cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Static and dynamic performance evaluation of a commercially-available ultra wideband tracking system

Locating and tracking resources (e.g., people, equipment, and materials) is critical in many industrial applications for monitoring productivity and safety. In construction, various technologies (e.g., global positioning systems (GPS), radio frequency identification (RFID) and radio frequency (RF) localization) have been proposed. However, the performance of these types of technologies is not well understood for this particular application. This paper presents a study for evaluating the static and dynamic performance of a commercially-available ultra wideband (UWB) tracking system in free space and under realistic construction environments. In addition, a static performance model for estimating position error as a function of receiver position and initial calibration error was also developed. Results and experiences are in particular useful for researchers or practitioners in need for adapting UWB technology for their application.
Politicians and Professionals: the Influence of State Agency Heads in Budgetary Success

This paper explores an enduring issue in state-level politics, that is, the pattern of influence in executive/agency budgetary relations with state legislatures. It is an extension of research begun in the 1960s by Sharkansky and continued by a number of others dealing with agency success in budgetary requests (Wright 1967: Anton 1967: Sharkansky 1968, 1969: Sharkansky and Turnbull 1969: Williams 1972: Moncrief and Thompson 1980: PjerrouDesrochero 1981: Lauth 1984: Thompson 1987).
Using stochastic simulation to test the effect of seasonal adjustment on forecast standard errors of motor gasoline demand

Abstract Most government agencies and private forecasting firms using large econometric models construct ad hoc confidence intervals with a base case forecast followed by a high and low case forecast. These do not provide a true measure of confidence in the predictions; rather, they represent different states of the world. Forecast standard errors represent a way of incorporating uncertainty into forecasts. In the complicated models the theoretical forecast standard errors are not easily computed. In our paper we estimate forecast standard errors using stochastic simulation and are able to inflate the standard errors if model misspecification is suspected. We compare the results using different seasonal adjustment filtering techniques on econometric models and time series models.
Scalable diagnosis in IP networks using path-based measurement and inference: A learning framework

In this paper, we investigate scalability and performance of measurement-based network monitoring, focusing on failure and congestion diagnosis in IP networks for network-based multimedia applications. Path-based measurements using unicast probe-packets are obtained at end-hosts, and diagnosis is performed by exploiting the spatial dependence among those measurements. We formulate network monitoring in a machine learning framework using probabilistic graphical models which perform inference of the network states (on/off) using unicast measurements. We provide fundamental limits on the relationship between the number of probe packets, the size of a network and the ability to diagnose either failed links or congested network components. Specifically, the diagnosis problem is dealt in a two-fold manner. Initially for fault diagnosis, we construct a graphical model using a Bayesian belief network for path-based measurements. We then provide a lower bound on the average number of probes per edge for link failure diagnosis using variational inference under ''noisy'' probe measurements. Variational inference provides a feasible approximation to address the number of spatially dependent measurements needed for diagnosis in large networks. We then develop an entropy lower (EL) bound by drawing similarities between coding over a binary symmetric channel (BSC) and link failure diagnosis. Both bounds show that the number of measurements needed for diagnosis grows linearly with respect to the number of links. The analytical results are validated by simulation. On the other hand, for congestion diagnosis, we propose a solution based on decoding of linear error control codes on a BSC. In this scenario, we consider path-based probing experiments under both noiseless and ''noisy'' measurements and compare its performance against the fundamental limits. To identify the congested nodes we construct a factor graph, and congestion is inferred using belief-propagation algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of our approach to perfectly localize congested nodes using a scalable number of measurements and a computationally efficient algorithm. We believe that this study can ease the problem arising due to lack of QoS support and provide good-quality broadband multimedia services.
Computing conditional probabilities in a minimal CA3 pyramidal neuron

The function of the CA3 region of the hippocampus can be explained in terms of a sequence predicting recoder. For the CA3 to act as a neural prediction device, each CA3 neuron must also act as a predictor. Thus, such neurons, as prediction devices, compute something that might approximate a conditional probability. In particular, we conjecture that each neuron forecasts its own firing. Here we compare a simple neural network model, based on synaptic encoding of local conditional probabilities to an even simpler model of hippocampal region CA3 that succeeds on a variety of hippocampally dependent learning tasks.
READY . . . READY . . . DROP!: A content analysis of coalition leaflets used in the Iraq war

This content analysis of coalition leaflets dropped in Iraq during the recent war is viewed through a framework developed to analyze government international communication efforts to affect international public opinion and policy support. Under the framework, such messages have three main functions: survival, countering disinformation and facilitative communication. The study’s hypothesis that most leaflets would have ‘survival’ messages is supported. Such messages have the strongest potential to influence public opinion, based on the positive effects of limiting casualties and ensuring economic survival. Messages countering disinformation address enemy propaganda, and messages used for facilitative communication create a friendly atmosphere. The study also analyzed intended audiences and categorized specific leaflet messages. The study is useful in understanding the nature and effectiveness of government efforts to influence public opinion during times of crisis or war.
Apparent slip at the surface of a ball spinning in a concentrated suspension

