cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indecomposable laplacian integral graphs

Abstract A graph that can be constructed from isolated vertices by the operations of union and complement is decomposable. Every decomposable graph is Laplacian integral. i.e., its Laplacian spectrum consists entirely of integers. An indecomposable graph is not decomposable. The main purpose of this note is to demonstrate the existence of infinitely many indecomposable Laplacian integral graphs.
Coupled drying and devolatilization of wet coal in fluidized beds

A single particle model is proposed for the coupled drying and devolatilization (under inert conditions) of coals in fluidized beds. The model assumes that heat transfer to and through the particle is the rate-controlling mechanism for drying. It is also assumed to be the rate-controlling mechanism for devolatilization in conjunction with the kinetics of overall coal decomposition. The drying is assumed to take place from a moving boundary (the drying front) and an unsteady-state heat conduction equation (in spherical coordinates) with a convective boundary condition is solved using approximate analytical techniques. The resultant temperature profile in the dried shell is used in a numerical integration over the volume of particle, using the non-isothermal coal decomposition kinetic expression proposed by Anthony et al. (1975) Proc. 15th Symp. Combustion, to determine the devolatilization characteristics. After the drying is complete, the remaining possible volatile evolution at any particular bed temperature is obtained from a similar integration with the temperature profile determined from the analytical solution for the unsteady-state heat conduction equation with a convective boundary condition and a non-uniform initial temperature condition. Results of parametric analyses are presented along with the comparison of model predictions with data reported in the literature.
Factors Affecting Quantitative PCR Assay of Plesiomonas shigelloides

We have found that there are various factors that can affect the quantitative PCR assays of Plesiomonas shigelloides. Different Taq polymerase preparations, varying sets of primers, different DNA stains, and different cell lysing agents were found to significantly influence the linear relationship between the fluorescent intensities of DNA bands and the log of CFU per PCR. The primer dimers formed in the PCR can be eliminated by using different Taq polymerase preparations and different sets of primers to run the PCR.
Rapid eye movement sleep and its relationship to feeding behavior in the adult cat

The aim of this study was to corroborate a previous report that, in cats kept on a 12:12-hr light-dark schedule, there is a highly significant negative correlation between the quantity of REM sleep in a 12-hr period and food intake in the subsequent 12-hr interval. Analyses of sleep-wake and food intake measures from freely behaving adult cats failed to disclose any consistent correlations between food consumption and REM sleep quantities in the same or adjacent 12-hr periods; amounts of waking (or total sleep) and slow-wave sleep also showed no consistent relationship to food intake. These findings question assertions that REM sleep participates directly in regulating the expression of motivated behaviors.
Archaic Argument: Aristotle’s Rhetoric and the Problem of First Principles

Among Aristotle’s arts of argumentation, two are directly linked to archai, or first principles. Analytic deduces from them and dialectic tests their veracity. This article situates rhetoric as likewise useful for philosophical investigation in Aristotle’s own system by demonstrating how the Rhetoric assigns to rhetorical practice attributes that are uniquely related to the archai—without which investigations into and based on them would be impossible. That is, given the primary nature of the first principles as described by Aristotle, the strategic use of metaphor is the only intellectual machinery he has for articulating, disseminating, and gaining acquiescence for them.
On one-electron basis set extrapolation of atomic and molecular correlation energies

It is well known that the convergence of correlation energies in atomic and molecular calculations is relatively slow and that calculations aimed at high accuracy must explicitly make corrections for this. In this work we consider 1e − basis set extrapolation as a means of obtaining high accuracy. The correlation consistent basis sets of Dunning et al. have provided a convenient platform for extrapolation, with the independent variable being X = D, T, Q, 5, … . There has been much debate in the literature about the functional form to use for the extrapolation, with contention between the ‘theoretically justified’ (X + 1)−3 form and empirical forms based on exponentials or variable powers. We will dissect the theoretical justification of the (X + 1)−3 form by considering MP2 calculations on He and Ne as a function of the maximum angular momentum (⪙) in the basis using basis sets having converged radial extent. Calculations with ⪙ up to 14 were carried out for Ne. It is shown that while the asymptotic form ...
A neural network decision-making model for job-shop scheduling

Scheduling in a job-shop system is a challenging task. Simulation modelling is a well-known approach for evaluating the scheduling plans of a job-shop system; however, it is costly and time-consuming, and developing a model and interpreting the results requires expertise. As an alternative, we have developed a neural network (NN) model focused on detailed scheduling that provides a versatile job-shop scheduling analysis framework for management to easily evaluate different possible scheduling scenarios based on internal or external constraints. A new approach is also proposed to enhance the quality of training data for better performance. Previous NN models in scheduling focus mainly on job sequencing and simple operations flow, and may not consider the complexities of real-world operations. The proposed model’s output proved statistically equivalent to the results of the simulation model. The study was accomplished using sensitivity analysis to measure the effectiveness of the input variables of the NN m...
Protein viability on au nanoparticles during an electrospray and electrostatic-force-directed assembly process

We study the protein viability on Au nanoparticles during an electrospray and electrostatic-force-directed assembly process, through which Au nanoparticle-antibody conjugates are assembled onto the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to fabricate carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) biosensors. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and field-effect transistor (FET) measurements have been used to investigate the antibody activity after the nanoparticle assembly. Upon the introduction of matching antigens, the colored reaction from the ELISA and the change in the electrical characteristic of the CNTFET device confirm that the antibody activity is preserved during the assembly process.
Early prostate cancer antigen expression in predicting presence of prostate cancer in men with histologically negative biopsies.

