cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of a new three-terminal microwave power amplifier

The feasibility of a new three-terminal linear power amplifier has been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally from 0.5 to 3.0 GHz. The new amplifier is similar to an n-p-n bipolar transistor in configuration but develops extra power gain through avalanche multiplication and by the use of transit time in the collector. Major differences in the construction of the two devices are in their collector doping profiles and depletion layer widths. It is estimated that this new amplifier will be capable of several watts of power output at 10 GHz with useful gain, good linearity, and wide dynamic range. An acronym, CATT, which stands for controlled avalanche transit-time triode, is used to designate this new microwave semiconductor device. In this paper, the theory of the CATT is developed. It is found to be dc and RF stable. The necessary conditions on the ionization coefficients for signal amplification are investigated. The emitter-base dynamics of the CATT are shown to be quite different from a transistor due to hole feedback from the avalanche multiplication region. This phenomena results in a more uniform emitter current injection and better use of the emitter finger area than for transistors.
Acquisition of novel semantic information in amnesia: effects of lesion location.

Two patients with severe global amnesia are described who differ in the extent to which they have acquired new semantic information. Patient SS, who has extensive medial temporal lobe damage including the hippocampus as well as surrounding cortical areas, has failed to acquire virtually any new information regarding vocabulary or famous faces that entered the public domain since the onset of his amnesia. In contrast, patient PS, who has a selective lesion of the hippocampus proper, has gained a sense of familiarity of novel vocabulary and famous people, even though her effortful retrieval of this new semantic knowledge remains impaired. These findings extend to amnesia of adult onset, the proposal of Vargha-Khadem and colleagues that in patients with selective hippocampal injury, cortical areas surrounding the hippocampus may play an important role in new semantic learning [Vargha-Khadem, F., Gadian, D.G., Watkins, K. E., Connelly, A., Van Paesschen, W. and Mishkin, M., regarding the importance of the subhippocampal cortices in the mediation of new semantic learning in children with hippocampal lesions, Science, 1997, 277, 376-380].
Role of back arc spreading in circulation and melting at subduction zones

[1] We present results from two-dimensional (2-D) numerical experiments on mantle flow in subduction zones and the thermal and compositional evolution of the mantle wedge. Experiments build upon previous modeling efforts by including melting processes and back arc plate motion relative to the trench. The thermal structure of the wedge is calculated for various plate motion conditions, and a particle technique is used to track melt production and extraction in the back arc mantle and the arc-wedge corner. Numerical experiments test models developed from geochemical data that suggest the mantle is partially melted, or preconditioned, beneath the back arc prior to entering the arc-wedge corner. Results show wedge temperatures increase with increasing back arc plate rates and higher degrees of retrograde subduction. Decompression melting is recorded for material in the wedge. Mean degrees of melting are generally smaller than beneath ridges (1–7%) and depend on back arc plate rate and, in particular, the choice of ambient mantle potential temperature (Tm). Results show that preconditioning of mantle by partial melting at the back arc is optimized for intermediate back arc plate rates. Implications of these models include (1) arc melts should have components with characteristics of a low degree, decompression melting process, (2) arc melts may be depleted in incompatible elements, or preconditioned, prior to entering the wedge, and (3) models for slab-influenced arc magmagenesis within the wedge should consider the melt history of material just above the slab-wedge interface.
Sintering and crystallization of mullite powder prepared by sol-gel processing

Mullite powder with the stoichiometric composition (3Al2O3.2SiO2) was synthesized by a sol-gel process, followed by hypercritical drying with CO2. Within the limits of detection by X-ray diffraction, the powder was amorphous. Crystallization of the powder commenced at ≈1200 °C and was completed after 1 h at 1350 °C. In situ X-ray analysis showed no intermediate crystalline phases prior to the onset of mullite crystallization and the pattern of the fully crystallized powder was almost identical to that of stoichiometric mullite. The synthesized powder was compacted and sintered to nearly theoretical density below ≈1250 °C. The microstructure of the sintered sample consisted of nearly equiaxial grains with an average size of ≈0.2 μm. The effect of heating rate (1–15 °C min−1) on the sintering of the compacted powder was investigated. The sintering rate increased with increasing heating rate, and the maximum in the sintering curve shifted to higher temperatures. The sintering kinetics below ≈1150 °C can be described by available models for viscous sintering.
Middle Triassic estuarine deposits near Benmore Dam, southern Canterbury and northern Otago, New Zealand

Abstract The hills around Benmore Darn are formed of complexly-deformed, metasediments of the Torlesse Supergroup. These include a narrow, 130-m-thick sliver of schists and meta-siltstone of Permian age, called the Akatarawa Formation (new name). This formation includes a marker bed of fossiliferous limestone, limestone breccia and ferruginized volcanics, deposited in a quiet, open marine shelf environment, and in warm temperate to tropical water termperatures.
A program for the neurobiology of mind

