cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food Habits of Large Nektonic Fishes: Trophic Linkages in Delaware Bay and the Adjacent Ocean

Fish diets play a critical role in our understanding of aquatic trophic dynamics and are an important component in developing ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management. Although large nektonic fishes exert top-down predator effects on the food web and typically support viable commercial and recreational fisheries, little is known about the diet of this guild. We evaluated the diets (6327 stomachs) of four nektonic predatory fishes (Pomatomus saltatrix [78–395 mm], Cynoscion regalis [91–520 mm], Morone americana [156–361 mm], and Morone saxatilis [82–785 mm]) in Delaware Bay and in the adjacent ocean. To assess ontogenetic, geographic, and interspecific variation in diets, observations from individual fish stomachs were clustered into species-size class groups, and dietary overlap was estimated using multivariate analyses. A shift in diet composition, as well as diversity, occurred along the estuarine gradient and into the adjacent ocean. Some prey were shared by most predators, including some crustaceans (dominated by Callinectes sapidus, mysids, and Palaemonetes spp.), fundulids (dominated by Fundulus heteroclitus), engraulids (dominated by Anchoa mitchilli), and clupeids (dominated by Brevoortia tyrannus). However, inter- and intra-specific variation in diet was observed as well. In particular, M. americana consumed fewer engraulids and clupeids, and many more and diverse types of invertebrates, while P. saltatrix consumed more clupeids and less invertebrates. The lack of overlap in diet between the four predators evaluated, and between size groups for each predator, supports previous evidence that these groups feed in trophic guilds defined by species and by size within a species. The highly variable diets for these predators suggest high resolution spatial data are necessary in order to quantify their most important prey and their role in coastal ecosystems.
Future on-chip interconnect metallization and electromigration

Electromigration and resistivity of Cu, Co and Ru on-chip interconnections have been investigated. Non-linered Co and Ru interconnects can have better interconnect resistance than Cu, if the Cu liner cannot be scaled down below 2 nm in future interconnect technologies. A similar resistivity size effect increase was observed in Cu, Co, and Ru. Multi-level Cu, Co or Ru back-end-of-line interconnects were fabricated using 7 and 10 nm node technology wafer processing steps. EM in 18 nm to 88 nm wide Co lines, 18–24 nm wide Cu with a thin Co cap and 18 to 24 nm wide Ru lines were tested. The electromigration activation energies for Cu with Co cap, Co and Ru were found to be 1.5–1.7 eV, 2.4–3.1 eV and 1.9 eV, respectively. These data showed that Cu with Co cap, Co and Ru interconnects all had highly reliable electromigration.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) From the Wake of the Whales: Droplet Digital PCR for Detection and Species Identification

Genetic sampling for identification of species, subspecies or stock of whales, dolphins and porpoises at sea remains challenging. Most samples have been collected with some form of a biopsy dart requiring a close approach of a vessel while the individual is at the surface. Here we have adopted droplet digital (dd)PCR technology for detection and species identification of cetaceans using environmental (e)DNA collected from seawater. We conducted a series of eDNA sampling experiments during 25 encounters with killer whales, Orcinus orca, in Puget Sound (the Salish Sea). The regular habits of killer whales in these inshore waters allowed us to locate pods and collect seawater, at an initial distance of 200 m and at 15-minute intervals, for up to two hours after the passage of the whales. To optimize detection, we designed a set of oligonucleotide primers and probes to target short fragments of the mitochondrial (mt)DNA control region, with a focus on identification of known killer whale ecotypes. We confirmed the potential to detect eDNA in the wake of the whales for up to two hours, despite movement of the water mass by several kilometers due to tidal currents. Re-amplification and sequencing of the eDNA barcode confirmed that the ddPCR detection included the ‘southern resident community’ of killer whales, consistent with the calls from hydrophone recordings and visual observations.
A Simple Method for Generating Smooth Robot Arm Motion

A computer algorithm is described for generating smooth robot arm motion in task space trajectories. The algorithm is based on observations and analysis of task space trajectory profiles produced by human operators manually, using a six degree-of-freedom position hand controller. The algorithm is formulated in the velocity-position phase space and employs a harmonic (sinusoid) base function in the phase space. Hence the name: Harmonic Motion Generator (HMG). Performance capabilities of HMG are illustrated, including its combination with force-moment sensor based active compliance control and with task space (Cartesian space) position servo control.
Significance of 14q translocations in non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Chromosome studies were performed on malignant cells obtained from 22 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas. A marker chromosome resulting from a translocation that affected the long arm of No. 14 (14q +) was the single most frequent abnormality and was noted in 14 of these patients. The frequency of the 14q+ marker chromosome varied with the type of lymphoma as defined by Rappaport. When the Lukes and Collins classification was used, the 14q+ marker was consistently associated with lymphomas having a clone of large noncleaved cells, small cleaved cells, and small noncleaved cells, but was absent in lymphomas composed of a clone of large cleaved cells and small lymphocytes. The findings suggest that, in certain groups of lymphoid malignancies, cells with a 14q translocation have a proliferative advantage compared with cells having other chromosome rearrangements, and that these malignant cells could be derived from a common progenitor.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AS A BACTERICIDE FOR STAPHYLOCOCCI IN CHEESE MILK1,2

