cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variable Refractive Index Effects on Radiation in Semitransparent Scattering Multilayered Regions

A simple set of equations is derived for predicting the temperature distribution and radiative energy flow in a semitransparent layer consisting of an arbitrary number of laminated sublayers that absorb, emit, and scatter radiation. Each sublayer can have a different refractive index and optical thickness. The plane composite region is heated on each exterior side by a different amount of incident radiation. The results are for the limiting case where heat conduction within the layers is very small relative to radiative transfer, and is neglected. The interfaces are assumed diffuse, and all interface reflections are included in the analysis. The thermal behavior is readily calculated from the analytical expressions that are obtained. By using many sublayers, the analytical expressions provide the temperature distribution and heat flow for a diffusing medium with a continuously varying refractive index, including internal reflection effects caused by refractive index gradients. Temperature and heat flux results are given to show the effect of variations in refractive index and optical thickness through the multilayer laminate.
Development of ventilatory control in infants

Most abnormalities of ventilatory control in infants are due to immaturity or abnormal development of ventilatory control. This includes a broad range, from rare disorders like congenital central hypoventilation syndrome to common problems such as apnoea of prematurity. Development of the ventilatory control system, including central respiratory rhythmogenesis and central and peripheral chemoreception, begins early in gestation and continues for weeks or months after birth. Development of the neural components of central rhythmogenesis and their highly complex interconnectivity results from complex, timing-sensitive interactions between patterning and other genes, transcription factors and neurotrophic factors. At birth, nearly all aspects of ventilatory control remain immature, especially in preterm infants; and postnatal maturation can be altered by hypoxia, toxins and other stressors. Clinical care may be greatly enhanced by increased awareness of ventilatory control maturation and related disorders.
Variation in dimensions and shell weights of eggs collected from Japanese quail fed kepone with different level calcium diets

Abstract One group of Japanese quail was first fed a low calcium diet (0·50%) followed by a high calcium diet (3·5%) for 120 days each. A second group of birds received the same diets containing 200 ppm Kepone. Eggshell weight, egg length and width of eggs from both groups were determined. Control quail eggshell width and eggshell weight reached maximum values approximately 50 days after the start of the low calcium diet. No similar peaks were recorded in Kepone-fed quail eggs; however, after 50 days the same eggshell measurements were significantly lower. By 120 days of the low calcium diet the differences between the control and Kepone-fed group eggs were negligible. Substitution and feeding of a high calcium diet to control quail produced egg size and eggshell weight stabilisation. Similar substitution and continued ingestion of Kepone in a high calcium diet eventually produced a severe and irreversible eggshell weight reduction; there was, however, no comparable reduction in egg dimensions. The egg length was similar to that of the control while width exceeded the control size.
Anatomic Lung Resection for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease

Background Chronic lung infections involving nontuberculous mycobacteria are often inadequately treated owing to concomitant lung parenchymal damage, leading to persistence of the offending organisms. Little is known about the results of surgical therapy as part of a multimodality approach to these infections. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 236 consecutive patients who underwent anatomic lung resection for nontuberculous mycobacteria disease at our institution as part of a multimodality treatment program. Results In all, 236 patients underwent 265 operations. The average age was 54 years (range, 23 to 77). Fifty-three patients had prior thoracic procedures. All patients had in-vitro sensitivity testing of cultured organisms, and had several months of guided antibiotic therapy. Special emphasis was placed on nutritional status. Eighty percent of patients had Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Anatomic lung resection was performed in all patients, with 126 lobectomies, 55 segmentectomies, 44 pneumonectomies, and 40 mixed procedures. Sixty-seven patients had either muscle or omental transposition. Mortality rate was 2.6%. The major morbidity rate was 11.7%. Average length of stay was 6.5 days. Presence on postoperative bronchopleural fistula was associated with positive sputum at operation and right pneumonectomy, particularly right completion pneumonectomy. Conclusions This series represents the largest cohort of patients in the literature to date who underwent operation for nontuberculous mycobacteria infection. Surgery for nontuberculous mycobacteria disease may be accomplished with minimal morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary approach including targeted antimicrobial therapy and complete anatomic resection is the key to success.
Fatty acid and glucose oxidation by cultured rat heart cells.

