cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact Partial Melting of Granitic Country Rock, Melt Segregation, and Re-injection as Dikes into Ferrar Dolerite Sills, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Numerous, interconnected, granitic dikes (530 cm in width and hundeds of meters in length) cut Ferrar dolerite sills of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. The source of the granitic dikes is partial melting of granitic country rock, which took place in the crust at a depth of about 2^3 km adjacent to contacts with dolerite sills. Sustained flow of doleritic magma through the sill generated a partial melting front that propagated into the granitic country rock. Granitic partial melts segregated and collected at the contact in a melt-rich, nearly crystal-free reservoir adjacent to the initial dolerite chilled margin. This dolerite chilled margin was subsequently fractured open in the fashion of a trapdoor by the granitic melt, evacuating the reservoir to form an extensive complex of granitic dikes within the dolerite sills. At the time of dike injection the dolerite was nearly solidified. Unusually complete exposures allow the full physical and chemical processes of partial melting, segregation, and dike formation to be examined in great detail.The compositions of the granitic dikes and the textures of partially melted granitic wall rock suggest that partial melting was characterized by disequilibrium mineral dissolution of dominantly quartz and alkali feldspar rather than by equilibrium melting. It is also unlikely that melting occurred under water-saturated conditions. The protolith granite contains only � 7 vol.% biotite and estimated contact temperatures of 900^9508C suggest that melting was possible in a dry system. Granite partial melting, under closed conditions, extended tens of meters away from the dolerite sill, yet melt segregation occurred only over less than one-half a meter from the dolerite chilled margin where the degree of partial melting was of the order of 50 vol.%. This segregation distance is consistent with calculated length scales expected in a compaction-driven process. We suggest that the driving force for compaction was differential stress generated by a combination of volume expansion as a result of granite partial melting, contraction during dolerite solidification, and relaxation of the overpressure driving dolerite emplacement. On a purely chemical basis, the extent of melt segregation necessary under fractional and batch melting to match the Rb concentrations between melt and parent rock is a maximum of 48 and 83 vol.% melt, respectively.
Measuring the Impact of Scrum on Product Development at Adobe Systems

Over the past several years scrum has grown to become the most commonly used product development method at Adobe Systems. Large desktop software products like Premiere Pro and After Effects, Platform tools like Adobe AIR, and Software as a Service products like Acrobat Connect and Omniture SiteCatalyst are using scrum to become more effective at delivering the right solutions to customers with higher quality. This paper discusses the methods Adobe Systems is putting in place to measure the impact scrum has had on these teams.
DAWN: A Novel Strategy for Detecting ASCII Worms in Networks

While a considerable amount of research has been done for detecting the binary worms exploiting the vulnerability of buffer overflow, very little effort has been spent in detecting worms that consist of only text, Le., printable ASCII characters. We show that the existing worm detectors often either do not examine the ASCII stream or are not well suited to efficiently detect worms in the ASCII stream due to the structural properties of the ASCII payload. In this paper, we analyze the potentials and constraints of the ASCII worms vis-a-vis their binary counterpart, and devise a detection technique that would exploit those limitations. We introduce DAWN, a novel ASCII worm detection strategy that is fast, easily deployable, and has very little overhead. Unlike many signature-based detection methods, DAWN is completely signature-free and therefore capable of detecting zero-day outbreak of ASCII worms.
Variables Affecting Students' Decisions to Drop Out of School

This study examined factors predictive of dropping out of high school for students with learning disabilities (LD) and mental retardation (MR). The sample was composed of 228 students with LD or MR who dropped out of school and 228 students with LD or MR who had not dropped out. Two sets of predictor variables (student demographics and interview responses) were analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression analysis in terms of their relationship to the outcome variable of dropout. The variables retained in the final model were learning disability, helpful person, helpful class, and general preparation. Specifically, the probability of dropping out for a student with LD who did not feel he or she was being prepared for life after high school and did not identify a helpful class and a helpful person was .86, compared to .16 for a student with MR who did find a particular class and person helpful and felt that school was preparing him or her for desired outcomes. Implications of the results are discussed.
In vitro centromere and kinetochore assembly on defined chromatin templates

