cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering and mapping nanocavity emission via precision placement of DNA origami

Many hybrid devices integrate functional molecular or nanoparticle components with microstructures, as exemplified by the nanophotonic devices that couple emitters to optical resonators for potential use in single-molecule detection, precision magnetometry, low threshold lasing and quantum information processing. These systems also illustrate a common difficulty for hybrid devices: although many proof-of-principle devices exist, practical applications face the challenge of how to incorporate large numbers of chemically diverse functional components into microfabricated resonators at precise locations. Here we show that the directed self-assembly of DNA origami onto lithographically patterned binding sites allows reliable and controllable coupling of molecular emitters to photonic crystal cavities (PCCs). The precision of this method is sufficient to enable us to visualize the local density of states within PCCs by simple wide-field microscopy and to resolve the antinodes of the cavity mode at a resolution of about one-tenth of a wavelength. By simply changing the number of binding sites, we program the delivery of up to seven DNA origami onto distinct antinodes within a single cavity and thereby digitally vary the intensity of the cavity emission. To demonstrate the scalability of our technique, we fabricate 65,536 independently programmed PCCs on a single chip. These features, in combination with the widely used modularity of DNA origami, suggest that our method is well suited for the rapid prototyping of a broad array of hybrid nanophotonic devices.
Between “Laws and Practice,” Blacks, Latinxs, Afro-Cubans/Latinxs, and Public Policy

This final, summary chapter briefly summarizes findings and discusses implications for future research and public policy-making, situating these intersections in a recent trip to Cuba. I write here that much of this book was exploratory and challenge interdisciplinary scholars to look more intensively at the Afro-Cuban experience in South Florida given the methodological limitations of the book. I also place the now-documented intra-Cuban racial bifurcation narrative (my findings) within the context of growing literature on the Afro-Latino experience in the USA, with specific attention to arguments that Latinxs are “becoming white.” I challenge researchers and policymakers to ignore scholarly and popular claims that the USA has moved into a “post-racial” era given the empirical evidence to the contrary and propose a continuation of universal and targeted race-based public policies as remedies for persistent racial discrimination in various institutional spheres (e.g. housing, labor market, and education) at the same time bottom-up, root-level solutions are sought.
Should Persistent Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Delay Discharge of an Ambulatory Surgery Patient from the Post-anesthesia Care Unit?

A 43-year-old woman with a past medical history of menorrhagia and uterine fibroids just underwent a laparoscopic myomectomy this morning under general anesthesia. Her anesthesia care included desflurane, nitrous oxide, and intermittent boluses of fentanyl and rocuronium. She received dexamethasone before surgical incision and ondansetron 20 min prior to emergence. She woke up comfortable and without complaints. Thirty minutes into her recovery in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), she began to experience nausea and had 2 episodes of non-bloody, non-bilious emesis. More ondansetron was given and the patient reported slight improvement of her symptoms, but the nausea returned shortly thereafter.
Donating blood on a regular basis appears to reduce blood pressure, but appearances can be deceiving.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported a relationship between blood donation and decreased risk for cardiovascular events, and it has been proposed that this may be due to a lowering of blood pressure among hypertensive individuals who donate on a regular basis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS With the use of a retrospective longitudinal analysis, predonation blood pressure readings were examined across consecutive whole blood donations for New York Blood Center donors. With blood pressure levels recorded at the first, second, third, and fourth donations, the sample was divided into three subgroups including high (≥140 mmHg), intermediate (>100 and <40 mmHg), and low (≤100 mmHg) systolic blood pressure (SBP). In addition, a computational approach was used to estimate regression to the mean effects for donors with high SBP or high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at their first, second, or third donation. RESULTS Visual examination of SBP and DBP patterns across donations revealed that, on average, donors with extreme values at one donation had relatively normal values at the other donations. Further, comparison of computed expected versus observed blood pressure decreases supported the notion of a subsequent regression to the mean among donors with elevated SBP or DBP at Donation 1, 2, or 3. CONCLUSION Among individuals who are hypertensive at initial donation, reductions in blood pressure at subsequent donations appear to result from regression to the mean as opposed to a salutary physiologic process.
Infection rates and treatment of low-velocity extremity gunshot injuries.

