cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunotoxicity of repeated low level exposure to T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin, in CD-1 mice.

Male CD-1 mice were gavaged with T-2 toxin (0.0–5.0 mg/kg body weight) every third day. Body weight gain was depressed by exposure to 2.5 mg/kg, or greater, T-2 toxin; this was not associated with decreased food intake. The weights of the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus were affected by two weeks exposure to T-2 toxin. However, a persistent effect after four weeks was observed only for the thymus. Peripheral leucocyte counts were elevated in the highest dose groups after two and four weeks. Thymidine uptake by cells not simultaneously exposed to mitogen was increased in splenic cell cultures of mice exposed to 2.5 mg/kg T-2 toxin for two or four weeks. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of splenic lymphocytes following two weeks of exposure was depressed in the 2.5 mg/kg dose group; this phenomenon was not observed after four weeks exposure. Response to pokeweed mitogen increased after four weeks of exposure to 2.5 mg/kg T-2 toxin. A delayed-type hypersensitivity response decreased following two weeks exposure to levels greater than 0.02 mg/kg. Production of I g M class antibodies by splenic lymphocytes, evaluated by a hemolytic plaque response to sheep erythrocytes, was depressed in the 2.5 mg/kg dose group after two weeks exposure to T-2 toxin. The sensitivity and specificity of T-2 toxin immunotoxicity was indicated by the various parameters evaluated.
Production of human/mouse hybridomas secreting a human lymphokine, osteoclast activating factor

Abstract A human/mouse hybridoma was developed which has the property of secreting a human bone resorbing factor similar or identical to the osteoclast activating factor (OAF) isolated from human tonsil lymphocytes. Mouse plasmacytoma cells negative for OAF production were fused with an enriched subpopulation of human tonsil lymphocytes that had been activated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to produce OAF (G. E. Nedwin, M. A. Mohler, and R. A. Luben, submitted for publication). Culture supernatants from mixed hybridomas contained a bone resorbing protein shown to cause the release of 45 Ca from previously labeled mouse calvaria. The bone resorbing activity from these hybridomas was inhibited by the presence of OAF-specific monoclonal antibodies. Several hybridomas retained OAF production following limited dilution cloning. One clone, CD6.20, showed a biphasic dose-response curve for bone resorption similar to that of purified OAF from PHA-activated human tonsil lymphocytes. OAF production in the CD6.20 cell line has been retained for over 100 passages. Karyotype analysis of this cell shows the presence of human chromosomes 10 and 18 and the X chromosome.
Effects of minor alloying elements on the welding behavior of FeAl alloys for structural and weld-overlay cladding applications

This paper reports that recent properties studies of FeAl alloys for high-temperature structural applications have been expanded to include improved weldability. a base FeAl (B2-phase) binary allow composition of Fe-36 at. % Al appears to offer a nearly optimum combination of oxidation/corrosion resistance and mechanical behavior. FeAl alloys show outstanding oxidation resistance to temperatures of [gt] 1100[degrees]C, corrosion resistance in sulfidizing environments at 800-900[degrees]C, and excellent resistance to corrosion in molten nitrate salts at 650[degrees]C (1-3). While binary FeAl alloys generally have poor room-temperature ductility, and are weak above about 600[degrees]C, alloying effects can significantly improve their mechanical properties at room- and high-temperatures. Furthermore, studies of room-temperature brittleness of FeAl alloys have shown that hydrogen released at crack-tips from moisture in air causes low ductility at room-temperature, so that these alloys are not inherently brittle, but are sensitive to environmental effects. Results of systematic studies of minor element alloying effects have shown that small additions of molybdenum (0. 2 at. %) improve oxidation resistance at 1000[degrees]C, combined additions of small amounts of zirconium and boron (0. 05 at. % and 0. 24 at. %, respectively) produce room-temperature ductility [gt] 10%, and small additions of molybdenum (0. 2 at. %) improvemore » tensile and creep-rupture strength at 600[degrees]C, especially when combined with Zr + B or chromium plus boron. However, preliminary results show that such alloys hot-crack during welding. Because there is almost no data on welding of FeAl alloys, this study was undertaken to: identify the alloying elements associated with the hot-cracking, and attempt to minimize or eliminate hot-cracking during welding by controlling the minor alloying additions.« less
Culture Medium Composition Affects the Relative Toxicities of Chlorobenzenes in rat Liver Slices and the Isolated Perfused Liver

ABSTRACTThe effects of different media composition on the hepatotoxicity produced by monochlorobenzene (MCB), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) were examined in two different in vitro systems. The toxicity of these chlorobenzenes was investigated in the perfused rat liver and liver slices using Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Significant differences between the chlorobenzenes were apparent in the perfused liver but not in the tissue slices. However, a dose and time related response of rat liver slices to the chlorobenzenes was observed. Partial amelioration of the chlorobenzene toxicity was observed when the Krebs-Henseleit buffer was supplemented with vitamins, amino acids, and/or bovine serum albumin. 1,2-DCB and 1,3-DCB toxicity was affected by amino acids and vitamins. The toxicity produced by 1,4-DCB was suppressed by amino acids, vitamins and 1% BSA. MCB hepatoxicity could only be suppressed by 1% BSA. This data suggests that tissue culture media ...
Impact of code differences for tubular members

