cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEM inspection methods for process development and manufacturing of a 0.25-μm T-gate GaAs MESFET fabrication

Several SEM inspection techniques for the process development of a 0.25 micrometers T-gate MESFET process have been successfully utilized. The transition of these techniques to a manufacturing process with SPC monitoring will also be discussed. The unique challenges of imaging several different Ebeam resists, and their interaction with the scanning electron microscope will also be discussed.
Bayesian Statistics Applied to Dynamic Modification Experiments on Florida Cumulus Clouds

Abstract Randomized dynamic cumulus seeding programs were executed in 1968 and 1970 on isolated clouds and beginning in 1970 on groups of clouds, to promote mergers in a 4000 mi2 target area in south Florida. With the single clouds, 26 seeded and 26 control cases comprise an adequate sample. In the area experiment, 1970 1971 and 1972 produced only 7 random seed, 5 random control, and 5 non-random control cases. The experiments involve a multi-pronged approach to documentation of seeding effects, emphasizing numerical simulation, ground and airborne measurements, and the application of diverse statistical tools, including but not confined to Bayesian analysis, the main subject of this report. Rain volumeswere calculated with calibrated 10-cm radars, checked and corrected by gage networks. The single cloud rainfalls, both seeded and control, were well fitted by a gamma distribution with the shape parameter invariant under seeding. Preliminary indications with the area data suggest carryover to the multiple ...
Optimal offline compensation of shape shrinkage for three-dimensional printing processes

Dimensional accuracy is a key control issue in direct three-dimensional (3D) printing. Part shrinkage due to material phase changes often leads to deviations in the final shape, requiring extra post-machining steps for correction. Shrinkage has traditionally been analyzed through finite element simulation and experimental investigations. Systematic models for accuracy control through shrinkage compensation are rarely available, particularly for complete control of all local features. To fill the gap for direct printing and compensate for shape shrinkage, this article develops a new approach to (i) model and predict part shrinkage and (ii) derive an optimal shrinkage compensation plan to achieve dimensional accuracy. The developed approach is demonstrated both analytically and experimentally in a stereolithography process, one of the most widely employed 3D printing techniques. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the proposed compensation approach to achieve an improvement of an order of magnit...
A practical classification of newborn infants by weight and gestational age.

A classification of newborn infants based upon gestational age and birth weight is proposed. The advantages of establishing such a routine on a nursery service, and the possibility of superimposing neonatal mortality rates upon gestational-age and birth-weight data are presented.
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: VIII. The incidence of retinal photocoagulation.

The incidence of focal and panretinal photocoagulation and its relationship to demographic and other characteristics were examined in a population-based study of people with diabetes in southern Wisconsin. For participants whose age at diagnosis was less than 30 years, who were taking insulin, and who had not been previously treated with photocoagulation, the 4 year incidence of panretinal photocoagulation (10.8%) was significantly higher (p less than .0001) than the rate of focal and/or grid photocoagulation of the macula (4.3%). For those whose age at diagnosis was 30 years or older and who had not been previously treated with photocoagulation, the incidence rates of panretinal photocoagulation (4.4%) and focal and/or grid photocoagulation of the macula (3.1%) were not significantly different (p = .11). At follow-up examination, 33.8% of the eyes of younger onset persons and 57.7% of the eyes of older onset persons with Diabetic Retinopathy Study high risk characteristics for severe visual loss had never received panretinal photocoagulation. These relatively high frequencies of untreated eyes in need of panretinal photocoagulation remain a concern.
Female Sex-Role Expectations and Authoritarianism

Ssmmmy.-38 male and 38 female university students were classified by a median split on the Autonomy scale from the Omnibus Personality Inventory as authoritarian and non-authoritarian. Subjects also completed a modified version of a questionnaire developed by Hawley (1971) dealing with traditional versus androgynous female sex-role expectations. The five scores derived from this questionnaire are: Wovn as Partner, Woman as Ingenue, Woman as Homemaker, Woman as Competitor, and Woman as Knower. As anticipated, authoritarian subjects held more traditional expectations. Men were significantly more traditional than women on two of the five scores, Woman as Homemaker and Woman as Competitor. An authoritarian personality is often characterized as one who is intolerant of ambiguities, who undervalues human experiences and phenomena, who wishes not to change, and who tends toward rigid, stereotypic thinking (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950; Hannush, 1973; Merleau-Ponty, 1964; Sartre, 1965). A stereotypic approach to sex-role expectations can be viewed as a way of trying to by-pass or reduce the essential ambiguity of human phenomena, and, in our contemporary social context, as an attempt to resist change. Hence, a relationship between authoritarianism and an acceptance of traditional female sex-role expectations is suggested. Indeed, clinical impressions based on interviews reported by Adorno, et al. (1950) support this relationship. Since the publication of The Ailthoritmian Personality nearly three decades ago this relationship has not received the research interest warranted. It is the purpose of the present study to explore this relationship further in terms of sex-role expectations for women.
A comparison of neonatal Gram-negative rod and Gram-positive cocci meningitis

