cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of the Exporting Literature: Using Theory and Data to Identify Future Research Directions

AbstractExporting research is an established facet of the field of international marketing. That stated, the radical increase in recent export activity necessitates a sustained research effort devoted to the topic. In this article, the authors provide a qualitative review of the core theoretical exporting areas and evaluate the exporting domain quantitatively over six decades (1958–2016). For the quantitative analysis, they use multidimensional scaling and apply established bibliometric principles to offer an understanding of the field and to provide suggestions for future exporting research. For the evaluations, the authors used data from 830 articles with 52,191 citations from 35 journals. Using cocitation analysis as the basis to evaluate the data, they propose a series of intellectual structure implications on exporting that relate to internationalization process stages, dynamic capabilities, knowledge scarcity, social networks, export marketing strategy, absorptive capacity and learning, and nonlinea...
The Rio Grande Rift and a Diapiric Mechanism for Continental Rifting

Continental rifts have been characterized by en echelon valleys which average 50 km in width, are bounded by extensional normal faults and act as crustal lineaments of great length transecting broad uplifted arches. Gravity, heat flow and volcanism, relatively well known for the Rio Grande Rift, provide models of the lithosphere which include variations in thickness, temperature, stress and viscosity. Inclusion of the third dimension in the process of continental rifting implies a thinning of the lithosphere through intrusion of a high-temperature, less-dense, low- viscosity mantle diapir. This mass moves buoyantly upward, creating uplift, shear-stress concentrations in the crust beneath the rift, normal faulting and attendant surface volcanism.
ENDOCARDITIS PRESENTING AS A PAPILLARY MUSCLE MASS

Isolated papillary muscle endocarditis is rare. It is associated with risk of papillary muscle rupture and systemic embolization. A 38 year old man presented with a retinal artery occlusion. He had one week of fevers and myalgias and had been started on antibiotics prior to admission. A
Influence of Microstructure and Chemistry on the Electrical Characteristic of ZnO Varistors

The ZnO voltage limiter or varistor1 has an outstanding nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) characteristic and, as such, is used extensively to suppress the transient voltage surges encountered in the lightning and switching surges.2 The advancement in the state-of-the-art of the varistor in recent years3−9 makes it impossible to describe all the elements of this development within the scope of this paper. The objective of this paper is to concentrate on the microstructure and chemistry of the ZnO varistor and their effects on electrical properties. However, in order to appreciate this correlation, it is first necessary to briefly describe the current- voltage (I-V) characteristics of the varistor.
Complex proteinopathies and neurodegeneration: insights from the study of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Protein misfolding diseases are usually associated with deposits of single "key" proteins that somehow drive the pathology; β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulate in Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, or abnormal prion protein (PrPTSE) in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs or prion diseases). However, in some diseases more than two proteins accumulate in the same brain. These diseases might be considered "complex" proteinopathies. We have studied models of TSEs (to explore deposits of PrPTSE and of "secondary proteins") infecting different strains and doses of TSE agent, factors that control incubation period, duration of illness and histopathology. Model TSEs allowed us to investigate whether different features of histopathology are independent of PrPTSE or appear as a secondary result of PrPTSE. Better understanding the complex proteinopathies may help to explain the wide spectrum of degenerative diseases and why some overlap clinically and histopathologically. These studies might also improve diagnosis and eventually even suggest new treatments for human neurodegenerative diseases.
Wi Not Calling: Practical Privacy and Availability Attacks in Wi-Fi Calling

Wi-Fi Calling, which is used to make and receive calls over the Wi-Fi network, has been widely adopted and deployed to extend the coverage and increase the capacity in weak signal areas by moving traffic from LTE to Wi-Fi networks. However, the security of Wi-Fi Calling mechanism has not been fully analyzed, and Wi-Fi Calling may inherently have greater security risks than conventional LTE calling. To provide secure connections with confidentiality and integrity, Wi-Fi Calling leverages the IETF protocols IKEv2 and IPSec. In this paper, we analyze the security of Wi-Fi Calling specifications and discover several vulnerabilities that allow an adversary to track the location of users and perform DoS attacks. By setting up a rogue access point in live testbed environment, we observe that user devices can leak the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), despite it being encrypted. The leaked information can be further exploited for tracking user locations. We also discuss how these protocols are vulnerable to several denial of service attacks. To protect user privacy and services against these attacks, we propose practical countermeasures. We also present trade-off considerations that pose challenges for us to apply countermeasures to mitigate the existing vulnerabilities. Additionally, we propose to introduce corresponding amendments for future specifications of protocols to address these trade-offs.
Health-related internet use among opioid treatment patients

