular layer. This pattern of terminations is bilaterally symmetrical, is remarkably consistent across individuals, and reappears when the primary olfactory projection is reconstituted following transection of the olfactory nerve. As revealed by the carbohydrates on subpopulations of receptor neurons, there is substantial order in the nontopographic projection of olfactory receptor neurons to the olfactory bulb. The functional significance of this organization and the means by which it develops and is maintained remain under investigation.
Testing causality: Some caveats and a suggestion

Abstract The Granger concept of causality is defined within the framework of dynamic economic systems in terms of the predictability criterion. The concept has however been often wrongly applied to static systems. The test procedures for Granger causality due to Granger, Sims, Haugh and Pierce provide grossly inconclusive and often conflicting if not misleading results. These problems are illustrated with the data on profits and investment for Canada and the U.S.A. Further, it is suggested that the predictability criterion, if interpreted in terms of conventional forecasting methods, would enable us to provide more conclusive results. The problems assume added importance as the recent vintage of econometric modelling techniques heavily rely on these causality tests.
Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Guanyl Nucleotides on Fat Cell Adenylate Cyclase

Abstract Two independent effects of guanyl nucleotides are observed on the activity and response of fat cell adenylate cyclase to hormones (glucagon, adrenocorticotropin, and epinephrine). GTP inhibits markedly basal activity, giving maximal effects at 10-6 m, in either fat cell ghosts or highly purified plasma membranes prepared from rat adipocytes. Inhibition was unaffected by the concentration of ATP used as substrate. Activity in the presence of hormones or fluoride ion is less inhibited by GTP, resulting in enhanced activation ratios (stimulant to basal activities). ITP at 50 times the concentration of GTP also inhibits activity. When present at 0.01 mm, guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate, 5'-GMP, UTP, and CTP do not alter adenylate cyclase activity or response to the stimulants. The terminal labile phosphate of GTP is required for inhibition since Gpp(NH)p, the terminal phosphate of which is not hydrolyzed by the membranes, and GDP do not inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. In the absence of a regenerating system, the inhibitory effect of GTP is transient, indicating that continuous presence of GTP is required for inhibition and that this effect is reversible. It is suggested that the fat cell plasma membrane contains an enzyme that transfers the terminal phosphate of GTP to the catalytic component of the enzyme resulting in an inhibited state of the enzyme. GTP also converts the enzyme into a state that is thermally stable to temperatures of 45° and which exhibits marked increases specifically in hormonal responses. It is not certain whether this effect is due to GTP or GDP produced during incubation. GDP enhances by 2-fold the activation of adenylate cyclase by adrenocorticotropin; this effect is mimicked by GTP under conditions in which it is rapidly hydrolyzed to GDP. Gpp(NH)p also enhances the effects of the hormones. It is suggested that the inhibitory effects of GTP on basal activity combined with the stimulatory effect of GDP on hormone action may play an important regulatory role in the fat cell by inhibiting the production of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate by adenylate cyclase in the absence of the lipolytic hormones and by enhancing the responsiveness of the system to these hormones.
Indicators of recurrent hospitalization for pneumonia in the elderly.

Objectives: To identify modifiable risk factors of late unplanned readmissions for elderly with community-acquired pneumonia. Design: A case-control study. Setting: Three university-affiliated tertiary-care hospitals. Participants: Two hundred four case-control pairs. Case patients referred to all patients readmitted with pneumonia 30 days to 1 year after discharge. Control subjects were matched for age, admission date, and residence before admission. Measurements: Baseline sociodemographic information, clinical data, activity of daily living (ADLs) information, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score were obtained. The Pneumonia Severity Index was calculated with swallowing dysfunction and pattern and extent of radiographic abnormalities, antimicrobial coverage, and total duration recorded. Results: Median time to readmission was 123 days (interquartile range=65–238 days). Readmission was not associated with increased severity or length of hospital stay. In a Cox proportional hazards regression model, swallowing dysfunction (hazard ratio (HR)=2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.46–2.97), current smoking (HR=2.04, 95% CI=1.48–2.82), use of tranquilizers (HR=1.5, 95% CI=1.02–2.22), and lower ADL scores (HR=1.06, 95% CI=1.02–1.10) were independently associated with readmission for pneumonia. The receipt of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (HR=0.46, 95% CI=0.27–0.78) and prior pneumococcal vaccination (HR=0.59, 95% CI=0.42–0.82) had a protective effect. Conclusion: Although there are limited effective measures to improve functional status, preventive strategies that include smoking cessation and pneumococcal vaccination should be actively pursued. Routine evaluation of swallowing dysfunction and use of pharmacological agents to improve the cough reflex deserve further evaluation in multicenter controlled trials.
The Advanced Photon Source

