cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving parallelism of federated query processing

Many large enterprises require access to distributed databases for business intelligence (BI) applications. Typically, distributed database are integrated into a centralized data warehouse for the benefit of easy maintenance. However, this approach needs to overcome the complexity of data loading and job scheduling as well as scalability issues. On the other hand, the approach of a fully federated system may not be feasible for data-intensive BI applications. The hybrid approach via intelligent data placement is more flexible and applicable than centralized or full-federation configurations. The current implementation of the hybrid approach to integrating distributed databases is to aggregate selected data from various remote sources as materialized views and cache them at the federation server to improve the performance of complex BI query workloads. In this paper, we propose an improvement that recommends Materialized Query Tables (MQTs) for backend servers for the benefits of load distribution and easy maintenance of aggregated data in conjunction with the current hybrid approach of data placement. Our approach considers the correlation between backend servers and recommends MQTs that are well coordinated among the backend servers and optimized for the workload. We also exploit the parallelism property among the backend servers to make our approach run almost linearly (in contrast to exponentially) with respect to the number of backend servers, without sacrificing its recommendation quality. Experimental evaluations validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
Portuguese Settlement of the Chaul/Korlai area and the Formation of Korlai Creole Portuguese

A perspective is offered on the social and historical developments surrounding the formation of Korlai Creole Portuguese (kcp), a creole language spoken in the village of Korlai, located around 150 kms south of Mumbai. I argue that lower-caste Hindus who were enslaved by the Portuguese in the Chaul-Korlai area were instrumental in the creation of kcp. I claim that kcp formed by 1530 and that it has been maintained up to the present day due in large part to the isolation of its speakers because of their religion, their caste and their occupation.
Driving of combustor oscillations by gaseous propellant injectors

Measurements of reactive admittances that describe the capabilities of the combustion processes associated with coaxial gaseous fuel injectors to amplify combustor oscillations are presented. These admittances are needed in (1) stability analyses of rocket motors and gas turbine combustors; (2) for the evaluation of 'driving' capabilities of injectors; and (3) for checking the applicability of a theoretical model. The modified standing-wave technique was used to determine the admittances of the combustion processes in coaxial injectors utilizing air-acetylene mixtures. The measurements indicated that (1) coaxial injectors can sustain combustion instabilities over wide frequency ranges; (2) the maximum driving capability of an injector decreases with an increased equivalence ratio; (3) the frequency at which maximum driving is observed decreases with the increased equivalence ratio; and (4) the characteristic combustion time of an injector design decreases with increased frequency.
Formulation and implementation of a high-order 3-D domain integral method for the extraction of energy release rates

This article presents a three dimensional (3-D) formulation and implementation of a high-order domain integral method for the computation of energy release rate. The method is derived using surface and domain formulations of the J-integral and the weighted residual method. The J-integral along 3-D crack fronts is approximated by high-order Legendre polynomials. The proposed implementation is tailored for the Generalized/eXtended Finite Element Method and can handle discontinuities arbitrarily located within a finite element mesh. The domain integral calculations are based on the same integration elements used for the computation of the stiffness matrix. Discontinuities of the integrands across crack surfaces and across computational element boundaries are fully accounted for. The proposed method is able to deliver smooth approximations and to capture the boundary layer behavior of the J-integral using tetrahedral meshes. Numerical simulations of mode-I and mixed mode benchmark fracture mechanics examples verify expected convergence rates for the computed energy release rates. The results are also in good agreement with other numerical solutions available in the literature.
Antibiotic Disk Susceptibility Tests with Neisseria gonorrhoeae

We have used a standardized disk diffusion procedure to test the susceptibility of 892 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to six antibiotics. The disk diffusion test described is a modification of the disk test of Bauer, Kirby, Sherris, and Turck, which is widely used for susceptibility testing of fast-growing, aerobic pathogens. With all six antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and cephaloridine), disk test results were found to be reproducible and correlated well with the minimal inhibitory concentration as determined by an agar dilution procedure. The coefficients of correlation ranged from -0.79 with cephaloridine to -0.93 with penicillin. The technique described for disk susceptibility testing of gonococci can be used both for research and clinical purposes.
Measuring melittin binding to planar supported lipid bilayer by chiral second harmonic generation

