cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polychaete feeding guilds from Georges Bank, USA

Based on 408 quantitative samples distributed over two seasons (winter and spring) and 42 stations, from Georges Bank, New England, USA, the feeding guild classification presented by Fauchald and Jumars was examined. Hypotheses involving the association of particular feeding guilds with environmental variables were posed and tested. In this study, herbivore, motile, jawed (HMJ); filtering and surface deposit feeding, sessile or discretely motile, and tentaculate (F-SD-SDT); burrowing, sessile, non-jawed (BSX); surface deposit feeding, motile, non-jawed (SMX); carnivore, motile, jawed (CMJ), and filter feeding, discretely motile, non-jawed (FDT) were the major feeding guilds of polychaetes. There were more significant associations between feeding guilds and depth, dissolved oxygen, and mean phi and gravel than any other environmental variables. Some significant relationships between feeding guilds and depth, fine-grained sediment, nutrition in sediment (carbon, nitrogen, bacterial biomass, and microbial biomass) emerged. Burrowing, motile, non-jawed (BMX), surface deposit feeding, discretely motile, tentaculate (SDT) and FDT increased with depth. BMX, BSX, and FDT increased with carbon, microbial biomass, and nitrogen, respectively. Some preliminary polychaete feeding surfaces were posed. Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank were characterized by HMJ and F-SD-SDT; Northern Slope by FDT; Southern Slope by FDT and HMJ; Southwestern Slope by HMJ, SMX, BMX; and the Gulf of Maine by F-SD-SDT, SDT and surface deposit feeding, sessile, tentaculate (SST).
Rural public health service delivery: Promising new directions

I describe variations in the structure and in the practice of rural public health and how rural communities meet the challenges of current public health practice, including primary methods of service delivery and partnership development. I present examples of promising models for the creation of rural public health capacity-the ability of local health departments to carry out core public health responsibilities.
Discrete Bridging and Terminal Copper Carbenes in Copper-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation

The Cu(I) β-diketiminate [Me2NN]Cu(η2-ethylene) (2) catalyzes the cyclopropanation of styrene with N2CPh2 to give 1,1,2-triphenylcyclopropane in 67% yield. Addition of N2CPh2 to 2 equiv of 2 allows for the isolation of the dicopper carbene {[Me2NN]Cu}2(μ-CPh2) (3) in which the diphenylcarbene moiety is symmetrically bound between two [Me2NN]Cu fragments (Cu−C = 1.922(4) and 1.930(4) A) with a Cu−Cu separation of 2.4635(7) A. In toluene-d8 solution, 3 reversibly dissociates a [Me2NN]Cu fragment to give [Me2NN]Cu(toluene) and the terminal carbene [Me2NN]CuCPh2. Dicopper carbene 3 reacts with 3 equiv of styrene to give 1,1,2-triphenylcyclopropane and 2 equiv of [Me2NN]Cu(η2-styrene) within minutes. DFT studies with simplified ligands indicate a stronger Cu−C π-back-bonding interaction from two Cu(I) centers to the carbene acceptor orbital in a dicopper carbene than that present in a monocopper carbene. Nonetheless, the terminal carbene [Me3NN]CuCPh2 (8) that possesses a p-methyl group on each β-diketiminato ...
What is IPUS and how does it help resolve biosignal complexity

Integrated Processing and Understanding of Signals (IPUS) combines signal processing and artificial intelligence approaches to develop algorithms for resolving signal complexity. It has also led to development over the last decade and a half of software tools for supporting the algorithm design process. The signals to be analyzed are the superposition of temporally localized and temporally overlapping signal components from broadly defined signal classes pertinent to the given application. Resolving a signal's complexity thus amounts to “decoding” it to reveal details of the specific signal components that are present at each point of a dense temporal grid defined on the signal. IPUS uses artificial intelligence techniques such as rule-based inference in conjunction with parameterized signal processing transformations to combat the combinatorial explosion encountered in any exhaustive search among the possible decoding answers for a given signal. Originally developed in the mid 1990's for auditory scene analysis, the IPUS approach has since been refined and extended in the context of various applications. In this paper, we present an overview of IPUS and discuss why its latest developments significantly impact biosignal analysis in diverse rehabilitation applications.
Nonionic surface-active compounds IV. Micelle formation by polyoxyethylene alkanols and alkyl phenols in aqueous solution

Abstract Critical micelle concentrations and micellar molecular weights, determined by light scattering, are presented for a series of commercially prepared polyoxyethylene lauryl alcohols and nonyl phenols. A relationship is shown to exist between average aggregation number and ethylene oxide mole ratio, and, on the basis of some simple assumptions, a rod-shaped micelle is shown to be most likely at long ethylene oxide chain lengths, whereas there is little to choose between a rod, disc, or sphere for short polyoxyethylene chains.
SSB Performance as a Function of Carrier Strength

