cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A prospective natural history study of Krabbe disease in a patient cohort with onset between 6 months and 3 years of life.

Krabbe disease is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase. Patients with Krabbe disease present with a variable disease course depending on their age of onset. The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to characterize the natural progression of Krabbe disease in a large group of patients with disease onset between 6 and 36 months of life who were evaluated with a standardized protocol. All patients with Krabbe disease who had onset between 6 and 36 months of age and were prospectively evaluated between 2000 to 2017 were included. Standardized neurodevelopmental, physical, and neurological examinations were performed. Other assessments included neuroradiologic and neurophysiologic tests, enzyme level, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and GALC pathogenic variants when available. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Survival curve was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Thirty-five patients (26 boys, 9 girls) with disease onset between 6 and 36 months of age were evaluated. Median age at symptom onset was 11.5 months, with a median delay of 3.5 months between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. Of the 32 symptomatic patients, 23 presented with initial signs or symptoms of disease between 6 and 12 months of life; nine presented after 12 months. The most common initial signs and symptoms were loss of acquired developmental milestones, irritability, abnormal gait, motor delay, and abnormal muscle tone. The most common magnetic resonance imaging abnormality was increased T2 signal in the periventricular white matter. Nerve conduction velocity results were abnormal for 21 of 24 patients. Patients with onset after 12 months had less peripheral nerve involvement and slower disease progression. Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid protein levels were obtained for 13 of 16 symptomatic children. Protein levels were normal in all asymptomatic children. Based on our findings, we propose reclassifying the group of patients with onset ≤12 months as infantile and the > 12 month group as late-infantile. Patients with onset > 12 months are more likely to benefit from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The proposed change in classifications will allow physicians to improve their ability to recognize and diagnose patients and more precisely assess potential treatment effects after transplantation.
AGGRESSIVE ENACTMENTS: CONTAINING THE “NO” IN CLINICAL WORK WITH SURVIVORS OF ABUSE

Identity development depends on the ability to say 'no.' Setting limits enables a relationship between two separate individuals to develop. Early trauma can leave the individual so vigilant to others' demands that internal prohibitions against intrusion remain silenced, which we conceptualize as a 'no' that could not be sufficiently articulated to keep the person safe. For those who have not been able to assert this fundamental limit, the consulting room provides a potential anchoring point to formulate and work through unconscious meanings. Being able to articulate and register the legitimacy of one's own no becomes an important challenge, as tensions regarding power and powerlessness, trust and distrust, are acted out within the consulting room. Case material illustrates how psychoanalytic ideas regarding transference, countertransference, and enactment help the clinician tolerate the intrusion of past into present, inviting the type of mentalization that moves towards repair rather than merely reenacting the trauma.
Abstract # 2066 Chronic stress-induced glucocorticoid signaling drives microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and depressive-like behaviors

Converging evidence indicates that chronic stress elicits neurobiological responses, including pyramidal neuron remodeling and synaptic loss in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), that contribute to development of affective disorders. Our recent studies show that chronic stress provokes microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling via increased colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 signaling in the medial PFC, leading to synaptic deficits and development of depressive-like behaviors. Separate studies show that elevated glucocorticoids cause neuronal remodeling and microglia activation in the medial PFC, implicating glucocorticoid receptor activation in stress-induced CSF1 signaling and microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling in the medial PFC. In the present studies C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and received daily administration of glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Glucocorticoid receptor blockade prevented depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairments following CUS. Moreover, RU486 administration dampened CUS-induced CSF1 levels in the PFC and reduced CSF1 receptor along with markers of phagocytosis on sorted microglia. Confocal imaging in Thy1-GFP(M) mice revealed that CUS increased microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and reduced spine density on apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the medial PFC. Notably, RU486 administration reduced microglia engulfment of neuronal elements and prevented dendritic spine density deficits on pyramidal neurons after CUS. These findings demonstrate that chronic stress-induced glucocorticoid signaling drives CSF1 signaling in the medial PFC, which provokes microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and subsequent depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairments.
Thy-1 as an Integrator of Diverse Extracellular Signals.

Thy-1 was discovered over fifty years ago, and in that time investigators from a broad variety of fields have described numerous and heterogeneous biological functions of Thy-1 in multiple contexts. As an outwardly-facing cell surface molecule, it is well positioned to receive extracellular signals; previously reviewed studies have confirmed an important role in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, cell migration and regulation of outside-in signaling. More recent studies reviewed here expand the repertoire of Thy-1 effects on signaling pathways, and reveal novel roles in mechanotransduction, cellular differentiation, viral entry, and extracellular vesicle binding and internalization. All of these studies contribute to understanding Thy-1 as a context-dependent integrator of a diverse range of extracellular information, and provide impetus for further studies, some of which are suggested here.
Drawing the Body In: A Comic Essay on Trans Mobility and Materiality

This comic essay engages trans embodiment and temporality, representation and identity, passing, and drawing as a form of thinking. Although uncommon, comics have been established in academia as a ...
Contemporary Appraisal of Sex Differences in Prevalence, Correlates, and Outcomes of Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy.

