cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potentiation of tau aggregation by cdk5 and GSK3β

Hyperphosphorylation of tau is closely associated with its aggregation by as yet undefined mechanisms. We attempted herein to further investigate the interrelationships between tau aggregation and phosphorylation by inhibition and activation of cdk5 and GSK3β in cells expressing normal tau and a mutant form of tau (3PO-tau), which generates intracellular aggregates while retaining microtubule-binding capacity). Aggregates were routinely observed in cells expressing 3PO-tau, but never in cells expressing normal tau, whether or not cdk5 or GSK3β was overexpressed. In addition, in cells expressing 3PO-tau, both the percentage of cells with aggregates, as well as the size of aggregates, was increased following overexpression of cdk5 or GSK3β, decreased following treatment with pharmacological agents (roscovitine and lithium) active against these kinases, and increased following treatment with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. These findings collectively indicate that phosphorylation potentiates aggregation in the presence of one or more key tau mutations. These findings confirm and extend prior studies in which overexpression of the cdk5 activator p35, or GSK3β, induced phosphorylation, mislocalization and/or aggregation of tau.
Full Abstraction in Structural Operational Semantics (Extended Abstract)

This paper explores the connection between semantic equivalences for concrete sequential processes, represented by means of transition systems, and formats of transition system specifications using Plotkin’s structural approach. For several equivalences in the linear time — branching time spectrum a format is given, as general as possible, such that this equivalence is a congruence for all operators specifiable in that format. And for several formats it is determined what is the coarsest congruence with respect to all operators in this format that is finer than partial or completed trace equivalence.
Adaptive robust control without knowing bounds of parameter variations

A discontinuous projection based adaptive robust control (ARC) design is constructed for nonlinear systems transformable to the semi-strict feedback form without knowing the bounds of parameter variations and uncertain nonlinearities. The proposed ARC design only adapts actual physical parameters and uses a fixed design bound plus certain robust feedback to account for the possible destabilizing effect of online parameter adaptation. The resulting ARC controller achieves a prescribed transient performance and final tracking accuracy in general; the exponential convergence rate of the transient tracking error and the bound of the final tracking error can be adjusted via certain controller parameters in a known form. In addition, in the presence of parametric uncertainties only, if the true parameters fall within the design bound, asymptotic output tracking is achieved. Furthermore, by choosing the design bound appropriately, the controller also has a well-designed built-in anti-integration windup mechanism to alleviate the effect of control saturation.
Exophytic benign prostatic hyperplasia

A 60-year-old man had incidental finding of a multilobular 8 × 7 × 7-cm mass identified posterior to the urinary bladder in continuity with the prostate. The man's prostate-specific antigen was 1.87, and he denied any lower urinary tract symptoms. A transrectal ultrasound–guided biopsy demonstrated benign prostatic tissue. A computed tomography–guided needle aspiration demonstrated a benign epithelium-lined cyst, likely prostatic in origin. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a proliferation of prostatic epithelial and stromal cells. Although prostatic hyperplasia is usually restricted to the prostate gland, hyperplastic nodules occasionally protrude outside the prostate and rarely form exophytic pelvic masses.
Effect of low‐dose butorphanol on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponies

Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for halothane was measured before and after administration of intravenous butorphanol (0.022 and 0.044 mg/kg in bodyweight in nine yearling Shetland ponies. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, expired CO2 and rectal temperature was also measured. Even though mean MAC values decreased 10 and 9 per cent after the low and high doses respectively, they were not statistically different from those measured prior to butorphanol. Halothane MAC values increased after butorphanol in two ponies, both animals increasing locomotor activity and demonstrating apparent central nervous system stimulation. No significant differences were seen in any variable measured after butorphanol administration.
Assessing measurement error in paleozoological osteometrics with bison remains

Abstract Paleozoologists seldom consider how measurement error affects their osteometric data. This error may vary between measured dimensions or with degrees of physical deterioration. We investigate this problem with a paleontological sample of five bison radii displaying different levels of physical deterioration. We instructed twelve students to repeatedly measure two dimensions on each radius. The measurement data reveal between dimension variability in how well students repeat their own measurements and variability in how well they reproduce each other's measurements. Further, for one dimension, physical deterioration affects measurement repeatability and reproducibility. Our results suggest that analysts should exercise more care in selecting which bones they include in metric studies of fossil bison. Further, in paleozoological studies generally, analysts should calculate measurement errors using the most weathered and error prone specimens that they wish to include in a measured sample. When possible, these errors should be a product of repeated measurements by multiple analysts to ensure reproducibility.
Sidewall spacer quadruple patterning for 15nm half-pitch

