cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple-object shape and motion reconstruction with missing radar data

Shape- and motion-reconstruction is inherently ill-conditioned such that estimates rapidly degrade in the pres­ence of noise, outliers, and missing data. For moving-target radar imaging applications, methods which infer the underlying geometric invariance within back-scattered data are the only known way to recover completely arbitrary target motion. We previously demonstrated algorithms that recover the target motion and shape, even with very high data drop-out (e.g., greater than 75%), which can happen due to self-shadowing, scintillation, and destructive-interference effects. We did this by combining our previous results, that a set of rigid scattering centers forms an elliptical manifold, with new methods to estimate low-rank subspaces via convex optimization routines. This result is especially significant because it will enable us to utilize more data, ultimately improving the stability of the motion-reconstruction process. Since then, we developed a feature- based shape- and motion-estimation scheme based on newly developed object-image relations (OIRs) for moving targets collected in bistatic measurement geometries. In addition to generalizing the previous OIR-based radar imaging techniques from monostatic to bistatic geometries, our formulation allows us to image multiple closely-spaced moving targets, each of which is allowed to exhibit missing data due to target self-shadowing as well as extreme outliers (scattering centers that are inconsistent with the assumed physical or geometric models). The new method is based on exploiting the underlying structure of the model equations, that is, far-field radar data matrices can be decomposed into multiple low-rank subspaces while simultaneously locating sparse outliers.
Effects of morphology on the mechanical behavior of a dual phase Fe/2Si/0.1C steel

A study has been made on the effects of morphology on the mechanical behavior of a dual phase Fe/2Si/0.1C steel. The coarse dual phase structure obtained by continuously annealing in the two phase region directly from the austenite region results in poor elongation ductility with relatively high strength. However, upon obtaining a fine fibrous or fine globular dual phase structure by following different transformation paths, significant improvements occur in elongation ductility without much sacrifice in strength. The poor elongation ductility of the coarse dual phase structure is due to the initiation of cleavage cracks in the ferrite region where maximum localized stress concentration took place. But, in steels with both fine fibrous or globular morphologies, fracture occurred by void nucleation and coalescence after large amounts of plastic deformation.
Teaching a Course in the German Cinema.

ever the specific set-up, a German film course generally is conducted in English in order to attract as many interested students as possible. This type of arrangement has, in fact, provided respectable enrollment figures at most institutions. Yet, while there is ample reading material in English on the "classical" period of the German cinema, there is comparatively little about the more recent films. Moreover, access to films is often problematic. The Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany and its various consulates control one of the better archives of German film in this country, but the demand is so great that reservations usually need to be made far in advance. Understandably, the Embassy places a limit on the number of films any one individual or group may rent during any given year. To compound the problem, the Embassy sometimes loses the rights to a film on short notice, and more than half of the films are not subtitled. The prints frequently are in less than perfect condition. Commercial distributors tend to have more than one print of a film, but oneday rental charges for current films may exceed $200.00, an expense many departments cannot afford, despite high enrollment. There are, basically, four alternatives: (1) In collaboration with a campus film society, films can be shown outside of class. Admission revenues would cover the rental fee. (2) Some institutions have been successful in coordinating film
Bonding Silicon Chips to Aluminum Substrates Using Ag–In System Without Flux

A fluxless bonding process was developed between silicon chips and aluminum substrates using Ag–In binary system. Results indicate that the Ag–In system can manage the large mismatch between the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of Si chips $(2.7\times 10^{-6}/^{\circ}{\rm C})$ and Al substrates $(23\times 10^{-6}/^{\circ}{\rm C})$ . The bonding structures are Si/Cr/Au/Ag and Al/Cr/Cu/Ag/In/Ag. Cross-section SEM images exhibit nearly perfect joints between the Si chips and Al substrates. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis shows that the joint consists of Ag/(Ag)/Ag2In/(Ag)/Ag, where (Ag) is a solid solution phase. The joint can achieve a melting temperature of 650 $^{\circ}{\rm C}$ at least, even though the bonding is performed at 180 $^{\circ}{\rm C}$ . Six samples are shear tested. The shear strengths obtained far exceed the requirement specified in MIL-STD-883H standards. Al is not considered as a favorable substrate material because it is not solderable and has a high CTE. The new method presented in this paper seems to have surmounted these two challenges.
A Simple Numerical Method for Determining the Sensitivity of Bending Deflections of Stepped Shafts to Dimensional Changes

Proposition d'une methode qui est un outil simple pour le calcul de la sensibilite des flexions et des pentes de l'axe neutre en un nœud interessant, aux variations dans les dimensions d'un element d'arbre particulier. Exemples numeriques illustrant la methode. Methode pour le calcul des flexions d'arbres a sections de differents diametres, certaines etant tronconiques
Effect of Turbidity on Growth of Black Crappie and White Crappie

