cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of pyruvate kinase.

Abstract The mechanism and sequence of events of the induction of liver pyruvate kinase by sucrose and fructose administration were examined. Actinomycin and cycloheximide prevented the sucrose and fructose induced rise in pyruvate kinase activity. In addition to ADP, GDP, UDP, IDP and, to a minor extent, CDP and TTP were able to function as acceptors for pyruvate kinase for both liver and hepatoma. At saturating ADP levels ATP, GTP, UTP, ITP, and, to a minor extent, CTP were inhibitors of liver pyruvate kinase activity. GTP was a stronger inhibitor for hepatoma pyruvate kinase whereas UTP was not inhibitory. At low ADP levels TTP was a good inhibitor and the other nucleotides are being studied. l -Alanine was a strong competitive inhibitor of liver pyruvate kinase and of the hepatoma enzyme; however, it had little effect on the muscle or brain enzyme. In contrast, l -phenylalanine was a good inhibitor of rat and human brain pyruvate kinase. It is suggested that the inhibition of human adult and fetal brain pyruvate kinase by l -phenylalanine may have a role in the metabolic damage in phenylketonuria. The chief mechanisms governing the rate and direction of the opposing metabolic pathways of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in the liver were discussed.
Chemical reactions in the stabilization of mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber

Abstract Model compounds based on anthracene were used to study the chemical reactions taking place during stabilization of mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber. Methyl- and hydro- groups were found to accelerate the oxidation reaction, and also to react with carbonyl groups. Linking reactions that produced high-molecular-weight compounds took place both in air and nitrogen. Similarities in heat-evolution profile were observed in the oxidation of a real pitch and a model pitch consisting of 80% anthracene, 10% dimethylanthracene, and 10% dihydroanthracene. Studies of off-bases produced in stabilization of a pitch-based fiber showed off-gases to be limited to H 2 O, CO 2 , and CO (H 2 would not have been detected). At a given temperature, H 2 O evolution eventually diminished to zero; however, it could be re-started by increasing temperature. The stabilization exotherm was largely associated with H 2 O production. Carbon-gas production was independent of H 2 O production, and appeared to be a surface reaction.
Increment spectral sensitivities of the primate late receptor potential and b-wave.

Abstract The local electroretinogram of a cynomolgus macaque was recorded with a microelectrode in the foveal region. The spectral sensitivities of the late receptor potential and the b-wave were measured on a 4000 td white background. The late receptor potential showed a V λ like spectral sensitivity function while the b-wave spectral sensitivity peaked at 460, 540 and 600 nm, thus reflecting interaction between different cone classes.
An unexpected cause of acute liver failure

A 66-year-old man presented with decompensated acute liver failure with no clear etiology. Eventually, a bone marrow biopsy revealed hemophagocytic cells, and he was diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. This is an uncommon condition in adults, with high morbidity and mortality, and it is often indistinguishable from other forms of acute liver failure. Early clinical suspicion is critical to making the diagnosis, based on meeting at least four of nine specified criteria.
Cluster identification algorithms for spin models—sequential and parallel

Monte Carlo cluster update algorithms are extremely efficient for simulating spin models near their phase transitions, where local update algorithms suffer severe critical slowing down. Unfortunately, as the cluster algorithms are highly irregular as well as nonlocal, they are much more difficult to parallelize efficiently. The main difficulty lies in identifying which spins belong to which cluster. In this paper we investigate a number of cluster identification algorithms, both sequential and parallel, which we have implemented on serial, SIMD and MIMD computers.
Long-term effects of damage to the endothelium and chronic rejection.

f p p ( l o fi t hronic rejection presenting as luminal occlusion is the ain complication after heart and lung transplantation. fter cardiac transplantation, the disease presents as a asculopathy of the major and minor vessels of the ransplanted heart, called graft vascular disease (GVD). fter lung transplantation, the disease presents as oblitration of the airways known as obliterative bronchioliis (OB). Whether this is secondary to ischemia caused y damage to blood vessels is not known. The Ross hypothesis, originally invoked to explain athogens of atherosclerosis 4 is equally able to explain he transplant obliterative diseases. The lining of the lood vessels (endothelial cells and smooth muscle ells) or airways (epithelial cells, extramatrix protein) esponds to injury by proliferation and migration. The ature of the injury consists of antigen-independent and ntigen-dependent mechanisms. Among the antigenndependent insults are brain death, preservation inury, and ischemic-reperfusion injury. In addition, there s the immunologic antigen-dependent attack after imlantation, consisting of cells and antibodies. The purpose of this paper is to focus on 2 important oncepts regarding the nature of immunologic injury, amely pathways of antigen presentation and the role f the autoimmune response. Taken together, the thesis o be presented is that the indirect presentation of inor antigens plays a major role in the pathogenesis of hronic rejection.
Solution of water in polymers: The keratin-water isotherm†

