cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes in soybean by wounding and the Phytophthora sojae cell wall glucan elicitor

Abstract The effects of the glucan elicitor (WGE) from the cell wall of Phytophthora sojae on the transcriptional upregulation of genes representing five families of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins have been investigated in soybean under wound and minimal-wound conditions. Although each has its own expression pattern, these PR protein genes can be broadly categorized into two groups. Induced expression of genes for PR-1a and PR-10 is predominantly limited to cells proximal to the point of treatment, while that of genes for the elicitor-releasing endo-glucanase (GLU, a PR-2), a WIN-like protein (WIN, a PR-4) and a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI, a PR-6) is seen in proximal, near-proximal and distal cells. GLU is the only family that shows weak though detectable constitutive (basal) gene expression. Wounding induces only barely detectable to weak expression of genes for PR-1a and KTI and somewhat stronger expression of those for GLU, WIN and PR-10. PR-1a gene expression is essentially induced only by WGE; similarly, that for KTI is greatly enhanced by WGE. While gene expression for PR-10 is induced by wounding, it is also strongly upregulated by WGE in a minimal wound background, suggesting a possibly independent effect of WGE. Finally, WGE also enhances the speed and magnitude of expression of GLU and WIN genes in all cell zones. Methyl jasmonate induces strong gene expression for KTI and the ethylene precursor, ACC, and jasmonic acid (JA) enhance that of GLU. The results are discussed in the context of the recently observed WGE- and JA-induced distal defense potentiation in soybean.
Investigation of battery technologies for the army's hybrid vehicle application

A theoretical electrochemical cell is designed for the highest practical energy density. The materials are selected on the basis of bonding energies of the elements in the periodic table. It is shown that the physical limit to energy density of batteries is about 10-13 times larger than in the present lead-acid batteries, and an optimistic practical limit is approximately 450 Wh/kg. Based on the basic energy and power requirements of military vehicles and supposing that 25% is the maximum acceptable value of battery weight ratio to vehicle total weight, it is found that the proposed high energy density battery can support the vehicle highway driving at speeds of 70 mph for over 250 miles, and 15 miles at hill climbing at speeds of 6 mph. It is also found that with the best currently available batteries, the highway driving range is only about 105 miles, and hill climbing for about 6.4 miles. The study also shows that power capacities of batteries at present can meet the power requirement of the vehicle, even in hard acceleration.
Reduction of Fe(III) oxide by methanogens in the presence and absence of extracellular quinones

Summary Five methanogens (Methanosarcina barkeri MS, Methanosphaera cuniculi 1R7, Methanobacterium palustre F, Methanococcus voltaei A3 and Methanolobus vulcani PL-12/M) were investigated for their ability to reduce Fe(III) oxide and the soluble quinone anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonate (AQDS). Two species (M. barkeri and M. voltaei) reduced significant amounts of Fe(III) oxide using hydrogen as the electron donor, and 0.1 mM AQDS greatly accelerated Fe(III) reduction by these organisms. Although Fe(III) appeared to inhibit growth and methanogenesis of some strains, hydrogen partial pressures under donor-limited conditions were much lower (<0.5 Pa) in the presence of Fe(III) than in normal media (1‐10 Pa) for all species except for M. vulcani. These results demonstrate that electrons were transferred to Fe(III) by hydrogen-utilizing methanogens even when growth and methanogenesis were inhibited. All species except the obligate methylotroph M. vulcani were able to reduce AQDS when their growth substrates were present as electron donors, and rates were highest when organisms used hydrogen as the electron donor. Purified soil humic acids could also be reduced by the AQDS-reducing methanogens. The ability of methanogens to interact with extracellular quinones, humic acids and Fe(III) oxides raises the possibility that this functional group of organisms contributes to Fe(III) and humic acid reduction under certain conditions in the environment and provides an alternative explanation for the inhibition of methanogenesis in some Fe(III)-containing ecosystems.
On the stabilizability of two-dimensional linear systems via switched output feedback

The problem of stabilizing a second order SISO LTI system of the form x/sup /spl dot// = Ax + Bu, y = Cx with feedback of the form u(x) = v(x)Cx is considered, where v(x) is real-valued and has domain which is all of R/sup 2/. It is shown that, when stabilization is possible, v(x) can be chosen to take on no more than two values throughout the entire state space (i.e., v(x) /spl isin/ {v/sub 1/, v/sub 2/} for all x and for some v/sub 1/, v/sub 2/) and an algorithm for finding a specific choice of v(x) is presented. It is also shown that the classical root locus of the corresponding transfer function C(sl - A)/sup -1/ B has a strong connection to this stabilization problem, and its utility is demonstrated through several design examples.
Use of oviduct-inserted acoustic transmitters and positional telemetry to estimate timing and location of spawning: a feasibility study in lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush

Background: Oviduct-inserted transmitters have shown promise for determining precise location of spawning in fishes. Use of traditional manual tracking to locate expelled oviduct transmitters is laborious and accurate estimates of time of transmitter expulsion require frequent surveys. We tested the feasibility of using oviduct-inserted transmitters with positional telemetry to estimate time and location of spawning in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Three assumptions were tested: (1) oviduct transmitters remain within fish until spawning, (2) oviduct transmitters are expelled with the eggs during spawning, and (3) time and location of oviduct transmitter expulsion can be accurately determined. Results: In the laboratory, 39 of 44 (89%) lake trout retained an oviduct transmitter until end of the spawning period and all premature transmitter expulsions occurred before maturation. Natural spawning in the laboratory was not feasible; however, of 35 ripe trout that retained transmitters, 31 (89%) expelled their transmitter with eggs when subjected to manual stripping. Ability to position transmitters with a telemetry array at known spawning sites in Lake Huron (North America) was poor when oviduct transmitters were placed in the substrate compared to transmitters suspended 1 m above substrate - 78% of transmitters in substrate could not be positioned. However, in simulations, time and location of spawning were determined with reasonable accuracy by double-tagging trout with one transmitter that is expelled with the eggs during spawning while another transmitter remains in the fish. Accuracy of estimated time and location of transmitter spatial separation varied with distance traveled from spawning site and swimming speed, and was dependent on transmission delay. Conclusions: Our results satisfied the three assumptions of oviduct tagging and suggested that oviduct transmitters can be used with positional telemetry to estimate time and location of spawning in lake trout and other species. In situations where oviduct transmitters may be difficult to position once expelled into substrate, pairing oviduct transmitters with a normal-sized fish transmitter that remains in the fish is recommended, with spawning inferred when the two tags separate in space. Optimal transmitter delay will depend on expected degree of spawning site residency and swim speed.
Pretreatment of furfural residues with switchable butadiene sulfone in the sugarcane bagasse biorefinery

The mature furfural industry mostly under-utilizes its cellulose-rich solids as a boiler fuel. In this paper, a new sugarcane bagasse biorefinery concept was studied using switchable butadiene sulfone in the presence of water (BSW) to pretreat the solid residues after production of furfural followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose fraction for potential production of biofuels. Butadiene sulfone is a solvent that is inexpensive, easily recyclable, with low toxicity, and effective as a biomass pretreatment agent under mild conditions, characteristics that make BSW a greener pretreatment alternative. In this biorefinery concept, hemicellulose (xylan) in sugarcane bagasse was converted in a batch reactor to furfural via dilute sulfuric acid catalysis at 170 °C and 180 °C for 10 min. The furfural yields were comparable to industrial batch production, achieving 38% and 50% of the theoretical yield at 170 °C and 180 °C, respectively. Under these conditions, unwanted humins (pseudo-lignin) formed mostly from xylan and were observed by an increase in the total lignin composition. The mild BSW pretreatment at 110 °C for 3 h solubilized 21.6% to 27.9% of the solids consistent with the removal of 38.6% and 32.5% of the total lignin prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Extra Dimensions and Warped Geometries

The field of extra dimensions, as well as the hypothesized sizes of extra dimensions, have grown by leaps and bounds over the past few years. I summarize the new results and the reasons for the recent activity in this field. These include the observations that extra dimensions can be macroscopic or even infinite in size. Another new development is the application of extra dimensions to the determination of particle physics parameters and properties.
Disciplinary stereotypes and reinventing the wheel on culture

Gintis argues that disciplinary models of human behavior are incompatible. However, his depiction of the discipline of anthropology relies on a broad generalization that is not supported by current practice. Gintis also ignores the work of cognitive anthropologists, who have developed theories and methods that are highly compatible with the perspective advocated by Gintis.
The effects of tunicamycin and 20‐hydroxyecdysone on the cell surface properties of two insect cell lines

The radiolabeled lectins, concanavalin A* and wheat germ agglutinin, were used to study surface properties of two insect cell lines. We also looked at the effects of tunicamycin and 20-hydroxyecdysone on the binding of these lectins to one of the cell lines. Both UMBGE-2 and CH-MRRL cells bound both lectins, specifically. The CH-MRRL cells showed an overall higher binding for the lectins than the UMBGE-2 cells. This difference may account for some of the striking morphological difference seen between these cells. Tunicamycin and 20-hydroxyecdysone decreased the binding of both [125I]-Con A and [125I]-WGA to CH-MRRL cells. These results suggest that cell surface glycoproteins play a role in the modification of cellular morphology and in other hormone-mediated physiological functions.
Cervicomedullary decompression for foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia

CHONDROPLASIA is an autosomal-dominant, inherited dwarfism syndrome characterized by short stature, macrocephaly, shortening of the extremities, and a cluster of other skeletal abnormalities. This disorder is due to a point mutation in the gene for the fibroblast growth factor receptor on chromosome 4 and affects one in 26,000 live births annually. 3,8,19 Although the gene is inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner, approximately 75% of cases are due to a new, sporadic mutation. 3 When sporadic mutations occur, they are almost always associated with the paternal allele, which is consistent with the association of this disorder with advanced paternal age. Patients with achondroplasia are susceptible to neurological compression at a number of levels along the neuraxis. In the pediatric population, one region commonly affected is the craniocervical junction. Neurological dysfunction may result from compression on the brainstem or upper cervical spinal cord in this setting. The manifestations of neurological dysfunction in this patient population may be subtle and difficult to detect clinically. Patients with achondroplasia are well known to be hypotonic during early infancy, and they achieve motor milestones at a slightly slower pace than do unaffected individuals. 10 In addition, nonskeletal abnormalities may mask or confound the clinical picture. For example, patients with achondroplasia may often suffer from concurrent central and obstructive apnea attributable to neurological compression (central apnea) and upper airway causes such as micrognathia and tonsillitis (obstructive apnea). In this paper we review our clinical experience with the surgical treatment of symptomatic cervicomedullary compression over an 11-year period (1993‐2003) in pediatric patients with achondroplasia. We identified 43 patients from our database who were treated during this period, and our clinical experience with these individuals is presented here.
A self-excited drift-tube klystron frequency multiplier for use in generating millimeter waves

Theoretical and experimental considerations are presented in this paper for a self-excited frequency multiplier in which the fundamental oscillator is an integral cavity two-gap klystron and a harmonic resonator is placed at an appropriate position in the drift tube between the two gaps. This is a new device and it is called a drift-tube klystron frequency multiplier abbreviated as DTKFM. A general design procedure is given, based on both theoretical equations and experimental characteristics. Operation of the self-excited DTKFM with fundamental oscillations at 4 and 1 cm and harmonics at 1 cm and 5 mm respectively, is presented. The device is capable of generating larger CW output power at millimeter wavelengths than many existing devices.
A Silicon Carbide Capacitive Pressure Sensor for High Temperature and Harsh Environment Applications

We report the first all-Silicon Carbide (SiC) capacitive pressure sensor - incorporating a SiC diaphragm on a SiC substrate - to measure pressure in high temperature and harsh environments, for example, propulsion and power systems. Measurements of pressures up to 700 psi and temperatures up to 574degC are demonstrated. An instrumentation amplifier is used to convert capacitance into voltage for measurements up to 300degC; beyond 300degC, the capacitance is measured directly from an array of identical sensor elements using a LCZ meter. Even after high temperature soaking, the packaged sensors show stable operation after several tens of thermal and pressure cycles.
A new Rakaia species (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Pettalidae) from Otago, New Zealand

Rakaia macra sp. nov. is described from three lots of specimens collected by Ray Forster in 1977 from Waipori, Otago, South Island of New Zealand. This species is currently known only from the Waipori area (exact locality unspecified) where it is extremely abundant. Clearly a member of the family Pettalidae, R. macra sp. nov. presents unusual chelicerae, with a conspicuous outer lateral ridge on the second segment, and without the two types of denticles in the mobile digit that characterize the New Zealand pettalids. The relationships between the new species and its closest relatives are discussed, and the distinction between the genera Rakaia and Neopurcellia is questioned.
Removal of GDP Mandrels from Sputter-Coated Beryllium Capsules for NIF Targets

AbstractAblative targets for the National Ignition Campaign (NIC) have been fabricated by sputter coating spherical mandrels made of glow discharge polymer (GDP) with graded copper doped beryllium (Be) layers. The inner mandrel must be completely removed to meet specific ignition design requirements. The process of removing the mandrel requires elevated temperature in the presence of oxygen. However, elevating the temperature in air also oxidizes the Be and can cause blistering on the inner surface of the Be shell. This paper will discuss a refined technique, which removes the GDP mandrel without compromising the integrity of the inner Be surface. The oxygen gradient that develops during the mandrel removal and the impact of its presence will also be discussed.
Effect of halothane-oxygen anesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its metabolites in rats.

Inhalation anesthetics have been shown to substantially diminish the clearance of several drugs eliminated by hepatic routes. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of halothane-oxygen anesthesia on the hepatic metabolism of diazepam and its proximate metabolites in anesthetized rats whose physiologic status was monitored and maintained. The portal vein, femoral artery and bile duct of male Sprague-Dawley rats 370 to 395 g, were cannulated under pentobarbital anesthesia. After a 2-hr recovery period, [14C]diazepam was administered in to the portal vein as a 0.25-mg/kg bolus followed immediately by a 0.25-mg/kg/hr infusion by the same route. After the attainment of steady state, the halothane group (seven rats) received 1% halothane in oxygen whereas the control group (six rats) continued to breathe room air. The diazepam infusion was maintained for an additional 3 hr. Concentrations of diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, 4-hydroxyphenyldiazepam and 3-hydroxydiazepam were determined in plasma; these metabolites as well as oxazepam and N-desmethyl-4-hydroxyphenyldiazepam were also determined in bile. Radioactivity in bile was approximately 98% conjugated; radioactivity in plasma was approximately 30% conjugated. Halothane anesthesia caused an increase in the concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites in plasma, but the steady-state ratios of the concentration of the individual metabolites in plasma to diazepam concentration were not changed. The intrinsic clearance of diazepam was decreased by 42%, P less than .01, and the ratio of formation to elimination clearance of the metabolites measured in plasma was not changed. Halothane anesthesia also decreased the excretion rate of 14C into bile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of coronary arterial reperfusion on beta-adrenergic receptor-adenylyl cyclase coupling

