cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultivating Cultural Competence

Cultural competence is a complex and contested notion. Yet, cultural competence remains integral to working with difference in the context of evaluation practice. Given its status in evaluation practice, the field’s commitment to cultural competence prompts the need for further interrogation and reconsideration. Accordingly, this paper explores the establishment and conceptualization of cultural competence. Potential challenges to cultural competence are also examined. In consideration of these challenges, an alternative framework is offered based on the philosophy of Emanuel Levinas. This work aims to support the evaluation community’s ability to work with cultural diversity, a vital aspect of evaluation practice.
Heeding the Call: The Effect of Targeted Two-Round Phone Banks on Voter Turnout

Field experiments in voter mobilization have indicated that personal contact is most effective, but that multiple contacts have no apparent additional impact on voter turnout. Yet, a number of theories from social psychology—cognitive dissonance theory, the theory of reasoned action, and the theory of the self-erasing nature of errors of prediction—would lead us to expect that a targeted follow-up contact, one that cues social norms, should have a greater impact on turnout. We test these theories using four phone-banking field experiments that utilized follow-up calls to committed voters. Contrary to previous studies, we find that this kind of targeted follow up greatly increases the effectiveness of phone-bank campaigns, in some cases almost tripling their effect on voter turnout.
The Effects of Climate Change and Urbanization on the Runoff of the Rock Creek Basin

An abstract of the thesis of Jon J. Franczyk for the Master of Science in Geography presented March 4, 2008. Title: The Effects of Climate Change and Urbanization on the Runoff of the Rock Creek Basin Climate changes brought on by global warming are expected to have a signiftcant affect on the Pacific Northwest hydrology during the 21 51 Century. Current research anticipates higher mean annual temperatures and an intensification of the hydrological cycle. This is of particular concern for highly urbanized basins, which are considered more vulnerable to changes in climate. Because the majority of previous studies have addressed the influences of either climate or urban land cover changes on runoff, there is a lack of research investigating the combined effect of these factors. The Rock Creek basin (RCB), located in the Portland, OR, metropolitan area, has been experiencing rapid urban grov.'lh throughout the last 30 years, making it an ideal study area for assessing the affect of climate and land cover changes on runoff. Methods for this assessment include using a combination of climate change and land cover change scenarios for 2040 with the semidistributed A VSW AT-X (Arc View Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological model to determine changes in mean runoff depths at the monthly, seasonal, and annual scales. Statistically downscaled climate change results from the ECHAM5 general circulation model ( GCM) found that the region would experience an increase of 1.2°C in the average annual temperature and a 6% increase in average annual precipitation between 2030 and 2059. The model results revealed an amplification of runoff from either climate or urbanization. Projected climate change plus low-density, sprawled urban development for 2040 produced the greatest change to mean annual runoff depth (+5.5%), while climate change plus higher-density urban development for 2040 resulted in the smallest change (+5.3%), when compared to the climate and land cover of2001. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the combination of both climate change and urbanization would amplify the runoff from the RCB during the 21 ''Century. This has significant implications for water resource managers attempting to implement adaptive water resource policies to future changes resulting from climate and urbanization.
Parent-Child Speech and Child Custody Speech Restriction

The "best interests of the child" standard - the standard rule applied in custody disputes between two parents - leaves family court judges ample room to consider a parent's ideology. Parents have had their rights limited or denied partly based on their advocacy of racism, homosexuality, adultery, nonmarital sex, Communism, Nazism, pacifism and disrespect for the flag, fundamentalism, polygamy, or religions that make it hard for children to "fit in the western way of life in this society." Courts have also penalized or enjoined speech that expressly or implicitly criticizes the other parent, even when the speech has a broader ideological dimension. One parent, for instance, was ordered to "make sure that there is nothing in the religious upbringing or teaching that the minor child is exposed to that can be considered homophobic," because the other parent was homosexual. Others have lost rights based partly on telling their children that the other parent was damned to Hell. One mother was stripped of custody partly because she accurately told her 12-year-old daughter that her ex-husband, who had raised the daughter from birth, wasn't in fact the girl's biological father. Courts have also restricted a parent's religious speech when such speech was seen as inconsistent with the religious education that the custodial parent was providing. The cases generally rest on the theory (sometimes pure speculation, sometimes based on some evidence in the record) that the children will become confused and unhappy by the contradictory teachings, and be less likely to take their parents' authority seriously. This article argues these restrictions are generally unconstitutional, except when they're narrowly focused on preventing one parent from undermining the child's relationship with the other. But the observations that lead to this rule are likely, I think, to prove more interesting to readers than the rule itself: (1) The best interests test lets courts engage in viewpoint-based speech restriction. (2) The First Amendment is implicated not only when courts issue orders restricting parents' speech, but also when courts make custody or visitation decisions based on such speech. (3) Even when the cases involve religious speech, the Free Speech Clause is probably more important than the Religion Clauses. (4) If parents in intact families have First Amendment rights to speak to their children, without the government restricting the speech under a "best interests" standard, then parents in broken families generally deserve the same rights. (5) Parents in intact families should indeed be free to speak to their children - but not primarily because of their self-expression rights, or their children's interests in hearing the parents' views. Rather, the main reason to protect parental speech rights is that today's child listeners will grow up into the next generation's adult speakers. (6) Attempts to limit restrictions to speech that imminently threatens likely psychological harm (or even cause actual psychological harm) to children may seem appealing, but will likely prove unhelpful.
Gap Junctional Coupling Underlies the Short-Latency Spike Synchrony of Retinal α Ganglion Cells

