cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modest sleep restriction does not influence steps, physical activity intensity or glucose tolerance in obese adults.

Sleep restriction (SR) (<6 h) and physical activity (PA) are risk factors for obesity, but little work has examined the inter-related influences of both risk factors. In a free-living environment, 13 overweight/obese adults were sleep restricted for five nights to 6 h time-in-bed each night, with and without regular exercise (45 min/65% VO2 max; counterbalanced design). Two days of recovery sleep followed SR. Subjects were measured during a mixed meal tolerance test (MMT), resting metabolic rate, cognitive testing and fat biopsy (n=8). SR increased peak glucose response (+7.3 mg/dl, p = .04), elevated fasting non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations (+0.1 mmol/L, p = .001) and enhanced fat oxidation (p < .001) without modifying step counts or PA intensity. Inclusion of daily exercise increased step count (+4,700 steps/day, p < .001) and decreased the insulin response to a meal (p = .01) but did not prevent the increased peak glucose response or elevated NEFA levels. The weekend recovery period improved fasting glucose (p = .02), insulin (p = .02), NEFA concentrations (p = .001) and HOMA-IR (p < .01) despite reduced steps (p < .01) and increased sedentary time (p < .01). Abdominal adipose tissue (AT) samples, obtained after baseline, SR and exercise, did not differ in lipolytic capacity following SR. Fatty acid synthase protein content tended to increase following SR (p = .07), but not following exercise. In a free-living setting, SR adversely affected circulating NEFAs, fuel oxidation and peak glucose response but did not directly affect glucose tolerance or AT lipolysis. SR-associated metabolic impairments were not mitigated by exercise, yet recovery sleep completely rescued its adverse effects on glucose metabolism.
Evaluating the Visibility of Architectural Features for People with Low Vision–A Quantitative Approach

Most people with low vision rely on their remaining functional vision for mobility. Our goal is to provide tools to help design architectural spaces in which safe and effective mobility is possible...
Mechanistic Insights of Empagliflozin in Nondiabetic Patients With HFrEF: From the EMPA-TROPISM Study.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of empagliflozin, in addition to optimal medical treatment, on epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), interstitial myocardial fibrosis, and aortic stiffness in nondiabetic patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Background Several randomized clinical trials have established the benefits of the inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 receptor (SGLT2-i) in HFrEF, independent of their hypoglycemic effects. The mechanisms of the benefits of SGLT2-i in HFrEF have not been well defined. Methods This study was a secondary analysis of patients enrolled in the EMPA-TROPISM [ATRU-4] (Are the cardiac benefits of Empagliflozin independent of its hypoglycemic activity?) clinical trial. It was a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial investigating the effect of empagliflozin in nondiabetic patients with HFrEF. Patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance at baseline and after 6 months. Interstitial myocardial fibrosis was calculated by using T1 mapping (extracellular volume). Aortic stiffness was calculated by using pulsed wave velocity, and EAT was measured from the cine sequences. Results Empagliflozin is associated with significant reductions in EAT volume (–5.14 mL; 95% CI: –8.36 to –1.92) compared with placebo (–0.75 mL; 95% CI: –3.57 to 2.06; P Conclusions Empagliflozin significantly improved adiposity, interstitial myocardial fibrosis, aortic stiffness, and inflammatory markers in nondiabetic patients with HFrEF. These results shed new light on the mechanisms of action of the benefits of SGLT2-i. (Are the “Cardiac Benefits” of Empagliflozin Independent of Its Hypoglycemic Activity [ATRU-4] [EMPA-TROPISM]; NCT03485222 )
Assessment of Household Work as Compensation for Physical Activity Deficit Amongst Older Adults in a Nigerian Urban Setting

Urban older adults tend to be physically inactive and often remain indoors. Household work of a sample of 300 urban-dwelling adults (50-65 years) from a Nigerian state capital was therefore investigated for physical activity (PA) levels. Questionnaire on participation in household tasks, time and days/week for the tasks, awareness of health benefits of PA and household work as exercise was used. Greater participation occurred in household chores than outdoor/yard work (70.0 vs 44.0%) while participation varied with specific chores (55.0-70.0%) and yard work (28.7-34.0%). Gender, education, age and living with spouse or children/helper were associated with performance of household chores (P<0.05) as well as with yard work except living with spouse. Prevalence of low-intensity household PA was high with only 0.9-13.8% attaining moderate-intensity level and no vigorous-intensity. Low prevalence of awareness of PA health benefits (32.3%) and household work as exercise (14.4%) was observed, but were related to good performance of household work (OR, 1.50-1.55; CL, 0.55-3.54). The finding that 13% of the respondents attained moderate-intensity PA indicated the potential of household work to compensate for the absence of other physical activities. Thus public health campaigns based on household work as exercise in a gender sensitive African society becomes necessary.
Use of a Motorized Intramedullary Bone Transport Nail for Trauma: Tips, Tricks, Corticotomy Techniques, and Rate and Rhythm.

