cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital Deformity: An Effect of Frostbite in Children

Two young children, aged 2 1/2 and 3 1/2, were briefly exposed to temperatures of -20 degrees F (-29 degrees C) without adequate hand protection. Hand contact with snow and metal doorknobs also occurred. Second and third degree frostbite of the cold injured digits ensured. Within six months, and progressing thereafter, the fingers developed a stubby appearance and demonstrated distal angulation and weak extension. Roentgenograms revealed undermineralization of the phalanges and coarsening of the trabecular pattern. The epiphyses of the middle and distal epiphyses were absent or atrophic. The metaphyses were irregularly convoluted. The pathogenesis of this deformity appears to be the direct effect of freezing and of ischemia on the most metabolically active site in the digit--the growth plate. Language: en
Program Understanding: Models and Experiments

Abstract Models of how programmers understand code they have not written have been developed and analyzed for many years. These models describe program comprehension at various levels of detail. This papers puts them in perspective, particularly with regard to specialized maintenance tasks versus general code understanding needs. Experiments support some, but not all, comprehension models. We analyze models and their validation experiments to see what the current state of knowledge about program comprehension offers. Open issues point to a need for more experimental studies with experienced software engineers working on specific maintenance tasks and large-scale code in state-of-the-art environments.
Deformation enhanced photoemission from aluminum

Measurement of the photoyield of flexurally fatigued aluminum is reported as a function of photon energy for two different initial microstructures of the material. It was found that for photon energies less than about 9 eV fatigue enhances the photoemission. It was also observed that this “photo-stimulated exoelectron emission” is quite sensitive to the initial microstructure. The enhancement occurs much more rapidly with fatigue for well-annealed Al than for work hardened specimens. The results appear to be consistent with a model, to be presented in Part II which is based on a resonant coupling between the surface electromagnetic modes (plasmons) of the metal and the incident photon. This resonance is made possible by the development of dislocation slip steps on the surface during fatigue. The effect of material condition is shown to be primarily a difference in the kinetics of slip step formation. The effects of ion sputtering to remove oxides and of the angle of incidence of the photons are also reported. Above 9 eV the photoyield was found to be almost insensitive to fatigue, usually decreasing slightly.
Encystment and Polymer Production by Azotobacter vinelandii in the Presence of β-Hydroxybutyrate

Cells of Azotobacter vinelandii encysted in Burk9s nitrogen-free liquid media which had been supplemented with n -butyl alcohol, β-hydroxybutyrate, or crotonate. Butyraldehyde and butyrate did not influence the extent of encystment. In the absence of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate enhanced the rate and extent of encystment. In the presence of glucose, it promoted abortive encystment, which was manifested by the disorganization of the exine and the release of a highly viscous material into the medium. The soluble, viscous polymer was separated from the medium by a series of ethyl alcohol precipitations and identified as a mucopeptide. It was cleaved by treatment with lysozyme and lysostaphin with a concomitant increase in reducing power. It contained 13.9% N; 56% amino acids, as alanine (alanine, lysine, and glutamic acids); and 42% hexosamines. The polymer appeared to be similar to a noncross-linked peptidoglycan. Images
The impact of e-government on child support enforcement policy outcomes

This study explores the effect of E-government application, the Automated Information Systems (AIS), of child support enforcement on child support collection outcomes. Using Current Population Survey (CPS) data from 2000 to 2005, I employ Heckman's two step method to deal with selection bias. The result in the first step shows a positive association between AIS and the probability of single mothers receiving child support from delinquent fathers. In the second step, AIS is statistically significant, indicating that among single mothers who received support, those living in a state that adopted AIS received $192 more per year, on average, than single mothers living in a state without AIS, holding other factors being constant.
Political ideology as a source of business cycles

When the government must decide not only on broad public-policy programs but also on the provision of group-specific public goods, dynamic strategic inefficiencies arise. The struggle between opposing groups–that disagree on the composition of expenditures and compete for office–results in governments being endogenously short-sighted: systematic under-investment in infrastructure and overspending on public goods arises, as resources are more valuable when in power. This distorts allocations even under lump-sum taxation. Ideological biases create asymmetries in the group’s relative political power generating endogenous economic cycles in an otherwise deterministic environment. Volatility is non-monotonic in the size of the bias and is an additional source of inefficiency.
Modulation of innate immune responses by Yersinia type III secretion system translocators and effectors

