cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of the active site in the heparin II domain of fibronectin that increases outflow facility in cultured monkey anterior segments.

PURPOSE—To determine the active site in the Heparin II (HepII) domain of fibronectin that regulates outflow facility in cultured anterior segments and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in transformed human trabecular meshwork (TM-1) cells. METHODS—Outflow facility was determined by two-level, constant-pressure perfusion in cultured anterior segments of rhesus and cynomolgus monkey eyes. One segment from each pair was exchanged with either the HepII domain or an integrin/syndecan binding peptide (IDAPS or PPRARI) from the HepII domain. To assay changes in the actin cytoskeleton, TM-1 cells were incubated for 24 hours with or without the HepII domain, PPRARI, or IDAPS. Changes were monitored with phase and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS—HepII domain (100 µg/mL) and PPRARI (500 µg/mL) increased outflow facility by 31% ± 13% (n = 9, P < 0.05) and 24% ± 9% (n = 8, P < 0.05), respectively in cultured anterior segments after an overnight infusion. Perfusion with IDAPS (500 µg/mL) had no effect on outflow facility. In TM-1 cultures, 250 µg/mL of the HepII domain or 4 mg/mL of PPRARI disrupted the assembly of actin filaments. A lower concentration of PPRARI (2 mg/mL) disrupted the actin cytoskeleton when used in combination with a nondisrupting concentration of the HepII domain (30– 60 µg/mL). In contrast, IDAPS did not disrupt the actin cytoskeleton under any condition tested. CONCLUSIONS—The active site in the HepII domain that regulates outflow facility in cultured anterior segments and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in TM-1 cells is the syndecan/integrin binding sequence, PPRARI. Aqueous humor drainage via the conventional outflow pathway accounts for one half to two thirds of the total aqueous outflow in a healthy human eye. 1,2 One feature that contributes to outflow resistance via this pathway is the contractile property of the trabecular meshwork (TM). Thus, agents that disrupt the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell–cell junctions, and cell-matrix contacts that maintain tissue integrity tend to increase outflow facility in enucleated human and bovine eye organ perfusion cultures and in live monkey eyes. 3 In contrast, agents that support actin cytoskeleton assembly increase resistance and reduce outflow facility. 4
No regrets? Mood and the anticipation of emotions in problem gambling

To minimize the possibility of experiencing regret over the outcome of a decision, people take into account their anticipated regret when evaluating their options before making the decision. The present study examined the accuracy of regret anticipation in the context of gambling behaviour. Using a sample of 82 community gamblers, the study tested whether the gap between anticipated and actual regret is different for social gamblers and problem gamblers. The effects of mood and selected personality factors on the anticipation of regret were also investigated. The results revealed that problem gamblers committed a larger error in predicting regret than social gamblers. Frustrated mood was found to affect the anticipation error of social but not of problem gamblers.
Toenail Selenium and Cardiovascular Disease in Men with Diabetes

Objective: Selenium as a component of glutathione peroxidase may be beneficial in insulin resistance, hence potentially may modify the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between toenail selenium and CVD among men with diabetes.Methods: We performed cross-sectional and nested case-control analyses within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a cohort of men aged 40 to 75 years in 1986. The cross-sectional analysis compared healthy controls (n = 361) to men with diabetes only (n = 688), and men with prevalent diabetes and CVD (n = 198). The nested case-control study included 202 diabetic men who developed incident CVD during follow-up and 361 matched controls.Results: After controlling for potential confounders, the odds ratio (OR) for prevalent diabetes was 0.43 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.64; p-trend <0.001) for the highest compared to the lowest quartile of selenium. Comparison between diabetic men with CVD and healthy controls yielded an OR o...
An Inside‐Outsider or an Outside‐Insider? The Republican Primary Campaign of Ron Paul from a Third‐Party Perspective

The 2007/2008 Republican presidential primary run for Ron Paul was a relatively unique candidacy, as he was a former third-party presidential candidate for the Libertarian Party in 1988. In this article, I argue that his recent run as a Republican needs to be studied as a third-party movement within a major party. To do so, I conduct a state-level analysis of support for Paul using a dependent variable measuring the number of online Paul donors. The results indicate that the strongest explanation for Paul support is a state's vote for Paul in 1988. This finding shows that a third-party campaign can help a politician's national-level career rather than serving merely as an outlet for popular discontent. It also shows that candidate-centered support can carry over into a major-party campaign, even if almost 20 years has elapsed and a candidate's third-party vote percentage was quite low. La primaria presidencial republicana de 2007/2008 donde se postulo Ron Paul fue una candidatura relativamente unica, ya que en 1988 el fue un candidato presidencial de un tercer partido conocido como Partido Liberal. En este articulo sostengo que su reciente postulacion como Republicano necesita ser estudiada como un movimiento de un tercer partido dentro de un partido mayoritario. Para realizarlo, realizo un analisis a un nivel estatal del apoyo a Paul utilizando una variable dependiente que mide el numero de los donadores de Paul en linea. Los resultados indican que la explicacion mas concluyente del actual apoyo a Paul es el voto estatal otorgado al candidato en 1988. Este hallazgo demuestra que una campana de un tercer partido puede ayudar a la carrera de un politico a nivel nacional mas que simplemente servir como una salida del descontento popular. Asi mismo, demuestra que el apoyo otorgado al candidato puede transferirse a una campana de partido mayor, aun despues de veinte anos y a pesar de que el porcentaje de voto obtenido por ese candidato en ese entonces haya sido bajisimo.
Numerical prediction of interfacial instabilities: Sharp interface method (SIM)

