cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Treatment Plan Goals of People in Psychiatric Rehabilitation

Collaborative treatment planning is a process by which mental healthcare providers and consumers of services work together to set goals for treatment, choose between alternative services, and establish a plan (c.f.). Several groups have attempted to increase the collaborative nature of treatment planning. Collaborative treatment planning seeks to empower consumers, increase investment in treatment, and Benhances his or her motivation, investment, self-esteem, and sense of achievement, leading to greater independence and self-mastery.^ A key outcome in collaborative treatment planning is the production of high-quality treatment goals. Substantial research has supported the importance of goal setting in increasing goal-related efforts and performance, and goal setting holds several potential benefits for rehabilitation efforts, such as improving consumer outcomes, supporting consumer autonomy, and meeting contractual obligations, and may serve as a meaningful outcome in-and-of itself. To this end, Clarke, Oades, Crowe, Caputi, and Deane found that the goal attainment mediated the relationship between symptom distress and self-rated recovery, thus providing an empirical link between goals and consumer recovery. Despite its promise, Levack and colleagues note that goal setting interventions have had inconsistent outcomes. They conclude that these results may, at least in part, be due to variability in the goal setting process, which can impact the quality and effectiveness of goals. Treatment plans are critical to collaborative coordination of mental health services, and the goals can represent an important indicator of shared decision-making within psychiatric rehabilitation. Moreover, treatment plans have intrinsic value as a means by which the treatment team communicates. Despite their importance, extant research indicates treatment plans are often neglected in practice. Research from the intellectual disability literature indicates that treatment plans are infrequently completed,
Dynamic factor analysis for short panels: estimating performance trajectories for water utilities

We develop a novel estimation algorithm for a dynamic factor model (DFM) applied to panel data with a short time dimension and a large cross sectional dimension. Current DFMs usually require panels with a minimum of 20 years of quarterly data (80 time observations per panel). In contrast, the application we consider includes panels with a median of 8 annual observations. As a result, the time dimension in our paper is substantially shorter than previous work in the DFM literature. This difference increases the computational challenges of the estimation process which we address by developing the “Two-Cycle Conditional Expectation - Maximization” (2CCEM) algorithm which is a variant of the EM algorithm and its extensions. We analyze the conditions under which our model is identified and provide simulation results demonstrating consistency of our 2CCEM estimator. We apply the DFM to a dataset of 802 water and sanitation utilities from 43 countries and use the 2CCEM algorithm in order to estimate dynamic performance trajectories for each utility.
Transition metal complexes with terminal carbyne ligands

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry of molecular carbyne complexes; there is also much interest in them as models for species that are possibly present on metal surfaces in catalytic reactions. Surfacebound methine (CH) is a proposed intermediate in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and alkylidyne groups are suggested as intermediates in heterogeneously catalyzed alkyne metathesis reactions. X-Ray structure determinations of carbyne complexes show that they have very short metal–carbon bond lengths consistent with a metal–carbon triple bond. In certain cases, ∞-protons of an alkylidene ligand may be abstracted by a base to give alkylidyne compounds. Addition of electrophiles to terminal isonitrile (CNR) ligands gives aminocarbyne complexes; the analogous reaction of terminal thiocarbonyl (CS) ligands gives thiocarbynes. Fischer and Himmelreich reported the abstraction of oxygen from an anionic carbamoyl compound with SOCl 2 to give an aminocarbyne compound. Reactions of cationic carbyne compounds with nucleophiles proceed exclusively by nucleophilic attack at the carbyne carbon atom, thus providing a synthetically useful route to certain carbene complexes. The field of transition-metal carbyne chemistry has matured to the point where a great deal is known about the structure, bonding, and reactivity of the carbyne ligand.
Designing contracts for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

Reduction of carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation has been identified as a cost effective element of the post-Kyoto strategy to achieve long-term climate objectives. Its success depends primarily on the design and implementation of a financial mechanism that provides land-holders sufficient incentives to participate in such scheme. This paper proposes self-enforcing contracts (relational contracts) as a potential solution for the constraints in formal contract enforcement derived from the stylized facts of the implementation because relational contracting relies upon mutual private self-enforcement in a repeated transaction framework. The paper derives an opportunity cost function for land use and characterizes the optimal self-enforcing contract as well as provide the parameters under which private enforcement is sustainable. The optimal payment scheme suggests that all payments should be made contingent on the carbon offsets delivered, that is, at the end of the contracting period. Thus, the optimal contract does not observe any ex ante payment. Self-enforcement is more difficult to sustain the higher the opportunity cost of forest conservation is relative to the value of the carbon offsets from the contract. Necessary extensions to the relational contracting model are also discussed.
Long-range consequences of interplanetary collisions

As Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 races toward its mid-July collision with the planet Jupiter, considerable public attention is focused on catastrophic impacts with the Earth -- in the past and in the future. In recent years calls have been made to develop technologies that could deflect any asteroid or comet on a collision course. Careful consideration must be given to the nature and time scale of the risk and to the cost-effectiveness and possible problems in the suggested solutions. Risk assessment, threat removal, and resources misuse are examined. The greatest concern is to have a poorly informed public -- exerting pressure for means to mitigate even non-existent threats. The only foreseeable solution is a combination of accurate orbit estimation, realistic threat assessment, and effective public education.
Prioritized Traversal: Efficient Reachability Analysis for Verification and Falsification

Our experience with semi-exhaustive verification shows a severe degradation in usability for the corner-case bugs, where the tuning effort becomes much higher and recovery from dead-ends is more and more difficult. Moreover, when there are no bugs at all, shifting semi-exhaustive traversal to exhaustive traversal is very expensive, if not impossible. This makes the output of semi-exhaustive verification on non-buggy designs very ambiguous. Furthermore, since after the design fixes each falsification task needs to converge to full verification, there is a strong need for an algorithm that can handle efficiently both verification and falsification. We address these shortcomings with an enhanced reachability algorithm that is more robust in detecting corner-case bugs and that can potentially converge to exhaustive reachability. Our approach is similar to that of Cabodi et al. in partitioning the frontiers during the traversal, but differs in two respects. First, our partitioning algorithm trades quality for time resulting in a significantly faster traversal. Second, the subfrontiers are processed according to some priority function resulting in a mixed BFS/DFS traversal. It is this last feature that makes our algorithm suitable for both falsification and verification.
The economic consequences of health shocks

While there is a great deal of anecdotal evidence on the economic effects of adverse health shocks, there is relatively little hard empirical evidence. The author builds on recent empirical work to explore in the context of postreform Vietnam two related issues: (1) how far household income and medical care spending responds to health shocks, and (2) how far household consumption is protected against health shocks. The results suggest that adverse health shocks - captured by negative changes in body mass index (BMI) - are associated with reductions in earned income. This appears to be only partly - if at all - due to a reverse feedback from income changes to BMI changes. By contrast, there is a hint - the relevant coefficient is not significant - that adverse BMI shocks may result in increases in unearned income. This may reflect additional gifts, remittances, and so on, from family and friends following the health shock. Medical spending is found to increase following an adverse health shock, but not among those with health insurance. The impact for the uninsured is large, equal in absolute size to the income loss associated with a BMI shock. The lack of impact for the insured points to complete insurance against the medical care costs associated with health shocks, and is consistent with the very generous coverage of Vietnam's health insurance program in this period. The question arises: have Vietnamese households been able to hold their food and nonfood consumption constant in the face of these income reductions and extra medical care outlays? The results suggest not. For the sample as a whole, both food and nonfood consumption are found to be responsive to health shocks, indicating an inability to smooth nonmedical consumption in the face of health shocks. Further analysis reveals some interesting differences across different groups within the sample. Households with insurance come no closer to smoothing nonmedical consumption than uninsured households. Furthermore, and somewhat counterintuitively, better-off households - including insured households - fare worse than poorer households in smoothing their nonmedical consumption in the face of health shocks, despite the fact that in the case of insured households there are no medical bills associated with an adverse health event. Why the poor rely on dissaving and borrowing to such an extent, and do not apparently reduce their food and nonfood consumption following an adverse health shock while the better-off do, may be because the levels of food and nonfood consumption of the poor are simply too low relative to basic needs to enable them to cut back in the face of an adverse BMI shock.
Gang scheduling extensions for I/O intensive workloads

Scientific applications are becoming more complex and more I/O demanding than ever. For such applications, the system with dedicated I/O nodes does not provide enough scalability. Rather, a serverless approach is a viable alternative. However, with the serverless approach, a job’s execution time is decided by whether it is co-located with the file blocks it needs. Gang scheduling (GS), which is widely used in supercomputing centers to schedule parallel jobs, is completely not aware of the application’s spatial preferences.
Shared Memory vs. Message Passing: The COMOPS Benchmark Experiment

This paper presents the comparison of the COMOPS benchmark performance in MPI and shared memory on four different shared memory platforms: the DEC AlphaServer 8400/300, the SGI Power Challenge, the SGI Origin2000, and the HP-Convex Exemplar SPP1600. The paper also qualitatively analyzes the obtained performance data based on an understanding of the corresponding architecture and the MPI implementations. Some conclusions are made for the inter-processor communication performance on these four shared memory platforms.
The placental pathology of small-for-gestational age infants☆

There is a lack of placental studies of newborn infants who are small for gestational age (SGA). In a gross and light micorscopy evaluation of 63 referred placentas associated with singleton SGA infants, abnormalities were found in 58. In many instances these were considered of causal significance. Abnormalities included ischemic lesions (43 per cent), often related to a history of pre-eclampsia. In this group of specimens, severe X-cell proliferation was present, possibly related to a mechanism of delay of the onset of lavor. Approximately 25 per cent of the placentas showed villitis of unknown etiology. This is presumed to be of infectious etiology, probably viral. Sixteen per cent of the infants died.
A Volumetric FFT for BlueGene/L

