cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of functional knee bracing on muscle-firing patterns about the chronic anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee

Abstract Smith J, Malanga GA, Yu B, An K-N. Effects of functional knee bracing on muscle-firing patterns about the chronic anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1680–6. Objective To examine the effects of functional knee bracing on the muscle-firing patterns about the chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knee in successful brace users. Design Cross-sectional comparative clinical trial. Setting Motion analysis laboratory. Participants Ten active individuals with unilateral, isolated, chronic (>18mo postinjury), ACL-deficient knees who subjectively reported improved function with a functional knee bracing. Intervention Each subject completed 3 single-leg hop maneuvers on their ACL-deficient knee with and without their knee brace while surface electromyographic activity was recorded from the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscles. Main outcome measure Muscle onset latency. Results Brace use significantly delayed the average onset of vastus lateralis activation before landing (123±47ms vs 109±30ms, P Conclusions Brace use in this population did not consistently result in more favorable muscle firing patterns during the single-leg hop maneuver. Interindividual responses to brace use indicate the need for further research to investigate the multiple strategies that may exist to stabilize the ACL-deficient knee. In the meantime, functional knee brace use among ACL-deficient patients remains empirical.
Resonant magnetopolaron effect in D- centers in quantum wells.

The resonant magneto-optical transitions in ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ centers in GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As quantum wells in a high magnetic field are studied using the confined and interface phonon model for the electron-phonon interaction. Excellent agreement with the experimental results is found. Enhanced polaron effects are found in ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ centers and the source of this enhancement is identified as being due to the quantum statistical correlations between electrons. We compare the results of our model with those of the three-dimensional Fr\"ohlich model and find that for well width beyond 200 \AA{} the two models give practically the same results.
191 EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF) EXTENDS LIFE SPAN OF NORMAL HUMAN FIBROBLASTS IN CULTURE

Normal human fibroblast cultures derived from newborn foreskin (HF) have a limited in vitro life span of 50 ± 10 cumulative population doublings (CPD). Adding EGF (25 ng/ml) to cultures at different stages of in vitro aging increased the survival of individual strains by as much as 25% (10-15 CPD). In early single passages, EGF produced a nearly 2 fold greater cell density over control cultures. With increasing CPD, HF progressively showed decreased EGF sensitivity as reflected by decreased stimulation of cells to initiate DNA synthesis and decline in saturation density of EGF treated cultures. Cell density was similar in control and EGF cultures during the final 4-6 CPD. HF exposed to EGF from early stages of explant outgrowth showed no greater CPD than those exposed to EGF at later stages. Intermittent or discontinuous EGF exposure from early passages produced maximum CPD. Removal of EGF from cultures after early continuous exposure did not abolish the expanded culture survival. After control HF reached about 80% of expected CPD, exposure to EGF did not significantly extend life span of the cultures. Colony size distribution was determined during early, middle and late passages of strains with/without EGF exposure. In each strain regardless of CPD, EGF significantly increased the size distribution curve of derived colonies. Thus, EGF enhanced the survival of cells in subculture and prolonged their proliferative activity significantly beyond control cultures.
The Influence of Distribution and Ecology on the Thermoregulation of Small Birds

Abstract 1. 1. Data from the present study and the literature show that the energetics of thermoregulation in small birds are accurately described by the Newtonian model of heat loss. The level of body temperature is closely correlated with basal metabolic rate, thermal conductance, and body weight. 2. 2. Tropical and desert birds generally have lower relative thermoregulatory quotients than expected (less than 1·0) on the basis of weight alone, and cold-climate species have high relative ratios. The relative ratio is a measure of the impact of ecology and climate on thermoregulatory capacity. Larger body weight can compensate for a low relative ratio, within limits. 3. 3. Bird data now available indicate that ecology, particularly food habit, limits the distribution of small birds outside the tropics and deserts, and that thermoregulatory parameters are adapted primarily to climate. 4. 4. Studies of the energetics of Tb regulation in non-desert tropical birds should give information as to the impact of ecology on this process, in that the climatic variable would be absent.
Graphical stability criterion for linear systems

A graphical stability criterion for linear systems in the parameter plane is developed stemming from the work of Mitrovic and ŜIljak. The criterion is extended to include a class of linear systems with time delay.
Effect of carbon:nitrogen ratio on kinetics of phenol biodegradation by Acinetobacter johnsonii in saturated sand

In polluted soil or ground water, inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen may be limiting, so that Monod kinetics for carbon limitation may not describe microbial growth and contaminant biodegradation rates. To test this hypothesis we measured14CO2 evolved by a pure culture ofAcinetobacter johnsonii degrading 120 µg14C-phenol per ml in saturated sand with molar carbon:nitrogen (CN) ratios ranging from 1.5 to 560. We fit kinetics models to the data using non-linear least squares regression. Phenol disappearance and population growth were also measured at CN1.5 and CN560.
Syntactic abstraction in component interfaces

