cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biaxial slip of a mass on a foundation subjected to earthquake motions

The relative motion of a rigid mass on a horizontal foundation undergoing biaxial random motion in the horizontal plane is studied under the assumption that Coulomb friction acts between the mass and the foundation. The displacement of the mass with respect to the foundation is a two-dimensional random walk whose statistical parameters depend nonlinearly on the intensity and correlation of the biaxial excitation. Analytical results are obtained via the Fokker-Planck equation and the Equivalent Linearization procedure and simulation results are obtained via the digital computer. These results may be useful for predicting the accumulated slip of a stiff compact structure free to slide on its foundation during an earthquake.
A distinct dinosaur life history

Five factors, mobile terrestrial lifestyle, oviparity, parental care, multi-year maturation and juvenile sociality, contribute to a distinct life history for Mesozoic dinosaurs in comparison to ext...
Comparing several aspects of human-computer and human-human dialogues

While researchers have many intuitions about the differences between human-computer and human-human interactions, most of these have not previously been subject to empirical scrutiny. This work presents some initial experiments in this direction, with the ultimate goal being to use what we learn to improve computer dialogue systems. Working with data from the air travel domain, we identified a number of striking differences between the human-human and human-computer interactions.
Inhibition of viral replication by interferons with different molecular weights.

SummaryNo differences were found in the rates at which mouse cells develop resistance to virus challenge after exposure to interferons with markedly different molecular weights (30,000 or 90,000). These interferons were made in L-cell cultures in response to NDV or in intact mice stimulated with E. coli endotoxin or statolon. When kept in contact with interferon, cells showed virtually maximum resistance to virus after 3 to 4 hours of exposure. Exposure to interferon for 1 hour was followed by a gradual increase of resistance of cells to virus infection over the next 23 hours.
EMBEDDED SOFTWARE DESIGN AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION FOR ROTORCRAFT UAV USING PLATFORMS

Abstract Automation control systems typically incorporate legacy code and components that were originally designed to operate independently. Furthermore, they operate under stringent safety and timing constraints. Current design strategies deal with these requirements and characteristics with ad hoc approaches. In particular, when designing control laws, implementation constraints are often ignored or cursorily estimated. Indeed, costly redesigns are needed after a prototype of the control system is built due to missed timing constraints and subtle transient errors. In this paper, we use the concepts of platform-based design, and the Giotto programming language, to develop a methodology for the design of automation control systems that builds in modularity and correct-by-construction procedures. We illustrate our strategy by describing the (successful) application of the methodology to the design of a time-based control system for a rotorcraft Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
Neonatal thyroxine treatment enhances classical conditioning in the infant rat.

Abstract Neonatal rats injected with either thyroxine (T 4 ) or vehicle (NaOH) on postnatal Days 1, 2, and 3 were given classical-conditioning pairings of an odor with footshock when 7, 9, or 11 days of age. In accord with the conventional acceleration of other indices of maturation following the T 4 treatment, 24-hr retention of the conditioned odor aversion was substantially enhanced among the 11 day-old rats given the earlier T 4 treatment. This effect was marginally significant among 9-day olds but not among 7-day olds.
Paul's conscious use of the ad Herenniurris “complete argument”

Abstract This study provides substantive evidence that in composing / Corinthians Paul made conscious use of the Complete Argument as reported in the Rhetorica ad Herennium. This cross‐cultural strategy of reasoning, in combination with Semitic structures of symmetrical reasoning, is employed to analyze the argument of / Corinthians 14, providing methodological criteria for accepting the modern tradition‐critical thesis that the admonition silencing women in Corinth (/ Cor. 14 33b‐35) is not original to Paul's epistolary argumentation. The study suggests the need for greater attention to the role of the Complete Argument as a strategy of cross‐cultural persuasion in Greco‐Roman epistolary literature while also providing an example of rhetorical criticism employed in the evaluative task of tradition‐textual criticism.
Mitigating U.S. Undergraduates Attitudes Toward International Teaching Assistants

Intelligibility problems between native speakers (NSs) and nonnative speakers (NNSs) of English are often attributed to some perceived inadequacy of the NNSs. This emphasis on the NNSs’ role in successful communication is highly problematic, given that intelligibility is a negotiated process between speaker and listener. In some cases, NSs have negative attitudes toward NNSs that impair their willingness to communicate with NNSs and to acknowledge proficient NNS speech. Thus, NS attitudes are also important factors in the success of NS–NNS communication. This article demonstrates a brief intervention that reduces negative language attitudes and thus promotes communication between NS undergraduates and NNSs who are international teaching assistants (ITAs). Two studies are reported. In both, undergraduates engaged in cooperative problem-solving exercises with ITAs. Results show that undergraduates exposed to structured intergroup contact subsequently rated ITAs higher in instructional competence and comprehensibility. Future applications of contact theory promise to improve NSs’ comprehension of nonnative English and to cultivate their global citizenship.
Studies on bacterial photophosphorylation. V. Stoichiometry and kinetics of photophosphorylation and adenosine-5'-triphosphatase and effects of divalent metal ions.

