cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HTML5 Mobile Websites: Turbocharging HTML5 with jQuery Mobile, Sencha Touch, and Other Frameworks

Build HTML5-powered mobile web experiences with the aid of development frameworks that speed the development of Native App-like experiences. Build on your foundation of HTML and JavaScript with a complete understanding of the different mobile Web browser technologies. You get carefully detailed techniques that are illustrated in full color so you can leverage the Web technologies unique to each mobile browser, apply frameworks such as Sencha Touch to rapidly build out your designs, and design techniques expressly suited for tablet devices. Projects provide hands-on practice and code is provided on the companion website, www.visualizetheweb.com/MobileWebsites.*Analysis of different mobile Web browser technologies *Leveraging Web technologies unique to each mobile browser *Applying frameworks, such as Sencha Touch, JQTouch, jQuery Mobile, and iUI to rapidly build out your designs
Big Data, Big Rhetoric in Toronto’s Smart City

While acknowledging the city as a site of disciplinary and technological disruption, this paper introduces Bratton’s stack theory as a way to understand smart cities more generally, and Waterfront ...
Complexity-Theoretic Barriers in Economics

We survey several unexpected connections between computational complexity and fundamental economic questions that appear unrelated to computation.
Potential Lack of Association Between Three Vestigial Muscles in Humans: A Willed Body Donor Study.

Purpose Anatomical agenesis within a population is not well understood, with variations including but not limited to complete absence, unilateral presence, or bilateral presence. Agenesis of human vestigial muscles including the palmaris longus (PL), fibularis tertius (FT), and psoas minor (PM) has been studied; however, the relationship between their presence and absence has not been examined. The purpose of this study is to analyze the prevalence of the PL, FT, and PM muscles, investigate any relationship of prevalence based on sex or race, and investigate any correlation between the presence or absence of each muscle within individual donors. Methods Twenty-three willed body donors were comprehensively dissected by medical students, and the presence or absence of the PL, FT, and PM muscles was recorded. Results The PL was present bilaterally in 87% of donors and absent bilaterally in 13%. The FT was present bilaterally in 96% of donors, and present unilaterally in 4% of donors. There was no evidence of total agenesis of the FT within our sample. The PM was present bilaterally in 39% of donors, and absent bilaterally in 61% of donors. No statistically significant relationship was indicated between muscle presence and the sex or race of the donors. No correlation between the presence or absence of each of the muscles was found. Conclusion In this sample of willed body donors, there was no relationship between muscular agenesis of the vestigial muscles. This suggests that muscle agenesis is a local genetic developmental event at each muscle, and that there is not a single developmental event that leads to agenesis of multiple vestigial muscles. Further understanding of the agenesis of vestigial structures within populations and subpopulations can aid in physician diagnosis and understanding of the anatomical makeup of individuals.
Host Fatty Acid Utilization by Staphylococcus aureus at the Infection Site

Staphylococcus aureus utilizes the fatty acid (FA) kinase system to activate exogenous FAs for membrane synthesis. We developed a lipidomics workflow to determine the membrane phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecular species synthesized by S. aureus at the thigh infection site. Wild-type S. aureus utilizes both host palmitate and oleate to acylate the 1 position of PG, and the 2 position is occupied by pentadecanoic acid arising from de novo biosynthesis. Inactivation of FakB2 eliminates the ability to assimilate oleate and inactivation of FakB1 reduces the content of saturated FAs and enhances oleate utilization. Elimination of FA activation in either ΔfakA or ΔfakB1 ΔfakB2 mutants does not impact growth. All S. aureus strains recovered from the thigh have significantly reduced branched-chain FAs and increased even-chain FAs compared to that with growth in rich laboratory medium. The molecular species pattern observed in the thigh was reproduced in the laboratory by growth in isoleucine-deficient medium containing exogenous FAs. S. aureus utilizes specific host FAs for membrane biosynthesis but also requires de novo FA biosynthesis initiated by isoleucine (or leucine) to produce pentadecanoic acid.IMPORTANCE The shortage of antibiotics against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has led to the development of new drugs targeting the elongation cycle of fatty acid (FA) synthesis that are progressing toward the clinic. An objection to the use of FA synthesis inhibitors is that S. aureus can utilize exogenous FAs to construct its membrane, suggesting that the bacterium would bypass these therapeutics by utilizing host FAs instead. We developed a mass spectrometry workflow to determine the composition of the S. aureus membrane at the infection site to directly address how S. aureus uses host FAs. S. aureus strains that cannot acquire host FAs are as effective in establishing an infection as the wild type, but strains that require the utilization of host FAs for growth were attenuated in the mouse thigh infection model. We find that S. aureus does utilize host FAs to construct its membrane, but host FAs do not replace the requirement for pentadecanoic acid, a branched-chain FA derived from isoleucine (or leucine) that predominantly occupies the 2 position of S. aureus phospholipids. The membrane phospholipid structure of S. aureus mutants that cannot utilize host FAs indicates the isoleucine is a scarce resource at the infection site. This reliance on the de novo synthesis of predominantly pentadecanoic acid that cannot be obtained from the host is one reason why drugs that target fatty acid synthesis are effective in treating S. aureus infections.
Disease perception and awareness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural Xuzhou