Abstract This paper discusses the impact on the design strength of tubular members caused by differences in specifications from various regions of the world. The specifications that are considered are the latest limit states design codes from five regions. Both circular and rectangular hollow sections manufactured by either hot-form or cold-form methods are considered. The first comparison deals with the column buckling strength. Codes differ not only in the design equations, but also in whether a distinction is made between hot- and cold-formed tubes. The design strengths resulting from these differences can be over 20%. The comparisons continue with the consideration of local buckling in thin-walled members in both axial compression and in bending. Not only do the equations for the local buckling strength differ, but the codes vary on whether an interaction with overall column buckling is considered. The conclusion of the paper is that the same tube, particularly thin circular sections, used in various part of the world may have a significantly different design strength. Some possible reasons for these differences are stated.
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (nuclei A8, A9, and A10): Three‐dimensional reconstruction in the rat

The dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain of the rat are located in three cell groups: nucleus A8 cells in the retrorubral field, nucleus A9 cells in the substantia nigra, and nucleus A10 cells in the ventral tegmental area and related nuclei. The purpose of the present study was to map and quantify the midbrain dopaminergic neurons in two and three dimensions in the rat brain, using immunohistochemical staining and computer imaging techniques. The cells were identified with an antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase, and counted in six midbrain nuclei: the retrorubral field, substantia nigra pars compacta, substantia nigra pars reticulata, central linear nucleus, ventral tegmental area, and interfascicular nucleus. Outlines were traced around the perimeters of the coronal tissue sections, and the locations of all immunoreactive ventral midbrain cells were mapped. On one side of the brain there are approximately 1,300 nucleus A8 cells, 10,500 nucleus A9 cells, and 10,200 nucleus A10 cells. The 2- and 3-dimensional reconstructions illustrate the region-specific density of dopaminergic neurons throughout the midbrain cell complex, and provide a visual appreciation of the location and distribution of the three dopaminergic cell groups in relation to their position in the midbrain. Information about the number and location of midbrain dopaminergic neurons will be useful in conjunction with future studies that characterize these cells more specifically, for example, in terms of their co-transmitters, and afferent and efferent projections.
A surrogate for linear programs with random requirements

Abstract An approach to linear programs with random requirements is suggested. The procedure involves choosing actions which minimize the expected value of a certain loss function. These actions are then taken as goals, and optimal values of the decision variables are found by solving a simple linear goal programming problem.
Review article:Putting some of the syntax back into semantics

L'A. reprend l'analyse de semantique generative de McCawley (1970) dans laquelle ce dernier rejette l'analyse de la pronominalisation telle qu'elle est developpee dans la theorie standard. Il construit une argumentation qui va dans le meme sens a partir de l'analyse des modalites spatio-temporelles de l'anaphore dans la langue des signes americaine
New Questions for E-Government: Efficiency but not (yet?) Democracy

E-governmentâ€™s rise to prominence in the early 1990s was met with great enthusiasm amidst the promise that information communication technologies (ICTs) might fulfill the demands and expectations for improved democratic governance. Since then, significant progress has been made in terms of information provision and delivery of public services; yet, dialogue, a core dimension of democratic governance, remains largely unrealized within the digital context. This study employs content analysis within the frame of a check-off research protocol to determine if the population of state websites has the capacity to support digital democratic dialogue. The key question is whether there is an emphasis within the milieu of state websites to support e-dialogue outside the provision of information and e-services. The analysis suggests that efficiency rather than dialogue is the primary focus in the design of the state websites. Is, therefore, e-government a new development in the historical effort to enforce efficiency as a core value of governance?
Abstract B37: The heat shock protein receptor CD91 is necessary for tumor antigen cross-priming in vivo.

Immunosurveillance mechanisms of tumors depend on the host9s ability to cross-prime minute quantities of tumor antigens. We have investigated the role of tumor-derived heat shock proteins (HSPs) in transfer of tumor antigens from tumor cells to antigen presenting cells for two reasons; 1) HSPs are known to chaperone peptides in the cells. The chaperoned peptides reflect the entire antigenicity of the cell from which they are derived. 2) HSPs activate antigen presenting cells resulting in the provision of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines. These two events require the cell surface receptor CD91 that is expressed on APCs. Here we have used a combination of CD91 inhibitors and CD91 knock-out mice to demonstrate that the HSP-CD91 interaction is crucial for developing concomitant immunity routinely seen in the tumor bearing host. This pathway is indispensable for cross-presentation when antigen levels are low. Considering that elevated levels of endogenous CD91 inhibitors have been reported in colon cancer patients, we propose a novel mechanism of immune evasion for tumors expressing competing ligands for immune receptors such as CD91. Citation Format: Yu Jerry Zhou, Robert J. Binder. The heat shock protein receptor CD91 is necessary for tumor antigen cross-priming in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B37.
A three-dimensional constitutive model for the stress relaxation of articular ligaments