The couple on a ball rotating relative to an otherwise quiescent suspension of comparably-sized, neutrally buoyant spheres is studied both experimentally and numerically. Apparent 'slip' relative to the analytical solution for a sphere spinning in a Newtonian fluid (based upon the viscosity of the suspension) is determined in suspensions with volume fractions c ranging from 0.03 to 0.50. This apparent slip results in a decrease of the measured torque on the spinning ball when the radius of the ball becomes comparable with that of the suspended spheres. Over the range of our data, the slip becomes more pronounced as the concentration c increases
Effects of shear flow and annealing on the morphology of rapidly precipitated immiscible blends of polystyrene and polyisoprene

Abstract Binary blends of polystyrene (PS) and polyisoprene (PI) were prepared by rapidly precipitating a homogeneous solution, consisting of PS, PI and toluene, into methanol under vigorous agitation. In this study, a series of PSs and PIs were synthesized via anionic polymerization in our laboratory. Portions of the as-precipitated blend were annealed at 110°C for different periods up to 12 h and the rest was extruded at 160 or 180°C using a capillary die. The extrudates were also annealed for different periods up to 12 h. Then, the morphology of the as-precipitated blend with and without annealing, and the extrudate with and without annealing, was investigated using transmission or scanning electron microscopy. We found that: (1) the asprecipitated blend had a co-continuous (or quasi co-continuous) morphology, often observed in two-phase polymer mixtures which have undergone spinodal decomposition; (2) annealing or extrusion transformed the initially co-continuous (or quasi co-continuous) morphology of the as-precipitated blend into a well-defined dispersed two-phase morphology; (3) during annealing, the elongated droplets in an extrudate specimen recoiled considerably, the extent of which depended upon the duration of annealing. The effects of blend composition and the viscosity ratio of the constituent components on two-phase blend morphology are discussed.
Characterization of the zooplankton community, size composition, and distribution in relation to hydrography in the Japan/East Sea

Abstract The Japan/East Sea (JES) may be thought of as a model or microcosm of larger oceanic systems where biogeographic boundaries juxtapose at highly dynamic boundaries. The northern and southern portions of the JES are hydrographically and biologically distinct, with the southern portion being more tropical/oligotrophic and the northern portion being more boreal/eutrophic. Regional zooplankton taxonomic and size compositions and abundance and the high-resolution vertical distribution of plankton, fluorescence, and coincident hydrography were described using the Video Plankton Recorder (VPR), equipped with high- and low-magnification cameras and environmental sensors and mounted on a vertically profiling towed vehicle, in the upper 80 m of the JES during the summer of 1999. A survey was conducted over both the northern and southern regions, including the Subpolar Front (SPF), that spanned 10–12° of latitude and longitude and covered an along track distance of 7000 km. Plankton also were collected at 15 selected stations using a ring net for silhouette analysis of taxa and size. Distributional patterns in abundance (#/liter) of plankton taxa from the VPR were quantified at sea in real time, identifying plankton automatically using a neural network classifier. The most abundant taxa identified were copepods, Oithona spp., Calanus spp., copepod nauplii, protozoa, and diatoms, with copepods the dominant taxon. The northern JES, southern JES, and North Korean Cold Current were distinct based on based on temperature-salinity properties. The hydrography was complex and characterized by multiple mesoscale features including currents and the meandering of the SPF. Different taxonomic and size compositions were observed in the three hydrographic regions. The vertical distributions of copepods and fluorescence were associated with hydrographic structure, especially at fronts. Plankton abundances varied with regional hydrographic region and environmental conditions, although strong associations were not always observed. The extremely dynamic nature of the JES may effectively mix the plankton and obscure strong gradients or differences between regions.
Axisymmetric Interfacial Condensation Model

This paper employs a simple axisymmetric model to study interfacial condensation. Numerical results show the effects of interfacial forces, subcooling of the liquid, superheating of the vapor, and the presence of a noncondensable gas in the vapor. While pressure and shear stress play an important role in determining the flow fields, and hence interfacial mass and energy transport, interfacial mass fluxes do not. Subcooling of the liquid is the dominant mechanism in determining the interfacial condensation rate. While superheating of the vapor is insignificant, except near the critical point, a noncondensable gas in the vapor greatly reduces condensation.
Large-scale lobate scarps in the southern hemisphere of Mercury

