cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome: Report of a case with bacteriologic, immunologic, and electron microscopic studies

Abstract A case of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is presented. The patient developed protein-losing enteropathy, generalized gastrointestinal polyposis, skin pigmentation, onychodystrophy, and alopecia. This patient also exhibited certain unusual features such as: fluctuating dermal manifestations, sclerodermalike skin changes, elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, retinal detachment, cataracts, and cerebellar atrophy. Bacteriologic studies of small intestinal fluid, chromosomal analysis, immunologic investigations, and morphologic studies failed to provide any etiologic clues.
Junctional Anomalies in Congenital and Acquired Nevi in the First Years of Life

Although the vast majority of prepubertal nevi has no special histological findings, a few of them show important architectural and cytological anomalies at the dermoepidermal junction. These lesions are entirely benign in their clinical evolution, but their histological features often resemble melanoma in situ and an undue diagnosis of melanoma is frequently made
Design and Synthesis of a Class of Twin‐Chain Amphiphiles for Self‐Assembled Monolayer‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor Applications

A new class of twin-chain hydroxyalkylthiols (mercaptoalkanols) featuring a nearly constant cross-section and the potential for modification of one or both termini are available with complete regioselectivity through Pd-mediated couplings of benzene diiododitriflate, including an example of a previously unreported coupling to generate an ortho-substituted arene bis acetic acid. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared from the new amphiphiles demonstrate improved stability in an electrochemical sensor system compared with monolayers prepared from analogous single chain thiols.
Patterns of amygdaloid and arcuate electroencephalograms associated with puberty in the female rat

At puberty the female rat changes from acyclicity to the adult pattern of regular estrous cycles. Stimulating or ablating the hypothalamus or amygdala affects the age at which puberty occurs. Spectral analysis was applied to the EEGs of the cortex, medial amygdala, and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in prepubertal and pubertal animals to describe those spontaneously occurring events which may be associated with puberty. Fifty to one hundred 10-s samples of EEG recorded between 1100 and 1800 were analyzed for each of 2 to 3 days from 10 animals at or near puberty. Average daily values for 80 variables were compared and the directions of significant (P < 0.01) changes were correlated with the occurrence of the first proestrus. Intensitities of the 1- to 5-Hz arcuate and cortical EEGs decreased in prepubertal animals, and that of 6- to 25-Hz activity in all three regions increased. Coherence between 1- and 5-Hz amygdaloid and arcuate activity increased as puberty approached, suggesting that communication between these regions participates in preparations for puberty. In animals exhibiting proestrus, this day was characterized by maximal intensity of 1- to 5-Hz amygdaloid EEG and by 1- to 5-Hz arcuate activity higher than that at estrus. Minimal coherences in the 6- to 25-Hz range at proestrus indicated the occurrence in both amygdaloid and arcuate activity of signals specific to the day of proestrus but which are unshared temporally, spatially, or both.
Edge-directed dynamic covalent synthesis of a chiral nanocube

The dynamic multicomponent syntheses of nanometer-sized chiral molecular cubes 1a and 1b from 8 tritopic 90° corner units and 12 linear spacers using an edge-directed approach is described. Thus, the TFA-catalyzed reaction of 8 equiv C3-trihexadecyloxy-triformylcyclotribenzylene 2 as corner unit with 12 equiv of 1,4-phenylenediamine 3a or benzidine 3b as spacers yields nanocubes 1a and 1b, respectively in close to quantitative yield. The same reactions carried out with enantiomerically pure (P)-2 (>99% ee) gave the homochiral cubes (all-P)-1a and (all-P)-1b. Force field calculations predict an edge length of 17 A and 21 A for 1a and 1b, which is consistent with their dimensions estimated from DOSY experiments. Furthermore, the asymmetric synthesis of (P)-2 through a dynamic thermodynamic resolution is described. This approach is based on the TFA-catalyzed reaction of racemic 2 with (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (R)-5, which leads to a chiral cryptophane (>90% yield) that is built-up from two (P)-2 linked t...
Cost-effectiveness of Interferon Gamma Release Assays vs Tuberculin Skin Tests in Health Care Workers

Background Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) offer alternatives to tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Unlike TSTs, IGRAs require only a single patient visit and are not affected by prior BCG vaccination, providing greater specificity. Of 2 Food and Drug Administration–approved IGRAs, the newer QuantiFERON-TB Gold in Tube test (QFT-GIT) requires less manual processing time than the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test (QFT-G). We compared the cost-effectiveness of the QFT-G, QFT-GIT, and TST for detecting LTBI in new health care workers (HCWs). Methods A Markov state-transition decision analytic model using the societal perspective and lifetime horizon was constructed to compare costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) associated with the 3 strategies for hypothetical 35-year-old HCWs with or without prior BCG vaccination. Direct and indirect costs and probabilities were based on manufacturer data, national Veterans Health Administration records, and the published literature. Future costs and QALYs were discounted at 3% per year. Results Both IGRAs were more effective and less costly than the TST, whether or not the HCW had been vaccinated with BCG previously. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the QFT-G compared with the QFT-GIT was $14 092/QALY for non–BCG-vaccinated HCWs and $103 047/QALY for BCG-vaccinated HCWs. There was no prevalence of LTBI at which the TST became the most effective or least costly strategy. If the sensitivity of the QFT-GIT exceeds that of the QFT-G, then the QFT-GIT is the most effective and least costly strategy. Conclusion Use of the QFT-G and QFT-GIT leads to superior clinical outcomes and lower costs than the TST and should be considered in screening non–BCG-vaccinated and BCG-vaccinated new HCWs for LTBI.
“Traditional” exegeses of 4:34

