cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic inversion of electrical resistivity changes using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach

[1] We describe a stochastic inversion method for mapping subsurface regions where the electrical resistivity is changing. The technique combines prior information, electrical resistance data, and forward models to produce subsurface resistivity models that are most consistent with all available data. Bayesian inference and a Metropolis simulation algorithm form the basis for this approach. Attractive features include its ability (1) to provide quantitative measures of the uncertainty of a generated estimate and (2) to allow alternative model estimates to be identified, compared, and ranked. Methods that monitor convergence and summarize important trends of the posterior distribution are introduced. Results from a physical model test and a field experiment were used to assess performance. The presented stochastic inversions provide useful estimates of the most probable location, shape, and volume of the changing region and the most likely resistivity change. The proposed method is computationally expensive, requiring the use of extensive computational resources to make its application practical.
Changing the cost of care for chronic myeloid leukemia: the availability of generic imatinib in the USA and the EU

Imatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor and considered to be the most successful targeted anti-cancer agent yet developed given its substantial efficacy in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and other malignant diseases. In the USA and the European Union (EU), Novartis’ composition of matter patent on imatinib will expire in 2016. The potential impact on health system spending levels for CML after generic imatinib becomes available is the subject of significant interest among stakeholders. The extent of the potential savings largely depends on whether and to what extent prices decline and use stays the same or even increases. These are also empirical questions since the likely spending implications following generic imatinib’s availability are predicated on multiple factors: physicians’ willingness to prescribe generic imatinib, molecule characteristics, and health system priorities. This article discusses each of these issues in turn. We then review their implications for the development of country-specific cost-effectiveness models to predict the implications for cost and quality of care from generic imatinib.
Ageing behaviour of commercial aluminium-lithium welds

The post-weld ageing behaviour of two commercial aluminium-lithium alloys, 2090 and 8090, was evaluated. Both a 2319 and 5556 filler material were used for preparing welds in Alloy 2090, while only the 5556 filler material was used with Alloy 8090. Welds with these filler metals were made at two dilution levels, nominally 35% and 65% dilution of the filler material by the base metal. The ageing behaviour of autogenous welds in each alloy was also evaluated. Post-weld heat treatments were performed at 325, 375 and 475°F (163, 190 and 218°C) for times up to 32 h. The ageing response was determined by performing hardness measurements at 4 h intervals. In general, dilution of the base metal by the filler metal reduced the ageing response of the combinations tested with autogenous welds in both 8090 exhibiting the highest peak hardness values. Ageing response curves for six base metal/weld metal/dilution combinations at two autogenous welds at three temperatures are presented.
Soames and widescopism

Widescopism, as I call it, holds that names are synonymous with descriptions that are required to take wide scope over modal adverbs. Scott Soames has recently argued that Widescopism is false. He identifies an argument that is valid but which, he claims, a defender of Widescopism must say has true premises and a false conclusion. I argue, first, that a defender of Widescopism need not in fact say that the target argument’s conclusion is false. Soames’ argument that she must confuses, I claim, modal adverbs and modal predicates. I then argue that even if she did reject the conclusion, she could nonetheless hold that the target argument’s first premise is ambiguous as between a true reading, on which the argument is invalid, and a false reading, on which the argument is valid. I conclude that Soames’ argument against Widescopism fails.
Was there an option-listing effect for the IRX options?

Properties of the 3-month Treasury bill rate changed on and around the listing date of the IRX options for which the Treasury bill rate is the underlying. The level of return declined, the volatility declined and dummy variables for the day of listing and the 2 days after are negative and significant in an econometric model. The changes are consistent with the option-listing effect observed with the listing of options on stocks and American Depositary Receipts (ADRs).
The presence of chitinase in the digestive fluids of ants.

Abstract Chitinolytic enzymes have been detected in the digestive fluids of seven species of ants, representing five subfamilies.
Computed tomography of corpus luteal cysts.

Objective: To describe the computed tomography (CT) features of corpus luteal cysts. Methods: We retrospectively identified 10 patients with a diagnosis of corpus luteal cysts established by ultrasound who had also undergone contemporaneous CT. A single attending radiologist, without knowledge of other clinical or radiologic findings, recorded the morphologic features of the cysts based on the CT images. Results: The corpus luteal cyst seen at sonography was visible at CT in all 10 patients. All cysts were unilocular, with a mean density of 25 HU (range, 12 to 45). The mean maximum axial cyst diameter was 2.2 cm (range, 1.4 to 2.9). The mean cyst wall thickness was 3 mm (range, 2 to 4). All cyst walls were crenulated. Cyst wall enhancement was hyperdense in 6 cases, isodense in 3 cases, and hypodense in 1 case. Free fluid was seen in 9 of 10 patients. Conclusions: At CT, corpus luteal cysts are typically less than 3 cm in diameter and are characterized by a thick, crenulated, or hyperdense wall. Recognition of these CT findings should prevent misinterpretation or inappropriate management.
Protecting participants in human studies.