Objective To evaluate perception and awareness of disease knowledge in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in rural area of Xuzhou City. Methods Perception and awareness of COPD, including its nature, control, medication use, impact on their quality of life, experience of its acute exacerbation, and so on, in 392 patients with COPD were evaluated with self-designed ad hoc questionnaire. Proportion and percentage were used in statistical analysis. Results According to the GLOD standards, 58 of 392 patients with COPD could be classified as stage Ⅰ (14. 8%), 164 as stage Ⅱ (41.8%), 103 as stage Ⅲ (26.3%) and 67 as stage Ⅳ (17.1%), respectively. Only 14 patients (3.6%) had heard COPD, but all of them did not know the definition of COPD and its acute exacerbation. Lung function tests and health education had never been performed for all these patients. One hundred and twenty-six patients (32. 1%) did not understand that smoking is a risk factor for COPD, 343 patients (87. 5%) had never heard that COPD could be prevented and controlled. Only 95 patients (24. 2%) did regular physical exercises. Seventy-six patients (19. 4%) in stable stage did not take theophylline regularly, and none of them took inhalers or nebulizer drugs regularly or temporally, or oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation at home. During acute exacerbation, 261 patients (66.6%) could take theophyUine or analogous drugs and antibiotics. One hundred and five patients (26. 8%) were admitted to hospital during the past year due to respiratory symptoms. Physical activities were restrained in 224 patients (57.1%), 91 patients (23. 2%) had a little bit feeling of depression sometimes and social communication was impacted in 232 patients (59. 2%). Conclusions Patients with COPD in rural Xuzhan, Jiangsu province were poor in knowledge of COPD, and their treatment during stable stage and acute exacerbation did not meet the standards. COPD had significant impact on their daily life, and education and management for the patients should be strengthened. Key words: Pulmonary diseases, chronic obstructive; Cognition; Questionaires
Mathematical modeling and parametric study of a planar Tumbleweed rover demonstrator

Abstract Spherical wind-blown Tumbleweed rovers have the potential to significantly expand the type of interplanetary terrain that can be explored on planets such as Mars. Multiple tumbleweed designs have been studied by NASA’s Langley Research Center and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and one promising design, the box-kite model, relies on internal sails to maneuver over rough terrains with the help of mass actuation within the rover chassis for directional control. This paper sets out to parametrically study the effect of actuating masses on Tumbleweed rover performance. As a first step towards evaluating the performance of a spherical Tumbleweed rover, we study a planar model in this paper. To accomplish our parametric study, a dynamic model and control scheme for a planar tumbleweed rover has been developed with four moving masses within the structure, and a prototype was built based on the model and proposed control scheme. The prototype was used to establish the validity of the dynamic model, and the dynamic model was then used to study the effect of rover diameter, mass actuation speed, and chassis-mass-to-actuating-mass ratios on the performance of the tumbleweed rover. From these studies it was found that the final angular speed of the rover decreases with increasing rover diameter, while the rover linear speed increases with diameter. The time taken to reach a desired angular speed was found to increase with increasing rover diameter for all cases. Additionally, final rover angular speed and linear speed were shown to increase with actuating-mass-to-chassis-mass ratio, and the time taken for reaching a desired angular speed and linear speed, i.e. settling time, was found to decrease with increasing actuating-mass-to-chassis-mass ratio.
Plasmonics under Attack: Protecting Copper Nanostructuresfrom Harsh Environments

The functionality of well-tailored nanomaterials can only be retained if they are robust to the environmental factors in which they operate. The inability of Cu to withstand such factors is largely...
Metabolic Reprogramming and Reactive Oxygen Species in T Cell Immunity.

T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming and multiple biological processes to satisfy their energetic and biosynthetic demands throughout their lifespan. Several of these metabolic pathways result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The imbalance between ROS generation and scavenging could result in severe damage to the cells and potential cell death, ultimately leading to T cell-related diseases. Interestingly, ROS play an essential role in T cell immunity. Here, we introduce the important connectivity between T cell lifespan and the metabolic reprogramming among distinct T cell subsets. We also discuss the generation and sources of ROS production within T cell immunity as well as highlight recent research concerning the effects of ROS on T cell activities.
Physics-Enforced Modeling for Insertion Loss of Transmission Lines by Deep Neural Networks.

