cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling Length Theory of Double-Gate Interband Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors

A scaling theory of double-gate interband tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) using a physics-based 2-D analytical model is presented. Ignoring the mobile charge in the channel, the electrostatic potential profile and electric field are analytically solved, and the current is calculated by integrating the band-to-band tunneling generation rate over the volume of the device. The analytical model has excellent agreement with the numerical results obtained from a commercial simulator and atomistic nonequilibrium Green function simulations for both heterojunction and homojunction TFETs. The analytical model allows us to quantitatively extract the electrostatic scaling lengths in TFETs and compare the short-channel effect of TFETs with that of MOSFETs. We conclude that double-gate TFETs exhibit superior short-channel performance than their MOSFETs counterparts at a longer gate length (greater than four times the scaling length), but the scalability of the TFETs degrades at a faster rate than MOSFETs do at smaller gate lengths (less than four times the scaling length).
Nicotinic Modulation of Glutamate and GABA Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampal Neurons

Although the hippocampus expresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and receives cholinergic innervation, the functional roles of these receptors are not completely understood. Our results indicated that presynaptic nAChRs mediated a calcium influx that enhanced the release of both glutamate and GABA. Fura-2 detection of calcium in single mossy fiber presynaptic terminals indicated that nAChRs directly mediated a calcium influx. In hippocampal neurons in primary culture, both spontaneous vesicular release and evoked release of glutamate and GABA were enhanced by nicotine. The nicotinic current displayed rapid desensitization kinetics, and the response to nicotine was inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin and methyllcaconitine, suggesting that nAChRs containing the alpha 7 subunit mediated the effect. Modulation of synaptic activity by presynaptic calcium influx may represent a physiological role of acetylcholine in the brain, as well as a mechanism of action of nicotine.
Comparison of bloodstream fatty acid composition from African-American women at gestation, delivery, and postpartum.

Our aim was to examine the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) status of pregnant African-American women reporting to the antenatal clinic at Wayne State University in a longitudinal study design. Fatty acid compositions of plasma and erythrocyte total lipid extracts were determined and food frequency surveys were administered at 24 weeks of gestation, delivery, and 3 months postpartum for participants (n = 157). DHA (mean ± SD) in the estimated total circulating plasma was similar at gestation (384 ± 162 mg) and delivery (372 ± 155 mg) but was significantly lower at 3 months postpartum (178 ± 81 mg). The relative weight percentage of DHA and docosapentaenoic acid n-6 (DPAn-6; 22:5n-6) decreased postpartum, whereas their respective metabolic precursors, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6), increased. Similar results were found in erythrocytes. Dietary intake of DHA throughout the study was estimated at 68 ± 75 mg/day. The relative amounts of circulating DHA and DPAn-6 were increased during pregnancy compared with 3 months postpartum, possibly via increased synthesis from EPA and AA. The low dietary intake and blood levels of DHA in this population compared with others may not support optimal fetal DHA accretion and subsequent neural development.
A cost benefit analysis of photolithography and metrology dedication in a metrology constrained multipart number fabricator

Dedication in photolithography provides better process control and accurate data collection while driving reductions in both rework and process defects. The trade-off, however, is the limitation it places on the manufacturing system by restricting the number of servers where a given lot can be directed. Relaxing dedication and deployment allows for a lower cycle time through the process step, but this same relaxation may also drive the need for additional processing and measurement processing in the photolithography sector, thus encouraging longer overall cycle time for the sector. This paper analyzes the costs and benefits of dedication on the basis of overall photosector cycle time. The variables controlled by the decisions to dedicate include send-aheads, number of measurements, sample size, and skip-plan levels. Strict photolithography dedication drives fewer send-aheads, measurements, a smaller sample size and larger skip plans; a level is reached where the dedication is offset by additional waiting time for dedicated lots at specific photolithography tools. The same level of rework and process defects can be achieved at a lower overall sector cycle time by determining the minimum cycle time while maintaining the same operating procedures and quality controls. The solution, in this instance, depends on the number of technologies and part numbers being run through the photolithography sector, an effect that must be detailed and analyzed.
Helping interferer physical layer security strategies for M-QAM and M-PSK systems

Physical layer security encompasses information theoretic approaches that could guarantee perfect secrecy in wireless communication systems. In this framework, helping interferer strategies rely on intentionally creating confusion at a potential eavesdropper by injecting a jamming signal. In cases where the information signal has a Gaussian probability density function (pdf) it has been demonstrated that the optimal jamming signal, under an overall power constraint, should also be Gaussian. However, in practical communication systems where data symbols are typically drawn from discrete uniform probability mass functions (pmf), commonly M-ary Quadrature Amplitude and M-ary Phase Shift Keying modulation schemes, the structure of the optimal jamming signal is still an open question. In the present work we aim at shedding light into this question. Our approach is based on formulating a secrecy capacity maximization problem by expressing the optimal arbitrary helping interferer pdf as a mixture of unknown Gaussians. The proposed approximation is well-suited for jamming signals of practical interest, i.e. Gaussian or M-QAM interferers and reveals that in certain scenarios it is advantageous to use jamming signals whose statistical structure resembles the data rather than the noise.
Outcome assessment for children and adolescents: psychometric validation of the youth outcome questionnaire 30.1 (y-oq®-30.1)