In this paper, we show how to combine a component system and a macro system. A component system separates the definition of a program fragment from the statements that link it, enabling independent compilation of the fragment. A macro system, in contrast, relies on explicit links among fragments that import macros, since macro expansion must happen at compile time. Our combination places macro definitions inside component signatures, thereby permitting macro expansion at compile time, while still allowing independent compilation and linking for the run-time part of components.
Implications of work pressure and supervisor support for fathers’, mothers’ and adolescents’ relationships and well-being in dual-earner families

The present study investigates the implications of work pressure and supervisor support for individual psychosocial functioning, marital and parent–adolescent relationships. We examined the effects of work pressure and supervisor support separately for mothers and fathers and their adolescent children (M=17.33 years) in 156 white working- and middle-class, dual-earner families. Results revealed when husbands reported high work pressure and low supervisor support, both parents reported higher levels of depressive symptoms. When wives were in the high pressure/low support group, they reported lower levels of marital love, and both spouses reported less marital satisfaction. When either parent was in the high pressure/low support group, both parents reported higher levels of role overload, and families experienced more conflict and less intimacy in their relationships with their children. Their children also reported higher levels of depressive symptoms. Results associated with parent and child depressive sy...
Injuries as a preventable disease: the control of occupational injuries from the medical and public health perspective.

Injuries, including occupational injuries, represent a major cause of death in most countries. In our approach to controlling their effects, we consider them to be a disease. Like any other disease, they can be prevented and treated. Many injuries can be prevented by improved environmental conditions; passive protective devices such as air bags are analogous to immunizations. High-quality emergency treatment and rehabilitation can greatly reduce the long-term consequences of an injury. The primary agent causing injuries is energy. Disease control efforts, therefore, are aimed at reducing its release to the body in dangerous amounts. By applying standard medical preventative strategies, we can significantly reduce occupational injuries. An important tool is the division of injury-producing events into three phases: pre-event, event and post-event. We must then consider the interaction of human, vehicle and equipment, and environmental factors during each phase. Through the use of such an analysis, we can d...
Dimensionality and Factor Satisfaction of the Body Image Construct: A Gender Comparison

The internal structure of the Body Cathexis Scale has been investigated twice with male subjects, but never with female subjects. This study was conducted to determine the dimensionality and factor satisfaction of the body image construct from a female perspective. Another purpose was to determine gender differences in item satisfaction and internal structure of the instrument. The Body Cathexis Scale was administered to 160 college females, and factor analysis with varimax rotation extracted four orthogonal factors: (1) Physical Skills and Fitness, (2) Face and Overall Appearance, (3) Miscellaneous Items, and (4) Weight and Lower Body. Subjects reported the most satisfaction on the second dimension and the least satisfaction on the fourth axis. Meaningful gender differences were observed in the structure of the body image construct and satisfaction on individual body-related items.
Compiling mockups to flexible UIs

As the web becomes ubiquitous, developers are obliged to develop web applications for a variety of desktop and mobile platforms. Re- designing the user interface for every such platform is clearly cumbersome. We propose a new framework based on model-based compilation to assist the designer in solving this problem. Starting from an under-specified visual design mockup drawn by the designer, we show how faithful and flexible web pages can be obtained with virtually no manual effort. Our framework, in sharp contrast to existing web design tools, overcomes the tough challenges involved in mockup compilation by (a) employing combinatorial search to infer hierarchical layouts and (b) mechanizing adhoc principles for CSS design into a modular, extensible rule-based architecture. We believe ours is the first disciplined effort to solve the problem and will inspire rapid, low-effort web design.
East is East, etc.

Menstrual cycle activity predisposes to ovarian epithelial tumors based on numerous epidemiological studies. We showed that the hormones involved in menstrual cycle regulation modulate cell cycle activity in these tumors in an accompanying paper. We investigated whether such hormones could also influence angiogenesis, an important determinant of tumor progression, in the same tumors. Treatment with progesterone (P4) stimulated VEGF protein secretion in 4 of 5 ovarian carcinoma cell lines examined. Northern blot analyses performed in MCV50 cells showed that this effect was accompanied by increased VEGF mRNA levels. P4 also stimulated VEGF promoter activity in these cells. Estradiol (E2) showed a similar, but substantially smaller effect on VEGF secretion which was additive to that of P4. Conditioned medium from P4-treated cells strongly stimulated angiogenesis on chicken chorio-allantoic membranes. Incubating the conditioned medium with a neutralizing anti-VEGF antibody, but not with non-specific immunoglo...
Estimation of risk on the Brussels Stock Exchange: Methodological issues and empirical results

