cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relation Of the Immune Reaction To Cancer

Publisher Summary The chapter attempts to organize and correlate all the research reports and discussions based on the relevance of immunology to cancer. The chapter begins with the very dynamic processes involved in tumor transplantation. Immunity to transplanted tumors depends on genetic and, therefore, antigenic differences between the tumor and host. The then chapter moves on to the highly technical fields of serology. The effects of various sera and antisera have been investigated in an attempt to evaluate the degree of protection. The chapter discusses immunochemical pattern of tumor related antigens. Immunological method is refined enough to show qualitative discrimination between two given tissue antigens. The concept of auto immunity in cancer and viral oncogenesis has been explained with the help of significant virus work and various aspects of immunity during the tumorous state is also summarized. The chapter also presents theoretical implications of the phenomena observed in tumor autoimmunity.
Certification of System Architecture Dependability

Wireless systems are particularly vulnerable to failures and malfunctions for several reasons. First, wireless architectures are naturally distributed over a wide geographic area. Secondly, equipment pricing pressures prohibit massive fault-tolerance similar to that in the slowly deregulating wireline business. Thirdly, the responsibility for insuring dependable functioning of the systems is generally distributed among several independent collaborating entities (wireless equipment owners and leased lines providers). Fourthly, the access medium of wireless (RF) is much more vulnerable than the access medium of wireline (wire to the home).
Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Memories within Value-Based Schemas and Represents Contexts That Guide Memory Retrieval

There are a substantial number of studies showing that the orbitofrontal cortex links events to reward values, whereas the hippocampus links events to the context in which they occur. Here we asked how the orbitofrontal cortex contributes to memory where context determines the reward values associated with events. After rats learned object–reward associations that differed depending on the spatial context in which the objects were presented, neuronal ensembles in orbitofrontal cortex represented distinct value-based schemas, each composed of a systematic organization of the representations of objects in the contexts and positions where they were associated with reward or nonreward. Orbitofrontal ensembles also represent the different spatial contexts that define the mappings of stimuli to actions that lead to reward or nonreward. These findings, combined with observations on complementary memory representation within the hippocampus, suggest mechanisms through which prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus interact in support of context-guided memory.
High‐Risk Lead Removal by Planned Sequential Transvenous Laser Extraction and Minimally Invasive Right Thoracotomy

Hybrid Lead Extraction for High-Risk Leads Introduction Transvenous pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead extraction via mechanical or excimer laser sheath is typically safe and effective. Longer duration from implant, presence of large vegetations or thrombi, fractured leads, and prior failed extraction are risk factors predicting higher complication rates or incomplete or failed lead removal. Techniques developed for minimally invasive valve surgery were used in conjunction with laser extraction to refine a “hybrid” technique for lead extraction. We assessed the outcomes of high-risk lead extraction using this hybrid lead extraction technique. Methods and Results Retrospective assessment of clinical parameters and procedural outcomes in patients undergoing planned hybrid lead extraction from February 2008 to September 2012 was performed. We report 8 cases of hybrid lead extraction performed at our institution. We extracted 21 leads with average lead age of 13.8 years since implant. All leads were removed with complete clinical and radiographic success. There were no intraprocedure complications. One patient died of continued sepsis and 1 other had symptoms consistent with pulmonary embolism. Conclusions Hybrid lead extraction using this technique is a safe and effective approach for removal of high-risk chronic pacemaker or ICD leads. This method extends the range of approachable leads resulting in complete removal without median sternotomy. Hybrid lead extraction can be scheduled electively facilitating complete lead removal with a low complication rate and short postoperative recovery time, mitigating the risks inherent in midline sternotomy or emergent cardiac surgical rescue.
Exogenous Hormones, Reproductive History, and Breast Cancer

284 patients 20-74 years old were interviewed preoperatively when possible for this study of the relationship of estrogens and oral contraceptives to breast carcinoma. The controls were matched for age race hospital pay status and marital status (ever or never married). Insignificant differences were found in demographic factors. Cancer patients had married at a later age and were characterized by a higher proportion of nulliparity. They displayed a higher proportion of pregnancies at > 20 years and a lower mean number of pregnancies than controls but the differences were statistically insignificant as was the case with other characteristics of reproductive histories. Differences in menstrual status between the 2 groups were considered in the evaluation of histories of estrogen usage. Differences in past hormone use were found to be insignificant; 13.4 and 16.1% of cancer patients and controls respectively had used conjugated equine estrogen. Because of the differences in reproductive factors between the 2 groups the matched-pair approach to analysis was abandoned in favor of a multiple regression model with adjustments made for reproductive factors. The matching factors were included among the regressors. The validity of the unmatched analysis was evidenced by the similarity between results obtained in several relative risk calculations made on a matched-pair basis and those obtained with the regression model inlcuding only the matching variables as regressors. An examination of the relationship between duration of past use of estrogens and oral contraceptives and associated adjusted relative risks revealed insignificant differences between the risk value assigned to never-users and each of the adjusted relative risks. Since the study covered a small number only of younger subjects the confidence limits on the risks associated with oral contraceptives were wide. The use of administered estrogens was considered to be unrelated to breast cancer risks.
The effect of charge redistribution on limiting the kt 2 .Q product of piezoelectrically transduced resonators

