cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of immunotherapy for treatment of chemoresistant ovarian cancer

Abstract Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecological cancer in women despite decades of treatment with classic and new targeted therapies. Chemoresistant ovarian cancer accounts for the 5-year cause-specific survival of less than 25% in women with advanced stage ovarian cancers (stage III or IV). Platinum resistance continues to be a significant obstacle in the pursuit of prolonged survival and cure in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for chemoresistant ovarian cancer. The tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer is characteristically immunosuppressive to infiltrating cytotoxic T cells. Thus the goal of immune-based therapies is twofold: overcome this immunosuppression and enhance tumor destruction. In this chapter, we discuss the ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials investigating vaccines and other immunotherapies in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Specifically, we present key advances in the development of cancer vaccines and adjuvants for the generation of optimal immunogenicity and immuno-persistence. Finally, we explore future immune-based strategies for targeting and eradicating chemoresistant ovarian cancer.
Examining Unique Substance-related Risk Profiles for Neglectful Behaviors among Parents with and without Clinical Depression.

Abstract Background Parental substance use disorder (SUD) is one of the predominant parental risk factors observed for child neglect. Yet, individual risks do not exist in a vacuum. Objective This study explored the relative importance of parental substance use behaviors based on the presence of key risk (clinical depression) and protective (social support type) factors. Participants and setting The final analytic sample was composed of 3,545 parents of children aged 2–17 years from Wave 4 data collection of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW I). Methods Weighted negative binomial regression models examined the interactive relationship between parent self-report of past year substance use patterns, clinical depression, and social support type for annual neglect frequencies. Results Among parents meeting criteria for clinical depression, only parental SUD was associated with higher annual neglect frequency (compared to harmful/risky use); the presence of tangible supports was associated with lower annual neglect frequency while the presence of social companionship was associated with higher annual neglect frequency. For parents not meeting criteria for clinical depression, the study observed an interactive effect where both harmful/risky use behaviors and meeting criteria for SUD significantly contribute to higher average neglect frequencies compared to no past year use, depending on social companionship level. Conclusions In order to mitigate neglect risk among substance-using parents, practitioners should look beyond abstinence to address parents’ underlying cognitive/affective functioning and social context.
The Amazing Chromatic Polynomial

Let G be a combinatorial graph with vertices V and edges E. A proper coloring of G is an assignment of colors to the vertices such that no edge connects two vertices of the same color. These are the colorings considered in the famous Four Color Theorem. It turns out that the number of proper colorings of G using t colors is a polynomial in t, called the chromatic polynomial of G. This polynomial has many wonderful properties. It also has the surprising habit of appearing in contexts which, a priori, have nothing to do with graph coloring. We will survey three such instances involving acyclic orientations, hyperplane arrangements, and increasing forests. In addition, connections to symmetric functions and algebraic geometry will be mentioned.
Gauge Enhanced Quantum Criticality Beyond the Standard Model

Standard lore ritualizes our quantum vacuum in the 4-dimensional spacetime (4d) governed by one of the candidate Standard Models (SMs), while lifting towards one of Grand Unifications (GUTs) at higher energy scales. In contrast, in our work, we introduce an alternative viewpoint that the SM is a low energy quantum vacuum arising from various neighbor GUT vacua competition in an immense quantum phase diagram. In general, we can regard the SM arising near the quantum criticality (either critical points or critical regions) between the competing neighbor vacua. In particular detail, we demonstrate how the $su(3)\times su(2)\times u(1)$ SM with 16n Weyl fermions arisen near the quantum criticality between the competing neighbor vacua of Georgi-Glashow $su(5)$ model and Pati-Salam $su(4) \times su(2) \times su(2)$ model. Moreover, to manifest a Beyond-the-Standard-Model (BSM) quantum criticality between Georgi-Glashow and Pati-Salam models, we introduce a mother effective field theory of a modified $so(10)$ GUT (with a Spin(10) gauge group) plus a new 4d discrete torsion class of Wess-Zumino-Witten-like term that saturates a nonperturbative global mixed gauge-gravity anomaly captured by a 5d invertible topological field theory $w_2w_3(TM)=w_2w_3(V_{\rm SO(10)})$. If the internal symmetries were treated as global symmetries (or weakly coupled to probe background fields), we show an analogous gapless 4d deconfined quantum criticality with new BSM fractionalized fragmentary excitations of Color-Flavor separation, and gauge enhancement including a Dark Gauge force sector. If the internal symmetries are dynamically gauged (as they are in our quantum vacuum), we show the gauge-enhanced 4d criticality as a boundary criticality such that only appropriately gauge enhanced dynamical GUT gauge fields can propagate into an extra-dimensional 5d bulk. The phenomena may be regarded as a BSM "morphogenesis."
Effect of Oral Meloxicam on Performance and Health of Stocker Calves after Castration

