cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To meat or not to meat: disordered eating and vegetarian status in university students

This study sought to examine associations between meat-restricted diets and disordered eating cognitions and behaviors in a large sample of university students and assess the relationships between motivations for choosing a vegetarian or semi-vegetarian diet and eating patterns. University students (n = 1585; 60%F, 40%M, mean age 20.9) completed an online survey; students were categorized into vegetarians, semi-vegetarians, and non-vegetarians. Vegetarians and semi-vegetarians were sub-categorized into groups: those who cited weight or health among their reasons for adopting the diet and those who reported other reasons (e.g., religion). Outcomes were Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) scores and rates of disordered eating behaviors. Vegetarians comprised 8.6% (32M, 104F) and semi-vegetarians comprised 3.2% (6M, 45F) of the sample; 25% of vegetarians (n = 34) and 65% of semi-vegetarians (n = 33) chose the diet for weight or health-related reasons. Semi-vegetarians scored the highest on measures of eating disorder cognitions and were the most likely to report engaging in disordered eating behaviors, with vegetarians at intermediate risk and non-vegetarians the least likely to report disordered cognitions or behaviors. Semi-vegetarians adopting the diet for reasons of weight or health were at especially high risk compared to other semi-vegetarians, while no associations were found between motivations for adopting a vegetarian diet and disordered eating patterns. Semi-vegetarians, especially those adopting the diet for reasons of weight or health, are more likely to exhibit disordered eating cognitions and behaviors compared to vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Level III, cohort study.
Incorporating Water Quality Analysis into Navigation Assessments as Demonstrated in the Mississippi River Basin

Abstract A description of historical and ambient water quality conditions is often required as part of navigational studies. This paper describes a series of tools developed by the USGS that can ai...
Pregnancy care in solid organ transplant recipients

Recipients of solid organ transplants who become pregnant represent an obstetrically high-risk population. Preconception planning and effective contraception tailored to the individual patient are critical in this group. Planned pregnancies improve both maternal and neonatal outcomes and provide a window of opportunity to mitigate risk and improve lifelong health. Optimal management of these pregnancies is not well defined. Common pregnancy complications after transplantation include hypertension, preterm birth, infection, and metabolic disease. Multidisciplinary preconception and prepartum management, and counseling decrease complications and benefit the maternal-neonatal dyad.
Comparative Evaluation of Current Sensors for High-Power SiC Converter Applications

An evaluation procedure for comparative analysis of various current sensor technologies is proposed in which performance parameters such as latency and resolution are measured under realistic conditions for a high-power SiC converter. Testing techniques are developed to allow fair comparison between dissimilar sensor types. Experimental data is given for an open-loop Hall Effect sensor and two types of shunt-based sensors utilizing Delta-Sigma modulators.
Derecho a la Ciudad en el Discurso Normativo Latinoamericano: La ciudad como bien común en las producciones legislativas de la región

The concept of the right to the city was conceived in the 1960s as a theoretical proposal, mainly sociological and political, based on a totalizing view of urban social space. From this perspective, the city is understood as a creation of citizens and an essential means of production for the community. Consequently, those who inhabit and create the city would have a fundamental right to that creation. This initial characterization of the space can be translated into the legal field in terms of the recognition of the city as a common good. The preparatory work for the third UN Habitat conference realized this premise, as does the network of organizations and local governments called Global Platform for the Right to the City. This work describes, through textual analysis of the normative discourse, the Latin American legislation related to this new right. The objective of this task is to inquire about the inclusion of this base idea in the regulations of the region. As a result, it is observed, in most of the regulations described, the absence of this premise.
An adaptive method of defining negative mutation status for multi-sample comparison using next-generation sequencing.

BACKGROUND Multi-sample comparison is commonly used in cancer genomics studies. By using next-generation sequencing (NGS), a mutation's status in a specific sample can be measured by the number of reads supporting mutant or wildtype alleles. When no mutant reads are detected, it could represent either a true negative mutation status or a false negative due to an insufficient number of reads, so-called "coverage". To minimize the chance of false-negative, we should consider the mutation status as "unknown" instead of "negative" when the coverage is inadequately low. There is no established method for determining the coverage threshold between negative and unknown statuses. A common solution is to apply a universal minimum coverage (UMC). However, this method relies on an arbitrarily chosen threshold, and it does not take into account the mutations' relative abundances, which can vary dramatically by the type of mutations. The result could be misclassification between negative and unknown statuses. METHODS We propose an adaptive mutation-specific negative (MSN) method to improve the discrimination between negative and unknown mutation statuses. For a specific mutation, a non-positive sample is compared with every known positive sample to test the null hypothesis that they may contain the same frequency of mutant reads. The non-positive sample can only be claimed as "negative" when this null hypothesis is rejected with all known positive samples; otherwise, the status would be "unknown". RESULTS We first compared the performance of MSN and UMC methods in a simulated dataset containing varying tumor cell fractions. Only the MSN methods appropriately assigned negative statuses for samples with both high- and low-tumor cell fractions. When evaluated on a real dual-platform single-cell sequencing dataset, the MSN method not only provided more accurate assessments of negative statuses but also yielded three times more available data after excluding the "unknown" statuses, compared with the UMC method. CONCLUSIONS We developed a new adaptive method for distinguishing unknown from negative statuses in multi-sample comparison NGS data. The method can provide more accurate negative statuses than the conventional UMC method and generate a remarkably higher amount of available data by reducing unnecessary "unknown" calls.
A Survey of Systems Involved in Nociceptive Processing

