cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of in Vivo Sperm Storage Interval to Fertility and Embryonic Survival in the Chicken

The effectof time after insemination on fertility and embryonic loss has been studied for each day’s egg production (60-150 eggs per day) by direct observation of chicken eggs after 18 days of incubation, The resultsshowed a significantinitialincrease in fertilitywith sperm storage from day I (firstday of fertileeggs) to day 3, followed by a few days of high fertility which was then followed by a linear decline through 18 days. Embryonic death was higher initially,reduced to a minimum when fertility was maximum, and increased linearly with increasing age of spermatozoa until fertilitywas reduced to a low level. The effect on fertilityand embryonic loss was influenced significantlyby both the male and female as well as time after insemination, and embryonic loss was negatively related to fertilitylevel of the male. That embryos die at an earlierage due to fertilizationby aged sperm wa s not conclusively confirmed in this study.
39. Donne’s upon the Annunciation and Passion Falling upon One Day. 1608

(1972). 39. Donne’s upon the Annunciation and Passion Falling upon One Day. 1608. The Explicator: Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 74-77.
Comparison of Cepheid Xpert® Flu/RSV XC and BioFire FilmArray® for detection of influenza A, influenza B, and respiratory syncytial virus

The Xpert Flu/RSV XC was compared to the FilmArray respiratory panel for detection of influenza (Flu) A, Flu B, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), using 128 nasopharyngeal swabs. Positive agreements were 100% for Flu A and RSV and 92.3% for Flu B. The Xpert may be useful in clinical situations when extensive testing is not required and may serve an important role in laboratories already performing broader respiratory panel testing.
SPLL technique in grid voltage asymmetry fault

The operational principle,advantages and disadvantages of traditional SPLL(Soft Phase Locked Loop) are analyzed.The SPLL based on integer coefficients filter is proposed to restrain the effect of negative sequence component on the detection accuracy of phase locked loop in three-phase asymmetry fault.The method of zero-pole cancellation is applied in the design of low pass integer coefficients filter to suppress the second harmonic converted from the negative sequence component and improve the antiinterference ability and detection accuracy of phase locked loop.Due to the small computation load of integer coefficients filter,it affects little on the real-time performance of SPLL.Experimental results verify its feasibility.
Evaluation of Clinical Features,Pathogen Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance in Children with Urinary Tract Infection

Objective To investigate the clinical features,pathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance in children with urinary tract infection(UTI),and to search for a practical guidance of the clinical medication.Methods The clinical features,pathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance in 98 cases of culture-positive hospitalized children with UTI from Jan.2001 to Feb.2007 were analyzed.Results Twenty-nine children out of 98 cases were younger than 1 year-old(30%),while 19 cases out of them showed atypical symptom(19.4%).Thirty-two cases(32.7%) were proven abnormal with imageological inspection on urinary tract.Eleven cases(11.2%) were combined with deformity of urinary tract,ureterostenosis or vesicoureteral reflux(VUR).Among 105 strains of observed pathogens,80.0% were Gram-negative bacilli,16.7% were Gram-positive cocci,3.8% were fungi.The main Gram-negative bacilli was E.Coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa.The common Gram-positive cocci were enterococci and staphylococci.About 60% of the E.Coli isolates produced extended spectrum β-lactamase.Most of the Gram-negative bacilli demonstrated resistance to ampicillin,and cephazoline,while antimicrobial with enzyme inhibitor(sulbactam or tapazole) presented a lower resistance.The cephalosporins were sensitive to pseudomonas aeruginosa,but showed a tendency of resistance to E.Coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae.Impenem,amikacin and ciprofloxacin were the most sensitive antibacterial.Conclusions The morbility of UTI in young infants is high.Imageological inspection should be performed on recurrent UTI cases in order to discover the combination of urinary tract deformity,ureterostenosis or VUR.The major pathogen in hospitalized UTI children is E.Coli,which shows a high resistance to antibiotics.The medication of antimicrobial should be applied under the guidance of drug susceptibility test.
Legal Problems and Measures on Development of Environmental Industry in China

The development of environmental industry needs be guided by environmental policy and law. The responsibility, right and interest of environmental enterprises, governments and consumers in environmental market shall be determined anew. The key problems of regulating environmental industry is how to dispose reasonably environmental resources on the basic of the protection of environmental quality, how to coordinate existing and prospective yields of environmental resources use, and how to determine and share rights and interests.
Novel Approaches to the Development of Mediated Biosensors and Enzyme Assay

2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (hp-β-CyD), a cyclic and non-reducing Oligosaccharide was used to enclose the hydrophobic guest molecules, ferrocene (FeCp2) and 1,1’-dimethylferrocene (DMFeCp2) to form a water-soluble yellow complex. At 300 mM, hp-β-CyD enclosed up to 100 mM FeCp2 or DMFeCp2. The cyclic voltammogram of the DMFeCp2-hp-β-CyD complex exhibited one single electron transfer process with a half-wave potential of 170 mV. The oxidation potential of the DMFeCp2-β-CyD complex was not affected by pH ranging from pH 4.7 to 8.8 and the difference between the anodic and cathodic peak potentials was observed to be 95 mV.
Treatment of Hodgkin Lymphoma

