cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Watershed Discipleship: Communicating Climate Change Within a Christian Framework: A Case Study Analysis

Christians in the United States are perhaps better known as climate deniers than as environmentalists, and Western Christians bear the valid critique of Lynn White, Jr. (1967) regarding an unhealthy anthropocentrism and dualistic view of humanity over nature. A growing network of theologians, ministers, and lay people, however, is working to communicate a different narrative. The field of ecotheology has articulated an environmental ethic based on the Christian worldview. The challenge has been moving ecotheology out of the academy and into the values and behavior of the average Christian. The present study will be useful for those interested in communicating climate change to a Christian audience leading to pro-environmental behavior change. It surveys relevant literature regarding what does and does not work in communicating climate change to American Christians, then provides a case study of the communication strategies of six watershed discipleship practitioners who are reclaiming traditional ecological knowledge and themes of “creation care” within the Christian sacred text. Watershed discipleship communicates climate change utilizing the rhetoric and symbols of Christian tradition, and catalyzes pro-environmental behaviors at the individual, community, and ecosystem scale.
Magnetic, thermal, and optical properties of single-crystalline CoTa 2 O 6 and FeTa 2 O 6 and their anisotropic magnetocaloric effect

The magnetic, thermal, and optical properties of single-crystalline CoTa2O6 and FeTa2O6 are reported. Optical dichroism was observed in CoTa2O6. Magnetic susceptibility χ(T) measurements reveal long-range antiferromagnetic order with Neel temperatures [Formula: see text] K and 8.11(5) K, respectively, and anisotropy in χ. The thermal expansion coefficients exhibit significant anisotropy and the influence of the magnetic ions and long-range order. A structural phase transition to orthorhombic occurs below T N for FeTa2O6. Magnetic field H lowers T N with its affect largest when H is directed along either [1 1 0] or [1 [Formula: see text] 0], and smallest when directed along [0 0 1]. This leads to an anisotropic magnetocaloric effect that is investigated through measurements of the specific heat and magnetization in applied magnetic field.
Integrating Qualitative Data Analysis Software into Doctoral Public Administration Education

The quality of doctoral research has long been debated in the field of public administration, along with discussions about the need for improved methodological preparation. What is lacking, however...
Observations of captive Rocky Mountain mule deer behavior

Observations were made on the behavior of a captive herd of Rocky Mountain mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus hemionus ). Comparisons in general behavior patterns were made between captive and wild deer. Similar behavior was exhibited by captive and wild deer. Captive deer (as well as other species) may be useful for study of certain behavioral aspects of their wild counterparts.
EFT as a Case of Technology and Public Policy

It is increasingly recognized that large-scale technology is a two-edged sword: it has the potential for creating new opportunities and solutions to current problems, yet, left unattended, it may create new problems. As a result, public policy is being directed toward issues surrounding the development, diffusion, and impact of specific technologies as they evolve within society. These issues generally relate to an area of fact or policy of substantial concern, either because the potential impacts of the technology are unknown or because actions must be taken which will harm some and benefit others. Given this situation, research is becoming increasingly important for developing inputs for public policy regarding the current and potential impacts of proposed actions. The need for such research is especially felt with large-scale technologies which involve sophisticated equipment, require substantial investment, evoke broad application, and generate complex societal impacts.
Codifying the Knowledge-Base of Expert Practice

A patient’s presentation to a doctor would ideally lead to the same, maximally expert diagnosis, and prognosis (intervention-dependent), regardless of who the doctor is. This ideal can materialize if, and only if, the requisite knowledge of top experts on the topics has been suitably codified in cyberspace, for retrieval as needed in the course of practice. Toward this ideal, the first need is to understand how expert clinicians’ tacit knowledge, relevant to diagnosis and prognosis, can be garnered in the appropriate form. The way this can be done has recently been described and illustrated. Thus, the theoretical basis for bringing about uniform, universally expert practice is now in place. It only needs to be translated into action, so that such practice gets to supersede the subjectivist dilettantism of EBM.
Problems of Knowledge and Problems with Epistemology

At one point Hegel describes the task of the Phenomenology as “an investigation and critical examination into the reality of knowledge [Erkennens].”1Although this is a traditional topic in epistemology, Hegel objects strenuously to traditional approaches to it. Hegel’s casual formulation of these issues stems from his desire to address both a general reading public as well as his often less than incisive philosophical contemporaries.2 The casual tone of the opening paragraphs of the Introduction to the Phenomenology, however, disguises both the complexity of the issues Hegel raises as well as the sophistication of his approach to them. As these paragraphs initiate Hegel’s replacement of “epistemology” with a “phenomenology,” I will examine them with some care.
The Conditions of Device Simulation using Full Hydrodynamic Equations

