cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dreams, Class, and Opportunity at the Fin de Siècle and Beyond

The end of the twentieth century brought forth a spate of studies examining issues largely neglected heretofore. Messner and Rosenfeld, revising Merton’s theory regarding the success ethic, emphasized the dominance of the economy—and the corresponding weakness of other institutions—in motivating crime. Hays (2003) and then DeParle (2004) investigated the impact of early 1990s welfare reform on the core demographic it affected—single mothers. Graham, a lawyer who attended Harvard Law School, looked at the opposite end of the income curve and wrote about the exclusive world of the black elite in Our Kind of People. As Hobbs (2014) recounts, Robert Peace, born to a single mother in East Orange, NJ’s urban ghetto, beat the odds through a succession of fortunate opportunities and solid achievements until the street claimed his life again and he died at the hands of rival drug dealers. Michaelson, writing the story of Countrywide Financial, tells the story of our American Dream of single-home ownership and how little money down ARM mortgages set the stage for the Great Recession.
Privatisation in Transitional Economies: East and Central European Experience

The role of privatisation in the European transitional economies in creating a market structure and fostering the development of a private sector immediately distinguishes it from the privatisation model followed in the UK and other western industrialised countries. The non-transferability of the western model has meant that the approach to privatisation that has evolved in the European transitional economies has reflected the particular historical, institutional and economic characteristics of these countries. However, while most economies began the transition to the market with broadly similar objectives and have gone through similar phases in progressing the privatisation process, nevertheless each has developed its own privatisation programme, which have differed in the timing, sequencing and outcome of the policy measures taken.
Safe feminist spaces: Reflections about the institute for research on women at rutgers-new brunswick

We begin with two iconic statements in the Anglo and Spanish feminist traditions: Sor Juana’s meditations during the second half of the seventeenth century, in New Spain, about feminine knowledge produced in daily activities like cooking, and Virginia Woolf’s reflection from the late 1920s about women’s need for resources and a private space that would allow them to write. Although many would consider that the proposals advanced by these two writers are not current, we would like to use their words as inspiration to reflect on the need to create and validate intellectual spaces for feminist knowledge and scholarship in universities today. At a time in which many would assume that women’s intellectual spaces are guaranteed in contemporary First-World societies, we would like to argue that the constitution of ‘safe feminist spaces’ is still a crucial component in the mission of research centers such as the Institute for Research on Women, located Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, in New Brunswick.
AlGaAs/GaAs Triple Quantum Well Photodetector at $5~\mu \text{m}$ Wavelength—A Simulation Study

A novel AlGaAs/GaAs triple quantum well (QW) photodetector at 5- $\mu \text{m}$ wavelength has been proposed. The photodetector is designed with a double-resonance condition to achieve short tunneling time and large electron escape probability. The interface optical phonon modes and the phonon-assisted electron transition rates have been calculated. The electron escape probability is as high as 0.8 in the proposed photodetector, which is over two times higher than traditional phonon-assisted tunneling devices. Compared with QW infrared photodetectors, the noise current of the photodetector can be reduced dramatically ( $> 10^{13}$ times at 77 K and >4000 times at 300 K). In addition, the effects of delta doping on the absorption coefficients and scattering times of the triple QW photodetector are also investigated in detail. Delta doping at the middle of the well is much more desirable than uniform doping, in order to achieve large escape probability and high absorption coefficient.
Research on and development of a Miller cycle engine with multi-stage boosting

In order to improve the thermal efficiency of engines, it is essential to increase their geometric compression ratio or the expansion ratio. This research explores the technology options to enable a higher expansion ratio in future boosted spark-ignition direct-injection engines, with the aim of significantly reducing the fuel consumption while achieving the same torque and combustion performances as those of baseline turbocharged engines. Variable-valve-actuation technologies such as the late-intake-valve-closing cam strategy and the early-intake-valve-closing cam strategy were considered, and their effectiveness in reducing the effective compression and preventing knock in high-compression-ratio engines was assessed. To compensate for the torque loss due to late intake valve closing or early intake valve closing, multi-stage boosting systems including the turbocharger–supercharger combination and the two-stage turbocharger were implemented and compared. In this study, a Miller cycle engine concept with ...
Vigabatrin-Induced Visual Field Defects

A drug surveillance database at Hoechst Marion Roussel, manufacturers of vigabatrin, identified 92 cases of symptomatic visual field defects associated with vigabatrin (usually as add-on therapy) between 1990 and 1997.
Mending People’s Broken Hearts: The Fashioning of Rulership in John Ford’s The Broken Heart

