cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Dissociation in the Processing of Verb Meanings in Brain-Damaged Subjects.

In recent years an increasing amount of research has focused on the ways in which knowledge associated with verbs can be impaired by brain damage. Many different methods have been used to investiga...
Changing Attitudes toward Care of Aging Parents: The Influence of Education, International Travel, and Gender

Population aging is a key public health issue facing many countries, and is particularly pronounced in many Asian countries. At the same time, attitudes toward filial obligation are also rapidly changing, with a decreasing sense that children are responsible for caring for elderly parents. This investigation blends the family versus nonfamily mode of social organization framework with a life course perspective to provide insight into the processes of ideational change regarding filial responsibility, highlighting the influence of education and international travel. Using data from a longitudinal study in Nepal—the Chitwan Valley Family Study—results demonstrate that education and international travel are associated with a decrease in attitudes toward filial obligation. However, findings further reveal that the effects of education and international travel vary across the life course and by gender.
Vibrational Intensities XXV: Some Systematic Errors in Infrared Absorption Spectrophotometry of Liquid Samples

It is shown that the characteristic working parameters of infrared absorption spectrophotometry of liquids give rise to inevitable reflection and interference effects which grossly distort band shapes and integrated intensities and which seem to account for the long-observed and frustrating variability in apparent peak absorption coefficients.
The Growth of the Firm: The Legacy of Edith Penrose

1. Introduction and Overview 2. Edith Elura Tilton Penrose: Life, contribution, and influence 3. Mrs Penrose and Neoclassical Theory 4. The Significance of Penrose's Theory for the Development of Economics 5. Edith Penrose and Economics 6. Hercules and Penrose 7. The Growth of New Ventures: Analysis after Penrose 8. A Theory of the (Growth of the) Transnational Firm: A Penrosean perspective 9. Edith Penrose, Economics, and Strategic Management 10. Edith T. Penrose and Ronald H. Coase on the Nature of the Firm and the Nature of Industry 11. Regional Growth Dynamics: A capabilities perspective 12. Mismatching by Design: Explaining the dynamics of innovative capabilities of the firm with a Penrosean mark 13. Innovation, Profits, and Growth: Penrose and Schumpeter 14. The US Corporate Enterprise and 'The Theory of the Growth of the Firm' 15. Management Competence, Firm Growth, and Economic Progress
Response to Angiotensin II After Selective Lesioning of Brain Regions Believed to be Involved in Water Intake Regulation

The subfornical organ (SFO) and organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) are regions of the brain that border the third ventricle (outside the blood-brain barrier) and have been implicated in the control of water intake elicited by angiotensin II (ANGII). Studies were conducted in which the response to injected ANGII following lesions of the SFO (LSFO) or OVLT (LOVLT) in broiler chicks was observed. Three groups of birds were used for each trial: lesioned and ANGII-injected (LI); not lesioned and ANGII-injected (NLI); and not lesioned and saline-injected (NLC). In Experiment 1, water intake of LISFO was decreased through 3 h postinjection (P less than .01). Intakes of LISFO and NLCSFO were not significantly different through 1 h postinjection. The OVLT did not have an effect on cumulative water intake in response to intramuscular ANGII. Water intakes of LIOVLT and NLIOVLT did not differ from each other, but were significantly higher than NLCOVLT (P less than .05) at .5 and 1 h postinjection. Feed intake was unaltered by SFO or OVLT lesions. Feed intake was suppressed and water intake increased by ANGII injection. The present study indicates that the SFO, but not the OVLT, plays a role in ANGII-induced water intake in broiler chicks.
Somatization, anxiety and depression as measures of health-related quality of life of children/adolescents with cancer.

This descriptive study of health-related quality of life of children with cancer compared children/adolescents', parents' and teachers' ratings for somatization, depression and anxiety to determine if there were significant correlations among respondent scores. In addition, the percentage of agreement among respondents and significant differences based on age, gender, use of cranial radiation and treatment status were measured. Forty-three children/adolescents with cancer, currently receiving therapy for at least 1 year or who had completed therapy for no more than 3 years (excluding children who had received bone marrow transplants or who had brain tumors), were recruited, with a parent and teacher, from 3 university medical centers. The Behavioral Assessment System for Children questionnaires for children/adolescents, parents and teachers were used. Parents reported a higher level of depression for the children/adolescents with cancer than did the teachers or the children/adolescents themselves. Parents reported a higher level of anxiety for the children/adolescents than did the teachers. High positive correlations were found among scores from parents and teachers and among scores from parents and children/adolescents for the anxiety and depression but not somatization subscales. Children/adolescents and teachers had high, positively correlated scores only for the depression subscale. High, positive correlations were found between somatization, anxiety and depression within each group of respondents. A significant percentage of agreement between all respondents on ratings for at-risk status was obtained only for the depression subscale. Age was the only variable found to have an influence on scores and only for the anxiety subscale.
Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor VX-497: a comparison with ribavirin and demonstration of antiviral additivity with alpha interferon.

