cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traveling composition waves on isothermal catalyst surfaces

Recent experiments have indicated the presence of traveling composition waves along catalytic surfaces, waves that are accompanied by (and have come to be associated with) crystallographic changes in the catalyst itself during the course of reaction. We show, however, that ancillary phenomena of this kind are not essential to the existence of traveling composition waves. In particular, we use Conley index arguments to show that, for a large family of classical catalytic mechanisms (taken with Fick-type diffusion along the catalyst surface), the corresponding reaction-diffusion equations already have the capacity to admit stable traveling waves.
Propranolol Blocks the Stimulatory Effects of Naloxone on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Hamsters

Abstract The purposes of these studies were: 1) to determine the effects of various doses of propranolol, a nonspecific β-adrenergic antagonist, on ventilation, oxygen consumption, and body temperature in hamsters, and 2) to test the hypothesis that in hamsters the stimulatory effects of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, on ventilation and oxygen consumption occur, at least in part, through the release of catecholamines that act via β-adrenergic receptors. Propranolol, a non-specific β adrenergic receptor antagonist, at a 20 mg/kg depressed body temperature, oxygen consumption, tidal volume, and ventilation relative to saline. The lower dose of 10 mg/kg had only transitory effects on tidal volume at 60 min and ventilation at 30 min post-injection. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) relative to saline stimulated ventilation and oxygen consumption. These effects were blocked by propranolol pretreatment. The results of these experiments demonstrate that in the hamster, 1) body temperature, oxygen consumption, and ventilation appear to be modulated by β-adrenergic receptors, and 2) the stimulatory effects of naloxone on oxygen consumption and ventilation may occur through the interaction of endogenous opioids and β-adrenergic receptor systems.
Personnel policy and racial inequality in the pre-World War II North

Hundreds of thousands of African-Americans left the southern United States for the North between World War I and World War II. The willingness of employers in northern industries to “experiment” with this new labor pool depended on the training, turnover, and promotion policies that characterized their internal labor markets.
Uniqueness in the Inverse Conductivity Problem for Conductivities with 3/2 Derivatives in L^p, p > 2n

We establish uniqueness in the inverse conductivity problem for conductivities which have 3/2 derivatives in L p , p > 2n. Our results are in dimensions three and higher.
Selective inhibition of bacterial dihydroorotate dehydrogenases by thiadiazolidinediones.

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is a critical enzyme of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Differences in the primary structure of the enzymes from Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and from mammals indicate significant structural divergence among these enzymes. We have identified a class of small molecules, the thiadiazolidinediones, that inhibit prototypical enzymes from Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, but are inactive against the human enzyme. The most potent compound in our collection functioned as a time-dependent irreversible inactivator of the bacterial enzymes with kinact/Ki values of 48 and 500 M−1 sec−1 for the enzymes from Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The data presented here indicate that it is possible to inhibit prokaryotic dihydroorotate dehydrogenases selectively while sparing the mammalian enzyme. Thus, this enzyme may represent a valuable target for the development of novel antibiotic compounds.
GPR37 surface expression enhancement via N-terminal truncation or protein-protein interactions.

GPR37, also known as the parkin-associated endothelin-like receptor (Pael-R), is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that exhibits poor plasma membrane expression when expressed in most cel...
Bis(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyloxymethyl) 2′, 3′-dideoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate (DM2-ddUMP): A potential ddUMP prodrug

Bis(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyloxymethyl) 2′, 3′-dideoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate (DM2-ddUMP) (1a) was synthesized as a potential membrane-permeable prodrug of ddUMP (3). Unlike the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) analog, 1b, 1a was completely resistant to degradation by plasma enzymes — a property that should enhance its bioavailability.
Bio-inspired mechanisms for inclined locomotion in a legged insect-scale robot

Legged locomotion is an open problem in robotics, particularly for non-level surfaces. With decreasing robot size, different issues for climbing mechanisms and their attachment and detachment appear due to the physics of scaling. This paper describes micro-scale phenomena for different adhesion methods that can be employed in microrobots. These adhesion methods are applied to a sub-2 gram legged robot, the Harvard Ambulatory MicroRobot (HAMR), by leveraging recent advances in milli- and micrometer-scale manufacturing. The presented designs utilize different passively oriented adhesives on the legs of the robot to improve inclined locomotion performance. A 3DoF ankle joint is designed and implemented and the effects of a passive tail are studied. As a result, HAMR's climbing capability is increased from 3° inclines to 22° inclines and 45° declines. Finally, an analytical model of leg and foot force generation is presented and compared with experimental force data from the attachment mechanism on a single-leg experimental setup.
Ephedrine Abuse Among 36 Female Weightlifters

Ephedrine, a central nervous system stimulant, is widely available over the counter in nutritional supplements for bodybuilders and other athletes. Recently, federal agencies in the United States have reported growing numbers of adverse events attributable to use of this drug. The authors describe preliminary observations of 36 dedicated female athletes who reported ephedrine use. Many of these women had used the drug for years, often in high doses. Most had experienced at least some adverse effects and seven (19%) displayed frank ephedrine dependence at the time of the interview. Eating disorders and disorders of body image appeared to be especially prevalent among ephedrine users.
Economic credentialing. A new twist in hospital appraisal processes.

