cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Theory and Practice of Applied Social Research

This essay contrasts basic and applied social research, noting that the major partion of applied social research is pursued outside academic settings. Several reasons are given for this pattern, in...
A TRILOGY OF FUNCTION: CAN WE BE ALL THINGS TO ALL PEOPLE IN GERONTOLOGICAL TRAINING?

Three particular functions of higher education institutions are examined with reference to possible and appropriate tasks related to gerontological education and training. A series of matrices, each dealing with one component of educational gerontology and the three functions, provides a model that could serve as a means of allocating resources and identifying appropriate involvement of the institutions.
Overweight and Hypertension A Review

The interrelationships between hypertension and obesity, two common and major health hazards, are reviewed. Comparisons of simultaneous intra-arterial and cuff blood pressure measurements indicate in general that the association between blood pressure and body weight is real and independent of arm circumference. Hypertension is more common among the obese than among the nonobese and, conversely, a significant proportion of hypertensive persons in the population are overweight. Obese hypertensive subjects experience a greater risk of coronary heart disease than the nonobese, and mortality rates for obese hypertensive persons are higher than for those with obesity alone or hypertension alone. Weight reduction has been shown to lower blood pressure, and it may bring about a more favorable prognosis in obese hypertensive persons. Possible mechanisms that may be responsible for the frequent association between obesity and hypertension have been discussed. Irrespective of the underlying pathophysiologic mechani...
Correction of symptomatic cerebral malperfusion due to acute type I aortic dissection by transcarotid stenting of the innominate and carotid arteries

Introduction Acute proximal aortic dissection may be complicated by stroke due to malperfusion of the arch vessels. We report a novel case of successful endovascular treatment of acute cerebral malperfusion due to a dissection involving the aortic arch. Case Report A 66 year old man was transferred from another hospital with an acute type I aortic dissection and underwent emergent repair of the aortic valve and ascending aorta with a composite graft. Left hemiplegia and altered cognitive function were noted on postoperative day 1. A carotid duplex scan showed partial thrombosis of the right carotid artery with very slow flow and reversal of flow in the right vertebral artery. A head CT was normal, while a head MRI and MR angiogram showed intraluminal defects in the inominate and right carotid arteries and perfusion abnormality of the entire right middle cerebral artery territory, but only small infarcts of watershed areas. The patient underwent stenting of the right carotid and inominate arteries through the right carotid artery with complete resolution of a large pressure gradient that was noted prior to stenting. The patient's left hemiplegia and cognitive impairment subsequently resolved during his inpatient hospitalization. On follow up five months later, he had a normal neurologic exam and MRI showed old watershed infarcts but no perfusion abnormality. On most recent follow-up 2.5 years after treatment, he remains well and a CT angiogram shows that his stented vessels remain patent. Conclusion Endovascular techniques may be safely applied to correct cerebral malperfusion that results from type I aortic dissection.
QEEG Changes during Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Relationship to Postoperative Neuropsychological Function:

The relationship of changes in intraoperative QEEG and postoperative cognitive function was studied in 32 patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). All patients were anesthetized with a high dose narcotic technique in which CPB was carried out using moderate hypothermia. EEG recorded continuously throughout each procedure was analyzed using the neurometric technique. Neuropsychological (NP) evaluations were administered to all patients before, 1 week and 2-3 months postoperatively. A decrement in postoperative performance of 2 standard deviations in two or more tests from preoperative testing was defined as a new cognitive deficit. Of the patients studied, 40.6% demonstrated a new postoperative cognitive deficit at 1 week. At 2-3 months postoperatively, 28.1% continued to show a cognitive deficit. Discriminant analysis of the QEEG as a function of NP performance was calculated at select times during the surgical procedure. QEEG prediction of NP performance was just above chance at the 1 week comparison but excellent for the 2-3 month comparisons. This study suggests that with appropriate monitoring protocols, intraoperative QEEG may predict cognitive dysfunction experienced by patients 2-3 months postoperatively.
Space, speech, and gesture in human-robot interaction

To enable natural and productive situated human-robot interaction, a robot must both understand and control proxemics, the social use of space, in order to employ communication mechanisms analogous to those used by humans: social speech and gesture production and recognition. My research focuses on answering these questions: How do social (auditory and visual) and environmental (noisy and occluding) stimuli influence spatially situated communication between humans and robots, and how should a robot dynamically adjust its communication mechanisms to maximize human perceptions of its social signals in the presence of extrinsic and intrinsic sensory interference?
Role of Mitochondrial Oxidant Generation in Endothelial Cell Responses to Hypoxia

