cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixotrophic Microalgae Biofilm: A Novel Algae Cultivation Strategy for Improved Productivity and Cost-efficiency of Biofuel Feedstock Production.

In this work, we studied a novel algae cultivation strategy, mixotrophic microalgae biofilm, to improve the productivity and cost-efficiency of algal biofuel production. In contrast to previous methods, this improved approach can achieve high productivity at low cost by harnessing the benefits of mixotrophic growth’s high efficiency, i.e., capable of subsisting on inorganic and organic carbons thus unaffected by limited light, and microalgae biofilm’s low harvesting cost. Our results, as one of the first studies of this type, proved that microalgae biofilms under mixotrophic condition exhibited significantly higher productivity and quality of biofuel feedstock: 2–3 times higher of biomass yield, 2–10 times higher of lipid accumulation, and 40–60% lower of ash content when compared to microalgae biofilms under autotrophic condition. In addition, we investigated the impact of cell-surface properties (hydrophobicity and roughness) on the growth activities of microalgae biofilms and found that the productivity of mixotrophic biofilms was significantly correlated with the surface hydrophobicity. Finally, our work demonstrated the applicability of integrating this novel cultivation method with wastewater for maximum efficiency. This study opens a new possibility to solve the long-lasting challenges of algal biofuel feedstock production, i.e., low productivity and high cost of algal cultivation.
Electrical and Mechanical Inhibition of the Crural Diaphragm During Transient Relaxation of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Electrical and mechanical correlates of crural diaphragm activity during swallow-induced and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation were monitored in 12 healthy subjects. Simultaneous esophageal manometric, pH, and crural diaphragm electromyogram recordings were performed for 1 hour in the postprandial period. Swallow-induced lower esophageal sphincter relaxation was associated with minimal inhibition of the crural diaphragm, but transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation was accompanied by marked inhibition of the crural diaphragm. The degree of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation appeared to correlate with the degree of crural diaphragm inhibition during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Inhibition of crural diaphragm during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation may play an important role in facilitating flow across the gastroesophageal junction.
Comparison of bleach, acetic acid, and other topical anti-infective treatments in pediatric atopic dermatitis: A retrospective cohort study on antibiotic exposure.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Skin infection is common in atopic dermatitis (AD), often necessitating treatment with systemic antibiotics. Topical adjunctive therapies such as dilute bleach baths are increasingly recommended, and topical dilute acetic acid (AA) has not been widely studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether various topical anti-infective bathing recommendations were associated with decreased systemic antibiotic exposure in pediatric AD, as well as evaluate topical anti-infective recommendations over time within our institution. METHODS Clinical data were extracted from charts of pediatric patients from 1/1/2000 to 12/31/2005 and 1/1/2009 to 12/31/2014 who visited outpatient dermatology clinics at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, a tertiary referral center. Recommendations for topical anti-infectives (dilute AA, dilute bleach, other, or none) at any time after patient had clinically proven or suspected AD superinfection were recorded as exposures to topical anti-infective. Primary outcome was the number of systemic antibiotic courses in a 1-year period. RESULTS Of 1111 patients with AD, 753 met inclusion criteria (303 in 2000-2005; 450 in 2009-2014). Of these, 351 (46.6%) had culture-proven or clinically suspected superinfection. Topical anti-infective recommendations increased between the time periods (23.3% to 79.2%; P < 0.001) and number of courses of systemic antibiotics decreased (1.9 per year vs 1.5 per year, P = 0.010). Number of systemic antibiotic courses did not differ between those who received bathing recommendations and those who did not, nor between different anti-infective groups (P = 0.398). CONCLUSIONS Practice behaviors have changed, and topical anti-infectives are now commonly recommended. Neither dilute AA nor bleach baths were associated with fewer subsequent exposures to systemic antibiotics in the treatment of pediatric AD.
When Higher Marginal Tax Rates Helped The Economy: Professor Paleveda’s Paradox

Higher Marginal Tax rates in many cases have actually helped the economy. The boom after WWII saw marginal rates as high as 91%. The Clinton administration increased taxes to 39% and the economy took off. When the Bush administration lowered the tax to 35%, the economy sank and deficits took off. This paper explores the factual data behind marginal tax rates and the optimal marginal tax rate. Historically, the S P 500 data and the marginal tax rate data is available and presented in the paper. Although there is a correlation between marginal tax rates and the economy, it is not necessarily true that a lower marginal tax rate will produce an expanding economy. Data suggest an optimal rate at about 40%.
Structural Complications in Superconducting Solids: Chemical Disorder, Structural Modulation, and Low Temperature Phase Transitions in the Bi-Sr-Ca Cuprates

