cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Wrongdoers Rightly: Tadros on the Justification of General Deterrence

Some philosophers believe that punishing convicted criminals in order to deter other, potential criminals would be morally questionable even if we had good evidence that doing so would achieve its goal, at least to a substantial degree. And they believe this because they believe that doing so would be an instance of “using” convicted criminals in a morally objectionable way. Tadros aims to show that we would indeed be “using” convicted criminals in such cases but that, while “using” others is ordinarily morally wrong, there are cases in which it is in fact morally permissible (or even morally required). Moreover, he claims that punishing convicted criminals in order to deter other, potential criminals is an instance of “using” others that is sometimes clearly morally justifiable. My aim is to show how extraordinarily interesting some of Tadros’ arguments are but also why, in my view, they fail to establish the view he claims they support. I also suggest some ways in which Tadros might revise his arguments to support his central claim(s) more effectively.
Optimal environmental regulation based on more than just emissions

I develop a principal-agent model of environmental regulation in which the regulator can acquire two costly signals of the firm’s abatement effort. Acquisition of the second signal is conditioned on the observed value of the first, emissions signal. The optimal contract takes the form of an emissions standard when only the emissions signal is acquired, and a set of contingent emissions standards when both signals are acquired; the standards are coupled with uniform, maximal penalties for noncompliance. Acquisition of the second signal may be optimal when intermediate values of the first signal are observed but not when extreme values are observed.
Dual frequency resonator for 1.2 GHz EPR/16.2 MHz NMR co-imaging.

Abstract The development of a dual frequency resonator that enables both EPR and proton NMR imaging within the same resonator, magnet and gradient system is described. A novel design allows the same resonator to perform both EPR and proton NMR operation without moving resonator cables or switches. The resonator is capable of working at frequencies of 16.18 MHz for proton NMR and 1.2 GHz for EPR and is optimized for isolated rat heart experiments, measuring 22 mm in inner diameter and 19 mm in length. In EPR mode, the resonator functions as a one-loop-two gap resonator, electrically coupled through a half wavelength inverter. In NMR mode, it functions a single turn coil. Using the same loop for both modalities maximizes filling factor at both frequencies. Placing the tuning and switching controls away from the resonator prevents any inadvertent movement that would cause errors of EPR and NMR co-imaging registration. The resonator enabled good quality EPR and proton MRI of isolated rat hearts with precise registration.
A load-balanced parallel sorting algorithm for shared-nothing architectures

With the popularity of parallel database machines based on the shared-nothing architecture, it has become important to find external sorting algorithms which lead to a load-balanced computation, i.e., balanced execution, communication and output. If during the course of the sorting algorithm each processor is equally loaded, parallelism is fully exploited. Similarly, balanced communication will not congest the network traffic. Since sorting can be used to support a number of other relational operations (joins, duplicate elimination, building indexes etc.) data skew produced by sorting can further lead to execution skew at later stages of these operations. In this paper we present a load-balanced parallel sorting algorithm for shared-nothing architectures. It is a multiple-input multiple-output algorithm with four stages, based on a generalization of Batcher's odd-even merge. At each stage then keys are evenly distributed among thep processors (i.e., there is no final sequential merge phase) and the distribution of keys between stages ensures against network congestion. There is no assumption made on the key distribution and the algorithm performs equally well in the presence of duplicate keys. Hence our approach always guarantees its performance, as long asn is greater thanp 3, which is the case of interest for sorting large relations. In addition, processors can be added incrementally.
Historical Justifications for Territorial Claims

Abstract The justifications that states offer in support of their actions play an important role in shaping territorial conflicts between states. During the past forty years, territorial claims against neighboring states have almost always been justified as attempts to recover land that had been “wrongfully'’taken away. This article charts the rise of this kind of historical argument, beginning with the Peace of Westphalia. It is an argument that has its roots in Western understanding of property rights. Historical arguments have come into ascendancy as claims based strictly on ethnic, strategic, and economic considerations have become less acceptable. Of course, arguments for the restitution of territory frequently hide other underlying motives. But language itself shapes the formulation and pursuit of territorial objectives. Examples of territorial conflicts between Ecuador and Peru, India and Pakistan, and Togo and Ghana reveal that the discourse of territorial conflict justification can influence (1) ...
Towards exotic nuclear matter

In this article I would like to describe what I am doing right now. First, introductory remarks on nuclear matter at high densities and/or high temperatures are presented. Then, I report our recent data obtained at the Brookhaven AGS. Finally, I describe briefly our future RHIC experiment, PHENIX.
Emergency Shelter Networks in an Urban Area: Serving the Homeless in Metropolitan Toronto.

