cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecologically and economically efficient and sustainable use of agricultural landscapes

Abstract Agricultural landscape use serves many purposes and many different people. For this reason, many public and private institutions are involved in the problem of optimal landscape use. In farms and rural family households basic decisions are taken on the intensity of agricultural landscape use. The decision-makers of these private institutions try to adapt optimally to the socio-economic framework. Public institutions play a key role in creating the socio-economic framework by policy-making. Thus, their members determine at least the use of agricultural landscapes and whether the use is ecologically and economically efficient and sustainable or not. To guide landscape use in an optimal direction, however, is a hard task for public decision-makers because nobody knows exactly what an ecologically and economically efficient and sustainable use of agricultural landscapes is. This problem results from unknown values, unknown interrelations between technology and nature, and unknown evolutionary processes in nature and in societies. Thus, there is a broad area for speculation about optimal landscape use. Such speculation, however, can be minimized by analysing options for action systematically. This is demonstrated in the case of an agricultural landscape in Southern Germany. In this case study, eight parts of a naturally homogeneous region are analysed by using multi-criteria valuation, linear programming and trade-off analyses. By combining these methods, the ecological and economical status quo of the uses of an agricultural landscape and possibilities for its improvement are evaluated to find out how the landscape can be used ecologically and economically in the most efficient way. Trade-offs representing a production frontier between the production of marketable and nonmarketable landscape goods are identified. With these findings, efficient agricultural policy options are revealed for the simultaneous achievement of ecological and economic efficiency and sustainability.
Selective uptake and lack of dealkylation of phytosterols by cactophilic species ofDrosophila

The selective absorption of cholesterol and campesterol and discrimination against sitosterol was demonstrated withDrosophila mojavensis andDrosophila nigrospiracula, using a synthetic medium and 2 natural host cacti. Preferential absorption of trace amounts of phytosterols from a large quantity of other lipids occurred whenD. arizonensis andD. mojavensis were reared from agria cactus. The absence of dealkylation of sitosterol to cholesterol was demonstrated withD. mojavensis andD. mettleri, reared on a sterol-deficient medium supplemented with sitosterol.
Compression of image patches for local feature extraction

Local features are widely used for content-based image retrieval and object recognition. We present an efficient method for encoding digital images suitable for local feature extraction. First, we find the patches in the image corresponding to the detected features. Then, we extract these patches at their characteristic scale and orientation and encode them for efficient transmission. A Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) with adaptive block size is used for patch compression. We compare this method to directly compressing feature descriptors using transform coding. Experimental results show the superior performance of our technique. Image patches can be compressed to rates around 55 bits/patch (18x compression relative to uncompressed SIFT feature descriptors) and still achieve good image matching performance.
Diet and Functional Abdominal Pain in Children and Adolescents

Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is a common complaint among children and adolescents. For many patients, symptoms exacerbate with eating. This review discusses findings concerning the role of diet in FAP. The foods that are discussed are divided into 2 major groups: food allergies or intolerances, which focus on milk, gluten, and fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols; and functional foods, which hone in on foods that reduce abdominal pain in adolescents such as fiber, peppermint oil, and probiotics. Lastly, we discuss the role of eating habits in FAP and how the physiology of eating may be the real culprit of symptoms associated with eating.
Development and assessment of a new 3D neuroanatomy teaching tool for MRI training

A computerized three-dimensional (3D) neuroanatomy teaching tool was developed for training medical students to identify subcortical structures on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) series of the human brain. This program allows the user to transition rapidly between two-dimensional (2D) MRI slices, 3D object composites, and a combined model in which 3D objects are overlaid onto the 2D MRI slices, all while rotating the brain in any direction and advancing through coronal, sagittal, or axial planes. The efficacy of this tool was assessed by comparing scores from an MRI identification quiz and survey in two groups of first-year medical students. The first group was taught using this new 3D teaching tool, and the second group was taught the same content for the same amount of time but with traditional methods, including 2D images of brain MRI slices and 3D models from widely used textbooks and online sources. Students from the experimental group performed marginally better than the control group on overall test score (P = 0.07) and significantly better on test scores extracted from questions involving C-shaped internal brain structures (P < 0.01). Experimental participants also expressed higher confidence in their abilities to visualize the 3D structure of the brain (P = 0.02) after using this tool. Furthermore, when surveyed, 100% of the students in the experimental group recommended this tool for future students. These results suggest that this neuroanatomy teaching tool is an effective way to train medical students to read an MRI of the brain and is particularly effective for teaching C-shaped internal brain structures.
Adaptive channel estimation for trained MIMO-OFDM

