cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective C2-Allylation of Benzimidazoles Using 1,3-Diene Pronucleophiles

Although substituted benzimidazoles are common substructures in bioactive small molecules, synthetic methods for their derivatization are still limited. Previously, several enantioselective allylation reactions of benzimidazoles were reported that functionalize the nucleophilic nitrogen atom. Herein we describe a reversal of this inherent selectivity toward N-allylation by using electrophilic N-OPiv benzimidazoles with readily available 1,3-dienes as nucleophile precursors. This CuH-catalyzed approach utilizes mild reaction conditions, exhibits broad functional-group compatibility, and exclusively forms the C2-allylated product with excellent stereoselectivity.
Finding a sweet spot for leptin

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing public health problem that progresses to serious liver disease in some patients and for which there are no FDA-approved therapies. In this issue of Med, Akinci et al. 1 present encouraging preliminary data showing that treatment with recombinant leptin has beneficial effects on NAFLD.
Simulation study of InP/GaAsSb double heterojunction bipolar transistors

Device modeling using a two dimensional, drift-diffusion approach utilizing a commercial numerical device simulator has been used to investigate the operation and performance of InP/GaAsSb heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). GaAsSb lattice matched to InP has an energy bandgap (0.72 eV) that is similar to that of InGaAs (0.75 eV) so that Sb-based HBTs have been proposed as a replacement for InGaAs-based HBTs. In particular, the conduction band lineup is more favorable at the base-collector, which makes the GaAsSb-based HBTs especially attractive for double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) where higher breakdown voltages are desired. In this work, the results of device modeling will be compared initially with recent experimental reports to validate the modeling approach. Subsequently, the design and operation of the devices will be examined to investigate the factors controlling device performance in order to facilitate improvements in device design.
Identidade e representação em pequenas estórias: o caso de imigrantes brasileiros

O objetivo deste trabalho e analisar narrativas de discriminacao nao-canonicas, segundo o modelo laboviano, mas que se conformam ao que Georgakopoulou (2007) classifica como “pequenas estorias”. Dada a variedade de situacoes em que o discurso narrativo emerge, tal analise parte da premissa de que o alargamento da definicao do que e uma narrativa proporciona inovacoes teoricas, fundamentais para a compreensao de interacoes que se renovam a medida que se renovam tambem os espacos interacionais. Analisamos pequenas estorias de discriminacao contra imigrantes brasileiros, colhidas em um forum de opiniao on line, ao passo que salientamos como nocoes de identidade de grupo sao linguisticamente construidas atraves de referencias inividuais e globais.
Advancing geomicrobiology and microbial geochemistry

By examining microbial and geochemical processes together, scientists have been able to gain a vastly clearer picture of how microorganisms shape their surrounding environment and vice versa. This was the central theme of a 2-day workshop held in October 2013 in Chicago, Ill., that brought together 30 leading scientists from the rapidly growing field of geomicrobiology and microbial geochemistry (GMG).
Implementation of a system using reflective tomographic reconstruction for breast cancer detection

The following describes the implementation of a system for ultrasonic mammography. The system employs adaptive imaging and processing techniques to produce high-resolution breast tissues sonograms. The time-domain imaging technique provides quantitative maps of intrinsic acoustic tissue properties using conventional pulse-echo transducers and clinical scanning system. The increased image resolution and quantitative maps provide improve diagnostics tools compared with conventional B-scan images.
Queer indigenous studies: Critical interventions in theory, politics, and literature

Queer indigenous studies: Critical interventions in theory, politics, and literature. Driskill, Q.-L., Finley, C., Gilley, B. J., & Morgensen, S. L. (2011). Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. 258 pp. ISBN: 978-0-8165-2907-0. Queer Indigenous Studies: Critical Interventions in Theory, Politics and Literature is a critical collection of indigenous contributions towards the understanding of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer and two-spirit (GLBTQ2) lived experiences and communities. Drawing upon diverse fields ranging from anthropology, gender, sociology, feminism, ethnic and indigenous cultures, this book is a groundbreaking attempt to analyse politicized points intersecting the controversial discourses of queer and indigenous studies.
Accumulation of novel transplatinum complexes in cisplatin and oxaliplatin resistant cell lines overcomes resistance