Abstract Studies suggest that white crappies Pomoxis annularis are more tolerant of turbid water than black crappies P. nigromaculatus. To determine whether white crappie tolerance of turbid water is related to growth rate, we stocked juveniles and adults of both species into Illinois ponds having mean turbidities that ranged from 7 to 174 Formazin turbidity units. After 25 weeks, fish were recaptured and their growth in length and weight were measured. Linear regression analysis showed that growth was similar for both species across a range of turbidities. Although crappie growth in small ponds was not affected by turbidity, in larger bodies of water crappies might be indirectly influenced by factors that are correlated with turbidity, such as submerged vegetation.
Defining the Role of Adjuvant Therapy: Cholangiocarcinoma and Gall Bladder Cancer

Biliary tract cancers are a rare subgroup of malignancies that include gall bladder carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. They generally carry a poor prognosis based on the advanced nature of disease at presentation and overall treatment refractoriness. Surgical resection remains the optimal treatment for long-term survival, with consideration of neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies. In this review, we summarize the role of adjuvant treatments including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and concurrent chemoradiation with the existing clinical evidence for each treatment decision. Given the rarity of these tumors, the evidence provided is based largely on retrospective studies, Surveillance, Epidemiological, and End Results (SEER) database inquiries, single- or multi-institutional prospective studies, and a meta-analysis of adjuvant therapy studies. Currently, there is no adjuvant therapy that has been agreed upon as a standard of care. Results from prospective, multi-institutional phase II and III trials are awaited, along with advances in molecular targeted therapies and radiation techniques, which will better define treatment standards and improve outcomes in this group of diseases.
On the reconstruction of band-limited multidimensional signals from algebraic sampling contours

In this letter we pose and answer the following question: Is a band-limited multidimensional signal uniquely determined by a continuous set of samples whose location is given by the zeroes of a polynomial equation? Applications to the theory of reconstruction of finite-extent objects from a set of generalized projections are discussed including the classical problems of parallel X-ray and diffraction tomography.
Acquaintance and assurance

I criticize Richard Fumerton’s fallibilist acquaintance theory of noninferential justification.
Adenocarcinoma arising from congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Background Adenocarcinoma of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a rare primary malignant intraocular neoplasm. We report a histopathologically confirmed case of adenocarcinoma of the retinal pigment epithelium arising from congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE).
Evidence for a bound water molecule next to the retinal Schiff base in bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin: a resonance Raman study of the Schiff base hydrogen/deuterium exchange

The retinal chromophores of both rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin are bound to their apoproteins via a protonated Schiff base. We have employed continuous-flow resonance Raman experiments on both pigments to determine that the exchange of a deuteron on the Schiff base with a proton is very fast, with half-times of 6.9 +/- 0.9 and 1.3 +/- 0.3 ms for rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin, respectively. When these results are analyzed using standard hydrogen-deuteron exchange mechanisms, i.e., acid-, base-, or water-catalyzed schemes, it is found that none of these can explain the experimental results. Because the exchange rates are found to be independent of pH, the deuterium-hydrogen exchange can not be hydroxyl (or acid-)-catalyzed. Moreover, the deuterium-hydrogen exchange of the retinal Schiff base cannot be catalyzed by water acting as a base because in that case the estimated exchange rate is predicted to be orders of magnitude slower than that observed. The relatively slow calculated exchange rates are essentially due to the high pKa values of the Schiff base in both rhodopsin (pKa > 17) and bacteriorhodopsin (pKa approximately 13.5). We have also measured the deuterium-hydrogen exchange of a protonated Schiff base model compound in aqueous solution. Its exchange characteristics, in contrast to the Schiff bases of the pigments, is pH-dependent and consistent with the standard base-catalyzed schemes. Remarkably, the water-catalyzed exchange, which has a half-time of 16 +/- 2 ms and which dominates at pH 3.0 and below, is slower than the exchange rate of the Schiff base in rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of Image Gently and the North American Guidelines: Administered Activities in Children at 13 North American Pediatric Hospitals