We introduce a sharp interface method (SIM) for the direct numerical simulation of unstable fluid-fluid interfaces. The method is based on the level set approach and the structured adaptive mesh refinement technology, endowed with a corridor of irregular, cut-cell grids that resolve the interfacial region to third-order spatial accuracy. Key in that regard are avoidance of numerical mixing, and a least-squares interpolation method that is supported by irregular datasets distinctly on each side of the interface. Results on test problems show our method to be free of the spurious current problem of the continuous surface force method and to converge, on grid refinement, at near-theoretical rates. Simulations of unstable Rayleigh-Taylor and viscous Kelvin-Helmholtz flows are found to converge at near-theoretical rates to the exact results over a wide range of conditions. Further, we show predictions of neutral-stability maps of the viscous Kelvin-Helmholtz flows (Yih instability), as well as self-selection of the most unstable wave-number in multimode simulations of Rayleigh-Taylor instability. All these results were obtained with a simple seeding of random infinitesimal disturbances of interface-shape, as opposed to seeding by a complete eigenmode. For other than elementary flows the latter would normally not be available, and extremely difficult to obtain if at all. Sample comparisons with our code adapted to mimic typical diffuse interface treatments were not satisfactory for shear-dominated flows. On the other hand the sharp dynamics of our method would appear to be compatible and possibly advantageous to any interfacial flow algorithm in which the interface is represented as a discrete Heaviside function.
Intracellular degradation of HeLa and adenovirus type 2 DNA induced by camptothecin

Abstract The addition of camptothecin, an inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis, to HeLa cells or adenovirus-infected HeLa cells results in the partial degradation of cellular and viral DNA. There is no detectable release of acid soluble nucleotides.
The Sufi lords of Bahrabad: Sa'd Al‐din and Sadr Al‐din Hamuwayi

(1994). The Sufi lords of Bahrabad: Sa'd Al‐din and Sadr Al‐din Hamuwayi. Iranian Studies: Vol. 27, No. 1-4, pp. 53-75.
Lactate dehydrogenases in cyanobacteria.

NAD-linked lactate dehydrogenases specific for the d- and l-lactate have been demonstrated in a number of strains of unicellular cyanobacteria. The d-lactate dehydrogenase of one strain (Synechococcus 6716) was partially purified and its properties were studied. The enzyme has a molecular weight of ca. 115000–120000, is highly specific, autooxidizable, and susceptible to inhibition by iodoacetamide, oxamate and ATP. The possible physiological functions of the enzyme in the metabolism of the organism were investigated. d-lactate carbon was incorporated in cell material during photosynthetic growth with CO2, but lactate was not used as sole source of carbon for photosynthetic or chemosynthetic development. d-lactate and pyruvate were oxidized aerobically in the dark by resting cell suspensions with the assimilation mainly of the the C3 and C3 carbon atoms. In the oxidation of lactate, acetate was excreted into the medium. No fermentation of glucose was found, but a small amount of d-lactate was detected as a product of endogenous dark metabolism of the cell. All enzymes required for the production of lactate from glucose and from glycogen were found in exponentially growing cells, but the activity of some key enzymes was low or undetectable in old cultures.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 modulates the rewarding effects of cocaine in rats: involvement of a ventral pallidal GABAergic mechanism.

The metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) has received much attention as a potential target for the treatment of epilepsy, major depression, and anxiety. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of mGluR7 in cocaine reward in animal models of drug addiction. Pretreatment with the selective mGluR7 allosteric agonist N,N’-dibenzyhydryl-ethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride (AMN082; 1-20 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently inhibited cocaine-induced enhancement of electrical brain-stimulation reward and intravenous cocaine self-administration under both fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio reinforcement conditions, but failed to alter either basal or cocaine-enhanced locomotion or oral sucrose self-administration, suggesting a specific inhibition of cocaine reward. Microinjections of AMN082 (1–5 μg/μl per side) into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or ventral pallidum (VP), but not dorsal striatum, also inhibited cocaine self-administration in a dose-dependent manner. Intra-NAc or intra-VP co-administration of 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-3-pyridin-4-ylisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one (MMPIP, 5 μg/μl per side), a selective mGluR7 allosteric antagonist, significantly blocked AMN082’s action, suggesting an effect mediated by mGluR7 in these brain regions. In vivo microdialysis demonstrated that cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) priming significantly elevated extracellular DA in the NAc or VP, while decreasing extracellular GABA in VP (but not in NAc). AMN082 pretreatment selectively blocked cocaine-induced changes in extracellular GABA, but not in DA, in both naive rats and cocaine self-administration rats. These data suggest: (1) mGluR7 is critically involved in cocaine’s acute reinforcement; (2) GABA-, but not DA-, dependent mechanisms in the ventral striatopallidal pathway appear to underlie AMN082’s actions; and (3) AMN082 or other mGluR7-selective agonists may be useful in the treatment of cocaine addiction.
Continuous process improvement through designed experiments and multi-attribute desirability optimization

