cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Liquid Film Evaporation in Biporous Media to Achieve High Heat Flux Over Large Areas

Boiling characteristics of three biporous and one monoporous sintered wick are tested. The monoporous wick has the same wick thickness as a comparable biporous wick. Diameters of the clusters of the comparable biporous wick are equal to the powder diameter of the monoporous wick. A second biporous wick has the same configuration as the first, but is sintered in a thicker layer. The third biporous wick that is tested has smaller cluster sizes then the first two. All three biporous wicks have clusters sintered from powder with the same size distribution. The results demonstrate the advantages of a biporous capillary structure. All biporous wicks reached higher critical heat flux (CHF) then the monoporous wick. Experiments show that larger clusters are better than smaller. Comparing two different wick thicknesses, we can see that even though there is a dryout region inside the thick wick, it is still able to continuously remove heat at constant superheat. No sudden changes in superheat are seen. This process of heat removal is not possible with the thin wick. The working fluid in all runs is methanol. 4-mm thick wick with powder diameter ranging from 53 to 63 microns and cluster diameter ranging from 500 to 707microns is able to remove 377W/cm2 at temperature difference 110°C. A partial pressure inside the test chamber at this heat flux is 0.68atm and the interface temperature 167°C.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Prime Ideals Lying over Zero in Polynomial Rings

Abstract Let R be a Noetherian domain and x an indeterminate. Let P and Q be two finite sets of prime ideals in the polynomial ring R [ x ]. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a prime ideal K in R [ x ] such that K ∩ R = O, K contains a monic polynomial, and K is contained in every prime ideal in P but not in any prime ideal in Q .
Dithiols simulate endotoxin in the Limulus reaction.

Dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol and bacterial lipopolysaccharides increase optical absorbance and clotLimulus lysate. Purification of dithiothreitol from possible endotoxin contamination by vacuum sublimation or chromatography does not abolish the reaction with lysate. The dithiols reported active here represent the smallest molecules capable of simulating endotoxin in theLimulus test.
Cinematographic method for measurement of rapidly changing surface tension-area functions

Numerical correlations of sessile bubble and drop shapes have been extended to include larger values of the shape factor (β), and are given in the form of two computer programs. Calculated interfacial areas in the range 0.1 < β < 5 × 109 fell on a smooth curve between the limits of a sphere (4πr2) and a disk (πr2). Experimental measurements of shape and physical analog measurements of surface area agreed closely with the predicted values for both bubbles and drops. The use of this information to calculate surface tension and surface area when either or both of these variables are changing is described.
Spatial control of bacterial division-site placement

The site of cell division in bacterial cells is placed with high fidelity at a designated position, usually the midpoint of the cell. In normal cell division in Escherichia coli this is accomplished by the action of the Min proteins, which maintain a high concentration of a septation inhibitor near the ends of the cell, and a low concentration at midcell. This leaves the midcell site as the only available location for formation of the division septum. In other species, such as Bacillus subtilis, this general paradigm is maintained, although some of the proteins differ and the mechanisms used to localize the proteins vary. A second mechanism of negative regulation, the nucleoid-occlusion system, prevents septa forming over nucleoids. This system functions in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and is especially important in cells that lack the Min system or in cells in which nucleoid replication or segregation are defective. Here, we review the latest findings on these two systems.
Renal cell carcinoma 2005: new frontiers in staging, prognostication and targeted molecular therapy.

Purpose: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has traditionally been staged using a purely anatomical staging system. Although current staging systems provide good prognostic information, data published in the last few years has led to significant controversies as to whether further revisions are needed and whether improvements can be made with the introduction of new, more accurate and predictive prognostic factors not currently included in traditional staging systems. This review highlights such controversies and provides an update on current staging modalities, prognostic factors and targeted molecular therapy for RCC. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the peer reviewed literature was performed on the topic of current staging modalities, validated prognostic factors, predictive nomograms, molecular markers and targeted molecular therapy for RCC. Results: A staging system for malignant disease such as RCC uses various characteristics of tumors to stratify patients into clinically meaningful categories, which can be used to provide patients with counseling regarding prognosis, select treatment modalities and determine eligibility for clinical trials. The TNM staging system is currently the most extensively used one. However, it has undergone recent systematic revision due to rapidly emerging data from longer patient followup. The identification of various histological and symptomatic factors has led groups at many centers to develop more comprehensive staging systems that integrate these factors and include patients with metastatic and local disease. While integrated staging systems have improved RCC staging, the recent discovery of molecular tumor markers is expected to revolutionize RCC staging in the future and lead to the development of new therapies based on molecular targeting. Conclusions: Staging systems for RCC serve as a valuable prognostic tool. Several new patient and tumor characteristics have been reported to be important prognostic factors and they have been integrated into current staging systems. In addition, the field of RCC is rapidly undergoing a revolution led by molecular markers and targeted therapies. With this information urologists will be updated with the most current and comprehensive staging strategies, and be provided with a glimpse of the molecular and patient specific staging and treatment paradigms that will in our opinion transform the future management of this malignancy.
Analysis of the anomalous Hall effect in a double layer of a ferromagnetic and a normal metal

