cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonwhite frequency noise in spin torque oscillators and its effect on spectral linewidth

We measure the power spectral density of frequency fluctuations in nanocontact spin torque oscillators over time scales up to 50 ms. We use a mixer to convert oscillator signals ranging from 10 GHz to 40 GHz into a band near 70 MHz before digitizing the time-domain waveform. We analyze the waveform using both zero crossing time stamps and a sliding Fourier transform, discuss the different limitations and advantages of these two methods, and combine them to obtain a frequency noise spectrum spanning more than five decades of Fourier frequency $f$. For devices having a free layer consisting of either a single ${\text{Ni}}_{80}{\text{Fe}}_{20}$ layer or a Co/Ni multilayer we find a frequency noise spectrum that is white at large $f$ and varies as $1/f$ at small $f$. The crossover frequency ranges from $\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{4}$ Hz to $\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{6}\text{ }\text{Hz}$ and the $1/f$ component is stronger in the multilayer devices. Through actual and simulated spectrum analyzer measurements, we show that $1/f$ frequency noise causes both broadening and a change in shape of the oscillator's spectral line as measurement time increases. Our results indicate that the long term stability of spin torque oscillators cannot be accurately predicted from models based on thermal (white) noise sources.
Interactions of HIV-1 Inhibitory Peptide T20 with the gp41 N-HR Coiled Coil *

Cellular entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) involves fusion of viral and cellular membranes and is mediated by structural transitions in viral glycoprotein gp41. The antiviral C-peptide T20 targets the gp41 N-terminal heptad repeat region (N-HR), blocking gp41 conformational changes essential for the entry process. To probe the T20 structure-activity relationship, we engineered a molecular mimic of the entire gp41 N-HR coiled coil using the 5-Helix design strategy. T20 bound this artificial protein (denoted 5H-ex) with nanomolar affinity (KD = 30 nm), close to its IC50 concentration (∼3 nm) but much weaker than the affinity of a related inhibitory C-peptide C37 (KD = 0.0007 nm). T20/C37 competitive binding assays confirmed that T20 interacts with the hydrophobic groove on the surface of the N-HR coiled coil outside of a deep pocket region crucial for C37 binding. We used 5H-ex to investigate how the T20 N and C termini contributed to the inhibitor binding activity. Mutating three aromatic residues at the T20 C terminus (WNWF → ANAA) had no effect on affinity, suggesting that these amino acids do not participate in T20 binding to the gp41 N-HR. The results support recent evidence pointing to a different role for these residues in T20 inhibition (Peisajovich, S. G., Gallo, S. A., Blumenthal, R., and Shai, Y. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 21012–21017; Liu, S., Jing, W., Cheung, B., Lu, H., Sun, J., Yan, X., Niu, J., Farmar, J., Wu, S., and Jiang, S. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 9612–9620). By contrast, mutations near the T20 N terminus substantially influenced inhibitor binding strength. When Ile was substituted for Thr in the second T20 position, a 40-fold increase in binding affinity was measured (KD = 0.75 nm). The effect of this affinity enhancement on T20 inhibitory potency varied among different viral strains. The original T20 and the higher affinity T20 variant had similar potency against wild type HIV-1. However, the higher affinity T20 variant was significantly more potent against T20-resistant virus. The findings suggest that other factors in addition to binding affinity play a role in limiting T20 potency. As a mimetic of the complete gp41 N-HR coiled coil region, 5H-ex will be a useful tool to further elucidate mechanistic profiles of C-peptide inhibitors.
A 75GHz PLL Front-End Integration in 65nm SOI CMOS Technology

A 75GHz PLL front-end, composed of complementary LC VCO, a buffer with AC coupling, and a static CML latch divider, is integrated in 65 nm SOI CMOS technology. The circuitry is developed with milli-meter wave link specifications, technology consideration, process variation, and topology selections. The PLL front-end achieves 5.9% tuning range centered at 73.4GHz and free-running phase noise of -1 lOdBc/Hz at 10MHz offset with 71mW.
Numerical Simulation of Pressure Drop Through a Rotating Plenum Fan

In this paper the numerically determined pressure increase (ΔP) versus volumetric flow rate (CFM) curve at a given fan speed for a plenum fan is compared to experimental data. The simulations were carried out using a rotating fan blade section and a fixed inlet and outlet plenum with a three-dimensional tetrahedral computational mesh. The objective of this work is to assess the feasibility of approximating a 36” plenum ΔP-CFM fan curve using a low order computational approach and thereby assessing the effectiveness of using such an approach as a real time design tool. The measures of success of this work include demonstrating the ability to capture pertinent characteristics of the fan curve such as slope and roll-off of the ΔP-CFM curve. It was found that a fairly high resolution was required near the fan blade section in order to better approximate the ΔP-CFM curve. This higher resolution greatly increased the runtime. In addition, including a k-e turbulent model improved the pressure drop characteristics as compared having no turbulence model. It is hoped that an approach such as this will be adopted in the real time design and manufacture of plenum fans.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Torso rotation for push recovery using a simple change of variables

