cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of dynamic friction in lubricated line contacts for precise motion control

A simple dynamic friction model for an elastohydrodynamic lubrication sliding and rolling line contact has been developed. This model uses the technique introduced earlier by Harnoy and Friedland (1). The model includes low-velocity regions where friction is a combination of contact and elastohydrodynamic friction. The study shows that the lime-variable friction is not only a function of instantaneous sliding velocity, but is also a memory function of the velocity history. Simulation of the model for an oscillating velocity exhibits similar hysteresis effects in friction-velocity curves as observed earlier in several experimental studies. The model can be useful for friction compensation to enhance the precision of motion in control systems. Presented at the 50th Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois May 14–19, 1995
Effect of prophylactic colchicine therapy on leukocyte function in patients with familial Mediterranean fever.

Patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) who were part of a double-blind trial of daily colchicine as prophylaxis for their disease had leukocyte functions studied while receiving colchicine or placebo. Leukocytes taken from these patients while on prophylactic doses of colchicine produced normal quantities of leukocytic pyrogen, ingested bacteria normally, and migrated normally in chemotactic chambers. In addition these patients had normal numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes as well as normal blastogenic responses of their peripheral lymphocytes to mitogenic stimuli. The patients on colchicine, however, had significantly fewer neutrophils and monocytes accumulating at skin-window sites 24 hours after the initial abrasion. Because the early phase of the skin-window response was normal in these patients, the decreased late response may be related to a failure to amplify the initial inflammatory reaction. The reduced capacity to generate a normal inflammatory response may account for the failure of these patients to develop full attacks while taking colchicine.
Morphological identification of the agent of Korean haemorrhagic fever (Hantaan virus)as a member of the Bunyaviridae.

Abstract Korean haemorrhagic fever (KHF) (Hantaan virus), a rodent-borne viral illness, is an important cause of human disease throughout much of Asia and Eastern Europe. The agent responsible for KHF has not yet been conclusively identified. Plaque-purified KHF virus was concentrated and then banded in a potassium tartrate gradient. Material from the 1·17-1·19 g/ml band was examined by electron microscopy and particles with a morphology identical to that of the family Bunyaviridae were found. The particles were aggregated by KHF serum but not by saline solution or non-immune serum. Identification of KHF virus as a member of the family Bunyaviridae implies a potential for spread by arthropod vectors.
Recent advances in oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained rhythm disturbance. Thromboembolic events related to atrial fibrillation result in significant morbidity, mortality and increases in the cost of healthcare. Anticoagulants are pivotal agents for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. The latest American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend antithrombotic therapy to prevent thromboembolism for all patients with atrial fibrillation, except those with lone atrial fibrillation or contraindications. Vitamin K antagonists were first synthesized in 1948 and for the past six decades they have been the only agents used for long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Although these drugs are effective, they have numerous limitations, which have led to the development of newer anticoagulant therapies. The emerging oral anticoagulant agents are target selective. They have predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and do not require routine monitoring. They ...
Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO)

The Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) is a mission, led and developed by NASA, that will measure a variety of climate variables with an unprecedented accuracy to quantify and attribute climate change. CLARREO consists of three separate instruments: an infrared (IR) spectrometer, a reflected solar (RS) spectrometer, and a radio occultation (RO) instrument. The mission will contain orbiting radiometers with sufficient accuracy, including on orbit verification, to calibrate other space-based instrumentation, increasing their respective accuracy by as much as an order of magnitude. The IR spectrometer is a Fourier Transform spectrometer (FTS) working in the 5 to 50 microns wavelength region with a goal of 0.1 K (k = 3) accuracy. The FTS will achieve this accuracy using phase change cells to verify thermistor accuracy and heated halos to verify blackbody emissivity, both on orbit. The RS spectrometer will measure the reflectance of the atmosphere in the 0.32 to 2.3 microns wavelength region with an accuracy of 0.3% (k = 2). The status of the instrumentation packages and potential mission options will be presented.
Tolerance of cattle to increased dietary sulfur and effect of dietary cation-anion balance.

