cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GPS Signal Land Reflection Coherence Dependence on Water Extent and Surface Topography using Cygnss Measurements

Precise carrier phase measurements from coherent reflections of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals are poised to enable new capabilities in Earth remote sensing. However, there is still much to learn about the reflection conditions that produce coherence. For land reflections especially, the degree to which various surface characteristics impact coherence is unclear. In this paper, we explore the dependence of coherence on four surface characteristics: maximum water extent, surface topography, soil moisture, and vegetation water content. To quantify the level of coherence, the phase is tracked from two sets of CYGNSS raw IF data and the circular length of the changes in phase is calculated. A strong link is found between coherence and the presence of surface water; the impact of the other surface characteristics on coherence is still under examination.
High-dose versus low-dose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for factor Xa inhibitor reversal in intracranial hemorrhage.

Abstract Background & purpose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4FPCC) is used off-label for factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor-associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Guideline recommendations provide various 4FPCC dosing regimens for FXa inhibitor reversal in this setting. We evaluated 4FPCC weight-based dosing and outcomes in FXa inhibitor-associated ICH. Methods We conducted a multi-center, retrospective, cohort study of ICH patients between July 2017 and February 2020. Patients were greater than 18 years of age, received 4FPCC, and were taking apixaban, rivaroxaban, or edoxaban. Patients were separated into high- (≥35 units/kg) or low-dose ( Results Of 390 patients identified, 89 were included with 74 and 15 in the high- vs low-dose groups, respectively. Mean (SD) age was 76.6 (±10.8) years. Most were taking a FXa inhibitor for atrial fibrillation (76.4%) and apixaban was the most common FXa inhibitor (65.2%). Hemostasis achievement was greater in the high- vs low-dose group (89.2% vs 46.7%; OR 11.2; 95% CI 2.4–52.6, P = 0.002). Thrombotic events were 8.2% and 6.7% in the high vs low-dose groups, respectively (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.08–8.2, P = 0.87). No statistically significant differences were found in secondary outcomes. Conclusion In patients with FXa inhibitor-associated ICH, high-dose 4FPCC was associated with increased odds of hemostasis achievement. There was no difference in thrombotic events.
Creating the Nazi Marketplace: Commerce and Consumption in the Third Reich

When the Nazis came to power in 1933, they promised to build a vibrant consumer society. But they faced a dilemma. They recognized that consolidating support for the regime required providing Germans with the products they desired. At the same time, the Nazis worried about the degrading cultural effects of mass consumption and its association with 'Jewish' interests. This book examines how both the state and private companies sought to overcome this predicament. Drawing on a wide range of sources - advertisements, exhibition programs, films, consumer research and marketing publications - the book traces the ways National Socialists attempted to create their own distinctive world of buying and selling. At the same time, it shows how corporate leaders and everyday Germans navigated what S. Jonathan Wiesen calls 'the Nazi marketplace'. A groundbreaking work that combines cultural, intellectual and business history, Creating the Nazi Marketplace offers an innovative interpretation of commerce and ideology in the Third Reich.
RELATIVITY PRINCIPLES, ABSOLUTE OBJECTS AND SYMMETRY GROUPS*

Traditionally, certain physical theories have been thought to have relativity principles associated with them. Associated with Newtonian mechanics is the principle of Galilean relativity, associated with special relativity is the special or restricted principle of relativity, associated with general relativity is the general principle of relativity, etc. Such relativity principles are often expressed in terms of groups of transformations. The principle of Galilean relativity is expressed by the ‘invariance’ of Newtonian mechanics under the Galilean group, that of special relativity by the ‘invariance’ of special relativity under the Lorentz group, and that of general relativity by the ‘invariance’ (or ‘covariance’) of general relativity under the group of all 1–1 transformations with non-vanishing Jacobian. Unfortunately, just what these various groups are groups of, and exactly how they are associated with given physical theories, has been far from clear. Similarly, the nature and role of the various relativity principles has been correspondingly unclear.
Effects of hydralazine on uteroplacental and fetal circulations.

Abstract The effects on uteroplacental and fetal circulations of of hydralazine (Apresoline) when injected either into the mother or into the fetus or the neonate were investigated in near-term normotensive pregnant sheep. Intravenous doses of 0.2–0.5 mg. per kilogram given to the mother decreased arterial pressure and uterine blood flow to an equivalent degree; uterine vascular resistance did not change. Fetal cardiovascular functions were not appreciably affected but fetal blood PO 2 decreased significantly. When injected into the fetus, hydralazine reduced fetal arterial pressure only after 10 to 15 times the maternal dose was administered; no alterations occurred either in the fetal ascending aortic, ductus, and main pulmonary artery blood flows or in the fetal blood respiratory gases and pH. Similar effects were observed in the neonate. The implications of these findings in terms of: (a) maternal and fetal vascular reactivity to hydralazine, (b) effects on the fetus of vasodepressor drugs, and (c) the problem of uteroplacental autoregulation are discussed.
Acute Liver Toxicity due to Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir

The fixed-dose combination of Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir is a first-line agent for the treatment of HIV; however few cases have reported hepatotoxicity associated with the drug. We report a case of Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir-associated hepatotoxicity presenting mainly with hepatocellular injury characterized by extremely elevated aminotransferase levels, which resolved without acute liver failure or need for liver transplant referral.
Goals and Performance in Computer Programming

In all studies of human performance, the experimenter must be certain that the subject is performing the task that the experimenter believes he has set; otherwise results become uninterpretable. Ea...
Anomalous hall heat current and nernst effect in the CuCr2Se4-xBrx ferromagnet

In a ferromagnet, an anomalous Hall heat current, given by the off-diagonal Peltier term ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{xy}$, accompanies the anomalous Hall current. By combining Nernst, thermopower, and Hall experiments, we have measured how ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{xy}$ varies with hole density and lifetime $\ensuremath{\tau}$ in ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{r}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}}_{4\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{r}}_{x}$. At low temperatures $T$, we find that ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{xy}$ is independent of $\ensuremath{\tau}$, consistent with anomalous-velocity theories. Its magnitude is fixed by a microscopic geometric area $\mathcal{A}\ensuremath{\sim}34\text{ }\text{ }{\AA{}}^{2}$. Our results are incompatible with some models of the Nernst effect in ferromagnets.
Fine Structure of the Stratified Microbial Community at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California, Mexico

Laguna Figueroa is a lagoonal complex with an evaporite flat and salt marsh separated from the ocean by a barrier dune (Vonder Haar and Gorsline, 1977). The evaporite flat is composed of evaporitic minerals (anhydrite, aragonite, gypsum and halite) and sand clastics (quartz). Beneath a thin surface layer, laminated sediments with a stratified microbial community are found. These laminated sediments are a cohesive fabric of minerals, microbes and gelatinous material and cover an extensive area along the evaporite flat/salt marsh interface (Horodyski et al., 1977). Watered by seawater percolating from beneath the barrier dune these intermittently submerged sediments form characteristic desiccation polygons (Horodyski and Vonder Haar, 1975).
On rescaled Poisson processes and the Brownian bridge

The process obtained by rescaling a homogeneous Poisson process by the maximum likelihood estimate of its intensity is shown to have surprisingly strong self-correcting behavior. Formulas for the conditional intensity and moments of the rescaled Poisson process are derived, and its behavior is demonstrated using simulations. Relationships to the Brownian bridge are explored, and implications for point process residual analysis are discussed.
The “Notes on Al-Biṭrūjī” Attributed to Regiomontanus: Second Thoughts:

Francis Carmody a publie un manuscrit « Regiomontanus » a propos des notes de l'astronome Al-Bitrūjī. L'A. en fait les critiques et le compare a l'astronomie homocentrique
Judging and the Judicial Process

This is an updated and expanded (as of May 2010) draft of a set of course materials for a seminar entitled Judging and the Judicial Process. The materials are intended to be useful to both teachers and scholars. The focus of the course is on courts as institutions and on judges as the primary actors within those institutions. In their present incarnation, the materials open by outlining what one might call the standard model of judging, which calls for judge-umpires to apply determinate law via formalist analysis. The course then works through a series of critiques of that model, including the work of the legal realists, public law theorists, political scientists, cognitive scientists, and so on. Much of the remainder of the class is devoted to considering the various procedural constraints that work to ensure judicial accountability. These include judicial opinions, the doctrine of precedent, and the rest of Karl Llewellyn's major steadying factors. The materials also consider judicial activism and judicial independence, the relative merits of specialized versus generalist judges, the continued existence of nonlawyer judges, judicial ethics, and judicial selection at both the federal and state levels. Future versions will include sections on discretion, deference, managerial/bureaucratic judging, and the inherent powers of courts. These materials are a work in progress, and are surely incomplete in important respects. I welcome all feedback concerning how they might be improved.
Too Big to Fail: The Problem of Partnership Allocations

The partnership taxation rules of subchapter K are uniquely flawed. Designed to be flexible, subchapter K must accommodate a diverse and growing array of business organizations, from the most simple to the most sophisticated. Yet such flexibility, combined with subchapter K’s complexity and low enforcement resources, has made partnerships the preferred vehicle for many tax shelter transactions, imposing extraordinary costs on the public at large. The crisis in partnership taxation is well understood within the tax community, but solutions to subchapter K’s formidable problems have been slow to emerge. This Article proposes to stabilize partnership taxation through the reform of its most critical, and most problematic, provisions: the rules governing partnership allocations. Although the partnership allocation provisions are the operational lifeblood of subchapter K, these allocation rules have failed, no longer providing partnerships with a viable means of dividing taxable items among their partners. This Article thus offers a novel reform of the partnership allocation provisions. Specifically, it proposes that the Treasury Department adopt a penalty default approach to partnership allocations, forcing partnerships to separate themselves based on their identity as either simple or sophisticated partnerships. In doing so, the Treasury could adopt allocation rules better designed to address the diverse needs of modern partnerships; simple partnerships would allocate taxable items ratably and sophisticated partnerships would allocate taxable items under an alternative regime that preserving partnership flexibility but also subjecting such allocations to an enhanced anti-avoidance standard. Separating partnerships in this manner would simplify the partnership allocation provisions, triggering an increase in compliance rates and a decrease in abusive partnership transactions. Indeed, introducing a penalty default rule into the partnership allocation provisions would result in a more equitable and more administrable subchapter K.
LACK, a RACK1 ortholog, facilitates cytochrome c oxidase subunit expression to promote Leishmania major fitness