Abstract Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been used for the label-free detection of melittin upon intercalation into planar-supported lipid bilayers of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphotidylcholine (POPC). A novel counter-propagating SHG optical geometry was used to effectively isolate the achiral and chiral contributions of the surface, thus allowing for an investigation of both binding and structural contributions to melittin adsorption. Melittin binding to the membrane was monitored as a function of bulk concentration through detection of both the chiral and achiral SHG signal. Analysis of the SHG adsorption isotherms revealed Langmuir adsorption behavior for the achiral SH emission and Frumkin adsorption behavior for the chiral SH emission. The binding constants ( K a ) obtained for the chiral and achiral SHG responses were determined to be 8.3±1.0×10 5 and 1.68±0.40×10 7 M −1 respectively. The frequency dependent SHG response was also obtained for the achiral and chiral contributions. The SHG spectra show good correlation with the spectral transitions observed in both the UV–VIS and CD spectra of melittin in solution. The results of these studies have far reaching implications in the use of SHG for the analysis of protein interfacial phenomena.
Lubiprostone for the Treatment of Adults with Constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Chronic constipation and IBS-C are two of the most common functional bowel disorders encountered by primary care providers and gastroenterologists, affecting up to 27% of the population in Western countries [1, 2, 3, 4]. The treatment of these disorders is often empiric and most current therapies are indicated for episodic constipation. Over time, most patients become refractory to one or more laxatives. Lubiprostone (Amitiza) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of chronic-idiopathic constipation [6]. It is an oral bicyclic fatty acid that selectively activates type 2 chloride channels in the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelial cells, hence stimulating chloride secretion, along with passive secretion of sodium and water, inducing peristalsis and laxation, without stimulating gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Several trials have shown it to be effective in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation, and recently also IBS-C. It has little systemic absorption and almost free of any serious adverse effects, however, occasionally can cause nausea. Based on the available evidence, it is reasonable to conclude that lubiprostone should be added to the short list of evidence-based pharmacotherapies for chronic constipation and IBS-C. Given the overlap between chronic constipation and IBS-C, clinicians can consider two strategies when deciding on the initial dose of lubiprostone. Based on current product labeling, it is recommended that 8 μg bid be started in patients with IBS-C whereas 24 μg bid be used in those with chronic constipation. Thus far, lubiprostone offers a novel approach to our therapeutic armamentarium, however, there is a need for more drugs with different mechanisms of action, in order to treat constipation that is often multifunctional.
Kinetics of isomerization of 1,2,6-triaquodiethylenetriaminecobalt(III) cation

Abstract The isomerization of 1, 2, 6-Co(dien) (OH 2 ) 3 3+ to the 1, 2, 3 ( cis or facial) isomer has been studied spectrophotometrically in 0·1 − 1 F HClO 4 at 30–40°. The observed first-order rate constant has the form k = k 1 + ( k 2 ′/[H + ]), and the hydrogen ion dependence has been ascribed to isomerization via a hydroxodiaquo species. In 3·5 M ionic strength (controlled with NaClO 4 ), k 1 = (3·73 ± 0·05) × 10 −5 sec −1 and k 2 ′ = (0·33 ± 0·03) × 10 −5 M sec −1 at 25° (by extrapolation). The activation parameters for the acid-independent ( k 1 ) path are E a = 25·9 ± 0·9 kcal/mole and log PZ (sec −1 ) = 14·6 ± 0·7.
Lack of synergy in the inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by combinations of the 5'-triphosphates of various anti-HIV nucleoside analogs.

Abstract 3′-Deoxy-3′-azidothymidine (AZT) has been shown to synergistically inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in cell culture when combined with several other 2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside analogs. In an effort to understand the biochemical mechanism of this synergy, we have examined the effect of combinations of the 5′-triphosphate of AZT (AZT-TP) with either ddCTP, ddATP, or the 5′-triphosphate of the carbocyclic analog of 2′,3′didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine (carbovir) on both the RNA-directed and DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Kinetic studies, which evaluated the ability of these combinations to competitively inhibit the enzyme, showed that AZT-TP could not bind to the enzyme with either the RNA or DNA template at the same time as either of the other three inhibitors. None of these analogs could affect the incorporation of another analog into the DNA chain by the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. These results indicated that synergistic inhibition of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is not responsible for the synergistic antiviral activity seen in cell culture with combinations of these nucleoside analogs.
A relational framework for join implementation in model management systems

Abstract Two important issues in the design of relational model banks are the degree to which they should be aggregated or disaggregated and the methods by which disaggregated model banks might be integrated in response to user queries. Three topics relevant to this issue are addressed in this paper. The first is whether a universal model and its projections may possess the lossy join property. We will show that they do not. The second is the development of a relational algebra for the specification of join implementation in model banks, and the third is the realization of such an algebra in a language similar to Query-by-Example.
Effect of corrosion on the bond between concrete and steel rebar

Abstract The effect of corrosion on the bond between concrete and steel rebar was studied by measuring both bond strength and contact electrical resistivity. Corrosion of steel rebar in concrete immersed in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution was found to cause the bond strength to increase, and the contact resistivity increased until 5 weeks of corrosion. Further corrosion caused the bond strength to decrease, while the contact resistivity continued to increase.
Behavioral effects of a single neuroleptic treatment grow with the passage of time

