cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteosarcoma of the hyoid bone.

Primary lesions of the hyoid bone are exceedingly rare. Reported malignant lesions include chondrosarcoma, plasmacytoma, and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, and benign masses include aneurysmal...
Welfare Reform and Neighborhoods: Race and Civic Participation

Welfare reform is weakening the social and institutional fabric of neighborhoods with relatively high levels of poverty and is, therefore, antiurban and antineighborhood policy. This article is based on an in-depth study of three Massachusetts communities that finds that welfare reform is increasing regulatory and service demand pressures in inner-city neighborhoods, thereby altering the mission, organizational capacities, and planning activities of community-based organizations. These findings support recent research that examines the problematic connections between welfare reform and race, neighborhood development, and civic participation. The emerging lesson is that the building of civic consciousness and the strengthening of institutional capacities to pursue community and economic development are ignored in the push of welfare reforms to change individual behavior. Neighborhood revitalization initiatives, as well as the call for increasing citizen participation and self-help strategies, are similarly...
Crimes Mala in Se: An Equity-Based Definition

Legal scholars have used the terms mala prohibita and mala in se to draw the distinction between legally proscribed and morally proscribed offenses. The former are those offenses that are wrong simply because there exist formal, codified rules prohibiting them. Efforts to define mala in se, on the other hand, have resulted in vague, often conflicting meanings that leave the analyst with little but examples to serve as definitions. As a result, some have argued that the distinctions mala in se and mala prohibita be abandoned altogether. If one examines mala in se from an equity theoretical viewpoint, incorporating the concepts of intent and harm, it may be possible to arrive at a more understandable and useful concept.
An experimental analysis of cooperation and productivity in the trust game

In the standard trust game the surplus is increased by the risk taking first mover while cooperation by the second mover is a one-to-one transfer. This paper reports results from experiments in which the reverse holds; the first mover’s risky trust is not productive and the second mover’s cooperation is productive. This subtle difference significantly lowers the likelihood of trust but increases the likelihood of cooperation conditional on trust. Evidence is presented that the change in trust is consistent with first movers failing to anticipate the later result. Drawing upon the analogy that the trust game represents a model of exchange, the results suggest that markets should be organized so that the buyer moves first and not the seller as in the original trust game.
Therapeutic antagonists and conformational regulation of integrin function

Integrins are a structurally elaborate family of adhesion molecules that transmit signals bi-directionally across the plasma membrane by undergoing large-scale structural rearrangements. By regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts, integrins participate in a wide range of biological processes, including development, tissue repair, angiogenesis, inflammation and haemostasis. From a therapeutic standpoint, integrins are probably the most important class of cell-adhesion receptors. Recent progress in the development of integrin antagonists has resulted in their clinical application and has shed new light on integrin biology. On the basis of their mechanism of action, small-molecule integrin antagonists fall into three different classes. Each of these classes affect the equilibria that relate integrin conformational states, but in different ways.
Planetary plasmas and fields

In this presentation I shall dwell on what D. G. King-Hele in his IUGG lecture on Satellite Geodesy has called ‘the unpleasant things that come from the sun with the solar wind.’ Unpleasant they can be, indeed: an astronaut in the wrong orbit through the earth's magnetosphere could be killed in a matter of days by a radiation belt overdose. A journey in a supersonic aircraft flying at stratospheric altitude along the edge of the polar cap during a big solar proton event could have drastic consequences for the passengers' future family planning. The absence of a fully developed protective magnetosphere during geomagnetic reversals in the past probably led to a variety of frightening changes in the upper atmosphere caused by the then unhindered inflow of 1,000,000°K hot solar wind plasma.
Diagnostic quality control: the missing link in dental radiology quality assurance.

Abstract A diagnostic quality-control program that includes assessment of film quality, critique, and remediation as an ongoing process is described.
Condensation in the primitive solar nebula

The distribution of the major elements between vapor and solid has been calculated for a cooling gas of cosmic composition. The assumption is made that high temperature condensates remain in equilibrium with the vapor, affecting the temperatures of appearance of successively less refractory phases. The model suggests that the major textural features and mineralogical composition of the Ca, Al-rich inclusions in the C3 chondrites were produced during condensation in the nebula characterized by slight departures from chemical equilibrium due to incomplete reaction of high temperature condensates. Fractionation of such a phase assemblage is sufficient to produce part of the lithophile element depletion of the ordinary chondrites relative to the cosmic abundances. Iron-nickel alloys have higher condensation temperatures than forsterite and enstatite at all total pressures greater than 7.1 × 10−5 atmospheres. These data lend support to the origin of the core and mantle of the earth by a heterogeneous accumulation process. The temperature difference between the condensation points of iron and magnesium silicates increases with pressure allowing the possibility of greater fractionation of metal from silicate towards the center of the solar nebula where the pressure and temperature were highest.
Electrospun carbon nano-felt surface-attached with Pd nanoparticles for hydrogen sensing application

