cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IN VIVO MEASUREMENT OF KNEE JOINT LAXITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses in vivo measurement of knee joint laxity. It presents an in vivo knee stress apparatus that was developed to give quantitative and objective assessment of valgus and varus laxity of the knee. Some conservative considerations in the design of the apparatus have eliminated most of the previous errors that were prevalent. Both selective isolation of input and prevention of the output from interacting with other physiological systems have led to very reliable and consistent results. The chapter also presents an in vivo device that was developed to measure anterior drawer was also developed. Both the testing devices were used to measure the knee joint laxity in 50 patients who had chronic anterior medial and anterior lateral rotatory instability secondary to an old complete anterior cruciate ligament injury. The recorded data confirmed what had been clinically suspected that being increased varus as well as valgus laxity in addition to increased anterior drawer. The results demonstrate that with this apparatus, preoperative and postoperative laxity can be scientifically evaluated. One of the objectives of this device is to quantitatively measure pre- and post-operative results in static knee ligament reconstruction.
Distribution-Free, Size Adaptive Submatrix Detection with Acceleration

Given a large matrix containing independent data entries, we consider the problem of detecting a submatrix inside the data matrix that contains larger-than-usual values. Different from previous literature, we do not have exact information about the dimension of the potential elevated submatrix. We propose a Bonferroni type testing procedure based on permutation tests, and show that our proposed test loses no first-order asymptotic power compared to tests with full knowledge of potential elevated submatrix. In order to speed up the calculation during the test, an approximation net is constructed and we show that Bonferroni type permutation test on the approximation net loses no power on the first order asymptotically.
Physician Burnout: Resilience Training is Only Part of the Solution

Physicians and physician trainees are among the highest-risk groups for burnout and suicide, and those in primary care are among the hardest hit. Many health systems have turned to resilience training as a solution, but there is an ongoing debate about whether that is the right approach. This article distinguishes between unavoidable occupational suffering (inherent in the physician’s role) and avoidable occupational suffering (systems failures that can be prevented). Resilience training may be helpful in addressing unavoidable suffering, but it is the wrong treatment for the organizational pathologies that lead to avoidable suffering— and may even compound the harm doctors experience. To address avoidable suffering, health systems would be better served by engaging doctors in the co-design of work systems that promote better mental health outcomes.
Experimental Dietary and Antagonist-Induced Human Riboflavin Deficiency

By the mid-1930s many clinical symptoms and signs attributable to riboflavin deficiency were described in pellagrins and in other dietary deficiencies. (7–9,31,46,58,62,73,82) The specificity of lesions due to ariboflavinosis, however, was uncertain because of the multiplicity of nutrient deficiencies in endemic malnutrition and the unavailability of pure riboflavin for studying selectively the effects of supplementation of the vitamin. With regard to deficiencies of the B group of vitamins, Sydenstricker(77) stated, “these substances commonly occur together in their natural sources and have closely related functions in essential metabolic processes so that any circumstance that causes inadequate intake, poor utilization, or rapid depletion of one of these vitamins is almost certain to affect the whole group.” Consequently, when synthetic riboflavin became available various investigations of experimental clinical riboflavin deficiency were undertaken to determine which symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings were due to dietary deprivation of the vitamin and could be reversed by it specifically.
Platelet function and structure in myeloproliferative disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, and secondary thrombocytosis.

Platelet function and morphologic characteristics were evaluated in 43 patients with myeloproliferative disease (MPD), 5 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and 7 patients with secondary thrombocytosis (ST). Platelet Factor IV (PF4) and Bthromboglobulin (BTG) showed slight elevation in ST but significant elevation in all MPDs. They were either normal or slightly elevated in MDS. Defective platelet aggregation with one or more inducers was seen in 62% of all patients. An epinephrine-induced defect was the most consistent aggregation abnormality. Hyperaggregation and spontaneous aggregation were seen in 15% of patients. Of the eight patients who showed increased bleeding tendency, all eight showed defective aggregation with two or more inducers, five showed decreased surface activation response, as well as decreased or abnormal granules and dense tubular disarray in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) study. Seven patients had clinical evidence of recurrent arterial and venous thromboses. Five of these patients showed hyperaggregation response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen and abnormal Wu and Hoak platelet aggregate ratio. Four patients showed spontaneous aggregation on aggregometer. Sur-face activation response was significantly increased in five patients, and an increase in platelet granules by TEM study was seen in four patients. Primary thrombocythemia could be differentiated from secondary thrombocytosis (ST) by the presence of abnormal aggregation response and significantly increased PF4 and BTG in the former, and greatly elevated plasma fibrinogen and Factor VIII, as part of acute phase reactant response, in the latter.
Validation of a novel, physiologic model of experimental acute pancreatitis in the mouse.