Objectives To determine the rates of infection in low-energy gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the extremity. Design Retrospective review. Setting Level I trauma center. Patients/participants Patients (N = 140) with at least 90-day follow-up for extremity-only low-energy GSW injuries from 2010-2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Treatment was recorded, including type and duration of antibiotics and details of nonoperative and operative managements. Main outcome measures The rates of superficial and deep infections. Results The overall infection rate was 15.7% (22 patients), and the deep infection rate was 3.6% (5 patients). Age, sex, and injury location were similar between the groups that did and did not receive antibiotic prophylaxis. Injury Severity Scores were higher in the group that did receive antibiotics. Regarding soft tissue-only injuries, antibiotic prophylaxis trended toward a lower rate of overall infection versus no antibiotic prophylaxis (6.1% vs. 25.9%, respectively, P = 0.07). Multiple doses of antibiotics did not reduce the rate of infection when compared with a single dose (14.6% vs. 12.5%, respectively, P = 1.00). No deep infections occurred in patients with nonoperatively treated fractures, regardless of antibiotic administration. All operatively treated fractures received antibiotic prophylaxis and demonstrated superficial and deep infection rates of 15.1% and 5.7%, respectively. Conclusions Infections after low-energy extremity GSWs are infrequent. For soft tissue injuries without fracture, a single dose of intravenous antibiotics in the emergency department was associated with a lower rate of infection compared with no antibiotics. Operatively treated low-energy GSW fractures should receive standard perioperative antibiotics. Level of evidence Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hybrid integration of modified uni-traveling carrier photodiodes on a multi-layer silicon nitride platform using total internal reflection mirrors

We demonstrate hybrid integration of modified uni-traveling carrier photodiodes on a multi-layer silicon nitride platform using total internal reflection mirrors. Low-loss high-efficiency coupling of InGaAs detector on a silicon substrate has been realized.
Metabolic and Endocrine Considerations After Burn Injury

Severe burn injury is followed by a profound hypermetabolic response that persists up to 2 years after injury. It is mediated by up to 50-fold elevations in plasma catecholamines, cortisol, and glucagon that lead to whole-body catabolism, elevated resting energy expenditures, and multiorgan dysfunction. Modulation of the response by early excision and grafting of burn wounds, thermoregulation, control of infection, early and continuous enteral nutrition, and pharmacologic treatments aimed at mitigating physiologic derangements have markedly decreased morbidity.
Keynote: Wearable and IoT for cognitive health assessment: Significance and challenges

The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the U.S. population of people aged 65 and up will grow more than double in between 2010 and 2050. The market for remote patient monitoring is expected to grow from $10.6 billion in 2012 to $21.2 billion in 2017. This growing societal and economical needs revitalize the work on technology-assisted proactive and preventive health monitoring in smart home environments. In recent time the proliferation of commodity smart healthcare appliances and stand-alone and integrated sensing devices (Internet of Things) make it increasingly easier to ubiquitously and continuously monitor an individuals health-related vital signals, activities, and behaviors to provide just-in-time interventions for the aging population. Nevertheless, developing reliable and clinically equivalent point-of-care technologies to perform automated health assessment and intervention remain challenging. In this talk, I will discuss how signal processing and machine learning techniques help analyze the activity and physiological signals to gauge the cognitive and behavioral health of older adults. I will also discuss the comparative performance of technology-guided algorithmic methodology with clinically-driven survey, observation, and performance-based measurements. I will conclude the talk highlighting our experiences of deploying this smart home health service systems for Alzheimer's patients living in retirement community centers.
Emily Dickinson's I'VE KNOWN A HEAVEN, LIKE A TENT— (Fr257)

In May 1866, Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) wrote to longtime friend Mrs. J. G. Holland, depicting the sensation of wonder that remained with her long after the circus had left her hometown of Amherst...
Exploiting Drug Addiction Mechanisms to Select against MAPKi-Resistant Melanoma

Melanoma resistant to MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) displays loss of fitness upon experimental MAPKi withdrawal and, clinically, may be resensitized to MAPKi therapy after a drug holiday. Here, we uncovered and therapeutically exploited the mechanisms of MAPKi addiction in MAPKi-resistant BRAFMUT or NRASMUT melanoma. MAPKi-addiction phenotypes evident upon drug withdrawal spanned transient cell-cycle slowdown to cell-death responses, the latter of which required a robust phosphorylated ERK (pERK) rebound. Generally, drug withdrawal-induced pERK rebound upregulated p38-FRA1-JUNB-CDKN1A and downregulated proliferation, but only a robust pERK rebound resulted in DNA damage and parthanatos-related cell death. Importantly, pharmacologically impairing DNA damage repair during MAPKi withdrawal augmented MAPKi addiction across the board by converting a cell-cycle deceleration to a caspase-dependent cell-death response or by furthering parthanatos-related cell death. Specifically in MEKi-resistant NRASMUT or atypical BRAFMUT melanoma, treatment with a type I RAF inhibitor intensified pERK rebound elicited by MEKi withdrawal, thereby promoting a cell death-predominant MAPKi-addiction phenotype. Thus, MAPKi discontinuation upon disease progression should be coupled with specific strategies that augment MAPKi addiction.Significance: Discontinuing targeted therapy may select against drug-resistant tumor clones, but drug-addiction mechanisms are ill-defined. Using melanoma resistant to but withdrawn from MAPKi, we defined a synthetic lethality between supraphysiologic levels of pERK and DNA damage. Actively promoting this synthetic lethality could rationalize sequential/rotational regimens that address evolving vulnerabilities. Cancer Discov; 8(1); 74-93. ©2017 AACR.See related commentary by Stern, p. 20This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
Coincident binding of synthetic and natural ligands to the nuclear receptor PPARγ