In this paper, we introduce a new loss mechanism that can significantly limit the quality factor (Q) of piezoelectrically transduced resonators. We show that the electromagnetic energy dissipated in the anharmonic process of free charge redistribution on metallic electrodes placed on commonly used piezoelectric materials sets a limit for the resonator Q that is frequency independent and is much smaller than the Akheiser Q limit at frequencies less than 1 GHz. To validate this theory, the Q limit is formulated for extensional bulk acoustic modes with in-plane polarization and compared with published measured data, showing reasonable agreement.
Iron Deficiency in the Rat: Effects on Neutrophil Activation and Metabolism

Summary: Studies were performed to determine the effects of iron deficiency in the rat on neutrophil activation and on levels of neutrophil myeloperoxidase and cytochrome b. The period of time required for neutrophil activation was not significantly affected by iron deficiency, but the maximum rates of respiration attained after activation were markedly lower (60% decrease) in iron-deficient neutrophils than in control cells. The myeloperoxidase activity of neutrophils from iron-deficient rats was also markedly decreased (approximately 75%) compared with the activity of control cells; however, the concentration of cytochrome b in the neutrophils was unaffected by iron deficiency.
Retrograde perfusion and filling of mouse coronary vasculature as preparation for micro computed tomography imaging.

Visualization of the vasculature is becoming increasingly important for understanding many different disease states. While several techniques exist for imaging vasculature, few are able to visualize the vascular network as a whole while extending to a resolution that includes the smaller vessels1,2. Additionally, many vascular casting techniques destroy the surrounding tissue, preventing further analysis of the sample3-5. One method which circumvents these issues is micro-Computed Tomography (μCT). μCT imaging can scan at resolutions <10 microns, is capable of producing 3D reconstructions of the vascular network, and leaves the tissue intact for subsequent analysis (e.g., histology and morphometry)6-11. However, imaging vessels by ex vivo μCT methods requires that the vessels be filled with a radiopaque compound. As such, the accurate representation of vasculature produced by μCT imaging is contingent upon reliable and complete filling of the vessels. In this protocol, we describe a technique for filling mouse coronary vessels in preparation for μCT imaging. Two predominate techniques exist for filling the coronary vasculature: in vivo via cannulation and retrograde perfusion of the aorta (or a branch off the aortic arch) 12-14, or ex vivo via a Langendorff perfusion system 15-17. Here we describe an in vivo aortic cannulation method which has been specifically designed to ensure filling of all vessels. We use a low viscosity radiopaque compound called Microfil which can perfuse through the smallest vessels to fill all the capillaries, as well as both the arterial and venous sides of the vascular network. Vessels are perfused with buffer using a pressurized perfusion system, and then filled with Microfil. To ensure that Microfil fills the small higher resistance vessels, we ligate the large branches emanating from the aorta, which diverts the Microfil into the coronaries. Once filling is complete, to prevent the elastic nature of cardiac tissue from squeezing Microfil out of some vessels, we ligate accessible major vascular exit points immediately after filling. Therefore, our technique is optimized for complete filling and maximum retention of the filling agent, enabling visualization of the complete coronary vascular network – arteries, capillaries, and veins alike.
Role of Two Mineral-Associated Adhesion Molecules, Osteopontin and Bone Sialoprotein, during Cementogenesis

Adhesion molecules and their cell membrane receptors are known to play important regulatory roles in cell differentiation. Consequently, the following experiments were conducted to determine the role of two adhesion molecules, bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) in tooth root formation. Developing murine molar tooth germs at sequential stages of development (developmental days 21-42) were analyzed using immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. While BSP was localized to alveolar bone and odontoblasts early in development, BSP was distinctly localized to the cemental root surface at latter periods coincident with the initiation of root formation and cementogenesis. Conversely, OPN was distributed in a nonspecific fashion throughout the PDL and the eruption pathway of the forming tooth. In situ hybridization confirmed that cells lining the root surface express BSP. The fact that BSP is specifically localized to the cemental surface suggests that this protein is involved in cementoblast differentiation and/or early mineralization of the cementum matrix. Localization of OPN to non-mineralized tissues further suggests that OPN functions as an inhibitor of mineralization during periodontal ligament formation. These findings collectively suggest that BSP and OPN are intimately involved in the sequence of cellular and molecular events accompanying cementogenesis.
A School-Based Intervention Designed To Reduce the Frequency of Tics in Children with Tourette's Syndrome.