The objective of this study was to de- termine if dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) affects the concentration of S that can be tolerated by growing and finishing cattle without adversely affecting perfor- mance. Angus cross and Bradford steers (n = 114; av- erage initial BW = 252.8 kg) were blocked by BW and breed, and randomly assigned within a block to treat- ment. The design was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with S (from NH4SO4) supplemented at 0, 0.15, or 0.30% of DM, and NaHCO3 added at 0 or 1.0% of DM. Each treatment consisted of 3 pens containing 5 steers and 1 pen containing 4 steers. Steers were used in an 84-d growing study followed by a finishing study. A corn silage-based diet was fed during the growing study and a corn-based diet was fed during the finish- ing study. Steers were not randomized between experi- ments. The analyzed concentrations of S in the growing diets were 0.12, 0.30, and 0.46%, whereas the analyzed concentrations of S in the finishing diets were 0.13, 0.31, and 0.46% for treatments supplemented with 0, 0.15, and 0.30% S, respectively. Increasing DCAB by approximately 15 mEq/100 g of DM, by the addition of NaHCO3, did not affect (P > 0.36) performance during the growing or finishing studies. During the growing study DMI was not affected (P = 0.29) by dietary S. Steers fed diets containing 0.30% S had greater ADG (P = 0.02) and G:F (P = 0.01) than those receiving 0.46% S, but similar (P > 0.36) performance to steers fed 0.12% S. During the finishing study, steers fed diets containing 0.46% S had less ADG than steers fed 0.13 (P = 0.004) or 0.31% S (P = 0.07), whereas ADG did not differ (P = 0.18) among steers fed 0.13 and 0.31% S. Steers fed diets containing 0.31 (P = 0.01) or 0.46% S (P = 0.001) had less DMI than controls, but G:F was not affected (P = 0.52) by S during the finishing study. Carcass characteristics did not differ (P > 0.18) among steers fed diets containing 0.13 and 0.31% S. Steers receiving diets containing 0.46% S had decreased HCW (P = 0.001), quality (P = 0.02), and yield grades (P = 0.04) than steers receiving 0.13% S. Plasma Cu concentrations on d 101 of the finishing phase and liver Cu concentrations at slaughter were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in control steers compared with those fed diets contain- ing 0.31 or 0.46% S. This study indicates that steers fed growing diets can tolerate up to 0.46% S with minimum effects on performance. Finishing steers tolerated diets containing 0.31% S without adverse affects on ADG or G:F. However, 0.46% S greatly decreased ADG and DMI, and increasing DCAB did not prevent these de- pressions.
Immune Mechanisms in Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma: Joint Effects of the TNF G308A and IL10 T3575A Polymorphisms with Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma Risk Factors

Two common single nucleotide polymorphisms in immunoregulatory genes ( TNF G308A, rs1800629 and IL10 T3575A, rs1800890) have been recently reported as risk factors for non–Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a large pooled analysis. We systematically investigated the effects of other established NHL risk factors in relation to the tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) G308A or interleukin 10 ( IL10 ) T3575A genotypes. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) from 1,172 cases and 982 population-based controls in a U.S. multicenter study. We investigated NHL overall and two common subtypes [diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma]. NHL risks were increased among those with both an autoimmune condition and the TNF G308A GA/AA (ORNHL, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.0–4.2) or the IL10 T3575A TA/AA genotype (ORNHL, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.9–2.6) compared with individuals without an autoimmune condition and with the common TNF G308A GG or IL10 T3575A TT genotype, respectively; results were similar for DLBCL and follicular lymphoma. We found that elevated DLBCL risk associated with last-born status was more pronounced among those with TNF G308A GA/AA (ORDLBCL, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1–6.4) or IL10 T3575A TA/AA (ORDLBCL, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6–5.2). Similarly, elevated DLBCL risk associated with obesity (body mass index, ≥35 versus <25 kg/m2) was observed only among those with TNF G308A GA/AA (ORDLBCL, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1–5.7) or IL10 T3575A TA/AA genotypes (ORDLBCL, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.5). These exploratory results require replication but provide evidence that autoimmune conditions, late birth order, and obesity act partly through a common inflammatory pathway, posing a greater risk to individuals with variant TNF and IL10 genotypes than those with wild-type alleles. [Cancer Res 2007;67(10):5042–54]
Eddy Variability in the Kuroshio Extension as Revealed by Geosat Altimetry: Energy Propagation Away from the Jet, Reynolds Stress, and Seasonal Cycle

Abstract Altimetric sea level data around the Kuroshio Extension, collected during the first year of the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) (starting in November 1986), have been analyzed for energy propagation away from the jet, the Reynolds stress pattern, and the seasonal cycle of the eddy field. Space-time diagrams and wavenumber-frequency spectra are employed to discern the dominant direction of phase propagation, revealing westward and inward phase propagation towards the jet (i.e., energy propagation away from the jet), which is consistent with the notion that the widespread eddy variability from the jet is the result of transient Rossby wave response to forcing provided by growing, pulsating, and decaying meanders of the jet. It can be shown that any theory based on the linear instability cannot normally account for the energy propagation, because any linear instability that is wavelike away from the jet is by necessity not the fastest growing linear instability. Rather, a nonlinear instability mec...
Two-dimensional peridynamic simulation of the effect of defects on the mechanical behavior of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oxround wires