Castration in weaned calves is stressful and affects profitability by reducing average daily gain (ADG) and increasing susceptibility to disease. This study investigated the effect of meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), on performance and health of stocker calves after surgical castration.
An Extended Reynolds Equation Including the Lubricant Inertia Effects: Application to Finite Length Water Lubricated Bearings

Water lubricated bearings used in nuclear coolant pumps and sub-sea applications exhibit large lubricant inertia forces in the magnitude order of viscous forces. To model these bearings the traditional Reynolds equation is not adequate. An extended Reynolds equation is developed in this study which takes into account the turbulence and inertia effects: both convective and temporal. The most complete form of temporal inertia which applies to the turbulent regime as well, is developed that consists of primary and secondary temporal inertia terms. The convective inertia model follows Constantinescu’s approach [1,2]. The turbulence model is also Constantinescu’s which is tuned with a CFD work. The dynamic coefficients including the lubricant added mass coefficients of a full cylindrical fixed geometry water bearing are obtained. It is observed that the convective inertia increases the load capacity and stability of the bearing. Significant lubricant added mass coefficients comparable to the shaft mass are calculated, which exhibit destabilizing effects in general.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Perceptions of Physician Recommendations for Joint Replacement Surgery in Older Patients with Severe Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVES: To exfamine patient perceptions of physician discussions and recommendations about total joint arthroplasty (TJA). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: One large academic medical center and four community affiliates in Boston. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred seventy-four patients aged 65 and older with severe osteoarthritis of the hip or knee for at least 6 months not controlled with medications. MEASUREMENTS: Patient perceptions of primary care physicians' (PCPs) and orthopedists' communication about TJA were assessed at baseline for all patients and at 12 months for those who did not undergo surgery. RESULTS: Of the 174 patients, 49 were aged 80 and older, 82% were non-Hispanic white, and 69% had knee osteoarthritis. Eighty-seven percent of individuals with baseline interviews and a PCP (142/163) reported that they had discussed their hip or knee arthritis with their PCP at baseline, and 26% (42/163) reported that their PCP discussed TJA as a treatment option. Of the 128 patients who saw an orthopedist, 65% reported that their orthopedist recommended TJA. Only 29% (51/174) of patients underwent TJA. Those who reported discussing TJA with their PCP at baseline were more likely to undergo TJA (P<.01). Thirty-six percent (44/123) of the patients who did not undergo TJA reported that their PCP discussed surgery as a treatment option at baseline or at 12month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe osteoarthritis of their hip or knee who report discussing TJA as a treatment option with their PCP are more likely to undergo TJA within the next year, but few older adults report having these discussions. Improvement is needed in communication between PCPs and patients about TJA.
Exploring The Relationship Between Gratitude And Economic Perceptions

This study explores the associations between consumer gratitude and perceptions of consumer confidence and economic welfare. From a random stratified sample of adults living in the southeastern U.S., the findings reveal that a grateful outlook is positively associated with favorable perceptions of the U.S. economy, state economy, future job growth, and future income earned. Additionally, the results indicate significant differences between grateful and ungrateful individuals in terms of their perceptions of the U.S. economy, job growth, and anticipated income for the upcoming year. The results suggest that managers may want to focus on developing strong relationships with grateful customers, given that grateful customers may help firms survive tough economic times.
X-ray Generation in Energetic Surface Impact for the Particle Simulation Model of Plasmas

A computational model has been developed to describe X-ray generation for energetic particle impact with surfaces in the particle simulation of plasmas. The model post-processes the energy and angular impact distribution functions and computes the emitted energy and angular spectra of X-rays. With respect to X-ray generation, bremsstrahlung radiation was described by the equations of Kirkpatrick-Wiedmann (Kirkpatrick and Wiedmann, 1945) for the bremsstrahlung cross section. The mass absorption coefficient is used to evaluate the attenuation of X-ray intensity within the impact medium. To verify the model of X-ray spectra, we compare the simulation to experimental measurements
Synchronous logic synthesis: circuit specifications and optimization algorithms

Synchronous logic networks are characterized in terms of graphs, logic functions, and synchronous don't care conditions induced by the external and internal interconnection of the network. Algorithms to compute the don't care set for each local logic network. Algorithms to compute the don't care set for each logic function of the network from the synchronous don't care conditions that characterize the entire network are presented. Such local don't care conditions can be used to optimize locally each logic function to produce a smaller, faster, and better testable network. >
Introductory Textbooks: A Framework for Evaluation

(1987). Introductory Textbooks: A Framework for Evaluation. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 82, No. 397, pp. 321-339.
AN ASYMMETRIC REACTIVE SITE ON ELECTROPHORUS ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.

