cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instability of secondary vortices generated by a vortex pair in ground effect

In this work, we investigate the approach of a descending vortex pair to a horizontal ground plane. As in previous studies, the primary vortices exhibit a ‘rebound’, due to the separation of secondary opposite-sign vortices underneath each primary vortex. On each side of the flow, the weaker secondary vortex can become three-dimensionally unstable, as it advects around the stronger primary vortex. It has been suggested in several recent numerical simulations that elliptic instability is the origin of such waviness in the secondary vortices. In the present research, we employ a technique whereby the primary vortices are visualized separately from the secondary vortices; in fact, we are able to mark the secondary vortex separation, often leaving the primary vortices invisible. We find that the vortices are bent as a whole in a Crow-type ‘displacement’ mode, and, by keeping the primary vortices invisible, we are able to see both sides of the flow simultaneously, showing that the instability perturbations on the secondary vortices are antisymmetric. Triggered by previous research on four-vortex aircraft wake flows, we analyse one half of the flow as an unequal-strength counter-rotating pair, noting that it is essential to take into account the angular velocity of the weak vortex around the stronger primary vortex in the analysis. In contrast with previous results for the vortex–ground interaction, we find that the measured secondary vortex wavelength corresponds well with the displacement bending mode, similar to the Crow-type instability. We have analysed the elliptic instability modes, by employing the approximate dispersion relation of Le Dizes & Laporte (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 471, 2002, p. 169) in our problem, finding that the experimental wavelength is distinctly longer than predicted for the higher-order elliptic modes. Finally, we observe that the secondary vortices deform into a distinct waviness along their lengths, and this places two rows of highly stretched vertical segments of the vortices in between the horizontal primary vortices. The two rows of alternating-sign vortices translate towards each other and ultimately merge into a single vortex row. A simple point vortex row model is able to predict trajectories of such vortex rows, and the net result of the model’s ‘orbital’ or ‘passing’ modes is to bring like-sign vortices, from each secondary vortex row, close to each other, such that merging may ensue in the experiments.
Evaluation apprehension and the social facilitation/inhibition of learning

Sixty female subjects performed a paired-associates learning task either alone or under surveillance by the experimenter, who openly evaluated the subject's performance. To half of the subjects the experimenter described her evaluation as instrumental to the rendering of future help on a similar task; to the remaining half she gave no such promise. Subjects who were evaluated without the expectation of future help performed better than subjects who worked alone when the paired-associates list was easy, but less well when the list was difficult. For both types of list, evaluation with the added promise of future help produced performance no different from that of isolated subjects. Evaluation without the promise of help also produced a higher level of state anxiety than that observed in isolated subjects. The findings were discussed in terms of the effects of evaluation apprehension on the social facilitation and inhibition of learning.
Vitamin C level and dietary fat saturation alter hepatic cholesterol homeostasis and plasma LDL metabolism in guinea pigs

This study addressed the independent and interactive effects of vitamin C status and dietary fat saturation on hepatic cholesterol and LDL metabolism in guinea pigs. Animals were fed adequate (500 mg/kg) or marginal (50 mg/kg) vitamin C with diets high in polyunsaturated (POLY), monounsaturated (MONO), or saturated (SAT) fatty acids during 6 weeks. Plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), and apo B concentrations were higher in animals fed vitamin C-deficient compared with Vit C-adequate diets (P < 0.02). SAT fat intake also resulted in more elevated plasma cholesterol and apo B concentrations (P < 0.001). The susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was highest in animals fed POLY diets and marginal levels of vitamin C (P < 0.001). Intake of adequate levels of vitamin C significantly reduced TBARS formation by 64% in animals fed POLY diets indicating an interactive effect between POLY fat intake and the level of vitamin C. Hepatic Acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity was higher by SAT fat intake (P < 0.01) and marginal intake of vitamin C (P < 0.05), whereas cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity was lower in vitamin C-deficient groups (P < 0.01). LDL fractional catabolic rates (FCR) were 42 to 67% faster and LDL apo B flux slower in animals fed POLY and MONO diets compared with the SAT group (P < 0.001). Animals fed marginal levels of vitamin C had higher LDL apo B flux (P < 0.05). These data suggest that the higher plasma LDL concentrations induced by SAT diets are caused by both slower LDL FCR and higher LDL apo B flux, whereas the hypercholesterolemia and hypetriglyceridemia induced by vitamin C deficiency with POLY and MONO diets is mainly caused by alterations in hepatic cholesterol homeostasis, which result in higher LDL apo B flux.
Synthesis and Characterization of trans-2-Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic Acid Oligomers: An Unnatural Helical Secondary Structure and Implications for β-Peptide Tertiary Structure

The preparation, crystal structures, and circular dichroism (CD) spectra of two oligomers of optically active trans-2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid are reported. In the solid state, both the tetramer and the hexamer of this β-amino acid display a helical conformation that involves 14-membered-ring hydrogen bonds between a carbonyl oxygen and the amide proton of the second residue toward the N-terminus. (For comparison, the familiar α-helix observed in conventional peptides is associated with a 13-membered-ring hydrogen bond between a carbonyl oxygen and the amide proton of the fourth residue toward the C-terminus.) These crystallographic data, along with CD data obtained in methanol, suggest that the 14-helix constitutes a stable secondary structure for β-amino acid oligomers (“β-peptides”). In addition, the crystal packing pattern observed for the hexamer offers a blueprint for the design of β-peptides that might adopt a helical bundle tertiary structure.
In defense of empiricism.