High-intensity afferent input, tissue injury and inflammation, and injury to the peripheral nerve will initiate pain states with characteristic psychophysical properties. As will be considered below, this information processing can be modified to change the content of the message generated by a given stimulus to enhance the pain state (e.g., produce hyperalgesia), normalize a hyperalgesic state, or produce a decrease in pain sensitivity (e.g., produce analgesia). Management of that pain state is addressed by the use of agents or interventions which though specific targets at the level of the sensory afferent, the spinal dorsal horn or at higher-order levels (supraspinal) modify the contents of the sensory message generated by that physical stimulus. The important advances in the development of pain therapeutics have reflected upon the role played by specific underlying mechanisms which regulate these events.
Dimensional versus Categorical Models of Psychopathology

Mental disorders are currently diagnosed within the DSM as qualitatively distinct categories. However, the question of whether mental disorders are discrete clinical conditions or arbitrary distinctions along dimensions of functioning is a longstanding issue. The importance of this issue is escalating with the growing recognition of the frustrations and limitations engendered by the categorical model. The major innovation of the DSM-5 was intended to be a further recognition of the dimensional perspective. An overview of the limitations of the categorical model and the potential advantages of the dimensional are provided herein, with a particular focus on depression, behavioral addiction, personality disorders, and intellectual disability. Keywords: DSM; abnormal; acculturation; addiction; categorical; diagnosis; dimensional
The structure of cometary ionospheres: I. H2O dominated comets

A hydrodynamic description of the density distributions of the ionic products of H2O and CO in the atmosphere of an H2O-dominated comet having 10% CO is given. Two models are discussed. In the first, the effecs of photodissociation, photoionization, and gas-phase reactions are considered. In the second, the effect of an internal ionization source is also included. It is found that while the observed morphology of the H2O(+) coma of Comet Kohoutek (1973f) cannot be explained by gas-phase reactions alone, it is consistent with the presence of a strong internal source of ionization, presumably an electric current flowing through the inner coma. In the latter case the number densities of H2O(+) and CO(+) remain more or less constant within the scale lengths against collisional dissociation by the electron flux of their neutrals. While the abundance ratio of CO(+) to H2O(+) remains considerably less than unity when the internal ionization source is neglected, it is significantly larger than unity when the internal ionization source is included. Consequently, even the so-called 'CO-rich' comets may in reality be H2O-dominated, provided a strong internal source of ionization is operative.
Accumulation and Release of Chemicals by Adipose Tissue

The sections in this article are: 1 General Pharmacodynamics of Environmental Chemicals 2 Rates of Accumulation and Release for Different Chemicals 2.1 Short-Lived Chemicals 2.2 Long-Lived Chemicals 3 Physiological Factors in Accumulation and Release of Chemicals by Adipose Tissue 3.1 Adipose Tissue Perfusion Rates 3.2 Altered Adipose Tissue Mass 3.3 Status of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes 4 Effects of Stored Chemicals on Adipose Tissue Physiology
Hormone and amino acid levels in altered nutritional states.

Abstract Studies were performed to characterize further the alteration in plasma amino acid, growth hormone, and insulin concentrations by dietary means in normal subjects. In addition, the change in plasma amino acid composition in normal and obese subjects during starvation was compared. The most striking changes occurred during the initial days of dietary deprivations and refeedings. Starvation, even for one day, increased the concentrations of all 3 branched-chain amino acids, α-aminobutyrate (α-ANB), and growth hormone, and decreased that of alanine and insulin. The levels of branched-chain amino acids (66 to 105 per cent increase) and growth hormone (fifteenfold increase) reached a peak value by the second day of starvation. Refeeding promptly lowered the elevated plasma concentrations of all 3 branched-chain amino acids, α-ANB, and growth hormone, and increased that of alanine and insulin. Isocaloric protein-free dieting did not change leucine, isoleucine, and growth hormone levels, but promptly decreased the plasma concentration of, valine, α-ANB, and insulin, and increased that of alanine. Resumption of normal dieting increased valine, α-ANB, and insulin and decreased the alanine levels. Except for a more gradual rise in the concentration of branched-chain amino acids in obesity, the alteration in plasma concentration of amino acids of obese and nonobese subjects did not singificantly differ. These studies suggest that the metabolism of branchedchain amino acids and α-ANB is intimately connected with lipid metabolism. In addition, the metabolic fate of alanine is sensitive to the state of carbohydrate metabolism in the body. A fall in insulin level alone cannot adequately explain the changes in plasma amino acid composition during the dietary deprivations.
Molecular Structure in Solution: An ab Initio Vibrational Spectroscopy Study of Phenyloxirane