The study used an A/B/B+C multiple baseline design across individuals with a follow up to examine the effects of a two-component treatment package composed of habit reversal and self-modeling to re...
Experimental decoy state quantum key distribution

We have implemented decoy state quantum key distribution over a recordsetting 107 km of dark optical fiber in a switched interferometer phase-encoding system utilizing ultra-low-noise, high-efficiency transition-edge sensors.
Effects of Photosynthesis on Bacterial Phosphatase Production in Biofilms.

The fraction of bacteria displaying phosphatase activity within natural photosynthetic biofilms was examined in relation to phosphorus limitation and algal photosynthesis. An artificial substrate that forms a fluorescent precipitate was used in conjunction with the nucleic acid stain DAPI to enumerate extracellular phosphatase expression by biofilm bacteria exposed to different photosynthetic activities and phosphorus supplies. The proportion of bacteria displaying phosphatase activity changed in response to the presence or absence of algal photosynthesis. In general, phosphate-deprived biofilms had positive linear trends in bacterial phosphatase activity (p < 0.001), with greater proportions of bacteria displaying phosphatase under photosynthetic inhibition compared to active photosynthesis. Under sufficient phosphate supplies, biofilms had negative linear trends (p < 0.05) or were lower in the proportion of bacteria displaying phosphatase activity in the presence of algal photosynthesis, whereas bacterial phosphatase activity was generally maintained when photosynthesis was inhibited. It is suggested that the amount of extracellular organic carbon released within the biofilm matrix during photosynthesis indirectly affected bacterial phosphatase synthesis.
Lopsided Lova´sz Local Lemma and Latin transversals

A new version of the Lovasz Local lemma is used to prove the existence of Latin transversals in matrices where no symbol appears too often.
Measurements of Linear Alkylbenzenes by GC/MS with Interference from Tetrapropylene-Based Alkylbenzenes: Calculation of Quantitation Errors Using a Two-Component Model

Linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and tetrapropylene-based alkylbenzenes (TABs) are often used as molecular tracers of domestic waste inputs. Due to the overlapping usage of LABs and TABs in the past, th...
Distractibility during Episodic Retrieval Is Exacerbated by Perturbation of Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

The presence of irrelevant external stimuli during the retrieval of long-term memory (LTM) has a negative impact on the fidelity of recollected details. Top-down control processes that both guide the selection of internal information relevant to LTM goals and resolve interference on retrieval from irrelevant external information have been associated with the same region in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). The current study examined a causal role of the left VLPFC in memory performance when external distraction (i.e., visual stimuli irrelevant to the current task goals) was presented during retrieval of LTM. Immediately after functional perturbation of the left VLPFC with 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, participants' memory was tested when their eyes were closed and when their eyes were open and irrelevant visual stimuli were presented. The results showed that visual distraction diminished LTM performance based on an objective measure of recollection and that perturbation of left VLPFC exacerbated the disruptive effect. This is the first evidence of a direct role of the left VLPFC in diminishing the impact of distraction on recollection, elucidating neural mechanisms that are critically involved in how we reconstruct the past while navigating the external environment.
Enhanced Superoxide Production by Membrane Vesicles from Halobacterium halobium in a Hyposaline Environment

Membrane vesicles were prepared from the halophilic archaebacterium, Halobacterium halobium, which was grown either in medium containing 4 M NaCl or in a relatively hyposaline medium containing 1.25 M NaCl. Membrane vesicles prepared from bacteria grown in the lower salt environment consumed more oxygen, oxidized more NADH and generated more superoxide than vesicles prepared from cells grown in the normal 4 M NaCl containing medium. The enhanced respiratory activity of the membrane fragments obtained from the halophile which was grown and assayed in a hyposaline environment, along with the concomitant increased flux in superoxide, demonstrate a relation between an environmental perturbation and an altered electron transport activity.
Genetic testing: can it predict the lived experience of individuals and families? A personal testimony.

An individual’s and family’s experience with a genetic disease is too complex and diverse to be totally predicted using genetic testing. Stigmatization and discrimination of gene carriers can occur if
Examination of the Mechanism of Rh2(II)-Catalyzed Carbazole Formation Using Intramolecular Competition Experiments

The use of a rhodium(II) carboxylate catalyst enables the mild and stereoselective formation of carbazoles from biaryl azides. Intramolecular competition experiments of triaryl azides suggested the source of the selectivity. A primary intramolecular kinetic isotope effect was not observed, and correlation of the product ratios with Hammett σ+ values produced a plot with two intersecting lines with opposite ρ values. These data suggest that electronic donation by the biaryl π-system accelerates the formation of rhodium nitrenoid and that C−N bond formation occurs through a 4π-electron-5-atom electrocyclization.
Independent yields of 133,135Xe in the fission of 235U, 238U and 239Pu by 14 MeV neutrons

