cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine Structure in \( {G_r}\left( \varphi \right) \)

We now undertake an examination of \({G_r}\left( \varphi\right)\) in greater detail. In Chapter 3, we specify the form of the components of \({G_r}\left( \varphi\right)\). We will now look more carefully at the actual action of the flow ϕ in each such component. It will be our purpose to build “standard models” for these component flows, i.e. for each component, we will construct a flow \(\hat\varphi\) in a specified annulus A (say the annulus {z | 1 > | z | > 2}), which is conjugate to the flow ϕ (the concept of conjugacy of flows will be set forth in this chapter). The flow \(\hat\varphi\) will, in certain subannuli of A, be the spiral flows set forth in Examples 3.14(b) and 3.14(c), and in the rest of A, \(\hat\varphi\) will be an ordinary rotation flow, counterclockwise on some orbits, clockwise on others. The meaning of a conjugacy is quite simple: There exist a homeomorphism h of the component Ω onto A, and a \(\hat \varphi\)-multiplier u defined from A into ℝ∖{ 0 } and continuous in \(G\left( {\hat \varphi } \right)\) so that h[ϕ] = v\(u\left( {\hat \varphi } \right)\). In this sense, then, we will be able to say that we know all about the action of the flow ϕ in \({G_r}\left( \varphi\right)\).
Regional Identity and Psychiatry

Although regional identity is hypothesized to be based on colonial cultural patterns and regional identities, that does not imply that all those patterns have been transferred to the present in wholesale fashion. Instead, a mixed outcome has occurred, with some patterns that have endured, and others that have disappeared, or declined, in importance or frequency. Our concern here is with those patterns that have endured.
Timing resolution performance comparison of different SiPM devices

Abstract Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) devices with improved parameters were recently introduced by several vendors. In addition to published manufacturer performance specifications, different research groups have reported on measurements of the available SiPMs in different operating conditions and using different test setups. In this work we performed a consistent set of test procedures for SiPM devices from various vendors, with focus on Time-of-Flight (TOF) PET detectors applications. SiPMs from Hamamatsu (HPK), SensL, Ketek, and Excelitas were tested. The same experimental setup and procedures were used for comparison of timing resolution for small (3×3 mm 2 ) and large (6×6 mm 2 or 4×6 mm 2 ) devices coupled to short (3×3×10 mm 3 ) and long (4×4×25 mm 3 ) LYSO crystals. The potential opportunities for TOF PET detectors are also evaluated.
Educational Media and Technology Yearbook, 2012: Vol. 37

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EFFECTS OF MAGNESIUM ION DEFICIENCY ON ESCHERICHIA COLI AND POSSIBLE RELATION TO THE MODE OF ACTION OF NOVOBIOCIN

Brock, Thomas D. (Indiana University, Bloomington). Effects of magnesium ion deficiency on Escherichia coli and possible relation to the mode of action of novobiocin. J. Bacteriol. 84: 679–682. 1962.—Cells of Escherichia coli ML35 grew in magnesium-deficient medium at an arithmetic rate for 4 to 5 hr. In the later stages of this period, the viability of the cells decreased, ribonucleic acid was lost, and the cells became able to hydrolyze o -nitro-phenyl-β-d-galactoside at a much increased rate. Further, the cells became filamentous and stained less intensely with methylene blue. Since magnesium ions are known to stabilize cell membranes, the changes are interpreted as due to alterations in membrane integrity. Novobiocin induced the same changes as magnesium ion deficiency, providing further support for the hypothesis that novobiocin acts by inducing a magnesium ion deficiency.
The role of ionic migration in electrolytic mass transport; Diffusivities of [Fe(CN)6]3− and [Fe(CN)6]4− in KOH and NaOH solutions

The role of migration in ionic mass transport is discussed, and a rigorous method is presented for the evaluation of the contribution of migration when a constant potential gradient can be assumed to exist in the mass transfer boundary layer. The influence of supporting electrolytes is shown to depend on the relative mobilities of all ionic species present in the solution. Theoretical results are applied to the Ks[Fe(CN)6] - K4[Fe(CN)6] - KOH or NaOH systems. Limiting currents were measured by a rotating disk electrode, and the apparent diffusivities calculated from these measurements were corrected taking into account the influence of the presence of nonreacting ionic species. It is shown that the corrected product, Dμ, shows only a slight dependence on ionic strength over a large range of concentrations where Γ is the ionic strength of the solution. Es wird der Einflus der Ionenuberfuhrung auf den Ionentransport diskutiert und eine exakte Methode angegeben, wie der Beitrag der Ionenuberfuhrung berechnet werden kann. Fur die Rechnung wird angenommen, das das Potentialgefalle in der Grenzschicht, durch die der Massentransport erfolgt, linear ist. Es wird gezeigt, das der Einflus von Leitsalzzusatzen von den relativen Beweglichkeiten aller in der Losung vorhandener Ionensorten abhangt. Die Ergebnisse der Theorie werden auf das System K3 [Fe(CN)6]-K4 [Fe(CN)6]-KOH oder NaOH angewendet. Die Diffusionsgrenzstrome wurden mit Hilfe der rotierenden Scheibenelektrode gemessen. Die aus diesen Messungen berechneten scheinbaren Diffusionskoeffizienten wurden unter Berucksichtigung des Einflusses nicht reagierender Ionensorten korrigiert. Es zeigt sich, das das korrigierte Produkt Dμ uber einen weiten Konzentrationsbereich nur geringfugig von der Ionenstarke abhangt. wobei I' die Ionenstarke der Losung bedeutet.
Directions in radio frequency photonic systems