The uptake of water by polar polymers was shown by Simha and Rowen to be described by the Flory-Huggins solution treatment at high relative vapor pressures. The breakdown at lower vapor pressures is attributed here to the effect of water content on the free volume of the system. By using data for the wool keratin-water system, similar agreement is obtained for the rest of the isotherm by taking account of the volume changes observed at low vapor pressures. These are shown to set in at a characteristic composition with properties generally associated with a glass transition.
Events in Multimedia Electronic Chronicles (E-Chronicles)

The nature of information has changed significantly in the last two decades. Now information is multimedia, sensitive to its spatio-temporal roots, live, and dynamic. Current database and search technology is very limited in addressing organization, management, and access of emerging information systems. In this paper, we address some of the fundamental issues that must be addressed in general multimedia information management systems. We present multimedia electronic chronicles (e-chronicles) as an example of emerging systems that need such technology. We believe that to deal with dynamic information, events should be used as the fundamental basis in organizing and accessing information. Event models used in our approach capture the semantics involved in supporting e-chronicles. Our ideas are demonstrated in the context of an e-chronicle that is being implemented for a reconnaissance application using multiple disparate sensors.
Cisplatin-induced inhibition of the calcium-calmodulin complex, neuronal nitric oxide synthase activation and their role in stomach distention

Cisplatin (8 mg/kg; i.p.) treatment of Wistar rats produced no change in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) localization or its intensity for up to 5 days. However, immunohistochemicaly the levels of L-citrulline and the Ca2+-calmodulin complex were decreased after only 3 days. An in vitro experiment using an analog of calmodulin, MeroCalmodulin-1, showed that cis-diammine-diaquacisplatinum(II), a hydrolyzed form of cisplatin, inhibited the calmodulin conformational shift from occurring through a direct interaction with the calmodulin molecule. The results indicate that distention of the stomach was due to inhibition of neuronal NOS activation by a direct interaction between cisplatin and the calcium binding sites of the calmodulin molecule.
The kernel strategy and its use for the study of combinatory logic

Barendregt defines combinatory logic as an equational system satisfying the combinatorsS andK with ((Sx)y)z=(xz)(yz) and (Kx)y=x; the set consisting ofS andK provides abasis for all of combinatory logic. Rather than studying all of the logic, logicians often focus onfragments of the logic, subsets whose basis is obtained by replacingS orK or both by other combinators. In this article, we present a powerful new strategy, called thekernel strategy, for studying fragments in the context of questions concerned with fixed point properties. Interest in such properties rests in part with their relation to normal forms and paradoxes. We show how the kernel strategy was used to answer a number of open questions, offering abundant evidence that the availability of the kernel strategy marks a singular advance for automated reasoning. In all of our experiments with this strategy applied by an automated reasoning program, the rate of success has been impressively high and the CPU time to obtain the desired information startlingly small. For each fragment we study, we use the kernel strategy to attempt to determine whether the strong or the weak fixed point property holds. WhereA is a given fragment with basisB, the strong fixed point property holds forA if and only if there exists a combinatory such that, for all combinatorsx,yx=x(yx), wherey is expressed purely in terms of elements ofB. The weak fixed point property holds forA if and only if for all combinatorsx there exists a combinatory such thaty=xy, wherey is expressed purely in terms of the elements ofB and the combinatorx. Because the use of the kernel strategy is so effective in addressing questions focusing on either fixed point property, its formulation marks an important advance for combinatory logic. Perhaps of especial interest to logicians is an infinite class of infinite sets of tightly coupled fixed point combinators (presented here), whose unexpected discovery resulted directly from the application of the strategy by an automated reasoning program. We also offer various open questions for possible research and focus on an automated reasoning program and input files that may prove useful for such research.
Hexokinase Isoenzymes in Human Erythrocytes: Association of Type II with Fetal Hemoglobin

Hexokinase activity in human erythrocytes is associated with three electrophoretically distinct bands. Normal adult erythrocytes contain hexokinases Types I and III. Type II hexokinase is present in the erythrocytes of newborn infants and absent from those of normal adults; it is, however, present in erythrocytes of adults with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Type II hexokinase and fetal hemtoglobin appear to be associated.
Effects of treatment with kinase activators and inhibitors on mu and delta opioid receptor coupling to G-protein gated K+ channels in Xenopus oocytes

Abstract Xenopus oocytes were used as a heterologous expression system to study the coupling between either cloned mouse delta opioid receptors (1,2) or cloned rat mu receptors (3) and the cloned G-protein gated, inwardly-rectifying potassium channel (KGA) (4) using a two-electrode voltage clamp paradigm. The present report describes the effects of phosphatase inhibitors (okadaic acid), calcium chelators (BAPTA) and agents that modulate the activity of protein kinases (cAMP analogs, staurosporine, forskolin, IBMX, and phorbol esters) on the acute stimulation of KGA by mu and delta opioid agonists. None of these agents significantly effected the coupling between either mu or delta receptors and the potassium channel.
Contributions of Supercoiling to Tn3 Resolvase and Phage Mu Gin Site-specific Recombination