Summary Leishmania are kinetoplastid parasites that cause the sandfly-transmitted disease leishmaniasis. To maintain fitness throughout their infectious life cycle, Leishmania must undergo rapid metabolic adaptations to the dramatically distinct environments encountered during transition between sandfly and vertebrate hosts. We performed proteomic and immunoblot analyses of attenuated L. major strains deficient for LACK, the Leishmania ortholog of the mammalian receptor for activated c kinase (RACK1), that is important for parasite thermotolerance and virulence. This approach identified cytochrome c oxidase (LmCOX) subunit IV as a LACK-dependent fitness protein. Consistent with decreased levels of LmCOX subunit IV at mammalian temperature, and in amastigotes, LmCOX activity and mitochondrial function were also impaired in LACK-deficient L. major under these conditions. Importantly, overexpression of LmCOX subunit IV in LACK-deficient L. major restored thermotolerance and macrophage infectivity. Interestingly, overexpression of LmCOX subunit IV enhanced LmCOX subunit VI expression at mammalian temperature. Collectively, our data suggest LACK promotes Leishmania adaptation to the mammalian host environment by sustaining LmCOX subunit IV expression and hence energy metabolism in response to stress stimuli such as heat. These findings extend the repertoire of RACK1 protein utility to include a role in mitochondrial function.
Calcium and CREST for Healthy Dendrites

Neuroscientists have long pondered how neurons form their elegant arbors of dendrites. In their Perspective, [ Jefferis et al .][1] discuss new work that identifies a calcium-responsive transcription co-activator called CREST as a key player in dendrite formation during development ([ Aizawa et al .][2]). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/303/5655/179 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/303/5655/197
Interaction between collagen and adenosine 5′-triphosphate

A quantitative study was made of the adsorption of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) on collagen by following the change in the absorbance at 258 nm of ATP in the soaking solution. The amount of ATP adsorbed decreased exponentially with the increase of pH up to pH 8 and fell off more rapidly at higher pH values. At a given pH, when the concentration of ATP was increased, the amount of ATP adsorbed increased following the pattern of a Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption was independent of the cation present. The adsorption of adenosine 5′-diphosphate was essentially the same as that for ATP. For tendons deposited with calcium phosphate, the amount of ATP adsorbed decreased compared to natural tendons. The adsorption of ATP on collagen fibers inhibited the contraction caused by calcium chloride, calcium bromide, and lithium bromide. In solution, ATP had very little effect on the denaturation of acid-soluble collagen caused by calcium chloride.
Energy Based Performance Evaluation of Passive EPC Gen 2 Class 1 RFID Systems

This paper analyzes performance of RFID networks that are based on passive tags using EPC Gen2 Class1 communication protocol. For the first time, all the main factors impacting tag read efficiency and read latency are considered - inclusive of MAC layer collision, link layer packet loss and the impact of the use of energy harvesting in passive tags. Specifically, the impact of tag {duty cycling} due to limited harvested energy is considered - a first in the analysis of RFID systems, to the best of our knowledge.
The partial characterization of fluoride inhibition of chloroplast coupling factor

Abstract Exposure of isolated thylakoid membranes to sodium fluoride inhibited chloroplast ATPase activity. Fluoride incubation decreased the acidification of isolated thylakoid lumen when proton translocation was driven by reverse ATP synthase activity. The in vitro inhibition by fluoride is a complex interaction between the CF1, fluoride, and required cofactor. The magnitude of the fluoride inhibitory action was shown to be related to the ratio of Ca2+ to ATP. The shape of the activity plots suggests that fluoride exposure inhibits the CF1 directly rather than a reduction of the substrate levels due to binding.
Effect of Altering Filling Pattern on Diastolic Pressure-Volume Curve

Background The early-to-late ventricular filling ratio (E:A) is widely used to index diastolic function. While filling patterns reflect diastolic properties, they can also modulate chamber pressures due to myocardial viscoelasticity. We hypothesized that such feedback can potentially temper effects of delayed relaxation and/or volume loading on diastolic pressures. Methods and Results Six isolated blood-perfused canine left ventricles were studied with ejection and filling controlled by an intracavitary volume servo-pump. Diastolic filling was determined by a simulated atrial pressure source that was either constant or varied to yield dual-phase filling at a specified E:A ratio. E:A ratio was randomly set to 3:1, 1:3, or 1:1, and data were recorded at each ratio at three different preloads. With principally early filling (E:A=3:1), diastolic pressure rise from viscosity increased in proportion with the relaxation time constant (r=.91, P<.0001). However, this dependence was lost as E:A ratio declined (eg, ...
The Response of Psoriatic Epidermis and Microvessels to Treatment with Topical Steroids and Oral Methotrexate