Radio frequency (RF) photonics can provide high performance at a lower size, weight, and power than traditional electrical systems. The implementation of RF photonics technology is paramount to meet the demands of future Department of Defense and commercial systems. This paper will cover some key performance aspects and discuss future investments to meet performance challenges.
Chapter 25 Stardom and Talent

Abstract The Economics of Superstars sets out to explain the relationship between talent and success in the arts, but there is no agreement about what this relationship is. But whatever its other features may be, superstardom means that market output is concentrated on just a few artists. Concentration always raises the question of efficiency. Superstardom may be inefficient not only because it raises prices for consumers but also because it deprives other artists of the opportunity to practice art. Artists who do not practice art lose psychic income. Because psychic income cannot be transferred from one person to another, the loss of this income may be inefficient. This chapter reviews theories of superstardom and theories about the emergence of stars. The efficiency of superstardom is discussed in terms of effects on consumers and the use of publicity rights by the star. The chapter goes on to deal with the loss of opportunities to practice art that are caused by superstardom and suggests ways to alleviate the problem. Finally the empirical literature that tests the different theories of superstardom is reviewed.
Effect of induced fever on serum iron and ferritin concentrations in man

Previous reports have shown that endotoxin decreases serum iron in experimental animals. In this study fever was produced in nine female and nine male normal subjects in order to define the temporal and quantitative changes in serum iron and ferritin concentrations. Six volunteers were randomly given bacterial endotoxin (5 ng/kg) or saline intravenously and received the alternative compound a week later. Serial blood samples were drawn at 4-hr intervals for a 24-hr period, beginning when the compound was administered, for the determination of serum iron and ferritin concentrations. The same study was performed with intramuscular etiocholanolone (0.3 mg/kg) or the vehicle, propylene glycol, as a control, but the first blood sample was obtained 9 hr after the compound was given. In addition, blood samples were obtained at 12-hr intervals in six volunteers for 11 days after an intramuscular injection of etiocholanolone. The results showed a significant increase (p less than 0.005 for etiocholanolone, P less than 0.01 for endotoxin) in serum ferritin and a significant decrease (p less than 0.005 for etiocholanolone, p less than 0.001 for endotoxin) in serum iron for both pyrogenic compounds compared with the control compounds. However, the amount of fever and the changes in the iron parameters were greater with etiocholanolone. One episode of induced fever with etiocholanolone effected changes in serum ferritin and iron concentrations that lasted 10 days. Thus this study demonstrated that a single episode of fever in man produced rapid and prolonged changes in serum iron and ferritin concentrations.
The Final Common Pathway of Cancer: Presidential Address

The «final common pathway of cancer» has been known for many years to result in clinical aberrations including (a) organ failure, (b) cachexia, and (c) death. These clinical effects result from the biological characteristics of cancer which include (a) growth of cells and masses without control, (b) invasiveness, (c) metastasis, and (d) nucleolar pleomorphism
Dissolved oxygen concentrations in Lake Erie (U.S.A.-Canada): 2. A statistical model for dissolved oxygen in the Central Basin of Lake Erie

Abstract In this paper, which is a continuation of the work laid down in Part 1 in this issue, a statistical model is developed for dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the hypolimnion of the Central Basin of Lake Erie. The model uses the lake water level, the hypolimnion temperature and the total phosphorus (TP) concentrations as explanatory variables. The model estimates the probability of anoxia occurrence in the Central Basin and predicts the TP concentration when the DO depletion rate and the water level are specified. The use of the model for regulation and for setting standards are also outlined.
Machine learning: paradigms and methods