This paper presents a modification for a broad class of controllers based on the LIPM dynamics. We use a change of variables such that instead of controlling the center of mass, we control an “augmented center of mass”, which is unaffected by upper body angular accelerations. We use upper body orientation as an additional source of control authority, allowing us to use both upper body rotation and center of pressure modulation for control. We demonstrate an improved robustness to external pushes with this additional control authority through simulated standing and walking experiments. We also demonstrate the modified controller on our force-controlled humanoid robot.
Kernia, a New Genus of the Uredinales

In a recent collection of rusts made by the writer near Mercara, Coorg, South India, a leaf rust on a species of Litsea (Lauraceae) was observed which on examination proved to be of great interest. The rust is folicolous and hypophyllous developing small hypertro- phied cushions from which numerous Cronartizun-like spore col- umns emerge. When these spore columns are grouped in close proximity they present the false appearance of tomentose outgrowths from the leaf surface. The material for microscopic study was fixed in formalin-acetic alcohol and microtome sections of 10 to 12 , thickness were cut and stained with Newton's iodine gentian violet.
Color stability and colorant effect on maxillofacial elastomers. Part II: weathering effect on physical properties.

Statement of problem. The average clinical life span of a maxillofacial prosthesis is approximately 6 months, at which point it needs to be refabricated, mainly because of degradation of the color and physical properties of the prosthesis. Purpose. This first part of a 3-part study evaluated the effect of coloring agents on the physical properties of maxillofacial elastomers. Methods and material. Five dumbbell-shaped and 5 trouser-shaped specimens were fabricated for each of the combinations of the 3 elastomers (Silastic medical adhesive type A, Silastic 4-4210, and Silicone A-2186) and 6 colorants (dry earth pigments, rayon fiber flocking, artist's oil paints, kaolin, liquid cosmetics, and no-colorants), for a total of 180 specimens. Evaluations of hardness and tear strength were made with the trouser-shaped specimens. Evaluations of the ultimate tensile strength and the percentage elongation were made with the dumbbell-shaped specimens. A within elastomer analysis compared the 6 colorants using a 1-way analysis of variance for each of the 4 physical properties. When significant differences were observed, the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test was used to identify differences between groups at a significance level of .05. Results. Physical properties of maxillofacial elastomers were changed by the incorporation of coloring agents. Dry earth pigments, kaolin, and rayon flocking acted as a solid filler without bonding to the Silicone, and artists' oils and liquid cosmetics acted as a liquid phase without bonding to the silicone matrix. Conclusion. No clearly superior colorant-elastomer combination was demonstrated in all the tests in this study.
Determination of surface area and particle size of synthetic latex by adsorption. V. Latices emulsified with laurylamine hydrochloride

Abstract The adsorption method for determination of specific surface area and particle size of fatty and rosin soap latices has been extended to latices emulsified with a cationic protective agent such as laurylamine hydrochloride. The procedure involves titration of the latex with standard solutions of the amine hydrochloride and detection of the end point by conductance measurements. Surface tension was also tried as a means of end-point detection, but it is not as satisfactory as conductance. An analytical method has also been developed for determination of the amine content of latices in presence of free HCl and AlCl 3 . The method involves the determination of the total chloride content of the latices by potentiometric or conductometric titration with AgNO 3 , and then the chloride content due to free HCl and AlCl 3 by conductometric titration with NaOH. The amine content follows as the difference between the two analyses. With these methods, the specific surface areas and particle diameters of three amine latices were determined. In calculating these quantities a value of 26 A 2 . was employed for the area occupied on the polymer surface by a molecule of laurylamine hydrochloride at the critical micelle concentration.
A Case of Recurrent Liver Abscess Due to Choledochoduodenal Fistula

Cholelithiasis, duodenal ulcer, duodenal perforation and tumor invasion may lead to choledochoduodenal fistula (CDF). CDF often has no specific symptoms and may be incidentally detected in an upper gastrointestinal radiographic study or endoscopy; but in some cases, it may be accompanied by recurrent cholangitis and liver abscess. In this paper, a case of recurrent liver abscess caused by CDF is reported. A 62-year-old female was admitted to the authors’ hospital because of right upper quadrant pain and fever. The abdominal computed tomography showed a liver abscess in the right lobe. A duodenal fistulous orifice was detected with endoscopy, and a contrast was injected through the duodenal orifice using a catheter under fluoroscopy. The injection of the contrast revealed a fistulous track between the duodenal bulb and the common hepatic duct. In fistulas complicated by recurrent liver abscess, surgery or medical management may be needed. The CDF in this case study was treated via endoscopic clipping.
Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patient A Current Review of the Literature

