cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEX AND STATUTORY UNIFORMITY: HARMONIZING THE LEGAL TREATMENT OF SEMEN

The article, Sex and Statutory Uniformity: Harmonizing the Legal Treatment of Semen, makes two contributions. First, the article identifies inconsistencies in the law governing child support, assisted reproductive technology, sexually transmitted disease, sexual reproduction, and sexual assault. For example, the law compensates victims of the negligent transmission of a sexually transmitted disease, but not male victims of contraceptive fraud, sexual assault, or statutory rape, even though all of these persons were negatively impacted by actions that involved a common inaction. These inconsistent legal treatments are notable because family law makes distinctions between these various contexts on the basis of outdated stereotypes and differing technologies. In order to identify and further analyze these inconsistencies, this article is based on a model which succinctly identifies every possible consequence of sex or assisted reproductive technology. The article follows the layout of the model and systematically identifies and compares the legal contexts which should not, but do indeed, receive inconsistent treatment. Second, after identifying these areas of inconsistent treatment, the article presents several model statutes that will harmonize the legal treatment of semen in situations such as embryo disposition, involuntary reproduction, and childbirth as a result of artificial insemination. As an initial matter, these statutes are based on the concepts of fairness and equal treatment of a biological product no matter the context. Additionally, the article acknowledges that uniformity is a concept that is often regarded as an important goal of federal and state law. After this recognition, the article’s model statutes build upon this concept of uniformity to mandate uniformity within family law.
The Mother-Daughter Body Image Connection: The Perceived Role of Mothers’ Thoughts, Words, and Actions

This study explored whether daughters’ perceptions of their mother’s weight-related attitudes, communication, or actions were most strongly associated with their body image issues. The results reve...
97 Factors influencing horse heart rate during routine hoof care procedures

Routine hoof care procedures to remove manure, soil, and other debris packed in the underside of the hoof (PICK) and trim excess hoof growth (TRIM) are essential to a horse's health. However, these procedures may lead to acute physiological and/or psychological stress in the horse and research focusing on physiological responses of the horse to these basic procedures is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of external factors on horse HR during routine hoof care procedures. A Polar H10 HR monitor was used to record the HR of 27 American Quarter Horses (12.1 ± 3.2 yrs; 17 mares, 7 geldings, 3 stallions) housed at The Ohio State University Equine Facility before and during routine hoof care procedures over a period of 90 d. Before each hoof care procedure, each horse was fitted with the HR monitor around the girth and allowed to acclimate to the monitor in their housing area for 5 min to establish a baseline HR. On 3 separate occasions, horses were handled by one of 2 individuals and hoof care (PICK or TRIM) was performed in either the horse's outdoor housing area or in the barn aisle by the same person for each procedure. HR was recorded every 30 s during the procedures. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Avg HR increased during both hoof care procedures compared with baseline HR (P
Descartes, René Du Perron 1596–1650

Rene du Perron Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye en Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, (now called Descartes in his honor) in France, was an important philosopher and mathematician, and is dubbed the father of modern philosophy. Descartes was born into the noblesse de robe, whose members contributed considerably to intellectual life in the seventeenth century.
An Optimized Circulating Current Control Method Based on PR and PI Controller for MMC Applications

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is an excellent topology for medium- and high-voltage applications due to its advantages over other multilevel converters. However, the control algorithm design needs meticulous attention as each submodule (SM) capacitor voltage is balanced around their reference. Any voltage inequality between the SM voltage causes the second harmonic-dominated circulating current inside the MMC. The circulating current increases the rms value of the arm currents, component ratings, and the ripple in the capacitor voltages unless it is appropriately controlled. This article proposes an optimized closed-loop circulating current control method based on PR and PI controllers in abc reference frame to prevent high circulating current inside an MMC. The proposed method suppresses the magnitude of circulating current while reducing the ripple in capacitor voltages. The ripple in the dc link voltage is also reduced without any supplementary controller under balanced and unbalanced ac grid conditions. Thus, the proposed circulating current control method reduces the conduction losses and component ratings, while the converter's efficiency and reliability increase. The method's verification is tested on a point-to-point connected MMC-based high voltage direct current system in a real-time simulator with Xilinx FPGA-based MMC emulator and arm controller.
The Role of Female Recruits in the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

The so-called caliphate that was created by the Islamic State attracted female recruits at a level not previously seen by other Salafi-Jihadist groups. This new phenomenon led to the creation of many unfounded assumptions about the role of female jihadists; however, subsequent theoretical research has emerged in recent years that challenges many of these assumptions and provides valuable insight into why this phenomenon may have actually taken place. What follows is an analysis of some of this valuable research as well as an application of these theoretical concepts to the real world through an examination of female jihadists who joined the Islamic State. This study profiles several women who joined the Islamic State and their reasons for joining, and it is aimed at better understanding, through the lens of the theories examined, why these women and others like them willingly chose to travel to the caliphate to become jihadists.
Anyone might but everyone won’t

