cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ovarian tumor-derived ectopic hyperprolactinemia

To describe extreme hyperprolactinemia originating from a pituitary adenoma in the wall of an ovarian dermoid. This is a description of an unusual case and a review of ectopic prolactin production. Ectopic production of prolactin is a rare condition that has been reported in isolated organ system pathology including ovaries. An ovarian dermoid is a benign neoplasm that has the potential for active unregulated endocrine function. Hyperprolactinemia can result from functioning lactotrophs found in ovarian dermoids and can lead to clinical sequelae. Definitive treatment of the condition requires surgical removal of the functioning endocrine tissue. Extreme hyperprolactinemia caused by a pituitary tumor located within a dermoid has not been reported before. We present a case of profound hyperprolactinemia originating from a pituitary adenoma found in the wall of an ovarian dermoid and give a broad overview of the condition and literature. Ectopic prolactin production should always be considered in symptomatic patients found to have elevated serum levels and no findings on brain imaging.
The use of long-term biological data to generate testable hypotheses

Long-term biological data sets are typically collected, analyzed for their periodicities, possibly correlated with some suspected forcing function(s), published and forgotten. To fully utilize such long-term data sets for management decisions and basic scientific inquiry, they should be used to generate new ideas and as the basis for testing new hypotheses. Rarely is this done! Ten plus years of monthly or fortnightly data on meiofauna abundance from a mud and a sand site in North Inlet, South Carolina, indicate very different seasonal patterns, and thus controlling mechanisms, at the two sites. The mud site faunal abundance appears predator controlled; the sand site fauna physically controlled. Using the 10+-year data set as the base, a series of experiments are proposed to test whether the mud meiofauna are predator controlled. Additionally, the copepod species composition at the sand site has changed over the sampling period; interstitial species have almost disappeared, while epibenthic species abundance has remained constant. The elimination of the interstitial forms is thought to be the result of increasing silt/clay at the site. Experiments are proposed to test the effect of changing silt/clay content or species composition in sandy habitats.
Regulation of the processing of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA by nutritional status

Expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene during starvation and refeeding is regulated by a posttranscriptional mechanism occurring in the nucleus. The amount of G6PD mRNA at different stages of processing was measured in RNA isolated from the nuclear matrix fraction of mouse liver. This nuclear fraction contains nascent transcripts and RNA undergoing processing. Using a ribonuclease protection assay with probes that cross an exon-intron boundary in the G6PD transcript, the abundance of mRNAs that contain the intron (unspliced) and without the intron (spliced) was measured. Refeeding resulted in 6- and 8-fold increases in abundance of G6PD unspliced and spliced RNA, respectively, in the nuclear matrix fraction. However, the amount of G6PD unspliced RNA was at most 15% of the amount of spliced RNA. During refeeding, G6PD spliced RNA accumulated at a rate significantly greater than unspliced RNA. Further, the amount of partially spliced RNA exceeded the amount of unspliced RNA indicating that the enhanced accumulation occurs early in processing. Starvation and refeeding did not regulate either the rate of polyadenylation or the length of the poly(A) tail. Thus, the G6PD gene is regulated during refeeding by enhanced efficiency of splicing of its RNA, and this processing protects the mRNA from decay, a novel mechanism for nutritional regulation of gene expression.
Anatomy ofZea mays andGlycine max seedlings treated with triazole plant growth regulators

Soil drenches containing 250 μg of paclobutrazol or uniconazol (50 ml of a 17 μM solution) reduced the height of both corn (Zea mays L. cv. How.Sweet It Is) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. A2) seedlings. With corn, uniconazol was considerably more active than paclobutrazol in reducing height whereas with soybean both compounds had similar dwarfing effects. The compounds increased foliar chlorophyll content and leaf thickness in soybean but had no effect on these parameters in corn. The increase in leaf thickness with soybean was due primarily to an increase in the thickness of the palisade cell layer. Chloroplast size and ultrastructure of both species were unaffected by the compounds. The growth regulators increased root diameter in both corn and soybean because of increased size of cortical parenchyma cells and particularly in soybean because of radial rather than longitudinal growth of the first few layers of the cortical parenchyma.
Lysine deficiency and dental structures.

