cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quasi-Newton Stochastic Optimization Algorithm for Parameter Estimation of a Stochastic Model of the Budding Yeast Cell Cycle

Parameter estimation in discrete or continuous deterministic cell cycle models is challenging for several reasons, including the nature of what can be observed, and the accuracy and quantity of those observations. The challenge is even greater for stochastic models, where the number of simulations and amount of empirical data must be even larger to obtain statistically valid parameter estimates. The two main contributions of this work are (1) stochastic model parameter estimation based on directly matching multivariate probability distributions, and (2) a new quasi-Newton algorithm class QNSTOP for stochastic optimization problems. QNSTOP directly uses the random objective function value samples rather than creating ensemble statistics. QNSTOP is used here to directly match empirical and simulated joint probability distributions rather than matching summary statistics. Results are given for a current state-of-the-art stochastic cell cycle model of budding yeast, whose predictions match well some summary statistics and one-dimensional distributions from empirical data, but do not match well the empirical joint distributions. The nature of the mismatch provides insight into the weakness in the stochastic model.
The Limits of Nonviolence

The pair of opposite adjectives “violent” and “nonviolent,” interpreted to express ethico-political concepts, primarily modify action. The form of violence or nonviolence that interests us here is a form of intentionality. Neither completely passive sufferings nor violent instinctive or pathological reactions carry much theoretical interest in the ethico-political context. Nor are we interested here in symbolic or ritualistic violence that should interest the anthropologists.
Modeling and Validation of Fixture-Induced Error for Impedance Measurements

Measuring impedance accurately requires dedicated fixturing to match the geometry of the device under test to the ports of the instrument. These fixtures introduce error into collected measurements which is rarely acknowledged. Failure to quantify measurement error can lead to over-estimation of accuracy, increase the difficulty of measurement comparisons taken with different fixtures, and increase the risk of inappropriate fixture selection and calibration. This paper presents a methodology for characterizing and modeling the error introduced into impedance data by test fixtures. The proposed method uses direct measurements of the open- and short-calibration standards as well as a precision resistor to quantify the total error introduced by the fixture. The error of a commercially available test fixture is studied and compared with its published values to validate this method. This validated approach can model the error introduced by commercial or custom fixtures.
Arrestin recruitment to dopamine D2 receptor mediates locomotion but not incentive motivation

The dopamine (DA) D2 receptor (D2R) is an important target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. However, the development of improved therapeutic strategies has been hampered by our incomplete understanding of this receptor's downstream signaling processes in vivo and how these relate to the desired and undesired effects of drugs. D2R is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that activates G protein-dependent as well as non-canonical arrestin-dependent signaling pathways. Whether these effector pathways act alone or in concert to facilitate specific D2R-dependent behaviors is unclear. Here, we report on the development of a D2R mutant that recruits arrestin but is devoid of G protein activity. When expressed virally in "indirect pathway" medium spiny neurons (iMSNs) in the ventral striatum of D2R knockout mice, this mutant restored basal locomotor activity and cocaine-induced locomotor activity in a manner indistinguishable from wild-type D2R, indicating that arrestin recruitment can drive locomotion in the absence of D2R-mediated G protein signaling. In contrast, incentive motivation was enhanced only by wild-type D2R, signifying a dissociation in the mechanisms that underlie distinct D2R-dependent behaviors, and opening the door to more targeted therapeutics.
Inequality, Intention, and Ignorance: Socrates on Punishment and the Human Good

I examine here a wide array of interlocking Socratic doctrines, especially as they show up in the ideas of Socratic Ignorance and the Examined Life (asking questions every day of others and of oneself)—along with such other Socratic claims as the following. First, that No one errs willingly. Second, that, in acting intentionally, everyone is always seeking their own greatest available good, given their present circumstances, where that greatest good is taken over the rest of their lives. Third, that those who don’t see that harming others will not, over the rest of their lives, serve their own greatest good, deserve not punishment but instruction. I conduct this examination with my eye on two blatant contemporary inequalities across race and class. The first is that involved in differentially funding different schools and thereby shortchanging the ability of those of our children who need it most to work out better means to their own greatest good over the rest of their lives; the second is that across race, class, and educational background in our extensive incarceration practices. In the longest part of this essay, I argue that a principal philosophical presupposition of punishment practices can be shown to be well wide of the mark by the Socratic theory I explore here. This is the presupposition that there is some kind of philosophical justification—for example, in modern “under the description” theories—for the decidedly questionable view that we can almost always determine quite sufficiently what a person’s intentions are for purposes of justifiably and usefully punishing supposed malefactors.
Colossal tunability in high frequency magnetoelectric voltage tunable inductors