Abstract Lactoylcholine (LCh) is a racemic choline ester with an asymmetric carbon in the acid moiety. l (+)—LCh is hydrolyzed far more rapidly than d (−)—LCh by purified acetylcholinesterase from the electric organ of Electrophorus. At high substrate concentrations l (+) —LCh is also hydrolyzed more rapidly than acetylcholine but at approximately the same rate at low substrate concentrations. d (−)—LCh inhibits hydrolysis of l (+)—LCh. The existence of an asymmetric reactive site on the enzyme surface has been proposed to explain enzyme discrimination between the two isomers.
Homicide by juvenile girls

We investigated offense characteristics for a national sample of 38,749 homicide arrestees identified in the FBI Supplemental Homicide Reports for 1984 and 1993. Analyses indicated little change from 1984 to 1993 in the circumstances of homicides committed by adolescent girls; however, there were consistent offense differences between girls and boys, and between girls and women. Homicides by adolescent girls were more likely than those committed by boys to involve interpersonal conflict rather than a criminal motive such as robbery. Girls were more likely than boys to use a knife rather than a firearm and their victims were more likely to be under the age of 13 years. Compared to women (18 years or older), girls were more likely to act with an accomplice and their victims were more likely to be female and between 13 and 20 years of age. Results were inconsistent with a stereotypic masculinization theory of the increase in female violence, but provide indirect support for the importance of domestic stress and relational conflict experienced by adolescent girls. Overall, this study supports the need for differentiated study of violence by juvenile girls, and for preventive interventions which target domestic and interpersonal stress.
Intensity fluctuations of flat-topped beam in non-Kolmogorov weak turbulence: comment

In J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 29, 169 (2012), Gercekcioglu and Baykal presented an investigation of the dependence of the scintillation index of flat-topped Gaussian beams on the exponent α of the power-law-type spectra of non-Kolmogorov turbulence. In particular, they found that the scintillation index reaches a maximum at α≈3.2. We show that this conclusion is an artifact of their specific calculation, and depends on the choice of the length unit. Gercekcioglu and Baykal's calculations are made for the 3<α<5 range of the spectral exponent. We show that for the homogeneous and isotropic turbulence the correct range is 3<α<4, when Markov approximation is used.
Outcome Following Spinal Accessory to Suprascapular (Spinoscapular) Nerve Transfer in Infants with Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of distal spinal accessory nerve (SAN) transfer to the suprascapular nerve (SSN) in children with brachial plexus birth injuries in order to better define the application and outcome of this transfer in these infants. Over a 3-year period, 34 infants with brachial plexus injuries underwent transfer of the SAN to the SSN as part of the primary surgical reconstruction. Twenty-five patients (direct repair, n = 20; interposition graft, n = 5) achieved a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Fourteen children underwent plexus reconstruction with SAN-to-SSN transfer at less than 9 months of age, and 11 underwent surgical reconstruction at the age of 9 months or older. Mean age at the time of nerve transfer was 11.6 months (range, 5–30 months). At latest follow-up, active shoulder external rotation was measured in the arm abducted position and confirmed by review of videos. The Gilbert and Miami shoulder classification scores were utilized to report shoulder-specific functional outcomes. The effects of patient age at the time of nerve transfer and the use of interpositional nerve graft were analyzed. Overall mean active external rotation measured 69.6°; mean Gilbert score was 4.1 and the mean Miami score was 7.1, corresponding to overall good shoulder functional outcomes. Similar clinical and shoulder-specific functional outcomes were obtained in patients undergoing early ( 9 months of age, n = 11) SAN-to-SSN transfer and primary plexus reconstruction. Nine patients (27%) were lost to follow-up and are not included in the analysis. Optimum results were achieved following direct transfer (n = 20). Results following the use of an interpositional graft (n = 5) were rated satisfactory. No patient required a secondary shoulder procedure during the study period. There were no postoperative complications. Distal SAN-to-SSN (spinoscapular) nerve transfer is a reliable option for shoulder reinnervation in infants with brachial plexus birth injuries. Direct transfer seems to be the optimum method. The age of the patient does not seem to significantly impact on outcome.
Strain recovery of model immiscible blends: effects of added compatibilizer

The effect of added compatibilizer on the strain recovery of model immiscible blends after cessation of shear was studied. Blends were composed of polyisobutylene drops (up to 30% by weight) in a polydimethylsiloxane matrix, with viscosity ratio (viscosity of the drops relative to the matrix viscosity) ranging from 0.3 to 1.7. Up to 1% by weight of a PIB-PDMS diblock copolymer was added as compatibilizer. The ultimate recovery recorded after reaching steady-shear conditions increased significantly due to added compatibilizer. Furthermore, the compatibilizer also slowed down the kinetics of the recovery; however, unlike uncompatibilized blends, the recovery could no longer be captured by a single retardation time. The largest increase in ultimate recovery due to compatibilizer occurred at the lowest viscosity ratio. In contrast, the greatest slowing down of the recovery due to compatibilizer occurred at the highest viscosity ratio. The rheological data by themselves are insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion about the mechanism of compatibilizer action. The results are consistent with the effects of flow-induced gradients in compatibilizer concentration. An alternative constitutive modeling approach that captures compatibilizer effects in terms of an interfacial dilational elasticity can reproduce the recovery curves qualitatively, but some predictions of the model contradict experimental results.
Spontaneous Biliteracy: Examining Latino Students' Untapped Potential