BlueGene/L is a massively parallel supercomputer organized as a three-dimensional torus of compute nodes. A fundamental challenge in harnessing the new computational capabilities of BlueGene/L is the design and implementation of numerical algorithms that scale effectively on thousands of nodes. A computational kernel of particular importance is the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of three-dimensional data. In this paper, we present the approach we are taking in BlueGene/L to produce a scalable FFT implementation. We rely on a volume decomposition of the data to take advantage of the toroidal communication topology. We present experimental results using an MPI-based implementation of our algorithm, in order to test the basic tenets behind our decomposition and to allow experimentation on existing platforms. Our preliminary results indicate that our algorithm scales well on as many as 512 nodes for three-dimensional FFTs of size 128 × 128 × 128.
Hyperbolic Tessellations Associated to Bianchi Groups

Let F/ℚ be a number field. The space of positive definite binary Hermitian forms over F form an open cone in a real vector space. There is a natural decomposition of this cone into subcones. In the case of an imaginary quadratic field these subcones descend to hyperbolic space to give rise to tessellations of 3-dimensional hyperbolic space by ideal polytopes. We compute the structure of these polytopes for a range of imaginary quadratic fields.
Data Management in Dynamic Environment-driven Computational Science

Advances in numerical modeling, computational hardware and problem solving environments have driven the growth of computational science over the past decades. Science gateways, based on service oriented architectures and scientific workflows, provide yet another step in democratizing access to advanced numerical and scientific tools, computational resource and massive data storage, and fostering collaborations. Dynamic, data-driven applications, such as those found in weather forecasting, present interesting challenges to Science Gateways, which are being addressed as part of the LEAD Cyberinfrastructure project. In this article, we discuss three important data related problems faced by such adaptive data-driven environments: managing a user’s personal workspace and metadata on the Grid, tracking the provenance of scientific workflows and data products, and continuous data mining over observational weather data.
Two-Round Secure MPC from Indistinguishability Obfuscation

One fundamental complexity measure of an MPC protocol is its round complexity. Asharov et al. recently constructed the first three round protocol for general MPC in the CRS model. Here, we show how to achieve this result with only two rounds. We obtain UC security with abort against static malicious adversaries, and fairness if there is an honest majority. Additionally the communication in our protocol is only proportional to the input and output size of the function being evaluated and independent of its circuit size. Our main tool is indistinguishability obfuscation, for which a candidate construction was recently proposed by Garg et al.
Uncertainty and Variability Characterization and Measures in Risk Assessment

Probabilistic risk characterization, which is now commonly used to model risk and exposure, involves identifying sources of variations. We characterize risk as a function of risk factors. The distribution of any risk factor depends on two sources of heterogeneity (dispersion): uncertainty and variability. Uncertainty represents the degree of ignorance about the precise value of a particular parameter of a distribution. Variability represents inherent variation within the population of interest. We give an example to demonstrate uncertainty and variability that is based on a multiplicative model of risk due to contaminated drinking water. Keywords: multiplicative model; complex model; risk factor; probabilistic risk assessment; lognormal distribution; influential risk factors; contributions due to uncertainty and variability
Sherlock: An Automated Follow‐Up Telescope for Wide‐Field Transit Searches

The most significant challenge currently facing photometric surveys for transiting gas‐giant planets is that of confusion with eclipsing binary systems that mimic the photometric signature. A simple way to reject most forms of these false positives is high‐precision, rapid‐cadence monitoring of the suspected transit at higher angular resolution and in several filters. We are currently building a system that will perform higher‐angular‐resolution, multi‐color follow‐up observations of candidate systems identified by Sleuth (our wide‐field transit survey instrument at Palomar), and its two twin system instruments in Tenerife and northern Arizona.
Analyzing social networks in e-mail with rich syntactic features

Social network analysis has emerged as a key technique in countering crime and terrorism. The Enron e-mail dataset, originally made public and posted to the web by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission during its investigation, consists of around half a million e-mails among several thousand individuals. It is valuable in the sense that it is perhaps the only real e-mail dataset that is accessible to the research community. This paper presents preliminary results of an analysis of the Enron e-mail dataset based on a variation of the Author-Recipient-Topic (ART) model [1]. The GR-ART model described here uses grammatical relations as features, rather than bags of words. It is our hypothesis that using grammatical relations as features will provide a more useful model of authors, topics, and recipients than will the use of words alone. This research complements earlier research by one of the authors in applying information extraction techniques to cross-document named entity co-reference [2].
Assessing the odds of achieving the MDGs

