cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serum cholesterol levels in myocardial and cerebral infarction caused by atherosclerosis

Abstract A study was made of the level of serum cholesterol in 783 men (approximately 13 per cent Negro) in 34 Veterans Administration Hospitals who had recent episodes of myocardial or cerebral infarction due to atherosclerosis. Myocardial infarction was present in 369 patients and cerebral infarction in 414 others. The diagnosis of either cerebral or myocardial infarction was based on well-defined clinical and laboratory criteria, the patients comprising part of the samples of two nationwide Veterans Administration studies of therapy in atherosclerosis. Blood samples for cholesterol determinations were taken approximately 4 weeks after discharge from the hospital at which time trial therapies were initiated. All determinations of serum cholesterol were made in a central research laboratory under carefully maintained standards. Although no significant differences in mean serum cholesterol values were noted in the two disease groups, the relation of cholesterol level to the patients' age at infarction was found to be different in the two illnesses. In patients with myocardial infarction there was a slight, but significant trend toward lower cholesterol levels as age at the time of illness advanced. In cerebral infarction the level of serum cholesterol was about the same at all ages. Differences in serum cholesterol as related to age and possibly to race should be considered in future studies in which the lipid levels of patients with cerebral infarction are compared with those of patients with myocardial infarction.
Simulations with Granular Material Motion for Extraterrestrial Applications

A simulation study utilizing Hooke style particle models was conducted to better understand the characteristic modes, translational/rotational energy distribution, the complete energy cascade and applications of granular interactions occurring within a horizontal drum tumbler. This study was conducted in conjunction with a physical study performed by Nathaniel Helminiak, entitled: “ Experiments with Granular Material Motion for Extraterrestrial Applications .” These simulations were created through the discrete element modeling software: LIGGGHTS (LAMMPS Improved for General Granular and Granular Heat Transfer Simulations) and the program it is based upon, LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator). The resulting flows were visualized within VisIt visualization software and analyzed using the high-level computer language, GNU Octave. Simulations predicted areas of interest to study and extend tests beyond the physical test bed’s materia l limitations. The study suggests the existing idea of force chains as applied to rotational forces, namely “b ro- chains,” and also that the industry mass finishing process may benefit from investigation into a complete energy characterization of granular flow.
Ribonucleic acid biosynthesis in methylcholanthrene-treated rats.

Abstract The incorporation of [ 14 C]orotic acid into whole liver RNA and nuclear RNA was examined at various times after a single administration of 3-methylcholanthrene. No significant change in specific activity was observed. Zonal ultracentrifugation patterns of nuclear RNA were also unaffected by pretreatment of the rats with 3-methylcholanthrene.
Evaluation of Weight-Based Dosing of Unfractionated Heparin in Obese Children

Objective To determine whether pediatric patients with obesity receiving weight-based dosages of unfractionated heparin (UFH) exhibit an enhanced response when dosed by actual body weight compared with nonobese patients as assessed primarily by the frequency of supratherapeutic anticoagulation. Secondary measures included UFH doses associated with therapeutic anticoagulation. Study design This single-institution retrospective case-matched study included children with and without obesity, matched on a 1:1 basis, who received a weight-based continuous infusion of UFH. Therapeutic monitoring values were defined for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) level (70-101 seconds) and anti-activated factor X (Xa) level (0.35-0.7 U/mL). Results The study included 50 children. The percentage of patients with supratherapeutic anticoagulation at any point in the study, as measured by either aPTT or anti-Xa level, was similar in the obese and nonobese groups (76% vs 72%; P = 1.0). However, compared with patients without obesity, those with obesity received a lower mean starting dose (17.4 vs 20.2 U/kg/hour; P = .013) and a lower mean maintenance dose (19.1 vs 24.3 U/kg/hour; P = .033) to achieve stable therapeutic monitoring test values. There was no difference in mean initial post-UFH aPTT between the 2 groups, but the mean initial anti-Xa level was higher in the obese group (0.45 vs 0.29 U/mL; P = .045). Conclusion Compared with children without obesity, those with obesity who received actual body weight-based continuous UFH infusions did not exhibit a higher frequency of supratherapeutic anticoagulation, but did require lower dosages to achieve comparable anticoagulation. Our results highlight recognized discrepancies between aPTT and anti-Xa monitoring assays.
Reaction of NH (X 3Σ-) with NO in Xenon Matrix: Infrared Detection of the HNNO Intermediate†