Aims The aims of this study were to: examine differences in alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) prevalence, temporal trends and the distribution of socio-demographic factors and comorbidities by sex; and investigate differences in selected inpatient outcomes between women and men with ACM. Methods We used the 2002-2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases. Overall and sex-specific rates of ACM were estimated across sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital characteristics. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate temporal trends (annual percent change [APC]) of ACM-related hospitalization by sex and race/ethnicity. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) representing associations between sex and selected ACM outcomes were calculated using survey logistic regression. Results The rate of ACM among all inpatient men and women was 128 per 100,000 and 17 per 100,000 hospitalizations, respectively. Among women, the rate of ACM remained unchanged during the study period, while for men, there was 1.2% annual reduction from 2002-2010 (APC -1.3, 95% CI: -1.7, -0.8). Women with ACM were more likely than men with ACM to experience depression (AOR=2.24, 95% CI: 2.06-2.43) and anxiety (AOR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.75-2.15), while men with ACM were 21% and 24% more likely than women with ACM to experience 'any heart failure (HF)' and HF with reduced ejection fraction respectively. One in 1,471 hospitalizations were related to ACM with a male-to-female ratio of 8:1. Conclusion Individuals with ACM are at increased likelihood of adverse outcomes. Women with ACM are at increased risk of depression and anxiety, while men are at increased risk of HF.
Investigations of the Microvasculature of the Human Macula Utricle in Meniere's Disease.

The integrity and permeability of the blood labyrinthine barrier (BLB) in the inner ear is important to maintain adequate blood supply, and to control the passage of fluids, molecules and ions. Identifying the cellular and structural components of the BLB, the vascular endothelial cells (VECs), pericytes, and the perivascular basement membrane, is critical to understand the pathophysiology of the inner ear microvasculature and to design efficient delivery of therapeutics across the BLB. A recent study of the normal and pathological ultrastructural changes in the human macula utricle microvasculature demonstrated that the VECs are damaged in Meniere's disease (MD), and further studies identified oxidative stress markers (iNOS and nitrotyrosine) in the VECs. Using fluorescence microscopy, the microvasculature was studied in the macula utricle of patients diagnosed with MD that required transmastoid labyrinthectomy for intractable vertigo (n = 5), and patients who required a translabyrinthine approach for vestibular schwannoma (VS) resection (n = 3). Normal utricles (controls) were also included (n = 3). VECs were identified using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and pericytes were identified using mouse monoclonal antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was made in half of the utricle and flat mounted. The other half was used to study the integrity of the BLB using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). GLUT-1-IF, allowed delineation of the macula utricle microvasculature (located in the stroma underneath the sensory epithelia) in both MD and VS specimens. Three sizes of vessels were present in the utricle vasculature: Small size ( 25 μm. α-SMA-IF was present in pericytes that surround the VECS in medium and thick size vessels. Thin size vessels showed almost no α-SMA-IF. AngioTool software was used for quantitative analysis. A significant decreased number of junctions, total vessel length, and average vessel length was detected in the microvasculature in MD specimens compared with VS and control specimens. The deeper understanding of the anatomy of the BLB in the human vestibular periphery and its pathological changes in disease will enable the development of non-invasive delivery strategy for the treatment of hearing and balance disorders.
Nitrification and Denitrification Estimates in a Louisiana Swamp Forest Soil as Assessed by 15N Isotope Dilution and Direct Gaseous Measurements

The transformations of applied (100 kg N ha-1)15 N labelled NO3 and NH4 in Mississippi River deltaic plain swamp forest soil which receives agriculture run-off from adjacent sugarcane fields were determined. Using an isotopic dilution technique, the rates of NO3 production (nitrification) and reduction in the 15NO3 treated soil-water-columns were approximately 240 and 2,320 g N ha-1 d-1, whereas NH4 production (mineralization) and removal rates in the 15NH4 treated soil-water-columns were 270 and 2160 g N ha-1 d-1, respectively. It was shown that if nitrification and NH4 assimilation were the primary processes responsible for NH4 removal, average NH4 assimilation would be 145 g N ha-1 d-1. Based on labelled N2-emission, denitrification was 3 fold greater in the NO3 treatment compared to the NH4 treated soil water-columns with rates of 818 and 266 g N ha-1 d-1 respectively. Even though the rate was lower in the NH4 treatment, results show that nitrification-denitrification of NH4 is a significant process. Nitrogen losses determined by15 N2 emissions were 20.4 and 6.4% and N2O emissions were 0.10 and 0.03% of the applied NO3-N and NH4-N, respectively, over 32 days of incubation. Fertilizer loss through N2O emission was only of minor significance compared to the fertilizer loss through N2 evolution. Nitrous oxide fluxes from the control soil-water-columns averaged 9.4 g N ha-1 d-1. Addition of NO3-N to the columns increased N2O production 56% as compared to a 15% increase from the NH4-N addition. Results show that this wetland soil has a large capacity to process inorganic nitrogen entering the system as a result of agriculture run-off.
The effect of voice and humour on users’ perceptions of personal intelligent agents