The effects of 1 h of coronary arterial occlusion (CAO) followed by 15 min reperfusion (CAR) were examined in nine conscious dogs. Ischemia was verified by decreased regional blood flow (radioactive microspheres) and loss of systolic regional wall motion in the ischemic zone. beta-Adrenergic receptor density assessed by 125I-labeled cyanopindolol binding in a crude membrane fraction tended to decrease but was not significantly different. However, adenylyl cyclase activity and the guanine nucleotide stimulatory protein (Gs) were reduced in ischemic subendocardium compared with nonischemic subendocardium. The fraction of beta-adrenergic receptors binding agonist with high affinity increased in ischemic subendocardial and subepicardial layers. Compared with prior data in experiments with 1 h CAO without CAR, the increase in beta-adrenergic receptor density that occurs with myocardial ischemia is rapidly reversed with CAR of 15 min duration, while the decreased fraction of receptors binding agonist with high affinity was reversed to an increase in high-affinity receptors. The global decreases in adenylyl cyclase and Gs, which have been observed with simple CAO, persist but are observed selectively in the previously ischemic subendocardium after CAR. Thus both CAO and CAR affect beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylyl cyclase differently. During CAR, increased numbers of beta-adrenergic receptors binding agonist with high affinity occur potentially as a compensatory mechanism in the face of persistent reductions in adenylyl cyclase activity and Gs.
Diurnal rhythm returns to normal after elimination of portacaval shunting

Previous studies showed that portacaval shunting causes metabolic and behavioral changes in rats. Most metabolic changes reversed within 1-2 wk after restoration of normal circulation. However, the rate of cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRGlc) remained depressed in some areas. The question arose whether complete recovery was possible. Therefore, a long-term behavioral study was undertaken to determine the time course of recovery. Diurnal activity was monitored for 48 h each week over a period of 14 wk: 2 wk before shunting, 6 wk after shunting, and 6 wk after restoration of normal hepatic circulation. Nighttime activity was depressed within 1 wk of shunting and did not change. Normal circulation to the liver was reestablished after 6 wk. The diurnal cycle was normal 3 wk later. Thus, although recovery of the diurnal rhythm is possible, the relatively long period necessary suggests the correction of a significant structural or chemical abnormality. A study of CMRGlc was made using the behavioral study as an index of the time necessary for recovery. CMRGlc returned to normal throughout the brain 6 wk after cessation of shunting except in the hippocampus and amygdala (7-8% decrease).
Impacts of Labor and Capital on Manufacturing Production Function

In essence, the power of compounding, together with the effect of discounting, has resulted in calculations of sinking funds and amortization possible. A greater aspect of this concept has allowed the business world to flourish and, at the same time, borrowing, financing, and mortgages have become extensively feasible. In this paper, we will attempt to provide a glimpse of these business concepts using concrete examples and calculations that use mathematical concepts. The Cobb-Douglas production function is given special consideration with a collection of related factors associated with this topic such as elasticity of demand and impacts of labor unions. Furthermore, in terms of the Cobb-Douglas Production Function, the behaviors of ( ) k y x f / ) , ( log for the different choices of m are significantly linear. An economic scenario in which unskilled and professionals are taken into account, the elasticity of the marginal utility function follows a linear, exponential, and logarithmic relationship for various choices of parameter.
Human Platelets Amino Acid Synthesis

SummaryThe rapid incorporation of labeled 14C from U-14C-acetate and U-14C‐ D‐glucose into free glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, and asparagine shows that human platelets are capable of synthesizing their own amino acids. Differences in the turnover rates of these amino acids indicate that the metabolic pools are localized in compartments. It is also suggested that more than one pool of acetyl CoA and probably at least two separate pools of citric acid cycle intermediates exist.
Methods and Procedures for Measuring Comorbid Disorders: Medical

A variety of medical problems have been identified which covary at high rates with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Among the most common of these are gastrointestinal problems, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disabilities. This chapter will provide an overview of methods and procedures used to measure these problems.
Molecular basis of reduced or absent expression of decay-accelerating factor in Cromer blood group phenotypes.