Summary Dr. Roy Ritts has expressed his concept of this responsibility beautifully. It aptly serves to remind us of the self-control that is the essence of the basic protection I have sought to outline: It is essential that while humanity and science are served, the individual's rights must be protected with vigor and vigilance. If this means that certain experiments cannot be conducted, it is appropriate that they are not…. Occasionally, the means and the end are blurred and may even be indistinguishable. In the clinical experiment with human subjects … the end can never justify means if human rights and dignity are violated. There is special meaning for the scientist in this cliche, for he above others exalts in his freedom … he is first a human, then a scientist.20
Novel characterization of landscape-level variability in historical vegetation structure

We analyzed historical timber inventory data collected systematically across a large mixed-conifer-dominated landscape to gain insight into the interaction between disturbances and vegetation structure and composition prior to 20th century land management practices. Using records from over 20 000 trees, we quantified historical vegetation structure and composition for nine distinct vegetation groups. Our findings highlight some key aspects of forest structure under an intact disturbance regime: (1) forests were low density, with mean live basal area and tree density ranging from 8-30 m2 /ha and 25-79 trees/ha, respectively; (2) understory and overstory structure and composition varied considerably across the landscape; and (3) elevational gradients largely explained variability in forest structure over the landscape. Furthermore, the presence of large trees across most of the surveyed area suggests that extensive stand-replacing disturbances were rare in these forests. The vegetation structure and composition characteristics we quantified, along with evidence of largely elevational control on these characteristics, can provide guidance for restoration efforts in similar forests.
A Jerusalem chant for the Holy Cross in the Byzantine, Latin and Eastern Rites

In the year 552, a ceremony was held to commemorate the first anniversary of the death of Martha, mother of St Simeon Stylites the Younger. The Vita of St Martha, written by an anonymous monk during the first half of the seventh century, records that the priest Antonio journeyed from Simeon's pillar at Mount Admirabilis, near Antioch, to Jerusalem to obtain a fragment of the cross. When Antonio returned to Mount Admirabilis, ‘a great crowd of men and women gathered in the grace of God, with candles and torches, to hold the service in her memory: and having kept a vigil all night, when in the early morning the living cross was displayed, all who were gathered worshipped, crying out with hymns: We adore your cross, Lord, and we glorify your holy resurrection.’
Doing good, feeling good: Values and the self 's moral center

Rarely do social psychological treatments of the self highlight its moral dimension. We expect people with prosocial values to feel better about themselves when enacting such values. Social identities situate individuals within social groups and wider social structures; successfully enacting important identities increases feelings of self-esteem. This paper looks at individual differences and demonstrates that enacting a social identity (volunteering) contributes more to feelings of self-esteem for those individuals whose values align with that identity. Volunteering may increase self-esteem in general; but for those who claim the identity and hold especially prosocial values, volunteering becomes an important route toward positive self-evaluation.
LCSRAM: A Leakage Controlled Six-transistor Static Random Access Memory Cell with Intrinsically High Read Stability

Highly scaled processes increase leakage and transistor variations, both of which are problematic for SRAM, which is pervasive in modern CMOS integrated circuits. Here, a six transistor SRAM cell is presented that does not suffer from reduced stability when reading. The cell also resides in a low leakage, voltage collapsed, low standby power mode when not being accessed. The cell circuit topology, layout, and impact on memory design are described. Simulation of operation on 130 and 90 nm technologies and with predictive technology models for 65 and 45 nm technologies demonstrate the leakage reduction and measurement on 130 nm demonstrates improved read stability
Large Eddy Simulation of Transient Flow, Solidification, and Particle Transport Processes in Continuous-Casting Mold

The current study developed a coupled computational model to simulate the transient fluid flow, solidification, and particle transport processes in a slab continuous-casting mold. Transient flow of molten steel in the mold is calculated using the large eddy simulation. An enthalpy-porosity approach is used for the analysis of solidification processes. The transport of bubble and non-metallic inclusion inside the liquid pool is calculated using the Lagrangian approach based on the transient flow field. A criterion of particle entrapment in the solidified shell is developed using the user-defined functions of FLUENT software (ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA). The predicted results of this model are compared with the measurements of the ultrasonic testing of the rolled steel plates and the water model experiments. The transient asymmetrical flow pattern inside the liquid pool exhibits quite satisfactory agreement with the corresponding measurements. The predicted complex instantaneous velocity field is composed of various small recirculation zones and multiple vortices. The transport of particles inside the liquid pool and the entrapment of particles in the solidified shell are not symmetric. The Magnus force can reduce the entrapment ratio of particles in the solidified shell, especially for smaller particles, but the effect is not obvious. The Marangoni force can play an important role in controlling the motion of particles, which increases the entrapment ratio of particles in the solidified shell obviously.
Hypermagnesemia Following an Acute Ingestion of Epsom Salt in a Patient with Normal Renal Function