We report a study of the structure of phenyloxirane (1) in solution using ab initio vibrational spectroscopy. Vibrational unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of 1 in CCl4 and CS2 solutions are measured. Harmonic potential energy surfaces and, thence, harmonic frequencies, dipole strengths, and rotational strengths of the fundamental modes of 1 are calculated ab initio using Hartree−Fock/self-consistent field (HF/SCF), MP2 and density functional theory (DFT) methods. DFT/B3LYP/TZ2P vibrational spectra are in excellent agreement with experimental spectra; alternative combinations of functional and basis set yield less good agreement. HF/SCF and MP2 calculations yield spectra in even poorer agreement with experiment. The DFT/B3LYP/TZ2P equilibrium structure is therefore the most accurate. The plane of the phenyl ring is tilted from perpendicular to the plane of the oxirane ring by 14.5°. The direction of tilt brings a phenyl ortho H closer to the oxirane O. The direction and magnitude of ti...
Comments on active power flow and energy accounts in electrical systems with nonsinusoidal waveforms and asymmetry

Pricing of electric energy is based on the value of the integral of the load active power P measured by energy meters. At such a pricing, the electric power utilities waste some revenue for the energy delivered to current harmonic generating customers and/or customers causing current asymmetry. This is because the load generated current harmonics and unbalanced currents cause an increase in the active power loss in the distribution system. At the same time, the customers that do not generate harmonics but are supplied with distorted and/or asymmetrical voltage are billed not only for the useful energy but also for the energy which may cause only harmful effects on their equipment. It is shown in the paper that these two disadvantages of the tariff in single-phase systems could be eliminated if the energy account based on the value of the integral of the active power of only fundamental harmonic, P/sub I/, rather than on the integral of the whole active power P was used. These disadvantages could be eliminated in three-phase systems if the energy account is based on the integral of the active power of the positive sequence component of the fundamental harmonic.
Binding of 14C-imipramine by pigmented and non-pigmented tissues

Abstract When pigmented and non-pigmented rabbit irides were incubated with various concentrations of 14C-imipramine at equilibrium (120 min), the accumulation of the drug by the pigmented iris was 1.5 times as great as that by the non-pigmented iris. The accumulated drug is lost from both types of irides in a complex fashion. However, even after 120 min of washing, the differences in accumulation remain nearly constant. When accumulation of the drug in the non-pigmented iris was analyzed by discontinuous sucrose density gradient, it was observed that the drug was bound mainly by the low density sucrose fractions where the synaptosomes separate. On the contrary, in the pigmented iris approximately 70% of the drug was found in the melanin-containing fraction. The homogenate from the substantia nigra accumulated 1.5 times more than that from the human brain cortex. The affinity of the drug for bovine iris melanin granules and the synthetic L-dopa melanin was 9.9 × 105 M−1 and 3.8 × 103 M−1, respectively. On the rabbit iris sphincter muscles, imipramine was evaluated for antimuscarinic effects. The apparent dissociation constants, KB values, for the antagonist in the non-pigmented and pigmented iris were 1.7 × 10−7 M and 3.8 × 10−6 M, respectively. The low antimuscarinic activity in the pigmented iris is attributed to the loss of teh drug to the pigment. On this basis, relevancy of the drug binding by pigmented tissues to the effects of this tricycli drugs is discussed.
Accuracy of Internet Recommendations for Prehospital Care of Venomous Snake Bites

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of Internet information regarding the prehospital care of venomous snake bites. Methods Two major search engines were used to identify 48 Web sites regarding 6 prehospital treatment options for snake bite (removal of constrictive devices, ice, heat, electric shock, incision, and suction). Web sites were evaluated for their quality using the Health on the Net (HON) seal and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks. Results Of the 48 Web sites reviewed, 26 (54.1%) contained inappropriate recommendations. The remaining 22 Web sites were appropriate regarding all modalities addressed. Among the Web sites reviewed, inappropriate treatment recommendations included: suction (14); ice (6); incision (4); electric shock (1). Five Web sites that met all 4 JAMA benchmarks and the HON seal included 3 inappropriate treatment recommendations. Conversely, the 5 Web sites that met none of the JAMA benchmarks nor included the HON seal included only 2 inappropriate treatment measures. Conclusion This study highlights the variety of misinformation available on the Internet regarding prehospital care of snake bites, and the unreliability of the HON seal and JAMA benchmarks as markers of accuracy. As the Internet becomes an increasing source of medical information for both the public and clinicians, the importance of accurate Web sites becomes imperative. Clinicians and lay people should be aware of the high variability of Internet information regarding snake bite prehospital care.
Patients' fear of genetic discrimination by health insurers: the impact of legal protections