The goal of this investigation was to assess the impact of the publication of the 2010 North American guidelines on the practice of nuclear medicine in children at 13 dedicated pediatric institutions within the United States and Canada by comparing results of similar surveys from 2007 and 2013. Methods: In 2013, a follow-up survey was performed of the original 13 dedicated pediatric institutions initially surveyed in 2007. Both surveys inquired about the administered activities for 16 nuclear medicine procedures commonly performed on children. The administered activity per body mass, the maximum activity, and the minimum activity for patients for each procedure were requested from each site. For each parameter the minimum and maximum reported values, as well as the median and the mean, were tabulated. The mean difference in the mean between 2007 and 2013 was calculated, as well as the 95% confidence intervals for the mean administered activity per body mass for both years. The factor of variation used with the previous survey for each parameter was calculated by taking the ratio of the maximum and minimum reported values. For the 8 procedures addressed in the 2010 North American guidelines, the percentage of institutions that were compliant (defined as within 20%) for each parameter were noted for both surveys. Institutions were asked whether they were familiar with “Image Gently,” the North American guidelines, and the “Go with the Guidelines” campaign and whether they adjusted their administered activities on the basis of these guidelines. Results: In general, the 13 pediatric institutions have reduced their administered activities in children, particularly for those procedures addressed by the 2010 North American guidelines. The average variability in the activity per body mass and the minimum activity as measured by the factor of variation were substantially reduced by 9.7% (from 3.1 to 2.8) and 24% (from 10.0 to 7.6). The average variability of the maximum activity was increased by 6.1% (from 3.3 to 3.5), but the increase was mostly due to some sites reducing their limits while others maintained their previous values. For the 8 procedures addressed by the guidelines, half or more of the institutions were compliant (within 20%) with the associated parameters in 66% of the cases. Ten of the 13 institutions reported that they adjusted their administered activities according to the North American guidelines. Conclusion: The publication of these guidelines and the associated public relations program appear to have had a positive effect with regard to both dose optimization and procedure standardization in pediatric nuclear medicine.
Nonlinear Flow Behavior of Entangled Polymer Solutions: Yieldlike Entanglement−Disentanglement Transition

We have carried out controlled-stress experiments in addition to the conventional controlled-rate measurements to probe the nature of nonlinear flow behavior of entangled 1,4-polybutadiene solutions. The flow responses are found to be drastically different depending on whether the shear flow is imposed by applying a constant torque or a constant velocity on one of the two surfaces in a cone−plate flow cell. When the applied shear stress is of a comparable magnitude to the elastic plateau modulus of the entangled solutions, a sharp yieldlike constitutive transition is observed, revealing a discontinuous relationship between the shear rate and the shear stress. Following such an entanglement−disentanglement transition (EDT), the chain orientation appears to further increase as a function of time as evidenced by the rising normal stress N1, reflecting a plausible coil−uncoil transition (C−UCT). The relaxation of N1 consists of an initial rapid decay, likely due to chain recoil from the C−UCT and a subsequent...
Caster-Camber Relationship in Vehicles

A variation in the camber of an automotive wheel is desired to compensate a side-slip force reduction owing to transversely normal load shift when the car is cornering. The camber of a steered wheel can be varied by adjusting caster or/and lean angles which are the representations of steering axis orientation. Thus, adjustable camber can be created by variable caster or/and lean angle. Choosing which parameter among the two angles to be the main source of camber generation is a key starting point and dependent on its different effects. Here, homogeneous transformation is employed to establish camber as a function of caster, lean angle, and steering angle in the general case. A comparison between caster and lean angle based on different criteria is made. The comparison shows that a variable caster is more effective than a variable lean angle in generating a smart camber.
The inhibition of progesterone secretion and the regulation of cyclic nucleotides by atrial natriuretic factor in gonadotropin responsive murine Leydig tumor cells.

Abstract We have found that atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) has a profound effect on testicular cells in altering intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels as well as progesterone secretion. Using clonal cultured Leydig tumor cells we found that 1×10 −8 M ANF caused a two thousand-fold elevation in the accumulation of cellular cGMP and inhibited cAMP in treated cells by more than 90% as compared to the controls. ANF (1×10 −8 M) also significantly inhibited gonadotropin-stimulated accumulation of cAMP in response to bovine luteinizing hormone (bLH) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone secretion was inhibited by ANF (1×10 −10 –1×10 −9 M) in these cultured Leydig tumor cells. Approximately 50% inhibition of progesterone secretion was observed at the peptide concentration of 1×10 −9 M.
The incorporation of [1-14C] arachidonic acid into the lipids of rabbit renal slices and conversion to prostaglandins E2 and F2α

Abstract 1. 1. [1- 14 C]Arachidonic acid is taken up by slices of rabbit renal medulla and cortex and incorporated into tissue phospholipids and neutral lipids. Although arachidonic acid is known to be the precursor of PGE 2 and PGF 2α in rabbit renal medulla, no 14 C-labelled prostaglandins were detected in the actual tissue lipids which were extracted from the slices of renal medulla and renal cortex after incubation with [1- 14 C]arachidonic acid. 2. 2. When the incubation fluids from the above experiments were extracted, large yields of 14 C-labelled PGF 2α , PGE 2 and hydroxy acids were detected in the fluids obtained from slices of rabbit renal medulla. In contrast, the incubation fluids obtained from slices of rabbit renal cortex contained no detectable prostaglandins or related metabolites.
Structural characterization of the interaction between TFIIIB components Bdp1 and Brf1.

