cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative activity of rat liver dihydrofolate reductase with 7,8-dihydrofolate and other 7,8-dihydropteridines.

Abstract The various interactions of rat liver dihydrofolate reductase with two unconjugated 7,8-dihydropteridines, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin and 6-methyl-7,8-dihydropteridine, have been compared with those of 7,8-dihydrofolate and folate. Of particular interest was the reactivity demonstrated by 7,8-dihydrobiopterin because of the potential physiological significance of this reaction both in the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for various biological hydroxylations, and as a step in the biosynthesis of this compound from GTP. Kinetic experiments gave Km values of 0.17, 6.42, and 10.2 μ m for 7,8-dihydrofolate, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin, and 6-methyl-7,8-dihydropteridine, respectively, with Vmax = 6.22, 2.39, and 1.54 μmol min−1 mg−1. With folate the enzyme showed high affinity (Km = 0.88 μm) but low Vmax (0.20 μmol min−1 mg−1). The natural cofactor was NADPH and a Km of ~0.7 μ m was measured with each substrate. The enzyme was activated by both p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and urea when assayed with 7,8-dihydrofolate but was inhibited when 7,8-dihydrobiopterin was the substrate. The pH optimum for dihydrofolate reduction was 4 with enhancement at pH ⩾5.5 in the presence of 1 m NaCl. Peak activity with 7,8-dihydrobiopterin occurred at pH 4.8; this was shifted to pH 5.3 but was not enhanced by 1 m NaCl. Inhibition with methotrexate was similar whether the enzyme was assayed with either the conjugated or unconjugated 7,8-dihydro derivatives. The rat liver enzyme, highly unstable after purification, was stabilized in the presence of the nonionic detergent, Tween-20 (0.1%); however, the comparative properties toward the conjugated and unconjugated substrates were not altered by this treatment.
Heating and Storing Milk on Dairy Farms Before Pasteurization in Milk Plants

Abstract Fresh uncooled raw milk was heated at subpasteurization temperatures through a thin plate heat exchanger and stored in a refrigerated bulk tank at 3 ± 1° C. Equal quantities of heated milk were added to the tank each day or every other day. After 7 days, the stored milk was delivered to a milk processing plant where it was pasteurized. Chemo-biological analysis of the milk before and after pasteurization indicated that the farm-heated milk maintained satisfactory quality after 7 days of storage at 3 ± 1° C. Selected data on the stored milk were comparable to those of regular milk for bacterial counts, acid degree values, and amino acid composition. A consumer panel of 800 persons tasted pasteurized, aged, farmheated (stored) milk, and fresh milk control. About 43% of the panelists expressed no sample preference; 30.8% of the panelists preferred fresh milk.
Do You Know What I Know? A Shared Understandings Perspective on Text‐Based Communication

This article illustrates how the hermeneutic analysis of text illuminates how shared understandings affect our interpretations of lean communication in distributed work environments. It is proposed that in contrast to the pessimistic conclusions of media richness theory that lean communication channels cannot support complex or equivocal work tasks, miscommunications are not the result of technology, but rather occur due to a lack of shared understandings among the individuals communicating. An illustrative case study based on fieldwork in franchise organizations is presented to demonstrate the possibilities for how the hermeneutic analysis of coherence, invention, intention, and reference can be used to discover how workers create and recreate shared understandings through text.
Alcohol-related impairments in male alcoholics and the psychiatric symptoms of their spouses: an attempt to replicate.

This paper reports two attempts to replicate a recent finding by Steinglass linking social-behavioral consequences of drinking with the nonalcoholic spouse's psychiatric symto-matology. Only weak support was obtained for the original findings. Discussion focused on several variables which appeared to be importantly related to the strength and generalizability of relationships under investigation.
Removal of heat of adsorption from adsorbent by forced convection

An analytical mathematical model is used to investigate the effectiveness of forced convection for removal of the heat of adsorption from an adsorbent mass undergoing a differential adsorption process in a flow system. An example of such a process is measurement of gas adsorption kinetics using a differential adsorption bed. Isothermal operation may not be achieved even when a high gas flow rate is used, particularly if the sorption kinetics is relatively fast. Very small changes in the adsorbent temperature can cause significant departure from the isothermal uptake behavior when the heat of adsorption is moderately large. A criterion for validity of isothermal data analysis is given.
In Vitro Rat Bladder Function After Neonatal Estrogenization

Purpose: Experiments were done to evaluate the functional effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment on bladder function in male and female Noble rats.Materials and Methods: At 5 months after neonatal DES bladders were removed and weighed. Ventral and dorsal bladder strips were prepared to evaluate the effects of neonatal DES on contractile responses to electrical field stimulation, carbachol, adenosine triphosphate, phenylephrine and KCl. Relaxant responses to the catecholamines arterenol (norepinephrine), epinephrine and isoproterenol were also monitored.Results: Neonatal DES resulted in significant increases in bladder mass in males and females. Contractile and relaxant responses were largely unchanged by neonatal DES treatment and the only change observed was a decreased response of ventral strips from male neonatal DES rats to 4 and 8 Hz. stimulation. Ventral strips from male control and neonatal DES rats responded to field stimulation and carbachol with significantly greater responses th...
Entropy, Theory Construction and Spatial Analysis

