cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Life History and Thoracic Development of Oligotoma Texana (Mel.) (Embiidina)

During the spring and early summer of 1931 the author had the good fortune to discover in the vicinity of College Station and Bryan, Texas, a number of Embiids belonging to the species Oligotoma texana (Melander). A number of them were captured alive and kept in captivity in a vial for three months, and were killed then only because of the fact that it was impossible to longer care for them. No difficulty was experienced up to that time in keeping them alive, in fact they seemed quite hardy. During that time notes were taken concerning their development which are recorded in this paper.
Synthesis and Characterization of Dimethylbis(2-pyridyl)borate Nickel(II) Complexes: Unimolecular Square-Planar to Square-Planar Rotation around Nickel(II).

The syntheses of novel dimethylbis(2-pyridyl)borate nickel(II) complexes 4 and 6 are reported. These complexes were unambiguously characterized by X-ray analysis. In dichloromethane solvent, complex 4 undergoes a unique square-planar to square-planar rotation around the nickel(II) center, for which activation parameters of ΔH⧧ = 12.2(1) kcal mol–1 and ΔS⧧ = 0.8(5) eu were measured via NMR inversion recovery experiments. Complex 4 was also observed to isomerize via a relatively slow ring flip: ΔH⧧ = 15.0(2) kcal mol–1; and ΔS⧧ = −4.2(7) eu. DFT studies support the experimentally measured rotation activation energy (cf. calculated ΔH⧧ = 11.1 kcal mol–1) as well as the presence of a high-energy triplet intermediate (ΔH = 8.8 kcal mol–1).
Electron Microscopy Study of Structural Changes during Isothermal Annealing of a Ni4Mo-Based Alloy Containing Chromium

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study phase transformations in a Ni4Mo alloy containing 2.08 wt pct chromium following isothermal annealing at 850, 800 and 700°C. At these temperatures, the DO22 phase forms initially, which then transforms to Ni3Mo. At 700°C, the DO22 phase forms from bands composed of Ni4Mo and Ni2Mo aligned parallel to {111} fcc planes, and is relatively stable. A second mechanism for the formation of Ni3Mo occurs at 700°C. Large Ni4Mo domains form at grain boundaries. These subsequently transform to Ni3Mo, with the simultaneous presence of stacking faults on (010) Ni3Mo planes. These observations are correlated to the optical microstructure. Grain size influences the type, volume, and distribution of second phases. Sequences and mechanisms of transformations are related to the experimental observations.
The alternating evolution methods for first order nonlinear partial differential equations

In this paper, we present a brief survey of the recent developments in alternating evolution (AE) methods for numerical computation of first order partial differential equations, with hyperbolic conservation laws and Hamilton-Jacobi equations as two canonical examples. The main difficulty of such computation arises from the nonlinearity of the model, making it necessary to incorporate an appropriate amount of numerical viscosity to capture the entropy/viscosity solution as physically relevant solutions. The alternating evolution method is based on the AE system of the original PDEs, the discretization technique ranges from finite difference, finite volume and the discontinuous Galerkin methods. In all these cases, the AE solver can produce accurate solutions with equal computational time than the traditional solvers. In particular, the AE formulation allows the same discontinuous Galerkin discretization for both conservative and non-conservative PDEs under consideration. In order to make the presentation more concise and to highlight the main ideas of the algorithm, we use simplified models to describe the details of the AE method. Sample simulation results on a few models are also given.
Resolving uncontrollable conditional temporal problems using continuous relaxations

Uncertainty is commonly encountered in temporal scheduling and planning problems, and can often lead to over-constrained situations. Previous relaxation algorithms for over-constrained temporal problems only work with requirement constraints, whose outcomes can be controlled by the agents. When applied to uncontrollable durations, these algorithms may only satisfy a subset of the random outcomes and hence their relaxations may fail during execution. In this paper, we present a new relaxation algorithm, Conflict-Directed Relaxation with Uncertainty (CDRU), which generates relaxations that restore the controllability of conditional temporal problems with uncontrollable durations. CDRU extends the Best-first Conflict-Directed Relaxation (BCDR) algorithm to uncontrollable temporal problems. It generalizes the conflict-learning process to extract conflicts from strong and dynamic controllability checking algorithms, and resolves the conflicts by both relaxing constraints and tightening uncontrollable durations. Empirical test results on a range of trip scheduling problems show that CDRU is efficient in resolving large scale uncontrollable problems: computing strongly controllable relaxations takes the same order of magnitude in time compared to consistent relaxations that do not account for uncontrollable durations. While computing dynamically controllable relaxations takes two orders of magnitude more time, it provides significant improvements in solution quality when compared to strongly controllable relaxations.
Introduction: Salinas, ‘the Unmentionable One’