A new nonlinear constitutive model for the three-dimensional stress relaxation of articular ligaments is proposed. The model accounts for finite strains, anisotropy, and strain-dependent stress relaxation behavior exhibited by these ligaments. The model parameters are identified using published uniaxial stress-stretch and stress relaxation data on human medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) subjected to tensile tests in the fiber and transverse to the fiber directions (Quapp and Weiss in J Biomech Eng Trans ASME 120:757-763, 1998; Bonifasi-Lista et al. in J Orthop Res 23(1):67-76, 2005). The constitutive equation is then used to predict the nonlinear elastic and stress relaxation response of ligaments subjected to shear deformations in the fiber direction and transverse to the fiber direction, and an equibiaxial extension. A direct comparison with stress relaxation data collected by subjecting human MCLs to shear deformation in the fiber direction is presented in order to demonstrate the predictive capabilities of the model.
Three-dimensional guided-free-space multistage optoelectronic fanout interconnection using wavelength division multiplexing and space division multiplexing

An integrated 3-D guided-free-space 4-stage optoelectronic fan-out (6 X 6, 2 X 6, 6 X 6 and 2 X 6) interconnect using WDDM is proposed and demonstrated together with 2 X 4 X 5 3-D optoelectronic fan-out using SDDM. This channel separation is one order of magnitude smaller than that using wavelength-selective detecting technique in WDDM. Signal to noise ratio of 57 dB is experimentally determined, with two channel 40 (2 X 4 X 5) fan-outs having a channel separation of 600 micrometers in SDDM. The interconnection scheme presented herein allows each pixel within a transmitting plane to communicate simultaneously and reconfigurably with many pixels in the subsequent planes in a truly three-dimensional feature. This system can utilize vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes, photo detecting planes and planarized guided-free-space fan-out interconnects, allowing compact multi-stage integration. By using two-dimensional spatially separated or multiplexed hologram arrays on a thin light guiding plate, the interconnection capability is greatly enhanced as compared to other techniques. This novel optoelectronic interconnect should find widespread applications in microelectronics systems and fiber-optic communication networks. In this paper, we report the demonstration of a new solution that employs guided-free-space optical parallel fan-out interconnects. It takes advantage of such exclusive characteristics of optical interconnects as high packing density, massive single- wavelength fan-out and wavelength multiplexibility. Unlike the previously reported research, the interconnection scheme presented herein allows each pixel in a transmitting plane to communicate simultaneously and reconfigurably with many pixels in the subsequent planes with a truly three-dimensional (3-D) feature. Moreover, WD(D)M configuration can be maintained while extending into space-division-demultiplexing (SDDM) based on the fact that each VCSEL is spatially separated in the transmitting plane. As a result, each channel does not need to have many laser diodes operating at different wavelengths in order to facilitate the spontaneous communications with many pixels in the detecting planes. This new approach significantly reduces the fabrication requirements imposed on the laser diodes (with multiple output wavelengths) and on the photodetectors (with wavelength-selectivity). A one-to-one 2-D interconnect scheme is extended into a one-to-many 3-D one.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solvent Effect on the Fluorescence and Phosphorescence of Morphine and its Model Compounds

Abstract In the fluorescence spectra only morphine exhibits large red shifts of the maxima on increasing solvent polarity. In the phosphorescence spectra, phenol, anisole, and 3-methoxyphenol exhibit large red shifts of the maxima on going from nonpolar to polar solvents. For the latter, the results are interpreted in terms of charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) transitions. For morphine, 2- and 4-methoxyphenol, the phosphorescence maxima occur at long wavelengths in both nonpolar and polar solvents, and this is interpreted in terms of CTTS and intramolecular charge transfer processes. The red-shift of the morphine fluorescence band on going to polar solvents is similarly interpreted as a combination of CTTS and intramolecular charge transfer transitions.
Polarized expression of monocarboxylate transporters in human retinal pigment epithelium and ARPE-19 cells.

