cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective theory of the T- and P-breaking superconducting state.

An effective theory of superconductivity based on a microscopic theory of the T- and P-breaking spin-liquid state is proposed. There are two independent gauge invariances broken by two separate condensates. The theory may be useful for phenomenological calculations. In particular, it is found that the H(c1) are different for magnetic fields with opposite orientations. It is also found that the polarization of an electromagnetic wave is rotated after reflection from these T- and P-breaking superconductors.
Weak imposition of boundary conditions for the Navier―Stokes equations by a penalty method

We prove convergence of the finite element method for the Navier―Stokes equations in which the no-slip condition and no-penetration condition on the flow boundary are imposed via a penalty method. This approach has been previously studied for the Stokes problem by Liakos (Weak imposition of boundary conditions in the Stokes problem. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 1999). Since, in most realistic applications, inertial effects dominate, it is crucial to extend the validity of the method to the nonlinear Navier―Stokes case. This report includes the analysis of this extension, as well as numerical results validating their analytical counterparts. Specifically, we show that optimal order of convergence can be achieved if the computational boundary follows the real flow boundary exactly.
Race and seatbelt law enforcement: health policy in search of descriptive epidemiology

Purpose Primary enforcement of state seatbelt laws (motorists can be stopped and cited solely for seatbelt nonuse) more effectively prevents motor vehicle crash injuries than does secondary enforcement (motorists can be cited only if stopped for another offense). Enactment of primary laws in most states has been hampered by concern that enforcement would engender racial profiling, but little is known about racial differences in seatbelt law enforcement. To explore racial profiling in relation to state seat belt laws, we analyzed data from telephone interviews performed by the U.S. Department of Transportation with a national probability sample of motorists in 2000. Methods The study population comprised 466 black and 3117 white drivers residing in 12 primary law states and 13 secondary law states from which there were five or more black survey participants. As a measure of profiling, race-specific seatbelt violation citation histories were compared for all motorists stopped by police in the preceding year who had not been wearing seatbelts at the time. Logistic regression was used in computation of prevalence odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with and without stratification by type of state seatbelt law. Results For all states collectively, among blacks and whites stopped while not wearing seatbelts, blacks were nearly three times as likely to be cited exclusively for violating a seatbelt law (OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.0, 8.1). Stratification by state law, however, indicated that in primary law states blacks were nearly four times as likely as whites to be cited only for a seatbelt law violation (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 0.8, 16.7), whereas in secondary law states blacks were more than three times less likely to be cited only for seatbelt law violations (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.1, 2.0). Conclusion Although these findings were based on a small size and confidence intervals were wide, they suggest that primary seatbelt laws may lead to racial profiling.
Algorithm 676: ODRPACK: software for weighted orthogonal distance regression

In this paper, we describe ODRPACK, a software package for the weighted orthogonal distance regression problem. This software is an implementation of the algorithm described in [2] for finding the parameters that minimize the sum of the squared weighted orthogonal distances from a set of observations to a curve or surface determined by the parameters. It can also be used to solve the ordinary nonlinear least squares problem. The weighted orthogonal distance regression procedure application to curve and surface fitting and to measurement error models in statistics. The algorithm implemented is an efficient and stable trust region (Levenberg-Marquardt) procedure that exploits the structure of the problem so that the computational cost per iteration is equal to that for the same type of algorithm applied to the ordinary nonlinear least squares problem. The package allows a general weighting scheme, provides for finite difference derivatives, and contains extensive error checking and report generating facilities.
Band Broadening in a Microcapillary with a Stepwise Change in the ζ-potential

In capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), adsorption of charged analytes to walls has been observed to cause significant band broadening. The effect is believed to be due to modification of the flow pattern and the consequent Taylor dispersion caused by the alteration of the wall charge by the adsorbed analytes. Experiments using neutral (nonadsorbing) analytes in capillaries in which the ζ-potential has been deliberately altered in a controlled way by chemically coating a segment of the capillary have been performed by Towns and Regnier (Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 2473) in an effort to understand the mechanism of the band broadening. In this paper, the Taylor dispersion due to electroosmotic flow in such a partially coated capillary is calculated and compared to the experimental data. The theoretical predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with the data, thus supporting the hypothesis that the decreased resolution can be attributed to Taylor dispersion due to the induced pressure gradient brought ab...
Intravenous injections and infusions

Abstract The indications for intravenous injections and infusions are classified. Technics for venipuncture and venoclysis are described. Some essential points dealing with fluid replacement are reviewed. The more common dangers and complications of intravenous therapy are presented.
Rings of continuous functions