The reaction of ground-state NH with NO has been investigated in solid xenon matrix. NH radicals are formed in good yield in Xe matrix after UV photolysis of HN3 and are reacted with NO in the matrix by annealing the solid to 40 K. A photolabile product is formed and identified as trans-HNNO by infrared spectroscopy, including isotope labeling and comparison with published frequencies from quantum chemical calculations. A minor product with similar formation and photodestruction behavior is assigned to the cis-HNNO isomer. Cis−trans interconversion was also observed. The reaction to form HNNO is essentially activationless. Upon photolysis at wavelengths up to 600 nm, HNNO is destroyed and converted to N2O. This is the first detection of this intermediate, which plays a role in ammonia combustion and NOx removal schemes.
Multi-view face identification and pose estimation using B-spline interpolation

The available face views in the training set are mostly limited. In this paper, we present a view interpolation method using nonlinear B-spline on face manifolds. Two models, the inner-outer ellipse model and the moment of inertia model, are developed to estimate the pose orientation. We use the limited view-pose face images to form the pose eigen space. Then, based on these nonlinear manifolds we form a B-spline for each individual. Identification is to compute the shortest Euclidean distance from a given test view to the nearest point within one of these B-splines. Once the test view is classified as a familiar individual in the training set, not only can the individual be identified, but also the pose angle can be estimated. Experimental results show that B-spline interpolation can achieve a recognition rate of 95%.
A TALE OF TWO ECHOCARDIOGRAMS: SUBVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS IN AN ELDERLY PATIENT

Transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography are the imaging modalities of choice for diagnosing and assessing the severity of aortic stenosis. Nevertheless, in the case of subvalvular stenosis, a discrete ridge is often difficult to visualize on transthoracic echocardiography. The
Regulation of κ/λ immunoglobulin light chain expression in normal murine lymphocytes

Past work has demonstrated that the kappa:lambda ratio in serum immunoglobulins varies significantly among species. In murine systems it has been established that serum levels of immunoglobulins containing kappa and lambda light chains are present in concentrations of 95 and 5%, respectively. The experiments reported here were designed to determine the molecular basis for this unbalanced ratio. We examined spleens and Peyer's patches (PP) of CBA/J mice for the ratio of kappa to lambda for surface Ig expression, mRNA accumulation, transcription and in vitro translation. Studies of the levels of B-cells expressing kappa and lambda revealed the percentages to be similar to the protein concns in serum (90% kappa +, 10% lambda +). However, further analysis of light chain mRNA accumulation and nuclear transcription revealed ratios of kappa:lambda only slightly greater than 1.0 in most cases. In addition, in vitro translation of B-cell-derived mRNA demonstrated greater translation of kappa chains relative to lambda, though clearly not totally sufficient to provide a serum ratio of 95:5. The results suggest that the low concn of serum lambda relative to kappa in the mouse is most likely due to post-translational events such as inefficient protein processing, poor association with heavy chains, etc. In addition, these data support the hypothesis that lambda-mRNA is present in some kappa-bearing B-cells since lambda-mRNA levels are higher than one would predict from a population of cells in which only 5% express surface lambda chain protein.
Estrogen and progesterone modulate monocyte cell cycle progression and apoptosis.

PROBLEM: Pregnancy is characterized by dramatic immunologic changes most commonly characterized as suppression of cell-mediated immunity. Mechanisms of this immunosuppression are obscure but may be caused by increases in pregnancy-associated sex steroids such as 17-β-estradiol or progesterone. METHOD OF STUDY: Using five myelomonocytic cell lines in various stages of differentiation, the effects of 17-β-estradiol and progesterone on cell cycling, apoptosis, and bcl-2 expression in randomly cycling cells before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation were examined. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide alone inhibited cell cycle progression in THP-1 monocyte-like cells and U-937 histiocyte-like cells. Estrogen alone produced cell cycle arrest in all myelomonocytic cells except HL-60 pro-myelocyte-like cells. Progesterone had effects predominantly on pro-myelocytic-like HL-60 cells, inducing apoptosis. Estrogen and progesterone both decreased levels of bcl-2 in KG-1α, HL-60, and THP-1 cells. LPS partially antagonized both estrogen-induced THP-1 apoptosis and its suppression of bcl-2 protein. CONCLUSIONS: Sex steroid-induced effects on cell cycle transition and apoptosis are potential mechanisms by which pregnancy-induced cell-mediated immune suppression may occur. Further investigation should provide a better understanding of pregnancy-induced immune changes and, perhaps, sex-based differences in monocyte function and immunologic responses.
A womb with a view: ultrasound for evaluation of fetal neurobehavioral development

This commentary offers a brief historical perspective that anticipated contemporary studies of fetal behavior and delineates two divergent trends that have merged in the development of ‘Fetal Psychology’. Focusing on ultrasound imaging as a technological advance for the study of fetal behavior, the paper discusses promises and pitfalls that arise when new methodologies are adopted. While fetal ultrasound has been in use for over half a century, the technology is fast becoming the gold standard for fetal behavioral studies. In this context, the Hata et al. study is discussed. A more recent use of ultrasound is its adaptation to investigations of fetal brain development. This effort, along with the on-going studies of prenatal brain–behavior relationships, places the work within a developmental neuroscience context. The paper gives a hint of the promise such applications have with a sample of the author's recent work on fetal brain laterality, and speculates that major discoveries regarding human neurobehavioral development lay ahead as the field of fetal psychology matures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noninfected children of HIV-infected mothers: A 4-year longitudinal study of child psychosocial adjustment and parenting