SUMMARY The introduction of internal magnetic nails (IMNs) for bone lengthening and bone transport has given us exciting new tools with which to treat segmental bone loss. Distraction osteogenesis has a long record of success in recreating even large segments of bone, but the availability of IMNs now offers the possibility of performing distraction osteogenesis without the drawbacks of external fixation. However, there are aspects of treatment with IMNs that are critical to understand to achieve success and minimize complications. These include assessment of feasibility in relation to available bone stock and segment configuration, the condition of the soft tissue envelope, and the presence of contamination or infection. They also include execution aspects such as bone end preparation, nail placement, need for and positioning of adjuvant fixation, corticotomy techniques, rate and rhythm of distraction, staged screw exchange, docking site preparation, and nail extraction. We discuss these issues in detail and introduce some novel techniques not previously described including the comminuted wedge osteotomy, testing of the nail with initial compression, and retention plug application for nail extraction to assist in optimizing success in certain clinical situations.
Jahn-Teller Dynamics And Properties Of The Manganates

The ferromagnetic transition temperature and the oxygen isotope effect in the doped manganites are evaluated using a model based on the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect on the bridging oxygen ion (the io...
Revolution: Refining Its Defining

Definitions of revolution have strongly influenced theorization about it. We argue here that revolution is a highly variable phenomenon. Rigid definitions of revolution do not allow for theorizing which explains this variability. Revolution can occur to various degrees along various dimensions. These include the political, international, economic, cultural, ethnic, and gender dimensions. Revolutions do not necessarily affect all these dimensions equally. Revolutions that have led to great change along some of these dimensions have also led to little or no change along others. We further argue that an understanding of revolution requires an understanding of what maintains social order.
The Impact of Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia on Reverse Remodeling, Heart Failure, and Treated Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in MADIT-CRT

PVCs/NSVT and Outcomes in MADIT-CRT Introduction This study determined whether the presence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) was predictive of clinical events in MADIT-CRT (multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial-cardiac resynchronization therapy) patients treated with CRT-defibrillator. Methods and Results We analyzed 24-hour Holters for the presence of NSVT. Patients were then stratified by the etiology (ischemic or nonischemic) of cardiomyopathy. The impact of NSVT on heart failure events (HF), implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy for rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation (VF), and reverse remodeling was determined. At least a single episode of NSVT was recorded in 483 (49%) patients. These patients had a higher burden of premature ventricular contractions, lower percentage of biventricular (BiV) pacing, and significantly less reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. The risk of HF was significantly greater in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and NSVT (hazard ratio [HR] 2.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49–5.61; P = 0.002). The risk of rapid VT/VF was significantly greater (in both ischemic and nonischemic patients) when NSVT was observed (HR 2.06; 95% CI: 1.30–3.26; P = 0.002 in ischemic patients; HR 3.09; 95% CI: 1.80–5.28; P < 0.001 in nonischemic patients). Conclusions MADIT-CRT patients with NSVT had a high burden of ventricular ectopy, lower percentage of BiV pacing, and less reverse remodeling. These patients had an increase in HF (in nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients) and rapid VT/VF ICD therapies (in ischemic and nonischemic patients). These findings may have implications for the management of nonsustained ventricular ectopy in CRT patients.
Molecular cloning and biological characterization of a human gene, ERCC2, that corrects the nucleotide excision repair defect in CHO UV5 cells.

The UV-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line UV5, which is defective in the incision step of nucleotide excision repair, was used to identify and clone a complementing human gene, ERCC2, and to study the repair process. Genomic DNA from a human-hamster hybrid cell line was sheared and cotransferred with pSV2gpt plasmid DNA into UV5 cells to obtain five primary transformants. Transfer of sheared DNA from one primary transformant resulted in a secondary transformant expressing both gpt and ERCC2. The human repair gene was identified with a probe for Alu-family repetitive sequences. For most primary, secondary, and cosmid transformants, survival after UV exposure showed a return to wild-type levels of resistance. The levels of UV-induced mutation at the part locus for secondary and cosmid transformants varied from 50 to 130% of the wild-type level. Measurements of the initial rate of UV-induced strand incision by alkaline elution indicated that, whereas the UV5 rate was 3% of the wild-type level, rates of cosmid-transformed lines were similar to that of the wild type, and the secondary transformant rate was about 165% of the wild-type rate. Analysis of overlapping cosmids determined that ERCC2 is between 15.5 and 20 kilobases and identified a closely linkedmore » gpt gene. Cosmids were obtained with functional copies of both ERCC2 and gpt. ERCC2 corrects only the first of the five CHO complementation groups of incision-defective mutants.« less
Sediment-preserved diatom assemblages can distinguish a petroleum activity signal separately from the nutrient signal of the Mississippi River in coastal Louisiana.