Abstract Carbon nanofibrous mat (nano-felt) surface-attached with Pd nanoparticles was prepared from electrospun polyacrylonitrile nano-felt surface-functionalized with amidoxime groups, and its application for hydrogen sensing was explored. The material consisted of relatively uniform and randomly overlaid carbon nanofibers with diameters of ~ 300 nm, while the attached Pd nanoparticles had sizes in the range from a few to tens of nanometers. The electrospun carbon nano-felt was mechanically flexible/resilient, and the resistance of the material varied upon exposure to H2 at room temperature. The study suggested that electrospun carbon nano-felts surface-attached with metal nanoparticles could be a material of choice for the fabrication of gas- and/or bio-sensors, and the amidoxime-functionalization of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nano-felt could be a general approach for the development of various carbon nano-felts surface-attached with different metal nanoparticles.
Racial Variations in the Performance of Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Specific Antigen Density in the Era of Extended Prostate Biopsy Schemes

Purpose: The incidence of prostate cancer is known to vary as a function of race. To date few studies have evaluated the performance of the prostate specific antigen test and its indexes in unique racial populations. We examined the performance of prostate specific antigen, prostate specific antigen density and transition zone density in racial groups undergoing an extended prostate biopsy scheme.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed of prospectively collected data on 1,115 white, 288 black and 161 Asian/Pacific Islander men referred for prostate needle biopsy. All participants had not undergone previous biopsy. ROC curves stratified by race were ascertained for prostate specific antigen, prostate specific antigen density and transition zone density for detecting cancer and high grade cancer (Gleason 3 + 4 or greater).Results: Across all races prostate specific antigen density outperformed prostate specific antigen for detecting any prostate cancer and high grade cancer. Prostate spe...
A Potassium Tantalum(V) Tetrasilicate KTaSi2O7

The crystal structure of a new potassium tantalum(V) cyclotetrasilicate, KTaSi{sub 2}O{sub 2} (K{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}Si{sub 4}O{sub 14}), has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. KTaSi{sub 2}O{sub 7} crystallizes in the tetragonal system, space group P4/mbm with {alpha} = 8.735(2) and c= 7.999(2) {Angstrom}, V= 610.3(2) {Angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 4, d{sub x} = 4.225 g/cm{sup 3}, {lambda} (MoK{alpha}) = 0.71073 {Angstrom}, {mu} = 190.7 cm{sup {minus}1}, F{sup {prime}} (000) = 704, T = 293 K, R = 0.0421, R{sub w} = 0.0789 for 451 unique reflections (R{sub int} = 0.0227) with F{sub O}{sup 2} > O. The framework structure of KTaSi{sub 2}O{sub 7} is built up from chains of corner-sharing TaO{sub 6} octahedra running parallel to the fourfold axes and linked together by four-membered Si{sub 4}O{sub 12} single units. AC impedance measurements on KTaSi{sub 2}O{sub 7} indicate low ionic conductivities, 5.6 x 10{sup {minus}9} and 3.0 x 10{sup {minus}7} {Omega} {center_dot} cm{sup {minus}1} at 333 and 546{degrees}C, respectively. An activation energy of 0.83 {plus_minus} 0.02 eV is observed.
Effects of Vitamin B12 and Liver Residue on Growth of Hyperthyroid Male Rats

SummaryImmature male rats were fed massive doses of thyroid in conjunction with a purified ration containing casein as the dietary protein. A marked retardation occurred both in body and gonadal weight. These effects were compldy counteracted by the administration of liver residue. Crystalline vitamin B12, however, was without significant effect
Extreme ultraviolet reflectivity studies of gold on glass and metal substrates

The paper reports measurements of the extreme ultraviolet reflectivity of gold from 44 to 920 A at grazing incidence. Gold was deposited using vacuum evaporation and electroplating on substrates of glass and polished nickel, respectively. Measurements are also presented of the extreme ultraviolet reflectivity of electroless nickel in the same wavelength region, where one of the polished nickel substrates was used as a sample. Derived optical constants for evaporated and electroplated gold and electroless nickel are presented. Additional studies of the effects of various contaminants on the EUV reflectivity are also reported. The variations of the optical constants are discussed in terms of density variations, surface roughness and contamination effects. These results ae reported as part of studies for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite program to determine acceptance criteria for the EUV optics, contamination budgets and calibration plans.
Evanescent Coupling Device Design for Waveguide-Integrated Group IV Photodetectors

We have fabricated vertical p-i-n silicon photodetectors that are monolithically integrated with compact silicon-oxynitride channel waveguides. By comparing the evanescent coupling from low index-contrast waveguides and compact, high index-contrast waveguides, the dependence of evanescent coupling behavior on the waveguide index and geometry designs was analyzed. The effects of fabrication variations in the coupling structure have been studied and it was found that an offsetting step in the waveguide can help compensate for the mode mismatch at the transition interface from the input bus waveguide to the waveguide on top of the photodetector. Finally, we present a design map, built by drawing the evanescent coupling rate contour lines in the waveguide design space, which well predicts the evanescent coupling trends.
The Geometry of a Two by Two Contingency Table