Due to the rising cost of mental health care, increasing numbers of mental health care facilities require outcome management programs to monitor the cost-effectiveness of treatments delivered to youth. These programs require outcome instruments that are sensitive to change, psychometrically sound and easy to administer, score and interpret. This study uses community and outpatient youth samples to investigate the psychometric quality of the Y-OQ®-30.1, an outcome tracking and screening instrument specifically designed to meet this need. The Y-OQ®-30.1 is a single instrument that can be used by parents or adolescents to assess observed behavior and symptom change in youth undergoing mental health treatment. Results show the Y-OQ®-30.1 possesses adequate levels of internal consistency, test–retest and inter-rater reliability, and can detect statistically and clinically meaningful differences between community and clinical samples. Clinical implications of the results are discussed, along with directions for future research. Copyright ® 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical switching in N × N arrays of individually addressable electroabsorption modulators based on Wannier–Stark carrier localization in GaAs/GaAlAs superlattices

We report room- and low-temperature (10-K) electroabsorption measurements in N × N arrays of individually addressable superlattice electroabsorption modulators based on Wannier–Stark carrier localization. Our data exhibit excellent array uniformity over an area encompassing several hundred modulators. We demonstrated electroabsorption changes as large as |Δα| ≃ 22 000 cm−1, electrorefraction changes as large as |Δn| ≃ 0.1 (corresponding to a π/2 phase shift for an ≈2-μm-thick superlattice), optical bistability with contrast ratios >6:1, and relaxation self-oscillations (oscillatory amplitude modulation of an incident cw beam) in an inductive electro-optic circuit. We developed the capability of demonstrating a new electro-optical component technology for integrating two-dimensional source arrays with ultralow-energy optical switching arrays.
Estimating the cost of throttled execution in time warp

Over-optimistic execution has long been identified as a major performance bottleneck in Time Warp based parallel simulation systems. An appropriate throttle or control of optimism can improve performance by reducing the number of rollbacks. However, the design of an appropriate throttle is a difficult task, as correct computations on the critical path may be blocked, thus increasing the overall execution time. In this paper we build a cost model for throttled execution that involves both rollback probability and probability for an event computation being on the critical path. The model can estimate an appropriate size of time window for a throttled execution using statistics collected from the purely optimistic execution. The model is validated by an experimental study with a set of synthetic workloads.
Using Corner Feature Correspondences to Rank Word Images by Similarity

Libraries contain enormous amounts of handwritten historical documents which cannot be made available on-line because they do not have a searchable index. The wordspotting idea has previously been proposed as a solution to creating indexes for such documents and collections by matching word images. In this paper we present an algorithm which compares whole word-images based on their appearance. This algorithm recovers correspondences of points of interest in two images, and then uses these correspondences to construct a similarity measure. This similarity measure can then be used to rank word-images in order of their closeness to a querying image. We achieved an average precision of 62.57% on a set of 2372 images of reasonable quality and an average precision of 15.49% on a set of 3262 images from documents of poor quality that are even hard to read for humans.
Using collective decision system support to manage error in wireless sensor fusion

When sensor fusion uses voting methods to produce collective decisions on the basis of incomplete and imperfect information that would be produced if voting information were perfect and complete, the collective outcomes will be error-resilient. These outcomes will not be changed by breakdowns in wireless network communications or decision making errors. Error-resilient collective outcome (ERCO) analysis makes it possible to predict how long to wait or how many votes to reach an optimal collective decision. ERCO analysis also provides a new framework for gaining strategic and tactical advantages from network-centric information sharing. This framework raises new theoretical and empirical research opportunities for integrating voting theory and fusion research.
Diagnostic Testing Following Screening Mammography in the Elderly