Abstract We analyzed the preserved diatom assemblages in dated sediment cores collected from five locations in the Louisiana Bight to test if there was a signature of petroleum extraction activities (hopanes and barium) distinct from the well-documented effects of nutrient loading. The results of a multi-dimensional scaling analysis indicate that the diatom assemblage changes documented throughout the 40 year record could be explained by three variables: barium and hopanes concentrations, and Mississippi River nitrogen loading. The results of a canonical correspondence analysis demonstrated that these signals could be distinguished through correlations with specific diatom species. The abundance of Actinoptychus senarius, for example, was negatively correlated with barium and the Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima complex was positively correlated with nitrogen loading. These results provide a “proof-of-concept” demonstration that diatom assemblages preserved in the sediments can be used to study the effects of petroleum extraction activities, and that these ‘petroleum signals’ may be distinguished from other significant influences such as nutrient loading.
College Students Solving Chemistry Problems: A Theoretical Model of Expertise

A model of expertise in chemistry problem solving was tested on undergraduate science majors enrolled in a chemistry course. The model was based on Anderson's Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) theory. The model shows how conceptualization, self-efficacy, and strategy interact and contribute to the successful solution of quantitative, well-defined chemistry problems in the areas of stoichiometry, thermochemistry, and properties of solutions. A statistical path analysis and students' explanations supported the model and indicated that the students' problem conceptualization and chemistry self-efficacy influenced their strategy use, which, in turn, strongly influenced their problem-solving success. The implication of these findings for future research and developing students' expertise in chemistry problem solving is that a strategy is advantageous when it is built on a foundation of conceptual knowledge and chemistry self-efficacy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 1070–1089, 2009
A CRUSH TEST FIXTURE FOR INVESTIGATING ENERGY ABSORPTION OF FLAT COMPOSITE PLATES

Summary A flat plate crush test fixture was designed and qualified to meet the need for a cost effective method for screening material systems, laminate stacking sequence, and trigger mechanism in the design of energy absorbing composite structures. The effect of scale on energy absorption is important to understand before cost-saving sub-scale plates are used in place of full scale plates. Therefore, the capability to test two different sizes of plates was designed into the fixture.
Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930. Kelly J. Baker. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011.

Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915-1930. Kelly J. Baker. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011.Kelly J. Baker's Gospel According to the Klan examines the religiosity of the second Ku Klux Klan, which was active from 1915 to 1930. Baker's book contributes to discussions of religion and intolerance in American history by underscoring the role of Protestant Christianity in the second Klan's ideologies and rituals. In addition, Baker emphasizes the importance of print culture in the development and maintenance of the second Klan's collective identity. By examining written sources produced by Klan leaders, Baker reconstructs the organization's worldview, which reflected prevailing concerns about industrialism and immigration. Ultimately, this text draws attention to the role of religious ideals in discriminatory social movements in the United States, suggesting a nuanced understanding of American religious history should seriously consider the Klan and similar movements.Historical studies of the Ku Klux Klan have portrayed its members as social outliers, rural or backward people whose white supremacist ideals and violent public displays distinguished them from members of mainstream society. Baker's book advances a line of scholarship countering this notion. Baker's discussion of the role of Protestantism within the Klan emphasizes points of similarity between the beliefs of Klan members and those of non-members from similar geographic, religious, racial and socio-economic communities. For Klan members and many non-members, the national identity of the United States was moored to Protestant tradition. Klan members and others saw threats to their religious and social ideals in the large influx of Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as in the movement of African Americans to Northern cities after reconstruction. In response to perceived threats to their national and religious identity, Klan members were instructed to lead virtuous lives. Baker argues that, above all, Klan leadership encouraged members to be strong Protestants who stood up for their beliefsand many of their beliefs, Baker suggests, reflected widespread concerns.Gospel According to the Klan is organized historically and thematically. The book opens with the death of Mary Phagan, a young Georgia factory worker, and the lynching of her accused murderer, the Jewish businessman Leo Frank. To emphasize the significance of religion in her narrative, Baker highlights founder William Simmons's emphasis on ritual and religion in developing the structure and rituals of the organization. …
The Aftermath of Trauma: The Impact of Perceived and Anticipated Invalidation of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Borderline Symptomatology

Many individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) report a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Yet, few individuals who experience CSA ultimately develop BPD. Researchers speculate that subjective experiences of emotional invalidation co-occurring with CSA or in response to an experience of CSA, but not the CSA itself, may be an important contributor to the development of BPD. To examine this issue, college student participants’ self-reported CSA, perceived or anticipated invalidation to the disclosure of the CSA experience, and perceived general invalidation by caregivers in the developmental environment were used to predict borderline symptomatology. Results revealed that perceived and anticipated CSA-specific invalidation at the time of disclosure, as well as a pervasive environment of general invalidation predicted borderline symptomatology. Furthermore, although both CSA-specific invalidation at the time of disclosure and general invalidation appeared to contribute in an additive manner to the prediction of borderline symptomatology among previous nondisclosers of CSA, there was some evidence that both types of invalidation interact to predict borderline symptomatology among previous disclosers of CSA experience.
Studying Mechanisms of Regeneration in Amphibian and Reptilian Vertebrate Models

