cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic Disclosure of Social and Environmental Impacts in a Supply Chain

Governments are beginning to mandate that firms disclose what they learn about their social and environmental impacts in their supply chains (e.g., regarding use of conflict minerals and generation of greenhouse gases). This chapter shows that such a mandate will deter firms from measuring (and thus improving) those impacts, for two reasons. First, as demonstrated by consumer choice experiments, voluntary disclosure of these impacts can boost a firm’s market share. Mandating disclosure, in contrast, reduces a firm’s expected gain in market share from learning about these impacts and disclosing this information. Second, investors’ valuation of a firm drops upon disclosure that impacts are high. Therefore, to the extent that managers are concerned about that valuation, a mandate for disclosure will discourage managers from seeking information about these impacts, lest they be forced to disclose that the impacts are high.
The Caste/Ethnic Bases of Poverty Dynamics: A Longitudinal Analysis of Chronic and Structural Poverty in Nepal

This paper examines poverty dynamics and their socioeconomic determinants between 1996 and 2011 in Nepal. With chronic and structural poverty headcount ratios of around 17 per cent, poverty is mostly transient and stochastic affecting up to four-fifths of the population. Descriptively, indigenous Janajatis and lower caste Hindus exhibit the highest rates of chronic and structural poverty. Panel data models suggest significant roles of human capital and household assets in determining poverty, however, with the evidence of caste/ethnic penalty limited mostly to Janajatis. Findings provide important insights into the structure and determinants of poverty dynamics, helping to rethink policies to address them.
Living the stories we tell: The sociopolitical context of enacting teaching stories

Abstract This article draws from two separate classroom-based studies of early career teachers that yielded overlapping findings about the diminished opportunities teachers and teacher educators have to construct sophisticated stories about the complexities of classroom life and the ongoing process of learning to teach. The teachers' stories represent the intersection of research, policy, and practice, illuminating contradictions between teachers' beliefs about teaching and what they were able to enact in their classrooms. These findings may be leveraged to support teacher educators to support teachers to create coherent narrative identities that help them creatively respond to problems of practice and contextual constraints.
Placental lipoprotein lipase activity is positively associated with newborn adiposity.

Abstract Introduction Recent data suggest that in addition to glucose, fetal growth is related to maternal triglycerides (TG). To reach the fetus, TG must be hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FFA) and transported across the placenta, but regulation is uncertain. Placental lipoprotein lipase (pLPL) hydrolyzes TG, both dietary chylomicron TG (CM-TG) and very-low density lipoprotein TG (VLDL-TG), to FFA. This may promote fetal fat accretion by increasing the available FFA pool for placental uptake. We tested the novel hypothesis that pLPL activity, but not maternal adipose tissue LPL activity, is associated with newborn adiposity and higher maternal TG. Methods Twenty mothers (n = 13 normal-weight; n = 7 obese) were prospectively recruited. Maternal glucose, insulin, TG (total, CM-TG, VLDL-TG), and FFA were measured at 14–16, 26–28, and 36–37 weeks, and adipose tissue LPL was measured at 26–28 weeks. At term delivery, placental villous biopsies were immediately analyzed for pLPL enzymatic activity. Newborn percent body fat (newborn %fat) was assessed by skinfolds. Results Placental LPL activity was positively correlated with birthweight (r = 0.48;P = 0.03) and newborn %fat (r = 0.59;P = 0.006), further strengthened by correcting for gestational age at delivery (r = 0.75;P = 0.0001), but adipose tissue LPL was not. Maternal TG and BMI were not correlated with pLPL activity. Additionally, pLPL gene expression, while modestly correlated with enzymatic activity (r = 0.53;P Discussion This is the first study to show a positive correlation between pLPL activity and newborn %fat. Placental lipase regulation and the role of pLPL in pregnancies characterized by nutrient excess and fetal overgrowth warrant further investigation.
Facility On/Off Inference by Fusing Multiple Effluence Measurements

We consider the problem of inferring the on/off operational state of a reactor facility by using effluence mea- surements of three noble gases, namely, Ar-41, Cs-138, and Xe-138, which are collected on the facilitys ventilation stack. We first present classifiers based on thresholding measurements of individual effluence types, and then present methods that combine their outputs or measurements. We develop sample- based implementations of five fusers based on a simple majority rule, Chow’s recognition function, physics-based radiation counts model, correlation-coefficient method, and Fisher’s combined probability test. We apply the latter four fusers to pairs and all three gas effluence types. Our results show that: (i) these gas effluence measurements are effective in inferring the on/off status of a reactor facility, for example, best fusers achieve 97% detection at 1% false alarm rate, and (ii) performance depends on the data and classification method, and in particular, fusers that combine three effluence types based on physics-based models, correlation-coefficients and Fisher’s method outperform majority rule and Chow’s fusers as well as individual and pairs of effluence types, thereby illustrating the importance of fuser choice.
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER AERODIGESTIVE TRACT COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH STAGE IV THYROID CANCER RECEIVING TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS

Objective: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a class of systemic chemotherapy used in patients with radioactive iodine-refractory metastatic thyroid cancer. TKIs have been linked with impaired wound healing, but their association with upper aerodigestive tract complications is not well defined. The objective of this case series was to demonstrate that upper aerodigestive tract complications can occur in thyroid cancer patients receiving TKIs. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on 3 cases involving patients with stage IV differentiated or medullary thyroid cancer treated between the years from 2000 to 2015. Each patient received surgical management, external beam radiation therapy, and subsequent TKI therapy and they also developed upper aerodigestive tract complications during their clinical course. Results: Patient 1 received TKIs for radioactive iodine-refractory pulmonary metastases and developed a tracheoesophageal fistula 1 year after initiation of chemotherapy. Patient 2 receive...
Dysphagia Secondary to the Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy

This chapter reviews the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on swallowing in treated head and neck cancer patients. Early and late effects of radiotherapy on tissues are described. Specific effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on oropharyngeal swallowing are reviewed. Behavioral, medical, and surgical management of dysphagia in this population are discussed.
Incidence of Oscheius onirici (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a potentially entomopathogenic nematode from the marshlands of Wisconsin, USA

In a search for an entomopathogenic nematode to control cranberry insect pests, three Oscheius populations (Rhabditidae) were recovered through the Galleria-bait method from one sample taken in a wild cranberry marsh in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. Morphological studies with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, as well as molecular analyses of the near-full-length small subunit rDNA gene, D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit rDNA gene, internal transcribed spacer, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CoxI) genes revealed this as Oscheius onirici, a species recently described from a karst cave soil of central Italy. The species belongs to the dolichura-group and is characterized by its DNA sequences; hermaphroditic reproduction; and males not found. A Bacillus-like bacterium appears to be associated with this nematode based on our microscopic and SEM observations; however its identity and persistent association with the nematode has not been confirmed. Nonetheless, this nematode is capable of infecting and killing the sparganothis fruitworm Sparganothis sulfureana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the brown-banded cockroach Supella longipalpa Fabricius (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), and the cranberry fruitworm Acrobasis vaccinii Riley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), under laboratory conditions, and each in less than 72 hr. The mealworm Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), are also susceptible, but take 3.5 and 5.2 days to die, respectively. This species is a new potential bio-control agent on insects.
Drug-Induced Liver Injury Associated with the Use of Everolimus in a Liver Transplant Patient

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has not been previously reported as a complication of treatment with everolimus. A 56-year-old Caucasian male liver transplant recipient developed DILI after receiving everolimus. Elevations in transaminase levels occurred within a week of starting everolimus and an upward trend in the transaminase levels continued with supporting histopathologic changes confirmed by liver biopsy. Within one week of drug discontinuation, his liver enzymes normalized to baseline. This report includes a brief review of the pharmacokinetic properties of everolimus, a review of the relevant literature, and an analysis using the RUCAM and Naranjo algorithms.
Supersymmetric optics and photonics (Conference Presentation)

Supersymmetric transformations aim to relate boson and fermions, two different species of particles, and their interactions. In quantum mechanics, the mathematical framework of SUSY can be used to design isospectral potentials. By virtue of the isomorphism between Schrodinger and wave equations, one can use such transformations for designing novel optical systems. In this talk, we review the recent developments in the general area of supersymmetric optics and photonics. We will also discuss the possibility of generating high brightness coherent light in supersymmetric laser arrays.
Justifications for Choices Made in Procedures.

In any procedural mathematical situation, there are multiple ways of achieving the same answer. Given this observation, we ask, why choose one procedural solution over another? We address this question here with data drawn from interviews conducted with university students engaged in row-reducing matrices. During their tasks, the students voiced a variety of justifications for the procedural steps they enacted. Through a phenomenographical analysis (Marton, Instructional Science, 10, 177–200, 1981) of their utterances, we construct a framework for justifications for choices made within procedures with two broad categories, algorithmic and anticipatory. By comparison, this is similar to the creative/imitative reasoning framework of Lithner (Educational Studies in Mathematics, 67, 255–276, 2008), a framework primarily emerging from less procedural settings. We suggest that, given this richness in justifications brought forth by a procedural setting, when used effectively, instruction in mathematical procedures has the potential to contribute to deeper, more flexible forms of mathematical knowledge overall.
Characterizing flame stability and radiative heat transfer in non-swirling oxy-coal flames using different multiphase modeling frameworks

