cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data-Driven Design in High Modernism: Ludwig Hilberseimer's Solar Orientation Studies

ABSTRACT: This paper presents High Modernism as a predecessor of today's discourse on evidencebased design. The 1920s and 1930s provide rich examples of promoting the relationship between research and design, as many modern protagonists claimed their designs resulted from analyzed data and expert input rather than historical reference or creative talent. Scientists, economists, engineers, and architects alike investigated problems such as hygiene conditions in housing and cities, human needs at work and home, construction mechanization, and traffic optimization as the basis and justification of spatial designs. As an example, this paper addresses the discourse on best solar orientation of housing, with the architect and urbanist Ludwig Hilberseimer as one of several proponents of this discourse, among them Walter Gropius, Ernst May, and Le Corbusier. Regarding solar studies, Hilberseimer's projects and writings can be divided into three phases. The first phase is marked by his famous 1920s renderings of the residential city and high-rise metropolis, which conform to the orientation recommendations by urban planners Richard Baumeister and Karl Hoepfner. The second phase spans Hilberseimer's teaching at the Bauhaus from 1929 to 1933, in which he contributed to the extensive solar studies for diverse housing types undertaken at the Bauhaus building department. A third phase, in which he applied the findings to "settlement units” in linear city patterns, came to full fruition after 1938 when Hilberseimer started teaching at the Armour Institute, later renamed the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The case of solar studies in High Modernism and Hilberseimer's work in particular illuminate the challenges of relating research, performance-driven design, and actual building projects. KEYWORDS: evidence-based design, housing, hygiene, Durchsonnung, "Licht Luft Sonne”
Help-Seeking for Eating Pathology among Collegiate Athletes: Examining Stigma and Perfectionism as Moderating and Mediating Mechanisms

Despite elevated risk of eating pathology (EP) among athletes, utilization of EP-treatment among athletes is low. Factors that may inhibit EP-help-seeking among athletes include perceived social st...
A 51-Year-Old Woman with Long-Standing Exercise Intolerance

McArdle disease is a glycogen storage myopathy which is caused by mutations in the PYGM gene with resultant myophosphorylase deficiency. Patients with McArdle disease typically present with exercise intolerance and recurrent rhabdomyolysis. These patients may also manifest fixed proximal limb weakness and persistent CK elevation. Muscle biopsy is useful to differentiate McArdle disease from other metabolic myopathies, such as other glycogen storage myopathies, lipid storage myopathies, and mitochondrial myopathies, to direct genetic testing. Here we present a patient with McArdle disease who was initially misdiagnosed with inflammatory myopathy and was unnecessarily exposed to immunosuppressive therapies. A correct diagnosis was achieved by a muscle biopsy, which led to appropriate management.
Phased Antenna Array Beamforming using Convolutional Neural Networks

In this research, a novel method of phased antenna array beamforming using a convolutional neural network is presented. Given a desired 2-dimensional radiation pattern, the neural network calculates the antenna array phases required to synthesize the pattern and is capable of synthesizing complex radiation patterns. The network is trained using an 8×8 microstrip patch antenna array and the accuracy of the neural network is confirmed with simulations.
Between a rock and a hard place: Anticipating poor surgical outcomes while honoring patient autonomy

This chapter identifies barriers to patient-centered care in those nearing the end of life, explores best practices for addressing surgical expectations in high-risk patients and integrating palliative care into the interdisciplinary perioperative team, and discusses potential adverse effects of current surgical quality metrics and their effect on the surgeon. We propose an enhanced model for palliative care involvement in surgical care for patients at the end of life which includes support for the patient and surgeon to maintain a patient-centered approach and lessen the emotional toll of unexpected outcomes.
Evaluating cytokine production by flow cytometry using brefeldin A in mice.

Summary Characterizing cytokine production in situ is important for properly understanding immunologic responses. Cytokine reporter mice are limited by the need to cross markers into various knockout backgrounds and by availability of reporters of interest. To overcome this, we utilize injection of brefeldin A into mice to enable flow cytometric analysis of in situ cytokine production during a bacterial infection. While we evaluate IFN-γ production during Burkholderia thailandensis infection, this protocol can be applied to other cytokines and other mouse models. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kovacs et al. (2020) and Liu and Whitton (2005) .
Diving into the deep end: A personal reflection on the MyConnectome Study

In this reflection I discuss the factors that led me to undertake the MyConnectome study, in which I was scanned using MRI more than 100 times over the course of eighteen months along with many additional biological and psychological measurements. I describe the study from a personal standpoint, outline the major findings from the study, and discuss its implications for neuroimaging research.
Decoding the Information Structure Underlying the Neural Representation of Concepts