This paper shows the important part that the carrier plays in over-all system performance and in particular compares the various systems using full carrier, reduced carrier, suppressed carrier and controlled carrier. It is concluded that as the carrier is reduced, the factors of modulation splatter, transmitter efficiency, available peak sideband power, desensitization, and intermodulation all tend to improve. It is also pointed out that due to system stability requirements, complete suppression at the higher radio-frequencies is not feasible. Because there are many types of SSB receiving systems, each requiring a different amount of carrier for synchronizing purposes, it is necessary to consider all values of transmitted carrier to compare the resulting systems and to gain a better understanding of the system characteristics considered. The characteristics of the controlled carrier system are discussed for completeness.
The influence of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) on nitrogen availability, organic matter and chemistry of silty and sandy loam soils

Summary American chestnut trees once dominated vast areas of deciduous forest in eastern North America, but the exotic chestnut blight almost eliminated the species from the region. Introduction of blight-resistant American chestnut hybrids will probably start in the next decade after many years of tree breeding. What were the historic effects of chestnut on forest soils, and what changes may follow reintroduction of hybrid chestnuts? A site in southern Wisconsin provided an opportunity to examine the effect of chestnut trees on soil properties. At this site, 600 km northwest of chestnut's historic distribution, naturalized chestnuts have spread throughout an intact mixed-species forest from nine planted trees. The site contains soil developed on a silty loess-mantled ridge that abuts sandier hillslopes, allowing the effects of individual chestnuts to be examined on two soil types. I sampled and analyzed forest floor and mineral soils beneath canopies of individual American chestnuts and the surrounding mixed-species deciduous forest on fine-silt and sandy-loam soil types. On sandy loam soils, total soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), inorganic N and net mineralization and nitrification rates were 10–17% higher beneath chestnut canopies compared to soils beneath mixed-species deciduous forest. The pool of total soil N beneath chestnut canopies was positively related to the silt content of the sandy loam soils. In contrast, there were no differences between properties of chestnut canopy and mixed-species deciduous forest soils on the fine silt texture class. On sandy loam soil conditions common throughout the pre-blight distribution of American chestnut, soil biogeochemical processes differ beneath individual chestnut trees relative to a diverse mixture of deciduous species. These findings suggest that widespread chestnut reintroduction has the potential to alter both stand- and watershed-scale processes.
Electrophoretic differentiation of radicular cysts and granulomas.

Abstract Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was used for differential diagnosis of radicular cysts and granulomas. Root canal fluids were aspirated from forty anterior teeth with radiographic evidence of periapical pathosis, and from one pulpless anterior tooth with no radiographic evidence of periapical pathosis. Endodontic therapy was performed on all the teeth, and all the periapical lesions were surgically removed. The lesions were examined histologically, and the histopathologic diagnoses were then compared with the electrophoretic patterns. Analysis of the root canal fluids showed the following: (1) An albumin pattern was found in all thirty-one of the cases diagnosed histologically as being granulomas. The same pattern was also found in the case of the pulpless tooth without an area of rarefaction. (2) In eight of the nine cases diagnosed histologically as cysts, there was a much more intense albumin pattern and other patterns in the globulin regions. In the one case of a cyst that was misdiagnosed, the apical portion of the canal was calcified and the cyst lumen was never penetrated.
MODIFICATION OF A THERMAL TRANSPORT CODE TO INCLUDE CHEMISTRY WITH THERMALLY CONTROLLED KINETICS

A finite-element thermal transport code is modified to include the effects of chemistry with thermally controlled kinetics. There are two types of pathways for a chemical reaction in energy-temperature space: one resembles a phase change and the other resembles a burn. Effective heat capacity methods are robust and stable for phase-change calculations, while heat source methods give the best results for a burn. We propose an energy-conserving method that adapts to the heat release (or absorption) mechanism using either effective heat capacity or heat source ideas. The method is applied to two examples: a burn and a phase change.
The 75th Anniversary of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: An Analysis of Status and Contributions.

In celebration of the 75th anniversary of The Research Quarterly/Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQ/RQES) an analysis was conducted comparing RQ/RQES to numerous other journals in the field with regard to impact factors and citation rates. A series of analyses was conducted from the first publication of RQ/RQES in 1930 through this 75th edition to identify total citations by decade, the top 10 cited papers, top cited papers by decade, the top three papers in 5-year intervals from the 50th anniversary issue in 1980 through 2001, and the outstanding research writing award papers since this award began 23 years ago.
THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA IN 2003: All Quiet on the Eastern Front?