Having played a central role at the inception of artificial intelligence research, machine learning has recently reemerged as a major area of study at the very core of the subject. Solid theoretical foundations are being constructed. Machine learning methods are being integrated with powerful performance systems, and practical applications; based on established techniques are emerging.Machine Learning unifies the field by bringing together and clearly explaining the major successful paradigms for machine learning: inductive approaches, explanation-based learning, genetic algorithms, and connectionist learning methods. Each paradigm is presented in depth, providing historical perspective but focusing on current research and potential applications. The contributors are: John R. Anderson, L. B. Booker, John. H. Gennari, Jaime G. Carbonell, Oren Etzioni, Doug Fisher, Yolanda Gil, D. E. Goldberg, Gerald E. Hinton, J. H. Holland, Craig A Knoblock, Daniel. R. Kuokka, Pat Langley, David B. Leake, Steve Minton, Jack Mostow, Roger C. Schank, and Jan M. Zytkow.Jaime G. Carbonell is Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie-Mellon University.
Dexamethasone Drug Eluting Nanowafers Control Inflammation in Alkali-Burned Corneas Associated With Dry Eye.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of a controlled release dexamethasone delivery system for suppressing inflammation in an ocular burn + desiccating stress (OB+DS) model. Methods Nanowafers (NW) loaded with Dexamethasone (Dex, 10 μg) or vehicles (2.5% Methylcellulose; MC) were fabricated using hydrogel template strategy. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to unilateral alkali ocular burn with concomitant desiccating stress for 2 or 5 days and topically treated either with 2 μL of 0.1% Dex or vehicle four times per day and compared with mice that had MC-NW or Dex-NW placed on their corneas. Clinical parameters were evaluated daily. Mice were euthanized after 2 or 5 days. Quantitative PCR evaluated the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in whole cornea lysates. Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) was measured using a commercial kit in cornea lysates. Results Both Dex drop and Dex-NW groups had significantly lower corneal opacity scores compared with their vehicles. Both Dex drops and Dex-NW significantly decreased expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP-9 RNA transcripts compared with vehicle drops or wafers 2 and 5 days after the initial lesion. A significant lower number of neutrophils was found in both Dex treatment groups and this was accompanied by decreased MPO activity compared with vehicle controls. Conclusions Dex-NW has efficacy equal to Dex drops in preserving corneal clarity and decreasing expression of MMPs and inflammatory cytokines of the corneas of mice subjected to an OB+DS model.
Evaluation of evidence and its uncertainty in qualitative pest risk assessments: the North American perspective†

Under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement and IPPC risk management framework, measures should be based on evidence. There is however, no specific guidance about quality of evidence or treatment of uncertainty under these agreements. Uncertainty in qualitative Pest Risk Assessments (PRA) is largely dependent on the quality and reliability of information. USDA Guidelines for PRA of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities (2012) and NAPPO Regional Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (RSPM) No. 40 include supplements on the evaluation of evidence. The supplements establish a framework for assessing the quality and reliability of scientific evidence. Reliability of evidence addresses the quality of information sources, the methodology used, and the degree of consensus regarding the data, rated from low to high depending on the publication sources. Applicability refers to pertinence of the information to a particular situation and is rated from low to high based on the degree of extrapolation of biological information and environmental conditions in the publication source in relation to the actual scenario in the PRA. The rating for uncertainty associated with the quality of evidence is found in a matrix that combines ratings for applicability and reliability.
Foraminiferal constraints on very high-resolution seismic stratigraphy and late quaternary glacial history, New Jersey continental shelf

Internal stratigraphy of a Late Quaternary sediment wedge on the New Jersey outer continental shelf has been investigated using regional and 3-D seismic surveys, sediment cores and foraminiferal biofacies analysis. Results from the study help constrain Late Wisconsinan glacialldeglacial history in this area. Three major reflectors (channels, S and R) define 5 stratigraphic units: Si -modern sediments; S2-sands overlying a channelized surface (Channels reflector); S3-muds, clays and sandy muds below the channelized surface and above reflector S; S4-an unsampled unit between reflectors S and R; and S5-sands underlying reflector R, the latter surface defining the base of the sediment wedge. Multivariate quantitative analysis delineates four major faunal groups characterizing these stratigraphic units. Faunal patterns are interpreted in terms of modern foraminiferal distributions, planktoniclbenthic ratios and faunal abundance patterns. Group A dominates units S2 and S5 and is characterized by Cibicides lobatulus and Cassidulina islandica. The fauna indicates middle neritic water depths, moderate to high current energy, and moderate accumulation rates. Group B dominates unit S3 (muddy unit) and is characterized by Elphidium excavatum s.l., Buccella frigida, Fursenkoina fusiformis and miliolid spp. This fauna represents an environment with no modern analogue on the New Jersey continental shelf, reflecting middle neritic, low-energy conditions and the accumulation of predominantly muddy sediments. Group C dominates the modern sediment veneer (unit Si), and its diverse fauna is consistent with modern faunal distributions and environmental conditions. Group D consists of a low-diversity fauna dominated by Fursenkoina fusiformis and Nonionella sp., which characterizes a few samples in unit S3. Environmental conditions are probably similar to those described for faunal group B. The distribution and interpretation of these faunas, combined with preliminary C-14 AMS dates, indicate that the Quaternary history of the outer-shelf sedi-
Effects of advancing age on the central response of rat facial neurons to axotomy: light microscope morphometry.