Relatively few data are available about the relation of amino acid deficiencies and oral disease, although a fair amount of literature has accumulated concerning the effects of protein deprivation on the oral structures. The literature about the consequences of the lack of a single in­ dispensable amino acid on such structures, however, is rather meager. The possible existence of subclinical lysine deficiencies is not too remote. The deficiency of lysine in some of the cereal grains was noted in the earliest determinations of their basic amino acid content as well as their nu­ tritive value. In 1914 and 1915 Osborne and Men­ del1' 2 reported that young rats fed arti­ ficial diets containing zein from corn as the sole source of protein rapidly declined in weight and died unless the diet was supplemented with tryptophan and lysine. In spite of all the time and effort that have been expended since 1914, very little precise information is now at hand showing any specific role for lysine in the mechanisms of growth. Few, if any, specific symptoms are known to follow the withdrawal of lysine from the diet. Among the effects reported by Harris and co-workers3,4 are a general wasting of soft tissues, hypoproteinemia, decreased hemoglobin and erythrocytes, decreased calcification of the bones with narrowed epiphyses and testicular atro­ phy. The effects of such diets on the teeth and periodontium were not investigated. It is important to note that these investi­ gators used older animals weighing 110 to 140 Gm. Any effects of amino acid de­ ficiency which are related to the dental structures, obviously, are most likely to have greater influence in younger ani­ mals.
HPLC analysis of 4',5'-monoadduct formation in calf thymus DNA and synthetic polynucleotides treated with UVA and 8-methoxypsoralen.

— 8-methoxypsoralen monoadduct formation in calf thymus DNA irradiated with subbands of ultraviolet A light has been quantitated by HPLC analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysates of the DNA. Normalization of the yield of monoadducts for the variation in source output and the absorptivity of 8-MOP at each of the irradiating wavelengths showed that the 4′,5′-furan monoadduct was the principal photoproduct and the efficiency of its formation was independent of irradiating wavelength. Synthetic polynucleotides irradiated with ultraviolet A light demonstrated a base composition and sequence dependence for 8-MOP photoreactivity: (poly(dAdT.dAdT) > poly(dA.dT) > poly(dGdC.dGdC) in both the B and Z forms > pofy(dT).
A Systematic Methodology for Analyzing Security Threats to Interprocess Communication in a Distributed System

It is observed that a direct mapping exists between a distributed system's physical configuration and the security threats that can be mounted against interprocess communication in that system. A systematic methodology is presented which implements that mapping for a large class of distributed systems. The methodology includes a model of threats to interprocess communication as well as a model of distributed system security configurations. This methodology is useful in situations where certain major characteristics of the distributed system physical configuration will remain stable over a long time.
Advanced aerosense display interfaces

High-resolution display technologies are being developed to meet the ever-increasing demand for realistic detail. The requirement for evermore visual information exceeds the capacity of fielded aerospace display interfaces. In this paper we begin an exploration of display interfaces and evolving aerospace requirements. Current and evolving standards for avionics, commercial, and flat panel displays are summarized and compared to near term goals for military and aerospace applications. Aerospace and military applications prior to 2005 up to UXGA and digital HDTV resolution can be met by using commercial interface standard developments. Advanced aerospace requirements require yet higher resolutions (2560 X 2048 color pixels, 5120 X 4096 color pixels at 85 Hz, etc.) and necessitate the initiation of discussion herein of an 'ultra digital interface standard (UDIS)' which includes 'smart interface' features such as large memory and blazingly fast resizing microcomputer. Interface capacity, IT, increased about 105 from 1973 to 1998; 102 more is needed for UDIS.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generation of an HIV-1-Resistant Immune System with CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transduced with a Triple-Combination Anti-HIV Lentiviral Vector

HIV gene therapy has the potential to offer an alternative to the use of current small-molecule antiretroviral drugs as a treatment strategy for HIV-infected individuals. Therapies designed to administer HIV-resistant stem cells to an infected patient may also provide a functional cure, as observed in a bone marrow transplant performed with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) homozygous for the CCR5-Δ32-bp allele. In our current studies, preclinical evaluation of a combination anti-HIV lentiviral vector was performed, in vivo, in humanized NOD-RAG1(-/-) IL2rγ(-/-) knockout mice. This combination vector, which displays strong preintegration inhibition of HIV-1 infection in vitro, contains a human/rhesus macaque TRIM5α isoform, a CCR5 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and a TAR decoy. Multilineage hematopoiesis from anti-HIV lentiviral vector-transduced human CD34(+) HSCs was observed in the peripheral blood and in various lymphoid organs, including the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow, of engrafted mice. Anti-HIV vector-transduced CD34(+) cells displayed normal development of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages. The anti-HIV vector-transduced cells also displayed knockdown of cell surface CCR5 due to the expression of the CCR5 shRNA. After in vivo challenge with either an R5-tropic BaL-1 or X4-tropic NL4-3 strain of HIV-1, maintenance of human CD4(+) cell levels and a selective survival advantage of anti-HIV gene-modified cells were observed in engrafted mice. The data provided from our study confirm the safety and efficacy of this combination anti-HIV lentiviral vector in a hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy setting for HIV and validates its potential application in future clinical trials.
Accuracy of saline infusion sonohysterography in diagnosis of uterine intracavitary pathology