Abstract The principal finding of this manuscript is that the incidence of catalepsy observed in the rat after a single administration of low, clinically relevant doses of the dopamine receptor antagonists and antipsychotic agents, haloperidol and fluphenazine hydrochloride, grows over time such that one re-exposure to the same compound up to 8 weeks later results in a marked enchancement (i.e. sensitization) of this response. This phenomenon appears to be independent of pharmacokinetic or conditioning factors as well as alterations in dopamine or dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. It suggests that the antidopaminergic influence of acute exposure to a neuroleptic not only persists but continues to sensitize for extraordinary periods of time even after the drug is no longer detectable in the system. Our findings may hold the key to understanding the apparent paradox that although neuroleptics presumably induce their therapeutic actions in disorders such as Tourette syndrome and schizophrenia as well as their parkinsonian effects by blocking dopamine receptors, this antagonism occurs immediately while behavioral changes often require weeks for maximal development.
A survey of academic departments of emergency medicine regarding operation and clinical practice: two years later.

Objectives: To survey academic departments of emergency medicine (ADEMs) concerning their operation and clinical practice. Methods: A survey was mailed to the chairs of the 53 ADEMs in the United States established prior to 1999 (as listed on the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine website) requesting information on operations and clinical activity in budget year 1999–2000 compared with 1997–1998. These results were then compared with results of similar surveys conducted in the autumns of 1996 and 1998. Results: Forty-eight ADEMs (91%) responded. For 1999–2000, compared with 1997–1998, 38 ADEMs (79%) reported an increase in emergency department (ED) patient volume; five (10%) reported a decrease. Thirty-one (65%) ADEMs reported an increase in ED patient severity of illness, whereas only one (2%) reported a decrease. Thirty-two ADEMs (67%) reported an increase in net clinical revenue, and eight (17%) reported a decrease. Only five ADEMs (10%) said that other academic departments within their university/medical center aggressively directed patients away from the ED, compared with nine (22%) in the 1998 study. The percentage of ADEMs using mid-level providers remained essentially unchanged over the three studies—31 (66%) in 1996 versus 28 (68%) in 1998 and 31 (65%) in the present study. For all the studies, mid-level providers were most commonly used in a fast-track setting. The number of ADEMs with an observation unit has also remained relatively stable—18 (38%) in the current study versus 15 (31%) in the 1998 study. In the current study, only two (4%) ADEMs experienced a merger with another university system, compared with 12 (29%) in 1998. Eight (17%) ADEMs reported that their institution had merged with a private entity in the current study, compared with nine (22%) in 1998. Conclusions: ADEMs continue to experience some very positive trends, namely, increases in ED patient volume, in severity of patient illness, and in net clinical revenue.
Heterogeneous nucleation in thick adlayers

Abstract Recent studies of the interaction of metal vapors with clean metal surfaces have indicated that in several cases adsorbed layers of the condensing species several monomolecular layers thick exist on the surface prior to the nucleation of the equilibrium bulk crystal phase. In the present work, we develop an expression for the expected critical supersaturation for crystal nucleation in such cases. The development is based on a hybrid between previous treatments of heterogeneous nucleation from the vapor and of the homogeneous nucleation of one condensed phase within the body of another condensed phase. The resulting expression predicts the observed critical supersaturation for crystalline cadmium forming from the vapor on a clean tungsten surface to a high degree of accuracy. Previous treatments of heterogeneous nucleation are shown to be in poor agreement with observed results.
A Somitic Compartment of Tendon Progenitors

We demonstrate that the tendons associated with the axial skeleton derive from a heretofore unappreciated, fourth compartment of the somites. Scleraxis (Scx), a bHLH transcription factor, marks this somitic tendon progenitor population at its inception, and is continuously expressed through differentiation into the mature tendons. Two earlier-formed somitic compartments, the sclerotome and myotome, interact to establish this fourth Scx-positive compartment. The tendon progenitors are induced at the sclerotome's edge, at the expense of skeletogenic Pax1 positive cells and in response to FGF signaling in the adjacent myotome. The tendon primordia thus form in a location abutting the two tissues that the mature tendons must ultimately connect. Tendon progenitor formation may reveal a general mechanism for the specification of other somitic subcompartments.
Preliminary Evidence of Effects of Crisis Intervention Team Training on Self-Efficacy and Social Distance