‘Reform was an ideology and conviction during my period in government’ Carlos Salinas de Gortari In Mexico's fiercely contested elections of July 2006, two battle-scarred ideas confronted each other: nationalism and neoliberalism. In the nationalist camp stood Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, the candidate of the Partido de la Revolucion Democratica (PRD); in the economically liberal camp, Felipe Calderon of the ruling Partido Accion Nacional (PAN), the continuity candidate. Calderon won by a whisker – 35.89 per cent to 35.31 per cent – provoking an infuriated Lopez Obrador, the challenger riding the wave of left-wing sentiment that has swept across Latin America since 2000, to denounce the electoral outcome as fraudulent. Yet, despite their differences, both men had much in common, for both were champions of political traditions that have been locked in a fateful, and perhaps even perpetual, struggle for supremacy that has been at the heart of Mexican development since the nineteenth century yet has always been cut in contemporaneous cloth. By a dramatic irony, the struggle between Calderon and Lopez Obrador revived the atmosphere of an ideological confrontation during elections in 1988 that had a remarkably similar outcome. On that occasion, a forceful neoliberal technocrat, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, had become president after the most closely fought elections in Mexico's post-revolutionary history, the results of which favoured the then ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) but were denounced as fraudulent by the left-wing coalition draped in the colours of Mexican nationalism that was challenging it.
The APP and PS1/2 Mutations Linked to Early Onset Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Increase the Extracellular Concentration of Aβ1–42(43)

The amyloid β protein (Aβ) is an ~4 kD secreted protein that is derived from a set of large, alternatively spliced precursor proteins collectively referred to as the amyloid β protein precursor (βAPP). Secreted Aβ is readily detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and medium conditioned by cultured cells (Seubert et al. 1992; Shoji et al. 1992; Haass et al. 1992; Busciglio et al. 1993). Most secreted Aβ is Aβ1-40, but a small component (5-10%) is Aβ1–42 (Dovey et al. 1993; Vigo-Pelfrey et al. 1993; Suzuki et al. 1994). A large amount of amyloid β protein (Aβ) is deposited extracellularly in the senile plaques that are invariably observed in the brains of patients with all forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ1-42 appears to be particularly important in AD because it forms insoluble amyloid fibrils more rapidly than Aβ1-40 in vitro (Hilbich etal. 1991; Burdick et al. 1992; Jarrett et al. 1993; Jarrett and Lansbury 1993) and is deposited early and selectively in senile plaques (Iwatsubo et al. 1995). Extracellular Aβ deposition could be 1) an essential early event in AD pathogenesis, 2) an “innocent” marker that is invariably associated with some other change that drives AD pathogenesis, or 3) an unimportant, end-stage consequence of AD pathology. To examine the importance of Aβ in AD, we have analyzed the effect of the amyloid β protein (APP; Goate et al. 1991; Mullan et al. 1992), presenilin 1 (PS1; Sherrington et al. 1995) and presenilin 2 (PS2; Levey-Lahad et al. 1995; Rogaev et al. 1995) mutations that are known to cause early onset familial AD (FAD) on extracellular Aβ concentration.
Comprehensive management of resectable gastric cancer: requirement for optimal clearance, containment and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Peritoneal spread is a major cause of treatment failure and mortality in gastric cancer, even before this malignancy spreads to extraabdominal sites. Conventional adjuvant treatment options have failed in solving this problem to date. As shown in randomized controlled clinical trials, perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy can change the natural history of gastric cancer resected for cure, preventing the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis and improving long-term survival. A surgical approach that maximizes clearance and containment of the malignancy is required for this success. Additional reports have shown the value of intraperitoneal chemotherapy associated with cytoreductive surgery in the treatment of selected cases with established peritoneal spread. Surgeons treating gastric cancer patients need to realize that perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy becomes an integral part of the surgical treatment of this disease, for which they should accept responsibility.
Unplanned Intraoperative Extubations in Pediatric Neurosurgery: Analysis of Case Series to Increase Patient Safety.

Objective Unplanned intraoperative extubations (UIEs), rare but high-risk events. Unintentional extubations are used as quality improvement metrics in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units, but intraoperative events have received scant attention in the literature. Complexity of patient positioning and proximity of the operative field to anesthesia make neurosurgical procedures unique. UIEs prolong operative time, increase risk of adverse outcomes, including cardiopulmonary collapse, and potentially require additional procedures. Investigating each event is critical to prevention. We aimed to analyze occurrences of UIEs in the pediatric population. Methods We retrospectively reviewed UIE cases (12/2014–4/2017) in pediatric neurosurgical patients at a metropolitan pediatric Level I trauma center. Data were collected on patient demographics, procedure, operating room events before the event, and patient outcomes. Results Over 27 months, 5 UIEs in pediatric neurosurgical cases occurred, with an event rate of Conclusions Findings suggest an inverse correlation between patient age and UIE, with patient manipulation and anesthesia depth as risk factors. Meticulous attention to securing the endotracheal tube and streamlined communication between the surgical and anesthesia teams are critical for the goal of zero UIE occurrences.
A Compressed Sensing View of Unsupervised Text Embeddings, Bag-of-n-Grams, and LSTMs

