cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract T P45: Automated CSF Segmentation to Quantify Cerebral Edema Following Large Hemispheric Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Cerebral edema with resultant mass effect is a potentially fatal consequence of ischemic stroke, but early and sensitive biomarkers of brain tissue compression are lacking. To quantify brain mass effect, we developed a novel, automated segmentation method to delineate CSF spaces in CT images from ischemic stroke patients. Methods: CTs from sixteen acute ischemic stroke patients (median NIHSS 16.5, median age 61.5 yrs, 14-92 hrs after stroke onset) were included after informed consent was obtained. After infarction, conventional CSF segmentation using Hounsfield unit (HU) thresholding is suboptimal due to infarct hypodensity. Utilizing manually delineated infarct and CSF spaces as training samples, we augmented conventional HU threshold segmentation with level sets, sparse regression and random forest segmentation methods. Using leave-one-out cross-validation, the combined approach was compared to HU thresholding using Dice ratios (a measure of the overlap between the segmented and the ground-truth CSF spaces). Results: Shown is an example of a CT brain slice segmented by HU thresholding and the combined strategy: false negative (red), false positive (green), and true positive (yellow). The Dice ratios for HU thresholding and the combined approaches were 58.2±16.3% and 68.9±14.6%, respectively, demonstrating the significantly improved performance for the combined strategy (p=0.0014). Conclusions: We have developed an advanced image segmentation strategy to delineate CSF spaces which outperforms conventional HU thresholding. An automated CSF segmentation strategy will permit quantification of cerebral edema in a large population of stroke patients, as required for genetic studies, for example.
An efficient algorithm for the adaptive control of a manipulator

A novel algorithm is described for the adaptive control of a robot manipulator which may contain closed kinematic loops. The algorithm identifies the mass properties of each link and the viscous friction coefficients for each joint of the manipulator. It is similar to the Newton-Euler inverse dynamics algorithm and hence obtains its computational efficiency through the recursive nature of the algorithm. >
Direct down-conversion of passband signals using MEMS filters and sub-sampling

The term sub-sampling implies sampling a passband system at a sampling rate of less than twice the highest frequency in the system. In this paper we address design limitations in passband subsampled radios. We develop a set of three restrictions on the sub-sampling frequency, the signal and filter bandwidth, and the desired post-sub-sampled center frequency. These restrictions will prevent intersymbol interference. Additionally, we address wideband and sampler noise replication, we show that the additional noise contribution of these sources converges under an additional restriction. We finish by showing the tradeoff between filter shape, front-end amplifier gain, and received signal to noise ratio loss. Our results are presented in the context of a micro electro-mechanical (MEMS) filtered receiver.
Amino Acid Flux and Protein Synthesis After Exposure of Rats to Either Diplococcus pneumoniae or Salmonella typhimurium

At 26 h after inoculation of rats with Diplococcus pneumoniae, the serum concentrations of 10 and 20 individual amino acids were lower than corresponding values observed in pair-fed controls. In contrast, only 2 of 20 serum amino acids were similarly decreased in rats inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. Despite these serum differences, a greater accumulation of labeled non-metabolizable amino acids occurred in the livers of rats infected with S. typhimurium. These data suggested a greater increase in the flux of amino acids from muscle to liver in the rats infected with S. typhimurium as compared to those infected with D. pneumoniae. A similar increase in serum protein synthesis was observed in rats infected with D. pneumoniae or S. typhimurium. However, with the latter infection, a larger percentage of the amino acids appeared to be utilized as a source of energy in addition to their role as precursors of proteins.
Cortical lesions induce an increase in cell number and PSA-NCAM expression in the subventricular zone of adult rats.

The subventricular zone (SVZ) bordering the lateral ventricle is one of the few regions of adult brain that contains dividing cells. These cells can differentiate into neurons in vivo after migration into the olfactory bulb and in vitro in the presence of appropriate growth factors. Little is known, however, about the fate of these cells in vivo after brain injury in adults. We examined cell number and expression of differentiation markers in the SVZ of adult rats after cortical lesions. Aspiration lesions of the sensorimotor cortex in adult rats induced a transient doubling of the number of cells in the SVZ at the level of the striatum without consistent increases in bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells. Immunoreactivity to the polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule, expressed by the majority of cells of the SVZ during development, increased dramatically after lesion. In contrast, immunolabeling for molecules found in mature neurons and glia did not increase in the SVZ after lesion, and immunoreactivity for growth factors that induce differentiation of SVZ cells in vitro decreased or remained undetectable, suggesting that lack of appropriate growth factor expression may contribute to the lack of differentiation of the newly accumulated cells in vivo. The data reveal that cells of the SVZ are capable of plasticity in the adult rat after brain injury in vivo and that the newly accumulated cells retain characteristics seen during development. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changes in plantar loading based on shoe type and sex during a jump-landing task.

