cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Fibers in Forensic Science Examinations

The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the potential of fiber evidence, and present some of the reasons why this potential appears to be currently underutilized. The author has tried to summarize state-of-the-art examination of fibers to promote interest, encourage, and assist those less experienced in this specialized field. Fibers are the most frequently encountered type of trace evidence. In comparison with other types of forensic science examinations the number of articles on fibers appearing in the relevant journals is minimal. It is however increasing, showing an awakening interest in the subject that has been given a boost by the findings in the Atlanta murders case which appears to be the first occasion of fibers playing a major part in obtaining a conviction in a case of such importance in the United States. This article presents an overview of the subject of fiber examination ranging from the collection of evidence and some of its attendant pitfalls, through basic and more advanced laboratory techniques past and present, to assessing the value of fiber evidence and commenting on how this may be improved in the future.
Variability of formant values at different time points of vowels

Vowel inherent spectral change research has led to two apparently contradictory conclusions about the appropriate representation of vowels: perception studies support a dual-target model of vowels, while production studies focus on calculating higher-fidelity continuous formant contours. This study explores production data in a new way by analyzing where in vowel duration variability is lowest across tokens. Portions of vowels that are less variable across tokens are assumed reflect greater importance to or planning by speakers. Born-and-raised Wisconsinites aged 18–30 were recorded reading a word-in-frame reading list eliciting 30 tokens of 14 American English vowels in the context /hVd/. F1 and F2 were sampled at 50 evenly spaced intervals for each vowel, covering the entire duration. For every speaker, the standard deviations of F1 and F2 were taken separately at every sample. Variability was analyzed as a function of time point. An upturned parabola pattern suggests a single target, a downturned parabola pattern suggests a dual target, and a horizontal pattern suggests continuous specification. For monophthongs, variability is found to be convex, and it is concave for diphthongs. This analysis does not support a dual-target model for monophthongs.
Facile entry to substituted 2-arylpiperidines via an aza-Sakurai reaction

Abstract An efficient route has been developed for the facile synthesis of functionalized 2-arylpiperidines that may be readily modified using straightforward transformations to create collections of novel substituted 2-arylpiperidines. The approach features a reaction cascade starting with imine formation from a known amino allylsilane and a diverse set of aryl aldehydes, followed by an acid-catalyzed aza-Sakurai reaction to assemble a series of 2-aryl-4-exo-methylenepiperidines in a single step from readily available starting materials. The 2-aryl-4-exo-methylenepiperidines thus prepared were derivatized via N-methylation, N-acetylation, and N-tosylation.
Perioperative Pain Management

Acute pain related to surgery is a common experience throughout the world. Despite well-known and widely available treatments, it is often untreated or undertreated. Optimal perioperative pain management addresses this pain by facilitating healing, combating the surgical stress response, and relieving suffering. Because opioid medications have had an outsized role in the treatment of perioperative pain, it has partially fueled the opioid crisis in the United States. This chapter will address evidence-based multimodal analgesia approaches and how to apply them within different Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) pathways that aim to optimally decrease—if not prevent—postoperative pain, accelerate recovery, and improve the postoperative patient experience. It includes a shift away from opioid-based therapy and provides a roadmap on how to apply the best use of opioid-free analgesia and opioid-sparing analgesia via balanced perioperative pain management and how to layer analgesic approaches for ERAS pathways. The cornerstones of this approach are the rational selection of pain mechanism-specific medications and the strategic use of peripheral and central neural blockade.
Embodied Interaction Design to Promote Creative Social Engagement for Older Adults

This paper presents an embodied interactive system designed for older adults to promote creative and social engagement, called Move and Paint. We performed a study to investigate the engagement and behavior patterns of older adults as they used Move and Paint. We conducted a focus group and interview study to understand general attitudes towards this gesture-based interactive system. We used the results to develop an evaluation framework to identify engagement and behavior patterns of older adults and conducted pattern analysis. Our findings show that embodied interactive technology can offer creative engaging experiences that enhance opportunities for older adults to participate in social and community engagement in public spaces.
A case study on revisiting meeting and event competency standards and student perspective

Utilizing an experiential learning project, reflection surveys, and post-program questionnaires, this descriptive case study approach explores a real-world event management course as a professional...
Association of Branded Prescription Drug Rebate Size and Patient Out-of-Pocket Costs in a Nationally Representative Sample, 2007-2018.