Summary The innate immune system of mammals responds to microbial infection through detection of conserved molecular determinants called ‘pathogen-associated molecular patterns’ (PAMPs). Pathogens use virulence factors to counteract PAMP-directed responses. The innate immune system can in turn recognize signals generated by virulence factors, allowing for a heightened response to dangerous pathogens. Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens encode type III secretion systems (T3SSs) that translocate effector proteins, subvert PAMP-directed responses and are critical for infection. A plasmid-encoded T3SS in the human-pathogenic Yersinia species translocates seven effectors into infected host cells. Delivery of effectors by the T3SS requires plasma membrane insertion of two translocators, which are thought to form a channel called a translocon. Studies of the Yersinia T3SS have provided key advances in our understanding of how innate immune responses are generated by perturbations in plasma membrane and other signals that result from translocon insertion. Additionally, studies in this system revealed that effectors function to inhibit innateimmune responses resulting from insertion of translocons into plasma membrane. Here, we review these advances with the goal of providing insight into how a T3SS can activate and inhibit innate immune responses, allowing a virulent pathogen to bypass host defences.
Transport and structural study of pressure-induced magnetic states in Nd0.55Sr0.45MnO3 and Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3

Pressure effects on the electron transport and structure of Nd 1 - x Sr x MnO 3 (x=0.45, 0.5) were investigated in the range from ambient to ∼6 GPa. In Nd 0 . 5 5 Sr 0 . 4 5 MnO 3 , the low-temperature ferromagnetic metallic state is suppressed and a low-temperature insulating state is induced by pressure. In Nd 0 . 5 Sr 0 . 5 MnO 3 , the CE-type antiferromagnetic charge-ordering state is suppressed by pressure. Under pressure, both samples have a similar electron-transport behavior although their ambient ground states are much different. It is surmised that pressure induces an A-type antiferromagnetic state at low temperature in both compounds.
Thinking Broadly About Immigration Reform by Addressing Root Causes

The United States is caught up in hysteria, media-induced fear, and misinformation over undocumented immigration. We have militarized the border through "Operation Gatekeeper" pushing border crossers into treacherous terrain, resulting in thousands of unnecessary deaths since the 1990s. We have engaged in Gestapo-type raids of businesses, homes, and neighborhoods, sometimes separating children from their parents. We have arrested and deported lawful permanent resident immigrants who have resided in the United States most of their lives. We have rounded up workers in restaurant sweeps. We have prosecuted human rights volunteers in the Arizona desert who provided food, water, and emergency medical care to the undocumented. We have encouraged private vigilantes to enforce a twisted sense of national security that results in armed ranchers pointing loaded assault weapons at teenage girls and the murder of a nine-year-old and her father in their living room. Anti-immigrant ordinances and laws fomented by resentment over undocumented workers have been proposed and enacted in states and towns across the country, causing great division in those communities. In the process, we have harmed countless innocent families, wasted billions of dollars, and lost valuable time that would be better spent working to integrate newcomers into our society. In this book chapter, Professor Hing argues that the time has come to think beyond enforcement-only approaches - to think creatively. We need to re-think employer sanctions and the harsh consequences of ICE raids that are conducted under the auspices of such laws. We need to think about expanding visa categories that reflect the needs of the regional and global economies in which we are engaged. We must recognize that solving the so-called undocumented immigration challenge only will come with an open-minded approach that recognizes the need to begin helping build the economy and infrastructure of our neighbors to the south.
Struggling toward a transformative model of instruction: It's not so easy!

Abstract This article is about the moving toward a new instruction style—a transformative model of instruction. One university instructor attempts to change her teaching strategies, and she encounters her own belief as obstacles, self-labeled her pedagogical discrepancies. Through peer feedback, reflective journal writing, and readings she uncovers the obstacles and discovers how the beliefs need to change in order to implement transformative teaching strategies. The change is incorporated into five lessons: it is easier to tell than to listen; modeling needs to go beyond a monologue; be humble and learn from the students; there are more ways to the same end; and, grading the end product or acknowledging the risk. Her lessons take on a spiral nature of learning, and incorporate detailed emotional–psychological resistance. In doing so, she gains a deeper understanding of her instruction, and becomes better equipped to prepare other reflective practitioners. The study takes place in the continental United States of America.
Declining coral skeletal extension for forereef colonies of Siderastrea siderea on the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, Southern Belize.

Background Natural and anthropogenic stressors are predicted to have increasingly negative impacts on coral reefs. Understanding how these environmental stressors have impacted coral skeletal growth should improve our ability to predict how they may affect coral reefs in the future. We investigated century-scale variations in skeletal extension for the slow-growing massive scleractinian coral Siderastrea siderea inhabiting the forereef, backreef, and nearshore reefs of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) in the western Caribbean Sea.
Sulfamerazine and Sulfamethazine Blood Levels in Turkeys

Abstract WHEN therapeutic doses of sulfamerazine for cecal coccidiosis in chickens were determined the question arose as to whether or not such doses were favorable for turkeys poults. Consequently, blood level studies were made during the administration of varying dosages of sulfamerazine and sulfamethazine to young turkey poults. Thorp et al. (1947) reported some blood levels of free sulfamerazine in chickens in a paper on the chemotherapy of cecal coccidiosis. Sodium sulfamerazine administered in a concentration of 0.2 percent in water for five days resulted in an average blood concentration of 13.68 mg. of free sulfamerazine per 100 ml. The feeding of a 1.0 percent sulfamerazine mash gave an average blood level of 27.68 mg. of free drug per 100 ml. of blood while a 0.25 percent concentration of sulfamerazine in mash resulted in an average of 8.26 mg. of free drug per 100 ml. of blood during a five-day treatment. . . .
Inhibition of Mg2+ current by single-gene mutation in Paramecium

