cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decadal-Scale SST and Salinity Variations in the Central Tropical Pacific: Signatures of Natural and Anthropogenic Climate Change

Accurate projections of future temperature and precipitation patterns in many regions of the world depend on quantifying anthropogenic signatures in tropical Pacific climate against its rich background of natural variability. However, the detection of anthropogenic signatures in the region is hampered by the lack of continuous, century-long instrumental climate records. This study presents coral-based sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity proxy records from Palmyra Island in the central tropical Pacific over the twentieth century, based on coral strontium/calcium and the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (d 18 OSW), respectively. On interannual time scales, the Sr/Ca-based SST record captures both eastern and central Pacific
Implications of fast mapping for vocabulary expansion in individuals with mental retardation

Vocabulary expansion is one common goal of intervention programs for individuals with mental retardation and communication impairments. A developmental phenomenon called “fast mapping,” in which children acquire an initial understanding of a new word's meaning after only brief exposure to that word, may provide avenues for exploring processes in rapid vocabulary expansion. This paper describes experimental analysis of how fast mapping might facilitate multiple-word learning in 10 participants with moderate/severe mental retardation.
Demand for urban forests in United States cities

Extensive economic investigations have shown a variety of benefits derived from urban forests, but study on demand for urban forests remains limited. This study investigates the impact of selected potential factors on the demand for urban forests at the city level. An empirical economic model is used to examine and estimate the demand for urban forests in all cities with population over 100,000 in the United States. The empirical findings suggest that the demand for urban forests is elastic with respect to price and highly responsive to changes in income. Urban forest area increases as total population grows but at a lower rate than population growth.
Trafficking-deficient mutant GABRG2 subunit amount may modify epilepsy phenotype.

Objective: Genetic epilepsies and many other human genetic diseases display phenotypic heterogeneity, often for unknown reasons. Disease severity associated with nonsense mutations is dependent partially on mutation gene location and resulting efficiency of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) to eliminate potentially toxic proteins. Nonsense mutations in the last exon do not activate NMD, thus producing truncated proteins. We compared the protein metabolism and the impact on channel biogenesis, function, and cellular homeostasis of truncated c2 subunits produced by GABRG2 nonsense mutations associated with epilepsy of different severities and by a nonsense mutation in the last exon unassociated with epilepsy. Methods: c-Aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunits were coexpressed in non-neuronal cells and neurons. NMD was studied using minigenes that support NMD. Protein degradation rates were determined using 35 S radiolabeling pulse chase. Channel function was determined by whole cell recordings, and subunits trafficking and cellular toxicity were determined using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Although all GABRG2 nonsense mutations resulted in loss of c2 subunit surface expression, the truncated subunits had different degradation rates and stabilities, suppression of wild-type subunit biogenesis and function, amounts of conjugation with polyubiquitin, and endoplasmic reticulum stress levels. Interpretation: We compared molecular phenotypes of GABRG2 nonsense mutations. The findings suggest that despite the common loss of mutant allele function, each mutation produced different intracellular levels of trafficking-deficient subunits. The concentration-dependent suppression of wild-type channel function and cellular disturbance resulting from differences in mutant subunit metabolism may contribute to associated epilepsy severities and by implication to phenotypic heterogeneity in many inherited human diseases. ANN NEUROL 2013;00:000–000
NonO, a non-POU-domain-containing, octamer-binding protein, is the mammalian homolog of Drosophila nonAdiss.

Abstract We have cloned the ubiquitous form of an octamer-binding, 60-kDa protein (NonO) that appears to be the mammalian equivalent of the Drosophila visual and courtship song behavior protein, no-on-transient A/dissonance (nonAdiss). A region unprecedently rich in aromatic amino acids containing two ribonuclear protein binding motifs is highly conserved between the two proteins. A ubiquitous form of NonO is present in all adult tissues, whereas lymphocytes and retina express unique forms of NonO mRNA. The ubiquitous form contains a potential helix-turn-helix motif followed by a highly charged region but differs from prototypic octamer-binding factors by lacking the POU DNA-binding domain. In addition to its conventional octamer duplex-binding, NonO binds single-stranded DNA and RNA at a site independent of the duplex site.
(2) User Participation Now: Evidence‐Based Practice in Best Value

The user voice has been diminished by New Labour's increased reliance on regulation and inspection, notably in Best Value. Reflecting on community care implementation, the paper contends that within Best Value users may maximise their influence in an evidence‐based practice frame.
Reducing the ecological impact of field research.

