cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Darcy natural convection from a line source of heat in saturated porous medium

Abstract Local non-similarity solutions are reported for mixed convective heat transfer from a line source of heat in a saturated porous medium. Non-Darcy effects which include the flow inertial and thermal dispersion are considered in this study. The governing parameters are the Ergun number Er, the thermal dispersion coefficient C and mixed convection parameter & (=Ra/Pe). While the inertial effect tends to reduce the mixed convective flow, the thermal dispersion is to increase it. Both effects, however, have considerably thickened the thermal boundary layer.
Compliance and the illusion of ethical progress

It has become common for business practitioners and management scholars to distinguish between compliance and ethics. According to the conventional distinction as expressed in Paine’s formulation of Integrity Strategy, compliance is ordinarily a necessary but insufficient condition for ethics. Now that this distinction has been institutionalized in the most significant judicial, legislative, and regulatory developments in American business conduct management since the Enron failure, it is worth asking whether the current emphasis on ethics represents progress. Does it make logical and practical sense to impose ethics as a compliance requirement, or have we come full circle? I argue that assertions of organizational ethical progress, usually involving an increase in the number and or severity of compliance restrictions, do not get the conventional distinction quite right. Moreover, under the consensus distinction, there can be no such thing as organizational ethical progress. However, our ordinary ways of talking about business conduct management often betray logical confusions about the ethics–compliance relationship. While the metaphors we employ – “higher standards,” “raising the bar,” “gray areas,” and “crossing the line,” etc. – perform a worthwhile function as standards for external evaluation of business conduct, they also have a tendency to limit and impoverish our conception of what it is to be ethical. The idea that ethics matters is fundamental to Integrity Strategy’s implicit claim, consistent with conventional wisdom and moral theory, that the objective of responsible conduct cannot be achieved solely by imposing from outside what is required but must also appeal to what is desired.
Frenkel defects in alkali-halides.

The method of lattice statics and the deformation dipole model have been applied to Frenkel defects in ionic crystals. For isolated interstitials, all short-ranged repulsive and Coulombdefect host-lattice ion forces were evaluated at the relaxed configuration. The zero-order Coulomb force was allowed to act on the remainder of the host-lattice ions past first neighbors. We have calculated Frenkel-pair formation energies, ionic displacements, and ionic polarizations in the twelve Na, K, Rb halides. Our results show over all that, in ionic crystals of the rocksalt structure, Schottky defect pairs are more likely to be present than Frenkel defect pairs.
A Cross-Cultural Test of Compliance-Gaining Theory

Studies of managers' persuasive communicating with key subordinates in American, British, and Australian firms suggest that reasoning is the most frequently used compliance-gaining strategy. A test of these findings with Japanese managers also found reasoning to be the most frequently used strategy. Compliance gaining through assertiveness and appeals to loyalty were positively associated with a manager's view of himself or herself as a “lifetime” employee. Findings were the same for both Japanese-owned and non-Japanese-owned firms in Japan.
Nanometric polymer coatings for silicon on insulator circuits

Applications of polymer post processing of silicon on insulator (SoI) devices are demonstrated. Polymer overlays on SoI nanophotonic circuits are used, on the one hand, to improve optical antenna transception for an any-one-to-all array and, on the other hand, a similar photodefinable coating is used to passively tune the dispersive characteristics of waveguides embedded in photonic crystals. Discussion is given to the polymer formulation. Coating that requires infiltration into voids with dimension 100 nm and less demands optimized wetting properties from the pre-cured polymer-in-solution. Atomic Force and Scanning Electron micrographs and Zygo interferometer image illustrate the quality of the post-photo-definition, cured coatings. Transmission measurements show a 10 dB improvement in the received signal level for a coated versus uncoated antenna pair radiating and receiving at 1550 nm. Wavelength dependent transmission measurements on waveguides in photonic crystals demonstrate that tuning can be affected in post processing performed after foundry fabrication. Careful formulation of the polymer for nano infiltration allows for tuning without increased attenuation.
Can immunization precipitate connective tissue disease?Report of five cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and review of the literature

Abstract Objectives: To report a series of five patients who developed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) after immunization and review the literature on vaccine-associated connective tissue diseases and the theoretical mechanisms that could explain such an association. Methods: Uncontrolled retrospective analysis of cases identified sporadicallyover 7 years at three centers. Results: In our series of 5 patients, symptoms of SLE developed within 2 to 3weeks after secondary immunization. All patients met American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for the diagnosis of SLE. In most patients, symptoms have been persistent. Conclusion: Although a coincidental association between vaccination and theonset of SLE cannot be excluded, the temporal relationship with the development of symptoms makes it immunologically plausible that vaccination triggered systemic autoimmunity in these rare cases. We propose that epidemiological studies be performed to examine this potential association in more detail to quantitate the risk and identify possible genetic risk factors.
Development of an instrument for measuring clinicians' power perceptions in the workplace