Abstract Utilizing Mariner 10 images of Mercury, we derived a digital elevation model to examine the topography of the large-scale lobate scarps Adventure Rupes, Resolution Rupes, and Discovery Rupes. The thrust faults that formed these landforms occur along a rough arc that extends for over 1000 km . The new topography shows that vertical uplift occurred on the same side of the three structures suggesting that the fault-planes all dip to the concave side of the arc. These data also show that Adventure and Resolution Rupes are topographically continuous, suggesting the two features were formed by a single thrust fault on Mercury. If this is the case, the Adventure–Resolution Rupes thrust fault is comparable in scale to the Discovery Rupes thrust fault. It is generally believed that Mercurian lobate scarps were formed by compressional stresses induced in the crust as the planet's interior cooled and shrank. Global contraction models predict that stresses at the planetary surface are horizontally isotropic (horizontal principal stresses being equal) resulting in randomly distributed thrust faults with no perferred orientations. The location, orientation, and geometry of the Discovery and Adventure–Resolution Rupes thrust faults, may not be randomly distributed. Analysis of the inferred stresses that formed these faults suggests that they were influenced by regional stresses or by mechanical discontinuities in the crust possibly caused by buried impact basins. The new topographic data reveal a broad, roughly circular topographic low interpreted to be an ancient impact basin centered near Schubert crater (43°S, 54°W), not far from an inferred stress center (48°S, 58°W). Thus the Discovery and Adventure–Resolution Rupes thrust faults may have been influenced by mechanical discontinuities in the Mercurian crust introduced by ancient buried impact basins.
Vibrational properties of pure and hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract The vibrational densities of states of pure and hydrogenated amorphous silicon have been calculated from several computer models. First, the standard phonon method is applied to a supercell using the Keating potential in conjunction with a short range repulsive potential between the hydrogen atoms and their neighboring silicon atoms. The results are compared to experimental and the effect of the repulsive potential is also discussed. Second, the cluster-Bethe-lattice method is used with the Born potential. The results from both approaches are compared to each other.
Monoclonal antibodies reactive with human osteogenic cell surface antigens

Monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against the surface of osteoblastic cells have been used to characterize the osteogenic lineage. In view of the paucity of probes against the surface of normal human osteogenic cells, we sought to generate McAbs which could be used for both in vivo and in vitro studies. We raised a series of McAbs against early osteoblastic cell surface antigens by immunizing mice with human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that had been directed into the osteogenic lineage in vitro. After screening against the surface of osteogenic cells at various stages of differentiation in vitro, as well as evaluating in situ reactivity with human fetal limbs, we isolated three hybridoma cell lines referred to as SB-10, SB-20, and SB-21. Immunocytochemical analyses during osteogenic differentiation demonstrate that SB-10 reacts with MSCs and osteoprogenitors, but no longer reacts with cells once alkaline phosphatase (APase) is expressed. Flow cytometry documents that SB-10 is expressed on the surface of all purified, culture-expanded human MSCs, thus providing further evidence that these cells are a homogeneous population. By contrast, SB-20 and SB-21 do not react with the progenitor cells in situ, but bind to a subset of the APase-positive osteoblasts. None of these antibodies stain terminally differentiated osteocytes in sections of developing bone. Furthermore, these McAbs were not observed to react in samples from chick, rat, rabbit, canine, or bovine bone, although selected extraskeletal human tissues were immunostained. In all cell and tissue specimens examined, SB-20 immunostaining is identical to that observed with SB-21. We have used these McAbs to refine our understanding of the discrete cellular transitions that constitute the osteogenic cell lineage. We suggest a refined model for understanding osteoblast differentiation that is based on the proposition that the sequential acquisition and loss of specific cell surface molecules can be used to define positions of individual cells within the osteogenic cell lineage.
An Experimental Microprocessor-Implemented 4800 Bit/s Limited Distance Voice Band PSK Modem