In this paper, we present an adaptive Wiener filtering channel estimation method in the context of pilot symbols assisted multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communications in low mobility environment. Optimal Wiener filtering requires known channel statistics. When there exists channel model mismatch, performance could degrade significantly. We propose to quantize the channel model space into a set of hypothesized models with different delay spread and uniform multipath arrivals with equal power. A quasi maximum likelihood detector is developed to choose the hypothesized model that is closest to the actual channel. The Wiener coefficients associated with the selected model are then used for channel estimation. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive Wiener filtering achieves significant gain over a pessimistic Wiener design and very robust performance with respect to model variations.
Starting from scratch and building brick by brick in comprehension

During narrative comprehension, readers construct representations of the situation described by a text, called situation models. Theories of situation model construction and event comprehension posit two distinct types of situation model updating: incremental updating of individual situational dimensions, and global updates in which an old model is abandoned and a new one created. No research to date has directly tested whether readers update their situation models incrementally, globally, or both. We investigated whether both incremental and global updating occur during narrative comprehension. Participants typed what they were thinking while reading an extended narrative, and then segmented the narrative into meaningful events. Each typed think-aloud response was coded for whether it mentioned characters, objects, space, time, goals, or causes. There was evidence for both incremental and global updating: Readers mentioned situation dimensions more when those dimensions changed, controlling for the onset of a new event. Readers also mentioned situation dimensions more at points when a new event began than during event middles, controlling for the presence of situational change. These results support theories that claim that readers engage in both incremental and global updating during extended narrative comprehension.
Biologic activity of the novel small molecule STAT3 inhibitor LLL12 against canine osteosarcoma cell lines

Background STAT3 [1] has been shown to be dysregulated in nearly every major cancer, including osteosarcoma (OS). Constitutive activation of STAT3, via aberrant phosphorylation, leads to proliferation, cell survival and resistance to apoptosis. The present study sought to characterize the biologic activity of a novel allosteric STAT3 inhibitor, LLL12, in canine OS cell lines.
Using Feature Films as Tools for Analysis in a Psychology and Law Course

Two types of in-class discussions using feature films to stimulate discussion in a law and psychology course are described. In the first discussion, students identify legal doctrines and research f...
Asymmetries in mobbing behaviour and correlated intensity during predator mobbing by nuthatches, chickadees and titmice

In mixed-species foraging flocks of forest birds, one or a few nuclear species frequently produce alarm calls and are followed by other species in the flock. We tested the hypothesis that similar asymmetries may exist in a second interspecific social context, multispecies mobbing behaviour. We examined mobbing behaviour evoked by an eastern screech-owl, Megascops asio, model and playback in two nuclear species, Carolina chickadees, Poecile carolinensis, and tufted titmice, Baeolophus bicolor, and in a species that follows them, the white-breasted nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis. Asymmetries in mobbing were not the same as those in mixed-species flocks. Nuthatches and chickadees mobbed with greater frequency and intensity compared to titmice, which remained at greater distances from the owl model and vocalized less frequently. We also tested for the existence and nature of potential interspecific vocal information flow during mobbing. Chickadee and nuthatch calling rates were positively correlated, as were chickadee and titmouse calling rates. Nuthatches and titmice rarely mobbed simultaneously. These results suggest the existence of positive feedback among species' mobbing intensity during a multispecies mobbing association as opposed to heterospecific vocal interference or a lack of heterospecific influence. However, randomization simulations showed that this positive feedback was not driven by a particular ‘nuclear’ species during mobbing, suggesting that the correlations may result from a mutually interdependent escalation of mobbing intensity.
G-protein signaling modulator 1 is a modifier of sGC-dependent vascular response

Background Earlier investigations demonstrated that the activity and function of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) may be modulated by interacting proteins, such as HSP70, HSP90, CCTh or PDI. We have also previously demonstrated that G-protein signaling modulator proteins 1 and 2 (GPSM1, 2) directly interact with the catalytic region of sGC and attenuate the response of sGC to activators in cell lysates.
Ultra-compact coupled-resonator device for four-wave mixing applications

A coupled-resonator device consisting of three compact microresonators is proposed and demonstrated for efficient FWM in silicon. The possibility of tuning of signal and idler wavelengths in this device enables novel reconfigurable nonlinear experiments.
Estimating the Capacity of Freight Transportation Systems: A Model and Its Application in Transport Planning and Logistics

The issue of adequate capacity in the freight transportation system to accommodate growing cargo volumes is now becoming a major public policy concern. The problem of extraordinary rail line congestion and service failures in connection with the recent Union Pacific-Southern Pacific merger has galvanized attention to the problem, but the issue extends far beyond the rail system to other modes and contexts. The concept of system capacity (as opposed to link or facility capacity) is developed, and prior literature is reviewed for approaches to estimating it. A model that was developed from the most promising of these is presented. This model is multimodal in concept and is intended to be applicable to any vehicular freight mode. The model is tested through application to a portion of the rail network, and results are assessed for reasonableness and utility. Finally, the applicability of the model and approach to various capacity-related questions is described and discussed.
An object-oriented query processor that produces monotonically improving approximate answers