Abstract The Internet and smartphones have become commonplace and can be effective in overcoming traditional barriers to accessing health information about substance use disorders (SUD), and their prevention or treatment. Little is known, however, about specific factors that may influence the use of these technologies among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations with SUDs. This study characterized the use of digital technologies and the Internet among individuals receiving treatment for opioid use disorder, focusing on identifying predictors of Internet use for health-related purposes. Participants came from an urban opioid replacement therapy program and completed a face-to-face survey on Internet and technology use. We examined the association between online health information seeking and technology acceptance variables, including perceived usefulness, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions (e.g., availability of devices/services and technical support). Participants (N = 178, ages 18–64) endorsed high rates of current smartphone ownership (94%) and everyday Internet use (67%). 88% of participants reported searching online for information about health or medical topics in the past 3 months. Predictors of Internet use for health-related purposes were higher technology acceptance for mobile Internet use, younger age, current employment, and less bodily pain. Our results demonstrate high acceptance and use of mobile technology and the Internet among this sample of socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals with SUDs. However, these findings also highlight the importance of identifying barriers that disadvantaged groups face in using mobile technologies when designing technology-based interventions for this population.
Flange Angle Design for Waveguide-Based Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing Communication Systems

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) based communication systems utilize the orthogonality of OAM states to multiplex communication channels. A potentially efficient OAM based communication system may employ flanged circular cylindrical waveguides for transmission, given the natural OAM states of the waveguide modes. The electromagnetic field launched by a propagating waveguide mode propagates a vortex beam with an amplitude null along its propagation axis. Receivers optimally should be placed along the direction of the radiation main lobe of the launcher. In this work, we study the relationship between the flange angle of the launcher and the angle of maximum gain in the main lobe of the radiation for four different OAM states. We demonstrate that OAM may have a significant effect on the sensitivity of the angle of maximum gain to variation in the flange angle. The presented results are confirmed using full-wave simulation.
Decadal predictability of late winter precipitation in western Europe through an ocean-jet stream connection

The characteristics of the North Atlantic jet stream play a key role in the weather and climate of western Europe. Although much of the year-to-year variability in the jet stream arises from internal atmospheric processes that are inherently unpredictable on timescales beyond a few days to weeks, any low-frequency variability or long-term trends that can be considered forced by slowly varying boundary conditions offer the potential for extended range predictability of climatological conditions in western Europe. Here we demonstrate that station-based precipitation observations have displayed pronounced multidecadal variability over the past century in western Europe during the late winter. We then use these precipitation observations as an independent verification of the multidecadal Atlantic jet stream variability found in reanalysis products. Both signals are highly correlated with sea surface temperature variability in the North Atlantic that is well predicted in initialized decadal prediction experiments with a coupled general circulation model. Combining the model-based predictions of the sea surface temperature with the observed relationship between precipitation and sea surface temperature, we show that there is great potential for skilful predictions of the forthcoming decadal average of March precipitation in western Europe, with hindcasts for the UK and Portugal yielding anomaly correlation coefficients of 0.82 and 0.69, respectively. Decadal averages of March precipitation in western Europe can be predicted by exploiting links with the jet stream and ocean along with skilful predictions of sea surface temperatures, according to an analysis of observations and reanalysis products.
The Effects of Certain and Uncertain Incentives on Effort and Knowledge Accuracy

In many situations, incentives exist to acquire knowledge and make correct political decisions. We conduct an experiment that contributes to a small but growing literature on incentives and political knowledge, testing the effect of certain and uncertain incentives on knowledge. Our experiment builds on the basic theoretical point that acquiring and using information is costly, and incentives for accurate answers will lead respondents to expend greater effort on the task and be more likely to answer knowledge questions correctly. We test the effect of certain and uncertain incentives and find that both increase effort and accuracy relative to the control condition of no incentives for accuracy. Holding constant the expected benefit of knowledge, we do not observe behavioral differences associated with the probability of earning an incentive for knowledge accuracy. These results suggest that measures of subject performance in knowledge tasks are contingent on the incentives they face. Therefore, to ensure the validity of experimental tasks and the related behavioral measures, we need to ensure a correspondence between the context we are trying to learn about and our experimental design.
Co-optimizing Energy, Grid Services and Voltage Support in Networks with Distributed Storage

This paper presents a framework for co-optimization of energy arbitrage, grid (ancillary) services, and network voltage support subject to real world cyberphysical constraints in an electric distribution network with high DER penetration, specifically distributed storage and solar generation. The framework uses a previously introduced 2-layer architecture, which is appropriately modified to minimize excess voltage deviations and total energy cost while simultaneously maximizing profit from participation in frequency regulation and ramping services. The global controller handles resource scheduling and grid service disaggregation while respecting network constraints. Each local controller attempts to maximize arbitrage profit while following the load profile and grid service schedule dictated by the global controller. Simulations using a benchmark distribution network show that: (i) the performance of the proposed controller is close to that of a perfect foresight controller and better than an opportunistic controller that does not plan for grid service events, (ii) the controller behaves as expected with the price signals, and (iii) it performs effectively across a wide range of solar and storage penetrations and configurations.
Replacement Metal Gate InGaAs-OI FinFETs by Selective Epitaxy in Oxide Cavities