The nature of the neural code underlying conceptual knowledge remains a major unsolved problem in cognitive neuroscience. Three main types of information have been proposed as candidates for the neural representations of lexical concepts: taxonomic (i.e., information about category membership and inter-category relations), distributional (i.e., information about patterns of word co-occurrence in natural language use), and experiential (i.e., information about sensory-motor, affective, and other features of phenomenal experience engaged during concept acquisition). In two experiments, we investigated the extent to which these three types of information are encoded in the neural activation patterns associated with hundreds of English nouns from a wide variety of conceptual categories. Participants made familiarity judgments on the meaning of written nouns while undergoing functional MRI. A high-resolution, whole-brain activation map was generated for each noun in each participant′s native space. These word-specific activation maps were used to evaluate different representational spaces corresponding to the three types of information described above. In both studies, we found a striking advantage for experience-based models in most brain areas previously associated with concept representation. Partial correlation analyses revealed that only experiential information successfully predicted concept similarity structure when inter-model correlations were taken into account. This pattern of results was found independently for object concepts and event concepts. Our findings indicate that the neural representation of conceptual knowledge primarily encodes information about features of experience, and that - to the extent that it is represented in the brain - taxonomic and distributional information may rely on such an experience-based code.
Pediatric subperiosteal orbital abscess characterization and prediction of size, location, and management.

Abstract Introduction Subperiosteal orbital abscess (SPOA) is a serious suppurative complication of pediatric sinusitis. The objective of this study is to stratify patient selection into those best treated medically versus surgically based on clinical outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with SPOA complicating sinusitis treated at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from 2002 through 2016. SPOA was diagnosed by CT scan. Characteristics evaluated include demographics, abscess size, location, and measurements, length of hospital stay, medical and surgical interventions, presenting symptoms, and complications. Results A total of 108 total SPOA secondary to sinusitis patients were included. A majority, 72.2%, were male with an average age at presentation of 6.8 years. The mean ± standard deviation abscess cubic volume was 0.98 ± 1.27 cm3 (median(range) = 0.44(0.01–7.34 cmcm3)). With an abscess volume of 0.510 cm3, there was a sensitivity of 71.2% and a specificity of 84.4% for needing surgical drainage. Those with large abscesses at our volume threshold were 13 times more likely to require surgery than those with small abscesses, OR: 13.41, 95%CI: 5.02–35.86, p Conclusion In the pediatric population, SPOA is a serious consequence of sinusitis. This study provides evidence supporting that larger abscess size is a significant risk factor for requiring surgery. The appeal of our study is that it provides evidence and support that employ clinical parameters already assessed as standard practice in evaluating these patients. In summarizing the clinical translational relevance of our study, when determining whether to treat a patient with surgery and antimicrobial/medical therapy vs. non-surgical medical therapy alone, the clinician should focus on size of 0.510 cm3 or larger for abscesses in any location as a relative indication for surgery.
Quantized Dynamic Output Feedback H_∞ Control for Discrete-time Systems with Quantizer Ranges Consideration

The problem of quantized dynamic output feedback H_∞control for discrete-time linear time-invariant(LTI)systems is investigated in this paper.The quantizer considered is dynamic and composed of an adjustable"zoom"parameter and a static quantizer.Static quantizer ranges are of practical significance and are fully considered.First,taking quantization errors into account, a quantized control strategy is dependent not only on the controller states but also on the system measurement outputs,which is proposed such that the quantized closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and with a prescribed H_∞performance bound.Then, on the basis of this result,an iterative LMI-based optimization algorithm is developed to optimize the static quantizer ranges to meet H_∞performance requirements for closed-loop systems.An example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Enzyme fatigue limits the detoxification of aflatoxin by Rhodococcus species

Bacterial detoxification of mycotoxins has the potential to offer a low-cost solution to ensure that feed and food commodities contaminated by fungal growth become safe to consume. Among bacteria, Rhodococcus species are of particular interest because they can be metabolically versatile, non-pathogenic, and environment-friendly. However, the native response of Rhodococcus environmental isolates appears inadequate for current detoxification needs. By analyzing the detoxification of aflatoxin by two Rhodococcus species: R. pyridinivorans and R. erythropolis, we examine important features of the dynamics that could guide future optimization of bacterial detoxification. Our results for Rhodococcus species suggest that detoxification happens through a regulated process of secreting extracellular enzymes. We show that enzyme fatigue in the presence of the toxin determines the lifetime of the enzyme and limits the overall detoxification performance of these species. Additionally, we show that the regulation of enzyme production can be both species- and environment-dependent. Overall, our quantitative approach reveals that enzyme fatigue is a major determinant of overall detoxification and needs to be accounted for in assessing the performance of detoxification by live cells or cell-free filtrates.
The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning on Job Shop Manufacturing Supply Chain Management

Job shop manufacturing processes have been reluctant to adopt Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPs) for enhancing logistics performance. The cost of adopting and deploying ERPs is a high-entry barrier. Prior research has claimed that performance can be enhanced by improving logistics planning using technology such as ERPs. Most past research has examined the effect of ERPs on logistics performance in production processes other than job shops, which seems to suggest that in small-scale production processes the cost of ERPs makes it irrelevant. Are manufacturing job shop production processes the exception that proves the rule? Using both a t-test two sample for means and a Kolmogorov-Simonov (KS) test, this study tested whether or not ERPs can improve supply chain logistics performance in job shop manufacturing processes. The results might lead to a positive social change in the adoption or non-adoption of ERPs in job shop manufacturing.
Hallucinations and clouding of sensorium in alcohol withdrawal. Some demographic and cultural relationships.