The superconducting inorganic cuprates are unusually complex solids. They are non-stoichiometric with certain atom types being delocalized over different crystallographic sites. In particular the bismuth-based solids are structurally modulated, i.e. they do not have the regular three-dimensional periodicity characterisitic for most crystalline solids. Furthermore subtle, not fully understood phase transitions on cooling are evident in the diffraction patterns. The superconducting properties are sensitive to doping with other elements, which may occupy various sites in the crystals.
Secular Partisan Realignment in the United States: The Socioeconomic Reconfiguration of White Partisan Support since the New Deal Era:

White American voters have realigned among the two dominant parties by income and education levels. This article argues that the interaction of education and income provides a more insightful—and s...
Toward a Proteome-Complete Computational Model of the Human Red Blood Cell

Abstract The human red blood cell has served as a starting point for the application and development of systems biology approaches due to its simplicity, intrinsic experimental accessibility, and importance in human health applications. Here, we present a multi-scale computational model of the human red blood cell that accounts for metabolism and macromolecules. Proteomics data are used to place quantitative constraints on individual protein complexes that catalyze metabolic reactions, as well as a total proteome capacity constraint. We explicitly describe molecular mechanisms-such as hemoglobin binding and the formation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species-and account for sequence variations between individuals, allowing for personalized physiological predictions. This model allows for direct computation of the oxyhemoglobin curve as a function of model species and a more accurate computation of the flux state of the metabolic network. More broadly, this work represents another step toward building increasingly more complete systems biology whole-cell models. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A case analysis of service-member trauma processing related to art therapy within a military-intensive outpatient program

Objectives Art therapy has been widely used in clinical settings and has shown preliminary success in military trauma. This case study describes a mask-making art therapy directive facilitated by a board-certified art therapist as an adjunct to group posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment in a military-intensive outpatient program. Methods Described are clinical outcome measures, linguistic analysis of a personal journal, evaluation of this service-member's artwork, and experiences in the program. Results Mask-making, as a trauma-focused group-art therapy directive, expanded the understanding of treatment progress reflected in journal notes, mask imagery, and by a change in linguistic indices of trauma processing, despite an overall increase in PTSD symptoms as he confronted his traumatic experiences. He reported improvement in coping and successfully returned to full military duty following treatment. Conclusions This case study suggests that art therapy and written narrative, combined with standardized self-report assessments, may more accurately indicate improvement in overall PTSD treatment.
“We observed that the magnetic field is stronger than gravity”: Exploring linguistically diverse fourth-grade students’ written explanations in science notebooks

Abstract This article presents analyses of fourth-grade students’ written explanations in a science unit on magnetism. The purpose of the study was to explore connections between students’ science conceptual understanding and written communication. Data include science notebooks collected from 16 fourth-grade students in two classrooms; our analysis focuses on notebooks produced by five linguistically diverse students. Using formative assessment tools and tools from systemic functional linguistics (SFL), we determined the genres used in the science notebooks, the adequacy of students’ explanations, and the lexicogrammatical resources applied. Findings revealed that most students were successful in making and supporting claims with evidence, but often struggled to represent their scientific reasoning in writing. This study reinforces the need to model scientific reasoning orally and in writing and support students’ efforts using both preplanned and more flexible, contingent scaffolding. The study also demonstrates how SFL can enrich our assessment of student writing and thinking.
Optimal design of an electricity-intensive industrial facility subject to electricity price uncertainty: Stochastic optimization and scenario reduction

Abstract When considering the design of electricity-intensive industrial processes, a challenge is that future electricity prices are highly uncertain. Design decisions made before construction can affect operations decades into the future. We thus explore whether including electricity price uncertainty into the design process affects design decisions. We apply stochastic optimization to the design and operations of a chlor-alkali plant, an electrochemical process that produces chlorine, caustic soda, and hydrogen. Chlor-alkali production is electricity intensive and can be operated flexibly based on fluctuating electricity prices. We consider participation in the 5-min real time market and consider each day as a scenario in the stochastic program. We find that flexible plant designs that oversize certain plant components can enhance participation in electricity markets and increase profits. When electricity-price uncertainty is considered by using stochastic optimization, the optimal system design includes fuel cell and hydrogen storage capacity, which allow the plant to hedge against price uncertainty. We furthermore find that scenario reduction techniques, which are used to reduce computational complexity, in our example approximate the expected objective function value well, but lead to error in terms of optimal design decision variables. This error ranges from not building some components (fuel cell and hydrogen storage capacity) to overestimating their capacities by 50%.
Phylogenetic analysis of maximal oxygen consumption during exercise (V̇O2max) and ecological correlates among lizard species.