Abstract In this article, we discuss ideas about two by two contingency tables in terms of the geometry of the three dimensional simplex. In particular, we derive the loci of points corresponding to certain classes of two by two tables. We relate the geometry to a discussion of the mean square contingency, which is also associated with rejection regions for the chi-square goodness of fit test for independence.
Optimizing array reference checking in Java programs

The JavaTM language specification requires that all array references be checked for validity. If a reference is invalid, an exception must be thrown. Furthermore, the environment at the time of the exception must be preserved and made available to whatever code handles the exception. Performing the checks at run time incurs a large penalty in execution time. In this paper we describe a collection of transformations that can dramatically reduce this overhead in the common case (when the access is valid) while preserving the program state at the time of an exception. The transformations allow trade-offs to be made in the efficiency and size of the resulting code, and are fully compliant with the Java language semantics. Preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of these transformations shows that performance improvements of 10 times and more can be achieved for array-intensive Java programs.
The Placenta: Structure and Function

The human placenta is a discoid organ that has a hemochorial relationship with the mother. That is to say, the trophoblast that covers the villi is in direct contact with the maternal blood. Transfer of substances has to traverse the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, villous basement membrane, fetal capillary bed, and its endothelium. Although the placenta is the most available tissue, it is the least thoroughly investigated organ, and many aspects of its control still are unknown. Especially deficient is our knowledge of the genetic control of its many functions. The placenta also has a different imprinting pattern (paternal imprinting) from that of the embryo. The prevailing sentiment is that once delivery has occurred, it is a superfluous tissue that only needs to be discarded. There are many reasons, however, that knowledge of placental pathology can aid materially in a better understanding of newborns who have anomalies or neonatal problems. Further, a detailed examination of the placenta at birth can provide a better insight into prenatal life and its possible disturbances than is possible from notes in the history of the patient. The shape of the placenta is extremely variable (Fig. 1), probably due to placental location, its interaction with the endometrium, and uterine shape. The placenta implants anywhere in the uterus, but most commonly, it is in an anterior or posterior location. Much less often it is on the fundus. The shape often can be understood best by considering the history of its implantation. The reason for a specific shape can be derived further from the frequently aberrant shapes of twin placentas where competition for space in the uterus, a phenomenon that has been termed “trophotropism,” can be inferred to have existed. This term was used initially in attempts to explain the placental features in the uncommon event of a placenta …
Reconciling Resilience with Reliability: The Complementary Nature of Resilience Engineering and Human Reliability Analysis

Resilience engineering has introduced a number of new ideas into safety science, capitalizing on similarities to some safety fields within human factors yet distancing itself from other fields like human reliability analysis (HRA). Resilience engineering highlights important new aspects of safety that should be further considered in HRA and other areas of safety. However, resilience engineering does not represent a paradigm shift away from HRA. As this paper will demonstrate, to a great extent, concepts explored by resilience engineering are already covered by HRA. This paper reviews core assumptions of HRA and resilience engineering and then presents a discussion of: (i) three ways in which HRA can fortify the emerging field of resilience engineering and (ii) two ways in which resilience engineering can infuse important new concepts into HRA. This paper argues that in order to achieve this mutual benefit, it is important to reconcile the two fields.
Plasticity in vertical migration by native and exotic estuarine fishes in a dynamic low-salinity zone

We investigated the degree of flexibility in retention strategies of young fishes in the low-salinity zone (LSZ) of the San Francisco Estuary during years of highly variable river flow. We conducted depth-stratified sampling over three full tidal cycles in each year from 1994 to 1996. In 1994, exotic striped bass ( Morone saxatilis), native longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys), and exotic yellowfin goby (Acanthogobus flavimanus) migrated tidally, occurring near the surface on flood tides and near the bottom on ebb tides. This strategy may have facilitated retention, because landward residual currents were absent in this drought year. During 1995, this behavior persisted for striped bass and yellowfin goby, even though landward residual currents were present under high river-flow conditions. In moderate river-flow conditions (1996), longfin smelt again migrated tidally, whereas at another station adjacent to shallow bays, longfin smelt, striped bass, and native delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus ) migrated on a reverse diel cycle, occurring near the surface by day and at depth by night. Reverse diel migration may facilitate horizontal transport and retention. Therefore, young fishes appeared to be behaviorally flexible in different environmental conditions to maximize retention. Vertical migrations may also enhance feeding success because zooplankton prey similarly migrated in the LSZ. Our study underscores the value of interdisciplinary studies in a variety of environmental conditions to decipher the range of organism behaviors promoting transport and retention in optimal habitats.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SCENEDESMUS (CHLOROPHYCEAE). II. CELL DIVISION AND COLONY FORMATION1