In this work we demonstrate InGaAs-on-Insulator FinFETs monolithically integrated on silicon substrate using selective epitaxy in oxide cavities. Scaled FinFETs, with a gate length down to 20 nm, are fabricated following a CMOS compatible process scheme including replacement meta gate (RMG). The difference between RMG and gate-first (GF) process flows on device performance is discussed. The implementation of an RMG scheme enabled improved off-state behavior, with a 50% reduction of the subthreshold slope. RMG FinFETs with L G = 90 nm and WFIN = 40 nm, show competitive performance, and on-current of 100 µA/µm at fixed off-current of 100 nA/µm.
A weighting system for building RSS maps by crowdsourcing data from smartphones

Mobile devices can sense different types of radio signals. For example, broadcast signals. These broadcasted signals allow the device to establish a connection to the access point broadcasting it. The received signal strength (RSS) of these signals can be aggregated to form RSS maps. RSS maps show the values of RSSs at different locations. They are useful for several applications such as location fixing, navigation, access control, and evaluating network coverage and performance. In this paper, we propose a method to build RSS maps by crowdsourcing RSS data, GPS locations, from participating mobile devices. The proposed system gives different weights to each data point provided by the participating devices based on the data source’s trustworthiness. Our tests showed that the different models of mobile devices return GPS location with different location accuracies. Consequently, when building the RSS maps our algorithm assigns a higher weight to data points coming from devices with higher GPS location accuracy. This allows accommodating a wide range of mobile devices with different capabilities in crowdsourcing applications.
Maxwell stress excitation of wire vibrations at difference and sum frequencies of electric currents in separate circuits

Oscillating electric currents through a wire under tension can excite transverse vibrational modes of the wire when a perpendicular static magnetic field is present and the frequency of the current is close to the natural frequency of the mode of interest. The excitation of the mode is associated with temporally oscillating Maxwell stresses on the wire, often also known as oscillating Lorentz forces. That excitation process is sometimes demonstrated in educational contexts. The investigation here concerns situations where a temporally oscillating magnetic field generated by oscillating electric currents in a cylindrical coil replaces the imposed perpendicular static magnetic field. The frequencies of the currents in the wire and in the coil are related to the frequency of the oscillating stress. In this experiment, this effect is documented for sum-frequency excitation (with input frequencies in the range of half that of the excited lowest vibrational mode of the wire) and the difference-frequency excitation (with input frequencies an order-of-magnitude larger than the mode frequency). This coupling may be useful when it is desirable to use only high-frequency currents. The experiment uses tone-burst stress excitation and a differential photodiode for detecting transverse low-amplitude wire oscillations. Signal envelopes decayed exponentially after the tone-burst.
IoT based Efficient Epileptic Seizure Prediction System Using Deep Learning

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects about 50 million people around the globe. Epileptic seizure prediction reduces the risk associated with the sudden occurrence of the seizure that might threaten a patient’s life. The current seizure prediction methods are computation-intensive due to extracting the complicated hand-crafted features and require large memory for storing their parameters, which make them inappropriate for constrained IoT and wearable devices. In this paper, we introduce an IoT framework for accurate epileptic seizure prediction system based on deep learning. In the proposed system, the feature extraction and classification stages are combined in one integrated system in which raw EEG signals are applied without any preprocessing which further decreases the computation complexity. We developed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based model that extracts the important spatio-temporal features from the non-stationary and nonlinear EEG signals. A channel selection algorithm is proposed to reduce the complexity and the memory required for the system to accommodate the real-time application. An alarm to an incoming seizure is generated and sent to the doctor and any chosen emergency service. Also, the history of the patient is being uploaded to the cloud to be revised by the doctor periodically. The high accuracy of the proposed prediction system of 96.1% makes our system a good candidate for IoT based wearable seizure prediction device.
Synthesis of Guaianolide Analogues with a Tunable α-Methylene−γ-lactam Electrophile and Correlating Bioactivity with Thiol Reactivity

α-Methylene-γ-lactones are present in ∼3% of known natural products, and compounds comprising this motif display a range of biological activities. However, this reactive lactone limits informed structure-activity relationships for these bioactive molecules. Herein, we describe chemically tuning the electrophilicity of the α-methylene-γ-lactone by replacement with an α-methylene-γ-lactam. Guaianolide analogues having α-methylene-γ-lactams are synthesized using the allenic Pauson-Khand reaction. Substitution of the lactam nitrogen with electronically different groups affords diverse thiol reactivity. Cellular NF-κB inhibition assays for these lactams were benchmarked against parthenolide and a synthetic α-methylene-γ-lactone showing a positive correlation between thiol reactivity and bioactivity. Cytotoxicity assays show good correlation at the outer limits of thiol reactivity but less so for compounds with intermediate reactivity. A La assay to detect reactive molecules by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry peptide sequencing assays with the La antigen protein demonstrate that lactam analogues with muted nonspecific thiol reactivities constitute a better electrophile for rational chemical probe and therapeutic molecule design.
Automated magnetic resonance image segmentation of the anterior cruciate ligament