This paper investigates the interaction between quantifiers and epistemic modals, focusing on the contrast between every and any . It builds on observations made in von Fintel & Iatridou 2003, who noted that quantifiers seem unable to take wide scope across an epistemic modal. The proposal at the heart of the paper is that modes of epistemic access to domains of quantification play a role in accounting for apparent restrictions on scope. The paper takes the characterization of conceptual covers in Aloni 2001 as a starting point to argue that in the context of epistemic modals, constraints on epistemic access to the domain of quantification can give rise to scope illusions. EARLY ACCESS
Resilience among older adults with multiple sclerosis: Pattern and correlates

Abstract Background : There is an increasing number of older adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) who present with significant challenges associated with aging in conjunction with a chronic, disabling disease. Resilience has been associated with healthy aging in the general population, yet there is limited research on resilience and its correlates among older adults with MS. The current study investigated the difference in resilience between older adults with MS and demographically matched healthy controls. We then examined the associations between resilience and functional, symptomatic, socio-behavioral, and QOL outcomes, along with demographic and clinical characteristics, among only older adults with MS. Method: The sample included 40 older adults with MS and 40 sex and age matched healthy controls who completed measures of resilience and a battery of demographic, clinical, functional, symptomatic, socio-behavioral, and QOL outcomes. Result : There were no differences between older adults with MS and healthy controls regarding overall resilience scores and resilience subscale scores. Resilience was significantly associated with neurological disability, depression, walking performance, self-efficacy, and purpose in life. Conclusion : This study suggests that resilience in older adults with MS was comparable with healthy older adults, and positively associated with walking performance, self-efficacy, and purpose of life, and negatively associated with depression and neurological disability. We believe the time is ripe for developing and delivering interventions among those with lower resilience for improving resilience and associated secondary outcomes.
Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing the American Middle School

Do middle schools meet the needs of young teens? If not, what needs to be done differently? Young teens undergo multiple changes that seem to set them apart from other students. But do middle schools actually meet their special needs? The authors describe some of the challenges and offer ways to tackle them, such as reassessing the organization of grades K-12; specifically assisting the students most in need; finding ways to prevent disciplinary problems; and helping parents understand how they can help their children learn at home.
Detection and identification of histamine-producing bacteria associated with harvesting and processing mahimahi and yellowfin tuna.

Histamine poisoning is one of the most common chemically induced seafoodborne illnesses reported in the United States today. The causative agents are biogenic amines, commonly produced by gram-negative bacteria. The purpose of this study was to detect and identify histamine-producing bacteria associated with standard industry practices during the harvesting, receiving, and processing of mahimahi and yellowfin tuna in North Carolina. Twenty-nine composite samples were obtained from 18 mahimahi and 11 yellowfin tuna and analyzed for their histamine content. No sample analyzed exceeded 2 ppm histamine, the lower detection limit. Composite fish muscle and environmental samples were screened (n = 386) for the presence of histamine-producing bacteria. Twenty-six percent (145) of 549 isolates selected on the basis of their morphological characteristics tested positive on Niven's media. Sixty-three Niven-positive isolates were gram negative, and 58 were gram positive. Of the 43 isolates tested further, 5 were con...
A scale space for contour registration using minimal surfaces

Previously, we presented a method for contour registration using minimal surfaces. This method involves embedding each of two unregistered two-dimensional contours into two parallel planes separated in three-dimensional space. The minimal surface is then computed between the two contours via mean curvature flow. We then evolve the rigid registration of one of the two contours which in turn changes the minimal surface. Mean curvature flow of the surface and evolution of the curve registration both support a consistent energy functional, i.e., area of the connecting surface. We review the implementation details and show an example registration. In this paper we concentrate on developing this method as a registration scale space. The separation of the two contour planes serves as a scale space parameter, larger separations producing coarser registrations. At the finest scale, which occurs as the separation distance approaches zero, this registration method is identical to minimizing the set-symmetric difference between the interiors of the contours. Thus, this method can be viewed as a geometric generalization of set-symmetric difference registration. We explain the scale space properties of this registration method theoretically and experimentally. Through examples we show how at increasingly coarser scales, our method overcomes increasingly coarser local minima apparent in set-symmetric difference registration. In addition, we present sufficient conditions for existence of the minimal surface connecting two contours. This condition yields an upper bound for the separation distance between two contours and gives an estimate for the coarsest registration scale.
Inside a Cosmic Train Wreck