Abstract Process optimization is a problem with many dimensions. Attributes of interest compete with one another and are affected by a host of variables. It is impossible to achieve the best possible values for all process outputs simultaneously. For this reason, it is important to define what should be achieved from the process. Once the objectives are known, statistically designed experiments can be used effectively to determine the optimal levels of controllable process variables that will produce the desired result and make the process robust to variations in the influential parameters that cannot be controlled. This paper describes an approach to establishing values for process variables to consistently achieve the optimal set of process outputs. It is an iterative process that produces continuous improvement. Principlpes of statistical experimental design and multi-attribute desirability optimization methodology are employed. The benefits of this approach include better products, less variability, lower costs, and more efficient process definition.
Electroosmotic flow in homoionic kaolinite

Abstract The electroosmotic flow of water was investigated in homogeneous systems of kaolinite clay, as a function of the adsorbed counter-ion and the water content of the systems. The results were compared with the predictions of various theories of electroosmotic flow. Although the nature of the counter-ion affected the rate and the direction of flow, no simple interpretation in terms of ion hydration was warranted. The relation of electroosmotic flow to hydraulic permeability at various water contents was compatible with the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski electrokinetic equations. The equations of Schmid for fine-pored systems were not applicable.
Measure for moduli The Polyakov string has no nonlocal anomalies

The functional measure of the bosonic Polyakov string contains nonlocal determinantal factors which seem to spoil its gauge invariances even in the critical dimension. We show that in fact both conformal invariance and reparameterization invariance are maintained for every world-sheet topology.
Chain flexibility and hydrodynamics of the B and Z forms of pory(dG-dC).pory(dG-dC)

The solution properties of the B and Z forms of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) have been measured by static and dynamic laser light scattering. The radius of gyration, persistence length, translational and segmental diffusion coefficients, and the Rouse-Zimm parameters have been evaluated. The persistence length of the Z form determined at 3 M NaCl is about 200 nm compared to 84 and 61 nm respectively for the B forms of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), and calf thymus DNA, both determined at 0.1 M NaCl. The data on persistence length, diffusion coefficients and the Rouse-Zimm parameters indicate a large increase in the chain stiffness of Z DNA compared to the B form. These results are opposite to the ionic strength effects on random sequence native DNAs, for which the flexibility increases with ionic strength and levels off at about 1 M NaCl.
Isolation and characterization of a tartrate-sensitive splenic acid phosphatase in Gaucher's disease

Abstract The acid phosphatase activity that is increased in the spleens of patients with Gaucher's disease can be separated into two principal isoenzymes by chromatography on sulphopropyl-Sephadex. The acid phosphatase species that is resistant to inhibition by l -(+)-tartrate is retained by the cation-exchange resin while the tartrate-sensitive species passes through. We have isolated and characterized the tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase (designated SPI) from the spleen of a patient with the adult (type 1) form of Gaucher's disease. SPI acid phosphatase, representing approximately 30 to 50% of the total acid phosphatase activity in a detergent (Triton X-100) extract of spleen tissue, has been purified approximately 400-fold to a specific activity of 48 units/mg of protein (substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate). The final preparation of acid phosphatase contains at least two protein components—each with phosphatase activity—when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9 or isoelectric focusing. SPI acid phosphatase exhibits a broad substrate specificity and catalyzes the hydrolysis of a variety of artificial and natural phosphate-containing compounds including p-nitrophenyl phosphate, α-naphthyl phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and CMP. The enzyme is inhibited by l -(+)-tartrate, sodium fluoride, and ammonium molybdate and has the following properties: pH optimum, 4.5; Km on 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate, 44 μ m ; pI, 3.8–4.1; Mr, 177,400; s20,w, 6.8.
Delivery of erythromycin to subcutaneous tissues in rats by means of a trans-phase delivery system.