Purpose: The impact of laws restricting health insurers' use of genetic information has been assessed from two main vantage points: (1) whether they reduce the extent of genetic discrimination and (2) whether they reduce the fear of discrimination and the resulting deterrence to undergo genetic testing. A previous report from this study concluded that there are almost no well-documented cases of health insurers either asking for or using presymptomatic genetic test results in their underwriting decisions, either before or after these laws, or in states with or without these laws. This report evaluates the perceptions and the resulting behavior by patients and clinicians. Methods: A comparative case study analysis was performed in seven states with different laws respecting health insurers' use of genetic information (no law, new prohibition, mature prohibition). Semistructured interviews were conducted in person with five patient advocates and with 30 experienced genetic counselors or medical geneticists, most of whom deal with adult-onset disorders. Also, multiple informed consent forms and patient information brochures were collected and analyzed using qualitative methods. Results: Patients' and clinicians' fear of genetic discrimination greatly exceeds reality, at least for health insurance. It is uncertain how much this fear actually deters genetic testing. The greatest deterrence is to those who do not want to submit the costs of testing for reimbursement and who cannot afford to pay for testing. There appears to be little deterrence for tests that are more easily affordable or when the need for the information is much greater. Fear of discrimination plays virtually no role in testing decisions in pediatric or prenatal situations, but is significant for adult-onset genetic conditions. Conclusion: Existing laws have not greatly reduced the fear of discrimination. This may be due, in part, to clinicians' lack of confidence that these laws can prevent discrimination until there are test cases of actual enforcement. Ironically, there may be so little actual discrimination that it may not be possible to initiate good test cases.
Structural comparison of purified dynein proteins with in situ dynein arms

Using the quick-freeze deep-etch technique, we describe the structure of outerarm dynein proteins from Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena after adsorption to a mica surface, after high-salt dissociation, and after glutaraldehyde fixation, and compare these images to the configuration of outer arms bound to microtubules. After adsorption to mica, the extracted dyneins from both organisms look like three-headed "bouquets", as reported for Tetrahymena by Johnson & Wall (1983b). High magnification images demonstrate that each head carries a slender "stalk" and a long "stem", and that small subunits decorate the stems and create a "flowerpot" domain at the base of the bouquet. Exposure to high salt induces this trimer to dissociate into a two-headed species and a single-headed species; it also stimulates the decorative elements to dissociate from the stems. Dynein is thus constructed on the same general plan as myosin, with large globular heads, narrow stems and additional small subunits that associate with the stems. The splayed-out image of the bouquet appears to be a distortion arising during adsorption to mica since, after brief glutaraldehyde fixation, the three heads remain closely associated as vertices of a triangular unit. In situ, the three heads also adopt this trigonal configuration. Two of the three are visible from the exterior of the axoneme and constitute the bilobed rigor head we described previously (Goodenough & Heuser, 1982). The third head faces the interior of the axoneme where, we propose, it forms the "hook" of the outer arm as seen in thin section. We further propose that the decorative elements associated with the stem coalesce to form the two outer-arm "feet" seen in situ, and that at least one of the in vitro stalks is equivalent to the in situ stalk, which extends from the head to the B microtubule. Deep-etch images of stretched axonemes, partially extracted axonemes, and dynein-decorated brain microtubules indicate that each outer arm, as traditionally viewed, is a hybrid of two dynein molecules: its two feet derive from one molecule, whereas its trigonal head derives from the molecule located distally. The resultant overlapping configuration creates the diagonal "linkers" seen in situ, which correspond to the in vitro stems. Thus, a row of dynein arms is essentially a dynein polymer that extends from the tip to the base of a doublet microtubule, each head riding on its neighbor's feet like a row of circus elephants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
On the Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons in Solar Proton Flares

The acceleration mechanism of relativistic electrons in solar flares is considered by taking into account the physical condition of accelerating regions such as plasma density and magnetic field intensity. For the electrons of the kinetic energy range 10 MeV, it is shown that the Fermi acceleration is more effective than the betatron acceleration. The most plausible values of the plasma number density and the strength of sunspot magnetic fields in the accelerating regions are estimated to be cm-3 and gauss, respectively. This suggests that the accelerating regions are located somewhere above the Ha-flare regions. The accelerating regions may be identified with the triggering regions of solar flares where 8irPkin/B2 << 1 (Fkin: kinetic plasma pressure; B: sunspOt magnetic field intensity) and so they approximately satisf the force-free condition as regards magnetic field configuration. The accelerated electrons and their relation to the emission of type IV radio bursts are briefly discussed. Key words: solar proton flares - relativistic electrons
Implementing an institutional repository: The DSpace experience at MIT