We report on the development of an instrument to measure clinicians' perceptions of their personal power in the workplace in relation to resistance to computerized physician order entry (CPOE). The instrument is based on French and Raven's six bases of social power and uses a semantic differential methodology. A measurement study was conducted to determine the reliability and validity of the survey. The survey was administered online and distributed via a URL by email to 19 physicians, nurses, and health unit coordinators from a university hospital. Acceptable reliability was achieved by removing or moving some semantic differential word pairs used to represent the six power bases (alpha range from 0.76 to 0.89). The Semantic Differential Power Perception (SDPP) survey validity was tested against an already validated instrument and found to be acceptable (correlation range from 0.51 to 0.81). The SDPP survey instrument was determined to be both reliable and valid.
The violation of human rights as a determinant of poverty

This paper focuses on the relationship between poverty and human rights, with particular emphasis on situations where issues of ethnicity and discrimination are present. Hitherto, the relationship between poverty and human rights has not been clearly understood and little empirical research is available on the matter. As a result, seemingly sharply contrasted perspectives continue to exist. The prevailing view in economic development is that poverty alleviation programmes are so diverse and encompassing that it will be via poverty alleviation programmes that human rights will be fulfilled. However, in the human rights community, the prevailing view is that violations of human rights are a major cause of poverty and, as a corollary, to deny people their rights is, by definition, a way to keep them poor. In fact, both approaches hold substantive truth and value added. Human rights should be regarded as a human endowment, and thus as a form of capital. They are, to that extent, as important as all the other forms of capital that participate in the development process and in the process of poverty alleviation. To disregard the importance of human rights is tantamount to keeping people in poverty.
Childhood Obesity Is Associated With Increased Risk of Most Lower Extremity Fractures

Background A number of studies have found an increased risk of lower extremity injuries in obese patients. Most studies, however, are unable to provide stable population-based estimates based on the degree of obesity and few assess the risk pertaining to more detailed fracture location in the lower extremities.
Evaluation of Testicular Vasculature in Stallions

Vascular disorders play an important role in male infertility. Various modalities of ultrasound examination can be applied to evaluate testicular vasculature and to objectively measure numerous parameters of testicular perfusion. This paper describes techniques of ultrasound examination of testicular vasculature in the stallion, using gray-scale, color, and power Doppler ultrasound. Results of studies on the normal vascular anatomy in the stallion and its variations, the methods of obtaining most optimal measures of testicular perfusion, and the effects of the physiological and pharmacological factors on testicular blood flow are reviewed. There is a growing body of evidence that evaluation of testicular vasculature has a tremendous clinical relevance and should be included in the diagnostic workup of scrotal diseases.
Pharmacological and surgical treatments for obesity.

Obesity is a chronic condition that has become prevalent worldwide. In the United States, N50% of adults are currently overweight or obese. Traditionally, overweight has been defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9 kg/m and obesity as a BMI z30 kg/m. Obese individuals are at increased risk for developing a myriad of medical, psychological, and behavioral problems. Medical conditions associated with obesity include insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM]), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, sleep apnea, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gallbladder disease, hyperuricemia and gout, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. 6 The total cost of obesity in the United States is estimated at US$100 billion per year, of which approximately US$50 billion relates to direct medical costs associated with diseases attributable to obesity. Although our understanding of the etiology of obesity is still incomplete, we know that the disorder involves a complex interaction between genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. The genetic component of obesity is very important; however, the recent substantial increase in the prevalence of this condition is best explained by behavioral and environmental changes. The rationale for treating persons with obesity is predicated on the increased risk mortality in this population and on the abundance of evidence, suggesting that reducing weight by as little as 5% to 10% can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and associated comorbidities. Treatment of overweight and obesity consists of 2 principal processes: assessment and management. Assessment requires determining the degree of obesity and the absolute risk status; management involves weight loss, maintenance of lower weight, and implementation of measures to control other risk factors. Persons at increased risk for obesity-related morbidity and mortality include those with a BMI N30 kg/m, those with upper-body fat
A study of current logic design practices in the automotive manufacturing industry