Background: Many experimental models of acute pancreatitis suffer from lack of clinical relevance. We sought to validate a recently reported murine model of acute pancreatitis that more closely represents the physiology of human biliary pancreatitis. Methods: Mice (C57BL/6J n=6 and CF-1 n=8) underwent infusion of 50μl of 5% sodium taurocholate (NaT) or 50μl of normal saline (NaCl) directly into the pancreatic duct. Twenty-four hours later, pancreatitis severity was graded histologically by three independent observers, and pancreatic tissue concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were determined by ELISA. Results: Twenty four hours after retrograde injection, the total pancreatitis score was significantly greater in mice infused with NaT than in those infused with NaCl (6.3 ± 1.2 vs. 1.2 ± 0.4, p<0.05). In addition, the inflammatory mediators IL-6 and MCP-1 were increased in the NaT group relative to the NaCl group. Discussion: Retrograde pancreatic duct infusion of sodium taurocholate induces acute pancreatitis in the mouse. This model is likely representative of human biliary pancreatitis pathophysiology, and therefore provides a powerful tool with which to elucidate basic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.
A comparison of rating scale, secondary-task, physiological, and primary-task workload estimation techniques in a simulated flight task emphasizing communications load.

Sixteen potential metrics of pilot mental workload were investigated regarding their sensitivity to communication load and their intrusion on primary-task performance. A moving-base flight simulator was used to present three cross-country flights. The flights varied only in the difficulty of the communications requirements. Rating scale measures were obtained immediately postflight; all others were taken over a 7-min segment of the flight task. The results indicated that both the Modified Cooper-Harper Scale and the workload Multi-descriptor Scale were sensitive to changes in communications load. The secondary-task measure of time estimation and the physiological measure of pupil diameter were also sensitive. As expected, those primary-task measures that were direct measures of communicative performance were also sensitive to load, whereas aicraft control primary-task measures were not, attesting to the task specificity of such measures. Finally, the intrusion analysis revealed no differential interference between workload measures.
Oceanographic currents, differential subsidence, and physiography control three-dimensional clinothem growth in the Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea

Abstract A regional high-resolution CHIRP seismic survey in the Gulf of Papua (GoP) extends the geographic scope of previous studies by 125 km and reveals that the Holocene clinothem along-margin geometries, surfaces of lap, and steepness of foreset slopes appear less dependent on eustatic sea level changes and sediment supply than previously suggested. Clinothems imaged by CHIRP profiles and sampled by sediment cores include two older, relict clinothems and a younger Holocene clinothem divided into three units by two surfaces of lap. New radiocarbon ages from this study establish that depositional timing is more recent than previously proposed for the transgressive deposits, the Holocene clinothem units, and surfaces of lap. While previous ages suggested that observed stratal relationships could coincide with meltwater pulses or sea level stillstands, the younger ages from this study question these results and suggest the dominant control on Holocene clinothem architecture may be inherited physiography, SW-NE differential subsidence, along-margin currents, and seasonal variations in wave energy. Inherited physiography underlying the Holocene clinothem consists of valleys incised during relative lowstands of Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4 and 2. Valleys in the relict clinothem potentially served as across-margin conduits for an older Holocene clinothem unit. After the older Holocene unit filled valleys and accommodation, younger Holocene units preferentially grew along- rather than across-margin as bottom shear stresses increased. Relict clinothems have undergone differential subsidence since deposition due to foreland basin loading, which has engendered more accommodation in the northeast GoP that systematically decreases toward the southwest. Areas with less accommodation are more likely to experience toplap as they are exposed to increased shear stresses. Therefore, the surfaces of lap are caused by interactions between accommodation and oceanographic currents. Examining stratal relationships along the Holocene clinothem has broad implications for sequence stratigraphy, as many clinothems exhibit a three-dimensional stacking pattern. Measurements of seafloor slopes yield complicated results, illustrating that seafloor steepness within lobes is influenced by a complex interplay of accommodation, sediment supply, underlying physiography, and oceanographic currents. This suggests that clinothem architecture in the GoP cannot simply be interpreted as a rate-related problem between rates of sediment supply and relative sea level.
Removal Of Microcystin-Lr Via Advanced Oxidation Processes Using A Bubbling Plasma Jet

Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are serious health concern worldwide. In the recent years, an overabundance of cyanobacteria in Lake Erie has affected drinking water quality to cities such as Toledo that use it as source water. Of particular concern are the harmful toxins produced by certain species of cyanobacteria. This toxin, microcystin-LR (MCLR) affects the liver and has also been implicated in tumor promotion. MC-LR detection and removal is therefore an active area of research. Advanced oxidation as a means of MC-LR destruction in particular is of interest owing to fast reaction rates and the promise nontoxic intermediates. Here we present a means of injecting advanced oxidation processes into water samples contaminated with known concentrations of MC-LR using a nanosecond pulsed, bubbling plasma jet. Using an ELISA test, the removal rate of microcystin-LR was quantified. Intermediates were tracked as a function of time as well. Additionally, plasm- produced hydrogen peroxide in solution was monitored as a function of time to elucidate decomposition mechanisms.
Seeing and Making in Architecture: Design Exercises

You always aim to achieve that moment of insight that leads to ingenuity and novelty in your design, but sometimes it remains elusive. This book presents a variety of techniques for mapping and making hands-on design/build projects, and relates this work to real architecture. It helps you to learn new ways of seeing and making that will enhance your creative design process and enable you to experience moments that lead to ingenuity in design. Each of the book’s two parts, "Seeing" and "Making," is organized according to technique, which ranges from quantitative analysis and abstraction to pattern and scale, to provide you with a framework for mapping and hands-on exercises. Interviews with architects Yoshiharu Tsukamoto (Atelier Bow-Wow) and Jesse Reiser and Nanako Umemoto (Reiser + Umemoto) give you perspective on using these exercises in practice.
Legal Update 2007: Where the Lawsuits Are

Lawsuits are a fact of life for most major corporations, organizations, and agencies. Over the course of a typical year, they may be involved in dozens of lawsuits over a wide variety of issues. Customers and users sue over products or services. Employers sue over workplace issues. Suppliers sue–or get sued–over contract issues. Or they initiate lawsuits to protect their products, services, employers or suppliers. Lawsuits are a fairly routine cost of doing business. However, some lawsuits have an impact that is far beyond the routine. They may start quietly or with a splash of headlines, but the results may impact the life or bottom line of a company, its products, services or practices, or the industry as a whole. Some companies survive such lawsuits, as Microsoft survived after the Justice Department’s antitrust lawsuits in the 1990's. Other companies don’t, as witnessed by the original Napster.
Online corporate social responsibility communication strategies and stakeholder engagements: A comparison of controversial versus noncontroversial industries

This study attempts to reveal the corporate social responsibility (CSR) programming and communication strategies of companies from controversial versus noncontroversial industry sectors and stakeholders' responses to these online CSR communications. A content analysis of CSR videos from 58 companies among the Fortune 500 and user comments on YouTube found that controversial and noncontroversial industries tended to use different strategies in their online CSR communications. Videos that (a) used information strategies, (b) took a company‐dominant perspective, and (c) described high fit CSR programs received more negative and skeptical comments; CSR videos that (a) emphasized the companies' commitment to the programs, (b) demonstrated the impact of CSR programs with anecdotal evidences, and (c) balanced their stated CSR motives between social benefits and business interests received less negative and skeptical comments. Most importantly, stakeholders' responses towards these communication strategies differed by industry sectors.
The Future of Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy in the AAPC Tradition

The consolidation of AAPC and ACPE created an opportunity to advance the discipline and practice of spiritually integrated psychotherapy in a distinctive, sustainable way. AAPC's way of educating and forming counselors is like a tree whose root system is strong, but its previous location was no longer viable. This article expands the metaphor of transplanting the AAPC tree and outlines how the consolidation will facilitate the growth of spiritually integrated psychotherapy in the AAPC tradition into the future.
Automated identification of deformation twin systems in Mg WE43 from SEM DIC

Abstract The application of machine learning and computer vision approaches to microscale deformation data for the automated identification of deformation twinning systems, and their associated twin area, is introduced. Deformation data was obtained during in-situ SEM compression testing of a WE43 Mg alloy using digital image correlation (DIC) modified for use with electron microscopy. A 5.7 mm × 3.4 mm area of interest was analyzed, generating ~100 million data points of deformation. Experimental twin trace directions were determined by applying k-means clustering, morphological thinning, and Hough transforms to the deformation data. The identification of deformation twinning was achieved by consideration of the twin trace direction, its strain value, and its evolution. The deformation map was divided into areas corresponding to individual active twin systems, enabling the analysis of microstructure dependence of deformation behavior and twinning activity. The performance of the proposed twinning identification approach was evaluated by accuracy, precision, and sensitivity metrics. The effect of the tuning parameters used in the algorithm on the performance is also discussed.
Seawater Debye Model Function at L-Band and Its Impact on Salinity Retrieval From Aquarius Satellite Data