A framework for analyzing the structure of urban emergency shelter networks is proposed. The shelter and service network consists of clients, shelters, support services, and a political context shaped by state policies and community attitudes. The example of Metropolitan Toronto shows that, while it might be true that there is a need for more permanent housing, there also exists a real need for emergency shelters. A problem exists for certain groups who might seek temporary shelter in suburban areas because of the unequal spatial distribution of shelters and support services between the inner City of Toronto and suburban municipalities. The recent suburbanization of some shelters has been dominated by shelters for women and children. Patterns of repeat usage of the shelter network suggest that certain client groups might not have access to all the support services they need. The conclusions argue that urban shelter networks offer an opportunity for geographers to consider more closely the links between ho...
Electric field and line shape studies in the EPR of Cr5+ in KD2AsO4 and KD2PO4. A reinterpretation of the slow dynamics

Abstract On the basis of electric field effects on the EPR spectra of Cr5+ centers in KD2AsO4 and KD2PO4, and of a symmetry analysis, we show that the spectra should be interpreted in terms of a four-site exchange process rather than two-site processes as others have done. Using this procedure, we obtain new and more extensive data on the dynamic processes in these crystals show that above Tc the changes in EPR line shape reveal only one type of dynamic process, a polarization fluctuation.
Effects of Improving Teachers' Content Knowledge on Teaching and Student Learning in Physical Education

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a content knowledge (CK) workshop on the enacted pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of teachers and in turn the effects on student learning. Method: A quasiexperimental design was used to examine 4 questions: (a) How does student learning differ as a function of PCK? (b) How does teachers' selection of tasks differ in teaching as a function of CK? (c) How does teachers' representation of tasks differ in teaching as a function of CK? (d) How does teachers' adaptation of tasks differ in teaching as a function of CK? In examining student learning, 2 statistical analyses were employed using correct trials and incorrect trials as dependent measures, respectively. Analyses of variance were conducted examining the effects of the intervention on students' percentage of correct or incorrect trials. The analyses consisted of independent variables, including teachers as a block, treatment, class nested within conditions, gender, skill levels, and 2-w...
Paediatric Problems of Cough

All children cough, but most children are normal. In a child with isolated cough, a detailed history and examination, followed in a small number of cases by targeted investigations, should allow the child to be placed in one of five diagnostic categories. These are normal child; the child with a serious illness such as cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis etc. the child with non-serious, but treatable causes of cough and wheeze, for example gastro-oesophageal reflux or postnasal drip; the child with an asthma syndrome and an overestimation of symptoms for psychological or other reasons by either or both of child or family. Treatment is of the underlying condition if appropriate. Non-specific treatment with cough syrups are not useful. Attention to environmental factors such as active and passive smoking, and exposure to dust and pets is important. The diagnosis of cough variant asthma should only be made in older children after variable airflow obstruction and response to bronchodilator has been demonstrated physiologically. In younger children, rational diagnostic criteria are an abnormally increased cough, with no evidence of any non-asthma diagnosis, a clear-cut response to a therapeutic trial of asthma medication, usually moderate dose inhaled corticosteroids, and relapse on stopping medications with second response to recommencing them. Some such children go on to develop more typical asthma, with wheeze and bronchial hyper-reactivity. It is important however, not to over-diagnose asthma in children who in fact have a chronic non-specific cough. Such children require no treatment, get better with time, and have normal long-term lung function.
The Fate of Early Experience Following Developmental Change: Longitudinal Approaches to Individual Adaptation in Childhood

2 strategies were used to investigate the continued impact of early experience and adaptation given subsequent experience and/or developmental change in a poverty sample (N = 190). Groups were defined whose adaptation was similar during the preschool years but consistently different earlier; then these 2 groups were compared in elementary school. In addition, a series of regression analyses was performed in which variance accounted for by near-in or contemporary predictors of adaptation in middle childhood was removed before adding earlier adaptation in subsequent steps. Children showing positive adaptation in the infant/toddler period showed greater rebound in the elementary school years, despite poor functioning in the preschool period. Regression analyses revealed some incremental power of early predictors with intermediate predictors removed. The results were interpreted as supporting Bowlby's thesis that adaptation is always a product of both developmental history and current circumstances. While this research cannot resolve such a complicated issue, it does point to the need for complex formulations to guide research on individual development.
Fast EPR imaging at 300 MHz using spinning magnetic field gradients.