Transcription factor TFIIIB plays key roles in transcription by RNA polymerase III. Its three components (TBP, Brf1, and Bdp1) participate in crucial molecular events that include RNA polymerase re...
Lottery Equivalents: Reduction of the Certainty Effect Problem in Utility Assessment

This note describes a simple procedure for assessing utility functions which avoids many difficulties of the standard techniques. The conventional methods suffer from at least three drawbacks; they 1 generate utility functions that depend on the probability levels used; 2 chain responses from one question to the next, so that any bias is propagated and even magnified; and 3 change ranges and reference points constantly, introducing range effects and other distortions. Noting the evidence linking the dependence of utility functions on the "certainty effect," our method: 1 compares lotteries with other lotteries rather than certain amounts; 2 does not "chain" responses; and 3 consistently uses "elementary lotteries" which control for range and reference points. Experimental work supports the proposed procedure.
Polarization effects in the electrical conductivity of oil shales

Abstract The d.c. current-voltage characteristics of oil shale samples from the Green River formation and the New Albany deposits, were investigated. The effect of two variable parameters, namely temperature (25°500°C) and shale oil yield (68–340 1 tonne −1 ) on the degree of non-linearity in the current-voltage behavior was examined. An increase in temperature and shale oil yield was found to enhance non-linear current-voltage behavior. This result was interpreted in terms of variations in the bulk conductivity of the shale sample induced by changes in temperature or organic content. A higher intrinsic electrical conductivity results in impediment in the discharge of charge carriers at the electrodes. The consequent space-charge polarization distorts the field distribution within the sample and thereby induces non-linear current-voltage behavior. Another key factor influencing current-voltage behavior is compositional homogeneity of the shale sample. Pyrolyzed shale samples containing carbonaceous residue interspersed with the mineral matrix, comprise a high degree of carbon/mineral particle contacts. These contacts represent an additional source of impedance to carrier motion (under an electric field) and regions of space-charge polarization within the bulk sample. The resultant field distortion is high enough to induce non-linear current-voltage behavior unlike the case of homogeneous materials where such effects usually result in linear polarization.
Use of a laparoscopic hand-assist device for accessory splenectomy

The use of a laparoscopic hand-assist device may aid in the identification of accessory spleens (ASs) and provide similar benefits to a conventional laparoscopic procedure. A patient with previous splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic pupusa (ITP) and recurrent thrombocytopenia is reported. A computed tomography scan and RBC scan identified several nodules consistent with ASs. Initial laparoscopic exploration could not identify all the ASs seen on preoperative imaging. A hand-assist device was placed and a total of five nodules of splenic tissue were identified without conversion to laparotomy. The patient had a brief and uncomplicated postoperative course with a return of platelet counts to 350,000 at 1-month follow-up. We propose that in the scenario of recurrent ITP following laparoscopic splenectomy, repeat laparoscopy is the first step once an AS is identified by preoperative imaging. If the AS is not identified at laparoscopy, the insertion of a hand-assist device is an alternative to a full laparotomy.
Effect of norleucine and related compounds on growth of the white rat.

IT was recently reported from this laboratory that the inclusion of 2 per cent DL-norleucine in the diet greatly inhibited the utilization of D-leucine by rats1. In view of this observation it was of considerable interest to determine whether the antagonistic effect of norleucine on leucine utilization was limited to the D-isomer of the latter.
Electrophoretic studies on the distribution of hexosamine in proteins of the thyroid gland.

THE existence of glycoproteins in the thyroid gland has been suggested on the basis of histochemical studies (Fisher, 1953; Glegg, Clermont, and Leblond, 1952; Gersh, 1950; Levine, 1950). With the exception of isolated glucosamine and hexose determinations on thyroglobulin (Bland Kassell and Heidelberger, 1939; Glegg, Clermont and Leblond, 1952) and the qualitative identification of mannose and galactose in whole thyroid tissue (Werner, 1953), few direct chemical studies have been applied to the distribution of sugars in the thyroid gland. In the course of a study on the distribution of hexosamines2 in body tissues, it was noted that thyroid glands contained relatively large concentrations of hexosamine (Boas, 1953). In order to interpret this and to identify the hexosamine-rich substance or substances in the thyroid, electrophoretic studies were carried out on extracts of hog thyroid. The distribution of hexoses and uronic acid were also studied in an attempt to characterize further the glycoproteins pre...
Biological effects of spark-generated shock waves

Shock waves, whether generated by sparks or laser bursts, are capable of producing a wide range of biological effects. Thresholds for hemorrhage of kidney and lung, the killing of fruit fly larvae, developmental defects in embryos and changes in function of excitable tissues such as the heart fall in the range from 1 to 10 MPa. In endoscopic applications, the bubble that is created has the potential to act directly upon the surrounding tissues producing effects by mechanisms that are qualitatively different than the shock fields themselves.
Sjögren's syndrome in the NOD mouse model is an interleukin-4 time-dependent, antibody isotype-specific autoimmune disease.