Raw whole milk containing native and added strains of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was heated to 120 or 130 F and 0.05% H2O2 was added to determine the bactericidal efficiency of the tr...
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Consumers’ Economic Expectations:

Consumers’ expectations about the future of their own finances and the macroeconomy are used to forecast consumption, but forecasts do not typically account for differences by race and ethnicity. I...
CRISPR‐Based Subtyping Using Whole Genome Sequence Data Does Not Improve Differentiation of Persistent and Sporadic Listeria monocytogenes Strains

The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes can persist in food-associated environments for long periods. To identify persistent strains, the subtyping method pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is being replaced by whole genome sequence (WGS)-based subtyping. It was hypothesized that analyzing specific mobile genetic elements, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Short Repeat) spacer arrays, extracted from WGS data, could differentiate persistent and sporadic isolates within WGS-based clades. To test this hypothesis, 175 L. monocytogenes isolates, previously recovered from retail delis, were analyzed for CRISPR spacers using CRISPRFinder. These isolates represent 23 phylogenetic clades defined by WGS-based single nucleotide polymorphisms and closely related sporadic isolates. In 174/175 (99.4%) of isolates, at least one array with one spacer was identified. Numbers of spacers in a single array ranged from 1 to 28 spacers. Isolates were grouped into 13 spacer patterns (SPs) based on observed variability in the presence or absence of whole spacers. SP variation was consistent with WGS-based clades forming patterns of (i) one SP to one clade, (ii) one SP across many clades, (iii) many SPs within one clade, and (iv) many SPs across many clades. Unfortunately, SPs did not appear to differentiate persistent from sporadic isolates within any WGS-based clade. Overall, these data show that (i) CRISPR arrays are common in WGS data for these food-associated L. monocytogenes and (ii) CRISPR subtyping cannot improve the identification of persistent or sporadic isolates from retail delis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: CRISPR spacer arrays are present in L. monocytogenes isolates and CRISPR spacer patterns are consistent with previous subtyping methods. These mobile genetic artifacts cannot improve the differentiation between persistent and sporadic L. monocytogenes isolates, used in this study. While CRISPR-based subtyping has been useful for other pathogens, it is not useful in understanding persistence in L. monocytogenes. Thus, the food safety community might be able to use CRISPRs in other areas, but CRISPRs do not seem likely to improve the differentiation of persistence in L. monocytogenes isolates from retail delis.; © 2019 Institute of Food Technologists®.
Transforming the Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) Approach: Observations from the Ranomafana National Park Project, Madagascar

Preservation of the biological diversity and ecosystems in protected areas can be achieved through projects linking conservation of the protected areas with improved standards of living for resident peoples within surrounding buffer zones. This is the hypothetical claim of the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) approach to protected area management. This paper, based on several years of experience with the Ranomafana National Park Project in Madagascar, questions the major assumptions of this approach from ethical and practical perspectives. The four basic strategies available to ICDPs – protected areas, buffer zones, compensation, and economic development – are analyzed and shown to be deficient or untested in the case of Ranomafana. Recommendations are made to explore conservation models other than the western conception of the national park, to modify the notion of a buffer zone outside the protected area, to redistribute money or other resources directly to the poor people living in and around the protected areas, and to eliminate the middle men in the development business. An appeal is made to focus on local education, organization and discipline in order to promote self-determination and self-reliance among resident peoples of protected areas. The paper argues that a public works program, similar to the Roosevelt administration's Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s, funded through a hard-currency endowment or other innovative financing mechanism, should be tried as a replacement for the currently questionable ICDP approach at Ranomafana.
Fibre-matrix interface testing of ceramic composites

ABSTRACT An instrumented indenter technique has been used to measure fiber/matrix bonding in several ceramic composites including SiC/LAS-III, chemically vapor infiltrated (CVI) SiC/SiC, and SiC monofilament/Borosilicate Glass. The indenter measures the load on and displacement of the fiber directly, thus avoiding the necessity of measuring small indent sizes. Values of fiber/matrix debond strength ( T d ) and interfacial frictional stress ( T f ) have been measured in each of these systems. In several instances, no movement of the fiber was observed. Differences in T have been ascribed to differences in bonding between the fibers, coatings, and matrices. Variability in r within each sample has been observed and will be discussed.
Scintillation of laser beams carrying orbital angular momentum propagating in a near-maritime environment