Complementary experiments and calculations reveal how black holes behave in the opaque central region of a galactic collision.
Presence based open contact center leveraging social networks

In recent years, adoption of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter etc have witnessed a meteoric rise amongst users across the world. Much of this is due to such platforms' capability to create a community of users who are able to communicate updates in real-time and keep in constant touch with each other. Social networks are also enabling the delivery of a host of services irrespective of the user devices and the services delivered. Hence, social networks have drawn the attention of businesses and enterprises for various purposes such as new products advertising, trend mining, connecting to customers. This paper demonstrates how social networks can be used to create business entities like contact centers. In contrast to current day contact centers, where a user must visit a company's web-site to engage in live-chat or call a 1-800 number, social networks offer a real-time channel to enable companies to reach individual users through a medium of their choice and at a time of their choosing. Rather than requiring customers to visit a company's website, companies are now able to interact with the customers where customers are already spending time, and can tailor the customer experience as a 1-on-1 channel for personalized, real-time interaction. A presence based open contact center system (POCC) is presented in this paper. In the proposed system, presence of a customer i.e. the availability of a customer on social media is detected and then based on the capabilities of the social network, a real-time communication channel such as livechat is established between an agent and the customer. The core components of the POCC are implemented using industry standard SIP protocol. The architecture of the POCC is flexible such that adding a new social network service is only a matter of writing a service specific adapter that can be easily plugged into the POCC.
Interventional Nephrology and Dialysis: Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters: Overview of Design, Placement, and Removal Procedures

The success of chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) depends to a large extent on the success of the chronic PD access device. For the nephrologist placing and removing PD catheters, or for the nephrologist advising surgeons in this role, this article provides a review of designs of PD catheters and differences in function and complications, methods of insertion of PD catheters and relation to catheter outcomes, techniques for "burying" the external portion of the PD catheter and benefits of this technique, and techniques for removing PD catheters. As nephrologists become more closely involved in the creation, monitoring, and maintenance of access devices for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, the successful function of these devices will increase. Nephrologists should make the critical decisions regarding the choice of access devices and methods for placement as they do for the choice to remove such access devices.
An experimental investigation of two-phase crossflow over rigidly and flexibly mounted tubes

Two-phase crossflow over heat exchanger tubes induces vibrations which contribute greatly to the wear on the tubes. Of the three mechanisms leading to two-phase flow-induced vibrations which have been identified, fluid-elastic instability has been recognized as that which leads to the vibrations with the largest amplitude. The mass damping parameter is used to predict the onset of fluid-elastic instability, and the mean drag coefficient is used to calculate the mass damping parameter. In this thesis, the drag coefficient measured over single tubes and tubes within array, in single-phase and two-phase flow at various Reynolds numbers, is discussed. The drag coefficient was measured by two methods. For flexibly mounted tubes, strain gages were mounted on cantilever beams which held the tube in place and allowed it to vibrate in the direction parallel to the flow only. For both rigidly and flexibly mounted tubes, pressure distributions were measured around the perimeter of the tube. Forces, and then the drag coefficient, could be calculated from this information. The drag coefficient was not found to depend upon the flexibility of the tube mounting. As the void fraction of the flow increases, the drag coefficient over the tube increases. This effect was found to be quite large at low Reynolds numbers, and weaker at higher Reynolds numbers, and a different effect was found at very high Reynolds numbers.
SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION BY THE MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN

This mini-review describes the role of different mitochondrial components in the formation of reactive oxygen species under normal and pathological conditions and the effect of inhibitors and uncouplers on superoxide formation.
Confronting Ageing as a Caribbean Reality

This article acknowledges the increased life expectancy which Caribbean populations presently experience. It draws upon data collected throughout the region and identifies some of the main concerns which families, communities and governments need to address, in order to ensure that the elderly will not be severely disadvantaged as a consequence of their increased life expectancy. The article recommends closer cooperation between governmental agencies and non-government organizations (NGOs) in determining the needs of the elderly, as well as the provision of services for them.
Cellular relations between μ-opioid receptive, GABAergic and reticulospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla

Abstract Physiological studies have suggested that μ-opioid receptor (MOR) activation can both excite and inhibit reticulospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL), possibly via influences on GABAergic neurons. Thus, to determine the cellular relationships of MORs to GABAergic neurons in the RVL, two experimental approaches were used. First, single sections through the RVL were labeled for MOR using immunoperoxidase detection and for GABA using immunogold detection and examined by electron microscopy. These studies revealed that MOR-immunoreactive (IR) terminals were smaller on average than GABA-IR terminals and formed both asymmetric and symmetric synapses, whereas GABA-IR terminals formed exclusively symmetric synapses. MOR and GABA immunoreactivities rarely co-localized. Interactions between axons and terminals containing MOR or GABA immunoreactivity were primarily: (1) direct appositions with each other; or (2) convergence onto a common dendritic target that sometimes contained either MOR or GABA immunoreactivity. Since the identity of these target dendrites mostly was unknown, a second study was designed to determine if they might be reticulospinal neurons. For this study, reticulospinal neurons were identified with a retrograde tracer and both MOR and GABA were localized in the same sections of the RVL. These studies revealed that numerous GABA-IR terminals formed symmetric synapses on the perikarya and proximal dendrites of reticulospinal neurons. In contrast, few MOR-IR terminals contacted reticulospinal perikarya and large dendrites although they were often found nearby. These results provide anatomical evidence that MOR activation by endogenous or exogenous agonists may indirectly alter GABAergic neurotransmission in the RVL either through presynaptic interactions between cells or through competing influences on postsynaptic targets.
Laminar optical tomography: demonstration of millimeter-scale depth-resolved imaging in turbid media.

Laminar optical tomography (LOT) is a new technique that combines the advantages of diffuse optical tomography image reconstruction and a microscopy-based setup to allow noncontact imaging with 100–200‐µm resolution effective over depths of 0–2.5 mm. LOT is being developed primarily for multispectral imaging of rat cortex, for which resolving functional dynamics in various layers of the brain’s cortex (to depths of 1500 µm) is of increasing interest to neurophysiologists. System design and image reconstruction techniques are described, along with simulation and phantom results that demonstrate the characteristics and limitations of system accuracy and resolution.
The Seville Statement on Violence: A Progress Report*

1. The Message of the Statement Although the central struggle in the developing world movement to abolish war is political, there is a related psychological struggle that also plays an essential part. Psychologists may have a vested interest when they emphasize the importance of psychological factors, but major political figures have acknowledged them as well. For example, within weeks after his historic meeting with Ronald Reagan in Washington and the signing of the breakthrough treaty to abolish intermediate range missiles, Mikhail Gorbachev included the following comments in an address to the International Forum for a Nuclear-Free World in Moscow:
Generating macroscopic-quantum-superposition states in momentum and internal-state space from Bose-Einstein condensates with repulsive interactions

Resonant Raman coupling between internal levels can create double-well momentum-space potentials for multilevel ``periodically-dressed'' atoms. We develop a many-body formalism for a weakly interacting, trapped periodically dressed Bose gas which illustrates how a tunable exchange interaction yields correlated many-body ground states. In contrast to the case of a position-space double well, the ground state of stable periodically-dressed Bose gases with repulsive interactions tends toward a macroscopic superposition state in the regime where interactions dominate the momentum-space tunneling induced by the external trapping potential. We discuss how real-time control of experimental parameters can be used to create macroscopic quantum superpositions of either momentum or internal states, and how these states could be dynamically controlled, opening the way toward highly sensitive interferometry and frequency metrology.
Data Science für Lehre, Forschung und Praxis

Data Science ist in aller Munde. Nicht nur wird an Konferenzen zu Big Data, Cloud Computing oder Data Warehousing daruber gesprochen: Glaubt man dem McKinsey Global Institute, so wird es alleine in den USA in den nachsten Jahren eine Lucke von bis zu 190.000 Data Scientists geben (Manyika et al. Big data: the next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity, Report. www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/big_data_the_next_frontier_for_innovation, 2011). In diesem Kapitel beleuchten wir daher zunachst die Hintergrunde des Begriffs Data Science. Dann prasentieren wir typische Anwendungsfalle und Losungsstrategien auch aus dem Big Data Umfeld. Schlieslich zeigen wir am Beispiel des Diploma of Advanced Studies in Data Science der ZHAW Moglichkeiten auf, selber aktiv zu werden.
A mountain pass theorem without Palais–Smale condition

Abstract Given a Hilbert space ( H , 〈 ⋅ , ⋅ 〉 ) , Λ an interval of R and J ∈ C 2 ( H , R ) whose gradient ∇ J : H → H is a compact mapping, we consider a family of functionals of the type: I ( λ , u ) = 〈 u , u 〉 − λ J ( u ) , ( λ , u ) ∈ Λ × H . Without further compactness assumptions, we present a deformation lemma to detect critical points. In particular, if I ( λ ¯ , ⋅ ) has a ‘mountain pass structure’ for some λ ¯ ∈ Λ , we deduce the existence of a sequence λ n → λ ¯ for which each I ( λ n , ⋅ ) has a critical point. To cite this article: M. Lucia, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 341 (2005).
Silicon Nanopillars As a Platform for Enhanced Fluorescence Analysis