"Eccentric" is a newly-isolated mutant of Paramecium tetraurelia that fails to swim backwards in response to Mg2+. In the wild type, this backward swimming results from Mg2+ influx via a Mg(2+)-specific ion conductance (IMg). Voltage-clamp analysis confirmed that, as suspected, step changes in membrane potential over a physiological range fail to elicit IMg from eccentric. Further electrophysiological investigation revealed a number of additional ion-current defects in eccentric: (i) The Ca2+ current activated upon depolarization inactivates more slowly in eccentric than in the wild type, and it requires longer to recover from this inactivation. (ii) The Ca(2+)-dependent Na+ current deactivates significantly faster in the mutant. (iii) The two K+ currents observed upon hyperpolarization are reduced by > 60% in eccentric. It is difficult to envision how these varied pleiotropic effects could result from loss of a single ion current. Rather, they suggest that the eccentric mutation affects a global regulatory system. Two plausible hypotheses are discussed.
Numerical Computation of Surface Conformal Mappings

We report recent progress in the computation of conformal mappings from surfaces with arbitrary topologies to canonical domains. Two major computational methodologies are emphasized; one is holomorphic differentials based on Riemann surface theory and the other is surface Ricci flow from geometric analysis. The applications of surface conformal mapping in the field of engineering are briefly reviewed.
Low-Dose Methylphenidate Actions on Tonic and Phasic Locus Coeruleus Discharge

Methylphenidate (MPH) and other psychostimulants are highly effective in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence indicates the therapeutic actions of stimulants in ADHD probably involve the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine system. LC neurons display different firing modes (tonic and phasic), each associated with distinct behavioral and cognitive processes. To date, the impact of low, clinically relevant doses of psychostimulants on LC discharge is unknown. The present study examined the effects of low-dose MPH on LC tonic and phasic discharge in the halothane-anesthetized rat. In these studies, MPH produced a dose-dependent suppression of tonic and phasic discharge that was relatively modest at the lower doses. Nonetheless, these lower doses of MPH suppressed the signal-to-noise ratio of excitatory phasic discharge and increased the signal-to-noise ratio of the inhibitory component of the phasic response. Largely comparable effects were observed with oral and intraperitoneal administration of MPH. Combined, these observations indicate relatively modest suppression of LC neuronal discharge activity by low-dose MPH and that evoked discharge may be more sensitive than tonic activity to the lowest doses of MPH. It is posited that the behavioral-calming and cognition-enhancing effects of low-dose psychostimulants probably involve modest alterations in LC discharge combined with increased catecholamine efflux within select forebrain regions (i.e., the prefrontal cortex).
The role of lifting belts in manual lifting

The objectives of this research were to demonstrate the effects of belts on load lifting capabilities of individuals using the psychophysical method, subjective surveys, and the measurement of external pressure on the abdomen. Two types of belts were used in this study: (a) the Air belt, a registered trade mark and product of Pneumedic Corporation, which represented the type of support belt characterized by an inflatable bladder; and (b) the CompVest belt, a product and registered trade mark of the Comp Equipment Corporation, which represented a mechanical, elastic type of support. Twelve male college students were required to lift tote boxes containing steel shot from the floor to metacarpal III height (knuckle height) at a rate of three lifts per minute for a period of 45 min. Each subject performed three sets of lifts, i.e. once with no belt (control) and once with each of the two belts. The maximum acceptable weight of lift was recorded. Changes in the external abdominal belt pressures during the lifting were recorded using the Texas Interface Pressure Evaluator. A subjective survey consisting of eight questions was administered to each subject after each belt was tested to determine the subject's feelings. In addition to the above survey, a post-test question was given asking the subjects to rank the three treatments in order of preference. Statistical tests showed that the belts did increase the perceived maximum acceptable weight of lift with respect to the control (no belt); however, there was no significant difference between the two belts. Also, the external abdominal pressures generated by the two belts were essentially the same. Results of the subjective surveys tended to favor the CompVest belt over the Air belt.
Direct ToF-SIMS analysis of organic halides and amines on TLC plates

Abstract It has been reported that: “direct analysis of thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) yields no satisfactory results” (J. Chromatogr. A 1084 (2005) 113–118). While this statement appears to be true in general, we have identified two important classes of compounds, organic halides and amines, that appear to yield to such direct analyses. For example, five organic halides with diverse structures were eluted on normal phase TLC plates. In all cases the halide signals in the negative ion time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) spectra were notably stronger than the background signals. Similarly, a series of five organic amines with diverse structures were directly analyzed by positive ion ToF-SIMS. In all but one of the spectra characteristic, and sometimes even quasi-molecular ions, were observed. Most likely, the good halide ion yields are largely a function of the electronegativity of the halogens. We also propose that direct analysis of amines on normal phase silica gel is facilitated by the acidity, i.e., proton donation, of surface silanol groups.
Potato phosphorylase. I. Purification, physicochemical properties and catalytic activity.

