cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The inheritance of bipolar affective disorder: abundant genes coming together

Family, twin and adoption studies have clearly plemented by increased automation for many aspects demonstrated an important contribution of genetic of the genotyping effort, and by the development of factors to the etiology of bipolar affective disorder new and faster statistical computational algorithms, (BPAD) (for review see Winokur, 1991). Similar to has led to the mapping of genes for many diseases other common and complex diseases like diabetes (Lander and Schork, 1994). These efforts have (Davies et al., 1994; Mahtani et al., 1996; Aitman culminated in several recent reports providing eviand Todd, 1995) and hypertension (Thibonnier and dence for the localization of susceptibility genes for Schork, 1995; O’Connor et al., 1996), the inheritance BPAD (Blackwood et al., 1996; Freimer et al., 1996; of BPAD appears to be multifactorial in nature rather Ginns et al., 1996; Risch and Botstein, 1996; Morell, than the result of simple Mendelian transmission. 1996). However, in the context of several previously However, the majority of linkage studies of BPAD published reports, these findings have been greeted have employed conventional parametric linkage anwith some skepticism both within and outside the alysis algorithms. In fact, many ongoing genetic psychiatric research community. linkage studies of BPAD continue to assume classical A major challenge to investigators pursuing geMendelian inheritance, where illness is attributable netic studies of BPAD is to identify the affected to a single major-effect gene. We suggest that the phenotype accurately and reliably. Unlike other successful localization and identification of BPAD common medical illnesses, robust biological markers susceptibility genes will require approaches that have not been identified for BPAD and we are forced address the complex and multifactorial inheritance of to rely exclusively on ‘‘categorical’’ diagnoses. the disorder. Although longitudinal follow-up is not universally Recent progress in genetic mapping has yielded employed, it has proven of immense value for large numbers of informative markers densely disdetermining both the reliability and stability of tributed throughout the genome, (Dib et al., 1996) diagnoses, and for the characterization of the phenoand has greatly facilitated genome-wide searches for typic spectrum that represents BPAD (Winokur, BPAD susceptibility genes. This resource, com1991). Attempts to replicate linkage findings for bipolar *Corresponding author. affective disorder also have been hampered by
Grasp-Dependent Slip Prevention for a Dexterous Artificial Hand via Wrist Velocity Feedback

A proportional controller is compared to a nonlinear backstepping controller with four different grasps for a dexterous anthropomorphic hand. A bioinspired grasp-dependent control scheme which autonomously modulates the grip force using wrist velocity feedback to prevent grasped object slip is also introduced. Four different grasp types are evaluated to illustrate how the wrist velocity feedback architecture must differ depending upon the manner in which objects are grasped. The backstepping controller can successfully increase grip force with wrist velocity in a robustly stable bioinspired fashion. Experimental results show that the developed backstepping controller improves the position tracking abilities for multiple periodic inputs, as well as reduces step input overshoot. The slip prevention capabilities of the backstepping controller are also demonstrated and compared to the proportional control scheme. Results of the slip prevention experiments show that both the grasp type and manipulator orientation with respect to gravity are significant factors in the performance of the controllers. The backstepping control scheme significantly improves slip prevention of grasped objects for multiple grasps and in two different orientations with respect to gravity.
Spontaneous Mutation Rate of Measles Virus: Direct Estimation Based on Mutations Conferring Monoclonal Antibody Resistance

High mutation rates typical of RNA viruses often generate a unique viral population structure consisting of a large number of genetic microvariants. In the case of viral pathogens, this can result in rapid evolution of antiviral resistance or vaccine-escape mutants. We determined a direct estimate of the mutation rate of measles virus, the next likely target for global elimination following poliovirus. In a laboratory tissue culture system, we used the fluctuation test method of estimating mutation rate, which involves screening a large number of independent populations initiated by a small number of viruses each for the presence or absence of a particular single point mutation. The mutation we focused on, which can be screened for phenotypically, confers resistance to a monoclonal antibody (MAb 80-III-B2). The entire H gene of a subset of mutants was sequenced to verify that the resistance phenotype was associated with single point mutations. The epitope conferring MAb resistance was further characterized by Western blot analysis. Based on this approach, measles virus was estimated to have a mutation rate of 9 3 10 25 per base per replication and a genomic mutation rate of 1.43 per replication. The mutation rates we estimated for measles virus are comparable to recent in vitro estimates for both poliovirus and vesicular stomatitis virus. In the field, however, measles virus shows marked genetic stability. We briefly discuss the evolutionary implications of these results.
Novel lateral 700V DMOS for integration: Ultra-low 85 mΩ ·cm 2 on-resistance, 750V LFCC