The beginning of Qur’an 4:34 (Men are qaww?m?n over women, with what God has preferred some over others, and with what they spend of their wealth) is often taken to legislate men’s authority over women. But many questions remain about the history of interpretations of this verse. In what ways have interpretations developed through time? Do pre-modern interpretations of this verse resemble modern interpretations, and what do such resemblances say about the attitudes of the exegetes? And what are the methods that pre-modern and modern exegetes use to arrive at their interpretations? One way of empirically examining the variety in the pre-modern heritage, the methods of the exegetes, and the use of the pre-modern heritage in modern discourse is through the genre of Qur’?n commentaries (tafs?r al-Qur’?n). This verse has always been a source of controversy: pre-modern exegeses of it are varied. In the first part of this paper, I explore some of the variations in the content and methods of pre-modern interpretation, focusing on the ways in which content and method developed through time. I argue that some of the variations in content between the earliest and later pre-modern exegeses may be due to development in the exegetes’ methods of writing exegesis.
Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in a renal transplant patient: a case report and review of literature

Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to many pathogens, including those that are predominantly problems in veterinary medicine. We report a case of a 42-yr-old white male who presented 19 months post-cadaveric renal transplant (for IgA nephropathy) with a 5 d history of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping and diarrhea. Admission chest X-ray revealed a suspicious mass lesion in the left lower lobe. Computed tomography (CT) guided biopsy of the lesion showed a large zone of CD68 +ve histiocytes in a non-caseating granuloma. Gram stain revealed multiple gram-positive rods within the histiocytes, which were eventually identified as R. equi. After 4 months of therapy with fluoroquinolones (Avelox) and Azithromycin a repeat CT showed complete resolution of the lesion. We reviewed the literature with special focus on the clinical features, challenges in diagnosis, and treatment of this rare infection (especially in the transplant patients who are also on immunosuppressive therapy).
A Statewide Professional Development Program for California Foreign Language Teachers.

The California Foreign Language Project (CFLP), established in 1988, is a voluntary pro- fessional development program designed to improve and expand elementary, secondary, and postsec- ondary foreign language teaching in California. CFLP consists of nine regional sites that work in con- junction with a central office to increase professional development for over 600 foreign language teach- ers annually. CFLP provides teacher participants with three major professional development services: (1) workshops provided by the regional sites, (2) partnerships with low-performing schools/districts, and (3) an annual Summer Leadership Seminar. Sites submit a portfolio at the end of each program year that allows them to demonstrate their effectiveness in meeting CFLP's goals. Evaluation results indicate that over a three-year period, the CFLP increased opportunities for participants to strengthen academic con- tent knowledge and develop teacher leadership skills. Results also show that participants incorporated workshop materials in their sample lesson plans and their classroom teaching.
In-process Usability Problem Classification, Analysis and Improvement

In recent years, more organizations began to address usability problems to improve their competitive position and foster customer loyalty. Although there are some classification schemes to address usability problems, there is no cause-effect framework to enable in-process usability feedback and improvement. Orthogonal defect classification (ODC) had been widely used in software development process, but with insufficient attention to usability problems. In this paper, we present a classification and analysis framework to integrate usability practices with ODC framework. With our framework, the cause-effect relationship can be identified. By addressing the usability problems during the whole development cycle, human computer interface (HCI) and software process can be improved together. A case study was conducted to demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of our framework.
Ultrasound Imaging of the Biliary Tract

Patients who have gallbladder or bile duct disease may present acutely with right upper quadrant pain, nausea or vomiting, midepigastric pain, or jaundice. The etiologies of biliary disease include inflammation with or without infection, noninflammatory disorders, and benign or malignant neoplasms of the gallbladder or ducts. Ultrasound has become the primary imaging modality for the initial work-up of suspected biliary disease. This article reviews the principal diseases of the biliary tract, strategies for imaging them with ultrasound, and specific imaging patterns that aid diagnosis.
Differential regulation of stromelysin-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-3) and matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase-7) in baboon endometrium.

