cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Observation of the Slow Squirting Mode in Solid/Fluid/Solid Trilayers

The problem of guided waves in solid/fluid/solid trilayers has been investigated in great detail both theoretically and experimentally. Lloyd and Redwood were the first to investigate guided wave propagation in a layered plate composed of two solids with perfect contact, slip, or a fluid layer at their interface [1]. Rokhlin et al. studied the elastic interface wave guided by a thin film between two solids and utilized it in predicting the strength of adhesive bonds [2,3]. Couchman et al. [4] and Guyott and Cawley [5] reported on the phenomenon of resonance splitting in the vicinity of classical Lamb modes in symmetrical trilayers. Laperre and Thys investigated elastic wave dispersion in both symmetric and asymmetric trilayers composed of two solid plates separated by a fluid layer [6]. A number of papers have appeared on the use of trilayers as antireflection coating [7–9].
Sustainable growth based on export-oriented economic strategy

The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or of the organization for which the author works. This paper aims at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the Bulgarian economy’s transformation to a more dynamic and export-oriented growth model. By referring to two groups of countries – Central European EU member states as well as the Western Balkans, the study puts an emphasis on the impact the EU membership and the 2009 crisis year have on the Bulgarian foreign trade and export performance in particular.
Educator and Trainee Perspectives on the Need for a "Real World" Curriculum in General Surgery.

Abstract Background The necessity of a nonclinical education for surgery residents is a topic of exploration. We examine chief resident (CR) and program director (PD) perspectives on the need for a standardized nonclinical curriculum. Methods PDs and CRs from accredited general surgery programs were solicited to partake in an anonymous survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results There were 42 PD and 68 CR responses. Half or more CRs lack confidence to independently determine their own worth, find a job, negotiate a contract, select disability insurance, and formulate retirement plans. PDs recognize that education in several nonclinical topics is essential for surgical residents. CRs and PDs agree on the necessity for formal education on all topics except “Burnout” (P Conclusions CRs lack the confidence to navigate several nonclinical topics. PDs recognize that education in these topics is necessary. PDs and CRs agree on the need for a nonclinical education except for “Burnout”, indicating a positive change in education over time, as most CRs feel they are educated adequately on this topic. Validation of a uniform curriculum is needed.
Microscopy and protein solubilization of digesta from pigs fed wheat, corn, or soybean meal-based diets, with or without protease and a Bacillus spp. direct-fed microbial

Abstract Two types of microscopy were used to visualize the microstructure of ileal digesta from grower-pigs fed corn, wheat or SBM (soybean meal)-based diets. Digesta were incubated with a Bacillus spp. DFM (direct-fed microbial) and a protease. Microscopy images were taken before and after the incubations. A protein solubilization assay was performed to provide supporting quantitative data. The aim was to visualize differences between the undigested fractions of the different ingredients, and observe whether a protease and DFM combination could increase degradation of this fraction. Ileal digesta was obtained on d 5–7 from one pig fed diets based on corn, wheat or SBM from a study where eight ileal cannulated barrows (30 kg) were fed a total of 8 different diets for 7 d in an 8 × 8 Latin Square design. Digesta samples were incubated with no additive (control), DFM (3.3 × 105 cfu/g digesta), protease (11 U/g digesta), or DFM + protease. The supernatant and pellet were separated by centrifugation and used to observe internal and external microstructure and quantify protein solubilization. In images from confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, it appeared that there were differences in nutrient structure of the ingredients and the digesta. Wheat and corn appeared to have many protein-starch interactions whilst SBM had mostly protein-fiber interactions. The microscopy indicated that the protease and DFM had a complementary effect in degrading the fiber-protein complexes in the SBM-based digesta, which was supported by an increase in protein solubilization with the additive combination compared to the control (1635 vs. 730 ng/μL; P = 0.02). This may be due to a complementary mode of action involving hydrolysis of proteins by protease giving increased access to fiber substrates for DFM secreted enzymes to act upon. However, the additives had no effect on protein solubilzation from wheat and corn-based digesta (wheat; 2022 vs. 1063 ng/μL; P = 0.44, corn; 1162 vs. 854 ng/μL; P = 0.73), and it is not possible to conclude the efficacy or mode of action of the additives in wheat and corn from qualitative microscopy images alone. The results illustrate key differences in the structures and undigested substrates of the ingredients, and mode of action for the combination of protease and DFM in SBM-based digesta, supporting previously published in vivo data. Further investigation is required to validate the in vitro efficacy and mode of action of the feed additives on wheat and corn-based digesta.
The Obama Legacy in American Electoral Participation

Lyn Ragsdale examines the 2016 election of Donald Trump as president and the voting behavior and the nature of the turnout during the Obama years, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014. The election of the first black president represented an historical sharp turn in American politics and race relations but what does it say about his electoral legacy? Lyn Ragsdale asserts that turnout in American elections is often considered to be low but during the 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014 elections, it hit levels last seen in the 1960s. This chapter examines the nature of the turnout during the Obama years. It considers how a high degree of uncertainty in the national campaign context pushed the turnout higher. It also examines which groups in America were most responsible for the increased participation. Despite exhortations from President Obama, turnout in 2016 among people of color went down and turnout among whites went up. What is somewhat ironic is that some of the people who supported Obama also supported Donald Trump.
Predictive Role of Symptom Duration Before the Initial Clinical Presentation of Adolescents With Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans on Preoperative and Postoperative Measures: A Systematic Review.