Abstract The direct fission populations of states in 133,135 Xe have been measured for fission induced by 14 MeV neutrons. Targets consisting of metal foils of 235 U, 238 U and 239 Pu were separately encapsulated and irradiated for periods of 1 to 8 min in a flux of 1.5 × 10 11 n cm 2 · s . The xenon isotopes of interest were extracted from the bulk fission products within 3 to 12 min after irradiation. The xenon γ-rays were then examined with a Ge(Li) detector and the populations of the 133,135 Xe isomer and ground states were deduced. Computer analysis techniques were employed to extract the independent fission yield values from this data.
A protocol for imaging alternative splicing regulation in vivo using fluorescence reporters in transgenic mice

Imaging technologies are influencing the way we study regulatory processes in vivo. Several recent reports use fluorescence minigenes to image alternative splicing events in living cells and animals. This type of reporter is being used to generate transgenic mice to visualize splicing regulation in diverse tissues and cell types. In this protocol, we describe how to develop animals that report on alternative splicing and how to assess reporter expression in excised organs and tissue sections. The entire procedure, from making the reporters to imaging organs and tissues in adult transgenic mice, should take approximately 1.5 years. Fluorescence reporters can be used to image many splicing decisions in normal tissues and organs and can be extended to the study of disease states.
"Parapharyngeal space" tumors: A cytopathological study of 24 cases on fine-needle aspiration

The parapharyngeal space (PPS) is a well-defined anatomic zone of loose connective tissue lying deep to the tonsil and lateral to the pharynx. Neoplasms arising within the PPS are rare. We retrospectively reviewed 24 PPS fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) performed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over the past 16 years (1987-2002). Patients presented with neck pain, dysphagia, and/or intraoral swelling of varying duration. Radiographic imaging disclosed PPS masses, varying in size from 2.5 to 8 cm. The most common clinicoradiographic suspicion was a nerve sheath tumor. Six cases had FNA performed using a 23-gauge needle via a transoral approach in the outpatient suite whereas the remainder were aspirated via a 22-gauge Franseen needle under CT guidance. Six of 24 cases (25%) were nondiagnostic due to lack of adequate cellular material. Of the 18 cases considered diagnostic, there were nine (50%) pleomorphic adenomas (PAs); three (17%) squamous-cell carcinomas (SCC); and one each of oncocytoma, adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), adenoid cystic carcinoma, lipoma, neurofibroma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, together comprising the remaining 33%. Four of the six cases deemed nondiagnostic (consisting predominantly of blood) on subsequent tissue follow-up revealed paraganglioma (two cases), SCC (one case), and schwannoma (one case). PPS is an uncommon target of an FNA procedure. PPS masses represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms of which PA appears most common, representing 50% of our diagnostic cases. The rate of nondiagnostic FNA samples is moderately high due to excessive bleeding encountered in this location and other technical problems relating to adequately targeting the lesion in close vicinity of major neck vessels.
Satellite DNA in calf heterochromatin

Abstract Analysis of nuclear DNA from calf liver by Cs 2 SO 4 -Ag + density gradient centrifugation revealed a minor heavy peak (7% of the total DNA) at a density of 1.57 g/cm 3 , a main peak at a density of 1.51 g/cm 3 and a minor light peak (3% of the total DNA) at a density of 1.44 g/cm 3 . Upon fractionation of total chromatin into constitutive heterochromatin and euchromatin, DNA from the heterochromatin fraction showed the same three peaks but was enriched in the two satellite DNAs, while DNA from the euchromatin fraction showed essentially no satellite DNA. The complementary strands of the light satellite DNA were inseparable upon gradient centrifugation in alkaline CsCl, while those of the heavy satellite DNA separated to some extent. In neutral CsCl, the heavy and light satellite DNAs sedimented at densities 1.713 and 1.706 g/cm 3 , respectively, on the heavy side of the main peak (density = 1.699 g/cm 3 ). Base analysis on the three DNA fractions indicated that the satellite DNAs are high in GC content in comparison to main DNA.
Fluorescence Limitations to Combustion Studies Using Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy has the potential of providing detailed temperature and composition measurements at discrete points within a mixture of gases. Although cross sections for Raman scattering are characteristically very small, recent developments in high power lasers and sensitive optical detectors have resulted in the application of Raman spectroscopy to a variety of new experimental studies. Current applications include the remote measurement of atmospheric constituents and temperatures, concentration measurements in heterogeneous, nonreacting gasdynamic processes, remote detection of pollutants in gas turbine exhaust, and temperature and composition measurements in steady flame gases.
The Rules of Information Aggregation and Emergence of Collective Intelligent Behavior