(1991). A new twist in hospital appraisal processes. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 427-475.
Graded Spin-on Organic Bottom Antireflective Coating for High NA Immersion Lithography

A spin-on organic Graded Bottom AntiReflective Coating (GBARC) was developed to enable appropriate reflectivity control during advanced photoresist patterning using 193nm immersion lithography up to 1.35 NA (limits of hyper-NA lithography using water as immersion fluid). This novel technology constitutes a simplified reflectivity control approach over more conventional schemes such as dual-layer BARCs, trilayer stacks or single layer BARCs. The GBARC layer is formed upon vertical phase separation of optically tuned polymeric components present in a GBARC casting solution during the spin-coating and post-applied baking steps. The substrate surface energy is found to dictate the direction of the spatial assembly for any given phase-separating polymer blend combination. The index of refraction (n193) of the GBARC polymeric components is approximately matched to that of the photoresist and substrate layers for optimum reflectivity control, while the extinction coefficient (k193) increases gradually towards the substrate. Analytical characterization of the varying optical constants throughout the GBARC film is achieved by Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE) which allows for a quantitative description of the optical gradient present within the GBARC layer. The optical gradient sharpness is shown to be impervious to total GBARC thickness variations at constant relative polymer mass loading as well as changes in the relative mass loading of polymeric components at fixed total GBARC thickness. Also, the link between image profile afforded by various levels of reflectivity control and the mechanical stability of photoresist nanostructures is investigated at 1.2NA by designing GBARC formulations with variable residual reflectivity. Substrate reflectivity in excess of 1% is shown to limit the focus-exposure window due to pattern collapse. Last, adhesion of 193 nm photoresist patterns to a GBARC film is compared to a commercially available single layer BARC. Enhanced adhesion is demonstrated in the case of the GBARC surface, despite the low surface energy that typifies GBARC layers
Detection and enumeration of Vibrio vulnificus by direct colony immunoblot.

ABSTRACT: A direct colony immunoblot method (DCI) for the enumeration of Vibrio vulnificus was developed. Bacterial colonies were transferred from agar plates to membranes, which were then dried and blocked with bovine serum albumin. Subsequently, the membranes were treated with anti-V. vulnificus H antibodies, washed and incubated with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. After a final wash, the membranes were exposed to a substrate mixture containing H2O2 which resulted in the development of a purple color by V. vulnificus colonies. The DCI detected all clinical and environmental V. vulnificus strains tested and did not cross-react with other Vibrio species including V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, or V. fluvialis. The DCI was then compared to the DNA hybridization procedure (DNAH) using V. vulnificus agar plates inoculated with mixed cultures of V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus-seeded oyster homogenates. Both DCI and DNAH detected 1 to 2 log colony forming units (CFU)/mL V. vulnificus mixed with 4 log CFU/mL V. parahaemolyticus. Both methods were comparable and demonstrated no significant statistical differences when enumerating V. vulnificus in mixed cultures or in oyster homogenates seeded with levels of V. vulnificus from 2 to 6 log CFU/mL. The DCI demonstrated clearer color development and was less time consuming than the DNAH.
Will we Teach Leadership or Skilled Incompetence? The Challenge of Student Project Teams:

Without sufficient instructor attention to process, student project teams can reinforce poor leadership, learning, and human relations skills. Students learn to confuse mediocre with excellent perf...
Issues and problems associated with drug delivery in pediatric patients.

Inherent problems exist in the actual delivery of doses of medications to pediatric patients, particularly with the i.v. route of drug administration. Standardized policies and procedures for recognized problems with specific routes of drug administration, along with pharmaceutical industry cooperation, are essential for solving drug delivery problems in pediatric therapeutics.
Mainstream end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Background. Continuous noninvasive monitoring of arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients would help clinicians avoid complications of hypocarbia and hypercarbia. End-tidal CO2monitoring has not been used in this population to date, but recent technical advances and the introduction of surfactant therapy, which improves ventilation-perfusion matching, might improve the clinical utility of end-tidal monitoring. Objective. To determine the accuracy and precision of end-tidal CO2 monitoring in NICU patients. Design. Nonrandomized recording of simultaneous end-tidal and arterial CO2 pairs. Setting. Two university NICUs. Patients. Forty-five newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation who had indwelling arterial access, and a predefined subsample of infants who were Outcome Measures. The correlation coefficient, degree of bias, and 95% confidence interval were determined for both the overall population and the ELBW Results. There were 411 end-tidal/arterial pairs analyzed from 45 patients. The correlation coefficient was 0.833 and the bias was −6.9 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, ±11.5 mm Hg). The results did not differ markedly in the ELBW Conclusion. End-tidal CO2 monitoring in NICU patients is as accurate as capillary or transcutaneous monitoring but less precise than the latter. It may be useful for trending or for screening patients for abnormal arterial CO2 values.
Everyday memory and activity