Purpose To evaluate the expression and subcellular distribution of proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in human RPE in vivo and determine whether ARPE-19 cells retain the ability to express and differentially polarize these transporters. Methods Total RNA was prepared from human donor eyes and from ARPE-19 cell cultures. Expression of MCT transcripts was evaluated by RT-PCR amplification. Expression of MCT proteins in human RPE and ARPE-19 cells was evaluated by immunolocalization and Western blot analysis with isoform-specific anti-peptide antibodies. Results The expression of MCTs in human RPE was investigated by immunofluorescence analysis on frozen sections of human donor eyes. MCT1 antibody labeled the apical membrane of the RPE intensely, whereas MCT3 labeling was restricted to the basolateral membrane. MCT4 was detected in the neural retina but not in the RPE. ARPE-19 cells constitutively expressed MCT1 and MCT4 mRNAs. Expression of MCT3 mRNA increased over time as ARPE-19 cells established a differentiated phenotype. Western blot analysis revealed that ARPE-19 cells expressed high levels of MCT1 and MCT4 but very little MCT3 protein. Sections of differentiated ARPE-19 cells were labeled with MCT1, MCT4, and glucose transporter-1 antibodies. MCT1 was polarized to the apical membrane and MCT4 to the basolateral membrane, whereas GLUT1 was expressed in both membrane domains. CD147, which is necessary for targeting MCTs to the plasma membrane, was detected in the apical and basolateral membranes of human RPE in situ and ARPE-19 cells. Conclusions These studies demonstrate for the first time that human RPE expresses two proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporters: MCT1 in the apical membrane and MCT3 in the basolateral membrane. The coordinated activities of these two transporters could facilitate the flux of lactate from the retina to the choroid. ARPE-19 cells express two MCT isoforms, polarized to different membrane domains: MCT1 to the apical membrane and MCT4 to the basolateral membrane. The polarized expression of MCTs in ARPE-19 demonstrates that these cells retain the cellular machinery necessary for transepithelial transport of lactate.
Flux ionization of arc-like Ti vapor plasma

Abstract Arc-like Ti vapor plasma is formed on the electron beam evaporator by applying low dc voltage to an anode near the evaporator. Deposition rate (Rd), substrate ion current density (Js) and anode current (Ia) were simultaneously measured by changing: (1) anode voltage (Va) at the constant EB gun power 4.05kW; and (2) source-to-substrate distance (distance r) at Va 30V and Ia 60A. With an increase in Va from 15 to 35 V, Rd 2.6 nm/s decreases only slightly, while Ia and Js increases from 40 to 90 A and from 12 to 40 A/m2, respectively, at distance r 0.45m. With a decrease in distance r from 0.52 to 0.15 m, Rd and Js increase from 2.0 to 40 nm/s and from 24 to 420 A/m2, respectively, (the measured values being mean values). The calculated mean values for flux ionization increase from 40 to 160% for condition (1), and are approximately 120% in all cases for condition (2). The latter suggests collisionless expansion of Ti ions. At this high flux ionization with no biased substrate, self-ion bombardment is more effective for Ti film densification than Ar ion bombardment.
Phylogeny of the North American vaejovid scorpion subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, based on morphology, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA

The first rigorous analysis of the phylogeny of the North American vaejovid scorpion subfamily Syntropinae is presented. The analysis is based on 250 morphological characters and 4221 aligned DNA nucleotides from three mitochondrial and two nuclear gene markers, for 145 terminal taxa, representing 47 species in 11 ingroup genera, and 15 species in eight outgroup genera. The monophyly and composition of Syntropinae and its component genera, as proposed by Soleglad and Fet, are tested. The following taxa are demonstrated to be para- or polyphyletic: Smeringurinae; Syntropinae; Vaejovinae; Stahnkeini; Syntropini; Syntropina; Thorelliina; Hoffmannius; Kochius; and Thorellius. The spinose (hooked or toothed) margin of the distal barb of the sclerotized hemi-mating plug is demonstrated to be a unique, unambiguous synapomorphy for Syntropinae, uniting taxa previously assigned to different subfamilies. Results of the analysis demonstrate a novel phylogenetic relationship for the subfamily, comprising six major clades and 11 genera, justify the establishment of six new genera, and they offer new insights about the systematics and historical biogeography of the subfamily, and the information content of morphological character systems.
The Best Defense Is a Good Offense: The Stennis Amendment and the Fracturing of Liberal School Desegregation Policy, 1964–1972

In December 1969, Governor John Bell Williams of Mississippi, one of the most notorious southern segregationists, proposed a $1 million program financed by the Mississippi state legislature to file school desegregation suits in northern states. “For fifteen years we have been on the defense,” Williams said. “Now we are going on the offense.” Williams's campaign was just one example of an odd but familiar trend that had emerged by 1970. Some of the most determined southern segregationists became enthusiastic supporters of northern school desegregation. In January 1970, the attorneys general in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida announced plans to intervene as friends of the court in a Pasadena, California, school desegregation case. In February 1970, the governor of Louisiana appealed to citizens of his state to fund a nationwide television campaign calling for equal treatment between northern and southern schools. Most important, that same month, U.S. Senator John C. Stennis of Mississippi carried the fight to the floor of the Senate. He introduced an amendment to a federal education bill that called for equal desegregation efforts in both the North and the South, regardless of whether the segregation resulted from state action or residential patterns. Stennis complained that the federal government was pursuing a regional desegregation plan. His ostensible goal was to bring about “one uniform policy” on school desegregation, “applicable nationwide.” But the real motivation, which almost every southern official conceded, was the hope that accelerated desegregation in the North would spark a broader, national backlash against school desegregation.
Assessing and Projecting the Effects of Agricultural Research, Extension, and Technology: Discussion