Context: Metatarsal stress fractures are common in cleated-sport athletes. Previous authors have shown that plantar loading varies with footwear, sex, and the athletic task. Objective: To examine the effects of shoe type and sex on plantar loading in the medial midfoot (MMF), lateral midfoot (LMF), medial forefoot (MFF), middle forefoot (MidFF), and lateral forefoot (LFF) during a jump-landing task. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-seven recreational athletes (14 men, 13 women) with no history of lower extremity injury in the last 6 months and no history of foot or ankle surgery. Main Outcome Measure(s): The athletes completed 7 jumping trials while wearing bladed-cleat, turf-cleat, and running shoes. Maximum force, contact area, contact time, and the force-time integral were analyzed in each foot region. We calculated 2 × 3 analyses of variance (α = .05) to identify shoe-condition and sex differences. Results: We found no shoe × sex interactions, but th...
Age group differences in world wide web navigation

In this study, we examined the effects of age and training on efficiency and preferences in a World Wide Web search activity. Older participants were able to complete most of the tasks, but took more steps to find the information than did younger adults. Factors in this inefficiency were patterns of returning to the home page and revisiting pages that had been seen before during a search. Interactive training improved efficiency and altered preferences. We discuss implications for training and design.
The composition and yield of crude lipids obtained from soybeans by successive solvent extractions

The composition and yield of the crude lipids obtained from soybeans by successive solvent extractions were determined for two solvents: Skellysolve F (boiling range, 35° to 58° C.) and Skellysolve B (boiling range, 63° to 70° C.). The crude lipids from the first and sixth Skellysolve F extractions showed a variation of 17.5 units in iodine number and of 23.42 per cent in phosphatides. Those from the first and fifth Skellysolve B extractions showed a variation of 10.1 units in iodine number and of 17.33 per cent in phosphatides. With each solvent the series of intermittent extractions removed approximately 97 per cent as much oil as did an analytical quantitative extraction using that same solvent. The variation in percentages of the saturated and unsaturated acids was determined and found to be small. No preferential extraction of any glyceride was found. The Skellysolve B removed about the same amount of unsaponifiable matter, and slightly more than twice the weight of phosphatides, as was extracted by the Skellysolve F.
Experimental Foreign Exchange Markets

The paper analyzes experimental markets where subjects buy and sell two different assets. The assets’ properties vary across treatments, and their relative price is the exchange rate. Although both assets uniformly exhibit bubbles, the exchange rate satisfies cross-currency arbitrage. There is no evidence of a positive risk premium in these markets, and almost all subjects’ forecasts of the exchange rate are rational.
Potential roles of electrogenic ion transport and plasma membrane depolarization in apoptosis

Apoptosis is characterized by the programmed activation of specific biochemical pathways leading to the organized demise of cells. To date, aspects of the intracellular signaling machinery involved in this phenomenon have been extensively dissected and characterized. However, recent studies have elucidated a novel role for changes in the intracellular milieu of the cells as important modulators of the cell death program. Specially, intracellular ionic homeostasis has been reported to be a determinant in both the activation and progression of the apoptotic cascade. Several apoptotic insults trigger specific changes in ionic gradients across the plasma membrane leading to depolarization of the plasma membrane potential (PMP). These changes lead to ionic imbalance early during apoptosis. Several studies have also suggested the activation and/or modulation of specific ionic transport mechanisms including ion channels, transporters and ATPases, as mediators of altered intracellular ionic homeostasis leading to PMP depolarization during apoptosis. However, the role of PMP depolarization and of the changes in ionic homeostasis during the progression of apoptosis are still unclear. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the causes and consequences of PMP depolarization during apoptosis. We also review the potential electrogenic ion transport mechanisms associated with this event, including the net influx/efflux of cations and anions. An understanding of these mechamisms could lead to the generation of new therapeutic approaches for a variety of diseases involving apoptosis.
An analysis of the results of two periodical use studies: How usage in the 1990s compares to usage in the 1970s

(1996). An analysis of the results of two periodical use studies: How usage in the 1990s compares to usage in the 1970s. Serials Review: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 35-53.
An experimental system to support a very high level user interface

An experimental project is described that developed a very high level end user interface to provide the capability for non-DP trained individuals to automate business procedures.
A re-evaluation of the apparent effects of luminal Ca2+ on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release

Abstract It has been suggested that the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) is modulated by the luminal Ca2+ content of the stores and that such an effect could underlie the apparent ‘quantal’ nature of InsP3-induced release. Although initial studies failed to find evidence in support of such a modulation, several subsequent reports have indicated luminal Ca2+ effects that become apparent only after a greater than 70–75% depletion of Ca2+ stores. In these studies, Ca2+ release was expressed as a percentage of an A23187-releasable pool which comprised both InsP3-sensi-tive and InsP3-insensitive components. In model calculations we have found that the presence of even a minor InsP3-insensitive component in the total Ca2+ pool significantly distorts interpretation of the data. We show that the published results can be accurately duplicated without any requirement for a shift in the true InsP3 sensitivity of Ca2+ release if either: (a) the InsP3-insensitive component does not remain a constant proportion of the total pool during depletion (i.e. depletion disproportionally affects the InsP3-sensitive component); or (b) during generation of InsP3-response curves, additional Cal 2+ is released from the InsP3-insensitive component as the InsP3-sensitive component is progressively emptied. Examination indicates that either, or both, of these conditions apply in the published reports and we conclude that the demonstrated effects of luminal Ca2+ may be artifacts.
A guanine nucleotide exchange factor-independent function of Vav1 in transcriptional activation.

