cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimizing electronic health record patient-note mismatches

We measured the prevalence (or rate) of patient-note mismatches (clinical notes judged to pertain to another patient) in the electronic medical record. The rate ranged from 0.5% (95% CI 0.2% to 1.7%) before a pop-up window intervention to 0.3% (95% CI 0.1% to 1.1%) after the intervention. Clinicians discovered patient-note mismatches in 0.05–0.03% of notes, or about 10% of actual mismatches. The reduction in rates after the intervention was statistically significant. Therefore, while the patient-note mismatch rate is low compared to published rates of other documentation errors, it can be further reduced by the design of the user interface.
Centric pairing and crossing-over in Drosophila melanogaster.

This cyto-genetic disproportionality has fostered the widespread inference that the centric and medial regions of the visible chromosome have a differential organization that influences their ability to undergo exchange. Such a view is in harmony with the concept that the centric regions are genetically “inert,” which has developed out of their heterochromatic properties. MATHER, however, has demonstrated (MATHER 1939) that centric heterochromatin undergoes crossingover more frequently when attached medially, and that proximity to the centromere itself is a deterrent to exchange. This is in agreement with BEADLE’S earlier observation (BEADLE 1932) that distal material attached near a centromere by translocation undergoes a reduction in exchanges, and with BEADLE’S interpretation of a “centromere effect” on crossing-over. A special case of the disparity of physical and genetic length is chromosome 4 of D. melanogaster. This is a small chromosome, often called a “dot chromosome” because of its appearance in somatic metaphase. Nonetheless, its cytological length is such that compared with regions of equal size in other chromosomes it should produce in the neighborhood of one to five percent crossovers. Actually, however, crossing-over in this pair of chromosomes almost never occurs in diploids.
Concept and implementation of a simplified speed control strategy for survivable induction motor drives

Induction machine is one of the most widely used machines in residential and industrial applications. Traditional drive methods for induction machines such as vector control usually require complex control routines, fast processing unit and multiple system status feedbacks. The complexity of these methods greatly reduces the reliability of the system since the failure of the sensor or even the drift of system parameters could potentially result in system malfunction. This creates the need for a simple, cost-effective and reliable control strategy as a backup to continue operation of the system in case of failure of current and voltage feedback sensors. In this paper, an effective, yet simple and low-cost state switching control technique is proposed and implemented for a three phase squirrel cage induction machine system. This state switching control operates at two specific duty cycles of PWM which produces phase voltages with different magnitudes across the phase windings. At the same time, the frequency of phase voltages is derived from the reference speed. By switching between these two states, precise speed regulation can be achieved. This new control method makes the controller extremely simple in design and implementation for induction machine. Simulation and experimental results are included in this paper to validate our claims.
Targeting Neurohumoral Signaling to Treat Pulmonary Hypertension The Right Ventricle Coming Into Focus

Adverse remodeling of the right ventricle (RV) that affects RV systolic or diastolic function directly or indirectly by modulating changes to cavitary geometry is a principal determinant of poor outcome across the global spectrum of cardiopulmonary diseases.1,2 Indeed, even subclinical increases in RV mass are associated with substantially elevated risk for future heart failure and decreased lifespan.3 Unique embryological and anatomic features of the RV provide a pathophysiological basis by which to account for this observation. For example, precursor cells of the RV and left ventricle (LV) derive from the primary and anterior heart fields,4 respectively, indicating a different cellular lineage for each ventricle despite their close proximity and placement in series. In contrast to the LV, the RV is a triangular structure that is thin walled and noncompacted, and, thus, tolerates pressure-loading conditions poorly.5 Moreover, poor coronary blood flow reserve with increased RV strain due to elevations in wall tension is associated with decreased RV microvascular perfusion.6 Article see p 2859 Although these properties establish the RV-specific pressure–volume relationship profile, factors that precipitate impaired RV performance are less well characterized. Take, for example, the wide swath of classical reports that describe LV hemodynamic (patho)physiological responses to acute and chronic myocardial ischemia, systemic hypertension, valvular dysfunction, and pericardial disease.7 By contrast, a paucity of data exists to characterize the mechanistic and clinical contributions of similar processes (including LV dysfunction) to the natural history of adverse RV remodeling in non–congenital heart disease patients, despite the attendant clinical relevance of RV failure. Furthermore, the basic mechanism(s) that underpin RV dysfunction when contemporaneous with pulmonary hypertension, the most common end-pathophenotype associated with changes to RV loading,8 are largely unknown. In fact, only recently has consideration been given to …
Modern Igneous Petrology