Objective: To assess the accuracy of saline infusion sonohysterography versus transvaginal sonography in detecting intracavitary uterine pathology. Method: We reviewed ultrasonography reports of 29 patients who had undergone saline infusion sonohysterography for evaluation of the endometrial cavity. These patients were suspected of having uterine cavity pathology by transvaginal sonography. They underwent operative hysteroscopy or hysterectomy or both after sonohysterography. The findings at each stage were compared. We also assessed the reliability of transvaginal sonography in detecting intracavitary disease. Results: The findings were as follows: polyps were diagnosed in 23 patients and myoma in 2 patients; presence of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) was noted in 2 patients, and findings were normal in 2 patients. Polyps were accurately diagnosed in 21 (91.3%) of the patients. In two patients, there was a false diagnosis of polyps based on sonohysterography. The presence of intracavitary myoma and IUD were correctly diagnosed. Of two patients with normal sonohysterography, one had polyps diagnosed histopathologically. By simple transvaginal sonography, polyps were correctly diagnosed in only 8 (34%) of the patients. Intracavitary pathology could not be identified. Conclusion: Saline infusion sonohysterography is a simple, noninvasive procedure. Our study suggests that it is highly sensitive in diagnosing intracavitary uterine pathologies. Saline infusion sonohysterography can be beneficial in guiding the physician toward the selection of procedures that cause relatively less morbidity.
A scalable, self-routed, terabit capacity, photonic interconnection network

We present SPINet (Scalable Photonic Integrated Network), an optical switching architecture particularly designed for photonic integration. The performance of SPlNet-based networks is investigated through simulations, and it is shown that SPINet can provide the bandwidth demanded by high performance computing systems while meeting the ultra-low latency and scalability requirements. Experiments are conducted on a model SOA-based switching node to verify the feasibility of the SPINet concepts, and demonstrate error-free routing of 160 Gb/s peak bandwidth payload.
Stem cell quiescence.

Adult stem cells are maintained in a quiescent state, but are able to exit quiescence and rapidly expand and differentiate in response to stress. The quiescent state appears to be necessary for preserving self-renewal of stem cells and a critical factor in resistance of cancer stem cells (CSC) to chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Limited knowledge of quiescence mechanisms has prevented significant advance in targeting of drug resistant quiescent CSC populations in the clinic. Thus improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quiescence in adult stem cells is critical for development of molecularly targeted therapies against quiescent CSC in different cancers. Recent studies have provided a better understanding of intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory mechanisms that control stem cell quiescence. It is now appreciated that the p53 gene plays a critical role in regulating stem cell quiescence. Other intrinsic regulatory mechanisms include the FoxO,, HIF-1α and NFATc1 transcription factors, and signaling through ATM and mTOR. Extrinsic microenvironmental regulatory mechanisms include Angiopoietin-1, TGF-β, BMP, TPO, N-Cadherin and integrin adhesion receptors, Wnt/β-catenin signaling and osteopontin. In this article, we review current advances in understanding normal stem cell quiescence, their significance for CSC quiescence and drug resistance, and the potential clinical applications of these findings.
Thermal profile of high power laser diode arrays and implications in line-narrowing using external cavities

We present measurements and analysis of thermal profiles of high power laser diode arrays. We determine the limitations the profile imposes on the linewidth of the diode array in an external cavity configuration and discuss applications in optical pumping for hyperpolarized MRI. ©2002 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.2010) Diode laser arrays; (140.3320) Laser cooling Hyperpolarized noble gases are used in novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems to allow low magnetic field imaging and high resolution of gas spaces (e.g. lungs). The hyperpolarized gases are composed of long-lived meta-stable states of spin Ω noble gas nuclei and are generated via a hyperfine interaction with the polarized valence electrons of optically pumped alkali metal vapors in a gas mixture 1 . For large volume generation, the rate of photon absorption by the alkali metals must be much greater than all decay processes, requiring more than 10 W of power absorbed per liter. The absorption is proportional to the overlap of the laser spectra with the pressure-broadened linewidth, which is 0.2nm/atm for Rubidium, the most commonly used alkali metal. Laser diode arrays are best suited for this application due to their size, cost, wall-plug efficiency and high available power. However, they are not optically efficient due to their large inherent linewidth, approximately 2nm for current commercially available laser diode arrays. The linewidth can be narrowed using an external cavity, which increases the pumping efficiency due to a larger overlap with the absorption despite reduced total power output. In our experimental setup (shown schematically in Fig.1), we use a cylindrical microlens to collimate the fast axis of the diode array and an imaging system to image the slow axis onto a grating, similar to systems previously demonstrated, 2 generating an individual cavity for each of the diodes The combination of the grating with the output facet results in a wavelength selective effective reflectivity 3 providing a gain margin for the modes under feedback, causing them to be accentuated while diminishing the other modes.
Check It Off: Individualizing a Math Algorithm for Students with Disabilities Via Self-Monitoring Checklists