193nm immersion lithography, with the single-exposure resolution limitation of half-pitch 38nm, has extended its patterning capability to about 20nm using the double-patterning technique[1]. Despite the non-trivial sub-20nm patterning challenges, several NAND Flash manufacturers are already pursuing for sub-16nm patterning technology. 25nm NAND flash memory has already begun production in 2010, and given the typical 2-year scaling cycle, sub-16nm NAND devices should see pilot or mass production as early as 2014. Using novel patterning techniques such as sidewall spacer quadruple patterning (upon 120nm to 128nm pitch using dry ArF lithography) or triple patterning (upon 90nm pitch using immersion ArF lithography), we are able to extend optical lithography to sub-16nm half-pitch and demonstrate the lithographic performance that can nearly meet the ITRS roadmap requirements. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth review and demonstration of sidewall spacer quadruple patterning; including 300mm wafer level data of the mean values and CDU along with a mathematical assessment of the various data pools for sub-16nm lines and spaces. By understanding which processes (lithography, deposition, and etch) define the critical dimension of each data pool, we can make predictions of CDU capability for the sidewall spacer quad patterning. Our VeritySEM4i CD SEM tool demonstrated high measurement yield during fully automated measurements, which enables accurate lines, spaces and CDU measurements of the sub-16nm. The patterns generated from the sidewall spacer quadruple patterning techniques are used as a hardmask to transfer sub-16nm lines and spaces patterns to underneath amorphous silicon and silicon oxide layers, or poly silicon layer for 1X STI or poly gate applications.
Novel radiosynthesis of PET HSV-tk gene reporter probes [18F]FHPG and [18F]FHBG employing dual Sep-Pak SPE techniques.

Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene reporter probes 9-[(3-[18F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine ([18F]FHPG) and 9-(4-[18F]fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG) were prepared by nucleophilic substitution of the appropriate tosylated precursors with [18F]KF/Kryptofix 2.2.2 followed by a quick deprotection reaction and purification with a simplified dual Silica Sep-Pak solid-phase extraction (SPE) method in 15–30% radiochemical yield.
Transcript-Specific Decapping and Regulated Stability by the Human Dcp2 Decapping Protein

mRNA decapping is a critical step in the control of mRNA stability and gene expression and is carried out by the Dcp2 decapping enzyme. Dcp2 is an RNA binding protein that must bind RNA in order to recognize the cap for hydrolysis. We demonstrate that human Dcp2 (hDcp2) preferentially binds to a subset of mRNAs and identify sequences at the 5' terminus of the mRNA encoding Rrp41, a core subunit component of the RNA exosome, as a specific hDcp2 substrate. A 60-nucleotide element at the 5' end of Rrp41 mRNA was identified and shown to confer more efficient decapping on a heterologous RNA both in vitro and upon transfection into cells. Moreover, reduction of hDcp2 protein levels in cells resulted in a selective stabilization of the Rrp41 mRNA, confirming it as a downstream target of hDcp2 regulation. These findings demonstrate that hDcp2 can specifically bind to and regulate the stability of a subset of mRNAs, and its intriguing regulation of the 3'-to-5' exonuclease exosome subunit suggests a potential interplay between 5'-end mRNA decapping and 3'-end mRNA decay.
Micro-mirror arrays for Raman spectroscopy

In this research we study Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies as non-destructive and noninvasive methods for probing biological material and “living systems.” Particularly for a living material any probe need be non-destructive and non-invasive, as well as provide real time measurement information and be cost effective to be generally useful. Over the past few years the components needed to measure weak and complex processes such as Raman scattering have evolved substantially with the ready availability of lasers, dichroic filters, low noise and sensitive detectors, digitizers and signal processors. A Raman spectrum consists of a wavelength or frequency spectrum that corresponds to the inelastic (Raman) photon signal that results from irradiating a “Raman active” material. Raman irradiation of a material usually and generally uses a single frequency laser. The Raman fingerprint spectrum that results from a Raman interaction can be determined from the frequencies scattered and received by an appropriate detector. Spectra are usually “digitized” and numerically matched to a reference sample or reference material spectra in performing an analysis. Fortunately today with the many “commercial off-the-shelf” components that are available, weak intensity effects such as Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy can be used for a number of analysis applications. One of the experimental limitations in Raman measurement is the spectrometer itself. The spectrometer is the section of the system that either by interference plus detection or by dispersion plus detection that “signal” amplitude versus energy/frequency signals are measured. Particularly in Raman spectroscopy, optical signals carrying desired “information” about the analyte are extraordinarily weak and require special considerations when measuring. We will discuss here the use of compact spectrometers and a micro-mirror array system (used is the digital micro-mirror device (DMD) supplied by the DLP® Products group of Texas Instruments Incorporated) for analyzing dispersed light as needed in Raman and fluorescent applications.
Study on dislocation relaxation peaks in gold and copper