Mohan K. Sood prefaces Modern Igneous Petrology by stating that his objective is to facilitate the understanding of the application of phase equilibrium data to the crystallization and evolution of magmas. He states that the book may be valuable as either a reference or source text or as a text for courses in igneous petrology for undergraduate and graduate students. A review of recent literature and extensive references are promised the reader. There are eight chapters in the book. The presentation is theme-oriented and progresses from discussion of phase equilibrium in simple binary systems to those in complex synthetic and natural systems. The Introduction is intended to be ‘an overview of the igneous process and the state of the art of experimental petrology.’ Chapters 2 and 3, comprising in excess of one half of the book in extent, detail anhydrous silicate systems at 1-atm bearing on mafic magmas and residual alkaline magmas, respectively. The following four chapters deal in a perfunctory manner with silicate systems containing volatiles, volatile solubilities in silicate melts, melting relations of rocks, and the genesis of magmas. Chapter 8 summarizes the conclusions.
Newborn screening for fragile X syndrome

Newborn screening for fragile X syndrome (FXS) is technically possible, and in the relatively near future accurate and inexpensive screening technologies are likely to be available. When that happens, will America's public health system adopt newborn screening for fragile X syndrome? This article addresses this issue by first placing screening for FXS in the context of the history and current status of newborn screening policy and practice. Lack of a proven medical treatment may stand as a barrier to newborn screening, but strong arguments can be made that early intervention provides important services for identified newborns and their families. Furthermore, other arguments could be used to justify newborn screening, including informed reproductive risk, medically necessary information, and consumer demand. Fragile X syndrome is offered as a prototype for many of the issues that will face society as more genetic disorders are discovered and new technologies for screening are developed.
Asymptotic Theory for Solutions in Statistical Estimation and Stochastic Programming

New techniques of local sensitivity analysis for nonsmooth generalized equations are applied to the study of sequences of statistical estimates and empirical approximations to solutions of stochastic programs. Consistency is shown to follow from a certain local invertibility property, and asymptotic distributions are derived from a generalized implicit function theorem that characterizes asymptotic behavior in situations where estimates are subjected to constraints and estimation functionals are nonsmooth.
Ultrastructural Morphometry of Bovine Compact Morulae Produced In Vivo or In Vitro

The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of bovine compact morulae produced in vivo or in vitro using morphometric analysis. Compact morulae produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. Compact morulae produced in vitro were obtained from cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows. The complexes were matured and fertilized in vitro. At 20 h postinsemination (hpi), zygotes were distributed into 1 of 3 culture media: 1) IVPS (in vitro produced with serum): TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS); 2) IVPSR (in vitro produced with serum restriction): TCM-199 + 1% BSA until 72 hpi followed by TCM-199 + 10% ECS from 72 to 144 hpi; 3) mSOF (modified synthetic oviductal fluid): SOF + 0.6% BSA. At 144 hpi, five grade 1 compact morulae from each of the four treatments were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. The volume density occupied by cellular components was determined by the point-count method using a sampling of seven to nine random micrographs from each compact morula. The volume density of lipid was greater (P < 0.05) in compact morulae from IVPS, IVPSR, and mSOF treatments compared with those produced in vivo. There was a reduced proportional volume of total mitochondria in compact morulae from the IVPS treatment compared with those produced in vivo (P < 0.05). For compact morulae from the IVPS culture treatment, the volume density of vacuoles was greater than that for compact morulae produced in vivo (P < 0.05). The cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio for compact morulae from the IVPS treatment was increased (P < 0.05) compared with the ratio for those produced in vivo. In conclusion, compact morulae produced in vitro differed ultrastructurally from those produced in vivo. Compact morulae produced in IVPS culture medium possessed the greatest deviations in cellular ultrastructure.
Social Memory of Preschool Girls and Boys.

In two experiments, 40 female and 40 male preschoolers attending a day-care center were shown photographs of children attending the center, and were asked either to name each pictured child (recall condition) or to point to the picture of the child as the experimenter said the child's name (recognition condition). In both experiments, girls and boys did not differ significantly in the number of correct identifications on either the recall or recognition tasks. The results do not support Feldstein's (1976) conclusion that preschool girls show better social memory than preschool boys.
Feeding Habitat Selection by Great Blue Herons and Great Egrets Nesting in East Central Minnesota

Abstract Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) and Great Egrets (Casmerodius albus) partitioned feeding habitat based on wetland size at Peltier Lake rookery in east central Minnesota. Great Blue Herons preferred large waterbodies (350 ha), whereas Great Egrets fed most often at small ponds (<25 ha). Forty-nine percent of Great Blue Herons used wetlands 301-400 hectares in size and 83% of Great Egrets fed in wetlands <100 ha in size. Great Blue Herons selected large wetlands more often than expected both at the regional (30-km radius) and local (4-km radius) scales. Habitat use by Great Egrets was in proportion to availability at the regional scale, but they selected smaller wetlands for feeding more often than expected at a local scale. The median flight distance of Great Blue Herons was 2.7 km, similar to distances reported elsewhere. Great Egrets flew farther to feeding sites than Great Blue Herons, and flew farther (median = 13.5 km) than reported in other geographic areas.
The “Modern” Army of Early Meiji Japan

