cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineered skeletal muscle tissue for soft robotics: fabrication strategies, current applications, and future challenges

Skeletal muscle is a scalable actuator system used throughout nature from the millimeter to meter length scales and over a wide range of frequencies and force regimes. This adaptability has spurred interest in using engineered skeletal muscle to power soft robotics devices and in biotechnology and medical applications. However, the challenges to doing this are similar to those facing the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine fields; specifically, how do we translate our understanding of myogenesis in vivo to the engineering of muscle constructs in vitro to achieve functional integration with devices. To do this researchers are developing a number of ways to engineer the cellular microenvironment to guide skeletal muscle tissue formation. This includes understanding the role of substrate stiffness and the mechanical environment, engineering the spatial organization of biochemical and physical cues to guide muscle alignment, and developing bioreactors for mechanical and electrical conditioning. Examples of engineered skeletal muscle that can potentially be used in soft robotics include 2D cantilever-based skeletal muscle actuators and 3D skeletal muscle tissues engineered using scaffolds or directed self-organization. Integration into devices has led to basic muscle-powered devices such as grippers and pumps as well as more sophisticated muscle-powered soft robots that walk and swim. Looking forward, current, and future challenges include identifying the best source of muscle precursor cells to expand and differentiate into myotubes, replacing cardiomyocytes with skeletal muscle tissue as the bio-actuator of choice for soft robots, and vascularization and innervation to enable control and nourishment of larger muscle tissue constructs. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Applicability of demand assigned multiple access (DAMA) waveforms for the integrated broadcast service (IBS)

The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction CJCSI 6251.01, "Ultrahigh Frequency Satellite Communications Demand Assigned Multiple Access Requirements", 31 July 1996, mandates that "All users of non-processed UHF MILSATCOM are required to have DAMA terminals that are interoperable in accordance with MIL-STD-188-181, MIL-STD-188-182, and MIL-STD-188-183". The Integrated Broadcast Service (IBS) Operational Requirements Document (ORD) as a result has directed that "IBS must comply with Joint Staff 5 kHz and 25 kHz mandates and the Joint Staff Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) mandate". The DAMA goal of providing relief for overburdened UHF satellite assets may result in performance degradation that is prohibitive to the nature and growth of intelligence dissemination. Comparison and analysis of IBS requirements with DAMA protocols and latencies as well as evolving protocols will help ensure prudent decisions can be made regarding the use of defense satellite communications resources.
Compensatory Justice and Social Institutions

Moral philosophers are fond of the dictum “ought implies can” and even deontologists normally admit the need to take account of consequences in the design of social institutions. Too often, however, philosophers fail to take advantage of the knowledge provided by the social sciences about the constraints and consequences of alternative forms of social organization. By discussing ideals in abstraction from the problems of institutionalization, they fail at least to see some of the important consequences and costs of a proposed ideal, and sometimes they fail even to understand the ideal itself.
Chloride Channels: Often Enigmatic, Rarely Predictable

Until recently, anion (Cl(-)) channels have received considerably less attention than cation channels. One reason for this may be that many Cl(-) channels perform functions that might be considered cell-biological, like fluid secretion and cell volume regulation, whereas cation channels have historically been associated with cellular excitability, which typically happens more rapidly. In this review, we discuss the recent explosion of interest in Cl(-) channels, with special emphasis on new and often surprising developments over the past five years. This is exemplified by the findings that more than half of the ClC family members are antiporters, and not channels, as was previously thought, and that bestrophins, previously prime candidates for Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, have been supplanted by the newly discovered anoctamins and now hold a tenuous position in the Cl(-) channel world.
Defining language delay in young children by cognitive referencing: Are we saying more than we know?

One current definition of language delay, on the basis of the Cognitive Hypothesis model, assumes that children who have similar levels of language and cognitive development are unlikely to gain from specific language intervention. Children who have cognitive skills developed to a greater degree than their language skills, in contrast, are identified as appropriate candidates for specific language facilitation. In order to examine this premise, the present study compares the effects of language intervention over a 1-year period for two groups of young children with delayed language: one group with cognitive skills markedly above their language level, and the other group with similar delays in cognitive and language skills. Eighteen subjects (13 boys, 5 girls, mean age 4;11) had cognitive skills developed above their language level, and 32 subjects (20 boys, 12 girls, mean age 5;3) had similar delays in language and cognition. Evaluation measures were Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), MLU, Preschool Language Assessment Instrument, and Basic Language Concepts Test (BLCT). Of the four measures, only the BLCT resulted in significant gain differences favoring the students with higher cognitive than language skills. PPVT-R standard scores indicated that both groups made gains at a faster rate during intervention than prior to intervention. Clinical implications of the results are discussed.
A server- and browser-transparent CSRF defense for web 2.0 applications