During cell division, chromosomes are segregated to nascent daughter cells by attaching to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle through the kinetochore. Kinetochores are assembled on a specialized chromatin domain called the centromere, which is characterized by the replacement of nucleosomal histone H3 with the histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A). CENP-A is essential for centromere and kinetochore formation in all eukaryotes but it is unknown how CENP-A chromatin directs centromere and kinetochore assembly. Here we generate synthetic CENP-A chromatin that recapitulates essential steps of centromere and kinetochore assembly in vitro. We show that reconstituted CENP-A chromatin when added to cell-free extracts is sufficient for the assembly of centromere and kinetochore proteins, microtubule binding and stabilization, and mitotic checkpoint function. Using chromatin assembled from histone H3/CENP-A chimaeras, we demonstrate that the conserved carboxy terminus of CENP-A is necessary and sufficient for centromere and kinetochore protein recruitment and function but that the CENP-A targeting domain--required for new CENP-A histone assembly--is not. These data show that two of the primary requirements for accurate chromosome segregation, the assembly of the kinetochore and the propagation of CENP-A chromatin, are specified by different elements in the CENP-A histone. Our unique cell-free system enables complete control and manipulation of the chromatin substrate and thus presents a powerful tool to study centromere and kinetochore assembly.
Confucian Patriotism and the Destruction of the Woosung Railway, 1877

The slow growth of railways is undoubtedly one of the most astonishing features of the history of modernization in China. The Chinese government often gave as its reasons for opposition to railway development the fact that improved communications would facilitate foreign military expansion, that railways obstructed the feng-shui, that mandarin and peasant alike were opposed to the railway, and that railways destroyed the livelihood of the common people. But, until recently, these explanations have never been given serious consideration, despite the fact that Ch'ing officials discussed railway-policy in these terms in a major debate in 1866–67. This is partly because historians have found it difficult to accept Chinese objections to railway development at their face-value, and partly because Chinese officials themselves, seeing that foreigners were unimpressed by Chinese arguments against railway construction, offered others which they thought would be more acceptable to the Western mind. This essay, however, tries to analyse Chinese objections as a coherent body of thought that might be said to xpress 'Confucian Patriotism'. It considers in detail the events surround-ing the destruction of the Woosung railway.
LGBTQ Youth and Education: Policies and Practices by Chris Mayo

“Any form of teaching,” Cris Mayo (2014) argues, “requires both meeting students where they are, in all their contradictory and complex positionings, and also negotiating together toward new unders...
PREVENTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING ACID WATER IN UNDERGROUND MINES BY FLOODING

This paper is concerned with the preventive and corrective measures for controlling water pollution in abandoned mine workings. The preventive techniques include flooding of mine workings which is based on the concept of isolation of pyrite minerals coming in direct contact with air, thus retarding the oxidation process. In practice, preventive measures, which include the application of various types of stoppings, are required to isolate abandoned and flooded workings. The techniques of sealing off mines are discussed, together with the alternative designs of dams. Various corrective techniques using flooding with neutralisation agents and reduction of water intake into the mine are also described.
Magnetic Resonance Brain Images in Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects: Influence of Diagnosis and Education

Evidence from computerized tomography (CT) suggests that schizophrenic patients may have smaller brains than normal subjects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which produces more clearly defined images than CT, was used to measure T1 and brain size of 24 schizophrenic and 24 normal subjects matched for age and sex but not for education. Two transverse images were obtained: slice 1 at the foramina of Monro and slice 2 at the widest part of the lateral ventricles. Adequate T1 instrumental reliability could not be demonstrated. Schizophrenic subjects had smaller right hemispheres (slice 1) and smaller frontal areas (slice 2) than normal subjects. However, when education was taken into account, only the left frontal area (slice 2) was smaller in schizophrenic than in normal subjects. Larger brain areas were associated with better cognitive test scores and fewer neurological signs. Cranial and body size were similar in both diagnostic groups.
EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CHANGES IN NASAL MUCOUS SECRETORY SYSTEMS AND THEIR EFFECT ON VIRUS INFECTION IN CHICKENS II. EFFECTS ON ADSORPTION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS

Chickens 3 wk old, inoculated intranasally with a mesogenic (moderately virulent) strain of Newcastle disease virus, developed necrotic lesions of the mucous acini, predominantly of the middle turbinates. The infection subsequently spread to involve much of the rest of the mucosa, including mucous and ciliated epithelial cells, and other acini. The early phase of adsorption of a virulent strain of the virus to the middle turbinates of chicks 5-21 days of age was studied by giving a standard inoculum intranasally to unanesthetized animals. Variation in amounts adsorbed by individual chickens was large, but was minimized by making measurements on pools of turbinates from three chicks at intervals of 1, 3, and 5 hr after exposure of the excised turbinates to antibody, by washing, and by trypsinization. The virus released from the cells into the trypsin was designated as adherent virus, and the infectious virus in the cells after destruction of the cells by water grinding, as cell virus. Paralysis of ciliary action by cocaine increased the number of infected cells in the turbinates about 10-fold at all three time intervals. Pilocarpine injection before virus inoculation caused a large increase in the amount of infected cells 1 hr after virus administration, but was followed by a sharp drop in infected cells by 3 or 5 hr. Pilocarpine given after the virus decreased the number of infected cells and changed the relationship of infected cells to adherent virus. Exposure of chicks to sustained or severe cold caused a similar but less marked effect. The drop in infected cells was restored to control values if chicks were returned to brooder temperatures. The marked drop of infected cells produced by pilocarpine and cold in living chicks, and in cultures of chicken trachea (previous study), is consonant with the idea that virus has been adsorbed on mucus granules in the mucous cells of the turbinates and then has been reexcreted, as unincorporated virus, into the moving mucous sheet. A series of accessory data support this interpretation.
An efficient analysis of anisotropic multiconductor‐multilayered mics using the spectral‐domain‐block‐transfer‐matrix method