Background:Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is an increasingly recognized disease affecting young athletes. Because lesion progression is common, early identification is potentiall...
Learning and Using Print and Braille: A Study of Dual-Media Learners, Part 1.

This is the first of a two-part report of a study on the instruction of children who were learning or using braille and print simultaneously (dual media). It explores the demographic characteristics of teachers and students, aspects of the decision- making process for providing instruction in dual media, and attitudes of students and parents toward learning dual media.
In-Orbit Performance of the Constellation of CYGNSS Hurricane Satellites

AbstractThe NASA Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) constellation of eight satellites was successfully launched into low Earth orbit on 15 December 2016. Each satellite carries a r...
Complications of Insufficient Dura and Blood Loss During Surgical Intervention in Shprintzen-Goldberg Syndrome: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) is an extremely rare collagenopathy, most often caused by autosomal-dominant mutations in the SKI proto-oncogene, which is a component of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-s) signaling pathway. Approximately 50-60 cases of SGS have been recorded in the literature worldwide since its discovery in 1982. This collagen disorder affects bone and vascular development throughout the body, resulting in craniosynostosis, scoliosis, chest deformities, and aortic root dilation. Patients may have problems in the central nervous system, including Chiari 1 malformation, hydrocephalus, and dilation of the lateral ventricles. Unfortunately, the symptoms of SGS closely parallel those of related collagenopathies involving mutations in the TGF-s signaling pathway, which makes accurate diagnosis difficult without genetic testing, especially in cases with complex presentation. CASE REPORT In this report we present the unique and complex disease manifestations in a 9-year-old girl with SGS. The patient had severe cervical spinal instability that resolved after surgical occipital-C4 fusion with an autograft from the rib. Midface distraction surgery was used to treat the patient's craniosynostosis and related facial deformities. This surgery was complicated by loss of 750 mL of blood due to insufficient dura and prominent vasculature. CONCLUSIONS Connective tissue symptoms associated with SGS can involve dural and vascular problems, as seen in this case report. Thus, the risk of extreme blood loss should be anticipated any time midface distraction surgery is performed on an SGS patient. Continued research is needed to define how this case relates to the SGS patient population.
Effect of microfluidization on microstructure, protein profile and physicochemical properties of whole cowpea flours

Abstract Whole cowpea flours from three cultivars were microfluidized through a 200 μm “Z” type interaction chamber at room temperature for two passes. The confocal micrographs showed the microfluidization process could effectively disintegrate the structure of both cotyledon and seed coat, two major components of a cowpea seed. Disruption of cotyledon released the embedded starch granules and proteins, whereas disruption of seed coat generated large amounts of fiber fragments with amorphous and fluffy microstructure. Depending on the cultivars of cowpea, these effects significantly decreased mean particle size by up to 92.3% and bulk density by up to 68.7%, and increased specific surface area by up to 286.4%, swelling capacity by up to 107.7%, water-holding capacity by up to 16.1%, oil-holding capacity by up to 162.1%, and total water extractable proteins of whole cowpea by up to 39.7%. Reduced intensity of protein bands in SDS-PAGE was also observed. This indicated high pressure and high shear stress during microfluidization induced fundamental structural changes of cowpea proteins. Under the present experimental conditions, the microfluidization process had no apparent effects on both particle size and structure of cowpea starch granules present in the flours.
Plasmablastic Lymphoma and Primary Effusion Lymphoma

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) are rare CD20-negative variants of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Both conditions were initially described in patients with underlying HIV infection, but cases of PBL and PEL have been more recently diagnosed in other immunocompromised states and in immunocompetent individuals. Given the rarity of these lymphomas, the management is challenging due to a lack of treatment guidelines. In addition, the response and survival outcomes of patients with PBL and PEL are poor with standard treatment approaches. In this chapter, we will review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and outcomes of patients with PBL and PEL, as well as potential novel therapeutic options.
The Costs of Adverse Drug Events in Community Hospitals

