cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Vertebrate Assemblage of the Late Triassic Canjilon Quarry (Northern New Mexico, USA), and the Importance of Apomorphy-Based Assemblage Comparisons

ABSTRACT The Upper Triassic Canjilon Quarry in northern New Mexico preserves a vertebrate assemblage typical of the Norian Stage of North America. Although dominated in relative abundance by the phytosaur Pseudopalatus and the aetosaur Typothorax, a more diverse assemblage of smaller forms was previously reported. Additions to the Canjilon Quarry vertebrate assemblage are critically reviewed and described using an apomorphy-based method for assigning taxa. An apomorphy-based approach for compiling and comparing assemblages allows each taxonomic assignment to be a testable hypothesis. Fragmentary yet diagnostic elements that may not be assignable to a species-level taxon can be assigned to a larger clade and thus provide useful information. Additionally, each taxon listed in the assemblage must be tied to a diagnostic specimen listed with a museum specimen number. Using this method for the Canjilon Quarry, we establish the presence of an assemblage that is more similar to other vertebrate quarries near Gho...
3D Simulation of an Audible Ultrasonic Electrolarynx Using Difference Waves

A total laryngectomy removes the vocal folds which are fundamental in forming voiced sounds that make speech possible. Although implanted prosthetics are commonly used in developed countries, simple handheld vibrating electrolarynxes are still common worldwide. These devices are easy to use but suffer from many drawbacks including dedication of a hand, mechanical sounding voice, and sound leakage. To address some of these drawbacks, we introduce a novel electrolarynx that uses vibro-acoustic interference of dual ultrasonic waves to generate an audible fundamental frequency. A 3D simulation of the principles of the device is presented in this paper.
A Conceptual Framework for Study of Superintendent Evaluation

If evaluation researchers inventoried their past work in developing and applying evaluation systems, it should be possible to move toward a consensus position. Such a consensus should be carefully and rigorously developed so that it can be defended in terms of sound logic; consideration and use of what research has revealed about both effective and ineffective evaluation models; and what school professionals would find feasible, useful, and worth the investment. Ultimately, researchers should hammer out their agreements--for example, on a common evaluation model-to cut across evaluations of teachers, administrators, support personnel, programs, curricula, and schools. To move in the direction of developing a common model, researchers and practitioners first need to review extant systems in terms of features and criteria that are important in applying an evaluation model in school settings. Such a move toward a consensus position on evaluation now seems within reach for the following reasons:
The Effect of Oxidation on the Mechanical Response of Elastin Isolated From Porcine Aorta

Arteries play a critical role in human health, and consequently are extensively studied as a biological component. However, the primary function of arteries is mechanical; they conduct blood through the body. Therefore, arteries, and their structure-function relationships, must also be studied as biomaterials.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evaluation of WRF Model Output for Severe Weather Forecasting from the 2008 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Experiment

Abstract This study assesses forecasts of the preconvective and near-storm environments from the convection-allowing models run for the 2008 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) spring experiment. Evaluating the performance of convection-allowing models (CAMs) is important for encouraging their appropriate use and development for both research and operations. Systematic errors in the CAM forecasts included a cold bias in mean 2-m and 850-hPa temperatures over most of the United States and smaller than observed vertical wind shear and 850-hPa moisture over the high plains. The placement of airmass boundaries was similar in forecasts from the CAMs and the operational North American Mesoscale (NAM) model that provided the initial and boundary conditions. This correspondence contributed to similar characteristics for spatial and temporal mean error patterns. However, substantial errors were found in the CAM forecasts away from airmass boundaries. The result is...
Program comprehension as fact finding

Little is known about how developers think about design during code modification tasks or how experienced developers' design knowledge helps them work more effectively. We performed a lab study in which thirteen developers worked for 3 hours under-standing the design of a 54 KLOC open source application. Par-ticipants had from 0 to 10.5 years of industry experience and were grouped into three "experts" and ten "novices." We observed that participants spent their time seeking, learning, critiquing, explain-ing, proposing, and implementing facts about the code such as "getFoldLevel has effects". These facts served numerous roles, such as suggesting changes, constraining changes, and predicting the amount of additional investigation necessary to make a change. Differences between experts and novices included that the experts explained the root cause of the design problem and made changes to address it, while novice changes addressed only the symptoms. Experts did not read more methods but also did not visit some methods novices wasted time understanding. Experts talked about code in terms of abstractions such as "caching" while novices more often described code statement by statement. Ex-perts were able to implement a change faster than novices. Experts perceived problems novices did not and were able to explain facts novices could not. These findings have interesting implications for future tools.
The ideal state and the power of geography the life-work of Rudolf Kjellén