Researchers and students at biological field stations, especially in remote areas, are subject to leaving “footprints,” as we conduct research, work, and live in sensitive ecosystems. These footprints include travel, personal trash and waste, and field equipment (e.g. flagging, tree markers, plot markers, trail markers, monitoring devices, etc.). In this commentary, we argue that the field of primatology's commitment to minimum impact research should be more explicitly and visibly integrated into our ethical protocols with regard to field research and instruction in sensitive environments. We review current ethical codes and potential solutions to reducing our “researcher footprints” while conducting fieldwork. Using Costa Rica as an example, we address how sustainable fieldwork differs among varying cultural contexts and argue that researchers should be made responsible and accountable for how our presence, research, and teaching might impact the environment. We conclude by recommending a set of guidelines to be added to ethical protocols regarding research design, station policies, and the conduct of research and teaching in the field. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1-9, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of nozzle spacing and diameter on acoustic radiation from supersonic jets in closely spaced arrays

Abstract Acoustic emissions were characterized for fourteen, 8 × 8 arrays of axisymmetric supersonic jets experimentally. The nozzle diameters ranged from 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) to 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) and the hole-to-hole spacing ( S ) over hole diameter ( d ), or the S / d ratios ranged from 1.44 to 3. The arrays were tested at several net pressure ratios ranging from 2 to 24. It was found that up to a critical net pressure ratio, the arrays radiated ultrasonic frequencies. Beyond this critical net pressure ratio the characteristic frequency decreased to lie within the audible range. Frequency response plots of the sound pressure indicate a broadband frequency peak generated by the turbulent mixing noise of the jet. At lower net pressure ratio (NPR) values, this broadband peak is similar to a single jet within the jet array. However, as the NPR continues to increase this frequency peak shifts to lower values which are similar to a single jet with an equivalent exit area of the entire array. Dimensional analysis revealed that at a critical net pressure ratio a dramatic reduction in the characteristic Strouhal number occurred. A small increase in the characteristic acoustic pressure was also observed at net pressure ratios below the critical net pressure ratio and a larger increase was observed at higher net pressure ratios. The critical net pressure ratio appeared to be a linear function of S / d for the nozzle arrays. A linear curve fit was applied to the measured critical net pressure ratio and this was compared to a theoretical model prediction. The experimental results revealed that the critical net pressure ratio is well predicted by the models.
“Simply un-American”: Nativism and Support for Health Care Reform

This study investigates the relationship between individual-level support for the 2010 Affordable Care Act and nativism, the perception that a traditional American culture and way of life needs to be protected against foreign influence. The results of an analysis of a 2011 public opinion survey demonstrate that nativism was an independent and significant predictor of opposition to health care reform and that this effect held for both Republicans as well as Democrats, although the relationship is stronger for Republicans. This is substantively important for two reasons. First, it demonstrates that certain sub-groups of the American public evaluate public policy proposals on the basis of their perceived “foreignness.” Second, it demonstrates that while nativism is traditionally associated with immigration and other race/ethnic-based policy preferences, it also affects attitudes toward other seemingly race-neutral policies in the United States.
MemScale: active low-power modes for main memory

Main memory is responsible for a large and increasing fraction of the energy consumed by servers. Prior work has focused on exploiting DRAM low-power states to conserve energy. However, these states require entire DRAM ranks to be idled, which is difficult to achieve even in lightly loaded servers. In this paper, we propose to conserve memory energy while improving its energy-proportionality by creating active low-power modes for it. Specifically, we propose MemScale, a scheme wherein we apply dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to the memory controller and dynamic frequency scaling (DFS) to the memory channels and DRAM devices. MemScale is guided by an operating system policy that determines the DVFS/DFS mode of the memory subsystem based on the current need for memory bandwidth, the potential energy savings, and the performance degradation that applications are willing to withstand. Our results demonstrate that MemScale reduces energy consumption significantly compared to modern memory energy management approaches. We conclude that the potential benefits of the MemScale mechanisms and policy more than compensate for their small hardware cost.
A novel technique to minimize standby leakage power in nanoscale CMOS VLSI

This paper proposes a novel approach to minimize leakage currents in CMOS circuits during the off-state (or standby mode, sleep mode) by applying the optimal reverse body bias to the substrate (body or bulk) to increase the threshold voltage of transistors. The optimal bias point is determined by comparing the sub-threshold current (ISUB) and band-to-band current (IBTBT) simultaneously. The proposed circuit was simulated in HSPICE using 32 nm bulk CMOS technology and evaluated using ISCAS85 benchmark circuits at different operating temperature (ranging from 25°C to 100°C). Analysis of the results shows a maximum of 551 and 1491 times leakage power reduction at 25°C and 100°C on a circuit with 546 gates. The proposed approach demonstrates that the optimal body bias reduces considerable amount of the leakage power in the nanoscale CMOS integrated circuits. In this approach, the temperature and supply voltage variations are compensated by the proposed feedback loop.
Joint Sensing-Channel Selection and Power Control for Cognitive Radios