An object-oriented query processor is described that makes approximate answers available if there is not enough time to product an exact answer or if part of the database is unavailable. The accuracy of the approximate result produced improves monotonically with the amount of data retrieved to produce the result. The query-processing algorithm is based on an approximate relational data model and works within a standard relational algebra framework. The query processor maintains an object-oriented view on an underlying level and can be implemented on a relational database system with little change to the relational architecture. It is shown how a monotone query-processing strategy can be implemented, making effective use of semantic information presented by the object-oriented view. >
Precise 3-D localization of fluorescent probes without numerical fitting

We present an analytical algorithm for determining the position of a fluorescent probe in three dimensions (3-D) from a collection of measurements taken at different locations. This algorithm, fluoroBancroft, relies on the fact that the intensity point spread function depends only on the radial distance between the center of the focal point and the position of the fluorescent probe. We present a simulation study comparing the performance of the algorithm to the standard technique of fitting the data to a Gaussian profile. Our results indicate that in the 3-D case, the fluoroBancroft algorithm is able to localize the probe with an accuracy on the order of tens of nanometers using less than ten measurements (pixels). The Gaussian fitting procedure is unable to locate the probe even when using 36 measurements (the maximum number of measurements used in the simulations). Moreover the new technique is typically two orders of magnitude faster than the Gaussian fitting approach in terms of computation time. These results indicate the fluoroBancroft algorithm can be used effectively in a closed-loop controller to track the motion of single fluorescent probes in 3-D in a confocal microscope.
Alcohol use and suicide proneness in college students: a proposed model

This study was designed to assess relations among alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, negative-life events, depressive symptoms, and suicide proneness in a cross-sectional sample of undergraduate college students (N = 1100). Alcohol use was assumed to be causally prior to alcohol-related problems and negative life events, which were in turn modeled as occurring prior to depressive symptoms, which were in turn modeled as prior to suicide proneness. Results revealed that, as expected, suicide proneness was positively related to depressive symptoms, alcohol-related problems, negative life events, and alcohol use, and depressive symptoms were positively associated with alcohol-related problems and negative life events. Additionally, the relation between alcohol use and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by alcohol-related problems and negative life events; and the alcohol use-suicide proneness link was significantly mediated by alcohol-related problems, negative life events, and depressive symptoms. Implications are offered for the improved identification and treatment of at-risk young adults.
Cost-effective conceptual design using taxonomies

It is known that annotating entities in unstructured and semi-structured datasets by their concepts improves the effectiveness of answering queries over these datasets. Ideally, one would like to annotate entities of all relevant concepts in a dataset. However, it takes substantial time and computational resources to annotate concepts in large datasets, and an organization may have sufficient resources to annotate only a subset of relevant concepts. Clearly, it would like to annotate a subset of concepts that provides the most effective answers to queries over the dataset. We propose a formal framework that quantifies the amount by which annotating entities of concepts from a taxonomy in a dataset improves the effectiveness of answering queries over the dataset. Because the problem is $$\mathbf {NP}$$ -hard, we propose efficient approximation and pseudo-polynomial time algorithms for several cases of the problem. Our extensive empirical studies validate our framework and show accuracy and efficiency of our algorithms.
Allocational flexibility in constrained supply chains

Abstract We show that when a one-supplier/one-newsvendor supply chain is capacity-constrained, wholesale price contracts have some flexibility in allocating the channel-optimal profit. We analyze how this flexibility changes as we change the supply chain׳s capacity constraint and market demand. We also explore the allocation that is achieved in equilibrium in a newsvendor procurement game. Finally, we generalize our results to risk-sharing contracts and show that those contracts also gain additional flexibility in allocating the channel-optimal profit.
Avoiding safety-management errors in the next generation

This paper provides discussion items identifying safety management errors which should be unacceptable to safety management, particularly in the next generation due to the fact that the costs of noncompliance are simply too high. Safety management failures can be the final basis of program termination if there is a failure to properly analyze subsystems. Without the protection of proper hazard controls, catastrophic system failures may be the outcome. Some hazards slip through the cracks despite significant efforts to prevent it. However, it is the failure to apply acknowledged techniques in a proper and professional manner that should be totally unacceptable to safety managers, and will certainly be unacceptable to senior corporate managers in the next generation. Following the recommendations included in the paper could provide a reasonable means of assuring that frequent failures by safety management do not occur.
Deformational Structures up to 1963