Abstract Laser beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) were propagated in a near-maritime environment along an 890 meter link across the Severn River at the United States Naval Academy. The OAM beams were generated using green light ( λ = 532 nm ) and etched spiral phase plates with different topological charges. The light intensity fluctuations of Gaussian and beams carrying OAM with topological charges of 1, 6, and 8 were measured and the scintillation indices of each beam were compared. Additionally, atmospheric turbulence was measured using a co-aligned scintillometer along the 890 meter propagation path. During testing, a wide range of atmospheric conditions occurred and the refractive index structure parameter measurements ranged from 5 × 1 0 − 14 down to 5 × 1 0 − 15 m −2∕3 . Our measurements of transmitted voltage in the radial intensity across the maritime link, and calculated scintillation index, for the Gaussian beam and laser beams carrying OAM indicate a weak reduction in scintillation index for increasing topological charge. To reduce the measurement uncertainty and improve upon statistical significance of our findings, additional testing is needed.
Utilization of Antineoplastic Agents and Medicare Spending in Elderly Patients With Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer Between 2001 and 2013.

PURPOSE:Some elderly patients (≥ 65 years old) with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) do not receive chemotherapy likely because of fear of toxicity and uncertainty regarding benefits. Thus, we aimed t...
Stress, mental health, and aging

Abstract Older adults experience greater risk than their younger counterparts for mental health problems, including stress, depression, and anxiety. This chapter begins by describing the biological mechanisms and genetic susceptibility underlying the complex relationship between stress, aging, and mental health problems. Next, we discuss the associations between stress, aging, and objective and subjective cognitive functioning. We then review the literature on the impact of stress on depression, anxiety, and everyday functioning, using spousal Alzheimer’s disease caregivers and older veterans as use-case examples. In addition to stress as a risk factor for negative outcomes, we highlight the protective role of positive psychological traits, namely social support and resilience. Lastly, we describe evidence-based treatments to decrease stress and improve mental health in older adults.
Impact of in-stream restoration structures on salmonid abundance and biomass: an updated meta-analysis

Owing to declines in salmonid populations, in-stream restoration structures have been used for over 80 years to increase abundance of fish. However, the relative effectiveness of these structures r...
MtcB, a member of the MttB superfamily from the human gut acetogen Eubacterium limosum , is a cobalamin-dependent carnitine demethylase.

The trimethylamine methyltransferase MttB is the first described member of a superfamily comprising thousands of microbial proteins. Most members of the MttB superfamily are encoded by genes that lack the codon for pyrrolysine characteristic of trimethylamine methyltransferases, raising questions about the activities of these proteins. The superfamily member MtcB is found in the human intestinal isolate Eubacterium limosum ATCC 8486, an acetogen that can grow by demethylation of l-carnitine. Here, we demonstrate that MtcB catalyzes l-carnitine demethylation. When growing on l-carnitine, E. limosum excreted the unusual biological product norcarnitine as well as acetate, butyrate, and caproate. Cellular extracts of E. limosum grown on l-carnitine, but not lactate, methylated cob-(I)alamin or tetrahydrofolate using l-carnitine as methyl donor. MtcB, along with the corrinoid protein MtqC and the methylcorrinoid:tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase MtqA, were much more abundant in E. limosum cells grown on l-carnitine than on lactate. Recombinant MtcB methylates either cob(I)alamin or Co(I)-MtqC in the presence of l-carnitine and, to a much lesser extent, γ-butyrobetaine. Other quaternary amines were not substrates. Recombinant MtcB, MtqC, and MtqA methylated tetrahydrofolate via l-carnitine, forming a key intermediate in the acetogenic Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. To our knowledge, MtcB methylation of cobalamin or Co(I)-MtqC represents the first described mechanism of biological l-carnitine demethylation. The conversion of l-carnitine and its derivative γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine by the gut microbiome has been linked to cardiovascular disease. The activities of MtcB and related proteins in E. limosum might demethylate proatherogenic quaternary amines and contribute to the perceived health benefits of this human gut symbiont.
Quantifying errors in the aerosol mixing-state index based on limited particle sample size

This study evaluates the error that is introduced in quantifying observed aerosol mixing states due to a limited particle sample size. We used the particle-resolved model PartMC-MOSAIC to generate ...
Selective DNA Demethylation Accompanies T Cell Homeostatic Proliferation and Gene Regulation in Lupus-Prone lpr Mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by increased DNA demethylation in T cells, although it is unclear whether this occurs primarily in a subset of SLE T cells. The process driving the DNA demethylation and the consequences on overall gene expression are also poorly understood and whether this represents a secondary consequence of SLE or a primary contributing factor. Lupus-prone lpr mice accumulate large numbers of T cells with age because of a mutation in Fas (CD95). The accumulating T cells include an unusual population of CD4-CD8-TCR-αβ+ (DN) T cells that arise from CD8+ precursors and are also found in human SLE. We have previously observed that T cell accumulation in lpr mice is due to dysregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation, which parallels an increased expression of numerous genes in the DN subset, including several proinflammatory molecules and checkpoint blockers. We thus determined the DNA methylome in lpr DN T cells compared with their CD8+ precursors. Our findings show that DN T cells manifest discrete sites of extensive demethylation throughout the genome, and these sites correspond to the location of a large proportion of the upregulated genes. Thus, dysregulated homeostatic proliferation in lpr mice and consequent epigenetic alterations may be a contributing factor to lupus pathogenesis.
Access to Care: Access Is a Prerequisite to Quality

