cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MAKING SCIENCE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL: RESULTS OF A DESIGN EXPERIMENT IN INCLUSIVE CLASSROOMS

Recent science reform documents call for students to develop robust understandings of scientific concepts and reasoning through inquiry-based instruction. The challenge of this goal is increased in heterogeneous inclusive classroom settings with stu- dents identified as having learning disabilities and emotional impairments. This article describes a design experiment conducted over two school years in which we investigated the experiences and outcomes for special needs students in guided inquiry science instruction in upper-elementary grade classrooms (n = 4). Phase 1 ('97-'98) of the design experiment utilized qualitative and quanti- tative data to construct case studies of individual learners with spe- cial needs. Patterns across the cases informed the identification of advanced instructional strategies hypothesized to support special needs students relative to language/cognition, print literacy, atten- tion, and social relations challenges. In Phase 2 ('98-'99), we stud- ied learning outcomes from instruction including the advanced strategies (same teachers, topics as Phase 1). Our findings indicate that in Phase 2 (with the advanced strategies) all students demon- strated significant learning gains over Phase 1 and that special needs and low-achieving students in three of four classes showed changes in understanding comparable to those of normally achiev- ing students. We conclude by identifying implications of these findings for the roles of general and special educators.
NMR Studies of Drugs. Applications of Achiral and Chiral Lanthanide Shift Reagents to Acifran Methyl Ester. LSR Binding to a Multifunctional Substrate.

Abstract The antihyperlipoproteinemic agent, acifran, has been studied as its racemic methyl ester, 1, by 60 MHz 1H NMR in CDC13 solution at 28±1° with the added achiral lanthanide shift reagent (LSR), tris(6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8-heptaf luoro-2, 2-dimethyl-3, 5-octanedionato-europium(III), Eu (FOD)3, 2, for spectral simplification, and with the chiral LSRs, tris[3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxymethylene)-(+)-camphorato]europium(III), Eu(HFC)3, 3, and tris[3-(trifluoromethylhydroxymethylene)-(+)-camphorato]europium(III), Eu (FACAM)3, 4, for potential determinations of enantiomeric excess. Relative lanthanide-induced shift (LIS) magnitudes with the three LSRs were interpreted as consistent with major lanthanide binding at the 4-oxo carbonyl, but contrasting behavior in observed enantiomeric shift differences (ΔΔδ) with 3 versus 4 may suggest different bound complex geometries for 3 or 4 with 1.
The three-hub center allocation problem

In a hub network, the p-hub center single allocation problem is to allocate each non-hub node to one and only one hub from a given set of p hubs such that the maximum travel time (or distance) between any origin-destination pair is minimized. The problem is NP-Complete in general. We address the three-hub center single allocation problem in this paper and provide a polynomial algorithm to solve the p-hub center single allocation problem when p = 3.
Application of the quadrature method to flexural vibration analysis of a geometrically nonlinear beam

The quadrature method (OM) has been used in structural analysis only in recent years. In this study, OM is applied to flexural vibration analysis of a geometrically nonlinear beam. The numerical results by OM agree with the results by the finite element method. It is believed that this is the first attempt to solve a nonlinear dynamic problem by the quadrature method.
Promoting health behaviours in medical education

Summary Background: In light of the global trends of increasing obesity, the education of doctors and other health professionals warrants greater attention to promoting effective weight management through health behaviours related to eating and exercise. Context: Gaps in training in these areas have been identified related to weight management and wellness. Diverse benefits of healthy lifestyle interventions have been noted. Innovation: Recommendation for developing immersion programmes for medical students and other health professionals involving practical experience in weight management through lifestyle modification, addressing nutritional and caloric intake and energy expenditure through exercise. Implications: Integrating healthy lifestyle programmes into medical and health professional education could yield several benefits. Enhancing curriculum and educational processes by promoting medical and health professional students’ awareness of, participation and immersion in, healthy lifestyle interventions may ultimately lead to better health outcomes for health professionals and their patients.
Incidence of thrombocytopenia and serious hemorrhage among patients with solid tumors

To evaluate the incidence of thrombocytopenia and bleeding among patients with solid tumors treated intensively with chemotherapy, the records of 1274 patients treated between 1972 and 1980 on protocols known to produce significant myelosuppression were reviewed. Three hundred one patients with solid tumors (breast, lung, melanoma, sarcoma, primary brain, testicular, hypernephroma and others) experienced 5063 days of thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 50,000/microliters) and 670 days of severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 20,000/microliters). The median number of days thrombocytopenia was 6 (range, 1-250). There were only 44 episodes of clinically detectable serious bleeding, primarily gastrointestinal (26/44), during thrombocytopenia and all but seven episodes first occurred at platelet counts between 20,000-50,000/microliters. Fifteen of the 44 bleeding episodes were associated with coagulation abnormalities, 24 occurred during serious infection, and 12 occurred at sites of tumors. One hundred forty-seven of the 301 patients (49%) received platelet transfusions. In 86 thrombocytopenic patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors, there was no evidence of CNS bleeding during thrombocytopenia. Hemorrhagic deaths were uncommon, and of the 12 patients who died of bleeding, 7 had normal counts. There is a very low incidence of significant thrombocytopenia or bleeding among patients with solid tumors treated with combination chemotherapy or experimental agents escalated to maximally tolerated doses. These data suggest that with respect to thrombocytopenic bleeding intensive treatment of patients with solid tumors can be pursued with relative safety utilizing the standard transfusion supportive measures now widely available.
Long chain fatty alcohols in normal and neoplastic tissues.