Background: To provide some sense of the general frequency and timing of diagnostic testing following screening mammography in the United States, we investigated the experience of women screened in the Medicare population. Methods: By use of Medicare's National Claims History System, we identified a cohort (n = 23 172) of women 65 years old or older screened during the period from January 1, 1995, through April 30, 1995, and tracked each woman over the subsequent 8 months for the performance of additional breast imaging and biopsy procedures. Using two claims-based definitions for newly detected breast cancer, we also estimated the positive predictive value of screening mammography. Results: For every 1000 women aged 65-69 years who underwent screening, 85 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 79-91) had follow-up testing in the subsequent 8 months; 76 (95% CI = 71-82) had additional breast imaging, and 23 (95% CI = 20-26) had biopsy procedures. Corresponding numbers for women aged 70 years or more were similar. Some women underwent repeated examinations; 13% of those receiving diagnostic mammograms had more than one; 11% of those undergoing biopsy procedures had more than one. About half of the women who underwent a biopsy had the procedure more than 3 weeks after the imaging test upon which the decision to perform a biopsy was presumably made. The estimated positive predictive value of an abnormal screening mammogram (defined as a mammogram that engendered additional testing) was 0.08 (95% CI = 0.06-0.10) for women aged 65-69 years and 0.14 (95% CI = 0.12-0.16) for women aged 70 years or more. Conclusion: Additional testing is a frequent consequence of screening mammography and may require a con iderable period of time to come to closure. The need for additional testing, however, is weakly predictive of cancer.
Theory of mixed classical-quantum scattering of molecules from surfaces

A theoretical model is developed for describing the scattering of molecules from surfaces, which includes energy and momentum transfers between the surface and projectile for both translational and rotational motion, and internal-mode excitation of the projectile molecule. The translational and rotational motions, including multiphonon excitations with the surface, are treated in the classical limit. Internal-vibrational-mode excitation of the molecules is treated quantum mechanically, with extension to arbitrary numbers of internal modes and arbitrary excitation quantum numbers. Examples of calculations are carried out for the surface scattering of a simple diatomic molecule.
Fetal biochemistry in growth retardation

Abstract A substantial proportion of fetuses with severe early onset growth retardation are chromosomally abnormal and in these cases detailed ultrasound scanning will often demonstrate the presence of fetal anatomical defects. Chromosomally normal SGA fetuses with no biochemical abnormalities are likely to be normal small fetuses and seem to develop normally. SGA fetuses with evidence of impaired placental perfusion such as altered fetal cardiovascular dynamics and disturbances in biochemical, haematological, metabolic and endocrine status are at increased of neuro-developmental delay. Although incomplete, the data collected so far suggest the biochemical changes may be caused by reduced placental transfer of nutrients (e.g. oxygen, glucose and essential amino-acids) and subsequent reduced fetal metabolism leading to high levels of substrates (e.g. triglycerides and non-essential amino-acids) and low levels of tissue products (e.g. thyroid hormone, insulin, platelets and white cells).
Simulating Northern Bobwhite Population Responses to Nest Predation, Nesting Habitat, and Weather in South Texas

ABSTRACT Nest predation is thought to be one of the major factors limiting northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations. We examined the relative impact of altering nest-predation rate, nesting habitat, and weather (i.e., temp and precipitation) on northern bobwhite population dynamics in a hypothetical 15,000-ha subtropical-rangeland ecosystem in south Texas using a simulation model. The systems model consisted of a 3-stage (i.e., eggs, juv, and ad) bobwhite population with dynamics influenced by variables affecting production, recruitment, nest predation, and mortality. We based model parameters on data collected from a 3-yr nest-predator study employing infrared-camera technology, from ongoing field research using a radio-marked population of wild bobwhites, and from the literature. The baseline simulated bobwhite population dynamics corresponded closely to empirical data, with no difference between medians of simulated (n = 30 yr) and observed bobwhite age ratios over a 28-yr period. Similarly,...
The U.S. health production function: evidence from 2001 to 2009

This study estimates the impact of the 2007 financial crisis upon U.S. health as measured by age adjusted death rates. OLS regression results suggest that the average death rate was lower in the post-crisis period than the pre-crisis period. The majority of the average decline in the death rate was a result of the time period and not a result of changes in the values of the underlying explanatory variables. We continue to find this result even adding state fixed effects. Contrary to other research, we find that the unemployment rate has no statistically significant impact on death rates either for the U.S. as a whole or for any states individually. Rather, the impact of the financial crisis is felt via year fixed effects that increased over time during the post-crisis period.
DENSITY DEPENDENCE, EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMIZATION, AND THE DIVERSIFICATION OF AVIAN LIFE HISTORIES

Abstract Although we have learned much about avian life histories during the 50 years since the seminal publications of David Lack, Alexander Skutch, and Reginald Moreau, we still do not have adequate explanations for some of the basic patterns of variation in life-history traits among birds. In part, this reflects two consequences of the predominance of evolutionary ecology thinking during the past three decades. First, by blurring the distinction between life-history traits and life-table variables, we have tended to divorce life histories from their environmental context, which forms the link between the life history and the life table. Second, by emphasizing constrained evolutionary responses to selective factors, we have set aside alternative explanations for observed correlations among life-history traits and life-table variables. Density-dependent feedback and independent evolutionary response to correlated aspects of the environment also may link traits through different mechanisms. Additionally, ...
Foodservice Employers' and Employees' Attitudes toward AIDS

