cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of elliptical cup drawing process of stainless sheet metal

Prandtl-Reuss flow rule and Hill's yield criterion were adopted and combined with the concept of finite deformation theory, updated Lagrangian formulation, and a three-dimensional finite element analytical model was established by application of quadrilateral four-node degenerated shell elements coupling into a rigid matrix to deal with the sheet metal forming problems. The fractured thickness of a specimen obtained from a simple tension test was used to be the fracture criterion for the numerical analysis to explore the relationship between punch load and stroke, the thickness distribution, the deformation history and the forming limit of work-piece in the elliptical cup drawing process. The numerical analysis and experiment results show that the punch load increases with the increase of punch stroke, and when the load reaches its maximum, the blank continues to deform with the increase of the punch stroke, resulting in a reduced load until the extension is completed. The minimum thickness of the work-piece concentrates in the contact region of the work-piece and long axis of the punch due to the smaller radius of the curvature of the long axis than the short axis. So the blanks bore the maximum tensile stress in the long axis. Through the limit drawing ratio defined by perimeter of the elliptical punch, the limit drawing ratio of this elliptical cup drawing is defined to be 2.136.
FBXL2 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase subunit that triggers mitotic arrest

Mitotic progression is regulated by ubiquitin E3 ligase complexes to carefully orchestrate eukaryotic cell division. Here, we show that a relatively new E3 ligase component belonging to the SCF (Skip-Cullin1-F-box protein) E3 ligase family, SCFFBXL2, impairs cell proliferation by mediating cyclin D3 polyubiquitination and degradation. Both cyclin D3 and FBXL2 colocalize within the centrosome. FBXL2 overexpression led to G2/M-phase arrest in transformed epithelia, resulting in the appearance of supernumerary centrosomes, tetraploidy and nuclei where condensed chromosomes are arranged on circular monopolar spindles typical of mitotic arrest. RNAi-mediated knockdown of cyclin D3 recapitulated effects of SCFFBXL2 expression. SCFFBXL2 impaired the ability of cyclin D3 to associate with centrosomal assembly proteins [Aurora A, polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4), CDK11]. Thus, these results suggest a role for SCFFBXL2 in regulating the fidelity of cellular division.
Computer Solution of the Discrete Maximum Entropy Problem

Consider an experiment with a finite number of outcomes. Suppose, for example, we are given the following data on the yield strength of a Bofors steel [8], [9]: Suppose also that we know the means of certain random variables relating to our experiment; in the above example we might calculate the mean and variance of the observed outcomes: ,/ = 35.6, o2 = 4.19. On the basis of this information, how should we choose a probability distribution P to best estimate the unknown probability measure P* underlying our experiment? There is, of course, no set solution to this problem. The maximum entropy method, however, is particularly appealing and has received considerable attention in recent years. Introduced by Shannon [7] in connection with communication theory, entropy was given an information theoretic interpretation first formulated by Jaynes [4] and further developed by Tribus [8]. According to Jaynes, P should be chosen to maximize the entropy E:
Lateral Bending-Torsion Vibrations of a Thin Beam Under Parametric Excitation

Abstract : A thin plate-like cantilever beam, well below static lateral buckling under gravity, is subjected to vertical harmonic excitation of its base. The governing equations reduce to systems of two Mathieu equations coupled mainly by symmetric, off-diagonal parametric excitation terms. For such cases, the primary instability regions are shown to occur near forcing frequencies (omega sub F) = (omega sub i) + (omega sub j), with each mode oscillating at its own natural frequency, omega sub i. Experiments performed on an actual beam confirm this behavior. Since the beam had nonlinear damping, the instability regions settled down to steady limit cycles whose frequencies and amplitudes were well predicted by theory. The simultaneous excitation of two modes, each oscillating at its own natural frequency, may be of considerable interest in vibration testing of actual structures. (Author)
Optimization of a neutrino factory experiment

We discuss the optimization of a neutrino factory experiment for neutrino oscillation physics in terms of muon energy, baselines, and oscillation channels.
Imaging probes of tau pathology.

Structure Guided Chemistry, Dart Neuroscience LLC, 7473 Lusk Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States, and AdjunctAssociate Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, New College Building,245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
STIMULATION OF GERMINATION OF DORMANT LETTUCE SEED BY SULPHUR COMPOUNDS.