This chapter deals with disturbed, distorted or deformed bedding and with distortions of various primary sedimentary structures. Such deformation varies from mildly disturbed layers to those which are intricately crumpled and in extreme cases to those thoroughly broken and brecciated. In special cases the sediment is rendered incoherent and mobile and behaves as a semifluid and forms slurry slumps or is injected as sedimentary sills and dikes.
The Parolee–Parole Officer Relationship as a Mediator of Criminal Justice Outcomes

Although psychotherapy literature identifies the client-therapist relationship as a key factor contributing to client outcomes, few studies have examined whether relationship quality among corrections populations and supervising officers influences outcomes. This is surprising given that many criminal justice intervention models include quality of the client-practitioner relationship. Parolees enrolled in a six-site randomized clinical trial, where they were assigned to a parole officer-therapist-client collaborative intervention designed to improve relationship quality (n = 253) or supervision as usual (n = 227), were asked to rate relationship quality with their supervising officer. RESULTS showed parolees assigned to the intervention endorsed significantly higher relationship ratings and demonstrated a lower violation rate than those assigned to the control group. Ratings of the parolee-parole officer relationship mediated the relationship between study condition and outcomes; better perceived relationship quality was associated with fewer drug use days and violations during the follow-up period, regardless of the study condition. FINDINGS are discussed as they pertain to supervision relationships. Keywords: Juvenile justice Language: en
Health benefits and barriers to cell phone use in low-income urban U.S. neighborhoods: Indications of technology maintenance

Little is known about the everyday health and safety benefits of cell phones for the U.S. poor, despite heightened risks of illness and exposure to crime for this population. Interviews with low-income, urban U.S. residents reveal that cell phones are an asset for psychological reassurance, crime prevention, and critical access to emergency help. At the same time findings reveal that these residents often have broken and disconnected cell phones that require constant upkeep, or technology maintenance. Reliance on second-hand, government, and no-contract phones ease cell phone ownership but also normalize intermittent disconnection leading to dependably instability. These findings demonstrate the extreme value of cell phone access for residents of poor neighborhoods, and at the same time indicate that disparities in cell phone access still persist and may be worsening.
A growth hormone antagonist protects mice against streptozotocin induced glomerulosclerosis even in the presence of elevated levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin

Transgenic mice expressing growth hormone genes have been shown to have kidney lesions resembling those found in human diabetic patients. However, transgenic mice expressing a growth hormone antagonist gene have normal kidneys. In this study, streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes in growth hormone or growth hormone antagonist transgenic mice and total glycated hemoglobin levels were determined. We found streptozotocin treatment resulted in a significant increase in glycated hemoglobin levels in these animals. Despite comparable levels of glycemia and glycated hemoglobin, severe glomerulosclerosis was found in diabetic and nondiabetic growth hormone transgenic mice; moderate glomerulosclerosis was seen in diabetic nontransgenic mice; and normal glomeruli were seen in diabetic and non-diabetic growth hormone antagonist transgenic mice as well as non-diabetic nontransgenic littermates. These results suggest that growth hormone is playing a role in diabetic nephropathy, and elevated levels of growth hormone can directly affect the kidneys independent of the levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin.
Evaluation of low-oligosaccharide and low-oligosaccharide low-phytate whole soya beans in canine foods

Abstract Eight mature dogs (19.7 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate low-oligosaccharide whole soya beans (LO) and low-oligosaccharide low-phytate whole soya beans (LOP) as protein sources in complete foods fed to dogs. All foods were isonitrogenous and contained either LO, LOP, conventional soya bean meal (SBM) or low-ash poultry meal (PM) as the protein source. Daily DMI averaged 360 ± 28 g/d. The two whole soya bean (WSB) foods resulted in the highest fecal outputs averaging 47.9 g DM/d. The coefficient of ileal apparent (CIAD) DM digestibility was highest for PM (0.862) and averaged 0.784 for all soy-based foods. The coefficient for large intestinal apparent (CLIAD) DM digestibility was similar for all foods (0.381; P = 0.681). The coefficient of total tract apparent (CTTAD) DM digestibility was highest for PM (0.913; P = 0.003) and lowest for the WSB containing foods (0.856; P = 0.012). Fecal N excretion was lowest for PM foods (1.5 g N/d; P = 0.031) when compared to all soy-based foods. No difference in N retention was observed amongst all foods (1.0; P = 0.949). The CIAD for N did not differ among foods (0.745; P = 0.497) whereas, CLIAD for N was highest for PM (0.486; P = 0.003). The N CTTAD was highest for the PM food (0.864; P = 0.017) and lowest for WSB foods (0.821; P = 0.049). Phenylalanine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, serine and tyrosine CIAD were lowest for PM. All other digestibilities were not affected by treatment. No differences in nonessential AA CIAD were observed when comparing soya-based foods. Dogs consuming SBM had higher isoleucine, phenylalanine and tryptophan CIAD when compared to WSB foods. These data indicate that LO, LOP and SBM can serve as sources of protein for canine foods. However, the WSB foods had increased fecal output, lower digestibility and lower fecal quality when compared to PM and SBM. Phytate levels up to 1.5 g/kg in dry extruded foods exhibited no negative effects on digestibility.
Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Wellbeing