In this paper, we investigate data-driven parameterized modeling of insertion loss for transmission lines with respect to design parameters. We first show that direct application of neural networks can lead to non-physics models with negative insertion loss. To mitigate this problem, we propose two deep learning solutions. One solution is to add a regulation term, which represents the passive condition, to the final loss function to enforce the negative quantity of insertion loss. In the second method, a third-order polynomial expression is defined first, which ensures positiveness, to approximate the insertion loss, then DeepONet neural network structure, which was proposed recently for function and system modeling, was employed to model the coefficients of polynomials. The resulting neural network is applied to predict the coefficients of the polynomial expression. The experimental results on an open-sourced SI/PI database of a PCB design show that both methods can ensure the positiveness for the insertion loss. Furthermore, both methods can achieve similar prediction results, while the polynomial-based DeepONet method is faster than DeepONet based method in training time.
Resistivity size effect in epitaxial iridium layers

The resistivity size effect in Ir is quantified with in situ and ex situ transport measurements at 295 and 77 K using epitaxial layers with thickness d = 5–140 nm deposited on MgO(001) and Al2O3(0001) substrates. Data fitting with the Fuchs–Sondheimer model of the measured resistivity ρ vs d for single-crystal Ir(001)/MgO(001) layers deposited at Ts = 1000 °C yield an effective electron mean free path λeff = 7.4 ± 1.2 nm at 295 K, a room-temperature bulk resistivity ρo = 5.2 μΩ cm, and a temperature-independent product ρoλeff = (3.8 ± 0.6)×10−16 Ω m2, which is in good agreement with first-principles predictions. Layers deposited at Ts = 700 °C and stepwise annealed to 1000 °C exhibit a unique polycrystalline multi-domain microstructure with smooth renucleated 111-oriented grains that are >10 μm wide for d = 10 nm, resulting in a 26% lower ρoλeff. Ir(111)/Al2O3(0001) layers exhibit two 60°-rotated epitaxial domains with an average lateral grain size of 88 nm. The grain boundaries cause a thickness-independent resistivity contribution Δρgb = 0.86 ± 0.19 and 0.84 ± 0.12 μΩ cm at 295 and 77 K, indicating an electron reflection coefficient R = 0.52 ± 0.02 for this boundary characterized by a 60° rotation about the ⟨111⟩ axis. The overall results indicate that microstructural features including strain fields from misfit dislocations and/or atomic-level roughness strongly affect the resistivity size effect in Ir. The measured ρoλeff for Ir is smaller than for any other elemental metal and 69%, 43%, and 25% below reported ρoλ products for Co, Cu, and Ru, respectively, indicating that Ir is a promising alternate metal for narrow high-conductivity interconnects.
Unpacking Clinical Supervision in Transitional and Permanent Supportive Housing: Scrutiny or Support?

Behavioral health organizations use clinical supervision to ensure professional development and practice quality. This qualitative study examined 35 service coordinators’ perspectives on supervision in two distinct supportive housing program types (permanent and transitional). Thematic analysis of in-depth interviews yielded three contrast themes: support versus scrutiny, planned versus impromptu time, and housing first versus treatment first. Supervisory content and format resulted in differential perceptions of supervision, thereby influencing opportunities for learning. These findings suggest that unpacking discrete elements of supervision enactment in usual care settings can inform implementation of recovery-oriented practice.
Characteristics associated with satisfaction with life 1 year post traumatic brain injury in a population of Hispanic individuals

OBJECTIVE To determine which demographic, injury, rehabilitation, and follow-up characteristics are associated with satisfaction with life in a population of Hispanic individuals 1 year post-traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Longitudinal dataset of the TBI Model Systems National Database. PARTICIPANTS 291 Hispanic adults with TBIs occurring between 1999 and 2008 having year 1 follow-up data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) measured 1 year post-TBI. RESULTS The relationships between SWLS 1 year post-injury and a variety of demographic, injury, rehabilitation, and follow-up characteristics were modeled using generalized linear models. The final multivariable model explained 25.2% of variability in SWLS (F (7, 261)=12.6, p < 0.001) and included quadratic effects for both age at injury and FIM cognitive scores 1 year post-injury, as well as effects for associated SCI and employment status 1 year post-injury (all p-values ≤ 0.036). In general, higher age, no associated SCI, not being unemployed at 1 year post-injury, and very high or very low FIM cognitive scores were associated with greater SWLS scores 1 year post-injury. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a variety of demographic, injury, and follow-up characteristics are related with SWLS 1 year post-TBI in Hispanic individuals. Focusing rehabilitation efforts on improving cognition and vocational skills may improve SWLS in Hispanics 1 year post-TBI.
Sleep parameters and respiratory variables in "near miss' sudden infant death syndrome infants.