The electrical modulation of magnetization through the magnetoelectric effect provides a great opportunity for developing a new generation of tunable electrical components. Magnetoelectric voltage tunable inductors (VTIs) are designed to maximize the electric field control of permeability. In order to meet the need for power electronics, VTIs operating at high frequency with large tunability and low loss are required. Here we demonstrate magnetoelectric VTIs that exhibit remarkable high inductance tunability of over 750% up to 10 MHz, completely covering the frequency range of state-of-the-art power electronics. This breakthrough is achieved based on a concept of magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) cancellation, predicted in a solid solution of nickel ferrite and cobalt ferrite through first-principles calculations. Phase field model simulations are employed to observe the domain-level strain-mediated coupling between magnetization and polarization. The model reveals small MCA facilitates the magnetic domain rotation, resulting in larger permeability sensitivity and inductance tunability. Voltage tunable inductors (VTIs) with high working frequency and tunability are desired for new design of energy efficient electronics. Here the authors demonstrate magnetoelectric VTIs operating up to 10 MHz with tunability over 750% via strain mediated magnetoelectric effect and magnetocrystalline anisotropy cancellation strategy.
Dietary Intake Reporting Accuracy of the Bridge2U Mobile Application Food Log Compared to Control Meal and Dietary Recall Methods

Mobile technology introduces opportunity for new methods of dietary assessment. The purpose of this study was to compare the reporting accuracy of a mobile food log application and 24 h recall method to a controlled meal among a convenience sample of adults (18 years of age or older). Participants were recruited from a community/university convenience sample. Participants consumed a pre-portioned control meal, completed mobile food log entry (mfood log), and participated in a dietary recall administered by a registered dietitian (24R). Height, weight, and application use survey data were collected. Sign test, Pearson’s correlation, and descriptive analyses were conducted to examine differences in total and macronutrient energy intake and describe survey responses. Bland Altman plots were examined for agreement between energy intake from control and 24R and mfood log. The 14 included in the analyses were 78.6% female, 85.7% overweight/obese, and 64.3% African American. Mean total energy, protein, and fat intakes reported via the mfood log were significantly (p < 0.05) lower compared to the control, by 268.31kcals, 20.37 g, and 19.51 g, respectively. Only 24R mean fat intake was significantly (p < 0.01) lower than the control, by 6.43 g. Significant associations (r = 0.57–0.60, p < 0.05) were observed between control and mfood log mean energy, carbohydrate, and protein intakes, as well as between control and 24R mean energy (r = 0.64, p = 0.01) and carbohydrate (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) intakes. Bland Altman plots showed wide limits of agreement, which were not statistically significant but may have practical limitations for individual dietary assessment. Responses indicated the ease of and likelihood of daily mfood log use. This study demonstrates that the Bridge2U mfood log is valid for the assessment of group level data, but data may vary too widely for individual assessment. Further investigation is warranted for nutrition intervention research.
Indian Food Systems towards 2050: Challenges and Opportunities

Despite India’s economic progress over the past two decades, regional inequality, food insecurity and malnutrition problems persist. Simultaneously, trends in overweight and obesity, along with micronutrient deficiency, portend a future public health crisis. In this book, we examine the interactions between India’s economic development, agricultural production and nutrition through the lens of a “food systems approach (FSA)”. We explore various challenges and opportunities to achieve a nutrition secure future. We bring together the latest data available on development processes in India to (1) highlight the nature of food system challenges, (2) identify trends and threats to progress, (3) emphasize policy and institutional interventions needed to address challenges and (4) set an agenda interlinking agricultural development, health and nutrition and economic development.
Autonomous Multirobot Technologies for Mars Mining Base Construction and Operation.

Beyond space exploration, the next critical step towards living and working in space requires developing a space economy. One important challenge with this space-economy is ensuring the low-cost transport of raw materials from one gravity-well to another. The escape delta-v of 11.2 km/s from Earth makes this proposition very expensive. Transporting materials from the Moon takes 2.4 km/s and from Mars 5.0 km/s. Based on these factors, the Moon and Mars can become colonies to export material into this space economy. One critical question is what are the resources required to sustain a space economy? Water has been identified as a critical resource both to sustain human-life but also for use in propulsion, attitude-control, power, thermal storage and radiation protection systems. Water may be obtained off-world through In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) in the course of human or robotic space exploration. Based upon these important findings, we developed an energy model to determine the feasibility of developing a mining base on Mars that mines and exports water (transports water on a Mars escape trajectory). Our designs for a mining base utilize renewable energy sources namely photovoltaics and solar-thermal concentrators to provide power to construct the base, keep it operational and export the water using a mass driver (electrodynamic railgun). Our studies found the key to keeping the mining base simple and effective is to make it robotic. Teams of robots (consisting of 100 infrastructure robots) would be used to construct the entire base using locally available resources and fully operate the base. This would decrease energy needs by 5-folds. Furthermore, the base can be built 5-times faster using robotics and 3D printing. This shows that automation and robotics is the key to making such a base technologically feasible.
Enhanced visible-light-assisted peroxymonosulfate activation on cobalt-doped mesoporous iron oxide for orange II degradation