The population in the United States is aging, and the Older Americans 2012 report attempts to compile statistics from key agencies to form a comprehensive picture on the state of older citizens. Th...
Player Must Weigh How to Fight Article

This article assesses the possible legal reverberations stemming from a March 5th, 2012 Sports Illustrated article chronicling the downfall of UCLA basketball. The Sports Illustrated article was especially critical of Reeves Nelson, who was released from the team in November 0f 2011. Immediately following the article's publication, Nelson denied many of the allegations contained therein, as did many of his former teammates. This piece assesses Nelson's possible legal actions, including causes of action for defamation and dissapointment. Ultimately, however, it will be difficult for Nelson to demonstrate cognizable damage as a result of the Sports Illustrated piece.
Profiles of sulfur containing compounds obtained from Arabica and Robusta coffees by capillary column gas chromatography

The profiles of sulfur containing compounds present in both Arabica and Robusta coffees were determined by concentrating the volatiles from dry ground roasted coffee headspace, pressed coffee oil or brewed coffee headspace onto an adsorbent (Tenax) which was then thermally desorbed into a capillary column. The volatiles were then chromatographed and detected with a flame photometric detector. Significant quantitative differences between the profiles of Arabica coffee and Robusta coffee are found for all three sample types with a few components being up to 20-times more concentrated in the Robusta coffee than in the Arabica coffee. These differences may be utilized to detect as little as 1 % Robusta coffee present in Arabica coffee.
Endobronchial Drainage of Undiagnosed Lung Abscess During Chest Physical Therapy

Bronchial drainage, positive-pressure lung inflation, chest-wall percussion, and suctioning were performed in a patient with postoperative atelectasis, lung infection, and respiratory failure. A previously undiagnosed posterior lung abscess subsequently drained into the bronchial tree, causing dissemination of the infection and a severe deterioration of pulmonary function. Dissemination of pulmonary infection from a lung abscess is a possible complication that should be considered when prescribing and administering chest physical therapy.
Defensins at the Mucosal Surface: Latest Insights into Defensin-Virus Interactions.

ABSTRACT Defensins are innate immune effector peptides expressed at mucosal surfaces throughout the human body and are potently antiviral in vitro. The role of defensins in viral pathogenesis in vivo is poorly understood; however, recent studies have revealed that defensin-virus interactions in vivo are complicated and distinct from their proposed antiviral mechanisms in vitro. These findings highlight the need for additional research that connects defensin neutralization of viruses in cell culture to in vivo antiviral mechanisms.
Methodological and Reporting Errors in Meta-Analytic Reviews Make Other Meta-Analysts Angry A Commentary on Ferguson (2015)

Although Ferguson's (2015, this issue) meta-analysis addresses an important topic, we have serious concerns about how it was conducted. Because there was only one coder, we have no confidence in the reliability or validity of the coded variables. Two independent raters should have coded the studies. Ferguson synthesized partial correlations as if they were zero-order correlations, which can increase or decrease (sometimes substantially) the variance of the partial correlation. Moreover, he partialled different numbers of variables from different effects, partialled different variables from different studies, and did not report what was partialled from each study. Ferguson used an idiosyncratic "tandem procedure" for detecting publication bias. He also "corrected" his results for publication bias, even though there is no such thing as a "correction" for publication bias. Thus, we believe that Ferguson's meta-analysis is fatally flawed and should not have been accepted for publication in Perspective on Psychological Science (or any other journal).
Dural metastases. A retrospective surgical and autopsy series.