Purpose: Early prostate cancer antigen is a nuclear matrix protein that was recently shown to be expressed in prostate adenocarcinoma and adjacent benign tissue. Previous studies have demonstrated early prostate cancer antigen expression in benign prostate tissue up to 5 years before a diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, suggesting that early prostate cancer antigen could be used as a potential predictive marker.Materials and Methods: We evaluated early prostate cancer antigen expression by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody (Onconome Inc., Seattle, Washington) on benign biopsies from 98 patients. Biopsies were obtained from 4 groups that included 39 patients with first time negative biopsy (group 1), 24 patients with persistently negative biopsies (group 2), 8 patients with initially negative biopsies who were subsequently diagnosed with prostate carcinoma (group 3) and negative biopsies obtained from 27 cases where other concurrent biopsies contained prostate carcinoma (group 4). Early prosta...
Structural insights into the pro-apoptotic function of mitochondrial serine protease HtrA2/Omi

HtrA2/Omi, a mitochondrial serine protease in mammals, is important in programmed cell death. However, the underlining mechanism of HtrA2/Omi-mediated apoptosis remains unclear. Analogous to the bacterial homolog HtrA (DegP), the mature HtrA2 protein contains a central serine protease domain and a C-terminal PDZ domain. The 2.0 A crystal structure of HtrA2/Omi reveals the formation of a pyramid-shaped homotrimer mediated exclusively by the serine protease domains. The peptide-binding pocket of the PDZ domain is buried in the intimate interface between the PDZ and the protease domains. Mutational analysis reveals that the monomeric HtrA2/Omi mutants are unable to induce cell death and are deficient in protease activity. The PDZ domain modulates HtrA2/Omi-mediated cell death activity by regulating its serine protease activity. These structural and biochemical observations provide an important framework for deciphering the mechanisms of HtrA2/Omi-mediated apoptosis.
On perfect Lee codes

In this paper we survey recent results on the Golomb-Welch conjecture and its generalizations and variations. We also show that there are no perfect 2-error correcting Lee codes of block length 5 and 6 over Z. This provides additional support for the Golomb Welch conjecture as it settles the two smallest cases open so far.
Elastic Properties of Random Percolating Systems

We study the macroscopic elastic moduli of an elastic percolating network in the critical region. A microscopic elastic Hamiltonian is used, which contains a bending energy term. We find that the rigidity threshold of this system is identical to the percolation threshold ${p}_{c}$. By considering the elastic properties of elements of the infinite percolation cluster we calculate the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\tau}$ which describes the behavior of the elastic stiffness near ${p}_{c}$ for $d=6$ and obtain a lower bound on $\ensuremath{\tau}$ for $dl6$. $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is considerably higher than the conductivity exponent $t$, suggesting that the elastic problem belongs to a different universality class.
Sensory and Instrumental Evaluation of Snapper and Rockfish Species

Sensory and instrumental measures were made of the edibility characteristics of 18 fish species from the families Lutjanidae and Scorpaenidae. Descriptive sensory analysis and cluster analysis of the data showed Lutjanidae and Scorpaenidae families to differ in texture, but not in flavor. Lutjanidae species were less flaky, less fibrous, less firm, and less chewy than the Scorpaenidae species. Only Atlantic Ocean Perch (Sebastes marinus), Longspinethornyhead (Sebastolobus altivelis), and Shortspinethornyhead (Sebastolobus alascanus), were more similar in texture to the Lutjanidae species than to their own family, Scorpaenidae. Consumer data revealed a similar separation of family groups on the basis of texture, but not flavor. Sensory and instrumental data showed good correlations between both sensory hardness and chewiness and the instrumental parameter of maximum shear stress (r = 0.86 and 0.84, respectively).
Enantioselective synthesis of (2R, 3S)- and (2S, 3R)-4,4,4-trifluoro-N-Fmoc-O-tert-butyl-threonine and their racemization-free incorporation into oligopeptides via solid-phase synthesis.

An efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of (2R, 3S)- and (2S, 3R)-4,4,4-trifluoro-N-Fmoc-O-tert-butyl-threonine (tfT) on multi-gram scales was developed. Absolute configurations of the two stereoisomers were ascertained by X-ray crystallography. Racemization-free coupling conditions for the incorporation of tfT into oligopeptides were then explored. For solution-phase synthesis, tfT racemization was not an issue under conventional coupling conditions. For solid-phase synthesis, the following conditions were identified to achieve racemization-free synthesis: if tfT (3.0 eq.) was not the first amino acid to be linked to the resin (1.0 eq.), the condition is: 2.7 eq. DIC/3.0 eq. HOBt as the coupling reagent at 0 °C for 20 h; if tfT (3.0 eq.) was the first amino acid to be linked to the resin (1.0 eq.), then 1.0 eq. of CuCl2 needs to be added to the coupling reagent.
Attention and Task Difficulty: When Is Performance Facilitated? ☆

Abstract Under certain conditions, when initiating a trial is made difficult, task performance improves as the task becomes harder to do. This counterintuitive finding has led to a distinction between the motor difficulty and the cognitive difficulty of a task. The present report summarizes three replications of an experiment in which the two aspects of difficulty were manipulated orthogonally in a recognition task. Participants (total N = 67) responded significantly more accurately and rapidly under conditions in which a cursor had to be moved very precisely (versus imprecisely) into a circle fixed in the center of a computer screen. However, accuracy and response time were compromised with increases in the cognitive difficulty variable (stimulus exposure duration). Visual gaze and pupil dilation data supported the interpretation that attention is elicited by increases in motor difficulty and that performance can benefit from this allocation of attention or mental effort.
Status and content of remote sensing education in the United States

Abstract Analysis of the Mapping Sciences Education Data Base revealed numerous interesting characteristics of the United States' remote sensing education system. Approximately 88 per cent of the education takes place in public supported universities and 90 per cent of this coursework in departments with graduate programmes of study. The majority of this education (37 per cent) is performed by social science departments with geography being the primary sponsor (36 per cent). Unfortunately, most of the 691 remote sensing and airphoto interpretation courses offered nationwide are provided as service courses at an introductory level. This makes it difficult to specialize in remote sensing at the graduate level. The specific types of courses offered and their geographic distribution are summarized. Many of the aforementioned topics are compared with statistics for other mapping sciences including photogrammetry, cartography, surveying, geodesy and geographic information system education. Examination of the re...
Multiregional Cell Assemblies, Temporal Binding and the Representation of Conceptual Knowledge in Cortex: a Modern Theory by a “Classical” Neurologist, Carl Wernicke

A contemporary view of conceptual representation in the brain holds that conceptual knowledge is distributed throughout the cerebral cortex, localized to cortical regions involved in their initial processing, and functionally interconnected through synchronized associative processes that are mediated through "convergence zones". The primary goal of the present paper is to point out that Carl Wernicke proposed a theory of how concepts are acquired and represented in cortex which is strikingly similar to contemporary views. Wernicke sketched his ideas on this topic in his earliest writings on aphasia. But his theory is developed most fully in the Grundriss der Psychiatrie (Outlines of Psychiatry), published in 1900 and never translated into English. We describe Wernicke's views on the distributed nature of conceptual knowledge in the brain using select quotes from his early work, and by providing a translation of relevant sections of the Grundriss der Psychiatrie.
The little turtle's progress: a reconsideration of the short versus long-term residential treatment controversy

Abstract This study reviews a number of arguments often given in support of the increased use of short-term residential treatment and examines some of the assumptions underlying those arguments. It concludes with the detailed description of an individual psychotherapy case study of a young child in long-term residential treatment. That case presentation indicates a number of clinical issues which appear to contraindicate the use of either brief therapy or short-term residential treatment, and which illustrate the need for the preservation of long-term residential treatment options for certain severely disturbed children and adolescents.
Comments on the evaluation of the effective potential in quantum electrodynamics

We have checked the numerical results of the effective Lagrangian as a function of the field strengths $H$ and $E$ in the paper of Dittrich, Tsai, and Zimmermann on the evaluation of the effective potential in quantum electrodynamics. We present the more accurate numerical results and plots. The Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian is non-negative, monotonically increasing, and does not exhibit a minimum as a function of the magnetic field in the range $0\ensuremath{\le}H\ensuremath{\le}0.35{H}_{\mathrm{cr}}$. The real part of the effective Lagrangian has a minimum for the electric field $\ensuremath{\simeq}3{E}_{\mathrm{cr}}\ensuremath{\simeq}5.125\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ V/cm. Our numerical values of the effective Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian are approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding results of Dittrich et al. The phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking does not occur either for a pure magnetic field or a pure electric field case.
Cross-dressing proteins by olefin metathesis

Chemists have established numerous methods for performing protein conjugations, but metathesis catalysts have largely remained absent from this toolkit. Evidence that proteins bearing allylsulfides undergo cross-metathesis with chosen alkenes in aqueous conditions will allow chemists to harness the power of metathesis catalysts for modifying biomolecules and other water-soluble compounds.
Comparison of Expired Carbon Monoxide and Plasma Cotinine as Markers of Cigarette Abstinence