Monolayer cultures of fetal rat myocardial cells can be utilized to examine substrate preferences and interactions. The specific activity of glucose oxidation by myocardial cell cultures was high in sparse cultures but decreased with increased cell density. In contrast, palmitate oxidation was independent of initial cell density. Palmitate inhibited glucose oxidation by 50% in rat heart cultures. Glucose had only a slight sparing effect on palmitate oxidation. This suggests that fetal and newborn rat myocardial cells in culture preferentially oxidize palmitate similar to adult heart. The sparing effect of palmitate on glucose oxidation is accounted for by inhibition of the glycolytic-aerobic pathway and not by inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway. Data on oxidation of 14C-pyruvate specifically labelled suggest that palmitate or a product of its oxidation such as acetyl-CoA may be acting directly to inhibit the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Palmitate oxidation per mg of cell protein was constant from 15 days gestational age to 2 days postnatal age. The observed differences between cultured cells and the intact heart may relate to decreased aerobic metabolism in monolayer cell culture and suggest that the increase in fatty acid oxidation observed in vivo is controlled by the oxygen environment of the cell. These studies show that heart cells in monolayer culture can be utilized to obtain metabolic information similar to an adult organ perfusion model.
THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF DIVIDEND CHANGES

In this study, the open empirical question as to whether or not dividends contain information is investigated. The study involves 200 stocks and 376 dividend announcements over the 1971 to 1977 period; measures of unexpected dividends are related to measures of abnormal returns for dividend changing stocks. This study is important for three reasons: A tested ex ante dividend expectational model is used; The analysis is centered on daily, as opposed to monthly, returns; and, The influence of earnings on stock price is controlled explicitly. The evidence indicates that abnormal stock returns vary in sign with unexpected dividends. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that dividends contain information.
Applications of Human Pharmacokinetic Prediction in First-in-Human Dose Estimation

Quantitative estimations of first-in-human (FIH) doses are critical for phase I clinical trials in drug development. Human pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction methods have been developed to project the human clearance (CL) and bioavailability with reasonable accuracy, which facilitates estimation of a safe yet efficacious FIH dose. However, the FIH dose estimation is still very challenging and complex. The aim of this article is to review the common approaches for FIH dose estimation with an emphasis on PK-guided estimation. We discuss 5 methods for FIH dose estimation, 17 approaches for the prediction of human CL, 6 methods for the prediction of bioavailability, and 3 tools for the prediction of PK profiles. This review may serve as a practical protocol for PK- or pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-guided estimation of the FIH dose.
Code switching by bilinguals: Evidence against a third grammar

Bilingual code switching within sentences (as in “The towel roja was dirty”) is often observed in bilingual communities. The present study addressed two issues. First, what is the nature of the grammatical rules that underlie code switching? Second, how do bilingual speakers acquire such rules? We addressed the first issue by obtaining judgments of the grammaticality of four types of sentences containing code-switched words. Judgments of acceptability seemed to be based on two rules: (1) Code switching can occur only when the code-switched words are positioned in accord with the rules for which they are approriate lexical items; (2) code switching within word boundaries is considered ungrammatical. We addressed the second issue by exploring the effects of age and code switching experience on the grammatical judgments of bilingual children and adults. Extensive code-switching experience did not seem to be necessary for bilingual speakers to know the grammatical constraints of code switching. This suggests that the constraints of code switching are based on the integration of the grammars of the two code-switched languages rather than on the creation of a third grammar. There were developmental changes in the judgments made to the sentences. All aged subjects found sentences that violated the word-order rule (1 above) unacceptable. However, the youngest children (8- to 10-year-olds) found mixing within a word acceptable. This developmental change could be due to a change in the grammar of code switching, in the ability to make metalinguistic judgments, or in the child's general knowledge about the nature of languages.
Exploring agent physicality and social presence for medical team training

Mixed reality and 3D user interface technologies have increased the immersion, presence, and physicality of user interactions. These technologies can also increase the physicality of embodied conversational agents ECAs by making the ECAs occupy and interact with the physical space. We propose that increasing the physicality of an ECA can increase the ECA's social presence, that is, the feeling that the ECA is a real person. In this paper, we examine existing research and formalize the idea of ECA physicality. We also explored the relationship between physicality and social presence by conducting two user studies n = 18 and n = 29. Both user studies took place in a medical team training context and involved virtual human ECAs as fellow team members. The first study's results suggested that increasing physicality increased social presence and elicited more realistic behavior. The second study's results suggested that individual dimensions of physicality affect social presence to different extents.
A perturbation analysis and finite element approximate model for free surface flow over curved beds

A perturbation analysis is developed for 1-D shallow water flow over a curved bed for applications such as spillways. The perturbation approach leads to a new formulation of the problem with associated weak integral statement and approximation using finite elements. The flow may exhibit a hydraulic jump in the downstream regime. An artificial dissipation technique is introduced to stabilize the non-linear problem and suppress numerical oscillations. Numerical results demonstrate the performance of the model and compare it with the steep-slope shallow water formulation corresponding to the model with zero curvature.
Nature of Stress Singularities at the Reentrant Wedge Corner for a Branched Crack Problem

