cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Is it half full or half empty?" Affective responses to chronic illness.

Using a combined qualitative/quantitative approach, we interviewed 132 older African–Americans and whites with either osteoarthritis of the hip or knee (OAK/OAH) or ischemic heart disease (IHD) to address two questions: 1) What types of reactions to illness are expressed by this group of older adults who have OA or IHD? 2)? Are there differences in the characteristics of the respondents who respond more positively than those who respond more negatively? The responses were coded to illustrate those that reflected positive, negative, or combined (positive/negative) statements. The majority of the respondents, who were categorized as positive or combined, approached the illness experience with statements illustrating their ability to cope with their illness and adapt their lifestyles to the limitations imposed by the disease such as acceptance, feeling that others were worse off, or changing their lifestyles to adapt to their limitations. Those expressing negative reactions to their illness were fewer in number and responded with terms reflecting loss of identity, physical limitations, and other disease symptoms. The differences were more pronounced between the positive and negative groups where the latter were somewhat more likely to be African–American and female and significantly more likely to have less income, greater perceived disease severity, and more disability. We should look to the larger group in both the positive only and combined responses to explore how culture may play a role in perceptions of subjective well-being and the importance of “the local worlds of experience” experienced by both men and women, and African–Americans and whites. This study illustrates that using a simple, open-ended question that stimulates older people to narrate their reactions to having a chronic illness may allow clinicians to identify the persons most at-risk and intervene appropriately.
Specificity through cooperation: BATF-IRF interactions control immune-regulatory networks

Basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like (BATF), BATF2 and BATF3 belong to the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors, which regulate numerous cellular processes. Initially, BATF family members were thought to function only as inhibitors of AP-1-driven transcription, but recent studies have uncovered that these factors have unique, non-redundant and positive transcriptional activities in dendritic cells, B cells and T cells. The question of how BATF and BATF3 - which lack a transcriptional activation domain, unlike the AP-1 factors FOS and JUN - can exert unique positive transcriptional specificity has now been answered by the discovery that BATF molecules interact with members of the interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) family. The capacity of the BATF leucine zipper regions to mediate dimerization with AP-1 factors and also to define cooperative interactions with heterologous factors explains both the positive transcriptional activity of BATF proteins and how they activate distinct sets of target genes compared with FOS.
Mechanical Stimuli to Airway Remodeling

The airway is exposed to a variety of mechanical stimuli, the most prominent of which is the acute compressive stress caused by bronchoconstriction. The folding of the airway wall into a rosette pattern during bronchoconstriction creates a complex stress field, with the highest stresses compressing the epithelial layer at the inner surface of the airway wall. The epithelial cells lining the airway possess the capacity to modulate the inflammatory environment of the airway wall, and produce factors that influence the recruitment, proliferation, and activity of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. A variety of in vitro studies have demonstrated that airway epithelial cells, along with lung fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, are responsive to mechanical stimuli. Airway epithelial cells exposed to compressive stresses matched to those occurring in the constricted airway increase expression of genes relevant to airway remodeling, and increase the collagen synthesis of cocultured fibroblasts. These findings demonstrate that mechanical stress may contribute to the remodeling of the asthmatic airway.
Sigma cascades in prokaryotic regulatory networks.

Classical paradigms of prokaryotic transcriptional regulation are simple and elegant. In some cases, modification of an activator leads to DNA binding that enables initiation of transcription by an RNA polymerase. In others, interaction with an inducer relieves inhibition by a DNA-binding repressor. Alternative sigma factors activated under specific stress conditions may compete with the housekeeping sigma factor to direct a core RNA polymerase in the transcription of specific gene subsets. However, as the control of individual genes is examined in greater detail, the situation often becomes more complex. Transcription of individual genes may reflect input from multiple DNA-binding proteins, regulatory cascades, RNA-binding proteins, redox-sensing motifs, and small RNAs or metabolites (1), as well as factors influencing genome structure and local DNA superhelicity (2). One example, the Escherichia coli sodA gene encoding manganese superoxide dismutase, is controlled by at least five transcriptional regulators: SoxS, Fur, ArcA, Fnr, and IHF (3). In this respect, sodA is by no means unusual. Genes encoded by the SPI-1 pathogenicity island required for invasion of host cells by Salmonella are controlled by four transcriptional regulators and modulated by as many as a dozen others (4). Expression of the alternative sigma factor σS is controlled by as many as two dozen regulatory factors at the level of transcription, translation, or proteolysis (5). Microbiologists might be forgiven for wondering whether transcriptional regulatory networks were designed by Rube Goldberg (1883–1970), a cartoonist famous for his invention of inordinately complicated schemes to achieve simple tasks. Microarray technology has revolutionized the ability to comprehensively examine bacterial transcriptional responses to environmental changes and to examine the contribution of specific regulatory loci (6). Such analyses have revealed unanticipated complexity of regulatory phenomena: in E. coli …
Self-Monitoring and Performance Appraisal Satisfaction: An Exploratory Field Study