Crystal structures of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma have revealed overlapping binding modes for synthetic and natural ligands, indicating competition for the orthosteric pocket. Here we show that cobinding of a synthetic orthosteric ligand and a medium-chain fatty acid to a nonorthosteric alternate site forms a "ligand link" to the functionally important Ω-loop that synergistically affects PPARγ structure and function. Synthetic ligand extensions within the orthosteric pocket can "push" fatty acid cobinding modes towards the Ω-loop, and our retrospective analysis of the electron density of other PPARγ crystal structures bound to synthetic ligands identified alternate site density consistent with a cobound natural ligand. Mutagenesis studies indicate that residues contacting the cobound fatty acid may be important for basal cellular PPARγ activity and activation by synthetic ligands. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence indicating ligand binding to nuclear receptors can be more complex than the classical one-for-one orthosteric exchange of natural and synthetic ligands.
Wulff in a cage gold nanoparticles as contrast agents for computed tomography and photoacoustic imaging

Nanostructures have potential for use in biomedical applications such as sensing, imaging, therapeutics, and drug delivery. Among nanomaterials, gold nanostructures are of considerable interest for biomedical research, owing to their bio-inertness, controllable surface chemistry, X-ray opacity, and optical properties. Gold nanocages are particularly attractive for imaging and therapeutic applications, because they strongly absorb light in the near infra-red region which has high light transmission in tissue. However, the X-ray attenuation of nanocages is relatively low due to their hollow structure. In this study, for the first time, we sought to combine the attractive optical properties of nanoshells with the high payloads of solid nanoparticles and investigated their biomedical applications. Here, we report the engineering of Wulff in a cage nanoparticles via converting gold Wulff-shaped seeds into gold-silver core-shell structures and then performing a galvanic replacement reaction. The structure of these nanoparticles was determined using transition electron microscopy. This morphological transformation of gold nanoparticles shaped as truncated octahedrons into a complex Wulff in a cage nanoparticles during the reaction resulted in extensive changes in their optical properties that made these unique structures a potential contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging. We found that the Wulff in a cage nanoparticles had no adverse effects on the viabilities of J774A.1, Renca, and HepG2 cells at any of the concentrations tested. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed robust signals in both photoacoustic imaging and computed tomography. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Wulff in a cage nanoparticles serving as a platform for multiple imaging modalities. This unique multifunctional nanostructure, which integrates the competencies of both core and shell structures, allows their use as contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging, computed tomography and as a potential agent for photothermal therapy.
Economic Analysis of Local Food Procurement in Southwest Florida's Farm to School Programs

Farm-to-school (F2S) programs aim to educate people about food and farming, to increase the availability of fresh, nutritious foods, and to improve health outcomes among children. Nationally, all states have school districts that self-identify as farm-to-school program participants. National and regional food procurement systems account for the majority of food purchased by National School Lunch Program participants, but school foodservice authorities (SFA) who purchase food from farmers often do so in the context of strengthening their farm-to-school program (U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA], n.d.-b). A greater number of local supply chain participants benefit when food is sourced in state (locally) rather than out-of-state because more money ends up in the pockets of local producers and distribu­tors. Local fruit and vegetable producers and SFAs interested in developing business partnerships for local procurement would benefit from recommen­dations on menu-appropriate fresh market prod­ucts, volume, and purchase prices. However, detailed data sets from SFAs are uncommon, limiting opportunities to advance procurement efforts. The objective for this project was to begin developing local procurement recommendations for other Florida school districts based on the purchasing history and experiences of the Sarasota County School District (SCSD). In 2014, Sarasota County, Florida, received a USDA F2S implementation grant, affording it the opportunity to develop its local procurement efforts. One deliverable from that project was a robust data set of school food purchases over a two-year period. With permission SCSD, we analyzed seasonal purchase variations and market prices of local and out-of-state fresh fruits, vege­tables, and egg purchases for 38 public schools in the SCSD. In this paper, we present an approach to estimate the potential of local procurement viability in the context of an emerging districtwide F2S program and recommend system changes based on the success of procurement efforts in SCSD and surrounding school districts in Southwest Florida.
Identification and Characterization of Glycine Decarboxylase as a Direct Target of Snail in the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Cancer Cells.