Abstract Rudolf Kjellen's Geopolitik was part of his attempt to produce a systematic political science, focused on the study of the state. Based on organic analogy, Kjellen wanted to construct an objective way to analyze the evolution of the power of states and to examine how this process affected interstate relations. With his numerous roles—as professor of political science, self-taught geographer, Conservative MP and columnist—Kjellen's stated scientific goal of objectivity never gained followers, especially in his advocacy of Swedish nationalism and the German cause in the First World War. While his ideas got no following in Sweden, his Germanophile Weltanschauung was adopted in Germany, most importantly by the Geopolitik school associated with Karl Haushofer.
A Method for Selecting Software for Dynamic Event Analysis: II — The Taylor Anvil and Dynamic Brazilian Tests

New nuclear power reactor designs will require resistance to a variety of possible malevolent attacks as well as traditional dynamic accident scenarios. The design/analysis team may be faced with a broad range of phenomena including air and ground blasts, high-velocity penetrators or shaped charges, and vehicle or aircraft impacts. With a host of software tools available to address these high-energy events, the analysis team must evaluate and select the software most appropriate for their particular set of problems. The accuracy of the selected software should then be validated with respect to the phenomena governing the interaction of the threat and structure. Several software codes are available for the study of blast, impact, and other shock phenomena. At the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), a study is underway to investigate the comparative characteristics of a group of shock and high-strain rate physics codes including ABAQUS, LS-DYNA, CTH, ALEGRA, ALE3D, AUTODYN, and RADIOSS. In part I of this report published in 2007, a series of five benchmark problems to exercise some important capabilities of the subject software was identified. The benchmark problems selected are a Taylor cylinder test, a split Hopkinson pressure bar test, a free air blast, the dynamic splitting tension (Brazilian) test, and projectile penetration of a concrete slab. Part II — this paper — reports the results of two of the benchmark problems: the Taylor cylinder and the dynamic Brazilian test. The Taylor cylinder test is a method to determine the dynamic yield properties of materials. The test specimen is a right circular cylinder which is impacted against a theoretically rigid target. The cylinder deforms upon impact, with the final shape depending upon the specimen density, the impact velocity, and the dynamic yield stress, in turn a function of strain and strain rate. The splitting tension test, or Brazilian test, is a method to measure the tensile strength of concrete using a cylindrical specimen. The specimen is loaded diametrically in compression, producing a fracture at the center of the specimen that propagates toward the loading points until the cylinder is split. To generate a dynamic load, different methods such as a drop-weight or a split Hopkinson pressure bar are employed. The Taylor anvil and dynamic Brazilian test analyses are presented, including discussion of the analysis approach for each of the five subject software packages and two vendor submittals; comparison of results both among the codes and to physical test results; and conclusions as to the applicability of the subject codes to these two problems. Studies of the remaining three benchmark problems and overall conclusions will be presented in future publications.
Effects of epidermal growth factor, estrogen, and progestin on DNA synthesis in mammary cells in vivo are determined by the developmental state of the gland

Estrogen (E), progesterone (P), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are involved in the growth and development of the normal mammary gland. While studies have been carried out to investigate the in vivo effects of EGF in the immature mammary gland, nothing is known about the growth effects of EGF or its potential interactions with E and/or P in the adult mammary gland. The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effects of EGF, E, and P on mammary cell proliferation in immature, peripubertal vs. adult, sexually mature mice. We have found that EGF promotes epithelial and stromal cell proliferation in both the immature and adult mammary glands. In the immature gland, the end bud epithelium is most responsive to the proliferative effects of EGF and there is no apparent interaction between EGF, E, and/or P. In contrast, in the mature gland EGF adds to the proliferative effects of E+P in the ductal epithelium resulting in more extensive ductal sidebranching. Thus these results demonstrate that the developmental state of the mammary gland determines the nature and extent of the interactions between EGF, E, and P in growth and development. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Consultation-liaison psychiatry within a family practice

Family medicine is based on a holistic approach to medicine which overlaps with that of psychiatry. Psychosomatic medicine represents the common ground between the two disciplines and is typified by consultation-liaison psychiatry. With the predicted shortage of psychiatrists and the high prevalence of mental disorders, the relationship between psychiatry and family medicine is increasingly important. This paper reviews the definition and principles of family medicine and consultation-liaison psychiatry and describes a specific example of a mutually beneficial relationship.
Perception of neutral personality descriptions by depressed and nondepressed subjects.