Abstract The primary focus of this paper is to assess models of beta estimates and to appraise their relative ability to forecast the beta parameter in a thin market, the Belgian market. The evidence, using Belgian data, is contrasted with previously reported results using American, U.K. and French data. The adjustment procedures designed by Vasicek (1973), Scholes and Williams (1977) and Dimson (1979) were tested. The results suggest that these adjustment procedures are misspecified and provide biased results. The results also suggest that the simple OLS technique may be the best method to obtain estimates of the systematic risk when dealing with a thin market such as the Brussels Stock Exchange.
A large-scale physiological model of Inferior Olive neurons reveals climbing fiber intra-burst frequency depends on Olivocerebellar axon morphology

We have constructed a large-scale structural model of the Inferior Olive. Using this model as input to our neural tissue simulator, we constrained a multi-compartment (>1000 compartments) model of an olivary neuron, including dendrites, a cell body, and axon. Our physiological model derives from Schweighofer et al. [1], with changes to its several channel conductances (Na, K, Cah, Cal, KCa, and h) targeted to neuronal branches in order to replicate olivary oscillations in our more detailed structure, which includes a full-scale olivocerebellar axon and climbing fibers. Our implementation also computes detailed Ca2+ balance solved in parallel with membrane potential and channel currents for each compartment. Furthermore, a larger circuit model comprising these neurons includes glomeruli subject to anatomical constraints on neuronal touch detection, and targets to them a collection of gap junctions, which contribute to both Ca2+ balance and electrotonic coupling. Previous work has demonstrated that spike generation and bursting properties of olivary neurons depend on axonal lengths [2], but these lengths varied only from 0-300 μm in the slice preparation studied. Our structural model, inspired by measures of real Olivocerebellar axons [3], employs a 3-D mesh of the Purkinje cell layer of rat cerebellum to constrain axonal morphology and length (Figure 1A, B). This method generates a distribution of axonal lengths that more closely resembles the in vivo distribution, which is on the order of millimeters. Figure 1 A. Short axon (grey) Olivo-cerebellar neuron. Full dendritic morphology (inset) is downsampled to create dendritic morphology (green). B. Identical dendrites with long axon. C. Short axon bursts. D. Long axon bursts. With our simulator, we explored how preserving precise dendritic morphology, channel distributions, and gap junctional coupling, while varying axonal lengths according to our distribution, affects model dynamics. We demonstrate that the intra-burst spike frequency and number depend on these variations in axonal lengths from 1-5 mm (Figure 1C, D). Therefore, we argue that axons should not be considered structural constraints on only microcircuit connectivity in neural tissue simulation, but also on the dynamics of neuronal spike generating systems.
Observation of inductive effects that cause a change in the rate-determining step for the conversion of rhenium azides to imido complexes.

The cationic oxorhenium(V) complex [Re(O)(hoz)2(CH3CN)][B(C6F5)4] [1; Hhoz = 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline] reacts with aryl azides (N3Ar) to give cationic cis-rhenium(VII) oxoimido complexes of the general formula [Re(O)(NAr)(hoz)2][B(C6F5)4] [2a–2f; Ar = 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, phenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]. The kinetics of formation of 2 in CH3CN are first-order in both azide (N3Ar) and oxorhenium(V) complex 1, with second-order rate constants ranging from 3.5 × 10–2 to 1.7 × 10–1 M–1 s–1. A strong inductive effect is observed for electron-withdrawing substituents, leading to a negative Hammett reaction constant ρ = −1.3. However, electron-donating substituents on phenyl azide deviate significantly from this trend. Enthalpic barriers (ΔH⧧) determined by the Eyring–Polanyi equation are in the range 14–19 kcal mol–1 for all aryl azides studied. However, electron-donating 4-methoxyphenyl azide exhibits a large negative entropy of activation, ΔS⧧ = −21 ...
The Job Realities of Beginning and Experienced Assistant Principals

This study examined the perceptions of a cross section of new and experienced assistant principals regarding the realities of their jobs. Findings indicated that their challenges pertain to workload and task management, conflicts with adults and students, and curriculum and instruction issues. Novice and experienced assistant principals' responses were similar, suggesting that their duties did not change substantially the longer they were on the job. Implications are raised for how leadership preparation and professional development programs can prepare aspiring and practicing assistant principals to become more competent in dealing with these persistent job realities.
Effective transference numbers and water incorporation in glass–ceramic La(PO3)3–Ca(PO3)2 in oxidizing atmospheres