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular proteins including the protooncogene Vav1. Vav1 expression is necessary for normal T cell development and activation. We previously showed that overexpression of Vav1 in Jurkat T cells potentiates the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT). The mechanism by which Vav1 participates in TCR signaling events is not clear. Vav1 contains a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain that has specificity for Rac and other Rho GTPases that have been recently implicated in T cell activation events. Significantly,in vitro tyrosine phosphoryation of Vav1 by Lck activates its exchange activity. This Lck-mediated phosphorylation of Vav1 has been reported to depend upon Tyr-174 in Vav1, a site implicated in Vav1 function by other studies as well. In this report, we demonstrated that Tyr-174 is not required for the TCR-induced phosphorylation of Vav1in vivo. Moreover, mutation of Tyr-174 augmented the ability of Vav1 to up-regulate NF-AT activation as well as the Vav1 GEF function leading to Rac activation. However, we also showed that the GEF activity of Vav1 was neither sufficient nor necessary for potentiation of NF-AT, and thereby we identify a GEF-independent role of Vav1 in potentiating NF-AT-driven transcription. Oncogenic Vav1 in which the amino-terminal 67 amino acids were deleted had elevated GEF activity but did not potentiate NF-AT when overexpressed in Jurkat cells. We also showed that a GEF mutant form of Vav1 that had impaired GEF function could still potentiate NF-AT. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized negative regulatory function of Tyr-174 in Vav1 and suggest that domains other than the Vav1 GEF domain contribute to TCR signals leading to NF-AT activation.
Correct Splicing of a Group Ii Intron from a Chimeric Reporter Gene Transcript in Tobacco Plastids

Abstract An in vivo test system was developed to study group II intron splicing in higher plant chloroplasts. The chimeric reporter gene uidA was constructed by translational fusion of an intron-containing segment of the plastid atpF gene with the coding region of a plastid uidA reporter gene. The chimeric uidA gene was inserted into the tobacco plastid genome by the biolistic transformation procedure using a plastid targeting vector. Correct intron excision was confirmed by Northern blot analysis, by sequencing amplified cDNAs and by accumulation of the encoded beta-glucuronidase (GUS), the expression of which was dependent on intron removal. Removal of the intron from the uidA mRNA is less efficient ( 90%). The efficiency of atpF mRNA splicing is not affected in the plasmid transformants indicating that inefficient splicing of the highly-expressed uidA mRNA is not due to depletion of factor(s) required for the atpF intron removal. A derivative of uidA, with a stop codon introduced into the loop of domain VI, was also tested. The mutations did not affect the splicing efficiency. The chimeric uidA splicing system will facilitate the study of structural and sequence requirements for group II intron splicing in plastids of higher plants.
Cell Compartmentalization of Cholesterol Biosynthesis

Thus, the results showing the presence of cholesterol synthetic enzymes in peroxisomes (see references 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, and 26), the reduced levels of cholesterol synthesis enzymes and cholesterol synthetic capacity of cells and tissues lacking peroxisomes, 26, 37, 39 and the low serum cholesterol levels in patients suffering from peroxisomal deficiency diseases40-43 demonstrate that peroxisomes are essential for normal cholesterol synthesis. A number of metabolic pathways require co-participation of enzymes located in both peroxisomes as well as enzymes found in other intracellular compartments. For example, the first steps of plasmalogen synthesis occur in the peroxisomes, while the terminal reactions are completed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Similarly, the oxidation of cholesterol to bile acids requires the participation of enzymes localized in the endoplasmic reticulum as well as peroxisomes. Little is known about the regulation of such pathways or about the shuttling of intermediates between compartments. The physiological importance of peroxisomal enzymes in the regulation of sterol metabolism remains to be clarified.
Adaptive high-resolution simulation of realistic gaseous detonation waves

The numerical approximation of detonation waves in gaseous combustible mixtures is extremely demanding since a wide range of scales needs to be resolved. A dynamically adaptive high-resolution finite volume method is described that has enabled accurately resolved computational investigations of the transient behavior of regularly oscillating detonations in lowpressure hydrogen-oxygen mixtures in realistic two-dimensional geometry. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epilepsy surgery: is it an effective treatment?