Cultural deficit theories have long been debunked, yet Spanish continues to be treated as an impediment to Latinos' school success. With over 5 million emerging bilinguals, of which approximately 75% are Spanish speakers, Latinos' biliteracy potential should be examined as a means to support their learning. This article focuses on the spontaneous biliteracy of Latinos who, given the freedom to access their full linguistic resources, engage in frequent translanguaging and transliteracy to support their learning. The academic success of the focal students here suggests that affirming and integrating Latinos' emerging bilingual skills is key to their motivation and interest in learning and literacy.
Agonist and Antagonist Muscle EMG Activity Pattern Changes with Skill Acquisition.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the modifications in the control of the biceps brachii (agonist) and triceps brachii (antagonist) muscles during the learning of two elbow flexion tasks in sixteen college-age women. A positioning and a coincidence task were each performed at 40° and 200° per second angular velocity while bipolar surface electrodes recorded the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles involved. Data on the EMG activity, angular kinematics, and timing and angular displacement error were quantified and subjected to statistical analyses. The results of the error analyses indicated that subjects did learn the various tasks over the 120 trials. Because there were no significant changes in the angular velocity patterns over trials, the EMG activity modifications are suggested to reflect differences in the control of the muscles monitored during the movements. In addition, EMG activity pattern modifications which occurred in discrete portions of the movements in bot...
Transcription as a source of genome instability

Alterations in genome sequence and structure contribute to somatic disease, affect the fitness of subsequent generations and drive evolutionary processes. The crucial roles of highly accurate replication and efficient repair in maintaining overall genome integrity are well-known, but the more localized stability costs that are associated with transcribing DNA into RNA molecules are less appreciated. Here we review the diverse ways in which the essential process of transcription alters the underlying DNA template and thereby modifies the genetic landscape.
Can we safely discharge low-risk patients with febrile neutropenia from the emergency department?

Editor’s Note: Emergency physicians must often make decisions about patient management without clear-cut data of sufficient quality to support clinical guidelines or evidence-based reviews. Topics in the Best Available Evidence section must be relevant to emergency physicians, are formally peer reviewed, and must have a sufficient literature base to draw a reasonable conclusion but not such a large literature base that a traditional “evidence-based” review, meta-analysis, or systematic review can be performed.
Shrinkage and Fracture Properties of Semiflowable Self-Consolidating Concrete

Shrinkage behavior and fracture properties of five semiflowable self-consolidating concrete (SFSCC) mixes are studied, and their results are compared with those of conventional pavement concrete. In the study, prism tests were employed to evaluate concrete free shrinkage behavior. Restrained ring tests were performed to assess concrete cracking potential. In addition, unrestrained ring tests were conducted and compared with the restrained ring tests. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, elastic modulus, and notched beam fracture properties of the concretes were tested at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The results indicate that the rates of shrinkage of SFSCCs are generally higher than those of conventional pavement concrete. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and critical stress intensity factor of SFSCCs are comparable to those of conventional pavement concrete, but elastic modulus of SFSCCs is lower than that of conventional pavement concrete. With a higher shrinkage stress-to-fracture strength ratio, SFSCC mixes have higher potential for shrinkage-induced cracking than conventional pavement concrete. The use of a clay additive, purified magnesium alumino silicate, further increases the rate of SFSCC shrinkage.
High ratios of plasma and platelets to packed red blood cells do not affect mortality in nonmassively transfused patients.

Background: Administration of high transfusion ratios in patients not requiring massive transfusion might be harmful. We aimed to determine the effect of high ratios of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets (PLT) to packed red blood cells (PRBC) in nonmassively transfused patients. Methods: Records of 1,788 transfused trauma patients who received 10 units of PRBC in 24 hours at 23 United States Level I trauma centers were reviewed. The relationship between ratio category (low and high) and in-hospital mortality was assessed with propensity-adjusted multivariate proportional hazards models. Results: At baseline, patients transfused with a high FFP:PRBC ratio were younger, had a lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, and a higher Injury Severity Score. Those receiving a high PLT:PRBC ratio were older. The risk of in-hospital mortality did not vary significantly with FFP:PRBC ratio category. Intensive care unit (ICU)-free days, hospital-free days, and ventilator-free days did not vary significantly with FFP:PRBC ratio category. ICU-free days and ventilator-free days were significantly decreased among patients in the high (1:1) PLT:PRBC category, and hospital-free days did not vary significantly with PLT:PRBC ratio category. The analysis was repeated using 1:2 as the cutoff for high and low ratios. Using this cutoff, there was still no difference in mortality with either FFP:PRBC ratios or platelet:PRBC ratios. However, patients receiving a 1:2 ratio of FFP: PRBCs or a 1:2 ratio PLT:PRBCs had significantly decreased ICU-free days and ventilator-free days. Conclusions: FFP:PRBC and PLT:PRBC ratios were not associated with in-hospital mortality. Depending on the threshold analyzed, a high ratio of FFP:PRBC and PLT:PRBC transfusion was associated with fewer ICU-free days and fewer ventilator-free days, suggesting that the damage control infusion of FFP and PLT may cause increased morbidity in nonmassively transfused patients and should be rapidly terminated when it becomes clear that a massive transfusion will not be required.
Gastrointestinal/pancreatic hormone concentrations in the portal venous system of nine patients with organic hyperinsulinism.