The solution of the branched crack problem for an isotropic material, employing the dislocation method as developed by Lo (1978), results in a singular integral equation in which the slope of the crack-opening displacement is the unknown. In this brief note, using the function-theoretic method, the behavior of this unknown function is investigated at the corner where the branched and main crack meet and it is shown that the order of stress singularity obtained at the reentrant corner of the branched crack is given by the Williams' (1952) characteristic equation for the isotropic wedge.
Flux-difference split scheme for turbulent transport equations

This paper describes a high accuracy upwind method to solve the mean compressible flow equations closed with two-equation turbulence models. A flux-difference splitting scheme is developed to compute the flowfield without introducing oscillations into the solution. A high-order accuracy scheme is used to predict both the mean flow variables and the turbulence variables. Results comparing two different two-equation turbulence models are presented for supersonic flow over a flat plate and a compressible, free shear-layer. The non-oscillatory behavior of the upwind scheme is demonstrated on the free shear-layer.
Answering critical questions using quantitative data

Drawing on the work of several prominent scholars, the author describes the evolution of quantitative critical inquiry and compares this perspective to traditional research paradigms.
The quantitative and qualitative analysis of alkyl α-glycerol ethers as alkoxy acetaldehydes

Abstract A simple procedure is described for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of alkyl α-glycerol ethers as their corresponding alkoxy acetaldehydes. This method is advantageous in that the same derivative may be utilized for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Moreover, the sensitivity of this procedure is greater than previously published spectrophotometric methods.
Heritability of age at spawning for rainbow trout

Abstract The heritability of age at spawning was estimated from data on time of spawning of females within the spawning season for two independent fall-spawning, rainbow trout broodstocks. For the first stock, data were obtained on 573 females in 192 full-sib groups sired by 49 males. Estimated heritability based on differences among half-sib groups was 0.38±0.17. For the second stock, data were obtained on age at spawning for 335 dams and 1749 of their daughters. Estimated heritability was 0.38±0.001 based on the regression of daughter age on dam age at spawning. Other evidence indicated that non-additive genetic and common environmental effects were very small. The distributions of spawning date and age at spawning demonstrated that environmental conditions preceding the spawning season have a marked effect on the time females mature in any given year. When spawning occurred early in the season, the females spawned at a young age (less than 730 days). This was compensated by spawning at an older age the next generation. As a result of this cyclic behavior, average age at spawning was 731 days (2 years) when calculated for five consecutive generations.
Radioautographic localization of the acetylcholine-stimulated synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in skin from patients with and without cystic fibrosis.

Abstract The distribution of radioautographic grains over various regions of human skin tissue was investigated after incubation of skin tissue slices for 2 hours in the presence of myoinositol-2- 3 H with and without acetylcholine plus eserine. Skin tissue was obtained from control patients and from patients with cystic fibrosis, an inherited disease in which there is a defect in the function of all the exocrine glands, including the eccrine sweat gland. After incubation the skin slices were fixed in neutral formalin, washed in tap water, and embedded in a water-soluble wax (Carbowax). They were then sectioned and prepared for radioautography. Under these conditions only water-insoluble phosphatidylinositol (PI) should be radioactive. Labeling was found in the duct portion of the eccrine sweat gland as well as in hair follicles, epidermis, and some dermal areas when skin slices were incubated in the presence of myoinositol-2- 3 H. It was randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cells; no nuclear labeling was seen. Only the duct region consistently gave a statistically significant increase in labeling when skin slices were incubated in the presence of myoinositol-2- 3 H plus acetylcholine plus eserine. No labeling was found in the coil region of the eccrine sweat gland after incubation in the presence of myoinositol-2- 3 H with or without acetylcholine plus eserine. No difference in the amount or distribution of label was observed between patients with cystic fibrosis and controls. Extraction of incubated tissue sections from control patients with both acidified and nonacidified chloroform: methanol prior to radioautography resulted in nearly complete removal of the labeling. In two of the three patients with cystic fibrosis, however, acidified chloroform: methanol was much more effective in removing label than was nonacidified chloroform: methanol. The possibility that the phosphatidylinositol effect found in the duct region of the eccrine sweat gland is related in some manner to the secretion and transport of ions and/or other materials across the duct is discussed.
The relic density of shadow dark matter candidates

Abstract We present the results of relic density calculations for cold dark matter candidates coming from a model of dark energy and dark matter, which is described by an asymptotically free gauge group SU ( 2 ) Z (QZD) with a coupling constant α Z ∼ 1 at very low scale of Λ Z ∼ 10 −3 eV while α Z ∼ weak coupling at high energies. The dark matter candidates of QZD are two fermions in the form of weakly interacting massive particles. Our results show that for masses between 50 and 245 GeV, they can account for either a considerable fraction or the entire dark matter of the Universe.
Momentum-space treatment of Coulomb distortions in a multiple-scattering expansion.