The meiji period (1868–1912) in Japanese history is known traditionally as an era of bustling reform during which the leaders of the restored imperial government sought to discard a feudal and backward civilization and to replace it with the modernity of the West. No people, however, notwithstanding all their persistence, talents, and hopes can have worked as great a transformation in their national life as has been claimed for the Japanese during this period. There is no doubt that great and far-reaching reforms were inaugurated, but it is especially necessary, in assessing them, to distinguish between the initial plans and hopes of the Japanese, on the one hand, and the actual achievements, on the other. The fundamental institutional changes which were projected required in most instances the passage of at least a generation before a reasonable stage of progress was attained. Failure to bear in mind the gradual nature of these changes has often resulted in the presentation of distorted and anachronistic treatments of modern Japanese history.
Cell-Based Architecture for Reconfigurable Wiring Manifolds

onventional spacecraft wiring harnesses are built with architectures that are fixed at manufacture, though evolving mission requirements often tend to favor systems that can adapt to support the concept of Responsive Space missions. With launch costs exceeding $30,000 per kg, reducing the mass of a spacecrafts wiring harness without compromising reliability is highly desirable [1]. A programmable wiring harness is being built which exhibits qualities similar to a field programmable gate array (FPGA), in that it is a pre-wired architecture that is soft-configured as needed, and ideally within minutes of a defined mission. By implementing reversible and dynamically programmable software wires, when embedded in a wiring system, these can be used to build a programmable wiring manifold. Adaptive wiring systems would have many useful properties, including the potential of self-healing/diagnostics and soft-definable probe signals. Algorithms used in FPGA and switch routing will be exploited to guide the formation of switchable wire paths in the adaptive wiring manifold. A reconfigurable switch fabric enables dynamic routing of signals in many different applications. Power routing, and digital and analog signals can be routed for space systems, but the adaptive wiring concept can also be applied to terrestrial applications such as aircraft wiring and ground-based systems. Additionally, dynamic routing of media such as light or fluids can also be achieved using the same fundamental switch architecture.
Microstructural model of perimysial collagen fibers for resting myocardial mechanics during ventricular filling

To study the structural contribution of perimysial collagen fibers to the passive mechanics of ventricular myocardium, we modeled the coiled fibers as helical springs using elastica theory to represent the fibers as initially curved, inextensible rods that could bend and twist. The extensional behavior in the physiological range of left ventricular (LV) pressures was dependent on structural parameters that were estimated histologically for rat and dog: collagen fiber diameter, coil period, collagen fiber tortuosity (fiber length in 2 dimensions/midline length), and number density (Nd) of collagen fibers per cross-sectional area of tissue. The difference in each geometric parameter was not great (27% maximal difference for Nd). However, the combined effect of all parameters accounted for a 102% difference in tissue stiffness. The only other model parameter was the Young's modulus (E) for bending of collagen, which was calculated from a linear regression of stress and strain scaled according to the geometric parameters. Despite an approximately fivefold difference in tissue stiffness, the resulting E was only 18.5% different (135 vs. 160 MPa for rat and dog, respectively). With the mean values from each species, the model was able to predict the stress-strain behavior of both rat and dog myocardium in the physiological range of LV pressures, suggesting that the perimysial collagen fibers may be the most important contributors to passive stiffness of the myocardium in the direction of the muscle fibers. It also appears that these large collagen fibers are not stretching to generate stress in the normal range of ventricular pressures, but rather stress gradually increases as collagen fibers straighten through bending and twisting. Finally, to understand the importance of differences in collagen architecture, one should measure the detailed collagen structure, not simply collagen density.
Streptococcus agalactiae mural infective endocarditis in a structurally normal heart.

A 38-year-old Caucasian man with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type 2 was admitted with a 1-week duration of fevers, chills, and a non-productive cough. He had a left ischiorectal abscess 1 month prior to admission. Physical examination revealed caries on a left upper molar and a well-healed scar on the left buttock, but no heart murmur or evidence of micro-emboli. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus agalactiae . A transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a mobile mass in the right ventricle that attached to chordae tendineae without valvular disease or dysfunction. A computed tomography (CT) with contrast revealed the mass within the right ventricle, a left lung cavitary lesion, and a splenic infarction. He was initially treated with penicillin G for a week. Subsequently, ceftriaxone was continued for a total of 8 weeks. A follow-up CT showed no evidence of right ventricular mass 8 weeks after discharge. This is the first reported case of S. agalactiae mural infective endocarditis in a structurally normal heart. Keywords: infective endocarditis; Streptococcus agalactiae; streptokinase; rare disease; diabetes mellitus (Published: 25 April 2016) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2016, 6 : 31113 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.31113
Reducing the burning rate temperature sensitivity of solid chemical oxygen generator