Endothelial cells increase their secretion of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) during hypoxia, which then acts in an autocrine fashion to increase the permeability of cell monolayers. These responses are attenuated by antioxidants, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in signaling in hypoxic endothelium. We tested whether mitochondria are responsible for these ROS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia. Oxidation of the probe 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein or the probe dihydroethidium was used to assess oxidant signaling, whereas permeability was assessed by using transendothelial electrical resistance. Hypoxia elicited increases in dichlorofluorescein and dihydroethidium fluorescence that were abrogated by the mitochondrial electron transport (ET) inhibitors rotenone (2 micromol/L) and diphenyleneiodonium (5 micromol/L). The same ET inhibitors also attenuated hypoxia-induced increases in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, although they did not abrogate NF-kappaB activation in response to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). ET inhibition also abolished the hypoxia-induced increases in IL-6 mRNA expression, hypoxia-stimulated IL-6 secretion into the media, and the hypoxia-induced increases in transendothelial electrical resistance of human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers. By contrast, the above responses to hypoxia were not significantly affected by treatment with the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin (30 micromol/L), the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol (100 micromol/L), or the NO synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (100 micromol/L). We conclude that ROS signals originating from the mitochondrial ET chain trigger the increase in NF-kappaB activation, the transcriptional activation of IL-6, the secretion of IL-6 into the cell culture media, and the increases in endothelial permeability observed during hypoxia.
Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility

The naive concept of social welfare as a sum of intuitively measurable and comparable individual cardinal utilities has been found unable to withstand the methodological criticism of the Pareto school. Professor Bergson2 has therefore recommended its replacement by the more general concept of. a social welfare function, defined as an arbitrary mathematical function of economic (and other social) variables, of a form freely chosen according to one’s personal ethical (or political) value judgments. Of course, in this terminology everybody will have a social welfare function of his own, different from that of everybody else except to the extent to which different individuals’ value judgments happen to coincide with one another. Actually, owing to the prevalence of individualistic value judgments in our society, it has been generally agreed that a social welfare function should be an increasing function of the utilities of individuals: if a certain situation, X, is preferred by an individual to another situation, y, and if none of the other individuals prefers Y to X, then X should be regarded as socially preferable to y. But no other restriction is to be imposed on the mathematical form of a social welfare function.
Heterogeneous nucleation of molecular and dipolar fluids

Abstract We present a summary of the main properties of an interaction site model for heterogeneous nucleation of molecular and dipolar fluids on charged hard spheres. Density functional theory is used to calculate the work of formation of critical nuclei formed on small spherical particles. Nucleation rates depend on the size and charge of the central seed. Sign preferences lead to rates of nucleation that differ by several orders of magnitude.
Manipulating thermal electromagnetic fields by engineering nanophotonic resonances

We present some of our latest works in manipulating thermal electromagnetic fields. As examples, we demonstrate experimentally that thermal emission of a finite macroscopic emitter can be enhanced beyond the apparent blackbody limit through a thermal extraction scheme. We also present designs that enable daytime radiative cooling.
BECOMING MOTHERS AND FATHERS Parenthood, Gender, and the Division of Labor

This study used two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (1987 to 1988 and 1992 to 1994) to examine the effect of the transition to parenthood on the division of labor among married couples, hypothesizing that parenthood would produce a more differentiated gender division of labor, but that attitudes and preparental division of labor would moderate parenthood. There were no effects of parenthood nor direct or moderating effects of gender attitudes on husbands' employment or housework hours, with the exception that fathering more than one child results in slightly longer employment hours. Motherhood increases wives' housework hours and reduces employment hours. Wives' traditional gender attitudes reduce their employment, but not their housework. Women married to full-time breadwinners have the largest reductions in employment after motherhood. Last, wives' initial economic dependency increases wives' subsequent housework and husbands' employment. Parenthood crystallizes a gendered divisi...
Soft tissue preservation system: Applications.

Abstract The soft tissue preservation system (STPS) is emerging as a method of expressing the degree of soft tissue present on an ancient human body (mummy). In this system the intact body is divided into five anatomic segments (head, thorax, pelvis, arms and legs). Each of these segments is assigned a maximal potential number of five “points.” In use, the examiner views the external surface of the disrobed mummy and estimates the degree to which soft tissue covers the underlying bone in each of the five segments. The values for each segment are added, and the total sum represents the “STP” score for that mummy. When large numbers of mummies are excavated, a subgroup is commonly assigned for complete autopsy dissection including examination of the internal organs. While such autopsies provide the most information if the internal organs are preserved, currently we have no method to predict soft tissue presence prior to dissection. This study was designed to determine whether the STP score correlates with the degree of visceral organ preservation. We reviewed the detailed autopsy records and photos of 282 spontaneously desiccated mummies from northern Chile's Atacama Desert. We found that their STP scores were predictive of internal organ preservation.
Nuclear proteins and prolactin-induced annexin Icp35 gene transcription.