Access to care is a multidimensional concept of key importance when analyzing patterns of emergency department (ED) use. Many of the individual social determinants that exacerbate challenges to healthcare access are addressed elsewhere in this book. This chapter focuses on the role of the ED within the broader healthcare system—both how the availability of community and health system resources may influence individuals’ choice to seek ED care, and also impact their ability to access other sources of care before or after an ED visit. Emergency physicians have an important role in measuring, monitoring, and protecting access to care, particularly for the most vulnerable populations including those who are unhoused, poor, and people of color. Rigorous research done by emergency physicians related to patient access has led to important policy changes – from early studies of “patient dumping” that led to EMTALA legislation, to the use of simulated patient methodology, which employs researchers posing as patients to estimate local access to health care based on insurance status and other characteristics. We discuss the emerging role that emergency medicine needs to embrace via collaborations to improve transitions of care both into and out of the ED, so as to reduce health care fragmentation and wasteful spending, and improve access and quality for all our patients.
Normal Coordinate Analysis

The chapter summarizes important concepts from the theory of molecular vibrations of which normal coordinate analysis is a part. Section 2 describes how molecular vibrations or, more precisely, harmonic oscillators are treated in classical mechanics and how normal coordinates are defined. The quantum mechanics of coupled harmonic oscillators, which is based on normal coordinates, is developed in section 3, together with the selection rules for infrared and Raman spectroscopy. It is followed by excursions into some applications of symmetry concepts and into the domain of real molecules where harmonic oscillators are satisfactory approximations at best (anharmonicity and large-amplitude internal motions). Section 4 introduces the commonly used internal and symmetry coordinates, the transformations between them and the Cartesian and normal coordinates, Wilson's GF method of normal coordinate analysis, and discusses redundant sets of internal coordinates. A short survey of force fields past and present (central, valence, and Urey-Bradley force fields and force fields from semiempirical and ab initio calculations) is given in section 5. The invariance of internal coordinates, the transformation from internal to Cartesian coordinates, and some aspects of redundant coordinates are detailed in appendices. Keywords: anharmonicity; Cartesian coordinates; force constant; force field; harmonic oscillator; internal coordinates; molecular vibrations; normal coordinate analysis; potential energy distribution; quantum mechanics; redundant coordinates; relative intensity; symmetry coordinates; vibrational energy levels; vibrational wave functions; vibrational frequencies; vibrational selection rules
Chapter 3 Numerical simulation of sedimentary basin-scale hydrochemical processes

Abstract Sedimentary basins represent large-scale porous media, are important hosts to a significant portion of the world's economic energy and mineral resources. Processes occurring in sedimentary basins include groundwater flow, heat transport, and reactive mass transport. Quantitative models of flow and transport in these settings can provide insight into the processes that control the evolution of sedimentary basins by enabling the examination of processes that may occur too slowly to be observed in the field or laboratory. In many cases, such models may be the only available tool for studying processes occurring over geological time and space scales. In addition, it is important to consider the behavior of the processes occurring in sedimentary basins simultaneously, since they are generally coupled. Groundwater flow is controlled by the boundary conditions and the distribution of hydraulic conductivity; as a result, flow velocities vary spatially and temporally. This circulation is capable of transporting thermal energy and dissolved mass. In general, flow rates will be sufficiently small that the water will reach approximate equilibrium with each lithology along the flow path at the ambient temperature and pressure. These successive equilibria produce changes in the chemical composition of the fluid, resulting in reactions with the medium (i.e., precipitation, dissolution), which in turn modify the porosity and permeability. This modification may be insignificant at a human time scale, but very significant at the geological time scale. The hydrogeological flow field then is a coupled hydrological-thermal-geochemical system, requiring solution to three sets of coupled partial differential equations. This paper reviews developments over the past several years in numerical simulation of these coupled processes. The governing conservation equations are presented, and solution procedures discussed; the finite element equations are developed for the case where local chemical equilibrium is assumed. Application of coupled models to a variety of geological problems is discussed, such as the propagation of mineral reaction fronts in one spatial dimension. These studies have noted the importance of hydrodynamic dispersion and its control on the spatial distribution of reaction rates and products. Relatively few two-dimensional simulations are available in the literature, but these few are reviewed, including the formation of uranium ore deposits, mixing-zone reactions in carbonate aquifers, and sandstone diagenesis. These studies note the importance of transport-controlled reaction-front propagation, fluid mixing, and gradient reactions, which all occur to varying degrees in a heterogeneous sedimentary basin. Future developments will require greater computer capability, and are likely to focus on application to well-documented field problems and greater inclusion of natural geological heterogeneity, but results presented to date show promise of enabling quantitative study of coupled hydrological, geochemical, and thermal processes in evolving sedimentary basins.
Willem Einthoven and the birth of clinical electrocardiography a hundred years ago.