Importance Over the past decade, branded prescription drug manufacturers have substantially increased list prices while offering larger rebate payments to health care insurers. Whereas larger rebates can partially offset increases in list prices for insurers, patient out-of-pocket costs may be directly associated with list prices for individuals without insurance and indirectly associated with list prices for individuals with insurance through deductibles or coinsurance. Objective To investigate the association between rebates and patient out-of-pocket costs and whether this association differs by coverage type (ie, Medicare, commercial, or uninsured) and before and after 2014. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) combined with pricing data for single-source branded drugs from SSR Health from 2007 through 2018. The study was conducted among a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized civilian US population. Included individuals were respondents to MEPS with at least 1 prescription for a single-source branded drug who were covered by Medicare or commercial insurance or were uninsured during an entire year. Data analyses were conducted from August 2019 through March 2021. Exposures Estimated rebate size. Main Outcomes and Measures Out-of-pocket costs per prescription were calculated, adjusting for year and drug. Results Among 38 131 individuals with at least 1 prescription, the mean age was 54 years (95% CI, 54 to 55 years), with 22 044 women (57.8%) and 29 086 White individuals (76.3%). The sample included 444 unique drugs with a survey-weighted total of 4.7 billion prescriptions. Estimated mean (SE) rebates increased from $34 ($1) per prescription in 2007 to $374 ($9) per prescription in 2018. The rebate sizes were associated with statistically significant mean out-of-pocket increases per branded prescription of $4 (95% CI, $4 to $4) from 2007 to 2013 and $11 (95% CI, $10 to $12) from 2014 to 2018. From 2014 to 2018, rebate sizes were associated with statistically significant mean increases in out-of-pocket costs per prescription of $13 (95% CI, $12 to $13) for individuals with Medicare, $6 (95% CI, $6 to $7) for individuals with commercial insurance, and $39 (95% CI, $34 to $44) for individuals without insurance. After adjusting for list prices, there was no association between rebates and out-of-pocket costs, with a change from 2014 to 2018 of −$0.01 (95% CI, −$0.04 to $0.02). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that drug manufacturers may have provided larger rebates to insurers primarily by increasing list prices and that individuals without insurance had greater cost increases. The results emphasize the need for policy solutions that decouple list prices and out-of-pocket costs.
Coordination of cell development by the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)/polyamine pathway as an underlying mechanism in developmental neurotoxic events.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)/polyamine pathway as a potential underlying biochemical mechanism of functional teratogenesis. Through study of its direct inhibition, this pathway is now known to regulate nucleic acid and protein synthesis in developing tissues, and thus may act as the common target for neurobehavioral, synaptogenic, and morphological as well as cellular deficits in response to a diverse spectrum of developmental insults. The appearance of alterations in behavioral function caused by a teratogen must have, as its basis, a primary action on cellular mechanisms. Teratological changes confined to behavioral (or biochemical) function can be as damaging as obvious gross skeletal or morphological abnormalities: subtle deficits may go unnoticed at birth and lead to a cascade of alterations in neurobehavioral functioning as the animal matures that make it progressively difficult to determine underlying primary alterations induced by the teratogen. The selectivity of behavioral effects of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) exposure for these periods paralleled the regional selectivity generated by the biochemical and anatomical timetable of maturation of each brain region.
A Comparative Analysis of HC-128 and Rabbit Encryption Schemes for Pervasive Computing in WSN Environment

Confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA) are the three basic requirements for an encryption mechanism utilized in any security architecture. Implementation of such a comprehensive security framework for pervasive computing environment, specifically in wireless sensor networks (WSN), is not feasible in the context of scarce resource availability and its efficient utilization. Application of stream ciphers for conventional security applications has proved to be proficient in terms of efficient energy and memory consumption. This paper presents WSN-specific NesC based implementations of two stream ciphers selected from the eSTREAM project, namely HC-128 and Rabbit. HC-128 and Rabbit have both qualified for the final portfolio phase of the eSTREAM project but their suitability for WSNs needs to be justified in a totally different context. If the two stream ciphers manage to adhere to the WSN-specific requirements and perform efficiently under these requirements only then the scheme/s can be classified as suitable. This paper tends to test the suitability of HC-128 and Rabbit for WSN-specific environment and evaluates the schemes in terms of memory usage, time consumption and energy utilization. The aim of this study is to present either one of the two schemes as an efficient solution for pervasive computing.
The staging of cervical cancer: Inevitable discrepancies between clinical staging and pathologic findings

Abstract Three hundred seventy previously untreated patients with invasive cervical carcinoma were evaluated, staged, and treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from January 1964, to July 1970. Of these, 125 patients were operated upon within 4 weeks of staging. The initial stage was found to be correct in 66 per cent of the cases, with staging accuracy decreasing from Stage I (78 per cent) to Stage III (25 per cent). The most common error was failure to accurately define the extent of parametrial disease. The most effective method of staging was the conventional system which consists of dividing cervical carcinoma into four stages as originally presented by the League of Nations in 1929 and modified by the Cancer Committee of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. The TNM staging system did not alter staging accuracy. It is suggested that in certain selected patients diagnostic laparotomy may be indicated.
A comparison of positive and negative reinforcement for compliance to treat problem behavior maintained by escape

