cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A preliminary study on the effects of dietary supplementation of brewers yeast and nucleotides, singularly or in combination, on juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with brewers yeast (Brewtech®) and nucleotides (Optimun), either singularly or in combination, on red drum growth, body composition, stress responses and possible resistance to Amyloodinium ocellatum infection. Juvenile red drum (∼1 g initially) fed practical fish-meal-based diets for 6 weeks had similar weight gain regardless of whether the diet was unsupplemented (basal) or supplemented with brewers yeast (2% of diet), nucleotides (Optimun at 0.2% of diet) or both brewers yeast (2% of diet) and nucleotides (Optimun at 0.2% of diet). Dietary effects on hepatosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat ratio or whole-body composition were not significant, except that fish fed the singular nucleotide supplement had a significantly higher whole-body lipid content compared with fish fed the basal diet. No significant dietary effects on cortisol response were observed after a 15 min confinement stress test perhaps because of the extreme variation among individual fish. Subsequently, in situ challenge by co-habitation with A. ocellatum caused 100% mortality regardless of dietary treatment within a 48 h period. It is concluded that dietary supplementation of brewers yeast and nucleotides did not promote enhanced growth or improved cortisol response and resistance to uncontrolled amyloodiniosis in juvenile red drum, at least at the tested dosages.
Political environments and business strategy: Implications for managers

Abstract Globalization leads to increased business opportunities and changing rules of the game. Different institutional settings and different organizational players continuously shape business opportunities through different public policy processes operating in various locales. Herein, we develop a framework, based on the work of Nobel laureate Douglas North, which enables managers to determine essential considerations of public policy arenas where they may operate or consider operating.
Sol−Gel Processing of Semiconducting Metal Chalcogenide Xerogels: Influence of Dimensionality on Quantum Confinement Effects in a Nanoparticle Network

The synthesis and characterization of porous nanostructured inorganic polymers (gels and xerogels) of CdS, ZnS, PbS, and CdSe is described. Primary particles are synthesized via water-in-oil microemulsions, surface complexed with thiolate ligands, and dispersed in acetone. Oxidation of the thiolate ligands with H2O2 leads to particle aggregation and the formation of wet gels, which are then dried under ambient conditions to produce xerogels. The xerogels exhibit optical band-edges that are intermediate between bulk precipitates and the more porous wet gels and aerogels, suggesting the extent of quantum confinement in such colloidal networks is intimately related to the pore structure and surface area (dimensionality). Heating of the xerogels in vacuo results in a continued decrease in the energy of absorption onset due to sintering of the nanoparticle network, and this is also reflected in a growth in crystallite size as probed by powder X-ray diffraction. The resulting xerogel networks demonstrate modest...
Thermal gradients, strain rate, and ductility in sheet steel tensile specimens

The effect on ductility of strain rate and thermal gradients arising from deformation is examined in tensile specimens of 1008 AK steel. The total elongationetot is taken as the measure of ductility, since it reflects changes in the strain hardeningn and strain-rate sensitivitym. Tensile specimens are pulled to failure in 23 °C air, at initial strain rates from 10−3 to 10−1 s−1, with thermocouples recording temperature along the 50.8 mm gauge section. The maximum temperature is ∼110 °C just prior to failure at the highest rate. Theetot, however, remains fairly constant with rate at ∼40 pct. When thermal gradients are prevented by immersing the specimens in circulating water at 23 °C,etot, increases with rate to a maximum of ∼54 pct at 10−1 s−1. Direct measurements of isothermal values ofm at 23, 60, and 90 °C show thatm increases with rate.etot, therefore, would be expected to increase with rate. Since under nonisothermal conditionsetot does not change, it appears thatm and thermal gradients are competing influences on ductility at higher rates. Enhanced ductility in stampings should be possible by suppressing gradients, either by controlling die temperature or by heat transfer properties of a lubricant.
Gamma-gamma directional correlation study of rutile

Measurements of the perturbed $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ directional correlation function were made for the 78-68-keV cascade in $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ at the ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{3+}$ ion site in rutile. A static electric quadrupole interaction was observed, having an interaction strength $|Q{V}_{\mathrm{zz}}|=(4.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ V, and characteristic interaction frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=46.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3$ MHz. The static electric field gradient at the $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ ion site is found to be axially symmetric, and does not vary from one site to another. A comparison with results of earlier studies indicates the electric field gradient at the Sc ion site in rutile is exactly the same as the electric field gradient at the Sc ion site in PbTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and is approximately 1.5 times greater than the electric field gradient at the Sc ion site in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. This is used in a model to explain the anomalous behavior of the perturbation factor previously observed for BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Coping styles in people with chronic fatigue syndrome identified from the general population of Wichita, KS ☆

