cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of localized surface elastic defects by nonspecular reflection at the Rayleigh angle

The relationships between characteristics of elastic defects and nonspecular features of bounded ultrasonic beams reflected at the Rayleigh angle from a liquid-solid interface are investigated. The results can serve as a theoretical basis for interpretation of Rayleigh angle nonspecularly reflected beam profiles as characterization of localized surface elastic defects.
Atomic layer epitaxy of CdTe using an automated electrochemical thin-layer flow deposition reactor

A number of different cycle chemistries, along with an automated thin-layer flow cell electrodeposition system, are described for the formation of CdTe thin film deposits using electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (EC-ALE). Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) involves the deposition of a compound one atomic layer at a time, via surface limited reactions, in a repeating cycle. In EC-ALE, underpotential deposition (upd) is used to form the atomic layers. Previous studies of the EC-ALE growth of CdTe have involved a cycle where Cd was deposited by reductive upd, followed by oxidative upd of Te from an acidic (pH 2.0) solution. In the present study, basic (pH 10.2) tellurium solutions were investigated in an attempt to use direct reductive upd of Te, as well as reductive upd of Cd. The idea was to simplify the cycle. The deposition in the basic solution is shifted dramatically negative, such that surface limited reductive deposition of Te appears to coincide with potentials used for reductive Cd upd, thus allowing both elements to be reductively deposited in a cycle at similar potentials. Improvements have been made relative to previous deposits reported by this group, such as an increase in the amount deposited per cycle. The old cycle and the H-cell design produced only 0.4 ML per cycle, while our new cycle deposits the expected 1 ML per cycle. However, there were some drawbacks to the new cycle, which was based on the reductive upd formation for both Cd and Te. Even though voltammetry for Te deposition on Au suggests that Te deposits by a surface limited process, it in fact deposits at an overpotential. Therefore, some bulk Te is inevitably deposited along with each Te atomic layer. The amount of bulk deposited is a function of convection in the cell, and thus leads to inhomogeneity in the deposit, something not expected for a purely surface limited process. In order to avoid the traces of bulk Te, the best deposits were formed when the reductive deposition of Te was combined with a bulk Te stripping step to remove excess material. This process is referred to here as oxidative Te upd. The resulting deposits evidenced a predominant [111] orientation for zinc blende CdTe (from XRD), and a band gap of 1.55 eV (from reflection adsorption measurements), consistent with the literature bandgap for CdTe.
EFFECT OF EMULSION DROPLETS ON THE RHEOLOGY OF WHEY PROTEIN ISOLATE GELS

The effects of droplet size and emulsifier type on the rheology of whey protein isolate (WPI) gels containing emulsion droplets was studied. Gels were prepared by dispersing droplets of corn oil (20 wt%, d32= 0.7 – 4 μm) in a 10 wt% WPI solution (pH 7.0, 50 mM NaCl), and heating at 90C for 15 min. Gel strength was determined by measuring the stress of gels at 20% compression using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Droplets stabilized by WPI increased the gel strength, those stabilized by non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20 and Triton X-100) decreased it slightly, and those stabilized by SDS decreased it drastically. Gel strength increased as the droplet size decreased for droplets stabilized by WPI, but was relatively insensitive to the size of droplets stabilized by the small molecule surfactants. These observations may be explained in terms of the interactions between the emulsifiers and the protein network. Droplets coated with emulsifiers which can be incorporated into the protein network reinforce the structure and so increase gel strength, whereas droplets coated with emulsifiers which cannot be incorporated into the protein network disrupt the three dimensional structure of the gel and decrease its strength.
Comparison of Phase-Shift Analysis Solutions to π − p Scattering Data

A comparison between the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ scattering data and the predictions of the various phase-shift analyses is presented. In particular, it is pointed out that the dispersion relation fit of the CERN group fails to represent the data.
Design, fabrication and operation of a hot electron resonant tunneling transistor

