cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is pulmonary vascular resistance index predictive of exercise tolerance in adult patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Abstract Background Clinical trials for adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension use exercise capacity, as measured by walking distance, as the primary endpoint to measure symptomatic improvement. In this article, we look at the relationship between walking distance and a hemodynamic variable, pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI), from the available trials. Methods Patient-level data from 16 randomized controlled clinical trials were obtained. All idiopathic subjects with a baseline and study endpoint measurement of both hemodynamic and exercise endpoints were included. Changes from baseline in both endpoints and the relationship between the endpoints were summarized. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to investigate the predictive ability. Measures of surrogacy were also calculated. Results There is a weak correlation between changes in PVRI and exercise capacity. Receiver operating characteristic analysis shows a high false positive rate of using one variable to predict the other. Measures of surrogacy show the proportion of variability in exercise capacity explained by PVRI is approximately 5%. Conclusions PVRI should not be used as a surrogate marker to predict changes in exercise capacity.
Effect of food quantity and quality on egg production of Acartia tonsa Dana from East Lagoon, Galveston, Texas

Abstract The nutritional value of natural particle diets on egg production of Acartia tonsa from subtropical East Lagoon was studied from April to November 1981. During the summer, monospecific blooms of dinoflagelates and chloromonads dominated the natural particle assemblages. But during the spring and fall, the inorganic fraction was dominant and chlorophyll concentrations were lower. At ambient concentrations of natural particles from East Lagoon, specific egg production rates were correlated in stepwise multiple regressions with temperature, salinity, and C:N ratio but not phytoplankton pigment concentrations. For stepwise multiple regression including all natural particle concentrations, specific egg production rates were correlated with C:N ratio, average particle diameter, percent nanoparticles (5–20 μm), and percent phytoplankton picoparticles. A nonlinear regression developed for the entire data set revealed that above the critical chlorophyll concentration (∼ 5 μg 1 −1 at all temperatures), an increase in temperature of 4°C caused about the same increase in specific egg production rates as a decrease in salinity from 30 to 10‰, or a decrease in C:N ratio from 10 to 5. On a seasonal scale, temperature is the dominant influence on egg production of A. tonsa in East Lagoon where temperature ranges from 10 to 30°C but on shorter time scales food quality, food quantity or salinity may influence egg production rates as much as temperature.
Integration of behavior therapy and dynamic psychiatric techniques: A marriage with a high probability of ending in divorce

Birk has presented a case for combining the breadth of a dynamic psychotherapy approach with behavior therapy techniques. Although this author is sympathetic to the spirit of Birk's paper, the form of the integration, as well as the basic assumptions underlying it, is questioned. An attempt is made to show how the spirit of Birk's paper has already been integrated within the existing behavior therapy techniques and that the latter strategy is to be preferred.
Black/White Differences in Psychological Adjustment to Spousal Loss Among Older Adults:

This study examines differences between Blacks and Whites in the effect of widowhood on depressive symptoms and anxiety; in grief symptoms six months after spousal loss; and the extent to which the...
Determination of the average ionic radius and effective valence of Ce in the Nd2−xCexCuO4 electron superconductor system by X-ray diffraction

Abstract The X-ray powder diffraction technique has been used to determine the average ionic radius of Cen+ present in the Nd2−xCexCuO4 electron superconductor system. The effect of the ionic size of the dopant M on the c-lattice dimension of a lanthanide-doped Nd2−xMxCuO4 system has been determined from a similar Nd2−xThxCuO4 electron superconductor system in which the ionic radius of the Th4+ ions is known. Values of the c-lattice dimension obtained from the experimental data of Nd2−xCexCuO4 (x=0.0−0.20) samples are within the upper and lower bounds of the c-lattice dimensional calculated assuming pure Ce3+ ( r=1.143 A ) and pure Ce4+ (0.97 A) ions, indicating an intermediate ionic radius and hence an effective valence between +3 and +4. Values of the average ionic radius and the effective valence obtained from our Nd2−xCexCuO4 samples are 0.998 A and +3.84, respectively.
Process Research and Scale-up of a Commercialisable Route to Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a CCR-5 Receptor Antagonist

A six-step synthetic route to the CCR-5 receptor antagonist, Maraviroc (UK-427,857) (1) has been developed and demonstrated at scale in a pilot plant. The route has supported four Pilot-Plant campa...
Adaptive and maladaptive correlates of repetitive behavior and restricted interests in persons with down syndrome and developmentally-matched typical children: a two-year longitudinal sequential design.