SUMMARY This paper describes MIT Libraries' experience implementing DSpace, a home-grown open source digital institutional repository, which other institutions may want to introduce as a service to their communities. MIT's introduction of DSpace as an operating service illustrates the many political and organizational considerations that must be addressed to establish and operate institutional repositories. In addition to detailing some of the policies developed and organizational changes undertaken, this article describes the kinds of questions future implementers of DSpace will want to answer. It also outlines the impacts the service has had on the library, on MIT, and on the perception of MIT Libraries within the Institute.
Analysis of exposed regions on the main extracellular domain of mouse acetylcholine receptor α subunit in live muscle cells by binding profiles of antipeptide antibodies

To study the structural organization of the main extracellular domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR)α subunit in live muscle cells, we examined the native membrane-bound receptors in cultured mouse skeletal muscle cells for their ability to bind a panel of antibodies against uniform-sized overlapping synthetic peptides which collectively represent this entire domain. The binding profile indicated that the regions α23–49,α78–126,α146–174, andα182–210 are accessible to binding with antibody. Residuesα23–49,α78–126, andα194–210 contain binding regions forα-neurotoxin and some myasthenia gravis autoantibodies. A comparison of this binding profile with the profile obtained for membrane-boundTorpedo californica AChR in isolated membrane fractions showed some similarities as well as significant differences between the subunit organization in the isolated membrane fraction and that in the membrane of live muscle cells. Regionsα89–104 andα158–174, which are exposed in the isolated membrane fraction, are also exposed in the live cell. On the other hand, regionsα23–49, andα182–210, which are exposed in the live cell, are not accessible in the isolated membrane and, furthermore, the regionα1–16, which has marginal accessibility in the cell, becomes highly accessible in the membrane isolates. The exposed regions defined by this study may be the primary targets for the initial autoimmune attack on the receptors in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.
Calmodulin Interferes with Cav1.2 C-Terminal Regulation of L-Type Channel Current

The L-type Ca channel (CaV1.2) distal carboxyl-terminus (CCt) has multiple functions. CCt inhibits L-type channel current, and is a mobile element that translocates to the nucleus where it regulates CaV1.2 transcription. CCt interacts with CaV1.2 in a similar domain as calmodulin (CaM). The purpose of this study is test the hypothesis that CaM and CCt compete for functional interaction with CaV1.2. CaV1.2 calcium current (ICa,L) and barium current (IBa,L) were recorded from HEK 293 cells transfected with CaV1.2 + CaVbeta2a. This background was compared to cells additionally transfected with CaM and/or CCt. The CaV1.2 expressed was deleted at position 1733 or 1801 (numbering based on rabbit sequence), and CCt corresponded to amino acids 1821-2171. CCt co-expression significantly reduced IBa,L, but not ICa,L. CCt inhibition of ICa,L is reversed by exogenous CaM co-expression, but not by calcium binding deficient apo-CaM. Examination of the peak I(V) curves suggests that midpoint of activation was not affected. Mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes transfected with CCt also showed a reduction in Cav1.2 IBa,L, but no reduction in ICa,L. Exogenous CaM co-expression also relieved CCt auto-inhibiton in mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes. We conclude that CCt attenuation of current occurs only with Ba, and is consistent with a Ca alleviation of CCt block. Thus, CaM and Ca functionally compete to limit CCt auto-inhibition of CaV1.2 current.
The occurrence of nitrate on the early earth and its role in the evolution of the prokaryotes.

It has been suggested that the evolution of the respiratory system coupled to oxidative phosphorylation occurred under anaerobic conditions in which inorganic compounds, principally nitrate, served as electron acceptors. Such a hypothesis requires that nitrate be produced, consistently and at adequate concentrations for utilization in biological processes, at a time when much of the Earth's surface was still in a relatively reduced state. This paper is directed towards a consideration of the possible sources of nitrate under primeval conditions, its stability, and its concentration in sites favorable to the evolution of the bacteria.
A domain-oriented end-user design environment for generating interactive 3D virtual chemistry experiments