Abstract La(PO3)3–Ca(PO3)2 meta-phosphate glass–ceramic composites were prepared by quenching from the melt, followed by heating at 800 °C for 20 h, in air. Microstructural characterization showed that exposure to water vapor pressures equal to or in excess of 4.2 kPa at as low as 550 °C resulted in the disproportionation of the lanthanum metaphosphates, with formation of some LaPO4. This reaction puts important limitations on the conditions under which the lanthanum metaphosphates could be used as electrolytes in electrochemical devices. The conductivities at uniform air/water partial pressures around 3 kPa, were independent of the water partial pressures used. Comparison of the total ionic effective transference numbers and the proton effective transference number suggested that electronic transport contributed on the average about 7% to the total conductivity in the examined temperature range. The measurements suggested that oxygen ions also participate. The H/D isotope effect, assessed from the ratio σH2O/σD2O ranged from 1.28 at 400 °C to 1.35 at 500 °C, evidencing dominant proton conduction. At 550 °C, the proton effective transference numbers, tH+, determined from the OCVs of cells with oxidizing differential atmospheres were around 0.87, in good agreement with the value derived from the σH2O/σD2O conductivity ratio at 550 °C. However, at lower temperatures such agreement was not found.
The influence of prenatal phenobarbital exposure on the growth of dendrites in the rat hippocampus.

Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital (PHB), are often used during pregnancy and early neonatal life to prevent epileptic seizures, hyperbilirubinemia and the stressful effects of labor. However, the long-term consequences of barbiturate exposure during the prenatal and neonatal periods have not been fully investigated. Several studies have indicated that phenobarbital does affect the resulting morphology and neurochemistry of various components of the central nervous system. In the present study we have investigated the effects of 3 days of prenatal phenobarbital administration (days 18–20 of gestation) on the growth and development of dendrites within the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the rat. Pups were sacrificed on days 5, 10, 23, and 35 of postnatal age and the brains were processed for Golgi impregnation of neurons. The terminal and non-terminal segments of apical and basal dendrites of neurons within the CA1 region of the hippocampus were analyzed with the aid of a scanning stage on a Zeiss universal photomicroscope and a PDP 1123 microcomputer. In general, results indicated that 3 days of prenatal PHB severely suppresses the development of the dendritic tree which normally takes place during the first 35 days of postnatal life. There are significantly less branch points and the overall dendritic length of both apical and basal dendrites is reduced. These results indicate that prenatal PHB, even for short periods of time, affects the normal morphological development of the hippocampus. Thus, the utilization of PHB in the treatment of various human prenatal disorders should be questioned.
Analgesic actions of dynorphin A(1-13) antiserum in the rat brain stem

Abstract This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dynorphin A(1–13) antiserum when microinjected into an active hyperalgesic region within the rat brain stem. When administered within the dorsal posterior mesencephalic tegmentum (DPMT) of intact conscious rats, dynorphin A(1–13) antiserum produced rapid onset and persistent prolongation of a low intensity thermally evoked tail avoidance response (LITETAR). These analgesic actions of the dynorphin A(1–13) antiserum appeared to be dose dependent. These studies support previous hypotheses about the existence of tonically active brain stem opioid hyperalgesic processes. Further, the results provide indirect evidence for a potential role of brain stem dynorphin(s) in facilitating pain.
Family Status and Criticism of Gender Inequality at Home and at Work

The literature on gender attitudes indicates that acceptance of women's involvement in the laborforce is greater than acceptance of changes in the domestic division of labor. We argue that this difference exists because challenges to inequality in the home are especially threatening to men's interests and that women's dependence on men plays a role in shaping interpretations of gender inequality. To test these claims, we explore the relationship between family status and criticism of gender inequality in the home and at work. Family ties discourage criticism: marital status is particularly important in predicting women's criticism, while parental status is especially important for men. Therefore, we conclude that interests play a part in shaping men's gender-related attitudes and that dependence on men is a factor in shaping women's attitudes. The complex interplay between gender inequality in the home and in the workplace has been of great interest to feminist scholars. In this article, we address Americans' perceptions of gender inequality in these two spheres and the impact of marital status, parental status, employment status, and women's economic dependence on such perceptions. We focus particularly on criticism of gender inequality at home and at work, considering both men's and women's levels of criticism using recently collected data from a national probability sample of adult Americans. We argue that men's social dominance, women's dependence, and men's and women's interests relative to gender stratification are all central to shaping perceptions of gender inequality. As an institution, the family has tended to foster men's dominance and women's dependence. As Lerner (1986) notes in her historical analysis of gender relations, women's "subordination has been
Intact transfer of layered, bionanocomposite arrays by microcontact printing

A novel approach is presented that allows high-quality, 3D patterned bionanocomposite layered films to be constructed on substrates whose surface properties are incompatible with existing self-assembly methods.
Mechanism of resonant infrared laser vaporization of intact polymers