There are no startling new techniques nor results in any of the three papers presented here. The simulation techniques employed by Lu, Quance, and Liu appear to be a promising step toward ex ante analysis. The emphasis on the ex ante in both this paper and Araji's is encouraging. The Lu-Quance-Liu and Araji papers presented findings that demonstrate again the long lead time required in research. The idea that research in photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation will not be likely to bear fruit of consequence until we are into the next century requires a statesmanship attitude toward research support and its administration. It is not the kind of thing that will produce results that will help get a legislator reelected or give a Secretary of Agriculture or a college dean "good press." Unfortunately, this kind of evidence may tend also to lower the priority of such activity in a Zero Base Budget (ZBB) environment.
[Determinants of staff nurses' perceptions of autonomy within different clinical contexts].

Studies of nurses and other health professionals indicate that autonomy is an important determinant of job satisfaction and turnover. This study analyzed selected characteristics of hospital nursing units to identify those features of the work setting that influence staff nurses' perceptions of autonomy: comparisons among nurses who work in different clinical areas were made. Data were collected by interviewing 789 nonsupervisory registered nurses who were employed full time at one large university-affiliated hospital. Personal and job-related information was obtained for each nurse. Structural features of units, such as workload, were gathered from head nurse reports and hospital records. Findings indicated that nurses' perceptions of autonomy are influenced by both personal characteristics of the nurse and structural features of the units. The nurse's sense of personal efficacy and the relationship she has with her head nurse are two important determinants of autonomy across all units. Workload, primary nursing, and staffing patterns are influential factors in predicting autonomy for nurses who work in critical care areas. Implications of these findings for nursing administrators are discussed.
A management model of fast European, centrally-planned economies☆

Abstract The paper presents a model of managerial effectiveness of a national industrial system in European socialist countries. Concentration is upon linking policy-determined variables - especially types of managerial bonuses and careers, the degree to which central authorities use specific performance indicators in judging enterprise success, and the degree of ambition incorporated into enforced plans of enterprises — to managerial system effectiveness by way of a set of intermediary variables.
Accounting on trial: The critical legal studies movement and its lessons for radical accounting

Abstract It is now time, after a decade of development, to take stock of the growing, varied, interdisciplinary Critical Accounting movement appearing in the pages of Accounting, Organizations and Society and elsewhere throughout the 1980s. Critical Accounting bears remarkable resemblance to the highly important Critical Legal Studies movement (or CLS) in American academic law. This paper introduces CLS to accounting audiences and surveys Critical Accounting from the perspective of its larger, older, more fully articulated, more radical and more divisive legal cousin. This paper argues that if Critical Accounting continues to share CLS's theoretical and intellectual stance, but not its targeted critical practice and institutional or political stance, Critical Accounting is destined to remain an interesting sidelight rather than a fully articulated theory of accounting. Finally, this paper comments on existing Critical Accounting work from a CLS perspective, and suggests new directions for Critical Accounting as an intellectual movement.
A new proof of finite moment conditions for GI/G/1 busy periods

A generalization of the GI/G/1 queue is considered where the service time of the nth customer and the inter-arrival time between arrivalsn andn+1 may be dependent random variables. New proofs are obtained of finite moment conditions for busy periods and the ladder epochs of a corresponding random walk. The method of proof, which is much different from the usual ones, directly relates busy period moments to virtual and actual delay moments.
THE ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN THE FAILING HUMAN HEART

Despite repeated attempts to develop a unifying hypothesis that explains the clinical syndrome of heart failure, no single conceptual paradigm has withstood the test of time. In this regard, recent studies have shown that a class of biologically active molecules, generically referred to as cytokines, are overexposed in heart failure. This article will review recent clinical and experimental material that suggest proinflammatory (stress activated) cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TFN-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) may play a role in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. The scope of this article includes an overview of the biology of cytokines in the heart, as well as review of the clinical studies that have documented elevated levels of cytokines and cytokine receptors in patients with heart failure.
Existence and local uniqueness of functional rational expectations equilibria in dynamic economic models

Abstract This paper established the existence and local uniqueness of stationary functional rational expectations equilibria for an open set of multi-good, multi-agent pure exchange overlapping generations models in which agents' endowments are random. Such equilibria are given by prices which are functions of one-period lagged prices and endowments, and of current endowments.
Convective melting of packed beds

Abstract The volume averaged equations for convective melting of particles in a packed bed are developed and a simple model is proposed. The model is solved numerically in one dimension to predict melting rates for a single substance and a system in which the liquid phase at elevated temperature enters a packed bed of the solid phase at the melting temperature. Materials having the thermophysical properties of water and aluminum are examined. For large Peclet number, the heat transfer is dominated by convection and the melting rate depends on the Stefan number, liquid to solid density ratio, fluid velocity and the initial solid fraction. The thickness of the melting zone increases with Peclet number and Prandtl number for systems dominated by convection.
Circulating shared-registers for multiprocessor systems