Topical administration of antibiotics is associated with reduced risk of systemic side-effects and alteration of gut microflora, and results in higher concentrations of antibiotics at the site of application (and so a lower dose of the drug is required). In conditions such as acne vulgaris, infiltration of the antibiotics into the infected subcutaneous layers is highly desirable. A trans-phase delivery system (TPDS), a mixture of benzyl alcohol, acetone and isopropanol, has been shown to enhance the effective transport of the antibiotic erythromycin across the epidermal barrier and enhance accumulation in the dermis. Two formulations containing N-methyl[14C]erythromycin were compared, a TPDS solution and a propylene glycol solution. They were applied to the dorsal areas of 4–6 week old Fischer rats and tissues were removed for analysis of radioactivity after 2, 4, 8, 12 or 24 h and skin was biopsied and sectioned for autoradiography. The erythromycin dissolved in the TPDS solvent mixture penetrated the stratum corneum and a relatively high concentration was maintained in adjacent tissues for up to 24 h. Penetration was very effective and the erythromycin was detected in significant amounts in the underlying muscle, various organs and later in the urine. In contrast the propylene glycol carrier, probably because of its primarily hydrophilic character, caused the erythromycin to traverse tissue barriers rapidly and appear in the urine. Microautoradiographs qualitatively revealed progressive disappearance of radioactivity from the surface; this correlated with results obtained by direct isotope counting. The route of penetration, in addition to following the interkeratinocyte spaces, seemed to include the perimeter of the pilosebaceous glands and their appendages before diffusion into the capillaries. The propylene glycol solution seemed to traverse the epidermis and the papillary and reticular dermis more rapidly, which might explain its rapid appearance in the urine. These data suggest that the different solutions penetrate the skin by different mechanisms.
Is stepwise sarcomere shortening an artefact? A response.

Like any other signals, optical signals from muscle fibres inevitably contain noise. The noise here is of predictable character. Because the structure of muscle is periodic, or almost so, translational movement of an illuminated fibre will inevitably give rise to a periodic noise fluctuation as striations pass across the optical field. The frequency of this fluctuation should be linearly related to the speed at which the fibre translates. By mistaking this noise component for the signal, Altringham and colleagues1 have amply succeeded in confirming this expected relationship, but they have left unanswered the question of the source and nature of stepwise shortening. I show here that: (1) by having obtained records in conditions in which the noise dominated, Altringham et al. have inadvertently confused the steps with the translation-induced fluctuation; and (2) when records are obtained using a method designed specifically to circumvent the effects of translation, the steps still remain in evidence.
Low temperature storage of pistachio pollen

Pollen from four male pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) clones was stored at −196°C and −20°C for up to 12 months and tested for ability to germinate in vitro following a period of hydration at high humidity. Germination of fresh pollen was high (>80%) for each clone. At −196°C, pollen of cv. Peters survived freezing, storage and thawing with no loss of germinability; pollen of the other three clones had sharp declines in germination possibly attributable to cellular lesions incurred during freezing or thawing. When the relative humidity of the −20°C storage environment was maintained at or near 33%, ‘Peters’ pollen had high rate of germination through 12 months storage. Without control of relative humidity, ‘Peters’ pollen germination was high at 4 months, but declined at 12 months. Germination requirements became more exacting for pollen stored at −20°C for 12 months at suboptimal humidity conditions. Pollen of the other three clones did not tolerate storage at −20°C as well as ‘Peters’ pollen regardless of the storage humidity environment.
Immune response to isolated oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes were isolated from bovine white matter and were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into experimental animals. Indirect immunofluorescence studies using fluoresceinated goat anti-rabbit or anti-guinea pig immunoglobulin (GARIg; GAGPIg) showed that rabbit and guinea pig anti-oligodendrocyte (RAO, GPAO) sera reacted specifically with the surface of isolated oligodendrocytes in suspension, as well as with oligodendroglia in bovine and human brain sections, and in mouse cerebellum cultures. This activity of RAO was blocked by non-fluoresceinated GARIg and by GPAO, and absorbed by oligodendrocyte preparation (OP) or whole white matter, but not by purified myelin, neuroblastoma or non-brain tissue. Low levels of anti-basic protein antibodies were found in many RAO (but not GPAO) sera by radioimmunoassay, and a few showed significant anti-galactocerebroside antibody by agglutination and radioimmunoprecipation techniques. Guinea pigs sensitized with isolated oligodendrocytes in CFA showed cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to OP as manifested by delayed type skin test and induced in vitro lymphocyte transformation. CMI to purified myelin basic protein was not detected. The demonstration of humoral and CMI to the cell responsible for the production of CNS myelin may be related to some aspects of the immunopathogenesis of demyelinating disorders.
Cytosine glycosides from Streptomyces griseochromogenes

Abstract On supplementation of fermentations of Streptomyces griseochromogenes , an organism that produces the anti-fungal antibiotic blasticidin S (BS), with l -arginine hydroxamate in order to block the de novo biosynthesis of l -arginine, an essential precursor for BS, the accumulation of five new metabolites resulted. These new metabolites were purified by ion exchange chromatography and HPLC, and were characterized by NMR and mass spectroscopy and by chemical degradation. Two are normally very minor metabolites of S. griseochromogenes , while the other three are derived in part from the inhibitor that had been added to the fermentation.
IMPLICIT EPISTEMOLOGICAL BIAS AND THE PROBLEM OF AWARENESS IN VERBAL CONDITIONING : A REPLY TO GREENSPOON