We examined the course of repetitive behavior and restricted interests (RBRI) in children with and without Down syndrome (DS) over a two-year time period. Forty-two typically-developing children and 43 persons with DS represented two mental age (MA) levels: “younger” 2–4 years; “older” 5–11 years. For typically developing younger children some aspects of RBRI increased from Time 1 to Time 2. In older children, these aspects remained stable or decreased over the two-year period. For participants with DS, RBRI remained stable or increased over time. Time 1 RBRI predicted Time 2 adaptive behavior (measured by the Vineland Scales) in typically developing children, whereas for participants with DS, Time 1 RBRI predicted poor adaptive outcome (Child Behavior Checklist) at Time 2. The results add to the body of literature examining the adaptive and maladaptive nature of repetitive behavior.
Partial Characterization of Hexokinase from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris

SYNOPSIS. A partially purified hexokinase extracted from Euglena had the following properties: 1) pH optimum 8.0–8.5; 2) an absolute requirement for Mg++ and adenosine triphosphate with Mn++, Co++, Zn++, and Ca++ less active or inactive under the test conditions. Inosine triphosphate could not be substituted for adenosine triphosphate; 3) an apparent Km (glucose) of 5 × 10−4 M; 4) the enzyme was not inhibited by the usual sulfhydryl agents, but was inhibited 24% by adenosine diphosphate. The extract phosphorylated fructose and mannose. It was not clear whether a separate enzyme phosphorylated fructose. Relative rates of phosphorylation, as determined by labile phosphate analyses, were: glucose, 1.00; fructose, 1.19; mannose, 0.56. The partially purified extract also contained phosphohexose isomerase activity; 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase was absent. Euglena hexokinase is apparently localized in the cytoplasmic or small-particle fraction of the cell. In most respects the enzyme seems to resemble the well-characterized yeast hexokinase rather than the muscle enzyme.
Sustained morphine treatment augments prostaglandin E2-evoked calcitonin gene-related peptide release from primary sensory neurons in a PKA-dependent manner

Abstract Tissue damage leads to pain sensitization due to peripheral and central release of excitatory mediators such as prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). PGE 2 sensitizes spinal pain neurotransmitter such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release via activation of cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent signaling mechanisms. Our previous data demonstrate that sustained morphine pretreatment sensitizes adenylyl cyclase(s) (AC) toward the direct stimulator, forskolin, in cultured primary sensory neurons (AC superactivation). In the present work we investigated the hypothesis that morphine pretreatment also sensitizes ACs toward Gs-protein-coupled excitatory modulators (such as PGE 2 ), leading to augmented PKA-dependent CGRP release from PGE 2 -stimulated primary sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Our results show that sustained morphine treatment potentiated PGE 2 -mediated cAMP formation and augmented PGE 2 -evoked CGRP release from cultured primary sensory neurons in a PKA-dependent manner. Our data suggest that attenuation of AC superactivation in primary sensory neurons may prevent the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
Influence of discrimination awareness on the occupational interests of African American children

Abstract This study examined the influence of discrimination awareness on children's occupational interests. Participants included 46 African American children aged 10 to 13. Children completed pretest measures of perceptions of occupational racial discrimination, discrimination-related self-efficacy beliefs, occupational outcome expectations, and the perceived status of their aspired-to and expected occupations. Participants were then randomly assigned to a bias resistance condition or a control condition. After participating in workshops that either did or did not address bias resistance, children completed posttest measures identical to pretest measures. At pretest, the gap in status of children's aspired-to and expected occupations was positively correlated to their perceptions of occupational racial discrimination, and this relation was mediated by occupational outcome expectations. At posttest, children in the bias resistance condition had higher-status occupational expectations than children in the control condition, and this difference was due to improved occupational outcome expectations in the bias resistance condition.
Monkey nucleus basalis is enriched with choline acetyltransferase

Abstract The nucleus basalis of Meynert, which projects directly and diffusely to the cerebral cortex, was histologically identified in Nissl- and acetylcholinesterase-stained sections of the forebrain of Rhesus monkeys. Adjacent 1 mm thick sections were microdissected in 2 mm 2 blocks and assayed for choline acetyltransferase activity. The results demonstrate a marked enrichment of choline acetyltransferase activity in samples containing the nucleus basalis of Meynert and strongly suggest that this nucleus is a cholinergic nucleus in the primate.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of the World’s Oldest People

Supercentenarians (110 years or older) are the world’s oldest people. Seventy four are alive worldwide, with twenty two in the United States. We performed whole-genome sequencing on 17 supercentenarians to explore the genetic basis underlying extreme human longevity. We found no significant evidence of enrichment for a single rare protein-altering variant or for a gene harboring different rare protein altering variants in supercentenarian compared to control genomes. We followed up on the gene most enriched for rare protein-altering variants in our cohort of supercentenarians, TSHZ3, by sequencing it in a second cohort of 99 long-lived individuals but did not find a significant enrichment. The genome of one supercentenarian had a pathogenic mutation in DSC2, known to predispose to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, which is recommended to be reported to this individual as an incidental finding according to a recent position statement by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Even with this pathogenic mutation, the proband lived to over 110 years. The entire list of rare protein-altering variants and DNA sequence of all 17 supercentenarian genomes is available as a resource to assist the discovery of the genetic basis of extreme longevity in future studies.
Fast economic power dispatch method for power system planning studies