Low-dimensional vector embeddings, computed using LSTMs or simpler techniques, are a popular approach for capturing the “meaning” of text and a form of unsupervised learning useful for downstream tasks. However, their power is not theoretically understood. The current paper derives formal understanding by looking at the subcase of linear embedding schemes. Using the theory of compressed sensing we show that representations combining the constituent word vectors are essentially information-preserving linear measurements of Bag-of-n-Grams (BonG) representations of text. This leads to a new theoretical result about LSTMs: low-dimensional embeddings derived from a low-memory LSTM are provably at least as powerful on classification tasks, up to small error, as a linear classifier over BonG vectors, a result that extensive empirical work has thus far been unable to show. Our experiments support these theoretical findings and establish strong, simple, and unsupervised baselines on standard benchmarks that in some cases are state of the art among word-level methods. We also show a surprising new property of word embeddings such as GloVe and word2vec: they form a good sensing matrix for text that is more efficient than random matrices, a standard sparse recovery tool, which may explain why they lead to better representations in practice.
Verbal and nonverbal outcomes of toddlers with and without autism spectrum disorder, language delay, and global developmental delay:

Background and AimsChildren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit a heterogeneous clinical phenotype with wide variability in their language and intellectual profiles that complicates efforts...
Gerschenkron, Amsden, and Japan: The State in Late Development

The concept of late development is ubiquitous in political science. Scholars generally use the term to explain the state's role in the economy based upon the timing of a country's industrialization. Many consider Japan a quintessential example of state-driven late development. This article surveys the late development theories of Alexander Gerschenkron and Alice Amsden. It then appraises these theories based upon Japan's experience, demonstrating that neither accurately describes the state's role in Japan's industrialization.To be clear, the argument is not that the state played no part in Japan's economic development. The question is whether late development offers an effective conceptual tool for explaining the causes, content, and timing of state action. There are many possible explanations of Japan's industrialization. Late development is only one of them, and not a very good one.
Brownian Motion Simulation of Chain Pullout: Modeling Fracture in Polymer Blends

We use Brownian dynamics to model the fracture of a polymer/polymer interface reinforced by “connector” chains [1]. The connectors weave back and forth across the boundary, forming single (diblock copolymer) or multiple “stitches” (random copolymer). We calculate the work to fracture this interface as a function of connector architecture and conformation, and find that multi-stitch connectors dramatically improve the interfacial strength. We rationalize this with scaling arguments, and discuss recent experiments. The conclusions provide guidelines for synthesizing connectors for high-strength composites.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF DISSECTING ANEURYSMS OF THE AORTA.

SUMMARY 1. Experience with surgical management of 179 patients with dissecting aneurysms of the aorta during the past decade has allowed development of certain conceptual changes and new methods of operative treatment based on a better understanding of the anatomic and pathologic patterns of the disease. On the basis of these conceptual developments, dissecting aneurysms may be classified into three basic types: Type I, in which the dissecting process along with its intimal tear arises in the ascending aorta and not infrequently extends into its major terminal branches; Type II, in which the dissecting process is limited to the ascending aorta; and Type III, in which the dissecting process arises in the descending thoracic aorta, usually at or just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery, and extends distally for a varying distance. Not infrequently, the first two types of dissection are associated with aortic valve regurgitation, due either to annular dilatation or to loss of support for the valve commissural attachments. 2. Also based upon these conceptual developments, specific and definitive surgical approaches have evolved for each type of dissecting process. Type I dissections are managed by transection of the ascending aorta with the use of temporary cardiopulmonary bypass and obliteration of the false lumen by approximation of the inner and outer walls of the dissecting process by continuous suture both proximally and distally, followed by end-to-end anastomosis of the transected aorta. Surgical treatment of Type II dissections consists essentially in resection and graft replacement of the entire ascending aorta using cardiopulmonary bypass. When present in these two types of dissection, aortic valve regurgitation is corrected concomitantly by annuloplasty, including annular constriction, bicuspidization or resupport of the valve, or by prosthetic replacement of the valve. Type III dissections are managed by excision with graft replacement of the segment of descending thoracic aorta in which the dissection arises, using pump bypass from the left atrium to the femoral artery. 3. These procedures have been found applicable to both acute and chronic forms of the disease, and results have been increasingly gratifying in altering the generally grave prognosis of these patients. This is reflected by the fact that the operative mortality has been steadily reduced from 41 per cent in the first 4 years of this surgical experience to only 12 per cent in a series of 97 patients operated upon during the last 4 years. This is further reflected in the long-term survival rates based upon follow-up observations on all patients in the series extending up to 10 years. Thus, the 5-year survival rate of 50 per cent in this surgically treated series of patients, most of whom have resumed normal activities, is in sharp contrast to the less than 1 per cent figure previously reported for nonoperative cases. On the basis of this experience, surgical intervention is now considered the treatment of choice in all instances, and emergency operation is often indicated.
Adaptive Resonance Structures in Hierarchical Receptive Field Pattern Recognition Machines