How many countries are on target to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015? How many countries are off target, and how far are they from the goals? And what factors are essential for improving the odds that off-target countries can reach the goals? This paper examines these questions and takes a closer look at the diversity of country progress. The authors argue that the answers from the available data are surprisingly hopeful. In particular, two-thirds of developing countries are on target or close to being on target for all the Millennium Development Goals. Among developing countries that are falling short, the average gap of the top half is about 10 percent. For those countries that are on target, or close to it, solid economic growth and good policies and institutions have been the key factors in their success. With improved policies and faster growth, many countries that are close to becoming on target could still achieve the targets in 2015 or soon after.
Corruption and Resource Allocation Under China's Dual Track System

Detailed transaction and price data from 769 Chinese state-owned enterprises reveal that corruption --- official diversion of under-priced in-plan industrial goods to the market --- was pervasive in China between 1980 and 1989. More important, corruption has a significant impact on the allocation of both in-plan and outside-plan resources in ways that are consistent with implications of an extended version of Shleifer and Vishny's (1993) model of corruption. The empirical findings expose a serious downside of China's gradualist reform strategy --- corruption. In addition to distorting the allocation of resources, corruption had been blamed for undermining popular support for the reform in 1989.
Formation, Interaction and Observation of Topological Defects

In these lectures, I will describe the formation of defect distributions in first-order phase transitions, then briefly discuss the relevance of defect interactions after a phase transition and the observational signatures of cosmic strings. Some open questions are also discussed.
From spin glasses to hard satisfiable formulas

We introduce a highly structured family of hard satisfiable 3-SAT formulas corresponding to an ordered spin-glass model from statistical physics. This model has provably “glassy” behavior; that is, it has many local optima with large energy barriers between them, so that local search algorithms get stuck and have difficulty finding the true “ground state,” i.e., the unique satisfying assignment. We test the hardness of our formulas with two Davis-Putnam solvers, Satz and zChaff, the recently introduced Survey Propagation (SP), and two local search algorithms, WalkSAT and Record-to-Record Travel (RRT). We compare our formulas to random 3-XOR-SAT formulas and to two other generators of hard satisfiable instances, the minimum disagreement parity formulas of Crawford et al., and Hirsch’s hgen2. For the complete solvers the running time of our formulas grows exponentially in ${\sqrt n}$, and exceeds that of random 3-XOR-SAT formulas for small problem sizes. SP is unable to solve our formulas with as few as 25 variables. For WalkSAT, our formulas appear to be harder than any other known generator of satisfiable instances. Finally, our formulas can be solved efficiently by RRT but only if the parameter d is tuned to the height of the barriers between local minima, and we use this parameter to measure the barrier heights in random 3-XOR-SAT formulas as well.
"Il Manzoni" en Cecilia Valdés

Adhiriendose al modelo historico-romantico de Alejandro Manzoni, Cirilo Villaverde sigue con fidelidad la estructura narrativa de I Promessi Sposi en Cecilia Valdes. Sin embargo, el racismo y la dependencia colonial de Cuba son factores que ponen en crisis la validez del modelo central y proporcionan la particularidad del discurso latinoamericanista. Closely adhering to the romantic model set by Alessandro Manzoni, Cirilo Villaverde follows with consistency the narrative structure of "I Promessi Sposi" in Cecilia Valdes. However, racism and the colonial dependency of Cuba are factors which call in question the validity of the central model and establish the particularity of the Latin American discourse.
Studies on Rh. I. Evaluation of antihuman globulin serum in the hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Abstract 1. 1. The study covered a period from Feb. 1, 1951, through Feb. 29, 1952. During this time there were 1,883 deliveries. Three hundred sixteen mothers (16 per cent) were Rh negative; fourteen (4.4 per cent of Rh-negative mothers) were sensitized. 2. 2. There was a closer correlation between the degree of hemolytic disease of the newborn and the antihuman globulin serum titer than with the albumin or saline titer. 3. 3. A sudden high rise in antihuman globulin serum titer was a warning of difficulty in the infant. The earlier the rise, the greater was the probability of damage to the infant.
Simpson's Paradox†

Simpson's paradox occurs when the direction of a measure of association between two variables is reversed after pooling over a covariate. For example, a treatment can be effective for both males and females, but ineffective when the data for males and females are combined. Since Simpson's original example in his 1951 paper, numerous real-life examples of Simpson's paradox have been reported in many areas and the paradox has been generalized to many forms of association reversals. Necessary and sufficient conditions for Simpson's paradox as well as generalized forms of association reversals are given so we know, for example, when a high-dimensional contingency table can be safely collapsed, avoiding the paradox. It is also of interest to know what the appropriate conclusion is when Simpson's paradox does occur. Keywords: odds ratio; association measure; contingency table; marginal table; pooling; collapsibility; association reversal; amalgamation paradox
ASCA Observation of an X-Ray-luminous Active Nucleus in Markarian 231