Abstract The ability of two multiphase modeling frameworks (Euler-Lagrangian and Euler-Euler) to capture the experimentally observed flame ignition characteristics in non-swirling oxy-coal flames were investigated. The interphase interaction terms were modeled employing identical phenomenological laws. Simulations of inert particles were carried out first and were found to yield identical predictions across both frameworks. Next, user-defined functions were utilized to: model the diffusional and kinetic resistances associated with the heterogeneous char oxidation (in the Euler-Euler framework), the non-gray effects of gas radiation, and the variations in the radiative properties of the solid phase (in the Euler-Lagrangian framework). Only the Euler-Euler framework was able to capture the experimental observed trends in flame stand-off as a function of oxygen concentration in the primary burner. The interval between the devolatilization and char combustion processes varied between the two frameworks and were a contributing factor to the prediction differences. Representing the coal PSD by a single granular phase in the Eulerian framework was deemed adequate for capturing flame stand-off since solving additional phase equations did not significantly impact the flame stand-off predictions. Further, the experimentally observed effects of: primary oxidizer composition variations, secondary oxidizer temperature and wall temperature on flame stand-off were also adequately predicted reasonably well by the Euler-Euler framework. Radiation was the dominant mode of heat transfer in these flames with the radiant heat loss fraction (Radiative heat loss/Total chemical heat release) determined to be 0.6 for both flames. Radiation from the participating gases accounted for 75% of the total radiative heat transfer.
Incantatory Fictions and Golden Age Nostalgia: Futurist Practices in Contemporary Science Fiction

Science fiction (SF) and futurism have a long history. While futurists have at times looked to SF to predict or prepare for the future, SF in the twenty-first century is increasingly called upon to make, revitalize, or alter the future. Collaborations such as Arizona State University’s Project Hieroglyph generate incantatory fictions that are meant to produce effects in the real world. Incantatory fictions embed different assumptions about the relationship between science, fiction, and society in their formal structure and in their conditions of production and reception. While Neal Stephenson’s nostalgic retrofuturism suggests a direct model of incantation whereby the author provides a technological blueprint, Vandana Singh grapples with a theory of techno-social change emerging from myriad actors, suited to the pluralism of contemporary SF.
Environmental and economic evaluations of treatment strategies for pavement network performance-based planning

Abstract Performance-based planning is an important tool for allocating treatment resources across a pavement network from a set of candidate treatments with a budget constraint. Existing research focuses on improving allocation decisions through changes in the optimization algorithm without considering the consequences of how optimization analyses are framed. In this paper, both environmental and economic performance is evaluated for different problem framing in the form of different treatment strategies that consist of treatment materials, treatment types, and evaluation period. Results show that the proposed strategy that uses both concrete and asphalt, different treatment types, and a long evaluation period could reduce GHG emissions and improve pavement network performance based on the Iowa U.S. route network. Compared to a conventional 5-year asphalt-only strategy, proposed strategy can accomplish this with an annual budget that is 32% smaller and reduce associated GHG emissions by 21%. These results contribute to achieving a sustainable pavement network.
SPENDING AND CONSUMPTION FUNCTION FOR THE MOST IMPORTANT ANIMAL PROTEIN PRODUCTS IN FAYOUM GOVERNORATE

The research aims to study the most important factors determining thedemand for animal protein in Fayoum governorate, and measuring the price andexpenditure relations on animal products to determine the degree of competitionFayoum J. Agric. Res. & Dev., Vol. 33, No.1, January, 2019and substitution between these commodities, The study was based ondescriptive and quantitative economic and statistical analysis methods.The results of the study showed the superiority of white meat followedby fish and red meat for the consumer in rural Fayoum governorate. As for theconsumer in Fayoum governorate, the preference for white meat followed byred meat and fish. The results indicated that the elasticity of the red meat was0.86, 0.79 respectively, which means that the red meat in both rural and urbanareas is a necessary commodity. The mean elasticity of white meat was 0.51and 0.54 respectively, which mean that white meat in both rural and urban areaswas considered a necessary commodity. 0.73, 0.70 respectively, which meansFish in both rural and urban areas are essential commodities.The results of the study showed that the most important factorsdetermining the demand for red meat in Fayoum governorate are the monthlyincome variables of the family. The elasticity of the income elasticity factor is0.74 and that the commodity is necessary for the consumer and the number offamily members And the price of kilograms of white meat, the price ofkilograms of fish, and the value of the coefficient of elasticity in terms of 0.65,0.42 respectively, and white meat and fish are competitive with red meat, whilein urban were the most important determinants of demand for meat The redvariables are the monthly income of the family, and The number of familymembers. The elasticity coefficient for these variables was about 0.58, 0.34,respectively.The main determinant factors for the demand for white meat inFayoum governorate were the monthly income, The elasticity of the incomeelasticity factor was 0.11 and that the commodity was necessary for theconsumer and the variable number of family members, And the factorsdetermining the demand for white meat in Fayoum governorate are the monthlyincome variables of the household, the number of family members, the price ofkilograms of red meat, the kilogram of white meat, The elasticity is about 0.35,0.55, 1.2, 0.33 respectively.The results of the research indicated that the most important factorsdetermining the demand for fish in rural Fayoum Governorate are the monthlyincome variables of the family, the number of family members, the price ofkilograms of red meat, and the elasticity coefficient of 0.36, 0.89, 1.3 And thenumber of family members. The elasticity factor was about 0.21, 0.58 and thiscommodity is necessary for the consumer in each of the Rural and urban areas.
Troglyodyte or Semiconductor