The enzyme IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes an essential step in the de novo biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides, namely, the conversion of IMP to XMP. The major event occurring in cells exposed to competitive IMPDH inhibitors such as ribavirin or uncompetitive inhibitors such as mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a depletion of the intracellular GTP and dGTP pools. Ribavirin is approved as an inhaled antiviral agent for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and orally, in combination with alpha interferon (IFN-α), for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. VX-497 is a potent, reversible uncompetitive IMPDH inhibitor which is structurally unrelated to other known IMPDH inhibitors. Studies were performed to compare VX-497 and ribavirin in terms of their cytotoxicities and their efficacies against a variety of viruses. They included DNA viruses (hepatitis B virus [HBV], human cytomegalovirus [HCMV], and herpes simplex virus type 1 [HSV-1]) and RNA viruses (respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus [VEEV], dengue virus, yellow fever virus, coxsackie B3 virus, encephalomyocarditis virus [EMCV], and influenza A virus). VX-497 was 17- to 186-fold more potent than ribavirin against HBV, HCMV, RSV, HSV-1, parainfluenza-3 virus, EMCV, and VEEV infections in cultured cells. The therapeutic index of VX-497 was significantly better than that of ribavirin for HBV and HCMV (14- and 39-fold, respectively). Finally, the antiviral effect of VX-497 in combination with IFN-α was compared to that of ribavirin with IFN-α in the EMCV replication system. Both VX-497 and ribavirin demonstrated additivity when coapplied with IFN-α, with VX-497 again being the more potent in this combination. These data are supportive of the hypothesis that VX-497, like ribavirin, is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
The spectral properties and photosensitivities of analogue photopigments regenerated with 10- and 14-substituted retinal analogues.

Analogues of 11-cis- and 9-cis-retinal with substitutions at positions 10 and 14 were used to regenerate analogue photopigments with two opsins: that of the transmuted (cone-like) 521-pigment of Gekko gekko and that of the rhodopsin of Porichthys notatus. The spectral absorbances and photosensitivities of the regenerated photopigments were determined and compared, first, between the two systems of analogue photopigments, and second, in the responses to the two opsins. Unlike the 10-fluoropigments, the comparable 14-compounds were significantly redshifted by 19-30 nm and their sensitivity to light was similar to that of the parent 11-cis- and 9-cis-pigments. These were the results for both analogue pigments. In contrast, the 10-pigments were spectrally located close to the wavelengths of the parent compounds and the photosensitivity was significantly reduced, especially in the case of the 9-cis-analogues. Evidence was obtained for a steric hindrance effect at position 14, for no regeneration was obtained when methyl or ethyl groups were at this carbon. In the 10-substituted retinals, steric hindrance was noted only for the gecko; only the fluorosubstituted, but not the chloro-, the methyl- or the ethyl-substituted, retinals reacted. With the fish opsin, pigments were regenerated with all but the ethyl-substituted retinal. The gecko opsin appears to have a more restricted binding site. Another feature of the gecko was related to the chloride bathochromic and hyperchromic effects, in which the 521-pigment prepared in a chloride-deficient state has a blue-shifted spectrum compared with the spectrum obtained after the addition of chloride, and its extinction is raised by the addition of chloride to give a mean ratio of 1.23 for the two extinctions, one with, the other without, added chloride. The 11-cis-10-F-analogue pigment gave both chloride effects and the hyperchromic ratio was the same as that recorded for the native visual pigment. In contrast, the pigment formed with 11-cis-14-F-retinal gave a hyperchromic ratio significantly greater than 1.23. A similar contrast in the responses to chloride was obtained with the analogue photopigments regenerated with the 9-cis-10-F- and 9-cis-14-F-chromophores. This difference between the two systems is interpreted as the result of a specific configurational feature of the gecko opsin when in the chloride-deficient state that is relevant to the binding of the retinal analogue. Together, the results point to a different interaction with the visual protein on the part of the 10- and 14-substituted retinals. The latter adjust the pigment colour by acting specifically at the opsin site of the negative counter ion responsible for adjusting the degree of protonation of the Schiff base nitrogen.
A FORTRAN 77 program for detecting differential item functioning through the Mantel-Haenszel statistic

The Mantel-Haenszel technique proposed by Holland and Thayer has been increasingly used by researchers and practitioners for studying differential item functioning (DIF). This paper briefly describes the Mantel-Haenszel methodology for performing DIF analysis, and describes a FORTRAN program to do the same. In addition, the procedure is illustrated through an example and interpretation of the results are discussed.
Work in progress — Using podcasting in engineering education