Personal Intelligent Agents (PIAs) like Siri and Alexa are becoming more popular among users. In this paper, we investigate the effect of humour and voice of personal intelligent agents, their impa...
Keeping Secrets: The Unsettled Law of Judge-Made Exceptions to Grand Jury Secrecy

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) functionally binds everyone who is present during grand jury proceedings (except witnesses) to secrecy. But questions arise when courts are asked to make exceptions to grand jury secrecy outside those enumerated in the rule, such as exceptions for Congress or for the release of historically significant grand jury records. This Note examines the propriety of judge-made exceptions to grand jury secrecy. Contrary to some courts authorizing disclosure outside of Rule 6(e), this Note argues that the text and development of Rule 6(e), along with limitations on courts’ inherent authority over grand jury procedure, caution against this practice. The tension between the current practice of some courts and the apparent meaning of Rule 6(e) renders the law of grand jury secrecy unsettled. To clarify the law, the Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules should add a residual exception to Rule 6(e) that would not only give courts flexibility and discretion but also a clear source of authority on which to authorize disclosures.
Using glass content to determine the reactivity of fly ash for thermodynamic calculations

Abstract Thermodynamic models for the hydration of ordinary portland cement (OPC) typically predict the composition of the resulting pore solution and the hydrates well. However, predictions for cementitious systems containing OPC and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are more challenging. The bulk chemical composition of fly ash does not sufficiently reflect the reactive portion of the material, as the crystalline components of fly ash do not generally react in cementitious systems. Thermodynamic modeling inputs using only the bulk chemical composition of fly ash overestimate the extent of both pozzolanic and hydraulic reactions. Two additional approaches are presented to overcome this limitation. In the first approach, the maximum reactive fraction of fly ash is computed by multiplying each bulk phase of the fly ash by a degree of reaction (DoR*) that is measured experimentally through calorimetric methods. In the second approach, the reactive (glass) fraction of the fly ash is determined to calculate its reactivity. In this alternative approach, the fraction of crystalline oxides measured using quantitative x-ray diffraction (QXRD) is subtracted from bulk oxide content determined using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) to establish a degree of reaction for each phase (DoRph*) to be used in the determination of the thermodynamic modeling inputs. Thermodynamic modeling predictions substantially improve by incorporating fly ash reactivity into the calculations using either the DoR* or DoRph*. The calculation of the reactive phases of fly ash using QXRD and XRF data serve as a potential alternative to the current calorimetric methods to calculate reactivity.
Recent progress of high-entropy materials for energy storage and conversion

The emergence of high-entropy materials (HEMs) with their excellent mechanical properties, stability at high temperatures, and high chemical stability is poised to yield new advancement in the performance of energy storage and conversion technologies. This review covers the recent developments in catalysis, water splitting, fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage enabled by HEMs covering metallic, oxide, and non-oxide alloys. Here, first, the primary rules for the proper selection of the elements and the formation of a favorable single solid solution phase in HEMs are defined. Furthermore, recent developments in different fields of energy conversion and storage achieved by HEMs are discussed. Higher electrocatalytic and catalytic activities with longer cycling stability and durability compared to conventional noble metal-based catalysts are reported for high-entropy materials. In electrochemical energy storage systems, high-entropy oxides and alloys have shown superior performance as anode and cathode materials with long cycling stability and high capacity retention. Also, when used as metal hydrides for hydrogen storage, remarkably high hydrogen storage capacity and structural stability are observed for HEMs. In the end, future directions and new energy-related technologies that can be enabled by the application of HEMs are outlined.
Multiple roles of PP2A binding motif in hepatitis B virus core linker and PP2A in regulating core phosphorylation state and viral replication

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid or core protein (HBc) contains an N-terminal domain (NTD) and a C-terminal domain (CTD) connected by a short linker peptide. HBc plays a critical role in virtually every step of viral replication, which is further modulated by dynamic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of its CTD. While several cellular kinases have been identified that mediate HBc CTD phosphorylation, there is little information on the cellular phosphatases that mediate CTD dephosphorylation. Herein, a consensus binding motif for the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit B56 was recognized within the HBc linker peptide. Mutations within this motif designed to block or enhance B56 binding showed pleiotropic effects on CTD phosphorylation state as well as on viral RNA packaging, reverse transcription, and virion secretion. Furthermore, linker mutations affected the HBV nuclear episome (the covalently closed circular or CCC DNA) differentially during intracellular amplification vs. infection. The effects of linker mutations on CTD phosphorylation state varied with different phosphorylation sites and were only partially consistent with the linker motif serving to recruit PP2A-B56, specifically, to dephosphorylate CTD, suggesting that multiple phosphatases and/or kinases may be recruited to modulate CTD (de)phosphorylation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) could decrease HBc CTD dephosphorylation and increase the nuclear HBV episome. These results thus strongly implicate the HBc linker in recruiting PP2A and other host factors to regulate multiple stages of HBV replication.
The Impact of the Livestock Friendly Designation on the Nebraska Cattle Industry: A Difference-in-Difference with Staggered Treatment Analysis