Following axotomy, the regrowth of peripheral axons takes longer in older individuals than in young ones. The present study compares central responses of facial motor neurons to a crush injury of the facial nerve in 3-month-old and 15-month-old male rats sampled through 28 days post-crush (dpc). Neuronal somata, nuclei, and nucleoli were measured in 30 microns brain stem sections within subdivisions of the facial nucleus that contain the cell bodies responsible for the movement of the vibrissae. The temporal patterns of change in the size of the three structures were interpreted with reference to the re-establishment of functional connections, i.e., the return of voluntary vibrissae activity, which is delayed by 4 days in the older animals relative to the younger ones. There was no age-related difference in the pattern of somal swelling and recovery, nor was there an age-related difference in the response of nuclei and nucleoli to axotomy through 4 dpc. Both nuclei and nucleoli increased in size in animals of both age groups, but after 4 dpc in the older animals nuclear enlargement was prolonged and the nucleolar increases were less robust compared to the younger animals. The greatest age difference appeared with the re-establishment of functional connections. In the 3-month-old animals, the resumption of whisker activity coincided with vigorous transient increases in the sizes of nuclei and nucleoli; in the 15-month-old animals, there was little nuclear response to functional recovery and a comparatively small increase in nuclear sizes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in Variable Geometry U-Bend Blade Cooling Passage

It has been a common practice that serpentine cooling passages are used in gas turbine blade to enhance the cooling performance. Insufficient cooled blades are subject to oxidation, creep rupture, and even melting of the material. To control and improve temperature of blade; it requires better understanding of a flow behavior and heat transfer inside the curved U-bends. The interactions between secondary flows and separation lead to very complex flow patterns. To accurately simulate these flows and heat transfer, and to improve the cooling performance, both refined turbulence models and higher-order numerical schemes are indispensable tools for turbine designers. Previous studies have shown that the flow and heat transfer characteristics through curved bends, even with a moderate curvature, cannot be accurately simulated. It is the conventional belief and practice that the usage of a proper turbulence model and a reliable numerical scheme achieves accurate computations. The three-dimensional turbulent flows and heat transfer in a square U-bend duct are numerically studied by using a nonlinear low-Reynolds number (low-Re) k-ω, k-e and RSM models and the cubic terms are included to represent the effects of extra strain-rates such as streamline curvature and three-dimensionality on both turbulence normal and shear stresses. The finite volume method incorporated with a higher-order bounded interpolation scheme has been employed in the present study. The objective of this study is to validate the simulations using RSM, k-ω, and k-e models with the experimental results. Three different Reynolds numbers, 36,000, 60,000 and 100,000, were used.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Virological and Immunological Impact of Tuberculosis on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Disease

Unlike other opportunistic infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, tuberculosis (TB) occurs throughout the course of HIV-1 infection, and, as a chronic infection, its impact on viral activity is sustained. In dually infected subjects, HIV-1 load and heterogeneity are increased both locally and systemically during active TB. Studies over the past decade have indicated that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection supports HIV-1 replication and dissemination through the dysregulation of host cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. Furthermore, concentrations of HIV-1 inhibitory chemokines are limited during TB and at sites of MTB infection. Cumulatively, these data indicate that TB provides a milieu of continuous cellular activation and irregularities in cytokine and chemokine circuits that are permissive of viral replication and expansion in situ. I address new research that has identified the basis for the augmentation of HIV-1 replication during TB and discuss potential immunotherapies to contain viral expansion during TB.
Social relationships and health: The relative roles of family functioning and social support

The associations between social relationships and health have been examined using two major research traditions. Using a social epidemiological approach, much research has shown the beneficial effect of social supports on health and health behaviors. Family interaction research, which has grown out of a more clinical tradition, has shown the complex effects of family functioning on health, particularly mental health. No studies have examined the relative power of these two approaches in explicating the connections between social relationships and health. We hypothesized that social relationships (social support and family functioning) would exert direct and indirect (through depressive symptoms) effects on health behaviors. We also hypothesized that the effects of social relationships on health would be more powerfully explicated by family functioning than by social support. We mailed a pilot survey to a random sample of patients attending a family practice center, including questions on depressive symptoms, cardiovascular health behaviors, demographics, social support using the ISEL scale, and family functioning using the FEICS scale. FEICS is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess family emotional involvement and criticism, the media elements of family expressed emotion. Eighty-three useable responses were obtained. Regression analyses and structural modelling showed both direct and indirect statistically significant paths from social relationships to health behaviors. Family criticism was directly associated (standardized coefficient = 0.29) with depressive symptoms, and family emotional involvement was directly associated with both depressive symptoms (coefficient = 0.35) and healthy cardiovascular behaviors (coefficient = 0.32). The results support the primacy of family functioning factors in understanding the associations among social relationships, mental health, and health behaviors. The contrasting relationships between emotional involvement and depressive symptoms on the one hand and emotional involvement and health behaviors on the other suggest the need for a more complex model to understand the connections between social relationships and health.
Gating currents associated with potassium channel activation.