In the context of current debate concerning modes of inquiry, this paper addresses the role of empiricism in nursing science. The author argues that, while not the only valid perspective, empiricism should remain a dominant perspective in nursing research because many of the questions we need to study are consistent with this view. This stance does not invalidate important philosophic and methodologic challenges facing empiricism or the unique contributions of other perspectives. Instead, the challenge to researchers in the empiricist tradition is to refine methodologic and analytic skills in order to increase the ability to capture the objective reality that is assumed to be measurable even in the social and behavioral sciences. Nursing research efforts have tended not to exploit the full range of empiric investigation. Until such programs of research have been conducted, it is premature to make judgments about how well empiricism has served nursing.
Developing an infrastructure for sharing environmental models

The Internet and the World Wide Web offer a new solution to the problem of sharing scientific knowledge. Unlike traditional libraries based on print media, these new technologies facilitate the sharing of any information that can be expressed in a binary alphabet. Environmental models expressed as computer codes are instances of such information objects, and codes are the last of a four-stage process of model formulation. The transition to digital technologies changes the relative importance of the four stages. We present a six-stage model of the process of searching for information in distributed digital libraries. Search is made possible by metadata, which serve several distinct purposes, including description of the contents of information objects and their fitness for specified use, and the details needed to make use of information objects once accessed and retrieved. We present a straw-man structure for model metadata, explain the process used in its development, and invite its evaluation.
Deep Ocean Mining Economics

A 3 million ton per year, three metal, vertically integrated, ocean exploration, mining, transportation and ore-processing and metal-marketing system is defined and the capital and operating costs estimated in 1980 U.S. dollars. A basic return-on-investment pay-out analysis model is presented with several alternate cases investigated. A series of tests is performed to determine the system's sensitivity to realistic variations of key costs and schedule. For a gross investment of almost $1.5 billion, or a fixed capital investment of about $1 billion, an ocean mining system producing nickel, copper and cobalt will yield approximately $423 million in annual revenues, a before-tax profit of about $180 million and an after-tax profit of less than $100 million, providing an unsatisfactory low internal rate of return of approximately seven percent. It is unlikely that ocean mining will be undertaken using the system defined herein at this level of return unless a critical feedstock for a company's major product is produced or a national need for a strategic metal develops. This conclusion is entirely consistent with today's low level of commitment to long-term, capital-intensive natural resource development projects.
TOUGH: a numerical model for nonisothermal unsaturated flow to study waste canister heating effects

The physical processes modeled and the mathematical and numerical methods employed in a simulator for non-isothermal flow of water, vapor, and air in permeable media are briefly summarized. The simulator has been applied to study thermohydrological conditions in the near vicinity of high-level nuclear waste packages emplaced in unsaturated rocks. The studies reported here specifically address the question whether or not the waste canister environment will dry up in the thermal phase.
B-cell lymphoma: suppressing a tumor suppressor.

The BCL-6 oncogene can downregulate expression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in B cell lymphoma. This pathway probably exists to protect normal germinal-center B cells from apoptosis induced by DNA mutations.
Complex Marine Natural Products as Potential Epigenetic and Production Regulators of Antibiotics from a Marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Marine microbes are capable of producing secondary metabolites for defense and competition. Factors exerting an impact on secondary metabolite production of microbial communities included bioactive natural products and co-culturing. These external influences may have practical applications such as increased yields or the generation of new metabolites from otherwise silent genes in addition to reducing or limiting the production of undesirable metabolites. In this paper, we discuss the metabolic profiles of a marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of a number of potential chemical epigenetic regulators, adjusting carbon sources and co-culturing with other microbes to induce a competitive response. As a result of these stressors certain groups of antibiotics or antimalarial agents were increased most notably when treating P. aeruginosa with sceptrin and co-culturing with another Pseudomonas sp. An interesting cross-talking event between these two Pseudomonas species when cultured together and exposed to sceptrin was observed.
Agricultural Pests as Common Property: Control of the Corn Rootworm

Insecticide resistance is an increasingly widespread problem reducing effectiveness and necessitating a switch to more expensive controls. A common property resource model is used to describe potential gain from internalizing resistance externalities through regional coordination. A nonlinear programming model of an Illinois cash grain farm is used to estimate the gain for corn rootworm control where rotation to soybeans is an alternative to insecticide. Switching to rotation as resistance builds causes a relatively minor decrease in profits because soybeans are profitable. Gain from delaying resistance is slight. Co-states give price changes necessary to alter externality production.
Turnover of heme and protein moieties of rat liver microsomal cytochrome b5.