This paper presents the results of an observational study of industrial logic designers at Lamb Technion. The purpose of this study was to determine the current methods of logic design used in industry. These observations can be used to evaluate recent academic proposals of methods for generating controllers for machines, as well as suggesting new methods.By observing the logic designers it was determined that designing logic for machining systems is substantially different than writing computer code, both in the specification and in the people who will design and use the system. In addition, recent academic developments in Discrete Event Systems are difficult to apply to the problems of industrial logic control. Even methods which researchers design specifically for industrial logic design are difficult to apply, both due to the lack of support for the methods, and the unsuitability of the methods to solve problems in this domain.The primary observations of this study are the following. • The observed Logic designers need to at least: determine acceptable machine behavior, foresee potential error conditions, predict user behavior, and design the logic needed for a machine. This is a greater range of responsibilities than expected. • Logic for one machine is generally copied directly from a previous project. However, copying logic generally involves manually retyping everything due to incompatibilities in the development environments. • Customers continue to ask for more features, and it is unlikely that this trend will stop. Some of these features are extremely difficult to implement using existing methods. Such features include: detailed part tracking, more sophisticated user interfaces, and greater diagnostic ability.
Laboratory Investigation of Misaligned Dowel Behavior

Dowels are inserted at the mid-depth of joints in jointed concrete pavements that are exposed to heavy loading to provide load transfer and reduce pumping and faulting. Dowel alignment tolerances in North America have traditionally been strict, although not based on substantial performance data. In this paper, new laboratory testing methods are proposed for evaluation of the effects of dowel misalignment on concrete joint behavior. In these tests, dowels with various levels of rotations and translations were subjected to pullout and shear loading. It was found that dowel misalignment does not have a significant effect on pullout and shear forces for certain ranges of misalignments, which far exceed the tolerances recommended by the Federal Highway Administration. At the same time, it was found that extreme cases and combinations of misalignment resulted in a significant decrease in initial stiffness and shear capacity. Therefore, there is a need for the establishment of rational alignment tolerances. The results of this study provide important information for the development of such tolerances.
A Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign and the Origins of the Conservative Movement – By J. William Middendorf II

In recent years, the history of American conservatism has experienced a burst of inquiry. In this book, J. William Middendorf II provides a notable addition to this emerging literature. The author,...
Snorkeling as an Alternative to Depletion Electrofishing for Estimating Abundance and Length-Class Frequencies of Trout in Small Streams

Abstract Trout counts and length-class frequencies determined by snorkeling were compared with estimates determined by electrofishing in 25 reaches of small (≤11-m wetted width) streams of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. The numbers of trout (brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and cutthroat trout O. clarki) counted by snorkeling were highly correlated (r 2 = 0. 90–0.99) to depletion estimates of abundance determined by electrofishing, averaging 65% of depletion estimates. Inclusion of instream cover and underwater visibility significantly improved predictions of all salmonid species combined in regression models that predicted depletion estimates by electrofishing from snorkeling counts. Length frequencies obtained by snorkeling and electrofishing were similar when frequencies of trout in three length-classes (0–100, 101–300, and >300 mm) were adjusted (observed length by snorkeling divided by 1.25) for underwater visual magnification. Snorkeling was an alternative to el...
Age of puberty in ewes which developed prenatally with either a ram or a ewe fetus

Abstract This experiment was designed to compare time of first estrus and ovulation in ewe lambs, which developed prenatally next to a female fetus (0M ewe), with ewe lambs which developed prenatally next to a male fetus (1M ewe). Prenatal environment had no effect ( P > 0.05) on weight of ewes during the experimental period (42 ± 1 and 43 ± 0.5 kg for 0M and 1M ewes, respectively). Age at first estrus (29 ± 0.8 weeks for 0M and 30 ± 0.4 weeks for 1M ewes) did not differ ( P > 0.05) between groups. There was, however, more variability ( P ≤ 0.05) in age at first estrus in 0M than in 1M ewes. The number of short estrous cycles, as determined by plasma concentrations of progesterone, was 1.5 ± 1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 in 0M and 1M ewes, respectively, and did not differ ( P > 0.05) between groups. In conclusion, there was no effect of group on mean age at puberty or on mean number of short estrous cycles before puberty. Variability in age of puberty was slightly greater in 0M than in 1M ewes, but it is unlikely that this is a major factor in variability in age of puberty. The implication is that it is not important to know the sex of the adjacent fetus during prenatal development when trying to predict age of puberty in twin-lambing ewes.
Evolutionary conservation in the untranslated regions of actin mRNAs: DNA sequence of a human beta-actin cDNA

Abstract We report the complete nucleotide sequence of a human beta actin cDNA. Both the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the sequence are similar (greater than 80%) to the analogous regions of the rat beta-actin gene reported by Nudel et al (1983). When a segment of the 3' untranslated region is used as a radiolabelled probe, strong hybridization to chick beta actin mRNA is seen. This conservation of sequences suggests that strong selective pressures operate on non-translated segments of beta actin mRNA.
The BfeR Regulator Mediates Enterobactin-Inducible Expression of Bordetella Enterobactin Utilization Genes