U.S.-Asian relations in 2003 appeared on the cusp of major change. The Bush administration (preoccupied by far more pressing challenges in the Persian Gulf and Southwest Asia) sought to deflect potential crises in Korea and the Taiwan Strait, while also hoping to tether regional states to the new American security agenda. Although nearly all Asian states voiced assent for U.S. efforts to counter international terrorism, this support often reflected practical realities, not a deeper congruence of interests with Washington's. The path ahead for the United States in Asia remained unsettled, with crises deferred rather than resolved.
An isokinetic sampler for use on light aircraft

Abstract A light aircraft-mounted isokinetic sampler was designed for obtaining accurate samples of heterodisperse particulate matter in the lower atmosphere. The sampler head is operated in undisturbed air under the wing and is drawn into the cabin along a track for changing filters. A battery-powered, high volume sampler in the cabin serves as the air moving device. The sampler can draw as much as 0.72 m3min−1 and match aircraft speeds to 38 m s− at standard temperature and pressure. The sampler is being used for measuring the vertical distribution of airborne pollens and industrial air pollutants and for determining the size distribution and composition of power plant stack effluents.
Bond Strength and Elastic Properties of Ceramic Adhesives

Ceramic or inorganic-type adhesives, which are relatively resistant to thermal and mechanical shock and can sustain strengths at temperatures up to 1500°F, have been developed. Several alterations of the basic glassy phase were studied to attain optimum adhesion properties. Included were the incorporation of metal fillers and recrystallizable materials and the application of special formulation techniques to the basic glassy phase. The basic physical properties, thermal expansion, residual stress, and tensile strength, were correlated with bond strength. Average tensile strength values of 5000 psi at room temperature and 3000 psi at 800°F were found. The addition of selected covalent-bonding-type oxides to a barium borosilicate glass resulted in increased strengths at temperatures above 1000°F. The incorporation of metal fillers improved the physical properties of the basic ceramic adhesives. Recrystallized-type adhesives would not develop strong cohesive bonds unless a glassy phase was also present.
On the master symmetries and bi-Hamiltonian structure of the Toda lattice

Starting from a conformal symmetry, higher-order Poisson tensors, deformation relations and master symmetries for the Toda lattice are obtained. A hierarchy of time-dependent symmetries is also constructed. Using reduction, deformation relations previously known to hold up to a certain equivalence relation are shown to be exact.
The FDA Perspective on the Ethical Barriers of Conducting Research in Pregnant Women

The need for data related to medication use in pregnancy, especially for psychiatric medications, is undeniable. One-third of pregnant women are exposed to medication for psychiatric conditions (Am...
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of roxoxacin and its N-oxide metabolite in plasma and urine

Abstract A high-pressure liquid chromatographic methoc for the analysis of rosoxacin and its pyridyl N-oxide metabolite in plasma and urine extracts is described. A statistical evaluation of the assay data has shown acceptable accuracy and precision for 0.5 to 25 μg of rosoxacin or the metabolite per ml of plasma and for 2.5 to 60 μg/ml of either compound in urine. The minimum quantifiable level for rosoxacin was 0.13 μg/ml in plasma and 0.64 μg/ml in urine; for the metabolite in plasma and urine, the corresponding values were 0.21 and 0.60 μg/ml, respectively. The method was applied to plasma and urine from three dogs medicated orally with 5 mg/kg of rosoxacin. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for rosoxacin were: plasma half-life, 1.9 h; plasma clearance, 65 ml/min; volume of distribution, 11.31. The average total urinary excretion of resoxacin as free and conjugated rosoxacin and its free N-oxide was 7.7 ± 0.2% over the 48-h collection period.
A Very High-Speed Digital Signal Storing Device

A scheme of storing very high-speed digital signals is presented, which requires no special components other than conventional IC's and only one clock period for recording data. By using commercially available ECL for example, the rate of data recording can reach as high as 150 MHz. This method is suitable for both single and multiple channel data recordings.
Clinical evaluation of propiomazine as an adjunct to local anesthesia for oral surgical procedures

Abstract A new phenothiazine, propiomazine, has been used as an adjunct during oral surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia for 210 patients at the Minneapolis Veterans Administration Hospital. Adequate surgical sedation or tranquilization was produced in 98.8 per cent of these patients when this drug was given intravenously in dosages of 1 mg. per 10 pounds of body weight. In this study it was shown that propiomazine, when administered intravenously, had a relatively rapid onset time (3 to 5 minutes) as compared to other phenothiazines, a brief duration of effect, and freedom from major undesirable side reactions. Paradoxical hyperactivity, seen occasionally with barbiturates, was not observed with this drug. There was total absence of local irritating effects during injection, and postoperative complications attributable to the intravenous route of medication were not observed.
Copper migration in CdTe heterojunction solar cells