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) technology has rapidly progressed in the last decade enabling many important applications in the fields of biology and medicine. At frequencies of 300–1200 MHz a range of in vivo applications have been performed. However, the requisite imaging time duration to acquire a given number of projections, limits the use of this technique in many in vivo applications where relatively rapid kinetics occur. Therefore, there has been a great need to develop approaches to accelerate EPRI data acquisition. We report the development of a fast low-frequency EPRI technique using spinning magnetic field gradients (SMFG). Utilizing a 300 MHz CW (continuous wave) EPRI system, SMFG enabled over 10-fold accelerated acquisition of image projections. 2D images with over 200 projections could be acquired in less than 3 s and with 20 s acquisitions good image quality was obtained on large aqueous free radical samples. This technique should be particularly useful for in vivo studies of free radicals and their metabolism.
Thomas the Writer

A case study is presented to describe the development of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and literacy skills by a 9-year-old child, Thomas, who has quadriplegic cerebral palsy and ...
Electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power in amorphous semiconductors

Abstract We present a model for dc electrical transport in an amorphous semiconductor characterized by an exponential density of conduction band tail states. We assume that the mobility is due to carriers hopping between localized states, and explicitly allow for transport to states with different energies. We demonstrate that the model gives the expected Mott T 1 4 Law for a constant density of states. Complex behavior is obtained for an exponential density of states, but we predict a difference in a low temperature activation energies of the electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power by approximately 3kTO, where kTO is the characteristic energy of the density of states. The model is applied to the available data on hydrogenated amorphous silicon films.
Buttock Mass in a 46-year-old Woman

History and Physical ExaminationA 46-year-old woman was referred to the orthopaedicservice with a 2-month history of an incidental ﬁnding of aright buttock mass. Initially, an abdominal ultrasoundperformed for an abdominal aortic aneurysm screeningidentiﬁed a liver lesion, so additional studies were orderedeventually revealing an atypical liver hemangioma. Anabdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed aright buttock mass in the posterior subcutaneous tissue ofthe buttocks. The mass did not cause pain before theimaging studies, but at the time of referral to the ortho-paedic service, the patient complained of pain while seated.The pain was intermittent, aching, and dull, which wors-ened on sitting but did not bother her at night. She deniedany history of trauma to the area. The rest of her historywas unremarkable.On physical examination, a soft, nontender mass waspalpated. The mass was mobile with respect to the boneand underlying muscle. Soft tissue swelling was presentand was most prominent posteriorly. There was no ten-derness to palpation of the thigh and no evidence oferythema or warmth over the area. Active and passiverange of motion of the hips and knees bilaterally was fulland painless. Strength and tone were normal in the bilaterallower extremities. Her lower extremity neurologic exami-nation was normal. Her gait was normal. The remainder ofthe musculoskeletal examination was normal.Plain radiographs and MRI scans (Figs. 1–3) of thelesion were performed.Based on the history, physical examination, and theimaging studies, what is the differential diagnosis?Imaging InterpretationPlain radiographs of the lesion showed no soft tissuecalciﬁcation or bony lesions. MRI of the pelvis showed awell-circumscribed, ovoid, subcutaneous mass, measuring2.9 cm in its greatest dimension, in the deep subcutane-ous fat of the distal buttock, inferior to the ischium anddeep to the medial edge of the gluteus maximus (Fig. 1).The lesion had an isointense signal to muscle on theT1-weighted images (Fig. 1) and a hyperintense signal onthe fat-suppressed T2-weighted images (Fig. 2). On post-gadolinium images, there was circumferential, irregularrim enhancement with less intense, heterogeneous nodularenhancement centrally (Fig. 3).
New Linking Theorem and Sign-Changing Solutions

Abstract In this paper, we study the existence of sign-changing solutions for nonlinear elliptic equations via linking methods. A general liking type theorem is given with the location of the critical point produced specified in terms of the cone structure of the space. The abstract theorem is applied to elliptic equations that have jumping nonlinearities, and may or may not be resonant with respect to Fucik spectrum.
Multimetallic cooperativity in activation of dinitrogen at iron–potassium sites

The reaction of soluble iron–oxygen–potassium assemblies with N2 gives insight into the mechanisms of multimetallic N2 coordination. We report a series of very electron-rich three-coordinate, β-diketiminate-supported iron(I) phenoxide complexes, which are metastable but have been characterized under Ar by both crystallography and solution methods. Both monomeric and dimeric Fe–OPh–K compounds have been characterized, and their iron environments are very similar in the solid and solution states. In the dimer, potassium ions hold together the phenoxide oxygens and aryl rings of the two halves, to give a flexible diiron core. The reactions of the monomeric and dimeric iron(I) compounds with N2 are surprisingly different: the mononuclear iron(I) complexes give no reaction with N2, but the dimeric Fe2K2 complex reacts rapidly to give a diiron-N2 product. Computational studies show that the key to the rapid N2 reaction of the dimer is the preorganization of the two iron atoms. Thus, cooperation between Fe (which weakens the N–N bond) and K (which orients the Fe atoms) can be used to create a low-energy pathway for N2 reactions.
Interactive cognitive aids in medicine