A teacher—researcher translated research-based practices related to using self-instruction in special education settings into inclusive classroom practices with students with learning disabilities (LD) and students for whom English was a second language (ESL). Both groups were fully included in a third-grade classroom. After classwide instruction and regrouping, several students with LD and some students with ESL still remained confused about the concept. The special education teacher developed individualized self-monitoring checklists based on an error analysis of each student's difficulties and taught each student how to use his or her own self-monitoring checklist to help learn the math concept. Both groups of students benefited from self-monitoring instruction to such an extent that their performance closely matched that of their typically achieving peers. All students reported that they enjoyed using the checklist. The authors also discuss implications for teachers and for teachers as researchers.
Asymptotic connectivity in wireless ad hoc networks using directional antennas

Connectivity is a crucial issue in wireless ad hoc networks (WANETs). Gupta and Kumar have shown that in WANETs using omnidirectional antennas, the critical transmission range to achieve asymptotic connectivity is O(radic(log n/n)) if n nodes are uniformly and independently distributed in a disk of unit area. In this paper, we investigate the connectivity problem when directional antennas are used. We first assume that each node in the network randomly beam forms in one beam direction. We find that there also exists a critical transmission range for a WANET to achieve asymptotic connectivity, which corresponds to a critical transmission power (CTP). Since CTP is dependent on the directional antenna pattern, the number of beams, and the propagation environment, we then formulate a non-linear programming problem to minimize the CTP. We show that when directional antennas use the optimal antenna pattern, the CTP in a WANET using directional antennas at both transmitter and receiver is smaller than that when either transmitter or receiver uses directional antenna and is further smaller than that when only omnidirectional antennas are used. Moreover, we revisit the connectivity problem assuming that two neighboring nodes using directional antennas can be guaranteed to beam form to each other to carry out the transmission. A smaller critical transmission range than that in the previous case is found, which implies smaller CTP.
pFANGS: Parallel high speed sequence mapping for Next Generation 454-roche Sequencing reads

Millions of DNA sequences (reads) are generated by Next Generation Sequencing machines everyday. There is a need for high performance algorithms to map these sequences to the reference genome to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms or rare transcripts to fulfill the dream of personalized medicine. In this paper, we present a high-throughput parallel sequence mapping program pFANGS. pFANGS is designed to find all the matches of a query sequence in the reference genome tolerating a large number of mismatches or insertions/deletions. pFANGS partitions the computational workload and data among all the processes and employs load-balancing mechanisms to ensure better process efficiency. Our experiments show that, with 512 processors, we are able to map approximately 31 million 454/Roche queries of length 500 each to a reference human genome per hour allowing 5 mismatches or insertion/deletions at full sensitivity. We also report and compare the performance results of two alternative parallel implementations of pFANGS: a shared memory OpenMP implementation and a MPI-OpenMP hybrid implementation.
Kinematic and kinetic comparison of barefoot and shod running in mid/forefoot and rearfoot strike runners

Barefoot running has been associated with decreased stride length and switching from a rearfoot strike (RFS) pattern to a mid/forefoot strike (M/FFS) pattern. However, some individuals naturally contact the ground on their mid/forefoot, even when wearing cushioned running shoes. The purpose of this study was to determine if the mechanics of barefoot running by natural shod RFS runners differed from natural shod M/FFS runners. Twenty habitually shod runners (ten natural M/FFS and ten natural RFS) participated in this study. Three-dimensional motion analysis and ground reaction force data were captured as subjects ran at their preferred running speed in both barefoot and shod conditions. M/FFS experienced only a decrease in stride length when switching from shod to barefoot running. Whereas, when switching from shod to barefoot running, RFS individuals experienced a decrease in stride length, switched to a plantarflexed position at ground contact and saw reduced impact peak magnitudes. These results suggest that when barefoot, the RFS group ran similar to the M/FFS group running barefoot or shod.
Spike Count Correlation Increases with Length of Time Interval in the Presence of Trial-to-Trial Variation

It has been observed that spike count correlation between two simultaneously recorded neurons often increases with the length of time interval examined. Under simple assumptions that are roughly consistent with much experimental data, we show that this phenomenon may be explained as being due to excess trial-to-trial variation. The resulting formula for the correlation is able to predict the observed correlation of two neurons recorded from primary visual cortex as a function of interval length.
A rapid sample preparation method for mass spectrometric characterization of N-linked glycans.