Context/Aims: Metabolic reprogramming and cellular plasticity drive tumorigenesis. However, how these cellular events collectively contribute to the oncogenic process is poorly understood. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a fundamental mechanism of cellular plasticity, is governed by the EMT transcription repressors such as Snail. In the present study, through establishment and characterization of inducible overexpression of Snail in A549 lung cancer cells, we aim to define the metabolic reprogramming in response to Snail in the EMT of lung cancer cells. Methods/Results: Our metabolomic analysis suggests that forced expression of Snail accompanied reduced diversion of glycolytic metabolites to the serine/glycine metabolic shunt, a critical metabolic branch that distributes glucose catabolic intermediates to the major anabolic pathways. Our gene expression profiling and molecular characterization revealed that Snail actively suppressed the expression of glycine decarboxylase (GLDC), a key enzyme on the serine/glycine metabolic shunt, through binding to an evolutionarily conserved E-box motif and thereby inhibiting the promoter of the GLDC gene. Besides, knockdown of GLDC led to a cellular function shift from proliferation to migration. Conclusion: This study has revealed a novel molecular link that integrates the serine/glycine metabolism with the Snail-mediated EMT program in cancer cells.
Developing Communication Repertoires to Address Conflict in Community Engagement Work

Due to their work engaging with diverse people representing varied institutions and community settings and addressing diverse issues and topics, community engagement professionals (CEPs) must serve as boundary spanners (Child & Faulkner, 1998; Janke, 2009) across differences. Quite often, interpersonal, organizational, cultural, and other differences lead to tensions and conflict. Though CEPs enter into positions and situations in which conflict exists, or is likely to exist, few have been professionally prepared to manage interpersonal conflict. Drawing on a competence-based approach to communicating about interpersonal conflict (Cupach, Canary, & Spitzberg, 2010), this essay suggests key communication capacities, including motivation, knowledge, and skills to manage conflict, even positively transforming conflict in ways that build understanding and relationships. Conflict management is not about learning a single model or a specific script to “end all conflicts.” Instead, conflict management involves developing competency with constructive practices through intentional, sustained effort.
Longitudinal assessment of the impact of higher body mass index on cancer-related fatigue in patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy.

To assess the impact of obesity on cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in patients with breast cancer, through a secondary analysis of a large, longitudinal, nationwide study of breast cancer patients beginning chemotherapy. All patients (N = 565; aged 53 ± 10.6) with breast cancer completed the multidimensional fatigue symptom inventory and the symptom inventory to measure CRF symptoms at baseline, post-chemotherapy, and 6 months post-chemotherapy. Height and weight at baseline were used to categorize subjects based on body mass index (BMI): obese (≥ 30.0 kg/m2; n = 294), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2; n = 146), and normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2; n = 125). Multivariate regression models evaluated the relationship of obesity level to CRF over time, controlling for age, menopausal status, race, Karnofsky Performance Status, cancer stage, radiation, and exercise status. At baseline, the obese had significantly higher CRF symptoms than the normal weight subjects for both the Multidimensional fatigue symptom inventory (MFSI) total (obese = 11.2 vs normal weight = 6.3; p = 0.03) and Symptom Inventory (SI) (obese = 3.5 vs normal weight = 2.9; p = 0.03). Significantly higher SI fatigue scores persisted at post-chemotherapy for the obese (obese = 5.0 vs normal weight = 4.4; p = 0.02). At 6 months post-chemotherapy, the obese patients still had significantly higher SI fatigue scores (obese = 3.5 vs normal weight = 3.0; p = 0.05). Obese patients suffered greater CRF from pre-chemotherapy through 6 months post-chemotherapy. Recommendations for weight loss or weight maintenance may impact CRF levels in obese breast cancer patients before and after chemotherapy.
RELATION OF SUPERIOR COLLICULUS TO THE INITIATION OF EYE MOVEMENTS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relation of superior colliculus to the initiation of eye movements. The development of a specialized area of the retina for high spatial resolution, the fovea, has been accompanied in mammals by a system for redirecting the fovea from one area of the visual field toward another area. The eye movements producing this redirection are made as jumps, or saccades, from one point in the field to another. This system, taken as a unit, forms a complete loop from visual input to movement output and offers the opportunity to understand a sensory to motor transformation within the mammalian brain. The cells in the superficial layers all respond to a spot of light in an appropriate part of the visual field with the latency ranging between 40 and 60 m. The organization of the cells is orderly and there is a retinotopic map of the visual field spread out across the surface of the superior colliculus. There is also an orderly progression of cell characteristics with depth in the superficial layers, and cells found at increasing depths have increasingly larger visual receptive fields and slightly increased visual response latency.
Do nonapeptides regulate parental care depending on experience in zebra finches