The target article interprets current psychological research on everyday memory in terms of a correspondence metaphor. This metaphor is based on a reduction of everyday memory to autobiographical and eyewitness memory. This commentary focuses on everyday memory as it functions in activity. Viewed from this perspective, the joining of everyday memory to a correspondence metaphor is problematic. A more natural way to frame the processes of everyday memory is in terms of context, practice, and pragmatics.
Mitochondria and early development of the mouse.

The mitochondrial morphology during oogenesis and early cleavage in the mouse have been explored by techniques of electron microscopy. The mitochondria of 1- and 2-cell stages has an electron dense matrix and peripherally located cristae. At the 4- and 8-cell stages the mitochondria are more diverse in form and contain vacuole-like inclusions. The majority of the mitochondria in the morula and blastocyst stages contain transverse cristae. We have related these changes in structure to certain physiological alterations known to occur during embryogenesis in the mouse.
The PEP-II B-factory and the BABAR detector

I summarize the physics goals that motivate the construction of the PEP-II B-Factory and the BABAR detector and give a brief status report on the accelerator progress. I then describe the requirements for each of the detector systems and how the chosen design satisfies those requirements. Finally, I give projections for the physics performance.
Ethylammonium Acetate as a Mobile Phase Modifier for Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography

We have synthesized the low melting hygroscopic ionic liquid ethylammonium acetate (EAA) and characterized a concentrated solution of EAA as a reversed phase mobile phase replacement for organic solvents like methanol. This solution of EAA acts like an organic solvent with a polarity parameter (P’=6.0) similar to methanol (P’=5.1) but less than water (P’=10.2). A test mixture of salicylate, nitrofurantoin, and acetophenone was separated in this order on C1, C4, and C18 columns using an EAA modified aqueous mobile phase. On a C-18 column, the reduction in retention factor for acetophenone from about 20 to 2 as the % EAA is raised from 20–80% is similar to the same trend found using methanol. However, the retention order using methanol is first nitrofurantoin, then salicylate, and finally acetophenone. Log retention factor (k) versus the volume fraction of either EAA or methanol plots were linear indicating the solvent strength parameter for EAA was about 85% of that for methanol. Despite the relatively high viscosity of EAA, plate count values averaged only about 15% less for EAA as compared to methanol using the same mobile phase composition and could be raised by either working at a temperature above ambient or reducing the flow rate. EAA as a modifier allowed for faster separations of water-soluble vitamins on a reversed phase column designed for totally 100% aqueous mobile phases.
The etiology of allergic-appearing foot dermatitis: a 5-year retrospective study.

Abstract Objectives: The objectives of this 5-year retrospective investigation were threefold. (1) Among patients with dermatitis of the feet consistent with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), what were the final diagnoses of those with dermatitis only on the feet and those whose foot dermatitis was accompanied by other cutaneous involvement? (2) Among those patients determined to have ACD, what were the relevant allergens? (3) Have the allergens in shoes in the United States changed as a consequence of modifications in footwear manufacture and style design? Methods: Of 704 patients patch-tested at the University of Kansas Medical Center with the North American Contact Dermatitis Group's standard allergen tray and/or the University of Kansas "shoe and rubber" tray, 70 patients presented with a clinical pattern suggestive of ACD of the foot. Results: Compared with those without foot dermatitis, these patients were more likely to be atopic and male with bimodal age distribution: Conclusions: When evaluated by sites of involvement, psoriasis was diagnosed as often as ACD to shoes when the dermatitis was confined to the foot but was more frequent than ACD when both the hands and feet were involved. With respect to shoe dermatitis, rubber components were the principal allergens, followed by chromated leather and adhesives. Iatrogenic ACD was also common, and among all allergens, bacitracin caused the most frequently observed relevant reaction. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:715-21.)
Studying the Struggle Contexts for Learning and Identity Development for Urban Youth

Activism and organizing can be a fertile subject matter for young people to study. This article presents a case study of a summer seminar in which urban high school students examined the historical struggle for educational justice in their communities. Adopting a “communities of practice” approach to learning, the article documents the changing participation of seminar participants and the changing identities and skills that this entailed. During the seminar, students took on identities as “critical researchers”— skilled investigators who produce and share knowledge relevant to social change. In the process, seminar participants developed and deployed high-level academic skills in language arts, social studies, and mathematics.
TTC4, a novel human gene containing the tetratricopeptide repeat and mapping to the region of chromosome 1p31 that is frequently deleted in sporadic breast cancer