SUMMARY Cell division in Scenedesmus is fairly typical of other chlorococcalean genera. The closed spindle has centrioles at polar fenestrae and apparently a series of nuclear divisions precedes cytokinesis. The phycoplast system of cytokinetic microtubules predicts the path of cleavage furrows whose mode of formation is obscure. Before and during cell division, the endoplasmic reticulum invariably accumulates granular material which later, during cytokinesis, appears to he secreted via the golgi bodies. Similar dense granular material then at accumulates outside the forming daughter cells but inside the parental wall, as the latter begins eroding away. By the end of colony formation, the cellulosic parental wall has disappeared, leaving its outer sheath and attached ornamentative features (spines, combs, reticulate or warty layer, etc.) intact as a “ghost.” The spines and combs of new colonies appear to condense out of the extracellular aggregate; their precise mode of formation is obscure. As they form, the daughter cells, having become rearranged within the parental wall, stick to one another apparently at specific sites on their outer surface. A trilaminar (sporopollenin-containing) layer arises first in each cell at these adhesive sites and immediately afterwards, dense material aggregates between the adjacent layers to give rise to the coenobial adhesive. Plaques of the trilaminar layer later appear over the rest of the cell's surface; they grow and fuse so that eventually each cell is enclosed by one continuous Trilaminar Sheath (TLS). While the plaques are forming, another dense layer materializes around the whole coenobium. Depending on the species, this layer turns into either the warty layer, in which instance it is applied directly on to the surface of the TLS except near the coenobial adhesive, or else it becomes the reticulate layer, in which instance it remains entirely separate from the TLS, soon acquiring the complex system of propping spikelets which suspend it from the coenobial surface. When fully farmed, the daughter coenobium is tightly compressed within the parental TLS, with its spines folded lengthwise along the daughter cells. Release of the colony follows a quite explosive rupturing of the parental TLS, and immediately upon release, the daughter colony flattens out and erects its spines.
Long-wave infrared surface plasmon grating coupler

We present a simplified analytic formula that may be used to design gratings intended to couple long-wave infrared radiation to surface plasmons. It is based on the theory of Hessel and Oliner (1965). The recipe is semiempirical, in that it requires knowledge of a surface-impedance modulation amplitude, which is found here as a function of the grating groove depth and the wavelength for silver lamellar gratings at CO2 laser wavelengths. The optimum groove depth for photon-to-surface-plasmon energy conversion was found by experiment and calculation to be ∼10%–15% of the wavelength. This value is about twice what has been reported previously in the visible spectral range for sinusoidal grating profiles.
Neural representations and mechanisms for the performance of simple speech sequences

Speakers plan the phonological content of their utterances before their release as speech motor acts. Using a finite alphabet of learned phonemes and a relatively small number of syllable structures, speakers are able to rapidly plan and produce arbitrary syllable sequences that fall within the rules of their language. The class of computational models of sequence planning and performance termed competitive queuing models have followed K. S. Lashley [The problem of serial order in behavior. In L. A. Jeffress (Ed.), Cerebral mechanisms in behavior (pp. 112-136). New York: Wiley, 1951] in assuming that inherently parallel neural representations underlie serial action, and this idea is increasingly supported by experimental evidence. In this article, we developed a neural model that extends the existing DIVA model of speech production in two complementary ways. The new model includes paired structure and content subsystems [cf. MacNeilage, P. F. The frame/content theory of evolution of speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,21, 499-511, 1998] that provide parallel representations of a forthcoming speech plan as well as mechanisms for interfacing these phonological planning representations with learned sensorimotor programs to enable stepping through multisyllabic speech plans. On the basis of previous reports, the model's components are hypothesized to be localized to specific cortical and subcortical structures, including the left inferior frontal sulcus, the medial premotor cortex, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus. The new model, called gradient order DIVA, thus fills a void in current speech research by providing formal mechanistic hypotheses about both phonological and phonetic processes that are grounded by neuroanatomy and physiology. This framework also generates predictions that can be tested in future neuroimaging and clinical case studies.
Evidence for phenotypic bistability resulting from transcriptional interference of bvgAS in Bordetella bronchiseptica

Summary Bordetella species cause respiratory infections in mammals. Their master regulatory system BvgAS controls expression of at least three distinct phenotypic phases in response to environmental cues. The Bvg+ phase is necessary and sufficient for respiratory infection while the Bvg− phase is required for survival ex vivo. We obtained large colony variants (LCVs) from the lungs of mice infected with B. bronchiseptica strain RBX9, which contains an in-frame deletion mutation in fhaB, encoding filamentous haemagglutinin. RBX9 also yielded LCVs when switched from Bvg− phase conditions to Bvg+ phase conditions in vitro. We determined that LCVs are composed of both Bvg+ and Bvg− phase bacteria and that they result from defective bvgAS positive autoregulation. The LCV phenotype was linked to the presence of a divergent promoter 5′ to bvgAS, suggesting a previously undescribed mechanism of transcriptional interference that, in this case, leads to feedback-based bistability (FBM). Our results also indicate that a small proportion of RBX9 bacteria modulates to the Bvg− phase in vivo. In addition to providing insight into transcriptional interference and FBM, our data provide an example of an in-frame deletion mutation exerting a ‘polar’ effect on nearby genes.
Pain Coping Strategies and Quality of Life in Women with Fibromyalgia: Does Age Make a Difference?