Abstract The stoichiometry and kinetics of photophosphorylation and dark ATPase in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores were studied by the methods of pH-change recording, phosphate analysis and chromatography. A stoichiometric ratio of ΔATP/−ΔH+/added ADP = 1.0/0.9/1.0 was observed in photophosphorylation. The presence of Mg2+, ADP and phosphate is necessary for the maximal phosphorylative activity. The rate of photophosphorylation increased remarkably with higher concentrations of these components. The apparent Michaelis constant for ADP was calculated to be 1.5·10−5M, that for phosphate was 1.1·10−4M. The effects of seven species of divalent metal ions on photophosphorylation were compared. Mg2+ had the greatest effect on the activity. Mn2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+ were effective to a lesser extent in certain concentration ranges. Zn2+ was slightly inhibitory and Be2+ and Cd2+ were strong inhibitors. ATPase reaction of chromatophores in the dark was observed. No adenylate kinase activity was detected. Mg2+ was stimulatory for this ATPase reaction. The apparent Michaelis constant for ATP was 1.5·10−4M.
Solar stills for community use—digest of technology

The many factors that influence the productivity of solar stills are discussed in three categories: atmospheric variables, design features and operational techniques. Data on the large solar stills which have been operated are tabulated, and productivity curves are given for several basin-type stills. The economics of solar distillation is also considered, and an equation is presented to calculate the cost of producing fresh water. A primary area for further work is identified, that of proving the durability of improved materials by the successful long-term operation of large solar stills. Solar distillation appears well suited for the supply of potable water to small communities where the natural supply of fresh water is inadequate or of poor quality, and where sunshine is abundant. The capital cost of large permanent-type solar stills can be as low as $1 per ft2 of basin area, which is equivalent to $10 to $15 per daily gallon output, depending on the yearly amount of solar radiation and rainfall collection. The corresponding distilled water cost is between $3 and $4 per 1000 gal. These water costs are generally lower than those associated with other types of desalination equipment in plant sizes of up to, perhaps, 50,000 gpd.
Games, Pastimes, and Leisure Pursuits

In studies ranging from oracular practices and court proceedings to alternative philosophies, reality disjunctures, and a family’s work in maintaining the normality of a severely retarded child, Mel Pollner put together something like a cabinet of curiosities exhibiting the social character of reasoning’s worldly enterprises. At the same time, he felt that ethnomethodology—and, in particular, ethnomethodological studies of work—had taken a wrong direction, turning away from disciplinary sociology’s sociological project. This paper, by examining the play of bridge, soccer, checkers, and chess, reconsiders this position and illustrates some of the peculiarities of a sociology of the witnessable social order.
The Braess paradox

A complete mathematical characterization, for linear costs, is given of a two-path transportation network model, whose descriptive minimal OD travel cost per unit islower before the paths are joined by a transversal link thanafterwards. Necessary and sufficient conditions, in terms of the link costs, are obtained for the existence of such paradoxical flows, along with their critical range, if they exist. These results are then generalized for a broad class of single OD (origin—destination nodal pair) networks.
Estimating property tax base elasticity over time: Evidence on the revenue maximizing politician

The Laffer curve analysis suggests a possible policy conflict between short-run revenue maximization and long-run fiscal health. This paper estimates short-run and long-run property tax base elasticity in order to test whether such a conflict exists for the property tax in central cities. A stock adjustment model is used and separate time-series estimates for four New York State central cities lend empirical support to such a conflict. The results show that while disincentive effects associated with property tax rate increases are not strong enough to reduce proeprty tax revenue in the short-run, they are substantial enough to reduce long-run revenue in all but one city. The paper also tests for asymmetric response to property tax rate changes and finds significant results for only one city.
Syntectonic infiltration by meteoric waters along the Sevier thrust front, southwest Montana