We discuss simulation of ultra-small electronic devices using a full hydrodynamic description, needed to reproduce properties such as velocity overshoot. In devices such as short-gate (gates of order a few tens of nanometers) MESFET’s, quantum effects such as tunneling, become important. We describe aspects of the generalization to a quantum description, and the need to use appropriate initial conditions. We have introduced an effective potential approach to compute the initial condition for the density distribution which includes quantum corrections. This approach is accurate when applied to the extreme quantum mechanical cases of an infinite step barrier and a resonant tunneling diode.
Early Clinical Impact of Diagnostic Breast Ultrasound Performed by General Practitioners and Nurses in Rwanda

Background: Diagnostic breast ultrasound (US) could be an important tool for early detection of breast cancer in low-resource settings, where efficient strategies to refine the likelihood of malignancy among palpable breast masses are needed. However, the feasibility and clinical role of diagnostic ultrasound in such settings has not been described. We trained 4 general practitioner doctors (GPs) and 5 nurses in diagnostic breast US at a rural district hospital in Rwanda that serves as a cancer referral facility. Aim: Assess management plans, biopsy rates and patient diagnoses after nurse- and GP-performed breast ultrasounds to determine the impact of diagnostic US on clinical care. Methods: We reviewed outcomes from trainees' ultrasounds during 21 months of in-person and electronic training and mentorship by Boston-based radiologists. Trainees' US assessments and management plans were recorded on structured clinical forms. Patient diagnoses and follow-up were extracted from medical records using a standa...
On-shore, off-shore Takoradi: Terraqueous urbanism, logistics, and oil governance in Ghana:

This paper places an empirical focus on logistics to link three strands of inquiry: Ghana’s deep-water oil economy, the built environment of Ghana’s oil-city of Takoradi, and the character of gover...
Prison System Versus Critics’ Views on the Use of Restrictive Housing: Objective Risk Classification or Ascriptive Assignment?:

Despite the widespread use of restrictive housing in correctional institutions, little is known about the factors associated with placement in this setting. This study advances two theoretical argu...
Islamists and the politics of the Arab uprisings: Governance, pluralisation and contention

Review of Hendrik KRAETZSCHMAR and Paola RIVETTI (2018): Islamists and the politics of the Arab uprisings: Governance, pluralisation and contention, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. By Beatriz Tome-Alonso
Distinguishing Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis from clinical mimickers during inpatient dermatologic consultation—A retrospective chart review

Background Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are life-threatening conditions that may present with similar findings to other severe dermatologic diseases. Objective The primary objective of this exploratory study was to explore factors associated with SJS/TEN and develop a model that provides the predicted probability of SJS/TEN for patients for whom the diagnosis of SJS/TEN is considered. Methods Retrospective review of consultations for patients with suspected SJS, TEN, or overlap at 4 academic dermatology consultation services. Results Overall, 208 patients were included; 59 (28.4%) had a final diagnosis of SJS/TEN, and 149 (71.6%) were given a different diagnosis. The most common mimickers were drug hypersensitivity syndrome (n = 21, 10.1%), morbilliform drug eruption (n = 18, 8.7%), erythema multiforme (n = 15, 7.2%), and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (n = 13, 6.2%). Nikolsky sign, atypical targets, fever, and lymphopenia were included in a model for predicting the probability of SJS/TEN. Limitations All cases were obtained from academic centers, which may limit the generalization of findings to community-based settings. This was an exploratory study with a small number of cases, and external validation of the model performance is needed. Conclusion Early dermatologic evaluation of patients with suspected SJS/TEN is key to separating patients with this condition from those who ultimately receive diagnoses of other serious skin diseases.
Application of EXCEL Solver Function in Solving Steam Turbine Thermal Equations

Linear programming solver solves the optimal result of the formula in the target cell on the worksheet based on the constraints or limits of the values of some cells. According to "ASME PTC6-1996 Turbine Performance Test Procedures", Excel Linear programming solver function is applied to the calculation of the thermal equations of steam turbines; this method can be easily applied to steam turbine performance test calculation and system correction calculation.
Adolescents' Views of Third-Party Vengeful and Reparative Actions.