We are grateful for che opportunity to detail more fully our verbal-conditioning findings (Spielberger & DeNike, 1962) in response to Greenspoon's ( 1963) discussion of our paper. In order to respond to the points Greenspoon has raised, especially those pertaining to extinction, awareness, and the reinforcing properties of "Mmm-hmm," it will be necessary to refer to data other than chat presented in the paper reviewed by him. We shall also endeavor to clarify our position regarding some theoretical and epistemological issues in verbal operant conditioning of which, in our opinion, those who investigate this phenomenon are not always aware. Greenspoon's four major points will be considered in the same order in which he has raised them. The in~oduction of a rest period.-With reference to his first point, Greenspoon appears to imply that our introduction of a rest period and additional instructions between the operant trials and the conditioning trials may have inhibited conditioning. We fail to see, within the theoretical framework of the descriptive behaviorism (Skinner, 1957) which Greenspoon espouses, why the introduction of a rest would be expected to inhibit acquisition. Nor are there clear empirical grounds on the basis of which chis might have been expected. An explanation of G7eenspoonJs extinction findings.-Since we hold that an understanding of acquisition in verbal conditioning must precede any meaningful explanation of extinction, we attempted in our experiment only to replicate Greenspoon's acquisition findings and refrained from speculating abouc his extinction results. We regard the latcer, however, as most probably determined by Ss whose performance gains during acquisition were mediated by correct or correlated hypotheses, and who stopped giving plural nouns when their hypotheses were disconfirmed during extinction by E's failure to reward these. Although we have not used extinction trials, we have observed that even a few instances of accidental nonreinforcement during acquisition may suffice to disconfirm Ss' hypotheses. For example, in another study one of our Ss who was reinforced for giving plural nouns showed an increase in the rate of emission of plurals over the first three blocks of 100 words, followed by a decline in the final two word blocks. This S reported the correct contingency in the postconditioning interview, but stated that she became confused when E said "Mmm-hmm" after two words that could have been either singular or plural ["rows ("rose") and "sheep"]. Subsequent to the disconfirmation of her hypothesis, this S stated that she used ". . . any word I could think of and waited for another due." Another S in the same experiment reported that she originally believed that the "Mmmhmm" came after "collection" words such as "cities" and "formulas;" she said she aban'Now at Vanderbilt University.
Repeated questioning for order of events: disparate effects following logical versus random presentation.

In the present study, 72 college-age participants from an introductory psychology course viewed a series of 20 pictures depicting events surrounding a routine activity, i.e., eating at a cafeteria; these pictures were presented either in a logical order, e.g., enter cafeteria, pick up tray, stand in line, and select food, or in a random order. Three successive tests of free reconstruction of order indicated disparate effects of these conditions; random presentation produced significant forgetting of order information across tests, whereas logical presentation produced no change in performance across tests. Whereas randomly presented stimuli produced both reliable intertest recovery (reminiscence) and forgetting, neither result was observed following logical presentation. The implications of these data for eyewitness testimony for general theories of hypermnesia are discussed.
Interaction of Para-Aminosalicylic Acid and Streptomycin on Escherichia Coli†

The antibacterial action of streptomycin in vitro against Escherichia coli is depressed or enhanced in the presence of low concentrations of NaPAS, depending on the concentration of the latter, in the nutrient substrate. No effect of NaPAS on the action of streptomycin on E. coli was observed when both drugs were permitted to diffuse together from a central reservoir on assay plates.
X-ray crystal structure of arsenite-inhibited xanthine oxidase: μ-sulfido,μ-oxo double bridge between molybdenum and arsenic in the active site.

Xanthine oxidoreductase is a molybdenum-containing enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation reaction of sp(2)-hybridized carbon centers of a variety of substrates, including purines, aldehydes, and other heterocyclic compounds. The complex of arsenite-inhibited xanthine oxidase has been characterized previously by UV-vis, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and the catalytically essential sulfido ligand of the square-pyrimidal molybdenum center has been suggested to be involved in arsenite binding through either a μ-sulfido,μ-oxo double bridge or a single μ-sulfido bridge. However, this is contrary to the crystallographically observed single μ-oxo bridge between molybdenum and arsenic in the desulfo form of aldehyde oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas (an enzyme closely related to xanthine oxidase), whose molybdenum center has an oxo ligand replacing the catalytically essential sulfur, as seen in the functional form of xanthine oxidase. Here we use X-ray crystallography to characterize the molybdenum center of arsenite-inhibited xanthine oxidase and solve the structures of the oxidized and reduced inhibition complexes at 1.82 and 2.11 A resolution, respectively. We observe μ-sulfido,μ-oxo double bridges between molybdenum and arsenic in the active sites of both complexes. Arsenic is four-coordinate with a distorted trigonal-pyramidal geometry in the oxidized complex and three-coordinate with a distorted trigonal-planar geometry in the reduced complex. The doubly bridged binding mode is in agreement with previous XAS data indicating that the catalytically essential sulfur is also essential for the high affinity of reduced xanthine oxidoreductase for arsenite.
Exploring the potential of context-sensitive CADe in screening mammography

