cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical applications and update on evidence-based medicine.

Despite an agreement on the definition of evidence-based medicine (EBM), there remains considerable debate around what constitutes an evidence-based care. In the current review, we discuss the clinical application of EBM including challenges in retrieving relevant medical information, critically reviewing the data and applying it to the patient. Also discussed are the techniques and issues surrounding patient- physician communication. Among the current updates in EBM we highlight the '5S' model of retrieving best evidence, use of hand held devices for point of care information and describe future directions and use of computer based decision support, ehealth, electronic medical records and evidence based management to improve quality of health care. Several methods are described to enhance risk communication and evidence-based practice.
Biosynthetic Polymers as Functional Materials

The synthesis of functional polymers encoded with biomolecules has been an extensive area of research for decades. As such, a diverse toolbox of polymerization techniques and bioconjugation methods has been developed. The greatest impact of this work has been in biomedicine and biotechnology, where fully synthetic and naturally derived biomolecules are used cooperatively. Despite significant improvements in biocompatible and functionally diverse polymers, our success in the field is constrained by recognized limitations in polymer architecture control, structural dynamics, and biostabilization. This Perspective discusses the current status of functional biosynthetic polymers and highlights innovative strategies reported within the past five years that have made great strides in overcoming the aforementioned barriers.
Civic Engagement in Adolescents: Engendering Civic Awareness Through a University Youth Program

A weeklong residential Youth Leadership Institute Project was conducted at USC Upstate to promote essential skills deemed necessary for future civic engagement and political identity. The program and curriculum followed a framework that suggests that underlying civic skills are necessary to foster civic engagement among youth. Building on this theory, this reported study illustrates that civic engagement requires a developmental and educational process. Adolescence is a primary time for identity exploration and formation, which makes this stage an optimal time to engender civic awareness. A diverse group of 49 youth ranging in age from 14 to 17 participated. Results from the project demonstrate that when evaluating the significance and success of youth civic engagement programs, an account must be made for both the developmental and educational capacities. In pursuing projects such as ours on university campuses and beyond, psychologists and political scientists should work together to measure their outcomes in terms of these variables.
Daily positive events and diurnal cortisol rhythms: Examination of between-person differences and within-person variation

Growing evidence from field studies has linked daily stressors to dysregulated patterns of diurnal cortisol. Less is known about whether naturally-occurring positive events in everyday life are associated with diurnal cortisol. The objectives of this study were to evaluate daily positive events as predictors of between-person differences and within-person (day-to-day) variations in diurnal cortisol parameters, in addition to daily positive events as buffers against the associations between daily stressors and cortisol. In the National Study of Daily Experiences, 1657 adults ages 33-84 (57% female) reported daily experiences during telephone interviews on 8 consecutive evenings. Saliva samples were collected 4 times per day on 4 interview days and assayed for cortisol. Multilevel models were used to estimate associations of daily positive events with cortisol awakening response (CAR), diurnal cortisol slope, and area under the curve (AUC). At the between-person level, people who experienced more frequent positive events exhibited a steeper diurnal cortisol slope, controlling for daily stressors, daily affect, and other covariates. At the within-person level, positive events in the morning (but not prior-night or afternoon/evening events) predicted steeper decline in cortisol across that day; positive events were also marginally associated with lower same-day AUC. Associations were not mediated by daily positive affect, and positive events did not buffer against stressor-related cortisol alterations. These findings indicate that individual differences and day-to-day variations in daily positive events are associated with diurnal cortisol patterns, independent of stressors and affect.
Cost and Fee Allocation in Civil Procedure: A Synthesis

This General Report provides a comparative study of the principles and rules governing costs and fees in civil litigation. It is based on the General Report written for the XVIIIth World Congress of Comparative Law held in Washington D.C. in the summer of 2010. It is thus draws heavily (albeit by no means exclusively, see infra Section 1.1.4) on the respective National Reports contributed to this Congress Most, though not all, National Reporters also contributed chapters to this book.
Maternal Obesity, Gestational Weight Gain, and Asthma in Offspring

INTRODUCTION Obesity is common among women of childbearing age; intrauterine exposure to maternal obesity or gestational weight gain may influence the development of asthma in early childhood. We examined the relationships of maternal obesity and gestational weight gain with asthma in offspring. METHODS We used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, which has a nationally representative sample of children followed from birth in 2001 through age 4 (n = 6,450). Asthma was based on parental report of a medical professional's diagnosis. We used generalized estimating equation binomial models to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of childhood asthma with maternal obesity and 4 measures of gestational weight gain. RESULTS Compared with children of normal-weight mothers, children of obese mothers had increased risk of asthma (adjusted OR, 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-2.12) by age 4, and children born to overweight mothers had similar risk (adjusted OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.99-1.59). Extreme-low weight gain (<5 kg) and extreme-high weight gain (≥25 kg) were associated with increased risk of asthma; however, the following measures were not significant predictors of asthma: meeting gestational weight gain recommendations of the Institute of Medicine, total gestational weight gain, and weekly rate of weight gain in the second and third trimesters. CONCLUSION Extreme-low or extreme-high gestational weight gain and maternal obesity are risk factors for early childhood asthma, further evidence of the long-term impact of intrauterine exposure on children and the need to target preconception care to improve child health indicators.
A general framework for gathering data to quantify annual visitation.