(1992). Foodservice Employers' and Employees' Attitudes toward AIDS. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 32-36.
The Uses of Mediation

This chapter uses three different case studies to show why and when mediation can help negotiators reach an agreement. It explains the different types of mediation goals, and how each of those goals can affect the process.
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: radiologic resolution following cessation of second hand smoking

We present a 65-year-old male former smoker with past medical history of renal cell carcinoma. Surveillance chest CT scan showed numerous progressive bilateral upper lobe predominant nodular cystic densities. A Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery lung biopsy was diagnostic of Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Further questioning of the patient revealed exposure to second hand smoke from his wife. A repeat chest CT scan 6 months following cessation of all smoking exposure showed near complete resolution of the nodular densities. Our case report highlights the importance of early identification of second hand smoke exposure. Timely elimination of the exposure led to near complete radiologic resolution.
Competence to Waive Counsel and Proceed Pro Se

In the State v. Dahl , 776 N.W.2d 37 (N.D. 2009), the North Dakota Supreme Court examined whether the trial court erred in allowing the defendant Darin Wayne Dahl to waive his right to counsel and proceed pro se and in not appointing standby counsel. The North Dakota Supreme Court affirmed the
An Apparatus for Continuously Recording Aphid Flights from Their Hosts

The daily flight patterns of aphids flying from various kinds of small grain plants were studied during 1963 and 1964 at this laboratory. An apparatus was constructed to provide a continuous record of the time of day when each aphid made its maiden flight. After several prototypes were tried, the apparatus described here was selected for its simplicity of operation and low cost of construction. The device consists essentially of a transparent plastic hood, an electric motor, a blower, and a recorder clock mechanism (Fig. 1).
Lymphocytic (microscopic) colitis. Clinicopathologic study of 18 patients and comparison to collagenous colitis

Lymphocytic colitis, formerly called microscopic colitis, is a clinicopathologic syndrome with chronic watery diarrhea and diffuse mucosal inflammatory changes with prominent intraepithelial lymphocytes. The 18 lymphocytic colitis patients studied presented with chronic watery diarrhea at a mean age of 53.8±17 years (±1 SD). Roentgenographic, endoscopic, and culture data were not diagnostic. In patients tested, there was a high prevalence of arthritis (82%) and autoantibodies (50%) but no increase in frequency of histocompatibility antigens associated with well-defined autoimmune disease (DR3, B8). Lymphocytic colitis patients were compared to 21 patients with collagenous colitis. Similarities included age, symptomatology, and nondiagnostic radiographic and endoscopic studies. However, the sex distribution was statistically different, with an equal male-to-female ratio in lymphocytic colitis and female predominance (80%) in collagenous colitis. Other differences included dissimilar histocompatibility phenotypes and collagen band on biopsies of collagenous but not lymphocytic colitis. These findings suggest that lymphocytic and collagenous colitis may be related yet distinct disorders.
Degradation of Cellulose in Dilute Aqueous Solutions of Acidic Ionic Liquid 1-(1-Propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium Chloride, and p-Toluenesulfonic Acid at Moderate Temperatures and Pressures

Dilute aqueous solutions of 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride and p-toluenesulfonic acid are shown to be better catalysts than aqueous sulfuric acid of the same H+ ion concentration for the degradation of cellulose at moderate temperatures and pressures. For example, Sigmacell cellulose (DP ≈ 450) in aqueous solutions of 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and sulfuric acid of the same acid strength (0.0321 mol H+ ion/L) produced total reducing sugar (TRS) yields of 28.5%, 32.6%, and 22.0%, respectively, after heating at 170 °C for 3.0 h. In the same set of experiments, glucose yields of 22.2%, 21.0%, and 16.2% were attained in 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and sulfuric acid mediums, respectively.
Imbedding Conditions for Hermitian and Normal Matrices

Let A, B be two square matrices with complex coefficients, of respective orders n and m, where n ≥ m. We shall say that B is imbeddable in A if there exists a unitary matrix U of order n such that U*AU contains B a s a principal submatrix. In other words, B is said to be imbeddable in A if there exists a matrix V of type n × m such that V*V = IW (= the identity matrix of order m) and V*AV = B.
Differential incision of the Grand Canyon related to Quaternary faulting—Constraints from U-series and Ar/Ar dating: Comment and Reply COMMENT

[Pederson et al. (2002)][1] present bedrock incision rates of the Colorado River at three sites in the Grand Canyon. From west to east, these sites and rates (averaged over the past 300 to 500 k.y.) are Granite Park, 72–92 m/m.y.; Toroweap, 133 ± 16 m/m.y.; and Eastern Canyon, 135 ± 17 to 144
MOCVD Growth and Characterization of GaInNAs/GaAs/InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Well Structures