We examined whether coupling between neighboringalpha-type ganglion cells (alpha-GCs) in the rabbit retina underlies their synchronous spike activity. Simultaneous recordings were made from arrays of alpha-GCs to determine the synchrony of both spontaneous and light-evoked spike activity. One cell within each array was then injected with the biotinylated tracer Neurobiotin to determine which of the cells were coupled via gap junctions. Cross-correlation analyses indicated that neighboring off-center alpha-GCs maintain short-latency (approximately 2.5 msec) synchronous spiking, whereas the spontaneous spike activities of on-centeralpha-GC neighbors are not correlated. Without exception, those off-centeralpha-GCs showing synchronous spiking were found to be tracer coupled to both amacrine cells and neighboring off-centeralpha-GCs. In contrast, on-center alpha-GCs were never tracer coupled. Furthermore, whereas spikes initiated in an off-center alpha-GC with extrinsic current injection resulted in short-latency synchronized spiking in neighboring off-center alpha-GCs, this was never seen between on-center alpha-GCs. These results indicate that electrical coupling via gap junctions underlies the short-latency concerted spike activity of neighboring alpha-GCs.
Lithium (1‐Pentynyl)(3‐tetrahydropyran‐2′‐yloxy‐1‐propenyl)cuprate

[66915-91-1] C13H20CuLiO2 (MW 278.82) InChI = 1S/C8H13O2.C5H7.Cu.Li/c1-2-6-9-8-5-3-4-7-10-8;1-3-5-4-2;;/h1-2,8H,3-7H2;3,5H2,1H3;; InChIKey = YMAPJKBXNHBSSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (mixed organocuprate useful in the synthesis of trans-allylic alcohols) Preparative Methods: prepared in situ by lithiation of trans-3-tetrahydropyran-2′-yloxy-1-(tri-n-butylstannyl)-1-propene with n-Butyllithium in THF. The resulting lithium reagent is then added to 1-Pentynylcopper(I) in the presence of Hexamethylphosphorous Triamide at −40 °C.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air- and moisture-sensitive. Use in a fume hood.
On the economics of tree farming and carbon storage

Abstract Popular wisdom advises cutting back on the use of wood products to ‘save trees’. This advice ignores the workings of markets and confuses the fundamental nature of forestry. As with most commodities, an increase in the demand brings forth an increased supply of wood and wood products. These products are largely from forests which resemble cropland much more than mines, so the increased flow of output corresponds to an increased stock of trees rather than depletion of a fixed stock.
Bringing Scouting to Prison: Programs and Challenges:

Since 1992, several Girl Scout troops have been meeting within women's corrections facilities. Known as the Girl Scouts Beyond Bars (GSBB) programs, they took their lead from the first program, established in Maryland. Incarcerated mothers and their daughters participate as troop members, enjoying what are enhanced visitation programs as well as facility-based Girl Scout programs. This article reports results of a survey of nine GSBB programs. Specific topics of interest are the extent to which the Maryland model has been replicated in the other sites, the variations on the Maryland theme found in the other sites, and the perceptions of program leaders regarding the challenges of developing and running Girl Scout programs in prisons.
Transient induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition by uncoupler plus a Ca2+-specific chelator

Determinations of aqueous space volumes, swelling and Mg 2+ release experiments demonstrate that EGTA plus uncoupler causes the permeability transition in Ca 2+ -loaded mitochondria. Extramitochondrial Mg 2+ is required to obtain this effect. Changes in transition-dependent parameters are smaller and more varied when induced by EGTA plus uncoupler than when induced by Ruthenium red plus uncoupler, although inhibitor-sensitive experiments show that the same basic mechanism is involved in both cases. Measurements of sucrose trapping and sucrose or inulin accessible space, after changes in transition-dependent parameters are complete, indicate that rapid reversal occurs when the transition is induced by EGTA plus uncoupler, explaining why limited responses are obtained. Data support the hypothesis that an external divalent cation binding site regulates activity of the mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter.
The Supply and Demand Side of Occupational Segregation: The Case of an Intercollegiate Athletic Department

The demographic composition of intercollegiate athletic departments mirror general societal trends, in that racial minorities are clustered in certain positions. The purpose of this study was to examine why racial minorities are over-represented in academic support positions, such as life skill coordinators and academic supervisors/advisors, but under-represented in other administrative staff and senior level positions. Through the use of a case study methodology, this study investigated this occurrence in one Division I athletic department. Seven senior level administrators and seven academic advisors participated in the study. Findings of the study revealed that both supply and demand forces were in effect. Racial minorities’ entry into academic support positions was found to be a result of them having a higher preference for these positions and a result of structural limitations on their options, such as the occurrence of discrimination, outcomes of hiring practices, and lack of career role models and social networks.
The Caenorhabditis elegans cell-cycle regulator ZYG-11 defines a conserved family of CUL-2 complex components.