Abstract Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOP) have attracted a lot of attention due to their capability and adaptability in wastewater treatment. Although heterogeneous cobalt-based catalysts have been extensively studied and have emerged superior for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, leaching of cobalt is still a major concern. Herein, we report a photo-assisted PMS activation approach using cobalt doped mesoporous iron oxide with exceptional activity and stability up to 7 cycles with very low cobalt leaching (0.5 ppm). The highest activity was obtained by 1 mol % cobalt doped mesoporous iron oxide. Orange II dye was completely degraded by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under visible light irradiation within 1 min. ROS were evaluated using two distinct techniques (Fluorescence probes and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). ROS quenching experiments were also used to highlight the dominant pathway. This study correlates the structural and electronic changes induced with cobalt doping to the exceptional activity.
Training Rural Educators in Kentucky through Distance Learning: Impact with Follow-up Data:

The Training Rural Educators in Kentucky (TREK) projects have been providing distance education courses to graduate students in moderate/severe disabilities (MSD) and early childhood special educat...
Phosphorylation within the bipartite NLS alters the localization and toxicity of the ER stress response factor DDIT3/CHOP.

Abstract Regulated nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking is a well-established mechanism utilized by cells to regulate adaptive and maladaptive responses to acute oxidant stress. Commonly associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, the bZIP transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP/DDIT3) mediates the cellular response to redox stress with effects on cellular growth, differentiation, and survival. We show through functional analyses that CHOP contains a conserved, compound pat4/bipartite nuclear localization signal within the basic DNA-binding domain. Using phylogenetic analyses and mass spectrometry, we now show that Ser107 located within the linker region of the bipartite NLS domain is a substrate for phosphorylation under standard culture conditions. Studies using the S107E phospho-mimic of CHOP indicate that changes in the charge properties at this residue regulate CHOP's nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. And while co-stimulation with the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin induced injury in cells expressing wild-type CHOP, the S107A point-mutant blocked this response. These findings indicate that phosphorylation within the bipartite NLS exerts regulatory effects on both the subcellular localization and toxic potential of DDIT3/CHOP. Future studies geared towards defining the relevant kinase/phosphatase networks that converge on the phosphorylation-regulated NLS (prNLS) phosphoepitope may provide an opportunity to constrain cellular damage in the context of acute ER stress.
Conventional vs. algal wastewater technologies: Reclamation of microbially safe water for agricultural reuse

Abstract Faced with the scarcity and unpredictability of freshwater supplies, the agriculture sector worldwide is finding water reclaimed from domestic wastewater as a new source of water to sustain agricultural food production. To meet this emerging trend and the higher level of treatment expected for agricultural reuse, existing wastewater treatment (WWT) facilities have to be upgraded or new-generation technologies have to be deployed. Reports on the status of existing WWT facilities have expressed strong concerns about their ecological footprint and sustainability; and, have advocated for the need for reinvented technologies to sustain the water infrastructure. Phototrophic algal-based WWT has been suggested as an option with lower life cycle impacts than the existing systems. Here, we discuss the adequacy of the existing and the algal WWT systems in serving the agricultural reuse needs in the context of the challenges and risks associated with the microbiological constituents in the reclaimed water. Recognizing some limitations of the above options, we propose a mixotrophic algal-based WWT system capable of reclaiming superior quality water meeting the reuse guidelines. Performance of this mixotrophic algal wastewater reclamation (A-WWR) system in delivering biologically safe reclaimed water appropriate for agricultural use is detailed and compared with that of the classical phototrophic algal WWT system and the conventional activated sludge-based WWT system demonstrating the potential of the A-WWR system as a greener and safer alternative.
Bias in Search and Recommender Systems