Neonatal meningitis is an illness with potentially devastating consequences. Early identification of potential risk factors for Gram-negative rod (GNR) infections versus Gram-positive cocci (GPC) infection prior to obtaining final culture results is of value in order to appropriately guide expirical therapy. We sought to compare laboratory and clinical parameters of GNR and GPC meningitis in a cohort of term and premature infants. We evaluated lumbar punctures from neonates cared for at 150 neonatal intensive care units managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group Inc. We compared cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters (white blood cell count, red blood cell count, glucose, and protein), demographics, and outcomes between infants with GNR and GPC meningitis. CSF cultures positive with coagulase-negative staphylococci were excluded. We identified 77 infants with GNR and 86 with GPC meningitis. There were no differences in gestational age, birth weight, infant sex, race, or rate of Caesarean section. GNR meningitis was more often diagnosed after the third postnatal day and was associated with higher white blood cell and red blood cell counts. GNR meningitis diagnosed in the first 3 days of life was associated with antepartum antibiotic exposure. No difference was noted in either CSF protein or glucose levels. After correcting for gestational age, there was no observed difference in mortality between infants infected with GNR or GPC. Compared to GPC meningitis, GNR meningitis was associated with several aspects of the clinical history and laboratory findings including older age of presentation, antepartum exposure to antibiotics, and elevated CSF white blood cell and red blood cell counts.
Surgical options for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is a disease of the cervical spinal cord that results from circumferential compression of the degenerative cervical spine, often in a congenitally narrow spinal canal. Surgical recommendations must be based on patient characteristics, symptoms, function, and neuroradiologic findings. ACDF is an excellent option for one- or two-level spondylosis without retrovertebral disease. Anterior corpectomy and strut grafting may provide an improved decompression and is ideal for patients with kyphosis or neck pain. Laminectomy historically yields poor results from late deformity and late neurologic deterioration but yields improved results with good surgical technique. Laminoplasty was developed to address cervical stenosis of three or more segments and compares favorable with anterior corpectomy and fusion for neurologic recovery. Laminoplasty has a lower complication rate than corpectomy and strut grafting but has a higher incidence of postoperative axial symptoms.
Minimum Distance and Robust Estimation

Abstract Robust and consistent estimation of the location parameter of an asymmetric distribution and general, nonlocation and scale parameter estimation problems have been vexing problems in the history of robustness studies. The minimum distance (MD) estimation method is shown to provide a heuristically reasonable mode of attack for these problems, which also leads to excellent robustness properties. Both asymptotic and Monte Carlo results for the familiar case of estimation of the location parameter of a symmetric distribution support this proposition, showing MD estimators to be competitive with some of the better estimators thus far proposed.
APON's first 25 years: a lighter look from the past presidents.

This report uses an oral history methodology to look back at 25 years of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses (APON) from the perspective of the past presidents. The different roles and responsibilities of the president and how they have evolved over the years are identified. Amusing, behind-the-scenes anecdotes from different presidential terms are revealed.
On the application of the information concept to learning theory

A learning curve derived by H. D. Landahl (Bull. Math. Biophysics,3, 71–77, 1941) from postulated neurological structures is shown to be derivable from simplified assumptions by introducing the information measure of the uncertainty of response. The possible significance of this approach to learning theory is discussed.
Observations of Spanwise Symmetry Breaking for Unsteady Mixed Convection in Horizontal Ducts

Three-dimensional mixed convection in a horizontal rectangular duct heated from below was studied numerically for a non-Boussinesq fluid. The duct was of aspect ratio four, with cold side-wall boundary conditions. Results were obtained at a reduced temperature of 2.33, Rayleigh number of 130,700, and Reynolds numbers of 5 and 20. Using the Re = 20 solution as initial conditions, the Re = 5 solution developed asymmetries about the duct centerline plane, with a streamwise periodic generation and dissolution of the inner pair of vortices. The consequence of these coherent vortical structures was a complex time-dependent distribution of the Nusselt number on the lower wall, with implications in the area of chemical vapor deposition. Specifically, when compared with the steady flow case occurring at Re = 20, an increased spatial uniformity of the time-averaged Nusselt number along the lower duct surface resulted.
Similarity of the electroretinogram in insects.