Objective The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) program is a collaborative model involving mental health professionals and law enforcement officers that is being implemented in a multitude of localities across the country. This study had two main objectives: (1) To assess perceptions of self-efficacy and desired social distance of control officers and officers entering CIT training with regard to individuals with psychiatric syndromes (depression and schizophrenia) and individuals with substance dependence (alcohol and cocaine), and (2) To examine the effects, if any, of CIT training on self-efficacy and social distance. Methods Between March and July 2006, a survey was administered to 34 control police officers, 58 officers just before a 40-h CIT training program, and 40 of these officers upon completion of the training. Results At baseline, pre-CIT officers did not differ from control non-CIT officers in terms of self-efficacy or social distance relating to the four disorders. Officers trained in CIT demonstrated enhanced self-efficacy for interacting with individuals with depression, cocaine dependence, schizophrenia, and alcohol dependence. Additionally, CIT-trained officers reported reduced social distance regarding individuals with these four psychiatric conditions. Regarding the schizophrenia vignette, there was a significant interaction between pre-CIT/post-CIT status and family history of psychiatric treatment in the prediction of social distance. Conclusions Enhancements in self-efficacy and reductions in social distance may have important implications in terms of improving officers’ interactions with people with mental illnesses and substance use disorders. Given the importance of the problem of law enforcement/criminal justice involvement among people with such illnesses, and the dearth of research on this growing collaborative service model, further research is needed on officer-level outcomes of the CIT program.
Prognostic features of Ewing's sarcoma on radionuclide bone scan after initial treatment.

Abstract Objective: To study short-term changes in the radiopharmaceutical bone scan (BS) appearance of Ewing's sarcoma for indicators of decreased survival or future disease progression. Methods: One-hundred and four patients with non-metastatic Ewing's sarcoma were evaluated at three time points: time of diagnosis (pre-biopsy), after induction chemotherapy (13 weeks) and after radiation therapy (20 weeks). Radiographs, computed tomograms (CTs) and BSs were obtained at each interval. Primary lesion activity and size on BS were evaluated and compared to radiographic and CT findings. Results: No significant relationship was found at any time point between absolute radiopharmaceutical activity within the primary lesion and either disease progression or patient survival. Relative changes in BS activity between time points were also not significantly related to disease progression or survival despite a significant decrease in activity among the three time points. The size of the BS abnormality compared to the CT abnormality at the primary lesion site was related to both survival and disease progression at the post-induction chemotherapy time point ( P = 0.025 and P = 0.014, respectively) with larger BS abnormalities indicating worse prognosis and survival. This relationship lost its significance at the post-radiation time point. No other significant relationship between the relative size of the BS abnormality and the size of the plain radiographic or CT abnormality was detected. Conclusion: Our data suggest that BS imaging of the primary lesion of Ewing's sarcoma provides little information in terms of predicting long-term survival or disease progression in patients with non-metastatic Ewing's sarcoma.
Optimal Bounds for Finding Maximum on Array of Processors with k Global Buses

The problem of finding the maximum of a set of values stored one per processor on a two-dimensional array of processors with a time-shared global bus is considered. The algorithm given by Bokhari is shown to be optimal, within a multiplicative constant, for this network and for other d-dimensional arrays. We generalize this model and demonstrate optimal bounds for finding the maximum of a set of values stored in a d-dimensional array with k time-shared global buses.
Application of Keilis-Borok and McNally prediction algorithms to earthquakes in the Lake Jocassee area, South Carolina

Abstract Following a ML = 3.2 earthquake in November 1975 in the vicinity of Lake Jocassee in the northwestern part of South Carolina, microearthquake activity has been monitored on portable seismographs, with events as small as ML = −0.6 being well located. Using modified forms of prediction algorithms developed by Keilis-Borok et al. (1977) and McNally (1978a, b) systematic patterns in temporal and spatial distribution of the smaller (−0.6 three events per cluster), and one was preceded by several smaller clusters (two or three events per cluster). The series of events were also tested for a Poisson random process. For the earlier, more active time frame, November 1975–June 1976 (mean rate of occurrence between locatable events ∼20 hours), the Poisson hypothesis was rejected at a highly significant level. However, for the less active time period, October 1976–December 1977 (∼40 hours for mean rate), the Poisson process may be a reasonable approximation to the earthquake occurrences. In comparing the two prediction algorithms, the modified form of the Keilis-Borok algorithm was found to be more successful in the recognition of precursory activity with a smaller number of false alarms (three). When the data begin to approach a Poisson process, however, the algorithm is less accurate and physical constraints are relied on to decrease the number of false alarms. The McNally method was found to be less biased in application and easy to use for future examination of seismic activity. A major weakness, however, was the need for an additional constraint to differentiate between precursory activity before the larger events (ML ⩾ 2.0) and smaller events (1.0 ⩽ ML
3-D MCM Technology for Miniaturisation of an Electronic System