This chapter interprets The Broken Heart in its historical, political and medical context to unfold the political messages in King Charles I’s encroaching on the liberty of his subjects. The chapter analyzes Penthea’s enforced marriage, alluding it to the forced loan King Charles levied and his handling of the Five Knights’ Case. There is also an investigation of John Ford’s tactics that undermine the king’s absolute power, empathizing him with his subjects, and holding him responsible for the injury he did to them. Ford’s governmental justice is offered to the king to mend the broken hearts of his people.
Ischemic Hand Complications From Intra-Arterial Injection of Sublingual Buprenorphine/Naloxone Among Patients With Opioid Dependency

Background: Sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone, a common treatment for opioid dependence, is frequently abused by intravenous injection. Inadvertent intra-arterial injection of buprenorphine/naloxon...
Poynting Streamlines, Effective Area Shape, and the Design of Superdirective Antennas

A receiving antenna alters an incident field in such a way that the field is concentrated at the terminals of the antenna. The Poynting power flux density vector associated with the field carries to the antenna the power dissipated in the antenna structure and the load. Streamlines of the Poynting vector field can be used to understand electromagnetic energy flow near linear and aperture antennas. Poynting streamlines provide a way to understand and guide the design of superdirective antennas. Directivity-enhancing screens that attract Poynting streamlines and increase the aperture efficiency of a horn antenna to almost 200% are studied. Superdirective antennas generally have limited practical value due to poor radiation efficiency, narrow bandwidth, and extreme sensitivity to fabrication errors. We show that these limitations can be mitigated by using metal-only structures that are optimized for broadband operation. The tradeoff between peak achievable aperture efficiency and bandwidth is explored.
Operationalizing Precision Cardiovascular Medicine: Three Innovations.

For precision medicine to become a reality, we propose 3 changes. First, healthcare deliverables must be prioritized, enabling translation of knowledge to the clinic. Second, physicians and patients must be convinced to participate, requiring additional infrastructure in health systems. Third, discovery science must evolve to shift the preclinical landscape for innovation. We propose a change in the fundamental relationship between basic and clinical science: rather than 2 distinct entities between which concepts must be translated, we envision a natural hybrid of these approaches, wherein discovery science and clinical trials coincide in the same health systems and patient populations. Even the generally progressive physician can be unsure and perhaps even skeptical about how precision medicine will fit into daily practice. In our view, precision medicine is personalized clinical care informed (primarily) by measurements of the genome, epigenome, proteome, transcriptome, metabolome, and microbiome. Precision medicine should result in a more healthy life with less disease burden, and it should be delivered on an individualized basis. Many therapies fail when they are tested in large animal models1,2 or when transitioning from phase I to phase II clinical trials,3,4 leading to a decrease in the number of new drugs making it to market.5 Despite improvements based on guideline adherence, cardiovascular disease remains the leading killer and a tremendous financial burden on the nation. Implementation of precision medicine will require collaboration across the spectrum of research and healthcare delivery, including funding agencies, insurers, academic medical centers, private hospitals and consumer ‘omics providers, and the potentially underappreciated relationship between patient and physician. Where to begin? How to convince patients and families to enroll? How to persuade clinicians to participate? How to add value to the health system? Who should pay? In answering these questions, we considered a new model …
Physical and Chemical Vapor Deposition Techniques

This chapter introduces the main vapor phase deposition techniques and their ability to homogeneously coat high surface area materials: evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition are covered in this chapter, which focuses on those aspects that are relevant to the coating of nanostructured materials.
Dissecting the genetic heterogeneity of myopia susceptibility in an Ashkenazi Jewish population using ordered subset analysis.

Purpose Despite many years of research, most of the genetic factors contributing to myopia development remain unknown. Genetic studies have pointed to a strong inherited component, but although many candidate regions have been implicated, few genes have been positively identified.
Figuring an Ethical Reading Practice: Anne Carson’s ‘Whaching’

This essay seeks to define a twenty-first-century ethical reading practice. The term “ethical reading practice” suggests a way of reading and responding to literature responsibly and carefully, ultimately producing a generative encounter with the text, which has implications far outside the text. To consider what literature can teach us about ethics, and how it teaches us, this essay focuses on the figure of the reader. By examining the ways readers are figured within poetry, we can gain insight into reading and ethics on multiple scales. Anne Carson’s “The Glass Essay” is an example of her larger body of work, which often stages conversations between a lyric I—a speaker who is not only the speaking subject in the poem but also a reader of other poems—and a body of past literature. Carson’s poetry tells us that our affective relationships to texts have consequences outside the texts; her work suggests that loving texts, and knowing how to read them, honoring that love, is an ethical encounter. “The Glass Essay” coins the word “whaching,” a contingent practice—sometimes meaning one open question, sometimes another. Similar to Jacques Derrida’s notion of teleiopoiese, and Gayatri Spivak’s “teleopoiesis,” this passive ethics of reading emphasizes being made rather than making. The article discusses the process of reading this new singular orthography, while also revealing how an ethical reading practice has consequences for the way we encounter borders, read transnational literatures, and formulate ourselves.
Conditions of persistent oil on beaches in Prince William Sound 26 years after the Exxon Valdez spill