Presentation des indications, des avantages, des inconvenients, et du cout du traitement chirurgical. Une revue de la litterature permet une vue d'ensemble des resultats obtenus par differentes equipes; comparaison du traitement chirurgical au traitement medical
Expression of the Krüppel-like zinc finger gene biklf during zebrafish development.

Abstract The zebrafish biklf gene encodes a novel Kruppel-like transcription factor containing three contiguous zinc fingers at the C-terminus. Expression of biklf is detected from the shield stage onward in the developing prechordal plate, and as a ‘baseball seam’-like lateral stripe beginning at the end of gastrulation. The latter expression domain is suppressed in the swirl mutant in which bmp2b is disrupted. At the 5-somite stage the lateral expression domain separates into two distinct stripes, one in the ectoderm, the other in blood islands in the lateral plate mesoderm. Blood island staining of biklf continues through somitogenesis as the most prominent area of biklf expression.
Phosphorylation of Serine 282 in Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C Increases Myosin MgADP Release and MgATP Binding Rates in Mouse Myocardium

Cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) modulates contractility in part through phosphorylation of serines (S) found in the cardiac-specific motif between domains C1 and C2. S282 phosphorylation appears to allow the hierarchical phosphorylation of S302 and S307 by protein kinase-A (PKA). We investigated whether S282 phosphorylation status influenced the effects of PKA on acto-myosin cross-bridge MgADP release rate (k-ADP) and MgATP binding rate (k+ATP) in myocardial strips. Transgenic mice expressing cMyBP-C with a single amino acid switch at S282 to glutamic acid (D) or alanine (A) were generated to mimic phosphorylated or unphosphorylated states, respectively. Mice were fed L-thyroxin for 10 days to ensure similar (>90%) α-myosin heavy chain (α-MyHC) background. Skinned papillary muscles were pretreated with alkaline phosphatase to reduce any differential in vivo phosphorylation, and examined by length perturbation analysis at maximum calcium activation (pCa 4.8) as MgATP concentration varied (0 to 5 mM). α-MyHC k-ADP and k+ADP increased 90% (212±22 vs. 111±9 s−1) and 45% (867±93 vs. 595±50 mM−1 s−1) for S282D vs. S282A, demonstrating that cMyBP-C S282 phosphorylation status significantly affects α-MyHC kinetics. Following PKA treatment, k-ADP and k+ADP values did not differ between S282D and S282A, due to PKA reducing k-ADP by 23% (163±19 s−1) and k+ATP by 45% (475±35 mM−1 s−1) for S282D, but increasing k-ADP by 23% (137±9 s−1) and decreasing k+ATP by 23% (457±52 mM−1 s−1) for S282A. These results suggest that S282 phosphorylation most significantly affects the initial functional status of the myocardium, prior to PKA-mediated effects from cMyBP-C or other phosphorylatable myofilament proteins.
Interpretation of photon correlation spectroscopy data: A comparison of analysis methods

Properties of solutions and colloidal suspensions such as molecular and particle dynamics, diffusivities, and size distributions may be determined through dynamic light-scattering experiments. Here a number of methods for predicting the details of the linewidth distribution from photon correlation spectroscopy data are reviewed. Their performance on simulated data (with and without noise added) and experimental data from polystyrene latex standards (including a mixture of two standards) is compared. Methods which do not assume a specific form for the distribution are considered. These include cumulants, histograms, exponential sampling, subdistributions, a non-negatively constrained histogram, and Provencher's constrained regularization. Constrained regularization was found to be most robust to noise present in the autocorrelation function and therefore most reliable for analyzing experimental data; however, the method sometimes oversmoothed the distribution. For bimodal distributions the histogram method performed well in our testing, especially when the approximate peak locations were known a priori. Two linear least-squares fitting methods, exponential sampling and the non-negatively constrained histogram, yield accurate values for the overall mean and standard deviation and can be implemented easily on a microcomputer. The linear subdistribution method, although computationally fast, sometimes was not as accurate as other methods.
1/N expansion for the transport coefficients of the single-impurity Anderson model.

In this paper the properties of the single-impurity Anderson model are studied via a loop expansion using the functional-integral method developed by Read and Newns, referred to here as I. First, the low-temperature equilibrium properties were considered and it was shown that, to two-loop order after zero modes are properly treated, for physical properties (free energy and f-level occupancy) the loop expansion is one-to-one with the 1/N expansion and to order 1/N the results first derived by Read, referred to here as II, were recovered. For the transport properties we present the first calculations of the low-temperature conductivity, thermopower, and thermal conductivity to order 1/N. For the conductivity, our result for the ${T}^{2}$ coefficient in the Kondo limit when N=6 is (1-8/3N)${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}$=5${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}$/9=5.6 which is to be compared with the result 5, derived previously from the ``noncrossing'' approximation. In the case of the thermal power S, our result agreed to order 1/N with the exact result derived here for the first time. In the Kondo regime, this implies that the thermopower is reduced by a factor of (1-1/N) relative to the mean-field result, and that this is an exact ratio, analogous to the well-known \ensuremath{\chi}/\ensuremath{\gamma} ratio: We may write (S/T${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{0}$)=[2${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{B}^{22}$/${g}^{2}$(j+1)${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}^{2}$](1-1/N)(\ensuremath{\pi}/N) cot(\ensuremath{\pi}/N), which is a universal result in the Kondo regime.
Excretion of feline leukaemia virus by naturally infected pet cats.