Numerous agents have been reported as effective in promoting germination of dormant lettuce seed. Borthwick and Bobbins (1) found that the percentage of lettuce seed germinating at temperatures above 25? C. is increased by high oxygen pressure. Thornton (17) reported that good germination was obtained at temperatures as high as 35? C. if the surrounding atmosphere contained from 40 to 80 per cent, of carbon dioxide. Shuck (14, 15), Flint (7), and Flint and McAlister (8) have reported on the influence of light on the germination of dormant lettuce seed. Denny (2, 3) and Miller (13) have studied the influence of certain sulphur compounds on the breaking of dormancy in the potato tuber. That certain sulphur compounds are also effective in breaking dormancy in lettuce seed was reported by the writers (16). The present paper is a more complete report of studies made on the influence of chemicals in stimulating germination of lettuce seed under conditions that result in poor germination if the seed is not given some special treatment.
Novel laser system for ultrafast spectroscopy

The design and performance of a cavity-dumped Ti:sapphire oscillator and short pulse-pumped amplifier system is presented. Dumped pulses as short as 12 fs nJ in energy, with 70-80 percent dumping efficiency are made possible by a stretched dumper-arm configuration. The oscillator yields stable, reliable, and reproducible pulses. Pulse duration and phase structure are analyzed via wavelength-resolved nonresonant scattering. Single and multi-pass amplification schemes and performance results are described. The optical continuum generated using single-pass amplified pulses is characterized by frequency-resolved cross-correlations.
Structure of PAMAM dendrimers: Generations 1 through 11

The structure and dynamics of poly(amido amide) (PAMAM) dendrimers have been of great interest both scientifically and industrially, but such important features as the distributions of atoms, channels, and strain inside these molecules remain unresolved. This paper reports results from systematic investigations of the atomistic structure of ethylenediamine (EDA) cored PAMAM dendrimer up through the 11th generation (294 852 atoms), at which point the strain energy has risen to a point that limits uniform growth of additional layers. Here we report, as a function of generation, structural properties such as radius of gyration, shape tensor, asphericity, fractal dimension, monomer density distribution, solvent accessible surface area, molecular volume, and end group distribution functions, all evaluated from extensive molecular dynamics (MD) at 300 K. We find that the radius of gyration scales as Rg ∼ N1/3 over the entire range of generations, suggesting rather uniform space filling for all generations. Contrary to common expectation, we find that the outer subgenerations penetrate substantially into the interior of the dendrimer, even for G11. Consequently, the terminal amine groups are distributed throughout the interior, not just on the periphery of the dendrimer. However for G6 through G11 there is a large region of uniform density, supporting the uniform scattering model often used in interpreting the SANS (small-angle neutron scattering) and SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) data, which lead to sizes in excellent agreement with the calculations. The calculated single particle form factor approaches that of a sphere as the generation number increases. For the larger generations, we found that the use of continuous configuration biased Monte Carlo (CCBB MC) was essential to construct initial configurations that lead to lower final strain energies.
Concomitant positive reactions to allergens in a patch testing standard series from 1988-1997.

Background: Patch testing is a useful diagnostic technique in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Concomitant reactions may reflect associations between tested allergens. Objective: This study was performed to identify positive correlations between reactions to test substances in a standard screening series. The results of patch testing in patients seen from 1988 to 1997 are described. Methods: Data were collected from chart review for patients who underwent patch testing to the full standard screening series at the Massachusetts General Hospital Contact Dermatitis Clinic. The Fisher exact test was used to evaluate associations between allergens. Results: A total of 927 patients were patch tested to 22 allergens included in a screening tray. The mean age was 43.9 years, and 68.6% were women. Two or more positive reactions occurred in 36.5% of patients. Reactions to 13 pairs of allergens were found to be significantly correlated: balsam of Peru/fragrance mix, carba mix/thiuram mix, carba mix/paraben mix, cobalt chloride/potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride/nickel sulfate, ethylenediamine/neomycin sulfate, formaldehyde/imidazolidinyl urea, formaldehyde/paraben mix, formaldehyde/quaternium-15, imidazolidinyl urea/quaternium-15, neomycin sulfate/potassium dichromate, paraben mix/quaternium-15, and potassium dichromate/thimerosal. Conclusion: Concomitant reactions to 13 pairs of allergens in a standard series occurred at a rate greater than would be predicted by chance. Such associations may reflect cross-sensitization or cosensitization.
PET scan investigations of Huntington's disease: Cerebral metabolic correlates of neurological features and functional decline

Fifteen drug-free patients with early to midstage Huntington's disease were evaluated with quantitative neurological examinations, scales for functional capacity, computed tomographic (CT) scans, and positron emission tomographic (PET) scans of 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake. All patients had abnormal indices of caudate metabolism on PET scanning, whereas in patients with early disease indices of putamen metabolism and CT measures of caudate atrophy were normal. Indices of caudate metabolism correlated highly with the patients' overall functional capacity (r = 0.906; p less than 0.001) and bradykinesia/rigidity (r = -0.692; p less than 0.01). Indices of putamen metabolism correlated highly with motor functions: chorea (r = -0.841; p less than 0.01), oculomotor abnormalities (r = -0.849; p less than 0.01), and fine motor coordination (r = -0.866; p less than 0.01). Indices of thalamic metabolism correlated positively with dystonia (r = 0.559; p less than 0.05). The data suggest that PET scanning with 18F-FDG is a sensitive measure of brain dysfunction in Huntington's disease and that basal ganglia metabolism is highly correlated with the overall functional capacity of individual patients and with the degree of their motor abnormalities.
Nurses' Political Involvement: Responsibility Versus Privilege