The presenting features and clinical workup of both classical and lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma are discussed. The move away from the use of extended field radiotherapy and the advantages and disadvantages of ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) compared to other therapies are discussed. The response criteria used in the evaluation of treatment effects are summarized as are prognostic factors that may be broadly useful in patients with advanced stage disease. Finally, the therapy for relapsed disease is covered with a discussion on the role of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Mobile mental health interventions following war and disaster

Mobile technologies offer potentially critical ways of delivering mental health support to those experiencing war, ethnic conflict, and human-caused and natural disasters. Research on Internet interventions suggests that effective mobile mental health technologies can be developed, and there are early indications that they will be acceptable to war and disaster survivors, and prove capable of greatly increasing the reach of mental health services. Promising mhealth interventions include video teleconferencing, text messaging, and smartphone-based applications. In addition, a variety of social media platforms has been used during and immediately after disasters to increase agility in responding, and strengthen community and individual resilience. Globally, PTSD Coach has been downloaded over 243,000 times in 96 countries, and together with large-scale use of social media for communication during disasters, suggests the potential for reach of app technology. In addition to enabling improved self-management of post-trauma problems, mobile phone interventions can also enhance delivery of face-to-face care by mental health providers and increase the effectiveness of peer helpers and mutual aid organizations. More research is needed to establish the efficacy of mhealth interventions for those affected by war and disaster. Research should also focus on the identification of active elements and core processes of change, determination of effective ways of increasing adoption and engagement, and explore ways of combining the various capabilities of mobile technologies to maximize their impact.
Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains at Diagnosis: Predictors of Progression and Survival in Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone.

Background: Solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SBP) is a localized collection of monoclonal plasma cells that is potentially curable with local radiation therapy but associated with a high risk of progression to multiple myeloma. We hypothesized that an abnormal immunoglobulin free light (FLC) ratio at diagnosis may be a prognostic indicator of transformation risk. Methods: We identified a cohort of 133 patients with SBP for whom stored serum taken at the time of diagnosis was available. The diagnosis was ascertained and serum FLC determined in 126 patients. Results: From this cohort, 48 patients have progressed to myeloma and the median time to progression among those who progressed was 1.9 years. On univariate analysis, age (p On multivariate analysis, an abnormal FLC ratio retained its independence in a model that includes age at diagnosis but lost its significance when combined with persistence of the serum or urine M-protein. However, serum or urine M-proteins are not detectable in a significant number of patients with SBP and therefore not informative. Conclusion: The FLC ratio at the time of diagnosis of SBP is a powerful predictor of risk and a useful aid to management of patients with this condition.
Insatiable Is Not Sustainable

(2003). Insatiable Is Not Sustainable. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 817-818.
Selecting a Skilled Nursing Facility for Postacute Care: Individual and Family Perspectives

Objectives To describe individuals' experiences during the hospital discharge planning and skilled nursing facility (SNF) selection process. Design Semistructured interviews focusing on discharge planning and nursing facility selection, including how facilities were chosen, who was involved, and what factors were important in decision-making. Setting 14 SNFs in five cities across the United States. Participants Newly admitted, previously community-dwelling SNF residents (N = 98) and their family members. Measurement Semistructured interviews were qualitatively coded to identify underlying themes. Results Most respondents reported receiving only a list of SNF names and addresses from discharge planners and that hospital staff were minimally involved. Proximity to home and prior experience with the facility most often influenced choice of SNF. Most respondents reported being satisfied with their placement, although many stated that they would have been willing to travel further to another SNF were it recommended. Many reported feeling rushed and unprepared, stating that they did not know where or how to get help. Conclusion SNF placement is a stressful transition, occurring when people are physically vulnerable and with limited guidance from discharge planners. Therefore, most people select a facility based on its location, perhaps because they are provided with no other information. Given Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' proposed changes to the discharge planning process, this research highlights the value of providing people and family caregivers with quality data and assistance in interpreting it.
An Improved Algorithm for Low-Level Turbulence Forecasting

AbstractA low-level turbulence (LLT) forecasting algorithm is proposed and implemented within the Graphical Turbulence Guidance (GTG) turbulence forecasting system. The LLT algorithm provides predi...
Comparison of spinal and general anesthesia approaches for MRI-guided brachytherapy for cervical cancer