This chapter looks at fathering as a generalized developmental state in the man’s life and examines how that putative stage meshes with the U.S. cultural mosaic of the twenty-first century. Developmental stage is used here in the sense of an interval of time in which a set of motivations are more easily organized and triggered than at other times. The concepts of “imprinting” and “critical or sensitive period” are relevant here (Hess, 1964; Lorenz, 1958, 1965). Puberty is a good example of such a stage. After the mad rush of hormones have finished their appointed tasks, the postpubescent’s sense of romance is better enabled to be initiated and maintained than during his or her prepubescence. Prior to puberty, the other gender is often a source of disdain directed at a class of people, or near people, who can be dismissed without a second or third thought. After puberty, the other gender is a lot more attractive. If my memory serves me correctly, in high school the only thing more important than which females were in a classroom was whether the classroom was on fire or not.
Chaos in Conservative Systems

By Liouville’s Theorem, the solution flow for a conservative Hamiltonian system preserves volumes in phase space. Poincare’s Recurrence Theorem then shows that most solution curves in phase space come back infinitely often arbitrarily close to the initial points. This implies that conservative systems can not collapse asymptotically onto any lower-dimensional attractors and retain memory of the initial conditions. However, conservative systems can exhibit a rich variety of structures with chaotic and regular orbits intricately interspersed among each other (Helleman in Fundamental Problems in Statistical Mechanics, vol. 5, North-Holland, 1980.) Chaotic motion appears via homoclinic intersections of unstable manifolds, and chaotic orbits fill sets which have a fractal character (see Chap. 6).
Purification and characterization of two forms of a high-molecular-weight cysteine proteinase (porphypain) from Porphyromonas gingivalis.

p-nitroanilide, andtosyl-Gly-L-Pro-L-Lys p-nitroanilide. Whilehydrolysis ofbothsynthetic substrates byporphypain-1 and-2requires activation by reducing agents, isinhibited byEDTA,andisstimulated inthepresenceofderivatives ofglycine, the Arg-amidolytic activity issensitive toleupeptin andH-D-tyrosyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl chloromethyl ketone, whereas theLys-amidolytic activity issensitive totosyl-L-lysyl chloromethyl ketone andinsensitive toleupeptin. Thesedatasuggest thatporphypains contain twotypesofactive sites. Thesecell-associated P.gingivalis proteinases may contribute significantly anddirectly toperiodontal tissue destruction.
Immunochemial studies on myosin: IV. Immunochemical comparison of rabbit and chicken skeletal muscle myosins

Abstract 1. 1. Immunofluorescent methods have been used to detect myosin in the A bands of skeletal muscle, not only in intraspecific systems (immunizing antigen and stained muscle from the same species), but in interspecific systems (immunizing antigen and stained muscle from different species) as well. 2. 2. Two recent observations suggested that the interspecific staining reactions might be spurious: myosins purified by several procedures have been shown to contain antigenically active contaminants; and positive intraspecific reactions between anti-skeletal muscle myosin and cardiac myosin do not occur in rigorously purified systems. 3. 3. The test the possibility that interspecific reactions might be due to the presence of antigenically active contaminants, rabbit and chicken skeletal muscle myosins of various degrees of purity and their antisera were evaluated by gel-diffusion procedures. The cross reactions observed ranged from marked to absent depending upon the relative purity of the systems, thus demonstrating that adequately purified chicken and rabbit skeletal muscle myosins are completely dissimilar from one another by immunochemical criteria.
Ribonucleic acid biosynthesis of human cells during amino acid deprivation.

Abstract When the pool of a single amino acid was lowered, and when deacylated transfer RNA was allowed to accumulate in HeLa cells, the synthesis of RNA was inhibited. Cycloheximide stimulated RNA synthesis of cells deprived of one amino acid. Inhibition of protein synthesis per se was not required for this stimulation since puromycin did not stimulate RNA synthesis under conditions of deficiency of a single amino acid, whereas anisomycin, which acts like cycloheximide, did. The data suggest a control system in human cells similar to those described already in microbial cells for amino acid control of RNA synthesis.
A method for determining whether parameters in aggregative models are structural: A comment

Abstract In this novel paper Michael Parkin puts forth a new real business cycle model, proposes a new method to test the model, and carries out the proposed method using U.S. annual data from 1954 through 1986. The model differs in several ways from the well-known Kydland-Prescott type real business cycle model. The testing method also differs from well-known methods used to test real business cycle models, or other structural models. In my comments on the paper I will focus on these differences. I consider the model first and then the testing methods.
Symbiosis, Empathy, Suicidal Behavior, and the Family