In a previous paper we showed that the microvessels in a psoriatic plaque as studied by electron microscopy returned to normal before the labeling index of the basal cells did during successful therapy with PUVA or the Goeckerman treatment. In this paper we studied the same parameters in 4 additional psoriatic patients: 2 received oral methotrexate and 2 were treated with a topical steroid under plastic wrap occlusion. The labeling index of the basal cells returned to normal in 3 and near normal in 1. The histologic features of the psoriatic epidermis became normal except for mild to moderate acanthosis, but the capillary loops in the dermal papillae retained their venous capillary ultrastructure and showed no signs of reversion to a normal arterial capillary configuration. The lack of response of the dermal capillaries to the topical steroid and oral methotrexate during the initial clinical improvement raises the possibility that the clinical relapses in psoriasis which may promptly follow discontinuation of topical steroid therapy and oral methotrexate may be related to an inability of these drugs to restore the microvasculature to normal in such situations.
Variation of the LDA + U method appropriate to f -state localization: Application to magneto-optical properties

A variation of the local density approximation $(\mathrm{LDA})+U$ method, appropriate for application to cerium f-state localization, and its implementation within a full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method is described. The method, functionally similar to the self-interaction-corrected--pseudopotential method, is applied to a calculation of the optical conductivity and ground-state magnetic moments of the compounds CeSb and CeTe. We also briefly discuss application of the method to the equilibrium volume of fcc plutonium, giving about 94% of the experimental volume, a significant improvement over LDA results. We find that the off-diagonal conductivity of CeSb (which gives the magneto-optical behavior) agrees well with experiment, suggesting that the method correctly captures essential aspects of the electron correlation. The optical conductivity and ground-state moment of CeTe, however, show poorer agreement with experiment than for CeSb.
Responses of livers of mice to type of dietary fat

Nine edible oils or fats (hydrogenated coconut, cod liver, Wesson, linseed, olive, butter, lard, corn and cocoa-butter) were fed to Swiss albino mice for 90 days to study the effects of saturation, chain length, and essential fatty acid content on the liver. The specific oil or fat (selected for ranges in above variables) was used as the diet fat in a high-fat (28%), low-protein (8%), hypolipotropic diet. Half the animals received choline chloride (2 gm/100 gm) as a lipotropic supplement. Within the supplemented groups, ceroid pigment was limited to livers of mice fed cod liver oil. Among the unsupplemented groups, production of ceroid varied with the iodine value (IV) of the diet fat. Fats with low IV produced no pigment; intermediate IV showed ceroid distended Kupffer cells distributed throughout the hepatic lobule, while large, acellular, vacuolated masses of ceroid resulted from fats with highest IV. Hepatic liposis was minimal in supplemented groups; maximal in unsupplemented groups. Hepatic stroma was within normal limits in all groups. Production of ceroid pigment appeared to be unrelated to degree of liposis or fibrosis.
The Performance of Illusion and Illusionary Performatives: Learning the Language of Theatrical Magic

This article highlights the linguistic dimension of sleight-of-hand magic performance through a situated study of the transmission of a trick from expert to novice magician. Focusing on the context of apprenticeship rather than performance, we distinguish an emphasis on linguistic techniques for producing illusion, skills deeply embedded in the magician's artful practice. Ultimately, we conclude that a magician's talk is performative in that its meaning lies in the effect it has on the visual experience of the audience, who co-constructs the trick.
Does the Characteristic Function Numerically Distinguish Distributions

Abstract We consider an example given by McCullagh of different distributions with similar moment-generating functions. We illustrate that characteristic functions provide information beyond that given by moment-generating functions and can be used numerically to distinguish between distributions.
An improved method for the quantitative isolation of rat liver nuclear RNA polymerases.

Abstract Rat liver nuclear RNA polymerases exist in two functional states, one of which is active towards the endogenous chromatin template (engaged enzyme), while the other is inactive (free enzyme) (Yu, F.L. (1974) Nature 251, 344–346). This paper reports the direct separation of these two populations of RNA polymerases from isolated rat liver nuclei by a simple extraction procedure. It is estimated that as much as 50% of the total nuclear RNA polymerase activity in normal rat liver may exist in the form of the free enzyme. Evidence is also presented to indicate that the free enzyme activity is easily lost when the nuclear isolation procedure involves the use of an isotonic buffer medium, or when the isolated nuclei are subjected to sonication as is required for the solubilization of the nuclear RNA polymerases by the conventional method. Based on these new findings, it is proposed that nuclei be isolated directly in hypertonic sucrose and that the free enzyme be extracted before the nuclei are subjected to sonication to solubilize the engaged enzyme. This method circumvents the loss of the free RNA polymerase population and, as a result, the total yield of the nuclear RNA polymerases is greatly increased. The possible functional role of the free RNA polymerase in gene expression is discussed.
Reduced number of α- and β-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium of rats exposed to tobacco smoke