The framework of Bayesian inference is proposed as a structure for unifying those highly disparate approaches to entropy modelling that have appeared in geography to date, and is used to illuminate the possibilities and shortcomings of some of these models. The inadequacy of most descriptive entropy statistics for measuring the information in a spatially-autocorrelated map is described. The contention that entropy maximization in itself provides theoretical justification for spatial models is critically evaluated. It is concluded that entropy should, first and foremost, be regarded as a technique to expand our methods of statistical inference and hypothesis testing, rather than one of theory construction.
MEMS-based tunable terahertz wire-laser over 330 GHz.

We demonstrate continuous tuning of a terahertz quantum cascade wire laser over a broad range of ∼330 GHz (∼8.6% of the 3.85 THz center frequency) with single-mode operation. Tuning is achieved with a narrow laser ridge (∼λo/8) and a moveable MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) side object (plunger) to manipulate the transverse optical mode. The frictionless MEMS plunger enables continuous and reversible tuning. We demonstrate ∼30 GHz redshift tuning using a silicon plunger and ∼300 GHz blueshift tuning using a metal plunger. The blueshift tuning range is limited by the bandwidth of the gain medium rather than the tuning mechanism.
Excitation energies of levels in 16F, 20Na and 20Al

Abstract Neutron time-of-flight spectra from the reactions 16 O(p, n) 16 F, 20 Ne(p, n) 20 Na and 24 Mg(p, n) 24 Al at E p = 23 MeV were used to locate levels in 16 F, 20 Na and 24 Al. The excitation energies are compared with previously reported values and with the predictions from Coulomb displacement calculations.
Designing Protein Maquettes for Interprotein and Transmembrane Electron Transfer

Protein-driven electron transfers are essential steps in a wide range of biochemical processes. Electron transfer rates are governed primarily by the distance between redox centers and by the driving force originating from midpoint potentials and coupled catalytic reactions. The structural complexity of natural proteins contrasts with the relatively simple rules of cofactor selection and placement that, in principle, govern the electron transfer behavior. Here we present two examples of minimal 4-α-helical bundle proteins (“maquettes”) that leverage these basic design principles to illustrate functional electron transfer. Both proteins support bis-histidine ligation of natural heme cofactors within a tetrahelical bundle. The first of these maquettes is BT6, a water-soluble monomeric protein with a net charge of −14. Reduced heme-bound BT6 transfers electrons to cytochrome c at 2x107 M/s, a rate similar to the electron transfer between the natural b-heme protein neuroglobin and cytochrome c during apoptosis. As in the neuroglobin-cyt c system, we believe that the rapid electron transfer from glutamate-rich BT6 to lysine-rich cytochrome c is enhanced through electrostatic interaction between the two proteins. The second maquette discussed here is AP6, an amphiphilic helix that assembles into a homotetrameric bundle in a phospholipid bilayer. AP6 incorporates six bis-histidine binding sites to ligate a chain of heme cofactors spanning the bilayer. We performed stopped flow experiments to probe transmembrane electron transfer, mixing the soluble redox dye indigotrisulfonate with AP6 liposomes encapsulating oxidizing K3Fe(CN)6. In the presence of protein and heme, transmembrane electron transfer rates are significantly faster than in the absence of either.
Drug delivery as control task: improving performance in a common anesthetic task.

Objective: To conceptualize delivery of anesthesia as a control task, similar to control tasks in nonmedical domains, and to evaluate how presentation of new information and feedback affects task performance. Background: In anesthesia, integrated monitors that show intravenous drug and effect-site concentrations in a patient currently do not exist. However, using real-time displays of intravenous anesthetic concentrations and effects could significantly enhance intraoperative clinical performance. Pharmacological models are available to estimate past, present, and future drug concentrations in the brain and to predict the drug's physiological effects. A display that integrates pharmacological models and visualizes drug concentrations was developed and tested to see if this drug display significantly improved clinical performance. Method: Thirty three anesthesiologists with different levels of expertise administered anesthesia to simulated patients in a high-fidelity patient simulator. The experimental gro...
Suffix effects manifest and concealed: Further evidence for a 20-second echo

The suffix effect, which is usually attributed to the erasure of echoic memory, declines when the suffix is delayed. Experiment 1 shows this decline to result from improved recall in the suffix condition rather than from diminished recall in the control condition. This finding implies that the decline is due to a buildup during the delay of a suffix-resistant (nonechoic) memory rather than to the decay of echoic memory. Experiments 2 and 3 support this suggestion by showing that when measures are taken to prevent the subject from thinking about the list during the delay, a characteristic suffix effect occurs with the suffix delayed by as much as 12 and even 20 seconds.
Electrically Heated, Air-Cooled Thermal Modulator and at-Column Heating for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