We consider joint optimization for sensing-channel selection and ensuing power control problem with cognitive radios over time-varying fading channels. It is shown that this joint design can be judiciously formulated as a convex optimization problem. Optimal joint sensing-channel selection and power control scheme is then derived in closed-form under the constraints of average power budget and maximum allowable probability of collisions with the primary communications. In addition, we develop a stochastic optimization algorithm that can operate without a-priori knowledge of the fading channel statistics. It is rigourously established that the proposed stochastic scheme is capable of dynamically learning the intended wireless channels on-the-fly to approach the optimal strategy almost surely. Numerous results are also provided to evaluate the proposed schemes for cognitive transmissions over block fading channels.
An adaptive hierarchal CFAR for optimal target detection in mixed clutter environments

In this paper a hierarchal adaptive switching (AS) CFAR procedure is presented that optimizes CFAR detection performance in the presence of mixed clutter environments. The algorithm selects a CA-CFAR scheme when detection is identified as being in a homogeneous environment and switches to OS-CFAR if the detection environment is non-homogeneous. In non-homogeneous areas, the reference window shape and size are also adapted to the local environment to optimize the probability of detection and to suppress the false alarm breakthrough due to clutter. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the performance improvement of the hierarchal CFAR.
The Effect of Competition and Contextualized Advisement on the Transfer of Mathematics Skills in a Computer-Based Instructional Simulation Game

This study was designed to determine the effect of contextualized advisement and competition on transfer of mathematics skills in a computer-based simulation game in which participants helped their “aunt and uncle” fix up a house. Contextualized advisement referred to whether the participant had access to video-based advisement delivered by the aunt and uncle about how to solve the problem, and competition referred to whether or not the participant was playing against a computer character. A total of 123 seventh-and eighth-grade students were randomly assigned to one of five conditions formed by crossing the two independent variables and adding a control group. Results indicated an interaction between competition and contextualized advisement. Participants in the noncompetitive condition had higher transfer scores when they had access to contextualized advisement, while participants in the competitive condition had higher transfer scores when they had no access to contextualized advisement.
Mesoscale modeling of coastal low‐level jets: implications for offshore wind resource estimation

Detailed and reliable spatiotemporal characterizations of turbine hub height wind fields over coastal and offshore regions are becoming imperative for the global wind energy industry. Contemporary wind resource assessment frameworks incorporate diverse multiscale prognostic models (commonly known as mesoscale models) to dynamically downscale global-scale atmospheric fields to regional-scale (i.e., spatial and temporal resolutions of a few kilometers and a few minutes, respectively). These high-resolution model solutions aim at depicting the expected wind behavior (e.g., wind shear, wind veering and topographically induced flow accelerations) at a particular location. Coastal and offshore regions considered viable for wind power production are also known to possess complex atmospheric flow phenomena (including, but not limited to, coastal low-level jets (LLJs), internal boundary layers and land breeze–sea breeze circulations). Unfortunately, the capabilities of the new-generation mesoscale models in realistically capturing these diverse flow phenomena are not well documented in the literature. To partially fill this knowledge gap, in this paper, we have evaluated the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting model, a state-of-the-art mesoscale model, in simulating a series of coastal LLJs. Using observational data sources we explore the importance of coastal LLJs for offshore wind resource estimation along with the capacity to which they can be numerically simulated. We observe model solutions to demonstrate strong sensitivities with respect to planetary boundary layer parameterization and initialization conditions. These sensitivities are found to be responsible for variability in AEP estimates by a factor of two. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doing Time: Crime and Constitutional Development

This paper will argue that constitutional development corresponds with the major episodes of decriminalization in American history. This analysis, more fundamentally, illuminates what the Constitution is, or at least what it has been to this point.
Pore-Pressure Response to Sudden Fault Slip for Three Typical Faulting Regimes

Abstract The hydrological effects of earthquakes are determined by the style of fault displacement, rather than simply by the magnitude of the earthquake. In the past, many researchers used the analytical solution of Okada (1992) to estimate the pore‐pressure field, which is derived through the stress field by Skempton’s B coefficient, after the stress field is calculated from a given forced fault slip in Okada’s method (Okada, 1992). This approach is a one‐way coupling approach, as fluid has no effect on rock behavior, and Skempton’s B coefficient must be given separately to know the pore‐pressure field. We create a fault‐slip model in conjunction with a poroelastic model and present a new approach in which fault movement is a consequence of reduced friction occurring in a saturated porous medium. This model represents a numerical parallel to the traditional Okada’s approach, but with two advantages: (1) it is well suited for more complex geometries and heterogeneous formations for which analytical methods fail; (2) it is fully coupled so that fluid effects are also taken into account. This model shows that all three different faulting regimes exhibit completely different pore‐pressure change distributions in 3D space. The transient pore‐pressure change after a strike‐slip faulting event is axis symmetrical with respect to the imaginary vertical line passing through the epicenter and hypocenter, with increased and decreased areas evenly distributed in a juxtaposed pattern. The transient pore‐pressure changes associated with normal and thrust faulting all display a circular pattern on the model surface, with the largest pore‐pressure increase occurring at the epicenter for normal faulting and the largest decrease for thrust faulting. Many observed field phenomena have been explained in surprising detail by this model.
Quantitative determination of organic semiconductor microstructure from the molecular to device scale.