Abstract Turnover studies on purified rat liver microsomal cytochrome b 5 , using a double-labeling procedure with 14C-guanidino-L-arginine and 3H-δ-amino-levulinic acid, gave half-life values of ∼ 3.5 and of ∼ 1.7 days for the protein and heme moieties, respectively. Results of pulse experiments and the effects of cycloheximide point to the existence of heme and cytochrome b 5 apoprotein pools.
Semicrystalline Polyamide Engineering Thermoplastics Based on the Renewable Monomer, 1,9-Nonane Diamine: Thermal Properties and Water Absorption

A series of poly(1,9-nonamethylene adipamide-co-1,9-nonamethylene terephthalamide) copolymers were produced using melt polymerization and the thermal properties, crystal structure, and moisture uptake characterized. The results confirmed that the copolymers exhibit isomorphism. As expected, glass transition temperature and the apparent melting temperature increased with increasing terephthalmide content. Using the difference in the apparent melting temperature to the crystallization temperature as a measure of relative crystallization rate, it was observed that crystallization rate decreased as the terephthalamide content of the copolymer was increased from 0 to 50 mole % but then sharply increased when increased beyond 50 mole %. This behavior may be the result of extensive inter- and intramolecular interactions in the melt associated with terephthalmide units in the polymer chain that nucleate crystallization upon cooling below the equilibrium melting temperature. Comparing the thermal properties of cop...
Analysis of an ancient network: Personal communication and the study of social structure in a past society☆

Abstract Ancient historians generally understand that confidence in our reconstruction of Roman social structure must be limited by the recognition that we rely, at least in part, on biased statements about it by the Romans themselves. Communication research offers a method of analyzing interactions between individuals on a quantitative and comprehensive basis which allows us to achieve a more reliable picture of the Roman social structure. This paper tests an hypothesis about the positioning of Roman senators and knights in the social structure of Roman society. A corpus of ancient texts is analyzed, coding who-to-whom relations in 280 letters written by Cicero from 68 B.C. to 43 B.C. Network analysis is performed. This study produces two kinds of benefit. In terms of the historical question at hand, the results show that senators and knights occupied structurally similar positions in Cicero's network of relations. These results cast doubt on a traditional view of a sharp division between senators and knights, and lend support to a more recent approach. In terms of communication methodology, this research shows that the value of applying relational content-network analysis of messages to test hypotheses about social systems when questioning the actual participants about their social relations is not feasible.
Calcite Dissolution: An in situ Study in the Panama Basin

The results of an in situ study of calcite dissolution in the Panama Basin indicate that the rate of dissolution in the water column increases suddenly below a water depth of about 2800 meters. This coincides with the depth at which the calcium carbonate content of surface sediments begins to decrease rapidly or the sedimentary lysocline. Since this level of increased dissolution both in the water column and on the sea floor does not appear to be related to the transition from supersaturation to undersaturation with respect to carbonate, there may be a kinetic origin for the lysocline in this region.
Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by oral administration of myelin basic protein. VI: Suppression of adoptively transferred disease and differential effects of oral vs. intravenous tolerization

Abstract Antigen-driven tolerance is an effective method of suppressing cell-mediated immune response. We have previously shown that oral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) when it is actively induced by MBP emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. In order to further study antigen-driven tolerance is this model, we investigated the effect of oral tolerization on adoptively transferred EAE and compared oral tolerance to intravenously (i.v.) administered MBP in both actively induced EAE and adoptively transferred EAE. Although orally tolerized animals were not protected from adoptively transferred EAE, spleen cells from orally tolerized animals suppressed adoptively transferred EAE when co-transferred with encephalitogenic cells or when injected into recipient animals at a different site at the time encephalitogenic cells were transferred. This suppression was mediated by CD8 + T cells, correlated with suppression of DTH responses to MBP, and was associated with decreased inflammation in the spinal cord. Unlike oral tolerization, spleen cells from i.v. tolerized animals did not suppress adoptively transferred EAE when co-transfered with encephalotogenic cells although i.v. tolerized animals were protected from adoptively transferred EAE. MBP peptides were then utilized to further characterize differences between i.v. and oral tolerization in the actively induced disease model. Both orally and intravenously administered MBP suppressed actively induced EAE. However, EAE was only suppressed by prior i.v. tolerization with the encephalitogenic MBP peptide 71–90, but not with the non-encephalitogenic peptide 21–40, whereas prior tolerization with 21–40 did suppress actively induced EAE when administered orally. These results suggest a different mechanism of tolerance is initiated by oral vs. intravenous administered antigen. Specifically, oral tolerization suppresses primarily by the generation of active suppression whereas the dominant mechanism of suppression associated with i.v. tolerization appears most consistent with the elicitation of clonal anergy.
Processing of mRNA by ribonuclease III regulates expression of gene 1.2 of bacteriophage T7