Abstract Recent research suggests that the nonapeptide neurohormones regulate parental behaviors in a diverse array of vertebrates. However, it remains unclear how these neurohormones regulate parental care among birds, especially those which exhibit biparental care, or whether hormonal effects are contingent on a bird's previous experience as a parent. We measured the effects of nonapeptides on parental behaviors by peripherally injecting, over three treatment days, a short-acting nonapeptide receptor antagonist (OTA) or a saline control into breeding pairs of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) that either did or did not have previous parental experience. We then compared how the duration of parental behaviors changed over the five days of observation (including one day before and two days after injections were administered). To compare treatment effects on parental outcomes, we also measured chick growth and mortality rates for each pair. There was a nearly significant interaction between treatment and experience for the amount of time birds spent in the nest, with time in the nest declining across the experiment inexperienced and experienced OTA birds. There was also a significant treatment by trial day interaction for nest guarding and a treatment by experience by trial day interaction for nest maintenance. Chicks reared by parents that received the OTA had significantly lower growth rates than chicks reared by control parents and, among experienced birds, higher mortality relative to control birds. Together, these results provide some support for the hypothesis that nonapeptides play a role in regulating parental outcomes and some parental behaviors in both experienced and inexperienced zebra finches.
Impacts of maize domestication and breeding on rhizosphere microbial community recruitment from a nutrient depleted agricultural soil.

Maize domestication and breeding have resulted in drastic and well documented changes in aboveground traits, but belowground effects on root system functioning and rhizosphere microbial communities remain poorly understood, despite their critical importance for nutrient and water acquisition. We investigated the rhizosphere microbial community composition and structure of ten Zea mays accessions along an evolutionary transect (two teosinte, three inbred maize lines, and five modern maize hybrids) grown in nutrient depleted soil from a low input agricultural system. Microbial community analysis revealed significant differences in community composition between soil compartments (proximal vs. distal rhizosphere) and between plant genetic groups (teosinte, inbred, and modern hybrid). Only a small portion of the microbial community was differentially selected across plant genetic groups: 3.7% of prokaryotic community members and 4.9% of fungal community members were significantly associated with a specific plant genetic group. Indicator species analysis showed the greatest differentiation between modern hybrids and the other two plant genetic groups. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that microbial co-occurrence patterns of the inbred maize lines' rhizosphere were significantly more similar to those of the teosintes than to the modern hybrids. Our results suggest that advances in hybrid development significantly impacted rhizosphere microbial communities and network assembly.
Blurring the Lines for Personal Success: Career, Family, and Voluntary Activities of Women in Academic Sport Settings

In 2012 Anne Marie Slaughter struck a nerve with the online publication of “Why Women Still Can’t Have It All,” an article which launched a national debate and to this day remains one of the most-r...
Enhanced Li+ Conduction within Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Gel Electrolytes via Reduced Cation–Polymer Interaction

The development of advanced electrolytes compatible with lithium metal and lithium-ion batteries is crucial for meeting ever growing energy storage demands. One such class of materials, single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SIPEs), prevents the formation of ion concentration gradients and buildup of anions at the electrode surface, improving performance. One of the ongoing challenges for SIPEs is the development of materials that are conductive enough to compete with liquid electrolytes. Presented herein is a class of gel SIPEs based on crosslinked poly(tetrahydrofuran) diacrylate that present enhanced room temperature conductivities of 3.5 × 10–5 S/cm when gelled with lithium metal relevant 1,3-dioxolane/dimethoxyethane, 2.5 × 10–4 S/cm with carbonate solutions, and approaching 10–3 S/cm with dimethyl sulfoxide. Remarkably, these materials also demonstrate high ionic conductivity at low temperatures, 1.8 × 10–5 S/cm at −20 °C in certain solvents. Most importantly, however, when contrasted with iden...
Adapting the Educational Environment for Cardiovascular Fellows-in-Training During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted unprecedented physical and emotional challenges in the lives of our health care community. Fellows-in-training (FITs) are at the frontlines of the medical response, balancing programmatic changes to meet urgent patient care demands with
Would Women With Solid Organ Transplant Qualify for Triennial Cervical Cancer Screening as Recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in 2016 and American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology in 2019

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the applicability and safety of cervical cancer screening guidelines recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2016) and American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (2019) for women with solid organ transplants (SOTs). MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed data previously abstracted through December 2015 for 971 women (18-60 y) who received their first SOT at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) from January 17, 1995, through December 31, 2011. Inclusion criteria were initial benign findings on cervical cytology after SOT and at least 1 subsequent cytologic screening. RESULTS Of 415 women whose initial cytologic findings were benign, 310 met inclusion criteria. The cumulative incidence of abnormal cervical cytology among these 310 women was 4.3% (95% CI = 1.9%-6.7%) by 30 months and 11.2% (95% CI = 7.1%-15.4%) by 60 months after their initial benign results. Considering all women with SOT, 68.4% (284/415) had no documented abnormal cytologic findings within 60 months (26 had abnormality; 284 no abnormality; and 105 not assessed). In women with negative tests for human papillomavirus, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were not documented on cytology with variable duration of follow-up. No cervical squamous cell carcinoma was identified. CONCLUSIONS Of women with initial benign cervical cytology after SOT, more than two thirds would have been eligible for extended-interval screening. Further study is needed, particularly regarding the role of high-risk human papillomavirus testing.
Deformation mechanisms in ice-templated alumina–epoxy composites for the different directions of uniaxial compressive loading