The momentum-space treatment of the Coulomb interaction within the framework of the Watson multiple-scattering expansion is derived and tested numerically. By neglecting virtual Coulomb excitations and higher-order terms, the lowest-order optical potential for proton-nucleus scattering is shown to be the sum of the convolutions of a two-body nucleon-nucleon {ital t} matrix with the nuclear density and the point Coulomb interaction with the nuclear charge density. The calculation of the optical potential, as well as the treatment of the Coulomb interaction, is performed entirely in momentum space in an exact and numerically stable procedure. Elastic-scattering observables are presented for {sup 16}O, {sup 40}Ca, and {sup 208}Pb at energies up to 500 MeV. Comparisons are made with approximate treatments of the Coulomb interaction. The interference of nonlocality effects in the nuclear optical potential with different treatments of the Coulomb interaction is investigated.
Planning and control in a semi-autonomous planetary micro-rover

The paper describes a semi-autonomous control system on board a small mobile robot intended to explore planetary environments with minimal human supervision. The algorithm performs dead reckoning, hazard mapping, trajectory planning, motion control, health monitoring, and supervisor telemetry. A remote operator station provides a graphical interface for real time telemetry, guidance, and performance tuning. Design emphasis was placed on processing efficiency and robust performance for implementation with inexpensive sensors and microcontrollers. Of novel contribution are a high-level behavioral task architecture and a reactive trajectory planning routine that explicitly incorporates steering and safety constraints. Simulation and field test results under various operating conditions are presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Insincere Utterances and Gaze: Eye Contact During Sarcastic Statements

Anecdotal evidence suggests that speakers often gaze away from their listeners during sarcastic utterances; however, this question has not been directly addressed empirically. This study systematically compared gaze-direction of speakers in dyadic conversation when uttering sincere and sarcastic statements. 18 naive participants were required to recite a series of contradictory statements on a single topic to a naive listener, while at the same time conveying their actual opinion about this topic. This latter task could only be accomplished through prosodic or nonverbal communication by indicating sincerity or insincerity (sarcasm) for the various statements and allowed examination of gaze across the two conditions for each participant. Subsequent analysis of the videotaped interaction indicated that, during the time for the actual utterance, sarcastic utterances were accompanied by greater gaze aversion than were sincere utterances. This effect occurred for 15 of 18 participants (3 men, 15 women; M age = 19.8, SD = 1.0) who had volunteered for a small credit in an Introductory Psychology course. Results are discussed in terms of nonverbal communication and possible miscommunication which may apply given cultural differences in use of nonverbal cues.
Ultrastructural study of entry of Chlamydia strain TWAR into HeLa cells

Ultrastructural studies of the entry of Chlamydia strain TWAR into HeLa cells showed that the elementary bodies first attach to host cells by the pointed end, secure other binding sites on the host cells by forming cell wall protrusions, enter host cells by invaginating the host cell membrane, and form vacuolated endocytic vesicles. Differences were demonstrated between TWAR and other chlamydiae in the mode of attachment and endocytosis.
The use of mathematical morphology in image enhancement

The structure and properties of several morphological filtering algorithms are discussed. The performance of the algorithms when applied to images corrupted with noise is presented. Several open research problems relative to these nonlinear filters are also discussed. >
Applying Data Mining to Predict College Admissions Yield: A Case Study.

Data-mining technology's predictive modeling was applied to enhance the prediction of enrollment behaviors of admitted applicants at a large state university.
Properties of a Salivary Bacteriolysin and Comparison with Serum Beta Lysin

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAPROPRIETATES DE UN BACTERIOLYSINA SALIVARI E COMPARATION DE ILLO CON LYSINA BETA IN LE SERO.-Un bacteriolysina presente in le saliva de humanos con immunitate contra carie esseva studiate relative al factores capace a modificar le responsa de cellulas bacterial e le efficacia del action lytic. Le etate in culturation e le methodos usate in le manipulation afficeva le responsa del cellulas bacterial. Le lysina remaneva efficace con varie valores de pH, in varie dilutiones del saliva, e in le presentia de varie medios, sed illo esseva afficite per le temperatura de preservation. Le comparation con lysina beta ab sero revelava differentias in le requirimentos de cofactor e in le modos e amplitudes del activitate.
Nef does not contribute to replication differences between R5 pre-AIDS and AIDS HIV-1 clones from patient ACH142.