Abstract A comparative study was carried out on the electroretinogram (ERG) of Chrysopa sp., Apis mellifera, Culex pipiens, Musca domestica, Amathes lychnidis, Periplaneta americana, Acrotylus insubricus, Schistocerca gregaria, Trogoderma granarium, Tenebrio molitor , and Dermestes maculatus . Its waveform is not species specific and in most was characterized by a preceding sharp negative potential (ranging from 0·5 to 35 mV for the various species) followed by a slow positive one. Therefore, there is no justification for the theory of classification into ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ eyes, from the point of view of the shape of the electrophysiological response.
PROTEIN INTERACTIONS AND DISEASE PHENOTYPES IN THE ABC TRANSPORTER SUPERFAMILY

ABC transporter proteins couple the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to substrate transport across a membrane. In humans, clinical studies have implicated mutations in 19 of the 48 known ABC transporters in diseases such as cystic fibrosis and adrenoleukodystrophy. Although divergent in sequence space, the overall topology of these proteins, consisting of two transmembrane domains and two ATP-binding cassettes, is likely to be conserved across diverse organisms. We examine known intra-transporter domain interfaces using crystallographic structures of isolated and complexed domains in ABC transporter proteins and find that the nucleotide binding domain interfaces are better conserved than interfaces at the transmembrane domains. We then apply this analysis to identify known disease-associated point and deletion mutants for which disruption of domain-domain interfaces might indicate the mechanism of disease. Finally, we suggest a possible interaction site based on conservation of sequence and disease-association of point mutants.
SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDHOOD ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA

Symptom development from birth to 12 years of age was examined in 18 children who met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia with onset before 10 years of age. Using a follow-back design, symptom development was rated at each of four age levels using a DSM-III Symptom Rating Scale and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Results revealed a gradual developmental unfolding of a broad spectrum of symptoms affecting social, cognitive, sensory and motor functioning and beginning many years before the appearance of schizophrenic symptoms--usually in early infancy. Prior to 6 years of age, severe language deficits and motor development problems were each found in 72% of the sample and symptoms of infantile autism were found in 39% of the sample. Onset of schizophrenia occurred at an earlier age for children with a history of autistic symptoms during infancy than for other children in the sample. Schizophrenia as defined by DSM-III was entirely absent before 6 years of age.
Fault interaction and along-strike variation in throw in the Pajarito fault system, Rio Grande rift, New Mexico

The seismically active Pajarito fault system (PFS) of northern New Mexico, United States, is a complex zone of deformation made up of many laterally discontinuous faults and associated folds and fractures that interact in ways that have important implications for seismic hazards. Mapping and drilling projects in the PFS provide new insights into the structural geometry and paleoseismic history of the fault system. A 1.25 Ma old datum (the Bandelier Tuff) and high-resolution digital elevation data allow construction of throw-length profiles along the entire length of the PFS, revealing primary geometric features previously unrecognized. The fault system as a whole consists of numerous closely spaced overlapping sections ~8–14 km long. Slip maxima in some cases occur near the centers of these sections, and in others they are shifted toward one end. Along-strike asymmetrical throw profiles and throw deficits indicate fault branching, merging, and strain transfer. This pattern results from processes of fault linkage and conservation of strain on diverse structures of a large fault system. New mapping reveals that the northern end of the Pajarito fault terminates in a wide zone of extensional monoclines and discontinuous, small-displacement faults, and interacts with nearby antithetic faults. New paleoseismic data from a normal fault splay, interpreted in light of previous paleoseismic work, argue for three Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes; one ca. 1.4 thousand calendar years ago (1.4 cal ka) on the Pajarito fault, a second 6.5–5.2 ka ago on the Pajarito fault that is consistent with an event 6.5–4.2 ka ago on the Guaje Mountain fault, and a third ca. 9 ka ago on both the Pajarito and the Rendija Canyon faults. This paleoseismic event chronology demonstrates that the Pajarito fault often ruptures alone, but sometimes ruptures either with the Rendija Canyon or the Guaje Mountain fault. When this occurs, the resultant seismic moment and therefore the earthquake magnitude are larger than when the main Pajarito fault ruptures alone. Evidence for fault interaction, and the presence of prominent bends in the Pajarito fault system, imply structural control of paleoseismicity and neoseismicity and suggest the potential for stress concentrations and earthquake triggering in complex linking fault systems.
Tetra­carbonyl­bis(η5-cyclo­penta­dienyl)bis[(dec-9-en-1-yl)diphenyl­phosphine]dimolybdenum(0)(Mo—Mo) tetra­hydro­furan disolvate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Mo2(η5-C5H5)2(C22H29P)2(CO)4]·2C4H8O, contains two half-mol­ecules of the organometallic species and two solvent mol­ecules. Both organometallic mol­ecules are completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry, yielding dimeric units with Mo—Mo single-bond lengths of 3.2703 (6) and 3.2548 (6) A. Each Mo atom is also coordinated by an η5-cyclo­pentdienyl ligand, two carbonyl ligands, and a (dec-9-en-1-yl)diphenyl­phosphine ligand.
Induction of Disease by a Molecularly Cloned Highly Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Chimera Is Multigenic