Objectives: To characterize and compare the demographics, symptom profiles, pain coping strategies, and quality of life in three age groups of women with fibromyalgia [FMS].Methods: Self-report questionnaires, including the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire [FIQ], Beck Depression Inventory, Coping Strategies Questionnaire, and Quality of Life Scale, were filled out by 343 consecutive women who were participating in FMS treatment programs. Patients were divided into three age groups for purposes of data analysis.Results: The youngest age group had their symptoms for a significantly shorter period of time than the middle age and older age groups. Tender point pain score, the FIQ physical functioning and well-being items, and perceived ability to decrease pain were significantly worse for the youngest age group when compared to the other two groups. The youngest group had significantly higher catastrophizing scores and lower quality of life than the oldest age group. Discriminant function analysis between th...
Cervical spinal injury in children’s community rugby football

Objective: To examine the characteristics of cervical spinal injury (CSI) in school aged children injured in community based rugby football who presented to the emergency department for assessment. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive case series study reviewing the medical records of all children younger than 15 years of age who presented to the emergency department at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia for assessment of injury to the cervical spine between 2000 and 2003. Results: There were 125 children with CSI; most (97%) were boys of mean age 12.7 years. Injuries occurred throughout the season, with an unexpected peak in June. Neck pain was the main presenting complaint (98%). Neurological symptoms were reported in 43%, half having concussion. Hyperextension of the neck accounted for a third of all cases and was usually the result of a spear tackle. Appropriate treatment of the cervical spine on the field of play before transport to hospital was inconsistently performed. Half of the players with CSI suffered secondary injuries, consisting of concussive head injury, faciomaxillary injury, eye injury, or limb fracture. Admission to hospital was common, with all children admitted undergoing further radiological assessment. Two minor fractures were reported and no permanent neurological disability. Overall, no adverse events were reported and the clinical outcome was good. Conclusion: CSI in children playing rugby football is rarely catastrophic although often associated with other injuries. Continued efforts are needed to educate players and referees to prevent injury.
Carbon Mineralization and Labile Organic Carbon Pools in the Sandy Soils of a North Florida Watershed

The large pool of actively cycling carbon (C) held in soils is susceptible to release due to changes in landuse, management, or climate. Yet, the amount and distribution of potentially mineralizable C present in soils of various types and the method by which this soil C fraction can best be quantified, are not well established. The distribution of total organic C (TOC), extractable C pools (hot-water-extractable and acid-hydrolyzable), and in vitro mineralizable C in 138 surface soils across a north Florida watershed was found to be quite heterogeneous. Thus, these C quality parameters could not statistically distinguish the eight landuses or four major soil orders represented. Only wetland and upland forest soils, with the largest and smallest C pool size, respectively, were consistently different from the soils of other landuse types. Variations in potential C mineralization were best explained by TOC (62%) and hot-water-extractable C (59%), whereas acid-hydrolyzable C (32%) and clay content (35%) were generally not adequate indicators of C bioavailability. Within certain landuse and soil orders (Alfisol, Wetland and Rangeland, all with >3% clay content), however, C mineralization and clay content were directly linearly correlated, indicating a possible stimulatory effect of clay on microbial processing of C. Generally, the sandy nature of these surface soils imparted a lack of protection against C mineralization and likely resulted in the lack of landuse/soil order differences in the soil C pools. If a single parameter is to be chosen to quantify the potential for soil C mineralization in southeastern U.S. coastal plain soils, we recommend TOC as the most efficient soil variable to measure.
To Agree or Not Agree? Consensus and Performance in New Ventures

It is an intuitively appealing notion that enhanced firm performance is associated with agreement by top managers on a fundamental set of strategic goals and on methods to accomplish those goals. Whereas previous studies have for the most part examined this relationship in larger companies competing in stable industries, the study reported here provides findings from newer entrepreneurial ventures in dynamic industries. Several important findings emerge from this study. First, managers’ assessment of better performance is not related to agreement on a primary set of strategic goals and means. Instead, perceived better performance is significantly and positively related to disagreement on secondary sets of strategic goals and means. Second, powerful individuals in top management teams have an important impact on the nature of the consensus-performance relationship. In new ventures the influence of the CEO’s perspective and behaviors in forging agreement cannot be overlooked. Third, these results are evident during the earlier life cycle stages of a venture’s development, and in dynamically changing competitive environments.
Numerical modeling of wind waves generated by tropical cyclones using moving grids