Cognitive distortion in depression was evaluated by giving depressed and nondepressed subjects feedback about “their personality” using a set of neutral descriptive statements. Depressed subjects (n = 17) were defined by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, 1967) scores of 9 or greater; the nondepressed comparison group (n =18) had BDI scores of 3 or less. The groups did not differ with respect to their “acceptance” of the descriptions; they did differ, however, on their interpretations of the descriptions. Depressed subjects considered their personality description to be less positive, on a global positive-negative scale, but were more accurate in their evaluation than nondepressed subjects; they also considered their description to be more indicative of specific maladjustment areas than did the nondepressed subjects.
Delegation: What it Means to Acute Care Nurses

As health care costs rise, nurses are increasingly delegating tasks to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). The purpose of this phenomenologic study was to describe delegation from the perspective of the acute care nurse. We analyzed interviews with staff nurses, and a description of the meaning of delegation was developed using Donabedian's structure, process, outcome model to organize the findings. The process of delegation centered on communication and on nurse-UAP relationship and was shaped by the structural themes. The outcomes of delegation included nursing and patient outcomes. An enhanced content on communication and interpersonal relations is needed in nursing education.
Mental Disorders and Mental Health Service Use Across Asian American Subethnic Groups in the United States

This study analyzed the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions data, 2001-2002, to compare the prevalence and odds of DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders and mental health service use across Asian American subethnic groups (648 East Asians, 485 Southeast Asians, 298 South Asians). Asian American subethnic groups varied in lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders (p=0.004), mainly due to differences in the presence of any substance use disorder (p=0.06), and specifically, drug use disorders (p=0.02). While Southeast Asians had the highest prevalence of substance use disorders (16.7%), fewer Southeast Asians with substance use disorders used mental health services (11.1%) compared to South Asians with substance use disorders (24.2%). East Asians compared to South Asians had significantly lower odds of mental health service use for substance use disorders (confidence interval=0.08-0.84). Asian American subethnic groups vary in the prevalence of mental disorders and in mental health service use, especially for substance use disorders.
Effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on consumption of alcohol and alcohol-induced sleep time in mice

An animal model was used to examine the effect of maternal alcohol administration on behaviors in the offspring which might predispose to alcoholism. Pregnant C3H mice were administered a liquid diet containing 28% ethanol-derived calories (EDC) from Gestation-Day 8 until parturition. Control animals were either pair-fed an isocaloric 0% EDC diet or received standard lab chow and water throughout pregnancy. Offspring were tested for sleep time following a challenge dose of 3.5 or 4.5 g/kg ethanol at 25 or 110 days of age or for consumption of 10% w/v ethanol in a two-bottle choice situation. The results demonstrated that prenatal exposure to alcohol did not affect alcohol-induced sleep time at either testing age or dose and that waking blood alcohol levels were similar across groups. Voluntary alcohol consumption, however, was higher in mice exposed to alcohol in utero during the initial week of testing but intake decreased to near control levels by the third week. Whether other alcohol-related behaviors are altered by prenatal alcohol exposure remains to be examined.
Use of the SQL and RDA standards in data management

Abstract This paper discusses how existing and proposed Database Language SQL and Remote Database Access (RDA) standards can fulfill critical operational requirements for data management. SQL and RDA are but two components of a family of data management standards needed to meet requirements for emerging distributed processing systems. Requirements for needed capabilities such as object-oriented database, distributed database, and database export/import are discussed.
The new oral anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism: a new paradigm shift in antithrombotic therapy.

Background Several novel oral anticoagulants have been studied for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in different patient populations. Clinicians will increasingly encounter scenarios in which they must choose among these and conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of this potentially fatal condition.
A Model Accuracy and Validation Algorithm

Dynamic models of physical systems with physically meaningful states and parameters have become increasingly important, for design, control and even procurement decisions. The successful use of models in these contexts requires that the models be of sufficient quality. However, while algorithms have been developed to help formulate and integrate physical system models, as well as to generate minimum complexity physical system models, algorithms to assess the “quality” of dynamic system models have not been produced. This is true even if the attributes of model are limited to accuracy and validity. The objective of this paper is to introduce a new methodology that systematically quantifies the accuracy of a predicted system response and determines the validity of the physical system model used to predict the system response. The accuracy and validity of the model are evaluated using statistical properties of measured system response. The new algorithm is called Accuracy & Validation Algorithm for Simulation (AVASIM), and is a time-domain perspective comparing the model’s time trajectories at user-defined points of interest as well as over the entire simulation horizon. To illustrate AVASIM, the quality of a handling model of a DaimlerChrysler Grand Cherokee is compared to the measurements obtained from that vehicle subjected to known steering inputs. Results demonstrate that the accuracy and validity of the Grand Cherokee model can be systematically assessed using the proposed methodology, and, thus, AVASIM appears to be a powerful tool for assessing the quality of system models.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Experimental investigation on generated power of amorphous PV module for roof azimuth

Abstract The aim of this experiment is to investigate the differences of the generated powers for the roof azimuth on the a-Si PV module developed for direct installation to the roof of wooden houses. The automated measuring system has been constructed to measure the generated powers, the module temperature, and the irradiation for each module from 6 AM to 6 PM with the time interval of 10 min. The system has started from May 1999, and in this paper, the automated measuring system and the analyzed results for eight months are presented.
Numerical simulation of an inverse method for tumour size and location estimation