THE transmission of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) horizontally among cats has been well established1–3 but the source of infectious virus responsible for this transmission has not been determined, C-type particles resembling FeLV have been seen by electron microscopy in many tissues and body fluids from cats having leukaemia and lymphoma4–7. In reference to potential environmental excretion, particles have been seen in the upper and lower respiratory tract, saliva, urine, gut wall, and peripheral blood. These studies, however, have been limited to electron microscopic visualisation and have not studied levels of infectious FeLV in tissues or fluids which could release virus into the environment. Speculation about the source of infectious virus has included urine saliva, fleas, and blood (from either scratches, bites, or blood sucking arthropods)1,8.
Sex Differentiation in Two High School Environments: Implications for Career Development Among Black Adolescent Females

This study, based on a secondary analysis of data, involved the comparison of 127 black males and females on career-related variables at two high schools, one a predominantly white liberal arts high school and the other a racially more integrated vocational high school. Based on a review of literature regarding institutional and racial differences in attitudes towards career development in women, it was hypothesized that more sex differences would exist among the black students at the liberal arts school than at the vocational school, and that these differences would favor the males. The hypotheses were confirmed. While females attending the liberal arts high school had lower aspirations, less vocationally relevant self-concepts, and lower self esteem than their male counterparts, they were also less likely to perceive events as the result of either internal forces or of external forces. It was concluded that black females may experience environments differently than do black males, due to the combined and independent effects of racism and sexism. Clearly studies involving the effects of different settings on minority group behavior should examine relationships separately by gender.
Infants' Individuation and Enumeration of Actions

Two experiments examined 6-month-old infants' ability to individuate and enumerate physical actions—the sequential jumps of a puppet In both experiments, which employed a habituation paradigm, infants successfully discriminated two-jump from three-jump sequences The sequences of activity in the two experiments provided for an initial exploration of the cues infants use to individuate actions Results show that (a) infants can individuate and enumerate actions in a sequence, indicating that their enumeration mechanism is quite general in the kinds of entities over which it will operate, (b) actions whose temporal boundaries are characterized by a contrast between motion and absence of motion are especially easy to individuate and enumerate, but nonetheless (c) infants can individuate and enumerate actions embedded in a sequence of continuous motion, indicating that infants possess procedures for parsing an ongoing motionful scene into distinct portions of activity
Moving Forward with Sound Technology

In this issue of JVIR, Gorny et al (1) report their experience with the use of magnetic resonance (MR)– guided focused ultrasound (US) therapy for uterine fibroids with the ExAblate 2000 (InSightec Inc, Haifa, Israel), a device that has received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval. After a mean follow-up of 2.8 years of 138 patients who received MR-guided focused US, 19% and 23% of the patients had undergone a second procedure for recurrence of fibroid-related symptoms at 3 and 4 years, respectively, based on KaplanMeier estimates. Predictors of successful MR-guided focused US therapy included older patient age and MR imaging characteristics of the fibroids (homogeneously dark fibroids on T2-weighted images). The study was limited by lack of symptom and quality-of-life assessments, a skewed patient population (90% white), absence of imaging follow-up, and the need to treat approximately 48% of patients (66 of 138) twice with MR-guided focused US (1). The mean nonperfused volume (NPV) of fibroids reported by Gorny et al (1) was only 45.5%, whereas other investigators have found a statistical correlation between larger NPV ratios and a reduced need for additional treatments (2) and greater reductions in fibroid volumes after MR-guided focused US (3). Trumm et al (4), using the newer ExAblate 2100 system (InSightec), which has not received Food and Drug Administration approval, were able to achieve a mean NPV of 88% in 115 women. In addition, this same group from Germany reported on a cohort of 190 patients who received MRguided focused US, of whom 82% achieved 4 80% NPV (5). A subanalysis of patients who had Z 85% NPV showed greater improvements in symptom severity
A Data Flow Multiprocessor