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities constitute one of the most serious web application vulnerabilities, ranking fourth in the CWE/SANS Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors. By exploiting this vulnerability, an attacker can submit requests to a web application using a victim user's credentials. A successful attack can lead to compromised accounts, stolen bank funds or information leaks. This paper presents a new server-side defense against CSRF attacks. Our solution, called jCSRF, operates as a serverside proxy, and does not require any server or browser modifications. Thus, it can be deployed by a site administrator without requiring access to web application source code, or the need to understand it. Moreover, protection is achieved without requiring web-site users to make use of a specific browser or a browser plug-in. Unlike previous server-side solutions, jCSRF addresses two key aspects of Web 2.0: extensive use of client-side scripts that can create requests to URLs that do not appear in the HTML page returned to the client; and services provided by two or more collaborating web sites that need to make cross-domain requests.
Measurement of SAR-induced temperature increase in a phantom and in vivo with comparison to numerical simulation

Purpose To compare numerically simulated and experimentally measured temperature increase due to specific energy absorption rate from radiofrequency fields. Methods Temperature increase induced in both a phantom and in the human forearm when driving an adjacent circular surface coil was mapped using the proton resonance frequency shift technique of magnetic resonance thermography. The phantom and forearm were also modeled from magnetic resonance image data, and both specific energy absorption rate and temperature change as induced by the same coil were simulated numerically. Results The simulated and measured temperature increase distributions were generally in good agreement for the phantom. The relative distributions for the human forearm were very similar, with the simulations giving maximum temperature increase about 25% higher than measured. Conclusion Although a number of parameters and uncertainties are involved, it should be possible to use numerical simulations to produce reasonably accurate and conservative estimates of temperature distribution to ensure safety in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 71:1923–1931, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IRBIT Mediates Trafficking and Activation of Na+,K+-ATPase by Angiotensin II

Na+ reabsorption by the kidney is tightly regulated to maintain Na+, fluid and blood pressure homeostasis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a critical role in Na+ reabsorption in the kidney during health and diseases conditions. Na+,K+-ATPase on the basolateral membrane is one of the important targets subjected to Ang II regulation. However, the mechanism by which Ang II activates Na+,K+-ATPase remains poorly understood. We have previously shown that IRBIT (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor binding protein released with inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate) binds and activates Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE3) in response to Ang II. By mass spectrometry analysis, we identified IRBIT as a novel binding protein of Na+,K+-ATPase, prompting us hypothesize that IRBIT might coordinate transcellular Na+ absorption by regulating apical NHE3 and basolateral Na+,K+-ATPase. Indeed, overexpression of IRBIT resulted in a greater activation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity by Ang II in OKP cells, whereas lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown of I...
Extreme scale data management in high performance computing

Extreme scale data management in high performance computing requires consideration of the end-to-end scientific workflow process. Of particular importance for runtime performance, the write-read cycle must be addressed as a complete unit. Any optimization made to enhance writing performance must consider the subsequent impact on reading performance. Only by addressing the full write-read cycle can scientific productivity be enhanced. The ADIOS middleware developed as part of this thesis provides an API nearly as simple as the standard POSIX interface, but with the flexibility to choose what transport mechanism(s) to employ at or during runtime. The accompanying BP file format is designed for high performance parallel output with limited coordination overheads while incorporating features to accelerate subsequent use of the output for reading operations. This pair of optimizations of the output mechanism and the output format are done such that they either do not negatively impact or greatly improve subsequent reading performance when compared to popular self-describing file formats. This end-to-end advantage of the ADIOS architecture is further enhanced through techniques to better enable asychronous data transports affording the incorporation of 'in flight' data processing operations and pseudo-transport mechanisms that can trigger workflows or other operations.
Pyrite formation via kinetic intermediates through low-temperature solid-state metathesis.

The preparation of materials with limited phase stabilities yet high kinetic activation barriers is challenging. Knowledge of their possible formation pathways aids in addressing these challenges. Metathesis reactions present an approach to circumvent these barriers; however, solid-state metathesis reactions are often too rapid from extensive self-heating to understand the reaction. The stoichiometric reaction of MCl2 salts (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) with Na2S2 enables the formation of pyrite (FeS2), CoS2, and NiS2 at low temperatures (250–350 °C). Na2S2 has the same polyanionic dimer as found in the pyrite structure, which would suggest the possibility of a facile ion-exchange reaction. However, from high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, the energetic driving force does not appear to result solely from NaCl formation but also from formation of intermediate and pyrite phases. It is apparent that the reaction proceeds through polyanionic disproportionation a...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CHAMBER PRESSURE EFFECTS IN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE OXIDIZED HYBRID ROCKETS