The objective of this study was to develop an automated segmentation method for the anterior cruciate ligament that is capable of facilitating quantitative assessments of the ligament in clinical and research settings. A modified U-Net fully convolutional network model was trained, validated, and tested on 246 Constructive Interference in Steady State magnetic resonance images of intact anterior cruciate ligaments. Overall model performance was assessed on the image set relative to an experienced (>5 years) "ground truth" segmenter in two domains: anatomical similarity and the accuracy of quantitative measurements (i.e., signal intensity and volume) obtained from the automated segmentation. To establish model reliability relative to manual segmentation, a subset of the imaging data was resegmented by the ground truth segmenter and two additional segmenters (A, 6 months and B, 2 years of experience), with their performance evaluated relative to the ground truth. The final model scored well on anatomical performance metrics (Dice coefficient = 0.84, precision = 0.82, and sensitivity = 0.85). The median signal intensities and volumes of the automated segmentations were not significantly different from ground truth (0.3% difference, p = .9; 2.3% difference, p = .08, respectively). When the model results were compared with the independent segmenters, the model predictions demonstrated greater median Dice coefficient (A = 0.73, p = .001; B = 0.77, p = NS) and sensitivity (A = 0.68, p = .001; B = 0.72, p = .003). The model performed equivalently well to retest segmentation by the ground truth segmenter on all measures. The quantitative measures extracted from the automated segmentation model did not differ from those of manual segmentation, enabling their use in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging pipelines to evaluate the anterior cruciate ligament.
Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Shutdown on Neurotrauma Volume in Pennsylvania.

OBJECTIVE: The 2020 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in state-specific quarantine protocols and introduced the concept of social distancing into modern parlance. We assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurotrauma presentations in the first 3 months after shutdown throughout Pennsylvania. METHODS: The Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation was queried for registry data from the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study between March 12 and June 5 in each year from 2017 to 2020. RESULTS: After the COVID-19 shutdown, there was a 27% reduction in neurotrauma volume, from 2680 cases in 2017 to 2018 cases in 2020, and a 28.8% reduction in traumatic brain injury volume. There was no significant difference in neurotrauma phenotype incurred relative to total cases. Injury mechanism was less likely to be motor vehicle collision and more likely caused by falls, gunshot wound, and recreational vehicle accidents (P 0.08 g/dL was reduced in 2020 (11.4% vs. 9.0%; P < 0.05). Mortality was higher during 2020 compared with pre-COVID years (7.7% vs. 6.4%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: During statewide shutdown, neurotrauma volume and alcohol-related trauma decreased and low-impact traumas and gunshot wounds increased, with a shift toward injuries occurring in private, indoor locations. These changes increased mortality. However, there was not a change in the types of injuries sustained.
Complete regression of melanoma in a murine model by RLIP76 depletion.

5282 RLIP76 is a stress-responsive membrane protein implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular signaling pathways. It represents the predominant glutathione-conjugate (GS-E) transporter in cells, and our previous studies have shown that its inhibition by antibodies or depletion by siRNA causes apoptosis in a number of cancer cell types. Present studies were performed to explore potential clinical applicability of our previous observations by comparing relative expression of RLIP76 in cancer versus normal cell lines and to determine whether depletion of RLIP76 activity can exert cancer-specific apoptosis. RLIP76 expression was found to be significantly greater in malignant as compared with non-malignant cells. Inhibition of RLIP76, using antibodies towards a cell-surface epitope, or depletion of RLIP76 using either siRNA or anti-sense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides caused apoptosis in malignant cells preferentially. More importantly, in-vivo studies demonstrated that administration of RLIP76 antibodies, siRNA or anti-sense oligonucleotides to mice bearing syngeneic B16 mouse melanoma cells caused complete tumor regression within 10 days. These findings strongly suggest that RLIP76 depletion by genetic approaches or inhibition by antibodies may be a clinically viable antineoplastic therapy, particularly for melanoma (Supported by USPHS grants CA 77495 and 104661).
The effect of strain rate on the microstructural evolution of pure Mg during ECAE