Podcasting allow students to learn outside the boundaries of the classroom and without time constraints. Podcasting is an audio broadcast that has been converted to an audio file format for playback over the Internet or in a digital music player. Podcasting cannot replace the classroom; however, it gives students a new way to broadcast concepts they have learned and allows educators to interact with their students. In a computer information system and software engineering course, podcasting was used to add value to the in-classroom experience and enhance course content. In both classes groups of students were required to investigate real-world software failures and produce a fifteen-minute podcast that demonstrated the failure and its impact on society. This work-in-progress will discuss how students used podcasting to understand how course content applied in the real world and how they could effectively communicate this knowledge to the rest of the class without taking class time and finally, how the students improved their teamwork skills by participating in the group podcasting assignment.
Cooling in reduced period optical lattices: Non-zero Raman detuning

Abstract In a previous paper [Phys. Rev. A 72 (2005) 033415], it was shown that sub-Doppler cooling occurs in a standing-wave Raman scheme (SWRS) that can lead to reduced period optical lattices. These calculations are extended to allow for non-zero detuning of the Raman transitions. New physical phenomena are encountered, including cooling to non-zero velocities, combinations of Sisyphus and “corkscrew” polarization cooling, and somewhat unusual origins of the friction force. The calculations are carried out in a semi-classical approximation and a dressed state picture is introduced to aid in the interpretation of the results.
Commercial and industrial land use change, job decentralization and growth controls: a spatially explicit analysis

This article studies the creation of commercial and industrial spaces and consequently jobs in suburban and exurban areas of Montgomery County, MD – part of the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. We utilize a spatially explicit framework of land use change analysis – which to date, has been applied solely in studies of residential decentralization and sprawl – to examine employment decentralization, a dominant trend in the United States. In view of the actual and potential impacts of this form of urban development, we argue for the need for balanced attention to both residential and job decentralization due to inconclusive evidence on whether people follow jobs or firms follow people towards suburbia and exurbia. We test the significance of market conditions, local government growth controls and other factors as drivers of industrial and commercial land use change through discrete choice statistical models.
Conditioning of Flowing Multiphase Samples for Chemical Analysis

Abstract The chemical analysis of process streams is a common task that must be completed thousands of times every day in the chemical industry. In refineries, at gas wells, in chemical processing plants, and in fine pharmaceutical facilities, there is a continual need for the chemical analysis of products and intermediates. Less common but no less important are the many instances in which such process samples must be handled in state‐of‐the‐art analytical chemistry labs. Unlike the typical samples presented in the analytical laboratory, process streams are seldom well behaved. Very often, process streams present multiphase samples to the analytical device. In this context, multiphase means that there is a gaseous or vapor phase plus one or more liquid phases. Because of the complexities of vapor/liquid equilibrium, a multiphase (two or more phase) mixture cannot be analyzed reliably. Sample conditioning is required before any analysis is attempted. This means that the gaseous and liquid fractions of the ...
Genomic cis-Regulatory Architecture and trans-Acting Regulators of a Single Interneuron-Specific Gene Battery in C. elegans

Gene batteries are sets of coregulated genes with common cis-regulatory elements that define the differentiated state of a cell. The nature of gene batteries for individual neuronal cellular subtypes and their linked cis-regulatory elements is poorly defined. Through molecular dissection of the highly modular cis-regulatory architecture of individual neuronally expressed genes, we have defined a conserved 16 bp cis-regulatory motif that drives gene expression in a single interneuron subtype, termed AIY, in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This motif is bound and activated by the Paired- and LIM-type homeodomain proteins CEH-10 and TTX-3. Using genome-wide phylogenetic footprinting, we delineated the location, distribution, and evolution of AIY-specific cis-regulatory elements throughout the genome and thereby defined a large battery of AIY-expressed genes, all of which represent direct Paired/LIM homeodomain target genes. The identity of these homeodomain targets provides novel insights into the biology of the AIY interneuron.
Generation of a germ cell-specific mouse transgenic CHERRY reporter, Sohlh1-mCherryFlag.

Visualization of differentiating germ cells is critical to understanding the formation of primordial follicles in the ovary, and the commitment of spermatogonial stem cells to differentiation. We engineered and generated a BAC transgenic mouse line, Sohlh1-mCherryFlag (S1CF), under the direction of the native Sohlh1 promoter. Sohlh1 is a germ cell-specific gene that encodes the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional regulator that is essential in oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Sohlh1 expression is unique, and is limited to perinatal and early follicle oocytes and differentiating spermatogonia. The Sohlh1-mCherryFlag transgene was engineered to fuse SOHLH1 to the red fluorescent protein CHERRY with 3-tandem-FLAG tags. S1CF animals fluoresce specifically in the oocytes of perinatal ovaries and small follicles in adult ovaries, as well as in spermatogonia, a pattern that is similar to endogenous SOHLH1. Moreover, S1CF rescued germ cell loss and infertility in both male and female Sohlh1−/− animals. The FLAG-tag on S1CF was effective for immunostaining and immunoprecipitation. The Sohlh1-mCherryFlag transgenic mouse provides a unique model to study early germ cell differentiation, as well as in vivo imaging and purification of differentiating germ cells.
Computer-assisted psychotherapy