A new method is suggested to investigate the mechanism of the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in ferromagnetic metals. Using a double layer of a ferromagnet and a normal metal of increasing thickness one can manipulate the AHE in the ferromagnet without changing the ferromagnet's structure and electronic properties. The conduction electrons from the normal metal carry their drift velocity across the interface into the ferromagnetic film and induce an additional AHE conductance ΔGxy. Its dependence on the mean free path in the normal metal distinguishes between the side jump and the skew scattering mechanisms for the AHE in the ferromagnet.
Polyclonal antibody localizes glia maturation factor β-like immunoreactivity in neurons and glia

Abstract A rabbit polyclona (91-01) was raised against recombinant human glia maturation factor β (r-hGMF-β). The antibody did not cross-react with a number of other growth factors on ELISA test. When compared with the monocholonal antibody G2-09 previously obtained, 91-01 immunoblotted the same protein band in rat brain extract. However, unlike G2-09 which immunostained only astrocytes and Bergmann glia, 91-01 stained neurons as well. Many but not all neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system were positive for GMF-β. The larger cell population stained by the polyclonal antibody was most likely due to its increased sensitivity, although other explanations are possible. The presence of GMF-β-like immunoreactivity in both neurons and glia raises the possibility of a wider range of cell-cell interaction than was previously considered.
Unfolding Thermodynamics of the Δ-Domain in the Prohead I Subunit of Phage HK97: Determination by Factor Analysis of Raman Spectra

Abstract An early step in the morphogenesis of the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophage HK97 is the assembly of a precursor shell (prohead I) from 420 copies of a 384-residue subunit (gp5). Although formation of prohead I requires direct participation of gp5 residues 2–103 (Δ-domain), this domain is eliminated by viral protease prior to subsequent shell maturation and DNA packaging. The prohead I Δ-domain is thought to resemble a phage scaffolding protein, by virtue of its highly α-helical secondary structure and a tertiary fold that projects inward from the interior surface of the shell. Here, we employ factor analysis of temperature-dependent Raman spectra to characterize the thermostability of the Δ-domain secondary structure and to quantify the thermodynamic parameters of Δ-domain unfolding. The results are compared for the Δ-domain within the prohead I architecture ( in situ ) and for a recombinantly expressed 111-residue peptide ( in vitro ). We find that the α-helicity (∼ 70%), median melting temperature ( T m = 58 °C), enthalpy (Δ H m = 50 ± 5 kcal mol − 1 ), entropy (Δ S m = 150 ± 10 cal mol − 1 K − 1 ), and average cooperative melting unit (〈 n c 〉 ∼ 3.5) of the in situ Δ-domain are altered in vitro , indicating specific interdomain interactions within prohead I. Thus, the in vitro Δ-domain, despite an enhanced helical secondary structure (∼ 90% α-helix), exhibits diminished thermostability ( T m = 40 °C; Δ H m = 27 ± 2 kcal mol − 1 ; Δ S m = 86 ± 6 cal mol − 1 K − 1 ) and noncooperative unfolding (〈 n c 〉 ∼ 1) vis-a-vis the in situ Δ-domain. Temperature-dependent Raman markers of subunit side chains, particularly those of Phe and Trp residues, also confirm different local interactions for the in situ and in vitro Δ-domains. The present results clarify the key role of the gp5 Δ-domain in prohead I architecture by providing direct evidence of domain structure stabilization and interdomain interactions within the assembled shell.
Using Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Study Starch, Protein, and Temperature Effects on Bread Staling

ABSTRACT Starch, protein, and temperature effects on bread staling were investigated using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Bread staling was mainly due to amylopectin retrogradation. NIRS measured amylopectin retrogradation accurately in different batches. Three important wavelengths, 970 nm, 1,155 nm, and 1,395 nm, were associated with amylopectin retrogradation. NIRS followed moisture and starch structure changes when amylopectin retrograded. The amylose-lipid complex changed little from one day after baking. The capability of NIRS to measure changes in the retrograded amylose-lipid complex was limited. Two important wavelengths, 550 nm and 1,465 nm, were key for NIRS to successfully classify the starch-starch (SS) and starch-protein (SP) bread based on different colors and protein contents in SS and SP. Low temperature dramatically accelerated the amylopectin retrogradation process. Protein retarded bread staling, but not as much as temperature...
Image CrisisInspiring a new generation of computer scientists

