cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling Power Flow with Phase Shifting Equipment

In the operation of an electric power distributing system involving various kinds of networks, a fundamental necessity is that each transforming and transmitting unit carry a reasonable share of the total load. In the case of a single system that has been developed in a coordinated manner the problem of load division has not in general been troublesome and has been solved by judicious selection of parallel circuits, use of reactors, proper system set-up, etc. The advent of inter-company connections has brought together systems of varying characteristics, changed the relation between the basic elements involved, and in some cases has made difficult the control of power flow over tie lines small in comparison to the systems which they unite. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the case of load control where closed rings or parallel path circuits are involved. After briefly reviewing the principles of voltage phase angle and power flow, a description is given of some actual tests performed on a very large interconnected system with a 250-mi. transmission loop, involving five power companies and a total generator capacity well over 1,000,000 kw. The results of these measurements are analyzed for the purpose of checking theoretical against actual values and forming a basis for the solution of problems of a similar nature.
Willingness to pay for rBST-free milk: a two-limit Tobit model analysis

The labelling of dairy products containing milk from rBST-treated cows has rapidly emerged as an important issue in the US due to the controversy between state and federal legislation and between consumer and industrial groups. This paper evaluates consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for rBST-free milk using data collected from a consumer survey. Estimation results of a two-limit Tobit model suggest that a majority of consumers are willing to pay a premium for rBST-free milk and the WTP is affected by several sociodemographic factors such as income and attitudes toward the use of rBST.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an update.

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous malignancy with multiple etiologies, high incidence, and high mortality. The standard surgical management for patients with HCC consists of locoregional ablation, surgical resection, or liver transplantation, depending on the background state of the liver. Eighty percent of patients initially presenting with HCC are unresectable, either due to the extent of tumor or the level of underlying hepatic dysfunction. While in patients with no evidence of cirrhosis and good hepatic function resection has been the surgical treatment of choice, it is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe cirrhosis. Liver transplantation is the optimal surgical treatment. Data Sources PubMed search of recent articles (from January 2000 to March 2011) was performed looking for relevant articles about hepatocellular carcinoma and its treatment. Additional articles were identified by evaluating references from selected articles. Results Here we review criteria for transplantation, the types, indications, and role of locoregional therapy in treating the cancer and in downstaging for possible later transplantation. We also summarize the contribution of immunosuppression and adjuvant chemotherapy in the management and prevention of HCC recurrence. Finally we discuss recent advances in imaging, tumor biology, and genomics as we delineate the remaining challenges for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Conclusions Much can be improved in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. A great challenge will be to improve patient selection to criteria based on tumor biology. Another will be to incorporate systemic agents post-operatively in patients at high risk for recurrence, paying close attention to efficacy and safety. The future direction of the effort in treating HCC will be to stimulate prospective trials, develop molecular imaging of lymphovascular invasion, to improve recipient selection, and to investigate biomarkers of tumor biology.
The United States and security in the Black Sea region

In the last half decade, the wider Black Sea region has emerged as an increasing security issue for the United States. This has been reflected in a growing number of articles, briefings, books and policy papers devoted to the issue of security in the wider Black Sea area. Within the US government, as well, US officials have begun to pay increasing attention to the region and have attempted to craft a more coherent and comprehensive strategy toward the region. The Russian invasion of Georgia has underscored the importance Moscow attaches to preserving its influence in the region and the difficulties the United States faces in trying to develop a coherent policy toward the area. However, Russia’s position has weakened considerably since the Georgian invasion as a result of the global economic crisis. This could give Moscow an incentive to cooperate with the United States in managing security challenges in select areas, including in the wider Black Sea region.
Violencia, conflicto e integración social en el agro uruguayo

En el Uruguay no ha habido en las ultimas decadas episodios de violencia fisica en el campo derivados de la violencia de clase o de la violencia politica. Los pequenos productores y los trabajadores rurales estan sometidos a situaciones de violencia cotidiana: disminucion de la rentabilidad de sus pequenas explotaciones, expulsion de sus tierras y emigracion para los primeros. Bajos salarios, accidentes laborales, e impedimentos para organizarse para los segundos. Sin embargo, los mecanismos de integracion social con que cuenta la sociedad uruguaya amortiguan los disensos e impiden que estos desemboquen en formas de violencia.
The derived demand for imported cheese in Hong Kong

Abstract The objective of this paper was to provide the U.S. dairy industry with empirical estimates of Hong Kong’s derived demand for imported cheese differentiated by source country of production. These estimates were used to simulate the effects of European Union (EU) subsidy reductions on the U.S. share of Hong Kong cheese imports. Simulation results suggested that Oceania was the primary beneficiary from EU subsidy reductions. Hong Kong cheese imports from the U.S. were expected to increase by 12% if subsidy reductions continue at the same pace as the 1994 GATT agreement and 21% if reductions were twice the pace.
Cropping system effects on nitrogen removal, soil nitrogen, aggregate stability, and subsequent corn grain yield