Ag/AgX sheathed Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi2212) is the only superconducting round wire (RW) with high critical current density (Jc) at high magnetic (>25 T) and is thus a strong candidate for high field magnets for nuclear magnetic resonance and high energy physics. A significant remaining challenge, however, is the relatively poor electromechanical behavior of Bi2212 RW, yet there is little understanding of the relationships between the internal Bi2212 microstructure and the mechanical behavior. This is in part due to the complex microstructures within the Bi2212 filaments and the uncertain role of interfilamentary bridges. Here, two-dimensional peridynamic simulations are used to study the stress distribution of the Bi2212 RWs under an axial tensile load. The simulations use scanning electron micrographs obtained from high Jc wires as a starting point to study the impact of various defects on the distribution of stress concentration within the Bi2212 microstructure and Ag. The flexibility of the peridynamic approach allows various defects, including those captured from SEM micrographs and artificially created defects, to be inserted into the microstructure for systematic study. Furthermore, this approach allows the mechanical properties of the defects to be varied, so the effects of porosity and both soft and hard secondary phases are evaluated. The results show significant stress concentration around defects, interfilamentary bridges and the rough Bi2212/Ag interface. In general, the stress concentration resulting from porosity is greater than that of solid-phase inclusions. A clear role of the defect geometry is observed. Results indicate that crack growth is likely to initiate at the Ag/Bi2212 interface or at voids, but that voids may also arrest crack growth in certain circumstances. These results are consistent with experimental studies of Bi2212 electromechanical behavior and magneto-optical imaging of crack growth.
Designs on development: engineering, globalization, and social justice

This article critically appraises ‘engineering for development’ initiatives and seeks to imagine new models of interaction that incorporate social justice goals more effectively. In recent years, interest in engineering for development has surged within engineering communities in the US and around the world. While worthy of recognition and praise for directing engineers' attention to the problems arising from global economic inequity, many engineering-for-development programs share problematic assumptions about technology's role in community development and fail to grapple with the economic and cultural structures that direct (implicitly or explicitly) most development interventions. Using a case study approach, this article draws out some of these assumptions and shows how they impede the achievement of social justice goals – both in the context of specific development interventions as well as in the context of engineering as a professional activity. The first of two cases involves an interdisciplinary c...
Pertussis toxin stimulates delayed-onset, Ca2+-dependent catecholamine release and the ADP-ribosylation of a 40 kDa protein in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.

Pertussis toxin was found to stimulate catecholamine release from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in a Ca2+ -dependent manner and in the absence of any stimulatory or inhibitory agonists for this cell. The release of catecholamine was associated with the ADP-ribosylation of an approx. 40 kDa protein present in the total membrane fraction. These results are consistent with the existence of an exocytosis-linked G-protein.
Microwave structural studies of organoselenium compounds 1. Microwave spectra, molecular structure, and methyl barrier to internal rotation of dimethyl diselenide

Abstract The rotational spectra of nine isotopomers of dimethyl diselenide, CH 3 SeSeCH 3 , have been measured with a molecular-beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The spectra were complex due to the presence of many isotopomers in natural abundance and the splitting caused by the interactions with two methyl internal rotors. The spectra were assigned and fit to experimental precision to an effective rotational Hamiltonian for molecules with two periodic internal motions. The spectra of the symmetric isotopomers are consistent with a C 2 equilibrium structure. The rotational constants were used to determine the r s structure of the C–Se–Se–C frame with the results r (SeSe)=2.306(3) A, r (SeC)=1.954(6) A, ϑ (CSeSe)=99.8(2)°, ϕ (CSeSeC)=85.2(1)°. A barrier to internal rotation of the methyl groups of 395 ± 2 cm −1 was derived from the internal rotation splittings.
The National Library of Medicine/Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries (NLM/AAHSL) Leadership Fellows Program: A Year in Review

ABSTRACT The National Library of Medicine/Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries (NLM/AAHSL) Leadership Fellows Program was created to provide training and mentorship to potential library directors. The program's constituent parts, site visits, mentoring, online classes, and Capstone events, are described. The program has been successful in imparting these skills to its participants—18 of the first 35 fellows have been promoted since they completed the program, 11 of whom have been named directors at AAHSL libraries. The NLM/AAHSL program ensures that the impending retirement of many members of the current cadre of academic health sciences library directors will not result in a leadership vacuum.
Perspectives on the Instruction of Biological Aging Courses.

Courses in biological aging are becoming increasingly common and necessary in college curricula for several reasons. At the same time, there is a lack of guidance for instructors regarding necessary content in such a course, which is in part perpetuated by uncertainty about the background of students who need this instruction and a lack of consistency in the content and style of human aging textbooks. In this article, the authors, as instructors who have taught undergraduate level human biological aging courses for many years, describe the areas of study and needs of students likely to enroll in such a course and also detail strategies and organizational methods found to be advantagous in teaching this material in a coherent and understandable manner to a largely nonscience major student cohort. Strategies discussed include alteration of course content, decompartmentalization of topics, relation of biological topics to social science reference points, and contrasting “universal” and pathological age‐relat...
When Do They Say Yes? An Analysis of the Willingness to Offer and Accept Mediation in Civil Wars