Cognitive aids such as checklists have been shown to benefit medical teams working in routine and crisis environments. This video presents a team of physicians reacting to a simulated operating room emergency, demonstrating potential benefits of interactive cognitive aids in medicine.
Optimized design for the scattering with angular limitation in projection electron-beam lithography based electron projection system

We investigate the design for a scattering with angular limitation in projection electron-beam lithography (SCALPEL) based electron projection system with a demagnification of −4. By a “field-flip” process we can construct a doublet in which the magnetic field has a flat feature in most of the optic column but opposite sign at two sides connected by a sharp transition region. Such a theoretical model can give a near zero chromatic aberration of rotation and much smaller field curvature and astigmatism. Compared with the conventional doublet, the total image blur caused by aberrations at 1/2 mm off-axis distance and 1.5 mrad semiangle aperture at the mask side is about only 24 nm for a column length of 400 mm. A shorter column, less than the current 400 mm, is also favored for further reducing the total aberration. These guarantee that we can choose a much larger aperture angle (compared with present 0.5 mrad) and beam current density in such a SCALPEL projection system to achieve higher throughput while s...
Linguistic Feature Development across Grades and Genre in Elementary Writing.

Purpose As children develop skills in writing across academic contexts, clinicians and educators need to have a fundamental understanding of typical writing development as well as valid and reliable assessment methods. The purpose of this study was to examine the progression of linguistic elements in school-age children's narrative and expository writing development. Method Narrative and expository writing samples produced by 89 children in Grades 2 through 4 were analyzed at the microstructure and macrostructure levels. Measures of receptive vocabulary, word-level reading, and reading comprehension were obtained. Results Exploratory factor analyses revealed 4 microstructure factors (e.g., productivity, grammatical complexity, grammatical accuracy, and lexical density) and 1 macrostructure factor (e.g., a combination of organization, text structure, and cohesion). Multivariate analyses of covariance with reading comprehension as a covariate showed that productivity and macrostructure were sensitive to gra...
Reliability of Routine Clinical Instruments for the Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease Administered by Telephone

We investigated the reliability, using a telephone interview procedure, of cognitive, functional, and behavioral scales in an elderly population with normal aging and dementia. Two clinicians performed the assessments: one performed the assessments in a telephone interview format and the other conducted the assessments at the clinic. The telephone interview always preceded the clinic evaluation (2-30 days apart), and both clinicians were blind to any previous evaluations of the patient. The intraclass correlation coefficients between the telephone interview and the ratings obtained by a different clinician on the clinic evaluation varied between 0.92 and 0.98 (P's < or = .001) for comprehensive test scores. These results indicate that a telephone interview format, although not a substitute for a face-to-face diagnostic evaluation, is a reliable procedure for obtaining the assessment modalities studied. These findings are particularly important in aged and dementia research populations where personal contact may not always be feasible.
EPR Spectroscopic Studies on the Binding of the Full Length Human KCNE1 Protein with the Voltage Gated Potassium Channel KCNQ1

KCNE1 is a single transmembrane protein that modulates the activity of voltage gated potassium channels. KCNE1 interacts with KCNQ1 and decreases the rate of channel activation, increases conductance, and generates a slowly activating K+ current critical for cardiac repolarization. Mutations on either KCNE1 or KCNQ1 genes in E1/Q1 complex can lead to cardiac long QT syndrome. Despite the biological significance of the Q1/E1 interaction, its exact nature is not fully understood yet. In this study, we have used different electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic techniques to provide the direct evidence of binding activities of KCNQ1 with KCNE1. A CW-EPR titration experiment was conducted on different sites in the C-terminus of KCNQ1 with the addition of WT-KCNE1 to determine the binding mechanism of Q1 and E1. The CW EPR line shape analysis indicates that the motion of the spin label on Q1 decreases with the addition of WT-KCNE1 and saturates at molar ratio of 1:3 (Q1:E1). Double electron-electron resonance (DEER) Spectroscopy was used to measure distances between the spin labels attached on E1 and Q1 separately in Q1/E1 complex. A DEER distance of 33 A was obtained between the spin labels at 318th position on Q1 and 106th position on E1 that provides the direct evidence of formation of a Q1 and E1 complex. These EPR techniques are very useful for determining the structural model of the Q1/E1 complex.
Research on kinship foster care: What do we know? Where do we go from here?