We explore the vicious cycle of bias on the Web related to search and recommender systems. The first bias is activity bias [1], called by Nielsen participation inequality in Internet [3]. This means that when sampling content, data will have many different types of bias such as gender, language, topic, etc. During the design and implementation of the system, biases might be added, and we call those the true algorithmic bias. In addition, when evaluating the system we may have been biased and hence that may also be reflected in algorithmic bias. The design of the interaction also matters, adding several other biases. All of them affect the data that is gathered for optimizing and personalizing the system [1]. Finally, our own cognitive biases also taint the interaction data, including confirmation bias and other behavioral biases. In all these cases we may need to debias the input data, to use techniques that can handle biased data (e.g., machine learning algorithms tailored for that), or debias the output (when we have already lost information). Most systems are optimized by using implicit user feedback, that is, clicks or other trackable user interactions. However, those interactions are biased to the choices that such systems offer to their users, as clicks can only be done on things that are shown to us. Hence, these feedback loops are tainted by presentation or exposure bias [1]. The most well-known problem related to this bias is called the filter bubble [4] or the echo chamber effect. Solutions to this problem include the explore and exploit paradigm (e.g., learning the world), diversity, novelty, and serendipity. Depending on the exploration technique, the bubble is smaller or bigger [2]. On the other hand, too much exploration also reduces short-term revenue and hence is usually bounded. However, we believe that recommender systems could improve their long-term revenue if significantly more exploration is performed, probably diminishing at the same time the tension between user experience and monetization. This is good for the recommender system but also creates more fair and healthy digital markets for everyone, users and publishers/sellers.
Managing Recreation in New York's Adirondack Park: A Case Study of Public Perceptions and Preferences for Reducing User Impacts to the High Peaks Wilderness Complex

This qualitative case study research investigated public perceptions and preferences regarding management options for addressing recreational impacts to the High Peaks Wilderness Complex (HPWC) in New York State’s six-million-acre Adirondack Park. The Park is the largest in the contiguous United States, attracting local and international visitors from Philadelphia, Montreal, Boston, and New York City, major cities within 350 miles of the HPWC. The Park saw 12.4 million visitors in 2018, resulting in crowding, trail erosion, clandestine trails/campsites, water pollution, and plant/wildlife impacts. Data was gathered from 1,200 individuals via an online questionnaire, semi-structured interviews with NGOs, community influentials, and agency representatives, and participant observation. Findings showed the public strongly supported passive management options such as increased funding for education, trail reconstruction, enhanced management of the HPWC, and the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) promotion of alternatives to the most popular wilderness trails during busy months. The public was split in their support of direct management techniques such as temporary trail closures, limiting the number of hikers, and mandatory permits for hikers/parking. NGOs expressed a diversity of preferences for direct wilderness management, but widely supported enhanced education, trail improvements, and funding increases for management and the hiring of more rangers. The results of this research provide insights for improving management practices that facilitate sustainable recreation while also protecting and restoring federal and state designated wilderness. This manuscript culminates in a suite of management implications based on our research findings, including filling all vacancies within the Adirondack Park Agency Board with professionally and culturally diverse individuals, including women, Tribal representatives, minority communities, environmental attorneys, natural scientists, and regional planners. Funding should be allocated for the hiring of additional rangers, Summit Stewards, and trail crews, for enhanced trail maintenance and hiker education efforts. We also recommend implementing the Wildland Monitoring Program in order to better understand trail carrying capacity and ecological limits. Limiting the number of hikers/vehicles through a permit system is but one solution if efforts to heighten ranger presence, education, and improve trails all fail to address resource degradation.Subscribe to JPRA
Effect of the inversion symmetry breaking on the orbital Hall effect: A model study

The orbital Hall effect (OHE) is the transverse flow of orbital moment in a solid in response to an applied electric field, analogous to the flow of spin moment in the spin Hall effect (SHE). Although the effect has not been directly observed, there is ample indirect evidence for its existence in a number of experiments. Here, we show that the OHE is enhanced in solids with broken inversion symmetry, which may be more suitable to observe the effect. The mechanism of the OHE is fundamentally different in solids with inversion symmetry, where the orbital moment is quenched in the Brillouin zone (BZ), from that in a solid with broken inversion symmetry, where an intrinsic orbital moment is already present, the motion of which under the applied electric field could lead to a robust OHE. Using a tight-binding model Hamiltonian of a simple cubic lattice with two atoms in the unit cell, we study the effect of the inversion symmetry breaking on the OHE. We show that with the increase in the strength of the broken symmetry, the magnitude of the intrinsic orbital moment in the Brillouin zone increases. This, in turn, enhances the orbital Hall conductivity, in particular, the part that is directly proportional to the orbital moment in the BZ, which we call the ``noncentrosymmetric contribution.'' If the spin-orbit coupling is present, which couples the orbital and spin moments, the OHE leads to the SHE, which also becomes enhanced by the broken inversion symmetry. Our work has important implications for experimenters, suggesting that noncentrosymmetric solids may be more suitable for direct observation of the OHE.
Economic Liberalization and Wage Inequality in India

Summary We investigate India’s widening skill wage gap and narrowing gender wage differential during the two decades that coincide with the economic liberalization in the country. Using the nonparametric methodology developed by Katz and Murphy [Katz, L. F., & Murphy, K. M. (1992). Changes in relative wages, 1963–87: supply and demand factors. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(1), 35–78], we find that relative demand shifts contributed to relative wage shifts and that increases in the demand for skilled labor were mostly due to skill upgrading within industries. In assessing the contribution of external sector reforms to demand for skilled labor, we find that international trade-in manufactures benefited skilled men but hurt skilled women, whereas outsourcing of services generated a demand for both female and male college graduates.
Chronic intranasal oxytocin reverses stress-induced social avoidance in female prairie voles.