Facilitating peace settlements among parties to a civil war represents a key challenge for policymakers. In spite of the grave consequences and relatively high frequency of civil wars, we know little about how best to manage them. In this article we examine the linked questions of under what conditions third parties provide and warring parties accept offers of mediation in civil wars. Our analysis suggests that third-party offers are closely tied to the interests a third party has in a civil war state as well as the historical ties between the third party and civil war state. Importantly, we note critical distinctions between the conditions that encourage offers of mediation from those that foster its acceptance. The theoretical and policy implications of knowing when to offer and the conditions under which an offer will be accepted could have dramatic effects on civil war termination.
Identification of genes expressed after noise exposure in the chick basilar papilla

Abstract We used differential display of mRNA, a method based on reverse transcriptase-PCR, to identify genes whose expression increases in response to acoustic trauma in the chick basilar papilla. Identifying these genes would provide insight into processes involved in repair of the damaged epithelium or in hair cell regeneration. We compared mRNA from the basilar papilla of normal chicks, from chicks exposed to an octave band noise (center frequency: 1.5 kHz) presented at 118 dB for 6 h, and from chicks exposed to noise and allowed to recover for 2 days. Thus far, we have identified 70 bands that appear to be differentially displayed on DNA sequencing gels; approximately 40 of these bands have been subcloned and sequenced. DNA sequences were compared with sequences in the GenBank database to identify genes with significant (70–85%) sequence identity to known genes. Chick cDNAs identified included: the parathyroid hormone-related protein, an immediate early gene; the δ-subunit of the neuronal-specific Ca 2+ /calmodulin-regulated protein kinase II; and the GTP-binding protein CDC42, a member of the ras superfamily of G proteins. A fourth cDNA had 84% sequence identity to an uncharacterized human cDNA (expressed sequence tag), indicating that this is a novel gene. Slot-blot hybridization analysis of these cDNAs probed with labeled DNA generated from mRNA from each experimental group indicated higher levels of mRNA for each of these four genes after noise exposure. These results indicate the potential involvement of both Ca 2+ /calmodulin-mediated signaling and GTPase cascades in the response to noise damage and during hair cell regeneration in the chick basilar papilla.
Chemical injuries of the eye

Abstract Chemical eye injuries may be irritative or corrosive. The inflammatory changes due to irritative effects are usually reversible while the protein coagulation in corrosive injuries can destroy the eye. Acid damage may be buffered by coagulated protein whereas alkaline injury often is severe due to deep or progressive penetration. Management invoives immediate, copious, prolonged irrigation and removal of particulate matter as well as careful evaluation of the initial damage and visual acuity. Instillation of antibiotics is indicated but steroids and topical anesthetics are hazardous.
A randomized trial of lansoprazole, amoxycillin, and clarithromycin versus lansoprazole, bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline in the retreatment of patients failing initial Helicobacter pylori therapy.

Background/Aim: 10–30% of the patients treated for Helicobacter pylori fail to clear the infection after initial therapy. Little is known as to the efficacy of retreatment regimens in these patients. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) -based triple and quadruple therapies demonstrate efficacies of 80–90% as initial therapy for H. pylori infection, but whether these regimens are as effective when used for retreatment is unknown. The efficacy of a metronidazole-containing regimen in this situation is also unknown. Our aim was to compare the efficacy of a nonmetronidazole-containing PPI-based triple versus a PPI-based quadruple therapy containing metronidazole in patients failing previous H. pylori therapy. Methods: 48 patients were enrolled in this study at two sites after failure of previous H. pylori therapy as determined by a positive 14C-urea breath test. Patients were stratified by prior treatment with a metronidazole-containing regimen and were then randomized to either lansoprazole (L) 30 mg twice daily, amoxycillin (A) 1,000 mg twice daily, and clarithromycin (C) 500 mg twice daily for 14 days (LAC) or L 30 mg four times daily, bismuth subsalicylate (B) 2 tablets four times daily, metronidazole (M) 250 mg four times daily and tetracycline (T) 250 mg four times daily for 14 days (LBMT). Side effects and compliance (pill count) were assessed at the completion of therapy. A repeat 14C-urea breath test was performed 4 or more weeks after completion of therapy, and cure was defined as a negative test result. Results: 48 patients (16 males and 32 females) were enrolled in this study. 20 patients received LAC (18 prior M), and 28 received LBMT (23 prior M). Per protocol and intention-to-treat efficacies were 82% (95% CI 64–100%) and 75% (95% CI 56–94%) for LAC and 80% (96% CI 64–96%) and 71% (95% CI 54–88%) for LBMT (p = 0.85 per protocol and p = 0.78 intention to treat between LAC and LBMT), respectively. The compliance (≧80% of pills taken) was found to be 89% in both treatment groups. Side effects were noted in 84% for LAC and in 82% for LBMT, but were mild and did not cause discontinuation of therapy. Conclusions: PPI-based triple and quadruple therapy with both LAC and LBMT are effective in retreating patients failing initial metronidazole-based H. pylori therapies. LAC was not statistically superior to LBMT as a ‘retreatment’ regimen in this clinical situation, but the small sample size and wide confidence limits do not preclude the possibility of a smaller but significant difference in efficacy between the regimens. To determine whether LAC or LBMT is as effective for retreating patients failing non-metronidazole-containing regimens requires further study.
Deep pooling of low degree melts and volatile fluxes at the 85°E segment of the Gakkel Ridge: Evidence from olivine-hosted melt inclusions and glasses