Three-dimensional virtual worlds are potentially feasible for building virtual educational environments. However, educators face technical challenges to apply these technologies because creating virtual educational environments based on virtual worlds demands 3D modeling and programming skills. This paper proposes a method to lower the technical barriers through domain-oriented interfaces with languages and environments that are familiar to educators. A domain-oriented end-user design environment, iVirtualWorld, is designed and developed to implement the proposed method in a specific educational domain, namely introductory chemistry experiments. This web-based environment provides end-users with domain-oriented building blocks, which can be assembled to create 3D virtual chemistry experiments. A usability evaluation and a comparative case study are designed to evaluate the system among chemistry educators, who are the target audience. The usability evaluation contains a task requiring participants to create a 3D virtual chemistry experiment and a voluntary semi-structured interview. The case study compares a virtual experiment generated using iVirtualWorld with an experiment in a commercial virtual chemistry laboratory system. The results show that 1) the domain-oriented end-user design environment enables participants to generate the 3D virtual chemistry experiment within 30 min; 2) participants gain confidence on creating 3D virtual experiments by themselves using iVirtualWorld; 3) participants confirm the usefulness of applying the system in introductory chemistry education; and 4) iVirtualWorld is considered more intuitive and straightforward for students to focus on finishing the experiment without being distracted than the commercial virtual chemistry laboratory system. Areas that can benefit from the system most and areas where the system is less effective are identified by participants. The responses also reveal the limitations of the current system and suggest directions for future improvement.
Skills training groups on a psychiatric intensive care unit: A guide for group leaders

This paper outlines a structured group intervention for use in a locked acute psychiatric intensive care environment. This intervention, described in manualized form, draws upon the empirically validated psychosocial skills training approach for the rehabilitation of individuals with chronic mental illness (cf. Liberman et al., 1993). The first section discusses general principles for conducting skills training groups in the acute psychiatric population, including practical strategies for encouraging patients to attend group, group structure, rules, and process. The second part of the paper outlines seven specific skills training modules that provide concrete, step-by-step instructions for conducting groups on such topics as anger management, communication skills, coping with mental illness, and relapse prevention. The reader is invited to critically evaluate, modify, and expand upon the materials presented in order to better serve this challenging population.
Jet penetration and pressure drops in water spouted beds of fine particles

New expressions for the maximum spoutable height and spout pressure drop ratio are developed for fine particles spouted in water. The maximum spoutable height in both water and air systems is found to be dependent upon two dimensionless parameters, β and ALim. For fine particles spouted with water, the dimensionless pressure drop ratio depends only upon the voidage, ϵ at the bottom of the spout. De nouvelles expressions ont ete etablies pour la hauteur maximale de jaillissement et le rapport jaillissement-perte de charge pour des particules fines dans l'eau. La hauteur maximale de jaillissement a la fois dans les systemes eau et air apparait comme dependante des parametres unidimensionnels, β et ALim. Pour les particules fines projetes avec l'eau, le rapport de perte de charge unidimensionnel depend uniquement de la porosite, ϵ a la base du bec.
Isotope Effects, Dynamics, and the Mechanism of Solvolysis of Aryldiazonium Cations in Water

The mechanism of the heterolytic solvolysis of p-tolyldiazonium cation in water was studied by a combination of kinetic isotope effects, theoretical calculations, and dynamics trajectories. Significant 13C kinetic isotope effects were observed at the ipso (k12C/k13C = 1.024), ortho (1.017), and meta (1.013) carbons, indicative of substantial weakening of the C2−C3 and C5−C6 bonds at the transition state. This is qualitatively consistent with a transition state forming an aryl cation, but on a quantitative basis, simple SN1 heterolysis does not account best for the isotope effects. Theoretical SN2Ar transition structures for concerted displacement of N2 by a single water molecule lead to poor predictions of the experimental isotope effects. The best predictions of the 13C isotope effects arose from transition structures for the heterolytic process solvated by clusters of water molecules. These structures, formally saddle points for concerted displacements on the potential energy surface, may be described a...
Division of attention: age differences on a visually presented memory task.

Young and old adults were compared in their efficiency of remembering concurrently presented series of letters and digits in three separate experiments. Instructions and payoffs to vary attentional emphasis across the two types of material in different conditions allowed the examination of attention-operating characteristics in the two age groups. Strategy-independent measures derived from these attention-operating characteristics revealed that older adults exhibited greater performance deficits than young adults when dividing their attention between the two tasks, even though dual-task difficulty was individually adjusted for each subject. It was concluded that either the total amount of attention available for distribution or the efficiency of its allocation decreased with age even though the ability to vary one’s attention between concurrent tasks in response to instructions and payoffs remained intact.
Bone Metastases from Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Variables in One Hundred Forty-Six Patients

To describe the clinical characteristics and define the indicators that best predict survival in patients with bone metastases from thyroid carcinomas. We collected data from medical records of 146 patients with documented bone metastases from thyroid carcinoma seen at our medical center over a 38-year period. Univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic indicators for survival were performed. Bone metastases were present at the initial diagnosis in 47% of patients. Vertebrae (29%), pelvis (22%), ribs (17%), and femur (11%) were the most common sites of metastases. Multiple lesions were present in 53% of the cases. The overall 10-year survival rate from the time of diagnosis of thyroid cancer was 35%, and from diagnosis of initial bone metastasis was 13%. By univariate analysis from the time of the initial bone metastasis, radioiodine uptake by skeletal metastases, the absence of nonosseous metastases and treatment with radioiodine were significant prognostic factors. By multivariate analysis, radioiodine uptake by skeletal metastases and the absence of nonosseous metastases were independent favorable prognostic variables for survival. In a subgroup of patients in which histologic specimens were available and were reviewed, Hurthle cell carcinoma was the most favorable histologic subtype for survival with the undifferentiated subtype being the worst. The spread of thyroid carcinoma to bone is more common in patients over 45 years of age, is usually symptomatic, and is often multicentric. Overall survival is best in those whose lesions concentrate radioactive iodine and those who have no nonosseous metastases.
Hypsometry and Volume of the Arctic Ocean and Its Constituent Seas