Regeneration, or the de novo formation of new organs, is observed in many different classes of vertebrates (reviewed in Alibardi, 2010). In teleost fishes, regeneration of heart muscle as well as the cartilage, nerves, and skin of tail fins have been characterized (reviewed in Poss, 2010; Tanaka and Ferretti, 2009). Anurans and urodele amphibians have both been the subject of classic studies of regeneration. The salamander is capable of regeneration of both limbs and tail following amputation, and the Xenopus laevis frog can regrow these structures at the tadpole stage (reviewed in Tanaka and Ferretti, 2009; Han et al., 2005; Slack et al., 2008). Among amniote vertebrates, lizards retain substantial capacity for regeneration of the skin, musculoskeletal and nervous tissues after loss of the tail (reviewed in Alibardi, 2010). This issue features studies of regeneration in amphibian and reptilian vertebrate models.
A Novel Oscillation Controller for Vibrational MEMS Gyroscopes

This paper introduces a novel oscillation controller for the drive axis of a MEMS gyroscope. Assuming the resonant frequencies of the drive and sense axes are matched and no external control input for sense axis, we employ the controller to drive the drive axis to resonance, to regulate the output amplitude of drive axis to a desired value, and to compensate for the mechanical-thermal noise and quadrature error term. The controller is simply a combination of a traditional PD controller and a linear extended state observer (ESO). Since the controller design does not require exact information of system parameters, it is very robust against structural uncertainties of the drive axis. We simulate the controller on a vibrational piezoelectric beam gyroscope. The effectiveness of the controller is verified by the simulation results and performance analysis.
On-Demand Paging and Retrieval in a Semiautomated Environment at Georgia Southern University: The First Two Years

An automated retrieval system, adapted from a commercial warehouse application, has been installed at Georgia Southern University and has been well accepted by patrons and library personnel due to its reliability, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and responsiveness.
Mapping of the porcine AREG and EGF genes to SSC8.

1 Pepin L. et al. (1995) Heredity 74, 53–61. 2 de Gortari et al. (1997) Anim Genet 28, 274–90. 3 Maddox J. F. (2000) Anim Genet 31, 144–5. 4 Levin I. et al. (1995) Anim Genet 26, 107–10. 5 Liu Z. et al. (1996) Anim Genet 27, 191–3. 6 Pang S. et al. (1999) Anim Genet 30, 195–9. 7 Moran C. (1993) J Hered 84, 274–80. 8 Archibald et al. (1995) Mamm Genome 6, 157–75. 9 Rohrer G. et al. (1994) Genetics 136, 231–45. 10 Rohrer G. et al. (1996) Genome Res 6, 371–91. 11 Lowden S. et al. Conservation Genetics (in press).
Fabrication and wear test of a continuous fiber/particulate composite total surface hip replacement

Continuous fiber woven E-glass composite femoral shells having the ame elastic properties as bone were fabricated. The shells were then encrusted with filled epoxy wear resistant coatings and run dry against ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene acetabular cups in 42,000 and 250,000 cycle were tests on a total hip simulator. The tribological characteristics of these shells atriculating with the acetabular cups are comparable to a vitallium bal articulating with an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene cup.
Nucleogenic neon in high 3He/4He lavas from the Manus back-arc basin: a new perspective on He–Ne decoupling

Abstract We report new neon isotope data obtained for well-characterised basaltic glasses from the Manus back-arc basin where helium studies have identified a mantle plume component (mean 3He/4He∼12 RA). In three-isotope neon space, seven of the Manus samples lie along a trajectory between air and an endmember more nucleogenic than MORB i.e., compared to typical MORB, samples have a higher 21Ne/22Ne ratio for a given 20Ne/22Ne ratio. Thus the slope of the Manus Basin line is less than that of the MORB line [Sarda et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 91 (1988) 73–88]. This is the first observation of lavas with high 3He/4He ratios having nucleogenic neon isotope systematics, indicating a unique decoupling of He from Ne. We evaluate five possible explanations for the observed trend. We discount: (1) crustal contamination, (2) devolatisation of the subducting Solomon Sea plate and (3) addition of neon from an ancient recycled slab component – based upon mass balance considerations of the availability of nucleogenic Ne. Two possibilities remain – both of which must produce an elevated He/Ne ratio in the Manus Basin source region to account for the nucleogenic neon: (4) a previous degassing event which would leave a Ne-depleted residual reservoir, or (5) a deep mantle source heterogeneity preserving a unique signature inherited from Earth’s accretion. We find that isolation times as short as 10 Ma for a previously degassed source are sufficient to grow in the nucleogenic Ne without significantly altering the plume-like 3He/4He ratios. Alternatively, solubility-controlled outgassing/ingassing of a magma ocean in contact with a proto-atmosphere may have produced the requisite high He/Ne ratio, although an open-system style of equilibration is necessary. At present, insufficient evidence is available to discriminate between these alternatives.
Solving Production Smoothing Problems