Effects of MOCVD growth parameters on structural and optical properties of double-quantum-well (DQW) structures containing uncoupled GaInNAs/GaAs and InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells have been investigated. By varying growth temperature, growth rate, V/III ratio, and DMHy flow rates, we have achieved a longer-wavelength emission from a GaInNAs well than from an InGaAs well grown in the same structure. GaInNAs/GaAs multiple-quantum-well structures grown under optimum conditions emitted at 1.25 μm.
HINGES IN COLLECTIVE ACTION: STRATEGIC INNOVATION IN THE PITTSTON COAL STRIKE*

†Employing the case of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) 1989-1990 strike against the Pittston Coal Group, this article examines the UMWA collective action repertoire and the possibility of its transformation during the strike. The concepts of modularity and collective action repertoire highlight the UMWA's experimentation with different collective actions, its importation of actions new to the union, and its elimination of unsuccessful or high-risk elements that had been part of the union's conventional strike practices. This article introduces the concept of a "hinge in collective action" as a way of understanding changes in the UMWA's change in repertoire, and concludes with reflections on directions for future research.
Impact of Long Run Exposure to Television on Homicides: Some Evidence from Brazil

This paper focuses on the link between television coverage and violent crime, in particular, homicides in Brazil, a country where crime has grown dramatically in recent decades. Using Census data for the period 1980–2000, the paper finds that people living in areas covered by television signal have significantly lower rates of homicides. The effect is strongest for men of lower socioeconomic status.
The Reality of What is Said

What can the ethical dimension of Wittgenstein’s thought contribute to moral philosophy? Is it not presumptuous to think that someone who hardly wrote about ethics might convey to us something we don’t already know from moral philosophers?
“I‘ll Contrive a Sylvan Room”: Certainty and Indeterminacy in Charlotte Smith’s Beachy Head, the Fables, and Other Poems (1807)

The publication of Charlotte Smith’s Beachy Head, Fables, and Other Poewsin. 1807 not only marked the end of an illustrious career but also represented the epistemological breakdown that occurred in Britain as a result of the Napoleonic wars. The fables that follow Beachy Head in the 1807 edition mediate the moral and epistemic conflicts that shape Beachy Head, which reflects the concomitant breakdown of these certainties within wider British culture in the early Romantic era. By situating Smith’s fables in relation to the genre of the fable in the Enlightenment, we can better understand Smith’s turn to this form as a way of dealing with and ultimately containing the epistemic collapse that is recorded in Beachy Head.
Empirical Modeling for Economics of the Media: Consumer and Advertiser Demand, Firm Supply and Firm Entry Models for Media Markets

Abstract We present empirical techniques that are both familiar to students of industrial organization and useful for modeling of media markets. We first focus on demand estimation with discussion of various discrete choice models. We then turn to estimation of the demand for advertising. We next turn to the supply side of the market. We discuss the estimation of models using continuous variables that firms choose (such as prices or ad level), followed by a discussion of entry models with both homogeneous and differentiated products. We conclude with a brief discussion of future challenges.
They Got Me Trapped: Structural Inequality and Racism in Space and Place Within Urban School System Design

It was the middle of his third-grade year when he rushed into his mother’s room after school. Excited, as if he had won something big, he told the story of how his school gave out candy and other goodies for a “test” that he had taken in class. His mother sat there and listened as he detailed the structure of this test. Questions such as future goals, socioeconomic status, and geographic location were central. While odd, it was not too much out of place for a test that gathers demographic data. As he continued, she realized that this “test” was actually an information-gathering survey on Black and Latino/a youth in the third-grade class. As his mother dug even deeper, she found that this was no test at all; it was a fact-finding mission for private prisons to build and design future prisons based on urban, Black, and Latino/a third-grade students’ responses.
Iron carbonyl clusters with ECl2 units (E = P, As)

Abstract Reaction of [PPN][HFe(CO)4] (PPN = bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium) with PCl3 in a 1:1 ratio produced small amounts of [PPN][P{Fe(CO)4}2Cl2] ([PPN][Ia]). Reaction of [Et4N][HFe(CO)4] with AsCl3 in a 1:0.75 ratio in THF at −78 °C produced [Et4N][As{Fe(CO)4}2Cl2] ([PPN][Ib]) as the majority product. The compound [PPN][(CO)4FePCl2O] ([PPN][II]) was obtained from the reaction of Fe2(CO)9 with PCl3 in THF. In contrast, [Et4N][HFe(CO)4] reacted with PCl3 at −78 °C in a 2:1 ratio to yield [Et4N][Fe2(CO)6{(μ4-PFe(CO)4)2(μ-CO)}{μ-PCl2}] ([Et4N][III]) as the majority product. The compounds were characterized spectroscopically and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training on Health Care Worker Safety: A Randomized Waitlist Controlled Trial.