Abstract A large scale preparation for the isolation of potato phosphorylase is described. Electrophoresis, sedimentation and diffusion measurements have been employed for the investigation of the homogeneity of the enzyme. The sedimentation coefficient was 7.94·10−13 sec, the diffusion coefficient 3.76·10−7 cm2 sec−1 and the calculated molecular weight, 207,000. The turnover number at 30° at pH 6.3 was 9400 moles of glucose-I-phosphate per mole of protein/min. Michaelis constants, pH optimum, the effect of metals and the stability of the enzyme under various conditions have been determined. The enzyme preparation did not contain any nucleotide and was not activated by 5′-adenylic acid or other nucleotides.
Venus: global surface radio emissivity.

Observations of thermal radio emission from the surface of Venus, made by the Pioneer Venus radar mapper at a wavelength of 17 cm, show variations that are dominated by changes in surface emissivity. The regions of lowest emissivity (0.54 + or - 0.05 for the highland areas of Aphrodite Terra and Theia Mons) correspond closely to regions of high radar reflectivity reported earlier. These results support the inference of inclusions of material with high electrical conductivity in the surface rock of these areas.
Parental decision-making in congenital heart disease.

Objective To explore whether prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease is associated with lower levels of parental distress and greater satisfaction with decisions about cardiothoracic surgery when compared to postnatal diagnosis. Methodology A combined quantitative-qualitative design was used. Participants included the parents of 31 neonates (30 mothers and 22 fathers) admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit between 1 November 2001 and 1 May 2002 for repair of congenital cardiac malformations. Participants completed self-report measures of anxiety, optimism, and life events pre-operatively, and semi-structured qualitative interviews assessing satisfaction with decision-making within 1 week of the operation. Results At the time of surgery, mothers of neonates receiving the diagnosis prenatally did not differ from mothers of neonates receiving the diagnosis postnatally on measures of anxiety, optimism, and life events. Fathers of neonates receiving the diagnosis prenatally, however, reported more optimism, lower state and trait anxiety, and fewer negative life events than fathers of neonates receiving the diagnosis postnatally. When we analyzed the interviews, we found that, regardless of the timing of the diagnosis, parents felt as though they made a genuine choice for their baby to have surgery. Conclusions In this pilot study, fathers who learned prenatally that their child had a congenital cardiac malformation were less distressed than those who discovered this fact only postnatally. From the parental perspective, nonetheless, distress and urgency do not impair their ability to make decisions about neonatal cardiac surgery.
Binding of the metal ions Cr+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ to the second-row hydrides BeH2, BH3, NH3, OH2, FH, and their associated anions BeH−, BH2−, NH2−, OH−, F−: a computational study

Abstract We report results from a computational study of the binding in complexes formed from one of the transition metal ions Cr+, Mn2+, or Fe3+, each of which has five valence electrons outside an Argon core, and one of the second-row hydrides (BeH2, BH3, NH3, OH2, FH) or their associated anions (BeH−, BH2−, NH2−, OH−, F−). The high-spin (sextuplet) form of each of these monoliganded complexes is found to be lowest in energy. The metal cation consistently behaves as a Lewis acid in both the high- and low-spin configurations of these complexes in that there is a net transfer of electron density from the ligand to the metal ion. The underlying mechanisms that result in this transfer of charge from different types of hydride and anion ligands to Cr+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ are discussed.
Association of Adrenocorticotrophin and Cortisol Concentrations with Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Cytokine Gene Expression in Septic and Nonseptic Neonatal Foals

Background The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) is influenced by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in critically ill humans. Information about the association of cytokines with the HPA axis in neonatal foals is lacking. Hypothesis/Objectives The objectives were to describe for hospitalized septic and nonseptic foals (1) temporal changes in blood concentrations of ACTH, and cortisol, and leukocyte cytokine gene expression, and (2) coassociation of these HPA axis hormones with blood leukocyte cytokine gene expression. Animals Hospitalized septic foals (N = 15) and hospitalized nonseptic foals (N = 11). Methods Blood samples, obtained from study foals at admission (T = 0), and 24 (T = 1), 48 (T = 2), 72 (T = 3), and 96 (T = 4) hours after admission, were processed to isolate RNA from leukocytes and to harvest plasma and serum for hormone assays. Plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Leukocyte mRNA expression of IL-1β IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α was determined using RT-PCR. Results Cortisol concentrations were greater (P < .05) in foals at admission than at other time points. The expressions of IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA were lower (P < .05) at each time point in septic than in nonseptic foals. Among septic foals, ACTH was positively associated (P = .0026) with IL-6 mRNA expression. Conclusions Sepsis influences secretion of the HPA axis hormones and expression of cytokines in foals. A positive association with the HPA axis and IL-6 expression was detected. The clinical importance of these findings requires additional study.
Decreased sensitivity to long-distance dependencies in children with a history of specific language impairment: electrophysiological evidence.