Experiments on pulsed laser vaporization of many different kinds of polymers have demonstrated that it is possible to eject intact polymers into the ambient, whether air or vacuum, by resonant pulsed laser excitation, using both neat and matrix targets. Two recent studies of resonant infrared ablation - one on polystyrene, the other on poly(amic acid), the precursor for the thermoset polyimide - show moreover that the ablation process is both wavelength selective and surprisingly non-energetic, especially compared to ultraviolet laser ablation. We propose a wavelength-selective photothermal mechanism involving breaking of intermolecular hydrogen bonds that is consistent with these observations.
Mechanical Characterization of the Decellularized Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa Extracellular Matrix

In this work, the decellularized porcine small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM), obtained from the commercial product under the trade name of CorMatrix, were tested in uniaxial tension. Preconditioning under cyclic loading of 2 N was conducted to stabilize the mechanical response of the tissue. The influence of rehydration time on the mechanical properties of the tissue was evaluated. Results suggested that the stiffness of SIS-ECM decreased with longer rehydration time. Considering the application of CorMatrix in pericardial closure, the native pericardium samples were also tested. The comparison indicated that the native pericardium is softer than rehydrated CorMatrix. This work can facilitate the surgeons to better choose the appropriate rehydration time when conducting the extracardiac implantations, such as pericardial reconstruction, pericardial closure, etc.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Prediction of adsorption of xenon in zeolite NaA with molecular density functional theory

The Tarazona model of molecular density functional theory is used to determine the adsorption isotherm and the density distribution of xenon atoms in zeolite NaA. We consider the alpha cage of NaA to be fully three-dimensional and we introduce a basis set for the density distribution to make the solution computationally tractable. The results of this density functional theory model are compared to previous results of grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations for the same system.
Factors Influencing the Use of Captions by Foreign Language Learners: An Eye‐Tracking Study

This study investigates caption-reading behavior by foreign language (L2) learners and, through eye-tracking methodology, explores the extent to which the relationship between the native and target language affects that behavior. Second-year (4th semester) English-speaking learners of Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish watched 2 videos differing in content familiarity, each dubbed and captioned in the target language. Results indicated that time spent on captions differed significantly by language: Arabic learners spent more time on captions than learners of Spanish and Russian. A significant interaction between language and content familiarity occurred: Chinese learners spent less time on captions in the unfamiliar content video than the familiar, while others spent comparable times on each. Based on dual-processing and cognitive load theories, we posit that the Chinese learners experienced a split-attention effect when verbal processing was difficult and that, overall, captioning benefits during the 4th semester of language learning are constrained by L2 differences, including differences in script, vocabulary knowledge, concomitant L2 proficiency, and instructional methods. Results are triangulated with qualitative findings from interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Factors promoting vitellogenic competence and yolk deposition in the cockroach ovary: The post-ecdysis female

Abstract Incorporation of labelled histidine into a follicle cell product was shown to be juvenile hormone-dependent in Periplaneta americana . After 30 min the labelling was localized in the follicle cell cytoplasm, followed by labelling of intercellular spaces between the follicle cells after 60 min, and finally labelling of cortical yolk spheres after 120 min. Synthesis of the follicle cell product was observed exclusively in ovarian follicles participating in yolk formation. DNA synthesis was observed in follicle cell nuclei of ovarian follicles from the early stages of follicle differentiation to chorion formation. The evidence indicates that, although ovarian follicles exhibit protein synthetic responses to juvenile hormone in adult females, incorporation of thymidine into follicular nuclei suggests that changes in the cell cycle after adult ecdysis do not necessarily affect sensitivity to juvenile hormone.
INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PUERTO RICO, ARGENTINA, AND MEXICO*