A low-cost 4800 bit/s modem is described which is applicable to limited distance, direct-copper channels. The modulation technique is eight-phase PSK and both the transmitter and receiver algorithms are aimed at economy of implementation in digital circuitry. The transmitter uses digitally stored waveform elements, and the detection and clock recovery techniques are based on received signal polarity. The implementation of the transmitter and receiver algorithms in a 6800 microprocessor is described. Some experimental results are given.
Pazopanib for the Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common cancer in the kidneys. Until 2005, treatment options were limited to immunotherapy. Since that time, there have been numerous targeted therapy agents approved with improved efficacy toward RCC. Pazopanib is a multi–tyrosine kinase inhibitor that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in October 2009 and by the European Medicines Agency in June 2010 for the treatment of metastatic RCC. Objective The objective of this report was to review pazopanib's mechanism of action; pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and dynamic properties; potential drug interactions; and the results of clinical trials evaluating efficacy and tolerability associated with pazopanib for the treatment of RCC. Methods MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Web of Science were searched for English-only clinical trials and therapeutic reviews (publication dates: 2000–January 1, 2012). Abstracts from the 2000 to 2011 meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology were searched for an updated safety profile and tolerability data of pazopanib in RCC. References from relevant articles were reviewed. Key search terms included pazopanib , Votrient, GW786034, renal cell carcinoma, adverse events, pharmacology, pharmacokinetic, and clinical trial . Results Two clinical trials met the inclusion criteria for the use of pazopanib in RCC (a Phase II and a Phase III trial). Pazopanib is an inhibitor of numerous tyrosine kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. It is involved in inhibiting signaling pathways, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Pazopanib was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency at the dose of 800 mg daily. Peak concentrations are achieved within 2 to 4 hours of this dose with a mean t ½ of 35 hours. The pharmacokinetic properties of pazopanib are affected by food as well as by crushing the tablet. A 2-fold increase in AUC was seen when pazopanib was administered with a high-fat meal as well as when crushing the tablet. Thus, pazopanib should be administered on an empty stomach at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Pazopanib is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P-450 3A4, and caution should be used with concomitant administration of cytochrome P-450 inducers and/or inhibitors. In a Phase III trial of pazopanib in metastatic RCC, pazopanib reportedly improved progression-free survival from a median of 4.2 to 9.2 months compared with placebo ( P Conclusions Pazopanib is reportedly effective in the treatment of metastatic RCC. Although there are currently no direct comparisons between pazopanib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the data suggest that pazopanib may be a first-line option in the treatment of RCC. The only Phase III trial of pazopanib suggests improvement of progression-free survival in RCC as well as tolerability in the selected population.
Position of uridine thiation: the identification of minor nucleosides from transfer RNA by mass spectrometry.

Abstract The position of uridine or uracil thiation may be deduced on the basis of mass spectral fragmentation patterns. Unlike other methods of differentiation, neither chemical conversions nor model compounds are required, and the procedure appears to be independent of substituents on the uracil nucleus. The fragmentation pattern of the base moiety of the nucleoside, which involves the formal loss of HCNO(S) from a uracil (or 2-thiouracil), has been observed to be consistent for uracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 2,4-dithiouracil, and for many substituted uracils and uridines.
Simulation Analysis of Drive System of Wind Turbine Gearboxes

Based on three dimensional modeling software Solidworks, the physical model of 2MW wind turbine’s gear box is constructed and transferred into ADAMS, and then the virtual prototype model of the gearbox is established by adding constraint and load. According to the working state of the gearbox in different wind, the dynamic simulation is carried out, obtaining the revolution of the output shaft and mesh force of all gears. The simulation results compared with the theoretical values to verify the accuracy of the simulation.
Intracellular- and extracellular-derived Ca2+ influence phospholipase A2-mediated fatty acid release from brain phospholipids

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are found in high concentrations in brain cell membranes and are important for brain function and structure. Studies suggest that AA and DHA are hydrolyzed selectively from the sn-2 position of synaptic membrane phospholipids by Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)), respectively, resulting in increased levels of the unesterified fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Cell studies also suggest that AA and DHA release depend on increased concentrations of Ca(2+), even though iPLA(2) has been thought to be Ca(2+)-independent. The source of Ca(2+) for activation of cPLA(2) is largely extracellular, whereas Ca(2+) released from the endoplasmic reticulum can activate iPLA(2) by a number of mechanisms. This review focuses on the role of Ca(2+) in modulating cPLA(2) and iPLA(2) activities in different conditions. Furthermore, a model is suggested in which neurotransmitters regulate the activity of these enzymes and thus the balanced and localized release of AA and DHA from phospholipid in the brain, depending on the primary source of the Ca(2+) signal.
The pattern of [3H]cyclofoxy retention in rat brain after in vivo injection corresponds to the in vitro opiate receptor distribution

Cyclofoxy, a fluorinated analog of naltrexone, has been designed specifically to permit in vivo labeling of opiate receptors in experimental animals and ultimately, humans. Recently, using positron emission tomography (PET), 3-[18F]acetylcyclofoxy was shown to accumulate in opiate receptor-rich brain regions of a live baboon and to be stereospecifically displaced by injections of (-)-naloxone but not (+)-naloxone. Autoradiographic evidence is presented here that the unacetylated compound, [3H]cyclofoxy, labels a population of opiate receptors in brain after in vivo injections that is virtually identical to that labeled by [3H]naloxone. The in vivo binding patterns of [3H]cyclofoxy in brain were similar to those obtained following incubation of slide-mounted brain sections in vitro. Intravenous injections of [3H]cyclofoxy to rats yielded high (greater than 4:1) striatal and thalamic to cerebellar binding ratios in brain homogenates, supernatants and in 24 micron-thick brain sections 60 min after 30 mu Ci per animal (spec. act. = 16.4 Ci/mmol). Autoradiographs revealed the typical opiate antagonist binding profile with marked retention of [3H]cyclofoxy in the striatal patches, subcallosal streak, medial habenula and central thalamus with little retention of label in cerebellum. [3H]Cyclofoxy binding was reversible since the radiolabeled drug disappeared from brain tissue within 2 h after injections to rats, or could be removed from brain slices in vitro by washing slide-mounted tissue sections for 45 min. In addition, after in vitro washing the same brain sections again bound [3H]cyclofoxy or [3H]naloxone in the same pattern. When pre-washed brain sections were incubated with [3H]cyclofoxy in the presence of unlabeled naloxone, [3H]cyclofoxy binding was reduced to background levels. These data show that [3H]cyclofoxy labels-sensitive opiate receptors in vivo and in vitro. The present results combined with evidence that cyclofoxy demonstrates a low level of toxicity in animals suggest that cyclofoxy is an excellent tool with which to study the physiological role of opiate receptors in living animals using in vivo autoradiography, and in humans using PET.
In utero exposure to female hormones and germ cell tumors in children.