The importance of fluorescent detection in many fields is well established. While advancements in instrumentation and the development of brighter fluorophore have increased sensitivity and lowered the detection limits of the method, additional gains can be made by manipulating the local electromagnetic field. Herein we take advantage of silicon nanopillars that exhibit optical resonances and field enhancement on their surfaces and demonstrate their potential in improving performance of biomolecular fluorescent assays. We use electron beam lithography and wafer scale processes to create silicon nanoscale pillars with dimensions that can be tuned to maximize fluorescence enhancement in a particular spectral region. Performance of the nanopillar based fluorescent assay was quantified using two model bioaffinity systems (biotin-streptavidin and immunoglobulin G-antibody) as well as covalent binding of fluorescently tagged bovine serum albumin (BSA). The effects of pillar geometry and number of pillars in arrays were evaluated. Color specific and pillar diameter dependent enhancement of fluorescent signals is clearly demonstrated using green and red labels (FITC, DyLight 488, Alexa 568, and Alexa 596). The ratios of the on pillar to off pillar signals normalized by the nominal increase in surface area due to nanopillars were found to be 43, 75, and 292 for the IgG-antibody assay, streptavidin-biotin system, and covalently attached BSA, respectively. Applicability of the presented approaches to the detection of small numbers of molecules was evaluated using highly diluted labeled proteins and also control experiments without biospecific analytes. Our analysis indicates that detection of fewer than 10 tagged proteins is possible.
Characterization by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of hemoglobins in rabbit embryo, fetus, and adult.

Abstract The hemoglobin species of rabbit embryo, fetus, and adult were characterized by quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Special statistical methods, including joint confidence envelopes for the slope ( K R ) and intercept ( Y 0 ) of the Ferguson plot and analysis of covariance were utilized to identify the hemoglobin species. Five embryonic rabbit hemoglobins could be distinguished. Their relative proportions varied with developmental stage. No specific fetal hemoglobin was detected. The two previously known adult hemoglobins were characterized, prepared by isoclectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel (IFPA) and shown to differ by two amino acid substitutions in the β-chain. A general strategy for testing molecular identity by PAGE is outlined.
Preparation of GaN single crystals using a Na flux

GaN single crystals were prepared in a sealed stainless steel tube at 600−800 °C from Ga using a Na flux and N2 from the thermal decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3. The maximum size of the crystals obtained was 2 mm. Oxygen and other impurity elements were not detected in the crystals by AES and EDX. When scaled up, this method may provide large GaN crystals for use as substrates for nitride based lasers.
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES: Phenotypic, Genetic, and Biochemical Characteristics, and Therapy

The glycogen storage diseases are caused by inherited deficiencies of enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of glycogen. In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in identifying the precise genetic abnormalities that cause the specific impairments of enzyme function. Likewise, improved understanding of the pathophysiologic derangements resulting from individual enzyme defects has led to the development of effective nutritional therapies for each of these disorders. Meticulous adherence to dietary therapy prevents hypoglycemia, ameliorates the biochemical abnormalities, decreases the size of the liver, and results in normal or nearly normal physical growth and development. Nevertheless, serious long-term complications, including nephropathy that can cause renal failure and hepatic adenomata that can become malignant, are a major concern in GSD-I. In GSD-III, the risk for hypoglycemia diminishes with age, and the liver decreases in size during puberty. Cirrhosis develops in some adult patients, and progressive myopathy and cardiomyopathy occur in patients with absent GDE activity in muscle. It remains unclear whether these complications of glycogen storage disease can be prevented by dietary therapy. Glycogen storage diseases caused by lack of phosphorylase activity are milder disorders with a good prognosis. The liver decreases in size, and biochemical abnormalities disappear by puberty.
Twinning–detwinning behavior during the strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue testing of a wrought magnesium alloy, ZK60A

The twinning and detwinning behavior in a strongly textured magnesium alloy was investigated using in situ neutron diffraction during the cyclic deformation along the prior extrusion direction at the fully reversed total constant strain amplitude of 1.2% at room temperature. The initial preferred orientation places the c-axis in most grains perpendicular to the loading axis, and this favors extensive {101¯2} 〈101¯1〉 twinning under compressive loading. In contrast, the grains are not favorably oriented to undergo such twinning during monotonic tensile loading along the prior extrusion axis. This is the reason for the well-known tension–compression strength asymmetry of wrought magnesium alloys. The strength in compression is controlled by the stress required to activate twinning, while the strength in tension is controlled by the harder non-basal slip mechanisms. The unique orientation relationship between the parent grains and the twin grains favors detwinning during the subsequent loading reversal. In situ neutron-diffraction results indicate that such twinning and detwinning alternates with the cyclic loading, i.e. most of the twins formed during compression are removed when the load is reversed. However, a small volume fraction of residual twins gradually increases with increasing cycles, which may be an important factor in dictating the low-cycle fatigue behavior of the magnesium alloy.
Separation of cesium-137 from uranium fission products via a Neoflon® column supporting tetraphenylboron