Contents: Functions of a Topological Space.- Ideals and Z-Filters.- Completely Regular Spaces.- Fixed Ideals. Compact Spaces.- Ordered Residue Class Rings.- The Stone-Czech Compactification.- Characterization of Maximal Ideals.- Realcompact Spaces.- Cardinals of Closed Sets in Beta-x.- Homomorphisms and Continuous Mappings.- Embedding in Products of Real Lines.- Discrete Spaces. Nonmeasurable Cardinals.- Hyper-Real Residue Class Fields.- Prime Ideals.- Uni- form Spaces.- Dimension.- Notes.- Bibliography.- List of Symbols.- Index.
Hot-Electron Plasma by Beam-Plasma Interaction

A 5-kev d-c electron beam interacting with a plasma of deuterium yielded x-ray photons with energies up to 250 kev from the plasma region. An electron temperature of 32 kev and an electron density of 4 x 10/sup ''/ electrons cm/sup - 3/ are inferred from the total photon flux and its energy distribution. The plasma existed in the steady state and was contained in a magnetic mirror system with the electron stream on the axis. A 3 to 1 mirror ratio was used with a 1500 gauss field at the midplane. (C.E.S.)
Calcium-stimulated insulin secretion in diffuse and focal forms of congenital hyperinsulinism.

Abstract Objectives: To identify infants with hyperinsulinism caused by defects of the β-cell adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel complex and to distinguish focal and diffuse forms of hyperinsulinism caused by these mutations. Study design: The acute insulin response to intravenous calcium stimulation (CaAIR) was determined in 9 patients SUR1 –/– ), 3 patients with focal congenital hyperinsulinism (6 weeks to 18 months), a 10-year-old with insulinoma, 5 with hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome caused by defective glutamate dehydrogenase (6 months to 28 years), 4 SUR1 +/– heterozygotes with no symptoms, and 9 normal adults. Three infants with congenital focal disease, 1 with diffuse hyperinsulinism, and the child with insulinoma underwent selective pancreatic intra-arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic venous sampling. Results: Children with diffuse SUR1 –/– disease and infants with congenital focal hyperinsulinism responded to CaAIR, whereas the normal control group, patients with hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome, and SUR1 +/– carriers did not. Selective arterial calcium stimulation of the pancreas with hepatic venous sampling revealed selective, significant step-ups in insulin secretion that correlated anatomically with the location of solitary lesions confirmed surgically in 2 of 3 infants with congenital focal disease and in the child with insulinoma. Selective arterial calcium stimulation of the pancreas with hepatic venous sampling demonstrated markedly elevated baseline insulin levels throughout the pancreas of the infant with diffuse hyperinsulinism. Conclusions: The intravenous CaAIR is a safe and simple test for identifying infants with diffuse SUR1 –/– hyperinsulinism or with focal congenital hyperinsulinism. Preoperative selective arterial calcium stimulation of the pancreas with hepatic venous sampling can localize focal lesions causing hyperinsulinism in children. The combination of these calcium stimulation tests may help distinguish focal lesions suitable for cure by local surgical resection. (J Pediatr 2000;137:239-46)
Explicit generation of unitary transformations in a single atom or molecule

Original article can be found at: http://prola.aps.org/ Copyright American Physical Society. [Full text of this article is not available in the UHRA]
Diagnosing the pathological gambler

This paper discusses problems of making the diagnosis of pathological gambling, a new diagnosis in the 1980 edition of DSM III. Suggestions are made for taking the patient's history, evaluating it, and ruling out other diagnoses. A checklist derived from DMS III is presented to help facilitate making an accurate diagnosis.
Secure high data embedding rate for steganographic application

Data hiding is the process of secretly embedding information inside a data source without changing its perceptual quality or its statistical properties. In this paper we present a new data hiding technique for embedding a high data rate in the transform domain. This technique is suitable for applications such as covert communication and captioning. The technique is based on increasing the number of image transform coefficients used to carry the information by decorrelating the image samples in the spatial domain. The embedding technique does not introduce noticeable changes neither in the perceptual quality nor in the statistical properties of the cover image. Hence, it is considered to be secure.
Standard quantitative assays for apoptosis

The term apoptosis refers to a peculiar morphology of cell death. It is of special interest because it can be triggered physiologically (and pathologically), and it is regulated by the actions of specific gene products. Therefore, it can in principle be activated and suppressed by medical intervention. It thus is often important to determine whether cells are dying by apoptosis (or its less regulated counterpart, necrosis) and also to quantify the effect in a population of cells. Here the classic methods of apoptosis quantitation are described; they will be of particular use to those whose laboratories are set up for standard microscopical and biochemical techniques, who do apoptosis assays infrequently but wish them to be widely accepted and reproducible. A simple microscopic observation, using blue light illumination and a pair of fluorescent dyes, is recommended for most applications.
Topography of rodent whisking--I. Two-dimensional monitoring of whisker movements.