A new device concept which is able to break through the silicon limit has been introduced. LFCC (Lateral Floating-Capacitor-Coupled) structure with lateral trench array along drift layer makes drift dose higher than normal RESURF structure with high breakdown voltage. Three dimensional capacitive coupling helps electric field over drift region obtain trapezoidal shape which results in high breakdown voltage with relatively short drift length. Experimental results showed 85 mΩ·cm2 of specific Ron with 750V of breakdown voltage
DESIGNING AN INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM TO SUPPORT TRANSPORTATION WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT

Experiences and observations developed during the establishment of a multidisciplinary graduate transportation degree at the University of South Florida are shared. Many of the issues addressed in the market analysis and design of this program would be similar in other universities exploring similar programs. Several of the findings provide insight that may be of value to others, and several areas are identified in which collective initiatives of the academic and professional communities might provide information that would enable a stronger foundation for the design and marketing of transportation education programs. Specific areas of emphasis include defining industry needs, defining student interests, defining curriculum content, and understanding the implications of a multidisciplinary approach to transportation.
Cochannel Interference in High-Capacity Mobile Radio Systems

The probability of cochannel interference is evaluated for a mobile radio system operating in Rayleigh fading and log-normal shadowing environment. All cochannel cells surrounding the base station are taken into consideration in this evaluation. The results obtained are used to calculate the reuse distance and the cluster size (number of cells in a group). The blocking probability, the number of channels in each cell, the protection ratio, and the standard deviation are taken as parameters in this evaluation. The results show that shadowing has a severe effect on the interference level and on the channel reuse distance ratio.
Modulation of host cell function by Legionella pneumophila type IV effectors.

Macrophages and protozoa ingest bacteria by phagocytosis and destroy these microbes using a conserved pathway that mediates fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes. To survive within phagocytic host cells, bacterial pathogens have evolved a variety of strategies to avoid fusion with lysosomes. A virulence strategy used by the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila is to manipulate host cellular processes using bacterial proteins that are delivered into the cytosolic compartment of the host cell by a specialized secretion system called Dot/Icm. The proteins delivered by the Dot/Icm system target host factors that play evolutionarily conserved roles in controlling membrane transport in eukaryotic cells, which enables L. pneumophila to create an endoplasmic reticulum-like vacuole that supports intracellular replication in both protozoan and mammalian host cells. This review focuses on intracellular trafficking of L. pneumophila and describes how bacterial proteins contribute to modulation of host proce...
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: Current Update

PRIMARY pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a term currently used to define the presence of pulmonary hypertension of unexplained etiology. Although the disease entity was recognized in the early 1900s, it was not until 1951 that Dresdale coined the term primary pulmonary hypertension , which is used today. The purpose of this update is to review the salient features of PPH and highlight some future directions. DIAGNOSIS To make the diagnosis of PPH, certain positive and negative clinical criteria must be met. It cannot be overemphasized that PPH is a diagnosis of exclusion and is only as reliable as the extent to which secondary causes of pulmonary hypertension have been ruled out. The most common secondary causes of pulmonary hypertension and the methods by which they can be diagnosed or excluded are listed in Table 1. The emphasis on making an accurate diagnosis is underscored because therapies for secondary forms of pulmonary
The Market for Corporate Control in Developing Economies

The merger mania of the 1980s put top corporate management on the defensive as predators sought takeover targets. Hostile takeover activity has dissipated in recent years, for a variety of reasons, but the ethical issues surrounding acquisitions and mergers and the ethically questionable conduct that is often involved remain as relevant as ever. Most ethical discussions of acquisitions and mergers focus on the ethical conduct of the predator. The ethical conduct of the target company’s top management is often overlooked. This chapter reviews the ethical literature on hostile takeovers and applies ethical theory to some of the defensive tactics that have been used to thwart unwanted takeovers. The focus will be on the fiduciary duties of top management and ethical issues involved with poison pills, greenmail, golden parachutes, and other defensive tactics. Both utilitarian and nonutilitarian approaches will be used as tools of analysis. It also reviews the attitude toward the market for corporate control that exists in 23 developing economies. There is much evidence to suggest that most acquisitions and mergers result in a net benefit to the economy (Easterbrook & Fischel, 1981; Ginsburg & Robinson, 1986; Halpern, 1973; Jensen & Ruback, 1983, 1985, 1988). There are more winners than losers. Economists would say that it is a positive-sum game. Yet those who initiate such activity, the “predators,” are commonly viewed as greedy, immoral, and uncaring. Greed may be a vice and viewed as an immoral character trait in some religious and philosophical circles. However, those who are greedy and who play within the rules by not resorting to theft, fraud, deception, or murder to achieve their goals actually perform a service for others. This idea is not new by any means. Adam Smith pointed it out in The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Those who have no intention of benefiting others often benefit them more than they know. They try to capture market share by either slashing prices or offering better-quality products or services than the competition. Those who are obsessed with driving their competitors out of
Seeing like an archaeologist: Viveiros de Castro at Chavín de Huantar:

This article juxtaposes Viveiros de Castro’s theory of ‘perspectivism’ with carved stone monoliths from the Peruvian site of Chavin de Huantar to explore the interactions between humans, animals, and things in Pre-Columbian material culture. Using insights from new work on animal/human relations and the ethnography of shamanism and hunting, it illuminates aspects of the iconography, scale, and style of the stones that were previously opaque. Finally, it challenges archaeologists to address the limitations of perspectivism, notably its abstraction and ahistoricism, avoiding the retrogressive return to romantic primitivism that sometimes mars the ontological turn, thus transforming perspectivism into a better means of political engagement with indigenous Americans present and past.
New findings from terrorism data: Dirichlet process random-effects models for latent groups

Summary. Data obtained describing terrorist events are particularly difficult to analyse, owing to the many problems that are associated with the data collection process, the inherent variability in the data themselves and the usually poor level of measurement coming from observing political actors who seek not to provide reliable data on their activities. Thus, there is a need for sophisticated modelling to obtain reasonable inferences from these data. Here we develop a logistic random-effects specification using a Dirichlet process to model the random effects. We first look at how such a model can best be implemented, and then we use the model to analyse terrorism data. We see that the richer Dirichlet process random-effects model, compared with a normal random-effects model, can remove more of the underlying variability from the data, uncovering latent information that would not otherwise have been revealed.
Do Counselor Education Programs Promote Wellness in Their Students

It is widely accepted that counselor impairment presents a problem in the counseling profession (M. E. Young & G. W. Lambie, 2007). Wellness as a unifying philosophy in counselor education may be a way to prevent impairment and burnout in students and professionals. Although counselor educators strive to promote a wellness philosophy in students, their efforts may be largely unsuccessful. This study examines the influence of counselor education programs on counselor wellness by investigating broad trends in levels of wellness among students at 3 points in their training and offers insights into the influence of wellness in the training of today's counselors.
Extension of colgate's passivity condition for variable-rate haptics

Colgate's passivity conditions for the virtual coupling and the virtual wall have been one of the most important results in haptics. However, due to its development being rooted in the frequency-domain, its theoretical justification has been limited to only uniform-rate haptics. In this paper, relying on analysis/derivation in the time-domain, we extend this Colgate's passivity condition to variable-rate haptics. We also present a similar passivity condition for the haptic rendering based on the recently proposed passive set-position modulation (PSPM).
Using Clinical Prediction Rules in Your Practice

How likely is a disease? What is a patient’s prognosis? Can we expect surgery to be successful? Taking care of patients involves many predictions and estimates. Answering these questions accurately is critical for the physician who wants to provide high quality, cost-effective care for his or her patients. Traditionally, we have based these estimates and predictions on our judgment and clinical experience.
Neuropsychological Effects of Pediatric Brain Tumors and Associated Treatment

As long-term survival in the pediatric brain tumor (BT) population has improved, increased focus has been placed on understanding their neurocognitive and functional outcomes. This chapter will review recent literature on the neurocognitive late effects associated with pediatric brain tumors and associated treatments, as well as the impact of these disruptions as survivors transition into adulthood. Primary and secondary sources of developmental disruption are presented, including disease characteristics, treatment factors, and individual characteristics. A discussion of the primary neuropsychological domains affected is discussed, and the role of these disruptions in functional and quality of life outcomes over the lifespan is presented. Finally, targets of intervention and future directions are also presented. This chapter is intended to raise awareness about the unique needs of survivors of pediatric brain tumors across the lifespan.
Facet Free Selective Silicon Epitaxy by Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition

A facet-free, selective epitaxy process has been identified using the SiH2CI2 /HCI/H2 chemistry in a commercially available, single-wafer epitaxy reactor. The pre-epitaxy bake required a minimum of 900°C in order to obtain a clean silicon surface with reasonable throughput while preserving the integrity of the shallow trench isolation structures. The epitaxy growth rate ranged from as low as 130A/rnin at 825°C, 10 torr to as high as 1500 A/min at 875°C and 70 torr while the deposition rate of polysilicon on polysilicon differed significantly: at 10 torr, the epitaxy growth rate is greater by as much as 50%, and at 70 torr the polysilicon deposition rate is greater by as much as 40%. The facet suppression depended heavily on two things: the undercut beneath the polysilicon gate sidewall insulator and the process pressure. The undercut is believed to be responsible for suppressing the initial stage of facet formation, most probably by completely eliminating lateral overgrowth of the crystal. The process conditions then enable continued facet suppression perhaps by restricting the silicon surface mobility. The sidewall structure and process conditions combine to make a reliably facet-free selective epitaxy process
Validation of Computational Structural Dynamics Models for Parachute Systems