This paper discusses the theoretical concept of symbiosis, as described by Mahler and her co-workers, and its clinical applications in suicidal situations. Symbiosis is defined as both a developmental phase characterized by a lack of differentiation between self and others and a relationship which is contingent upon the family and social network. A disturbed symbiosis is a major component in a suicide attempt. The destructive aspects of symbiosis are traced together with its relationship to empathy and the efforts to both restore and resolve a symbiotic conflict through suicidal behavior. In family therapy a repetition of older symbiotic relationships is frequently observed. These are repeated from one generation to the next in order to keep the old relationship alive. Finally, the practical implications of the concept of symbiosis for assessment and treatment are discussed.
Health Care Exceptionalism? Performance and Allocation in the US Health Care Sector

The conventional wisdom in health economics is that idiosyncratic features of the healthcare sector leave little scope for market forces to allocate consumers to higher performance producers. However, we find robust evidence across a variety of conditions and performance measures that higher quality hospitals tend to have higher market shares at a point in time and expand more over time. Moreover, we find that the relationship between performance and allocation is stronger among patients who have greater scope for hospital choice, suggesting a role for patient demand in allocation in the hospital sector. Our findings suggest that the healthcare sector may have more in common with “traditional” sectors subject to standard market forces than is often assumed.
Molecular characterization of guinea: pig (Cavia porcellus) CD8α and CD8β cDNA

CD8 is expressed on cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and functions as a coreceptor for recognition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide complexes by the T-cell receptor (TCR). The CD8 molecule consists of two subunits (alpha and beta) and exists either as a heterodimer (alphabeta) or a homodimer (alphaalpha). We report the cloning of full-length cDNAs of guinea pig CD8alpha and CD8beta. The deduced amino acid sequence of CD8alpha and CD8beta reveals characteristic structural features including a signal peptide, an immunoglobulin (Ig) variable-like region, hinge region, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains. In addition to the full-length cDNA, a splice variant of CD8beta cDNA was observed, suggesting splicing events as reported for human CD8beta. The sequence homology of guinea pig CD8 indicates greater homology to human, canine, and feline counterparts than to rodent CD8. As the guinea pig serves as an ideal non-primate animal model to several human infectious diseases, such as syphilis, tuberculosis, and chlamydial genital and ocular infection, the CD8 sequence information provides a necessary molecular tool for studying the cell-mediated immune response.
Lipid absorption in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats effects of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine and ethinyl estradiol

Abstract Emulsified triacylglycerol containing [ 14 C]palmitate was infused intraduodenally in unanesthetized, unrestrained animals treated with 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine.or pharmacologic doses of ethinyl estradiol. 4-Aminopyrazolo-pyrimidine practically eliminated the appearance of radioactivity in plasma but in ethinyl estradiol-treated animals the peak of radioactivity and shape of the plasma curve were similar to control, although lower in amplitude. A delayed appearance of radioactivity was also observed in 48-h- compared to 15-h-fasted controls, suggesting a requirement for induction of lipoprotein production prior to fat absorption.
Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Postoperative nausea and vomiting are still frequent adverse effects of anesthesia and surgery. The origin of postoperative nausea and vomiting is multifactorial; factors that are related to the patients themselves, to the anesthetic and analgesic drugs that are used, and to the surgery all contribute to the baseline risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Significant progress toward improved control of postoperative nausea and vomiting has been achieved during recent years. Today, anesthetists try to identify patients at high risk preoperatively, using knowledge about specific risk factors. A stratified approach to optimized prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting may then be applied. In high risk patients, an anesthetic technique with a low emetogenic potency may help to keep the baseline risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting as low as possible. Additionally, a cocktail of antiemetic drugs is given prophylactically before emergence from anesthesia. Three classes of drugs have shown consistent antiemetic efficacy: 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists ("setrons"), dopamine antagonists (droperidol, haloperidol), and steroids (dexamethasone). These drugs can be used alone or, for improved efficacy, in combination.
The destruction of dust grains in collisions of a supernova with a circumstellar medium

Dust grains exist, if not abundantly, in systems composed of a Type II supernova and a circumstellar medium (CSM). The grains, however, may subsequently suffer intense sputtering by X-ray emitting plasmas during the collision of the supernova ejecta with the CSM. An approximate expression is obtained for the amount of grain erosion in both the blast-shocked CSM and the reverse-shocked ejecta, assuming their self-similar interaction. The distortion of the grain size distribution is also calculated. In the remnant of SN 1979c, the population of the grains of radius 0.1 micron, for example, will be diminished substantially in both the ejecta and the CSM, while in the remnant of SN 1980k, it will be affected considerably only in the ejecta. The infrared fluxes expected from the blast-shocked CSM are roughly estimated. The present destruction mechanism may be responsible for the severe under-abundance of dust in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant.
Hover training display: rationale and implementation