An instrument for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) is described using an electrically heated and air-cooled thermal modulator requiring no cryogenic materials or compressed gas for modulator operation. In addition, at-column heating is used to eliminate the need for a convection oven and to greatly reduce the power requirements for column heating. The single-stage modulator is heated by current pulses from a dc power supply and cooled by a conventional two-stage refrigeration unit. The refrigeration unit, together with a heat exchanger and a recirculating pump, cools the modulator to about -30 degrees C. The modulator tube is silica-lined stainless steel with an internal film of dimethylpolysiloxane. The modulator tube is 0.18 mm i.d. x 8 cm in length. The modulator produces an injection plug width as small as 15 ms.
Early experience with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting with the internal thoracic artery.

Abstract Objective: Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass is performed under direct vision without sternotomy or cardiopulmonary bypass. The technique can be used in both primary and reoperative cases by employing the internal thoracic artery to perform arterial revascularization of the anterior surface of the heart. Methods: Patients were selected who had significant coronary artery disease limited to 1 or 2 coronary distributions on the anterior surface of the heart. Coronary target vessels were grafted with the internal thoracic artery through a small anterior thoracotomy. After partial heparinization the anastomosis was facilitated by local coronary occlusion and handheld stabilization. Results: Between August 1994 and July 1997, 162 patients underwent minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting with the internal thoracic artery. The left and right internal thoracic arteries were used for grafting of the left anterior descending artery in 142 patients (88%), the proximal right coronary artery in 7 patients (4%), existing saphenous vein grafts in 5 patients (3%), and diagonal branches in 2 patients (1%). Sequential grafting with the left internal thoracic artery was performed in 2 patients (1%) and bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting was performed in 4 patients (3%). Eight patients (4.9%) died within 30 days after the operation, 3 of cardiac causes. Seven additional patients died during the follow-up period. Nine patients (5.6%) required reintervention for graft stenosis or occlusion during follow-up. Of 141 patients seen 2 or more weeks after the operation, 135 (96%) had resolution of their anginal symptoms at a mean follow-up of 12 months (range 0-31 months). Conclusions: Anterior minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting with the internal thoracic artery avoids the risks of repeated sternotomy, aortic manipulation, and cardiopulmonary bypass. There was a low rate of reintervention, and patients had excellent resolution of anginal symptoms. Postoperative length of stay was comparatively short, and continued follow-up will be essential to evaluate long-term graft patency and patient survival. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:873-80)
Meal schedule influences food restriction-induced locomotor sensitization to methamphetamine

Rationale Traditional protocols for inducing sensitization to psychostimulants use an intermittent or “binge”-like drug administration, and binge eating behavior is comorbid with drug abuse in humans. Food restriction increases the reinforcing properties and self-administration of many drugs of abuse.
Association between SNP Heterozygosity and Quantitative Traits in the Framingham Heart Study

Associations between multilocus heterozygosity and fitness traits, also termed heterozygosity and fitness correlations (HFCs), have been reported in numerous organisms. These studies, in general, indicate a positive relationship between heterozygosity and fitness traits. We studied the association between genome-wide heterozygosity at 706 non-synonymous and synonymous SNPs and 19 quantitative traits, including morphological, biochemical and fitness traits in the Framingham Heart Study. Statistically significant association was found between heterozygosity and systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as left ventricular diameter and wall thickness. These results suggest that heterozygosity may be associated with traits, such as blood pressure that closely track environmental variations. Balancing selection may be operating in the maintenance of heterozygosity and the major components of blood pressure and hypertension. Genome wide SNP heterozygosity may be used to understand the phenomenon of dominance as well as the evolutionary basis of many quantitative traits in humans.
The obese eating style: Bites, beliefs, and behavior modification

Abstract The behavioral treatment of obesity is based on several assumptions which have remained virtually unexamined. Two of these contend that (a) obese and non-obese individuals display distinctive eating styles, and (b) the obese person can reduce by adopting the eating style of the non-obese person. Four studies are described which examined some of the assumptions and components of behavior modification strategies. In general, the data did not support the eating style distinction. Moreover, the findings from one study suggest that cognitive factors (beliefs) may exert a stronger influence on food consumption than some of the behavior change procedures typically employed.
Teacher and principal stage of concern regarding implementation of benchmark testing: a longitudinal study

Abstract The four-year study reported here investigated factors associated with Stage of Concern and change in Stage of Concern of teachers when implementing a benchmark testing program in a large mid-western school district in the United States. The results of the study revealed the Stage of Concern was associated with (1) degree of involvement; (2) role (teacher or principal); (3) grade level taught; (4) gender; (5) nature of staff development program. Factors associated with change of Stage of Concern were (1) role; (2) grade level taught/administered; (3) gender; (4) nature of staff development program; (5) “top-down” decision-making; (6) lack of principal involvement in implementation.
A scalable distributed routing protocol for networks with data-path services