The maximum amount of oxygen consumed during forced exercise (VO2max) sets the upper limit to the effort that can be sustained over relatively long periods and can limit activity levels in nature. Among ectotherms, VO2max is primarily affected by body size and body temperature, but it should also coadapt with behavior, ecology, and life history aspects. We compiled published data from 11 different families of lizards, including 58 species and 7 populations (total 65 data points) and tested whether VO2max was related to diet (herbivore, insectivore, insectivore/carnivore, carnivore, and omnivore), climate (tropical, temperate, and arid), nocturnality, viviparity, or family. We fitted models that included body mass and measurement temperature as covariates, and all possible combinations of other independent variables using ordinary least-squares (OLS) and phylogenetic regressions assuming an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of residual trait evolution (RegOU). The sum of Akaike weights for each independent variable revealed viviparity (∑wi=0.996) and the combined set of dummy variables coding for helodermatids, varanids, and skinks (∑wi=0.996) as the most important predictors. These three families had relatively high VO2max. They are composed mainly of active foragers that probably benefit from higher VO2max. Viviparity had a negative effect on VO2max. Ecological or behavioral factors associated with viviparity (e.g., activity levels), but not included here, may explain this effect. The average allometric slope of VO2max from the top eight models (which accounted for 99% of the cumulative evidence) was 0.803, which is similar to that reported previously for lizards and for mammals in general.
Organization and Funding of Intercollegiate Flight Teams

Fifteen flight teams were surveyed at the 2006 National Intercollegiate Flying Association’s (NIFA) national flight competition at The Ohio State University. The purpose of the survey was to (a) gain insight into how teams are organized, how much they practice, and how they are funded; (b) correlate this information with overall team rankings at nationals to determine the key characteristics of a top performing team; and (c) to gather ideas and share them with other NIFA teams. Key characteristics of surveyed teams that placed in the top quartile included (in order of their correlation with overall ranking): multiple flight practices per week; three or more ground practices per week; the school absorbed all flight costs; and one or more paid coaches. Methods of fundraising were found to include: washing airplanes, washing cars, selling logo-items, selling donuts, walk-a-thons, and penny-a-pound flights.
Rethinking Sharing Licenses for the Entertainment Media

A new kind of copyright licensing scheme could significantly enhance the ability of ordinary citizens to make their own films, television shows, magazines, radio programs, and other media creations. Thanks to recent leaps in computer technology and electronics, regular folks now have the means to record and edit sound and video into high-quality productions. Thanks to broadband access to the internet, ordinary individuals also now have the means to distribute those productions to huge audiences. Before this citizen-producer revolution can realize its full potential, however, creators need access to media workparts – sound effects, background music, stock footage, stock photography, artwork, and other elements that greatly increase the potential quality and artistic range for projects undertaken by the general public.This article lays the philosophical and legal groundwork for a new licensing scheme designed to foster a thriving exchange of media workparts among citizen creators. The licensing system, dubbed “copysquare,” follows in the footsteps of the open-source free-software and Creative Commons movements, but employs new licensing mechanics to surmount barriers to the sharing of media workparts – barriers that prior licensing regimes do not overcome. The basic requirements of the copysquare license are: (1) a notification requirement, (2) a right to reject, and (3) a favored-nations provision.
New methodology for the introduction of sulfur into organic molecules

Abstract Anhydrous THF solutions of Li2S or Li2S2 (or chemically equivalent species) are rapidly and quantitatively formed by the reaction of common yellow sulfur with appropriate stoichiometries of commercially available LiEt3BH. Only volatile by-products H2 and Et3B are produced; however, the Et3B probably associates with the anionic sulfur species generated. Subsequent reaction with electrophiles (alkylating agents or acylating agents) affords sulfide or disulfide derivatives in high yields. In several cases, literature procedures are substantially improved. Disulfides are cleaved to lithium mercaptides by LiEt3BH. Subsequent addition of electrophiles affords unsymmetrical sulfides. Trisulfides and tetrasulfides can also be prepared by LiEt3BH reduction of Sg, but only in low yield.
In search of competitive electricity supplies

The paper demonstrates that the existing electricity supply no longer works well for many large industrial customers; that more competition in electricity markets is needed and that retail wheeling is necessary to make competition a reality. >
Data Parallel Performance Optimizations Using Array Aliasing

The array aliasing mechanism provided in the Connection Machine Fortran (CMF) language and run—time system provides a unique way of identifying the memory address spaces local to processors within the global address space of distributed memory architectures, while staying in the data parallel programming paradigm. We show how the array aliasing feature can be used effectively in optimizing communication and computation performance. The constructs we present occur frequently in many scientific and engineering applications, and include various forms of aggregation and array reshaping through array aliasing. The effectiveness of the optimization techniques is demonstrated on an implementation of Anderson’s hierarchical O(N) N—body method. We also suggest a way of implementing the array aliasing feature in HPF by extending the semantics of the RESHAPE intrinsic function of Fortran 90 to include possible aliasing relationship between the parameter and returning arrays.
The Authorization Service of Tivoli Policy Director