Article-at-a-Glance Background Adverse drug events (ADEs) occur often in hospitals, causing high morbidity and a longer length of stay (LOS), and are costly. However, most studies on the impact of ADEs have been conducted in tertiary referral centers, which are systematically different than community hospitals, where the bulk of care is delivered, and most available data about ADE costs in any setting are dated. Costs in community settings are generally lower than in academic hospitals, and the costs of ADEs might be as well. To assess the additional costs and LOS associated with patients with ADEs, a multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in six community hospitals with 100 to 300 beds in Massachusetts during a 20-month observation period (January 2005–August 2006). Methods A random sample of 2,100 patients (350 patients per study site) was drawn from a pool of 109,641 patients treated within the 20-month observation period. Unadjusted and adjusted cost of ADEs as well as LOS were calculated. Results ADEs were associated with an increased adjusted cost of $3,420 and an adjusted increase in length of stay (LOS) of 3.15 days. For preventable ADEs, the respective figures were +$3,511 and +3.37 days. The severity of the ADE was also associated with higher costs—the costs were +$2,852 for significant ADEs (LOS +2.77 days), +$3,650 for serious ADEs (LOS +3.47 days), and +$8,116 for life-threatening ADEs (LOS +5.54 days, all p Conclusions ADEs in community hospitals cost more than $3,000 dollars on average and an average increase of LOS of 3.1 days—increments that were similar to previous estimates from academic institutions. The LOS increase was actually greater. A number of approaches, including computerized provider order entry and bar coding, have the potential to improve medication safety.
Multi-Objective Ranking Optimization for Product Search Using Stochastic Label Aggregation

Learning a ranking model in product search involves satisfying many requirements such as maximizing the relevance of retrieved products with respect to the user query, as well as maximizing the purchase likelihood of these products. Multi-Objective Ranking Optimization (MORO) is the task of learning a ranking model from training examples while optimizing multiple objectives simultaneously. Label aggregation is a popular solution approach for multi-objective optimization, which reduces the problem into a single objective optimization problem, by aggregating the multiple labels of the training examples, related to the different objectives, to a single label. In this work we explore several label aggregation methods for MORO in product search. We propose a novel stochastic label aggregation method which randomly selects a label per training example according to a given distribution over the labels. We provide a theoretical proof showing that stochastic label aggregation is superior to alternative aggregation approaches, in the sense that any optimal solution of the MORO problem can be generated by a proper parameter setting of the stochastic aggregation process. We experiment on three different datasets: two from the voice product search domain, and one publicly available dataset from the Web product search domain. We demonstrate empirically over these three datasets that MORO with stochastic label aggregation provides a family of ranking models that fully dominates the set of MORO models built using deterministic label aggregation.
On being the right shape: Roles for motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in body and spine morphology

How developing and growing organisms attain their proper shape is a central problem of developmental biology. In this review, we investigate this question with respect to how the body axis and spine form in their characteristic linear head-to-tail fashion in vertebrates. Recent work in the zebrafish has implicated motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in axial morphogenesis and spinal straightness. We begin by introducing motile cilia, the fluid flows they generate and their roles in zebrafish development and growth. We then describe how cilia control body and spine shape through sensory cells in the spinal canal, a thread-like extracellular structure called the Reissner fiber, and expression of neuropeptide signals. Last, we discuss zebrafish mutants in which spinal straightness breaks down and three-dimensional curves form. These curves resemble the common but little-understood human disease Idiopathic Scoliosis. Zebrafish research is therefore poised to make progress in our understanding of this condition and, more generally, how body and spine shape is acquired and maintained through development and growth.
Critical talk moves in critical conversations: examining power and privilege in an English Language Arts classroom

Critical conversations take on heightened importance with current tensions about issues involving race, income inequality, sexual orientation, and gender identity, both locally and globally. These ...
The defense innovation machine: Why the U.S. will remain on the cutting edge

American security policy discussions commonly warn that the United States is falling behind technologically, especially vis-a-vis China. However, the U.S. military remains at the cutting edge becau...
Appraisal of the Roles of Participatory Mapping and PGIS Applications in Conflict Management

This chapter assesses the strengths and weaknesses of participatory mapping and PGIS applications in conflict management. On the one hand, participatory mapping applications in conflict management can help clarify the conflict condition, generate and process spatial data about the conflict, and produce wide-ranging solutions to facilitate consensus-building. The method also provides a mechanism for harmonizing multiple viewpoints and stakeholders’ preferences to facilitate consensus-building. On the other hand, the applications can adversely influence the conflict management process and its outcome. Like any map display, the jointly produced maps show only some information about the conflict scene and not all the information in the conflict zone. Even the powerful appeal of the GIS technology can distract stakeholders’ values and obscure, rather than illuminate the fundamental basis of decisions that the rival parties make during the mediation process.
A gender-based analysis of workforce promotion factors in U.S. transportation agencies