Nursing apathy toward participation in the political process is pandemic. Never more so than today has the profession needed a strong united stand within the political arena. Political involvement encompasses being knowledgeable about issues, laws, and health policy. Barriers to political activism are thought to encompass several spectra including heavy workloads, feelings of powerlessness, time constraints, sex issues, and lack of understanding of a complex political process. The implementation of a political role for a nurse is based on three levels of commitment including survival, success, and significance. Survival includes individual involvement within communities. Success accepts challenges in addressing injustices especially within the health-care arena. Significant involvement uses visionary nurses toward the betterment of the nurse profession. Strategies for involvement include political awareness, incorporation of course/program expectations on both undergraduate and graduate levels and teamwork. As patient advocates, nurses cannot continue to be spectators in the political arena.
Stability of amino acids and galactose in the newborn screening filter paper blood specimen.

A POTENTIAL ADVANTAGE of filter paper blood specimens for neonatal screening of inborn errors of metabolism is the ease with which they can be saved for future studies. The specimen cards may be stored in files or boxes without the requirements of liquid specimens for space, protection against breakage, and refrigeration. Filter paper specimens saved are suitable for certain retrospective metabolic studies, ~'2 but this suitability has not been established for the amino acids that are central to the metabolic disorders for which screening is conducted, or for galactose, also a key metabolite in newborn screening. Information about the stability of metabolites in stored filter paper blood specimens is also necessary when retesting the original specimen to determine whether a child with a metabolic disorder not detected by newborn screening had the abnormality in the newborn period. If the results on retesting are a valid reflection of the neonatal value, biologic variation can be distinguished from error in the testing process~; otherwise, the results on retesting may be misleading. We examined the stability to bacterial assay of certain amino acids and of galactose in filter paper blood specimens by comparing values obtained after years of storage with those recorded when the specimens were initially tested.
Calculation of grain-boundary segregation in Ni-Cu alloys

The equilibrium segregation at symmetric twist grain boundaries in Ni-Cu alloys is computed with use of Monte Carlo simulations combined with the Daw-Baskes embedded-atom method. These simulations include both compositional rearrangements and atomic displacements. The boundaries studied are the \ensuremath{\Sigma}5, \ensuremath{\Sigma}13, and \ensuremath{\Sigma}61 [001] symmetric twist boundaries. It is found that Cu segregates to the boundary and that the change in composition is confined to a few atomic layers near the boundary. The degree of segregation was found to be greater for Ni-rich alloys and for large-angle boundaries. The variation of the concentration within the planes parallel to the boundary for a low-angle twist boundary is studied and the variations correlated with the positions of the boundary dislocations.
Nanocrystalline Fe88−2xCoxNixZr7B4Cu1 alloys: Soft magnets for vehicle electrification technologies (invited)

We report on the effect of substituting Co and Ni for Fe on the crystallization behavior, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of Fe88−2xCoxNixZr7B4Cu1 (x = 0–22.00). The magnetization generally decreases and the coercivity increases with increasing x, whereas the Curie temperature of the amorphous phase increases significantly (from 73 °C at x = 0 to 570 °C at x = 22.00). There is thus an optimum composition near x = 5.50 exhibiting excellent soft magnetic properties at 300–500 °C. The higher magnetization and Curie temperature as compared with Fe-based alloys, and smaller Co content as compared with (Fe,Co)-based alloys, make this alloy attractive as an affordable high-temperature soft magnetic material.
On imperfect contacting in batch heterogeneous chemical reaction systems—II. The effective scalar diffusion coefficient for a class of multicomponent chemical networks

For a certain simple class of chemical reaction networks, viz. rank K = 1, the introduction of an effective scalar diffusion coefficient allows the vector integro-differential equation describing the performance of a multicomponent batch heterogeneous chemical reaction system to be reduced to the scalar integro-differential equation solved earlier in a study of isomerization networks. In particular if the reaction 1 ⇄ 2 takes place in an inert solvent then in the limit of infinite dilution the effective scalar diffusion coefficient reduces to 1/√ ¢D = X1*/√D22+X2*/√D11. We translate into the framework of our model the experimental studies of slurry reaction systems thought to be chemically controlled, e.g., the studies of Satterfield and Kolbel and Maening. We estimate the degree of chemical disguise, finding it to be important in the intermediate to high temperature range of the latter.
The radiorenogram in experimental hypertension.