Purpose:A comprehensive review of the literature to provide a focused and thorough update on the issue of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the surgical patient.Methods:A PubMed and Medline search was performed and keywords included AKI, renal failure, critically ill, and renal replacement therapy (RRT).Principal Findings:A common clinical problem encountered in critically ill patients is AKI. The recent consensus definitions for the diagnosis and classification of AKI (ie, Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease/Acute Kidney Injury Network) have enabled us to standardize the severity of AKI and facilitate strategies for prevention. These strategies as well as treatment modalities of AKI are discussed. We provide a concise overview of the issue of renal failure. We describe strategies for prevention including types of fluids used for resuscitation, timing of initiation of RRT, and different treatment modalities currently available for clinical practice.Conclusions:Acute kid...
Freedom and need: The evolution of public strategy for biomedical and health research in England

The optimal support of health-related research and development with public money is a complex challenge. Over the last century, policy makers in England have conceived and implemented a variety of models, ranging from independent, curiosity driven research to needs-based state commissions, and promoting different bodies to oversee scientific work. This paper traces these approaches, identifies the principles that drove them, and discusses their role in shaping policy for publicly funded health research, up to the recent launch of a new research strategy by the Department of Health.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION AND DECREASED CHLOROPHYLL(A + B) CONCENTRATIONS OCCUR IN NITROGEN-SUFFICIENT TOBACCO LEAVES IN RESPONSE TO CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT

Effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment on plant growth and on nitrogen partitioning were examined in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. ‘Samsun’). Dry matter, leaf area and specific leaf weight were unchanged (P > 0.05) by CO2 enrichment. Total soluble protein, soluble amino acids and inorganic nitrate also were unaffected by CO2 enrichment (P > 0.05). Leaf chlorophyll (a + b) levels decreased 13% (P ≤ 0.05) in response to CO2 enrichment. The diurnal accumulation of soluble amino acids was delayed and the initial slope of the A/C i response curve was decreased 14% in the elevated compared to the ambient CO2 treatment. The above findings showed that CO2 enrichment affected leaf chlorophyll levels, diurnal soluble amino acid metabolism and photosynthetic responses to low intercellular CO2 concentrations even though the plants were nitrogen sufficient. Inadequate nitrogen fertility cannot explain all of the effects of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis by tobacco leaves.
Low-temperature thermal properties of 2-methylheptane and 2-methyldecane: the thermodynamic properties of the 2-methylalkanes†‡

Experimental measurements were made of the low-temperature thermal properties of 2-methylheptane and 2-methyldecane from 12 to 360 K and 12 to 390 K, respectively. From these measured values and data from the literature the following chemical thermodynamic properties were calculated at selected temperatures for the condensed phases of 2-methylbutane, 2-methylpentane, 2-methylhexane, 2-methylheptane, and 2-methyldecane: Gibbs energy function, enthalpy function, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity. The entropies of 2-methylheptane and 2-methyldecane in the ideal gas state at 298.15 K were calculated and methylene entropy increments obtained for the 2-methylalkanes, C 5 to C 11 .
Radioresistant DNA synthesis: an intrinsic feature of ataxia telangiectasia

DNA synthesis in 6 ataxia telangiectasia (AT) cell strains was much more resistant to X-irradiation than was DNA synthesis in normal human diploid cells. 3 of the cell strains tested have been classified as proficient in repair replication. These data, along with those reported elsewhere, strongly suggest that radioresistant DNA synthesis is an intrinsic feature of this disease. The radioresistance of DNA synthesis in AT cells is primarily due to a reduced inhibition of replicon initiation compared to that occurring in normal cells, but DNA chain elongation is also more radioresistant in AT cells. The small inhibition of DNA synthesis that does occur in AT cells at doses up to 2000 rad is almost exclusively due to inhibition of replicon initiation, and not to inhibition of chain elongation, as would be expected from results with normal human cells or from previous studies with established cell lines.
Kant and Husserl

Examinant les relations entre Kant et Husserl, l'A. analyse la critique de la raison que Husserl n'a pas totalement ecrite, a la lumiere de la phenomenologie de la conscience pure que nous aurait laissee Kant. Les differences fondamentales entre les deux phenomenologies concernant la cognition, la personne, l'intentionnalite et la verite, indiquent la voie du devenir de la philosophie transcendantale
Effect of chlorpromazine on survival time in irradiated mice.

ConclusionPre-medication with 5 mg/kg of chlorpromazine intraperitoneally significantly increased the mean survival time in irradiated mice. Post-irradiation medication with this dose of drug was neither beneficial nor detrimental but doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg decreased survival time by acting synergistically with the irradiation. The sensitivity of the irradiated animals to medication was discussed.
Hydroxystilbazoles and hydroxyazaphenanthrenes: photocyclization and fluorescence studies.