Abstract Samples of 99.9% pure, as-cast magnesium (Mg) were processed by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) using up to four passes of the BC route, a temperature of 250 °C, and three different extrusion rates of 0.127, 0.381, and 0.762 mm/s. The microstructures and textures of the resulting samples were characterized by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) as a function of extrusion pass and rate. The average grain size was reduced significantly to approximately 30 μm after the second pass when extruded at all three rates, but then it varied depending on extrusion rate after the third and fourth passes. The two slower rates yielded a 30–40% increase in grain size after the third and fourth passes, while the fastest extrusion rate of 0.762 mm/s maintained a relatively consistent grain size after the third and fourth passes. The presence of twins in the resulting microstructures also varied with extrusion rate, with the slowest and fastest rates producing a greater volume fraction of twins than the intermediate rate. The larger fraction of twins is attributed to the microstructure maintaining favorable orientations for twinning at the lower rate and to the need for greater strain accommodation at the higher rate.
Medical treatment of pouchitis: a guide for the clinician.

Pouchitis is the most common complication in patients who have undergone restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Up to 81% of IPAA patients experience pouchitis, with ...
How Supplier Characteristics Influence the Value of a Supplier Management ERP Application

Past research has struggled to identify any evidence of tangible benefits from information systems (IS). Nevertheless, it seems clear that IS can facilitate the identification of less costly sources of inputs for firms by making it easier and cheaper to evaluate prospective suppliers' offers. If this is so, then adopting IS should connote a value of information. We develop a model that relates this potential value to various characteristics. Then, using a random sample of 310 medium and large size manufacturing organizations, we test the validity of our model. Our results are strongly supportive of the model, and so provide support for the hypothesis that IS provides tangible benefits and has a positive impact on the organization's performance.
Development of 3-D quantum biomechanical models of a single particle movement through a channel and a single channel current

Quantum biomechanical models, based on three dimensional (3-D) steady state Schrodinger equations in a single particle system and in a time independent field, are developed to describe the movement of a particle (an ion or an ion group) in an approximately cuboidal tube-like channel and an approximately cylindrical tube-like channel and to describe a single channel current. The particle is assumed to travel in a longitudinal direction and to wave in transversal directions in the channels. Concepts of the effective constant height (V/sub 2/) and length (L/sub x/) of the potential energy barrier in the longitudinal direction, the effective height (L/sub y/) and width (L/sub z/) of the cuboidal channel and the effective radius (a) of the cylindrical channel in the transversal directions, are used in the models to obtain analytical solutions in mathematics. The models elucidate that: (1) A particle is free and trapped in an infinite deep potential energy well in the transversal directions while it penetrates the channels. The particle's transversal wave functions obey sinusoidal functions for the cuboidal channel and obey Bessel functions of the first kind with zero order for the cylindrical channel. The particle's transversal energies are discrete in the two groups of channel. The highest probability, a particle can be found in a cross section within the channels, is on or close to the longitudinal axis. (2) V/sub 2/ is mostly determined by the repulsion energy, which is produced by the electric interaction between a particle and a channel, V/sub 2//spl prop/1/L/sub y//sup /spl alpha// and V/sub 2//spl prop/1/L/sub z//sup /spl alpha// for the cuboidal channel and V/sub 2//spl prop/1/a/sup /spl alpha// for the cylindrical channel, where, /spl alpha/ is a coefficient of the interaction and /spl alpha/=1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 depending on the category of the interaction. As an estimation, a single mini-K/sup +/ channel current may decrease 10,000 times from its open state to its close state, while the effective constant height of potential energy barrier (V/sub 2/) increases only 125% (from 0.2 eV to 0.45 eV) and the effective radius (a) decreases only 22% (/spl alpha/=4).
Goal-Directed Diagnosis - Diagnostic Reasoning in Exploratory-Corrective Domains

In many diagnosis-and-repair domains, diagnostic reasoning cannot be abstracted from repair actions, nor from actions necessary to obtain diagnostic information. In general, in exploratory-corrective domains an agent has to interleave exploratory activity with activity aimed at achieving its goals. In TraumAID 2.0, a consultation system for multiple trauma management, we implement a reasoning framework for such domains which integrates diagnostic reasoning with planning and action. This paper presents Goal-Directed Diagnosis (GDD), a formalization of TraumAID 2.0’s diagnostic reasoning. Taking the view that a diagnosis is only worthwhile to the extent that it can affect repair decisions, GDD uses goals to focus on such. Goals are also useful as a means of communicating with its accompanying planner. Comments University of Pennsylvania Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Technical Report No. IRCS-93-36. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/187
Genetically encoded reporters for imaging signal transduction and protein interactions in vivo