To investigate in vivo expression of matrix metalloproteinase enzymes (MMP), MMP-3 and MMP-7, by the baboon endometrium in relation to the process of tissue remodeling that accompanies mensttruation in the primate. Endometrial tissues and uterine fluids obtained from reproductively intact cycling baboons, cycling baboons treated with an anti-progestin, and ovariectomized steroid-treated baboons were evaluated for MMP mRNA expression and protein production by using multiple analytic techniques. The pattern of MMP protein production matched the pattern of MMP mRNA expression. In intact cyclcing baboons, MMP mRNA expression and protein production were specific to cell type and stage of the menstrual cycle. Endometrial stroma expressed minimal amounts of MMP-3 during the proliferative and secretory stages, whereas endomterial epithelia expressed MMP-7 during the prolfierative stage. Expression of stromal MMP-3 and epithelial MMP-7 increased during early menses. Administration of anti-progestin beginning on the day of the LH surge increased MMP-7 but not MMP-3 expression at the mid secretory phase. Expression of MMP-3 and MMP-7 in the ovariectomized steroid-treated animals paralleled that of the intact cycling animals. These results highlight the similarity of human and baboon endometrial MMP-3 and MMP-7 production, providing further evidence for use of the baboon as a model for studying events associated with hormonally regulated chanes during the menstrual cycle. These results also demonstrate that ednometrial epithelial MMP-7 is suppressed by progresterone in the baboon endometrium, but endometrial stromal MMP-3 is regulated by a different mechanism.
Note on unsteady viscous flow on the outside of an expanding or contracting cylinder

Abstract In this paper, the viscous flow on the outside of an expanding or contracting cylinder is studied. The governing Navier–Stokes equations are transformed into a similarity equation, which is solved by a shooting method. The solution is an exact solution to the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. Results show both trivial and non-trivial solutions. For trivial solutions, there is no axial flow induced during the cylinder expansion or contraction. However, for the non-trivial solutions which only exist for cylinder expansion, an axial flow is generated and its strength increases with the increase in expansion speed.
Enhancing the Pediatric Undergraduate Nursing Curriculum Through Simulation

Pediatric nursing courses have been affected by the increasingly limited amount of clinical placements and experiences for students. Securing clinical sites that provide well-rounded experiences in a limited amount of time is difficult. In addition, "teachable moments" can be lost on a busy unit due to variables outside of the control of the clinical faculty member, leading to a less than positive learning experience for students. A pediatric simulation curriculum was developed for the clinical rotation. This allowed students to begin their clinical experience better prepared and broadened their overall clinical experiences in a limited amount of time.
In vitro and In vivo study on the effect of autogenous cancellous bone and intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate on allograft construct strength

An in vitro study was performed to compare the effects of augmenting interlocking nails of one of two diameters (5 or 6 mm) with intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate. Subsequently, an in vivo study was performed to compare the effects of augmenting the interlocking nail with five combinations of intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate and autogenous cancellous bone applied to the periosteal surface or within the medullary canal. Dogs were killed 6 months after the procedure for biomechanical evaluation of the femora in axial compression, mediolateral and craniocaudal bending, and torsion. Results from the in vitro study at the proximal osteotomy indicated the 6-mm interlocking nail with intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate had greater stiffness than the 5-mm interlocking nail without it (p < 0.05). At the distal osteotomy, regardless of the diameter of the interlocking nail, the addition of intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate increased stiffness (p < 0.05). Results from the in vivo study indicated greater global construct stiffness with an interlocking nail alone, an interlocking nail augmented with intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate and cancellous bone at the periosteal surface, and an interlocking nail augmented with cancellous bone within the medullary canal and at the periosteal surface (p < 0.05). At the osteotomy level, the interlocking nail augmented with intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate and cancellous bone at the periosteal surface had greater stiffness than did an interlocking nail alone or an interlocking nail augmented with either intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate, cancellous bone within the medullary canal, or cancellous bone at the periosteal surface (p < 0.05) but produced the same results as an interlocking nail augmented with cancellous bone within the medullary canal and at the periosteal surface. The results suggest that augmenting interlocking nail fixation with intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate by itself offers no advantage but that a combination of intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate and cancellous bone at the periosteal surface improves structural properties at 6 months.
Section IV. East and West Teamwork: A Comparative Analysis of Skillful Performance

The two essays in this last section consolidate the preceding into a comprehensive model. They explore the connections among individuals’ skillful performances, social context, and the ethos of exc...
Fibroblast growth factor signaling in the developing neuroendocrine hypothalamus.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is pivotal to the formation of numerous central regions. Increasing evidence suggests FGF signaling also directs the development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, a collection of neuroendocrine neurons originating primarily within the nose and the ventricular zone of the diencephalon. This review outlines evidence for a role of FGF signaling in the prenatal and postnatal development of several hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems. The emphasis is placed on the nasally derived gonadotropin- releasing hormone neurons, which depend on neurotrophic cues from FGF signaling throughout the neurons' lifetime. Although less is known about neuroendocrine neurons derived from the diencephalon, recent studies suggest they also exhibit variable levels of dependence on FGF signaling. Overall, FGF signaling provides a broad spectrum of cues that ranges from genesis, cell survival/death, migration, morphological changes, to hormone synthesis in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Abnormal FGF signaling will deleteriously impact multiple hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems, resulting in the disruption of diverse physiological functions.
Nonreceptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases Associated with Neuronal Development (Part 2 of 2)

