cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual attention in newspaper versus TV-oriented news websites

Eye-tracking has been employed in usability engineering for many years because, among other things, it affords usability practitioners information about where users focus their attention. It helps practitioners identify the extent to which the visual display elements presented on many interactive products enhance or detract from the user experience. Eye movement data offer system developers and usability engineers information about visual attention, visual search efficiency, and visual information processing while users interact with a system. In this study, we tracked participants' eye movements as they viewed newspaper and TV-oriented news Websites. We used several visual attention measures (number of fixations, fixation duration, gaze time, and saccade rate) and scan path analysis to investigate whether ocular behavior differed by type of news site. We found that newspaper and TV-oriented site types did not influence measures of visual attention. However, the areas where participants fixated differed by site type. In addition, there was greater across-user variability in the viewing of newspaper homepages compared to TV homepages. Finally, we report on the utility of examining visual attention using scan path analysis and string-editing methods. These methods were especially useful for identifying fixation areas as well as variability in participants' scan paths.
Brain mitochondrial bioenergetics change with rapid and prolonged shifts in aggression in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

Neuronal function demands high-level energy production, and as such, a decline in mitochondrial respiration characterizes brain injury and disease. A growing number of studies, however, link brain mitochondrial function to behavioral modulation in non-diseased contexts. In the honey bee, we show for the first time that an acute social interaction, which invokes an aggressive response, may also cause a rapid decline in brain mitochondrial bioenergetics. The degree and speed of this decline has only been previously observed in the context of brain injury. Furthermore, in the honey bee, age-related increases in aggressive tendency are associated with increased baseline brain mitochondrial respiration, as well as increased plasticity in response to metabolic fuel type in vitro . Similarly, diet restriction and ketone body feeding, which commonly enhance mammalian brain mitochondrial function in vivo , cause increased aggression. Thus, even in normal behavioral contexts, brain mitochondria show a surprising degree of variation in function over both rapid and prolonged timescales, with age predicting both baseline function and plasticity in function. These results suggest that mitochondrial function is integral to modulating aggression-related neuronal signaling. We hypothesize that variation in function reflects mitochondrial calcium buffering activity, and that shifts in mitochondrial function signal to the neuronal soma to regulate gene expression and neural energetic state. Modulating brain energetic state is emerging as a critical component of the regulation of behavior in non-diseased contexts.
B cell receptor crosslinking can augment T cell help-mediated germinal center B cell selection

Selection of germinal center (GC) B cells with B cell receptors (BCR) possessing high affinity to foreign antigen (Ag) and their differentiation into antibody-secreting long-lived plasma cells is critical for potent long-term humoral immunity. Ag-dependent engagement of GC B cell BCR triggers Ag internalization and loading of antigenic peptides on MHCII molecules for presentation to follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and acquisition of T cell help. However, whether it also provides signals that are critical or synergistic with T cell help for GC B cell selection and differentiation in vivo is not known. Here we show that T cell help is sufficient to induce GC B cell expansion and plasmablast (PB) formation in the absence of recurrent BCR engagement with Ag. Ag-mediated BCR crosslinking on the other hand is not sufficient to promote GC B cell selection, but can synergize with T cell help to enhance the GC B cell and PB responses when T cell help is limiting.
Deep Antiproton Annihilations on Nuclei

Hot nuclear matter can be created in p annihilations on nuclei: the antiproton penetrates deep inside the nucleus and the available energy is shared by a small number of nucleons participating in the reaction1,2. I consider here in detail recent strange partiele production data obtained in 4 GeV/c p Ta3,4 annihilations and present an analysis of the experimental results in terms of a hot blob of quark gluon plasma. In particular, the observed spectra and total abundances of lambdas and kaons are consistent5 with the hypothesis that (super cooled) quark matter phase has been formed at rather modest temperature T < 60 MeV.
Palliative surgery for cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Certain children (especially newborn infants) with complex anomalies and associated problems are candidates for a staged indirect, or palliative, surgical procedure. In some patients, definitive correction may be performed later, when a more favorable age and body size have been attained. In others, whose anomaly is so complex that it defies correction, the palliative procedure (or procedures) must suffice. Because palliation of moderate anomalies is usually not recommended, this article focuses on three severe anomalies—transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, and tricuspid atresia—for which palliation is frequently performed.
THIOREDOXIN AND ENZYME REGULATION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

ABSTRACT Thioredoxin, a hydrogen carrier protein that functions in the synthesis and replication of DNA and in the transformation of sulfur metabolites, has been found to serve as a regulatory protein in linking light to the activation of enzymes during photosynthesis. In this system, thioredoxin is reduced photochemically via ferredoxin and the enzyme ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase. The enzymes activated by this mechanism (designated the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system) include four enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle of CO 2 assimilation (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase, NADP-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoribulokinase) as well as three enzymes not associated with the cycle (NADP-malate dehydrogenase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and PAPS sulfotransferase). Two different enzyme-specific thioredoxins (thioredoxins f and m ) function in chloroplasts as part of the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system. A third thioredoxin of unknown function (thioredoxin c ) resides outside of the chloroplasts, possibly in the cytoplasm.
Fitting Multinomial Models in R: A Program Based on Bock’s Multinomial Response Relation Model

Bock’s model for multinomial responses considered contingency tables as consisting of two kinds of variables, sampling variables (that defined groups) and response variables. Contrasts among response variables were specified, and these were modeled as functions of contrasts among categories defined by the sampling variables. This neat separation into independent and dependent variables was not captured by general log-linear model programs, but fits well within the framework that most social scientists are familiar with. The model is framed to parallel the usual multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) model, so those familiar with MANOVA will find the multinomial model very natural. This chapter describes an R function to fit this model, and provides several examples.
Comprehensive 3D TSV Reliability Study on 14nm FINFET Technology with Thinned Wafers

The impact of wafer level reliability of TSV has been studied with respect to FEOL (Front End of Line) and BEOL (Back End of Line) reliability. A TSV keep out zone (KOZ) study has been done with varying gate length and width of transistor. Gate voltage (Vg) vs saturation current (Idsat) behavior indicates that there is negligible impact on Idsat due to mechanical stress of the TSV for 5 μ m} KOZ for both NFET and PFET devices fabricated with thin and thick gate-oxide dielectric. Voltage Ramp Stress (VRS) and Constant Voltage Stress (CVS) tests were performed at 25°C and 125°C to study the FEOL gate dielectric and device reliability such as gate dielectric breakdown voltage (VBD), Hot Carrier Injection (HCI), and Bias Temperature Instability (BTI). Apart from FEOL reliability study, special test structures were also designed to capture even a minor TSV impact on the lower metal and via levels of the BEOL stack. Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB), Electro migration (EM), and Stress Migration (SM) were performed to investigate any potential impact to BEOL due to TSV mechanical stress or Cu pumping effects. TSV KOZ impact on electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices was also performed. Our study with thick and thin TSV wafer showed no significant impact of TSV integration approach on FEOL, BEOL and ESD reliability.
Gut microbiome and immunotherapy response in melanoma patients.

9575Background: Treatment of melanoma with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy brings potential for long-term freedom from progression. However, responses to immunotherapy are heterogeneous, and impr...
Barometric pressure and the incidence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Abstract Objectives To investigate the relationship between barometric pressure and the incidence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Methods 181 patients diagnosed with classic BPPV seen between 2011 and 2016 were identified. Demographic information, data of onset, and date of presentation were recorded. Historical barometric data for each of the 60 months were recorded. In addition, monthly counts of other atmospheric, infectious, and allergic variables for that time period were recorded. Correlation analysis compared monthly incidence of BPPV with absolute and relative changes in atmospheric conditions. Results The incidence of BPPV onset demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation with barometric pressure, where every one-unit increase in barometric pressure leads to an expected increase of 6.1 diagnoses (p = 0.0008). The correlation coefficient (r) between barometric pressure and BPPV diagnoses was 0.66 (95% CI 0.14–0.90) with a p-value of 0.0131. Other seasonal variables demonstrated correlation, though none as strong as barometric pressure. Conclusions Barometric pressure has been long been associated with conditions of the inner ear, though its relationship to the pathogenesis of BPPV has not been investigated. Monthly changes in barometric pressure, rather than the absolute value, may be responsible for the observed changes in incidence. These findings demonstrate a clear association between barometric pressure and BPPV that may help to explain both the etiology of BPPV and its possible connection to migraine-related conditions.
How Braze Flaws Affect the Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of the Tore Supra Phase-III Outboard Pump Limiter: A Case Study of the Effects of Nonuniform Thermal Resistance on the Peak Heat Flux to the Coolant for Tubes with One-Sided Heating

The Phase-III Outboard Pump Limiter is a heat sink made of pyrolytic graphite armor brazed to water-cooled copper tubes. Around the inner wall of the tube wall, some of the water can be in the subcooled boiling regime. The central issue analyzed here is how the heat flow in the tube changes when the thermal resistance along the heated portion of the tube is redistributed. Cracks or braze flaws in the joint between the tile and tube cause this redistribution. Severe cracks or flaws reduce the power-handling capability of this assembly because the local peak heat fluxes increase and, for a given critical heat flux (CHF), the safety margin decreases. There were some surprises. The increase in local peak heat flux for the most common type of flaw encountered in the fabrication of this limiter was negligible up to a flaw size of ∼ 50 %. The examples presented are intended as a case study that illuminates the more general problem of how correlations for heat transfer and for CHF developed for uniform circumferential heating are applied to a case of one-sided heating.
Directional fast neutron detection using a time projection chamber

Measurement of the three dimensional trajectory and specific ionization of recoil protons using a hydrogen gas time projection chamber provides directional information about incident fast neutrons. Here we demonstrate directional fast neutron detection using such a device. The wide field of view and excellent gamma rejection that are obtained suggest that this device is well suited to searches for special nuclear materials, among other applications.
Secretion Management in Tracheostomized Infants using Unconventional Approaches and Outcomes: A Case Series.

Objective This study aimed to increase the understanding of secretion management in infants with tracheostomies. In this case series, we describe objective evidence for an unconventional approach in infants refractory to conventional management techniques. Study Design Case study of two NICU infants utilizing high-resolution manometry was undertaken using personalized oral stimulation protocols with fruity foods. Results Oral stimulation improved infant swallowing to clear secretions and reduce the need for suctioning. Conclusion Innovative oral stimulation protocols are needed to improve swallowing in high-risk infants.
Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on Primary Ambulatory Thromboprophylaxis (PATP) in Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Lung Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy

Introduction: Lung cancer (LC) is the second most common cancer in both sexes and is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Thrombosis is the second leading cause of death in cancer patients and PATP in solid cancer patients were performed in research trials to decrease venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates with ultimate aim to improve survival. We undertook an updated meta- analysis of RCTs to determine the benefit and risk of PATP with low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic LC receiving chemotherapy. Methods: We performed a comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through June 30, 2019. The references of all potential studies were also reviewed for any additional relevant studies. The RCTs with reduction in VTE as a primary or secondary endpoint and the major bleeding (MB) as a safety outcome were incorporated in the analysis. Mantel-Haenszel (MH) method was used to calculate the estimated pooled risk ratio (RR), and risk difference (RD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q- statistic. Fixed effects model was applied. Results: A total of 5,375 patients with LC from five RCTs and a subgroup of another four RCTs were included in our meta-analysis. The prophylactic doses of bemiparin, certoparin, dalteparin, nadroparin, semuloparin and tinzaparin, intermediate dose of enoxaparin and prophylactic dose of rivaroxaban were used in the studies. The duration of LMWH and DOAC ranged from 3 to 6 months. The randomization ratio was 2 to 1 in PROTECHT study and 1 to 1 in all other studies. The I2statistic for heterogeneity was 0, suggesting homogeneity among RCTs. The VTE incidence was 114 (4.16%) in PATP group and 207 (7.85%) in control group with a RR of 0.53 (95% CI: 0.43 to 0.67, P Conclusions: Our analysis showed that the relative risk reduction is 46% with a NNT of 28 to prevent one VTE without increasing MB events in ambulatory patients with locally advanced or metastatic LC. Selection of appropriate patients who are high risk for VTE is crucial and further studies are required to define high risk subsets of LC patients receiving chemotherapy who may benefit from PATP. Download : Download high-res image (76KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Oo: Janssen and Janssen: Other: Research: site co-investigator ; Medical Education Speakers Network: Honoraria.
Developing a Scale to Investigate Student’s Self-Efficacy as it Relates to Three-Dimensional Modeling

Binkley et al. (2012) contends that the economy and workplace for the 21st Century will not lie in the routine tasks of the past, instead emphasis will be put on the ability of stu¬dents to communicate, share and use information to solve increasingly complex prob¬lems. This is especially true of individuals who chose to pursue careers in the sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). For many engineers and technol¬ogists, at the heart of this exchange of information is the ability to model, design, and fabricate complex objects using the latest three-dimensional modeling software. Yet, for many students tackling this authoring software begins with their own perceived ability to complete said task. Eccles et al. (1983) seminal research revealed that students’ belief about their ability to complete a task is inextricably linked to their previous experience and other socialization factors. To better understand how different experiences impact students’ belief about their abilities, it is imperative to design, test and validate instruments with the ability to provide insight into students’ belief in their ability to complete a task within a given domain or self-efficacy. In an effort to address the lack of instruments designed to measure students’ self-efficacy as it relates to three-dimensional modeling, researchers conducted a study with the intent to develop, test and validate such an instrument.
Knowledge and cancelability

Keith DeRose and Stewart Cohen object to the fallibilist strand of pragmatic invariantism regarding knowledge ascriptions that it is committed to non-cancelable pragmatic implications. I show that this objection points us to an asymmetry about which aspects of the conveyed content of knowledge ascriptions can be canceled: we can cancel those aspects that ascribe a lesser epistemic standing to the subject but not those that ascribe a better or perfect epistemic standing. This situation supports the infallibilist strand of pragmatic invariantism according to which knowledge semantically requires absolute certainty but this claim is often pragmatically weakened: it turns out that exactly those aspects of the conveyed content are cancelable that this view claims are pragmatic. I also argue that attributor contextualism and relativism do not have an alternative explanation of this phenomenon.
Laser-assisted Delivery of Molecules in Fungal Cells

Fungal infections are becoming a global health problem. A major limiting factor for the development of antifungals is the high impermeability of the rigid and thick fungal cell wall. Compared to ma...
Using Generalized Polyspike Train to Predict Drug-Resistant Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy.

Introduction The authors tested the hypothesis that the EEG feature generalized polyspike train (GPT) is associated with drug-resistant idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Methods The authors conducted a single-center case-control study of patients with IGE who had outpatient EEGs performed between 2016 and 2020. The authors classified patients as drug-resistant or drug-responsive based on clinical review and in a masked manner reviewed EEG data for the presence and timing of GPT (a burst of generalized rhythmic spikes lasting less than 1 second) and other EEG features. A relationship between GPT and drug resistance was tested before and after controlling for EEG duration. The EEG duration needed to observe GPT was also calculated. Results One hundred three patients were included (70% drug-responsive and 30% drug-resistant patients). Generalized polyspike train was more prevalent in drug-resistant IGE (odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-11.4; P = 0.02). This finding persisted when controlling for EEG duration both with stratification and with survival analysis. A median of 6.5 hours (interquartile range, 0.5-12.7 hours) of EEG recording was required to capture the first occurrence of GPT. Conclusions The findings support the hypothesis that GPT is associated with drug-resistant IGE. Prolonged EEG recording is required to identify this feature. Thus, >24-hour EEG recording early in the evaluation of patients with IGE may facilitate prognostication.
Contract Law & Racial Inequality: A Primer

America was founded on institutionally recognized and supported racial oppression, namely, slavery and conquest. The fact that the inequality spawned by this oppression continues to exist today should therefore surprise absolutely no one. That said, the extent of the racialized social and economic inequality that pervades American society today is being exposed in horrifying and glaring detail, as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. But the devastation is not being felt equally--people of color are dying at greater rates and suffering the economic consequences of the pandemic much more than white people. And, of course, Wall Street and American billionaires are doing really well. The Haves come out ahead. We’ve all seen and heard this before. But two important details are obscured and therefore overlooked in this widely accepted observation, namely, the role that contracts and contract law play in facilitating this reality and the profound and often devastating social consequences that contracts and contract law help produce in this process. This Essay attempts to redress this oversight. The Essay first provides a brief step by step analysis of contract law in action, the practical effect of which is to ensure that contracting parties who start with more end up with more. The first part thus shows how contracts and contract law help to create and perpetuate inequality in American society. The Essay then explains why contracts and contract law’s role in producing economic and social inequality is largely ignored. The short answer is because, depending on who the adversely affected contracting party is, a contract is usually understood as a private transaction between private parties asserting their private rights. To understand how you get everyone to buy into the fiction that contracts are usually private is to understand ideology and how it is reproduced in the field of contract law. Perhaps counterintuitively, the Essay traces part of contract law’s evolution story to Emancipation of the slaves and the Reconstruction that followed it. The final part of the Essay briefly revisits the housing market crash that precipitated the Great Recession of 2007-2009 to illustrate the devastating consequences that contracts and contract law help produce and the skewed response to those consequences that are engendered, at least in part, because we cling to the fiction that contracts and contract law have nothing to do with inequality. Unless we do something differently, like acknowledging that the day-to-day practice of contracts and contract law help create and perpetuate inequality in American society, then it seems very likely that the Haves will continue to come out ahead. But the Have Nots will end up being evicted from their homes and remain on the hook to their landlords for the back-rent.
Profiles of total worker health® in United States small businesses.

Background The Total Worker Health® (TWH) approach is a best practice method to protect and promote worker safety, health, and well-being. Central to this approach is leadership support and health and safety climates that support day-to-day use of health and safety policies and programs. There is some research that supports these relationships, but there is limited research amongst small businesses. Furthermore, it remains to be shown what role TWH business strategies, as reflected by organizational policies and programs, play in this process. The purpose of this study is to characterize small businesses by their organizations' TWH approach and assess the relationship of these approaches to employee health and safety behaviors. Methods We utilized cross-sectional data from 97 businesses participating in the Small+Safe+Well study. We collected data using a business assessment tool, Healthy Workplace Assessment™, and an employee assessment tool, Employee Health and Safety Culture Survey. We used latent profile analysis at the business level to identify subgroups of businesses based on a set of characteristics from these assessments. Linear regression analysis at the employee level was used to determine profile association with employee safety and health behaviors. Results There were two profiles characterized by the lowest (33% of all businesses) and highest (9%) levels of the indicators. There were also two profiles with higher scores on two of the different foci on either TWH business strategies (27%) or leadership and climate (31%). Employees working for a business with a profile that focused on leadership and climate, in addition to having a business strategy, reported the best safety and health behaviors. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that employee engagement in TWH will be highest when businesses have a strategy for how they implement a TWH approach and when they demonstrate leadership commitment to these strategies and foster positive safety and health climates. Our results offer suggestions on how to use TWH assessments to develop interventions for small businesses. More research is needed to understand whether small businesses can improve upon their profile overtime, whether these changes depend on contextual factors, and whether TWH interventions can help them improve their profile.
Topological insulators for efficient spin–orbit torques

Current-induced magnetic switching via spin–orbit torques has been extensively pursued for memory and logic applications with promising energy efficiency. Topological insulators are a group of materials with spin-momentum locked electronic states at the surface due to spin–orbit coupling, which can be harnessed to reach strong spin–orbit torques. In this paper, we summarize and compare the methods for calibrating the charge-spin conversion efficiency in topological insulators, with which topological insulators are identified as outstanding spin–orbit torque generators compared with the well-studied heavy metals. We then review the results of magnetic switching under reduced current density in topological insulator/ferromagnet heterostructures. Finally, we provide insights on current challenges as well as possible exploration directions in the emerging field of topological spintronics.
The Rate-Equivocation Region of the Degraded Discrete-Time Poisson Wiretap Channel

This paper addresses the degraded discrete-time Poisson wiretap channel (DT-PWC) in an optical wireless communication system based on intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD). Subject to nonnegativity, average-intensity, and bandwidth constraints, we find that the secrecy capacity and the entire boundary of the rate-equivocation region are attained by discrete distributions with a countably infinite number of mass points, but with finitely many mass points in any bounded interval. Additionally, we shed light on the asymptotic behavior of the secrecy capacity in the regimes where the average intensity constraint either tends to zero (low-intensity) or tends to infinity (high-intensity). In the low-intensity regime, we observe that: when the channel gains of the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper are identical, the secrecy capacity scales linearly in the average-intensity e; whereas when the channel gains are different, the secrecy capacity scales, to within a constant, like $(\alpha_{B}-\alpha_{E})\mathcal{E}\log\log\frac{1}{\mathcal{E}}$ , where α B and α E are the legitimate receiver's and the eavesdropper's channel gains, respectively. In the high-intensity regime, we establish that the secrecy capacity does not scale with the average intensity constraint.
Does Neighborhood Cohesion Moderate the Association between Cancer and Psychological Distress

The purpose of this study is to examine (a) the association between cancer diagnosis and psychological distress and (b) the extent to which this association is moderated by perceptions of neighborh...
Engagement and Outreach with Amish Audiences

The Amish are a religious subculture who make their living mainly from small diversified livestock farms and small businesses. Water quality problems occur on many Amish farms. With a USDACSREES grant, the Ohio State University Extension (OSUE) began teaching and engaging 240 Amish families in three communities to encourage using best management practices (BMPs) to improve water quality. Education techniques included farm visits, newsletters, educational meetings, soil and manure testing, demonstration plots, well testing, and stream monitoring. OSUE professionals also worked to increase Amish awareness of foodpreservation and food safety issues. Outcomes included a gain in knowledge, changes in attitudes, adoption of certain BMPs (75% to 90%) to improve water quality, and increased awareness of food preservation and food safety issues. This paper outlines the techniques OSUE used to engage this unique audience.
Analysis of Hormone–Protein Binding in Solution by Ultrafast Affinity Extraction: Interactions of Testosterone with Human Serum Albumin and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin

Ultrafast affinity extraction was used to study hormone–protein interactions in solution, using testosterone and its transport proteins human serum albumin (HSA) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) as models. Both single column and two-dimensional systems based on HSA microcolumns were utilized to measure the free fraction of testosterone in hormone/protein mixtures at equilibrium or that were allowed to dissociate for various lengths of time. These data were used to determine the association equilibrium constants (Ka) or global affinities (nKa′) and dissociation rate constants (kd) for testosterone with soluble HSA and SHBG. This method was also used to measure simultaneously the free fraction of testosterone and its equilibrium constants with both these proteins in physiological mixtures of these agents. The kd and Ka values obtained for HSA were 2.1–2.2 s–1 and 3.2–3.5 × 104 M–1 at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. The corresponding constants for SHBG were 0.053–0.058 s–1 and 0.7–1.2 × 109 M–1. All of these result...
Search for Hidden Sector Photons with the ADMX Detector

Hidden U(1) gauge symmetries are common to many extensions of the standard model proposed to explain dark matter. The hidden gauge vector bosons of such extensions may mix kinetically with standard model photons, providing a means for electromagnetic power to pass through conducting barriers. The axion dark matter experiment detector was used to search for hidden vector bosons originating in an emitter cavity driven with microwave power. We exclude hidden vector bosons with kinetic couplings $\ensuremath{\chi}g3.48\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ for masses less than $3\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$. This limit represents an improvement of more than 2 orders of magnitude in sensitivity relative to previous cavity experiments.
Isolation and purification of human type I procollagen by adsorption to glass beads.

Abstract Procollagen from the culture medium of human foreskin fibroblasts is efficiently adsorbed on controlled-pore glass (CPG) beads. Elution of adsorbed protease(s), capable of procollagen degradation, is accomplished with 1 m phosphate. This allows subsequent purification steps to be accomplished without detectable degradation of the high-molecular-weight procollagen form which is subsequently eluted with 1 m Tris. Analysis of the Tris elution fraction from CPG beads by sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose-polyacrylamide electrophoresis on 2% gels indicated that the majority of protein is types I and III procollagens and partially processed intermediates. Types I and III procollagens were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and presumptive undegraded type I procollagen was resolved from processed forms by molecular sieve chromatography in 1 m CaCl2 on agarose beads. The high-molecular-weight type I human procollagen isolated by this method was found to contain both amino and carboxy-terminal propeptides. Two α1 and one α2 procollagen chains, disulfide bonded via the carboxy-terminal propeptides, are present per molecule. This procedure represents an efficient and relatively rapid method for preparing human procollagen in sufficient quantity for detailed chemical analysis.
Neutrino oscillation projects at accelerators in the U.S.A.

We review here several experimental proposals to study neutrino oscillation phenomena at accelerators in the United States using vμ beams. In addition we discuss an experiment designed to discover the τ neutrino through its charged current interaction on nucleons.
Cocaine shapes chromatin landscapes via Tet1.

Chronic cocaine exposure induces long-lasting, transcription-dependent changes in neuronal function. A genome-wide sequencing study shows how cocaine changes the epigenome to exert specific, long-lasting effects on neuronal transcription.
Yeast apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease Apn1 protects mammalian neuronal cell line from oxidative stress

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as one of the agents responsible for many neurodegenerative diseases. A critical target for ROS is DNA. Most oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in the nucleus and mitochondria is removed by the base excision repair pathway. Apn1 is a yeast enzyme in this pathway which possesses a wider substrate specificity and greater enzyme activity than its mammalian counterpart for removing DNA damage, making it a good therapeutic candidate. For this study we targeted Apn1 to mitochondria in a neuronal cell line derived from the substantia nigra by using a mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) in an effort to hasten the removal of DNA damage and thereby protect these cells. We found that following oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was repaired more efficiently in cells containing Apn1 with the MTS than controls. There was no difference in nuclear repair. However, cells that expressed Apn1 without the MTS showed enhanced repair of both nuclear and mtDNA. Both Apn1-expressing cells were more resistant to cell death following oxidative stress compared with controls. Therefore, these results reveal that the expression of Apn1 in neurons may be of potential therapeutic benefit for treating patients with specific neurodegenerative diseases.
SpatialML: annotation scheme, resources, and evaluation

SpatialML is an annotation scheme for marking up references to places in natural language. It covers both named and nominal references to places, grounding them where possible with geo-coordinates, and characterizes relationships among places in terms of a region calculus. A freely available annotation editor has been developed for SpatialML, along with several annotated corpora. Inter-annotator agreement on SpatialML extents is 91.3 F-measure on a corpus of SpatialML-annotated ACE documents released by the Linguistic Data Consortium. Disambiguation agreement on geo-coordinates on ACE is 87.93 F-measure. An automatic tagger for SpatialML extents scores 86.9 F on ACE, while a disambiguator scores 93.0 F on it. Results are also presented for two other corpora. In adapting the extent tagger to new domains, merging the training data from the ACE corpus with annotated data in the new domain provides the best performance.
Persistent Sodium Current Drives Conditional Pacemaking in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons under Muscarinic Stimulation

Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons are normally quiescent but can fire spontaneously when stimulated by muscarinic agonists. In brain slice recordings from mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons, we examined the ionic basis of this activity using interleaved current-clamp and voltage-clamp experiments. Both in control and after muscarinic stimulation, the steady-state current–voltage curve was dominated by inward TTX-sensitive persistent sodium current (INaP) that activated near −75 mV and increased steeply with depolarization. In control, total membrane current was net outward (hyperpolarizing) near −70 mV so that cells had a stable resting potential. Muscarinic stimulation activated a small nonselective cation current so that total membrane current near −70 mV shifted to become barely net inward (depolarizing). The small depolarization triggers regenerative activation of INaP, which then depolarizes the cell from −70 mV to spike threshold. We quantified the relative contributions of INaP, hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), and calcium current to pacemaking by using the cell's own firing as a voltage command along with specific blockers. TTX-sensitive sodium current was substantial throughout the entire interspike interval, increasing as the membrane potential approached threshold, while both Ih and calcium current were minimal. Thus, spontaneous activity is driven primarily by activation of INaP in a positive feedback loop starting near −70 mV and providing increasing inward current to threshold. These results show that the pacemaking “engine” from INaP is an inherent property of CA1 pyramidal neurons that can be engaged or disengaged by small shifts in net membrane current near −70 mV, as by muscarinic stimulation.
Hypersonic Inlet Performance from Direct Force Measurements

The problem of establishing one-dimensional values of supersonic combustion inlet performance is approached from the standpoint of direct internal drag measurements. Analytically, one-dimensional inlet component efficiencies can be obtained consistent with mass, momentum, and energy considerations as a function of inlet internal drag. Such efficiency values reflect combined shock wave and viscous losses. Direct measurements of model internal drag were made in a hypersonic shock tunnel to determine the experimental feasibility of this concept for an axisymmetric inlet designed for unity mass flow ratio. With this model, effective internal drag isolation was accomplished by physical separation of the model internal surfaces from adjacent parts of the inlet. With such a technique, a correction must be made to the measured internal drag to account for balance cavity forces. The results of this experiment indicate that, through careful model design, the magnitude of such corrections can be minimized and applied to the measured internal force in an accurate and "consistent manner.
Transient photomodulation studies of phosphorus doped a-Si:H

Abstract Time-resolved photomodulation spectra of P-doped a-Si:H were measured from 10 −7 to 10 −2 sec, at temperature between 80 to 220 K using probe wavelengths ranging from 0.75 to 5.5 μm. The spectra are compared with those in undoped a-Si:H and the origin of the differences in the recombination processes in the materials are discussed.
News from nowhere and victorian socialist feminism

(1990). News from nowhere and victorian socialist feminism. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 3-32.
Cellular Cholesterol Efflux Mediated by Cyclodextrins

In this study, we compared cholesterol efflux mediated by either high density lipoproteins (HDL3) or β-cyclodextrins, cyclic oligosaccharides that are able to dissolve lipids in their hydrophobic core. β-Cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin at 10 mM induced the release of 50-90% of L-cell [3H]cholesterol after 8 h of incubation, with a major portion of this cholesterol being released in the first 1-2 h of incubation. The cholesterol efflux kinetics are different if cells are incubated with HDL3, which induces a relatively constant rate of release of cholesterol throughout an 8-h incubation. Cholesterol efflux to cyclodextrins was much greater than phospholipid release. To test the hypothesis that maximal efflux rate constants for a particular cell are independent of the type of acceptor, we estimated the maximal rate constants for efflux (Vmax) of cellular cholesterol from L-cells, Fu5AH cells, and GM3468A fibroblasts. The rate constant for HDL3-mediated efflux varied among cell lines in the order Fu5AH > L-cells > fibroblasts. However, these differences were not evident when cyclodextrins were used as cholesterol acceptors. The estimated Vmax values for cyclodextrin-mediated efflux were 3.5-70-fold greater than for HDL3 for the three cell lines. The very high efficiency of cyclodextrins in stimulating cell cholesterol efflux suggests that these compounds can be used in two general ways for studies of atherosclerosis: 1) as research tools to probe mechanisms of cholesterol transport and aspects of membrane structure or 2) as potential pharmacological agents that could modify in vivo cholesterol metabolism and influence the development of the atherosclerotic plaque.
Subunit-Specific Regulation of Photoreceptor CNG Channels by Phosphoinositides

Cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels in retinal photoreceptor cells play a key role in vertebrate phototransduction. The ligand sensitivity of photoreceptor CNG channels is adjusted during adaptation and in response to paracrine signals, but the mechanisms involved in channel regulation are only partly understood. Heteromeric A3+B3 (cone) and A1+B1 (rod) channels are sensitive to regulation by PIP3 or PIP2, demonstrating a decrease in apparent affinity for cGMP. To determine what subunit types are necessary for PIP3 sensitivity, we generated heteromeric channels by co-expression of PIP3-insensitive A2ΔN (Brady et al., 2006) with B3 or B1 subunits. Using patch-clamp recording in the inside-out configuration, we found that both channel types were insensitive to PIP3 regulation, suggesting that A3 or A1, but not B3 or B1 subunits, confer phosphoinositide sensitivity to heteromeric channels. Consistent with this idea, co-expression of A3 with B1 formed channels that were sensitive to PIP3 regulation. Unlike homomeric A1 or A2 channels, A3-only channels paradoxically did not show a decrease in apparent affinity for cGMP after PIP3. However, PIP3 induced a nearly three-fold increase in cAMP efficacy for A3 channels, an effect that was reversed by poly-lysine application. The PIP3-dependent increase in cAMP efficacy for A3 channels was abolished by mutation of a critical ligand-discrimination residue (D609K) or by truncation of the channel distal to the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (613stop). Furthermore, the apparent cGMP affinity of A3-613stop channels was reduced three-fold by PIP3; this change in cGMP sensitivity also was reversed by poly-lysine. Together, these results suggest that regulation of A3 subunits by PIP3 exhibits two components, one of which is unmasked either by assembly with B3 subunits or by deletion of the C-terminal region of A3. (Supported by NIH EY012836)
Standards in the smart card world

Abstract In this paper, I take you on a guided tour through the world of smart card standards. We briefly touch ISO 7816, the defining standards for smart cards; then we take a longer look at current de-facto standards for smart card operating systems (SCOSs) such as JavaCard, MULTOS, BasicCard, and Windows for Smart Cards. The paper concludes with a discussion of PC/SC, MUSCLE, and the OpenCard Framework which are smart card middlewares for smart card-application communication.
Oxygen dependence of dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity and lactate metabolism in synaptosomes from rat brain

Abstract Dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity can be assayed in vitro in suspensions of rat hypothalamic synaptosomes by following tritium release from [2-3H]dopamine in the presence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The activity is inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate, fusaric acid, amphetamine, reserpine, and desipramine. It is not sensitive to addition of tyrosine at the concentration present in cerebrospinal fluid, to added fumarate or to a rat heart extract known to contain potent inhibitors of the isolated enzyme. The reaction in air follows simple saturation kinetics with respect to variation in dopamine concentration with aKm of 0.075 μM. There is reversible inhibition of activity when it is assayed at low oxygen tension. The apparent oxygen affinity is such that the enzyme does not appear saturated with respect to oxygen even at arterial oxygen tensions. Other reactions assayed exhibit less sensitivity to hypoxia: production of lactic acid from glucose becomes stimulated at 10–12 mm Hg; and oxidation of lactic acid is not inhibited at oxygen tensions above 3–4 mm Hg. Comparison of these data with the distribution of oxygen tensions present in brain suggests a basis for classifying oxygen dependent neurochemical reactions.
Last menstrual period versus ultrasound for pregnancy dating.

0020-7292/$ see front matter D 2004 International Federatio All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.06.008 B Presented at the North American Primary Care Research Group (NAPCRG) 2002 Annual Meeting, November 17--20, 2002 New Orleans, LA, USA. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-215-615-3818; fax: +1-215 662-3591. E-mail address: barrw@uphs.upenn.edu (W.B. Barr).
Disorder and localization in microresonator arrays

An optical waveguide consisting of coupled identical resonators in a linear array can slow down the propagation of light and act as a delay line. However, such a slow-wave structure offers only a modest improvement in delay per unit length over a spool of optical fiber, as its performance rapidly degrades if the resonators or their spacing are not exactly identical. Here we show that the same degree of functionality can be achieved in a more compact and disorder-immune structure, formed by nesting one resonator inside another, and thereby folding the light path back onto itself.
Remarkable Diastereomeric Rearrangement of an α-Acyloxy β-Ketosulfide to an α-Acyloxy Thioester: A Novel Approach to the Synthesis of Optically Active (2S,3S) β-Amino α-Hydroxy Acids

A novel and efficient synthetic method is described for (2S,3S)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenyl butyric acid derivatives, which are useful intermediates of enzyme inhibitors. This involves a Pummerer rearrangement of a β-ketosulfoxide derived from l-phenylalanine followed by highly stereoselective acyl migration. From these studies, it appears that nitrogen-protecting groups exert a substantial influence over stereoselectivity. The mechanism of the rearrangement is discussed. β-Amino α-hydroxy carboxylic acids are important pharmaceutical intermediates, and this method may provide a versatile synthesis from various amino acids in a few steps.
Cardiac Muscle Cell Hypertrophy and Apoptosis Induced by Distinct Members of the p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Family

p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activities were significantly increased in mouse hearts after chronic transverse aortic constriction, coincident with the onset of ventricular hypertrophy. Infection of cardiomyocytes with adenoviral vectors expressing upstream activators for the p38 kinases, activated mutants of MAP kinase kinase 3b(E) (MKK3bE) and MAP kinase kinase 6b(E) (MKK6bE), elicited characteristic hypertrophic responses, including an increase in cell size, enhanced sarcomeric organization, and elevated atrial natriuretic factor expression. Overexpression of the activated MKK3bE in cardiomyocytes also led to an increase in apoptosis. The hypertrophic response was enhanced by co-infection of an adenoviral vector expressing wild type p38β, and was suppressed by the p38β dominant negative mutant. In contrast, the MKK3bE-induced cell death was increased by co-infection of an adenovirus expressing wild type p38α, and was suppressed by the dominant negative p38α mutant. This provides the first evidence in any cell system for divergent physiological functions for different members of the p38 MAP kinase family. The direct involvement of p38 pathways in cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis suggests a significant role for p38 signaling in the pathophysiology of heart failure.