Utilization of the enterobactin siderophore by the respiratory pathogens Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica is dependent on the BfeA outer membrane receptor. This study determined that production of BfeA was increased significantly in iron-starved bacteria upon supplementation of cultures with enterobactin. A 1.01-kb open reading frame, designated bfeR, encoding a predicted positive transcriptional regulator of the AraC family was identified upstream and divergently oriented from bfeA. In iron-depleted cultures containing enterobactin, a Bordetella bfeR mutant exhibited markedly decreased BfeA receptor production compared to that of the wild-type strain. Additionally, B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica bfeR mutants exhibited impaired growth with ferric enterobactin as the sole source of iron, demonstrating that effective enterobactin utilization is bfeR dependent. Transcriptional analysis using bfeA-lacZ reporter fusions in wild-type strains demonstrated that bfeA transcription was stimulated in iron-depleted conditions in the presence of enterobactin, compared to modest expression levels in cultures lacking enterobactin. In contrast, bfeA transcription in B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica bfeR mutants was completely unresponsive to the enterobactin inducer. bfeA transcriptional analyses of a bfeA mutant demonstrated that induction by enterobactin did not require BfeA receptor-mediated uptake of the siderophore. These studies establish that bfeR encodes an enterobactin-dependent positive regulator of bfeA transcription in these Bordetella species.
Measuring school‐related subjective well‐being in adolescents.

The tripartite model of subjective well-being (SWB) incorporates 3 components: frequent positive emotions, infrequent negative emotions, and an overall positive evaluation of life circumstances (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999). In light of the large amount of time that youth spend in school, this study investigated a tripartite model of school-related SWB among adolescents, based on 3 measures of SWB appropriate for adolescents. The measures included a measure of school satisfaction (SS) and measures of positive and negative emotions experienced specifically during school hours. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to analyze the factorial validity of 3- and 4-factor models of school-related SWB in a sample of 921 adolescents. Results indicated that a 4-factor model comprised of positive emotions, negative emotions, fear-related negative emotions, and SS best described the structure of school-related SWB in the current sample. Results also revealed a comparable factor structure for male and female students. The study points to the possible benefits of a contextualized approach to SWB that takes into account the specific environments in which adolescents live.
GLOMERULAR PERMEABILITY ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES USING PEROXIDASES AS PROTEIN TRACERS

1. Glomerular permeability was studied by ultrastructural cytochemistry, using as protein tracers two intravenously injected peroxidases of differing molecular weight. 2. Horseradish peroxidase (molecular weight 40,000) passed rapidly through the endothelial fenestrae, across the basement membrane, and through the epithelial slits into the urinary space. Human myeloperoxidase (molecular weight 160,000 to 180,000) also passed rapidly through the endothelial fenestrae and across the basement membrane, but was impeded at the level of the epithelial slits. Both proteins were taken up in large amounts by the mesangial cells. 3. The present findings indicate that the epithelial slits are the primary filtration barrier responsible for the differential permeability to proteins of varying molecular size. 4. The observations also support the concept that an important function of the mesangial cells is the incorporation and disposal of glomerular filtration residues.
PHOTOSENSITIZED CONVERSION OF ETHIONINE TO ETHYLENE BY FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE

When methionine or one of several analogues (ethionine, homocystine, homocysteine, 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyric acid or 4-methylthio-2-oxo-butyric acid) was irradiated by visible light in the presence of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), ethylene was produced in good yield [1,2]. The ethylene was derived from carbons 3 and 4 of methionine. Later Shimokawa and Kasai [3] reported that the ethyl moiety of ethionine could also be converted to ethylene by FMN and light, but these authors did not show the proportion of the ethylene derived from the ethyl moiety of ethionine. Under the optimal conditions, I have found that the ethylene derived from the ethyl moiety of ethionine represents less than 1 per cent of the total ethylene produced. The present paper describes the characteristics of ethylene production from the ethyl moiety and from carbons 3 and 4 of ethionine, and presents a mechanism to explain these reactions.
Distributions of Latex Particles Deposited from Water Suspensions