Solid chemical oxygen generator provides oxygen by the chlorate thermal decomposition reaction.The effect of environment temperature on the oxygen supply performance of solid oxygen generator is characterized by the burning rate temperature sensitivity.The oxygen candle formula was changed and the combustion performance was tested though experiment.The factors affecting temperature sensitivity affecting candle combustion were analyzed.Results show that choosing the proper contents of metal fuel,taking out catalytic agent and adding stabilizing agent could reduce solid chemical oxygen generator temperature sensitivity.It could meet the oxygen supply time and flow technical standards in a wild temperature range.
The key to your professional success is you: networking, mentor-mentee relationships, and negotiation.

Professionals can use networking, mentor-meritee relationships, and negotiation both as individuals and within a formal organizational structure. Networking is a method of initiating and maintaining contacts. Mentor-mentee relationships are one-to-one learning relationships, and negotiation is a process of effectively dealing with conflict.
Color and Curves: Student Perceptions of Teachers and the Corresponding Impact on Student Achievement Outcomes

This study examines race and gender based perceptions of college-level instructors and the corresponding influence on academic performance. This study argues student perceptions and stereotypes mirror the real world. Such “real world” thinking leads students to have lower expectations of classroom instructors, particularly if they are women or members of a minority group. Such perceptions of female faculty members and racial minorities are arguably lower at the community college-level. Using pre-and-post survey questionnaires, results show a strong connection between instructor’s race and quality of teaching expectations among students. Additional results reveal a weaker connection between gender and teaching expectations. Statistically-significant results show that students do perceive community college education inferior when compared to 4-year institutions, but results do not reveal statistically significant results for a connection between race, gender and inferior education at the community college-level.
Multiscale Modeling of Failure in Composite Materials

Failure in composite materials is known to initiate at the level of constituents. Further development of the failure process and ultimate failure of the composite structure depend on the fiber arch ...
End Scraper Morphology and Use-Life: An Approach for Studying Paleoindian Lithic Technology And Mobility

Kelly and Todd (1988) proposed that bifaces served as transported cores within the lithic technology of Early Paleoindian groups. This concept is evaluated here through an analysis of end scrapers ...
An investigation of the thermal conductivity of the electret

In 1936, G. Groetzinger reported apparent increases (See Table I) of as much as 71% in the thermal conductivity of beeswax electrets (See Table II) over that measured for unelectrified beeswax. In view of the technical advantages of such a property, we decided to repeat these experiments. Groetzinger1s experimental conditions were reproduced, but no difference between the thermal conductances of electret and normal wax, within an experimental error of ± 15%, could be detected; data on the two waxes were statistically indistinguishable. Furthermore, measurements by the more precise parallel plate method showed that any difference must be less than about 5%.
ALZ i-Connect A Novel Audiovisual Care Consultation for Caregivers

Currently, there is not enough time or staff in the physician’s office to provide education about Alzheimer’s disease for newly diagnosed patients and their family members. The Alzheimer’s Associat...
Expression, crosslinking, and developing modulus master curves of recombinant resilin

Abstract Resilin is a disordered elastomeric protein found in specialized regions of insect cuticles, where low stiffness and high resilience are required. Having a wide range of functions that vary among insect species, resilin operates across a wide frequency range, from 5 Hz for locomotion to 13 kHz for sound production. We synthesize and crosslink a recombinant resilin from clone-1 (exon-1+exon-2) of the gene, and determine the water content (approximately 80 wt%) and dynamic mechanical properties, along with estimating surface energies relevant for adhesion. Dynamic moduli master curves have been developed, by applying the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) and time-temperature concentration superposition principle (TTCSP), and compared with reported master curves for natural resilin from locusts, dragonflies, and cockroaches. To our knowledge, this is the first time dynamic moduli master curves have been developed to explore the dynamic mechanical properties of recombinant resilin and compare with resilin behavior. The resulting master curves show that the synthetic resilin undergoes a pronounced transition with increasing ethanol concentrations, with the storage modulus increasing by approximately three orders of magnitude. Although possibly a glass transition, alternate explanations include the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds or that the chitin binding domain (ChBD) in exon-2 might change the secondary structure of the normally disordered exon-1 into more ordered conformations that limit deformation.
GFRP Reinforcement in Concrete after 15 Years of Service

