cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neither motility nor chemotaxis plays a role in the ability of Escherichia coli F-18 to colonize the streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine.

Abstract Escherichia coli F-18, isolated from the feces of a healthy human in 1977, is an excellent colonizer of the streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine and displays normal motility and chemotaxis ability. A chemotaxis-defective derivative of E. coli F-18, E, coli F-18 CheA-, and a nonflagellated derivative, E. coli F-18 Fla-, were constructed. These strains were found to colonize the streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine as well as E. coli F-18 when mice were fed both E. coli F-18 and either the CheA- or Fla- derivative at high levels (10(10) CFU of each strain per mouse) or low levels (10(4) CFU of each strain per mouse). Furthermore, E. coli F-18 lost motility and chemotaxis ability when grown in colonic or cecal mucus in vitro despite retaining the ability to synthesize flagella. Thus, it appears that neither motility nor chemotaxis plays a role in the ability of E. coli F-18 to colonize because this strain becomes functionally nonmotile upon growth in the streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine.
Gender Gaps in Overestimation of Math Performance

In the United States, men are more likely to pursue math-intense STEM courses and careers than women. This investigation explored whether positivity bias in the degree to which people overestimate their past performance contributes to this gender gap. To find out, two studies were conducted with undergraduate college students in the Southern United States. In Study 1, participants (n = 122) completed a math test and estimated the percent they had solved. They then were given feedback and completed a second math test and estimation. Men overestimated their performance more than women, judging they had done better on the test than they actually had. This gender difference was not present after feedback. Further, women, but not men, who reported a more positive previous experience with math were more likely to overestimate their performance. In Study 2, participants (n = 184) completed a math test and estimated the percent they had solved. They also reported their interest in pursuing math courses and careers. Again, men overestimated their performance more than women. This greater overestimation of performance in men accounted for their greater intent to pursue math fields compared to women. The findings suggest that gender gaps in STEM fields are not necessarily the result of women underestimating their abilities, but rather may be due to men overestimating their abilities.
Coverage control for a mobile robot patrolling a dynamic and uncertain environment

In mobile robot applications such as cleaning and security patrolling, a fundamentally important problem is to design feasible trajectories and steering control so that the robot moves collision-free and covers all the points (in its sensor/effector range) in a dynamic and uncertain environment. We formulate such a problem and propose constructive algorithms in sequential modules to solve it. First, a minimum-area rectangle is placed encasing the boundary of the set to be covered. Second, minimum number of circles of the radius of coverage range are placed to completely cover the rectangle. Third, a patrolling path is searched along the boundary of the set in a spital. Feasible trajectories are then designed to account for the nonholonomic kinematics of the robot and to avoid collisions from the dynamic obstacles detected by the robot onboard sensors. Since analytic solutions are given in generating feasible trajectories, the algorithm can be implemented in real time.
Pacemaker-Induced Hypotension

We report a case of hypotension and decreased cardiac output resulting from artificial ventricular pacemaker rhythm. Hemodynamic deterioration was associated with loss of normal time relationships between atrial and ventricular contraction and paradoxical fall in systemic vascular resistance despite a low output state. The therapeutic implications of this unusual response are discussed.
Hemoglobins and myoglobin of the echiuran Urechis caupo (Fisher and MacGinitie)

Abstract 1. 1. The coelomic cell hemoglobins of Urechis caupo are tetrameric in the oxy-, deoxy-, cyanmet-, and methemoglobin states with an apparent mol. wt of 57–60,000. The subunit mol. wt determined by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis is 14,000. 2. 2. The hemoglobins consist of two major fractions with different amino acid compositions and isoelectric points (pI = 7.4 and 8.5). 3. 3. The amino acid compositions of the two coelomic cell hemoglobins appear to be as unlike one another as they are unlike the intracellular hemoglobins of some polychaete annelids. 4. 4. The myoglobin of the body wall has an apparent mol. wt of 19,000 on Sephadex and 13,800 by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. 5. 5. Oxygen binding properties of the myoglobin and hemoglobins are discussed.
High-Gain Yagi-Uda Antennas for Millimeter-Wave Switched-Beam Systems

A high-efficiency microstrip-fed Yagi-Uda antenna has been developed for millimeter-wave applications. The antenna is built on both sides of a Teflon substrate (epsivr = 2.2) which results in an integrated balun for the feed dipole. A 7-element design results in a measured gain of 9-11 dB at 22-26 GHz with a cross-polarization level of 90 % ) and is suitable for mm-wave radars and high data-rate communication systems.
Cerebral asymmetry for aspects of sentence processing

Ordinarily, the right ear/left hemisphere does better than the left ear/right hemisphere at tasks involving linguistic stimuli. It was reasoned that if the right ear/left hemisphere is more efficie...
Visualizing and comparing four facets of scholarly communication: producers, artifacts, concepts, and gatekeepers