Twenty-nine near miss for sudden infant death syndrome and thirty normal infants between the ages of 3 weeks and 6 months were monitored polygraphically for 24 hours. The distribution of sleep and abnormal respiratory events were analyzed for both groups. On the basis of mixed and obstructive apnea, 12-hour nocturnal segments (8 pm to 8 am) consistently distinguished near miss from normal infant groups between the ages of 3 weeks and 4.5 months. Daytime naps do not provide statistical differences sufficient to differentiate between the two groups. During sleep, abnormal respiratory events are more likely to occur between 1 am and 6 am, at least 40 minutes after sleep onset. Respiratory pauses show a significant increase just prior to waking (a strong respiratory stimulus). Any impairment of the arousal threshold during sleep will place near miss infants at increased risk.
The post-translational processing of rat pro-atrial natriuretic factor by primary atrial myocyte cultures

Primary cultures of neonatal rat atrial myocytes were maintained in two different serum-free media for up to 25 days. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-specific radioimmunoassay demonstrated that the cultures maintained in our previously described serum-free medium (Glembotski, C.C., and Gibson, T. R. (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 132, 1008-1017) secreted primarily ANF-(1-126)-like material, whereas those cultures maintained in a different formulation of medium secreted mostly ANF-(99-126)-like material. Cultures that secreted ANF(99-126)-like material were biosynthetically labeled with [35S]cysteine followed by immunoprecipitation of secreted ANF and analysis by reversed-phase, size exclusion, and ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. The labeled ANF-(99-126)-like peptide was shown to be chromatographically indistinguishable from other synthetic peptides related to ANF-(99-126). Labeled ANF purified from extracts of the cultured cells was chromatographically indistinguishable from authentic ANF-(1-126), and could be cleaved specifically by thrombin into labeled ANF-(99-126)-like material. These results indicate that primary atrial myocytes maintained under certain serum-free conditions are capable of secreting ANF-related material that is chromatographically indistinguishable from ANF-(99-126), the known circulating form of the hormone. Additional preliminary studies suggest that the presence of glucocorticoids in the culture medium may confer ANF processing ability on cultured myocytes.
INTERPRETATIVE ARGUMENTS OF FORENSIC MATCH EVIDENCE: AN EVIDENTIARY ANALYSIS

The use of forensic match evidence contains an unavoidable paradox: that while it might be more reliable and precise than other forms of evidence, there exists a very real danger that jurors will misapprehend its value, given its quantitative nature. The adversarial process in which attorneys present interpretative arguments designed to bolster their clients’ interests exacerbates this problem. Thompson and Schumann, who coined the Defense Attorney’s Fallacy, conducted the seminal exploration of this issue. This fallacy, along with the Prosecutor’s Fallacy, is pervasive throughout academic literature and has been observed in judicial reasoning. There has been no effort, however, to explore its normative status. By exploring the argument that leads to the Defense Attorney’s Fallacy, this article argues that the underlying reasoning, while intuitively correct, is normatively incongruent. Using an example of database trawling, the article further seeks to elucidate the evidentiary distinction between relevance and sufficiency, which seems lost when commentators discuss the fallacy of the defense attorney. Recognizing this distinction yields refinement in argument and advances clarity in the logical relationship between forensic match evidence and adjudicative determinations of guilt.
Socioeconomic status is positively associated with percent emphysema on CT scan: The MESA lung study.

Rationale and Objectives Higher socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with lower respiratory mortality and better lung function, but whether a similar gradient exists for computed tomography (CT) measures of subclinical emphysema is unknown. Materials and Methods The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) recruited African-American, Chinese, Hispanic, and white participants, ages 45 to 84 years, without clinical cardiovascular disease, from six US sites between 2000 and 2002. The MESA Lung Study assessed percent emphysema, defined based on the proportion of pixels below an attenuation threshold of 910 HU from lung windows of cardiac CT scans. Generalized linear models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, height, body mass index, history of respiratory illness, occupational and residential exposures, tobacco use, and CT scanner type. Results Among 3706 participants with a mean age of 61 (±10), the median value for percent emphysema was 18 (interquartile range = 20). Compared with those who did not complete high school, participants with a graduate degree had a higher percent emphysema (difference of 4; P Conclusion Although SES indicators were positively associated with subclinical emphysema detectable on CT scan, this unexpected association may highlight potential bias because of effort dependence of both CT measures and spirometry.
Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density

Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.
Using a Rubber Band to Teach the Management of Quality