By making careful selections and arrangements from the numerous items of information that arise in dynamic psychotherapy and filing them in a microcomputer, this information can be made more readily available to the therapist. Its greater availability can facilitate developing understanding of the patient, making specific and timely insightful interventions, and supporting other aspects of the therapy.
Use of corridor-like landscape structures by bird and small mammal species

Abstract We investigated the use of corridor-like structures by birds and rodents in coastal San Diego County, California, USA, in areas characterized by dense residential development and small remnant habitat fragments. In 1992 and 1993 we compared the use of remnant strips of coastal sage scrub habitat and revegetated highway rights-of-way (ROW) with that of larger remnant patches of coastal sage scrub habitat to which these strips were connected. Using live trapping we compared rodent species composition, percent of females reproducing, and recapture frequency among the three site types. Rodent species richness did not differ significantly among the three site types. One species, Peromyscus eremicus was significantly more abundant in ROW sites, while several other species, Rheithrodontomys californicus , Chaetodipus californicus and C. fallax showed a similar, though non-significant trend. Peromyscus californicus was most abundant in remnant strips while Neotoma fuscipes used ROW sites less than remnant strips or patches. No significant differences were detected among the three site types in recapture frequency or proportion of females in reproductive condition. Common bird species were a priori divided into two categories based on previous research in this region: fragmentation-sensitive and fragmentation-tolerant. Species richness in remnant strips of habitat was similar to that in remnant patches for both categories of species. Species richness of the fragmentation-sensitive species was significantly lower in ROW sites than in remnant strips or patches by a factor of 4–10. Species richness in fragmentation-tolerant species was significantly lower in ROW sites in 1993 by less than a factor of two. The greater reduction in fragmentation-sensitive species suggests they have more stringent corridor requirements than do fragmentation-tolerant species. The species richness per site for fragmentation-sensitive bird species was significantly correlated with the percent cover of native shrubs in 1993 in patch and remnant strip sites. Fragmentation-tolerant bird species showed no consistent trend with shrub cover. Rodent species richness trended higher with increasing shrub cover in five of six site-type/year combinations, but none of the correlations were significant. Within the range of width and length examined there was no correlation between bird or rodent species richness and length or width of these corridor-like structures. These results indicate that remnant strips of habitat and revegetated highway ROW have potential to serve as habitat linkages for native rodents and fragmentation-tolerant bird species, but only remnant habitat strips appear suitable for fragmentation-sensitive bird species.
Mortality in acute staphylococcal empyema in infants and children

Summary 1. Mortality statistics in thirty-three cases of acute staphylococcalempyema in infants and children are presented. 2. The disease is most common in the first year of life. 3. Age is the single most important factor influencing mortality.From birth to 4 months of age, the mortality was 66.7 per cent. From 4 months to 12 years of age, the mortality was 4.8 per cent. 4. Differences in the pathologic reactions and immune responseshave been demonstrated between the very young infant and the older age groups. 5. In the fatal cases in early infancy, progression of the underlyingstaphylococcal pneumonic process has appeared to be the cause of death. It is suggested that improvement in mortality rates in this age group probably must derive from a more effective therapy of the staphylococcal pneumonia.
Interferometric fringe fluorescence photobleaching recovery interrogates entire cell surfaces.

Fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) measurements of cell surface protein lateral diffusion typically employ an interrogated spot of 0.5 microm 1/e2 radius. The effective spot area represents only 1/500 of the total surface of an 8-microm cell. An FPR measurement of a protein expressed as 50,000 copies per cell reflects the dynamics of 100 molecules. This limits the precision and reproducibility of FPR measurements. We describe a method for interferometric fringe pattern FPR that permits simultaneous interrogation of the entire cell's surface. Fringe patterns are generated interferometrically within the optical path of an FPR system. Methods for interpreting fluorescence recovery kinetics on cells and for determining the protein mobile fraction are presented. With fringe FPR, the murine major histocompatibility complex class II antigen I-Ak expressed on M12.C3.F6 cells has 100-fold improved fluorescence signals relative to spot FPR, with corresponding improvements in signal-to-noise ratios of recovery traces. Diffusion coefficients (+/- standard deviation) of (2.1 +/- 0.4) x 10(-10) and (1.8 +/- 1.0) x 10(-10) cm2 s-1 with corresponding mobile fractions of I-Ak of 66.1 +/- 7.8% and 63.4 +/- 18.0% were obtained by fringe and spot methods, respectively. The improved reproducibility of fringe over spot results is less than signal improvements predict. There may thus be substantial variation from cell to cell in protein dynamics, and this method may permit the assessment of such variation.
Efficient Processing of DNA Ends during Yeast Nonhomologous End Joining EVIDENCE FOR A DNA POLYMERASE β (POL4)-DEPENDENT PATHWAY