Objective: Studies of primary and tertiary care patients suggest that maladaptive coping styles contribute to the pathogenesis and maintenance of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). We assessed coping styles in persons with unexplained fatigue and nonfatigued controls in a population-based study. Methods: We enrolled 43 subjects meeting the 1994 Research Case Definition of CFS, matching them with 61 subjects with chronic unexplained fatigue who did not meet criteria for CFS [we term them insufficient symptoms or fatigue (ISF)] and 60 non-ill (NI) controls. Coping styles and clinical features of CFS were assessed using standard rating scales. Results: Subjects with CFS and ISF reported significantly more escape-avoiding behavior than NI controls. There were no differences between the CFS and ISF subjects. Among participants with CFS, escape-avoiding behavior was associated with fatigue severity, pain, and disability. Conclusions: We demonstrate significantly higher reporting of maladaptive coping in a population-based sample of people with CFS and other unexplained fatiguing illnesses defined by reproducible standardized clinical empirical means in comparison to NI controls.
Relationship between ADHD and Central Auditory Processing Disorder: A Review of the Literature

It is increasingly apparent that differential diagnosis of children with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is, at best, difficult, with a majority of children identified as ADHD also ...
Natural mixing of species: novel plant–animal communities on Caribbean Islands

Global anthropogenic activities are responsible for the modification of landscapes, creation of novel environments and movement of species across biogeographic regions. A consequence of this activity is the mixing of native and introduced species and the formation of novel biotic communities. We review the ecological consequences of the mixing of native and introduced species in the Caribbean Islands especially in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Here we found documented examples indicating that novel communities of native and naturalized organisms are ubiquitous. The coexistence of species originating from different biogeographical regions raises research questions that demand attention for their ecological and conservation importance. For example: Is animal abundance in novel communities a measure of habitat quality? To what degree are populations in novel communities self-sustaining? What are the consequences of species eradication? How does an introduced animal’s trophic position affect its effects on novel and native communities? We suggest that novel communities that emerge in the Caribbean after deforestation and land abandonment could be harbingers of how the biota might respond elsewhere to rapidly changing environmental conditions, including global and climate change.
Development and characterization of a specific IgG monoclonal antibody toward the Lewis x antigen using splenocytes of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice

The parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni synthesizes immunogenic glycans containing the human Lewis x antigen (Lex; Galactose-β1-4(Fucα1-3)N-acetylglucosamine-β-R, also called CD15), but the biological role(s) of this antigen in the parasites and in humans is poorly understood. To develop IgG-based monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for Lex, we harvested splenocytes from S. mansoni-infected Swiss Webster mice at Week 10 postinfection, when peak IgG responses to glycan antigens occur, and generated a panel of hybridomas secreting anti-glycan IgG that recognize periodate-sensitive epitopes in soluble egg antigens of the parasites, and also recognizes a neoglycoprotein containing a pentasaccharide with the Lex sequence. One murine mAb, an IgG3 designated F8A1.1, bound to glycoproteins and glycolipids from schistosome adults and human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells that express Lex antigens, as assessed by a wide variety of approaches including immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and western blotting, as well as overlay assays of glycolipids after thin-layer chromatography. In contrast, F8A1.1 bound weakly to cercariae, 3-h schistosomula and human Jurkat cells. We also directly compared the glycan specificity of F8A1.1 with commercially available anti-CD15 IgG1 (clone W6D3) using a defined glycan microarray. The results demonstrated that F8A1.1 recognized glycans expressing Lex epitopes in a terminal nonreducing position, whereas anti-CD15 bound to glycans with multiple repeats of Lex epitopes, but not to glycans with a single, terminal Lex epitope. Our results show that F8A1.1 recognizes terminal Lex epitopes and can be used for identification, immunolocalization, immunoprecipitation and purification of Lex-containing glycoconjugates from schistosomes and mammalian cells.
Practical programmer: software teams

I have often heard the phrase, “We see what we know.” As technicians, we concentrate on technical ways to manage complexity: abstraction, design techniques, high-level languages, and so on. That is what we know best. But when the tale is told of a project that failed, the blame is often laid not on technical difficulties, but on management and interpersonal problems.In the last six months, I have seen firsthand how attention to the social organization of a software team can make a big difference in the success of a development project. I work in a “Research and Development” group. “Research” means that some aspects of the project are experimental—we do not know for sure what is going to work. “Development” means we are expected to produce high-quality software for real users. So while we want to encourage creative thought, we must pay heed to the lessons of commercial software developers in quality assurance, testing, documentation, and project control.Our all-wise project leader decided we also needed to pay heed to the lessons of sociology. In particular, we began to apply the ideas found in Larry Constantine's work on the organization of software teams. Our efforts have resulted in a team that is productive, flexible, and comfortable. I thought these qualities are unusual enough to merit a column on the subject.
Motor cortex inhibition: A marker of ADHD behavior and motor development in children