Abstract Percutaneous transhepatic sampling of blood in the portal venous system (TPVS) was used to; (1) localize hormone secreting tumors and help in differentiating tumors from diffuse disease (nesideoblastosis and hyperplasia with adenomata) in 9 patients with fasting hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinism, and (2) study the concentration and distribution of the immunoreactive peptides: insulin (IRI), gastrin (IG), glucagon (IRG), pancreatic polypeptide (hPP), and somatostatin (SRIF-LI), in the venous drainage of the uninvolved portion of the pancreas and GI tract. Localized elevations of IRI (64–920 μU/ml) predicted tumor localization in 6 patients with single tumors that were not demonstrable angiographically. In one patient with nesideoblastosis and another with islet cell hyperplasia with adenoma, elevated IRI concentrations at multiple locations suggested a diffuse or multicentric process. Elevations of SRIF-LI in the same region as IRI elevations in one patient and of IRG in another patient suggested that these tumor produced two hormones. Some problems in the interpretation of portal venous insulin concentrations are discussed. The locations of maximum portal venous system plasma concentrations and portal-arterial gradients (mean ± SE pg/ml) in five patients with small single insulinomas were: IG, gastrocolic trunk (126 ± 27, 46 ± 22); IRG, proximal splenic vein (130 ± 30, 47 ± 13) and gastrocolic trunk (131 ± 23, 60 ± 13); hPP, portal vein (164 ± 48, 49 ± 22); SRIF-LI, superior mesenteric vein (186 ± 50, 57 ± 20) and gastrocolic trunk (178 ± 59, 55 ± 21). It is concluded; (1) TPVS can be used successfully to localize single insulin-secreting tumors of the pancreas and to help distinguish them from diffuse disease but problems in such differentiation do occur, (2) circulating SRIF-LI and IRG are derived from both the pancreas and the gut, IG predominantly from the proximal gut and hPP from the head of the pancreas, and (3) The data provide new information for the interpretation of portal insulin concentrations in patients with organic hyperinsulinism and of hormone concentrations for localization of peptide-producing tumors of the pancreas other than insulinomas.
Comparison of observed and model magnetic fields at high altitudes above the polar cap: POLAR initial results

Data obtained from the high altitude, polar orbiting spacecraft, POLAR, are compared with the latest version of the data-based magnetospheric magnetic field model. The data generally agree well with the model. The major directional discrepancies at high altitudes are near the dayside cusp and on the “open” field lines over the polar cap, especially close to the boundary of the polar cap. Near the cusp, the agreement is improved if a stronger solar wind dynamic pressure and more negative IMF By and Bz are used as the model input parameters, than was actually observed. The field measured in the vicinity of the polar cusps is generally weaker than predicted by the model. Close to noon the spacecraft enters a region of additional structured field depression that appears to be the polar cusp proper. Within the limited statistics presented here, the invariant latitude of the cusp appears to be controlled by the north-south component of the IMF and the broad depression appears to be controlled by the tilt of the dipole.
Problems of higher education as found in periodical literature

In the Peabody Journal of Education, July, 1931, an article appeared showing adverse criticisms of higher education as found in recent periodical literature. This article not only pointed out the criticisms published during the three-year period, 1927, 1928, and 1929, in thirty-seven publications, but also indicated that practically all of the criticisms were made by people engaged in school work in the higher educational institutions. This means that most of the criticisms offered are self-criticisms. Since self-criticism is usually a forerunner of improvement, it seems worth while to see if the problems of higher education are being recognized by those employed in our universities and colleges. Hence, the purpose of this article is to show what the problems of higher education are as expressed in periodical literature during the same three-year period, 1927, 1928, and 1929; to determine how frequently these problems were presented; and to indicate the occupation of the people who have pointed out these problems. In order to answer these questions, a review was made of sixteen general literary magazines and twenty-one professional magazines, journals, bulletins, or yearbooks of educational organizations for the three-year period 1927 to 1929. (The publications used in making this study are listed in the Peabody Journal of Education, July, 1931, page 4.) The review of this literature was very carefully made. It was not considered sufficient to look through the index of each magazine used and in this way locate the articles that presented problems of higher education because it was found that the title of an article is by no means a sure index to its contents. Therefore, each issue of these publications was examined page by page in order to reduce errors of omission to a minimum. As a further check upon the accuracy of this review the publications were examined a second time by another person. In making this study of the literature, each problem found was listed on a separate 3 by 5 card showing the author, the title of the article, the name of the publication, the volume number, the date of issue, and a brief statement of the problem. Extreme care was taken to include only the meaning that the writer intended to convey. In most cases exact quotations were used in stating the problem which the writer presented. As a result of this study 40 problems of higher education that may be considered distinct and separate were found in the 37 publications reviewed, with
Dietary nimodipine improves associative learning in aging rabbits