Pergamon Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 16, Nos. l/Z. pp. 1-S. 1994 CopytightB 1994 Ekvier Science Ltd Primed in the USA. All rights reserved $6.00 + .@I Research on Kinship Foster Care: What Do We Know? Where Do We Go From Here? Jill Duerr Bet-rick Richard P. Barth University of California, Berkeley In recent years, kinship care has gained increasing notice from practi- tioners, policy makers and researchers. Our attention has been captivated by the large numbers of children now being served in foster care by kin. The development of kinship care as a foster care resource has been stim- ulated by legal, demographic, and value-based changes. First was the Miller v. Youakim Supreme Court (1979) case which determined that kin could not be excluded from the definition of foster parents and that under some conditions, kin might be eligible for foster care benefits. Second, the burgeoning foster care census and changing economic circumstances that leave far fewer conventional unrelated foster parents at home to care for children have contributed to greater inclusion of kin and fictive kin as fos- ter caregivers (National Commission on Family Foster Care, 1991). Third, kinship care’s development has been spurred on by a refocussing of values and priorities regarding the role of family--broadly defined--in the lives of children. Kinship foster care has developed at a time when calls for family preservation have grown increasingly urgent (National Commission on Children, 1993). Many child welfare experts believe that children will be better served if their care is provided by family members within the community of origin, rather than strangers (Chipungu, 199 1). Research in the area of kinship care has not kept pace with its development as a placement alternative. Until recently, few studies were available that focused on the characteristics of kinship providers or on the children in their care. Neither were studies available which addressed the services provided to kin through the child welfare system, or about the providers’ views of their roles within this system. Researchers are finally embracing this issue. In the meantime, kinship care is becoming the pre- dominant form of out-of-home care in several large states (Barth, Court- ney, Bet-rick, & Albert, 1994; Wulczyn & Goerge, 1992).
Prior Experiences and Perceived Efficacy Influence 3-Year-Olds' Imitation.

Children are selective and flexible imitators. They combine their own prior experiences and the perceived causal efficacy of the model to determine whether and what to imitate. In Experiment 1, children were randomly assigned to have either a difficult or an easy experience achieving a goal. They then saw an adult use novel means to achieve the goal. Children with a difficult prior experience were more likely to imitate the adult’s precise means. Experiment 2 showed further selectivity—children preferentially imitated causally efficacious versus nonefficacious acts. In Experiment 3, even after an easy prior experience led children to think their own means would be effective, they still encoded the novel means performed by the model. When a subsequent manipulation rendered the children’s means ineffective, children recalled and imitated the model’s means. The research shows that children integrate information from their own prior interventions and their observations of others to guide their imitation.
Scrotoschisis as a mechanism for extracorporeal testicular ectopia

Only one case of a rare anomaly, a congenital defect in the integrity of the scrotal wall permitting egress of the testis to an ectopic extracorporeal location, has been previously reported. A second occurrence of this rare anomally is herein described with a proposed mechanism of occurrence. The condition is termed scrotoschisis.
SCINTILLATION COUNTER STUDY OF ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC-RAY PHOTONS AND ELECTRONS AT 11,200 FEET

An apparatus designed to measure cascade showers initiated by photons and electrons of energies in the range of 1 Bev to 30 Bev was used to measure the energy spectra of cosmic-ray photons and electrons at Climax, Colorado (altitude 11 200 feet). The apparatus consisted of four anthracene-in-polystyrene plastic scintillators, interposed with 2.00 cm, 2.25 cm, and 2.25 cm of lead plates, respectively. Four trays of G-M counters and a set of anticoincidence G-M counters were used simultaneously with the scintillators.More than 10 000 events were recorded and analyzed. The results show that in the energy range of 2 to 20 Bev, the integral energy distributions can be represented by a power law expression of the form $N(gE)=\mathrm{const}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}s}$, with $s$ equal to 1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 for the photon component and $s$ equal to 1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 for the electron component.
THE WILD AND CROOKED TREE: BARTH, FISH, AND INTERPRETIVE COMMUNITIES

God the Spirit by Michael Welker Karl Barth's Critically Realistic Dialectical Theology: Its Genesis and Development 1909-1936 by Bruce L. McCormack God Owes Us Nothing: A Brief Remark on Pascal's Religion and on the Spirit of Jansenism by Leszek Kolakowski The Gift of Death by Jacques Derrida, trans. David Wills Desiring Theology by Charles E. Winquist Postmodern Theologies. The Challenge of Religious Diversity by Terrence W. Tilley, with others
Neutron-scattering study of an Ising antiferromagnet above the percolation threshold: Random-field-induced spin-glass-like behavior in Fe 0.31 Zn 0.69 F 2