A rapid method for analysis of glycans of glycoproteins is presented. This method comprised deglycosylation, sample cleanup and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis of glycans. The enzymatic deglycosylation of N-linked glycoproteins was enhanced in terms of speed and reproducibility using an enzyme-friendly surfactant. The released glycans were desalted using a micro-scale solid phase extraction (SPE) device packed with a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) sorbent. Hydrophilic glycans were well retained by SPE, while salts and surfactants were removed from the sample. The glycans were eluted using 25–50 mL of solvent and analyzed directly without derivatization using MALDI-MS. MALDI quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-Tof) instrumentation was utilized for glycan profiling and structure characterization by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The presented method allows sensitive analysis of glycans benefiting from optimized deglycosylation reactions and efficient sample cleanup. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redox mediators modify end product distribution in biomass fermentations by mixed ruminal microbes in vitro

The fermentation system of mixed ruminal bacteria is capable of generating large amounts of short-chain volatile fatty acids (VFA) via the carboxylate platform in vitro. These VFAs are subject to elongation to larger, more energy-dense products through reverse β-oxidation, and the resulting products are useful as precursors for liquid fuels production. This study examined the effect of several redox mediators (neutral red, methyl viologen, safranin O, tannic acid) as alternative electron carriers for mixed ruminal bacteria during the fermentation of biomass (ground switchgrass not subjected to other pretreatments) and their potential to enhance elongation of end-products to medium-chain VFAs with no additional run-time. Neutral red (1 mM) in particular facilitated chain elongation, increasing average VFA chain length from 2.42 to 2.97 carbon atoms per molecule, while simultaneously inhibiting methane accumulation by over half yet maintaining total C in end products. The ability of redox dyes to act as alternative electron carriers suggests that ruminal fermentation is inherently manipulable toward retaining a higher fraction of substrate energy in the form of VFA.
Domestic sources of Japanese foreign policy activism: loss avoidance and demand coherence

The conventional view in the field of international political economy ‐ that greater economic interdependence creates an incentive for active foreign policy engagement ‐ is hard to reconcile with Japan’s foreign economic policy. To explain this counterintuitive outcome, we develop a new model of domestic demand for policy activism that integrates strands of prospect theory, collective action, and interest aggregation. We argue that both the rationale for mobilization and lobbying capacity are essential elements in understanding the domestic demand for significant foreign policy departures. We apply this conceptual framework to Japanese foreign economic policy in two issue areas: finance (Japan’s response to the 1980s Latin American debt crisis and
Purification and Characterization of a Protein Inhibitor of Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinases

The partial purification and characterization of a factor from skeletal muscle which inhibits the activity of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinases from skeletal muscle, heart, liver, adipose tissue, and brain is described. The inhibitor is stable to heating at 96° and to precipitation with 5%, w/v, of trichloracetic acid, but is assumed to be a protein since it is inactivated by proteolytic enzymes. It has a molecular weight of 26,000 by gel exclusion and an S20,w of 1.5 by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A kinetic analysis of the effect of the inhibitor on the phosphorylation of casein by skeletal muscle protein kinase indicates that it interacts noncompetitively with respect to ATP, the protein substrate, and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. The inhibitor promotes a 5-fold increase in the binding constant of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate to the protein kinase.
Sensitivity of iterative spectrally smooth temperature/emissivity separation to algorithmic assumptions and measurement noise

Iterative spectrally smooth temperature-emissivity separation (ISSTES) is an algorithm proposed by C. Borel (1997, 1998) for retrieving surface temperature and emissivity from remotely sensed hyperspectral thermal infrared radiance. In this paper, uncertainty in retrieved temperature and emissivity will be formulated for two error sources: algorithmic error caused by departure of real materials from the smoothness assumption upon which the algorithm is predicated and measurement noise (uncorrelated Gaussian measurement errors). These uncertainties were then evaluated for the SEBASS LWIR instrument, for altitudes from ground level to 10 km, through stressing atmospheric conditions. Resulting algorithmic error was small for all but one material in the Spectral Library of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. For all other materials, algorithmic error was found to increase with altitude up to about 2 km and then level off. The same behavior was found for the retrieval error due to noise.
Using Problem-Based Learning to Teach Forensic Psychiatry

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a method of teaching that uses hypothetical clinical cases, individual investigation, and group process. This pilot project used a PBL approach to teach forensic psychiatry to psychiatric residents. The change in the residents’ level of comfort with five major domains of forensic psychiatry were evaluated at pre- and posttraining stages. The residents’ level of comfort with the educational issues of testimony, liability, and competence, as well as subjective ratings of their forensic knowledge base, improved significantly. Postcourse satisfaction with the PBL method was moderately high.
Beyond the Metropolis: Metropolitan Growth and Regional Transformation in Postwar America