NOD.B10-H2b and NOD/LtJ mice manifest many features of primary and secondary Sjogren's syndrome (SjS), respectively, an autoimmune disease affecting primarily the salivary and lacrimal glands leading to xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eyes). A previous study suggested that the T(H2) cytokine, interleukin (IL)-4, plays an integral role in the development and onset of SjS-like disease in the NOD mouse model. To define further the role of IL-4 in onset of murine SjS-like disease, we have examined two IL4 gene knockout (KO) mouse strains, NOD.IL4-/- and NOD.B10-H2b.IL4-/-. Unlike NOD.IL4-/- mice, NOD.B10-H2b.IL4-/- mice are resistant to development of diabetes. The presence of a dysfunctional IL4 gene did not impede leukocyte infiltration of the salivary glands, yet prevented development of secretory dysfunction. Whereas NOD.B10-H2b.IL4-/- mice exhibited many pathophysiological manifestations of SjS-like disease common to the parental strains, these mice failed to produce anti-muscarinic acetylcholine type-3 receptor (M3R) autoantibodies of the IgG1 isotype. Cytokine mRNA expression profiles and adoptive transfers of T lymphocytes from NOD.B10-H2b.Gfp mice into NOD.B10-H2b.IL4-/- mice at different ages suggest IL-4 is required during the pre-clinical disease stage (around 12 weeks of age) to initiate clinical xerostomia. The results of this study indicate that the failure of NOD.IL4-/- and NOD.B10-H2b.IL4-/- mice to synthesize anti-M3R autoantibodies of the IgG1 isotype apparently explains why these mice fail to develop exocrine gland dysfunction, despite exhibiting pre-clinical manifestations of SjS-like disease.
Scalar-relativistic linear combinations of Gaussian-type-orbitals technique for crystalline solids

The first nonperturbative implementation of scalar relativity in an all-electron linear combinations of Gaussian-type-orbitals methodology for crystalline solids is reported. Test calculations on fcc gold yield bulk and one-electron properties that are indistinguishable from results obtained with other all-electron, scalar-relativistic density-functional techniques. This development paves the way for joint cluster and crystalline calculations on heavy-atom systems using a single all-electron, full-potential technique.
Body image, decision making, and breast cancer treatment.

This study was performed to describe women's satisfaction with body image before and 8 weeks after the surgical treatment of breast cancer compared with women without breast cancer. Additional aims were to describe women's perceived participation in decisions regarding choice of surgical procedure to treat their breast cancer, and postoperative satisfaction with their breast cancer treatment, as well as to explore factors influencing women's decisions regarding choice of surgical procedure. The design was prospective with a descriptive, comparative design. The convenience sample included 31 women with breast cancer from an urban breast health center, and 30 women without breast cancer from the community. The majority were college educated, white, ranging in age from 29-82 years. Women with breast cancer completed instruments before and 8 weeks after surgery. Women without breast cancer completed the instruments two times 8 weeks apart. Three instruments measuring body image satisfaction were used. Participation in treatment decision-making, having a treatment choice, and posttreatment satisfaction, along with a description of important factors in decision making, were measured with open and closed-ended questions. During the study period, women with breast cancer experienced a significant decrease in satisfaction with body image after surgery (p < .004). Satisfaction with body image remained constant in the women without breast cancer. Most (94%) of the women with breast cancer reported participating in treatment decisions about the type of surgical procedure used to treat their breast cancer, had a treatment choice (77%), and were moderately to very satisfied with the outcome of their surgeries (94%). Qualitative data results suggest that women's treatment decisions were based on their perceptions of "survival," that is, which type of surgery offered the best chance for long-term survival. These data suggest that satisfaction with body image is disturbed by surgery for breast cancer despite active participation in decisions regarding selection of treatment or postoperative satisfaction with type of surgical treatment received. These outcomes suggest that women need assistance in adjusting to alterations in body image from nurses and the need for research to describe effective interventions. Future studies of body image and breast cancer treatment should be conducted with larger samples, and at different points after surgery to determine the effects of mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery on the body image of breast cancer survivors over time.
An estimate of the 3He spin-orbit potential from spin-flip measurements☆

Abstract The spin-orbit potential depth of 3 He particles has been obtained by comparing back angle spin-flip measurements of the 12 C( 3 He) 12 C ∗ (4.44) inelastic scattering reaction with DWBA calculations, and is found to be 2.7 ± 0.7 MeV. This result is found to be relatively insensitive to the details of the spin-independent part of the optical model potential.
Monogenic control of resistance in the tomato to the tobacco flea beetle: Probable repellance by foliage volatiles

In comparisons made under typical summer conditions in the field at Davis, California, the foliage of the anthocyanin-deficient mutant af proved to be much more susceptible to attack by Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) than that of the isogenic normal line, normal cultivars, or any other tested mutant. Since a relatively uniform level of damage was observed in leaves of various ages that contacted the soil, the interaction is probably of a preference rather than antibiotic nature. A comparison with nine other anthocyaninless mutants proved that anthocyanin deficiency is not responsible for susceptibility. The severe reduction of glandular hairs and consequent lack of foliage aroma—hitherto unsuspected pleiotropic effects of af—probably account for the high susceptibility of this mutant. The evolutionary significance of the distinct foliage aromas characteristic of each tomato species is discussed.
Rigorous Dynamic Model-Based Economic Design of the Injected Pultrusion Process with Controllability Considerations