In 2003, the Nebraska Legislature enacted the Livestock Friendly County designation program to promote the livestock industry in the state. Forty-nine of the state’s 93 counties received the designation at staggered years. Our paper estimates the causal effect of the program on the state’s cattle industry using a fixed effect difference-in-difference model that accounts for self-selection and staggered designation. Results indicate that the program does not appear to have a statewide effect on livestock expansion, but it is effective in some crop reporting districts. We offer some hypotheses on why this may be the case and draw some policy implications.
The Quest for Functional Oxide Cathodes for Magnesium Batteries: A Critical Perspective

The Mg battery is an energy storage technology which has garnered significant interest in recent years. Mg batteries incorporating a metal oxide cathode (MOC) are potential candidates to supersede ...
Synthesis of Zero Carbon Solid-State Fuel for Long Duration Energy Storage

This work presents a unique thermochemical process for synthesizing magnesium manganese oxide-based zero carbon solid-state fuel, which can be used for long duration energy storage. High temperature (1450°C) heating of the processing furnace can be driven by either renewable electricity or concentrated solar power. The very simple fuel synthesis concept is based on a tubular falling bed reactor with countercurrent oxygen-depleted gas flow for complete heat recuperation. A sophisticated control strategy using pulsed width modulated gas flow and an L-valve maintains consistent magnesium manganese oxide (Mg-Mn-O) particle flow up to 1450°C. The measured extent of the thermal reduction reaction after cooling the Mg-Mn-O particles is more than 90% of the fully reduced state at equilibrium. The thermal to chemical efficiency (ratio of chemical energy stored to thermal energy input) and overall system efficiency are above 96% and 28%, respectively. Both, the solid particle reactor flow at the extreme temperature of 1450°C and the system efficiency of 28% are the highest reported for thermochemical fuels in the literature to date.
Congestion Pricing Policies and Safety Implications: a Scoping Review.

Congestion pricing policies (CPPs) are a common strategy for addressing urban traffic congestion. Research has explored several impacts of these policies (e.g., air quality, equity, congestion relief). The purpose of this review was to synthesize findings from publications examining CPP impacts on road user safety outcomes. We conducted a systematic search of relevant literature in four large research databases (Transport Research International Documentation, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus), searching from database inception through January 2021. We identified 18 eligible publications. Safety-related outcomes included overall crashes and injury crashes with stratification by injury severity and road user type (e.g., bicyclist, pedestrian). A majority of the publications examined zone-based CPPs (n = 13) and used observed data involving real policies (n = 10), as compared to a predicted or simulated analysis. Decreases in overall crashes and injuries for some road users were observed (e.g., car occupants). While some studies estimated short-term increases in injuries and crashes for bicyclists and motorcyclists (likely due to shifts from personal vehicle use to other transportation modes and increased exposure), most analyses focused on longer-term impacts and generally found a reversal and eventual decrease in injuries and crashes after a few years. The relative scarcity of safety outcomes in published literature, along with the wide breadth of CPP types, implementation contexts, and outcomes measured, demonstrates that more research on safety outcomes is needed. Cities and regions planning to implement CPPs should consider potential mode shifts and safety supports for all road users (e.g., bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure).
Glutamine deprivation triggers NAGK-dependent hexosamine salvage.

Inside tumors, cancer cells often have to compete with each other for food and other resources they need to survive. This is a key factor driving the growth and progression of cancer. One of the resources cells need is a molecule called UDP-GlcNAc, which they use to modify many proteins so they can work properly. Because cancer cells grow quickly, they likely need much more UDP-GlcNAc than healthy cells. Many tumors, including those derived from pancreatic cancers, have very poor blood supplies, so their cells cannot get the nutrients and other resources they need to grow from the bloodstream. This means that tumor cells have to find new ways to use what they already have. One example of this is developing alternative ways to obtain UDP-GlcNAc. Cells require a nutrient called glutamine to produce UDP-GlcNAc. Limiting the supply of glutamine to cells allows researchers to study how cells are producing UDP-GlcNAc in the lab. Campbell et al. used this approach to study how pancreatic cancer cells obtain UDP-GlcNAc when their access to glutamine is limited. They used a technique called isotope tracing, which allows researchers to track how a specific chemical is processed inside the cell, and what it turns into. The results showed that the pancreatic cancer cells do not make new UDP-GlcNAc but use a protein called NAGK to salvage GlcNAc (another precursor of UDP-GlcNAc), which may be obtained from cellular proteins. Cancer cells that lacked NAGK formed smaller tumors, suggesting that the cells grow more slowly because they cannot recycle UDP-GlcNAc fast enough. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths and is notable for being difficult to detect and treat. Campbell et al. have identified one of the changes that allows pancreatic cancers to survive and grow quickly. Next steps will include examining the role of NAGK in healthy cells and testing whether it could be targeted for cancer treatment.
Vapor pressures and vaporization enthalpy of codlemone by correlation gas chromatography