Abstract On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling an estimated 10.8 million gallons of crude oil. Contrary to early projections, subsequent studies over several decades have shown subsurface oil persisting on impacted beaches. Here we present findings from a lingering oil survey conducted during the summer of 2015 at a small set of beaches in Prince William Sound known to have persistent subsurface Exxon Valdez oil. The objectives of the survey were to estimate how much oil remains at these sites, the oil composition, and oil retention rates compared to previous studies. Results from the survey found lingering oil was present at 8 of 9 sites that were revisited. Surveys revealed little evidence of change in oil area or mass over the last 14 years, nor has there been a change in the distribution of oiling intensities or their location on the beach. Detailed analysis of the oil indicated it has not weathered since 2001. Subsurface oils collected in 2015 have enriched concentrations of phenanthrenes and chrysenes relative to oil originating in the cargo hold indicating that buried oil has retained some toxic potential over the last two decades, but it is not currently bioavailable. Subsurface oil appears to be sequestered in sediments and protected from hydrological washing and low oxygen and nutrient levels inhibiting biodegradation. These findings are consistent with previous surveys and predictive geomorphic models suggesting the estimated 0.6% Exxon Valdez oil remaining is sequestered and not bioavailable unless disturbed and will likely persist in the environment on a decadal scale.
Mobile Service Robot State Revealing Through Expressive Lights: Formalism, Design, and Evaluation

We consider mobile service robots that carry out tasks with, for, and around humans in their environments. Speech combined with on-screen display are common mechanisms for autonomous robots to communicate with humans, but such communication modalities may fail for mobile robots due to spatio-temporal limitations. To enable a better human understanding of the robot given its mobility and autonomous task performance, we introduce the use of lights to reveal the dynamic robot state. We contribute expressive lights as a primary modality for the robot to communicate to humans useful robot state information. Such lights are persistent, non-invasive, and visible at a distance, unlike other existing modalities. Current programmable light arrays provide a very large animation space, which we address by introducing a finite set of parametrized signal shapes while still maintaining the needed animation design flexibility. We present a formalism for light animation control and an architecture to map the representation of robot state to the parametrized light animation space. The mapping generalizes to multiple light strips and even other expression modalities. We demonstrate our approach on CoBot, a mobile multi-floor service robot, and evaluate its validity through several user studies. Our results show that carefully designed expressive lights on a mobile robot help humans better understand robot states and actions and can have a desirable impact on a collaborative human–robot behavior.
Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of niraparib for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Ovarian cancer is a disease with a propensity to recur despite dramatic responses to initial treatment, which typically consists of a combination of cytoreductive surgery and ...
X -Band Circuit-Analog Absorbers Using Unidirectional Carbon Fiber

This letter explores single-ply pre-impregnated (pre-preg) unidirectional carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminas for use in X -band (8.2–12.4 GHz) absorbers. Specifically, the unidirectional CFRP sheets were used as lossy frequency selective surfaces in single- and two-layer circuit-analog absorbers (CAAs). The aim of this letter was to assess the feasibility of using only the fiber orientation and areal weight of the material as a tuning aid. A free-space materials characterization system was used to characterize the anisotropic complex permittivity and anisotropic surface impedance of two different areal weight unidirectional CFRP samples. The absorbers were prototyped in a mechanically reconfigurable fixture with the aid of a vacuum-bagging system. The reconfigurable approach allowed reflectivity measurement performance to be measured without the need to fabricate cured sandwich constructions. Reflectivity measurements were compared to transmission-line models as well as full-wave models developed using commercial simulation software. Regions of validity for the transmission line models were identified. The results show that single-ply pre-preg unidirectional CFRP laminas have the potential to be used in single- and two-layer CAA configurations for use in X -band absorbers.
Cradle-to-grave greenhouse gas emissions from dams in the United States of America

Abstract Hydropower is traditionally considered to be one type of “clean” energy, and has been heavily developed in many regions of the world. Nevertheless, this assumption is increasingly being challenged by recent findings that a large amount of methane and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) are emitted during reservoir creation, turbine operation, and dam decommissioning. Via a critical review of existing hydropower life cycle assessments and reservoir emission studies, we compared the GHG emissions of various types of dams based on their structural type, size, primary function, and geographical location during their construction, operation, and decommissioning phases. Means to improve dam performance and reduce related GHG emissions were identified. It was found that dams with reservoirs usually have much higher GHG emission rates than diversion dams. GHG emissions are mainly generated at the construction and maintenance stages for small-scale run-of-river dams, whereas decomposition of flooded biomass and organic matter in the sediment has the highest GHG emission contribution to large-scale reservoir-based dams. Generally, reservoir-based dams located in boreal and temperate regions have much lower reservoir emissions (3–70 g CO2 eq./kW h) compared with dams located in tropical regions (8–6647 g CO2 eq./kW h). Our analysis shows that although most hydroelectric dams have comparable GHG emissions to other types of renewable energy (e.g., solar, wind energy), electricity produced from tropical reservoir-based dams could potentially have a higher emission rate than fossil-based electricity.
Automatic external defibrillation and its effects on neurologic outcome in cardiac arrest patients in an urban, two-tiered EMS system.