Miniaturisation of a bulky system requires effective use and integration of modern packaging technology to achieve smaller size and lighter weight while consuming low power and achieving high speed. Using three-dimensional packaging technology, a system can be miniaturised to a small package popularly known as system-in-a-package (SIP). Various layers of component integration (die or packaged) in the horizontal and vertical directions lead to a compact system in a single package. In this paper, the development of an analog multi-chip module (MCM) is illustrated using 3-D technology. The major goals achieved using this technology are the mixedsignal integration, arealsize reduction, and low power. A comparison is made with the systemon- a-chip (SOC) technology and their merits and demerits are also discussed.
Transport of Sewage Sludge From the 106-Mile Site - Results From an October Survey

Abstract Approximately 8 million tons of sewage sludge were disposed of annually at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site (106-Mile Site) between 1987 and 1990. Beginning in 1988 and continuing to the present, the focus of monitoring at the 106-Mile Site moved towards improved understanding of the fate of the sludge. A survey conducted in October 1989 was designed to (1) detect the presence of any sludge particles that settle rapidly following disposal, (2) determine if sludge could be detected in the surface waters at locations away from the immediate disposal site, and (3) determine if water quality was degraded, by assessing whether the Environmental Protection Agency's marine water quality criteria were being exceeded. The survey showed that the sludge does have a rapidly settling component composed of organic floc. mineral grains, and other heavy, gritlike particles, all of which are relatively large. These particles may settle at rates of between 8 and 180 m h−1 and may reach the sea flo...
Neophobia: generality and function.

The hypothesis that neophobia varies directly with the flavor of toxic substances in the natural habitat of a species, and possibly also with the flavors of necessary nutrients in the natural habitat is examined in eight experiments using rats, guinea pigs, and gerbils. Neophobia was found to be an inverted U-shaped function of concentration. After examining diverse concentrations when neophobia was not immediately evident, relative to sweet, bitter, or salty flavors, rats were determined to possess little neophobia to sour flavors, at least citric acid and ascorbic acid; guinea pigs exhibited strong neophobia to sour, sweet, and salty solutions and weak neophobia to a bitter solution; and gerbils showed no neophobia to any flavor. Although within-species neophobias apparently depend on flavor concentration, the observed between-species differences in neophobia to a common concentration appear incompatible with expectations based upon considerations of either ecological dangers or nutritional needs. Moreover, all three species acquired with equal ease conditioned taste aversions to the same flavor concentrations that had yielded decidedly different degrees of neophobia. Thus, in neither rats nor gerbils did neophobia to different flavors reflect differences in propensity to form conditioned taste aversions. Neophobia appears to be a relatively weak phenomenon seen only in some species and then not to all substances, whereas conditioned taste aversion is seen to be a robust phenomenon that transcends species and can be formed to any novel flavor.
Grammaticalness and meaningfulness in the comprehension of sentences

Comprehension of deviant sentences was studied in two experiments. The within sentence variables investigated were grammaticalness (G), meaningfulness (M), word frequency (F), interword association (A), and syntactic frame (Sf). In Experiment I, a principal components analysis of ratings of sentence comprehensibility yielded factors interpretable as ungrammaticalness, nonmeaningfulness, and comprehensibility. In Experiment II, the latencies for Ss to understand the sentences were primarily a function of M and, to a lesser extent, G. The time needed to correct the grammar of the sentences was a function of both G and M, and the time to correct the meaning was a function of M. In both experiments, the effects of F, A, and Sf were either small or insignificant.
Repair and Adhesion Mechanisms of the Cryotherapy Lesion in Experimental Retinal Detachment

Cryotherapy to the pigment epithelium and retina induced a proliferation and metaplasia of pigment epithelial cells, Mueller cell hypertrophy, and proliferation of astrocytes. When cryotherapy was applied to the pigment epithelium and to the retina during retinal detachment surgery, a strong adhesion developed, characterized by the occurrence of true cell junctions between pigment epithelium and retinal cells. When only the pigment epithelium was treated, the adhesion appeared weak due to the absence of microvillous interdigitations normally present between pigment epithelium and retina.
1,2,3-DL-tricarboxycyclopentene-1 and other inhibitors of cis-aconitase.

Abstract dl -1,2,3-Tricarboxycyclopentene-1, a cyclic analog of cis -aconitic acid has been synthesized and tested as an aconitase substrate. The cyclopentene triacid is not a substrate but is an inhibitor, the degree of inhibition being of the same order of magnitude as that of trans -aconitic acid and several of a series of polycarboxybenzenes, the latter being newly reported as aconitase inhibitors. On the basis of its inhibitory properties relative to those of trans -aconitic acid and trimellitic acid (1,2,4-tricarboxybenzene), for example, it is concluded that dl -1,2,3-tricarboxycyclopentene-1 fits the active site of aconitase. Theoretical considerations based on the relationship between equilibrium concentrations and conformations of aconitase substrates suggest that the position of equilibrium for the reversible hydration of dl -1,2,3-tricarboxycyclopentene-1 is well in favor of the unsaturated triacid and, therefore, despite its fit to the active site, dl -1,2,3-tricarboxycyclopentene-1 does not function as an aconitase substrate.
High-resolution observations of ionized gas in central 3 parsecs of the Galaxy: possible evidence for infall