Previous research has shown that problem behavior maintained by escape can be treated using positive reinforcement. In the current study, we directly compared functional (escape) and nonfunctional (edible) reinforcers in the treatment of escape-maintained problem behavior for 5 subjects. In the first treatment, compliance produced a break from instructions. In the second treatment, compliance produced a small edible item. Neither treatment included escape extinction. Results suggested that the delivery of a positive reinforcer for compliance was effective for treating escape-maintained problem behavior for all 5 subjects, and the delivery of escape for compliance was ineffective for 3 of the 5 subjects. Implications and future directions related to the use of positive reinforcers in the treatment of escape behavior are discussed.
Monitoring tumor motion with on-line mega-voltage cone-beam computed tomography imaging in a cine mode

Accurate daily patient localization is becoming increasingly important in external-beam radiotherapy (RT). Mega-voltage cone-beam computed tomography (MV-CBCT) utilizing a therapy beam and an on-board electronic portal imager can be used to localize tumor volumes and verify the patient's position prior to treatment. MV-CBCT produces a static volumetric image and therefore can only account for inter-fractional changes. In this work, the feasibility of using the MV-CBCT raw data as a fluoroscopic series of portal images to monitor tumor changes due to e.g. respiratory motion was investigated. A method was developed to read and convert the CB raw data into a cine. To improve the contrast-to-noise ratio on the MV-CB projection data, image post-processing with filtering techniques was investigated. Volumes of interest from the planning CT were projected onto the MV-cine. Because of the small exposure and the varying thickness of the patient depending on the projection angle, soft-tissue contrast was limited. Tumor visibility as a function of tumor size and projection angle was studied. The method was well suited in the upper chest, where motion of the tumor as well as of the diaphragm could be clearly seen. In the cases of patients with non-small cell lung cancer with medium or large tumor masses, we verified that the tumor mass was always located within the PTV despite respiratory motion. However for small tumors the method is less applicable, because the visibility of those targets becomes marginal. Evaluation of motion in non-superior-inferior directions might also be limited for small tumor masses. Viewing MV-CBCT data in a cine mode adds to the utility of MV-CBCT for verification of tumor motion and for deriving individualized treatment margins.
Characterization and modelling of interspecies electron transfer mechanisms and microbial community dynamics of a syntrophic association

Microbial community function depends on metabolic interdependencies between individual species, some of which include electron transfer. Nagarajan et al. use genomic, transcriptomic and modelling approaches to describe the mechanisms supporting the syntrophic relationship between Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter sulfurreducens.
Supplier development: Improving supplier performance through knowledge transfer

Abstract The dynamic business environment today requires organizations to effectively use all available resources to remain competitive. The quality and cost of a product or service offered in the market is a function, not only of the capabilities of the firm, but also the supplier network providing inputs to the enterprise. To remain competitive, organizations are increasingly implementing supplier development programs to maintain capable and high performance supply bases. This paper presents a conceptual model of an organization's efforts to improve supplier performance. Then latent variable structural equation modeling (LVSEM) is used to test the model with data for 215 supplier development experiences from US manufacturing firms. The results suggest that evaluation and certification efforts are the most important supplier development prerequisites before undertaking operational knowledge transfer activities such as site visits and supplier training. Furthermore, collaborative inter-organizational communication is identified as important supporting factor in transforming an organization's efforts to develop suppliers into supplier performance improvements.
Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be useful in the detection of brain activity via the relatively indirect coupling of neural activity to cerebral blood flow and subsequently to magnetic resonance signal intensity. Recent technical advances have made possible the continuous collection of successive images at a rate rapid compared with such signal changes and in the statistical processing of these image time series to produce tomographic maps of brain activity in real time, with updates of 10 frames/s or better. We describe here our preferred method of real-time functional MRI and some of the early results we have obtained with its use.
Screening using national cholesterol education program guidelines in a population of urban hispanic mothers