This paper extends Borgman's (Communication Research 16: 583, 1989) three-facet framework (artifacts, producers, concepts) for bibliometric analyses of scholarly communication by adding a fourth gatekeepers. The four-facet framework was applied to the field of Library and Information Science to test for variations in the networks produced using operationalizations of each of these four facets independently. Fifty-eight journals from the Information Science and Library Science category in the 2008 Journal Citation Report were studied and the network proximity of these journals based on Venue-Author-Coupling (producer), journal co-citation analysis (artifact), topic analysis (concept) and interlocking editorial board membership (gatekeeper) was measured. The resulting networks were examined for potential correlation using the Quadratic Assignment Procedure. The results indicate some consensus regarding core journals, but significant differences among some networks. Holistic measures of scholarly communication that take multiple facets into account are proposed. This work is relevant in an assessment-conscious and metrics-driven age.
Toward a stochastic calculus for several Markov processes

In this paper we investigate a class of harmonic functions associated with a pair x"t = (x"t"^"1^1, x"t"^"2^2) of strong Markov processes. In the case where both processes are Brownian motions, a smooth function f is harmonic if @D"x"^"1@D"x"^"2f(x^1,x^2) = 0. For these harmonic functions we investigate a certain boundary value problem which is analogous to the Dirichlet problem associated with a single process. One basic tool for this study is a generalization of Dynkin's formula, which can be thought of as a kind of stochastic Green's formula. Another important tool is the use of Markov processes x"t"^"i^-^i obtained from x"t"^"i^i by certain random time changes. We call such a process a stochastic wave since it propogates deterministically through a certain family of sets; however its position on a given set is random.
A role for mismatch repair in production of chromosome aberrations by methylating agents in human cells

We have shown previously that certain alkylation products, or alkylation derived lesions, which induce chromosome aberrations (abs) persist for at least two cell cycles in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The increase in abs in the second cycle after treatment contrasts with the classical observation of reduction in ab yield with successive mitoses following ionizing radiation. Here we present evidence that processing of lesions by mismatch repair is a mechanism for ab induction by methylating agents. Our previous studies implicated O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) as an important lesion in induction of abs, particularly in the second cell cycle after treatment. In the absence of repair of O6MeG by alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), new abs were induced in the second cycle after treatment with e.g. methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and methylnitrosourea (MNU). Thus, we hypothesized that abs were produced not by O6MeG or its repair in the first S phase, but by subsequent processing of the lesions. We suggested that after replication proceeded past the O6MeG lesion in the first S phase, inserting an incorrect base on the newly synthesized strand, recognition and repair by mismatch repair in the second S phase led to a chromosome ab. Here we used MT1 cells, a human lymphoblastoid cell line that has a defect in strand-specific mismatch repair. MT1 cells are alkylation tolerant and have a mutator phenotype, compared with their parent line, TK6; both MT1 and TK6 cells lack AGT so do not remove the methyl group from O6MeG. While the initial levels of abs at the first metaphase were similar in MT1 and TK6 cells, ab levels in MT1 cells were greatly reduced in the second and third cell cycles following treatment with MNNG, dimethylnitrosamine and MNU, in contrast with the parent TK6 cells, which had more abs in the second cell cycle than in the first. This supports the hypothesis that repair of mismatched base pairs involving O6MeG is one mechanism for induction of chromosome abs. In contrast to the difference in response to methylating agents between TK6 cells and mismatch repair-deficient MT1 cells, the profile of ab induction by an ethylating agent, ethylnitronitrosourea, was similar in MT1 cells to those for TK6 cells and CHO cells.
Quality of well-being in older people with osteoarthritis.

Objective To examine the sensitivity of the Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB) as a measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in people with osteoarthritis (OA). Methods The QWB was administered, along with the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (AIMS) and other health measures. Health care utilization data were also obtained. Results People with OA had a mean QWB score of 0.643. The QWB scores were significantly correlated with total AIMS scores, self-rated health status, health care costs, depression scores, and most AIMS subscales. In addition, changes in QWB scores after 1 year were significantly correlated with changes in total AIMS scores and some AIMS subscales. Conclusion The QWB appears to be a useful and sensitive generic, utility-based measure of HRQOL in people with OA.
Communicating Amok in Malaysia

This article analyzes the different messages communicated in Malaysia by violent acts labeled amok. In the colonial period, English-language uses of the term represented the presence of an anti-modern remnant among the peninsula's Malay population, one that led to a medico-legal understanding of individualized violence. Malay-language uses of amok represented, in contrast, the presence of modern changes amid the collective peninsular society. These two vectors of interest combined in the post-colonial period, where amok became a primary ingredient for analyzing Malaysian politics and national security, from the pivotal urban rebellion of May 13, 1969, to the Reformasi protests of 1998. Critically reexamining these representations of amok helps us to rethink the efficacy and power of violent acts in Malaysia and elsewhere.
Use of MRI Technology in Determining Prognosis and Tracking Therapeutic Benefit in Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Over the past decade, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly used as a tool to facilitate the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Because of the relative insensitivity of commonly used clinical assessment measures, however, clinicians are exploring ways in which MRI can be used to determine a patient's prognosis and track progression of the disease. This article discusses the MRI findings that may be useful in evaluating disease progression in MS; results of recent clinical trials of MS treatment agents that have employed MRI; and potential applications for MRI in clinical practice.
Circular Dichroism and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy of the Catalytically Competent Ferrous Active Site of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase and Its Interaction with Pterin Cofactor

The tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) contains one non-heme iron atom per subunit that is required for reactivity. We have applied circular dichroism (CD), magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and variable-temperature, variable-field (VTVH) MCD spectroscopies to investigate the geometric and electronic structure of the catalytically relevant ferrous active site and its interaction with the cofactor analogue 5-deaza-6-methyltetrahydropterin, in the absence and presence of substrate. Excited-state ligand field CD and MCD data indicate that the six-coordinate ferrous active site of the resting and N-ethylmaleimide-activated enzyme is not perturbed by the addition of pterin cofactor in the absence of substrate (Δ5Eg = 1900 cm-1, 10Dq = 9850 cm-1). VTVH MCD analysis yields a ground-state splitting also consistent with an unperturbed six-coordinate ferrous site (Δ5T2g = −285 or −1150 cm-1). Addition of pterin in the presence of l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), however, results in large ...
Recent Precipitation Trends over the Polar Ice Sheets

Meteorological and glaciological analyses are integrated to examine the precipitation trends during the last three decades over the ice sheets covering Antarctica and Greenland. For Antarctica, the best data source is provided by glaciologically-measured trends of snow accumulation, and for limited sectors of East Antarctica consistency with precipitation amounts calculated from the atmospheric water balance equation is obtained. For Greenland, precipitation rates parameterized from atmospheric analyses yield the only comprehensive depiction. The precipitation rate over Antarctica appears to have increased by about 5% over a time period spanning the accumulation means for the 1955–65 to 1965–75 periods, while over Greenland it has decreased by about 15% since 1983 with a secondary increase over the southern part of the ice sheet starting in 1977. At the end of the 10-year overlapping period, the global sea-level impact of the precipitation changes over Antarctica dominates that for Greenland and yields a net ice-sheet precipitation contribution of roughly 0.02 mm yr−1. These changes are likely due to marked variations in the cyclonic forcing affecting the ice sheets, but are only weakly reflected in the temperature regime, consistent with the episodic nature of cyclonic precipitation. These conclusions are not founded on high quality data bases. The importance of such changes for understanding global sea-level variations argues for a modest research effort to collect simultaneous meteorological and glaciological observations in order to describe and understand the current precipitation variations over both ice sheets. Some suggestions are offered for steps that could be taken.
Bundle adjustment without iterative structure estimation and its application to navigation

This paper describes a new approach for bundle adjustment (BA), which is based on a non-linear optimization of only the camera pose for all the views in a given sequence of images and does not involve iterative structure estimation. If required, structure reconstruction can be performed based on the camera matrices after convergence of the optimization process. Instead of applying the projection equations, the cost function being optimized in the suggested approach is based on the three-view geometry constraints that should be satisfied for any three views with a common overlapping area. Significant reduction in computational complexity is obtained compared to a standard BA, since the number of unknown parameters participating in the iterative optimization is much smaller. The optimization problem is formulated relative to the camera pose of the first view, as commonly used in robotics navigation aplications. The proposed method is demonstrated on a publiclly available dataset of real images and the optimized camera pose and the recovered structure are compared to the ground truth.
Consuming Image: How Mass Media Impact the Identity of People with Disabilities

This research investigated what people with disabilities think about media representations of their community and how mass media impact their disability identity. The study found that respondents (N = 359) think American media portray people with disabilities both negatively and positively. Perceived positive media representation of people with disabilities led to affirmation of their disability identity even when the media messages were perceived as unrealistic, whereas negative media representation led to denial of their disability identity. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Second-order perturbative calculation of hydrogenic Zeeman levels

The degenerate perturbative treatment of the hydrogenic Zeeman problem is put on a more rigorous basis and is extended to higher levels belonging to the manifolds of M = n-Vertical BarmVertical Bar< or =4 basis states. The 16 n = 4 levels are calculated and the large-n behavior of the basis states is discussed.
B 74-32 Digital Design

This book is very practically oriented. Implementations and methods for a wide range of digital design problems are presented. Simplifying assumptions of theoretic approaches are discussed, although the classical theoretical approaches are not always developed. If a reader comes to this book with some appreciation of the theoretic approaches, it may provide much insight into the practical problems of design, as well as provide a reference for many alternative approaches to digital design problems.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides: synthesis, biophysical and biological evaluation of oligodeoxynucleotides containing modified pyrimidines