Abstract Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a prevalent mental illness in both men and women, but current treatment approaches with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) have limited success. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) has become a therapeutic target due to its prosocial and anxiolytic effects. Nevertheless, no research has focused on the impact of chronic OXT treatment in animal models of SAD. Social defeat stress is an animal model of social conflict that reliably induces a social avoidance phenotype, reflecting symptoms observed in individuals suffering from SAD. Here, we used the socially monogamous prairie vole, which exhibits aggressive behavior in both sexes, to examine the effects of OXT and SSRI treatment following social defeat stress in males and females. Defeated voles became avoidant in unfamiliar social situations as early as one day after defeat experience, and this phenotype persisted for at least eight weeks. OXT receptor (OXTR) binding in mesocorticolimbic and paralimbic regions was reduced in defeated females during the eight-week recovery period. In males, serotonin 1A receptor binding was decreased in the basolateral amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus starting at one week and four weeks post-defeat, respectively. Chronic intranasal treatment with OXT had a negative effect on sociability and mesolimbic OXTR binding in non-defeated females. However, chronic intranasal OXT promoted social engagement and increased mesolimbic OXTR binding in defeated females but not males. SSRI treatment led to only modest effects. This study identifies a sex-specific and stress-dependent function of intranasal OXT on mesolimbic OXTR and social behaviors.
Basic Concepts of the Six Sigma Methodology

Six Sigma techniques have been adopted by a wide range of manufacturing firms and have also translated successfully into other sectors, including retail, hospitality, financial services, high tech, transportation, government, and healthcare. Six Sigma is a management philosophy that emphasizes reducing variation, driving down defect rates, and improving customer satisfaction. The Six Sigma methodology is driven by team projects that have a clearly defined purpose and specific goals. The Six Sigma standard of quality has its basis in normal distribution theory. As an enterprise‐wide system, it follows that Six Sigma deployment requires the efforts of a crosssection of people filling various roles. These roles include Executive, Champion or Sponsor, Process Owner, and the Belt‐holders. The quality tools available to Six Sigma practitioners are vast. Six Sigma practitioners also leverage the Basic Seven and New Seven Tools. Along with the early adopters of the Six Sigma methodology, have all reported remarkable financial benefits.
Die motorische Endplatte

Der Impuls zur Kontraktion wird durch Nervenfortsatze des motorischen Neurons an die Fasern des quergestreiften Muskels herangebracht, und die Kontaktzone dieser beiden Zelltypen ist mit speziellen Einrichtungen ausgestattet, welche die Uberleitung vollziehen. In der vorliegenden Aufnahme ist die quergestreifte Muskelfaser durch einige Myofibrillen (*) dargestellt. Wo das terminale Axon an den Muskel herantritt, liegt es in einer Vertiefung, die man Trog oder Rinne (Ri) genannt hat und die in die Oberflache der Faser einschneidet. Tiefe Einfaltungen des Sarkolemms, die man als Faltenapparat (FA) bezeichnet, erstrecken sich vom Boden der Rinnen in das darunterliegende Zytoplasma oder in das Grundplasma der Faser. In dieser Region der Faser konnen auch Mitochondrien (M) und der Kern (N) der Muskelzelle gefunden werden. Der subneurale Apparat, das heist die Rinnen und der Faltenapparat sind von einem masig dichten, amorphen Material angefullt, das der Bedeckung in anderen Zonen der Muskeloberflache ahnlich ist und in diese ubergeht; im wesentlichen handelt es sich um eine Basalmembran. Andererseits liegen die Nervenendigungen (NE) frei in dem Trog; keinerlei zellulare Hullschicht ist zwischen sie und die Muskelfaser geschaltet. Vielmehr sind die beiden Zellarten nur durch eine Lage des oben beschriebenen amorphen Materials voneinander getrennt. Die Schwannsche Zellschicht, welche das Axon bis in die Nahe der motorischen Endplatte umhullt, last die Endigung des Axons frei und bleibt nur als lidformige Bedeckung der Endplatte bestehen. Teile von Schwannschen Zellen (SZ) sind in der Abbildung sichtbar. Sie werden von einer Basalmembran (BM) und Bindegewebsfasern (BG) des Endomysiums umgeben. Diese strukturellen Beziehungen werden schematisch in Textabbildung 27 a dargestellt.
Examining the Links between Workforce Diversity, Organizational Goal Clarity, and Job Satisfaction