Members of the resolvase/invertase family of site-specific recombinases require supercoiled substrates containing two recombination sites. To dissect the roles of supercoiling in recombination by the Tn3 and γδ resolvases and the phage Mu Gin invertase, we used substrates that provided some but not all of the topological features of the standard substrate. We divided the Tn3 resolvase reaction into two stages, synapsis and postsynapsis. We found the contributions of supercoiling to each stage were distinct, since substrate catenation in the absence of supercoiling or low levels of substrate supercoiling were sufficient for synapsis but not postsynapsis. Using structural and functional topological analyses, we verified that the resolvase synaptic complexes with nicked catenanes were recombination intermediates. The requirement for supercoiling was even less stringent for the γδ resolvase, which recombined nicked catenanes about half as well as it did supercoiled substrates. Gin recombination of catenanes occurred even if the recombinational enhancer was on a nicked ring, as long as both crossover sites were on a supercoiled ring. Therefore, supercoiling is required at the Gin crossover sites but not at the enhancer. We conclude that solely conformational effects of supercoiling are required for resolvase synapsis and the function of the Gin enhancer, but that a torsional effect, probably double helix unwinding, is needed for Tn3 resolvase postsynapsis and at the Gin recombination sites.
Gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of saturated, unsaturated and oxygenated free fatty acids and their methyl esters

Abstract Reversed-phase C18 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of 49 free fatty acids and their methyl esters is reported here. Separation is achieved using methanol/water gradients and detection by either UV absorbance or evaporative light scattering. The factors decreasing retention times are: keto group, hydroxy group, epoxy group, triple bond, shortened chain length (C2H4 shorter), cyclopropenyl group, double bond, and cyclopropanyl group, in approximate correspondence to the order of their decreasing polarity. Fatty acids with cis-double bond, cis-epoxy and threo-dihydroxy substituents elute slightly earlier than the corresponding trans-double bond, trans-epoxy and erythro-dihydroxy fatty acids. These geometric isomers are better separated as free fatty acids than their methyl esters. For monounsaturates, cis-double bond at C-10 of the methyl ester of octadecenoic acid decreased the retention times most, with slightly increasing retention time as the double bond shifts toward either end of the chain. The trans-double bond of methyl esters of octadecenoic acids showed similar results. The effect of single double bond position in the HPLC of free octadecenoic acids is similar except the shortest retention time occurs when the double bond is at C-11. Two of the C18 columns in series achieve the separation of double bond positional isomers (free fatty acids), cis-7-octadecenoic acid and petroselinic acid (cis-6) at a resolution Rs = 1.05.
The Changing Role of “Using” Dreams in Addiction Recovery

The Dream Interview Method of dream interpretation can be applied to dreams depicting alcohol and drug use to elucidate the meaning of such dreams in relation to stages of recovery. This paper summarizes the method and demonstrates its application utilizing seven dreams collected from clients in psychotherapy and participants in dream workshops. The incorporation of such interpreted dreams into substance abuse treatment as well as their relationship to other life issues is discussed.
Understanding the dynamics of collaborative multi-party discourse

In this paper, we discuss the efforts underway at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in understanding the dynamics of multi-party discourse across a number of communication modalities, such as email, instant messaging traffic and meeting data. Two prototype systems are discussed. The Conversation Analysis Tool (ChAT) is an experimental test-bed for the development of computational linguistic components and enables users to easily identify topics or persons of interest within multi-party conversations, including who talked to whom, when, the entities that were discussed, etc. The Retrospective Analysis of Communication Events (RACE) prototype, leveraging many of the ChAT components, is an application built specifically for knowledge workers and focuses on merging different types of communication data so that the underlying message can be discovered in an efficient, timely fashion.
The Effects of Gender and Bonds with Parents and Grandparents on Delinquency Among Chinese Adolescents

This study examines the influences of bonds with parents and grandparents on delinquent participation among Chinese adolescents, and whether these effects may differ for adolescent boys and girls. Using data provided by over 2,300 middle school students from Fuzhou City, China, regression analyses yield results consistent with the hypotheses. Chinese teens who indicate that they are close to their parents and paternal grandparents report lower levels of delinquency; such effects are independent of each other and other putative common correlates. While the effects of bonds are consistent across domains of delinquency, the strongest appears on deceitful behavior, followed by aggression and substance use. Bonds with parents and paternal grandparents exert significant effects on the delinquency of boys; among girls, however, the effects are weaker or not statistically significant. These results are interpreted in light of social bond theory, parent and grandparent support in mainland China, and policy implica...
Effective Strategies for Maintaining Research Participation in Clinical Trials

Achieving high protocol adherence is essential for ensuring the overall success and scientific merit of clinical trials. Strategies for maximizing recruitment and treatment adherence have been previously explored in the literature. There has been less focus, however, on effective methods for maintaining participants in research follow-up. This article examines factors associated with poor follow-up rates as well as strategies for facilitating research commitment and addressing sources of nonadherence. Special attention is devoted to alcohol- and substance-dependent populations, groups known to have poor adherence rates. Examples are drawn from the COMBINE Study, an NIAAA-funded, nationwide, multisite, combined behavioral and pharmacotherapy trial for alcohol problems that achieved high one-year follow-up rates. The important role of coordinating centers in facilitating research retention is also discussed.
The "chemistry" of personal attraction.