Information is a peculiar quantity. Unlike matter and energy, which are conserved by the laws of physics, the aggregation of knowledge from many sources can in fact produce more information (synergy) or less (redundancy) than the sum of its parts. This feature can endow groups with problem-solving strategies that are superior to those possible among noninteracting individuals and, in turn, may provide a selection drive toward collective cooperation and coordination. Here we explore the formal properties of information aggregation as a general principle for explaining features of social organization. We quantify information in terms of the general formalism of information theory, which also prescribes the rules of how different pieces of evidence inform the solution of a given problem. We then show how several canonical examples of collective cognition and coordination can be understood through principles of minimization of uncertainty (maximization of predictability) under information pooling over many individuals. We discuss in some detail how collective coordination in swarms, markets, natural language processing, and collaborative filtering may be guided by the optimal aggregation of information in social collectives. We also identify circumstances when these processes fail, leading, for example, to inefficient markets. The contrast to approaches to understand coordination and collaboration via decision and game theory is also briefly discussed.
A Physiologically Based Model of Neuromuscular System Dynamics

A model of the neuromuscular system based on the physiology of muscle is described. All elements of the model have been discussed in earlier literature but certain new implications are considered here.
GLUT4-containing vesicles in rat adipocytes as a tissue-specific recycling compartment

Abstract In rat adipocytes under basal conditions, GLUT4 is found in homogeneous intracellular vesicles with a sedimentation coefficient of 100–120 S and a buoyant density of 1·12 g/cm 3 . These structures recycle between the plasma membrane and an intracellular pool(s) in such a way that in any given moment of time only about 2–5% of these vesicles are fused with the plasma membrane. Insulin dramatically shifts the equilibrium towards the plasma membrane via an as yet unknown mechanism. Analysis of the polypeptide composition of immunopurified vesicles has revealed two classes of proteins there: cargo proteins with extracellular functional domains (GLUT4, the aminopeptidase gp160, the IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor, some unidentified components) and a few ubiquitous proteins that are likely to participate in vesicle trafficking and fusion regardless of the cell type (VAMP/cellubrevin, Scamps, low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins, GDI). Morphological and biochemical data suggest that the so-called GLUT4-containing vesicles represent a tissue-specific recycling/secretory compartment in insulin-sensitive cells which unites several functionally independent cargo proteins and delivers them to the cell surface in an insulin-sensitive fashion.
Small-x behavior and parton saturation: A QCD model

Abstract A QCD model is defined to study questions of quark and gluon parton saturation at small x-values. The model uses a source consisting of a nucleus of heavy quarkonium bound states, states well understood in QCD. Deeply inelastic scattering, using the currents j(x) = − 1 4 F μν a F μν a and j μ (x) = ψ γ μ ψ , is evaluated in Born and one-loop approximation in order to extract quark and gluon distributions. Quark distributions are observed to saturate while gluon distributions have a saturating and a nonsaturating component.
Temporal-compositional-isotopic trends in rejuvenated-stage magmas of Kauai, Hawaii, and implications for mantle melting processes

Primitive, low-silica and high-alkali magmas that erupt late in the evolution of most ocean island volcanoes are highly enriched in incompatible trace elements, yet their isotopic compositions require a time-integrated mantle source history of incompatible-element depletion. Reconciling these observations has traditionally required either extremely low degrees of partial melting of depleted mantle (commonly less than 0.2%), invoking an unusual mantle source recently enriched in incompatible elements or extensive melt-mantle interaction. Analyses of stratigraphic sequences of rejuvenated-stage volcanics of Kauai, Hawaii show previously unrecognized isotopic-trace element correlations, as well as temporal variations within monogenetic lava sequences that provide evidence of variable degrees of melting of several distinct mantle sources. Inter-element and isotopic-trace-element correlations indicate little or no chromatographic effects on melt compositions, inconsistent with the expected effects of significant melt-mantle reaction as the source of their incompatible-element enrichment. Trace-element compositions of rejuvenated-stage magmas can be produced by melting of typical depleted mantle sources only if they are mixtures of small- and large-degree (0.1% and 2–15%, depending on source mineralogy) melts of isotopically distinct sources. The simplest model for the Koloa Volcanics, however, consistent with previous interpretations of other Hawaiian lavas, is that they are derived from a range of incompatible-element enriched mantle sources variably metasomatized by small-degree melts of depleted mantle. Isotopic-trace-element trends in the Koloa magmas (of the opposite sense as the overall Hawaiian trend) are best explained by a positive correlation between the extent of source metasomatism and degree of melting to produce the Koloa magmas. Systematic decreases in incompatible element concentrations within individual eruption sequences probably represent sequential eruption of progressively larger-degree melt, possibly caused by vertical zonation in extent of melting in the source regions, or extraction of low-degree melts from surrounding mantle by early-ascending magma batches.
SiO/sub 2/ degradation with charge injection polarity