The effects of oral nimodipine on the acquisition of the conditioned eye-blink response in aging rabbits were examined. Three groups of rabbits were compared: young and aging controls fed NIH-09 rabbit chow and aging rabbits fed rabbit chow containing 860 ppm nimodipine. Aging control rabbits are dramatically impaired in the acquisition of this task compared to young controls. Aging rabbits receiving nimodipine reached a behavioral criterion of 4 conditioned responses in any block of 5 trials significantly faster than aging controls. Young controls reached this criterion faster than the aging controls. There were no significant group effects on either the amplitude or the latency of the conditioned response. This study extends earlier reports that IV nimodipine enhances the associative learning abilities of aging rabbits and examined the route of administration most likely to be used clinically in aging humans.
Production of α-Galactosyl Epitopes via Combined Use of Two Recombinant Whole Cells Harboring UDP-Galactose 4-Epimerase and α-1,3-Galactosyltransferase

alpha-Galactosyl epitopes (or alpha-Gal, oligosaccharides with a terminal Galalpha1,3Gal sequence) are a class of biologically important oligosaccharides in great demand in bulk quantities for basic and clinical studies on preventing hyperacute rejection in pig-to-primate organ xenotransplantation. A truncated bovine alpha-1, 3-galactosyltransferase, the key enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the terminal structure of alpha-Gal, was cloned and overexpressed previously. The acceptor specificity was further studied in the present paper, and lactose and galactose derivatives were found to be good acceptors. To develop a more proficient reaction process, we report herein an example of an efficient enzymatic synthesis of alpha-Gal oligosaccharides catalyzed by the combination of two recombinant Escherichia coli whole cells harboring the genes of a UDP-galactose 4-epimerase and the alpha-1, 3-galactosyltransferase, respectively. Using lactosyl azide (LacN(3)) as the acceptor for the glycosyltransferase, the combined use of the two recombinant cells efficiently produced alpha-Gal epitope Gal alpha1,3LacN(3) in 60-68% yield.
Basic Components and Fiber Optic Passive Components: Status and Trends in Japan

This paper reviews the status and trends of Japanese activities in fiber optic passive components. It covers the fiber manufacturing techniques (VAD method), several special fibers such as polarization-holding fibers, dispersion-shifted fibers, infrared fibers, metal coated fibers, and hydrogen-induced loss problems, as well as various kinds of fiber cables such as trunk communication cable, subscriber cable, submarine cable, and optical fiber composite overhead ground wire. The paper also discusses the problems of splicing, connecting, and coupling with respect to future trends and provides information on progress in Japan in the expanding field of communication technique.
Forest soil mineral weathering rates: use of multiple approaches

Knowledge of rates of release of base cations from mineral dissolution (weathering) is essential to understand ecosystem elemental cycling. Although much studied, rates remain enigmatic. We compared the results of four methods to determine cation (Ca + Mg + K) release rates at five forested soils/sites in the northcentral U.S.A. Our premise was that multiple approaches, each with their own specific strengths and weaknesses, would yield a “best” overall estimate. We used (1) a cation input-output budget on a pedon scale; (2) trends in elemental and mineral depletion in silt-size particles; (3) a laboratory batch dissolution technique, with the results adjusted for field conditions; and (4) a steady-state soil chemistry model, PROFILE. The soils included a loamy sand Typic Udipsamment, a sandy loam Spodic Udipsamment, a fine sandy loam Typic Dystrochrept, a very fine sandy loam Glossic Eutroboralf, and a clayey Glossic Eutroboralf. Weathering rates varied among both soils and methods, and neither methods nor soils could easily be grouped; the data spanned a continuum with overlapping ranges of least significant differences. Although the assumptions necessary for some methods were better suited to specific soils, we rejected only one method-soil combination as being inappropriate (input-output budget for the clay). Mean release rates for the sum of cations ranged from 470 eq ha−1 yr−1 for the clayey soil, to 460 for the fine sandy loam soil, to 430 for the very fine sandy loam soil, to 375 for the sandy loam soil, to 195 for the loamy sand soil. These rates are lower than those reported for similar soils in the literature because most reported rates are based on watershed studies. Our low rates of cation release within soil pedons, the ultimate source of nutrient ions for plant growth, has implications for estimated nutrient budgets and long-term soil sustainability.
Influence of Nonnative and Native Ungulate Biomass and Seasonal Precipitation on Vegetation Production in a Great Basin Ecosystem