AbstractGlass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite bar is emerging as a feasible and economical solution to eliminate the corrosion problem of steel reinforcements in concrete structures; thus...
Book Review: Theological Reflection across Religious Traditions: The Turn to Reflective Believing

Theological Reflection across Religious Traditions: The Turn to Reflective Believing. By Edward Foley. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. xvii + 159 pp. $32.00 (paper).Edward Foleys book represents an initial response to what he perceives to be a serious limitation in the classic methodology of theological reflection, when this is used in interfaith and secularized pastoral ministry contexts. It is the fruit of his relationships with students, chaplains, and other ministers of many faiths, seeking to reflect together on their experiences doing ministry with individuals of many faiths and none.The text reflects Foleys own journey as an academic and theological practitioner. He is clear from the outset that this book discusses a work in process. He starts with an account of theological reflection framed in the classic Christian Whiteheadian style. Foley describes being prompted, by the interfaith context of his teaching ministry, to attempt to nuance that framework for use by those of other faiths. He goes on to reconsider the entire enterprise of Whiteheadian theological reflection, as a result of his discovery that for many faiths the category of "theology" itself is nonexistent or unhelpful.What Foley tries to develop and articulate, therefore, is an alternative framework that enables reflective discourse about pastoral issues to be car- ried on between practitioners of varying faiths. He articulates the ways that all such frameworks are a form of "gatekeeping" (p. 7), and commits himself to create one in which the "toll" paid by participants of all faiths is as low as possible, in terms of what has to be either let go or taken on in order to participate in the process of reflection (p. 8). His awareness of religious diversity has expanded to include the unaffihated, with whom communities of faith are increasingly trying to find common ground for shared participation in enterprises for the common good. Even more interestingly, Foley describes his realization that many churchgoers are steeped in the "spiritual but not religious" identity that is such a cultural given today, and he raises concerns about the implications of this for preaching.Above all, Foley is trying to take up a stance of greater humility when learning from and with practitioners of many faiths or of none. He uses Wittgenstein s model of language games to create an improvisatory, multimethod framework that he calls "reflective believing. …
Not Merely Experiential: Unconscious Thought Can Be Rational

Individuals often form more reasonable judgments from complex information after a period of distraction versus deliberation. This phenomenon has been attributed to sophisticated unconscious thought during the distraction period that integrates and organizes the information (Unconscious Thought Theory; Dijksterhuis & Nordgren, 2006). Yet, other research suggests that experiential processes are strengthened during the distraction (relative to deliberation) period, accounting for the judgment and decision benefit. We tested between these possibilities, hypothesizing that unconscious thought is distinct from experiential processes, and independently contributes to judgments and decisions during a distraction period. Using an established paradigm, Experiment 1 (N = 319) randomly induced participants into an experiential or rational mindset, after which participants received complex information describing three roommates to then consider consciously (i.e., deliberation) or unconsciously (i.e., distraction). Results revealed superior roommate judgments (but not choices) following distraction versus deliberation, consistent with Unconscious Thought Theory. Mindset did not have an influence on roommate judgments. However, planned tests revealed a significant advantage of distraction only within the rational-mindset condition, which is contrary to the idea that experiential processing alone facilitates complex decision-making during periods of distraction. In a second experiment (N = 136), we tested whether effects of unconscious thought manifest for a complex analytical reasoning task for which experiential processing would offer no advantage. As predicted, participants in an unconscious thought condition outperformed participants in a control condition, suggesting that unconscious thought can be analytical. In sum, the current results support the existence of unconscious thinking processes that are distinct from experiential processes, and can be rational. Thus, the experiential versus rational nature of a process might not cleanly delineate conscious and unconscious thought.
Matrix profile IV: using weakly labeled time series to predict outcomes

In academic settings over the last decade, there has been significant progress in time series classification. However, much of this work makes assumptions that are simply unrealistic for deployed industrial applications. Examples of these unrealistic assumptions include the following: assuming that data subsequences have a single fixed-length, are precisely extracted from the data, and are correctly labeled according to their membership in a set of equal-size classes. In real-world industrial settings, these patterns can be of different lengths, the class annotations may only belong to a general region of the data, may contain errors, and finally, the class distribution is typically highly skewed. Can we learn from such weakly labeled data? In this work, we introduce SDTS, a scalable algorithm that can learn in such challenging settings. We demonstrate the utility of our ideas by learning from diverse datasets with millions of datapoints. As we shall demonstrate, our domain-agnostic parameter-free algorithm can be competitive with domain-specific algorithms used in neuroscience and entomology, even when those algorithms have been tuned by domain experts to incorporate domain knowledge.
Analysis of Mars Exploration Rover wheel mobility processes and the limitations of classical terramechanics models using discrete element method simulations