Advanced packet processing functions in the data path of routers are commonly used in the current Internet and are likely to expand in next-generation networks. One of the key challenges related to such ldquonetwork servicesrdquo is to develop a suitable control plane infrastructure for routing and connection setup. In this paper, we present a novel distributed algorithm and routing protocol to facilitate allocation of services during connection setup. The protocol is scalable for deployment in large networks and can obtain globally optimal solutions for a single service and approximate solutions for two or more services. We have implemented a prototype on Emulab to evaluate the proposed protocol. Our implementation shows that the proposed protocol is indeed an effective and scalable solution to the routing problem in networks with data-path services.
Simulation of hydraulic fracturing in quasi-brittle shale formations using characterized cohesive layer: Stimulation controlling factors

Abstract Economic production from shale gas cannot be achieved by natural mechanisms alone; it requires technologies such as hydraulic fracturing in multiple stages along a horizontal wellbore. Developing numerical models for hydraulic fracturing is essential since a successful fracturing job in a shale formation cannot be generalized to another due to different shale characteristics, and restricted access to the field data acquisition. The cohesive zone model (CZM) identifies the plastic zone and softening effects at the fracture tip in a quasi-brittle rock such as shale, which leads to a more precise fracture geometry and injection pressure compared to those from linear elastic fracture mechanics. The incorporation of CZM in a fully coupled pore pressure–stress, finite element analysis provides a rigorous tool to include also the significant effect of in situ stresses in large matrix deformations on the fracturing fluid flow components, for instance leak-off. In this work, we modeled single and double-stage fracturing in a quasi-brittle shale layer using an improved CZM for porous media besides including the material softening effect and a new boundary condition treatment, using infinite elements connecting the domain of interest to the surrounding rock layers. Due to the lack of experimental data for the cohesive layer properties, we characterized the cohesive layer by sensitivity study on the stiffness, fracture initiation stress, and energy release rate. We demonstrated the significance of rock mechanical properties, pumping rate, viscosity, and leak-off in the pumping pressure, and fracture aperture. Moreover, we concluded that the stress shadowing effects of hydraulic fractures on each other majorly affects not only fractures’ length, height, aperture, and the required injection pressure, but also their connection to the injection spot. Also, we investigated two scenarios in the sequence of fracturing stages, simultaneous and sequential, with various fracture spacing and recommended the best scenario among them.
Activity Patterns and Spatial Use of Facility by a Group of Captive Female Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)

As a means to compare and contrast to free-ranging Florida manatees, we examined the behavior and movement patterns of nine adult-female captive manatees at Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park (HSWSP). HSWSP has a unique manatee exhibit that consists of a natural river and a man-made pool. Because the manatees are exposed to a natural environment including natural food resources, the study of various aspects of behavioral and physiological parameters of the captive manatees is especially valuable with this group. We determined activity pattern and spatial use of the facility by manatees over three allotted periods of a day (noon, mid-afternoon, and late-afternoon) and three seasons (winter, spring, and summer). Behavioral strategies of the manatees were: 1) to remain “inactive,” probably to conserve energy, during the day while the park provisioned food; 2) to alter locations during the course of the afternoon, apparently with the direction of the sun, possibly to assist with thermoregulation; and 3) to change location seasonally where and when food resources became abundant, showing a strong interest in natural vegetation as it became available. Spatial use and activity pattern of the HSWSP captive manatees apparently were influenced by energy constraints and nutrient intake by provisioned food availability over the day and natural vegetation over the study period. The behavior of the female group of manatees may have been affected by the single-sex living arrangement. In addition, these manatees are subject to a largely invariable temperature (ca. 23°C) that may have created thermal stress and immunological suppression over time. This study demonstrated that for these captive manatees the activity patterns and spatial use were comparable to that of free-ranging manatees in relation to the availability of food resources. Zoo Biol 0:1–17, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transverse Impact of a Damped Plate near a Straight Edge

The effects of boundaries on flexural wave propagation in plates with viscous damping are studied through spectral and finite element analyses of incident and reflected waves. The incident wave is generated by point impact and therefore has the complication of being circularly crested. Results show excellent agreement between finite element and spectral solutions for waves ― with high and low damping ― reflected from simply supported, clamped and free edges. In addition, the possibility of Rayleigh-type free edge waves are investigated
Analysis of polarization dynamics by singularity decomposition method.