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of the Automatic External Defibrillation (AED) device in an urban, two-tiered Emergency Medical Service (EMS) response setting with regard to its potential effects on cardiac arrest patient survival and neurologic outcome. METHODS A retrospective and descriptive design was utilized to study all cardiac arrest patients that had resuscitations attempted in the prehospital environment over a 30-month period. The study took place in a two-tiered EMS system serving an urban population of 368,383 persons. The first tier of EMS response is provided by the City Fire Department, which is equipped with a standard AED device. All first-tier personnel are trained to the level of Emergency Medical Technician-Basic. The second tier of EMS response is provided by personnel from one of two ambulance services. All second-tier personnel are trained to the level of Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic. RESULTS 271 cardiac arrest patients were identified for inclusion. One-hundred nine of these patients (40.2%) had an initial rhythm of either ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia and were shocked using the AED upon the arrival of first-tier personnel. Forty-two patients (38.5%) in this group had a return of spontaneous circulation in the field and 22 (20.2%) survived to hospital discharge. Of the survivors, 17 (77.3%) had moderate to good neurologic function at discharge based on the Glasgow-Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance Categories. Faster response times by the first-tier personnel appeared to correlate with better neurologic outcomes. CONCLUSION First responder-based AED usage on patients in ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia can be applied successfully in an urban setting utilizing a two-tiered EMS response. In this study, a 20.2% survival to hospital discharge rate was obtained. Seventy-seven percent of these survivors had a moderate to good neurologic outcome based on the Glasgow-Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance Categories.
Two methods of preparation of xenon-133 saline solution

Two procedures for dissolving 133Xe gas in isotonic saline simply and economically with reasonably high activity concentrations are described. The first method is a modification of a previously described procedure and introduces a new flow-through mixing system allowing for a more homogeneous preparation. This system can be used with significant cost and time savings in a department with large clinical demand (> 3 patients per week). The second method is a system which can be used economically in a department with a small and/or sporadic clinical demand. This technique involves the preparation of single-patient dose by introducing saline into commercially available 133Xe gas vials. The solubility of 133Xe in saline can be significantly increased (> 50%) by introducing saline into a 133Xe gas vial and incubating the reactive vial at 4 °C for 3 hr or more. The suggested modifications are simple and the resultant activity concentrations are relatively high and clinically useful.
AN EVALUATION OF A GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEM INDONESIAN DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS 2010

The goal of this paper is to provide better information of Government Performance Accountability System (SAKIP) implementation in Indonesian District Governments to policy makers. This study utilizes the evaluation result of Government Performance Accountability System (SAKIP) 2010 to analyze the effort of 273 District governments in Indonesia in implementing the SAKIP. The research question of this paper is: do auditor’s opinion and number of population have significant different to the SAKIP score? To investigate what factors that determine the score of Government Performance Accountability System (SAKIP), several theories as well as a logical thinking were taken to figure out the research question. Those theories as well as logical thinking reveal that revenue and spending, seize of population, area, poverty level, human development index, auditor’s opinion, number of government employee and education level government employee tend to correlate the SAKIP score. Two hypotheses have been chosen in this paper: 1) higher level in Auditor’s Opinion more likely will increase the SAKIP score evaluation, and 2) size of Population has significant different to the SAKIP score. Result shows we have to reject all the null hypotheses.
Genetic inhibition of autophagy in a transgenic mouse model of anal cancer

Background: The dynamic role of autophagy in cancer development is a topic of considerable research and debate. Previously published studies have shown that anal cancer development can be promoted or prevented with the pharmacologic inhibition or induction, respectively, of autophagy in a human papillomavirus (HPV) mouse model. However, these results are confounded by the fact that the drugs utilized are known to affect other pathways besides autophagy. It has also been shown that autophagic inhibition occurs in the setting of HPV16 oncoprotein expression (E6 and E7) and correlates with increased susceptibility to anal carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods: In this study, we employed a conditional, genetic, autophagic (Atg7) knockout mouse model to determine conclusively that autophagy has a role in anal cancer development, in the absence or presence of E6 and E7. Results: In mice lacking both HPV16 oncogenes, knockout of autophagy followed by exposure to a carcinogen resulted in a tumor incidence of 40%, compared to 0% in mice treated with a carcinogen alone with an intact autophagic pathway (P = 0.007). In mice expressing either one or both HPV16 oncoproteins, the addition of genetic knockout of autophagy to carcinogen treatment did not lead to a significant difference in tumor incidence compared to carcinogen treatment alone, consistent with the ability of HPV oncogenes to inhibit autophagy in themselves. Conclusions: These results provide the first conclusive evidence for the distinct role of autophagy in anal carcinogenesis, and suggest that autophagy is a plausible target for therapies aimed at reducing anal dysplasia and anal cancer development.
Transgender Care and Medical Education