SummaryRenographic studies with o-iodohippurate-I131 were performed on 21 dogs before and after the onset of hypertension experimentally induced by constricting the renal artery. Sixteen of the dogs tolerated the constriction of the artery and showed no changes in the renographic findings. Five animals died from severe renal damage following surgical procedures; renograms of these 5 animals demonstrated reduced renal function.The radioisotope renogram may not show any abnormality in the presence of experimental renal hypertension.
Variability in the terminations of GABAergic chandelier cell axons on initial segments of pyramidal cell axons in the monkey sensory‐motor cortex

Chandelier cell axons were studied in the sensory-motor cortex of adult monkeys. The axonal fields of Golgi-impregnated chandelier cells in layer II in motor cortex are flattened sagittally. The vertical terminal portions of the axons varied both in length and in the numbers converging to form terminations of greater or lesser complexity. Golgi-impregnated plexuses were embedded in plastic and resectioned serially at 2.5-3.0 micrograms. A single axonal field could have as many as 400 terminal rows. All lie 3-13 micrograms beneath pyramidal cell somata. These terminations are not randomly distributed but instead, form clusters. Further resectioning the plastic sections for electron microscopy revealed that all the terminations are on the initial axon segments of pyramidal cells and all form symmetric synaptic contacts. In immunocytochemical material stained for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA, GAD-positive boutons were found to form symmetric synaptic contacts with a variety of postsynaptic elements including the axon hillocks and axon initial segments of pyramidal cells. Serial reconstructions from electron micrographs revealed GAD-positive terminals synapsing with the axon initial segment of pyramidal cells joined by cytoplasmic bridges and forming vertically oriented rows identical to those of chandelier cell terminals identified positively in the resectioned Golgi material. The GAD-positive terminals forming initial segment synapses were never continuous with GAD-positive terminals forming axo hillock synapses. The latter probably arise from basket cell axons. Initial segments of pyramidal cell axons in layers II and III were contacted by more GAD-positive terminals than the initial segments of pyramidal cell axons in layer V. The largest pyramidal cells in layer III received the most synapses. Many larger pyramidal cells, identified as callosally projecting cells by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), were shown in serial electron micrographs to possess large numbers of initial segment synapses, comparable to those seen in the immunocytochemical material. Serial reconstructions of pyramidal cell axons from axon hillock to the first myelin internode in resectioned Golgi, immunocytochemical and HRP material showed that the number of synapses varied from 2 to 52 for layers II and III and from 2 to 26 for layer V. The number of synapses on the axon hillocks varied from zero to 12. The variability in these terminations may be an important factor in the shaping of the functional properties of the pyramidal cells.
The informativeness and ability of independent multi-firm directors

Abstract Motivated by SEC regulations requiring a majority of independent directors on corporate boards, we examine director informativeness and ability by observing the trading performance of independent directors who serve on multiple boards. As a proxy for informativeness, we find positive trading performance relative to purchases and sales. More impressive, these performance opportunities appear to be available to market participants who observe directors' Form 4 trades. We do not find evidence that diversification motives or busyness affects director trading performance. On the other hand, we do find that audit and compensation committee memberships enhance director trading performance on the sales side but that committee membership does not affect the profitability of director purchases. In comparison, multi-firm directors out-perform single-firm directors and this performance differential seems to be more attributable to superior ability than to better information.
Melampodium leucanthum, a Source of Cytotoxic Sesquiterpenes with Antimitotic Activities

A new tricyclic sesquiterpene, named meleucanthin (1), was isolated from an extract of the leaves and branches of Melampodium leucanthum, along with four known germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones, leucanthin-A (2), leucanthin-B (3), melampodin-A acetate (4), and 3α-hydroxyenhydrin (5). The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometric data. All compounds exhibited antiproliferative and cytotoxic efficacy against PC-3 and DU 145 prostate cancer cells, as well as HeLa cervical cancer cells, with IC50 values ranging from 0.18 to 9 μM. These compounds were effective in clonogenic assays and displayed high cellular persistence. They were also found to be capable of circumventing P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance. Mechanism of action studies showed that 4 caused an accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and 2–5 caused the formation of abnormal mitotic spindles. These results suggest the cytotoxic effects of these germacranolides involve in...
The effects of zoning on population and employment density

This article examines zoning's impacts on population and employment density. It develops a model to explore the effects of zoning on the density of residential and nonresidential land use. Drawing on this model, density gradients that incorporate the effects of zoning are estimated for Greensboro, North Carolina. The model is used to simulate the effects of a change in restrictive-use residential zoning. The simulation shows that a 1 percent increase in the level of restrictive-use residential zoning across all neighborhoods in the city is associated with a 0.3 percent increase in gross population density and a 0.1 percent decline in net density (intensity). It suggests that restrictive-use zoning affects both the density and the intensity of residential land use through its effects on the value of residential land.
The implementation of solution-focused therapy to increase foster care placement stability