Purpose One possible source of tense and agreement limitations in children with specific language impairment (SLI) is a weakness in appreciating structural dependencies that occur in many sentences in the input. This possibility was tested in the present study. Method Children with a history of SLI (H-SLI; n = 12; M = 9;7 [years;months]) and typically developing same-age peers (TD; n = 12; M = 9;7) listened to and made grammaticality judgments about grammatical and ungrammatical sentences involving either a local agreement error (e.g., “Every night they talks on the phone”) or a long-distance finiteness error (e.g., “He makes the quiet boy talks a little louder”). Electrophysiological (ERP) and behavioral (accuracy) measures were obtained. Results Local agreement errors elicited the expected anterior negativity and P600 components in both groups of children. However, relative to the TD group, the P600 effect for the long-distance finiteness errors was delayed, reduced in amplitude, and shorter in duration...
Design of an lonic lattice for optimum cation diffusion

Varying the species and/or distance parameters of a lattice changes the activation energy of a particular species diffusing through it, thus allowing transport properties to be optimized. As an example, the activation energy of silver ions in α-silver iodidelike structures was calculated as lattice properties were changed.
Plutonium hydrolysis: the one-oxidation-state method and triple-point analysis

The one-oxidation-state method is used to estimate the equilibrium constant of the first hydrolysis reaction of tetravalent plutonium. The analysis of the properties of plutonium near a triple point is an alternative approach to the estimation of the hydrolysis constant.
RESPONSE STRENGTH IN MULTIPLE PERIODIC AND APERIODIC SCHEDULES

Responding in multiple periodic and aperiodic schedules of equal mean reinforcement rate was examined during extinction, satiation, and in the presence of various free-food schedules. In Experiments I and II, pigeons were trained on multiple variable-interval-fixed-interval schedules. Decreases in the rate of responding due to extinction, satiation, or food schedules were approximately equal regardless of the temporal pattern of reinforcer presentation. In Experiment III, pigeons responded on a two-component multiple schedule in which each component was a two-member homogeneous response chain terminating in a fixed-interval schedule during one component and in a variable-interval schedule during the other. The length of both terminal links was varied over a series of conditions. Initial-link responding in the fixed-interval component was reduced more by increasing terminal-link length than was initial-link responding in the variable-interval component. However, no differences in resistance to satiation and extinction were obtained across the fixed and variable components. If the relative decrease in responding produced by satiation and extinction is used as an index of the "value" of the conditions maintaining responding, then these data suggest that fixed and variable schedules of equal mean length are equally valued. This conclusion, however, is not consistent with findings of preference for variable over fixed schedules obtained in studies using concurrent-chain procedures.
Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Does Gender Matter?

Substantial differences across genders have been documented for the natural history and clinical course of cardiovascular diseases. This study’s objective is to compare preoperative characteristics, intraoperative events, and postoperative outcomes in men and women undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). We hypothesized that despite gender anatomic specificities, EVAR may achieve similar results across genders. We included 241 consecutive patients who underwent elective EVAR at our institution from December 1996 through May 2003. Demographic variables and comorbidities were collected by chart review, and intraoperative events were from surgical notes. Baseline anatomic characteristics were evaluated on the last preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Radiologic outcomes were evaluated on all postoperative CT scans, and clinical follow-up information was abstracted from charts. Women constituted 12% (n = 29) of our cohort and were older than men (79.9 vs. 74.9 years, p = 0.0003). When compared to men, they had aneurysms with similar diameter (54.1 vs. 55.5 mm, p = 0.491) but narrower (23.1 vs 25.5 mm, p < 0.0001) and shorter (18.9 vs. 30.4 mm, p < 0.0001) proximal necks. Female iliac arteries were narrower (9.6 vs. 11.4 mm, p < 0.0001), with higher calcification scores (2.5 vs. 2.3, p = 0.047) but lower tortuosity indexes (1.2 vs. 1.3, p = 0.0001). Additional access maneuvers were more frequent in women: iliac access angioplasty (31% vs. 10.9%, = p = 0.007), uni-iliac conversion (13.8% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.005), and iliac “chimney” conduit (12.1% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.0001). There was a trend toward longer fluoroscopy time in women (34.6 vs. 26.9 min, p = 0.056). The following postoperative outcomes at 24 months were similar in women and men: freedom from endoleak (63.4% vs. 72.7%, p = 0.74), reintervention rate (28% vs. 24.5%, p = 0.878), aneurysm shrinkage (24.3% vs. 68.7%, p = 0.199), aneurysm expansion (0% vs. 3%, p = 0.213), and survival (92.9% vs. 84.3%, p = 0.341). There was a trend toward higher rates of neck dilation relative to preoperative diameter in women (48.5% vs. 16% at 12 months, p = 0.059) and toward lower limb patency rates in men (100% vs. 92.8%, p = 0.098). In sum, women have shorter proximal necks and smaller and more calcified iliac arteries, which increases the necessity of access-related additional maneuvers. Despite being older and having a less favorable anatomy, women can expect similar technical and clinical outcomes after EVAR.
Resource conservation and pricing