During 'active touch' the rodent whiskers scan the environment in a series of repetitive movements ('whisks') generating afferent signals which transform the spatial properties of objects into spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity. Based upon analyses carried out in a single movement plane, it has been generally assumed that these trajectories are essentially uni-dimensional, although more complex movements have been described in some rodents. The present study was designed to examine this assumption and to more precisely characterize whisking topography by monitoring whisking trajectories along both the antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axes. Using optoelectronic monitoring techniques with high-spatio-temporal resolution, movement data were obtained from a population of vibrissae sampled at different locations on the mystacial pad in head-fixed rats isolated from the perturbing effects of contact. For a substantial proportion of the population of whisking movements sampled, the trajectories genera...
Mining the Web for relations

Abstract The Web is a vast source of information. However, due to the disparate authorship of Web pages, this information is buried in its amorphous and chaotic structure. At the same time, with the pervasiveness of Web access, an increasing number of users is relying on Web search engines for interesting information. We are interested in identifying how pieces of information are related as they are presented on the Web. One such problem is studying patterns of occurrences of related phrases in Web documents and in identifying relationships between these phrases. We call these the duality problems of the Web. Duality problems are materialized in trying to define and identify two sets of inter-related concepts, and are solved by iteratively refining mutually dependent coarse definitions of these concepts. In this paper we define and formalize the general duality problem of relations on the Web. Duality of patterns and relationships are of importance because they allow us to define the rules of patterns and relationships iteratively through the multitude of their occurrences. Our solution includes Web crawling to iteratively refine the definition of patterns and relations. As an example we solve the problem of identifying acronyms and their expansions through patterns of occurrences of (acronym, expansion) pairs as they occur in Web pages.
Clinical teaching improves with resident evaluation and feedback.

Background The literature is mixed on whether evaluation and feedback to clinical teachers improves clinical teaching. This study sought to determine whether resident-provided numerical evaluation and written feedback to clinical teachers improved clinical teaching scores. Methods Anesthesia residents anonymously provided numerical scores and narrative comments to faculty members who provided clinical teaching. Residents returned 19,306 evaluations between December 2000 and May 2006. Faculty members received a quantitative summary report and all narrative comments every 6 months. Residents also filled out annual residency program evaluations in which they listed the best and worst teachers in the department. Results The average teaching score for the entire faculty rose over time and reached a plateau with a time constant of approximately 1 yr. At first, individual faculty members had average teaching scores that were numerically diverse. Over time, the average scores became more homogeneous. Faculty members ranked highest by teaching scores were also most frequently named as the best teachers. Faculty members ranked lowest by teaching scores were most frequently named as the worst teachers. Analysis of ranks, differential improvement in scores, and a decrease in score diversity effectively ruled out simple score inflation as the cause for increased scores. An increase in teaching scores was most likely due to improved teaching. Conclusions A combination of evaluation and feedback, including comments on areas for improvement, was related to a substantial improvement in teaching scores. Clinical teachers are able to improve by using feedback from residents.
Glucose Metabolism in the Ischemic Heart

A number of clinical trials are presently evaluating whether stimulating glucose metabolism is an effective therapeutic approach to lessening the severity of ischemic injury (see References 1, 2, and 3 for reviews). Several pharmacological agents with demonstrated anti-ischemic effects have also recently been shown to act by stimulating glucose metabolism (ie, ranolazine, trimetazidine, l-carnitine, and propionyl l-carnitine).3 4 Despite these encouraging results, the regulation of glucose metabolism during ischemia remains poorly understood. Although many experimental studies have addressed the changes in cellular metabolism that occur during and subsequent to ischemia,3 5 little is known about the effects of ischemia on the actual transport of glucose into the heart. It has long been known that myocardial ischemia results in an increase in the rate of glycolysis and a switch from lactate uptake by the heart to lactate production.5 The glucose for glycolysis originates from both the breakdown of myocardial glycogen stores and the uptake of glucose from the blood (Figure⇓). The rate of glucose uptake by the heart during ischemia is dependent on the severity of the reduction in blood flow.6 It is increased with less severe ischemia but decreases with severe ischemia when glucose delivery to the tissue is very low. In any case, ischemia consistently causes a large increase in the extraction of glucose from the blood, reflecting a greater capacity for glucose transport across the sarcolemmal membrane.6 A family of glucose transporters has only recently been cloned and characterized, with GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 being responsible for glucose transport in the heart (see Reference 7 for review). Although ischemia results in a flow-dependent fall in glucose delivery and a decrease in interstitial glucose levels,8 glucose uptake rates can still be accelerated. In this issue of Circulation , Young et al …
The path towards a high-performance solution-processed kesterite solar cell ☆