Manual breast exams are widely used for early detection of breast cancer. These exams rely heuristically on the significant stiffness (elastic modulus) difference between cancerous tissue and normal tissue. We wish to systematize this approach by developing an inverse technique which is capable of inferring the elastic modulus throughout the breast tissue based on the application of known surface forces. In this study, we proposed appropriate inverse computational algorithms and examined their performance on two-dimensional model problems. Finite element methods were used to model the tissue response for the forward problem–solving for the surface tissue displacements for a given forcing function. A variety of tumour locations were assumed, and ‘measured results’ were created with numerical noise added to simulate measurement errors. A genetic algorithm was then developed to solve the inverse problem–given the measured surface displacements, what is the distribution of tissue material properties within th...
Studies on proline-containing tetrapeptide models of β-turns†

The synthesis of a series of protected tetrapeptides of the general formula Cbz-Gly-X2-Y3-Gly-OR (R = stearyl or methyl, X and/or Y = proline) is described. Detailed CD studies have been performed to evaluate the contribution of proline-containing β-turns to the CD spectra of proteins. The CD spectra of all the models are dominated by the chiral contribution of the proline residue. In polar, proton-donating solvents, a poly-proline II-like spectrum was observed in almost all cases. The tetrapeptide model Cbz-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-OStearyl, in acetonitrile shows a type C spectrum that has not been previously reported for linear peptides. The ir and nmr data on this model support the assumption of that of a type III β-turn, exhibiting a type C spectrum, participate in the conformational equilibrium. The most interesting finding of the CD studies is the observation of a type D spectrum (according to the classification of Woody [Woody, R. W. (1974) in Peptides, Polypeptides and Proteins, Blout, E. R. Bovey, F. A. Lotan, N. & Goodman, M. (Eds.), Wiley, New York]) for models Cbz-Gly-Pro-Asp(OBut)-Gly-OStearyl and Cbz-Gly-Pro-Ser(OBut)-Gly-OStearyl in cyclohexane. The results of the CD measurements ae discussed in correlation with ir and nmr data and with recent literature.
The semantics of graphic input devices

All input devices for interactive computer graphics can be effectively modelled in programs by a small number of virtual input devices. By specifying an appropriate set of such virtual devices, the semantics of interactive input can be defined independently of the physical form of the devices. In the service of program portability, human factors adaptability, economy, and maximal use of terminal capability, a sufficient set of virtual devices is described.
Structurally-diverse, PPARγ-activating environmental toxicants induce adipogenesis and suppress osteogenesis in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells

Environmental obesogens are a newly recognized category of endocrine disrupting chemicals that have been implicated in contributing to the rising rates of obesity in the United States. While obesity is typically regarded as an increase in visceral fat, adipocyte accumulation in the bone has been linked to increased fracture risk, lower bone density, and osteoporosis. Exposure to environmental toxicants that activate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a critical regulator of the balance of differentiation between adipogenesis and osteogenesis, may contribute to the increasing prevalence of osteoporosis. However, induction of adipogenesis and suppression of osteogenesis are separable activities of PPARγ, and ligands may selectively alter these activities. It currently is unknown whether suppression of osteogenesis is a common toxic endpoint of environmental PPARγ ligands. Using a primary mouse bone marrow culture model, we tested the hypothesis that environmental toxicants acting as PPARγ agonists divert the differentiation pathway of bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells towards adipogenesis and away from osteogenesis. The toxicants tested included the organotins tributyltin and triphenyltin, a ubiquitous phthalate metabolite (mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, MEHP), and two brominated flame retardants (tetrabromobisphenol-a, TBBPA, and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, METBP). All of the compounds activated PPARγ1 and 2. All compounds increased adipogenesis (lipid accumulation, Fabp4 expression) and suppressed osteogenesis (alkaline phosphatase activity, Osx expression) in mouse primary bone marrow cultures, but with different potencies and efficacies. Despite structural dissimilarities, there was a strong negative correlation between efficacies to induce adipogenesis and suppress osteogenesis, with the organotins being distinct in their exceptional ability to suppress osteogenesis. As human exposure to a mixture of toxicants is likely, albeit at low doses, the fact that multiple toxicants are capable of suppressing bone formation supports the hypothesis that environmental PPARγ ligands represent an emerging threat to human bone health.
Lunar Stratigraphy and Sedimentation--Post-Ranger View: ABSTRACT