Cesium is a member of the Group I alkali metals, very reactive earth metals that react vigorously with both air and water. The chemistry of cesium is much like the chemistry of neighboring elements on the periodic table, potassium and rubidium. This close relation creates many problems in plant-life exposed to cesium because it is so easily confused for potassium, an essential nutrient to plants. Radioactive 134Cs and 137Cs are also chemically akin to potassium and stable cesium. Uptake of these radioactive isotopes from groundwater by plant-life destroys the plant-life and can potentially expose humans to the radioactive affects of 134Cs and 137Cs. Much experimental work has been focused on the separation of 137Cs from uranium fission products. In previous experimental work performed a column consisting of Kel-F supporting tetraphenylboron (TPB) was utilized to separate 137Cs from uranium fission products. It is of interest at this time to attempt the separation of 134Cs from 0.01M EDTA using the same method and Neoflon in the place of Kel-F as the inert support. The results of this experiment give a separation efficiency of 88% and show a linear relationship between the column bed length and the separation efficiency obtained.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Normal Pores in Cytheracean Ostracoda: ABSTRACT

Among cytheracean Ostracoda the normal pores, through which sensory receptors reach the exterior lateral surface of the valve, have been classified as simple or sieve-type. Although the function of the sensory receptors is only partly understood, the morphology of the normal pores through which they pass has been used as a taxonomic criterion at the generic and family levels. It is recognized that both sieve-type and simple normal pores may occur in the same family, but genera have been regarded as having one type or the other. Scanning electron microscopy of normal pores of members of many cytheracean ostracod families has revealed that: (1) there is widespread polymorphism in both simple and sieve-type normal pores, related to differences in function of the sensory receptors passing through them, (2) both simple and sieve-type normal pores occur together on valves of species belonging to several families, and (3) although number and arrangement of normal pores seem to be diagnostic at the specific and generic levels, there are instances of extreme variations in both. The initial temporary effect of these new data may be to decrease the usability of normal pores as a diagnostic character. However, preliminary results suggest that, as scanning electron microscope data become available for more ostracod genera and families, an even greater diversity of normal pore structure will be found. This diversity should make normal pore structure a much more useful criterion for systematic, phylogenetic, or paleoecologic inferences. End_of_Article - Last_Page 740------------
The effects of gibberellin on economic crops

The favorable modifications of plant behavior resulting from treatment with gibberellin may well exceed the anticipation of those who have been most active in developing its potential agricultural uses. Yet, no one is able to predict its ultimate value at this time. Several uses (Table XVIII), some already well advanced commercially, may place this unique group of native plant growth substances on a par with all, including the herbicides, that have evolved from the auxin group of plant growth-substances. This should follow if versatility of induced responses is any criterion (Tables XVI, XVII and XVIII). A perusal of Tables XVI, XVII and XVIII suggests that gibberellin has for many plant responses served as a major scientific breakthrough for the horticulturists, the agronomists, the plant physiologists and perhaps even the plant pathologist. Only with this consideration in mind can one evaluate gibberellin in terms of its future potentialities in crop production. It offers a means of controlling important responses heretofore, at least on intact plants, not easily subject to chemical regulation. These include elimination of dwarfism, reversal of virus stunting, elongation of stems, expansion of leaves, increased production of dry matter, acceleration of flowering in biennials and long-day annuals, promotion of uniformity in growth, flowering and fruiting, increased flower size, control of fruit size and maturity, reduction or replacement of cold and photoperiodic requirements for growth and flowering, and promotion of normal growth rates at suboptimal temperatures.
The FCF Combustion Integrated Rack: Microgravity Combustion Science Onboard the International Space Station

The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) is one of three facility payload racks being developed for the International Space Station (ISS) Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF). Most microgravity combustion experiments will be performed onboard the Space Station in the Combustion Integrated Rack. Experiment-specific equipment will be installed on orbit in the CIR to customize it to perform many different scientific experiments during the ten or more years that it will operate on orbit. This paper provides an overview of the CIR, including a description of its preliminary design and planned accommodations for microgravity combustion science experiments, and descriptions of the combustion science experiments currently planned for the CIR.
THE USE OF LABORATORY TESTS IN DIABETES

Simple laboratory tests are essential for the diagnosis and for the management of diabetes mellitus. The use of such tests in the management of this disease will be examined first. In doing this I should like to take as a text this statement: “The novice lends too much credence to the test”.
The universality of a contempt expression: A replication