The techniques for fine-grained data sharing are generally available only on specialized architectures, usually involving a shared-bus. The CIRculating Common-Update Sharing (CIRCUS) mechanism has low latency user-level contention-free access to a set of shared circulating data registers. The local access latency is near zero for both read and write operations. These operations can be mapped into more complex operations, such as arithmetic, logical, or data reduction operations such as minimum or sum to be performed by the circulating register hardware (CRH) on the circulating copy of a register. The CRH can also be used to perform atomic operations, such as fetch&add or swap. For a two-dimensional hierarchy of N processing elements (PEs), the write-latency (until the circulating register is updated with a new value) and the update-latency (when all CRH modules can see the updated value) have an optimum cluster size proportional to (N ċ I/D)1/2, where I is the intercluster time and D is the inter-PE time, including the time between and through one node. The latencies, when optimally clustered, are proportional to (N ċ I ċ D)1/2. Sub-microsecond write-latency is expected for up to 15,255 PEs or 660 workstations. For higher levels of hierarchy, the expected write-latency is shown to be proportional to the sum of the latencies of all loop hierarchies. CIRCUS is applicable to a wide variety of system architectures and topologies.
Unbalanced Nature, Unbounded Bodies, and Unlimited Technology: Ecocriticism and Karen Traviss' Wess'har Series.

While nature is often claimed to be a space of harmonized balance or an antidote to the chaos of the modern world, we need a more grounded assessment of nature as endlessly changing and much less predictable than we like to assume. In this essay, I explore Karen Traviss’ provocative exploration of unbalanced nature and unbounded bodies in her wess’har series with the guidance of two ecocritics who reject the concept of balanced nature, Dana Phillips and Ursula Heise. Additionally, I turn to the environmental philosopher Val Plumwood for insights regarding Traviss’ spurious yet rather standard vision of an unlimited technological panacea. Traviss’ series portrays how the boundaries and limits that we perceive as solid are often much less so than we believe, yet she also reveals—inadvertently, it seems—how easily we blindly ignore other, more solid limits.
Crazing studies of polystyrene. II. Application of fluctuation theory

The present investigation deals with amorphous polystyrene crazing behavior at both the molecular and macroscopic levels. The nature of the amorphous state is considered from the perspective of statistical fluctuation theory, especially when a mechanical force field is acting on the polymer. Past crazing studies have rather fully described the phenomenological behavior. However, these studies did not generate a fundamental molecular explanation of crazing. We now suggest a molecular approach based on the density and density distribution of physical entanglements between polymer chains as a function of molecular weight. This approach permits the molecular entanglement concept and the phenomenological parameters such as stresses and temperatures associated with crazing to be related through the use of fluctuation theory. Two fundamental results are obtained and specifically demonstrated for polystyrene. First, an accurate theoretical prediction of the volume associated with microvoid formation is explicitly determined. Second, the dependence of the number of crazes on molecular weight is also shown.
What is the outcome of applying principlism

The four principles approach to bioethics, an approach most associated with the work of Tom Beauchamp and James Childress, is supposed to provide a framework for reasoning through moral issues in medicine. One might wonder, if one were to guide one’s thinking by the method suggested by principlism, will one identify and perform the objectively morally right action? Will one’s decision making be justified, and consequently, will the action that flows from that decision itself be justified? In this paper, I show that principlism can, and has been, characterized in these two different ways. I also argue that when it is understood according to the first characterization, the view cannot be put into practice. However, when it is understood as an account of justification, there is reason to think that it is indeed action-guiding. Given the problems that confront the first version of the view, perhaps it is best to understand principlism, and biomedical ethical theories generally, not as action-guiding theories of right action, but rather, as procedures by which one’s decisions and actions in medicine can achieve a reasonable degree of moral justification.
Expression and localization of inhibin/activin subunits and activin receptors in MCF-7 cells, a human breast cancer cell line.

Inhibins and activins are members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily. Since TGFβ has been shown to be a potent proliferation-inhibiting agent for the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, we determined whether this cell line (a) transcribes messenger RNAs coding inhibin/activin α-, βA-, and βB-subunits and activin receptors, and (b) produces inhibin and/or activin proteins. Messenger RNAs for α- and β-subunits of inhibin/activin and activin receptor II in MCF-7 cells were detected and localized using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis andin situ hybridization, respectively. The identity of the RT-PCR products was confirmed by DNA sequencing of PCR products. Immunocytochemically, inhibin and activin were localized in these cells. Our findings that messenger RNAs encoding inhibin α-subunit, inhibin/activin βA-subunit, and activin receptor II were expressed, and inhibin/activin proteins were produced by MCF-7 cells, imply that these gonadal growth factors may have paracrine/autocrine functions in human breast cancer. Further, these observations suggest that these growth factors may be involved in regulating the growth and differentiation of human breast cancer cells.
Sex differences in L-type calcium current after chronic ethanol consumption in rats