Hover is an essential component of rotary wing aviation but learning to hover is extremely difficult. From the viewpoint inside the cockpit, the beginning student neither sees nor understands what needs to be done to control the aircraft. This is because the out-the-window real world visual cues suffer from two primary shortcomings. First, the real world visual cues are ambiguous. For example, the relative motion of the ground moving under the nose may indicate forward flight, pitching upward, vertical ascent, or any combination of these. Second, human ability to judge aircraft pitch by itself is insufficient to stabilize the aircraft; such other clues as relative motion or parallax are needed to augment pitch judgments to set aircraft attitude adequately. We report a training display (TD) designed to assist training rotary wing hover. The TD is specifically constructed to communicate aircraft performance and attitude to the student pilot and to disambiguate the external world's features and motions cues into symbology that allows each cue independently to support sufficient levels of parameter resolution. Our preliminary observations, based on pilot data collected during the design, parameterization, and calibration of the TD indicate that it meets its goals in a fashion that enables beginning flight students to understand and interpret the motion cues of the real world out-the-window view.
PI-3 kinase activity is necessary for ERK1/2-induced disruption of mammary epithelial architecture.

Epithelial tumors, including breast cancer, are being identified and treated at earlier stages of tumor development because of technological advances in screening and detection methods. It is likely that early-stage epithelial tumors, such as mammary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), will be amenable to new and more efficacious diagnostic tests and forms of therapy. However, our limited understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of early-stage epithelial tumor growth has hampered the development of new forms treatment and preventative therapy. The Raf–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase module is activated by stimuli complicit in mammary neoplastic progression. We have recently demonstrated that the activation of ERK1/2 induces a non-invasive form of motility, where cells can track along the basement membrane and adjacent epithelial cells, but do not become invasive over time, using real-time imaging of a mammary epithelial organotypic culture model. Using this novel approach combined with traditional biochemical techniques, we have analyzed at the molecular level how ERK1/2 induces this new non-invasive form of motility as well as proliferation and cell survival. We find that the activation of Raf:ER in the differentiated epithelium of fully formed acini promotes proliferation and cell survival, which are characteristic features of pre-invasive DCIS lesions. The activation of ERK1/2 correlated with induction of c-Fos, a transcriptional regulator of proliferation and reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein BIM. Both ERK1/2 and PI-3 kinase-dependent effector pathways were required for activated Raf:ER to reduce expression of p27 and promote proliferation. In addition, PI-3K activity was necessary for the induction of non-invasive motility induced by ERK1/2. ERK1/2 activation is sufficient to induce cell behaviors in organotypic culture that could promote recurrent and invasive growth in DCIS patients. Interestingly, PI-3K activity is necessary for two of these behaviors, proliferation and cell motility. Collectively, our results suggest that the relationship between the activity state of the ERK1/2 and PI-3K signaling pathways and recurrent growth in DCIS patients should be investigated.
Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism

(1991). Communities of discourse: Ideology and social structure in the reformation, the enlightenment, and European socialism. History of European Ideas: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 298-299.
Spectral phonon scattering effects on the thermal conductivity of nano-grained barium titanate

We study the effect of grain size on thermal conductivity of thin film barium titanate over temperatures ranging from 200 to 500 K. We show that the thermal conductivity of Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) decreases with decreasing grain size as a result of increased phonon scattering from grain boundaries. We analyze our results with a model for thermal conductivity that incorporates a spectrum of mean free paths in BaTiO3. In contrast to the common gray mean free path assumption, our findings suggest that the thermal conductivity of complex oxide perovskites is driven by a spectrum of phonons with varying mean free paths.
A mathematical model of the dynamics of antitumor laser immunotherapy

We use a mathematical model to describe and predict the population dynamics of tumor cells, immune cells, and other immune components in a host undergoing laser immunotherapy treatment against metastatic cancer. We incorporate key elements of the treatment into the model: a function describing the laser-induced primary tumor cell death and parameters capturing the role and strength of the primary immunoadjuvant, glycated chitosan. We focus on identifying conditions that ensure a successful treatment. In particular, we study the patient response (i.e., anti-tumor immune dynamics and treatment outcome) in two different but related mathematical models as we vary quantitative features of the immune system (supply, proliferation, death, and interaction rates). We compare immune dynamics of a `baseline' immune model against an `augmented' model (with additional cell types and antibodies) and in both, we find that using strong immunoadjuvants, like glycated chitosan, that enhance dendritic cell activity yields more promising patient outcomes.
Integration of Boyer's Theory of Teaching and Learning into Undergraduate Education: Application to Resident Instruction and Distance Education

