cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isn't the Avant Garde Always Pedagogical: Experimental Poetics and / as Pedagogy

My purpose here is to discuss a range of positions on the relations between poetry and pedagogy within recent avant-garde writing, by looking at work that not only thematizes but also formally instantiates those relations. Given the range and vigor of creative writing programs across the country, the poetry associated with that site might seem a more obvious body of work to discuss in relation to pedagogy. So why avant-garde poetics and pedagogy particularly? The simultaneous legacies of didacticism and anti-institutionalism within avant-garde poetics make that poetics an especially fruitful site for thinking about teaching. Furthermore, interesting poems have been produced out of the conflicted contemporary version of these twin legacies—“interesting” precisely because the inherent tension between avant-garde practice and the academy has grown much more complicated as institutionalized pedagogy has increasingly become a central medium for disseminating avant-garde work. Hence my interest in these questions: How have some recent experimental poets responded to, used, or viewed the pedagogical situation? In other words, how have these poets treated “pedagogy” in their work, and what might the answers to that question suggest for our understanding of the relationship between innovative writing and the academy?1
Guanylyltransferase Activity of the LEF-4 Subunit of Baculovirus RNA Polymerase

The baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus encodes a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that transcribes viral late genes. This polymerase is composed of four equimolar subunits, LEF-4, LEF-8, LEF-9, and p47. Here we present data indicating that the LEF-4 subunit of RNA polymerase is a guanylyltransferase. Incubation of RNA polymerase in the presence of divalent cation and radiolabeled GTP resulted in the formation of a covalent enzyme-guanylate complex that comigrated with the LEF-4 subunit. The label transfer assay showed an absolute requirement for divalent cation which could be satisfied by either manganese or magnesium. The reaction was specific for guanine nucleotides, and GTP was more effective than dGTP in the formation of enzyme-guanylate complex. To demonstrate that LEF-4 was the guanylyltransferase, the single subunit was overexpressed in baculovirus-infected cells. The overexpressed protein was primarily cytosolic, indicating that other proteins in the RNA polymerase complex were responsible for nuclear targeting of LEF-4. LEF-4 alone was able to covalently bind GMP, although less efficiently than viral RNA polymerase.
Trojan Politics and the Assemblies of Iliad 7

The public decision-making of the Trojans is portrayed as disorderly, authoritarian, and unresponsive, in contrast to the more open debates of the Achaeans, an institutional failing that contributes to the fall of the city.
O envolvimento dos Estados Unidos no comércio transatlântico de escravos para o Brasil (1840-1858)

Ships built in the United States played an important role in the transatlantic slave trade from Africa to Brazil. After the War of 1812 between the United States and England (1812-15), United States merchants and ship builders looked for new trading opportunities in an expanding Atlantic economy. One such opportunity was the transport of African slaves to work on agricultural estates in Brazil. During a peak in slave importations during the 1840s, United States ships transported thousands of African slaves to Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. United States consuls stationed in those two cities aided in efforts to suppress the slave traffic. Depositions by ship captains and crew members to U.S. consuls provide a rich source for analyzing the transatlantic slave trade to Brazil in the years between 1840 and 1858
πBox: a platform for privacy-preserving apps

We present πBox, a new application platform that prevents apps from misusing information about their users. To strike a useful balance between users' privacy and apps' functional needs, πBox shifts much of the responsibility for protecting privacy from the app and its users to the platform itself. To achieve this, πBox deploys (1) a sandbox that spans the user's device and the cloud, (2) specialized storage and communication channels that enable common app functionalities, and (3) an adaptation of recent theoretical algorithms for differential privacy under continual observation.We describe a prototype implementation of πBox and show how it enables a wide range of useful apps with minimal performance overhead and without sacrificing user privacy.
Fluorescence and protein structure. XVII. On the mechanism of peptide quenching.

Abstract 1. 1. There is considerable evidence that the peptide group partially quenches fluorescence of tryptophanyl and tyrosyl residues. In the endeavour to account for this phenomenon, four mechanisms were considered. (1) A classic dipole-dipole resonance transfer of energy from the aromatic ring to the peptide group seemed improbable because of the unfavorable disposition of absorption and emission spectra. (2) A process dependent upon collisional energy was excluded because intermolecular collisional quenching of anisole and indole derivatives did not occur in the presence of high concentrations of amides. (3) Proton transfer from the excited aromatic ring was tested by replacement of the potentially dissociable hydrogens with methyl groups. The results indicated that proton transfer could not account for the quenching. (4) In the absence of other established mechanisms, it is proposed that the peptide carbonyl group quenched by enhancement of vibrational coupling between the excited singlet and ground states of the aromatic ring. 2. 2. Fluorometric titrations of tryptophan and its N -acetyl derivative were compared with those of 1-methyltryptophan and its N -acetyl derivative. These comparisons demonstrated that of the ions and groups that affect tryptophan fluorescence (H + , OH − , α-NH 2 , α-COOH) only the OH − quenching involved proton dissociation from the excited state.
Polynomial Time Termination and Constraint Satisfaction Tests