We have investigated gate oxide degradation in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices as a function of high-field constant-current stress for charge injection from both gate and substrate. The two polarities are asymmetric: gate injection, where the substrate Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface is the collecting electrode for the energetic electrons, shows a higher rate of interface-state generation ( Delta D/sub it/) and lower charge-to-breakdown Q/sub bd/. Thus the collecting electrode interface, which suffers primary damage, emerges as a critical degradation site in addition to the injecting electrode interface, which has been the traditional focus. Consistent with a physical-damage model of breakdown, we demonstrate that interfacial degradation is an important precursor of breakdown, and that the nature of breakdown-related damage is physical, such as trap-generation by broken bonds. >
Home Study Course: Fall 2005.

Objective The Home Study Course is intended for the practicing colposcopist or practitioner who is seeking to develop or enhance his or her colposcopic skills. The goal of the course is to present colposcopic cases that are unusual or instructive in terms of appearance, presentation, or management, or that demonstrate new and important knowledge in the area of colposcopy or pathology. Participants may benefit from reading and studying the material or from testing their knowledge by answering the questions. Accme accreditation The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The ASCCP designates this continuing medical education activity for 1 hour Category I credit of the ASCCP's Program for Continuing Professional Development and the Physician's Recognition Award of the American Medical Association. Credit is available for those who choose to apply. The Home Study Course is planned and produced in accordance with the ACCME's Essential Areas and Elements. Disclosure Faculty must disclose any significant financial interest or relationship with proprietary entities that may have a direct relationship to the subject matter. For this course, the author had no such relationship to report.
Evading eavesdroppers in adversarial cognitive radio networks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of secure communications between a number of secondary users (SUs) transmitting data to a common base station in the presence of primary users (PUs) and eavesdroppers in a cognitive radio network. The SUs aim at mitigating the effect of eavesdropping by changing their positions using only partial information about the locations of the eavesdroppers. Accordingly, for each SU, we propose an appropriate utility function and then maximize the social welfare of all SUs without interfering with the PUs' radio receivers and taking into account the interference thresholds set by the PUs on each channel. Given these constraints, we formulate the problem so as to optimize the social welfare of all SUs. Depending on the possible communication links and the available information, we propose three different algorithms to solve the proposed constrained optimization: first we solve the problem centrally at the BS, second we propose a decentralized game theoretic approach, and third we consider a Lagrangian-heuristic based algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed decentralized algorithms can achieve high near-optimal performances.
Third zone revisited

Zone 3 of a step-distance protection scheme has been identified as one of the contributing causes of cascading failures in power systems. The National Electric Reliability Council (NERC) has issued rules, and the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) has discussed recommendations to reduce the undesirable operation of this component of the protection chain. It is the purpose of this paper to reexamine the application of zone 3, to describe situations where it can be properly utilized, where it can be removed without reducing the reliability of the system protection and, if used, how it can be modified or set. A table is presented for a variety of station designs and protection schemes including two common local backup relay systems and the associated application of a remote third zone. Finally, the concept of critical locations is introduced which can assist the relay engineer in determining if potential zone 3 undesirable operations are a serious threat to the system and help determine if the expense and difficulty of removing zone 3 or modifying the relay or its associated station is justified.
The bridging scale for two-dimensional atomistic/continuum coupling

In this paper, we present all necessary generalisations to extend the bridging scale, a finite-temperature multiple scale method which couples molecular dynamics (MD) and finite element (FE) simulations, to two dimensions. The crucial development is a numerical treatment of the boundary condition acting upon the reduced atomistic system, as such boundary conditions are analytically intractable beyond simple one-dimension systems. The approach presented in this paper offers distinct advantages compared to previous works, specifically the compact size of the resulting time history kernel, and the fact that the time history kernel can be calculated using an automated numerical procedure for arbitrary multi-dimensional lattice structures and interatomic potentials. We demonstrate the truly two-way nature of the coupled FE and reduced MD equations of motion via two example problems, wave propagation and dynamic crack propagation. Finally, we compare both problems to benchmark full MD simulations to validate th...
Probabilistic discounting of hypothetical monetary gains: University students differ in how they discount "won" and "owed" money

Abstract The present study tested whether participants would discount “won” money differently than they would “owed” money in a probability-discounting task. Participants discounted $1000 or $100,000 that they had won in a sweepstakes or that was owed to them using the multiple-choice (Experiment 1) or fill-in-the-blank (Experiment 2) method of collecting discounting data. When using area under the curve as the dependent measure, results from both experiments showed that participants discounted won money more than owed money and discounted $100,000 more than $1000. These results did not necessarily reflect what was observed at the extreme probabilities, however. The present results replicate those found with delay discounting of won and owed money. However, they question the idea that these differences are the outcome of owed money being more subjectively valuable than won money. Rates of discounting, be it delay or probability, appear to be at least partially determined by the outcome itself. Such a finding potentially complicates the issue of how probability discounting is related to delay discounting.
The effect of the width of paper onR f values of amino acids