An inverted torsion pendulum apparatus is described for the measurement of internal friction and dynamic modulus of metals over the temperature range 4° to 300°K after deformation in situ at 4°K. A detailed study of low‐temperature internal friction peaks in pure gold and copper was carried out with this apparatus. By comparison of the results with other reported measurements, the activation energies for the Niblett‐Wilks peak (EN‐W) and for the Bordoni peak (EB) in gold and copper were deduced as follows: EN−W was 0.10 eV (for gold) and 0.045 eV (for copper); and EB was 0.19 eV (for gold) and 0.12 eV (for copper). The internal friction below 15°K was found to rise for gold specimens deformed at low temperature. This rise is discussed in detail and suggests a relaxation peak below 15°K in cold‐worked gold.
Role of the Mannose-Binding Lectin in Innate Immunity

The ability to recognize infectious agents from self is intrinsic to innate immunity. One basic tenet of innate immunity is the evolution of classes of molecules that are termed pattern-recognition receptors and molecules. Many pattern-recognition molecules conspire together to protect the host in the first minutes and hours after exposure to an infectious challenge. The mannose-binding lectin (MBL; also termed mannose-binding protein) is a prototypic pattern-recognition molecule that appears to play a role as an ante-antibody in first line host defense. The serum levels of the human MBL are regulated in serum so that any one person will display a phenotype of low, intermediate, or high levels. There appears to be a relationship between circulating MBL and susceptibility and resistance to infection. MBL levels also appear to be regulated by distinct haplotypes. Thus, the question to be answered is what constitutes the innate immunity haplotype in any individual and how does this impact on the relationship between the host and infectious agents?.
Position paper on common-sense and formal semantics

I'm not sure what I'm doing on this panel, but I thought it would be helpful if we could start at the beginning. It's interesting to note that both the dictionary and common sense were eighteenth-century inventions. This is no coincidence; in fact, it's entirely appropriate that the most celebrated blow that was ever struck on behalf of common sense was delivered by Dr. Johnson himself, when he kicked a stone in refutation of Berkeley's idealism. If you'll indulge me, I'd like briefly to explore this connection, with the promise that I'll wind up by drawing a moral about n_atural-language understanding. First for "common sense." To be sure, the phrase had been in use since the fourteenth century, but it was not until the eighteenth century that it acquired three important philosophical uses, which we confuse at our peril. First, there was the understanding of common sense as the faculty of judgement possessed by the average person as part of his birthright. This is the sense of the phrase that Priestly had in mind when he wrote (1775): "Common sense...in common acceptation...has long been appropriated...to that capacity for judging of common things that persons of middling capacities are capable of." In this sense, common sense is variously a general or universal faculty, "the same in every time and clime," as Hume (somewhere) put it; to avoid confusion here, I'll sometimes refer to this as the faculty of common sense. Now for many philosophers of the period, it was an article of doctrine that natural and moral law were accessible to common sense, and hence that the body of common man could achieve both the degree of understanding of the world and the refinement of moral judgment necessary to self-government. This was the view of Hume, of Johnson, and of course of Thomas Paine, who entitled his famous treatise on natural rights Common Sense. The second use of the phase was more narrowly associated with the Scottish School of phi losophy(also called the "Philosophers of Common Sense"); on this understanding it is a universal endowment, not just of critical faculties, but of beliefs. As the philosopher Hamilton put it, common sense is in this interpretation is "the complement of those cognitions or convictions which we receive from nature; which all men possess in common .... " This group made common sense the test of all philosophical doctrines, and in particular referred to the common-sense belief in the reality of t he physical world in the course of their Berkeley.bashing (a
Antenna, load, and field effects on the bistatic scattering patterns from a linear dipole array

Scattering from a terminated antenna structure is studied and evaluated by modeling and computing its characteristics for linear dipole arrays and a variety of field, structure, and load conditions. Specific current distributions and effective load terminations are established that separate and compare the surface- and load-reflected contributions to the scattered field. The level and spatial distribution of the resulting fields and cross sections are determined as well as the relationship of these fields to the antenna gain pattern and their dependence on termination network effects that include waveguide phase delays and interdipole connections. The results presented illustrate the character of the bistatic scattering and its dependence on array structure, mutual coupling, conducting plates, incident field variations, and the internal and termination impedances.
Relation and Substance in Whitehead’s Metaphysics

In the introductory chapter of Process and Reality Whitehead indicates that actual entities and eternal objects are the two fundamental types of entities in the world. The problem thereby set for himself is to interpret these fundamental entities in such a way that his system leads neither to a closed monism, nor an unreconciled dualism, nor an unameliorated disjunctive pluralism. A cardinal means employed by Whitehead toward the realization of an adequate system is the reinterpretation of the world toward a relational concept of substance. Early in his philosophical studies, Whitehead attends to the important role which the category of substance has played in metaphysical inquiry. But it is likewise clear that the theme of the connectedness of all things occupies the central place in Whitehead’s own construction. That is, he always interprets substance in the light of the real connections by which it is constituted. For Whitehead there are no solitary entities. Everything must be understood by means of its interaction with other things.
Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in oocytes of Xenopus laevis