We used the atomic force microscope to determine the distributions of 150–200 nm diameter styrene-butadiene (SB) latex spheres with TR. = 45 °C deposited at sub monolayer coverages from water suspensions onto mica, glass, calcite and cellophane surfaces. Two deposition methods are used: drying of μl drops and dipping. For drop drying, the distributions are extremely inhomogeneous. A high density ring forms at the boundary of the area wet by the drop. At low suspension densities on cellophane, the ring is a close-packed monolayer several micrometers wide. Thicker rings form on calcite and glass. Inside the rings, the particle density is very low and non uniform; e.g., monolayer thick islands form on mica, short chains are predominant on calcite, small clusters form on glass, and isolated spheres occur on cellophane. Particle densities are substantially reduced near some substrate defects but are enhanced near others. For the dipping method, homogeneous distributions are obtained on glass and cellophane. The density of adsorbed particles increases linearly with immersion time and the distribution of monomers, dimers, and trimers is not characteristic of random adsorption.
Comparison of the chronotropic response to exercise and heart rate recovery in predicting cardiovascular mortality.

BackgroundBoth an impaired capacity to increase heart rate during exercise testing (chronotropic incompetence), and a slowed rate of recovery following exercise (heart rate recovery) have been show...
Susan Moller Okin

The entry in W. H. Auden's Commonplace Book for “Justice” cautions: “Whoever suffers from the malady of being unable to endure any injustice, must never look out of the window, but stay in his room with the door shut. He would also do well, perhaps, to throw away his mirror.” Susan Moller Okin suffered this malady but rejected the poet's advice. She opened the window and looked in the mirror; her writings reflect sensitivity to injustice and acute awareness that her position of privilege and her good fortune made the work she did a moral imperative. The temper of her work was set by her political sensibility to the consequences of strength and weakness and by unflagging attention to the events of our world.
Estimation of the net acid load of the diet of ancestral preagricultural Homo sapiens and their hominid ancestors

Background: Natural selection has had < 1% of hominid evolutionary time to eliminate the inevitable maladaptations consequent to the profound transformation of the human diet resulting from the inventions of agriculture and animal husbandry. Objective: The objective was to estimate the net systemic load of acid (net endogenous acid production; NEAP) from retrojected ancestral preagricultural diets and to compare it with that of contemporary diets, which are characterized by an imbalance of nutrient precursors of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions that induces a lifelong, low-grade, pathogenically significant systemic metabolic acidosis. Design: Using established computational methods, we computed NEAP for a large number of retrojected ancestral preagricultural diets and compared them with computed and measured values for typical American diets. Results: The mean (± SD) NEAP for 159 retrojected preagricultural diets was � 88 ± 82 mEq/d; 87% were net base-producing. The computational model predicted NEAP for the average American diet (as recorded in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) as 48 mEq/d, within a few percentage points of published measured values for free-living Americans; the model, therefore, was not biased toward generating negative NEAP values. The historical shift from negative to positive NEAP was accounted for by the displacement of high-bicarbonate-yielding plant foods in the ancestral diet by cereal grains and energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods in the contemporary diet—neither of which are net base-producing. Conclusions: The findings suggest that diet-induced metabolic acidosis and its sequelae in humans eating contemporary diets reflect a mismatch between the nutrient composition of the diet and genetically determined nutritional requirements for optimal systemic acid-base status. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1308‐16.
Streamwise oscillations of a cylinder in steady current. Part 2. Free-surface effects on vortex formation and loading

A cylinder in a steady current beneath a free surface is subjected to oscillations in the streamwise direction. Techniques of high-image-density particle image velocimetry and instantaneous force measurement provide the relationship between the instantaneous, global flow patterns and the unsteady loading on the cylinder.The existence of locked-on states for the fully submerged cylinder is addressed in the companion study of Cetiner & Rockwell (2001). The present investigation shows that it is possible to generate distinctly different locked-on states of vortex formation, provided the cylinder is located immediately beneath the free surface. As a consequence, the time-dependent transverse force is phase-locked to the cylinder motion. In the event that a finite gap exists between the cylinder and the free surface, however, instantaneous, jet-like flow through the gap acts to destabilize such locked-on states. Lissajous representations of the forces demonstrate the degree of phase-locking or, in some cases, a loss of lock-on and associated phase drift. Moreover, the degree of submergence of the cylinder beneath the free surface has remarkable consequences for the magnitudes of positive and negative spikes of the time-dependent force signatures, as well as the averaged spectra of the transverse force. In turn, these alterations of the unsteady transverse force are accompanied by substantial changes of the averaged in-line and transverse forces.Vortex systems can exist at locations both upstream and downstream of the cylinder. They are due to vorticity from the cylinder surface and/or the free surface. The space–time development of the entire system of vorticity concentrations is interpreted in terms of the time histories of the relative velocity of the cylinder and the instantaneous forces on the cylinder. In turn, these features of the vorticity field are related to critical points near the free surface, deduced from topologies of the corresponding velocity and streamline patterns. Despite the fact that changes in the patterns of vorticity and the corresponding topologies occur in conjunction with large fluctuations of the transverse force coefficient, the dimensionless strength of the vortices is below the threshold for which distinguishable, localized deformations of the free surface occur.
Functional Assignment of the 20 S Proteasome from Trypanosoma brucei Using Mass Spectrometry and New Bioinformatics Approaches