Patricia Smith Churchland's Neurophilosophy argues that a mind is the same thing as the complex patterns of neural activity in a human brain and, furthermore, that we will be able to find out interesting things about the mind by studying the brain. I basically agree with this stance and my comments are divided into four sections. First, comparisons between human and non‐human primate brains are discussed in the context, roughly, of where one should locate higher functions. Second, I examine Churchland's views on reduction and levels of organization, which I find mostly congenial. Third, a key point of disagreement about the relationship and importance of language to specifically human cognition is taken up. I like Churchland's critique of certain sentential paradigms, but I try to show using an analogy with cellular coding systems why we need to get a better theory of ‘sentences’. Finally, I discuss how the models introduced in the last chapter might be extended to make better contact with neurobiology an...
Patient satisfaction after primary total and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: an age-dependent analysis.

Abstract Background Patient-related outcomes have become the focus of increased attention when assessing knee arthroplasty. Methods We retrieved questionnaires from 485 (584 knees) patients at a minimum of 3 years after undergoing primary knee arthroplasty. We excluded bilateral knee arthroplasty, leaving 141 UKA and 245 TKA who rated their satisfaction and expectation regarding pain, range of motion (ROM), daily living function (DLF), return to recreational activity (RRA) and ability to kneel (ATK) on a scale of 0 (worst) to 10 (best). We further collected data on pain level and the modified Cincinnati rating scale. Range of motion was documented pre- and postoperatively at a minimum of six months. The cohort was subdivided into three age groups and compared with each other (Group 1: Results Average satisfaction with pain, ROM and ATK for patients under 55 was higher for UKA than for TKA. Patients > 65 with TKA were on average more satisfied than patients with UKA in these three items. However, patients under 55 with UKA were up to 2.9 times more likely to have their expectations met when compared to patients receiving TKA. Patients with UKA under 55 rated their joint as good/excellent in 96.0% versus patients in the same age group with TKA in 81.0%. Conclusions We found that overall, younger patients who were treated with UKA demonstrated higher satisfaction scores in most subsets when compared with the patients of the same age group who received TKA.
Affective Dispositions and PTSD Symptom Clusters in Female Interpersonal Trauma Survivors

Interpersonal trauma (IPT) against women can have dire psychological consequences including persistent maladaptive changes in the subjective experience of affect. Contemporary literature has firmly established heightened negative affect (NA) as a risk and maintenance factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the relationship between NA and PTSD symptoms is not well understood within IPT survivors, the majority of whom are female, as much of this research has focused on combat veterans. In addition, the connection between positive affect (PA) and PTSD symptoms has yet to be examined. With increased emphasis on "negative alterations in cognitions and mood . . ." as an independent symptom cluster of PTSD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5), understanding the relationship between self-reported affectivity and the classic PTSD symptom clusters may be increasingly useful in differentiating symptom presentations of trauma-related psychopathology. The current study directly compared self-reported trait NA and PA with total severity and frequency cluster scores from the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) in 54 female survivors of IPT who met criteria for PTSD. Results identify NA (but not PA) as a consistent predictor of total PTSD symptoms and, specifically, re-experiencing symptoms.
A Behavioral Analysis Approach for Efficient Partial Order Reduction

Partial order reduction is essential to address state explosion when verifying concurrent systems by reducing states irrelevant to the verification results. However, traditional static approaches by analyzing system model structures often do not work well. To address such problem, this paper presents a new behavioral analysis approach where a compositional reach ability analysis method is used to generate the over-approximate state spaces for all modules in a system, and then the independent transitions necessary for the partial order reduction are computed by examining these state spaces. Compared to the static analysis approaches, the independent transitions computed are more refined and accurate. The experimental results on some examples show that the presented approach is promising.
Capillary isoelectric focusing-mass spectrometry: analysis of protein mixtures from human body fluids.

Isoelectric focusing within a fused silica capillary (cIEF) has proved to be a powerful and practical method for high-resolution separation of analytes from complex biological mixtures. This technique overcomes many of the problems of isoelectric focusing within slab gel media. However current cIEF systems commonly utilize UV detection which limits the detail of analyte structural information that is obtained during analysis. The use of mass spectrometry (MS) as the detection system provides much greater structural information about the detected analytes allowing accurate relative molecular mass (M(r)) determination for proteins and polypeptides. We have constructed a cIEF-MS interface and compared the separation of standard proteins analyzed by cIEF-UV with cIEF-MS. This allowed rapid optimization of the cIEF-MS system performance. Further we have demonstrated the use of MS as a detection system provides accurate M(r) information and can provide analyte modification details. These factors increase the likelihood of absolute identification for physiological proteins within complex in vivo-derived mixtures. To demonstrate the value of cIEF-MS in such analyses we have undertaken an examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and tentatively identified a number of constituent proteins. We have also analyzed whole blood from control and diabetic patients. We show that glycated alpha- and beta- chains of hemoglobin are found in almost equal abundance in diabetic patient blood. From these results we suggest cIEF-MS is an efficient and useful tool for the separation and examination of in vivo-derived analytes within physiological fluids.
Highlights of the 2009 Society of Vascular Surgery annual meeting.