According to Boyer's theory of teaching and learning, teaching becomes scholarly when four components (discovery, integration, application, and teaching) are integrated within and throughout the educator's efforts. Scholarship is holistic, and the elimination of one or more components diminishes the strength of scholarship. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how Boyer's theory of scholarship is applied to resident instruction and distance education at a midsize university in the West. The infusion of Boyer's components results in communication and content skills students learn while completing assignments that go beyond the memorization of apparel and merchandising concepts. Regardless of the method of instruction delivery, Boyer's theory of scholarship may be applied to course concepts to assist students in the long-term learning process. Students also gain valuable leadership skills that are used to benefit the community.
Setup Variations in Radiotherapy of Anal Cancer: Advantages of Target Volume Reduction Using Image-Guided Radiation Treatment

Purpose To define setup variations in the radiation treatment (RT) of anal cancer and to report the advantages of image-guided RT (IGRT) in terms of reduction of target volume and treatment-related side effects. Methods and Materials Twelve consecutive patients with anal cancer treated by combined chemoradiation by use of helical tomotherapy from March 2007 to November 2008 were selected. With patients immobilized and positioned in place, megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) scans were performed before each treatment and were automatically registered to planning CT scans. Patients were shifted per the registration data and treated. A total of 365 MVCT scans were analyzed. The primary site received a median dose of 55 Gy. To evaluate the potential dosimetric advantage(s) of IGRT, cases were replanned according to Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0529, with and without adding recommended setup variations from the current study. Results Significant setup variations were observed throughout the course of RT. The standard deviations for systematic setup correction in the anterior–posterior (AP), lateral, and superior–inferior (SI) directions and roll rotation were 1.1, 3.6, and 3.2 mm, and 0.3°, respectively. The average random setup variations were 3.8, 5.5, and 2.9 mm, and 0.5°, respectively. Without daily IGRT, margins of 4.9, 11.1, and 8.5 mm in the AP, lateral, and SI directions would have been needed to ensure that the planning target volume (PTV) received ≥95% of the prescribed dose. Conversely, daily IGRT required no extra margins on PTV and resulted in a significant reduction of V15 and V45 of intestine and V10 of pelvic bone marrow. Favorable toxicities were observed, except for acute hematologic toxicity. Conclusions Daily MVCT scans before each treatment can effectively detect setup variations and thereby reduce PTV margins in the treatment of anal cancer. The use of concurrent chemotherapy and IGRT provided favorable toxicities, except for acute hematologic toxicity.
Economic growth and the rise of protectionism and urban unrest in developing economies

This paper examines how economic growth can affect various political actors and influence trade and labor policies in a developing economy. The paper extends the Findlay-Wellisz (1982) model of endogenous trade policy to include the endogenous determination of an urban-rural wage differential along lines suggestive of the Harris-Todaro (1970) model. Under assumptions normally associated with developing economies, the model shows that growth, stimulated primarily by capital formation, can lead to the rise of protectionism and urban unrest.
The role of the pathologist in the management of soft tissue sarcomas.

We have described the diagnostic handling of surgical specimens from patients with soft tissue sarcomas and summarized our experience with 244 patients with soft tissue sarcomas in 1985. Of the 244 patients admitted with soft tissue sarcomas, 157 had primary lesions, 60, recurrent lesions, and 27, metastatic lesions. Eight tumors were biopsied, 133 excised, 56 resected, and 20 patients were treated with amputation. In 24 cases, the gross specimen margins were positive for sarcoma, and in 22, the microscopic margins were positive for sarcoma. Bone was included with 43 surgical specimens, 16 of which showed microscopic evidence of bone invasion and 4 of which showed periosteac involvement. Six sarcomas metastasized to lymph nodes and 7 invaded blood vessels. Primary sarcomas included 78 liposarcomas, 44 myosarcomas, 41 malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 27 tendosynovial sarcomas, 19 fibrosarcomas, 13 angiosarcomas, 11 malignant peripheral nerve tumors, and 11 other sarcomas. While 75% of the sarcomas were histologically high-grade and 54% were advanced (stage III and stage IV tumors), 21% were small (less than 5 cm) and 14% were early (stage 0 and stage I) lesions. Histologic variation of tumor type, grade, and cellular components were observed in 84 of the 244 patients.
Effect of Solvents on the Fluorescence Emission Spectra of 1-Anilino-8-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid: A Physical Chemistry Experiment

This article describes an experiment that can be conducted to cover basic fluorescence concepts and study the effects of solvent polarity. It introduces students to fluorescence spectrophotometry and illustrates the effects of the solvent’s dielectric constant and hydrogen bonding capability on fluorescence-emmision spectra.
Apoptosis in mammalian eye development: lens morphogenesis, vascular regression and immune privilege.