The voltage dependence of channel-mediated ion conduction in excitable membranes is thought to be due to rearrangement of charged groups or dipoles within the membrane in response to changes in transmembrane potential1. This charge movement, or gating current (Ig), has been detected in squid giant axons for Na+ channel activation2,3, but no Ig has been detected which has kinetics similar to those of K+ channel activation. This is probably due to the relatively slow time course of K+ channel activation at the temperatures normally used (6–8 °C). We report here that when the temperature is raised to 20–22 °C to increase the rate of channel activation, a new component of Ig is detected which shows kinetics and voltage dependence similar to those of K+ channel activation at the same temperature. In addition, the net charge moved is consistent with estimates of K+ channel density. We suggest that this component of Ig is due to the charge movement associated with the rate-limiting step of K+ channel activation.
Comparison of Total Prostate-Specific Antigen and Derivative Levels in a Screening Population of Black, White, and Korean-American Men

Numerous studies have assessed serum total PSA (tPSA) levels among different races. We extended the serum biomarker profiling using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) derivatives in age-matched screening populations that included white, black, and Korean-American patients. The median ages were 61 years for white and black patients and 63 years for Korean-American patients. Serum samples from 70 men in each ethnic group were analyzed using 3 different tPSA assays (Tosoh AIA 600II, Bayer Immuno-1, Roche Elecsys 2010). The percentage of free PSA (fPSA) was measured directly by Roche Elecsys 2010 immunoassay and then calculated from complexed PSA (cPSA) and tPSA results determined with the Bayer Immuno-1. The percentage of cPSA was determined using cPSA and tPSA assayed by the Immuno-1 method. Statistical analyses included nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) evaluations. There were no differences noted in the tPSA values based on ANOVA among the 3 races irrespective of the assay platform methodology employed. Also, the PSA derivatives, percentages of fPSA and cPSA, evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, showed no significant differences for either derivative assayed on 2 different assay platforms among the 3 groups. In a contemporary screening population comparing tPSA, percentage of fPSA, and percentage of cPSA levels in 3 races, there were no significant differences identified among the groups.
A test of the ‘hot’ mustard extraction method of sampling earthworms

Abstract Earthworm densities in soil are difficult to quantify. Part of the problem is that they are incorporated closely into the soil structure, which makes their extraction tedious and time consuming ( Edwards, 1991 ). In addition, earthworms have widely varying patterns of activity and occupy a range of soil depths depending upon season, species, and life history stage ( Bouche and Gardner, 1984 ). Behavioral methods, which involve stimulating earthworms with a chemical or other expellant (e.g. an electrical shock) and collecting them as they emerge at the surface, have been proposed as efficient extraction methods that do not require physical disruption of the soil system. We examined the effectiveness of one such technique: the non-toxic ‘hot’ mustard extraction method. We compare hot mustard extraction with digging and hand-sorting, and conclude that it provides a consistent index of earthworm abundance across a range of soil and land-use types.
A Membrane Receptor for Retinol Binding Protein Mediates Cellular Uptake of Vitamin A

Vitamin A has diverse biological functions. It is transported in the blood as a complex with retinol binding protein (RBP), but the molecular mechanism by which vitamin A is absorbed by cells from the vitamin A-RBP complex is not clearly understood. We identified in bovine retinal pigment epithelium cells STRA6, a multitransmembrane domain protein, as a specific membrane receptor for RBP. STRA6 binds to RBP with high affinity and has robust vitamin A uptake activity from the vitamin A-RBP complex. It is widely expressed in embryonic development and in adult organ systems. The RBP receptor represents a major physiological mediator of cellular vitamin A uptake.
Management and Dynamics of Potassium in a Humid Tropical Ultisol under a Rice-Cowpea Rotation

Little is known about the role of K fertilization, stover management, and tillage methods on soil K availability as they affect rice (Oryza sativa L.) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] productivity on Utisols of the humid tropics. The effects of five K rates (0-120 kg k ha −1 ), returning or removing stover, and three tillage methods (notill, strip, and conventional) were evaluated during 12 crops of rice and cowpea grown for a 4-yr period. Fertilizer K was applied to the first seven crops. The site was a recently cleared, 18-yr-old secondary forest in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. The soil was a fine-loamy, siliceous, isohyperthermic Typic Paleudult (...)
Effects of experimenter versus significant other-controlled reinforcement and choice of target behavior on weight loss

Forty-eight overweight women and one man participated in a behavioral weight-reduction program which emphasized stimulus control techniques. The present study was designed to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the basic program and the basic program plus one of four monetary reinforcement conditions: reinforcement by therapist for weight loss, reinforcement by therapist for change in eating behavior, reinforcement by significant other for change in eating behavior. Results, in terms of weight loss, indicated that the basic program was more effective than no treatment, and that the basic program plus monetary reinforcement by a significant other for eating behavior change were more effective than the basic program alone. Also, reinforcement of change in eating behavior was more effective than weight loss as a target behavior. Although significant other as a mediator of reinforcement was not significantly more effective than therapist as mediator, it was suggested that a combination of significant other plus behavior change as the target of reinforcement may be most effective for weight loss.
Assessment of Streams of Knowledge, Skill, and Attitude Development Across the Doctor of Pharmacy Curriculum

Objective. To continue efforts of quality assurance following a 5-year curricular mapping and course peer review process, 18 topics (“streams”) of knowledge, skills, and attitudes were assessed acr...
Complementary therapies: overview and state of the art.