Abstract. The negative effects of equid grazers in semiarid ecosystems of the American West have been considered disproportionate to the influence of native ungulates in these systems because of equids' large body size, hoof shape, and short history on the landscape relative to native ungulates. Tools that can analyze the degree of influence of various ungulate herbivores in an ecosystem and separate effects of ungulates from effects of other variables (climate, anthropomorphic disturbances) can be useful to managers in determining the location of nonnative herbivore impacts and assessing the effect of management actions targeted at different ungulate populations. We used remotely sensed data to determine the influence of native and nonnative ungulates and climate on vegetation productivity at wildlife refuges in Oregon and Nevada. Our findings indicate that ungulate biomass density, particularly equid biomass density, and precipitation in winter and spring had the greatest influence on normalized differe...
Rumination predicts longer sleep onset latency after an acute psychosocial stressor

Objectives:Rumination has been linked to self-reported sleep quality. However, whether rumination is related to an objective sleep parameter has not been tested. This study examined whether rumination predicts sleep onset latency (SOL) on the night after an acute psychosocial stressor. We hypothesiz
Staining mast cells in human gingiva

Abstract This study was undertaken to select a specific, consistent stain-fixative combination which permits easy identification of all mast cells in human gingiva in order that meaningful studies of alterations in mast cell populations and distributions in periodontal disease could be performed. Previous investigators have employed a variety of metachromatic or non-specific stains for such studies with highly variable and conflicting results. In this study, a number of stain-fixative combinations were investigated. The metachromatic stains (i.e. toluidine blue, methylene blue, etc.) gave inconsistent or unreliable results and were difficult to read. In the presence of inflammation mast cells were frequently indistinguishable from other cells. Other nonspecific stains (i.e. aldehyde fuchsin, Giemsa, etc.) presented similar difficulties. The use of aqueous as compared with non-aqueous fixatives had no consistent effect on numbers of mast cells which could be visualized. For reliable, specific, easily readable staining of human gingival mast cells, the histochemical technique for the demonstration of the trypsin-like esterase activity in mast cells devised by Lagunoff Benditt and Watts (1962) proved to be vastly superior to all other techniques studied.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Zinc and Copper Pheophytins

Abstract The zinc or copper chelates of pheophytins a and b were formed and separated on a reversed-phase C-18 column. Allomerized products were produced readily during the chelation reaction. Resolution of the allomerized compounds from the non-allomerized chelates was achieved using a gradient elution technique. Compound identification was facilitated by monitoring the column eluate at both 436 and 658 nm. The method allowed for isolation of individual pigments for further study.
Analysis of debond growth in tubular joints subjected to tension and flexural loads

Abstract The potential for debond growth in adhesively bonded tubular joints was studied using linear and geometrically nonlinear finite element analyses. Since the existing literature on debond growth is focused on plate joints, a few plate joint results were also included to highlight the similarities and differences between tubular and plate joint behaviors. Joints without and with debonds subjected to tension and flexural loads were considered.
Social Connection and Psychological Outcomes in a Physical Activity-Based Youth Development Setting

It is believed that the social connections formed by participating in physical activity-based positive youth development (PYD) programs contributes to building personal and social assets. In this study, we examined how changes in social connection over a physical activity-based PYD program for low-income youth were associated with changes in psychological outcomes. Participants (N = 197) completed pre- and postprogram questionnaires assessing leader support, social competence, physical competence, and psychological outcomes (global self-worth, physical self-worth, attraction to physical activity, and hope). Social competence, physical competence, physical self-worth, and global self-worth increased significantly over the 4-week program. Changes in social connections predicted changes in psychological outcomes. Effect sizes were modest but suggest that social interventions hold potential to promote positive outcomes in underserved youth.
A novel mRNA 3′ untranslated region translational control sequence regulates Xenopus Wee1 mRNA translation

Cell cycle progression during oocyte maturation requires the strict temporal regulation of maternal mRNA translation. The intrinsic basis of this temporal control has not been fully elucidated but appears to involve distinct mRNA 3′ UTR regulatory elements. In this study, we identify a novel translational control sequence (TCS) that exerts repression of target mRNAs in immature oocytes of the frog, Xenopus laevis, and can direct early cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translational activation during oocyte maturation. The TCS is functionally distinct from the previously characterized Musashi/polyadenylation response element (PRE) and the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE). We report that TCS elements exert translational repression in both the Wee1 mRNA 3′ UTR and the pericentriolar material-1 (Pcm-1) mRNA 3′ UTR in immature oocytes. During oocyte maturation, TCS function directs the early translational activation of the Pcm-1 mRNA. By contrast, we demonstrate that CPE sequences flanking the TCS elements in the Wee1 3′ UTR suppress the ability of the TCS to direct early translational activation. Our results indicate that a functional hierarchy exists between these distinct 3′ UTR regulatory elements to control the timing of maternal mRNA translational activation during oocyte maturation.
An analysis of two models of super-deep penetration

