cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological and motor functioning after unilateral anatomically guided posterior ventral pallidotomy : Preoperative performance and three-month follow-up

This study presents baseline and 3-month follow-up motor and neuropsychological data for 22 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who underwent anatomically guided unilateral posterior ventral pallidotomy (PVP). Postsurgical improvements were seen in psychomotor speed, fine motor accuracy, and dyskinesia, whereas grip strength decreased on the side contralateral to the surgery. No change was detected in overall level of cognitive functioning, nor were changes demonstrated in memory, language, or working memory when the entire sample of patients was evaluated. When the group was divided on the basis of side of surgery, patients with left-sided pallidotomies showed a decline in verbal fluency. Patients and caregivers reported improvement in psychosocial functioning. These initial findings of improved motor performance and largely unaffected cognitive functions are consistent with results obtained with functional PVP and provide support for the use of anatomically guided posterior ventral pallidotomy in the treatment of motor symptoms of PD.
Public Health Perspectives on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Public health has only recently begun to consider the health needs of people with developmental and other disabilities, and a public health perspective has much to offer clinical practice and applied research. This chapter provides a basic overview of a public health perspective; describes the recent evolution in how public health views disability; illustrates application of a public health approach to the current health problem of obesity and its importance for chronic disease, particularly for people with disabilities; and summarizes the value of a public health perspective to intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Die Pflicht zum Erfolg: Der Supratrieb

Dieses ganze erste Kapitel spannt einen Bogen uber das Buch. Es lockt Sie langsam zu den Kerngedanken hin, die anschliesend in gesonderten Kapiteln ausgemalt werden. Es wird noch nichts sehr tief begrundet. Sie sollten ein erstes intuitives Gefuhl fur das Ganze und einen gewissen Schrecken bekommen, der sich auch wie Unglaube anfuhlen konnte.
Structural Bases of Noncompetitive Inhibition of AMPA-Subtype Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors by Antiepileptic Drugs.

Excitatory neurotransmission plays a key role in epileptogenesis. Correspondingly, AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors, which mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission and contribute to seizure generation and spread, have emerged as promising targets for epilepsy therapy. The most potent and well-tolerated AMPA receptor inhibitors act via a noncompetitive mechanism, but many of them produce adverse side effects. The design of better drugs is hampered by the lack of a structural understanding of noncompetitive inhibition. Here, we report crystal structures of the rat AMPA-subtype GluA2 receptor in complex with three noncompetitive inhibitors. The inhibitors bind to a novel binding site, completely conserved between rat and human, at the interface between the ion channel and linkers connecting it to the ligand-binding domains. We propose that the inhibitors stabilize the AMPA receptor closed state by acting as wedges between the transmembrane segments, thereby preventing gating rearrangements that are necessary for ion channel opening.
Erythromelalgia: Identification of a corticosteroid-responsive subset

Background Corticosteroids (CS) may benefit certain patients with erythromelalgia. Objectives Our objective was to determine clinical predictors of corticosteroid-responsive erythromelalgia. Methods Patients with erythromelalgia who received CS were identified and stratified into corticosteroid nonresponders (NRs), partial corticosteroid responders (PSRs), complete corticosteroid responders (CSRs), and steroid responders (SRs = PSRs + CSRs). In the study variable analysis, P Results The median (interquartile range) age of the 31-patient cohort was 47 years (26-57 years), and 22 (71%) were female. Fourteen (45%) were NRs, 17 (55%) SRs, 8 (26%) PSRs, and 9 (29%) CSRs. A subacute temporal profile to disease zenith ( P = .003; odds ratio [OR] = 0.069 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.011-0.431]). Six (67%) CSRs reported a disease precipitant (eg, surgery, trauma, or infection; P = .007; OR = 12.667 [95% CI, 2-80.142]). SR patients received CS sooner than NR at 3 (3-12) versus 24 (17-45) months ( P = .003). A high-dose CS trial (≥200 mg prednisone cumulatively) was administered to 17 (55%) patients, of whom 13 (76%) were SRs ( P = .012; OR = 8.125 [95% CI, 1.612-40.752]). Limitations This was a retrospective case series. Conclusion An infectious, traumatic, or surgical precipitant and subacute presentation may portend CR erythromelalgia. A transient "golden window" where CS intervention is useful may exist before irreversible nociceptive remodeling and central sensitization occurs.
Do inferences about mortality rates and disparities vary by source of mortality information