4109 We previously identified nine novel groups of platinum compounds based on distinctive activity profiles in the NCI 60 cell line panel (using Clustered Image Maps, the COMPARE algorithm, and other numerical methods) with characteristic chemical structures. A group of transplatin analogs of the general structure trans-[PtX2(L)(L’)] where X = Cl or OAc, L = NH3, L’= a planar, nitrogen-containing heterocycle or L = L ’ = a planar, nitrogen-containing heterocycle were further characterized. Compared to the trans-[PtCl2(L)(L’)] compounds, the trans-[PtOAc2(L)(L’)] analogs are more stable and water-soluble. When the transplanar platinum compounds were incubated with fresh plasma and subjected to ultrafiltration, 39 to 63% of the trans-[PtOAc2(L)(L’)] compounds could be recovered in the ultrafiltrate compared to only 1.8 to 4.1% of the trans-[PtCl2(L)(L’)] compounds. In addition to having a cytotoxicity profile distinct from that of cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, all members of this class of compounds retained activity against cisplatin and oxaliplatin-resistant cell lines. A possible explanation for this persistent activity was obtained in studies examining the accumulation of platinum in the drug resistant cells lines. Platinum analogs (33 μM) were incubated for 2 h with the parental (KB) and cisplatin (KBCP20) and oxaliplatin (KBOXO80) resistant cell lines. Intracellular platinum was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy after extraction. Compared to cisplatin and oxaliplatin whose accumulation in the drug resistant cell lines was 4.8 to 21% of that in parental KB cells (Table), the accumulation of four trans-[PtOAc2(L)(L’)] compounds was 83 to 166%. Thus these trans-[PtX2(L)(L’)] compounds have an activity profile distinct from platinum compounds currently in use, and retain activity in oxaliplatin- and cisplatin-resistant cells lines at least in part by retaining the ability to accumulate in the resistant cells at levels comparable to those in drug sensitive parental cells. 1IC50 of resistant cell line divided by IC50 of parental KB cells 2Percent of parental KB cell accumulation
Social Work in Rural Communities, edited by Leon Ginsberg

Rural America includes approximately one-quarter of the U.S. population living on 75% of its land. This population distribution is at the core of understanding social work practice in rural areas. ...
Paclitaxel resistance by random mutagenesis of α‐tubulin

Many mammalian β-tubulin mutations that confer paclitaxel resistance have been characterized, but little is currently known about the role of α-tubulin mutations in drug resistance. Previous studies using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that α-tubulin mutations occur with a frequency equal to β-tubulin mutations among CHO cells selected for resistance to paclitaxel but the identities of those mutations are largely unknown. We have now sequenced the major α-tubulin gene in several paclitaxel resistant CHO cell lines with lesions in genomic DNA and identified five mutations that predominately affect the amino terminal part of the protein. We also used random mutagenesis and transfection of α-tubulin cDNA to select further paclitaxel resistant mutants in an effort to remove genomic constraints that may limit the diversity of mutations. This approach led to the identification of 16 additional mutations that were distributed throughout the α-tubulin sequence. The mutations were confirmed as sufficient to confer resistance by site-directed mutagenesis, and they acted by a mechanism that involved reductions in microtubule assembly. One mutation prevented the acetylation of α-tubulin but otherwise produced a phenotype similar to the other mutations. A scan of the literature revealed that a significant number of drug resistance mutations overlap or lie close to lesions that have been reported in patients with brain disorders suggesting that alterations in microtubule assembly underlie both cellular resistance and developmental defects. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A note on generating finer‐grain parallelism in a representation tree

SUMMARY The representation tree lies at the heart of the algorithm of Multiple Relatively Robust Representations for computing orthogonal eigenvectors of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix without Gram–Schmidt. A representation tree describes the incremental shift relations between relatively robust representations of eigenvalue clusters of an unreduced tridiagonal matrix, which are needed to strongly separate close eigenvalues in the relative sense. At the bottom of the representation tree, each leaf defines a relatively isolated eigenvalue to high relative accuracy. The shape of the representation tree plays a pivotal role for complexity and available parallelism: a deeper tree consisting of multiple levels of nodes involves tasks associated to more work (i.e., eigenvalue refinement to resolve eigenvalue clusters) and less parallelism (i.e., a longer critical path as well as potential data movement and synchronization). An embarrassingly parallel, ideal tree on the other hand consists of a root and leaves only. As highly parallel hybrid graphics processing unit/multicore platforms with large memory now become available as commodity platforms, exploiting parallelism in traditional algorithms becomes key to modernizing the components of standard software libraries such as LAPACK. This paper focuses on LAPACK's Multiple Relatively Robust Representations algorithm and investigates the critical case where a representation tree contains a long sequential chain of large (fat) nodes that hamper parallelism. This key problem needs to be addressed as it concerns all sorts of computing environments, distributed computing, symmetric multiprocessor, as well as hybrid graphics processing unit/multicore architectures. We present an improved representation tree that often offers a significantly shorter critical path and finer computational granularity of smaller tasks that are easier to schedule. In a study of selected synthetic and application matrices, we show that an average 75% reduction in the length of the critical path and 82% reduction in task granularity can be achieved. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A screening model for simulating DNAPL flow and transport in porous media: theoretical development

In the last two decades there has been an increased awareness of the contamination of groundwater due to the presence of denser-than-water nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). Numerous theoretical, experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to study the various processes that impact aquifer contamination. These studies have provided us with greater insight into the individual processes and the complex nature of the problem. In spite of this progress, there still exists a need within the environmental community for a simple tool that will allow us to analyze a DNAPL contamination scenario from free-product release to transport of soluble constituents to downgradient receptor wells. Such a model may be useful in source term characterization for DNAPL releases to groundwater. The objective of this manuscript is to present the conceptual model and formulate the equations and modules which are utilized in this screening model. Three hypothetical releases are simulated and the results discussed to demonstrate the application and usefulness of this model. Due to its simplicity and ease of use, this screening model will be useful to industry, regulatory agencies and educators for estimating the impact of a DNAPL release on an aquifer.
A fluorescence confocal assay to assess neuronal viability in brain slices.