Chronic ethanol consumption elicits a progressive cardiac contractile dysfunction, and studies in rats suggest that this alcoholic heart muscle disease is more pronounced in males than females. Cellular changes associated with the ethanol-induced cardiotoxicity remain largely undefined; however, it is possible that L-type Ca(2+) channel current (I(Ca,L)) is affected. Using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques, this study examined I(Ca,L) in adult ventricular myocytes isolated from male and female P-rats that had consumed drinking water (controls) or a 25% ethanol/water mixture for 14 months. The peak amplitude and maximum conductance of I(Ca,L) were 32 and 26% greater, respectively, in cardiomyocytes isolated from ethanol-consuming compared to control male rats. In contrast, no differences in the amplitude or conductance of I(Ca,L) were observed when comparing myocytes isolated from control and ethanol-consuming females. Ethanol treatment had no significant effects on the kinetics I(Ca,L) inactivation or on steady-state activation and inactivation in either gender. In conclusion, male but not female cardiomyocytes respond to chronic ethanol consumption with an increased I(Ca,L) that may represent a compensatory response to the depressed contractility.
Fiber Bragg grating based systems for transportation infrastructure monitoring

This paper describes two fiber Bragg grating based strain sensing systems. The two systems are designed for separate applications, one for many-sensor static strain measurements while the other is capable of monitoring strains with high sampling rates. Results are presented for the use of the dynamic system for monitoring strain on an active I-10 bridge in New Mexico.
MOLECULAR ORIENTATION IN HORSE HEMOGLOBIN CRYSTALS AND SICKLED ERYTHROCYTES.

Abstract Orientation-dependent absorption (or dichroism) can be observed directly in structures which contain chromophores. This can be observed microscopically in a single crystal of hemoglobin or in erythrocytes obtained from individuals with sickle-cell anemia. Erythrocytes from these individuals sickle upon deoxygenation. The objectives were to find out if, in long crystals of horse oxyhemoglobin, the molecules are oriented and are compared with the spectral region attributed to deoxygenated hemoglobin by means of a commensurate polarized absorption of sickled erythrocytes containing Hb-S (sickle-cell hemoglobin) or Hb-C Georgetown . By using a conventional apparatus with a Nicol prism (as an analyzer), we observed dichroism (or absorbo-anisotropy). From these observations we concluded that the resultant extinction coefficient of the tetrahedral array of hemes is perpendicular to the long axis of the horse oxyhemoglobin crystal, and in both types of sickled erythrocytes, themolecules appear to stack up along the long axis of the sickled erythrocyte.
BUILDING CIVIC CAPACITY IN URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS: AN EMPIRICALLY GROUNDED ANATOMY

While community building and organizing initiatives aimed at improving marginalized communities have proliferated in recent decades, controversies have arisen as to their efficacy. A divide has eme...
Neonatal adenovirus infection: a case report with in situ hybridization confirmation of ascending intrauterine infection

Adenovirus infection is a rare, but serious infection, during the neonatal period. the actual mode of infection at birth is currently unknown, however several mechanisms have been proposed. We describe a case of fatal neonatal adenovirus pneumonia in a 25-wk gestational age infant. Adenovirus was confirmed by electron microscopy and by in situ hybridization. the maternal cervical/endocervical smear taken prior to the delivery contained epithelial cells with changes suggestive of adenovirus, which was confirmed by in situ hybridization on the smear. These findings suggest that ascending viral infection is a factor in the pathogenesis of neonatal adenovirus infection. the identification and reporting of adenovirus may be important during pregnancy in order to avoid delay in delivery of the fetus once membranes have ruptured. © 1995 Willey- Liss, Inc.
Life cycle assessment of an ionic liquid versus molecular solvents and their applications.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been claimed as “greener” replacements to molecular solvents. However, the environmental impacts of the life cycle phases and comparison with alternative methods have not been studied. Such a life cycle assessment (LCA) is essential before any legitimate claims of “greenness” can be made and is the subject of this paper. The model IL selected is 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) and its use as a solvent for the manufacture of cyclohexane and in a Diels–Alder reaction was assessed. These uses are compared with more conventional synthesis methods. The results indicate that processes that use IL are highly likely to have a larger life cycle environmental impact than more conventional methods. Sensitivity analysis shows that the result is robust to errors and variation in the data. For cyclohexane synthesis, the industrial gas phase process is the greenest, but the three solvents compared for the Diels–Alder reaction showed comparable life cycle impact. Alth...
S-9 Metabolic activation enhances aflatoxin-mediated transformation of C3H/10T 1/2 cells