Abstract The gender-based factors that impact job promotions in various engineering fields have not been widely studied. In this study, a descriptive analysis was performed on the employees of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) from 2011 to 2017 to determine the factors, including education, age, and years of service, that make men and women eligible for a promotion. The results indicated that women are elevated to high-level positions less often than men, primarily because of their lower level of education, age, and fewer years in service. The results of this study will provide guidance and assistance to DOT managers as they develop policies that motivate women to become eligible for higher level positions and will assist employers in private and public engineering organizations as they move toward a more gender-diverse working environment.
Brain Lesions and Amine Metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the effects of subcortical lesions on brain serotonin levels to provide a correlation for the behavioral effects and the responses to drugs. The studies described in the chapter utilize the techniques of localized tissue destruction in the central nervous system to define the specific neuronal elements with which the biogenic monoamines, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are associated in the brain. The changes in behavior noted with the two effective lesions, septal and dorsomedial tegmental, combined with the alteration in sleeping time suggest a possibility that the effects of the lesions might be related to a change in the cerebral metabolism of the amine serotonin. The sedative effect of reserpine is related to decreases in brain serotonin, and it is proposed that this amine represents a central neurotransmitter, possibly mediating parasympathetic activities, such as sleep. Amine metabolism plays only a part in functions, for example, in the maintenance of food and water intake, but the studies on subcortical control of forebrain amine metabolism reviewed in the chapter provide a firm foundation for understanding the interdependent participation of cortical and subcortical structures in the mediation of complex functions.
Mortality and Economic Instability: Detailed Analyses for Britain

During the past decade, disturbances to the economies of industralized nations, and to that of the United Kingdom in particular, have again raised the question of the relative importance of a growing and stable economy to the health of a population. The question is whether, in a modern society, national health levels could be seriously damaged, or at least fail to improve, in the context of extraordinarily high unemployment rates, periods of violent inflation, general decline in manufacturing employment, and increased regional disparities in wealth and economic development.
In Defense of Punitive Damages in Products Liability: Testing Tort Anecdotes with Empirical Data

The insurance industry, tort reformers, journalists, and some academics claim that punitive damages in products liability are skyrocketing and out of control creating a litigation crisis. Despite the rhetoric, little is known about punitive damages in products liability cases. Does the amount or frequency of punitive damages vary by product category, region of the United States, or severity of injury? Do plaintiffs ultimately collect such awards? What percentage of punitive damage awards are reversed or remitted by appellate courts? Do plaintiffs who settle post-trial prior to appeal receive more than those plaintiffs who do not settle? Before Congress or the states abolish or further restrict the remedy of punitive damages in products cases, these questions should be studied empirically. To test the hypothesis of a punitive damages crisis, I examined the incidence, size, post-verdict outcome and factual foundation for 355 punitive damages verdicts handed down in U.S. state and federal courts over the twenty-five year period from 1965 to 1990. The expansion of punitive damages to punish and deter manufacturers who recklessly or knowingly endangered the consuming public was a development of the late 1960s. The chief empirical findings were that punitive damages were rarely awarded (355 verdicts in favor of plaintiffs in a quarter century), frequently overturned or reduced on appeal (one in two awards), and arose out of predictable and preventable patterns of product manufacturer conduct. Punitive awards in products liability are overwhelmingly the result of (1) fraudulent-type misconduct; (2) knowing violations of safety standards; (3) inadequate testing and manufacturing procedures; (4) failures to warn of known dangers before marketing; and (5) post-marketing failures to remedy known dangers. The central issue in three of every four punitive damages awards in products liability was a firm's failure to warn of known dangers and the post-marketing failure to remedy product defects. Fraudulent-type misconduct, the knowing violation of safety standards, and inadequate testing accounted for the remainder of punitive damages awards. Punitive damages in products liability were generally awarded for particularly egregious manufacturer conduct. Punitive damages were generally awarded where there was some “smoking gun” showing that a firm concealed, suppressed, or recklessly failed to take remedial action to correct a dangerous product defect. The most common smoking guns involved a firm's failure to adequately test products, heed field-testing reports showing dangers, or take remedial steps in the face of prior similar injuries, which suggest a tendency to sacrifice public safety for profits. These empirical findings provide little support for the tort reformers' claim that punitive damages need radical reform.
ADHESION OF FOOD POWDERS WITH NONELECTROSTATIC AND ELECTROSTATIC COATING