We show that the termination of ground term-rewriting systems is decidable in polynomial time. This result is extended to ground rational term-rewriting systems. We apply this result to show that the problem of determining whether there exists a simplification ordering over a possibly extended signature, satisfying a set of stict inequalities between terms, is decidable in polynomial time. As a simple consequence, it is decidable in polynomial time whether there exists a simplification ordering which shows that a ground term rewriting system terminates.
Memory placement in network compression: Line and grid topologies

Enabling intermediate nodes in networks with the capability of storing the past communication can offer several benefits. Recently, we have shown that by utilizing memory at intermediate nodes, one can compress the data stream sent from the source node with superior performance compared to the conventional end-to-end compression of individual sequences destined to each client. In other words, memorization or learning of past traffic at intermediate nodes provide extra compression gain. This gain comes from the fact that utilizing previous traffic shared between the source and intermediate nodes with memory helps to close the gap between the compression performance of universal compression techniques and entropy of each individual sequence. The gain of data traffic reduction depends on the number of memory units and their locations. Since in practical scenarios only a select number of nodes have the storage and computational capability to function as a memory unit, it is important to find the optimal location for such nodes. Furthermore, memory placement in the network poses some challenges to traditional shortest path routing algorithms, as the shortest path is not necessarily minimum cost route in networks with memory. In this paper, we investigate the memory placement problem and routing algorithms for networks featuring memory units for network compression. We derive the optimal memory placement strategy on line and grid networks. We further demonstrate how conventional routing algorithms should be modified when there are memory units in the network.
FORECASTING AGRICULTURAL PRICES USING A BAYESIAN COMPOSITE APPROACH

available. Because different forecasts may Forecast users and market analysts need contain useful, if not independent, informaquality forecast information to improve their tion, a composite forecast will assuredly decision-making abilities. When more than outperform the worst individual forecast and one forecast is available, the analyst can im- oftentimes show substantial improvement (in prove forecast accuracy by using a composite a mean squared error sense) over the best inforecast. One of several approaches to forming dividual forecast. In this case, the analyst has composite forecasts is a Bayesian approach us- something to gain by using the available inforing matrix beta priors. This paper explains mation to form a composite forecast. the matrix beta approach and applies it to There are several approaches to combining three individual forecasts of U.S. hog prices. forecasts. Clemen and Winkler suggest that a The Bayesian composite forecast is evaluated simple average of available models will perrelative to composites made from simple form well. While this approach is quite easy to averages, restricted least squares, and an apply, it assumes the weights are constant adaptive weighting technique. over the time period analyzed, ignoring the relative performance of the individual
Apoptosis and caspases after ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat retina.

Purpose Extensive cell loss in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL) was noted in a rat model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by transient elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). The possible involvement of apoptosis and caspases was examined in this model of neuronal loss. Methods Transient elevated IOP was induced in albino Lewis rats through the insertion of a needle into the anterior chamber connected to a saline column. Elevated IOP at 110 mm Hg was maintained for 60 minutes. Groups of animals were euthanatized at various times after reperfusion, and their retinas were evaluated by morphology, agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA, in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL), immunohistochemistry of caspases II (ICH1) and III (CPP32), and morphometry. YVAD.CMK, a tetrapeptide inhibitor of caspases, was used to examine the involvement of caspases. Results A marked ladder pattern in retinal DNA gel analysis, typical of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and characteristic of apoptosis, was present 12 and 18 hours after reperfusion. Labeling of nuclei in the RGCL and the inner nuclear layer (INL) by TUNEL was noted between 8 and 18 hours after reperfusion. Histologic and ultrastructural features typical of apoptosis were also observed in the inner retina after ischemia. YVAD.CMK administered during the ischemic period inhibited apoptotic fragmentation of retinal DNA and ameliorated the tissue damage. When administered intravitreally 0, 2, or 4 hours after reperfusion, YVAD.CMK was also effective in preserving the inner retina but had no significant effect when administered 6 or 8 hours after reperfusion. The inner retina showed transient elevated immunoreactivity of caspases II and III 4 and 8 hours after reperfusion. Conclusions Retinal ischemia-reperfusion after transient elevated IOP induced apoptosis of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the INL. Caspases may have a pivotal role in the early events of the apoptotic pathway(s). Rescue by using anti-apoptotic agents after ischemia-reperfusion is feasible.
Short-term zoledronic acid reduces trabecular bone remodeling in dogs.