Small quantities of long chain fatty alcohols (esterified or free or both) were found in four normal tissues (about 0.01% of total neutral lipids) and three neoplasms (about 0.3% of total neutral lipids). The major chain lengths (16∶0, 18∶0 and 18∶1) of the fatty alcohols in both normal and neoplastic cells qualitatively resemble the O-alkyl chain lengths of glyceryl ethers. Our data showing that long chain fatty alcohols occur in vivo support the biological significance of the metabolic pathway that uses fatty alcohols as a substrate for the alkyl chain in glyceryl ether biosynthesis.
Response of shortgrass plains vegetation to gamma radiation—ii. Short-term seasonal irradiation

Native shortgrass plains vegetation was given a short-term (30-day) exposure in three seasons; Spring, Summer and Late-Fall, to gamma radiation with exposures ranging from 517 kR to 8 R. Data were collected through time to permit an analysis of the effects on community structure as measured by coefficient of community and diversity, and recovery stages for 3 years after the period of irradiation. The greatest sensitivity was shown by vegetation irradiated in late-fall. In general, the short-grass plains vegetation was found to be very resistant. Fifty per cent coefficient of community effects resulted from exposures of 164, 207 and 95·5 kR for the spring, summer and late-fall exposures respectively. Fifty per cent diversity effects resulted from exposures of 57, 143 and 46 kR for the spring, summer and late-fall exposures, respectively. Recovery was similar to secondary succession with the major exception that some perennials quickly regenerated from underground perennating organs that survived the radiation insult, apparently due to shielding by the soil and/or differential radioresistance of the above and below ground structures. Recovery communities were new, that is, not the same communities that existed prior to irradiation and evidence to date indicates that a long period of time will be necessary before the original communities become re-established.
Further observations on calcium and other divalent cations metabolism in intact Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.

The metabolism of calcium has been investigated in the Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells (ATC). ATC extrude Ca2+ actively by an energy-dependent mechanism, supported by both respiration and glycolysis. Extrusion takes place even against a very steep concentration gradient (10 mM Ca2+). Cell calcium content is decreased by monovalent cations (Na+, K+ and Li+), which act independently from their metabolic effects. La3+ inhibits ATC Ca2+ extrusion whereas Ruthenium Red slightly decreases cell calcium content. The antibiotic ionophore A 23187 strongly increases ATC Ca2+ level. The metabolism of other divalent cations (Mg2+, Sr2+ and Mn2+) has been studied. Mg2+ does not show appreciable changes in the various metabolic conditions tested, while Mn2+ and Sr2+ behave quite differently from Ca2+, suggesting a different distribution of these cations in ATC. The experimental findings indicate that Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells regulate their calcium content by mechanisms related to plasma membranes while the size and activity of mitochondrial compartment is of minor importance.
HELIOSEISMIC RESPONSE TO THE X2.2 SOLAR FLARE OF 2011 FEBRUARY 15

The X2.2-class solar flare of 2011 February 15 produced a powerful "sunquake" event, representing a helioseismic response to the flare impact in the solar photosphere, which was observed with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The impulsively excited acoustic waves formed a compact wave packet traveling through the solar interior and appearing on the surface as expanding wave ripples. The initial flare impacts were observed in the form of compact and rapid variations of the Doppler velocity, line-of-sight magnetic field, and continuum intensity. These variations formed a typical two-ribbon flare structure, and are believed to be associated with thermal and hydrodynamic effects of high-energy particles heating the lower atmosphere. The analysis of the SDO/HMI and X-ray data from RHESSI shows that the helioseismic waves were initiated by the photospheric impact in the early impulsive phase, observed prior to the hard X-ray (50-100 keV) impulse, and were probably associated with atmospheric heating by relatively low-energy electrons (~6-50 keV) and heat flux transport. The impact caused a short motion in the sunspot penumbra prior to the appearance of the helioseismic wave. It is found that the helioseismic wave front traveling through a sunspot had a lower amplitude and was significantly delayed relative to the front traveling outside the spot. These observations open new perspectives for studying the flare photospheric impacts and for using the flare-excited waves for sunspot seismology.
Computing Cavalieri's Quadrature Formula by a Symmetry of the n-Cube