The first electrocardiogram (ECG) from the intact human heart was recorded with a mercury capillary electrometer by Augustus Waller in May 1887 at St. Mary's Hospital, London. The tracings were poor and exhibited only 2 distorted deflections. Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) who was professor of physiology at the University of Leiden, The Netherlands, began his studies of the ECG with the mercury capillary electrometer, and improved its distortion mathematically so that he was finally able to register a good representation of the ECG before the beginning of the twentieth century. He later further improved ECG recordings with the introduction of a string galvanometer of his design. Einthoven published his first article about the string galvanometer in 1901, followed by a more detailed description in 1903 which included a report of ECGs taken with the new instrument. The year 2002 marks the centennial of Willem Einthoven's first recording of the ECG in a clinically applicable fashion with the string galvanometer. The clinical use of Einthoven's immobile equipment required transtelephonic transmission of the ECG from the physiology laboratory to the clinic at the Academic Hospital about a mile away as documented in the 1906 paper on the "telecardiogramme". This report contained a wealth of ECG patterns and arrhythmias. Einthoven developed a system of electrocardiographic standardization that continues to be used all over the world and introduced the triaxial bipolar system with 3 limb leads and thus established uniformity of the recording process. Einthoven also conceived the famous equilateral triangle with leads I, II, and III at its sides and the calculation of the electrical axis (in the frontal plane) depicted as a single vector with an arrow at the center of the triangle. Einthoven recognized the great potential importance of the ECG as a diagnostic and investigative tool and his achievements made him the founder of modern electrocardiography. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1924 (2 years after Waller's death) in physiology and medicine, "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram."
Endoscopic repair of Zenker's diverticulum by harmonic scalpel ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Purpose Although endoscopic staple–assisted esophagodiverticulostomy (ESED) has become the initial treatment of choice for most patients with Zenker's diverticulum (ZD), anatomical restraints prevent its use in all cases. We describe an endoscopic approach for treating ZD using the harmonic scalpel, which can be used in certain cases where diverticulum anatomy precludes ESED. Materials and Methods Medical records of 7 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic repair of ZD using the harmonic scalpel (Harmonic Ace, Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc, Cincinnati, OH) were reviewed. Data collected included demographics, symptoms, surgical details, complications, and postoperative outcomes. Main outcome measures were time to resumption of oral diet, symptom resolution, and complications. Results All patients (N = 7) who underwent endoscopic repair of ZD using the harmonic scalpel resumed an oral diet at initial follow-up visit after surgery (mean, 7 days; range, 4–9 days) and rated their symptoms as being completely resolved at subsequent follow-up (mean, 4 months; range, 1.5–8 months). There were no complications. Conclusions Endoscopic repair of ZD using the ultrasonic cutting shears is a safe and efficacious procedure that allows for endoscopic treatment in certain cases that cannot be treated by ESED. Further study is warranted in larger series to determine efficacy and safety compared with established endoscopic techniques.
Sucrose density gradient characterization of cytoplasmic [1,2-H3]-5α-Dihydrotestosterone binding proteins in the accessory sexual glands of the male syrian hamster

Abstract Cytoplasmic extracts (105,000 g supernatants) prepared from the accessory sexual glands of androgen stimulated male Syrian hamsters contained proteins which bound [1,2-H 3 ]5α-dihydrotestosterone and migrated with sedimentation coefficients of 8–9 S on linear sucrose gradients. Although similar binding and components were demonstrated in cytosols prepared from liver and kidney tissue, they were absent in serum and cytosols prepared from lungs and autonomous prostatic adenocarcinomas. Like the classical androgen receptor, binding to this 8–9 S component was abolished by incubation at 60°C or by preincubation with pronase or parahydroxymercuribenzoate. Unlike androgen receptors, however, the sedimentation rate of this 8–9 S component was not altered at high ionic strength (0.6 M KCl). Competition studied indicated that a large excess of nonradioactive 5α-dihydrotestosterone only partially inhibited the 8–9 S binding of the radioactive androgen. Although [1,2-H 3 ]5α-dihydrotestosterone and [1,2,6,7-H 3 ]progesterone were both bound to this 8–9 S component, similar binding of [2,4,6,7-H 3 ]estradiol was not detected. The 8–9 S binding component was precipitated with 33–50% saturated (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and gel filtration of the redissolved proteins revealed only one major peak of [1,2-H 3 ]5α-dihydrotestosterone binding. These data suggest the presence of low affinity 8–9 S binding proteins in androgen sensitive tissues of the male hamster which are distinct from 8 S androgen receptors and may be involved in the intracellular accumulation of androgens.
Fragment nuclear-charge structure in the thermal-neutron-induced fission of $sup 235$U