The annual meeting for the Society of Vascular Surgery (SVS) took place June 11 to 14, 2009, in Denver, Colorado. A highlight of the meeting was the presidential address of G. Patrick Clagett, who raised the question: ‘‘Does Vascular Surgery Cost Too Much?’’ He reviewed the staggering cost of healthcare in our country and stressed that the rate of growth in healthcare expenditures is not sustainable and that the huge disparity in healthcare spending among a variety of industrialized nations has not translated into better healthcare outcomes. Dr Clagett described the unusual paradox that higher healthcare spending has often been associated with lower quality of care and slightly worse outcomes. He went on to say that a significant proportion of President Obama’s $1.1 billion economic stimulus package has gone to the National Institutes of Health, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and Department of Health and Human Services, specifically for comparative effectiveness research (CER). Although not specifically stated, CER will have clear economic implications, and it is hoped that these programs will reduce variation in practice and save money. Dr Clagett stressed that the SVS has been active in CER through its Practice Guidelines and Reporting Standards Committees. The SVS Vascular Registry has also been an important contribution. Finally, Dr Clagett charged the members of the SVS to be more actively involved in CER. He cited that of all specialty groups managing peripheral vascular disease, we are the most unbiased because we are able to offer all treatment modalities, and are thus best positioned to offer high-quality CER. He concluded by stating, ‘‘Finally, these mandates are clearly spelled out in our mission statement. Integrity is our middle name. This is the right thing to do for our membership, for our patients, and for the public.’’ K. Wayne Johnston, MD, from Toronto, was presented the SVS Lifetime Achievement award. Among his many outstanding contributions were his term as president of the SVS from 2007 to 2008 and his role as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Vascular Surgery.
Pharmacological management of behavioral symptoms associated with dementia.

Dementia is a clinical syndrome with features of neurocognitive decline. Subtypes of dementia include Alzheimer’s, frontotemporal, Parkinson’s, Lewy body disease, and vascular type. Dementia is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms that may include agitation, psychosis, depression, and apathy. These symptoms can lead to dangerousness to self or others and are the main source for caregiver burnout. Treatment of these symptoms consists of nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions. However, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Pharmacological interventions are used off-label. This article reviews the current evidence supporting or negating the use of psychotropic medications along with safety concerns, monitoring, regulations, and recommendations.
Acute modulation of adipose tissue lipolysis by intravenous estrogens.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether intravenous (IV) conjugated estrogens (EST) acutely enhance the suppression of whole-body or regional subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) lipolysis by insulin in postmenopausal women. Research Methods and Procedures: We assessed whole-body lipolysis by [2H5]glycerol rate of appearance (GlycRA) and abdominal and femoral SAT lipolysis (interstitial glycerol; GlycIS) by subcutaneous microdialysis. Postmenopausal women (n = 12) were studied on two occasions, with IV EST or saline control (CON), under basal conditions and during a 3-stage (4, 8, and 40 mU/m2/min) hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp. Ethanol outflow/inflow ratio and recovery of [13C]glycerol during microdialysis were used to assess blood flow changes and interstitial glycerol concentrations, respectively. Results: Compared with CON, EST did not affect systemic basal or insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis (GlycRA) or SAT nutritive blood flow. Basal GlycIS in SAT was reduced on the EST day. However, insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis in SAT was not significantly influenced by EST. Discussion: These findings suggest that estrogens acutely reduce basal lipolysis in SAT through an unknown mechanism but do not alter whole-body or SAT suppression of lipolysis by insulin.
Correlation structure of the discrete wavelet coefficients of fractional Brownian motion

It is shown that the discrete wavelet coefficients of fractional Brownian motion at different scales are correlated and that their auto- and cross-correlation functions decay hyperbolically fast at a rate much faster than that of the autocorrelation of the fractional Brownian motion itself. The rate of decay of the correlation function in the wavelet domain is primarily determined by the number of vanishing moments of the analyzing wavelet. >
Rationally Designed Energy Transfer in Upconverting Nanoparticles