A model function of seawater, which specifies the dielectric constant of seawater as a function of salinity, temperature, and frequency, is important for the retrieval of sea surface salinity using satellite data. In 2017, a model function has been developed based on measurement data at 1.4134 GHz using a third-order polynomial expression in salinity ( $S$ ) and temperature ( $T$ ). Although the model showed improvements in salinity retrieval, it had an inconsistent behavior between partitioned salinities. To improve the stability of the model, new dielectric measurements of seawater have been made recently over a broad range of salinities and temperatures to expand the data set used for developing the model function. The structure of the model function has been changed from a polynomial expansion in $S$ and $T$ to a physics-based model consisting of a Debye molecular resonance term plus a conductivity term. Each unknown parameter is expressed in $S$ and $T$ based on the expanded measurement data set. Physical arguments have been used to limit the number of unknown coefficients in these expressions to improve the stability of the model function. The new model function has been employed in the retrieval algorithm of the Aquarius satellite mission to obtain a global salinity map. The retrieved salinity using a different model function is compared with in situ data collected by Argo floats to evaluate the impact and the performance of model functions. The results indicate that the new model function has significant improvements in salinity retrieval compared with other existing models.
Do You Have Tips On Starting a Home-based Business?

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/extension_histall Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, and the Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations Commons Warning: The information in this series may be obsolete. It is presented here for historical purposes only. For the most up to date information please visit The Utah State University Cooperative Extension Office
Cumulative Intracranial Tumor Volume as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Brain Metastases Undergoing Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

Approximately 25–35% of all cancer patients suffer from brain metastases (BM), and many of them—in particular, those with a limited number of intracranial tumors—are treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Accurate prediction of survival remains a key clinical challenge in this population. Several prognostic scales have been developed to facilitate this prognostication, including the Recursive Partitioning Analysis (RPA) classification, the modified Recursive Partitioning Analysis (mRPA) subclassifications, the Basic Score for Brain Metastases (BS-BM), the Score Index for Radiosurgery (SIR), the Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA), and the diagnosis-specific Graded Prognostic Assessment (dsGPA). However, none of these scales include consideration of the cumulative intracranial tumor volume (CITV), which is defined as the sum of all intracranial tumor volumes. Since there is mounting evidence that the CITV carries significant prognostic value in SRS-treated patients with BM, this variable should be considered during survival prognostication, along with other pertinent clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics.
Coevolutionary methods enable robust design of modular repressors by reestablishing intra-protein interactions

Genetic sensors with unique combinations of DNA recognition and allosteric response can be created by hybridizing DNA-binding modules (DBMs) and ligand-binding modules (LBMs) from distinct transcriptional repressors. This module swapping approach is limited by incompatibility between DBMs and LBMs from different proteins, due to the loss of critical module-module interactions after hybridization. We determine a design strategy for restoring key interactions between DBMs and LBMs by using a computational model informed by coevolutionary traits in the LacI family. This model predicts the influence of proposed mutations on protein structure and function, quantifying the feasibility of each mutation for rescuing hybrid repressors. We accurately predict which hybrid repressors can be rescued by mutating residues to reinstall relevant module-module interactions. Experimental results confirm that dynamic ranges of gene expression induction were improved significantly in these mutants. This approach enhances the molecular and mechanistic understanding of LacI family proteins, and advances the ability to design modular genetic parts. Genetic sensors can be created by mix and matching DNA-binding modules with ligand-binding modules. Here the authors use a computational model to overcome module incompatibilities and restore function by rescuing key interactions.
Channel Modeling for Physically Secure Electro-Quasistatic In-Body to Out-of-Body Communication with Galvanic Tx and Multimodal Rx

Increasing number of devices being used in and around the human body has resulted in the exploration of the human body as a communication medium. In this paper, we design a channel model for implantable devices communicating outside the body using physically secure Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication. A galvanic receiver shows 5dB lower path loss than capacitive receiver when placed close to transmitter whereas a capacitive receiver has around 15dB lower path loss for larger separation between the transmitter and receiver. Finite Element Method (FEM) based simulations are used to analyze the communication channel for different receiver topologies and experimental data is used to validate the simulation results.
On the diffusion theory of an ignited mode thermionic converter

Abstract The plasma electron density and potential distributions are calculated for a planar, one-dimensional thermionic converter operated in the ignited mode. The analysis assumed a breakdown of quasineutrality and uses a new method to solve the Poisson's equation explicitly.
Ubiquitous Computing and the Digital Enclosure Movement

Popular portrayals of ubiquitous computing tend to downplay the surveillance implications of emerging forms of mobile, networked interactivity. This essay seeks to supplement such accounts with a critical analysis of the emergence of digital enclosures that limit access to interactive networks and services to those who freely' submit to increasingly comprehensive forms of monitoring. If land enclosure helped produce the spatial conditions for the exploitation of wage labor digital enclosures enable the exploitation of information generated by users as they go about their daily lives. Describing interactive networks, in both virtual and physical spaces, as forms of spatial enclosure helps to supplement privacy-based critiques of surveillance with questions about the ownership and control of data collected within the enclosure.
Initial-Value Control of the Korteweg – De Vries Equation