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) in promoting foster care placement stability in an urban residential treatment facility. Thirty one adolescents with a history of multiple placements were compared to their first and second years in the facility. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was the preferred treatment method in year one; SFBT was the preferred treatment method in year two. Co-developer of solution-focused brief therapy trained the staff for a week followed by three-day trainings at three and six months. The number of disruptions in the teens' year prior to staff training was compared to the number in the subsequent year. The mean number of disruptions decreased from M = 6.29 (SD = 3.6) to M = 1.45 (SD = .68), p
Deuterium Tunneling in Triplet 5,8-Dimethyl-1-tetralone by Phosphorescence Detection between 80 and 15 K

Phosphorescence measurements with 5,8-dimethyl-1-tetralone (DMT) and 5,8-dimethyl-1-tetralone-d8 (DMT-d8) in methylcyclohexane were carried out between 15 and 80 K to analyze their triplet-state hydrogen- and deuterium-transfer reactions. As expected for a decay process displaying a very large isotope effect, emission could be observed only for the deuterated compound. Phosphorescence intensities and decay measurements in the case of DMT-d8 were analyzed to determine the rates of deuterium transfer which were used to build an Arrhenius plot where tunneling can be readily identified. A temperature-independent triplet state reaction rate (kD(QMT) = (5 ± 1) × 102 s-1) below 40 K was assigned to quantum mechanical tunneling. Detection of the photoproduct after irradiation at 77 and 15 K was accomplished by fluorescence and by FTIR spectroscopy. Results obtained in this study are in excellent agreement with laser flash photolysis results reported by Al-Soufi et al. (Al-Soufi, W.; Eychmuller, A.; Grellmann, K. ...
Microgeometry of end surfaces in bidirectional grinding

The influence of kinematic factors on the surface microgeometry in bidirectional end grinding is investigated. A relation is established between the machining precision and the roughness of the machined surfaces.
Iteration of hybridoma growth and productivity in hollow fiber bioreactors using 31P NMR.

Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to isolated or cultured mammalian cells have been limited because of technical difficulties in maintaining cultures at the extremely high densities required by NMR. Among the well-engineered systems available for such analyses, hollow fiber bioreactors (HFBRs) can maintain the greatest cell density. This attribute of HFBRs makes them ideal for application to NMR-based studies. These systems are currently being applied in biotechnology, where they are used for the production of mammalian cell-derived products, such as monoclonal antibodies. In this paper, the application of a HFBR system designed especially for NMR-based investigations is described. Performance of this system is monitored by NMR and the resulting stability and density of hybridoma cultures are reported. The resulting signal-to-noise per unit time is the highest seen to date for a mammalian cell system. © 1991 Academic Press. Inc.
Applications Of Optics To Army Radar Systems

The Army has maintained a low continuing profile of interest in optical data processing for radar systems. The field is finally reaching a degree of maturity, as evidenced by this conference. Is the time at hand to start seriously applying optics investigation to radar systems, or are we still in a pie-in-the-sky mode? I believe that most of the straightforward, easy applications have been preempted by the fantastic developments in digital circuitry; but, there are radar systems and possibilities which are hard to imagine without the power of an optical computing system. ODP has made great strides recently, but there are still gaps before we apply our concepts to fielded systems.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Views about science — technology — society interactions held by college students in general education physics and sts courses

This study examined whether and to what extent a general education STS and physics courses helped college students build more informed, realistic views about the interactions among science, technology, and society. Two samples took part in the study, one consisting of 138 college students enrolled in a general education STS course, STS 200-Critical Issues in Science, Technology and Society, and the other comprising 122 college students enrolled in a general education physics course, PHYS 001-The Science of Physics, at a large eastern land grant university. Pretest and posttest data were collected using 16 multiple-choice items selected from the 114 items in the Views on Science-Technology-Society (VOSTS) item pool. The findings for each of the 16 VOSTS items were treated descriptively. Additionally, a special scoring procedure was devised for the VOSTS items to allow the use of inferential statistics. The STS students moved toward more “realistic” views of STS interactions on a number of VOSTS items and toward more “naive” views on other VOSTS items. The findings supported the value of general education STS courses. However, they also suggested that courses like STS 200 have room for improvement. The PHYS 001 course had almost no impact on students' views of STS interactions. It should not be expected that college general education science courses, such as PHYS 001, will help students develop more adequate, realistic understandings of the STS interactions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Presynaptic control of neurones in pattern-generating networks

Recent studies have revealed presynaptic influences on neurones that participate in rhythmic motor patterns. Although there is still little direct information about the effects of these inputs at presynaptic terminals, their functional consequences are being unraveled. These presynaptic influences gate sensory input to pattern-generating networks and locally alter the synaptic strength and/or the activity pattern of network neurones.
Linearization of a scalar matrix operator method radiative transfer model with respect to aerosol and surface properties