With the increase in outdoor recreation in the United States following WWII and the focus on multiple use management in the wake of the Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act in 1960, land managers have been under increased pressure to balance multiple objectives and ensure that visitor use impacts at the sites under their purview are kept within acceptable bounds. The Act established that multiple uses had “legitimate interests” on public lands (Adams, 1993, p. 137) and that these uses be managed in a “harmonious and coordinated manner” (Cubbage, 1993, p. 298). However, there is no uniform, universally accepted approach to determining the number of visitors at individual sites, especially in light of the various activities undertaken by the public in protected areas. A unified methodology is needed; one that is applicable across multiple types of properties. We propose a generic multi-phase stratified approach capable of capturing visitation in multiple user activity and access categories. The strata used in this protocol are access location, mode of access, day of the week, and season. Access locations are grouped together in zones for ease of data collection. The approach we propose is readily adaptable to target site-specific assessments and strikes a balance between the need to gather sufficient data and staff person-hour commitment. Data are gathered based on mode of visitor access, definable access points, site-specific trends in visitation, and manager delineated zones at each site under consideration. Initial information is used to develop weekly visitation curves (depictions of the variation in visitation by day of the week) for each manager-defined season at each site and to specific survey locations within each zone mentioned above. Weekly visitation curves are confirmed using a two-week census prior to full data collection, thereby improving statistical accuracy. Additionally, multipliers are created for each mode of visitor access to estimate total visitation during the period under review. Data are summed across all zones within the site and across all seasons to gain a full representation of visitor use for the site being studied. The suggested approach may be easily modified to address variation in spatial and temporal patterns of visitation at multiple sites, as well as variation in modes of visitor access. The use of appropriate sampling techniques allows the employment of statistical estimation, thereby greatly reducing the amount of effort required with a full census for a valid estimate of visitation at a particular site or sites. Subscribe to JPRA
The Relationship Between Immorality and Cleansing: A Meta-Analysis of the Macbeth Effect

Abstract. In a widely publicized set of studies, participants who were primed to consider unethical events preferred cleansing products more than did those primed with ethical events (Zhong & Lilje...
Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase interacts with secreted midkine to promote survival of migrating neural crest cells

ABSTRACT Neural crest cells migrate long distances throughout the embryo and rely on extracellular signals that attract, repel and/or stimulate survival to ensure proper contribution to target derivatives. Here, we show that leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase (LTK), an ALK-type receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed by neural crest cells during early migratory stages in chicken embryos. Loss of LTK in the cranial neural crest impairs migration and results in increased levels of apoptosis. Conversely, midkine, previously proposed as a ligand for ALK, is secreted by the non-neural ectoderm during early neural crest migratory stages and internalized by neural crest cells in vivo. Similar to loss of LTK, loss of midkine reduces survival of the migratory neural crest. Moreover, we show by proximity ligation and co-immunoprecipitation assays that midkine binds to LTK. Taken together, these results suggest that LTK in neural crest cells interacts with midkine emanating from the non-neural ectoderm to promote cell survival, revealing a new signaling pathway that is essential for neural crest development.
Chapter 15 – Family Flaviviridae

Members of the family Flaviviridae are positive-strand RNA viruses. Genomes are unsegmented and range in size from 9.5 to 12.5 kb. The genome serves as the single mRNA and all viral proteins are synthesized as part of a large polyprotein precursor. (Translation is interesting as some of the polyprotein is targeted to endoplasmic reticulum while other parts remain cytosolic.) Genomes are not polyadenylated but instead have a hairpin structure at the 3′ end. Virions are enveloped with a diameter of about 30 nm. A single capsid protein (C) assembles to form the capsid. Two or three glycoproteins are associated with the envelope. Flaviviruses have a unique morphology for enveloped viruses, as the glycoproteins lie flat on the surface of the mature virion, giving it a golf-ball-like appearance. There are four genera in the family Flaviviridae and three of these contain important human and animal pathogens. The genus Hepacivirus contains the human Hepatitis C virus, a blood-borne pathogen. In contrast members of the genus Flavivirus are transmitted by insects (often mosquitos) and they have evolved to replicate in both animal and insect hosts. They include Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. Within the genus Pestivirus are important pathogens of food animals.
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) restricts Zika virus replication in primary human corneal epithelial cells.