Background Metastases to dura constitute one of the least frequent and least studied patterns of neoplastic spread to the craniospinal axis. Older reports cited breast cancer as accounting for the largest number of dural metastases, often as a manifestation of end-stage disease. Since the early 1980s we have noted an increasing number and diversity of cancer types in patients with dural metastases in our surgical and autopsy neuropathology experience. Some surgical patients have experienced prolonged postoperative survival. Methods Review of autopsy records from 1982 to 1999 and surgical pathology records from 1990 to 2000 at a large university teaching hospital, including consultation files. Results Dural metastases removed at surgery (n = 33) were usually single, cranial, subdural lesions; coexistence with brain parenchymal or skull metastases varied according to tumor type. Unusual tumor types included carcinomas of colon, endometrium, cervix, and stomach. One well-documented patient developed postsurgical implantation metastases, and 2 patients had co-associated acute subdural hematomas. Surgical patients showed widely varying postoperative survival times, but in several of these patients survival times were in excess of 2 years. Dural metastases seen at autopsy (n = 27) could also be solitary and nodular, but more examples were extensive, diffuse, and both subdural and epidural in location. The expected cases of breast cancer (n = 5) occurred, but more examples of prostate cancer (n = 7) or unusual malignant neoplasms (cervical = 3, laryngeal = 1, gallbladder = 1, Ewing sarcoma = 1, intravascular lymphomatosis = 1, ocular melanoma = 1) were identified. Conclusions This combined surgical and autopsy series shows a different distribution of tumor types causing dural metastases than older series. Postoperative outcome may be favorable in select, surgically treated patients.
Reliability of the Deployment Resiliency Assessment.

ABSTRACT This article describes the reliability of the instruments embedded in a mental health screening instrument designed to detect risky drinking, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder among members of the Armed Forces. The instruments were generally reliable, however, the risky drinking screen (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption) had unacceptable reliability (α = 0.58). This was the first attempt to assess psychometric properties of a screening and assessment instrument widely used for members of the Armed Forces.
89 Cardiogenic shock in pregnancy: Analysis from the national inpatient sample

Background A rising proportion of maternal deaths are now attributable to cardiovascular disease. In pregnant women, postpartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) or amniotic fluid embolism (AFE), and physiological changes of pregnancy such as increased blood volume and cardiac output, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and physiologic anemia may lead to cardiogenic shock (CS). The epidemiology and outcomes of CS during pregnancy are poorly characterized. We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample from 2002 to 2013 to determine the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of CS during pregnancy. Methods and results Of 52,973,186 antepartum or delivery, and 821,006 postpartum hospitalizations, 2044 were complicated by CS. CS occurred most often in the postpartum period (58.83%) as compared with delivery (23.47%) or antepartum (17.70%). The mortality rate in peripartum women with CS was 18.81% vs 0.2% without CS. Associated factors for CS during the antepartum or delivery period included PPCM, AFE, pulmonary thromboembolism, valvular disease, drug abuse, coagulopathy, fluid/electrolyte disorders, and peripheral vascular disorders. Factors associated with postpartum CS included PPCM, pulmonary thromboembolism, coagulopathy, fluid/electrolyte disorders, valvular disease, drug abuse, stroke, preeclampsia, and renal failure. Factors associated with death included cardiac arrest, renal failure, sepsis, younger age and delayed mechanical circulatory support. In women with CS, the use of mechanical circulatory support increased from 5.38% in 2002 to 14.2% in 2013. The mean time to mechanical support was longest during delivery (10.56 days, 95% CI: 2.55–18.56), followed by postpartum (4.95 days, 95% CI: 3.37–6.53) and antepartum (1.13 days, 95% CI: 0.21–2.06) hospitalizations. Overall, maternal survivors of CS received mechanical circulatory support sooner than those who died (4.36 days, 95%CI: 2.49–6.24 vs 12.46 days, 95%CI: 4.64–20.29, P ⩽ 6 days, the mean time to mechanical circulatory support), mortality was considerably less than in women who had increased times (>6 days) to mechanical circulatory support (18.08% vs 38.11%, OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.1–0.86). Conclusions Although uncommon, CS is increasing during pregnancy, occurs most commonly in the postpartum period and is associated with dramatically higher mortality. The use of mechanical circulatory support in this critically ill population is increasing and early mechanical circulatory support may decrease mortality. Further work is needed to better characterize the causes of death from CS.
Putting Coach Confirmation Research into Practice: How to Confirm Youth and High School Athletes and Coach More Effectively

This article focuses on how coaches can utilize a prosocial coaching behavior referred to as confirmation to promote positive experiences and development for youth and high school athletes. Confirmation centers on making athletes feel recognized, valued, supported and connected to others — all of which are goals of modern prosocial coaching movements. In an effort to accomplish these goals, this article presents six specific strategies that coaches can enact to make their athletes feel confirmed.
Mucosal Lumps and Bumps with Smooth Surfaces

Mucosal lumps and bumps are more accurately referred to as submucosal nodules. In general, submucosal nodules do not spontaneously resolve and often require surgical excision for treatment. A retrospective analysis of 3,129 oral pathology biopsy specimens from pediatric patients (0–18 years of age) submitted for diagnosis to Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology found mucocele and fibroma to comprise the two most frequently diagnosed soft tissue lesions. In this chapter, we review the clinical appearance, etiology, differential diagnosis, and recommended treatment for submucosal nodules.
Government by Mourning: Death and Political Integration in Japan, 1603–1912. By Atsuko Hirai. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2014. Pp. xviii, 464. $49.95.)