Has economic growth in developing countries led to increasing inequality in the size distribution of income? Following a brief review of the advantages and deficiencies of several traditional measures of income distribution, the author examines the evidence from Puerto Rico, Argentina, and Mexico in recent years. The findings suggest that the income shares received by the lower half and by the top 5 per cent of families in Puerto Rico and Mexico have declined from 1950 to 1963, while the income shares received by the bottom nine deciles of families in Argentina have also fallen during the same period. The rising Gini ratio and standard deviation of the logs of income, both indicating greater inequality, contrast with a declining coefficient of variation for all three countries. More detailed sectoral distributions for each year reveal greater equality within agriculture than non-agriculture for Puerto Rico and Mexico, while Argentina and the United States demonstrate less equality within agriculture. The trends in the countrywide distributions are consistent with the observation of the increasing differential between sectors, the increasing weight of the more unequal sector, and the increasing level of inequality within both sectors. These trends, however, are qualified by the particular set of measures which are applied to the data. Finally, the author speculates on possible explainations for these trends in terms of changes in the crop and industry mix.
The changing demographics of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the United States.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCA) has declined in the United States since the late 1970s. During this time, substantial immigration from other countries has occurred, and the average lifespan has increased. We tested the hypothesis that these trends have altered the HNSCCA patient population. Study Design: Retrospective analysis was made of population-based data from the SEER database, a national registry capturing roughly 10% of all U.S. cancer diagnoses. Methods: We examined all unique diagnoses of HNSCCA in the database from 1976 to 1999 and determined the breakdown of cases by age, sex, and race. Results: The absolute number of new HNSCCA diagnoses per year declined overall by 5% during the time period of the study, whereas new diagnoses in patients older than 74 years of age increased by more than 20%. The rate of HNSCCA per 100,000 person-years in elderly women did not change, and the rate in elderly men decreased, indicating that the observed increase in cases is explained by a growing population of elderly persons at risk. An increase in the absolute number of cases, but not the incidence rate, was also seen among persons younger than 50 years of age. Although both the absolute number of new cases and the incidence rates of HNSCCA in white male patients declined substantially, the percentage of HNSCCA patients classified as minorities increased from 14.5% to more than 20% of all cases. During the time period of the study, the overall number of HNSCCA cases in nonwhite and Hispanic patients increased by 36%. Conclusion: Increasing numbers of elderly and minority patients with HNSCCA are likely to alter patterns of disease and utilization of health care resources.
Quality control for ICs: Manufacturing methods and screening procedures that are good enough today will have to be improved dramatically for the next generation of ICs

Although ICs today are highly reliable-their failure rates are as low as 3 per billion part-hours for TTL circuits, and 320 for a 5-volt microcomputer-far higher reliability will be required for the more complex very large-scale-integration devices the manufacturers will introduce in the late 1980s. The higher reliability can only be achieved, however, through new manufacturing methods and total commitment of top management to more rigorous quality assurance programs. Future devices will require ICs with failure rates no higher than 0.1 to 1 failure per billion part-hours.
Antidepressants and chronicnonmalignant pain: A review

Abstract Chronic nonmalignant pain is frequently accompanied by depression and the antidepressants have been reported to be effective in the treatment of chronic pain and depression. This article discusses the characteristics for the ideal study of antidepressants and chronic nonmalignant pain. Studies of antidepressants and antidepressant/neuroleptic combinations are reviewed. Recommendations for the use of antidepressants in clinical situations are offered.
Chemical DNA Synthesis and Recombinant DNA Studies

Chemically synthesized DNA has been used in many recombinant DNA studies. These uses have included the total synthesis and cloning of functional genes, the cloning and expression of natural genes, and editing of changing genes by directed mutation.
Franchising and the choice of self-employment

Abstract This paper reports the findings of a study of the decision to purchase a franchise within the broader context of the decision to become self-employed. The sample is taken from individuals who had indicated an interest in self-employment and franchising three years prior to the current study. In the interim, some had purchased franchises, some had opened or bought independent businesses, and some had remained employed by others. The differences among these groups are examined. Some support was found for the posited relationship between the personal benefits of self-employment and the decision to purchase a franchise or independent business. The importance attached to the financial and business benefits of franchising is positively related to the decision to purchase a franchise. Finally, there was some evidence that franchising offered greater choice of sectors. Franchisees were less likely than independent business owners to operate within sectors where they had previous experience.
Small bowel volvulus in children: its appearance on the barium enema examination.

Two children with small bowel volvulus diagnosed on barium enema examination are reported. In one patient the volvulus was associated with malrotation and in the other patient there was a post-operative peritoneal adhesion. In both cases the diagnosis was based on “beaking” of the head of the barium column at the site of volvulus. Radiographic demonstration of a “beak” sign in the small bowel on barium enema examination should suggest a diagnosis of small bowel volvulus, and indicates the need for immediate surgery.
Optical receiver using silicon APD for space applications

Laser altimetry and deep space communications are two typical applications requiring very low noise optical receivers in order to achieve detection of weak and short optical pulse. Avalanche photodiode is the detector of choice for its high quantum efficiency, compact size, reduced electronics complexity and its ability to operate in a radiation-hard environment. Optimal operating condition in terms of APD gain and temperature is the key to maximize the signal to noise ratio. This paper describes the model and the measured performance of a hybrid optical receiver using a TE cooled Silicon Avalanche Photodiode. Receiver performance in terms of responsivity and NEP will be presented as a function of temperature, signal power and APD Gain. A brief discussion of radiation impact on noise is also presented. A NEP of only 5fW/sqrt(Hz) has been obtained with a bandwidth of 200MHz in linear mode at a wavelength of 1060nm.
Hidden Regular Variation and Detection of Hidden Risks