Abstract A bacteriophage T7 mutation, HS9, is phenotypically defective in gene 1.2, although it maps outside the gene. The single nucleotide change responsible for the HS9 mutation lies within the RNAase III recognition site immediately following gene 1.2. This RNAase III recognition site, responsible for the processing of the mRNA encoding genes 1.1 and 1.2, contains two cleavage sites, separated by 29 bases. The HS9 mutation prevents cutting by RNAase III at one site in vitro, yielding a mRNA containing an additional 29 bases at its 3′ end. The ten second-site reversion mutations of HS9 are all located in the RNAase III recognition site and either restore or eliminate cutting at both sites. RNAase III mutants of Escherichia coli phenotypically suppress the HS9 mutation. We propose that the extra 29 bases at the 3′ end of the mRNA hybridize to the ribosome-binding site of gene 1.1; gene 1.1 immediately precedes gene 1.2 on the same mRNA molecule. Such hybridization prevents the initiation of translation of this mRNA containing gene 1.1. A strong polar effect represses the translation of gene 1.2.
Thermochromism of ceramic reference tiles.

Etude des proprietes de thermochromisme des tuiles du BCRA (British Ceramic Research Association). Ces tuiles sont utilisees comme etalons en colorimetrie et spectrophotometrie
Multiple mating in Calopteryx maculata (Odonata: Calopterygidae) and the advantage of non-contact guarding by males

Summary (1)Both males and females in a population of Calopteryx maculata mated more than once in the course of a single afternoon. The possibility that females might mate with an intruder or with a neighbouring territory owner may have favoured the evolution of guarding behaviour by males. Territorial males employed non-contact guarding of their mates. They perched on vegetation overlooking the oviposition site and repelled intruder males from the area. (2)Territory owners were able to discriminate between females they had already mated and new arrivals. When previous mates left the oviposition site temporarily they usually were readmitted promptly by the resident male when they returned. New arrivals were usually courted, pursued and sometimes successfully mated, even if this meant briefly leaving an ovipositing mate unguarded in the territory. (3)Non-contact guarding is interpreted as an adaptation to permit a territorial male to acquire new mates even while guarding previous ones. Comparisons with othe...
A critical technico-ethical dilemma of current medicine.

For days and days he had lived only by the aid of enormous quantities of oxygen. Yesterday alone he had consumed forty containers, at six francs apiece — that mounted up, the gentlemen could reckon the cost themselves; and his wife, in whose arms he had died, was left wholly penniless. Joachim expressed disapproval of this expenditure. Why delay by these torturing and costly artificial expedients a death absolutely certain to supervene? One could not blame the man for blindly consuming the precious gas they urged upon him. But those in charge should have behaved with more reason, they should have let him go his way, in God's name, quite aside from the circumstances, more so when taking them into consideration. The living, after all, had their rights — and so on. Hans Castorp disagreed emphatically. His cousin, he said, talked almost like Settembrini, without regard or reverence for suffering. The man had died in the end, that finished it; there was no more to be done to show one's concern, and it had been due to the dying to spend what one could. Thus Hans Castorp" (1, p 291).
Attracting and Controlling Coastal Pelagic Fish with Nightlights

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico to evaluate techniques for using sequentially-operated lamp strings and moving lamps to lead and concentrate light-attracted coastal pelagic fishes. Fish were successfully led between sequentially-operated under-water lamps separated by distances up to 20 meters. Mobile lamps were used to lead fish distances up to approximately 1 kilometer. Fish aggregations which form daily around man-made structures were held after dark and led clear with moving lamps for capture by purse seine. A combination of nightlighting and man-made structure fish attraction techniques are proposed for harvesting coastal pelagic fish aggregations which occur around existing petroleton drilling platforms, well heads, and other areas presently inaccessible to conventional fishing gear.
Study of the insulating wall boundary layer in a Faraday MHD generator

An experimental and analytical investigation of the insulating wall boundary layer in an operating MHD generator was undertaken. Velocity profiles were measured by a laser anemometer technique and the results compared with the finite difference solution of the momentum, energy, and electrical equations accounting for variable equilibrium properties. Both experimental and theoretical results showed a velocity overshoot near the wall for subsonic flow with an attendant increase in friction factor and Stanton number over that expected without MHD effects. The calculations were extended to larger size MHD generators; and for a subsonic pilot plant unit, an increase of the sidewall friction factor of over 150% was indicated with a 50% increase in Stanton number. Calculations for a supersonic generator showed that flow separation may occur on the sidewall because of the current pattern caused by the temperature overshoot common in supersonic boundary layers.
Maternal Warmth Moderates the Link between Harsh Discipline and Later Externalizing Behaviors for Mexican American Adolescents