— As models for novel fluorescent probes, we have synthesized three isomeric hydroxystilbazole systems (4′-hydroxy-substituted 2-, 3-, and 4-stiIbazoles), examined their photocyclization-oxi-dation to four hydroxyazaphenanthrene systems, and made a preliminary study of their absorption and fluorescence spectra. All three stilbazoles can be prepared easily by addition of the isomeric picoline anions to 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, followed by dehydration and deprotection. Photocyclization proceeds efficiently, furnishing a single product isomer from each of the 2- and 4-stilbazole systems, and two isomeric azaphenanthrenes from the 3-stilbazole. The stilbazoles all have intense UV absorbance bands whose maxima depend upon solvent and pH; all three isomers have relatively similar spectra under neutral conditions and all three show a large red shift in base; in acid, however, the 2-and 4-stilbazole isomers show a greater red shift than the 3-stilbazole. The fluorescence of the stilbazoles is also solvent dependent, shifting to the red in more polar medium; red shifts are also observed in acid and base, but in acid, the 3-stilbazole shows a larger shift. The azaphenanthrene photocyclization products show absorbance spectra typical for quinolines and isoquinolines; their absorptivities are less than the stilbazoles, but their fluorescence is more intense. In general, the benzoquinolines have longer wavelength but weaker fluorescence than the benzoisoquinolines. Also, those isomers in which the resonance effects of the hydroxy and nitrogen groups can reinforce one another show longer wavelength emissions of greater intensity. All seven systems show dual fluorescence in water under neutral conditions, suggesting the emission from both non-ionized and ionized species in the excited state. In one case, the benzoisoquinoline system derived from 4′-hydroxy-4-stilbazole, an emission at 640 nm, observed in water over a wide pH range, is ascribed to a zwitterionic phototautomer. These stilbazoles, benzoquinolines and benzoisoquinolines may prove to be useful spectroscopic probes.
Four teleological theories of addiction

Four theories are presented to account for addiction, defined as a high rate of consumption of a substance that is ultimately harmful to the organism. The theories are teleological and behavioral in the sense that the ultimate motivational forces they posit lie in the environmental context of behavior—in an economic utility function or a process of behavioral adjustment—rather than in an internal physiological or cognitive mechanism. A theory by the psychologists Richard Herrnstein and Drazen Prelec is discussed that shows how melioration (maximization of local, as opposed to overall, or global, utility) may lead down a “primrose path” to addiction. A theory by the economists Gary Becker and Kevin Murphy shows how a primrose path may exist even when overall utility is maximized—provided that utility of temporally distant events is discounted. Two other theories, one by George Stigler and Gary Becker and one introduced here, an elaboration of the Stigler-Becker theory called “relative addiction,” specify economic properties of addictive substances that would create the primrose path.
An introductory course format for promoting diversity and retention

We report on a pilot section of an introductory computing course offered at a top tier university through its engineering school. Although targeted for students with no prior programming experience, its goals were same as the goals of the other sections. The course enrolled 43 students. They were 49% female, 23% black, and 12% Hispanic. The demographics are different from the typical 1st year class at the school, which is 26% female, 6% black, and 3% Hispanic. Two important pedagogies differentiated the pilot section from other sections: computer availability at all class meetings and the methodology for selecting motivating examples. A priori only one student in the section intended a computing major, but upon completion the students chose a computing major at a higher rate than the rates for other sections: 19% versus 13%. More striking is that 33% of the pilot section women and 27% of its minority students chose a computing major. All students completed the course and no student left the school. These outcomes compare favorably to a school course withdrawal rate of 12% and a school attrition rate of 10%, a female attrition rate of 12%, and a minority rate attrition of 25%.
Controlled On-Chip Single-Photon Transfer Using Photonic Crystal Coupled-Cavity Waveguides

To the end of realizing a quantum network on-chip, single photons must be guided consistently to their proper destination both on demand and without alteration to the information they carry. Coupled cavity waveguides are anticipated to play a significant role in this regard for two important reasons. First, these structures can easily be included within fully quantum-mechanical models using the phenomenological description of the tight-binding Hamiltonian, which is simply written down in the basis of creation and annihilation operators that move photons from one quasimode to another. This allows for a deeper understanding of the underlying physics and the identification and characterization of features that are truly critical to the behavior of the quantum network using only a few parameters. Second, their unique dispersive properties together with the careful engineering of the dynamic coupling between nearest neighbor cavities provide the necessary control for high-efficiency single-photon on-chip transfer. In this publication, we report transfer efficiencies in the upwards of 93% with respect to a fully quantum-mechanical approach and unprecedented 77% in terms of transferring the energy density contained in a classical quasibound mode from one cavity to another.
Improved oxygenation and lung compliance withprone positioning of neonates