The 1p31 region shows loss of heterozygosity in up to 50% of human breast cancers, indicating the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in this location. We have mapped six novel ESTs to a 15-Mb contig of yeast artificial chromosomes spanning the critical region of 1p31. One of these ESTs was localized within the contig to the region most commonly undergoing loss of heterozygosity in breast cancer. The corresponding gene sequence for this EST was established by cDNA cloning and RACE procedures. This gene is 2 kb long and contains a tetratricopeptide repeat motif and a coiled-coil domain. This family of genes has been implicated in a wide variety of functions, including tumorigenesis. This is the fourth member of the human gene family, and so we have named this gene TTC4. Northern blot analysis demonstrates a ubiquitous pattern of gene expression that includes breast tissue. A preliminary screen of human breast cancer cell lines shows that TTC4 is expressed in all cases, but SSCP analysis of the coding region of this gene following RT-PCR failed to reveal any mutations. Clearly, because of its map location, a more extensive analysis is warranted to establish whether subtle mutations are present in breast cancers.
An order-disorder transition in Sr2IrD5: Evidence for square pyramidal IrD5 units from powder neutron diffraction data

Abstract Neutron diffraction data have been collected on a powdered sample of Sr2IrD5 over a range of temperatures. The compound, which is cubic at room temperature, has been found to exhibit a gradual transformation to a tetragonal phase in the temperature range 200-140 K. As a result of the transition, deuterium atoms which randomly occupy sixfold positions in the cubic phase, become tetragonally ordered. A small fraction of the cubic phase remained untransformed at 4.2 K. Both the cubic and tetragonal structures are consistent with square pyramidal IrD5 units with average IrD distances of 1.714 and 1.718 A, respectively. Agreement factors, R1, for the two structural analyses are 3.44 and 4.94%.
Dynamic viscoelastic modeling of magnetorheological elastomers

A micromechanics-based viscoelastic constitutive model is proposed to estimate the zero-magnetic-field- and magnetic-field-dependent dynamic shear stiffness and damping behavior for magnetorheological elastomers (MREs). The effect of imperfect interfacial condition between the ferromagnetic particles and the elastomeric matrix on those properties is incorporated in the proposed model. A concept of effective volume fraction of particles is introduced to take into account the particle agglomeration in MREs. The magnetic dipole interaction is further employed to evaluate the magnetic-field-induced increase in shear stiffness of MREs. Numerical simulations are conducted and compared with experimental data to verify the proposed model.
Circulating Glycotoxins and Dietary Advanced Glycation Endproducts: Two Links to Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Aging

Background—Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory mediators increase with aging. The levels of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), prooxidant factors linked to chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and renal disease, also increase with aging. AGEs are readily derived from heat-treated foods. We propose that the excess consumption of certain AGEs via the diet enhances OS and inflammatory responses in healthy adults, especially in elderly persons. Methods—We examined 172 young ( 60 years old) healthy individuals to determine whether the concentration of specific serum AGEs (N e -carboxymethyl-lysine [CML] or methylglyoxal [MG] derivatives) were higher in older compared to younger persons and whether, independent of age, they correlated with the intake of dietary AGEs, as well as with circulating markers of OS and inflammation. Results—Body weight, body mass index (BMI), and serum AGE, CML, and MG derivatives were higher in older participants, independent of gender. Serum CML correlated with levels of 8isoprostanes (r =0.448, p =.0001) as well as with Homeostasis Model Assessment index (HOMA), an index of insulin resistance (r = 0.247, p = .044). The consumption of dietary AGEs, but not of calories, correlated independently with circulating AGEs (CML: r =0.415, p = .0001 and MG: r = 0.282, p = .002) as well as with high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (r = 0.200, p = .042). Conclusions—Circulating indicators of AGEs (CML and MG derivatives), although elevated in older participants, correlate with indicators of inflammation and OS across all ages. Indicators of both AGEs and OS are directly influenced by the intake of dietary AGEs, independent of age or energy intake. Thus, reduced consumption of these oxidants may prove a safe economic policy to prevent age-related diseases, especially in an aging population.
Presence of a tracheotomy tube and aspiration status in early, postsurgical head and neck cancer patients