Abstract Purpose Researchers who study mortality among survey participants have multiple options for obtaining information about which participants died (and when and how they died). Some use public record and commercial databases; others use the National Death Index; some use the Social Security Death Master File; and still others triangulate sources and use Internet searches and genealogic methods. We ask how inferences about mortality rates and disparities depend on the choice of source of mortality information. Methods Using data on a large, nationally representative cohort of people who were first interviewed as high school sophomores in 1980 and for whom we have extensive identifying information, we describe mortality rates and disparities through about age 50 using four separate sources of mortality data. We rely on cross-tabular and multivariate logistic regression models. Results These sources of mortality information often disagree about which of our panelists died by about age 50 and also about overall mortality rates. However, differences in mortality rates (i.e., by sex, race/ethnicity, education) are similar across of sources of mortality data. Conclusion Researchers' source of mortality information affects estimates of overall mortality rates but not estimates of differential mortality by sex, race and/or ethnicity, or education.
Utility of Optical Density Values from Heparin-Platelet Factor 4 Antibody Testing and Probability Scoring Models To Diagnose Patients with Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia.

Abstract Background: Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially life threatening complication of heparin administration caused by antibodies directed to the heparin-platelet factor 4 (PF4) complex and characterized by thrombocytopenia with a seemingly paradoxical high risk of thrombosis. Diagnosis is challenging, and is based on both clinical suspicion and laboratory detection of heparin-PF4 antibodies. The Warkentin 4 T's “pre-test” probability and Chong's “post-test” probability models have been developed to aid the diagnosis of HIT. Enzyme-linked immunoabosorbant assay (ELISA) laboratory measurement of heparin-PF4 antibodies is commonly used but has a low positive predictive value for thrombosis. Recent reports suggest that using an ELISA optical density (OD) value of ≥ 1 may improve the predictive value for thrombosis. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 105 patients with suspected HIT who were treated with a direct thrombin inhibitor and evaluated the anti-heparin-PF4 ELISA OD values and Warkentin 4 T's scores for sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) using the Chong's score to define HITBoth the manufacturer's OD threshold of 0.4 and ≥ 1 were evaluated. Table 1 . Comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for 4 T's and OD levels, alone and in combination Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) NPV (%) PPV (%) 4T's score (high and low) 81 100 80 100 OD level 0.4 69 75 65 78 OD level ≥1 38 85 52 77 4T's + OD 0.4 94 100 94 100 4T's +OD ≥1 69 85 81 75 For calculations, Chong's categories of definite/probable and unlikely were used to define presence or absence of HIT. Results: The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of ELISA alone were inferior to the 4 T's clinical scorings system. The sensitivity and negative predictive values of the 4T's score were improved by considering positive or negative ELISA test results. Conclusions: Consistent with previous reports, the PPV of a high probability 4T score alone was 100%. Thus, ELISA results might not change clinical decisions in this situation. Alternative anticoagulation might be inappropriately withheld in 20% of patients if a low probability 4T score alone were to be used for decision-making. The addition of ELISA data using an OD level of 0.4 increased the NPV to a threshold that might be considered clinically acceptable (94%) to withhold therapy. Addition of an OD level of ≥ 1 did not improve the PV of the 4 T's. However, in contrast to other studies that found better predictive value to using this higher OD threshold, our study group was limited to people considered high risk for HIT. Validation of this strategy in a prospective trial with clinical endpoints should be considered.
Anti-Western feelings in the Arab world and the role of exposure to the West: rethinking connections through public opinion

ABSTRACTAnti-Western feelings in the Arab world and the role of exposure to the West: rethinking connections through public opinion. Territory, Politics, Governance. Anti-Western feelings in the Arab Middle East are reported as if they are a defining characteristic of the region, even without proper contextualization. This paper empirically explores what causes such sentiments to emerge and deepen in some contexts. This study is focused on the views of Palestinians (2013 public opinion survey, N = 832) towards Western states and societies. Informed by empirical data, it provides a theoretical framework explaining how anti-Western feelings are conceived, and how they evolve under different conditions. It also examines the role of travel, and family connections, in addition to exposure to the West through the Internet in acquiring sentiments towards and about the West.
The Ethical Position of no Harm

This chapter discusses the third element of the hermeneutical triad, reason. It begins with a discussion of John Stuart Mill’s no-harm principle. In his book On Liberty, Mill suggests that one has the freedom to act as one wants with the proviso that one’s actions cause no harm to anyone else. This chapter includes a glance at some of Mill’s letters to the newspapers of the time where he wrote strongly against the use of corporal punishment. The work of medical ethicists, Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress, who suggested a principlist approach to ethics, is applied to corporal punishment. This chapter looks at their four ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and autonomy and discusses how corporal punishment violates each of them. Finally, this chapter considers how corporal punishment causes harm—physical, psychological, emotional, and cognitive. Several recent studies are discussed and examples cited, which conclude that corporal punishment causes harm and recommend, at the very least, that further research on the topic is essential.
A COMPARISON OF RESISTED AND ASSISTED SPRINT TRAINING IN COLLEGIATE SPRINTERS