Helm NB, Padala S, Beck FM, D’Atri AM, Huja SS. Short-term zoledronic acid reduces trabecular bone remodeling in dogs. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 460–465. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci The effects of zoledronic acid, a bisphosphonate, on the trabecular bone remodeling (TBR) of the mandibular condyle are unknown. The objectives of this study were to quantify and compare TBR in the mandibular condyle and vertebrae of 2- to 3-yr-old dogs and to evaluate the effects of short-term zoledronic acid on TBR. Bone samples from two, age-matched groups of dogs [seven dogs were given no treatment (NT group) and seven dogs were treated with four total infusions of zoledronic acid administered monthly (ZOL group)] were analyzed using histomorphometry. Trabecular bone remodeling and microarchitecture were quantified and analyzed statistically. Physiologic TBR, quantified in the NT group, was significantly higher (more than sixfold) in the vertebrae than in the mandibular condyle. Trabecular bone remodeling in the vertebrae of dogs of the ZOL group was 96% lower than in dogs of the NT group. By contrast, TBR in the mandibular condyle of dogs in the ZOL group was statistically equivalent to that of dogs in the NT group. Our results demonstrate that the physiological TBR in aged dogs is vastly different in the mandibular condyle compared to that in the vertebra. A higher level of physiologic TBR in the vertebra than in the mandibular condyle results in greater reduction of TBR in response to short-term treatment with zoledronic acid.
Eastern District Association News

(1932). Eastern District Association News. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 50-52.
Emergent Collective Chemotaxis without Single-Cell Gradient Sensing

Many eukaryotic cells chemotax, sensing and following chemical gradients. However, experiments show that even under conditions when single cells cannot chemotax, small clusters may still follow a gradient. This behavior is observed in neural crest cells, in lymphocytes, and during border cell migration in Drosophila, but its origin remains puzzling. Here, we propose a new mechanism underlying this "collective guidance," and study a model based on this mechanism both analytically and computationally. Our approach posits that contact inhibition of locomotion, where cells polarize away from cell-cell contact, is regulated by the chemoattractant. Individual cells must measure the mean attractant value, but need not measure its gradient, to give rise to directional motility for a cell cluster. We present analytic formulas for how the cluster velocity and chemotactic index depend on the number and organization of cells in the cluster. The presence of strong orientation effects provides a simple test for our theory of collective guidance.
Randall plaque versus renal stone

A 43-year-old patient has just left the office. Her primary care physician had dutifully evaluated her recent complaint of vague abdominal pain with an abdominal ultrasound. The multiple, small, punctate hyperechoic lesions in the kidney were deemed concerning for renal calculi and an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan was ordered to better delineate these "renal stones". The CT report revealed " multiple bilateral punctate calcifications consistent with possible nephrolithiasis versus nephrocalcinosis ," and the patient was referred to urology clinic for further evaluation. In our clinic the patient was interviewed and examined and the scan was carefully reviewed. The patient denied symptoms of renal colic and physical examination demonstrated no costovertebral angle tenderness. No hydronephrosis or evidence of urinary obstruction could be seen on the scan, and we provided a diagnosis of Randall plaques and nephrocalcinosis. The patient was reassured that there were no stones to treat and there was no need for surgery. General lifestyle and dietary modification counseling for stone prevention were provided, and the patient was discharged from our clinic, happy with her benign diagnosis.
Improved consolidation algorithms for point-to-multipoint ABR service

The point-to-multipoint ABR service within ATM is important for many emerging data applications. The objective is for the source to operate at a rate representing its max-min fair share over the bottleneck link in the multicast tree over which the connection is established. Resource management (RM) cells are used by receivers to convey back to the source an explicit rate indicating their bandwidth fair share on the bottleneck of the path leading to them. Switches in the multicast tree consolidate the information in backward RM cells received from downstream switches or receivers and forward this consolidated information to their upstream switch. Most proposed consolidation algorithms attempt to maximize either the speed of the return of feedback information to the source or the accuracy of the feedback. In this paper we first present a probabilistic consolidation algorithm that can be tuned using probability parameters to span the speed-accuracy spectrum. We then describe a technique that can be used to increase the accuracy of a broad class of switch algorithms. We demonstrate the performance of our proposed algorithms through a set of numerical examples.
Late Recurrences of Vaginal Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma

Recurrent vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in two DES-exposed patients 17 and 19 years after initial therapy. These cases demonstrate the need for continued clinical evaluation, since patients with clear cell carcinoma of the vagina seem to be at greater risk for developing late recurrences than patients with squamous cell carcinomas.
Elastic factors controlling sorption and transport properties of polyethylene

The const rainment of the noncrystalline regions in polyethylene samples with various thermal and mechanical histories has been determined from measurements of the degree to which the activity of para-xylene sorbed in the polymer is enhanced relative to its hypothetical value in the absence of crystallites. With increasing temperature, the enhancement decreases smoothly and vanishes at the polymer melting point (∼135°), while the degree of crystallinity of the polymer remains virtually constant below 100°C. This dependence of the solvent activity enhancement on temperature rather than on degree of crystallinity coupled with the observation that the behavior is reversible below 100°C. suggests that the tension on the intercrystalline tie chains is in equilibrium with the free energy driving force of crystallization. Thermodynamic analysis provides a means of calculating the fraction of the noncrystalline polymer incorporated in tie chains. This elastically effective fraction increases from 0.25 to 0.35 with the rate at which the polymer is cooled from the melt, and approaches unity for highly oriented, cold-drawn samples. The elastically ineffective fraction of the noncrystalline polymer presumably consists of chain folds, loops, ends, and short molecules.
Inhibition of farnesyltransferase induces regression of mammary and salivary carcinomas in ras transgenic mice