Objective:The study assessed the impact of mindfulness training on occupational safety of hospital health care workers.Methods:The study used a randomized waitlist-controlled trial design to test the effect of an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) course on self-reported health care wo
A Treaty on Business and Human Rights

Vargas inquires into the central concerns that animate civil society and communities’ support for a binding treaty on business and human rights and considers whether and how binding human rights treaties have been found to address similar concerns in other contexts. She examines the work that a treaty can do to reduce the implementation gap, as compared to a non-binding instrument, and identifies the factors that tend to improve the implementation of human rights treaties. Vargas considers whether those factors exist or can be activated in the Guiding Principles implementation processes and concludes that it may be less helpful to think of these agreements as part of a binary of hard and soft law instruments. Instead, she argues that, for purposes of implementation, it is more helpful to view these two types of instruments as located in a continuum of agreements, with those with the most access to tools that facilitate implementation on one end, and those with the least at the other end. She then presents some case studies and makes recommendations for more effective implementation of BHR norms, whether in the treaty context or in the GPs implementation context.
Book Review - (Of Susanna L. Blumenthal, Law and the Modern Mind: Consciousness and Responsibility in American Legal Culture (2016))

In a masterful book titled Law and the Modern Mind, Susanna Blumenthal simultaneously describes the battles among scientists, doctors, and jurists in the period following the Revolutionary War and up through the Gilded Age, and takes on traditional scholarship in legal history as to who this person or “mind” is. Her study not only provides an alternative account of the formation of American character, but also provides a series of detailed portraits of the various turning points in the formation of that character, and the legal determination of capable, accountable personhood. This review essay initially discusses Blumenthal’s approach to legal history and the challenge she presents to traditional scholarship. The second section provides an overview of Blumenthal’s methodology, which draws on a breathtaking base of source materials; she weaves hundreds of cases, treatises, and biographical notes into her observations. Finally, this review considers what is one of the most powerful and important contributions of her book—an in-depth analysis of the intersection of law and medicine in the period under study. The review points out ways in which Blumenthal’s insights can be brought to bear on modern conversations involving law, genetics, and neuroscience.
Comparing Two Methods of Sound Spatialization: Vector-Based Amplitude Panning (VBAP) Versus Linear Panning (LP)

There is an interest in presenting the sound from “Screen Reader” programs used by blind individuals to access the World Wide Web in multiple virtual “auditory columns”, aiming to restore the perception of 2-dimensional placement of items on contemporary web pages. As a prelude to that application, this paper reports the experimental comparison of two forms of virtual placement of sounds over 5 positions, in front of a computer user. The results indicate that there is not a statistically significant difference in accuracy achieved by application of the Vector-Based Amplitude Panning (VBAP) or the Linear Panning (LP) methods.
Abstract P1-07-26: Clinicopathological predictors of axillary lymph node metastasis in early breast cancer patients

Axillary lymph node (ALN) status is key in the prognosis of early breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the standard treatment in determining ALN status in clinically node negative patients with early breast cancer, but nearly 70% exhibit no ALN metastasis (a regional lymph node (RLN) metastasis). Likewise, selective use of SLNB has engendered modeling ALN metastasis. Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), this study aimed to evaluate clinicopathological factors to help predict first and subsequent RLN metastasis in patients with early breast cancer. Methods: We identified 660,258 women from 2004-2013 with early breast cancer stage (cT1-T3, cN0-N1, and M0). A two-part model was estimated using multivariable logistic regression to evaluate 1) predictors, by odds (OR), of having at least one RLN metastasis, and 2) predictors, by rate difference (RD), of having additional RLN metastasis relative to women with only one RLN metastasis. The same set of predictor variables were included in both parts of the model. All analyses were conducted using SAS v. 9.4 with p Results: Adjusted ORs and RDs of RLN metastasis for selected variables from the model are shown in Table 1. Increased likelihood of at least one RLN metastasis was significantly associated with the presence of larger tumor size (p Conclusion: Utilizing a large dataset, several clinicopathological factors emerged from the NCDB as independent predictors of at least one, or additional RLN metastasis, supporting their weighted inclusion in prediction tools for ALN metastasis. Notably, different primary tumor sites of the breast predicted the two events modeled. Citation Format: Satish M, Walters R, Silberstein PT. Clinicopathological predictors of axillary lymph node metastasis in early breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-07-26.
Techniques for Behavioral Bioassays

Insect pheromone research involves tremendous effort and exacting techniques, not only for isolating and identifying chemicals, covered in earlier and later chapters in this volume, but also in recognizing which chemicals are behaviorally active. Tests to demonstrate the behavioral activity of a compound are essential to proving that a compound is a pheromone component, i.e., that it is used in intraspecific communication. In addition, behavioral tests, or bioassays, of chemicals’ effects on receiving individuals can identify the type of response they elicit. Therefore, well-designed bioassays can be invaluable for deducing the communicative function (alarm, aggregation, sexual communication, etc.) of a chemical identified from an insect. They can also give information as to the mechanisms that are used by responding insects to move toward or away from the chemical source.
Fracture Processes of Quasi-brittle Materials Studied with Digital Image Correlation