Abstract The concentration of α- and β-adrenergic receptors-as measured by specific [ 3 H]WB-4101 and (−)-[ 3 H]-dihydroalprenolol binding-was diminished by 60% below control values in the hearts of hearts of rats exposed to tobacco smoke. These changes in receptor numbers took place almost immediately after tobacco smoke exposure and were rapidly reversible after termination of the exposure. The dissociation constant, K d , for [ 3 H]WB-4101 was identical in exposed (K D = 0.34 ± 0.09 nM) and control (K D = 0.35 ± 0.07 nM) hearts but was significantly different i in the case of (-)-[ 3 H] dihydroalprenolol binding (exposed, (K D = 2.83 ± 0.30 nM vs control K D = 5.22 ± 0.61 nM). For β-receptor binding there was no significant difference between exposed and control animals in the K i values (−)-epinephrine, (−)-norepinephrine, (−)-alprenolol, (±)-propranolol or timolol. (−)-Isoproterenol, however, was found to bind with lower affinity in exposed compared with control hearts. For α-receptor binding there was no significant difference between control and ‘smoked’ animals in the K i values for (−)-epinephrine, (−)-norepinephrine or phentolamine. The decrease in α- and β-adrenergic receptor concentration may be related to the phenomenon of receptor desensitization resulting from a release of catecholamines in rats exposed to tobacco smoke.
Optical bit-WDM-pipelined arithmetic unit uses semiconductor optical amplifier cross-gain modulation

We describe a pipelined optical ripple carry adder that adds two words with bits multiplexed by different wavelengths on a single optical fiber. The result of addition is returned to the fiber bus in the same format as the incoming words. The ripple carry arithmetic unit splits the corresponding operand bit pairs off the fiber using WDM demultiplexers. Full adders constructed with semiconductor amplifiers (SOAs) are used to compute the sum and carry from each bit pair and the carry from the next lower significant bit pair. Cross- gain modulation in the SOA is used to: (1) convert incoming wavelengths to a common synchronized wavelength so that destructive interference exclusive ORs may be performed, (2) provide a complement or invert logic operation, (3) perform a NOR logic operation with two or three inputs, and (4) convert wavelength so that the output word is wavelength multiplexed on the outgoing optical fiber in the same format as the incoming words. The sum is computed using a sequence of two exclusive ORs. The carry is computed using NOR gates.
Accelerator neutrino physics—Current status and future prospects

This review article describes the current status and future prospects of accelerator neutrino physics. The emphasis is on recent developments in the oscillation physics area but there is also a limited discussion about the status of neutrino cross sections. The approach taken is pedagogical and an effort is made to explain the basic techniques used in the accelerator studies of neutrino physics.
Effects of interstitial irradiation alone, or in combination with localized hyperthermia on the response of a mouse mammary tumor.

Assessment has been made on the effects of interstitial irradiation from 226Ra and localized hyperthermia, either alone or in combination, on the growth of a transplantable mammary sarcoma (EMT6) in the mouse. Tumor responses to the combined treatments indicated a maked interaction of these two agents. Localized hyperthermia (43°Celsius, 1 hr) combined with interstitial irradiation led to greater than a 60 percent reduction in tumor volume after 4 days of continuous treatment, compared to only a 20 percent reduction in tumor volume when either agent was given alone. These data suggest that such combined treatment may be of benefit in certain localized human cancers in which interstitial radiation treatment is in current use.
Lack of association of the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46) intron 2 polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract An association was recently reported between an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and an intron 2 AA genotype of CYP46, the enzyme hydroxylating cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol. Moreover, CYP46 AA-carriers were found to have increased levels of amyloid-β and tau in brain and cerebrospinal fluid. We determined the CYP46 intron 2 genotype in a cohort of 178 AD and 105 non-demented control subjects, but found no significant association with AD for any of the individual genotypes or alleles. Further, in an autopsy confirmed subset of this cohort, the proposed CYP46 risk genotype was not associated with any increase in the brain levels of amyloid-β40, amyloid-β42 or in the levels of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Despite growing evidence implicating cholesterol metabolism in AD risk and Aβ generation, our data does not support a robust genetic relationship between the CYP46 intron 2 polymorphism and AD risk or neuropathology.
Instability of stagnation line icing

A high Reynolds number analysis is used to investigate the stability of an ice surface lying beneath a low Mach number stagnation-line air flow. The ice surface is covered by a thin water film, whose thickness is consistent with the water mass densities typically encountered in aircraft icing cloud conditions. A multiple scales stability analysis is used to show that the ice surface can become unstable near the stagnation line. The ice surface is found to admit strongly three-dimensional linear instabilities, and increasing the Mach number suppresses the instability.
Differential behavior of variola vaccinia antisera in precipitation in the double diffusion test