Members of 12 project teams in five organizations participated in a study that assessed their self-monitoring characteristics and level of satisfaction with their performance appraisal system. Overall, taking part in self-ratings and upward appraisals of team leaders was associated with greater levels of appraisal satisfaction than was participating in peer evaluations. Self-monitoring level was negatively associated with appraisal satisfaction after controlling for level of ratings generated by peers, self, and leader. The paper discusses results, and offers practical implications in light of the social and interpersonal context that surrounds performance evaluation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
First-pass dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with extravasating contrast reagent: evidence for human myocardial capillary recruitment in adenosine-induced hyperemia

Human myocardial (1)H(2)O T(1)-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data were acquired during the brief first-pass period after injection of a very small gadolinium diethylenetriaminepenta-acetate (GdDTPA(2-)) dose. The shutter-speed pharmacokinetic effects of both transendothelial and transcytolemmal equilibrium water exchange processes were investigated. Our results indicate that even for such a short acquisition window and relatively large pseudo-first-order rate constant (K(trans)) for plasma/interstitium contrast reagent (CR) transfer the kinetics of these water exchange processes cannot be treated as infinitely fast or slow. However, neither the intracellular water molecule lifetime (tau(i)) nor its intravascular counterpart (tau(b)) are among the parameters most influential in analysis of the noisy data typically associated with the cardiac perfusion application. Thus, the actual values of water exchange kinetic rate constants are relatively indeterminate as this experiment is usually conducted. Combining the K(trans) evaluations with independently determined flow (F) values allows us to estimate CR permeability coefficient surface area product (P(CR)S) values. The fact that the P(CR)S magnitudes almost equal the K(trans) values confirms that GdDTPA(2-) extravasation in resting human myocardial muscle is indeed permeation-limited and supports the validity of the K(trans) and P(CR)S estimations. Nevertheless the model analysis is most consistent with the results if P(CR)S is not assumed to be constant with changing flow. The capillary blood volume fraction (v(b)) is a sensitive parameter in the analysis. We also compared resting and hyperemic cardiac conditions, the latter resulting from the volume flow increase induced by adenosine arteriolar vasodilation. We found that the P(CR)S value increases with flow probably mostly because of an S increase associated with capillary recruitment. The v(b) values also increased in hyperemia and showed a flow-dependence with a clearly identifiable component due to capillary recruitment.
Magnetopause reconnection rate

Discussion of certain aspects of the magnetic field reconnection process at the magnetopause. It is argued that the upper limits on reconnection derived by Petschek (1964), on the one hand, and Yeh and Axford (1970) and Sonnerup (1970), on the other, may be reconciled, at least qualitatively. Further, the possibility that magnetopause reconnection proceeds at this upper limit remains a real one. It is demonstrated that under the same assumptions as those used by Petschek (1964, 1966) the theoretical upper limit on the electric field component parallel to the X type magnetic null line is proportional to sin squared (theta/2) when the magnetic fields on the two sides of the magnetopause have equal magnitude. Finally, it is shown that when the magnetic field outside the magnetopause is weaker than the field inside that surface, reconnection may cease altogether for cos theta greater than the ratio of the outside field to the inside one.
Identification of high-pass filtered male, female, and child vowels: The use of high-frequency cues.

Vowels are characteristically described according to low-frequency resonance characteristics, which are presumed to provide the requisite information for identification. Classically, the study of vowel perception has focused on the lowest formant frequencies, typically F1, F2, and F3. Lehiste and Peterson [Phonetica 4, 161–177 (1959)] investigated identification accuracy of naturally produced male vowels composed of various amounts of low- and high-frequency content. Results showed near-chance identification performance for vowel segments containing only spectral information above 3.5 kHz. The authors concluded that high-frequency information was of minor importance for vowel identification. The current experiments report identification accuracy for high-pass filtered vowels produced by two male, two female, and two child talkers using both between- and within-subject designs. Identification performance was found to be significantly above chance for the majority of vowels even after high-pass filtering to...
The Political Thought of David Walsh: A Symposium

Abstract David Walsh has published a trilogy of books on the ideological, political, and philosophical trajectories of modernity. He confronts the crisis of modernity and argues that modernity has the resources within itself to reestablish a collective commitment to the order of existence. This symposium offers four essays reflecting on and responding to Walsh's assessment of modernity and its prospects.
Field test of fiber optic hydrazine dosimeters at Cape Canaveral