My impetus to explore this topic came out of my struggles to understand the problems that some of my patients were having in finding and sustaining a relationship with a suitable love object. By a suitable love object I do not mean a nice doctor, a successful lawyer, or a beautiful movie star. Rather I refer to a person who embodies some reasonable amount of characteristics necessary to give the relationship a good chance of long-term success. Even with this modest definition of a suitable love object, I never fail to be surprised when I see people fall in love, over and over again, with individuals who possess characteristics that make it difficult, if not impossible, for the relationship to endure. Sometimes it is a particular characteristic or set of characteristics that ignites the spark of attraction. Other times it is the more subtle and deeply ingrained personality characteristics that exert an irresistible pull. What stands out in all of this is the compulsive, almost uncontrollable, quality of the urges. These people are able to fall in love only with certain types and not with others. The motivational factors involved in the choice of a lover are highly complex and often unconscious. Further complications include a most remarkable phenomenon, a sort of cultural collusion against trying to understand anything that has to do with love. When I ask patients who have fallen in love to try and understand their motivation, they look at me as if I am not in my right mind. "What do you mean, understand these feelings- rm passionately in love. All I can do is think about the other person. I constantly long to be with him [or her], and I've never been happier in my life." Yet, I have often heard the opposite. People go out on a first date and then tell me, "Well, nothing was working-I didn't feel anything. There was no chemistry between us." When I ask what they mean by this, again they are puzzled. It is as if the whole process of choosing a lover involves bumping into the right person and accidentally discovering the right chemistry.
African-American Women and Older Patients Are at Risk for a Greater Decline in Renal Function Following Living Kidney Donation

Abstract Living donor kidney transplantation offers many advantages to the recipients. Longer allograft survival, fewer postoperative complications, and better renal function are some of the benefits of receiving living donor kidneys compared to deceased donor organs. However, the consequences to the donor in terms of renal function are not as well defined. Moreover, it is not clear whether all donors share an equal risk to their renal function following donation regardless to ethnicity, sex, and age. In this retrospective study, we identify and compare the reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among ethnic groups, women, and older donors prior to, immediately after, and 1 year postdonation. We compared the percentage decline in renal function among various ages and other demographic groups using individual patients as their own controls. Medical records of 103 consecutive living donors (mean age 40.3 ± 9.6 years) were reviewed. On average, donors experienced a 34.7% fall in eGFR at 273 days posttransplant. A greater decline was noticed in the African-American (AA) group (41% compared to 34% in white patients, P = .03). The majority of the decline in the AA eGFR was among women, in whom the fall was 46% compared to AA men at 31%. White women had a 34% fall in eGFR ( P = .02). The percentage decline in eGFR was not different among the different age groups; however, donors older than 50 years had a postdonation eGFR of 55.1 mL/min versus 60.9 mL/min in those less than 50 years old ( P = .03), reflecting lower eGFR predonation (older 84.7 mL/min vs younger 95.2 mL/min, P = .02). The percent decline in eGFR did not change with time after donation (0–1 month 37%, 1–12 months 34%, >1 year 30%). eGFR declines abruptly post–kidney donation in all patients but remains stable and improves afterwards. AA women and older donors are more prone to reduction in eGFR post–kidney donations.
Mobile phase compensation to improve NMR spectral properties during solvent gradients

A solvent compensation method based on flow injection analysis is used to obtain high quality nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra during solvent gradients. Using a binary solvent system containing D2O and CD3OD, NMR line broadening and chemical shift changes are observed with a 10% methanol per min solvent composition gradient. However, by creating a second equal but reverse gradient and combining the two solvent gradients before the NMR detector, the composition of solvent reaching the NMR flow cell is kept constant. We demonstrate a system using flow injection analysis of combining solvent gradients and show constant NMR spectral performance as a function of time as the combined flow has a constant solvent composition irrespective of the initial solvent gradient. Using this approach, methods can be developed to measure high quality NMR spectra during on-flow gradient LC-NMR experiments. The ultimate ability of this approach depends on the ability to compensate for the disturbance of the solvent gradient and reverse gradient by a pair of LC columns (the analytical and reverse gradient columns).
Distaste of Birds for Butterflies

IN view of the recent discussions in NATURE regarding the distaste of birds for butterflies (December 21, 1911), it will doubtless be of interest, to know of the results of an investigation into the relation of birds to an outbreak of butterflies (Eugonia californica) in northern California during the summer of 1911.
Homology between clindamycin resistance plasmids in Bacteroides.