AIDS-associated, CCR5-tropic (R5) HIV-1 clones, isolated from a patient that never developed CXCR4-tropic HIV-1, replicate to a greater extent and cause greater cytopathic effects than R5 HIV-1 clones isolated before the onset of AIDS. Previously, we showed that HIV-1 Env substantially contributed to the enhanced replication of an AIDS clone. In order to determine if Nef makes a similar contribution, we cloned and phenotypically analyzed nef genes from a series of patient ACH142 derived R5 HIV-1 clones. The AIDS-associated Nef contains a series of residues found in Nef proteins from progressors [1]. In contrast to other reports [1-3], this AIDS-associated Nef downmodulated MHC-I to a greater extent and CD4 less than pre-AIDS Nef proteins. Additionally, all Nef proteins enhanced infectivity similarly in a single round of replication. Combined with our previous study, these data show that evolution of the HIV-1 env gene, but not the nef gene, within patient ACH142 significantly contributed to the enhanced replication and cytopathic effects of the AIDS-associated R5 HIV-1 clone.
Gross capital flows and asymmetric information

Abstract This paper shows that the behavior of gross capital flows can identify the nature of information asymmetries in international equity markets. Information asymmetry between foreign and domestic investors implies a correlation between net flows and returns. Information asymmetry within groups of foreign and domestic investors implies that gross flows and absolute returns are correlated. I find that the correlation between gross flows and absolute returns is stronger than the correlation between net flows and returns, suggesting that information asymmetries within countries are more important than those between countries.
Addressing Parents’ Concerns: Do Multiple Vaccines Overwhelm or Weaken the Infant’s Immune System?

Recent surveys found that an increasing number of parents are concerned that infants receive too many vaccines. Implicit in this concern is that the infant's immune system is inadequately developed to handle vac- cines safely or that multiple vaccines may overwhelm the immune system. In this review, we will examine the following: 1) the ontogeny of the active immune response and the ability of neonates and young infants to respond to vaccines; 2) the theoretic capacity of an infant's im- mune system; 3) data that demonstrate that mild or mod- erate illness does not interfere with an infant's ability to generate protective immune responses to vaccines; 4) how infants respond to vaccines given in combination compared with the same vaccines given separately; 5) data showing that vaccinated children are not more likely to develop infections with other pathogens than unvac- cinated children; and 6) the fact that infants actually encounter fewer antigens in vaccines today than they did 40 or 100 years ago. Pediatrics 2002;109:124 -129; multiple vaccines, immunity, parental concerns.
Prior mucosal exposure to heterologous cells alters the pathogenesis of cell-associated mucosal feline immunodeficiency virus challenge

Background: Several lines of research suggest that exposure to cellular material can alter the susceptibility to infection by HIV-1. Because sexual contact often includes exposure to cellular material, we hypothesized that repeated mucosal exposure to heterologous cells would induce an immune response that would alter the susceptibility to mucosal infection. Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model of HIV-1 mucosal transmission, the cervicovaginal mucosa was exposed once weekly for 12 weeks to 5,000 heterologous cells or media (control) and then cats were vaginally challenged with cell-associated or cell-free FIV. Results: Exposure to heterologous cells decreased the percentage of lymphocytes in the mucosal and systemic lymph nodes (LN) expressing L-selectin as well as the percentage of CD4+ CD25+ T cells. These shifts were associated with enhanced ex-vivo proliferative responses to heterologous cells. Following mucosal challenge with cell-associated, but not cell-free, FIV, proviral burden was reduced by 64% in cats previously exposed to heterologous cells as compared to media exposed controls. Conclusions: The pathogenesis and/or the threshold for mucosal infection by infected cells (but not cell-free virus) can be modulated by mucosal exposure to uninfected heterologous cells.
Wildlife in U.S. Cities: Managing Unwanted Animals

Conflicts between people and wild animals in cities are undoubtedly as old as urban living itself. In the United States it is only of late, however, that many of the species now found in cities have come to live there. The increasing kind and number of human-wildlife conflicts in urbanizing environments makes it a priority that effective and humane means of conflict resolution be found. The urban public wants conflicts with wildlife resolved humanely, but needs to know what the alternative management approaches are, and what ethical standards should guide their use. This paper examines contemporary urban wildlife control in the United States with a focus on the moral concerns this raises. Much of the future for urban wildlife will depend on reform in governance, but much as well will depend on cultural changes that promote greater respect and understanding for wild animals and the biotic communities of which they and we are both a part.
Talking about sex in Botswana: social desirability bias and possible implications for HIV-prevention research.