We tested seventy-two hydrazine fuel fiber optic dosimeters for periods up to three months or Cape Canaveral in order to determine the effect of the local environment on its lifetime and sensitivity. The dosimeters were deployed at a diverse group of sites including fuel, oxidizer, and hydrocarbon fuel storage and transfer locations, a salt spray corrosion test facility, a satellite processing area, an estuarine marsh, a paint storage locker, and several indoor locations including chemical laboratory fume hoods and bathrooms. In addition, a group were set aside in a sealed enclosure for control purposes. The dosimeters were retrieved at monthly intervals and exposed to measured doses of hydrazine vapor to determine the effects of the field exposure on their hydrazine response. Our analysis indicated that 90% of the exposed dosimeters were able to sense hydrazine at a dose detectivity of less than 15 ppb-hr, a value that meets the current hydrazine sensing requirement. Consequently, we are planning to deploy a full scale, continuously operating fiber optic system for detecting potential hydrazine leaks during launch operations at Cape Canaveral.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Acquired arteriovenous fistula of the breast following ultrasound guided biopsy of invasive ductal carcinoma

Image guided large-core breast biopsies are commonly performed procedures with relatively rare complications. The majority of these complications are minor, though at times more significant vascular injuries can occur with these biopsies as demonstrated by this case. Patient developed a pulsatile vascular breast mass after an ultrasound guided breast biopsy of invasive ductal carcinoma. Sonographic evaluation of this new breast mass demonstrated this mass to represent an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Though multiple therapies are available for an iatrogenic fistula within the breast, the AVF was surgically excised in this case as it was immediately adjacent to a known cancer.
Rational design of 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid ethyl esters as growth inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. a potent and selective series for further drug development.

New antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs are urgently needed to shorten the 6−12 month treatment regimen and especially to battle drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. In this study, we have continued our efforts to develop isoxazole-based anti-TB compounds by applying rational drug design approach. The biological activity and the structure−activity relationships (SAR) for a designed series of 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid ethyl ester derived anti-TB compounds were investigated. Several compounds were found to exhibit nanomolar activity against the replicating bacteria (R-TB) and low micromolar activity against the nonreplicating bacteria (NRP-TB). The series showed excellent selectivity toward Mtb, and in general, no cytotoxicity was observed in Vero cells (IC50 > 128 μM). Notably, selected compounds also retained their activity against isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RMP), and streptomycin (SM) resistant Mtb strains. Hence, benzyloxy, benzylamino, and phenoxy derivatives of 5-phenyl-3-is...
MEASUREMENT OF THE EQUILIBRIUM NET VACANCY CONCENTRATION IN SODIUM

Simultaneous measurements of length and lattice thermal expansions have been made on two single-crystal rods of sodium, over a temperature range of -26\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to near the melting point of 97.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The relative length changes were measured by means of two filar micrometer microscopes, and the lattice parameter changes were measured by a back-reflection, translated-sample method. The length and lattice expansions begin to diverge at approximately 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, with least-squares-fitted curves leading to a net atomic fraction of vacancies at the melting point of (0.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and (0.66\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for the two samples. These values are lower than some that exist in the literature but agree with one set of electrical resistivity measurements and with one set of specific-heat measurements. In the latter case, anharmonic contributions had been subtracted from the specific-heat data before arriving at a defect concentration. Proceeding on the assumption that only vacancy formation is present, energies of 0.157\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014eV and 0.117\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.023 eV have been obtained by fitting straight lines to semilog plots of the concentration versus reciprocal temperature. These values are lower than any existing in the literature with the possible exception of that of one set of electrical resistivity measurements. Entropies of formation have also been calculated by extrapolating the plots to infinite temperature. These appear to be negative well within the errors. It is quite possible that interstitial formation is present, thus lowering the semilog plots at the high-temperature end and giving erroneously low and negative entropies. Thus these values may be less meaningful than the values for melting-point concentrations. A value is given for the lattice parameter of sodium at 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and the fitted thermal expansion coefficients are presented.
E-Tetra Kayak: Adaptive Sport Kayak for Recreational Therapy for Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries

A person with tetraplegia has lost the ability to willfully control his/her arms and legs, usually due to a severe spinal cord injury. Existing technologies using head motion or puffs of breath to control device movement promise increased mobility and the possibility of expanding recreational activities in a variety of forms to this population. Lack of access to rehabilitative services and engaging recreational activity fosters inactivity. This often creates an environment that causes individuals with physical disabilities to experience reduced function and mobility beyond the cause of their disability, and further disengages them from society1. Adaptive sports are increasing in popularity and provide many benefits to participants.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Sociocultural influences on mental health service use by Latino older adults for emotional distress: exploring the mediating and moderating role of informal social support.