The new suburban scholarship has succeeded in incorporating suburbs into urban historiography, but it has also implicitly reinforced an artificial boundary that obscures far-reaching effects of metropolitan growth. With their singular emphasis on decentralization, such analyses that stop at the political boundaries of the last “exurb” provide incomplete narratives of postwar community development.This article explores recent historiographical trends with an eye toward synthesizing the approaches of urban, suburban, and rural scholars into a more comprehensive model of the “metropolitan region.” Case studies from the Southwest and the Upper Ohio Valley provide examples of the important interconnections between regional communities as well as the role of hinterland actors in shaping metropolitan growth. The essay concludes by offering suggestions on expanding the current urban/suburban history model to include the rural hinterland and the advantages of such an approach in better explaining the evolution of ...
The role of abstract syntactic knowledge in language acquisition: a reply to Tomasello (2000).

In his paper “Do young children have adult syntactic competence?” Tomasello (Cognition 74 (2000) 209) interprets young children’s conservatism in language production as evidence that early language use, and verb use in particular, are based entirely on concrete lexical representations, showing no evidence of abstract syntactic categories such as “verb” or “transitive sentence”. In this reply, I argue that Tomasello’s interpretation depends on three questionable premises: (a) that anyone with a robust grammatical category of verbs would use new verbs in unattested sentence constructions; (b) that there are no reasons other than lack of syntactic competence for lexical effects in language use; and (c) that children always interpret a new verb presented in the context of an action on an object as a causal action verb, and therefore as one they should use transitively. I review evidence against all of these assumptions. Tomasello’s data, among others’, show that children indeed learn item-specific facts about verbs and other lexical items – as they must, to become competent speakers of their native language. However, other data suggest that more abstract descriptions of linguistic input also play a role in early language use. To achieve a complete picture of how children learn their native languages, we must explore the interactions of lexical and more abstract syntactic knowledge in language acquisition. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Regional distribution of cGMP-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane of the rod photoreceptor

In patch-clamp recordings from excised membrane patches, the distribution of cGMP-activated channels in the plasma membrane of the rod photoreceptor was examined. These channels have been shown to be the light-sensitive channels that carry the inward dark current in the rod outer segment, where phototransduction occurs (Matthews, 1987); thus, they are centrally involved in photoreceptor transduction. In the outer segment, cGMP-activated channels were present at high density. In the inner segment, cGMP-activated channels were also present, but their density was much lower than in the outer segment. Calcium-activated potassium channels had the opposite distribution, with a higher density in the inner segment. The results suggest that there is a barrier preventing the unrestricted spread of membrane proteins between the inner and outer segments.
A numerical study of the thermal performance of an impingement heat sink fin shape optimization

This paper presents the results of a numerical analysis of the performance of an impingement heat sink designed for use with a specific blower as a single unit. These self-contained heat sinks/blowers, which cause impingement type flow on the heat sink fins, are now commonly used for desktop microprocessors. One of the objectives of this study was to examine the effect of the shape of the heat sink fins, particularly near. the center of the heat sink. The pressure gradient at the center of the heat sink, near the base, tends to be substantial and this significantly reduces airflow and hence transport in that region. Different fin shapes and airflow rates were studied with the objective of searching for an optimal heat sink design that would improve the thermal performance. The fin shapes examined were all parallel plate fins with material removed from the region near the center of the heat sink along the length and height of the fins. Seventeen different designs were compared, and an 'optimum' heat sink shape is reported that results in a lower operating temperature and pressure gradient.
Psychosocial Issues in Body Contouring

The psychosocial aspects of the massive weight loss patient who presents for body contouring is an important aspect of patient care. A thorough understanding of these aspects warrants an appreciation of the obesity treatment as well as the behavioral characteristics of bariatric surgery candidates and how these characteristics affect, and are affected by, postoperative weight loss. As changes in physical appearance are an obvious outcome of bariatric surgery, research on the relationship between weight and body image is reviewed. Many patients seek plastic surgical procedures following massive weight loss. There are potential psychological issues related to body contouring surgery following massive weight loss and the psychological assessment and management of these patients are discussed.
Ladies' Aid: Gentile Noblewomen as Saviors and Benefactors in the Antiquities *

Three women in Josephus's Antiquities are well known for their purported devotion to Jewish religious practices: Poppaea Sabina, the consort/wifel of the emperor Nero, whom Josephus describes as "God-fearing" (0EOOEq); Fulvia, a Roman convert of consular rank whom he pegs as the source of the expulsion of Jews from Rome under Tiberius;2 and Helena, Queen of Adiabene, also a convert to Judaism.3 In this article, I show that the stories of these three Gentile noble women, who share an interest in Jewish religious practices, are part of a larger narrative pattern in the Antiquities that repeatedly characterizes Gentile women of high standing as saviors and benefactors of the Jewish people. According to Josephus, imperial women intercede on behalf of Jewish aristocrats before every Julio-Claudian emperor, often with ramifications for the entire Jewish people. He also claims that Domitia, the wife of the emperor Domitian, was one of his own patrons. Patronage on behalf of the Jewish community is integral to the stones of
A Comparison of Alternative Theories of Services Marketing