The clinical pharmacology of biochemical measures of nicotine exposure has been thoroughly reviewed with regard to usefulness and limitations in detecting abstinence from cigarette smoking. While plasma nicotine concentration measures only acute nicotine exposure, plasma, salivary, and urine cotinine concentrations reflect exposure over an extended period of time. Although, expired carbon monoxide (CO) is frequently used to confirm self reports, it has a relatively short half life, calling into question whether this measure might provide misleading information by exaggerating smoking cessation success rates. To examine this question, we analyzed expired CO, plasma cotinine and self report data collected in a clinical trial in which subjects (N=207) were randomly assigned to gain- or loss-framed messages for smoking cessation in combination with open label sustained-release bupropion (300 mg/day). In examining measurements collected at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months, results showed that CO significantly overestimated abstinence rates as compared with cotinine, although the discrepancy was less at the later time points. These data suggest that while expired CO is a useful and well-established marker in certain contexts, when testing extended abstinence from smoking with non-nicotine medications, cotinine measurements should be preferred.
Epidermal growth factor stimulates putrescine transport and ornithine decarboxylase activity in cultivated human fibroblasts.

Abstract Many observations link increased intracellular polyamine levels with increased rates of cell proliferation [6, 7, 10, 23, 25]. EGF stimulates the proliferation of cultivated human skin fibroblasts and KB cells. EGF increases intracellular levels of polyamine through two mechanisms, the stimulation of both ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine transport. It is possible that the stimulation of cell proliferation by EGF may be an effect of increased polyamine concentration. The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are actively transported into the cell and appear to share the same transport mechanism.
Environmental and economic analysis of switchgrass production for water quality improvement in northeast Kansas.

The primary objectives of this research were to determine SWAT model predicted reductions in four water quality indicators (sediment yield, surface runoff, nitrate nitrogen (NO3–N) in surface runoff, and edge-of-field erosion) associated with producing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) on cropland in the Delaware basin in northeast Kansas, and evaluate switchgrass break-even prices. The magnitude of potential switchgrass water quality payments based on using switchgrass as an alternative energy source was also estimated. SWAT model simulations showed that between 527,000 and 1.27 million metric tons (Mg) of switchgrass could be produced annually across the basin depending upon nitrogen (N) fertilizer application levels (0–224 kg N ha K1 ). The predicted reductions in sediment yield, surface runoff, NO3–N in surface runoff, and edge-of-field erosion as a result of switchgrass plantings were 99, 55, 34, and 98%, respectively. The average annual cost per hectare for switchgrass ranged from about $190 with no N applied to around $345 at 224 kg N ha K1 applied. Edge-of-field break-even price per Mg ranged from around $41 with no N applied to slightly less than $25 at 224 kg N ha K1 applied. A majority of the switchgrass produced had an edge-of-field break-even price of $30 Mg K1 or less. Savings of at least 50% in each of the four water quality indicators could be attained for an edge-of-field break-even price of $22–$27.49 Mg K1 .
Explanations of grouping in immediate ordered recall

This article is about grouping in immediate ordered recall. The following findings are reported: (1) grouping a presentation improves recall, even when steps are taken to prevent rehearsal; (2) grouping primarily improves recall of the items adjoining the grouping, creating primacy and recency within groups; and (3) this primacy and recency are found even when single, isolated errors in recall are considered. These results suggest that the effects of grouping cannot be fully explained by rehearsal, chunking, or the number of directions in which an item can be transposed. It is suggested instead that (1)the auditory short-term store contains an unparsed and uncategorized representation that must be parsed and categorized just prior to recall, in a process of recovery; (2) items adjoining the boundary of a presentation are more easily recovered; and (3) grouping creates a boundary within the presentation. To support this explanation, a final experiment demonstrates an interaction between type of stimuli and serial position, with grouping most improving recall of adjoining phonemes.
Equilibrium and optimality: Some imprints of David Gale

Abstract The paper is a review of some of the themes to which David Gale made lasting contributions. It touches upon a number of the fundamental issues in the Walrasian equilibrium theory (existence, uniqueness and stability), the overlapping generations model (non-optimality and indeterminacy of competitive equilibria), the von Neumann equilibrium (as a turnpike), and in the theory of decentralized intertemporal allocation through competitive prices (efficiency and golden rules, duality and existence of optimal programs).
Morphology of human retinal ganglion cells with intraretinal axon collaterals