Abstract A previous three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) model of Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) wheel mobility demonstrated agreement with test data for wheel drawbar pull and sinkage for wheel slips from 0.0 to 0.7. Here, results from the previous model are compared with wheel mobility data for non-MER wheels that cover the range of wheel slip from 0.0 to 1.0. Wheel slips near 1.0 are of interest for assessing rover mobility hazards. DEM MER wheel model predictions show close agreement with weight-normalized wheel drawbar pull data from 0.0 to 0.99 wheel slip and show a similar trend for wheel sinkage. The nonlinear increase in MER wheel drawbar pull and sinkage for wheel slips greater that 0.7 is caused by development of a tailings pile behind the wheel as it digs into the regolith. Classical terramechanics wheel mobility equations used in the ARTEMIS MER mobility model are inaccurate above wheel slips of 0.6 as they do not account for the regolith tailings pile behind the wheel. To improve ARTEMIS accuracy at wheel slips greater that 0.6 a lookup table of drawbar pull, wheel torque, and sinkage derived from DEM mobility simulations can be substituted for terramechanics equation calculations.
MRI monitoring of focused ultrasound sonications near metallic hardware.

Purpose To explore the temperature-induced signal change in two-dimensional multi-spectral imaging (2DMSI) for fast thermometry near metallic hardware to enable MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) in patients with implanted metallic hardware. Method 2DMSI was optimized for temperature sensitivity and applied to monitor focus ultrasound surgery (FUS) sonications near metallic hardware in phantoms and ex vivo porcine muscle tissue. Further, we evaluated its temperature sensitivity for in vivo muscle in patients without metallic hardware. In addition, we performed a comparison of temperature sensitivity between 2DMSI and conventional proton-resonance-frequency-shift (PRFS) thermometry at different distances from metal devices and different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Results 2DMSI thermometry enabled visualization of short ultrasound sonications near metallic hardware. Calibration using in vivo muscle yielded a constant temperature sensitivity for temperatures below 43 °C. For an off-resonance coverage of ± 6 kHz, we achieved a temperature sensitivity of 1.45%/K, resulting in a minimum detectable temperature change of ∼2.5 K for an SNR of 100 with a temporal resolution of 6 s per frame. Conclusion The proposed 2DMSI thermometry has the potential to allow MR-guided FUS treatments of patients with metallic hardware and therefore expand its reach to a larger patient population. Magn Reson Med 80:259-271, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Pharmacology of basal forebrain involvement in reinforcement.

The search for the substrates of reinforcement within the organism began shortly after the initial demonstration that electrical stimulation of discrete brain regions could serve as a reinforcer (Olds and Milner, 1954). This intracranial electrical self-stimulation (ICSS) was assumed to result in the activation of the same neuronal pathways responsible for the reinforcing effects of natural environmental events. One of the major goals of the neurosciences is the elucidation of these basic neurobiological substrates of reinforcement. The identification of these basic processes includes the identification of both the neuronal pathways involved as well as the neurochemical characteristics of each neuron in the circuit. Knowledge of the location of the cell bodies and the projection fields for each neuron as well as the neurohumor(s) released would also be necessary to provide a complete account of the central processes of reinforcement. Information concerning the location of receptors critical to these processes including the types of presynaptic and postsynaptic binding sites and the nature of the neurons on which these were located would be required. The modulatory effects of other inputs to each component neuron in the circuit mediating effects like satiation, deprivation or conditioning influences would also be needed if these basic mechanisms were to be understood. Ultimately, the relationship between various patterns of activity of these inputs on the output of each component neuron would be necessary (the sum total of activity in the mediating neuronal networks). This information is not available for even the most simple mammalian behaviors. However, substantial progress has been made in investigations of the nature of these brain processes.
Exploring the diversity of the microbial world.

Yale’s Microbial Diversity Institute (MDI) comprises scientists who seek to understand the largely unknown microbial world. In the first MDI symposium at Yale’s West Campus in October 2010, four speakers discussed their research in diverse fields within the microbial sciences. The highlights of the symposium are presented here along with an outlook on the future of the MDI.
Engineering Human Stasis for Long-Duration Spaceflight

Suspended animation for deep-space travelers is moving out of the realm of science fiction. Two approaches are considered: the first elaborates the current medical practice of therapeutic hypothermia; the second invokes the cascade of metabolic processes naturally employed by hibernators. We explore the basis and evidence behind each approach and argue that mimicry of natural hibernation will be critical to overcome the innate limitations of human physiology for long-duration space travel.
Building evidence for active ageing policies: active aging index and its potential

This detailed, highly informative research collection Building Evidence for Active Aging Policies: Active Aging Index and Its Potential represents one of the outcomes of the 2015 Active Aging Index...
Climate change on YouTube: A potential platform for youth learning

Background: Climate change is one of the most critical threats to our society. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe the content of the most viewed climate change videos on YouTube. Methods: The term "climate change" was used to search on YouTube to garner a sample of the 100most widely-viewed videos. Videos in a language other than English, or considered irrelevant, were excluded. Using a fact sheet from National Aeronautics and Space Administration, content categories were created and successively coded. Results: The mean number of views for the 100 videos evaluated was 231,140.2 views (SD=718, 399.5) and the mean length was 12.1 minutes (SD= 24.1). Most videos were uploaded by a news source (77.0%), included a belief that climate change is happening (77.0%), and mentioned the impact of climate change on the environment (71.0%). Only one-third of the videos mentioned how to prevent climate change (33.0%). More than half focused on a specific environment and, of those, 47.2% specifically focused on cities. Compared to videos that did not focus on a specific environment, the videos with an environmental focus were more often intended for adults (87.3% vs. 53.3%, P≤0.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the need for climate change YouTube videos intended for youth. Targeting youth may lead to engagement of younger generations in climate change discourse and inspire climate action. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of YouTube as a platform for educational videos on climate change.
A Monolithic Vertical Integration Concept for Compact Coaxial-Resonator-Based Bandpass Filters Using Additive Manufacturing

This letter reports on a compact, low-cost, and low-loss monolithic integration concept for additively manufactured coaxial-resonator-based bandpass filters (BPFs). Size compactness and low weight are achieved by vertically stacking capacitively loaded coaxial resonators and by monolithic integration that eliminates the need for assembly screws or fixtures. Furthermore, the proposed vertical integration concept allows for: 1) flexible cross couplings to be realized enabling highly selective transfer functions through transmission zero (TZ) generation and 2) for fairly complex geometries to be manufactured using low-cost stereolithography apparatus (SLA). For proof-of-concept demonstration purposes, a two-pole BPF with fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 8.5% and a three-pole/one-TZ BPF with FBW 6.2% at 3.8 GHz were designed, SLA-manufactured, and measured. They exhibited low levels of insertion loss (IL) ( 1833, and wide spurious-free operation.
Public Policy and Civil Rights: An Analysis of Agency Efficacy

Civil rights policy at the state-level informs a significant portion of how laws meant to protect marginalized members of society is enforced. While past studies have focused on the many dimensions of civil rights policy, both at the state and federal level, fewer studies have examined the efficacy of civil rights policies, and specifically, civil rights commissions. The present study applies a multi-pronged approach to measure commission efficacy at the national level. Utilizing data collected from annual reports, commission efficacy was calculated for 30 states and an additional 5 states (AL, AR, GA, NM, and MS) represented by figures from federal civil rights enforcement agencies (HUD and the EEOC). Overall, the findings demonstrate various forms of efficacy, both for state and federal civil rights agencies. Commissions in the New England area reported the highest rates of efficacy. However, the findings were overshadowed by “missing data.” Surprisingly, 99% of incidents of discrimination (Nielson and Nelson 2005) and harassment (McCann, Tomaskovic-Devey and Badgett 2018) are never reported, and in turn, are not represented in the data published in annual reports. Fear of retribution for reporting violations and deep distrust between marginalized communities and civil rights commissions appears to be at the crux of under-reporting. Bridging this divide requires reforms in existing civil rights policy, with emphasis on education and outreach. On a societal level, the lack of reporting contributes to the perpetuation of systemic racism, given that it is largely a practice hidden in the shadows of American society.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f): Interlocutory Appeals of Class Action Certification Decisions

This article discusses the significance of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f). The article's review of Rule 23(f) includes the importance of class certification decisions and appellate review of certifications, historical imitations on appellate review of certifications, rationale for allowing appeal of interlocutory certification, operation of rule 23(f), the first application of the rule, and prospects of Rule 23(f) achieving its goals.
Ordinary Differential Equations and Groups of Diffeomorphisms

This chapter introduces spaces of diffeomorphisms, and describe how ordinary differential equations provide a convenient way of generating deformations.
Galactic Bulges as an Evolutionary Phenomenon: Observational Evidence from the Statistics of “Box/Peanut” Bulges

N-body simulations for stars in bar potentials have demonstrated over the last couple of years (e.g., Combes et al. 1990; Raha et al. 1991) that bars growing in z will lead to the presence of a bulge component. In such a scenario a central “bulge” component could develop as a resonance phenomenon caused by a bar and would be distinctly different from any “spheroidal” or “halo” component.
Optimal local detection for sensor fusion by large deviation analysis