The driving point immittance (impedance or admittance) function is commonly used in electrical characterization of polarized materials and interfaces. The immittance function typically attenuates following a power function dependence on frequency. This fact has been recognized as a macroscopic dynamical property manifested by strongly interacting dielectric, viscoelastic and magnetic materials and interfaces between different conducting substances. Linear interfacial polarization processes which occur at metal electrode-electrolyte interfaces have been represented by the Fractional Power Pole [FPP] function in single or multiple stages. The FPP function is referred to as the Davidson-Cole function in the dielectrics literature. A related function widely used in mathematical modeling of dielectric and viscoelastic polarization dynamics is the Cole-Cole function. The fractional power factor which parametrizes the FPP or the Davidson-Cole function has been shown earlier to equal the logarithmic ratio of the locations of the pole-zero singularities. In this paper we first review a modified form of the singularity decomposition of the FPP function accomplished within a prescribed error range. The distribution spectrum and the corresponding simulation by a cascadeR-C network, as opposed to the synthesis by a ladderR-C network, are readily obtained as the next step in the simulation. The method is then applied to decompose the Cole-Cole function; the pole-zero placement of the singularity function is determined and the equivalent cascadeR-C network is synthesized.
Self-Propulsion at Low Reynolds Number

We formulate the problem of self-propulsion at low Reynolds number in terms of a gauge field over the space of shapes. The computation of this field is discussed, and carried out in some examples. We apply our results to determine maximally efficient infinitesimal swimming motions of spheres and circular cylinders.
Directly writing of 1-to-N optical waveguide power splitters in fused silica glass using a femtosecond laser

1-to-8 and 1-to-4 optical waveguide power splitters were fabricated using the focused 800 nm-amplified femtosecond laser to directly write a series of 1-to-2 Y-junction splitters in a fused silica glass sample. A shifted multi-scan technique was developed to substantially reduce the excessive insertion loss of the involved Y junctions and the polarization dependent loss of such integrated splitters. The obtained splitters were characterized in terms of their optical properties at the wavelength 1550 nm.
Concordance of programmatic and laboratory-based multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Peru

There are an estimated 14 million cases of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide, with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) making up a growing percentage.1,2 MDR-TB is defined as a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to at least both isoniazid and rifampin, the two most effective first-line drugs. Treatment for MDR-TB is longer and more complex than for drug-susceptible TB, requiring four or more secondline medications.3 These drugs are more expensive, can cause severe adverse events, and must be taken for at least 18–24 months.4,5 Due to these challenges, poor treatment outcomes among patients with MDR-TB are more common than for those with drug-susceptible TB.6,7 Patients with MDR-TB should be placed on an appropriate treatment regimen and treated continuously until a cured or completed outcome is achieved. If treatment ends before a patient is effectively cured, it can result in poor individual outcomes, including worsening disease and death.5 These patients may also contribute to the ongoing spread of MDR-TB in the community, compromising TB control efforts. Proper and complete treatment for individuals with MDR-TB is therefore extremely important. The standardized method of determining cure is based on bacteriologic laboratory testing for the growth of M. tuberculosis on culture media. An international working group proposed a set of consensus definitions in 2005, with outcome determinations based on culture results in the final 12 months of treatment.8,9 Without laboratory validation research and studies looking at prospective data on disease recurrence, it is unknown whether bacteriologic results accurately reflect true treatment outcomes, but laboratory-based determinations are currently considered best practice. In resource-poor areas, however, laboratory results can be slow and difficult to obtain, due to shortages in equipment and human resources, inadequate infrastructure, and weak transportation and management systems.10 Health care providers therefore often rely on clinical observation to determine treatment outcomes. These programmatically based outcomes have become the convention in many areas, even where laboratory testing services are available.11 Given the practice of basing treatment decisions on provider-determined outcomes and the difficulties of obtaining laboratory results in resource-poor settings, it is important to establish the accuracy of programmatically determined treatment outcomes. Here, we describe the concordance between the two types of outcome assignments and the predictors of concordance among a cohort of MDR-TB patients in Peru.
The just noticeable difference of transition durations

There is no generally accepted standard for generating or specifying a transition in the graphics community. Instead, two techniques predominate. Some researchers, e.g., [Rose et al. 1998] specify transitions using a start frame in motion 1, an end frame in motion 2, and a blend length d. We call this method a “start-end” specification. Other researchers, e.g., [Kovar and Gleicher 2003] specify a transition from frame i to frame j meaning that frames i and j are the midpoint in a transition of length d frames, i.e., the 50% blend points. We call this method a “center-aligned” specification. There are advantages and disadvantages to each of these two methods.
EFFECT OF pH ON THE QUALITY OF CHICKEN FRANKFURTERS

SUMMARY Chicken frankfurters were made with chicken meat adjusted to pH levels from 4.6 to 8.6. Finished frankfurters were tested subjectively for tenderness, juiciness, flavor and preference by an experienced taste panel. These were subjectively tested for compression values by Kramer shear press and for punch and deformation values by Instron. Results indicated that at normal pH (6.1) the chicken frankfurters were the most firm. Below pH 6.1 they rapidly became more tender, because of the instability of the emulsion. Above pH 6.1, they gradually became more tender, due to lower moisture loss. Juiciness was little affected by pH, except at pH 5.6, which produced a drier sample.
Variation of 24-hour intraocular pressure in healthy individuals: right eye versus left eye.