A validation study was performed to evaluate the ability of two computational structural dynamics models (TENSION and LS-DYNA) to accurately simulate the mechanical behavior of fabric structures such as parachute systems. The validation tests involved large shape changes of fabric structures and therefore evaluated the ability of the models to simulate fabric anisotropy and wrinkling in a geometrically nonlinear analysis. Experimental results from three distinct laboratory tests were used to perform the validation study. The first test was a fabric cylinder that was loaded biaxially through internal pressure and axial extension. The second test was a square airbag that was internally pressurized. The third test was a round parachute model with hydrostatic loading. Validation of these computational models will provide the parachute industry with the required technical evidence that these tools are appropriate for design of parachute systems.
Multiple attribute decision making method with attribute aspirations in the form of random variable

A decision analysis method is proposed to solve the multiple attribute decision making problem with attribute aspirations in the form of random variable. Firstly, the decision matrix is transformed into the matrix about gains and losses relative to the attribute aspirations by calculating the gain and loss value of each attribute value relative to the attribute aspiration. Then, the using the stochastic dominance rule, stochastic dominance relations on pairwise comparisons of alternatives for each attribute are judged, and the stochastic dominance relation matrixes on pairwise comparisons of alternatives are constructed. Furthermore, the PROMETHEE II method is used to obtain the ranking of alternatives. Finally,an example for the portable hard disk purchase problem in a research institute is used to illustrate the practicability of the proposed method.
Evidence in oncology. The Janeway lecture 2000.

PURPOSE The purpose of this address is to evaluate the types of evidence that have fashioned clinical decision making in oncology over the past century and to determine the appropriate weighting of evidence at the start of a new century in the shaping of patient care, clinical research, and health policy. METHODS Three separate analytic approaches were used: (1) a review of publications that altered medical practice, (2) a consideration of the misperception that little progress has been made by looking at the relationship between 5-year survival rates and national mortality rates, (3) an evaluation of the quality of data from clinical trials. RESULTS Published reports suggest that res ipsa loquitur was the dominant mindset of researchers in the first half century and continuing into the second half century. However, recognition of the scarcity of dramatic improvements in outcome and the possibility of incremental improvements led to the mounting of prospective randomized comparative trials that could identify such incremental improvements. Findings from these trials have profoundly altered patient care in the past quarter century. Data suggest that there is a sequence of events-increased survival rates in patients at research institutions followed by significant increases in survival rates nationally-followed by a reduction in annual mortality rates that do reflect improvements in treatment. Phase III comparative clinical trials yield the highest quality data in oncology. Meta-analysis of such data may be useful, but the most compelling data that alter medical practice come either from comparative clinical trials showing such significant differences in results as to necessitate their early termination on ethical grounds or from replicated phase III trials. DISCUSSION The nature of evidence influencing clinical practice and research has changed greatly in the past century. Although res ipsa loquitur still pervades the thinking of some oncologists, recognition of the incremental nature of progress is now the more dominant force in contemporary oncologic research. In addition, as molecular targets become the focus of therapeutic efforts, it will be especially important to proceed as quickly as possible to phase III comparative trials rather than to phase II studies.
Analysis of the Capacity Potential of Current Day and Novel Configurations for New York's John F. Kennedy Airport

In 2015, a series of systems analysis studies were conducted on John F. Kennedy Airport in New York (NY) in a collaborative effort between NASA and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). This work was performed to build a deeper understanding of NY airspace and operations to determine the improvements possible through operational changes with tools currently available, and where new technology is required for additional improvement. The analysis was conducted using tool-based mathematical analyses, video inspection and evaluation using recorded arrival/departure/surface traffic captured by the Aerobahn tool (used by Kennedy Airport for surface metering), and aural data archives available publically through the web to inform the video segments. A discussion of impacts of trajectory and operational choices on capacity is presented, including runway configuration and usage (parallel, converging, crossing, shared, independent, staggered), arrival and departure route characteristics (fix sharing, merges, splits), and how compression of traffic is staged. The authorization in March of 2015 for New York to use reduced spacing under the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Wake Turbulence Recategorization (RECAT) also offers significant capacity benefit for New York airports when fully transitioned to the new spacing requirements, and the impact of these changes for New York is discussed. Arrival and departure capacity results are presented for each of the current day Kennedy Airport configurations. While the tools allow many variations of user-selected conditions, the analysis for these studies used arrival-priority, no-winds, additional safety buffer of 5% to the required minimum spacing, and a mix of traffic typical for Kennedy. Two additional "novel" configurations were evaluated. These configurations are of interest to Port Authority and to their airline customers, and are believed to offer near-term capacity benefit with minimal operational and equipage changes. One of these is the addition of an Optimized Profile Descent (OPD) route to runways 22L and 22R, and the other is the simultaneous use of 4 runways, which is not currently done at Kennedy. The background and configuration for each of these is described, and the capacity results are presented along with a discussion of drawbacks and enablers for each.
Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media