As experimental technologies for characterization of proteomes emerge, bioinformatic analysis of the data becomes essential. Separation and identification technologies currently based on two-dimensional gels/mass spectrometry provide the inherent analytical power required. This strategy involves protein spot digestion and accurate mass mapping together with computational interrogation of available data bases for protein functional identification. When either no exact match is found or when the possible matches only partially account for molecular weights actually observed, peptide sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry has emerged as the methodology of choice to provide the basic additional information required. To evaluate the capabilities of bioinformatics methods employed for identifying homologs of a protein of interest, we attempted to identify the major proteins from the 20 S proteasome of Trypanosoma brucei using sequence information determined using mass spectrometry. The results suggest that neither the traditional query engines, BLAST and FASTA, nor specialized software developed for analysis of sequence information obtained by mass spectrometry are able to identify even closely related sequences at statistically significant scores. To address this deficit, new bioinformatics approaches were developed for concomitant use of the multiple fragments of short sequence typically available from methods of tandem mass spectrometry. These approaches rely on the occurrence of congruence across searches of multiple fragments from a single protein. This method resulted in sharply better statistical significance values for correct hits in the data base output relative to that achieved for independent searches using single sequence fragments.
Static Collapse and Topological Cuts

This paper explores the relationships between power system static collapse and flows in topological cuts. It seeks a "local" detection of this "global" phenomenon. The paper proposes a method capable of identifying a limiting cut which has this property. This method is based on the concepts of "bus through flow" and a bus static transfer stability limit (BSTSL), both defined here. Exploration of the limitations of power transfer through buses and topological cuts provides insight on the mechanisms for static collapse and points to remedial actions to extend its margin.
Seasonal-range forecasting of the ozark climate by a principal component regression scheme with antecedent sea surface temperatures and upper air conditions

On the basis of principal component analysis of long-term climatological records, regression models are formulated and forecast experiments are conducted for monthly temperature and precipitation of the Ozark Highlands area, a large area of low mountains and plateau in the south central midwestern United States. Predictors include global sea surface temperatures, hemispheric upper air fields and the local climate observations. The experiments for all months of the year are performed with the data from continuous 15-year segments of 1961-75 to 1980-94 for those years beyond the respective data segments. Relationships between regional-scale and large-scale climate variables are investigated by cross-correlation analysis to identify useful teleconnections for seasonal-range forecasting. The predictability of the Ozark Highlands climate is examined with the multiple linear regression scheme and the principal component regression scheme. It is shown that the forecast performance by the latter is superior to that of the former. The results of the extensive forecast experiments reveal the useful and stable predictability of the Ozark Highlands climate elements. The validity of the forecasting models is verified for up to 10 years after the data period of regression formulation.
Two Distinct Ca2+ Signaling Pathways Modulate Sperm Flagellar Beating Patterns in Mice

Hyperactivation, a swimming pattern of mammalian sperm in the oviduct, is essential for fertilization. It is characterized by asymmetrical flagellar beating and an increase of cytoplasmic Ca(2+). We observed that some mouse sperm swimming in the oviduct produce high-amplitude pro-hook bends (bends in the direction of the hook on the head), whereas other sperm produce high-amplitude anti-hook bends. Switching direction of the major bends could serve to redirect sperm toward oocytes. We hypothesized that different Ca(2+) signaling pathways produce high-amplitude pro-hook and anti-hook bends. In vitro, sperm that hyperactivated during capacitation (because of activation of CATSPER plasma membrane Ca(2+) channels) developed high-amplitude pro-hook bends. The CATSPER activators procaine and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) also induced high-amplitude pro-hook bends. Thimerosal, which triggers a Ca(2+) release from internal stores, induced high-amplitude anti-hook bends. Activation of CATSPER channels is facilitated by a pH rise, so both Ca(2+) and pH responses to treatments with 4-AP and thimerosal were monitored. Thimerosal triggered a Ca(2+) increase that initiated at the base of the flagellum, whereas 4-AP initiated a rise in the proximal principal piece. Only 4-AP triggered a flagellar pH rise. Proteins were extracted from sperm for examination of phosphorylation patterns induced by Ca(2+) signaling. Procaine and 4-AP induced phosphorylation of proteins on threonine and serine, whereas thimerosal primarily induced dephosphorylation of proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation was unaffected. We concluded that hyperactivation, which is associated with capacitation, can be modulated by release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores to reverse the direction of the dominant flagellar bend and, thus, redirect sperm.
Microbiota-induced IL-1β, but not IL-6, is critical for the development of steady-state TH17 cells in the intestine