The human erythrocyte blood group system Cromer consists of high- incidence and low-incidence antigens that reside on decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55), a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein that regulates complement activation on cell surfaces. In the Cromer phenotypes Dr(a-) and Inab there is reduced or absent expression of DAF, respectively. This study investigated the molecular basis of the reduced DAF expression by polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA and RNA/cDNA obtained from Epstein-Barr virus- transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. Sequence analysis of the Inab propositus showed a single nucleotide substitution in exon 2 of the DAF gene and at the corresponding position in the cDNA, G314-->A resulting in Trp53-->Stop. This truncation near the amino terminus explains the complete absence of surface DAF in the Inab phenotype. A similar analysis was performed for two Dr(a-) individuals, including KZ, who was previously reported to be Inab phenotype but is now shown by immunochemical and serologic methods to be Dr(a-) phenotype. A single nucleotide change was found in exon 5 of the DAF gene, C649-->T resulting in Ser165-->Leu, which we had previously shown to lead to loss of the Dra epitope. However, two species of cDNA were found, one encoding full-length DAF with the single amino acid change and the more abundant species having a 44-nucleotide deletion. The 44 nucleotide deletion includes the single polymorphic site, which creates a cryptic branch point in the Dr(a-) allele that leads to use of a downstream cryptic acceptor splice site. This shifts the reading frame and leads to a premature stop codon that precludes membrane anchoring. Thus, the single point mutation in the Dr(a-) phenotype results in a novel use of alternative splicing and provides a molecular explanation for both the antigenicity and the reduced DAF expression seen in this phenotype.
Water channel vesicles from toad urinary bladder contain a family of proteins present in other tissues.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulation causes the fusion and subsequent retrieval of cytoplasmic vesicles containing water channels (WCV) with the apical membrane of toad bladder granular cells. Pr...
Structures at Risk During Volar Percutaneous Fixation of Scaphoid Fractures: A Cadaver Study

Fracture of the scaphoid bone can be treated with cast immobilization or surgery. Historically, surgery was reserved for displaced fractures. However, because weeks of cast immobilization may result in stiffness, loss of strength, loss of bone density and an inability to work or participate in recreational activities for a prolonged period, operative treatment of non-displaced fractures has become increasingly common. Several surgical techniques for fixation have been described, but their risks and benefits have not yet been clearly elucidated. In a study in cadavers, we investigated whether one approach--volar percutaneous fixation--might pose a risk of injury to surrounding structures.In 15 cadaver upper limbs with the wrist structures intact, a K-wire was inserted in a volar percutaneous manner under fluoroscopic guidance, distal to proximal and through the scaphoid waist into the center-center position. The volar aspect of the wrist and hand were then dissected around the K-wire, with isolation of surrounding structures. The distance between the K-wire and several individual structures was then measured with use of a digital caliper.The K-wire was at least 4 mm from the superficial radial nerve, the first dorsal extensor compartment, the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve, and the radial artery (RA) in all specimens. However, the K-wire had penetrated die flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon in four specimens and was directly adjacent to it in another four. In one specimen, the K-wire was directly adjacent to the superficial volar branch of die RA.The K-wire may penetrate the FCR tendon and the superficial volar branch of the radial artery during volar percutaneous scaphoid fixation. The possible long-term clinical implications of this finding require investigation.Our findings indicate that modification of the volar percutaneous approach to scaphoid fixation may be advisable to avoid damage to adjacent structures. We suggest use of a "mini-open" percutaneous procedure.
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in children.

Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies caused by a clonal proliferation of primitive myeloid cells.30 Infiltration of the bone marrow by these cells causes impairment of normal hematopoiesis and results in anemia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Recent progress in bone marrow culture techniques, cytogenetics, and immunology have contributed to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of ANLL. Major therapeutic advances have also occurred because of improved suppor tive care and carefully designed prospective and randomized clinical trials. This article presents the current knowledge of the diagnosis and management of ANLL.
Duke Energy: Engaging Employees in Sustainability

Duke Energy serves 7.3 million retail electric customers in six states in the Southeast and Midwest regions of the United States. To be successful, we need our 28,000 employees to be fully engaged in delivering electric services in a sustainable way—affordable, reliable and clean. To help accomplish this, Duke Energy initiated an effort in 2008 to develop an approach and set of internal programs to engage employees in sustainability. Early results were positive and our goal of driving tangible business benefits was being achieved. Our merger with Progress Energy in mid-2012 provided an opportune time to reevaluate our approach in light of the company’s much larger footprint. We found that the original design of the approach was still sound, but did make a number of enhancements to the program. As we continue to face unprecedented change in our industry, the company will continue to adapt its approach to engaging employees in sustainability, leveraging what we have already learned about unlocking employee ideas and innovation.
Sleep and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: A questionnaire-based, cross-sectional, cohort study ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Introduction Fatigue and sleep disorders are frequently reported in patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) but the causes and the relationship are not yet fully understood. This study aimed at evaluating their prevalence, at determining the relationships between clinical findings of MS and the occurrence of sleep disorders and at investigating the relations between sleep disorders and fatigue. Methods One hundred and two MS patients were enrolled in the study. They were analyzed on both their clinical features (type of MS, disease duration, clinical severity, type of treatment, presence of spinal demyelinating lesions) and specific scales scores (Expanded Disability Status Scale, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale - MFIS, Self-Administered Anxiety Scale - SAS, Beck's Depression Inventory - BDI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - PSQI, Epworth Sleepiness Scale - ESS, and the Berlin's questionnaire for Obstruction Sleep Apnea Syndrome - OSAS). Results Patients with poor sleep quality are more frequently fatigued (p = 0.001), have higher MFIS global scores (p Conclusion This study shows that MS is associated with a high prevalence of sleep complaints, including subjectively poor sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, RLS and symptoms of OSAS. Further, it demonstrated a strict relation between fatigue and sleep disorders. Finally, it underlines their relationship with anxiety and depression in MS patients.
Hearing It Deep