Abstract Two different species of clindamycin-resistant Bacteroides were isolated from the same infection. One isolate contained a single 15-kb plasmid (pCP1) which encoded transferable clindamycin resistance. pCP1 appears similar to the Bacteroides clindamycin resistance plasmid pBFTM10 isolated independently by F. P. Tally, D. R. Snydman, M. J. Shimell, and M. H. Malamy (1982, J. Bacteriol.151, 686–691). The second strain had a 10-kb plasmid (pCP2) but did not transfer resistance. DNA hybridization studies revealed that pCP1 shares a 5-kb region of homology with the B. fragilis R plasmid pBF4 studied by R. A. Welch and F. L. Macrina (1981, J. Bacteriol.145, 867–872). This region in both plasmids was shown to be bounded by homologous direct repeats and contains the putative clindamycin resistance determinant. pCP1 and pCP2 were found to share extensive homology but sequences homologous to the clindamycin resistance region were missing from pCP2 and found instead in the whole cell DNA of the host strain. These results identify a transposon-like structure on Bacteroides clindamycin resistance plasmids.
The Adverse Effects of High Oral Osmolal Mixtures in Neonates A Review and a Study of the Osmolality of Calcium Preparations

In both animals and humans, there are numerous clinical, physiologic, and morphologic al terations that occur when hypertonic solutions are introduced into the alimentary tract. The most serious adverse effect observed in the human infant is necrotizing enterocolitis. A short in vitro study analyzing osmolalities of drug-formula mixtures at various dilutions, conducted by the authors, showed that an unacceptable degree of high osmolality may be achieved in the preparation of common medications used in newborn nurseries. Although review of the literature confirms that, in general, the osmolalities of mixtures fed to newborns should not exceed 460 mOsm/kg H2O, lower levels would be preferable in ill and low birth weight newborns. When possible, consideration should be given to the use of parenteral medication for the critically ill neonate. Ideally, the osmolalities of mixtures fed to newborns should be measured if they are not known or cannot be calculated.
The importance of ulceration of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck: a comparison of ear (pinna) and nonear sites.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To compare clinicopathologic and prognostic factors associated with ear melanomas and nonear melanomas of the head and neck (H&N). Study Design: Post hoc analysis of the database from a multi-institutional, prospective, randomized study. Methods: Clinicopathologic factors were assessed and correlated with survival and recurrence. Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were performed. Results: Of 405 patients with HN 34.5% had signs of ulceration. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity was seen in 7.1%. The incidence of locoregional and distant recurrence were similar. OS for ear melanoma was significantly impacted by ulceration status (P = .013), whereas both ulceration and SLN positivity predicted survival in nonear melanoma (P < .001 and P = .015, respectively). Thicker melanomas in the nonear group demonstrated significantly decreased DFS, whereas other factors in both groups lost their predictive value (P = .035). Conclusions: In the Sunbelt Melanoma Trial, ulceration was the strongest predictor of overall survival in melanoma of the ear. Ulceration and SLN status correlated with poorer OS in nonear melanoma of the H&N, whereas increasing depth correlated with poorer DFS in those same patients. Recurrence and survival were not impacted by anatomic site, but the prognostic significance of ulceration, thickness, and SLN status in the H&N may vary with the site of the melanoma. Laryngoscope, 2012
Effect of recurrent episodic hypocapnic, eucapnic, and hypercapnic hypoxia on systemic blood pressure

We have described a rat model that responds to chronic (8 h/day, 35 days) repetitive nonapneic episodic (cycled every 30 s) hypocapnic hypoxia with sustained increase in systemic blood pressure. Because the usual blood gas change of apnea is mildly increased CO2, we hypothesized that episodic hypoxia ranging from eucapnea to hypercapnia might cause a greater chronic increase in blood pressure than hypocapnic hypoxia in this model. Five groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied: unhandled group received no treatment, sham group received compressed air in their chambers, hypocapnic hypoxic group received episodic hypoxia for 35 days, eucapnic hypoxic group received the same level of hypoxia but with 7-10% inspired fraction of CO2, and hybercarbic hypoxic group received hypoxia with 11-14% inspired fraction of CO2. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured in unrestrained conscious animals at baseline and after 35 days under their respective study conditions. Neither episodic eucapnic nor hypercarbic hypoxia had any additional effect on the changes in chronic diurnal blood pressure compared with hypocapnic hypoxia. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system or other neurohumoral systems contributing to chronic diurnal blood pressure elevation may be maximally stimulated by hypoxia or there may be some protective mechanism limiting the blood pressure response to asphyxia in this rat model.
Late Wisconsinan ice retreat from the Scotian Shelf