Significant advances in the analysis and theoretical modeling of upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are beginning to reveal the complex details of their energy transfer (ET) pathways. UCNPs combine multiple NIR photons to emit at higher energies in the NIR or visible, and are an ideal system for the rational design and precise engineering of optical processes. The ET pathways that drive photon upconversion can be tuned by varying the combination of lanthanide co-dopants, their concentrations, and their spatial distribution within the nanocrystal. Here, recent work is reviewed on the development of complex UCNP architectures that segregate lanthanides across multiple domains in a heterostructure or within the unit cell of the host lattice. These designs direct ET in UCNPs to enhance their brightness, to maximize desired emission wavelengths, to suppress undesirable electronic transitions, and to sensitize absorption of light at different wavelengths. The development of holistic computational models for ET in UCNPs is yielding novel nanocrystal designs with unexpected properties, such as UCNPs with exceptional brightness at single molecule imaging powers. These rational approaches for engineering ET will accelerate the development of UCNPs tailored to specific nanophotonic applications that require the efficient and directed flow of energy.
Artefactually Low Hemoglobin A1C in a Patient with Hemolytic Anemia

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) is widely used for the monitoring and management of diabetes mellitus. Shortened red cell survival may result in artefactually low HbA1C values. In patients with hemoglobin variants or chemically-modified derivatives of hemoglobin, falsely decreased or increased HbA1C results may be found depending on the particular assay method. Although in most such cases, HbA1C can be reported if the appropriate methodology is selected. In diabetic patients with shortened red cell survival and in a small number of patients with certain hemoglobin variants, alternate approaches such as frequent glucose measurements and/or self glucose monitoring and fructosamine should be used to assess glycemic control. In diabetic patients with these conditions, HbA1C as the preferred diagnostic test for diabetes is not valid. * BNP : B-type natriuretic peptide RBC : red blood cell count Hb : hemoglobin Hct : hematocrit HbA1C : Hemoglobin A1C HPLC : high performance liquid chromatography Fe/TIBC : iron/total iron binding capacity LD : lactate dehydrogenase
Relative proportion of inorganic and total nitrogen in broiler litter as determined by various methods

We report relative proportion of inorganic N in broiler litter and compare the regular Kjeldahl method with three of its modifications (the salicylic acid-thiosulfate modification, the Devarda's alloy modification, and the potassium permanganate-reduced iron modification), and with a Leco-combustion (CHN-600) method for the degree to which they include NO 3 - -N and NO 2 - -N in broiler litter analysis. Inorganic N in the litter (<500 μm) was determined after extraction with 2 mol L -1 KCl. NH 4 + -N and (NO 3 - + NO 2 - )-N in the filtrate were analysed by steam distillation while NO 2 - -N was determined by a modified Griess-Ilosvay colorimetric method. For the determination of total N, 25 mg broiler litter (<1000 μm) was digested according to four semi-micro-Kjeldahl methods in a 100-mL Pyrex Kjeldahl flask using an electrically heated six-flask micro-Kjeldahl digestion rack. Ammonium-N in the digest was determined by steam distillation. The results showed that inorganic N represents a small portion of total N in the samples. Ammonium is the most dominant inorganic N (1.61-5.39 g kg -1 ) in the samples; it represents between 42 and 94% of the inorganic N. The (NO 3 - + NO 2 - )-N contents varied between 0.19 and 5.56 g kg -1 while NO 2 - -N contents in the samples were negligible (<0.6 g kg -1 ). The regular Kjeldahl method and its modifications recovered all the NH 4 + -N added but recovery of added NlO 2 - -N and NO 3 - -N varied considerably with the methods. The Devarda's alloy and the potassium permanganate methods showed the highest N measurements while the Leco-combustion showed the lowest N measurements.
3-D Parasitic Modeling for Rotary Interconnects

Resonant rotary clocking is a high-frequency, low-power technology for high performance integrated circuits (IC). The implementation of the rotary clocking technology requires long interconnects with varying geometric shape segments on the chip, which are modeled by transmission lines. The parasitics exhibited by the transmission line interconnects play a major role in characterizing the high frequency operation. To this end, the impact of parasitics on the operating characteristics of the rotary rings due to the different interconnect segments are identified. The interconnect parasitics are analyzed using a 3D finite element method based full wave electromagnetic analysis. Simulations performed for the rotary ring with 3D full wave based parasitic analysis results in 23.68% reduced clock frequency when compared with a conventional 2D based parasitic analysis. The power dissipated on the rotary ring simulated using the 3D full wave based parasitic analysis is around 84% less than the clock tree and is within 5% of the power dissipated on the ring simulated using the 2D based parasitic analysis.
Comparative reactivities of diolepoxide metabolites of carcinogenic hydrocarbons with ØX174 viral DNA