In this article the spectral-domain approach and the transfer matrix technique are extended to analyze multilayered-multiconductor anisotropic microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits. The spectral-domain formulation only uses two components of the electric field that are tangential to interfaces between adjacent layers. A 2×2 block matrix is defined for every interface to relate the coefficients of the fields in all stratified layers of the guiding structure. The use of the proposed spectral-domain-block-transfer-matrix method is illustrated for both single and coupled three-layer bilateral transmission lines. In addition, a detailed material parameter study is performed to examine the effects of individual anisotropic layers on the propagation characteristics of the line. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Swing arm optical CMM: self calibration with dual probe shear test

Swing arm optical CMM (SOC), a profilometer with distance measuring interferometric probe for in situ measurement of the topography of aspheric has been used for measuring highly aspheric mirrors with a performance rivaling full aperture interferometric tests. Recently, we implemented a dual probe self calibration mode for the SOC. Data from the dual probes can be used to calibrate the swing-arm air bearing errors since both probes see the same bearing errors while measuring different portions of the test surface. Bearing errors are reconstructed from the shear signal with a modal estimation.
Larval Performance and Association Within and Between Two Species of Hackberry Nipple Gall Insects, Pachypsylla spp. (Homoptera: Psyllidae)

Abstract We studied patterns of association within and between two species of Pachypsylla gall insects (P. celtidismamma and P. sp. A) on hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.) trees in eastern Iowa. Pachypsylla is a recently radiating clade of jumping plant lice (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Exploitative competition has been invoked to account for niche diversification in Pachypsylla as new lineages switched from leaves to feeding on different plant parts. Our results suggest that competition did not drive diversification, but could have reinforced it. Focal P. celtidismamma gallmakers grew larger when they shared a leaf with more conspecific gallmakers, which is consistent with intraspecific facilitation. Facilitation may result because gallmaker aggregations act as physiological sinks for photosynthate originating elsewhere in the plant. Pachypsylla celtidismamma gallmakers were smaller when they shared their gall with more Pachypsylla sp. A, which live as inquilines inside P. celtidismamma galls; this is consis...
Teaching an Application of Bayes' Rule for Legal Decision-Making: Measuring the Strength of Evidence

Although Bayesian methodology has become a powerful approach for describing uncertainty, it has largely been avoided in undergraduate statistics education. Here we demonstrate that one can present Bayes' Rule in the classroom through a hypothetical, yet realistic, legal scenario designed to spur the interests of students in introductory- and intermediate-level statistics classes. The teaching scenario described in this paper not only illustrates the practical application of Bayes' Rule to legal decision-making, but also emphasizes the cumulative nature of the Bayesian method in measuring the strength of the evidence. This highlights the Bayesian method as an alternative to the traditional inferential methods, such as p value and hypothesis tests. Within the context of the legal scenario, we also introduce DNA analysis, implement a modified version of Bayes' Rule, and utilize Bayes’ Factor in the computation process to further promote students' intellectual curiosities and incite lively discussion pertaining to the jury decision-making process about the defendant's status of guilt.
The Heart of the Matter: Prime Time E/e′ Prime!∗

If it were done, when ’tis done, then ’twere well It were done quickly. If th’ assassination Could trammel up the consequence, and catch With his surcease success; that but this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all here, —Shakespeare [(1)][1] From perhaps the earliest description
P‐97: An Ultra‐low Voltage Blue Phase LCD for Mobile Applications

We report an ultra-low voltage (<5V) two-domain blue phase liquid crystal display (BPLCD) for mobile applications. Compared to fringe field switching, our BPLCD shows superior performance in response time, integrated transmittance, viewing angle, and color shift. It also enables color sequential display with tripled optical efficiency and resolution density.
Kidney Recovery from the Multiple Organ Donor

