cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inpatient Dermatology Best Practice Strategies for Educating and Relaying Findings to Colleagues

This review examines the role of education and relaying findings to non-dermatologist colleagues when performing inpatient dermatology consults. We highlight best practices for communication and education. Non-dermatologists receive minimal training on the diagnosis and the management of skin conditions. Efforts to teach dermatology in the inpatient setting via traditional didactics have been met with limited success, and hospitalists have indicated a desire to learn from specialists. Incorporating education into standard consultation practices including the note, one-on-one communication, and bedside rounds can efficiently improve teaching and patient care. Our key principles of consultation emphasize communication, use of pre-existing components of a consultation to teach, and close follow-up. Inpatient dermatologists can implement these simple but effective measures to encourage education and communication with primary teams for both in-person and telehealth consults.
SPICE_MARS: A Process Synthesis Framework for Membrane-Assisted Reactive Separations

A membrane reactor (MR) combines reaction and separation phenomena in a single unit and offers an energy-efficient, cost-effective, compact, modular, and sustainable design compared to conventional designs. A systematic design framework can yield such benefits of MRs and increase their adoption in the chemical process industry. To this end, we present SPICE_MARS (synthesis and process intensification of chemical enterprises involving membrane-assisted reactive separations), a software prototype for conceptual design, simulation, synthesis, and optimization of MRs for different process applications. At the conceptual level, we can determine whether MR is desired or not and select which species to convert/separate. At the equipment level, we obtain optimal MR configurations considering different flow arrangements, intensification strategies, membrane types, sweep gases, reactor lengths, membrane areas, and catalyst amounts. Additionally, we can generate rank-ordered lists of optimal reactor configurations for different design objectives. These enabling capabilities are demonstrated using two case studies involving methanol synthesis and methane partial oxidation. In both cases, novel MR designs—achieving drastic improvement compared to current industrial practice—are found.
Single institution toxicity of definitive chemoradiation and maintenance durvalumab in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

e20554Background: The paradigm for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer has been markedly altered to include maintenance durvalumab (D) post completion of definitive chemoradiation (CRT) fol...
An Evaluation of Patient Characteristics Associated With Medical Disposition in the Surgical Treatment of Ankle Fractures.

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to evaluate patient characteristics associated with medical disposition in treatment of ankle fractures. The 2018 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was interrogated with data extracted related to the 6 current procedural terminology (CPT) codes available pertaining to ankle fractures: 27766, 27769, 27792, 27814, 27822, and 27823. The primary outcome analysis involved a comparison of patient characteristics and short-term adverse outcomes between those fractures repaired on an inpatient basis versus outpatient basis. A secondary analysis was then performed on patient characteristics and adverse short-term outcomes between those fractures treated on an inpatient basis who were discharged home versus elsewhere. Age (p
Pathé geothermal power plant, Hidalgo, Mexico: A comprehensive retrospective assessment of the first plant of its kind in the Americas

ABSTRACT In November 1959 geothermal power plants were in commercial operation in Italy since 1914, in New Zealand since 1958, and in only one other country, Mexico. It was here that the first geothermal power plant in the Americas was inaugurated at Pathe on November 20, 1959. The United States joined this exclusive club the next year when it inaugurated the PG&E Geysers Unit 1 in Northern California in September 1960. This article summarizes the historic development of geothermal energy with an emphasis on Mesoamerica. This account of the Pathe plant covers its geological environment, field development, unit design, operations and economics, and preservation after reaching the end of its operational life. The account concludes with some thoughts on the future of the Pathe geothermal field.
Impact of Storage Conditions on Equine Fecal Inoculum for Estimating In Vitro Digestibility

This study evaluated the effect of storage conditions of equine fecal material on the viability of microbial inoculum used for in vitro equine digestibility trials. Pooled fecal material from three mature Quarter Horse geldings was stored at 39 °C anaerobically for 15 min (control), while aerobic samples were stored at 22 °C for 6 h (SC1), 3 °C for 6 h (SC2), and −18 °C for 24 h (SC3). Following storage, the feces were utilized to prepare microbial inoculum for the digestion of six different forages using the Daisy II Incubator. After incubation, DM, NDF, and ADF compositions were determined and used to calculate DMD, NDFD, and ADFD. Analysis using the OLS regression model for differences in DMD, NDFD, and ADFD across the storage conditions found significant interactions between the forage sample and the storage condition (p < 0.05). The results between the control and SC1, SC2, and SC3 were not different (p < 0.8). Fecal material stored aerobically for six hours at 22 °C provided similar digestibility estimates compared to the control, while DMD decreased by 3.86% in SC2 and by 4.08% in SC3.
Distribution Free Prediction Interval for Uncertainty Quantification in Remaining Useful Life Prediction

Remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is an important component for system health monitoring and prognosis. Ideally, one expects the prediction algorithm to provide the complete distribution of the RUL prediction over time taking various uncertainties into account. However, the dynamic model be- ing used to characterize state estimation and future loading uncertainties is often simplified through various approximations, leading to non-credible predicted distribution. Nevertheless, certain algorithm may only provide a point estimate of the RUL, making it difficult to quantify the uncertainty of the prediction. In this paper, we focus on interval prediction with high probability that guarantees finite sample validity without the knowledge of statistical distribution of the noise. The key idea is to leverage the newly proposed conformal pre- diction framework with non-parametric conditional density estimation. Under certain regularity conditions, the proposed interval estimator converges to an oracle band at a minimax optimal rate. In addition, we apply a data driven method to automatically select the bandwidth in the kernel density estimator. We discuss practical approximations to speed up the computation. The proposed method can be used to predict the RUL interval with physics-based model in a distribution free manner. It can also be applied to assess the validity of other prognostic algorithms from experimental data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the RUL prediction for Li-Ion batteries using both simulated and experimental data.
Basic Mechanisms in Cerebral Hypoxia and Stroke: Background, review and conclusions

This chapter reviews material presented at the Symposium and also pertinent literature, seeking answers to three sets of problems: 1. the mechanism of the reversible blockade of synapses in the early stages of hypoxia and ischemia of the central nervous system (CNS); 2. the irreversible injury of neurons during more prolonged severe hypoxia or ischemia; and 3. the delayed cell death that occurs after reoxygenation or reperfusion of previously hypoxic or ischemic brain tissue. During the reversible phase pre- and postsynaptic factors interact to block all synapses, excitatory as well as inhibitory. On the presynaptic side voltage-dependent calcium channels appear blocked in hypoxic presynaptic terminals. Postsynaptically many though not all types of neurons become hyperpolarized, which raises their firing threshold. Hyperpolarization is due to increased K+ −conductance. Acidosis may play a part by raising the threshold of postsynaptic neurons. Cells may be irreversibly injured through several different pathologic processes. Elevation of free intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) above a critical level for a critical length of time appears to trigger, or at least hasten, some of these injurious processes. The elevation of [Ca2+]i during severe hypoxia is due to the explosive, spreading depression (SD)-like, depolarization of neurons. Factors contributing to the delayed post-hypoxic or post-ischemic cell death may include excitatory amino acid (EAA)-induced firing, reactive hyperemia and/or hypoxic damage to blood vessels resulting in vasogenic edema and secondary vascular failure, aggravated by lactic acidosis. In the striatum dopamine is required for the damage that EAAs cause in the hippocampus. Adenosine and noradrenaline appear to be endogenous prophylactic agents protecting CNS neurons. Opinions are divided concerning the role of free radicals and peroxide in cerebral ischemia.
Upgraded to Bad Jobs: Low-Wage Black Women's Relative Status since 1970

Labor market changes complicate the analysis of black women's status relative to white women because education, occupational attainment, and race–gender are now less predictive of earnings. Low-wage black women's relative status has improved somewhat from 1970 to 2000, contrary to the well-documented decrease in relative status reported for all black women wage earners since 1980, but their dramatic occupational upgrading was not responsible for the trend. White-collar occupational positions formerly responsible for white women's relative earnings advantage no longer deliver that reward, as restructuring has produced a proliferation of bad jobs across occupational groups. This study argues that increasing exposure to precarious work is crucial to understanding changes in low-wage black women's relative economic status since 1970.
Optimizing measures of HIV‐associated neuropathy

Introduction: Distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) is common in HIV and is associated with autonomic impairment. However tools to measure HIV-DSP do not include autonomic indices. We sought to optimize the Total Neuropathy Score (TNS) and the Composite Autonomic Severity Score (CASS) for use in HIV. Methods: HIV-infected adults (n = 102) underwent neurologic examination, quantitative sensory testing (QST), nerve conduction studies, and autonomic testing. Modifications of the TNS and CASS were assessed for validity based on correlation with the original measure and internal consistency. Results: The TNS version commonly used in HIV-DSP is valid, but it is improved by elimination of QST and addition of autonomic indices. A modified version of the CASS (M-CASS) which was designed for sensitivity to milder impairment was also valid. Conclusions: A modified TNS that excludes QST and includes autonomic indices is optimal for HIV-DSP. The M-CASS is a valid measure of autonomic impairment in HIV. Muscle Nerve 51: 56–64, 2015
Interaction of a novel mitochondrial protein, 4‐nitrophenylphosphatase domain and non‐neuronal SNAP25‐like protein homolog 1 (NIPSNAP1), with the amyloid precursor protein family