Fourteen intubated infants recovering from neonatal respiratory disease had arterial blood gases and lung mechanics measured in the supine position and in two variants of the prone position. Prone positioning resulted in significant increases in mean (±SEM) arterial oxygen tension (Pa O 2 70.4±2.5 to 81.1±4.4 mm Hg), dynamic lung complicance (1.7±0.24 to 2.55±0.37 ml/cm H 2 O), and tidal volume (8.6±1.0 to 10.5±1.2 ml) when all prone values were compared to supine values. Prone positioning with the abdomen protruding freely, when compared to all supine values, was associated with significantly increased dynamic lung compliance and tidal volume. Values for prone-abdomen free were not significantly different from values for prone-abdomen restricted. This suggests that there are clinical benefits from prone positioning in neonates recovering from respiratory disease.
Auto Theft and Restrictive Deterrence

Although researchers have examined the attributes that make offenders more or less responsive to sanction threats, far less attention has centered on the manner in which responsiveness can lead to less detectible crime, or perhaps even more overall crime. Restrictive deterrence is the concept that explains this paradox. We explore it here using qualitative interviews with 35 active auto thieves. Findings suggest that auto thieves' restrictively deterrent decision-making strategies fell into three broad categories: discretionary target selection, normalcy illusions, and defiance. Discussion focuses on the data's conceptual implications for restrictive deterrence and offender decision-making.
On the Erosion of Public Facilities

The failure of a market system to produce efficient quantities of public goods is conceptually equivalent to failure to eliminate public bads in sufficient quantity. The usefulness of this view of the public goods case lies in the insight it provides into the problem, often neglected in the literature, that public facilities, once provided, often tend to erode quickly. [Buchanan] When market behavior results in excessive public bads, there are in theory three approaches to deal? ing with the problem: 1) Behavior may be modified so that the bads are not excessive; 2) The institutional framework may be altered such that the market no longer "fails"?which largely involves de? fining property rights and minimizing transactions costs; 3) Collec? tive action may be taken to eliminate public bads (produce public goods). For example, the market in the main fails to respond to the demand for recreational parks. If individuals were to voluntarily contribute according to their use of such facilities (a behavioral change), or if some method of inexpensively preventing free riders could be devised (an institutional change), sufficient parks would be provided by the private market. Otherwise, the third alternative is publicly provided parks. If behavioral or institutional changes are feasible, public bads are permanently eliminated, since the private incentives that produced them have been removed. In contrast, if public goods are provided through collective action, individuals con? tinue to have "the same incentives for allowing a public facility or service to erode, to run down, to be destroyed, as they do for failure to provide the goods or services in efficient quantities" in the first place. [Buchanan, p. 66] This erosion is a public bad not theore? tically different from the public bad that collective action sought to eliminate. A complete theory of the public sector must be concerned not merely with the provision of public goods, but also with the effective usage of existing facilities. Our purpose in this paper is to explore briefly the nature and causes of this erosion of public facilities.
X-Window interface to SMART, an advanced text retrieval system

In a research environment for text and document retreival, the experimental functionality is and must be paramount. However, for long-term durability of a software product, the user-interface is seen as a critical component to successful development. In order to explore the effort involved in developing a modern user interface to a text retrieval system, the authors chose to implement a limited X-Window interface to the Cornell University SMART system.The first section of this paper will briefly introduce the history of the SMART system, its command line interface, and the goal of this project; the second will discuss the scope of the project; the development and integration strategies will be covered in sections three and four; then some ideas on the desired enchancements in section five.
Intra-Sentence Grammatical Constraints in Readers' Sampling of the Visual Display.

AbstractTo investigate the hypothesis that intra-sentence grammatical constraints guide reader sampling of the visual display, the effect of these constraints on the reading of sentences by skilled adult readers was examined. Target phrases within each of five types of sentences were treated to graduated degrees of blur and presented tachistoscopicaily. Phrases within types of sentences exhibiting a greater degree of intra-sentence grammatical constraint were generally recognized at points of greater blur than was possible for those in less constrained types. Grammatical constraints present within sentences appear to function in cueing skilled readers in the formation of hypotheses about the content and grammatical structure of sentence segments when the visual cues for such segments have been limited.
Synthesis and characterization of isosorbide derived polyols as highly effective humectants

Isosorbide is a bicyclic ether derivative of glucose. It is recognized as a “green” substance and is hygroscopic at > 30% relative humidity. Since it is water soluble and harmless, isosorbide is used as a multi-functional carrier in many pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. In order to find a “green” replacement for polyethyleneoxide in cosmetic formulations, glycerine (propanetriol) a known skin softener and humectant was chemically combined with isosorbide to improve the hygroscopic properties. The synthetic route developed for this work not only provides a series of highly effective humectants but also generates a range of epoxides which are promising candidates for replacing bisphenol-A based epoxies and also as plastic additives. All the intermediates generated during the syntheses were characterized by NMR and FTIR. Water absorption tests were conducted in a humidity chamber with specific relative humidities.
American joint committee on cancer staging of uveal melanoma