The current industrial practice in design of the injected pultrusion (IP) process involves costly trial and error procedures, hitherto unavoidable in the absence of established process models. Even for well understood processes, economic design has traditionally used steady-state physical models, separately followed by control system synthesis using simpler dynamic models. This work describes the development of a rigorous model-based design algorithm for the IP process by integration of economics, operability, and environmental considerations. In our previous work, a 3D dynamic physical model of the IP process was experimentally validated on a bench-scale setup. Using this validated model, we can now reduce the time and expenses associated with a purely experimental approach. An understanding of processing economics leads to throughput rate maximization as the desired economic objective. We develop a multiobjective optimization algorithm that maximizes this objective function, using a response surface met...
Choline kinase from the fat body of Phormia regina larvae

Abstract Using a partially purified choline kinase preparation from the fat body of Phormia regina, the following optimum conditions for choline phosphorylation were determined: pH, 8·0 and 8·77; temperature, 37 to 44°C; 17·5 mM Mg2+; 7·0 mM ATP. In addition, the enzyme was slightly more active at low ionic strengths and with l -cysteine present at a concentration of 8 m-molar. Mg2+ was thirteen times as active as Co2+, the next best divalent cation tested; and ATP was 1·2 times as effective as dATP and 9·9 times as effective as the next best nucleotide, GTP. Under the optimal conditions for choline phosphorylation, ethanolamine was found to react even faster; however, the Km values relative to the two substrates were similar, 1·65 × 10−3 M choline and 2·0 × 10−3 M ethanolamine. The enzyme was inactive toward both dl -carnitine and dl -serine. Studies with non-labelled choline and 14C-ethanolamine, and vice versa, indicated that there may be two enzymes (or two molecular species of the same enzyme) present, one specific for choline and one that will react with both substrates. The data from stability experiments and from the pH curves support this tentative conclusion.
Ground-state correlations and universality in two-dimensional fully frustrated systems

The spin-spin correlation function in the ground state of some two-dimensional fully frustrated spin models are investigated. The correlations are long ranged and decay as $\frac{1}{{r}^{\ensuremath{\eta}}}$, where $r$ is the distance between the two spins and $\ensuremath{\eta}=\frac{1}{2}$. This result is true for both the square and triangular fully frustrated lattices, thus suggesting that these models form a universality class. It is shown that the fully frustrated Ising model on a square lattice can be mapped exactly into a special Baxter model. The spin-spin correlation function of this Baxter model can be calculated exactly. The ground state of the fully frustrated square Ising model corresponds to the free fermion point of the $F$ model and therefore, through duality, to the decoupling point of the critical Baxter line. The relationship between the $F$ model above the critical temperature and the Gaussian model above the multicritical point is discussed.
Metamaterial characterization using structured light

We propose and demonstrate a technique for characterization of optical metamaterials, metasurfaces, and ultra-thin films based on the interferometry employing optical vortices. This tool may find applications in the general area of optical nanostructure characterization.
Effects of neuroleptic medications on speech disorganization in schizophrenia: Biasing associative networks towards meaning

Background. While some cognitive accounts of disorganized speech, or thought disorder, in schizophrenia have emphasized failures in working memory/discourse planning or selective attention, we have suggested that thought disorder resides in the semantic system. In this study we assessed the effect of neuroleptic medication on thought disorder and semantic processing. Methods. Seventeen patients with schizophrenia were assessed while receiving neuroleptic medications and in crossover fashion, placebo. A number of measures were obtained : clinically rated thought disorder (using the Thought, Language and Communication Scale); working memory (letter number span); lexical integrity (naming and receptive vocabulary); and, semantic priming of intracategorical word pairs. Results. Semantic priming measures improved with neuroleptic medication, as did clinically rated thought disorder. No other measure changed significantly. Priming selectively covaried with changes in thought disorder. Conclusion. Changes in spreading semantic activation, measured in a semantic priming paradigm and presumably brought about by neuroleptics' influence on dopaminergic neuromodulatory systems, might reflect changes in the biases of pre-existing associative networks that favour or increase the accessibility of representations related by shared features. This study also has implications for the architecture of normal language in that a dissociation between the lexical and semantic levels was observed, due to the selective compromise of tasks demanding semantic processing.
The Nutrient Data Laboratory Web site gets a new look