Abstract Mitochondria isolated from stage 3 (about half-grown) oocytes of Xenopus laevis exhibit a DNA synthetic rate in vitro of 2.35 ± 0.28 pg/oocyte/h. Similarly, stage 6 (full-grown) oocyte mitochondria synthesize DNA (mtDNA) at 0.28 ± 0.02 pg/oocyte/h. By comparison, the rate of mtDNA synthesis by intact stage 6 oocytes following microinjection of [ 3 H]-dTTP was calculated to be 0.43 ± 0.08 pg/oocyte/h, indicating that the observed in vitro rates may represent minimum values. Measurements of DNA polymerase activity associated with mitochondria isolated from stage 3 oocytes are almost three times those recorded with stage 6 oocyte mitochondria. It appears that active replication of complete mtDNA molecules, which accompanies accumulation of mitochondria by the egg, is terminated midway through oogenesis.
Environmental assessment of avermectins by the US food and drug administration

Abstract The Center of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) of the Food and Drug Administratio n (FDA) is required under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to include in its decision making, an objective consideration of the potential environmental impacts associated with each contemplated action. As part of the application process for new animal drugs, detailed data must be submitted in order to develop a prediction of the environmental fate and effects of the drug and/or its active metabolites. Ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B 1 ) is a highly active antiparasitic animal drug utilized in a variety of injectable, oral and topical formulations. Residues of this drug may reach the environment through manufacturing and animal wastes and may potentially have effects of terrestrial and aquatic organism. A comprehensive data base has been submitted to the FDA in support of the environmental assessments for ivermectin drug products. Detailed information has been submitted on the physical and chemical properties, introduction, fate and effects of the ivermectins in the environment. These data indicate that ivermectin binds tightly to soil and is subject to photodegradation and biotransformation to less active compounds. In contrast, ivermectin is highly toxic to certain aquatic organisms but would not be expected to partition into the aquatic environment. Much lower toxicity has been demonstrated toward bacteria, fungi, earthworms, plants and birds. CVM evaluated ivermectin products based on the use of pattern of the product, the metabolism pattern in target animal, calculations of potential ivermectin residue concentrations in the environment and data on persistence, soil sorption and acute toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
A single server queue with random arrivals and balking: confidence interval estimation

This paper investigates a queueing system, which consists of Poisson input of customers, some of whom are lost to balking, and a single server working a shift of lengthL and providing a service whose duration can vary from customer to customer. If a service is in progress at the end of a shift, the server works overtime to complete the service. This process was motivated by the behavior of fishermen interviewed in the NY Great Lakes Creel Survey.
Review: Mechanical properties of dry cellular solid foods / Revisión: Propiedades mecánicas de alimentos celulares sólidos:

The compressive stress-strain relationships of most cellular materials and solid foams have a char acteristic sigmoid shape that reflects three deformation mechanisms: primarily elastic distortion under small strains; collapse and/or fracture of cell walls; and densification. The exact shape of the relationship is mainly determined by the materials' composition including: moisture contents; the cells and cell wall size and geometry; and whether the cells are open or closed. Upon repeated compression the nature of the relationship may change as a result of irreversible changes in the solid matrix (especially rupture). When the cell wall material is very brittle the force-displacement curve can be extremely irregular and jagged, often concealing its underlying sigmoid shape. Characterization of such brittle products requires methods of jaggedness evaluation and smoothing procedures. These are now readily available and have been successfully applied to extruded puffed foods. Food particulates tested in bulk can show similar compressibility patterns even if they themselves do not have a cellular structure. Although tensile properties of spongy baked foods, like bread crumbs, can be determined experimentally they have not yet been proven useful as indicators of textural quality, primarily as it appears, because of structural non-uniformity.
945-122 Energy Cost of Occupational Work

Data regarding expected energy requirements of occupational work is helpful in evaluating the ability of some patients to safely resume occupational work following a cardiac event. However, current data on energy expenditure in the work setting is very limited and outdated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate oxygen uptake and heart rate (HR) responses in several job categories requiring physical labor including factory (n = 102), building construction (n = 85), landscaping/ground-care/forestry(n = 41), farming (n = 36), auto mechanic (n = 29), kitchen/cafeteria (n = 26), laundry service (n = 16). A portable Cosmed K2 unit was used to measure oxygen uptake and HR for 20 min/worker. Oxygen uptake (ml/kg/min) responses (means ± SD) for workers within the above job categories averaged 8.5 ± 3.0, 12.9 ± 4.2, 12.6 ± 5.2, 12.4 ± 4.8, 8.2 ± 2.3, 8.3 ± 2.0, 9.2 ± 3.0, respectively. In terms of specific job tasks, most required l14.0 ml/kg/min (i.e., l4 METs). Those requiring higher demands included chain sawing/chipping, power push mowing, barn cleaning, air hammering. dry wall/masonry, and weight carrying/repetitive lifting. Among factory workers, METs did not differ significantly due to age or gender. Relative effort with factory work, based on treadmill maximal testing of 40 workers, averaged 25 ± 8% maximal oxygen uptake and 52 ± 9% maximal HR. Conclusion The average energy expenditure of most jobs requiring physicallabor is l4 METs.
A Time Series Approach to Queueing Systems with Applications for Modeling Job-Shop In-Process Inventories