Annexin Icp35 is the major PRL-stimulated gene in the pigeon cropsac. The regulation of its promoter has been studied by in vitro assays for nuclear protein binding and transcription. Proteins present in nuclear extracts of PRL-stimulated, but not control, pigeon cropsac contained factors which specifically bound to sequences within 73 base pairs upstream of the cp35 transcription start point. The binding of some of the factors was localized to a region between -32 and -73 by gel-shift assays. Cell-free transcription was used to determine whether the cp35 promoter could be influenced by factors present in cropsac nuclear extract. HeLa cell nuclear extract transcribed the cp35 gene at a basal rate. Transcription of the cp35 gene, but not adml, was synergistically enhanced by nuclear extract from PRL-stimulated cropsac. Nuclear extract from unstimulated pigeon cropsacs did not stimulate either cp35 or adml transcription. A template from which sequences upstream of the cp35 gene TATA box were deleted was tra...
Near-field and far-field stimulation of cardiac muscle

Recent theoretical models predict specific spatial distribution of cardiac transmembrane potentials (Vm) around and between the stimulating electrodes during electrical stimulation or defibrillation. Therefore it is desirable to measure the coupling between applied current and Vm during and following the time span of the stimulus pulse. Confounding electrical artifacts can be circumvented through the use of optical recordings.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Distribution of thyroid, parathyroid, and ultimobranchial hypocalcemic factors in birds. II. Morphology, histochemistry, and hypocalcemic activity of pigeon thyroid glands.

Thyroid lobes from five common and six White Carneaux pigeons were cut into fragments which were assayed biologically for their calcitonin content. Pooled, alternate tissue slices from the individual thyroid lobes of 18 additional White Carneaux pigeons were assayed; the remaining tissue slices were prepared for light and electron microscopy or for demonstration of histochemical properties associated with the APUD system of polypeptide hormone-producing cells, including: α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, acetylcholinesterase, nonspecific cholinesterase, esterase, argyrophilia, and production of fluorogenic monoamines. Calcitonin was present at all cephalo-caudal levels within pigeon thyroid lobes and was concentrated in peripheral, as opposed to central areas of the lobes. White Carneaux left thyroid lobes contained 34–225 MRC U of calcitonin/g tissue. Twelve of 18 right lobes lacked detectable calcitonin; the remaining six lobes contained 12–46 MRC U/g. Microscopy revealed a population of granulated cells that were found only in peripheral regions of lobes containing measurable calcitonin. These cells resemble mammalian thyroid parafollicular cells ultrastructurally. They appear to be surrounded by amine-containing, argyrophilic nerve fibers. Of the histochemical characteristics of mammalian “C” cells tested, only amine-precursor uptake could be correlated with the presence of calcitonin and granulated cells in the thyroid gland of the White Carneaux pigeon.
Characteristics of dexamethasone binding to hippocampal cytosol receptors.

This study was designed to clarify an in vitro system which could be used to study the time course, kinetics, and specificity of [3H]-dexamethasone (DM) binding in hippocampal cytosol. Maximal binding, as measured by chromatography through Sephadex LH-20 mini-columns, was attained by 6 h and maintained to 24 h when the incubation medium contained 20 mM Tris, 20% glycerol, 50 mM KC1, 20 mM monothioglycerol, pH 7.8. Cytosol from adrenalectomized pigs exhibited a 50% greater capacity to specifically bind DM than that from unadrenalectomized pigs. Non-specifically bound DM averaged 18 ± 5% of total [3H]-dm bound. The calculated Kd was 1.07 × 10−10 M and the maximum number of binding sites was 3.0 × 10−14 moles/mg protein. Thirty-three hours were required for the dissociation of half of the specifically bound [3H]-DM. Instability of the complex increased as incubation temperature was raised. Binding activity was diminished by competition with glucocorticoid or anti-glucocorticoid hormones and by incubation with proteolytic enzymes. It was demonstrated that DM binding in porcine serum is limited and that possible contamination of this system with CBG had negligible effects. Thus a glucocorticoid receptor exists in porcine hippocampal cytosol and can be characterized by its high affinity and specificity as different from CBG.
Plasma-cavity ringdown spectroscopy (P-CRDS) for elemental and isotopic measurements

Plasma-cavity ringdown spectroscopy (P-CRDS) was first introduced for trace elemental measurements in 1997. During the last decade, this technique has rapidly advanced from the initial demonstration of the basic concept to the latest (prototype) instrumentation. P-CRDS has been demonstrated to be a powerful technique for ultra-sensitive elemental and isotopic analysis of trace metals, radionuclides, and isotopes existing in solid, vapor, and/or liquid phases. Utilizing various plasma sources, such as an inductively coupled plasma (ICP), a microwave-induced plasma (MIP), and a tube-shaped MIP, and different laser sources, namely, pulsed and continuous wave lasers, several elements and isotopes, including Pb, 238U, 235U, Hg, Sr, and Mn, as well as the fine structures of Hg, have been measured with P-CRDS, and the detection limits have ranged from μg mL−1 to pg mL−1 levels. This paper presents a critical review of the P-CRDS technique with an emphasis on its application in elemental and isotopic analysis. Some critical issues encountered in the application of P-CRDS and its technological development during the last ten years, such as sensitivity, spectral interference, plasma optimization, evolution of plasma sources, laser beam behavior in the plasma, laser source effects, and instrument configurations are discussed. Technological and scientific barriers to be overcome for eventual instrumentation in the field of atomic/isotopic spectrometry, including (1) portable UV laser sources, (2) novel plasma sources, and (3) detection of multiple analytes, are also discussed.
MUSCARINIC M3 AND EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS ACTIVATE MUTUALLY INHIBITORY SIGNALING CASCADES IN HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA SH-SY5Y CELLS