This paper presents the Authorization Service provided by Tivoli Policy Director (PD) and its use by PD family members as well as third-party applications. Policies are defined over an object namespace and stored in a database, which is managed via a management console and accessed through an Authorization API. The object namespace abstracts from heterogeneous systems and thus enables the definition of consistent policies and their centralized management. ACL inheritance and delegated management allow these policies to be managed efficiently. The Authorization API allows applications with their own access control requirements to decouple authorization logic from application logic. By intercepting the traffic over well-defined communication protocols (TCP/IP HTTP IIOP and others), PD family members establish a single entry point to enforce enterprise policies that regulate access to corporate data.
Characterizing the Human Dimensions of a Hidden Fishery: Riverine Trotline Fishers

Hidden fisheries include catfish harvesters who use trotlines and are seldom surveyed. We examined trotline fishers to describe fishing habits and techniques, trotline fishing knowledge, recreational motivations, and opinions of the fishery, regulations, and conflicts with other river users. Trotline fishers on the New River, Virginia, were secretive and solitary, and some were socioeconomically disadvantaged. They placed high importance on catch- and harvest-related factors, in contrast to many other angler groups who use highly specialized methods. They relied on harvesting catfish for varying degrees of sustenance to their diet or income. Trotline fishing appears to be part of a larger “way of life” for some rural individuals, who may also hunt, trap, and garden as part of activities to supplement their diet or income. New River trotline fishers strongly believed that participation in trotline fishing had declined significantly in the New River Valley due to improving socioeconomic status of the region...
Simulation Model to Prioritize Right-of-Way Acquisitions

The costs involved in right-of-way (ROW) acquisition are rapidly increasing, making it more difficult for agencies to complete projects on time and budget. When funds are constrained, the question of what parcels should be purchased first to minimize the overall costs becomes relevant. The answer is related to the timing of the acquisition process and even opens the possibility of early ROW acquisition. Traditionally, early ROW purchases are selected based on expert judgment and on individual analyses, resulting in purchasing too late and having no substantial savings, if any. This paper presents an event-driven simulation model developed by Texas A&M for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to estimate costs and predict potential savings under different ROW acquisition scenarios. The Texas A&M Simulation Model (TAMSIM) is used to assist in prioritizing what parcels should be purchased first due to their likelihood of having a substantial cost increase. Four projects (Metro-East, Urban-North, Urban-South, and Rural-West) are used as case studies to demonstrate the applicability of TAMSIM.
Algorithms for Phase Field Computation of the Dendritic Operating State at Large Supercoolings

This paper deals with numerical solutions of the phase field model of solidification in two dimensions in the context of dendritic growth. Finite difference methods associated with vectorized algorithms are employed to solve the phase field equations. The temperature equation is solved by an alternating direction implicit scheme and the equation for the phase field by an explicit Euler scheme. We identify a region of parameter space, namely large supercoolings, where we can compute dendritic morphologies that display steady-state dendrite tip operating conditions that are independent of computational parameters.
Simple closed-loop system for real-time optical phase measurement.

A simple closed-loop system for estimating optical phase, called an interference phase loop, is presented. In this system the output intensity from an elementary interferometric phase sensor (e.g., Zernike phase contrast, homodyne, heterodyne, polarization, or shearing interferometer) is detected and used to drive a phase modulator in the path of the wavefront being measured. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that with large gain this configuration ignores amplitude fluctuations and unambiguously estimates phase at high speed over a dynamic range of multiple-pi radians. When self-interference (e.g., Zernike phase contrast) is employed, monochromatic light is not required.
Binding of protoporphyrin IX and metal derivatives to the active site of wild-type mouse ferrochelatase at low porphyrin-to-protein ratios.

Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy is used to examine porphyrin substrate, product, and inhibitor interactions with the active site of murine ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1), the terminal enzyme in the biosynthesis of heme. The enzyme catalyzes in vivo Fe2+ chelation into protoporphyrin IX to give heme. The RR spectra of native ferrochelatase show that the protein, as isolated, contains varying amounts of endogenously bound high- or low-spin ferric heme, always at much less than 1 equiv. RR data on the binding of free-base protoporphyrin IX and its metalated complexes (Fe(III), Fe(II), and Ni(II)) to active wild-type protein were obtained at varying ratios of porphyrin to protein. The binding of ferric heme, a known inhibitor of the enzyme, leads to the formation of a low-spin six-coordinate adduct. Ferrous heme, the enzyme's natural product, binds in the ferrous high-spin five-coordinate state. Ni(II) protoporphyrin, a metalloporphyrin that has a low tendency toward axial ligation, becomes distorted when bou...
Second-Order Properties of the Throughput of a Closed Queueing Network