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the impact of general versus spinal anesthesia on postprocedure narcotic use and of extradepartmental planning MRI on treatment time in high-dose-rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer. Methods and Materials Twenty-five patients (10 general anesthesia and 15 spinal anesthesia) who collectively received 96 brachytherapy fractions (39 general and 57 spinal) for cervical cancer between February 2015 and April 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Over this time, institutional practice shifted from operating room–based general anesthesia to intradepartmental spinal anesthesia for tandem and ring placement. In some cases, extradepartmental planning MRI was performed. Administrations of narcotics after tandem and ring placement were recorded, and dosages were converted to intravenous (IV) morphine equivalents. Total treatment times for fractions using spinal anesthesia were documented. Results The general anesthesia group included a significantly higher proportion of fractions using postprocedure narcotics (100.0% vs. 31.6%, p Conclusion Intradepartmental spinal anesthesia results in significant decreases in postprocedure narcotic usage compared with operating room–based general anesthesia. When using spinal anesthesia, addition of extradepartmental MRI does not increase treatment time. This workflow avoids transporting patients under general anesthesia, minimizes the need for MRI-compatible monitoring, allows treatment of multiple patients per day, and provides adequate analgesia.
Science Education Research Involving Blacks in the USA During 1997–2007: Synthesis, Critique, and Recommendations

In this chapter, the authors critically review K–12 science education research situated within classrooms in the USA. The authors examine studies involving Blacks that were conducted over the past decade from 1997, the year in which equity became a featured topic in mainstream science education discourse, to 2007. The authors highlight areas investigated in science education and discuss relevance of the literature corpus to the status of Blacks in science education.
Transport, Equilibrium, and Kinetics of Antibodies on Planar Model Membranes Measured by Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy

Several aspects of the behavior of antibodies at substrate-supported planar membranes have been characterized with quantitative fluorescence microscopy: (1) very slow rotational mobilities of an anti-dinitrophenyl monoclonal antibody associated with solid-like phospholipid Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers have been measured with polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery; (2) the equilibrium and kinetics of an anti-dinitrophenyl Fab at phospholipid Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers have been characterized with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy; and (3) the apparent association constants of a panel of anti-dinitrophenyl mouse IgGl antibodies with substrate-supported planar membranes containing purified and reconstituted mouse IgG Fc receptors have been measured with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.
Chemical and Structural Features of Inherent and Process-Induced Defects in Oxidized Silicon

Major inherent and process-induced point defects in oxidized silicon wafers have been examined by electron spin resonance (ESR). The Pb center is found to occur in new variations in native-oxidized wafers. Furnace thermochemical treatments and, notably, the resultant oxide water disposition have a strong effect on the initial occurrence of Pb centers (main source of interface traps) and on Pb generation by electric fields or rapid thermal stress. Brief or gentle postoxidation anneals can have very significant effects on durable passivation. The radiochemical creation and annealing of implant-induced oxide point effects—the E′ (a charge trap), nonbridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC), and peroxy—are found to be generally similar, but not necessarily identical, to phenomena in well-studied bulk fused silica.
Relationships among clinic, home, and ambulatory blood pressures with small vessel disease of the brain and functional status in older people with hypertension.

Background Subcortical small vessel disease, represented as white matter hyperintensity (WMH) on magnetic resonance images (MRI) is associated with functional decline in older people with hypertension. We evaluated the relationships of clinic and out-of-office blood pressures (BP) with WMH and functional status in older persons. Methods Using cross-sectional data from 199 older study participants enrolled in the INFINITY trial, we analyzed the clinic, 24-hour ambulatory, and home BPs and their relationships with WMH burden and mobility and cognitive outcomes. Results Volume of WMH was associated with clinic and 24-hour ambulatory systolic BP but not home systolic BP. The mobility measure, supine-to-sit time, had a significant association with 24-hour systolic BP and pulse pressure but not with diastolic BP or values obtained by home BP. Cognitive measures of processing speed (Trails Making Test Part A and the Stroop Word Test) were significantly associated with 24-hour systolic BP, but not clinic and home BPs. Conclusion These data demonstrate that ambulatory BP measurements in older people are more strongly associated with WMH and certain measures of functional status compared to home BP measurements. Hence, home BP may not be a useful substitute for ambulatory BP for assessing subcortical small vessel disease and its consequences. Further longitudinal analyses comparing clinic and various types of out-of-office BP measures with small vessel brain disease are needed. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01650402.
National analysis of testicular and scrotal trauma in the USA