We ask readers, however, not to focus on the narrower issues such as the name, or the traditional political issues, but to hear it deep and look to the underlying questions whose resolution will do so much to determine the soul of the field, the ultimate fate of the quest for professionalization, and most importantly, the integrity and effectiveness of our work on behalf of young people and our broader society. (Beker, 1996, p. 179)
Development and application of an algorithm to compute weighted multiple glycan alignments.

Motivation: A glycan consists of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds, has branches and forms complex molecular structures. Databases have been developed to store large amounts of glycan-binding experiments, including glycan arrays with glycan-binding proteins. However, there are few bioinformatics techniques to analyze large amounts of data for glycans because there are few tools that can handle the complexity of glycan structures. Thus, we have developed the MCAW (Multiple Carbohydrate Alignment with Weights) tool that can align multiple glycan structures, to aid in the understanding of their function as binding recognition molecules. Results: We have described in detail the first algorithm to perform multiple glycan alignments by modeling glycans as trees. To test our tool, we prepared several data sets, and as a result, we found that the glycan motif could be successfully aligned without any prior knowledge applied to the tool, and the known recognition binding sites of glycans could be aligned at a high rate amongst all our datasets tested. We thus claim that our tool is able to find meaningful glycan recognition and binding patterns using data obtained by glycan-binding experiments. The development and availability of an effective multiple glycan alignment tool opens possibilities for many other glycoinformatics analysis, making this work a big step towards furthering glycomics analysis. Availability and Implementation: http://www.rings.t.soka.ac.jp Contact: kkiyoko@soka.ac.jp Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
When we finish our job, we will cut off our beards: New York Times coverage of Fidel Castro's 1959 U.S. visit

During a brief historical moment, April 15-26, 1959, Fidel Castro and a delgation of more than fifty industrial and international representatives visited the United States as guests of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. The 32-year-old Cuban revolutionary, in rumpled fatigues and unkempt beard, was extolled by many U.S. citizens as a genuine hero. This article suggests that this postive presentation was largely created and perpetuated by mainstream media accounts from newspapers such as the New York Times that lent credence to Castro's image as a charismatic Iberian conqueror.
Gravitational wave searches with pulsar timing arrays: Cancellation of clock and ephemeris noises

We propose a data processing technique to cancel monopole and dipole noise sources (such as clock and ephemeris noises, respectively) in pulsar timing array searches for gravitational radiation. These noises are the dominant sources of correlated timing fluctuations in the lower-part ($\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}$) of the gravitational wave band accessible by pulsar timing experiments. After deriving the expressions that reconstruct these noises from the timing data, we estimate the gravitational wave sensitivity of our proposed processing technique to single-source signals to be at least one order of magnitude higher than that achievable by directly processing the timing data from an equal-size array. Since arrays can generate pairs of clock and ephemeris-free timing combinations that are no longer affected by correlated noises, we implement with them the cross-correlation statistic to search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background. We find the resulting optimal signal-to-noise ratio to be more than one order of magnitude larger than that obtainable by correlating pairs of timing data from arrays of equal size.
Changes in mycorrhizal colonization and overall fungal communities across upland and wetland Acer forests of the Virginia Coastal Plain

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are common in the roots of most plants and provide benefits such as enhanced uptake of soil nutrients and water when the environment limits these resources. Two primary factors proposed in the literature as limiting the extent of mycorrhizal colonization of wetland plants are: (1) the low oxygen environment; and (2) the level of available phosphorus. The present study evaluated AM colonization of maple (Acer) roots and the fungal community structure in paired upland/wetland locations in the Virginia Coastal Plain to determine if wetland conditions affected the root fungal community. The range of observed AM colonization, based on 60 samples collected on 11 dates covering 3 years, was from 4 to 55%. Overall, soil redox potential and available phosphorus concentration were not significant in explaining the difference in AM colonization of Acer roots. In fact, the site with the greatest percent colonization in this study was a wetland site. A comparison of fungal diversity between the pooled wetland site communities and the pooled upland site communities was conducted and the difference was significant (p = 0.003), but the upland sites exhibited the lower diversity. Communities from all sites were dissimilar. Geographic location exerted a greater effect over community structure than did upland versus wetland status. This study concludes that the forested wetland environments studied here neither limited AM colonization nor reduced the overall fungal community and in fact may present a more favorable environment for fungal diversity.
Four Views on the Ethics of Tax Evasion