Abstract The vapor pressure and vaporization enthalpy of codlemone (trans, trans 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol), the female sex hormone of the codling moth is evaluated by correlation gas chromatography using a series of saturated primary alcohols as standards. A vaporization enthalpy of (92.3 ± 2.6) kJ · mol−1 and a vapor pressure, p/Pa = (0.083 ± 0.012) were evaluated at T = 298.15 K. An equation for the evaluation of vapor pressure from ambient temperature to boiling has been derived by correlation for codlemone. The calculated boiling temperature of TB = 389 K at p = 267 Pa is within the temperature range reported in the literature. A normal boiling temperature of TB = (549.1 ± 0.1) K is also estimated by extrapolation.
Barriers in protein folding reactions.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the experimental thermodynamic and structural characterization of the barriers in the folding of single-domain globular proteins. The chapter also focuses on the structural aspects of the transition state of folding reactions, primarily, on mutational analyses and other protein engineering studies in which folding and/or unfolding kinetics have been investigated. The thermodynamic properties and the dynamics of the barrier crossings are also discussed. Studies of the elementary events in protein folding through simple model systems and a comparative overview of insights obtained from experimental and computational results are presented in the chapter. Many single-domain proteins, typically composed of 300 or fewer amino acids, exhibit intermediates in their folding reactions. Studies in which the properties of the intermediates have been the focus, as opposed to the transition states, are discussed. The chapter concludes that the merging of computational and experimental studies offers the prospect of unprecedented insight into the structure and dynamics of barriers in protein folding reactions.
The Application of Malononitriles as Microviscosity Probes in Pharmaceutical Systems

Three molecules were investigated for their ability to distinguish variations in the microviscosity of the surrounding medium. Julolidinemalononitrile (JMN), p-(N-dimethylaminobenzylidene) malononitrile (BMN), and p-(N-dimethylaminocinnamylidene) malononitrile (CMN) were dissolved in media of various micro- and bulk viscosities. The fluorescence intensity of each dissolved probe and the bulk viscosity of each medium were measured. In solutions of low molecular weight substances, where the micro- and bulk viscosities are expected to correspond, the fluorescence behavior of each probe was a function of bulk viscosity and was independent of solution composition. In contrast, in aqueous solutions of methyl-cellulose, the fluorescence behavior of the probes corresponds to microviscosities significantly lower than the measured bulk viscosities. Thus, the probes are useful in resolving the microviscosity from bulk viscosity of neat liquid and solution systems. The sensitivity of the probes to viscosity is in the order JMN > BMN > CMN. Due to its limited water solubility, JMN is not particularly useful for pharmaceutical systems. CMN is the preferred probe for these applications due to its high fluorescence intensity over a large viscosity range.
Hume's General Point of View

Evaluation des interpretations concurrentes de la notion de point de vue general dans la philosophie morale de Hume: la premiere, appelee point de vue de l'effort conscient, definissant le jugement moral en termes d'activite cognitive; la seconde, appelee point de vue de l'habitude inconsciente, definissant le jugement moral en termes d'operation habituelle et de lieu commun. En reference a l'experience morale ordinaire, l'A. montre que le point de vue general de Hume s'applique a la fois a la conscience et a la vie quotidienne, delimitant la sphere d'une morale pratique.
Invocations and the Establishment Clause: The Use of Different Lenses

ince at least 1973, the graduation ceremony at Granada (Livermore Unified School District, California) High School has included an invocation delivered by a member of the clergy or a student. Several hundred miles away, five high schools in the Morongo (California) Unified School District-Granada, Yucca Valley, Twenty-nine Palms, Sky, and Monument-similarly include invocations and benedictions in their graduation ceremonies. For allowing the invocations, both school districts recently were sued for abridging the Establishment Clause of the United States Constitution and the California Constitution.
Thinking About Economic Progress: Arrow and Schumpeter in Time and Space