Although knowledge of the details of heart, lung, liver, or pancreas dissections is not critical for urologists doing only renal procurement, understanding the principles of multiple organ procurement is important if quality kidneys are to be obtained. The needs of the various recipients must be kept in mind, especially those of heart, lung, and liver recipients, because those organs must function properly every time. Although it may be necessary in an occasional case, especially in small pediatric donors, to remove a heart or liver but not the kidneys, it is not acceptable practice to sacrifice kidneys routinely from multiple organ donors. Low wastage rates of kidneys from multiple organ donors are well documented. Rates of initial nonfunction (ATN) in patients receiving kidneys from multiple organ donors have been about 10 per cent, comparable to the initial nonfunction rates of kidneys from kidney-only donors. Renal procurement operations from cadaver donors will be done frequently in association with procurement of other vital organs. The continued availability of kidneys for transplantation should not be altered by the use of such donors as long as cooperation and careful surgical techniques are employed.
Sol-Gel Processing of the Ti2Ca1Ba2Cu2O8+X High Tc Superconducting Phase

An alkoxide Sol-Gel system was developed to produce bulk powders of the TI2Ca1Ba2Cu2O8+x high Tc superconducting phase. Methoxyethoxide and Cu(II) ethoxide precursors were used for the formation of homogeneous sols. Solubility of the Cu(II) ethoxide was aided by using a 2-methoxyethanol/methyl ethyl ketone/toluene solvent system. The sols were characterized by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and TEM. Powders were produced by rotary evaporation followed by thermal treatment in a closed container with thallium metal present at 900°C for various calcination times. Powders were characterized by x-ray diffraction, resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements, and chemical analysis. Samples exhibited transition onsets between 100 and 110K depending upon the processing conditions.
Academic Libraries Supporting the Research Needs of Student Veterans: A Bibliography

The number of Student Veterans entering higher education is growing especially after the passing of the new Post-9/11 GI Bill in 2008. Veterans are using their educational benefits and transitioning from a military to civilian environment. In order to meet the needs of student veterans, administrators, faculty and staff are trying to make available support services for veterans. There is a range of services that can be provided and the library is one that can provide both a physical and virtual environment to support veterans. Although not always mentioned in articles on student veteran transition, it is important that libraries be aware of this population of students to support their research needs. This annotated bibliography looks at fifteen resources that discuss the issues of Student Veterans and their transition to higher education.
Genetic algorithms - An introduction and an overview of their capabilities

Genetic algorithms are parameter search procedures based upon the mechanics of natural genetics. They combine a Darwinian survival-ofthe-fittest with a random, yet structured information exchange among a population of artificial chromosomes. This technique has gained popularity in the recent years as a robust optimization tool for variety of problems in engineering, science, economics, finance, etc. This paper presents a simple introduction in to the workings of a genetic algorithm. Two variations of genetic algorithm that are useful in certain optimization problems are outlined. An overview of the capabilities of genetic algorithms in aerospace systems optimization is also presented.
The Dreaming of The Shrew

OR the reader of The Taming of the Shrew, the main problem <0 may be that of deciding whether to interpret it as a play about "supposing", as a social comedy,' or as a play contrasting the winning of Kate by force with the winning of Bianca by guile. For the producer of the play, however, the most difficult problem2 remains that of what to do about Sly. In this essay I shall propose a solution to the Sly problem which I hope may be helpful to producers and at the same time may explain why "supposing" is the major theme of the play for readers. The problem about Sly is this: Sly and a number of other characters who open the play very soon themselves become spectators at a play, but after Act I, scene i, of the inner play, they drop out of Shakespeare's text entirely and are never heard from again, whereas one expects them to reappear at the end of the inner play and provide a closing of the frame, as is done in the other version of the same play, The Taming of a Shrew.3 What the scholar wants to know is, what caused this situation, that is, why is Shakespeare's text thus apparently incomplete? What the producer wants to know is, what results from this situation, that is, what should be done about Sly on the stage? I shall now review briefly the answers which have been suggested to both sets of questions. To the scholarly question of the causes of the Sly problem four principal solutions have been suggested:
Epidemiology of Low-Risk Human Papillomavirus

Infection with low-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), mostly type 6 and 11, in the upper respiratory tract causes recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Despite a relatively low incidence rate, RRP imposes significant morbidity upon affected patients and an enormous financial burden on the healthcare system. RRP can be further categorized into juvenile-onset RRP and adult-onset RRP, depending on the onset age. They may associate with different risk factors and incidence rates. Here, we review the epidemiology of RRP caused by low-risk HPV infection and discuss the impact of HPV vaccination on the prevalence of low-risk HPVs that cause RRP.
Stress ulceration in the critically ill patient.