Structural, petrographic, and isotopic data for calcite veins and carbonate host-rocks from the Sevier thrust front of SW Montana record syntectonic infiltration by H2O-rich fluids with meteoric oxygen isotope compositions. Multiple generations of calcite veins record protracted fluid flow associated with regional Cretaceous contraction and subsequent Eocene extension. Vein mineralization occurred during single and multiple mineralization events, at times under elevated fluid pressures. Low salinity (Tm ¼ )0.6� C to +3.6� C, as NaCl equivalent salinities) and low temperature (estimated 50‐80� C for Cretaceous veins, 60‐80� C for Eocene veins) fluids interacted with wallrock carbonates at shallow depths (3‐4 km in the Cretaceous, 2‐3 km in the Eocene) during deformation. Shear and extensional veins of all ages show significant intra- and inter-vein variation in d 18 O and d 13 C. Carbonate host-rocks have a mean d 18 OV-SMOW value of +22.2 ± 3& (1r), and both the Cretaceous veins and Eocene veins have d 18 O ranging from values similar to those of the host-rocks to as low as +5 to +6&. The variation in vein d 13 CV-PDB of )1 to approximately +6& is attributed to original stratigraphic variation and C isotope exchange with hydrocarbons. Using the estimated temperature ranges for vein formation, fluid (as H2O) d 18 O calculated from Cretaceous vein compositions for the Tendoy and Four Eyes Canyon thrust sheets are )18.5 to )12.5&. For the Eocene veins within the Four Eyes Canyon thrust sheet, calculated H2O d 18 O values are )16.3 to )13.5&. Fluid‐rock exchange was localized along fractures and was likely coincident with hydrocarbon migration. Paleotemperature determinations and stable isotope data for veins are consistent with the infiltration of the foreland thrust sheets by meteoric waters, throughout both Sevier orogenesis and subsequent orogenic collapse. The cessation of the Sevier orogeny was coincident with an evolving paleogeographic landscape associated with the retreat of the Western Interior Seaway and the emergence of the thrust front and foreland basin. Meteoric waters penetrated the foreland carbonate thrust sheets of the Sevier orogeny utilizing an evolving mesoscopic fracture network, which was kinematically related to regional thrust structures. The uncertainty in the temperature estimates for the Cretaceous and Eocene vein formation prevents a more detailed assessment of the temporal evolution in meteoric water d 18 O related to changing paleogeography. Meteoric water-influenced d 18 O values calculated here for Cretaceous to Eocene vein-forming fluids are similar to those previously proposed for surface waters in the Eocene, and those observed for modern-day precipitation, in this part of the Idaho-Montana thrust belt.
GdBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+δ layered perovskite as promising cathode for proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract BaZr 0.1 Ce 0.7 Y 0.2 O 3− δ (BZCY7) exhibits adequate proton conductivity as well as sufficient chemical and thermal stability over a wide range of SOFC operating conditions, while layered GdBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 2 O 5+ δ (GBSC) perovskite deposited on a doped ceria electrolyte demonstrates advanced electrochemical properties. This research fully takes advantage of these advanced properties and develops novel protonic ceramic membrane fuel cells (PCMFCs) of Ni-BZCY7|BZCY7|GBSC. The results show that the open-circuit potential of 1.003 V, maximum power density of 430 mW cm −2 , and a low polarization resistance of the electrodes of 0.08 Ω cm 2 are achieved at 700 °C. With temperature increases, the total cell resistance decreases, among which electrolyte resistance becomes increasingly dominant over polarization resistance. The results also indicate that GBSC perovskite cathode is a good candidate for intermediate temperature PCMFC development, while the developed Ni-BZCY7|BZCY7|GBSC cell is a promising functional material system for next generation SOFCs.
Palliative Oncology: Thalidomide

After decades of disuse because of its teratogenic effects, thalidomide has had a resurgence of use as a promising therapeutic agent for multiple myeloma. Its mechanism of action involves activation of the immune system, antiangiogenic effects, and inhibition of cytokines. Thalidomide does not interact with the cytochrome oxidase system. It is not significantly metabolized, but it does undergo nonenzymatic hydrolysis in plasma. The resulting products are inactive. Despite the potential adverse effects of peripheral neuropathy, constipation, deep vein thrombosis, somnolence, rash, and orthostatic hypotension, thalidomide is an effective first-line agent for multiple myeloma in combination with dexamethasone or melphalan and prednisone. It has also been studied in the palliative care of patients with cytokine-based syndromes such as anorexia-cachexia syndrome. This review describes its use in oncology, hematology, and palliative care.
Further evidence of a bidirectional overlap between juvenile mania and conduct disorder in children.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate systematically the overlap between mania and conduct disorder (CD) in a sample of consecutively referred youths. It was hypothesized that neither CD nor manic symptoms were secondary to the other disorder and that children with the 2 disorders would have correlates of both. Method Subjects were consecutively referred children and adolescents meeting DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria on structured diagnostic interview for CD ( n = 116), mania ( n = 110), and CD+mania ( n = 76). Results Of 186 children and adolescents with mania and of 192 with CD, 76 satisfied criteria for both CD and mania, representing 40% of youths with CD and 41% of youths with mania, respectively. Examination of the clinical features, patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, and functioning in multiple domains showed that children with CD and mania had similar features of each disorder irrespective of the comorbidity with the other disorder. Conclusions The data suggest that when mania and CD co-occur in children, both are correctly diagnosed. In these comorbid cases, CD symptoms should not be viewed as secondary to mania and manic symptoms should not be viewed as secondary to CD. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1999, 38(4):468–476.
An evaluation of two diffusion culture techniques for estimating phytoplankton growth rates In situ