(1987). Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 348-365.
Recent advances in imaging subcellular processes

Cell biology came about with the ability to first visualize cells. As microscopy techniques advanced, the early microscopists became the first cell biologists to observe the inner workings and subcellular structures that control life. This ability to see organelles within a cell provided scientists with the first understanding of how cells function. The visualization of the dynamic architecture of subcellular structures now often drives questions as researchers seek to understand the intricacies of the cell. With the advent of fluorescent labeling techniques, better and new optical techniques, and more sensitive and faster cameras, a whole array of questions can now be asked. There has been an explosion of new light microscopic techniques, and the race is on to build better and more powerful imaging systems so that we can further our understanding of the spatial and temporal mechanisms controlling molecular cell biology.
Abstract 2714: Inhibition of human telomerase by new purine analogs

Telomeres are the end caps of linear chromosomes that help to ensure genomic stability. Because of the inability of DNA polymerases to synthesize the extreme ends of the lagging strand, telomeres get slightly shorter each time a cell divides. When telomeres get extremely short, a state of senescence is triggered which halts cell division. Some cells that require an extended lifespan (e.g. embryonic cells, germ lines and stem cells) use an enzyme called telomerase to maintain telomeres at a length that is sufficient to escape senescence. Whereas telomerase is undetectable, in adult somatic tissue, it is upregulated in 85-90% of all metastatic tumors; enabling cancer cells to divide indefinitely. Due to this unique property of cancer cells, targeting telomerase is a viable chemotherapeutic approach. Nucleotide analogs have been shown to inhibit telomerase activity (e.g. azidothymidine or AZT), albeit modestly, to promote telomere shortening in cancer cell lines. Also, most of these nucleotide analogs are limited by requirement of high dosage (e.g. The IC50 of AZT varies from 0.25 to 1.35 mM). Therefore, while promising, there is a need to develop other nucleotide analogs that are more potent in inhibiting telomerase activity. We have screened a series of new purines analogs using a direct in vitro telomerase assay. These nucleotide analogs were developed to have different chemical modifications around the indole group of the nucleobase. We have identified two purine analogs (5-MeCITP and 6-NITP) that inhibit telomerase activity in vitro. 5-MeCITP was measured to have an inhibition constant (ki) of ∼45μM, which is significantly efficient. Future efforts will include evaluation of the lead nucleoside analogs in telomerase positive cancer cell lines to determine their effect on telomere length and cell survival. Citation Format: Wilnelly M. Hernandez-Sanchez, Diane Baus, Anthony J. Berdis, Derek J. Taylor. Inhibition of human telomerase by new purine analogs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2714.
Placement of Difficult Nasogastric Tube

Utilized for both gastric decompression and enteral nutrition, the nasogastric (NG) and orogastric (OG) tubes have become essential tools in the care of the critically ill patient. The optimal placement of these tubes is often aided by patients either swallowing, which helps advance the tube into the esophagus, or coughing, which indicates that the tube may be unintentionally advancing into the trachea. Unfortunately, a majority of the patients in the critical care setting are unable to assist with the placement of an NG or OG tube due to an impaired swallow, diminished or absent gag reflex, alteration in consciousness, or sedation with endotracheal (ET) intubation and mechanical ventilation. As experienced critical care providers, we have developed a variety of techniques or “tricks of the trade” to aid in placing NG or OG tubes in these complex patients.
Explaining White Wares in the Tonto Basin: Broad-Scale Exchange, Emulation, or Both?

ABSTRACTFrom A.D. 1250 to 1350, decorated ceramics were exchanged widely across Arizona, and there is also evidence that localized emulation or mimicking of several ceramic types took place. This paper presents an investigation of a Cibola White Ware type, Roosevelt Black-on-white, recovered from Salado sites in Arizona's Tonto Basin. The question of whether Roosevelt Black- on-white or other white wares in the Tonto Basin were obtained through exchange or were locally-produced copies of pottery that originally had been imported (or both) is evaluated through analyses of ceramic paste composition, design style, and vessel form. Implications of broad-scale ceramic exchange and emulation also are addressed.
Allylic Oxide Regio-Resolution as a Tool for the Synthesis and Transfer of Carbasugars

We report a method for the synthesis and transfer of carbasugars, a prevalent moiety throughout biology. This approach relies on the formation of diastereomeric π-allyl intermediates generated from racemic allylic oxide progenitors. Ligand directed nucleophilic attack occurs on the complexes resulting in enantioenriched regioisomers. This allowed for the generation of enantioenriched carbasugars from commodity chemicals. It is envisioned that by using the appropriate allylic oxide, ligand, and phenolic donor that any stereoarray of the carbasugars may be accessed and appended onto phenolic natural products.
IgM Memory Cells: First Responders in Malaria