Using a thin film detector to indicate nuclear charge $Z$ from measured specific luminescence values, direct evidence was obtained for fragment nulcear charge structure in the thermal neutron induced fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$. The structure, occuring as a preference for formation of alternate $Z$ charge units, is most pronounced for fission events leading to higher total kinetic energy release.
The Microstructure and Properties of ZL116 Alloy Obtained by the Nearby-Liquidus Electromagnetic Casting

Studying the microstructures of ZL116 alloy slurry prepared by nearby liquidus electromagnetic casting (NLEMC), electromagnetic casting (EMC), and nearby liquidus casting (NLC) by means of electron microscope and image analysis apparatus. At the same time, determining the their hardness by using hardness instrument. The results show that the NLEMC can obtain the fine and uniform equiaxed grains structure, its average-area-circle grain diameter is 28.5μm, and its rheoforming parts, hardness is 129Hv. All of these also show that the slurry microstructure and rheoforming properties of ZL116 prepared by NLEMC are the best in the three kinds of ways. At the same time, discussing the mechanism of NLEMC structure fine.
Hepatocyte growth factor protects renal epithelial cells from apoptotic cell death

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor that plays an essential role in renal tubular repair and regeneration following injury. Studies indicate that administration of exogenous HGF to animals stimulates renal epithelial cell DNA synthesis and accelerates recovery from acute renal failure (ARF). However, whether increased cell proliferation accounts for all of the beneficial effects of HGF in ARF is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that HGF protects renal epithelial cells from undergoing apoptotic cell death. Treatment of renal epithelial mIMCD-3 cells with 25 microM cisplatin in the serum-free medium induced significant apoptosis, as assessed by fluorescent Dye H-33342 staining, TUNEL staining, light and electron microscopy, and DNA laddering analysis. However, constitutive expression of HGF by transfection in mIMCD-3 cells resulted in resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptotic death. The survival rate of HGF-producing C1 cells was more than 2-fold greater as compared to control, mIMCD-3 cells following treatment with 25 microM cisplatin for 2 days. These results suggest that HGF may not only activate tubular repair processes but also ameliorate the initial injury by protecting renal epithelial cells from undergoing apoptosis.
MATERNAL AGE AS AN ECOLOGICAL FACTOR IN THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS1

The influences of maternal age on egg hatchability in the laboratory, and on larval survival on host plants in the field of the European corn borer were studied. Maternal age had no effect on egg fertility, but the failure of fully developed embryos to hatch increased with the increase of the female's age. On host plants, the number of surviving larvae hatched from eggs laid by 2-day old moths was higher than those from eggs laid by 6-day old moths. But the influence of maternal age was apparent only during early larval life; it was not apparent in the later larval stages, possibly because the weaker larvae had been eliminated within the first few days after hatch. The maternal influence on larval survival was more pronounced among the young larvae living on a borer-resistant host than among those on a borer-susceptible host. The general implication of this observation is discussed. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DAS ALTER DER MUTTER ALS OKOLOGISCHER FAKTOR IN DER POPULATIONS-DYNAMIK DES MAISZUNSLERS, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS Es wurde das Schlupfen von Eiern des Maiszunslers untersucht, die von Weibchen verschiedenen Alters (von 1 bis 6 und 7 oder mehr Tagen) abgelegt worden waren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine bestandige Zunahme des Versagens der Schlupffahigkeit voll entwickelter Embryonen mit der Zunahme des Weibchen-Alters. Zwei Maissorten, eine Maiszunsler-resistente und eine Maiszunsler-anfallige, wurden mit einer bestimmten Anzahl von Eiern mit weit entwickelten Embryonen infiziert. Die Eier stammten von 2 und von 6 Tage alten Weibchen. Die Anzahl der auf den Pflanzen uberlebenden Larven, die 1, 4 und 6–7 Wochen nach der Infektion gepruft wurde, war bei denen aus Eiern von 2 Tage alten Muttern groser als bei solchen aus Eiern der 6 Tage alten Falter. Die Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, das das Mutter-Alter die Lebensfahigkeit der Larven wahrend der allerersten Tage nach dem Schlupfen beeinflust. In den spateren Stadien wurden mutterliche Effekte nicht nachgewiesen, wahrscheinlich weil dann die schwacheren Individuen wahrend der fruhen Larvenzeit bereits ausgemerzt wurden. Die Wirkung des Alters der Mutter auf das Uberleben ihrer Larven war auf einer Mais-zunsler-resistenten Sorte deutlicher ausgepragt als auf einem anfalligen Wirt. Der Einflus sub-optimaler Bedingungen auf die Manifestation der Wirkungen des Mutter-Alters werden diskutiert.
A vision for transformative leadership: Rethinking journalism and mass communication education for the twenty-first century

Journalism and mass communication education is in urgent need of transformative leadership. The media are in the midst of a sea change, and educators and professionals alike are groping for a pathway to a future in which they play a vital role. This essay offers a vision for reinventing journalism and mass communication through a model based on innovation and entrepreneurship in media, guided by ethics, freedom of speech, and rigorous, independent, and critical inquiry.
William Healy (1869-1963): pioneer child psychiatrist and criminologist.