Our review outlines the historical background and current state of transgender medical education. Historically, the transgender community has had a tenuous relationship with medicine as an institution. This has manifested in significant health disparities for people of trans experience. The current literature supports the notion that exposure to transgender content during training improves provider attitudes toward LGBT patients, and increases provider competency with trans-specific care. Medical training must prepare clinicians to be sensitive and affirming of their patient’s identity and pronouns, demonstrate competence, and take an attentive, individualized approach particularly in managing gender dysphoria and transition-related care. Clinicians must be prepared to consider a patient’s mental health needs and to recognize an individual’s risk factors for preventative health screenings. Dedicated time must be set aside during clinical training to prepare providers for this important role.
Evaluation of polyblends of cottonseed protein and polycaprolactone plasticized by cottonseed oil

Recently, there has been an increasing trend toward replacing conventional fossil-based plastics with bioplastics that are eco-friendly and biodegradable. In this work, blends of polycaprolactone (...
Advanced biofuels: Supply chain management

Abstract Climate change mitigation policies recommend that energy crop-based biofuels would replace a significant portion of fossil fuels currently used in the transportation sector. However, due to the unavailability of the existing market and the bulky nature of the feedstock, it is important to understand the entire advanced biofuels supply chain from leasing land to transporting feedstock to the biorefinery. In this chapter, we outline four optimization models that can assist biorefineries to strategically lease and manage the land to grow energy crop in the close vicinity of the biorefinery. The spatiotemporal yield variability and the optimal tradeoff between leasing more land versus idling the plant need to be taken into account while managing the biorefinery.
Robossis: Orthopedic Surgical Robot

Abstract Alignment of femur fractures requires high precision in the presence of a huge traction force which is very arduous. The difficulties are mainly due to the bone’s elongated anatomy and its strong counteracting muscles, which necessitate a high traction force to be exerted by the surgeon and the medical team. Robossis eliminates the need for the surgeon to apply this force, and significantly improves the precision of the procedure. This platform will balance the accuracy, payload, and workspace for the surgeon, resulting in more efficient, successful surgeries. The experimental tests on a phantom reveal that the mechanism is well capable of applying the desired reduction steps against the large muscular payloads with high accuracy.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cell Therapy: Overcoming Obstacles to Battle Cancer.

Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are fusion proteins engineered from antigen recognition, signaling, and costimulatory domains that can be used to reprogram T cells to specifically target tumor cells expressing specific antigens. Current CAR-T cell technology utilizes the patient’s own T cells to stably express CARs and has achieved exciting clinical success in the past few years. However, current CAR-T cell therapy still faces several challenges, including suboptimal persistence and potency, impaired trafficking to solid tumors, local immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment and intrinsic toxicity associated with CAR-T cells. This review focuses on recent strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy and other exciting CAR approaches currently under investigation, including CAR natural killer (NK) and NKT cell therapies.
Understanding event-related potentials (ERPs) in clinical and basic language and communication disorders research: a tutorial.

Background Event-related potentials (ERPs), which are electrophysiological neural responses time-locked to a stimulus, have become an increasingly common tool in language and communication disorders research. They can provide complementary evidence to behavioural measures as well as unique perspectives on communication disorders. ERPs have the distinct advantage of providing precise information about the timing of neural processes and can be used in cases where it is difficult to obtain responses from participants, such as infants or individuals who are minimally verbal. However, clinicians and clinician-scientists rarely receive training in how to interpret ERP research. Aims To provide information that allows readers to better understand, interpret and evaluate research using ERPs. We focus on research related to communication sciences and disorders and the information that is most relevant to interpreting research articles. Method We explain what ERPs are and how ERP data are collected, referencing key texts and primary research articles. Potential threats to validity, guidelines for interpreting data, and the pros and cons using of ERPs are discussed. Research in the area of paediatric language disorders is used as a model; common paradigms such as the semantic incongruity N400 and auditory mismatch negativity are used as tangible examples. With this foundation of understanding ERPs, the state of the field in terms of how ERPs are used and the ways they may inform the field are discussed. Main contribution To date, no review has focused on ERPs as they relate to clinical or communication research. The main contribution of this review is that it provides practical information geared toward understanding ERP research. Conclusions ERPs offer insights into neural processes supporting communication and can both complement behaviour and provide information that behavioural measures cannot. We encourage readers to evaluate articles using ERPs critically, effectively pushing the field forward through increased understanding and rigor. What this paper adds ERPs have become more prevalent in research relevant to communication sciences and disorders. In order for clinicians to review and evaluate this research, an understanding of ERPs is needed. This review adds to the field by providing an accessible description of what ERPs are, a description of what ERP components are, and the most relevant commonly used components, as well as how ERP data are recorded and processed. With this foundational understanding of how ERPs work, guidelines for the interpretation of ERP data are given. Though few ERP studies currently have direct implications for clinical practice, we discuss several ways through which ERPs can impact clinical practice in future, by providing information that cannot be obtained by behaviour alone about the aetiology of disorders, and as potential biomarkers of disorder or treatment response.
Investigating the Theoretical Basis for In Vitro – In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIVE) in Predicting Drug Metabolic Clearance and Proposing Future Experimental Pathways