The purposes of this study were to compare, across 4 years, the psychosocial adjustment of noninfected children (ages 6 to 11 at first assessment) whose mothers are and are not HIV-infected, examine differential changes of the two groups of children across the 4 years, and examine the role of parenting on the child's adjustment. Children of HIV-infected mothers reported more depressive symptoms across the four assessments than children whose mothers were not infected. Evidence for differential change of child psychosocial adjustment across assessments for the two groups did not emerge. Parenting variables, particularly the mother-child relationship, were related to child adjustment in both groups. Many of the findings suggest that mothers and children often provide unique perspectives. Prevention and intervention implications are considered.
Multiple solutions in the calculation of axisymmetric contraction flow of an upper convected maxwell fluid

Abstract The failure of finite-element techniques to generate steady two-dimensional solutions for the flow of an upper convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid into a 4: 1 axisymmetric, sudden contraction for large values of Deborah number, De , is found to stem from the existence of multiple solutions to the algebraic equations. The presence of a limit point De L , that is inherent in the mathematical problem rather than present as a numerical artifact, is demonstrated by a sequence of two-dimensional calculations that cover a wide range of approximation refinement. Refinement is achieved by decreasing mesh size, by increasing the polynomial order (linear to quadratic) in the Lagrangian functions interpolating stress, and by allowing slip along the solid walls to reduce the stress gradients that have proven difficult to approximate in the past. With the quadratic stress interpolation (QQL) method, increasing refinement leads to an unequivocal De L between 0.6 and 0.8 with the exact value depending on whether or not slip is included. Stress interpolation using bilinear polynomials (QLL) results in highly oscillatory stress and velocity fields for Deborah numbers below a limiting value. These oscillations and the behavior of De L with mesh refinement suggest that solution structure for the QLL method does not reflect the behavior of the original differential equations.
Conditioned rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra

Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra were given drug treatments which induced rotational behavior either ipsilateral (2.0 mg/kg D-amphetamine) or contralateral (0.5 mg/kg apomorphine) in a classical conditioning paradigm. Four days after four drug-environment pairings the rats rotated ipsilateral in the amphetamine-associated environment and contralateral in the apomorphine-associated environment. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats which received only drug or environment exposure exhibited a slight tendency to rotate ipsilateral in each environment. This conditioning of drug-induced rotational behavior may offer a useful model for the study of brain mechanisms in classical conditioning.
A pediatric resident program in a nonuniversity hospital.

Summary An attempt has been made to organize the material in a nonuniversity hospital in such a manner that a resident in training would have the opportunity and sufficient undivided time to explore the different facets of pediatrics so that he would be properly oriented in each when he enters the practice of his specialty.
Bracketing, a simple loading technique that increases sample recovery, improves resolution, and increases sensitivity in high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple loading technique is described for high-performance liquid chromatography that permits almost quantitative sample transfer and recovery, improves resolution, and increases peak heights. A small amount of weak eluent precedes and follows the sample into the column, causing solutes to accumulate as a narrow band at the head of the column despite a relatively large injection volume. This technique differs from gradient elution in that the entire column is not equilibrated with weak eluent. Therefore, a drifting baseline is not a problem, no extra time is needed for column re-equilibration, and gradient forming equipment is not required.
Coulometric titration of various organomercurials and mercury containing compounds.

Abstract The feasibility of using constant current coulometry for the analysis of various pharmaceutical compounds containing mercury has been demonstrated. Electrolytically generated thioglycollic acid served as the titrant. No preliminary treatment of the mercury compound was necessary except for those substances in which the mercury is completely bound to carbon. These latter compounds were treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid to cleave the carbon to mercury bond. The mercury content was determined with samples in the milligram range with an indicated deviation of less than one per cent from the theoretical values.
Development and application of RNA probes for the study of picornaviruses.