The late middle to late Wisconsinan Laurentide ice sheet terminated at the edge of the Scotian Shelf ca. 21 ka, in close temporal agreement with the H-2 Heinrich event of the North Atlantic stratigraphy. The ice began its recession along the western edge of the shelf prior to 20 ka. By 15 ka, the ice front had retreated in a northeastward direction, exposing much of the western half of the shelf, although ice appears to have remained on the inner shelf north of a morainal system for another 2 k.y. The retreat was probably controlled by an ice divide along the axis of the mainland until after 16 ka, at which time an ice-flow pattern began to emanate from local remnant ice centers on the mainland. Late Wisconsinan ice seems to have remained on much of the eastern portion of the shelf as late as 12–14.5 ka, and probably deposited several outer bank moraines. Younger Dryas ice probably was present at isolated land and coastal areas for a short period ca. 10.5 ka, but its offshore influence appears to have been restricted to floating ice and storm-related events.
Lexical and Syntactic Adaptation and Their Impact in Deployed Spoken Dialog Systems

In this paper, we examine user adaptation to the system's lexical and syntactic choices in the context of the deployed Let's Go! dialog system. We show that in deployed dialog systems with real users, as in laboratory experiments, users adapt to the system's lexical and syntactic choices. We also show that the system's lexical and syntactic choices, and consequent user adaptation, can have an impact on recognition of task-related concepts. This means that system prompt formulation, even in flexible input dialog systems, can be used to guide users into producing utterances conducive to task success.
A linear-quadratic optimal solution to the decentralized servomechanism problem with robust noisy controllers

A linear-quadratic approach is presented to solve the robust decentralized servomechanism problem. It is assumed that not only the plant and the measurements, but the controllers may also be subject to certain disturbances. A physically meaningful quadratic cost function is defined, such that it is possible to assign desired weights to the errors, to their certain derivatives, to the system effort, and to the control efforts. It is shown that the resulting decentralized controlled system enjoys many properties like asymptotic tracking, stability, boundedness and robustness. The frequency domain characteristics of the resulting controllers are also discussed. It is shown that the solution does not require much control effort at high frequencies. Furthermore, the system is guaranteed not to have high frequency oscillations if certain design parameters are chosen properly.
XML path based relevance model for automatic image annotation

This is the first paper that proposes automatic image annotation using the semantics of XML. In this paper, we propose XPRM-XML path based relevance model for automatic image annotation. Our experimental results show that the proposed model has considerable advantage over single word annotations in performing automatic semantic annotation.
Accounting for the fine structure of syntactic working memory: Similarity-based interference as a unifying principle

A promising approach to more refined models consistent with the Caplan & Waters hypothesis is based on similarity-based interference, a general principle that applies across working memory domains. This may explain both the fine details of syntactic working memory phenomena and the gross fractionation for which Caplan & Waters have found evidence. Detailed models of syntactic processing that embody similarity-based interference fare well cross-linguistically. Caplan & Waters (CW 1996b; 1998). C&W start their discussion of memory demands in sentence comprehension with the notoriously difficult English double center-embedded relative clause (their sentence [1]) and go on to cite a few of the computational models and linguistic metrics that have been developed to account for the problem with such embeddings. What they did not mention is how surprisingly difficult it has been to produce models and metrics that are empirically adequate. Though it is true that there is a “remarkable degree of similarity in the measurements” that some of the models produce (sect. 1), the vast majority of these measurements do not fare well when considered against a broad range of embeddings cross-linguistically. Furthermore, there has been little independent psychological motivation for the proposed memory structures (e.g., stacks, lookahead buffers) and their associated limitations (see Lewis 1996 for a review). As an example of the kind of empirical hurdle faced by any theory of syntactic working memory, consider a fact established by Cowper (1976) and Gibson (1991) in their seminal work: a metric based on the amount of center-embedding does not account for many difficulty contrasts in English and other languages. Consider sentences (1a) and (1b): 1a. That the food that John ordered tasted good pleased him (Cowper
Occupational Therapy Approaches to Treatment of Dementia Patients

The occupational therapist is qualified to implement a variety of critical services for dementia patients who have deficits in functional abilities. Methods for adapting and applying traditional occupational therapy practices to the treatment of dementia patients are offered. Three specific areas of intervention: activities, environment, and communication, are presented in detail through description and example.
Parallel implementation of real-time control programs

Two turbojet engine control programs were analyzed for potential parallelism. Both were subjected to global, hierarchical, large-grain data-flow analysis, using internally developed data-flow analysis tools. Execution times of constituent code segments or procedures were determined. Data dependences were combined with execution times to determine maximum possible speedup, using the length of the critical path as the shortest execution time. The first control program was divided into 199 code segments, and had a maximum speedup of 7.2. The second program consisted of 64 basic control procedures; this program has a maximum possible speedup of 5.3. The amount of data passed between the dependent tasks was small, averaging 1.3 values per dependency. Static, nonpreemptive schedules have been determined using a heuristic algorithm based on the critical path method. For the first control program this allowed a speedup of 6.6 using 7 processors; for the second, the maximum possible speedup of 5.3 was achieved using 6 processors. The first program is being implemented on a shared-memory bus-shaped multiprocessor. >
An Arabidopsis mutant with high cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (hcef) involving the NADPH dehydrogenase complex.