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) of the nonreceptor class have been implicated in neurite outgrowth during development and regeneration of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Nonreceptor PTK en
Capillarity-induced resonance of blobs in porous media: Analytical solutions, Lattice–Boltzmann modeling, and blob mobilization

Theoretical considerations and experiments in capillary tubes suggest that blobs exhibit resonance in porous media when they are trapped because of interfacial tension. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that such blobs can be mobilized by exploiting a phenomenon entitled capillarity-induced resonance, that is, by exciting the blobs at their resonant frequency. We used Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) modeling to perform numerical experiments, and we validated the LB model using analytical solutions that approximate the linear response of blobs with pinned menisci in straight and polygonal pore channels to an oscillatory body force. The LB simulations agree well with the quasistatic response, which the analytical solutions describe correctly. Furthermore, the frequency response, particularly the resonant frequency, agrees well, even though the analytical solutions do not accurately estimate viscous pressure drops. Numerical experiments in polygonal and sinusoidal pore channels, as well as disc packings, show that blobs, which are trapped even though a constant body force is applied, can indeed be mobilized by exploiting capillarity-induced resonance. Moreover, the resonant frequency can be estimated in numerical experiments by determining the dominant frequency in the blob amplitude in response to a force pulse. This is of great practical relevance for complex geometries, for which the resonant frequency cannot be easily predicted theoretically.
Prehistoric Archeological Surveys and Excavations in Afghanistan: 1959-1960 and 1961-1963

Afghanistan has long been considered an important transmitter of culture in the historic periods. Buddhism, for example, reached the Far East from Gandhara (the classical name for southern Afghanistan and parts of north-western West Pakistan). Recent research indicates that the foothills of northern Afghanistan may have been one of the early centers of incipient agriculture, transitional between the food gathering of the Paleolithic and the food production of the Neolithic. In addition, Upper and possibly Middle ("Mousterian") Paleolithic industries have been identified.
A simplified intensity modulated radiation therapy technique for the breast

A simplified intensity modulated radiation therapy (sIMRT) technique for the breast is presented. The technique aims to produce a uniform dose distribution in the entire breast volume. Using the standard tangential beam arrangement, we first determine for each pencil beam the midpoint of the segment that intersects the treatment volume. The dose to the midpoint from the open field is then calculated. The intensity of the pencil beam is determined as proportional to the inverse of the open field dose. With this intensity modulated beam, the dose delivered to the midpoint of each pencil beam segment that intersects the treatment volume is now equalized. The dose distribution in the entire treatment volume is nearly as uniform as can be achieved under the given beam arrangement. Fifteen left breast patients were planned with the sIMRT technique. For comparison, the same group of patients was also planned with the standard wedged pair technique and the full-fledged volume-based IMRT (vIMRT) technique. Both the sIMRT and the vIMRT techniques achieved more homogeneous dose in the treatment volume than the standard plan. Doses to the heart, the ipsilateral lung, and the contralateral breast were also reduced. The planning time and the treatment time for the sIMRT technique were comparable to that of the standard technique, and significantly less than that required by the vIMRT technique. The sIMRT technique is practical for large-scale implementation in a busy clinic without requiring significant increase of resources.
Synthesis and Rearrangements of Alkyl Phosphorothioates

Reaction de CyOP(O)(S − )-O-P(O)(O − )OPr avec BrCN et 18 OH 2 : (Cy=cyclohexyl, Pr=propyl)
The Protein and Protein-Bound Carbohydrates in Four Species of Nonhuman Primates’Sera

SummaryBlood sera from four species of nonhuman primates were analyzed for their protein and protein-bound sugar content. Generally, the levels of total protein, protein-bound hexose, sialic acid, and fucose of Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee), Theropithecus gelada (baboon), and Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) are comparable to those of humans. In all species examined except Hylobates lar (gibbon), the protein-bound hexosamine levels are considerably higher than those of humans. In Hylobates lar, the total serum protein concentration is lower than in humans, while the protein-bound hexosamine level is very close to human levels. The electrophoretic patterns of the four species of nonhuman primates examined are very different from that of humans and from each other.
A silicon micromachined microphone for fluid mechanics research

MEMS piezoresistive sound detectors have been fabricated using the dissolved wafer process for the first time. The sensors utilize stress compensated PECVD ultra-thin silicon-nitride/oxide membrane together with monocrystalline ion-implanted p++ silicon piezoresistors to achieve high sensitivity. Tests reveal that sensors with a diaphragm size of 710 μm have a static sensitivity of 1.1 μV VPa−1 with 2% non-linearity over an operating pressure range of 10 kPa. This sensitivity is substantially larger than that of commercially available microfabricated sensors. Furthermore, the new sensor's dynamic response is found to be flat (within ±2.5 dB) over a frequency range extending up to 10 kHz. This paper contributes to existing literature in the field by demonstrating a new way of fabricating capable MEMS piezoresistive pressure sensors, hence adding to the overall versatility of the technology and associated range of applications.
Information in action: A situated view