Ganglion cells with intraretinal axon collaterals have been described in monkey (Usai et al., 1991), cat (Dacey, 1985), and turtle (Gardiner & Dacey, 1988) retina. Using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase and Neurobiotin in in vitro whole-mount preparations of human retina, we filled over 1000 ganglion cells, 19 of which had intraretinal axon collaterals and wide-field, spiny dendritic trees stratifying in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axons were smooth and thin (approximately 2 microm) and gave off thin (<1 microm), bouton-studded terminal collaterals that extended vertically to terminate in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. Terminal collaterals were typically 3-300 microm in length, though sometimes as long as 700 microm, and were present in clusters, or as single branched or unbranched varicose processes with round or somewhat flattened lobular terminal boutons 1-2 microm in diameter. Some cells had a single axon whereas other cells had a primary axon that gave rise to 2-4 axon branches. Axons were located either in the optic fiber layer or just beneath it in the ganglion cell layer, or near the border of the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer. This study shows that in the human retina, intraretinal axon collaterals are associated with a morphologically distinct ganglion cell type. The synaptic connections and functional role of these cells are not yet known. Since distinct ganglion cell types with intraretinal axon collaterals have also been found in monkey, cat, and turtle, this cell type may be common to all vertebrate retinas.
AbrB and Spo0E Control the Proper Timing of Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

We have shown previously that Spo0A∼P-dependent sinIR operon expression was substantially down-regulated in abrB null mutant backgrounds. In this report, we show that loss of function mutations in abrB also cause phosphorelay gene expression to be down regulated. abrB null mutations caused diminished vegetative growth-associated sporulation and resulted in a significant reduction in sporulation frequencies at T24. These mutants, however, sporulated at wild-type levels at T48, indicating that sporulation timing was affected. The rvtA11 mutation in spo0A, a deletion mutation in spo0E, and a null mutation in hpr (scoC) rescued sporulation and Spo0A∼P-dependent gene expression in an abrB mutant background. These data indicate that AbrB and Spo0E may comprise a checkpoint system that regulates the progression of sporulation, allowing exploration of alternate cell states prior to the irrevocable commitment to sporulation.
Purification and partial characterization of an α-chymotrypsin-like protease of rat peritoneal mast cells

An alpha-chymotrypsin-like enzyme was isolated from mast cells of the rat peritoneal cavity by extraction with 0.8 M potassium phosphate, 2 per cent protamine sulfate followed by affinity chromatography on hen ovoinhibitor-agarose and adsorption on barium sulfate. This procedure yielded over 9 mg of protease from the peritoneal lavage fluid of 100 rats, equivalent to 44 per cent of the initial activity. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, analytical isoelectric focusing, and amino-terminal sequence analysis. The protease contains no covalently bound carbohydrate and has a molecular weight of approximately 26,000. The enzyme molecule is a single polypeptide chain with an amino-terminal sequence homologous to that of the B chain of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. The kinetic parameters, Km and kcat, for the hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester were determined at pH 8.0 and 25 degrees C as 1.1 X 10(-3) M and 84 sec-1, respectively. The value of the second-order rate constant for inactivation of mast cell protease by diisopropylphosphofluoridate was 300 times lower than for bovine alpha-chymotrypsin.
Structural health monitoring – What is the prescription?

Abstract Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems can prevent structural failure of safety-critical structures such as aircraft, bridges, nuclear reactors and dams, which cannot be allowed to fail. An SHM system uses the techniques of non-destructive inspection (NDI) to provide continuous (or on-demand) information about the state of a structure, so that an assessment of the structural integrity can be made at any time, and timely remedial actions may be taken as necessary. A large number of sensors forms the front end of an SHM system to provide information on the condition of the structure. The information from the sensors is incorporated into structural analyses and failure models to assess the state of the structure and to predict the remaining lifetime. Thus, the underlying concept is based on detecting and characterizing damage and assessing it in terms of failure mechanics and damage growth laws. Materials engineering and applied mechanics play dominant roles in both the diagnostic and prognostic components of SHM. A probabilistic approach is essential, as will be shown by an example of the growth and detection, or lack thereof, of surface-breaking cracks. The probabilistic approach also plays a key role in the determination of inspection schedules.
Structured Participation Toolkit: An enabler for knowledge production in Science Gateway

While shared access to common pool CI resources is requisite for high-performance collaboration, it does not ensure shared and transparent knowledge production in the scientific problem solving process. Participatory, structured analytic-deliberation is key to deepening shared understanding, particularly as problem complexity increases, and should be integrated with analysis tools. The Structured Participation Toolkit (SPT) enables structured participation methods to be seamlessly integrated into analytical environments, such as Science Gateways, to support large-scale, asynchronous participation; structured analytic-deliberation; consensus-building and decision-making; as well as to provide an open, transparent decision repository and participation metrics.
Stormwater Management for a Record Rainstorm at Chicago

: A record setting 24-hour rainstorm hit Chicago in September 2008. It created an opportunity to assess its impacts and to compare the storm water management with that used in other recent rainstorms. Flooding impacted all forms of transportation and thousands of homes and businesses, 10,000 homes had to be evacuated. One lesson learned is that this storm's magnitude was enhanced by urban and lake influences on the atmosphere that extended over the large suburban areas west of the city. This helped intensify the rainfall over a large area. A second lesson learned is when 6-hour and 24-hour rainfall amounts exceed once-in-25-years recurrence values, the water management facilities cannot handle the large volume of water. Hence, major diversions of flood waters were needed to be made into Lake Michigan and the Illinois River.
"Skull punch" for craniotomy in neonates and infants.