The cullin CUL-2 is a crucial component of a subclass of multisubunit cullin-RING ubiquitin-ligases. The specificity of CUL-2-based complexes is provided by variable substrate-recognition subunits that bind to specific substrates. In Caenorhabditis elegans, CUL-2 regulates several key processes in cell division and embryonic development, including meiotic progression, anterior–posterior polarity and mitotic chromatin condensation. However, the substrate recognition subunits that work in these CUL-2-dependent processes were unknown. Here, we present evidence that ZYG-11 is the substrate-recognition subunit for a CUL-2-based complex that regulates these functions. We show that ZYG-11 interacts with CUL-2 in vivo and binds to the complex adaptor protein Elongin C using a nematode variant of the VHL-box motif. We show that the ZYG11 gene family encompasses two main branches in metazoa, and provide evidence that members of the extended ZYG11 family in nematodes and humans are conserved components of CUL2-based ubiquitin-ligases.
A micromethod for identification of hydroxy acids.

Abstract A micromethod for the identification of hydroxy acids is described. The method depends on converting the hydroxy acid to the corresponding bromo acid with phosphorus tribromide and then dehydrobrominating the bromo acid with potassium tert -butoxide in tert -butyl alcohol. The position of the hydroxyl group and the chain length of the hydroxy acid are established by identifying the products obtained on ozonolysis and hydrogenation of the dehydrated product.
Hypertension and Dementia in the Elderly: The Leisure World Cohort Study

Recent studies have highlighted the deleterious role of cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, on the incidence of dementia. Although midlife hypertension is associated with later development of dementia, the role of late-life hypertension remains unclear. We explored the association of hypertension and its treatment with incident dementia in 13978 older (median = 74 years) adults followed from 1981 to 2010 (median = 13 years) and calculated risk estimates using Cox regression analysis in two age groups (<75 and 75+ years) in men and women separately. Dementia status was determined from in-person evaluations, followup questionnaires, hospital data, and death certificates. In the older women, current users of blood pressure medication at baseline had a 26% increased risk of dementia (95% CI 1.06-1.51). In the younger men, those with untreated hypertension and those with past use of blood pressure medication use had about a 30% nonsignificant increased risk of dementia. High blood pressure and its treatment appear to have different effects in men and women and in the old and older.
Transitional cell carcinoma of fossa navicularis in a man with three other synchronous malignancies

Transitional cell carcinoma arising from the anterior portion of the male urethra is rare, with less than 10 cases reported in the literature. Our patient had a high-grade, highly invasive transitional cell carcinoma originating in the fossa navicularis and extending proximally along the corpus spongiosum, the corpora cavernosa, and blood and lymphatic vessels. In addition, the patient had a concurrent low-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma, a large basal cell carcinoma of the nose, and a squamous cell carcinoma of the penile skin. The previously reported cases are reviewed, with particular reference to the possible association of these tumors with human papillomavirus infection.
Estimating peak rates of runoff and design hydrographs from rainfall in the state of Oklahoma

Abstract A simple method is presented for the determination of the peak rate of runoff and design hydrograph from small watersheds of drainage area up to five square miles. The principle of this study is to describe flood hydrographs observed on small watersheds by a Pearson Type III function, which has three parameters. These hydrograph parameters are then correlated to other numerical variables which describe rain storms causing the flood, topographic characteristics, soil type, and vegetation on the watershed. Three simple empirical equations from regression analysis are presented for determination of the three hydrograph parameters, peak rate of runoff, total runoff, time to mass center of area of the hydrograph from peak, which describe the complete hydrograph. The design hydrograph may be determined from the physiographic conditions and measurements obtained from topographic maps, design rainfall intensity, and total rainfall. The method is suitable for use in the design of small hydraulic structures. All the data that could be collected from the U.S.S.C.S. and the U.S.G.S. at the time of the study was utilized for the statistical analysis. The estimate of accuracy is discussed in the text. An actual hydrograph design procedure is explained step by step with a design example. The proposed method may be improved and brought up to date when new data become available, from the many hydrologic projects which have been started recently in Oklahoma. Some suggestions are given for future studies of this problem.
Red Fluorescent Line Emission from Hydrogen Molecules in Diffuse Molecular Clouds