Consider what you can do to encourage young people to pursue technology-related career paths.
Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Acquired Attention Disorders in Children with Brain Injury

This investigation examined the efficacy of psychostimulant therapy in alleviating neurobehavioral dysfunction attendant to pediatric brain injury. The most commonly reported neurobehavioral sequelae associated with head injury in the pediatric population involve deficits along the attentional matrix. This is also the most common objectively documented neurobehavioral finding among children as well as adults. There are several investigations in the adult literature which have employed the use of psychostimulants in treating both psychiatric and neuropsychological residua associated with head injury. Overall, the results of these studies are equivocal, but suggest a beneficial impact on general functioning. The present prospective investigation utilized a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over experimental design to examine the efficacy of methylphenidate in treating children with acquired attentional disorders secondary to brain injury. A cohort of 14 children with varying degrees of head injury were recruited for participation. As expected, differences between drug and placebo conditions uniformly achieved statistical significance. Additionally, there were no differences in performance between baseline and placebo conditions on neurobehavioral tasks of attention and concentration. Current findings suggest that methylphenidate (and probably other psychostimulants such as Cylert, Adderal, Wellbutrin and dextroamphetamine sulfate) is an extremely effective agent in treating attentional disorders secondary to brain injury in children.
Effects of three-dimensional cathode microstructure on the performance of lithium-ion battery cathodes

Abstract This paper develops a computational model that resolves the complex three-dimensional microstructure of Li-ion battery cathodes. The microstructural geometry is reconstructed from focused-ion-beam–scanning-electron-microscopy (FIB-SEM) experiments. Raw data from FIB-SEM experiments are processed into finite-volume discretizations that are directly suited for three-dimensional computational simulation. The model represents transport and electrochemistry within the solid phase of the electrode structure. The results predict the temporally and spatially varying Li concentrations and electrostatic potentials within the solid-phase electrode material (e.g., LiCoO 2 ) as functions of discharge rate. The models predict global discharge characteristics that are consistent with experiment. Moreover, the results reveal significant three-dimensional spatial variations within the actual electrode structure that cannot be predicted with models based on idealized microstructures such as spherical electrode particles.
Screening Tests For Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects

Laboratory Screening Tests are suggested to evaluate potential enhanced oil recovery projects. Standardized procedures are used to study the feasibility of (1) miscible/CO/sub 2/ projects (2) thermal processes, and (3) chemical processes. 64 refs.
The displacement of connate water from aquifers

A mathematical model is developed for the mixing of meteoric and original formation waters in homogeneous aquifers. The theoretical analysis indicates that geologic formations that have had a few to a few tens of pore volumes of meteoric water pass through them may be at steady state with respect to further displacement of their contained fluids. Depending on constraints in the recharge area, the steady state may vary from near meteoric water throughout the whole formation to a spatial variation in concentration ranging from meteoric water in the recharge areas to highly concentrated water at the discharge ends of the system. The former condition is attained when the recharge area incorporates the total depth and breadth of the formation. Where this condition is not satisfied, the concentrations that evolve are controlled by the original concentration of the formation water, the composition of recharging meteoric water, the dispersion parameters, and the size of the recharge area in comparison to the total breadth of the formation as measured along its strike. For heterogeneous formations, the concentration patterns that evolve seem to depend further on contrasts in hydraulic conductivity. This is demonstrated in the Milk River sandstone, which is characterized by several extensive zones of dilute water within narrow, high-conductivity pathways and marked increases in concentration in adjacent, lower-permeability rock. In parts of the aquifer where higher-permeability pathways appear to be absent, the isochlores form a broad linear band with a marked increase in concentration in the flow direction.
Kinetics of laser-induced phenomena in glassy As2S3

Abstract The photo-darkening (PD) process in annealed As 2 S 3 films was analyzed by monitoring the change in optical transmittance and optical anisotropy. We observed the laser-induced optical anisotropic darkening, at T=300K and T=80K. At T=80°K, the PD process becomes faster with higher photon injection, but the anisotropic effect is enhanced at lower photon injection. The low-T behavior of PD kinetics is explained in terms of the anisotropic yield which suggests local directional stability in a randomly distorted glassy network.
The surgical management of Crohn's disease

The surgical management of patients with CD can be complex and fraught with complications. Thorough preoperative evaluation by a multidisciplinary management team should delineate the indications for surgery and allow formulation of an operative strategy. Although surgery is not a cure for CD, approximately three quarters of patients require an operation. Until better postoperative maintenance strategies are developed, many CD patients eventually require a reoperation.
A Communicative Approach to Social Capital