The authors would like to thank M. Chabinyc, H. Ade, B. Collins, R. Noriega, K. Vandewal, and D. Duong for fruitful discussions in the preparation of this review. Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) is a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. This publication was partially supported by the Center for Advanced Molecular Photovoltaics (Award No. KUS-C1-015-21), made by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).
Phenylacetaldehyde: Oviposition Inhibitor for the Pink Bollworm

Field plots of cotton treated with methyl salicylate or untreated had significantly greater infestations of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) than similar plots treated with phenylacetaldehyde. In laboratory tests, phenylacetaldehyde did not reduce hatch when applied to eggs of the pink bollworm oviposited on cotton leaves. However, laboratory female moths laid ca. 75% of their eggs on untreated plants when caged with treated and untreated cotton plants. Phenylacetaldehyde appears to be an oviposition inhibitor for the pink bollworm and may be useful for control.
Catalytic and photocatalytic transformations on metal nanoparticles with targeted geometric and plasmonic properties.

Heterogeneous catalysis by metals was among the first enabling technologies that extensively relied on nanoscience. The early intersections of catalysis and nanoscience focused on the synthesis of catalytic materials with high surface to volume ratio. These synthesis strategies mainly involved the impregnation of metal salts on high surface area supports. This would usually yield quasi-spherical nanoparticles capped by low-energy surface facets, typically with closely packed metal atoms. These high density areas often function as the catalytically active surface sites. Unfortunately, strategies to control the functioning surface facet (i.e., the geometry of active sites that performs catalytic turnover) are rare and represent a significant challenge in our ability to fine-tune and optimize the reactive surfaces.Through recent developments in colloidal chemistry, chemists have been able to synthesize metallic nanoparticles of both targeted size and desired shape. This has opened new possibilities for the d...
School mental health professionals’ training, comfort, and attitudes toward interprofessional collaboration with pediatric primary care providers

AbstractDespite the well-documented need for interprofessional collaboration (IPC) between school mental health (SMH) professionals and pediatric primary care providers (PCPs), research on current collaborative practices of these professionals is limited. Accordingly, using survey methodology, this study investigated SMH professionals’ previous training and training interests, degree of comfort with, attitudes toward, and current practices in IPC with pediatric PCPs. The majority of SMH professionals reported having received some training in IPC and endorsed high levels of interest in additional training. Further, comfort in IPC skills varied considerably based on the skill queried. While SMH professionals indicated IPC was of high importance, results revealed the relative infrequency of IPC with pediatric PCPs. Finally, increased frequency of IPC with pediatric PCPs was associated with positive attitudes toward IPC. Study results underscore the importance of addressing attitudes toward IPC and have impli...
Study on the infection condition and resistance genes of type b of Hemophilus influenza isolated in children with community acquired pneumonia in Shenzhen

流感嗜血杆菌(Hi)是儿童社区获得件肺炎(CAP)的最主要的致病菌之一,也是小儿化脓性脑膜炎及败血症的常见病因.Hi可分为6个血清型,其中b型(Hib)在感染性疾病中占97.8%[1].目前,在世界各地均不同程度出现了对曾经取得良好的疗效并作为治疗Hi感染首选药物--氨苄西林的耐药性,由于各地区抗生素使用情况的不同,耐药发展也不同,因此有必要了解本地区Hib的感染状况及Hi的耐药特点。
Cerebellar Mild Iron Accumulation in a Subset of FMR1 Premutation Carriers with FXTAS

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder associated with premutation alleles of the FMR1 gene. Iron is essential for many facets of cell metabolism in the brain but when altered is likely to contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. We previously reported that iron accumulates in the choroid plexus and the putamen in FXTAS and that the level and distribution of key iron-binding proteins are also altered, suggesting a potential alteration of iron metabolism in the brain. Here, we hypothesize that iron metabolism is also altered in the FXTAS cerebellum. To test this hypothesis, we used cerebellum samples collected from FXTAS and control subjects and measured the amount of iron contained within the cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus. We found that the number of iron deposits increased in the cerebellum only in a subset of cases of FXTAS. This accumulation is likely to be mediated by factors other than or in addition to CGG-repeat coupled pathology. Thus, iron deposition in the cerebellum cannot be used as a hallmark of FXTAS pathogenesis.
[Determination of o-chlorostyrene in the air of workplace by gas chromatography].