The role of information in daily activities is a key question for information science. Various theories and approaches have been developed to conceptualize the objects and events that inform people as they go about the conduct of daily life. This paper introduces the notion of ‘regimes of information’ to account for the different shapes and meanings that information takes in various situations. Building on Buckland (1991)'s account, and adopting the situated perspective of Garfinkel (2008), the paper applies Boltanski and Thevenot (2006)'s polity model to define and develop the notion of regimes of information. I argue that rather than ‘using’ information as a given, people enact it variously depending on the kind of situation in which they find themselves.
Some Noteworthy Soil Science in Wisconsin

The impact and benefi ts of soil science have only partly been documented. Here I highlight four noteworthy soil science achievements from the state of Wisconsin that took place between 1870 and the early 1980s: (i) the fi rst soil map in the United States, (ii) soil erosion control measures in the Coon Creek basin, (iii) soil studies in the forests, and (iv) the establishment of the Antigo silt loam as state soil. These four cases each represent a particular point in time in the progress of soil research, extension, and outreach in Wisconsin. This model of historical soil scientifi c highlighting could serve for other U.S. states and nations. Peer Reviewed Papers
Lack of association between proton pump inhibitors and adverse events in patients taking clopidogrel and aspirin.

Commentary on Douglas IJ, Evans SJ, Hingorani AD, et al. Clopidogrel and interaction with proton pump inhibitors: comparison between cohort and within person study designs. BMJ 2012; 345: e4388[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Clopidogrel inhibits the P2Y12 platelet receptor and is used in patients with acute coronary syndromes or ischaemic stroke to prevent recurrent vascular events. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), however, have been shown to reduce the pharmacodynamic effect of clopidogrel upon platelet inhibition, and have been linked in retrospective studies to a higher rate of ischaemic outcomes in patients taking clopidogrel. A total of 24 471 patients in the General Practice Research Database in the UK (beginning in 2003) concurrently prescribed aspirin and clopidogrel were included. There were 12 439 (50%) patients receiving a PPI at some point during the study. The exposure of interest was prescription of a … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.e4388%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22782731%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=345/jul10_1/e4388&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F3%2Fe30.atom
Nuclear pairing force and superconductivity wave functions

Abstract The extent to which the methods of superconductivity theory are reliable when applied to the calculation of the properties of deformed nuclei is examined numerically. The exact eigenstates for an even or odd number of particles moving in nine or fewer evenly spaced levels, and interacting via a pairing force (whose magnitude is dictated by the observed odd-even mass differences) provide the basis for comparison. The following are examined: (1) the BCS-Bogoliubov approximations to the ground and excited states, (2) the modifications to account for “blocking” of levels by unpaired particles, (3) projection of that part of the wave function containing the correct number of particles, and (4) the dependence on the self-energy term (−Gν2). To block before solving the BCS equations does not appear to be warranted. Indeed for beta-decay hinderance factors, the least sophisticated method (1) is as adequate as the rest coming to within 5–10% of the exact values. The calculation of spectra is considerably improved by projecting, but again only the ground state parameters need be used. None of the methods consistently approximates the occupation factors of the (uανβ + σναuβ)2 and (uαuβ + σνανβ)2 type to better than 20% for σ = −1, and 10% for σ = +1. However, either blocking-without-projecting or projecting with the unblocked parameters are often equally satisfactory. The degree to which the small number of levels considered here has a bearing on these results is examined.
The Jahn-Teller Effect in the Molecular Structure of Copper Nitroprusside, Cu[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O

Abstract The nilrosylcyanide crystallizes in space group Pnma with a = 13.4911(9), b = 7.1698(6), c = 10.8623(7) A, Z = 4, D m = 2.01(2) Mg m−3 and D x - 1.99 Mg m−3. Full-matrix least-squares refinement of 1232 unique reflections yielded final reliability factors, R = 0.048 and R w —0.052, and a “goodness-of-fit” value of 1.04. The iron atoms are coordinated by five cyanide ligands and a nitrosyl group and the copper atoms are coordinated by five cyanide ligands and a water molecule. The distorted octahedral metal centres, which are geometrically arranged in a staggered fashion, are linked by cyanide bridging (Fe-C=N-Cu). The copper centre displays a characteristic Jahn-Teller distortion typical of octahedral copper complexes, and accounts for bond distance deviation in lattice symmetry from octahedral ideality, Cu-N(equatorial, mean) = 1.981(5) A and Cu-N(axial) = 2.160(7) A. Conoscopic, infrared, thermal gravimetric, and X-ray fluorescence analyses are reported.
Modification of the Generalized Born Model Suitable for Macromolecules

The analytic generalized Born approximation is an efficient electrostatic model that describes molecules in solution. Here it is modified to permit a more accurate description of large macromolecul...
Optical Control Using Stimulated Light Scattering