1. C. Adiga and S. Bhargava, Simple Proofs of Jacobi's two and four square theorems, Int. J. Math. Ed. Sci. Tech. 19 (1988) 779-782. 2. G. E. Andrews, On Ramanujan's summation of If1I (a; b, z), Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 22 (1969) 552-553. 3. G. E. Andrews and R. A. Askey, A simple proof of Ramanujans summation of the 1Vi, Aequationes Math. 18 (1978) 333-337. 4. G. E. Andrews, Z.-G. Liu, and R. Lewis, An identity relating a theta function to a sum of Lambert series, Bull. London Math. Soc. 33 (2001) 25-31. 5. R. Askey, The number of representations of an integer as the sum of two squares, Indian J. Math. 32 (1990) 187-192. 6. B. C. Berndt, Ramanujan's Notebooks, Part III, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991. 7. L. Carlitz, Note on sums of four and six squares, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 8 (1957) 120-124. 8. S. Cooper and H. Y. Lam, Sums of two, four, six and eight squares and triangular numbers: An elementary approach, J. Indian Math. Soc. 44 (2002) 21-40. 9. M. E. H. Ismail, A simple proof of Ramanujan's 1 t'l summation formula, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 63 (1977) 185-186. 10. C. G. J. Jacobi, Gesammelte Werke. Biinde I, Chelsea, New York, 1969. 11. R. A. Rankin, Sums of squares: An elementary method, in Number Theory, R. P. Bambah, V. C. Dumir, and R. J. Hans-Gill, eds., Hindustan Book Agency, New Delhi, 2000, pp. 371-399.
Organosulfates from glycolaldehyde in aqueous aerosols and clouds: Laboratory studies

Abstract Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation is enhanced on acidic seed particles; SOA also forms during cloud processing reactions where acidic sulfate is prevalent. Recently several studies have focused on the identification of organosulfates in atmospheric aerosols or smog chamber experiments, and upon the mechanism of formation for these products. We identify several organosulfate products formed during the laboratory OH radical oxidation of dilute aqueous glycolaldehyde in the presence of sulfuric acid. We propose a radical–radical reaction mechanism as being consistent with formation of these products under our experimental conditions. Using a kinetics model we estimate that organosulfates account for less than 1% of organic matter formed from these precursors during cloud processing. However, in wet acidic aerosols, where precursors are highly concentrated and acidic sulfate makes up close to half of the aerosol mass, this radical–radical reaction could account for significant organosulfate production.
A comparison of acceleration methods for solving the neutron transport k-eigenvalue problem

Over the past several years a number of papers have been written describing modern techniques for numerically computing the dominant eigenvalue of the neutron transport criticality problem. These methods fall into two distinct categories. The first category of methods rewrite the multi-group k-eigenvalue problem as a nonlinear system of equations and solve the resulting system using either a Jacobian-Free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) method or Nonlinear Krylov Acceleration (NKA), a variant of Anderson Acceleration. These methods are generally successful in significantly reducing the number of transport sweeps required to compute the dominant eigenvalue. The second category of methods utilize Moment-Based Acceleration (or High-Order/Low-Order (HOLO) Acceleration). These methods solve a sequence of modified diffusion eigenvalue problems whose solutions converge to the solution of the original transport eigenvalue problem. This second class of methods is, in our experience, always superior to the first, as most of the computational work is eliminated by the acceleration from the LO diffusion system. In this paper, we review each of these methods. Our computational results support our claim that the choice of which nonlinear solver to use, JFNK or NKA, should be secondary. The primary computational savings result from the implementation of a HOLO algorithm. We display computational results for a series of challenging multi-dimensional test problems.
Some Final Thoughts and Comments Regarding the Issues of Third Party Observers

Abstract Clinical neuropsychologists need to be aware of the issues associated with requests for third party observers to be present during an evaluation and be prepared to address these issues before they arise. While the literature to date has focused upon the impact of the third party observer on the examinee's test performance, the issue of examiner reactivity to the presence of an observer remains largely unstudied. The data from an evaluation conducted with a third party observer present cannot be deemed to be either a reliable or valid indication of the examinee's current neuropsychological status. As such, any data obtained in the presence of a third party observer may be considered as unreliable and any opinion testimony based upon those data inadmissible.
sOLiDzipper: A High speed encoding Method for the next-Generation sequencing Data