Cropping systems can affect soil quality and productivity of subsequent crops. We conducted this study to evaluate effects of several annual and perennial crop species on N removal, residual soil N, aggregate stability, and subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) production. Thirteen cropping systems were grown with various rates ofN fertilizer for 6 yr on a Typic Caldaquoll soil in central Iowa. Perennial plant species were then killed, corn was planted, and half of each plot was fertilized with 224 kg N ha -1 and half was left unfertilized. Plant analyses showed that the perennial C 4 species, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii), consistently removed the least N. There was little difference for soil total N, NH 4 -N, or NO3-N concentrations to a depth of 1 m among reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), switchgrass, sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Residual NO 3 -N concentrations were higher to a depth of 1 m for subplots fertilized with 280 kg N ha -1 for 6 yr than for plots fertilized with less N. Aggregate stability did not differ following reed canarygrass, switchgrass, sweet sorghum, or alfalfa. Without N during the 7th yr, corn following sweet sorghum produced the lowest yield (7.5 t ha -1 ), whereas the highest yield following a nonlegume crop was for corn after big bluestem (11.8 t ha -1 ). Corn without N following soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yielded 11.1 t ha -1 , while that following alfalfa yielded 13.6 t ha -1 . Fertilizer N reduced the rotation effect, but increased profile N with both perennial and annual crops. Corn following reed canarygrass, big bluestem, alfalfa, soybean, and sorghum intercropped into alfalfa had significantly higher yields (14.1, 14.2, 15.7, 14.2, and 15.3 t ha -1 , respectively) than corn following corn (13.0 t ha -1 ). Non-N rotation effects (those remaining despite applied N) could not be explained by residual soil N or aggregate stability measurements.
Effects of in-plane electric fields on the toughening behavior of ferroelectric ceramics

Mode-I steady state crack growth in poled ferroelectric ceramics subjected to simultaneous electrical and mechanical loading is analyzed to investigate the effect of in-plane electric fields and polarization on the toughening behavior. A multiaxial, incremental constitutive law for domain switching is implemented within the finite element method to obtain the electromechanical crack tip fields. Simulation results are presented for the cases of initial remanent polarization states and applied electric fields perpendicular to the crack plane and parallel to the crack growth direction. Specific results from the calculations include the shapes and sizes of switching zones, and the toughening effects due to domain switching near the crack tip. Ferroelectric ceramics have been widely used in smart structure applications due to their large electromechanical coupling effects. Since ferroelectricdevices oftenoperate understrong mechanicaland electrical loading conditions, the brittle ferroelectric ceramic material is susceptible to fracture. Therefore, an understanding of ferroelectric fracture is a key issue for the efficient and reliable design of these devices. This paper is concerned with the study of the Mode-I fracture behavior of ferroelectric ceramics under combined in-plane electrical and mechanical loading. The scenario investigated here is illustrated in Figure 1. A ferroelectric material is initially poled by an electric field either perpendicular or parallel to the direction of crack growth. After the initial poling, an electric field is applied along (positive electric field) or opposite (negative electric field) to the initial poling direction. Finally, mechanical loading is applied and crack growth occurs. Experimental observations of the fracture properties of ferroelectrics under such conditions have been obtained on several materials from indentation tests and compact tension specimens. Using indentation tests on a PZT-8 material composition, Tobin and Pak [1993] showed that for cracks perpendicular to the poling direction, the apparent fracture toughness decreases with positive electric field and increases with a negative field. For cracks parallel to the poling direction, their results indicated that both positive and negative electric fields have little influence on the toughening. Tobin and Pak [1993] also observed that with no applied electric field the fracture toughness was greater for cracks parallel to the poling direction than for cracks perpendicular to the poling direction. Park and Sun [1995] investigated electric field effects on crack growth in a PZT-4 ceramic by using conventional compact tension fracture tests. Their results agree with those of Tobin and Pak [1993] for the case of electric field applied perpendicular to the cracksurface. However, theVickersindentationtestsofWangandSingh[1997]showedthatiftheapplied electricfields are perpendicular to the crack in a PZT EC-65 ceramic, then a positive electricfield impedes
Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Propyl Gallate in F344 Rats and B6C3FJ Mice