Stress ulceration is an extremely common and potentially life-threatening complication of critical illness with mortality rates exceeding 50% for patients who hemorrhage. Astute nursing assessment and intervention are essential to effectively prevent and manage this problem. This article reviews the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of stress ulcers. Medical care, surgical techniques, and various nursing implications are discussed, with emphasis on monitoring and control of gastric acidity.
Short-term and long-term effects on the masking level difference following middle ear surgery.

The masking-level difference (MILD) was measured in a group of adult listeners having unilateral otosclerosis before stapedectomy surgery, 1 month following surgery, and 1 year following surgery. The results indicated that the MLD in this group improved significantly over each of the sequential tests. In contrast, for a group of normal-hearing listeners, the MILD did not change significantly over sequential testing. The results support an interpretation that a period of exposure to abnormal binaural auditory input (as occurs in a unilateral conductive loss) can blunt sensitivity to binaural cues after normal binaural input has been restored in most adult listeners, however, there appears to be a relatively long-term readjustment or adaptation, such that the sensitivity to binaural cues recovers to a normal or near-normal level at the 1-year postsurgery retest. Two of eight listeners did not show recovery to a normal MILD value over this time period. The efficiency and rate of readjustment may differ among individuals .
The Visual Aesthetics of Snowflakes

In two experiments, participants evaluated the perceived beauty of snowflakes and solid objects. The snowflake silhouettes used as experimental stimuli were created from photographs of natural snowflakes. Both the snowflake silhouettes and computer-generated solid objects varied in complexity. In Experiment 1, 204 participants selected the single snowflake and single solid object that was the most beautiful. In Experiment 2, 33 participants rated the perceived complexity and beauty of the entire set of 100 snowflakes and solid objects. When considered as a group, the participants' results for the solid objects replicated previous findings: The most and least complex objects were perceived as being the most beautiful. This pattern did not necessarily occur, however, for individual participants. Some participants in Experiment 2, for example, found only complex solid objects to be most beautiful ( N = 10); other participants found only the simple solid objects to be most beautiful ( N = 11). Additional participants perceived both the most and least complex solid objects to be beautiful ( N = 10), while one participant only found moderately complex solid objects to be most beautiful. The results for the snowflakes were more uniform: 91% of participants perceived only the complex snowflakes as being most beautiful.
Controlling Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Using Plant-Derived Antimicrobials

The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in pathogenic bacteria and escalating concerns over the slow rate of development of novel antibiotics have led to a renewed interest in exploring the potential of alternate strategies to combat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Plant-derived compounds are secondary metabolites that are being extensively studied to develop novel antimicrobials against MDR microbes. Traditionally, plant extracts have been used in herbal and complementary medicine for the treatment of various diseases. A plethora of plant compounds with a wide spectrum of activity against bacterial pathogens have been identified, and several active components have been characterized. However, research investigating their efficacy in reversing antimicrobial resistance development or reducing spread of resistance determinants is scanty. This chapter highlights the potential of plant-derived compounds for controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, studies highlighting the diverse effects exerted by plant compounds on various factors that facilitate the development and spread of resistance determinants are discussed.
Radiation damage of strontium iodide crystals due to irradiation by 137Cs gamma rays: A novel approach to altering nonproportionality

Abstract Strontium iodide doped with europium (SrI 2:Eu2+ ) is a new scintillator being developed for use in high-energy astrophysical detectors with excellent energy resolution. Nonproportionality is the primary limiting factor to improving its energy resolution, although the physics of nonproportionality is not yet fully understood. In the past few years, co-dopants have been used to alter nonproportionality. By irradiating a SrI 2:Eu2+ sample with a 2255 Ci 137Cs source, we explore both the crystal's potential for space-based applications in a radiation environment and this new method of altering nonproportionality. At ~6200 Gy irradiation, a drop of 7.8% at 700 nm and a drop of 14.1% at 450 nm were seen in the transmission spectrum. Nonproportionality was also reduced after irradiation, shifting from 87% to 101% of the theoretical light yield at 32.1 keV, while the 4.7 keV peak decreased 40% closer to its theoretical value. We propose a novel method of altering the nonproportionality of scintillators, using radiation-induced F-centers in place of co-dopants.
The hot oyster: levels of virulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains in individual oysters

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis and is most commonly transmitted by raw oysters. Consequently, detection of virulent strains of this organism in oysters is a primary concern for seafood safety. Vibrio parahaemolyticus levels were determined in 110 individual oysters harvested from two sampling sites in SC, USA. The majority of oysters (98%) contained low levels of presumptive V. parahaemolyticus However, two healthy oysters contained presumptive V. parahaemolyticus numbers that were unusually high. These two 'hot' oysters contained levels of presumptive V. parahaemolyticus within the gills that were ∼100-fold higher than the average for other oysters collected at the same date and location. Current V. parahaemolyticus detection practices require homogenizing a dozen oysters pooled together to determine V. parahaemolyticus numbers, a procedure that would dilute out V. parahaemolyticus in these 'hot' oysters. This study demonstrates the variability of V. parahaemolyticus densities taken from healthy, neighboring individual oysters in the environment. Additionally, environmental V parahaemolyticus isolates were screened for the virulence-related genes, tdh and trh, using improved polymerase chain reaction primers and protocols. We detected these genes, previously thought to be rare in environmental isolates, in approximately half of the oyster isolates.
Phase-stabilized, fully monolithic mode-locked laser