This paper examines alternative general theories of services marketing. Specifically, the differences between strategies of product and service retailers are predicted for each theory, then compared and empirically tested. It is proposed that the heterogeneity of services is competitive asset rather than an operational hurdle. The results of the study indicate that services operate in a less competitive environment due to the lack of available substitutes and therefore can, to some degree,act as monopolists. The strategies implied by this view differ radically from those proposed by Parasuraman and Varadarajan (1988).
Introduction to BOREAS special issue

Carbon flux attributed to the boreal forest biome significantly impacts the global carbon cycle. The multi-scale Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) was initiated to investigate exchanges between boreal forests and the atmosphere, to examine the effects of increased atmospheric CO 2 concentration on boreal forests, to develop and improve process models to describe exchanges between boreal forests and the atmosphere, and to develop methods for the large-scale application of these models. Field measurements have shown that boreal ecosystems differ significantly from their temperate and tropical counterparts with respect to seasonality, productivity and biosphere-atmosphere interactions.
Immunologic reactions following the intradermal inoculation of influenza A and B vaccine.

Summary1. Intradermal inoculation into 39 adults of 0.02 ml of concentrated Influenza A and B vaccine gave rise to a mean antibody response (antihemagglutinin) against Influenza B virus which approached that obtained by others following the subcutaneous injection of 1.0 ml of undiluted vaccine. A greater mean increase in antibody against Influenza A was observed in the same group, although this increase could not be attributed conclusively to the effect of the vaccine.2. The intradermal injection of 0.02 ml of concentrated vaccine into 449 adults was followed within 20 minutes by a local erythematous reaction exceeding 10 mm in diameter in 37'3 or 83.1%. In 383 or 85.3% of the same group delayed local erythematous reactions exceeding 10 mm in diameter were present after approximately 48 hours accompanied in many cases by slight induration.3. No correlation could be established between the intensity of the immediate or delayed dermal reaction and the level of antihemagglutinin in the blood.4. Mild systemic...
The effect of 10 days of heat acclimation on exercise performance in acute hypobaric hypoxia (4350 m)

To examine the effect ("cross-tolerance") of heat acclimation (HA) on exercise performance upon exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia (4350 m). Eight male cyclists residing at 1600 m performed tests of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) at 1600 m and 4350 m, a 16 km time-trial at 4350 m, and a heat tolerance test at 1600 m before and after 10 d HA at 40°C, 20% RH. Resting blood samples were obtained pre-and post- HA to estimate changes in plasma volume (ΔPV). Successful HA was indicated by significantly lower exercise heart rate and rectal temperature on day 10 vs. day 1 of HA and during the heat tolerance tests. Heat acclimation caused a 1.9% ΔPV, however VO2max was not significantly different at 1600 m or 4350 m. Time-trial cycling performance improved 28 sec after HA (p = 0.07), suggesting a possible benefit for exercise performance at acute altitude and that cross-tolerance between these variables may exist in humans. These findings do not clearly support the use of HA to improve exercise capacity and performance upon acute hypobaric hypoxia, however they do indicate that HA is not detrimental to either exercise capacity or performance.
A Buyer's Market for Arms

(1990). A Buyer's Market for Arms. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 46, The Arms Race Shifts to the Third World, pp. 14-19.
Plasma gonadotropins, prolactin, and steroid hormone concentrations in female runners immediately after a long-distance run

Six normally menstruating women who regularly run participated in a 10-mile race. Blood samples were collected within 20 minutes after the completion of the race (group 1). Samples were analyzed, and the results were compared with plasma hormonal concentrations in the same runners in samples collected between 12 and 24 hours after a previous practice run (group 2) and with our nonathletic female controls. Plasma concentrations of the following hormones in group 1 were significantly elevated when compared with group 2: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), androstenedione ( Δ 4 A), testosterone (T), Cortisol (F), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL). Levels of 17 β -estradiol (E 2 ), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were comparable in groups 1 and 2. However, DHAS in group 1 was elevated when compared with controls, as were DHA, Δ 4 A, T, F, LH, and PRL. In group 1, but not in group 2, a significant correlation ( P
Regulation of leukocyte-endothelium interaction by fibrinogen.