Repair of DNA double strand breaks by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) requires enzymatic processing beyond simple ligation when the terminal bases are damaged or not fully compatible. We transformed yeast with a series of linearized plasmids to examine the role of Pol4 (Pol IV, DNA polymerase β) in repair at a variety of end configurations. Mutation of POL4 did not impair DNA polymerase-independent religation of fully compatible ends and led to at most a 2-fold reduction in the frequency of joins that require only DNA polymerization. In contrast, the frequency of joins that also required removal of a 5′- or 3′-terminal mismatch was markedly reduced in pol4 (but not rev3 ,exo1 , apn1 , or rad1 ) yeast. In a chromosomal double strand break assay, pol4 mutation conferred a marked increase in sensitivity to HO endonuclease in arad52 background, due primarily to loss of an NHEJ event that anneals with a 3′-terminal mismatch. The NHEJ activity of Pol4 was dependent on its nucleotidyl transferase function, as well as its unique amino terminus. Paradoxically, in vitro analyses with oligonucleotide substrates demonstrated that although Pol4 fills gaps with displacement of mismatched but not matched 5′ termini, it lacks both 5′- and 3′-terminal nuclease activities. Pol4 is thus specifically recruited to perform gap-filling in an NHEJ pathway that must also involve as yet unidentified nucleases.
Response of benthic metabolism and nutrient cycling to reductions in wastewater loading to Boston Harbor, USA

Abstract We describe the long-term response of benthic metabolism in depositional sediments of Boston Harbor, MA, to large reductions in organic matter and nutrient loading. Although Boston Harbor received very high loadings of nutrients and solids it differs from many eutrophic estuaries in that severe hypoxia was prevented by strong tidal flushing. Our study was conducted for 9 years during which a series of improvements to sewage treatment were implemented, followed by 10 years after the culminating step in the clean-up, which was to divert all wastewater effluent offshore. Counter to expectations, sediment oxygen demand and nutrient effluxes initially increased at some stations, reaching some of the highest rates recorded in the literature, and were spatially and temporally quite variable. Early increases were attributed to macrofaunal effects, as sediments at some sites were rapidly colonized by tube-building amphipods, Ampelisca spp., which dominated a dense macrofaunal mat community. As reductions in loading progressed, however, mean rates in oxygen uptake and release of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate all decreased. At the point of outfall diversion, rates and variability had already decreased substantially. By the end of the study, average oxygen uptake had decreased from 74 to 41 mmol m −2 d −1 and spatial and temporal variability had decreased. Similarly, nutrient fluxes were less than half the rates measured at the start of the project and also less variable. Other evidence of improved conditions included a decrease in the carbon content of sediments at most stations and higher Eh values at all stations, illustrating less reducing conditions. Denitrification also showed an overall decrease from the beginning to the end of the 19-year study, but was highest during the intermediate phases of the cleanup, reaching 9 mmol N m −2 d −1 . At the end of the study denitrification averaged for all sites was 2.2 mmol N m −2 d −1 , but when compared to current loadings, had become a more important overall sink for N within the harbor. Few long-term examinations of the responses of sediment biogeochemistry to reductions in nutrient and organic matter loading have been reported. Our findings demonstrate that benthic fluxes may respond to reductions in loading in complex ways, and sediments need not represent a long-term legacy that would impede ecosystems recovery.
The nature of the artifactual synalbumin insulin antagonist.

The levels of insulin antagonism exhibited by human plasma albumin samples extracted by the alcoholic-trichloroacetic acid (TCA) method were found to vary over a wide range. Similar variations were found in the chlorine contents of these albumin samples, thus indicating a variation in TCA content. Chlorine content correlated with the levels of antagnonism exhibited by the various samples. Both chlorine levels and antagonistic activity were reduced appreciably by chromatography with Dowex 50W ion exchange resin. When Dowex treated (nonantagonistic) albumin was dissolved in water and re-extracted by the TCA-ethanol method, the resulting albumin preparations were high in chlorine content and highly antagonistic toward insulin. Nonantagonistic albumin was rendered antagonistic by the addition of TCA. The levels of antagonism exhibited by the TCA treated albumin preparations correlated with their chlorine contents. It is concluded that at least a portion of the insulin inhibitory effects exhibited by albumin preparations isolated by the TCA-ethanol method is due to TCA which is bound to the protein.
Correspondence Between CIELAB and CIELUV Color Differences

The CIE presently recommends two uniform color spaces, the CIE 1976 (L*u*v*)-space (CIELUV) and the CIE 1976 (L*a*b*)-space (CIELAB). With each of these spaces is associated a color-difference formula. Color differences calculated by one formula cannot readily be converted to color differences calculated by the other formula. A conversion factor such as ρ = ΔEuv*/ΔEab* cannot be determined uniquely. However, for any given location in color space, it is possible to determine a range, ρmin ⩽ ρ ⩽ ρmax, within which ρ must lie. Lines of constant ρmin and ρmax can be plotted in (L*a*b*)-space which indicate the range of ρ in (L*u*v*)-space.
Interpreting Official British Statistics on Addiction