We demonstrate the first phase-stabilized, fully monolithic mode-locked solid-state laser operating at 1 GHz fundamental repetition rate. The offset frequency is stabilized to an RF reference with a residual integrated phase noise of < 50 mrad.
Decision Making, Morality, and Machiavellianism: The Role of Dispositional Traits in Gist Extraction:

Fuzzy Trace Theory (FTT) is a promising new framework for evaluating decision making processes related to risk. In brief, FTT argues that individuals use either a mature and meaningful process (i.e...
Isolation of the Male-Specific Transformer Exon as a Method for Immature Specimen Sex Identification in Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Being able to efficiently differentiate between male and female individuals in the immature forms of insects allows for investigations into sexually dimorphic patterns of growth rates and gene expression. For species lacking sex-specific morphological characteristics during these periods, alternative methods must be devised. Commonly, isolation of sex determination genes reveals sex-specific band patterns and allows for markers that can be used in insect control. For blow flies, a family that includes flies of medical and forensic importance, sex has previously been identified in some members using the male-specific exon in the transformer gene. This gene is relatively conserved between members of the genera Cochliomyia and Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and we isolated a portion of this gene in an additional forensically and medically important blow fly genus using the widespread Chrysomya megacephala (F.). We found a relatively high level of conservation between exons 1 and 2 of transformer and were able to amplify a region containing the male-specific exon in C. megacephala. A sex-specific molecular diagnostic test based on the presence of sexually dimorphic PCR product bands showed the expected genotype for adults and intrapuparial period specimens of known sex. The same result could be obtained from single third-instar larval specimens, opening up the possibility to not only determine if development rates are sex dependent, but also to investigate the development of sexually dimorphic traits of interest in C. megacephala.
The clinical significance of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction and hypercontractile esophagus in high resolution esophageal manometry.

Background Although major manometric abnormalities, the significance of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) and hypercontractile esophagus (HE) is poorly understood. We sought to determine long term outcomes for EGJOO and HE. Methods High-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) studies conducted from 5/30/2012 to 8/1/2014 consistent with EGJOO and HE and normal studies from 5/30/12 to 11/1/12 were identified. Standardized follow up was conducted with a phone survey utilizing the impact dysphagia questionnaire (IDQ-10). Key Results 56 EGJOO, 40 HE patients and 33 controls were identified. Structural evaluation with EGD and esophagram did not differ among groups. Use of opiates in EGJOO (P<.05) and of anticholinergics in EGJOO and HE patients was more prevalent than in controls (P<.005). Dysphagia was more common in EGJOO (P<.05) and chest pain more common in HE (P<.005) at presentation. While HE patients were more likely to be symptomatic (P<.05), the majority of EGJOO and HE patients overall were asymptomatic at a mean 2.8 years follow up without medical or procedural intervention in the majority (72.5%). Symptom persistence at follow up was predicted by maximum distal contractile integral (DCI) and IRP in both EGJOO and HE (P<.05). Conclusions & Inferences The majority of patients with EGJOO and HE appear to have a benign clinical course similar to controls in the absence of specific treatment. However, the combination of abnormal IRP and DCI in both HE and EGJOO appears to discriminate an important subset of patients who may benefit from treatment. Further refinement of manometric criteria may therefore provide more useful clinical definitions of EGJOO and HE.
Cyber risk analysis and valuation: a new combinatorial models and systems approach

Cyber threat assessment requires threat identification and quantification for critical tasks such as risk management, underwriting and regulatory compliance. Traditional risk assessment models are used to determine threats, business impact and probability of a successful attack. However, analysis models exist, external to the IT security sector that can provide input to risk models to improve cloud computing applicability and error rate reduction in threat identification technologies for enhanced accuracy. Cloud computing and virtualisation have changed the cyber threat vector environment. Cloud utilisation options have new risk implications and their architectures require an alternative form of loss modelling to account for the various levels, location and utilisation at which an attack may take place. This paper proposes a combinatorial modelling and systems approach to assessing and valuing cyber threats, based upon the need to satisfy regulatory bodies to financially quantify such threats in an empirical and transparent manner. Epidemiological models for assessing error rates are combined within an extrapolation algorithm for cyber threats, increasing assessment accuracy. A cascading threat multiplier is used to reformulate traditional single loss expectancy risk models.
Teaching Badminton through Play Practice in Physical Education