Neutron-scattering studies (elastic and quasielastic) have been made on ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.31}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.69}$${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, both at H=0 and in fields H\ensuremath{\le}5 T collinear with the unique axis. (For the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$ system ${\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{p}}$=0.24.) The H=0 state exhibits antiferromagnetic (AF) long-range order (LRO) and characteristic random-exhange-Ising-model (REIM) critical behavior, but the degree of ordering is a function of the rate of cooling through the transition ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}19.8 K. This is indicative of strong dynamical effects on the approach to equilibrium. Two field regions are to be distinguished. For 0H1.5 T the transition to AF LRO exhibits REIM--to--random-field-Ising-model (RFIM) crossover scaling behavior, in both the transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(H) and the equilibrium boundary ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{eq}}$(H). However, entirely new behavior is found as H increases further, unlike any previously seen at large Fe concentrations. For Hg2 T, no AF LRO is observed below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{eq}}$(H), which now exhibits a field scaling characteristic of the de Almeida--Thouless equilibrium boundary found in exchange-frustrated spin glasses. The observed field scaling, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{eq}}$(H)\ensuremath{\approxeq}${\mathit{H}}^{2/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$, is in accord with the more precise Faraday-rotation determination of the crossover exponents \ensuremath{\varphi}=1.42 and 3.4 in the respective low- (H1.5 T) and high- (Hg2 T) field regions. The nature of the random-field-induced spin-glass-like behavior in the region between ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(H) and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{eq}}$(H), seen here in a non-exchange-frustrated system, as manifest in its field cycling and time-dependent properties, is reported and analyzed.
Computed tomographic diagnosis of ectopic ureter with seminal vesicle cyst

A rare case of dysplastic kidney with ectopic ureter entering a cystic seminal vesical is reported. This demonstrates the usefulness of computerized tomography in noninvasively delineating such anomalies. Thus accurate preoperative diagnosis can be done, aiding in surgical planning.
Smoking cessation and tobacco control: an overview.

Cigarette smoking is an intractable public health problem and thesingle largest risk factor for a variety of malignancies, includinglung cancer. Worldwide, about 3 million people die each year ofsmoking-related disease, and this is expected to increase to > 10million deaths per year. The Agency for Health Care Policy and Researchhas published a clinical practice guideline detailing available outcomedata for various smoking cessation strategies. In particular, it hasbeen recommended that all patients be screened for smoking status onevery health-care visit, and that all patients who smoke be stronglyadvised to quit and offered assistance to do so. Health-care providersplay a vital role in the effort to reduce the prevalence of smoking bydelivering smoking cessation advice, supporting community-based effortsto control tobacco, and becoming involved in the tobacco controldebate.
A Preliminary Report on the Initiation of a Clinical Research Program in an Orthopaedic Surgery Department: Roadmaps and Tool Kits

Objective A formal research program enhances resident training experience, productivity and hones critical appraisal skills. This initiative sought to investigate if an academic orthopaedic surgery department could implement a clinical research program, with the goal of increasing resident scholarly activity, a requirement of the Resident Review Committee, and achieve a parallel aim of enhancing the research focus of faculty. Design A multifaceted intervention including a needs assessment, appropriation of dedicated research staffing, development of tracking tools and policies, and a formalized research curriculum, followed by additional research time for residents was planned and implemented. The impact of all of these efforts is measured with specific outcomes, pre and post implementation. Setting The North Shore-LIJ Orthopaedic Surgery Department is a high volume clinical and education program with 17 fulltime core faculty and 18 residents at 2 tertiary hospitals. Participants Residents were the focus of the intervention. The participation of faculty as principal investigators and sponsors was a key component to ensure success. Results The following outcomes were observed post intervention: increases in institutionally-required research training for faculty/residents, number of IRB protocols submitted, abstracts submitted to national meetings, percentage of time faculty report they spend on research activities, additional hours allocated to the new Department sponsored research curriculum and an additional research rotation for trainees. Conclusions The official inception of a formalized program (2012) with a structured research process, invigorated faculty and trainees to formulate clinical research inquiries, generate hypotheses, create protocols and design and implement protocols. Structured tools, an experienced clinical research "champion" and commitment from departmental leadership were demonstrated as effective in transforming the focus of a clinical department into one with a nascent clinical research program, with demonstrable outcomes.
Metamorphic Reactions: Kinetics, Textures, and Deformation

Metamorphic Reactions: Kinetics, Textures, and Deformation is the fourth in a series of books published under the series title Advances in Physical Geochemistry. The book is divided into three parts. The first contains five papers dealing with reaction kinetics and their effects on metamorphic assemblages. The opening paper, by M.A. Carpenter and A.P. Putnis, discusses the effects that cation order/disorder and metastable crystallization might have on the interpretation of mineral assemblages. This is followed by a discussion of the kinetics of metamorphic reactions (D.C. Rubie and A.B. Thompson) that summarizes a wide range of experimental and theoretical studies on mineral nucleation and growth rates.
Analysis of a simple factorization algorithm

Abstract The probability that the k th largest prime factor of a number n is at most n x is shown to approach a limit F k ( x ) as n → ∞. Several interesting properties of F k ( x ) are explored, and numerical tables are given. These results are applied to the analysis of an algorithm commonly used to find all prime factors of a given number. The average number of digits in the k th largest prime factor of a random m -digit number is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to the average length of the k th longest cycle in a permutation on m objects.
Tubulization techniques in brachial plexus surgery in an animal model for long-nerve defects (40 mm): a pilot study.