Abstract Single-stranded RNA probes were developed from cloned cDNA fragments derived from four picornaviruses; poliovirus type 1, coxsackievirus B3, ECHOvirus 9 and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. In comparative testing with a nick-translated cDNA probe, the RNA probe was found to be 10–100-fold more sensitive. Hybridization conditions were optimized for RNA probes to picornavirus targets. Longer hybridization times gave an improved signal, as did a temperature of 50 °C. Formamide concentration had little effect on signal strength. A crude transcription mix performed as well or better as a probe than did more purified preparations of RNA. Finally, a combination of the three probes derived from human picornaviruses detected all 16 serotypes of human enteroviruses tested. Used individually, the four probes detected different spectra of animal and human picornaviruses, shedding more light on the interrelationships among these pathogens.
The end adjusts the means: Heterochromatin remodelling during terminal cell differentiation

All cells that constitute mature tissues in an eukaryotic organism undergo a multistep process of cell differentiation. At the terminal stage of this process, cells either cease to proliferate forever or rest for a very long period of time. During terminal differentiation, most of the genes that are required for cell ‘housekeeping’ functions, such as proto-oncogenes and other cell-cycle and cell proliferation genes, become stably repressed. At the same time, nuclear chromatin undergoes dramatic morphological and structural changes at the higher-order levels of chromatin organization. These changes involve both constitutively inactive chromosomal regions (constitutive heterochromatin) and the formerly active genes that become silenced and structurally modified to form facultative heterochromatin. Here we approach terminal cell differentiation as a unique system that allows us to combine biochemical, ultrastructural and molecular genetic techniques to study the relationship between the hierarchy of chromatin higher-order structures in the nucleus and its function(s) in dynamic packing of genetic material in a form that remains amenable to regulation of gene activity and other DNA-dependent cellular processes.
Phase Stability in Processing and Microstructure Control in High Temperature Mo-Si-B Alloys

For applications at ultrahigh temperatures the multiphase microstructural options that can be developed in the Mo-Si-B system have demonstrated an effective and attractive balance of essential characteristics. The coexistence of the high melting point (>2100°C) ternary intermetallic Mo5SiB2 (T2) phase with Mo provides a useful option for in-situ toughening. A further enhancement is available from a precipitation reaction of Mo within the T2 phase that develops due to the temperature dependence of the solubility behavior of the T2 phase. However, direct access to Mo+T2 microstructures is not possible in ingot castings due to solidification segregation reactions that yield nonequilibrium boride and silicide phases with sluggish dissolution. Alternate routes involving rapid solidification of powders are effective in suppressing the segregation induced phases. The processing and microstructure options can also be augmented by selected refractory metal substitutional alloying, such as the incorporation of Nb, that alters the solubility of the T2 phase and the relative phase stability to yield solidification of two phase refractory solid solution + T2 structures directly. The observed alloying trends highlight the role of atomic size in influencing the relative stability of the T2 phase. A key component of the overall microstructural control and long term microstructural stability is determined by the kinetics of diffusional processes. The analysis of selected diffusion couples involving binary boride and silicide phases has been used to assess the relative diffusivities in the T2 phase and coexisting phases over the range of solubility and to provide a basis for the examination of the kinetics of reactions involved in coatings and oxidation.
The Science of Context: Modes of Response for Qualitative Researchers in Education.

How might qualitative researchers meaningfully operate in a contemporary research climate that holds to such limited conceptions of what constitutes ‘scientific’ research in education? This article discusses implications of scientifically based research (SBR) and identifies several pathways along which researchers may productively work in such a context. These include: (1) Conducting critical inquiry into the socio‐intellectual frameworks and institutional networks driving such policy development; (2) Educating peers and policy‐makers about key precepts of cultural practice and qualitative research; (3) Achieving greater transparency in research designs, inference and theory development, and quality criteria; (4) Adopting mixed‐methods research designs; and (5) Undertaking public access or public‐interest education research. The central aim is to orient qualitative researchers to those modes of scholarship that can most powerfully impact the projects to which they are committed, and thereby extend the not...
“What you'll say is … ”: represented voice in organizational change discourse

Purpose – Following Bakhtin, organizational discourse scholars have examined ways in which organizational actors draw on and negotiate historical texts, weave them with contemporary ones, and transform them into future discourses. This paper examines how this practice occurs discursively as members in a high‐tech corporation conduct an organizational change.Design/methodology/approach – This paper interprets discourse excerpts from meetings of a project team in the western US. Through participant‐observation and discourse analytic methods, the data gathered consists of field notes, over 33 hours' worth of team meeting conversation and five hours of interview data.Findings – Through the use of represented voice, organizational members work out how an action or practice has sounded in the past as spoken by another member, and they articulate how proposed organizational changes might sound in the future. By making these inferences, members are able to discursively translate between a single situated utteranc...
Principles of Corrosion