BACKGROUND Maternal exposure to exogenous female hormones during pregnancy has been implicated as a risk factor for malignant germ cell tumors (GCTs) in the offspring in some epidemiologic studies of testicular and ovarian carcinoma in adults. METHODS From 1996 to 2002, 278 children younger than 15 years of age with malignant GCTs and 423 healthy controls, frequency-matched for geographic location, age, and sex were enrolled in a case–control study to investigate whether in utero exposure to female hormones is associated with the risk of malignant GCT in children. Cases were recruited from 84 institutions in the U.S. and controls were enrolled through random digit dialing. Information was obtained through telephone interview with the biological mothers of the subjects and through blinded review of the mothers' medical records. RESULTS Neither self-reported (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63, 2.12) nor medical chart based (OR = 1.14; 95% CI, 0.75, 1.73) maternal exposure to exogenous female hormones was related to malignant GCT risk. Pregnancy-related conditions that may have altered serum levels of circulating female hormones were also unrelated to the risk of GCT in the offspring. CONCLUSION This study failed to provide strong evidence to support the hypothesis that maternal exposure to exogenous female hormones during pregnancy increases the risk of GCT in the offspring. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Electrochemical synthesis, characterization and magnetic studies of Ni/TCNQ salts

Abstract Two new materials, Ni(TCNQ) and Ni 3 (TCNQ) 2 , have been obtained by an electroplating technique and characterized by SEM, XPS, vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and magnetic techniques. The compound Ni(TCNQ), obtained at lower applied voltages, contains paramagnetic Ni(II) cations and diamagnetic TCNQ −2 anions. In contrast, the material obtained at higher applied voltages, Ni 3 (TCNQ) 2 , contains diamagnetic Ni(II) cations and S =1/2TCNQ −3 anions. Thus, the higher oxidation states of the organic ligand have been stabilized by control of the applied electroplating voltage. Magnetic studies of polycrystalline samples of both compounds show the presence of dominant ferromagnetic interactions at higher temperatures, but antiferromagnetic interactions dominate at low temperatures.
Closed-Loop Control of an Anesthesia Delivery System: Development and Animal Testing

An anesthesia system which integrates closed-loop control of ventilation, oxygen, nitrous oxide, and anesthetic agent delivery into a closed breathing circuit is described. Breathing circuit volume is regulated by controlling the sum of oxygen and nitrous oxide flow, and oxygen concentration in the breathing circuit is regulated by controlling the ratio of oxygen flow to the sum of oxygen and nitrous oxide flow. End-tidal anesthetic agent concentration is regulated by controlling the agent delivery, and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration is regulated by controlling the ventilation. After tuning the ventilation and anesthetic delivery controllers in preliminary trials in ten dogs, the system was tested and evaluated in five dogs. All control loops were stable and exhibited time responses to step changes in setpoint or external disturbances which were clinically acceptable. The system makes available the advantages of closed-system anesthesia without encumbering the anesthesiologist with the control tasks associated with the technique.
O-phosphorylethanolamine ammonia lyase, a new pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme.

Abstract O-phosphorylethanolamine ammonia lyase, a new enzyme present in vertebrate liver, has been shown to catalyze the catabolism of O-phosphorylethanolamine to equimolar quantities of ammonia, acetaldehyde, and inorganic phosphate. The enzyme occurs in the soluble fraction of the cell and has been partially purified from rabbit liver. Using 14 C O-PE as substrate, the 14 C acetaldehyde formed enzymatically was characterized as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone by infrared spectra and chromatography. Ethanolamine is not a substrate for the enzyme nor does the cobamide coenzyme affect its rate. The Km for O-phosphorylethanolamine was found to be 6.1 × 10 −4 M and for pyridoxal phosphate 2.7 × 10 −7 M.
Studies of the efficacy and potential hazards of methylene blue therapy in aniline-induced methaemoglobinaemia.