This study investigated the determinants of mental health services for emotional distress by low-income older Latinos living in Los Angeles County (United States). The functional effects of informal support on service use were tested while accounting for dimensions of support and sociocultural factors. Using data from a cross-sectional survey of older Latinos (n = 235), we preformed a secondary data analysis using path analysis with Poisson regression to assess mediation and moderation models by type of perceived support, emotional and instrumental. Data was originally collected between 1998 and 2005. Results indicated that no mediation effects were present however significant moderation effects emerged. Respondents with low levels of linguistic acculturation and informal support used fewer services. Variations by type of informal support emerged, with emotional support presenting the best model fit compared to instrumental support in the moderation model analysis. The direct effects of linguistic acculturation and age remained significant after controlling for need. Findings reveal limited informal support is a risk factor for the underutilization of mental health services by older Latinos with low levels of linguistic acculturation as they age. Integrating support resources that assist in navigating service systems and address language barriers can enhance service use by older Latino adults. Implications for service delivery and program development are discussed.
Kinematic Implications of Altering the Design of the Wrist: A Cadaveric Study Examining Midcarpal Fusion and Scaphoid Excision

During surgical salvage procedures, surgeons permanently alter the kinematic design of the wrist by removing and fusing carpal bones. Although salvage procedures successfully relieve arthritic pain, they have the unintended consequence of long-term functional impairments [1]. One common surgical salvage procedure is scaphoid-excision, four-corner fusion (SE4CF). During SE4CF, the scaphoid is removed, and the lunate, triquetrum, capitate, and hamate are fused together. Surgical preference dictates the amount of scaphoid removed and the position in which the bones are fused. Importantly, fusion eliminates motion between the carpal rows, creating a wrist joint in which motion occurs between the radius and a single, rigid block of carpal bones.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Synchronous Machines-III Torque-Angle Characteristics Under Transient Conditions

This is the third part of a series of papers on the subject of synchronous machines. The first two were: I. An Extension of Blondel's Two-Reaction Theory, II. Steady State Power-Angle Characteristics. The present paper deals with the power-angle, or torque-angle, characteristics under transient conditions, namely, A. Cyclic variation of impressed torque, B. Sudden angular displacement, C. Synchronizing out of phase. It is shown, as in Fig. 6, that although the slope of the torqueangle characteristic (which is an important factor in the determination of the resonant frequency) under the oscillatory condition is greater over a large range of values of the average angle ?' than under steady operation, nevertheless in the range of normal operation, i. e., from ?' = 0 to ?' = 25 deg., the two slopes, in the case of salient-pole machines, are practically the same. Hence, it is only in rather rare, special cases that a correction in the slope for the oscillatory condition is necessary. For such cases, Equation 27 gives the correction. Referring to condition B, Fig. 13 shows the steady state torqueangle characteristic and also the characteristics for the condition of sudden angular displacement, the latter occurring from various given points on the steady state curve. The slopes indicated by dotted line segments in Fig. 6 merely correspond to parts of the complete characteristics shown in Fig. 13. The latter are calculated from Equation 46.
Population dynamics of earthworm communities in corn agroecosystems receiving organic or inorganic fertilizer amendments

The dynamics of earthworm populations were investigated in continuously-cropped, conventional disk-tilled corn agroecosystems which had received annual long-term (6 years) amendments of either manure or inorganic fertilizer. Earthworm populations were sampled at approximately monthly intervals during the autumn of 1994 and spring and autumn of 1995 and 1996. The dominant earthworm species were Lumbricus terrestris L. and Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen), which comprised 50–60% and 8–13%, respectively, of the total annual earthworm biomass. Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) and Aporrectodea trapezoides (Duges) were much less abundant and contributed a small fraction of total earthworm biomass. Earthworm numbers and biomass were significantly greater in manure-amended plots compared to inorganic fertilizer-treated plots during the majority of the study period. Seasonal fluctuations in earthworm numbers and biomass were attributed to changes in soil temperature and moisture, and cultivation. Unfavorable climatic conditions in the summer and autumn of 1995 caused earthworm abundance and biomass to decline significantly. Mature L. terrestris, L. rubellus and A. tuberculata were most abundant in May and June of 1995 and 1996, and cocoon production was greatest in June and July 1995 and June 1996. Recruitment of juveniles of Lumbricus spp. and Aporrectodea spp. into earthworm communities occurred primarily in the autumn. Long-term amendments of manure or inorganic fertilizer did not change the species composition of earthworm communities in these agroecosystems. The earthworm populations in both manure and inorganic fertilizer plots have declined significantly after 5 years of continuously-cropped corn.
Emotional and Nonemotional Conflict Processing in Pediatric and Adult Anxiety Disorders

Abstract Objective: Perturbations in emotional conflict adaptation, an implicit regulatory process, have been observed in adult anxiety disorders. However, findings remain inconsistent and restricted to adults. The current study compares conflict adaptation in youth and adults, with and without anxiety disorders. We predicted conflict adaptation would be present in the healthy but not the anxious groups. Methods: In a clinic setting, 111 participants (27 healthy youth, 22 anxious youth, 41 healthy adults, and 21 anxious adults) completed emotional and nonemotional conflict tasks. Groups did not differ (all p's >0.1) on intelligence quotient (IQ), gender, and socioeconomic status; age did not differ between healthy and anxious subjects in either age cohort. Separate four way mixed-design analyses of variance were conducted to test hypotheses regarding the influence of diagnosis, age group, and task type on accuracy (percent correct) and reaction time (RT) for conflict adaptation (incongruent trials precede...
The effect of pain on survival