Chronic toxicity studies were conducted by maintaining groups of 50 F344 rats and 50 B6C3F1 mice of each sex on nutritionally complete diets containing 0%, 0.6%, or 1.2% propyl gallate for 103 weeks. Survival of rats and mice of both sexes was not significantly affected by the administration of this compound. Dosed rats and mice showed growth retardation and reduced feed utilization efficiency. Increased incidence of hepatic cytoplasmic vacuolization and suppurative inflammation of the prostate gland were observed in dosed male rats and were considered to be related to propyl gallate administration. Tumors of the preputial gland, islet ceil tumors of the pancreas, and pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland were observed with significantly (p < 0.05) higher incidence in the low-dose male rats; however, there was little evidence of a dose response or of an effect in the high-dose group. Rare tumors (an astrocytoma and a glioma) were found in the brains of two low-dose female rats but none was found in the hi...
Reactions of group 3 transition metal atoms with CS2 and OCS : Matrix isolation infrared spectra and density-functional calculations of SMCS, SM-(η2-CS), SMCO, and SM-(η2-CO) in solid argon

Laser-ablated scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum atoms were reacted with CS2 and OCS molecules in an argon matrix. Products of the type SMCX and S−M(η2-CX) (X = S or O) were formed on sample deposition. Photolysis favored the S−M(η2-CX) complex, while annealing increased the more stable SMCX isomer. Product absorptions are identified by density-functional frequency calculations and isotopic substitutions. This work reports the first vibrational spectroscopic characterization of Sc, Y, and La reaction products with CS2 and OCS and the subsequent interconversion between SMCX and S−M(η2-CX) structural isomers.
Detecting and studying e{sup +}e{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}H{sup 0}A{sup 0},H{sup +}H{sup {minus}} in the MSSM: Implications of supersymmetric decays and discriminating GUT scenarios

We demonstrate that supersymmetric decays, as typified by the predictions of several grand unified theory (GUT)-scale boundary condition choices, do not prevent detection of Z{sup {star}}{r_arrow}H{sup 0}A{sup 0},H{sup +}H{sup {minus}}, at a 1{minus}4TeV e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} or {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}} collider operating at anticipated luminosity. For much of the parameter space the relative branching ratios for various supersymmetric (SUSY) and non-SUSY decays can be measured with sufficient accuracy that different GUT-scale boundary condition choices can be distinguished from one another at a very high confidence level. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Active antireflection coating electrooptic modulator

A new type of multiple quantum well (MQW) reflection modulator, based on the multilayer active antireflection coating (A-ARC) is proposed and compared theoretically with the conventional MQW modulator based on the asymmetric Fabry-Perot etalon (AFP). It is shown that both a large on-off ratio and a low operating voltage can be achieved. It will be demonstrated that the A-ARC device matches the performance of the recently reported asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulator while requiring smaller device thickness. It will also be shown that A-ARC MQW modulators exhibit superior tolerance to the unavoidable thickness variations, thus allowing fabrication of large-area uniform arrays of modulators.
Single molecule chemically amplified resists based on ionic and non-ionic PAGs

An ionic and non-ionic single molecule chemically amplified resist have been synthesized, characterized, and imaged under high resolution e-beam. The ionic single molecule resist is based on a tBoc protected triarylsulfonium (TAS) core that generates a free superacid upon exposure. TAS demonstrates a low LER (3s) of 3.9 nm under 100 keV e-beam exposures with a resolution of 55 nm. Under EUV exposures, it exhibits a LER of 5.2 nm with a sensitivity of 60 mJ/cm2 and 50 nm half-pitch resolution. The non-ionic single molecule resist is based on a sulfonic acid containing molecular glass core that uses a norbornene dicarboximide PAG. It images with a low LER of 3.9 nm and a resolution of 40 nm. The non-ionic resist shows multiple improvements over the ionic system including improved resolution, reduced dark loss, and improved solubility. Both resists successfully demonstrate the feasibility of using a single component molecular resist system with high PAG loading. They also show that single molecule resists provide improved LER compared to conventional PAG blended systems, even for unoptimized systems.
Nitric Oxide Emissions From Stratified Charge Engines: Prediction and Control