High-resolution observations of ionized gas in central 3 parsecs of the Galaxy: possible evidence for infall
Interference-aware geometric modeling

While often a requirement for geometric models, there has been little research in resolving the interaction of deforming surfaces during real-time modeling sessions. To address this important topic, we introduce an interference algorithm specifically designed for the domain of geometric modeling. This algorithm is general, easily working within existing modeling paradigms to maintain their important properties. Our algorithm is fast, and is able to maintain interactive rates on complex deforming meshes of over 75K faces, while robustly removing intersections. Lastly, our method is controllable, allowing fine-tuning to meet the specific needs of the user. This includes support for minimum separation between surfaces and control over the relative rigidity of interacting objects.
Dividing the workload at a eukaryotic replication fork

Efficient and accurate replication of the eukaryotic nuclear genome requires DNA polymerases (Pols) α, δ and ɛ. In all current replication fork models, polymerase α initiates replication. However, several models have been proposed for the roles of Pol δ and Pol ɛ in subsequent chain elongation and the division of labor between these two polymerases is still unclear. Here, we revisit this issue, considering recent studies with diagnostic mutator polymerases that support a model wherein Pol ɛ is primarily responsible for copying the leading-strand template and Pol δ is primarily responsible for copying the lagging-strand template. We also review earlier studies in light of this model and then consider prospects for future investigations of possible variations on this simple division of labor.
Contributing factors in resistant hypertension. Truly refractory disease is rarely found in a properly conducted workup.

PREVIEWMany patients are considered to have resistant hypertension when their blood pressure remains elevated despite use of multiple antihypertensive agents. However, the prevalence of the problem is difficult to determine because of differences in diagnostic criteria, physicians' practice patterns, and therapeutic approach. Numerous factors can contribute to treatment resistance, so every patient should undergo a thorough, orderly, and carefully directed evaluation. In this article, Dr Vidt describes such an evaluation.
Photoionization of molecules in low temperature glasses

Abstract Trapped electrons have been produced in ethanol and 3 MH glasses at 77°K by the photoionization of TMPD, using pulses of 3471A light from a ruby laser. Time dependent absorption spectra are observed which are compared to similar data obtained by pulse radiolysis. It is concluded that similar electron trapping takes place in both cases and that the electrons are trapped in fortuitous arrangements of the solvent molecules in the matrix, and that the rearrangement of the solvent in the traps gives rise to the spectral changes.
Demodulation of space-time codes in the presence of interference

Two interesting space-time coding schemes for communication systems are the recently proposed differential space-time modulation (DSTM) scheme and the differential space-code modulation (DSCM) scheme. DSCM gives better performance than DSTM by exploiting the spatial degree-of-freedom to suppress interference. We show that, for DSCM, a maximum-likelihood (ML) demodulation approach, based on a deterministic channel model, improves the performance significantly compared to a previously proposed stochastic channel model based method.
Nanoindentation analysis of the elastic properties of porous SiC derived from wood

Nanoindentation was used to measure the solid phase elastic modulus and hardness of porous silicon carbide derived from wood precursors. The results indicate that the solid phase of this material is composed of both SiC and unreacted carbon, and the elastic moduli and hardness of the two constituents differ by an order of magnitude. Modulus models for porous and composite materials correlate better with experimental observations when porosity is uniformly distributed.
Quantification of polysaccharide in Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

A sensitive method for the quantification of polysaccharide (PS) in Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate and PS vaccines has been developed. It is based on measurement of the Hib PS subunit after depolymerization of the PS in sodium hydroxide to produce the subunit, which is characterized by chemical composition and 31 P n.m.r. analyses as ribitol-ribose-phosphate. The Hib vaccines were first treated with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. The Hib PS subunit in the treated vaccines was then analysed directly by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography using a Carbo Pak P A-1 column, and quantified by pulsed amperometric detection. The PS contents of three conjugate vaccines and three PS vaccines from different manufacturers were determined. Their values were in the expected ranges. This method is particularly useful for vaccines with a sugar stabilizer such as lactose which would interfere with the colorimetric orcinol assay currently used for determination of the PS. The method can measure 0.1 μg of PS and its sensitivity is at least 30-fold higher than that of the orcinol assay. It may be used for stability studies of conjugate vaccines since a breakdown as low as 5% of the PS from the PS-protein conjugates would be detected.
Character structure and friendship relations.