Investigators and clinicians have only begun to consider pain a disease in itself, instead of merely a symptom of disease or an alarm that signals potential or actual harm. Yet treating pain offers therapeutic and palliative benefits and may prolong life. We recognize the therapeutic importance, for example, of treating the postoperative pain that would otherwise inhibit a patient from engaging in healing activities, such as eating or walking. We also understand that untreated pain can take on a life of its own—can, in essence, rewire our neurologic system so that the pain alarm gets stuck in an ‘‘on’’ position even when the pain generator is silenced. Pain can also cause previously innocuous stimuli to become painful or can be experienced in one area upon stimulation of another and can increase physically-damaging stress and psychologically-damaging depression, each of which, in turn, can, like all negative emotions, intensify the experience of pain. Clinicians have long understood that unremitting pain can shorten life by causing a patient to choose suicide; now we are beginning to realize, for reasons not yet understood, that pain can hasten unassisted death.
Freedom of the Press

The US media are undergoing a massive transformation, approaching a crisis in journalism, which may portend similar issues in Europe and the rest of the world. Historically, most professional journalism has been done by the print media, especially newspapers. Today, American newspapers are in a state of collapse with circulation dropping at a rapid rate and profitability going to nil or negative. This business is leading to an information crisis that is already having effects on the society and will likely become even more profound, polarizing and perhaps misinforming an entire nation. Print journalists have been the primary suppliers to the electronic media, including television and the internet. This article supplements a speech given at the American Academy in Berlin in May, 2008. It summarizes US media metrics and raises issues of concern about the sustainability of serious journalism in America. While the internet has been the cause of this dilemma, the author sees no economic model that will allow the web in the short term to support major, serious reporting at a large scale. Is the rest of the world about to experience a similar crisis or are media models different enough to avoid such a dramatic fall? This article reflects Baker’s view as a longtime media executive and an academic.
Unilateral hypercalciuria: a stealth culprit in recurrent ipsilateral urolithiasis in children.

Purpose: Hypercalciuria is a risk factor for nephrolithiasis. We hypothesized that children with recurrent stones in 1 but not both kidneys and a normal 24-hour bladder urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio might exhibit isolated hypercalciuria of the affected kidney.Materials and Methods: Patients 18 years or younger with symptomatic urolithiasis who had undergone ureteroscopic stone removal were included. All subjects underwent 24-hour bladder urinalysis. Subjects with an increased urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio from the 24-hour urine collection were excluded. The 4 subject cohorts defined were 1) single stone episode in 1 kidney, 2) single stone episode in both kidneys, 3) recurrent stone episodes on 1 side and 4) recurrent stone episodes on both sides. All urine collections were obtained at ureteroscopy. Urine was obtained from the bladder and from the renal pelvis of the kidney forming the stone. Spot urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio was determined from these samples.Results: A total of 329 patients ...
Perceptions of female and male speech.

The study elicited stereotypes of female and male speech behaviour. The results give strong evidence that the speech of females and the speech of males, as perceived by women and by men, do not have the same subject matter, or the same manner of delivery. Of the 51 speech characteristics considered by the participants, 36 were rated as differentiating between female and male speech. These popular beliefs have an impact on people's behaviour, especially in initial encounters.
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets. Vol. 1.

Abstract This series of books contains three volumes covering all aspects of tableting. The fist edition of this volume, published in 1980, was useful to scientists in the pharmaceutical industry and academic institutions. The second edition, like the first, is also a multiauthored book. The contents follow the same order as the first edition; however, the second edition contains two chapters on compressed tablets: wet granulation and direct compression.
Mitigating the Impact of Acute and Chronic Post-thoracotomy Pain

ODERN THORACIC SURGERY is used to treat a wide variety of disease states ranging from infectious diseases to malignancies. Thoracotomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) can be associated with significant pain, which may negatively impact patient recovery, rehabilitation, and overall satisfaction with medical care as well as potentially lead to chronic postsurgical pain syndromes, underscoring the importance of optimizing pain control. Strategies for acute postoperative pain control and for the treatment of chronic postsurgical pain after thoracic surgery will be discussed.
Nanoscale Modeling of Shock-Induced Deformation of Diamond