Author(s): Grigorian, Areg; Livingston, Joshua K; Schubl, Sebastian D; Hasjim, Bima J; Mayers, Daniel; Kuncir, Eric; Barrios, Cristobal; Joe, Victor; Nahmias, Jeffry | Abstract: Background:To provide a descriptive analysis of scrotal and testicular trauma in the USA. Additionally, we hypothesized that motorcycle collision would have a higher association with scrotal or testicular trauma and subsequent scrotal or testicular operation, compared to a bicycle collision. Methods:The National Trauma Data Bank (2007-2015) was queried to identify adult male patients with scrotal or testicular trauma. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. Results:A total of 8,030 patients (0.23%) had scrotal/testicular injury, with 44.6% involved in blunt trauma. A penetrating mechanism occurred in 50.5% of cases, with assault by firearm (75.8%) being the most common. The median age of the patients was 31 years and the median injury severity score was 8. Most had isolated scrotal or testicular trauma (74.5%), with 48.3% requiring scrotal or testicular operation, most commonly repair of laceration (37.3%). Patients involved in a motorcycle collision had higher risk for scrotal/testicular trauma (OR=5.40, CI=4.40-6.61, p=0.0004) and subsequent scrotal/testicular surgery (OR=4.93, CI=3.82-6.36, p=0.0005), compared to bicycle collision. Conclusion:Scrotal or testicular trauma is rare but occurs most commonly after assault by firearm. Most patients only have isolated scrotal or testicular trauma, but nearly half require subsequent scrotal or testicular operation. Trauma patients presenting after a motorcycle collision have a higher association of scrotal or testicular trauma and subsequent surgery when compared to those involved in a bicycle collision.
The Feasibility Study of ±1100kV On-site Assembled ±1100kV Converter Transformer

±1100kV converter transformer is the key equipment of ±1100kV HVDC project. Due to the voltage level and capacity is greatly improved, the volume and weight of converter transformer is beyond the transportation boundaries, so it’s necessary to use the disintegration transport scheme. This paper introduces four kind of on-site assembly schemes, which includes single temporary tank, double temporary tank, component transportation-field assembly scheme and series or parallel of two converter transformers. After comparing the feasibility and applicability of the 4 schemes, it is considered that the component transportation-field assembly scheme is the best scheme for the on-site assembly of ±1100kV converter transformer.
Nietzsche’s failed engagement with Schopenhauer’s pessimism: an analysis

While a common view in the literature is that Nietzsche cannot successfully argue against Schopenhauer’s pessimism, a detailed explanation of why this is so is lacking. In this paper I provide such...
Women Philosophers and the Cosmological Argument: A Case Study in Feminist History of Philosophy

This chapter discusses methodology in feminist history of philosophy and shows that women philosophers made interesting and original contributions to the debates concerning the cosmological argument. I set forth and examine the arguments of Mary Astell, Damaris Masham, Catherine Trotter Cockburn, Emilie Du Châtelet, and Mary Shepherd, and discuss their involvement with philosophical issues and debates surrounding the cosmological argument. I argue that their contributions are original, philosophically interesting, and result from participation in the ongoing debates and controversies about the cosmological argument, causal principles, and necessary existence.
Ruxolitinib In The Treatment Of Polycythemia Vera: An Update On Health-Related Quality Of Life And Patient-Reported Outcomes

Polycythemia vera (PV) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated with significant impairment in quality of life (QoL) due to disease-related symptoms and complications. Assessment of disease burden constitutes standard monitoring of symptoms and response. Conventional treatments for MPN, such as hydroxyurea, phlebotomy, or interferon, have not shown a significant impact in QoL or patient-reported outcomes (PRO). Ruxolitinib (RUX) is a JAK2 inhibitor approved for patients intolerant or resistant to hydroxyurea (HA). We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials of RUX in patients with PV that incorporated PRO measures to evaluate the effects on PRO and QoL. Three randomized Phase 3 studies reported in four publications were relevant for analysis. Although the small number of trials and potential for treatment bias in the review, treatment with RUX was associated with improved QoL and PRO in PV patients intolerant or resistant to hydroxyurea.
Using Science to Improve Feedback Processes at Work

This chapter traces the history of feedback theory, beginning with the view that feedback is an organizational resource provided to an employee. In this conceptualization feedback is viewed as an event, and subsequent research and theory, focused on antecedents and outcomes of the feedback event. A second set of theories views feedback as an individual resource that employees are motivated to obtain. These theories focus on the process of feedback-seeking. The final, newer theories emphasize the importance of contextual factors associated with interpersonal relationships and the environment, and view feedback as a process rather than an event. We believe that to be useful in practice, theories of feedback should address the underlying process and factors that impact that process and provide insight into how to be more intentional when giving, receiving, and using feedback. The remaining chapters in this book contribute to feedback theory and practice by discussing current thinking with respect to different aspects of the feedback process and providing concrete recommendations for future research, as well as intentional practice.
Graphical User Interface for OpenThread

This paper presents an implementation of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the OpenThread software. OpenThread is a software package for Thread. Thread is a networking protocol for Internet of Things (IoT) designed for home automation. OpenThread package was released by Nest Labs as an open source implementation of the Thread specification v1.1.1. The OpenThread includes IPv6, 6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4 with MAC security, Mesh Link Establishment, and Mesh Routing. OpenThread includes all Thread supported device types and supports both SOC and NCP implementations. OpenThread runs on Linux and allows the users to use it as a simulator with a command line interface. This research is focused on adding a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to the OpenThread. The GUI package is implemented in TCL/Tk (Tool Control Language). OpenThread with a GUI makes working with OpenThread much easier for researchers and students. The GUI also makes it easier to visualize the Thread network and its operations.
The World Only Spins Forward: The Ascent of Angels in America

For years, the experience of live theater was difficult to capture for posterity. Certain stage performances and productions (Laurette Taylor, for instance, in The Glass Menagerie, or A Midsummer’s...
Sympathetic stimulation of corneal epithelial proliferation in wounded and nonwounded rat eyes.