Abstract A model is developed for calculating NO emissions for stratified charge engines in which the fuel is completely vaporized prior to combustion. The validity of the model is limited to single chamber geometry as it does not treat bulk gas motion typical of prechamber or divided chamber designs. The parameters of the model are fuel type, humidity of inlet air, overall equivalence ratio, stratification function, per cent EGR, intake manifold pressure, intake manifold temperature, compression ratio, piston connecting rod to crank radius ratio, RPM, and position and duration of combustion in the cycle. Stratification in which the first elements to burn are rich and the last elements to burn are lean is most effective relative to a uniform air-fuel mixture at overall air-fuel ratios near stoichiometric. Under these conditions almost all elements in the uniform charge are being “replaced” by elements of lesser NO-producing air-fuel ratios. On the overall rich side smaller reductions in NO level are possi...
Proteomic identification of specific oxidized proteins in ApoE-knockout mice: relevance to Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract We have examined oxidized proteins in the brain regions of wild-type (WT) and ApoE-knockout (KO) animals. Total protein oxidation in the hippocampus of young-KO (6 month) animals was approximately 2-fold greater than that of young-WT (6 month) animals and was similar to that of old-WT (18 month) and old-KO (18 month) animals. In the cortex of the same animals, the levels of total protein oxidation in all four groups were not significantly different. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with immunostaining for protein carbonylation revealed six specific oxidation-sensitive proteins, the oxidation levels of which were increased in young-KO, old-WT, and old-KO mice compared with young-WT mice. These six oxidation-sensitive proteins were identified by mass spectrometry as glial fibrillary acidic protein, creatine kinase BB, disulfide isomerase, chaperonin subunit 5, dihydropyrimidase-related protein 2, and mortalin. These results indicate that the ApoE gene product offers protection against age-associated oxidative damage in the brain. Moreover, two of these proteins, creatine kinase and dihydropyrimidase-related protein 2, have recently been found to be oxidized in the brains of human subjects with Alzheimer's disease [Aksenov et al. J. Neurochem. 74: 2520–2527; 2000; Castegna et al. J. Neurochem. 82: 1524–1532; 2002]. These data suggest that the ApoE-knockout mouse serves as an appropriate model for studying pathogenic oxidative mechanisms influencing risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease.
Forced magnetic reconnection and the persistence of current sheets in static and rotating plasmas due to a sinusoidal boundary perturbation

The problem of forced reconnection in static and rotating plasmas due to a sinusoidal boundary perturbation is revisited. The primary focus of this paper is on inner region dynamics, including the effects of resistivity as well as viscosity. It is shown that for high‐Lundquist‐number plasmas, the use of the ‘‘constant‐ψ’’ approximation in the linear and nonlinear regimes of forced reconnection is not justified. The linear and nonlinear dynamics in the inner region are characterized by the persistence of current sheets. Explicit analytical solutions for the time dependence of the reconnected flux and current sheet density are given, and tested by numerical simulations. These results differ qualitatively from earlier analytical results on forced reconnection in static plasmas [T. S. Hahm and R. M. Kulsrud, Phys. Fluids 28, 2412 (1985)] (except in a very restricted range of parameters) as well as rotating plasmas [R. Fitzpatrick and T. C. Hender, Phys. Fluids B 3, 644 (1991)]. Some qualitative implications for laboratory and space plasmas are discussed.
6-mercaptopurine in immunological responsiveness.

Schwartz and Dameshek1,2 have reported the apparent production of immunological tolerance in rabbits by the administration of a purine analogue, 6-mercaptopurine. Rabbits receiving concomitantly human serum albumin and 6-mercaptopurine failed to develop an immune response to the protein antigen, and weeks later, when antigen alone was administered, the animals remained tolerant. In an effort to confirm this finding and to explore the possible effects of 6-mercaptopurine on homografts in rabbits, two groups of rabbits received injections of ovalbumin in Freund's adjuvant and were grafted with skin from a common donor rabbit. One of these groups received 6-mercaptopurine in the maximum dose employed by Schwartz and Dameshek, the other group serving as controls. The 6-mercaptopurine did not produce immunological tolerance for ovalbumin nor did it result in successful homografts.
Community College Faculty What We Know and Need to Know

This review of existing literature about community college faculty members speculates about why they have received so little scholarly attention, summarizes the nature of existing research, including its methodology and topics, and suggests what else needs to be known about them.
Thermal Radiation Through a Nano Aperture

Far-field thermal radiation through a nano aperture is calculated in this paper. Results show that for aperture size ≪ dominant wavelength of thermally excited photons, heat flux deviates significantly from the well known Planck blackbody expression of σT4 , where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. The heat flux through a nano-hole is proportional to T8 and a4 , where a is the radius of the hole. Heat flux is proportional to T8 and a4 due to diffraction effects. Potential applications of radiation heat transfer through nano apertures are also discussed in the paper.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Theoretical study of the pyrolysis of methyltrichlorosilane in the gas phase. 3. Reaction rate constant calculations.