The principles of corrosion have been reviewed from two aspects: Thermodynamics and kinetics. Thermodynamic considerations yield the relative corrosion tendencies ofthe elements. Three types of corrosion cells have also been mentioned: Galvanic, concentration and simple anodic. Kinetics attempts to explain and predict the actual corrosion behavior of materials. The relative corrosion tendencies, the metallurgical aspects and the environmental conditions must all 'be considered. The environmental conditions of interest are normally temperature, relative humidity, applied electrical bias and ionic contamination. Examples of practical corrosion problems have been discussed. Corrosion is a difficult subject because each case is highly specific. Corrosion of IC devices is even more difficult because of the small sizes of components and because the local corrosion conditions within the IC packages are unknown Several examples of metallization corrosion have been briefly described, such as Mo-Au (galvanic), Al and NiCr (simple anodic), and Al in the presence of phosphorus and chlorine(ionic contamination). The function of failure analysis laboratories is to identify the corrosion mechanism and the Mfaterial causing corrosion. Then that source of corrosion must be related back to the device processing and fabrication stages in order to prevent future problems. There are two approaches to preventing corrosion failures: (1) Protect corrosion susceptible materials from the corrosive environment, as in applying oxide and nitride passivation coatinqs and in packaging finished devices in plas tic or hermetically sealed containers; (2) utilize corrosion resistant systems, such-as the (thus far suecesssful) .Ti/W/Au system.
The 12th World Conference on Titanium presents research and applications of “wonder metal”

The International Conference on Titanium was begun in 1968 to assess the national significance attached to the development of titanium in relation to the technical needs of the participating countries. The conference, held every four years, attracts strong international participation. This article reviews the 12th World Conference on Titanium, hosted by the Nonferrous Society of China and held in Beijing, China, 19–24 June 2011.
Continuity of antibiotic therapy in patients admitted from the emergency department.

Abstract Study objective: We describe discontinuities in antibiotic therapy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted from the emergency department (ED) to an inpatient unit. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted from the ED to the internal medicine service at an academic tertiary care hospital between July 1997 and June 1999. We characterized the frequency of antibiotic delays after arrival on the inpatient unit in relation to antibiotic dosing intervals. We performed paired analysis on the patients treated both with an antibiotic dosed every 6 hours and an antibiotic dosed every 24 hours. Results: Three hundred seventy-five patients were identified. The mean age was 61 years. Sixty-two percent were female. Five hundred fifty-one antibiotic doses were started in the ED and continued on the inpatient unit, with 177 ordered every 6 hours, and 351 ordered every 24 hours. Seventy-five percent of the antibiotics dosed every 6 hours and 19% of the antibiotics dosed every 24 hours were delayed more than 30 minutes ( P Conclusion: Discontinuous therapy, represented through a delayed first inpatient antibiotic dose, is common in patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted from the ED. Although the effect on outcome is unknown, theoretical concerns should lead emergency physicians to consider using longer-acting antibiotics to minimize delayed therapy.
Temperature conditions for chondrule formation

An attempt is made to constrain the chondrule-forming process from dynamic crystallization experiments on chondrule analogs and from correlations between texture and bulk composition in natural chondrules. Liquidus temperatures for chondrules from unequilibrated chondrites are calculated using Herzberg's (1979) method. The paper then infers whether each chondrule formed above, at, or below its liquidus based on textures produced in experiments. A range of temperatures to which chondrules may have been initially heated is then derived from the texture-composition-temperature relationships. Finally, the role of dust seeding, or external heterogeneous nucleation, in producing chondrule textures is examined.
The critical role of c-Src and the Shc/Grb2/ERK2 signaling pathway in angiotensin II-dependent VSMC proliferation.

Abstract Angiotensin II promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through the actions of the G protein-coupled AT 1 receptor. Recent evidence suggest that the tyrosine kinase c-Src may mediate this proliferative response. c-Src can signal through multiple intracellular signaling pathways including (1) the Shc/Grb2/ERK2 pathway, (2) the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), (3) the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway, and (4) the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. In this study, we sought to determine the extent to which c-Src mediates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through the Shc/Grb2/ERK2 signaling pathway. Here we demonstrate that treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells with angiotensin II results in activation of the Shc/Grb2/ERK2 signaling pathway as measured by (1) increased Shc tyrosine phosphorylation, (2) increased c-Src/Shc cellular co-localization, (3) increased Shc/Grb2 co-association, and (4) ERK2 activation. Furthermore, these events are critically dependent on c-Src as pharmacological inhibition of c-Src activity blocked all these cellular occurrences. Most importantly, angiotensin II-dependent cellular proliferation was measured in the presence and absence of c-Src and MEK pharmacological inhibitors. We found that pharmacological inhibition of either c-Src or ERK2 completely eliminated angiotensin II-dependent cellular proliferation. Thus, the data suggest that c-Src and the Shc/Grb2/ERK2 signaling pathway play a critical role in angiotensin II-mediated VSMC proliferation.
The identification of [2-14C]2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine metabolites in humans