Abstract Purpose Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as an important human pathogen causing ocular complications. There have been reports of the shedding of ZIKV in human as well as animal tears. In this study, we investigated the infectivity of ZIKV in corneal epithelial cells and their antiviral immune response. Methods Primary human corneal epithelial cells (Pr. HCECs) and an immortalized cell line (HUCL) were infected with two different strains of ZIKV (PRVABC59 & BeH823339) or dengue virus (DENV, serotypes 1–4). Viral infectivity was assessed by immunostaining of viral antigen and plaque assay. qRT-PCR and immunoblot analyses were used to assess the expression of innate inflammatory and antiviral genes. Supplementation of recombinant ISG15 (rISG15) and gene silencing approaches were used to elucidate the role of ISG15 in corneal antiviral defense. Results Pr. HCECs, but not the HUCL cells, were permissive to both ZIKV strains and specifically to DENV3 infection. ZIKV induced the expression of viral recognition receptors (TLR3, RIG-I, & MDA5), and genes involved in inflammatory (CXCL10 & CCL5) and antiviral (IFNs, MX1, OAS2, ISG15) responses in Pr. HCECs. Furthermore, ZIKV infection caused Pr. HCECs cell death, as evidenced by TUNEL staining. Silencing of ISG15 increased ZIKV infectivity while supplementation with rISG15 reduced ZIKV infection by direct inactivation of ZIKV and inhibiting its entry. Conclusions Our study demonstrates for the first time, that ZIKV can readily infect and replicate in Pr. HCECs. Therefore, ZIKV may persist in the cornea and pose the potential risk of transmission via corneal transplantation.
Complete genome sequencing and evolutionary analysis of HCV subtype 6xg from IDUs in Yunnan, China.

Background HCV genotype 6 (HCV-6) typically circulates in Southeast Asia and exhibits the highest genetic diversity among the eight HCV genotypes. In our previous work, a group of HCV-6 sequences was not clearly classified. Here, we further characterized this HCV-6 variant and analyzed the evolutionary history of the enlarged HCV-6 family. Methods Blood samples from eight HCV seropositive samples collected from intravenous drug users (IDUs) in 2014 in Yunnan Province, China. The full-length HCV genome sequences were amplified by using reverse transcription PCR followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Bayesian evolutionary analysis was performed with the complete coding region sequences of subtype 6a-6xh. Results The eight genomes had the same coding region of 9051 nucleotides. The complete coding region sequences of the eight HCV isolates formed a distinct phylogenetic group from the previously assigned HCV-6 subtypes (6a-6xf), however which clustered with 6xg reference sequences that were found in Kachin State, Myanmar, and recently assigned and released. The p-distances of the eight isolates to subtype 6a-6xf and 6xh ranged from 0.143 to 0.283. Based on the HCV-6 complete coding region sequences, we constructed a timescaled phylogenetic tree to reveal the HCV-6 evolutionary history, in which there were four HCV-6 phylogenetic subsets, whose median tMRCAs were 294.8, 388.5, 348.5 and 197.0 years ago, respectively. Subtype 6xg clustered into Subset I, and had the most recent common ancestor with subtype 6n, which dated back to 101.2 (95% HPD: 78.7, 125.8) years ago. The genetic evolutionary analysis further confirmed that subtype 6xg originated from Myanmar, and transmitted to Dehong through cross-border IDUs. Conclusion The HCV-6 variant characterized in this study belonged to newly assigned subtype 6xg. Our finding further confirmed the assignment of 6xg. HCV-6 family was highly divers and had a complicated evolutionary history in Southeast Asia. It is necessary to further characterize HCV-6 genetics in this region.
Chemical communication in helminths.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses chemical communication in helminthes. Chemical communication is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and has been studied extensively in insects. Chemical communication between male and female schistosomes has been demonstrated in vitro by Imperia. The chapter examines chemical communication in pre-adult and adult helminths––that is, how helminths communicate with each other using chemical signals. Information on host location by helminths is reviewed and can be considered as it relates to worm-mediated chemical communication. Most of the literature on chemical communication in helminths concerns free-living and parasitic nematodes and digenetic trematodes. The chapter describes terminology used in chemical communication, in vitro and in vivo bioassays, specific structures involved in the production and release of pheromones, chemoreception, and analytical techniques used for studying pheromones. It also discusses helminths in general and then specifically those organisms that have been studied extensively.
Long term results of primary radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become a primary option for management for both newly diagnosed vestibular schwannomas (VS), as well as VS that enlarge after initial observation. A retrospective review of our prospectively maintained data base found 871 patients who underwent Gamma knife® SRS as their initial (primary) management between 1987 and 2008. Follow-up ranged from 1–25 years (median = 5.2 years) Median tumor volume was 0.9 cc (0.02–36) and median margin dose was 13 Gy (12–25). Progression free survival (PFS) after SRS was 97% at 3 years, 95% at 5 years, and 94% at 10 years. Freedom from delayed surgical resection was found in 98.7% of patients. Smaller tumor volume was significantly associated with improved PFS. There were 326 patients with serviceable hearing (Gardner–Robertson 1 or 2) at the time of SRS with audiological follow-up of ≥ 1 year. Serviceable hearing preservation rates after SRS were 89.8% at 1 year, 76.9% at 3 years, 68.4% at 5 years, 62.5% at 7 years, and 51.4% at 10 years. Factors associated with improved serviceable hearing preservation included younger age, Gardner-Robertson grade 1 at SRS, and absence of subjective complaints of dysequilibrium or vertigo (vestibulopathy). Fifty-one patients (5.8%) developed trigeminal neuropathy. Fourteen (1.6%) developed a transient House-Brackmann grade 2 or 3 facial neuropathy. In this report with extended follow-up, primary SRS achieved tumor growth control in 94% of patients. Optimization of long- term cranial nerve outcomes remains an important achievement of this management strategy for VS.
Bonnet Carré Spillway freshwater transport and corresponding biochemical properties in the Mississippi Bight