Extensive studies have been conducted to predict in vivo metabolic clearance from in vitro human liver metabolism parameters (i.e., in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE)) with little success. Here, deriving IVIVE from first principles, we show that the product of fraction unbound in the blood and the predicted in vivo intrinsic clearance determined from hepatocyte or microsomal incubations is the lower boundary condition for in vivo hepatic clearance and the prerequisite for IVIVE predictions to be valid, regardless of extraction ratio. For 60-80% of drugs evaluated here, this product is markedly less than the in vivo measured clearance, a result that violates the lower boundary of the predictive relationship. This can only be explained by (a) suboptimal in vitro metabolic stability assay conditions, (b) significant error in the assumption that in vitro intrinsic clearance determinations will predict in vivo intrinsic clearance simply by scaling-up the amount of enzyme (in vitro incubation to in vivo liver), and/or (c) the methods of determining fraction unbound are incorrect. We further suggest that widely employed organ blood flow values underpredict the effective blood flow within the organ by approximately 2.5-fold, thus impacting IVIVE of high clearance compounds. We propose future pathways that should be investigated in terms of the relationship to experimentally measured clearance values, rather than model-dependent intrinsic clearance. IVIVE outcome can be improved by estimating the ratio of unbound drug concentration in the liver tissue to the liver plasma, examining the assumption of the free drug theory (i.e., there are no transporter effects at the blood cell membrane) and the finding that the upper limit of organ clearance may be greater than blood flow entering the organ.
Bi Behaviour in Au–(In–Bi) SLID Bonding

Au–(In–Bi) solid-liquid interdiffusion bonding (SLID) has shown potential for assembly of temperature-sensitive materials, such as poled piezoelectric and composite materials. Successful bonds can be made using Au–(In–Bi) SLID bonding at a low temperature of 120 °C. This work focuses on studying the behaviour of Bi in the Au–(In–Bi) SLID system. Thin-film (1 μm) eutectic In–Bi (78.5 at% In) is deposited as the intermediate layer for bonding by electron-beam evaporation. Bonding at 120 °C in atmosphere produced bonds with Bi inclusions. The Bi inclusions were characterized at various bonding times using cross-sectional measurements. The inclusions indicated poor bonding to Au, meaning asymmetric bonds where Bi inclusions are in direct contact with Au are mechanically weaker compared to a symmetric bond where there is no contact between the Au and Bi inclusions. The average size of the Bi inclusions in the bondline increased with bonding time. However, the large variance between the observed number of inclusions means more analysis is needed to confirm that this is mainly a result of coalescence as opposed to further segregation of the Bi from the liquid In–Bi phase as bonding time is increased.
Dominance analysis of police legitimacy’s regressors: disentangling the effects of procedural justice, effectiveness, and corruption

This article examines the relative influence of procedural justice, effectiveness, and corruption in shaping police legitimacy across 26 European countries. The emerging statistical technique of do...
Tumor in the Leg

The muscles of the leg are covered by a strong, deep fascia, and strong septa separate them into four main compartments: anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, and deep posterior. The anterior and posterior intermuscular septa to the investing fascia arise from the anterior and posterior borders of the fibula, whereas the transverse intermuscular septum between the posterior border of the fibula and the medial border of the tibia in the posterior aspect of the leg separates the superficial posterior component from the deep posterior compartment.
Other Areas of Cardiovascular Reactivity and Behavioral Medicine Research and Some Final Thoughts

This volume has addressed the use of the psychophysiological strategy in the investigation of how cardiovascular reactivity might be related to the development of essential hypertension. As indicated in Chapter 1, we have focused on the first part of Schwartz and Weiss’s (1978, p. 250) definition of behavioral medicine, that is, on “the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science knowledge and techniques relevant to health and illness.” At this point in the text, however, it is appropriate to mention some of the areas of reactivity research that have not been discussed in detail, and to provide the reader with some further readings that can serve as a starting point for following up on topics of particular interest.
Testing Soils for Metals with Emphasis on Cadmium in the Food Chain