This study describes a method for solving the optimal economic power dispatch problem. The method proposed here uses linear programming, because linear programming-based formulations tend to be flexible, reliable and faster than their non-linear counterparts. The proposed linear programming-based method is developed based on a linearised network model, in which voltage magnitudes and reactive power flows have both been accounted for, unlike traditional linearised power flow methods. A piecewise linear model is developed to handle the thermal capacities of transmission lines. Piecewise linear models are also developed to deal with the exponential loads, cost functions of generators and total power losses. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on numerous standard test systems, including the IEEE 300-bus system. Further, a comparison with some other methods, which are available in the literature, is held to validate the consistency of the proposed method in finding the optimal or near-optimal global solution. The results show that the proposed method could lead to optimal or near-optimal global solution, and is appropriate to use for power system planning studies.
Binding of glycoprotein IIIa-derived peptide 217–231 to fibrinogen and von Willebrand factors and its inhibition by platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex

Abstract Based on previous reports in the literature and the high homology between platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIIa 217–231 and similar portions of other β subunits of integrin receptors, we hypothesized that this region may participate in ligand binding. Using a polyclonal antibody against GPIIIa 217–231(YC), we tested the interaction of a synthetic peptide representing this region with fibrinogen (Fg), in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Results show a calcium-independent, dose-related, direct interaction between GPIIIa 217–231(Y) and immobilized Fg. This peptide also bound to von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and fibronectin (Fn), but did not attach to a 50 kDa Fn fragment which is deficient in the cell attachment site. In addition, purified GPIIb/IIIa displaced GPIIIa 217–231(Y) from Fg and vWF. Binding of 125I-GPIIIa 217–231(Y) to Fg coated tubes was inhibited by soluble Fg and by the GPIIb/IIIa complex. We synthesized this peptide with several alterations; similar peptides with Pro-219 replaced with an Ala showed significantly reduced binding to Fg and vWF. The decreased binding of the peptides with Pro-219 substitutes suggests that the confirmation of GPIIIa 217–230 is important for its ability to bind to adhesive ligands. In conclusion, the amino acid rresidues between 217 and 231 of GPIIIa appear to be involved in ligand binding and Pro-219 probably plays a significant role in this interaction.
How to make the care management model work: a case study.

For more than 75 years, the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics (UWHC) has provided care for its community. Today, UWHC has 476 licensed beds served by a staff of 893 physicians and 495 residents and fellows. The hospital shares its facility with UW-Madison School of Nursing, UW Medical School, and UW Comprehensive Cancer Center. With 6185 employees, UWHC has grown significantly over the years. For fiscal year 2004, inpatient admissions were 20,617, outpatient visits were 518,841, and emergency department (ED) visits were 33,543.
Über die Aufnahme von Ladekurven an spektralreinem paraffiniertem Graphit

Zusammenfassung Am Graphit lassen sich mit Hilfe der galvanostatischen Messanordnung bei kleinen Stromdichten Ladekurven aufnehmen, deren Stufen sich durch den Auf- und Abbau von Sauerstoffbelegungen erklaren. Diese Ladekurven sind irreversibel und von der Vorbehandlung der Elektrode abhangig. Unter geeigneten Bedingungen lasst sich eine Wasserstoffadsorptionsstufe beobachten.
Cytotoxic effect of RA233 on hypoxic B16 melanoma cells in vitro.

Abstract The pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative RA233 was found to selectively kill cultured mouse B16 melanoma cells after prolonged hypoxia. At the optimum cytotoxic concentration (100 μM), RA233 reduced cell clonogenicity by about 80% when administered during long-term hypoxia of 4 days. Comparable cytotoxicity was also evident when RA233 was present only during re-oxygenation following 4 days of hypoxia. RA233 treatment during both hypoxia and re-oxygenation resulted in the greatest cytotoxicity, with only about 1% of cells surviving such treatment. By contrast, the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole was cytotoxic only when administered during hypoxia. RA233 appears to be a unique hypoxic cell sensitizer that kills long-term hypoxic tumor cells principally during re-oxygenation.
Clique: a conversant, task-based audio display for GUI applications

The purpose of the Clique project is to explore a new way of adapting applications with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for use in audio. Existing adaptation methods retain the components and metaphors of visual interfaces in the audio displays they produce. Clique, on the other hand, presents the user with a conversational audio display based on the tasks supported by programs, not their visual representations. The user interacts solely with this audio display while Clique takes charge of inspecting and controlling the underlying programs via their GUIs. In effect, the graphical nature of program interfaces is hidden from the listening user who is free to concentrate on his or her tasks in audio. We hypothesize that audio displays produced in this manner will prove more effective and satisfying for common tasks than current solutions.
Gangliosides minimize behavioral deficits and enhance structural repair after brain injury.