Abstract Large freshwater pulses to coastal ecosystems change local hydrologic regimes and alter biogeochemical processes. The Mississippi Bight coastal ecosystem, located in the northern Gulf of Mexico shelf, is influenced by extensive freshwater inputs: the Mississippi River (MSR) and several smaller rivers to the east. Under river flood conditions, MSR waters flow through the Bonnet Carre Spillway (BCS) to relieve pressure on levees in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 2015, mild wintertime temperatures and heavy rainfall throughout the MSR watershed led to extreme flooding and prompted an unusually early BCS opening on January 10, 2016 for 23 days. This study examines the effects of such intermittent freshwater diversions on local shelf circulation, planktonic distributions, and potential contaminant transport pathways. Physical, chemical, and remote sensing data collected one month after the BCS opening suggested the region was comprised of three water masses: shelf saltwater, MSR waters, and local river waters. Observations and circulation model results showed the BCS waters remained within the estuarine lakes and sounds, where winter wind patterns mixed the waters and prevented BCS waters from flowing onto the shelf. Freshwater within the Mississippi Bight was primarily from concurrent flooding of local rivers. Two distinct clusters of microplankton (offshore versus nearshore stations) and zooplankton (Chandeleur Sound versus other stations) community compositions were detected. No algal blooms were observed during this BCS opening. The 2016 wintertime BCS opening resulted in muted effects on the sounds and shelf because of its short duration and uncharacteristically early release.
5 – Analytical Methods

Publisher Summary Biodiesel is produced by transesterifying the parent oil or fat with an alcohol, usually methanol, in presence of a catalyst, usually a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, or, preferably and increasingly more commonly, alkoxides. The resulting product, therefore, can contain not only the desired alkyl ester product but also the unreacted starting material (triacylglycerols), residual alcohol, and residual catalyst. Glycerol is formed as by-product and separated from biodiesel in the production process, however, traces thereof can be found in the final biodiesel product. Since transesterification is a stepwise process, mono- and diacylglycerols formed as intermediates can also be found in biodiesel. Accordingly, these aspects have been addressed in biodiesel standards. This chapter categorizes biodiesel analysis according to the nature of the materials or properties to be analyzed. It presents the standard methods used for analyzing the various specifications placing emphasis on the methods discussed in the scientific literature. Some specifications in biodiesel standards are straightforward and there is no or only very little discussion in the scientific literature when relating them to biodiesel. Since potential contaminants of biodiesel can arise during the transesterification reaction, it is important for biodiesel producers to be able to monitor the status of biodiesel production to recognize and correct any problems at an early stage. The chapter also summarizes results on monitoring of the transesterification reaction. The use of biodiesel/petrodiesel blends has also been increasing significantly. Therefore, the verification of blend levels is another important aspect of biodiesel analysis. Different methods for various situations have been developed, including detection of the blend level during use in an engine. The chapter also discusses blend level detection.
Five Conditions Conducive to Sustainability Plans and Measurements

This chapter examines three North American cities and found five specific conditions conducive to sustainability planning, measuring, and monitoring. It also outlines how the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada enjoys a considerable level of regional and federal external support for sustainability planning as compared to the Fairbanks North Star Borough and the City and Borough of Juneau, both in the U.S. State of Alaska, where sustainability efforts do not receive much external support and sustainability efforts must be generated internally. Based on participant research involvement, face-to-face interviews, and a review of relevant government documents, five conditions are identified as helpful for adaptation, institutionalization, and measurement of sustainability at the local level. Three of the conditions—community entrepreneurship, issue alignment, and the use of dashboards for shared learning and open communication reside within the authority and control of the community. The other two: consistent regional or federal policy and access to funds, are for the most part beyond the control of the community. Each of the five conditions conducive to successful sustainability planning and measurement are discussed by comparing their efficacy in each of the three communities and exemplary sustainability goals and measurements from Whitehorse (such as the goals of producing zero waste, food security, infrastructure and diverse local economy, and connected, engaged, participatory community).
The Effects of Community Training Using a Videodisc-Based Simulation

The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of using interactive videodisc for developing community based simulations for students with moderate disabilities. A multiple baseline des...
Implementation and Impact of a Comprehensive Radiology Report Categorization System on Communication of Important Results.