Over the past several decades, a substantial body of research has accrued demonstrating how important workforce diversity is to public organizations. Yet, despite its apparent importance, research on workforce diversity has been relatively narrow in scope and frequently fails to link diversity to important individual and organizational outcomes. Using data collected in three waves of the Federal Human Capital Survey, we consider 1) whether workforce diversity impacts organizational goal clarity among a sample of federal employees, and 2) whether this relationship affects employee job satisfaction. We also consider the role diversity management policies play in shaping these outcomes. Results indicate diversity leads to greater goal ambiguity and declines in employee job satisfaction; however, diversity management policies offset these effects. Findings also indicate the type of diversity matters.
Diagnostic Tools and Testing in the Sleepy Patient

Hypersomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is defined as “the inability to stay awake and alert during the major waking episodes of the day, resulting in unintended lapses into drowsiness or sleep.” It is a symptom caused not only by insufficient sleep, medications, and intrinsic sleep disorders but also by neurological conditions (such as movement disorders, neuromuscular diseases, dementia, cerebrovascular diseases, head trauma, and epilepsy) and other medical conditions (including metabolic conditions, inflammatory conditions, and cancers). History taking is of primary importance when assessing a patient who presents with daytime sleepiness; however, subjective or objective assessments are often helpful in making the correct diagnosis or in tracking the patient’s symptom severity over time to assess treatment outcome. Evaluation via subjective testing is faster and cost effective, though it may not provide enough specificity to make an accurate diagnosis. Objective evaluations can be time consuming and are significantly more expensive, but may help to effectively guide the clinician to an appropriate treatment strategy. Knowing how and when to utilize assessment tools is critical to good clinical outcomes.
Towards a Modeling Language for Designing Auditory Interfaces

Auditory applications are systems that communicate content, navigation capabilities and functionality mainly via the aural channel, or via a combination of the aural and visual channels, and can support the user interaction in a multimodal fashion as well (e.g. through touch or speech). In this paper, we present the preliminary results of an exploratory research effort aimed at establishing a design modeling language for auditory applications, by extending an existing interactive application design model (IDM, Interactive Dialogue Model) used in the area of hypermedia and information-intensive applications. Our exploratory research capitalizes on previous experience in hypermedia modeling, aural information architectures, and design of auditory applications. We use an auditory application, the Acoustic Edutainment Interface (AEDIN), as a real case study to inform and exemplify the use of the modeling language.
Mortality and sudden death in anorexia nervosa

Objective Mortality rates of anorexia nervosa (AN) are generally assumed to rise with increasingly protracted follow-up periods. Reports are highly variable, with rates ranging between 5 and 20%. A rate of 5.9% resulted from very recent meta-analyses. Causes of death of AN patients ranged from suicide to sudden death. Method: Findings so far published on clinical course, follow-up, outcome, prognosis, mortality, and sudden death in AN cases were systematically analyzed with the view to checking on divergent definitions of mortality rate, crude mortality rate, mortality death rate, and methodological problems of recording which may be causes of variability of data and evaluations. The same variability applied to descriptions of causes of death in AN. While suicide data usually are precise, most of all deaths resulted from inadequately defined complications of eating disorder, and in some cases the cause of death, including sudden death, is reported as unknown. Results: The crude mortality rate due to all causes of death of AN patients was found to be 5.9% by means of linear regression in a meta-analysis. However, no absolute, precise data were given on causes of death, including sudden death in AN. Reference is made to the great variety of somatic alterations as well as to the role played by cardiac arrhythmia and acute circulatory failure in the context of sudden death. Discussion: Any AN death should be fully reported for proper elucidation of the causes. Neuroanatomic, neuropathological, and neurohistological studies should be conducted, primarily into the right brain hemisphere for accurate determination of etiological relationships between cerebral function, brain alterations, and AN. An account is given in this paper of preliminary results obtained from a quantitative-neurohistological investigation of the brain of a female AN patient aged 13.5 years who died a sudden death. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 21: 205–212, 1997.
Analysis of the superconducting wiggler magnets for the ATF harmonic generation FEL experiment

In this paper, we consider the superconducting wiggler magnet under construction for the High Gain Harmonic Generation experiment (HGHG) at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) at BNL. This wiggler consists of an energy modulation section, a dispersion magnet and a radiator section. We present an analysis of the dispersion magnet and the end effects in the other wiggler sections. The purpose of the dispersion magnet is to convert energy modulation of the electron beam into spatial bunching. For the dispersion magnet, we discuss the physical requirements, analyze the magnetic design, determine the focusing properties, and consider the effect of departures from ideal behavior on the FEL gain. In the modulator and radiator wigglers we analyze the effects due to the ends of the wiggler and discuss their correction. In addition, the localized field produced by a trim coil for horizontal beam steering is investigated.
Arson in review. From profit to pathology.