Abstract The Korteweg-de Vries equation, ut+uux+uxxx=O, for (t, x)e [O, T] xR is well-posed for initial data u(O, •)=uo (•)eH3 (R), and any finite T. The N-soliton solutions of this equation form a positiveinvariant limit set; ūN (T) be such that lim T → ∞ u ¯ N ( T ) is a pure N-soliton solution. The initial-value control problem is_to find uoeH3 (R) such that the solution u(t) for this initial value minimizes J ( u o ) = lim T → ∞ ‖ u ( T ) - u ¯ N ( T ) ‖ L 2 ( R ) . Existence and uniqueness of such a Uo are shown, and a constructive procedure for its determination is given. An application is the determination of initial surface displacement on a channel of water, which produces upon release a set of N soliton waves of prescribed asymptotic phase and velocity- Relations with boundary control problems are discussed.
Corporate compliance survey

This is the fifth survey from the Corporate Compliance Committee.1 This Survey summarizes significant legal developments from the last year regarding corporate compliance and ethics programs, which consist of an organization's code of conduct, policies, and procedures designed to achieve compliance with applicable legal regulations and internal ethical standards.2 Part I reviews significant regulatory developments, and Part II reviews significant case law developments.3 For an overview and introduction to the subject, as well as updates from prior years, please see the prior surveys.4 This update assumes familiarity with the background and overview discussed therein.
The Success and Continued Challenges of the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area: A Grassroots Restoration

The California Bay-Delta is in need of extensive ecological restoration. This article highlights the accomplishments of the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area—a unique, grassroots project that reconciled potentially competing land uses to restore an important segment of the Pacific Flyway in northern California. The Bay Delta Conservation Plan proposes more expansive ecological restoration, calling into question the continued viability of the multi-use balance struck at the nearly 17,000 acre Wildlife Area. This article distills lessons from the conflict and argues that input from local governments is indispensable for future restoration success.
Litigation Finance and the Problem of Frivolous Litigation

Litigation finance companies have some incentives to screen plaintiffs applying for financing based on the strength of their claims, but a company may still have incentives to provide financing when the probability that a plaintiff would prevail at litigation is low. The result is that litigation finance may facilitate both meritorious and nonmeritorious claims. This Article argues that fee limitation rules for litigation finance companies can improve their incentives to select only relatively high probability cases, thus enhancing the normative case for states to enact legal reforms allowing litigation finance. A simple version of the rule, which will work if a case is sure to go to trial, allows a successful plaintiff to return no more than the amount borrowed and then the same amount again, plus ordinary interest. This rule will encourage finance companies to lend only where a plaintiff’s probability of winning is expected to be greater than 50%, although the rule can be altered to target lower probability thresholds. The Article also describes alterations to the rule to accommodate the possibility of settlement, cases in which damages are disputed, where injunctive relief is at issue, where financing is provided in installments, and where only a portion of the plaintiff’s expenses are paid by litigation finance companies. Should fee limitation rules become established in the fee limitation context, they also might be extended as a vehicle of tort reform. A requirement that plaintiffs and defendants fund some portion of their litigation costs through litigation finance can reduce frivolous suits and frivolous defenses of meritorious suits and may have advantages over other mechanisms, such as fee-shifting rules.
Becoming Digital: Reconciling Theories of Digital Representation and Embodiment

One of the defining characteristics of information in actually-existing computational mechanisms ranging from the World Wide Web to word-processors is that they deal in information that is - or at least seems to be - robustly digital, bits and bytes. Yet shockingly, there is no clear notion of what ‘being’ digital consists of, even though a working notion of digitality is necessary to understand computers, if not human intelligence. This is not to say that ‘digitality’ is not understood in a practical or engineering sense, for assuredly we build digital systems. While engineers can implement digitality, and ordinary people ‘know it when they see it,’ there is no rigorous philosophical definition of digitality. So a whole host of questions are left unanswered when human intuitions over digitality vary, which can easily happen outside of a practical engineering context. For example, are concepts digital? Can non-human artifacts be digital? Is digitality subjective or objective? [22]. These kinds of questions can not be answered rigorously because philosophy has in general ignored inspecting the intuitions behind digitality, so our first task should be to create a philosophical definition of digitality.
Distinction of Actuator Failures from Plant Dynamic Changes