One of three full-length infectious molecular clones of SHIV DH12R , designated SHIV DH12R-CL-7 and obtained from productively infected rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells, directed rapid and irreversible loss of CD4 + T cells within 3 weeks of its inoculation into Indian rhesus monkeys. Induction of complete CD4 + T-cell depletion by SHIV DH12R-CL-7 was found to be dependent on inoculum size. The acquisition of this pathogenic phenotype was accompanied by the introduction of 42 amino acid substitutions into multiple genes of parental nonpathogenic SHIV DH12 . Transfer of the entire SHIV DH12R-CL-7 env gene into the genetic background of nonpathogenic SHIV DH12 failed to confer the rapid CD4 + T-lymphocyte-depleting syndrome; similarly, the substitution of gag plus pol sequences from SIV smE543 for analogous SIV mac239 genes in SHIV DH12R-CL-7 attenuated the pathogenic phenotype. Amino acid changes affecting multiple viral genes are necessary, but insufficient by themselves, to confer the prototypically rapid and irreversible CD4 + T-cell-depleting phenotype exhibited by molecularly cloned SHIV DH12R-CL-7 .
Post-hospitalization Management of High-Risk Coronary Patients

The major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with coronary atherosclerosis is plaque rupture, which often results in one of the acute coronary syndromes: unstable angina, non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI), or Q-wave MI. Plaque rupture may be attributable to the thickness of the overlying fibrous cap; thinner plaques are more likely to rupture. It appears that the presence of inflammation is a significant contributor to rupture. Acute-phase treatments are highly efficacious, but secondary prevention, often overlooked, also is life-saving. Diet, exercise, and medications are the interventions available for secondary prevention. Four classes of medications--aspirin, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins)--are also used in this setting with a high degree of success in reducing mortality and morbidity. Numerous studies have demonstrated a 30-50% reduction in mortality with aspirin. The reduction in mortality achieved with beta blockers in studies of patients after myocardial infarction are 15-50%. ACE inhibitors significantly reduce the risk of death from myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease with or without myocardial infarction. Statins are beneficial even in patients whose cholesterol level is low to normal. Patients who were discharged on a statin showed a 50% reduction in mortality over those who did not receive statin therapy independent of lipid level. C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation, is predictive of mortality, as are age and ejection fraction. Statins may be anti-inflammatory in addition to their lipid-lowering effect. Secondary-prevention strategies such as case management, electronic discharge prompting, better communication between referring physicians and cardiologists, and patient education may also have positive effects on after-discharge morbidity and mortality.
Solution Activity Product (KFAP) and Simultaneous Demineralization–Remineralization in Bovine Tooth Enamel and Hydroxyapatite Pellets

Abstract The effects of changing the ion activity product of the remineralization solution at pH 4.5 (p K FAP 108–118) on the remineralization behavior of demineralized bovine tooth enamel and hydroxyapatite pellets have been studied. Solutions containing calcium-45, phosphate, and fluoride in acetate buffers were used. The 45 Ca/F molar ratios indicated the formation of fluoridated hydroxyapatite in the enamel or the pellet when the p K FAP values for remineralizing solutions were K FAP values were > 112, the 45 Ca/F ratios were found to be «5. Also, when the p K FAP values were large (> 112), the remineralization patterns based on the fluoride distribution in the tooth (or pellet) were found to be different than when the p K FAP values were small ( K FAP value of 112 is the demarcation between remineralization only and simultaneous dissolution-remineralization has been proposed based on these results.
Making a difference: evaluating the Girls in the Game (GIG) after-school program

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of the Girls in the Game (GIG) after-school program (ASP) in promoting social-emotional development and reducing body mass index (BMI) and obesogenic behaviors among a group of minority, low-income girls. Data were collected from 76 third- to fifth-grade girls (n = 52, GIG; n = 24, controls) from five urban elementary schools prior to and at the conclusion of 30 weeks of programming. Multiple methods were used to assess outcomes and process variables, including questionnaires, observations, and body measurements (i.e., body mass index [BMI]). The program demonstrated high levels of program quality and was well implemented across program sites. Repeated-measures ANOVAs (analyses of variance) revealed small but significant improvements in body image, nutrition knowledge, and behavior for GIG participants. These findings were not moderated by initial levels of self-esteem or BMI. Analyses suggested that program effectiveness varied depending on process variables. Language: en
Requirements for Model-based Polarimetric Decompositions

Several authors have proposed decompositions of measured polarimetric covariance matrices into the weighted sums of individual covariance matrices that represent known scattering models. In this paper we critically examine some minimum requirements that these model-based polarimetric scattering decompositions must satisfy. Starting with the definition of the covariance matrix, we show that a necessary requirement for these decompositions is that the eigenvalues of the individual covariance matrices must be non-negative. We then show with examples that this is not guaranteed for some of the proposed decompositions. Finally, we propose a method of decomposition that would ensure that the eigenvalues of the individual covariance matrices would be non-negative.
Unitary Ca2+ current through recombinant type 3 InsP3 receptor channels under physiological ionic conditions