Abstract A version of the WAVEWATCH III wave model featuring a continuously moving spatial grid is presented. The new model option/version is intended for research into wind waves generated by tropical cyclones in deep water away from the coast. The main advantage of such an approach is that the cyclones can be modeled with spatial grids that cover much smaller areas than conventional fixed grids, making model runs with high spatial resolution more economically feasible. The model modifications necessary are fairly trivial. Most complications occur due to the Garden Sprinkler effect (GSE) and methods used to mitigate it. The basic testing of the model is performed using idealized wind fields consisting of a Rankine vortex. The model is also applied to hurricane Lili in the Gulf of Mexico in October 2002. The latter application shows that the moving grid approach provides a natural way to deal with hurricane wind fields that have a high-resolution in space, but a low resolution in time. Although the new model version is originally intended for tropical cyclones, it is suitable for high-resolution modeling of waves due to any moving weather pattern.
Pharmacologic Effects of FGF21 Are Independent of the "Browning" of White Adipose Tissue.

Summary "Browning," the appearance and activation of brown-in-white (brite) adipose cells within inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and induction of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) correlate with fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21)-induced weight loss and glucose homeostasis improvements. Therefore, antiobesity therapies targeting browning and brite adipocyte activation are currently being sought. To test the dependence of weight loss on browning, we examined whether this event was responsible for FGF21-Fc's beneficial effects. Lean and diet-induced obese mice housed at 21°C or 30°C that received FGF21-Fc exhibited similar degrees of body weight reduction and glucose homeostasis improvement. Substantial browning of iWAT occurred only in FGF21-Fc-treated lean mice housed at 21°C. Further, FGF21-Fc-treated Ucp1 −/− mice showed robust improvements in body weight, glucose homeostasis, and plasma lipids, associated with increased energy expenditure and FGF21-Fc-induced Ppargc1 expression in iWAT. We conclude that FGF21 requires neither UCP1 nor brite adipocytes to elicit weight loss and improve glucose homeostasis.
Do morphological changes mediate plant responses to water stress? A steady-state experiment with two C4 grasses

Summary • We hypothesized that plant growth reduction under water stress is caused primarily by a reduction of leaf-area ratio (LAR, leaf area per unit of total plant dry mass). • Two perennial Chihuahuan desert grass species (slow-growing Bouteloua eriopoda and fast-growing Eragrostis lehmanniana) were subjected over 6 wk to a combination of two water-supply regimes (control and drought) and two levels of atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (375 and 750 µmol mol−1). • Drought reduced final biomass in Bouteloua by 60% regardless of CO2 concentration. Eragrostis experienced a similar biomass reduction at 375 µmol mol−1, but large plants under elevated CO2 attained growth rates comparable to those of controls. Overall, for plants of similar size, drought reduced LAR in both species much more strongly than it affected net assimilation rate. This reduction in LAR was caused by reductions in both specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio. • We conclude that reduced growth under drought can be considered as a byproduct of the same plastic, developmental responses that result in a reduced water loss.
Using supramolecular hydrogels to discover the interactions between proteins and molecular nanofibers of small molecules

Here we report the first example of the use of supramolecular hydrogels to discover the protein targets of aggregates of small molecules.
Small-signal impedance of avalanching junctions with unequal electron and hole ionization rates and drift velocities

A small-signal analysis of an avalanching semiconductor junction is presented for unequal electron and hole ionization rates and saturated drift velocities. The model consists of a thin ionization layer in a thicker depletion layer. The ionization rates are assumed independent of distance in the ionization layer and zero elsewhere. This analysis is an improvement of Read's, and is sufficiently realistic to predict most of the small-signal characteristics shown by the computer analysis of Misawa. The linearized differential equations describing the ionization layer are solved with the ionization rates perturbed by the ac electric field. The ac junction impedance is calculated from the solutions of the differential equations. Although the small-signal analysis does not predict the conversion efficiency of an avalanche diode oscillator, it does predict the threshold conditions for oscillation. It may also help predict the conditions for maximum efficiency through knowledge of the input power and the Q of the diode at the onset of oscillation.
Genetic engineering for fungal and bacterial diseases

Significant new advances at the molecular level in the field of plant-pathogen interactions form the basis for novel transgenic approaches to crop protection. The cloning of disease resistance genes and the dissection of the signal transduction components of the hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance pathways have greatly increased the diversity of options available for transgenic disease resistance. These new approaches will supplement our rapidly increasing repertoire of antimicrobial peptides, defense-related proteins and antimicrobial compounds. The combinatorial deployment of these strategies will be exploited for engineering effective and durable resistance to pathogens in the field. The integration of transgenic approaches with classical resistance breeding offers a potentially chemical-free and environmentally friendly solution for controlling pathogens.
Hereditary Elliptocytosis Morphologic Abnormalities During Acute Hepatitis