Background: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods pose computational challenges of handling large volumes of data. Although cloud computing offers a potential solution to these challenges, transferring a large data set across the internet is the biggest obstacle, which may be overcome by efficient encoding methods. When encoding is used to facilitate data transfer to the cloud, the time factor is equally as important as the encoding efficiency. Moreover, to take advantage of parallel processing in cloud computing, a parallel technique to decode and split compressed data in the cloud is essential. Hence in this review, we present SOLiDzipper, a new encoding method for NGS data. Methods: The basic strategy of SOLiDzipper is to divide and encode. NGS data files contain both the sequence and non-sequence information whose encoding efficiencies are different. In SOLiDzipper, encoded data are stored in binary data block that does not contain the characteristic information of a specific sequence platform, which means that data can be decoded according to a desired platform even in cases of Illumina, Solexa or Roche 454 data. Results: The main calculation time using Crossbow was 173 minutes when 40 EC2 nodes were involved. In that case, an analysis preparation time of 464 minutes is required to encode data in the latest DNA compression method like G-SQZ and transmit it on a 183 Mbit/s bandwidth. However, it takes 194 minutes to encode and transmit data with SOLiDzipper under the same bandwidth conditions. These results indicate that the entire processing time can be reduced according to the encoding methods used, under the same network bandwidth conditions. Considering the limited network bandwidth, high-speed, high-efficiency encoding methods such as SOLiDzipper can make a significant contribution to higher productivity in labs seeking to take advantage of the cloud as an alternative to local computing. Availability: http://szipper.dinfree.com. Academic/non-profit: Binary available for direct download at no cost. For-profit: Submit request for for-profit license from the web-site.
Spectroscopic study of the gas-cap radiation intensity for simulated Martian atmospheric probes.

Blunt models shock heated stagnation zone radiation intensity spectroscopy in high temperature plasma tunnel tests simulating Mars atmospheric probes
Ethical issues in cutaneous melanoma

Abstract Early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma (CM) is associated with the finding of superficial tumors resulting in high cure rates with surgery, whereas those with deeply invasive tumors are at higher risk of recurrence and melanoma-specific mortality. Unfortunately, once metastatic to the visceral organs, CM is usually refractory to the presently available treatment modalities, resulting in uniformly poor outcomes in patients. Educating susceptible populations about the risk of developing CM has played an important role in preventive strategies despite the fact that benefits of primary skin screening are controversial. Although a number of reliable prognostic factors are recognized, clinical unpredictability is reflected by a small but significant proportion of patients who experience adverse outcomes from CM, even though lacking the known poor prognostic markers. Because CM is an immunogenic tumor, most of the new treatments have engaged in harnessing antimelanoma immunity, and recent advances in genomics have led to promising targeted therapies. A number of ethical issues have confronted health care providers when taking care of CM patients in different stages of the disease, which have included areas of primary prevention, early diagnosis, strategies to reduce recurrence of the tumor, and managing patients with advanced tumors. With the increasing incidence of CM in fair-skinned people, as well as the increasing recognition of CM in nonwhites, addressing the discussed ethical issues will be even more challenging and important as we provide comprehensive management of this disease.
Observations on retrieved humeral polyethylene components from reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Hypothesis Analyses of polyethylene components retrieved at revision of total knee, hip, and shoulder replacements have been used to study the effect of design, patient, and surgical factors on initial implant performance, but no studies have reported similar types of findings in retrieved humeral polyethylene components in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Our hypothesis is that while the conforming surface of the humeral polyethylene may predispose it to surface wear modalities, as seen in total hip arthroplasty, the presence of clinical instability may also increase the occurrence of focal contact stresses leading to subsurface fatigue failure. Materials and methods Fourteen humeral polyethylene components were retrieved from revision surgery at a single institution. Each polyethylene was analyzed for 9 modes of damage in each of 4 quadrants into which the bearing surface was divided. For each implant, the most recent radiographs before removal were scored using an adapted radiolucency score, and glenosphere positioning was measured. Results Despite the short mean length of implantation (0.46 ± 0.5 years), scratching and abrasion were seen in 14 and 13 components, respectively, followed by third-body debris and pitting. The modes of damage observed were most severe in the inferior quadrant of the humeral polyethylene. Scapular notching, glenoid, and humeral radiolucencies were prevalent on preoperative radiographs, but their long-term significance has not yet been elucidated. Increased glenosphere inclination was associated with decreased superior and total glenoid radiolucency, along with total polyethylene wear scores. Discussion Promising early, functional results with the use of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has led to the increased expansion of its use, but high complication and revision rates continue to raise concerns regarding implant longevity. The presence of a clinical, adduction deficit may predispose patients to inferior quadrant polyethylene wear. Conclusions Impingement of the humeral polyethylene at the lateral edge of the scapula leads to inferior quadrant wear and associated polyethylene failure, and implant instability may predispose the components to fatigue wear mechanisms. Analysis of retrieved humeral polyethylene components, along with patient, design, and surgical factors, provide important information on the causes of component failure.
Use of a high caloric liquid meal as an alternative to a solid meal for gastric emptying scintigraphy.