Regulatory interactions among individual receptor-coupled signal transduction systems are critically important for establishing cellular responses in the face of multiple stimuli. In this study, potential regulatory interactions between signal transduction systems activated by growth factor receptors and by G-protein-coupled receptors were examined using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells which express endogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) and muscarinic M3 receptors. Activation of muscarinic receptors with carbachol was found to inhibit EGF-induced signaling, including tyrosine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Cbl and of the EGF receptor, and complex formation between Shc proteins and the EGF receptor and Grb2. Protein kinase C, which is activated by muscarinic M3 receptors, mediated this inhibitory cross-talk. Activation of EGF receptors was found to inhibit muscarinic receptor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. Reactive oxygen species, which are formed as components of the EGF signaling cascade, mediated this inhibitory cross-talk. These mutual inhibitory interactions demonstrate novel mechanisms for neuronal integration of multiple signals generated by activation of receptors by neurotransmitters and growth factors.
Remote tactile sensing glove-based system

A complete glove-based master-slave tactile feedback system was developed to provide users with a remote sense of touch. The system features a force-sensing master glove with piezoresistive force sensors mounted at each finger tip, and a pressure-transmitting slave glove with silicone-based pneumatically controlled balloon actuators, mounted at each finger tip on another hand. A control system translates forces detected on the master glove, either worn by a user or mounted on a robotic hand, to discrete pressure levels at the fingers of another user. System tests demonstrated that users could accurately identify the correct finger and detect three simultaneous finger stimuli with 99.3% and 90.2% accuracy, respectively, when the subjects were located in separate rooms. The glove-based tactile feedback system may have application to virtual reality, rehabilitation, remote surgery, medical simulation, robotic assembly, and military robotics.
AUDIO-RECORDING EFFECTS UPON JUDGMENT RELIABILITY OF CHILDREN'S /r/ MIS ARTICULATION

Summary.--Six trained observers rated children's /r/ articulation adequacy in repeated sentence contexts live and from audio-recordings. Inter-judge reliability was unaffected by mode of stimulus presentation However, correct/ incorrect values assigned to responses were systematically lower in the recorded analysis. This effect was greater for unstressed vocalic /r/ than for consonantal /r/. Results are discussed with reference to effects of analysis derived from audio-recordings upon studies of allophonic differentiation of /r/ rnisarticularion in children. Studies of children's articulatory behavior have most commonly involved investigation of certain factors related to subjects' performance. Such factors include phonetic context of the target allophone (Curtis & Hardy, 1959; Hoffman, Schuckers, & Ratusnik, 1977; Mazza, Schuckers, & Daniloff, in press), chronological age (Templin, 1957; Prather, Hedrick, & Kern, 1975), and auditory discrimination ability (Aungst & Frick, 1964; McReynolds, Kohn, & Williams, 1975). Articulatory assessment procedures utilized in these studies consisted primarily of perceptual tasks which required specific examiner decisions (Noll, 1970). As such, task/performance/decision validity is, in part, dependent upon factors which affect examiner judgments. Most frequently reported indices of examiner's reliability include measures of inter-judge and intra-judge agreement. As a result of intra-subject response variability, assessment of intra-judge consistency demands the use of audio or audio-visual recordings. Investigators have traditionally utilized recorded speech samples to determine intra-inter-judge reliabilities and specific values of subject's responses. Since effects of recording on judgments of articulatory proficiency have, generally, been accepted without question, such methodology is tenuous. Stephens and Daniloff (1977) determined that effects of audio-recording upon perception of /s/ misarticulation significantly reduced judges' reliability. Judges who rated children's production of /s/ during sentence repetitions live did not rate them in a similar manner from audio-recordings. Lack of intraexaminer reliability may, in part, be interpreted as lack of validity for audio-recording analysis. Effects reported by Stephens and Daniloff were specific to /s/ articu1ation-a high frequency sound not well discriminated from other fricatives via recorded analysis (Scharf, 1968). Judgments of other phonemes
Prenatal alcohol exposure decreases the number of nitric oxide synthase positive neurons in rat superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray.