A 10-year-old black girl with hereditary elliptocytosis had a transient increase in hemolysis and unusual red cell morphologic changes during an episode of acute hepatitis. Changes in membrane lipids of these elliptocytes with defective membrane skeletal protein and abnormal distribution of cholesterol may be responsible for this phenomenon.
CHANGES IN SALT MARSH VEGETATION, PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS, AND NEKTON IN RESPONSE TO INCREASED TIDAL FLUSHING IN A NEW ENGLAND SALT MARSH

This study examined the response of Argilla Marsh in Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA to increased tidal flushing instituted to restore a salt marsh invaded by Phragmites australis. In late fall 1998, we replaced the old 0.9-m-diameter culvert feeding this marsh with a 2.4 × 1.5-m box culvert, thus increasing both the volume of tidal exchange and porewater salinity. We carried out yearly sampling of vegetation for two years pre-restoration and for four years after restoration. Analysis of Similarities (ANOSIM) showed that the plant community on the restored marsh had changed after restoration but that on the reference marshes had not. Over 80% of the change in the restored marsh was attributed to an increase in Spartina alterniflora cover and decreases in the cover of Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, and Solidago sempervirens. The two brackish species, P. australis and T. angustifolia showed an immediate negative response to the increased flooding and salinity. Surviving P. australis culms in the restored marsh were shorter in stature than they were prior to restoration, suggesting that the increased flooding and porewater salinities had lowered the productivity of this species. The increase in S. alterniflora post-restoration fit an exponential curve, indicating that there was a lag in its response initially, but then it expanded rapidly and was still in a very rapid expansion phase after four years. Despite an overall decline of P. australis on the scale of the whole marsh, there was a great deal of variation in responses of individual patches of P. australis to the restoration. Some declined, some were unchanged, and some even increased. The response of nekton to the restoration was less obvious than that of vegetation. Before restoration, the creek system in the tidally restricted marsh functioned like an impoundment that was only marginally connected to the larger salt marsh ecosystem. At that time, seining indicated that more species of nekton occurred at greater densities in creeks in the tidally restricted marsh than in the downstream reference. Increasing the tidal amplitude in the restored marsh resulted in an overall decline in the catch per unit effort there. In contrast to the creeks, the Spartinadominated section of the flooded marsh surface in the restored marsh did harbor more Fundulus heteroclitus, particularly the smaller size class, than did the downstream reference marsh or a P. australis patch in the restored marsh. Our analysis of vegetation and nekton suggests that Argilla Marsh was still adjusting to hydrologic changes four years after restoration.
Interactions Between Science & Religion

Though I find it changing now, my approach to the science and religion issue had been close to what Stephen Jay Gould (1999) calls ‘‘NOMA’’ or Non-Overlapping Magisteria. He uses the word ‘‘magisteria’’ to denote domains of authority in teaching; and he sees the domain of science as covering the empirical realm, while the domain of religion ‘‘extends over questions of ultimate meaning and moral value’’ (p. 6). The important thing for Gould is that these domains are mutually exclusive; they do not overlap, which means that they do not interfere with each other. This is a nice, neat solution to the problem of the relationship between science and religion, a problem that seems to be centered in the late-20th century United States on the issue of teaching about creationism as an alternative to or replacement for evolution. By arguing for NOMA, Gould is saying in effect that creationism has no place in the science classroom because it does not belong to the empirical realm, and like most biologists I agree with Gould. NOMA is also a fairly accurate description of the official teaching of the Catholic church on the relationship between religion and science as presented in the 1950 encyclical Humani Generis where Pope Pius XII states that the study of physical evolution was outside of his purview, his magiste-
Lipid changes produced by chronic hypercholesterolemia in nylon and orlon replacements of canine thoracic aorta.

SummaryAtheromatous changes developed on the intimal surface of nylon and orlon thoracic-aortic vascular replacements in 2 of 6 dogs with induced chronic hypercholesterolemia. In both animals high serum cholesterol concentrations were maintained for over one year before the changes became evident. This is the first report of induced atheromatous change in a synthetic vascular prosthesis and may shed some light on the mechanism by which such changes occur.
Contributions of human activities to suspended sediment yield during storm events from a small, steep, tropical watershed