TH17 cells are a lineage of CD4+ T cells that are critical for host defense and autoimmunity by expressing the cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22. A feature of TH17 cells at steady state is their ubiquitous presence in the lamina propria of the small intestine. The induction of these steady-state intestinal TH17 (sTH17) cells is dependent on the presence of the microbiota. However, the signaling pathway linking the microbiota to the development of intestinal sTH17 cells remains unclear. In this study, we show that IL-1β, but not IL-6, is induced by the presence of the microbiota in intestinal macrophages and is required for the induction of sTH17 cells. In the absence of IL-1β–IL-1R or MyD88 signaling, there is a selective reduction in the frequency of intestinal sTH17 cells and impaired production of IL-17 and IL-22. Myeloid differentiation factor 88–deficient (MyD88−/−) and germ-free (GF) mice, but not IL-1R−/− mice, exhibit impairment in IL-1β induction. Microbiota-induced IL-1β acts directly on IL-1R–expressing T cells to drive the generation of sTH17 cells. Furthermore, administration of IL-1β into GF mice induces the development of retinoic acid receptor–related orphan receptor γt–expressing sTH17 cells in the small intestine, but not in the spleen. Thus, commensal-induced IL-1β production is a critical step for sTH17 differentiation in the intestine, which may have therapeutic implications for TH17-mediated pathologies.
Identification and Characterization of Variable-Number Tandem Repeats in the Yersinia pestis Genome

Yersinia pestis, the infamous plague-causing pathogen, appears to have emerged in relatively recent history. Evidence of this fact comes from several studies that document a lack of nucleotide diversity in the Y. pestis genome. In contrast, we report that variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences are common in the Y. pestis genome and occur frequently in gene coding regions. Larger tandem repeat arrays, most useful for phylogenetic analysis, are present at an average of 2.18 arrays per 10 kbp and are distributed evenly throughout the genome and the two virulence plasmids, pCD1 and pMT1. We examined allelic diversity at 42 chromosomal VNTR loci in 24 selected isolates (12 globally distributed and 12 from Siskiyou County, Calif.). Vast differences in diversity were observed among the 42 VNTR loci, ranging from 2 to 11 alleles. We found that the maximum copy number of repeats in an array was highly correlated with diversity (R = 0.86). VNTR-based phylogenetic analysis of the 24 strains successfully grouped isolates from biovar orientalis and most of the antiqua and mediaevalis strains. Hence, multiple-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA) appears capable of both distinguishing closely related strains and successfully classifying more distant relationships. Harnessing the power of MLVA to establish standardized databases will enable researchers to better understand plague ecology and evolution around the world.
A principal component analysis based method to discover chemical differences in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) separations of metabolites in plant samples

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) provides high resolution separations of complex samples with a mass spectrum at every point in the separation space. The large volumes of multidimensional data obtained by GCxGC-TOFMS analysis are analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA) method described herein to quickly and objectively discover differences between complex samples. In this work, we submitted 54 chromatograms to PCA to automatically compare the metabolite profiles of three different species of plants, namely basil (Ocimum basilicum), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and sweet herb stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), where there were 18 chromatograms for each type of plant. The 54 scores of the m/z 73 data set clustered in three groups according to the three types of plants. Principal component 1 (PC 1) separated the stevia cluster from the basil and peppermint clusters, capturing 61.84% of the total variance. Principal component 2 (PC 2) separated the basil cluster from the peppermint cluster, capturing 16.78% of the total variance. The PCA method revealed that relative abundances of amino acids, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates were responsible for differentiating the three plants. A brief list of the 16 most significant metabolites is reported. After PCA, the 54 scores of the m/z 217 data set clustered in three groups according to the three types of plants, as well, yielding highly loaded variables corresponding with chemical differences between plants that were complementary to the m/z 73 information. The PCA data mining method is applicable to all of the monitored selective mass channels, utilizing all of the collected data, to discover unknown differences in complex sample profiles.
Fate of mercury in tree litter during decomposition