Although there are several variants of innovation economics at play in the current antitrust literature, the federal judiciary and enforcement agencies as well as a number of Chicago Schoolers have recognized the importance of policy they all associate with the economist Joseph Schumpeter, policy they understand as dependent on the stability and profits of large firms and perhaps even monopoly. At the same time, IPR policy analysts have claimed their own patron saint – the Nobel Laureate Kenneth Arrow, whose analysis of incentives to invest in invention is widely taken to show that competition does a better job than monopoly in producing new knowledge. Notwithstanding these caricatured understandings of both economists’ views, neither economist is wholeheartedly committed either to competition or to monopoly as the market structure best suited to promoting progress. And neither economist categorically views open competition or IP monopolies as the best means to achieve economic growth. Rather, each economist developed an analysis that is more complex when understood in the framework of time and space. Indeed, Arrow’s landmark paper, published in 1962, concludes with the view that public investment would produce optimal levels of invention, at least in some important circumstances, while Schumpeter sees public ownership as similar, in significant ways, to the research environment of large bureaucratic corporations. This paper explores the landmark writings of Schumpeter and Arrow within the temporal and spatial frameworks they adopted to analyze their conditions for promoting economic progress. In a coda, the paper concludes with some comments about the assumption by both writers that economic progress simply means growth, an assumption questioned in different ways by economists Edward Chamberlin and Brian Arthur.
Implications of rapid virological response in hepatitis C therapy in the US veteran population

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 105–115 Summary Background Early predictors of response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy, such as rapid virological response, are valuable for the identification of patients with a higher likelihood of treatment success. Aim To identify predictors of rapid virological response in a real world setting. Methods Using the VA Clinical Case Registry, we identified patients with HCV mono-infection, without liver transplantation, who initiated peginterferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) in 2007 or 2008 and had HCV RNA testing for RVR. Significant baseline characteristics from genotype specific univariate analyses were used in backwards stepwise models to identify significant independent predictors of RVR. Results The final cohort consisted of 2424 patients with genotype 1 (G1), 666 patients with genotype 2 (G2), and 419 patients with genotype 3 (G3). Rapid virological response rates were 15% for G1, 71% for G2 and 57% for G3. Sustained virological response rates were significantly higher in patients with rapid virological response than without, increasing from 18% to 52% in G1, 39% to 71% in G2, and 40% to 60% in G3 (P < 0.0001). A baseline HCV RNA<500 000 IU/mL positively predicted RVR across all genotypes studied. In addition, for G1, Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ≥0.6, ferritin≥350 ng/mL, LDL<100 mg/dL and diabetes; for G2, BMI≥30 kg/m2, platelets<150 K/μL, LDL<100 mg/dL and the use of PEG-IFN alfa-2b; and for G3, AST/ALT≥1.0, all negatively predicted rapid virological response. Conclusion We found several novel independent predictors of rapid virological response, including BMI, AST/ALT ratio, ferritin, platelets, LDL, diabetes and type of PEG-IFN prescribed, which may be useful in guiding treatment decisions in routine medical practice.
New technology and old habits: the role of age as a technology chasm

Familiarity with and use of computers is increasingly cited as a limiting factor related to the potential of the Internet as an effective healthcare resource for the elderly. This study sought to examine differences across age groups in their access to and use of computers and the Internet as a health information resource. We perform multivariate analysis with data from a stratified sample of survey-reported health information-seeking behaviors on the Internet. The results suggest that access to online health information among Internet users varies significantly from the use of computers and Internet. Younger participants showed the highest rates in the use of computer and Internet, and exhibited the lowest rates in the access to online health information. In 2000, 56.7% and 55.9% of medium and older Internet users ever looked for health information on the Web, respectively, whereas 49.4% of young Internet users ever did. By 2002, these fractions had increased by 14.6%, 13.5% and 9.1%, respectively. The comparison of ORs between 2000 and 2002 indicated that the gap is somewhat increased, although the increase was not statistically significant at 0.05 level (the ORs of old to young at2000 = 1.30 [0.933, 1.817]; the ORs at2002 = 1.61 [1.157, 2.255]). Findings show that the gap between old and young seekers users of computers and the Internet for information appears to have widened in recent years, even as advocates of consumer-centric healthcare continue to promote the Internet as a key source of empowerment for the elderly.
Maximizing General Set Functions by Submodular Decomposition

We present a branch and bound method for maximizing an arbitrary set function h mapping 2^V to R. By decomposing h as f-g, where f is a submodular function and g is the cut function of a (simple, undirected) graph G with vertex set V, our original problem is reduced to a sequence of submodular maximization problems. We characterize a class of submodular functions, which when maximized in the subproblems, lead the algorithm to converge to a global maximizer of f-g. Two "natural" members of this class are analyzed; the first yields polynomially-solvable subproblems, the second, which requires less branching, yields NP-hard subproblems but is amenable to a polynomial-time approximation algorithm. These results are extended to problems where the solution is constrained to be a member of a subset system. Structural properties of the maximizer of f-g are also proved.
Comparative photoactivity of CeO2, γ-Fe2O3, TiO2 and ZnO in various aqueous systems