This article describes the use of a simple two-phase hands-on gage of repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R) study to illustrate the three stages of quality management (QM) described by Hanna and Newman (2001): detection, prevention, and ongoing improvement. The overall objective is to simply help students understand measurement system analysis and its effects on process improvements. While it can be argued that the link between the measurement system analysis and process improvement is indirect, the variability of a process can significantly impact quality. Understanding the processes provides the framework for determining the effects of variation and proper management decisions (Evans & Lindsay, 2005). This two-phase GR&R study utilizes groups of students to measure a tabletop. A GR&R study is used to measure (or gage) variability in processes. Such studies measure the ability of an operator to repeat the same measurement (which gages the equipment variation), and also measure the ability of a second operator to reproduce the first operator’s measurement (gages the operator variation). In the first phase, the students measure a tabletop with a rubber band. This is followed by a hands-on discussion to detect the QM issues. After detecting the issues, we proceed to implement a preventative action to reduce variation. In the second phase, the students measure the same tabletop using a photocopy of a 12-inch ruler, which is again followed by another discussion of the observed variation. A summary of the phase is provided in the Appendix (Table A.1). This study can be completed in about 40 minutes, making it feasible to be completed in a standard 50-minute class time block, and can be readily extended to discuss the role of technology in QM and the importance of feedback in the transformation process for those classes scheduled in a 1-hour-20-minute time block.
Genomewide linkage analysis of quantitative spirometric phenotypes in severe early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, complex disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. COPD is defined by irreversible airflow obstruction; airflow obstruction is typically determined by reductions in quantitative spirometric indices, including forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1) and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FVC). To identify genetic determinants of quantitative spirometric phenotypes, an autosomal 10-cM genomewide scan of short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphic markers was performed in 72 pedigrees (585 individuals) ascertained through probands with severe early-onset COPD. Multipoint variance-component linkage analysis (using SOLAR) was performed for quantitative phenotypes, including FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC. In the initial genomewide scan, significant evidence for linkage to FEV1/FVC was demonstrated on chromosome 2q (LOD score 4.12 at 222 cM). Suggestive evidence was found for linkage to FEV1/FVC on chromosomes 1 (LOD score 1.92 at 120 cM) and 17 (LOD score 2.03 at 67 cM) and to FVC on chromosome 1 (LOD score 2.05 at 13 cM). The highest LOD score for FEV1 in the initial genomewide scan was 1.53, on chromosome 12, at 36 cM. After inclusion of 12 additional STR markers on chromosome 12p, which had been previously genotyped in this population, suggestive evidence for linkage of FEV1 (LOD score 2.43 at 37 cM) to this region was demonstrated. These observations provide both significant evidence for an early-onset COPD-susceptibility locus on chromosome 2 and suggestive evidence for linkage of spirometry-related phenotypes to several other genomic regions. The significant linkage of FEV1/FVC to chromosome 2q could reflect one or more genes influencing the development of airflow obstruction or dysanapsis.
Observation of a decoupled band in 123 Cs

The methods of in-beamγ-ray spectroscopy have been used to study123Cs produced by the115In(12C, 4n) reaction. Five coincident stretchedE2 transitions, previously assigned in the literature to123Ba, have been identified as members of a decoupled band in123Cs.
Sticks and Stones: The Effects of Teasing on Psychosocial Functioning in an Overweight Treatment-seeking Sample

This self-report and observational study explores the relationship between perceptions of different kinds of teasing experiences and psychosocial functioning in an overweight treatment-seeking adolescent population. Participants were 96 adolescents enrolled in a residential weight-loss camp program. Prior to the start of treatment, participants' weight status was measured by trained program staff, and participants' perceptions of teasing experiences and psychosocial functioning were assessed through self-report questionnaires. Controlling for body mass index, more frequent and upsetting weight-related teasing experiences were associated with worse psychological functioning. Adolescents most distressed by weight-related teasing exhibited lower self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms regardless of reported frequency of weight-related teasing. Competence-related teasing was also associated with more worries about weight, greater depressive symptoms, and more negative anti-fat attitudes. Weight-related teasing, but not competence-related teasing, was associated with lower levels of program and social involvement for heavier adolescents.
Rotational Coherence Measurements and Structure Calculations of Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes of Perylene with Water and Alcohols

Rotational coherence spectroscopy has been used to measure the inertial properties of 1:1 complexes of perylene with water and several different aliphatic alcohols, under supersonic expansion condi...
Rapid Methods for Bioavailability Determination Utilizing Urinary Excretion Data