Abstract The belief that forests, minerals, fisheries, and other exhaustible assets are being depleted at excessive rates in a free enterprise society has led to recurrent demands for the regulation of resource exploitation. Many have believed that further regulations are necessary — for example, the conservation movement accepted as basic tenents that most resources were too cheap, were wastefully exploited, and would become exhausted soon. This paper surveys several interrelated issues in resource depletion from an economist's perspective, in particular, whether the articles of faith of the conservation movement are borne out by economic theory and available empirical evidence. Are resources too cheap? Are they wastefully exploited? Will resources become exhausted prematurely? Are we neglecting the needs of future generations?
Hydrodynamics of sedimentation of multisized particles

Abstract A one-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the sedimentation of multisized particles was developed. The basic model was solved by the ICE numerical method, using a modified K-FIX computer code. The predicted settling rates agree with Selim's et al. settling data of two heavy species and Fessas and Weiland's experiments of heavy, buoyant two-species settling. The model also computes reasonable concentration profiles in the settler. To effectively simulate the sedimentation of multisized fine colloidal particles in non-aqueous media, the model was modified to be a diffusion-type matrix equation and solved by the method of characteristics. Surface charge effect of colloidal particles was included in the model The predicted concentration profiles for the settling of fine illite particles in toluene with asphaltene agree well with the recent experimental data reported by Shih et al.
Intracellular staining of neurons with nickel-lysine.

Abstract A new method of intracellularly staining neurons is described. Nickel-lysine (NL) can be used for both intracellular injection by pressure or iontophoresis and retrograde labelling (axonal backfilling). Once introduced into neurons, NL is reacted with dithiooximide dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to produce a blue-black precipitate. Small diameter processes are easily detected. For pressure injections, mixing NL with carboxyfluorescein provides a simple way to gauge how much dye has been injected, in that the latter is readily visible when illuminated with blue light. NL appears to move within neurons by axonal transport. Staining over long distances can be obtained in 12–24 h. NL does not appear to cross electrotonic synapses and remains confined to the neurons into which it has been injected. NL staining is simple, flexible and inexpensive. It has the additional advantage that it is compatible with other staining techniques.
Retirement saving and development traps

Abstract This paper establishes the existence of multiple equilibria that help explain why some countries remain poor and diverge from the economic progress experienced by rich countries. Endogenous growth models cannot explain the negative correlation between work-lives and long-run growth rates. Extending growth models to explain this negative correlation leads to multiple equilibria; one with long work-lives and low rates of growth and another with short work-lives and high rates of growth.
A Comprehensive Fractionation Procedure for Avian Erythrocyte Histones

Abstract : A fractionation procedure for avian erythrocyte histones was devised to give the six known, reproducible histone fractions from a single nuclear preparation, with limited manipulation and little wastage. The proposed method includes selective, two-step acid extraction, followed by cation-exchange chromatography and exclusion chromatography. The fractions were identified by amino acid analysis and by starch gel electrophoresis. The method is flexible in scale and permits a continuous balance of compositions and activities in metabolic experiments. Factors contributing to the relative extractability of histones from chromatin in acid were considered. The essential role of this step was the separation of erythrocyte-specific, serine-rich histone V, and arginine-rich histones III, IV, which otherwise would be eluted together from Amberlite CG-50 by guanidinium chloride. Two other arginine-rich components, more easily eluted in chromatograms of other tissues, were absent from the usual extracts of mature erythrocytes. However, similar components were produced from histones III, IV by treatment with beta-mercaptoethanol. The conditions for good resolution of sub-fractions of moderately lysine-rich histones and of arginine-rich histones by exclusion chromatography on Bio-Gel P-60 and P-30 were examined. Reversible adsorption appeared to be more significant than pore size of the gel; the sulphates of arginine-rich histones were resolved better than the chlorides. (Author)
TIME-RESOLVED INFRARED SPECTRAL STUDIES OF PHOTOCHEMICALLY INDUCED OXIDATIVE ADDITION OF BENZENE TO TRANS-RHCL(CO)(PME3)2

Time-resolved infrared and time-resolved optical spectroscopy were used to examine the pathway(s) by which 355 nm photolysis of the rhodium(I) species trans-RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 (1) in benzene leads to the C−H oxidative-addition product (Ph)(H)RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 (2). Two reaction pathways to the formation of 2 were found. One of these was the “prompt” formation (<150 ns) of 2, the apparent result of a direct reaction of the electronic excited state of the four-coordinate species 1 with the C6H6 solvent. The second route was more a convoluted stepwise process, involving CO photodissociation to give the “tricoordinate” intermediate RhCl(PMe3)2 followed by benzene oxidative addition then CO addition to give 2.
Semantic forensics: an application of ontological semantics to information assurance