A few years ago I published an article in the Journal of Business Ethics titled Three Views on the Ethics of Tax Evasion (McGee, 2006 ) . Actually, there are four views. The purpose of the present chapter is to update that article and discuss the view that was omitted. Most articles written on tax evasion are published in tax practitioner journals and take a practitioner or legal perspective. However, some authors have taken a philosophical approach (McGee, 1994a ) . One of the most comprehensive analyses on tax evasion from a philosophical perspective was a doctoral thesis written by Martin Crowe in 1944. The Journal of Accounting, Ethics & Public Policy published a series of articles on tax evasion from various religious, secular, and philosophical perspectives in 1998 and 1999. Most of those articles were also published in an edited book (McGee, 1998a ) . Since the publication of that book, a few other articles have addressed the issue of tax evasion from an ethical perspective. Those articles are discussed in the next section. The ethics of tax evasion can be examined from a number of perspectives. Some of these are of a religious nature while others are more secular and philosophical. One approach is to examine the relationship of the individual to the state. Another is the relationship between the individual and the taxpaying community or some subset thereof. A third is the relationship of the individual to God. In other words, if there is a duty to pay taxes, the duty is owed either to God, to the state or to some subgroup of the populations (taxpayers or some other group). Martin Crowe ( 1944 ) examined the literature on these approaches, which are the three main approaches that have been taken in the literature over the past fi ve centuries.
The Hot ISM of Elliptical Galaxies: A Brief History

This chapter reviews the history of the discovery of a hot gaseous interstellar medium (ISM) in normal E and S0 galaxies with the imaging X-ray telescope of the Einstein Observatory. It also highlights the ensuing two-decade long debate on the ubiquity and properties of this medium, and on the suitability of X-ray observations for measuring the gravitational mass of early-type galaxies. Fundamental questions explored during this period included: How much of the X-ray emission is truly from a hot ISM? Is this ISM in hydrostatic equilibrium? Can the data constrain the physical and chemical evolution of this hot medium? While the debate went on, a deeper understanding on the evolution of the hot ISM was generated. Some of these outstanding questions have now been solved with the high spatial resolution observations of the Chandra X-ray Observatoryand with the high signal-to-noise spectra of XMM-Newton.
SOME NEW INHIBITORS OF EPINEPHRINE BIOSYNTHESIS. IMPORTANCE OF THE AROMATIC RING IN ADRENERGIC AMINES. 4. (Ref. 1)

ABSTRACT We have recently found that nonaromatic analogs of phenylethanolamine are substrates of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT); e.g. 2-hydroxy-2-cyclooctylethylamine ( 9 ) has a Km (μM) of 30 ± 7 compared to 102 ± 23 for norepinephrine ( 2 ), and the Vmax values are the same for both (0.2 ± 0.03 nmol product formed/mg protein/min). These analogs are also good alternate substrate inhibitors of PNMT. The more potent of these analogs (e.g. 9 ) have IC50 values of 10 μM or less. Analysis of the data on the analogs suggests that there is no requirement for an aromatic ring in binding to PNMT and no specific Π-complex interaction is involved. Rather, hydrophobic interactions appear to be most important with steric tolerance for a wide variety of hydrophobic groups. Some clear importance of optimal steric fit at the active/inhibitory site of PNMT was found, however.
Feynman-Dyson rules from unitarity and self-consistency

As a partial test of a recently proposed theory, based onN-body linear integral equations and self-consistency ideas, we examine the weak-coupling limit and show that the Feynman-Dyston rules can be derived. Since the integral equations are not solved exactly, but rather by iteration, the single-particle states must be separately inserted, and must show the correct (experimental) mass and pole residue. By requiring unitarity this insertation can be made in a fairly unambiguous way and leads to the Dyson-Schwinger equations. It is shown that, in perturbation theory at least, the requirements of unitarity and self-consistency lead to the normal spin-statistics connection. The concept of gauge invariance is arrived at without the introduction of vector potentials.
Tectonic setting of Au-Ag deposits hosted by Proterozoic strata along the Lewis and Clark line, west-central Montana

The Lewis and Clark line is a major lineament trending WNW from central Montana to the Coeur d’Alene mining district of northern Idaho. The Lewis and Clark line consists mainly of Cretaceous to Tertiary thrusts and steep strike-slip and dip-slip faults that are partly superimposed on Middle Proterozoic growth faults related to extension of the western continental margin.
Instructional Design: A Conceptual Parallel Processor for Navigating Learning Space

Instructional design is a process used to generate curriculum, courses, teaching units, and single episodes of guided learning. While instructional design is applicable for curriculum development, and in many types of teaching environments, this is a presentation about how instructional design can be conceived as a way to navigate in spaces dedicated to intentional [or guided] learning. Guided learning is purported to be complex because the student, the content, the media, the teacher, peers, and the context, all interacting within a discrete period of time; while moving toward a common goal. The instructional design concept suggested here is intended to be a way to respond to the complexities of guided learning. The contention is that the fundamental purpose of instructional design is to 1) respond to a performance discrepancy that is attributable to a lack of knowledge and skills, 2) generate learner-centered strategies, and 3) validate the products and procedures used for episodes of guided learning; and to accomplish theses processes parallel to each other.
A 39-Year-Old Man With Diabetes, Pleuritic Chest Pain, and Multiple Cavitary Lung Nodules.