Among patients in alcohol withdrawal, the less educated, those with higher body temperature and those with fewer previous hospitalizations had more clouding of the sensorium. More of those with clo...
Visualization of the silk fibroin transcription unit and nascent silk fibroin molecules on polyribosomes of Bombyx mori.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that the unique physical properties of the silk fibroin gene of Bombyx mori, its complementary mRNA molecule and the fibroin polypeptide have allowed biochemical probes to define the kinetics of fibroin production. Late in larval development, the highly polyploid posterior silk gland cells contribute over 80% of their protein synthesis to the production of silk fibroin. By modifying chromosome spreading techniques first adapted for visualizing extrachromosomal nucleolar genes of amphibian oocytes, it examines the transcriptional and translational organization of silk producing Bombyx cells. It discusses that adequately dispersed Bombyx posterior silk-gland genomes show: (1) inactive “beaded chromatin regions, (2) active ribosomal genes, (3) variously sized non-nucleolar genes that are typically populated with low densities of RNA polymerase molecules, and (4) a distinct population of ribonucleoprotein fibril gradients between 5 and 6 μm long that are packed with almost as many RNA polymerases per unit length as the rRNA genes, but are not present in tandem array. The distribution of the three categories of ribonucleoprotein fibril gradients changes as larvae proceed through the fifth instar, with the category of long, polymerase-dense gradients becoming more prominent. The chapter observes that a specific structural eukaryotic gene has been visualized and the first visual confirmation of the accepted biochemical interpretation of protein synthesis.
Stearns, Hitchcock, and Amherst College

(1957). Stearns, Hitchcock, and Amherst College. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 29-30.
Wireless MPEG‐4 Videocommunications*

In this article we provide an overview of wireless videocommunications and described the various international standards that have made it possible. We describe the Simple Profile of MPEG-4 video compression standard which in addition to specifying the video compression scheme, also introduces several error resilience tools aimed at containing the effect of transmission errors in the video bit stream. In practice, video is usually transmitted along with speech, audio, multimedia data such as images and documents, and control signals to form a complete multimedia communication system. Hence we also provide an overview of the following multimedia communication systems standards that have been recommended by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for use over third generation wireless networks: 1. Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS) for multimedia messaging, 2. Real-time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) for streaming, 3. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for videoconferencing over packet-switched wireless networks, and 4. 3G.324 for videoconferencing over circuit-switched wireless networks. Keywords: wireless videocommunications; video compression; MPEG-4; video messaging; streaming video; videoconferencing
DNA-binding activity associated with the v-myb oncogene product is not sufficient for transformation.

Abstract The product of the v-myb oncogene of avian myeloblastosis virus is a nuclear protein with an associated DNA-binding activity. We demonstrated that the highly conserved amino-terminal domain of p48v-myb is required for its associated DNA-binding activity. This activity is not required for the nuclear localization of p48v-myb. Furthermore, the associated DNA-binding activity and nuclear localization of p48v-myb together are not sufficient for transformation.
Vaginal hysterectomy following conization in the treatment of carcinoma in situ of the cervix

Abstract Two hundred and forty-six patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix were treated by means of vaginal hysterectomy and wide vaginal cuff excision. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to the time interval between conization and hysterectomy: immediate (frozen section of cone), 2 days, and 6 weeks. Surgical specimens from 20 randomly selected patients in each group were then evaluated for the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration. The incidence of both specimen inflammation and pelvic cellulitis was significantly higher in the 2 day-hysterectomy group. Immediate vaginal hysterectomy after rapid frozen-section diagnosis of the conization specimen is an optimal method in the treatment of carcinoma in situ of the cervix. When frozen-section techniques cannot be used, the incidence of postoperative pelvic infection is significantly reduced if hysterectomy is delayed until 6 weeks following conization.
Discontinuity and Capital Theory

We shall not attempt here any final, or even penultimate, resolution of the capital theory controversies that have raged and sputtered with varying degrees of intensity over the last several decades. We are referring here to those labeled “Cambridge controversies,” (Harcourt, (1972)) after Cambridge, England and Cambridge, Massachusetts, the respective locations of several of the principal participants. However we shall attempt to explicate the role played by discontinuity in certain aspects of these controversies and perhaps to the continuing lack of any such ultimate resolution of these controversies.
The State of Affordable Housing