Variola-vaccinia-Antigene verschiedener Herkunft wurden mittels der Agar-Diffusionstechnik auf ihre spezifischen antigenetischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Dabei ergaben sich gewisse Aufschlusse uber die Natur der Pracipitationszonen und ihre Verteilung, sowie uber die Reaktionsweise verschieden zubereiteter Immunsera. Beim Vorgang einer sogenannten Hyperimmunisierung kommt es beispielsweise zum Auftreten zahlreicher Nebenfraktionen, die bei der Verwendung von Infektionssera nicht in Erscheinung treten.
Associations between Plasma DDE Levels and Immunologic Measures in African-American Farmers in North Carolina

Experimental studies in rodents demonstrate evidence of immunosuppressive effects of dietary exposure to DDT [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane], but human data pertaining to immunomodulating effects of DDT exposure are limited. In this study we examined the association between the persistent organochlorine breakdown product 1,1-dichloro-2,2,bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE) and immunologic measures using blood samples in a relatively highly exposed population of farmers in the United States. Levels of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG and the prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in relation to plasma p,p′-DDE levels were evaluated in samples from 137 African-American male farmers (30–88 years of age; median, 64 years). Participants were recruited through black churches in four rural counties in eastern North Carolina. Data collection included a telephone interview pertaining to farming practices and health history, and one blood sample was collected from each participant. Linear and logistic regression, adjusting for age, cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking status, and years of any kind of pesticide use, was used to assess the association between immunologic parameters and plasma levels of p,p′-DDE. The median plasma p,p′-DDE concentration was 7.7 μg/L (range, 0.6–77.4 μg/L). There was no association between p,p′-DDE and IgA in any of the models. IgG levels decreased with increasing p,p′-DDE levels, with a statistically significant decrease of approximately 50% in the highest two categories of exposure (≥ 6.0 μg/L) compared with values of < 3.0 μg/L. Sixteen (12%) were positive for antinuclear antibodies. The prevalence of antinuclear antibodies was somewhat elevated in the highest category of p,p′-DDE exposure (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.32–11.3; for ≥ 12.0 μg/L compared with < 3.0 μg/L p,p′-DDE), but this difference was not statistically significant. These analyses provide evidence that p,p′-DDE modulates immune responses in humans.
Hemodynamic Response to Acute Intravenous Digoxin in Patients with Recent Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Insufficiency with and without Heart Failure

Intravenous digoxin was administered to 12 patients, ten with acute myocardial infarction and two with acute coronary insufficiency. Six patients had clinical failure and six did not. There was no beneficial hemodynamic response in the group without heart failure and only slight response in the group with mild to moderate heart failure. No significant rise in cardiac index or fall in pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure occurred in either group. Maintenance digoxin therapy did not prevent the development of heart failure in two patients. A significant incidence of ventricular dysrhythmias occurred. The limited hemodynamic response in patients with heart failure may be due to the systemic vascular effects of digoxin, high levels of circulating catecholamines, and altered properties of the acutely ischemic or infarcted myocardium. The prophylactic use of digitalis glycosides in uncomplicated myocardial infarction cannot be advocated. Modifications are suggested in the indications for, and dose regimens of cardiac glycosides in heart failure complicating myocardial infarction.
Catawba Indians: Morphology, Genetics, and History

The Catawba Indians of South Carolina appear to be descendants of the once flourishing Siouan tribe now admixed primarily with Whites of the area. Study of physical traits and blood types was made in 1962 at the time they terminated reservation status. The data permit comparisions with other populations and an estimation of the genetic contribution of presumed parental populations to the hybrid. Skeletal remains of Siouan Indians from archeological sites in the area provide a basis for morphological comparisons. Similar ties of the Catawba to the Indian Knoll people of Kentucky and to the Occaneechi people of early historic times are noted. Results of blood typings of these ancient bones also enable some tentative serological comparisons with the present day Catawba Indians. Certain unusual factors in the history of the present population have affected their isolation and admixture, and this interaction of culture and biology is explored.
Hydrogen bonds in the tripeptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH217O and 1H studies

Abstract 17ONMR measurements of labeled Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 were carried out at different pH levels and in mixed solvents of water/acetonitrile. Complementary studies of the amide protons were carried out in acetonitrile-d3. Only the prolyl C = 17 O group was sensitive to the pH level. Protonation of the amine group resulted in an upfield chemical shift of 18 ppm. The chemical shifts of each of the three oxygen sites was sensitive to the ratio water: acetonitrile. Solvent composition dependence of the chemical shift and linewidth suggests that the prolyl C = 17 O is involved in intramolecular hydrogen bond formation when Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 is dissolved in acetonitrile, while in water there is no intramolecular H bond.
Standardization of fibrinogen assays.