In comparative tests, acrylic diffusion chambers (voltume=42 ml) with polycarbonate filter membranes (1 μm pore diameter) consistently supported higher cell yields and faster growth rates of summer phytoplankton populations and species from Narragansett Bay than did dialysis bags (volume=50 ml, 0.24–0.48 nm pore diameter) or bottle cultures (with or without added nutrients). Stirring of diffusion chambers or dialysis bags had less effect on growth responses than did the choice of the containment membrane. Exchange measurements showed the polycarbonate filters (0.49 ml cm-2 h-1) to be five times more permeable than dialysis membranes (0.09 ml cm-2 h-1) per unit area. The mean of measured half-life times for water in diffusion chambers was less than one hour while comparable half-life times for dialysis bags were approximately 3 h. Diatoms from the <10 μm size fraction had higher growth rates than assemblages of microflagellates and non-motile ultraplankton. Stirring of diffusion chambers did not adversly effect the growth of microflagellates or non-motile ultraplankton. Growth responses in diffusion chambers moored in situ were generally similar to those measured in diffusion chambers incubated in outdoor tanks connected to a running seawater system.
Dispersion modeling of PM10 released during decontamination activities.

Abstract The decontamination and decommissioning of radioactively contaminated structures and facilities, volume reduction of massive metal structures, and demolition of large concrete structures, result in release of large quantities of contaminants that become airborne and thus could be inhaled by workers and population living in the neighborhood. In order to provide adequate protection to the workers, adequate monitoring of the airborne particulates and proper models that predict the dispersion of the airborne contaminants are needed. The dispersion model will enable development of decision tools on the extent of decontamination that needs to be performed prior to dismantlement and the optimization of personal protective equipment requirements during D&D operations. The Gaussian plume dispersion model is used in this study to predict the dispersion of airborne particulate PM10 ( d p
Measurement of Niche Breadth and Overlap: The Colwell‐Futuyma Method

The Colwell—Futuyma niche metrics are examined by means of data on microgeographic distribution of 25 species of drosophilid flies. Niche metrics based on a variety of weighting factors (circular, non—circular, absolute, and relative) are highly positively correlated. Unweighted metrics are highly correlated with all weighted metrics. The niche breadth and overlap values with drosophilids as weighting factors are highly positively correlated to metrics using drosophilids matched with co—occurring plants, even though the weights are slightly negatively correlated. Increasing the number of species in the resource matrix (species X resource states table) decreases the variation in weights of resource states and they approach uniform distinctness. Most drosophilid species are broad niched for all calculation methods used. Samplig error may account for some skewing of breadth values because flies might be attracted into otherwise unfavorable environments by the baits.
Fourier Decomposition Analysis of Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Dielectric Waveguide Structures

In this paper, we extend the Fourier decomposition method to compute both propagation constants and the corresponding electromagnetic field distributions of guided waves in millimeter-wave and integrated optical structures. Our approach is based on field Fourier expansions of a pair of wave equations, which have been derived to handle inhomogeneous mediums with diagonalized permittivity and permeability tensors. The tensors are represented either by a grid of homogeneous rectangles or by distribution functions defined over rectangular domains. Using the Fourier expansion, partial differential equations are converted to a matrix eigenvalue problem that correctly models this class of dielectric structures. Finally, numerical results are presented for various channel waveguides and are compared with those of other literature to validate the formulation.
Engaging Parents in Reproductive Health Education: Lessons Learned Implementing a Parent Designed, Peer-Led Educational Model for Parents of Preteens.

Engaging and supporting parents to provide sexuality education to their children is successful when parents take ownership of the intervention. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the lessons learned from implementing a parent-designed, parent-led sexuality education curriculum for parents of preteens (10–14 year olds). The parents developed the methods to disseminate their expertise, experience, and strategies they discovered that worked to enhance family communication and education around sexuality. Specific lessons learned include how the parents’ created an educational experience; using parents as recruiters and peer educators; and ensuring fidelity of the parent led design.
Ceruloplasmin and cardiovascular disease

Transition metal ion-mediated oxidation is a commonly used model system for studies of the chemical, structural, and functional modifications of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The physiological relevance of studies using free metal ions is unclear and has led to an exploration of free metal ion-independent mechanisms of oxidation. We and others have investigated the role of human ceruloplasmin (Cp) in oxidative processes because it the principal copper-containing protein in serum. There is an abundance of epidemiological data that suggests that serum Cp may be an important risk factor predicting myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease. Biochemical studies have shown that Cp is a potent catalyst of LDL oxidation in vitro. The pro-oxidant activity of Cp requires an intact structure, and a single copper atom at the surface of the protein, near His(426), is required for LDL oxidation. Under conditions where inhibitory protein (such as albumin) is present, LDL oxidation by Cp is optimal in the presence of superoxide, which reduces the surface copper atom of Cp. Cultured vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells also oxidize LDL in the presence of Cp. Superoxide release by these cells is a critical factor regulating the rate of oxidation. Cultured monocytic cells, when activated by zymosan, can oxidize LDL, but these cells are unique in their secretion of Cp. Inhibitor studies using Cp-specific antibodies and antisense oligonucleotides show that Cp is a major contributor to LDL oxidation by these cells. The role of Cp in lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerotic lesion progression in vivo has not been directly assessed and is an important area for future studies.
Descents, inversions, and major indices in permutation groups

A multivariate generating function involving the descent, major index, and inversion statistic first given by Ira Gessel is generalized to other permutation groups. We provide generating functions for variants of these three statistics for the Weyl groups of type B and D, wreath product groups, and multiples of permutations. All of our ideas are combinatorial in nature and exploit fundamental relationships between the elementary and homogeneous symmetric functions.
Promotion of exotic weed establishment by endangered giant kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens) in a California grassland.