Machine vision researchers have long recognized the need for feedback in pattern recognition systems. Two excellent examples of feedback pattern recognition systems are the Adaptive Resonance Theories (ART) of Grossberg and Carpenter [1987a, 1987b, 1990] and the Selective Attention Neocognitron (SAN) of Fukushima [1987]. Several researchers have reported the incorporation of ART into the Neocognitron [Li and Wee, 1990; Rajapakse et al., 1990]. However, explicit comparisons of the relationship between the two models were not presented. In this paper I will examine the functional, architectural, and implementational relationships between several ART variants and the SAN. This comparison will show that the SAN and ART models are conceptually and architecturally similar. In some instances the similarities are equivalent equations and structures, in other instances the similarities are functional. The primary differences between the two models involve specific definitions and re-routing of the mismatch mediated neuron reset and gain controls.
pSTAT3+ Reactive Astrocytes Promote Brain Metastasis

The tumor microenvironment contains heterogeneous populations of stromal cells with important roles in cancer progression and metastasis. In a recent study published in Nature Medicine, pSTAT3+ reactive astrocytes were found to promote brain metastasis by altering the tumor microenvironment, and represent a promising target for the treatment of brain metastasis.
Non-zero-sum game of transfusions: EOL in leukemia.

Inability to provide transfusion support to patients with leukemia is a major cause of delays in hospice enrollment for end-of-life (EOL) care. In this issue of Blood , LeBlanc et al explore the relationship between transfusion dependence (TD), time to hospice enrollment, and quality of EOL care in patients with leukemia. 1
Putting the Nail in the Coffin: Isn’t It Time to Let European Consensus Doctrine Put an End to the Use of the Death Penalty in the United States?

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is responsible for enforcing compliance with the European Convention of Human Rights (the Convention), and it employs consensus doctrine to analyze the merits of claims. The European consensus doctrine involves a comparative analysis of the domestic laws of the 47 Member States to identify jurisprudential trends. The Convention is considered a living instrument that may be interpreted broadly and in novel ways in accordance with 'present-day conditions.' The ECtHR seeks to harmonize and to advance the protection of human rights across Europe by applying consensus doctrine to its case-law. The United States Supreme Court likewise is often obliged to analyze and compare the state laws of the 50 separate states with an eye to ensuring compliance with the United States Constitution. Some Supreme Court Justices prefer to stay 'within the four corners' of the Constitution in their efforts to interpret its meaning, while others argue that they must look to 'evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.' This article proposes that the Supreme Court should routinely and consistently use the techniques of European consensus doctrine in its death penalty jurisprudence, both by identifying trends within the 50 states regarding capital punishment and by looking at international law and the treaties to which the US is a party. This is the draft edition of the article submitted to The Hague Yearbook of International Law.
Image Caption Generator with Novel Object Injection

Image captioning is a field within artificial intelligence that is progressing rapidly and it has a lot of potentials. A major problem when working in this field is the limited amount of data that is available to us as is. The only dataset considered suitable enough for the task is the Microsoft: Common Objects in Context (MSCOCO) dataset, which contains about 120,000 training images. This covers about 80 object classes, which is an insufficient amount if we want to create robust solutions that aren't limited to the constraints of the data at hand. In order to overcome this problem, we propose a solution that incorporates Zero-Shot Learning concepts in order to identify unknown objects and classes by using semantic word embeddings and existing state-of-the-art object identification algorithms. Our proposed model, Image Captioning using Novel Word Injection, uses a pre-trained caption generator and works on the output of the generator to inject objects that are not present in the dataset into the caption. We evaluate the model on standardized metrics, namely, BLEU, CIDEr and ROUGE-L. The results, qualitatively and quantitatively, outperform the underlying model.
Surface Coupling of Octaethylporphyrin with Silicon Tetrachloride