The completion of the preliminary geologic mapping of the equatorial belt of the Moon allows a first look at the history of a large piece of the lunar crust. Twenty-eight quadrangles at a scale of 1:1 million, amounting to 3 million square miles, have been mapped, and a compilation at a scale of 1:5 million has been made. Field studies of terrestrial impact and volcanic craters are underway, and laboratory studies of crater formation by hypervelocity impact and impact metamorphism of the rocks are continuing. The Moon is studied by examination of telescopic and spacecraft photography, by visual telescopic observations, by photometry, by polarization, and by infrared, radar, and microwave radiation. The geologic development of a large linear basin, first worked out in the Imbrium region on the basis of smaller-crater morphology and deposits, has been amplified and extended. A similar sequence of events is indicated by the deposits around other lunar basins. A preliminary attempt can be made to interrelate the basinal histories. Several areas are blanketed by complex volcanic deposits of several types and several ages. The interlayered volcanic and ejecta deposits are offset by at least four episodes of faulting. The processes affecting the original constructional topography have been worked out in lowland areas and are being applied to the more complex uplands. Sedimentation, erosion, isostatic adjustment, and tectonic deformation gradually obliterate lunar craters. Sediments are formed by impact and volcanic processes, and both may cover large areas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 626------------
Calmodulin Regulates Endosome Fusion

Calmodulin (CaM) has previously been implicated in regulated exocytosis, transcytosis, and receptor recycling. We have investigated the role of CaM in endocytic transport by examining the effects of several CaM antagonists in intact cells. We present evidence indicating that the mixing of sequentially internalized ligands is inhibited by CaM antagonists, indicating that CaM may play a general role in regulating endosomal membrane trafficking. To address the specific events that are affected by CaM we studied its role in an in vitro assay that reconstitutes fusion among endosomes. CaM antagonists inhibited endosome fusion, and the inhibition was reversed by the addition of CaM. Moreover, we found that Ca2+ stimulates fusion among endosomes and that addition of CaM stimulates fusion beyond that produced by Ca2+ alone. Our data indicate that one of the possible targets for CaM in endosome fusion is the CaM-dependent kinase II. We propose that CaM regulates endocytic transport by modulating an essential component(s) of the membrane traffic machinery.
Visual and haptic feedback in the control of force.

The ability to control index finger and elbow flexion forces was measured while subjects used either haptic feedback or both haptic and visual feedback to control the forces exerted. Over a 120-s time period subjects were able to control the finger forces ranging from 2 to 6 N to within 1 N using only haptic feedback, and elbow flexion forces to within 4.5 N over a force range of 10–30 N. At the same force amplitude there was no significant difference between the two muscle groups in the precision or accuracy with which the force could be controlled, suggesting that there is not a proximal to distal gradient in force control as has been found for the control of limb movement and position.
P-350 - Training Resident Physicians in Pediatric Psychopharmacology for ADHD

Introduction Children and adolescents experience significant emotional disorders and the prevalence of these conditions is notable. There is a dearth of pediatric mental health care professionals in the U.S., and among those professionals available, geographic and reimbursement limitations restrict access to the care. Objectives Primary health care providers are being encouraged to provide some of the identification and care management to offset this access problem. Aims Expand clinical skills of pediatric providers through enhanced training of residents in the use of psychopharmaceuticals for the most common psychiatric diagnosis in U.S. children (ADHD). Methods Second- and third-year pediatric residents attended an intensive 10-hour training in pediatric psychopharmacology for ADHD in 2010. The curriculum was based on a well-established 3-day program that teaches primary care clinicians the elements of guideline-level care for common behavioral health conditions. The program included pre- and post- training assessment of resident knowledge of current practice guidelines for ADHD and intention to use them. Special attention was given to proper use of screening instruments, diagnostic scales, treatment options, importance of medication options and increased frequency of visits during drug initiation and titration of dosages, and obstacles to implementation. Results Results showed significant and sometimes large post-training increases in intentions to use medication therapies, systematic progression through stimulant and non-stimulant alternatives, parent and teacher symptom rating scales throughout treatment, and side effect scales during dose titration. Conclusions A one-day enhanced training program improved knowledge of, attitudes toward, and intention to use guidelines of care for youth with ADHD.
The effects of acidosis and alkalosis on long bone vascular resistance.