CdTe solar cells were fabricated by depositing a Au/Cu contact with Cu thickness in the range of 50 to 150A on polycrystalline CdTe/CdS/SnO2/glass structures. The increase in Cu thickness improves ohmic contact and reduces series resistance (Rs), but the excess Cu tends to diffuse into CdTe and lower shunt resistance (Rsh) and cell performance. Light I-V and secondary ion mass spectros-copy (SIMS) measurements were performed to understand the correlations between the Cu contact thickness, the extent of Cu incorporation in the CdTe cells, and its impact on the cell performance. The CdTe/CdS/SnO2/glass, CdTe/ CdS/GaAs, and CdTe/GaAs structures were prepared in an attempt to achieve CdTe films with different degrees of crystallinity and grain size. A large grain polycrystalline CdTe thin film solar cell was obtained for the first time by selective etching the GaAs substrate coupled with the film transfer onto a glass substrate. SIMS measurement showed that poor crystallinity and smaller grain size of the CdTe film promotes Cu diffusion and decreases the cell performance. Therefore, grain boundaries are the main conduits for Cu migration and larger CdTe grain size or alternate method of contact formation can mitigate the adverse effect of Cu and improve the cell performance.
Influence of secondary tip shape on illumination-mode near-field scanning optical microscopy images

We report illumination-mode near-field optical microscopy images of individual 80–115-nm-diameter Au particles recorded with metal-coated fiber probes. It is found that the images are strongly influenced by the metal-coating thickness. This dependence is consistent with theoretical models, which are in good agreement with the experimental images. Probes with thick coatings (∼λ/2) produce images consisting of three extrema, owing to a resonancelike polarization of the probe end. Probes with thinner coatings generally produce simpler images. However, in some cases the images contain wavelike structures that are due to interference between direct radiation from the tip and propagating tip fields scattered by the particles.
Large area CCD image sensors for scientific applications

The designs of the 512 x 512 pixel and 2048 x 2048 pixel CCD sensors developed for scientific imaging are described. Both sensors are manufactured using the three phase, three level polysilicon gate technology, and the architecture of the chips is series-parallel-series. The components of the two different on-chip amplifiers are examined. The sensors are thinned and operated in the back side illumination mode to ensure the highest quantum efficiency. The performances of a number of front side illuminated devices and two thinned rear illuminated chips are evaluated. It is observed that the sensors equal or exceed their proposed charge transfer efficiency of 0.99999, the noise level of 2 e- and 20 e- at 50 kp/s, the quantum efficiency of 40 percent at 400 microns and 70 percent at 700 microns, and of the well capacity of greater than 500 ke-/pixel.
On the dipole moments of physisorbed rare gas atoms

Abstract Rare gas adatom dipoles are shown to be small and incapable of explaining observed work function changes. Three-body dispersion forces yield values consistent with the reduction in the adatom pair potentials; contributions from adatom dipoles are negligible.
Aggregation and the estimation of equation systems

Abstract Simulations based on two sets of data are used to assess the impact of combining equations on the accuracy of parameter estimates and their asymptotic standard errors.
DAMN - a prototype program for the Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Networks

Effective computer-aided design of engineering systems requires comprehensive computer applications software which conveniently adapts to the particular engineering design considered. This paper discusses initial experience with a program of this kind intended for computer-aided design of machine-like mechanical systems, and outlines the use of a time-shared graphic terminal for schematic display of program output. This paper is a successor to one presented at the 1969 Design Automation Workshop1 in which the motivation, definition, and essential methods were outlined.
Utility of EGFR and PTEN numerical aberrations in the evaluation of diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas. Laboratory investigation.

Object DIFFUSELY infiltrating astrocytomas are the most common primary brain tumors. As a group, they demonstrate an inherent tendency toward malignant progression. Histological grading using the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) remains the gold standard for predicting the biological behavior of these tumors. Although useful, this grading system is often limited due to small sample sizes and the subjectivity in interpretation. Given the important roles for EGFR and PTEN in the malignant progression of astrocytomas, the authors hypothesized that the fraction of tumor cells with aberrations in these genetic loci would correlate with the histological grade. Methods The authors evaluated 217 consecutive diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas that were graded using the WHO guidelines, including 16 diffuse astrocytomas (WHO Grade II), 72 anaplastic astrocytomas ([AAs] WHO Grade III), and 129 glioblastomas multiforme ([GBMs] WHO Grade IV). Cases were evaluated quantitatively using dual-color fluore...
Ion desorption from surfaces following photon excitation of core electrons in the bulk

Comparison of photon-excited total electron yield and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$-ion yield spectra above the N $K$ edge and Ni $L$ edge for single and multiple N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ layers on Ni(110) reveal the dominance of an indirect ion-desorption mechanism. This mechanism consists of photon excitation in the bulk with long-range transfer of the excitation to the surface by secondary electrons. Our results imply important limitations in the existing picture of the electron- and photon-stimulated-desorption techniques as site-specific, local surface probes.
Configuration Selection Study for Isolated Loads

A configuration tradeoff study has been conducted to determine optimum solar thermal parabolic dish power systems for isolated load applications. The specific application of an essentially constant power demand as required for MX missile shelters is treated. Supplying a continuous level of power with high reliability is shown to require a power system comprising modular parabolic dish power units where the heat engines of the modular power units can be driven by fossil fuels as well as solar-derived heat. Since constraints on reliability result in the provision of a power generating capability that exceeds the constant demand level, efficient utilization of the power system requires battery storage. Tradeoffs regarding the optimum size of storage are investigated as a function of the number of power modules and the cost of the fossil fuel which is used to meet the demand when insolation is unavailable and storage is depleted.
Occipital condyle fractures.