Studies to determine the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among cancer patients show international interest in a wide collection of therapies and a broad span of use, ranging from 7% to 64% of patients sampled. The absence of consistent results across studies is due primarily to differing definitions of unconventional cancer therapies from study to study. Treatments promoted as alternatives to mainstream cancer cures (e.g., the recently disproved "cancer cure" of Italy's Dr. Di Bella) should be distinguished from complementary therapies, which are applied as adjuncts to mainstream care in an integrated fashion. The latter include mind-body techniques and herbal remedies, among many other remedies, all aimed at symptom control and enhanced quality of life. This differentiation provides a clearer understanding of CAM activity and enables selective evaluation of CAM's clinical effects. It permits us to avoid accepting or rejecting all of CAM out of hand. Health care professionals as well as patients and their families have become increasingly knowledgeable about complementary therapies that can be helpful to patients with cancer. Many such therapies have been well studied (meditation, tai chi), and others remain highly questionable (homeopathy, electromagnetics). Their benefits and potential problems are reviewed.
General continuum theory for multiion channel. II. Application to acetylcholine channel.

The general theory (Levitt, D. G. 1990. Biophys. J. 59:271–277) is applied to a model channel that resembles the acetylcholine receptor channel (ACH). The model incorporates the known features of the ACH geometry and fixed charge locations. The channel has a wide mouth facing the outer solution, tapering to a narrow region facing the interior of the cell. Rings of fixed negative charge are placed at the two surfaces where the bilayer begins, corresponding to the known charges at the ends of the M2 segment. It is assumed that the forces acting on the ion are electrostatic: ion-channel wall, ion-ion, Born image and applied voltage. Analytical expressions for these forces are derived that take account of the low dielectric lipid region. In addition, there is a local hard sphere repulsive force that prevents ions from piling up on each other in regions of the channel with a high fixed charge density. A classical continuum theory is used to obtain an expression for the diffusion coefficient in the channel. The model can mimic the major qualitative and, in many cases, quantitative experimental features of the ACH channel: current-voltage relation, conductance versus concentration and interaction between monovalent and divalent ions. The model calculations were also compared with the site directed mutagenesis experiments of Imoto, K., C. Busch, B. Sakmann, M. Mishina, T. Konno, J. Nakai, H. Bujo, Y. Mori, K. Fukuda, and S. Numa. (1988. Nature (Lond.). 335:645–648) in which the charge at the ends of the channel was systematically varied.
Investigation of vanadium solid solution and zeta phase regions of the vanadium-carbon system

Abstract The vanadium-rich solvus of the V-C system was determined for the temperature range of 1100–1650 °C. The solubility decreases from a maximum of 4.3 at.% C at 1650 °C to 0.5 at.% C at 1100 °C. The heat of solution for carbon in vanadium was determined to be 83.7 kJ mol−1. No evidence was found for the postulated ordered phase V64C from transmission electron microscopy, optical microscopy or electron diffraction studies. The existence of a zeta phase having the stoichiometry V4C3−x where x = 0.33 was confirmed by X-ray and metallographic evidence. Its peritectoid decomposition temperature was determined by differential thermal analysis to be 1320 ± 10 °C. The hardness of quenched V-C alloys increases monotonically with carbon content over the range 0.02–0.64 at.% C. Quenched alloys aged at 300 °C for various times show a maximum in the hardness on aging for about 1 h.
Ribonucleoside triphosphate concentration-dependent termination of bacteriophage SP01 transcription in vitro by bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase

Several sites specifying transcription termination in the bacteriophage SP01 terminal repeat have recently been located and characterized. Some of these were identified as partial terminators. Further characterization of three of the partial terminators leads to the conclusion that they are not sites of inefficient transcriptional termination by Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase. Rather, these are sites where termination is either completely efficient or fails to occur at all, depending upon the ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP) concentration in the reaction mixture. The threshold rNTP concentration, above which termination will not occur, is the same for two of the terminators studied here and different for the third.
Range of Ra − α − Be Neutrons in Water

Radial distributions of $\mathrm{Ra}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Be}$ neutrons about an approximate point source in water were determined by means of indium foil activations. Values for migration area (${M}^{2}$) derived from the data are: For all activating neutrons, 54.7 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$; for indium resonance neutrons, 45.4 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Consumption and Development of Velvetbean Caterpillar as Influenced by Soybean Phenology

Effects of soybean, Glycine max (L.) cv. Bragg, phenology on leaf consumption and development of the velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, were investigated at 26.7 ± 1° C, 14L:10D photoperiod, and RH > 80%. Soybean plant stages were designated as early vegetative (V2–V5), late vegetative (V5–V8), flowering (R1–R2), pod set to pod fill (R4–R6), and senescent (R7–R8). Mean leaf fresh weight consumed by 4th- and 5th-instar VBC larvae declined as plant phenology progressed. Dry-weight consumption did not tend to decline with plant phenology and was more uniform for all plant growth stages than the freshweight values. Mean larval development time varied from 12.6 to 14.3 days, and mean time from egg hatch to adult varied from 21.9 to 23.4 days when larvae were fed late-vegatative and senescent foliage, respectively. Larvae fed senescent leaves produced pupae with reduced weight. Sex ratio (male/female) varied from 0.83 (flowering stage) to 1.37 (late-vegetative stage).
Simultaneous Selection for Milk and Beef Production Among Holstein-Friesians