Evaluations of the safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of HIV prevention interventions rely on self-reported sexual behaviour data. The accuracy of such data has sometimes been questioned. The absence of a so-called objective measure of sexual behaviour complicates this. Social desirability bias (SDB) is a key factor affecting the accuracy of self-reports. Individual, semi-structured interviews focusing on possible causes of and solutions to SDB were conducted with 30 Batswana women such as those who might enrol in planned vaginal microbicide trials. Respondents pointed to shame and the fear of public talk about them as key factors contributing to inaccurate self-reports, and they stressed the importance of privacy and confidentiality. Interviewer characteristics such as age, gender and personality were often viewed as likely to affect their candour. Alternative interviewing techniques such as audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) were appealing to some for the potential to reduce embarrass...
A Personal View of 50 Years of Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer Research

Abstract The author's experiences in thermal radiative transfer are outlined, particularly his involvement in Monte Carlo methods, solar energy systems (with applications for residential and commercial structure cooling), inverse solution techniques at the macro- and nanoscales, and developments of solution techniques for the radiative transfer equation and for conjugate solutions. Comments are presented on potential emerging research areas and the possibility of breakthrough applications in radiative transfer visualization and analysis.
Morphological analysis in sentence reading

Abstract In two experiments, adults' eye movements were monitored while they read sentences containing prefixed (e.g., revive ) or pseudoprefixed (e.g., rescue ) words closely matched on initial letter pattern, frequency, length, and syntactic category. It was found that pseudoprefixed words received longer fixations and were associated with shorter departing saccades than prefixed words. These results supported the hypothesis that words are stripped of their prefixes prior to lexical access, and that stem morphemes are represented and accessed in the lexicon. Two specific models that assume prefix stripping were tested by varying the availability of parafoveal preview of the prefix or pseudoprefix. It was found that prefix stripping seemed to be a foveal rather than a parafoveal process, so that the parafoveal preview results could not readily distinguish between the two models.
Laboratory evaluation of the processing characteristics of rigid PVC compounds

A small scale screw extruder designed for laboratory extrusion studies has been developed and its performance characteristics with powder-blended rigid PVC Compounds have been investigated. The use of the extruder in determining the susceptibility of rigid PVC compounds to various die-induced viscoelastic phenomena (fracture, sharkskin, and swell) is described. An investigation of the phenomenon of “nerve” in rigid PVC extrusions has been carried out. It is concluded that nerve is associated with instabilities in the fluxing process occurring in the transition section of the extruder screw design, the operating variables of the process, and the processing characteristics of the compound.
Intracranial Infectious Aneurysm in Orbital Cellulitis

Infectious intracranial aneurysm and cavernous sinus thrombosis are rare complications of orbital cellulitis. We report the case of a 46-year-old male presenting with sinusitis and orbital cellulitis complicated by the development of an orbital mass. Following orbitotomy with debulking, the patient underwent bony orbital decompression for increasing proptosis postoperatively. While his exam stabilized, the patient developed complete ptosis and extraocular motor palsy in the contralateral eye after undergoing bilateral sinus debridement. Imaging was notable for the presence of a pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery, which was treated with a stent. This report demonstrates rare complications of orbital cellulitis. These patients should be monitored carefully with noninvasive imaging studies, such as cerebral angiography, for early detection of vascular abnormalities that can progress rapidly.
Ultra low-cost defect protection for microprocessor pipelines

The sustained push toward smaller and smaller technology sizes has reached a point where device reliability has moved to the forefront of concerns for next-generation designs. Silicon failure mechanisms, such as transistor wearout and manufacturing defects, are a growing challenge that threatens the yield and product lifetime of future systems. In this paper we introduce the BulletProof pipeline, the first ultra low-cost mechanism to protect a microprocessor pipeline and on-chip memory system from silicon defects. To achieve this goal we combine area-frugal on-line testing techniques and system-level checkpointing to provide the same guarantees of reliability found in traditional solutions, but at much lower cost. Our approach utilizes a microarchitectural checkpointing mechanism which creates coarse-grained epochs of execution, during which distributed on-line built in self-test (BIST) mechanisms validate the integrity of the underlying hardware. In case a failure is detected, we rely on the natural redundancy of instructionlevel parallel processors to repair the system so that it can still operate in a degraded performance mode. Using detailed circuit-level and architectural simulation, we find that our approach provides very high coverage of silicon defects (89%) with little area cost (5.8%). In addition, when a defect occurs, the subsequent degraded mode of operation was found to have only moderate performance impacts, (from 4% to 18% slowdown).
Multiscale shape and detail enhancement from multi-light image collections

We present a new image-based technique for enhancing the shape and surface details of an object. The input to our system is a small set of photographs taken from a fixed viewpoint, but under varying lighting conditions. For each image we compute a multiscale decomposition based on the bilateral filter and then reconstruct an enhanced image that combines detail information at each scale across all the input images. Our approach does not require any information about light source positions, or camera calibration, and can produce good results with 3 to 5 input images. In addition our system provides a few high-level parameters for controlling the amount of enhancement and does not require pixel-level user input. We show that the bilateral filter is a good choice for our multiscale algorithm because it avoids the halo artifacts commonly associated with the traditional Laplacian image pyramid. We also develop a new scheme for computing our multiscale bilateral decomposition that is simple to implement, fast O(N2 log N) and accurate.
STILL SUBVERSIVE AFTER ALL THESE YEARS: THE RELEVANCE OF FEMINIST THERAPY IN THE AGE OF EVIDENCE‐BASED PRACTICE