We have modeled the fluorescent pumping of electronic and vibrational emissions of molecular hydrogen (H2) within diffuse molecular clouds that are illuminated by ultraviolet continuum radiation. Fluorescent line intensities are predicted for transitions at ultraviolet, infrared, and red visible wavelengths as functions of the gas density, the visual extinction through the cloud, and the intensity of the incident UV continuum radiation. The observed intensity in each fluorescent transition is roughly proportional to the integrated rate of H2 photodissociation along the line of sight. Although the most luminous fluorescent emissions detectable from ground-based observatories lie at near-infrared wavelengths, we argue that the lower sky brightness at visible wavelengths makes the red fluorescent transitions a particularly sensitive probe. Fabry-Perot spectrographs of the type that have been designed to observe very faint diffuse Ha emissions are soon expected to yield sensitivities that will be adequate to detect H2 vibrational emissions from molecular clouds that are exposed to ultraviolet radiation no stronger than the mean radiation field within the Galaxy. Observations of red H2 fluorescent emission together with cospatial 21 cm H I observations could serve as a valuable probe of the gas density in diffuse molecular clouds.
Energy, environment and development

Abstract The consumption patterns of the industrialized countries are already placing a grave burden on the earth's natural resources. If ecological disaster is to be averted, these patterns must be changed as a matter of urgency. Equally pressing is the need to create the conditions in which the developing countries can meet the growing needs of their populations without compounding the damage caused by the developed nations. They need an international system that offers them financial and technological support to effect the transition to strong and ecologically sustainable economies. This calls for a wholly new global partnership based on common interests, mutual need and shared responsibilities.
A Prospective Study of Nurse-supervised versus Physician-supervised Neonatal Transports

To compare the quality of neonatal care provided by nurse-supervised teams with that provided by physician-supervised teams, a prospective study was used to examine the condition of neonates transported under the supervision of a nurse clinician (55 infants), pediatric residents (141 infants), and neonatology faculty members or fellows (38 infants). Gestational age, birthweight, Apgar scores, vital signs, arterial blood gas values, length of stabilization time, type of respiratory support required, and death during transport were analyzed. Neonates in all groups demonstrated similar severity of illness before transport, showed significant improvement during transport, and were in comparable condition after transport.
Microscopic binding of butyrylcholinesterase with quinazolinimine derivatives and the structure–activity correlation

Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is not only an important protein for development of anti-cocaine medication but also an established drug target to develop new treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The molecular basis of interaction of a new series of quinazolinimine derivatives as BChE inhibitors has been studied by molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The molecular docking and MD simulations revealed that all of these inhibitors bind with BChE in similar binding mode. Based on the similar binding mode, we have carried out three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies on these inhibitors using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA), to understand the structure–activity correlation of this series of inhibitors and to develop predictive models that could be used in the design of new inhibitors of BChE. The study has resulted in satisfactory 3D-QSAR models. We have also developed ligand-based 3D-QSAR models. The contour maps obtained from the 3D-QSAR models in combination with the simulated binding structures help to better interpret the structure–activity relationship and is consistent with available experimental activity data. The satisfactory 3D-QSAR models strongly suggest that the determined BChE-inhibitor binding modes are reasonable. The identified binding modes and developed 3D-QSAR models for these BChE inhibitors are expected to be valuable for rational design of new BChE inhibitors that may be valuable in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Effect of a Nitrogen-Doped PtRu/Carbon Anode Catalyst on the Durability of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Abstract Electrochemical performance and durability of PtRu supported on N-doped Vulcan is evaluated as an anode in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) single-cell direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) studies. This material is compared to two reference materials, an in-house PtRu catalyst supported on undoped Vulcan, prepared under the same conditions as the N-doped material besides doping, and a commercial PtRu/C (JM5000). Durability was tested out to 645 h, with periodic interruption for electrochemical testing. After durability, the MEA with N-doped PtRu/C retained more electrochemically active metal on the anode than the MEAs with commercial PtRu/C and undoped PtRu/C (124 compared to 106 and 82 cm 2 anode active area per cm 2 geometric surface area, respectively). From cathode CO stripping experiments and SEM-EDS studies, it was determined that the MEA with the undoped PtRu/C anode has twice as much ruthenium crossover as the MEA with the N-doped PtRu/C anode. Overall, the MEA with N-doped PtRu/C demonstrates significantly better methanol:air polarization performance compared to the MEA with undoped PtRu/C, and performs comparably to the MEA made with the commercial PtRu/C. The increase in durability for the MEA with the N-doped anode is attributed to nitrogen doping mitigating both anode metal dissolution and Ru crossover.
Detecting Feigned PTSD Using the Personality Assessment Inventory