We show that the throughput of a single-class closed queueing network CQN of Jackson type, as a function of the job population, is nondecreasing concave [respectively, convex, anti-starshaped, starshaped, subadditive or superadditive] if the service rate at each node, as a function of the local queue length, has the same property. The key to the proofs is the concept of “equilibrium rate.” For a discrete positive random variable Y the equilibrium rate is defined as a function: r0 = 0, rn = P[Y = n-1]/P[Y = n], n ≥ 1. It turns out that the equilibrium rate rn is nondecreasing in n if and only if the pmf of Y is a Polya frequency function of order two; and it is known that the said property hence, the nondecreasing property of equilibrium rates is preserved under convolution. Here, we represent the CQN throughput function as the equilibrium rate of a sum of independent random variables, each corresponding to a node in the network, with the service rate of the node as its equilibrium rate. The second order properties of the CQN throughput are then established by proving that the second-order properties of equilibrium rates are also preserved under convolution.
On optimal bit allocation for classification-based source-dependent transform coding

An optimal bit allocation is presented for classification-based source-dependent transform coding. A vector of transform coefficients is considered to have been produced by a mixture of processes. The available bit resource is distributed optimally in two stages: (1) bit allocation is performed for each class of coefficient vectors, and (2) bit allocation is performed for each vector coefficient. The solution for low bit rates imposing nonnegative bit resource is also presented. The rate-distortion bound of the classification-based source coding is derived.
Studies on the toxicity of acetoglycerides.

Abstract Results of studies are presented on the toxicity of two "acetoglycerides" (acetostearin and aceto-olein), administered by various routes to albino rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs. No toxic effects were observed in rats receiving single oral doses of 4 Gm./ Kg. nor in rats consuming diets containing 5, 10, or 20 per cent of the acetostearin for fourteen weeks, nor in rats on diets containing up to 4 per cent acetostearin or 1 per cent aceto-olein for fifty-seven weeks. No blood changes or major histopath- ological visceral damage were observed in rats used for the subacute and chronic toxicity experiments. Hypoplasia of the testes and suppression of spermatogenesis, which were observed with the acetoglycerides, are considered to be due to other factors. Acetostearin administered intravenously, in rabbits, in doses of 80 to 100 mg./Kg. daily for fifteen days was nontoxic, had questionable effect on clotting time, and was completely removed from circulating blood within thirty minutes. Daily inunction of guinea pigs with 4 ml. of a 30 per cent emulsion for forty-five days produced no local or systemic reactions. No sensitization or allergic responses were
Paradoxical changes in brain natriuretic peptide levels and loading conditions after intravenous conscious sedation.

Abstract Background Elevated filling pressure and wall stress have been proposed as stimuli for elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels. Narcotic and benzodiazepine sedation, such as is used for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), is known to decrease filling pressures. We hypothesized that lower filling pressure and wall stress associated with intravenous conscious sedation (IVCS) would lead to lower BNP levels. Methods We studied BNP levels, blood pressure, and echocardiographic indices of filling pressure and wall stress before and after IVCS and TEE. Results When data before and after IVCS and TEE were compared, mean blood pressure decreased (149 ± 24/83 ± 14 mm Hg vs 126 ± 29/69 ± 14; P P P P Conclusions In a series of patients undergoing clinically indicated TEE, BNP levels increase above baseline after IVCS. The increase in BNP occurs despite lower blood pressure, lower mitral Doppler E velocity, lower right ventricular/atrial gradient, and lower wall stress compared with baseline. The mechanism of the paradoxical increase in BNP is not entirely clear, but it may conceivably be a result of counterregulatory hormone release caused by acute decrease in blood pressure.
Extrapolation of Fracture Toughness Data for HT9 Irradiated at 360–390°C

Following irradiation in the FFTF-AC01 test at 360°C to 5.5 x 1022 n/cm2, two HT9 samples tested at 30°C were measured to have fracture toughness levels of 28.2 and 31.9 MPa m1/2, respectively, whereas a third identical specimen tested at 205°C gave 126 MPa m1/2. Based on testing of notched tensile specimens from the same irradiation test, the low toughness was a result of brittle fracture. A similar low level of toughness has also been demonstrated in HT9 following irradiation at 250°C and therefore such behavior is reproducible. Using ASTM Standard E1921-02, which characterizes the fracture toughness of ferritic steels that experience onset of cleavage cracking at instabilities, it is shown that these data can be analyzed by a Master Curve approach, and that the trend of the fracture toughness over a wider range of temperatures can be estimated. Master Curve analysis demonstrates that toughness will remain low over a wide range of temperatures near 30°C, but will degrade only slightly when temperatures drop to –10°C.
N-[2-(o-iodophenoxy)ethyl]cyclopropylamine hydrochloride (LY121768), a potent and selective irreversible inhibitor of type A monoamine oxidase.