Following the fate of antigen-specific memory B cells has been difficult. In this issue of Immunity, Krishnamurty et al. (2016) use a novel B cell tetramer to define Plasmodium-specific memory B cells in parasite-infected mice and demonstrate that after re-infection, somatically mutated IgM+ memory B cells function as first responders by rapidly differentiating into T-cell-dependent plasmablasts and T-cell-independent plasma cells.
Point of view and identification in Beowulf

The Beowulf-poet manipulates a small repertory off linguistic devices, especially motion and perception verbs, to establish distinct points of view from which we view the action in the poem. As in the modern horror film (to which Beowulf is frequently compared), the first half of the poem invites us to adopt a number of different perspectives, including Grendel's. If we trace the sequence of these invitations throughout the poem, however, we find an increasingly tight organization around the thane's perspective, and a special interest in Wiglaf's point of view at a crucial moment in the poem.
Input Shaping Design for Flexible Systems with Multiple Actuators

Abstract This paper presents an approach for designing multi-input shapers using an s-plane pole placement technique. Slightly more information about the system model is taken into account than has been traditionally done with input shaping designs. The input shaping sequences for all system inputs are solved for simultaneously, and the resulting designs lead to shorter impulse sequences than solving for input shaping sequences for each input independently of each other.
Impact of age at first childbirth on primary open-angle glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE No studies have addressed the relationship between the timing of first childbirth and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between age at first childbirth and POAG and to examine the contribution of parity to the age at first childbirth-POAG relationship in postmenopausal women. METHODS The study population comprised postmenopausal women aged 50 or above in the cross-sectional Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2010 to 2012. Participants were grouped into quintiles by age at first childbirth for analysis. This study used logistic regression and mediation analyses with accommodations for the complex sampling structure of the survey. RESULTS Of the 4,057 women in the study population, the mean age at first childbirth was 23.7 years, and POAG prevalence was 3.4%. Prevalence of POAG was lowest in women whose first childbirth was between the ages of 27 and 44 (1.8%). Their risk for POAG (odds ratio [OR], 0.25; 95% CI, 0.10-0.65) was significantly lower than in those whose first childbirth was between the ages of 13 and 20, after adjustments for covariates. Late first delivery (≥27 y) was directly (OR, 0.57) and totally (OR, 0.85) associated with the decreased risk of POAG; decreased parity in women who delivered their first child at an older age attenuated the age at first childbirth-POAG relationship (OR of indirect effect, 1.50). CONCLUSIONS First childbirth at the age of 27 years or above decreases the risk of POAG in postmenopausal women. Decreased parity, caused by late first childbirth, attenuated the magnitude of the total effects of age at first childbirth on POAG.
Screw and Nail Withdrawal Strength and Water Soak Properties of Wet-formed Cellulose Nanofibrils Bonded Particleboard

Wet-formed particleboard panels were made using cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) as the bonding material. The effects of panel density, CNF addition ratio, particle size, and pressing method on the nail and face screw withdrawal strength, water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) were investigated. The nail and face screw withdrawal strength increased with an increased panel density and CNF addition ratio. Mixed-size particles were favorable for better face screw withdrawal strength. The WA decreased while TS increased with increased panel density. The WA decreased with increased CNF addition ratio. The effect of CNF addition ratio on the TS was influenced by an interaction effect of the particle size, density, and pressing method. Smaller wood particles and the constant thickness (CT) pressing method were better for both WA and TS performance. All of the high- and medium-density panels failed to satisfy the standard requirements for face screw withdrawal strength. For low-density panels, those manufactured with mixed-sized particles all satisfied the standard requirements; those manufactured with large particles required at least 15% CNF to meet the standard, and those manufactured with small particles required at least 20% CNF to achieve the standard requirements. None of the panels met the standard TS requirement (< 8%).
Bioactive Foods and Nutrients: Role on Inflammation and Arthritis in Athletes

Overuse injuries to muscles and joints from exercise can lead to lasting injuries. One chronic injury potentially acquired from exercise is osteoarthritis (OA). This disease is defined by the degeneration of bone and cartilage in the body's joints and marked by swelling, stiffness, and pain. These symptoms result majorly from the inflammation associated with OA. Negative side effects from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have led to research on the anti-inflammatory nutrients in food. The three nutrients observed in this chapter are omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and polyphenols. The inflammatory markers evaluated include interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), prostaglandin-E, and nitric oxide.
Nutritional Value of Urea Versus Preformed Protein for Ruminants. I. Lactation of Dairy Cows Fed Corn Based Diets Containing Supplemental Nitrogen from Urea and/or Soybean Meal