African-, European-, Mexican-, and Native-American adolescents (N = 270) described times they had responded to a peer’s victimization with efforts to repair relationships or avenge the aggression. They provided ratings of self-evaluative emotions and judgements (e.g.., pride, shame, helpfulness) and explanations for each rating. Explanations were coded as exemplifying one of eight goals, and whether the action described in each condition promoted or threatened the desired goal. Complementary analyses utilizing the general linear model and epistemic network examined the rates of each type of goal and the connections between goals, and between goals and outcomes. Benevolence was the most frequently cited goal, and third-party reparative efforts were viewed as promoting benevolence and competence. Benevolence goals were both promoted and threatened by third-party revenge. Self-directed growth was cited most often following revenge, as an example of goal threat and often in conjunction with shame. Relationships between revenge and reparative efforts are explored.
The possibility of indecision in intelligent control

A hybrid system is said to have the hidden possibility of indecision if the solution of its continuous-valued variables is discontinuous in the initial data of these variables. This definition is justified in the context of well-known results concerning ordinary differential equations with discontinuous right-hand side. The hidden possibility of indecision suggests behavior in the presence of arbitrarily small noise that is not reflected in the behavior of the classical solutions.
Dynamic mechanical characterization of viscoelastic materials using bending wave correlation vibrometry

Direct solid-borne sound measurements allow incorporation of phase in characterizing viscoelastic materials. In the absence of excessively large samples, reflections from specimen boundaries obscure this valuable data. Circularly crested bending waves generated in plates provide a means of preserving phase information while maintaining reasonable sample sizes. The coherence of signals measured equidistant from the source and the lack thereof concerning reflections, enables isolation of the direct sound. This talk presents developments in a laser Doppler vibrometer based dynamic mechanical characterization method aimed at broadband classification of viscoelastic materials. The applicability of this technique to in-situ applications is demonstrated. Material properties are shown to correspond with results from existing methods.Direct solid-borne sound measurements allow incorporation of phase in characterizing viscoelastic materials. In the absence of excessively large samples, reflections from specimen boundaries obscure this valuable data. Circularly crested bending waves generated in plates provide a means of preserving phase information while maintaining reasonable sample sizes. The coherence of signals measured equidistant from the source and the lack thereof concerning reflections, enables isolation of the direct sound. This talk presents developments in a laser Doppler vibrometer based dynamic mechanical characterization method aimed at broadband classification of viscoelastic materials. The applicability of this technique to in-situ applications is demonstrated. Material properties are shown to correspond with results from existing methods.
National Belonging and Public Support for Multiculturalism

How do views about national identity shape support for multiculturalism? In this paper, we argue that individuals who view national ingroup belonging as “achievable” are more likely to support multiculturalism than individuals who view belonging as “ascriptive.” Using data from the 1995, 2003, and 2013 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) Nationality Identity survey waves across 35 advanced democracies, we find achievable national identities correspond with support for multicultural principles but not for programmatic aspects involving government intervention. Robust analyses reveal these patterns are specific to the content, rather than the strength, of one's national identity. Our findings underline the role of both national belonging and outgroup attitudes on building support for policies of inclusion—and therefore social solidarity—in diverse democracies.
Repair of Parastomal Hernia with Component Separation at Reversal of Loop Ileostomy. A technical note.

Aim The aim of this technical note is to describe a surgical technique to repair parastomal hernias with component separation and mesh at reversal of loop ileostomy. Background Stage III rectal cancer patients who have completed neoadjuvant chemoradiation will undergo low anterior resection with loop ileostomy. Following completion of adjuvant chemotherapy, the ileostomy will be reversed after an average of five to six months. A minority of patients presenting with an obstructed rectal cancer may undergo laparoscopic loop ileostomy prior to commencing neoadjuvant chemoradiation, resulting in a longer ileostomy time. Technique Loop ileostomy reversal consists of five steps: mobilization of the stoma, side-to-side anastomosis, component separation, placement of biologic mesh, and purse-string skin closure. Conclusion The surgical technique described here, consisting of component separation and mesh at loop ileostomy reversal, is effective for repairing parastomal hernia.
The cognitive training version of the MUSIC® model of motivation inventory: A follow-up validity study.

Abstract Further validation of the MUSIC® Model of Motivation Inventory (MMI) for use in Cognitive Remediation (CR) for schizophrenia is needed. The MMI was compared to the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - Schizophrenia Research and Perceived Competency Scale following early treatment exposure in a CR clinical trial. MMI Usefulness, Success, and Interest scales were significantly correlated with corresponding comparison scales. The MMI was not correlated with pre-morbid cognitive ability. Higher expectancy for success and perceived usefulness were significantly associated with greater intensity of session attendance. Results support the convergent, divergent, and predictive validity of the MMI for CR research and clinical use.
Transcriptome Comparison of organ of Corti in mice, chick and zebrafish

Abstract Hearing loss is mammalian species is hard to restore, while birds and other species has the capacity to regenerate hair cells after the damage like noise exposure or old age. Here we try to make a comparison of transcriptome in the mice, chicken and zebrafish. We first make a comparison of gene expression at different stages of the key genes that regulate the regeneration of the inner hair cell or other types of hair cell. Then we compared the key genes in different species. We hope the comparison can offer a good view of the gene expression in regeneration process and shed new light on the potential candidate genes that will further investigate to help the treatment of hearing loss.
Self-Assembly of Topologically Networked Protein-Ti3C2Tx MXene Composites.