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of shock-induced deformations in diamond were performed using a reactive bond order (REBO) potential. A splitting of shock wave structure into elastic and crystal deformation fronts was observed in the [110] and [111] crystallographic directions above piston velocity thresholds of up ≈ 1.8 and 2.5 km/s, respectively. The crystal lattice response in a split two-wave regime consists of the relative movement of {111} planes in the diamond crystal and has different structural character for [110] and [111] shock waves. The strain produced by a [110] shock wave occurs only along one of the transverse crystalline directions, whereas in the [111] case crystal deformation involves the movement of the atoms in both transverse directions. To gain insight into the atomistic mechanisms of orientational dependence of shock compression of crystals, we have investigated in detail the constitutive stress-strain relationships under static uniaxial compression. The REBO potential gives a reasonably good description of stresses and energetics under moderate uniaxial compressions corresponding to an elastic shock wave regime. However, under compressions higher than 10% ([110] case) and 20% ([111] case) the REBO potential shows deficiencies in the quantitative description of stress response that might affect the MD picture of shock wave deformations in diamond.
Carving Leaders From the Warped Wood of Humanity

Abstract This essay argues that the ethical standards for leaders should not be different from those for everyone else. Leaders are carved out of morally fallible humans who are put in positions where they are expected to fail less than most people. The author believes that understanding the moral challenges distinctive to people in leadership positions is fundamental to understanding the very nature of leadership. This essay discusses a few of these ethical challenges including self-interest, power, discipline, and trust. In the end, the author suggests that we may gain more insights into leadership development by studying ethical failures of leaders than by studying their successes. Resume Cet article soutient la these que les normes de conduite des chefs (d'entreprise) ou dirigeants devraient etre sen-siblement les memes que ceux des effectifs de tous rangs. Les chefs sont faits d'humains peccables que l'on a places dans des situations ou l'on emit qu'ils reussiront mieux que le commun des mortels. L'auteur emit qu'une meilleure comprehension des difficultes morales qu'af-frontent les chefs en particulier est essentielle pour une comprehension de la nature meme du travail de direction. L'article passe en revue quelques-unes de ces difficultes, dont l'avantage personnel, le pouvoir, la discipline, et la confiance. En conclusion, l'auteur suggere que l‘etude des manquements de conduite, plutot que des reussites, tend a nous renseigner davantage sur le deve-loppement des capacites de “leadership.”
A Power Management Proxy with a New Best-of-N Bloom Filter Design to Reduce False Positives

Bloom filters are a probabilistic data structure used to evaluate set membership. A group of hash functions are used to map elements into a bloom filter and to test elements for membership. In this paper, we propose using multiple groups of hash functions and selecting the group that generates the bloom filter instance with the smallest number of bits set to I. We evaluate the performance of this new Best-of-N method using order statistics and an actual implementation. Our analysis shows that significant reduction in the probability of a false positive can be achieved. We also propose and evaluate a new method that uses a random number generator (RNG) to generate multiple hashes from one initial "seed" hash. This RNG method (motivated by a method from Kirsch and Mitzenmacher) makes the computational expense of the Best-of-N method very modest. The target application is a power management proxy for P2P applications executing in a resource-constrained "SmartNIC".
Carbonatites: NIL-silicate igneous rocks

SUMMARY This paper is a review of the more important facts, ideas, and discoveries in the study of carbonatites during the last decade. All evidence is shown to affirm the igneous nature of these carbonate rocks.
A complementary approach to program analysis and testing

The paper is a contribution to the theory of program testing. We first discuss why program testing is superior in some respects to program proving. Then current strategies and criteria for test case selection are reviewed and their shortcomings identified. A methodology is proposed to facilitate the selection of a set of test cases which is adequate for functional verification. It is necessary, however, that certain complementary information be used which can be derived from the program text through formal analysis.
Transport capacity of large wireless CDMA ad hoc networks

In this paper, the transport capacity -the transported bit-meters per symbol period per node, and the space time spectrum power efficiency - the transported bit-meters per Hz per second per square meter per watt for large wireless CDMA ad hoc networks is studied. Node density and processing gain tend to infinity with their ratio kept a constant. The limiting network consists of infinitely dense, sender uniformly distributed, mutually independent, and memoryless Gaussian channels that connect all pairs of sending and receiving nodes on the entire 2-D plane. The MMSE receiver, decorrelator, and MF are employed. The transport capacity, space time spectrum power efficiency, and packet delay are obtained in closed form as functions of entire network profile. With joint optimization of code rate allocation, MAC, and routing, the transport capacity and space time spectrum power efficiency are information-theoretical limits of the large wireless CDMA ad hoc networks. Keywords: Capacity, ad hoc networks.
Evidence for reduced lymphatic CSF absorption in the H-Tx rat hydrocephalus model