Purpose An assumption for the one-eye therapeutic trial of ocular hypotensive drugs is the symmetrical variation of intraocular pressure (IOP) between the two eyes. We evaluated whether or not 24-hour variations of IOP in the two eyes are similar in healthy individuals. Design Experimental study with human subjects. Participants Ninety-one healthy individuals. Methods We reviewed bilateral IOP data collected from 38 younger (18–25 years) and 53 older (40–74 years) experimental subjects housed for 24 hours in a sleep laboratory. Intraocular pressure was measured every 2 hours using a pneumatonometer in the sitting and supine positions during the 16-hour diurnal/wake period and in the supine position during the 8-hour nocturnal/sleep period. Measurements were always taken first in the right eye. For each age group, the two eyes' means, peaks, troughs, and ranges of IOP during office hours, the diurnal period, the nocturnal period, and the 24-hour period were compared. The coefficient of determination was used to examine the strength of association between the right and left IOPs. Main Outcome Measures Bilateral IOP. Results For each age group, the profiles of IOP variations were similar in the two eyes with either the habitual body positions (diurnal sitting and nocturnal supine) or the 24-hour supine position. Mean, peak, and trough IOPs in the right eye were slightly higher than those in the left eye during the defined periods. There was no difference in the IOP range, except for the supine IOP in the younger group during the diurnal period. Cosine fits of the 24-hour supine IOP indicate no difference in the estimated phase timing or the 24-hour variation between the two eyes. Coefficients of determination for single pairs of right and left IOPs were in the range of 0.311 to 0.741. Conclusion Variations of 24-hour IOP in the right and left eyes are similar. However, because the strength of association between the two eyes is only moderate, it may be difficult to perform a one-eye therapeutic trial using single pairs of right and left eye IOP measurements.
Phase Matching considerations in Second Harmonic Generation from tissues: Effects on emission directionality, conversion efficiency and observed morphology.

We present a heuristic treatment which relates SHG image intensities, signal directionality, and observed morphology to the physical structure of collagen and cellulose fibrillar tissues. The SHG creation model is based upon relaxed phase matching conditions which account for dispersion, randomness, and axial momentum contributions from the media, and includes a mathematical treatment which relates SHG conversion efficiency to fibril diameter and packing through the inclusion of potential intensity amplification resultant from quasi-phase matching (QPM). A direct consequence of this theory is that SHG in biological tissues is not strictly a coherent process, and that the forward directed SHG has a longer coherence length than the backward component, Through this treatment, we show that the emission directionality and also conversion efficiency do not arise solely from the fibril size but also depend on packing density and order of the inter-fibril structure. We demonstrate these principles in comparing the SHG response in normal and Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) skin. We show that the observed directionality and decreased relative intensity in the diseased state is consistent with phase matching conditions arising from the decreased fibril size and more random assembly. We further use this theory to explain the differences in morphology seen in forward and backward collected SHG in fibrillar tissues (e.g., collagenous and cellulosic). Specifically, we attribute segmented appearance to destructive interference between small fibrils separated by less than the coherence length. We suggest the approach based on relaxed phasematching conditions is general in predicting the SHG response in tissues and may be broadly applicable in interpreting the SHG contrast for diagnostic applications.
Fear of failure in males: A more salient factor than fear of success in females?

Sex differences in self-attributions following winning or losing in a highly competitive achievement-type situation were investigated. Subjects competed in same- or mixed-sex pairs on an anagram task which was prearranged in difficulty so that one subject would clearly defeat his/her partner. A significant sex of subject × outcome interaction emerged. Males were more likely to attribute their successes to skill and failures to luck. Females attributed both their successes and failures to a relatively equal amount of skill. This self-defensive bias in males was interpreted as indicating a greater fear of failure in males. The relatively rational and objective attributions of females did not support a female fear of success hypothesis. No significant interactions with sex of partner on this variable were found. Finally, subjects were asked to rate their opponents on a series of personality, attractiveness, and “happiness” dimensions. Neither males nor females were differentially evaluated as a function of winning or losing.
Miniature near-infrared spectrometer for point-of-use chemical analysis