Abstract Photoactive nanomaterials may be released into natural water systems where the interactions with ambient light and natural water chemistry are largely unknown. Using a high-throughput approach, the photoactivity of four nanoscale metal oxides was investigated, at various environmentally relevant concentrations. Photoactivity was measured in deionized water at various pH and also in seawater. TiO2 was the most photoactive nanoparticle under most deionized conditions followed by γ-Fe2O3, ZnO and CeO2. In natural seawater ZnO replaced TiO2 as the most photoactive nanomaterial and was followed in decreasing photoactivity by TiO2. In seawater, CeO2 reduced the degradation of the organic probe, suggesting the ability of CeO2 to act as an antioxidant. The high-throughput method developed in this research enables a rapid, reproducible and accurate assessment of nanomaterial photoactivity.
Market-Based Resource Allocation for Information-Collection Scenarios

Dynamic decentralized resource allocation for information-collection can play a critical role in emergency scenarios. We explore two simplified scenarios for information-collection, and define market games for allocating resources to interdependent tasks. Experiments with a market game for disaster-response illustrate our general methodology for analyzing strategic interactions in such an environment.
Reaction mechanism of alkaline phosphatase based on crystal structures. Two-metal ion catalysis.

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a widely distributed non-specific phosphomonoesterase that functions through formation of a covalent phosphoseryl intermediate (E-P). The enzyme also catalyzes phosphoryl transfer reaction to various alcohols. Escherichia coli AP is a homodimer with 449 residues per monomer. It is a metalloenzyme with two Zn2+ and one Mg2+ at each active site. The crystal structure of native E. coli AP complexed with inorganic phosphate (Pi), which is a strong competitive inhibitor as well as a substrate for the reverse reaction, has been refined at 2.0 A resolution. Some parts of the molecular have been retraced, starting from the previous 2.8 A study. The active site has been modified substantially and is described in this paper. The changes in the active site region suggest the need to reinterpret earlier spectral data, and suggestions are made. Also presented are the structures of the Cd-substituted enzyme complexed with inorganic phosphate at 2.5 A resolution, and the phosphate-free native enzyme at 2.8 A resolution. At pH 7.5, where the X-ray data were collected, the Cd-substituted enzyme is predominantly the covalent phosphoenzyme (E-P) while the native Zn/Mg enzyme exists in predominantly noncovalent (E.P) form. Implication of these results for the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme is discussed. APs from other sources are believed to function in a similar manner.
Absence of backscattering in the quantum Hall effect in multiprobe conductors

Under certain conditions, high magnetic fields in a two-dimensional conductor lead to a suppression of both elastic and inelastic backscattering. This, together with the formation of edge states, is used to develop a picture of the integer quantum Hall effect in open multiprobe conductors. We consider both ideal contacts without elastic scattering and also disordered contacts. Ideal contacts populate edge states equally whereas disordered contacts lead to an initial nonequilibrium population of the edge states. In Hall samples much larger than an inelastic length, and in the presence of disordered contacts, the sample edges become equipotential lines only an inelastic scattering length away from the current source and current drain contacts. Samples so small that the carriers can travel from one contact to the other without inelastic relaxation do not exhibit exact quantization if the contacts are disordered. In all cases we find that the quantum Hall effect occurs only if the sample exhibits at least two sets of equilibrated edge states which do not interact via elastic or inelastic scattering. The onset of interaction between the two sets of edge states leads to deviations from exact quantization and eventually to a breakdown of the quantum Hall effect.
Seal glass for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Seal glass plays a crucial role in solid oxide fuel cell performance and durability. In this review paper, overall composition–structure–property relations of seal glasses are discussed from bulk glass behavior, interfacial interaction, and sealing ability point of view. A seal glass should have a combination of desired thermal, chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties in order to seal cell components and stacks and prevent gas leakage. It must be stable for ∼40,000 h at 500–1000 °C in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres and withstand ∼10,000 thermal cycles between room temperature and cell operating temperature. A SrO–La 2 O 3 –Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 based seal glass shows the promise to meet all the desired thermophysical properties, long-term stability, and thermal cycling resistance. In this paper, the most recent advances in the field are discussed along with this glass. Future seal glass research directions for solid oxide fuel cells are also analyzed.
Consequences of chain networks on thermodynamic, dielectric and structural properties for liquid water.

A vast array of experimental data on water provides a global view of the liquid that implicates its tetrahedral hydrogen-bonding network as the unifying molecular connection to its observed structural, thermodynamic, and dielectric property trends with temperature. Recently the classification of water as a tetrahedral liquid has been challenged based on X-ray absorption (XAS) experiments on liquid water (Ph. Wernet et al., Science, 2004, 304, 995), which have been interpreted to show a hydrogen-bonding network that replaces tetrahedral structure with chains or large rings of water molecules. We examine the consequences of tetrahedral vs. chain networks using three different modified water models that exhibit a local hydrogen bonding environment of two hydrogen bonds (2HB) and therefore networks of chains. Using these very differently parameterized models we evaluate their bulk densities, enthalpies of vaporization, heat capacities, isothermal compressibilities, thermal expansion coefficients, and dielectric constants, over the temperature range of 235–323 K. We also evaluate the entropy of the 2HB models at room temperature and whether such models support an ice Ih structure. All show poor agreement with experimentally measured thermodynamic and dielectric properties over the same temperature range, and behave similarly in most respects to normal liquids.
Corrosion of stainless steels and carbon steel by molten mixtures of commercial nitrate salts