An understanding of the fracture process is necessary for design and utilization of quasi-brittle materials since cracking characterizes their failure. Subregion Scanning Computer Vision (SSCV) is an effective tool for observing these processes in an experimental setting. SSCV, based on Digital Image Correlation (DIC), is a full-field technique for quantitatively examining the development of cracks, with 0.5 micron resolution. DIC uses correlation matching to measure sub-pixel displacement in a sequence of digital images captured of a specimen undergoing failure. Using this technique, the complete behavior of specimens with multiple cracks at incremented levels of fracture can be investigated. SSCV improves on single-image DIC by dividing the specimen into 56 smaller subregions, each of which is imaged separately and so much improves measurement resolution. In this paper, examples of the results obtained in studies of crack growth in a model concrete under compressive loading and in a fiber-reinforced mortar under tensile loading are presented.
Plastome phylogenomics and characterization of rare genomic changes as taxonomic markers in plastome groups 1 and 2 Poeae (Pooideae; Poaceae)

A phylogenomic analysis of 42 complete plastid genomes (plastomes), including 16 that were newly sequenced, was conducted. Plastomes were sampled from 19 subtribes of Pooideae, to investigate relationships within and between Chloroplast Group 1 (Aveneae) and Group 2 (Poeae) species. Two data partitions: complete plastomes, and a combined plastome and rare genomic change (RGC) data matrix, were analyzed. Overall, 156 non-ambiguous RGC were identified, of which homology was inferred for 38 RGC. Among the 38 RGC identified, six were synapomorphic among the Group 1 subtribes: Aveninae, Agrostidinae, and Anthoxanthinae, (Phalaridinae + Torreyochloinae), and 27 were synapomorphic among the Group 2 subtribes: Loliinae, (Ammochloinae + Parapholiinae + Dactylidinae), Parapholiinae, Dactylidinae, Poinae, and Coleanthinae. Four RGC were determined to be homoplasious in Groups 1 and 2. Two other RGC originated through intrastrand deletion events. The remaining RGC events likely originated through recombination given their size and lack of sequence evidence for other types of mutations. This study also determined that relationships between taxa, even those only weakly supported in previous studies, could be inferred with strong support when utilizing complete plastomes.
Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Trials: A Comprehensive System for the Measurement and Evaluation of Neurologic Function

Although many systems have been developed to measure the cognitive, sensory, and motor functions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, few are as comprehensive as the Neurofunction Laboratory. Under development since 1960, the Neurofunction Laboratory presently consists of six different qualitative and quantitative evaluation systems for measuring and evaluating neurologic function. The Neurofunction Laboratory includes: (1) a quantitative neuropsychological examination; (2) an instrumented clinical quantitative neurologic examination; (3) a quantitative simulated activities of daily living examination; (4) a cerebral evoked response examination; (5) a video-neurologic assessment; and (6) a neurologist’s qualitative examination of neurologic function. In addition, a battery of clinical laboratory tests is included to evaluate organ systems and adversities. The instrumented tests have been evaluated for reliability and validity when administered by trained technicians, and for effects of motivation, learning, handedness, age, and sex. The Neurofunction Laboratory has been used in MS clinical trials to evaluate putative therapies. Methods have been developed to reduce data from clinical trials into composite neurologic functions vs time to facilitate the neurologist’s task of determining how near normal function a treatment brings a MS patient. In these ways, the Neurofunction Laboratory offers the neurologist a quantification of the nervous system that is not available with ordinal scale data and hence enables the clinician to assess more objectively the value of a therapeutic treatment.
Experimental Mouse Models of Disseminated Candida auris Infection.

ABSTRACT Disseminated candidiasis is a life-threatening disease and remains the most common bloodstream infection in hospitalized patients in the United States. Despite the availability of modern antifungal therapy, crude mortality in the last decade has remained unacceptably high. In particular, Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant, health care-associated fungal pathogen and has recently emerged as the first fungal pathogen to cause a global public health threat. A reliable animal model for disseminated C. auris candidiasis is therefore needed to study the unique aspects of this little-known host-pathogen interaction. In this study, we established an inbred A/J intravenous model as an appropriate model for human disseminated C. auris infection. We found that C5 deficiency in A/J mice results in a complex phenotype characterized by rapid fungal proliferation in target organs and the development of a unique and rapidly fatal response. In contrast, C57BL/6J mice and mice deficient in neutrophil elastase (NE−/−) survived high-dose C. auris intravenous challenge, even with cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppression. Our study is the first to provide insight into the role of C5 in the host responses to C. auris invasive infection and establishes an inbred A/J mouse model of systemic C. auris infection without CY-induced immunosuppression. IMPORTANCE In the last decade, Candida auris has emerged globally as a multidrug‐resistant fungal pathogen. Although C. auris was initially isolated from the external ear canal, it can cause outbreaks of invasive infections with very high mortality and comorbidities. Recent reports highlight the ongoing challenges due to organism misidentification, high rates of multifungal drug resistance, and unacceptably high patient mortality. The assessment of C. auris virulence in a specific genetic deficiency mouse model of invasive C. auris infection in this study contributes to the little knowledge of host defense to C. auris infection, which holds promise as a model for investigating the pathogenesis of C. auris invasive infection, exploring the immune responses elicited by the fungus, evaluating the possible induction of immunity to the infection, and targeting candidates for an antifungal vaccine.
Situating positionality and power in CBPR conducted with a refugee community: benefits of a co-learning reflective model