Abstract This paper presents the theory of and design algorithms for a method detecting changes in the system transfer matrix (A) and distinguishing these from actuator failure/change in a dynamic system. This method utilizes optimal input to the failed/changed system to isolate hypothesized changes in A from other changes/failures. The change in the A matrix (i.e., ΔA) is related to hypothesized system failures or changes in operating point for a linearized nonlinear system. Once a failure is detected (i.e., via state error residuals from a state estimator), the input forces the system into the null space of A4 after which isolation is straightforward. This paper presents two theorems; one for the existence of solution for the optimal input and for the design freedom and the other for the actual solution in terms of feedback gain and user input freedom. In addition, design algorithms for the method are derived from the two thporems and from two additional lemmas. A specific example is given in which changes in A are detected and isolated from actuator failures for an advanced fighter aircraft.
Impact assessment for international development

The Caribbean perspective: careful planning, maximizing flexibility and local input, while minimizing social, economic and environmental “costs” in fragile insular systems; expedient but sustainable development which allows for resource, investment, technological and institutional changes to meet the needs of the future as well as the present.
When a Company Confesses

Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, a defendant is normally obligated to attend all of the proceedings against her. However, Rule 43(b)(2) carves out an exception for organizational defendants, stating that they "need not be present" if represented by an attorney. But on its face, the language of 43(b)(2) is ambigu ous: is it the defendant or the judge who has the discretion to decide whether the defendant appears? That is, may a judge compel the presence of an organizational defendant? This Note addresses the ambiguity in the context of the plea colloquy, considering the text of several of the Rules, the purposes behind the plea colloquy proceeding, and the inherent powers doctrine. It argues that district court judges do in fact have the authority to compel an organiza tional defendant's presence at a plea colloquy.
Nonexponential 1H spin–lattice relaxation and methyl group rotation in molecular solids

We report a quantitative measure of the nonexponential (1)H spin-lattice relaxation resulting from methyl group (CH3) rotation in six polycrystalline van der Waals solids. We briefly review the subject in general to put the report in context. We then summarize several significant issues to consider when reporting (1)H or (19)F spin-lattice relaxation measurements when the relaxation is resulting from the rotation of a CH3 or CF3 group in a molecular solid.
An unsupervised instance matcher for schema-free RDF data

This article presents an unsupervised system that performs instance matching between entities in schema-free Resource Description Framework (RDF) files. Rather than relying on domain expertise or manually labeled samples, the system automatically generates its own heuristic training set. The training sets are first used by the system to align the properties in the input graphs. The property alignment and training sets are used together to simultaneously learn two functions, one for the blocking step of instance matching and the other for the classification step. Finally, the learned functions are used to perform instance matching. The full system is implemented as a sequence of components that can be iteratively executed to boost performance. Evaluations on a suite of ten test cases show individual components to be competitive with state-of-the-art baselines. The system as a whole is shown to compete effectively with adaptive supervised approaches.
Retinal thickness estimation from SD-OCT macular scans

Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness worldwide, can be detected using retinal thicknesses from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans of the macula. We calculate the desired thickness maps as the distance between the inner-limiting membrane (ILM) and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) of the retina. To delineate these two layers, we use a set of two deformable open surfaces that are driven by intensity contrast, while preserving their shape and topology properties, i.e. local surface smoothness and inter-surface distance smoothness. To evaluate our method, qualified graders manually segmented 30 random sections from 20 OCT image stacks, in triplicate; we make comparisons with obtained ground-truth and the clinically tested Heidelberg Spectralis segmentation. We show the superiority of our method with respect to accuracy and average execution time (∼7 secs), validating it as a clinical tool.
From Egg surveys to Ecosystem Models: Biological Assumptions in Fisheries Management

Tbe biological assumptions associated witb fishery management are discussed within tbe framework of three problems of increasing complexity. The first is the use of egg or larval surveys to estimate spawning biom ass and the associated questions about modelling aggregation. The second is management of krill in the Antarctic and the relationship between catch per unit effort and stock abundance. Tbe importance of behavioral models in fishery management is discussed. The third topic is the management of multiple pelagic species in California coastal waters and the need for the development of community ecology models for the California Current.
Universal fractal scaling of self-organized networks

There is an abundance of literature on complex networks describing a variety of relationships among units in social, biological, and technological systems. Such networks, consisting of interconnected nodes, are often self-organized, naturally emerging without any overarching designs on topological structure yet enabling efficient interactions among nodes. Here we show that the number of nodes and the density of connections in such self-organized networks exhibit a power law relationship. We examined the size and connection density of 47 self-organizing networks of various biological, social, and technological origins, and found that the size-density relationship follows a fractal relationship spanning over 6 orders of magnitude. This finding indicates that there is an optimal connection density in self-organized networks following fractal scaling regardless of their sizes.
A Cryptographic Solution to a Game Theoretic Problem