This paper analyzes the problem of balancing resource capacity utilization against the costs of user delay or inventory investment. Instead of formulating algorithms to solve more classical versions of the problem, this paper describes ways that organisations can drop the cost curve prior to applying an optimizing algorithm. This is done by classifying the techniques and giving examples from organizations which have faced serious smoothing problems. Other organizations can improve their cost performance by adopting some of these techniques.
Spatial frequency content of visual imagery

Three experiments employing the McCollough paradigm were conducted to determine the spatial-frequency content of visual imagery. In Experiment 1, large and reliable pattern-contingent color aftereffects were obtained after adaptation to visual imagery. The direction of the aftereffects indicated that subjects were adapting to higher spatial frequencies in their imagery. These results contrast with the data of Experiment 2, which demonstrate that color aftereffects obtained with adaptation to physically present stimuli are mediated by the fundamental spatial frequency components. The magnitude of the imagery-induced aftereffects in Experiment 1 equaled the magnitude of the externally induced aftereffects obtained in Experiment 2 with the same subjects. By blurring the to-be-imaged patterns (Experiment 3), the fundamental Fourier components became the salient perceptual features of the stimuli, and the direction of the imagery-induced aftereffects was reversed from that of Experiment 1, indicating that the spatial frequency content of the imagery had changed from higher to lower frequencies. Under normal viewing conditions, subjects use the higher spatial frequencies associated with the perceptually salient edges of stimuli to construct their images. The results of Experiments 1 and 3 are discussed in light of a current controversy over the nature of information representation in imagery, and it is concluded that support has been obtained for the analog model of visual imagery.
Virtual bronchoscopy with perfluoronated hydrocarbon enhancement

Rationale and Objectives. Bronchoscopic computed tomography (CT) is limited by machine resolution and airsoft-tissue contrast. The objective of this study was to determine whether improving the contrast by using the contrast agent perflubron (PFOB) in the lung would improve the bronchoscopic CT technique and permit visualization of small airways. Materials and Methods. Bronchoscopic CT was performed in an anesthetized 8-week-old New Zealand white rabbit before and after the endotracheal administration of PFOB. Results. Bronchoscopic CT performed with PFOB permitted navigation of bronchi as small as 0.8 mm in diameter, which are much smaller than those that can be navigated without PFOB. Conclusion. In this example, the use of perfluorochemicals with bronchoscopic CT enhanced the capabilities of virtual bronchoscopy.
Archaeological evidence for preferential right-handedness in the lower and middle pleistocene, and its possible implications

Analysis of prehistoric stone artifacts from Lower Pleistocene sites at Koobi Fora, Kenya, and Middle Pleistocene horizons at Ambrona, Spain reveals a preferential, clockwise rotation of stone cores during flaking. Experimental studies of early stone artifact manufacture show that this non-random pattern is consistent with that produced by right-handed toolmakers. This suggests that there was a genetic basis for right-handedness by 1·4 to 1·9 million years ago, and that there may have already been a profound lateralization in the hominid brain with the two hemispheres becoming more specialized for different functions.
Investigation of tumor cell targeting of a dendrimer nanoparticle using a double-clad optical fiber probe.

Fluorescence quantification in tissues using conventional techniques can be difficult due to the absorption and scattering of light in tissues. Our previous studies have shown that a single-mode optical fiber (SMF)–based, two-photon optical fiber fluorescence (TPOFF) probe could be effective as a minimally invasive, real-time technique for quantifying fluorescence in solid tumors. We report improved results with this technique using a solid, double-clad optical fiber (DCF). The DCF can maintain a high excitation rate by propagating ultrashort laser pulses down an inner single-mode core, while demonstrating improved collection efficiency by using a high–numerical aperture multimode outer core confined with a second clad. We have compared the TPOFF detection efficiency of the DCF versus the SMF with standard solutions of the generation 5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (G5) nanoparticles G5-6TAMRA (G5-6T) and G5-6TAMRA-folic acid (G5-6T-FA). The DCF probe showed three- to five-fold increases in the detection efficiency of these conjugates, in comparison to the SMF. We also demonstrate the applicability of the DCF to quantify the targeted uptake of G5-6T-FA in mouse tumors expressing the FA receptor. These results indicate that the TPOFF technique using the DCF probe is an appropriate tool to quantify low nanomolar concentrations of targeted fluorescent probes from deep tissue.
Experimental Analysis of Thermal Comfort-Based Controls