There is mounting evidence that spinal fluid absorption takes place not only at the arachnoid villi, but also at several extracranial sites, which might serve as a reserve mechanism for, or be primarily involved in the absorption of CSF in hydrocephalus. We compared the nasal lymphatic pathway in congenital Hydrocephalus-Texas (H-Tx) rats in unaffected and affected hydrocephalic (HC) siblings with that of control Sprague Dawley (SD) rat pups. The animals were examined after immediate post mortem injection of Evan's blue dye into the cisterna magna at 6 and 10 days of age. The specimens were evaluated for amount of dye penetration into the nasal passages. We found more dye visualization in the olfactory regions of control SD (14/16 at P6, 14/16 at P10) and unaffected H-Tx (13/17 at P6, 13/16 at P10) compared with HC animals (0/14 at P6, 3/15 at P10). This difference was more pronounced at 10 days of age. The dye was not visualized in the cervical lymph nodes or venous channels in these acute experiments. The results of this study suggest that nasal lymphatic cerebrospinal fluid absorption is reduced in the H-Tx rat hydrocephalus model.
Survival trends of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium perfringens in a sandy South Florida beach.

Abstract The search for alternative indicators of disease-risk from non-enteric pathogens at the beach revealed high densities of targeted bacteria. To explain the high numbers of potential non-enteric pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , in beach sand, we investigated factors affecting their survival and distribution, as well as those of a potential fecal indicator, Clostridium perfringens . Results indicated greater S. aureus and P. aeruginosa survival and proliferation in sterile beach sand, than seawater, with diminished numbers upon exposure to natural micro-predators. C. perfringens remained relatively consistent with initial numbers. Intermediate sand particles (850 μm–2 mm) constituted the major micro-niche; creating implications for beach classification programs. Colonization of sterile sand boxes at the beach by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa confirmed the filtering action (>100×) of beach sand. The use of these potential pathogens in periodic sanitary evaluation of beach sand quality is indicated, regardless of the factors influencing their abundance.
CC Chemokine I-309 Is the Principal Monocyte Chemoattractant Induced by Apolipoprotein(a) in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells

Background—Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a risk factor for atherosclerosis; however, the mechanisms are unclear. We previously reported that Lp(a) stimulated human vascular endothelial cells to produce monocyte chemotactic activity. The apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] portion of Lp(a) was the active moiety. Methods and Results—We now describe the identification of the chemotactic activity as being due to the CC chemokine I-309. The carboxy-terminal domain of apo(a) containing 6 type-4 kringles (types 5 to 10), kringle V, and the protease domain was demonstrated to contain the I-309–inducing portion. Polyclonal and monoclonal anti–I-309 antibodies as well as an antibody against a portion of the extracellular domain of CCR8, the I-309 receptor, inhibited the increase in monocyte chemotactic activity induced by apo(a). I-309 antisense oligonucleotides also inhibited the induction of endothelial monocyte chemotactic activity by apo(a). I-309 mRNA was identified in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Apo(a) induced...
REGIME BUILDING, INSTITUTION BUILDING: URBAN RENEWAL POLICY IN CHICAGO, 1946–1962

ABSTRACT:Urban regime analysis emphasizes the role of coalition building in creating a capacity to govern in cities. Through a case study of urban renewal policy in postwar Chicago, this article considers the role played by political institutions. Conceptualizing this historical period as one of regime building, I show how existing political institutions were out of sync with the city’s new governing agenda of urban renewal and redevelopment following World War II. Creating a capacity to govern in urban renewal policy required both coalition building and a fundamental reworking of formal governing institutions.
Myxomycetes of Cedars of Lebanon State Park, Wilson County, Tennessee

Abstract A survey of myxomycetes was conducted at three sites within Cedars of Lebanon State Park, Wilson County, Tennessee from May 1 to September 30, 1993. Fructifications that developed on samples of bark and plant debris placed in moist chamber cultures were used to supplement field collections. The present report deals with 216 specimens representing 54 species of myxomycetes. Two of these (Comatricha fimbriata and Hemitrichia intorta) are new reports from Tennessee.
End-expiratory volume in the rat: effects of consciousness and body position

Functional residual capacity (FRC), tidal volume (VT), and frequency (f) were compared in 23 rats while either awake and unrestrained or anesthetized. FRC was determined from gas compression with c...
Tax My Ride: Taxing Commuters in Our National Economy

States constitutionally impose individual income taxes on two bases: (1) Residency: a state of residence can tax its residents and domiciliaries and (2) Source: the state in which income is earned can tax the individual earner. At present, there is no articulated constitutional barrier to "double taxation" of individual income. That is, there is no requirement that the source state and residence state collaborate to tax no more than 100% of an individual's income, and there is no requirement that only one state consider itself the "source" of a particular item of income. In the realm of corporate income taxation the Commerce Clause has been interpreted as requiring each state to tax only the income fairly apportioned to that state. This article argues that the commerce clause applies to check the discriminatory taxation of individual income as well. In addition, the article synthesizes the goals of the Privileges and Immunities Clause with those of the dormant Commerce Clause, and demonstrates that the Privileges and Immunities Clause does not occupy the field to the exclusion of the dormant Commerce Clause. In fact, even absent application of the dormant Commerce Clause, the article posits a separate, arguably more fundamental rationale to avoid double taxation: Both the Article IV and the 14th Amendment Privileges and Immunities Clauses share the animating constitutional principle of national unity and true national citizenship. Retaliatory and protectionist taxing regimes undermine the interest in national unity, and should fall under these clauses.
Sensory puzzles