Hidden regular variation requires regular variation on &#x1d53c; = [0, ∞] d \ {(0, 0,…, 0)} and another regular variation on the sub-cone , where &#x1d543; i is the ith axis. We extend this concept to sub-cones of &#x1d53c;(2) as well. We suggest a procedure for detecting hidden regular variation, and when it exists, propose a method of estimating the limit measure exploiting its semi-parametric structure. We give an example where hidden regular variation yields improved estimates of probabilities of risk sets.
Modelling simple helically delivered dose distributions

In a previous paper, we described quality assurance procedures for Hi-Art helical tomotherapy machines. Here, we develop further some ideas discussed briefly in that paper. Simple helically generated dose distributions are modelled, and relationships between these dose distributions and underlying characteristics of Hi-Art treatment systems are elucidated. In particular, we describe the dependence of dose levels along the central axis of a cylinder aligned coaxially with a Hi-Art machine on fan beam width, couch velocity and helical delivery lengths. The impact on these dose levels of angular variations in gantry speed or output per linear accelerator pulse is also explored.
Starting flow over spoilers, double steps and cavities

The development of two-dimensional vortex patterns in accelerating flow starting from rest has been investigated by streakline visualization and documented in photographic sequences. We considered flow over spoilers, double steps and cavities. A limited parametric analysis is provided for some of the photographic results.
Numerical results on the indirect exchange interaction in crystalline and amorphous metals

Abstract Computer simulation of the indirect exchange interaction is carried out for a single tight-binding s-band in ordered (simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic) and amorphous (relaxed dense-random-packed) structures. All cases show very similar features in the spatial dependence of the interaction, with no attenuation being observed in the amorphous structure. The structural dependence of the phase coherence of the electron wavefunctions is analysed. Effects due to alloying are briefly discussed.
Profiles of College Students Demonstrating Learning Disabilities With and Without Giftedness

The purpose of this study was to analyze the assessment profiles of two groups of adults with learning disabilities. The first group comprised 48 adults (34 men and 14 women) demonstrating giftedness and a learning disability profile (G/LD). The second group of 46 adults (31 men and 15 women) demonstrated a learning disabled profile without giftedness (NG/LD). Both groups of participants were either attending or planning to attend college and sought testing at a university-affiliated learning disabilities center. Participants' mean age was 20 years, and all were White and from middle to upper-middle class backgrounds. Findings indicate that, as a group, the adults demonstrating a G/LD profile tended to be identified later and have more discrepancy among cognitive assessment profile scores than the NG/LD group. Cognitive subtest scores showed significant differences between the groups, but also several areas of weakness evident in both groups regardless of the presence of giftedness. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying the presence of learning disabilities among gifted populations.
Annual report disclosure: are american reports superior?

This article examines the extent and quality of corporate financial disclosure among the largest publicly-held corporations in seven countries during the 1963 to 1972 period. The evidence presented suggests that the generalization of American superiority in annual report disclosure is a tenuous one at best.
Morphology and Neurochemical Characteristics of the Vulnerable Neurons in Brain Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Since the classical descriptions of the symptomatology and neuropathologic characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we have witnessed a considerable increase in the knowledge of the morphologic and molecular features not only of AD, but also of normal brain aging. In spite of this progress, the pathogenetic events that differentiate normal brain aging from the early stages of dementia and may lead eventually to AD are not completely understood. This article reviews the possible relationships between the localization of cellular pathologic changes in AD and the distribution of neuronal components of the hippocampal and neocortical circuitry that are affected by these alterations. The relative vulnerability or resistance of a given neuronal type to the degenerative process is discussed in order to provide correlates of the distribution of cellular pathologic changes, neurochemical phenotype related to vulnerability, and affected hippocampal and neocortical circuits.
ANALOGS OF THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE USING AN AMINOGLYCINE-BASED TEMPLATE

Abstract Novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, pGlu-His-Pro-NH 2 ) analogs, made by solid phase, were derived from the general scaffold pGlu-(D/L)Agl(X)-Pro-NH 2 where Agl = aminoglycine. Analogs ranged from X being a proton to an acylating agent derived from substituted (aromatic heterocyclic rings) formic or acetic acids or an aminotriazolyl moiety (3′-amino-1H-1′,2′,4′-triazolyl) built on N α of aminoglycine or N β of α,β-diaminoproprionic acid (Dpr). X was expected to mimic the electronic and structural characteristics of the imidazole ring of histidine. Analogs were purified by HPLC, characterized by mass spectrometry and isolated as either diastereoisomeric mixtures or pure isomers. Analogs, tested for their binding affinity to mouse pituitary TRH receptors, have apparent equilibrium inhibitory constants >1 μM.
Monitoring of Photodegradation Process of Various Benzothiazoles by HPLC and UV Spectrometry: Application of LC-MS in Photoproduct Identification