Hierarchical organization plays an important role in the stunning physical properties of natural and synthetic composites. Limits on the physical properties of such composites are generally defined by percolation theory and can be systematically altered using the volumetric filler fraction of the inorganic/organic phase. In natural composites, organic materials such as proteins that interact with inorganic filler materials can further alter the hierarchical order and organization of the composite via topological interactions, expanding the limits of the physical properties defined by percolation theory. However, existing polymer systems do not offer a topological parameter that can systematically modulate the assembly characteristics of composites. Here, we present a composite based on proteins and titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene that manifests a topological network that regulates the organization, and hence physical properties, of these biomimetic composites. We designed, recombinantly expressed, and purified synthetic proteins consisting of polypeptides with repeating amino acid sequences (tandem repeats) that have the ability to self-assemble into topologically networked biomaterials. We demonstrated that the interlayer distance between MXene sheets can be controlled systematically by the number of tandem repeat units. We varied the filler fraction and number of tandem repeat units to regulate the in-plane and out-of-plane electrical conductivities of these composites. Once Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets are separated enough to facilitate formation of cross-links in our proteins with the number of tandem repeat units reaching 11, the linear I-V characteristics of the composites switched into nonlinear I-V curves with a distinct hysteresis for out-of-plane electron transport, while the in-plane I-V characteristics remained linear. This highlights the impact of synthetic protein templates, which can be designed to modulate electronic transport in composites both isotropically and anisotropically.
Negative pressure pulmonary edema

Negative pressure pulmonary edema is a common pediatric disease,but also often to be ignored,which occurs from the upper airway obstruction caused by the change in the absolute value of negative intrathoracic pressure increase,resulting in a corresponding respiratory physiology,hemodynamic changes,common causes include laryngitis,whooping cough,foreign body,such as obstructive sleep apnea.Therefore,it is important to know the common causes of negative pressure pulmonary edema and to treat the patients in time. Key words: Negative pressure pulmonary edema; Upper airway obstruction; Children
Who's to Judge? Understanding Issues of Auditor Independence Vis à Vis Judicial Independence

We explore differences in the roles of auditors and judges in the United States, emphasizing the issue of independence for each group. We examine factors that influence the independence of US judges and auditors. We use examples to highlight the potential impact of various factors on each profession and explore how they are affected by differences in the nature of their responsibilities. Based on these examples, we find generalized lessons that are applicable to each profession and explore further questions that should be asked. While much research has been done on factors that could potentially influence auditor independence, no research to date has examined lessons that auditors can learn from the judicial profession with respect to independence in the United States setting, and vice versa. This paper is a contemplation of the different threats that exist to independence and the difficulty in achieving it in two differently structured fields where its attainment was important for achieving societal ends associated with the professional roles. We hope through this discussion and presentation to broaden the perspective of both professions (judges, auditors) by furthering their understanding of the independence dilemmas facing occupants of the other’s role.
Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome: a current review.

Purpose of review Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and its deleterious effects are present in at least one-third of ICU patients. Increased recognition of IAH has led to significant reduction in the incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Many questions remain regarding what therapeutic interventions truly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with IAH/ACS. Recent research sheds new light on the effects of IAH in individual organ systems and unique disease states. This paper will review recent research in IAH/ACS recognition, treatment, and management. Recent findings Recent research on IAH/ACS includes an improved understanding of the prevalence of IAH/ACS and confirmation of its independent association with organ failure. Specifically, new research adds clarity to the effects of IAH/ACS on individual organ systems and specific disease states. These results combine to improve the clinical ability to diagnose, monitor, and treat IAH/ACS. Summary There is significant research on the broad impact of IAH/ACS in the ICU setting. Focus on IAH/ACS has gone beyond the purview of intensivists and surgeons to include outstanding work by specialists in multiple sub-specialties. These advances have generated improvements in current treatment algorithms. We review recent IAH/ACS literature and have categorized the most pertinent results into organ system-specific contributions.
Wafer-area selective emitters based on optical interference

Metamaterials (MMs) have created selective emitters for numerous wavelengths, owing to their engineerable electromagnetic properties. However, practical deployment of large-area MM emitters may be challenging due to their fabrication difficulty. In this work, we demonstrate wafer-sized selective emitters with refractory metal Ir based on optical interference effects. The simple structure of our emitters provides ease for large-area fabrication. Thus, the results of this study present a great potential to advance applications where large-area emitters are desired, such as thermophotovoltaic energy harvesting.
Water love