This study investigated the effects of powder resistivity, coating voltage, relative humidity (RH) and coating density on adhesion. Cocoa powder with a high resistivity (1.15âAâ1013âI©m) showed a stronger electrostatic adhesion than starch powder with a medium resistivity (2.56âAâ1010âI©m) and NaCl powder with a low resistivity (7.31âAâ105âI©m). The adhesion of starch and cocoa powders coated at 0, 40 and 95âkV increased with increasing voltage. The adhesion at 0âkV should be dominated by the van der Waals force, at 40 and 95âkV by the electrostatic image force and at high RH by capillary force. Theoretical calculations were in the correct range, but the assumptions in those calculations make them unreliable. For nonelectrostatic coating (0âkV), there was no significant change in adhesion when RH increased from 30 to 60%, while adhesion increased when RH increased from 60 to 80%. For electrostatic coating, the adhesion decreased when RH increased from 30 to 60%, but the adhesion at 80% RH was larger than the adhesion at 30 and 60% RH. For both nonelectrostatic and electrostatic coating, the adhesion force decreased as coating density increased to 1.0âmg/cm2, but there was no significant change from 1.0âmg/cm2 to 2.0âmg/cm2. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The adhesion of seasoning powders on snack foods plays an important role in the product quality, but insufficient adhesion between food powders and the surface of snacks results in the seasonings falling off the snacks, leading to a poor distribution and waste of seasonings. This study suggests that the adhesion between food powders and targets can be effectively improved by controlling the properties of the powders, as well as optimizing coating conditions. For example, using food powders with a high resistivity and high voltage during electrostatic coating and increasing relative humidity will increase adhesion.
Dissipation of kinetic energy in clumpy magnetic clouds

The dissipation of the kinetic energy of magnetically connected clumps in a molecular cloud is discussed. For low interclump densities, dissipation is by ion-neutral viscosity inside the clumps and in the interclump medium. Additional kinetic energy is lost by Alfven wave propagation to the external medium. The internal dissipation is found to be slow enough that molecular clouds can remain cold in the presence of supersonic clump motions. Most dissipation is by wave propagation. In the absence of wave energy input from internal or external sources, the time scale for significant energy loss from a young giant molecular cloud is approximately 2 free fall times, and in a dense molecular cloud core it is approximately 15 free fall times.
A Longitudinal Study of Structural Risk Factors for Obesity and Diabetes Among American Indian Young Adults, 1994-2008

Introduction American Indian young adults have higher rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes than the general US population. They are also more likely than the general population to have higher rates of structural risk factors for obesity and diabetes, such as poverty, frequent changes of residence, and stress. The objective of this study was to investigate possible links between these 2 sets of problems. Methods Data from the American Indian subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were used to examine potential links between obesity and type 2 diabetes and structural risk factors such as neighborhood poverty, housing mobility, and stress. We used logistic regression to explore explanatory factors. Results American Indians in the subsample had higher rates of poor health, such as elevated hemoglobin A1c levels, self-reported high blood glucose, self-reported diabetes, and overweight or obesity. They also had higher rates of structural risk factors than non-Hispanic whites, such as residing in poorer and more transient neighborhoods and having greater levels of stress. Self-reported stress partially mediated the increased likelihood of high blood glucose or diabetes among American Indians, whereas neighborhood poverty partially mediated their increased likelihood of obesity. Conclusion Neighborhood poverty and stress may partially explain the higher rates of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes among American Indian young adults than among non-Hispanic white young adults. Future research should explore additional neighborhood factors such as access to grocery stores selling healthy foods, proximity and safety of playgrounds or other recreational space, and adequate housing.
Small-signal impedance modelling of type-III wind turbine

Impedance-based small signal analysis is a useful tool to examine resonance between type-III wind turbines and the grid, but no accurate and complete model of the turbine has been presented for the frequency range that covers from a few Hz to a few kHz. Existing models either ignore the effects of the converters or do not model such effects correctly. This paper presents positive- and negative-sequence impedance models of the turbine with and without phase-lock loop (PLL). This paper also gives an overview on the modelling approach taken to model the machine with PLL dynamics. Finally, the models are validated with impedance sweeps using real-time simulation.
Childhood injury control: who will take what action. Suggestions for national priorities.

RESEARCH Three areas of research were listed by many at the National Childhood Injury Symposium: 1. Epidemiologic study of injury circumstances, relating these to cause and prevention: (a) Demographic data on social class, incidence data, sex-age related to injury, to determine those who are at greatest risk from what methods of trauma. More uniform methods of classification, reporting, and participation are urged; (b) specific study of children and their development, the human environment that failed them and permitted injury, i.e., risk-taking behavior, impulse control of both children and adults. (c) Environmental hazards and why specific individuals or groups were singled out and injured by them. (d) Multivariant cluster analysis to determine circumstances of causation and natural history of injury, particularly by each method of injury. (e) Traditional incidence data, from health departments, physicians, hospitals, National Health Survey, and others, on continuing basis to determine nature of the problem. 2. Operational research: assessment of existing programs9 effectiveness, and ongoing tests of programs as they are developed, e.g., do laws passed actually alter the childhood injury problem, and do codes, statutes, campaigns do anything? What is being taught in schools and colleges, and to what effect? 3. Research into underlying factors not directly concerned with the above, hut relevant to injuries: development of perception, risk-taking, attitude study, etc. A need was felt by many to periodically assess child safety research and communicate this to those in a position to use it most effectively.
Information export in the electronic environment: an overview of the EU data privacy directive and the U.S. response