We have designed a new instrument that we have called a "skull punch" which is useful and safe for making a burr hole for a purely osteoplastic craniotomy in neonates and infants. The instrument is described in detail.
Opportunistic behavior in marketing research organizations

Abstract This research considers employee perceptions of the interorganizational relationships that exist between three types of marketing research organizations. Significant findings from this study support previous work in the field of ethics and point out the importance of the relationships between opportunistic behavior, ethical climates, and ethical profiles in different types of marketing research organizations.
Resurrecting doubts about national missile defense

(1997). Resurrecting doubts about national missile defense. Defense Analysis: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 201-213.
Ex vivo human placental transfer of rifampin and rifabutin.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the ex vivo human placental transfer of rifampin and rifabutin. Methods: Seven placentas from uncomplicated term vaginal or cesarean deliveries were studied utilizing the ex vivo single cotyledon perfusion system. Antipyrine was used for the reference compound in the determination of the clearance indices of rifampin and rifabutin. Results: The clearance indices of rifampin at maternal concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 μg/ml were 0.12 ± 0.05 and 0.12 ± 0.11, respectively. The clearance indices of rifabutin at maternal concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 μg/ml were 0.44 ± 0.11 and 0.37 ± 0.15, respectively. Conclusions: Because of its greater lipophilicity, rifabutin was found to have a greater clearance than rifampin. However, because of rifabutin's trend toward greater deposition in tissue, there was proportionately less accumulation of rifabutin in the fetal circulation when compared to rifampin.
Replication of damaged DNA in vitro is blocked by p53

The tumor suppressor protein p53 may have other roles and functions in addition to its well-documented ability to serve as a sequence-specific transcriptional activator in response to DNA damage. We showed previously that p53 can block the replication of polyomavirus origin-containing DNA (Py ori-DNA) in vitro when p53 binding sites are present on the late side of the Py ori. Here we have both further extended these observations and have also examined whether p53 might be able to bind directly to and inhibit the replication of damaged DNA. We found that p53 strongly inhibits replication of -irradiated Py ori-DNA and such inhibition requires both the central DNA binding domain and the extreme C-terminus of the p53 protein. An endogenous p53 binding site lies within the Py origin and is required for the ability of p53 to block initiation of replication from -irradiated Py ori-DNA, suggesting the possibility of DNA looping caused by p53 binding both non-specifically to sites of DNA damage and specifically to the endogenous site in the polyomavirus origin. Our results thus suggest the possibility that under some circumstances p53 might serve as a direct regulator of DNA replication and suggest as well an additional function for cooperation between its two autonomous DNA binding domains.
Coworker Distributive Fairness Judgments of the Workplace Accommodation of Employees with Disabilities

I present a model of when and how coworkers judge the distributive fairness of workplace accommodations of employees with disabilities. Fairness judgments are made when accommodations are salient and relevant to coworkers, I thus present factors influencing the salience and relevance of accommodation. I also argue that fairness judgments are based on equity and need rules and therefore explore factors influencing equity comparisons and perceived warrantedness. Finally, I suggest directions and ideas for future research.
The G protein alpha o subunit alters morphology, growth kinetics, and phospholipid metabolism of somatic cells.

Abstract The physiological role of the alpha o subunit of guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein was investigated with a murine adrenal cell line (Y1) transfected with a rat alpha o cDNA cloned in a retroviral expression vector. The parental cell line lacked detectable alpha o subunit. Expression of the alpha o cDNA in transfected cell lines was confirmed by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. The rat alpha o subunit interacted with murine beta and gamma subunits and associated with cell membranes. Y1 cells containing large amounts of alpha o subunit had altered cellular morphology and reduced rate of cell division. In addition, GTP-gamma S-stimulated release of arachidonic acid from these cells was significantly increased compared with that in control cells. The alpha o subunit appears directly or indirectly to regulate cellular proliferation, morphology, and phospholipid metabolism.
Carbon-13 labeled polymers: an alternative tracer for depth profiling of polymer films and multilayers using secondary ion mass spectrometry.