Although previous studies have demonstrated that acidosis increases bone blood flow, it is unclear whether this is due to a direct effect of hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) on bone blood vessels or a central effect on vasoregulatory mechanisms. It is also unclear how sensitive bone blood vessels are to changes in [H+] and whether the magnitude of pH changes experienced in physiological and pathological situations are sufficient to influence bone blood flow. This study has investigated the direct effects of [H+] on long bone vascular resistance.
Crystal structure of imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase: Duplication of an unusual fold

Imidazole glycerol-phosphate dehydratase (IGPD) catalyzes the sixth step of histidine biosynthesis. The enzyme is of fundamental biochemical interest, because it catalyzes removal of a non-acidic hydrogen atom in the dehydration reaction. It is also a potential target for development of herbicides. IGPD is a metalloenzyme in which transition metals induce aggregation and are required for catalysis. Addition of 1 equivalent of Mn2+/subunit is shown by analytical ultracentrifugation to induce the formation of 24-mers from trimeric IGPD. Two histidine-rich motifs may participate in metal binding and aggregation. The 2.3-A crystal structure of metal-free trimeric IGPD from the fungus Filobasidiella neoformans reveals a novel fold containing an internal repeat, apparently the result of gene duplication. The 95-residue α/β half-domain occurs in a few other proteins, including the GHMP kinase superfamily (galacto-homoserine-mevalonate-phosphomevalonate), but duplication to form a compact domain has not been seen elsewhere. Conserved residues cluster at two types of sites in the trimer, each site containing a conserved histidine-rich motif. A model is proposed for the intact, active 24-mer in which all highly conserved residues, including the histidine-rich motifs in both the N- and C-terminal halves of the polypeptide, cluster at a common site between trimers. This site is a candidate for the active site and also for metal binding leading to aggregation of trimers. The structure provides a basis for further studies of enzyme function and mechanism and for development of more potent and specific herbicides.
Identifying Girls With the Inattentive Type

Understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has come a long way since its early description as a moral and behavioral deficit. ADHD has various subtypes, each with comorbid disabilities. Despite these advances, gaps remain in identifying and understanding girls with ADHD, especially when they have the inattentive-type ADHD. This article synthesizes what is known about girls with ADHD, and it is directed toward teachers, counselors, and psychologists who work with girls in school settings. To accomplish this goal, ADHD is examined with a low-resolution lens, then from two higher resolution lenses. The low-resolution lens uses identification criteria per the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. The first high-resolution lens looks at how girls with ADHD differ from boys with ADHD; the second high-resolution lens looks at how girls with ADHD differ from their nonidentified female peers. A case is made for using the two finer-grained lenses to identify and intervene with girls.
Uniform versus Gaussian beams: a comparison of the effects of diffraction, obscuration, and aberrations

Much is said in the literature about Gaussian beams. However, there is little in terms of a quantitative comparison between the propagation of uniform and Gaussian beams. Even when results for both types of beam are given, they appear in a normalized form in such a way that some of the quantitative difference between them is lost. In this paper we first consider an aberration-free beam and investigate the effect of Gaussian amplitude across the aperture on the focal-plane irradiance and encircled-power distributions. The axial irradiance of focused uniform and Gaussian beams is calculated, and the problem of optimum focusing is discussed. The results for a collimated beam are obtained as a limiting case of a focused beam. Next, we consider the problem of aberration balancing and compare the effects of primary aberrations on the two types of beam. Finally, the limiting case of weakly truncated Gaussian beams is discussed, and simple results are obtained for the irradiance distribution and the balanced aberrations.
Social Distance and Status Protection in a Psychiatric Hospital

Tms paper represents a first step in exploring a theory of intraorganizational stratification. In pursuing this objective we will take the rather pronounced status hierarchy in a psychiatric hospital as our point of departure. The main focus is upon the social distance patterns that exist between the occupants of formal positions in the hospital, and the manner in which the manipulation of social distance as reward and punishment and as a status protection mechanism is a significant aspect of interstatus relationships. The formal structure of a psychiatric hospital is very conspicuous for its caste-like quality. The various positions are well marked symbolically and movement between positions is characterized by "blocked mobility."1 In contrast to an organization which "feeds upon itself" (i.e., has internal mobility), the psychiatric hospital does not provide mechanisms by which preliminary socialization for future mobility is carried out. Given this situation, one of the ways in which a substitute type of mobility can be attained is through access to members of higher status positions. The desire, here, would be for a certain amount of "closeness" in interstatus relationships that would have a status-enhancing effect for the subordinate of the relationship. Occupants of various status positions, then, may be viewed as seeking to advance or maintain their position in the hierarchy. To achieve this end two alternative strategies may be adopted: One may either seek to minimize social distance from superordinates or maximize social distance from subordinates.2
The effect of Commercial Practices on Ascorbic Acid and Dehydroascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) in Milk

The influence of processing methods on the stability of the two forms of vitamin C has not been clearly established. During the pi-ogress of this investigation Gjessing and Trout (1) reported on the stability of vitamin C in milk pasteurized at different temperatures and for varying intervals using the indophenol titrimetric technique to determine only the ascorbic a~id. The object of this study was to determine the influence of commercial practices on the two forms of vitamin C, ascorbie and dehydroaseorbic acids. Little attention has been given to the practibility of producing a vitamin-C fortified milk on a commercial scale. Hence it was deemed advisable to study the production of such a product, for if it were available it should prove of significant value for general use in welfare work, in maternity wards, and in general malnutrition.
Metal and Ceramic Thin Film Growth by Reaction of Alkali Metals with Metal Halides: A New Route for Low-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition

A new low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for the growth of metal and ceramic thin films has been demonstrated. This method involves the use of a low-pressure coflow diffusion reactor to react alkali metal vapor with metal halide vapor. The reaction chemistry is described by the following general equation: mnNa + nMXm Mn + nmNaX. Here, Na is an alkali metal (e.g. Na, K, Cs, or Rb), M is a metal (e.g. Ti, Ta, Pt, W, ...) or nonmetal (e.g. B, C, Si, ...), X is a halogen (e.g. F, Cl, Br, or I), Ar is an inert gas (e.g. Ar or He), and m and n are integers. In this reaction, the alkali metal strips halogen from the metal halide. The metal is then free to grow into a thin film on a substrate placed in the reaction zone. Metal nitride or metal oxide ceramic films are easily formed by the introduction of nitrogen or oxygen gases into the reactor. Previously, this technique has been successfully employed for the production of nanoparticles and as an industrial synthesis route for the reduction ...
Squalene in hair—a natural reference substance for the improved interpretation of fatty acid ethyl ester concentrations with respect to alcohol misuse

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are incorporated into hair mainly from sebum. For this reason, the use of their concentration C FAEE as marker of excessive alcohol consumption is complicated by interindividual differences of the activity of the sebum glands and of elimination by hair care and hair cosmetics. Furthermore, an influence of the investigated hair length due to increasing accumulation from proximal to distal was found. Therefore, it was examined whether these sources of error can be avoided if in addition to C FAEE the relative FAEE concentrationa C FAEE /C SQ related to squalene SQ as a natural reference compound were used for interpretation. Sebum containes about 10-20% SQ. A sensitive and reliable method for the determination of SQ in addition to FAEE from the same hair extracts by high performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed. The concentrations of ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, ethyl stearate and squalene were determined and C FAEE /C SQ was calculated for 13 teetotallers, 16 social drinkers, 12 fatalities with excessive alcohol abuse at life time and 9 cases with unclear alcohol anamnesis. C SQ ranged from 0.02 to 1.97 μg/mg (mean 0.67 μg/mg). From the results follows that squalene enables a control of the lipid content of hair and a correction of C FAEE in cases with deviations from the usual lipid content in a similar way as creatinine in urine. Preliminary values of C FAEE /C SQ were suggested for the upper limit for teetotallers ( 1.5 ng/μg). However, the relative concentration C FAEE /C SQ cannot completely replace the absolute concentration C FAEE , and both should regularly be used for an improved interpretation with respect to alcohol abuse.
Species as units of analysis in ecology and biogeography: are the blind leading the blind?

Riddle & Hafner (1999) suggest that genetically differentiated lineages should be formally recognized as evolutionary significant units (ESUs) and that ESUs should replace currently recognized species as units in quantitative ecological and biogeographic analyses. Riddle & Hafner imply that if comparisons of desert rodent communities across many localities in south-western North America by Brown & Kurzius (1987) and Kelt et al. (1996) had used ESUs rather than species, substantially different results and conclusions would have been obtained. Here we defend our use of species in these studies, and question the wisdom of formalizing the concept of ESU and applying it in most biogeographic, ecological and behavioural studies. Studies of genetic variation and description of ESUs are uneven across taxa of mammals and geographical regions, and those ESUs that have been described are often difficult or impossible to identify on the basis of the morphological traits used to distinguish currently recognized species. Consequently, most of the specimens in museum drawers, nearly all of the fossil remains, and most of the animals studied in the field or laboratory by ecologists, behaviourists and other biologists cannot be assigned to ESUs. The currently recognized species, usually described originally on the basis of morphological and biological species concepts, provide the only relatively consistent, operational taxonomic units. Results of our studies on the biogeography of desert small mammals are not seriously altered by recent subdivisions of some species into multiple ESUs.
Dynamic ontology version control

Ontologies are used today in many application areas. With the use of ontologies in bioinformatics, as well as their use in semantic web technologies, ontology based software has become widely used. This has led to a need for keeping track of different ontology versions [8], as the operation of software will change as the ontologies it uses change. However, existing approaches to ontology versioning have worked on static ontologies. Thus, the ontology version that a software package will use must be chosen prior to running that package. This requires substantial human oversight, and is therefore a major limitation. In this paper, we examine a dynamic approach to ontology versioning that will automatically provide the correct ontology for a software package on-the-fly. We examine a methodology that employs storing different time stamped ontologies in the same file, and we discuss how this methodology can be used on a real ontology.
Evaluation of the Integrity of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Insulin Hypoglycemia Test