Background Gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) using a solid meal is often recommended for the evaluation of gastroparesis. However, some patients cannot tolerate the standardized egg-white sandwich (EWS) solid meal and an alternative meal is needed.
The effects of crisis, cynicism about change, and value congruence on perceptions of authentic leadership and attributed charisma in the 2008 presidential election

Abstract The current study examines leadership in the context of the 2008 presidential election. Longitudinal data were collected across three regions of the United States to yield 414 responses. Perceptions of crisis were positively related to attributed charisma but not perceptions of authentic leadership. Value congruence moderated the relationship between cynicism and attributed charisma for Obama (but not for McCain) and between cynicism and perceptions of authentic leadership for McCain (but not for Obama). Attributed charisma was found to have augmenting effects over authenticity in predicting voting behavior. The contributions made to the charismatic, authentic, and crisis leadership literatures are discussed and directions for future research presented.
ADVANCING SOCIAL WORK CURRICULUM IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND MEDICATION MANAGEMENT

The authors reviewed current literature and curriculum resources on psychopharmacology and social work. They argue that baccalaureate and master of social work courses need to routinely include more in-depth knowledge on psychopharmacology and provide a more critical social work-focused approach to this content due to the increasing complexity of social work practice, including a knowledge explosion in the neurosciences. Toward this end, 7 curriculum modules are proposed, including suggestions for class activities and assignments and application of module content to field courses.
Does preoperative chemotherapy for hepatic tumors have an adverse effect on hepatic proliferation after delayed liver resection

Abstract The authors evaluate the effect of preoperative cisplatin and Adriamycin on hepatic proliferation after delayed partial hepatectomy. Sprague-Dawley rats were placed into five experimental groups. Group I received 0.9% saline intraperitoneally (IP). Group II received 2 mg/kg of cisplatin IP. Group III received 4 mg/kg of cisplatin IP. Group IV received 6 mg/kg of Adriamycin intravenously. Group V received 0.9% saline IP. Groups I through IV underwent 70% partial hepatectomy 2 and 10 days after chemotherapy. They were killed 24 hours later, and analyses were performed. Group V animals underwent celiotomy and were killed. Hepatic proliferation was evaluated by tritiated thymidine ( 3 H-TdR) incorporation into DNA, quantitative image analysis (QIA), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostained hepatic nuclei (PCNA). 3 H-TdR incorporation values in animals treated 2 days before partial hepatectomy in treatment groups II through IV were similar to those of the hepatectomized controls. Although among the animals treated 10 days before partial hepatectomy there was inhibition of 3 H-TdR DNA incorporation in the Adriamycin group, no significant differences were noted between all treatment groups. QIA of the S-phase nuclei (an indicator of proliferation) indicated that the animals treated with 2 mg/kg of cisplatin had significantly more nuclei than those treated with Adriamycin. PCNA labeling showed a decrease in proliferating nuclei in all treatment groups compared with the control hepatectomized animals. These data indicate that (1) preoperative cisplatin (2 and 4 mg/kg) is safe when measured by 3 H-TdR, (2) preoperative Adriamycin had an adverse effect on hepatic proliferation, (3) PCNA may be a more sensitive indicator of proliferation than 3 H-TdR, and (4) cisplatin may be the drug of choice for patients with hepatic tumors who are being considered preoperative chemotherapy.
Suppurative intracranial complications of sinusitis

Objectives: To familiarize the contemporary surgeon with the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and appropriate management of suppurative intracranial complications of sinusitis. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: All patients admitted to the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center with a diagnosis of intracranial suppuration between 1992 and 1997 were reviewed. Results: One hundred seventy-six cases were identified, of which 15 patients had 22 suppurative intracranial complications of sinusitis. These were epidural abscess (23%), subdural empyema (18%), meningitis (18%), cerebral abscess (14%), superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (9%), cavernous sinus thrombosis (9%), and osteomyelitis (9%). Conclusions: The diagnosis of suppurative intracranial complications of sinusitis requires a high index of suspicion and confirmation by imaging. Central to the success of treatment is the management of the primary source of sepsis within the paranasal sinuses in combination with neurosurgical drainage and intravenous antibiotics. This approach has resulted in a mortality rate of 7% and morbidity of 13%, which compare favorably with previous series. Laryngoscope, 108:1635–1642, 1998
Thermodynamic study of hypostoichiometric urania

Transpiration experiments have been performed in the temperature range 1600–1900 °C to study the thermodynamics of hypostoichiometrie urania. The oxygen partial pressures were established by using flowing H2H2O mixtures. After equilibration the quenched products were analyzed by chemical, X-ray and metallographic techniques. The results are plotted as ΔGo2 versus the O/U ratios for various temperatures. ΔHo2 and ΔSo2have been calculated for O/U ratios of 1.99−1.98 in the temperature range 1600–1900 °C. No significant changes in the lattice constants of the quenched products as a function of O/U ratios were observed. This, plus the present metallic inclusions observed by metallographic examination indicate that hypostoichiometrie urania reverts to stoichiometric UO2 and uranium metal during cooling to room temperature.
Trends in Geography Instruction

Geography has had difficulty in establishing itself in the modern secondary school curric ulum mainly because its admirers and prac titioners have had difficulty in agreeing on why it should be there at all. Anderson traces the varying patterns of thought on this issue.
Leaving a lasting impression: ear mold impressions as middle ear foreign bodies.