Objective To establish a rapid gas chromatographic method for determination of ochlorostyrene in the air of workplace. Method The air samples were collected by syringes, injected directly to the GC system, and then separated by a FFAP capillary column (30 m×0.53 mm×0.25 μm ), finally determined by a Flame Ionization Detector. Results A good linear correlation was showed within a range of 0～ 1200 μg/L,with regression formula Y= 14 030+7 207X(r=0.999 9 ). The air sample could be stably stored in the syringe for 5 hrs. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeated injection of o-chlorostyrene standard solutions at three different concentration by six times was 1.28%～1.97%. The minimun detectable concentration was calculated to be 5.2 mg/m3. Other coexistent volative organic compounds such as styrene, p-chlorostyrene, and m-chlorostyrene didn't interfere with the determination under the experimental conditions of this method.Conclusion This method meets the requirement of "Guide for establishing occupational health standardsPart 4: Determination methods of air chemicals in workplace". It is applicable for determination of oChlorostyrene in the air of workplace. Key words: o-Chlorostyrene; Air; Chromatography, gas
The Vascular Plants

The biologist who would understand how nature works must understand how the structures and functions of living organisms are related. First, however, he must choose a group of organisms to study. Our assignment here is to describe at an introductory level some of the structures and functions of one group of living things, the vascular plants. In this chapter, we will define the vascular plants and survey some of their members and the apparent relationships within the group. The survey is rather brief, because much of the rest of the book is concerned with a more detailed description of vascular plants, especially the more advanced groups.
Urban Indians and Ethnic Choices: American Indian Organizations in Minneapolis, 1920–1950

W hen Dennis Banks, an initial founder of the American Indian Movement (A.I.M.), said in a 1976 interview that "urbanization was part of the downfall, part of the destruction of the Indian community," he articulated one of the most commonly held assumptions about American Indians' experiences in cities.' Banks's statement is ironic, since A.I.M. and other Indian organizations of the 1960s and 1970s emerged from Indian communities that urbanization had helped create. A.I.M. began one evening in 1968 when several Indians met to try to prevent what they saw as discriminatory arrests of Indians in their south Minneapolis neighborhood. By organizing Indians living in specific communities to help each other, A.I.M. members were acknowledging that Indians in cities belonged to ethnic as well as geographic communities. A.I.M.'s first meeting, its further development of Minneapolis-area projects in education and housing, and its proliferation nationwide suggest that urbanization has helped to reinforce American Indian identity.2 Scholars studying recent American Indian history have exhibited a similar kind of historical shortsightedness. They generally share in Dennis Banks's assessment of the city as damaging to Indian communities. Because the federal government sponsored an urban relocation program for Indians in the 1950s, Indian urbanization is often treated as a by-product of misguided government policies.3 And the Red Power movement of the
Pseudo-second-order calcium-mediated Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst attachment to environmental biofilms

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are able to infect a wide range of mammals, including humans, via fecal-oral transmission. The remobilization of biofilm-associated C. parvum oocysts back into the water column by biofilm sloughing or bulk erosion poses a threat to public health and may be responsible for waterborne outbreaks; thus, the investigation of C. parvum attachment mechanisms to biofilms, particularly the physical and chemical factors controlling oocyst attachment to biofilms, is essential to predict the behavior of oocysts in the environment. In our study, biofilms were grown in rotating annular bioreactors using prefiltered stream water (0.2-μm retention) and rock biofilms (6-μm retention) until the mean biofilm thickness reached steady state. Oocyst deposition followed a calcium-mediated pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Kinetic parameters (i.e., initial oocyst deposition rate constant and total number of oocysts adhered to biofilms at equilibrium) from the model were then used to evaluate the impact of water conductivity on the attachment of oocysts to biofilms. Oocyst deposition was independent of solution ionic strength; instead, the presence of calcium enhanced oocyst attachment, as demonstrated by deposition tests. Calcium was identified as the predominant factor that bridges the carboxylic functional groups on biofilm and oocyst surfaces to cause attachment. The pseudo-second-order kinetic profile fit all experimental conditions, regardless of water chemistry and/or lighting conditions. Importance The cation bridging model in our study provides new insights into the impact of calcium on the attachment of C. parvum oocysts to environmental biofilms. The kinetic parameters derived from the model could be further analyzed to elucidate the behavior of oocysts in commonly encountered complex aquatic systems, which will enable future innovations in parasite detection and treatment technologies to protect public health.
Joseph Story and the Dartmouth College Case: Expansion of the Contract Clause