Traditional jigsaw puzzles provide interesting visual stimulation, but hold diminished rewards for visually impaired users. We have built a puzzle whose pieces play portions of music and include a tangible topology representing their contents, giving auditory and tactile feedback about the pieces' role in the puzzle's overall solution. In addition to providing entertainment, the puzzle pieces support learning about music, experimentation, and social, collaborative construction. By employing multiple senses --hearing, touch, vision-- our sensory puzzle provides a rich interaction, play and learning space accessible to individuals with various sensory abilities.
Phosphate Toxicity in CKD: The Killer among Us

Maintenance of a normal serum phosphate level depends on absorption in the gut, reabsorption and excretion by the kidney, and the flux between the extracellular and skeletal pools. Phosphate homeostasis is a coordinated, complex system of crosstalk between the bone, intestine, kidney, and parathyroid gland. Dysfunction of this system has serious clinical consequences in healthy individuals and those with conditions, such as CKD, in which hyperphosphatemia is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The last half-century of renal research has helped define the contribution of the parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, fibroblast growth factor 23, and Klotho in the regulation of phosphate. However, despite new discoveries and insights gained during this time, what remains unchanged is the recognition that phosphate retention is the initiating factor for the development of many of the complications observed in CKD, namely secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone and cardiovascular diseases. Controlling phosphate load remains the primary goal in the treatment of CKD. This review discusses the clinical effects of dysregulated phosphate metabolism, particularly in CKD, and its association with cardiovascular disease. The importance of early control of phosphate load in the treatment of CKD is emphasized, and the latest research in the treatment of phosphate retention is discussed.
Analysis of Fluoroquinolone Consumption in 51 Hospitals in Southwest District of China During the Period 2000～2002

OBJECTIVE:To survey and evaluate the present situation and trends o f fluoroquinolones(FQNs) used in hospitals in four provinces,southwest district of China,during the period 2000～2002 METHODS:FQNs used in 51 hospitals in 4 provinces(cities) were analyzed statistically in respect to the sum of money ,main kinds and DDDs etc RESULTS:During the period 2000～2002,a total of 13 kinds of FQNs was used in these hospitals The consumption sums of FQNs in 2000 ,2001 and 2002 were 7 391,9 342 and 13 242 ten-thousand yuans respectively wi th an annual increase rate of 34 08%,of which the main cause was due to the i ncreasing consumption of levofloxacin,sparfloxacin and ofloxacin,however,the DDDs of FQNs in 2001 and 2002 decreased by 17 58% and 19 38% respectively,c ompared with that in 2000,which resulted from the reducing consumption of norfl exacin,but no significant differences were found in the average DDD costs among three years Meanwhile,the nasal drops and eye drops of ofloxacin,ciprofloxac in,norfloxacin and lomefloxacin were consumed a large amount during these three years CONCLUSION:FQN is a kind of commonly-used antimicrobial in southwest d istrict of China And the consumption of some newly-developed FQNs such as levo floxacin and sparfloxacin has increased fast year by year
Establishment of an immortalized Copenhagen rat prostate epithelial cell line

An immortal cell line of Copenhagen rat prostate epithelium was established after transfection of primaly cultured cells with SV4O DNA and designated EPYP-1. The established cells have continued to proliferate more than 70 population doublings, have not undergone senescence, and stain positively for SV40 T-antigen in their nuclei by immunohistochemistry. They grow in a monolayer with an epithelial morphology and exhibit positive staining for cytokeratin. EPYP-1 cells exhibited positive staining with anti-prostatic acid phosphatase antibody and expressed Integrin a6,B1 on their plasma membrane. They did not demonstrate Dil-Ac-LDL uptake as an endothelial marker. Both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone stimulated the growth of EPYP-1. Genetically EPYP-1 was aneuploid, however no tumors formed after subcutaneous and intra-prostatic injection of the cells in Copenhagen rats. This immortalized cell line of Copenhagen rat prostate epithelial origin may be suitable for studying early events in the conversion of cells to tumorigenicity.
Ultrasound Followup of Renal Cyst Puncture

AbstractThe place of ultrasound and cyst puncture in the evaluation of renal masses is reviewed. Complications of cyst puncture, although rare, do occur. A review of 16 cases of renal cyst puncture revealed only 2 minor complications: in 1 case a pericystic hemorrhage occurred and in I case an intracystic hemorrhage was detected. Both complications were asymptomatic and detected by ultrasound. Ultrasound has proved to be an excellent means of followup for renal cyst puncture.