The critical length of 30 mm beyond which nerve regeneration was not possible limited up to now the use of tubulization. In this pilot study, a novel animal model is introduced using tubulization techniques for long-nerve defects (40 mm) in brachial plexus surgery. Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups. A poly-DL-lactide-∈-caprolactone tube (group 1), a collagen tube (group 2), and a nerve graft (group 3) were, respectively, used to bridge a 40-mm gap between the right C7 root and the left musculocutaneous nerve. Animals were euthanized on day 30. Evaluation consisted of behavioral assessment, needle electromyography studies, biceps muscle weight measurements, qualitative, and quantitative morphometry. Only group 3 demonstrated axon regeneration and reinnervation potentials. There was statistical significant difference for biceps weight left/right ratio (P = 0.010) but not for behavioral results (P = 0.10) between group 3 and groups 1 and 2. This study introduced a novel rat model for the studying of nerve regeneration along long-nerve gaps (4 cm). Although using an autologous nerve graft regeneration achieved, the use of synthetic conduits failed to show regeneration. This may be attributed to gap length; duration of follow-up; and to no administration of a neurotrophic factor.
Pressure and Temperature Effects on Product Channels of the Propargyl (HC⋮CCH2) Combination Reaction and the Formation of the “First Ring”

The propargyl (HC⋮CCH2) radical is among the critical intermediates in hydrocarbon reaction systems pertinent to both the high temperatures of combustion systems and the low temperatures of planeta...
Combined antiretroviral therapy reduces brain viral load and pathological features of HIV encephalitis in a mouse model

The role of brain HIV load in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is unclear. To try and determine if the amount of HIV drives the severity of pathology, a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) was utilized to determine the effectiveness of a systemically administered combined antiretroviral (cART) regimen. SCID mice were inoculated intracerebrally with HIV-infected or uninfected (control) human macrophages and treated subcutaneously with cART or saline for 10 days. Immunohistochemistry was then used to examine gliosis and neuronal damage. Drug levels were measured in brain and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. Peak plasma and brain levels of atazanavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine were determined to be 1 h post-injection of cART therapy. cART significantly reduced neuropathological features of HIVE, including astrogliosis and the presence of mononuclear phagocytes, and ameliorated reduced MAP2 (neuronal integrity) staining. However, cART did not eradicate HIV from the brain. Using this animal model of HIVE, these data indicate effective penetration of cART reduces brain viral loads and HIV pathology, possibly by eliminating the production of HIV proteins, virus infected cells, or both. Importantly, these data suggest that viral load directly affects the extent of pathology seen in the brain, particularly neuronal damage, which implies that more effective suppression of HIV in the CNS could reduce currently highly prevalent forms of HAND. However, these data also strongly suggest that cART will not eliminate HIV from the brain and that adjunctive therapies must be developed.
Surface-dependent differences in fibrin assembly visualized by atomic force microscopy

In this report, we present differences in the process of fibrin assembly on two model surfaces, hydrophobic graphite and negatively charged mica, visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) under aqueous conditions. Fibrinogen, thrombin, and soluble fibrin monomers, were added sequentially into the AFM fluid system, and the fibrin assembly process was followed and recorded as time-dependent changes in the features of the surface adsorbed proteins. On each surface, individual globular domains of fibrinogen were visualized which can be represented by three overlapping ellipsoids. Thrombin displayed a single globular domain which can be represented as a prolate ellipsoid regardless of the properties of the model surfaces. On graphite, the fibrin monomers interact with thrombin-treated fibrinogen to produce short fibrin strands, which is followed by propagation into long fibrin strands. The final product was an extensive fibrin network, in which a characteristic eyelet morphology was observed. On mica, the adsorbed protein molecules maintained their monomeric state, and fibrin network assembly was not observed. The differences in fibrin assembly are believed to be surface-dependent, in which different intermolecular interactions play a major role. In particular, electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction are dominant in the fibrin/mica and fibrin/graphite system respectively. The results demonstrate that both material surface properties and the nature of intermolecular interactions affect fibrin assembly.
The effect of vitamin E prophylaxis on the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Forty-four infants (21 treated and 23 control subjects) ventilated for hyaline membrane disease were enrolled in a controlled trial of vitamin E (Roche E injectable) supplementation to assess the effects of the vitamin on the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The two groups did not differ significantly in gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, the amount of oxygen received, the level of positive pressure applied per ventilator, or the time of exposure to oxygen and positive pressure. Peak pressures exceeding 40 cm H 2 O were uncommon (
Student Retention and Persistence to Graduation: Effects of an Introductory Life Calling Course:

The researchers examined the effect of a course, Introduction to Life Calling (LDR150), on retention and persistence to graduation at a private, Midwestern university. The course emphasizes self-assessment, student-faculty engagement, personal values, and the student's developing sense of Life Calling. The subjects consisted of 3338 students who entered the university between fall 2001 and fall 2005, including 638 course participants who composed the experimental group. A significant relationship was observed between course participation and graduating status. Multivariate analysis suggests that the relationship between the course and graduation is small, relative to the effect of SAT and ACT scores. The findings are discussed in light of the many factors that commingle with student retention and graduation in higher education. A well-rounded introductory course such as LDR150 may represent another valuable resource for students and universities in the pursuit of student success.
Correlated geophysical, geochemical, and volcanological manifestations of plume-ridge interaction along the Galápagos Spreading Center

[1] As the Galapagos hot spot is approached from the west along the Galapagos Spreading Center there are systematic increases in crustal thickness and in the K/Ti, Nb/Zr, 3He/4He, H2O, and Na2O content of lavas recovered from the spreading axis. These increases correlate with progressive transitions from rift valley to axial high morphology along with decreases in average swell depth, residual mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly, magma chamber depth, average lava Mg #, Ca/Al ratio, and the frequency of point-fed versus fissure-fed volcanism. Magma chamber depth and axial morphology display a “threshold” effect in which small changes in magma supply result in large changes in these variables. These correlated variations in geophysical, geochemical, and volcanological manifestations of plume-ridge interaction along the western Galapagos Spreading Center reflect the combined effects of changes in mantle temperature and source composition on melt generation processes, and the consequences of these variations on magma supply, axial thermal structure, basalt chemistry, and styles of volcanism.
The Use of Sodium Pentobarbital Sedation as an Aid in Catching and Plucking Poultry

Abstract THE use of a sedating agent in the procedure of catching and plucking of domestic fowl could be of tremendous importance to the poultry industry. It is obvious that a simple means of mass administration is necessary for it to be practical. In order to clarify some of the problems involved, a series of preliminary trials were initiated, using sodium pentobarbital as the sedative of choice. The major action of the barbituates is to depress the central nervous system. This effect explains the reason for extensive use of the barbituates as a sedative. Pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal) is one of the barbituates most widely used as a surgical anesthetic for laboratory animals. Warren and Scott (1935) considered it the most satisfactory general anesthetic for poultry. The major criticism to the use of barbituates intravenously has been that the anesthetic dose is too close to the lethal dose (Lee, 1953; Cragg, Evans …
Interruptible Electricity Contracts from an Electricity Retailer's Point of View: Valuation and Optimal Interruption

We consider interruptible electricity contracts issued by an electricity retailer that allow for interruptions to electric service in exchange for either an overall reduction in the price of electricity delivered or for financial compensation at the time of interruption. We provide a structural model to determine electricity prices based on stochastic models of supply and demand. We use stochastic dynamic programming to value interruptible contracts from the point of view of an electricity retailer, and describe the optimal interruption strategy. We also demonstrate that structural models can be used to value contracts in competitive markets. Our numerical results indicate that, in a deregulated market, interruptible contracts can help alleviate supply problems associated with spikes of price and demand and that competition between retailers results in lower value and less frequent interruption.
The Art and Science of Diagnosing and Managing Drug-induced Liver Injury in 2015 and Beyond

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a leading reason why new compounds are dropped from further study or are the subject of product warnings and regulatory actions. Hy’s Law of drug-induced hepatocellular jaundice causing a case-fatality rate or need for transplant of 10% or higher has been validated in several large national registries, including the ongoing, prospective U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. It serves as the basis for stopping rules in clinical trials and in clinical practice. Because DILI can mimic all known causes of acute and chronic liver disease, establishing causality can be difficult. Histopathologic findings are often nonspecific and rarely, if ever, considered pathognomonic. A daily drug dose >50–100 mg is more likely to be hepatotoxic than does <10 mg, especially if the compound is highly lipophilic or undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. The quest for a predictive biomarker to replace alanine aminotransferase is ongoing. Markers of necrosis and apoptosis such as microRNA-122 and keratin 18 may prove useful in identifying patients at risk for severe injury when they initially present with a suspected acetaminophen overdose. Although a number of drugs causing idiosyncratic DILI have HLA associations that may allow for pre-prescription testing to prevent hepatotoxicity, the cost and relatively low frequency of injury among affected patients limit the current usefulness of such genome-wide association studies. Alanine aminotransferase monitoring is often recommended but has rarely been shown to be an effective method to prevent serious DILI. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of DILI have recently been published, although specific therapies remain limited. The LiverTox Web site has been introduced as an interactive online virtual textbook that makes the latest information on more than 650 agents available to clinicians, regulators, and drug developers alike.