Injections of GM1-gangliosides (30 mg/kg, i. p.) in adult rats were shown to reduce behavioral deficits after brain lesions. This was observed (1) after bilateral electrolytic lesions of the caudate nucleus in a learning task involving negative reinforcement; (2) following aspiration lesions of the mediofrontal cortex in a learning task involving positive reinforcement; and (3) when rotational behavior was assessed after amphetamine or apomorphine injections in animals with partial hemitransections of the nigro-striato-nigral fibers. A detailed anatomical analysis of the latter study, using a retrograde tract-tracing dye wheat germ agglutininhorseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), provided evidence for ganglioside-stimulated, neuronal reorganization of connections to the caudate nucleus. Our findings support the notion that gangliosides reduce behavioral deficits following brain injury by preventing secondary neuronal degeneration and/or enhancing structural reorganization of remaining afferents, rather than by influencing denervation supersensitivity.
The effect of unemployment on labour productivity: an international comparative analysis

This is a comparative empirical analysis of the effect of unemployment - via a ‘work-intensity effect’ and/or a ‘workplace-innovation effect’ - on manufacturing productivity growth in eight advanced capitalist economies. My econometric results confirm earlier findings of positive work-intensity and workplace-innovation effects of unemployment on productivity growth in the United States; but I do not obtain similarly strong results for the other countries, and in Germany and Sweden I find evidence of negative unemployment effects. My findings are consistent with the comparative hypothesis that the sign and strength of unemployment effects on productivity growth will vary negatively with the degree to which a country's socioeconomic environment is characterized by cooperative capital-labour relations and worker security.
Sorption equilibria for trichloroethene on algae

Abstract The sorption of chlorinated solvents by algae can remove the solvents from natural waters and wastewaters treated in stabilization lagoons and other phototrophically active treatment processes. The equilibrium sorption of 14 C-labeled trichloroethene (TCE) to three species of algae— Chlorella vulgaris , Scenedesmus quadricauda and Selenastrum capricornutum —was studied in batch reactors in which no biotransformations occurred. The sorption density was nonlinear with respect to equilibrium TCE concentration. The Freundlich isotherm, Q = KC n , successfully described the sorption equilibria, and n was greater than 1 for all three species. Thus, the apparent bioconcentration factor (BCF) increased with increasing TCE concentrations. Empirical correlations that predict the BCF as a function of the compound's octanol-water partition coefficient gave BCF values about one order of magnitude lower than shown by these experiments with algae. The content and distribution of lipids within the algae appear to cause substantially greater sorption by algae than by other forms of organic solids.
Magnetic Moments of Strongly Deformed Odd-Odd Nuclei

The strong-coupling magnetic moment relation for odd-odd nuclei is evaluated with the use of Nilsson wave functions for finite values of core distortion. The theoretical predictions are compared with all of the data available on odd-odd nuclei in the strong-coupling region. There is no evidence for appreciable error having been introduced by the assumption of no interaction between the odd proton and odd neutron. (auth)
Infrared catastrophe averted by Hertz potential

A computational scheme for quantum electrodynamics is developed from first principles in which infrared divergences are not encountered. The gist of the method is that the photon propagator is properly -ig/sub munu/(k/sup 2/ + iepsilon) /sup -1/(1/2k/sup sigma/partial/partialk/sup sigma/)/sub w/ln(-lambda/sup -2/k/sup 2/ - iepsilon). Here lambda is a parameter which plays the role of the photon mass, but which cancels out of cross sections for any finite value (lambda ..-->.. 0 is never taken). The subscript w means weak derivative, so a partial integration on k, with neglect of boundary terms, is always understood in Feynman integrals. This makes integrals converge which otherwise would be logarithmically divergent. For sufficiently convergent integrals the partial integration may be undone and the conventional value results because (1/2k/sup sigma/partial/partialk/sup sigma/)ln(-lambda/sup -2/k/sup 2/ - iepsilon) = 1. It is shown that the above propagator is not merely an artificial device, but results if the vector potential A/sup ..mu../ is derived from a Hertz potential ..pi../sup lambdamu/ = -..pi../sup mulambda/, A/sup ..mu../ = partial/sub ..mu../..pi../sup lambdamu/, which is a local field. The real-photon infrared divergences do not occur when the integral over real photons is obtained from the discontinuity in the k/sup 0/ plane of themore » above propagator. A contribution to the real-photon integral at strictly zero frequency, resembling a third polarization state of the photon, is isolated and evaluated explicitly. The S matrix and physical subspaces are defined.« less
An Evaluation of User Satisfaction Driven Scheduling in a Polymorphic Embedded System

A polymorphic system consists of heterogeneous cores such as CPU, GPU, FPGA, and ASIC cores. A polymorphic thread is compiled for multiple morphisms afforded by these diverse cores. The resulting polymorphic computing system can solve two problems - (1) Polymorphic threads enable more complex, dynamic trade-offs between delay and power consumption. A piecewise cobbling of multiple morphism energy-delay profiles of individual thread morphisms offers a richer energy-delay profile for the entire application. (2) The OS scheduler not only picks a thread to run, it also chooses the thread's morphism. In this work, we propose a scheduler to optimize a class of User Satisfaction Index (USI) functions. We develop a model for a mobile polymorphic embedded system computing platform. We integrate a polymorphic scheduler in this model to assess the application design space offered by polymorphic computing. Several greedy versions of a polymorphic scheduler to improve the user satisfaction driven QoS are explored. We build a polymorphic system simulation platform based on SystemC to validate our theoretical analysis of a polymorphic system. Our polymorphic scheduler is evaluated on a variety of application mix with various metrics. We further discuss the feasibility of USI-based polymorphic scheduler by identifying its strengths and weaknesses in relation to the application design space based on the simulation results.
Immunochemical evidence for an inactive form of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondrial membranes of ethanol-fed rats