Abstract Purpose Effective communication of important imaging results is critical to patient care but difficult to accomplish efficiently. To improve communication at their institution, the authors introduced a radiology report categorization system (RADCAT) that organizes diagnostic imaging reports and uses automated communication systems. The study objectives were to (1) describe RADCAT’s design, (2) evaluate its implementation for appropriate imaging, and (3) evaluate the communication of important, nonurgent results with recommended follow-up. Methods This retrospective study was performed in a multihospital adult and pediatric tertiary referral academic health system. The intervention, a radiology report categorization system with five levels of acuity and IT-supported communication workflows, was globally implemented in November 2017. The primary outcomes were the successful implementation of RADCAT to appropriate diagnostic imaging reports and the successful communication of important, nonurgent results with recommended follow-up to ordering providers and patients by the radiology quality assurance team. Results Over 18 months after implementation, 740,625 radiology reports were categorized under the RADCAT system, with 42%, 28%, and 30% from the emergency department, inpatient, and outpatient settings, respectively. A random selection of 100 studies from the 23,718 total reports without RADCAT categorization identified 4 diagnostic radiology reports that erroneously lacked RADCAT grading. In 2019, of the 38,701 studies with nonurgent imaging follow-up recommendations, 38,692 (nearly 100.0%) were successfully communicated to providers or patients on the basis of quality assurance data. Conclusions A comprehensive radiology report categorization system was successfully implemented across a multihospital adult and pediatric health system, demonstrating reliable communication of imaging results with recommendations for nonacute imaging follow-up.
Delirium on clozapine: A tale of friend turned foe-A case report:

Treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is often encountered in clinical practice. Clozapine remains the drug of choice in the management of TRS. Several studies have shown that clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic medication to date for TRS. But it is also well known that it has multiple side effects. Some side effects are transient and relatively benign, while other adverse effects are menacing, serious and life-threatening. Delirium may occur with clozapine and is a therapeutic challenge as there is always a risk of precipitating delirium on clozapine rechallenge. Limited management strategies are available as alternatives for the management of psychiatric illness stabilized on clozapine. In this case report, we describe an older adult patient who developed delirium on clozapine. The aims of this case report are to discuss the mechanism by which clozapine leads to delirium, revisit various factors which could possibly lead to delirium, and discuss the different management strategies available for management of psychiatric illness for a patient previously stabilized on clozapine.
A Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Eating Disorders: Is There a Biological Basis?

Abstract Purpose Eating disorders and their core symptoms (eg, binge eating, body weight/shape concerns) disproportionately affect females, and these sex-differentiated effects become prominent during and after puberty. Although psychosocial influences such as heightened sociocultural pressures for thinness in girls and women contribute to this sex imbalance, biological factors could also play an important role. Methods This narrative review summarizes evidence of biological factors underlying the sex-differentiated prevalence of eating pathology as well as within-sex variability in risk. Findings There are sex differences in the pubertal emergence of genetic effects on eating pathology (adrenarche in males; gonadarche in females), and at least some genetic contributions to eating pathology seem to vary between the sexes. Furthermore, sex steroid hormones (eg, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone) are leading contributors to differential risk for eating pathology in males and females across the life span. Emerging data suggest that between-sex and within-sex variability in risk might occur via hormone-driven modulation (activation/deactivation) of genetic influences and neural responsiveness to food-related cues. Implications There is a biological basis to heightened risk for eating pathology in females, relative to males, as well as unique biological influences within each sex. Findings from this review highlight the importance of studying both sexes and considering sex-specific biological mechanisms that may underlie differential risk for eating pathology
Adolescent social isolation increases anxiety-like behavior and ethanol intake and impairs fear extinction in adulthood: Possible role of disrupted noradrenergic signaling