This paper presents the architecture of a highly concurrent multiprocessor which runs programs expressed in data flow notation. Sequencing of data flow instruction execution depends only on the availability of operands required by instructions. Because data flow instructions have no side effects, unrelated instructions can be executed concurrently without interference if each has its required operands. The data flow multiprocessor is hierarchically constructed as a network of simple modules. All module interactions are asynchronous. The principal working elements of the machine are a set of activation processors, each of which performs the execution of one invocation of a data flow procedure held in a local memory within the processor. A pipeline of logical units within each processor executes several concurrently active instructions. All data flow operations are performed within single processors except procedure calls, which cause the creation of new activations in other processors, and operations on large data structures, which are performed by structure controller modules using values stored in a central memory. Concurrency within a data flow procedure provides a processor with something to do while a slow operation is being processed. The behavior of the machine has been specified by a formal description language and has been shown to correctly implement the data flow language. The principal advantages of the data flow multiprocessor over conventional designs are reduced complexity of the processor-memory connection, greater use of pipelining, and a simpler representation and implementation of concurrent activity.
5'-flanking sequences of the human HPRT gene direct neuronal expression in the brain of transgenic mice

Total deficiency of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in humans causes the neurological disorder Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The HPRT gene is expressed at basal levels in all tissues but at higher levels in the brain, the relevance and mechanism of which is unknown. To determine if cis-acting DNA elements play a role in the tissue-differential pattern of expression, we generated transgenic mice carrying different sequences of the human HPRT (hHPRT) promoter fused to the bacterial lacZ gene. We show that a 1.6 kb fragment of the hHPRT promoter contains essential information to direct beta-galactosidase expression preferentially to the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and several other areas of the forebrain. At least two elements within the 1.6 kb fragment appear to be required for neuronal expression. A 182 bp element (hHPRT-NE) represents one of these sequences and is involved not only in conferring neuronal specificity but also in repressing transgene expression in non-neuronal tissues. These studies provide molecular insight into the mechanism of increased HPRT expression in the brain.
Agrobacterium-mediated high-frequency transformation of an elite commercial maize (Zea mays L.) inbred line

An improved Agrobacterium -mediated transformation protocol is described for a recalcitrant commercial maize elite inbred with optimized media modifications and AGL1. These improvements can be applied to other commercial inbreds. This study describes a significantly improved Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol in a recalcitrant commercial maize elite inbred, PHR03, using optimal co-cultivation, resting and selection media. The use of green regenerative tissue medium components, high copper and 6-benzylaminopurine, in resting and selection media dramatically increased the transformation frequency. The use of glucose in resting medium further increased transformation frequency by improving the tissue induction rate, tissue survival and tissue proliferation from immature embryos. Consequently, an optimal combination of glucose, copper and cytokinin in the co-cultivation, resting and selection media resulted in significant improvement from 2.6 % up to tenfold at the T0 plant level using Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 in transformation of PHR03. Furthermore, we evaluated four different Agrobacterium strains, LBA4404, AGL1, EHA105, and GV3101 for transformation frequency and event quality. AGL1 had the highest transformation frequency with up to 57.1 % at the T0 plant level. However, AGL1 resulted in lower quality events (defined as single copy for transgenes without Agrobacterium T-DNA backbone) when compared to LBA4404 (30.1 vs 25.6 %). We propose that these improvements can be applied to other recalcitrant commercial maize inbreds.
Denominational Factors in Nineteenth-Century Currency Experience

The possession of a few copper cents [in 1862] meant that the owner could ride [the street car] rather than walk…. It meant that he could buy a postage stamp without an altercation with the clerk, or a cigar without receiving in change a handful of the dealer's own manufactured currency.
Virtual Drums Based on Natural Interaction

The paper presents the development of a virtual drums prototype, based on natural interaction, trough a Kinect device. Results of early tests are encouraging, but the prototype can definitively be improved. The project aims to serve as basis for future developments, and several projects are already undergoing at the School of Informatics Engineering of the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaiso -- Chile.
The case for quasi‐steady models in describing the physics of dayside merging

The magnetosphere varies on all measured temporal and spatial scales. Because this variability is apparent in so many data sets, and because dynamical behavior is intrinsically exciting, a large majority of space physicists have always emphasized transients. We quite agree that merging transients exist, although we believe that they are directly driven by the variable input from the magnetosheath (we have proposed examples ourselves). In emphasizing “quasi-steady” in this discussion, we only mean that specifying the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind conditions (or more precisely, magnetosheath conditions) also pretty well specifies the state of the dayside magnetosphere.
eShare: a capacitor-driven energy storage and sharing network for long-term operation

The ability to move energy around makes it feasible to build distributed energy storage systems that can robustly extend the lifetime of networked sensor systems. eShare supports the concept of energy sharing among multiple embedded sensor devices by providing designs for energy routers (i.e., energy storage and routing devices) and related energy access and network protocols. In a nutshell, energy routers exchange energy sharing control information using their data network while sharing energy freely among connected embedded sensor devices using their energy network. To improve sharing efficiency subject to energy leakage, we develop an effective energy charging and discharging mechanism using an array of ultra-capacitors as the main component of an energy router. We extensively evaluate our system under six real-world settings. Results indicate our charging and discharging control can effectively minimize the energy leaked away. Moreover, the energy sharing protocol can quantitatively share 113J energy with 96.82% accuracy in less than 2 seconds.
Which duration of postsaccadic slowing identifies anticipatory saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements

Increased frequency of anticipatory saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements is a potential marker of genetic risk for schizophrenia. Postsaccadic slowing criteria are used to separate anticipatory from other types of saccades. However, the necessary duration of slowed pursuit required to identify an anticipatory saccade remains undetermined. We explored the effect of various postsaccadic slowing duration criteria on effect size in a comparison of younger and older schizophrenic and normal adults. For large anticipatory saccades, varying the duration of postsaccadic slowing criteria did not notably change effect size. For smaller leading saccades, a limited 50-ms duration postsaccadic slowing criterion produced the largest effect size (1.54), and maintained a similar effect size across a broad age range. Leading saccades with a limited duration postsaccadic slowing criteria are a possible marker of genetic risk for schizophrenia.
Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Dilation in African Americans With Masked-Hypertension

BACKGROUND Office-blood pressure (BP) measurements alone overlook a significant number of individuals with masked-hypertension (office-BP: 120/80-139/89 mm Hg and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) daytime ≥135/85 mm Hg or night-time ≥120/70 mm Hg). Diminished endothelial function contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. To better understand the pathophysiology involved in the increased cardiovascular (CV) disease risk associated with masked-hypertension, we estimated the occurrence, assessed the endothelial function, compared plasma levels of inflammatory markers, white blood cell count (WBC count), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and examined the possible relationship between endothelial function and inflammatory markers in apparently healthy prehypertensive (office-BP: 120/80-139/89 mm Hg) African Americans. METHODS Fifty African Americans who were sedentary, nondiabetic, nonsmoking, devoid of CV disease were recruited. Office-BP was measured according to JNC-7 guidelines to identify prehypertensives in whom ABPM was then assessed. Fasting plasma samples were assayed for inflammatory markers. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at rest and during reactive hyperemia was measured in a subset of prehypertensives. RESULTS Subjects in the masked-hypertension sub-group had a higher hsCRP (P = 0.04) and diminished endothelial function (P = 0.03) compared to the true-prehypertensive sub-group (office-BP: 120/80-139/89 mm Hg and ABPM: daytime <135/85 mm Hg or night-time <120/70 mm Hg). Regression analysis showed that endothelial function was inversely related to hsCRP amongst the masked-hypertensive sub-group (R(2) = 0.160; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Masked-hypertension was identified in 58% of African Americans which suggests that a masking phenomenon may exist in a sub-group of prehypertensives who also seem to have a diminished endothelial function that could be mediated by an elevated subclinical inflammation leading to the increased CV disease.
Defect Microchemistry at the SiO2/Si Interface

A dominant, intrinsic chemical reaction path in SiO 2 /Si systems is the decomposition reaction Si +SiO 2 → 2 SiO. Controlled analytical studies have elucidated the microchemical and microstructural aspects of this process and revealed that nucleation of the reaction occurs at existing defect sites. At an earlier stage of reaction, the same decomposition chemistry leads to electricl activation of the defects, as seen in breakdown and hole trapping phenomena. By careful and systematic control of ambient conditions during annealing, it is shown that the evolution of electrically active defects follows the same decomposition chemistry as does the physical deterioration of an entire oxide layer. These aspects of defect chemical behavior suggest implications for both defect identification and defect control in thin SiO 2 layers on Si.
Target recognition by the archenteron during sea urchin gastrulation

During sea urchin gastrulation filopodia are sent out by secondary mesenchyme cells (SMCs) at the tip of the archenteron in continual cycles of extension, attachment, and retraction. Eventually the archenteron ceases its elongation and its tip localizes to the animal pole region of the embryo (Gustafson and Kinnander, 1956, Exp. Cell Res. 11, 36-57; Dan and Okazaki, 1956, Biol. Bull. 110, 29-42). We have investigated the mechanisms and specificity of this localization by analyzing filopodial behavior and by experimental manipulation of the interaction of the archenteron with the animal pole region. When the tip of the archenteron nears the animal pole, some filopodia make contact with a well-defined locus within this region. Filopodia that make contact with the locus remain attached 20-50 times longer than attachments observed at any other site along the blastocoel wall. The SMCs bearing the long-lived filopodia eventually change their phenotype by flattening and spreading onto this region. Several lines of experimental evidence indicate that contact with the animal pole locus, or "target" region, is crucial for the change in phenotype of the SMCs: (1) the phenotypic change can be induced precociously by bringing the animal pole region within reach of the tip of the archenteron early in gastrulation. Precocious contact with other regions of the blastocoel wall does not induce a similar change. (2) The phenotypic change can be delayed by placing the animal pole out of reach late in gastrulation, resulting in artificial prolongation of exploratory behavior by filopodia. (3) Ectopic combinations of animal pole ectoderm and archenterons in fused multiple embryos and chimaeras result in attachment of archenterons to the nearest available target, and (4) freely migrating SMCs are observed to migrate randomly within the blastocoel, then stop at the animal pole and undergo the change in phenotype. Filopodia rapidly attach to the animal pole when the shape of early gastrulae is altered such that the animal pole is less than 35 microns from the tip of the archenteron, even though such attachments only occur in normal embryos at the 2/3-3/4 gastrula stage. Since it has previously been shown that the archenteron elongates autonomously to 2/3 of its final length (Hardin, 1988, Development 103, 317-324), it appears that autonomous extension of the archenteron is required to place filopodia close enough to the animal pole to allow them to interact with it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Impact of infusion line compliance on syringe pump performance.