Background. We sought to investigate the effects, if any, that the presence of a tracheotomy tube has on aspiration status in early, postsurgical head and neck cancer patients. Methods. Twenty-two consecutive adult, postoperative head and neck cancer patients were prospectively evaluated with fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) under three conditions: (1) tracheotomy tube present, (2) tracheotomy tube removed and tracheostoma covered with gauze sponge; and (3) tracheotomy tube removed and tracheostoma left open and uncovered. For each condition, the endoscope was first inserted transnasally to determine aspiration status during FEES and then inserted through the tracheostoma to corroborate aspiration status by examining the distal trachea inferiorly to the carina. Three experienced examiners determined aspiration status under each condition and endoscope placement. Results. There was 100% agreement on aspiration status between FEES results and endoscopic examination through the tracheostoma. Specifically, 13 of 22 patients (59%) swallowed successfully and nine of 22 (41%) aspirated. There was also 100% agreement on aspiration status for tracheotomy tube present, decannulation and tracheostoma covered by gauze sponge, and decannulation and tracheostoma left open and uncovered. Conclusions. Neither presence of a tracheotomy tube nor decannulation affected aspiration status in early, postsurgical head and neck cancer patients. The clinical impressions that a tracheotomy or tracheotomy tube increases aspiration risk or that decannulation results in improved swallowing function are not supported. Rather, need for a tracheotomy indicates comorbidities (eg, respiratory failure, trauma, stroke, advanced age, reduced functional reserve, and medications used to treat the critically ill) that by themselves predispose patients for dysphagia and aspiration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck27: XXX–XXX, 2005
The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptomatology and Suicidal Behavior in School-Based Adolescents

This study investigated the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and suicidal behavior, specifically suicidal ideation and suicide attempt history, while controlling for depression and gender in 106 adolescents in an urban high school. Participants completed self-report measures of the Adolescent Psychopathology Scales-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Subscale (APS-PTS), the APS-Suicide Attempt History (APS-SAH), the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Junior (SIQ-JR), and the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS). Analyses were conducted using a hierarchical multiple regression design to account for the relationship between PTSD symptomatology and depression. Regression results showed that after controlling for depression and gender, PTSD symptomatology was significantly related to suicidal ideation and showed a trend toward suicide attempt history. In addition, adolescents with high levels of PTSD symptomatology were more likely than peers with "average" levels of PTSD symptomatology to be currently thinking about suicide and to have made a past suicide attempt. These findings show that PTSD symptomatology has a unique relationship to adolescent suicidal behavior that cannot be explained by depression or gender. The importance of these results and their implications for future research are discussed.
Graphene and Graphene Oxide Can “Lubricate” Ionic Liquids based on Specific Surface Interactions Leading to Improved Low-Temperature Hypergolic Performance†

Space-qualified lubricants: Graphene and graphene oxide (r-GO) can strongly improve the low-temperature performance of hypergolic ionic liquids by reduction of viscosity. Key to success is to match the graphene type to the specific ionic-liquid functionality.
Radiative neutron capture by deuterium.

The $^{2}$H(n,\ensuremath{\gamma}${)}^{3}$H reaction has been studied with polarized and unpolarized neutrons of energies ranging from 9 to 14 MeV. Angular distributions of cross section were measured at ${E}_{\mathrm{n}}$(lab)=9.0, 10.8, and 14.0 MeV, \ensuremath{\sigma}(90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) was measured at 6.85 MeV, and an analyzing-power angular distribution was measured at 9.0 MeV. The results for \ensuremath{\sigma}(theta) agree with the existing $^{3}\mathrm{H}$(\ensuremath{\gamma},n${)}^{2}$H data after detailed balancing. The resulting $^{3}\mathrm{He}$(\ensuremath{\gamma},p)${/}^{3}$H(\ensuremath{\gamma},n) ratio for 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} cross sections is 1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 down to ${E}_{x}$=10.8 MeV. The T-matrix analysis of the data indicates \ensuremath{\sim}3% for the E2 contribution to the capture cross section---comparable to that found earlier for $^{2}\mathrm{H}$(p,\ensuremath{\gamma}${)}^{3}$He and in contrast to the predictions [${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{n}(\mathrm{E}2)/{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{p}(\mathrm{E}2)}}$=1/25] of a two-body direct-capture calculation.
Converging on values

, Michael Smith not only analyses what he takes tobe the central problem of moral philosophy, he sketches a solution to thatproblem. The problem is, brieﬂy, that of reconciling our belief in the objec-tivity of moral statements with our belief in the motivational force of suchstatements given the acceptance of a theory that grounds motivation in thesubjective conative states of agents. The sketch of a solution dependscrucially on the distinction between a motivating reason and a normativereason. While the former are based on the desires of the agent, the latterare determined by desires that a fully rational agent would have concerningthe behaviour of the actual agent. Smith seeks to show how reasons basedon such considerations can have just the sort of connection to actual moti-vation that normative reasons do and how such reasons can be seen asobjective, in an appropriate sense.In addition to being objective, Smith believes, normative reasons, if thereare any, must be non-relative. Thus, while accepting a Humean account ofmotivating reasons, Smith rejects a Humean account of normative reasons.To be more precise, Smith believes that, while an agent’s motivatingreasons are dependent on the agent’s desires or some other subjective,contingent, conative state of the agent, his normative reasons are not.Indeed, they are not relativized to the agent at all despite the fact that theirstatus as normative reasons for that agent depends on the fact that hisideally rational self would desire that he act on them. Relativity is avoided,Smith believes, because all rational agents would, through a process ofrational deliberation and correction of false beliefs, converge on at leastsome desires concerning how to act in a given set of circumstances. Callthis ‘the convergence hypothesis’. Not only does Smith believe that theconvergence hypothesis is true, he believes that were it not true, therewould be no normative reasons for action (1994: 173).The idea of non-relative normative reasons that have the proper rationalauthority over us has been an attractive one to philosophers. And manyhave sought to ground such reasons on the desires idealized agents wouldhave. I have elsewhere (1996) attacked the claim that reasons based onsuch desires have the proper normative authority. Here, I want to consideronly the claim of non-relativity. While Smith doesn’t claim to have shownthat there
Emotional Processing and Self-Control in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