Cyclic electron flow (CEFI) has been proposed to balance the chloroplast energy budget, but the pathway, mechanism, and physiological role remain unclear. We isolated a new class of mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana, hcef for high CEF1, which shows constitutively elevated CEF1. The first of these, hcef1, was mapped to chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Crossing hcef1 with pgr5, which is deficient in the antimycin A–sensitive pathway for plastoquinone reduction, resulted in a double mutant that maintained the high CEF1 phenotype, implying that the PGR5-dependent pathway is not involved. By contrast, crossing hcef1 with crr2-2, deficient in thylakoid NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH) complex, results in a double mutant that is highly light sensitive and lacks elevated CEF1, suggesting that NDH plays a direct role in catalyzing or regulating CEF1. Additionally, the NdhI component of the NDH complex was highly expressed in hcef1, whereas other photosynthetic complexes, as well as PGR5, decreased. We propose that (1) NDH is specifically upregulated in hcef1, allowing for increased CEF1; (2) the hcef1 mutation imposes an elevated ATP demand that may trigger CEF1; and (3) alternative mechanisms for augmenting ATP cannot compensate for the loss of CEF1 through NDH.
Efficacy and efficiency: self-designed versus instructor-designed study tools.

During the course of their education, occupational therapy students learn to administer complex structured assessments. For easier administration of these assessments, students design note cards, which then replace cumbersome test manuals during administration. This study considered whether students could learn test administration with equal efficiency and efficacy if given test administration note cards rather than having to design their own. The results showed that the subjects using instructor-designed cards earned written test and practical examination scores similar to those of the subjects using self-designed cards. The subjects using instructor-designed cards spent significantly less (p = .003) total time in study than did the subjects using self-designed cards. The difference in time between the two groups was attributable to the time spent designing note cards. Therefore, distribution of instructor-designed note cards appears to offer equally effective and significantly more efficient learning when compared with that produced when students design their own cards. The differences in efficacy and efficiency were similar for students of different learning styles (as classified by Witkin's field-dependence/field-independence continuum) [corrected].
SHEAR STUD CONNECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOSITE ACTION BETWEEN STEEL GIRDERS AND FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER BRIDGE DECKS

Three fiber-reinforced polymer deck-to-girder connection concepts were evaluated for longitudinal structural capacity, ease of erection, and affordability. The first two concepts employed a composite sleeve to confine grout around three shear studs. In both cases, failure was due to a loss of confinement and local crushing of the composite. As a result, a connection that contained a larger volume of grout to alleviate local crushing and steel spirals to aid in grout confinement was developed by Cassity et al. in 2000. This connection detail utilizes a trapezoidal cell of the deck’s core to confine grout around three shear studs. Following the strength tests on this connection it was fatigued according to AASHTO specifications for 10.5 million cycles (75-year design life) and tested for residual capacity. The connection survived fatigue loading with negligible loss in stiffness. The haunch exhibited minimal debonding and cracking. Connection capacity after one lifetime of fatigue was within 2% of initial c...
CdS films prepared by the close-spaced sublimation and their influence on CdTe/CdS solar cell performance

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) films have been deposited on SnO/sub 2//7059 glass substrates by the close-spaced sublimation technique (CSS), and subsequently used for the fabrication of CdTe/CdS solar cells. The effect of various deposition parameters-ambient and temperature profiles-on film properties and solar cell performance has been investigated. One of the main objectives of this work has been to deposit device quality CdS films of small thickness in order to fabricate CdTe solar cells with enhanced blue response. Solar cells have been characterized using PL, I-V, I-V-T, SR, and C-V measurements. A photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 14.2% under AM1.5 conditions has been measured at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Risk-Based Cleanup Objectives, Land Use, and Transportation:

Land use has always been a factor in developing site-specific cleanup objectives for contaminated property. However, land use is taking on major new significance in the "brownfield" legislation being enacted in a growing number of states. Under this method, a tiered approach is used to analyze the risk posed by contaminants and to derive cleanup objectives based on that risk. By many accounts on the leading edge of the brownfield movement, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) is going so far as to propose a tiered approach to cleanup objectives (TACO) generally across its land pollution programs. TACO relies heavily on restricting land use to obtain less stringent cleanup objectives, and it is this aspect of TACO that represents both an opportunity and a challenge to Illinois transportation agencies and the shape of things to come nationally. The opportunity lies in much lower cleanup costs that these agencies will incur in dealing with contamination in their own yards and rights-of-way. Th...
High capacity and automatic functional extraction tool for industrial VLSI circuit designs

In this paper we present an advanced functional extraction tool for automatic generation of high-level RTL from switch-level circuit netlist representation. The tool is called FEV-Extract and is part of a comprehensive Formal Equivalence Verification (FEV) system developed at Intel to verify modern microprocessor designs. FEV-Extract employs a powerful hierarchical analysis procedure, and advanced and generic algorithms for automatic recognition of logical primitives, to cope with variety of circuit design styles and their complexity. Logic equations are then extracted to generate a behavioral RTL model described in industrial standard HDL languages, to be used in the formal equivalence verification, logic simulation, synthesis and testability flows.
Decisional conflict and the disposition of frozen embryos: implications for informed consent