Summary Suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) and yields (SSY) were measured during storm and non-storm periods from undisturbed and human-disturbed portions of a small (1.8 km 2 ), mountainous watershed that drains to a sediment-stressed coral reef. Event-wise SSY (SSY EV ) was calculated for 142 storms from measurements of water discharge ( Q ), turbidity ( T ), and SSC measured downstream of three key sediment sources: undisturbed forest, an aggregate quarry, and a village. SSC and SSY EV were significantly higher downstream of the quarry during both storm- and non-storm periods. The human-disturbed subwatershed (10.1% disturbed) accounted for an average of 87% of SSY EV from the watershed. Observed sediment yield (mass) to the coast, including human disturbed subwatersheds, was 3.9× the natural background. Specific SSY (mass/area) from the disturbed quarry area was 49× higher than from natural forest compared with 8× higher from the village area. Similar to mountainous watersheds in semi-arid and temperate climates, SSY EV from both the undisturbed and disturbed watersheds correlated closely with maximum event discharge ( Q max ), event total precipitation and event total Q , but not with the Erosivity Index. Best estimates of annual SSY varied by method, from 45 to 143 tons/km 2 /yr from the undisturbed subwatershed, 441–598 tons/km 2 /yr from the human-disturbed subwatershed, and 241–368 tons/km 2 /yr from the total watershed. Sediment yield was very sensitive to disturbance; the quarry covers 1.1% of the total watershed area, but contributed 36% of SSY EV . Given the limited access to gravel for infrastructure development, sediment disturbance from local aggregate mining may be a critical sediment source on remote islands in the Pacific and elsewhere. Identification of erosion hotspots like the quarry using rapid, event-wise measures of suspended sediment yield will help efforts to mitigate sediment stress and restore coral reefs.
Quench degradation limit of multifilamentary AgBi2Sr2CaCu2Ox round wires

Understanding safe operating limits of composite superconducting wires is important for the design of superconducting magnets. Here we report measurements of quench-induced critical current density J c degradation in commercial Ag/Bi2Sr2CaCu2O x (Bi-2212) round wires using heater-induced quenches at 4.2 K in self magnetic field that reveal a general degradation behavior. J c degradation strongly depends on the local hot spot temperature T max, and is nearly independent of operating current, the temperature gradient along the conductor dT max/dx, and the temperature rising rate dT max/dt. Both J c and n value (where n is an index of the sharpness of the superconductor-to-normal transition) exhibit small but irreversible degradation when T max exceeds 400–450 K, and large degradation occurs when T max exceeds 550 K. This behavior was consistently found for a series of Bi-2212 wires with widely variable wire architectures and porosity levels in the Bi-2212 filaments, including a wire processed using a standard partial melt process and in which Bi-2212 filaments are porous, an overpressure processed wire in which Bi-2212 filaments are nearly porosity-free and that has a J c(4.2 K, self field) exceeding 8000 A mm−2, and a wire that has nearly no filament to filament bridges after reaction. Microstructural observations of degraded wires reveal cracks in the Bi-2212 filaments perpendicular to the wire axis, indicating that the quench-induced I c degradation is primarily driven by strain. These results further suggest that the quench degradation temperature limit depends on the strain state of Bi-2212 filaments and this dependence shall be carefully considered when engineering a high-field Bi-2212 magnet.
Detecting familial aggregation.

Beyond calculating parameter estimates to characterize the distribution of genetic features of populations (frequencies of mutations in various regions of the genome, allele frequencies, measures of Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium), genetic epidemiology aims to identify correlations between genetic variants and phenotypic traits, with considerable emphasis placed on finding genetic variants that increase susceptibility to disease and disease-related traits. However, determining correlation alone does not suffice: genetic variants common in an isolated ethnic group with a high burden of a given disease may show relatively high correlation with disease but, as markers of ethnicity, these may not necessarily have any functional role in disease. To establish a causal relationship between genetic variants and disease (or disease-related traits), proper statistical analyses of human data must incorporate epidemiologic approaches to examining sets of families or unrelated individuals with information available on individuals' disease status or related traits.Through different analytical approaches, statistical analysis of human data can answer several important questions about the relationship between genes and disease: 1. Does the disease tend to cluster in families more than expected by chance alone? 2. Does the disease appear to follow a particular genetic model of transmission in families? 3. Do variants at a particular genetic marker tend to cosegregate with disease in families? 4. Do specific genetic markers tend to be carried more frequently by those with disease than by those without, in a given population (or across families)? The first question can be examined using studies of familial aggregation or correlation. An ancillary question: "how much of the susceptibility to disease (or variation in disease-related traits) might be accounted for by genetic factors?" is typically answered by estimating heritability, the proportion of disease susceptibility or trait variation attributable to genetics. The second question can be formally tested using pedigrees for which disease affection status or trait values are available through a modeling approach known as segregation analysis. The third question can be answered with data on pedigrees with affected members and genotype information at markers of interest, using linkage analysis. The fourth question is answerable using genotype information at markers on unrelated affected and unaffected individuals and/or families with affected and unaffected members. All of these questions can also be explored for quantitative (or continuously distributed) traits by examining variation in trait values between family members or between unrelated individuals. While each of these questions and the analytical approaches for answering them is explored extensively in subsequent chapters (heritability in Chapters 9 and 10, segregation in Chapter 12, linkage in Chapters 13-17, and association in Chapters 18-21 and 23), this chapter focuses on statistical methods to answer questions of familial aggregation.