Abstract We present new analyses of volatile, major, and trace elements for a suite of glasses and melt inclusions from the 85°E segment of the ultra-slow spreading Gakkel Ridge. Samples from this segment include limu o pele and glass shards, proposed to result from CO2-driven explosive activity. The major element and volatile compositions of the melt inclusions are more variable and consistently more primitive than the glass data. CO2 contents in the melt inclusions extend to higher values (167–1596 ppm) than in the co-existing glasses (187–227 ppm), indicating that the melt inclusions were trapped at greater depths. These melt inclusions record the highest CO2 melt concentrations observed for a ridge environment. Based on a vapor saturation model, we estimate that the melt inclusions were trapped between seafloor depths (∼ 4 km) and ∼ 9 km below the seafloor. However, the glasses are all in equilibrium with their eruption depths, which is inconsistent with the rapid magma ascent rates expected for explosive activity. Melting conditions inferred from thermobarometry suggest relatively deep (25–40 km) and cold (1240°–1325 °C) melting conditions, consistent with a thermal structure calculated for the Gakkel Ridge. The water contents and trace element compositions of the melt inclusions and glasses are remarkably homogeneous; this is an unexpected result for ultra-slow spreading ridges, where magma mixing is generally thought to be less efficient based on the assumption that steady-state crustal magma chambers are absent in these environments. All melts can be described by a single liquid line of descent originating from a pooled melt composition that is consistent with the aggregate melt calculated from a geodynamic model for the Gakkel Ridge. These data suggest a model in which deep, low degree melts are efficiently pooled in the upper mantle (9–20 km depth), after which crystallization commences and continues during ascent and eruption. Based on our melting model and the assumption that CO2 is perfectly incompatible, we show that the highest CO2 concentrations of the melt inclusions (∼ 1600 ppm) are consistent with the calculated CO2 concentrations of primary undegassed melts. The highest measured CO2/Nb ratio (443) of Gakkel Ridge melt inclusions predicts a mantle CO2 content of 134 ppm and would result in a global ridge flux of 2.0 × 1012 mol CO2/yr.
Partitioning and balancing for the assembly of nozzle guide vanes in gas turbine engines

The gas turbine engine is used to power many different types of commercial and military aircraft. During the scheduled maintenance of these engines, many of the turbine components are replaced. Of particular importance to us is the replacement of nozzle guide vanes in the nozzle assembly section of the engine. Individual vanes are selected from inventory to make up sets, and each set must meet certain characteristics in order to be feasible. The vanes in each set must then be sequenced in order to meet additional criteria. In this article, we give heuristics for the above partitioning and sequencing problems. Empirical analyses, using actual data from a branch of the armed services and a major engine manufacturer, are used to evaluate the proposed heuristics. The results of these analyses indicate that the heuristics are effective.
Care of the pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator patient in the ED

As the population ages and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease increases, patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) more commonly present to the emergency department. These patients can have complex medical issues related to and independent of their pacemaker/ICD that require careful management by the emergency physician. This article will review the major diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in the emergency care of patients with pacemakers and ICDs.
The Call for Servant Leadership in Intercollegiate Athletics

We advance that servant leadership should be viewed as a viable form of leadership to be studied and supported within the domain of intercollegiate athletics. Servant leadership is different than other approaches to leadership as the emphasis of leadership is explicitly on the needs of followers, and because this approach emphasizes the ideal of service in the relationship between leader and follower. In addition, servant leadership is a people-centered approach to leadership that includes an ethical component. We propose that athletic directors demonstrating servant leadership will provide the leadership necessary to support the development of student-athletes, cultivate an ethical environment that best supports this development, and inspire the call to service for employees within their athletic departments. Moreover, external pressures for ethical leadership and new actors in the field of intercollegiate athletics will lead to the development of servant leadership as a viable leadership paradigm in int...
Some nutritional and chemical properties of the larval habitats of certain species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

Definition of the habitats of certain species of Culicoides by the examination of some chemical properties of the larval environment was made using standard soil analysis methods. Aquatic substrates located at the edges of streams and ponds were taken in various parts of Virginia and adjoining states. A portion of each sample was submitted to the University Soil Testing Laboratory for analysis of percentage of organic matter, the amounts of calcium (CaO), magnesium (MgO), phosphates (P2O5.), potash (K2O) and the pH. The other portion of each sample was held at room temperature to allow the insects within to complete their development and to emerge as adults. Culicoides furens (Poey), C. hollensis (Melander & Brues), and C. variipennis (Coquillett), probably subspecies variipennis, were reared from substrates analyzed to be high in percentage of organic matter and minerals. C. variipennis was found in only fresh water substrates and never with C. furens and C. hollensis. Culicoides crepuscularis Malloch and C. stellifer (Coquillett) were found in substrates analyzed to be moderate to high in soil nutrients; C. baueri Hoffman and C. piliferus group were present in substrates moderate to low in nutrients; and C. biguttatus (Coquillett) and C. loisae Jamnback were present in substrates low in nutrients. The species C. haematopotus Malloch and C. spinosus Root & Hoffman were found to occur in a wide range of soil nutrients.
Consumer change in Japan: A longitudinal study