The ubiquitous inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptor (InsP3R) channel, localized primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, releases Ca2+ into the cytoplasm upon binding InsP3, generating and modulating intracellular Ca2+ signals that regulate numerous physiological processes. Together with the number of channels activated and the open probability of the active channels, the size of the unitary Ca2+ current (iCa) passing through an open InsP3R channel determines the amount of Ca2+ released from the ER store, and thus the amplitude and the spatial and temporal nature of Ca2+ signals generated in response to extracellular stimuli. Despite its significance, iCa for InsP3R channels in physiological ionic conditions has not been directly measured. Here, we report the first measurement of iCa through an InsP3R channel in its native membrane environment under physiological ionic conditions. Nuclear patch clamp electrophysiology with rapid perfusion solution exchanges was used to study the conductance properties of recombinant homotetrameric rat type 3 InsP3R channels. Within physiological ranges of free Ca2+ concentrations in the ER lumen ([Ca2+]ER), free cytoplasmic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i), and symmetric free [Mg2+] ([Mg2+]f), the iCa–[Ca2+]ER relation was linear, with no detectable dependence on [Mg2+]f. iCa was 0.15 ± 0.01 pA for a filled ER store with 500 µM [Ca2+]ER. The iCa–[Ca2+]ER relation suggests that Ca2+ released by an InsP3R channel raises [Ca2+]i near the open channel to ∼13–70 µM, depending on [Ca2+]ER. These measurements have implications for the activities of nearby InsP3-liganded InsP3R channels, and they confirm that Ca2+ released by an open InsP3R channel is sufficient to activate neighboring channels at appropriate distances away, promoting Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release.
Evaluation of the soft tissue thermal index and the maximum temperature increase for homogeneous and layered tissues

Theoretical tissue temperature increases due to focused diagnostic ultrasound fields are evaluated for both homogeneous and three-layer tissue models. Applying the monopole-source solution, the general acoustic pressure field distribution is obtained for a specific source temporal average power. The axial steady-state temperature increase is calculated by applying the point-source solution of the bio-heat transfer equation to the pressure field distribution. Homogeneous and three-layer fetal tissue model examples for 3 MHz for circular source apertures are presented and compared to the thermal index of the recently approved Standard for Real-Time Display of Thermal and Mechanical Acoustic Output Indices on Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment. >
An Experimental and Modeling Study of Thermal Cyclic Behavior of Sn-Cu and Sn-Pb Solder Joints

Thermal cyclic shear stress/strain hysteresis response of 97Sn-2Cu-0.8Sb-0.2Ag, 95.5Sn-4Cu-0.5Ag, 63Sn-37Pb, and 62Sn-36Pb-2Ag solder joints have been determined using a double beam specimen. The temperature cycle had a period of 40 minutes and extreme temperatures of 40°C and 140°C. The steady state creep properties of these solders were determined, and the associated Norton's law was implemented in a finite element program to simulate the experiment. The fatigue life of these solders joints and failure mechanism are also discussed.
An experimental investigation of drop deformation and breakup in steady, two-dimensional linear flows

We consider the deformation and burst of small fluid droplets in steady linear, two-dimensional motions of a second immiscible fluid. Experiments using a computer-controlled, four-roll mill to investigate the effect of flow type are described, and the results compared with predictions of several available asymptotic deformation and burst theories, as well as numerical calculations. The comparison clarifies the range of validity of the theories, and demonstrates that they provide quite adequate predictions over a wide range of viscosity ratio, capillary number, and flow type.
Neural network-based adaptive sampling of 3D object surface elastic properties

The paper discusses two self-organizing neural network (NN) architectures, the neural gas network and the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM) for the adaptive sampling and the reduction of the dimensionality of the set of probing points in the measurement of the nonuniform elastic properties of 3D objects.
A compact microwave reentrant cavity applicator for plasma-assisted combustion

Advantages of combining an electrical discharge with combustion include a faster process, higher intensities, leaner combustion, pollutant reduction by altering by-products of combustion, improved fuel efficiency by achieving more complete combustion, more reliable ignition of combustion, and combustion across a wider range of pressures, temperatures and mixture stoichiometries. The benefits may also include the operation of combustion processes at extreme limits, such as aerospace applications at high speeds and altitudes.
An overview of parasite-induced behavioral alterations – and some lessons from bats

An animal with a parasite is not likely to behave like a similar animal without that parasite. This is a simple enough concept, one that is now widely recognized as true, but if we move beyond that statement, the light that it casts on behavior fades quickly: the world of parasites, hosts and behavior is shadowy, and boundaries are ill-defined. For instance, at first glance, the growing list of altered behaviors tells us very little about how those alterations happen, much less how they evolved. Some cases of parasite-induced behavioral change are truly manipulative, with the parasite standing to benefit from the changed behavior. In other cases, the altered behavior has an almost curative, if not prophylactic, effect; in those cases, the host benefits. This paper will provide an overview of the conflicting (and coinciding) demands on parasite and host, using examples from a wide range of taxa and posing questions for the future. In particular, what does the larger world of animal behavior tell us about how to go about seeking insights - or at least, what not to do? By asking questions about the sensory-perceptual world of hosts, we can identify those associations that hold the greatest promise for neuroethological studies of parasite-induced behavioral alterations, and those studies can, in turn, help guide our understanding of how parasite-induced alterations evolved, and how they are maintained.
Speeding up dynamic programming