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset behavioral diagnosis in which children often fail to meet age norms in development of motor control, particularly timed repetitive and sequential movements, motor overflow, and balance. The neural substrate of this motor delay may include mechanisms of synaptic inhibition in or adjacent to the motor cortex. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)–evoked measures, particularly short interval cortical inhibition (SICI), in motor cortex correlate with the presence and severity of ADHD in childhood as well as with commonly observed delays in motor control. Methods: In this case-control study, behavioral ratings, motor skills, and motor cortex physiology were evaluated in 49 children with ADHD (mean age 10.6 years, 30 boys) and 49 typically developing children (mean age 10.5 years, 30 boys), all right-handed, aged 8–12 years. Motor skills were evaluated with the Physical and Neurological Examination for Subtle Signs (PANESS) and the Motor Assessment Battery for Children version 2. SICI and other physiologic measures were obtained using TMS in the left motor cortex. Results: In children with ADHD, mean SICI was reduced by 40% ( p r = −0.52; p = 0.002). Mean PANESS motor development scores were 59% worse in children with ADHD ( p r = −.30; p = 0.01). Conclusion: Reduced TMS-evoked SICI correlates with ADHD diagnosis and symptom severity and also reflects motor skill development in children.
Simulation Bounds for Equivalence Verification of Polynomial Datapaths Using Finite Ring Algebra

This paper addresses simulation-based verification of high-level [algorithmic, behavioral, or register-transfer level (RTL)] descriptions of arithmetic datapaths that perform polynomial computations over finite word-length operands. Such designs are typically found in digital signal processing (DSP) for audio/video and multimedia applications; where the word-lengths of input and output signals (bit-vectors) are predetermined and fixed according to the desired precision. Initial descriptions of such systems are usually specified as Matlab/C code. These are then automatically translated into behavioral/RTL descriptions for subsequent hardware synthesis. In order to verify that the initial Matlab/C model is bit-true equivalent to the translated RTL, how many simulation vectors need to be applied? This paper derives some important results that show that exhaustive simulation is not necessary to prove/disprove their equivalence. To derive these results, we model the datapath computations as polynomial functions over finite integer rings of the form , where corresponds to the bit-vector word-length. Subsequently, by exploring some number theoretic and algebraic properties of these rings, we derive an upper bound on the number of simulation vectors required to prove equivalence or to identify bugs. Moreover, these vectors cannot be arbitrarily generated. We identify exactly those vectors that need to be simulated. Experiments are performed within practical computer-aided design (CAD) settings to demonstrate the validity and applicability of these results.
Estimating HIV prevalence from surveys with low individual consent rates: annealing individual and pooled samples

Many HIV prevalence surveys are plagued by the problem that a sizeable number of surveyed individuals do not consent to contribute blood samples for testing. One can ignore this problem, as is often done, but the resultant bias can be of sufficient magnitude to invalidate the results of the survey, especially if the number of non-responders is high and the reason for refusing to participate is related to the individual’s HIV status. One reason for refusing to participate may be for reasons of privacy. For those individuals, we suggest offering the option of being tested in a pool. This form of testing is less certain than individual testing, but, if it convinces more people to submit to testing, it should reduce the potential for bias and give a cleaner answer to the question of prevalence. This paper explores the logistics of implementing a combined individual and pooled testing approach and evaluates the analytical advantages to such a combined testing strategy. We quantify improvements in a prevalence estimator based on this combined testing strategy, relative to an individual testing only approach and a pooled testing only approach. Minimizing non-response is key for reducing bias, and, if pooled testing assuages privacy concerns, offering a pooled testing strategy has the potential to substantially improve HIV prevalence estimates.
Predictors of toxicity associated with stereotactic body radiation therapy to the central hepatobiliary tract.