Abstract Despite the promise of thin-film Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 (CIGSSe) chalcopyrite and CdTe photovoltaic technologies with respect to reducing cost per watt of solar energy conversion, these approaches rely on elements that are either costly and/or rare in the earth's crust (e.g., In, Ga, Te) or that present toxicity issues (e.g., Cd), thereby potentially limiting these technologies in terms of future cost reduction and production growth. In order to develop a photovoltaic technology that is truly compatible with terawatt deployment, it is desirable to consider material systems that employ less toxic and lower cost elements, while maintaining the advantages of the chalcopyrite and CdTe materials with respect to appropriate direct band gap tunability over the solar spectrum, high device performance (e.g., >10% power conversion efficiency) and compatibility with low-cost manufacturing. In this review, the development of kesterite-based Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe) thin-film solar cells, in which the indium and gallium from CIGSSe are replaced by the readily available elements zinc and tin, will be reviewed. While vacuum-deposited devices have enabled optimization within the compositional phase space and yielded selenium-free CZTS device efficiencies of as high as 6.8%, more recently a liquid-based approach has been described that has enabled deposition of CZTSSe devices with power conversion efficiency of 9.7%, bringing the kesterite-based technology into a range of potential commercial interest. Electrical characterization studies on these high-performance CZTSSe cells reveal some of the key loss mechanisms (e.g., dominant interface recombination, high series resistance and low minority carrier lifetime) that limit the cell performance. Further elucidation of these mechanisms, as well as building an understanding of long-term device stability, are required to help propel this relatively new technology forward.
Production and Predator-Induced Release of Volatile Chemicals by the Plant Bug Lygus hesperus

Both sexes of adult western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae), released three volatile chemicals in relatively large amounts when attacked by ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus and Solenopsis xyloni) or when grabbed by forceps, as determined by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The relative amounts of the volatile compounds, hexyl butyrate, (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, absorbed by SPME as a percentage of the largest were 100%, 44%, and 4%, respectively, from females, and 83%, 37%, and 3% from males. Both ant species were repelled by the defensive discharges (confirmed by SPME) when the ants attacked L. hesperus adults. Sexually mature L. hesperus were individually extracted in pentane to quantify the mean amounts of hexyl butyrate (14.9 μg/female; 10.3 μg/male), (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal (2.7 μg/female; 3.1 μg/male), and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate (1.2 μg/female; 0.6 μg/male). (E)-4-Oxo-2-hexenal was unstable in solvent when in contact with a macerated adult, but relatively stable when the solution was decanted within minutes. The production of the three major volatile components began soon after the emergence of the adult and amounts increased for about 5–10 d with little or no increase thereafter. Minor additional constituents were cross-correlated in many cases with the three major ones. A cost of defensive secretion is suggested for females but not for males, because heavier females produced more volatile compounds than lighter females. The initial discharge percentage, defined as the proportion of volatile compounds initially present that is discharged to defend against predation was estimated at about 50% in males and 70% in females. Newly eclosed adults did not produce volatile chemicals until 2 d after molting.
Determinants of Process Change Outcome: An Exploratory Case Study Research Model

This research looks to explore business process change within an institutional framework to determine its applicability in identifying determinants of success and failure in Business Process Change efforts. While there are many reasons suggested for failure, elements of the process involving the human factor are the primary area of concern for this study. An extensive literature review of 63 Business Process ChangeBPC, including Business Process ReengineeringBPR, Total Quality ManagementTQM, Lean ManufacturingLM, Six Sigma and Continuous Process ImprovementCPI case studies was conducted to determine the preliminary success/failure factors. The factors that are being investigated in this study are: industry type, number of employees, process change type, change response type, upper management support, lower echelon support, performance measurements, initial change focus and downsizing made during process change. The target variable is the process change outcome. The primary purpose of this study is to examine possible factors that either promote or inhibit success in process change efforts. The factors chosen for inclusion are those that are most closely associated with institutional theory and the human elements associated with process change in the workplace. This information will contribute to the existing research suggesting the congruence between Institutional Theory and Organization Change Theory.
Talking Across Cultures in Early Intervention: Finding Common Ground to Meet Children's Communication Needs

Abstract In this paper, we explore cultural values and expectations that might vary among different groups. Using the collectivist-individualist framework, we discuss differences in beliefs about the caregiver role in teaching and interacting with young children. Differences in these beliefs can lead to dissatisfaction with services on the part of caregivers and with frustration in service delivery on the part of service providers. We propose that variation in caregiver and service provider perspectives arise from cultural values, some of which are instilled through our own training as speech-language pathologists. Understanding where these differences in cultural orientation originate can help to bridge these differences. These can lead to positive adaptations in the ways that speech-language pathology services are provided within an early intervention setting that will contribute to effective intervention.
Specific organization of genes in relation to the sperm nuclear matrix