The effects of N-[2-(o-iodophenoxy)ethyl]cyclopropylamine hydrochloride (LY121768) on types A and B monoamine oxidase (MAO) assayed with radiocarbon-labeled serotonin and phenylethylamine, respectively, were studied in vitro and in vivo. Type A MAO from rat brain was inhibited in vitro by LY121768 with an IC50 of 4 x 10(-10) M, whereas 2500 times higher concentrations of LY121768 (IC50 = 1 x 10(-6) M) were required to inhibit type B MAO. The inhibition of type A MAO increased with time of incubation of LY121768 with enzyme prior to substrate addition and persisted after dialysis, indicative of irreversible inhibition. The irreversible inactivation was prevented by harmaline, a reversible, competitive inhibitor of type A MAO, indicating a requirement for catalytic activity of MAO in the time-dependent inactivation by LY121768. In rats, LY121768 selectively inhibited type A MAO in brain and in liver at low doses. The inhibition of type A MAO persisted for several days after a single 10 mg/kg i.p. dose of LY121768 and was associated with a significant increase in brain dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations and a significant decrease in the concentration of the dopamine metabolites, homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. The inactivation of type A MAO by LY121768 in vivo was prevented by co-administration of harmaline, indicating a similar mechanism for the in vivo inactivation as for the in vitro inactivation of MAO by LY121768. A reasonable inference from these data and from previous literature is that LY121768 acts as a "suicide substrate" for MAO and inactivates the enzyme by formation of a reactive intermediate which binds covalently to the enzyme. The presence of iodine in the LY121768 molecule not only confers high selectivity for type A MAO but offers a site for radionuclide introduction that might be a useful means of labeling type A MAO in vitro or in vivo for various purposes.
Cancer progression analysis based on ordinal relationship of cancer stages and co-expression network modularity

A comprehensive understanding of cancer progression may shed light on genetic and molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis, and provide important information for effective diagnosis and prognosis. We propose a multicategory logit model to identify genes that show significant correlations across multiple cancer stages. We have applied the approach on a Prostate Cancer (PCA) progression data and obtained a set of genes that show consistent trends across multiple stages. Further analysis based on multiple evidences demonstrates that our candidate list includes not only some well-known prostate-cancer-related genes, but also novel genes that have been confirmed very recently.
Who Skips? An Analysis of Bail Bond Failure to Appear

This exploratory study draws on data from a private bail bond agency in the Midwestern United States to examine who “skips,” the vernacular used by the bail bond industry to classify individuals who have failed to appear (FTA) for their scheduled court appointments. A bivariate regression analysis found that the type of offense, bond amount, indemnitor's gender, and indemnitor's relationship to the offender were each significant predictors of skipping bail. A multivariate logistic model, meanwhile, found that offenders released on bail for a drug offense, whose bond had been posted by a friend, instead of a family member, were more likely to skip bail. Policy implications of FTAs on the criminal justice system and the importance of developing prediction instruments are reviewed.
A computer model for the study of breast cancer

A computer model was designed as a relational database to assess breast cancer screening in a cohort of women where the growth and development of breast cancer originates with the first malignant cell. The concepts of thresholds for growth, axillary spread, and distant sites are integrated. With tumor diagnosis, staging was performed that includes clinical and sub-clinical states. The model was parameterized to have staging characteristics similar to data published by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) Program. Validation was accomplished by comparing simulated staging results with non-SEER sources, and simulated survival with independent clinical survival data.
Lyapunov exponent maps applied to damage detection of aging nonlinear highway infrastructures

Aging highway structures can display complicated nonlinear dynamics behavior due to degradation of structural properties or crack damage, as well as to variations in environmental and dynamic loading conditions. This paper explores the feasibility of utilizing the spatial distribution of the Lyapunov exponents for damage detection in nonlinear bridge structures. In particular, this approach considers the chaotic nature of the response of general nonlinear highway bridges due to ambient traffic loadings in the analysis of the observed bridge response data for each monitoring locations. A novel algorithm, based on the average mutual information from observed data and a stochastic orthogonalization using polynomial chaoses, is used to efficiently extract the nonlinear bridge system invariants consisting of a set of Lyapunov exponents.
Opportunity: Inclusive Design for Interactive Simulations

Interactive simulations are becoming increasingly important in education, but these tools are not accessible to many learners. Here, we share some goals to guide the development of accessible simulations, and summarize early findings in development efforts. We also highlight challenges and opportunities where the unique expertise of the ASSETS community is needed. We hope to interest readers in participating in the growing community designing, developing, and researching interactive simulations for learning.
Antagonism of chlorobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity by lindane