Abstract The use of a rat liver S-9 metabolic activation system to enhance aflatoxin B 1 -mediated transformation of C3H/10T 1/2 cells was studied. Under conditions of metabolic activation, the cytotoxicity of Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) was increased approximately 10-fold over that observed in the absence of activation. Similarly, activation increased the transformation of these cells treated with 1 μg/ml AFB 1 greater than 10-fold when cells were treated in the absence of activation with 1 μg/ml AFB 1 for 3 hr, and four-to-fivefold over the transformation observed when cells were treated for 48 hr with 1 μg/ml AFB 1 . This same activation procedure also induced the transformation of these cells treated with 10 and 20 μg/ml cyclophosphamide, whereas no transformed foci were induced by these concentrations of cyclophosphamide in the absence of activation. The use of S-9 metabolic activation greatly increased the sensitivity of AFB 1 -mediated transformation of C3H/10T 1/2 cells, and should expand the range of chemical carcinogens, requiring metabolic activation, in particular mycotoxins related to AFB 1 , that can be effectively detected and studied in the C3H/10T 1/2 cell transformation assay.
The voices people read: Orthography and the representation of non-standard speech

Combining features of matched guise tests with sociolinguistic interviewing and oral performance, this study investigates the social meanings carried by non-standard orthographies. Participant evaluations of the personas represented by non-standard orthographies showed that people connected orthography to social identities. Specifically, we found that people uncritically and spontaneously read non-standard orthographies as indices of low socioeconomic status. When we asked participants to read texts out loud, we found marked shifts in their reading performances of texts in standard versus non-standard orthographies. Through a case study analysis of participants' readings and attitudes, we identify two kinds of stances taken by participants towards stigmatized identities indexed by non-standard orthographies. Finally, we use these case studies to argue for the necessity of contextually rich qualitative research methods for the study of language attitudes.
Membrane marker characterization of the eosinophil colony-forming cell.

Summary. We investigated the membrane markers of the eosinophil colony-forming cell (EO-CFC). Eosinophil colonies were identified by their ability to show densely packed cell growth and by staining for cyanide-resistant peroxidase activity. Bone marrow cells were characterized prior to soft agar culture by one of two methods: (1) standard erythrocyte (E) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosetting, or (2) by the human T- and B-cell surface markers, Leu 1 and HLA-DR, using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Eosinophil colonies developed mainly from the nonrosetting, null cell population. EO-CFC lacked the human T-cell marker Leu 1, but demonstrated the human B-cell marker, HLA-DR. EO-CFC were also present in peripheral blood and possessed similar properties to those in the bone marrow. The results indicate that EO-CFC are derived from the null lymphocyte cell population and possess HLA-DR markers.
On the response of linear systems to modulated sinusoidal inputs

Abstract An approximate series solution for the steady-state response of linear time-invariant systems to sinusoidal inputs with slowly varying amplitude and/or phase is presented. The solution is expressed in terms of the modulation function and its time derivatives, and the system transfer function and its derivatives, with respect to frequency. The first two or three terms in the series give a very good approximation to the response, with the possible exception of the case of very lightly damped systems with exciting frequency near a resonant frequency. The accuracy of the solution is demonstrated by applying it to an example problem for which an exact solution also can be obtained. The approximate results are also compared with those obtained by an asymptotic method. The approximate method of solution presented has certain advantages over other methods of exact or approximate solution. These advantages are discussed. The method is particularly convenient for use in viscoelastic vibration problems.
Attitudes Toward Use of Nursing Homes and Home Care in Older Japanese-Americans

OBJECTIVE: A cohort of 1142 older Japanese Americans was identified to study preferences and attitudes regarding use of long-term care (nursing home or home care). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Older Japanese Americans in King County, Washington. RESULTS: Subjects were asked to consider hypothetical situations in which they were temporarily disabled by hip fracture or permanently disabled by dementing illness. If they fractured a hip, only 12% intended to use a nursing home; 29% intended to recover at home with the help of family or friends; another 54% intended to use paid home health care. If they became demented, the majority (53%) intended to use a nursing home; only 11% intended to rely on family or friends for care, and another 29% intended to use paid home health care. Similar responses were observed when subjects were asked what most members of their family or friends would wish them to do; however, they tended to value the perceived wishes of religious figures or the Japanese American community-at-large less than those of family or friends. Significant correlates with intention to enter nursing homes were lack of social support (unmarried, few or no close relatives or housemates), female gender, and high levels of acculturation into American society (never lived in Japan, English-speaking only). Other factors that were not significantly correlated were health perceptions, satisfaction and life control scales, and health care utilization (hospitalizations and MD visits). In multivariate logistic regression, marital status and level of acculturation were the most powerful independent predictors of intention to enter nursing homes. Age and female gender were predictors of intention to use home care. In the base population of subjects, the prevalence of nursing homes use (5%) was similar to that of the general US older population. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that older Japanese Americans in the Pacific Northwest often intend to enter nursing homes if they became disabled by dementing illness. Actual use is similar to other older populations. This may be attributable largely to the existence of an ethnically appropriate nursing home which is strongly supported by, and familiar to, this close-knit community. Intention to use long-term care services appears to be dependent primarily on the level of social supports and acculturation into American society.