Abstract Super-deep penetration can be characterized as the fast motion of a projectile in a solid material at distances hundreds and thousands of times greater than the characteristics initial diameter of the projectile. In the present paper, some experimental data on the super-deep penetration of some microparticles by the hypervelocity impact of microparticle clusters are provided, and one theoretical problem of super-deep penetration is then investigated under two different simplifying assumptions about a medium (elastic solid and compressible fluid). The penetrator is modeled as an absolutely rigid, smooth, thin plate, that cuts the material by its nose, leaving a cavity and moving steadily at subsonic speed under a small angle of incidence. The plate is considered to touch the material on only one side, while the other side remains free. The drag against the fast penetrator in an elastic solid and compressible fluid is analyzed using the exact solution to the problem for these media. In the limiting case, the solution equations for fluid coincide with the corresponding equations of the classic problems of Rayleigh and Chaplygin. Distribution of the contact pressure along the plate, and hence the drag, appear the same in both models, with the exception of the factor depending on the Mach number and the physical properties. At the Rayleigh speed in an elastic medium, the drag and contact pressure on the penetrator vanish. A self-propagating solitary wave (introduced earlier by the author and called the rayleighon), including a cavity and projectile moving therein without drag, is found. An analysis of the referenced solutio, obtained in the present paper, has proven that a rayleighon can be formed in an elastic medium in the process of acceleration of a thin penetrator, up to the Rayleigh speed. Therefore, the results of the paper support the idea that super-deep penetration can be discerned as the self-propagation of a rayleighon. It is concluded that the solutions analyzed provide some hints for organizing future (expensive) tests to experimentally discover a rayleighon. A section containing some details of the mathematical calculations is appended to the paper.
Testicular masculinization of vocal behavior in juvenile female Xenopus laevis reveals sensitive periods for song duration, rate, and frequency spectra.

In Xenopus laevis, adult males but not females produce courtship songs comprised of rapid trills. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether male-typical singing could be induced in females. At 6 different juvenile stages, male and female frogs were gonadectomized and implanted with testes, grown to sexual maturity, and tested for vocal behavior. All frogs with functional testicular implants sang; females sang as much as males. The frequency spectra of the clicks within trills were fully masculinized in females implanted at PM0, PM1, and PM2. There were deficiencies in song quality in females implanted late in juvenile life. Females receiving testis implants at PM3, PM4, and PM5 did not produce clicks with masculine spectral qualities. In a concurrent experiment, adult males and females were gonadectomized and implanted with testes or silicone tubes containing testosterone proprionate. When tested for vocal behavior 10 to 15 months after implantation, 8/10 androgen-treated males, 3/12 androgen-treated females, 5/5 testes-implanted males, and 2/4 testes-implanted females sang. The females that did sing spent much less time singing than males. The click rates of females were uniformly slower than males and no female produced clicks with a masculine frequency spectrum. Thus, testicular secretions can induce male-typical singing in females until late in juvenile development. However, females exhibit a progressive decline in vocal potential with increasing age, culminating in an almost complete loss of singing ability by adulthood.
IMAGE RESTORATION BASED ON SMOOTH GRAY-LEVEL DETECTION AND LINE PREDICTION METHOD FOR LARGE MISSING REGIONS

Although many image restoration methods have been proposed recently, they do not result in a good reconstructed image when the missing region is large or contains lines and edges, because the direction of lines is not easy to predict. This paper proposes a line prediction method to predict the lines and edges in the missing regions. Furthermore, gray levels of pixels are usually smooth in images. Thus, smooth gray-level detection is proposed to restore the missing regions using the surrounded existing regions according to the smoothness of pixels in the image. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel image restoration method based on smooth gray-level detection, and a line prediction method. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method outperforms other methods.
Limbitrol (amitriptyline plus chlordiazepoxide) revisited

A reanalysis of 4-week data from a recently published study (Feighner et al. 1979) clearly demonstrate that in a significant subgroup of highly depressed patients who also suffer from at least moderate anxiety, significant treatment differences in favor of Limbitrol over AT were present not only after 1 or 2 weeks, but also after 4 weeks of treatment. These differences were not present in the less sick patients, a population in which AT was slightly favored. These findings suggest that not only is Limbitrol more effective than AT alone for a heterogeneous group of depressed patients with some concomitant anxiety during the early phases of treatment, but remains more effective than AT for a significant subgroup of highly depressed patients after 4 weeks of treatment.