A variety of methods are used to measure plasma fibrinogen, the clottable protein methods being the most widely used in the United States. A review of the strengths and weaknesses of currently available functional as well as immunological fibrinogen methods indicates that the ideal methods has not yet been found. There is some need for a rapid yet simple in-house reference method since the kit purchasers are unduly subject to external, i.e., commercial, standardization.
Robust Stability in IMC Framework using the Numerical Range Approach

Process control in the presence of modeling uncertainty depends critically on the manner in which the uncertainty is characterized. Depending on the information about the parameter variations and the modeling simplifications, the space spanned by the process transfer function can take various shapes. Representing this space solely by its maximum radius can lead to significant overestimation of the possible model/plant mismatch and can restrict the performance of the closed-loop process. In this paper, numerical range approach is used to study robust stability for multivariable systems in the Internal Model Control (IMC) framework. Results indicate that the additional phase information provided by the numerical range can reduce the conservatism of singular value based approaches. Strategies to decompose the process transfer function as well as to tune the IMC filter are discussed.
Plakoglobin Binding by Human Dsg3 (Pemphigus Vulgaris Antigen) in Keratinocytes Requires the Cadherin-Like Intracytoplasmic Segment

Desmogleins are transmembrane destnosonial cadherins. Two desmogleins, Dsg3 and Dsg1, have been shown to bind plakoglobin, an intracytoplasmic (IC) desmosomal plaque protein. This binding may be critical for desmosome assembly or stability. The IC domain of desmogleins consists of subdomains that are either desmoglein specific or homologous with the IC region of classical cadherins, Here we identify the domains of human Dsg3 that are critical for plakoglobin binding in human keratinocytes. We constructed eukaryotic expression vectors containing chimeric cDNAs that encode the extracellular domain of mouse E-cadherin (Ecad) with the transmembrane and IC domains of Dsg3, with increasing truncations eliminating various IC subdomains from the carboxy-terminus. These constructs were used for transient transfection of HaCaT cells. Extracts were subjected to immunoprecipition with an anti-mouse Ecad antibody (that does not precipitate human Ecad), thus precipitating the chimeric protein and any tightly associated plakoglobin. Co-precipitation of plakoglobin was confirmed by immunoblotting. These data show that the desinoglein-specific IC subdomains are not necessary for plakoglobin binding, but the carboxy-terminal 87 amino acids of the IC-cadherin-like segment subdomain are critical. Finally, we confirmed these results outside cells with in vitro transcription and translation, which also demonstrates that the Dsg3-plakoglobin interaction is direct and does not depend on other cellular factors. These results underscore the importance of a region, highly conserved in all desmogleins, in the carboxy terminus of the IC-cadherin-like subdomain for the localization of plakoglobin to desmosomes.
Energy supply and use in a rural West African village

Abstract Over three billion people live in the rural areas of low- and middle-income countries. Often rural households have many unmet energy needs, including cooking, lighting, heating, transportation, and telecommunication. Designing solutions to meet these needs requires an understanding of the human, natural, and engineered systems that drive village energy dynamics. This paper presents the results of a novel study of energy supply and use over a one year period in an isolated rural village of 770 people in Mali. Quantitative data and narrative descriptions from this study portray village energy supply and use. Annual village energy use is 6000 MJ cap −1 yr −1 . Domestic energy needs account for 93% of village energy use. Wood is the primary energy source and provides 94% of the village energy supply. Approximately 98% of the wood is used for domestic consumption. The uses of wood in the home are cooking (52.2%), heating water (22.2%), space heating (19.1%), and other activities (6.5%). This paper also reports variations in energy usage over the period of a year for a broad range of domestic, artisan, transport, and public energy uses.
Voriconazole-Induced Phototoxicity Masquerading as Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease of the Skin in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients

Abstract Systemic fungal infections pose a significant risk to patients following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). Voriconazole (Vfend®, Pfizer) is an oral second-generation triazole antifungal agent that offers a broad spectrum of coverage against fungal species and is frequently utilized in the post-HCT setting. Herein, we describe 5 patients who were initially believed to be experiencing a flare of cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), but who were actually exhibiting phototoxicity caused by voriconazole. A high index of suspicion for this adverse reaction in the post-alloHCT setting will prevent misdiagnosis and avoid inappropriate therapy for cGVHD.
Large sample properties of some survival estimators in heterogeneous samples

Abstract The Kaplan-Meier survival distribution estimator and Nelson hazard function estimator may not be appropriate descriptive devices for studies which involve nonhomogeneous populations. In this paper we investigate a mean survival estimator that incorporates important covariates associated with survival. The estimator is constructed based on Cox's regression model and a weighting according to any specified distribution of the baseline covariates. A mean hazard function estimator is also derived corresponding to the multiplicative intensity model which allows for recurrent outcome events. The weak convergence of each estimator is established using martingale and stochastic convergence results and its limiting variance is calculated. The strong and weak convergence of the Kaplan-Meier estimate and Nelson estimate are also explored in a nonhomogeneous population with an underlying proportional hazards model. It is shown that the Kaplan-Meier estimate remains a uniformly consistent estimate of S(t) = P(T >t) even in a heterogeneous sample if the censoring distribution is independent of covariates. However, when the censoring distribution depends on covariates, the Kaplan-Meier estimator can be quite biased even though the mean survival function estimator remains unbiased.
Application of the diffraction model to amorphous MgZn