[2- 14 C]2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine ([ 14 C]PhIP), a putative human carcinogenic heterocyclic amine found in well-done cooked meat, was administered orally to three colon cancer patients undergoing a partial colonectomy. Forty-eight to seventy-two hours prior to surgery, subjects received a 70‐84 mg dose of 14 C. Urine and blood were analyzed by HPLC for PhIP and PhIP metabolites. Metabolites were identified based on HPLC co-elution with authentic PhIP metabolite standards, mass spectral analysis and susceptibility to enzymatic cleavage. In two subjects, ~90% of the administered [ 14 C]PhIP dose was eliminated in the urine, whereas in the other, only 50% of the dose was found in the urine. One subject excreted three times more radioactivity in the first 4 h than did the others. Twelve radioactive peaks associated with PhIP were detected in the urine samples. The relative amount of each metabolite varied by subject, and the amounts of each metabolite within subjects changed over time. In all three subjects the most abundant urinary metabolite was identified as 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-N 2 -glucuronide (N-hydroxyPhIP-N 2- glucuronide), accounting for 47‐60% of the recovered counts in 24 h. PhIP accounted for ,1% of the excreted radiolabel in all three patients. Other metabolites detected in the urine at significant amounts were 4-(2amino-1-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyrid-6-yl)phenyl sulfate, Nhydroxy-PhIP-N 3 -glucuronide and PhIP-N 2 -glucuronide. In the plasma, N-hydroxy-PhIP-N 2 -glucuronide accounted for 60, 18 and 20% of the recovered plasma radioactivity at 1 h post PhIP dose in subjects 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Plasma PhIP was 56‐17% of the recovered dose at 1 h post exposure. The relatively high concentration of Nhydroxy-PhIP-N 2 -glucuronide and the fact that it is an
Release of monoamines from the striatum and hypothalamus: Effect of γ‐hydroxybutyrate

1. A simple in vitro system was developed to study the effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on nerve cell depolarization-induced release of labelled dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine from brain slices.2. The release of (3)H-dopamine formed in rat striatal slices incubated with (3)H-tyrosine was followed either by transferring the slices through successive media or by using a superfusion system. A one to three minute exposure to K(+) (53 mM) caused up to a thirty fold increase in the release of newly synthesized (3)H-dopamine. This K(+)-induced release was antagonized when gamma-hydroxybutyrate (1 x 10(-3)M) was present in the medium.3. Potassium (53 mM) increased (eighteen to thirty fold) the release of (3)H-dopamine from striatal slices initially loaded by preincubation with (3)H-dopamine. However, the K(+)-induced release of this pool of dopamine was not antagonized by gamma-hydroxybutyrate.4. Potassium (53 mM) also increased the release from striatal slices of (3)H-5-hydroxytryptamine newly synthesized from (3)H-tryptophan. This K(+)-induced release of 5-hydroxytryptamine was also not inhibited by gamma-hydroxybutyrate.5. The release of newly synthesized (3)H-noradrenaline from hypothalamic slices was also increased by K(+). This K(+)-induced release, however, unlike that of 5-hydroxytryptamine, was antagonized when gamma-hydroxybutyrate was present in the superfusion medium.6. Removal of Ca(++) had no effect on K(+)-induced release of (3)H-dopamine when followed by transferring the slices through successive media. This K(+)-induced release was abolished, however, when Mg(++) (12 mM) was present in the medium.7. The removal of Ca(++) from the superfusion medium abolished almost completely the K(+)-induced release from striatal slices of either newly synthesized (3)H-dopamine or preloaded (3)H-dopamine. This is presumably due to a more effective washout of tissue Ca(++) by the superfusion technique.8. The ability of gamma-hydroxybutyrate to antagonize the K(+)-induced release of monoamines from brain slices does not appear to be unique to the release of newly synthesized dopamine from the striatum.
Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of a Library of Polycyclic Small Molecules for Use in Chemical Genetic Assays

(−)-Shikimic acid, 3, was converted into both enantiomers of epoxycyclohexenol carboxylic acid, 7, which were attached to a solid support via a photocleavable linker. Tandem acylation−1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with nitrones 11a−g yielded tetracyclic templates 12a−g. After development of several efficient coupling reactions of iodobenzyl tetracycles 12b−d and completion of extensive validation protocols, a split-pool synthesis yielded a binary encoded library calculated to contain 2.18 million polycyclic compounds. These compounds are compatible with miniaturized cell-based “forward” chemical genetic assays designed to explore biological pathways and “reverse” chemical genetic assays designed to explore protein function. As a simple illustration of the potential of these compounds, several were shown to activate a TGF-β-responsive reporter gene in mammalian cells.
Childhood depression: an explanation of a behavior disorder of children.