Sprint time (ST) is the product of stride length (SL) and stride rate (SR). Increases in either of these variables results in speed improvement. Purpose: To compare resisted (RST) and assisted sprint training (AST) on sprint performance. Methods: Twenty (10 male, 10 female) collegiate sprinters and hurdlers were randomly divided into two training groups: RST (age: 21.8±1.8yrs, height: 1.73±0.10m, mass: 69.5±12.8kg) and AST (age: 22.2±2.4yrs, height: 1.76±0.10m, mass: 69.1±9.9kg). Each group trained 3 days/week for 6 weeks. The RST group used a combination of weighted sled pulls, uphill sprinting and depth jumps. The AST group combined downhill running, towing, sprint ladders and single leg bounds. Prior to and following the training interventions SL and ST (10 meter sprint time) were recorded at sprint distances of 30m, 60m, and 120m during the last 10 meters of each sprint distance. Pre-post training ST and SL were compared within training groups at each sprint distance using paired t-tests. Additionally, a gain score was calculated by taking the difference between the post and pre test scores. The gain scores for SL and ST were compared between training groups via independent t-tests at each sprint distance. Results: For the RST 30m, ST (1.18±0.08s vs 1.14±0.08s, p<0.01) and SL (2.06±0.08m vs. 2.09±1.14m, p<0.01) were significantly improved. For the AST, 30m ST (1.19±0.08s vs. 1.18±0.08s, p<0.01) and SL (2.10±0.13m vs. 2.11±0.13, p=0.04) were significantly improved. No improvements in ST or SL were detected for either the RST or AST groups at the 60m sprint distance. For the RST 120m, ST (1.13±0.07s vs. 1.12±0.08s, p<0.01) was significantly improved. For the AST 120m, ST (1.12±0.07s vs. 1.11±0.07s, p<0.01) and SL (2.30±0.08 vs. 2.33±0.08, p<0.01) were significantly improved. At the 30M interval, the RST demonstrated significant improvements in SL and ST as compared to the AST (p<0.01). However, at the 120M interval, the AST demonstrated a significant improvement in SL as compared to the RST (p<0.01). Conclusion: Within the parameters of this study, RST and AST methods have proven effective at improving sprint performance. It appears that RST protocols may be of greatest benefit for improving sprint performance at shorter distances, while AST protocols may be of greater benefit at longer sprinting distances. Article visualizations:
Histopathologic subtype of hippocampal sclerosis and episodic memory performance before and after temporal lobectomy for epilepsy.

Objective The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposed a classification system for hippocampal sclerosis (HS) based on location and extent of hippocampal neuron loss. The literature debates the usefulness of this classification system when studying memory in people with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and determining memory outcome after temporal lobe resection (TLR). This study further explores the relationship between HS ILAE subtypes and episodic memory performance in patients with TLE and examines memory outcomes after TLR. Methods This retrospective study identified 213 patients with TLE who underwent TLR and had histopathological evidence of HS (HS ILAE type 1a = 92; type 1b = 103; type 2 = 18). Patients completed the Wechsler Memory Scale-3rd Edition prior to surgery, and 78% of patients had postoperative scores available. Linear regressions examined differences in preoperative memory scores as a function of pathology classification, controlling for potential confounders. Fisher's exact tests were used to compare pathology subtypes on the magnitude of preoperative memory impairment and the proportion of patients who experienced clinically meaningful postoperative memory decline. Results Individuals with HS ILAE type 2 demonstrated better preoperative verbal memory performance than patients with HS ILAE type 1; however, individual data revealed verbal and visual episodic memory impairments in many patients with HS ILAE type 2. The base rate of postoperative memory decline was similar among all 3 pathology groups. Significance This is the largest reported overall sample and the largest subset of patients with HS ILAE type 2. Group data suggest that patients with HS ILAE type 2 perform better on preoperative memory measures, but individually there were no differences in the magnitude of memory impairment. Following surgery, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in the proportion of patients who declined. Future research should focus on quantitative measurements of hippocampal neuronal loss, and multicenter collaboration is encouraged.
Structured random differential testing of instruction decoders

Decoding binary executable files is a critical facility for software analysis, including debugging, performance monitoring, malware detection, cyber forensics, and sandboxing, among other techniques. As a foundational capability, binary decoding must be consistently correct for the techniques that rely on it to be viable. Unfortunately, modern instruction sets are huge and the encodings are complex, so as a result, modern binary decoders are buggy. In this paper, we present a testing methodology that automatically infers structural information for an instruction set and uses the inferred structure to efficiently generate structured-random test cases independent of the instruction set being tested. Our testing methodology includes automatic output verification using differential analysis and reassembly to generate error reports. This testing methodology requires little instruction-set-specific knowledge, allowing rapid testing of decoders for new architectures and extensions to existing ones. We have implemented our testing procedure in a tool name Fleece and used it to test multiple binary decoders (Intel XED, libopcodes, LLVM, Dyninst and Capstone) on multiple architectures (x86, ARM and PowerPC). Our testing efficiently covered thousands of instruction format variations for each instruction set and uncovered decoding bugs in every decoder we tested.
A Mononuclear Tungsten Photocatalyst for H2 Production

We report herein a mononuclear, homogeneous photocatalyst for H2 production with sunlight. The synthesis and characterization of a (pyridyl)-N-heterocyclic carbene tungsten tetracarbonyl complex W(pyNHC)(CO)4 is described, and its application as a precatalyst for photocatalytic generation of H2 is evaluated. Electrochemical and photophysical studies were used to characterize and evaluate the precatalyst and in situ generated catalyst [W(pyNHC)(CO)3] for the visible-light-driven production of H2 in the presence of triflic acid and decamethylferrocene without an additional photosensitizer. Under irradiation with a solar-simulated spectrum, a catalyst turnover number (TON) of >17 in 3 h of reaction time is observed for the production of H2 with this system, which compares favorably to a prior reported (multinuclear) homogeneous photocatalyst using visible light (4 TON). Photonic energy was found to be necessary to access the active catalysts from the precatalyst and in the catalytic cycle. A mechanism is det...
Reconstruction Options for Trunk and Extremity Melanoma

Melanoma is a malignant tumor comprised of the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. The most proven risk factors for development of the disease are prolonged sun exposure and being fair-skinned (Fitzpatrick type I–II). In 2017, the incidence rate in the United States was 20.2 per 100,000 people, with ~9730 deaths annually. There are four major histopathologic subtypes of melanoma and their relative incidences are: lentigo maligna (10–40%), superficial spreading (30–60%), nodular (15–35%), and acral lentiginous (5–10%). In addition to the histopathologic subtypes, patient age and the total amount of sun exposure also impact the relative incidence of melanoma. Specifically, lentigo maligna is more commonly found in the elderly patient with chronic sun exposure.
Driver gene mutations based clustering of tumors: methods and applications

Motivation Somatic mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes constitute a major category of causal genetic abnormalities in tumor cells. The mutation spectra of thousands of tumors have been generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and other whole genome (exome) sequencing projects. A promising approach to utilizing these resources for precision medicine is to identify genetic similarity-based sub-types within a cancer type and relate the pinpointed sub-types to the clinical outcomes and pathologic characteristics of patients. Results We propose two novel methods, ccpwModel and xGeneModel, for mutation-based clustering of tumors. In the former, binary variables indicating the status of cancer driver genes in tumors and the genes' involvement in the core cancer pathways are treated as the features in the clustering process. In the latter, the functional similarities of putative cancer driver genes and their confidence scores as the 'true' driver genes are integrated with the mutation spectra to calculate the genetic distances between tumors. We apply both methods to the TCGA data of 16 cancer types. Promising results are obtained when these methods are compared to state-of-the-art approaches as to the associations between the determined tumor clusters and patient race (or survival time). We further extend the analysis to detect mutation-characterized transcriptomic prognostic signatures, which are directly relevant to the etiology of carcinogenesis. Availability and implementation R codes and example data for ccpwModel and xGeneModel can be obtained from http://webusers.xula.edu/kzhang/ISMB2018/ccpw_xGene_software.zip. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Peak-End Rule: A Utility-Based Explanation

In many practical situations, people judge their overall experience by only taking into account the peak and the last levels of pleasantness or unpleasantness. While this peak-end rule is empirically supported by numerous psychological experiments, it seems to contradict our general theoretical ideas about people’s preferences. In this paper, we show that, contrary to this impression, the end-peak rule can be justified based on the main ideas of the traditional utility-based decision theory.
We Would Know What They Thought When They Did It

Publisher Summary This chapter presents author's point of view to understand creation, development, and spread of ideas. It is stated that the expert in a field usually prefers the classical form of history with its emphasis on who first did what and when he did it. The chapter presents an example to explain informed speculation. It is the history of the ideas in the field, rather than the isolated events that interests an outsider. Stonehenge has gradually passed from being a rude structure built by clumsy oafs for primitive religious events to a rather sophisticated astronomical device. An examination of the history of computing shows that around the years 1952–1954 many came to the same conclusion that the computer was more than a number cruncher. There should be emphasis on the creation, development, and spread of the ideas, rather than a mere enumeration of firsts, names, places, dates, numbers, speeds, etc.
The Sea Urchin Fishery: Harvesting, Processing and the Market

This paper examines the North American sea urchin fishery, with a particular focus on the Japanese wholesale market. After a brief history and discussion of biology, methods of harvesting are discussed, followed by an overview of processing, handling, and transportation links. An econometric model of price determination in the Tokyo Central Wholesale Market is developed and estimated. The model reveals important mechanisms governing prices of imported product; in particular, the interconnections between the domestic and imported markets, the role of household income variation, and the importance of quality, which varies within the season but out of phase in each of the two major supply regions.
Well on wheels intervention: Satisfaction with life and health for adults with spinal cord injuries.

Objective/Background: To examine how demographic and injury characteristics identify satisfaction with life (SWL), and assess the differential effects of a wellness intervention by baseline SWL gro...
Let Them be Unique: Parental Perceptions of Transitional Experiences of Students With Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract The initial transition to high school is challenging for any student, but adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience increased difficulties. This population, often characterized by significant limitations in their social and emotional development, experience limited access to inclusive programming, particularly in secondary settings. Inclusive education in itself has its challenges during the transition period, and the primary stakeholders, educators and parents, may not share the same priorities. The combination of these factors ultimately limits outcomes for adolescents with ID and ASD, but there are elements of transitional programming that can help.
Chromosome Mapping of Serum Protein Genes

Abstract Serum protein cDNAs have been isolated from human liver cDNA libraries using oligonucleotide probes. To determine the chromosomal location of these genes, DNAs from human-rodent somatic cell hybrids were analyzed by Southern filter hybridization methods. Genes for four apolipoproteins, the major vehicles for lipid transport, were assigned to chromosome 1 (p21 → qter) (ApoAII), chromosome 11 (p11 → ql3) (ApoAI and CIII), and chromosome 19 (ApoCII). Transferrin and the group specific protein (GC; vitamin D binding protein) genes were mapped to chromosome 3 (q21 → qter) and 4, respectively. A cDNA clone for human prealbumin detected sequences mapping to chromosome 18. Chromosomal locations of homologous genes in the mouse indicate that several reside in evolutionarily conserved linkage groups. Probes for the serum protein genes are being used to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms. These molecular markers will prove valuable in the study of inherited diseases including arteriosclerosis and premature cardiovascular disease and will provide genetic markers for human linkage studies.
Hydrogen bonding between hydroxylic donors and MLCT-excited Ru(bpy)2(bpz)2+ complex: implications for photoinduced electron-proton transfer.

The equilibrium constants of the hydrogen bonding (HB) between hydroxylic donors, ROH, and an MLCT-excited Ru(bpy)2(bpz)2+ complex, 1(T), correlated with ROH empirical HB acidities, which could be used for evaluating the unimolecular rate constants of concerted electron–proton transfer within the H-bonded phenol–1(T) exciplexes.
Plug-and-Play Protein Modification Using Homology-Independent Universal Genome Engineering.

Summary Analysis of endogenous protein localization, function, and dynamics is fundamental to the study of all cells, including the diversity of cell types in the brain. However, current approaches are often low throughput and resource intensive. Here, we describe a CRISPR-Cas9-based homology-independent universal genome engineering (HiUGE) method for endogenous protein manipulation that is straightforward, scalable, and highly flexible in terms of genomic target and application. HiUGE employs adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors of autonomous insertional sequences (payloads) encoding diverse functional modifications that can integrate into virtually any genomic target loci specified by easily assembled gene-specific guide-RNA (GS-gRNA) vectors. We demonstrate that universal HiUGE donors enable rapid alterations of proteins in vitro or in vivo for protein labeling and dynamic visualization, neural-circuit-specific protein modification, subcellular rerouting and sequestration, and truncation-based structure-function analysis. Thus, the “plug-and-play” nature of HiUGE enables high-throughput and modular analysis of mechanisms driving protein functions in cellular neurobiology.
Materials Parameters that Govern the Erosion Behavior of Polymeric Composites in Subsonic Rain Environments

The influence of materials construction variables on the erosion behavior of fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials in subsonic rain environments is described. The void content and type of reinforcement are shown to significantly influence the behavior of fiber-reinforced composite structures in a subsonic rain erosion environment whether uncoated or coated. The effects of various fiber layup schemes with a particular fiber reinforcement have been found to be minor compared to void content effects. The addition of reinforcement to thermoplastic resin matrices increases the erosion rates of these materials by breakage of fibers and resulting loss of material. In thermosetting resins, the addition of reinforcement reduces the erosion rate of a bulk material by limiting the chunking and breakout of large pieces. Polymeric coatings such as epoxies, polyesters, and amide-imides are brittle relative to the impringing water droplets with rupture of the film occurring very rapidly. The most resistant coatings; that is, elastomeric polyurethanes, typically show no surface erosion at all but fail at isolated points associated with a breakdown of the composite (that is, glass-epoxy) underneath the coating. Other elastomeric coatings such as neoprene or fluorocarbon will gradually erode on the surface by structural failure or tearing within the film; erosion of the composite then follows.
Translingual Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Symptoms Due to Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective To compare the efficacy of high- and low-frequency noninvasive translingual neurostimulation (TLNS) plus targeted physical therapy (PT) for treating chronic balance and gait deficits due to mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (mmTBI). Design Participants were randomized 1:1 in a 26-week double-blind phase 1/2 study (NCT02158494) with 3 consecutive treatment stages: in-clinic, at-home, and no treatment. Arms were high-frequency pulse (HFP) and low-frequency pulse (LFP) TLNS. Setting TLNS plus PT training was initiated in-clinic and then continued at home. Participants Participants (N=44; 18-65y) from across the United States were randomized into the HFP and LFP (each plus PT) arms. Forty-three participants (28 women, 15 men) completed at least 1 stage of the study. Enrollment requirements included an mmTBI ≥1 year prior to screening, balance disorder due to mmTBI, a plateau in recovery with current PT, and a Sensory Organization Test (SOT) score ≥16 points below normal. Interventions Participants received TLNS (HFP or LFP) plus PT for a total of 14 weeks (2 in-clinic and 12 at home), twice daily, followed by 12 weeks without treatment. Main Outcome Measures The primary endpoint was change in SOT composite score from baseline to week 14. Secondary variables (eg, Dynamic Gait Index [DGI], 6-minute walk test [6MWT]) were also collected. Results Both arms had a significant (P<.0001) improvement in SOT scores from baseline at weeks 2, 5, 14 (primary endpoint), and 26. DGI scores had significant improvement (P<.001-.01) from baseline at the same test points; 6MWT evaluations after 2 weeks were significant. The SOT, DGI, and 6MWT scores did not significantly differ between arms at any test point. There were no treatment-related serious adverse events. Conclusions Both the HFP+PT and LFP+PT groups had significantly improved balance scores, and outcomes were sustained for 12 weeks after discontinuing TLNS treatment. Results between arms did not significantly differ from each other. Whether the 2 dosages are equally effective or whether improvements are because of provision of PT cannot be conclusively established at this time.
Exponential time differencing for the tracer equations appearing in primitive equation ocean models

Abstract The tracer equations are part of the primitive equations used in ocean modeling and describe the transport of tracers, such as temperature, salinity or chemicals, in the ocean. Depending on the number of tracers considered, several equations may be added to and coupled to the dynamics system. In many relevant situations, the time-step requirements of explicit methods imposed by the transport and mixing in the vertical direction are more restrictive than those for the horizontal, and this may cause the need to use very small time steps if a fully explicit method is employed. To overcome this issue, we propose an exponential time differencing (ETD) solver where the vertical terms (transport and diffusion) are treated with a matrix exponential, whereas the horizontal terms are dealt with in an explicit way. We investigate numerically the computational speed-ups that can be obtained over other semi-implicit methods, and we analyze the advantages of the method in the case of multiple tracers.
Validation of a venous thromboembolism prediction algorithm for pediatric trauma: A national trauma data bank (NTDB) analysis.

Abstract Purpose We sought to validate a risk model to predict venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pediatric trauma through an analysis of a contemporary cohort in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). Study design Prospective internal validation was performed in 10 randomly stratified samples of children (age 0–17 years) from the NTDB 2013–2016. Model discrimination was determined by calculation of the c-statistic (AUC), and calibration was evaluated through analysis of observed to expected (O:E) ratio. Recalibration was performed with application of a mixed-effects logistic regression. Model parameters were reestimated based on recalibration. Results Retrospective review identified 481,485 pediatric trauma patients with 729 (0.2%) episodes of VTE. Discriminatory ability of the model in all random cohorts was significant with AUC > 0.93 (p Conclusion Pediatric trauma prediction models can provide useful data for VTE risk stratification in injured children, but these models must be validated and calibrated prior to use. Recalibration of the model in question resulted in improved accuracy in a contemporary NTDB dataset. These data provide an appropriately calibrated and validated model for clinical use. Level of evidence II — Prospective internal validation of a multivariable prediction model.
Attitudes and behaviors regarding public health of dental school graduates from A. T. Still University.

Purpose To survey A. T. Still University, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health (ATSU-ASDOH) graduates and evaluate the impact of completing a Master of Public Health (MPH) degree during dental school on a dentist's practice behaviors, volunteerism, and attitudes toward dental education, practice preparedness, and the dental profession. Methods In 2018, a 35-question survey was emailed to 637 (ATSU-ASDOH) graduates from 2007 to 2017. Questions were related to demographics, obtaining an MPH, postgraduate education, practice setting, and attitudes regarding dental education on practice preparedness and the dental profession. Results One hundred and seven dentists completed the survey for a response rate of 16.8%. Of those, 40 respondents received an MPH from (ATSU-ASDOH) at the same time as graduating with a DMD or within 5 years following graduation. Dentists with an MPH were more likely to practice in public health settings (P = 0.028). However, the MPH did not appear to influence attitudes toward the dental profession. Conclusion Dentists from (ATSU-ASDOH) who obtained an MPH and those who entered dental school wanting to work with the underserved are more likely to practice within public health settings. This study begins to paint a picture of a dual degree graduate. Future studies should explore which variables are more likely to result in a graduate working within a public health setting.
Low cost and scalable method for modifying surfaces of hollow particles from hydrophilic to hydrophobic

Hydrophobic hollow silica particles are desirable for several applications such as hydrophobic coatings, thermal insulation, and thermally resistant insulative paints. However, converting hydrophilic particles into hydrophobic particles without compromising their structural integrity is challenging. In this work, we present a low cost strategy to modify the surface of hollow silica particles from hydrophilic to hydrophobic without compromising their structural integrity.
Maltreatment exposure across childhood and low-grade inflammation: Considerations of exposure type, timing, and sex differences

Links between child maltreatment and low-grade inflammation in adulthood are well documented, but these studies often rely on adults to report retrospectively on experiences of childhood abuse. Furthermore, these findings raise questions about whether exposure to childhood maltreatment needs time to "incubate," only giving rise to nonresolving inflammation in adulthood, or whether heightened inflammation may be observable in childhood, closer in time to the maltreatment exposure. The present study examined this question in a sample of 155 low-income children (ages 8-12), half of whom had been exposed to maltreatment. Trained coders evaluated case reports to classify maltreatment based on timing and exposure type. Blood samples from children assessed C-reactive protein and cytokines, which were used to form a composite of low-grade inflammation. Analyses revealed a marginally significant Maltreatment Exposure × Sex interaction, which suggested that maltreatment exposure was associated with higher inflammation for girls but not boys. Additionally, analyses focused on the accumulation of maltreatment experiences (through multiple forms of maltreatment or across multiple time points) revealed that girls with greater diversity in their maltreatment experiences and those who experienced maltreatment at multiple time points were at greatest risk. Finally, examination of timing of first onset of maltreatment suggested that girls whose exposures occurred before the age of 5 had the highest low-grade inflammation. These findings add new evidence linking maltreatment to inflammation in childhood, which could increase the risk for mental and physical health problems across the lifespan.
The Political Economy of Collective Action and Radical Reform: A Proposed Conceptual Framework

Radical reform displaces social equilibria. It reorients key institutions and underlying mechanisms of coordination and enforcement. This paper presents a broad framework for analyzing radical reform in terms of a large set of collective-action problems faced by potential reformers. It merges concepts that often appear separately in the literature, including social preferences, power relationships, policy subsystems, institutional stability, types of institutional change, and types of agents. Relatively simple game-theoretic models offer a platform for depicting key interactions. Over time, these interactions follow a punctuated-equilibrium dynamic, within which incremental reforms sometimes sow the seeds for punctuation via radical reform. Punctuation unfolds as an information cascade of rapidly shifting perceptions and activity within a social network. Ultimately, this paper offers conceptual foundations for examining how activists occasionally succeed in instigating or facilitating radical reform — and why they so often fail. This framework can then spawn a host of more targeted models and multiple empirical hypotheses.
De novo proteins from random sequences through in vitro evolution

Natural proteins are the result of billions of years of evolution. The earliest predecessors of today's proteins are believed to have emerged from random polypeptides. While we have no means to determine how this process exactly happened, there is great interest in understanding how it reasonably could have happened. We are reviewing how researchers have utilized in vitro selection and molecular evolution methods to investigate plausible scenarios for the emergence of early functional proteins. The studies range from analyzing general properties and structural features of unevolved random polypeptides to isolating de novo proteins with specific functions from synthetic randomized sequence libraries or generating novel proteins by combining evolution with rational design. While the results are exciting, more work is needed to fully unravel the mechanisms that seeded protein-dominated biology.
COVID-19 vaccine induced Axillary and Pectoral Lymphadenopathy on PET scan.

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the ongoing global pandemic. It can manifest a wide range of complications depending upon the severity of infection and comorbidities of the patient. Vaccines are very important measure to provide protection against COVID‐19. We report a case of 72-year-old female with past medical history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus who underwent imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) scan imaging for staging of her small cell urinary bladder cancer and was found to have hypermetabolic uptake in the deltoid muscle of the left shoulder and hypermetabolic left axillary and pectoral lymph nodes due to mRNA BNT-162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine) vaccine administrated 3 days ago prior to PET scan.
Integrating History of Science in In‑service Physics Teacher Education: Impact on Teachers’ Practice

This study investigates whether graduate courses for in-service physics teacher professional development that combine the conceptual history of physics, physics content, and physics education research readings will result in the teachers using the history of science for their own classroom instruction. In a study conducted in the USA, teachers who took such courses reported that their instruction in the history of science resulted in their better understanding of student learning, and a better ability to include the history of physics in their teaching. Ten teachers were selected from the pool of teachers who had participated in the professional development to determine how the self-reported use of the history of science translated into the teachers’ classroom practice. The research questions addressed whether or not the teachers used the history of science in their practice, and if so, how and what obstacles the teachers perceived in using the history of science. The investigation found that all ten teachers used the history of science in their physics classes to better understand their students’ conceptions in physics, to teach about theory change, and to increase student interest. Eight also used history to better communicate physics concepts. All discussed impediments they perceive to more use of history with their students. The professional development described may serve as a model for changing science teachers’ practice with respect to teaching with the history of science.
Image classification and cognition using contour curvature statistics

Although the higher order mechanisms behind object representation and classification in the visual system are still not well understood, there are hints that simple shape primitives such as "curviness" might activate neural activation and guide this process. Drawing on elementary invariance principles, we propose that a statistical geometric object, the probability distribution of the normalized contour curvatures (NCC) in the intensity field of a planar image, has the potential to represent and classify categories of objects. We show that NCC is sufficient for discriminating between cognitive categories such as animacy, size and type, and demonstrate the robustness of this metric to variation in illumination and viewpoint, consistent with neurobiological constraints and psychological experiments. A generative model for producing artificial images with the observed NCC distributions highlights the key features that our metric captures and just as importantly, those that it does not. More broadly, our study points to the need for statistical geometric approaches to cognition that build in both the statistics and the natural invariances of the sensory world.
Lack of hyper-inhibition of oriens-lacunosum moleculare cells by vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing cells in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Temporal lobe epilepsy remains a common disorder with no cure and inadequate treatments, potentially due to an incomplete understanding of how seizures start. CA1 pyramidal cells and many inhibitory interneurons increase their firing rate in the seconds-minutes before a spontaneous seizure in epileptic rats. However, some interneurons fail to do so, including those identified as putative interneurons with somata in oriens and axons targeting lacunosum-moleculare (OLM cells). Somatostatin-containing cells, including OLM cells, are the primary target of inhibitory vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and calretinin-expressing (VIP/CR) bipolar interneuron-selective interneurons, type 3 (ISI-3). The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that in epilepsy inhibition of OLM cells by ISI-3 is abnormally increased, potentially explaining the failure of OLM recruitment when needed most during the ramp up of activity preceding a seizure. Stereological quantification of VIP/CR cells in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrated that they survive in epileptic mice, despite a reduction in their somatostatin-expressing cell targets. Paired recordings of unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents from ISI-3 to OLM cells did not show increased connection probability or increased connection strength, and failure rate was unchanged. When miniature postsynaptic currents in ISI-3 were compared, only mIPSC frequency was increased in epileptic hippocampi. Nevertheless, spontaneous and miniature postsynaptic potentials were unchanged in OLM cells of epileptic mice. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis of hyper-inhibition from VIP/CR bipolar cells impeding recruitment of OLM cells in advance of a seizure. Significance Inadequate recruitment of inhibitory cells in general, and OLM cells in particular, may be a mechanism of seizure initiation, making it important to determine why OLM cells do not fire faster and provide preictal feedback inhibition when presynaptic CA1 pyramidal activity is ramping up. This study excludes aberrantly increased inhibition of OLM cells by VIP bipolar cells as the cause, pointing to other possibilities for investigation.
Globalización, gobernanza y Estado: algunas proposiciones acerca del proceso de gobernar

Resumen es: ...>>>en: The prevailing assumption of much of the globalization literature has been that the increasing power of external actors and forces has reduced ...
Strategic Leadership in Healthcare: The Role of Collective Change Agents in Closing the Gap of Healthcare Disparities

Healthcare management research overlooks the role of collective leadership actions in alleviating health disparities. However, exploring the strategic actions of collective leaders can provide the field with a different viewpoint of how individuals and organizations partner to solve complex problems such as health disparities. To examine this issue, this paper uses prenatal health disparities as a backdrop. We present our analysis of multiple case study data of nonprofit and healthcare organizations. Through our analysis of this case study data, we develop an understanding of collective leadership and strategies they employ as change agents. In addition, the case studies highlight the importance of collective leadership as of process of learning, the diffusion of knowledge across organizational boundaries, and the empowerment of stakeholders.
Squamous-cell carcinoma arising in mucosa overlying torus palatinus: Report of a case

Abstract A case of squamous-cell carcinoma in the mucous membrane overlying a torus palatinus is reported. Although it is unusual for these tori to take a cancerous course, any long-persisting ulcers in or around such benign ostoses should be considered potentially malignant.