Objective This study examined whether emotional processing (understanding emotions), self-control (regulation of thoughts, emotions, and behavior), and their interaction predicted HbA1c for adolescents with type 1 diabetes over and above diabetes-specific constructs. Methods Self-report measures of self-control, emotional processing, self-efficacy for diabetes management, diabetes-specific negative affect, and adherence, and HbA1c from medical records were obtained from 137 adolescents with type 1 diabetes (M age ¼13.48 years). Results Emotional processing interacted with self-control to predict HbA1c, such that when adolescents had both low emotional processing and low self-control, HbA1c was poorest. Also, both high emotional processing and self-control buffered negative effects of low capacity in the other in relation to
Resolution of Chronic Subdural Hematoma after Treatment with Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitor

Background and Importance: Chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH) are a common problem for which solutions remain imperfect. Surgery is effective, but not without risk. Recent data have suggested a role for inflammation in the genesis of cSDH and several reports have documented some benefit to steroid treatment. In this report, a possible role for tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in the resolution of a multiply recurrent cSDH is described. Clinical Presentation: An 86-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab presented with a large, symptomatic, multiloculated cSDH. Infliximab was withheld and craniotomy for evacuation was uncomplicated, but recurrent symptoms were noted and a recurrence was operated upon again several weeks later. Follow up CT showed a second recurrence. The patient requested to go back on his infliximab due to painful arthralgias. After a single dose of 10 mg/kg, follow up CT showed that the cSDH resolved and did not recur. Conclusion: Anti-TNF-alpha treatment with infliximab may have played a role in the resolution of this patient’s cSDH. Further investigation of this possible effect seems warranted.
Early-stage osseointegration capability of a submicrofeatured titanium surface created by microroughening and anodic oxidation.

OBJECTIVE The role of nanoscale/submicron morphological features in the process of osseointegration is largely unknown. This study reports the creation of a unique submicrofeatured titanium surface by a combination of anodic oxidation and sandblasting and determines how the addition of this submicrofeature to a microroughened surface affects the early-stage process of osseointegration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nonmicroroughened implants were prepared by machining Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a cylindrical form (1 mm diameter and 2 mm long). Microroughened implants were prepared by sandblasting machined implants, while submicrofeatured implants were created by anodic oxidation of the sandblasted implants. Implants were placed into rat femurs and subjected to biomechanical, interfacial, and histological analyses at 1 and 2 weeks post-implantation (n = 6). RESULTS The submicrotopography was characterized by 50-300 nm nodules and pits in addition to other submicron-level irregularities formed entirely within the sandblast-created microstructures. The biomechanical strength of osseointegration increased continuously from week 1 to 2 for the submicrofeatured implants but not for the microroughened implants. A significant increase in bone-implant contact and bone volume, as well as a reduction in soft tissue intervention, were commonly found for the microroughened surface and the submicrofeatured surface compared with the nonmicroroughened surface. However, there were no differences in these parameters between the microroughened surface and the submicrofeatured surface. An extensive area of bone tissue at the submicrofeatured implant interface was retained intact after biomechanical shear testing, while the microroughened implant-tissue interface showed a gap along the entire axis of the implant, leading to clear separation of the tissue during the shear procedure. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a submicrofeatured titanium surface created by a combination of sandblasting and anodic oxidation enhances the strength of early-stage osseointegration, primarily because of the increased resistance of peri-implant bone tissue against external force rather than modulation of bone morphogenesis.
FORMATION OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 REPLICATION COMPARTMENTS BY TRANSFECTION : REQUIREMENTS AND LOCALIZATION TO NUCLEAR DOMAIN 10