The rate constants for the gas-phase reactions in the silicon carbide chemical vapor deposition of methyltrichlorosilane (Ge, Y. B.; Gordon, M. S.; Battaglia, F.; Fox, R. O. J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 1462.) were calculated. Transition state theory was applied to the reactions with a well-defined transition state; canonical variational transition state theory was applied to the barrierless reactions by finding the generalized transition state with the maximum Gibbs free energy along the reaction path. Geometry optimizations were carried out with second-order perturbation theory (MP2) and the cc-pVDZ basis set. The partition functions were calculated within the harmonic oscillator and rigid rotor approximations. The final potential energy surfaces were obtained using the left-eigenstate coupled-cluster theory, CR-CC(2,3) with the cc-pVTZ basis set. The high-pressure approximation was applied to the unimolecular reactions. The predicted rate constants for more than 50 reactions were compared with the exper...
Mesoscale Convective Systems in Weakly Forced Large-Scale Environments. Part II: Generation of a Mesoscale Initial Condition

Abstract A series of five mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) developed within a weakly forced large-scale environment on 11 and 12 May 1982. Two of these systems had a large component of motion against the midtroposphoric flow and propagated in a direction nearly opposite to that of the traveling upper-level disturbances. This description of the evolution of convection is very different from traditional ones in which convection develops and moves more or less in phase with traveling upper-level disturbances. Observations indicate that the initiation and evolution of convection are tied to mesoscale features that are not well observed by the conventional observing network, making the structure of the model initial condition a potentially crucial factor in the success or failure of any subsequent numerical simulation. It is found that the initial conditions created using the conventional initialization procedure of The Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model d...
Gain and Dispersion Focusing in a High Gain Laser

The transverse modes of a laser resonator containing a medium with a strong radial gain profile differ greatly from the modes of a similar resonator containing a low gain medium. Focusing and defocusing effects result from the gain profile and from the associated dispersion profile. The dispersion focusing causes an asymmetry in the power output as the laser is tuned across the gain line. The theory has been verified using a high gain 3.51-µ xenon laser.
Placement of a duodenal feeding tube via gastrostoma with fiberoptic bronchoscope.

We report a case of esophageal disruption that required a duodenal feeding tube. Because of collapse of the gastric outlet secondary to severe emaciation, several attempts to place a tube into the duodenum via gastrostoma had ended in failure. We finally were able to accomplish it with the aid of a fiberoptic bronchoscope and a Swan-Ganz catheter. The procedure is described and discussed. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition16:579-580, 1992)
Hydride formation in an AlLiCu alloy

Abstract A hydride phase, LiAlH 4 , has been identified in Al-2.0%Li-2.2%Cu alloy electrochemically charged with hydrogen. This is a hydride having the composition of LiAlH 4 . The orientation relationship of the hydride and the matrix has been determined and rationalized with the O lattice theory. The thermodynamic stability of the hydride is discussed and possible formation mechanisms explained. The hydride forms from the grain boundary phase, AlLi, as the maximum amount of available Li is already present in the AlLi (δ) phase.
Sacrospinous ligament fixation with transvaginal needle suspension for advanced pelvic organ prolapse and stress incontinence

Objective To assess the results of sacrospinous ligament fixation with transvaginal needle suspension for the correction of advanced pelvic organ prolapse and stress incontinence. Methods Ninety-six women who had pelvic organ prolapse to or beyond the hymen with or without stress incontinence were surgically managed over 3.5 years. Objective follow-up was available on 75 women. The subject group comprised 54 of these women who had stress incontinence and underwent sacrospinous ligament fixation with transvaginal needle suspension. The remaining 21 women who did not have stress incontinence underwent sacrospinous ligament fixation and served as controls. Appropriate vaginal repairs were performed as needed in both groups. Results The mean duration of follow-up was 24 months (range 7–72) for the subjects compared with 24.3 months (range 3–53) for the controls. Eighteen subjects (33%) developed recurrent prolapse to or beyond the hymen. Additionally, five (9%) subjects developed recurrent stress incontinence and nine (17%) complained of urge incontinence. Four (19%) controls developed recurrent prolapse, two of whom also have urge incontinence. There was no statistical difference in the mean duration of follow-up or the incidence of recurrent prolapse between subjects and controls. Conclusion Despite the absence of statistical significance, we believe that the 33% recurrent prolapse rate associated with sacrospinous ligament fixation and transvaginal needle suspension is clinically important.
Injectable small intestinal submucosa: preliminary evaluation for use in endoscopic urological surgery.