Research generally supports the use of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey 1991) to detect feigned PTSD, although this support has been somewhat mixed. There is also evidence that coaching individuals on the presence of PAI validity indicators may not affect their ability to avoid detection as feigners (Bagby et al. in Journal of Personality Assessment 78:69–86, 2002), although this question has not been specifically addressed with regard to PTSD. Additionally, a new PAI validity indicator, the Negative Distortion Scale (NDS), was developed that may have utility in detecting feigned PTSD, but this has not been tested. The purpose of this study was to further test the operating characteristics of the PAI validity indicators to detect feigned PTSD among naive and coached respondents and to examine the newly developed NDS for this purpose. Individuals with genuine PTSD were compared to individuals instructed to feign PTSD on PAI validity indicators. Results suggest that: (a) coaching had minimal influence on the ability of the PAI to detect feigned PTSD, (b) the PAI validity indicators all significantly differentiated genuine from feigned PTSD, and (c) the NIM and NDS indicators were particularly effective for detecting feigned PTSD.
Maximum-likelihood reconstruction of 3D confocal data sets

Even in confocal scanning, longitudinal resolution is poorer than lateral resolution. It is therefore of interest to go `beyond confocal' and achieve still better optical sectioning by image restoration methods. In our previous work we applied two methods to simulated 3D microscope images: the constrained Jansson-van Cittert (JVC) method, which is a deterministic regularized image restoration algorithm, and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, which is a method to obtain the maximum likelihood solution of the restoration problem under Poisson image statistics. In this paper we apply both the JVC algorithm and the EM algorithm to real image data obtained from our laser scanning confocal microscope. Slices of the original and restored images agree with our earlier numerical simulations. Specifically: (a) optical sectioning is improved by both algorithms; (b) the JVC restoration is noisier than the image restored with the EM algorithm, showing the advantage of the ML approach under low light conditions; (c) noise in the EM restoration shows that regularization is still needed.
Isaac ha-Gorni and the Troubadour Persona

There is something fascinating about the troubadours of medieval Provence. The idea, therefore, that Hebrew poets created a troubadour tradition of their own seems just as tantalizing today as it did some twenty years ago, when Hayyim Schirmann first remarked on this very possibility.1 Already in an important article from 1949 Schirmann discussed the features which one Hebrew poet, Isaac ha-Gorni, seems to have learned from the troubadours: the use of a senhal,or ‘code name;’ the frequent mention of musical instruments; and the poetic battles, or tenso,that ha-Gorni conducted with other Hebrew poets of his day, such as Abraham ha-Bedarsi and Isaiah ben Devash.2 What this paper hopes to add to the discussion is a suggestion that more than incorporate various elements of troubadour poetry into his work, Isaac ha-Gorni actively cultivated a specific poetic persona in his poetry: the persona of a wandering professional troubadour, or, as they were called in the Occitan tongue, a jongleur. 3
Childcare Center Directors' Perceptions of Their Work Environments: A Comparison of For-Profit and Non-Profit Programs.

Perceptions of childcare center directors in for‐profit and non‐profit childcare centers were examined. Previous research indicates that childcare employees are poorly compensated, not properly trained, and dissatisfied with their work environment. This study explores further into the training, work environment, and job satisfactions of childcare center directors. Questionnaires were distributed throughout a southeast state in the United States to three hundred and ten childcare center directors from for‐profit and non‐profit centers. Levels of job satisfaction, work environments (including employment benefits and challenges), and the educational and training experiences of for‐profit and non‐profit childcare center directors were examined. There were no significant differences between for‐profit and non‐profit center directors in their perceptions of job satisfaction and in their reports of benefits and challenges. However, there was a significant difference in education level of directors with directors...
Efficient and rapid solubilization of biological material

Abstract Solid animal tissue can be rapidly solubilized with BBS-2 and counted by liquid scintillation spectrometry with excellent efficiencies reported for weak beta emitters. A more prolonged, tedious, and costly process is involved with the solubilization of solid tissue with NCS reagent, although large samples may be accommodated by this reagent at a slightly greater efficiency than that observed for BBS-2. Plasma and urine samples are readily solubilized by both BBS-3 and NCS. In view of the excellent counting efficiency for 3H and 14C obtained with either solubilizer, the greater cost of NCS must be seriously considered.
Biological populations obeying difference equations: stable points, stable cycles, and chaos.