Japan has been in a recession for the better part of 15 years and has experienced some subtle and less subtle changes. The identification and interpretation of these developments offers challenges and opportunities. The research outlined in this article sets out to identify change and informs on the ever-changing behavior of the Japanese consumer. It is based on a study of the pre- and postbubble changes in Japan at key epochs: 1990, 1995, 1998, and 2003. The study involved 80 personal interviews and meetings drawn from 67 organizations. The analysis, employing Grounded Theory, compares the current status with earlier intervals. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cancer gene discovery in solid tumours using transposon-based somatic mutagenesis in the mouse

Retroviruses, acting as somatic cell insertional mutagens, have been widely used to identify cancer genes in the haematopoietic system and mammary gland. An insertional mutagen for use in other mouse somatic cells would facilitate the identification of genes involved in tumour formation in a wider variety of tissues. Here we report the ability of the Sleeping Beauty transposon to act as a somatic insertional mutagen to identify genes involved in solid tumour formation. A Sleeping Beauty transposon, engineered to elicit loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations, transposed in all somatic tissues tested and accelerated tumour formation in mice predisposed to cancer. Cloning transposon insertion sites from these tumours revealed the presence of common integration sites, at known and candidate cancer genes, similar to those observed in retroviral mutagenesis screens. Sleeping Beauty is a new tool for unbiased, forward genetic screens for cancer genes in vivo.
The Political Origins of the Administrative Procedure Act

For a decade after the passage of the Second New Deal, political leaders and many important interest groups fiercely debated what procedural requirements, if any, should be imposed on the new regulatory agencies. This debate led eventually to the passage of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA) of 1946. The purpose of this article is to explain the significance of the various procedural requirements that were considered, and to develop and test a political theory of why some proposals were passed while others were rejected, and why a decade passed before legislation could succeed. Although the APA typically is seen as a codification of individual rights in a system or procedural due process, we argue that to answer these questions requires understanding the policy consequences of alternative procedural reforms. Thus we develop and test a political theory, based on the views of legislators about the proper role of the federal government in regulating business, that seeks to explain patterns of support and opposition to legislative reforms. We conclude that the dominant factor explaining these patterns is support for New Deal regulatory policy, and that the primary explanation for the failure of administrative reform proposals before World War II but their success later was the desire of New Deal Democrats to `hard wire` the policies of the New Deal against an expected Republican, anti-New Deal political tide in the late 1940s.
On the support of tempered distributions

We show that if the summability means in the Fourier inversion formula for a tempered distribution f is an element of S'(R-n) converge to zero pointwise in an open set Omega, and if those means are locally bounded in L-1 (Omega), then Omega subset of R-n\supp f. We prove this for several summability procedures, in particular for Abel summability, Cesaro summability and Gauss-Weierstrass summability.
Reliability and failure analyses of computing systems

Abstract Reliability and failure analysis of computing systems ahs received wide attention from computer analysts and reliability engineers in the past few years. Their concern has been emphasized by several factors, such as increased complexity of computer systems, increased requirements of computer operating capacity, speed, availability, and capability of recovering from certain failures. This paper puts forward a concise review and classification of literature related to computing systems reliability.
Human histo-blood group A2 transferase coded by A2 allele, one of the A subtypes, is characterized by a single base deletion in the coding sequence, which results in an additional domain at the carboxyl terminal.

Summary We have identified a possible mutation which characterizes A2 alleles (a minor subtype of A) at the human histo-blood group ABO locus based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of genomic DNA, followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplified fragments. The A2 subtype has a single base deletion near the carboxyl terminal. As a result of frame-shifting, A2 transferase possesses an extra domain. Introduction of this single base deletion into the A1 transferase cDNA expression construct drastically decreased the A transferase activity in DNA-transfected HeLa cells.
THE USE OF CEREBRAL ARTERY PULSATILITY INDEX TO PREDICT NEUROLOGIC OUTCOME