Two equations were developed which enable urinary excretion data to be utilized for estimating drug bioavailability within 12 hr- starting between one and two half-lives of the drug, depending upon the relative rates of absorption, distribution, and elimination. Both equations were examined using simulated data for both the one- and two-compartment open models. One equation was tested using literature data with excellent results.
Identification of kinesin-like molecules in myogenic cells

Numerous organelles are repositioned during myogenic differentiation and are maintained in an asymmetric distribution throughout the life span of a myotube. It is likely that members of the kinesin superfamily may be responsible for some or all of these microtubule-dependent movements. Consequently, we have attempted to identify kinesin-like molecules expressed throughout myogenesis. Using a standard PCR-based strategy, we cloned two kinesin-like molecules from a rat myogenic cell line, L6. Sequence analysis of the first of these, KIF3C, defines it as a novel member of the KIF3 subfamily of kinesin-like proteins. KIF3C is expressed throughout myogenesis as well as in numerous rat tissues. Like other members of the KIF3 subfamily, KIF3C has an N-terminal motor domain. The second molecule identified is a rat homolog of murine KIFIB, a putative mitochondrial transporter. KIFIB is also expressed ubiquitously both in myogenic cells at all stages and in a variety of rat tissues.
The Tobin tax proposal

Abstract Less exchange rate volatility facilitates trade, investment and employment, for which, however, substantial international policy collaboration is needed. Tobin's proposal for a small uniform tax on foreign exchange transactions would be an important step, reducing fiscal deficits while discouraging exchange speculation. The fear of hostile reaction from the globalized financial markets makes putting the proposal on the table a more delicate matter for individual governments than for the UN. Doing so would strengthen the UN's claim for a slice of the prospective revenue.
The stability of one-dimensional force-free magnetic field with singular current density surface

Abstract Based on the energy integral and stability theorems given by Newcomb (1960) for linear pinch plasma, this paper proves that the one-dimensional force-free magnetic field with singular current density surface obtained by Low (1993) in cylindrical coordinates is definitely stable.
Computational Modeling of Plasmon-Enhanced Light Absorption in a Multicomponent Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

Plasmon-enhanced light absorption in a multicomponent Ag/Ag2O/TiO2/N3 dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) core–shell nanostructure is studied using a hybrid quantum mechanics/classical electrodynamics (QM/ED) methodology in which the Ag/Ag2O/TiO2 nanostructure is treated by the finite-difference time-domain method and the N3 dye is treated by real-time time-dependent density functional theory. As part of this modeling, the undetermined thickness of the nonplasmonic Ag2O layer on the Ag/Ag2O/TiO2 particle was estimated by comparing the computed plasmon wavelength with experimental results. Also, absorption cross sections for the N3 dye were calculated for different locations of the dye on the TiO2 surface. The spatially averaged absorption cross sections for different thicknesses of TiO2 were evaluated and used to estimate the relative incident photon conversion efficiency. Encouragingly, it is found that the QM/ED calculations can well reproduce the factor of ∼10 experimental extinction difference spectrum a...
Role of vitamin A in the formation of congenital heart defects.

Retinoic acid, the biologically active form of vitamin A, is a critical player in normal development. The concentration of retinoic acid is highly regulated by the embryo to prevent either a deficit or an excess of this molecule, conditions that have been shown to produce cardiac defects that vary depending on the severity and the timing of the insult. The vast majority of these defects are associated with the valves or the membranous septa of the heart, suggesting a problem with the formation of the cardiac mesenchyme from both within and outside the heart. While the exact role of retinoic acid in cardiac development is not known, it is believed that retinoic acid influences development by up- or down-regulating cardiac specific genes. This review briefly discusses the role of cardiac mesenchyme and cardiac neural crest in septation of the heart. This is followed by a discussion of vitamin A metabolism and the cardiac defects associated with abnormal levels of retinoic acid. Finally, a mechanism is proposed concerning the ways abnormal levels of retinoic acid lead to similar cardiac defects by disrupting the production of the extracellular matrix. Anat. Rec. (New Anat.) 253:147–153, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The discounted reproductive number for epidemiology.

The basic reproductive number, $\Ro$, and the effective reproductive number, $R$, are commonly used in mathematical epidemiology as summary statistics for the size and controllability of epidemics. However, these commonly used reproductive numbers can be misleading when applied to predict pathogen evolution because they do not incorporate the impact of the timing of events in the life-history cycle of the pathogen. To study evolution problems where the host population size is changing, measures like the ultimate proliferation rate must be used. A third measure of reproductive success, which combines properties of both the basic reproductive number and the ultimate proliferation rate, is the discounted reproductive number $\mathcal{R}_d$. The discounted reproductive number is a measure of reproductive success that is an individual's expected lifetime offspring production discounted by the background population growth rate. Here, we draw attention to the discounted reproductive number by providing an explicit definition and a systematic application framework. We describe how the discounted reproductive number overcomes the limitations of both the standard reproductive numbers and proliferation rates, and show that $\mathcal{R}_d$ is closely connected to Fisher's reproductive values for different life-history stages.
Images in Art and Science and the Quest for a New Image Science

