cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AML-369: Studying Drug Resistance: NB4 as an APL Model

Context The NB4 cell line has been used as an in vitro model of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in many studies. Current treatment paradigms call for the administration of ATRA and ATO as differentiating agents in patients with newly diagnosed APL. For a subset of patients, resistance to conventional treatment remains a clinical issue and is poorly understood. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether resistance to ATRA and ATO can influence the susceptibility of APL cells to anthracycline therapy like doxorubicin using the NB4 cell line as an in vitro model. Design Wild type NB4 cells as well as NB4 cells resistant to both ATRA and ATO (NB4-RAA) were cultured in suspension in RPMI and 10% fetal calf serum. NB4-RAA were established in Dr. Jimenez's lab from the wild type NB4 parent cell line. Resistance was achieved after exposing NB4 cells to increasing concentrations of ATRA and ATO over a period of twelve months. NB4 and NB4-RAA were plated in multi-wells at 50,000 cells/mL and exposed to different concentrations of doxorubicin. Cell counts were taken at 24 and 48 hours after treatment. Results NB4 and NB4-RAA were exposed to 0 μg/mL (Control), 0.001 μg/mL, 0.01 μg/mL, 0.05 μg/mL, and 0.1 μg/mL. The viability of both cell lines decreased at similar levels at 24 h and 48 h when exposed to concentrations of doxorubicin higher than 0.01 μg/mL (p Conclusion These results indicate that resistance to ATRA and ATO in APL cells does not confer subsequent resistance to anthracyclines such as doxorubicin. As a result, doxorubicin targets a pathway that is distinct from that of ATRA & ATO. No difference in cell viability was found between naive NB4 and resistant NB4-RAA when exposed to the same concentrations of doxorubicin. Our results indicate the effectiveness of overcoming resistance to frontline APL therapy by using doxorubicin.
Predicting long-term kidney allograft outcomes: pitfalls and progress.

Early identification of kidney transplant recipients at risk of progressive allograft dysfunction may allow clinicians to provide closer monitoring and more aggressive risk factor modification. In this issue, Raynaud et al. presented a latent class model that clustered kidney transplant recipients into 8 risk categories of post-transplant kidney function loss. This commentary discusses some of the advantages, but also challenges, of the use of latent class analyses, including the clinical applicability of models that are often derived from such approaches.
The impact of training methodology and representation on rule-based categorization: An fMRI study

Helie, Shamloo, & Ell (2017) showed that regular classification learning instructions (A/B) promote between-category knowledge in rule-based categorization whereas conceptual learning instructions (YES/NO) promote learning within-category knowledge with the same categories. Here we explore how these tasks affect brain activity using fMRI. Participants learned two sets of two categories. Computational models were fit to the behavioral data to determine the type of knowledge learned by each participant. fMRI contrasts were computed to compare BOLD signal between the tasks and between the types of knowledge. The results show that participants in the YES/NO task had more activity in the pre-supplementary motor area, prefrontal cortex, and the angular/supramarginal gyrus. These brain areas are related to working memory and part of the dorsal attention network, which showed increased task-based functional connectivity with the medial temporal lobes. In contrast, participants in the A/B task had more activity in the thalamus and caudate. These results suggest that participants in the YES/NO task used bivalent rules and may have treated each contextual question as a separate task, switching task each time the question changed. Activity in the A/B condition was more consistent with participants applying direct Stimulus → Response rules. With regards to knowledge representation, there was a large shared network of brain areas, but participants learning between-category information showed additional posterior parietal activity, which may be related to the inhibition of incorrect motor programs.
Antitrust in New Regulatory Proceedings

The Brazilian government published in 2018 its first Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) Guidelines for rulemakers: the RIA Report can be made by the regulator according to two different levels, depending on the complexity of the case. In addition to RIA, the Guidelines also deal with Regulatory Outcome Evaluation (ROE). ROE is the "systematic evaluation process of an intervention to determine whether its objectives have been achieved". Unlike RIA, which is a form of ex ante policy analysis, ROE is ex post. It is discussed, with respect to ROE: (i) the main kinds of cases in which it should be conducted; (ii) its timing; (iii) the government’s interest in stakeholder engagement; and (iv) its OECD “principle-based approach,” focused on “reducing administrative burdens or promoting competition.” Government authorities must (a) promote competition in regulated sectors; and (b) analyze the regulatory impact of public policies. While (b) should include both RIA and ROE, it must be recalled that they include the analysis of possible antitrust issues that may be part of the regulatory problem – thus, there is an acknowledgement of the already quoted OECD principle-based approach. This paper then focuses on the two core parts of the SEAE-Secretariat for Competition Advocacy and Competitiveness’s Competition Advocacy Guidelines: 1) a revisited interpretation of the Article 19 of the Brazilian antitrust law, mainly regarding new proceedings such as 1.i) RIA; 1.ii) ex post evaluation – not only ROE, but also tax and public expenditure evaluations carried out by CMAP-Public Policy Evaluation Monitoring Council, coordinated by the Ministry of the Economy’s (ME) Executive Secretariat, and divided into the Direct Expenditure Committee and the Federal Subsidies Committee, both coordinated by the ME-SECAP-Secretariat for Evaluation, Planning, Energy, and Lottery; and 1.iii) regulatory stock reviews; 2) a report of SEAE’s work categorized according to the OECD Competition Assessment Checklist, in which the Secretariat highlights its advocacy leading cases. In conclusion, there are several challenges to be faced by the antitrust, regulatory, and evidence/monitoring/evaluation professional communities in the coming years.
Low-Complexity Algorithm for Radio Astronomy Observation Data Transport in an Integrated NGSO Satellite Communication and Radio Astronomy System

An integrated non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellite communication and radio astronomy system (SCRAS), was recently proposed in [1] as a new coexistence paradigm. In SCRAS, the transportation of the radio astronomical observation (RAO) data from the space to the ground stations is an important problem, for which [1] proposed a linear programming optimization based algorithm. However, the computational complexity of this algorithm is quite high which is exacerbated by the need to re-compute the algorithm frequently due to the time-varying characteristics of the observing satellites, the Earth stations, and the RAO region. In this paper, to address this high complexity issue, we develop a low-complexity RAO data transport algorithm. In addition to the static resource constraint scenario considered in the existing work, we introduce a dynamic resource constraint scenario to exploit the knowledge of the satellite communication system (SCS) traffic statistics. We also present a modified version of the algorithm in [1] for the dynamic resource constraint scenario. In addition to the number of inter-satellite link (ISL) hops as the RAO data transport cost metric, we also evaluate the metric of the sum of the squared ISL hop distances which reflects the transmission energy cost. Furthermore, computational complexity analysis and data transport costs of the algorithms are presented. Our results show that the proposed algorithm yields several orders of computational complexity saving over the existing method while incurring a modest increase in the data transport cost. Our proposed dynamic resource constraint scenario provides plausible reduction of the RAO data transport cost.
A fully discrete Calderon Calculus for two dimensional time harmonic waves

In this paper, we present a fully discretized Calderon Calculus for the two dimensional Helmholtz equation. This full discretization can be understood as highly non-conforming Petrov-Galerkin methods, based on two staggered grids of mesh size h, Dirac delta distri- butions substituting acoustic charge densities and piecewise constant functions for approxi- mating acoustic dipole densities. The resulting numerical schemes from this calculus are all of order h 2 provided that the continuous equations are well posed. We finish by presenting some numerical experiments illustrating the performance of this discrete calculus.
Chaplin's ‘The Great Dictator’ and British censorship, 1939

(1985). Chaplin's ‘The Great Dictator’ and British censorship, 1939. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 85-108.
Replacement Effects and the Slow Cycle of Ideological Polarization in the U.S. House

Ideological polarization and partisan enmity is arguably the driving force of the past several decades of U.S. electoral history. Today there is a vast ideological gulf between elected Democrats and elected Republicans in Congress and elsewhere. But this pattern is not unique in U.S. political history. McCarty, Poole and Rosenthal (2006), using the first dimension of DW-NOMINATE scores for the U.S. House, show compelling evidence for a cyclic pattern of ideological convergence and divergence over the period 1856-2006 that we call the accordion effect. Our interest is in the electoral mechanisms that must be in place to generate observed contemporary dynamics rather than in causality per se. First, in a model of one-dimensional ideological competition, for a fixed distribution of constituency medians, we model the gap between the mean Democratic and the mean Republican position in Congress as the product of two (potentially interrelated) factors: (1) the mean difference in roll call voting scores (first DW-NOMINATE dimension) when a Republican in a district is replaced by a Democrat (or conversely) and (2) the likelihood that districts of a given ideological stripe will elect Democrats (Republicans). We then formally model possible dynamics involving partisan replacement, leading to either increasing or reduced polarization. We suggest that one such dynamic, where each party “chases the tail” of the other party that is closest to its own position, has been the driving force in enhancing polarization since 1980. We suggest however, that a quite different replacement dynamic was found in much of the first half of the 20th century, one leading to considerable overlap in party ideologies by the 1950s that lasted through the 1970s.
Minimizing memory requirements for chain-structured synchronous dataflow programs

This paper addresses trade-offs between the minimization of program memory and data memory requirements in the compilation of dataflow programs for multirate signal processing. Our techniques are specific to the synchronous dataflow (SDF) model of Lee and Messerschmitt (1987), which has been used extensively in software synthesis environments for DSP. We focus on programs that are represented as chain-structured SDF graphs. We show that there is an O(n/sup 3/) dynamic programming algorithm for determining a schedule that minimizes data memory usage among the set of schedules that minimize program memory usage. A practical example to illustrate the efficacy of this approach is given. Some extensions of this algorithm are also given; for example, we show that the algorithm applies to the more general class of well-ordered graphs. >
Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Minerals From Birth to 18 Months of Age: A Cross-Sectional Study. I. Effects of Sex, Race, Age, Season, and Diet on Vitamin D Status

The influence of sex, race, age, season, and diet (cow's milk formula v human milk) on the vitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein status in infants less than 18 months of age was investigated in this cross-sectional, prospective study of 198 infants. No differences by sex were observed in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, or vitamin D-binding protein concentrations. By race, black infants had significantly elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels relative to white infants. By age, vitamin D-binding protein concentrations increased with increasing age. By season, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were low in winter, whereas 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein were high in winter compared with summer. By diet, formula-fed infants had higher serum concentrations of all measured vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D-binding protein than human milk-fed infants. Thus, race, age, season, and diet exert, individually or in combination, different and significant effects on vitamin D metabolites; these should be considered in assessing infant vitamin D status.
Frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis using quadratic estimators

A general representation for all non-negative, modulation invariant estimators of the frequency-wavenumber spectrum shows explicitly how the quadratic estimates are constructed from linear transformations of the array data. The windows associated with these transformations are those normally associated with 'classical' spectrum estimators. The authors present closed form representations for the moments of quadratic estimators, and show that variance decreases as the number of orthogonal windows increases. Since a time-bandwidth product bounds the number of orthogonal windows with given selectivity, the design process involves the classical issue of trading resolution and variance. With this issue in mind, the development of both separable and inseparable windows is considered. >
Natural laws controlling algorithm structure

In this preliminary report, a hypothesis is developed to the effect that algorithms, considered as distrillations of thought, may possess a general structure which obeys physical laws. Testing the hypothesis against measurements of published algorithms does not disprove it.
The Consumer–Provider Relationship in the Dental Industry

This article explains how a consumer's level of trust and commitment to his or her dental service provider factors into the relationship between the consumer and the dental professional. Very little research has been done that describes the complexity of this relationship. This article documents the complexity of and influences on that relationship by providing an interaction model of this relationship.
Universal coalgebra and categories of transition systems

Definition 1. Let d be any category. A monad (or triple) over z~¢ is an ordered triple F = (F, ~7,/z), where F: d + d , ~:I~-+F, and/z: F 2 = FoF-->F such that t~oF~ =/zo~/F = l r and /zoF/~ = tzo/zF. The category ~¢F of algebras in d over F has as objects the pairs (A, ~), where A is an object of d and ~: FA-+A satisfies ~°~A = IA and ~:°/~a = ~:oF(~:). A morphism jr: (A, ~)-+(B, ~) is defined to be a morphismf: A ~ B in d such that fo~ = ~oFf. The obvious forgetful functor U: d F + d has a left adjoint defined by VA = (FA, I~a). Any category equipped with a functor to ~¢' which is equivalent to ~¢F equipped with U is said to be monadic over ~¢.
A simple approximation to minimum-delay routing

The conventional approach to routing in computer networks consists of using a heuristic to compute a single shortest path from a source to a destination. Single-path routing is very responsive to topological and link-cost changes; however, except under light traffic loads, the delays obtained with this type of routing are far from optimal. Furthermore, if link costs are associated with delays, single-path routing exhibits oscillatory behavior and becomes unstable as traffic loads increase. On the other hand, minimum-delay routing approaches can minimize delays only when traffic is stationary or very slowly changing.We present a "near-optimal" routing framework that offers delays comparable to those of optimal routing and that is as flexible and responsive as single-path routing protocols proposed to date. First, an approximation to the Gallager's minimum-delay routing problem is derived, and then algorithms that implement the approximation scheme are presented and verified. We introduce the first routing algorithm based on link-state information that provides multiple paths of unequal cost to each destination that are loop-free at every instant. We show through simulations that the delays obtained in our framework are comparable to those obtained using the Gallager's minimum-delay routing. Also, we show that our framework renders far smaller delays and makes better use of resources than traditional single-path routing.
Comparisons of five Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for ethanol production from SPORL-pretreated lodgepole pine.

The performances of five yeast strains under three levels of toxicity were evaluated using hydrolysates from lodgepole pine pretreated by Sulfite Pretreatment to Overcome the Recalcitrance of Lignocelluloses (SPORL). The highest level of toxicity was represented by the whole pretreated biomass slurry, while intermediate toxicity was represented by the hydrolysate with partial loading of pretreatment spent liquor. The zero toxicity was represented using the enzymatic hydrolysate produced from thoroughly washed SPORL lodgepole pine solids. The results indicate that strains D5A and YRH400 can tolerate the whole pretreated biomass slurry to produce 90.1 and 73.5% theoretical ethanol yield. Strains Y1528, YRH403, and FPL450 did not grow in whole hydrolysate cultures and were observed to have lower ethanol productivities than D5A and YRH400 on the hydrolysate with intermediate toxicity. Both YRH400 and YRH403 were genetically engineered for xylose fermentation but were not able to consume xylose efficiently in hydrolysate. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1076–1083, 2014
The first term in the expansion of plethysm of Schur functions

Plethysm of two Schur functions can be expressed as a sum of Schur functions with nonnegative integer coefficients. Recently, a new algorithm has been developed to compute the coefficients individually. Knowing the first non-zero term (the largest term under the reverse lexicographic ordering of partitions) in the expansion will speed up caulations significantly. In this paper, we show that by using combinatorial properties of nested inverse Kostka numbers, we are able to obtain some general results regarding the first term. In a lot of cases, the first term can be easily found, and the coefficient is equal to unity. We also give some results on the last term.
Introduction to the supplement to this Special Issue on C. P. Snow's “Two Cultures”: A case of morality, organ transplants, and a third culture

Abstract This brief insert at this point in this issue is intended to make clear that it has been, in the papers preceding this one, a Special Issue prepared by our Guest Editors. Participants in a Weill Cornell Medical College seminar series addressed C.P. Snow's famous contrast between the culture of scientists and engineers and that of literary intellectuals. In the article that follows this comment we add an independently prepared case study of the Dutch debate on organ transplants. This history provides another good example of the real-world complexity of the interaction of medical technology and medical ethics with public opinion and the political process.
Glutamate and aspartate measurements in individual planaria by rapid capillary electrophoresis

Abstract Introduction Planaria present a unique model organism for studying primitive central nervous systems. The major mammalian excitatory neurotransmitters, glutamate and aspartate, have previously been measured in planaria via high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A faster extraction and analysis procedure using capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed which confirms the presence of these amino acids in single planaria homogenates. Method Following homogenization and centrifugation of individual planaria in hydrochloric acid/acetonitrile, glutamate and aspartate were derivatized with naphthalene-2, 3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA). The labeled amino acids were measured using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF). Results CE-LIF electropherograms were generated in less than 1 min. The mean ± S.D. amounts of glutamate and aspartate were 1200 ± 500 and 1900 ± 700 pmol/mg-planarian ( n = 22), respectively. Spiked average recoveries of glutamate and aspartate were 96% and 91%, respectively. Discussion The high-throughput method provides the ability to quantitate changes in excitatory neurotransmitters under developmental or stimulatory conditions. The capability to monitor multiple neurotransmitter levels offers the opportunity to correlate behavioral responses with biochemical changes in planaria.
Heart failure in the urban African enclave of Soweto: a case study of contemporary epidemiological transition in the developing world.

Located in the Gauteng Province of South Africa (SA), Soweto is home to at least 1.1 million blacks and represents the largest black community in this sub-Saharan nation. Historically, its townships, spread over ≈40 sq miles of territory located to the southwest of Johannesburg, were created as a result of the residential segregation of blacks relocated to the area to work as cheap labor in the gold mines. Soweto has a history of poverty, overcrowding, and limited water supply, resulting in lifestyle factors such as communal toilets, along with a record of producing leaders of the international movement for sociopolitical transition in SA. Accordingly, any examination of the determinants, effects, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) must be framed within this sociopolitical context. Thus, the concept of “epidemiological transition,” which refers to a switch in disease prototype and the interrelations of the latter with the socioeconomic and demographic environment, applies to heart failure epidemiology in Soweto to the extent that the change in heart failure pattern is a result of evolving socioeconomic, cultural, technological, and other transitions. Article p 2360 In this issue of Circulation , Stewart et al1 provide data about the epidemiology of heart failure in Soweto among persons who presented to the Cardiology Unit of Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in 2006. Among 844 de novo presentations of heart failure and cardiomyopathy, hypertensive cardiomyopathy and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy represented >60% of the cases, a finding that is out of proportion to other causes of heart failure in the region. Moreover, the authors note that unlike the West, where ischemic heart disease is a major cause of heart failure, coronary artery disease accounted for only 9% of the causes of cardiomyopathy. Additionally, in this predominantly black population, young black women who tended to be obese made up …
Education and long run development in Japan

Abstract This paper’s main goal is to determine the relationship between various types or levels of education and economic growth in Japan in both the pre- and postwar periods. The data utilized represents average years of schooling at the primary, secondary, tertiary, and vocational educational levels. The results indicate that primary schooling is causal with respect to growth in both the pre- and postwar period. Secondary and tertiary education have a causal impact on growth in the postwar period with the evidence strongly supporting the multiple channels via which tertiary education influenced the postwar Japanese economy. Vocational education does not seem to have had a direct effect on growth in either period. There is evidence of some causal feedback from economic growth to education at all levels as well as for vocational education in both the prewar and postwar periods.
Analysis of geomagnetic secular variation during 1980-1985 and 1985- 1990, and geomagnetic models proposed for the 1991 revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field

The secular variation of the main geomagnetic field during the periods 1980-1985 and 1985-1990 was analyzed in terms of spherical harmonics up to the eighth degree and order. Data from worldwide magnetic observatories and the Navy's Project MAGNET aerial surveys were used. The resulting pair of secular-variation models was used to update the Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field (DGRF) model for 1980, resulting in new main-field models for 1985.0 and 1990.0. These, along with the secular-variation model for 1985-1990, were proposed for the 1991 revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF).
Strain factorization by identical finite increments and its use

Abstract Progressive deformation of layered rocks, up to their present finite strain and bedding attitudes, is simulated by an identical-increment-path model. A deformation matrix connecting the initial and deformed states is formulated with the conceptual help of a hypothetical three-step deformation path. Two sequential non-coaxial rigid-body rotations bring an original horizontal bed to a pre-strain attitude; a pure shear follows the rotations. Thus, the deformation matrix is calculated by premultiplying the matrices representing the three stages of deformation. Sixteen identical tectonic deformation increments are then obtained by four times sequentially extracting the ‘square-root’ of that deformation matrix. The method has been applied to the Campbell block, a Late Jurassic fault-bounded turbidite sliver in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. The block was deformed into a train of folds during the Nevadan orogeny. Fourteen oriented samples were collected for March strain measurements. Based on the strains and bedding attitudes, the block was divided into 11 deformation bands, of three types. By applying the proposed model to the Campbell block, it was found that the deformation style of the block consists of a non-coaxial deformation path. The regional strain is accommodated among the several deformation bands by strain partitioning; the collective deformation indicated by this model is transpressional.
Decomposition ofSpartina alterniflora in different seasons and habitats of a Northern Massachusetts salt marsh, and a comparison with other Atlantic regions

Packets of freshly harvested liveSpartina alterniflora were placed on the marsh surface, in a tidal ditch, in a pool contacting sides and bottom, and in the center-bottom of the same pool in September 1972. Rates of loss were the same for all four sites through day 242. After that packets on the marsh surface decomposed slower. A second experiment was begun in July only at the marsh surface and pool side sites. These lost dry weight much more rapidly than packets started in September.
An analysis of algorithms for the Dutch National Flag Problem

Solutions to the Dutch National Flag Problem have been given by Dijkstra [1] and Meyer [3]. Dijkstra starts with a simple program and arrives at an improved program by refinement. Both of the algorithms given by Dijkstra are shown to have an expected number of swaps which is 2/3N + t(1) and that these values differ at most by 1/3 of a swap and asymptotically by 1/4 of a swap. The algorithm of Meyer is shown to have expected swap complexity 5/9 N.
Estrogen plus progestin increased long-term risk for invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women

Source Citation Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Gass M, et al; WHI Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2010;304:1684-92. 20959578
On the classification gap in mathematical programming-based approaches to the discriminant problem

This article proposes a mathematical-programming-based approach to solve the classification problem in discriminant analysis which explicitly considers the classification gap. The procedure consists of two distinct phases and initially treats the classification gap as a fuzzy set in which the classification rule is not yet established. The nature of the classification gap is examined and a variety of methods are discussed which can be applied to identify the most appropriate classification rule over the fuzzy set. The proposed methodology has several potential advantages. First, it offers a more refined approach to the classification problem, facilitating careful analysis of the fuzzy region where the classification decision may not be obvious. Secondly, the two-phase approach enables the analysis of larger data sets when using computer-intensive procedures such as mixed-integer programming. Finally, because of the restricted choice of separating hyperplanes in phase 2, the approach appears to be more robust than other classification techniques with respect to outlier-contaminated data conditions. The robustness issue and computational advantage of our proposed methodology are illustrated using a limited simulation experiment.
Harnackʼs inequality for solutions to the linearized Monge–Ampère operator with lower-order terms

Abstract Under minimal geometric assumptions, we prove a Harnack inequality for non-negative solutions to the non-homogeneous linearized Monge–Ampere equation with bounded lower-order terms compatible with the maximum principle.
What happens to serum metal ion levels after a metal-on-metal bearing is removed?

Abstract Serum cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) levels are commonly used to screen for excessive wear of metal-on-metal hip replacements. However, it is unknown how rapidly these should decline after revision. 25 patients with average Co and Cr ion levels of 56.3μg/L and 20.5μg/L were followed with serial ion level testing post-revision. Over the first 6weeks post-revision, the rate of decline for Co and Cr was approximately 2% per day and this slowed to approximately 1% decline per day over the ensuing 6weeks. This translated to a decline of approximately 80% from the starting value after 6weeks and a decline of approximately 90% after 12weeks post-revision. The rate of decline for both Co and Cr was significantly faster during the first 6weeks ( P 20μg/L, the rate of Cr decline is less predictable and may be protracted leading to persistent elevation above 5μg/L for one year or more post-revision in some cases.
Load relaxation testing of a superplastic superalloy

The response of powder metallurgy In-738 in stress relaxation was studied. Results confirm the superplastic forming potential of high strength superalloys in the powder form. The load relaxation test as described is particularly suitable for identifying in a short period the precise strain-rate/temperature regime where superplasticity should occur. A master curve may be used to construct a curve for any temperature within the range tested by simple interpolation based on an Arrhenius relationship between strain rate and temperature. Moreover, in many cases, several tests may be made on one specimen if desired rather than using separate specimens. (JRD)
Investors, developers, and supply‐side subsidies: How much is enough?

Abstract This paper examines the recent history of supply‐side subsidies. The first section describes the programs that have had a major impact on the supply of low‐income housing over the last 20 years. The second section looks in some detail at the recent history of tax subsidies to low‐income housing and attempts to quantify their magnitudes. The third section presents some data on recent syndication deals to shed light on the return rate that seems to have been required in recent years to attract private investors into low‐income housing. The final section turns to the literature on rent‐seeking behavior and proposes a more efficient way to subsidize low‐income housing production.
The disposition of DNA in Prochloron (Prochlorophyta)

The discovery of both chlorophyll a and b in the prokaryote Prochloron Lewin, a trait otherwise unique to eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, has stimulated speculation on the possible endosymbiont origins of the plastids of eukaryotic cells. The arrangement of DNA in Prochloron was therefore dyed in situ with the fluorochrome dye DAPI and compared with the plastid DNA of various eukaryote cells. The DNA of Prochloron is found to be clearly different in arrangement and locale from that of blue-green algae. In the great size of its nucleoids and their apparently high DNA content, Prochloron also differs from the plastids of any eukaryotes, with the possible exception of dinoflagellates. Prochloron remains an evolutionary puzzle.
Perturbation calculations of the c(2×2) sodium overlayer structure on Al(001)

Abstract The chemisorption bond-length and binding location of the c(2×2) sodium overlayer on Al(001) surface are determined by a convergent perturbation calculation of the dynamical LEED approach. The use of convergent perturbation calculation allows accurate surface structures to be determined with very economical amounts of computation effort. Efficiency features specific to our computation method are outlined. Using a set of simple dynamical inputs, we determine that the sodium atom sits in a 4-fold coordinated binding site with a NaAl chemisorption bond-length of 2.08 ± 0.12 A.
Heterotopic ossification rates after acetabular fracture surgery are unchanged without indomethacin prophylaxis.

Background We previously found no reduction in heterotopic ossification (HO) rates after acetabular surgery with indomethacin compared with a placebo. We subsequently abandoned routine indomethacin therapy after acetabular surgery but questioned whether the incidence had changed using a posterior approach.
Macular translocation with chorioscleral outfolding: a pilot clinical study

Abstract PURPOSE: A new surgical technique to translocate the macula was used to treat patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Prospective, interventional case series. METHODS: Twenty-five eyes of 25 patients underwent macular translocation with either circumferential or radial chorioscleral outfolding using three clip sizes: 2-mm, 3-mm, and 4-mm. Postoperative photocoagulation was performed on only those eyes that had an extrafoveal choroidal neovascular membrane following surgery. RESULTS: The surgery successfully displaced the fovea in 22 (88%) of the eyes. The median postoperative foveal displacement was 1142 μm (range 0 to 3200 μm). Patients who had radial outfolding with 4-mm clips had the greatest displacement of the fovea (range 1644 to 3200 μm median 1977 μm). The fovea was successfully displaced to a location outside the choroidal neovascular membrane in 17 (68%) of the 25 eyes. The best-corrected visual acuity improved in 11 eyes (median, 17 letters), remained unchanged in 4 eyes, and decreased in 10 eyes (median, 12 letters). Visual acuity increased by a median of 2 letters. The final best-corrected visual acuity was 20/64 in 3 eyes; 20/80 in 3 eyes; 20/100 in 4 eyes; 20/126 in 4 eyes; 20/200 in 4 eyes; 20/250 in 4 eyes; and 20/400 in 3 eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Macular translocation with radial chorioscleral outfolding using 4-mm clips resulted in the best foveal displacement and improvement in visual function, and was associated with the least amount of vision loss and complications. Further refinements are needed to make this surgical procedure more predictable, and more research (randomized clinical trials) is needed to determine the role of macular translocation in the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in patients with AMD.
Studies of the toughness of polycarbonate of bisphenol a in light of its secondary transition

Abstract : Results from different techniques on amorphous polybisphenol-A carbonate(NMR, dielectric, mechanical) in the temperature range -150 C to room temperature were reviewed. Shear creep and stress relaxation measurements were able to resolve into two components of the broad relaxation process (gamma transition), the high symmetry of which was previously apparent from the results of torsion pendulum experiments. One of the two processes is attributed to relaxation of carbonate groups; the other seems to originate from some restricted motions of the phenol group. An attempt to correlate the high impact strength of polybisphenol-A carbonate and the observed molecular movements was made. (Author-PL)
COPING WITH STRESS: DOES HUMOR HELP

Dixon (3) proposed that humor is a significant factor in helping one cope with stress. Various case reports also suggested that humor can help one deal with stress. Norman Cousins (5) claimed he survived a near fatal illness by checking out of a hospital and into a hotel where he viewed comedy films day after day. Although humor seems to have potential to help one put stressful situations into a less threatening perspective for the moment, it is an indirecf method of coping and by itself may not be effective in moderating the effects of siress over time. The present smdy determined whether two aspects of humor (use and appreciation) help moderate the effects of life stress. Subjects were 82 male and 79 female undergraduates from introductory psychology who were administered several measures: Sarason's Life Events Survey (4) which assesses the degree of life stress experienced during the past year. Angell's (1) Humor Use Inventory indicates how frequently and how funny a person tries to be in various sltuatlons. Subjects rated the degree of funniness (1 = not at all to 4 = very funny) of five categories of jokes: nonsense, sick, ridicule, hostile, and sexual (humor appreciation). Two examples of each category were rated and a toral score was the sum of all ratings. Two measures of psychological distress, Beck's Depression Inventory (2) and Spielberger's (6) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, were administered. Pearson correlations indicated stress was significantly correlated with depression (males' r = 35; females' r = 22, p < .05), trait (males' r = .29; females' T = .22, p < .05) and wlth state anxiety (males' r = .28; females' r = .24, p < .05). To determine whether humor moderated the influence of stress, multiple regression was applied in an hypothesis-testing format (ex. Depression = Stress + Humor Use + interaction). A separate analysis was performed for humor use and stress and for humor appreciation and stress for each of the outcome measures, but none of the regression coefficients associated with the interaction terms was significant. Addition of the humor variables did not significantly improve predictive ability beyond that provided by life events alone. Humor appreciation was correlated with Life Events (.30, P < .01) and with scores on the Beck Depression Scale (.24, p < .05) for females but not males. This indicates some tendency for females to see the humorous side of things as stress and psychological distress increase. The over-all results indicate humor, at least by itself, does not moderate the effects of life stress. Perhaps humor may be effective in coping with some simations. As the present study focused on l~fe stress in general, no significant results were found. If a relarionshlp does exist between humor and stress, it certainly is more complex than Dixon (3) suggested. REFERENCES
Non-perturbative divergence in critical string theory

Abstract The sum over topologies of dilaton tadpole divergences in the bosonic string obeys a differential equation. By solving the equation we sum the leading divergences and obtain a non-perturbative contribution to the effective action. We discuss the physical interpretation and relevance of the non-perturbative terms.
Dissolved sulfide distributions in the water column and sediment pore waters of the Santa Barbara Basin

Dissolved sulfide concentrations in the water column and in sediment pore waters were measured by square-wave voltammetry (nanomolar detection limit) during three cruises to the Santa Barbara Basin in February 1995, November–December 1995, and April 1997. In the water column, sulfide concentrations measured outside the basin averaged 3 ± 1 nM (n = 28) in the 0 to 600 m depth range. Inside the basin, dissolved sulfides increased to reach values of up to 15 nM at depths >400 m. A suite of box cores and multicores collected at four sites along the northeastern flank of the basin showed considerable range in surficial ( 400 μM at 10 cm. Decreases in water-column nitrate below the sill depth indicate nitrate consumption (−55 to −137 μmole m−2 h−1) similar to nearby Santa Monica Basin. Peaks in pore-water iron concentrations were generally observed between 2 and 5 cm depth with shallowest peaks at the 590 m site. These observations, including observations of the benthic microfauna, suggest that the extent to which the sulfide flux, sustained by elevated pore-water concentrations, reaches the water column may be modulated by the abundance of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in addition to iron redox and precipitation reactions.
PERSPECTIVE: Head, Heart, Hands: Painting the Images of NEPA

In a recent issue of Orion magazine, Mary O'Brien wrote an article emphasizing that the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires considering “all reasonable alternatives to the proposed ac...
Analysis of the Inflow and Pressure Buildup Under Impending Blowout Conditions

In this paper a technique is provided for determining formation pore pressure and flow properties based upon analysis of shut-in drill pipe pressure. Both radial and spherical transient flow of slightly compressible fluid are considered. Solutions are provided in dimensionless forms. A newly developed concept of effective (equivalent) flowing rate and time is applied to replace the unknown variable flow rate which takes place prior to shutting-in the well. Two numerical examples show how to utilize the information on pit gain, approximate flow-in time and the shut-in drill pipe pressure to determine formation fluid pressure. Fluid mobility (spherical flow) and formation transmissibility (radial flow) can also be determined from knowledge of shut-in drill pipe pressure as a function of time. Application of the proposed method is simple, and therefore, useful on the rig floor.
Verbal training to improve explanations of conservation with aphasic adults.

Recent research has indicated a need to study the relationship between the language of the adult aphasic and his attempts at cognitive processing. Nine aphasic adults who demonstrated a minimal abi...
Zernike polynomials and aberration balancing

For small aberrations, the Strehl ratio of an imaging system depends on the aberration variance. If the aberration function is expanded in terms of a complete set of polynomials that are orthogonal over the system aperture, then the variance is given by the sum of the square of the aberration coefficients. One such set is that of Zernike polynomials, which are orthogonal over a circular pupil. Its advantage lies in the fact that Zernike polynomials can be identified with the classical aberrations that are balanced to yield minimum variance, and thus a maximum Strehl ratio. We discuss classical aberrations, balanced aberrations, and Zernike polynomials for systems with circular pupils. How these polynomials change for an annular or a Gaussian pupil are also discussed.
Network awareness and mobile agent systems

Most current computer applications are insensitive to changing network conditions. With the growing demand for wireless, satellite, and other highly volatile computer communications networks, however, applications that are robust in the presence of network volatility must be designed and built. Network-robust applications are of great interest in military situations today, and we expect that interest to grow in industrial and eventually consumer environments as well. Mobile agents are one way to realize such applications, especially when used in a wireless environment. This article discusses issues and results related to the problem of making computer applications network-aware and reactive to changing network conditions. It contains a short overview of our work on mobile agents as well as a tutorial on network sensing from the agent perspective. Some prototypes of network sensing systems and network aware mobile-agent applications are presented.
Cholinergic disinhibition in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus is not mediated by receptors located on inhibitory neurons.

Abstract We studied the effects of carbamylcholine (carbachol; CCh) on monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) evoked in the presence of the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) and D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV). CCh (30 μM) blocked late afterhyperpolarizations but did not depress GABAA receptor-mediated fast monosynaptic IPSPs or GABAB receptor-mediated late monosynaptic IPSPs. In the presence of CCh the GABAB receptor agonist ( ± )-baclofen (2 mM) reversibly hyperpolarized pyramidal neurons and depressed monosynaptic IPSPs as under control conditions. Phorbol-12,13-diacetate (PDAc; 10 μM) increased fast and depressed late monosynaptic IPSPs, and prevented depression of IPSPs by baclofen. These results suggest that cholinergic disinhibition in area CA1 of the hippocampus results from decreased synaptic excitation of inhibitory neurons.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES IN GENERALIZED ENSEMBLES

For many years the emphasis in protein-folding simulations has been laid as to how to predict the three-dimensional structure of proteins. Only recently has there be a shift in interest towards the thermodynamics of folding. We show that generalized-ensemble techniques are well suited to study both questions for realistic protein models.
Development of in vitro derived bovine embryos following pronuclear transplantation and in vitro culture

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the survival and development of in vitro derived bovine embryos following pronuclear transplantation and in vitro embryo culture. Bovine zygotes were produced by in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization. Pronuclei were removed by micromanipulation and either transferred back to the same cell (Group 1) or into a previously enucleated zygote (Group 2) by electrofusion. Micromanipulated and non-micromanipulated (Group 3, control) zygotes were co-cultured with oviductal cells in a sealed modular chamber filled with 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2 at 39°C for 7–8 days. Fusion rates were similar for Groups 1 and 2 (90.7 and 85.1%, respectively, P > 0.05). The percentage of embryos that cleaved was not different for Groups 1 (82.0%), 2 (90.0%) and 3 (76.9%, P > 0.05). Also, the percentage of embryos developing to the compact morula or blastocyst stage was similar (25.6, 22.5 and 22.3%, respectively, for Groups 1, 2 and 3, P > 0.05). The results of this experiment are the first to demonstrate that pronuclear transfer can be carried out successfully using bovine embryos derived from in vitro oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization. In addition, pronuclei can be transferred from one bovine embryo to another and the reconstructed embryos develop to the compact morula and blastocyst stage in vitro. This technique, used in combination with oocyte retrieval by ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration and embryo transfer, offers the potential to study cytoplasmic inheritance in cattle directly, and to evaluate the effect of cytoplasmic inheritance on traits of economic importance.