Case Presentation A 39-year-old male presented to the ED with a 2-day history of fever (Temperature-Maximum 39°C), nonbloody productive cough, and worsening right-sided pleuritic chest pain. The patient denied shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, sinus symptoms, and abdominal pain. His medical history included type 2 diabetes mellitus (glycated hemoglobin, 11.1), hyperlipidemia, and depression. He smoked marijuana but denied tobacco or illicit drug use. He reported no recent travels. He reported a 1-week history of left molar pain that began after he siphoned stagnant water with a straw from a refrigerator drip pan. He lived in Ohio all of his life. He denied any sick contacts. His medications include Lantus insulin at night, metformin, glimepiride, pravastatin, and Remeron.
Design of hospital errors and omissions activities that include patient-specific medication related problems.

Abstract Background and purpose Medication-related problems persist in hospital settings. New types of errors have emerged with changing technology. There is a need for updated, realistic, and patient-specific activities to train student pharmacists to identify medication-related problems. Educational activity and setting We describe efforts to redesign hospital errors and omissions activities in a clinical skills lab course. A hospital errors and omissions template is described with multiple-choice answer options redesigned to reinforce that each instance of dispensing in a hospital is an opportunity for patient-centered care. Findings In the redesigned hospital errors and omissions activities, students identified the correct errors and omissions 77% of the time with an average point biserial of 0.491. Qualitative evaluation of student course evaluations and student self-selected learning goals suggest that students perceived the revised activity to be valuable. Summary It is possible to create and deliver hospital errors and omissions activities that include patient-specific medication related problems.
Investigating the effect of burial histories on the clumped isotope thermometer: An example from the Green River and Washakie Basins, Wyoming

Abstract The Δ47 clumped isotope thermometer has been applied to multiple studies aimed at reconstructing the paleoelevation and paleoclimate of sedimentary basins and paleosol sequences. Ideally, this technique directly preserves the temperature of carbonate formation, avoiding any speculation on the composition of surface water from which the carbonate precipitated. Recently, however, concerns about post-depositional alteration of the Δ47 isotope signature from the effects of burial and/or diagenetic alteration have arisen, potentially complicating the application of the Δ47 clumped isotope thermometer for determining paleo-surface temperatures. Here we investigate the effect of burial history on mass-47 clumped isotope. To this purpose we collected samples, from the surface and from drill cores, in two different areas of the Greater Green River basin: the Washakie Basin near Rock Springs, Wyoming and the Green River Basin near Pinedale, Wyoming. Both basins are filled with a thick sequence of Eocene lacustrine strata and the thermal histories of both basins are well documented from petroleum prospecting studies. Clumped isotope Δ47 compositions were measured from lacustrine micritic limestones with a range of peak burial depths from 1 to 6.5 km. For samples from the Washakie Basin that did not experience burial depths exceeding ∼2000 meters, the measured Δ47 values vary from 0.623‰ to 0.684‰, yielding carbonate formation temperatures consistent with previously hypothesized Paleocene-Eocene surface temperatures. In contrast, samples from the Green River Basin, collected from greater burial depths, demonstrate significantly lower Δ47 values (higher temperatures). The consistency of δ18O values and lack of CL evidence for recrystallization suggest closed-system resetting of the clumped isotope thermometer by either partial solid-state re-ordering or carbonate reprecipitation during burial. The Δ47 values of the deeply buried samples have been compared to values derived from recrystallization and temperature history reordering models (THRMs). Both recrystallization and reordering models are successful at predicting Δ47 reordering at burial temperatures >100 °C. These observations, from samples collected from a basin with a remarkably well-constrained thermal history and geothermal gradient, highlight the challenges in elucidating burial histories or diagenetic processes solely from clumped isotopic compositions.
IQC Analysis of Uncertain LTV Systems with Rational Dependence on Time

The goal of this paper is to assess the robustness of an uncertain linear time-varying (LTV) system on a finite time horizon. The uncertain system is modeled as a connection of a known LTV system and a perturbation. The state matrices of the LTV system are assumed to be rational functions of time. This is used to model the uncertain LTV system as an connection of a time invariant system and an augmented perturbation that includes time. The input/output behavior of the perturbation is described by time-domain, integral quadratic constraints (IQCs). Static and dynamic IQCs are developed for the multiplication by time. A sufficient condition to bound the induced $L_{2}$ gain is formulated using dissipation inequalities and IQCs. The approach is demonstrated with two simple examples.