Abstract This article deals with opportunities and challenges faced by humanities disciplines like art history or aesthetics when turning their attention from traditional pursuits to the study of scientific images and visualizations. These pose particular problems to interpretation and evaluation for what, in Germany, is called Bildwissenschaft or image science.
Kennebunk glacial advance: A reappraisal

Evidence for the Kennebunk glacial advance (readvance) in southwestern Maine is discussed in light of recent geologic mapping. Orientations of glacially produced lineations record the response of ice to major topographic controls and do not indicate glacial readvance. Minor end moraines and large stratified end moraines associated with deformed marine sediments of the Presumpscot Formation occur throughout the southwestern coastal zone. These features outline the general pattern of ice retreat from this part of the coastal zone and suggest that withdrawal of the last ice from southwestern Maine occurred with minor stillstands and local frontal fluctuations but without significant readvance. The Kennebunk glacial advance (readvance) appears to have been one of many local fluctuations of the ice front during general recession, occurring at about 13,200 yr B.P.
Macrocycle complexation chemistry. 38. Crystallographic and ultraviolet/visible characterization of nitrobenzo-15-crown-5, dinitrobenzo-15-crown-5, and dinitrodibenzo-18-crown-6·2CH 3 CN

The crystal structures of three nitrated benzocrown ethers have been determined. Nitrobenzo-15-crown-5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group,Pca21, witha = 15.367(2),b = 4.8499(8),c = 19.963(5)A, andDcalc = 1.40 g cm−3 forZ = 4. Dinitrobenzo-15-crown-5 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group,P21/n, witha = 11.716(2),b = 8.495(3),c = 17.441(5)A,β = 108.40(2)° andDcalc = 1.44 g cm−3 forZ = 4.Dinitrodibenzo-18-crown-6·2CH3CN ismonoclinic,P21/n,witha = 8.138(2),b = 20.435(9),c = 15.953(9)A,β = 100.55(4)° andDcalc = 1.36 g cm−3 forZ = 4. The nitro substituents are in the plane of the benzo ring except in the sterically congested dinitrobenzo-15crown-5. The observed crown ether conformations are similar to their substituted analogs.
Effects of a Theory-Based Feedback and Consultation Process on Instruction and Learning in College Classrooms

This study examined how midterm student ratings feedback provided to teaching assistants via a theory-based ratings instrument, combined with consultation on instructional practices, would affect teaching practices, ratings of teaching effectiveness, and student learning and motivation. The student ratings instrument that was employed focused on a series of instructional activities derived from Gagne's theory of instruction and Reiser and Dick's instructional model. Thirty-seven teaching assistants in undergraduate computer science and chemistry courses were randomly assigned to either a feedback + consultation group or a no-feedback group. Results of this study indicated that the feedback and consultation process had a significant impact on instructional practices and ratings of teaching effectiveness. Student learning and student motivation were positively correlated with the frequency with which the various instructional activities examined in this study were utilized. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Science and strategies to reduce mercury risks: a critical review

Despite decades of scientific research and policy actions to control mercury, exposure to toxic methylmercury continues to pose risks to humans and the environment. This article critically reviews the linkages between scientific advancements and mercury reduction policies aimed at reducing this risk, focusing on the challenges that mercury poses as an issue that crosses both spatial and temporal scales. Scientific aspects of the mercury issue at various spatial and temporal scales are reviewed, and policy examples at global, national and local scale are analysed. Policy activity to date has focused on the mercury problem at a single level of spatial scale, and on near-term timescales. Efforts at the local scale have focused on monitoring levels in fish and addressing local contamination issues; national-scale assessments have addressed emissions from particular sources; and global-scale reports have integrated long-range transport of emissions and commercial trade concerns. However, aspects of the mercury issue that cross the political scale (such as interactions between different forms of mercury) as well as contamination problems with long timescales are at present beyond the reach of current policies. It is argued that these unaddressed aspects of the mercury problem may be more effectively addressed by (1) expanded cross-scale policy coordination on mitigation actions and (2) better incorporating adaptation into policy decision-making to minimize impacts.
Generational aspects of television coviewing

Previous research has suggested that other household members influence the television programs an individual will watch. This study used correlation and multiple regression analyses to examine viewing configurations and the factors predicting television viewing after controlling for the amount of viewing. Results indicated that peer coviewing was the most commonly occurring coviewing pattern, and that a general model of television viewing should include measures of viewing inertia and peer coviewing.
A recursive multiple model approach to noise identification