This essay is formed of 20 equal parts, like the icosahedron associated with water, the living element I was given the opportunity to contemplate by the editors of this cluster. The essay is associative rather than linear, but it does have a point, which, I hope and unlike water, does not slip through the reader's hands.
Unravel the impact of COVID-19 on the spatio-temporal mobility patterns of microtransit

Abstract Shared mobility is an essential component of the larger sharing economy. Ride-hailing, bike-sharing, e-scooters, and other types of shared mobility continue to grow worldwide. Among these services is microtransit, a new transport mode that extends transit coverage within a region. Mobile devices enable microtransit services, aggregating riders and using real-time routing algorithms to group customers traveling in similar directions. Meanwhile, the newly emerged coronavirus, COVID-19, has radically reshaped the ridership behavior of all transit services, including microtransit. While existing research evaluates the performance of microtransit pilot programs before the pandemic, there is no information concerning the spatio-temporal pattern of microtransit activities under the impact of COVID-19. The purpose of this paper is to apply eigendecomposition and k-clique percolation methods to uncover the spatio-temporal patterns of microtransit trips. Further, we used these approaches to identify underlying communities using data from a pilot program in Salt Lake City, Utah. The resulting research offers insight into how COVID-19 altered travel behavior. Specifically, eigendecomposition delineated the homogeneity and heterogeneity of travel patterns across temporal dimensions. We identified first mile/last mile trips as a major source of variance in both pre- and post-COVID periods and that transit-dependent users prove to be inelastic despite the threat of COVID-19. The k-clique percolation method detected possible community formations and tracked how these communities evolved during the pandemic. In addition, we systematically analyzed overlapping communities and the network structure around shared nodes by using a clustering coefficient. The workflow developed in this research broadly is generalizable and valuable for understanding the unique spatio-temporal patterns of microtransit. The framework can also help transit agencies with performance evaluation, regional transport strategies, and optimal vehicle dispatching.
Electron-Hole Pairs, Molecular Vibrations, and Rate Processes at Metal Surfaces

Consequences of the coupling of nuclear motion of an atom or molecule near a metal surface with the electron-hole pairs excitations of the metal are considered from the point of view of vibrational spectroscopy. Special emphasis is placed on the interrelationship between pair excitation, surface localized vibrational structure, and rate processes. Specific realizations discussed here in terms of vibrational spectroscopy include: a. Pair renormalization of intramolecular vibrational modes. b. Desorption rates. c. Pair excitation, trajectory theories, and vibrational modes. d. Reaction rate theory at surfaces.
New directions in coral reef microbial ecology.

Summary Microbial processes largely control the health and resilience of coral reef ecosystems, and new technologies have led to an exciting wave of discovery regarding the mechanisms by which microbial communities support the functioning of these incredibly diverse and valuable systems. There are three questions at the forefront of discovery: What mechanisms underlie coral reef health and resilience? How do environmental and anthropogenic pressures affect ecosystem function? What is the ecology of microbial diseases of corals? The goal is to understand the functioning of coral reefs as integrated systems from microbes and molecules to regional and ocean-basin scale ecosystems to enable accurate predictions of resilience and responses to perturbations such as climate change and eutrophication. This review outlines recent discoveries regarding the microbial ecology of different microenvironments within coral ecosystems, and highlights research directions that take advantage of new technologies to build a quantitative and mechanistic understanding of how coral health is connected through microbial processes to its surrounding environment. The time is ripe for natural resource managers and microbial ecologists to work together to create an integrated understanding of coral reef functioning. In the context of long-term survival and conservation of reefs, the need for this work is immediate.
TOX defines a conserved subfamily of HMG-box proteins

HMG-box proteins are a large and diverse superfamily of architectural factors that share one or more copies of a sequence- and structurally-related DNA binding domain. These proteins can modify chromatin structure by bending and unwinding DNA. HMG-box proteins can be divided into two subfamilies based on whether they recognize DNA in a sequence-dependent or sequence-independent manner. We recently identified an HMG-box protein involved in T cell development, designated TOX, which is highly conserved in humans and mice. We show here that based on sequence alignment, TOX best fits into the sequence-independent HMG-box family. Three other human and murine predicted proteins are identified that share a common HMG-box domain with TOX, as well as other features. The gene encoding one of these additional family members has a distinct but overlapping pattern of tissue expression when compared to TOX. In addition, we identify genes encoding predicted TOX HMG-box subfamily members in pufferfish and mosquito. We have identified a novel subfamily of HMG-box proteins that is related to the recently described TOX protein. The highly conserved nature of the TOX family of proteins in humans and mice and differences in the pattern of expression between family members suggest non-overlapping functions of individual proteins. In addition, our data suggest that the TOX subtype of HMG-box domain first appeared in invertebrates, was duplicated in early vertebrates and likely took on new functions in mammalian species.
A PLL based clock and data recovery circuit with high input jitter tolerance