Formation of the mammalian eye requires a complex series of tissue interactions that result in an organ of exquisite sensory capability. The early steps in eye development involve extensive cell death associated with morphogenesis. Later, suppression of programmed cell death is essential for tissue differentiation and in the adult, the immune privileged status of the eye is maintained in part through factors that induce inflammatory cell apoptosis. Experimental evidence suggests that suppression of apoptosis in cells of the lens lineage by fibroblast growth factors is one component of their action during lens morphogenesis. Fibroblast growth factors are also required for normal lens fiber-cell differentiation. This includes a degenerative step for organelles that is presumably an adaptation for the clearance of light scattering elements from the optic axis. The process of organelle degeneration may be related to apoptosis in a few of its features. Actively-induced apoptosis becomes important for eye development as the temporary ocular vasculatures regress. This too, is presumably an adaptation for the disposal of cells that would disturb the passage of light to the retina. Ocular macrophages appear to be essential for the induction of apoptosis in the endothelial cells comprising the ocular vasculatures. In the adult, inflammatory cells entering the eye are exposed to the pro-apoptotic agents transforming growth factor-β2 and Fas ligand. The expression of these molecules in the eye, and their action in killing inflammatory cells, has evolved as a means of preventing inflammation and subsequent loss of vision. Thus, the eye offers a unique and versatile system for studying the role of programmed cell death in lens development, vascular regression and immune privilege.
Percutaneous balloon catheter closure of a patent foramen ovale in a patient with pulmonary disease, profound hypoxemia, and normal right heart pressures

Right-to-left intracardiac shunting across a patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been reported in patients with pulmonary embolism, right ventricular (RV) infarction, positive pressure ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure, heart failure with left ventricular assist devices, cardiac tamponade, and unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. The primary driving force for these shunts is a reduction in the compliance of the pulmonary bed or right ventricle; right atrial pressure is usually elevated and pulmonary hypertension is frequently present. Significant shunting and hypoxemia are unusual in the absence of these diseases. We encountered a patient with normal pulmonary pressures, severe hypoxemia, pulmonary disease, and intracardiac shunting across a PFO in whom it was difficult to determine how great a role intracardiac shunting was playing in his hypoxemia. To assess this, we performed percutaneous balloon catheter occlusion of the PFO, using transthoracic echocardiography with contrast to confirm closure of the PFO. Therapeutic balloon occlusion has been reported in severe hypoxemia due to shunting across a PFO in a patient with RV infarction. Our case is unique, however, in two respects. First, this patient had normal right-sided cardiac pressures and normal RV function and, thus, no obvious driving force for a significant right-to-left shunt. Second, transthoracic echocardiography with contrast was used before and after balloon inflation to confirm closure of the PFO. This technique helped to answer the important clinical question of whether surgical closure of the PFO in this patient with both lung disease and intracardiac shunting would significantly improve his oxygenation.
Multivariable-multimethod analysis of the dimensions of interpersonal behavior

Abstract This study attempted to assess the degree of empirical convergence of various measures of the dimensions of interpersonal behavior when method variance is controlled. A total of 83 undergraduates (38 males, 45 females) were administered the Personality Research Form (PRF) and several self-report measures of social anxiety and effectiveness. In addition, they participated in a forced-interaction task with a confederate, from which ratings of anxiety and effectiveness were obtained. A two-step principal-components procedure was used in order to control method variance. Substantial cross-domain convergence was found in three of the four second-order components, two of which (Social Competence and Impulse Expression vs Control) clearly represented dimensions of interpersonal behavior. Strong support was found for the validity of several PRF components as well as of other instruments used as measures of constructs. Results suggest that the purported failure of trait constructs in accounting for behavioral variance may be more the result of methodological factors than of theoretical inadequacy.
Reduction of Healthy Children's Fears Related to Hospitalization and Medical Procedures: The..

We compared the efficacy of multimedia computer hospitalization preparation instruction to a conventional slide show in reduction of children's medical fears. Changes in hospitalization knowledge and intervention satisfaction were also assessed. Eighty-four 3rd-grade children were randomly assigned to either the computer or slide show groups. Computer instruction was equally effective to that of conventional procedures in producing significant decreases in medical fears. Children in both conditions also demonstrated similar significant gains in hospitalization knowledge. Children reported significantly greater satisfaction with the computer program. Implications regarding the use of computer-based hospital preparation are discussed.
A Comparison of Depression in Women Bereaved of a Spouse, Child, or a Parent:

To investigate depression following bereavement, 255 adult middle-aged women (117 widows, 58 mothers, and 80 adult daughters) completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form (BDI). The intensity of the level of depression was analyzed across the three types of bereavement. Bereaved mothers had significantly higher levels of depression than both widows and bereaved adult daughters. Over 60 percent of the mothers had depression scores in the moderate to severe depression range. Widows had significantly higher levels of depression than adult daughters.
SnapShot: Fanconi Anemia and Associated Proteins

Fanconi anemia is a genetic disorder resulting from biallelic mutations in one of the 17 FANC genes. It is characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and cancer predisposition. The underlying cause is genomic instability resulting from the deficiency in replication-dependent DNA interstrand crosslink repair pathway commonly referred to as the Fanconi anemia-BRCA pathway. This SnapShot presents the key factors involved.