Affordable housing encompasses a substantial body of literature on a number of issues such as housing policy, affordable housing supply, barriers to homeownership, measuring affordability and housi...
The Two-Envelope Paradox, Nonstandard Expected Utility, and the Intensionality of Probability

You are given a choice between two envelopes. You are told, reliably, that each envelope has some money in it-some whole number of dollars, say-and that one envelope contains twice as much money as the other. You don't know which has the higher amount and which has the lower. You choose one, but are given the opportunity to switch to the other. Here is an argument that it is rationally preferable to switch: Let x be the quantity of money in your chosen envelope. Then the quantity in the other is either 1/2x or 2x, and these possibilities are equally likely. So the expected utility of switching is 1/2(1/2x) + 1/2(2x) = 1.25x, whereas that for sticking is only x. So it is rationally preferable to switch. There is clearly something wrong with this argument. For one thing, it is obvious that neither choice is rationally preferable to the other: it's a tossup. For another, if you switched on the basis of this reasoning, then the same argument could immediately be given for switching back; and so on, indefinitely. For another, there is a parallel argument for the rational preferability of sticking, in terms of the quantity y in the other envelope. But the problem is to provide an adequate account of how the argument goes wrong. This is the two-envelope paradox. Although there is fairly extensive recent literature on this problem, none of it seems to me to get to the real heart of the matter.' In my view, the flaw in the paradoxical argument is considerably harder to diagnose than is usually believed, and an adequate diagnosis reveals important morals about both the nature of probability and the foundations of decision theory. I will offer my own account, in such a way that the morals of the paradox will unfold first and then will generate the diagnosis of how it goes wrong. Thereafter I will briefly pursue some theoretical issues for decision theory that arise in light of the paradox's lessons.
Association of MAPT haplotypes with Alzheimer’s disease risk and MAPT brain gene expression levels

Introduction MAPT encodes for tau, the predominant component of neurofibrillary tangles that are neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Genetic association of MAPT variants with late-onset AD (LOAD) risk has been inconsistent, although insufficient power and incomplete assessment of MAPT haplotypes may account for this.
Optimum Separation and Compound Class Separation of the Metabolites of Benzo[a]pyrene-DNA Adducts with Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

Abstract Mobile phases were optimized for the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of a complex mixtures of fourteen metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The metabolites constituted groups of isomers that were difficult to separate. The groups of isomers were tetrols, dihydrodiols, diones, and monohydroxyl-benzo[a]pyrenes. The window diagram optimization approach was used to initially optimize the binary mobile phases. Based on the data obtained from the optimum binary mobile phases, a solubility parameter optimization method was employed to obtain an optimum ternary mobile phase. Both the binary and ternary mobile phases were very effective in separating the metabolites. However, complete baseline resolution of the complex mixture of the metabolites was not achieved under the conditions investigated. Nevertheless, it was possible to obtain a separation of all fourteen of the metabolites with some overlap of the chromatographic bands. Also, compound class separation was obtained with the cla...
A Decision Technology System to Deliver Effective Concurrent Engineering

Concurrent engineering can reduce the lead time and cost of developing, and improve the quality of, new or modified products. To achieve these benefits, design, engineering, and manufacturing knowl...
On the Dynamic Response of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom Structure Attached to the Interior of a Rotating Rigid Ring

The dynamic response of a single-degree-of-freedom structure attached to the interior of a rigid ring that is rotating with constant angular velocity is investigated. It is assumed that the deformations of the structure from the undeformed configuration are small, and that the structure exhibits linear elastic material behavior. Both undamped and viscously damped structures are considered. Inclusion of all of the essential dynamic features of the problem (notably Coriolis effects) results in a nonlinear differential equation governing the response of the attached structure. Numerical and analytical studies are performed on the nonlinear governing equation to determine the response and stability of the structure.
Molecular models of alginic acid: Interactions with calcium ions and calcite surfaces

Abstract Cation binding by polysaccharides is observed in many environments and is important for predictive environmental modeling, and numerous industrial and food technology applications. The complexities of these cation-organic interactions are well suited for predictive molecular modeling and the analysis of conformation and configuration of polysaccharides and their influence on cation binding. In this study, alginic acid was chosen as a model polymer system and representative disaccharide and polysaccharide subunits were developed. Molecular dynamics simulation of the torsion angles of the ether linkage between various monomeric subunits identified local and global energy minima for selected disaccharides. The simulations indicate stable disaccharide configurations and a common global energy minimum for all disaccharide models at Φ = 274 ± 7°, Ψ = 227 ± 5°, where Φ and Ψ are the torsion angles about the ether linkage. The ability of disaccharide subunits to bind calcium ions and to associate with the ( 10 1 ¯ 4 ) surface of calcite was also investigated. Molecular models of disaccharide interactions with calcite provide binding energy differences for conformations that are related to the proximity and residence densities of the electron-donating moieties with calcium ions on the calcite surface, which are controlled, in part, by the torsion of the ether linkage between monosaccharide units. Dynamically optimized configurations for polymer alginate models with calcium ions were also derived.
Effects of expressed and measured value preference on decision speed