In January 2010, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) updated its staging criteria for uveal melanoma. Here, we discuss the staging classifications and evaluate an interesting case to demonstrate. The development of a uniform means of staging cancer, such as defined by the AJCC, is critical for information sharing among the research community.
U.S. Federal Indian Policy: An Essay and Annotated Bibliography

Federal Indian policy in the United States historically reflects both the hard-headed pragmatism of the nation and its quixotic romanticism. Researchers can identify roughly drawn policy epochs and policy motivations, but there were no clean slates as policy shifted. The legal history of a tribe reflects the accumulated—and often contradictory—impact of changing federal policy. Complexity was added to the government's approach by the application of single-minded policies to the exceedingly diverse native groups within the nation's borders. An understanding of evolving federal policy offers useful insights and a basis for creative legal theories.
Analysis of ion mobility spectra for mixed vapors using Gaussian deconvolution

Abstract A central issue in the utilization of ion mobility spectrometry for chemical analysis is the proper interpretation of ion mobility spectra and the assignment of peak identities. Ion mobility spectra for contemporary drift tubes generally produce broad peaks and simple patterns without obvious details associated with structures. These features can hinder the analyses of spectra derived from mixed vapors. However, additional information from such spectra parameters and for boundaries of operation using ion mobility spectra from binary mixtures. An ion-molecule cluster ion, not obvious in traditional spectra analysis, was disclosed by deconvolution analysis and confirmed by independent ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry.
Neurotrophins regulate proliferation and survival of two microglial cell lines in vitro

Microglia are thought to play a key role in the development and regeneration of the central nervous system although the mechanisms regulating their presence and activity are not fully understood. Substantial evidence suggests that members of the neurotrophin family such as nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 and -4 (NT-3/4) have a dramatic effect on both neurons and perineuronal cells. This study employed two murine microglial lines, BV-2 and N9, to examine the action of these neurotrophins on the mitotic activity and survival of microglia in vitro. Neurotrophins were incorporated into the media at the time of plating and cell number and levels of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (MTT) were determined at various time points in vitro. NGF increased cell number and MTT levels of both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. BV-2 was more sensitive to NGF than N9. Similar responses were elicited by BDNF, although the sensitivity of each cell line was different than that found for NGF. NT-3 and NT-4 had no effect on cell proliferation. However, NT-4 had an effect on the survival of BV-2 and N9 cells. The response of these cells to neurotrophins was blocked by K252a, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, suggesting that actions of neurotrophins were mediated by high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors (Trk). Immunolocalization studies revealed positive Trk (pan) reactivity in the above cell lines and in primary microglia, but an absence of the low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor. Western blot analysis supported the above observations. These studies suggest that in addition to their neurotrophic actions, NGF and BDNF may also regulate microglial dynamics, thereby influencing the surrounding milieu during neuronal regeneration.
Reduced brain resting-state network specificity in infants compared with adults.

Purpose: Infant resting-state networks do not exhibit the same connectivity patterns as those of young children and adults. Current theories of brain development emphasize developmental progression in regional and network specialization. We compared infant and adult functional connectivity, predicting that infants would exhibit less regional specificity and greater inter network communication compared with adults. Patients and methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging at rest was acquired in 12 healthy, term infants and 17 adults. Resting-state networks were extracted, using independent components analysis, and the resulting components were then compared between the adult and infant groups. Results: Adults exhibited stronger connectivity in the posterior cingulate cortex node of the default mode network, but infants had higher connectivity in medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex than adults. Adult connectivity was typically higher than infant connectivity within structures previously associated with the various networks, whereas infant connectivity was frequently higher outside of these structures. Internetwork communication was significantly higher in infants than in adults. Conclusion: We interpret these findings as consistent with evidence suggesting that restingstate network development is associated with increasing spatial specificity, possibly reflecting the corresponding functional specialization of regions and their interconnections through
Varieties of city regionalism and the quest for political cooperation: a comparative perspective

Urban theorists forecast greater political cooperation within city regions in response to globalization, yet signs of this remain relatively scant in Western Europe and North America. This article helps to explain the gap between theory and reality, as well as suggesting another way of looking at the comparative politics of city regions. The central argument: theorists are correct about the renewed importance of regional politics, but wrong about the importance of intergovernmental political cooperation. Local governments have other ways of pulling together for compelling metropolitan-wide objectives. This is done through processes of political coordination − institutionalized systems of mutual adjustment. Pluralist, associational and macropolitical varieties of political coordination among cities and suburbs empower them to act regionally without much governmental innovation. Each process has specific political limitations, however. They also influence the prospects for political cooperation among govern...
Patterns of suburban population growth, 1970--75.