During infection, the seven essential herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication proteins are found in globular nuclear structures called replication compartments. Replication compartments form adjacent to ND10, nuclear matrix-bound domains which are present in most cell types but whose function is unknown (G. G. Maul, I. M. Ishov, and R. D. Everett, Virology 217:67-75, 1996). We now demonstrate that replication compartments can be formed by cotransfecting Vero cells with constructs expressing the seven essential viral replication proteins and a plasmid containing an HSV-1 origin of DNA replication. Like replication compartments in infected cells, replication compartments formed by cotransfection contain all of the essential viral replication proteins, are sites of DNA synthesis, and are found adjacent to ND10. However, neither the viral origin-binding protein nor a plasmid containing an HSV-1 origin of DNA replication is individually required for the formation of transfection replication compartments, although the presence of each increases the efficiency of replication compartment formation. Further, we provide evidence that UL29 independently localizes adjacent to ND10 and so may play a role in directing replication compartments to these preexisting nuclear structures.
Robust interactive decision-analysis (RID): Behavioral results and implications

We have proposed a novel interactive procedure for performing decision analysis, called Robust Interactive Decision Analysis (RID), which permits a decision maker (DM) to voluntarily and interactively express strong (viz, sure) binary preferences for actions, partial decision functions, and full decision functions, and only imprecise probability and utility function assessments. These serve as INPUTS TO operators to prune the state probability space and decision space until an optimal choice strategy is obtained. The viability of the RID approach depends on a DM's ability to provide such information consistently and meaningfully. On a limited scale we experimentally investigate the behavioral implications of the RID method in order to ascertain its potential operational feasibility and viability. More specifically, we examine whether a DM can (1) express strong preferences between pairs of vectors of unconditional and conditional payoffs or utilities consistently; (2) provide imprecise (ordinal and interval) state probabilities that are individually as well as mutually consistent with the state probabilities imputed from the expressed strong preferences. The results show that a DM can provide strong individually and mutually consistent preference and ordinal probability information. Moreover, most individuals also appear to be able to provide interval probabilities that are individually and mutually consistent with their strong preference inputs. However, the several violations observed, our small sample size, and the limited scope of our investigation suggest that further experimentation is needed to determine whether and/or how such inputs should be elicited. Overall, the results indicate that the RID method is behaviorally viable.
ULTRADIAN MOVEMENTS OF SHOOTS OF TWO SPECIES OF SOYBEANS Glycine soja (Sieb. and Zucc.) and Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Circumnutation movements of shoot tips of two species of soybean were studied. Shoot tips of Glycine soja (Sieb. and Zucc.) moved in a counterclockwise direction with a mean period (+/- SD) of 108 +/- 9 minutes when the shoots were not handled prior to monitoring (n = 17). Effects of mechanical stress or stimulation (thigmomorphogenesis) resulted in the lengthening of the mean period by 15% when shoot lengths were measured (handled) prior to monitoring movements (124 +/- 18 minutes, n = 49) or handled and restaked prior to monitoring movements (124 +/- 14 minutes, n = 11). Shoot tips of G. max cultivars moved counterclockwise, and, depending on the cultivar, periods ranged from 112 minutes to 133 minutes, with an overall average period of 124 +/- 21 minutes (n = 21). This period was identical to the mean period of comparably handled G. soja shoot tips. Amplitudes for the four G. max cultivars were much smaller (0.12 cm to 1.43 cm) than for G. soja (2.9-8.7 cm). Factors that may have contributed to differences in rhythm characteristics between species and among cultivars included the presence of a distinguishable bending zone in G. soja, but not in G. max, and morphological features associated with shoot development.
The Simple Cubic Structure of Ruthenium Clusters

Ruthenium clusters of up to 64 atoms were studied using density-functional theory with a plane wave basis set. The simple cubic structure was found to be the most stable structure in the formation of small ruthenium clusters. A strong trend of trimer formation was also observed in the linear ruthenium clusters. All the ruthenium clusters investigated in this work are ferromagnetic with large magnetic moments and have small energy gaps between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals. A quantitative correlation was established between the energetic, electronic, and magnetic properties of ruthenium clusters and the cluster size and structure. Our analysis showed that the atoms in similar bonding environments have similar binding energies. On the basis of this analysis, estimations were made on the binding energy for certain planar and simple cubic ruthenium clusters. The estimated binding energies are in good agreement with those from the density-functional theory calculations.
Toward solving the sedation-assessment conundrum: Bispectral index monitoring and sedation interruption

The sedation-assessment conundrum is defined by two diametrically opposed goals: to maintain an appropriate level of sedation, and to obtain a comprehensive neurologic examination that most accurately reflects the patient's neurologic status. A case presentation leads to a discussion of over-sedation and under-sedation issues that impact the care of critically ill patients. This information is useful in understanding the many methods of assessing sedation and interpreting individualized patient responses to sedation. The use of bi-spectral index monitoring and periods of sedation interruption are discussed within the context of addressing the sedation-assessment conundrum.
Insulin inhibits adrenal 17,20-lyase activity in man