Abstract Because nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the development and refinement of axonal projections and synapses, it is of interest to know if developmental alcohol exposures affect NO producing neurons. Pregnant rats were fed artificial liquid diet throughout gestation as the only fluid or caloric source. The diet for experimental dams contained ethanol (6.7% v/v) while the pair-fed diet for control dams contained isocaloric maltose–dextrin instead of ethanol. This ethanol diet regime is known to produce peak blood alcohol concentrations of approximately 140 mg%. Cells stained histochemically for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were counted at postnatal day 15 (P15) and 35 (P35) in cross-sections of the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the superior colliculus (SC) and in the dorsolateral column of the periaqueductal gray (dlPAG). Compared to control tissues, alcohol caused the following effects: In the SC, the areal density of NOS+ neurons was decreased 24% at P15 but a similar decrease in means at P35 was not statistically significant ( P =0.10); soma size was unaffected at either P15 or P35. In the dlPAG, both the areal density and the total number of NOS+ neurons per section were unaffected at P15 but were decreased at P35 (33% and 37% decreases); soma size was unaffected at either P15 or P35. The decrease in NOS+ neurons in the SC at P15 could be expected to have a negative impact on the refinement of neuronal connections while the decreases in NOS+ neurons in the dlPAG at P35 likely represent more permanent effects that could alter the function of that nucleus.
Schur functors for the symplectic group

The purpose of this work is to describe some new connections between the characteristic-free representation theories of the symplectic group and the corresponding general linear group (Theorem 2.2 and Theorem 2.6).
Familial influence in unipolar depression: Effects of parental cognitions and social adjustment on adult offspring

As part of an ongoing study of risk factors for unipolar depression in adult first-degree relatives of depressed probands, we have evaluated the relationship between cognitions and social adjustment in parents and adult offspring. Asymptomatic relatives of families with at least one parent with major depression, of families with no affected parent, and of normal control families were assessed. Maternal social adjustment was associated with both negative thinking and social adjustment in adult offspring. These effects were independent of the influence of personal history of depression in offspring, an effect that also influenced offspring thinking and social adjustment. These findings suggest that impairments in social adjustment in mothers may persist well beyond an episode and influence the adjustment and thinking of at least some of their offspring. Within the context of parent-child interaction, increased vulnerability for depression in offspring of depressed parents may be mediated in part by the enduring impact of these factors.
Behavioral decrements persist in rhesus monkeys trained on a serial probe recognition task despite protection against soman lethality by butyrylcholinesterase

Recently, it has been demonstrated that an exogenously administered enzyme such as butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) can prevent death in rhesus monkeys exposed to multiple-lethal doses of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor soman when the enzyme is given prior to soman exposure (3). We report that despite BuChE protecting against soman-induced lethality, behavioral effects are seen in these monkeys which last for at least 6 days as measured by performance on a serial probe recognition (SPR) task. Analyses of the serial position curves showed that performance was lower on the probe trials when the probe items were from the middle of the list than when the probe items were from the beginning or end of the list which were unaffected. BuChE given alone also produced behavioral effects, causing all animals not to respond on the probe trials until 8 h following BuChE administration. Taken together, these findings suggest that the BuChE is not completely binding all of the soman and that a concentration of soman which is capable of causing behavioral effects may be entering the CNS.
Scattering of Internal Waves at Finite Topography in Two Dimensions. Part II: Spectral Calculations and Boundary Mixing

Abstract The scattering of internal gravity waves at finite topography is studied theoretically and numerically for a two-dimensional finite-depth ocean. In Part I a single incident plane wave was considered. Here a random superposition of incident waves is considered with a spectrum derived from the Garrett and Munk spectrum. The topography is either a slope–shelf or ridge configuration with the bottom being flat in the far fields. The incident energy flux is partitioned into reflected and transmitted waves and redistributed in modenumber space. The scattering is irreversible. In frequency space topography acts like a filter. Waves with frequencies lower than the critical frequency are reflected. Waves with frequencies higher than the critical frequency are transmitted onto the shelf or across the ridge. In modenumber space, both the reflected and transmitted flux spectra are flatter than the incident spectrum, indicating a transfer from low to high modenumbers. This transfer is accompanied by an increas...
Genetic Loci of Streptococcus mitis That Mediate Binding to Human Platelets

The direct binding of bacteria to platelets is a postulated major interaction in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. To identify bacterial components that mediate platelet binding by Streptococcus mitis, we screened a Tn916ΔE-derived mutant library of S. mitis strain SF100 for reduced binding to human platelets in vitro. Two distinct loci were found to affect platelet binding. The first contains a gene (pblT) encoding a highly hydrophobic, 43-kDa protein with 12 potential membrane-spanning segments. This protein resembles members of the major facilitator superfamily of small-molecule transporters. The second platelet binding locus consists of an apparent polycistronic operon. This region includes genes that are highly similar to those of Lactococcus lactis phage r1t and Streptococcus thermophilus phage 01205. Two genes (pblA and pblB) encoding large surface proteins are also present. The former encodes a 107-kDa protein containing tryptophan-rich repeats, which may serve to anchor the protein within the cell wall. The latter encodes a 121-kDa protein most similar to a tail fiber protein from phage 01205. Functional mapping by insertion-duplication mutagenesis and gene complementation indicates that PblB may be a platelet adhesin and that expression of PblB may be linked to that of PblA. The combined data indicate that at least two genomic regions contribute to platelet binding by S. mitis. One encodes a probable transmembrane transporter, while the second encodes two large surface proteins resembling structural components of lysogenic phages.
Decision Aids and Shared Decision-Making in Neurocritical Care: An Unmet Need in Our NeuroICUs