The statistical data issued by Britain's Home Office and Department of Health and Social Security are better and more detailed than comparable data issued by United States drug agencies. Since 1968, the main basis of these high-quality British statistics is that many, if not most, opiate addicts receive legal dosages at special treatment clinics. The well-trained, experienced staff of these clinics make knowledgeable decisions about a client's addiction, efficiently regulate dosage, and otherwise exert some degree of control over addicts (Judson, 1973). The cooperation of police and courts is also valuable in collecting data on drug convictions.The data presented in these tables indicate that a rising problem of heroin addiction between 1962 and 1967 was arrested by the introduction of the treatment clinics in 1968. It also indicates that legally maintained heroin addiction has been reduced by almost one-third since 1968, although the individual's average heroin dose was not greatly reduced; also, most he...
Imaging intact tissue microstructures using a multimodal, high-resolution microscope

We describe a custom microscope which utilizes autofluorescence and light scattering to interrogate whole tissue specimens. Preliminary studies using human and animal tissues demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for real-time imaging of tissue microstructures.
Thermal decomposition of dimethyldioxirane

Abstract The thermal decomposition of dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) was followed by uv/vis spectroscopy at 340 nm. At high concentration of DMDO (≈0.1M) the decomposition was found to to have an induction period followed by rapid decay. The rapid decay was shown to be caused by presence of reaction products. At low concentration of DMDO (≈0.02M) the decomposition was found to be first order with an Ea of 24.9 kcal/mol. Based on this result it is estimated that the dioxybiradical produced by cleavage of the OO bond shows an activation energy of about 10 kcal/m for reclosure back to the DMDO.
Integrated System Design for Air Revitalization in Next Generation Crewed Spacecraft

The capabilities of NASA's existing environmental control and life support (ECLS) system designs are inadequate for future human space initiatives that involve long-duration space voyages and interplanetary missions. This paper discusses the concept of an integrated system of CO2 removal and trace contaminant control units that utilizes novel gas separation and purification techniques and optimized thermal and mechanical design, for future spacecraft. The integration process will enhance the overall life and economics of the existing systems by eliminating multiple mechanical devices with moving parts.
Measurement of grain and seed moisture and density through permittivity relationships

The importance of moisture measurement in grain and seed is discussed, and a brief history of the development of moisture sensing instruments, based on sensing of dielectric properties of these materials, is presented. Data are presented graphically on the permittivities or dielectric properties of grain and seed showing their variation with frequency, moisture content, temperature, and bulk density, and references are cited for further information. More recent developments on microwave measurements for moisture content and bulk density sensing are briefly described, and numerous studies are cited providing sources of information on these promising techniques.
An Articulatory Analysis of Phonological Transfer Using Real-Time MRI

Phonological transfer is the influence of a first language on phonological variations made when speaking a second language. With automatic pronunciation assessment applications in mind, this study intends to uncover evidence of phonological transfer in terms of articulation. Real-time MRI videos from three German speakers of English and three native English speakers are compared to uncover the influence of German consonants on close English consonants not found in German. Results show that nonnative speakers demonstrate the effects of L1 transfer through the absence of articulatory contrasts seen in native speakers, while still maintaining minimal articulatory contrasts that are necessary for automatic detection of pronunciation errors, encouraging the further use of articulatory models for speech error characterization and detection. Index Terms: real-time MRI, nonnative speech, articulation, phonological transfer
With and Without Words: Exploring Occupation in Relation to Young Children with Autism

Abstract In studying young children with autism and other developmental disabilities as occupational beings, determining what constitutes occupations is challenging, in part because existing definitions of occupation do not seem to fit the children. This paper explores what is an occupation for children with autism. By integrating literature and original research, this paper provides a working definition of occupation to fit the observed lives of five young children with autism. Occupation is defined as “a set of directed actions connected by physical movements, materials, space, or purpose within a time period, in a way that is meaningful to the individual executing them”. Words are not the only mode of defining occupation. Participants also were engaged in the process of defining, or framing those occupations in the moment that they were occurring. Framing is the process of identifying what is and is not the activity and what is relevant and irrelevant. An occupational frame has two components: the obse...
Training for vigilance: using predictive power to evaluate feedback effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of knowledge of results (KR) on vigilance accuracy and report the first use of positive and negative predictive power (PPP and NPP) to assess vigilance training effectiveness. BACKGROUND: Training individuals to detect infrequent signals among a plethora of nonsignals is critical to success in many failure-intolerant monitoring technologies. KR has been widely used for vigilance training, but the effect of the schedule of KR presentation on accuracy has been neglected. Previous research on training for vigilance has used signal detection metrics or hits and false alarms. In this study diagnosticity measures were applied to augment traditional analytic methods. METHOD: We examined the effects of continuous KR and a partial-KR regimen versus a no-KR control on decision diagnosticity. RESULTS: Signal detection theory (SDT) analysis indicated that KR induced conservatism in responding but did not enhance sensitivity. However, KR in both forms equally enhanced PPP while selectively impairing NPP. CONCLUSION: There is a trade-off in the effectiveness of KR in reducing false alarms and misses. Together, SDT and PPP/NPP measures provide a more complete portrait of performance effects. APPLICATION: PPP and NPP together provide another assessment technique for vigilance performance, and as additional diagnostic tools, these measures are potentially useful to the human factors community. Language: en
The Power of Verbal Scaffolding: "Showing" Beginning Readers How to Use Reading Strategies.