The surface assembly of 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin (OEP) using silicon tetrachloride as a coupling agent was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nanopatterned films of Si-OEP were prepared by protocols of colloidal lithography to evaluate the morphology, thickness, and molecular orientation for samples prepared on Si(111). The natural self-stacking of porphyrins can pose a challenge for molecular patterning. When making films on surfaces, porphyrins will self-associate to form co-planar configurations of random stacks of molecules. There is a tendency for the flat molecules to orient spontaneously in a side-on arrangement that is mediated by physisorption to the substrate as well as by π–π interactions between macrocycles to form a layered arrangement of packed molecules, analogous to a stack of coins. When silicon tetrachloride is introduced to the reaction vessel, the coupling between the surface and porphyrins is mediated through covalent Si–O bonding. For these studies, surfa...
Effects of iron supplementation on binding activity of iron regulatory proteins and the subsequent effect on growth performance and indices of hematological and mineral status of young pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental Fe on the binding activity of iron regulatory proteins (IRP) and the subsequent effect on growth performance and indices of hematological and mineral status of young pigs. In Exp. 1, male pigs (n = 10; 1.8 kg; age = 14 +/- 1 h) were allotted by BW to two treatments (five pigs per treatment). Treatments administered by i.m. injection were as follows: 1) 1 mL of sterile saline solution (Sal); and 2) 1 mL of 200 mg Fe as Fe-dextran (Fe). Pigs were bled (d 0 and 13) to determine hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), transferrin (Tf), and plasma Fe (PFe), and then killed (d 13) to determine spontaneous and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)-inducible IRP RNA binding activity in liver and liver and whole-body mineral concentrations. Contemporary pigs (n = 5; 2.2 kg; age = 14 +/- 2 h) were killed at d 0 to establish baseline (BL1) measurements. In Exp. 2, pigs (six pigs per treatment; 6.5 kg; age = 19 +/- 3 d) were fed a basal diet (Phase 1 = d 0 to 7; Phase 2 = d 7 to 21; Phase 3 = d 21 to 35) supplemented with 0 or 150 mg/kg of Fe as ferrous sulfate and killed at d 35 (18.3 kg; age = 54 +/- 3 d). In addition, pigs (n = 5; 5.9 kg; age = 19 +/- 3 d) were killed at the start of Exp. 2 to establish baseline (BL2) measurements, and liver samples were collected and analyzed for IRP RNA binding activity. In Exp. 1, no difference (P = 0.482) was observed in ADG. On d 13, Fe-treated pigs had greater (P = 0.001) Hb, Hct, and PFe and less (P = 0.002) Tf than Sal-treated pigs. Whole-body Fe concentration was greater (P = 0.002) in Fe- vs. Sal-treated pigs. Treated pigs (Fe or Sal) had greater (P = 0.006) whole-body Cu and less (P = 0.002) whole-body Ca, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn concentrations than BL1. Liver Fe concentration was greater (P = 0.001) in Fe- vs. Sal-treated pigs, but liver Fe concentration of Sal-treated pigs was less (P = 0.001) than that of BL1 pigs. Sal-treated pigs had greater (P = 0.004) spontaneous IRP binding activity than Fe-treated pigs. In Exp. 2, spontaneous and 2-ME inducible IRP binding activities were greater (P = 0.013 and 0.005, respectively) in pigs fed diets containing 0 vs. 150 mg of added Fe/kg of diet. Moreover, pigs fed either treatment for 35 d had greater (P = 0.001) 2-ME inducible IRP binding activity than BL2 pigs. Results indicate that IRP binding activity is influenced by Fe supplementation. Subsequently, other indicators of Fe status are affected via the role of IRP in posttranscriptional expression of Fe storage and transport proteins.
Female meiotic drive preferentially segregates derived metacentric chromosomes in Drosophila

A vast diversity of karyotypes exists within and between species, yet the mechanisms that shape this diversity are poorly understood. Here we investigate the role of biased meiotic segregation-i.e., meiotic drive-in karyotype evolution. The closely related species, Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana , provide an ideal system to investigate mechanisms of karyotypic diversification. Since their recent divergence, D. americana has evolved two centromeric fusions: one between the 2nd and 3rd chromosomes, and another between the X and 4th chromosomes. The 2-3 fusion is fixed in D. americana , but the X-4 fusion is polymorphic and varies in frequency along a latitudinal cline. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that these derived metacentric chromosomes segregate preferentially to the egg nucleus during female meiosis in D. americana . Using two different methods, we show that the fused X-4 chromosome is transmitted at an average frequency of ~57%, exceeding expectations of 50:50 Mendelian segregation. Three paracentric inversions are found in the vicinity of the X-4 fusion and could potentially influence chromosome segregation. Using crosses between lines with differing inversion arrangements, we show that the transmission bias persists regardless of inversion status. Transmission rates are also biased in D. americana / D. novamexicana hybrid females, favoring both the X-4 and 2-3 fused arrangements over their unfused homologs. Our results show that meiotic drive influences chromosome segregation in D. americana favoring derived arrangements in its reorganized karyotype. Moreover, the fused centromeres are the facilitators of biased segregation rather than associated chromosomal inversions.
Understanding the relationship between microsaccades and pupil dilation