A clock and data recovery circuit for a TI network is described. A fully integrated phase-locked loop (PLL) is used to extract the carrier signal embedded in the data stream. Two trimming DACs (digital-to-analog converters) simultaneously bring the voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) center frequency and the PLL closed-loop bandwidth to their specified values. A triple sampler captures the jittering data and aligns them with the recovered clock. The input jitter tolerance of this circuit is at least three times higher than that of the previously reported PLL-based clock and data recovery circuit. >
Modeling of Risks Threatening Critical Infrastructures: System Approach

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to model interconnectivities among systems and subsystems of transport and critical infrastructures vulnerable to climatic events that impose the highest impacts on people and regional economies from chronic to episodic events. To achieve this objective, the study first lays out a high-level conceptual map of the interacting complex systems, then depicts some of the interconnections between and within these complex systems as related to climatic events. By outlining these interconnectivities at a high-level, analytical approach, the strategic risk register system (SRRS) is introduced to demonstrate the feasibility of capturing these interactions and links analytically, and ultimately to model risks and threats imposed on transport and civil and public systems due to climatic events. A hypothetical episodic event is initiated to examine the credibility of the methodology and the applicability of the proposed technique to model the infrastructures’ connectivity and ris...
The Voces Project: Investigating How Latino/a Immigrant Children Make Sense of Engaging in School and School Mathematics

This study investigates how a group of Mexican immigrant children in the United States made sense of engaging in school and school mathematics. The research focused on a population of Latino/a middle school students who were a distinct minority, building a model that shows how a complex set of cognitive, sociocultural, and institutional factors mediated these students’ engagement and success in school. The results of this research will help educators understand the complex social environment that faces immigrant children and impacts their performance and engagement in school and school mathematics.
Formation and stellar spin-orbit misalignment of hot Jupiters from Lidov–Kozai oscillations in stellar binaries

Observed hot Jupiter (HJ) systems exhibit a wide range of stellar spin-orbit misalignment angles. This paper investigates the inward migration of giant planets due to Lidov–Kozai (LK) oscillations induced by a distant stellar companion. We conduct a large population synthesis study, including the octupole gravitational potential from the stellar companion, mutual precession of the host stellar spin axis and planet orbital axis, tidal dissipation in the planet and stellar spin-down in the host star due to magnetic braking. We consider a range of planet masses (0.3–5 MJ) and initial semimajor axes (1–5 au), different properties for the host star, and varying tidal dissipation strengths. The fraction of systems that result in HJs depends on planet mass and stellar type, with fHJ = 1–4 per cent (depending on tidal dissipation strength) for M_p = 1 MJ, and larger (up to 8 per cent) for more massive planets. The production efficiency of ‘hot Saturns’ (M_p = 0.3MJ) is much lower, because most migrating planets are tidally disrupted. We find that the fraction of systems that result in either HJ formation or tidal disruption, f_(mig) ≃ 11–14 per cent is roughly constant, having little variation with planet mass, stellar type and tidal dissipation strength. The distribution of final HJ stellar obliquities exhibits a complex dependence on the planet mass and stellar type. For M_p = (1–3)MJ, the distribution is always bimodal, with peaks around 30° and 130°. The distribution for 5MJ planets depends on host stellar type, with a preference for low obliquities for solar-type stars, and higher obliquities for more massive (1.4 M_⊙) stars.
Development and Application of the Small Punch Test to UHMWPE

This chapter focuses on the development and application of the small punch test for the characterization of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components for total joint replacement (TJR). The development of the small punch test was influenced by two clinically relevant and related problems: the relationship between process and system variables and polymer degradation, and the relationship between mechanical properties and the ensuing wear of the arthroplasty bearing. The small punch test method, also known as the disk bend test, was originally proposed for the characterization of metallic components from the power industry. In the small punch test for UHMWPE, a disc of material 0.0200 inches thick by 0.250 inches diameter is indented by a hemispherical punch thereby creating a biaxial state of tension in the material. Because of the enclosure of the specimen in the punch-and-die apparatus, the thickness tolerance is only 0.0005 inches. The test has proven extremely useful in the detection of the mechanical signature of oxidative degradation and the signature associated with elevated levels of irradiation-induced crosslinking. The greatest strength of the small punch testing methodology is its minimal requirement for material, thereby permitting mechanical assays to be made from almost any experimental specimen configuration, and one would expect this strength to continue to be leveraged across the mechanical, chemical, and tribological spectra that describe the orthopedic bearing world.
A GIS toolset for automated partitioning of urban lands