Decreased blood flow velocity (increased pulsatility index, PI) in the anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) has been reported in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. From Feb. 1982 to Aug. 1983, we prospectively evaluated PI, cranial ultrasound and neurologic status (Sarnat Score), in 60 infants ⩽32 weeks gestation on days 1, 3 and 7 and then weekly until discharge, to determine their correlation with PI. PI was calculated from the tracings obtained by doppler ultrasound by the method described by Bada et al. Survival, neurologic status (Sarnat Score), cranial ultrasound, occurrence of seizures, and discharge neurologic examination (Parmalee exam) were assessed. Mean B.Wt. was 1151 grams (640-1750) and mean GA was 30.1 weeks (26-32). There were 31 males and 29 females. Mean Apgar Score at 1 minute was 4.7 and at 5 minutes was 6.6. Forty-two of the infants were inborn. The maximum PI recorded on day 1 correlated negatively with B.Wt. (p<0.05) and positively with mortality (p<0.06), occurrence of seizures (p<0.05) and development of hydrocephalus (p<0.06). There was no correlation between PI done at any time and GA, neurologic status (Sarnat Score), cranial ultrasound or discharge neurologic examination. Decreased cerebral blood flow velocity (high PI) is correlated with mortality, occurrence of seizures and later development of hydrocephalus. Follow-up of these infants is pending.
Relaxation models for moist soils suitable at microwave frequencies

Abstract Relaxation models based on modifications of the Debye equation have been used in analysis of the complex dielectric constant results on various types of soils at microwave frequencies. A computer-based algorithm has been developed to provide accurate analysis through complex curve fitting. Results of this study suggest that Bergmann modification of the Debye equation seems to fit experimental data on 12% moisture content soils. Below 1 GHz one may need to consider phenomena such as residual surface effects and intermediate forms of bound water.
Physiological Responses of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Seedlings to Drought Stress: Osmotic Adjustment and Tissue Elasticity

Summary The physiological responses of osmotic adjustment and turgor maintenance may be critical for seedling survival under drought stress. The objectives were to determine: 1) if osmotic adjustment in shoots and changes in shoot tissue elasticity could be induced by cyclical gradual development of water deficits in seedlings, 2) if osmotic adjustment occurred in roots, and 3) to characterize important solutes contributing to osmotic adjustment. Cyclical drought stress treatments were applied to 5- to 6-month-old Pinus taeda L. seedlings from two half-sib families in a controlled-environment chamber by withholding irrigation until predawn xylem potentials reached desired levels. Predawn xylem water potentials did not fall below -0.6MPa in the irrigated, nonstressed seedlings, while in the stressed treatment, seedlings were irrigated to saturation only when predawn xylem potentials reached -1.5 to - 2.0 MPa. Pressure-volume curve analysis and solute analyses after five or more stress cycles confirmed significant osmotic adjustment. Osmotic adjustment through proline and monosaccharide (fructose, glucose) accumulation in fascicles was observed. Shoot tissue elasticity was reduced by drought stress. Osmotic adjustment was also demonstrated in both suberized and nonsuberized root portions of 16-month-old seedlings after only one drought cycle. No differences between the two families in cell wall elasticity capacities were observed. Pressure-volume curve analyses showed no significant differences in osmotic adjustment between the two families.
Proctolin in the lobster nervous system.

Abstract The pentapeptide proctolin (Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr) is present in high concentrations in neurosecretory organs of the lobster, Homarus americanus . The central nervous system contains ca. 1400 proctolin-immunoreactive neurons, which appear to serve a variety of different functions. Some of these neurons have been specifically identified and analyzed biochemically to determine which classical neurotransmitters coexist with the peptide. These include: (1) serotonin-proctolin cell pairs in the fifth thoracic and first abdominal ganglia; (2) a large dopamine-proctolin neuron in the circumesophageal ganglion; and (3) cholinergic-proctolin sensory neurons which innervate a mechanoreceptor in the scaphognathite. With these identified neurons we have begun to investigate the physiological actions of proctolin, the interactions between cotransmitters, and the development of multiple transmitter phenotypes in individual neurons.
Ramsey theory and Ramsey theoreticians

An anecdotal account of some of the events and people that have helped shape Ramsey Theory.
Ethanol seeking triggered by environmental context is attenuated by blocking dopamine D1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens core and shell in rats.

Rationale Conditioned behavioral responses to discrete drug-associated cues can be modulated by the environmental context in which those cues are experienced, a process that may facilitate relapse in humans. Rodent models of drug self-administration have been adapted to reveal the capacity of contexts to trigger drug seeking, thereby enabling neurobiological investigations of this effect.
Renewed interest in intrauterine contraception in the United States: Evidence and explanation

This commentary discusses the increasing prevalence of intrauterine contraception in the United States since reaching a low point in 1995. It describes the different product-related factors provider-related factors and patient-related factors that have contributed to the rise in use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) in the United States. It also explains how the IUD practice guidelines published by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) in 2005 were written during a time of resurgence of positive attitudes about IUDs and increasing recognition of their safety and efficacy rather than the more negative attitudes of previous years. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Comparison of Electronic Pharmacy Prescription Records With Manually Collected Medication Histories in an Emergency Department