Abstract 6-Azathymidine, 6-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 6-methyl-2'-deoxyuridine, and 5,6-dimethyl-2'-deoxyuridine nucleosides have been converted to phosphoramidite synthons and incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). ODNs containing from 1 to 5 of these modified pyrimidines were compared with known 2'-deoxyuridine, 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine, and 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine nucleoside modifications. Stability in 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum, binding affinities to RNA and DNA complements, and ability to support RNase H degradation of targeted RNA in DNA-RNA heteroduplexes were measured to determine structure-activity relationships. 6-Azathymidine capped ODNs show an enhanced stability in serum (7- to 12-fold increase over unmodified ODN) while maintaining hybridization properties similar to the unmodified ODNs. A 22-mer ODN having its eight thymine bases replaced by eight 6-azathymines or 5-bromouracils hybridized to a target RNA and did not inhibit RNase H mediated degradation.
Two-terminal diode steering element for 3D X-bar memory

We review recent progress in the application of the two-terminal diode steering element for 3D crossbar (X-bar) memory. Such architecture is emerging as one of the strong candidates for non-volatile memory to enable mobile computing with high speed, low power, and low cost. We address process, integration, and device scaling requirements of the steering element for fabricating PCRAM and metal oxide ReRAM cells. We also discuss in detail integration of ion implantation and activation to achieve the 50nm tall diode pillar needed for sub-2xnm 3D X-Bar memory.
Two concepts of culture in the early Nietzsche

Culture remains a divisive issue in liberal democracies, and this article argues Nietzsche offers a principled middle ground between the conservative and progressive camps of recent and ongoing ‘cu...
Increased fluoride content in the femur growth plate and cortical bone of uremic rats

In chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), serum levels of fluoride (F–) are elevated. However, there is limited information about the effects of F– on bone in CRI. In this study, we determined whether F– content in mineralizing tissue (growth plate, cortical bone, and bone marrow of the femur) is affected by uremia. Adult rats were divided into two groups [sham-operated (S) and 5/6 nephrectomized (Nx)]. At sacrifice, the serum creatinine (mg/dl) in the S and 5/6 Nx animals was 0.37±0.09 (mean±SD) and 1.10±0.34 at 4 weeks, and 0.38±0.04 and 0.90±0.36 at 8 weeks, respectively. The serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels were lower and the serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were higher in S animals than Nx animals at both 4 and 8 weeks. F– urinary excretion (ppm/24 h) was reduced in Nx animals at 4 weeks (34.0±19.2) versus S animals (50.7±12.9) (P<0.05). F– content (ppm) was significantly increased in the growth plate in Nx animals compared with S animals both at 4 weeks (550±167 vs. 353±63) and at 8 weeks (654±135 vs. 396±97), respectively (P<0.01). The F– content in cortical bone was similarly increased in Nx animals compared with S animals, but was only statistically increased at 8 weeks. There was no difference in bone marrow F– content between the two groups. In conclusion, this study suggests that in CRI, there is a rapid increase in F– content of the distal femur in the growth plate region, with a subsequent slower increase of F– content in cortical bone.
The capacity of murine alveolar macrophages to stimulate antigen-dependent T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation

Abstract To define the antigen-presenting capacity of alveolar macrophages (AMφ), their ability to activate antigen-specific T cells was determined. It was found that AMφs are at least as potent as spleen cells at presenting alloantigen or soluble protein antigen plus I-region determinant to cloned T-cell hybridomas. Activation of those hybridomas, shown by interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion, further indicated the presence on AMφs of functional products of the I-A and I-E subregions. In addition, it was found that AMφs are at least as potent as spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages at inducing, in a restricted fashion, specific proliferation of primed, propagated lymph node T cells. AMφs are thus potent accessory cells in vitro , whose in vivo significance in this capacity remains to be defined.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENAL PREPARATIONS ON THE ADRENALECTOMIZED-NEPHRECTOMIZED RAT1

SINCE IT HAS BEEN SHOWN that two active fractions can be prepared from adrenal extract (i) we have been curious to learn how much of their effect is through the kidneys. The nephrectomiz,ed animal seemed to be a convenient preparation for such a study. Ingle and Kendall (2) found that adrenalectomized-nephrectomised rats survived a much shorter time than racs nephrectomizjed only, unless treated with adrenal extract which increased the survival so that it was almost as long as that for nephrectomized animals. We did not obtain the great difference in survival time between the nephrectc miz,ed and nephrectomised-adrenalectomized animals which they found. Therefore we ran an extensive series at different ages in order to see whether age exercised an infhi-ence. We also determined the effect of cortin and Na factor fractions on the survival of the adrenalectomized-nephrectomizied animals. Electrolyte determinations were made in a small series.
The bicultural life experience of career-oriented black women

Summary This study explores the bicultural life experience of black career-oriented women. Seventy-one women participated in a larger study on the life experiences of black women. Of this sample, 21 (29 per cent) of the women were identified as being career-oriented. Findings reveal that the women perceive themselves as living in two distinct cultural contexts, one black the other one white. The women compartmentalize the various components of their lives in order to manage the bicultural dimensions. In addition, they tend to have highly complex life structures to embrace both cultural contexts.
An analytical solution of the critical interface velocity for the encapturing of insoluble particles by a moving solid/liquid interface