Decision speed was studied as a function of value preference determined by a subjective and a measured ranking of the six value areas of the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values (AVL). Ss were sequentially presented with a list of 180 value-related words and were required to categorize each word into one of the six AVL value areas by pressing one of six decision levers. The latency between each stimulus presentation and the decision response was measured without Ss knowledge. Decision speed was significantly influenced by practice and personal value preference. For each method of determining value rank, an inventory (AVL profile) and a subjective (introspective ranking) technique, the relationship between speed and value rank was generally U-shaped (i.e., words representing the most and least preferred value areas were categorized fastest).
Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial kinematics. technique to detect, localize, and quantify the strain rates of the active human myocardium

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method is presented to detect, localize, and quantify myocardial kinematics by measuring the material rate-of-strain tensor at each pixel in gated NMR images of the heart. The immediate, local effect of muscular activity is self-deformation, and the strain tensor is the basic mathematical device by which such deformation may be quantified. The present method, called "strain-phase" MRI (SP-MRI), entails four steps: (1) the velocity of the myocardium is encoded by means of a set of motion-sensitive NMR image acquisitions, one image per velocity component; (2) the spatial derivatives of the velocity are computed at each pixel; (3) the velocity-derivative data are combined to compute an approximation of the strain-rate tensor of the myocardium at each pixel; and (4) the strain-rate tensor data are simplified to produce a color-coded functional image which represents strain-rate components which are of particular biomedical interest in the myocardium. We present a quantitative SP-MRI methodology suited to conventional MRI, and in addition present an "echo-planar" methodology, able to produce qualitative functional images of myocardial kinematics at almost real-time speeds. Two-dimensional strain-phase MRI data acquired in normal human subjects are presented. These data demonstrate the practicability of SP-MRI in vivo, that SP-MRI resolves myocardial kinematics at the single-pixel scale, having resolution comparable to that of conventional MRI, and that SP-MRI data may have a signal-to-noise ratio up to 50% as great as that of the conventional MRI data from which they are produced. SP-MRI measurements of the local instantaneous strain rates in the human left ventricular myocardium are quantitatively consistent with known transmural average values of myocardial strain.
Studies on transmural potentials in vitro in relation to intestinal absorption. VI. The effect of sugars on electrical potential profiles in jejunum and ileum.

Abstract 1. 1. These studies were carried out to develop a routine procedure for microelectrode recording of transmembrane potential differences (PD's) across the mucosal and serosal membranes of the intestinal epithelial cell of small mammals. 2. 2. The transmembrane PD's obtained using rat gut preparations in vitro were stable, reproducible and responded rapidly to changes in the composition of the bathing media. 3. 3. Cell impalement in normal buffer ([Na + ] = 145 mM) always resulted in a potential change with the cell interior registering negative relative to both the mucosal and serosal bathing solutions. 4. 4. Transmural PD values, representing the algebraic difference of mucosal and serosal transmembrane PD's, were similar to such values measured directly and reported earlier. 5. 5. The addition of actively transported sugars to the mucosal bathing medium increased the transserosal PD in both jejunum and ileum. 6. 6. The addition of ouabain to the serosal bathing medium caused a depression in transmural PD and in the glucose-induced increase in transmural PD (ΔPD). Both effects appear to be due primarily to a decrease in the transserosal PD. 7. 7. The addition of phlorozin to the mucosal bathing medium produced a depression in the glucose-dependent ΔPD. This was not observed with serosal phlorizin. 8. 8. All the results are consistent with the concept of an electrogenic ion extrusion mechanism acting at the serosal border of the rat intestinal absorbing cell.
Synthesis and biological activities of cyclic lanthionine enkephalin analogues : δ-opioid receptor selective ligands

The synthesis and biological test results of a series of enkephalin analogues incorporating the lanthionine modification are presented. The syntheses of four monosulfide-bridged analogues of enkephalins, Tyr-c[d-AlaL-Gly-Phe-d-AlaL]-OH (1a), Tyr-c[d-ValL-Gly-Phe-d-AlaL]-OH (1b), Tyr-c[d-AlaL-Gly-Phe-AlaL]-OH (1c), and Tyr-c[d-ValL-Gly-Phe-AlaL]-OH (1d), where AlaL and ValL denote the lanthionine amino acid ends linked by a monosulfide bridge to form the lanthionine structure, were successfully carried out via preparation of the linear peptide on solid support and cyclization in solution. In vitro binding assays against μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors and in vitro tests using GPI and MVD assays revealed that the dimethyl lanthionine analogues 1b and 1d, denoted as d-ValL in position 2, show substantial selectivity toward the δ-opioid receptor, while the unsubstituted analogues 1a and 1c, denoted as d-AlaL in position 2, bind to both μ- and δ-opioid receptors. The in vivo thermal escape assay by intrathecal ...
Reality and Colours: Comment on Stroud