Existing literature reveals little information about the relationship between microsaccade rate and the average change in pupil size. There is a need to investigate this relationship and how the microsaccade rate may be relevant to cognitive load. In our study, we compared the microsaccade rate to the average change in pupil size during eight experimental conditions. Four of them were considered fixation conditions (subjects look at a fixation cross in each visual scene) and four were free-viewing conditions (subjects are free to move their eyes over the visual scene). We analyzed the change in pupil size and microsaccade rate for the first part of each task and as well as the entire task in all conditions. We discovered a significant correlation between the microsaccade rate and the average change in pupil size during the first part of each task, and comparable characteristics throughout the entire task. Then we measured the data for only one of the experimental conditions in free-viewing that involves a search task to understand comparable characteristics related to cognitive load. We found that there is a correlation between the microsaccade and pupil data. We hope that this finding will help further the understanding of the relative function of microsaccades and use it to support cognitive load response and pupil measurement.
Detailed Heat Transfer Measurements Inside Rotating Ribbed Channels Using the Transient Liquid Crystal Technique

The effects of the Coriolis force and centrifugal buoyancy are well known in rotating internal serpentine coolant channels in turbine blades. As channel flow in rotation is highly complex, detailed knowledge of the heat transfer over a surface will greatly enhance the blade designer’s ability to predict hot spots so coolant may be distributed effectively. The present study uses a novel transient liquid crystal technique to measure heat transfer on a rotating two-pass channel surface with chilled inlet air. The present study examines the differences in heat transfer distributions of three channel types in rotation: smooth wall, 90° ribs, and W-shaped ribs. The two channels in the test section model radially inward and outward flow. To account for centrifugal buoyancy, cold air is passed through a room temperature test section. This ensures that buoyancy is acting in a similar direction to real turbine blades. Three parameters were controlled in the testing: inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio, channel Reynolds number, and Rotation number. Results were compared to previous studies with similar test conditions. The present study shows that the W-shaped ribs enhance heat transfer in all cases (stationary and rotating) approximately 2–3 times better than the 90° ribs. The W-shaped ribbed channel is least affected by rotation due to the complex nature of the flow generated by the geometry.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Does Having a Minor Child Affect Criminal Charges and Sanctions Imposed on Female Defendants

This study examined effects of having a minor child(ren) on the probability of being prosecuted, convicted, and if convicted, the sanctions that were imposed. Data were state-wide court and birth r...
Sulforhodamine B and exogenous surfactant effects on alveolar surface tension in acute respiratory distress syndrome models

BACKGROUND: In the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), elevated alveolar surface tension, T, may increase ventilation-induced lung injury. Exogenous surfactant therapy has not reduced ARDS mortality. Sulforhodamine B (SRB), which acts with albumin to improve native lung surfactant efficacy, could be an alternative T-lowering therapeutic. We test whether substances suspected of elevating T in ARDS raise T in the lungs - where, unlike in most in vitro tests, the surfactant monolayer is intact - and test the abilities of exogenous surfactant and SRB to reduce T. METHODS: In isolated rat lungs, we micropuncture a surface alveolus and instill a solution containing a substance purported to raise T in ARDS: control saline, cell debris, secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), acid or mucins. We test each substance alone; with albumin, to model proteinaceous edema liquid; with albumin and subsequent exogenous surfactant; or with albumin and SRB. We determine T by combining servo-nulling pressure measurement with confocal microscopy, and applying the Laplace relation. RESULTS: In the control group, saline, albumin and Infasurf do not alter T; SRB reduces T below normal. With albumin, the experimental substances raise T. With cell debris, surfactant does not alter T; SRB normalizes T. With sPLA2, surfactant normalizes T; SRB reduces T. With acid or mucins, neither surfactant nor SRB alters T. CONCLUSIONS: The inability of surfactant to counter cell debris may contribute to the failure of surfactant therapy for ARDS. For non-aspiration ARDS, SRB, which can be delivered intravascularly to target injured lung regions, holds promise as a treatment.
The Invisibility of Asian Americans in the United States: Impact on Mental and Physical Health

Although Asian Americans are the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States, they are relatively invisible in behavioral health service delivery. Asian Americans generally have been overlooked in federal behavioral health policies. Underutilization of mental health services has also contributed to Asian Americans’ invisibility. Therapist–client ethnic matching, increasing therapist cultural competence, cultural adaptations of interventions, and providing alternative services to traditional behavioral health interventions (e.g., movement-based interventions) have been approaches to making behavioral health services culturally relevant for Asian Americans. Future directions include the consideration of within-group variability among Asian Americans and of cultural influences that are proximal to treatment outcomes.
Community Change Interview with Dr. Bill Hopkins

Special interview with Bill Hopkins as part of the Trustees Without Borders series hosted by Andy Morikawa.
Analyzing Deep Learning Model Inferences for Image Classification using OpenVINO