[1] This paper presents an analysis of the Arctic Ocean and its constituent seas for seafloor area distribution versus depth and ocean volume. The bathymetry from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) is used together with limits defining this ocean and its constituent seas from the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) as well as redefined limits constructed to confine the seas to the shallow shelves. IBCAO is a bathymetric grid model with a resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 km, which significantly improved the portrayal of the Arctic Ocean seafloor through incorporation of newly released bathymetric data including echo soundings from U.S. and British navies, scientific nuclear submarine cruises, and icebreaker cruises. This analysis of seafloor area and ocean volume is the first for the Arctic Ocean based on this new and improved portrayal of the seafloor as represented by IBCAO. The seafloor area and volume are calculated for different depths starting from the present sea level and progressing in increments of 10 m to a depth of 500 m and in increments of 50 m from 550 m down to the deepest depth within each of the analyzed seas. Hypsometric curves expressed as simple histograms of the frequencies in different depth bins and depth plotted against cumulative area for each of the analyzed seas are presented. The area and volume calculations show that the entire IHO-defined Arctic Ocean makes up ∼4.3% of the total ocean area but only ∼1.4% of the volume. Furthermore, the IHO Arctic Ocean is the shallowest (mean depth 1201 m) of all the major oceans and their adjacent seas. The continental shelf area, from the coasts out to the shelf break, make up as much as ∼52.9% of the total area in the Arctic Ocean, defined in this work as consisting of the oceanic deep Arctic Ocean Basin; the broad continental shelves of the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas; the White Sea; and the narrow continental shelf off both the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and northern Greenland. This result indicates that the Arctic Ocean has significantly larger continental shelves compared with all the other oceans, where previous studies show that the proportion of shelves, from the coasts out to the foot of the continental slopes, only ranges between about 9.1 and 17.7%. Furthermore, the derived hypsometric curves show that most of the Arctic Ocean shelf seas besides the Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, and the shelf off northern Greenland have a similar shape, with the largest seafloor area between 0 and 50 m. The East Siberian and Laptev seas, in particular, show area distributions concentrated in this shallow depth range, and together with the Chukchi Sea they form a large flat shallow shelf province composing as much as 22% of the entire Arctic Ocean area but only 1% of the volume. This implies that the circulation in the Arctic Ocean might be very sensitive to eustatic sea level changes. One of the aims with this work is to make up-to-date high-resolution area and volume calculations for the Arctic Ocean at various depths available for download.
Real-time multi-view rendering architecture for autostereoscopic displays

Three-dimensional television (3D-TV) has attracted significant attention because of 3D immersive feeling for advanced TV development. Multi-view rendering by depth image based rendering (DIBR) and interlacing are the key technologies to realize 3D-TV system from content to display. In this paper, a new multi-view rendering hardware architecture consisting of hybrid parallel DBIR and pipeline interlacing are proposed to improve the performance. Experimental results show that the proposed architecture can achieve 60 frames per second for processing full HD (1920×1080) video in real-time processing system. Only 3% logic elements of ALTERA Cyclone III FPGA are used.
High fluoride intakes cause osteomalacia and diminished bone strength in rats with renal deficiency

Renal insufficiency is known to increase plasma fluoride levels, which may increase the risk of fluorosis and osteomalacia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fluoride on skeletal fragility and mineralization in renal-deficient animals. We evaluated the skeleton of rats with surgically induced renal deficiency (4/5 nephrectomy) that were chronically exposed to fluoridated water at concentrations of 0, 5, 15, and 50 ppm for a period of 6 months. The chosen fluoride doses caused plasma fluoride levels equivalent to those in humans consuming fluoridated water levels of 0, 1, 3, and 10 ppm, respectively. Animals with renal deficiency drank about 60% more water and excreted 85% more urine than control animals. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was decreased 68% and plasma BUN was increased fourfold in rats with renal deficiency. Plasma fluoride was strongly correlated with 1/GFR and was greatly increased by renal deficiency in all animals consuming fluoridated water. There was a strong positive, nonlinear relationship between plasma fluoride and bone fluoride levels, suggesting nonlinear binding characteristics of fluoride to bone. The amount of unmineralized osteoid in the vertebral bone was related to the plasma fluoride levels. Vertebral osteoid volume was increased over 20-fold in animals with renal deficiency that received 15 or 50 ppm fluoride, suggesting osteomalacia. Should osteomalacia be defined as a tenfold increase in osteoid volume, there appeared to be a threshold plasma fluoride level of about 20 micromol/L, above which osteomalacia was observed consistently. This plasma fluoride level was not achieved in control rats regardless of fluoride intake, nor was it achieved in renal-deficient rats receiving 0 or 5 ppm fluoride. A fluoride concentration of 50 ppm reduced femoral bone strength by 11% in control rats and by 31% in renal-deficient rats. Vertebral strength also was decreased significantly in renal-deficient rats given 50 ppm fluoride. In conclusion, fluoridated water in concentrations equivalent to 3 and 10 ppm in humans, caused osteomalacia and reduced bone strength in rats with surgically-induced renal deficiency.
At the movies: how external cues and perceived taste impact consumption volume