A number of important computational problems in molecular biology, geology, speech recognition, and other areas can be expressed as recurrences which have typically been solved with dynamic programming. By using more sophisticated data structures, and by taking advantage of further structure from the applications, the authors speed up the computation of several of these recurrences by one or two orders of magnitude. The algorithms used are simple and practical. >
Low voltage devices and circuits for energy-starved systems

Energy-efficient computing is critical for the distributed wireless sensor nodes and computing hubs which will form the Internet of Things (IoT). To meet the power requirements of IoT systems it is required to scale the operating voltage aggressively into the subthreshold/near-threshold region. To combat the performance penalty and increased sensitivity to PVT variation of subthreshold operation computational systems must be optimized at the architectural, circuit, and device level. Subthreshold circuit design techniques, low-voltage transistors based on FDSOI, and high-density 3D integration form a synergistic ecosystem which will enable useful computational complexity within small, energy-starved systems.
A New Generalization of Jensen's Theorem on the Zeros of the Derivative of a Polynomial

Abstract : Let p(z) be a real polynomial all of whose zeros lie in the closed interior of the circle whose diameter is the segment alpha beta of the axis of reals, and let all the non-real zeros lie interior to that circle. For each pair z sub k, conjugate z sub k of conjugate imaginary zeros of p(z) let gamma z sub k be the circle tangent at z sub k and conjugate z sub k to the respective circles alpha z sub k beta and alpha conjugate z sub k beta. Then all non-real zeros of p prime (z) lie in the closed interiors of the gamma sub k. (Author)
Physico-Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Defatted Roasted Peanuts During Storage1

Abstract Full-fat (53% oil) and defatted (22% oil) blanched, whole, roasted peanuts were stored at 4,25, and 63 C for 12 wk. Defatted peanuts were lighter in color as indicated by a higher Hunter L and b values and a lower a value. The a value which indicated redness also decreased during storage until week 9. Defatting also resulted in roasted peanutty scores that were lower and decreased during storage and decreased pyrazine peak areas (Peaks 24 and 25). Rancidity-related attributes were generally more intense in defatted samples and increased during storage. PV and TBA values were higher in defatted peanuts and increased during storage. A higher moisture content in defatted peanuts may have contributed to its lower storage stability. TBA correlation with rancidity-related attributes indicated secondary oxidation in the samples during storage. The compounds 1-methylpyrrole, 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5 dimethylpyrazine, ethanol, hexanal, and pyridine were tentatively identified by gas chromatography.
Intersectionality and disciplinarity: reflections from an international perspective

The concept of intersectionality generates much debate amongst interdisciplinary feminist scholars. The paradigm has become a central disciplinary device for feminist scholarship. Indeed, the Natio...
Draft Genome Sequences from Cyclospora cayetanensis Oocysts Purified from a Human Stool Sample.

ABSTRACT The parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis causes foodborne diarrheal illness. Here, we report draft genome sequences obtained from C. cayetanensis oocysts purified from a human stool sample. The genome assembly consists of 865 contigs with a total length of 44,563,857 bases. These sequences can facilitate the development of subtyping tools to aid outbreak investigations.
Symposium—Fox and Miller's Postmodern Public Administration Ten Years Later

(2005). Symposium—Fox and Miller's Postmodern Public Administration Ten Years Later. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 467-468.
Sustainable Development and the United States

This book evaluates recent U.S. actions from a sustainable development perspective and, of greater importance, provides a roadmap or agenda for sustainability for the next 5 to 10 years. While most of us have at least a vague idea that the United States (along with the rest of the world) is not on a sustainable course, we do not have a particularly clear idea of what to do. This book’s 41 contributing authors provide a detailed and comprehensive answer to the big question: What does sustainable development mean for the United States?
Water Intake and the Blood Sugar Level

In our studies which have involved blood sugar determinations on rats, considerable effort has been expended to secure uniformity both in the animal material and in the routine care of the colony. But in spite of all this care to secure uniformity we have found at times that the normal blood sugar level showed considerable variation.1 Recently, upon our return from the summer vacation, the routine normal control series of sugar determinations was made. At the same time, determinations were made upon a group of rats used in the study of prolonged high carbohydrate feeding.2 These animals represented the 4th, 5th and 6th generations which had been kept continuously on the high carbohydrate diet. It was noticed that the sugar levels in both groups were not only high but far above any mean value thus far obtained. Two and a half months previously the water supply had been changed from the open jar to the tubulated-bottle system. It had been observed that some of the water bottles did not deliver properly. The...
BANK EROSION OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER

The Illinois River is a major tributary of the Mississippi River draining about 75,000 sq km of land in the States of Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin. Most of the drainage area is contained within the State of Illinois. The river originates near Chicago, Illinois and after traveling about 500 km within the State of Illinois, it joins the Mississippi River near Alton, Illinois upstream of the City of St. Louis. The river has been altered over the years especially in 1939 after a series of Locks and Dams were constructed to facilitate the movement of river traffic. Two detailed attempts were made in the history of the river to document the bank erosion of this river. Both the research was conducted by the author with assistance from a number of colleagues and associates. The present research was completed to identify the erosion sites including their severity, probable causative factors and the development of a classification system. During this research, a team of engineers, geomorphologic experts and field professionals traveled the entire length of the river by boats extending several weeks. During this trip, a number of typical bank erosion sites were identified, bank material samples were collected, data on river cross-sectional profiles were collected, photographs were taken, and a field evaluation of the causative factor or factors were noted. Subsequently, all the field data were evaluated and bank erosion sites were classified. Based on this analysis, all the sites were classified into six separate classifications based on the probable causative factors of bank erosion, bank material composition, and the geometrical features of the banks. Bank erosion of any river occurs as a result of a variety of natural forces and human induced activities. The analysis for the Illinois River has shown that about 74% of the bank erosion sites were subjected to seepage flows. About 28% of the bank sections have shown the evidence of river traffic induced impacts. Other causative factors included eddy currents, disturbed flows due to exposed tree roots, surface drainage, and weathering due to rapid freezing and thawing cycle. This research will guide the future management activities of the Illinois River as far the river bank erosion process is concerned.
Differential Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Skin Pigmentation and Flesh Starch Breakdown of ‘Gala’ Apple

Apple maturity is often assessed by starch hydrolysis index, skin color, soluble solids, flesh firmness, and the rate of ethylene evolution. In red-fruited apple cultivars, the intensity and extent of coloration is an important consideration in determining the time of fruit harvest. Negative relationships have been found between tree nitrogen (N) status and fruit skin pigmentation, but how N affects flesh starch breakdown has not been examined in detail. The objective of this study was to determine how N supply affects flesh starch breakdown relative to skin color development. Seven-year-old 'Gala'/M.26 trees were provided with four levels of N (8.8, 26.4, 52.7, and 105.4 g N per tree) in a modified Hoagland's solution. The effects of N supply on yield, fruit quality, and fruit maturation were evaluated. At harvest, fruit in the lowest N treatment was significantly smaller and had lower soluble solids but higher starch concentration, better color, and higher firmness than those grown at higher N supplies. Increasing N supply decreased both anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in fruit skin. Flesh starch concen- tration was higher at higher N supply at 38 days before harvest but was lower at higher N supply at harvest. Starch degradation was completed earlier during cold storage with increasing N supply. These results indicate that increasing N supply delays skin red color development but accelerates flesh starch degradation in 'Gala' apples. These differential effects of N supply should be taken into account when assessing fruit maturity for optimizing harvest time.
Neurocardiology. Brain mechanisms underlying fatal cardiac arrhythmias

Chaos theory may have a widespread application in medicine, from the analysis of protein structure at one end of the spectrum to fetal monitoring and the measurement of aging on the other. This application is especially on firm ground in cardiology, where it is simple and precise for the experimenter, and a primer exists for the clinician. As just presented, the point-correlation-dimension analysis of heartbeat variability is able to characterize the patterns of low-dimensional chaos produced by the heartbeat generator, a mechanism that is a composite of the voltage-dependent, neurotransmitter-dependent, and circulation-dependent ionic conductances that are all located in the myocardium where the heartbeat is formed. Most importantly, this deterministic measure of heartbeat variability is able to predict imminent lethal arrhythmogenesis with an accuracy that the more familiar stochastic measures do not have. This may arise because the PD2 is sensitive to the net degrees of freedom of the heartbeat generator, which, under the influence of the nerves and the coronary circulation, can be shifted so the resulting dynamics cause the initiation of lethal arrhythmogenesis. Application of chaos theory in neurology may be equally fruitful because the deterministic measures can discriminate among neuronal firing patterns, reveal subtle changes in brain waves, and be related to higher cognitive processes. Psychiatry also seems quite likely to benefit more and more from the application because the algorithms can discriminate schizophrenic brain functions from normal ones. Thus it can be expected that future applications will enable observation of biologic processes all along the brain-heart axis by which lethal ventricular fibrillation is regulated and perhaps even caused by its determination of the heartbeat dynamics. The subfield of neurocardiology has come a long way since it was first positively identified as an important research area. It took a lot of experiments to show how lethal cardiac arrhythmogenesis is involved with cerebral activities delivered over autonomic pathways. Although we do not yet fully understand the causal mechanism of lethal arrhythmogenesis, we may be getting close. It will become increasingly imperative for the clinical neurologist, along with the cardiologist, to understand the importance of neurocardiology in medical therapy and for the neurologist, along with the cardiologist and psychiatrist, to understand its importance in preventive treatments.
Two Queues in Parallel