Urban growth models operating at finer spatial scale usually incorporate a subdivision module that carries out automated partitioning of the lands selected for future development. In this paper, we describe the development and implementation of Parcel-Divider - a GIS toolset for automated subdivision of land parcels. In addition to automating the process of generating urban layouts such as city blocks, streets and cadastral lots, the toolset is capable of extending roads to new subdivisions. Researchers can integrate the toolset into their modeling while planners can use it as a standalone application to visualize scenarios of infrastructure arrangements in growing areas of the city. Our tool-generated subdivision configurations closely match the subdivision styles observed in real-world cities when compared visually as well as statistically. An ArcGIS toolset for automated subdivision of urban lands was developed, implemented and validated.The modeled urban layouts closely match the subdivision configurations observed in real-world cities.The software can be both integrated into dynamic urban growth models and use as stand-alone applications.
Potentiation of in vitro Lymphocyte Reactivity

Supernatants of leucocyte cultures may contain active potentiating factor. This could influence the results of various culture experiments and Interpretations should be formulated with this in mind.
Relationship of Imaging Frequency and Planning Margin to Account for Intrafraction Prostate Motion: Analysis Based on Real-Time Monitoring Data

Purpose Correction for intrafraction prostate motion becomes important for hypofraction treatment of prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to estimate an ideal planning margin to account for intrafraction prostate motion as a function of imaging and repositioning frequency in the absence of continuous prostate motion monitoring. Methods and Materials For 31 patients receiving intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment, prostate positions sampled at 10 Hz during treatment using the Calypso system were analyzed. Using these data, we simulated multiple, less frequent imaging protocols, including intervals of every 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 seconds. For each imaging protocol, the prostate displacement at the imaging time was corrected by subtracting prostate shifts from the subsequent displacements in that fraction. Furthermore, we conducted a principal component analysis to quantify the direction of prostate motion. Results Averaging histograms of every 240 and 60 seconds for all patients, vector displacements of the prostate were, respectively, within 3 and 2 mm for 95% of the treatment time. A vector margin of 1 mm achieved 91.2% coverage of the prostate with 30 second imaging. The principal component analysis for all fractions showed the largest variance in prostate position in the midsagittal plane at 54° from the anterior direction, indicating that anterosuperior to inferoposterior is the direction of greatest motion. The smallest prostate motion is in the left-right direction. Conclusions The magnitudes of intrafraction prostate motion along the superior-inferior and anterior-posterior directions are comparable, and the smallest motion is in the left-right direction. In the absence of continuous prostate motion monitoring, and under ideal circumstances, 1-, 2-, and 3-mm vector planning margins require a respective imaging frequency of every 15, 60, and 240 to account for intrafraction prostate motion while achieving adequate geometric target coverage for 95% of the time.
Fear of Crime among an Immigrant Population in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area.

Between 1989 and 1991, the District of Columbia (or DC) recorded the highest per capita homicide rate in the country, making it "the murder capital" (Office of Criminal Justice Plans and Analysis [OCJPA], 1992). In fact, DC and Dallas set new records for homicides in 1991 (Criminal Violence, 1993). That fear pervades life in the capital was well illustrated in a study by Harriston, Thomas, York, and Warden (1991), who reported that 60% of the residents there had modified their routine social activities because of fear of crime. Their finding is supportive of others that have reported that the fear of crime has caused 60% of Americans to limit the places they go by themselves (see, e.g., Bucuvalas, 1991; Research and Forecasts, 1983; Warr & Stafford, 1983). The present study is timely given that, like other parts of the country, the immigrant population in the District and its environs (Maryland and Virginia) is rapidly increasing (Bigman, 1990). In addition to the more than 250 robberies committed against immigrant cab drivers, several other immigrants were slain on thejob in a 5-week period in 1992 (Escobar, 1992; OCJPA, 1992). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now regard murder as an epidemic. There is little doubt that today's most dangerous and fearinvoking places are urban centers, and DC is a quintessential example (Lee, 1985; Perry, Hsieh, & Pugh, 1994; Taylor & Hale, 1986; Yin, 1985).
Indicator development methodology for volunteer tourism in host communities: creating a low-cost, locally applicable, rapid assessment tool