The European Union has recently implemented its Data Directive on Privacy, a legal measure stating that certain "personal" information (e.g., an individual's race, sexual orientation, or medical records) cannot leave the EU unless it is going to a nation with privacy laws similar to those of the EU Directive. As the United States is not a member of the EU and as it has no official national data privacy legislation paralleling that of the EU, it cannot legally receive any form of "personal" information from any of the EU's 15 member states unless it first receives the consent of the individual. The United States responses with the "Safe Harbor Principles" which shift the burden of meeting EU privacy standards away from the national governments and to individual companies. The Safe Harbor Principles, however, have not been well received by either the EU or the American companies they were designed to help. To date, response to the EU Data Privacy Directive remains mixed, but one thing is certain-it will forever alter the way in which we view and we use the online environment.
Oscillator strengths and transition probabilities of O II

Abstract The abundance of singly ionized oxygen, O II, in planetary nebulae provides crucial diagnostic tests for the physical conditions present in these astrophysical environments. The abundance can be determined from the absorption lines formed by the radiative processes, such as the photo-excitations reported here. Radiative transitions are obtained from a total of 708 fine structure levels of O II with n ⩽ 10 , l ⩽ 9 , and 1 / 2 ⩽ J ⩽ 17 / 2 . For spectral analysis oscillator strengths, line strengths, and transition probabilities ( A ) are presented for 51,733 electric dipole fine structure radiative transitions. The calculations were carried out in the relativistic Breit–Pauli R-matrix approximation. The transitions have been identified spectroscopically using quantum defect analysis and other criteria. The calculated energies agree with the observed energies within 5% for most of the levels. However, some relatively large differences are noted, the largest difference being 13% for the level 2 s 2 2 p 2 ( 1 D ) 4 p ( 2 F o ) 7 / 2 . Most of the A values and lifetimes agree with the existing measured and calculated values. The transitions should be applicable for diagnostics as well as spectral modeling in the ultraviolet and optical regions of astrophysical and laboratory plasmas.
Fear memory impairing effects of systemic treatment with the NMDA NR2B subunit antagonist, Ro 25-6981, in mice: attenuation with ageing.

Abstract N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are mediators of synaptic plasticity and learning and are implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disease and age-related cognitive dysfunction. NMDARs are heteromers, but the relative contribution of specific subunits to NMDAR-mediated learning is not fully understood. We characterized pre-conditioning systemic treatment of the NR2B subunit-selective antagonist Ro 25-6981 for effects on multi-trial, one-trial and low-shock Pavlovian fear conditioning in C57BL/6J mice. Ro 25-6981 was also profiled for effects on novel open field exploration, elevated plus-maze anxiety-like behavior, startle reactivity, prepulse inhibition of startle, and nociception. Three-month (adult) and 12-month old C57BL/6Tac mice were compared for Ro 25-6981 effects on multi-trial fear conditioning, and corticolimbic NR2B protein levels. Ro 25-6981 moderately impaired fear learning in the multi-trial and one-trial (but not low-shock) conditioning paradigms, but did not affect exploratory or anxiety-related behaviors or sensory functions. Memory impairing effects of Ro 25-6981 were absent in 12-month old mice, although NR2B protein levels were not significantly altered. Present data provide further evidence of the memory impairing effects of selective blockade of NR2B-containing NMDARs, and show loss of these effects with ageing. This work could ultimately have implications for elucidating the pathophysiology of learning dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders and ageing.
Altered Mental Status in Older Emergency Department Patients

This article reviews the significance of altered mental status in older emergency department patients. Specific diagnoses are discussed, including delirium, stupor and coma, and dementia, with a focus on delirium. Finally, an approach to all older patients is suggested that should result in increased clinician comfort with older patients, improved ability to communicate with other physicians, increased quality of care, and improved patient and family satisfaction.
Verb Argument Structure in Parsing and Interpretation: Evidence from wh-Questions

Abstract The hypothesis that readers use verb argument structure information to generate and evaluate likely syntactic alternatives and assign provisional interpretations was evaluated using wh-questions. such as Which client did the salesman visit while in the city? Using a word by word, self-paced reading task with a "makes sense" judgment, we manipulated the plausibility of the wh-phrase with respect to the semantic role that it would play if it were the direct object. We also manipulated the preferred argument structure of the verb, using (1) transitive verbs that typically occur with only a direct object; (2) objective control verbs that typically are used with both a direct object and an infinitive complement; and (3) dative verbs that are typically used with both a direct object and an indirect object. The results showed clear and immediate effects of argument structure. Sentences with implausible wh-phrases were judged to stop making sense at the verb for simple transitive verbs. However, sentences with object control verbs and dative verbs were judged to make sense as long as the wh-phrase could be plausibly interpreted as one of the verb′s arguments. Thus, the bias to initially interpret a wh-phrase as the direct object of a verb was blocked when the filler was implausible in the direct object role if the verb provided another argument position. In addition, interpretation of the wh-phrase began at the verb, prior to the gap, even when the syntactic position of the gap was ambiguous. The results are taken as support for constraint-based lexicalist models of processing.
MITOCHONDRIA IN THE FLIGHT MUSCLES OF INSECTS III. MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME C IN RELATION TO THE AGING AND WING BEAT FREQUENCY OF FLIES