In this work we use cryptography to solve a game-theoretic problem which arises naturally in the area of two party strategic games. The standard game-theoretic solution concept for such games is that of an equilibrium, which is a pair of "self-enforcing" strategies making each player's strategy an optimal response to the other player's strategy. It is known that for many games the expected equilibrium payoffs can be much higher when a trusted third party (a "mediator") assists the players in choosing their moves (correlated equilibria), than when each player has to choose its move on its own (Nash equilibria). It is natural to ask whether there exists a mechanism that eliminates the need for the mediator yet allows the players to maintain the high payoffs offered by mediator-assisted strategies. We answer this question affirmatively provided the players are computationally bounded and can have free communication (so-called "cheap talk") prior to playing the game. The main building block of our solution is an efficient cryptographic protocol to the following Correlated Element Selection problem, which is of independent interest. Both Alice and Bob know a list of pairs (a1, b1) . . . (an, bn) (possibly with repetitions), and they want to pick a random index i such that Alice learns only aiand Bob learns only bi. Our solution to this problem has constant number of rounds, negligible error probability, and uses only very simple zero-knowledge proofs. We then show how to incorporate our cryptographic protocol back into a game-theoretic setting, which highlights some interesting parallels between cryptographic protocols and extensive form games.
Estimating Willingness-to-Pay with Random Valuation Models: An Application to Lake Sevan, Armenia

This paper presents a case study of willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimation using random valuation models. A contingent valuation survey was conducted in Yerevan, Armenia to estimate people's WTP for the protection of Lake Sevan. Three elicitation formats-open-ended, closed-ended, and the stochastic payment card (SPC) approach-were used with split random samples. WTP models with heterogeneous errors were constructed and estimated with the survey data. The SPC approach produces a higher estimation of the mean WTP than both the open-ended and closed-ended approaches, while results from the open-ended and closed-ended elicitation formats are similar. Furthermore, contrary to research findings obtained in the United States, this study finds higher WTP estimations with mail surveys than with personal interviews.
Curare with general anesthesia for vaginal deliveries.

L AST August, with some trepidation, we used curare as an adjuvant to obstetric anesthesia for the first time. The reason for our disquietude was that we had not heard of its being used for vaginal delivery, nor had we read any such reports after a rather extensive coverage of the literature. There had been a few articles, particularly in the British literature, of the use of curare in cesarean section,l and we had used it rather extensively on the surgical services. The determining factor in our employment of this most useful drug was an article by Harroun and Fisher.2 In this report it was definitely proved the drug did not pass the placental barrier nor did it inhib,it normal postpartum contractions. Also, Doan and HustorP used curare to soften convulsions when giving electric shock to patients suffering from depression during pregnancy. It was the fear of the probability of its entering the fetal circulation that had kept us from using curare sooner. We had demonstrated that it had no effect on dilatation of the cervix in deliveries of nonviable fetuses4 Curare, although its history stretches back many centuries, has been considered and thought of only as a poison until the past few years. However, Brodie in 1811 suggested it as a cure for tetanus.” In anesthesia Griffith and Johnson pioneered the use of curare as an adjuvant to anesthesia, reporting their work in 1942.6 Cullen has reported on a large series of patients.’ The exact action of the drug on muscular action is not known. McIntyre” says, “a satisfactory theory cannot be forthcoming until the modus operandi of muscle excitation is fully explored, established, and agreed upon.” He believes the most probable mechanism is one in which the normal role of acetylcholine is inhibited by the presence of curare at its point of action in the muscle. Quiet often in delivery it is necessary to put the patient under deep or surgical anesthesia in order to relax the perineum. In fact, sometimes a spastic, rigid perineum or spastic levators can prevent the successful termination of labor as surely as a bony obstruction. We see this muscular obstruction for the most part in the excitable nervous patient or, as we like to term her, “the patient who just won’t let go. ” Deep anesthesia is not good for the parturient woman. Very often she has had a long labor with its debilitating effects. If there is more than the usual bleeding deep anesthesia aggravates and exaggerates the shock syndrome. Zweifach and Hershey have conclusively shown how any but the ‘ ’ lighter” anesthetics have a predisposing action to the shock syndrome from blood 10~s.~
Chandra Observations of the Gravitationally Lensed System 2016+112