BACKGROUND Fertility patients often struggle with decisions about disposition of embryos remaining after fertility treatment. We aimed to identify predictors and correlates of decisional conflict among patients facing these decisions.
An Acute Methamphetamine Injection Downregulates the Expression of Several Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) in the Mouse Nucleus Accumbens: Potential Regulatory Role of HDAC2 Expression

Methamphetamine (METH) administration alters gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). We recently demonstrated that an acute METH injection produced prolonged increases in the expression of immediate early genes in the NAc of HDAC2-deficient mice, suggesting that HDAC2 might be an important regulator of gene expression in the rodent brain. Here, we tested the possibility that HDAC2 deletion might also impact METH-induced changes in the expression of various HDAC classes in the NAc. Wild-type (WT) and HDAC2 knockout (KO) mice were given a METH (20 mg/kg) injection, and NAc tissue was collected at 1, 2, and 8 h post treatment. We found that METH decreased HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC7, HDAC8, and HDAC11 mRNA expression but increased HDAC6 mRNA levels in the NAc of WT mice. In contrast, the METH injection increased HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC7, HDAC8, and HDAC11 mRNA levels in HDAC2KO mice. These observations suggest that METH may induce large-scale transcriptional changes in the NAc by regulating the expression of several HDACs, in part, via HDAC2-dependent mechanisms since some of the HDACs showed differential responses between the two genotypes. Our findings further implicate HDACs as potential novel therapeutic targets for neurotoxic complications associated with the abuse of certain psychostimulants.
The six operations in equivariant motivic homotopy theory

Abstract We introduce and study the homotopy theory of motivic spaces and spectra parametrized by quotient stacks [ X / G ] , where G is a linearly reductive linear algebraic group. We extend to this equivariant setting the main foundational results of motivic homotopy theory: the (unstable) purity and gluing theorems of Morel–Voevodsky and the (stable) ambidexterity theorem of Ayoub. Our proof of the latter is different than Ayoub's and is of interest even when G is trivial. Using these results, we construct a formalism of six operations for equivariant motivic spectra, and we deduce that any cohomology theory for G -schemes that is represented by an absolute motivic spectrum satisfies descent for the cdh topology.
New inhibitors of enzymatic proteolysis.

Summary(1) The hydrolysis of egg-white by pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin was inhibited by aniline, arginine, creatine, diethyl-dithiocarbamate, ethylenediamine, guanidine, lysine, o-phenylenediamine, pyrophosphate, sulfanilic acid, and a variety of carbonyl group reagents. The hydrolysis of this substrate by trypsin and chymotrypsin was also inhibited by N,N,N′,N′-tetracarboxymethyl-ethylenediamine. (2) The peptic hydrolysis of casein was inhibited by guanidine, and by several carbonyl group reagents. The hydrolysis of casein by trypsin and chymotrypsin was not inhibited by arginine, ethylenediamine, guanidine, lysine, and sulfanilic acid. (3) The hydrolysis of carbobenzoxy-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosine by pepsin was not influenced by hydrazine, but was slightly (9-14%) inhibited by guanidine. The effect of trypsin on benzoyl-L-arginineamide was inhibited by arginine, guanidine, and lysine, but not by creatine, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, phenyl-hydrazine, and Versene. (4) Dialysis and re-crystallization experim...
Combining different forms of parasitoid aggregation: effects on stability and patterns of parasitism

We present two models which blend different forms of parasitoid search behavior; aggregation independent of host density, and in response to host density. In the first model (Model A) parasitoid and host densities on a patch are assumed to be positively correlated, while in the second model (Model B) the parasitoids have a linear regression on host density, with an associated error term. In Model A, the dynamics were least stable when host and parasitoid were perfectly correlated. In Model B, the slope of the regression had only a moderate effect on stability, while large amounts of error strongly promoted stability. These results suggest that a weak and noisy aggregative response by the parasitoid may be strongly stabilizing, while a strong relationship between parasitoid and host density can sometimes produce instability. As a strong relationship also produces spatial density-dependence in parasitism rates, such a pattern in the field need not indicate stabilizing forms of parasitoid behavior.
The Characterization of Linear Polyethylene SRM's 1482, 1483, and 1484. I. Introduction.

The National Bureau of Standards has issued a series of three linear polyethylene Standard Reference Materials, SRM 1482, 1483, and 1484. These polyethylenes have molecular weights of the order of 10,000, 30,000, and 100,000 g/mol, respectively, and ratios Mw /Mn of weight- to number-average molecular weight of the order of 1.2. Their number-average molecular weights (by membrane osmometry), weight-average molecular weights (by light scattering), and limiting; viscosity numbers in two solvents (by capillary viscometry) are certified; the procedures employed are described in subsequent papers in this series. In the present paper, we describe the preparation of the materials and some of their general properties.