Abstract Transistors employing resonant tunneling injection of hot electrons into a thin quantum well base region have been fabricated. The base region in these transistors is formed by a narrow bandgap material like InGaAs so that the first level is a confined one lying below the Fermi level in the contact regions. This results in charge transfer into the bound state in the quantum well thus allowing independent control of the base electrostatic potential. Theoretical calculations showing the importance of various device parameters in the design of a resonant tunneling transistor are presented and preliminary results showing the capability of transistor action in such devices are presented.
Abstract 519: Attenuation of mammary tumor growth by gap junction enhancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Normal cells have functional gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), while cancer cells exhibit many defects in cellular communication that contribute to the loss of tissue homeostasis. It is believed that restoring GJIC is linked to drug sensitivity and reduction of tumorigenicity. Previous studies show that GJIC and neoplastic cellular growth are inversely related and small molecule targeting gap junction can alter tumor growth. A dose of 25 mg/kg gap junction enhancer (PQ) can cause a 77% decrease of xenograft T47D breast tumors. In addition these small molecules can induce a decrease of tumor growth by 110%, 129%, and 73% in the pre, early, and late stages of tumor development of the transgenic mouse strain, FVB/N-Tg(MMTV-PyVT)634Mul/J. Western blot analysis shows that the gap junction protein, Cx43, was highly expressed in the PQ-treated tumors compared to the controls. Data suggests that enhancement of GJIC attenuates tumor growth; specifically Cx43 plays a significant role in tumorigenesis. Establishment of a continuous line of mammary tumor cells from the malignant neoplasm of a female transgenic mouse demonstrates that PQs can cause an increase of Cx43 expression and subsequently trigger a decrease of cell viability. Overall, targeting gap junction by small molecule PQ has shed light to the dynamic of connexins and gap junctions in mammary tumors. Citation Format: Stephanie N. Shishido, Thu A. Nguyen. Attenuation of mammary tumor growth by gap junction enhancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 519. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-519
Strength of MoSi2-based crystals at ultra-high temperature

Abstract The ultra-high temperature compressive strengths of [0 0 1] oriented MoSi 2 single crystals are significantly higher than other orientations even at homologous temperatures approaching 0.95. A factor of two increase in the yield strength for [0 0 1] orientation was observed with only 1 at.% of substitutional alloying with Nb.
Workload of radiologists in the United States in 1998-1999 and trends since 1995-1996.

OBJECTIVE. This article measures the workload of radiologists in the United States in 1998-1999, its variation by practice characteristics, and changes since 1995-1996.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Data on procedures performed were collected from the American College of Radiology's 1999 Survey of Practices, and responses were weighted to make them representative of all radiologists in the United States. Workload measured as number of procedures per full-time equivalent diagnostic radiologist was tabulated by practice type, size, setting, and location and compared with corresponding survey results from 1995-1996. The independent effect of these factors on workload was measured using regression analysis. Changes in procedure complexity were calculated in terms of relative value units (RVUs) per procedure using Medicare files.RESULTS. In 1998-1999, the average workload per full-time equivalent diagnostic radiologist had increased 8.5% since 1995-1996 to 12,800 (standard error = 200) procedures annually, with substa...
Sociotropy/autonomy, self-construal, response style, and gender in adolescents

Abstract Little research has examined the relationship between response style and other personality dimensions that have been connected to depression in the literature. We examined the relationships among response style, self-construal, sociotropy/autonomy, and gender in 121 adolescents. Regardless of gender, rumination was positively related to sociotropy and autonomy whereas distraction was positively related to independence and interdependence. These relationships may hold clues for the distinction between sociotropy/autonomy and self-construal. Relationships were also found between sociotropy and interdependence. Males exhibited additional positive relationships between distraction and sociotropy, autonomy and rumination; and between sociotropy and autonomy. Gender appears to be an important component in the determination of relationships among personality and cognitive variables.
Study of complexation between cyclofructans and alkali metal cations by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations

Abstract Cyclofructans, cyclic fructofuranose oligomers, form complexes with a variety of metal cations in solution. ESI-MS was used to investigate both solution and gas phase selectivities of cyclofructans for alkali metal cations. In the gas phase, cyclofructans bind to alkali metal cations in the order of Li + > Na + > K + > Rb + > Cs + . The gas phase selectivity, obtained by competitive dissociation of ternary complexes between one cyclofructan and two different metal cations, was confirmed with density functional theory calculations. The calculated binding strength is from −99 to −383 kJ mol −1 for cyclofructan 6 and the alkali metal cations. The cyclofructan's 3-position oxygens are the most likely interaction points for the alkali metals. For the solution phase study, sodium and potassium complexes of cyclofructans were the most abundant species in the ESI-MS spectra. Compared with previous solution phase studies of cyclofructans, ESI-MS produced higher abundance of complexes with Li + and lower abundance of complexes with larger metal cations. The relative intensities of different cyclofructan–metal cation complexes observed in the ESI-MS spectra was a reflection of both the solution phase and gas phase stability of different complex ions.
Unpowered spiral-tube parylene pressure sensor for intraocular pressure sensing

This paper presents the first biocompatible, unpowered, micromachined pressure sensor for intraocular pressure (IOP) sensing. This device is designed for implantation in the eye so that IOP can be faithfully measured externally. It features a parylene-based high-aspect-ratio spiral-tube structure fabricated using a buried-channel process. This passive sensor requires no power from other physical (i.e. electrical and/or magnetic) domains and registers pressure variations by changes of a mechanical in-plane spiral rotation that can be gauged by direct and convenient optical observation. The fabricated device has been tested in various media, and a 1 mm-radius device with a 10-turn spiral has successfully demonstrated continuous spiral rotation when immersed in liquids, with 0.22°/mmHg sensitivity in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and 0.13°/mmHg sensitivity in water. This pressure sensing technology is proposed as a convenient method to monitor in situ IOP in glaucoma patients and to facilitate treatment and scientific study of the disease.
Temperature representation in the Drosophila brain