Abstract Alcohol use disorder, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid, and exposure to chronic stress during adolescence may increase the incidence of these conditions in adulthood. Efforts to identify the common stress-related mechanisms driving these disorders have been hampered, in part, by a lack of reliable preclinical models that replicate their comorbid symptomatology. Prior work by us, and others, has shown that adolescent social isolation increases anxiety-like behaviors and voluntary ethanol consumption in adult male Long–Evans rats. Here we examined whether social isolation also produces deficiencies in extinction of conditioned fear, a hallmark symptom of PTSD. Additionally, as disrupted noradrenergic signaling may contribute to alcoholism, we examined the effect of anxiolytic medications that target noradrenergic signaling on ethanol intake following adolescent social isolation. Our results confirm and extend previous findings that adolescent social isolation increases anxiety-like behavior and enhances ethanol intake and preference in adulthood. Additionally, social isolation is associated with a significant deficit in the extinction of conditioned fear and a marked increase in the ability of noradrenergic therapeutics to decrease ethanol intake. These results suggest that adolescent social isolation not only leads to persistent increases in anxiety-like behaviors and ethanol consumption, but also disrupts fear extinction, and as such may be a useful preclinical model of stress-related psychopathology. Our data also suggest that disrupted noradrenergic signaling may contribute to escalated ethanol drinking following social isolation, thus further highlighting the potential utility of noradrenergic therapeutics in treating the deleterious behavioral sequelae associated with early life stress.
Economic Liberalization Under Russian Mass Immigration: Shifting from State-Centrist Zionist Policies to a Post-Zionist State

During the Russian Aliyah of the 1990s, 800,000 immigrants from the Former Soviet Union arrived in Israel increasing the local population within ten years by 18%. Within only three years, there was a negligible effect on unemployment and native wages despite the significant influx of immigrants. Successful “direct absorption” policy is accredited to government decentralization within Israeli settlement policy. Zionist concerns about solidarity with Ha’Eretz and collectivism gave way to concerns on welfare services and State financing. Direct absorption necessitated a significant political shift away from State-sponsored Zionist policies toward more pragmatic Western economic concerns.
Absorption spectrum of CO in the Hopfield helium continuum region: Rydberg bands converging to the X2Σ+ state of CO+ in the region 960–1080 Å☆

Abstract The high resolution absorption spectrum of CO has been reinvestigated in the Hopfield helium continuum region, particularly from 960 to 1080 A. The Rydberg state 3pπ E1Π was extended to v = 2, and other Rydberg states, 3dσ 3 Σ + and F1Σ+, 3dπ 1 Π , and 4sσ 3 Σ + and 1Σ+, which are converging to the X2Σ+ ground state of CO+, have been identified. The rotational structures of only five bands among the observed ten Rydberg bands have been analyzed.
Cortical dysplasia associating with abnormal vasculature complicated with subdural haemorrhage

SUMMARY Cortical dysplasia is a neuronal migration disorder occasionally associated with anomalous draining veins. However, to our knowledge, no intracranial haemorrhage in conjunction with this association has been reported in the literature. We herein report a 7-month-old baby girl with cortical dysplasia associated with an ipsilateral cortical draining vein and complicated with subdural haemorrhage, with the diagnosis made by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This case demonstrated that patients with this condition could have an excellent prognosis even when the anomalous veins coexist with intracranial haemorrhage. We postulate that venous rupture may be the cause of this condition and further discuss the possible pathophysiology.
The Ultrastructure of Skeletogenesis in Hermatypic Corals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses coral skeletogenesis, focusing on the morphology of the skeletogenic tissues. It reviews the light and electron microscope studies carried out in this regard, illustrating the example of the morphology of the skeletogenic tissues of the coral Pocillopora damicornis. A structural organic matrix is present in the adult skeleton of Pocillopora damicornis. One component of this structural matrix is present transiently at the growth surface of the skeleton. It consists of individual sheaths enveloping each forming aragonite crystal. These crystal sheaths, plus some small extracellular vesicles that are presumed to represent a precursor for the sheaths, are together implicated in the hypotheses for coral calcification. The hypotheses fall into the following three broad categories: (1) algal removal of possible inhibitory substances; (2) a general stimulatory effect of algal metabolism; and (3) algal contribution to a skeletal organic matrix.
The Chemistry of 8-Mercaptoquinoline and its Derivatives. II. Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of S-Benzoyl-8-Mercaptoquinoline

The Kinetics of the alcoholysis of S-benzoyl-8-mercaptoquinoline has been investigated by using spectrophotometric method.
Power to detect trends in abundance of secretive marsh birds: Effects of species traits and sampling effort

Standardized protocols for surveying secretive marsh birds have been implemented across North America, but the efficacy of surveys to detect population trends has not been evaluated. We used survey data collected from populations of marsh birds across North America and simulations to explore how characteristics of bird populations (proportion of survey stations occupied, abundance at occupied stations, and detection probability) and aspects of sampling effort (numbers of survey routes, stations/route, and surveys/station/year) affect statistical power to detect trends in abundance of marsh bird populations. In general, the proportion of survey stations along a route occupied by a species had a greater relative effect on power to detect trends than did the number of birds detected per survey at occupied stations. Uncertainty introduced by imperfect detection during surveys reduced power to detect trends considerably, but across the range of detection probabilities for most species of marsh birds, variation in detection probability had only a minor influence on power. For species that occupy a relatively high proportion of survey stations (0.20), have relatively high abundances at occupied stations (2.0 birds/station), and have high detection probability (0.50), � 40 routes with 10 survey stations per route surveyed 3 times per year would provide an 80% chance of detecting a 3% annual decrease in abundance after 20 years of surveys. Under the same assumptions but for species that are less common, � 100 routes would be needed to achieve the same power. Our results can help inform the design of programs to monitor trends in abundance of marsh bird populations, especially with regards to the amount of sampling effort necessary to meet programmatic goals. 2013 The Wildlife Society
Transductional Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Methionineless Auxotrophs