An analytical model for the particle pushing phenomenon that occurs between spherical particles and advancing curved solid/liquid interfaces during solidification of pure melts is presented. An expression for the critical interface velocity for encapturing particles by moving solid/liquid interfaces has been developed for the steady-state condition. As a first step, the actual shape of the interface behind the particle is computed in terms of the thermal conductivity ratio of the particle to that of the melt and the temperature gradient ahead of the interface; based on assumed subject, the critical interface velocity is calculated using the force balance between the attractive forces and repulsive forces acting on the particle. The critical interface velocity under steady-state conditions in aluminum containing SiC particle (10 µm) comes out to be 5800 µm/s according to the present model; this calculated velocity is much closer to the experimental observations of Wu et al., as compared to the predictions of the models proposed by earlier workers.
The effect of race and health-related factors on naming and memory. The MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging.

Objectives: The purpose of the analyses was to examine the impact of health-related variables on race differences in neuropsychological functioning (Boston Naming Task). Methods: Using cross-sectio...
The Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs) are transforming the way academic medical institutions approach translational research: the University of Michigan Experience.

In 2006 the National Institutes of Health (NIH), guided by the leadership of Elias Zerhouni, launched the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program to jump-start transformative change in the nation’s research agenda to emphasize translating discovery from the bench to implementation in the community (1–5). Much of the Funding for the CTSAs was garnered by rolling NIH funding of General Clinical Research Centers (GCRCs), and educational K and T awards. Successful applicants were then asked to utilize these funds to (as stated in the Request for Applications [RFA]) “transform the local, regional and national environments for clinical and translational science and to increase the safety, efficiency and speed of clinical and translational research”(4). Each of the 60 CTSA institutions has approached addressing this transformation in slightly different ways; however, it has become clear over the last 5 years that substantive changes, as a result of CTSA funding at academic institutions, are transforming medical research and the infrastructure that supports it. Each of the CTSA’s is required to address specific Key Functions to advance the consortium goals. These required Key Functions are: (i) expertise in Biomedical Informatics, (ii) a program in Research Education, Training and Career Development, (iii) a program in Community Engagement and Research, (iv) an Evaluation component, (v) Pilot Projects in Translational and Clinical Studies, and (vi) a Regulatory Knowledge and Support component. Optional CTSA Key Functions include: (vii) support of the Development of Novel Clinical and Translational Methodologies, (viii) components or cores to support Research Design, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research Ethics, (ix) Clinical Research Resources and Facilities, and (x) components or cores that develop Translational Technologies and Resources. It is also encouraged for institutions to support research in Child Health. Addressing these Key Functions at the University of Michigan, for example, has led to transformational change in the structure and culture of the institution.
Utilizing a Novel Tandem Oral Dosing Strategy to Enhance Exposure of Low-Solubility Drug Candidates in a Preclinical Setting

Time and resource constraints necessitate increasingly early decision making to accelerate or stop preclinical drug discovery programs. Early discovery drug candidates may be potent inhibitors of new targets, but all too often exhibit poor pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties that limit the in vivo exposure. Low solubility of a drug candidate often leads to poor oral bioavailability and poor dose linearity that creates an issue for efficacy and target safety studies, where high drug exposures are desired. When solubility issues are encountered, enabling formulations are often used to improve the exposure. However, this approach often requires a substantial and lengthy investment to develop the formulation. In our study, two drug candidates with poor aqueous solubility were dosed in rats as simple suspension formulations using a novel tandem dosing strategy, which employs dosing orally in 2.5 h increments up to three times to simulate an oral infusion by avoiding saturation of absorption associated with bolus dosing. These compounds were also dosed using the same suspension formulations and a standard dosing strategy. The resulting in vivo exposures were compared. It was found that this novel tandem dosing strategy significantly improved the in vivo exposures.
On Hydrodynamic Averages

We propose a rigorous definition of hydrodynamic velocity from the Hamilton equations on physical space in the spirit of Maxwell and Boltzmann at the limit of infinite many particles, without the use of Gibbs measures, the Liouville equation, or the Boltzmann equation. We check that, under assumptions, hydrodynamic equations of the correct form are satisfied, including terms in the form of Reynolds stresses. Bibliography: 13 titles.
Holocene denudation of the northwest sector of Iceland as determined from accumulation of sediments on the continental margin