Giant kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens) continually modify their burrow precincts by digging tunnels, clipping plants, and other activities. In the valley grasslands of the Carrizo Plain Natural Area (San Luis Obispo County, California), this chronic disturbance to soil and vegetation promoted the establishment of exotic ruderal and early successional plant species. Erodium cicutarium, Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens, and other Mediterranean annuals were found to constitute a very large proportion of the vegetation on giant kangaroo rat precincts. When vegetation on precincts was compared with the vegetation in less disturbed intermediate areas located between precincts, species richness, cover and frequency of exotic plants were significantly greater on precincts. The reverse was found for native species. In addition, exotic species encountered in this study had significantly larger seeds than did native species, suggesting that these granivorous kangaroo rats preferentially cache large weed seeds on their precincts. Since the kangaroo rats depend on exotic plants for food and the exotic plants depend upon the kangaroo rats to disturb their habitat continually, the weed-kangaroo rat relationship is mutualistic. This strong relationship may also inhibit population growth of native grassland plants which occupy disturbed habitats but have difficulty competing with exotic weeds for resources. From a conservation perspective, this mutualism presents an intractable management dilemma. Restoration of valley grasslands where endangered giant kangaroo rats occur, to conditions where native species dominate, may be impossible.
Somatic Knowledge: The Body as Content and Methodology in Dance Education

Before addressing somatic knowledge as content and methodology in dance education, it is useful to take a moment to talk about what is meant by somatic knowledge and somatics as a field of study. The term, “somatics” has been used widely in dance departments throughout this country and the world. However, the term is not a monolith; not everyone uses it in the same way.
Examination of precipitation chemistry and improvements in precision using the Mg(OH)2 preconcentration inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for high-throughput analysis of open-ocean Fe and Mn in seawater

Abstract The chemistry of magnesium precipitation preconcentration of Fe, Mn, and Co from seawater was investigated, and this analytical technique was adapted for use with the Element-2 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (E2 ICP-MS). Experiments revealed that the scavenging efficiency of Mn using the precipitation protocol described here was ∼95% and similar to that previously observed with Fe. In contrast, the scavenging efficiency of Co was three-fold lower than that of Fe and Mn, resulting in poor recovery. An increase in sample size to 13 mL led to several desired effects: (1) an increase in the Fe and Mn signals allowing a final dilution of samples to 0.5 mL and the use of an autosampler, (2) an increase in precision to ∼1–2.5% R.S.D., and (3) an increase in signal relative to the blank. Experiments suggest metal concentration from seawater occurs during the formation of Mg(OH)2 precipitate, whereas P was scavenged by adsorption onto the Mg(OH)2 particles. Example vertical profiles are shown for dissolved Fe and Mn from the Equatorial Pacific.
Mediators of the association between driving cessation and mortality among older adults.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined health and physical performance as mediators of the association between driving cessation and mortality among older residents of small and large cities. METHOD: Participants (N = 2,793) were from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study. Participants' driving status and health were measured at baseline, and mortality rates were observed across the subsequent 5 years. RESULTS: Overall, mortality risk was 1.68 times higher for nondrivers versus drivers; this relationship was significantly mediated by physical performance and social, physical, and general health. For large-city residents, mediation effects for all mediators were significant and complete. For small-city residents, only physical and general health were significant mediators, and these effects were partial. DISCUSSION: Health difficulties that accompany or follow driving cessation may explain the association between driving cessation and mortality, particularly for residents of large cities, where alternative transportation options may be more numerous. Language: en
A simplified theory for generalizing results from a radiant panel rate of flame spread apparatus

Experimental results on the rate of lateral flame spread and time for piloted ignition under an externally imposed radiant flux were analyzed with a simple theroretical model. The data were developed from a radiant panel apparatus that considers a wall mounted sample with a flux distribution of 5 W cm−2 at the ignited end to 0.2 W cm−2 at the other end. It is shown that after an appropriate preheating time (flux exposure time before sample is ignited) the rate of flame spread (Vf) results can be correlated by where C is a material ‘constant’ and is minimum flux for piloted ignition—also a material (and configuration) constant. An extension of this model demonstrates that Vf can also be expressed in terms of an ‘ignition temperature’ and the surface temperature of the material. Both correlations are derivable from a single flame spread experiment. Results are presented for a number of typical wood and plastic materials.
Dewetting Modes of Surfactant Solution as a Function of the Spreading Coefficient