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its paralogs, amyloid precursor-like protein-1 and amyloid precursor-like protein-2, appear to have redundant but essential role(s) during development. To gain insights into the physiological and possibly pathophysiological functions of APP, we used a functional proteomic approach to identify proteins that interact with the highly conserved C-terminal region of APP family proteins. Previously, we characterized an interaction between APP and ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase. Here, we describe an interaction between APP and a novel protein, 4-nitrophenylphosphatase domain and non-neuronal SNAP25-like protein homolog 1 (NIPSNAP1). The interaction between APP and NIPSNAP1 was confirmed both in transiently transfected COS7 cells and in the mouse brain, where NIPSNAP1 is expressed at a high level. We demonstrate that NIPSNAP1 is targeted to the mitochondria via its N-terminal targeting sequence, and interacts with mitochondrial chaperone translocase of the outer membrane 22. Mitochondrial localization of NIPSNAP1 appears to be critical for its interaction with APP, and overexpression of APP appeared to disrupt NIPSNAP1 mitochondrial localization. Moreover, APP overexpression resulted in downregulation of NIPSNAP1 levels in cultured cells. Our data suggest that APP may affect mitochondrial function through a direct interaction with NIPSNAP1 as well as with other mitochondrial proteins.
Testing Nonlinear Inflation Convergence for the Central African Economic and Monetary Community

This paper uses nonlinear unit root testing procedures to examine the issue of inflation convergence for the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) member states including Cameron, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of Congo. The results from nonlinear STAR unit root tests suggest that inflation differentials for the sample countries are nonlinear and mean reverting processes. These results provide evidence of inflation convergence among countries within CEMAC. The finding of inflation convergence indicates the feasibility of a common monetary policy and/or inflation targeting regime within CEMAC. Keywords: inflation convergence; STAR; nonlinear unit root tests; inflation differential; CEMAC JEL Classifications : C22; E31; F15; F36
Principles of Programming Languages: Design, Evaluation, and Implementation

PREFACE Concept Directory I. History, Motivation, and Evaulation II. Design and Implementation III. Principles IV. Implementation INTRODUCTION 1. The Beginning: Pseudo-Code Interpreters 1.1 History and Motivation 1.2 Design of a Pseudo-Code 1.3 Implementation 1.4 Phenomenology of Programming Languages 2. Emphasis on Efficiency: FORTRAN 2.1 History and Motivation 2.2 Design: Structural Organization 2.3 Design: Control Structures 2.4 Design: Data Structures 2.5 Design: Name Structures 2.6 Design: Syntactic Structures 2.7 Evaluation and Epilog 3. Generality and Hierarchy: ALGOL-60 3.1 History and Motivation 3.2 Design: Structural Organization 3.3 Design: Name Structures 3.4 Design: Data Structures 3.5 Design: Control Structures 4. Syntax and Elegance: ALGOL-40 4.1 Design: Syntactic Structures 4.2 Descriptive Tools: BNF 4.3 Design: Elegance 4.4 Evaluation and Epilog 5. Return to Simplicity: PASCAL 5.1 History and Motivation 5.2 Design: Structural Organization 5.3 Design: Data Structures 5.4 Design: Name Structures 5.5 Design: Control Structures 5.6 Evaluation and Epilog 6. Implementation of Block Structured Languages 6.1 Activation Records and Context 6.2 Procedure Call and Return 6.3 Display Method 6.4 Blocks 6.5 Summary 7. Modularity and Data Abstraction: ADA 7.1 History and Motivation 7.2 Design: Structural Organization 7.3 Design Data Structures and Typing 7.4 Design: Name Structures 8. Procedures and Concurrency: ADA 8.1 Design: Control Structures 8.2 Design: Syntactic Structures 8.3 Evaluation and Epilog 9. List Processing: LISP 9.1 History and Motivation 9.2 Design: Structural Organization 9.3 Design: Data Structures 10. Functional Processing: LISP 10.1 Design: Control Structures 10.2 Design: Name Structures 10.3 Design: Syntactic Structures 11. Implementation of Recursive List-Processors: LISP 11.1 Recursive Interpreters 11.2 Storage Reclamation 11.3 Evaluation and Epilog 12. Object-Oriented Programming: SmallTalk 12.1 History and Motivation 12.2 Design: Structural Organization 12.3 Design: Classes and Subclasses 12.4 Design: Objects and Message Sending 12.5 Implementation: Classes and Objects 12.6 Design: Object-Oriented Extensions 12.7 Evaluation and Epilog 13. Logic Programming: Prolog 13.1 History and Motivation 13.2 Design: Structural Organization 13.3 Design: Data Structures 13.4 Design: Control Structures 13.5 Evaluation and Epilog 14. Principles of Language Desing 14.1 General Remarks 14.2 Principles BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
Distinguishing between Natural and Hatchery Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon Subyearlings in the Field Using Body Morphology

Abstract We used body morphology to distinguish between natural- and hatchery-origin subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in rearing areas of the Snake River and at a downstream dam during seaward migration. Using subjective eye and body shape characteristics, field personnel correctly classified 88.9–100% of natural subyearlings (N = 626) and 90.0–100% of hatchery subyearlings (N = 867) in rearing areas from 2001 to 2008. The morphological characteristics used by these personnel proved to have a quantitative basis, as was shown by digital photography and principal components analysis. Natural subyearlings had smaller eyes and pupils, smaller heads, deeper bodies, and shorter caudal peduncles than their hatchery counterparts during rearing and at the dam. A discriminant function fitted from this set of morphological characteristics classified the origin of fish during rearing and at the dam with over 97% accuracy. We hypothesize that these morphological differences were primarily due t...
Anthurium roots for micropropagation and Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated gene transfer