Abstract Previous studies have established that rats fed ethanol chronically exhibit a 50% decrease in hepatic mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase compared to pair-fed controls, based on both heme aa3 content and specific activity. To determine whether the ‘missing’ 50% of cytochrome oxidase is present in the membrane but catalytically inactive, or entirely absent, we used immunochemical techniques to determine the content of cytochrome oxidase protein in hepatic submitochondrial particles. Rabbit antiserum against purified rat liver cytochrome oxidase precipitated cytochrome oxidase from detergent-solubilized submitochondrial particles. Immunoinhibition titrations of a fixed amount of anti-oxidase serum with increasing amounts of submitochondrial particle protein showed that similar percentages of added oxidase activity were recovered in supernatants after immunoprecipitation with preparations from both alcoholic and control rats. Similarly, titrations of a fixed amount of submitochondrial particle protein with increasing amounts of antiserum showed comparable decreases in oxidase activity. Equivalent amounts of protein were obtained in immunoprecipitates from both preparations. Immunoprecipitates demonstrated comparable oxidase subunit profiles by electrophoresis, except that one additional band, migrating in the region of oxidase subunit IV, was present in samples from alcoholic rats. The data indicate that cytochrome oxidase immunologic reactivity is quantitatively similar in both types of membranes. The results suggest that the ‘missing’ cytochrome oxidase is actually present within the membranes of alcoholic animals in an inactive form, apparently devoid of heme aa3.
Synergism between metformin and statins in modifying the risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy in men with diabetes

Synergism between metformin and statins in modifying the risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy in men with diabetes
What's in the Name “Linguistics” for Variationists

Linguistics is a problematic home for language variationists. Dominant North American linguistic theories are different from NeoFirthian ideas in Britain, yielding a complex array of possible research approaches to language as people use it. Technological advances make this an excellent time to study language variation, while confusion about relations between different theoretical positions may complicate the ability of researchers on either side of the Atlantic to get the funding they need. In the twenty-first century, linguists need to understand and accept the idea that there are many different valid ways to study human language.
SU-FF-T-444: Variability of EDR2 Dose Calibration Films Taken for IMRT Dose Verification

Purpose: To report the consistency of EDR2 calibration films taken for IMRT absolute dose verification. Method and Materials: 180 sets of dose‐optical (OD) calibration films for IMRT dose validation were taken on 4 Linacs on two campuses using Kodak EDR2 film from Nov. 2005 to Dec. 2006. Each calibration datum contained at least 5 dose points (i.e. 0 cGy, 60 cGy, 120 cGy, 180 cGy and 240 cGy). All calibration films were processed on the same Kodak film processor, were scanned with the same Vidar 1600Pro film scanner, and analyzed using RIT dosimetrysoftware. A second order polynomial function was applied to create the H‐D curve using averaged dose‐OD data from each Linac separately. The range of dose variation (maximum, minimum and standard deviation) was determined. Results: Overall, one standard deviation of the OD corresponded to ±5.3 cGy at 60 cGy, ±8.1 cGy at 120 cGy, ±11.1 cGy at 180 cGy, and ±11.7 cGy at 240 cGy. The maximum and minimum recorded OD numbers of 180 cGy dose point corresponded to 221.4 cGy and 152.5 cGy respectively. Variability was greater for the films taken at one campus and transported (usually overnight) to the main campus for processing and analysis. Had a single dose point film (e.g. 180 cGy) been taken, dose errors (2 SD) of ±24.4 cGy at 240 cGy and ±16.5 cGy at 120 cGy would have occurred. There was no correlation of consistency with processor service. Conclusions: The OD calibration curves with EDR2 film varied significantly, not only in absolute OD value but also in curvature. In order to achieve +/−3% accuracy for IMRT dose verification films, EDR2 calibration films must be taken for each set of IMRT films.
Vocal communication in New World monkeys

Abstract Many features of the vocal communication systems of New World primates are similar to the most complex vocal systems known: human speech and bird song. This paper reviews the parallels between vocal communication in New World monkeys and phenomena of bird song and human speech. The long or loud calls of New World monkeys are functionally similar to bird song, being used for maintaining territories, for intragroup cohesion and for mate attraction. These long calls have features that allow for species, subspecies and individual recognition. While the long and loud calls of some New World primates fit the design features that maximize long distance transmission in tropical habitats, the long calls of most callitrichids are pitched too high for maximal distance of transmission. There are parallels in the ontogeny of bird song and the ontogeny of long calls. A highly variable set of calls is used by immature animals crystallizing into a stereotyped form with reproductive maturation. There is evidence of phonetic variation with categorical perception of different calls in pygmy marmosets. A rudimentary syntax and orderly turn taking behavior have been found in many New World primates. In squirrel monkeys there is evidence of a metacommunicative function of calls. The vocal communication systems of New World monkeys represent some of the most sophisticated vocal systems found in nonhuman primates.
Local intranasal immunotherapy for ragweed allergic rhinitis I. Clinical response