Case Report: Hypermagnesemia is a rare condition that commonly follows excessive therapeutic administration of magnesium sulfate to treat eclampsia of pregnancy. Signs and symptoms of this condition include extreme muscle weakness, loss of deep tendon reflexes, mental status depression, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Clinically significant hypermagnesemia following oral or rectal administration of magnesium containing products in patients with normal renal function is rare. We report a case of hypermagnesemia following massive Epsom salt ingestion that resulted in extreme musculoskeletal weakness and altered mentation.
Room Temperature Oxide Deposition Approach to Fully Transparent, All‐Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors

A room temperature cathodic arc deposition technique is used to produce high-mobility ZnO thin films for low voltage thin-film transistors (TFTs) and digital logic inverters. All-oxide, fully transparent devices are fabricated on alkali-free glass and flexible polyimide foil, exhibiting high performance. This provides a practical materials platform for the low-temperature fabrication of all-oxide TFTs on virtually any substrate.
Supervision Based on Place Invariants: A Survey

The supervision based on place invariants (SBPI) is an efficient technique for the supervisory control of Petri nets. This paper reveals the significance of the SBPI based on a literature survey, applications, and an analysis of problems and supervisory settings that can be addressed using SBPI. Special attention is given to the various settings within which the problem can be formulated. Such settings can be distinguished based on the concurrency type, the type of controllability and observability, and the centralized or decentralized type of supervision. As we show, it is possible to approach the most general settings in a purely structural way, without resorting to reachability analysis. We begin by describing the SBPI problem and the literature methods that address this problem or are related to it. Then, we proceed to show classes of problems that can be reduced to the SBPI problem. In the SBPI, the specification is described as a system of inequalities that the Petri net marking must satisfy at any time. However, as we show, problems involving more general specifications can be approached in the SBPI setting, sometimes under additional assumptions, by performing net and/or specification transformations. Four of the specifications we will consider are logic constraints, language specifications, disjunctions of linear constraints, and liveness. We conclude with a presentation of possible applications of the SBPI approach to programming with semaphores, fault tolerance, and synchronic-distance based designs.
Bomb radiocarbon age validation of Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) using new statistical methods

We used bomb-produced radiocarbon ( 14 C) to validate ages of Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus), which are routinely estimated with the cut-and-burn method at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center (Seattle, Washington, USA). New statistical methods to compare � 14 C in validation samples with a reference chronology are introduced: (i) calculating con- fidence intervals around the LOESS-smoothed � 14 C reference chronology using simultaneous inference; (ii) purposely adding biases to the validation sample ages and then analyzing the sum of squared residuals of the validation samples' � 14 C about the LOESS-smoothed reference chronology; and (iii) standardizing the � 14 C measurements from the valida- tion sample to better fit the reference chronology. Standardized � 14 C measurements are particularly useful when research- ers suspect that environmental and biological differences between the validation samples and the reference chronology may exist that affect the level, but not the timing, of � 14 C in the samples. These new methods can be applied simultane- ously. Two previous bomb radiocarbon studies on canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger) and black drum (Pogonias cromis) were reanalyzed, further illustrating the usefulness of these new methods.
Task-based Evaluation of Multiword Expressions: a Pilot Study in Statistical Machine Translation

We conduct a pilot study for task-oriented evaluation of Multiword Expression (MWE) in Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). We propose two different integration strategies for MWE in SMT, which take advantage of different degrees of MWE semantic compositionality and yield complementary improvements in SMT quality on a large-scale translation task.
Small-Amplitude Homogenization

In June 1980, after finding the correct interval for the conductivity of an effective isotropic mixture of two isotropic conductors, I did not think about checking the (inexact) formula that LANDAU and LIFSHITZ wrote for the conductivity of a mixture in [47]. It was only in the fall of 1986 that I thought about it: their formula is one of the two Hashin–Shtrikman bounds!1 At that time, I understood a little better than in 1974 about the way physicists think, and I continued reading what they wrote after:2 for the case when the conductivity a(x) does not vary much, they proposed the formula.
A Theoretical Model on the Impacts of Climate Change on Housing Consumption and Residential Mobility Behaviors

Climate change and metropolitan areas are mutually connected. On the one hand, metropolitan areas contribute to climate change through production of greenhouse gases emissions. On the other hand, it is likely that climate-generated stressors will affect many aspects of life in metropolitan areas. Such impact-feedback interactions can change residential mobility patterns, and thereby alter spatial patterns in metropolitan areas. This paper focuses on climate impacts and corresponding transformations in household mobility and housing consumption behaviors at three spatial scales.
Economic Shocks and Rebel Tactics: Evidence from Colombia