In 1818, the United State Supreme Court ended the year's term without rendering a decision in the case that would become the foundation for the protection of corporate property rights from state intervention: Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward. 1 From the inception of the controversy to the reading of Justice Marshall's opinion on the opening day of the Supreme Court's term in 1819, Justice Joseph Story played a critical role in molding the Dartmouth College case into a solid foundation for the "protection to private property against the authority of the government--a principle which became the cornerstone of the American doctrine of constitutional government." 2 Justice Story not only helped create the legal strategy of Dartmouth College's chief counsel, Daniel Webster, but his eloquent concurring opinion repaired the shortfalls of Chief Justice Marshall's opinion.
Application of Bayesian Network Classifiers and Data Envelopment Analysis for Mining Breast Cancer Patterns

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and learning Bayesian networks (LBN) are relatively unexplored approaches for data mining. Recent theoretical research indicates that DEA and LBN can be used for cer...
Incommensurability and the Priority of Metaphysics

I aim to reject a semantic doctrine, “Incommensurability”, commonly attributed to Kuhn and Feyerabend. They also subscribe to the neo-Kantian metaphysical doctrine of “Constructivism” which stands opposed to “Realism”. I argue that the Incommensurability issue comes down to the Realism issue. On the Realism issue I reject four arguments for Constructivism. Two Kantian arguments make the mistakes of using an a priori methodology and of not “putting metaphysics first”. Two arguments by Hoyningen-Huene and his co-authors support relativism but do nothing to support the Kantian core of Constructivism. I conclude by arguing against “meta-incommensurability”.
Biomechanical study of rod stress after pedicle subtraction osteotomy versus anterior column reconstruction: A finite element study

Background In an effort to minimize rod fractures and nonunion in pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) constructs, surgeons have adopted multirod constructs and interbody cages. Anterior column realignment (ACR) with posterior column osteotomies is a minimally invasive alternative to PSO in sagittal balance correction, however, there is a paucity of evidence with respect to rod survival. Methods Three-dimensional (3D) finite-element-model of a T12-sacrum spine segment was used to compare a 25° PSO at L3 and an ACR with a posterior column osteotomy and 30° hyperlordotic interbody cage at L3-4. The amount of overall T12-S1 lordosis correction was the same for each condition. Each simulation included cobalt chromium alloy primary rods with: (1) PSO; (2) PSO with an interbody cage (IB) at L2-3 (PSO+IB); (3) PSO with accessory (A) rods and IB at L2-3 (PSO+IB+A); (4) PSO with satellite (S) rods and IB at L2-3 (PSO+IB+2S); (5) ACR; 6) ACR with satellite rods (ACR + 2S). A 400 N follower preload was simulated for each condition. Results PSO condition had the largest rod stress of 286 MPa in flexion. Adding interbody support reduced the rod stress by 15%. The 4-rod constructs further reduced rod stress, with the satellite rod condition facilitating the largest reduction. The rod stress in the ACR+2S was equivalent to the PSO+2S, with 50% reduction in rod stress. Conclusion The rod stress with an ACR was comparable to a PSO coupled with interbody support. These results suggest an ACR is a viable MIS alternative to a PSO without the need for a large posterior osteotomy.
Understanding Anhedonia: The Role of Perceived Control

Perceived control appears to play an important role in the manifestation of anhedonic symptoms, as it is integrally related to underlying neurobiological reward systems and motivated behaviors. Perceived control refers to the conscious process by which an event is determined to be manageable, or more simply put, it can be thought of as the extent to which an individual/organism believes that he/she has the resources and capability to manage an event. Consequentially, perceived control has a rich history in the depression literature (e.g., learned helplessness) and appears to be an important determinant in the manifestation of anhedonia. However, to this date, the link between perceived control and anhedonia remains unclear. In order to further elucidate this relationship, this chapter provides a model that seeks to explain perceived control’s role in determining our psychological and behavioral responses to stress. To do so, we will discuss shared neurobiological mechanisms (i.e., the mesocorticolimbic system) in relation to how they pertains to perceived control and approach-avoidance motivation. Additionally, clinical implications will be discussed through the framework of perceived control’s impact on specific coping strategies.
Signal Processing Using MOS-VLSI Technology

Publisher Summary Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) is the name given to integrated circuits (ICs) that, by advances in IC technology, have become larger than some arbitrarily chosen size. The point at which circuits become VLSI instead of just LSI is unclear. This confusion is apparent if one observes the wide range of definitions for VLSI that have been proposed, which range from as low as 1000 logic gates on one integrated circuit up to circuits containing more than 100,000 gates. The reason for this indecision is that VLSI is not a step function improvement in the capability of IC technology but rather just the next stage in its continuing development. This continuity makes it possible to use the experience of the recent past to project the nature and timetable of future developments.
Framing gratitude journaling as prayer amplifies its hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, but not health, benefits

Gratitude is commonly practiced as prayer, but experimental studies testing the ability of gratitude journaling interventions to increase well-being have only examined secular forms of thanksgiving...
In situ neutron diffraction study on tensile deformation behavior of carbon-strengthened CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys at room and elevated temperatures