Objective The anatomy, clinical presentation, radiologic evaluation, treatment, and outcome of occipital condyle fractures are reviewed. Methods We review and discuss the literature on occipital condyle fractures. Results Occipital condyle fractures are best diagnosed with computed tomography. The neurologic presentation is variable. The majority of these injuries may be treated nonoperatively, but an occipitocervical fusion is necessary to restore stability across the craniovertebral junction. Conclusion Occipital condyle fractures are a rare but serious injury that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Ultrasound-detected thyroid nodules in radiation-exposed patients: changes over time.

The relationship between radiation exposure and thyroid cancer is well known, but whether all irradiated patients should have thyroid ultrasounds is unresolved. We have performed follow-up ultrasound examinations of patients in a cohort who were exposed to conventional external radiation during 1939–63 for benign conditions of the head and neck area prior to their 16th birthday. Of 54 subjects who had normal radionuclide scans in 1974–76 and were reexamined in 1996–97 by thyroid ultrasonography, 42 remained eligible and 34 agreed to participate in the present ultrasound study. After an additional 4–8 years of follow-up and using an ultrasound machine with increased resolution, we found 160 nodules (in 33 of these 34 subjects), compared with 96 nodules (in 29 of the 34 subjects) detected in the previous examination. Only four of the new nodules were ≥10 mm. Of the previously diagnosed large (≥10 mm) nodules, four nodules in four subjects resolved; nine nodules in six subjects regressed to <10 mm; 14 nodule...
The ketogenic diet: uses and abuses.

The ketogenic diet (KD) is not a new treatment option. In fact, biblical descriptions exist regarding the value of fasting to control seizures. In 1921, Geyelin1 made the earliest scientific observations about the relationship between fasting and seizures, specifically noting that some patients were seizure-free during fast. Later that same year, Wilder speculated that ketonemia has a sedative effect on the brain, mimicking anesthesia. He suggested that, if given enough fat, the body would be deprived of glucose and forced to metabolize fats which, in turn, would produce ketone bodies.2 The first medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet was developed by Huttenlocher3 in 1971, who also showed that the efficacy of an MCT diet was dependent on the level of ketosis. Extensive experience with the KD was first reported in 1977 by Livingston,4 who stated that 54% of his patients had complete seizure control and 26% had marked decreases in seizures while on the KD. Considering this history, it is remarkable that the KD still has an important role in the management of children with intractable epilepsy. It is also remarkable that we continue to learn new information about the mechanisms of action, efficacy, indications, and side effects of the KD. The KD is an effective treatment but it is not entirely benign. It must be prescribed thoughtfully, implemented carefully, and monitored closely. Mechanisms of action of the KD have not been fully elucidated. However, scientific observations have determined the unlikely mechanisms, including acidosis, dehydration, and alteration of electrolytes. It is generally accepted that the direct effect of ketone bodies is not a likely mechanism, although some researchers have pointed out the structural similarity of the main ketone bodies to GABA. Appleton and DeVivo5 used rats to study the effects of the KD on cerebral metabolism. They …
Predictors of development in premature infants from low-income families: African Americans and Hispanics.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to determine the factors that affect the motor and mental development of premature Latino and African American infants from low socioeconomic backgrounds. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of 41 low birth weight (LBW) African American infants along with 82 LBW Hispanic infants examined the factors that influence mental and motor development at 8 months of age. Multiple regression analysis was performed to correlate perinatal, environmental, and demographic variables with mental and motor development using the Bayley scales of infant development. The perinatal variables included birth weight, gestational age, and days of hospitalization. The demographic and environmental variables chosen were: income, education, the home environment, social support, mother–infant interaction, and maternal confidence. RESULTS: The results indicated that, for African American infants, motor development was correlated with the mother’s education and the number of days the infant spent in the hospital. Mental development for African American infants was predicted by the home environment. For Hispanic infants, the home environment predicted motor scores while the mother–infant interaction was correlated with the mental scores. CONCLUSION: Factors contributing to the development of premature infants vary according to ethnicity, and social variables may be more predictive of development than medical factors.
Mother‐Child Mutually Positive Affect, the Quality of Child Compliance to Requests and Prohibitions, and Maternal Control as Correlates of Early Internalization