TheRf values of representative amino acids are significantly affected by the width of narrow strips of paper as well as by nearness of the sample to the edge of wide sheets. Amino acids with high, low, and intermediate isoelectric points were used in the study. The Rf values increased significantly in all instances if either the rectangular paper strip was made very narrow or the amino acids were placed near the edge of a sheet of paper. This effect was obtained with a basic solvent as well as with an acidic one.
An experimental study of shared sensitivity to physical pain and social rejection

Recent evidence points to a possible overlap in the neural systems underlying the distressing experience that accompanies physical pain and social rejection (Eisenberger et al., 2003). The present study tested two hypotheses that stem from this suggested overlap, namely: (1) that baseline sensitivity to physical pain will predict sensitivity to social rejection and (2) that experiences that heighten social distress will heighten sensitivity to physical pain as well. In the current study, participants’ baseline cutaneous heat pain unpleasantness thresholds were assessed prior to the completion of a task that manipulated feelings of social distress. During this task, participants played a virtual ball-tossing game, allegedly with two other individuals, in which they were either continuously included (social inclusion condition) or they were left out of the game by either never being included or by being overtly excluded (social rejection conditions). At the end of the game, three pain stimuli were delivered and participants rated the unpleasantness of each. Results indicated that greater baseline sensitivity to pain (lower pain unpleasantness thresholds) was associated with greater self-reported social distress in response to the social rejection conditions. Additionally, for those in the social rejection conditions, greater reports of social distress were associated with greater reports of pain unpleasantness to the thermal stimuli delivered at the end of the game. These results provide additional support for the hypothesis that pain distress and social distress share neurocognitive substrates. Implications for clinical populations are discussed. � 2006 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Steady temperatures in a wall penetrated by a hole and exposed to fire on one side

Abstract A hole in a wall weakens the wall's ability to withstand fire. Key parameters that control the safety of the system are identified through a calculation of the temperatures. To obtain the most severe case, a steady state is assumed. The mass flow rate ṁ g through the hole and the thickness l of the wall are the most important parameters. These may be grouped with the gas viscosity μ g to form the dimensionless quantity ṁ g /lμ g . When the value of this quantity is near 1, the back face of the wall and the emerging gases are cool. They are dangerously hot when ṁ g /lμ g is near 100.
Identification of membrane-associated lymphotoxin (LT) on mitogen-activated human lymphocytes using heterologous anti-LT antisera in vitro.

Abstract Surface-associated lymphotoxin (LT) molecules have been identified on mitogen-activated human lymphocytes employing heterologous anti-α-LT serum in vitro . These membrane-associated LT molecules are present on PHA- or Con A-activated lymphocytes but do not appear to be expressed on unstimulated cells. Furthermore, these molecules were detected primarily on activated T lymphocytes, with little detectable on activated B- or null-cell populations. The removal of surface LT-bearing lymphocytes, using anti-α-LT serum + C′, does not dramatically affect the capacity of the remaining cells to release LT after mitogen restimulation. In addition, the presence of toxic molecules on the surface of activated lymphocytes suggests that these materials may be expressed in an inactive, noncytotoxic form.
Geochemistry of lipids

Lipids, particularly the glycerides, terpenes, sterols, and hydrocarbons, have properties conducive to their preservation either in original or transformed state and are significant constitutents of the geochemical biomass. The occurrence of phytane, pristane, and fatty acids in Precambrian sedimentary rocks 2.7 billion years old has been interpreted to indicate the existence of life processes similar to those that are operative today.
Percutaneous vascular hemostasis device for interventional procedures.

A new 11.5F over-the-wire vascular hemostasis device was compared to conventional manual compression in normal swine femoral arteries. Using percutaneous techniques, the collagen was deposited and hemostasis achieved in 7 vessels after 1 minute total, plus 4 minutes partial compression, while control manual compression required more than 5 minutes total compression to avoid hematoma formation. One month follow-up of treated arteries (n = 4) and controls (n = 3) showed no impairment in distal pulse or differences in histology at the puncture site in the control and treated arteries. Thus, the vascular hemostasis device technique is safe and effective, achieves hemostasis with less compression time and complications, and does not interfere with arterial wall healing or compromise the lumen.© 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Periparturitional behavior of a primiparous lowland gorilla

The behavioral interactions of a primiparous lowland gorilla and her newborn female infant were observed and recorded during the birth of the infant and the subsequent 27 hours. The mother's behavior, initially unresponsive to the infant, progressed rapidly through a series of interactions that are described as preliminary to, and perhaps essential for the ultimate development of appropriate maternal behavior. The relationship between different critical activities, such as: (1) the ingestion of birth fluids by the mother and the establishment of initial contact with the infant, (2) the progression from impersonal contact to ventral-ventral contact, and (3) the coordination between the mother's and infant's vocalizations and activity preceding nursing are described, analyzed, and interpreted.
Making Men, Making Class: The YMCA and Workingmen, 1877–1920 . By Thomas Winter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. Pp. vii, 208. $40.00, cloth; $17.00, paper.