Abstract Amorphous MgZn alloys comprise the best system available for testing the diffraction model for electron transport in non-crystalline alloys. They are simple metal binary alloys. Conventional methods exist for determining electronic parameters in the model. They exhibit low resistivities so that saturation effects are not expected to dominate. They are well characterized and extensive resistivity data are available. Computed results presented here are based on a refinement of previous calculations; the alloy scattering matrix elements with computed phase shifts for Mg and Zn are used with the substitutional model instead of the adjusted effective potential assumed previously. Results obtained ignoring mean free path effects are in qualitative agreement with the data; agreement is surprisingly detailed when account is taken of saturation effects.
Immigration, Ethnicity, and Conflict: The California Chinese, 1849–1882

Drawing on Bonacich's split market theory, the work of Hechter and Blalock on ethnic conflict, and the literature on social movements, the authors develop a model of factors producing conflict between native and immigrant workers. The model identifies the relative size of the immigrant group, the growth of the immigrant population, the desirability of jobs held by immigrant workers, economic conditions, the development of racist ideology among native workers, and the organization of native workers as factors possibly explaining the frequency of incidents of overt ethnic conflict and efforts to institutionalize discrimination through government action. The model is assessed by examining the situation of Chinese immigrants in California between 1849 and 1882. The data suggest that poor economic conditions, a well-developed racist ideology, and well-organized native workers best explain incidents of ethnic conflict and successful efforts to obtain discriminatory government action.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate lung cancer growth.

Ion channels modulate ion flux across cell membranes, activate signal transduction pathways, and influence cellular transport – vital biological functions that are inexorably linked to cellular processes that go awry during carcinogenesis. Indeed, deregulation of ion channel function has been implicated in cancer-related phenomena such as unrestrained cell proliferation and apoptotic evasion. As the prototype for ligand-gated ion channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been extensively studied in the context of neuronal cells but accumulating evidence also indicate a role for nAChRs in carcinogenesis. Recently, variants in the nAChR genes CHRNA3, CHRNA5, and CHRNB4 have been implicated in nicotine dependence and lung cancer susceptibility. Here, we silenced the expression of these three genes to investigate their function in lung cancer. We show that these genes are necessary for the viability of small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC), the most aggressive type of lung cancer. Furthermore, we show that nicotine promotes SCLC cell viability whereas an α3β4-selective antagonist, α-conotoxin AuIB, inhibits it. Our findings posit a mechanism whereby signaling via α3/α5/β4-containing nAChRs promotes lung carcinogenesis.
Realized benefits from foreign listings

Abstract This study examines a sample of U.S. companies that listed their equity securities on a foreign exchange. Perceived benefits from the foreign listing, as reported by management, are summarized. Company performance surrounding the listing is analyzed using both stock market and accounting measures to determine whether the anticipated benefits are consistently realized. The stock price reaction within a short window surrounding the initial public announcement of the foreign listing is not significantly different from zero. However, some evidence is documented that indicates the net benefits from listing internationally is positive. Cross-sectional analyses provide evidence consistent with the notion that the market's reaction to the listing event is positively related to liquidity gains derived from the listing and the firm's ability to expand operations within the foreign market. This evidence implies that the ultimate benefits received from the foreign listing depend on the position of the firm and its ability to capitalize on market conditions.
LA-MC-ICPMS analysis of silicon isotopes: Application to early solar system materials

LA-MC-ICPMS Method We developed a technique to measure Si/Si and Si/Si in situ by UV laser ablation MC-ICPMS. Silicon isotope ratio analyses were obtained using a 193 nm excimer laser coupled to a MC-ICPMS (Neptune). The mass spectrometer was operated at a mass resolving power of ~8000 (M/∆M). The laser was operated at a UV fluence of ~ 25 J/cm and a pulse repetition rate of 2 to 6 Hz. Ablation pits measure ~100 μm x <30 μm. We corrected for instrumental mass bias using sample standard bracketing and verified our technique with the measurement of a Si-spiked glass. We analyzed a compact type A CAI (calcium aluminum-rich inclusion) from the Leoville meteorite, and found a zoning profile with an enrichment in δ and δ towards the rim.
Frictional effects on mass measurements in a column of glass beads

The apparent weight at the bottom of a column of granular material depends on several factors. According to Janssen’s formula one of those factors is ps/p, the ratio of the horizontal to vertical pressure. This paper studies the dependence of ps/p on the particle-particle frictional angle. The ratio of the horizontal to vertical pressure increases with the particle-particle frictional angle. It also suggests that the rate of increase depends on the packing method.
Silicon RF NMR biomolecular sensor - review

This paper reviews our first miniature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system originally reported in [1], [2], which, weighing only 2 kg, is 60 times lighter, 40 times smaller, yet 60 times more spin mass sensitive than a 120-kg state-of-the-art commercial benchtop NMR system. The miniaturization was made possible by combining the physics of NMR with a high-performance CMOS radio-frequency integrated circuit. The system is aimed at sensing biomolecules such as cancer marker proteins, and represents a circuit designer's approach to pursue low-cost diagnostics in a portable platform. Our most recent development of even smaller NMR systems [3] will not be reviewed here, as it has yet to be exposed in full through a journal publication first.