This paper presents results from recent firings of labscale hybrid rockets utilizing 85%, stabilized hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer. The combustion process is evaluated for various chamber pressures, and fuel compositions using single-poet polyethylene fuel grains, and operation of a consumable catalytic ignition device is investigated using polymethyl methacrylate fuel grains. Fuel regression tests employed average total mass flux levels between 0.15 and 0.8 (Ibm/in* — s) near the optimum oxidizer to fuel ratio. Chamber pressures ranging from 100 to 400 psia were test fired. Data from these tests were then used to determine combustion efficiency, ignition transient effects and to assess combustion instabilities (nonacoustic).
Proposed isotropic negative index in three-dimensional optical metamaterials

A simple route toward achieving an isotropic optical negative index in three dimensions is theoretically proposed. We show that, in contrast with previous studies, the plasmonic ring resonators, symmetrically split with an odd number of gaps, have both degenerate electric and magnetic resonances and thus provide an isotropic negative index if randomly distributed in a host medium. For an even number of gaps, the electric and magnetic dipoles sufficiently overlap only by additional symmetry breaking, which is demonstrated to allow unique control of the relative contribution from higher-order multipolar moments.
Abstract 1288: GLI2 is a significant determinant of HH-GLI pathway activaton in Ewing sarcoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Ewing Sarcoma is an aggressive bone and soft tissue malignancy of children, adolescents and young adults. Non-canonical activation of the Hedgehog-GLI pathway by the Ewing specifc EWS/FLI1 transcription factor has been shown to mediate important aspects of tumor phenotype. While evidence regarding the role of EWS/FLI1 in direct activation has been published, no one has yet investigated the role of other pathway components in Ewing tumors. Physiologically, GLI2 is the principal transcriptional activator of GLI1 and substantial amounts of GLI2 can be demonstrated in Ewing tumors and cell lines. So we hypothesized that GLI2 may also function in Ewing cells to help to regulate GLI1 and Hedgehog-GLI pathway activaton. Since GLI2 can be targeted by pharmacologic means, understanding its role in Ewing tumors is of potential significance. We demonstrate that GLI2 is expressed at significant levels in Ewing tumors. Furthermore, we show by overexpression studies, that GLI2 overexpression augments expression of both GLI1 and other pathway targets in Ewing cell lines. By using shRNA, we also demonstrate that knockdown of GLI2 expression has the expected effect of diminishing GLI 1 expression in Ewing lines. Finally, we show that treatment with GLI inhibitors also diminishes GLI2 activation of GLI1. Overall, these data indicate that GLI2 in Ewing cells exists in an activator state in Ewing cells and that pharmacologic means of targeting GLI2 may be an effective strategy for targeted therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1288. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1288
Effects of urethane on living tissue.

Conclusions(1) Doses of urethane simulating those used in the topical treatment of infected wounds in man are not productive of toxic parenchymal changes in the organs of guinea pigs subjected to prolonged daily subjcutaneous injections. The animals remained healthy and gained weight.(2) A marked mesenchymal cells reaction was consistently seen in the lungs and to a lesser extent in the liver and myocardiuim of urethane treated animals.
ICME - Application of the Revolution to Titanium Structures

In June 2011, the President announced a national manufacturing initiative. The goals of this initiative are to bring industry, universities, and the federal government together to develop a dynamic domestic advanced manufacturing sector. [1] He called this the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership, with the objective of supporting the emerging technologies and skills to encourage companies to invest in the United States.
Current management of the dilated urinary tract in prune belly syndrome

SUMMARY Upper urinary tract stasis, poor bladder emptying, vesicoureteral reflux, and bacteriuria in various combinations are the factors that have led to a poor long-term prognosis in patients with prune belly syndrome. Whether these factors are best controlled by medical treatment or by surgical correction has been the source of some controversy. Although medical treatment may have improved over the years, so have the results of reconstructive surgery. Because the syndrome is a spectrum disorder, there will certainly be many patients who require little or no surgical intervention. The majority, however, will benefit from carefully planned and well-executed reconstructive surgery. Even in these cases, there should be a period of medical treatment and surveillance with interval re-evaluation. In a few patients, early stabilization will not be possible, and a drainage procedure such as vesicostomy will be necessary in the first days of life. Regardless of how an individual patient might be treated, he will require long-term follow-up surveillance. As more long-term results are reported, the optimal treatment plan should become more obvious.
EFFECT OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AT THE SURFACE OF A K//2O. 3SiO//2 GLASS.