Objectives:We describe a series of otologic complications from impression material used to make hearing aid molds.Methods:We examined a retrospective case series of patients presenting to a tertiar...
Neuroblastoma clones, prostaglandin versus dibutyryl cyclic amp, 8- -benzylthio-cyclic amp, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and x-rays.

SummaryThe effects of prostaglandin (PG)E1, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 8-benzyl-thio-cyclic AMP, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase [papaverine and 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)2-imidazolidinone], and X-irradiation on two neuroblastoma clones, NBA2(1) and NBDB- were studied. In the NBDB-clone PGE1 was much more effective in causing morphological differentiation than any other differentiating agents. In the NBA2(1) clone PGE1 was as effective as the other agents. Adenylate cyclase of both clones may be sensitive to PGE1. The phosphodiesterase level in clone NBA2(1) is probably inhibited by other differentiating agents but this enzyme level in clone NBDB- either is too low to be of any significance or is insensitive to phosphodiesterase inhibitors. In clone NBDB- the biological property of the cell may be more important in initiating the morphological differentiation than the interaction between the cell and the surface of the culture dish.
Spatial Differentials in Residential Displacement

Because existing research treats residential displacement as a consequence of housing market conditions associated with the urban core, the incidence of displacement is thought to be greater in: (1) metropolitan areas than nonmetropolitan areas, (2) the 'urban heartland' than other regions of the country, (3) central cities than suburbs, and (4) older, inner-city neighborhoods than younger, peripheral ones. Data from the US Annual Housing Survey are analyzed and case studies of individual cities are reviewed to test these four spatial hypotheses. While the strength of the evidence favoring the hypotheses depends in part upon the type of displacement rate employed, spatial contrasts in displacement generally appear to be less marked than the literature suggests. We attribute the lack of convincing support for the hypotheses to housing market pressures operating at the national level that generate involuntary mobility across all geographical sectors of the population.
Immunopathology of chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by local inflammation of the upper airways and sinuses which persists for at least 12 weeks. CRS can be divided into two phenotypes dependent on the presence of nasal polyps (NPs); CRS with NPs (CRSwNP) and CRS without NPs (CRSsNP). Immunological patterns in the two diseases are known to be different. Inflammation in CRSsNP is rarely investigated and limited studies show that CRSsNP is characterized by type 1 inflammation. Inflammation in CRSwNP is well investigated and CRSwNP in Western countries shows type 2 inflammation and eosinophilia in NPs. In contrast, mixed inflammatory patterns are found in CRSwNP in Asia and the ratio of eosinophilic NPs and non-eosinophilic NPs is almost 50:50 in these countries. Inflammation in eosinophilic NPs is mainly controlled by type 2 cytokines, IL-5 and IL-13, which can be produced from several immune cells including Th2 cells, mast cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) that are all elevated in eosinophilic NPs. IL-5 strongly induces eosinophilia. IL-13 activates macrophages, B cells and epithelial cells to induce recruitment of eosinophils and Th2 cells, IgE mediated reactions and remodeling. Epithelial derived cytokines, TSLP, IL-33 and IL-1 can directly and indirectly control type 2 cytokine production from these cells in eosinophilic NPs. Recent clinical trials showed the beneficial effect on eosinophilic NPs and/or asthma by monoclonal antibodies against IL-5, IL-4Rα, IgE and TSLP suggesting that they can be therapeutic targets for eosinophilic CRSwNP.
Linking the Trophic Fingerprint of Groundfishes to Ecosystem Structure and Function in the California Current

Mean trophic level (MTL) is one of the most widely used indicators of marine ecosystem health. It usually represents the relative abundance of fished species across a spectrum of TLs. The reality, ubiquity, and causes of a general decline in the MTL of fisheries catch through time, and whether fisheries catch tracks ecosystem level changes, have engendered much attention. However, the consequences of such patterns for broader ecosystem structure and function remain virtually unexplored. Along the Pacific U.S. Coast, previous work has documented fluctuations and a slow increase in ecosystem MTL from 1977 to 2004. Here, we document a decline in the ecosystem MTL of groundfishes in the same ecosystem from 2003 to 2011, the proximate cause of which was a decrease in the biomass of higher TL groundfishes. Using a food web model, we illustrate how these shifts in ecosystem structure may have resulted in short term, positive responses by many lower TL species in the broader ecosystem. In the longer term, the model predicts that initial patterns of prey release may be tempered in part by lagged responses of other higher TL species, such as salmon and seabirds. Although ecosystem functions related to specific groups like piscivores (excluding high-TL groundfishes) changed, aggregate ecosystem functions altered little following the initial reorganization of biomass, probably due to functional redundancy within the predator guild. Efforts to manage and conserve marine ecosystems will benefit from a fuller consideration of the information content contained within, and implied by, fisheries-independent TL indicators.
Myoblast differentiation in vitro: morphological differentiation of mononucleated myoblasts.