The Nutrient Data Laboratory Web site, along with all Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Web sites, has a new look. The basic appearance is similar to the United States Department of Agriculture Web site, but with some navigational categories unique to ARS sites. The purpose of these changes is to make ARS Web sites more uniform in navigation, enhancing overall ease of use. Navigation tools now found on our Web site include links to: About Us, Research, Products & Services, People and Places, News and Events, Partnering, and Careers. Partnering, a section recently added to the Web site, includes information detailing our numerous research collaborations with scientists in educational institutions, research laboratories, the food industry and other federal agencies as well as our award-winning partnerships for technology transfer. The online search program, our most frequently accessed feature, remains prominently displayed on our Home Page, continuing to give users fast access to nutrient information on a specific food. This popular program has been upgraded, supporting enhanced search techniques and the capability to customize portion sizes for food component reports. The NDL Web site is the principal means of dissemination of food composition data from the National Nutrient Databank System and receives an average of over 110,000 visitors per month.
A digestive phospholipase A2 in larval mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti

Abstract We report on the presence of phospholipase A 2 activity in whole larva and midguts of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti . Phospholipase A 2 is responsible for hydrolyzing fatty acids from the sn -2 position of dietary phospholipids to release essential fatty acids for normal larval and adult growth. In contrast to the mammalian digestive phospholipase A 2 background, the Ae. aegypti phospholipase A 2 was Ca 2+ -independent. We further characterized the mosquito midgut phospholipase A 2 by altering the reaction conditions including incubation time, protein concentrations, pH and temperature. The site-specific PLA 2 inhibitor oleyloxyethylphosphorylcholine failed to inhibit the enzyme at concentrations up to 5000 μM. We found that the phospholipase A 2 activity was consistently high throughout the fourth instar, but fell to very low levels on the first day of pupation which is a non-feeding stage. The enzyme is regulated with respect to feeding activity because fasting and re-feeding modified the larval digestive PLA 2 activity.
Perception of auditory-visual distance relations by 5-month-old infants.

This study investigated whether, and on what basis, 5-month-old infants perceive auditory-visual distance relations. A 2-screen visual preference procedure was used in which infants viewed side by side videotaped toy trains (in 4 visual conditions) along with increasing or decreasing amplitude lawnmower engine sounds from a central speaker designed to match one of the videos. Results suggest that 5-month-olds were sensitive to auditory-visual distance relations and that changing size was an important visual depth cue. Infants did not show evidence of matching in other conditions in which the soundtracks were paired with videos depicting shifts in the train's luminance or showing the train moving vertically with no change in size
Comparative properties of caveolar and noncaveolar preparations of kidney Na+/K+-ATPase.

To evaluate previously proposed functions of renal caveolar Na+/K+-ATPase, we modified the standard procedures for the preparation of the purified membrane-bound kidney enzyme, separated the caveolar and noncaveolar pools, and compared their properties. While the subunits of Na+/K+-ATPase (α,β,γ) constituted most of the protein content of the noncaveolar pool, the caveolar pool also contained caveolins and major caveolar proteins annexin-2 tetramer and E-cadherin. Ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+-ATPase activities of the two pools had similar properties and equal molar activities, indicating that the caveolar enzyme retains its ion transport function and does not contain nonpumping enzyme. As minor constituents, both caveolar and noncaveolar pools also contained Src, EGFR, PI3K, and several other proteins known to be involved in stimulous-induced signaling by Na+/K+-ATPase, indicating that signaling function is not limited to the caveolar pool. Endogenous Src was active in both pools but was not further activated...
Brazilian engineering exchange program

This paper presents the external, summative evaluation findings of the ldquoInternational Teams in Engineering Industrial Projects: A Cooperative Manufacturing and Production Engineering Programrdquo, funded by the Fund for Improving Postsecondary Education (FIPSE): Special Focus Projects from 1 September 2002 to 31 August 2007. The project was a collaborative between two US universities in North Carolina and two universities in Brazil, and involved student exchanges to the respective countries, where students studied engineering coursework. During the evaluation, relevant documents were analyzed, interviews were held with the project PIs, and those students who had participated in the exchange visits to Brazil were surveyed. Evaluation findings are presented in relationship to the project objectives and other unanticipated outcomes. Overall, the exchange program was successful in achieving its objectives.
The cytotoxicity of 2-formyl and 2-acetyl-(6-picolyl)-4N-substituted thiosemicarbazones and their copper(II) complexes.

1-Acetyl-(6-picolyl)- 4 N-substituted thiosemicarbazones and their copper(II) complexes were shown to be potent antineoplastic and cytotoxic agents against murine and human cultured cells. Numerous derivatives were as active against solid tumor growth as clinically useful agents.The agents inhibited L 1210 DNA and RNA syntheses with inhibition of key regulatory enzyme activities of the purine pathway as well as nucleoside kinase activities. d[NTP] pools were reduced and DNA strand scission occurred. These agents were DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors with lower IC 50 values than that of VP-16. However, they did not cause L 1210 DNA protein linked breaks and actually protected against those breaks afforded by VP-16. The agents were not synergistic with VP-16 in reducing cell growth or DNA synthesis although they did reduce growth of L 1210 cells in agar suspended media.
Fabry-Perot Interferometers