Two experiments replicated Ekman and Friesen's finding of an expression that signals contempt across cultures. The subjects, from West Sumatra, Indonesia, were members of a culture that differs in a number of ways from Western cultures. In one experiment the subjects judged photographs of Japanese and American faces, both males and females, which showed many different emotions. There was very high agreement about which expressions signaled contempt in preference to anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, fear, or surprise. In a second experiment the Indonesian subjects judged expressions shown by members of their own culture, and again there was very high agreement about which expression signals contempt.
Justification for Separating Schizotypal and Borderline Personality Disorders

Siever and Gunderson (1979) have questioned the decision to separate Schizotypal Personality Disorder from Borderline Personality Disorder in DSM-III. The justification for this separation rests not on genetic evidence, but rather on the relative independence of the behavioral characteristics of two dimensions that up to now have both been referred to with the appellation "borderline." We believe that this separation provides the tools with which investigators may usefully study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors as they relate to personality and the major psychiatric disorders. The benefits of this separation are already apparent in that research investigators are now using two terms to describe different phenomena, when previously they were using the single term borderline. Proposed diagnostic criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder are appended.
The influence of opioids on local cerebral glucose utilization in the newborn pig

Abstract Topical methionine enkephalin, leucine enkephalin, and dynorphin (10−6 M) previously have been observed to produce prominent pial arteriolar dilation. Dilation to these opioids could be caused directly by opioids acting on vascular receptors, or indirectly, as a consequence of increased metabolism. Therefore, we examined this possibility by determining the influence of opioids on cerebral glucose utilization in piglets with closed cranial windows using the [14C]deoxyglucose method. Qualitatively, the autoradiographic images expressed as a change in relative optical density from vehicle were unchanged by these opioids. Quantitatively, the opioids similarly had no effect on cerebral glucose utilization (53 ± 5, 70 ± 8, 63 ± 5, and 52 ± 3, μ mol ·100 g−1 · min−1 for vehicle, methionine enkephalin, leucine enkephalin, and dynorphin, respectively). In contrast, topical glutamate (10−3 M) produced similar dilation but increased cerebral glucose utilization (41 ± 3vs89 ± 8 μmol·100 g−1·min−1 for vehicle and glutamate, respectively). Therefore, these opioids do not appear to produce vascular effects through a change in cerebral metabolic utilization of glucose.
Novel biotinylated lipid prodrugs of acyclovir for the treatment of herpetic keratitis (HK): transporter recognition, tissue stability and antiviral activity.

Purpose Biotinylated lipid prodrugs of acyclovir (ACV) were designed to target the sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) on the cornea to facilitate enhanced cellular absorption of ACV.
Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic compositions of a suite of Late Archean, igneous rocks, eastern Beartooth Mountains: implications for crust-mantle evolution

Compositionally diverse Late Archean rocks (2.74-2.79 Ga old) from the eastern Beartooth Mountains (Montana and Wyoming) were studied and shown to have the same initial Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic ratios. Lead and Sr initial ratios are higher and Nd initial values lower than predicted for rocks derived from model mantle sources and strongly indicate the involvement of an older crustal reservoir in the genesis of these rocks. A model involving subduction of continental detritus and contamination of the overlying mantle is suggested.
On the implementation of single-query sampling-based motion planners

Single-query sampling-based motion planners are an efficient class of algorithms widely used today to solve challenging motion planning problems. This paper exposes the common core of these planners and presents a tutorial for their implementation. A set of ideas extracted from algorithms existing in the literature is presented. In addition, lower level implementation details that are often skipped in papers due to space limitations are discussed. The purpose of the paper is to improve our understanding of single-query sampling-based motion planners and motivate our community to explore avenues of research that lead to significant improvements of such algorithms.
Pion and nucleon dissociation in π−p→π−π+π−p at 205 GeV/c

Abstract In a 48 000-picture exposure of the Fermilab 30-inch hydrogen bubble chamber to a 205 GeV/ c π − beam, we have measured 169 events of the reaction, π − p → π − π + π − p, with a cross section of 635 ± 61 μ b. This reaction proceeds almost entirely via low mass π − → 3 π and p → p ππ dissociation. Factorization is satisfied for p → pππ dissociation in πp and pp interactions.
Microsatellite instability, MLH1 promoter methylation, and loss of mismatch repair in endometrial cancer and concomitant atypical hyperplasia.