In Drosophila, rapid temperature changes are detected at the periphery by dedicated receptors forming a simple sensory map for hot and cold in the brain. However, flies show a host of complex innate and learned responses to temperature, indicating that they are able to extract a range of information from this simple input. Here we define the anatomical and physiological repertoire for temperature representation in the Drosophila brain. First, we use a photolabelling strategy to trace the connections that relay peripheral thermosensory information to higher brain centres, and show that they largely converge onto three target regions: the mushroom body, the lateral horn (both of which are well known centres for sensory processing) and the posterior lateral protocerebrum, a region we now define as a major site of thermosensory representation. Next, using in vivo calcium imaging, we describe the thermosensory projection neurons selectively activated by hot or cold stimuli. Fast-adapting neurons display transient ON and OFF responses and track rapid temperature shifts remarkably well, while slow-adapting cell responses better reflect the magnitude of simple thermal changes. Unexpectedly, we also find a population of broadly tuned cells that respond to both heating and cooling, and show that they are required for normal behavioural avoidance of both hot and cold in a simple two-choice temperature preference assay. Taken together, our results uncover a coordinated ensemble of neural responses to temperature in the Drosophila brain, demonstrate that a broadly tuned thermal line contributes to rapid avoidance behaviour, and illustrate how stimulus quality, temporal structure, and intensity can be extracted from a simple glomerular map at a single synaptic station.
Neonatal small intestinal motility: motor responses to feeding in term and preterm infants.

To explore the possibility that the intestinal motor response to feeding is infact even in infants with immature fasting patterns, we performed low-compliance, continuous-infusion manometry in 13 term and 23 preterm infants during the first postnatal week. Bables were fed a standard formula intraduodenally at 4 ml/kg/2 hr by infusion pump. Small bowel motility responded to feeding; fasting patterns were replaced with long periods of persistent activity. During the infusion of formula, there was no significant difference in motor activity between preterm and term infants. Four characteristics of motor activity changed with feeding: motility index, the number of pressure peaks per 30-minute period, mean amplitude of pressure peaks, and duration of periods of quiescence. The number of pressure peaks per 30-minute period was the most sensitive index of the motor response to feeding, and it was used to characterize the fed pattern response. The start and duration of the fed response were similar in both groups of infants. Thus, despite the presence of immaturity in fasting patterns, the intestine of the preterm infant responds appropriately to feeding. These data help explain why preterm infants usually tolerate antral feedings, and support their use.
Down-regulation of expression and function of the rat liver Na+/bile acid cotransporter in extrahepatic cholestasis.

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The molecular regulation of hepatic bile acid transporters during cholestasis is largely unknown. Cloning of complementary DNAs for the sinusoidal sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (ntcp), the cytosolic bile acid-binding protein 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD), and a putative canalicular bile acid transporter Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ecto-adenosine triphosphatase, now facilitates such studies. METHODS: Protein mass, steady-state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, and gene transcription were assessed in rat livers after common bile duct ligation (CBDL) from 1-7 days, and taurocholate uptake was determined in isolated hepatocytes. RESULTS: After CBDL, Na(+)-dependent taurocholate uptake (Vmax) declined by 70%. The levels of ntcp protein were reduced by more than 90%, and 3 alpha-HSD levels decreased by 66% by 7 days. Expression and canalicular localization of the ecto-adenosine triphosphatase remained unchanged. mRNA levels for both ntcp and 3 alpha-HSD diminished by about 60% 1 day after CBDL and remained unchanged up to 7 days. Transcriptional activity was decreased 1 day after CBDL only for ntcp. CONCLUSIONS: Extrahepatic cholestasis results in rapid down-regulation of Na(+)-dependent taurocholate uptake, ntcp transcription, and posttranscriptional regulation of both ntcp and 3 alpha-HSD mRNA. This selective decline of ntcp may represent a protective feedback mechanism in cholestasis to diminish uptake of potentially hepatotoxic bile acids. (Gastroenterology 1996 Jan;110(1):199-209)
Loss and dispersion at subterahertz frequencies in coplanar waveguides with varying ground-plane widths