Radiocarbon-dated marine cores, measurements of sediment density and seismic surveys were used to estimate the sediment and mass accumulation rates (m/kyr and kg/m2/kyr) in the troughs from the southwest to north-central Iceland shelf (i.e. northwest sector of Iceland). The 3.5-kHz seismic survey showed varying thicknesses of acoustically transparent sediment in the troughs, whereas the inter-trough banks were largely devoid of sediment. The survey showed a pervasive reflector 1 to ≥ 60 m below the sea floor, which turned out to be Saksunarvatn tephra, dated at 10 180 ± 60 cal. yr BP. The 3.5-kHz analogue data were digitized at 1-min intervals and provided 1645 estimates of maximum sediment thickness and 979 estimates of sediment accumulation over the last 10200 cal. yr BP. Maximum sediment accumulation occurred in the mid-troughs and not, as expected, in the fjords. The median sediment accumulation rate (SAR) based on the core data was 0.23 m/kyr, but was 0.77 m/kyr based on the seismic data: the difference is attributed to coring limitations. Based on the volume of offshore sediment and the contributing terrestrial drainage area, the Holocene denudation of northern Iceland (c. 50 000 km2) is calculated to have been between 0.02 to 0.05 m/kyr, substantially lower that the 1–3 m/kyr derived from the suspended sediment load of rivers from southern Iceland but in agreement with the rate of accumulation of Holocene glacial lacustrine sediments in central Iceland.
Peebles' Rorschach content scoring system: reliability, normative data, and validity.

Summary This study reports normative data for the Peebles Rorschach content scoring system. Group Rorschach protocols from undergraduates were scored and reliably classified by quadrant. Frequencies were obtained by sex and by quadrant. Social desirability was demonstrated to vary across quadrants. The validity of quadrant classification was suggested by self-reports and MMPI scales. MMPI profile code predictions were made by experts for each quadrant and compared with obtained mean profile codes. The scoring system was evaluated and theoretical origins were discussed.
Rituximab and poor-risk follicular lymphoma

Comment on Marcus et al, page [1417][1] Rituximab is commonly administered by itself or with chemotherapy in patients with follicular lymphoma. Now we have randomized data to support the use of rituximab and CVP in untreated follicular lymphoma with unfavorable prognostic features. Follicular
Simulation of GaN and InGaN p–i–n and n–i–n photo-devices

Abstract Gallium nitride (GaN) and related materials have attracted an intense interest in their potential applications in high-power switching, high-temperature, and high-frequency device applications. A major advantage of the GaN system for optical applications is that the energy band gap can be reduced by alloying with InN. The InGaN alloy can provide a coverage from the near UV to the near infrared, including the visible spectrum. This research will provide the photonic and electrical properties of InGaN photo-devices by simulation. GaN and InGaN photo-devices, such as p–i–n and n–i–n devices, were simulated using ATHENA and ATLAS developed by Silvaco International, Inc. The spectral responsivity and the dark current were evaluated. These simulation results are comparable to the experimental result by Kung et al. with a 400×400 μm mesa structure of p–i–n GaN (SPIE 3287 (1998) 214). Since the heavily p-doping is still relatively hard to achieve currently, n–i–n photo-devices are evaluated and compared to p–i–n devices.
Viral dynamics and response differences in HCV-infected African American and white patients treated with IFN and ribavirin

Studies have suggested that African American patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) do not respond as well to treatment with interferon (IFN) as white patients. Here we analyzed the difference in the viral kinetic response between genotype 1 HCV-infected African American patients (n = 19) and white patients (n = 16). Patients were treated with 10 mIU IFN-alpha2b daily with or without ribavirin for 1 month followed by 3 mIU IFN-alpha2b 3 times a week with ribavirin. The kinetic parameters (epsilon, treatment effectiveness at inhibiting virion production; delta, loss rate of virus-producing cells; c, clearance rate of free virions; tau, delay until viral decline starts) were estimated from the viral load decay profiles using a previously described mathematical model. Differences in early kinetic parameters and viral negativity frequencies at weeks 4, 12, and 48 were compared. Ribavirin did not appear to enhance any of the viral kinetic parameters, although this may have been due to the high dose of IFN used. African American patients exhibited significantly (P =.005) lower drug effectiveness (88.6% vs. 98.2%) compared with white patients, accounting for a 0.8 log lower HCV RNA decrease in the first 24 hours of treatment. Significant differences (P =.006) were also noted for delta. There was no correlation between any of the viral kinetic parameters and either age, body mass index (BMI), or genotype 1 subtype. No patient achieved viral negativity at weeks 4, 12, or 48 without an epsilon greater than 90%. The mean viral decline and viral negativity rates were statistically different between the two races; however, when controlling for treatment effectiveness, these differences were no longer apparent. In conclusion, the failure of IFN response in African American patients infected with genotype 1 HCV is in part due to an impaired ability to inhibit viral production.
N-Succinimidyl 4-methyl-3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzoate: Synthesis and potential utility for the radioiodination of monoclonal antibodies

N-succinimidyl 4-methyl-3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzoate (MATE) was synthesized in two steps from 4-methyl-3-iodobenzoic acid. Radioiododestannylation of MATE proceeded more slowly than N-succinimidyl 3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzoate (ATE), but for reaction periods of 10 min or more, identical yields were obtained. Paired-label biodistribution studies were performed in mice with an intact monoclonal antibody and an F(ab')2 fragment labeled using MATE, ATE and Iodogen. Thyroid uptake with MATE was low, comparable to that seen with ATE, and considerably lower than that observed when the Iodogen method was used. With the F(ab')2 fragment, kidney uptake using MATE was 8-fold higher than that observed when either the ATE or Iodogen methods were used.
Recent trends in experimental hypnosis.