SYNOPSIS Objective. This study examined maternal warmth as a moderator of the relation between harsh discipline practices and adolescent externalizing problems one year later in low-income, Mexican American families. Design. Participants were 189 adolescents and their mothers who comprised the control group of a longitudinal intervention program. Results. Maternal warmth protected adolescents from the negative effects of harsh discipline such that, at higher levels of maternal warmth, there was no relation between harsh discipline and externalizing problems after controlling for baseline levels of externalizing problems and other covariates. At lower levels of maternal warmth, there was a positive relation between harsh discipline practices and later externalizing problems. Conclusion. To understand the role of harsh discipline in the development of Mexican American youth outcomes, researchers must consider contextual variables that may affect youths’ perceptions of their parents’ behavior, such as matern...
The role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the development of PTSD in preschool children.

Population-based association studies have supported the heritability of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study explored the influence of genetic variation in the dopamine transporter (DAT) 3' untranslated region variable number tandem repeat on the development of PTSD in preschool children exposed to Hurricane Katrina, diagnosed using a developmentally appropriate semistructured interview. A diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition , (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), total symptoms, and specifically Criterion D symptoms were significantly more likely to be found in children with the 9 allele. This study replicates a previous finding in adults with PTSD. The specificity of this finding to the increased arousal symptoms of Criterion D suggests that dopamine and the DAT allele may contribute to one heritable path in a multifinality model of the development of PTSD. Language: en
An STM study of the gallium induced 3 × 3 reconstruction of Si(111)

Abstract We present scanning tunneling microscope images that confirm a 1 3 ML adatom model for the Ga induced 3 × 3 reconstruction of Si(111). We have also identified the bonding site of the Ga adatoms in this structure as the threefold site above second layer Si atoms. The images also show the presence of defects that arise from Si adatom replacement.
Measurement of the Transition Moment by the Optical Transient Nutation Effect

Abstract : The observation of the optical transient nutation effect in SF6 if found to be greatly facilitated by cooling the gas to dry ice temperature; similar improvement is also expected in the observation of the self-induced transparency effect and the photon echo effect in this gas. The improved experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to determine thr transition moment of optical transitions directly on the basis of the optical nutation effect without the need of estimating any population densities as in the usual method based on the measurement of the absorption coefficient. (Author)
Dispatched Control for Normal Conditions on the HV-AC or Compound HV-AC-DC Systems

The Dispatched Control principle is developed to assure on line economic production of power including losses while maintaining system wide frequency and tie line load setpoints as well as the AC and, if present, the DC voltage profiles. New feasible algorithms are introduced for the reactive power and multiterminal DC system controls. Previously published papers [1], [2] have treated the reevaluation of the Dispatched Control of real power generation or AGC. It is advocated here to treat system security not on line but as part of unit commitment combined with on line active emergency control. A new "Transjection Model" for the compound multiterminal HV-AC-DC system is introduced which emphasizes structural properties of such systems and is instrumental in developing a system wide, uniformly structured Dispatched Control.
Electrolytic removal of heavy metals from wastewaters. Elimination of end‐of‐the‐line treatment is the key to important savings of capital and operating costs

An electrolytic reactor with a cathode made of carbon fibers and an anode made of carbon fibers or metal oxide is described which effectively removes toxic metals from wastewater. The carbon-fiber pad provides a large surface area and large void volume, allowing a high removal rate with minimum flow resistance. Electrolytic reactors designed for high flow rate with short flow path are effective for metal cleanup in a recirculating flow mode. One specific application of such reactors is the cleanup of a dragout tank in an electroplating line. By continuously removing the metals at the same rate as they are introduced by dragout from the plating bath, it is possible to eliminate the end-of-the-line treatment. This source treatment by an electrolytic process greatly simplifies the wastewater-treatment process and results in savings of capital and operating costs. 5 references, 8 figures, 2 tables.
Fine Structures in Raman Spectra

Techniques are described whereby with the use of cylindrical lenses in conjunction with powerful grating spectrographs it has been possible to apply resolving power approximately one order of magnitude greater than is easily feasible with prism spectrographs for the photography of Raman spectra. Fine structures due to the isotopes of chlorine have been observed in the spectrum of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. It is shown that the Δν = 217 cm−1 and Δν = 314 cm−1 frequency shifts of carbon tetrachloride are not resolvable even with these powerful spectrographs. The splitting of these lines into doublets by Langseth using very much smaller resolving power is not explainable in the light of our experiments. The “difference bands” arising from return transitions from the Fermi resonance doublet in the carbon tetrachloride spectrum have been found. These bands appear with approximately the intensity calculated by Horiuti. Fine structure of the totally symmetric frequency in the benzene spectrum has been measured under high dispersion. The results of these measurements are in good agreement with those of Langseth and Lord.
Hck Is a Key Regulator of Gene Expression in Alternatively Activated Human Monocytes