Under laboratory conditions, an experimental analysis is carried to evaluate the performance of thermal comfort-based controls compared to temperature-based controls. In this analysis, the Fanger model used to estimate a thermal comfort indicator that can be utilized to control a mechanical cooling system. Specifically, the Predicted Mean Value (PMV) of Fanger model was determined using two methods. In the first method, a commercially available thermal comfort sensor was used to measure an equivalent temperature which is then converted into PMV. In the second method, air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, and mean radiant temperature were monitored and the PMV is calculated for a given occupant metabolic rate of occupant and clothing level. The results obtained for the second method was used to calibrate the thermal comfort sensor. In this paper, the results of a series of experiments are presented to determine if thermal comfort-based controls can save energy (while maintaining adequate thermal comfort) when compared to conventional control strategies based on maintaining indoor temperature within given set-points. It was found that when the PMV is set to 0.5, the thermal comfort based controls use 10% less energy than conventional controls. The energy savings are reduced to about 7% when the PMV is set to 0 (neural level).Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Absolute Heat of Formation and Singlet-Triplet Splitting for HCCN

The absolute heat of formation at 298 K for ground-state triplet cyanocarbene, HCCN, has been determined from a measurement of the chloride dissociation energy of ClCHCN - . Analysis of the energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation cross section as a function of center-of-mass collision energy in a flowing afterglow triple quadrupole instrument gives a chloride dissociation enthalpy of 43.7 ′ 2.5 kcal/mol. Proton-transfer bracketing experiments were used to determine a gas-phase acidity, ΔH a c i d , of 357.7 ′ 2.0 kcal/mol for ClCH 2 CN. The heat of formation at 298 K for ClCH 2 CN was determined from collision-induced dissociation of a series of protonated nitriles to be 25.5 ′ 3.8 kcal/mol. The chloride ion dissociation enthalpy and the heat of formation and gas-phase acidity of ClCH 2 CN are combined in a simple thermochemical cycle to give an absolute heat of formation for HCCN of 115.6 ′ 5.0 kcal/mol. High level theoretical calculations were performed in support of the experimental study at the G2 (I), CBS-Q (II), CBS-APNO (III), B3LYP/6-31G * (IV), and B3LYP/6-311++G * * (V) levels of theory. The compound methods, I-III, give predictions for the acidity and heat of formation of ClCH 2 CN and for the heat of formation of the triplet ground state and first excited singlet state of HCCN that are in good agreement with experiment. The density functional theory predictions (IV,V) for these quantities are fair at best. The heat of formation of 3 HCCN is used to derive additional thermodynamic quantities including a C-H bond dissociation enthalpy in CH 2 CN of 107.3 ′ 5.4 kcal/mol and a singlet-triplet splitting for HCCN of 11.1 ′ 5.8 kcal/mol.
Further evidence for the hierarchical representation of spatial information

Abstract This study sought evidence of a multileveled representation of spatial information going beyond cluster effects. Subjects learned a map that embodied an intrinsic hierarchy: equidistant houses could lie on the same street; on different streets in the same township; or in different townships. Both direct estimates and map drawings revealed progressive increases in distance judgements with increases in hierarchical separation. Although response times for map label recognition illustrated that houses in the same township prime one another more than houses from different townships, the degree of priming did not differ for the two types of within-township house pairs. A hierarchical analysis performed on subjects' map label recall protocols revealed clustering was influenced by semantic factors as well as by physical features of the map.
13C nuclear magnetic resonance of mono-and dihydroxy saturated and unsaturated fatty methyl esters

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained for methyl esters oferythro- andthreo-9,10-dihydroxystearates, for 12-hydroxy-cis- andtrans-9-octadecenoates, and forthreo-12,13-dihydroxy-cis-andtrans-9-octadecenoates.Erythro andthreo compounds may be distinguished easily by the difference in the chemical shifts of the carbons alpha to the hydroxy-bearing carbons. Monohydroxy compounds are easily distinguished fromvicinal dihydroxy compounds by differences in chemical shifts of both the hydroxy-bearing carbons and of the carbons alpha to them. The presence of a hydroxy-bearing carbon beta to a double bond results in the two carbons of the double bond of a hydroxy-bearing carbon beta to a double bond results in the two carbons of the double bond having different chemical shifts, with the numerical values being different for thecis andtrans isomers. The chemical shift of a carbon alpha to both a doubly bonded carbon and a hydroxy-bearing carbon is influenced both by the geometry of the double bond and the number of hydroxy-bearing carbons.
The nickel deposits of Yakobi Island, southeastern Alaska

Some of the large, low-grade nickel-copper deposits of Bohemia Basin, Yakobi Island, south-eastern Alaska, which previously had been mapped and studied by the United States Geological Survey, were explored during parts of 1941 and 1942 by the United States Bureau of Mines. The Gealogical Survey interpreted the geologic features of the deposits as revealed by the work of the Bureau of Mines. The explorations were made largely by diamond-drilling. The three deposits most extensively tested are arranged around a small valley.
Was the transition from the artisanal shop to the nonmechanized factory associated with gains in efficiency?: Evidence from the U.S. Manufacturing censuses of 1820 and 1850