Purpose. To determine the effect of ocular sympathetic nerves on corneal epithelial proliferation in the rat. Methods. Osmotic pumps filled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were implanted subcutaneously in adult rats to label corneal epithelial cells entering the S-phase of the cell cycle during a 24-hour period. Corneas in some animals were wounded with n-heptanol. Several days or weeks before pump implantation, animals were subjected to either unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGectomy), unilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk (sympathetic decentralization), bilateral SCGectomy plus unilateral topical norepinephrine administration, or unilateral SCGectomy plus systemic capsaicin administration. Differences in BrdU-labeling indices between experimental and control eyes in each group were determined from cell counts on paraffin sections. Results. Superior cervical ganglionectomy and sympathetic decentralization significantly decreased epithelial proliferation in nonwounded and wounded corneas. Topical applications of norepinephrine to eyes that had been deprived of their sympathetic innervation completely reversed the antiproliferative effect of ocular sympathectomy. Systemic administration of the neurotoxin capsaicin, in conjunction with unilateral SCGectomy, did not alter the proliferative rate; comparison was made to animals that received unilateral SCGectomy only. Conclusions. Ocular sympathetic nerves stimulate rat corneal epithelial proliferation under normal physiological conditions and during corneal wound healing. The promotion of DNA synthesis by these nerves occurs independently of functional interactions with capsaicin-sensitive, ocular sensory nerves and appears to be related, at least in part, to the release of norepinephrine..
Growth and Development of the Maxillofacial Skeleton: An Overview

Treatment of pediatric facial fractures requires a comprehension of the development of the facial skeleton and dentition. In many cases, the treatment and follow-up required are dependent upon the stage of development of the affected bone.
Total Ionizing Dose Effects on Physical Unclonable Function From NAND Flash Memory

This article demonstrates the total ionizing dose (TID) impact on a NAND flash memory-based physical unclonable function (PUF). We used commercial-off-the-shelf flash memory chips to generate PUF. The flash chip is irradiated with Co-60 gamma rays up to 10 krad(Si). The irradiated chip shows significant accuracy degradation (bit error ~ 12%) of the flash-PUF. We show that TID-induced trapped charges in the oxide alter the intrinsic cell properties causing accuracy degradation of flash-PUF. We propose two independent techniques to improve the PUF accuracy under radiation environment. The first technique relies on electrical annealing which compensates the trapped charges by program stressing. The second technique uses radiation compensation method by adaptive PUF generation process. Our experimental results show that the accuracy degradation can be as low as 1.5% for TID up to 10 krad(Si) with these radiation mitigation techniques.
Techcrunch: startup and technology news website review

Startups, venture capital, entrepreneurship, deals, pitches, innovation, disruption, fintech, medtech, tech anything… there is huge demand for information about these areas. For business school stu...
Cathodoluminescence in Calcite and Dolomite and Its Chemical Interpretation

Most carbonate petrologists consider Mn 2+ and Fe 2+ to be the only trace elements responsible for cathodoluminescence in carbonates. However, luminescence in carbonates is caused or inhibited by a number of trace elements. The main activators in calcite and dolomite are Mn 2+ , Pb 2+ and several rare earth elements. For Mn-activated luminescence in these minerals, the main sensitizers are Pb 2+ and Ce 2+ , and the main quenchers are Fe 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Co 2+ . Non-sensitized Mn-activated luminescence in calcite and dolomite occurs at a minimum concentration of 20-40 ppm, perhaps as little as 5 pm. Pb 2+ and Ce 2+ can sensitize Mn-activated luminescence at levels as low as 10 and 20 ppm, respectively. Fe 2+ , the most abundant quencher, begins to quench Mn-activated luminescence at about 35 ppm. Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Fe 3+ quench at even lower concentrations. The quencher concentrations necessary for extinction of Mn-activated luminescence have not been determined with sufficient accuracy, and probably depend on the quencher/activator ratios. It may be misleading to assign a specific activator or quencher element to a carbonate crystal on the basis of the luminescence colour without spectroscopic measurement. Several elements can interact to produce a certain luminescence colour that is a mixture of different emission peaks. These peaks are distinctive for certain activators and/or sensitizers and may be used to identify these elements. The variable cathodoluminescence of diagenetic carbonates is commonly used to infer the pH and redox potential of diagenetic environments by means of pH/E, diagrams that contain only Mn and Fe as cations. This is permissible only if elements other than Mn and Fe are insufficiently abundant to be effective. Other important processes that lead to significant luminescence variations in diagenetic carbonates are closed- and open-system partitioning, clay mineral and organic matter diagenesis and variations in trace element supply. Considering the multitude of parameters that determine and influence the luminescence of carbonates, environmental and stratigraphie interpretations of diagenetic carbonates on the basis of their cathodoluminescence should be undertaken with extreme caution.
Undoing dynamic typing (declarative pearl)