We have obtained a moderately long (105 s) ASCA observation of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 231, the most luminous of the local ultraluminous infrared galaxy population. In the best-fitting model we do not see the X-ray source directly; the spectrum consists of a scattered power-law component and a reflection component, both of which have been absorbed by a column NH ≈ 3 × 1022 cm-2. About three-quarters of the observed hard X-rays arise from the scattered component, reducing the equivalent width of the iron Kα line. The implied ratio of 1-10 keV X-ray luminosity to bolometric luminosity, LX/Lbol ~ 2%, is typical of Seyfert 1 galaxies and radio-quiet QSOs of comparable bolometric luminosities and indicates that the bolometric luminosity is dominated by the active galactic nucleus (AGN). Our estimate of the X-ray luminosity also moves Mrk 231 in line with the correlations found for AGNs with extremely strong Fe II emission. A second source separated by about 2' is also clearly detected and contributes about 25% of the total flux.
Observed Choice, Estimation, and Optimism about Policy Changes

A policy will be used more heavily in a particular time and place where its marginal cost is lower. The analyst who treats times and places as identical will overestimate the policy's net benefit, especially for policy intensities greater than exist in his sample. In regression analysis, the problem can be solved by instrumental variables and a correction for heteroskedasticity. In an example using state-level data, the technique substantially increases the estimated responsiveness of the illegitimacy rate to transfer payments.
Regional assessment of the parameter-dependent performance of CAM4 in simulating tropical clouds

[1] Representation of clouds remains among the largest uncertainties in climate models and thus climate projections. Clouds vary significantly over different climate regimes and are controlled by different dynamics and physics. Using the cloud simulator output from perturbed-parameter ensemble climate runs with prescribed monthly sea surface temperature, this study examines the performance of the Community Atmosphere Model version 4 (CAM4) in simulating clouds over different tropical regions. Perturbing 28 selected parameters shows that model performance is quite sensitive to parameter values in different cloud regimes. Carefully adjusting these parameters could lead to a better simulation of clouds over many regions compared with the default model. Latin hypercube runs that pseudo-randomly sample the 28 parameters simultaneously have much wider spread and more spatial variations than the runs with parameters varied One-At-a-Time (OAT), suggesting the importance of non-linearities and interactions among parameters associated with different physical processes. The perturbed parameters have a relatively large impact on the mean bias compared to the pattern error.
The topology of real suspension singularities of type f\bar{g}+z^n

In this article we study the topology of a family of real analytic germs $$F :(\mathbb {C}^3,0) \rightarrow (\mathbb {C},0)$$ with isolated critical point at the origin, given by $$F(x,y,z)=f(x,y)\overline{g(x,y)}+z^r$$ , where $$f$$ and $$g$$ are holomorphic, $$r \in \mathbb {Z}_{}^+$$ and $$r \ge 2$$ . We describe the link $$L_F$$ as a graph manifold using its natural open book decomposition, related to the Milnor fibration of the map-germ $$f\bar{g}$$ and the description of its monodromy as a quasi-periodic diffeomorphism through its Nielsen invariants. Furthermore, such a germ $$F$$ gives rise to a Milnor fibration $$\frac{F}{|F|} :\mathbb {S}^{5} {\setminus } L_F \rightarrow \mathbb {S}^{1}$$ . We present a join theorem, which allows us to describe the homotopy type of the Milnor fibre of $$F$$ and we show some cases where the open book decomposition of $$\mathbb {S}^{5}$$ given by the Milnor fibration of $$F$$ cannot come from the Milnor fibration of a complex singularity in $$\mathbb {C}^3$$ .
Author Identifiers in Scholarly Repositories

Bibliometric and usage-based analyses and tools highlight the value of information about scholarship contained within the network of authors, articles and usage data. Less progress has been made on populating and using the author side of this network than the article side, in part because of the difficulty of unambiguously identifying authors. I briefly review a sample of author identifier schemes, and consider use in scholarly repositories. I then describe preliminary work at arXiv to implement public author identifiers, services based on them, and plans to make this information
Voyager at Saturn

The spacecraft design and operations and mission results of the Voyager Project are reviewed with particular emphasis on the results of the Saturn encounters. The mission was undertaken by two spacecraft: Voyager 2, launched first on August 20, 1977 on a lower energy trajectory to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune; and Voyager 1, launched on September 5, 1977 on a higher energy trajectory to closer flybys of Jupiter and Saturn. The Voyager spacecraft make use of earlier Mariner and Viking Orbiter design concepts, with additional capabilities for solar independent power, long-range communications and autonomy as well as equipment for the 11 science investigations. The Voyager operations system consists of a ground data system, missions operations system, and support by the Mission Control and Computer Center and Deep Space Network. Among the results of the Jupiter encounter are data concerning the magnetospheric structure and atmospheric dynamics of the planet and the surface features of the Galilean satellites. The encounters with Saturn produced scientific data concerning wind speeds, auroral emissions, and radio emissions from the planet, the fine structure of the previously known and newly discovered rings, the surface features of the satellites and the atmospheric composition and conditions of Titan. Voyager 1 is presently making field and particle measurements on its flight into interstellar space, while Voyager 2 is headed for an encounter with Uranus in January 1986 and Neptune in August 1989.
Reforming environmental law: the democratic case for market incentives