The characteristics of a family of coplanar transmission lines have been studied at frequencies extending to the terahertz range. Traditional wide-ground coplanar waveguides and coplanar strip lines were investigated together with a coplanar waveguide with narrow ground planes. The technique of nonuniform gap illumination was used to excite subpicosecond electrical pulses as a testing tool of transmission lines for the first time. It is shown that this method is versatile and convenient for testing ultrafast devices and circuits. The experimental results, extracted by both time- and frequency-domain analyses, indicate several interesting features. In the subterahertz frequency range, the 50-micrometers transmission lines are dominated by dispersion, while the narrower 10-micrometers lines are dominated by loss. The characteristics of traditional (wide-ground) coplanar waveguides and coplanar strips are in agreement with theory and comparable to each other up to very high frequencies. The implementation of narrow ground planes can considerably reduce attenuation and dispersion in coplanar waveguides. In some geometries, radiation loss can be eliminated completely. The reduction in radiation is attributed to the change of field patterns at the dielectric interface, which leads to reduced coupling between the coplanar waveguide mode and radiative substrate modes.
Exposure opportunities of families of farmer pesticide applicators

Background Families of farmer pesticide applicators have unusual opportunities for exposure, directly or indirectly, to pesticides. These exposures are not well characterized. Methods Subjects were 26,793 licensed private pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study, a cohort study being conducted in Iowa and North Carolina. Questionnaires were completed by the applicators and their spouses. Results Many indirect exposure opportunities exist; for example, 21% of homes are within 50 yards of pesticide mixing areas, 27% of applicators store pesticides in their homes, and 94% of clothing worn for pesticide work is washed in the same machine as other laundry. Direct exposure opportunities also occur; for example, 51% of wives of applicators worked in the fields in the last growing season, 40% of wives have ever mixed or applied pesticides, and over half of children aged 11 or more do farm chores. Discussion/Conclusions The extent of the opportunities for exposure of family members of farmer pesticide applicators makes studies of their health important. Am J. Ind. Med. 34:581–587, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Exponential posterior consistency via generalized Pólya urn schemes in finite semiparametric mixtures

Advances in Markov chain Monte Carlo MCMC methods now make it computationally feasible and relatively straightforward to apply the Dirichlet process prior in a wide range of Bayesian nonparametric problems. The feasibility of these methods rests heavily on the fact that the MCMC approach avoids direct sampling of the Dirichlet process and is instead based on sampling the finite-dimensional posterior which is obtained from marginalizing out the process. In application, it is the integrated posterior that is used in the Bayesian nonparametric inference, so one might wonder about its theoretical properties. This paper presents some results in this direction. In particular, we will focus on a study of the posterior’s asymptotic behavior, specifically for the problem when the data is obtained from a finite semiparametric mixture distribution. A complication in the analysis arises because the dimension for the posterior, although finite, increases with the sample size. The analysis will reveal general conditions that ensure exponential posterior consistency for a finite dimensional parameter and which can be slightly generalized to allow the unobserved nonparametric parameters to be sampled from a generalized Polya urn scheme. Several interesting examples are considered.
Radioactivity in the Atmospheric Effluents of Power Plants That Use Fossil Fuels

Analysis of the fly ash produced by combustion of pulverized Appalachian coal has shown that a 1000-megawatt coal-burning power plant will discharge into the atmosphere from about 28 millicuries to nearly 1 curie per year of radium-226 and radium-228. An oil-burning plant of similar size will discharge about 0.5 millicurie of radium per year. Comparison of these data with data on the release of fission products from nuclear-powered generating stations shows that when the physical and biological properties of the various radionuclides are taken into consideration, the conventional fossil-fueled plants discharge relatively greater quantities of radioactive materials into the atmosphere than nuclearpowered plants of comparable size.
Impact of Thin Film Thermophysical Properties on Thermal Management of Wide Bandgap Solid-State Transistors

Wide bandgap semiconductor solid-state transistors continue to have a wide array of applications that include power supplies, communications, electronic warfare, and multifunctional RF systems. Two viable wide bandgap semiconductor materials currently under investigation are silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). One interesting aspect of these devices is their ability to operate at elevated temperatures on the order of 500°C. At higher temperatures the heat capacity of semiconductors is constant, while the phonon mean free path is inversely proportional to the lattice temperature. This causes a significant reduction in the thermal conductivity over the operating temperature range. The submicron-scale conducting channels and junctions of wide bandgap devices can create highly localized heat fluxes on the order of several hundred kilowatts per square centimeter. Since these heat fluxes lead to localized hot spots within the electrically critical regions of the transistors, they can have a strong impact on device gain, power capability, and reliability. Quantifying the thermophysical properties of the underlying thin film materials is of critical importance for the accurate prediction of these localized temperature extremes.
Differential HLA gene expression in measles vaccine seropositive and seronegative subjects: a pilot study.