Improved resuscitation methods and advances in critical care have significantly increased the survival of patients presenting with devastating brain injuries compared to prior decades. After the patient's stabilization phase, families and patients are faced with "goals-of-care" decisions about continuation of aggressive intensive care unit care or comfort care only (CMO). Highly varying rates of CMO between centers raise the question of "self-fulfilling prophecies." Disease severity, the physician's communication and the family's understanding of projected outcomes, their uncertainties, complication risks with continued care, physician bias, and the patient's and surrogate's wishes and values all influence a CMO decision. Disease-specific decision support interventions, decision aids (DAs), may remedy these issues in the neurocritical care unit, potentially leading to better-informed and less-biased goals-of-care decisions in neurocritically ill patients, while increasing decision knowledge, confidence, and realistic expectations and decreasing decisional conflict and regret. Shared decision-making (SDM) is a collaborative process that enhances patients' and proxies' understanding about prognosis, encourages them to actively weigh the risks and benefits of a treatment, and considers the patient's preferences and values to make better decisions. DAs are SDM tools, which have been successfully implemented for many other conditions to assist difficult decision-making. In this article, we summarize the purposes of SDM, the derivation of DAs, and their potential application in neurocritical care.
Cut-and-paste editing of multiresolution surfaces

Cutting and pasting to combine different elements into a common structure are widely used operations that have been successfully adapted to many media types. Surface design could also benefit from the availability of a general, robust, and efficient cut-and-paste tool, especially during the initial stages of design when a large space of alternatives needs to be explored. Techniques to support cut-and-paste operations for surfaces have been proposed in the past, but have been of limited usefulness due to constraints on the type of shapes supported and the lack of real-time interaction. In this paper, we describe a set of algorithms based on multiresolution subdivision surfaces that perform at interactive rates and enable intuitive cut-and-paste operations.
Application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography retention coefficients for predicting peptide elution with TFA and methanesulfonic acid ion-pairing reagents

Hydrophilic retention coefficients for 17 peptides were calculated based on retention coefficients previously published for TSKgel silica-60 and were compared with the experimental elution profile on a Waters Atlantis HILIC silica column using TFA and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as ion-pairing reagents. Relative peptide retention could be accurately determined with both counter-ions. Peptide retention and chromatographic behavior were influenced by the percent acid modifier used with increases in both retention and peak symmetry observed at increasing modifier concentrations. The enhancement of net peptide polarity through MSA pairing shifted retention out by nearly five-fold for the earliest eluting peptide, compared with TFA. Despite improvements in retention and efficiency (N(eff)) for MSA over TFA, a consistent reduction in calculated selectivity (alpha) was observed. This result is believed to be attributed to the stronger polar contribution of MSA masking and diminishing the underlying influence of the amino acid residues of each associated peptide. Finally, post-column infusion of propionic acid and acetic acid was evaluated for their potential to recover signal intensity for TFA and MSA counter-ions for LC-ESI-MS applications. Acetic acid generally yielded more substantial signal improvements over propionic acid on the TFA system while minimal benefits and some further reductions were noted with MSA.
Telomere Regulation During the Cell Cycle in Fission Yeast

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has emerged as a useful model organism to study telomere maintenance mechanisms. In this chapter, we provide detailed protocols for quantitative ChIP and BrdU incorporation analyses to investigate how fission yeast telomeres are regulated during the cell cycle by utilizing cdc25-22 synchronized cell cultures.
Towed Horizontal Resistance and Spontaneous Potential Survey off Sabine Pass, Texas: ABSTRACT

A program of electrical measurements on unconsolidated marine sediments was started by the geologic oceanographers at Texas A&M University in 1968. It consisted of measuring resistance and spontaneous potential on extruded cores and in situ in the field, and correlating the electrical values with various sediment and geotechnical properties. The present phase of research concentrates on delimiting and defining sediment lithologies using a towed horizontal array. Several combinations and electrode spacings were tried across Heald Bank, off Sabine Pass, Texas. Bottom-water and sediment samples were collected from well-defined submarine lithologies. Preliminary results indicate that the spontaneous potential is uniformly highest in mud and clay areas. Large variations occur over shelly sands and shell debris. Resistance is largely uniform across Heald Bank, with relative values depending on electrode End_Page 2208------------------------------ separation. Towed electrical measurements are complementary to high-resolution subbottom profiling. Sediment samples collected from Heald Bank were placed in a small wooden trough to appraise some of the properties that control the sediments' resistance and spontaneous potential as well as to obtain insight into the relation between depth of measurement with various electrode spacings. The experimental electrical studies show the same spontaneous potential variations as were found over Heald Bank. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2209------------
Phase Behavior, 3‐D Structure, and Rheology of Colloidal Microsphere–Nanoparticle Suspensions