The behavior of a uniformly sampled queueing system is characterized and interpreted using a time series approach. The advantages of employing time series to obtain a model of the queue's behavior are shown to be simplicity, flexibility and reliability. An analysis of actual queue data shows that the queue behavior of a uniformly sampled queueing system with a single server and Poisson-exponential activities is adequately described by a first order autoregressive model. The autocorrelation function is used to relate queueing theory and the time series model to obtain the commonly required parameters for a queueing system, in a manner independent of the mean level of the queue.
Biological interactions of functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes in human epidermal keratinocytes.

Carbon nanotube–based nanovectors, especially functionalized nanotubes, have shown potential for therapeutic drug delivery. 6-Aminohexanoic acid–derivatized single-wall carbon nanotubes (AHA-SWNTs)...
CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO SUPPORT SYSTEMATIC USE OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES IN STATE TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES

State transportation agencies (STAs) have significant experience in measuring many different aspects of transportation system performance, but they have very limited experience in measuring the performance of the STA as an organization or the performance of programs for which the STA is responsible. Based on research of organizational and program performance measures, a conceptual model to help STAs develop and implement a comprehensive measurement system is proposed. The proposed model helps define the various types of performance measures and illustrates the interrelationships. Examples are offered for each type of measure. The model is flexible and can be adapted to fit unique circumstances and priorities and to focus on the aspects of performance that are most important to a particular organization. After the model and accompanying typology are explained, the utility of the model is described, with examples of beneficial uses.
The Effect of Puromycin and Cycloheximide on the Infection of Algae‐Free Paramecium bursaria by Symbiotic Chlorellae1

It has been suggested that the infection of algae-free Paramecium bursaria by symbiotic algae involves an induction in the ciliate. Such a process suggests a need for the synthesis of specific proteins. Therefore, an attempt was made to determine the role of protein synthesis during the initial phases of host-symbiont interaction by examining the capacity of the ciliate to form a stable association with algae when the ciliate is exposed to puromycin (PURO) or cycloheximide (CYC) during the first 1–3 h of algal insestion. Cycloheximide (100 μg/ml) blocked algal but not ciliate growth and protein synthesis while PURO (250 μg/ml) appeared to inhibit these processes in both Puromycin significantly inhibited the infection when presented to the ciliate during the first hour of algal exposure and had little effect when added after that period. Inhibition of ciliate, as compared to the alga, protein synthesis appears to be significant in relationship to those processes leading to infection, as CYC when presented during the first hour of algae-ciliate exposure has no inhibitory effects. Experiments on algal sugar secretion and ciliate ingestion of algae indicated that neither process was significantly affected by these inhibitors. These results point to a need for host protein synthesis during the initial phase of ingestion of algae which appears to be important to establishment of the symbiotic association.
The metabolism of α-14C-3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine

Abstract α-14C-Dimethoxyphenethylamine hydrochloride was administered to rats, i.p., and the metabolites were isolated and identified from the 0–2.5 hr urine. The following compounds were positively identified (percentages of urinary 14C are given in parentheses): dimethoxyphenylacetic acid (77), unchanged amine (15.5), and N-acetyl-3-methoxytyramine glucuronide (6.0). Tentative identification was also made for N-acetyl-3-methoxytyramine (ca. 0.2) and for trace amounts of N-acetyldimethoxyphenethylamine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethanol glucuronide, and dimethoxyphenethanol. Pretreatment of rats with aldehyde and amine oxidase inhibitors resulted in anticipated increases or decreases in the excretion of some of the metabolites. One of the metabolites, N-acetyldimethoxyphenethylamine, was found to be physiologically active, producing hypokinesis within 5 min. Administration of the 14C-labeled compound resulted m the excretion of N-acetyl-3-methoxytyramine glucuronide only. These results, in conjunction with the failure to detect homovanillic acid and methoxytyramine after administering 14C-dimethoxyphenethylamine, indicate that N-acetylation precedes O-demethylation.
Mean field equilibria of dynamic auctions with learning: A dynamic revenue equivalence theorem

Auctions are observed as a market mechanism in a wide range of economic transactions involving repeated interactions among the market participants: sponsored search markets run by Google and Yahoo!, online marketplaces such as eBay and Amazon, crowdsourcing, etc. In many of these markets, the participants typically have incomplete information; for example, the participants may not know the quality of the good being auctioned or their value for the good. In such settings, repeated interactions among the participants give rise to extremely complex bidder behavior due to the presence of learning among the participants.
Circadian chronotypic death in heat-synchronized infradian mode cultures ofTetrahymena pyriformis W.