Abstract In two complete replicates of a 2 × 2-fractorial-designed experiment involving chlorobenzene and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), the hepatotoxicity induced by a challenge dose of chlorobenzene was altered by the pretreatments due to selective changes in various metabolis pathways. Pretreatment with either toxicant, alone or in combination, elevated the relative metabolism of 1.12 g chlorobenzene/kg to conjugated and polar metabolites. The relative importance of these pathways was increased most by pretreatment with chlorobenzene + lindane and least with chlorobenzene. The incidence and severity of chlorobenzene-induced hepatocellular necrosis was dependent on how much the pretreatments increased excretion of these metabolites relative to that of p -chlorophenol, since the conjugates and polar metabolites represent an inactivation of the toxic chlorobenzene-3,4-epoxide whereas p -chlorophenol reflects its formation. Thus these changes in the metabolic pathways resulted in either (i) a marginally significant decrease in hepatotoxicity (chlorobenzene pretreatment); (ii) significant reduction in both the incidence and severity of the lesions (lindane pretreatment); or (iii) absence of centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis in all but 1 of 12 rats where a minimal degree of necrosis was present (chlorobenzene + lindane pretreatment). In this study, the effect of pretreatment with xenobiotics on chlorobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity was dependent on how much the pretreatments altered the inactivation of chlorobenzene-3,4-epoxide relative to its formation.
The misconstruction of critical medical anthropology: A response to a cultural constructivist critique

Since its emergence over a decade ago as a distinct theoretical framework, critical medical anthropology (CMA) has engaged in debate and dialogue with various other perspectives within medical anthropology, particularly clinical anthropology, medical ecology, and, to a lesser degree, postmodernism. While at least two genres of CMA have emerged, both of which are involved in a dialogue with each other, proponents of other perspectives often misread or "misconstruct" the agenda of CMA as both a theoretical framework and a strategy for health activism. This essay in particular critiques this process among proponents of the interpretative or cultural constructivist perspective. On a positive note, however, I urge critical medical anthropologists and cultural constructivists within medical anthropology to enter into a dialogue with each other because their two perspectives, despite the presence of obvious epistemological differences, share commonalities.
Contamination of DFP-treated leucine aminopeptidase with multiple endopeptidases.

Abstract 1. 1.Commercial preparations of leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.1.1) were found to be contaminated with multiple endopeptidases of high molecular weight and varying substrate specificity. 2. 2.These contaminating endopeptidases could not be completely eliminated from the leucine aminopeptidase preparations with endopeptidase inhibitors or by further purification procedures. 3. 3.These findings emphasize the importance of testing for non-specific proteases in any preparation of leucine aminopeptidase to be used for the limited digestion of proteins or peptides.
A single linkage group comprising 11 polymorphic DNA markers on rat chromosome 3.

Eleven polymorphic DNA markers were mapped to rat Chromosome (Chr) 3 by linkage analysis of F2 progeny of F344/N and LEW/N rat strains. The markers, including seven genes and four anonymous loci, formed a single linkage group covering approximately 112 cM with the following order: Ptgs1 (prostaglandin G/H synthase I)-D3Arb178-Scn2a (sodium channel, type II, α-polypeptide)-D3Arb1-Cat (catalase)-Bdnf (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)-D3Arb219-D3Arb2-Sus2 (seminal vesicle secretion II protein)-Sdc4 (ryudocan/syndecan4)-Stnl (statin-like protein). Eight of these markers were analyzed for polymorphisms in 14 additional inbred rat strains. Three to five alleles were detected for each marker, suggesting that they are highly polymorphic and useful for genetic mapping studies with inbred rat strains. Chromosomal syntenic conservation among rats, mice and humans is also discussed.
A Key for the Gate: Roger Williams, Parliament, and Providence

Roger Williams's A Key into the Language of America (1644) played an unheralded role in his effort to secure a patent for Providence Plantations. Written in the form of a bilingual dialogue between English and Indians, the Key echoes linguistic works then popular in London and, in presenting a civilized Indian populace, legitimates the land transaction supporting Williams's patent claim.
Disease and insect resistance in cultivated barley accessions from the USDA National Small Grains Collection

Cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare L.) accessions from the USDA-ARS National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) have been tested systematically for the past 20 yr for disease and insect resistance. In this study, we analyzed the resistance to barley yellow dwarf (BYD), spot blotch (SB) caused by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kuribayashi) Drechs. ex Dastur, net blotch (NB) caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres Drechs., stripe rust (SR) caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. hordei, and Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), with respect to (i) geographic origin of resistant accessions, (ii) relationship to other NSGC descriptor data, and (iii) relationships among resistances. Centers of concentration for certain resistances were identified: eastern Africa for several diseases, western Turkey and the Caucasus for SR resistance, eastern Asia for adult plant resistance to NB, and south-central Asia for RWA resistance. Stripe rust resistance was also associated with accessions originating from high altitude in eastern Africa (Ethiopia). Various associations between resistances and grain descriptors, plant habit, and landrace status were also found. Forty-eight accessions showed multiple resistances on the basis of the field disease data and the RWA greenhouse data. Many of these resistant accessions were from Ethiopia, and many were of unknown origin. Stripe rust testing in California and Bolivia supported the conclusion that winter-habit accessions were more resistant to the disease than were spring-habit accessions. Information from this study will be used to guide future NSGC acquisition and evaluation efforts.
Optical Pattern Recognition And Artificial Intelligence: A Review