There is a strong belief that teachers' in-depth content knowledge is key for effective teaching. Teachers who possess specialized content knowledge uniquely needed for teaching are capable of appropriately selecting, sequencing, representing and adapting content applicable for students with different learning needs. Beyond teachers' content knowledge, incorporating a distinct instructional approach that encompasses specific teaching processes backed by research into existing teaching practices is necessary to create unique and effective learning environments. The purpose of this article is to guide physical education teachers in the design of meaningful instructional tasks, as well as represent the tasks in effective ways for teaching badminton using three principles of the play practice approach.
The impact of very short transition times on switching from Natalizumab to Fingolimod on imaging and clinical effectiveness outcomes in multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Background Due to the recurrence of disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, a washout period of Methods Retrospective analysis of patients from the Rocky Mountain MS Center at the University of Colorado who were: a) on NTZ for ≥6 months prior to switching to FTY; b) had a transition period ≤ 6 months; and c) initiated FTY treatment prior to November 2013. Transition periods were grouped as follows: Results Thirty-seven, 56 and 24 patients had a transition period Conclusions Minimizing transition times from NTZ to FTY was beneficial and safe.
The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores

Anyone who begins to study language in its social context immediately encounters the classic methodological problem: the means used to gather the data interfere with the data to be gathered. The primary means of obtaining a large body of reliable data on the speech of one person is the individual tape-recorded interview. Interview speech is formal speech — not by any absolute measure, but by comparison with the vernacular of everyday life. On the whole, the interview is public speech — monitored and controlled in response to the presence of an outside observer. But even within that definition, the investigator may wonder if the responses in a tape-recorded interview are not a special product of the interaction between the interviewer and the subject. One way of controlling for this is to study the subject in his own natural social context — interacting with his family or peer group (Labov, Cohen, Robins, and Lewis 1968). Another way is to observe the public use of language in everyday life apart from any interview situation — to see how people use language in context when there is no explicit observation. This chapter is an account of the systematic use of rapid and anonymous observations in a study of the sociolinguistic structure of the speech community.1
Clinical Evaluation of an External Urine Collection Device for Nonambulatory Incontinent Women

AbstractChronic urinary incontinence is a frequent complication of a variety of neurological diseases and is a major clinical problem among the aged. Urinary incontinence may be the pivotal factor that determines whether a patient requires long-term institutional care. For management of urinary incontinence in aged, nonambulatory women use of absorbent products may not prevent decubitus ulcers, while chronic use of indwelling urethral catheters results in bacteriuria and its complications. An effective external urine collection device for women, analogous in function to the condom catheter for men, may improve care by reducing complications, averting admissions to chronic care facilities and lowering medical costs.During 125 patient-days we evaluated 63 applications of an external urine collection device on 7 incontinent women in a nursing home. Each device was allowed to remain in situ for a maximum of 48hours. Only 14 per cent of the devices required premature replacement due to unacceptable urine leaka...
There is no single functional atlas even for a single individual: Parcellation of the human brain is state dependent

The goal of human brain mapping has long been to delineate the functional subunits in the brain and elucidate the functional role of each of these brain regions. Recent work has focused on whole-brain parcellation of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data to identify these subunits and create a functional atlas. Functional connectivity approaches to understand the brain at the network level, require such an atlas to assess connections between nodes and extract network properties. While no single functional atlas has emerged as the dominant atlas to date, there remains an underlying assumption that such an atlas exists. Using fMRI data from a highly sampled subject as well as two independent replication data sets, we demonstrate that functional atlases reconfigure substantially and in a meaningful manner, according to brain state.
An efficient statistical approach to design 3D-printed metamaterials for mimicking mechanical properties of soft biological tissues

Abstract Using 3D printed, patient-specific medical phantoms has become increasingly popular for use in biomedical applications including medical device testing, medical education, and surgical planning, etc. To overcome the inherent differences in mechanical properties between biological tissues and printable polymers, metamaterials are being introduced to mimic the mechanical response of the biological tissues. However, the existing trial-and-error approaches for finding the geometric parameters of the metamaterial result in time-consuming trials, which cannot meet the urgent needs for medical applications. We addressed this issue by proposing an optimization-based statistical approach with an easy-to-evaluate surrogate model to guide the design process and reduce the design time. In this paper, several validation tests were reported, including a biomedical application of mimicking the mechanical response of human articular cartilage. The proposed approach achieves excellent accuracy both visually and quantitatively. In addition, we provide an analysis of mimicking different stress-strain curves using different metamaterials. This data-driven approach demonstrates efficacy and flexibility in building the surrogate model even when no obvious physical trends can be extracted. With the proposed statistical approach, we can efficiently design the metamaterial and 3D-print mechanically accurate phantoms for sophisticated engineering applications.
Drs. Stepanova and Findling Reply.