Why do rebels vary their tactics? Some insurgents employ terrorism and hit-and run attacks; others wage conventional wars against state rivals. Although recent scholarship studies how the technologies of rebellion differ across insurgencies, we have few explanations for why rebel tactics vary within conflicts. I argue rebels’ tactical choices reflect the incentives and imperatives of three constraints: economic opportunities of non-combatants, state strength, and rebel capacity. To test if these constraints shape the character of internal violence, I study microdata on rebel violence in Colombia and exploit plausibly random shocks to local income from coffee, oil and coca production. I find evidence that local economic shocks substantially affect rebel tactics. Specifically, when government forces benefit from local windfalls and economic opportunities for civilians improve, insurgents favor irregular tactics. On the other hand, when rebels are strengthened, they favor conventional tactics. These results are robust to accounting for numerous potential sources of bias, including atmospheric dispersion of illicit crop herbicides, violence spillovers from drug trafficking, and foreign military aid shocks. The main findings also support my claim that economic constraints bind rebel tactics, challenge prominent theories of insurgency, and are relevant to the comparative study of political violence, with important implications for scholars and policy makers.
Explosively-Driven Blast Waves in Small-Diameter Tubes

Studies on blast waves are motivated by the need to understand dynamic pressure loadings in accident scenarios associated with rapid energy release in confined geometries. Explosions from fuel-air mixtures, explosives and industrial accidents often occur within a range of length scales associated with ducts, pipes, corridors, and tunnels [1, 2].
The World’s Most Popular Assay? A Review of the Ninhydrin-Based Free Amino Nitrogen Reaction (FAN Assay) Emphasizing the Development of Newer Methods and Conditions for Testing Alcoholic Beverages

This review covers what is, arguably, the world's most widely used food industry-related assay, the ninhydrin reaction, for the determination of the free amino nitrogen content of biological materi...
Sacred and Secular Societies Considered with Reference to Folk-State and Similar Classifications

IF WE lack theoretical tools, we cannot do much more than pile up masses of material that we are unable to put to any effective scientific use. Granting this, it is nevertheless true that the tools we now possess are in a sadly jumbled state; when we reach hastily for this or that item in the kit, we run some risk of cutting our fingers. Why not stop for a few minutes and do a little sorting? Of all the tools we possess, among the most useful are the twofold classifications of societies, but they are also the most easily damaged and the most dangerous if carelessly or unskillfully handled. Let us try, then, to arrange them in some kind of order. In undertaking this task, let us also remember that there is a vast literature about these tools, and that much of what might be said in the text of an article like this can well be stowed in footnotes, not only for the sake of brevity, but also for the sake of uncluttered arrangement. If this seems to result in dogmatic, pedantic, or unduly didactic treatment, let us console ourselves with the thought that the possible gain in clarity is worth the risk, and with the further thought that "obscurity is not profundity, and in spite of etymology the ponderous is not the weighty."' I
Effect of Perfluoroalkyl Chain Length on Proton Conduction in Fluoroalkylated Phosphonic, Phosphinic, and Sulfonic Acids

The effects of increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length on the molecular properties of viscosity, diffusivity, and ionic conductivity of a series of acid model compounds analogous to comb-branch perfluorinated ionomers functionalized with phosphonic, phosphinic, and sulfonic protogenic groups are reported. Anhydrous proton transport by a Grotthuss-like hopping mechanism was observed to occur efficiently in phosphorus-based fluoroalkylated model acids but only when there is a relatively low perfluoroalkyl content. The decrease in degree of dissociation of the protogenic groups follows the order phosphonic > phosphinic > sulfonic, and the degree of dissociation and the magnitude of ion-ion correlations are approximately independent of chain length.
The non-fluorescence of 4-fluorotryptophan.

The derivative 4-fluorotryptophan was confirmed to have negligible fluorescence at 25 degrees C and 285 nm (tryptophan/4-fluorotryptophan quantum-yield ratio greater than 100:1). However, photolysis experiments on tryptophan and 4-fluorotryptophan, in which loss of starting material was measured by reverse-phase h.p.l.c., demonstrated that 4-fluorotryptophan was significantly more photochemically active than the parent tryptophan, with the 4-fluorotryptophan photolysis quantum yield being 7 times larger than that of tryptophan at 25 degrees C and 285 nm. In addition, at 77 K and 275 nm 4-fluorotryptophan displayed strong fluorescence and phosphorescence, with emission quantum yields comparable with those of tryptophan at 77 K and 275 nm.
Design of a doxorubicin-peptidomimetic conjugate that targets HER2-positive cancer cells