We have recently reported that mammalian sperm DNA, the most highly condensed and functionally inert eukaryotic DNA, is organized into DNA loop domains attached at their bases to a sperm nuclear matrix (Chromosoma, 98: 153, 1989). We report here the specific arrangement of genes within the sperm loop domains by measuring the proximity of six hamster genes to the sperm nuclear matrix. After restriction endonuclease treatment of sperm nuclear matrices, five genes were clearly not associated with the sperm nuclear matrix and only one, alpha A-crystallin, was within 2 Kb of the matrix. This suggests that sperm DNA is organized in a specific manner in relation to the sperm matrix.
Cross-polarization level in radiation from a microstrip dipole antenna

A description is given of the cross-polarization level in radiation from a small horizontal electric dipole (HED) on a flat grounded dielectric substrate. The study is directed toward the design of a very low cross-polarization level in a linear array of microstrip antenna elements. Field expressions for a copolarized and cross-polarized microstrip HED for any arbitrary dipole orientation and array direction are derived. >
Mathematical modelling and analysis of cellular signalling in macrophages

Cell signalling pathways play a crucial role in proper cell development and behaviour, with implications to survival, chemotaxis, proliferation, and even programmed cell death known as apoptosis. In this article, we outline a mathematical model of the G-protein signalling pathway in a particular cell line of macrophages, focusing on activation of a particular G-protein-coupled receptor, P2Y6. The model is based on the kinetics of P2Y6 surface receptors, inositol trisphosphate, cytosolic calcium, and differential dynamics of multiple species of diacylglycerol. Insight into the dynamics of the system is given through recently available experimental results and incorporated into the model. Mathematical analysis of the model, including establishment of global existence, uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness of solutions, and global stability of a unique steady-state solution is discussed.
Single particle detection in CMOS compatible photonic crystal nanobeam cavities

We report the label-free detection of single particles using photonic crystal nanobeam cavities fabricated in silicon-on-insulator platform, and embedded inside microfluidic channels fabricated in poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Our system operates in the telecommunication wavelength band, thus leveraging the widely available, robust and tunable telecom laser sources. Using this approach, we demonstrated the detection of polystyrene nanoparticles with dimensions down to 12.5nm in radius. Furthermore, binding events of a single streptavidin molecule have been observed.
Contrast-induced translocational hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in advanced kidney disease

Abstract Background: In patients with advanced kidney disease, administration of effective osmolar agents may lead to hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and intravascular expansion. To our knowledge, osmolar effects of contrast agents in patients with advanced kidney disease have not been previously elucidated. Methods: This retrospective case series includes 5 patients with advanced kidney disease who underwent diagnostic and/or therapeutic cardiac catheterization and developed hyponatremia. Blood chemistry tests were performed before and after the procedure. Hyponatremia is defined as a plasma sodium concentration less than 135 mEq/L (mmol/L). Results: Mean precontrast and postcontrast sodium levels were 138.6 mEq/L (mmol/L) and 122.6 mEq/L (mmol/L), respectively. Plasma potassium levels increased after contrast exposure. There was no difference in degree of hyperkalemia between patients with and without diabetes. Plasma bicarbonate levels were noted to decrease after contrast exposure in 4 of 5 patients, with the exception of a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. There was a strong correlation between dose of contrast administered and change in sodium level, with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. Conclusion: These data suggest that large volumes of contrast may result in hypertonic hyponatremia through a dual effect of exogenous fluid dilution and translocation. The fluid translocated from intracellular to extracellular spaces may lead to a decrease in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate levels. All patients developed hyperkalemia, which may be caused by solvent drag and/or passive diffusion, in addition to impaired excretory capacity. Patients with advanced kidney disease exposed to large volumes of contrast should be monitored for osmolar-induced chemical changes so that timely postcontrast dialytic therapy can be instituted.
Influence of Health Attitudes on the Acceptability of Cranberry Juic

: Although cranberry juice cocktail contains only 27 to 31% cranberry juice, higher concentrations of cranberry may appeal to health-conscious consumers. Fifty women rated blends containing 27, 34, 41, 54, and 100% cranberry juice for body, sweetness, tartness, and overall acceptability and completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales questionnaire. One week later, subjects received information on health benefits of cranberries and re-evaluated samples labeled with the percentage cranberry juice. MHLC scores did not affect the ratings of the samples. Mean ratings for all attributes were not different between 27 and 34% juices. Hedonic ratings for tartness and overall acceptability of the 41% blend increased during the 2nd session.
The Vernier Delay Unit

This module will accept differential ECL pulses from the auxiliary rear panel or NIM level pulses from the front panel. The pulses are produced at the output with a fixed delay that is software programmable in steps of 0.1 ns over the range of 0.1 to 10.5 ns. Multiple outputs are available at the front panel. Minimum delay through the module is 9 ns.
Cultured human lymphocytes proliferate faster in medium lacking fetal calf serum and antibiotics.