This is the first study using GeneChip technology to elucidate genetic determinants of the measles vaccine response. A comparative gene expression study was conducted using Affymetrix's Human GeneChip U-95A® in 5 human subjects immunized with a ‘booster’ dose of measles vaccine (Attenuax®, Merck) to determine whether serologically distinct subjects exhibit differential expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. Healthy individuals aged 15–25 y, previously immunized with 2 doses of measles–mumps–rubella-II (MMR-II) vaccine, were classified as measles vaccine immunoglobulin G-specific antibody seronegatives (n=2) and seropositives (n=3). Changes in expression of HLA genes in seronegatives and seropositives were studied on days 7 and 14 post-measles vaccination using Microarray Suite 5.0 (MAS 5.0). There was increased expression of the HLA class I-B (p=0.0002), HLA class II cluster of DMA, DMB, TAP1, TAP2 (p=0.0007) and HLA-DR (p=0.0001) genes, and decreased expression of HLA class I MICB molecule (p...
Circumferential and longitudinal ventricular strain in the normal human fetus.

Background Echocardiography with speckle tracking is a novel, angle-independent technique for assessing global and regional cardiac function. Normal data on longitudinal strain have been reported for human fetuses. The aim of this study was to define circumferential left ventricular (LV) strain in a normal fetal population. Methods Singleton fetuses between 17 and 42 weeks in gestational age with no adverse maternal health issues or fetal abnormalities were studied. Regional and averaged cardiac strain were measured using syngo Velocity Vector Imaging software. Results Data from 81 fetuses were analyzed (mean gestational age, 29.2 ± 5.7 weeks). Overall, average midventricular circumferential strain was 18.7 ± 3.3%, LV longitudinal strain was 15.2 ± 2.7%, and right ventricular longitudinal strain was 16.0 ± 3.3%, with no correlation with gestational age. Conclusion This is the first study to report normal fetal LV circumferential strain. These data may be useful as a reference for assessing fetal cardiac function. The retrospective study design and relatively low frame rates used in this study were important limitations.
Lipids, diabetes, and coronary heart disease: Insights from the Framingham Study

Both risk factors and the incidence of cardiovascular disease are higher in diabetic patients. Total serum cholesterol has the same impact on coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence in diabetic patients as in nondiabetic individuals. Abnormal blood lipids in diabetic patients include elevated very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and triglyceride and reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). These are associated with obesity and precede the onset of diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of all clinical manifestations of CHD, has a greater impact in women, and predisposes to cardiac failure and fatal outcome. In men, it predisposes to silent myocardial infarctions. CHD risk reduction in the diabetic patient requires multifactorial control. In evaluating the lipid-induced CHD risk, the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is not as valuable as the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, which is the most reliable criterion. Triglyceride levels make no independent contribution. Most CHD preventive measures, including weight control, exercise, avoidance of cigarettes, and improvement of glucose tolerance also increase HDL cholesterol, reduced levels of which are chiefly responsible for the poor LDL/HDL ratio in diabetics. Weight control merits a high priority because of its favorable influence on the lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and blood pressure.
Public's perceived need for adult day care versus actual use.

The public's knowledge of a perceived need for adult day care is presented. Information was obtained from a stratified, random sample of 1.913 households from a geographical area representing approximately one million people or 574365 households. 28% of respondents mct the ADL and care need criteria and 46% of respondents how about adult day care. From these factors it is estimated that 1.25% of all households would have an adult member who would need and use adult day care. Survey results are then compared with actual use of adult day care for the same geographical area and time period. Utilization experience is much lower than perceived need. The paper analyzes the effect of lack of knowledge and limited transportation on under-utilization.
Does Gender Influence Core Deficits in ASD? An Investigation into Social-Communication and Play of Girls and Boys with ASD

Due to the predominance of boys diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), girls are rarely studied independently. Research specifically focusing on play and social-communication in girls with ASD is extremely varied. We were interested in whether girls with ASD demonstrated equivalent social-communication and play skills in early childhood relative to boys, using two measures focused on the specific quantification of these variables. We also examined whether the associations between developmental variables and social-communication and play differed by gender. Forty girls with ASD were individually matched to 40 boys based on ASD severity. Our results suggest that girls and boys were more similar than different, however they also raise questions about the potential differential associations between development and requesting ability in girls and boys with ASD.
The mega‐matrix tree of life: using genome‐scale horizontal gene transfer and sequence evolution data as information about the vertical history of life

Because horizontal gene transfer can confound the recovery of the largely prokaryotic tree of life (ToL), most genome-based techniques seek to eliminate horizontal signal from ToL analyses, commonly by sieving out incongruent genes and data. This approach greatly limits the number of gene families analysed to a subset thought to be representative of vertical evolutionary history. However, formalized tests have not been performed to determine whether combining the massive amounts of information available in fully sequenced genomes can recover a reasonable ToL. Consequently, we used empirically defined gene homology definitions from a previous study that delineate xenologous gene families (gene families derived from a common transfer event) to generate a massively concatenated, combined-data ToL matrix derived from 323 404 translated open reading frames arranged into 12 381 gene homologue groups coded as amino acid data and 63 336, 64 105, 65 153, 66 922 and 67 109 gene homologue groups coded as gene presence/absence data for 166 fully sequenced genomes. This whole-genome gene presence/absence and amino acid sequence ToL data matrix is composed of 4867 184 characters (a combined data-type mega-matrix). Phylogenetic analysis of this mega-matrix yielded a fully resolved ToL that classifies all three commonly accepted domains of life as monophyletic and groups most taxa in traditionally recognized locations with high support. Most importantly, these results corroborate the existence of a common evolutionary history for these taxa present in both data types that is evident only when these data are analysed in combination. © The Willi Hennig Society 2010.
Oral malignancies associated with negative transepithelial brush biopsy.