We measured serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 217 urban Hispanic mothers. On the basis of total cholesterol values, as recommended by the Expert Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program, 6 subjects (2.8%) had high blood cholesterol (greater than or equal to 240 mg/dl), 27 (12.4%) had borderline-high blood cholesterol (200-239 mg/dl), and 184 (84.8%) had desirable blood cholesterol (less than 200 mg/dl). One of the 27 with borderline-high total cholesterol had two other coronary risk factors. Thus 7 of the 217 (3.2%, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 6.8%) met Expert Panel criteria for lipoprotein measurement. Six of the seven had high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (greater than or equal to 160 mg/dl). Four additional subjects with borderline-high total cholesterol, not identified by this sequential screening strategy, also had high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Thus a total of 10 of 217 (4.6%, 95% confidence interval 2.4 to 8.6%) met Expert Panel criteria for high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and initiation of cholesterol-lowering treatment. None of these 10 had been previously identified as having high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Two years later subjects with high or borderline-high total cholesterol were rescreened. Seven of 22 subjects completing the second screening were classified differently with regard to having high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, illustrating the potential for misclassification of individuals on the basis of a single measurement. The prevalence of women with high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not significantly different at the two screenings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Polarographic behavior of Cd2+ and Zn2+—PGA complexes. Polarographic and circular dichroism spectroscopic studies on the Cd2+ and/or Zn2+—poly(α-L-glutamic acid) complex in aqueous solution

Abstract The helix-coil transition of poly(α-L-glutamic acid) (PGA) induced by Cd 2+ and/or Zn 2+ was investigated by direct current (d.c.) polarography and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy as a function of pH and the mixing ratio of glutamic acid residue to Cd 2+ and/or Zn 2+ . The diffusion current for Cd 2+ or Zn 2+ declined sharply in the pH range of c . 4–7 due to the formation of the metal ion-PGA helical complex. The helix contents of PGA, estimated by the decrease in polarographic current, are in good agreement with results obtained by circular dichroism in the neutral pH region. The degree of helicity induced by either of these two ions can also be determined independently by polarography. The size of the complex was calculated by the Ilkovic equation and depends strongly on the mixing ratio of glutamic acid to cation. In the neutral pH region, the relationship between the half-wave potentials and the concentration of PGA indicates that two peptide residues coordinate approximately to one Cd 2+ .
Lisofylline, a novel antiinflammatory compound, protects mesangial cells from hyperglycemia- and angiotensin II-mediated extracellular matrix deposition.

Chronic elevated glucose levels and activation of the renal renin-angiotensin system have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. We tested the ability of lisofylline (LSF), a novel antiinflammatory compound, to prevent extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and growth factor production by human mesangial cells (HMCs) cultured in chronic elevated glucose (HG) or angiotensin II (AngII). HMCs were cultured in normal glucose (NG) (5.5 mm) and in HG (25 mm) for 7 d or with 10–7 m AngII for 4 h with or without LSF. Levels of the ECM protein fibronectin and TGF-β in media were shown to increase in HG compared with NG. LSF decreased HG-induced fibronectin and TGF-β production to control levels. Increased expression of collagen type IV and laminin was observed in AngII-cultured HMCs. LSF protected HMCs from the AngII induction of these key matrix proteins. cAMP-responsive binding element phosphorylation was significantly higher in both HG and AngII-cultured HMCs. LSF reduced phosphorylation ...
Comparison of risk factors for falls from height between commercial and residential roofers

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this investigation was to compare commercial roofers and residential roofers in terms of their behaviors, beliefs, working conditions, and attitudes toward the use of fall protection devices, which could lead to fall accidents. Methods A cross-sectional sample of 252 roofers participated in the survey in the Midwest (Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Iowa). Results Residential roofers were more likely to fall (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.86, 2.27) than commercial roofers. Existence of fall protection programs, enforcement of fall protection device use, actual use of fall protection devices, work type, company size, and race/ethnicity were significantly associated with fall accidents. Impact on industry This study adds insight into fall accidents from roofs in the construction industry and provides industry-specific cautions against fall accidents that can be reflected in regulatory agency implementation.
Multiple-wavelength phase-shifting interferometry

This paper describes a method to enhance the capability of two-wavelength phase-shifting interferometry. By introducing the phase data of a third wavelength, one can measure the phase of a very steep wave front. Experiments have been performed using a linear detector array to measure surface height of an off-axis parabola. For the wave front being measured the optical path difference between adjacent detector pixels was as large as 3.3 waves. After temporal averaging of five sets of data, the repeatability of the measurement is better than 25-A rms (λ = 6328 A).
Overprinting faulting mechanisms during the development of multiple fault sets in sandstone, Chimney Rock fault array, Utah, USA