Population redistribution within U.S. suburban rings between 1970 and 1975 was characterized by frequent population declines for individual suburbs. On the whole, recent spatial patterns of suburban population decline are similar in nature, if not overall levels, to those found in the 1950s and 1960s. Population decline is greatest in the inner suburbs, and is also evident, to some extent, in the most peripheral suburbs. Patterns for all metropolitan areas mask clear variation among metropolitan areas. This variation is related to metropolitan age or historical period of development.
Incoherent Doppler LIDAR for continuous measurement of wind and aerosol profiles

The University of Michigan Space Research Laboratory has developed a mobile, high spectral resolution incoherent Doppler lidar capable of measuring wind and aerosol loading profiles in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The system uses a 3 Watt pulsed frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm. The backscattered signal is collected by a 44.4 cm diameter Newtonian telescope. A two axis mirror scanning system allows the instrument to achieve full sky coverage. Active feedback control of key instrument elements provides an overall instrument stability of better than 1 m/s. A pair of Fabry-Perot interferometers in combination with a narrowband (0.05 nm) interference filter are used to filter daylight background and provide a high spectral resolving element to measure the Doppler shift. In addition, the aerosol and molecular scattered components of the signal can be separated, giving a measure of the relative aerosol loading. Measurements have been made day and night in the boundary layer with vertical resolution of 100 meters and a temporal resolution of approximately 6 minutes. Accuracy of the wind velocity is on the order of 1-2 m/s in the boundary layer. Continuous measurements on this temporal scale should prove highly useful in parameterizing atmospheric aerosol movement, cloud evolution, and wind field variability. >
Transcription activator like effector (TALE)-directed piggyBac transposition in human cells

Insertional therapies have shown great potential for combating genetic disease and safer methods would undoubtedly broaden the variety of possible illness that can be treated. A major challenge that remains is reducing the risk of insertional mutagenesis due to random insertion by both viral and non-viral vectors. Targetable nucleases are capable of inducing double-stranded breaks to enhance homologous recombination for the introduction of transgenes at specific sequences. However, off-target DNA cleavages at unknown sites can lead to mutations that are difficult to detect. Alternatively, the piggyBac transposase is able perform all of the steps required for integration; therefore, cells confirmed to contain a single copy of a targeted transposon, for which its location is known, are likely to be devoid of aberrant genomic modifications. We aimed to retarget transposon insertions by comparing a series of novel hyperactive piggyBac constructs tethered to a custom transcription activator like effector DNA-binding domain designed to bind the first intron of the human CCR5 gene. Multiple targeting strategies were evaluated using combinations of both plasmid-DNA and transposase-protein relocalization to the target sequence. We demonstrated user-defined directed transposition to the CCR5 genomic safe harbor and isolated single-copy clones harboring targeted integrations.
Impact on Laminated Composite Plates: A Review of Recent Computational Developments

A review of the literature on high velocity impact calculations is presented, with emphasis on laminated composite plates. A summary of results of the geometrically nonlinear transient analysis of layered anisotorpic composite plates is presented.
MODFORM: A Knowledge-Based Tool to Support the Modeling Process

The value of mathematical modeling and analysis in the decision support context is well recognized. However, the complex and evolutionary nature of the modeling process has limited its widespread use. In this paper, we describe our work on knowledge-based tools which support the formulation and revision of mathematical programming models. In contrast to previous work on this topic, we base our work on an indepth empirical investigation of experienced modelers and present three results: a a model of the modeling process of experienced modelers derived using concurrent verbal protocol analysis. Our analysis indicates that modeling is a synthetic process that relates specific features found in the problem to its mathematical model. These relationships, which are seldom articulated by modelers, are also used to revise models. b an implementation of a modeling support system called MODFORM based on this observationally derived model, and c the results of a preliminary experiment which indicates that users of MODFORM build models comparable to those formulated by experts. We use the formulation of mathematical programming models of production planning problems illustratively throughout the paper.
Trade Liberalization in Disinflation

There exists near-consensus among professional economists on the desirability of achieving macroeconomic stabilization prior to the removal of microeconomic distortions. Yet this advice was completely disregarded in some of the most important cases of reform during the last decade--Bolivia and Mexico since 1985, Poland since 1990, Argentina since 1991, for example. In these and many other cases, radical trade liberalization measures were put in place, or existing programs speeded up, in conjunction with macroeconomic stabilization packages. In this paper I revisit this issue by focusing on recent liberalizations in Latin America. I argue that the theoretical case for the existence of a policy dilemma in exchange-rate management when trade liberalization is implemented simultaneously with stabilization policies is weaker than is usually presupposed. A commitment to a pegged exchange rate can, if credible, actually solve rather than intensify the potential conflict between trade liberalization and exchange-rate stability. However, the credibility of disinflation may be endangered by early liberalization.
On the Influence of Informed Agents on Learning and Adaptation Over Networks