This article advances a communicative approach to social capital that views communication as the fundamental source of societal integration. We contend that integration occurring at the system level via news consumption and at the individual level via interpersonal discussion is amplified through ties at the community level. This cross-level interaction is theorized to encourage civic engagement, writ large, above and beyond the influences of news, talk, or social ties. This perspective distinguishes between the extent of news use and political talk and the orientation toward news consumption and political conversation. We offer evidence that communication variables, specifically news attention and exposure along with conversational frequency and orientation toward conversational understanding, interact with associational membership and network size to foster engagement.
Influence of Genomic Loci on Measures of Chronic Kidney Disease in Hypertensive Sibships

Genomewide linkage analyses were conducted of serum creatinine, estimated GFR (eGFR), and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) in search of genetic susceptibility loci for chronic kidney disease in 1351 black (median age 63 yr, 70% women, 79% hypertensive) and 1022 white individuals (median age 61 yr, 56% women, 75% hypertensive) from sibships in which two or more members had essential hypertension diagnosed before age 60 yr. After adjustment for gender, age, diabetes, and use of angiotensin inhibitors, the logarithm-transformed measure of serum creatinine was heritable in both ethnic groups (0.45 in black individuals [P < 0.001]; 0.39 in white individuals [P < 0.001]), as was eGFR (0.52 in black individuals [P < 0.001]; 0.39 in white individuals [P < 0.001]). Log UACR was heritable in black individuals (0.30, P < 0.001) but not in white individuals (0.12; P = 0.059). In black individuals, the univariate maximum multipoint logarithm of odds scores (MLS) were observed on chromosome 7 for log serum creatinine (MLS = 3.65, at 43 cM from pter; P = 0.00002) and eGFR (MLS = 2.52, at 45 cM from pter; P = 0.00033) and for log UACR (MLS = 2.91, at 112 cM from pter; P = 0.00012). In white individuals, only one MLS for log serum creatinine and one for eGFR achieved the logarithm of odds score criterion for "suggestive" evidence of linkage (2 < or = MLS < 3), both on chromosome 3 (at 211 and 209 cM, respectively); however, none did so for log UACR. In black individuals, bivariate linkage analyses of log serum creatinine and pulse pressure (i.e., systolic-diastolic BP) provided "suggestive" evidence of a region on chromosome 5 with pleiotropic effects on both traits (MLS = 3.62, at 85 cM from pter; P = 0.00023). These findings support the utility of genetic linkage analyses for identification of novel risk factors that influence measures of chronic kidney disease, particularly among black individuals.
A PRACTICAL AND PRECISE DEVICE FOR TRIMMING PARAFFIN BLOCKS

An efficient device is described for trimming parallel sides on paraffin blocks for use in microtomy. The device uses the vertical movement of the rotary microtome arm for the trimming action. The trimming is accomplished by a single-edged razor blade, which is mounted on a wooden block clamped in the microtome chuck. A rectangular block holder, bearing the paraffin block, is easily clamped to a Plexiglas carriage by means of a sliding wedge. The microtome knife holder is removed and the ridge of the knife guide is used as a guide for the carriage. Rotation of the microtome crank gives the slicing action; sliding the carriage brings either of two opposite sides of the block into position for parallel trimming. A 90° rotation of the carriage allows ends of the block to be trimmed, if desired.
Attachment processes in Early Head Start families.

Established in 1994, Early Head Start is the first and only federal program designed to support child and family development in low-income families with infants and toddlers. Put another way, Early...
The Use of ‘Non-fluence’ lines in streamline analysis

Greater accuracy will be attained in streamline analysis if the streamlines are initially drawn in segments each in the direction toward narrower streamline spacing. Lines which divide the map into regions of confluence and difluence, ‘non-fluence’ lines, provide both the starting and terminal points for such streamline segments. Such non-fluence lines are the loci of points of orthogonality of rulings (streamlines) and isogons; they are the inflection lines of the set of orthogonal streamlines. In addition to this aid in the more accurate construction of streamlines, they prove useful in the interpretation of streamline maps and in theoretical considerations.
Advances in Bringing High-order Methods to Practical Applications in Computational Fluid Dynamics

This article surveys recent developments in the design and analysis of high order discretization methods for unstructured meshes, with an emphasis on Huynh’s ux reconstruction method, and energy stability. The article also highlights some open issues with respect to energy stability for nonlinear problems, and methods for time-integration. Some representative results of simulations of transitional and turbulent ows are included to illustrate the current state of the art.
Cytochemical Reactions in Bovine and Ovine Lymphosarcoma