Arson is a crime committed by thousands of people throughout our nation for nearly every reason, justification or excuse known to mankind ... Arson is one of the easiest crimes to commit but the hardest to prevent or prove ... Arson is a crime which involves little skill, as the weapon used is legally carried and too readily available ... Unlike many other covert criminal activities, the impact of increased major arsons has a direct visible effect on the lives of the average citizen. Insurance premiums are raised, property is destroyed, people are killed or maimed, and the quality of life in the area affected by arson is diminished considerably. These statements, taken from US Senate hearings on arson in the late 1970s, are as true and as troubling today as they were over a decade ago. Many who set fires need mental health services of some kind, a fact alluded to even in popular literature. Dick Francis, a well-known author of British mysteries, writes, "There are people in this world who cause trouble because it makes them feel important. They're ineffectual, eh? in their lives. So they burn things ..." But nobody wants these arsonists in their midst. Psychiatric facilities do not want them so they end up in prison: Yet another case has been reported of a mentally disordered person being sent to prison because there is no other institution willing to receive her ... a severely mentally disordered woman aged 22 [was sentenced] to life imprisonment for arson ... in default of other appropriate facilities ... to protect the public. And general hospital emergency rooms cannot find anyplace to send them: "The hardest patients to sell are the repeaters with bad reputations, the firesetters and those who are potentially violent." Any arson episode is an act the magnitude of which the perpetrator cannot predict accurately. Once set, the fire is no longer responsive to the desires or dictates of the firesetter. To address the problem of arson in our times, arson investigators for law enforcement agencies and for insurance companies, fire chiefs, and mental health professionals must develop a joint commitment to public education, cooperative plans for prevention and intervention, and a shared research agenda.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Three-Dimensional Printing of Nanoscale Powders Using Laser Shockwaves

A new three-dimensional (3D) printing process designated as shockwave-induced freeform technique (SWIFT) is explored for fabricating microparts from nanopowders. SWIFT consists of generating shockwaves using a laser beam, applying these shocks to pressure sinter nanoparticles at room temperature, and creating structures and devices by the traditional layer-by-layer formation. Shockwave cold compaction of nanoscale powders has the capability to overcome limitations, such as shrinkage, porosity, rough surface, and wide tolerance, normally encountered in hot sintering processes, such as selective laser sintering. In this study, the window of operating parameters and the underlying physics of SWIFT were investigated using a high-energy Q-switched Nd: YAG laser and nanodiamond (ND) powders. Results indicate the potential of SWIFT for fabricating high-performance diamond microtools with high aspect ratios, smooth surfaces, and sharp edges. The drawback is that the SWIFT process does not work for micro-sized powders.
Stability and functional correlates of memory-based classification in older schizophrenia patients.

Objective There is an increasing interest in the usefulness of neurocognitive subtyping of schizophrenia. The classification of schizophrenia patients with cortical versus subcortical impairments has recently been validated with both neuropsychological and neurobiological measures. The authors examined the stability and correlations of these classifications with longitudinal assessments in older, chronically ill schizophrenia patients. Methods Older, chronically ill patients (N=589) were classified on the basis of their baseline profile, and a subset (N=243) was followed for periods up to 8 years, with data analyses conducted to evaluate the stability of these profiles, to determine whether classification into cortical or subcortical impairment at baseline predicts changes in self-care and social functioning at endpoint, up to 8 years later. Results Cortical profiles were most common and most stable over time, with the majority of patients with a subcortical profile at baseline found to have a cortical profile at follow-up. Those patients whose subcortical impairment profile was stable over time had less severe cognitive and functional impairments at baseline than those whose profile was found to be cortical at follow-up. Discussion Cortical profiles of memory impairment were associated with substantial cognitive impairments at baseline and did not predict risk for subsequent cognitive decline, whereas subcortical profiles were associated with worsening of cognitive impairments in about half of the cases. Those patients with more severe negative symptoms and cognitive and functional impairments within the subcortical group were most likely to decline.
Making it without Losing it Type A, Achievement Motivation, and Scientific Attainment Revisited

In a study by Matthews, Helmreich, Beane, and Lucker (1980), responses by academic psychologists to the Jenkins Activity Survey for Health Prediction (JAS), a measure of the Type A construct, were found to be significantly, positively correlated with two measures of attainment, citations by others to published work and number of publications. In the present study, JAS responses from the Matthews et al. sample were subjected to a factor analysis with oblique rotation and two new subscales were developed on the basis of this analysis. The first, Achievement Strivings (AS) was found to be significantly correlated with both the publication and citation measures. The second scale, Impatience and Irritability (I/I), was uncorrelated with the achievement criteria. Data from other samples indicate that I/I is related to a number of health symptoms. The results suggest that the current formulation of the Type A construct may contain two components, one associated with positive achievement and the other with poor health.
Reviving brand loyalty: A reconceptualization within the framework of consumer-brand relationships