Abstract The deformation mechanisms producing the Chimney Rock normal fault array (San Rafael Swell, Utah, USA) are identified from detailed analyses of the structural components of the faults and their architecture. Faults in this area occur in four sets with oppositely dipping fault pairs striking ENE and WNW. The ENE-striking faults initially developed by formation of deformation bands and associated slip surfaces (deformation mechanism 1). After deformation band formation ceased, three sets of regional joints developed. The oldest two sets of the regional joints, including the most prominent WNW-striking set, were sheared. Localized deformation due to shearing of the WNW-striking regional joints formed WNW-striking map-scale normal faults. The formation mechanism of these faults can be characterized by the shearing of joints that produces splay joints, breccia, and eventually a core of fault rock (deformation mechanism 2). During this second phase of faulting, the ENE-striking faults were reactivated by shear across the slip surfaces and shearing of ENE-striking joints, producing localized splay joints and breccia (similar to deformation mechanism 2) superimposed onto a dense zone of deformation bands from the first phase. We found that new structural components are added to a fault zone as a function of increasing offset for both deformation mechanisms. Conversely, we estimated the magnitude of slip partitioned by the two mechanisms using the fault architecture and the component structures. Our analyses demonstrate that faults in a single rock type and location, with similar length and offset, but forming at different times and under different loading conditions, can have fundamentally different fault architecture. The impact by each mechanism on petrophysical properties of the fault is different. Deformation mechanism 1 produces deformations bands that can act as fluid baffles, whereas deformation mechanism 2 results in networks of joints and breccia that can act as preferred fluid conduits. Consequently, a detailed analysis of fault architecture is essential for establishing an accurate tectonic history, deformation path, and hydraulic properties of a faulted terrain.
Clozapine: a clinical review of adverse effects and management.

Clozapine (Clozaril®) is a novel and unique prototype atypical, tricyclic, dibenzodiazepine-derivative, antipsychotic agent. It has been proven effective and significantly superior to placebo, as well as to conventional neuroleptics, in several placebo-controlled, double-blind studies in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. It has also been found to produce an incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) as low as that found with placebo. Approximately 30–60% of all schizophrenic patients who fail to respond to typical antipsychotics may respond to clozapine. It was the first major advance that marked a turning point in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders since the introduction of the typical antipsychotic agents, i.e., chlorpromazine and haloperidol in the 1950s and 1960s, respectively. After its introduction in clinical studies in the United States in the early 1970s, it was withdrawn in 1974, and was not approved for clinical use in the United States until February 1990, because of the risk of agranulocytosis. Its novel pharmacological profile, lack of propensity to cause EPS in both short- and long-term uses, lack of effects on serum prolactin, and ameliorative effects on tardive dyskinesia have resulted in the expansion of its use from refractory schizophrenia to schizoaffective disorders, affective disorders, some neurological disorders, aggression, as well as psychosis in patients with dementia and parkinsonism. This review covers the history, pharmacology, management of side effects, and fetal and neonatal effects of clozapine.
Anticipated reinforcement and attraction

Implicit affective responses, hypothesized to be, in part, anticipations of future reinforcement, are proposed to mediate the relationship between reinforcement and attraction. In the present experiment, it was found that attraction responses are more positive to an individual from whom Ss anticipate positive reinforcement than to one from whom negative reinforcement is anticipated (p <.01). In addition, attraction was found to be a positive function of the proportion of similar attitudes expressed by a stranger (p < .001). The results were in clear support of a reinforcement model of attraction.
Mechanism of action of memantine

Memantine is a clinically useful drug in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The principal mechanism of action of memantine is believed to be the blockade of current flow through channels of N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors — a glutamate receptor subfamily broadly involved in brain function. Surprisingly, other drugs that block NMDA receptor channels, such as ketamine, exhibit serious deleterious effects. The unusual therapeutic utility of memantine probably results from inhibitory mechanisms shared with ketamine, combined with actions specific to memantine. These potentially important differences between memantine and ketamine include effects on gating of blocked channels and binding of memantine to two sites on NMDA receptors. Because modulation of NMDA receptor activity can increase or decrease excitability of neuronal circuits, subtle differences in the mechanisms of action of NMDA receptor antagonists can strongly impact on their clinical effects.
Adjusting for Background Mutation Frequency Biases Improves the Identification of Cancer Driver Genes

A common goal of tumor sequencing projects is finding genes whose mutations are selected for during tumor development. This is accomplished by choosing genes that have more non-synonymous mutations than expected from an estimated background mutation frequency. While this background frequency is unknown, it can be estimated using both the observed synonymous mutation frequency and the non-synonymous to synonymous mutation ratio. The synonymous mutation frequency can be determined across all genes or in a gene-specific manner. This choice introduces an interesting trade-off. A gene-specific frequency adjusts for an underlying mutation bias, but is difficult to estimate given missing synonymous mutation counts. Using a genome-wide synonymous frequency is more robust, but is less suited for adjusting biases. Studying four evaluation criteria for identifying genes with high non-synonymous mutation burden (reflecting preferential selection of expressed genes, genes with mutations in conserved bases, genes with many protein interactions, and genes that show loss of heterozygosity), we find that the gene-specific synonymous frequency is superior in the gene expression and protein interaction tests. In conclusion, the use of the gene-specific synonymous mutation frequency is well suited for assessing a gene's non-synonymous mutation burden.
TEACHING AND RESEARCH SYNERGISM: THE UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH EXPERIENCE