Abstract Local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT) of ragweed allergic rhinitis was studied in a double-blind controlled trial. Sixty-seven subjects were divided into three groups. Twenty-one received unmodified ragweed extract (RW), 24 received a glutaraldehyde polymer of ragweed extract (PRW), and 22 received placebo. Mean symptom/medication scores during the season were 2.12, 2.76, and 3.93 for the RW, PRW, and placebo groups, respectively. Both the RW- and the PRW-treated group scores were significantly lower than those of the placebo group (p
Spatial coherence measurement of a high average power table-top soft X-ray laser

An extraordinarily high degree of spatial coherence from a high average power tabletop 46.9 nm laser was observed in two-pinhole interference experiments. Refractive anti-guiding and gain guiding along a capillary discharge-produced plasma column causes a rapid increase of the spatial coherence with amplifier length. Full spatial coherence was approached with a 36 cm long plasma of very high axial uniformity and a length to diameter ratio exceeding 1000:1.
Receiving Efficiency for Pulsed Coherent Lidars

We have used the techniques of Siegman I and others2'3'4 to calculate the receiving efficiency of monostatic coherent lidars vs. range for various telescope focal settings. The receiving efficiency q(z) is defined as
Facing the 2013 Gold Rush: A Population Viability Analysis for the Endangered White-Lipped Peccary ( Tayassu pecari ) in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica

The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is facing range-wide declines throughout the Neotropics. It has been eliminated from about 89% of its historical range in Costa Rica. Corcovado National Park, in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica, is the last remaining stronghold for the white-lipped peccary in the country. In 2013, the Park experienced a sudden gold rush that brought with it a wave of 250 miners and vigorous hunting pressures on the population. Given that the species is endangered and is susceptible to hunting due to its herding behavior and tendency to cohere and attack when threatened rather than flee, it is important to assess its probability of extinction under various hunting scenarios. Incorporating data from studies on the life history of the species throughout its range in the Neotropics and in Corcovado, I used the population viability analysis software VORTEX to simulate the population trajectories and probabilities of extinction of the species under current hunting pressures and under various management scenarios. The results of this study revealed that under the 2013 scenario where 250 miners were present in the Park, the population of white-lipped peccaries has a about a 40% chance of extinction within five years and about a 99% chance of extinction within 10 years. Moreover, there is an “extinction threshold” for the population between the presence of 100 and 150 miners hunting in the Park. At this threshold, the population growth rate, r, drops from a positive growth rate (r = 0.09, SD = 0.08) to a negative one (r = -0.07, SD = 0.29). I suggest that anti-mining and anti-poaching laws be enforced immediately, and that the number of miners be reduced to 100 at a minimum, if not completely, in order to ensure that the population of white-lipped peccaries becomes viable and evades a local extinction.
New nonimmunological method of measuring fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products

Abstract A new nonimmunological procedure, called the Latex Fibrin Polymerization Inhibition Test, for the assay of serum fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDP) is described. This is based on the observation that the aggregation of uncoated latex particles during the polymerization phase of fibrin formation is inhibited by the presence of FDP. It is sensitive, specific, and rapid. The results are expressed in Polymerization Inhibition Units (PIU). It has been applied to studies of FDP prepared in vitro and to assay of normal and pathological sera. The ratio between these results and those obtained with an immunological assay for FDP is helpful in the differential diagnosis of the presence of “early” versus “late” degradation products in sera of patients with elevated FDP.
Good Governance, State Capacity, and the Millennium Development Goals

International development agencies argue that “good governance” is crucial to attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but there are many ways to define and measure good governance. The paper begins by examining the World Bank’s minimal state conception of governance and then proposes an alternative approach based on strengthening state capacity. The paper tests this framework by developing a provisional Millennium Governance Index (MGI) for 126 countries. In comparative empirical analysis, the MGI has noticeably higher statistical correlations than the World Bank’s governance indicators on six out of seven MDGs even after controlling for per capita income levels.
The utility of the BIOMED-2 primers in the detection of 2 clonal, B-lymphoproliferative disorders simultaneously involving the same site.