To determine the impact of infusion line compliance on the time to occlusion alarm (occlusion time) and the size of the subsequent occlusion release bolus, we studied three different infusion lines in combination with a 50-ml and a 10-ml syringe. The mean occlusion time of the 50-ml syringe amounted to 20.3 ± 0.28 min and increased to 26.2 ± 0.19 min with the infusion line yielding the largest compliance (P < 0.0001). The mean occlusion time of the 10-ml syringe was 2.5 ± 0.75 min and showed a 2.7-fold variation with the three infusions lines (2.6 ± 0.08, 5.6 ± 0.28 and 6.9 ± 0.35 min, respectively; P < 0.0001). Occlusion times correlated strongly to the calculated estimated compliance of the syringe-infusion line assembly (Pearson's r = 0.998, P < 0.0001). Infusion line compliance has an important impact on time to occlusion, particularly when using small, low compliant infusion pump syringes.
Evaluation of the Timing Properties of a High Quantum Efficiency Photomultiplier Tube

We measured the timing resolution of 189 R9800-100 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), which are a SBA (Super Bialkali, high quantum efficiency) variant of the R9800 high-performance PMT manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics, and correlated their timing resolutions with various measures of PMT performance, namely Cathode Luminous Sensitivity (CLS), Anode Luminous Sensitivity (ALS), Gain times Collection Efficiency (GCE), Cathode Blue Sensitivity Index (CBSI), Anode Blue Sensitivity Index (ABSI) and dark current. The correlation results show: (1) strong correlations between timing resolution and ALS, ABSI, and GCE; (2) moderate correlations between timing resolution and CBSI; and (3) weak or no correlations between timing resolution and dark current and CLS. The results disclosed that all three measures that include data collected from the anode (ALS, ABSI, and GCE) affect the timing resolution more than either of the two measures that only include photocathode data (CBSI and CLS). We conclude that: (1) the photocathode Quantum Efficiency (QE) and the product of the Gain and the Collection Efficiency (GCE) are the two dominant factors that affect the timing resolution, (2) the GCE variation affects the timing resolution more than the QE variation in the R9800 PMT, and (3) the performance depends on photocathode position.
Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: The Challenge of Diagnosis

During the past two decades, the Child Psychiatry Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health has conducted a longitudinal study (including long-term prospective follow-up) of childhood-onset schizophrenia, a rare form of the disorder. Critical to this research has been accurate diagnosis. Outpatient screening has accurately diagnosed 55% of the 121 childhood-onset schizophrenia patients in the study to date. However, inpatient observation including drug-free observation has proven crucial to ruling out 96 children with alternative diagnoses who had been provisionally admitted for inpatient study. Standardized clinical ratings from outpatient screening only predicted 62% of these nonschizophrenia patients. Historically, medication-free observation was standard clinical care for difficult and unusual patients; this should be employed when possible in similar situations.
Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD among female victims of intimate partner violence.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women. The study involved three groups: women with no history of exposure to serious trauma (n = 30), women who had been exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) but never developed PTSD (n = 23), and women with IPV exposure and current PTSD (n = 19). As a part of a larger study, they completed measures of AS, PTSD symptomatology, and depression. Women with PTSD reported the highest levels of AS, although traumatized women with PTSD reported more AS than did women with no trauma history. AS-related psychological concerns were a statistical predictor of PTSD symptoms when the entire sample of women was considered but not among the subset with a trauma history. Nonetheless, AS may be an important factor to consider in treatment of individuals with PTSD.
UPDetector: sensing parking/unparking activities using smartphones

Real-time information about vacant parking spaces is of paramount value in urban environments. One promising approach to obtaining such information is participatory sensing, i.e. detecting parking/unparking activities using smartphones. This paper introduces and describes multiple indicators, each of which provides an inconclusive clue for a parking or an unparking activity. As a result, the paper proposes a probabilistic fusion method which combines the output from different indicators to make more reliable detections. The proposed fusion method can be applied to inferring other similar high-level human activities that involve multiple indicators which output features asynchronously, and that involve concerns about power consumption. The proposed indicators and the fusion method are implemented as an Android App called UPDetector. Via experiments, we show that our App is both effective and energy-efficient in detecting parking/unparking activities.