An observation of the gravitationally lensed system 2016+112 with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory has resolved a mystery regarding the proposed presence of a dark matter object in the lens plane of this system. The Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer observation has clearly detected the lensed images of 2016+112 with positions in good agreement with those reported in the optical and also detects 13 additional X-ray sources within a radius of 35. Previous X-ray observations in the direction of 2016+112 with the ROSAT HRI and ASCA Solid-State Imaging Spectrometer have interpreted the X-ray data as arising from extended emission from a dark cluster. However, the present Chandra observation can account for all the X-ray emission as originating from the lensed images and additional point X-ray sources in the field. Thus, cluster parameters based on previous X-ray observations are unreliable. We place a 3 σ upper limit on the 2-10 keV flux and luminosity of the cluster of 1.6 × 10-14 ergs s-1 cm-2 and 1.7 × 1044 ergs s-1, respectively. We estimate an upper limit on the mass-to-light ratio within a radius of 800 h kpc of M/LV < 190 h50 (M/LV)☉. None of the additional point X-ray sources are associated with the galaxy cluster members recently detected in deep optical and IR observations. The lensed object is quite unusual, with reported narrow emission lines in the optical that suggest it may be a type 2 quasar. Our modeling of the X-ray spectrum of the lensed object implies that the column density of an intrinsic absorber must lie between 3 and 85 × 1022 cm-2 (3 σ confidence level). The 2-10 keV luminosity of the lensed object, corrected for the lens magnification effect and using the above range of intrinsic absorption, is from 3 × 1043 to 1.4 × 1044 ergs s-1.
ROVER: a framework for the evolution of relationships

Relationships have been repeatedly identified as an important object-oriented modeling construct. Today most emerging modeling standards such as the ODMG object model and UML have some support for relationships. However while dealing with schema evolution, OODB systems have largely ignored the existence of relationships. We are the first to propose comprehensive support for relationship evolution. A complete schema evolution facility for any OODB system must provide (1) primitives to manipulate all object model constructs; (2) and also maintenance strategies for the structural and referential integrity of the database under such evolution. We hence propose a set of basic evolution primitives for relationships as well as a compound set of changes that can be applied to the same. However, given the myriad of possible change semantics a user may desire in the future, any pre-defined set is not suffcient. Rather we present a flexible schema evolution framework which allows the user to define new relationship transformations as well as to extend the existing ones. Addressing the second problem, namely of updating the schema evolution primitives to conform to the new set of invariants, can be a very expensive re-engineering effort. In this paper we present an approach that de-couples the constraints from the schema evolution code, thereby enabling their update without any re-coding effort.
Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions

A family preference for sons over daughters may manifest itself in different ways, including higher mortality, worse health status, or lower educational attainment among girls. This study focuses on one measure of son preference in the developing world, namely the likelihood of continued childbearing given the gender composition of existing children in the family. The authors use an unusually large data set, covering 65 countries and approximately 5 million births. The analysis shows that son preference is apparent in many regions of the developing world and is particularly large in South Asia and in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region. Modernization does not appear to reduce son preference. For example, in South Asia son preference is larger for women with more education and is increasing over time. The explanation for these patterns appears to be that latent son preference in childbearing is more likely to manifest itself when fertility levels are low. As a result of son preference, girls tend to grow up with significantly more siblings than boys do, which may have implications for their wellbeing if there are quantity-quality trade-offs that result in fewer material and emotional resources allocated to children in larger families.
Real polynomial root-finding by means of matrix and polynomial iterations☆

Frequently one seeks approximation to all r real roots of a polynomial of degree n with real coefficients, which also has nonreal roots. We split a polynomial into two factors, one of which has degree r and has r real roots. We approximate them at a low cost, and then decrease the arithmetic time of the known algorithms for this popular problem by roughly a factor of n/k, if k iterations prepare splitting. k is a small integer unless some nonreal roots lie close to the real axis, but even if there nonreal roots near the real axis, we substantially accelerate the known algorithms. We also propose a dual algorithm, operating with the associated structured matrices. At the price of minor increase of the arithmetic time, it facilitates numerical implementation. Our analysis and tests demonstrate the efficiency of our approach.
Evaluation of Charged-Particle Reactions for Fusion Applications

New evaluations of the total reaction cross sections for 2H(d,n)3He, 2H(d,p)3H, 3H(t,2n)4He, 3H(d,n)4He, and 3He(d,p)4 He have been completed. These evaluations are based on all known published data from 1946 to 1990 and include over 1150 measured data points from 67 references. The purpose of this work is to provide a consistent and well-documented set of cross sections for use in calculations relating to fusion energy research. A new thermonuclear data file, TDF, and a library of FORTRAN subprograms to read the file have been developed. Calculated from the new evaluations, the TDF file contains information on the Maxwellian-averaged reaction rates as a function of reaction and plasma temperature and the Maxwellian-averaged average energy of the interacting particles and reaction products. Routines are included that provide thermally-broadened spectral information for the secondary reaction products.
Evaluating the evaluator:modelling systematic data analysis strategies for software selection

Developers of interactive software are confronted by an increasing variety of software tools to help engineer the interactive aspects of software applications. Not only do these tools fall into different categories in terms of functionality, but within each category there is a growing number of competing tools with similar, although not identical, features. Choice of user interface development tool (UIDT) is therefore becoming increasingly complex.