We propose undoable versions of the projection operations used when programs written in higher-order statically-typed languages interoperate with dynamically typed ones, localizing potential runtime errors to the point at which a dynamic value is projected to a static type. The idea is demonstrated by using control operators to implement backtracking projections from an untyped Scheme-like language to ML.
Overview of Desalination Techniques

The objective of this chapter is to present an overview of current and future technologies applied to the desalination of brackish and seawater to produce freshwater for supplementing drinking water supplies. Discussion of detailed design concepts and processes of desalination and applications to other impure waters such as wastewater is beyond the scope of this chapter. Where appropriate, references for further reading are introduced. There are three basic categories of water purification technologies that are used for desalination: membrane technologies, distillation processes (thermal technologies), and chemical approaches. Some water purification plants use a combination of these technologies. Membrane technologies are the most common technology of desalination in the United States, while thermal technologies are not widely used in the United States. A brief overview of thermal technologies is included in this chapter. Chemical approaches include processes such as ion exchange, which is considered impractical for treating waters with high levels of dissolved solids. The chapter also includes a summary of new technologies under research and development for possible applications to desalination.
Verification of unit and dimensional consistencies in polychronous specifications

Cyber physical systems are characterized by continuous interaction between digital control systems and physical systems. To design critical control software that is to be used in control systems, a modeldriven correct-by-construction approach is preferable. Modeling languages based on synchronous model of time – such as Simulink, State Chart, Esterel, Lustre etc., are often used for sequential software synthesis and languages with a polychronous timing model such as Signal, MRICDF (Multi-Rate Instantaneous Channel-connected Data Flow) etc., are often used for concurrent software synthesis. The interfaces of such software to the real world are through digital signals that are often sampled quantities of physical entities – such as velocity, acceleration, pressure etc. Standard type systems available in programming or modeling languages assign traditional data types such as float, real etc., to these signals. Modelers might mistakenly connect two signals with the same traditional data types but representing different physical entities leading to critical bugs in the synthesized software. Early detection of such mistakes require enhanced type system and type checking algorithms. In this work, we attempt to extend the type system of the polychronous modeling language MRICDF and propose type inference techniques that consider the physical dimensions and units of the signals along with the data types. We also propose an SMT (Satisfiability Modulo Theories) based verification approach that verifies type consistency and provides invariants under which the type consistency is upheld.
Holographic definition of points and distances

We discuss the way in which field theory quantities assemble the spatial geometry of three-dimensional anti\char21{}de Sitter space (${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$). The field theory ingredients are the entanglement entropies of boundary intervals. A point in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$ corresponds to a collection of boundary intervals which is selected by a variational principle we discuss. Coordinates in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$ are integration constants of the resulting equation of motion. We propose a distance function for this collection of points, which obeys the triangle inequality as a consequence of the strong subadditivity of entropy. Our construction correctly reproduces the static slice of ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$ and the Ryu-Takayanagi relation between geodesics and entanglement entropies. We discuss how these results extend to quotients of ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$\char22{}the conical defect and the BTZ geometries. In these cases, the set of entanglement entropies must be supplemented by other field theory quantities, which can carry the information about lengths of nonminimal geodesics.
Electrostatic measurement of plasma plume dynamics in pulsed laser evaporated graphite

Summary form only given. Thin films of Diamond-Like-Carbon (DLC) are routinely produced by pulsed laser evaporation (PLE) of graphite targets, The optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of such films make them rather attractive for applications from wear resistant coatings for optical components to substrate material for advanced semiconductor devices. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has numerous advantages, particularly, the presence of energetic species in the plasma results in a large fraction of sp/sup 3/ bonded carbon. This study concentrates on electrostatic (Langmuir) probe measurements in the carbon PLE plume to investigate plume dynamics and, in future work, correlate against film properties.
The Anatomy of Biological Interfaces

It is generally recognized that biological membranes have a common, basic lipid bilayer structure(179,180,191,193,231) which contains external, internal, and transmembrane proteins with chemical asymmetry as a fundamental feature(215–217); the asymmetry involves both lipids and proteins (see Rothman and Lenard(201) for a recent review). Certain glycoproteins such as glycophorin in erythrocyte membranes(146,207) are arranged with a protein moiety in the internal leaflet connected to a glycoprotein moiety in the external leaflet.(241) In the case of glycophorin, the internal and external moieties are connected by a stretch of hydrophobic amino acid residues traversing the bilayer probably as an α helix.
The thermal conductivity of Earth's lower mantle