For biological populations with nonoverlapping generations, population growth takes place in discrete time steps and is described by difference equations. Some of the simplest such nonlinear difference equations can exhibit a remarkrible spectrum of dynamical behavior, from stable equilibrium points, to stable cyclic oscillations between two population points, to stable cycles with four points, then eight, 16, etc., points, through to a chaotic regime in which (depending on the initial population value) cycles of any period, or even totally aperiodic but bounded population fluctuations, can occur. This rich dynamical structure is overlooked in conventional linearized stability analyses; its existence in the simplest and fully deterministic nonlinear (“density dependent”) difference equations is a fact of considerable mathematical and ecological interest. In some biological situations (such as man), population growth is a continuous process and generations overlap; the appropriate mathematical description involves nonlinear differential equations. In other biological situations (such as 13 year periodical cicadas), population growth takes place at discrete intervals of time and generations are completely nonoverlapping; the appropriate mathematical description is in terms of nonlinear difference equations. For a single species, the simplest such differential equations, with no timedelays, lead to very simple dynamics: a familiar example is the logistic, dN/dt = rN(1 -N/K), with a globally stable equilibrium point at N = K for all r > 0. But the corresponding simplest difference equations, with their built-in time lag in the operation of regulatory mechanisms, can have a complicated dynamical structure, the great richness of which is not commonly appreciated either in the ecological literature, or in elementary mathematical
Reverse osmosis cellulose acetate membranes II. Dependence of transport properties on acetyl content

Abstract The effects of acetyl content on the transport behavior of asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes were determined. Acetyl content (AC) was varied by hydrolyzing commercial reverse osmosis cellulose acetate membranes. Transport behavior was characterized by the Kedem-Katchalsky (K-K) and solution-diffusion (S-D) membrane models. Except for AC>38.5% for one of the commercial membranes, the salt and water permeabilities increased as acetyl groups were removed by hydrolysis. A comparison of the K-K and S-D models indicates that both adequately describe the transport behavior of the membranes at high salt rejection, but in the K-K model the salt-water coupling plays an ever increasing role in determining the salt flux through the membrane as acetyl groups are removed. The observed dependence of the transport behavior on acetyl content is attributed to the type of water-polymer interaction and amount of water in the membrane.
The rhetoric of the frame revisioning archival photographs in The Civil War

This essay illustrates the ways in which mobile framing and reframing, the techniques used to create an impression of motion and depth in the archival photographs used in The Civil War can constitute visual argument. By altering the archival frame to provide alternative framings, the film foregrounds the ideological implications of the photographs, inviting viewers to recognize them as both factual and rhetorical. Reframing leads viewers to analyze the photographs from the vantage point of both current and past ideologies. In so doing it helps the filmmakers fill in visual gaps in the historical record. Consequently, reframing and mobile framing prove especially significant in visually portraying the African American experience.
Sub-250nm room temperature optical gain from AlGaN/AlN multiple quantum wells structures

We demonstrate room temperature, low threshold, deep-UV, TE polarized optical gain of 118 ± 9 cm−1 at a pumping fluence of 15 μJ/cm2 in AlGaN/AlN structures grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy.
Spiral shocks in accretion discs

ABSTRA C T We perform two-dimensional numerical calculations of the tidal interaction between the companion star and the disc around the primary in a cataclysmic variable system with parameters appropriate for the eclipsing dwarf nova binary IP Peg. We show that a spiral shock pattern is indeed obtained. We find, however, that it is impossible to reproduce the two-armed spiral that has been recently observed in IP Peg for realistic discs.
Sequence-Dependent Cy3-DNA Interactions: Effects On Fluorescence Properties

Fluorescence has contributed significantly to the understanding of nucleic acid conformation and dynamics. However, the reliable interpretation of fluorescence measurements on probes covalently attached to nucleic acids requires a careful investigation of the spectroscopic and photophysical properties of the fluorescent dyes.We have carried out an extensive study of the spectroscopic and photophysical properties of Cy3, the most popular fluorescent probe used in single-molecule spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy and other fluorescence applications. Upon absorption, the molecule isomerizes to a non-fluorescent photoisomer with an efficiency that depends greatly on the environment in which the molecule is located. This process competes with fluorescence, and as a consequence the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of Cy3 depend strongly on the location of the probe.We have shown that Cy3-DNA interactions impact the barrier for isomerization, and as a consequence the brightness of the probe. Surprisingly, Cy3 appears to interact more strongly with ssDNA than when bound to duplex DNA. We have characterized the photophysical properties of Cy3 in a variety of environments on DNA. Here, we'll present results that show that Cy3 interacts with DNA in a sequence-dependent fashion, and as a consequence, its fluorescence efficiency depends strongly on the type of attachment and on the particular sequence in the vicinity of the dye.
Supercourse: a case study of knowledge mobilization by a virtual organization

Information and knowledge are often stored not in databases repositories, but within highly distributed communities of experts. Leveraging these resources requires identifying needs and gathering, contextualizing and making information available. While this can happen in one-on-one interaction with experts, there are significant limitations to the dyadic approach. In this paper, we present our case study in progress which examines how Supercourse, a virtual organization focused on public health supports large-scale knowledge mobilization. Preliminary examination of this case suggests that social capital creation and genre usage play an important part in knowledge mobilization.
Science, Technology and Mrs. Gandhi