Root explants from in vitro-grown plants of Anthurium andraeanum ‘Alii’ and Anthurium interspecific hybrid ‘UH1060’ readily produced multiple shoots under weak light on a modified Murashige & Skoog medium containing 2.2 μM BA. Regenerated ‘UH1060’ plants grew normally and flowered within 16 months after transfer to the greenhouse. Cocultivation of root cuttings with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying the binary vector pCa2Att resulted in kanamycin-resistant ‘Anuenue’ shoots transgenic for neo and att and recovered more than one year after culture on selection media. Transformation efficiency (number of explants with transgenic shoots per total explants) was 1.3%. Other cultivars (‘UH1003’, ‘UH1060’, ‘Rudolph’, and ‘Mauna Kea’) failed to produce shoots under the transformation condition employed.
Required Collaborative Work in Online Courses: A Predictive Modeling Approach

This article describes a predictive model that assesses whether a student will have greater perceived learning in group assignments or in individual work. The model produces correct classifications 87.5% of the time. The research is notable in that it is the first in the education literature to adopt a predictive modeling methodology using data collected via a designed experiment. All subjects experienced both a collaborative and an individual assignment, thus mitigating uncontrolled external factors in the measurement of differences in perceived learning. The exploratory nature of the work prompted the use of Partial Least Squares Regression for estimation. The work serves as an illustration of how predictive modeling might enlighten those in educational and academic settings.
Hegel on the Meanings of Poetry

Since Socrates' attack on poetry, philosophers and critics have been faced with the problem of reconciling two convictions which seem equally pressing. While poetry (or imaginative literature) is and has been valued as a source of insight and knowledge, it also seems clear that poetic meaning is of a rather different sort than that found in science, ordinary language, or (to introduce the classical contrasti prose. Philosophical theories of poetry, then, take one of two forms: either they deny one of these two beliefs, implying perhaps that poetry has only nonsensical or literal meaning, or they provide a cognitive analysis of poetry which differentiates its meaning from that of prose. Hegel took the second alternative, maintaining both that poetry "has been the most universal and cosmopolitan instructor of the human race" and that the logic or meaning of poetry is radically unprosaic.1 Poetry's cognitive value, like that of philosophy, religion, and the other forms of art, can be expressed most generally by saying that it is a form of absolute spirit in which knowledge is thorough selfknowledge; the mode or form of this knowledge is reason or dialectic as opposed to the rigid categories of the understanding. These formulas by themselves are not illuminating, being in Hegel's terms mere abstract universals; they take on concrete meaning only when we see them functioning in their capacity of actually explaining the essential forms, aspects, expressions, and historical varieties of poetry. What is interesting about Hegel's analysis of poetry, then, is his attempt to show that it is not only a form of knowledge, but a form which is quite distinct from that of prosaic thought. Both features follow from the claim that the content of poetic knowledge is dialectical, as is the content of ali art, religion, and philosophy for Hegel; ali are concerned with comprehending the contradictions, movements, and resolutions of Spirit (Geist) which is the fullest expression of a dialectical activity. Hegel's conception of poetry could be approached simply within the context of his own System by following his exposition of the idea, means of expression,
Hyperbilirubinemia exaggerates endotoxin-induced hypothermia

Systemic inflammation is accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by either fever or hypothermia (or both). To study aseptic systemic inflammation, it is often induced in rats by the intravenous administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Knowing that bilirubin is a potent ROS scavenger, we compared responses to LPS between normobilirubinemic Gunn rats (heterozygous, asymptomatic; J/+) and hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats (homozygous, jaundiced; J/J) to establish whether ROS mediate fever and hypothermia in aseptic systemic inflammation. These two genotypes correspond to undisturbed versus drastically suppressed (by bilirubin) tissue accumulation of ROS, respectively. A low dose of LPS (10 μg/kg) caused a typical triphasic fever in both genotypes, without any intergenotype differences. A high dose of LPS (1,000 μg/kg) caused a complex response consisting of early hypothermia followed by late fever. The hypothermic response was markedly exaggerated, whereas the subsequent fever response was strongly attenuated in J/J rats, as compared to J/+ rats. J/J rats also tended to respond to 1,000 μg/kg with blunted surges in plasma levels of all hepatic enzymes studied (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase), thus suggesting an attenuation of hepatic damage. We propose that the reported exaggeration of LPS-induced hypothermia in J/J rats occurs via direct inhibition of nonshivering thermogenesis by bilirubin and possibly via a direct vasodilatatory action of bilirubin in the skin. This hypothermia-exaggerating effect might be responsible, at least in part, for the observed tendency of J/J rats to be protected from LPS-induced hepatic damage. The attenuation of the fever response to 1,000 μg/kg could be due to either direct actions of bilirubin on thermoeffectors or the ROS-scavenging action of bilirubin. However, the experiments with 10 μg/kg strongly suggest that ROS signaling is not involved in the fever response to low doses of LPS.
Observatory measurements of waves and current