Doxorubicin (DOX) belongs to the anthracycline class of drugs that are used in the treatment of various cancers. It has limited cystostatic effects in therapeutic doses, but higher doses can cause cardiotoxicity. In the current approach, we conjugated a peptidomimetic (Arg-aminonaphthylpropionic acid-Phe, compound 5) known to bind to HER2 protein to DOX via a glutaric anhydride linker. Antiproliferative assays suggest that the DOX-peptidomimetic conjugate has activity in the lower micromolar range. The conjugate exhibited higher toxicity in HER2-overexpressed cells than in MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells that do not overexpress HER2 protein. Cellular uptake studies using confocal microscope experiments showed that the conjugate binds to HER2-overexpressed cells and DOX is taken up into the cells in 4 h compared to conjugate in MCF-7 cells. Binding studies using surface plasmon resonance indicated that the conjugate binds to the HER2 extracellular domain with high affinity compared to compound 5 or DOX alone. The conjugate was stable in the presence of cells with a half-life of nearly 4 h and 1 h in human serum. DOX is released from the conjugate and internalized into the cells in 4 h, causing cellular toxicity. These results suggest that this conjugate can be used to target DOX to HER2-overexpressing cells and can improve the therapeutic index of DOX for HER2-positive cancer.
Carbon fixation properties of three alkalihalophilic microalgal strains under high alkalinity

Carbon dioxide (CO2) recovery with high alkalinity microalgal culture is expected to be an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly process. To increase the CO2 recovery efficiency, selection of rapidly growing alkalihalophilic microalgae is necessary. This study optimized the culture conditions of three species of alkalihalophilic microalgae, Arthrospira platensis, Dunaliella salina, and Euhalothece sp., and compared their CO2 fixation potential. Although D. salina tolerated relatively high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; 0.50 mol L−1), its carbon fixation rate was found to be slower than the other two species. The two cyanobacteria, A. platensis and Euhalothece sp., favored high pH (9.8–10) and high DIC (0.23–1.1 mol L−1). Euhalothece sp. grew in the highest alkalinity, resulting in the strongest pH buffer against acidification during CO2 absorption. However, the carbon fixation properties of A. platensis and Euhalothece sp. under the same light condition were found to be similar (33 and 35 mmol L−1 day−1). These results indicate that the carbon fixation potential per medium inorganic carbon was higher in A. platensis than in the others. Arthrospira platensis was found to be favorable in a CO2 recovery process unless extremely high pH stability is needed.
The Use of Additives in Ionic Transition Metal Complex Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

In this chapter, we will describe the use of additives within films of ionic transition metal complexes (iTMC) applied in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEC). Here, iTMCs generally act as charge transporters for electrons and holes, electrolytes for ion motion and emissive materials. The additives primarily fall into three categories: polymer additives, small molecule host/guest systems, and salt/electrolyte additives. Each class has emerged to optimize specific elements of the device operation.
Predictors of survival in head and neck mucosal melanoma

Abstract Objectives To evaluate hospital-based data of head and neck mucosal melanoma patients in order to identify predictors of survival. Materials and methods The National Cancer Data Base was used to identify 1368 patients with head and neck mucosal melanoma diagnosed between the years of 2004 and 2012. The Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to estimate overall survival, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of covariates on survival after adjusting for confounding variables. Results Median follow-up was 55.2 months. Median survival of all patients was 29.3 months, and the 5-year survival was 27.4%. After adjusting for other prognostic factors in multivariate analysis, paranasal sinus location [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.54, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.30–1.82, P Conclusion Outcomes in mucosal melanoma of the head and neck remain suboptimal, despite increased use of multimodality local therapy, likely due to the high risk of distant metastases. Mucosal melanomas arising from the paranasal sinuses have particularly poor prognosis. Novel therapeutic paradigms for head and neck mucosal melanoma, incorporating systemic therapies to decrease the risk of distant relapse, should be pursued in clinical trials.
Corporate Tax Compliance Decision in Transition Economies

In this study we look into corporate tax compliance decision in transition economies conceptualizing the relationship between firms and the government as that of an exchange. We argue that those firms that face a lesser probability of detection, experience a greater lack of governmental services and pay more bribes would comply less with their tax obligations. Despite the fact that fairness concerns from government inefficiency increases the likelihood of tax noncompliance, we argue that a higher level of law enforcement would lead firms to comply with their tax obligations. On the other hand, interestingly even under high law enforcement, those firms that bribe more tend to engage in more tax noncompliance. Data provided by the World Bank largely support our hypotheses. Findings of this paper underline the importance of understanding the social context upon which firm behavior is embedded.
Theories of economic and social exchange in entrepreneurial partnerships: an agenda for future research

Entrepreneurship research tends to focus on individuals and their actions. However, some entrepreneurial activities are borne and maintained through the efforts of several parties in entrepreneurial partnerships such as franchisor-franchisee relationships. Due to their very nature, these partnerships include economic and social exchanges. Such exchanges received limited attention in entrepreneurship literature. To address this omission, this study first delves into the theories of economic and social exchange to illuminate their relevance for entrepreneurial partnerships. Next, this paper puts forward an agenda for future research agenda based on the tenets of interdependent reciprocal exchange in entrepreneurial partnerships. This research effort has a potential to spur future studies on the use reciprocity in other areas of entrepreneurship such as social entrepreneurship and international entrepreneurship.
A3embed: Attribute Association Aware Network Embedding