Depression is an important cause of behavioral disturbances in children. Childhood depression is an episodic disorder characterized by 10 criteria, symptoms of dysphoric mood, self-deprecatory ideation, agitation, loss of energy, reduced socialization, altered school performance, altered school attitude, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, and somatic complaints persisting for at least one month. Diagnosis and appropriate treatment can successfully alleviate the symptomatology in depressed children.
Generalized linear models

The class of generalized linear models (GLMs) extends the classical linear model for continuous, normal responses to describe the relationship between one or more predictor variables x1,…,xp and a wide variety of nonnormally distributed responses Y including binary, count, and positive-valued variates. GLMs expand the class of response densities from the normal to an exponential family that contains the normal, Poisson, binomial, and other popular distributions as special cases. The models produce estimated expected values that conform to response constraints and allow nonlinear relationships between predictors and expected values. It is straightforward to construct the likelihood for a set of data so that maximum likelihood and related likelihood-based methods are popular techniques for parameter estimation and inference. A key point with GLMs is that many of the considerations in model construction are the same as for standard linear regression models as the models have many common features. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 407–413 DOI: 10.1002/wics.175 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
A lagrange multiplier test for the error components model with incomplete panels

This Paper extends the Breusch and Pagan(1980) lagrange Multiplier test for the random effects model to the incomplete panel data case. It is shown that this test retains the simple additive structure observed in the complete panel data case. It should prove useful for practitioners facing incomplete panel data applications.
Multidimensional Scaling: A Technological Breakthrough for Family Therapy

Abstract This article explains a technique for assessing perceptual structure known as INDSCAL multidimensional scaling. Its successful development from psychophysics to small group dynamics suggests a particularly optimistic future for its application in families. Rather than limiting the family's structural assessment to the criteria chosen by the experimenter or clinician, INDSCAL allows for the idiosyncratic evaluation of this small group based on what the family believes is important. In general, INDSCAL can serve as a supplemental assessment instrument to make initial plans for therapy or as an evaluation of the process of therapy
Kaposi's varicelliform eruption in a patient with Grover's disease

Kaposi's varicelliform eruption is a secondary herpes simplex virus infection that affects patients in the setting of primary dermatologic conditions. It occurs with a variety of skin diseases, although association with Grover's disease has never been reported in the literature. This report describes the manifestations and clinical course. A review of the literature on Kaposi's varicelliform eruption includes disease associations, pathogenesis, and treatment.
Geometry-Based Similarity Assessment: A Method for Mistake-Proofing the Assembly of Complex Products

Mixed model production is the assembly of multiple products on a common assembly line (see Fig. 1). Companies are moving to mixed-model production environments to: 1) reduce production investment, 2) provide increased customization and respond to globalization, 3) reduce response time and variability (order → delivery), and 4) reduce risk and uncertainty. This transition to a more chaotic production environment increases the chance of using incorrect parts as the number of “similar” parts increases dramatically. Many companies do not have systems in place to identify and prevent usage of the wrong part until after errors have occurred and are found in inspection or, worse yet, at the customer. CAD systems are invaluable for designing products of ever-increasing complexity. Design for Assembly (DFA) techniques are essential for minimizing product complexity to reduce product and manufacturing costs. New techniques such as Assembly FMEA and Mixed-model FMEA, can reduce the potential of using the wrong part. However, they require “experts” to identify potential interchangeability and, being human-dependent, are not 100% accurate. Most companies rely on assembly error-proofing technology (barcodes, visual inspection), part presentation simplification (kitting, lean manufacturing), or automation to prevent using the wrong part. Unfortunately, this approach does not prevent the design and installation of physically interchangeable parts. Instead, it prevents defects from escaping to the customer. This not only leads to unnecessary rework during production, but also significantly increases the chance of errors during service as many prevention approaches such as kitting and automation are not available. With product life-cycles shrinking (Shibata, 2001) and development times shortening even more severely, companies cannot afford to fix problems after they find them in production. Companies need to address the problem in the design stage. To address usage of wrong parts, the authors propose a geometry-based pairwise comparison that alerts designers to this potential error. By interacting with the CAD system or Visualization environment directly, the system provides accurate feedback to designers when their proposed parts are “too similar” to existing parts; without requiring additional time from the designer. This paper describes the new method, details various implementation approaches and their limitations, and concludes with difficulties of implementation. Several examples are explored along with the limitations of the approach.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Removal of insect basal laminae using elastase

Abstract We have used the enzyme elastase to remove the basal lamina of epithelia from two insects: the upper Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus and imaginai discs of Drosophila melanogaster . Removal of the basal lamina was confirmed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Use of the technique on the Malphighian tubules of Rhodnius reveals for the first time the three-dimensional organization of the circumferential folds of the basal plasma membrane. Elastase is much more effective in removing the basal lamina than are the enzymes hyaluronidase, collagenase, and chymotrypsin, either alone or in combination. Following elastase treatment, cells of the Malpighian tubules dissociate with only mild mechanical agitation into single, viable cells. Treatment with elastase removes the basal laminae of imaginai discs of Drosophila and accelerates evagination as has been previously described for trypsin. To obtain single cell preparations from elastase-treated imaginai discs, mechanical stirring in Ringer low in Ca 2+ was required. In addition to its usefulness in cell isolation, elastase treatment allows examination of the effect of removal of basal laminae on the physiology and development of insect epithelia.
Broiler survivors of intravenous micro-particle injections: evaluation of growth, livability, meat quality, and arterial blood gas values during a cyclic heat challenge