Purpose To identify dosimetric predictors of hepatobiliary (HB) toxicity associated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for liver tumors. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed 96 patients treated with SBRT for primary (53%) or metastatic (47%) liver tumors between March 2006 and November 2013. The central HB tract (cHBT) was defined by a 15-mm expansion of the portal vein from the splenic confluence to the first bifurcation of left and right portal veins. Patients were censored for toxicity upon local progression or additional liver-directed therapy. HB toxicities were graded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. To compare different SBRT fractionations, doses were converted to biologically effective doses (BED) by using the standard linear quadratic model α/β = 10 (BED10). Results Median follow-up was 12.7 months after SBRT. Median BED10 was 85.5 Gy (range: 37.5-151.2). The median number of fractions was 5 (range: 1-5), with 51 patients (53.1%) receiving 5 fractions and 29 patients (30.2%) receiving 3 fractions. In total, there were 23 (24.0%) grade 2+ and 18 (18.8%) grade 3+ HB toxicities. Nondosimetric factors predictive of grade 3+ HB toxicity included cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) histology ( P P =.0087), and biliary stent ( P BED10 72) ≥ 21 cm 3 (relative risk [RR]: 11.6, P BED10 66 ≥ 24 cm 3 (RR: 10.5, P BED10 ) cHBT ≥14 Gy (RR: 9.2, P BED10 72 and V BED10 66 corresponding to V40 and V37.7 for 5 fractions and V33.8 and V32.0 for 3 fractions, respectively. V BED10 72 ≥ 21 cm 3 , V BED10 66 ≥ 24 cm 3 , and Dmean BED10 cHBT ≥14 Gy were consistently predictive of grade 3+ toxicity on multivariate analysis. Conclusions V BED10 72, V BED10 66, and Dmean BED10 to cHBT are associated with HB toxicity. We suggest V BED10 72 3 (5-fraction: V40 3 ; 3-fraction: V33.8 3 ), V BED10 66 3 (5-fraction: V37.7 3 ; 3-fraction: V32 3 ) as potential dose constraints for the cHBT when clinically indicated.
Effect of high stearic acid containing fat on markers for in vivo lipid peroxidation.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of high stearic acid (SA) diets versus high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diets on several measures of lipid peroxidation in vivo. Sprague–Dawley rats were fed diets that differed only in the fat source (8% by weight) for 19 weeks. High SA fats were beef tallow (BT) and cocoa butter (CB), high PUFA fats were soybean oil (SO) and menhaden oil (MO). Urine was analyzed for lipophilic aldehydes, the secondary products of lipid peroxidation, by HPLC. Decreases (P<0.05) were found for 4 nonpolar lipophilic aldehydes and related carbonyl compounds (NPC) and 4 polar lipophilic aldehydes and related carbonyl compounds (PC) when the BT-fed group was compared to the SO-fed group. Decreases were also found to be significant for total NPC (P<0.01) and total PC (P<0.05) between BT and SO-fed groups. Serum increase in resistance to oxidation (P<0.01) was found in the BT group when compared to the SO group. The differences in urine and serum measurements in the ...
Successful use of very low dose subcutaneous decitabine to treat high-risk myelofibrosis with Sweet syndrome that was refractory to 5-azacitidine

A 54-year-old man presented with night sweats and bleeding mouth sores. On routine laboratory testing, he was found to have anemia (hemoglobin = 9.4 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume [MCV] = 84.9 fL) a...
Schizotypal Personality Disorder: An Operational Definition of Bleuler's Latent Schizophrenia?

In spite of the pressure for consensus that operational diagnoses exert, there remains considerable disagreement concerning the marginal syndromes which may be subtypes of schizophrenia or phenomenologically or genetically related. Some clarification of the question may result by returning to Bleuler's "latent schizophrenia," which he observed in the relatives of schizophrenics. Schizotypal personality disorder of DSM-III is only a first approximation of this, and its deficits in this respect are discussed briefly.
Associations between contextual factors and colorectal cancer screening in a racially and ethnically diverse population in Texas

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Increased attention has been given to understanding the role of local contexts on cancer screening behaviors. We examined the associations between multiple tract-level socioeconomic measures and adherence to colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) in Harris County and the City of Houston, Texas. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional multilevel study linking individual-level data on CRCS from the 2010 Health of Houston Survey with contextual data from the U.S. Census and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. We examined tract-level poverty, education, employment, income inequality, and foreclosure measures across 543 Census tracts. Analyses were limited to individuals aged 50–74 years ( N =1720). Results Overall, 58.0% of the sample was adherent to any recommended CRCS test. In bivariate analyses, increasing levels of area poverty, low education, unemployment, and foreclosures were associated with lower odds of adherence to CRCS. After controlling for individual-level covariates, only tract-level unemployment remained associated with adherence to CRCS (adjusted OR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.66–0.99; P =.037). Conclusions Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is increasingly recognized as a determinant of health, and our study suggests that the contextual effect of area unemployment may extend to cancer screening outcomes. Our finding is important to cancer control planners because we identified a contextual marker of disparity that can be used to target local interventions to promote CRCS and thereby reduce cancer disparities among non-adherent individuals who reside in communities with high unemployment rates.
Differentiation of mammary tumors and reduction in metastasis upon Malat1 lncRNA loss

Genome-wide analyses have identified thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Malat1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) is among the most abundant lncRNAs whose expression is altered in numerous cancers. Here we report that genetic loss or systemic knockdown of Malat1 using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in the MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus)-PyMT mouse mammary carcinoma model results in slower tumor growth accompanied by significant differentiation into cystic tumors and a reduction in metastasis. Furthermore, Malat1 loss results in a reduction of branching morphogenesis in MMTV-PyMT- and Her2/neu-amplified tumor organoids, increased cell adhesion, and loss of migration. At the molecular level, Malat1 knockdown results in alterations in gene expression and changes in splicing patterns of genes involved in differentiation and protumorigenic signaling pathways. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time a functional role of Malat1 in regulating critical processes in mammary cancer pathogenesis. Thus, Malat1 represents an exciting therapeutic target, and Malat1 ASOs represent a potential therapy for inhibiting breast cancer progression.
The Efficiency of Wikipedia's Evolution