For Ras oncoproteins to transform mammalian cells, they must be post-translationally modified with a farnesyl group in a reaction catalysed by the enzyme farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase). Inhibitors of FPTase have therefore been proposed as anti-cancer agents. We show that L-744,832, which mimics the CaaX motif to which the farnesyl group is added, is a potent and selective inhibitor of FPTase. In MMTV-v-Ha-ras mice bearing palpable tumours, daily administration of L-744,832 caused tumour regression. Following cessation of treatment, tumours reappeared, the majority of which regressed upon retreatment. No systemic toxicity was found upon necropsy of L-744,832-treated mice. This first demonstration of anti-FPTase-mediated tumour regression suggests that FPTase inhibitors may be safe and effective anti-tumour agents in some cancers.
BEHAVIOR OF THE OREGON MUD CRAB, HEMIGRAPSUS OREGONENSIS (DANA) (BRACHYURA, GRAPSIDAE)

Among the crustaceans studied, the behavior of true crabs is the most varied and complex. The variety of behavior exhibited in brachyuran families was briefly described by Sch?ne (1968), while Stevcic (1971) attributed such diversity and complexity to centralization of the nervous system during brachyuran evolution. Unfortunately, relatively few behavioral accounts exist for brachyurans despite the abundance of crab species and the opportunity for comparative studies of their behavior and ecology. The genus Uca of family Ocypodidae has received the most ethological attention. Crane's (1975) comprehensive study of genus Uca provided comparisons of behavior, ecology and morphology among species of fiddler crabs, and focused primarily on the major chela and its use during courtship and aggression. Acoustic communication by fiddler crabs was investigated by Salmon (1965, 1967) and Salmon & Atsaides (1968, 1969). Numerous other investigations provide evidence for the behavioral complexity found in the genus Uca; e.g., Langdon (unpubl.) studied shape discrimination and learning by Uca pugilat or (Bosc), and Zucker (1974) reported that males of Uca terpsichores Crane build shelters over burrow entrances to reduce territorial aggression during peak courtship periods. Behavioral reports for ocypodid crabs outside genus Uca, however, are scarce (Hughes, 1966; Linsenmair, 1967; Griffin, 1968). Except for the more recent studies of fiddler crabs, quantitative investigations of behavioral organization and causal relationships have been reported for only one species of aquatic crab from each of the families Potamidae, Majidae and Por tunidae. Vannini & Sardini (1971) examined aggression and the linear dominance hierarchies established by Potamon fluviatile (Herbst) (family Potamidae). Para meters of agonistic behavior (e.g., stereotypy, releasing postures, and the effects of size, sex, etc.) for the spider crab Microphrys bicornutus (Latreille) (family Maji dae) were quantified by Hazlett (1972a, b) and Hazlett & Estabrook (1974). Jachowski (1974) quantified the performance of agonistic action patterns for the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun (family Portunidae), during intraspecific encounters and model presentation experiments. Such quantification is needed for accurate assignment of functions to action patterns. Publication of complete and
Walking routes to school in new urban and suburban neighborhoods: An environmental walkability analysis of blocks and routes

We assessed environmental and perceptual correlates of walking and walkability for fifth graders from three communities attending two schools: A new urban/LEED-ND pilot community, mixed, and standard suburban community. Irvine-Minnesota Inventory (IMI) walkability audits showed that new urban blocks provided more traffic safety, pleasurability, crime safety, density, and diversity. New urban routes offered greater traffic safety, accessibility, pleasurability, crime safety, and diversity, but suburban routes had greater housing density, net of controls (parental education, rooms in the home, home ownership, parent preference for child to walk to school). Parents and children perceived new urban routes to be more walkable and children walked more when they lived on more walkable routes. The suburban hierarchical street design exposed children to varied traffic safety conditions by funneling their walks from cul-de-sacs to arterials. The new urban routes to a centrally located school passed by pleasant open spaces, suggesting how community organization can create better walking conditions.
Predicted proton affinities of H3SiO−, H3SiOH, H3SiOSiH3, and H3SiOAlH−3

Abstract The proton affinities of H 3 SiO − , H 3 SiOH, H 3 SiOSiH 3 , and H 3 SiOAlH − 3 are predicted from ab initio molecular orbital theory using the recently developed GAUSSIAN-1 (G1) theory for computing accurate molecular energies. The calculated proton affinities (PA 0 ) are 356.0, 177.4, 179.0, and 302.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The proton affinities are also reported at lower levels of theory for comparison with the G1 results. Finally, a comparison is presented of the trends in the OH stretching frequencies and proton affinities.
Mapping Sites in Guanylyl Cyclase Activating Protein-1 Required for Regulation of Photoreceptor Membrane Guanylyl Cyclases