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 SY04-1 The field of in vivo molecular imaging continues to present an extraordinary opportunity for studying cancer cell biology noninvasively in ways that were not possible only a few years ago. Indeed, the broad scope of scientific endeavor has begun to benefit from molecular imaging technologies that reveal cellular and molecular changes in the context of the living body. Such research is emerging at the foundation of probing molecular mechanisms of cancer wherein genetically-encoded imaging reporters introduced into cells and transgenic animals enable noninvasive, longitudinal studies of dynamic processes in vivo . When cloned into promoter/enhancer sequences or engineered into fusion proteins, imaging reporters enable transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, protein-protein interactions, oncogenic transformation, cell trafficking and targeted drug action to be spatiotemporally resolved in vivo . Spying on cancer with genetically-encoded imaging reporters provides insight into cancer-specific molecular machinery within the context of the whole animal.
A single lineage in early Pleistocene Homo: size variation continuity in early Pleistocene Homo crania from East Africa and Georgia

The relationship between Homo habilis and early African Homo erectus has been contentious because H. habilis was hypothesized to be an evolutionary stage between Australopithecus and H. erectus, more than a half-century ago. Recent work re-dating key African early Homo localities and the discovery of new fossils in East Africa and Georgia provide the opportunity for a productive re-evaluation of this topic. Here, we test the hypothesis that the cranial sample from East Africa and Georgia represents a single evolutionary lineage of Homo spanning the approximately 1.9-1.5 Mya time period, consisting of specimens attributed to H. habilis and H. erectus. To address issues of small sample sizes in each time period, and uneven representation of cranial data, we developed a novel nonparametric randomization technique based on the variance in an index of pairwise difference from a broad set of fossil comparisons. We fail to reject the hypothesis of a single lineage this period by identifying a strong, time-dependent pattern of variation throughout the sequence. These results suggest the need for a reappraisal of fossil evidence from other regions within this time period and highlight the critical nature of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary for understanding the early evolution of the genus Homo.
Distribution of trace elements in Smithonia iron meteorite by spark source mass spectrometry.

This study represents the first use of spark source mass spectrometry to investigate the distribution of trace elements in iron meteorites. The technique permits the determination of the local concentration of many elements simultaneously and with high sensitivity. A study of Smithonia revealed the presence of approximately twenty elements down to about 10 ppm. Significant differences were observed in the concentration of certain elements between the surface and interior of the meteorite, indicating terrestrial weathering effects.
I Heard That … : Do rumors affect hiring decisions?: Rumors and Hiring Decision

Misinformation can have a negative impact on decision making. Little empirical attention has, however, been given to the effect of rumors, a type of misinformation, on person judgments. Although rumors have been shown to affect other areas of organizational functioning (e.g., corporate reputation, employee morale), there is a lack of research investigating how rumors may influence hiring decisions. This study argues why rumors may influence hiring decisions by drawing from attribution, social judgment, and judgment and decision making theories, and provides an experimental investigation of this argument. Although participants reported not believing and being less likely to use the rumor, rumors were not discounted when determining if an individual should be hired. In short, results suggest that rumors impacted hiring decisions.
Absence of energetic particle effects associated with magnetic reconnection exhausts in the solar wind

[1] We have examined energetic particle data (>38 keV for electrons and >47 keV for protons) obtained in intervals surrounding a set of 7 encounters with Petschek-type reconnection exhausts in the solar wind by the Advanced Composition Explorer. We find no evidence for any substantial increases in energetic particle intensity associated with those encounters. This indicates that local reconnection is not a significant source of energetic particles in the solar wind and suggests the possibility that reconnection itself may not be a particularly effective process for populating other space and astrophysical environments with energetic particles.
Microstrip antennas for dielectric property measurement

The measurement of the dielectric properties of materials is of great interest in a variety of applications including measurement of the moisture, fat, salt, or sugar content of grains and food products, measurement of human tissues or artificial phantom materials used to simulate them, and many other scientific and commercial applications. Conventional methods of measuring these properties include coaxial measuring probes or cylindrical capacitive cells. The commercial equipment available for this purpose is generally too expensive to be used "in-line" and may be too fragile for many applications in harsh conditions. This paper describes microstrip antenna designs for the determination of dielectric properties. These antennas are designed for durability in extreme conditions and utilize a change of impedance when in direct or near contact to the sample to determine the dielectric properties.
The effects of presentation and recall trials on organization in multitrial free recall

The effects or presentation (P) and recall (R) trials on organization in multitrial free recall were investigated by independently varying the sequences of P-trials and R-trials within eight-trial cycles. An S-unit task, in which Ss indicated their subjective groupings of the recall items, was administered at the end of two successive cycles. The major findings were: (a) P-trials and R-trials produced an equivalent number of two-item units in recall and the same types of S-units; (b) R-trials revealed significantly higher sequential ordering of the two-item response units and a greater cohesiveness of the S-unit elements on the recall trials. The results suggested that P-trials and R-trials contributed equally to unit formation while R-trials had a larger effect than P-trials on unit consolidation.
The Last Generation of Sister Administrators: Insights about the Transition of Catholic Hospital Leadership

Personal interviews with seventy women religious, who were the last Sister Administrators in the hospitals where they served, provide perspective on the pathway to lay leadership in Catholic health care. In this qualitative research study, Sisters, now age sixty-four to ninety-four, share the stories of their own initiation into health care management and their eventual recognition of the need for change in leadership of the ministry. These former Sister Administrators describe how the first lay leaders were identified and the emergence of the conviction that grounding the Catholic health ministry in formal systems would stabilize its future. Their ministries bear witness to their administrative talent and their unswerving commitment to Catholic health care.
Observation of structure in intermediate-energy positron-argon differential elastic scattering.