Purpose: Conventional computer-assisted detection (CADe) systems in screening mammography provide the same decision support to all users. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of a context-sensitive CADe system which provides decision support guided by each user’s focus of attention during visual search and reporting patterns for a specific case. Methods: An observer study for the detection of malignant masses in screening mammograms was conducted in which six radiologists evaluated 20 mammograms while wearing an eye-tracking device. Eye-position data and diagnostic decisions were collected for each radiologist and case they reviewed. These cases were subsequently analyzed with an in-house knowledge-based CADe system using two different modes: Conventional mode with a globally fixed decision threshold and context-sensitive mode with a location-variable decision threshold based on the radiologists’ eye dwelling data and reporting information. Results: The CADe system operating in conventional mode had 85.7% per-image malignant mass sensitivity at 3.15 false positives per image (FPsI). The same system operating in context-sensitive mode provided personalized decision support at 85.7%–100% sensitivity and 0.35–0.40 FPsI to all six radiologists. Furthermore, context-sensitive CADe system could improve the radiologists’ sensitivity and reduce their performance gap more effectively than conventional CADe. Conclusions: Context-sensitive CADe support shows promise in delineating and reducing the radiologists’ perceptual and cognitive errors in the diagnostic interpretation of screening mammograms more effectively than conventional CADe.
The rate of reaction of Ge(3P0) atoms with N2O

Abstract The gas phase reaction of Ge(3P0) + N2O has been studied in a flow tube system. A hollow cathode discharge in the flow system produced the ground state Ge atoms for the reaction, and the disappearance of the atoms was followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The presence of GeO(a3Σ+) was confirmed by emission spectroscopy. A rate constant of (6.7 ± 2.5) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1s−1 was determined for this reaction at 300 K.
IRE Enters Space

Man's escape from the confines of his planet offers him revolutionary opportunities for performing whole new ranges of scientific experiments, notably in such fields as astronomy, physics and geophysics. Electronics, because it provides the vital nerve system for such experiments, will be at the very center of these new exploits in space. Moreover, earth satellites, possibly in a 24-hour equatorial orbit, promise to open a new era in global communications in which almost limitless bandwidths may become available at relatively low cost. Space will become a major part of the activities of the IRE and its members in the future. Already there is developing a need for international planning of space-age communications standards and of regulations for utilizing satellites for man's greatest benefit.
Mathematical analysis of haemodilution's direct effect on rate of brain cooling during cardiopulmonary bypass

Cerebral hypothermia is the principal means of providing neurologic protection during cardiac surgery. Better understanding is needed of ways to improve brain cooling during bypass. The goal of this study is to find whether haemodilution has a significant direct effect on the rate of brain cooling, from changes in the blood's thermal properties. The brain is cooled during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, almost exclusively, by the colder blood. We use the corresponding component of the bioheat transport model to predict the proportional direct effect of changing blood density and specific heat on the amplitude of the rate of brain cooling. We find that haemodilution can significantly change blood density and specific heat. For example, haemodilution with the fluorocarbon emulsion AF0104 from a haematocrit at 45% to a haematocrit at 22% increases blood density by 18%, and decreases specific heat by 21%. Nevertheless, the mathematical model predicts that the direct effect of haemodilution on the rate of brain cooling by the cold blood is small; +7%, +6% and −7% for normal saline, 5 g dl−1 albumin in normal saline, and AF0104 fluorocarbon emulsion, respectively. We conclude that, within the haemotocrit range used clinically during bypass, haemodilution with these substances has only a small direct effect on the rate of brain cooling.
Parameterizing solutions to any Galois embedding problem over Z/pnZ with elementary p-abelian kernel

Abstract In this paper we use the Galois module structure for the classical parameterizing spaces for elementary p-abelian extensions of a field K to give necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of any embedding problem which is an extension of Z / p n Z with elementary p-abelian kernel. This allows us to count the total number of solutions to a given embedding problem when the appropriate modules are finite, and leads to some nontrivial automatic realization and realization multiplicity results for Galois groups.
Lasers with combined nuclear pumping

The use of nuclear radiation to excite lasers is examined from the perspective of nuclear flashlamps. Nuclear driven flashlamps can also be used as photon sources for photochemical and photovoltaic events. This can lead to the large scale production of chemicals and electricity.
Segmentation-free approach to optical character recognition

This paper presents a segmentation-free approach to optical character recognition (OCR) based on the concept of occluded object recognition, in which objects are recognized and then segmented out from the image. In applying the concept of occluded object recognition to the problem of OCR, we treat characters as touching or occluded objects that are subject to special constraints on their poses, i.e., they are juxtaposed with little or no freedom in rotation. Based on these characteristics, we combine two very powerful techniques used in occluded object recognition -- indexing and voting (pose clustering) -- and tailor them to the problem of OCR. This results in a segmentation-free OCR approach that is both highly efficient and robust. We note that recently some techniques have been proposed for handwritten OCR that conceptually are also segmentation-free, although these techniques are quite different from ours.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inheritance of DDT-Dehydrochlorinase in the House Fly1