When broilers are exposed to high ambient temperatures, their cardiac output can increase by 20 to 50%. Previously, we developed an intravenous micro-particle injection technique to select broilers having a cardiopulmonary capacity capable of accommodating increases in cardiac output associated with fast growth and cool temperatures. In the present study, male broilers were injected at 18 to 20 d of age with cellulose micro-particles sufficient to trigger >50% mortality by 35 d of age. The survivors of micro-particle injections (cellulose survivors) and saline-injected flock mates (control group) were exposed to a moderate cyclic heat challenge (peak temperature of 35 to 37 degrees C) beginning on d 36 and continuing through d 57. We tested the hypothesis that if the cellulose survivors represent the population cohort having the most robust cardiopulmonary capacity, then during a subsequent heat challenge these survivorspotentially may perform better than their unselected flock mates. Based on data combined from two independent experiments, the cellulose survivors exhibited improved livability and body weight gain when compared with their unselected flock mates during the cyclic heat challenge. Meat quality characteristics did not differ between the groups. In a third experiment, cellulose survivors and saline-injected male broilers were reared at thermoneutral temperatures or were exposed to a cyclic heat challenge beginning on d 36. Arterial blood samples were collected from unanesthetized birds at 47 to 49 d of age and were analyzed for pH, partial pressure of CO2, bicarbonate, partial pressure of O2, and saturation of hemoglobin with O2. The blood gas values for the cellulose survivors and saline-injected broilers did not differ within a temperature regimen, regardless of whether the broilers were chronically acclimated to heat or were exposed to an acute heat challenge at the end of the experiment. The cellulose survivors did not differ in susceptibility to panting-induced respiratory alkalosis or hypoxemia when compared with their saline-injected flock mates. Overall, these observations indicate that selection for a robust cardiopulmonary capacity can confer advantages in growth and livability without affecting meat quality when broilers are exposed to a moderate heat challenge.
Joule-heating power dissipation in a type-II superconductor tube.

The theoretical analysis of the Joule-heating power density in a specific hollow cylinder of a NbZr superconductor is presented. It is seen that the power density, which is the primary source of internal heating neglecting localized annihilation heating, can have a very complicated behavior, especially in the circular region. Rough estimates of the relative temperature changes are made, and the locations at which instabilities are more likely to initiate are considered.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in adenosis of the prostate

Adenosis (atypical adenomatous hyperplasia) is a benign lesion that morphologically mimics prostate adenocarcinoma, although the relationship between these 2 lesions is still debated. The TMPRSS2-ERG fusion is a common chromosomal rearrangement that occurs early in the development of invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate and results in the expression of a truncated ERG protein. This fusion is present in 50% of adenocarcinomas and in 20% of high-grade prostate intraepithelial lesions. Until recently, fluorescent in situ hybridization was the only method available to detect these rearrangements. A specific anti-ERG antibody is now available for detecting ERG protein expression and serves as a useful marker for ERG rearrangements. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of adenosis from cases of prostate biopsies (n = 30), transurethral resections of the prostate (n = 12), and radical prostatectomies (n = 3) were analyzed via immunohistochemistry for ERG. None (0%) of the foci of adenosis were positive for ERG protein expression. Of 40 cases of Gleason score 6 adenocarcinoma on a tissue microarray, 22 (55%) were positive for ERG protein. Of the positive cases, 14 (63.6%) were moderate in intensity, with the remaining 36.4% being weak. The lack of ERG expression in adenosis supports the notion that it is not a precursor lesion of adenocarcinoma. Moreover, it suggests that immunohistochemistry for ERG expression could be a useful tool to differentiate adenosis from adenocarcinoma.
Wine 2.0—The Next Phase of Wine Marketing? Exploring US Winery Adoption of Wine 2.0 Components

The advent of Wine 2.0—which incorporates components such as social networking, blogs, vlogs, and interactive e-commerce—has the potential to change the way wine consumers interact with wineries, wine retailers, and fellow wine consumers. This research study of 208 US wineries investigates to what extent wineries are adopting Wine 2.0 components as part of their marketing strategy, and how well they respond to online customer requests. Utilizing both content analyses of websites and frequency and types of responses to customer emails, this study illustrates that there is much opportunity for US wineries to advance in this new arena of wine Internet marketing. The study is useful for wine marketing/PR executives and wine business researchers, and includes a list of suggestions to incorporate Wine 2.0 components into traditional marketing strategy.