There are few more dramatic episodes in economic history than the displacement of the artisanal shop by the factory during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution as the predominant form of manufacturing organization. Despite the attention this development has received, however, the issues of why and how it occurred remain in dispute. This paper employs recently—collected samples of data on northeastern firms from the 1820 and 1850 Federal Census of Manufactures to investigate this transition in the U.S. context. It argues that the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that even the early non—mechanized factories enjoyed an efficiency advantage over the traditional artisanal shop organization. The growth of average firm size in nearly all manufacturing industries between 1820 and 1850 indicates a systematic movement toward the factory organizational form. Some shops did survive, but they accounted for only modest shares of industry value added and become increasingly concentrated in areas where the extent of the market was less likely to justify firm expansion. Moreover, the estimation of production functions suggests that the non-mechanized industries were generally characterized by scale economies up to a threshold size similar to that of a small factory. Kenneth L. Sokoloff Department of Economics 405 Hilgard Avenue University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 (213) 825—4249
ON A GIANT IMPACT ORIGIN OF CHARON, NIX, AND HYDRA

It is generally believed that Charon was formed as a result of a large, grazing collision with Pluto that supplied the Pluto-Charon system with its high angular momentum. It has also been proposed that Pluto's small outer moons, Nix and Hydra, formed from debris from the Charon-forming impact, although the viability of this scenario remains unclear. Here I use smooth particle hydrodynamics impact simulations to show that it is possible to simultaneously form an intact Charon and an accompanying debris disk from a single impact. The successful cases involve colliding objects that are partially differentiated prior to impact, having thin outer ice mantles overlying a uniform composition rock-ice core. The composition of the resulting debris disks varies from a mixture of rock and ice (similar to the bulk composition of Pluto and Charon) to a pure ice disk. If Nix and Hydra were formed from such an impact-generated disk, their densities should be less than or similar to that of Charon and Pluto, and the small moons could be composed entirely of ice. If they were instead formed from captured material, a mixed rock-ice composition and densities similar to that of Charon and Pluto would be expected. Improved constraints on the properties of Nix and Hydra through occultations and/or the New Horizons encounter may thus help to distinguish between these two modes of origin, particularly if the small moons are found to have ice-like densities.
Effect of carotid artery occlusion and lung inflation on the main pulmonary artery. 1.

SummaryIn anesthetized open-chest dogs stiffening of the main pulmonary artery reflected as a decrease in the pressure-diameter slope has been demonstrated during carotid artery occlusion and during lung inflation with associated phrenic nerve efferent activity. The response of the main pulmonary artery to both stimuli is blocked by phenoxy-benzamine.
Effects of Coworker Race and Task Demand on Task‐Related Outcomes as Mediated by Evoked Affect1

Using a 2 × 2 (Coworker Race × Task Demand) design and data from 180 White women who worked in dyads with a male confederate, the present study examined the effects of coworker race (White vs. Black) and task demand (low vs. high cognitive demand) on evoked affect, task attention, task performance, task satisfaction, and the desire to work alone (as opposed to with a coworker). As expected, results showed that coworker race and task demand evoked differing levels of affect, which, in turn, influenced several other outcomes. These findings have important implications for promoting racial diversity in organizations.
Caste-based differences in gene expression in the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma floridanum

The polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum produces two larval castes, soldiers and reproductives, during development within its host. Soldier larvae defend the brood against competitors while reproductive larvae develop into adult wasps. As with other caste-forming insects, the distinct morphological and behavioral features of soldier and reproductive larvae likely involve differential gene expression. In this study we used a bi-directional suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) approach to isolate differentially expressed genes from C. floridanum soldier and reproductive larvae. We isolated 230 novel expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the two subtractions (114 soldier/116 reproductive ESTs). Among these ESTs were sequences with significant similarity to genes coding for serine proteinases, proteinase inhibitors, odorant-binding and chemosensory proteins, and cuticular proteins. Also, three novel genes were isolated that resemble one another in conceptual translation and share the cysteine spacing pattern of short scorpion toxins and insect defensins. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of 20 ESTs from the two libraries indicated that 85% were differentially expressed in one caste or the other. We conclude that our SSH strategy was effective in identifying a number of genes differentially expressed in soldier and reproductive larvae and that several of these genes will be useful in characterizing caste-specific gene networks in C. floridanum.
SU‐FF‐T‐255: IMRT Dose Calculation Comparison Between BrainSCAN and Eclipse