We report the first direct observation of a resonancelike structure for positron scattering by an atom or molecule. Our initial absolute elastic differential cross-section measurements for positron scattering by argon when plotted versus energy (8.7 to 300 eV) at fixed scattering angles of 60{degree}, 90{degree}, and 120{degree} reveal an unexpected drop (a factor of 2 at 60{degree}) between 55 and 60 eV. This structure is puzzling because it does not occur near any known inelastic threshold energy and may relate to a cross-channel coupling effect with an open inelastic-scattering channel.
Expression of CYP6B1 and CYP6B3 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and furanocoumarin metabolism in different tissues of Papilio polyxenes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).

Abstract The CYP6B1 and CYP6B3 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the midgut of the black swallowtail participate in the metabolism of toxic furanocoumarins present in its host plants. In this study, biochemical analyses indicate that the fat body metabolizes significant amounts of the linear furanocoumarins bergapten and xanthotoxin after larvae feed on xanthotoxin. Northern analyses of the combined CYP6B1/3 transcript expression patterns indicate that transcripts in this P450 subfamily are induced in the midgut and fat body by xanthotoxin. Semi-quantitative RT–PCR analyses of individual CYP6B1/CYP6B3 mRNAs indicate that CYP6B1 transcripts are induced by xanthotoxin in all tissues examined and that CYP6B3 transcripts are induced in the fat body only. These results indicate that the fat body participates in the P450-mediated metabolism of excess furanocoumarins unmetabolized by the midgut. Although transcripts of both genes were detected and CYP6B1 transcripts were induced by xanthotoxin in the integument, furanocoumarin metabolism was not detected. Comparison of these P450 promoters with the promoters of alcohol dehydrogenase genes expressed in the fat bodies of several Drosophila species suggest that the xanthotoxin inducibilities of these P450 genes in fat bodies are regulated by elements other than those modulating expression of Adh genes.
Hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in type 1 diabetes

Duration-related cognitive impairment is an increasingly recognized complication of type 1 diabetes. To explore potential underlying mechanisms, we examined hippocampal abnormalities in the spontaneously type 1 diabetic BB/W rat. As a functional assay of cognition, the Morris water maze test showed significantly prolonged latencies in 8-month diabetic rats not present at 2 months of diabetes. These abnormalities were associated with DNA fragmentation, positive TUNEL staining, elevated Bax/Bcl-x(L) ratio, increased caspase 3 activities and decreased neuronal densities in diabetic hippocampi. These changes were not caused by hypoglycemic episodes or reduced weight in diabetic animals. To explore potential mechanisms responsible for the apoptosis, we examined the expression of the IGF system. Western blotting and in situ hybridization revealed significant reductions in the expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-IR and IR preceding (2 months) and accompanying (8 months) the functional cognitive impairments and the apoptotic neuronal loss in hippocampus. These data suggest that a duration-related apoptosis-induced neuronal loss occurs in type 1 diabetes associated with cognitive impairment. The data also suggest that this is at least in part related to impaired insulin and/or IGF activities.
Single-step, paper-based concentration and detection of a malaria biomarker

Abstract The lateral-flow immunoassay (LFA) is an inexpensive and rapid paper-based assay that can potentially detect infectious disease biomarkers in resource-poor settings. Despite its many advantages that make it suitable for point-of-care diagnosis, LFA is limited by its inferior sensitivity relative to sophisticated laboratory-based assays. Our group previously introduced the use of a micellar aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), comprised of the nonionic Triton X-114 surfactant, to concentrate biomarkers in a sample and enhance their detection with LFA. However, achieving complete phase separation and target concentration using the Triton X-114 system required many hours, and the concentrated sample needed to be manually extracted and applied to LFA. Here, we successfully integrated the concentration and detection steps into a single step that occurs entirely within a portable paper-based diagnostic strip. In a novel approach, we applied the micellar ATPS to a 3-D paper design and effectively reduced the macroscopic phase separation time from 8 h to approximately 3 min. The 3-D design was integrated with LFA to simultaneously concentrate and detect Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), a malaria biomarker, in both phosphate-buffered saline and fetal bovine serum within 20 min at room temperature. Compared to a conventional LFA setup with a pLDH detection limit of 10 ng μL−1, our single-step diagnostic successfully detected pLDH at 1.0 ng μL−1, demonstrating a 10-fold detection limit improvement and resulting in a sensitive and user-friendly assay that can be used at the point-of-care. The integration of a micellar ATPS and LFA represents a new platform that can improve and promote the use of paper-based diagnostic assays for malaria and other diseases within resource-poor settings.
Transient Entrainment: The Evolution of a Medical Concept from Description to Prescription