Abstract Hippocampal slice models are used to study the mechanisms of ischemia-induced neurotoxicity and to assess the neuroprotective potential of novel therapeutic agents. A number of morphological and functional endpoints are available to assess neuronal viability. The slice model also allows the study of selectively vulnerable neuronal populations within the same preparation. The fluorescence procedure described here provides a method of assessing the viability of neurons in rat hippocampal slices exposed to hypoxic-hypoglycemic conditions. Control and/or treated slices that had been subjected to a 10 min oxygen-glucose deprivation insult are double stained with calcein-AM (4 μM), which stains live cells green, and ethidium homodimer (6 μM), which stains the nucleus of dead cells red. The stained slices are then imaged using confocal microscopy. Vulnerable neurons in the CA1 region of slices deprived of oxygen and glucose became increasingly permeant to ethidium homodimer over the 4 h reperfusion period. Exposure to low Ca2+ concentration (0.3 mM) or the N-, P- and Q-type Ca2+ channel antagonist MVIIC (100 nM), which have been shown to be neuroprotective in this model of ischemia using field evoked post-synaptic potential (EPSP) measures as an endpoint, were also shown to be protective using the fluorescence assay.
National R & D Policy: An Industrial Perspective

An analysis of how the government can and cannot use research and development policy to improve the nation9s industrial posture suggests four guidelines for federal R & D policy: (i) concentrate direct support on academically based research, not on government-targeted industrial R & D; (ii) concentrate on sunrise science and technology, not on sunrise industries and products; (iii) concentrate on strengthening the climate for privately based innovation, not on government-selected innovation; (iv) concentrate on development for the government9s own needs, not on development for market needs.
In pursuit of influenza: Fort monmouth to valhalla (and back)

In reviewing 50 years of personal research on influenza, I have journeyed, literally and figuratively, from an army camp epidemic in Fort Monmouth NJ in 1947 to a (literal and figurative) Valhalla, where I now conduct my research. Having entered the field as a physician, I have always sought practical applications of my work, yet in every instance, such applications have led me to seek further answers in basic research as new questions arose. I entered the area of influenza virus genetics by the back door through an interest in the effects of corticosteroid hormones on viral replication, used the genetic approach in analyzing the morphological variation of the virus and, in so doing, exploited the finding of a linkage of high-yield growth to spherical morphology. Today, all influenza vaccine viruses are high-yield genetic reassortants. Subsequent study of reassortant viruses facilitated the identification and isolation of the two major antigens of the virus in antigenic hybrids and showed their differing functions in the induction of immunity. In turn, a new approach to influenza vaccination has been discovered and is presently under clinical investigation.
Eating following cholinergic stimulation of the hypothalamus

Stimulation of the perifornical hypothalamus of satiated rats with both crystalline carbachol and solutions of the drug elicited eating and drinking. The eating response did not appear to be a rebound phenomenon, since it paralleled the elicitation of drinking and was not inhibited by repeated applications of crystalline carbachol at 20-min intervals. Eating following the injection of various doses (0.5,1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 nanomoles) of carbachol also paralleled drinking, showing appropriate dose-response relationships. It is hypothesized that cholinergically elicited eating may involved excitatory interaction with adrenergic systems, with increased nicotinic cholinergic activity stimulating alpha-adrenergic neurons to elicit eating. Alternatively, cholinergic stimulation may be activating adrenergic systems through a direct presynaptic release of norepinephrine or epinephrine.
Properties of Gels Induced by Heat, Protease, Calcium Salt, and Acidulant from Calcium Ion-Aggregated Whey Protein Isolate