Carbon is doped into a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy as an interstitial atom, improving the single phase solid solution alloy with a good combination of strength and ductility at room temperature by introducing deformation twins. In situ neutron diffraction (ND) is applied to investigate the carbon-doped CoCrFeMnNi deformation mechanism and micromechanical behaviors during uniaxial tension at room and elevated temperatures. With in situ results accompanied with the microstructure and texture measurement, it is found that the plastic deformation is dominated by dislocation slip at an early stage at both temperatures. However, at high strain level, deformation is mediated simultaneously by deformation twins and microbands at room temperature, while it is governed solely by microbands at elevated temperature of 573 K. The evolution of lattice strain, peak intensity, and peak width from in situ ND elucidates the micromechanical behaviors regarding the role of slips and twins. The texture represented by orientation distribution function indicates that the initial specimen possesses a relatively strong {112}〈110〉 texture component, and the room-temperature tension deformed texture comprises of slip-induced fiber texture and twinning-induced {115}〈552〉 texture component.
Inertia and Change: Findings of the Shriver Report and Next Steps

In 2009, the Center for American Progress and the Berkeley Center for Health, Economic, and Family Security joined together with the Office of Maria Shriver to release the results of a comprehensive inquiry into the lives of American women in the 21st century. The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Changes Everything focuses a capacious and critical lens on the successes won and challenges that remain for women in diverse arenas, including immigration, family policy, health, education, faith, and the media. Yet the Report raises-and leaves unanswered-important questions about the future of gender equality in the world it describes with such precision and clarity. In particular, questions remain about the gap between women's dominating economic presence-as of February 2010, women were the majority on the nation's payrolls-and their continued exclusion from key positions of power, including academic and business leadership and election to political office. Moreover, the Report-and its authors-continue to grapple with the marginalization of women's issues into women-dominated groups and organizations, which tends to have the effect of keeping these vital concerns out of the national conversation. Finally, despite considerable gains in women's economic equality of participation documented herein, real questions remain about gender equality in the private sphere of the home. This Recent Development will briefly survey the existing literature on these continued caesuras between women's contributions and women's power, and will investigate the reasons behind the disengagement of men from this essential issue. J.D. Candidate, University of California, Berkeley School of Law, May 2011; Researcher, Berkeley Center on Health, Economic, and Family Security (CHEFS). I would like to thank Ann O'Leary of Berkeley CHEFS for her extraordinary mentorship, and Angela Clements of Berkeley CHEFS for her kind and generous guidance. I. See, e.g., Catherine Rampell, Women Now A Majority In American Workplaces, N.Y. Times, Feb. 6, 2010, at Al0. I conducted this survey of the mainstream media's coverage on this topic using a Lexis search of "Major News Publications" for keyword "women" on February 5, 2010, and a similar search of these publications between February 5, 2010 and February 9, 2010. BERKELEY JOURNAL OF GENDER, LAW & JUSTICE INERTIA AND CHANGE: FINDINGS OF THE SHRIVER REPORT
Rule of Law in Bollywood Translations of ‘Devdas’ and ‘Parineeta’

This article discusses transformation of "Devdas" and "Parineeta" narratives in multiple commercial Hindi film adaptations, focusing on changing role of law and lawyers over time.
The effect of stress on lactation--its significance for the preterm infant.

The population of infants born prematurely has been increasing steadily over the last 2 decades (Schanler 1996). Inasmuch as these infants are born at progressively shorter gestational ages, the length of their hospitalization is increasing. Among the numerous medical advances that have benefited these infants, the advantages offered by mother’s milk, more specifically, the presence of growth and host-defense factors which cannot be replicated in formulae, have been demonstrated unequivocally (Gartner et al., 1997). Consequently, the provision of mother’s milk for the preterm neonate has become an important aspect of neonatal care. Unfortunately, for reasons not fully understood, mothers of preterm infants often cannot meet the nutritional needs of their infants.
Operant over-responding is more sensitive than reversal learning for revealing behavioral changes after withdrawal from alcohol consumption.

Abstract In humans, prior alcohol use is linked with impulsivity and impaired decision-making, but the nature of this relationship is unclear. In a previous study in rats, we found that prior alcohol access led to over-responding in go/no-go discrimination training, but had no effect on discrimination learning. It was unclear whether this over-responding effect would occur in a reversal learning task, or whether prior alcohol would impair reversal learning in our task. In the present experiments, we determined whether six weeks of chronic intermittent alcohol access would induce over-responding or impair reversal learning in our task. Our task allowed for multiple responses/trial with limited reinforcement, so over-responding could be assessed. In Exp. 1, we gave three days of discrimination training prior to access to 20% alcohol or water, then reversed task contingencies starting 4 days after the end of alcohol access. In Exp. 2, we gave either three or six days of discrimination training prior to the same alcohol access and reversal learning procedures to determine if the original training length would affect alcohol's behavioral effects. We found no reversal learning deficits in either experiment. Across both experiments, we found that the Alcohol group exhibited over-responding to the active lever, but this effect was smaller than in our previous discrimination experiments. Our data suggest that there are behavioral changes after voluntary alcohol access that can be missed by some discrimination/reversal learning assessments, and our over-responding task can detect these transient changes. However, over-responding is more pronounced in discrimination than reversal learning.
Computer Simulations For Modelling Explosive Properties Of Ball Lightning