Wikipedia, the world's most popular encyclopedia, is a unique enterprise characterized by its purely decentralized production. Thus, it is important to understand whether editors produce the pages in an efficient manner. I examine how efficiently Wikipedia has developed from three perspectives. First, I evaluate whether the editors produce the pages with the highest eventual views first. I find that at a given point in time, editors create roughly 80% of the maximum possible views that could have been created up through that time. Second, I examine whether pages are created in order of how well-connected they are to other pages in the link structure, so how easy they are to find. I find that a page's probability of being created at any point in time is significantly and substantially increasing in its relative number of views and connections. However, this effect diminishes with time and page creation was much less sensitive to these measures in 2008 than in 2001. Third, I compare which pages frequent versus infrequent editors create. I find that frequent editors tend to produce highly-viewed pages while infrequent editors tend to produce better connected pages.
Well Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) accounts for 98 % of thyroid cancer, with neoplasms arising from the follicular cells (papillary, follicular and Hurthle cell thyroid cancer) and parafollicular cells (medullary thyroid cancer). This paper will focus on the well-differentiated thyroid cancers arising from the follicular epithelial cells. By retaining the differentiated features of normal thyrocytes, these tumors usually retain their ability to produce thyroglobulin and to concentrate and organify iodine. Such features facilitate diagnosis, surveillance and treatment of this disease. There is ongoing debate over the management of DTC with respect to the extent of thyroid resection, indications for radioactive iodine treatment and the extent of thyroid hormone suppression therapy. New elements in cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment continue to evolve with the knowledge gained from ongoing research in thyroid cancer molecular genetics, clinical trials for medical treatments and retrospective studies on recurrence, survival and clinical outcomes of current treatment modalities.
The energetics of anabolism in natural settings

The environmental conditions that describe an ecosystem define the amount of energy available to the resident organisms and the amount of energy required to build biomass. Here, we quantify the amount of energy required to make biomass as a function of temperature, pressure, redox state, the sources of C, N and S, cell mass and the time that an organism requires to double or replace its biomass. Specifically, these energetics are calculated from 0 to 125 °C, 0.1 to 500 MPa and -0.38 to +0.86 V using CO2, acetate or CH4 for C, NO3(-) or NH4(+) for N and SO4(2-) or HS(-) for S. The amounts of energy associated with synthesizing the biomolecules that make up a cell, which varies over 39 kJ (g cell)(-1), are then used to compute energy-based yield coefficients for a vast range of environmental conditions. Taken together, environmental variables and the range of cell sizes leads to a ~4 orders of magnitude difference between the number of microbial cells that can be made from a Joule of Gibbs energy under the most (5.06 × 10(11) cells J(-1)) and least (5.21 × 10(7) cells J(-1)) ideal conditions. When doubling/replacement time is taken into account, the range of anabolism energies can expand even further.
Choice between reward magnitudes as a function of frequency of prior alternation between alternatives

Independent groups of albino rats were administered 20 forced trials to each side of a T-maze before being permitted free choice between alternatives. Throughout training, runs to one side were followed by relatively large reward and runs to the other side by smaller reward. Tendency to run to larger reward on free trials was related to sequence in which forced trials had been administered, such that the more frequently Ss were forced to alternate runs to the two alternatives, the greater was their later tendency to select the alternative associated with larger reward.
Rotating three-electron Wigner molecules in strong magnetic and circularly polarized field

We investigate the formation of rotating Wigner molecules in external magnetic and circularly polarized fields consisting of three-electrons in the analogy to recently discovered stabilized Langmuir states in strong magnetic and the circularly polarized fields.
Laparoscopic Transversus Abdominis Release, a Novel Minimally Invasive Approach to Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction

Background. Open abdominal wall reconstruction is used to repair complex abdominal wall hernias with contour abnormalities. We present a novel minimally invasive approach to address these types of ...
Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering of Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts

The slit-smeared intensity of X-radiation scattered from carbon-supported metal catalysts behaves as c l h −1 + c 2 h −3 for higher h-values in the small-angle region (h+4πλ −1 sinθ, λ + X-ray wavelength,θ + half of scattering angle, c 1 , c 2 are constants). For three-phase systems with sharp phase boundaries, uniform electron-densities in the metal and void phases, and lamellar electrondensity fluctuations in the carbon phase, the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) can be described in terms of inter- and intraphase electron-density correlation functions, and can be shown to yield the observed behavior. Further assumptions are required to separate these contributions and calculate interfacial specific surfaces. SAXS measurements on Pt, Ru, Pd, and Rh/C are presented.
Middle-Aged Alcoholics and Young Drinkers