Abstract Purpose: This study was performed to assess the incidence of negative brush biopsy for oral lesions later demonstrated histologically to be squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: All diagnoses of oral squamous cell carcinoma from a university oral pathology service for the period June 2000 through March 2002 were reviewed to determine if any had previously undergone brush biopsy reported to be “negative for epithelial abnormality.” Those cases identified were further investigated to determine the time lapse between brush biopsy and definitive tissue diagnosis. Results: Four cases of brush biopsy negative squamous cell carcinoma were identified from 115 total cases of malignancy (3.5%). The average time from brush biopsy to tissue diagnosis was 117.25 days (range, 5 to 292 days). Conclusion: False negative reports are possible with the oral brush biopsy technique. Persistent lesions should undergo tissue biopsy for definitive diagnosis. © 2003 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61:674-677, 2003
The cognitive neuroscience of visual short-term memory

Our understanding of the neural bases of visual short-term memory (STM), the ability to mentally retain information over short periods of time, is being reshaped by two important developments: the application of methods from statistical machine learning, often a variant of multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalographic (EEG) data sets; and advances in our understanding of the physiology and functions of neuronal oscillations. One consequence is that many commonly observed physiological "signatures" that have previously been interpreted as directly related to the retention of information in visual STM may require reinterpretation as more general, state-related changes that can accompany cognitive-task performance. Another is important refinements of theoretical models of visual STM.
Cyclic vectors of diagonal operators on the space of entire functions

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to study cyclic vectors and invariant subspaces of operators on the space of entire functions having as eigenvectors the monomials z n .
A Note on Patterns of Comprehension and Recovery in Global Aphasia

Two tests of auditory comprehension (one probing knowledge of geographical locations, the other probing knowledge of familiar objects) were administered on two occasions to global aphasic patients....
Lymphatic Abnormalities in Human Filariasis as Depicted by Lymphangioscintigraphy

Background: Investigation into filarial lymphedema has been hampered by the lack of a simple, safe, and easily repeated test to image the peripheral lymphatic system. Recent refinements in radionuclide lymphangioscintigraphy have established this noninvasive technique as the initial procedure of choice for visualizing lymphatics. Accordingly, we applied lymphangioscintigraphy to patients with filariasis and, for purposes of interpretation, compared the findings with those in patients with nonfilarial lymphedema. Methods: Thirty-three patients with classic symptoms or signs consistent with acute or chronic filariasis underwent lymphangioscintigraphy, and the findings were compared with those in five patients without lymphatic dysfunction and in 50 other patients with primary or secondary lymphedema without exposure to filariasis. Results: As in patients with nonfilarial lymphedema, scintigraphic abnormalities in the 33 patients with filariasis included delayed or absent tracer transport of the radiotracer (25 patients), tortuous and bizarre deep lymphatics (seven patients), dermal diffusion (15 patients), retrograde tracer flow (six patients), and faint or absent regional nodal visualization (14 patients). Even in patients with long-standing filarial lymphedema, peripheral trunks were often visualized (at least in part), and regional nodes and more central lymphatics sometimes filled after light exercise. In some of the latter patients, however, discrete lymphatic trunks were not detected. Conclusion: Lymphangioscintigraphy is a simple, safe, reliable, noninvasive method with which to examine the peripheral lymphatic system, including truncal and nodal abnormalities, in endemic populations with occult and overt lymphatic filariasis. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:737-744)
Metabolism, mutagenicity, and activation of 1-nitropyrene in vivo and in vitro