The paper deals with the latest application of natural language processing (NLP), specifically of ontological semantics (ONSE) to natural language information assurance and security (NL IAS). It demonstrates how the existing ideas, methods, and resources of ontological semantics can be applied to detect deception in NL text (and, eventually, in data and other media as well). After stating the problem, the paper proceeds to a brief introduction to ONSE, followed by an equally brief survey of our 5-year-old effort in "colonizing" IAS. The main part of the paper deals with the following issues: • human deception detection abilities and NLP modeling of it; • manipulation of fact repositories for this purpose beyond the current state of the art; • acquisition of scripts for complex ontological concepts; • degrees of lying complexity and feasibility of their automatic detection. This is not a report on a system implementation but rather an application-establishing proof-of-concept effort based on the algorithmic and machine-tractable recombination and extension of the previously implemented ONSE modules. The strength of the approach is that it emphasizes the use of the existing NLP applications, with very few domain- and goal-specific adjustments, in a most promising and growing new area of IAS. So, while clearly dealing with a new application, the paper addresses theoretical and methodological extensions of ONSE, as defined currently, that will be useful for other applications as well.
Synthesis and characterization of nitrosyl diruthenium complexes. Interaction between NO and CO across the metal-metal bond.

Two neutral diruthenium complexes and one anionic diruthenium complex, Ru2(dpf)4(NO), Ru2(dpf)4(NO)2, and [Ru2(dpf)4(NO)]-, where dpf is diphenylformamidinate anion, were synthesized and characteri...
Proteomic analyses of the Xiphophorus Gordon-Kosswig melanoma model.

Abstract Interspecies hybridization between the platyfish X. maculatus Jp 163 A, and the swordtail X. helleri (Sarabia), generates F1 hybrids with pronounced melanin pigmentation. Backcrossing of F1 hybrids with the X. helleri parent results in 25% of progeny that will spontaneously develop melanoma. We have applied proteomic methods to this Gordon-Kosswig (G-K) melanoma model to identify candidate proteins that exhibit modulated expression in fin tissue due to interspecies hybridization and progression of hybrid tissues to spontaneous melanoma. Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) was used to minimize the variability commonly observed in quantitative analyses of comparative protein samples. Following identification of up- or down-regulated protein expression by DIGE, candidate protein spots were identified by mass spectrometric sequencing. Several protein expression differences displayed in interspecies hybrids were identified and compared to distinct differences that occur upon backcrossing and progression to melanoma. These studies are important for the identification of distinct biochemical pathways involved in the variety of Xiphophorus interspecies hybrid tumor models.
A modified incisal guide pin (see-pin).

Fig. 2. Curved IG pin for viewing midline and setup. first right-angle bend at approximately 60 mm to extend 25 mm to the right, a second bend to extend 30 mm downward, a third bend to extend 25 mm back to the original axis, and a final fourth bend back into vertical alignment. The seepin can be made into a square, tapering, or ovoid form (Fig. 3). The wax form can be used to make a mold from which to fabricate a curved IG pin in various materials, such as self-curing acrylic resin or a light-cured material (TriadDentsply, York, Pa.), or it can be invested and cast in chrome-cobalt (Tiernan-Leino Laboratory, Martinez, Calif.). An alternate method of fabrication would be to bend metal or plastic rods of the correct diameter to the required shape and cut to the correct length. New IG see-pins for other makes of articulators could be fabricated in the same manner by adjusting the diameter and length of the wax form to match that of the original pin. The original IG pin supplied by the manufacturer may be reinserted into the articulator for setting the posterior teeth and refining the occlusion.
Wavelength regulation in visual pigments.

Abstract Two of the primary spectroscopic problems associated with visual pigments are the mechanism of the bathochromic shift and the mechanism(s) of pigment wavelength regulation. The bathochromic shift problem has to do with understanding the way in which the Schiff base of retinal (which absorbs at about 365 nm) can be made to absorb light in the visible region. The wavelength regulation problem has to do with the ways in which the different proteins can operate in the chromophore molecule to produce pigments absorbing at different wavelengths. A body of experimental and theoretical evidence has now been developed which strongly suggests that the bathochromic effect is accomplished when the chromophore is converted from an even to an odd atom system. Evidence for mechanisms for wavelength regulation come from two sources, model systems and the visual pigments themselves. In model compounds, it is clear that the charge separation distance between the nitrogen and the anion is the major factor in wavelength regulation. Evidence from retinal and 3-dehydroretinal containing pigments shows a convergence in wavelength between pigments pairs as the wavelengths go to shorter values. The convergence is interpreted in terms of a twist about the 6–7 single bond leaving identical chromophores.
Nefazodone in the adjunctive therapy of schizophrenia: an open-label exploratory study.