Abstract A selection index combining milk and beef production traits, such that progress in aggregate economic value is maximized, was constructed for Holstein bulls. The index for milk was I M = 1.11X 1 + .997X 2 while the index for beef trait was I B = .008X 1 + .619X 2 where X 1 is the daughters' average lactation yield (kg) and X 2 , bulls' body weight at 15 mo (kg). The relative genetic progress from simultaneous selection for milk and beef traits with different emphasis was estimated. Expected genetic progress in beef production (body weight at 15 mo) declined with increasing selection on milk and vice versa. Expected genetic progress, however, did not fall below one-third of maximum genetic progress (100%) for either milk or beef, regardless of the emphasis of selection. Based on current milk and beef values, ignoring milk and selecting solely for beef would give the highest genetic progress in total economic value but quite slow genetic progress in total protein production. Ignoring beef and selecting solely for milk would give the highest genetic progress in total protein production and a fairly high genetic progress in total economic value. A 1:7 beef to milk emphasis per standard deviation seems to be most appropriate since it results in large genetic progress in both total protein and total economic value.
COMBUSTION OF COAL CHARS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES

Abstract This work pertains to the high-temperature combustion of pulverized coal chars under oxygen-enriched atmospheres. Single char particles were burned in a drop-tube furnace, electrically-heated to 1300–1500 K, in 21%, 50% and 100% O2, in a balance of N2. Their luminous combustion histories were observed with two-color ratio pyrometry. A solution of the Planckian ratio-pyrometry equation for temperature was implemented, extending on Wien's approximation. The temperature and time histories for 45–53 µm bituminous chars experienced wide particle-to-particle disparity, and varied depending on oxygen mole fraction and furnace temperature. Average char surface temperatures increased from 1600–1800 K in air, to 2100–2300 K in 50% O2, to 2300–2400 K in 100% O2, at gas temperatures of 1300–1500 K, respectively. Combustion durations decreased from 25–45 ms in air, to 8–17 ms in 50% O2, to 6–13 in 100% O2. Thus, average particle temperatures increased by up to 45%, whereas burnout times decreased by up to 87%...
Caveat Venditor: Trust Asymmetries in Acquisitions of Entrepreneurial Firms

I explore the role of trust in acquisitions of entrepreneurial firms, taking a dyadic view that gives equal attention to buyers and sellers. The two parties have asymmetric views regarding whether ...
The effects of gender composition of senior management on the economic fallout

In this article, we test the proposition that the presence of women in management impacts decision-making outcomes. In particular, we hypothesize that the greater the proportion of women on the senior management team, the lower the degree of risks taken at the firm level. Using data from the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) and the US Treasury in this study, we create firm-level gender ratios and control for firm size to assess the impact on two separate risk outcome measures. We find some evidence that financial institutions with more women in the senior management team avoided having to accept Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funds, but that the proportion of women executives has no impact on stock return volatility.
Intimate Partner Violence and Safety Strategy Use: Frequency of Use and Perceived Effectiveness

Abstract Background There is a need for effective interventions that enable women in current or past violent relationships to reduce their risk of revictimization. One approach that can be taken is safety planning, where advocates and women talk about strategies that theoretically increase the women's safety. Although this process is common, there is little empirical research focusing on the effectiveness of the safety strategies. Methods This systematic review examines the frequency with which women report using safety strategies and their effectiveness at reducing risk of revictimization. Results Nine studies reviewed confirm prior research, namely, that women in intimate partner violence situations are using a variety of safety strategies at varying frequencies to protect themselves. Results from two studies looking at whether use of safety strategies reduces a woman's risk of future violence provide modest support for a greater risk of revictimization among women who used resistance strategies. Seven studies examined the perceived helpfulness of the strategies. Women who involved other individuals reported that interaction as helpful. There are several limitations to this review, including the focus on perceived helpfulness. What is reported here is not an objective assessment of safety strategy effectiveness. We were also not able to determine whether strategies women reported using were actually discussed during safety planning. Conclusion There is a dearth of literature focusing on the effectiveness of safety strategies. Women and advocates talk about safety strategies we know very little about. Additional research examining the consequences of using safety strategies is needed because what is known now is preliminary and limited.
University Air Care marks 2 decades in Cincinnati.