1. In the present study a correlation has been sought between aging, flight muscle mitochrondria (sarcosomes), cytochrome c, and flight ability in the blowfly, Phormia regina. 2. During the 1st week of adult life, individual sarcosomes increase in mass from 2.7 x 10–7 µg. dry weight at the time of emergence, to 8.5 x 10–7 µg. by the 7th day. During this period of growth, the number of sarcosomes per fly (6.7 x 108) remains constant. When mature, the sarcosomes account for 32.6 per cent of the total muscle dry weight, or close to 40 per cent on a wet weight basis. 3. It appears probable that the high content of flight muscle cytochromes is entirely localized in the sarcosomes. The cytochromes continue to be synthesized and increase in titer within the sarcosomes for 7 days after adult emergence. 4. As determined spectroscopically, the various cytochrome components at all times maintain a constant ratio both to one another and to the sarcosomal dry weight. This suggests the possibility that the cytochrome system may be synthesized as a single entity. 5. The wing-beat frequency of Drosophila funebris and Phormia varies with the age of these flies, being lowest at the time of emergence and maximum after the 6th day. 6. The relations between wing-beat frequency, respiration during flight, and sarcosomal cytochrome c content are discussed. On the basis of some likely assumptions it is calculated that the cytrochrome c turnover number is over 5,000, and that the cytochrome c turns over once for every two wing-beat cycles.
β3-Integrin Expression on Tumor Cells Inhibits Tumor Progression, Reduces Metastasis, and Is Associated with a Favorable Prognosis in Patients with Ovarian Cancer

The role of the vitronectin receptor (αvβ3-integrin) as a tumor promoter seems well established, and, consequently, therapies that block this integrin are currently in clinical testing. We undertook the current study to determine whether αvβ3-integrin is an appropriate target in ovarian cancer treatment. Expression of β3-integrin in SKOV3ip1 ovarian cancer cells led to the overexpression of αvβ3-integrin on the cell surface and increased adhesion. However, αvβ3-integrin-overexpressing cells showed impaired invasion, protease expression, and colony formation. These results were recapitulated in xenograft studies: αvβ3-integrin-expressing cells showed increased adhesion to mouse peritoneum, but the overall number of metastatic nodules (105 versus 68 tumors) and tumor weight were significantly lower than those in the parental SKOV3ip1 cells. The αvβ3-integrin-overexpressing cells had a decreased proliferation rate mediated by inhibition of cyclin B1 and induction of phospho-Cdc2 and p53 expression, consistent with a G2M cell cycle arrest. Confirming the above results, inhibition of β3-integrin in cultured or primary OvCa cells decreased adhesion but increased invasion and proliferation. Patients with tumors expressing high β3-integrin had significantly better disease-free and overall survival (52 months versus 27 months, P < 0.05). This study shows that αvβ3-integrin expression on tumor cells actually slows tumor progression and acts as a tumor suppressor. Therefore, the vitronectin receptor might not be an appropriate therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.
An integrated optic frequency translator for microwave lightwave systems

A novel integrated optic component that performs a microwave frequency translation of an optical wave is presented. Its principle of operation and characteristics are derived from a perturbation analysis of the supermode propagation in a Y-fed directional coupler subjected to an electrooptic effect associated with a propagating microwave field. It is found that under appropriate values of the microwave field amplitude and interaction length, a very efficient conversion of optical power can be achieved. The optimum frequency shift of this transfer is controlled through the coupling length of the directional coupler. An approximate analytical solution of the coupled mode equations, which considers only the coupling between the two spectral components of the supermodes that are phase matched, has been performed. >
Open- versus closed-chest cardiac compressions in a canine model of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Abstract Whether or not the principles of adult resuscitation apply to the pediatric population remains unknown. In order to study this issue, a pediatric animal model was developed using puppies 6–12 weeks of age and 2–8 kg in weight. Hemodynamic status was assessed using standard methods, and measured global cerebral blood flow was assessed using the nitrous oxide (Kety-Schmidt) technique after placement of a cathefer in the sagittal sinus. In this initial study, five puppies resuscitated with closedchest cardiac compression (CCCC) were compared with five receiving open-chest cardiac compression (OCCC). Although mean systolic arterial pressures were equal with both methods during resuscitation (40 versus 49 mm Hg, P = 0.19), OCCC produced a greater cardiac output and a higher cerebral blood flow (5 versus 18 ml/100 g/min, P = 0.008). Only one of five dogs treated with CCCC had a blood flow during resuscitation greater than 15 ml/100 g/min, as compared with four of five receiving OCCC. Finally, three of five dogs in the CCCC group experienced liver lacerations, while none who were resuscitated by OCCC sustained any gross visceral injuries.
Permeability control of GPC drug delivery system