A review of optical pattern recognition algorithms and techniques for various levels of computer vision, reaching the recent upper levels of artificial intelligence, are presented, and briefly summarized.
COMBINED EFFECTS OF FLANK AND CRATER WEAR ON CUTTING FORCE MODELING IN ORTHOGONAL MACHINING—PART I: MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Progressive tool wear, mainly in the forms of flank and crater wear, occurs on the tool flank and rake faces, respectively. Cutting forces may increase or decrease depending on the combined contrib...
Sesquiterpenes from essential oil of Amyris balsamifera

Abstract Six sesquiterpenes were isolated and identified from the essential oil of the wood of Amyris balsamifera (Rutaceae): 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, α-agarofuran, 4-hydroxydihydroagarofuran, valerianol, β-eudesmol, elemol.
A bottom-up approach to sustained curtailment and comfort for controlled demand response

Curtailment prediction and efficient demand response (DR) strategy selection challenge the effectiveness of developing smart grid applications. Here we present solutions to both challenges, taking a bottom-up approach to demonstrate that curtailment at the equipment-level determined based on the equipment mechanical properties and models can be used to efficiently estimate curtailment and to optimize human comfort during a DR event across a subset of energy consumers. We focus on a controlled microgrid environment present on the University of Southern California campus and address two HVAC oriented DR strategies: variable frequency drive and global temperature reset. Strong correlation between equipment and building level consumption was found to exist in less than half the cases, showing that building level consumption can be successfully used as well for those scenarios. Several fast heuristics aiming to optimize human comfort during equipment level DR proved to be successful and showed that the best method depends on the DR strategy. Finally, relying on the equipment specifications and consumption models for our analyses circumvents the common challenges associated with statistical and machine-learning algorithm approaches that rely on large amounts of historical data.
Differential blockade of morphine and morphine-6β-glucuronide analgesia by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed against MOR-1 and G-protein α subunits in rats

Abstract An antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against the 5′-untranslated region of MOR-1 blocks the analgesic actions of the μ 1 analgesics morphine and [ d -Ala 2 , d -Leu 5 jenkephalin (DADL) when they are microinjected into the periaqueductal gray. In contrast, morphine-6β-glucuronide (M6G) analgesia is unaffected by this treatment. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed against distinct G i α subunits also distinguish between morphine and M6G analgesia. A probe targeting G i α2 blocks morphine analgesia, as previously reported, but is inactive against M6G analgesia. Conversely, an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against G i αI inhibits M6G analgesia without affecting morphine analgesia. The antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against G 0 α is ineffective against both compounds. These results confirm the prior association of G i α2 with morphine analgesia and strongly suggests that M6G acts through a different opioid receptor, as revealed by its insensitivity towards the MOR-1 antisense probe and differential sensitivity towards G-protein α subunit antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.
Diode laser measurements of CO line widths at planetary atmospheric temperatures

A tunable diode laser spectrometer and the sweep integration technique were used to measure hydrogen-broadened half-widths and nitrogen-broadened half-widths of eight lines between P(1) and P(15) in the CO fundamental at several temperatures between 94 and 298 K. The results are of interest in connection with studies of the atmospheres of earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and Titan.
Mathes: An expert system for material handling equipment selection

Abstract This paper describes a rule-based expert system, MATHES (MATerial Handling Equipment Selection), that selects appropriate types of material handling equipment for intra-factory moves of unitized material. The equipment types are chosen by applying heuristic selection rules (acquired from a human expert) to responses from a user concerning relevant details about the characteristics of a material move. The heuristic rules relate characteristics of the move to appropriate types of material handling equipment. Associated with each selected equipment type is a factor that can be used to order the list of selected equipment as to each type's degree of appropriateness.
Equilibrium control policies for Markov chains

The average cost criterion has held great intuitive appeal and has attracted considerable attention. It is widely employed when controlling dynamic systems that evolve stochastically over time by means of formulating an optimization problem to achieve long-term goals efficiently. The average cost criterion is especially appealing when the decision-making process is long compared to other timescales involved, and there is no compelling motivation to select short-term optimization. This paper addresses the problem of controlling a Markov chain so as to minimize the average cost per unit time. Our approach treats the problem as a dual constrained optimization problem. We derive conditions guaranteeing that a saddle point exists for the new dual problem and we show that this saddle point is an equilibrium control policy for each state of the Markov chain. For practical situations with constraints consistent to those we study here, our results imply that recognition of such saddle points may be of value in deriving in real time an optimal control policy.