Seventy-one methionineless and cysteineless auxotrophs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were placed into nine groups on the basis of their growth on methionine precursors and the cross-feeding response. Transduction experiments with bacteriophage F116 indicated the presence of four linkage groups among the methionineless mutants and at least three among the cysteineless mutants. These studies suggested that the biosynthesis of methionine in P. aeruginosa is similar to that described in other microorganisms, although none of the mutants lacking the ability to methylate homocysteine grew with vitamin B12 or S-adenosylmethionine.
Can ferricyanide oxidize carbon monoxide-liganded cytochrome a3?

Evidence for the oxidation of CO-liganded cytochromea3 by ferricyanide has been published recently. These observations conflict with the long-held belief that ferricyanide is thermodynamically incapable of oxidizing the CO complex. The present paper examines the facts on which the earlier idea was based. It is concluded that the earlier evidence did not establish that ferricyanide was incompetent as an oxidant for CO-liganded cytochormea3.
A convenient route to α-amido-β-lactams†

Dedicated to Professor John C. Sheehan on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. A method for the synthesis of α-amido-β-lactams without the intermediacy of an α-amino-β-lactam is described. The appropriate β-keto ester is used for preparing a vinylamino β-lactam via a “Dane salt” by a previously reported method. Oxidation with ruthenium tetroxide and periodic acid of this product leads directly to the desired “V”, or “G” or analogous α-amido side chain.
Recent advances in direct phasing methods for heavy‐atom substructure determination

Macromolecular crystal structure determination has typically been a two-step process. When diffraction data from multiple chemically isomorphous or anomalously scattering crystals are available, the positions of heavy atoms from amplitude differences arising from native-derivative crystal pairs or an anomalously scattering crystal are first located and phasing of the whole protein structure is then completed using the heavy-atom substructure as a bootstrap. Shake-and-Bake, a direct-methods-based dual-space refinement procedure, provides heavy-atom substructure solutions by finding the constrained global minimum of a probabilistically defined minimal function. This minimal function relies on probabilistic estimates of the cosines of the structure invariants. A novel statistically defined minimal function that utilizes the statistical properties of the structure invariants has recently been proposed and tested. Applications of the statistical Shake-and-Bake procedure show that statistical direct methods provide a simple, reliable and efficient method of heavy-atom substructure determination.
Critical Events in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion: Mitochondrial Depolarization Versus Sarcolemmal Permeability

The critical events determining cell death in the aftermath of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the temporal relationship between the time of apparently complete mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨm) depolarization and the onset of sarcolemmal permeabilization (SP) during I/R using confocal imaging of the mitochondrial fluorophore TMRM and the SP indicator YO-PRO1. Whole rabbit hearts (n=6) were subjected to 60-minutes global ischemia and 180-minutes reperfusion (37oC). In some hearts the electromechanical uncoupler 2,3-Butanedione monoxime (20 mM) or temporary perfusion with high [K+] (20 mM) was used to abolish motion during imaging. Two or three day-old cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocyte monolayers (NRVCM, n=3) were subjected to 30-minutes simulated ischemia (including near-anoxia, pH=6.5, [K+]o = 8.8 mM and [deoxyglucose] = 11 mM, 37oC) and 60-minutes reperfusion. In hearts and NRVCMs the relatively uniform ΔΨm loss occurred at 31.2±5.6 and 18.3±0.6 minutes of ischemia, respectively, amid absence of SP events. ΔΨm recovered to a variable degree upon reperfusion in both models, followed by a secondary and heterogeneous ΔΨm loss in individual myocytes. Total of 7 myocytes from whole hearts and 6 myocytes from NRVCMs were tracked throughout the entire period of reperfusion to accurately determine the delay between ΔΨm loss and the earliest detectable SP (Δt). Δt varied between −5.3 and +14.5 minutes in the heart myocytes and between −3.0 and +19.0 minutes in NRVCM myocytes. Excluding outlier cells with exceedingly large positive Δts, the mean ± standard deviation of Δt became 0.8±4.0 minutes in hearts and 0.2±3.2 minutes in NRVCMs. Conclusions: (1) critical ΔΨm loss upon reperfusion typically overlaps in time with the emergence of sarcolemmal pores of at least 1 nm diameter; (2) 2-3 day-old NRVCM qualitatively recapitulate the critical I/R events observed in whole hearts.
Urinary catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid anxiety