Two prominent critiques of volunteer tourism are that it is a top-down imposed form of development treating host communities as passive recipients of international aid, and that the impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities are not systematically evaluated. To address this we identified a pre-existing participatory methodology for assessing community sustainability (the compass of sustainability) and adapted it as a rapid low-cost indicator tool for volunteer tourism impact evaluation. We created and tested a development methodology that could be applied through local community workshops by local people and sending organizations within each unique host community, and repeated over time. Testing took place in five contrasting communities hosting volunteer tourism in Ecuador and Costa Rica. Each workshop generated and organized numerous indicators of community welfare, categorized into nature, economy, society and personal well-being. Interrelations were identified among the indicators to promote a s...
Apocalypse in Islam

How and when will the world come to an end—and what will the signs of the coming apocalypse be? What is traditional, mainstream Islamic eschatology, and how have modern reinterpretations of that tr...
Why Public Dissemination of Science Matters: A Manifesto

Communicating science to the public takes time away from busy research careers. So why would you do it? I here offer six reasons. First, we owe that understanding to the people who fund our experiments, the taxpaying public. Second, we can leverage our skills as scientists to inspire critical thinking in public and political dialog. Third, researchers are optimally positioned to stem the flow of scientific misinformation in the media. Fourth, we can explain the ways and the means by which science can (and cannot) improve law and social policy. Fifth, it is incumbent upon us to explain what science is and is not: while it is a way of thinking that upgrades our intuitions, it also comes with a deep understanding of (and tolerance for) uncertainty. Finally, we find ourselves in the pleasurable position of being able to share the raw beauty of the world around us—and in the case of neuroscience, the world inside us. I suggest that scientists are optimally stationed to increase their presence in the public sphere: our training positions us to synthesize large bodies of data, weigh the evidence, and communicate with nuance, sincerity and exactitude.
Following the Evidence: Approaches to Assessment in Academic Libraries

In an environment of strained budgets and heightened accountability, academic libraries need to base their planning, decision-making, and advocacy on evidence more than ever before. Fortunately, the resources required to collect, analyze, and visualize data—thus turning it into evidence—are increasingly accessible. This session will challenge participants to grow in their handling of evidence by exposing them to a range of data sources and analysis tools. In order to accomplish this goal, the presenter will share brief sketches of a number of recent library assessment efforts, focusing on projects with which he has been involved personally. The session’s brevity will preclude showing participants the mechanics of any specific kind of assessment. Therefore, the presenter’s primary aim will be to impart a vision for using evidence to increase efficiency and enhance customer satisfaction. A secondary aim will be to refer participants to a variety of resources for further exploration: tools, books, journal literature, conferences, and more.
Stereoregular Poly(benzoquinone imines) from Methyl-Substituted Benzoquinones

Stereoregular poly(benzoquinone imine)s have been synthesized by polycondensation of dimethylbenzoquinone with 4,4'thiodianiline and 4,4'methylendianiline.
Sudden changes in North Atlantic circulation during the last deglaciation

Sudden changes in the flow of warm Atlantic surface waters into the Norwegian Sea occurred frequently during the last deglaciation, typically involving shifts in sea surface temperature of ⩾5 °C in fewer than 40 years. These led to equally large and rapid changes in atmospheric temperatures, and to shifts in Atlantic deep thermo-haline circulation and ice-sheet melting rates.
Using a Popular Science Nonfiction Book to Introduce Biomedical Research Ethics in a Biology Majors Course

Although bioethics is an important topic in modern society, it is not a required part of the curriculum for many biology degree programs in the United States. Students in our program are exposed to biologically relevant ethical issues informally in many classes, but we do not have a requirement for a separate bioethics course. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks is a recent nonfiction book that describes the life of the woman whose cervical cancer biopsy gave rise to the HeLa cell line, as well as discussing relevant medical, societal, and ethical issues surrounding human tissue use for research. Weekly reading assignments from the book with discussion questions and a final paper were used to engage students in learning about the ethics of human subjects and human tissues research. Students were surveyed for qualitative feedback on the usefulness of including this book as part of the course. This book has been a successful platform for increasing student knowledge and interest in ethics related to biomedical and biological research.
Review of the US Residential conservation service

Abstract The 1978 National Energy Conservation Policy Act established the federal Residential Conservation Service (RCS). The programme is operated by electric and gas utilities, which are required to offer their residential customers low-cost, on-site home energy audits. These inspections are intended to identify cost-effective ways to cut space heating, air conditioning and water heating energy use. But the RCS has been controversial since its inception. Most consumer and environmental groups, many state governments and some utilities think the programme saves energy and serves important social purposes. Yet many utilities and the present federal administration think the programme is expensive and ineffective. Several congressional hearings have been held during the past few years to decide whether the programme should be continued, modified or terminated. The author, Eric Hirst, testified at one such hearing, held by the Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Power, US House of Representatives in September 1985. This is an edited version of his written statement.