Any brief comment on Barry Stroud' s fine book risks bringing some of its virtues into relief precisely by lacking them. The book's epigraph is a passage from Wittgenstein advising philosophers to take their time. Stroud never papers over difficulties, and he allows himself to be sketchy only when it does not matter for the main line of his argument. Anyone without space constraints should take him as a model. Pleading space constraints, I shall sketch two reservations.
maternal characteristics, parenting, and adolescent sexual behavior: the role of self-control

ABSTRACT Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime has been extensively tested by researchers in the field of criminology, and measures of self-control have been shown to predict crime, delinquency, and deviance. With few exceptions, however, the theory has not been applied to the study of adolescent sexual behavior. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the Children of the NLSY79, this research explores the direct and indirect effects of parenting and self-control on adolescent sexual behavior. Self-control predicts engagement in sexual activity, the number of sex partners, and relationship to last sex partner. Self-control also mediates the relationship between certain parental behaviors and adolescent sexual behavior.
An integrated modeling approach for temperature driven water transport in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack after shutdown

The concept of using controlled temperature gradients to non-parasitically remove excess water from porous media during PEFC stack shutdown has been numerically investigated. An integrated modeling approach focusing both at stack and single cell level is presented. The stack thermal model is developed to obtain detailed temperature distribution across the PEFC stack. The two-phase unit fuel cell model is developed to investigate the detailed water and thermal transport in the PEFC components after shutdown, which for the first time includes thermo-osmotic flow in the membrane. The model accounts for capillary and phase-change induced flow in the porous media, and thermo-osmotic and diffusive flow in the polymer membrane. The single cell model is used to estimate the local water distribution with land or channel boundary condition, and the experimentally validated stack thermal model provided the transient temperature boundary conditions. Two different stack designs are compared to quantify the residual water in the stack. Model results indicate that a favorable temperature gradient can be formed in the stack to enhance the water drainage rate, esp. at anode end cell locations, where freeze/thaw damage has been observed to occur.
Interactions of Alcohols with Hydroxyl- and Methyl-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer Surfaces Studied by Temperature-Programmed Desorption

The interactions of low-molecular-weight n-alcohols (n-CxH2x+1OH for x = 1−6) with 11-mercaptoundecanol (HO(CH2)11SH) or octadecyl mercaptan (CH3(CH2)17SH) adsorbed onto a nickel(111) single-crysta...
Narrowband PLC SIMO-Based Interference Suppression With Zero-Forcing

A single-input multiple-output-based architecture is considered to support co-channel interference (CCI) suppression processing at the receiver, where narrowband (NB) outdoor power-line communications (PLC) in the 42-89 kHz frequency band are assumed. The phantom mode (PM) in a multiconductor power transmission cable is employed for transmission, and both the PM and the differential mode (DM) are used at the receiver. Transfer functions for the PM-PM and the PM-DM modes are modeled for short-range and long-range outdoor NB PLC topologies incorporating three-path propagation using a deterministic transmission-line modeling approach. An orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform based on the PRIME standard is used for the desired and CCI signals. Interference suppression is achieved through a zero-forcing algorithm that leverages multichannel reception and requires channel state estimates for the interference signal. Stochastic network structures are further discussed to demonstrate the average interference suppression performance. Bit-error-rate performance is estimated in the presence of interference with and without zero-forcing suppression. Results indicate that the suppression algorithm leads to a more robust interference-tolerant receiver, particularly when the relative channel responses between modes for the desired signal and the interference signal are sufficiently different.
Shrinkage characteristics of alkali-activated slag cements

AbstractRecent interest in creating green construction materials has sparked the development of portland cement–free binders. Alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete has a low embodied energy and comparable or superior strengths to ordinary portland cement (OPC) concrete. However, one factor limiting AAS usage is its durability performance, specifically its susceptibility to shrinkage. Before declaring AAS a marketable product, the mechanisms behind its volumetric instability need to be understood. This paper presents a preliminary study of the shrinkage deformations of various AAS mixtures, wherein four unique AAS mortars were designed and tested for autogenous, chemical, and drying shrinkage; time of setting; and compressive strength. All results were compared to those obtained for a control OPC mortar. Alkali-activated slag mixtures with comparable strength to OPC show a higher autogenous and drying shrinkage. A lower elastic stiffness, higher degree of saturation, and potentially higher chemical shrinkag...
The Physiology of Observation in Nietzsche and Luhmann