Real time observations of waves and current at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) from bottom mounted MAVS current meters permit critical events to be captured for subsequent analysis. Storm waves associated with winter northeasters; and tidal and wind-driven current generate bottom stress that may fluidize the bottom. Vector velocity an pressure measurements will be made 75 cm above the bottom at two locations, at 12-meter depth and at 15-meter depth 2-km farther offshore. Power for these instruments will be supplied from nodes in the MVCO network and data from each instrument will be transmitted to the node for forwarding to shore on the network over an optical fiber. The benefit of the observatory to our ability to capture critical events is the power for continuous high-speed sampling and the capacity of onshore based loggers for storing data for indefinite deployment. Critical storm events will be selected for analysis, as in autonomous deployments, but continuous sampling and logging over extended periods give us more opportunities to distinguish conditions that affect the sediment and attenuate waves.
Abstract 951: Preclinical evaluation of Xanthohumol in carcinoid cancer growth in vitro and in vivo

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: Besides surgery, there is no potential curative treatment for carcinoid tumors. Because these cancers are metastatic in nature and produce excessive amounts of various bioactive hormones, patients diagnosed with this malignancy will have poor quality of life due to carcinoid syndrome. Therefore, new anticarcinogenic agents are required to improve the effectiveness of treatment. Xanthohumol (XN) (Tetrahydroxy-3′-prenylchalcone) is a prenylated chalconoid found in hops and beer that has been found to have potential anticancer and bioactive properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of xanthohumol (XN) on carcinoid cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Methods: To examine the anticancer activity of XN, we treated human gastrointestinal carcinoid BON and bronchopulmonary carcinoid H727 cells with up to 15 μmol/L of XN or carrier (DMSO), and analyzed the effect on cell growth by colony formation assay. The mechanism of growth inhibition was examined by flow cytometry and western analysis for the levels of pro-apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory proteins. To examine the anticancer activity of XN in vivo, subcutaneous BON carcinoid tumors developed in murine xenografts were subjected to intraperitoneal injections of XN (3 mg/kg bwt) or an appropriate volume of DMSO carrier every other day. Results: Treatment with xanthohumol significantly reduced the ability of carcinoid cells to form colonies in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry and western analysis confirmed the observed decrease in cell viability, and showed the decrease was mediated through apoptosis. The carcinoid tumors in the mouse xenograft experiment showed a significant reduction in growth. Conclusions: XN treatment reduced cell viability, colony forming ability and increased cell death through apoptosis. In addition, administration of XN suppressed cancer cell growth in an in vivo xenograft mouse model. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the anti-proliferative effects of xanthohumol in carcinoid cell lines in vivo. Xanthohumol is already being used as a dietary supplement to encourage overall health and has shown few side effects. This fact combined with the potential anticarcinogenic activity found here warrants clinical investigation on patients with carcinoid disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 951. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-951
Firing patterns of epileptic and normal neurons in the chronic alumina focus in undrugged monkeys during different behavioral states.

This communication summarizes data from a series of experiments on the activity of single units in chronic epileptogenic alumina foci in precentral cortex of undrugged monkeys. The foci contained a mixture of normal and epileptic cells, which differed consistently in their spontaneous firing patterns under various behavioral conditions, and in their responses to electrical stimulation: (1) during restful waking the spontaneous activity of normal precentral cells rarely exhibited intervals less than 10 msec, whereas the activity of epileptic cells included high frequency bursts with intervals less than 5 msec. The percentage of total activity in bursts was defined as the ‘burst index’; (2) responses evoked antidromically by pyramidal tract stimulation and orthodromically by stimulation of center median of thalamus consisted of single action potentials in normal cells and bursts in epileptic cells; the probability of evoking a burst in epileptic cells was proportional to the burst index; (3) bidirectional operant conditioning of firing rates was most readily successful in normal cells and appeared to be increasingly difficult in epileptic cells in proportion to their burst index and (4) during sleep, epileptic cells fired in longer and higher frequency bursts than normal cells. To the extent that both types of cells receive similar inputs, these observations suggest that many epileptic cells in the alumina focus are intrinsically hyperexcitable,viz. they respond abnormally to normal inputs rather than responding normally to abnormally intense inputs. These hyperexcitable neurons may drive other cells in the focus, but activity of both may be operantly controlled.
Baseline fat-related dietary behaviors of white, Hispanic, and black participants in a cholesterol screening and education project in New England