Abstract The OX174 DNA assay system developed earlier is utilized to determine the comparative reactivities with nucleic acid of the diolepoxide metabolites of a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons varying in carcinogenic potency. The infectious OX174 viral DNA is exposed to the hydrocarbon derivative for 10 min., then infectivity of the treated DNA is assayed by incubation with E. coli spheroplasts, counting plaque formation on agar plates. The bay region diolepoxides of benzo[a]-pyrene, chrysene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, implicated as the ultimately active carcinogenic metabolites of the parent hydrocarbons, exhibit potent viral inhibitory activity. On the other hand no correlation is evident between viral inhibitory activity and either the location of the diolepoxide function in a bay region or the theoretically calculated β-delocalization energies (ΔEdeloc.) of the carbonium ion arising from opening the epoxide ring. The significance of these findings with respect to theories of carcinogenesis is discussed.
Derivation of insulin producing cells from human endometrial stromal stem cells and use in the treatment of murine diabetes

Pancreatic islet cell transplantation is an effective approach to treat type 1 diabetes, however the shortage of cadaveric donors and limitations due to rejection require alternative solutions. Multipotent cells derived from the uterine endometrium have the ability to differentiate into mesodermal and ectodermal cellular lineages, suggesting the existence of mesenchymal stem cells in this tissue. We differentiated human endometrial stromal stem cells (ESSC) into insulin secreting cells using a simple and nontransfection protocol. An in vitro protocol was developed and evaluated by assessing the expression of pan β-cell markers, followed by confirmation of insulin secretion. PAX4, PDX1, GLUT2, and insulin, were all increased in differentiated cells compared to controls. Differentiated cells secreted insulin in a glucose responsive manner. In a murine model, differentiated cells were injected into the kidney capsules of diabetic mice and human insulin identified in serum. Within 5 weeks blood glucose levels were stabilized in animals transplanted with differentiated cells, however those treated with undifferentiated cells developed progressive hyperglycemia. Mice transplanted with control cells lost weight and developed cataracts while those receiving insulin producing cells did not. Endometrium provides an easily accessible, renewable, and immunologically identical source of stem cells with potential therapeutic applications in diabetes.
Enhanced phosphatidylinositol kinase activity is associated with early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract Liver phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinase activity was determined in rats exposed to two different hepatocarcinogenic regimens. In contrast to partial treatment regimens the complete Solt and Farber hepatocarcinogenic regimen caused a significant increase in liver PI kinase activity at day 11 after partial hepatectomy. PI kinase activity in hepatocarcinomas removed 15 1 2 months after initiation of the complete Solt and Farber regimen was 2-fold higher than normal liver tissue surrounding the tumors. Compared to a choline supplemented diet a hepatocarcinogenic regimen consisting of a diet deficient in choline and methionine significantly increased liver PI kinase activity after 26 days. These data demonstrate that liver PI kinase activity is selectively elevated during hepatocarcinogenesis.
14-MeV neutron activation analysis : methodology, applications, and potential

Accelerator-based 14-MeV or fast neutron activation analysis (FNAA) is a mature tecnique and few major advances in instrumentation and methodology can be expected. However, applications of the technique are numerous and continue to increase. In this paper, recent technique developments and applications of FNAA are reviewed and speculations concerning future progress in the field are presented.
Impact of Left Ventricular Assist Device on Diabetes Management: An Evaluation through Case Analysis and Clinical Impact

AbstractBackground: Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of heart failure (HF). In patients with advanced HF, left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used as a bridge to heart transplantation and destination therapy. It has been our observation that, post-LVAD implantation, diabetes management improves dramatically. Objective: We evaluated insulin requirements in a group of type 2 diabetes patients after LVAD implantation, compared them to a small control group, and performed a pertinent literature review. Methods: Relevant clinical and biochemical data were collected by chart review of 11 patients with known type 2 diabetes mellitus and HF who underwent LVAD implantation. Patients treated only with insulin were evaluated and compared with 5 control patients undergoing other cardiac procedures. Results: Insulin requirement decreased by 73% at 6 months from the pre-LVAD dose despite no significant changes in weight or glomerular filtration rate. Mean hemoglobin A1c reduced p...
Gender inequality in culture industries: Women and men writers in film and television

Cet article examine les manieres dont les pratiques d’emploi des scenaristes de film au cinema et a la television produisent les inegalites de genre et le plafond de verre a Hollywood. S’appuyant sur l’histoire des industries cinematographiques et televisuelles et sur une analyse quantitative des registres d’emploi et d’adhesion au Writers Guild of America, West, syndicat des scenaristes de film et de television d’Hollywood, cet article retrace l’evolution historique de ces industries, passees d’un modele hierarchique a celui du marche. Cette vue d’ensemble permet de mieux comprendre la nature des relations d’emploi a Hollywood. Est alors reperee l’influence que jouent les modes specifiques d’emploi des femmes scenaristes de film et de television sur la construction des inegalites de genre. La conclusion montre pourquoi les solutions, pourtant efficaces ailleurs pour reduire les inegalites de genre, s’averent difficiles a mettre en place dans l’industrie culturelle d’Hollywood.
Mitochondrial haplogroups are associated with severity of diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose. To determine if specific mitochondrial haplogroups associate with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
PALMS: A Modern Coevolution of Community and Computing Using Policy Driven Development