The article examines Nietzsche’s adoption of Johannes Muller’s principle of specific nerve energies, which Nietzsche expands to encompass the relationship between nerve stimulus, mental image, and language. As a consequence, Nietzsche dispenses with the unity of the subject as primary observer, replacing it with a media theory of sorts; and he encounters a problem of recursion, as the findings about the physiological limits of observation need to be applied to these findings, too. Reflecting the philosophical consequences of nineteenth-century neurophysiology, Nietzsche engages problems that are at the center of Niklas Luhmann’s epistemology. For Luhmann, the observer is no longer viewed as an entity (a subject, a mind, a transcendental I) located outside of what is being observed. Instead, drawing on twentieth-century neurophysiology, observation is formalized as a process of auto-observation where the operations of a particular system must be thought to constitute what is being observed.
Temperature tolerance of the mosquitofish, Gambmia affinis (Baird and Girard)

The capacity of a warm-adapted population of mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) from the Sonoran Desert and a cold-adapted population from northern Utah to adjust to changing environmental temperatures has been described in terms of four criteria: (1) critical thermal maxima, (2) resistance times at high, lethal temperatures, (3) upper incipient lethal temperatures, and (4) lower lethal temperatures. Non-genetic scope for adaptation as related to changes in the thermal history of the individual and expressed in terms of the tolerance domain was identical for both populations. Genetic differences in adaptive capacity were apparent. The cold-adapted population was less tolerant of heat and more tolerant of cold as would be anticipated.
Shape Sensing a Morphed Wing with an Optical Fiber Bragg Grating

We suggest using distributed fiber Bragg sensors systems which were developed locally at Langley Research Center carefully placed on the wing surface to collect strain component information at each location. Then we used the fact that the rate change of slope in the definition of linear strain is very small and can be treated as a constant. Thereby the strain distribution information of a morphed surface can be reduced into a distribution of local slope information of a flat surface. In other words a morphed curve surface is replaced by the collection of individual flat surface of different slope. By assembling the height of individual flat surface, the morphed curved surface can be approximated. A more sophisticated graphic routine can be utilized to restore the curved morphed surface. With this information, the morphed wing can be further adjusted and controlled. A numerical demonstration is presented.
LATENT INHIBITION AS A PERFORMANCE DEFICIT RESULTING FROM CS-CONTEXT ASSOCIATIONS

Treatments that attenuate latent inhibition (LI) were examined using conditioned suppression in rats. In Experiment 1, retarded conditioned responding was produced by nonreinforced exposure to the CS prior to the CS-US pairings used to assess retardation (i.e., conventional LI). In Experiment la, retarded conditioned responding was induced by preexposure to pairings of the CS and a weak US prior to retardation-test pairings of the CS with a strong US (i.e., Hall-Pearce [1979] LI). Both types of LI were attenuated by extensive exposure to the training context (i.e., context extinction) following the CS-US pairings of the retardation test. Experiment 2 examined the specificity of the attenuated LI effect observed in Experiment 1. After preexposure to two different CSs in two different contexts, each CS was paired with a US in its respective preexposure context. One of the two contexts was then extinguished. This attenuated LI to a greater degree for the CS that had been trained in the extinguished context. Experiment 3 differentiated the roles in LI of CS-context associations and context-US associations. Following preexposure to the CS in the training context, LI was reduced by further exposure to the CS outside the training context. This observation was interpreted as implicating the CS-context association as a factor in LI. Thus, the results of these experiments suggest that LI is a performance deficit mediated by unusually strong CS-context associations. Implications for Wagner’s (1981) SOP model and Miller and Matzel’s (1988) comparator hypothesis are discussed.
Are Services Better for Climate Change

Embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their structure of inducement by the supply-chain networks of 480 goods and services in the United States are analyzed for 44 GHGs. Producing a dollar of a product or service generates an average of 0.36 kg of CO2 equivalent GHGs onsite, increasing to 0.83 kg when supply-chain-induced emissions are taken into account. Services produce less than 5% of total U.S. GHG emissions directly, and their direct GHG emission intensities per dollar output are much less (0.04 kg C02 equiv/dollars) than those of physical products, even when supply-chain-induced emissions are included (0.47 kg C02 equiv/dollars). When both supply-chain effects and the volume of household expenditures are taken into account, however, household consumption of services excluding electric utilities and transportation services proves to be responsible for 37.6% of total industrial GHG emissions in the United States, almost twice the amount due to household consumption of electric utility and transportation services. Given the current structure of GHG emissions, a shift to a service-oriented economy is shown to entail a decrease in GHG emission intensity per unit GDP but an increase, by necessity, in overall GHG emissions in absolute terms. The results are discussed in the context of U.S. climate change policy.
Extraction and Refining of High Purity Terbium Metal From Rare Earth Resources