Fifteen Holstein cows at various stages of lactation, fed corn-based diets that contained 9 to 14.5% crude protein were used in total collection digestibility and nitrogen balance trials to investigate the efficiency of nitrogen utilization from urea and soybean meal. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and nitrogen-free-extract, as well as total digestible nutrient content of diets that contained 13 to 14.5% crude protein, were 3 to 8 percentage units greater than for diets that contained 9 to 12% crude protein. The concentration of ammonia-N in rumen fluid of cows fed diets that contained 9 to 12% crude protein was less than 5 mg/100 ml and may have decreased digestibility and synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. When the diet contained 11 to 12% crude protein, nitrogen supplied as urea or soybean meal was used with equal efficiency. The concentration of ammonia-N in rumen fluid of cows fed diets that contained 13 to 14.5% crude protein was greater than 5 mg/100 ml and was greatest when urea was the source of supplemental nitrogen. However, more milk and milk protein were produced when soybean meal was fed to the cows. The increased production from feeding soybean meal resulted in nitrogen from soybean meal being utilized more efficiently for milk production than nitrogen supplied as urea when the diet contained 13 to 14.5% crude protein.
A flexible multi-disciplinary environment for performance, life-cycle cost, and safety evaluation of suborbital vehicles

Abstract Suborbital vehicles are innovative and unconventional aerospace concepts that are characterized by a high level of complexity and a lack of optimized baseline. The present focuses on the development of a flexible multi-objective modeling and simulation environment that provides the capabilities to rapidly evaluate the flying, economic, and safety performance of suborbital vehicles at a conceptual design level. One of the goals of this environment is to enable the exploration of large design spaces and facilitate the mapping between high-level requirements and the identified optimized concept. The environment is broken down into six modules: weight/size, aerodynamics, trajectory, propulsion, economics, and safety. By leveraging empirical models, physics-based approaches, and surrogate modeling techniques, it enables the rapid and parametric assessment and optimization of a multitude of design concepts. It is the first environment of this sort to support informed design space exploration of suborbital vehicles and allow for new trends to be identified and crucial observations to be made.
MECHANISMS OF DNA TOPOISOMERASES

ABSTRACT The apparently disparate abilities of DNA gyrase to reversibly catalyze the supercoiling, catenation and knotting of DNA circles are explained by the “sign inversion” mechanism whose intrinsic feature is the passing of one duplex DNA through a transient double-strand break in another. DNA gyrase negatively supercoils closed duplex DNA by directly inverting a right-handed DNA loop into a left-handed loop, thus reducing the linking of the DNA strands by two twists. Catenation or decatenation results when crossing DNA segments from different DNA molecules are inverted. The transient stage of double-strand DNA discontinuity can be trapped by nalidixic acid, revealing staggered scissions and the covalent attachment of each resulting 5' DNA terminus to the enzyme. The cleavage site is asymmetrically located within an extensive region of DNA bound tightly by gyrase and thereby protected from nuclease attack. A detailed model illustrating how sign inversion might be engineered by gyrase is described. The ability of E. coli omega protein ( E. coli topoisomerase I) to catenate duplex DNA rings suggests a unified mechanism for topoisomerases. In a process analogous to the action of gyrase on double-stranded DNA, omega protein may operate by passing one single DNA strand through a transient break in another, and thus alter linking number by one.
Instruction in Specialized Braille Codes, Abacus, and Tactile Graphics at Universities in the United States and Canada:

IntroductionThis study gathered data on methods and materials that are used to teach the Nemeth braille code, computer braille, foreign-language braille, and music braille in 26 university programs...
The Modular Equation

We are interested in studying the j-invariants of isogenous elliptic curves, which, as we shall see, amounts to studying j ○ α where α is a rational matrix. For this we need some algebraic lemmas concerning integral matrices with positive determinant.
Staphylococcus epidermidis Pathogenesis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most frequently encountered member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci on human epithelial surfaces. It has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen, especially in infections of indwelling medical devices. The mechanisms that S. epidermidis uses to survive during infection are in general of a passive nature, reflecting their possible origin in the commensal life of this bacterium. Most importantly, S. epidermidis excels in forming biofilms, sticky agglomerations that inhibit major host defense mechanisms. Furthermore, S. epidermidis produces a series of protective surface polymers and exoenzymes. Moreover, S. epidermidis has the capacity to secrete strongly cytolytic members of the phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) family, but PSMs in S. epidermidis overall appear to participate primarily in biofilm development. Finally, there is evidence for a virulence gene reservoir function of S. epidermidis, as it appears to have transferred important immune evasion and antibiotic resistance factors to Staphylococcus aureus. Conversely, S. epidermidis also has a beneficial role in balancing the microflora on human epithelial surfaces by controlling outgrowth of harmful bacteria such as in particular S. aureus. Recent research yielded detailed insight into key S. epidermidis virulence determinants and their regulation, in particular as far as biofilm formation is concerned, but we still have a serious lack of understanding of the in vivo relevance of many pathogenesis mechanisms and the factors that govern the commensal life of S. epidermidis.
Deciphering Proneurotrophin Actions