Abstract. We performed a controlled laboratory litter incubation study to assess changes in dry mass, carbon (C) mass and concentration, mercury (Hg) mass and concentration, and stoichiometric relations between elements during decomposition. Twenty-five surface litter samples each, collected from four forest stands, were placed in incubation jars open to the atmosphere, and were harvested sequentially at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Using a mass balance approach, we observed significant mass losses of Hg during decomposition (5 to 23 % of initial mass after 18 months), which we attribute to gaseous losses of Hg to the atmosphere through a gas-permeable filter covering incubation jars. Percentage mass losses of Hg generally were less than observed dry mass and C mass losses (48 to 63 % Hg loss per unit dry mass loss), although one litter type showed similar losses. A field control study using the same litter types exposed at the original collection locations for one year showed that field litter samples were enriched in Hg concentrations by 8 to 64 % compared to samples incubated for the same time period in the laboratory, indicating strong additional sorption of Hg in the field likely from atmospheric deposition. Solubility of Hg, assessed by exposure of litter to water upon harvest, was very low (
Live performance of male broilers subjected to constant or increasing air velocities at moderate temperatures with a high dew point

This study examined the effects of varying air velocities vs. a constant air velocity with a cyclic temperature curve of 25-30-25 degrees C and a dew point of 23 degrees C on broilers from 28 to 49 d of age. Four replicate trials were conducted. In each trial, 742 male broilers were randomly allocated to 6 floor pens or 2 air velocity tunnels, with each tunnel consisting of 4 pens. Bird density, feeder, and waterer space were similar across all pens (53 birds/pen; 0.07 m2/bird). The treatments were control (still air), constant air velocity of 120 m/min, and increasing air velocity (90 m/min from 28 to 35 d, 120 m/min from 36 to 42 d, and 180 m/min from 43 to 49 d). Birds grown in a still air environment gained less weight, consumed less feed, and converted feed less efficiently between 28 and 49 d than birds subjected to moving air (constant or increasing). Growth responses between the air velocity treatments were similar from 28 to 35 and 36 to 42 d of age. Increasing air velocity to 180 m/min improved (P less than or equal to 0.02) the growth rate of broilers from 43 to 49 d of age over birds receiving an air velocity of 120 m/min, but the incidence of mortality was not affected. These results provide evidence that increasing air velocity from 120 to 180 m/min is beneficial to broilers weighing 2.5 kg or greater when exposed to moderate temperatures.
The application of intracavernous injection of vasoactive medications for erection in men with spinal cord injury.

AbstractObtaining and sustaining an erection that is firm enough and adequate for vaginal penetration and satisfactory completion of intercourse are common problems for the male spinal cord injury patient. Intracavernous injection of vasoactive substances offers a new treatment option but it must be approached with caution in this population. During the last year we placed 20 spinal cord injury men (16 paraplegics and 4 quadriplegics) on self-injection of papaverine alone or with phentolamine. Of the patients 19 were able to obtain an erection adequate for penetration. The patient who did not obtain an adequate erection had anomalous penile venous drainage. Six episodes of priapism occurred in 3 patients: 1 had a surgical shunt placed elsewhere before he entered our program, and 2 were treated with aspiration of the corpora and injection of epinephrine. All 3 patients subsequently have been able to obtain satisfactory erections with use of lower doses of papaverine alone.
The Just War Tradition and International Law against War: The Myth of Discordant Doctrines

The international law regulating resort to armed force, still known by the Latin phrase, the jus ad bellum , forms a principal substantive subfield of international law, along with human rights law, international environmental law, and international economic law. Among theologians, philosophers, and political scientists, just war theory is a major topic of study. Nevertheless, only a minority of scholars and practitioners know both jus ad bellum and just war theory well. Lack of knowledge has led to the erroneous view that the two areas are in conflict. This article responds to this misapprehension, explaining the deep compatibility of international law and just war theory. Today’s jus ad bellum , especially the peremptory norm against aggression, is not only the law; it also forms the minimum threshold of a just war under just war theory. In other words, for a war to be morally just, it must at least be lawful. To go to war in violation of the jus ad bellum is both a legal and a moral wrong. Compliance not only fulfills the general moral good of obedience to law; it forms the first step toward fulfilling moral obligations in the grave area of war. This characterization of the relationship between law and morality is seen in the history of the legal prohibition on force and in the actual set of rules that make up the contemporary regime. Comprehensive and persuasive accounts of the jus ad bellum and just war theory consistently reflect this thesis.
OUTCOMES AND READMISSION RATE WITHIN 30 DAYS AND 6 MONTHS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN CHINA: DATA FROM THE CHINA ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION REGISTRY

High mortality and readmission rates after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are important issues for patients. The data on the outcomes and readmission after AMI in China are lacking. The China AMI registry is a prospective, multicenter, nationwide registry that includes 108 hospitals across three