� Context.—Molecular tests for clonality performed on atypical lymphoid lesions may yield abnormal results because of the coexistence of monoclonal B lymphocytosis or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in the sample investigated. Objective.—To investigate the ability of the BIOMED-2 sets of primers to identify 2 clonal populations in the same formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sample. Design.—Ten cases with 2 B-lymphoproliferative disorders at the same site were analyzed using 5 BIOMED-2 primer sets (IGH FR1, FR2, FR3, IGK VJ, and IGK VKde). Results.—All 10 cases (100%) showed at least 1 clone; 8 of 10 cases (80%) had 2 clones with at least 1 primer set, and the 2 clones were shown by 4 or 5 primer sets in none of the cases (0%), by 3 sets in 1 of 10 cases (10%), by 2 sets in 4 of 10 cases (40%), and by 1 set in 3 of 10 cases (30%). The most effective set was IGH FR2, detecting 4 of 10 biclonal cases (40%). The IGK VJ and IGK VKde each showed 2 clones in 3 of 10 cases (30% each). The least effective sets were IGH FR1 and FR3, with 2 of 10 cases (20%) each, with IGH FR1 being the least useful. Conclusions.—The BIOMED-2 primers are effective in the detection of 2 clonal populations in the same sample. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137:1654–1659; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0666-OA)
Tazonomy of Toxoplasma.

SYNOPSIS. After reviewing reports of the hosts, structure and life cycle of Toxoplasma, the genus is placed in the apicomplexan family Eimeriidae and the following 7 species are recognized: Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux) (type species) from about 200 species of mammals and birds, with oocysts in felids; Toxoplasma alencari (Da Costa & Pereira) from the frog Leptodactylus ocellatus; Toxoplasma brumpti Coutelen from the iguana Iguana tuberculata; Toxoplasma colubri Tibaldi from the snakes Coluber melanoleucus and Coluber viridiflavus; Toxoplasma hammondi (Frenkel & Dubey) (a new combination for Hammondia hammondi) from the house mouse with oocysts in the domestic cat; Toxoplasma ranae Levine & Nye from the leopard frog Rana pipiens; and Toxoplasma serpai Scorza, Dagert & Iturriza Arocha from the toad Bufo marinus.
U.S. DOE fossil energy fuel cells program

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy's (FE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), in partnership with private industry, educational institutions and national laboratories, is leading the development and demonstration of high efficiency, high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and fuel cell turbine (FCT) hybrid power generation systems for stationary markets including auxiliary power units (APUs), distributed generation (DG) and large, coal-based central power plants. The DOE FE fuel cells program has three aspects: the Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), Fuel Cell Coal Based Systems for central power, and the High Temperature Electrochemistry Center (HiTEC). The SECA goal is to decrease SOFC system cost to US$ 400 per kilowatt (kW) by 2010 for stationary markets. DOE FE is ultimately concerned with coal-based central power plants such as FutureGen. The goal is to aggregate SECA-type fuel cells into larger systems and to produce a very high efficiency megawatt-class FCT hybrid for testing at FutureGen. The low-cost, US$ 400 kW−1 SECA FCT hybrid is a key component to achieving 60% efficiency by 2020. Advanced aspects of solid oxide technology are part of HiTEC R&D. Technical progress and advances are discussed for all three program aspects.
IDES: a Java-based distributed simulation engine

The paper describes the design and performance of IDES, a Java based distributed simulation engine being developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The feasibility of using Java is demonstrated by achieving order of magnitude speedup gains, on a model with three quarters of a million simulated entities, on an "off-the-shelf" system of 56 PentiumPro processors.
Predicting genes for orphan metabolic activities using phylogenetic profiles

Homology-based methods fail to assign genes to many metabolic activities present in sequenced organisms. To suggest genes for these orphan activities we developed a novel method that efficiently combines local structure of a metabolic network with phylogenetic profiles. We validated our method using known metabolic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. We show that our method should be easily transferable to other organisms, and that it is robust to errors in incomplete metabolic networks.
Faster determination of mass-averaged SAR from 2-D area scans

An algorithm is presented that accurately and quickly estimates the peak 1or 10-g averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) in a human phantom when exposed to a wireless device. Instead of performing both an area scan and a zoom scan (as per international standards), only the area scan and knowledge of the transmit frequency are needed. The accuracy of the algorithm has been demonstrated across a broad frequency range (150-2450 MHz) and for both 1- and 10-g averaged SAR using a sample of 264 SAR measurements from 55 wireless handsets. For the sample size studied, the root-mean-squared errors of the algorithm are 1.2% and 5.8% for 1- and 10-g averaged SAR, respectively. It is shown that the algorithm works well in both head and body phantoms.
Resisting the Seductive Appeal of Consequentialism: Goals, Options, and Non-quantitative Mattering

Impartially Optimizing Consequentialism (IOC) requires agents to act so as to bring about the best outcome, as judged by a preference ordering which is impartial among the needs and interests of all persons. IOC may seem to be only rational response to the recognition that one is only one person among many others with equal intrinsic moral status. A person who adopts a less impartial deontological alternative to IOC may seem to fail to take seriously the fact that other persons matter in the same way that she takes herself to matter. This paper examines this â€˜seductive appealâ€™ of IOC. It argues that IOC is not the only rational way to recognize the fact that each person matters. It presents an alternative conception of how to recognize the status of other persons as beingswho-matter, an alternative that has Kantian rather than consequentialist implications.
Using mean infectious dose of high- and low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses originating from wild duck and poultry as one measure of infectivity and adaptation to poultry.