Adaptive networks consist of a collection of agents with adaptation and learning abilities. The agents interact with each other on a local level and diffuse information across the network through their collaboration. In this work, we consider two types of agents: informed agents and uninformed agents. The former receive new data regularly and perform consultation and in-network processing, while the latter do not collect data and only participate in the consultation tasks. We examine the performance of LMS diffusion strategies for distributed estimation over networks as a function of the proportion of informed agents and their distribution in space. The results reveal some interesting trade-offs between convergence rate and mean-square performance. In particular, among other results, it is shown that the mean-square performance of adaptive networks does not necessarily improve with a larger proportion of informed agents. Instead, it is established that if the set of informed agents is enlarged, the convergence rate of the network becomes faster albeit at the expense of some deterioration in mean-square performance. The results further establish that uninformed agents play an important role in determining the steady-state performance of the network and that it is preferable to keep some of the highly noisy or highly connected agents uninformed. The arguments reveal an important interplay among three factors: the number and distribution of informed agents in the network, the convergence rate of the learning process, and the estimation accuracy in steady-state. Expressions that quantify these relations are derived, and simulations are included to support the theoretical findings. We illustrate application of the results to two network models, namely, the Erdos-Renyi and scale-free models.
Study of aging of silicone rubber biomaterials with NMR.

Multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (29Si, 13C, 1H) is used to characterize the aging process of silicone rubber-based biomaterials in a rat model. 1H NMR relaxation measurements (spin-lattice, T1, and spinspin, T2, relaxation times) were performed to better understand the molecular dynamics of polysiloxane chains in implants. After 1 year of implantation in animals, changes in the 1H T2 relaxation times and the NMR spectra were observed in polydimethylsiloxane, Silastic® sheets and chin implants, while these measurements remain unchanged in finger joints. Very small amounts of fat were detected in all types of silicone rubber implants at the end of the implantation period. This work shows that free silicone migrates from the implants to adjacent tissues and distant sites, such as spleen or liver, and is chemically modified. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Center Manifold Reduction of Periodic Delay Differential Systems

A technique for center manifold reduction of nonlinear delay differential equations (DDEs) with time-periodic coefficients is presented. Perturbation expansion converts the nonlinear response problem into solutions of a series of nonhomogenous linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with time periodic coefficients. One set of linear nonhomogenous ODEs is solved for each power of the perturbation parameter. Each ODE is solved by a Chebyshev spectral collocation method. Thus we compute a finite approximation to the nonlinear infinite-dimensional map for the DDE. Center manifold reduction on the map is then carried out. Center manifold reduction is illustrated via a single inverted pendulum including both a periodic retarded follower force and a nonlinear restoring force. In this example, the amplitude of the limit cycle associated with a flip bifurcation is found analytically and compared to that obtained from direct numerical simulation.
Analysis of Histones from the Endosymbiont Nucleus of a Binucleate Dinoflagellate1,2

Histones were prepared from chromatin of the eukaryotic (endosymbiont) nucleus of Peridinium balticum (Levander) Lemmermann. The amino acid composition of whole histone was rich in lysine and similar to that of Olisthodiscus luteus and Euglena gracilis. Electropheretic analysis of these proteins in acidic-urea disc gels revealed four major bands: one with a mobility slightly lower than that of calf thymus HI; and three others which comigrated with calf H2B, H2A, and H4, respectively. The low mobility band was soluble in 5% perchloric acid and was sensitive to FeCl3 destaining. Electrophoresis in slab gels containing 0.1% SDS revealed five major components, with approximate molecular weights of 23,000, 20,000, 15,000, 13,000, and 11,000, respectively. The 15,000 and 11,000 dalton histones had mobilities identical to those of calf H3 and H4, respectively. The two highest molecular weight components were soluble in 5% perchloric acid. No bands were found to comigrate with calf H2A or H2B but a band was present that migrated to a position intermediate between calf H2A and H4 (13,000 dalton histone). Two-dimensional gels consisting of acidic-urea gels in the first dimension and SDS gels in the second dimension revealed that the 20,000 dalton component and the 13,000 dalton component are not resolved in the acidic-urea gel. As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that two of the five bands seen in SDS gels represent an H1-like doublet, and two are analagous to H3 and H4, respectively. The remaining histone may replace H2A and H2B.
Dynamic Algorithms for Energy Minimization on Parallel Machines

Static DVS (dynamic voltage scaling) algorithms for DAG (directed acyclic graph) execution use the estimated execution time which is, in practice, an upper bound on the actual execution time to guarantee that an application completes in a given deadline. Therefore, many tasks may complete earlier than expected during the actual execution. This allows that the extra available slack can be allocated to tasks that have not yet begun execution with the goal of reducing the total energy requirements while still meeting the deadline constraints. In this paper, we present novel dynamic algorithms for reallocating the slack to future tasks. Experimental results show that our algorithms are comparable to static algorithms applied at runtime in terms of energy minimization, but require considerably smaller computational time.