Point-of-use chemical analysis holds tremendous promise for a number of industries, including agriculture, recycling, pharmaceuticals and homeland security. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an excellent candidate for these applications, with minimal sample preparation for real-time decision-making. We will detail the development of a golf ball-sized NIR spectrometer developed specifically for this purpose. The instrument is based upon a thin-film dispersive element that is very stable over time and temperature, with less than 2 nm change expected over the operating temperature range and lifetime of the instrument. This filter is coupled with an uncooled InGaAs detector array in a small, rugged, environmentally stable optical bench ideally suited to unpredictable environments. The resulting instrument weighs less than 60 grams, includes onboard illumination and collection optics for diffuse reflectance applications in the 900-1700 nm wavelength range, and is USB-powered. It can be driven in the field by a laptop, tablet or even a smartphone. The software design includes the potential for both on-board and cloud-based storage, analysis and decision-making. The key attributes of the instrument and the underlying design tradeoffs will be discussed, focusing on miniaturization, ruggedization, power consumption and cost. The optical performance of the instrument, as well as its fit-for purpose will be detailed. Finally, we will show that our manufacturing process has enabled us to build instruments with excellent unit-to-unit reproducibility. We will show that this is a key enabler for instrumentindependent chemical analysis models, a requirement for mass point-of-use deployment.
New nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts with increased selectivity and stability

In this perspective, several examples of work from our laboratory are reported where colloidal or self-assembly chemistry has been used to design new catalysts with specific properties. In the first, platinum nanoparticles with well-defined shapes have been dispersed on a high-surface-area silica support in order to take advantage of the structure sensitivity exhibited by the interconversion between the cis and trans isomers of olefins. The second case involves the use of dendrimers as scaffolding structures to prepare catalysts with small platinum nanoparticles of well-defined size. Reduced sintering of metal nanoparticles on supported catalysts is accomplished in our third example via their encapsulation inside a layer of mesoporous silica deposited on top, after metal dispersion, and etched using a newly developed surface-protection process. The final project refers to the use of yolk@shell metal-oxide systems as nanoreactors for photocatalysis. In all those examples, new synthetic nanotechnology has been directed to address a specific issue in catalysis previously identified by surface-science studies.
The adsorption of bisulfate and sulfate anions over a Pt(1 1 1) electrode: A first principle study of adsorption configurations, vibrational frequencies and linear sweep voltammogram simulations

Abstract Specific anion adsorption of sulfate and bisulfate anions to the Pt(1 1 1) surface was studied using periodic density functional theory (DFT) methods. The origins of experimentally observed voltammetric features have been assigned based on comparison of calculated vibrational frequencies and simulated linear sweep voltammograms (LSVs) to experimental data available in the literature. The inclusion of solvation in the electrochemical model well-predicts the bisulfate and sulfate adsorption potentials. Combined with vibrational frequency analysis, sulfate is identified as the dominant adsorption species over the (bi)sulfate adsorption potential region. Rapid increase of coverage with electrode potential causes a sharp peak in the simulated voltammogram. We have assigned the experimental characteristic vibrational mode of adsorbed (bi)sulfate in the 1200–1300 cm−1 range as an S–Ouncoordinated stretch. The Stark tuning slope of the S–Ouncoordinated frequency for sulfate containing (√3 × √7) superstructures was calculated for different co-adsorbed species to resolve possible molecular structures for this adlayer. The oxidation of co-adsorbed water to surface hydroxyl at (√3 × √7) adlayer causes a decrease of the Stark tuning slope and a high potential feature in the voltammogram. The adsorption of a series of sulfonic acids to Pt(1 1 1) is considered, and the calculated adsorption equilibrium potential is observed to correlate linearly with the sulfonate proton affinity.
Target Identification in Chemical Genetics: The (Often) Missing Link

We thank Profs. S.L. Schreiber and P.G. Schultz for permission to reprint previously published data.
The Social Meanings of Violent Death

While death is an absolute, the social responses to it demonstrate considerable variation. This variation exists because it is not only the death itself, but the manner of dying which determines th...
Establishment and Management of the Cultivated Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)

Cultivated blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum and V. virgatum) have been propagated and planted successfully throughout the world. The lowbush blueberry (V. angustifolium and V. myrtilloides) have l...
Engineered reflectance and transmittance in curvilinear hyperbolic metamaterials and hyperbolic metamaterials with scatterers

We have demonstrated the reduction of reflectance in curvilinear lamellar hyperbolic metamaterials and hyperbolic metamaterials with deposited TiO 2 scatterers. The effect is accompanied by an enhancement of the sample's transmission and its non-reciprocity.
Near-infrared multiphoton ionization of cesium

Experimental and theoretical results are presented for resonantly enhanced three-photon ionization of cesium atoms in the wavelength range from 830 to 950 nm. The accidental near resonance of the 6p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2,1/2/ levels at the one-photon energy and the near resonance at the two-photon level with the 6d /sup 2/D/sub 3/2,5/2/ states gives rise to large ionization signals and interesting anomalies in the relative intensities of the fine-structure levels. ''Hybrid resonances'' are observed which involve the production of 6p /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ atoms from molecular cesium. One hybrid resonance involves ionization of the 6p /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ state via an electric quadrupole transition (6p /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/--7p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/). Both experimental and theoretical photoelectron angular distributions are compared for all of the observed resonances except for the 6p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ state where the signals were too weak for such a measurement. Agreement between experiment and theory is fair for three-photon ionization via the 6p /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ state. Comparison of experiment and theory for the case of the 6d /sup 2/D/sub 3/2,5/2/ states indicates that hyperfine coupling during the laser-pulse duration may be important. The angular distributions for the hybrid resonances show the general behavior predicted bymore » theory but the features appear broadened.« less
Characterizing Reasons for Breastfeeding Cessation Through out the First Year Postpartum using the Construct of Thriving