In this study, the author explores the Tokugawa shoguns’ political use of death rituals, particularly their injunctions against playing music in the aftermath of someone's passing. Through an exami...
Thoracolumbar Fracture-Dislocation

Management of the spine trauma patient requires thorough neurologic and radiographic evaluation. While a majority of spine traumatic conditions can be managed nonoperatively, high index of suspicion must be maintained to avoid missing critical injuries that could lead to immediate or delayed neurologic deterioration.
The Choice of Business Entity: Corporate, Pass-Through, and Disregarded Entities

This technical note focuses on common business entities: sole proprietorships, general partnerships (GPs), limited partnerships (LPs), limited liability partnerships (LLPs), limited liability companies (LLCs), S corporations, and C corporations and offers insights into the basic factors to consider when choosing one of these entities. The Appendix provides an overview of other important entities in the federal tax code: real-estate investment trusts (REITs), regulated investment companies (e.g., mutual funds), and publicly traded partnerships (PTPs). Excerpt UVA-C-2293 Rev. Sept. 1, 2016 The Choice of Business Entity: Corporate, Pass-Through, and Disregarded Entities When starting a business, there are many important choices that must be made, from the hiring of key personnel to the choice of a business model. One choice that can have far-reaching effects on the success of any business is the legal form through which it will operate and interact with the rest of the business community. Not only does the choice of a legal form have important federal income tax implications, but it can also affect a business owner's administrative workload, the manner in which he runs his day-to-day operations, his ability to transfer his ownership interest, and how he can compensate his employees. This technical note focuses on common business entities: sole proprietorships, general partnerships (GPs), limited partnerships (LPs), limited liability partnerships (LLPs), limited liability companies (LLCs), S corporations, and Ccorporations and offers insights into the basic factors to consider when choosing one of these entities. Appendix 1 provides an overview of other important entities in the federal tax code: real-estate investment trusts (REITs), regulated investment companies (e.g., mutual funds), and publicly traded partnerships (PTPs). State Law Entities . . .
Modernism and the Birth of Divided Subjectivity in Postcolonial India: A Study of Muktibodh (1917–1964)

This essay is an exploration into the nature of modernism in the works of Muktibodh (1917–1964), the most influential Marxist Hindi poet in postcolonial India, and one of the founders of modernism ...
A Contribution to the Knowledge of Rhomphaea L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the Mediterranean and Macaronesian Regions

Abstract This study contributes to the understanding of the female members of Rhomphaea in the Mediterranean and Macaronesian biogeographic regions: R. longicaudata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872, R. nasica (Simon, 1873), and R. rostrata (Simon, 1873). The unknown female of R. longicaudata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 is described. It was found that the female previously proposed associated with R. longicaudata was incorrectly matched. An identification key to the three members of the genus is presented. The epigynes of R. rostrata specimens vary amongst individuals but DNA barcode data from specimens with dissimilar epigynes could not support a hypothesis of a species complex.
Eutrophication and recovery of a Lake inferred from sedimentary diatoms originating from different habitats

Eutrophication and recovery of Muskegon Lake resulted from a complex set of interacting factors according to diatom-inferred total phosphorus (TP), geochemical proxies, detailed modeling of land use land cover change in the watershed, and accounts of past point source management and non-native species invasions. Benthic and planktonic diatoms responded to phosphorus environments differently in this lake that receives 95% of its input from one river and has only a 23days average retention time. Planktonic diatoms reflected river conditions more than benthic diatoms, and benthos reflected lake conditions more than plankton. Inferred TP from planktonic diatoms indicated the Muskegon River was relatively nutrient rich compared to inferred TP for Muskegon Lake based on benthic diatoms before Europeans settled the watershed. Early European settlement and logging caused no changes in phosphorus condition in the Muskegon River, but modest increases in phosphorus were indicated in Muskegon Lake during the middle and late thirds of the 19th century. Extensive watershed-scale agricultural activity in the early 20th century apparently had little effect on trophic status of the lake, perhaps because it preceded high fertilizer use on farms. During the industrial and population boom in the watershed during the early half of the 20th century, river conditions changed little, but eutrophication of Muskegon Lake increased greatly. Reduction in river phosphorus by dams occurred during the first half of the 20th century. Phosphorus reduction in the lake was indicated after advanced wastewater treatment for Muskegon Township was implemented in 1973. Current diatom inferred phosphorus concentration in the lake is the same as before European settlement, however many attributes of the lake still differ because other stressors persist.
The roots of ethnic cleansing in Europe

Zeynep Bulutgil has written an important book on the roots of ethnic cleansing in Europe. Bulutgil invites us to read twentieth-century European history not just from the perspective of ethnicity b...
CNS for UTM — What are some of the initial challenges we face?