The use of stimulated light scattering as a means for achieving optical control functions directed toward an optical computer is described. Stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering is seen to be a preferred nonlinear optical mechanism when compared with the more familiar stimulated Raman and stimulated Brillouin scattering. It possesses the highest gain, the lowest threshold, and scattered radiation that is approximately the same frequency as the inducing radiation. Optical control functions such as optical bistable switching, optical amplification, and optical limiting or clipping are described.
Bodies, Kin, and Flow: Family Planning in Rural Jamaica

This analysis offamily planning investigates the links between embodied experiences, sociocultural forms, and ethnophysiological concerns. It focuses on the rural Jamaican concept of fow, which appears in ethnophysiological ideas and kinship beliefs and has ramifications for contraceptive practice. The experience offlow both on the somatic level and in social interaction lends structure to the local models concerning general health, reproductive health and procreation, and social reproduction. Cross-culturally, the flow-related experiences that women have of and through their bodies form the basis for much traditional health knowledge. [embodiment, ethnophysiology, family planning, gender, Jamaica] n this article I examine the ways in which both the physical and the social aspects of cultural experiences lend structure to health-related models. I suggest that experiences women have both of and through their bodies form the basis for certain kinds of traditional health knowledge. As Browner and Sargent note in their recent review of the literature on reproduction: "Research on the ethnophysiology of reproduction holds the potential for illuminating more general ethnomedical principles, but to date little work has elucidated the connections" (1990:225-226). This work begins to do that, using contraceptive beliefs and practices as a point of departure. After summarizing previous approaches to family planning and ethnophysiology in Jamaica and discussing the literature on metaphor and embodied being that forms the basis for much of my analysis, I describe the methods and setting of the research, and then examine the aspects of rural Jamaican kinship ideology and ethnophysiological understandings that pertain to contraception. Salient kinship beliefs involve much more than a desire for children; they are closely linked with certain ethnophysiological notions concerning reproduction. After discussing the entwined cultural domains of kinship and reproductive ethnophysiology, I explore the possibility of there being somatic underpinnings for reproductive understandings and examine the global relevance of these underpinnings and their local influence on family planning in rural Jamaica.
Assessment of cancer pain: a continuous challenge

A comprehensive assessment of cancer pain is the first and perhaps most important step toward pain relief. Yet, this assessment is frequently neglected in patients with cancer pain. This paper addresses five important aspects of cancer pain assessment: (1) What constitutes cancer pain assessment? (2) Why is it important? (3) Why is it frequently overlooked? (4) How can a cancer pain assessment program be implemented? (5) What changes can be expected as a result of routine cancer pain assessments? The fundamental assumptions underlying this discussion are that health-care providers must understand the intensity of their patients' pain and the likely etiology of that discomfort to direct an appropriate diagnostic evaluation and to initiate and evaluate the success of therapy. Instituting a routine pain assessment program need not be difficult. The recommended procedures must be simple, quantifiable, relevant, and recorded in the medical record. Routine pain assessment will promote a heightened sense of awareness and responsibility about cancer pain issues in health-care providers, improved communication between the patient and the healthcare provider, the development of cancer pain quality-assurance programs, and improved care for patients with cancer and pain.
Protein-tyrosine-phosphatase SHPTP2 is a required positive effector for insulin downstream signaling

Abstract SHPTP2 is a ubiquitously expressed tyrosine-specific protein phosphatase that contains two amino-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains responsible for its association with tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. In this study, expression of dominant interfering mutants of SHPTP2 was found to inhibit insulin stimulation of c-fos reporter gene expression and activation of the 42-kDa (Erk2) and 44-kDa (Erk1) mitogen-activated protein kinases. Cotransfection of dominant interfering SHPTP2 mutants with v-Ras or Grb2 indicated that SHPTP2 regulated insulin signaling either upstream of or in parallel to Ras function. Furthermore, phosphotyrosine blotting and immunoprecipitation identified the 125-kDa focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK) as a substrate for insulin-dependent tyrosine dephosphorylation. These data demonstrate that SHPTP2 functions as a positive regulator of insulin action and that insulin signaling results in the dephosphorylation of tyrosine-phosphorylated pp125FAK.
Demonstration of human reagins to foods, cat dander, an insect, and ragweed and grass pollens

Abstract Serum from patients with food allergy due to cereal grains and peanuts, as well as from patients with respiratory allergy due to cat dander and ragweed and grass pollens, sensitized the skin of the cynomolgus monkey, Macaca irus . This was demonstrated by challenge with an allergenic extract which elicited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis with extravasation of intravenously injected Evans blue dye in the sites sensitized to that particular antigen. The testing of human sera in monkeys appears to give results that correlate well with cutaneous tests in human beings, and appears suitable for use as a research tool whenever in vitro immunochemical data or results obtained with guinea pigs and rabbits should be correlated with the actual human allergy.
The bell curve revisited

The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science. By Pat Shipman. Simon and Schuster: 1994. Pp. 318. $23.
POLLEN DISCOUNTING AND THE EVOLUTION OF SELFING IN ARENARIA UNIFLORA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)