A modification of a method devised by Sternberg et al . (1954 Jour. Agric. and Food Chem. 1,125-30) made it possible to assay the DDT-dehydrochlorinase (DDT'ase) in individual flies of R population of DDT-resistant (R) house flies, Musca domemica L. By this means it was possible to obtain a measure of the variability of this enzyme in a population. It was also possible to relate the concentration of DDT'ase in parents with that found in the offspring. Regardless of the enzyme activity of the individual parents, that of the progeny appeared to drift toward a mean value. Flies selected for resistance to DDT alone have considerably ess DDT'ase than after being selected for resistance to a com- bination of DDT and DMC (bis-(p-chlorophenyl) methyl carbinol). A strain of flies selected for resistance to combination (DMC-R strain) was used to cross, inbreed and backcross with susceptible flies to determine the inheritance pattern of DDT'ase and its relationship to resistance. By this means a quantitative relationship between presence of DDT'ase and resistance to DDT has been established. Furthermore, the pattern of inheritance of resistance and DDT'ase activity shows no serious discrepancy with the proposal of Milani (1956, Riv. Parassitol., 17: 223--46), that resistance to DDT may be governed by a single partially dominant gene which behaves according to simple Mendelian principles.
Kinetics of the hydrolysis of 5-bromo-4-chloroindol-3-yl β-d-gluocpyranoside by almond emulsin☆

Abstract A kinetic study has been made of the hydrolysis of 5-bromo-4-chloroindol-3-yl β- d -glucopyranoside (1) by almond emulsin. The rate of hydrolysis depends on the nature of the buffer, and decreases in the following order of buffers: phosphate τ acetate τ citrate τ “Tris” hydrochloride. The rate in phosphate buffer was found to pass through a sharp maximum at pH 6.23, and detailed studies were made at pH 6.10 to 6.75 for a range of substrate concentrations and temperatures. Up to a substrate concentration of 500 m m , the Michaelis-Menten law is obeyed accurately over the range of pH investigated. At higher concentrations of substrate, there is some falling off of the rate. The Km for 1, calculated from a Lineweaver-Burk plot, is 1.38 m m . The average energy of activation is 12.4 kcal/mol, which is within the range reported for the hydrolysis of other aryl β- d -glucopyranosides by this enzyme. The study demonstrates the potential utility of the indigogenic principle in the evaluation of the kinetic parameters of other hydrolytic enzymes.
Completely aborted uterine leiomyosarcoma in the puerperium

A patient passed a large tissue mass at home on postpartum day 1. Pathologic examination demonstrated leiomyosarcoma. A total abdominal hysterectomy was performed, which demonstrated residual disease. All tissue passed in the puerperium should be evaluated to ensure that significant pathologic conditions are not overlooked. Conservative management of leiomyosarcomas is controversial.
Abdominal pain and weakness in an elderly woman.

Il s'agissait d'un infarctus du myocarde avec insuffisance cardiaque aigue sans douleur thoracique
Design of a fault-tolerant multichannel ATM switch for BISDN

One of the techniques to improve the throughput and the reliability of the ATM switch is to provide multiple channels for the cells destined to the same switching node. The performance advantages of multichannel switch architectures have been discussed in the literature (T.H. Cheng and D.G. Smith, Proc. ICC'91, pp. 1028–1032, A. Lin and J. Silvester, Proc. INFOCOM'90, pp. 803–810, A. Pattavina, IEEE J. Selected Areas Comm.SAC-6 (1988) 237–243 and L.T. Wu et al., 1988 International Zurich Seminar on Digital Communications, pp. 191–197). However, these switch architectures do not preserve the cell sequence thus requiring the end system to resequence the cells. In this paper, we introduce a multichannel ATM switch architecture that guarantees the cell sequence throughout the network when the channel grouping is used in the switching nodes. The switch consists of two modified banyan networks and a Batcher sorter (Batcher, AFIPS Proc. Spring Joint Comput. Conf., pp. 307–314, 1968). It is shown that the cell sequence will be preserved by providing a virtual FIFO queue within the switch architecture. The virtual FIFO queue is shared by all the input-output pairs so that the cell loss probability is significantly reduced. The switch has a distributed control and allows a large switch size without degrading the performance. Furthermore, a simple update of entries in the lookup table allows the fault-tolerant operation in the event of the link or node failure in the network. The performance analysis of the switch shows that the number of buffers and the average cell delay can be significantly reduced in the proposed switch while maintaining the required throughput and cell loss probability compared to the multichannel switches with dedicated buffers.
Meixner functions for derivation of the unit hydrograph

Abstract The Meixner functions are utilized to relate the effective rainfall, the direct runoff and the unit hydrograph through linkage equations. The linkage equations are then employed to derive the unit hydrograph for given rainfall-runoff data on a small agricultural watershed. These functions are tested with regard to their ability to reproduce and predict the direct runoff hydrograph. The Meixner functions are found to be an effective analytical tool for hydrograph synthesis. Further, they compare well with the least squares and linear programming methods of the unit hydrograph derivation.
Interplay of alloying and ordering on the electronic structure of Ga x In 1-x P alloys