Abstract A simple gradient elution reverse-phase liquid chromatography method, together with UV spectrometry, was used for monitoring of the photodegradation process of various benzothiazoles. A combination of liquid chromatography (LC) with a photodiode array detector (PDA) and an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detector (ESI-MS) was further used for identification of photoproducts. Separation was accomplished on a Hypersil ODS column with acetonitrile-water gradient at detection wavelength of 255 nm. Formic acid or ammonium acetate were used as additives in the positive or negative mode of ionization with the ESI-MS detector.
Carrier involvement in buyer‐supplier strategic partnerships

Refers to the recent trend to utilize strategic alliances and partnerships for securing both goods and services. Additionally, the supply chain management concept is gaining more acceptance as a method of sustaining a competitive advantage in global markets. Although the literature explores strategic partnerships within both the buyer and supplier context and the shipper and logistics context, there has been little attempt to link these relationships in order to explore multi‐firm interactions. Examines existing buyer‐supplier strategic partnerships and the role of carriers used to transport the particular items sourced within these partnerships through an in‐depth case study methodology of firms engaged in identifiable three‐party relationships. There are two primary objectives of this research: to assess the carriers’ perceived importance and degree of participation within the buyer‐supplier partnerships; and to explore further the relationship between strategic partnerships and supply chain management by presenting more detailed information from firms involved in three‐way relationships. Of interest to carriers, manufacturers, purchasers and academics.
Thermoelectric Properties of Silicon Nanowire Array and Spin-on Glass Composites Fabricated with CMOS-compatible Techniques

Silicon nanowires (NWs) are promising thermoelectric materials as they offer large reductions in thermal conductivity over bulk Si without a significant decrease in the Seebeck coefficient or electrical conductivity. In this work, interference lithography was used to pattern a square lattice photoresist template over 2 cm x 2 cm Si substrates. The resulting vertical Si NW arrays were 1 μm tall with a packing density of ~15%, and the diameter of the Si NWs were 80 - 90 nm. The Si NW arrays were then embedded in spin-on glass (SOG) to form a dense composite material with a measured thermal conductivity of 1.45 W/m-K at 300 K. Devices were fabricated for cross-plane Seebeck coefficient measurements and the Si NW/SOG composite was found to have a Seebeck coefficient of roughly -284 μV/K, which is similar to bulk Si with the same doping. We also report a combined power generation of 29.3 μW from both the Si NW array and Si substrate with a temperature difference of 56 K and 50 μm x 50 μm device area.
Intramolecular screening effects in nondilute polymer solutions: An equation‐of‐state approach

In a previous article, we presented a simple modification of the traditional Flory–Huggins theory that took intramolecular screening effects (or same chain contacts) into account. In this article, we present a natural extension of that work, in which free-volume effects are also explained with an equation-of-state model. The predictions of the interaction parameter, χ, for several polymer–solvent systems are presented, over the entire concentration range, in θ solvents and good solvents. A geometric mean assumption is applied to the calculation of an exchange energy interaction term. The predictions of χ are successful to various degrees when internal pressures are used, whereas the use of solubility parameters in most cases produces fairly good agreement with experimental results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2911–2922, 2003
Time-of-flight measurements of the mass-to-charge ratio of positive ion emission accompanying fracture

When non-metals are fractured, electrons and positive ions are emitted. We report our first time-of-flight measurements of the mass-to-charge ratio (M/q) of the positive ion emission (PIE) from the fracture of Kevlar and E-glass fibres and aluminium oxide coatings. Although the uncertainty is relatively large, theyM/q observed suggest that for these materials PIE is a result of molecular and atomic fragments being produced during fracture.
DOES THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CORPS IMPROVE PHYSICIAN SUPPLY IN UNDERSERVED LOCATIONS

and the decision of where to locate in subsequent years may be endogenous. The results of this study are consistent with previous findings that participation in the Corps decreases the tendency to stay in the original location, even when controlling for self-selection into the program. Second, a broader measure of programmatic success is proposed. If enrollees do not remain in their initial practice locations but subsequently locate in other communities with low access to primary health care, then the program has increased access to health care in medically underserved communities. An accurate measure of the program's effectiveness should incorporate this benefit. Data obtained from the American Medical Association [1997] allow the geographical positioning of every physician in the United States for 1981, 1986, 1991, and 1996. By comparing locational choices of NHSC enrollees with those of non-enrollees, the extent to which these federal programs decrease inequities through subsequent actions (that is, after the completion of the subsidy) can be determined. Two main questions are pursued in this paper: 1. To what extent does the use of the broader metric of program success proposed here - subsequent service to undeserved communities - affect the evaluation of the program's success? If the evaluation of the program takes notice of the externalities inherent in these types of programs, is a more favorable evaluation of the program obtained?