Although most models of mating system evolution assign a central role to the male transmission advantage of selfing genotypes, empirical data on the male fitness consequences of increased self-pollination are still uncommon. Here, I use measures of pollen import and export by focal plants in genotyped arrays to investigate the effects of floral morphology and pollination environment on self and outcross male function. Plants from an autogamous pop- ulation of Arenaria uniflora (Caryophyllaceae) exhibit complete pollen discounting relative to closely related out- crossers, as do morphologically intermediate F1 hybrids between the two populations. However, the low cumulative male fitness of hybrids probably results from reduced pollen number or competitive ability, rather than a nonlinear relationship with floral morphology. When surrounded by selfers, plants from the outcrosser population self-fertilize at nearly the same rate as selfers (.80%), but have much lower self male fitness due to reduced fruit set. Because outcross siring success is also extremely low (,8%) in this treatment, these mate-limited outcrossers are at male fitness disadvantage to both pseudocleistogamous selfers and nonlimited outcrossers. The relative male fitness of plants with different mating systems appears dependent on the ecological context, as well as on morphological trade-offs.
Localized Induction of the ATP-Binding Cassette B19 Auxin Transporter Enhances Adventitious Root Formation in Arabidopsis

Adventitious roots emerge from aerial plant tissues, and the induction of these roots is essential for clonal propagation of agriculturally important plant species. This process has received extensive study in horticultural species but much less focus in genetically tractable model species. We have explored the role of auxin transport in this process in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings in which adventitious root initiation was induced by excising roots from low-light-grown hypocotyls. Inhibition of auxin transport from the shoot apex abolishes adventitious root formation under these conditions. Root excision was accompanied by a rapid increase in radioactive indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transport and its accumulation in the hypocotyl above the point of excision where adventitious roots emerge. Local increases in auxin-responsive gene expression were also observed above the site of excision using three auxin-responsive reporters. These changes in auxin accumulation preceded cell division events, monitored by a cyclin B1 reporter (pCYCB1;1:GUS), and adventitious root initiation. We examined excision-induced adventitious root formation in auxin influx and efflux mutants, including auxin insensitive1, pin-formed1 (pin1), pin2, pin3, and pin7, with the most profound reductions observed in ATP-binding cassette B19 (ABCB19). An ABCB19 overexpression line forms more adventitious roots than the wild type in intact seedlings. Examination of transcriptional and translational fusions between ABCB19 and green fluorescent protein indicates that excision locally induced the accumulation of ABCB19 transcript and protein that is temporally and spatially linked to local IAA accumulation leading to adventitious root formation. These experiments are consistent with localized synthesis of ABCB19 protein after hypocotyl excision leads to enhanced IAA transport and local IAA accumulation driving adventitious root formation.
A comparison of search term weighting: term relevance vs. inverse document frequency

The term relevance weighting method has been shown to produce optimal information retrieval queries under well-defined conditions. The parameters needed to generate the term relevance factors cannot unfortunately be estimated accurately in practice; futhermore, in realistic test situations, it appears difficult to obtain improved retrieval results using the term relevance weights over much simpler term weighting systems such as, for example, the inverse document frequency weights.It is shown in this study that the inverse document frequency weights and the term relevance weights are closely related over a wide range of the frequency spectrum. Methods are introduced for estimating the term relevance weights, and experimental results are given comparing the inverse document frequency with the estimated term relevance weights.
On the Irreplaceability of Place

I examine a puzzle concerning the role of humans in the appreciation of place that arises in Christoph Rehmann-Sutter's paper in this volume, specifically the problem of the irreplaceability of place. If places are designated as valuable in part because they are irreplaceable, and if any human can appreciate any place, then how can humans ever be part of a place if they are ultimately substitutable as agents who appreciate places? After identifying the puzzle I briefly discuss two possible ways to answerthis problem though the literature on bioregionalism. Two kinds of bioregionalism, liberal bioregionalism (LB) and communitarian bioregionalism (CB) are identified and distinguished. A brief appeal is made to embrace LB for now (which entails avoiding the irreplaceability problem by jettisoning the need to focus on the special qualities of a particular place) and to hold off on CB as a goal down the road which would re-establish the importance of specificity in the value of place.
Cholecystokinin and estradiol synergistically potentiate satiety in rats