Purpose: We evaluated the possible use of small intestinal submucosa in endoscopic urological surgery by assessing the smooth muscle regenerative capabilities and physical response of various forms of injectable small intestinal submucosa in the canine model.Materials and Methods: In blinded fashion we injected small intestinal submucosa in 12 dogs submucosally under direct vision using a 20 gauge endoscopic needle. The 4 small intestinal submucosa formulations varied in harvesting method and sterilization technique. Animals were divided into groups of 3 and sacrificed 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after surgery. Each injection site was analyzed grossly and histologically. Smooth muscle regeneration was identified by α-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemical staining.Results: We identified 2 injectable small intestinal submucosa formulations that induced progressive smooth muscle regeneration at the site of submucosal injection compared with controls. De novo smooth muscle cells appeared in sing...
Notes on the transmission and evolution of stories

Abstract Matters of interest, salience and chunking in stories all lead to basic questions in anthropology and psychology and in the new field of cognitive science. The way in which stories evolve is a special case of the general evolution of cultural patterns. In anthropology evolutionary theories have suffered because few investigators moved down to the level of microanalysis where the actual mechanisms of cultural transmission operate. Psychology, on the other hand, has suffered by emphasizing a top-down approach where higher level categories were made up on an ad hoc basis before being subjected to experimental verification. It is the interaction between patterns and schema that must be focused on. One cannot analyze the evolution of stories without looking closely at the broader cultural base in which they are embedded. It requires an analysis of the behavioral logic that underlies these stories and the way in which elements of the stories are made more salient and valuable to the individuals that are involved in them as well as a study of the particular elements and structures of the stories themselves.
Mass media exposure, social stratification, and tobacco consumption among Nigerian adults

Background Mass media exposure is a strong determinant of tobacco use yet little is known about this relationship in African countries. We explored socio-demographic and socio-contextual correlates of tobacco consumption and associations between mass media exposure, gender and the use of any and various forms of tobacco among Nigerians.
The Use of Horizontal Basic Science Proficiencies in a Systems Based Curriculum

Many discipline based faculty resist the transition to system or organ based curricula. They are frequently concerned that students trained in such curricula will not acquire discipline based knowledge or skills. We briefly describe one response: a discipline based series of “proficiencies” that run horizontally through our system-based courses.
Downscaling Network Scenarios with Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks

A major challenge that researchers face in studying denial of service (DoS) attacks is the size of the network to be investigated. A typical DoS attack usually takes place over a large portion of the Internet and involves a considerable number of hosts. This can be intractable for testbed experimentation, and even simulation. Therefore, it is important to simplify a network scenario with DoS attacks before applying it to a simulation/testbed platform. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to downscale a network scenario, while preserving certain critical properties. In this paper, we investigate via simulations the applicability of packet-level downscaling approaches to DoS scenarios. We select two representative methods: SHRiNK and TranSim. Our experiments identify the operational range of the two downscaling approaches, and propose guidelines for researches to select the most suitable downscaling approach for for their own research.
Evaluation of starch analysis methods for feed samples

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficacies of commercial starch analyses and of starch analysis extraction and gelatinisation procedures. In Study 1, accuracy and specificity of commercially available starch analyses were evaluated with six co-operating laboratories (five commercial, one university). Results from 11 test samples showed three laboratories with recoveries of purified starch of 92 g kg−1 or less. Three and four laboratories had inflated values when samples contained glucose or sucrose, respectively. Analyses appeared to have good specificity for glucose. Incompleteness of starch detection and interference by non-starch carbohydrates can affect commercially available analyses. In Study 2, extraction with 80:20 ethanol/water (v/v; 80EtOH) or 90:10 ethanol/water (v/v; 90EtOH) to remove low-molecular-weight carbohydrates, and gelatinisation with heat, alkali (KOH), 6 M urea or 8 M urea were evaluated. Extraction with 80EtOH or 90EtOH reduced interference from non-starch carbohydrates. Gelatinisation with heat was adequate for good recoveries of starch glucose for both control (non-extracted) and 80EtOH-extracted samples; gelatinisation with alkali was required for 90EtOH-extracted samples. Recoveries of pure starch samples were greatest with no extraction and heat gelatinisation. 80EtOH extraction with heat gelatinisation appears to be an adequate preparation method when removal of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates is desired. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Irresistible force meets immovable object: SNP mapping of complex diseases.

Abstract The Fourth Annual Meeting on ‘Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Complex Genome Analysis' was held in Stockholm, Sweden from 10 to 13 October 2001.
Subroutine for generating all permutations of N integers

A permutation algorithm proves useful in many social science problems. It is not unusual to want to look at all possible orderings and determine which is "best" according to your own criteria. Since the advent of the computer, this has been relatively feasible. One problem with these programs has been to find one when you need it. Another problem is computer run time, since no matter what method is used to generate permutations, run tim e increases factorially with length of permutation. This abstract attempts to aid in solving these two problems. Language. The program is short (22 lines code, 50 lines with comments). It is written in BASIC but can be readily translated to FORTRAN.
Carcinoma of urinary tract. Clinical significance of urinary phosphokinase activity in diagnosis.