Abstract When human whole blood was cultured in medium containing neither fetal calf serum nor antibiotics, more peripheral lymphocytes initiated DNA synthesis at about 24 h of culture than did lymphocytes in blood cultured in complete medium. Furthermore, the cells proliferated faster, so that by 48 h in culture approximately 20% of the metaphase cells in medium lacking fetal calf serum and antibiotics were in their second division. Such rapid cell proliferation can affect quantitative studies of chromosome aberrations, which should be observed in their first mitosis in culture, before cell death can cause a diminution in aberration yields. The rapid appearance of second-division metaphases should also be advantageous for the measurement of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs), which require two cell divisions for their observation. In contrast to cultures with complete medium, cells grown without fetal calf serum and antibiotics had fewers SCEs in second-division cells that divided later in the culture period.
Regulating filopodial dynamics through actin-depolymerizing factor/cofilin

The regulation of filopodial dynamics by neurotrophins and other guidance cues plays an integral role in growth cone pathfinding. Filopodia are F-actin-based structures that explore the local environment, generate forces and play a role in growth cone translocation. Here, we review recent research showing that the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin family of proteins mediates changes in the length and number of growth cone filopodia in response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Although inhibition of myosin contractility also causes filopodial elongation, the elongation in response to BDNF does not occur through a myosin-dependent pathway. Active ADF/cofilin increases the rate of cycling between the monomer and polymer pools and is critical for the BDNF-induced changes. Thus, we discuss potential mechanisms by which ADF/cofilin may affect filopodial initiation and length change via its effects on F-actin dynamics in light of past research on actin and myosin function in growth cones.
Interface Modification for Fiber-Reinforced Titanium Aluminide Composites

Candidate diffusion barrier coatings were applied to aluminum oxide and silicon carbide fibers, and consolidated in a gamma titanium aluminide alloy. Interfacial coatings of titanium carbide and titanium diboride were applied to the fibers using chemical vapor deposition, while calcium oxide coatings were applied from a solution. Sections of these specimens were vacuum encapsulated in quartz tubing and heat treated for 50 hours at 1100°C. The thermochemical stability of the fibers was evaluated using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to compare the fiber-matrix interface of the specimens before and after heat treatment. Both the as-manufactured and the coated aluminum oxide fibers showed no discernable interaction with the titanium aluminide matrix. Titanium diboride effectively prevented the silicon carbide fiber from reaction with the matrix. The silicon carbide fiber which was coated with titanium carbide showed significant reaction between the fiber and the coating after heat treatment.
Structure of a complex of catabolite gene activator protein and cyclic AMP refined at 2.5 A resolution.

The structure of a dimer of the Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein has been refined at 2.5 A resolution to a crystallographic R-factor of 20.7% starting with coordinates fitted to the map at 2.9 A resolution. The two subunits are in different conformations and each contains one bound molecule of the allosteric activator, cyclic AMP. The amino-terminal domain is linked to the smaller carboxy-terminal domain by a nine-residue hinge region that exists in different conformations in the two subunits, giving rise to approximately a 30 ° rotation between the positions of the small domains relative to the larger domains. The amino-terminal domain contains an antiparallel β-roll structure in which the interstrand hydrogen bonding is well-determined. The β-roll can be described as a long antiparallel β-ribbon that folds into a right-handed supercoil and forms part of the cyclic AMP binding site. Each cyclic AMP molecule is in an anti conformation and has ionic and hydrogen bond interactions with both subunits.
Success estimations and performance in children as influenced by age, gender, and task

This study examined the effects of a manipulated sex association cue on the estimation of success as well as actual performance on a novel motor task. Boys and girls in the third and seventh grade (N=80) were randomly assigned by gender and grade to either a football-related or a dance-related group. The task was a simple reaction time test that was presented with instructions to indicate a sex association. Findings indicated that performance expectancies obtained prior to engaging in a novel motor task can be affected by the way a task is presented.
Embedded Reference: Providing Research Guidance within the Education Courseroom

Much research has been conducted on general virtual reference interactions but little on reference provided within an online embedded librarian program. To better understand embedded reference, the author studied 275 student-initiated reference interactions, conducted either through email or in an online course discussion board, to determine what types of questions students asked and if these were affected by the mode of communication. Students used email and the discussion board nearly equally, and providing reference within an online courseroom, but not the specific mode of communication, seemed to influence the nature of the questions students asked.
The withdrawal of chloride from the blood by the gastric glands

During the rapid secretion of hydrochloric acid by the gastric mucosa, appreciable differences in the chloride concentration in the arterial and gastric venous blood were observed only occasionally; these differences were mainly in the cell chloride.
Adsorption of Amphiphilic Dimers at Surfaces.