Continuous cultures ofTetrahymena pyriformis in the infradian (“slow-exponential”) growth mode can be entrained to give circadian rhythms of cell division by the application of thermal cycles with periods of 24 hr. The degree of synchronization (phasing index) is dependent on the cycling of other environmental agents, particularly food in the form of the defined medium used. The phase angles of these multiple zeitgebers to one another and to the circadian cell cycle markedly influence the quality of synchronization achieved. In wellsynchronized oxygen-limited cultures, a circadian cytotoxia (circadian chronotypic death) is observed when the culture's oxygen requirements periodically exceed the oxygen support limit of the environment.
The role of plasmonic current loops in nanosphere extinction spectra: Theory and experiment

We derive the linear and nonlinear changes to a sphere's refractive index addressing polarization-dependent magneto-optic effects, which manifest with plasmonic current loops. The experimentally-measured extinction spectra are in good agreement with our corresponding analytical results.
TU‐A‐BRB‐05: A Quenching Correction Method for Volumetric Scintillation Dosimetry of Proton Beams

Purpose: Liquid scintillator dosimetry has the potential to provide fast, high‐resolution, three‐dimensional dosimetry of radiation beams. However, organic liquid scintillators exhibit a non‐linear response at the high linear energy transfer (LET) values characteristic of ion beam Bragg peaks. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to correct for this quenching effect in scintillators used for volumetric proton beam dosimetry.Methods: Scintillation light from a miniature (4 mm3) liquid scintillator detector was measured along the central axis of a 161.6 MeV therapeuticproton pencil beam. Three‐dimensional dose and LET distributions were calculated for 85.6, 100.9, 144.9, and 161.6 MeV beams using a validated Monte Carlo model. LET values were also calculated using an analytical formula. The empirical parameters of a quenching correction model were determined by least squares fitting of the model to the signal from the miniature detector and the Monte Carlo data for 161.6 MeV protons. The scintillation light distribution in a tank of liquid scintillator was measured with a CCD camera at all four energies. The quenching model and LET data were then used to correct the light distribution measured in the scintillator tank. The quality of agreement between the calculated dose and corrected light signal was assessed by the percent difference on the central axis and by gamma analysis. Results: The calculated and measured light signals agreed within +/−3% on the central axis of the proton pencil beam for all energies except 85.6 MeV, where the agreement was +/−4%. The gamma analysis passing rate exceeded 95% with gamma criteria of 2%, 2 mm. Conclusion: We have developed a method to correct for scintillator quenching in a large detection volume with sufficient accuracy for dosimetric purposes. This method requires prior knowledge of the LET distribution of the beam and the quenching factors for the scintillator.
Asymmetry of the brain surface from deformation field analysis.

The detection of asymmetry of exposed brain surfaces is examined, and a new method, deformation-based asymmetry (DBA), is introduced. DBA is based on analysis of two high-resolution magnetic resonance brain images, each with features representative of the subject group from which they were derived. Warping of individual brain images to their group representative image using octree spatial normalization provides sets of displacement vectors that are used in estimating deformation variance. For DBA group-representative left and right hemisphere images are compared. Representative hemisphere images are warped to each other and asymmetry analyzed using standardized d-values calculated as the ratio of displacement vector magnitude to the estimated component of variance in the direction of the displacement vector for each surface voxel. D-values were calculated within hemispheres by dividing subjects into two equal groups and comparing left-to-left and right-to-right. D-values from this ipsilateral hemisphere grouping were pooled. D-values from contralateral hemispheres were compared with the pooled ipsilateral hemisphere data. The proportion of d-values above a fixed level was used to test for difference between the two groups. High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images from 20 young, right-handed males were studied using DBA. No significant differences were seen between sub-grouped ipsilateral d-values (P > 0.10). Highly significant asymmetries (P < 0.0001) were found between hemispheres, and in each lobe. Common right frontal and left occipital petalias were seen. The DBA method can theoretically be applied to any two groups of globally similar structures where analysis of dissimilarity of regional features is sought.
Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest

Summary Background The apparent benefit of magnesium in acute myocardial infarction, and the persistently poor outcome after cardiac arrest, have led to use of magnesium in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Because few data on its use in cardiac arrest were available, we undertook a randomised placebo-controlled trial (MAGIC trial). Methods Patients treated for cardiac arrest by the Duke Hospital code team were randomly assigned intravenous magnesium (2 g [8 mmoles] bolus, followed by 8 g [32 mmoles] over 24 h; 76 patients) or placebo (80 patients). Only patients in intensive care or general wards were eligible; those whose cardiac arrest occurred in emergency, operating, or recovery rooms were excluded. The primary endpoint was return of spontaneous circulation, defined as attainment of any measurable blood pressure or palpable pulse for at least 1 h after cardiac arrest. The secondary endpoints were survival to 24 h, survival to hospital discharge, and neurological outcome. Analysis was by intention to treat. Findings There were no significant differences between the magnesium and placebo groups in the proportion with return of spontaneous circulation (41 [54%] vs 48 [60%], p=0·44), survival to 24 h (33 [43%] vs 40 [50%], p=0·41), survival to hospital discharge (16 [21%] vs 17 [21%], p=0·98), or Glasgow coma score (median 15 in both). Interpretation Empirical magnesium supplementation did not improve the rate of successful resuscitation, survival to 24 h, or survival to hospital discharge overall or in any subpopulation of patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest.
Opsin gene polymorphism predicts trichromacy in a cathemeral lemur

Recent research has identified polymorphic trichromacy in three diurnal strepsirrhines: Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli), black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata), and red ruffed lemurs (V. rubra). Current hypotheses suggest that the transitions to diurnality experienced by Propithecus and Varecia were necessary precursors to their independent acquisitions of trichromacy. Accordingly, cathemeral lemurs are thought to lack the M/L opsin gene polymorphism necessary for trichromacy. In this study, the M/L opsin gene was sequenced in ten cathemeral blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons). This analysis identified a polymorphism identical to that of other trichromatic strepsirrhines at the critical amino acid position 285 in exon 5 of the M/L opsin gene. Thus, polymorphic trichromacy is likely present in at least one cathemeral Eulemur species, suggesting that strict diurnality is not necessary for trichromacy. The presence of trichromacy in E. m. flavifrons suggests that a re-evaluation of current hypotheses regarding the evolution of strepsirrhine trichromacy may be necessary. Although the M/L opsin polymorphism may have been independently acquired three times in the lemurid–indriid clade, the distribution of opsin alleles in lemurids and indriids may also be consistent with a common origin of trichromacy in the last common ancestor of either the lemurids or the lemurid–indriid clade. Am. J. Primatol. 71:86–90, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MBH-σ Relation for a Complete Sample of Soft X-Ray-selected Active Galactic Nuclei

We present the black hole mass-bulge velocity dispersion relation for a complete sample of 75 soft X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs): 43 broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s) and 32 narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s). We use luminosity and FWHM(Hβ) as surrogates for black hole mass and FWHM([O III]) as a surrogate for the bulge velocity dispersion. We find that NLS1s lie below the MBH-σ relation of BLS1s, confirming the Mathur et al. result. The statistical result is robust and not due to any systematic measurement error. This has important consequences toward our understanding of black hole formation and growth: black holes grow by accretion in well-formed bulges, possibly after a major merger. As they grow, they get closer to the MBH-σ relation for normal galaxies. The accretion is highest in the beginning and dwindles as the time goes by. Our result does not support theories of MBH-σ relation in which the black hole mass is a constant fraction of the bulge mass/velocity dispersion at all times or those in which bulge growth is controlled by AGN feedback.
Disruption, Silence, and Creation: The Search for Dialogic Civility in the Age of Anxiety

This article searches the contours of anxiety, asking whether anxiety can serve as a springboard to creative engagement in dialogue. Specifically, the article explores the university classroom as a possible site where anxiety might be transformed into the spark of creation. Three opportune moments are examined—disruption, silence, and creation— for the possibilities they present for creating new spaces of energy and new engagement with the call of alterity that erupts in human encounter. The encounter with an “Other” who calls to us from across a chasm of difference—a call that demands a response—is the opening to the possibility of creative engagement that can lead to new levels of transcendence in the classroom and beyond.
Multi-faceted role of HSP40 in cancer

HSP40 (DNAJ) is an understudied family of co-chaperones. The human genome codes for over 41 members of HSP40 family that reside at distinct intracellular locations. Despite their large numbers, little is known about their physiologic roles. Recent research has revealed involvement of some of the DNAJ family members in various types of cancers. In this article we summarize the information about the involvement of human DNAJ family members in various aspects of cancer biology. Furthermore we discuss the potential role of the J domain of DNAJ proteins in cancer biology.
Haplotype structure of the beta adrenergic receptor genes in US Caucasians and African Americans

The beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-AR) are G protein-coupled receptors activated by epinephrine and norepinephrine and are involved in a variety of their physiological functions. Previously, three beta-AR genes (ADRB1, ADRB2 and ADRB3) were resequenced, identifying polymorphisms that were used in genetic association studies of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. These studies have produced intriguing but inconsistent results, potentially because the known functional variants: ADRB1 Arg389Gly and Gly49Ser, ADRB2 Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu, and ADRB3 Arg64Trp provided an incomplete picture of the total functional diversity at these genes. Therefore, we created marker panels for each beta-AR gene that included the known functional markers and also other markers evenly spaced and with sufficient density to identify haplotype block structure and to maximize haplotype diversity. A total of 27 markers were genotyped in 96 US Caucasians and 96 African Americans. In both populations and for each gene, a single block with little evidence of historical recombination was observed. For each gene, haplotype captured most of the information content of each functional locus, even if that locus was not genotyped, and presumably haplotype would capture the signal from unknown functional loci whose alleles are of moderate abundance. This study demonstrates the utility of using beta-AR gene haplotype maps and marker panels as tools for linkage studies on beta-AR function.
Artifacts in SPM measurements of thin films and coatings

Abstract Ideally, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) should generate a three-dimensional map of a sample surface such that the result is an exact replication of the actual sample. Any measurement data that result in an image differing from the actual sample surface are artifacts. The chief sources of SPM artifacts are mechanical systems, piezoelectric crystals, electronic scanners, tip-sample interaction, and image processing. For example, choosing the proper SPM probe for a specific sample is only the first step in minimizing probe-related artifacts. In fact, geometrical effects cause the largest number of artifacts. Good quality atomic SPM images can be clearly seen in raw data and should respond appropriately when the scan range or rotation is changed. Because SPM images are often periodic, it is possible for heavily filtered “data” to sometimes be misinterpreted as “atomic resolution images”. This paper presents SPM image studies using a range of materials from hard rough diamond films to soft nanometer smooth polyimide films. The investigation brings out the hidden sources of SPM artifacts for samples with different geometries and physical properties. Ten suggestions are presented which, if implemented/followed, should minimize the number of SPM image artifacts thereby assuring high quality images.
Fusion of spectral reflectance and derivative information for robust hyperspectral land cover classification

Achieving reliable ground cover maps and high classification accuracies using limited ground truth is a key challenge for hyperspectral data analysts. In this paper, we explore the benefits of combining spectral derivative information along with reflectance information for hyperspectral classification. In addition to providing useful class-specific slope information, spectral derivatives are likely to be invariant to variations in illumination and atmospheric conditions. Potential benefits of including spectral derivative information for hyperspectral classification are studied within the context of conventional dimensionality reduction and single classification systems, as well as using a recently proposed multi-classifier decision fusion system. Classification results with experimental hyperspectral data demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approach.
Abstract 3036: Comparison of miRNA expression between human osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor that most frequently affects young adults. There is increasing evidence that miRNAs (miRs) are important modulators of gene expression and their deregulation has been reported in various human tumors. This study investigated differences in miR expression in normal human osteoblast cells versus malignant human osteosarcoma cells differ in their miR expression. Analysis of miRNA expression in normal osteoblast cell lines (hOBc, NHOST, hFOB) and osteosarcoma cell lines (KHOS, Saos, U-2OS) were completed using miR microarray technology with unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis. The relative expression levels of these miRs were confirmed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. A number of miRs were found to have different expression in the osteosarcoma cells when compared to normal human osteoblasts. Three miRs, miR-199a-3p, miR-127-3p and miR-376c were significantly decreased in osteosarcoma cell lines while miR-151-3p and miR-191 were increased in osteosarcoma cell lines in comparison to osteoblasts. Because miR-199a-3p has been suggested to play a vital role in lung and liver cancer, we further characterized its biological functional role in osteosarcomas. The precursor (miR-199a-1) of miR-199a-3p was stably transfected into osteosarcoma cell lines KHOS and U-2OS, resulting in a decrease of cellular proliferation. The expression of miR-199a-3p targeted genes in transfected cells was evaluated by Western blot. These targets included MET and mTOR, two genes that were observed to be overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues and various cell lines. Following miR-199a-3p transfection, a decrease in MET and mTOR expression was observed in KHOS and U-2OS cells. This study demonstrates that various miRs are differentially expressed in osteosarcomas, and miR-199a-3p, in particular may play a functional role in osteosarcoma cell growth and proliferation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3036.
Behavior of Cd, Mn, and Pb in Forest-Canopy Throughfall

The concentrations and fluxes of Cd, Mn, and Pb were measured in wet-only precipitation events sampled above and below forest canopies at the Walker Branch Watershed in the southeastern United States over a 2-year period. The interaction of rain with the canopy resulted in a measurable increase in the concentrations of all metals in throughfall, most significantly in the concentration of Mn (which increased by a factor of 160 compared to a factor of 3 to 4 for Cd and Pb). The factors influencing the behavior of these metals in throughfall included their concentrations in the incoming rain, the amount of foliage on the trees, the rain amount, and the storm intensity. The amount of metal removed from the canopy during rain increased significantly as the residence time of the rain on the foliage surface increased. Canopy mass balance calculations using independent estimates of dry deposition suggest that the primary source of Pb in throughfall below these canopies is atmospheric deposition, while the major source of Mn is leaching from internal tree tissues. Both sources are important for Cd.