Summary. The similarity between poison and antidote was known to the ancient Greeks who used the same word, pharmakon, for both. This paper presents evidence that aniline (the toxin) and methylene blue (the therapy) are in fact remarkably similar and additive in some of their effects on erythrocytes. Studies were prompted by a case of aniline-induced methaemoglobinaemia in which two injections of methylene blue did not rapidly eliminate cyanosis and were followed by severe, delayed haemolysis. Interactions between aniline and methylene blue were studied in cats which, although showing important differences from man in their haemoglobin and splenic vasculature, represent a useful model. Methylene blue potentiated the oxidative denaturation of haemoglobin by aniline as judged by the size and number of Heinz bodies and their turbidity in haemolysate. It also aggravated and prolonged the fall in erythrocyte reduced glutathione content which occurred at a time of maximum Heinz body production. While methylene blue in judicious dosage will reduce the content of methaemoglobin after aniline exposure, it may not eliminate visible cyanosis. Repeated injections of methylene blue can markedly aggravate subsequent haemolysis without further lowering methaemoglobin content.
Conventional social science inquiry in human communication: Theory and practice

Critics have charged that the methods of conventional social science should be abandoned because they are inherently positivistic and positivism has been rejected. We argue that, although positivism has been discredited, it has never accurately represented the general practice of conventional social science. We also contend that the “hypothetico‐deductive” account of conventional social science is defective. In its place, we propose a “hypothetico‐constitutive” model.
'Dual brain action': the case studies of Lewis C. Bruce in the 1890s

The idea that contrasting states of consciousness or dual personalities may in some way be related to the two hemispheres of the brain drew considerable attention during the nineteenth century, especially after cerebral dominance became accepted in the 1860s. The notion that the better educated and more verbal personality could be associated with the left hemisphere, whereas a more primitive or beast-like personality could be associated with the right, was the subject of two papers by Scottish psychiatrist Lewis Campbell Bruce in the 1890s. Bruce was guided by three beliefs: (a) that quality research can come out of asylums for the insane; (b) that purely psychological theories of mental disorders have been given entirely too much attention; and (c) that insanity must have a physical basis. After encountering three cases of what he called 'dual brain action ', he concluded that, at least in some cases, cortical epilepsy is a likely trigger for the switching back and forth from the more intellectual person...
Soot Reduction in Diesel Engines: A Chemical Approach

The systematic addition of alcohol to the fuel and the incorporation of a catalyst on the surface of a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) diesel combustion chamber significantly suppressed soot formation. These effects were additive under the experimental conditions with 40 to 80 percent soot reduction observed.
The arrangement of mitochondrial membranes and a new structural feature of the inner mitochondrial membranes

Rat heart muscle mitochondria were analyzed by means of high-resolution electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of tissue prepared according to the techniques of Sjostrand and Barajas [J. Ultrastruct. Res. 25, 121 (1968)] . These techniques aim at reducing the extent of changes in protein conformation as compared to conventional preparatory procedures. It was possible to discriminate between three different types of membranes in mitochondria. Two of these types of membranes formed membranes bounding the mitochondrion, while the third type constituted the inner mitochondrial membranes. The first two types of membranes could be distinguished by the difference in the thickness, 40–50 for the outermost and 60–70 for the innermost component. The inner mitochondrial membranes which form the cristae differed by 100% in thickness as compared to the innermost, thicker component of the bounding membranes and furthermore showed uniformly distributed, relatively intensely stained regions located at the surface of the membrane facing away from the matrix space. The thickness of these membranes was measured to be 125 , half the total thickness of the cristae, 250 . Intramembranous spaces separating the two membrane components at the surface of the mitochondrion and the two membranes of the cristae (intracristal spaces) were considered to be artificial because they appeared when the mitochondria had been exposed to adverse experimental conditions, while they were absent in material where the treatment intended to involve minimal modification of the structure by reducing the extent of the changes in protein conformation. The two inner mitochondrial membranes composing the cristae were proposed to form compact, predominantly nonpolar regions. Some aspects of the functional significance of such regions are discussed.
Hst3 is turned over by a replication stress-responsive SCFCdc4 phospho-degron

Hst3 is the histone deacetylase that removes histone H3K56 acetylation. H3K56 acetylation is a cell-cycle– and damage-regulated chromatin marker, and proper regulation of H3K56 acetylation is important for replication, genomic stability, chromatin assembly, and the response to and recovery from DNA damage. Understanding the regulation of enzymes that regulate H3K56 acetylation is of great interest, because the loss of H3K56 acetylation leads to genomic instability. HST3 is controlled at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level. Here, we show that Hst3 is targeted for turnover by the ubiquitin ligase SCFCdc4 after phosphorylation of a multisite degron. In addition, we find that Hst3 turnover increases in response to replication stress in a Rad53-dependent way. Turnover of Hst3 is promoted by Mck1 activity in both conditions. The Hst3 degron contains two canonical Cdc4 phospho-degrons, and the phosphorylation of each of these is required for efficient turnover both in an unperturbed cell cycle and in response to replication stress.
A SMALL PARTICULATE COMPONENT OF THE CYTOPLASM