Abstract Phospholipase C from Clostridium perfringens has been shown previously to inhibit the fusion of cultured chick myoblasts without affecting recognition or cell cycle parameters. In this paper we report that the mononucleated myoblasts, in phospholipase C, synthesize thick and thin filaments and organize them into myofibrils, and that T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum differentiate and join in morphologically typical junctions. The structurally differentiated myoblasts can then fuse with one another to form myotubes. We conclude that cell fusion is not necessary for muscle differentiation.
177 ‘Notching' of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Doppler Profile (DopplerRVOT) Is a Highly Sensitive and Specific Predictor of Pulmonary Vascular Disease among Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

ples until delivery. Patients had BOS grade 2 or 1 with risk factors for rapid progression. Patients with 3 infective exacerbations in the preceding year or a history of CMV pneumonitis were excluded. 2*10 cells/kg were delivered via a large peripheral vein twice weekly for two weeks. The primary outcome measure was safety. Results: 4 patients (1 female, 2 IPF, 1 CF, 1 COPD, median age 52 (28-62), 1 BOS2, 3 BOS3) were treated. MSC treatment was well tolerated with all patients receiving the full dosing schedule. No procedure-related serious adverse events occurred and few adverse events were recorded, with halitosis (due to DMSO) being the most common. There was no evidence of worsening fibrosis. 1 patient experienced a progressive downward trajectory of FEV1 unaltered by MSC treatment and died 152 days post-infusion. 3 patients experienced stabilisation of lung function.
Fundamental studies in the millimeter-wave and microwave sintering of alumina compacts

Summary form only given. Prior work at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has focused on microwave sintering of fine- and ultra-fine-grained alumina (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) compacts at both 35 and 2.45 GHz. Although the volumetric microwave heating of the compacts facilitated rapid processing, results from these studies have not indicated the presence of a significant non-thermal "microwave effect". These results are consistent with our estimates of the nonthermal microwave interaction with grain lattice vacancies using the model formulated by Rybakov and Semenov (RS) (1994), since the resulting microwave stress was calculated to be much smaller than the surface energy stress, the usual driving force for sintering. Moreover, comparison of conventional and microwave sintering of a fine-grained commercial alumina (Sumitomo AKP-50) showed similar microstructures. The RS model predicts that the microwave stress effect should be affected, and, perhaps, enhanced, if the defect structure at the grain boundary is modified. This defect structure modification can be due to either increased vacancy concentrations at the surfaces of ultra-finegrained materials, e.g., nano-crystalline alumina, or to increased oxygen vacancies caused by the deliberate removal of oxygen via a thermochemical procedure. This presentation will discuss work in progress on the sintering of reduced alumina at 35 GHz and 2.45 GHz. The latter frequency is of interest because the RS model predicts that there should be a more than 100:1 increase in its effect at the lower frequency compared to the higher. This effect may be mitigated somewhat by the reduced coupling strength at the lower frequency.
Critical review of the major hypotheses on the mechanism of narcosis

The many similarities between artificially induced narcosis and natural sleep are so obvious that it is not surprising that one of the hypotheses first proposed and still frequently mentioned attributes the same common mechanism to both conditions. Since ancient times, it has been assumed that normal sleep is associated with certain conditions of the circulation of the central nervous system and particularly the brain. Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages and even in the first half of this century, it was believed that the condition of sleep was accompanied by an unusual accumulation of blood in the brain, that compressed its constituents, causing the activity of the brain to be interrupted or reduced. In short, sleep was thought to be induced by a hyperaemia of the brain. This theory appeared most closely in accord with the general experience that it is easier to fall asleep lying down than standing up, since hydrostatic laws meant that the blood would be more likely to accumulate in the head if the body were in a horizontal position. (Up until Claude Bernard, almost nothing was known of vasoconstrictors and vasodilators.) It was not until 1860 that this theory of sleep was disproved by the physician Durham [1] who showed by experiments on dogs that during sleep, the brain is no richer in blood than in the waking condition. In fact, sleep is characterized by a lack of blood and a consequently lowered volume, whereas when the animal awakens, the blood vessels of the brain expand, and the brain increases in volume.
Sleep Duration and Risk for Hypertension in Women: Results from The Nurses’ Health Study