Friendship relations in terms of interpersonal influence, self-disclosure and extent of social activities were studied among impulsive and non-impulsive university students. The procedure involved having impulsive and non-impulsive subjects bring a friend into the laboratory. Questionnaire and autokinetic studies of mutual influence revealed that impulsive subjects were less influenced by friends' judgements and dominated their good friends more than non-impulsive subjects. Impulsive subjects also socialized more with their good friends and disclosed more intimate information about themselves than non-impulsive subjects. In a second study it was found that the judgements of a male stranger had no influence upon impulsive subjects judgements, while a female stranger did influence their judgements. Both male and female strangers influenced the judgements of non-impulsive subjects. Other findings were that friends resembled subjects in terms of impulsivity test scores. The findings are discussed in terms of the functional value of friendship for persons varying in impulsivity.
Degradation of In-Cloud Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe Measurements in the Presence of Ice Particles

Abstract Airborne measurements of cloud liquid water content derived from a formvar replicator, a Johnson-Williams probe and a forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) are compared. These show that in the presence of ice crystals the FSSP droplet spectra may be artificially enhanced. Typically the ice produces a flat distribution superimposed on the actual droplet distribution. The concentrations measured by the FSSP in the presence of ice are found to be 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than the actual ice concentrations as measured by the formvar replicator and a 2D-C probe. Possible explanations for the abnormal behavior of the FSSP in the presence of ice particles are discussed.
An exploration of the primary specificity site of cathepsin B

Peptidyl diazomethyl ketones inactivate cathepsin B apparently by alkylation of the active center thiol following complex formation as in the case of benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz)-Phe-AlaCHN/sub 2/. The phenylalanine contributes considerably to binding in the secondary specificity site. In order to define the topography of the active center region comprising the primary specificity site of beef spleen cathepsin B, a series of peptidyl diazomethyl ketones having the general structure Cbz-Phe-X-CHN/sub 2/ has now been synthesized. The amino acid, X, has been varied in size to include rather large side chains which might reveal available binding potential or limitations. Some of the reagents, in fact, were not inhibitory even at 10/sup -4/ M. Others, however, that did measurably inactivate cathepsin B provided a range of reactivities that extended over 5 orders of magnitude and correlated with affinity in the reversible phase of inactivation. Some large side chains, for example that of tryptophan, were very poorly tolerated in this region of the active center, whereas others, such as O-benzyl threonine, provided remarkably active inhibitors. A topographical rationalization of the results is offered.
HYPNOTIC INDUCTION OF COLORED ENVIRONMENTS.

Although color preferences have been studied as a function of personality (Warner, 1949) , little systematic attention has been given to the effect of color on mood. A comprehensive theory of such effects has been advanced by Birren ( 1961 ) . Red, orange, yellow, green and blue describe a sequence from excitation to inhibition. Purple, white, gray and black are emotionally neutral, with black negative and gray passive. This study is an attempt to explore Birren's hypothesis by means of posthypnotic suggestion. A male, age 22, unfamiliar with Birren's work, and capable of somnambulism under hypnosis, was hypnotized and instructed that everything he looked at would seem a given color. Even if another color, it would still seem tinged with the suggested color. Three placebo runs in which hypnosis was induced, but no posthypnotic suggestions given, were interspersed. After 5 hr., S was asked how his day had seemed and the suggestion was removed. O n all of the 1 5 days, prehypnotic reports of how he felt were similar. Posthypnotic reports of his feeings were as follows: Red: active, aggressive (not hostile), outgoing; orange: bright, happy; yellow: bright, happy, energetic, industrious; green: sick, bilious, dreary; blue: slow, calm, mildly depressing; white: normal, but slightly negative; black: heavy, sad, depressed, dreary, unhappy; purple: bad, depressed, persecuted, paranoid; placebo: normal. An instruction that all colors would seem intensified made him feel happy and alert, that color intensity would seem diminished made him feel slow and draggy. These data accord with Birren's theory and especially his reports of associations to colored light. The color intensity f ind~ngs replicate those of Fogel and Hoffer ( 1 9 6 2 ) . These responses may, however, represent culrurally conditioned color stereotypes, although Birren has noted that color stereotypes are often quite similar across disparate cultures. Stereotypes may be activiated by and affect perceptual experience. They d o not alter the fact of the behavioral change, but raise the question of whether it is a phenomenon or an epiphenomenon of perceptual experience. This is an important moot question in any study of the relation of perception and personality.
Theoretical solution for the cross-flow heat exchanger

The theory of the cross-flow heat exchanger first was treated by Nuselt [1, 2] on the base of heat balances for the two interacting fluids over an exchanging area element. This leads to a partial differential equation. But the solution was an infinite row which could not be expressed in a compact formula. In this paper it will be shown that a compact formula for the infinite row is possible. All temperatures of the interacting fluids, for example the local fluid temperatures and the mean outlet temperatures as well as the local temperature difference and the mean temperature difference over the complete exchanger are now being available in simple formulae which have the form of an infinite sum. The summation has to be stopped at a finite value with a negligible deviation.
A geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial modeling approach to assessing indoor radon potential at local level.