We retrospectively reviewed dynamic ACTH and cortisol responses to insulin hypoglycemia in 193 subjects with suspected ACTH deficiency to ascertain the predictive values of various diagnostic criteria. Based on the achievement of a peak cortisol level of 18 micrograms/dL or above, 133 subjects were classified as having an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and 60 subjects were determined to have ACTH deficiency. Baseline and peak cortisol concentrations were strongly correlated (r = 0.63; P < 0.0001). Peak cortisol increased in parallel to ACTH increments, but plateaued at approximately 22 micrograms/dL at peak ACTH levels above approximately 75 pg/mL (r = 0.61; P < 0.0001). Basal cortisol values above 17 micrograms/dL or below 4 micrograms/dL were highly predictive of an intact or impaired HPA axis, respectively, but intermediate values had only limited sensitivity and specificity. The criteria of HPA axis integrity, defined as an increment in plasma cortisol of more than 7 micrograms/dL above the baseline or as a doubling of the baseline cortisol value, were associated with high false positive and false negative rates. We conclude that 1) the baseline morning serum cortisol concentration has very limited predictive power in differentiating between normal and impaired HPA function; 2) the use of criteria based on incremental changes in serum cortisol from baseline leads to unacceptably high false positive and false negative rates; and 3) insulin hypoglycemia is still the best indicator of the integrity of the response of the HPA axis to stress.
Convolution-based framework for signal recovery and applications

The method of projections on convex sets is a procedure for signal recovery when partial information about the signal is available in the form of suitable constraints. We consider the use of this method in an inner-product space in which the vector space consists of real sequences and vector addition is defined in terms of the convolution operation. Signals with a prescribed Fourier-transform magnitude constitute a closed and convex set in this vector space, a condition that is not valid in the commonly used l2 (or L2) Hilbert-space framework. This new framework enables us to construct minimum-phase signals from the partial Fourier-transform magnitude and/or phase information.
Mechanism of activation and inactivation of Gq/phospholipase C-β signaling nodes.

The phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes catalyze conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) into the Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (inositol (1,4,5)P3) and the protein kinase-activating second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG).1 Many PLC-dependent cellular responses occur in addition to those mediated by these classical second messengers since the activities of a broad range of membrane, cytosolic, and cytoskeletal proteins are regulated by PtdIns(4,5)P2 binding.2–4 Mammals express 13 different PLCs (Figure 1), which differ markedly in their modes of upstream regulation and physiological functions.5 Many growth factors, antigens, and other extracellular stimuli signal through tyrosine phosphorylation of the PLC-γ isozymes, whereas an even larger group of hormones, neurotransmitters, chemoattractant and chemosensory molecules, and other extracellular stimuli promote physiological effects through heterotrimeric G protein-dependent activation of the PLC-β isozymes. These and other forms of receptor-promoted signaling pathways also communicate to Ras superfamily GTPases, which in turn directly activate certain PLC isoyzmes. Thus, PLC-dependent signal transduction provides one of the major fabrics for communication of cells, and delineation of its function at all levels from the intact animal to the atomic resolution of mechanism is fundamental to understanding mammalian biology. Figure 1 Conserved domain structure of the mammalian PLC isozymes. The 13 functional human PLC isozymes were aligned on the basis of the conservation of the protein sequence, and a dendrogram was constructed to cluster similar sequences into shared branches. The ... Many excellent reviews on PLC-dependent signaling are available that focus, for example, on early aspects of the discovery and function of receptor-promoted formation of Ins(1,4,5)P3/diacylglycerol and mobilization of Ca2+,1,6,7 classification and regulation of the PLC isozymes,8–10 tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent activation,11,12 activation through Ras superfamily GTPases,5,13,14 physiology,15,16 and structure/function.17–19 We have limited this review to a general introduction of the domain and structural features of the PLC isozymes and then consider in detail recent advances made in understanding the mechanisms through which Gα-subunits of the Gq family bind to and activate PLC-β isozymes and how the PLC-β isozymes in turn promote inactivation of this signaling complex by stimulating GTP hydrolysis by the GTP-activated G protein.
Chicken microsomal albumin: amino terminal sequence of chicken proalbumin.

Abstract Chicken liver microsomes contain an albumin having an isoelectric point approximately 0.2 pH unit in excess of that of chicken serum albumin. Although the serum protein is also present in microsomes, only the basic albumin there becomes labelled and undergoes turnover in vivo . Sequence analysis of the purified basic microsomal albumin indicates that the first twelve residues are: Arg-Asn-Leu-Gln-Arg-Met-Ala-Arg -Asp-Ala-Glu-His . The data suggest that the octapeptide (underlined) is attached to the amino terminus of chicken serum albumin (the last four residues). The amino terminal sequence of the serum albumin precursor in chicken liver is thus markedly different from that of the rat and bovine proalbumins.