Abstract In the beginning, Dr. Daniel Storer had a dream. He already had worked ceaselessly to ensure that the EMS needs of the greater Cincinnati area were met. He was active in the military assist transport (MAST) that was available for patient transport on weekends. However, just as other large cities around Ohio were realizing, patient transport could be enhanced with air medical transport. Storer wanted this dream to become reality for Cincinnati.
Phylogenetic Relationships among the Major Lineages of the Birds-of-Paradise (Paradisaeidae) Using Mitochondrial DNA Gene Sequences

Abstract Complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences were determined from 12 species of the Australo-Papuan birds-of-paradise (Paradisaeidae) representing 9 genera. Phylogenetic analysis of these and 5 previously published sequences reveals a radiation of the main paradisaeinine lineages that took place over a relatively short evolutionary time scale. The core paradisaeinines are resolved as the monophyletic sister-group to the crow-like manucodines. The genus Parotia is basal to other paradisaeinines and is not closely related to the morphologically similar genera Ptiloris and Lophorina. Three major clades within the paradisaeinine ingroup include: (1) Cicinnurus and Diphyllodes, (2) Ptiloris and Lophorina, and (3) the genus Paradisaea. The monotypic genus Seleucidis is apparently closely related to clades (1) and (2). Cytochrome b sequences did not provide evidence for the monophyly of the sicklebill genera Epimachus and Drepanornis. The paradisaeid tree is characterized by short internodal distances. Thus, some clades cannot be strongly resolved by cytochrome b sequences alone.
Does chromostatin influence catecholamine release or blood pressure in vivo

Although the structure of chromogranin A (CgA) is now known, its ultimate physiological role remains elusive. Recently, an interior fragment of CgA [CgA(124-143)], also called chromostatin, was reported to suppress catecholamine release from chromaffin cells in vitro. We therefore explored chromostatin's biological actions when administered in vivo to anesthetized rodents with normal (Wistar-Kyoto rats) or elevated blood pressure (spontaneously hypertensive rats). Neither mean arterial pressure nor plasma epinephrine concentrations were significantly altered following either chromostatin or vehicle administration. Plasma norepinephrine, on the other hand, tended to rise throughout all studies, with the rise reaching statistical significance only in the SHR subgroup receiving chromostatin. We conclude that, unlike its actions in vitro, chromostatin does not appear to suppress catecholamine release or modulate blood pressure in vivo.
Recombinant TLR5 Agonist CBLB502 Promotes NK Cell-Mediated Anti-CMV Immunity in Mice

Prior work using allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) models showed that peritransplant administration of flagellin, a toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist protected murine allo-BMT recipients from CMV infection while limiting graft-vs-host disease (GvHD). However, the mechanism by which flagellin-TLR5 interaction promotes anti-CMV immunity was not defined. Here, we investigated the anti-CMV immunity of NK cells in C57BL/6 (B6) mice treated with a highly purified cGMP grade recombinant flagellin variant CBLB502 (rflagellin) followed by murine CMV (mCMV) infection. A single dose of rflagellin administered to mice between 48 to 72 hours prior to MCMV infection resulted in optimal protection from mCMV lethality. Anti-mCMV immunity in rflagellin-treated mice correlated with a significantly reduced liver viral load and increased numbers of Ly49H+ and Ly49D+ activated cytotoxic NK cells. Additionally, the increased anti-mCMV immunity of NK cells was directly correlated with increased numbers of IFN-γ, granzyme B- and CD107a producing NK cells following mCMV infection. rFlagellin-induced anti-mCMV immunity was TLR5-dependent as rflagellin-treated TLR5 KO mice had ∼10-fold increased liver viral load compared with rflagellin-treated WT B6 mice. However, the increased anti-mCMV immunity of NK cells in rflagellin-treated mice is regulated indirectly as mouse NK cells do not express TLR5. Collectively, these data suggest that rflagellin treatment indirectly leads to activation of NK cells, which may be an important adjunct benefit of administering rflagellin in allo-BMT recipients.
Seasonal Abundance, Diel Periodicity and Habitat Preference of the Striped Earwig Labidura riparia in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina

Pitfall traps were used to monitor seasonal abundance, diel periodicity and habitat preference of the striped earwig, Labidura riparia (Pallas) in several ecosystems in the coastal plain of South Carolina. Population levels of L. riparia in soybeans were highest early in September, with a smaller population peak occurring late in July. Diel periodicity tests suggested nocturnal activity patterns, with peak periods of activity occurring ca. one hour after sunset and ca. 2–2½ h before sunrise. Earwigs were found in soybeans, corn and cotton, but were not captured in pitfall traps placed in pastures or wooded areas.
Targeted Deletion of the Vgf Gene Indicates that the Encoded Secretory Peptide Precursor Plays a Novel Role in the Regulation of Energy Balance

To determine the function of VGF, a secreted polypeptide that is synthesized by neurons, is abundant in the hypothalamus, and is regulated in the brain by electrical activity, injury, and the circadian clock, we generated knockout mice lacking Vgf. Homozygous mutants are small, hypermetabolic, hyperactive, and infertile, with markedly reduced leptin levels and fat stores and altered hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) expression. Furthermore, VGF mRNA synthesis is induced in the hypothalamic arcuate nuclei of fasted normal mice. VGF therefore plays a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, suggesting that the study of lean VGF mutant mice may provide insight into wasting disorders and, moreover, that pharmacological antagonism of VGF action(s) might constitute the basis for treatment of obesity.