This paper presents benefits of the undergraduate research experience as identified by current and former students. The benefits are compared with desired outcomes of the undergraduate educational experience as identified by others and illustrate that undergraduate research can enhance the undergraduate educational experience. An approach for incorporating undergraduate students into research is described. In this approach, students become involved in oral and written presentations of their work, and, with experience, even formulate and submit proposals. These educational benefits are realized in synergism with research activities, demonstrating the integration of teaching and research in the pursuit of scholarship. Thus, these student observations support the position that undergraduate research is a viable approach for enhancing the undergraduate educational experience while promoting the integration of teaching and research.
The Development and Validation of an Assessment of Safety Awareness of Science Teachers Using Interactive Videodisc Technology.

A new assessment of science teachers' knowledge of school lab safety management was developed and tested. The assessment, called the Safety Simulator, is based on Interactive Videodisc (IVD) technology and was developed as part of the Beginning Educator Support and Training program for beginning teachers in Connecticut. The Safety Simulator contains two phases: 1) A “walk” through the lab room, designed to assess teacher knowledge of current regulations about safety equipment and storage of chemicals; 2) A General science lab activity, performed by four middle school students, designed to assess teacher knowledge of school safety management and his/her ability to monitor students' work. Reliability of scores for the four different categories of school lab safety (Physical facilities, Chemicals. Lab techniques and Students' behavior), examined by calculating the mean correlation coefficients among three different scorers, was found to be moderate to high. Evidence for content and construct validity were studied by examining job relatedness, safety expert judgment, and by comparing the performance of known groups. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Semigroups of quasi-compact operators

LetT 1 andT 2 be two quasi-compact operators on a complex Banach spaceX, whereX is the Banach space of all complex valued and continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff spaceY. LetS(I, T 1,T 2) denote the semigroup generated byT 1,T 2 and the identity operatorI. We show that under certain conditions the kernel of the semigroup\(\overline {S\left( {I,T_1 ,T_2 } \right)} \) is a finite group.
Functional reentrant waves propagate outwardly in cardiac tissue

Abstract The dynamical nature of cardiac arrhythmias has been investigated for decades by researchers from a wide range of disciplines. One long-standing unsettled issue involves whether the mechanism of functional reentry should be described by the “leading-circle” hypothesis or the “spiral-wave” hypothesis, which rely on inward and outward wave propagation, respectively. To address this issue, we investigated two-dimensional FitzHugh–Nagumo type models and found that inwardly propagating waves could occur in the spontaneous oscillatory mode, but not the excitable mode. However, such spontaneous oscillatory behavior is characterized by small-amplitude, sinusoidal oscillations that are fundamentally different from the stimulus-driven, excitable behavior of cardiac myocytes. This finding suggests that inward wave propagation, which is posited by the leading-circle hypothesis for the purpose of maintaining functional reentry, is unlikely to occur in cardiac tissue.
Selenium metabolism. II. Effect of injected selenium compounds and of liver injury.

SummaryA 17.5-fold increase of carrier SeO4 did not alter the urinary excretion of 75Se, increased its respiratory excretion and hepatic uptake, but decreased its uptake in other viscera. 75Se accumulation in the liver and pancreas was similar after 75Se-methionine and after 75SeO4 injections. After CCl4 therapy urinary excretion, and renal and pulmonary uptake of 75Se increased. In choline deficient cirrhotic rats urinary excretion of 75Se decreased and visceral, though not the hepatic, uptake of 75Se increased. However, SeO4 supplements reversed these changes in the cirrhotic rats with the exception of the increased renal uptake of 75Se. Over 80% of the non-dialyzable 75Se in the liver accumulated in the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions. The increase of carrier SeO4 was accompanied by an increase of 75Se in the nuclear fraction but did not change the distribution of 75Se in the mitochondrial, microsomal and supernatant fractions. The 75Se uptake increased in the nuclear fraction after CCl4 therap...
Computer-Assisted Optimization of Separations in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

A computer optimization routine has been developed which is capable of evaluating the quality of electrophoretic separations under a variety of operational conditions. The program includes theoretical models for electrophoretic and electroosmotic migration processes as well as a simple rationale for zone dispersion. The electrophoretic migration subroutine is based on classical equilibrium calculations and requires knowledge of the solute dissociation constant(s) and electrophoretic mobility(s). In the electroosmotic migration subroutine, the response of the fused-silica capillary surface to changes in buffer composition is modeled in analogy to an ion-selective electrode. A mathematical function that relates the zeta potential to the pH and sodium concentration of the buffer solution is required. The migration time of each solute is then calculated from the sum of its effective electrophoretic mobility and the electroosmotic mobility. The temporal width of each solute zone is derived from contributions t...
Intelligibility and world Englishes in the classroom