In this work, we extend the study of the electronic structure of disordered and ordered ${\text{Ga}}_{x}{\text{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\text{P}$ alloys from the focus of most previous effort, $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.5$, to the whole composition range, $0lxl1$, using an improved empirical pseudopotential method with a supercell approach that employs a sufficiently large supercell size of $\ensuremath{\sim}28\text{ }000$ atoms---a size needed to realistically model disordered and partially ordered alloys. This study provides insights into the underlying physics of the alloy system in two important phases---disordered and CuPt ordered---and the interplay of alloying and ordering effects. It also offers much-needed guidance for the optimal use of ordering phenomenon in a range of applications including telecommunications, photovoltaics, and solid-state lighting. Critical-point energies, interband transition matrix elements, and optical anisotropy are calculated for both the disordered and ordered phases. The deviation of the wave function of an alloy state from that of a virtual-crystal state is analyzed using a spectral function. The implications of such deviation are examined explicitly for the above-mentioned properties. Unusual ordering effects are revealed in the indirect-band-gap composition region of the alloy. The connection and distinction between the ordered and disordered structures are discussed. An often-used perturbation theory, known as ``a quasicubic model,'' is found to be reasonably accurate for predicting the anisotropy of the interband transition but inadequate for predicting the intensity variation with varying order parameter.
Defective plastic infection-control barriers and faulty technique may cause PSP plate contamination used in digital intraoral radiography.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Infection control in digital intraoral radiography: evaluation of microbiological contamination of photostimulable phosphor plates in barrier envelopes. MacDonald DS, Waterfield JD. J Can Dent Assoc 2011;77:b93. Reviewer Arthur S. Kuperstein, DDS Purpose/Question To determine the infection-control effectiveness of a plastic barrier envelope system for PSP plates. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Optofluidic photonic crystals for biomolecular fluorescence enhancement: a bottom-up approach for fabricating GaN-based biosensors

The application of photonic crystals in biosensor applications has lead to the development of highly sensitive and selective sensor elements. The research efforts undertaken by this group have led to the development of a photonic crystal transducer that acts as a waveguide, nanofluidic flow channel, and resonant defect cavity. This sensor architecture shows promise for greatly enhancing the emission of naturally fluorescent or fluorescently-labeled biomolecules. Due to its transparency in the visible regime, GaN is a viable candidate for this photonic crystal biosensor application. This paper provides an overview of the sensor architecture as well as a discussion of one particular bottom-up approach to its fabrication. Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) growth of heavily Mg doped GaN can result in inversion of the surface polarity from Ga-polar to N-polar GaN. This bottom-up approach includes patterning and etching of the Mg inversion layer, followed by re-growth of the opposite polarity to produce periodically poled GaN. Subsequent wet etching of N-polar regions then produces a GaN based photonic crystal structure. This process shows promise for achieving high aspect ratio, highly anisotropic nanostructures.
Background suppression in time-resolved MR angiography without mask acquisition or operator intervention.

Purpose To suppress static and background tissue in time-resolved MRA studies of the full thorax or abdomen without the need of a mask image or operator intervention. Materials and Methods The time course of each voxel is projected onto the orthogonal complement space of a matrix that spans static and linearly enhancing signal vectors. The norm of the solution, or the projection length, acts as a confidence measure for segmenting vascular and nonvascular tissue. Voxels whose confidence measures fall below an automatically detected threshold value are considered nonvascular. These voxels undergo an increasing level of suppression as the distance of the confidence measure from the threshold grows. Results MIPs of processed volunteer studies were compared to the original unaltered studies to assess the improvement in clarity of vascular structures. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of full body MIPs verify excellent suppression of nonvascular tissue in time-resolved three-dimensional image volumes. Conclusion Contrast increased by an average factor of 13 in five volunteer studies, quantitatively emphasizing the improvement in MIP processing achieved by this method. Improvement in the clarity of vascular structures in subvolume MIPs is also demonstrated to emphasize the significant increase in ease with which regions of interest can be identified. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determining DNA supercoiling enthalpy by isothermal titration calorimetry.

Abstract DNA supercoiling plays a critical role in certain essential DNA transactions, such as DNA replication, recombination, and transcription. For this reason, exploring energetics of DNA supercoiling is fundamentally important for understanding its biological functions. In this paper, using a unique property of DNA intercalators, such as ethidium bromide and daunorubicin, which bind to supercoiled, nicked, and relaxed DNA templates with different DNA-binding enthalpies, we determined DNA supercoiling enthalpy of plasmid pXXZ6, a 4.5 kb plasmid to be about 11.5 kcal/mol per linking number change. This determination allowed us to partition the DNA supercoiling free energy into enthalpic and entropic contributions where the unfavorable DNA supercoiling free energy exclusively originated from the large positive supercoiling enthalpy and was compensated by a large, favorable entropy term (TΔS).