Afin d'evaluer l'influence de la production de chaleur a l'extremite d'une fissure durant la rupture d'un verre sur la composition superficielle, on a utilise la technique de simulation de dynamique moleculaire en ordinateur pour determiner l'influence de la temperature sur la distribution des ions a la surface nouvellement formee d'un verre K 2 O-3SiO 2 . Les temperatures utilisees etaient approximativement 350, 600, 900 et 1500°C
Propagating Uncertainty in Power-System DAE Models With Semidefinite Programming

This paper outlines a convex-optimization-based method to estimate maximum and minimum bounds on states of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) that describe the electromechanical dynamics of power systems while acknowledging parametric and input uncertainty in the model. The method is based on a second-order Taylor-series approximation of the DAE-model state trajectories as a function of the uncertainties. A key contribution in this regard is the derivation of a DAE model that governs the second-order trajectory sensitivities of states to uncertainties in the model. Bounds on the states are then obtained by solving semidefinite programs, where the objective is to maximize/minimize the Taylor-series approximations subject to constraints that describe the uncertainty space. While the computed bounds are approximate (since they are derived from a Taylor-series approximation of the state trajectories) the method nevertheless is an efficient system-theoretic approach to uncertainty propagation for power-system DAE models. Numerical case studies are presented for a DAE model of the IEEE 39-bus New England system to demonstrate scalability and validate the approach.
Culture And Poverty

Scholars have increasingly focused on the ideological motivations for national Progressive Era welfare policies by examining a few eastern or midwestern cities; relief efforts in rural communities and the American West have been largely overlooked. What shaped local Progressive Era relief policies was not new social welfare ideas but, rather, local circumstances-economies, settlement patterns, environmental conditions, religious beliefs, kinship ties, philanthropic practices, and local of�cials' decisions. Because these circumstances varied from county to county, stark differences appear when examining local relief practices. Who received aid, assistance levels, durations on relief, and types of aid varied considerably between two rural Colorado counties, Costilla and Lincoln. Local circumstances also affected attempts to transform annuities and rations on the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation into a form of poor relief. The decentralized nature of America's welfare state allowed these dramatic differences in relief practices to become a de�ning element of the Progressive Era.
Proteomic Analysis of Targeted Therapeutic Agents in Multiple Myeloma (MM).

The objective of this study was to analyze protein changes that occur a the molecular level with novel therapeutic agents used in MM in order to identify potential combinations for clinical trials. We employed antibody protein microarrays (BD Clonetech, CA) to measure changes in the patterns of protein expression in Kas 6/1 MM cell line after treatment with bortezomib, dexamethasone, CC-5013, and 17-AAG. The antibody array is a new technique that assays protein differences directly by hybridizing fluorescently labeled protein mixtures from cell extracts onto glass slides spotted with 512 different monoclonal antibodies specific for human proteins. Induction of apoptosis was assessed by Annexin/Propidium iodide FACS analysis at 24 and 48 hours using different concentrations of the inhibitors. Protein arrays were performed at concentrations and treatment times that did not induce more than 25% apoptosis to ensure adequate analysis of early changes in signaling pathways. Bortezomib 5nM at 10 hours, dexamethasone 100mM, CC-5013 250nM, and 17-AAG 1mM at 24 hours were used. Control cells were treated with vehicles ETOH or DMSO at the same concentrations as the inhibitors. To assess differential protein expression, the mean of the Cy5/Cy3 ratios for each sample and its control were analyzed using the Clontech software and an internally normalized ratio (INR) was calculated. INR values >1.3 or
Unrecognized coronary vasospasm in patients referred for percutaneous coronary intervention: Intracoronary nitroglycerin, the forgotten stepchild of cardiovascular guidelines.