The surface coverage of an adsorbed monolayer of octadecylphosphonic acid on mica was varied via solution concentration and immersion time, thereby controlling the surface free energy. For low surface coverage, a stable wetting layer of deposition solution was formed. For slightly greater coverage, the substrate was initially wetted by a thin liquid layer which quickly ruptured, leaving the sample dry. For large coverage, the liquid layer receded from the sample edge. Atomic force microscopy and video microscopy showed that the intermediate regime corresponds to dewetting via nucleation and growth of holes (0.25−5 μm in diameter) in the liquid layer while the dewetting at large coverage proceeds from the sample edge. The dependence of the wetting mode upon surface coverage and solution concentration was explained in terms of a competition between two rates: the nucleation rate of holes in the liquid layer and the speed at which the three-phase line advances.
Comparative effect of pretreatment with phenobarbital, Aroclor 1254, and β-naphthoflavone on the metabolism of lindane

Abstract An attempt was made to distinguish different patterns of microsomal enzyme induction by phenobarbital, β-naphthoflavone, and Aroclor 1254 on the biotransformation and excretion of the organochlorine insecticide lindane. Treated groups of six weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats, individually housed in metabolism cages, received diets containing either 500 ppm Aroclor 1254, 356 ppm phenobarbital, or 418 ppm β-naphthoflavone. After 1 week all animals, except one group of controls, were dosed p.o. with 1.89 mg lindane (containing 1.63 μCi [U- 14 C]lindane). Twenty-four hours later the rats were sacrificed and urine, feces, expired air, and tissue samples were taken for analysis of radioactivity. Hepatic cytochrome P -450 content, microsomal phospholipid content, and the enzyme activity involved in the dehydrogenation of lindane, the dechlorination of lindane, and the hydroxylation of the intermediate hexachlorocyclohexene were determined in vitro . Moreover, the effect of pretreatment on the excretion of radioactivity and the distribution of eight lindane metabolites was examined. Even though the rate of lindane metabolism was unchanged by the β-naphthoflavone pretreatment, results of the study indicated that all three pretreatments significantly altered lindane metabolism. The pretreatments differed from one another in that they selectively altered specific metabolic pathways.
An application of Ekeland's theorem to minimax problems

IN 1972, Ekeland presented a result [l, Theoreme l] concerning the variational principle and extremum problems of minimization type in complete metric spaces. The result is closely related to ones by BishopPhelps [2], Brondsted-Rockafellar [3], and Brow&r [4]. See [S] for a recent, wide-ranging survey of some of the applications of Ekeland’s Theorem and its variants. Our aim here is to show how Ekeland’s Theorem, or more precisely the augmented form of it provided recently by Rockafellar [6, Theorem 73, can be adapted to extremum problems of minimax type. Elsewhere [7], we give a sharpened form of the present result in the saddle case, that is, the case in which the function defining the minimax problem is convex-concave. These results require a suitable concept of approximate minimax solution. This is introduced below in the form of s-minimax solution. In [7] these are shown to enjoy especially nice properties in the saddle case and that, indeed, they represent the natural notion of approximate solution for such extremum problems. Further use of .s-minimax solutions, in connection with minimax problems not necessarily of saddle type, can be found in [S] and other forthcoming work. In Section 1 we present the main result and several corollaries. In Section 2 we touch on two related issues: minimaximizing sequences, and the plentifulness of subgradients. Throughout. we use the abbreviations w.r.t. (with respect to), 1.s.c. (lower semicontinuous), and us.c. (upper semicontinuous). Finally, whenever it is needed, we adopt the standard convention that +cc (-co) = +co.
Comparison of linear and nonlinear adaptive control of a pH-process

Physical inspection leads to the modeling of a pH-reactor by a linear dynamic flow and mixing process followed by a static nonlinearity. In this paper, a pH process very difficult to control is simulated for testing different types of adaptive algorithms. In one scheme, the flow and mixing model is assumed to be known. The nonlinear adaptive controller is constructed based on a combination of a pole-placement design method with a piecewise-polynomial approximation of a titration function, the coefficients of which are estimated from pH measurements. In another scheme, an inverse overall process model is obtained by the combination of the flow and mixing model with a piecewise-polynomial approximation of the titration curve. This model is applied to the development of a nonlinear controller based on the model reference adaptive technique. Both methods are applied for tracking a given pH-variable and for regulation. The effectiveness of linear and nonlinear adaptive controllers, obtained using the linear or non-linear approximation of the titration curve, respectively, is examined and compared for different process solutions and different applications.
Interval estimates of multivariate effect sizes : Coverage and interval width estimates under variance heterogeneity and nonnormality

Monte Carlo methods were used to examine techniques for constructing confidence intervals around multivariate effect sizes. Using interval inversion and bootstrapping methods, confidence intervals were constructed around the standard estimate of Mahalanobis distance (D2), two bias-adjusted estimates of D2, and Huberty’s I. Interval coverage and width were examined across conditions by adjusting sample size, number of variables, population effect size, population distribution shape, and the covariance structure. The accuracy and precision of the intervals varied considerably across methods and conditions; however, the interval inversion approach appears to be promising for D2, whereas the percentile bootstrap approach is recommended for the other effect size measures. The results imply that it is possible to obtain fairly accurate coverage estimates for multivariate effect sizes. However, interval width estimates tended to be large and uninformative, suggesting that future efforts might focus on investigat...
A theory of ring formation around Be stars.