Abstract Adsorption of amphiphilic dimers is analyzed in the framework of density functional Ono–Kondo theory. There are three configurations for dimers absorbed at a surface: one parallel to the surface and two perpendicular to the surface ( AB and BA , with A or B touching the surface, respectively). Densities of molecules in each configuration are calculated from density functional theory and compared to Monte Carlo simulation data. There is good agreement between theory and simulations. It is shown that the parallel configuration is preferred over the perpendicular configuration, except when there are very strong asymmetries in intermolecular forces. In most cases, the parallel configuration is even preferred over the combination of the two perpendicular configurations.
The Impact of Stigma and Personal Experiences on the Help-Seeking Behaviors of Medical Students With Burnout.

PurposeBecause of the high prevalence of burnout among medical students and its association with professional and personal consequences, the authors evaluated the help-seeking behaviors of medical students with burnout and compared their stigma perceptions with those of the general U.S. population a
Distribution and selective extraction of filamentous components associated with axonal microtubules of crayfish nerve cord

Axons of crayfish nerve cord contain a prominent matrix network of 4- to 8-nm branched filaments which attach to and interconnect all the axoplasmic organelles, especially microtubules. The axoplasmic matrix filaments (AMF) can be selectively extracted by incubating interconnective pieces in 0.1 M Tris—maleate buffer (pH 8.6) for 1 hr at room temperature. After Tris—maleate extraction a component of the AMF remains which, when viewed in stereo, forms a spiral as it attaches to and winds around the surface of the microtubule, perhaps reflecting microtubule polarity. This microtubule-associated spiral is removed from the tubule surface by 0.4 M Pipes buffer or trypsin. We also report the cytochemical localization of ATPase activity within the axon in a distribution which parallels that of the microtubules. Based on these and other findings, a model for axoplasmic transport is presented which involves microtubules and the filamentous components of the axoplasmic matrix.
Chemolysis of residual stone fragments after extensive surgery for staghorn calculi.

Abstract Chemical dissolution of residual stone fragments was attempted.in twelve instances via nephrostomy tube irrigation. Appropriate solutions containing either hemiacidrin or sodium bicarbonate were used for struvite and uric acid stones, respectively. Precautions were taken to prevent and recognize outflow obstruction and urinary infection. Seventy-five per cent of the stones so treated were completely dissolved, and there were no major complications. The incidence of retained stones, natural history, and indications for chemical dissolution are reviewed.
A formal model for automated software modularity and evolvability analysis

Neither the nature of modularity in software design, characterized as a property of the structure of dependencies among design decisions, or its economic value are adequately well understood. One basic problem is that we do not even have a sufficiently clear definition of what it means for one design decision to depend on another. The main contribution of this work is one possible mathematically precise definition of dependency based on an augmented constraint network model. The model provides an end-to-end account of the connection between modularity and its value in terms of options to make adaptive changes in uncertain and changing design spaces. We demonstrate the validity and theoretical utility of the model, showing that it is consistent with, and provides new insights into, several previously published results in design theory.
Innovation, external technical linkages and small firm commercial performance: an empirical analysis from Western New York

This paper examines the role of external service linkages in the innovation and market peformance of small manufacturing firms (SMFs). Survey data from a technological cross-section of 146 Western New York SMFs are summarized. The data suggest a helpful role for consultants in the product development efforts of innovative firms, especially those that serve foreign export markets. Several multiple discriminant models are presented, each of which suggests an interactive connection between SMF commercial performance, externa) technical links, innovation propensity and in-house R&D. It is argued that innovative SMFs that exploit specialized technical services perform significantly better than comparably sized firms that rely solely on in-house resources. It is also argued that the quality of a region's producer service environment may have a significant bearing on the growth potential of its SMF population. The paper concludes by discussing the main academic and public policy implications that flow from the e...
Corporate contributions: Some additional considerations

In the Spring, 1978 issue of this journal, Ferdinand Levy and Gloria Shatto (hereinafter L-S) discussed and tested some hypotheses relating to corporate charity. Two hypotheses were investigated: (I) 'changes in corporate contributions depend upon changes in net income, net investment, and advertising', and (II) 'the level of aggregate corporate giving primarily depends upon the costs of giving, i.e., tax rates. Moreover, if corporate giving is related to net income as are dividends, then giving should be related to dividends' (1978: 21-22).1 The first hypothesis was tested using data from 1971 corporate tax returns for 56 SIC two-digit industries; the second hypothesis employed time series data on corporate giving over the period 1946 to 1972. The purpose of this note is to reexamine the specification of the first hypothesis and to test empirically some alternative models. L-S conclude that 'Corporations' philanthropy depends upon their size, incomes, and especially their levels of advertising' (p. 27). This assertion is based on the following regression:
Abstract B96: Stimulation of lung adenocarcinoma by social stress