Objective The goal of this study was to demonstrate the importance of intracoronary nitroglycerin (IC NTG) administration during diagnostic coronary angiography and prior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background PCI has been a mainstay treatment for patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. While current guidelines emphasize the importance of periprocedural antithrombotic medications, they fail to mention the use of nitroglycerin prior to PCI. Methods Retrospective chart and angiographic review was performed to identify patients referred for PCI who had significant angiographic stenoses that resolved after administration of IC NTG. Results The study group consisted of 6 patients (3 men, 3 women) with mean age 52 ± 4years (range 46–57 years). All had anginal symptoms and significant (>70%) stenosis on diagnostic coronary angiography. None had documented ST segment elevation. The median interval between diagnostic and staged PCI procedures was 3 days. IC NTG was not administered to any of the patients at the time of diagnostic coronary angiography. In each case, repeat coronary angiography following administration of IC NTG (155 ± 46 mcg) before planned PCI demonstrated resolution of the target stenosis. PCI was deferred and all patients were successfully managed medically. Conclusion Coronary artery spasm is an under-recognized cause of chest pain in patients with significant angiographic lesions. Coronary spasm should be suspected especially in younger patients (less than 60 years old) with apparent single vessel disease. IC NTG should be routinely administered during diagnostic angiography and before PCI to avert unnecessary coronary interventions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Combination of Preoperative Bone Marrow Lesions and Partial-Thickness Cartilage Loss Did Not Result in Inferior Outcomes After Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to compare patient-reported outcomes and revision rates between medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) patients based on the presence of medial bone marrow lesions (BMLs) and/or partial- vs full-thickness cartilage loss. Methods BMLs were graded on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings from 174 UKAs performed between 2009 and 2013 using the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score criteria by a single evaluator blinded to the patient's outcome. A second evaluator blinded to the MRI findings and postoperative outcomes assessed medial joint space present on both weight-bearing and valgus stress radiographs. Preoperative and postoperative Knee Society Knee Scores, Pain Scores, and Function Scores were then compared between 4 groups of patients: patients with BML with either partial- or full-thickness cartilage loss, and patients without BML with either partial- or full-thickness cartilage loss. Results In total, 152 of 174 (87%) patients had minimum 2-year follow-up. One patient in the no BML/full-thickness loss group was converted to total knee arthroplasty secondary to arthrofibrosis; however, there were no statistical differences in revision rate between the 4 groups as no other revisions were performed ( P = .61). Similarly, preoperative and postoperative Knee Society Knee Scores, Pain Scores, and Function Scores did not differ between groups, nor did postoperative University of California, Los Angeles activity scores. Conclusion Medial tibial BMLs were not associated with inferior outcomes, either in patients with partial- or full-thickness cartilage loss. Although the current results do not allow for the presence of preoperative BML to be considered an indication for UKA, these results definitively support that BMLs are not a contraindication for medial UKA.
Chronic Daily Headache in Young Adolescents

Investigators at Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, studied the incidence and risk factors of chronic daily headache (CDH) in a field cohort of 3342 adolescents aged 13 to 14 in 3 middle schools, from 2005 to 2007.
Robust Incentive Policies for Stochastic Decision Problems in the Presence of Parametric Uncertainty

Abstract In this paper we consider a general class of stochastic incentive decision problems in which the leader has access to the control value of the follower and to private as well as common information on the unknown state of nature, The follower's cost function depends on a finite number of parameters whose values are not known accurately by the leader, and in spite of this parametric uncertainty the leader seeks a policy which would induce the desired behavior on the follower. We obtain such robust policies for the leader, which are smooth, induce the desired behavior at the nominal values of these parameters, and furthermore make the follower's optimal reaction either minimally sensitive or totally insensitive to variations in the values of these parameters from the nominals. The general solution is determined by some orthogonality relations in some appropriately constructed (probability) measure spaces, and leads to particularly simple incentive policies. The features presented here are intrinsic to stochastic decision problems and have no counterparts in deterministic incentive problems.
A laboratory-calibrated model of coho salmon growth with utility for ecological analyses

We conducted a meta-analysis of laboratory- and hatchery-based growth data to estimate broadly applicable parameters of mass- and temperature-dependent growth of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Following studies of other salmonid species, we incorporated the Ratkowsky growth model into an allometric model and fit this model to growth observations from eight studies spanning ten different populations. To account for changes in growth patterns with food availability, we reparameterized the Ratkowsky model to scale several of its parameters relative to ration. The resulting model was robust across a wide range of ration allocations and experimental conditions, accounting for 99% of the variation in final body mass. We fit this model to growth data from coho salmon inhabiting tributaries and constructed ponds in the Klamath Basin by estimating habitat-specific indices of food availability. The model produced evidence that constructed ponds provided higher food availability than natural tributarie...
Therapeutic Change in a Christian SUD Program: Mental Health, Attachment, and Attachment to God

This study of women who entered a residential Christian substance use disorder (SUD) program explored areas of co-occurring mental health symptoms, alcohol and substance abuse histories, attachment...
Influence of Cover Crops on Management of Amaranthus Species in Glyphosate- and Glufosinate-Resistant Soybean

A field study was conducted for the 2014 and 2015 growing season in Arkansas, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee to determine the effect of cereal rye and either oats, radish, or annual ryegrass on the control of Amaranthus spp. when integrated with comprehensive herbicide programs in glyphosate-resistant and glufosinate-resistant soybean. Amaranthus species included redroot pigweed, waterhemp, and Palmer amaranth. The two herbicide programs included were: a PRE residual herbicide followed by POST application of foliar and residual herbicide (PRE/POST); or PRE residual herbicide followed by POST application of foliar and residual herbicide, followed by another POST application of residual herbicide (PRE/POST/POST). Control was not affected by type of soybean resistance trait. At the end of the season, herbicides controlled 100 and 96% of the redroot pigweed and Palmer amaranth, respectively, versus 49 and 29% in the absence of herbicides, averaged over sites and other factors. The PRE/POST and PRE/POST/POST herbicide treatments controlled 83 and 90% of waterhemp at the end of the season, respectively, versus 14% without herbicide. Cover crop treatments affected control of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth and soybean yield, only in the absence of herbicides. The rye cover crop consistently reduced Amaranthus spp. density in the absence of herbicides compared to no cover treatment.
Restraining complexity and scale traits for component-based simulation models