A theory for the formation of gaseous rings around Be stars is developed which involves the combined effect of stellar rotation and radiation pressure. A qualitative scenario of ring formation is outlined in which the envelope formed about a star from ejected material is in the form of a disk in the equatorial plane, collisions between ejected gas blobs are inevitable, and particles with high angular momenta form a rotating ring around the star. A quantitative description of this process is then formulated by considering the angular momentum and dynamical energy of the ejected matter as well as those of the ring alone, without introducing any other assumptions.
Chemical synthesis of tantalum zirconate from alkoxide precursors

Abstract A chemical route for low temperature synthesis of tantalum zirconate (Ta2Zr6O17), a potential microwave dielectric material, is reported for the first time. Mixed cation precursor powders, derived using a molecularly modified tantalum ethoxide and zirconium acetylacetonate, were calcined at low temperatures (780 °C) to form single-phase crystalline Ta2Zr6O17. The structural evolution of the crystalline phase was studied using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The overall weight loss during the conversion of dried powders to crystalline Ta2Zr6O17 was approximately 36%. A 14% weight loss occurring gradually up to 240 °C was due to the removal of occluded solvent and water. Following this, three exothermic events attributed to decomposition of the organic components occurred at 310, 467, and 633 °C. Differential thermal analysis data showed that crystallization of the amorphous precursor occurred at 710°C. Accompanying the crystallization was a consistently observed weight loss of approximately 2%. Analysis of evolved gas suggested that this was mainly due to the pyrolysis of residual carbon. Preliminary results on sinterability indicated that using crystallized and classified submicrometer powders, it was possible to obtain ceramics with dense microstructures (approximately 97% theoretical density) by sintering at 1575 °C for 1 h.
Incorporation of measured natural reflectivities in a background clutter simulation

Modeling of material reflectance in simulated infrared/electro-optical scenes is typically done assuming a Gaussian distribution or similar simple statistical model, because of limited available measured data. Such an approach fails to capture the true reflectance statistics for active systems such as laser sensors. A new approach developed for a data-rich environment will be described, as applied to a laser sensor simulation. This approach utilizes a large database of recently collected laser sensor data to derive reflectance histograms for each material type in a scene. Simulated imagery using such sampled histograms is much more faithful to actual system imagery than that based on traditional statistical models. The paper will describe the material database and the algorithms by which it is utilized in the simulation, and will present resulting simulated imagery and comparisons to simulated imagery using Gaussian reflectivity models.
Estrogen treatment and age effects on auditory brainstem responses in the post-breeding Long-Evans rat.

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) was recorded from 20-month-old Long-Evans hooded female rats to determine if latency reductions occur from estrogen replacement. The ABR in these post-breeding age rats was also examined for reductions in response latencies as a function of adult age. Tone pip stimuli (8 and 40 kHz) were presented at 21, 51, or 81 s_1. Aging control and ovariectomized animals showed slower response latencies for waves lb-VI than young adults for 8 and 40 kHz stimulation at 21 s_1. Increased stimulus rate resulted in longer latencies for all waves at 20 months. In contrast to hormone treatment effects in young adults, ABR latencies in post-breeding age estrogen-treated animals were not reduced, consistent with a general decrease in CNS responsiveness to estrogen steroids associated with age. The results also suggest that sensorineural modifications in the auditory system which prolong ABR latencies can occur early in the aging process of adult female subjects.
Alphavirus replicon particles expressing the two major envelope proteins of equine arteritis virus induce high level protection against challenge with virulent virus in vaccinated horses

Replicon particles derived from a vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were used as vectors for expression in vivo of the major envelope proteins (G(L) and M) of equine arteritis virus (EAV), both individually and in heterodimer form (G(L)/M). The immunogenicity of the different replicons was evaluated in horses, as was their ability to protectively immunize horses against intranasal and intrauterine challenge with a virulent strain of EAV (EAV KY84). Horses immunized with replicons that express both the G(L) and M proteins in heterodimer form developed neutralizing antibodies to EAV, shed little or no virus, and developed only mild or inapparent signs of equine viral arteritis (EVA) after challenge with EAV KY84. In contrast, unvaccinated horses and those immunized with replicons expressing individual EAV envelope proteins (M or G(L)) shed virus for 6-10 days in their nasal secretions and developed severe signs of EVA after challenge. These data confirm that replicons that co-express the G(L) and M envelope proteins effectively, induce EAV neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in horses.
Constancy of adenine methylation in Tetrahymena macronuclear DNA.