The isothermal corrosion behavior of two stainless steels and a carbon (C) steel in mixtures of NaNO3 and KNO3 was evaluated to determine if the impurities found in commodity grades of alkali nitrates aggravate corrosivity as applicable to an advanced solar thermal energy system. Corrosion tests were conducted for approximately 7000 hours with Types 304 and 316 stainless steels at 570 °C and A36 C steel at 316 °C in seven mixtures of NaNO3 and KNO3 containing variations in impurity concentrations. Corrosion tests were also conducted in a ternary mixture of NaNO3, KNO3, and Ca(NO3)2. Corrosion rates were determined by descaled weight losses while oxidation products were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EPMA), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The nitrate mixtures were periodically analyzed for changes in impurity concentrations and for soluble corrosion products. Results of these tests indicated that the short-term corrosion rates of the stainless steel specimens in many of the mixtures could be described in terms of parabolic kinetics. However, no single rate law could be assigned to the corrosion kinetics resulting from exposure in all of the mixtures. For engineering applications, corrosion rates over the entire exposure period are best described as linear with respect to time. In the binary nitrate mixtures, the annualized rates of metal loss were found to be between 6 and 15 µm/year for the stainless steel specimens at 570 °C depending on the particular mixture. Metal loss for the C steel specimens immersed in these same mixtures at 316 °C extrapolated to approximately 1–4 µm/year. SEM and XRD revealed that the complex, multiphase surface oxides formed on the stainless steel coupons were composed primarily of iron-chromium spinel, iron oxides, and sodium ferrite. Magnetite was the principal corrosion product formed on the carbon steel specimens. Overall, for the typical range of impurities in commercially available nitrate salts, corrosion rates for solar thermal energy applications remained acceptable for all of the materials examined.
Oral Anticoagulants and the Risk of Intracranial Hemorrhage

Iatrogenic intracerebralhemorrhage (ICH) isoneofthemostfeared complicationsofanticoagulation forpatientsandphysiciansandcan result in significant morbidity and mortality. The overall incidence of oral anticoagulant–related ICH (OAC-ICH) is 0.3% to 1.8% of patientsperyearwhoare takingwarfarin.1Mostof the literature todate hasoutlinedthebleeding risksofwarfarin.ManyOAC-related factors affect the incidence rate of ICH, including the intensity of anticoagulation, age, concomitant medical problems, duration of treatment, race, and higher risk of primary brain hemorrhage. Although the rate appears low,OAC-ICH (using conventional anticoagulation withwarfarin) carries a 50%mortality rate. Given thatwarfarin can be associated with substantial variability in the international normalized ratio (INR) and resultant high-risk situations of supratherapeutic INR, there is a clinical need for safer approaches to anticoagulationthatprovidesimilarprotectionagainst strokebutata lower complication rate. The meta-analysis by Chatterjee2 and colleagues is welcome news that theneweroral anticoagulants (NOACs)dabigatran, apixaban, and rivaroxaban are safer with regard to the incidence of ICH. The comprehensive meta-analysis examines 6 recent high-quality randomized clinical trials of an NOAC compared with warfarin or aspirin.3,4 The meta-analysis is useful because it confirms the results from individual studies. The NOAC agents reduced the risk of ICH (mean odds ratio, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.36-0.65; P = .001) compared with warfarin or aspirin. The reduction in ICH is not associatedwith any additional risk of stroke. It is noteworthy that noneof the 3 agents, dabigatran, apixaban, or rivaroxaban,was superior to one another in terms of ICH risk or stroke prevention. The class vs classmeta-analysis done in this study ismore valid than alternative meta-analysis methods. How should this information be used in clinical practice? It is tempting to apply these results by transitioning patients from warfarin to an NOAC or using an NOAC instead of warfarin for patients initiating anticoagulation therapy. The data would imply greater safety with NOACs. The lingering concerns for NOACs are many and include uncertainty about the optimum dose for speJAMANEUROLOGY
Satellite-Systems Cost Estimation

Cost-Estimate Relations (CER's) are derived for launch/orbit insertion, payload/satellite(s), and the total satellite system. These CER's are expressed in terms of orbit altitude (or apogee), orbit type (circular or elliptical), and payload weight. The CER's are also presented briefly in terms of number of rings, number of satellites per ring, and satellite weight. They are applicable only to recurring (production) costs and include an 80percent "learning-curve rate." Satellite-subsystem percent weights are also discussed for single-axis and three-axis stabilized satellites, and guidance is developed for estimating total satellite weight given the required RF power.
Correction to "A computer algorithm for the synthesis of spatial frequency filters"

The author of the above-named work has called the following to the attention of the Editor: in the first term of (1), page 600, absolute value signs should replace the parenthesis. In the last term of (3), page 600, the parentheses should close after v.