Guanylyl cyclase activating protein (GCAP)-1 regulates photoreceptor membrane guanylyl cyclase, RetGC, in a Ca2+-sensitive manner. It contains four Ca2+-binding motifs, EF-hands, three of which are capable of binding Ca2+. GCAP-1 activates RetGC in low Ca2+ and inhibits it in high Ca2+. In this study we used deletion and substitution analysis to identify regions of GCAP-1 sequence that are specifically required for inhibition and activation. A COOH-terminal sequence within Met157 to Arg182 is required for activation but not for inhibition of RetGC. We localized one essential stretch to 5 residues from Arg178 to Arg182. Another sequence essential for activation is within the N-terminal residues Trp21 to Thr27. The region between EF-hands 1 and 3 of GCAP-1 also contains elements needed for activation of RetGC. Finally, we found that inhibition of RetGC requires the first 9 amino-terminal residues of GCAP-1, but none of the residues from Gln33 to the COOH-terminal Gly205 are specifically required for inhibition. The ability of GCAP-1 mutants to regulate RetGC was tested on total guanylyl cyclase activity present in rod outer segments. In addition, the key mutants were also shown to produce similar effects on recombinant bovine outer segment cyclases GC1 and GC2.
CaM kinases and AMPA receptor subunit recomposition in hippocampal synaptic plasticity

It is broadly believed that synaptic plasticity is a neuronal mechanism for learning and memory in the mammalian brain. In the mature hippocampus, the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) in Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses requires a postsynaptic Ca2+ influx and the GluR1 subunit of the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor (AMPAR). New findings indicate that the pattern of synaptic activity associated with exploratory behavior can induce LTP by changing the quality of synaptic AMPARs. This process is dynamic and requires activity of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinases (CaMKs), key transducers of postsynaptic Ca2+ changes into LTP. The two CaMKs, CaMKI and CaMKII target AMPARs and regulate synaptic strength differently, however. Under basal conditions, AMPARs in these synapses are heteromers composed of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits. CaMKI enhances synaptic strength by trafficking to synapses more functionally efficient and highly Ca2+-permeable GluR2-lacking AMPARs through a regulated actin dynamics. In contrast, CaMKII can enhance functional properties of these GluR2-lacking AMPARs by a direct phosphorylation of the C-terminus of GluR1 subunit. Taken together, these results argue for two distinct but orchestrated mechanisms in modification of synaptic strength during LTP. Results are discussed in terms of the role of AMPAR subunit recomposition for synaptic plasticity. from Seventeenth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2008 Portland, OR, USA. 19–24 July 2008
Angiotensin carboxypeptidase activity in urine from normal subjects and patients with kidney damage.

Abstract Angiotensin carboxypeptidase (ACP) activity has been detected in urine samples from normal subjects and patients with hypertension and diabetes by determining the enzyme's ability to convert angiotensin I to des-Leu angiotensin I. Gel filtration chromatography of a concentrated urine sample indicated that about equal amounts of the enzyme exist as 100 kDa and 500 kDa molecular weight forms, respectively. This ACP activity co-eluted with activity that cleaved histidine from des-Leu angiotensin I to form angiotensin II and activity that cleaved tyrosine from benzyloxycarbonyl-glutamyl-tyrosine (ZGT). These results suggest that the urinary ACP activity is due to cathepsin A as we have reported previously for the procine kidney enzyme. Analysis of sequential urine samples from a single individual over a 6-day period revealed as much as 6-fold fluctuation in creatinine- normalized ACP activity. Of five male healthy adult subjects, the creatinine- normalized urinary ACP activity ranged from 1.7 to 3.7 mU/mL with a mean of 2.8 mU/mL. However, five male patients with renovascular hypertension had elevated levels of ACP activity with a mean of 11.6 mU/mL. Of five male patients with diabetic nephropathy, all had elevated ACP activity levels with a mean of 21.0 mU/mL. It is concluded that ACP activity in the urine is due to cathepsin A probably derived from kidney tissue, and that the release is increased in patients with kidney damage. We suggest that urinary ACP activity should be evaluated further for a possible relationship to renal hypertension and as a potentially early marker for diabetic nephropathy.
DSS-Supported Knowledge Acquisition and Transfer: An Exploration

A decision support system (DSS) is an interactive computer-based information system designed to aid managers in their decision-making processes. This article investigates how knowledge obtained wit...
Treatment of Nonspecific Diarrhea in Infants