IL-13 is a Th2 cytokine that promotes alternative activation (M2 polarization) in primary human monocytes. Our studies have characterized the functional IL-13 receptor complex and the downstream signaling events in response to IL-13 stimulation in alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages. In this report, we present evidence that IL-13 induces the activation of a Src family tyrosine kinase, which is required for IL-13 induction of M2 gene expression, including 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO). Our data show that Src kinase activity regulates IL-13-induced p38 MAPK tyrosine phosphorylation via the upstream kinases MKK3 or MKK6. Our findings also reveal that the IL-13 receptor-associated tyrosine kinase Jak2 is required for the activation of both Src kinase as well as p38 MAPK. Further, we found that Src tyrosine kinase-mediated activation of p38 MAPK is required for Stat1 and Stat3 serine 727 phosphorylation in alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages. Additional studies identify Hck as the specific Src family member, stimulated by IL-13 and involved in regulating both p38 MAPK activation and p38 MAPK-mediated 15-LO expression. Finally we show that the Hck regulates the expression of other alternative state (M2)-specific genes (Mannose receptor, MAO-A, and CD36) and therefore conclude that Hck acts as a key regulator controlling gene expression in alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages.
Two-Group t-Test of the Difference of the Means for Independent Groups

Up until now in this book, you have been dealing with the situation in which you have had only one group of events or objects in your research study and one measurement “number” on each of these. This chapter asks you to change gears and deal with the situation in which you are measuring two groups of instead of only one group. The nine steps for hypothesis-testing using the two-group t-test are presented, including the decision rule for either accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis for your data, and writing both the result and conclusion of your statistical test. Two formulas are presented in this chapter for this test. You need to use Formula #1 whenever both of your groups have more than 30 events or objects in them, and Formula #2 whenever one or both of your groups have less than 30 events or objects in them. The Excel steps are presented for both of these formulas using a practical example. Three practice problems are given at the end of the chapter to test your Excel skills, and the answers to these problems appear in Appendix A of this book. An additional practice problem is presented in the Practice Test given in Appendix B along with its answer in Appendix C of this book.
Robust meta-analysis shows that glioma transcriptional subtyping complements traditional approaches

Gliomas traditionally have been sub-classified based on histopathological observations. However, this approach is subject to inter-observer variability, and histopathological features may not reflect the biological mechanisms that drive tumor growth. High-throughput transcriptional profiling has shown promise in objectively and reproducibly identifying glioma subtypes. Most prior studies have typically used only modest sample sizes and have sometimes overlooked important data-processing steps to ensure sample quality and to evaluate the robustness of quantitative findings. The purpose of our study was to define robust glioma subtypes by applying rigorous preprocessing and validation steps to 1,952 microarray samples aggregated from 16 prior studies. This data set is the most comprehensive collection of glioma microarray samples compiled to date. We evaluated each sample for quality-control issues, corrected for probe-composition biases, and adjusted for intra- and inter-study batch effects. Using a training/testing validation design that simulates a “bench-to-bedside process,” we identified six transcriptional subtypes that contained a heterogeneous mix of histopathological subtypes and tumor grades. Similar to prior studies, age, survival and treatment patterns differed significantly across the transcriptional subtypes. However, due to our large sample size, we also observed that within a given histopathological subtype, our transcriptional subtypes provided additional prognostic value. Lastly, we used a pathway-based approach to elucidate the biological mechanisms associated with each subtype. Our findings provide clinical and biological insights that may not be apparent with alternative approaches or smaller data sets, and our approach serves as an example for meta-analyses that can be applied to other complex diseases.
Petrography of Salt Dome Cap Rock

Two kinds of cap rock are differentiated: the gypsum anhydrite-cap and the calcite cap. The gypsum is derived from the anhydrite by hydration and is characteristic of the upper part of the cap, where it contains much calcite and sulphur. The deeper, less altered part of the anhydrite cap shows parallel banding, which may be the result of diffusion, and breccia fragments of a parallel-banded, finer-grained anhydrite, which give evidence of sedimentary origin. Therefore, although no detrital minerals have been found in specimens of anhydrite cap, this cap is believed to be of sedimentary origin, brought up by an intrusive salt plug from depth. Possible explanations of the presence or absence of anhydrite caps on salt domes are offered. The calcite cap is the product of repl cement and penetration by calcite of the sedimentary beds adjacent to the gypsum-anhydrite cap and probably of the upper part of the gypsum-anhydrite cap itself. The sulphur in cap rock is characteristically associated with this calcite. The calcite and sulphur are probably the result of reduction of the outer parts of the anhydrite cap by hydrocarbons from adjacent beds. Constituents of minor importance are sulphides, carbonates of an early generation, barite, celestite, bipyramidal quartz crystals, and inclusions of sandstone in anhydrite.
New Moscow Monuments, or, States of Innocence