This third volume of the Cambridge Studies in Modern Optics is a comprehensive and authoritative treatise on the design, construction, and analysis of measurements from these multiple-beam instruments. Its treatment of the Fabry-Perot interferometer is highly mathematical and unified, weaving together in a coherent and consistent format the work of over 400 different authors. The author is well qualified to discuss these topics, having used these devices to study the dynamics of the upper atmosphere for the past 25 years. During this time he has made several fundamental contributions to interferometry, in addition to aeronomy.
Female Sensitivity to Diet and Irradiation Treatments Underlies Sex–Mortality Differentials in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly

Large-scale experiments on medflies that were subjected to sterilizing doses of ionizing radiation (plus intact controls) and maintained on either sugar-only or full, protein-enriched diets revealed that, whereas the mortality trajectories of both intact and irradiated male cohorts maintained on both diets are similar, the mortality patterns of females are highly variable. Mean mortality rates at 35 days in male cohorts ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 but in female cohorts ranged from 0.09 to 0.35, depending on treatment. The study reports three main influences: (a) qualitative differences exist in the sex-mortality response of medflies subjected to dietary manipulations and irradiation; (b) the female mortality response is linked to increased vulnerability due to the nutritional demands of reproduction; and (c) female sensitivity to environmental changes underlies the dynamics of the sex-mortality differential.
Low-power driven scheduling and binding

We investigate the problem of exploiting signal correlation between operations to find a schedule and binding which minimizes switching. We propose several heuristics to solve the problem. Experimentally, we give an algorithm for scheduling communications on a bus, which reduces bus switching up to 60%, without increasing the number of cycles required for the schedule. Low-power scheduling efforts in the literature have focused on decreasing the number of cycles in the schedule so that the voltage required to run the resulting circuit can be lowered. However, the number of voltages supplied to a chip is likely to be limited, so among the processes to be implemented, typically only a few will determine the minimum voltages, and the rest will have slack in their schedules. Therefore it is interesting to inquire about the impact of scheduling which does not reduce the number of time steps in order to decrease switching. In this paper, we show that power-aware scheduling can lead to significant decreases in switching, often without an increase in the number of time steps required. The technique is general, and can be used to schedule operations on any kind of resources.
Gendering Coercive Control

This article examines the theory of gender presented in Stark's Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life. Stark suggests that gender is a form of structural inequality that makes women more vulnerable than men to the strategies of coercive control. However, Stark assumes rather than demonstrates that gendered structural inequality increases women's vulnerability. In this article, the author applies the multilevel theory of gender as identity, interaction, and social structure to document the multiple ways coercive control is gendered. The author argues that, to understand the gender dynamics of coercive control, researchers must examine the interactions across levels of gender. The author concludes with an assessment of the prospects and pitfalls of applying the concept of coercive control to renew the feminist social movement to end domestic violence.
Constraints on time-dependent volcanic source models at Long Valley Caldera from 1996 to 2009 using InSAR and geodetic measurements

SUMMARY Continuous monitoring of Long Valley Caldera since the late 1970s, including data from seismic and geodetic networks has shown renewed episodic unrest with accelerated uplift separated by reduced uplift, no activity, or slow deflation. We examine the time-dependent behaviour at Long Valley Caldera from 1996 to 2009 by integrating InSAR and continuous GPS (CGPS) measurements. The ERS-1/2 radar data between 1996 and 2008 and reprocessed three-component CGPS data from the Long Valley GPS network from 1996 to 2009 were combined to invert for source geometry and volume change for the following deformation episodes: 1997–1998 uplift, 2002–2003 uplift, 2004–2007 slow subsidence, and 2007–2009 slow uplift. We employed non-linear Monte-Carlo random search approaches (random cost and simulated annealing) in our inversion and examined models including spherical and finite sources (dipping prolate spheroid). Our results show that the sources of all post-2000 events (i.e. 2002–2003, 2007–2009 uplift and 2004–2007 subsidence) locate at shallow depths of ∼6–8 km and have nearly identical surface locations, suggesting that these events may be caused by the same source in the mid-crust, possibly a mixture of hydrothermal and partial-melt magma. All three events, 2002–2003, 2004–2007, 2007–2009, are characterized by the low total volume change: ∼0.01, ∼–0.003, ∼0.006 km3, respectively, with corresponding volume change rates of ∼0.007, ∼–0.001, ∼0.002 km3 yr–1. The 1997–1998 inflationary event has a steeper source geometry and much greater volume change rate (∼0.03 km3 yr–1) than the other events, in agreement with previous studies. This suggests it is possibly driven by magma intrusion beneath the resurgent dome from a deeper source. If we regard post-2000 events as proxies for future eruption hazard, the inferred source dynamics (e.g. mid-crustal location and subdued volume change) and accompanied decrease in earthquake activity from these post-2000 events suggest that the probability for near-term eruption is low. Our study demonstrates that CGPS, along with InSAR, provide a valuable tool for monitoring time-dependent source processes at active volcanic regions.