Abstract In this paper, we review the radiative transfer formalism of the matrix operator method, and present the analytic form for its differentiation with respect to aerosol optical thickness, microphysical parameters and surface parameters. This “linearization” is an exact method that allows for an accurate and speedy computation of the Jacobian matrix, which is key to most optimization-based retrieval methods. We define an aerosol in terms of its optical thickness, complex refractive index and lognormal size distribution. We consider a bimodal aerosol distribution, consisting of a fine and coarse mode, such that the two modes also differ in their respective complex refractive indices. Three types of surfaces have been considered, viz. a purely Lambertian surface, a modified Rahman–Pinty–Verstraete bidirectional reflecting surface, and a Fresnel-reflecting ocean surface. We verify our results by comparing our linearized Jacobians of normalized intensities calculated at four different wavelengths in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) and viewing angles ranging from −75° through 0° to 75° with those computed by the method of finite differences. We demonstrate the guaranteed accuracy of the linearized approach by contrasting it with the finite difference method which can only be used as a rough estimate due to its sensitivity to step size, especially for derivatives with respect to aerosol microphysical parameters. We also report that the computational speed-up due to linearization improves with the number of parameters involved, parity being achieved with the finite difference method for just one parameter. Finally, we discuss the features of the illustrated Jacobians as a function of viewing angle and wavelengths.
Sexual partners and use of emergency contraception.

Abstract Objective This study investigates the role of male sexual partners and relationships in determining whether women seek emergency contraception (EC) when needed. Study design Data on EC use from a clinic-based sample of sexually active women, aged 15 to 30 years, in the San Francisco Bay area (n=497) were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Results show that factors measuring power dynamics, such as male dominant decision making (odds ratio [OR]=4.1, P =.035) and pressure for sex (OR=2.7, P =.006), as well as a strong desire to avoid pregnancy on the part of the male partner (OR=4.2, P ≤ .001), have a significant association with the use of EC. However, relationship factors known to be associated with use of other contraceptive methods, such as communication, satisfaction, and commitment, show no association with EC use. Conclusion Factors predicting EC use, including male partner and relationship factors, may not always be evident to a clinician, so it is important to include EC as part of routine counseling.
The amazon law: Will you pay web sales tax?

Increased sales taxes can certainly impact a company's cash flow. Unfortunately, in this recession, tax revenues have dropped for the states, so they are looking for ways to boost taxes. One idea is to tax sales made over the Internet by state residents. New York has led the way with the 2008 “Amazon Law,” taxing online purchases by state residents if the online retailer has “affiliates” in New York. And many other states have considered similar legislation. Will your company soon be paying more Web sales tax? What strategies might help avoid this obligation? © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR ARTICLE Rethinking women's sexual orientation: An interdisciplinary, relationship‐focused approach

What leads some women to form romantic and sexual relationships with men, and other women to form intimate relationships with women? This article presents a new conceptual paradigm for understanding women's sexual orientation that is emerging from research in such diverse fields as social psychology, sex research, evolutionary psychology, attachment theory, and neuroscience. This approach acknowledges the potential plasticity of women's sexuality and the emphasis that women place on close relationships as a context for sexuality. Research also raises the possibility that for women the biological determinants of sexual desire, attraction, and attachment are not inherently linked to a partner's gender. This article begins with a brief survey of research on women's same-sex romantic and sexual relationships not only in the United States today but also in other cultures and historical periods. These and other findings are used to critique prevailing conceptual models of women's sexual orientation. Finally, key elements in an alternative paradigm are described.
Transition-state affinity purification of proteases; the preparation of an argininal affinity resin for the selective binding of trypsin-like proteases.

Abstract An affinity resin containing Argininal (aldehyde) ligands is synthesized for the purification of proteases with trypsin-like specificity. The synthesis of arginine semicarbazone (Argal-SC) from Cbz-(ω-NO2)-L-Arg, the joining of Argal-SC to an agarose matrix, and the removal of the semicarbazone function to form argininal is described. Argininal binds proteases by forming a hemiacetal with the serine nucleophile of the protease with high specificity due to the transition-state like features of the adduct. Thus the resin binds trypsin more strongly than resins that only associate by non-covalent interactions. The trypsin is eluted in quantitative yield by a semicarbazide containing buffer.
Testing the Patron-Driven Model: Availability Analysis of First-Time Use Books