Terbium metal finds applications in the phosphor industry such as in fluorescent lighting and television tubes, and in the electronic industry for the production of magneto-optical recording media for computer storage discs, and in the production of specialty alloys. There are no direct high grade ores of terbium, rather it occurs as a very minor constituent in ores of the rare-earth minerals. For example, terbium oxide constitutes only 0.01% of California's bastnaesite. 0.05-0.16% of Florida' s monazite. and in the order of 1.00% in the Malaysian xenotime. Currently, the chief rare-earth bearing minerals of commercial importance are bastnaesite (California), monazite (Florida, Australia. India and China) and xenotime( Malaysia). Extraction of high purity terbium metal involves several major steps. These are (1) Recovery of rare earth minerals from ores into (REO)concentrates (2)Leaching of rare earth metals (REM) into leach solutions. This step is often preceded by a roasting step and a mild leaching to ...
Spatiotemporal variability in a sandflat elasmobranch fauna in Shark Bay, Australia

Dramatic declines in populations of large elasmobranchs, as well as the potential release of elasmobranch mesopredators, have led to interest in the ecological role of this group of fishes. The first step to elucidating their ecological importance, however, is an understanding of elasmobranch community structure. Such studies are relatively uncommon, especially in communities where human impacts are thought to be low. We used visual surveys and a variety of capture methods to determine spatial and temporal variation in the species composition of a sandflat elasmobranch community in the relatively pristine ecosystem of Shark Bay, Australia. Overall, juvenile batoids dominated the community. Eleven elasmobranch species (10 batoids, 1 shark) were found to inhabit the sandflats during the cold season (June–August) and 21 species (12 batoids, 9 sharks) were recorded during the warm season. The overall density of elasmobranchs occupying the sandflat was also higher during the warm season. Nearshore areas, especially during the warm season, supported the highest densities of elasmobranchs overall as well as the dominant species (giant shovelnose ray, Glaucostegus typus, and reticulate whipray, Himantura uarnak). Such high elasmobranch abundance may be driven by a combination of factors including prey availability, predator avoidance, and behavioral thermoregulation. The high species richness and density of elasmobranchs in such a restricted area suggest that elasmobranch mesopredators could exert strong top-down impacts in nearshore environments in the absence of human impacts, but raises questions of how resources are partitioned among apparently similar species in this system.
Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Personal Practices Regarding Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Health Care Professionals in Rural Colorado: A Pilot Survey

Purpose This study reports the baseline knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personal practices of health care professionals regarding colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in the High Plains Research Network (HPRN) of rural Colorado prior to a community-based educational intervention. It also examines the association between health care staff members' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personal practices for CRC screening and patient screening levels by practice. Methods Surveys were mailed to health care professionals in the HPRN. Participating clinics (n = 21) distributed patient surveys on CRC screening to persons aged > or =50 for a 2-week period in 2006. Results The survey response rate was 81% for providers (n = 46) and 90% for nursing staff (n = 63). Only 54% of health care professionals knew CRC is a leading cause of cancer deaths. When surveyed on their attitudes toward colon cancer, 92%"strongly agreed" or "agreed" that colon cancer is preventable. About 99% (n = 107) of providers and nurses "strongly agreed" or "agreed" that testing could identify problems before colon cancer starts. Most health care professionals (61%) aged > or =50 years had previously been tested and were up-to-date (52%) with screening. Provider knowledge was significantly associated with higher patient screening (P = .02), but provider attitudes and beliefs were not. Moreover, personal screening practices of health care professionals did not correlate with more patients screened. Conclusion Background knowledge of CRC among HPRN health care professionals could be improved. The RESULTS of this pilot study may help focus effective approaches such as increasing provider knowledge to enhance CRC screening in the relevant population.
Traumatic brain injury creates biphasic systemic hemodynamic and organ blood flow responses in rats

Traumatic brain injury affects systemic circulation as well as directly damages the brain. The present study examined the effects of fluid percussion brain injury on systemic hemodynamics and organ arterial blood flow in rats. Rats were prepared for fluid percussion injury under anesthesia. Twenty-four hours later, rats were anesthetized (1.0% halothane in N2O:O2) and prepared for radioactive microsphere measurement of cardiac output and organ blood flow. After baseline blood flow and physiological measurements were established, the rats were injured (2.47 +/- 0.02 atm, n = 17) or not injured (n = 20). Additional blood flow determinations were made at two of the following four time (T) points: 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after the injury or sham injury. Fluid percussion brain injury produced an immediate systemic hypertension followed by a hypotension and low cardiac output. Organ blood flows remained constant or increased for 30 min and then declined. Decreased blood flow was most pronounced in the kidneys and the spleen and was less severe in the liver. The reduced cardiac output was redistributed to favor blood flow through the heart and pancreas. These data suggest that traumatic brain injury creates a hyperdynamic period followed by a hypodynamic state with a heterogeneous hypoperfusion among organs.
Moral and ethical dilemmas in critically ill newborns: a 20-year follow-up survey of Massachusetts pediatricians.

Moral and Ethical Dilemmas in Critically Ill Newborns: A 20-Year Follow-Up Survey of Massachusetts Pediatricians