Even before independence, Indian political elites were well aware of the role of science and technology in the economic and industrial development of their country. Indira Gandhi inherited a well-developed scientific and technological institutional infrastructure founded by her father. Even though, unlike Nehru, she did not develop close personal relations with scientists, she was well aware of their importance in India's quest for self-reliance. Indira Gandhi increased government spending on research and development activities and she was keen to utilize the results for the social and economic modernization of the country. Not only did she place emphasis on formulating a national science and technology plan, she expanded research and development facilities in such areas as atomic energy, space and electronics, defense production and agriculture. Despite the fact that her efforts may have been hampered by the in-fighting and inertia of the bureaucrats, Indira left an impressive and rich legacy in the areas of science and technological development. The gains in technics are never registered automatically in society; they require equally adroit inventions and adaptations in politics; and the careless habit of attributing to mechanical improvements a direct role as instruments of culture and civilization puts a demand upon the machine to which it cannot respond... Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization
Superactive amidated COOH-terminal glucagon analogues with no methionine or tryptophan

Abstract The functions of the Trp-25 and Met-27 residues and the free carboxy terminus of glucagon have been debated for many years. Despite some semi-synthetic data to the contrary, comparison of the glucagon sequence with the other 5 members of this family of peptides, all of them amides and particularly growth hormone-releasing factor(1–29) amide and its recently described analogues, suggests that alterations to these positions should be quite well tolerated in terms of biological activity. To test this prediction, [Phe-25,Leu-27]-glucagon amide was synthesized in high yield and was found to actually have superior glycogenolytic activity (196%) to glucagon in the rat. Replacement of Gly-4 by D-Phe, which has been shown to give much enhanced glycogenolytic activity than glucagon itself, also increased the activity of [D-Phe-4,Phe-25,Leu-27]-glucagon amide (518%). The L-Phe-4-analogue, [Phe-4,25,Leu-27]-glucagon amide, in contrast, was 20 times less active (30%), strongly suggesting the presence of a β-bend in this N-terminal region of glucagon. This was supported by Chou-Fasman structural predictions which indicate extensive folding in the 1–15 region. Indeed, additional conformational restriction by substitution of D-Ser in position 2 of glucagon also increased activity to 226%. [D-Gln-3]-glucagon was slightly less active (74%) than glucagon. Chou-Fasman calculations on glucagon were compared to similar treatments of the VIP, secretin, PHI, and GRF(1–29) sequences.
Reprint of: Jet Noise Simulations for Realistic Jet Nozzle Geometries

Abstract This paper describes a methodology for the direct calculation of noise from realistic nozzle geometries. The focus of the paper is on the numerical approach to this problem to provide noise predictions to engineering accuracy in an efficient manner. In addition, issues related to grid generation are discussed. The methodology uses structured multiblock grids. The block surrounding the jet centerline has a Cartesian form and the surrounding grid blocks have a cylindrical polar form – at least for nearly axisymmetric jet nozzle geometries. Appropriate block interface conditions are used. In the case of military style jet nozzles the nozzles are not smooth in the azimuthal direction but have facets representative of the movable flaps in such variable area nozzles. These features must be included in the grid. To enable efficient calculations, in addition to parallel computation, a dual time-stepping approach is used. The sub-iterations in the fictitious time are accelerated using a two-level multigrid approach. A Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) approach based on the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) one-equation turbulence model is used. Comparisons are made between flow predictions using the DES with the S-A model everywhere and with the turbulence model turned off in the jet external flow. Noise predictions are made with the permeable surface Ffowcs Williams – Hawkings (FW-H) solution. Noise predictions are presented for both a smooth convergent-divergent nozzle as well as a nozzle representative of a military aircraft engine. Comparisons are made with available experimental data.
55Mn NMR spectra of Mn12 single-molecule magnets: Single crystal versus aligned powder studies

Abstract X-ray structural, magnetization and 55Mn single crystal NMR investigations of Mn12O12 (CH2BrCOO)16(4H2O) · 4CH2Cl2 indicate that this highly symmetric ( I 4 ¯ ) lattice, devoid of hydrogen bonding of the Mn12-framework with the molecules of lattice hydration, might be an improved model for studying single-molecule magnetism. Single crystal NMR yield much enhanced NMR data as compared to magnetically oriented powders, enable determination of 55Mn hyperfine and quadrupole couplings, and show that the oriented powder samples do not represent an authentic crystal picture.
Ordered mesoporous nickel cobaltite spinel with ultra-high supercapacitance

Mesoporous nickel cobaltite supercapacitor electrodes with ultra-high capacitance were developed by simultaneously tailoring electrode conductivity, pore size dispersion, and crystallinity. High active mass loading (>10 mg cm−2) enables the feasibility for such electrodes being used in practical devices. At a current density of 28.6 A g−1 (equivalent to 10 kW kg−1 power density), the best performance of 8.2 F cm−2 was achieved. The principles illustrated as the motivation of the current work are believed to be able to serve as guidelines for designing future high-performance electrodes.
Genetic Factoes Affecting Conception Rate and Early Pregnancy Loss in Holstein Cattle