A treatment schedule based on the thesis that failure to allow for mucosal regeneration contributes to the morbidity and mortality from nonspecific diarrhea in infancy is presented. This treatment approach has been found successful. In diarrhea because a vicious cycle of intestinal hypermotility can be started regardless of the initial cause the preferred course is to put the bowel at rest initially and allow the intestinal mucosa an opportunity to heal. With a dehydrated infant parenteral fluids calculated to repair deficits in 24-48 hours are administered. Nothing is given by mouth during this initial period. It is believed that persisting with oral feedings often delays healing and prolongs the illness. Once the deficits have been corrected and the stool volume has decreased the patient is offered small amounts of a glucose-electrolyte solution by mouth. The volume is gradually increased until the infants maintenance requirement for water is met. Before starting milk feedings the glucose-electrolyte solution is continued for at least 24 hours. The formula initially administered is a 25% solution in a volume which fulfills fluid requirements. At 24-hour intervals the concentration of the formula is increased. The patient is observed closely during the advancement. There is immediate return to the glucose-electrolyte solution if there should be an increase in stool number volume or water content. A recurrence of diarrhea is often presaged by a fall in stool pH (below 6). A stool pH below 6 strongly suggests impaired carbohydrate absorption.
An oncogenic role for the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in US men, largely because of metastasis, which is ultimately fatal. A better understanding of metastasis biology will lead to improved prognostication and therapeutics. We previously reported 11q13.1 gain was independently predictive of recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Multiple endocrine neoplasia I (MEN1) maps to this region of copy number gain in aggressive prostate tumors and was shown to be the only gene at this locus at increased expression in prostate cancer. Here, we demonstrate an oncogenic role for MEN1 in prostate cancer using a variety of independent assays.
Pesticides in rainwater in the northeastern United States

The use of agricultural herbicides in the United States increased 280% between 1966 and 1981; insecticide use also increased, but only by a few per cent1. Since 1981, pesticide use has fluctuated with crop acreage, and shows no clear increasing or decreasing trend2. Compared to their predecessors, currently used herbicides are not very toxic to animals, and both herbicides and insecticides are less persistent and show less tendency to bio-accumulate, but are more soluble in water, and therefore more mobile in the environment. Previous studies of these compounds have reported their movement to the edge of the field by surface transport in rainfall runoff3, their presence in surface and ground water4–9, and their seasonal presence in drinking water supplies4. By contrast, only one previous study10 has reported any of these compounds in rainwater: atrazine was reported in Maryland in concentrations as high as 2.19 μg I−1. The work we report here indicates that many of these compounds are more commonly present in rainfall, at least regionally, than has previously been realized.
Religion and Hypertension: Testing Alternative Explanations Among Immigrants

A number of researchers have found that religious commitment has a salutary effect on blood pressure levels. Levin and Vanderpool's review of several of these studies led them to offer some methodological, epistemological, and conceptual criticisms of this body of literature, and they advanced various hypotheses offering possible alternative explanations for the putative salutary effect of religion on blood pressure. In this article, the effect of religious commitment on hypertension among a sample of immigrants is examined with these hypotheses and criticisms in mind. Even when the majority of Levin and Vanderpool's criticisms are addressed, the religion effect remains.
An eigenlength problem arising from a model of patch formation

Abstract The patch formation model of Del Grosso, Gerardi and Marchetti[1] is reformulated as an eigenlength problem. The latter is then solved numerically by using recent results of Elder[2, 3], in which the method of invariant imbedding is extended to linear problems having a singularity of the first kind. The results agree very well with those previously obtained[4] for the eigenvalue problem by means of the Frobenius series, Sturmian theory, and a certain monotone iteration.
Separation of Polysaccharides from Industrial Syrup Using Tubular Membranes

Abstract The mass‐transfer plot and gel‐polarization aging of a number of tubular membranes made of hydrophilic polymers, ceramic, and sintered stainless steel was compared under their recommended operating temperature, transmembrane pressure, shear velocity, and cycle time for the separation of polysaccharides from composite industrial syrup. The results showed that more than 98% of the polysaccharides that correlate with the turbidity in the syrups were separated from the syrups. At the same time, the purity of the syrup was increased by up to 3% after membrane ultrafiltration. The comparison clearly showed that there were distinct differences in performance between different tubular membranes.
Markets as Constraints: Multilateral Incentive Compatibility in Continuum Economies

A symmetric allocation in a continuum is "multilaterally incentive compatible" if no finite coalition of privately informed agents can manipulate it by combining deception with hidden trades of exchangeable goods. Sufficient conditions for multilateral compatibility are that all agents face the same linear prices for exchangeable goods, and that indistinguishable agents face identical budget sets. The same conditions are necessary under assumptions which extend those under which the second efficiency theorem of welfare economics holds in a continuum economy. Markets for exchangeable goods emerge as binding constraints on the set of Pareto efficient allocations with private information.
Wavelength Calibrations in Infrared. Part II. Use of Atomic Lines from a Hollow Cathode Discharge Tube with Neon as Carrier Gas

The possibility of using neon lines excited in a hollow cathode discharge tube for obtaining wavelength calibrations in infrared is explored. The problems involved in making use of these lines for obtaining the relative positions of the rotational lines in vibration rotation bands are discussed. The identifications of the higher order neon lines observed with a 2000-line/in. grating are made available.
Locatum Structures and the Acquisition of Telicity.