We read with interest the Letter to the Editor1 that was provided to us in response to our Commentary on the workforce shortage.2 We thank Dr. Hoffman, who suggested that we provide concrete steps toward decreasing the workforce shortage and emphasized the importance of child and adolescent psychiatrists (CAPs) providing psychotherapy. The Letter to the Editor prompted us to re-emphasize some key topics that we mentioned previously and to discuss several new points.
Metastatic malignant transformation of teratoma to primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET): Results with PNET-based chemotherapy.

4598 Background: Metastatic germ cell cancers are highly chemosensitive and have 80% cure rate with cisplatin based chemotherapy. Post-chemotherapy teratoma can usually be surgically resected. Howe...
Rhodium-Stabilized Diarylcarbenes Behaving as Donor/Acceptor Carbenes

Rhodium-stabilized diarylcarbenes typically generated from diaryldiazomethanes have been generally classified as donor/donor carbenes. This combined computational and experimental study demonstrate...
Improvement by Covalent and Noncovalent Modification

As mentioned in earlier Chapters, cyclodextrins exhibit many interesting features such as rate effects, stereospecificity, enantiomeric specificity, etc., in organic reactions. However, there is one serious hortcoming of cyclodextrins as catalysts. That is the hydrolysis rates of acyl-cyclodextrins, intermediates in covalent catalysis of ester hydrolysis, are very slow, thus preventing cyclodextrins from acting as true catalysts. To accelerate the deacylation step, the addition of amines as nucleophiles were examined.
Seila Law v. Consumer Finance Protection Bureau on Separation of Powers

The CFPB was put in place as one of the responses to the 2008 financial crisis and recession, as part of the Dodd-Frank reforms of Wall Street. The agency is unusual in the sense that it falls within the executive branch but its Director cannot be removed at will by the President. The constitutional question is whether this arrangement violates the separation of powers meant to protect the balanced prerogatives of each branch of the national government and clarify for voters exactly who is in charge of which policies. This controversy is unfolding against the backdrop of the debate over the unitary executive theory, which asserts that the President has full accountability and control over executive branch activities, especially ones for which there is an argument for independent or nonpartisan judgment. This chapter addresses these controversies in the context of the Trump administration’s efforts to test the limits of executive power.
'Choose Your Opponent': A New Knockout Format for Sports Tournaments. Application to the Round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League and to Maximizing the Number of Home Games During the UEFA Euro 2020

We present a new knockout format for sports tournaments, that we call "choose your opponent", where the teams that have performed best during a preliminary group stage can choose their opponents during the subsequent knockout stage. The main benefit of this format is that it makes the group stage more exciting, by giving teams a strong incentive to perform at their best level. It also makes the group stage more fair, by limiting the risk of collusion, canceling the risk of tanking, and making sure that the best group winners are fairly rewarded. Advancing teams would choose their opponent during new, much anticipated TV shows which would attract a lot of media attention. We illustrate how this new format would work for the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League, the most popular soccer club competition in the world. This format can also be adapted to maximize some objective. For instance, we show how it could have been used to maximize the number of home games during the knockout stage of the UEFA Euro 2020, the first edition of the soccer European championship to be hosted by 12 countries.
Examining agency as teachers use mathematics curriculum resources: How professional contexts may support or inhibit student-centered instruction

Abstract Content and discourse analysis of interviews with two elementary teachers revealed how they perceived features of their professional contexts as supports or constraints on their agency to create student-centered instruction as they planned from mathematics curriculum resources. Comparison of the cases suggested two cross-case themes: (1) Standards and assessments served as a particularly strong constraint on teachers’ agency, and (2) Teachers often found or created space to consider students even when they felt constrained by context; occasionally, considerations of students even overpowered otherwise constraining effects of standards. Implications for supporting student-centered mathematics instruction are discussed.
Growing Pains: The Effect of Labor Mobility on Corporate Investment over the Business Cycle

Procyclical investment opportunities and labor demand create time series-variation in the importance of labor mobility for corporate investment. Firms located in more mobile labor markets, captured by variation in state courts’ enforcement of covenants not to compete, increase investment rates more during economic expansions. This effect is stronger for younger firms and those with fewer employees that rely more on recruiting skilled and experienced workers to grow. This increased investment is also associated with higher sales growth rates, profits, and valuations. Overall, our results suggest that greater labor mobility reduces an important friction that constrains investment during economic expansions.