A new route for tailoring the behavior of colloidal suspensions through nanoparticle additions is reviewed. Specifically, the interparticle interactions, phase behavior, 3-D structure, and rheological properties of microsphere–nanoparticle mixtures that possess both high charge and size asymmetry are described. Negligibly charged microspheres, which flocculate when suspended alone, undergo a remarkable stabilizing transition upon the addition of highly charged nanoparticles. The formation of a dynamic nanoparticle halo around each colloid induces an effective repulsion between the microspheres that promotes their stability. With increasing nanoparticle concentration, the colloids again undergo flocculation because of the emergence of an effective microsphere attraction, whose magnitude exhibits a quadratic dependence on nanoparticle volume fraction. The broader impact of these observations on colloidal stabilization and assembly of advanced ceramics is highlighted.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bismuth Sulfide and Bismuth Telluride Nanorods and their Polyaniline Nanocomposites

We present here a simplified approach to the synthesis of bismuth sulfide and bismuth telluride nanorods and their polyaniline(PAN)-coated nanocomposites. The present method gives highly crystalline nanorods of bismuth sulfide of varying aspect ratio depending on the capping ligand employed, and involves reacting bismuth(III) trioleate with thioacetamide in phenyl ether at elevated temperatures in the presence of excess capping ligand. Bismuth telluride was obtained in high yields by reacting bismuth(III) trioleate with trioctylphosphine telluride at relatively low temperature. Oleic acid, sodium dodecylsulfonate and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, used as capping ligands, did not have significant effect on the aspect ratio of Bi 2 Te 3 nanorods. The nanostructured materials obtained this way were then coated with polyaniline (PAN) by heating a specific amount of material with half as much PAN in toluene close to reflux temperature for 6–8 h. It was necessary to keep the mixture thoroughly stirred and intermittently sonicated in order to ensure that the particles remain dispersed at all times. Bismuth chalcogenide nanoparticles as well as their composites were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction.
Leg Heat Content Continues to Decrease during the Core Temperature Plateau in Humans Anesthetized with Isoflurane

BACKGROUND Sufficient hypothermia during anesthesia provokes thermoregulatory responses, but the clinical significance of these responses remains unknown. Nonshivering thermogenesis does not increase metabolic heat production in anesthetized adults. Vasoconstriction reduces cutaneous heat loss, but the initial decrease appears insufficient to cause a thermal steady state (heat production equaling heat loss). Accordingly, the authors tested the hypotheses that: 1) thermoregulatory vasoconstriction prevents further core hypothermia; and 2) the resulting stable core temperature is not a thermal steady state, but, instead, is accompanied for several hours by a continued reduction in body heat content. METHODS Six healthy volunteers were anesthetized with isoflurane (0.8%) and paralyzed with vecuronium. Core hypothermia was induced by fan cooling, and continued for 3 h after vasoconstriction in the legs was detected. Leg heat content was calculated from six needle thermocouples and skin temperature, by integrating the resulting parabolic regression over volume. RESULTS Core temperature decreased 1.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C in the 1 h before vasoconstriction, but only 0.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C in the subsequent 3 h. This temperature decrease, evenly distributed throughout the body, would reduce leg heat content 10 kcal. However, measured leg heat content decreased 49 +/- 18 kcal in the 3 h after vasoconstriction. CONCLUSIONS These data thus indicate that thermoregulatory vasoconstriction produces a clinically important reduction in the rate of core cooling. This core temperature plateau resulted, at least in part, from sequestration of metabolic heat to the core which allowed core temperature to remain nearly constant, despite a continually decreasing body heat content.
LMNA mutation in a 45 year old Japanese subject with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder phenotypically characterised by many features of premature aging.1–3 The characteristic features include short stature, prominent eyes, micrognathia, craniofacial disproportion, loss of subcutaneous fat, alopecia, beaked nose, “plucked-bird” appearance, coax valga, pathologic bone fractures, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disorders. At birth, the appearance of patients with HGPS is generally normal, but by 1 year of age patients show severe growth retardation, balding, and sclerodermatous skin changes. They average ~1 m in height and usually weigh less than 15 kg even as teenagers. The age at death ranges from 7 to 28 years, with a median age of 13.4 years. Over 80% of deaths are due to heart attacks or congestive heart failure. We previously reported an extraordinarily long-lived patient with HGPS who survived to age 45.4 At birth he appeared normal and his large head was noted at 1 year. Growth retardation was first noticed at the age of 12. He began to lose his hair during childhood and had total alopecia at age 20. When we examined him at the age of 44, he was 132 cm in height and 24.5 kg in weight and had all of the characteristic features listed above. He died of myocardial infarction at age 45. Thus, compared to classical cases of HGPS, the onset of the disease in our patient was late and it took a longer time to develop full-blown HGPS. Recently, mutations in the lamin A/C gene ( LMNA ) which cause classical cases of HGPS have been identified.5–7 The molecular mechanism by which these mutations produce the characteristic manifestations of HGPS remains to be elucidated. Therefore, it is of great interest to investigate the molecular basis of our patient, which allowed him to live about three fold longer than classical …
Initial Boundary‐Value Problems for a Pair of Conservation Laws