ABSTRACT Objective To determine whether there are differences in noradrenergic or adrenergic functioning in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without anxiety. Method ADHD children with and without a comorbid overanxious (ANX) disorder were compared to each other and to normal controls in terms of 2-hour urinary excretion of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and their metabolites. All subjects performed a fixed series of mentally stressful tasks during the collection period. Results Children with ADHD, regardless of comorbid anxiety, excreted more normetanephrine (NMN), the chief extracellular metabolite of NE, than controls, as well as more vanillyimandelic acid. Children with ADHD alone had lower NE/NMN and EPI/metanephrine ratios compared to controls. Children with ADHD/ANX excreted more EPI than ADHD children without anxiety. Conclusions Children with ADHD may have a higher tonic activity of the noradrenergic system than controls, while children with comorbid ADHD/ANX may be differentiated from those with ADHD alone by higher adrenergic activity.
Guest editorial: Special section on cross-domain physical optimization

This Special Section considers several studies that emphasize cross-domain physical optimization. The first paper applies physical optimization techniques that cut across the discrete and continuous domains; a geometric programming method is applied to solve the classical floorplanning problem. The second paper introduces a subfield scheduling approach that considers both ebeam lithography throughput and the thermal effect in the ebeam writing process. The third paper presents techniques that make the circuit layout compatible with multiple-patterning lithography. The fourth paper describes an integrated design methodology for microfluidic chips that encompasses operation scheduling, chip layout generation, control pin assignment, and wiring solution. The fifth paper crosses the boundaries of datapath design and random logic; it proposes a placement flow that simultaneously places a mixture of random logic and datapath cells found in hybrid designs. The short paper replaces flipflops with pulsed latches, and utilizes the time-borrowing property of pulsed latches and clock gating to achieve power efficiency.
Revolutionizing orthopaedic biomaterials: The potential of biodegradable and bioresorbable magnesium-based materials for functional tissue engineering

In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in magnesium (Mg) and its alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications, as they possess desirable mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Also shown to be osteoinductive, Mg-based materials could be particularly advantageous in functional tissue engineering to improve healing and serve as scaffolds for delivery of drugs, cells, and cytokines. In this paper, we will present two examples of Mg-based orthopaedic devices: an interference screw to accelerate ACL graft healing and a ring to aid in the healing of an injured ACL. In vitro tests using a robotic/UFS testing system showed that both devices could restore function of the goat stifle joint. Under a 67-N anterior tibial load, both the ACL graft fixed with the Mg-based interference screw and the Mg-based ring-repaired ACL could restore anterior tibial translation (ATT) to within 2mm and 5mm, respectively, of the intact joint at 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. In-situ forces in the replacement graft and Mg-based ring-repaired ACL were also similar to those of the intact ACL. Further, early in vivo data using the Mg-based interference screw showed that after 12 weeks, it was non-toxic and the joint stability and graft function reached similar levels as published data. Following these positive results, we will move forward in incorporating bioactive molecules and ECM bioscaffolds to these Mg-based biomaterials to test their potential for functional tissue engineering of musculoskeletal and other tissues.
Structural modeling of spatial vision

A linear structural model of mechanisms underlying spatial vision was generated from the variance-covariance matrix of contrast sensitivity data. The data had been collected on a large group of observers ranging in age from 19 to 87 yr, using gratings of 0.5-16 c/deg spatial frequency. Structural models incorporating various numbers of spatial frequency-tuned mechanisms were compared, with a three-mechanism model giving the best account of the data. The same analysis was applied to contrast sensitivity data simulated from Wilson and Bergen's (1979) model. When the stimulated data covered 0.5-16 c/deg, only three mechanisms were needed to give a satisfactory account of the data; when the simulated data covered 0.25-16 c/deg, four mechanisms were required. Peak sensitivities and bandwidths of the mechanisms extracted from the simulated data resembled those extracted from the real, population data. This reinforces the idea that at an early stage of human vision a small number of spatially-tuned mechanisms are operative. In addition, the outcome of analyses with both real and simulated data illustrate the potential value of linear structural models for vision research.
Tigecycline-induced acute pancreatitis with rechallenge: A case report

Objective:To report a case of tigecycline-induced acute pancreatitis.Case Summary:A 50-year-old African American man with spinal cord injury was hospitalized on 2 occasions for recurrence of an infected pressure ulcer requiring systemic antibiotic therapy. Bone and tissue cultures from his initial hospitalization grew multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumanii sensitive to tigecycline. He was treated with intravenous tigecycline on these 2 occasions (50-mg infusions every 12 hours), each of which resulted in significant elevation in serum amylase (to 615 U/L and 715 U/L) and lipase (to 325 U/L and 616 U/L) levels. On each occasion, the pancreatic enzymes became normal after discontinuing tigecycline.Discussion:Tigecycline is the first FDA-approved drug in the class of antibiotics called glycylcyclines, which are developed from tetracyclines to afford broad coverage against certain resistant gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria. It is recommended for patients at least 18 years of age for treatment...