Abstract The ice-templating technique enables the fabrication of multilayered ceramic-based composite materials. Very little is known on the inelastic deformation mechanisms that evolve in this class of composite materials under compressive loading conditions and cause macroscopic failure. The current investigation is motivated by a recent study by the authors, which revealed that the uniaxial compressive response of ice-templated ceramic–polymer composites is strongly dependent on the loading direction relative to the layer orientation. The current investigation reveals that the inelastic deformation mechanisms in ice-templated alumina–epoxy composites are strongly influenced by the compressive loading orientation relative to the growth direction of ice crystals. The deformation mechanisms were investigated for the loading directions of 0° (parallel to the growth direction), 45° (to the growth direction), and 90° (to the growth direction). For 0°, kink band formation and longitudinal splitting were observed to be the primary strength limiting mechanisms. Kink band formation could be the primary strength limiting factor and responsible for the catastrophic-type compressive failure response. For the loading directions of 45° and 90°, interface delamination and fracture within the lamella walls and across the alumina–epoxy interfaces were the main deformation mechanisms. These mechanisms significantly reduced the compressive strength but attributed progressive-type failure behavior in ice-templated composites. The knowledge of the inelastic deformation mechanisms in ice-templated ceramic–polymer composites under compressive loading is vital for an improved understanding of structure–mechanical property relationships and hierarchical materials design.
Federal (De)Funding of Local Police

Across the political spectrum, politicians, commentators, and activists frequently invoke federal funding as a lever to induce changes in local police behavior. But can federal funding function as an effective policy lever at the local level? Is federal funding or the threat of defunding a sufficiently strong tool to effectuate deeply contentious policy goals over local opposition? This Essay conducts an empirical examination of federal funding for local and state police agencies in the United States. It finds that the federal government remains a relatively minor contributor to local police budgets. We find that federal funding only reaches a minority of local police agencies. Similarly, federal funds account, on average, for a relatively small percentage of what the typical American municipality spends on policing each year. Overall, our findings suggest that most American law enforcement agencies are not acutely reliant on federal funding. These findings have several important implications for the literature on police reform and accountability. First, efforts to use the lever of federal funding to alter the behavior of local police departments may be ineffective. This may be particularly true when the reform demanded by federal lawmakers is expensive or unpopular locally. In such cases, rational local leaders may assess that the risk of losing federal funding is preferable to change demanded by federal lawmakers. Second, our findings suggest that federal lawmakers may be better off considering alternative paths other than the withholding of federal funds in promoting constitutional policing. To this point, we briefly lay out some additional avenues for federal police reform that do not rely on leveraging limited federal funds. Finally, our findings reinforce the fact that the ongoing debate about defunding police departments and reimagining public safety must occur primarily at the local, not federal level.
Adding Reach and Ownership with Paper Airplane Circuits

University faculty members, librarians, and support staff developed hands-on, consumable, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curricular materials that could be inexpensively provided to large audiences. Goals included fostering STEM interest, teaching STEM principles, and encouraging continued exploration in home and school settings. This case describes design processes to realize these goals through basic circuits with paper airplanes and simple origami. Following several design implementations, kits costing ~$0.33 each were created and distributed to learners. Within these kits, learners created a back-lit paper airplane as they explored concepts regarding circuit definitions; open, closed, series, and parallel circuits; shorts; polarity; and current. Additional activities included LED bracelets, cubes, and greeting cards. Within this paper, we document successive design decisions, failures, reflections, and iterations that moved goals to reality. We also describe new design challenges, including waste management, sustained exploration, and advanced concept introductions.
Must We Teach Abstinence? Pensions' Relationship Investments and the Lessons of Fiduciary Duty

Commentators have speculated that pension funds do not act as activist investors because of the constraints of fiduciary duties under ERISA. This note examines the case law under ERISA and the common law of trusts on which it is based and concludes that there are no legal constraints. The institutional incentives of the people who manage pension funds seem a better explanation for their inactivity (assuming that activism is, in fact, cost-justified).
Data Extraction from Included Studies