We prepare a computer simulation using GAMESS Quantum Chemistry and Avogadro molecular editing software to create a simulation of redox reactions in metals suspended in an airborne spheroidal plasma of 30,000 Kelvin and observing energy output for the purpose of testing the plausibility of a chemical origin of the explosive properties of Ball Lightning (BL). We use a modification of the burning silicon aerosol theory of BL which proposes that silicon from quartz and mica in the soil struck by lightning in a thunderstorm can become a hot aerosol plasma that remains stable due to energy release from the redox reaction of pure gaseous silicon in the atmosphere by adding in higher temperatures and additional metals based on the January 2014 publication by the Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China of an accidental spectroscopy of a BL event. Using this modification, we test for the energy output for redox reactions with silicon, calcium, and other metals in the observed quantity, temperature, and volume to determine the plausibility of an energy release large enough to cause an explosive event. We then test for the rate of reaction at which this reaction would have to occur to induce said explosive event, and finally discuss possible mechanisms by which this increased reaction rate could or could not feasibly occur in the BL system during thunderstorm conditions of humidity, temperature, pressure, and electromagnetic field strength in order to provide further context to determining the most likely cause of the explosive properties of BL.
Social conformity affects experimental measurement of boldness in male but not female monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus)

The standard approach for characterizing boldness rarely considers the influence of social environment on the expression of boldness in group-living animals. We studied a wild-caught, captive population of monk parakeets ( Myiopsitta monachus ) to investigate the impact of conspecific presence on boldness — a personality trait in monk parakeets — in a controlled environment. We quantified seven boldness metrics across three types of behavioural assay: novel object, emergence, and predator exposure tests in the presence of a companion pair of flock mates. Because of the high degree of sociality in this species, we hypothesized that the presence of companion birds would facilitate the focal individuals’ behavioural responses (i.e., increase the average boldness level). We found that behavioural response in a risky foraging context was inversely correlated between solitary and social condition in males, but not in females. Our results have implications for characterizing sex-specific differences of risk-taking behaviour in social animals.
Orienting Oocytes using Vibrations for In-Vitro Fertilization Procedures

Accurate positioning of cells is a fundamental task for many procedures in assisted reproductive technologies (e.g. intracytoplasmic sperm injection or preimplantation genetic diagnosis) to extract or insert materials into and from the cell without causing damage to it. The current method of manual manipulation is based on a trial and error procedure performed by skilled embryologists, where they use two different micropipettes to rotate the cell and immobilize it in the desired orientation. This procedure is time consuming, inconsistent and has a low efficiency. Attempts to automate the process presented in the literature have not yet been implemented in IVF clinics because their high degree of automation requires extensive changes to the current systems used in the clinics. We designed a system that can easily be integrated into standard equipment of IVF clinics and allows automated as well as manual manipulation of cells. The system uses vibrations induced by a surface transducer at the pipette holder to rotate the cell around the pipette tip axis, resulting in 2D motion. To detect if the polar body is in the desired position after a vibration burst, we developed a polar body detection algorithm. We performed simulations and experiments to confirm that vibrations at the natural frequencies of the system cause rotation around the pipette tip axis. Experimental results show that the system is capable of positioning the polar body in plane in less than 5.41 seconds.
The Roles of Teacher Expectations and School Composition on Teacher–Child Relationship Quality:

Teachers provide emotional and behavioral supports essential for success in the classroom. This study examined the roles of child interpersonal skills, teacher expectations, and school racial and p...
Intravenous Immunoglobulin-Associated Hemolytic Anemia

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an important therapeutic tool for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Although IVIG has many approved indications and is typically well tolerated, a number of adverse effects have been reported. Hemolysis is a documented but under-recognized adverse effect associated with large individual or cumulative doses of IVIG. Hemolytic complications are typically mild and detected incidentally when screening tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) showing decreased hemoglobin or a complete metabolic panel (CMP) resulting in elevated bilirubin, are performed for another reason. Herein, we report a case of significant hemolytic anemia in a 59 year old Caucasian woman, who required packed red blood cell transfusion after administration of IVIG for the treatment of ITP. Increased awareness of the potential for clinically significant hemolysis after the use of moderate cumulative doses of IVIG is needed, particularly in patients with risk factors for hemolysis.