The ideas and research put forth in this volume depart dramatically from traditional approaches to alcohol problems. They reflect a new sociopolitical consciousness of the interdependent economic, social, behavioral, and medical importance that alcohol, drinking, and behavior coincident with drinking assume in American society. In this chapter, I argue that alcoholics are not the only population with high rates of socially costly alcohol problems: another population shows equally high problem rates entailing equally high social costs. The second population consists of frequent heavy drinkers, drawn largely from among young adults between their immediate post-high-school years and their middle 20s. Many specific problems and conditions characterize both groups, a fact offset partly by disinctive differences in some problems, but mainly by the way problems cluster within or across individuals in each group and, most significantly, by differences in social perceptions concerning alcoholics and frequent heavy drinkers. Despite high problem rates, no public resources have been allocated to the frequent heavy-drinking population; on the contrary, nearly all available resources have been funneled to alcoholics. The wisdom of this de facto policy has not been debated.
From Treaties to Reserves: The Federal Government and Native Peoples in Territorial Alberta, 1870–1905. By D. J. Hall.

From Treaties to Reserves: The Federal Government and Native Peoples in Territorial Alberta, 1870–1905. By D. J. Hall. (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015. xxii + 477 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, appendices, notes, bibliography, index. $110.00, CAN$110.00, cloth; $34.95, CAN$34.95, paper.) This excellent study analyzes Canadian treaty making and its results in the province of Alberta during the last third of the nineteenth century. Anchored on thorough research and a wide familiarity of existing scholarship, it builds on J. R. Miller’s Compact, Contract, Covenant (2009). The text focuses primarily on the Nizitapi (Blackfoot) groups of southern Alberta and traces the early tension-filled relations between band members and federal officials, the bands’ changing economic situation, education and public health policies, the Indian … nichols{at}email.arizona.edu
Improved Method for Calibration of Exchange Flows for a Physical Transport Box Model of Tampa Bay, FL, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Rogers, J.E.; Russell, M.J., and Harwell, M.C., 2017. Improved method for calibration of exchange flows for a physical transport box model of Tampa Bay, FL, U.S.A. Results for both sequential and simultaneous calibration of exchange flows between segments of a 10-box, one-dimensional, well-mixed, bifurcated tidal mixing model for Tampa Bay are reported. Calibrations were conducted for three model options with different mathematical expressions for evaporative loss. Evaporation was subtracted from freshwater inputs in the first option. Evaporative losses were replaced by water from the adjacent down-bay segment in the second option. Evaporative losses in the third option described a complete water balance. For example, when starting at the head of the bay, water drawn from Segment II to replace evaporative losses from Segment I must be replaced by water from Segment III, and so on. Three questions were asked in approaching this project: does simultaneous calibration or sequential calibration yield...
Patient identification and eligibility insights in the synchronous metastatic RCC population: An update from the ongoing ADAPT* phase 3 study experience.

TPS4582 Background: AGS-003 is an autologous immunotherapy designed to induce a T-cell response specific to a patient’s tumor antigens. Sunitinib is a TKI and first-line therapy for mRCC that also ...
Climate change may alter human physical activity patterns

Regular physical activity supports healthy human functioning1–3. Might climate change—by modifying the environmental determinants of human physical activity—alter exercise rates in the future4? Here we conduct an empirical investigation of the relationship between meteorological conditions, physical activity and future climate change. Using data on reported participation in recreational physical activity from over 1.9 million US survey respondents between 2002 and 2012, coupled with daily meteorological data, we show that both cold and acutely hot temperatures, as well as precipitation days, reduce physical activity. We combine our historical estimates with output from 21 climate models and project the possible physical activity effects of future climatic changes by 2050 and 2099. Our projection indicates that warming over the course of this century may increase net recreational physical activity in the United States. Activity may increase most during the winter in northern states and decline most during the summer in southern states. Obradovich and Fowler use data on participation in physical activity from 1.9 million US residents from 2002–2012, coupled with daily temperature data, to show that unmitigated climate change is likely to alter future patterns of physical activity.
Design of multifunctional hierarchical space structures

We describe a system for the design of space structures with tunable structural properties based on the discrete assembly of modular lattice elements. These lattice elements can be constructed into larger beam-like elements, which can then be assembled into large scale truss structures. These discrete lattice elements are reversibly assembled with mechanical fasteners, which allows them to be arbitrarily reconfigured into various application-specific designs. In order to assess the validity of this approach, we design two space structures with similar geometry but widely different structural requirements: an aerobrake, driven by strength requirements, and a precision segmented reflector, driven by stiffness and accuracy requirements. We will show agreement between simplified numerical models based on hierarchical assembly and analytical solutions. We will also present an assessment of the error budget resulting from the assembly of discrete structures. Lastly, we will address launch vehicle packing efficiency issues for transporting these structures to lower earth orbit.
Modeling Blood Flow and Oxygenation in a Diabetic Rat Kidney