In the 1990s, the Georgian sculptor Zurab Tsereteli triggered a furor over the millions of tax dollars the Moscow city government paid him for his monumental art installations around the Russian capital. Critics have assailed such gross expenditure in a period of economic privation, questioned the propriety of Tsereteli's ties to power, and ridiculed his often cartoon-like aesthetics. In the embattled new Russian state, this infantilization of public space through government-sponsored art reprises a familiar discourse of timeless innocence in the service of state power. [Russia, Moscow, monuments, state power, time, art]
Effects of Spatial Attention on Motion Discrimination are Greater in the Left than Right Visual Field

In order to investigate differences in the effects of spatial attention between the left visual field (LVF) and the right visual field (RVF), we employed a full/poor attention paradigm using stimuli presented in the LVF vs. RVF. In addition, to investigate differences in the effects of spatial attention between the dorsal and ventral processing streams, we obtained motion thresholds (motion coherence thresholds and fine direction discrimination thresholds) and orientation thresholds, respectively. The results of this study showed negligible effects of attention on the orientation task, in either the LVF or RVF. In contrast, for both motion tasks, there was a significant effect of attention in the LVF, but not in the RVF. These data provide psychophysical evidence for greater effects of spatial attention in the LVF/right hemisphere, specifically, for motion processing in the dorsal stream.
Constructing the procedure call multigraph

An algorithm for constructing a precise call multigraph for languages that permit procedure parameters, extending the method of B. Ryder (see ibid., vol.5, no.3, p.216-225 (1979)) for handling recursion, is presented. If it is assumed that there is a constant upper bound on the number of procedure parameters to any procedure in the program, then the algorithm is polynomial in the total number of procedures in the program. >
Effects of Experimentally Elevated Testosterone on Plasma Corticosterone and Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin in Dark-Eyed Juncos ( Junco hyemalis)

Abstract An earlier study of free-living male dark-eyed juncos found an increase in plasma corticosterone (B) in response to experimental elevation of plasma testosterone (T) (E. D. Kettersonet al.,1991,Horm. Behav.25,489–503). To investigate whether the increase was caused by enhanced secretion of corticosterone or by a slower clearance rate, or both, we exposed 52 captive yearling male dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) to day lengths corresponding to those of spring and implanted them with one or two testosterone-filled or sham implants (10 T-I, 22 T-II, and 20 C-males). We then examined the effect of experimentally elevated testosterone on plasma corticosterone and on corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), as measured by the ability of steroid-stripped plasma to bind labeled corticosterone. Plasma samples were taken five times, 2 weeks before experimental prolongation of day length and approximately every 3 weeks thereafter. Treatment with testosterone increased both plasma testosterone and plasma corticosterone two to three times above control levels, and the degree of elevation was dose-dependent. Only when all treatment groups were pooled, however, were plasma testosterone and corticosterone significantly correlated. The relationship between plasma corticosterone and time required to bleed the birds was similar for all three treatment groups, suggesting that there was no effect of treatment on the stress response. Testosterone significantly increased the capacity of the plasma to bind corticosterone, presumably because it contained more CBG, when compared to the plasma of controls. However, treatment with testosterone did not affect the affinity of the plasma for corticosterone. It seems likely that exogenous testosterone elevated corticosterone by slowing the corticosterone clearance rate via an increase in CBG. It is not clear what the net effect of chronic elevation of testosterone would be on the availability of corticosterone to target tissues.
Tea Time in America? The Impact of the Tea Party Movement on the 2010 Midterm Elections