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) is a 7-GeV third-generation synchrotron radiation storage ring and full-energy positron injector. Construction project funding began in 1989, and ground breaking took place on 5 May 1990. Construction of all accelerator facilities was completed in January 1995 and storage ring commissioning is underway. First observation of X-rays from a bending magnet source took place on 26 March 1995. Nearly all performance specifications of the injector have been reached, and first observations indicate that the reliability, dynamic aperture, emittance, and orbit stability in the storage ring are satisfactory. Observation of radiation from the first of 20 insertion device beamlines is scheduled for October 1995. Start of regular operations is expected to take place well before the APS Project target date of December 1996.
[Meaning of life in wives of alcoholics: autobiographical method].

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe life-stories and meanings of life in wives of alcoholics by analyzing their autobiographies. Methods: Autobiographies were collected from 20 participants who produced their own autobiographies in the logotherapeutic autobiography program at community alcohol counseling centers in Korea. The data were coded to identify themes of agency and communion using the manual coding system developed by McAdams, and analyzed by the existential approach. Results: There were 214 coded episodes in twenty autobiographies. There were 128 agency themes and 86 communion themes. The most common themes were Love/Friendship. Five themes emerged from the autobiographical episodes on the existential perspective: 1) overcoming the suffering, 2) meaningful people and relationships, 3) spiritual maturation, 4) caring and helping, and 5) finding a meaning of life. Conclusion: These results showed that the wives of alcoholics who participated in the logotherapeutic autobiography program found the meaning of life through their suffering. Furthermore, a study on existential nursing interventions for people who have meaninglessness in life needs to be done.
Comparison of the electronic structure of InAs/GaAs pyramidal quantum dots with different facet orientations

Using a pseudopotential plane-wave approach, we have calculated the electronic structure of strained InAs pyramidal quantum dots embedded in a GaAs matrix, for a few height $(h)$-to-base$(b)$ ratios, corresponding to different facet orientations ${101}$, ${113},$ and ${105}$. We find that the dot shape (not just size) has a significant effect on its electronic structure. In particular, while the binding energies of the ground electron and hole states increase with the pyramid volumes ${(b}^{2}h)$, the splitting of the $p\ensuremath{-}$like conduction states increases with facet orientation $(h/b),$ and the $p\ensuremath{-}$to-$s$ splitting of the conduction states decreases as the base size $(b)$ increases. We also find that there are up to six bound electron states (12 counting the spin), and that all degeneracies other than spin, are removed. This is in accord with the conclusion of electron-addition capacitance data, but in contrast with simple k\ensuremath{\cdot}p calculations, which predict only a single electron level.
Hydrogen Trapping Studies in Fusion First Wall Materials

Hydrogen trapping in the first wall of fusion reactors is one of the most serious materials problems facing the designers of magnetic confinement devices. The release of this trapped hydrogen from the near surface region of the first wall during a tokamak discharge has been shown to play a major role in the hydrogen fueling of today's plasmas, while trapped hydrogen isotopes will directly influence the on-site tritium inventory and the structural properties of future D-T reactors. This paper summarizes the laboratory ion implantation sttidies on the hydrogen trapping characteristics of first wall materials. Emphasis is placed on the near term materials problems associated with austenitic stainless steels that are currently in use in magnetic confinement devices. Hydrogen trapping experiments involving more exotic first wall structural and coating materials are briefly reviewed.