The authors examined whether 4 factors derived from the construct of thriving--Physical Adjustment, Infant Nutritional Status, Psychosocial Distress, and Lifestyle Patterns--explain reasons behind breastfeeding cessation. Factor analysis of longitudinal 1993-1994 data showed that mother's concern about her milk supply, wanting to leave the infant, or wanting someone else to feed the infant were the predominant reasons cited for breastfeeding cessation in the first 5 months. The 4 factors accounted for 97% of reasons given in the first 2 months, 86% of reasons given in months 3 to 5, and 58% of reasons from months 6 to 12. An additional factor--expectation regarding appropriate age for breastfeeding cessation--was also important in later months.
Mycobacterium abscessus Infection in an Owl Monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)

Mycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing acid-fast microorganism described in 1953 by MOORE and FRERICHS~, who isolated it from lesions in a woman who had chronic arthritis and multiple abscesses. It has been isolated from injectional abscesses in human patient& 13, from lesions in monkeys5~ 17, and also from the water supply of a hospital laboratory’s. Rapidly growing mycobacteria, which were isolated from sputum and gastric washings of human patients and previously designated as M. runyaniil or M. borsteZense2, have been found to be M. abscesswls. 14, 17. M. abscessus resembles M. fortuifum in many respects and some infections ascribed to the latter may actually have been caused by M. abscessus4. 17. The name “M.fortuitum subsp. abscessus” has been suggested for it14. In experimentally infected mice, M. abscessus produces renal lesions similar to those caused by M. fortuitumlq. The literature contains at least 20 reports on M. fortuifum infection in human patientsar 18,19 and it has been isolated from cattle having mastitisg. The identification and the taxonomic status of M. fortniturn and M. abscessus have been discussed13. The purpose of this report is to record an infection due to M. abscessus in an owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus.
Pale, soft, exudative turkey—The role of ryanodine receptor variation in meat quality

The poultry industry has made significant advances in growth rate, feed efficiency, and breast muscle yield through intensive breeding of turkeys. However, a meat quality problem known as pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat presents the industry with a major challenge during periods of stress, such as the onset of a prolonged heat wave. The biochemical characteristics of PSE turkey are strikingly similar to those of PSE pork. Abnormally rapid postmortem metabolism, stimulated in part by high concentrations of calcium ions, may be one of the underlying factors associated with the incidence of PSE turkey. This presentation summarizes our studies on the avian ryanodine receptors and suggests that heat stress may alter the expression pattern of splice variants of ryanodine receptors, which, in turn, could affect postmortem calcium homeostasis.
Amine intercalation in tantalum disulfide: The effect of small amounts of water

Abstract The importance of small amounts of water in the intercalation of tantalum disulfide with aniline and pyridine is demonstrated. Dry aniline forms an intercalation complex with tantalum disulfide exhibiting hexagonal lattice parameters a = 3.320 ± 0.003 A and c = 12.22 ± 0.01 A . In the presence of a substoichiometric amount of water, the previously known phase with lattice parameters a = 3.315 ± 0.001 A and c = 18.140 ± 0.007 A is formed. The reaction in the presence of water proceeds rapidly compared to the anhydrous reaction. Similar experiments with pyridine are reported. The results are discussed in relation to the recently proposed ionic model for amine transition metal disulfide intercalates.
Low Profile Harmonic Radar Transponder for Tracking Small Endangered Species

Fragmentation of threatened species' habitat attributable to anthropogenic activity is a major concern. Understanding these animals' dispersal ecology and range utilization can greatly aid in designing preserves for their conservation, but this data is extremely difficult to obtain for populations of small animals. Presented here is a study miniature passive harmonic radar tags which allow the tracking of an endangered snail species without adversely affecting the tagged subjects. Whip antennas were found to be problematic through snagging and interference with snail activity. Alternative low-profile planar antennas were also tested, with bow-tie related antenna forms providing reasonable (up to 7 ft) detection range.
Mortality–Air Pollution Relationships: A Comment

Abstract This article reports the results of an analysis of mortality–air pollution relationships for specification errors using the Ramsey specification error tests. The data for the analysis included information on the total mortality rates and the suspended particulates for 50 SMSA's for 1968 and 1969. The findings indicate that specification errors with such models can be a serious problem and will depend on the model estimated.
Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients Baseline assessments Morphological features of the PCF Volume of the PCF Pedigree development and assessment of familial aggregation Statistical analyses