Abstract The first reported methods of measuring urinary creatine phosphokinase activity and demonstrating histochemical tumor localization are described. Sixty-eight patients with and without malignant genitourinary tract disease were examined. Enzyme activities over 6 mU. per milliliter correlate well with the presence of malignant disease. Problems of assaying urinary CPK activity are discussed.
Transforming growth factor beta regulates cyclooxygenase-2 in glomerular mesangial cells

This study examines the hypothesis that transforming growth factor beta (TGF β ) regulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and induces prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1) in rat mesangial cells. COX-2 expression was determined by Northern blot analysis after treatment with either TGF β 1 or the selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS398. mPGES-1 expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effect of TGF β 1 on COX-2 gene transcription was assessed using a luciferase reporter assay, and mRNA stability was also determined. To determine whether TGF β 1 activates elements of the COX-2 promoter, we performed gel shift analyses to examine activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor κ B (NF- κ B). Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production was assayed by enzyme immunoassay. Finally, the pathophysiological relevance of COX-2 inhibition on the downstream effects of TGF β was assessed by examining collagen type I mRNA and net collagen production. COX-2 mRNA and mPGES-1 were induced after treatment with TGF β 1 for 4 h, and this rise was accompanied by a three-fold increase in PGE 2 production that could be antagonized by selective inhibition of COX-2 with NS398. TGF β 1 increased transcription by approximately 50% and activated both AP-1 and NF- κ B. These effects were antagonized by co-treatment with NS398. Treatment with TGF β 1 also doubled the half-life of COX-2 mRNA. Neither collagen type I mRNA nor net collagen production were altered by co-treatment with NS398. In conclusion, these results indicate that TGF β stimulates COX-2 and mPGES-1, with additional effects on transcription and stability of COX-2 mRNA.
Democracy and Ecological Soundness

Abstract Though the goals of democracy and ecological soundness are largely believed to be necessarily linked, there is sometimes a lack of adequate argument demonstrating this connection. Defining ecological soundness and democracy and showing weaknesses in some typical attempts to link them, I argue that democracy is in fact necessary for ecological improvement. The undemocratic practices of capitalism, ecological discrimination, and global inequality all play key roles in environmental degradation. Drawing on David Schweickart's (1996) recent argument for “Economic Democracy,” I defend such a model of democratic socialism as the most ecologically sound political and economic form currently possible.
Modeling Soil–Landscape and Ecosystem Properties Using Terrain Attributes

Soil-landscape patterns result from the integration of short- and long-term pedogeomorphic processes. A 2-ha hillslope catena in California shows short-distance variation in A horizon depth from 8 to 80 cm and in soil depth from 8 to >450 cm in convex to concave positions. Similar variations in net primary productivity (NPP) and soil C represent significant information often not captured by soil survey maps. Strong correlations between these measured soil-landscape variables and explanatory digital terrain attributes are used to develop quantitative soil-landscape models. We were able to account for between 52 and 88% of soil property variance using easily computed terrain variables such as slope and flow accumulation. Spatial implementation of the models suggest lateral redistribution processes resulting in differential accumulation of C and soil mass in convergent and divergent landscape positions. The models are explicit and quantitative, which enables their use for testing hypotheses about the spatial distribution of fine-scale landscape and ecosystem processes and for parameterizing spatially distributed hydrological and ecosystem simulation models.
Who Gains from Charitable Tax Credit Programs? The Arizona Model

The Bush administration and some states have promoted charitable tax credits as a way to increase private charitable giving, to support antipoverty programs, and to allow taxpayers to directly determine the utility and effectiveness of nonprofit services. Looking at Arizona's charitable tax credit program, this study assesses the strengths and limitations of this policy approach. Although charitable giving increased during the first two years of the program (1998 and 1999), tax returns from 2000 suggest it may be difficult to sustain these gains in a weak economy. Larger and better-known nonprofits and taxpayers who itemize their returns are the primary beneficiaries of the program. The program may put small but well-run organizations at a competitive disadvantage, weaken accountability in the sector, and pose administrative challenges to state departments of revenue. This analysis suggests that tax credits are not a panacea for the funding needs of nonprofits.
Access to Sign Language Interpreters in the Criminal Justice System.

Historically, the provision of sign language interpreters to deaf suspects, defendants, and offenders has been a problematic issue in the criminal justice system. Inconsistency in the provision of interpreter services results largely from the ignorance of criminal justice professionals regarding deaf people's communication needs and accommodation options. Through analysis of 22 post-Americans with Disabilities Act cases and a survey of 46 professional sign language interpreters working in criminal justice settings, the present study considered access issues concerning sign language interpreters in law enforcement, courtrooms, and correctional settings. Recommendations to increase the accessibility of interpreting services include providing ongoing awareness training to criminal justice personnel, developing training programs for deaf legal advocates, and continuing access studies.
Simplifying data integration: the design of the desert software development environment