Abstract The mean infectious doses of selected avian influenza virus (AIV) isolates, determined in domestic poultry under experimental conditions, were shown to be both host-dependent and virus strain–dependent and could be considered one measure of the infectivity and adaptation to a specific host. As such, the mean infectious dose could serve as a quantitative predictor for which strains of AIV, given the right conditions, would be more likely transmitted to and maintained in a given species or subsequently cause an AI outbreak in the given species. The intranasal (IN) mean bird infectious doses (BID50) were determined for 11 high-pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV) isolates of turkey and chicken origin for white leghorn (WL) chickens, and for low-pathogenicity AIV (LPAIV) isolates of chicken (n = 1) and wild mallards (n = 2) for turkeys, and WL and white Plymouth rock (WPR) chickens, domestic ducks and geese, and Japanese quail. The BID50 for HPAIV isolates for WL chickens ranged from 101.2 to 104.7 mean emb...
Stabile Carbokationen, 245. α‐Cyancarboxonium‐Ionen

Aufgrund unserer 13C-NMR-Studie konnten wir erstmalig durch Protonierung von α-Ketonitrilen 3a–i in supersaurem Medium α-Cyancarboxonium-Ionen 2a–i als stabile, langlebige Ionen nachweisen. Unsere Studie bestatigt die starke Mesomeriestabilisierung der Ionen durch aromatische und olefinische Substituenten als auch durch die Nitrilgruppe. Ein 15N-angereichertes Ketonitril 6 belegt den Nitrenium-Charakter der Kationen mit divalentem, positivem Stickstoff. Stable Carbocations, 245. α-Cyanocarboxonium Ions Based on our 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance study we were able for the first time to obtain α-cyanocarboxonium ions 2a–i through the protonation of α-ketonitriles 3a–i in superacidic media as stable, longlived cations. Our study confirms the strong, mesomeric stabilisation of these cations by aromatic and olefinic substituents as by the nitrile group too. A 15N-enriched ketonitrile 6 proves the nitrenium character of the cations with divalent, positive nitrogen.
Perceptions of crime at the Olympic Games: what role does media, travel advisories, and social media play?

While mega sport event planners seek to foster a positive destination image (Roche, 2008), the media is often more interested in negative stories about the host destination (Beirman, 2003), which c...
Computer Science: An Overview

From the Publisher: New Highlights Includes a larger emphasis on the object-oriented paradigm and networking, including coverage of the World Wide Web and the Java Programming Language. Offers end-of-chapter "Questions of Ethics" in addition to discussions of ethics throughout the book. Contains new sections on digital circuitry, the client/server model, data compression, and digital representation of graphics. Provides a complete teaching package, including a new C++ lab manual, C and Pascal lab manuals, and a World Wide Web site.
Anonymous communications in overlay networks

Communication anonymity is becoming an increasingly important, or even indispensable security requirement for many applications. The existing research in anonymous communications can largely be divided into two categories: mix-based systems and secure multi-party computation-based systems, originating from mixnet and DC-net respectively. However, they either cannot provide provable anonymity, or surer from transmission collision problem. In this paper, we first propose a novel unconditionally secure source anonymous message authentication code (SA-MAC) that can be applied to any messages without relying on any trusted third parties. While ensuring message sender anonymity, SM-MAC can also provide message content authenticity. We then propose a novel communication protocol that can hide the senders and the receivers from each other, and thus can be used for secure file sharing. The security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is secure against various attacks. Our analysis also shows it is efficient and practical.
Salmonella Incidence in Broilers from Breeders Vaccinated with Live and Killed Salmonella

Abstract Salmonella reduction in broilers from commercial broiler breeders vaccinated with live and killed Salmonella vaccines was evaluated. Broiler breeders were vaccinated with Poulvac ST live Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine at 1 d of age, and this was repeated at 2 and 6 wk of age. The breeders were then administered a killed autogenous oil emulsion adjuvanted vaccine containing Salmonella Kentucky, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Hadar, at 10 and 18 wk of age. From the ages of 36 to 52 wk, eggs from the breeder flock were hatched, and progeny were challenged in 4 separate experiments at 1 d of age by oral gavage with 1 × 106 cfu/chick by either Salmonella Kentucky, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Hadar, or Salmonella Enteritidis, each containing resistance to naladixic acid at 32 μg/mL. At 17 to 21 d of age, the broilers were euthanized, and 1 side of the cecum was cultured for Salmonella, and the other side of the cecum was used for enumeration on positive samples. Recovered Salmonella was confirmed to be the challenge strain by O-antisera grouping. This study indicated a difference in Salmonella incidence and enumeration between the vaccinated and nonvaccinated breeder groups for certain species. When challenged with serotypes Salmonella Kentucky, Salmonella Hadar, and Salmonella Heidelberg, protection was noted with a reduction of 28, 17, and 11%, respectively, when compared with the control groups. However, protection was not seen when challenged with S. enteritidis. Under the conditions of this study, live and killed vaccination of commercial broiler breeders with Salmonella contributes protection to progeny when challenged at 1 d of age.