Reflexivity, an important component of qualitative inquiry generally, gains additional significance in community-based participatory research (CBPR). The varying partnerships among researchers, com...
The effect of surgery on lymphoscintigraphy drainage patterns from the canine brachium in a simulated tumor model.

Objective To determine the effect of surgery on lymphoscintigraphy drainage patterns from the canine brachium. Study design Experimental study. Animals Eight healthy research beagles. Methods A predefined area of skin measuring 2 × 1.5 cm in dimension was designated on either the right or left brachium. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed with technetium sulfur colloid injected into the subcutaneous tissues around the predefined anatomic location in a four-quadrant technique. Dogs underwent surgery for excision of the predefined area of skin, subcutis, and fascia of the lateral head of the triceps muscle with 1-cm margins. Eighteen days after surgery, lymphoscintigraphy was again performed with technetium sulfur colloid injected into the subcutaneous tissues around the surgical scar in a four-quadrant technique. Results Sentinel lymph nodes were identified in eight of eight dogs preoperatively and in eight of eight dogs postoperatively. Agreement between the results of the preoperative and postoperative lymphoscintigraphy studies was identified as complete in four of eight dogs and partial in four of eight dogs. Sentinel lymph node identification occurred immediately in three of eight dogs preoperatively and in eight of eight dogs postoperatively. Conclusion Sentinel lymph node identification occurred faster postoperatively. Agreement or partial agreement between the results of the preoperative and postoperative lymphoscintigraphy studies was observed in eight of eight dogs. Clinical significance Surgery appears to have an effect on lymphoscintigraphy drainage patterns. Additional studies are required to compare preoperative and postoperative sentinel lymph node mapping patterns in tumor-bearing dogs. However, this study provides preliminary information regarding the effect of surgery on sentinel lymph node identification.
Abstract 427: A mouse model for studying oncogenesis of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer

The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes 70% of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States. While the molecular and cellular mechanisms and the stepwise progression of HPV-related cervical cancer have been well studied, oropharyngeal HPV carcinogenesis remains to be unraveled since an equivalent HPV premalignant stage has never been identified in clinical oropharyngeal tissues. In this study, a series of keratinocyte cell lines derived from the base of the tongue of C3H mice were established. These cells formed varying degrees of malignancy in the syngenetic mice and are used to study the biology of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer in an immunocompetent host. Keratinocytes from the base of the tongue were isolated from C3H newborns and were subsequently retrovirally immortalized with TERT or HPV16 E6E7 oncoproteins, with or without oncogene H-ras. They are designated MOKT1 (TERT), MOKT1/H-ras (TERT/H-ras), MOKE2 (E6E7), or MOKE2/H-ras (E6E7/H-ras). These cells were injected in the masseter muscle of syngeneic mice and the developing lesions were harvested for histological analysis over a time course of 1 month. E6E7 transformed MOKE2 cells exhibited features of HPV associated cancer cells. We found that p63 and phosphorylated STAT3 were upregulated in MOKE2 cells in comparison to MOKT1 cells. MOKE2 cells obtained growth advantages with increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. In addition, MOKE2 cells showed increased cell migration activity in wound healing assays. While all cell lines grew indefinitely in vitro, MOKT1 and MOKT1/H-ras failed to show any sign of malignancy when implanted in vivo. MOKE2 demonstrated features of malignancy, but the phenotype was transient. Host immunity does not appear to be the determining factor for suppressing tumor growth as MOKE2 regressing also occurred when implanted in immunodeficient NSG mice. Only MOKE2/H-ras cells were capable of progressing and establishing permanent cancer. Ourdata suggest that differentiation induced cell growth arrest may contribute to tumor regression and a second hit is required to overcome such arrest. The MOKE2 cells can be used in syngeneic mice to study secondary oncogenic factors in the development of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer. Citation Format: Eva McGhee, Yi-Ling Lin, Jay Vadgama, Khadijah Lang, Judith Okoro, Victoria Vidal, Naomi Long, Mengtao Li. A mouse model for studying oncogenesis of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 427.