Cytochemical reactions with a panel of special stains were explored in peripheral blood and lymph node cells of animals with the adult, calf, and thymic types of bovine lymphosarcoma as well as lymphosarcoma in sheep induced with the bovine leukosis virus. These results were compared with normal lymphoid cells. Cytochemical methods included Sudan black B, periodic acid-Schiff, acid phosphatase and three esterases. Cells from ovine lymphosarcomas and a thymic type of bovine lymphosarcoma were distinctively positive to the alpha naphthyl acetate esterase reaction. These cytochemical reactions which were obtained with standard cytochemical methods should aid in the characterization and classification of lymphoproliferative disorders in animals, especially when combined with immunologic surface markers.
Effects of chronic lead treatment on some cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine in the rat.

Abstract Rats were treated with lead via the mother's milk from birth to weaning. After a lead-free period of approximately 4 months, responses to norepinephrine were tested. Neither the pressor effect nor the enhancement of myocardial cAMP accumulation caused by norepinephrine was altered by prior lead treatment. However, norepinephrine caused significantly more cardiac arrhythmias in lead-treated animals than in controls. Even doses of norepinephrine which caused no significant ECG abnormalities in control animals were arrhythmogenic in lead-treated rats. It is concluded that lead treatment causes changes in cardiac conduction which are not readily reversed by termination of lead exposure.
Analysis of Switchback Data Using Statistical Analysis System, Inc.® Software

Abstract Models are presented to analyze data from switchback design trials with and without blocking using the General Linear Models procedure of the Statistical Analysis System, Inc. ® software. Appropriate analyses for these designs may be obtained using a computational technique that simultaneously deploys the same variable (period) in both continuous and classification forms. With blocked data, the SAS ® model contains variables for block, cow within block, period (linear) by cow within block, period (class variable) within block, and treatment. With unblocked data, the model contains variables for cow, period (linear) by cow, period, and treatment. Immediate advantages of models presented include increased ease and accuracy of data analyses, particularly with unequal subclass data.
WING SHAPE IN HOUSE FINCHES DIFFERS RELATIVE TO MIGRATORY HABIT IN EASTERN AND WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Abstract We investigated whether wing morphology differed between the sedentary House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) of western North America and the introduced population of eastern North America, as the latter has developed migratory behavior since its inception. Wing morphology differed between eastern and western House Finches. Eastern House Finches had shorter proximal primaries and a longer outer primary, perhaps reflecting a thinner and more pointed wing, although no disparity in wing length was detected. Since we interpret these differences in wing shape as modifications for flight capability, we believe that initial evidence for morphological divergence relative to migratory habit between eastern and western House Finches has been established here. Confirmatory studies to determine if wing morphology varies according to the gradient in expression of migratory behavior throughout the range of eastern House Finches are now warranted. La Forma Alar en Carpodacus mexicanus Difiere en Relacion a los H...
Effects of orbital vacancies in boron compounds

Abstract Addition of H2 to BH3 yields BH5, which is shown to be of Cs symmetry. Rearrangement mechanisms and hydrogen loss have been examined. Intermediates such as B3H7 and B4H8 have been predicted to have vacant orbital structures in which the stability gained by filling that orbital is balanced by strain in converting a terminal hydrogen to a bridge hydrogen. Other factors, such as hyperconjugative interactions and boron framework distortions are of importance. These factors have been examined also in bridge hydrogen asymmetries and distortions from regular geometry, in the light of vacant orbital contributions to valence structures of known boranes and carboranes. Localization procedures have refined the concepts of where an open three-center bond is useful, where single bond donation becomes important, where fractional bonds occur, and where a more complex description can usefully replace a large number of valence structures. Vacant orbital contributions have also been used to guess where ligand (e.g. H) attack may occur, and at which pair of adjacent boron atoms BH3 may be expected to add. A study of diborane formation indicates favoritism for simultaneous H…B and B…H reaction of compounds of the two distinct BH3 reactants. Reactions of BH3 with higher hydrides, and of higher hydrides with each other may be expected to follow this principle.
Fundamental limits to stereotactic proton therapy

Proton therapy treatment techniques continue their steady development from passive scattering to 3-D multi-field scanning modalities. As the demands for faster and more accurate treatment increase, the requirements and tolerances on beam delivery technologies become more stringent. Fundamental physical limits (energy straggling and multiple Coulomb scattering) ultimately limit treatment performance parameters, even for an ideal accelerator and nozzle system. This paper calculates how few independent beam delivery control points are needed in a tumor in order to perform the sharpest possible stereotactic surgery, with 1% integrated dose flatness.
Timing of fungicide applications for Botrytis cinerea based on development stage of strawberry flowers and fruit.