It may be desirable to execute deep learning model inferences on an integrated GPU at the edge. While such GPUs are much less powerful than discrete GPUs, it is able to deliver higher floating-point operations per second than a CPU located on the same die. For edge devices, the benefit of moving to lower precision with minimal loss of accuracy to obtain higher performance is also attractive. Hence, we chose 14 deep learning models for image classification to evaluate their inference performance with the OpenVINO toolkit. Then, we analyzed the implementation of the fastest inference model of all the models. The experimental results are promising. Compared to the performance of full-precision (FP32) models, the speedup of the 8-bit (INT8) quantization ranges from 1.02 to 1.56 on an Intel® Xeon® 4-core CPU, and the speedup of the FP16 models ranges from 1.1 to 2 on an Intel® IrisTM Pro GPU. For the FP32 models, the GPU is on average 1.5X faster than the CPU.
Quantitative prediction of conditional vulnerabilities in regulatory and metabolic networks of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to adopt heterogeneous physiological states, underlies its success in evading the immune system and tolerating antibiotic killing. Drug tolerant phenotypes are a major reason why the tuberculosis (TB) mortality rate is so high, with over 1.8 million deaths annually. To develop new TB therapeutics that better treat the infection (faster and more completely), a systems-level approach is needed to reveal the complexity of network-based adaptations of Mtb. Here, we report a new predictive model called PRIME (Phenotype of Regulatory influences Integrated with Metabolism and Environment) to uncover environment-specific vulnerabilities within the regulatory and metabolic networks of Mtb. Through extensive performance evaluations using genome-wide fitness screens, we demonstrate that PRIME makes mechanistically accurate predictions of context-specific vulnerabilities within the integrated regulatory and metabolic networks of Mtb, accurately rank-ordering targets for potentiating treatment with frontline drugs.
Factor analysis of a short form of the Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana scale

Abstract Objective The Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Scale (PBSM), a 17-item scale targeting strategies for mitigating the negative consequences of cannabis use, highlights a range of behaviors that can reduce harm beyond straightforward decreases in quantity or frequency. The 17-item scale’s factor structure remains under-examined but could reveal meaningful distinctions among strategies. This study aimed to confirm the factor structure of the short form of the PBSM. Methods This study recruited cannabis-using undergraduates (N = 454, Mage = 19.6, 68.8% female, 39% White), who reported using cannabis approximately 2.3 days per week with mild cannabis-related consequences (CAPQ; M = 9.74). Results A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated poor fit for the one-factor model of the PBSM, prompting an exploratory factor analysis. Analyses revealed two internally reliable factors: a “Quantity” factor, strategies specific to mitigating overuse and limiting amounts consumed and an “Context” factor loosely related to troubles with others. This two-factor model accounted for over half of the total variance; invariance testing indicated reduced fit as models became more restrictive. Though each of the factors covaried negatively with both days of use and problems, Context had a stronger relation to both variables compared to Quantity. Only Context predicted fewer cannabis problems and use. Conclusions The two-factor solution suggests further work on the psychometric properties of the scale could provide heuristic information to allow for more nuanced approaches in clinical and research settings. Theoretically, each factor might have novel links to some constructs but not others in ways that could assist harm-reduction strategies and treatment.
Investigating Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection in Phasor Measurement Unit Data

This paper investigates the use of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for Anomaly Detection (AD) in Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data. Specifically, this is an evolution of previous heuristic techniques which investigated constraint and temporal anomaly detection in PMU data. This work found that K-Means Clustering is suitable for AD in static PMU data, a set of PMU data at one time stamp, and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) to detect anomalies in time series PMU data. A smart grid test bed with 10 PMUs and a physical power grid emulator was used to generate PMU data sets for this work. The K-Means and ARIMA ML models were designed, trained, and validated offline using a baseline dataset to build a representation of how the power grid performs under normal operating conditions. Once the models were validated, they were then subjected to a test data set to evaluate performance and suitability for this application. For static AD, the K-Means model evaluates distortion from new, or real-time, PMU data. For the temporal AD, the ARIMA model predicts the next PMU measurement and evaluates the delta between the prediction and actual data. Distortion values, or delta values, exceeding predefined thresholds are indicative of anomalies. In practical implementation this Anomaly Detection System (ADS) addresses the need to analyze large volumes of PMU data while also alerting system operators of significant deviations from normal behavior. This paper describes an implementation of ML in this ADS and presents initial results which highlight the feasibility of this approach.
Quantitative analysis of m6A RNA modification by LC-MS.

Summary N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) of messenger RNA (mRNA) plays key regulatory roles in gene expression. Accurate measurement of m6A levels is thus critical to understand its dynamic changes in various biological settings. Here, we provide a protocol to quantitate the levels of adenosine and m6A in cellular mRNAs. Using nuclease and phosphatase, we digest mRNA into nucleosides, which are subsequently quantified using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cho et al. (2021) .
Recurrent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Associated with Mycobacterium szulgai Infection: A Case Report.