Accurate data extraction and their synthesis form the basis of appropriate conclusions of a systematic review. Systematic reviewers should extract ALL data relevant to the review question, not just the outcome data. Data to be extracted include baseline characteristics of study participants, information related to study methodology and outcomes and other relevant information. If published articles have given the results using figures instead of actual numbers, specialised software that convert images to pixel values may be utilised to obtain the actual data values. Tools such as Plot Digitizer, WebPlotDigitizer, Engauge, Dexter, Ycasd and GetData Graph Digitizer can be used for this purpose. When unable to extract data from available reports or to seek clarifications, the reviewers could contact the original investigators. Data extraction should be performed using pre-piloted forms independently by at least two reviewers to ensure accuracy. A high level of diligence is required to minimise errors during the stage of data extraction.
Integrating ethics and inclusion: How and when upper-level managerial leadership impact supervisory inclusiveness

This study seeks to integrate behavioral ethics and organizational diversity, equity, and inclusion research in effort to extend our understanding of the workplace factors that impact the engagement of inclusive leadership. For this purpose, we rely on social information processing theory to explain how and when upper-level managerial leadership impacts middle-level supervisory inclusiveness. We clarify these baseline relationships by integrating the role of supervisor organization-based self-esteem and negative affectivity into our model. We test our conceptual model in a multi-source field study consisting of 124 supervisor-employee dyads. Our study finds that upper-level managerial ethical leadership positively impacts middle-level supervisor organization-based self-esteem and upper-level managerial abusive leadership negatively impacts supervisor OBSE. In turn, supervisor OBSE positively impacts supervisory inclusiveness. Additionally, we find that supervisor negative affectivity moderates these relationships. Specifically, the relationships between (1) upper-level managerial ethical leadership and supervisor OBSE and (2) upper-level managerial abusive leadership and supervisor OBSE are stronger when supervisor negative affectivity is high compared to low. In summary, our first-stage moderated-mediation model is supported. We conclude by discussing implications, limitations, and future research.
The carcinogenic risks of alcoholic beverages: implications for cancer education

The proper analysis of the data generated by studies of carcinogenic risks of drinking alcoholic beverages would be the application of models from the relatively new approach of meta-analysis. In this study, 441 articles were generated by a 1992 MEDLINE search of the key words "alcohol drinking" and "cancer." Of these, only 29 met the criteria for a formal meta-analysis. For these 29 research reports, the 95% confidence limits for the odds ratio were 1.28 and 1.15, suggesting a weak association between drinking and cancer. This conclusion was rendered even less decisive by the following problems in the studies analyzed: 1) absence of comparable measures of either dosages or drinking patterns; 2) absence of comparable methods of data analysis; 3) absence of comparable measures of other population characteristics; and 4) widely varying results from study to study. For example, the 95% confidence limits for the odds radio of the 16 European studies were 1.14 and 0.98, indicating not even a reliable directional difference between drinking and nondrinking populations. Although the World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded in 1987 that alcoholic beverages are carcinogenic, the scientific literature extant in 1992 provides only very weak support for that finding. There is a need for multiple nonexperimental investigations using methods that will produce results sufficiently comparable to justify the application of the statistical models being generated for the meta-analysis of important questions not subject to direct experimentation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Conservative Corner of the Liberal Academy? Fraternity/Sorority Membership, Politics, and Activism

We use a longitudinal dataset to explore the effect of fraternity/sorority membership on political orientation and social/political activism. After controlling for a variety of potentially confounding variables, including pretests on the dependent variables, fraternity and sorority members were significantly less liberal that their unaffiliated peers after four years of college. There were no differences in social/political activism associated with fraternity/sorority membership. We conclude by discussing implications for student affairs practice and future research.
Regulation of Numbers of Algae in the Hydra‐Chlorella Symbiosis

Algae injected into green hydra are taken up rapidly and in relatively large numbers, resulting in an increased symbiont population in digestive cells. The increase is temporary and the normal stock population size is restored within 24 hours after injection. Restoration of the normal population size is taken as evidence for regulation, and the technique offers a means for eliciting and studying at least one type of regulatory mechanism. Similarly, a method is described for rapid assay and visualization of digestive cell mitosis. This method may facilitate the investigation of other potential regulatory mechanisms which may involve interaction between host and algal cell division. Finally, symbiont overgrowth of host cells resulting from nutrient enrichment is described. The observations lend support to the hypothesis that nutrient limitation may regulate population size of algal symbionts.
The Importance of Validation Studies in Perioperative Database Research.

The Importance of Validation Studies in Perioperative Database Research Mark Neuman; Anesthesiology
Maternal fumonisin exposure as a risk factor for neural tube defects.