During the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 growing seasons, field experiments were conducted to identify the developmental stage(s) of strawberry flowers and fruit that requires fungicide applications to control Botrytis fruit rot. Fenhexamid, a protectant fungicide, was applied to individual newly opened flowers or fruit of cultivar Sweet Charlie at defined intervals after anthesis. In 1999-2000, a single application of fenhexamid at anthesis controlled Botrytis fruit rot as well as multiple weekly applications beginning at anthesis. During both seasons, disease control deteriorated as applications were delayed 7 and 14 days after anthesis. This trend was described by linear regression equations relating the time of application to Botrytis fruit rot incidence. Additional treatments tested the effects of emasculation and petal removal 3 to 7 days after anthesis. Emasculation significantly reduced disease incidence in 2000-2001. Petal removal produced modest but significant reductions in 1999-2000, but not in 2000-2001. These results demonstrate that strawberry flowers are more susceptible to Botrytis cinerea than green fruit, and suggest that stamens are the principal infection court. Fungicide applications should focus on peak bloom periods to minimize fungicide use and optimize control of preharvest Botrytis fruit rot. During these periods, applications should be made at close intervals (≤7 days) to minimize losses to Botrytis.
Textual ventriloquism: Quotation and the assumed community voice in Japanese newspaper columns

Abstract This paper reports a case study of how quotation is used as a persuasive strategy in Japanse mass media text. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach that draws from discourse analysis and Bakhtinian literary theory, graphologically marked quotations in Japanese newspaper opinion columns are examined. Analysis illustrates that Japanese quotation facilitates performance of a ‘ventriloquized’ voice that appeals to the community's heterogeneous voices. That is, the use of Japanese quotation situates the writer as if taking a position that speaks in the voice of the community. This paper emphasizes that, similar to Bakhtin's claim regarding Russian quotation, Japanese quotation functions not only to report others' prior speakings but also, and more critical to this paper, to create a persuasive discourse where heterogeneous voices interanimate to bring a number of textual effects.
The Contributions of Biomedical Informatics to the Fight Against Bioterrorism

A comprehensive and timely response to current and future bioterrorist attacks requires a data acquisition, threat detection, and response infrastructure with unprecedented scope in time and space. Fortunately, biomedical informaticians have developed and implemented architectures, methodologies, and tools at the local and the regional levels that can be immediately pressed into service for the protection of our populations from these attacks. These unique contributions of the discipline of biomedical informatics are reviewed here.
Climate controls on grass culm production over a quarter century in a tallgrass prairie

The flowering of grasses is a process critical to plant population dynamics and genetics, herbivore performance, and human health. To better understand the climate factors governing grass flowering, we analyzed the patterns of culm production over 25 years for three perennial tallgrass prairie species at Konza Prairie in Kansas, USA. The three species (Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, and Schizachyrium scoparium) all utilize the C4 photosynthetic pathway and were measured annually at the same locations for the past 25 years in an annually burned watershed. Culm production of all three species increased with higher growing-season soil moisture and precipitation but differed in their responses to water availability at different times during the growing season. Relative to Andropogon, Sorghastrum responded more to precipitation early in the growing season, and Schizachyrium responded more to precipitation late in the growing season. Flowering by each species also revealed a threshold relationship with late-season soil moisture at approximately 1 m depth, which likely is a proxy for season-long water balance. Although flowering can be influenced by conditions antecedent to the current growing season, neither soil moisture nor precipitation during the previous year influenced flowering over the 25-year period. Flowering culm production averaged 9% and 7% of total graminoid aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in the uplands and lowlands, respectively. Interannual variation in ANPP correlated only with Sorghastrum flowering, suggesting a predominant role of the species in ANPP responses to climate.
Thin slices of infidelity: Determining whether observers can pick out cheaters from a video clip interaction and what tips them off

The viability of using brief observations of behavior (thin slicing) to identify infidelity in romantic relationships was examined. Two studies supported the hypothesis that observers can accurately identify people who are cheating on their romantic dating partner based on thin slices of observed behavior. In Study 1, raters were able to accurately identify people who were cheating on their romantic dating partner after viewing a short 3- to 4-min video of the couple interacting. Study 2 replicated this finding and identified possible variables that may mediate the relation between coder’s ratings and participants’ actual reported infidelity. Commitment and trustworthiness were found to be mediators of this relation. These results are discussed in terms of application and future research.
Designs and Codes: An update

Since the publication in 1992 of ``Designs and their Codes" significant progress has been made in the general area of codes coming from designs. This article reviews this progress and presents some of the results — including confirmation of certain conjectures made and answers to some of the questions raised in the book.
A new time-evolving neural network architecture and algorithm for nonlinear system identification using adaptive filtering techniques