13C labeling is introduced as a tracer for depth profiling of polymer films and multilayers using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Deuterium substitution has traditionally been used in depth profiling of polymers but can affect the phase behavior of the polymer constituents with reported changes in both bulk-phase behavior and surface and interfacial interactions. SIMS can provide contrast by examining various functional groups, chemical moieties, or isotopic labels. 13C-Labeled PS (13C-PS) and unlabeled PS (12C-PS) and PMMA were synthesized using atom-transfer radical polymerization and assembled in several model thin-film systems. Depth profiles were recorded using a Cameca IMS-6f magnetic sector mass spectrometer using both 6.0-keV impact energy Cs+ and 5.5-keV impact energy O2+ primary ion bombardment with detection of negative and positive secondary ions, respectively. Although complete separation of 12C1H from 13C is achieved using both primary ion species, 6.0-keV Cs+ clearly shows improved ...
Performance and Immunity of Heat-Stressed Broilers Fed Vitamin- and Electrolyte-Supplemented Drinking Water

The efficacy of different vitamin and electrolyte treatments of drinking water for heat-stressed broilers was studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, commercial broilers (50% male, 50% female, sexed), were subjected to four drinking water treatments: 1) unsupplemented water (control); 2) B-vitamins plus electrolytes (B+E1); 3) vitamins A, D, and E, B-vitamins plus electrolytes (ADEB+E1); and 4) vitamins A, D, and E and B-vitamins (ADEB). Each treatment group was replicated in eight pens containing 70 birds. All birds were provided ad libitum access to feed through to 43 days of age and subjected to the water treatment from 16 to 21 days and 38 to 43 days. The birds were exposed to the 35 C ambient temperature during the last 72 h of each period. Immune function was tested on the males in each pen while they received the water treatments from 24 to 34 days of age. In comparison with the control, feed conversion was improved 5.6% by ADEB+E1 and ADEB, and body weight gain was improved 6.7% by ADEB (P less than .05). Total and IgG antibody response against SRBC after primary immunization was improved by B+E1; whereas, B+E1 and ADEB treatments improved IgG after secondary immunization. The highest numbers of Sephadex-elicited peritoneal macrophages were found among ADEB-treated birds, but neither adherence nor phagocytic ability of macrophages from either group was affected. Natural killer cells from all except ADEB+E1-treated birds exhibited comparably high tumoricidal activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electronic charging of non-metallic clusters: size-selected MoxSy clusters supported on an ultrathin alumina film on NiAl(110)

Two photon photoemission was used to investigate the interfacial charge transfer for size-selected MoxSy (x/y: 2/6, 4/6, 6/8, 7/10) clusters deposited on an ultrathin alumina film prepared on a NiAl(110) surface. The local work function of the surface increases with increasing cluster coverage, which is unexpected for charge transfer resulting from the formation of Mo–O bonds between the clusters and the alumina surface. By analogy with Au atoms and clusters on metal-supported ultrathin oxide films, we invoke electron tunneling from the NiAl substrate to explain the charge transfer to the MoxSy clusters. Electron tunneling is favored by the large electron affinities of the MoxSy clusters and the relatively low work function induced by the presence of the alumina film. The interfacial dipole moments derived from coverage-dependent measurements are cluster dependent and reflect differences in MoxSy cluster structure and surface bonding. These results extend previous observations of electronic charging to non-metallic clusters, specifically, metal sulfides, and suggest a novel way to modify the electronic structure and reactivity of nanocatalysts for heterogeneous chemistry.
Paradoxical vocal fold motion: a sensory-motor laryngeal disorder.

Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine the laryngeal sensitivity (LS) thresholds and the ratings of laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms in patients with paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM). Methods This is a chart review following Institutional Review Board approval of 75 patients from January 2006 to June 2007. The patients were diagnosed with PVFM following case history, transnasal flexible laryngoscopy and spirometric testing. The data analyzed consisted of the reflux symptom index (RSI) and laryngopharyngeal sensitivity (LS). Laryngeal sensitivity and RSI were graded according to mild, moderate, or severe. Results There were 12 (16%) patients with normal RSI scores, 37 patients (49.3%) with moderate RSI (RSI 11-22), and 26 patients (34.7%) with severe RSI (RSI >22). The right LS was normal in 11 patients (14.7%), moderately impaired in 16 patients (21.3%), and severely impaired in 48 (64%) patients. The left LS showed normal sensation in 11 patients (14.7%), moderately impaired LS in 13 patients (17.3%), and severe impairment in 51 patients (68%). Only one patient had both normal sensation and normal RSI, and 70.4% of patients had abnormal RSI and sensation thresholds. Conclusions Patients diagnosed with PVFM had a high prevalence of symptoms related to LPR and markedly reduced LS. These findings suggest that PVFM may be triggered by reduced peripheral sensation or laryngeal inflammation.
The Illusion of Progress

This article examines the relationship between pacification and modernization theory during Lyndon B. Johnson's stewardship of the Vietnam War. It uses Johnson's South Vietnamese pacification program, Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS), to reveal the hopes, intentions, and limitations of the administration's approach. This article contends that CORDS represented Johnson's attempt to define the Vietnam conflict as a progressive expression of the Cold War through modernization theory. It also argues that CORDS's inability to resolve the contradictions implicit in development and security exposed the limits of Johnson's vision for both Vietnam and the Cold War. Finally, the article illustrates how interadministrative debates regarding the intersection of pacification and modernization anticipated intellectual tensions that divided modernization theorists and dominated the field in the 1970s.
Cerebral blood flow during hypoxic hypoxia with plasma-based hemoglobin at reduced hematocrit