Abstract Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the fungus F. verticillioides, a common contaminant of maize (corn) worldwide. Maternal consumption of fumonisin B1‐contaminated maize during early pregnancy has recently been associated with increased risk for neural tube defects (NTDs) in human populations that rely heavily on maize as a dietary staple. Experimental administration of purified fumonisin to mice early in gestation also results in an increased incidence of NTDs in exposed offspring. Fumonisin inhibits the enzyme ceramide synthase in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, resulting in an elevation of free sphingoid bases and depletion of downstream glycosphingolipids. Increased sphingoid base metabolites (i.e., sphinganine‐1‐phosphate) may perturb signaling cascades involved in embryonic morphogenesis by functioning as ligands for sphingosine‐1‐P (S1P) receptors, a family of G‐protein‐coupled receptors that regulate key biological processes such as cell survival/proliferation, differentiation and migration. Fumonisin‐induced depletion of glycosphingolipids impairs expression and function of the GPI‐anchored folate receptor (Folr1), which may also contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. NTDs appear to be multifactorial in origin, involving complex gene‐nutrient‐environment interactions. Vitamin supplements containing folic acid have been shown to reduce the occurrence of NTDs, and may help protect the developing fetus from environmental teratogens. Fumonisins appear to be an environmental risk factor for birth defects, although other aspects of maternal nutrition and genetics play interactive roles in determining pregnancy outcome. Minimizing exposures to mycotoxins through enhanced agricultural practices, identifying biomarkers of exposure, characterizing mechanisms of toxicity, and improving maternal nutrition are all important strategies for reducing the NTD burden in susceptible human populations.
Determination of sperm concentration for small-bodied biomedical model fishes by use of microspectrophotometry.

Abstract The goal of this study was to establish an efficient method for determination of sperm concentration requiring only 1–2 μL of sample by use of microspectrophotometry. The objectives were (1) determination of wavelengths with absorbance profiles appropriate for analysis of sperm suspensions from zebrafish Danio rerio, green swordtail Xiphophorus helleri, and medaka Oryzias latipes collected by crushing of dissected testis or by stripping of live males; (2) generation of standard curves and equations between sperm sample absorbance and sperm concentration estimated by hemocytometer counts; (3) accuracy verification of equations for estimating concentration by microspectrophotometry; and (4) analysis of the precision in generating equations and estimation of sperm concentration. Within the visible wavelengths (380–750 nm) there was no single maximal absorbance peak. For zebrafish, a linear correlation was established with an effective absorbance range of 0.034–0.936 for crushed samples, and 0.028–0....
True and Spectator Intermediates in Catalysis: The Case of Ethanol Oxidation on Molybdenum Oxide As Observed by in Situ Laser Raman Spectroscopy

A high-throughput laser Raman spectrometer is used to detect adsorbed ethoxide species during the catalytic oxidation of ethanol over supported molybdenum oxide at atmospheric pressure. Two different species are observed, a true reaction intermediate and a relatively inert spectator on the surface. Steady-state and dynamic experiments indicate that the reactive species is associated with MoO terminal bonds on the surface, while the spectator is associated with Mo−O−Mo bridging bonds. Deuterium isotopic substitution experiments indicate that the active intermediate is formed in an equilibrated adsorption step, and decomposes by a rate-determining α-C−H bond-breaking step to form acetaldehyde.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition selectively potentiates swim stress antinociception in rats.

Abstract Since nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in nociceptive processing, the present study examined whether NO synthase inhibition with either N w - nitro- L -arginine (L-NA) or its methyl ester (L-NAME) would alter antinociception elicited by either continuous (CCWS) or intermittent cold-water swims (ICWS) on the tail-flick and jump tests. Whereas CCWS antinociception on both tests was significantly potentiated by a dose range of L-NA (0.1–4 mg/kg IP) and L-NAME (1 mg/kg IP), ICWS antinociception was largely unaffected by these manipulations. In contrast, administration of the less active D isomer (D-NAME) failed to alter CCWS antinociception and reduced ICWS antinociception. The ability of NO synthase inhibition to potentiate CCWS antinociception could not be explained by changes in CCWS hypothermia. Since ICWS antinociception is mediated by μ-opioid manipulations and CCWS antinociception is sensitive to δ-opioid and nonopioid manipulations, this indicates that NO synthase inhibition may be acting upon a selective form of pain inhibition.
Parental Problem Drinking is Associated with Children’s Adrenocortical Reactivity to Stress

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in adaptation to stress, but is vulnerable to chronic stress exposure. Parental problem drinking (PPD) represents such a chronic stressor, but there has been little research on children’s HPA axis activity in the context of PPD. To address this gap, associations between PPD and children’s adrenocortical reactivity were examined, with marital aggression and child emotional security as potential intervening variables. Participants were 69 community families (children aged 6–12 years). Children provided saliva samples before and 20 min after a social stress test, which were assayed for cortisol. Parents reported on their problem drinking (PD) and marital aggression, and children reported on their emotional insecurity about the marital relationship. Mother PD was significantly related to greater adrenocortical reactivity in her offspring. Father PD was significantly related to children’s greater involvement in marital conflict, which was significantly related to greater adrenocortical reactivity. Findings therefore indicate that parental PD is related to greater sensitivity of the HPA axis to social stress, partially because of emotional insecurity.