Concepts from adaptive filtering and some heuristics are used to obtain a fast convergent online neural network especially suited for nonlinear system identification. Rather than training a fixed neural network structure, the algorithm presented allocates nodes when required. This provides for an optimal allocation of hidden nodes in this structure. The results obtained show that the neural network model presented is a viable approach for nonlinear system identification and can be applied to a large class of nonlinear systems. Simulations are provided that show the fast convergence of this neural network structure. >
Employee Popularity Mediates the Relationship Between Political Skill and Workplace Interpersonal Mistreatment

Interpersonal mistreatment is a common and often devastating occurrence in the workplace. Although victim characteristics are an important determinant of who is targeted, research examining the link between target characteristics and interpersonal mistreatment is limited. Researchers have not considered employees’ interpersonal style as an antecedent of the mistreatment they experience from others. Further, very few studies have attempted to understand the mediating processes underlying the relationships between victim characteristics and workplace interpersonal mistreatment. The current study addresses these needs by examining employee popularity as a mediator of the relationship between political skill and two forms of interpersonal mistreatment: workplace interpersonal conflict and workplace ostracism. Results indicate that the political skill–interpersonal mistreatment relationships were mediated by employee popularity.
Encountering Prehistoric Behavior

The foregoing chapters have laid the groundwork for most forms of lithic analysis practiced today, either by discussing concepts and analytical options or by introducing literature that can be accessed to provide more detailed coverage than is appropriate in a manual like this. Questions that have been addressed so far concern how to conduct specific analyses, which techniques are most effective, and whether or not certain indicators are reliable; in other words, procedural issues. But no matter how important the acquisition of methodological proficiency is, the ultimate goal of archaeology should involve the acquisition of knowledge about prehistoric lifeways and cultural processes. Accepting that methodological refinement is a lifelong endeavor, once a researcher is familiar with the range of technical options available for appropriate archaeological questions, it is time to apply these techniques to issues of human behavior.
Static Fundus Perimetry in Amblyopia: Comparison with Juvenile Macular Degeneration

Cone increment thresholds were measured in 18 patients with strabismic amblyopia using a hand-held stimulator ophthalmoscope that allowed the examiner to visualize the stimulus on the fundus and test known retinal loci. With this technique of static fundus perimetry, all patients with amblyopia showed small to moderate elevations in threshold at the foveola and 50% had a nasal-temporal asymmetry in thresholds. Nasal retinal thresholds were elevated in patients with esotropia while temporal retinal thresholds were elevated in patients with exotropia. In contrast, patients with juvenile macular degeneration showed profound threshold elevations at the foveola with symmetrical elevations of threshold at paracentral retinal loci.
Procter A Gamble: Children's Safe Drinking Water (B)

In 1995, Procter & Gamble (P&G) scientists began researching methods of water treatment for use in communities facing water crises. P&G, one of the world’s largest consumer products companies, was interested in bringing industrial-quality water treatment to remote areas worldwide, because the lack of clean water, primarily in developing countries, was alarming. In the latter half of the 1990s, approximately 1.1 billion (out of a worldwide population of around 5.6 billion) people lacked access to clean drinking water or sanitation facilities. An estimated 6 million children died annually from diseases, including diarrhea, hookworm, and trachoma, brought about by contaminated water. Many of these deaths were preventable if a water sanitation product was paired with effective education and distribution. With a long history of scientific research and innovation in health, hygiene, and nutrition, P&G considered ways it could address the safe drinking-water crisis as the new millennium approached. Although the company had a vast array of successful products, P&G did not offer anything that involved water purification, either domestically or in developing countries where poverty, lack of infrastructure, and inaccessibility of remote communities made the prospect of cleaning up the water more difficult.
Role of Site Stability in Methane Activation on PdxCe1–xOδ Surfaces

Doped metal oxide catalysts can be optimized by identifying dopant metal/host oxide combinations that exhibit synergistic interactions not present in the parent systems. This is exemplified by PdxCe1–xOδ mixed oxides that yield methane oxidation rates unobtainable by the separate systems. Here we demonstrate that rapid C–H activation on PdxCe1–xOδ catalysts can be attributed to emergent behavior of the doped oxide enabling Pd4+ ↔ Pd2+ transitions not evident in catalysts featuring a PdOx active phase. PdxCe1–xOδ surfaces activate methane through hydrogen abstraction over Pd4+ surface states, in contrast to the σ-complex activation route favored over PdOx surfaces. The stability of the active Pd4+ state is dependent on temperature and oxygen pressure during catalytic operation, and as such we combine reaction kinetics and thermodynamic stability arguments from density functional theory (DFT) calculations to derive the apparent methane activation barrier. This accounts for varying conditions affecting the s...
Augmented induction of interferons during Listeria monocytogenes infection.