Abstract The ability of octapeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), in interaction with ovarian steroid conditions, to decrease 1-h feeding was studied in 5-h food-deprived Sprague-Dawley rats. In Experiment 1, intact, unilaterally ovariectomized, and bilaterally ovariectomized females and intact males were given IP injections of 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 μg/kg b.wt. CCK and were assessed for food ingestion at 1, 3, and 19 h. Food intake at 1 h was suppressed in animals receiving CCK compared to saline (0 dose); the threshold dosage was 1 μg/kg b.wt. ( p ) in this paradigm. No significant sex difference was observed between the four groups; however, animals with decreased ovarian steroids (intact males and bilaterally ovariectomized females) suppressed ingestion less than animals with greater ovarian steroid levels (intact and unilaterally ovariectomized females) at both the 0.25 and 1.0 μg/kg b.wt. dosages ( p ). Therefore, in a second experiment, sensitivity to CCK was compared in females in early metestrus, when estrogen levels are decreased, and during late diestrus, when estrogen levels are high, using dosages of 0,0.25, 1, and 2.5 μg/kg b.wt. A statistically significant difference was found between sensitivity at early metestrus and late diestrus at the 2.5 μg/kg b.wt. dose only, with food ingestion more reliably depressed during periods of increased estrogen ( p ). These results suggest that estradiol and CCK can have a synergistic effect on satiety.
Complement Inhibition Promotes Endogenous Neurogenesis and Sustained Anti-Inflammatory Neuroprotection following Reperfused Stroke

Background and Purpose The restoration of blood-flow following cerebral ischemia incites a series of deleterious cascades that exacerbate neuronal injury. Pharmacologic inhibition of the C3a-receptor ameliorates cerebral injury by attenuating post-ischemic inflammation. Recent reports also implicate C3a in the modulation of tissue repair, suggesting that complement may influence both injury and recovery at later post-ischemic time-points.
Evaluation à cinq ans de l’utilisation de l’endoprothèse Talent pour le traitement endovasculaire des anévrysmes à collets aortiques courts

Objectifs Bien que le traitement endovasculaire des anevrysmes se soit avere une facon efficace de traiter es anevrysmes de l’aorte abdominale (AAA), certaines caracteristiques anatomiques telles qu’un collet aortique court limitent son applicabilite. Au depart, les dispositifs disponibles dans le commerce ont ete approuves seulement pour le traitement des AAA avec une longueur de collet aortique ≥15 mm. Le but de cette etude etait d’evaluer les resultats de l’endoprothese Talent recemment approuvee pour les AAA avec une longueur de collet aortique court (10 a 15 mm). Methodes Les donnees ont ete obtenues de maniere prospective, non randomisee, multicentrique a partir de l’etude Low Profile Stent Graft System qui incluait des patients entre fevrier 2002 et avril 2003. Un total de 154 patients presentant une imagerie preoperatoire adequate a ete identifiee pour cette etude. Les analyses de sous-groupe ont ete realisees pour les AAA avec un collet aortique de 10 a 15 mm et ceux avec un collet >15 mm. Les criteres de jugement principaux de surete et d’efficacite ont ete evalues en postoperatoire a 30 jours, a 1 an, et a 5 ans. Resultats Les patients traites avec des longueurs de collet aortique de 10 a 15 mm ( n = 35) et de >15 mm ( n = 102) avaient un âge, un genre, et des facteurs de risques comparables. Les deux groupes avaient une morphologie preoperatoire de leur anevrysme comparable en termes de taille maximale de l’anevrysme, de degre d’angulation du collet, ou de diametre du collet proximal. Il n’y avait aucune difference statistiquement significative des evenements indesirables majeurs et des taux de mortalite a 30 et 365 jours. De meme, il n’y avait aucune difference entre les criteres d’efficacite a 12 mois. A 5 ans, il n’y avait aucune difference de taux de migration, d’endofuite, ou de modification du diametre des anevrysmes. En outre, il n’y avait aucune difference de mortalite en rapport avec l’anevrysme (94% contre 99%). Conclusions Les AAA avec un collet aortique court (10 a 15 mm) et une anatomie appropriee pour le traitement endovasculaire peuvent etre traites sans risque et de facon efficace par l’endoprothese Talent avec d’excellents resultats a 1 et 5 ans.
Flip chip assembly method employing differential heating/cooling for large dies with coreless substrates

In this work, differential heating/cooling chip join process was developed for coreless flip chip packaging to minimize warpage change of coreless substrates during the bonding process. A chip was vacuumed to a bonder head and a coreless substrate was vacuumed on a base plate and they were held at different elevated temperatures during the bonding process. The temperature difference provides a substantially matched thermal expansion between the silicon chip and the coreless substrate. This minimizes stress induced by low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch during flip chip assembly. Both thermal and mechanical modeling were performed to provide more detailed information about the temperature distributions and warpage levels for all package components during the chip join process. Mechanical modeling of the chip join process confirmed that by implementing differential heating/cooling chip join process the stresses within the solder bumps can be reduced by more than 20% and the stresses in the low-k layers within the chip can be reduced by more than 25%. Our evaluations used semiconductor chips with a known low-k dielectric and SnAg solder bumps. The size of the test chip was approximately 19 mm × 19 mm with less than 150 μm pitch. The coreless substrate was 55 mm × 55 mm with 8+1 layers. The samples were bonded with an optimized differential heating/cooling chip join process. The experimental results showed that there were no C4 (Controlled Collapsible Chip Connection) bumps bridging, non-wets, nor low-k delamination in the large die with coreless package. Reliability data showed no failures in any of the tested modules.