The Baker Soil Test, abbreviated BST, evolved from the concept that the availability of an ion to plants is related to its activity or relative partial molar free energy within the substrate. From the concepts of Relative Partial Molar Free Energy and the Gibbs-Duhem equation, it becomes obvious that plant availability of an ion is affected by all factors affecting ionic activity. For soil systems, these factors include water properties, mineral solubilities, ionic adsorption, and other entropy changes. The BST includes measurements and interpretations of the extractable amounts (Q), the negative logarithm of the activity of ions associated with diethylene triaminepenta acetic acid (pCd{sup 2+}), and concentrations of cadmium and other metals by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1986) method. The determination of the intensity and buffer capacity (dI/dQ) of Cd{sup 2+} and other metals is important in order to identify soils with low potential cadmium uptake by crops, those with high cadmium uptake, and those for which the desired reduction of cadmium uptake by plants can be obtained by liming and other treatments which have been found to increase the soil buffer capacity. Reaching equilibrium after treatment takes time, and the required time can be expected to be differentmore » for different soils. The intensity and buffer capacity, predicted by the BST, should therefore be obtained repeatedly over time for soil management of cadmium and other elements for crops in the food chain.« less
Estimation of range-Doppler radar images

It is shown that most accurate reconstruction of a range-Doppler target density that can be computed from N waveforms and their echoes is obtained by transmitting the singular functions corresponding to the N largest singular values of two kernels derived from the target density. The singular functions are valid wavelets that obey an additional orthogonality constraint in the frequency domain. Using this result, a solution is discussed for the problem of choosing a set of N waveforms to reconstruct with high accuracy an arbitrary unknown target range-Doppler density function. >
Abstract W MP25: Stroke Outcomes in Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membranous Oxygenation

Objective: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), we determined morbidity, mortality and trends in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke complications in patients receiving Extracorporeal Membranous Oxygenation (ECMO). Materials and Methods: Using the NIS from 2001-2011, patients receiving ECMO were identified. We analyzed their ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke complication rates and compared discharge status between these patients and those without cerebrovascular complications. Morbidity was defined as discharge to a long-term facility. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke rates were compared between two time periods (2001-2006 and 2007-2011). Continuous variables were compared with a student’s t-test and categorical variables were compared with the chi-squared test. Results: A total of 23,950 ECMO patients were included in this study of which 22108 patients (92.3%) had no cerebrovascular complications, 980 patients (4.1%) had ischemic stroke and 862 patients (3.6%) had hemorrhagic stroke. Of those without cerebrovascular complications there was a 49.9% mortality rate and a 6.8% morbidity rate. Patients with ischemic stroke had a mortality rate of 44.3% (P=0.0006) and a morbidity rate of 14.6% (P<0.0001). Patients with hemorrhagic stroke had a mortality rate of 59.7% (P<0.0001) and a morbidity rate of 9.5% (P=0.002). The proportion of patients with ischemic stroke increased from 2.8% in 2001-2006 to 5.1% in 2007-2011 (P<0.0001) and patients with hemorrhagic stroke increased from 2.4% in 2001-2006 to 4.5% in 2007-2011(P<0.0001). Conclusion: ECMO patients complicated with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke had higher morbidity than those with no cerebrovascular complications. Patients with hemorrhagic stroke had a 10% worsened mortality rate than those with no cerebrovascular complications. The proportion of ECMO patients with cerebrovascular complications has nearly doubled between 2001-2011.
Galaxy Formation Study Using QSO Absorbers

Observations of QSO absorbers at Z ∿ 2 suggest that they represent a population of primeval, dynamically evolving systems which turn into the local galaxy population.
Large electrooptic modulation using ferroelectric thin films in a Fabry-Perot cavity

We report a reflective thin film ferroelectric light modulator which has exhibited optical phase modulation as large as fifty degrees and on/off signal ratio of twenty for intensity modulation. The large optical modulation was achieved by means of multiple reflection. A ferroelectric (FE) PLZT thin film material, deposited on Pt-coated silicon substrate, was used as the modulating medium. An indium-tin oxide (ITO) thin layer was deposited on the ferroelectric films as the top electrode. A He-Ne laser beam was obliquely incident on the ITO/FE/Pt structure. The light modulation was detected in the laser beam reflected from the thin film structure when a voltage signal was applied to the ITO and Pt electrodes. Unlike transmission-mode modulators, the sandwich of the ferroelectric films between the air-ITO and FE-Pt interfaces exhibited characteristics of a Fabry-Perot etalon. Near a Fabry-Perot peak, drastically enhanced light modulation than transmission devices was obtained. Design principles and the performance of the modulator are discussed.
The English double modal conspiracy

SUMMARYThe English double-modal combinations such as might could, used by over 20,000,000 speakers in the southern United States and by much smaller populations in Scotland and Northern Ireland, are nonetheless unknown to speakers of standard and colloquial varieties of other types of English. In syntactic theory, they are somewhat problematic for versions of generative syntax that hold that in English the modal auxiliary is the head of its clause, ruling out modal combinations. This article assumes, based on previous investigations (Nagle 1993, Montgomery & Nagle 1994), that today's double modals are innovations. It then argues that their rise in Early Modern English reflects a conspiracy of syntactic and semantic factors.RESUMELes combinaisons anglaises des expressions modales doubles comme might could, malgr6 le fait que'elles sont utilisees par 20 millions locuteurs au sud des Etats Unis et en Ecosse et Irlande du Nord par une population beau-coup moins grande, ne sont pas connus parmi les locuteurs d'autres variantes anglaises, standard ou colloquial. En theorie syntaxique, elles s'averent un peu problematiques pour des types de syntaxe generative qui maintiennent que la modale auxiliaire represente la 'tete' de sa clause, ainsi excluant les combinaisons modales. Le present article, se basant sur des investgations precedantes (Nagle 1993, Montgomery & Nagle 1994), suppose que les modales doubles d'aujourd'hui representent des innovations. II constate que son apparition dans 1'anglais moderne du XVIIe siecle reflete une 'conspiration' de facteurs syn-taxiques et semantique.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGKombinationen doppelter Modalwortern im Englischen wie might could, die von iiber 2 Millionen Sprechern in den Siidstaaten verwendet werden und auch von einer geringeren Bevolkerungszahl in Schottland und Nordirland, sind unter Sprechern anderer Varietaten, des Standards wie auch der Um-gangssprache, nicht bekannt. Fur die Syntaxtheorie, vor allem fur gewisse generative Modelle, sind solche Verwendungen dieser Art problematisch, und zwar deshalb, weil sie behaupten, daB das modale Hilfszeitwort gewisser-masen den 'Kopf der jeweiligen Wortgruppe darstelle. Auf vorangegangene Forschungen (Nagle 1993, Montgomery & Nagle 1994) aufbauend, nimmt der vorliegende Aufsatz an, daB es sich bei diesen doppelten Modalkombinationen um Neuerungen handelt. Ihr Aufkommen im Fruhneuenglischen sei eine 'Ver-schworung' syntaktischer und semantischer Faktoren.
Trade-offs and the evolution of host specialization

Trade-offs in performance on different hosts are thought to promote the evolution of host specificity by blocking host shifts. Yet, in contrast, most experiments using phytophagous insects have shown performance on alternative hosts to be uncorrelated or positively correlated. Recent quantitative genetic models based on mutation—selection balance indicate that underlying constraints on the simultaneous maximization of different components of fitness may not always generate negative genetic correlations. We suggest an alternative or additional explanation for the lack of observed negative genetic correlations. If performance is polygenically controlled and some performance loci possess only antagonistically pleiotropic alleles, then the expression of trade-offs in performance will vary over time in populations. Consequently, a trade-off will be seen only in populations that have adapted to two hosts and are at or close to genetic equilibrium. Therefore, studies testing performance on a novel as compared with a normal host will generally yield non-negative genetic correlations between performance on the two hosts. The results of published studies are consistent with the predictions of this hypothesis.
Metal complexes with N, N-dimethyllauramide

Abstract The preparation and characterization of N,N-dimethyllauramide (DML) complexes of magnesium(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), iron(II), iron(III) and chromium(III) are described. All of these complexes appear to be of octahedral symmetry with coordination occuring through the oxygen of DML. Magnetic susceptibilities are consistent with high spin configurations in all cases.
Carbon isotope turnover in blood as a measure of arrival time in migratory birds using isotopically distinct environments

Arrival time on breeding or non-breeding areas is of interest in many ecological studies exploring fitness consequences of migratory schedules. However, in most field studies, it is difficult to precisely assess arrival time of individuals. Here, we use carbon isotope turnover in avian blood as a technique to estimate arrival time for birds switching from one habitat or environment to another. Stable carbon isotope ratios (d 13 C) in blood assimilate to a new equilibrium following a diet switch according to an exponential decay function. This relationship can be used to determine the time a diet switch occurred if d 13 C of both the old and new diet are known. We used published data of captive birds to validate that this approach provides reliable estimates of the time since a diet switch within 1-3 weeks after the diet switch. We then explored the utility of this technique for King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) arriving on terrestrial breeding grounds after wintering and migra- tion at sea. We estimated arrival time on breeding grounds in northern Alaska (95% CI) from red blood cell d 13 C turnover to be 4-9 June. This estimate overlapped with arrival time of birds from the same study site tracked with satellite transmitters (5-12 June). Therefore, we conclude that this method provides a simple yet reliable way to assess arrival time of birds moving between isotopically distinct environments.