From understanding our distant past to building systems of future, useful simulations demand "efficient models". Standing in the way is the twofold challenge of restraining complexity and scale of models. We describe these traits in view of component-based model development. We substantiate the roles complexity and scale play in view of modeling formalisms. We propose semi-formal modeling methods, in contrast to formal, are suitable for qualifying/quantifying model complexity and scale. For structural abstractions, we use class and component models. For behavioral abstractions, we use activity and state machines models. Furthermore, we consider these traits from the vantage point of having families of component-based models. We exemplify the concept and approach by developing families of DEVS models in the CoSMoS framework supporting DEVS-based activity and state machines models that persist in relational databases across multiple model development sessions. We conclude by discussing future research directions for real-time and heterogeneous model composability.
Pediatric Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Bronchial carcinoid tumor, while rare, remains the most common primary malignant lung tumor in children. We present a retrospective analysis of 7 patients with typical bronchial carcinoid tumors diagnosed at 2 pediatric tertiary care referral centers between 1990 and 2014. The most common presenting symptom was pneumonia, followed by respiratory distress. Somatostatin scans were performed in selected patients. All patients had negative resection margin following surgery and were alive without disease at last follow-up. Typical carcinoid tumors have a good prognosis following definitive surgical resection. A review of published literature on pediatric bronchial carcinoid tumors is provided.
Pulmonary hemorrhage in infancy: A 10-year single-center experience.

Aim Pulmonary hemorrhage in infancy is rare, with challenges in determining its incidence, causes, and outcomes across diverse groups. Our aim was to better understand the incidence and identified causes. We further analyzed the subgroup of patients meeting criteria for acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage of infancy (AIPHI) to determine recurrence, mortality, and treatment. Methods We performed a 10-year retrospective cohort study of infants with pulmonary hemorrhage in a large tertiary care center. One-hundred fifty-seven patients overall were identified. Results The most common diagnoses in infants with pulmonary hemorrhage were congenital heart disease (36.6%), prematurity/premature lung disease (34.6%), congenital or acquired lung disorders (15.0%), and congenital or acquired coagulopathies (13.7%). Nonaccidental trauma (NAT; n = 3) was also an important cause of pulmonary hemorrhage. All patients diagnosed with NAT had normal retinal examinations and skeletal surveys. Only four patients were identified with AIPHI. There was no mortality in this group of infants. One of four patients with AIPHI had a recurrence. Steroids were the consistent treatment for AIPHI, with a large range of treatment duration. Conclusion Diagnostic studies should focus on identifying non-pulmonary sources of bleeding, infection, underlying lung disease, congenital heart defects, coagulopathies, infection, and NAT, as these were the most frequently identified causes of bleeding. NAT is not adequately identified with ophthalmology exam and skeletal survey. Overall, we found AIPHI to be a rare diagnosis. All of the patients with idiopathic hemorrhage received systemic steroids with varying doses and lengths of treatment.
Memristors with distorted structures.

Structural transitions departing from the known phases of MoTe2 are induced by applying a vertical electric field to multilayers of this material. These distorted structures show distinct conducting states that can be used for resistive memories.
Interferon Lambda Inhibits Bacterial Uptake during Influenza Superinfection

ABSTRACT Influenza kills 30,000 to 40,000 people each year in the United States and causes 10 times as many hospitalizations. A common complication of influenza is bacterial superinfection, which exacerbates morbidity and mortality from the viral illness. Recently, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as the dominant pathogen found in bacterial superinfection, with Streptococcus pneumoniae a close second. However, clinicians have few tools to treat bacterial superinfection. Current therapy for influenza/bacterial superinfection consists of treating the underlying influenza infection and adding various antibiotics, which are increasingly rendered ineffective by rising bacterial multidrug resistance. Several groups have recently proposed the use of the antiviral cytokine interferon lambda (IFN-λ) as a therapeutic for influenza, as administration of pegylated IFN-λ improves lung function and survival during influenza by reducing the overabundance of neutrophils in the lung. However, our data suggest that therapeutic IFN-λ impairs bacterial clearance during influenza superinfection. Specifically, mice treated with an adenoviral vector to overexpress IFN-λ during influenza infection exhibited increased bacterial burdens upon superinfection with either MRSA or S. pneumoniae. Surprisingly, adhesion molecule expression, antimicrobial peptide production, and reactive oxygen species activity were not altered by IFN-λ treatment. However, neutrophil uptake of MRSA and S. pneumoniae was significantly reduced upon IFN-λ treatment during influenza superinfection in vivo. Together, these data support the theory that IFN-λ decreases neutrophil motility and function in the influenza-infected lung, which increases the bacterial burden during superinfection. Thus, we believe that caution should be exercised in the possible future use of IFN-λ as therapy for influenza.
Efficient and Secure Communications in Smart Cities using Edge, Caching, and Blockchain