Abstract Glassy Polymeric Carbon (GPC), a biocompatible material, has been proposed for drug encapsulation and delivery. We have shown that a wide range of available porosity in the bulk material can be obtained by careful attention to the method of production and heat treatment of GPC. In addition, ion bombardment is shown to modify the available surface porosity and permeability. These surface characteristics are determined by choice of specie, fluence and energy of the bombarding ions. Together with appropriate drug concentration gradients within the capsule, the capsule can be made to deliver an initial dose rate either higher or lower than the steady state value. The effective surface area, as well as the availability of the pores, can be modified by oxygen or gold ion bombardment either to increase or decrease.
Modulation of p25 and inflammatory pathways by fisetin maintains cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. It is the only one of the top ten causes of death in the USA for which prevention strategies have not been developed. Although AD has traditionally been associated with the deposition of amyloid β plaques and tau tangles, it is becoming increasingly clear that it involves disruptions in multiple cellular systems. Therefore, it is unlikely that hitting a single target will result in significant benefits to patients with AD. An alternative approach is to identify molecules that have multiple biological activities that are relevant to the disease. Fisetin is a small, orally active molecule which can act on many of the target pathways implicated in AD. We show here that oral administration of fisetin to APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic AD mice from 3 to 12 months of age prevents the development of learning and memory deficits. This correlates with an increase in ERK phosphorylation along with a decrease in protein carbonylation, a marker of oxidative stress. Importantly, fisetin also reduces the levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activator p35 cleavage product, p25, in both control and AD brains. Elevated levels of p25 relative to p35 cause dysregulation of Cdk5 activity leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. These fisetin-dependent changes correlate with additional anti-inflammatory effects, including alterations in global eicosanoid synthesis, and the maintenance of markers of synaptic function in the AD mice. Together, these results suggest that fisetin may provide a new approach to the treatment of AD.
Contaminants in Muscle of Plaice and Halibut Collected From the St. Lawrence Estuary and Northwest Atlantic

Abstract Levels of aromatic hydrocarbons in muscle or plaice and halibut were determined by fluorescence, using the chrysene standard, as recommended by the International Oceanographic Commision, for the analysis of PAH in environmental extracts. Concentrations were highest in muscle of halibut collected at the most contaminated, nearshore site, in the Saguenay Fjord of the St. Lawrence Estuary, compared to other locations further from shore. Although concentrations of fluorescing compounds were not statistically different in plaice, the saturated hydrocarbons displayed unquestionably more biodegradation, with a decrease of n-alkanes and increase of branched aliphatics, at the less contaminated site. Synchronous fluorescence indicated the presence of benzenoid and biphenyl hydrocarbons in the extracted mixtures, while GC-MS-TIC analysis tentatively identified the presence of a series of benzenoid (alkyl benzenes), chlorinated (PCB and DDE), N (trialkylamines) and O (phenols) hydrocarbons. These anthropoge...
Molecular cloning and characterization of human AOS1 and UBA2, components of the sentrin-activating enzyme complex

Sentrin-1/SUMO-1 is a novel ubiquitin-like protein, which can covalently modify a limited number of cellular proteins. Here we report the identification of the sentrin-activating enzyme complex, which consists of two proteins AOS1 and UBA2. Human AOS1 is homologous to the N-terminal half of E1, whereas human UBA2 is homologous to the C-terminal half of E1. The human UBA2 gene is located on chromosome 19q12. Human UBA2 could form a β-mercaptoethanol-sensitive conjugate with members of the sentrin family, but not with ubiquitin of NEDD8, in the presence of AOS1. Identification of human UBA2 and AOS1 should allow a more detailed analysis of the enzymology of the activation of ubiquitin-like proteins.
The Influence of Others The Impact of Perceived Human Crowding on Perceived Competition, Emotions, and Hedonic Shopping Value

While human crowding has been considered a driver of negative emotions, leading to unpleasant shopping experiences, other studies have found that it does not necessarily result in negative emotions but creates excitement in certain shopping contexts. To fill the research gap, this study investigates whether perceived competition mediates the relationships among human crowding, emotions, and hedonic shopping value. The authors tested the model with actual shoppers from fast fashion retailers in the United States. Results showed that when perceived human crowding is mediated through perceived shopping competition, it creates positive emotions and induces hedonic shopping value.