In 2007, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded the Physical Activity and Location Measurement System (PALMS) project at the University of California, San Diego. Its mission is to advance exposure biology research by developing new methods of physical activity data capture and analysis from a geospatial perspective. A key early insight was that while exposure biology investigators often employ their own data analysis frameworks, many frameworks are conceptually similar. Forming a community based on common requirements and research directions, and serving that community with a common computing framework would, itself, be a major contribution to the NIH mission. This paper describes the PALMS Cyber infrastructure (CI), which comprises both the PALMS computing services and the exposure biology community it serves. By leveraging state of the art software architecture techniques, the PALMS CI is well positioned to serve the co evolution of a thriving research community and the computing systems that support it.
Increase your fraud auditing effectiveness by being unpredictable

Purpose – To identify how auditors can incorporate unpredictability into their audit plan in order to comply with both US and international auditing standards on the prevention and detection of fraud.Design/methodology/approach – Review of auditing standards, fraud cases, and other audit literature.Findings – A cost‐benefit model for evaluating unpredictability and 17 specific ways that auditors can incorporate unpredictability.Practical implications – This paper can be used by practicing auditors to develop ways to increase their compliance with professional standards.Originality/value – The paper fills a void in the literature with respect to how auditors can be unpredictable as required by auditing standards.
Design and Analysis of a Portable Indoor Localization Aid for the Visually Impaired

In this paper, we present the design and analysis of a portable position and orientation (pose) estimation aid for the visually impaired. Our prototype navigation aid consists of a foot-mounted pedometer and a white cane-mounted sensing package, which comprises a three-axis gyroscope and a two-dimensional (2D) laser scanner. We introduce a two-layered estimator that tracks the 3D orientation of the white cane in the first layer, and the 2D position of the person holding the cane in the second layer. Our algorithm employs a known building map to update the personâs position, and exploits perpendicularity in the building layout as a 3D structural compass. We analytically study the observability properties of the linearized dynamical system, and we provide sufficient observability conditions. We evaluate the real-world performance of our localization aid, and demonstrate its reliability for accurate, real-time human localization.
Habitat Selection by Mexican Spotted Owls in Northern Arizona

We compared use of seven habitat types to availability of those types within the home ranges of eight radio-tagged Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida). When all habitat types were considered simultaneously, habitat use differed from habitat availability for each owl. Patterns of habitat use varied among individuals and with respect to activity. Owls generally foraged more than or as frequently as expected in virgin mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests, and less than expected in managed forests. Owls roosted primarily in virgin mixed-conifer forests. We also compared habitat characteristics among foraging, roosting, and randomly available sites. Habitat characteristics differed sig- nificantly among plot types. Both roosting and foraging sites had more big logs, higher canopy closure, and greater densities and basal areas of both trees and snags than random sites. Roosting sites had greater canopy closure, more big logs, and greater densities of both trees and snags than foraging sites. Mature forests appear to be important to owls in this region, and different forest types may be used for different activities. Received 4 November
A Doherty power amplifier with extended resonance power divider for linearity improvement

A Doherty power amplifier using an extended resonance power divider is designed for linearity improvement. Taking advantage of the class C amplifier input admittance variations as a function of input power level, the extended resonance power divider is designed to provide proper power-dependent power division ratio for improving the linearity of the Doherty amplifier. This kind of power divider acts like a pre-distorter. To verify the proposed method, an extended resonance Doherty and a conventional Doherty power amplifier are designed and fabricated for comparison. The proposed technique shows considerable improvement in linearity without compromising the efficiency. An improvement of 5–16 dB in IM3R over a wide range of output power is achieved. Furthermore, it is shown that this method can be used to improve the phase nonlinearity of the amplifiers.
Electron capture by Ne 2¿ ions from atomic hydrogen

Using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ion-atom merged-beam apparatus, absolute total electron-capture cross sections have been measured for collisions of ${\text{Ne}}^{3+}$ ions with hydrogen (deuterium) atoms at energies between 0.07 and $826\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}∕\mathrm{u}$. Comparison to previous measurements shows large discrepancies between 50 and $400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}∕\mathrm{u}$. Previously published molecular-orbital close-coupling (MOCC) calculations were performed over limited energy ranges, but show good agreement with the present measurements. Here MOCC calculations are presented for energies between 0.01 and $1000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}∕\mathrm{u}$ for collisions with both H and D. For energies below $\ensuremath{\sim}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}∕\mathrm{u}$, an enhancement in the magnitude of both the experimental and theoretical cross sections is observed which is attributed to the ion-induced dipole attraction between the reactants. Below $\ensuremath{\sim}4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}∕\mathrm{u}$, the present calculations show a significant target isotope effect.
Integrated Optical Sensors