Abstract Gelation that was induced by heat, protease, calcium salt, or acidulant from a solution of Ca 2+ - aggregated whey protein was investigated by analyses of the rheological, textural, and microstructural properties of the gel. The addition of 40m M CaCl 2 to 18% whey protein solution resulted in aggregation during 4h of incubation at 45°C. The occurrence of aggregation was determined as increases in turbidity and in mean aggregate size. Hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis (1% enzyme to protein, wt/wt), a decline in pH by glucono- δ -lactone (1.5%, wt/vol), an increase in ionic strength with CaCl 2 (60m M ), or heat treatment (80°C for 30min) all led to gelation of the aggregated whey protein solutions within 40min. The gels formed differed widely in texture and rheological properties. The heat-induced gel was over 20 times stronger than the gels that were induced by protease from Bacillus licheniformis , glucono- δ -lactone, and CaCl 2 . The heat-induced gel also showed significantly highest adhesiveness. The gels induced by CaCl 2 and glucono- δ -lactone had significantly higher cohesiveness than the gels induced by heat or enzyme. The micrograph of the aggregated whey protein solution showed loose, irregular aggregates, which were reflected in gels induced by CaCl 2 or glucono- δ -lactone. The aggregates in the gels that were induced by heat or enzyme were larger than the parent aggregates. This difference may be due to fusion or to further aggregation of the parent aggregates during the inducement of gelation.
Peer acceptance: the correspondence between children's sociometric scores and teachers' ratings of peer interactions.

In view of the current interest in children's peer relationships and social skills, and the need for valid assessment procedures for children's peer problems, the intent of the present study was to examine the correspondence between peer ratings of acceptance and teacher ratings of a child's social behavior and likability. The 92 children were males and females from the third, fourth, and fifth grades. Classroom teachers rated each of the children on withdrawn, aggressive, and likable behavior using the Pupil Evaluation Inventory. Peer ratings of the child's acceptance in play and work situations were obtained from same-sex classmates. The teacher rating of likability was the best predictor of peer acceptance scores for males; withdrawn behavior was the best predictor of peer acceptance scores for females. Ratings of withdrawn and aggressive behavior contributed to the prediction of peer acceptance scores for males; for females, only withdrawn behavior contributed to the prediction of peer acceptance. In terms of the clinical utility of teacher ratings for assessing children with peer problems, the use of the withdrawn and/or aggressive ratings scales appeared to offer promise as a means of identifying such children. Implications for the area of children's social skills and directions for future research were discussed.
Matrix structure and loss-resilient encoding/decoding☆

Abstract The known deterministic algorithms for loss-resilient encoding/decoding involve computations with Cauchy matrices but only weakly exploit the matrix structure. We propose several modifications with more extensive use of the matrix structure to accelerate the computations substantially.
Synthesis of (6S)-5-formyltetrahydropteroyl-polyglutamates and interconversion to other reduced pteroylpolyglutamate derivatives.

Abstract 5-Formyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates can be synthesized and purified directly from dihydropteroylpolyglutamates in a single-step procedure without purification of intermediates and with yields greater than 90%. The procedure involves a coupled enzymatic synthesis of 10-formyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates using the enzymes dihydrofolate reductase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase with catalytic amounts of NADPH. The 10-formyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates are subsequently converted to 5-formyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates at 90°C with near quantitative yields. 5-Formyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates are the only stable reduced derivatives of tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates and can be purified and stored indefinitely without decomposition. Additionally, 5-formyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates can be readily converted to other derivatives of tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates with yields greater than 95%. Also described is the synthesis of tetrahydropteroylglutamates labeled at C-11 with either 14C or 13C. Rapid purification procedures for serine hydroxymethyltransferase and C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase from frozen rabbit livers are presented.
Impact of global terminal operators on port efficiency: a tiered data envelopment analysis approach

This study evaluates how different types of global terminal operators (GTOs) – global stevedores (GS), global hybrids (GH), and global carriers (GC) – shape port efficiency. Both crane efficiency and relative technical efficiency of ports, measured through tiered data envelopment analysis, are examined based on levels of GTO participation in container production. The participation of GS in the terminal operation of a port induces higher crane efficiency. Yet this efficiency is not effectively transformed into port level efficiency. This is related to the GS's intensive utilisation of ship-to-shore gantry cranes, while the landside operation is greatly influenced by different regional practices and hinterland distribution networks. In contrast, carrier-controlled global operators and dedicated leased terminals do not produce the same efficiency levels as other GSs do. Their major incentive to participating in terminal operation is to secure accessibility to key regional port facilities. The implication is ...
Use of etanercept in treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis

A 30-year-old female with past medical history of autoimmune hepatitis was sent to our clinic for consultation and treatment of refractory pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) of bilateral lower extremities. At the time of presentation, she had failed treatment with prednisone, azathioprine and local wound care. Treatment options were limited by the patient's autoimmune hepatitis. This patient was treated with etanercept and a taper of oral prednisone, which resulted in a complete clinical cure of her PG. More studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of etanercept for PG in patients with liver disease.
Corneal alpha-galactosidase deficiency in macular corneal dystrophy.