With shrinking book budgets, traditional collection building, or the “just in case” purchasing model, has been supplemented at many libraries by patron-driven purchasing. Targeting 2012 first-time use print titles as a sample, this study tests the feasibility of moving to a large-scale patron-driven model for the acquisition of print books. Results reveal a broad spectrum of publication dates for titles used. Overall, 76% of the titles were available for purchase in print and 5% were freely available online with a 2% overlap. The remaining print titles were available through interlibrary loan, leaving fewer than 1% or 13 titles unavailable, thus demonstrating a reasonable success rate.
Estimating the Reservoir Potential Through Integration of Multiple Attributes

Summary We describe an approach for estimating the reservoir potential by integrating multiple attributes derived from various input sources. We present both a simple heuristic method and one based on fuzzy logic, and show the two are effectively identical. Both methods can be implemented in the forward sense (without utilizing knowledge from existing wells) or the inverse sense (using existing well information to condition the final outcome). We applied the method to assess the reservoir quality throughout the Haradh region of the Ghawar Field of Saudi Arabia and evaluated the validity of the study by analyzing the outcome of wells drilled on the basis of this analysis.
The Growth of the Pacific Edible Crab, Cancer magister Dana

Approximately 20,000 measurements were made of crabs and cast exoskeletons, chiefly from Boundary bay, southern British Columbia. From size frequencies of crabs under 3 cm. seven modes have been identified as representing the early post-larval instars. Increase in size of animals in the laboratory or in live wells is significantly less than in nature, and leads to erroneous results when applied to growth. The increase per moult decreases from about 40 per cent in the early post-larval stages to about 15 per cent in males of 13.5 cm. and 10 per cent in females of 13.0 cm. Above 10 cm. the males increase more per moult. The intervals between moults become progressively longer with increasing size, and tagging experiments indicate that large crabs moult yearly. Probably to reach the maximum size, seventeen and sixteen post-larval instars are required for males and females respectively. Sexual maturity in female crabs is probably attained during the fourth or fifth year but may occur in the third or the sixth...
“Mass-ive” infarction: Case report and review of myocardial metastatic malignancies

Metastatic cancers to the heart are uncommon but occur up to 20 to 40 times more frequently than primary tumors of the heart. Cardiac metastases from lung cancer are rarely diagnosed ante mortem and usually cause no symptoms or signs. In this case report cardiac metastasis from a primary adenosquamous cancer of the lung presented as myocardial infarction in a 61-year-old man. His diagnosis was made and confirmed via multimodality imaging of the heart, which is also reviewed in depth.
Cardiac Critical Care After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a new therapy for severe aortic stenosis now available in the United States. Initial patients eligible for TAVR are defined by high operative risk, with advanced age and multiple comorbidities. Following TAVR, patients experience acute hemodynamic changes and several possible complications, including hypotension, vascular injury, anemia, stroke, new-onset atrial fibrillation, conduction disturbances and kidney injury, requiring an acute phase of intensive care. Alongside improvements in TAVR technology and technique, improvements in care after TAVR may contribute to improved outcomes. This review presents an approach to post-TAVR critical care and identifies directions for future research.
Effect of substrate generation current on oxide I-V measurement on p-type MOS structures

Abstract The values of the bulk generation current and surface generation current extracted from slow ramp I - V and C - V measurements of p -type substrate MOS capacitors are found to be consistent with the results from transient capacitance measurement. The shape of the I - V curve for high positive gate biases is found to depend on the formation of a deep depletion region in the p -type substrate.
Comparison of macroinvertebrate assemblages inhabiting pristine streams in the Huron Mountains of Michigan, USA

Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were surveyed from similar erosional biotopes of four pristine streams in the remote Huron Mountain region of the upper peninsula of Michigan during the summers of 1992 and 1993. Semi-quantitative samples from five sites, each in a 1.5 km stretch of Mountain Stream, Pine River, Salmon-Trout River and Huron River, were the basis for structural and functional comparisons between streams. Ancillary water chemistry data reflect the relative pollution free nature of these streams. Both water chemistry and macroinvertebrate data served as the first baseline data for Huron Mountain streams. No new or rare species were found among the 194 species sampled. Temporal differences in taxonomic makeup within streams were due to differences among insect species life cycles. Taxonomic makeup between streams was generally similar, but certain differences are shown to be possibly related to factors such as lake sources, interspecific interactions, and stream size. Based on relative abundance of each functional feeding group, assemblages in all streams were functionally similar and collector-dominated. ANOVA results indicated significant differences in functional feeding group abundance and biomass between streams in every case. The functional variations reflected by specific differences in taxonomic composition between stream assemblages are discussed.
Dissolution of metallic uranium and its alloys, Part II: Screening study results: Identification of an effective non-thermal uranium dissolution method

Screening experiments were performed to evaluate reagent systems that deactivate pyrophoric, metallic depleted uranium waste streams at ambient temperature. The results presented led to the selection of two systems, which would be investigated further, for the design of the LLNL onsite treatment process of metallic depleted uranium wastes. The two feasible systems are: (a) 7.5 mol/l H2
Transmembrane Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation by Selectively Activating TNF Receptor 1