A single case study design was employed to describe the nature of one teacher’s verbal scaffolding used during differentiated reading instruction in a kindergarten classroom. The teacher participant was selected from a group of exemplary teachers nominated from two school districts in southwestern Pennsylvania. Multiple sources of data, including transcripts of video-taped small group literacy lessons, were analyzed to glean insight regarding the nature of verbal scaffolding in classroom instruction. Transcripts were coded to identify salient patterns and themes related to lesson differentiation. The following categories were used to define the different types of talk used by the teacher to promote the independent use of strategies in reading: direct explanation, explicit modeling, invitations to participate, clarification, verification, and telling. Excerpts from transcripts are provided to illustrate examples of the different verbal scaffolds observed during the study. The teacher participant in this case study provides one example of how intentional verbal scaffolding can be used in early literacy instruction. Findings suggest this may have positive implications for student literacy growth. Furthermore, this study offers rich descriptions of verbal scaffolding and quality examples of differentiated instruction that can support pre-service teachers and in-service teachers as they plan for effective literacy instruction.
Children without friends: Implications for practice and policy.

Children's friendships provide a logical focus for school mental health programs: they act as early warnings of and preventive interventions for both scholastic and socioemotional distress. This ar...
Forecasting Reference Evapotranspiration Using Retrospective Forecast Analogs in the Southeastern United States

AbstractAccurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is needed for determining agricultural water demand and reservoir losses and driving hydrologic simulation models. This study was conducted to explore the application of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s (NCEP’s) Global Forecast System (GFS) retrospective forecast (reforecast) dataset combined with the NCEP–U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Reanalysis 2 dataset (R2) to forecast ET0 in the southeastern United States using a forecast analog approach. Seven approaches of estimating ET0 using the Penman–Monteith (PM) and Thornthwaite equations were evaluated by substitution of climatological mean values of variables or by bias correcting variables including solar radiation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature using the R2 dataset. The skill of both terciles and extremes (10th and 90th percentiles) were evaluated. Overall, for the ET0 forecast approaches that combined R2 solar radiation with temperature, relative humidit...
Joint ARQ Receiver Design for Bandwidth Efficient MIMO Systems

In this work, we develop a joint ARQ receiver design for channel estimation and equalization under bandwidth efficient automatic repeat request (ARQ) in multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) system. Our retransmission proposal improves bandwidth efficiency by sending a partial response of the original data sequence and by potentially omitting training sequence. To estimate unknown channels and to detect the transmitted data, our design of joint ARQ receivers can implement semiblind channel estimation and joint detection based on multiple transmissions. We demonstrate bandwidth savings without significant performance loss. We also propose a low complexity joint ARQ equalizer that minimizes the mean square error and provides a good design trade-off between performance and complexity.
Estrogen-Related Receptor α1 Functionally Binds as a Monomer to Extended Half-Site Sequences Including Ones Contained within Estrogen-Response Elements

The human estrogen-related receptor a1 (hERRa1) is an orphan member of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. A cDNA encoding this protein was originally isolated on the basis of sequence similarity in its DNA-binding domain with estrogen receptor a (ERa). Previously, we reported the purification of hERRa1 from HeLa cell nuclear extracts on the basis of its ability to bind two sites in the late promoter of simian virus 40 (SV40). We have now determined the primary structure and the DNA and protein binding specificities of hERRa1 and developed in vivo and in vitro assays for its functional activities. hERRa1 was found to bind as a monomer, with a high-affinity binding site containing the extended half-site sequence 5*-TCAAGGTCA-3*. Binding sites for hERRa1 were identified in many cellular promoters, including some that were previously shown to function as estrogenresponse elements (EREs). hERRa1 was shown to function as a sequence-specific repressor of the SV40 late promoter in both cell culture and cell-free transcription sytems. It was also shown to interact with both ERa and the transcription factor TFIIB by direct protein-protein contacts. Thus, hERRa1 may play a role in the response of some genes to estrogen via heterodimerization with ERs or competition with ERs for binding to EREs. (Molecular Endocrinology 11: 342‐352, 1997)
The Search for Homology Does Not Limit the Rate of Extrachromosomal Homologous Recombination in Mammalian Cells