Research on hypnosis has been influenced by recent methodological contributions. Objective, standardized susceptibility scales have provided adequate measurement, leading to the differentiation of hypnotic from waking behavior, and recognition that hypnotic phenomena are multifactorial. Social-psychological factors (demand characteristics) influence experimental results and special control procedures have been developed to evaluate the essentially subjective nature of hypnosis. Experimental evidence relating to the so-called motivational theory of hypnosis does not provide support for this approach. Several studies are reviewed covering posthypnotic suggestion and amnesia, and counter-expectational effects of hypnosis which cannot be attributed to the demand characteristics of the experimental context (trance logic, source amnesia, posthypnotic behavior occurring outside the experimental context, and the nontennination of hypnosis following the “disappearance” of the hypnotist). These studies support a “state-oriented” theory of hypnosis.
Novel microsatellite loci for the burrowing owl Athene cunicularia

The breeding distribution of western burrowing owl is experiencing an intriguing southward shift, contrary to the predictions of climate change. To determine the breeding dispersal patterns underlying this distributional change, we developed 11 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci for the species. We tested these loci in two burrowing owl breeding populations, one from central Sinaloa, Mexico, and one from the Central Valley of California, USA. All loci were at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, except two loci for the California population. Expected heterozygosity was relatively high (\( \bar{H}_{E} \) = 0.813, range 0.515–0.942). Average number of alleles was 11.64 (range 5–25). We found no evidence of linkage disequilibrium for any pairwise tests between loci.
Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis of Cold-Worked Pin-Loaded Holes

A detailed two-dimensional, elastic-plastic finite element analysis of a pin-loaded hole was conducted. A thin rectangular aluminum alloy sheet (7075-T6) with a circular hole was considered under plane stress conditions. The hole was loaded purely by a rigid pin to different load magnitudes. Appropriate contact elements were used at the pin-hole interface to transfer the traction loads from one surface to another. Material nonlinearities for the sheet and friction were included in the analyses. Radial and hoop stress solutions along the pin-hole interface were compared in elastically and plastically loaded holes. The influence of friction on the stress results was studied. The locations and magnitudes of the peak hoop stresses were determined. Lastly, an initial residual field was introduced around the hole by a cold expansion simulation before a subsequent pin-loading analysis. Because the cold expansion process involves some reverse yielding, both isotropic and kinematic material hardening models were considered.
Utility of a Single Plasma Fibronectin Level for the Prediction of Preeclampsia

Previous studies have indicated that repeated maternal plasma fibronectin (FN) levels may aid in the prediction of preeclampsia. To investigate the development of a preeclampsia screening test, avoiding the requirement for repeated maternal blood samples throughout pregnancy, we examined the efficacy of a single screening plasma FN level for the prediction of preeclampsia. Total plasma FN levels were determined between 24 and 32 weeks' gestation in 115 normotensive patients, and cellular FN was determined in a subgroup of 81 of these patients. Among nulliparas (n = 76) total plasma FN values were significantly (P = 0.007) greater in patients (n = 13) who subsequently developed preeclampsia (median = 370, range 130-1104 μg/ml) than among those who remained nonpreeclamptic (median = 283, range 80-490 μg/ml). Based on maximization of the receiver/operator curve, a cut-off plasma FN value of 300 μg/ml was selected as a positive screen in the nulliparous group, resulting in a sensitivity of 85%, specificity of...
Chaos and Structures in Nonlinear Plasmas

In recent decades, the concepts and applications of chaos, complexity, and nonlinear dynamics have profoundly influenced scientific as well as literary thinking. Some aspects of these concepts are used in almost all of the geophysical disciplines. Chaos and Structures in Nonlinear Plasmas, written by two respected plasma physicists, focuses on nonlinear phenomena in laboratory and space plasmas, which are rich in nonlinear and complex collective effects. Chaos is treated only insofar as it relates to some aspects of nonlinear plasma physics. At the outset, the authors note that plasma physics research has made fundamental contributions to modern nonlinear sciences. For example, the Poincare surface of section technique was extensively used in studies of stochastic field lines in magnetically confined plasmas and turbulence. More generally, nonlinearity in plasma waves and wave-wave and wave-particle interactions critically determines the propagation of energy through a plasma medium. The book also makes it clear that the importance of understanding nonlinear waves goes beyond plasma physics, extending to such diverse fields as solid state physics, fluid dynamics, atmospheric physics, and optics. In space physics, non-linear plasma physics is essential for interpreting in situ as well as remote-sensing data.
Randomized trial of early vs. late introduction and commercially-prepared vs. parent's choice of solid foods on growth and body composition • 495