Abstract Objective. MLH1 methylation is associated with the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype in endometrial cancer and atypical endometrial hyperplasia, a premalignant precursor to carcinoma. The observation that methylation is also seen in atypical endometrial hyperplasia without MSI suggests that methylation is an early event in endometrial tumorigenesis. Our objective was to determine if methylation is always present in MSI-positive atypical hyperplasia concomitant with MSI-positive, methylation-positive carcinoma. Methods. We used laser capture microdissection to study MLH1 methylation and MSI in a large series of endometrial cancer cases that had previously been shown to have methylation and the MSI-high (MSI-H) phenotype. We resampled areas of carcinoma from 27 patients along with 51 foci of concomitant atypical endometrial hyperplasia. Results. Consistent with previous reports, we saw MLH1 methylation in areas of atypical endometrial hyperplasia that did not show MSI. In addition, we noted that 18% of the MSI-H atypical endometrial hyperplasia DNAs lacked methylation of critical cytosines in the MLH1 promoter. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that these MSI-H unmethylated foci of atypical endometrial hyperplasia failed to express MLH1, as did regions of simple hyperplasia. Conclusion. Methylation of the MLH1 promoter is an early event in endometrial tumorigenesis. Given that not all MSI-positive tissues had methylation at cytosines −229 and −231, it appears that methylation may not be required for MLH1 silencing and loss of mismatch repair.
FLAME: Shedding Light on Hidden Frequent Patterns in Sequence Datasets

Existing database sequence mining algorithms focus on mining for subsequences. However, for many emerging applications, the subsequence model is inadequate for detecting interesting patterns. Often, an approximate substring model better accommodates the notion of a noisy pattern. In this paper, we present a powerful new model for approximate pattern mining. We show that this model can be used to capture the notion of an approximate match for a variety of different applications. We also present a novel, suffix tree based pattern mining algorithm called FLAME and demonstrate that it is a fast, accurate, and scalable method for discovering hidden patterns in large sequence databases.
Dietary metformin effects on in vitro and in vivo metabolism in the chicken

Chickens were fed diets containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 and 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g metformin (MET)/kg diet in 2 separate experiments to determine whether MET (1,1 dimethylbiguanidine hydrochloride) regulated plasma glucose and, possibly, feed intake in broiler chickens. Feed intakes in the first experiment were equal, but, in the second experiment, MET at 5 and 10 g/kg reduced feed intake. The first series of diets had no effect on plasma glucose and lactate. The second series of dietary treatments did not affect plasma glucose but did increase plasma lactate, uric acid, and triglycerides linearly. In the second experiment, there were significant decreases in lipogenesis that accompanied increasing doses of MET. The increase in plasma lactic acid suggests that MET stimulates pyruvate kinase in the chicken, as it does in mammals. The lack of effect on plasma glucose also suggests that regulation occurs downstream of pyruvate in the chicken. These findings may explain MET's ability to reduce hepatic triglyceride synthesis and suppress appetite.
A new iterative method for correcting erroneous communality estimates in factor analysis.

A new method for correcting erroneous communality estimates is applicable to any completed orthogonal factor solution. It seeks, by direct correction of factor loadings, to make the residuals conform to the chance error criteria of zero mean and zero skewness for each row separately. Two numerical examples, with one and two factors, respectively, are presented. The method can be used as a short cut for Dwyer's extension in adding variables to a matrix. It can also be used as a short cut in cross-validation factor studies. Successful use on problems with many variables and numerous factors is claimed. Factors can be made oblique,after correction, if desired.
Aging, Motor Skill, and the Energy Cost of Walking: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Mobility Decline in Older Persons

BACKGROUND: Age-associated neural changes profoundly affect the biomechanics and energetics of walking, increase energy cost, and require novel approaches to exercise that focus on motor learning theory. METHODS: We present a conceptual framework for motor skill in walking, its effect on the energy cost of walking, and the influence of the aging brain. RESULTS: Motor learning theory and practice can be incorporated into interventions to promote skilled, energy efficient walking in older people. CONCLUSIONS: An extensive literature on motor skill and motor learning, derived from neuroscience, sports medicine, and neurorehabilitation, can be applied to problems of walking in late life. Language: en
NUBB: a network usage-based billing system

Beginning with the 2003-2004 academic year, Cornell University implemented a new billing model for data service designed to provide a fair and equitable rate structure for all users -- a Network Usage-Based Billing (NUBB) system where users pay according to the bandwidth they consume. This model ensured that network costs were covered, including anticipated upgrades, and that the costs were distributed in a way that reflected the usage patterns around campus. Now a mature billing model, this paper examines how this system was structured and implemented at Cornell, the support and administration required, the impact of changing to this system, customer perception of and response to the change, and its' effect on bandwidth utilization and management.
Multiple Conduction Delays within the His Bundle

His Bundle recordings in a 75-year-old male with complete heart block exhibited split His Bundle potentials with three components thus demonstrating multiple conduction delays within the bundle of His.