Recherche de variation de methylation des adenines du DNA macronucleaire de Tetrahymena en relation avec l'activite de transcription des genes voisins de ces sites
USING CITATION COUNTS IN CRIMINOLOGY AS MEASURES OF INTELLECTUAL INFLUENCE: A COMMENT ON WRIGHT AND SOMA, MYSELF, AND OTHERS

ABSTRACT Wright and Soma recently published a piece in the Journal of Crime and Justice which used citation counts in American criminology textbooks as measures of cited scholars’ intellectual influence. This comment questions such use of citation not only by Wright and Soma, but others as well, including myself. Drawing from a considerable literature in the sociology of science, I address the general problems associated with using citation as a measure of intellectual influence and the particular problems found in using textbook citations for that purpose.
Modeling chemical and aerosol processes in the transition from closed to open cells during VOCALS-REx

Abstract. Chemical and aerosol processes in the transition from closed- to open-cell circulation in the remote, cloudy marine boundary layer are explored. It has previously been shown that precipitation can initiate a transition from the closed- to the open-cellular state, but that the boundary layer cannot maintain this open-cell state without a resupply of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Potential sources of CCN include wind-driven production of sea salt from the ocean, nucleation from the gas phase, and entrainment from the free troposphere. In order to investigate CCN sources in the marine boundary layer and their role in supplying new particles, we have coupled in detail chemical, aerosol, and cloud processes in the WRF/Chem model, and added state-of-the-art representations of sea salt emissions and aerosol nucleation. We conduct numerical simulations of the marine boundary layer in the transition from a closed- to an open-cell state. Results are compared with observations in the Southeast Pacific boundary layer during the VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx). The transition from the closed- to the open-cell state generates conditions that are conducive to nucleation by forming a cloud-scavenged, ultra-clean layer below the inversion base. Open cell updrafts loft dimethyl sulfide from the ocean surface into the ultra-clean layer, where it is oxidized during daytime to SO2 and subsequently to H2SO4. Low H2SO4 condensation sink values in the ultra-clean layer allow H2SO4 to rise to concentrations at which aerosol nucleation produces new aerosol in significant numbers. The existence of the ultra-clean layer is confirmed by observations. We find that the observed DMS flux from the ocean in the VOCALS-REx region can support a nucleation source of aerosol in open cells that exceeds sea salt emissions in terms of the number of particles produced. The freshly nucleated, nanometer-sized aerosol particles need, however, time to grow to sizes large enough to act as CCN. In contrast, mechanical production of particles from the ocean surface by near-surface winds provides a steady source of larger particles that are effective CCN at a rate exceeding a threshold for maintenance of open-cell circulation. Entrainment of aerosol from the free troposphere contributes significantly to boundary layer aerosol for the considered VOCALS-REx case, but less than sea salt aerosol emissions.
Some aspects of DH-524 (2(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)methyl-2-imidazoline) antagonistic-like actions of ethanol intoxication in rats

Abstract Previous research indicates ethanol antagonist properties of DH-524 (2(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)methyl-2-imidazoline) in rats. Our research findings suggest that the drug significantly alters plasma alcohol concentration and hematocrit without changing protein concentration. We suggest that the decreased plasma alcohol concentration is in part due to shifts in body water compartments and thus the reduction in ethanol levels.
Fast performance prediction for periodic task systems

During design exploration, many implementations of the same system specification may need to be evaluated. In this paper, we present an approach to construct sufficient and necessary conditions for a given system specifications. These conditions can be employed in the design exploration process to rapidly determine if an implementation of the system satisfies the timing constraints. We prove that our conditions always outperform the existing respective conditions. Experimental results are also provided to compare our approach with known scheduling results.
Influence of psychoactive and nonpsychoactive cannabinoids on cell proliferation and macromolecular biosynthesis in human cells.

Abstract We have examined the influence of psychoactive [Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), Δ 8 -THC and 11-OH-Δ 9 -THC] and nonpsychoactive (cannabinol) cunnabinoids on proliferation of human cells (HeLa S 3 cells grown in suspension culture) and on biochemical events associated with the proliferative process. The four cannabinoids studied brought about a dose-dependent inhibition in cell growth. Pulse-labeling studies indicated a cannabinoid-induced decrease in incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine, [ 3 H]uridine and [ 3 H]leucine into DNA, RNA and protein, respectively, in intact cells: in most cases a comparable decrease in the acid-soluble intracellular precursor pools was observed. Results from in vitro nuclear and chromatin transcription experiments did not suggest a drug-induced change in RNA synthesis. It appears, therefore, that quantitative alterations in the synthesis and/or turnover of nucleic acids and proteins do not result from cannabinoid treatment of HeLa cells. Our data, however, do not preclude the possibility that cannabinoids affect the synthesis of specific molecules.