Network embedding aims to learn low-dimensional vector representations for nodes in a network that preserve structural characteristics. It has been shown that such representations are helpful in several graph mining tasks such as node classification, link prediction, and community detection. Some recent works have attempted to extend the approach to attributed networks in which each node is associated with a set of attribute values. They have focused on homophily relationships by forcing nodes with similar attribute values to obtain similar vector representations. This is unnecessarily restrictive and misses the opportunity to harness other types of relationships revealed by patterns in attribute values of connected nodes for learning insightful relationships. In this paper, we propose a new network attributed embedding framework called A3embed that is aware of attribute associations. A3embed favors significant attribute associations, not merely homophily relationships, which contributes to its robustness to diverse attribute vectors and noisy links. The experimental results on real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves better performance on different graph mining tasks compared to existing models.
Mixed States, Manic-Depressive Illness, and the Nature of Mood

While depression and mania can occur as independent phases of manic depressive illness, the two affective states can be superimposed, though less commonly, giving rise to mixed states and creating problems in differential diagnosis. Genetic, pharmacologic, neurologic, and interpersonal factors can be superimposed on manic depressive illness to result in mixed states. Correct identification of these factors is necessary for proper management of mixed affective states.
The Demographics of the Transgender Population

We want to stress at the outset of this chapter that the task of representing the transsexual and transgender population is nothing if not daunting. The difficulties, as we see them, stem from two main sources: (1) though a general “trans” sensibility exists in both the United States and worldwide, there are currently few measurable and/or standardized criteria (e.g. physical, social, political, etc.) regarding what might or should constitute a transgender person; and (2) problems with locating and accounting for this population are compounded by the relative invisibility through which many transgender individuals exist in their daily lives. Marginalized by political, religious, legal, medical, and other cultural institutions, transgender persons encounter levels of discrimination that range from simple misapprehension and/or exclusion by an uneducated public, to explicit acts of sexual and physical violence. Indeed, many in what is often referred to as the mainstream, including transgender individuals, are first exposed to the idea of “transgender” through media that often sensationalize and misrepresent the issues most salient for this population.
Investigation of a Class of Nonlinear Integral Equations and Applications to Nonlinear Network Theory

Nonlinear oscillations in some networks can be described by the operator equation Au + Fu = J, where A is an unbounded linear operator on a Hilbert or Banach space, F is a nonlinear operator, and B = A + F is monotone. This is true for the general passive one-loop network, consisting of an e.m.f. E(t), and arbitrary linear passive stable one-port L, and a nonlinear one-port N with a monotone voltage-current characteristic i = Fu, where i is the current through N and u is the voltage on N. The theory presented below makes it possible to study nonlinear oscillations qualitatively, including questions of existence, uniqueness, stability in the large, convergence, and calculation of stationary regimes by means of an iterative process. Our assumptions concerning the network are more general than those usually adopted in the literature. No assumptions concerning the “smallness” of the nonlinearity or filter property of the linear one-port are made. Our results for nonlinear networks of the class defined above are final in the sense that if we omit the assumption concerning passivity of the network the results will not hold.
Prehospital and Emergency Department Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common subtype of stroke and a critical disease usually leading to severe disability or death. Around 20% of patients with ICH will experience a decrease in the Glasgow Coma Scale of two or more points between the prehospital assessment and the initial evaluation in the emergency department (ED). Therefore, aggressive prehospital and ED treatment is cornerstone for effective management of patients with ICH. Initial management should focus on urgent stabilization of cardiorespiratory variables and treatment of intracranial complications. Recent technological innovations have opened new perspectives for stroke diagnosis and treatment before the patient arrives at the hospital. These prehospital measures include presumed stroke diagnosis by paramedics, mobile telemedicine for remote clinical examination and imaging, mobile stroke units with integrated computerized tomography (CT) scanners, point-of-care laboratories in ambulances, and prehospital notification provided by emergency medical staff (EMS). Primary management of ICH in ED includes rapid clinical evaluation, laboratory studies including blood glucose and coagulation defects, diagnostic imaging studies, management of blood pressure and early intracranial complications such as hydrocephalus or impending herniation, and admission to stroke unit or neuroscience intensive care unit (NICU). In this book chapter, we will discuss in detail about various prehospital and ED management strategies for management of patients with ICH.
Population, Exposure, and Outcome

A study population refers to all people who enter a research study, regardless of whether they are exposed, are treated, develop the outcome of interest, or drop out of the study before completion. The exposure and outcome of a study depend on the proposed study question. The exposure refers to any characteristic that may explain or predict the presence of a study outcome. The outcome refers to the characteristic that is being predicted.
An Intergenerational Approach to Break the Cycle of Malnutrition