In this work, we propose using edge computing and caching to enhance wireless communications in terms of bandwidth and delay by leveraging concept of mobile 3C systems (communications, computing, and caching). First we argue that without leveraging concepts of edge computing and caching, the huge burden of data transmission and processing necessary for smart city applications and concept is going to exhaust the current wireless infrastructure. Then we demonstrate the need to merge edge computing with caching to enhance wireless communication needed for massive data collection in smart cities. To address the security concerns of using IoT in smart cities, we propose using a blockchain database to secure communication between the smart city and home devices and sensors. This will provide the scalability that is necessary for data transfer between the massive number of nodes in IoT that current security protocols do not provide.
Unitary qubit lattice algorithms for spin-1 Bose Einstein condensates (BECs)

A unitary qubit lattice gas algorithm is developed for spin-1 BEC and is used to examine vortex reconnections for singular quantum hyperfine linear vortices. It is shown that a simple diagonalizati...
Thinking outside of the cell: Secreted protein kinases in bacteria, parasites, and mammals

Previous decades have seen an explosion in our understanding of protein kinase function in human health and disease. Hundreds of unique kinase structures have been solved, allowing us to create generalized rules for catalysis, assign roles of communities within the catalytic core, and develop specific drugs for targeting various pathways. Although our understanding of intracellular kinases has developed at a fast rate, our exploration into extracellular kinases has just begun. In this review, we will cover the secreted protein kinase families found in humans, bacteria, and parasites. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(6):749-759, 2019.
Internet of Blockchains: Techniques and Challenges Ahead

Recently, we have witnessed a trend that many industries are forming consortiums and attempting to accelerate efficiency and reduce cost by using blockchain technology. Nevertheless, there is a clear missing capability of cross-industry and cross-blockchain interoperability. Currently, most blockchain business networks operate in isolation without external data transfer or multi-blockchain interactions. For blockchain technology to ultimately deliver on its promise, blockchain networks must be able to scale from networks addressing individual business processes to very large scale networks of interconnected decentralized autonomous organizations addressing much larger business problems at the level of entire industries and across industries. In this paper, we envision the inception of Internet of Blockchains (IoB), where homogeneous and heterogeneous decentralized networks communicate to facilitate cross-chain transactions of value, data and state transition. In addition, we also discuss interledger techniques that are essential for enabling industry-scale blockchain networks as well as achieving scalable interconnectivity between disparate, distributed ledgers.
Conformal Radiotherapy for Carcinoma of the Prostate

Although the optimum role for radiotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer (CaP) remains controversial (e.g., Stamey et al. 1993; Kaplan et al. 1993; Bagshaw et al. 1994), there is general agreement as to what the goal of radiotherapy should be when it is used. For both primary and postsurgical treatment of localized CaP a clinical target should ideally be defined three-dimensionally. This target should be treated to a therapeutic, sufficiently high radiation dose while keeping the maximum doses to the bladder, rectum, bowel, and femoral heads as low as possible. The clinical target should consist of at least the prostate gland in the case of a patient with an intact prostate or the preoperative margins of the gland in the case of a postsurgical treatment. Beyond this, the question of exactly what should be included in the clinical target and the question of what is the appropriate dose to the target for a given stage of clinical disease are issues for clinical trials.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Large-Scale Environments of Mesoscale Convective Systems East of the Rocky Mountains

ABSTRACTThe spatiotemporal variability and three-dimensional structures of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) east of the U.S. Rocky Mountains and their large-scale environments are characterized ...
Can I pump here? Availability and awareness of lactation spaces at New Jersey colleges and universities

Objective: To characterize availability, website promotion, and employee awareness of lactation spaces at New Jersey colleges and universities. Participants: Twenty-eight public and private nonprof...
Hypercholesterolemia Accelerates the Aging Phenotypes of Hematopoietic Stem Cells by a Tet1-Dependent Pathway

Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the phenotypes of aging in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). As yet, little is known about the underlying mechanism. We found that hypercholesterolemia downregulates Ten eleven translocation 1 (Tet1) in HSCs. The total HSC population was increased, while the long-term (LT) population, side population and reconstitution capacity of HSCs were significantly decreased in Tet1-/- mice. Expression of the Tet1 catalytic domain in HSCs effectively restored the LT population and reconstitution capacity of HSCs isolated from Tet1-/- mice. While Tet1 deficiency upregulated the expression of p19 and p21 in HSCs by decreasing the H3K27me3 modification, the restoration of Tet1 activity reduced the expression of p19, p21 and p27 by restoring the H3K27me3 and H3K36me3 modifications on these genes. These results indicate that Tet1 plays a critical role in maintaining the quiescence and reconstitution capacity of HSCs and that hypercholesterolemia accelerates HSC aging phenotypes by decreasing Tet1 expression in HSCs.
A "Behind-the-Scenes" Look at Interprofessional Care Coordination: How Person-Centered Care in Safety-Net Health System Complex Care Clinics Produce Better Outcomes.

Introduction: While the effectiveness of team-based care and wrap-around services for high utilizers is clear, how complex care clinics deliver effective, person-centered care to these vulnerable populations is not well understood. This paper describes how interactions among interprofessional team members enabled individualized, rapid responses to the complex needs of vulnerable patients at the Virginia Commonwealth University Health System’s Complex Care Clinic. Methods: Researchers attended twenty weekly care coordination meetings, audio-recorded the proceedings, and wrote brief observational field notes. Researchers also qualitatively interviewed ten clinic team members. Emergent coding based on grounded theory and a consensus process were used to identify and describe key themes. Results: Analysis resulted in three themes that evidence the structures, processes, and interactions which contributed to the ability to provide person-centred care: team-based communication strategies, interprofessional problem-solving, and personalized patient engagement efforts. Conclusion: Our study suggests that in care coordination meetings team members were able to strategize, brainstorm, and reflect on how to better care for patients. Specifically, flexible team leadership opened an inter-disciplinary communicative space to foster conversations, which revealed connections between the physical, and socio-emotional components of patients’ lives and hidden factors undermining progress, while proactive strategies prevented patient’s rapid deterioration and unnecessary use of inappropriate health services.
Alexander duality for parametrized homology

Let X ⊂ R × R with n ≥ 2, let Y = (R × R) \ X , and let p be the projection onto the second factor. We assume that the levelsets Xa for a ∈ R, and slices X a for a < b are compact and locally contractible. If X = (X, p|X) has a well-defined parametrized cohomology, then the pair Y = (Y, p|Y ) has a well-defined reduced parametrized homology. Additionally, for all j = 0, . . . , n− 1: Dgm n−j−1(Y) = Dgm(X), Dgmn−j−1(Y) = Dgmj∧(X), Dgmn−j−1(Y) = Dgmj∨(X), Dgm n−j−1(Y) = Dgmj\\(X). Example The parametrized cohomology of (X, f ) is on the left and the one of the complement on the right.
Origins space telescope intergration and testing

I describe the plans, flows, key facilities, test beds, pathfinders, simulators, and ground support equipment that could be used to fully integrate, functionally test, and qualify the Origins Space Telescope (Origins). The Origins observatory consists of the spacecraft bus module and the cryogenic payload module, which comprises the telescope and three science instruments. The telescope is a three-mirror anastigmat and is composed of four mirrors: three with optical power (the elliptical primary, hyperbolic secondary, and elliptical tertiary mirrors) and a flat field-steering mirror. The three science instruments spanning the wavelength range 2.8 to 588 μm provide the powerful new spectroscopic and imaging capabilities required to achieve the scientific objectives. The Origins Survey Spectrometer uses six gratings in parallel to take multibeam spectra simultaneously across the 25- to 588-μm window through long slits enabling deep three dimensional extragalactic surveys. The far-IR imager/polarimeter provides imaging and polarimetric measurement capabilities at 50 and 250 μm. Its fast mapping enables rapid follow-up of transient or variable sources and efficient monitoring campaigns. The mid-infrared spectrometer simultaneously provides spectroscopy over 2.8 to 20 μm with exquisite stability and precision (<5 ppm between 2.8 and 10 μm, <20 ppm between 11 to 20 μm). All the instruments are delivered for integration and test fully qualified and calibrated. The integration and test program implemented at each level of assembly is discussed as well as the separation of thermal vacuum testing between the hot and cold zones of the observatory.
Innocence killed: Role of propaganda videos in the recruitment of children of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

Children of ISIS have no childhood. They are exposed to extreme violence and targeted by ISIS for recruitment. This study examines the role of ISIS child propaganda videos in catalysing the process...