Introduction: The binding of neutrophils and mononuclear cells to vascular endothelium is an essential prerequisite in maintaining effective immune-inflammatory responses. This process has been unraveled as a regulated “adhesion cascade” that involves the expression of multiple adhesion receptors of the integrin, selectin, and immunoglobulin gene superfamilies on both cell types. These adhesive interactions are modulated by disparate environmental signals, ranging from inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines to changes in shear force at the vessel wall. Although of paramount importance in the preservation of immune-inflammatory surveillance, dysregulation of leukocyteendothelium interaction also constitutes one of the earliest molecular events in the pathogenesis of such vascular diseases as atherosclerosis. This dysregulation leads to the aberrant accumulation of mononuclear cells in the damaged intima. Recently, the interaction of fibrinogen with vascular cells has emerged as an alternate mechanism for recruiting leukocytes at the site of vascular injury. Although the role of fibrinogen as a risk factor for atherosclerosis has long been recognized, this pathway has been associated with complex mechanisms of intercellular adhesion, signal transduction, second-messenger generation, and modulation of gene expression in vascular cells. These studies have revealed a multifaceted and far-reaching molecular link between inflammation and hemostasis-a link that is of potential therapeutic relevance for the pathogenesis of vascular diseases.
Current strategies in the management of lung cancer.

Lung cancer causes more deaths in American men and women than the total number of deaths from breast, prostate, and colon cancer combined. Recently the lung cancer death rate has reached a plateau in the United States, primarily because a significant number of American men have stopped smoking. However, smoking incidence in adult American women, as well as teenagers of both genders and of all ethnicities, has not decreased significantly.
Hepatic and cardiac transplantation

Summary Clearly, remarkable progress has been made in the last 20 years in improving the outlook for survival in these critically ill patients. It is to be hoped that during the next 20 years we will witness exciting breakthroughs in many areas, including immunomodulation, pharmacology, and infection control.
Introduction to Probability Models

This chapter begins with the basic concepts of probability and discusses on the various types of probability models. Discrete Probability model is the most simple and intuitive type that involves a discrete set of possible outcomes and no time-dynamic elements. Continuous probability model is based on random variables and is particularly convenient for representing random times. Partial differential equations are explained by focusing on the diffusion equation. A point source solution to this partial differential equation can be easily derived, using Fourier transforms, to arrive at the normal density. The section, Introduction to Statistics explains the basics of statistics and its relation with diffusion model. Diffusion is the spreading of particles due to small random movements and it has been explained with real-world applications.
Worked to Death: The Relationships of Job Demands and Job Control with Mortality

Despite recent calls in the literature to examine the effects of the occupational context on physiological outcomes, such as mortality, little research has accumulated on this front. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the interactive relationship between job demands, control, and death. Drawing from the job design, stress, and epidemiology literatures, we argue that job demands will be positively related to mortality under conditions of low control, and negatively related to mortality under conditions of high control. We tested our hypothesis using a 7-year time-lagged design in a sample of 2,363 individuals from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Our results supported our hypothesis, with results showing that for individuals in low control jobs, high job demands are associated with a 15.4% increase in the odds of death compared to low job demands. For those in high control jobs, high job demands are associated with a 34% decrease in the odds of death compared to low job demands. Supplementary analyses revealed a similar pattern predicting body mass index in the group of surviving individuals. We discuss the implications of these findings for theory and practice, while proposing several avenues for future research.
Combined aspirin and anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation.

The combined use of aspirin and oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and stable coronary artery disease (CAD) has been questioned due to an increased risk of major bleeding with little to no benefit in preventing ischemic events. (1) To better understand patterns and indications for combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy and identify patients who might reasonably be treated with oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy alone. (2) To perform an updated literature review regarding the use of combined antiplatelet and OAC therapy in patients with AF and stable CAD. Retrospective review. Patients within the University of Cincinnati Health System with a diagnosis of non-valvular AF, excluding those with acute coronary syndrome or revascularization within the last 12 months. Numbers and indications for combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy and sequence of events leading to the initiation of each. Of 948 patients receiving OAC, 430 (45 %) were receiving concomitant OAC and aspirin. Among patients receiving combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, 49 and 42 % of patients respectively, had CAD or DM. In a more detailed analysis including chart review of 219 patients receiving combined OAC and aspirin, 27 % had a diagnosis of CAD and 14 % had a diagnosis of DM prior to the development of AF. These patients were initially treated with aspirin. Warfarin was added when they subsequently developed AF but aspirin wasn’t discontinued. A surprisingly large proportion of patients (22.8 %) had no obvious indication for dual therapy. Prior myocardial infarction, CAD, vascular disease and DM (among others) increase the likelihood of receiving combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy among patients with AF. A literature review suggests this may lead to increased major bleeding with little benefit in decreasing either AF-related stroke or cardiovascular events.