Glycosidases, which cleave sugar molecules from complex glycopolymers, have been previously quantified in normal human cornea in our laboratory. Data quantifying glycosidases in macular corneal dystrophy are lacking. Tissue obtained at keratoplasty from patients with macular dystrophy and normal corneas obtained from eye bank eyes were used to determine levels of glycosidase activity. A fluorometric technique was employed using 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-glycosides as substrates. The corneal tissues were homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatants assayed for enzyme activity. Specific activities (μml mol/ mg protein/hour) were determined and Km and Vmax values were obtained for all but one enzyme. Activity of alphagalactosidase was significantly lower in cornea tissue and keratocytes from macular corneal dystrophy compared to normal.
Natural accumulation of terpene trilactones in Ginkgo biloba leaves: variations by gender, age and season

Ginkgo terpene trilactones (TTLs) are a group of biologically active compounds in Ginkgo leaf extracts. The contents of TTLs in Ginkgo leaves directly affects the qualities of the related phytopharmaceutical products. In this study, the natural occurrence of TTLs in Ginkgo leaves within one vegetative season was investigated. The leaves were collected from six sampled trees with different age and gender at monthly intervals from June to November in Madison, WI. The contents of TTLs were quantified by RP-HPLC/RI procedure, validated by LC/sonic spray ionization-mass spectrometer (SSI-MS) assay, and the data were analyzed statistically. The natural accumulation of total TTLs in Ginkgo leaves fluctuated significantly with seasons with a peak appearing in August. The total amounts of TTLs accumulated in leaves from younger trees were higher than those from older trees; total TTLs in female trees were higher than in male trees. This survey on the natural occurrence of TTLs was expected to ensure the quality of Ginkgo product from the stage of incoming material with rich and consistent bioactive value in terms of Ginkgo terpene trilactones.
Expansion formulas. II. Variations on a theme

Abstract In “Expansion Formulas, I” [S. A. Joni, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 81 (1981)], it was shown that the Steffensen formula or polynomial sequences of binomial type gives rise to a method for generating a certain class of expansion identities. Special cases of this class of identities were studied by Carlitz [SIAM J. Appl. Math. 26 (1974), 431–436; 8 (1977), 320–336]. Since the Umbral calculus for polynomial sequences of binomial type has been generalized to encompass the theories of composition sequences [A. M. Garsia and S. A. Joni, Comm. Algebra, in press] and factor sequences [S. Roman and G.-C. Rota, Adv. in Math. 27 (1978), 95–188], we herein extend the results of part I to these two more general settings.
Mortality of Rhagoletis species encountering pesticide-treated spheres (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Baited pesticide-treated biodegradable spheres were evaluated for their efficacy to control and monitor apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and blueberry maggot, R. mendax Curran, flies. A Plexiglas pane treated with sprayable Tangle-Trap was found to be an effective technique for assessing the fate of Rhagoletis flies encountering treated spheres. Significantly more R. pomonella and R. mendax flies were captured on Plexiglas panes below pesticide-treated spheres compared with panes below nonpesticide-treated spheres. The mean time spent on pesticide-treated spheres was also significantly longer compared with nonpesticide-treated spheres. Monitoring traps (consisting of unbaited 9-cm-diameter red sticky spheres) placed within a 2-m radius of pesticide-treated spheres captured significantly fewer flies compared with traps placed at the same distance from nonpesticide-treated spheres. The results support the potential for using pesticide-treated spheres for control of R. pomonella and other Rhagoletis species.
The analysis of generalized backwards difference formula methods applied to Hessenberg from differential-algebraic equations

The numerical solution of Hessenberg form differential-algebraic equations by variable stepsize, generalized backward difference formulae (GBDF) is studied. GBDF methods of sufficiently high order are shown to converge for problems of index 3 and 4. The proof techniques developed are not sufficiently powerful to show convergence for index 5 problems, although it is speculated that convergence also occurs for these problems.
Pharmacologic treatment of diabetes in long-term care

The majority of patients with diabetes are elderly, but little is known about their disease management. This study evaluates the prevalence and correlates of treatment of elderly diabetics residing in long-term care. We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 75,829 elderly diabetics residing in nursing homes from 1992 to 1996. Nearly half (47%) of the residents received no antidiabetic medications. Independent predictors not receiving antidiabetic medications included age, race, impaired physical ability, and impaired cognitive function. Although the absence of resident's blood glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values prevents us from passing judgment about the adequacy of diabetic care, further research is needed to understand why some residents do not receive antidiabetic medications in the long-term care setting.
Microbiological, Chemical, and Mathematical Analysis of Alexidine-Polyethylene Interaction: Implications for the Fusarium Keratitis Epidemic of 2004-2006

Our previous studies indicated that alexidine permeates into the walls of heated ReNu plastic bottles, thereby diminishing its concentration within the solution, thus allowing Fusarium growth. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS), alexidine levels were measured in heated/unheated ReNu bottles stored for various time periods. These data were plotted as decreasing alexidine concentrations vs. time; ratios of the areas under the curves were calculated and compared with data derived from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy absorptions of methanol extract evaporate residues of formerly alexidine-exposed bottle walls. FTIR studies showed that there was approximately 3.1 times more alexidine in the wall of the heated than the room temperature-stored bottle. The LCMS study showed that there was approximately 3.2 times more alexidine in the walls of heated bottles. Alexidine levels correlated closely with timed and dilution microbiological studies. Decreasing alexidine levels with time and heat strongly suggest alexidine-polyethylene interaction as the pharmaceutical failure mechanism of the worldwide Fusarium keratitis epidemic of 2004-2006.
Impact of mixed land-use practices on the microbial water quality in a subtropical coastal watershed