We assess the thermal conductivity of the Earth's lower mantle anchored on our first-principles calculations of lattice thermal conductivity of MgSiO3 perovskite. Our calculations agree with measurements of iron-free perovskite at ambient conditions and show a lower pressure dependence compared with other recent calculations. In addition, we show that the effect of iron on the lattice thermal conductivity of silicate perovskite is likely to be small at high temperatures. To provide an assessment of thermal conductivity throughout the lower mantle, we reevaluate existing high-pressure optical absorption data to constrain an upper bound radiative contribution to diffusive heat transfer and examine a composite model for combining thermal conductivity of oxide and perovskite phases in the lower mantle. We find that the overall thermal conductivity of the lower mantle is approximately constant between 2.5 and 3.5 W/m/K. These values imply that the mantle has a blanketing effect on heat flow across the core-mantle boundary.
3D Modeling of Spatio-temporal Heat-transport in III-V Gate-all-around Transistors Allows Accurate Estimation and Optimization of Nanowire Temperature

Excellent electrostatic control offered by gate-all-around (GAA) geometry makes multinanowire (multi-NW) MOSFET a promising candidate for sub-10-nm technology nodes. Unfortunately, the GAA geometry is susceptible to the increased self-heating due to poor heat dissipation from the nanowires (NWs) to the substrate. Therefore, an understanding of spatio-temporal temperature rise, $\Delta T(x,y,z; t)$ , at the NW level is important for predicting activity-induced variability within an IC, as well as characterization of various reliability issues, such as, NBTI, PBTI, HCI, and TDDB that depend sensitively on self-heating. In this paper, a 3-D electrothermal simulation model is developed to explore and interpret self-heating and heat dissipation in GAA devices. Our results identify complex heat dissipation pathways characterized by multiple time constants. First, the nanowires heat up quickly ( $\tau _{\textrm {GAA-NW}}\sim \textrm {nSec}$ ), then heat spreads all over the gate contact pad ( $\tau _{\textrm {G-pad}}\sim 100$ nSec), and finally, the heat exits through the heat sink at the bottom of the substrate ( $\tau _{\textrm {sub}}\sim \textrm {mSec}$ ). A systematic thermoreflectance measurement of temperature helps us to identify the time constants, and validates the model. Our results have implications for the design, characterization, circuit-operation, and reliability of high-performance GAA devices.
Development of imaging selection criteria and procedures should precede cephalometric assessment with cone-beam computed tomography

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems for craniofacial imaging are now available from several manufacturers. CBCT potentially provides opportunities for 3-dimensional cephalometrics in orthodontic assessment of bony landmarks and air-bounded surfaces such as the facial skin. Two-dimensional cephalogram simulation could facilitate the transfer of growth projections from existing data sets as a starting point for use of a new 3-dimensional paradigm. Three methods are described to simulate conventional 2-dimensioinal cephalograms from CBCT images and volumetric data sets. However, certain precautions are required to assure that selection criteria and imaging parameters guarantee a radiation dose that is as low as reasonably achievable.
Addiction science: Uncovering neurobiological complexity.

Until very recently addiction-research was limited by existing tools and strategies that were inadequate for studying the inherent complexity at each of the different phenomenological levels. However, powerful new tools (e.g., optogenetics and designer drug receptors) and high throughput protocols are starting to give researchers the potential to systematically interrogate “all” genes, epigenetic marks, and neuronal circuits. These advances, combined with imaging technologies (both for preclinical and clinical studies) and a paradigm shift towards open access have spurred an unlimited growth of datasets transforming the way we investigate the neurobiology of substance use disorders (SUD) and the factors that modulate risk and resilience.
Breakdown voltage enhancement of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors via selective-area growth for ohmic contacts over ion implantation

Selective-area growth (SAG) based on plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (PAMBE) was shown to facilitate improvement of Ohmic contacts and direct-current (DC) characteristics for GaN-based field-effect transistors (FETs) over the widely accepted ion-implantation technique. Twofold improvements in breakdown voltage were also demonstrated for samples grown on both sapphire and silicon substrates. An AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) fabricated with PAMBE-SAG exhibited a low specific contact resistivity of 5.86 × 10−7 Ω cm2, peak drain current of 420 mA/mm, and high breakdown voltage of 77 V. These results demonstrate that PAMBE-SAG is suited to fabricating HEMTs for high-power applications.
Combined Chemotherapy plus Radiotherapy for Treatment of Early- stage Intermediate- and High-grade Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Treatment of localized (stages I, IE, non-bulky II and IIE) aggressive histologies of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma has evolved over the past 20 years. Prior to 1980, these diseases were shown to be locally controlled with radiotherapy, but systemic relapse and death were common. With the discovery of potentially curative doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy, pilot studies during the 1980s demonstrated the utility of combination chemotherapy as initial therapy by increasing the proportion of cured patients. In the 1990s, two large randomized, prospective trials set the benchmark for future comparisons by establishing initial chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy (combined modality therapy) as the best available current treatment strategy.
Collision Probability for Larger Bodies Having Nonlinear Relative Motion

d = cross-sectional radius of torus dz = subvolume height h = distance above x–y plane of torus P = collision probability PR = collision probability rate R = radius of torus r = polar coordinate in symmetrized encounter plane t = time Vz = in-track velocity in symmetrized encounter frame x, y, z = coordinates used in probability density function = contour integration parameter = three-dimensional probability density function = standard deviation in symmetrized encounter frame x;y;z = standard deviations of relative position uncertainty for each axis in diagonal frame
Modelisation du transfert de contrainte dans les materiaux composites ceramiques a fibres continues a partir d'essais de microindentation instrumentee. cas du materiau composite hi-nicalon/bn/α-si3n4