We determined whether cerebral blood flow (CBF) remained related to arterial O2 content (CaO2) during hypoxic hypoxia when hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were independently varied with cell-free, tetramerically stabilized hemoglobin transfusion. Three groups of pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized cats were studied with graded reductions in arterial O2 saturation to 50%: 1) a control group with a hematocrit of 31 +/- 1% (mean +/- SE; n = 7); 2) an anemia group with a hematocrit of 21 +/- 1% that underwent an isovolumic exchange transfusion with an albumin solution (n = 8); and 3) a group transfused with an intramolecularly cross-linked hemoglobin solution to decrease hematocrit to 21 +/- 1% (n = 10). Total arterial hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) after hemoglobin transfusion (8.8 +/- 0.2) was intermediate between that of the control (10.3 +/- 0.3) and albumin (7.2 +/- 0.4) groups. Forebrain CBF increased after albumin and hemoglobin transfusion at normoxic O2 tensions to levels attained at equivalent reductions in CaO2 in the control group during graded hypoxia. Over a wide range of arterial O2 saturation and sagittal sinus PO2, CBF remained greater in the albumin group. When CBF was plotted against CaO2 for all three groups, a single relationship was formed. Cerebral O2 transport, O2 consumption, and fractional O2 extraction were constant during hypoxia and equivalent among groups. We conclude that CBF remains related to CaO2 during hypoxemia when hematocrit is reduced with and without proportional reductions in O2-carrying capacity. Thus O2 transport to the brain is well regulated at a constant level independently of alterations in hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and O2 saturation.
Behavioral responses of free-ranging rhesus monkeys to food shortage

During early July 1968, a severe food shortage occurred on Cayo Santiago, an island colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The food shortage produced striking changes in the behavior of the monkeys. Within the one social group intensively studied, the total frequencies of grooming, play and fights decreased significantly; the frequency of matings also dropped; body contact, displacements by other groups, and non-displacement movements decreased, but not in statistically significant amounts. Changes in the percentage of total grooming attributable to related and unrelated monkeys reflected the stability of the rhesus matriline. Comparisons made between Cayo Santiago and other primate groups under analogous situations reveal similar responses to food shortage.
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON SUPPORTING OBJECTS IN O-RAID DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SYSTEM

O-Raid [1, 2] uses a layered approach to provide support for objects on top of a distributed relational database system called RAID [3], It reuses the replication controller of RAID to allow replication of simple objects as well as replication of composite objects. In this paper, we first describe the experiments conducted on O-Raid that measure the overheads incurred in supporting objects through a layered implementation, and the overheads involved in replicating objects. The overheads are low (e.g. 4ms for an insert query involving objects). We present experiments that evaluate three replication strategies for composite objects, namely, full replication, selective replication and no replication in a two-site and a four-site O-Raid system. For composite object experiments, the selective replication strategy demonstrated the flexibility of tuning replication of member objects based on the patterns of access. The experimentation is performed in different networking environments (LANs and WANs) to further evaluate the replication schemes. The results indicate that selective replication scheme has greater benefits in WAN than in LAN.
Measurement of isometric elbow and shoulder moments: position-dependent strength of posterior deltoid-to-triceps muscle tendon transfer in tetraplegia

This report describes an apparatus which has been developed to measure several isometric elbow and shoulder forces and moments simultaneously and also allows this characterization to be performed across a range of shoulder and elbow joint angles in a horizontal plane. This apparatus was used to characterize the elbow extension strength in individuals with tetraplegia resulting from cervical level spinal cord injury. In all of these individuals, voluntary elbow extension was provided exclusively by the posterior deltoid muscle, which had previously been surgically transferred to the tendon of the paralyzed triceps muscle. Elbow extension is essential for many daily activities, such as reaching above shoulder level and pushing objects away from the body; the widely used posterior deltoid-to-triceps muscle tendon transfer surgery restores some degree of voluntary control to this important function. The apparatus contained a six-axis force-moment transducer to which the arm of each subject was attached. The six outputs of the transducer were transformed to correspond to physiological elbow and shoulder moments and forces. A customized table allowed the shoulder and elbow angles of the subject to be varied over a wide range in a horizontal plane so that the effects of posterior deltoid muscle length could be characterized over the likely functional range of the subject within this plane. It was found that elbow extension strength varied widely across subjects with C5 or C6 tetraplegia, from quite weak to strong enough to propel a manual wheelchair. Furthermore, the elbow extension strength of most subjects showed a strong dependence on both elbow and shoulder angles. Elbow extension was typically weak when the upper arm was elevated to shoulder level at the side, which unfortunately corresponds to the position often adopted by these individuals due to shoulder weakness.