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is a potent cytokine with multiple biological activities and exists in two forms as follows: a 17-kDa soluble form that is a cleaved product of the 26-kDa transmembrane form (mTNFalpha). It has been suggested that the transmembrane form of TNFalpha is mainly responsible for localized responses via cell-cell contact. Here, we have examined the activities of transmembrane TNFalpha in cultured adipocytes. A non-cleavable transmembrane form of TNFalpha (mTNFDelta1-9K11E) was expressed in several preadipocyte cell lines using retroviral gene transfer. In wild type preadipocytes carrying both TNF receptors, expression of mTNFDelta1-9K11E resulted in inhibition of the differentiation program. The extent of this varied depending on the nature and strength of the adipogenic stimuli. The TNF receptor responsible for this function was determined by expressing mTNFDelta1-9K11E in preadipocyte cell lines lacking either TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), 2 (TNFR2), or both. In order to confirm the results in the same cellular background, TNF receptors were also reconstituted in the cell lines lacking corresponding receptors. These experiments demonstrated that TNFR1 was necessary and sufficient for mediating mTNFDelta1-9K11E-induced inhibition of adipogenesis and that this action was similar to that of soluble TNFalpha. In conclusion, our results indicate that mTNFDelta1-9K11E is biologically active in cultured adipocytes and can alter the adipogenic program of these cells by selectively activating TNFR1. This may have physiological implications where local TNFalpha actions are thought to be generated at sites such as adipose tissue.
108 Rectal Examination for Children with Constipation: A Lost Art?

Introduction: Constipation has been one of the most common diseases referred to the pediatric gastroenterology clinic, reaching up to 30% of all clinic referrals. Digital rectal examination is the sole direct examination which can assess constipation and its complications including: fecal impaction, soiling, and anal fissures. Aim: To investigate the rectal examination rate performed in children who were referred to our clinic for constipation, encopresis, and/or rectal bleeding. Methods: Constipated children were evaluated for the following data: demographics, diagnosis at referral, performing of digital examination, therapy, digital examination findings by the specialist, and recommended treatment. Results: A total of 94 children participated. The mean age was 7.5 + 4.0 years, and M/F ratio was 1:0.6. The median round trip traveling time for patients was 2.66 hrs (range: 0.3- 4.2 hours). The diagnosis at referral was constipation/ encoprsis in 78 (82%) children, rectal bleeding in 12 (13%), and other in 4 (5%). Diagnostic abdominal X-ray was performed in 14 (15%) children. Rectal examination by PCP prior to referral was only performed in 15 (16%) children vs. 90 (96%) by the specialist. In 4 (4%) children rectal examination was deferred by the specialist due to parental/patient refusal. Rectal examination by the specialist revealed the following findings: empty ampula (rectal vault) in 14 (15%) children, fecal impaction in 18 (19%), anal fissure in 20 (21%), hard stool in 10 (11%), hemorrhoids/fissure in 3 (4%), and anterior anal displacement in 1 (2%). Laxative treatment was given by the primary physicians in 68 (69%) children and rectal enema in 28 (29%). Lavage solution treatment (PEG 3350) was prescribed only in 30 (31%) children. Conclusion: Digital examination is under performed. This practice may cause a misdiagnosis and unjustified referral. Education of primary physicians in constipation for children is clearly warranted.
A review and a model of decorating behavior in spider crabs (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majidae)

Spider crabs (family Majidae) often decorate themselves: that is, they put pieces of marine organisms among the hooked setae of the exoskeleton. This behavior can be absent in large crabs or those that live at great depths, on sand or in narrow crevices. Although some species put edible materials on their bodies and later remove and eat them, the majority of the spider crabs decorate themselves to camouflage themselves against predators. A model of the level of decoration is presented, from none at all to complete coverage of the dorsal surface. Important factors that affect the level are the evolutionary state, habitat, size, feeding and particularly the predators of the species of spider crab.
Haloperidol reduces ethanol-induced motor activity stimulation but not conditioned place preference.

This experiment examined the impact of a dopamine receptor blocker on ethanol's rewarding effect in a place conditioning paradigm. DBA/2J mice received four pairings of a tactile stimulus with ethanol (2 g/kg, IP), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, IP) + ethanol, or haloperidol alone. A different stimulus was paired with saline. Ethanol produced increases in locomotor activity that were reduced by haloperidol. However, conditioned preference for the ethanol-paired stimulus was not affected by haloperidol. Haloperidol alone decreased locomotor activity during conditioning and produced a place aversion. These results indicate a dissociation of ethanol's activating and rewarding effects. Moreover, they suggest that ethanol's ability to induce conditioned place preference is mediated by nondopaminergic mechanisms.