Fusion is widely used to improve the overall detection performance in applications such as radar, wireless sensor networks, wireless communications, spectrum sensing and so on. While the optimum fusion strategy for any preset local decision performance can be easily obtained by the Neyman-Pearson lemma, the selection of the local detection strategy that optimizes the global performance is intractable due to its complexity and the limited global information at local detectors. In this paper, we use large deviation analysis to determine a local decision rule to optimize the asymptotic global performance. Some interesting properties of the decision rule are observed. Numerical results show that our proposed strategy approximates the optimal performance very well even with a small number of local detectors.
An Introduction to Bayesian Analysis: Theory and Methods

(2008). An Introduction to Bayesian Analysis: Theory and Methods. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 103, No. 482, pp. 883-884.
Variational Nodal Transport Perturbation Theory

A perturbation method based on the variational nodal method for solving the neutron transport equation is developed for multidimensional geometries. The method utilizes the solution of the corresponding adjoint transport equation to calculate changes in the critical eigenvalue due to cross-section changes. Both first-order and exact perturbation theory expressions are derived. The adjoint solution algorithm has been formulated and incorporated into the variational nodal option of the Argonne National Laboratory DIF3D production code. To demonstrate the efficacy of the methods, perturbation calculations are performed on the three-dimensional Takeda benchmark problems in both Cartesian and hexagonal geometries. The resulting changes in eigenvalue are also obtained by direct calculation with the variational nodal method and compared with the change approximated by the first-order and exact theory expressions from the perturbation method. Exact perturbation results are in excellent agreement with the actual eigenvalue differences calculated in VARIANT. First-order theory holds well for sufficiently small perturbations. The times required for the perturbation calculations are small compared with those expended for the base-forward and adjoint calculations.
Uniform Placement of Sand

The Waterways Experiment Station employed the "raining" technique, involving free fall of sand to the specimen surface. Fot the gradation of sands used in this experiment, the circular rainer with a perforated plate was found to be the most satisfactory rainer and was adopted for the remainder of the study. Additional study study is required to develop a placement technique that will be satisfactory for placing gap graded and well-graded cohesionless soils homogeneously. As a result of this work it has become apparent that particular attention must be paid to uniformity of density within a lift for large size, laboratory constructed specimens of cohesionless material. In particular, the assumption of uniform density and the determination of a single density value in each lift could lead to misinterpretation of results in model tests in large specimens, where results may be influenced by local areas of varying density. /ASCE/
Clustering social networks

Social networks are ubiquitous. The discovery of close-knit clusters in these networks is of fundamental and practical interest. Existing clustering criteria are limited in that clusters typically do not overlap, all vertices are clustered and/or external sparsity is ignored. We introduce a new criterion that overcomes these limitations by combining internal density with external sparsity in a natural way. An algorithm is given for provably finding the clusters, provided there is a sufficiently large gap between internal density and external sparsity. Experiments on real social networks illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Doing More with Less: The Disordinal Implications of Firm Age for Leveraging Capabilities for Innovation Activity*

Innovation requires the entrepreneurial capabilities of opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. Such capabilities generally accrue over time from a firm's cumulative learning and expe...
In defence of post-course evaluations: Going beyond the smile sheet

Post course evaluation is equated with the 'Smile Sheet' in the minds of most trainers, and as such it is not held in high repute but rather regarded as something of a joke. In this article the author demonstrates how post course evaluation is an excellent means of obtaining in depth data about course participants' learning, skill development and behaviour change. The difference between the 'Smile Sheet' and effective post course evaluation is in the systematic approach to the design of the questions. A methodology to guide this design is outlined, and sample questions from post course evaluations are given.
Galactic Continuum Source Counts

The CSIRO 11 cm continuum survey of the galactic plane from l II=280° to 37° has recently been finished. I have used this survey to compare the number of sources in various 5° intervals north and south of the galactic center. The NRAO-CSIRO-MIT H 109α line survey (Wilson et al., 1970) found 39 sources lying between 330° and 340°, while the NRAO-MIT (Reifenstein et al., 1970) survey found only 14 between 20° and 30°. If the galaxy were symmetric, one would expect roughly equal numbers. One suspects a selection effect is present, and a rough check is very worthwhile. The CSIRO survey is particularly valuable since it is the highest resolution survey covering large portions of the galaxy on both sides of the center.
Design of artificial magnetic ground planes (AMGs) utilizing frequency selective surfaces embedded in multilayer structures with electric and magnetic losses

In this paper we present a novel approach to improving the bandwidth of the microstrip antennas using frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) as an artificial magnetic ground plane (AMG). The micro-genetic algorithm (MGA) is employed to derive an optimal FSS composite configuration that achieves the near unity-magnitude and zero-phase condition for the reflection coefficient of an artificial surface at the desired frequency band. The FSS element shape, electric and magnetic losses of dielectric layers as well as metallic loss of FSSs are composite parameters optimized by the MGA.