A particulate component of small dimensions (100 to 150 A) and high density is described in the ground substance of the cytoplasm of mammalian and avian cells. In many cell types that seem to have in common a high degree of differentiation, the new component is preferentially associated with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum; whereas in other cell types, characterized by rapid proliferation, it occurs more or less freely distributed in the ground substance of the cytoplasm. In the Discussion an attempt is made to integrate the observations presented in this paper with the already available cytological, histochemical, and cytochemical information.
CSCW in the healthcare enterprise: a knowledge domain visualization

Designing effective CSCW systems in healthcare requires a careful consideration of the entire enterprise. This study uses computational text analysis and network visualization of topical terms and keywords to map the extant knowledge domain of CSCW in healthcare. The results are framed using a multi-level enterprise model, comprised of people, technology, process, and organization. Emerging trends and prominent patterns are identified. The study contributes to a broader understanding of CSCW research in healthcare and demonstrates the value of adapting an enterprise (as a) system lens.
Random vectors and spatial analysis by geostatistics for geotechnical applications

Geostatistics is extended to the spatial analysis of vector variables by defining the estimation variance and vector variogram in terms of the magnitude of difference vectors. Many random variables in geotechnology are in vectorial terms rather than scalars, and its structural analysis requires those sample variable interpolations to construct and characterize structural models. A better local estimator will result in greater quality of input models; geostatistics can provide such estimators: kriging estimators. The efficiency of geostatistics for vector variables is demonstrated in a case study of rock joint orientations in geological formations. The positive cross-validation encourages application of geostatistics to spatial analysis of random vectors in geoscience as well as various geotechnical fields including optimum site characterization, rock mechanics for mining and civil structures, cavability analysis of block cavings, petroleum engineering, and hydrologic and hydraulic modelings.
Tariffs vs. consumption taxes

It has been shown that when the terms of trade are constant, a consumption tax is preferred to a tariff for the purpose of reducing the consumption of the importable good [Jagdish N. Bhagwati, "The Generalized Theory of Distortions and Welfare," in J. Bhagwati, International Trade: Selected Readings, 1981, MIT Press]. The purpose of this paper is to use the offer curve approach to show that a consumption tax is not necessarily preferred to a tariff when the country concerned is a "large country" and the terms of trade are not constant. It will be assumed that there are no inferior goods and the foreign elasticity of demand for imports is elastic. The trade equilibrium point is initially at the intersection point between the free trade offer curves of the home and foreign countries. Now, suppose that the home country imposes a consumption tax on the importable good. The new offer curve under the consumption tax would intersect the foreign offer curve at a point closer to the origin than the initial trade equilibrium point. This can be explained as follows. For any international price line, the home country is willing to import less (and export less) after a consumption tax is imposed because the consumption of the importable good is decreased whereas its domestic production remains the same. Thus, the terms of trade are improved after the consumption tax is imposed. Since the marginal rate of transformation is still equal to the terms of trade under a consumption tax, the production of the importable good is decreased after the consumption tax is imposed. Next, suppose that a tariff is used instead of a consumption tax for the purpose of reducing the consumption of the importable good. After the tariff is imposed, the production of the importable good will be increased. Since the consumption of the importable good should be the same under both the tariff and consumption tax, the amount of imports under the tariff should be smaller than that under the consumption tax. As assumed above, the foreign elasticity of demand for imports is elastic. Therefore, the modified offer curve under the tariff should intersect the foreign offer curve at a point closer to the origin than the trade equilibrium point under the consumption tax. This means that the terms of trade will be improved more if a tariff is used instead of a consumption tax. When the terms of trade are constant, a consumption tax is preferred to a tariff because the latter will cause a distortion not only on consumption but also on production. However, when the terms of trade are not constant under a "large country" case, a consumption tax is not necessarily better than a tariff because a tariff will improve the terms of trade more than a consumption tax.
Mitochondria DNA mutations cause sex-dependent development of hypertension and alterations in cardiovascular function