This article examines how nutritional status is treated throughout the lifecycle. In doing so, the review identifies promising life stages during which intervention may improve nutritional status of future generations. A life course perspective suggests that nutritional changes are most likely to be sustained when they occur during times of developmental transition, such as pregnancy or adolescence. Adolescence is a unique period in which malnutrition in future generations may be addressed because it is the first life stage at which pregnancy becomes feasible and individuals seek independence from parents. A need exists to begin investigating not just how nutrition changes are sustained throughout the lifespan, but how nutritional intervention in one generation impacts the next. This intergenerational approach should be undertaken with cross-discipline collaboration to have the best chance at impacting underlying determinants of malnutrition like poverty and women’s education.
Labor Productivity and Phillips Curve in China: Contemporary Investigation

The Phillips curve on the trade-off between inflation and unemployment has been debated among economists for more than decades. Several studies have found that Phillips curve is dead in advanced economies and does not exist. Among others, Friedman (1968) stated that Phillips curve does not exist in the long-run because the relationship between inflation and unemployment is a temporary and short-term. On the contrary, Fuhrer (1995) found that Phillips curve is still alive in the United Kingdom; and Malinov and Sommers (1997) found that Phillips curve is still alive and stable in several OECD countries. This paper attempts to investigate whether a long-run Philips Curve exists in China. Using data for the period of 1987-2016 the estimated results of this study indicate that the Phillips curve, which existed during the late 1980s through 2000 in China has been gradually transformed to an almost vertical curve since 2000s, with a correlation of 0.8, indicating the importance of other policy variables including monetary policy and exchange rate regimes.
Cohesion energy of thermally-bonded polyethylene terephthalate nonwovens: Experiments and theory

Abstract The present work aims at the experimental and theoretical investigation of the cohesion energy which can be achieved in the thermal calendar bonding of polymer nonwovens. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples were used in the experiments. Tensile tests were conducted with the as-received PET nonwovens and thermally-bonded PET nonwovens. Thermal bonding was conducted under five temperatures: 160 °C, 170 °C, 180 °C, 190 °C, or 200 °C. The mechanical properties, Young's modulus, the yield stress, the maximum stress before sample failure and the toughness were measured. Blister tests were conducted aimed at measuring the cohesion energy of thermally-bonded PET nonwovens. The pushing shaft velocities of 2 mm/min and 10 mm/min were selected in the blister test. In addition, the theoretical description of the calendar bonding in the nip and of the forces acting on a nonwoven beyond the calendar nip is given. It is used to theoretically evaluate the cohesion energy of nonwovens due to thermal bonding in the nip. The predicted cohesion energy was estimated to be of the order of 4.2 J/m2, which is plausible for the experimental data corresponding to the lowest bonding temperature of 160 °C. On the other hand, at the higher bonding temperatures the experimentally measured cohesion energy was of the order of 10 J/m2, which can probably be attributed to the enhanced reptational entanglement at the elevated temperatures.
Religious Experience: William James, Ecstasy, and Fundamentalism

In this chapter, Mullis critically engages William James’ account of conversion experiences and mystical consciousness in light of Pentecostal theology and ethnographic fieldwork in charismatic Pentecostal churches. James’ emphasis on pathology in his account of ecstatic behavior is critically assessed as is his framing of religious encounters as passive and solitary. Mullis then considers how James’ analysis would differ if it were based not on religious autobiographical literature but on ethnographic research and embodied experiential inquiry. The chapter also discusses the confluence of ecstatic practices and fundamentalist ideology that can occur during charismatic Christian rituals, James’ dismissal of fundamentalism, and an ethics of witnessing practiced by the ethnographer-artist.
Activation of C2H6, C3H8, and c-C3H6 by gas-phase Zr+ and the thermochemistry of Zr-ligand complexes

The kinetic energy dependences of the reactions of Zr + ( 4 F) with ethane, propane, and cyclopropane have been studied using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. It is found that dehydrogenation is efficient and the dominant process at low energies in all three reaction systems. Efficient C-C bond activation is also observed at low energies in the cyclopropane system. At high energies, products resulting from both C-H and C-C cleavage processes are appreciable for all three hydrocarbon systems. The observation of dihydride and hydridomethyl zirconium cation products provides insight into the reaction mechanisms operating in these processes. The results for Zr + are compared with those for the first-row transition metal congener Ti + and the differences in behavior and mechanism discussed. Modeling of the endothermic reaction cross sections yields the 0 K bond dissociation energies (in eV) of D 0 (Zr + -2H) = 5.02 ′ 0.13, D 0 (Zr + -C) = 4.62 ′ 0.16, D 0 (Zr + -CH) = 5.89 ′ 0.13, D 0 (Zr + -CH 2 ) = 4.61 ′ 0.05, D 0 (Zr + -CH 3 ) = 2.36 ′ 0.10, D 0 [Zr + -(H)(CH 3 )] = 5.43 ′ 0.15, D 0 (Zr + -C 2 H) = 4.57 ′ 0.12, D 0 (Zr + -C 2 H 2 ) = 2.83 ′ 0.15, D 0 (Zr + -C 2 H 3 ) = 3.78 ′ 0.24, D 0 (Zr + -C 2 H 4 ) = 2.84 ′ 0.18, D 0 (Zr + -C 2 H 5 ) = 2.37 ′ 0.17, D 0 (Zr + -C 3 H 2 ) = 5.45 ′ 0.20, and D 0 (Zr + -C 3 H 3 ) ≥ 4.10 ′ 0.23. The observation of exothermic processes sets lower limits for the bond energies of Zr + to propyne and propene of 2.84 and 1.22 eV, respectively.
Lateral pull-in instability of electrostatic MEMS transducers employing repulsive force