To comprehend how republican Victorians in the Gilded Age became liberal moderns in the Progressive Era we must grasp the tensions between gender and class in shaping identity. Thomas Winter in Making Men, Making Class aids in our understanding of this fundamental shift by providing a study of the middle-class men who ran the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). YMCA secretaries, Winter argues, attempted “to transcend class lines and unite men on the basis of manhood [which] ultimately led them to articulate new definitions of manhood structured by class difference” (p. 7). Making Men is the story of YMCA leaders' desire to quell working-class radicalism by promoting an idea of manhood rooted in hard work, loyalty to employers, and Christian fellowship.
Electrooxidation of CO on uniform arrays of Au nanoparticles: effects of particle size and interparticle spacing.

Uniform arrays of Au nanoparticles with controlled size and interparticle distance were synthesized by using polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) as a template and an Ar plasma treatment. These unif...
Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks

Desertification is a change in soil properties, vegetation or climate, which results in a persistent loss of ecosystem services that are fundamental to sustaining life. Desertification affects large dryland areas around the world and is a major cause of stress in human societies. Here we review recent research on the drivers, feedbacks, and impacts of desertification. A multidisciplinary approach to understanding the drivers and feedbacks of global desertification is motivated by our increasing need to improve global food production and to sustainably manage ecosystems in the context of climate change. Classic desertification theories look at this process as a transition between stable states in bistable ecosystem dynamics. Climate change (i.e., aridification) and land use dynamics are the major drivers of an ecosystem shift to a “desertified” (or “degraded”) state. This shift is typically sustained by positive feedbacks, which stabilize the system in the new state. Desertification feedbacks may involve land degradation processes (e.g., nutrient loss or salinization), changes in rainfall regime resulting from land-atmosphere interactions (e.g., precipitation recycling, dust emissions), or changes in plant community composition (e.g., shrub encroachment, decrease in vegetation cover). We analyze each of these feedback mechanisms and discuss their possible enhancement by interactions with socio-economic drivers. Large scale effects of desertification include the emigration of “environmental refugees” displaced from degraded areas, climatic changes, and the alteration of global biogeochemical cycles resulting from the emission and long-range transport of fine mineral dust. Recent research has identified some possible early warning signs of desertification, which can be used as indicators of resilience loss and imminent shift to desert-like conditions. We conclude with a brief discussion on some desertification control strategies implemented in different regions around the world.
Psychological processes associated with premature death in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Intrafamilial and professional-family relationships are adversely affected by the progressive deterioration and inevitable death of a child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Professionals dealing w...
Calendar's O.K.; get rid of B.P.

In the May 10, 1994, issue of Eos, Cesare Emiliani suggested a new calendar, since the current one “singles out an event—the birth of Christ—which has no significance in non-Christian civilizations.” I am neither Christian nor religious, yet I have no problem with the current calendar. However, I do have problems with Emiliani's proposed calendar. First, set at exactly 10,000 B.C., it is tied directly to the birth of Christ, so if Emiliani has tried to select an arbitrary, non-Christian date, he has failed. Perhaps he ought to try 10,000 years before the first year of the Chinese calendar (if that could be precisely established.) After all, there are more Chinese on this planet than Europeans, their civilization and calendar preceded those of the Europeans, and they stand to be the superpower of the next century.
Experimental Determination of the Distribution of Current and Charge along Cylindrical Antennas

This paper describes an experimental arrangement to determine the distributions of current and density of charge along cylindrical antennas. Using a wavelength of 1.90 meters, the distributions are determined for center-fed straight cylindrical antennas of a diameter of 29 mm, and lengths of 1.25 λ, 1.00 λ, 0.50 λ. For the first two cases, the measurements are repeated when a center self-tuned parasitic antenna, of the same length and diameter as the driven antenna, is situated at a distance of 0.30 λ and 0.15 λ. The distributions are determined also on the parasite. To test the accuracy of the measurements and to relate the relative values of the current with the relative values of the density of charge, the distributions are determined on a coaxial line, having the inner conductor of the same diameter as the antenna under experiment, and fed at the same frequency as the antenna. A few comparisons with theoretical results are made.