This paper describes the design and motivations behind the Desert environment. The Desert environment has been created to demonstrate that the facilities typically associated with expensive data integration can be provided inexpensively in an open framework. It uses three integration mechanisms: control integration, simple data integration based on fragments, and a common editor. It offers a variety of capabilities including hyperlinks and the ability to create virtual files containing only the portions of the software that are relevant to the task on hand. It does this in an open environment that is compatible with existing tools and programs. The environment currently consists of a set of support facilities including a context database, a fragment database, scanners, and a ToolTalk interface, as well as a preliminary set of programming tools including a context manager and extensions to FrameMaker to support program editing and insets for non-textual software artifacts.
Analysis of limit cycle in control systems for joint-dominated structures

An approach to the modeling of limit cycles due to joint nonlinearities in large joint dominated space structures is presented which makes it possible to predict limit cycles and determine their stability. An actively controlled truss structure with nonlinear joints is modeled as a linear system with nonlinear feedback by separating the joint load-displacement characteristics into a linear part, which prevails at large displacements, and a nonlinear part. By replacing the joints by their linear parts, it is possible to perform a standard model decomposition which yields a reduced order linear model. Linear control laws can be easily included into the linear part of the system; nonlinear control laws can be implemented but they must be fed back to the linear model. The modeling approach described here allows straightforward limit cycle analysis.
Fixed intercaval block in the setting of atrial fibrillation promotes the development of atrial flutter.

Background In the canine sterile pericarditis model, typically only atrial fibrillation (AF) is inducible on postoperative day 2. Objective In this model, we tested the hypothesis that on postoperative day 2, placing a fixed line of block (LoB) between the vena cavae critically alters the atrial substrate, favoring the induction of sustained atrial flutter (AFL) instead of AF. Methods In 6 sterile pericarditis dogs, sustained AF was induced by rapid atrial pacing. After terminating AF, a fixed LoB between the vena cavae was created (cryoablation), and AF reinduction was attempted. Simultaneous mapping from 400 to 420 electrodes on the right and left atrial epicardium and the interatrial atrial septum was performed during all studies. Results Before creation of the LoB, in all 6 dogs, rapid atrial pacing induced sustained AF because of a rapid (mean cycle length [CL] 110 ± 10 ms), regular, left atrial reentrant driver, which caused fibrillatory conduction. After creation of the LoB, in 5 dogs, rapid atrial pacing now induced sustained AFL (mean CL 167 ± 13 ms). In the 6th dog, AFL failed to develop because the left atrial driver that was induced before the LoB was still reproducibly induced despite the LoB. Conclusion In this model of sustained AF, altering the substrate to create a fixed LoB between the vena cavae creates a substrate favoring the induction of AFL.
Purine Analogs for the Treatment of Low-Grade Lymphoproliferative Disorders.

Primary purpose. Low-grade lymphoproliferative disorders follow an indolent clinical course but are incurable with current therapy. Recently, three active agents for the treatment of these diseases have been identified: the purine analogs fludarabine, pentostatin and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanism of action, clinical activity and toxicities of the purine analogs. Methods. Articles, abstracts and letters to the editor appearing in English literature and involving the use of the purine analogs in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, indolent nonHodgkin’s lymphoma, cutaneous T cell lymphomas and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia were reviewed. Results and conclusion. Purine analogs have marked cytoreductive potential in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia. Major side effects include myelosuppression and infections. Profound lymphocytopenia can be sustained, predisposing patients to opportunistic infections. Although remissions achieved with these agents can be long-lasting, minimal residual disease frequently persists. Postremission strategies aimed at eradicating such microscopic diseases can potentially improve the results of purine analog therapy. Alternatively, the up-front combination of these agents with traditional chemotherapy may lead to higher response rates and more sustained remissions. The Oncologist 1996;1:125-139
Caveolin-1 mediates endotoxin inhibition of endothelin-1-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays a key role in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). In the presence of endotoxin, an increase in caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression impairs ET-1/eNOS signaling; however, the molecular mechanism is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of Cav-1 in the regulation of LPS suppression of ET-1-mediated eNOS activation in LSECs by examining the effect of caveolae disruption using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD) and filipin. Treatment with 5 mM CD for 30 min increased eNOS activity (+255%, P 0.05), which contributed to the reduced levels of eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation and eNOS-Thr495 dephosphorylation, the LPS/CD-induced overexpression and translocation of Cav-1 in the perinuclear region, and the increased perinuclear colocalization of eNOS with Cav-1. These results supported the hypothesis that Cav-1 mediates the action of endotoxin in suppressing ET-1-mediated eNOS activation and demonstrated that the manipulation of caveolae produces significant effects on ET-1-mediated eNOS activity in LSECs.