Aging is associated with conduit artery stiffening that is a risk factor for and can precede hypertension and ventricular dysfunction. Increases in mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) frequency have been correlated with aging. Mice with a mutation in the encoding domain (D257A) of a proof-reading deficient version of mtDNA polymerase-γ (POLG) have musculoskeletal features of premature aging and a shortened lifespan. However, few studies using these mice have investigated the effects of mtDNA mutations on cardiovascular function. We hypothesized that the proof-reading deficient mtDNA POLG leads to arterial stiffening, hypertension, and ventricular hypertrophy. Ten to twelve month-old D257A mice (n=13) and age- and sex-matched wild-type controls (n=13) were catheterized for hemodynamic and ventricular function measurements. Left common carotid arteries (LCCA) were harvested for mechanical tests followed by histology. Male D257A mice had pulmonary and systemic hypertension, arterial stiffening, larger LCCA diameter (701±45 vs. 597±60 μm), shorter LCCA axial length (8.96±0.56 vs. 10.10±0.80 mm), and reduced hematocrit (29.1±6.1 vs. 41.3±8.1; all p<0.05). Male and female D257A mice had biventricular hypertrophy (p<0.05). Female D257A mice did not have significant increases in pressure or arterial stiffening, suggesting that the mechanisms of hypertension or arterial stiffening from mtDNA mutations differ based on sex. Our results lend insight into the mechanisms of age-related cardiovascular disease and may point to novel treatment strategies to address cardiovascular mortality in the elderly.
An investigation of the replication of coronaviruses in suspension cultures of L132 cells.

A system is described for the study of the multiplication of two coronaviruses, both of human origin. Low efficiences of adsorption and infectious centre formation were observed. The viruses were found to have a 4–6 hour eclipse phase in L 132 cells at 33° C. Both viruses were completely inhibited by raising the incubation temperature to 39° C, and there was also a depression in the yield of virus at 30° C compared with control cultures maintained at 33° C. “Shift” experiments have indicated that the high temperature-sensitive event occurred fairly late on in the replicative cycle, but the time could not be accurately determined.
Development of 'Multi-arm Bioprinter' for hybrid biofabrication of tissue engineering constructs

This paper highlights the development of 'Multi-arm Bioprinter (MABP)' capable of concurrent multi-material deposition with independent motion path and dispensing parameters including deposition speed, material dispensing rate, and nozzle travel velocity for use in tissue engineering. In this research, the system is designed to concurrently print a filament structure and deposit cell spheroids between the filaments to create a hybrid structure to support the cell spheroids in three dimensions (3Ds). This process can be used with multiple cell types and is capable of reducing the fabrication time while using optimized dispensing parameters for each material. A novel method of dispensing the crosslinking solution using a co-axial nozzle was also developed and demonstrated in this paper. Cell-laden structures were fabricated through concurrent deposition of cell-encapsulated filaments and with cell spheroids to validate this concept. Rheology studies were then conducted to determine the effects of crosslink flow on filament width, hydrogel dispensing pressure on filament width, and dispensing time interval on spheroid diameter.
An application of a low flow current meter to broad temperature range estuarine current measurements

Instruments utilizing heater thermistors as sensors can measure currents over the range of five to 50 cm/s. Owing to their small size and great sensitivity, such devices are ideal for the estimation of benthic boundary layer thicknesses, stirring rates of in situ incubation experiments, and currents in and around sessile creatures. Such an apparatus is presented and a means of removing ambient temperature effects from the data is discussed. Attention is given to five calibration data sets, generated over the 15 to 35 degrees C range. >
The time-dependent free surface flow induced by a submerged line source or sink

The unsteady nonlinear potential flow induced by a submerged line source or sink is studied by a vortex sheet method, both to trace the free surface evolution and to explore the possible existence of steady-state solutions. Only steady-state flows have been considered by other investigators, and these flows have been insensitive to whether they are generated by a source or sink, except with respect to the flow direction along the streamlines. The time-dependent solution permits an assessment of the stability of previously found steady solutions, and also reveals differences between source and sink flows: for the infinite-depth case, steady stagnation-point-type solutions are found for source flows, even above the critical value of source/sink strength reported by other investigators; for the finite-depth case, steady stagnation-point-type solutions are found both for source flows and sink flows, above the critical value reported by other investigators; finally, it is shown that streamline patterns of steady stagnation-point flows are identical for source and sink flows only in the limiting case of infinite depth
COMPARISON OF PROPOFOL AND THIAMYLAL FOR INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF ANAESTHESIA FOR OUTPATIENT SURGERY

In an open, randomized study we have compared the safety and efficacy of propofol with thiamylal for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia supplemented by nitrous oxide in elective termination of pregnancy. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with either propofol 2.5 mg kg−1 or thiamylal 4.0 mg kg−1 followed by maintenance with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen and repeat boluses of 25% of the induction dose i.v. as indicated clinically. Both drugs induced and maintained anaesthesia reliably, with some minor differences. Recovery from propofol was significantly more rapid. The patients in the propofol group were alert and orientated early in the postoperative period, with less nausea or vomiting. Propofol has properties that are of particular benefit in anaesthesia for ambulatory surgery.
Pattern Recognition Theory and the Launch of Modern Innate Immunity

Modern immunology in many ways is based on two major paradigms: clonal selection theory and pattern recognition theory. Both paradigms were developed initially on theoretical grounds and experimentally proven years later. The clonal selection theory provided an elegant explanation for the function