Abstract Surface runoff water is an important non-point source of fecal pollution to downstream water; however, there is a lack of systematic studies on the microbial quality of surface runoff water from watersheds with mixed land uses. In this study water samples from 12 surface runoff holding water bodies (SRW), which collected runoff from various patterns of land use within the St. Lucie watershed along the southeastern coastline of Florida, were collected monthly for 22 months. The concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and frequency of detection of Salmonella and host specific markers (HF183, CF128, CF193, and HS-esp) were determined, and their associations with land use, rainfall, and water physico-chemical parameters were investigated. Higher FIB concentrations were observed from urban land and cattle ranch sites. Within the same primary land use pattern, different sub-patterns did not have the same level of FIB: golf communities contributed less to fecal pollution than residential areas, and plant nursery sites contained relative higher FIB concentrations than other agricultural sites. Salmonella, CF128, and CF193 markers were more frequently detected from the cattle ranch sites. In contrast the frequency of detecting human specific markers (HF183 and HS-esp) was much higher in residential sites. Rainfall positively affected the concentration of FIB and occurrence of Salmonella, possibly by providing more inputs or mobilizing the sources from sediments. Water temperature, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and nutrient levels were positively correlated with FIB concentrations and occurrence in SRW, possibly by promoting their growth and survival. This study indicated the need for site specific mitigation strategies to improve SRW and downstream water quality.
Examining the Link Between Being a Victim of Bullying and Delinquency Trajectories Among an African American Sample

The purpose of the present study is to provide an analysis of the link between being a victim of bullying and delinquency trajectories. Using a sample of African Americans (n ¼ 725), the results show that three distinct trajectory groups of delinquency are present in the data (low desisting, desisting, and high changing). Further, the results indicate that being a victim of bullying is relevant in distinguishing between these three delinquency groups net other controls (i.e., being male, marijuana use, gang membership, and poor parental support). These results are discussed in theoretical contexts.
Leisure satisfaction of older adults.

Abstract This study examines the differences in leisure satisfaction of older adults based on gender, age, marital status, self-rated health, ability to drive, housing type, and whether a person is living alone. The instrument used is based on the short version of the Leisure Satisfaction Scale (Beard & Ragheb, 1980). The sample (N = 187) of this study were people over the age of 65 who participated in senior activity centers at four centers in central Illinois. Results indicated that age, whether an individual lives alone, and health status impact leisure satisfaction in older adults.
Further evidence of interaction between deprivation effects and stimulus control of responding: III

Four pigeons were given baseline training under a multiple VI 60-sec/VI 60-sec schedule of food reinforcement. One component was correlated with a red key light to which a white light was added in order to signal the availability of a reinforcer. Under the other component, the key light was green at all times. This procedure resulted in few responses under the signaled component, except when the reinforcer was available, and consistent responding at high rates under the unsignaled component. Variations in hours of deprivation produced small increases in responding under the unsignaled component and no change under the signaled component. Systematic changes in body weight produced greater differential effects under the two components. Increases in deprivation resulted in increased responding during the unsignaled component, with little or no change in the rate of responding under the signaled component. The results suggest that when stimulus control results in low rates of response the influence of deprivation is diminished in relation to its effects upon behavior which is controlled at a high rate by a specific stimulus.
A neurophysiologically-based mathematical model of flash visual evoked potentials

Evidence is presented that a neurophysiologically-inspired mathematical model, originally developed for the generation of spontaneous EEG (electroencephalogram) activity, can produce VEP (visual evoked potential)-like waveforms when pulse-like signals serve as input. It was found that the simulated VEP activity was mainly due to intracortical excitatory connections rather than direct thalamic input. Also, the model-generated VEPs exhibited similar relationships between prestimulus EEG characteristics and subsequent VEP morphology, as seen in human data. Specifically, the large correlation between the N1 amplitude and the prestimulus alpha phase angle, and the insensitivity of P2 to the latter feature, as observed in actual VEPs to low intensity flashes, was also found in the model-generated data. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that the spontaneous EEG and the VEP are generated by some of the same neural structures and that the VEP is due to distributed activity, rather than dipolar sources.
Cardiac Assessment in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies

Mutations in the dystrophin gene cause Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. In addition to muscle disease, there nearly always is an associated cardiomyopathy in Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. In these muscular dystrophies, the severity of cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure may not parallel the severity of skeletal muscle disease. Loss of normal dystrophin function in the heart produces four-chamber dilation and reduction in left ventricular function that develop after the onset of muscle weakness. Arrhythmias affecting both atrial and ventricular rhythms occur and may be life threatening. The degree to which hypoventilation and pulmonary dysfunction are present also directly affect cardiac function in muscular dystrophy. Care guidelines recently were issued to outline surveillance and treatment strategies for the younger patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Herein, we review those guidelines, and additionally, provide recommendations for monitoring and treating cardiac disease in the populations of advanced Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies.
Efficient Synthesis of Trisimidazole and Glutaric Acid Bearing Porphyrins: Ligands for Active-Site Models of Bacterial Nitric Oxide Reductase

Ligands (1) for active-site models of bacterial nitric oxide reductase (NOR) have been efficiently synthesized. These compounds (1) feature three imidazolyl moieties and one carboxylic acid residue at the FeB site, which represent the closest available synthetic model ligands of NOR active center. The stereo conformations of these ligands are established on the basis of steric effects and 1H NMR chemical shifts under the ring current effect of the porphyrin.
Low temperature dielectric and pyroelectric studies of the morphotropic phase boundary of lead barium niobate (pbn) single crystals

Abstract Lead barium niobate (Pb1−xBaxNb2O6, PBN) is one of the oxide octahedron-type ferroelectrics with a tungsten bronze-type structure.1,2,3 The crystal has a prototype symmetry of tetragonal 4/mmm at a temperature higher than Tc. At T 0.63) with a polarization vector along the [110] direction (referring to the prototype symmetry).4,5 For a composition in the vicinity of 1−x-0.63, a morphotropic phase boundary exists and separates two ferroelectric phases (tetragonal 4mm and orthorhombic m2m). It is reported when a composition is close to the MPB, many useful physical properties would be enhanced (e.g., dielectric constant6,7, piezoelectric coefficient7, and pyroelectric coefficient8) and are essentially temperature independent. It is thus of theoretical and practical significance to study MPB PBN compositions.
The Electrostatic Charge on Particles and Its Relation to Agglomeration in Air

Abstract Electrostatic charges on particles of quartz and coal of different ranks were measured and the results were correlated with the agglomeration behavior of these materials. It was observed that the particles in ambient air carried both positive and negative charges. The extent of charging was found to be a function of material type, coal rank, degree of aging in air, and humidity. The total charge on particles increased with an increase in the humidity for quartz and coal samples, whereas it decreased with an increase in the aging time. The numbers of positively and negatively charged particles were approximately equal for all the conditions studied. For quartz particles, the numbers were a function of humidity, however. The extent of agglomeration of particles in air was also found to be a function of material type and humidity. The charging mechanisms and the role of electrostatic charge on the extent of agglomeration were discussed.
The immediate and long-term impact of pregnancy on aortic growth rate and mortality in women with Marfan syndrome.

Objectives The study sought to assess the impact of pregnancy on the rate of aortic growth as well as on short- and long-term clinical outcomes in women with Marfan syndrome. Background There is a paucity of data on peripartum and long-term clinical outcomes in women with Marfan syndrome who are followed prospectively during pregnancy. Methods Echocardiographic, demographic, and surgical data review of all adult females with a confirmed diagnosis of Marfan syndrome was performed. Results Of the 98 women identified, 69 (72%) experienced a total of 199 pregnancies resulting in 170 (86%) live births. The median number of pregnancies per women was 3 (interquartile range: 1 to 12). Obstetrical complications occurred in 17 (10%) and adverse fetal outcomes in 22 (13%). No woman experienced aortic dissection or required cardiac surgery during pregnancy. Aortic growth rate increased during pregnancy and did not return to baseline following pregnancy completion. Despite the lack of catastrophic peripartum complications, the prevalence of both aortic dissection and elective aortic surgery during long-term follow-up was higher in those women who had a prior pregnancy. Risk factors for adverse cardiac outcome included greater aortic diameter, greater rate of aortic growth during pregnancy, increased number of pregnancies, lack of beta-blocker use during pregnancy, and lack of prospective pregnancy follow-up. Conclusions There is a low incidence of aortic complications during pregnancy in women with Marfan syndrome and an aortic diameter
Measuring liquid—liquid interfacial behavior with the deep-channel surface viscometer

Abstract The analysis for the liquid—gas deep-channel surface viscometer has been extended to the liquid—liquid—gas case with two interfaces for a class of interfacial behaviors that describes the surface stress as a function of the surface rate of deformation. The analysis takes into account the viscous effects in all three phases. By measuring the gas—liquid surface velocity distribution, the liquid—liquid interfacial behavior can be determined, if the shear stress distribution at the gas—liquid interface has been previously determined. Experimental results for a Petrostep Sulfonate solution-decane-air system are presented.
Influence of various salts and water soluble compounds on the water and fat exudation and gel strength of meat batters.