In this article, the environmental law is discussed under the democratic and market perspectives, in order to present to the reader that it is possible to have more efficiency to the administrative processes of this scenario, and that the market incentives, when properly used, can save billions of dollars each year, helping to balance the budget and the system of pollution regulation. Neste artigo, a reforma do direito ambiental e discutida a luz dos valores democraticos e de mercado, no intuito de mostrar ao leitor que e possivel trazer mais eficiencia aos processos administrativos presentes neste cenario, e que os incentivos de mercado, quando usados de forma criativa, podem economizar bilhoes de dolares por ano, auxiliando no controle do orcamento e no sistema de regulacao da poluicao.
A Chandra and XMM View of the Mass & Metals in Galaxy Groups and Clusters

X-ray observations with Chandra and XMM are providing valuable new measurements of the baryonic and dark matter content of groups and clusters. Masses of cD clusters obtained from X-ray and gravitational lensing studies generally show good agreement, therefore providing important validation of both methods. Gas fractions have been obtained for several clusters that verify previous results for a low matter density (Ωm,0 ≈ 0.3). Chandra has also provided measurements of the mass profiles deep down into several cluster cores and has generally found no significant deviations from CDM predictions in contrast to the flat core density profiles inferred from the rotation curves of low-surface brightness galaxies and dwarf galaxies; i.e., there is no evidence for self-interacting dark matter in cluster cores. Finally, initial studies of the iron and silicon abundances in centrally E-dominated groups show that they have pronounced gradients from 1–2 solar values within the central 30–50 kpc that fall to values of 0.3–0.5 solar at larger radii. The Si/Fe ratios are consistent with approximately 80% of the metals originating from Type Ia supernovae. Several cD clusters also display central Fe enhancements suggestive of Type Ia supernova enrichment, though some have central dips that may provide a vital clue for solving the cooling flow mystery.
An Axiomatic Approach to Defining Approximation Measures for Functional Dependencies

We consider the problem of defining an approximation measure for functional dependencies (FDs). An approximation measure for X → Y is a function mapping relation instances, r, to non-negative real numbers. The number to which r is mapped, intuitively, describes the “degree” to which the dependency X → Y holds in r. We develop a set of axioms for measures based on the following intuition. The degree to which X → Y is approximate in r is the degree to which r determines a function from π X(r)to π Y (r). The axioms apply to measures that depend only on frequencies (i.e. the frequency of x ∈ π X(r) is the number of tuples containing x divided by the total number of tuples). We prove that a unique measure satisfies these axioms (up to a constant multiple), namely, the information dependency measure of [5]. We do not argue that this result implies that the only reasonable, frequency-based, measure is the information dependency measure. However, if an application designer decides to use another measure, then the designer must accept that the measure used violates one of the axioms.
Waveguide coupled CMOS photodetector for on-chip optical interconnects

A novel, truly CMOS compatible, waveguide coupled, high-speed photodiode for on-chip optical clock distribution is designed using analytical calculations, electro-optical simulations, and experimental analysis. Experiment and simulation results from test devices are presented and analyzed. Results from test devices and waveguides currently under fabrication in the Agilent 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process will be reported.
Waveguides induced by photorefractive screening solitons

Summary form only given. Photorefractive spatial solitons form when the optically induced space-charge field modifies the refractive index via electro-optic effect and forms a waveguide that confines the optical beam that has induced the waveguide. Since the photorefractive response is wavelength dependent, one can generate a soliton with a weak beam and guide in it a more intense beam of a less photosensitive wavelength. Here we present theoretical and experimental studies of the waveguides induced by photorefractive screening solitons. We show that the number of guided modes in a waveguide induced by a bright screening soliton increases monotonically with increasing intensity ratio (the ratio between the peak soliton intensity and the background or dark irradiance), whereas the waveguides induced by dark screening solitons are always single-mode waveguides.
Revision of the Assigned Structures of 5- and 7-Iodo-8-quinolinols and 5- and 7-Iodo-2-methyl-8-quinolinols

Revised structures are presented for 5- and 7-iodo-8-quinolinols and for 5- and 7-iodo-2-methyl-8-quinolinols based on NMR studies. UV spectroscopic characterization of the compounds was also carried out.
25 Years of Sports Law Scholarship: The History of the Marquette Sports Law Journal/Review