Purpose: To evaluate the dose calculation difference between BrainSCAN (5.31) and Eclipse (6.5) for the same IMRT plan. Method and Materials: 9 IMRT plans (3 Head/Neck, 3 Brain, and 3 prostate) were developed using BrainSCAN and exported to Varis RV system. The same patient CT scan was imported into Eclipse and the same isocenter position was selected with the help of AP and lateral radio‐opaque markers. The field parameters were brought back into Eclipse from the treatment field in Varis, using the “convert to planning field” function. The MLC leaf motion information was brought back using the “convert to actual fluence” function for each field, with the same MU as the BrainSCAN plan. Dose distribution was calculated using Eclipse PBC algorithm. Isocenter dose was compared to that from BrainSCAN. The 2D isodoses of the 3 orthogonal planes across the isocenter were exported from both TPS and compared using RIT. The plan was mapped to the same phantom from each TPS separately, and a Kodak EDR2 film was exposed so that it can be used as a judge to the isodose comparison. A Varain 21EX with MLC80 was used for IMRT delivery. Both dynamic and step‐and‐shoot were included. Results: The isocenter dose shows a −0.1±1.1% difference. The isodose comparison also shows good general agreement. However, we do notice that the Eclipse calculated isodose tends to smooth out the step‐shapes created by the MLC leaves, while the BrainSCAN preserves those shapes, which are closer to the actual situation shown on the film. Conclusion: This comparison study showed that the IMRT dose calculations of BrainSCAN and Eclipse are generally in good agreement. Eclipse tends to smooth out the step‐shapes, which is very clear in our study because 1‐cm leaf width MLC was used. A comparison with Eclipse AAA algorithm is on progress.
Retrovirus translation initiation: Issues and hypotheses derived from study of HIV-1.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has a small, multifunctional genome that encodes a relatively large and complex proteome. The virus has adopted specialized post-transcriptional control mechanisms to maximize its coding capacity while economically maintaining the information stored in cis-acting replication sequences. The conserved features of the 5 untranslated region of all viral transcripts suggest they are poor substrates for cap-dependent ribosome scanning and provide a compelling rationale for internal initiation of translation. This article summarizes key experimental results of studies that have evaluated HIV-1 translation initiation. A model is discussed in which capdependent and cap-independent initiation mechanisms of HIV-1 co-exist to ensure viral protein production in the context of 1) structured replication motifs that inhibit ribosome scanning, and 2) alterations in host translation machinery in response to HIV-1 infection or other cellular stresses. We discuss key issues that remain to be understood and suggest parameters to validate internal initiation activity in HIV-1 and other retroviruses.
Responsible Care: An Assessment:

Responsible Care is a voluntary code of conduct developed, enforced, and monitored by the Chemical Manufacturers Association. Voluntary codes could be designed and enforced by regulators, nonprofit groups, industry associations, and individual firms. They could vary in their scope, focusing on firms around the globe, in a given region, within a country, or in a given industry. This article focuses on Responsible Care’s self-regulatory services that pertain to establishing, monitoring, and enforcing industry-wide environmental, health, and safety standards. Employing insights from the club theory, stakeholder theory, institutionalist theory, and the corporate social performance perspective, it examines the demand and supply sides of voluntary codes. Finally, it discusses theoretical implications and the key challenges faced by Responsible Care in the future.
The Pathway of Product Release from the R State of Aspartate Transcarbamoylase.

The pathway of product release from the R state of aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase; EC 2.1.3.2, aspartate carbamoyltransferase) has been determined here by solving the crystal structure of Escherichia coli ATCase locked in the R quaternary structure by specific introduction of disulfide bonds. ATCase displays ordered substrate binding and product release, remaining in the R state until substrates are exhausted. The structure reported here represents ATCase in the R state bound to the final product molecule, phosphate. This structure has been difficult to obtain previously because the enzyme relaxes back to the T state after the substrates are exhausted. Hence, cocrystallizing the wild-type enzyme with phosphate results in a T-state structure. In this structure of the enzyme trapped in the R state with specific disulfide bonds, we observe two phosphate molecules per active site. The position of the first phosphate corresponds to the position of the phosphate of carbamoyl phosphate (CP) and the position of the phosphonate of N-phosphonacetyl-l-aspartate. However, the second, more weakly bound phosphate is bound in a positively charged pocket that is more accessible to the surface than the other phosphate. The second phosphate appears to be on the path that phosphate would have to take to exit the active site. Our results suggest that phosphate dissociation and CP binding can occur simultaneously and that the dissociation of phosphate may actually promote the binding of CP for more efficient catalysis.
Single calcium channels and acetylcholine release at a presynaptic nerve terminal

The relationship between calcium influx and the gating of transmitter release was examined at the release face of a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal using a technique that allows the simultaneous recording of both calcium channels at the single-channel level and quantal acetylcholine secretion. Acetylcholine release occurred during large inward calcium currents through many simultaneously open channels but was also gated by very small calcium transients, admitting less than 200 ions, when only one channel was open at a time. These findings provide functional support for a highly structured model of the transmitter release face in which the synaptic vesicle release mechanism is closely tethered to one or more presynaptic calcium channels and the opening of only one of these may be sufficient to trigger quantal secretion.