Mouse LTK- cells were transfected with a pair of defective Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk) genes. One tk gene had an 8-bp insertion mutation while the second gene had a 100-bp inversion. Extrachromosomal homologous recombination leading to the reconstruction of a functional tk gene was monitored by selecting for tk positive cells using medium supplemented with hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine. To assess whether the search for homology may be a rate-limiting step of recombination, we asked whether the presence of an excess number of copies of a tk gene possessing both the insertion and inversion mutations could inhibit recombination between the singly mutated tk genes. Effective competitive inhibition would require that homology searching (homologous pairing) occur rapidly and efficiently. We cotransfected plasmid constructs containing the singly mutated genes in the presence or absence of competitor sequences in various combinations of linear or circular forms. We observed effective inhibition by the competitor DNA in six of the seven combinations studied. A lack of inhibition was observed only when the insertion mutant gene was cleaved within the insertion mutation and cotransfected with the two other molecules in circular form. Additional experiments suggested that homologous interactions between two DNA sequences may compete in trans with recombination between two other sequences. We conclude that homology searching is not a rate-limiting step of extrachromosomal recombination in mammalian cells. Additionally, we speculate that a limiting factor is involved in a recombination step following homologous pairing and has a high affinity for DNA termini.
Available Energy of Geophysical Systems

AbstractAn alternative derivation of the available energy for a geophysical fluid system is presented. It is shown that determination of the equilibrium temperature of the system by the minimization of an energy availability function is equivalent to that found by the vanishing of the entropy difference between the fluid and its equilibrium state. Applications to the atmosphere and the ocean are presented.
Automated Insect Identification through Concatenated Histograms of Local Appearance Features

This paper describes a fully automated stone fly-larvae classification system using a local features approach. It compares the three region detectors employed by the system: the Hessian-affine detector, the Kadir entropy detector and a new detector we have developed called the principal curvature based region detector (PCBR). It introduces a concatenated feature histogram (CFH) methodology that uses histograms of local region descriptors as feature vectors for classification and compares the results using this methodology to that of Opelt [Opelt, A, et.al., 2006.] on three stonefly identification tasks. Our results indicate that the PCBR detector outperforms the other two detectors on the most difficult discrimination task and that the use of all three detectors outperforms any other configuration. The CFH methodology also outperforms the Opelt methodology in these tasks
Shifts in the spatio-temporal growth dynamics of shortleaf pine

Previous studies focusing on the growth history of Pinus echinata at the edge of its geographical range have suggested that changes in growth correspond to climatic and non-climatic (e.g., anthropogenic) factors. We employ a regime-dependent state-space model that allows us to detect and characterize the changes in tree growth dynamics over space and time using readily available dendrochronological and climatic data in the presence of various sources of uncertainty. We utilize methods common in atmospheric sciences but relatively unknown in ecology and forestry to develop a hierarchical model for tree growth and describe the growth dynamics. The utility of such methods for addressing ecological problems will grow as more high dimensional spatio-temporal processes are considered and datasets become more readily available.
Functional effects of mutations in the tropomyosin-binding sites of tropomodulin1 and tropomodulin3

Tropomodulins (Tmods) interact with tropomyosins (TMs) via two TM-binding sites and cap the pointed ends of TM-coated actin filaments. To study the functional interplay between TM binding and TM-actin filament capping by Tmods, we introduced disabling mutations into the first, second, or both TM-binding sites of full-length Tmod1 (Tmod1-L27G, Tmod1-I131D, and Tmod1-L27G/I131D, respectively) and full-length Tmod3 (Tmod3-L29G, Tmod3-L134D, and Tmod3-L29G/L134D, respectively). Tmod1 and Tmod3 showed somewhat different TM-binding site utilization, but nearly all TM binding was abolished in Tmod1-L27G/I131D and Tmod3-L29G/L134D. Disruption of Tmod-TM binding had a modest effect on Tmod1's ability and no effect on Tmod3's ability to stabilize TM-actin pointed ends against latrunculin A-induced depolymerization. However, disruption of Tmod-TM binding did significantly impair the ability of Tmod3 to reduce elongation rates at pointed ends with α/βTM, albeit less so with TM5NM1, and not at all with TM5b. For Tmod1, disruption of Tmod-TM binding only slightly impaired its ability to reduce elongation rates with α/βTM and TM5NM1, but not at all with TM5b. Thus, Tmod-TM binding has a greater influence on Tmods' ability to inhibit subunit association as compared to dissociation from TM-actin pointed ends, particularly for α/βTM, with Tmod3's activity being more dependent on TM binding than Tmod1's activity. Nevertheless, disruption of Tmod1-TM binding precluded Tmod1 targeting to thin filament pointed ends in cardiac myocytes, suggesting that the functional effects of Tmod-TM binding on TM-coated actin filament capping can be significantly modulated by the in vivo conformation of the pointed end or other factors in the intracellular environment.