Mice infected iv with an immunizing dose of the gram-positive bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, produced circulating interferon (IFN) during the inductive phase of the immune response to Listeria. Listeria infection also dramatically altered the host's responsiveness to IFN-inducing agents. Within 24 hr of infection, mice acquired a 50-fold greater than normal capacity to produce the IFN alpha and/or IFN beta classes (IFN alpha/beta) following iv injection of endotoxin. Serum levels of IFN alpha/beta peaked by 2 hr, after which high levels of IFN gamma were detected in the sera of Listeria-infected mice given the B cell mitogen. Similar studies carried out with the interferon-inducing agent polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I).poly(C) revealed that mice infected for 24 hr produced only 4-8 times more IFN alpha/beta than did noninfected mice. Unlike endotoxin, however, poly(I).poly(C) did not induce IFN gamma in Listeria-infected animals.
Functional Ultrathin Films and Nanolaminates from Aqueous Solutions

Nanolaminates composed of TiO2 and Al4O3(PO4)2 (AlPO) thin films have been fabricated from aqueous solution precursors. By adjusting precursor concentrations individual layers can be controlled to a thickness near 1 nm. Characterization by X-ray reflectivity and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals near-atomically smooth interfaces and a high degree of regularity in the film stacks. X-ray diffraction is utilized to investigate the crystallization behavior of TiO2 layers under one-dimensional confinement of the glassy AlPO layers. TiO2–AlPO nanolaminates incorporated into capacitor structures exhibit low leakage current densities (<10 nA/cm2 at 1 MV/cm) and high breakdown fields up to 5.4 MV/cm with annealing temperatures as low as 350 °C. Tailorable dielectric constants have also been demonstrated by varying the relative thickness of the TiO2 and AlPO films. As gate dielectrics in thin-film transistors with solution-processed amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide channels, the nanolaminates exhibi...
Structure and Bonding: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Recent materials development for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has been driven by the recognition of simultaneous improvement over the activity (e.g., system performance) and durability (e.g., stability of the performance). Structure and bonding of SOFC components and devices lie at the heart of the viable approaches to achieve these improvements. We will start this paper with a brief illustration of structure and bonding in SOFCs, followed by detailed analysis on the role of local structure and chemical bonding on the electrochemical performance and performance stability of SOFCs.
Self-assembly and binding of a sorting nexin to sorting endosomes.

The fate of endocytosed membrane proteins and luminal contents is determined by a materials processing system in sorting endosomes. Endosomal retention is a mechanism that traps specific proteins within this compartment, and thereby prevents their recycling. We report that a sorting nexin SNX1, a candidate endosomal retention protein, self-assembles in vitro and in vivo, and has this property in common with its yeast homologue Vps5p. A comparison of SNX1 expressed in bacterial and in mammalian systems and analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography indicates that in cytosol SNX1 tetramers are part of a larger complex with additional proteins. An endosomal retention function would require that SNX1 bind to endosomal membranes, yet the complexes that we analyzed were largely soluble and little SNX1 was found in pellet fractions. Using green fluorescent protein fusions, endocytic compartment markers and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we found that there is an equilibrium between free cytoplasmic and early/sorting endosome-bound pools of green fluorescent protein-SNX1. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer indicated that spectral variants of green fluorescent protein-SNX1 were oligomeric in vivo. In cell extracts, these green fluorescent protein-SNX1 oligomers corresponded to tetrameric and larger complexes of green fluorescent protein-SNX1. Using video microscopy, we observed small vesicle docking and tubule budding from large green fluorescent protein-SNX1 coated endosomes, which are features consistent with their role as sorting endosomes. http://www.biologists.com/JCS/movies/jcs2058.html
Notes on the X- Efficiency Approach to Inflation, Productivity and Unemployment

Our general concern will be the relations between inflation, productivity and unemployment in developed economies. Rather than providing solutions, we shall consider a somewhat unconventional way of looking at and analysing a class of problems. Providing solutions or clear-cut explanations to these problems would require a set of stylised facts that make up the problems. However, these do not exist. It should also be kept in mind that the ideas to be presented and the analytical techniques that they suggest are not sufficiently encompassing to consider all aspects of the problem. While these matters are usually considered on a macro basis, the aspects we will focus on can best be seen from a microeconomic viewpoint — indeed we could argue that what is involved is really a ‘micro-micro’ approach.1 Since we limit ourselves to micro aspects we can only suggest a partial probe into the area but one which we believe is significant in seeing the problem in its proper light.