By winning the presidency and strengthening its majority in both chambers of Congress, the 2008 election gave control of the government to the Democratic Party. However, as the 2010 election season unfolded, the news for the Democratic Party could not have been much worse. Economic conditions had not improved dramatically. A bitter and lengthy fight over health care reform signaled to citizens that little had changed in how Washington, DC, governed. The stimulus package and its impact on the federal debt caused unease in a segment of the electorate that was concerned with the size of government. In this context, observers of American politics began to take note of the number of citizens affiliating with, or at least expressing favorability toward, a loose coalition of groups known as the Tea Party movement. Tea Party rallies began to occur throughout the United States, seeking to draw attention to the movement's primary issues.
The DURABLE trial study design: comparing the safety, efficacy, and durability of insulin glargine to insulin lispro mix 75/25 added to oral antihyperglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: While studies have compared the safety and efficacy of starter insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes, none have evaluated regimen durability (length of time a patient can maintain glycemic control) or the safety and efficacy of subsequent intensification regimens in a large, multinational cohort. Methods: The DURABLE (Assessing the DURAbility of Basal vs Lispro Mix 75/25 Insulin Efficacy) trial will compare the ability of glargine once daily vs lispro mix 75/25 (75% insulin lispro protamine suspension, 25% lispro) twice daily added to oral antihyperglycemic agents to achieve and maintain hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) goals. This randomized, open label, parallel study will enroll over 2000 insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes from 11 countries, ages 30 to 80, with HbA1c >7.0% on at least two oral antihyperglycemic agents. At the completion of the 6-month initiation phase, safety and efficacy of the two regimens will be compared. Patients who achieve an HbA1c ≤7.0% at 6 months will continue into the 24-month maintenance phase to evaluate durability. In a substudy, patients not achieving HbA1c ≤7.0% at 6 months may be randomized to one of two intensification comparisons: patients previously on glargine will receive lispro mix 75/25 twice daily or basal/bolus therapy (glargine + thrice-daily mealtime lispro) and patients previously on lispro mix 75/25 will receive lispro mix 50/50 (50% insulin lispro protamine suspension, 50% lispro) thrice daily or basal/bolus therapy. Results: Upon completion, this trial will provide new information about starter insulin durability, defined as the length of time patients can maintain HbA1c control (HbA1c ≤7.0%, or >7.0% but with an increase of <0.4% from the most recent HbA1c ≤7.0%). Additionally, the study will provide comparative data on HbA1c, blood glucose profiles, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, hypoglycemic episodes, weight change, and insulin dose for starter insulin regimens following 6 and 24 months of treatment, as well as intensified insulin via the 6-month substudy. Conclusion:
Annual tree growth, mortality, physical condition, and microsite in an old-growth tropical rain forest, 1983–2010

Tree species richness in a tropical rain forest typically exceeds several hundred species over mesoscale landscapes. There is no generally accepted ecological theory that accounts for the coexistence of so many species with the same general morphologies and the same basic requirements of light, nutrients, water, and physical space. In part this lack of theory rests on the lack of understanding of the post-establishment ecology for the vast majority of tropical tree species. Of even more immediate concern is the lack of data on tree performance in relation to climate; such data are critical to project effects of global climate change on tropical forests. Here we present data on the post-establishment ecology of 10 species of tropical wet forest trees selected to span a range of predicted life history patterns. The study site was terra firme old-growth tropical wet forest at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. Particular emphasis has been placed on evaluating the precision of measurements, metada...
Ice storms as a successional pathway for Fagus grandifolia advancement in Quercus rubra dominated forests of southern New England

On 11 December 2008, a severe ice storm affected large portions of southern New England. We report the results of a study investigating differential damage among tree species. Past studies surveyin...
Fossil decapod crustaceans from the Gammon Ferruginous Member, Pierre Shale (early Campanian), Black Hills, South Dakota

AssTRArcT-Four hundred twenty-five fossil decapods, preserved in apatite concretions, were collected from the Early Campanian Gammon Ferruginous Member of the Pierre Shale in Butte County, South Dakota. The fauna, confined to a 4.3 meter interval of rock and mapped over eight square kilometers, is dominated by the mud shrimp Protocallianassa russelli n. sp. (74.5% of decapod fauna), the crab Necrocarcinus davisi n. sp. (14.6%), and the lobster Hoploparia mickelsoni n. sp. (9.5%), but includes four other crabs: Dioratiopus hearttailensis n. sp. (1.2%), Raninella oaheensis Bishop, 1978 (0.5%), Xanthosia elegans occidentalis n. sp. (0.5%), and Rugafariusfredrichi n. gen., n. sp. (0.2%). This group of decapods is considered to be an assemblage, the Protocallianassa-Necrocarcinus-Hoploparia Assemblage, because of similarities to the Dakoticancer Assemblage in faunal characteristics, mode of preservation, and geographic and stratigraphic distribution. This assemblage predates the migration of Dakoticancer overanus Rathbun into the Western Interior and the consequent development of the Dakoticancer Assemblage, which contains descendents of taxa in the Protocallianassa-Necrocarcinus-Hoploparia Assemblage, repeatedly present in the Upper Pierre Shale.
Crowdsourcing as an Approach to Customer Relationship Building in Academic Libraries

Library initiatives to first-year students not only present an opportunity to offer information literacy instruction for student advancement, but they also serve a key marketing function by communicating the library's ongoing value and building customer relationships. Library orientation tours are an example of how to effectively market to first-year students. Combining peer-to-peer learning and user-generated content via social media known as crowdsourcing, Newman Library sponsored a contest challenging first-year students to create a video sharing a useful library tip. The contributions and benefits of this cocreation approach to fostering relationships are examined, and the implications to strengthening other library-user bonds are explored.
Surgeon Volume Correlates with Reduced Mortality and Improved Quality in the Surgical Management of Diverticulitis.

Background Volume has been shown to be an important determinant of quality and cost outcomes.