Abstract This paper uses the perspective of interpersonal relationship theory to critically examine, reposition, and extend the notion of brand loyalty. Depth interviews among eight coffee-consuming adults who qualified as brand loyal by traditional criteria provide the data. The result is a deeper appreciation of the character of loyal consumer-brand relations and a sharper awareness of the limitations to understanding that current theoretical frameworks impose. Specifically, the authors suggest that: (1) not all loyal brand relationships are alike, in strength or in character; (2) many brand relationships not identified as ‘loyal’ according to dominant theoretical conceptions are especially meaningful from the cunsumer's point of view; and (3) current approaches to classification accept some brand relationships that, upon close scrutiny, do not possess assumed characteristics of ‘loyalty’ or ‘strength’ at all. Ideas stemming from a reframing of loyalty as one component in a multifaceted construct of relationship strength are put forth, encouraging a move from the metaphor of ‘loyalty’ to the broader notion of ‘relationships’ that encompasses it.
Impact of Sprinkler Irrigation Amount and Rotation On Peanut Yield

Abstract Irrigated hectares for crop production in Georgia increased from 70,875 ha in 1970 to 587,250 in 2000. The majority of the increase was planted in peanut, corn, and cotton. In 1970, these crops accounted for 40,500 of Georgia's irrigated hectares, and in 2000, these crops totaled 465,750 irrigated hectares. Simultaneously, demand for water resources due to urban expansion and interstate litigation coupled with repeated drought are collectively threatening irrigation water supplies in the southeast U.S. peanut producing regions. A study was conducted during the 2001 to 2003 crop years to quantify the impacts of reduced irrigation amounts and different crop rotation sequences including peanut, corn, and cotton. On average, irrigated peanut pod yield was significantly increased by 906 kg/ha as compared to nonirrigated peanut yield. The affect of crop rotation on peanut yield was also significant. One year out of peanuts, in either corn or cotton, increased irrigated peanut yield an average of 1072 k...
Timing of seasonal migration in mule deer: effects of climate, plant phenology, and life‐history characteristics

Phenological events of plants and animals are sensitive to climatic processes. Migration is a life-history event exhibited by most large herbivores living in seasonal environments, and is thought to occur in response to dynamics of forage and weather. Decisions regarding when to migrate, however, may be affected by differences in life-history characteristics of individuals. Long-term and intensive study of a population of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, allowed us to document patterns of migration during 11 years that encompassed a wide array of environmental conditions. We used two new techniques to properly account for interval-censored data and disentangle effects of broad-scale climate, local weather patterns, and plant phenology on seasonal patterns of migration, while incorporating effects of individual life-history characteristics. Timing of autumn migration varied substantially among individual deer, but was associated with the severity of winter weather, and in particular, snow depth and cold temperatures. Migratory responses to winter weather, however, were affected by age, nutritional condition, and summer residency of individual females. Old females and those in good nutritional condition risked encountering severe weather by delaying autumn migration, and were thus risk-prone with respect to the potential loss of foraging opportunities in deep snow compared with young females and those in poor nutritional condition. Females that summered on the west side of the crest of the Sierra Nevada delayed autumn migration relative to east-side females, which supports the influence of the local environment on timing of migration. In contrast, timing of spring migration was unrelated to individual life-history characteristics, was nearly twice as synchronous as autumn migration, differed among years, was related to the southern oscillation index, and was influenced by absolute snow depth and advancing phenology of plants. Plasticity in timing of migration in response to climatic conditions and plant phenology may be an adaptive behavioral strategy, which should reduce the detrimental effects of trophic mismatches between resources and other life-history events of large herbivores. Failure to consider effects of nutrition and other life-history traits may cloud interpretation of phenological patterns of mammals and conceal relationships associated with climate change.
Software reliability analysis

Methods proposed for software reliability prediction are reviewed. A case study is then presented of the analysis of failure data from a Space Shuttle software project to predict the number of failures likely during a mission, and the subsequent verification of these predictions.
Microbial hydroxylation of (Z)-2-benzylidene-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one

Abstract Microbial hydroxylation of ( Z )-2-benzylidene-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one 1 by various species of fungi and actinomycetes occurred regio- and stereoselectively at the 5 position of the quinuclidinone moiety. Most of the organisms produced α-(5 S )-( Z )-2-benzylidene-5-hydroxy-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one 2 as the major product with enantiomeric excesses ranging from 30% to 84%. The (5β)-hydroxy epimer 3 and the (5α,7α)-dihydroxy derivative 4 were also produced by whole cell biotransformations of 1 .