Entrainment is a phenomenon that has come to have considerable utility in cardiac electro-physiology diagnosis and treatment; specifically, to identify a zone of slow conduction in a reentrant circuit, a zone hypothetically vulnerable to intervention from the application of RF energy. The observation of entrainment has gone through an evolutionary sequence in the literature, from the initial simple observations of the phenomenon to the present stage of relatively fixed criteria of identification. This article follows the evolution of the specific features of the criteria of entrainment to their current crystallization into features that are suggested to prescribe sites for attempted ablation. This examination of the evolutionary course of the development of the conception of entrainment is of interest not only to cardiac electrophysiology, but also to philosophers of science, by illustrating how scientists emphasize and develop certain observations with the ultimate aim of applying the observations for successful intervention in pathological entities.
The prison blogs: The Mind of Maurice Clarett and image repair on the Internet

Maurice Clarett occupied the rarified air of sport stardom for a brief time. His ascent to glory was followed by an ignominious descent into trouble and scandal. This study examines Clarett’s blog, The Mind of Maurice Clarett, which was written while he was in prison, to understand how it is used in an image repair strategy. The results of this study show that Clarett’s image repair strategy focused on two main elements: reducing the offensiveness and corrective actions. This examination of Clarett’s blog reveals three important issues related to image repair by athletes. The first is how this context provides further support for Benoit’s framework within the world of sport. Second, it highlights the presence of the dialogic self in image repair strategies. Finally, the computer-mediated communication (CMC) platform of a blog provides an argument that an individual’s image repair strategy can be conceived, altered and ended over time providing platform for a more holistic understanding of CMC image repair...
Thermal and catalytic degradation of high density polyethylene and commingled post-consumer plastic waste

High density polyethylene (HDPE) and commingled post-consumer plastic waste (CP#2) were thermally and catalytically depolymerized in both a 27-cm3 tubing reactor and a 150-cm3 autoclave reactor at 400–435°C, 60 min. under N2 or H2, with or without TiCl3 or HZSM-5 as catalyst. For both HDPE and CP#2, no significant non-catalytic reactions occurred until the reaction temperature reached 430°C. For depolymerization reactions of HDPE and CP#2 in the autoclave reactor at 435°C, the optimum oil yields (88.7% for HDPE and 86.6% for CP#2) were obtained over TiCl3 catalyst, while the maximum gas yields (21.2% for HDPE and 17.6% for CP#2) were produced over HZSM-5 catalyst. HZSM-5 catalyzed cyclization and aromatization reactions while TiCl3 catalyzed recombination and disproportionation reactions. Detailed product analyses and characterization lead to a reasonable explanation of reaction pathways and mechanisms.
The thermal sensitivity of generic Michaelis-Menten processes without catalyst denaturation or inhibition☆

Abstract 1. 1. The classical Michaelis-Menten mechanism, with Arrhenius temperature dependencies assumed for its parameters, accounted for how the optimum temperature, maximum rate and Q10 of several biological processes vary with substrate concentration and temperature. 2. 2. The existence of thermal rate maxima was shown to be conditional on the relative magnitudes of the three apparent activation energies associated with this mechanism. 3. 3. Equations were derived, showing how optimum temperature and maximum rate depend on these apparent activation energies and also how they increase with substrate concentration. 4. 4. Additional equations were derived, describing how Q10 depends on the apparent activation energies, falls with rising temperatures and grows with increasing substrate concentration.
Why Euclid’s geometry brooked no doubt: J. H. Lambert on certainty and the existence of models

J. H. Lambert proved important results of what we now think of as non-Euclidean geometries, and gave examples of surfaces satisfying their theorems. I use his philosophical views to explain why he did not think the certainty of Euclidean geometry was threatened by the development of what we regard as alternatives to it. Lambert holds that theories other than Euclid’s fall prey to skeptical doubt. So despite their satisfiability, for him these theories are not equal to Euclid’s in justification. Contrary to recent interpretations, then, Lambert does not conceive of mathematical justification as semantic. According to Lambert, Euclid overcomes doubt by means of postulates. Euclid’s theory thus owes its justification not to the existence of the surfaces that satisfy it, but to the postulates according to which these “models” are constructed. To understand Lambert’s view of postulates and the doubt they answer, I examine his criticism of Christian Wolff’s views. I argue that Lambert’s view reflects insight into traditional mathematical practice and has value as a foil for contemporary, model-theoretic, views of justification.