This report discusses the history of the Marquette Sports Law Journal/Review, the preeminent law school journal of its kind focused on sports law scholarship.
Trust management for the semantic web

Though research on the Semantic Web has progressed at a steady pace, its promise has yet to be realized. One major difficulty is that, by its very nature, the Semantic Web is a large, uncensored system to which anyone may contribute. This raises the question of how much credence to give each source. We cannot expect each user to know the trustworthiness of each source, nor would we want to assign top-down or global credibility values due to the subjective nature of trust. We tackle this problem by employing a web of trust, in which each user maintains trusts in a small number of other users. We then compose these trusts into trust values for all other users. The result of our computation is not an agglomerate "trustworthiness" of each user. Instead, each user receives a personalized set of trusts, which may vary widely from person to person. We define properties for combination functions which merge such trusts, and define a class of functions for which merging may be done locally while maintaining these properties. We give examples of specific functions and apply them to data from Epinions and our BibServ bibliography server. Experiments confirm that the methods are robust to noise, and do not put unreasonable expectations on users. We hope that these methods will help move the Semantic Web closer to fulfilling its promise.
On Detecting Biospheres from Chemical Thermodynamic Disequilibrium in Planetary Atmospheres

Abstract Atmospheric chemical disequilibrium has been proposed as a method for detecting extraterrestrial biospheres from exoplanet observations. Chemical disequilibrium is potentially a generalized biosignature since it makes no assumptions about particular biogenic gases or metabolisms. Here, we present the first rigorous calculations of the thermodynamic chemical disequilibrium in Solar System atmospheres, in which we quantify the available Gibbs energy: the Gibbs free energy of an observed atmosphere minus that of atmospheric gases reacted to equilibrium. The purely gas phase disequilibrium in Earth's atmosphere is mostly attributable to O2 and CH4. The available Gibbs energy is not unusual compared to other Solar System atmospheres and smaller than that of Mars. However, Earth's fluid envelope contains an ocean, allowing gases to react with water and requiring a multiphase calculation with aqueous species. The disequilibrium in Earth's atmosphere-ocean system (in joules per mole of atmosphere) ranges...
Mars Pathfinder Rover-Lewis Research Center technology experiments program

An overview of NASA's Mars Pathfinder Program is given and the development and role of three technology experiments from NASA's Lewis Research Center and carried on the Mars Pathfinder Rover is described. Two missions to Mars were developed and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and launched late 1996 Mars Global Surveyor, and Mars Pathfinder. Mars Global Surveyor is an orbiter which will survey the planet with a number of different instruments, and will arrive in September 1997, and Mars Pathfinder which consists of a lander and a small rover, landing on Mars July 4, 1997. These are the first two missions of the Mars Exploration Program consisting of a ten year series of small robotic martian probes to be launched every 26 months. The Pathfinder rover will perform a number of technology and operational experiments which will provide the engineering information necessary to design and operate more complex, scientifically oriented surface missions involving roving vehicles and other machinery operating in the martian environment. Because of its expertise in space power systems and technologies, space mechanisms and tribology, Lewis Research Center was asked by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to contribute three experiments concerning the effects of the martian environment on surface solar power systems and the abrasive qualities of the Mars surface material. In addition, Rover static charging was investigated and a static discharge system of several fine Tungsten points was developed and fixed to the Rover. These experiments and findings are described.
Imaging Science in Medicine

The use of imaging technologies has expanded tremendously in medicine over the past two decades. This expansion reflects the evolution of new imaging tools that reveal human anatomy and physiology in ever-increasing detail, as well as the development of digital data acquisition and processing techniques that extract information from human tissues in ever-expanding degrees of subtlety. A further factor that is stimulating growth in imaging is the expansion of knowledge about biological systems at the cellular, molecular, and genetic levels. This factor is transforming medical imaging from a “technology-push” discipline into one where fundamental biological questions, as well as important clinical issues, are the force driving development of new imaging technologies. This transformation demands enhanced knowledge about the interface between biological properties of tissues and the characteristics of imaging systems. Exploration of the existing state of knowledge about the interface, and what is needed for the immediate future, is the subject of this article. Keywords: medical imaging; molecular medicine; spatial resolution; image processing; technology development; human vision; image contrast; image restoration; imaging advances; image quality; image display; digital images
A test for determining the time of ovulation and conception in women.