Objective: The optimal time and choice of solid foods to introduce to an infant's diet is unknown. The aim of this randomized trial was to determine whether early vs. late introduction and commercially-prepared vs. parent's choice of solid foods affects growth or body composition.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

The historical aspects of spongiform encephalopathies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and kuru of man, as well as scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy, are outlined. Transmissions of these diseases to animal hosts are presented, with emphasis on CJD transmissions to guinea pigs, hamsters, and mice. The relationship of CJD to scrapie with reference to the pathological findings is discussed. In CJD the incubation period is cut in half in guinea pigs and hamsters in the second passage. The spongiform changes occurring in the neuropil are reviewed. These changes are related to the type of inoculum, e.g., there is more vacuolization after inoculation with brian, and less after inoculation with spleen. Spongiform changes are also dependent upon the route of inoculation; these are more severe in intracerebral inoculation compared to intraperitoneal inoculation. Viremia is present. Maternal transmission and lateral transmission are absent. No virus-like particles are detected, and no other organisms are visible by electron microscopy. Isolations of the causative agent and strains of the agent in spongiform encephalopathies remain elusive. The hypotheses concerning the nature of the agent are critically reviewed. Novel data on the production of tumors derived from CJD brains are presented. Tissue culture cells arising from such brains become permanent lines and are similar to neoplastic lines. When such CJD lines are injected subcutaneously into nude mice, malignant neoplasms are formed. No evidence of an infectious etiology in Alzheimer's disease exists. Reported similarities between this disease and CJD are reviewed. Animal models of CJD are useful for the investigation of dementias.
The Faking Orgasm Scale for Women: Psychometric Properties

The Faking Orgasm Scale for Women (FOS) was designed to assess women’s self-reported motives for faking orgasm during oral sex and sexual intercourse. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the responses of 481 heterosexual undergraduate females (M age = 20.33 years, SD = 2.48). Results of the EFA revealed that the FOS–Sexual Intercourse Subscale was composed of four factors: (1) Altruistic Deceit, faking orgasm out of concern for a partner’s feelings; (2) Fear and Insecurity, faking orgasm to avoid negative emotions associated with the sexual experience; (3) Elevated Arousal, a woman’s attempt to increase her own arousal through faking orgasm; and (4) Sexual Adjournment, faking orgasm to end sex. The analysis of the FOS–Oral Sex Subscale yielded four factors: (1) Altruistic Deceit; (2) Insecure Avoidance, faking orgasm to avoid feelings of insecurity; (3) Elevated Arousal; and (4) Fear of Dysfunction, faking orgasm to cope with concerns of being abnormal. Each factor of the two subscales was found to have excellent internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis on a separate sample of 398 heterosexual female undergraduates (M age = 20.52 years, SD = 2.55) confirmed the factor structure of each subscale with excellent fit statistics. The FOS should allow researchers and clinicians to better understand why women fake orgasm. Deepening this understanding may serve future research examining sexual desire, satisfaction, and dysfunction as well as have applications in sex and couples’ therapy.
The temperature dependence of Rayleigh-wing scattering from liquid crystalline p-methoxybenzylidene-p-n-butylaniline (MBBA)

Abstract We have investigated the temperature dependence of Rayleigh-wing scattering in nematic MBBA. Our results are interpreted in terms of the orientational fluctuations of individual molecules, modified by coupling to neighboring molecules.
Characterization of plasmon-resonant gold nanorods as near-infrared optical contrast agents investigated using a double-integrating sphere system

The potential for using plasmon-resonant gold nanorods as targeted contrast agents for in vivo coherent optical imaging is investigated. Separation of the relative strengths of light scattering and absorption of plasmon-resonant nanorods are measured with a double-integrating sphere system at 774 and 1304nm. The maximum likelihood ratio is then used to test the statistical significance of optical changes observed after application of contrast agents to tissue phantoms. Gold plasmon-resonant nanorods with a longitudinal resonance near 800nm are imaged within varying concentrations of intralipid using a 101dB sensitivity, 800nm optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. We estimate the minimum OCT detectible concentration of these nanorods (ca. 15 by 45nm) within 1.1% intralipid to be 25microg/mL of gold.
Temperature dependence of defect-related photoluminescence in III-V and II-VI semiconductors

Mechanisms of thermal quenching of photoluminescence (PL) related to defects in semiconductors are analyzed. We conclude that the Schon-Klasens (multi-center) mechanism of the thermal quenching of PL is much more common for defects in III–V and II–VI semiconductors as compared to the Seitz-Mott (one-center) mechanism. The temperature dependencies of PL are simulated with a phenomenological model. In its simplest version, three types of defects are included: a shallow donor, an acceptor responsible for the PL, and a nonradiative center that has the highest recombination efficiency. The case of abrupt and tunable thermal quenching of PL is considered in more detail. This phenomenon is predicted to occur in high-resistivity semiconductors. It is caused by a sudden redirection of the recombination flow from a radiative acceptor to a nonradiative defect.