Meat batters were prepared in which the sodium or chloride from salt was replaced by other ions. Then the functional properties of the batters were determined by measuring water and fat exudation, and gel strength. Generally cations from groups IA and IIA of the periodic table equalled or surpassed the batters made with sodium only, whereas other cations decreased water binding. Of the anions, bromide, orthoand pyrophosphates, and citrate increased water retention. Zinc chloride increased fat exudation greatly. Magnesium chloride and sodium pyrophosphate increased the gel strength. Magnesium and calcium chlorides made good batters although they caused a drop of approximately 0.25 pH units. Sodium thiosulfate, sodium borohydride, starch, sucrose, glycerol, arginine and urea improved the water binding and gel strength, while nonionic detergents, monoglycerides and alcohols were very detrimental.
Protein crystallography with spallation neutrons: collecting and processing wavelength‐resolved Laue protein data

The protein crystallography station at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center is the first to be built at a spallation neutron source. Time-of-flight methods in combination with a large electronic position-sensitive and time-sensitive detector are used in order to collect wavelength-resolved Laue diffraction data. The wavelength-resolved Laue technique is new to protein crystallography and has required the development of new strategies for data collection and data analysis. The software suite d*TREK has been adapted and used in combination with the Daresbury Laue software suite, the instrument control software PCS-GUI, and the graphics program O, for data collection and processing in the protein crystallography station wavelength-resolved Laue environment. Examples are given, as typical, for data processing from rubredoxin, insulin and d-xylose isomerase with unit cells ranging from 34.32 × 35.31 × 44.23 A to 93.78 × 88.53 × 102.90 A, thus illustrating the power of the instrument and the scope of the instrument software.
Psychological Hermeneutics Now and Suggestions for Future Work: A Review of Psychological Hermeneutics for Biblical Themes and Texts

The author first reviews the book mentioned in the title, summarizing some of the chapters, especially that of Ilona Rashkow. Then she proposes that study of the ancient technique of psychagogy, the leading of souls, may be a way of relating pastoral practice today to that of antiquity as well as forging an hermeneutical tool.
Atomistic theory of electronic and optical properties of InAs/InP self-assembled quantum dots on patterned substrates

We report on an atomistic theory of electronic structure and optical properties of a single InAs quantum dot grown on InP patterned substrate. The spatial positioning of individual dots using InP nanotemplates results in a quantum dot embedded in InP pyramid. The strain distribution of a quantum dot in the InP pyramid is calculated using the continuum elasticity theory. The electron and valence hole single-particle states are calculated using an atomistic effective-bond-orbital model with second nearest-neighbor interactions, coupled to strain via the Bir-Pikus Hamiltonian. The optical properties are determined by solving the many-exciton Hamiltonian for interacting electron and hole complexes using the configuration-interaction method. The effect of positioning of quantum dots using a nanotemplate on their optical spectra is determined by a comparison with dots on unpatterned substrates, and with experimental results. The possibility of tuning the quantum dot properties with varying the nanotemplate is explored.
Self-Consistent-Field Theory for One-Positron Many-Electron Systems

A theory for the structure of one-positron many-electron atoms and molecules in bound states is presented. The purpose of the theory is to permit the accurate calculation of positron lifetimes, angular correlation for two-photon annihilation, and accurate positron binding energies, but not necessarily quantities which depend upon purely electronic correlation. We therefore use a modified orbital approximation for the electrons, the modification consisting of the introduction of explicit electron-positron correlation into each electronic orbital. The kinetic energies of the electrons and positron are treated on the same footing, and the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is applied to the nuclei. No spin-dependent or relativistic terms are included in the Hamiltonian. In this paper we treat only those systems for which the electrons constitute a closed shell, and we do not consider the spatial symmetry of the atom or molecule.
Dopaminergic stimulation of subthalamic nucleus elicits oral dyskinesia in rats.

Abstract The effects of dopaminergic stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STh) on motor behavior were examined in conscious rats. Unilateral infusion of apomorphine (0.1 to 3.2 μg) into the STh induced a dose-dependent increase in abnormal, nondirected orafacial movements without altering turning, sniffing, grooming, or rearing behaviors. Orofacial movements elicited by local infusion of apomorphine (1.0 μg) into the STh were blocked by peripheral administration of the D1 antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.1 mg/kg, sc), but not by the D2 antagonists haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg, sc) or sulpiride (50 mg/kg, sc). Furthermore, coinfusion of SCH 23390 (1.O μg), but not sulpiride (5.0 μg), with apomorphine (1.0 μg) into the STh blocked oral dyskinesia. Oral movements could not be reelicited by an infusion of apomorphine into the STh after a kainic acid lesion of the STh. In addition, infusion of apomorphine (1.0 μg) into sites proximal to but deliberately outside of the STh failed to elicit nondirected oral movements above baseline levels. The results indicate that stimulation of D1 dopaminergic receptors within the STh induces abnormal orofacial movements. This highlights the importance of the dopaminergic input to the STh in the regulation of motor function and suggests that D1 receptor antagonists could prove useful in the treatment of orofacial dyskinesia in humans.