A method for determining the time of ovulation in women is presented. Ovulation is detected by the reaction of the immature white rat ovary to a womans urine; if ovulation is taking place the ovaries become hyperemic. The method was evaluated in 88 married women and 12 single women. A positive test for 3-4 successive days each month was considered the normal reaction. This was the case for most of the women. However a few women had a positive test for 1-2 days followed by 1 day or more of negative results and then a positive test for 1-2 days. This was considered an abnormal response. There was no reaction in any month in a few women. The results indicate that the 3rd or 4th day of a normal reaction is the optimal time for conception to occur. 18 women who complained of infertility became pregnant in the months when they showed a normal reaction. Urine assays indicated the presence of gonadotropins when the hyperemic reaction was positive.
Hierarchical Signature Clustering for Time Series Microarray Data

Existing clustering techniques provide clusters from time series microarray data, but the distance metrics used lack interpretability for these types of data. While some previous methods are concerned with matching levels, of interest are genes that behave in the same manner but with varying levels. These are not clustered together using an Euclidean metric, and are indiscernible using a correlation metric, so we propose a more appropriate metric and modified hierarchical clustering method to highlight those genes of interest. Use of hashing and bucket sort allows for fast clustering and the hierarchical dendrogram allows for direct comparison with easily understood meaning of the distance. The method also extends well to use k-means clustering when a desired number of clusters are known.
Intuitionistic computability logic

Computability logic (CL) is a systematic formal theory of computational tasks and resources, which, in a sense, can be seen as a semantics-based alternative to (the syntactically introduced) linear logic. With its expressive and flexible language, where formulas represent computational problems and "truth" is understood as algorithmic solvability, CL potentially offers a comprehensive logical basis for constructive applied theories and computing systems inherently requiring constructive and computationally meaningful underlying logics. Among the best known constructivistic logics is Heyting's intuitionistic calculus INT, whose language can be seen as a special fragment of that of CL. The constructivistic philosophy of INT, however, just like the resource philosophy of linear logic, has never really found an intuitively convincing and mathematically strict semantical justification. CL has good claims to provide such a justification and hence a materialization of Kolmogorov's known thesis "INT = logic of problems". The present paper contains a soundness proof for INT with respect to the CL semantics.
Electron impact ionization of U88+-U91+

We channeled 405-MeV/nucleon uranium ions in Si single crystals to determine the electron impact ionization cross section for berylliumlike-hydrogenlike uranium by 222-keV electrons, Our cross sections are 3.9, 11.0, 16.0, and 31.0 b (+100%, -50%), respectively, for ionizing $1s$, ${1s}^{2}$, $2s$, and ${2s}^{2}$ electrons. Our $1s$ and ${1s}^{2}$ results disagree with present theory. Our $2s$ and ${2s}^{2}$ results are not accurate enough to distinguish between theories.
Janossy densities. I. Determinantal ensembles

We derive an elementary formula for Janossy densities for determinantal point processes with a finite rank projection-type kernel. In particular, for β=2 polynomial ensembles of random matrices we show that the Janossy densities on an interval I ⊂ ℝ can be expressed in terms of the Christoffel–Darboux kernel for the orthogonal polynomials on the complement of I.
Progress status of Skutterudite-based segmented thermoelectric technology development

Young's modulus, bulk density, fracture strength, and fracture toughness of alpha silicon carbide manufactured by extrusion and by isopressing were measured at room and elevated temperature in order to determine material feasibility as augers for the Tile Overlay Repair attachment. The measured properties of extruded and isopressed materials differ significantly, with the extruded material exhibiting marked strength anisotropy and lower density. The measurements were made between July and September 2006 at Glenn Research Center (GRC), in order to obtain design data for use in structural and thermal mathematical models.
The 18-Fold Way

At least 18 nontrivial correct choices must be made to arrive at a “right understanding” of the world according to quantum theory.
Approaches to Corporate Debt Restructuring in the Wake of Financial Crises

This paper starts from a discussion of the economic case for moderated government intervention in debt restructuring in the nonfinancial corporate sector. It then draws on lessons from past crises to explain three broad approaches that have been applied to corporate debt restructurings in the aftermath of a crisis. From there, it addresses challenges in designing and implementing a comprehensive debt restructuring strategy and draws together some key principles.
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy: aim for a cure of cancer

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) differs from conventional radiation in several ways (Figure 1). It delivers a high radiation dose to the target that can potentially eliminate cancer. It is typically used to treat smaller tumors that have been detected early. SABR is guided by a special imaging system such as computerized tomography or computed tomography (CT). The CT is built into the radiation treatment machine. Because CT scanning can accurately pinpoint a tumor, SABR is able to give higher doses of radiation directly to the tumor without damaging nearby critical normal structures. Higher treatment doses are given in a much shorter period of time typically 3 to 5 treatments over a period of 5 days whereas typical conventional radiation therapy is given 30 minutes a day for 6 weeks or more.
Central Indiana STEM Talent Expansion Program: Student and faculty interventions

Funded by 5-year, $2M grant from the National Science Foundation, the Central Indiana STEM Talent Expansion Program (CI-STEP) at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) is creating a pipeline of students and a campus culture change to increase the number of undergraduates obtaining Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) degrees. CI-STEP addresses initiatives needed for transforming the undergraduate STEM experience by propagating, expanding, and creating new evidence-based educational innovations in undergraduate STEM education at IUPUI.