This article presents a study of a between-subjects design experiment on the comprehension of telicity in simple telic predicates (e.g., John filled the bucket) and locatum predicates (e.g., the water filled the bucket) in L1 Spanish. Weist, Wysocka, and Lyytinen (1991) for English and Finnish, and Van Hout (1997, 1998b) for English and Dutch have shown that children up to age 6;06 allow simple telic predicates to have both telic and atelic interpretations. The main objective of this article is to show that children aged 3;09 allow locatum structures to be interpreted as telic, like adults, but allow simple telic predicates to have telic and atelic interpretations. The central claim is that in simple telic predicates, telicity is checked by covert movement, while in locatum predicates, telicity is checked by overt movement. Children misinterpret simple telic predicates because covert movement is an operation that takes place after the branching off to the PF component, but perform like adults when overt m...
Suggested Amendments to "New Directions in Equity Research"

walster, Berscheid, and Walster (1973) utilized Adams' (1965) concept of equity as a model for human thought and action in a variety of social contexts. The Walster, et al. paper has been and surely will continue to be a stimulant to research, but in one respect--its reconstruction of the Adams equity formula-it may have introduced some unnecessary complications. The present paper argues that the simpler and more psychologically meaningful Adams equation can be preserved in its original form provided one assumes that inputs and outcomes may, for analytical purposes, be treated as exclusively positive in sign.
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression in human prostate carcinomas

ABSTRACT: The prostate gland is the most common site of cancer in men in the United States. The biologic behavior of an individual tumor, however, varies widely, with some cancers taking a relatively indolent course and others progressing rapidly to disseminated disease. Prognostic factors that might help predict a tumor’s aggressiveness and invasiveness are limited. The expression of urokinase plasminogen activator was evaluated in 36 human prostate cancer specimens. Using an immunohistochem- ical method with monoclonal antibody #394, 70.6% (12 of 17) of cancer specimens with extracapsular extension showed increased expression of urokinase plasminogen activator, compared with 26.6% (4 of 15) of specimens without capsular invasion. Increased expression was localized to the glandular cytoplasm, with tumor stroma yielding predominantly negative results. These findings provide additional evidence of the role of urokinase in determining the biologic behavior and metastatic potential of prostate cancer.
Statistics from tomographic string inversion

The results of eaveltime inversion are usually described in terms of average II optimal slownesses. While these average values often provide a reasonable %timate for the slowness of the medimn, it is de&able to know the distribution )f values that went into determining the optimum value 01 slowness. Many Werent distriiutions of values can yield the same mean. Therefore. them can be Information witbin the distribution of values. Higher order statistics give additional quantitative descriptions of the distribution. Classical traveltime orography makes it difficult to quantify these distributions. However, a new lppmach to traveltime tomography directly computes the distribution in the Inversion by separating inversion from imaging. The computation and interpretation of higher order statistics for the imaging .egion in tomographic traveltime inversion is presented in this paper. romogmphic String Inversion allows for easy computation of several orders of statistics in the imaging process. These statistics can be used to make interpretations about the values which go into calculating the mean or fit order &stic, and can be used to improve the convergence of the string inversion as well as the convergence slowness value.
Schizophrenic deficits in the processing of context. A test of a theoretical model.

Background: Schizophrenic patients show various deficits in cognitive functions that have been difficult to understand in terms of a common unifying hypothesis. Previously described neural network models of cognitive tasks suggest that several schizophrenic performance deficits may be related to a single function—an impairment in maintaining contextual information over time and in using that information to inhibit inappropriate responses. Methods: We tested first-episode schizophrenic patients and patients later in the course of their illness on a new variant of the Continuous Performance Test designed specifically to elicit deficits in the processing of contextual information. Results: Unmedicated schizophrenic patients showed a deterioration of their signal detection performance that followed the pattern predicted by the context hypothesis, ie, they responded inappropriately when correct responding required the maintenance of context information over time to inhibit the expression of a habitual response. This deficit correlated with positive symptoms. The results also suggested that the deficit may be worse in unmedicated patients who have had a longer course of illness. Medicated patients showed a more diffuse performance deficit. Conclusions: These results support the view that a single deficit in the processing of context information may underlie various cognitive impairments observed in schizophrenia. They also suggest that such an impairment is associated with positive rather than negative symptoms, and that it may worsen with the course of the illness as in the kraepelinian view of schizophrenia.
Generalization of conditioned blood pressure elevations: schedule and stimulus control effects.