We review important progress made in the field of integrated optical sensors in 2011. This paper focuses on key aspects of integrated sensors, including new detection mechanism developments, integration progress, and efforts toward resolving the challenges associated with surface functionalization and analyte transport.
Municipal Financing of the U.S. Fine Arts Museum: A Historical Rationale

Municipal involvement in the finance of fine arts museums raises the question: Just which market failure serves to rationalize this public subsidy? Two contenders are prominent in the literature: decreasing costs and education externalities. The relationship of price to marginal cost provides an operational test to distinguish among the two rationales. Scattered data from the 1880s and 1890s as well as contemporary discussion indicate that, implausible as it may seem now, education externalities constituted the operational justification for the public subsidy.
Fiber type and citrate synthase activity in the human gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis with aging.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether enzymatic and histochemical characteristics of human skeletal muscle are altered with aging. Tissues from the vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnem...
Treatment of Multiple Myeloma in the Targeted Therapy Era

Objective:To review the clinical trials that have impacted treatment standards of multiple myeloma (MM).Data Source:A PubMed search (1980–June 2008) restricted to English-language publications was conducted using the key words multiple myeloma, clinical trials, targeted therapy, thalidomide, lenalidomide, bortezomib, dexamethasone, melphalan, autologous stem-cell transplantation, and tumor biology. Abstracts emanating from the meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Society of Hematology from June 2002 to June 2008 were also reviewed.Data Synthesis:Although hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation has improved the response rate and duration of overall survival, MM remains an incurable disease. However, focused research aimed at the molecular basis of the disease has led to a number of new treatment strategies. Evidence from clinical trials indicates that each of the 3 novel agents, thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib, is remarkably effective as first-line therapy. The data ...
A long-duration experiment on hydrous species geospeedometer and hydrous melt viscosity

A 2.4-year controlled-cooling-rate experiment was carried out to investigate the dependence of hydrous species concentrations in rhyolitic melt on cooling rate. The experiment allows us to obtain speciation for a cooling rate of 1.68 · 10 � 6 K/s, extending previous experimental data by two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, a viscosity as high as 10 17.2 Pa s is inferred for this hydrous rhyolitic melt with 0.85 wt% total H2O at 671 K. The results are applied to examine whether a geospeedometry model and four viscosity models may be extrapolated to slower cooling rates or lower temperatures. Two of the viscosity models and the geospeedometry model can be extrapolated by two orders of magnitude upwards in terms of viscosity or downwards in terms of cooling rate. � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Effects of Insufflation with Heated CO2 upon Body Temperature and Arterial Blood Gas Analysis during Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery

Unheated CO2 insufflation can result in hypothermia during an extended operation, but heated CO2 may better preserve body temperature and arterial blood gas analysis. Methods: Sixty-seven female patients scheduled for laparoscopic surgery were randomly divided to two groups. Group 1 (n = 37) and group 2 (n = 39) received unheated CO2 or heated CO2 during pneumoperitoneum, respectively. We compared body temperature and arterial blood gas parameters every 10 min or 15 min, respectively, during and after pneumoperitoneum and 30 min after postanesthesia care unit arrival. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic data, hemodynamic data, body temperature, and arterial blood gas parameters between the two groups. Conclusions: Heated CO2 insufflation during laparoscopy does not dramatically affect body temperature or arterial blood gas parameters in relatively short procedures without other methods such as warm saline irrigation and prewarming of extremities.
A toolset for program understanding

Program understanding is associated with the hierarchy of abstractions and interpretations that are deduced from the code. Program understanding requires the identification and study of the numerous complex interrelationships that are induced by the data flow, calling, and functional dependencies that exist in the software. Therefore, an environment is needed in order aid the programmer in understanding software. The authors have previously discussed both an internal program representation and an environment that conforms to the requirements stated. The toolset is referred to as Ghinsu and it supports a number of tasks over a program written in a subset of ANSI C such as slicing, dicing, and ripple analysis. They present some background on the problems associated with program understanding and show how the Ghinsu toolset can aid the programmer in understanding software. >
Counseling and Comprehension of the Economics of Change

This article invites counselors to transform their personal perspectives on the processes of being economic and offers an experience of comprehension. A fundamental economic process is that of interdependently creating value. Historically, the conceived basis of value has evolved to a presently emerging conception of the provision of ideas as capital. Mastery and practice of comprehension is necessary to integrate this conception into the ideals and practice of schooling. Experiencing comprehension suggests means of using its process as the content of counseling. Consequently, the counseling goal, personally achieved comprehension through application of economic principles in guidance procedures, contributes to this creation of value.
The role of narrative in personality psychology today