Like most growth factors, neurotrophins are initially synthesized as precursors that are cleaved to release C-terminal mature forms. The well-characterized mature neurotrophins bind to Trk receptors to initiate survival and differentiative responses. More recently, the precursor forms or proneurotrophins have been found to act as distinct ligands by binding to an unrelated receptor complex consisting of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) and sortilin to initiate cell death. Induction of proNGF and p75 has been observed in preclinical injury models and in pathological states in the central nervous system, and strategies that block the proNGF/p75 interaction are effective in limiting neuronal apoptosis. In contrast, the mechanisms that regulate expression of other proneurotrophins, including proBDNF and proNT-3, are less well understood. Here, recent findings on the biological actions, regulation of expression, and pathophysiological effects of proneurotrophins will be reviewed.
Open Ocean Convection in the Southern Ocean

Abstract Observations and model studies suggest that the Weddell polynya was the surface manifestation of significant deep convection in the open ocean region of the Southern Ocean. The large polynya was only present throughout the austral winters of 1974-1976, though small short-lived versions were observed in 1973, 1977 and possibly 1980. Historical evidence suggests that there may have been an episode of convection in 1960 as well. The Cosmonaut Sea is also a region of potential convection as evidenced by an irregularly occurring polynya in that region. Recent model results and observational evidence suggest that the deep convection is initiated by a destabilization of the winter surface layer. The tendency toward destabilization is shown to be driven by any of the following changes in local conditions: (1) doming of the permanent pycnocline; (2) decreasing the static stability; (3) decreasing the ratio of heat to salt across the pycnocline; (4) increasing the heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere; (5) decreasing the heat flux into the mixed layer from the deep ocean. Ice drift plays a key role in this problem since it represents the dominant term controlling the surface freshwater balance. A complementary relationship is suggested between shelf and open ocean mechanisms of deep water formation. Periods of enhanced divergence increase the exportation of shelf ice to the open ocean regions. The associated increase in coastal salinization aids deep water formation along the shelves while the exported ice acts to stabilize the open Ocean region through additional meltwater. Given a reduction in the divergence, the opposite would occur.
Measurement of Fracture Parameters in Three-Dimensional Cracked-Body Problems

A review is made of the development and application of an approach to the determination of three-dimensional numerical fracture parameters. These parameters are determined by an experimental laboratory method to bridge the gap due to the absence of full-scale proof tests for large structures such as nuclear pressure vessels, bridges, storage tanks, and solid-propellant motors
Strategic Prosumers: How to Set the Prices in a Tiered Market?

We consider users who may have renewable energy harvesting devices or distributed generators. Such users can behave as consumers or producers (hence, we denote them as prosumers) at different time instances. We consider a tiered market where the grid selects a price function, which reveals price in the real time based on the total demand to the grid. In the real time, a prosumer can buy from another prosumer in an exchange market knowing the price from the grid. The exchange price is set by a platform and can be different for different sellers. A prosumer is a selfish entity, which selects the amount of energy it wants to buy either from the grid or from other prosumers or the amount of excess energy it wants to sell to other prosumers by maximizing its own payoff. However, the strategy and the payoff of a prosumer inherently depend on the strategy of other prosumers as a prosumer can only buy if the other prosumers are willing to sell. We formulate the problem as a coupled constrained game and seek to obtain the generalized Nash equilibrium. We show that the game is a concave potential game and show that there exists a unique generalized Nash equilibrium. We propose a distributed algorithm that converges to the exchange price, which clears the market and achieves the generalized Nash equilibrium. We, finally, show how the grid should select the price function in a day-ahead scenario by computing the estimated demand from the history. Our numerical result shows that the tiered market can reduce the peak load and increase the prosumers’ total payoffs.
Diet and the prevention of cancer

Cancer ranks as the second-leading cause of death in developed countries and diet has long been suspected as playing a prominent role in its etiology. As a result, a substantial amount of research has been devoted to this field of study. Given the epidemiologic and biologic credibility, it is reasonable to attempt to identify specific nutrients, foods, or combination of these that are causally related to the development of cancer. Various study designs have been employed to generate and test specific hypotheses. In this review, we approach the dietary prevention of cancer primarily from an epidemiologic perspective. We examine the growing body of evidence on dietary etiologic factors and explore the practical prospects for prevention of cancer overall. An attempt is also made to explain inconsistencies in the findings and provide ideas for future research efforts in this field.