Communications Redundant, reliable Command and Control Links Platform — Platform / Ground — Platform Navigation Centralized, authoritative data sources S Must maintain airspace organization Surveillance Further segmentation of UAS platforms Ground based sensors (where needed, but not everywhere).
Connecting Theory to Practice: Evaluating a Brain-Based Writing Curriculum.

This 10 week longitudinal evaluation study evaluated a brain-based learning curriculum proposed by Smilkstein (2003) by comparing student performance in a traditional basic writing curriculum with NHLP-oriented basic writing curriculum. The study included two classes each of experimental and traditional methods. Results of the data, gathered by means of questionnaires and in-class writing, indicate the experimental classes expressed more positive comments than the traditional classes, and, on an enjoyment scale, tended to score higher mean Likert scores; but low N-size inhibited statistical testing and weakens the claim. However, scores for the final writing were statistically significantly higher for experimental students. Connecting theory to practice is considered a helpful and necessary component of successful developmental education programs (Boylan, 2002; Casazza, 2003; Casazza & Silverman, 1996; Chung, 2005). Theory not only provides an explanation for practice but enables reflection and thus development (Griffee & Gorsuch, 1999). However, as Saxon and Boylan (2003) point out, theories need to be empirically investigated to determine which hold promise. Brain-based learning theory and its resulting curriculum, as discussed by Smilkstein (2003), provide one theory currently of interest.
7.3 – Consecutive Rearrangements

Sigmatropic rearrangements involve the allylic migration of σ-bonds that are in conjugation with the π-framework of the double bond. Not only do sigmatropic rearrangements provide for the formation of sigma bonds, but the migration of the double bond can establish new, reactive functionality that initiates subsequent rearrangements.
Cost-Sensitive Deep Active Learning for Epileptic Seizure Detection

The analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal plays a crucial role in epileptic seizure detection. Researchers have proposed many machine learning and deep learning based automatic epileptic seizure detection methods. However, these schemes, especially the deep learning based ones, suffer from labeling huge amounts of training data. Moreover, in epileptic seizure detection, physicians pay more attention to abnormal signals than normal signals, and thus the misclassification cost for them should be different. To address these issues, we propose a cost-sensitive deep active learning scheme to detect the epileptic seizure. In particular, we develop a new generic double-deep neural network (double-DNN) to obtain the cost-sensitive utility for the samples selection strategy in the labeling process. We further employ three types of fundamental neural networks, i.e., one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D CNNs), recurrent neural networks with long short-term memory (LSTM) units, and recurrent neural networks with gated recurrent units (GRU), in the double-DNN and evaluate their performances. Experiment results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the amount of labeled samples by up to 33% and 80% compared with uncertainty sampling and random sampling, respectively.
Tillage and Cover Crop Effects on Weed Seed Persistence: Do Light Exposure and Fungal Pathogens Play a Role?

In a series of seed burial studies, we tested the hypothesis that reduced tillage and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover cropping influence seed persistence and that these effects are mediated by differences in fungal pathogens and exposure to light. Seeds of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii S. Watson) and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L). Scop.] were buried in mesh bags in a long-term experiment with two levels of tillage (full-width tillage [FWT] or strip tillage [ST]) and two levels of cover cropping (none or cereal rye). In Experiment 1, seeds were exhumed each spring for 3 yr and tested for viability. In Experiment 2, untreated and fungicide-treated seeds were buried, exhumed at shorter intervals, and tested for viability. In addition, a subset of seeds in FWT treatments were exhumed and stored in either light or darkness during tillage operations and evaluated for persistence at 8.5 mo after burial (MAB). In Experiment 1, the persistence of D. sanguinalis seeds declined by 80% at 7 MAB regardless of cover crop or tillage treatment. The persistence of A. powellii seeds at 19 MAB declined by 95% in FWT compared with only 50% in ST. In Experiment 2, seed persistence of both species was greater in ST compared with FWT treatments, for seeds that had been exposed to light, but not for those that were maintained in darkness. Rye cover cropping resulted in a 2-fold increase in overwinter persistence of seeds of D. sanguinalis regardless of fungicide treatment. These results demonstrate that increased persistence under ST was primarily due to reductions in light-induced fatal germination and that increased overwinter persistence of D. sanguinalis in rye cover crop treatments could not be explained by differences in decay due to fungal pathogens controlled by the seed treatment.