William Healy, M.D., a pioneer psychiatrist and criminologist, established the first child guidance clinic in the United States in 1909, and was an early advocate of both the "team approach" and the "child's own story" in treatment and research. One of the founders and the first president of the American Orthopsychiatric Association, Healy helped introduce Freudian thought into the United States. Among his contributions to the field of criminology are his book The Individual Delinquent (1915) and his "multifactor theory" of delinquency, which broadened the field and moved it away from European criminology's stress on genetic factors. Healy developed an elaborate methodology for the complete study of the offender by a variety of specialists. He was also a reformer in the field of corrections, based on his investigations of several institutions for delinquents.
Raman spectra and structure of sodium aluminogermanate glasses

Abstract Polarized Raman spectra of x NaAlO 2 ·(100 − x ) GeO 2 glasses ( x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 33, 42, and 50) are presented. Analyses of the Raman data indicate that the aluminogermanate glasses have three-dimensional network structures consisting of interconnected AlO 4 and GeO 4 tetrahedra; Na + ions are present in cavities and charge balance the Al 3+ ions. Systematic changes are observed in the frequencies, intensities and polarization characteristics of spectral bands with variations in the NaAlO 2 content of these glasses. The antisymmetric stretching mode [ν as (TOT), where T = Al, Ge] in the high-frequency region of the spectra (800–1000 cm −1 ) appears as a doublet consisting of well-defined bands in the spectra of glasses along the entire join. Both components of the high-frequency doublet shift to a lower frequency with increasing NaAlO 2 content, indicating that the ν as (GeO 4 ) and ν as (AlO 4 ) stretching modes are coupled. The variations in the TO force constants and TOT bond angles with change in composition most likely cause the bands to shift. The frequencies of the Raman bands of sodium aluminogermanate glasses are compared with those of the corresponding bands in isostructural sodium gallogermanate glasses. On the basis of this comparison, the origin and delocalization of the vibrational modes producing characteristic Raman bands in the spectra of these glasses are discussed. The changes observed in the Raman spectra of aluminogermanate glasses with variation in NaAlO 2 content are analogous to those observed in the spectra of glasses along the NaAlO 2 SiO 2 join.
Additivity in prism adaptation as manifested in intermanual and interocular transfer

Level of adaptation was assessed in both exposed and unexposed eye and/or hand for visual shift (VS), proprioceptive shift (PS), and the eye-hand coordination, negative after effect (NA) measure of both visual and proprioceptive change, following 15-min and 20-diopter base-right displacement viewing of the active hand, under conditions of unconstrained head movement and terminal exposure feedback. Transfer was complete for the VS test, and significant, but incomplete for the PS and NA tests. For both exposed and unexposed eye/hand situations, level of adaptation was greater for the NA than for the PS test, which in turn showed greater adaptation than the VS test. Additivity was virtually perfect for the unexposed eye/hand (VS+PS = NA), but underadditivity appeared for the exposed eye/hand (VS+PS < NA). This underadditivity was approximately equal in magnitude to the amount that transfer on the NA test was less than on the PS test, suggesting that underadditivity was due to a nontransferable, assimilated corrective response in the NA test with the exposed eye/hand. Possible explanations for intermanual transfer are discussed.
Electric fields and potentials in the vicinity of electrostatically charged sheet product suspended between two earthed boundaries

Abstract Electrostatic fields and potentials in the vicinity of a uniformly charged insulating sheet suspended between, and perpendicular to, two parallel earthed surfaces are calculated by direct solution of the Laplace equation. The relevance of the solutions to industrial processes such as film winding operations is discussed. The calculations show that the highest potentials occur midway along the sheet. The highest electric fields occur at the intersection of the sheet and the earthed surfaces. Increasing the separation of the earthed surfaces, thereby lengthening the suspended sheet while maintaining a constant charge density on the sheet surface, causes an increase in both the potentials and the electric fields in the system as expected from the superposition principle.
Preparation, stability, reactivity and synthetic utility of a cadmium stabilized complex of difluoromethylene phosphonic acid ester

Abstract Diethyl bromodifluoromethyl phosphonate reacts readily with cadmium metal to form a stable cadmium complex. Depending on solvent, this functionalized organocadmium reagent exhibits stability for days to months. It reacts with a variety of electrophiles and serves as a synthetically useful source for the introduction of the difluoromethylene phosphonate group into organic compounds. The synthetic utility of a wide variety of fluoromethylene phosphonium ylides has been a major effort in our laboratory over the past several years [1]. The generation and capture of difluoromethylene ylides ( 1 ) as a general route to difluoromethylene olefins has been of especial interest to us [2]. In an effort to increase the nucleophilicity of the ylide, we have attempted to prepare the analogous phosphonate ylide ( 2 ). Although we have achieved modest success [3] by insitu capture of ( 2 ) in the reaction of sodium dialkyl phosphites with diethyl bromodifluoromethylphosphonate ( 3 ), attempts to pregenerate ( 2 ), either from diethyl difluoromethylphosphonate ( 4 ) or ( 3 ), have met with little success. ( 2 ) appears to have minimal stability even at low temperatures, and scale up processes of synthetic value would seem to be difficult.
Separation of oligonucleotides on novel monolithic columns with ion-exchange functional surfaces.