: Notions of ‘the Good’ in English-language usage are informed by teachers’ experience and by authoritative sources such as rhetoric handbooks and reference grammars. In recent decades, new ways of evaluating language interpretation and use have been explored and tested; such recent conceptions of what it means to be intelligible may be seen as ‘better’ in that they accord more closely with the observable data and situations around us. In particular, the choice of overall model of English that is presented to students and by which their English is evaluated ought to be considered in pragmatic rather than a priori terms.
Differences in Motivational Properties between Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment

Differences in motivational properties between job enlargement and job enrichment are investigated. Differences in employees' motivation and ability should be reflected in determining an appropriate type of job design. Expectancy/instrumentality theory of motivation provides a basis for explaining employees' responses to various job designs.
Multicenter molecular integrals for Slater orbitals of higher principal quantum numbers.

As was shown earlier by Tai (1979), by using the Fourier-transform technique and properly coupling a pair of two-center exchange integrals, the multicenter molecular integrals can be cast into a simple expression upon which numerical procedures can be directly applied. In this paper, the procedure of Tai is extended to integrals involving orbitals with arbitrarily higher principal quantum number. The derivation is outlined, and the explicit expressions are presented for a three-center nuclear attraction integral and a four-center two-electron Coulomb repulsion integral of arbitrary higher states.
Income distribution and socioeconomic mobility: A framework for analysis and planning

This paper analyses income distribution and socioeconomic mobility within a framework that: (1) incorporates a dynamic as well as a static view of equity, (2) includes the distribution of income by households or individuals and also by socioeconomic classes, and (3) explicitly includes the translation from the distribution by socioeconomic groups into the overall size distribution. The dynamic analysis makes use of a mobility matrix which is similar to the transition matrix in dynamic Markov analysis. A representative mobility matrix is presented which includes ten socioeconomic groups. Four categories of mobility are identified: (1) rural‐urban migration, (2) movements within the urban labour market, (3) movement through the educational system, and (4) capital formation and asset redistribution. Some numerical examples are given analysing development strategies combining high or low socioeconomic mobility with equalising or unequalising growth.
Sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax

Lung sonography has rapidly emerged as a reliable technique in the evaluation of various thoracic diseases. One important, well-established application is the diagnosis of a pneumothorax. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of a pneumothorax in the management of a critical patient can prevent the progression into a life-threatening situation. Sonographic signs, including 'lung sliding', 'B-lines' or 'comet tail artifacts', 'A-lines', and 'the lung point sign' can help in the diagnosis of a pneumothorax. Ultrasound has a higher sensitivity than the traditional upright anteroposterior chest radiography (CXR) for the detection of a pneumothorax. Small occult pneumothoraces may be missed on CXR during a busy trauma scenario, and CXR may not always be feasible in critically ill patients. Computed tomography, the gold standard for the detection of pneumothorax, requires patients to be transported out of the clinical area, compromising their hemodynamic stability and delaying the diagnosis. As ultrasound machines have become more portable and easier to use, lung sonography now allows a rapid evaluation of an unstable patient, at the bedside. These advantages combined with the low cost and ease of use, have allowed thoracic sonography to become a useful modality in many clinical settings.
Censure theory and intuitions about punishment

Many philosophers and laypeople have the following twointuitions about legal punishment: the state has a protanto moral reason to punish all those guilty ofbreaking a just law and to do so in proportion totheir guilt. Accepting that there can be overridingconsiderations not to punish all the guilty inproportion to their guilt, many philosophers stillconsider it a strike against any theory if it does notimply that there is always a supportive moral reasonto do so. In this paper, I demonstrate that censuretheory accounts for these intuitions much better thanany other theory, including forms of retributivismsuch as desert theory and fairness theory, and explainwhy censure theory is able to do so.
Hotspots from nonreciprocal surface waves

We present theoretical and numerical results for a new method of obtaining hotspots that relies on nonreciprocal “one-way” propagation as opposed to the well-known case of resonance-based hotspots. The nonreciprocal propagation is achieved by the breaking of time-reversal symmetry through the use of magnetically biased medium. The location and existence of the hotspots depends on the magnetic bias that results in the breaking of the time-reversal symmetry. This results in the intriguing possibility of switching and spatial control of the hotspots through the magnetic bias.
Some patterns of planktic foraminiferal assemblage turnover at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