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and the leading cause of cancer deaths. Adenocarcinoma (AC) is the leading histological type of lung cancer in all investigated populations and shows a significantly lower association with smoking than other lung cancers. We have previously reported that the proliferation and migration of human AC cells in vitro is stimulated by beta-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs). Agonists for these receptors promoted the progression of AC in hamsters while a beta-blocker had strong cancer preventive effects. The stress neurotransmitters noradrenaline and adrenaline are the physiological agonists for β-ARs. They are released from nerve endings and the adrenal medulla in response to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) stimulation by acetylcholine. Our current study has therefore tested the hypothesis that social stress stimulates the growth of xenografts from human ACs and that nAChRs are involved in this response. Social stress was induced in accordance with published procedures in nude mice carrying xenografts from AC cell lines NCI-H322 and NCI-H441. The diameters of xenografts in mice expose to social stress versus unstressed mice were measured. Levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline, the stress hormone cortisol, the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in serum and xenograft tissues and levels of cAMP in the cellular fraction of blood and in xenograft tissue were assessed by immunoassays. The levels of GAD65, GAD67, nAChRs and signaling proteins downstream of β-ARs in the tumor tissue were determined by Western blotting. Our data show a significant stimulation of xenograft growth by social stress accompanied by elevated levels of stress neurotransmitters, cortisol and cAMP. In addition, protein expression of nAChR subunits α 3, α4, α5 and α7 as well as β-adrenergic signaling proteins were upregulated while GABA and both GAD enzymes were downregulated. Our data provide first experimental evidence for a significant role of social stress in the development and progression of AC. Supported by Challenge grant 1RC1CA144640-01 with National Institutes of Health. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):B96.
La seguridad de los ancianos en casa

Aumento del riesgo de caidas Uno de cada tres ancianos de la comunidad se cae una vez al ano. Las caidas son la principal causa de mortalidad en esta poblacion, y la mayoria de estas muertes se producen al cabo de varios meses de tratamiento y medicacion. La mayoria de ancianos tienen problemas sensoriales, es decir, problemas de oido o de vista, los cuales ayudan a provocar caidas. Por la noche su vision aun disminuye mas, por lo que necesitan tres veces mas luz que cualquier otra persona mas joven para ver correctamente. La capacidad alterada que poseen los ancianos de la profundidad de campo tambien ayuda mucho a padecer caidas, asi como sus limitaciones para realizar las actividades de la vida diaria, de forma que a veces la mejor opcion es ingresarlos en un centro gerontogeriatrico.
Dynamic response and control analysis of cross flow heat exchangers under variable temperature and flow rate conditions

Abstract Crossflow heat exchangers are important facilities that are widely used in HAVC systems, such as data center cooling systems. The dynamic performance of the heat exchanger may have a significant effect on the performance of cooling systems. Characterizing and modeling the dynamic behaviors of cross flow heat exchangers in practical working conditions is important for both thermal management and control system design. Multiple variable input scenarios are common occurrences to the heat exchangers under practical operating conditions. In this paper, an established thermal dynamic model is solved numerically to predict the transient response of an unmixed–unmixed cross-flow heat exchanger, of the type that is widely used in data center cooling equipment. Detailed analyses of the transient response due to the time dependent fluid inlet temperature and flow rate are conducted. Cases for two fluid mass flow rate variation combinations, hot fluid inlet temperature and hot and cold fluid mass flow rate variation combinations are modeled and analyzed. Some of the most meaningful transient conditions such as step and linear ramp functions are used for the flow rate variation type for the hot and cold fluids, and step, ramp and exponential functions are applied to the fluid temperature at the entrance. Some of the modeling scenarios are based on control strategy design. The transient response results are also used to analyze some actual situations which are commonly seen for the cross flow heat exchangers used in data centers. The study and corresponding analysis provide fundamental insights into a cross flow heat exchanger which can be used to improve cooling unit performance and aid in the design of thermal control systems.
Improved gold ion stripping at 0.1-GeV/nucleon and 10-GeV/nucleon for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

The four electron stripping stages leading to fully stripped gold ions in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) are briefly described. The third stripper, which removes 46 electrons from the ${\mathrm{Au}}^{31+}$ ions leading to heliumlike ${\mathrm{Au}}^{77+}$, offers the greatest challenges in terms of energy loss and induced energy spread. These problems are described in detail as well as recent advances in the design and performance of this stripper. Measurements performed with several carbon and aluminum strippers show general agreement with a semiempirical model but small systematic deviations suggest that some model adjustments may be in order. The best performance is predicted and obtained with a combined carbon-aluminum foil system. Measurements showing the enhanced performance in the alternating gradient synchrotron are described. The stripper that removes the last two electrons has also been improved and the results of relevant calculations and measurements are presented.