In this article, based on my Carolyn Wood Sherif Memorial Award Address, I address questions of the viability of feminist practice in the current Zeitgeist. Using the framework of responding to questions raised by doctoral students about feminist therapy, I address how feminist practice aligns with the evidence-based practice movement, particularly those aspects focusing on empirically supported therapy relationships. I propose that feminist diagnostic strategies enhance cultural competence for therapists, thus better preparing practitioners for the clients of the twenty-first century. Finally, I discuss the question of who is a feminist therapist, addressing issues of gender that have long challenged the universality of feminist therapy's applications.
Stimulation of TLR4 by recombinant HSP70 requires structural integrity of the HSP70 protein itself

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by bacterial endotoxin, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). It has been suggested that TLR4 can also be activated by damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) proteins such as HSP70. It remains a challenge to provide unequivocal evidence that DAMP proteins themselves play a role in TLR4 activation, as the DAMP proteins used are often contaminated with endotoxin and other TLR ligands introduced during protein expression and/or purification. Here we report that the activation of TLR4 on primary human macrophage cultures by recombinant HSP70 is not solely due to contaminating endotoxin. Polymyxin B pretreatment of HSP70 preparations to neutralize contaminating endotoxin caused significant reductions in the amount of TNF-α induced by the recombinant protein. However, digestion of HSP70 with Proteinase K-agarose beads also dramatically reduced the TNF-α response of macrophages to HSP70, while leaving levels of contaminating endotoxin largely unchanged relative to controls. These results indicate that the stimulatory effect of recombinant HSP70 requires both the presence of endotoxin and structural integrity of the heat shock protein itself.
Pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents

There is growing recognition that bipolar disorder frequently first presents in adolescence. Preadolescents with volatile behavior and severe mood swings also comprise a large group of patients whose difficulties may lie within the bipolar spectrum. However, the preponderance of scientific effort and clinical trials for this condition has focused on adults. This review summarizes the complexity of bipolar disorder and diagnosis of the disease among young people. It proceeds to review the principles of pharmacotherapy, assess current treatment options and to highlight areas where evidence-based guidance is lacking. Recent developments have enlarged the range of potential treatments for bipolar disorder. Nonetheless, differences in the phenomenology, course and sequelae of bipolar disorder among young people compel greater attention to the benefits and liabilities of therapy for those affected by this illness’ early onset. By summarizing current research and opinion on diagnostic issues and treatment approa...
Realism Ancient and Modern: Thucydides and International Relations

When you're stymied on the measurement of one of your critical variables, put that project aside and write another essay on what Thucydides really meant (Singer 1975).The trouble with Classical Realism is that it is difficult to distinguish … dialectical insight from a refusal to define concepts clearly and consistently, or to develop a systematic set of propositions that could be subjected to empirical tests (Keohane 1983).In the study of ancient Greek democracy, Thucydides' account of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians surely deserves a privileged place. As a cardinal instance of the genre Hegel (1975, 14) called original history, Thucydides' work provides a uniquely direct point of contact with Athenian democracy in its most radical and imperial—phase: the chief figures of that work “express the maxims of their nation and of their own personality, their consciousness of their political position and of their moral and spiritual nature, and the principles that underlie their designs and conduct.” Thus, from Thucydides we get much more than a reconstruction of events. We also get access to the ancient Greeks' own understanding of the world they made and destroyed.
Association Between Trauma Exposure and Smoking in a Population-Based Sample of Young Adults

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the relation between smoking and trauma exposure in a population-based, longitudinal sample. Contrary to current smoking trends in the general population, recent findings indicate continued high smoking rates in trauma-exposed samples. Methods A nationally representative sample of 15,197 adolescents was followed from 1995 (mean age, 15.6 years) to 2002 (mean age, 22 years) as part of three waves of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). We examined the relation between self-reported trauma exposure and smoking behaviors (lifetime regular, current regular), nicotine dependence based on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND), number of cigarettes smoked per day, and age of onset of regular smoking. Results Controlling for demographics and depressive symptoms, exposure to traumatic events yielded a significant increase in the odds of lifetime regular smoking. Nicotine dependence and cigarettes smoked per day was also significantly related to exposure to childhood physical and sexual abuse. Decreased age of regular smoking onset was seen for those reporting childhood physical abuse and childhood sexual abuse. Conclusions Exposure to traumatic life events during childhood and young adulthood increases the risk of smoking, highlighting the need to prevent and treat tobacco use in this vulnerable population.
Jewish Radical Ultra-Orthodoxy Confronts Modernity, Zionism and Women's Equality