Motivationally distinct forms of child compliance, mutually positive affect, and maternal control, observed in 3 control contexts in 103 dyads of mothers and their 26–41-month-old children, were examined as correlates of internalization, assessed using observations of children while alone with prohibited temptations and maternal ratings. One form of compliance (committed compliance), when the child appeared committed wholeheartedly to the maternal agenda and eager to endorse and accept it, was emphasized. Mother-child mutually positive affect was both a predictor and a concomitant of committed compliance. Children who shared positive affect with their mothers showed a high level of committed compliance and were also more internalized. Differences and similarities between children's compliance to requests and prohibitions (“Do” vs. “Don't” demand contexts) were also explored. Maternal “Dos” appeared more challenging to toddlers than the “Don'ts.” Some individual coherence of behavior was also found across both demand contexts. The implications of committed compliance for emerging internalized regulators of conduct are discussed.
Studies on the mechanism of azinphosmethyl resistance in the predaceous mite, Neoseiulus (T.) fallacis (family: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract An organophosphorus-resistant strain of the predaceous mite, Neoseiulus (Typhlodromus)fallacis (Garman), degraded more azinphosmethyl than a susceptible strain both in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro degradation of azinphosmethyl required glutathione as a cofactor, and the activity was associated with the soluble fraction of the mite. The major metabolite identified in vivo and in vitro was desmethyl azinphosmethyl. The higher rate of desmethylation of azinphosmethyl by the resistant mite appears to be responsible in part for resistance. No apparent difference in the pI50 was observed between the two strains in vitro, indicating that the mechanism of resistance was not associated with a modified cholinesterase. The resistant strain had a higher nonspecific estersase activity than the susceptible strain and also two extra electrophoretic esterase bands. These extra bands were also found with two other resistant strains.
An in Situ Infrared Study of Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis from Carbon Dioxide and Methanol over Zirconia

The mechanism of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis from methanol and carbon dioxide over monoclinic zirconia has been investigated using in situ infrared spectroscopy. The dissociative adsorption of methanol occurs more slowly than the adsorption of carbon dioxide, but the species formed from methanol are bound more strongly. On adsorption, the oxygen atom of methanol binds to coordinately unsaturated Zr4+ cations present at the catalyst surface. Rapid dissociation of the adsorbed methanol leads to the formation of a methoxide group (Zr–OCH3) and the release of a proton, which reacts with a surface hydroxyl group to produce water. Carbon dioxide inserts into the Zr–O bond of the methoxide to form a mondentate methyl carbonate group (Zr–OC(O)OCH3). It is proposed that this process is facilitated by the interactions of C and O atoms in CO2 with Lewis acid-base pairs of sites (Zr4+O2−) on the surface of the catalyst. Methyl carbonate species can also be produced via the reaction of methanol with carbon dioxide adsorbed in the form of bicarbonate species, but this process is slower than that involving the reaction of carbon dioxide with methoxide species. DMC is formed by reaction of the methyl carbonate species with methanol, a process that results in the transfer of a methyl group to the carbonate and restores a hydroxyl group to the zirconia surface. The decomposition of DMC on monoclinic zirconia has also been investigated and has been observed to occur via the reverse of the processes described for the synthesis of DMC.
Octave wide mid-infrared frequency comb rigorously derived from commercial near-IR mode-locked laser

Recent results using a degenerate OPO pumped by a 1560nm ultrafast laser to generate a broadband mid-infrared comb. Dispersion management and FTIR detection techniques access an octave-wide output spectrum extending from 2.0 to 4.0 um
Study of the viscoelastic behavior of uncrosslinked (gum) rubbers in moderately large deformations

Two models, one for materials possessing a well-defined reference state (solid-like behavior, model S), the other for materials lacking such reference (liquid-like behavior, model L) were tested with the aid of experimental data obtained in various strain histories in simple tension on an uncrosslinked styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) gum rubber over the temperature range from −20 to 23°C. The models resulted from the introduction of the nonlinear n-measure of strain into the Boltzmann superposition integral. Both gave excellent predictions of the response of the SBR to step and to ramp functions of strain. Published data on the response of polyisobutylene to an exponential stretch ratio excitation were in similarly good agreement with both models. Sensitive tests in which small deformations were superposed on a finite stretch allowed a distinction to be made in favor of model S. In uncrosslinked materials the strain parameter n was found to be small (typically about 0.5) and sensibly independent of temperature in the range investigated. By contrast, in crosslinked rubbers, n is typically between 1 and 2 at room temperature and generally decreases with temperature. The dependence of n on the nature of the material, crosslink density, temperature, and crosslinking conditions was examined.
Equivalent bandwidth for heterogeneous sources in ATM networks