Over the past 25 years, narrative theories and methods have helped to revitalize the discipline of personality psychology by providing new tools and concepts for discerning the inner patterning and meaning of human lives and by helping to recontextualize personality studies in terms of culture, gender, class, ethnicity, and the social ecology of everyday life. This article (a) briefly traces recent historical developments in personality psychology as they relate to the increasing influence of narrative approaches; (b) describes a three-tiered conceptual framework for understanding personality in terms of dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and life stories; and (c) illustrates one important research program on life stories in personality — studies of the redemptive self.
Motion compensation as sparsity-aware decoding in compressive video streaming

We consider a video transmission system where the transmitter performs merely direct compressive sensing with no other forms of encoding/processing and the burden of quality video sequence reconstruction falls solely on the receiver side. We show that effective implicit motion compensation can be carried out at the receiver/decoder via iterative sparsity-aware recovery on adaptively forward-backward estimated Karhunen-Loeve bases. Experiments illustrate these developments.
A calcium sensor and its interacting protein kinase are global regulators of abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis.

Abstract The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) triggers an oscillation in the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration, which is then perceived by unknown Ca 2+ binding proteins to initiate a series of signaling cascades that control many physiological processes, including adaptation to environmental stress. We report here that a Ca 2+ binding protein, SCaBP5, and its interacting protein kinase, PKS3, function as global regulators of ABA responses. Arabidopsis mutants with silenced SCaBP5 or PKS3 are hypersensitive to ABA in seed germination, seedling growth, stomatal closing, and gene expression. PKS3 physically interacts with the 2C-type protein phosphatase ABI2 (ABA-insensitive 2) and to a lesser extent with the homologous ABI1 (ABA-insensitive 1) protein. Thus, SCaBP5 and PKS3 are part of a calcium-responsive negative regulatory loop controlling ABA sensitivity.
Blind identification and equalization of multipath channels

A fractionally spaced blind identification and equalization method for a multipath channel is proposed and analyzed. Unlike most of the adaptive blind equalization methods which rely on higher-order statistics, the proposed method utilizes the second-order statistical information of the process. Identification and equalization of a possible nonminimum phase channel are achieved by exploiting cyclostationarities of the received communication signals. The proposed identification algorithm needs much less data than existing techniques and is asymptotically exact. Simulations demonstrated the promising performance of the proposed algorithm for the blind equalization of a three-ray multipath channel. >
Attitudes of High School Band Directors and Principals Toward Marching Band Contests

This study consisted of a mailed survey of 421 high school band programs. The band director and principal in each school received a separate questionnaire with similar items rating the value of six...
Heterochronic effects of glossy15 mutations on epidermal cell identity in maize.

Vegetative development in maize is divided into a juvenile phase and an adult phase that differ in the expression of a large number of morphological, anatomical, and biochemical traits. Recessive mutations of Glossy15 cause a premature switch in the expression of some of these phase-specific traits. Mutant plants cease producing juvenile traits (e.g. epicuticular wax) and begin to produce adult traits (e.g. epidermal hairs) significantly earlier than their wild-type siblings. In glossy15-1 plants this switch generally occurs at leaf 2 or 3 rather than at the normal position of leaf 6 or 7. An analysis of the effect of glossy15 mutations on a variety of vegetative and reproductive traits revealed that these mutations only affect the character of the epidermis. They have no effect on the overall vegetative morphology of the plant, or on its reproductive development. This phenotype is the opposite of that of the gain-of-function mutations Teopod1, Teopod2 and Teopod3, all of which prolong the expression of a large number of juvenile traits. Double mutants between glossy15 and Teopod1 or Teopod2 indicate that Glossy15 is required for the effect of Teopod1 and Teopod2 on epidermal traits but not for other aspects of the Teopod phenotype. We conclude that Glossy15 initiates or maintains the expression of juvenile epidermal traits and suppresses the expression of adult epidermal traits, and that it acts downstream of the Teopod genes.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary vessel development

Development of coronary vessels is a complex process in developmental biology and it may have clinical implications. Although coronary vessels develop as a form of vasculogenesis followed by angiogenesis, the cells of the entire coronary system do not arise from the developing heart. The key events of the coronary system formation include the generation of primordium and proepicardial organ; formation of epicardium; generation of subepicardial mesenchymal cells, and the formation, remodeling and maturation of the final vascular plexus. These events represent a complex regulation of the cell fate determination, cellular migration, epicardial/ mesenchymal transformation, and patterning of vasculatures. Recent studies suggest that several transcription factors, adhesion molecules, growth factors and signaling molecules play essential roles in these events. This article reviews the literature on the development of coronary vessels, and discusses current advances and controversies of molecular and cellular mechanisms, thereby directing future investigations.