Correct knowledge of noise statistics is essential for an estimator or controller to have reliable performance. In practice, however, the noise statistics are unknown or not known perfectly and thus need to be identified. Previous work on noise identification is limited to stationary noise and noise with slowly varying statistics only. An approach is presented here that is valid for nonstationary noise with rapidly or slowly varying statistics as well as stationary noise. This approach is based on the estimation with multiple hybrid system models. As one of the most cost-effective estimation schemes for hybrid system, the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm is used in this approach. The IMM algorithm has two desirable properties: it is recursive and has fixed computational requirements per cycle. The proposed approach is evaluated via a number of representative examples by both Monte Carlo simulations and a nonsimulation technique of performance prediction developed by the authors recently. The application of the proposed approach to failure detection is also illustrated. >
Glucocorticoid effects on natural and humoral immunity in mallards

Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on immune function in mallard ducks. Each day ducks were injected intramuscularly with DEX at doses ranging from 0.2-4.0 mg/kg for 28-30 days. Physiologic effects consistent with high dose glucocorticoid (GC) treatment were observed at the 4 mg/kg dose, and included significant body weight loss, lowered hematocrit, and elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. At all doses, effects of DEX on the immune system were observed. When DEX was given at 0.2 mg/kg/day, significant suppression of primary IgG antibody titers to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was observed. At 1 mg/kg/day, primary IgM and secondary IgM and IgG titers were suppressed as well. These doses of DEX also produced significant elevation in natural killer cell (NKC) activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). Removal of adherent cells from the PBMNC prior to NKC assay eliminated the enhancement in NKC activity. Based on these results, it was postulated that the elevation in NKC activity may be due to suppression by DEX of monocyte production of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2) resulting in the release of NKC activity from the inhibitory effects of PGE-2. This hypothesis was supported by a measured decrease in PGE-2 production during the NKC assay by cells from DEX-treated birds. Furthermore, an enhanced NKC activity could be reproduced in vitro with the addition of indomethacin or DEX to NKC cultures containing adherent cells from PBMNC. Direct effects of DEX on nonadherent cell NKC activity and lymphocyte viability were only observed at high concentrations (10(-4) M) of DEX, while the phagocytic activity of adhered blood monocytes was inhibited at 10(-6) M DEX. The suppressed phagocytic activity may contribute to the suppressed antibody responses observed in DEX-treated birds. Together, these results support an indirect immunomodulatory effect of DEX on NKC activity and perhaps antibody responses in vivo via altered monocyte function in mallard ducks.
Heat-capacity measurements and thermodynamic functions of langbeinite-type K2Cd2(SO4)3 and K2Ca2(SO4)3 at temperatures from 10K to 340K

Abstract Heat-capacity measurements were made with an adiabatic calorimeter on well characterized crystalline samples of K 2 Cd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and of K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 at temperatures T from 12 K to 345 K and from 7 K to 340 K, respectively. Smoothed values of the standard molar thermodynamic properties of these materials are presented at round temperatures between 10 K and 340 K. At T = 298.15 K, the heat capacity and entropy are (343.6 ± 0.7) J · K −1 · mol −1 and (436.9 ± 0.8) J · K −1 · mol −1 for K 2 Cd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , and (338.9 ± 0.7) J · K −1 ·mol −1 and (416.2 ± 0.8) J · K −1 mol −1 for K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . The phase transitions for these two compounds have been examined in the temperature range from 300 K to 510 K by d.s.c. Both materials show a single peak in the d.s.c. curve at the temperatures of the cubic-(P2 1 3)-to-orthorhombic-(P2 1 2 1 2 1 ) phase transition. The transition temperatures and enthalpies of transition are (430.7 ± 0.2) K and (2.19 ± 0.03) kJ · mol −1 , and (474.5 ± 0.1) K and (2.12 ± 0.02) kJ·mol −1 , respectively, for K 2 Cd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .
Promoting a Culture of Tolerance

A song from the musical South Pacific suggests that we have to be taught from the time we are young to hate and fear people who are different than we are. Lyrics in the song speak to people of diff...
Differential Pressure Extrusion Through Double Reduction Dies

Differential pressure extrusion using double reduction dies was examined. Axisymmetric extrusion experiments using superplastic eutectic alloy of lead-tin were carried out for both single and double reduction extrusions. The flow lines, finite strain distribution at the exit section, and the stress distribution were obtained for the single extrusion and the first stage reduction of the double extrusion. The effect of back pressure induced by the second stage extrusion on the flow behavior and the axial stress distribution was examined. The effect of the intermediate diameter and the intermediate length on the final strain distribution in double extrusion was determined.