Considers the problem of equivalent bandwidth in ATM networks. On/off source models are assumed. Most prior work on this topic assumes that the on/off periods are independent and are exponentially or geometrically distributed. The present authors permit the on and off periods to be dependent and generally distributed. As a specific example, simulated video sources are considered: during a frame of fixed duration, the source generates cells at its constant peak rate for a random active period, which is bounded by the frame length. No cells are generated during the remainder of the frame (off period). The sum of the on and off periods is equal to the frame length and, hence, the on and off periods are dependent. The authors present an accurate approximation for computing the equivalent bandwidth for heterogeneous sources, especially for a mixture of voice and simulated video sources. Simulation was performed to verify the accuracy of the approximate results. It is found that the approximation is accurate over a wide range of system parameters. Numerical results indicate that the linear approximation method underestimates the equivalent bandwidth required, these results agree with the previous simulation studies reported in the literature. For the simulated video sources, the required equivalent bandwidth obtained is compared with that obtained by modeling the simulated video sources as two-state on/off sources. It is observed that the two-state on/off source model overestimates the required bandwidth for the simulated video sources. >
The effect of pregnancy on the response to blood loss in a rat model

Abstract Study objectives: A commonly held belief is that the blunted hemodynamic response to hemorrhage observed in pregnant women is secondary to expanded blood volume. In addition to increased blood volume, pregnancy is also a vasodilated state. Vasodilatation may have deleterious effects on the response to hemorrhage by inhibiting central blood shunting after blood loss. How these conflicting variables of increased blood volume and vasodilatation integrate into a whole body model of maternal hemorrhagic shock has yet to be studied in a controlled experiment. We tested the null hypothesis that there would be no difference in the hemodynamic and metabolic responses to hemorrhage between pregnant (PRG) and non-pregnant (NPRG) rats. Methods: Twenty-four adult female Sprague–Dawley rats (12 PRG and 12 NPRG) were anesthetized with Althesin via the intraperitoneal route. Femoral arteries were cannulated by cut-down. Twelve (six PRG and six NPRG) rats underwent controlled catheter hemorrhage of 25% of their total blood volume. Twelve rats (six PRG and six NPRG) served as non-hemorrhage controls. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and base excess (BE) were measured pre-hemorrhage and then every 15 min post-hemorrhage for the next 90 min. Data were reported as mean±standard error of the mean (S.E.M.) over the 90-min post-hemorrhage observation period. Group comparisons were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated values post-hoc by Bonferroni. Statistical significance was defined by an α =0.05. Results: PRG and NPRG rats were evenly matched for MAP ( P =0.788) and BE ( P =0.146) pre-hemorrhage. Post-hemorrhage there were no mortalities in either group. Post-hemorrhage both the PRG and NPRG groups experienced significant ( P =0.011) drops in systolic and diastolic blood pressures as compared to their non-hemorrhage controls. Post-hemorrhage there was no significant ( P =0.43) difference in MAP between the PRG (89±2 mmHg) and NPRG (80±2 mmHg) rats. BE also dropped significantly within both PRG ( P =0.004) and NPRG ( P =0.001) groups post-hemorrhage. No significant ( P =0.672) difference was noted in BE between PRG and NPRG groups post-hemorrhage –6.1±0.3 mEq/l and –6.9±0.4 mEq/l, respectively. Conclusion: After a controlled hemorrhage of 25% of total blood volume we found no significant differences in MAP and BE between pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Pregnancy does not affect the response to hemorrhage.
An ultra-thin fully depleted floating gate technology for 64 Mb flash and beyond

In high density flash memories such as 8 Mb and 16 Mb, a stacked single transistor cell, which is programmed with channel hot-electron injection and erased with Fowler-Nordheim tunneling from the source side, is a key technology. However, cell size reduction and decrease of power consumption are required in order to realize higher density and 3 V-single power supply flash memories. In this paper, we propose a flash memory cell with an ultrathin and non-dope floating gate which is fully depleted and acts as dielectric film. Due to its dielectric nature, programming speed can be improved by factor two compared with a connectional cell. These characteristics can reduce power consumption of programming. Because the ultra-thin floating gate with thickness of about 100 /spl Aring/ minimizes field oxide loss, a cell size of 1.3 m/sup 2/ can be easily achieved, which is 25% smaller than a conventional one with a same design rule. Furthermore, a possibility of replacing ONO interpoly dielectric film by a single layer oxide film with thickness of 100/spl Aring/ is demonstrated. >
Dendritic Cell Tumors

Neoplasms of histiocytes and dendritic cells are rare, and their phenotypic and biological definition is incomplete. This chapter deals with the morphology of dendritic cell tumors as seen by pathologists and cytopathologists. It is divided into three sections: the follicular dendritic cell tumor, the interdigitating dendritic reticulum cell tumor and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Currently used immunohistochemical markers of differentiation are presented and discussed to help in the differential diagnosis of these entities.
Expanding the Direct HetR Regulon in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120