Case We present the case of an otherwise healthy 77-year-old male retired firefighter and recreational pheasant hunter who presented with recurrent symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome and tenosynovitis because of Mycobacterium szulgai. He was initially treated unsuccessfully for a presumed seronegative rheumatologic flare, followed by surgical diagnosis and treatment including revision carpal tunnel release with tenosynovectomy, and a secondary debridement and wound closure. His symptoms resolved after several months of multidrug antibiotic therapy with only mild residual median nerve deficit. Conclusion Nontuberculous Mycobacterium infections of the upper extremity are extremely rare and challenging to diagnose/treat. This report highlights diagnostic and surgical challenges in this rarely reported infection.
Differential hyperpolarization to substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in smooth muscle versus endothelium of mouse mesenteric artery.

OBJECTIVE We sought to define how sensory neurotransmitters substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) affect membrane potential of vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. METHODS Microelectrodes recorded membrane potential of smooth muscle from pressurized mouse mesenteric arteries (diameter, ~150 µm) and in endothelial tubes. RESULTS Resting potential was similar (~ -45 mV) for each cell layer. Substance P hyperpolarized smooth muscle and endothelium ~ -15 mV; smooth muscle hyperpolarization was abolished by endothelial disruption or NO synthase inhibition. Blocking KCa channels (apamin + charybdotoxin) attenuated hyperpolarization in both cell types. CGRP hyperpolarized endothelium and smooth muscle ~ -30 mV; smooth muscle hyperpolarization was independent of endothelium. Blocking KCa channels prevented hyperpolarization to CGRP in endothelium but not smooth muscle. Inhibiting KATP channels with glibenclamide or genetic deletion of KIR 6.1 attenuated hyperpolarization in smooth muscle but not endothelium. Pinacidil (KATP channel agonist) hyperpolarized smooth muscle more than endothelium (~ -35 vs. ~ -20 mV). CONCLUSIONS Calcitonin gene-related peptide elicits greater hyperpolarization than substance P. Substance P hyperpolarizes both cell layers through KCa channels and involves endothelium-derived NO in smooth muscle. Endothelial hyperpolarization to CGRP requires KCa channels, while KATP channels mediate hyperpolarization in smooth muscle. Differential K+ channel activation in smooth muscle and endothelium through sensory neurotransmission may selectively tune mesenteric blood flow.
On-plate autonomous exploration for an inspection robot using ultrasonic guided waves

This article presents an active-sensing strategy based on frontier exploration to enable the autonomous reconstruction of the geometry of a metal surface by a mobile robot relying on ultrasonic echoes. Such a strategy can be beneficial to the development of a fully autonomous robotic agent for the inspection of large metal structures such as storage tanks or ship hulls. The developed method relies on a grid map generated by detecting the first echo within the measurements referring to the closest edge to the sensor, and it employs a utility function that we define to balance travel cost and information gain using an estimation of the plate geometry obtained via beamforming. Next, the sensor is directed to the next best location. The developed method is evaluated in simulation and compared with multiple algorithms, essentially closest and random frontier point selection. Finally, an experiment using a mobile robot equipped with co-localized pair of transducers is used to validate the viability of the approach.
A Neuroscientist's Guide to Classical Conditioning

Circumstances and Themes in the History of Classical Conditioning.- Cellular Mechanisms of Classical Conditioning.- Functional Utility and Neurobiology of Conditioned Autonomic Responses.- The Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Conditioning.- Classical Conditioning: Applications and Extensions to Clinical Neuroscience.- Fundamental Behavioral Methods and Findings in Classical Conditioning.- Computational Theories of Classical Conditioning.
Experience-dependent enhancement of pitch-specific responses in the auditory cortex is limited to acceleration rates in normal voice range

Abstract The aim of this study is to determine how pitch acceleration rates within and outside the normal pitch range may influence latency and amplitude of cortical pitch-specific responses (CPR) as a function of language experience (Chinese, English). Responses were elicited from a set of four pitch stimuli chosen to represent a range of acceleration rates (two each inside and outside the normal voice range) imposed on the high rising Mandarin Tone 2. Pitch-relevant neural activity, as reflected in the latency and amplitude of scalp-recorded CPR components, varied depending on language-experience and pitch acceleration of dynamic, time-varying pitch contours. Peak latencies of CPR components were shorter in the Chinese than the English group across stimuli. Chinese participants showed greater amplitude than English for CPR components at both frontocentral and temporal electrode sites in response to pitch contours with acceleration rates inside the normal voice pitch range as compared to pitch contours with acceleration rates that exceed the normal range. As indexed by CPR amplitude at the temporal sites, a rightward asymmetry was observed for the Chinese group only. Only over the right temporal site was amplitude greater in the Chinese group relative to the English. These findings may suggest that the neural mechanism(s) underlying processing of pitch in the right auditory cortex reflect experience-dependent modulation of sensitivity to acceleration in just those rising pitch contours that fall within the bounds of one’s native language. More broadly, enhancement of native pitch stimuli and stronger rightward asymmetry of CPR components in the Chinese group is consistent with the notion that long-term experience shapes adaptive, distributed hierarchical pitch processing in the auditory cortex, and reflects an interaction with higher order, extrasensory processes beyond the sensory memory trace.