Summary Conception rate from first insemination and pregnancy loss to 152 days post-insemination were studied in 181 heifers and 346 parous cows. The effect of the sire line of the dam and system of mating of the embryo were studied in both groups and, in addition, the effect of season of birth on their conception rate was studied in the heifers. Adjustments were made to remove any effect of season of previous calving and parity on conception rate in the cows. Conception rate in the heifers was affected significantly by the season of birth and the interaction of sire line with the system of mating (P Pregnancy loss was not affected significantly (P>0.05) by either sire line or system of mating in the heifers, but the latter had a significant effect (P
Using a change-management approach to promote customer-centered design

Future business success is strongly linked to establishing and sustaining a superior customer experience. Through an internal company wide initiative called iTotal Customer Experience,i Hewlett-Packard (HP) has focused on the delivery of a superior customer experience as a differentiating advantage. Using a proven change-management framework, the authors promoted a customer-centered approach to product development in designing tape drive products. This paper discusses the approach taken within the HP Tape Storage Division in Bristol, UK to introduce and successfully institutionalize customer-centered design within the tape drive development function. Compared to designing the customer-centered approach, the change-management process accounted for a major part of the authorsi time and energy. Introducing the customer-centered design approach at the appropriate phase in the change-management process was crucial to its adoption.
Wing loading on a 60 degree delta wing with vortex flaps

Wind tunnel tests were conducted on a 60 deg delta wing with three vortex flap designs to determine pressure distributions over the wing and flap. The results showed that an optimum vortex flap design depends on proper definition of the vortex flap deflection angle. They also revealed that flap thickness plays an important role in the behavior of the vortex flow over the flap and wing and can have a substantial effect on wing and flap pressure loading. Design codes which fail to account for thickness may result in a much less than optimum flap and deprive the designer of an important tool in designing an effective flap with optimum loading.
Differences between normal and scaleless (sc/sc) chicken epidermal cell surfaces detected with wheat germ agglutinin.

Abstract Dissociated epidermal cells derived from the backskin of scaleless chick embryos (stage 34 or 35) form larger agglutinates with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) than epidermal cells from normal embryonic skin. [ 3 H]Acetyl WGA binding to the scaleless cells is twice as great as to normal epidermal cells. Treatment of these cells with concanavalin A (conA) results in equivalent agglutination of both mutant and normal epidermal cells, whereas neither scaleless nor normal epidermal cells are agglutinated by Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), soybean agglutinin (SBA) or Ulex europeus agglutinin (UEA). This alteration in cell surface carbohydrates may be related to the failure of the scaleless mutant embryonic epidermis to undergo normal morphogenesis.
Radiographic characteristics of cystogenic ameloblastoma.

Radiographic patterns encountered in mandibular cystogenic ameloblastoma, a variant encountered among teen-agers and young adults, are described and correlated with age and recurrence after surgery. More than 75% of the cases are located in the posterior mandibular ramus area, and 50% are associated with an impacted third molar. The predominant radiographic patterns include unilocular and scalloped or macromultilocular pericoronal , interradicular , or periapical expansile radiolucencies.
Viscosity measurement and modeling of lipid supercritical carbon dioxide mixtures

Abstract The viscosities of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) containing different levels of methyl oleate and oleic acid were measured with a high pressure capillary viscometer. The SC-CO2-methyl oleate system was evaluated at 313.15, 323.15 and 333.15 K and 11.5, 13.7 and 15.5 MPa, respectively. The SC-CO2-oleic acid system was evaluated at 313.15 K and 20.5 and 30.0 MPa and 333.15 K and 30.0 MPa. The increase in SC-CO2 viscosity was as high as 15–20% at the maximum methyl oleate concentrations (4–5 wt%) and 6–12% at the maximum oleic acid concentrations (2–3 wt%). The increase of relative viscosity with concentration was linear. The lipid-SC-CO2 mixtures were Newtonian. The Arrhenius equation, modified by the excess Gibbs free energy using solubility parameters of the components based on the regular solution theory, predicted the liquid phase and the fluid phase viscosities of the lipid-SC-CO2 mixtures within ± 25% and ± 1%, respectively.
ASPEN: a concurrent steam processing environment

Abstract In this paper, we describe ASPEN, a concurrent stream processing environment. ASPEN is novel in that it provides a programming model in which programmers use simple annotations to exploit varying degrees and types of concurrency. The degree of concurrency to be exploited is not fixed by the program specification or by the underlying system. Increasing or decreasing the degree of concurrency to be exploited during execution does not require rewriting the entire program, but rather, simply reannotating it. Examples are given to illustrate the varying types of concurrency inherent in programs written within the stream processing paradigm. We show how programs may be annotated to exploit these varying degrees of concurrency. We briefly describe our implementation of ASPEN.