Abstract Porous monolithic columns have been prepared by the direct free radical copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate within the confines of a 50×8 mm I.D. chromatographic column in the presence of porogens. The epoxide groups of these monoliths were modified to different extents by reaction with diethylamine to afford 1-N,N-diethylamino-2-hydroxypropyl functionalities useful for ion-exchange chromatography. Following characterization of the monoliths, the columns were tested in the chromatographic separation of a homologous series of oligodeoxyadenylic [pd(A)12–18] and oligothymidylic acids [d(pT)12–24] at different flow-rates. Very good separations of the oligonucleotides were achieved even at the high flow-rate of 4 ml/min.
The centrecephalon and thalamocortical integration: Neglected contributions of periaqueductal gray

I have argued in other work that emotion, attentional functions, and executive functions are three interpenetrant global state variables, essentially differential slices of the consciousness pie. This paper will outline the columnar architecture and connectivities of the PAG (periaqueductal gray), its role in organizing prototype states of emotion, and the re-entry of PAG with the extended reticular thalamic activating system (“ERTAS”). At the end we will outline some potential implications of these connectivities for possible functional correlates of PAG networks that are just starting to be mapped. Overall, we will look at many lines of evidence that PAG should be conceptualized as a peri-reticular structure that has a foundational role in emotion, in generating the meaningful organization of behavior by the brain through prototype emotional states, and in allowing the various emotional systems to globally influence and tune both the forebrain and brainstem. Finally, we address implications of these concepts for what is currently understood about consciousness, underlining the need for somewhat more humility within consciousness studies about our current level of understanding of consciousness in the brain, combined with a deeper appreciation of the intrinsic connections between emotion and consciousness. One hopes that more concerted empirical interest in structures underneath the thalamus, combined with a deeper appreciation for the fundamental role that organismic and social value must have in bootstrapping awareness in the developing brain, would begin more widely to influence the fundamental lines of neuroscientific research in both emotion studies and consciousness studies.
Cloud signals from lidar and rotating beam ceilometer compared with pilot ceiling

Abstract Cloud signals from a vertically pointing, range-corrected ruby lidar and a rotating beam ceilometer showed excellent agreement in the height at which peak signal occurred. However, pilot reports of ceiling were at significantly lower altitude when viewed at 3° below horizontal without the aid of approach lights. An analytical relationship is derived that connects pilot's optical depth with an idealized lidar's signal profile by applying reasonable approximations to the cloud structure. The view angle of the pilot, the lidar's pointing direction, and the vertical distribution of the obscuring particles control the relationship. This relationship is recommended as the foundation of a signal-processing algorithm for better ceiling measurements, particularly for low stratus. Multiple scattering and a ceilometer's range dependence are complicating factors. Accurate cloud base predictions should also account for horizontal inhomogeneities at the cloud's bottom as shown by simple examples. An of these c...
"Nharas" and "Morenas Horras": a Luso-African model for the social history of the Spanish Caribbean, c. 1570-1640

Drawing on little-used archival materials held in Seville’s Archive of the Indies and ecclesiastical records from the Cathedral of Havana, this article argues that free African and African-descended women participated in Spain’s colonization of the Caribbean to a degree that has not been fully recognized. Regularly described as vecinas (heads of household) and as spouses to Iberian men in key port cities, free women of color played active roles in the formation and maintenance of Spanish Caribbean society during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, not as peripheral or marginalized figures, but as non-elite insiders who pursued their own best interests and those of their families and associates.
Boric acid self-lubrication of B2O3-Filled polymer composites©

Utility of boric oxide particles in PTFE and epoxy composite materials, in sliding contact with stainless steel, is explored. Boric oxide filler can provide PTFE with a two-decade reduction in wear rate, to 10−5 mm3/N-m. With adequate ambient humidity reduced wear rate can be achieved without inducing counterface abrasion, and the friction of PTFE is further reduced slightly. In such environments, boric oxide fillers can also reduce friction coefficient of epoxy from μ>0.7 to as low as μ=0.07. This lubrication mechanism results from replenishment of lubricous boric acid lamellar solid provided to the sliding interface by reaction of boric oxide with ambient water. Maintenance of the lubricating effect depends upon a sufficient rate of boric acid formation, relative to subsequent removal by wear. It is demonstrated that this formation/removal balance is affected by relative humidity and volume fraction of boric oxide filler, as well as normal load and sliding speed. Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting in ...