SUMMARY A queueing system consisting of two queues, each with single servers (independent negative exponential service time distributions) and correlated bivariate Poisson input, is discussed. Thejoint stationary probabilities for the respective numbers of customers in the two queues in equilibrium are found in the case where we have finite waiting rooms of different sizes for each individual queue. For the model where the waiting-room capacities are unlimited, we derive a functional relationship for the joint probability generating function of the equilibrium probabilities. A survey of published research on queues in parallel is also presented.
Parasitic Egg Laying In Canvasbacks: Frequency, Success, and Individual Behavior

ABsTRAcr.-Time-lapse photography and frequent nest checks conducted at Canvasback (Aythya valisineria) nests revealed a high frequency of intraspecific parasitic egg laying. At least 36% of completed Canvasback clutches were parasitized by other Canvasbacks, and at least 9.7% of all Canvasback eggs were laid parasitically during the three-year study. The maximum hatching success of nonparasitic Canvasback eggs in successful nests was 79%, while the maximum success of known parasitic eggs was only 29%. Individual patterns of parasitic and typical nesting behavior were variable. In 15 cases, however, a marked female laid one or a few parasitic eggs before initiating her own nest. These parasitic eggs and subsequent nest initiations followed the seasonal peak of Canvasback nest initiations, suggesting that these females may have abandoned or had destroyed an initial nest prior to laying parasitically. I suggest that some females lay parasitic eggs after an initial nesting attempt is terminated early in the laying stage and before a second nest is initiated because the time-consuming task of nest building prevents them from having a second nest immediately ready to receive eggs. Parasitic egg laying in Canvasbacks also may function as a lowcost alternative to typical nesting when environmental conditions are unfavorable. Several younger females were known only to lay parasitic eggs in 1988, when drought conditions reduced the probability of successful nesting. Parasitic egg laying is a regular feature of the biology of Canvasbacks, but is a relatively unsuccessful reproductive tactic employed only in "best-of-a-bad-job" situations. Received 17 April 1991, accepted 20 January 1992.
When ‘Holy cow!’ becomes a team loyalty marker: translating fútbol across cultures

ABSTRACTThe success of advertising in a global forum depends in part on the ability to translate local phenomena for an international audience, and the challenges presented in communicating culturally-bound sentiment and loyalty across national boundaries is largely uninvestigated in the realm of sports. One of the most memorable advertising campaigns in the recent history of Spanish soccer is a series of TV commercials widely known as ‘campanas de sentimiento’ (‘campaigns of sentiment’). The aim of this paper is to examine how the expressive, referential, and appellative functions of these commercials are explicitly and implicitly conveyed in the source texts and the choices translators face in rendering those functions into target language commercials. Nord’s purposeful approach to translation and her documentary and instrumental choices in translation are the basis for the analysis. The results show that the expressive and referential functions are used as instruments to serve the appellative macro spe...
Probabilistic controller synthesis for freeway traffic networks

Traffic management and control in urban environments has been a problem of interest in the recent years due to the costs incurred by congestion delays, green house gas emission, fuel consumption, etc. This would require researchers to design better algorithms capable of maximizing network throughput and performance with the current existing infrastructure. The focus of this work is on designing control strategies that enhance traffic conditions in freeways. An effective control strategy for traffic regulation in freeways is shown to be ramp metering [3]. In order to encode required complex properties for efficient traffic management, control synthesis through temporal logic specifications are proved to be powerful and successful in traffic networks [1,2].
El taller de Los Sabios. La producción de murales y códices en Xultún, Guatemala

Se ofrece aqui una breve actualizacion de los recientes trabajos arqueologicos en Xultun, Guatemala, enfocado todo en un mural del Clasico Tardio descubierto en 2010. Se analiza lo que ese mural y su contexto significan para nuestra comprension de la politica, el ritual y los hacedores de codices del periodo Clasico.
Enolate-Forming Compounds as a Novel Approach to Cytoprotection

Evidence from laboratory studies and clinical trials suggests that plant-derived polyphenolic compounds such as curcumin, resveratrol, or phloretin might be useful in the treatment of certain diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) and acute tissue injury states (e.g., spinal cord trauma). However, despite this potential, the corresponding chemical instability, toxic potential, and low bioavailability of these compounds could limit their ultimate clinical relevance. We have shown that pharmacophores of curcumin (e.g., 2-acetylcyclopentanone) and phloretin (e.g., 2′,4′,6′-trihydroxyacetophenone; THA) can provide cytoprotection in cell culture and animal models of oxidative stress injury. These pharmacophores are 1,3-dicarbonyl and polyphenol derivatives, the enol groups of which can ionize in biological solutions to form an enolate. This carbanionic moiety can chelate metal ions and, as a nucleophile, can scavenge toxic electrophiles (e.g., acrolein, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) inv...