External cues such as packaging and container size can powerfully and unknowingly increase how much food a person consumes. Do they still, however, stimulate consumption as the perceived favorability of a food declines? This was examined with popcorn in a theatre setting. Moviegoers who had rated the popcorn as tasting relatively unfavorable ate 61% more popcorn if randomly given a large container than a smaller one. Moviegoers who had rated the popcorn as relatively favorable ate 49% more when the container size was increased (and were likely to eat greater amounts if accompanied with a person of the opposite sex). One reason for this increase was that consumers had more difficulty monitoring how much they ate from large containers. Implications for raising the consumption levels of healthy, but unfavorable foods are investigated.
Mapping the potential distribution of the invasive Red Shiner, Cyprinella lutrensis (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) across waterways of the conterminous United States

Predicting the future spread of non-native aquatic species continues to be a high priority for natural resource managers striving to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function. Modeling the potential distributions of alien aquatic species through spatially explicit mapping is an increasingly important tool for risk assessment and prediction. Habitat modeling also facilitates the identification of key environmental variables influencing species distributions. We modeled the potential distribution of an aggressive invasive minnow, the red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis), in waterways of the conterminous United States using maximum entropy (Maxent). We used inventory records from the USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, native records for C. lutrensis from museum collections, and a geographic information system of 20 raster climatic and environmental variables to produce a map of potential red shiner habitat. Summer climatic variables were the most important environmental predictors of C. lutrensis distribution, which was consistent with the high temperature tolerance of this species. Results from this study provide insights into the locations and environmental conditions in the US that are susceptible to red shiner invasion.
Passive-sensor data fusion

Problems in multi-sensor data fusion are addressed for passive (angle-only) sensors; the example used is a constellation of IR sensors on satellites in low-earth orbit, viewing up to several hundred ballistic missile targets. The sensor data used in the methodology of the report is 'post-detection,' with targets resolved on single pixels (it is possible for several targets to be resolved on the same pixel). A 'scan' by a sensor is modeled by the formation of a rectangular focal plane image of lit pixels (bits with value 1), representing the presence of at least one target, and unlit pixels (bits with value 0), representing the absence of a target, at a particular time. Approaches and algorithmic solutions are developed which address the following passive sensor data fusion problems: scan-to-scan target association, and association classification. The ultimate objective is to estimate target states, for use in a larger battle management system. Results indicate that successful scan-to-scan target association is feasible at scan rates >=2 Hz, independent of resolution. Sensor-to-sensor target association is difficult at low resolution; even with high-resolution sensors the performance of a standard two-sensor single scan approach is variable and unpredictable, since it is a function of the relative geometry of sensors and targets. A single-scan approach using the Varad algorithm and three sensors is not as sensitive to this relative geometry, but is usable only for high-resolution sensors. Innovative multi-scan and multi-sensor modifications of the three- sensor Varad algorithm are developed which provide excellent performance for a wide range of sensor resolutions. The multi-sensor multi-scan methodology also provides accurate information on the classification of target associations as correct or incorrect. For the scenarios examined with resolution cell sizes ranging from 300 m to 2 km, association errors are less than 5% and essentially no classification errors are made, when sensor data is integrated over a 60 s time period. With higher-resolution sensors, better results are achievable in less time. The results of the data fusion from three or more sensors over such a period of time provide a rich source of information for the estimation of target states. The algorithms are fast (O(n ln n)); for approximately 100 targets, the average processing per scan in the multi-scan three-sensor methodology takes approximately a second of computational time on a Mac II.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ocular Perforation From a Retrobulbar Injection

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy occurred in three of seven cases of ocular perforation from retrobulbar injection, resulting in a visual acuity of 20/200 or worse. Direct macular injury and macular pucker occurred in two cases each. Needle injury exit sites were in the posterior pole in all cases. Predisposing factors were not experimentally verified, but associated conditions included axial myopia, multiple injections, traditional superonasal gaze position, previous retinal buckling procedure, and enophthalmos.