The genotoxic air pollutant 1-nitropyrene (NP) labelled with 14C was administered to rats as the pure compound (6 μmole) by intraperitoneal injection, and vapor-phase-coated onto diesel particles (380 μg/g, 5 mg/rat) by oral and intratracheal instillation. In all three cases, well over 50% of the 14C label was recovered within 24 h, 20%–30% in the urine and 40–60% in the feces. Following intratracheal instillation the majority of the particles were recovered in the lung, trachea, and esophageal cavities, while after oral dosing the particles were mainly in the feces. The principal metabolite found after incubation of the urine with β-glucoronidase (15%–25% of the urinary 14C) was 6-hydrozy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (6-OH-NAAP), a potent S9-dependent bacterial mutagen (∼600 rev/nmole in Salmonella TA98 | S9) identified as the major contributor to the mutagenic activity in the urine of rats dosed with NP. Studies in germ-free rats showed that activity of the gut flora was essential both for the formation of 6-OH-NAAP, for enterohepatic recirculation of metabolites excreted into the bile after first pass hepatic metabolism, and for excretion of mutagenic activity into the urine. The similarity in elimination kinetics and metabolite profile following such diverse doses and routes of administration indicates that NP is readily released from diesel particles both in the lung and in the gastrointestinal tract, and that the dose range used (10 μg to 10 mg/kg body weight) is either well above or well below the level needed to saturate metabolism and excretory mechanisms in the rat. Twenty-four h after intracheal instillation, the lung and gastrointestinal tract were the only organs in which accumulations of 14C were still detectable; these organs might therefore be particularly exposed and vulnerable to possible damage by NP.
Drawing Desire: Male Youth and Homoerotic Fan Art

Although Western mass media aimed at juvenile audiences aggressively eliminates any references to same-sex desire and behavior, it inspires a tremendous amount of homoerotic fan art. To determine how same-sex potential is portrayed in juvenile fan art, a content analysis was conducted of 872 male homoerotic images by 442 juvenile male and female artists. Male artists tended to enhance the physicality of their subjects, aging children into adults, transforming nonhumans into humans, and portraying them with bodybuilder's physiques, while female artists tended to minimize or erase physicality. Both imagined situations that reflected the dangers of expressing same-sex desire in a homophobic youth culture, with surprised and often unwelcome responses to a flirtation or kiss. The characters selected for same-sex romance were usually antagonists rather than close friends, again suggesting an environment where desire must be hidden or displaced. The results are discussed in the context of heteronormativity and q...
Extremal properties of lung models in retention-solubility studies

Abstract Some useful extremal properties of lung models compatible with a given set of retention-solubility data may be observed by examining a certain one-parameter family of lung models. Each member of the family has just a few compartments, which are as large and as far apart in terms of their ventilation-to-perfusion ratios as possible.
A conceptual model of innovative applications of RFID

Today, more than ever before, innovation is a key to gain a competitive advantage and to provide a means for future growth. Many companies become industry leaders because of innovation. Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology provides a way for companies to affect innovations both internally and externally. Through a review of both academic and applied literature, this paper investigates how the use of RFID can help to achieve different benefits. It presents a model of use and addresses the innovative paths that companies can take in leveraging RFID technology.
Composite Dielectrics and Surfactants for Low Voltage Electrowetting Devices

In this work electrowetting operation at <12 V has been achieved through implementation of composite dielectrics and surfactants. The composite dielectrics consist of A12O3 and Si3N4 covered by a thin film of hydrophobic Cytop fluoropolymer. These composite dielectrics exhibit higher capacitance and therefore lower voltage electrowetting operation. Atomic layer deposition of A12O3 and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of Si3N4 were chosen because they can be deposited at low temperature, are pin-hole free, and because they can be conformably coated on 3D surfaces. Surfactants were also explored to lower the water/oil interfacial surface tension and thereby further reduce the voltages required for electrowetting. These results are important for continued development of arrayed electrowetting optics for displays and beam steering applications.
Localized cluster-based re-routing and resource reservation in mobile ad hoc networks

Routing is one of the most important reasons behind clustering in MANETs. However, the frequent changes of the clusterheads affect the performance of the routing protocol. The route between two nodes changes constantly as the clusterhead set changes. Maintaining and minimizing the routes interruptions are two ways of keeping the stability of the network. We claim that the lifetime of a particular route is dependent on all the clusterheads involved in this route. By maintaining the route lifetime, we can keep the network in stable condition as long as possible. Therefore, we propose a localized cluster-based rerouting and resource reservation (LC3R) protocol with packet redundancy over primary and secondary clusterhead chains. This protocol intends to improve the performance of MANETs by increasing the route lifetime to enhance the network stability and developing a reliable cluster-based routing protocol to support the QoS requirements.
α1-Adrenergic-receptor responsiveness in skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise

Attenuation of sympathetic vasoconstriction (sympatholysis) in working muscles during dynamic exercise is controversial. One potential mechanism is a reduction in α1-adrenergic-receptor responsiven...
Broadening of fundamental resonance via nested resonators in terahertz metamaterial

We demonstrate broadening of fundamental resonance by successive insertion of rings inside of a split ring resonator (SRR) in a nested fashion. With the maximum inner rings, the resonance linewidth broadens by factor of four.
Electrical contacts to one- and two-dimensional nanomaterials