Abstract Objective To examine baseline fat-related dietary behaviors of white, Hispanic, and black participants in Minimal Contact Education for Cholesterol Change, a National Institutes for Health-funded cholesterol screening and education project conducted in New England. Subjects A sample of 9,803 participants who joined the study at baseline (n=7,817 white; n=1,425 Hispanic; and n=561 black). Methods Participants completed baseline questionnaires that included demographic and psychosocial items as well as the Food Habits Questionnaire, a dietary assessment tool measuring fat-related dietary behaviors. They also had their blood cholesterol level and height and weight measured. Statistical analyses Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare racial/ethnic groups on continuous demographic variables, and the χ 2 test of association was used to compare groups on demographic categorical variables. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to compare mean differences between racial/ethnic groups on six behavioral subscales (Fat Factors) differentiating domains of behavior related to fat intake and to compare 27 individual fat-related dietary behaviors. Results After adjusting for sex, age, marital status, education, employment status, and percent time lived in the United States, white participants had the lowest Food Habits Questionnaire summary score (2.44) (indicating a lower fat diet), followed by Hispanic (2.61) and black (2.68) participants. The three ethnic groups also differed on the prevalence of Fat Factors and specific fat-related dietary behaviors. White participants were more likely to use lower-fat alternatives, to avoid frying, to replace meat, and to modify meat to make it lower in fat. However, they were least likely to eat fruits and vegetables for snacks and desserts. Hispanic participants were more likely to engage in fat-avoidance behaviors and to eat fruits and vegetables for snacks and desserts. Black participants were less likely to eat meatless meals and modify meats to make them lower in fat. Black and Hispanic participants were more likely than white participants to fry foods. Hispanics were less likely to read food labels for nutrition information. The most and least prevalent fat-related behaviors also differed by each ethnic group, showing that different behaviors were more and less easily implemented by each ethnic group. Conclusions/applications The results of this study suggest that there is a need for improvement in dietary behaviors related to fat intake, especially for blacks and Hispanics, and that the specific dietary behavior issues differ widely by ethnicity. These results can be used by nutrition educators and researchers to help them decide what messages to emphasize in dietary counseling, nutrition education programs, and materials. The results can also be used to help design better dietary assessment tools and more effective interventions for culturally diverse populations. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:699-706.
Olfactory dysfunction in incidental Lewy body disease and Parkinson's disease

Background Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) is well-established and may represent one of the earliest signs of the disease.
Temperature and light effects on the seasonal succession of algal communities in shallow coastal lagoons

Abstract The effects of temperature and light on the relative abundance of coastal lagoon algae were quantified in 2-l aquaria maintained in environmental chambers. Three groups of algae, phytoplankton. green macrophytes, and benthic mats of cyanobacteria. were grown together and biomass compared. Final biomass of phytoplankton and mats was highest at high temperature (25 °C), while macroalgae had maximum biomass at 18 and 22 °C. Reduced light and short days (150 μE·m 2 ·s 1 , 9 h) favored the accumulation of phytoplankton and attached macroalgal biomass, while high light (500 μE·m 2 ·s 1 ) and longer days (12–15 h) favored floating macroalgae and cyanobactcrial mats. We hypothesize that differences between our results and those from similar experiments, including only one group of algae, may be due to interactions between the groups such as shading or competition for space. Our mixed community experiments helped to explain the seasonal sequence in southern California coastal lagoons: attached macroalgae dominate in early spring, floating macroalgae in summer, cyanobacterial mats in late summer and early fall, and phyloplankton in late fall.
Kindergarten Entrance Assessment: Is it Worth the Effort?.

School psychologists frequently are involved in assessment programs for children entering kindergarten. A comparison is made between screening and assessment related to norm-based and criterion-referenced assessment. Normbased testing can be either categorical or deficit-centered, while the criterion approaches tend to be academic or cognitive-developmental. In order to make appropriate decisions, we need to know the problems and outcomes related to each approach. It is also felt that assessment should be related to the underlying issues in developmental psychology and the type of kindergarten experiences provided for the child.
Pattern-oriented modeling of bird foraging and pest control in coffee farms

Abstract We develop a model of how land use and habitat diversity affect migratory bird populations and their ability to suppress an insect pest on Jamaican coffee farms. Bird foraging—choosing which habitat patch and prey to use as prey abundance changes over space and time—is the key process driving this system. Following the “pattern-oriented” modeling strategy, we identified nine observed patterns that characterize the real system's dynamics. The model was designed so that these patterns could potentially emerge from it. The resulting model is individual-based, has fine spatial and temporal resolutions, represents very simply the supply of the pest insect and other arthropod food in six habitat types, and includes foraging habitat selection as the only adaptive behavior of birds. Although there is an extensive heritage of bird foraging theory in ecology, most of it addresses only the individual level and is too simple for our context. We used pattern-oriented modeling to develop and test foraging theory for this across-scale problem: rules for individual bird foraging that cause the model to reproduce a variety of patterns observed at the system level. Four alternative foraging theories were contrasted by how well they caused the model to reproduce the nine characteristic patterns. Four of these patterns were clearly reproduced with the “null” theory that birds select habitat randomly. A version of classical theory in which birds stay in a patch until food is depleted to some threshold caused the model to reproduce five patterns; this theory caused lower, not higher, use of habitat experiencing an outbreak of prey insects. Assuming that birds select the nearby patch providing highest intake rate caused the model to reproduce all but one pattern, whereas assuming birds select the highest-intake patch over a large radius produced an unrealistic distribution of movement distances. The pattern reproduced under none of the theories, a negative relation between bird density and distance to trees, appears to result from a process not in the model: birds return to trees at night to roost. We conclude that a foraging model for small insectivorous birds in diverse habitat should assume birds can sense higher food supply but over short, not long, distances.
Nanosphere Lithography: Effect of Substrate on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectrum of Silver Nanoparticles