In Jewish Radical Ultra-Orthodoxy Confronts Modernity, Zionism and Women's Equality, Motti Inbari undertakes a study of the culture and leadership of Jewish radical ultra-Orthodoxy in Hungary, Jerusalem and New York. He reviews the history, ideology and gender relations of prominent ultra-Orthodox leaders Amram Blau (1894–1974), founder of the anti-Zionist Jerusalemite Neturei Karta, and Yoel Teitelbaum (1887–1979), head of the Satmar Hasidic movement in New York. Focussing on the rabbis' biographies, the author analyzes their enclave building methods, their attitude to women and modesty, and their eschatological perspectives. The research is based on newly discovered archival materials, covering many unique and remarkable findings. The author concludes with a discussion of contemporary trends in Jewish religious radicalization. Inbari highlights the resilience of the current generations' sense of community cohesion and their capacity to adapt and overcome challenges such as rehabilitation into potentially hostile secular societies.
Interest Arbitration as Alternative Dispute Resolution: The History from 1919 to 2011

This paper comes from a February 2012 Symposium, "The Role of ADR Mechanisms in Public Sector Labor Disputes: What Is at Stake, Where We Can Improve & How We Can Learn from the Private Sector." It discusses the history of an important form of alternative dispute resolution: the use of what is called “interest arbitration” to resolve bargaining impasses in public-sector labor relations. This process is used in many states as an alternative to strikes. While interest arbitration has been a crucial part of public-sector labor law and labor relations for decades, it has come under increased scrutiny recently. Indeed, in the wave of laws passed in 2011 restricting the rights of public-sector unions to bargain collectively, interest arbitration was repeatedly attacked, and in several states it was eliminated or restricted.This paper gives a historical overview of the development of interest arbitration, discussing how and why it developed as it did. This development was neither inevitable nor “natural” in that many other western democracies generally allow public workers to strike. But only a few states in the U.S. allows any public workers to strike. Thus, the question is: why did U.S. law and policy develop the way it did? This paper traces the relevant history from 1919 through to the new, restrictive laws of 2011. It starts with the Boston Police strike of 1919 — a seminal event in the history of public-sector labor law, that had a profound and lasting impact on how U.S. policymakers felt about dispute resolution in public sector labor law. It then turns to the first public-sector labor law permitting collective bargaining — passed, ironically in view of recent events, in Wisconsin in 1959 — and describes how concerns about dispute resolution were central to debates over that law. The paper continues by explaining how interest arbitration in public-sector labor relations has evolved and how it has worked from the 1960s into the 21st century. Finally, the paper explores the very recent developments in this area in the laws of 2011.
Imposing Password Restrictions for Multiple Accounts: Impact on Generation and Recall of Passwords

The most commonly used method of identification and authentication for many Web sites is username-password combinations. However, this is a notoriously weak security method because users tend to generate passwords that are easy to remember but also easy to crack. The method of proactive password checking has been proposed to improve security at little cost to memorability, because it allows users to generate their passwords but imposes restrictions to make the passwords more resistant to cracking. The present study evaluated the time and accuracy needed to generate unique passwords that satisfy different restrictions for multiple accounts, as well as the time and accuracy at recalling these passwords. Results showed that password restrictions do not necessarily improve the security of the password generated by users by making them more resistant to cracking because cracking software have become increasingly sophisticated. Although users show good recall of unique passwords generated with restrictions for ...
Systematic Pore-Size Effects of Nanoconfinement of LiBH4: Elimination of Diborane Release and Tunable Behavior for Hydrogen Storage Applications

The effects of nanoconfinement on the structural phase transition, H2 release and uptake, and the emission of toxic diborane (B2H6) on desorption of LiBH4 have been comprehensively investigated in the presence of various porous hard carbon templates at a variety of pore sizes. Calorimetry signatures of both the structural phase transition and melting of nanoconfined LiBH4 shifted to a lower temperature with respect to the bulk, finally vanishing below a pore size around 4 nm. The desorption of LiBH4 confined in these nanoporous carbons shows a systematic and monotonic decrease in the desorption temperature and concomitantly, mass spectroscopic analysis indicated a gradual reduction of the partial pressure of B2H6 with decreasing pore size, suggesting that formation of stable closoborane salts may be avoided by interrupting the reaction pathway. This represents a major breakthrough in the reversibility of boron-based hydrogen storage systems, where capacity is lost in the formation of stable B−H species on...