We report on the lateral pull-in in capacitive MEMS transducers that employ a repulsive electrostatic force. The moving element in this system undergoes motion in two dimensions. A two degree-of-freedom mathematical model is developed to investigate the pull-in quantitatively. The nonlinear electrostatic force, which is a vector function of two spatial coordinates, is determined by calculating the potential energy of the system using a boundary element approach. The equilibrium points are found by numerically solving the nonlinear coupled static equations. A stability analysis reveals that depending on the values of the lateral and transverse stiffness, the system undergoes different bifurcations when the voltage on the side electrodes is considered as the control parameter. Three-dimensional bifurcation diagrams are presented and discussed to elucidate the nonlinear nature of the system. The results establish important criteria for designing MEMS transducers with reliable and robust performance.
The future of ethics and education: philosophy in a time of existential crises

Philosophy confronts two existential crises: the threats to its existence from scientists like Stephen Hawking who claim that philosophy is dead; and the threat to life itself from catastrophic cli...
Halobacterium bonnevillei sp. nov., Halobaculum saliterrae sp. nov. and Halovenus carboxidivorans sp. nov., three novel carbon monoxide-oxidizing Halobacteria from saline crusts and soils.

Three novel carbon monoxide-oxidizing Halobacteria were isolated from Bonneville Salt Flats (Utah, USA) salt crusts and nearby saline soils. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains PCN9T, WSA2T and WSH3T belong to the genera Halobacterium , Halobaculum and Halovenus , respectively. Strains PCN9T, WSA2T and WSH3T grew optimally at 40 °C (PCN9T) or 50 °C (WSA2T, WSH3T). NaCl optima were 3 M (PCN9T, WSA2T) or 4 M NaCl (WSH3T). Carbon monoxide was oxidized by all isolates, each of which contained a molybdenum-dependent CO dehydrogenase. G+C contents for the three respective isolates were 66.75, 67.62, and 63.97 mol% as derived from genome analyses. The closest phylogenetic relatives for PCN9T, WSA2T and WSH3T were Halobacterium noricense A1T, Halobaculum roseum D90T and Halovenus aranensis EB27T with 98.71, 98.19 and 95.95 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. Genome comparisons of PCN9T with Halobacterium noricense A1T yielded an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 82.0% and a digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 25.7 %; comparisons of WSA2T with Halobaculum roseum D90T yielded ANI and dDDH values of 86.34 and 31.1 %, respectively. The ANI value for a comparison of WSH3T with Halovenus aranensis EB27T was 75.2 %. Physiological, biochemical, genetic and genomic characteristics of PCN9T, WSA2T and WSH3T differentiated them from their closest phylogenetic neighbours and indicated that they represent novel species for which the names Halobaculum bonnevillei, Halobaculum saliterrae and Halovenus carboxidivorans are proposed, respectively. The type strains are PCN9T (=JCM 32472=LMG 31022=ATCC TSD-126), WSA2T (=JCM 32473=ATCC TSD-127) and WSH3T (=JCM 32474=ATCC TSD-128).
Post-earthquake fire behavior and performance-based fire design of steel moment frame buildings

Abstract This paper presents an assessment of steel buildings subjected to post-earthquake fire, illustrated through the implementation of a ten-story case study building, which was designed in accordance with U.S. design codes. The building is located in a high seismic region (Los Angeles, CA), and designed for the associated seismic hazard levels using perimeter special moment frames (SMFs) to resist lateral (wind and seismic) loading and gravity interior frames with composite floor systems to resist gravity (dead and live) loading. The entire 3D building structure was idealized and analyzed using finite element models capable of modeling inelastic deformations, instability failures, and connection damage due to earthquakes and fire. The building models were subjected to eleven earthquakes followed by three different fire scenarios to simulate the effects of post-earthquake fires. The results from post-earthquake fire analyses were used to assess the impact of earthquake-induced damage on structural behavior and stability during fire. Assessments indicate that, for the type and design of structure considered in this research, earthquake-induced damage is generally limited to the perimeter moment frames and has limited influence on post-earthquake fire performance, which is governed by the strength and stability of gravity columns and floor systems. Analytical parametric studies were conducted to further assess and develop performance-based design guidelines for improving structural behavior and stability during post-earthquake fires. These studies indicate that partial or full collapse of the building structure can be prevented by sufficiently increasing the structural design (size) or fire protection (fireproofing thickness) of the critical gravity columns.