Experimentally induced hyperinsulinemia reduces serum adrenal androgen levels in man, but does not alter cortisol secretion. To determine whether insulin might selectively inhibit adrenal androgen production by suppressing 17,20-lyase activity, ACTH-stimulated androgen secretion was assessed in 10 normal men after an insulin infusion (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) or a control saline infusion. For the insulin clamp study, each man received a 2-U (14.4-nmol) insulin bolus dose, followed by a 2.0-mU/kg.min (14.4-pmol/kg.min) insulin infusion for 5 h. An average insulin level of 746 +/- 35 (+/- SE) pmol/L was achieved; serum glucose was maintained at 4.96 +/- 0.03 mmol/L. At the end of the insulin infusion, an ACTH stimulation test was performed, and serum steroid levels were determined 30 and 60 min later. Subjects returned 1-3 weeks later for control studies, during which 0.45% saline was infused at rates matched exactly to the rates of the dextrose and insulin infusions during the insulin clamp studi...
Generalization of spherical Bessel's differential equation to functions of order zero

The generalization of Bessel's equation to functions of order zero was investigated by Sharpe and applied in the theory of the reflection of sound by a paraboloid. Here, a modification of Sharpe's differential equation to express both the spherical Bessel's equation and Bessel's (cylindrical) equation for functions of order zero is introduced. The generalization of the modified spherical Bessel's. equation to functions of order zero is also discussed.
Challenges in IBD Research: updating the scientific agendas.

Substantial progress has been made since the first “Challenges in IBD Research” white paper was drafted in 1990. Advances in basic science—particularly in immunology, genetics, epithelial cell biology, signal transduction, molecular biology, and other areas—have added greatly to our understanding of disease pathogenesis and have identified many new targets for therapeutic intervention. One important realization that has emerged in the past few years is that a complex and active communication among the bacterial flora, epithelium, and immune cells exists in the intestine and that perturbation of these interactions can result in chronic intestinal inflammation. Thus, the major working hypothesis, particularly coming from basic research in experimental models, is that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is due to an abnormal cell-mediated immune reaction—primarily by CD4 T cells—to the antigens and adjuvants of the enteric bacteria in genetically susceptible hosts. Consequently, many of the priorities and associated resources are directed at gaining a better understanding of the interactions between enteric bacteria and the host as well as the regulation of T-lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Powerful new technologies are now available to define the molecular and genetic basis of complex diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. These technologies must be applied to clinical studies of patients, i.e., to define subsets of patients with common molecular and/or genetic features. One emerging theme of the 2002 meeting in Phoenix was that there must be closer integration of laboratory-based and clinical investigators to take advantage of these powerful new technologies. A second overriding theme was a focus on disease prevention by both laboratory-based and clinical investigators. One goal for basic research is the achievement of sufficient knowledge and understanding of disease pathogenesis to frame strategies to prevent the onset or recurrence of disease in genetically susceptible individuals, and one goal for clinical research is to develop better treatments for the prevention of relapse in patients who have achieved remission through medical therapy or surgery. Prevention of IBD will require the combined efforts of both laboratory-based and clinical investigators. Many worthy avenues of research were considered and discussed. The leading basic and clinical research priorities at the present time are the following:
Distinct Embryonic Expression and Localization of CBP and p300 Histone Acetyltransferases at the Mouse αA-Crystallin Locus in Lens

Mouse alphaA-crystallin gene encodes the most abundant protein of the mammalian lens. Expression of alphaA-crystallin is regulated temporally and spatially during lens development with initial expression in the lens vesicle followed by strong upregulation in the differentiating primary lens fibers. Lens-specific expression of alphaA-crystallin is mediated by DNA-binding transcription factors Pax6, c-Maf and CREB bound to its promoter region. Its 5'-distal enhancer, DCR1, mediates regulation of alphaA-crystallin via FGF signaling, while its 3'-distal enhancer, DCR3, functions only in elongated primary lens fibers via other lens differentiation pathways. DCR1 and DCR3 establish outside borders of a lens-specific chromatin region marked by histone H3 K9 acetylation. Here, we identified CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 as major histone acetyltransferases (HATs) associated in vivo with the mouse alphaA-crystallin locus. Both HATs are expressed in embryonic lens. Expression of CBP in primary lens fiber cells coincides with alphaA-crystallin. In the chromatin of lens epithelial cells, chromatin immunoprecipitations (ChIPs) show that the alphaA-crystallin promoter is notably devoid of any significant presence of CBP and p300, though DCR1 and a few other regions show the presence of these HATs. In the chromatin obtained from newborn lens, CBP was localized specifically at the promoter region with about ten times higher abundance compared to the entire alphaA-crystallin locus. In contrast, p300 is distributed more evenly across the entire locus. Analysis of total histone H3 and H3 K9 acetylation revealed potential lower density of nucleosomes 2 kb upstream from the promoter region. Collectively, our data suggest that moderate level of alphaA-crystallin gene expression in lens epithelial cells does not require the presence of CBP and p300 in the promoter. However, the lens-specific chromatin domain contains both promoter localized CBP on the "background" of locus-spread presence of CBP and p300.