Abstract Microindentation tests have been used for analyzing the interfacial behaviour in HiNicalon/BN/Silicon nitride composites. When varying the maximum applied load and considering a constant interfacial shear stress, there was evidence of a Poisson's effect. A model, based on a Coulomb's law of friction, has been proposed to derive frictional stress values adjusted for the contribution of the expansion of the fibre. The advantages of this model are the explicit integration of all contributions to the clamping stress as well as the use of the experiment-based estimate of the roughness amplitude of Hi-Nicalon fibres.
Influence of research design upon data analysis

Considerations regarding the interrelationships among theory, research design, observational approaches, and data analysis techniques bear on the consistency and integration of our overall procedures in performing social research. It is here illustrated how an initial research conclusion, shown through further analysis to be false, might have been avoided entirely if a more stringent research design had been employed. In a medical treatment context a worrisome negative correlation between treatment and outcome is revealed as spurious, due to gender differences in reactions to a serious disease. If subjects had been randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, a zero correlation coefficient would have correctly indicated that the treatment had no effect upon the outcome.
Deficiency of COX-1 causes natriuresis and enhanced sensitivity to ACE inhibition

Deficiency of COX-1 causes natriuresis and enhanced sensitivity to ACE inhibition. Background Prostanoid products of the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism modulate blood pressure (BP) and sodium homeostasis. Conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit both COX isoforms (COX-1 and -2), cause sodium retention, exacerbate hypertension, and interfere with the efficacy of certain anti-hypertensive agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. While a new class of NSAIDs that specifically inhibit COX-2 is now widely used, the relative contribution of the individual COX isoforms to these untoward effects is not clear. Methods To address this question, we studied mice with targeted disruption of the COX-1 ( Ptgs1 ) gene. Blood pressure, renin mRNA expression, and aldosterone were measured while dietary sodium was varied. To study interactions with the renin-angiotensin system, ACE inhibitors were administered and mice with combined deficiency of COX-1 and the angiotensin II subtype 1A (AT 1A ) receptor were generated. Results On a regular diet, BP in COX-1-/- mice was near normal. However, during low salt feeding, BP values were reduced in COX-1-/- compared to +/+ animals, and this reduction in BP was associated with abnormal natriuresis despite appropriate stimulation of renin and aldosterone. Compared to COX-1+/+ mice, the actions of ACE inhibition were markedly accentuated in COX-1-/- mice. Sodium sensitivity and BP lowering also were enhanced in mice with combined deficiency of COX-1 and AT 1A receptor. Conclusions The absence of COX-1 is associated with sodium loss and enhanced sensitivity to ACE inhibition, suggesting that COX-1 inhibition does not cause hypertension and abnormal sodium handling associated with NSAID use.
Oxidovanadium Complexes for the Consumption of Alkylating Toxins (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1/2009)

The cover picture shows oxidovanadium complexes transforming alkylating toxins into alcohols. Variation of the electron-donating ability of the ligand was found to permit a degree of control over the reactivity with alkylating agents. Kinetic studies revealed a small range of kobsd. values for this series of K[VO2(salhyph(R)2)] complexes (R = –NO2, –H, –CH3, –OCH3) examined. These experiments were carried out with an ultimate goal of developing compounds to consume toxins and prevent DNA alkylation damage. Details are discussed in the Short Communication by J. J. Wilker et al on p. 33 ff.
Calculation of Quantum Parameters for Nonadiabatic Redox Reactions. Application to Photoreduction of Flavin in DNA Photolyase

A simple practical way to account for the effect of quantum modes on electron transfer (ET) is to use the Jortner expression for ET rate. The expression includes two quantum parameters which describe the properties of high-frequency modes in the system. In our recent paper (J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 9015), we developed a method to calculate these parameters for redox cofactors from ab initio data on their potential energy surfaces. In this paper, we extend our method to include the solvent, which is treated as a continuous dielectric medium. As an example, two reactions describing photoreduction of the flavin cofactor in DNA photolyase (an enzyme that repairs thymine dimers in DNA) are investigated. We calculated the quantum parameters for each cofactor (flavin radical, tryptophan, tryptophan cation radical, and tyrosine), as well as for water, which was used as a model medium, and then obtained the dependence of ET rates kET on the driving force ΔG0 in a wide range of ΔG0. As expected, the quantum modes ...