Abstract Three uppermost Cretaceous through basal Paleocene stratigraphic sequences are examined for planktic foraminiferal assemblage stability and temporal succession patterns. These sequences are at mid-latitude South Atlantic DSDP Site 528, then-equatorial Pacific DSDP Site 577 and the Tethyan shelf Ben Gurion section of the Negev, Israel. In order to better estimate biogeographic patterns and habitat preferences, the results of these analyses are compared to previous Cretaceous biogeographic studies and to previous analyses of Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary shelf and epicontinental sections. Results indicate that immediately following the K/T boundary, the examined epicontinental and open-ocean sites were exploited primarily by previously epicontinental planktic foraminiferal assemblages. This pattern of K/T boundary assemblage dominance suggests the geologically instantaneous break-down of Late Cretaceous epicontinental and open-ocean biogeographic provincialization. This shift in open-ocean foraminiferal assemblages is not consistent with models of non-selective K/T boundary extinctions, but is consistent with models of extinction resistence and offshore expansion of near-shore taxa. The re-establishment of stable biogeographic differences between open-ocean and epicontinental planktic foraminiferal assemblages occurs by the basal Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina Zone. At open-ocean sites 528 and 577 and the outer-shelf Ben Gurion section, PO and P. eugubina Zone faunal records are marked by a pronounced alternation between Paleocene biserial- and non-biserial-dominated assemblages. This alternation appears strongly damped at shelf and epicontinental sections previously examined. The first appearance and peak magnitude of abundant earliest Paleocene trochospiral forms ( Parvularugoglobigerina, Eoglobigerina, Morozovella, Globoconusa ) also vary from site to site and may depend closely on levels of primary carbonate productivity.
Stigmatization of persons with AIDS: results of a survey of public sector personnel managers.

Abstract Public and private sector organizations increasingly are being faced with problems arising from AIDS in the workplace. As with the AIDS epidemic generally, experts have stressed the need for organizations to mount educational programs to combat the spread of AIDS and the fear it engenders. Support of top management and leadership are considered essential for the effectiveness of AIDS education programs in the workplace. This paper presents the survey findings of a national probability sample of local government personnel officers, persons who are likely to be key actors in the development and implementation of AIDS education and counseling efforts in their municipalities. Responses to the mail questionnaire indicate that there is considerable AIDS awareness among municipal personnel officers, but that there also exist strong negative altitudes toward persons with AIDS and an unwillingness to interact socially with these people, even in workplace situations where there is no threat of transmission of the AIDS virus. These findings raise concerns about the current climate for development of effective AIDS education programs and other policies for rank-and-filc workers in many local government settings.
The Large-Scale Movement of Saharan Air Outbreaks over the Northern Equatorial Atlantic

Abstract The intense and prolonged heating of air passing over the Sahara during the summer and early fall months forms a deep mixed layer which extends up to 15–20,000 ft during July, the warmest month. The dust-laden heated air emerges from West Africa as a series of large-scale anticyclonic eddies which move westward over the tropical Atlantic above the trade-wind moist layer, principally in the layer between 5000 and 15,000 ft (600–800 mb). Measurements made during BOMEX show that this Saharan air is characterized by high values of potential temperature, dust and radon-222 which confirm a desert origin. As the parcels of air within the layer proceed across the Atlantic the continuous fallout of particulate matter and the mixing at the base of the layer cause dust to be transferred to the lower levels where its concentration may become sufficiently great to produce dense haze at the surface over wide areas over the Atlantic and Caribbean in the latitude belt 10–25N. Nevertheless, measurements indicate ...
Response acquisition and fixed-ratio escalation based on interresponse times in rats.

The effectiveness of a fixed-ratio (FR) escalation procedure, developed by Pinkston and Branch (2004) and based on interresponse times (IRTs), was assessed during lever-press acquisition. Forty-nine experimentally naive adult male Long Evans rats were deprived of food for 24 hr prior to an extended acquisition session. Before the start of the session, three food pellets were placed in the magazine. Otherwise, no magazine training, shaping, nor autoshaping procedure was employed. The first 20 presses each resulted in the delivery of a 45-mg food pellet. Then, the FR increased (2, 4, 8, 11, 16, 20, 25, 30) when each IRT in the ratio was less than 2 s during three consecutive ratios. Sessions lasted 13 hr or until 500 pellets were earned. On average, rats reached a terminal ratio of 11 (mean) or 16 (median) during the first session. Seven rats reached the maximum value of FR 30 and only one rat did not acquire the response. In most rats, a break-and-run pattern of responding characteristic of FR schedules began to develop in this acquisition session. Subsequently, the ratio-escalation procedure continued during daily 2-hr sessions. In these sessions, the starting ratio requirement was set at the terminal ratio reached in the previous session. Using this procedure, over half (26) of the rats reached the FR 30 requirement by the fourth session. These data demonstrate that a ratio-escalation procedure based on IRTs provides a time-efficient way of establishing ratio responding.