Compared to conventional antipsychotic medications, atypical antipsychotic medications demonstrate greater central serotonin (5HT 2 ) receptor antagonism than dopamine type 2 (D 2 ) receptor antagonism. Nefazodone, an antidepressant medication, exhibits 5HT 2 receptor antagonism; we therefore wondered if its addition to stable regimens of antipsychotic medication would increase antipsychotic efficacy, independently of a primary effect on mood, through the mechanism of augmented 5HT 2 receptor antagonism. In a pilot investigation, we administered nefazodone (400 mg/d) for 6 weeks as an open-label adjunct to antipsychotic medication in 10 patients with chronic schizophrenia. The patients were moderately depressed at baseline but did not meet criteria for major depressive episode. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale scores showed statistically significant and clinically robust improvements with nefazodone treatment, which were maintained at follow-up evaluation 2 weeks after the end of nefazodone treatment. There were no adverse events. These results suggest that nefazodone may be a safe and effective adjunct to antipsychotic medications in schizophrenia and that augmentation of 5HT 2 antagonism may prove to be a viable strategy for boosting antipsychotic efficacy and for treating depressive symptoms in schizophrenia.
Oropharyngeal cancer incidence trends: diminishing racial disparities

Objective The aim of this article is to evaluate oral cavity/pharyngeal cancer (OCPC) trends that may reflect changes in cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Cell surface-based sensing with metallic nanoparticles

Metallic nanoparticles provide versatile scaffolds for biosensing applications. In this review, we focus on the use of metallic nanoparticles for cell surface sensings. Examples of the use of both specific recognition and array-based “chemical nose” approaches to cell surface sensing will be discussed.
The spectra and periodograms of anti-correlated discrete fractional Gaussian noise

Discrete fractional Gaussian noise (dFGN) has been proposed as a model for interpreting a wide variety of physiological data. The form of actual spectra of dFGN for frequencies near zero varies as f(1-2H), where 0 < H < 1 is the Hurst coefficient; however, this form for the spectra need not be a good approximation at other frequencies. When H approaches zero, dFGN spectra exhibit the 1 - 2H power-law behavior only over a range of low frequencies that is vanishingly small. When dealing with a time series of finite length drawn from a dFGN process with unknown H, practitioners must deal with estimated spectra in lieu of actual spectra. The most basic spectral estimator is the periodogram. The expected value of the periodogram for dFGN with small H also exhibits non-power-law behavior. At the lowest Fourier frequencies associated with a time series of N values sampled from a dFGN process, the expected value of the periodogram for H approaching zero varies as f(0) rather than f(1-2H). For finite N and small H, the expected value of the periodogram can in fact exhibit a local power-law behavior with a spectral exponent of 1 - 2H at only two distinct frequencies.
Regulation of respiration in goat and its adaptation to chronic and life-long hypoxia.

Abstract The effects of chronic and life-long hypoxia on the chemical regulation of ventilation was investigated in four groups of unanesthetized goats using conventional steady state techniques for determining the ventilatory response to hypercapnia at different levels of hypoxia. The results showed that in the goat, as in man, the effect of acute hypoxia on ventilation could be both independent of (additive), and dependent on (multiplicative), hypercapnia. Neither chronic hypoxia, nor life-long hypoxia at 5000 m modified the characteristic ventilatory response of sea level goats to acute hypoxia. However, in the goats maintained at 5000 m for 10 to 30 days, CO 2 sensitivity doubled and Pa co 2 threshold decreased by 8 mm Hg; concomitantly, arterial P CO 2 and [HCO − 3 ] reached their nadirs within two days of exposure to altitude but increased gradually thereafter towards sea level values. A similar preservation of the sea level response was also shown in a goat which had life-long arterial hypoxia due to congenital cyanotic heart disease. Since the ventilatory responses to acute hypoxia and hypercapnia did not decrease as exposure to altitude was prolonged, the gradual return of theP CO 2 and [HCO − 3 ] towards normal could not be attributed to hypoventilation. On the other hand because this increase in P CO 2 and [HCO − 3 ] has not been observed in suborder other than ruminants, it may reflect heightened CO 2 production by the rumen of the goat at altitude, and/or increased absorption of CO 2 from the rumen into the blood during chronic hypoxia.
ISOLATION OF N‐PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS FROM PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA

Normal paraffin hydrocarbons of Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Mayr. collected from eight sites in California were compared with each other and with those of P. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco collected from two locations. Quantitative differences within the first species could not be correlated with geographic location. However, both the species could be separated completely on the basis of their (C30H62) triacontane content. THE GENUS Pseudotsuga (Douglas fir) belongs to the largest family of conifers, the Pinaceae. The number of its species is postulated to exceed 10 (Martinez, 1963) and they are native to western North America, Japan, and both Chinas. Its most important species is P. menziesii of which four chemical races are known, which are based upon cortical monoterpenoid hydrocarbons (Zavarin and Snajberk, 1975). This species has an enormous south-north range of over 5,000 km, extending from Baja California to British Columbia and from the Pacific coast to the eastern areas of the Rocky Mountains. Its desirability for plywood manufacture and as a general lumber tree makes it a most important economic species (Allen