In this paper, we explore the optical contributions of the substrate to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectrum of surface confined Ag nanoparticles produced by nanosphere lithography (NSL). We present optical extinction spectra of Ag nanoparticles fabricated on the following substrates: fused silica, borosilicate optical glass, mica, and SF-10a high refractive index specialty glass. For all the experiments discussed here, the Ag nanoparticles were approximately 100 nm in in-plane width and 25 nm in out-of-plane height. In a controlled N2 environment, the wavelength corresponding to the extinction maximum, λmax, shifts to the red with increasing refractive index of the substrate, nsubstrate. The sensitivity factor, Δλmax/Δnsubstrate, was measured to be 87 nm per refractive index unit (RIU). Experimental extinction spectra were modeled using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA). The DDA theory qualitatively predicts the experimentally observed trend that λmax is linearly dependent on ns...
Detection of urinary gonadotropins in callitrichid monkeys with a sensitive immunoassay based upan a unique monoclonal antibody.

A radioimmunological method for measuring urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) excretion in the family Callitrichidae is described. The method uses a monoclonal antibody that will be available in virtually unlimited quantity. Several polyclonal antisera that have been useful for the detection of callitrichid gonadotropins are near depletion. The monoclonal antibody-based RIA provided similar results when compared with the mouse Leydig cell bioassay for LH and a previously validated polyclonal antibody-based RIA. When the monoclonal antibody is used for immunodetection of Saguinus oedipus LH by non-reducing SDS-PAGE, a single entity is recognized that corresponds with the molecular weight range of bioactive LH and appears to be in the normal range for LH in nonhuman primates. LH and CG were detected by the monoclonal antibody-based RIA in urine from representatives of species from all genera of callitrichids. Hormonal profiles of daily urine samples revealed the detection of the preovulatory LH surge by both RIA methods in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus Oedipus) and pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmea) and the increase CG due to pregnancy in both species. Serial dilutions of midcycle and pregnancy urine from Saguinus, Callithrix, Leontopithecus, and Cebuella exhibited parallelism when compared with our in-house reference standard of rhesus monkey CG. Cultured Saguinus oedipus pituitary cells showed an increased release of LH when challenged by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) providing further support that the monoclonal antibody-based RIA measures LH in this species. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrocardiographic Variations Related to Oscillographic Recorders

Summary Standard, augmented limb leads and unipolar lead V10 taken sequentially were recorded from anesthetized dogs using five different direct-writing graphic recorders. The wave forms of the QRS complexes were analyzed in all leads studied. There was considerable variation in QRS waveform and in amplitude in the same lead from the same dog, when recorded with the 5 different recorders. These results suggest the use of a variety of graphic recorders does not guarantee that all of the usefull information in the electrocardiographic signal will be recorded. Zusammenfassung Unterschiedliche EKG bei Verwendung verschiedener Registriergerate Bei narkotisierten Hunden wurden mit funf verschiedenen Direktschreibern EKG (Extremitatenableitungen, Goldberger-Ableitungen und Wilson-Ableitung V10) registriert. Die QRS-Komplexe wurden einer vergleichenden Analyse unterzogen. Diese zeigten beim gleichen Tier in der gleichen Ableitung wesentliche Unterschiede. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die EKG nicht immer alle diagnostisch wichtigen Informationen enthalten. Resume Differents ECG lors de l'emploi de differents appareils d'enregistrement On a enregistre avec 5 scripteurs directs differents les ECG chez des chiens sous narcose (derivations des extremites, derivations de Goldberger et derivation V10 de Wilson). On a analyse comparativement les complexes QRS. Ces derniers ont presente des differences marquees chez le meme animal avec la meme derivation. Les resultats montrent que les ECG ne contiennent pas toujours toutes les informations importantes pour un diagnostic. Resumen Variaciones electrocardiograficas utilizando diversos registradores oscilograficos En perros narcotizados se registraron ECG con cinco inscriptores graficos directos diferentes (derivaciones de las extremidades, derivaciones segun Goldberger y derivacion V10 segun Wilson). Los complejos QRS se sometieron a un analisis comparativo. Estos mostraban diferencias esenciales en el mismo animal y en la propia derivacion. Los resultados muestran que los ECG no contienen siempre todas las informaciones diagnosticas importantes.
Sequencing maize: just sample the salsa or go for the whole enchilada?