Existing models of electrical contacts are often inapplicable at the nanoscale because there are significant differences between nanostructures and bulk materials arising from unique geometries and electrostatics. In this Review, we discuss the physics and materials science of electrical contacts to carbon nanotubes, semiconductor nanowires and graphene, and outline the main research and development challenges in the field. We also include a case study of gold contacts to germanium nanowires to illustrate these concepts.
Does Risk Tolerance Decrease With Age

This study examines the effect of age on risk tolerance. The life-cycle investment hypothesis is tested using the 1983-89 panel of the Survey of Consumer Finances. Household wealth is defined as the sum of human capital and net worth. Risk tolerance is measured by the ratio of risky assets to total wealth. Risk tolerance increases with age when other variables are controlled.
Capitalist Models and Social Democracy: The Case of New Labour

Some of the more critical readings of the adequacy and effectiveness of New Labour in power have been developed by scholars willing to link arguments about the trajectory of Labour politics to wide...
The epidemiology of social phobia: findings from the Duke Epidemiological Catchment Area Study

Social phobia was studied in a North Carolina community, using DSM-III criteria. Two kinds of comparison were made: social phobia v. non-social phobia, and comorbid social phobia v. non-comorbid social phobia. Six-month and lifetime prevalence rates were 2.7 and 3.8% respectively. Social phobia had an early onset, lasted a long time and rarely recovered. Predictors of good outcome recovery in a logistic regression analysis were onset of phobia after age 11, absence of psychiatric comorbidity and greater education. The disorder was often missed in medical consultation. Increased rates of psychiatric comorbidity existed, especially for other anxiety disorders and for schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder. There was increased risk of neurological disorder. Social phobia was also associated with an increased rate of suicide attempts, antisocial behaviour and impaired school performance during adolescence, impaired medical health, increased health-seeking behaviour, poor employment performance, reduced social interaction and impaired social support. Comorbidity accounted for some, but not all observed differences.
Statistical Damage Mechanics— Part I: Theory

Statistical damage mechanics in this work establishes the connection between damaged random heterogeneous micromaterial and the system macroparameter. Renormalization group theory provides the bridge from the microscale to the macroscale. Delaunay lattices, which simulate and capture the role of the disordered microstructure in damage process, substitute a polycrystal specimen assuming that microcracks are grain-boundaries cracks. The macroparameters of the system, in the form of algebraic functions, are obtained applying the Family-Vicsek scaling relation on simulation data.
Fault-tolerance analysis of one-sided crosspoint switching networks

The fault-tolerance capability of one-sided crosspoint networks is analyzed with respect to crosspoint faults. Because of the correspondence between one-sided crosspoint networks and multiple-bus interconnection networks, the analysis also applies to multiple-bus configurations, where M buses are used to interconnect N processors. Upper bounds are established on the size of a fault set to sustain a given level of connectivity. Two modes of operation are considered, namely, nonblocking and rearrangeable. A complete nonblocking switch matrix with N ports has N/sup 2//2 crosspoints. It is shown that at most N/2-1 faulty crosspoints can be tolerated in the case of nonblocking operation. >
The incidence of skin reactivity to insulin in diabetic patients.

Abstract Skin tests for the presence of skin reactivity to insulin were done on 168 diabetics and 20 nondiabetic individuals. The individuals were divided into 4 groups. Group I consisted of diabetics on insulin, Group II consisted of diabetics formerly on insulin, Group III consisted of diabetics who had never received insulin, and Group IV consisted of nondiabetic controls. Group I demonstrated 53 per cent with skin reactivity; Group II, 18.6 per cent; Group III, 10 per cent; and Group IV, none. There was no positive correlation with age, duration of diabetes, control, or history of allergic disease.
Effects of change in arthritis severity on spouse well-being: The moderating role of relationship closeness.

The severity of a patient’s illness may be detrimental for the psychological well-being of the spouse, especially for those in a particularly close relationship. Using 2 waves of data collected from a sample of 152 knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients and their spouses, we examined associations between change in patients’ illness severity and change in 3 indicators of spouses’ well-being (positive affect, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction) over a 6-month period. We also tested the hypothesis that spouses’ perceived relationship closeness with the patient would moderate these associations. Consistent with our prediction, a high level of relationship closeness exacerbated the negative impact of increases in patient illness severity on spouses’ positive affect and depressive symptoms over 6 months. Spouses’ life satisfaction declined when patients became more ill, regardless of level of relationship closeness. Our findings highlight the value of examining change in illness as a predictor of change in spouse well-being and the potential downside of relationship closeness for couples living with chronic illness.
Molecular Mapping, Chromosomal Assignment, and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Phytochrome Loci in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

From the Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24601. This research was supported In part by grants from the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project, VS. Department of Agriculture NRI (93-3730f>8840), and the Rockefeller Foundation. R. A. Ragab Is a recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation.