cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Predictors of Binge Eating, Intense Dieting, and Weight Concerns in a National Sample of Women

As part of an ongoing longitudinal study of the antecedents and consequences of women's drinking in the U.S. adult female population, women who participated in a 1991 survey provided data in 1996 about their experiences of binge eating, intense dieting, and weight concerns ( N = 709, ages 26 to 54 in 1996). Five percent of the women reported binge eating in the past 30 days, 29% reported that they had engaged in intense dieting or fasting in the past 3 months, and 1.5% of the women met criteria for nonpurging bulimia nervosa (binge eating and intense dieting). Forty-three percent reported that their weight and shape were either very important or more important than anything else. After controlling for 1991 occurrence of binge eating, predictors of binge eating in 1996 were past 12-month use of illicit drugs (mostly marijuana) and greater occurrence of drinking to intoxication. A body mass index (BMI) × 1991 binge eating interaction indicated that having a higher BMI in 1991 predicted the onset of binge eating by 1996, but it did not predict the continuation (chronicity) of binge eating 5 years later. Year 1991 predictors of intense dieting in 1996 were having weight concerns, being unmarried, having used illicit drugs in the past 12 months, and having parents who had more than a high school education. Only a younger age in 1991 and having a lower BMI predicted 1996 weight concerns, after controlling for weight concerns 5 years earlier. These results indicate that risk factors for the onset and chronicity of disordered eating behaviors and attitudes across longer time periods in adult women may differ considerably from predictors found in cross-sectional studies or studies of adolescent females.
The Effects of Altitude and Electrical Force on the Terminal Velocity of Hydrometeors

Abstract A formula has been developed for computing the terminal velocity V from a reference velocity V0 by use of an adjustment factor f=V/V0 for a change in altitude or electric force. The drag coefficients for bodies of regular geometry were analyzed, and found to be sufficiently similar that a single adjustment formula could be used for all hydrometeor shapes. Comparisons with drag data showed that a formula for f, that is only a function of size, air density, viscosity, charge and electric field, predicts V/V0 to within 2% in most cases. This method also provides a reasonable means of computing V/V0 for complex geometries such as rimed ice crystals, aggregates and graupel, and for drops undergoing electrical stress.
Some mechanical and thermal properties of PECVD a-SixC1−x: H and a-SixN1−x: H films prepared by mixed frequency plasma processes

Abstract The thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) and biaxial elastic modulus (BEM) of a-Si x C 1−x : H and a-Si x N 1−x : H films prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) were studied over a wide range of composition. The films were prepared in a unique PECVD system that uses a controllable mixture of two frequencies (450 KHz and 13.56 MHz) to excite the plasma. The TCE and BEM were determined by neasuring the temperature dependence of the stress of identically deposited films on two substrates having different expansion coefficients. The TCE data are well behaved and relatively straightforward to understand. Silicon-rich carbide films and nitride films with x near 0.5 had TCE values near those of crystalline Si and Si 3 N 4 respectively. However, their moduli were much smaller than the bulk values. For x = 0.5, the carbide and nitride films had BEM values of about 125 GPa while the bulk values are 865 GPa and 482 GPa respectively. Effects of frequency mixing on the hardness of a series of carbide films were determined, using a nonoindenter system and films deposited with a fixed SiH 4 : CH 4 flow rate ratio and temperature. Such effects were quite pronounced in that raising the high frequency component from 15% to 85% reduced the hardness from 28 to 12 GPa. These findings and an explanation for their origins will be discussed, together with a few technological examples showing the use of such films as passivants. For example, dual layers of a-Si x C 1−x : H/a-Si x N 1− x : H have been used to protect the resistor structure in thermal ink jet printheads and, as such, are subjected to intensive thermal stress cycles. Thus one can predict that some carbide layers (having certain values of TCE, BEM and thickness) will have an excessive stored energy and thus delaminate during device operation. In another example, such carbide films could be attractive for coating magnetic storage media and recording head structures. Carbide films can have hardnesses comparable with that of a-C: H films but could, in principle, be tailored to a specific slider surface to minimize wear.
Liver tissue substrates in the hyperthermic rat.

1. 1. Experiments were carried out to determine whether elevated body temperature (Tr) altered metabolic pathways. 2. 2. Liver tissue levels of citric, malic, glutamic and asparati acids were measured in two strains of 3-month-old male rats at approximately 37 and 42·5°C. 3. 3. Malic acid levels were higher at 42°C than at 37°C in both strains. 4. 4. Radioactive pyruvate labelled at either C-1 or C-2 was administered to evaluate the possible origin of the increased malate. 5. 5. The results were interpreted to indicate TCA cycle activity decreased relative to the pyruvate carboxylase reaction.
Functionalization of polymeric organolithium compounds with formaldehyde

Functionalizations of poly(styryl)lithium (PSLi), poly(butadienyl)lithium (PBDLi), and poly(isoprenyl)lithium (PILi) with formaldehyde were investigated in benzene solutions at room temperature. Dimer and unfunctionalized products, in addition to the expected products, were found in the PSLi functionalization with formaldehyde. The byproducts were analyzed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and showed evidence for Cannizzaro reactions and electron-transfer reactions. A molecular weight dependence of the dimer formation was found for PSLi functionalizations for number-average molecular weights of less than 20,000; the dimer formation decreased as the molecular weight increased. Changing the reaction conditions did not eliminate dimer formation in the PSLi functionalization. The reactions of PBDLi and PILi with formaldehyde effected quantitative functionalizations, as determined by SEC, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, quantitative column chromatography, and end-group titration. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2435–2453, 2003
Separation of cellular nonpolar neutral lipids by normal-phase chromatography and analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Neutral lipids are an important class of hydrophobic compounds found in all cells that play critical roles from energy storage to signal transduction. Several distinct structural families make up this class, and within each family there are numbers of individual molecular species. A solvent extraction protocol has been developed to efficiently isolate neutral lipids without complete extraction of more polar phospholipids. Normal-phase HPLC was used for the separation of cholesteryl esters (CEs), monoalkylether diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols in a single HPLC run from this extract. Furthermore, minor lipids such as ubiquinone-9 could be detected in RAW 264.7 cells. Molecular species that make up each neutral lipid class can be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively by on-line LC-MS and LC-MS/MS strategies. The quantitation of >20 CE molecular species revealed that challenging RAW 264.7 cells with a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist caused a >20-fold increase in the content of CEs within cells, particularly those CE molecular species that contained saturated (14:0, 16:0, and 18:1) fatty acyl groups. Longer chain CE molecular species did not change in response to the activation of these cells.
Reliability of the relationship between hippocampal unit activity and sensory-behavioral events in the rat

The relationship of hippocampal cellular activity to behavior was assessed by making videotapes of recording sessions which sampled a variety of behaviors in the rat. The unit signals were displayed via a split screen device on the upper one-quarter of the picture. The output of a unit discriminator was presented on the audio channel of the tape. The tapes were later presented to naive observers who kept a running account of the behaviors correlated with fast or slow cell activity. The observers were also instructed to draw conclusions about the relationship between each cell's activity and behavior, and to state their confidence level in their conclusions. Twenty-three tapes were made, 14 hippocampal complex spike cells, 5 theta cells, one thalamic cell, and 3 control tapes in which complex spike activity from one session was presented with behaviors of another session. The observers showed high confidence and strong agreement on most of the cells. Of the 15 complex spike cells, 9 were judged to be related to the animal's position in space, 2 were related to turning movement, and 1 to drinking. The 5 theta cells were all related to general movement. The students found no compelling sensory behavioral correlates for 2 complex spike cells, the thalamic cell, and the 3 control tapes. The results indicate that hippocampal cellular activity is much more related to an animal's position in space than to the variety of sensory behavioral events previously described by J. Ranck (1973, Exp. Neurol.41: 461–531). The study also shows that a high degree of reliability can be obtained in the observational approach by the presentation of tapes of behavior to a large number of observers.
A new family of fucose-containing gangliosides isolated from human senile cataracts

Abstract Gangliosides were isolated from human cataracts by solvent extraction, silicic acid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. A total of 11 resorcinol-positive bands were revealed by thin-layer chromatography. Bands 1, 5 and 7 were partially identified as hematoside, GM1 ganglioside and disialoganglioside by gas-liquid chromatography as the O-trimethylsilylated methylglycosides. In addition to galactose and glucose, fucose was found to be present in seven ganglioside fractions (bands 3, 4, 6 and 8–11). All these fucolipids contained N-acetylglucosamine in addition to sialic acid. Fucogangliosides G-3, G-4 and G-6 contained a 2:1 molar ratio of galactose to glucose, while G-8 had a solgalactose glucose molar ratio of 1:1. Long-chain fatty acids constituted 60–77% of the total normal fatty acids in N-acetylgalactosamine-containing gangliosides, whereas the fucogangliosides contained primarily palmitate, although significant amounts of long-chain acids were also detected. The major long-chain base of the fucoganglioside was sphinganine (dihydrosphinogosine). The role of fucose-containing gangliosides in maintaining adhesions between lens membranes in cataracts is discussed with reference to glycosphingolipids in other tissues.
Strong clique trees, neighborhood trees, and strongly chordal graphs

Maximal complete subgraphs and clique trees are basic to both the theory and applications of chordal graphs. A simple notion of strong clique tree extends this structure to strongly chordal graphs. Replacing maximal complete subgraphs with open or closed vertex neighborhoods discloses new relationships between chordal and strongly chordal graphs and the previously studied families of chordal bipartite graphs, clique graphs of chordal graphs (dually chordal graphs), and incidence graphs of biacyclic hypergraphs. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Graph Theory 33: 151–160, 2000
Sexual size dimorphism in red-necked phalaropes and functional significance of nonsexual bill structure variation for feeding performance.

Sexual size dimorphism is widespread in shorebirds, yet no tests of the assumption that such size dimorphism extends to functionally significant dimensions of the bill exist. This report presents tests of: (1) the assumption that sexual size dimorphism extends to the feeding structures in sexually size dimorphic bird, and (2) the hypothesis that bill-size variation influences feeding performance in Phalaropus lobatus, the red-necked phalarope. Discriminant function analysis revealed that the sexes of this species can be distinguished on the basis of five body size/bill length variables, but with low accuracy in sexing of females because of misclassification of small females as males. In the shorebird literature, the assumption is generally made that in the absence of selection to the contrary, bill size scales to body size and hence sexual size dimorphism extends to bill size. However, discriminant function analysis of measures from red-necked phalaropes failed to separate the sexes on the basis of either external or internal bill dimensions other than length. Nonetheless, internal dimensions of the upper jaw combined with exposed culmen length explained 86% of the variance in feeding performance of phalaropes; high feeding performance depends on a wide, shallow, complex internal bill structure. This study provides evidence that internal bill dimensions determine feeding performance in a manner consistent with the mechanics of surface tension transport of prey. These results suggest that some dimensions of bill size may be constrained by performance demands and demonstrate that variation in bill morphology has functional consequences. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Riemann Problem and the Existence of Weak Solutions to a System of Mixed-Type in Dynamic Phase Transition

Abstract We discuss the Riemann problem and the existence of weak solutions to a dynamic phase transition problem. To estimate the wave strength of outgoing waves containing the phase boundary, we obtain the reflection and transmission coefficients for phase boundary. Then, employing the entropy rate admissibility criterion and the initiation criterion, we prove the existence of global weak solutions via Glimm scheme.
Diabetes Alters Intracellular Calcium Transients in Cardiac Endothelial Cells

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious diabetes-associated complication that results in myocardial dysfunction independent of other etiological factors [1]. Pathological alterations to the myocardium associated with DCM include circulatory defects, impaired heart muscle contraction, and abnormal calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis in cardiac cells[2]. In myocardium, endothelial cells play an essential role in maintaining intracellular Ca2+ hemostasis in response to stimuli and regulating cardiac function [3]. External stimulus may cause abrupt changes in Ca2+ balance, including Ca2+ release from sarco-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [4]. Subsequent return of the Ca2+ level to basal levels occurs due to Ca2+ decay mechanism, which is mainly regulated by sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase pumps (SERCA) present at ER membrane which are responsible for Ca2+ sequestration [5]. Studies have shown that the mechanisms by which Ca2+ homeostasis alters cardiac function in diabetic cardiomyocytes include reduced activity of the SERCA pumps [6]. However, no information is available regarding the effects of diabetes on Ca2+ hemostasis and the underlying Ca2+ sequestration mechanism in diabetic cardiac endothelial cells[7]. This study tested the hypothesis that diabetic endothelial cells will exhibit disruptions in Ca2+ decay kinetics via alterations in the sequestration mechanism.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effects of dobutamine stimulation on regional myocardial glucose uptake poststunning as measured by positron emission tomography

Objectives: The aim was to determine whether dobutamine stimulation of energy expenditure within the postischaemic myocardium would affect regional differences in glucose uptake as measured by positron emission tomography (PET). Methods: The metabolic rate of glucose uptake within the myocardium can be assessed with the glucose analog 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Stunning was induced in 14 anaesthetised pigs by partially occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for 20 min (>80% flow reduction). The metabolic rate of glucose uptake was determined 2 h after reperfusion in the LAD and non-LAD regions in two groups: without (group 1; n = 7) and during (group 2; n = 7) a constant intravenous infusion of dobutamine (4 μg·kg−1·min−1). Results: In all pigs, stunning reduced systolic shortening from 16(SD 4)% to 5(5)% (p<0.05) and slightly lowered myocardial oxygen consumption, from 3.18(1.21) to 2.67(0.93) μmol·min−1·g−1 (p = 0.08). In the postischaemic LAD region of group 1, the metabolic rate of glucose uptake was significantly lower than the non-LAD region (0.11(0.08) and 0.43(0.33) μmol·min−1·g−1 respectively). In group 2, dobutamine induced a sustained increase in both fractional shortening (7(4)% to 16(5)%; p<0.05) and oxygen consumption (2.34(0.94) to 4.53(1.52) μmol·min−1·g−1; p <0.05) within the postischaemic LAD region. Despite recruitment of function and oxygen consumption in group 2, the metabolic rate of glucose uptake was similar to that of group 1 (0.11(0.09) and 0.40(0.28) μmol·min−1·g−1 in LAD and remote regions respectively). Conclusions: In this pig model of stunning, uptake of FDG was lower in stunned compared with remote myocardium and was independent of postischaemic changes in oxygen consumption and wall thinning. This supports the contention that after stunning, non-glucose substrates play an important part in maintaining energy expenditure during catecholamine stimulation. Cardiovascular Research 1994; 28: 1030-1035
Documentary Visions, Theological Insights

In an attempt to engage students' higher-order thinking skills, we developed a documentary filmmaking project for our introduction to theology course. By documenting certain aspects of the theology of John Wesley and John Henry Newman (God, creation, revelation, Jesus, the church), students were able to delve deeply into these themes, better understanding them and their interrelationships. The project helped the students to actively practice historical theology, rather than passively learn about it through lectures. In addition, the project emphasized research skills, quality of writing and creative production, and a professional presentation at a screening.
NMR and Electron Microscopy Studies of Soybean Seeds, Soybean Proteins, and Oil for Improved Utilization in Foods and Feeds

NMR, NIR and EM techniques are suitable methods of measuring protein and oil content in soybeans. After completion of a measurement with NMR or NIR, a soybean sample could be either replanted or consummated. NMR techniques involved in the present work are based on the response of nuclei, as nuclear spin flips, when set in a 7.05T magnetic field and excited with rf pulses of 300 MHz. NIR spectroscopy is based on outer electron molecular vibrations, when excited with radiation of frequency 1012 -4 × 1014Hz, and =2.5Om-750 nm.TEM and ESEM techniques are bulk and surface analysis techniques, respectively, working with electron beams of 15KV, and image resolution in the range of nm’s. ESEM is based on the possibility of imaging with secondary emitted electrons from the samples, and TEM on the possibility to have image contrast based on the difference in electron transmission through elements of different atomic weight. Novel results are presented by NMR, FT-NIR spectroscopy and Electron Microscopy for intact, selected soybean seeds accessions, soybean oil and soybean proteins.
Diffusion theory for multilayered scattering media

We present an approximation to light propagation through skin using an improved multilayered diffusion equation. This equation allows for the influence of multiple layers on diffusely reflected light to be considered; which is accomplished by embedding imaginary point sources in the medium that correspond to each layer's transport mean free path. The new approximation is then compared to a previous two-layer solution by Farrell et al. to verify improvement as well as to results from Monte Carlo simulations to verify accuracy.
The multiple compartment approach to brachial plexus anesthesia

Over the past 80 years, there have been numerous descriptions of techniques to block the brachial plexus at the levels of roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and peripheral nerves. This article emphasizes the multicompartmental nature of the brachial plexus at each of these levels. Whatever site of block is chosen, the local anesthetic should be deposited in a manner that ensures some drug distribution to each compartment. In general, this means using a small mobile needle in a fanning manner versus the concept of an immobile needle depositing a large volume of anesthetic in a single reservoir. Paresthesia will often occur with all techniques and we must recognize this as reality, interpret their meaning as generally being helpful, not harmful, and seek to minimize any discomfort or possible harm to the patient. A “successful” nerve block has many possible descriptors, but every anesthesiologist appreciates the usefulness of effective, rapid onset, brachial plexus anesthesia.
Modelling of Fault-Induced Noise Signals for Computer Relaying Applications

This paper describes a digital simulation technique to compute the random process parameters of the fault-induced noise signals. The autocorrelation functions, variance and spectra of the noise signals are obtained for an example of a typical power system. Empirical formulas are obtained which may be applied in computer relaying based on estimation theory, statistical approaches, or in the design of digital filters for computer relaying.
The development of a Human Computer Interaction course at a senior synthesis course

HCI has been taught in universities and colleges as an elective for computer science majors. An inter-disciplinary synthesis course was developed in the Department of Computer Science at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. The course was first offered in the fall of 2004. Objectives, content, and pedagogy of this course are outlined. The paper is concluded by citing challenges and issues regarding the development and launching of such a course.
The BERKELEY system. III. General configuration‐interaction methods for open‐shell molecular electronic states

A system of general “open-ended” configuration-interaction (CI) programs, specifically designed for the Harris Corporation Slash Four minicomputer, is described. These methods are general in the sense that an arbitrary list of configurations (linear combinations of Slater determinants) may be used, and open ended in that peripheral (i.e., disk) storage capacity determines the maximum size problem that can be solved. The largest variational calculations carried out to date using BERKELEY involve 7064 open-shell singlet configurations (31,898 Slater determinants). Detailed timing breakdowns are presented for four test cases, two of which involve the lowest ππ* singlet state of ethylene. The other two examples are the orthogonal or bisected singlet state of trimethylenemethane and the 8B1 state of the MnCH2 complex. In the latter case, it is found that the predicted MnCH2 dissociation energy is only slightly increased by electron correlation effects.
Mglm: A Pascal Program for Multivariate Linear Modeling

A PC-based program is described, the purpose of which is to perform estimation and hypothesis testing for multivariate linear models with options for post-hoc investigation, including discriminant analysis and the determination of the most significant parametric function. The program, which is equally useful as a teaching or a research tool, is based on the formulation of the multivariate general linear model. The user is given complete freedom of expression for models, hypotheses, parametric functions, and data transformations.
The Effects of Aircraft (B-52) Overflights on Ancient Structures

Abstract To simulate combat missions for the American bomber force, the Air Combat Command conducts low altitude training flights along routes throughout the U.S.A. This paper presents the results of an effort to evaluate the effect of these overflights on the many archaeologically significant structures located beneath the training routes. This study has shown that: (1) low overflights can induce measurable vibrations in these ancient structures; (2) the overflight induced motions do not constitute an appreciable threat to the sites; and (3) the observed levels of motion are no greater than those induced by sources in the natural environment. Although these findings are specific to overflights by B-52s, comparison of the low frequency acoustic signature of the B-52 and that of the B-1B suggests that B-1B overflights should not pose a significantly greater threat to the structures than B-52 overflights.
Revision shoulder arthroplasty after failed total shoulder arthroplasty

Revision shoulder arthroplasty is a demanding procedure that usually involves not only component revision, but also the complex reconstruction of soft tissue contracture, muscle deficiency, and bone loss. Although clinical results of revision shoulder arthroplasty are, in general, inferior to primary shoulder arthroplasty, careful patient selection and adherence to surgical principles can lead to satisfactory results.
Comparison of Two Waveform Design Methods Based on MI and SINR

Modern radar systems should transmit different waveforms according to different environment. Waveform design is an important problem in radar system design. In this paper, we compare two waveform design methods based on MI and SINR with the signal model of a Gaussian target ensemble in ground clutter. The simulation results show that for the different tasks of radar, the energy allocation modes are different. Finally, the whole paper is summarized.
Effects of ethidium bromide on development and aging of Drosophila - Implications for the free radical theory of aging

Abstract Ethidium bromide (EB) at a concentration of 2 × 10 −4 M in the medium increased the development time of Drosophila melanogaster by 32%. Concentrations of 2 × 10 −5 had no effect on development and flies failed to develop in media containing 2 × 10 −3 . The adult body weights of the flies which developed on the EB-medium were 80% of the controls for the males and 77% of the controls for the females. Both the mean and the maximum life span of the flies which developed in medium containing EB were increased by 21.5 and 17.9% respectively when fed control food as adults. Furthermore, flies allowed to develop in control food had both mean and maximum life span increased by 22.6 and 30.2% respectively when fed 2 × 10 −4 EB as adults. The oxygen consumption was lower for both flies treated with EB during their development or during their adult life. The results suggest that EB, which has been shown to produce respiratory mutants in yeast, has a similar disorganizing effect on the respiratory apparatus of Drosophila . The fact that this mitochondria-induced lowering of respiration results in increased life span supports the “rate-of-living” theory of aging and Harman's concept that senescent disorganization is linked with the release of free radicals in the mitochondria during the course of normal aerobic metabolism.
Beta adrenergic receptors mediate adenylate cyclase responses in rat cerebral capillaries.

Capillary fractions from rat cerebral cortex contain an adenylate cyclase system sensitive to activation by the beta adrenergic agonists in the following order of efficacy: isoproterenol, norepinephrine (NE) ⪢ metaproterenol (beta2), tazolol (beta1) > terbutaline (beta2) > dobutamine (beta1). These beta agonist-induced responses of adenylate cyclase were potently inhibited by propranolol a mixed beta antagonist. Isoproterenol- and NE-induced stimulation of the enzyme were more sensitive to inhibition by butoxamine (beta2 antagonist) than to practolol (beta)1 antagonist); however, these latter inhibitions were less than that observed with propranolol. Butoxamine produced greater antagonism than practolol of the beta2 agonist-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase, while practolol was more potent than butoxamine with regard to the stimulatory actions of dobutamine. Tazolol was a partial agonist at low concentrations. This agonist action of tazolol was reduced by propranolol > practolol > butoxamine. As a partial antagonist, tazolol at higher concentrations exerted an inhibition intermediary between propranolol and butoxamine on the enzyme activation by isoproterenol. Only one form of cyclic AMP-dependent phosphodiesterase was found to be present in the capillary preparation. The data indicate that cerebral capillaries possess a mixed population of beta adrenergic receptors mediating the stimulation of adenylate cyclase.
Inversion of lidar signals from dense smoke contaminated with multiple scattering

Practical inversion methods are presented to account for the multiple scattering component of lidar signals. Two variants of the lidar signal inversion for dense smoke plumes, the near-end solution and the optical depth solution, are considered. In both cases, the measured lidar signal, contaminated by multiple scattering, is transformed into a form similar to the single-scattering lidar equation for a single-component atmosphere. To achieve this, a transformation factor related to the range-dependent ratio of the multiple-to-single scattering is determined using an assumed dependence of the ratio on the smoke optical depth.
Segmental localization of mRNAs encoding Na+-K+-ATPase α- and β-subunit isoforms in rat kidney using RT-PCR

Segmental localization of mRNAs encoding Na + -K + -ATPase α- and β-subunit isoforms in rat kidney using RT-PCR. To characterize the expression of genes encoding the α- and β-subunit isoforms of the Na + -K + -ATPase in rat kidney, we used reverse transcription (RT)-PCR of microdissected renal structures combined with quantitation of subunit isoform mRNAs in the major renal parenchymal zones. Transcripts for α1, α2, α3, β1, and β2 subunit isoforms were detected by RT-PCR in microdissected glomeruli, proximal convoluted tubules, medullary thick ascending limbs of Henle, cortical and inner medullary collecting ducts. The truncated α1 (α1-T) isoform was also amplified from cortex, outer and inner medulla and isolated glomeruli, but it was not detected in these nephron segments. The DNA sequence of the renal α1-T PCR product was identical to that of the cDNA previously cloned from aortic smooth muscle cells. RNA dot-blot analysis indicated that the α1, α2, and α3 isoforms contributed ∼70%, ∼20%, and ∼10%, respectively, of the total α isoform mRNA in each parenchymal zone. RNase protection assays determined that the β1 and β2 isoforms accounted for ∼95% and ∼5%, respectively, of the β isoform mRNA in each zone. These data provide definitive evidence for the differential expression of mRNAs encoding all the α and β isoforms in the renal parenchyma, and for the coexpression of these isoforms in the nephron segments examined. The results suggest the potential expression of up to eight different Na + -K + -ATPase isoenzymes in the kidney, and for multiple molecular levels of regulation of renal Na + -K + -ATPase expression.
Reversible β-hydride elimination of amine ligands forming stable cis-η2-iminium hydride OsII complexes

Abstract Octahedral tetraammineosmium(II) species are generated from their OsIII precursors containing an amine ligand cis to a labile alcohol or triflate. These compounds undergo reversible β-hydride eliminations resulting in the formation of cis-η2-iminium hydride complexes. Judging from NMR data, the η2-iminium group in these products lies parallel to the osmium-hydride bond with the iminium carbon eclipsing the hydride. Attempts to form η2-arene complexes of an OsII ammine system bearing a stereogenic carbon are also described.
The effect of western juniper on the estrous cycle in beef cattle

Abstract Numerous evergreen trees and shrubs contain labdane acids, including isocupressic acid, which can cause late-term abortions in cattle. Recent research has shown that the bark from western juniper trees can also cause late-term abortions in cattle. Additionally, ranchers have observed that cattle in western juniper-infested rangelands tend to have decreased conception rates. The objective of this study was to determine if western juniper alters the estrous cycle of cattle. Fourteen heifers (10 treated and 4 control) were monitored for 74 days for signs of normal estrous behavior, with a 21 day feeding trial with western juniper bark from days 28–48, after which the cattle were bred naturally with a bull. The cattle were checked for pregnancy 30 days after all cattle had been bred. The data from this study indicate that exposure to western juniper bark does not affect normal estrus, estrous cycle or conception rates of cattle.
Sitemap explorer: browser integrated web navigation

A fundamental issue is still not addressed in current web navigation designs is the consistency of navigation models across different websites. In addition, almost all of the current designs are static and passive; users have to adapt their navigation behaviors to each model and follow it all the time on a particular website. This research presents a new browser integrated web navigation model which features a browser add-on called Sitemap Explorer to dynamically discover and load sitemap files and visualize them to users in a model of their own choices. The solution provides a consistent and personalizable client interface for the complex and unpredictable web, and offers rich functionalities and flexibility for users to easily manage and adapt web navigation to their needs. For more information, visit https://code.google.com/p/sitemap-explorer
The cloning and functional characterization of the nifH gene of Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Abstract Dinitrogenase reductase (the nifH product) from Rhodospirillum rubrum is regulated by a post-translational modification system encoded by draTG . As demonstrated in this report, the cloning, sequencing, and functional characterization of the nifH gene provides a basis for further analysis as well as revealing interesting features of gene organization. The coding regions of nifH and draT are separated by only 400 bp, though the genes are divergently transcribed and differentially regulated. The construction of a nifH insertion caused a Nif − phenotype and destroyed the mutant's ability to synthesize both dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase, verifying functionality and transcriptional organization of the nifHDK genes.
Potential Therapeutic Use of Cytokines in Gynaecology and Obstetrics

Therapeutic manipulation of cytokines may be accomplished by inhibition of a particular cytokine using an antagonist or by administering the cytokine itself. Cytokines appear to have a number of physiological roles, and consequently therapeutic implications, in obstetrics and gynaecology. In the central nervous system, interleukin-1 (IL-1) decreases gonadotropin releasing hormone and luteinising hormone levels and increases prolactin levels. Interferon-α and -γ and tumour necrosis factor-α have negative effects on sperm motility and penetration rates. Seminal IL-6 and IL-8 levels correlate negatively with fertility. IL-8 seems to be involved in periovulatory events by attracting and activating neutrophils that play a role in timely follicular rupture. Leukaemia inhibitory factor has been shown to be essential for blastocyst implantation.
Evidence for a new haemoglobin chain (zeta-chain).

THE possibility of a human embryonic haemoglobin was first indicated by the work of Drescher and Kunzer1. Two such haemoglobins, Hb-Grower 1 and Hb-Gower 2, have been discovered2,3 and their structures are ɛ4 and α2ɛ2 respectively. The ɛ-chain is a distinct haemoglobin chain synthesized during embryonic development. It has therefore been suggested4 that there is a separate genetic locus determining the structure of the ɛ-chain, just as there are separate loci determining the structure of the α, β, γ, and δ-haemoglobin chains5.
Successful ICU Care of a 14-Year-Old With Total Artificial Circulation Using Two Ventricular Assist Devices for 118 Days

Within the first year following orthotopic heart transplantation, the patient is at risk of graft failure, rejection, and infection. Late mortality is often due to allograph vasculopathy. Most of the patients with primary graft failure will usually recover with temporary mechanical ventricular assist support; however, on occasion the patient must be retransplanted. For the patient who suffers primary graft failure necessitating explanation and bridging until a new suitable graft is found, there are several total artificial heart options. However, in the pediatric population these options are limited. The authors’ surgical colleagues were able to fashion a paracorporeal total artificial heart constructed with 2 ventricular assist devices. In this case report, the authors discuss a pediatric patient who had to be explanted and supported for an extended amount of time. This article describes the incidence of cardiomyopathy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients, the choice of extracorporeal membrane oxyge...
Flexibility within working memory and the focus of attention for sequential verbal information does not depend on active maintenance

The focus of attention seems to be a static element within working memory when verbal information is serially presented, unless additional time is available for processing or active maintenance. Experiment 1 manipulated the reward associated with early and medial list positions in a probe recognition paradigm and found evidence that these nonterminal list positions could be retrieved faster and more accurately if participants were appropriately motivated—without additional time for processing or active maintenance. Experiment 2 used articulatory suppression and demonstrated that the underlying maintenance mechanism cannot be attributed to rehearsal, leaving attentional refreshing as the more likely mechanism. These findings suggest that the focus of attention within working memory can flexibly maintain nonterminal early and medial list representations at the expense of other list representations even when there is not additional time for processing or active maintenance. Maintenance seems to be accomplished through an attentional refreshing mechanism.
In vivo strain patterns in the four major canine knee ligaments

Using mercury gauges, we measured strains in vivo in the four major ligaments of the canine knee joint as the tibia was loaded in valgus or varus at fixed angles of knee flexion. Free axial rotation of the tibia on the femur was allowed. Forces up to 78.4 N were applied to the tibia, producing moments of approximately 9 N-m. We found that with valgus loading, significant strains were observed in the medial collateral ligament at extension. At 45 degrees of flexion, the medial collateral, posterior cruciate, and anterior cruciate were strained. At 90 degrees of flexion, all four ligaments were strained. With varus loading, significant strains were found in the lateral collateral and anterior cruciate at extension. The lateral collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments were strained at 45 degrees of flexion. At 90 degrees of flexion, the lateral collateral, anterior cruciate, and posterior cruciate ligaments were strained. With valgus loading, the tibia rotated internally and the degree of axial rotation increased with flexion. External rotation of the tibia resulted from varus loading, and was relatively constant through the range of flexion. Thus when axial rotation is allowed, stability of the knee in response to valgus and varus loads is maintained by the cruciates as well as the collaterals, and the role of the cruciates increases with flexion and axial rotation.
Small non-overlapping offsets of the East Pacific Rise

High-resolution bathymetric surveys1,2 of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) reveal that in addition to overlapping spreading centres (OSCs), the crest of the EPR is offset tiny amounts by smaller features. Recently, Langmuir et al. have shown that despite their subtle bathymetric expression, these small offsets, bends and kinks of the EPR, collectively termed deviations from axial linearity (devals), represent important petrological and tectonic boundaries. Some devals are small non-overlapping offsets (SNOOs) that offset the EPR axis by up to a few hundred metres. Bathymetric contours near SNOOs are usually disturbed from their axis-parallel trend in ways that we interpret as evidence for strike-slip faulting and volcanism at high angles to the trend of EPR axis. We offer a model for the formation of SNOOs and their associated faults that invokes independent magma supply, stochastic active spreading and limited non-rigid behaviour of the neovolcanic zone.
Behavior of mercury in biosystems. I. Uptake and concentration in food-chain.

The study was conducted to measure both the rate of uptake of two mercurial compounds in a simple model food-chain consisting of three trophic levels (bacteria, larvae and fish) and to ascertain the Hg/sup 2 +/-concentration factor in each. These three organisms represent a unique food-chain system that can be reared easily under controlled laboratory conditions. They are also able to establish themselves within a short period of time independently of the presence or absence of a very low concentration of radioactive mercury in either the organic or inorganic form. Factors affecting both bioaccumulation and concentration factor (CF) were also examined.
Hope: A phenomenological prelude to critical social theory

A concern with emotion should be central to the human sciences. As primordial elements of human consciousness, feeling and emotion are crucial to the very na? ture of human studies. Thus Freud (1921, p. 159) believed that the study of emo? tions would play a pivotal role in any understanding of the human psyche and be? havior. Likewise, Max Scheler (1973) made the analysis of emotionality a key component of his philosophical anthropology. More recently, experimentation in physiological psychology has indicated the primary nature of human emotions (see Grastyan, 1968, p. 187). Like the physical body itself, then, emotionality seems to be a foundational quality within human being. It follows that the study of emotions is significant in any attempt to understand humankind or its social organ? ization.
Functional expression of the bradykinin-B2 receptor cDNA in Chinese hamster lung CCL39 fibroblasts

Abstract The bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor cDNA was synthesized by rt-PCR and transfected into the Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, CCL39. The CCL39 do not contain the mRNA for this receptor and do not bind BK. Clones of transfected cells were screened for BK receptor mRNA, binding of BK, and for [Ca2+]i response to BK The clones showed various levels of receptor mRNA. Scatchard analysis of three clones, B6, B5 and B1, each gave a Kd of approximately 1.0nM while the Bmax for each clone differed at 320, 38.7, and 5.39 fmoles per 106 cells respectively. The [Ca2+]i response of the three clones to BK decreased with the receptor number/cell. Thus, levels of mRNA, BK binding and [Ca2+]i response proved proportionally related in the transfected clones. The actions of BK and α-thrombin, which has an endogenous receptor in these cells, were assessed in clone B6. BK proved active but also distinct from thrombin. BK at 10nM and thrombin at 2units/ml both effectively increased cytosolic [Ca2+]i. BK at l0nM stimulated PGE2 production three fold over basal, while thrombin only marginally elevated PGE2 levels. Alone, BK stimulated a small increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA. However, in combination with insulin, BK stimulated DNA synthesis to 76% of thrombin, a potent mitogen in these cells. These results illustrate that the BK-B2 receptor cDNA can be stably transfected into a mammalian cell and can activate transmembrane signalling pathways.
MOUND-CELL MOVEMENT AND MORPHOGENESIS IN DICTYOSTELIUM

Abstract To examine the mechanisms of cell locomotion within a three-dimensional (3-D) cell mass, we have undertaken a systematic 3-D analysis of individual cell movements in the Dictyostelium mound, the first 3-D structure to form during development of the fruiting body. We used time-lapse deconvolution microscopy to examine two strains whose motion represents endpoints on the spectrum of motile behaviors that we have observed in mounds. In AX-2 mounds, cell motion is slow and trajectories are a combination of random and radial, compared to KAX-3, in which motion is fivefold faster and most trajectories are rotational. Although radial or rotational motion was correlated with the optical-density wave patterns present in each strain, we also found small but significant subpopulations of cells that moved differently from the majority, demonstrating that optical-density waves are at best insufficient to explain all motile behavior in mounds. In examining morphogenesis in these strains, we noted that AX-2 mounds tended to culminate directly to a fruiting body, whereas KAX-3 mounds first formed a migratory slug. By altering buffering conditions we could interchange these behaviors and then found that mound-cell motions also changed accordingly. This demonstrates a correlation between mound-cell motion and subsequent development, but it is not obligatory. Chimeric mounds composed of only 10% KAX-3 cells and 90% AX-2 cells exhibited rotational motion, suggesting that a diffusible molecule induces rotation, but many of these mounds still culminated directly, demonstrating that rotational motion does not always lead to slug migration. Our observations provide a detailed analysis of cell motion for two distinct modes of mound and slug formation in Dictyostelium.
Ability of the Public to Recognize Mental Illness: An Issue of Substance and an Issue of Meaning*

Star and Cummings findings that in 1950 and 1951 only a small minority of the public was able to identify symptoms of mental illness other than those of paranoid schizophrenia are at variance with the findings of the major studies carried out in the 1960's. In most studies, substantial numbers of the public were able to recognize case descriptions as mentally ill. Therefore, hypotheses and policies based on the assumption of public's inability or unwillingness to identify mental illness are no longer supported empirically. The relationship between the ability to recognize behavior as pathological and attitudes, whether positive or negative, towards the mentally ill was tested. No relationship was found. Bentz and Edgerton studying predominantly rural populations and using different techniques have arrived at similar findings. They state “our data strongly supports the proposition that the persons who attached the label of mental illness to the previously described behaviors do not differ significantly from persons not using this label in terms of their willingness to interact at various levels with the mentally ill.” (13). Our study confirms this.
Monitoring dopamine in vivo by microdialysis sampling and on-line CE-laser-induced fluorescence.

Microdialysis sampling was coupled on-line to micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) to monitor extracellular dopamine concentration in the brains of rats. Microdialysis probes were perfused at 0.3 μL/min and the dialysate mixed on-line with 6 mM naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehye and 10 mM potassium cyanide pumped at 0.12 μL/min each into a reaction capillary. The reaction mixture was delivered into a flow-gated interface and separated at 90-s intervals. The MEKC separation buffer consisted of 30 mM phosphate, 6.5 mM SDS, and 2 mM HP-β-CD at pH 7.4, and the electric field was 850 V/cm applied across a 14-cm separation distance. Analytes were detected by laser-induced fluorescence excited using the 413-nm line of a 14-mW diode-pumped laser. The detection limit for dopamine was 2 nM when sampling by dialysis. The basal dopamine concentration in dialysates collected from the striatum of anesthetized rats was 18 ± 3 nM (n = 12). The identity of the putative dopamine peak was confirmed by showing that dop...