With the complete sequence of the rice nuclear genome nearing completion, plant biologists have begun to wonder, discuss, and debate what genome is our next, best target? Although it is easy to list many worthwhile candidates among the angiosperms, the clear favorite for the next complete genome
The mouse creatine kinase paired E-box element confers muscle-specific expression to a heterologous promoter embryonic chicken primary cell culture; CAT assay; luciferase assay; human growth hormone assay

Abstract E-box elements, with the CANNTG sequence motif, occur in numerous promoters and enhancers. We evaluated the tissue-specific expression properties of the paired murine E-box element from the mouse muscle creatine kinase (MCK) enhancer in a minimal heterologous promoter construct. A 46-bp fragment containing the paired E-box element in its wild-type (wt) configuration confered high levels of muscle-specific expression in transfected embryonic chicken cell cultures. The expression from this paired E-box element was similar to that of the simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter/enhancer, but a 21-bp fragment containing a single E-box was inactive. We conclude that the paired E-box element from the MCK enhancer is sufficient for high levels of muscle-specific expression when placed upstream from a non-muscle TATA element.
Normal measure axiom and Balogh's theorems

Abstract We present an axiom and combinatorics approach to recent results of Balogh. Specifically we prove that the Normal Measure Axiom implies that normal locally compact spaces are collectionwise normal and that countably paracompact, locally compact spaces are expandible. We present a proof of Prikry's theorem that adding supercompact many random reals forces the Normal Measure Axiom.
The role of affect in consumer satisfaction judgments of credence-based services

Abstract In the search for satisfaction, researchers have developed the disconfirmation model to represent the process used to arrive at such a judgment. This model has evolved through the use of product-based research. The applicability of such a model to the services setting has not been explored. At question is the applicability of the components of the disconfirmation model and the relationships among these components. The current research attempts to assess the applicability of the disconfirmation model, along with the affective extension suggested by Oliver (1993), to the services setting. Affect is posited to have a direct positive effect on performance evaluations, satisfaction with the service encounter, and repeat patronage intentions. Disconfirmation is hypothesized to have a direct positive effect on satisfaction with the service encounter. A videotaped service encounter was shown to 163 southeastern university students. The structural model tested has an acceptable fit to the data (χ23df = 3.81, p ≥ .05). An alternative structural model without the affect constructs was assessed to test the influence of affect. The alternative model provided an unacceptable fit to the data (χ210df = 137.36, p ≤ .05). The chi-square difference test of the two nested models revealed that the model containing affect is a significant improvement over the model without affect (χ27df = 133.55, p ≤ .05). The influence of disconfirmation, which is prevalent in product-based applications of the model, was not significant in the current service setting. Affect has a significant influence on performance evaluations only. The significant influence of affect in the model may be due to the nature of services (e.g., experience and credence qualities).
Single crystalline thin films as a novel class of electrocatalysts

The ubiquitous use of single crystal metal electrodes has garnered invaluable insight into the relationship between surface atomic structure and functional electrochemical properties. However, the sensitivity of their electrochemical response to surface orientation and the amount of precious metal required can limit their use. We present here a generally applicable procedure for producing thin metal films with a large proportion of atomically flat (111) terraces without the use of an epitaxial template. Thermal annealing in a controlled atmosphere induces long-range ordering of magnetron sputtered thin metal films deposited on an amorphous substrate. The ordering transition in these thin metal films yields characteristic (111) electrochemical signatures with minimal amount of material and provides an adequate replacement for oriented bulk single crystals. This procedure can be generalized towards a novel class of practical multimetallic thin film based electrocatalysts with tunable near-surface compositional profile and morphology. Annealing of atomically corrugated sputtered thin film Pt-alloy catalysts yields an atomically smooth structure with highly crystalline, (111)-like ordered and Pt segregated surface that displays superior functional properties, bridging the gap between extended/bulk surfaces and nanoscale systems.
General system theory: Toward a conceptual framework for science and technology education for all

In this paper we suggest using general system theory (GST) as a unifying theoretical framework for “science and technology education for all.” Five reasons are articulated: the multidisciplinary nature of systems theory, the ability to engage complexity, the capacity to describe system dynamics and change, the ability to represent the relationship between the micro-level and macro-level of analysis, and the ability to bring together the natural and human worlds. The historical origins of system ideas are described, and the major concepts of system theory are mapped; including the mathematical, technological, and philosophical constructs. The various efforts to implement system thinking in educational contexts are reviewed, and three kinds of learning environments are defined: expert presentation, simulation, and real-world. A broad research agenda for exploring and drawing-out the educational implications of system thinking and learning is outlined. The study of both real-world and simulated learning environments is advocated.