We use a highly detailed mathematical model of renal hemodynamics and solute transport to simulate medullary oxygenation in the kidney of a diabetic rat. Model simulations suggest that alterations in renal hemodynamics, which include diminished vasoconstrictive response of the afferent arteriole as a major factor, lead to glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetes. The resulting higher filtered Na+ load increases the reabsorptive work of the nephron, but by itself does not significantly elevate medullary oxygen consumption. The key explanation for diabetes-related medullary hypoxia may be impaired renal metabolism. Tubular transport efficiency is known to be reduced in diabetes, leading to increased medullary oxygen consumption, despite relatively unchanged active Na+ transport. The model predicts that interstitial fluid oxygen tension of the inner stripe, which is a particularly oxygen-poor region of the medulla, decreases by 18.6% in a diabetic kidney.
Effect of bisphosphonates on knee replacement surgery.

Purpose Bone remodelling as a therapeutic target in knee osteoarthritis (OA) has gained much interest, but the effects of antiresorptive agents on knee OA have been conflicting, with no studies to date examining the effects of bisphosphonate use on the clinically relevant endpoint of knee replacement (KR) surgery. Methods We used data from The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a general practitioner electronic medical records representative of the general UK population. We identified older women who had initiated bisphosphonate use after their incident knee OA diagnosis. Each bisphosphonate initiator was propensity score-matched with a non-initiator within each 1-year cohort accrual block. The effect of bisphosphonates on the risk of KR was assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression. Sensitivity analyses to address residual confounding were also conducted. Results We identified 2006 bisphosphonate initiators, who were matched to 2006 non-initiators(mean age 76, mean body mass index 27), with mean follow-up time of 3 years. The crude incidence rate of KR was 22.0 per 1000 person-years among the initiators, and 29.1 among the non-initiators. Bisphosphonate initiators had 26% lower risk of KR than non-initiators(HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.93); these results were similar when additionally adjusted for potential confounders in the propensity score (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.95). Results of sensitivity analyses supported this protective effect. Conclusions In this population-based cohort of older women with incident knee OA, those with incident bisphosphonate users had lower risk of KR than non-users of bisphosphonates, suggesting a potential beneficial effect of bisphosphonates on knee OA.
Transposable elements and polyploid evolution in animals

Polyploidy in animals is much less common than in plants, where it is thought to be pervasive in all higher plant lineages. Recent studies have highlighted the impact of polyploidization and the associated process of diploidy restoration on the evolution and speciation of selected taxonomic groups in the animal kingdom: from vertebrates represented by salmonid fishes and African clawed frogs to invertebrates represented by parasitic root-knot nematodes and bdelloid rotifers. In this review, we focus on the unique and diverse roles that transposable elements may play in these processes, from marking and diversifying subgenome-specific chromosome sets before hybridization, to influencing genome restructuring during rediploidization, to affecting subgenome-specific regulatory evolution, and occasionally providing opportunities for domestication and gene amplification to restore and improve functionality. There is still much to be learned from the future comparative genomic studies of chromosome-sized and haplotype-aware assemblies, and from postgenomic studies elucidating genetic and epigenetic regulatory phenomena across short and long evolutionary distances in the metazoan tree of life.
Animal Models of Motor and Sensory Neuron Disease

Motor and sensory neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical signals that direct muscle contraction and delivery of sensory input (pain, hot, cold, etc.) from the periphery to the brain. Errors in these pathways underlie motor and sensory diseases. A critical feature to understand the pathogenesis of these disorders and to develop effective therapies relies on animal models that faithfully recapitulate human diseases.
Patterns of Work and Poverty: Exploratory Profiles of Working-Poor Households:

This study uses Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data to test one of the assumptions of the welfare reform efforts that produced the Family Support Act of 1988. Those efforts assum...
Isolation and Proteomics of Extracellular Microvesicles Shed by Tetrahymena thermophila during Mating

T. thermophila is a ciliated protozoan found in fresh water. Early during sexual reproduction (Fig. 1) they undergo cell adhesion followed by membrane fusion resulting in 100s of pores in the futur...
Abstract WP564: Deep Immune Profiling of the Post-Stroke Peripheral Immune Response Reveals Tri-phasic Response and Correlations With Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes

Introduction: Stroke produces profound local and systemic immune responses that engage all major innate and adaptive immune compartments. The aim of this study was to characterize the systemic immu...
UNIT 21.8 Analysis of Protein Co-Occupancy by Quantitative Sequential Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Sequential Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (SeqChIP) is a powerful technique for analyzing the simultaneous association of two different proteins with genomic DNA sequences in vivo. Cellular Protein-DNA complexes are cross-linked with formaldehyde (unit Unavailable ), and are purified via two successive immunoprecipitations, with each immunoprecipitation targeting a different protein. Protein-DNA cross-links are then reversed and DNA sequences of interest are analyzed by quantitative PCR. At each genomic region, calculated SeqChIP co-occupancy values are compared to occupancy values of singly immunoprecipitated samples. The extent of enrichment brought about by the second immunoprecipitation relative to the singly immunoprecipitated sample is directly correlated with the degree of co-occupancy between the two proteins at the genomic location assayed. In principle, the technique is not limited to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells from a wide variety of organisms can be used. Keywords: chromatin; immunoprecipitation; protein-DNA interactions; in vivo crosslinking
Ag2S nanocrystallites deposited over polyamidoamine grafted carbon nanotubes: An efficient NIR active photothermal agent.

Abstract A novel NIR (near infrared) active photothermal agent, CNTs-PAMAM-Ag2S has been synthesized by covalent grafting of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and subsequent deposition of Ag2S nanocrystallites. The potential of CNTs-PAMAM-Ag2S as a NIR active photothermal agent was preliminarily accessed by its electronic absorption spectrum measured in UV–vis–NIR region. The CNTs-PAMAM-Ag2S exhibited excellent photothermal effect and photothermal conversion efficiency of 26% under illumination with 980 nm laser, the efficiency was found to be higher than popular gold and copper based photothermal agents. Temperature attained by CNTs-PAMAM-Ag2S during measurement of its photothermal effect was 64.7 °C at 1 g/mL, which far exceeds the temperature tolerance level of cancer cells. So that CNTs-PAMAM-Ag2S could destroy the cancer cells in an effective manner. Furthermore, it was found the linear dependence of photothermal effect of CNTs-PAMAM-Ag2S over its concentration. CNTs-PAMAM-Ag2S possessed excellent stability against photo-bleaching and photo-corrosiveness. In consideration of its outstanding photothermal effect and photothermal conversion efficiency, CNTs-PAMAM-Ag2S could be a promising photothermal agent to employ in future photothermal therapy.
Retrieval of nearshore bathymetry from Sentinel-2A and 2B satellites in South Florida coastal waters

Abstract This study examines the relatively high-resolution MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) onboard Sentinel-2A and 2B for generating bathymetric maps through a ratio transform model in South Florida (United States). Atmospheric correction of imagery is implemented though ACOLITE software, providing accurate performance and consistency over different Sentinel-2A/B scenes and three different study sites. Vertical calibration uses 5–10 points collected from digital charts, independent of lidar surveys, which are used for validation and error analysis. Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB) has Median Absolute Error (MedAE) of 0.5 m in West Palm Beach (at depths ranging between 0 and 18 m, limit of lidar survey for validation), 0.4 m in Key West (0–5 m), and 0.22 m in Dry Tortugas (0–6 m), in conditions with low turbidity. Accurate bathymetry mapping can be accomplished with both sensors over environments with varying water transparency conditions, with the advantage of a fast, flexible, and economical solution. The 10-m MSI can capture small-scale features, such as tidal channels, straits relevant to navigation or steep slopes. While the least error is achieved by calibrating each image separately, a generic calibration produces only a moderately greater error with MedAE still ∼1m, indicating the robustness of the approach. The research highlights the great potential of the 5-day revisit, suggesting that the twin Sentinel-2 mission of the Copernicus programme may enhance SDB to leverage its use for several operational purposes, particularly in remote and inaccessible regions of the world.
The fine structure of spermatid differentiation in the mussel, Mytilus edulis.

In early spermatids of Mytilus edulis proacrosomal vesicles arising from several Golgi bodies coalesce to form one acrosomal vesicle. This moves to the anterior surface of the nucleus and invaginates to become an elongated cone-shaped structure. Membranoid sleeve material, also arising from Golgi elements, adjoins the acrosomal vesicle and later occupies its indentation. A fibrous axial rod extends posteriorly into the nucleus and anteriorly into the cavity of the acrosomal vesicle. Endoplasmic reticulum of early spermatids is predominantly free of ribosomes and by late spermiogenesis disappears. In early spermatids, nuclear chromatin forms peripheral aggregates and irregular filaments. Subsequent coalescence of chromatin masses forms a compact and barrel-shaped sperm nucleus. By mid-spermiogenesis the ellipsoid mitochondria become localized around and intimately apposed to the nucleus. The mitochondria become spheroid and reduced to five in number. Two cylindrical centrioles near the base of the nucleus are surrounded by the mitochondria of the middle-piece. The proximal centriole, oriented obliquely to the elongated distal centriole, retains its initial structure.