Study objective Medication history is an essential part of patient assessment in emergency care. Patient-reported medication history can be incomplete. We study whether an electronic pharmacy-sourced prescription record can supplement the patient-reported history. Methods In a community hospital, we compared the patient-reported history obtained by triage nurses to a proprietary electronic pharmacy record in all emergency department (ED) patients during 3 months. Results Of 9,426 triaged patients, 5,001 (53%) had at least 1 (mean 7.7) prescription medication in the full-year electronic pharmacy record. Counting only recent prescription medications (supply lasting to at least 7 days before the ED visit), 3,688 patients (39%) had at least 1 (mean 4.0) recent medication. After adjustment for possible false-positive results, recent electronic prescription medication record enriched the patient-reported history by 28% (adding 1.1 drugs per patient). However, only 60% of patients with any active prescription medications from either source had any recent prescription medications in their electronic pharmacy record. Conclusion The electronic pharmacy prescription record augments the manually collected history.
The role of singular control in frictionless atom cooling in a harmonic trapping potential

In this article we study the frictionless cooling of atoms trapped in a harmonic potential, while minimizing the transient energy of the system. We show that in the case of unbounded control, this goal is achieved by a singular control, which is also the time-minimal solution for a “dual” problem, where the energy is held fixed. In addition, we examine briefly how the solution is modified when there are bounds on the control. The results presented here have a broad range of applications, from the cooling of a Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a harmonic trap to adiabatic quantum computing and finite time thermodynamic processes.
Community attitudes toward drug use : the need to assess community norms

Four neighborhoods at high-risk for alcohol and drug problems were surveyed concerning residents' perceptions of the extent and nature of these problems in their neighborhood. Residents were found to have relatively mild perceptions of the extent of misuse but relatively significant experiences with problems caused by drug abuse. They lacked knowledge of treatment and prevention programs. Significant differences were noted among the neighborhoods. Results are discussed in terms of the role of evaluation in community-based programs and the need to survey community norms to plan such programs.
Pricing strategies in a dynamic duopoly: a differential game model

We formulate a differential game model for dynamic pricing in a duopolistic market. Firms' demand functions are derived from utility maximizing behavior of consumers with the demand for a brand given by the logit model. Preferences for brands are assumed to evolve over time in the market in a manner akin to learning models postulated in the marketing literature. We derive the differential equations governing the equilibrium open-loop price paths over time and show that in steady state, the brand with the higher preference level charges the higher price. The formulation is extended to include the effects of consumer heterogeneity, and equilibrium steady-state prices are compared with those obtained when heterogeneity is ignored. A comparison of steady-state dynamic prices with myopic prices is provided. An empirical example is discussed to show how steady-state model predictions may be obtained from actual longitudinal purchase data.
Baseline impulsive choice predicts the effects of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal on impulsivity in rats.

Abstract Impulsive choice, a form of impulsivity, is associated with tobacco smoking in humans. Trait impulsivity may be a vulnerability factor for smoking, or smoking may lead to impulsive behaviors. We investigated the effects of 14-day nicotine exposure (6.32 mg/kg/day base, subcutaneous minipumps) and spontaneous nicotine withdrawal on impulsive choice in low impulsive (LI) and high impulsive (HI) rats. Impulsive choice was measured in the delayed reward task in which rats choose between a small immediate reward and a large delayed reward. HI and LI rats were selected from the highest and lowest quartiles of the group before exposure to nicotine. In non-selected rats, nicotine or nicotine withdrawal had no effect on impulsive choice. In LI rats, chronic nicotine exposure decreased preference for the large reward with larger effects at longer delays, indicating increased impulsive choice. Impulsive choices for the smaller immediate rewards continued to increase during nicotine withdrawal in LI rats. In HI rats, nicotine exposure and nicotine withdrawal had no effect on impulsive choice, although there was a tendency for decreased preference for the large reward at short delays. These results indicate that nicotine- and nicotine withdrawal-induced increases in impulsive choice depend on trait impulsivity with more pronounced increases in impulsive choice in LI compared to HI subjects. Increased impulsivity during nicotine exposure may strengthen the addictive properties of nicotine and contribute to compulsive nicotine use.
{4,4′-Bis­[p-(diethyl­amino)-α-styryl]-2,2′-bi­pyridine}tri­carbonyl­chloro­rhenium(I)

In the title compound [ReCl(C34H38N4)(CO)3], the Re atom has a distorted octahedral configuration. The bi­pyridine part of the DEAS–bpy ligand and two carbonyl groups occupy the equatorial plane of the complex, with the third carbonyl ligand and the Cl atom in the axial positions. The organic ligand is essentially planar, giving rise to an extended π-conjugated system.
Diversity within Lesbian and Gay Families: Challenges and Implications for Family Theory and Research:

This paper describes and discusses diversity among lesbian and gay families along central dimensions of social stratification: gender, sexual orientation, generation, age, race and ethnicity. We examine implications of this diversity for traditional family theories, identify and discuss sexist and heterosexist assumptions of dominant family theories and suggest the usefulness of an integrative approach that combines insights from positivist and post-positivist theories. We conclude by proposing research questions, directions and methods to guide future empirical work, facilitate theory development and enrich our understanding of diverse family forms.