Abstract By using a combination of food-reward, shock-avoidance, and visual biofeedback, all contingent upon diastolic blood pressure, baboons were conditioned, in 3–4 months, to raise their blood pressure 30–50% (25–40 mmHg) above preconditioning baseline levels, and maintain the increased pressure during daily 12-hr training sessions. Under conditions where exteroceptive stimuli reliably predict environment events, animals appear to learn to stop making the blood pressure increase response when discriminative periods of safety are in effect within sessions and when training sessions are over. By gradually eliminating feedback, withholding food rewards, and punishing short-term falls in diastolic pressure, elevations in blood pressure were maintained continuously during training sessions and for periods up to 2 hr following the offset of training sessions.
Red blood, white bones The Native American presence in Moby-Dick

In Moby-Dick, Melville weaves together allusions to Puritanism, slavery, the whaling industry and the near-extermination of Native American peoples. The character of Tashtego, the description of th...
Spermidine potentiates dizocilpine-induced impairment of learning performance by rats in a 14-unit T-maze.

The NMDA receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel complex, has been reported to be involved in memory processes. Learning is impaired following administration of dizocilpine, a non-competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor. Polyamines, such as spermine and spermidine, interact with the NMDA receptor to enhance binding of dizocilpine, which blocks the ion channel. The present study assessed action of polyamines as modulators of learning via NMDA receptor activation. Dizocilpine (0.05 mg/kg) was given i.p. before maze learning, at a dose that produced a slight, nonsignificant impairment of maze learning. Pretreatment with 80 mg/kg but not 15 or 40 mg/kg spermidine (i.p.) before dizocilpine impaired maze learning compared to saline controls. Administration of 80 mg/kg spermidine without dizocilpine did not impair maze learning. The results are consistent with the view that systemic injection of a polyamine can modulate learning processes involving the NMDA receptor.
Developing a strategic framework of key account performance

Strategic management of key accounts has become an important component of many companies' sales efforts. This research introduces a strategic framework of key account performance that integrates theory from relationship marketing, key account management, and customer equity. Using the three drivers of customer equity – value equity, brand equity, and relationship equity – the framework captures both the relational outcomes (relationship commitment and trust) and financial performance outcomes (profitability and share of spend) of strategic decisions made in key account programs. Implications and future research are then discussed.
Live Imaging and Gene Expression Analysis in Zebrafish Identifies a Link between Neutrophils and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Chronic inflammation is associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer progression however the relationship between inflammation and EMT remains unclear. Here, we have exploited zebrafish to visualize and quantify the earliest events during epithelial cell transformation induced by oncogenic HRasV12. Live imaging revealed that expression of HRasV12 in the epidermis results in EMT and chronic neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. We have developed an in vivo system to probe and quantify gene expression changes specifically in transformed cells from chimeric zebrafish expressing oncogenic HRasV12 using translating ribosomal affinity purification (TRAP). We found that the expression of genes associated with EMT, including slug, vimentin and mmp9, are enriched in HRasV12 transformed epithelial cells and that this enrichment requires the presence of neutrophils. An early signal induced by HRasV12 in epithelial cells is the expression of il-8 (cxcl8) and we found that the chemokine receptor, Cxcr2, mediates neutrophil but not macrophage recruitment to the transformed cells. Surprisingly, we also found a cell autonomous role for Cxcr2 signaling in transformed cells for both neutrophil recruitment and EMT related gene expression associated with Ras transformation. Taken together, these findings implicate both autocrine and paracrine signaling through Cxcr2 in the regulation of inflammation and gene expression in transformed epithelial cells.
Reconstruction of Extracellular Respiratory Pathways for Iron(III) Reduction in Shewanella Oneidensis Strain MR-1

Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 is a facultative anaerobic bacterium capable of respiring a multitude of electron acceptors, many of which require the Mtr respiratory pathway. The core Mtr respiratory pathway includes a periplasmic c-type cytochrome (MtrA), an integral outer membrane β-barrel protein (MtrB) and an outer membrane-anchored c-type cytochrome (MtrC). Together, these components facilitate transfer of electrons from the c-type cytochrome CymA in the cytoplasmic membrane to electron acceptors at and beyond the outer membrane. The genes encoding these core proteins have paralogs in the S. oneidensis genome (mtrB and mtrA each have four while mtrC has three) and some of the paralogs of mtrC and mtrA are able to form functional Mtr complexes. We demonstrate that of the additional three mtrB paralogs found in the S. oneidensis genome, only MtrE can replace MtrB to form a functional respiratory pathway to soluble iron(III) citrate. We also evaluate which mtrC / mtrA paralog pairs (a total of 12 combinations) are able to form functional complexes with endogenous levels of mtrB paralog expression. Finally, we reconstruct all possible functional Mtr complexes and test them in a S. oneidensis mutant strain where all paralogs have been eliminated from the genome. We find that each combination tested with the exception of MtrA / MtrE / OmcA is able to reduce iron(III) citrate at a level significantly above background. The results presented here have implications towards the evolution of anaerobic extracellular respiration in Shewanella and for future studies looking to increase the rates of substrate reduction for water treatment, bioremediation, or electricity production.