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death in women worldwide. In the United States, more women than men die every year from CVDs,1 and over half of the yearly health-care costs related to CVDs are incurred by women.2 Hypertension is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for CVDs. There is growing evidence that short sleep duration is a significant etiological factor for hypertension. Acute sleep restriction has been shown to increase blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity.3,4 Over time, the increased hemodynamic load from short sleep duration can lead to hypertropic remodeling and the elevation of the cardiovascular pressure equilibrium.5 The effects of short sleep duration on hypertension in women could be modified by other factors, including shift work, snoring, menopause, postmenopausal hormone therapy, and age. Shift work, and in particular rotating night shift work, disrupts circadian rhythmicity and autonomic balance and has been found to be associated with CVDs.6 Snoring, a cardinal symptom of sleep apnea, has been theorized to lead to hypertension by causing hypoxia and hypercapnia, resulting in chronic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.7 Estrogen deficiency during menopause is thought to induce endothelial and vascular dysfunction through reduced compliance of the large arteries, resulting in increased age-related increases in systolic blood pressure,8 raising the question of whether hormone therapy could affect hypertension incidence in postmenopausal women. Sleep complaints also increase after menopause, and estrogen therapy has been shown to improve objective sleep quality.9 Advanced age is associated with changes in sleep architecture, with increased difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep.10 Obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia could lie along the causal pathway between short sleep duration and hypertension and therefore act as partial mediators of the relationship. Sleep deprivation has been shown to increase appetite,11 compromise insulin sensitivity,12 and increase total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.13 Short sleep duration is associated with obesity,14 type 2 diabetes,15 and high cholesterol.16 In this study, we examined the relationships between sleep duration and hypertension prevalence and incidence among women in the Nurses’ Health Study I (NHS-I) and the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHS-II). We hypothesized that short sleep duration would be associated with increased risk for hypertension. We theorized that shift work, snoring, menopause, postmenopausal hormone therapy, and age would act as effect modifiers and that obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia would act as mediators of the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension.
The reproduction and growth of Phrynosoma ditmarsi (sauria: Iguanidae) in captivity

Aspects of the reproduction and growth of Phrynosoma ditmarsi from Sonora, Mexico, were observed in captivity. Lizards were maintained indoors with a seasonally adjusted photoperiod. Mating occurred from August through December, with the majority of copulations observed in August, September, and October. Lizards were over-wintered between temperatures of 13°C and 16°C, with occasional drops to 8° C. The female reproductive cycle is not completely understood. Females may have stored sperm over the winter months, with ovulation and fertilization occurring in the following spring. Alternatively, embryogenesis may have been interrupted during the winter. Parturition occurred in June and July. Males became sexually mature at 13 months of age. Females first copulated at this age, resulting in the production of young at 24 months of age. Courtship and non-receptive behaviors were similar to those of other Phrynosoma.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and complete tracheal rings: Repair on ECMO

A term newborn female presented with prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia and postnatally diagnosed complete tracheal rings and tracheal stenosis. Initially, the spells associated with tracheal stenosis were misdiagnosed as pulmonary hypertension. Bronchoscopy showed a critically narrowed airway, and veno-arterial ECMO stabilized the baby for further workup. The endotracheal tube was removed while on ECMO to avoid further injury to the airway. Staged CDH repair followed by slide tracheoplasty were performed on ECMO. The multidisciplinary approach included neonatology, general surgery, otolaryngology, cardiac surgery and anesthesiology.
A systematic study of radiation damage to large crystals of CsI(Tl) for the BaBar detector

We describe a novel apparatus that allows simultaneous exposure of large CSI(Tl) crystals to radiation and precise measurement of the longitudinal changes in light yield of the crystals. We present herein the first results from this device for exposures up to 6 kRad.
The Impact of Developmental Education on Community College Persistence and Vertical Transfer

Developmental education has been cited as one of the most difficult issues facing community colleges. Despite the controversy and changes to educational policy regarding developmental education, there is a notable dearth of rigorous research measuring the causal effect of remediation on community college student outcomes. The present study uses data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS: 04/09) to measure the impact of developmental education on community college students’ odds of persistence and vertical transfer after controlling for enrollment in remediation and institutional-level variables. Propensity score matching results reveal that students who enroll in developmental courses are systematically different from community college students who do not remediate in gender, ethnicity, first-generation status, academic preparation and experiences during high school, and delayed college entry. Moreover, post-matching hierarchical generalized linear modeling (HGLM) findings demo...
Outbreak of Coccidioidomycosis in Washington State Residents Returning from Mexico

In July 1996 the Washington State Department of Health (Seattle) was notified of a cluster of a flulike, rash-associated illness in a 126-member church group, many of whom were adolescents. The group had recently returned from Tecate, Mexico, where members had assisted with construction projects at an orphanage. After 1 member was diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis, we initiated a study to identify further cases. We identified 21 serologically confirmed cases of coccidioidomycosis (minimum attack rate, 17%). Twenty cases (95%) occurred in adolescents, and 13 patients (62%) had rash. Sixteen symptomatic patients saw 19 health care providers; 1 health care provider correctly diagnosed coccidioidomycosis. Coccidioides immitis was isolated from soil samples from Tecate by use of the intraperitoneal mouse inoculation method. Trip organizers were unaware of the potential for C. immitis infection. Travelers visiting regions where C. immitis is endemic should be made aware of the risk of acquiring coccidioidomycosis, and health care providers should be familiar with coccidioidomycosis and its diagnosis.