Abstract This study integrates residential radon data from previous studies in Southern California (USA), into a geographic information system (GIS) linked with statistical techniques. A difference ( p 0.05 ) is found in the indoor radon in residences grouped by radon-potential zones. Using a novel Monte Carlo approach, we found that the mean distance from elevated-radon residences (concentration>74 Bq m−3) to epicenters of large (> 4 Richter) earthquakes was smaller ( p 0.0001 ) than the average residence-to-epicenter distance, suggesting an association between the elevated indoor-radon and seismic activities.
Raman Doppler velocimetry: a unified approach for measuring molecular flow velocity, temperature, and pressure.

Molecular flow velocity (one component), translational temperature, and static pressure of N2 are measured in a supersonic wind tunnel using inverse Raman spectroscopy. For velocity, the technique employs the large Doppler shift exhibited by the molecules when the pump and probe laser beams are counterpropagating (backward scattering). A retrometer system is employed to yield an optical configuration insensitive to mechanical vibration, which has the additional advantage of simultaneously obtaining both the forward and backward scattered spectra. The forward and backward line breadths and their relative Doppler shift can be used to determine the static pressure, translational temperature, and molecular flow velocity. A demonstration of the technique was performed in a continuous airflow supersonic wind tunnel in which data were obtained under the following conditions: (1) free-stream operation at five set Mach number levels over the 2.50-4.63 range; (2) free-stream operation over a range of Reynolds number (at a fixed Mach number) to vary systematically the static pressure; and (3) operation in the flow field of a simple aerodynamic model to assess beam steering effects in traversing the attached shock layer.
Ab initio simulation of the photoelectron spectra of HCO− and DCO−

Abstract Large scale, vibrational CI calculations using a global ab initio potential energy surface are used to calculate multidimensional Franck-Condon overlaps from the ground vibrational state of HCO− and DCO− to all final bound and several quasibound vibrational states of HCO and DCO. The resulting Franck-Condon spectra are compared with recent experimental photoelectron spectra of HCO− and DCO−.
Technical and Patient Factors: Selection of Type and Length of Bowel Segment for Augmentation Cystoplasty

Augmentation cystoplasty (AC) is the procedure of increasing the bladder capacity. It is indicated in patients with small capacity and/or poor compliance bladders and who fail non‐ or minimally invasive treatment options. In this review, we will discuss the history of AC, the indications and relative contraindications, as well as the patient and technical factors that should be considered in this procedure.
The effects of schema appropriateness on recall

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that the efficacy of a person-schema as an information processing structure will depend on the appropriateness of the schema for the information (i.e., how well the schema fits the information). We manipulated schema appropriateness by asking subjects to evaluate a positive or negative target (target valence), while comparing her either to themselves, or to someone they knew well and liked, or knew well and disliked (schema focus). We hypothesized that the self and the liked-other would be appropriate schemas for the positive target, while the disliked-other would be appropriate for the negative target. A subsequent test of incidental recall of the target information yielded the predicted interaction between target valence and schema focus (i.e., the positive target was remembered better when compared to the liked-other and the negative target was remembered better when compared to the disliked-other). This difference did not, however, extend to self-focus, which produced equivalent recall of positive and negative targets. The implications of these findings for the self as a unique schema are discussed.
Arcticanodon dawsonae, a primitive new palaeanodont from the lower Eocene of Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic

A new genus and species of palaeanodont, Arcticanodon dawsonae, is based on a single lower jaw fragment from lower Eocene (Wasatchian) strata of the Margaret Formation, Eureka Sound Group, on central Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. The new taxon is more derived than early Paleocene Escavadodontidae, but lacks derived traits of Metacheiromyidae. It is therefore most similar to primitive epoicotheriids, although the similarities are essentially in plesiomorphic features. Consequently, Arcticanodon dawsonae is classified as Palaeanodonta, incertae sedis, pending discovery of more complete specimens. Resume : Un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espece de Palaeanodonta, Arcticanodon dawsonae, est base sur un seul fragment de mandibule inferieure provenant des strates de la Formation de Margaret (Eocene inferieur - Wasatchien), du Groupe d'Eureka Sound, au centre de l'ile d'Ellesmere, au Nunavut. Le nouveau taxon est plus derive que Escavadodontidae du Paleocene precoce, mais il ne presente pas les traits derives de Metacheiromyidae. Il ressemble donc plus aux epoicotheriides primitifs, bien que les similitudes se presentent surtout dans les caracteristiques plesiomorphiques. Par consequent, Arcticanodon dawsonae est classe en tant que Palaeanodonta, incertae sedis, en attendant la decouverte de specimens plus complets. (Traduit par la Redaction) Rose et al. 763