We describe a multiple-scale technique for solving the initial boundary-value problem over the positive x-axis for a one-dimensional pair of hyperbolic conservation laws. This technique involves decomposing the solution into waves and incorporating slow temporal and stretched spatial scales in different parts of the solution domain. We apply these ideas to a wavemaker problem for shallow water flow and show why the presence of source terms in the conservation laws makes the analytic solution more complicated.
Investigation of Speech Samples from Typically Developing Preschool Age Children: A Comparison of Single Words and Imitated Sentences Elicited with the PABA-E

i List of Tables iv List of Figures v Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review 2 Chapter 3: Method 20 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion 32 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implications 61 References 67 Appendix A: Parent Survey of Language Development 72 Appendix B: PABA-E Single-Word and Imitated Sentences Lists 74
Discrimination of fluorinated uridine metabolites in N‐417 small cell lung cancer cell extracts via 19F‐ and 31P‐NMR

31 P-NMR extract spectra of N-417 Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) cells cultured with fluorouridine (FUrd) reveal new peaks with chemical shifts in the diphosphodiester and nucleoside triphosphate regions. These peaks were identified as FUTP, FUDP, FUDP-glucose, FUDP-glucuronate, FUDP-GlcNAc, and FUDP-GalNAc via enzymatic conversion and 19 F-and 31 P-NMR analysis. Distinct 19 F chemical shifts were assigned for FUTP, FUDP, and the FUDP-sugars
Recruit the Student: Adapting Persuasion to Audiences.

Objective: To create persuasive strategies based on the characteristics of the persuadee Course: Basic
Factors associated with inadequate colorectal cancer screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy

Abstract Background and study aim : Inadequate colorectal cancer screening wastes limited endoscopic resources. We examined patients factors associated with inadequate flexible sigmoidoscopy (FSG) screening at baseline screening and repeat screening 3–5 years later in 10 geographically-dispersed screening centers participating in the ongoing Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Methods : A total of 64,554 participants (aged 55–74) completed baseline questionnaires and underwent FSG at baseline. Of these, 39,385 participants returned for repeat screening. We used logistic regression models to assess factors that are associated with inadequate FSG (defined as a study in which the depth of insertion of FSG was Results : Of 7084 (11%) participants with inadequate FSG at baseline, 6496 (91.7%) had 30kg/m 2 ) was associated with reduced odds (OR=0.67; 95% CI: 0.62–0.72). Inadequate FSG screening at baseline was associated with inadequate FSG at repeat screening (OR=6.24; 95% CI: 5.78–6.75). Conclusions : Sedation should be considered for patients with inadequate FSG or an alternative colorectal cancer screening method should be recommended.
Frustration Theory and Quality of Performance: Elicitation and Elimination of Competing Responses:

Within a Hull-Spence framework, an attempt is made to elucidate the implications of “frustration theory” regarding the quality of complex task performance. A distinction is made between the specifi...
Adaptive depression, affective computing, and intelligent processing

Adaptive depression is part of the intelligent-not just human-condition. Intelligent systems need to detect patterns of failure in memory, retreat from dangerous environments, explain failures, rehearse new behaviors off-line, and return to new, quick, successful behavior, until their environment changes again. Computer models of adaptive depression are examples of affective computing, why and how to give computers not just reasoning but emotion as well, and have important implications for intelligently adaptable, autonomous robots and software agents.
NEW-ONSET SENSORY LOSS OR ALTERATION

New-onset sensory loss often poses a problem for emergency physicians because of the vast array of potential causes for this condition and the imprecision patients display in explaining their condition. This article reviews potential causes of particular interest to the emergency physician and illustrates approaches to sensory alteration complaint with case studies.
Magnetoelectric Effects in Antiferromagnetics

Spin-ordered materials may exhibit a magnetic polarization which is proportional to an applied electric field and an electric polarization which is proportional to an applied magnetic field. In this paper a comprehensive discussion is given of the present knowledge of these magnetoelectric (ME) effects. The specific topics covered include the thermodynamic and magnetic symmetry considerations which are relevant to the ME effects and also to the piezomagnetic and piezomagnetoelectric effects. The major part of the paper is a review of the experimental and theoretical work on ME effects in Cr2O3 carried out by the present authors. This includes measurements of the anisotropy of the ME effects, theory of the temperature dependence and atomic mechanism of the ME effects, observation of the magnetically as well as of the electrically induced ME effect, experiments on magnetic annealing and other structure sensitive aspects of ME effects, and the role of antiferromagnetic domains in the interpretation of the results.