In response to a lack of environmental combined nitrogen, the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 differentiates nitrogen-fixing heterocyst cells in a periodic pattern. HetR is a transcription factor that coordinates the regulation of this developmental program. An inverted repeat-containing sequence in the hepA promoter required for proheterocyst-specific transcription was identified based on sequence similarity to a previously characterized binding site for HetR in the promoter of hetP. The binding affinity of HetR for the hepA site is roughly an order of magnitude lower than that for the hetP binding site. A BLAST search of the Anabaena genome identified 166 hepA-like sites that occur as single or tandem sites (two binding sites separated by 13 bp). The vast majority of these sites are present in predicted intergenic regions. HetR bound five representative single binding sites in vitro, and binding was abrogated by transversions in the binding sites that conserved the inverted repeat nature of the sites. Binding to four representative tandem sites was not observed. Transcriptional fusions of the green fluorescent protein gene gfp with putative promoter regions associated with the representative binding sites indicated that HetR could function as either an activator or repressor and that activation was cell-type specific. Taken together, we have expanded the direct HetR regulon and propose a model in which three categories of HetR binding sites, based on binding affinity and nucleotide sequence, contribute to three of the four phases of differentiation.
Authenticity And Sense Of Place In The Tourism Development Experience Of Older Retail Districts

Certain older retail districtsprovideparticularfascinationfortourists by offering experiences of the past or of otherplaces. Tourism and retail development are major components in these "thematic" retail districts. A survey of theme-oriented older retail districts in Washington, Oregon, and northern California found three basic development orientations: conservation, image development, and economic development. The different characteristics of each orientation afford a basis for formulating appropriate development plans.
JSP: a research signal processor in Josephson technology

This paper describes briefly the main architectural and design features of the Josephson Signal Processor (JSP), including its data flow, basic circuit arrangement, and packaging concept. Preliminary partitioning has indicated that, using a 5-µm “single turn logic” technology, the JSP—consisting of about 5000 cells (each with four Josephson junctions) of logic, about 150K bits of nondestructive read out (NDRO) memory, 256K bits of destructive read out (DRO) memory, and 6K bits of read only memory (ROM)—can be packaged in about 20 modules, occupying about 60 cc and consuming about 500 mW of power. The target cycle time for the JSP is 5 ns, with the NDRO and DRO memories having an access/cycle time of about 2.5/4 and 15/30 ns, respectively. Using a 2.5-µm “current injection logic” technology, the JSP—consisting of about 9000 three-junction and 5000 two-junction interferometers—can be packaged in seven modules occupying about 12 cc and will consume about 250 mW of power. The target cycle time for this technology is about 2 ns, with the NDRO and DRO memories having access/cycle times of 0.9/1.4 and 15/30 ns, respectively.
Defining and identifying Sleeping Beauties in science

A Sleeping Beauty (SB) in science refers to a paper whose importance is not recognized for several years after publication. Its citation history exhibits a long hibernation period followed by a sudden spike of popularity. Previous studies suggest a relative scarcity of SBs. The reliability of this conclusion is, however, heavily dependent on identification methods based on arbitrary threshold parameters for sleeping time and number of citations, applied to small or monodisciplinary bibliographic datasets. Here we present a systematic, large-scale, and multidisciplinary analysis of the SB phenomenon in science. We introduce a parameter-free measure that quantifies the extent to which a specific paper can be considered an SB. We apply our method to 22 million scientific papers published in all disciplines of natural and social sciences over a time span longer than a century. Our results reveal that the SB phenomenon is not exceptional. There is a continuous spectrum of delayed recognition where both the hibernation period and the awakening intensity are taken into account. Although many cases of SBs can be identified by looking at monodisciplinary bibliographic data, the SB phenomenon becomes much more apparent with the analysis of multidisciplinary datasets, where we can observe many examples of papers achieving delayed yet exceptional importance in disciplines different from those where they were originally published. Our analysis emphasizes a complex feature of citation dynamics that so far has received little attention, and also provides empirical evidence against the use of short-term citation metrics in the quantification of scientific impact.
Interactive Influences of Perceived Social Contexts on the Reading Achievement of Urban Middle Schoolers with Learning Disabilities.

This study examined the effects of social influences in the lives of an ethnically diverse sample of fifth through eighth grade students with and without learning disabilities (LD) using survey data and academic achievement scores collected in 19 Chicago public schools from 1993–1997. Similarities and differences in student perceptions of school, family, and peer group contexts were examined. In addition, longitudinal data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to identify contextual influences on changes in student reading achievement over time. Comparisons of student responses confirm and extend existing findings in the literature concerning the perceptions of students with LD of their social environments. In particular, having a learning disability was associated with consistent, mostly negative, effects on social relations across the contexts of students’ lives, regardless of gender, race, grade, and socioeconomic status. In addition, student perceptions of their friendship groups were found to have small, but significant, effects on their growth in reading achievement over the course of middle school. While students with and without LD had somewhat different views of their social contexts, the processes working within these environments appeared to affect their reading achievement in similar ways. The results suggest that careful attention should be paid to the social contexts of students’ lives when planning academic interventions.