cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective 4-year Outcome Study of Veterans Admitted to an Acute Inpatient Detoxification Unit for Opioid Use Disorder.

Background and objectives With 47 600 opioid-related deaths in 2017, the yearly deaths have surpassed the HIV/AIDS peak yearly death rates. Residential rehabilitation (RR) and medication-assisted treatments (MAT) are commonly utilized treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD). Methods All patients (n = 182) who were admitted to the Boston Veterans Health Administration for inpatient admission for medically supervised opioid withdrawal in 2015 were included. Deceased patients were matched 1:1, based on age and sex to living patients from the 182-patient cohort. Nationwide electronic medical records were analyzed from 2015 through 2018. Via multilinear regression, risk factor correlation to all-cause mortality (the dependent variable) was our main outcome. Primary risk factors included recurrent admissions for medically supervised withdrawals and exposure to RR or MAT. Secondary risk factors were opioid use traits, nonopioid drug use, partner support, education level, homelessness, and employment. Results 18.4% (n = 34) were deceased by the time of follow-up-equivalent to 4760 deaths per 100 000 person-years. A total of 61.8% (n = 21) of these deaths were directly related to opioid use. Completion of RR correlated with lower predicted mortality (β = -8.21, P = 0.03). In contrast, attending RR but not completing correlated with higher predicted mortality rate (β = 6.51, P = 0.046). Concurrent benzodiazepine use (β = 8.99, P = 0.047), generalized anxiety disorder (β = 7.13, P = 0.03) and major depressive disorder (β = 5.44, P = 0.04) increased risk of death. Conclusion and scientific significance OUD carries a shockingly high lethality in Veterans requiring inpatient admission for opioid withdrawal, particularly when there are untreated comorbid psychiatric conditions. RR and MAT are correlated to lower all-cause mortality in this population and should be highly utilized. Given the extremely high mortality, intensive system-wide interventions are needed for the care of Veterans with OUD. On the basis of the reduced predicted mortality with RR and MAT, further research into novel MATs as well as refining RR programs should be a major focus. (Am J Addict 2019;28:318-323).
Pulsed Laser-Assisted Helium Ion Nanomachining of Monolayer Graphene—Direct-Write Kirigami Patterns

A helium gas field ion source has been demonstrated to be capable of realizing higher milling resolution relative to liquid gallium ion sources. One drawback, however, is that the helium ion mass is prohibitively low for reasonable sputtering rates of bulk materials, requiring a dosage that may lead to significant subsurface damage. Manipulation of suspended graphene is, therefore, a logical application for He+ milling. We demonstrate that competitive ion beam-induced deposition from residual carbonaceous contamination can be thermally mitigated via a pulsed laser-assisted He+ milling. By optimizing pulsed laser power density, frequency, and pulse width, we reduce the carbonaceous byproducts and mill graphene gaps down to sub 10 nm in highly complex kiragami patterns.
John Wilson Ruckman: Scholar, Soldier and Public Figure

This paper presents the first comprehensive scholarly overview of the life of John Wilson Ruckman (1858-1921), a native of Sidney, Illinois. Ruckman's educational credentials, scholarship and military career path might well warrant separate papers in themselves, but this paper will discuss those aspects of his life only briefly, and primarily as background information to a more thorough discussion of his prominence as a high ranking military officer and public figure. The Washington Post first printed Ruckman's name in 1880, before he had even graduated from West Point. But, by the time his amazing career had ended, his name and photograph had appeared in the Post, the New York Times, the Boston Daily Globe and Christian Science Monitor alone well over 300 times. Thus, this paper will give particular attention to a few key episodes which enhanced Ruckman’s name recognition and highlighted persistent themes that clearly played a central role throughout in his life and career.
Demographics and (Equal?) Voice: Assessing Participation in Online Deliberative Sessions:

Critics of deliberative democracy have worried that deliberation may mirror (or even exacerbate) inequalities in participation across categories such as gender, race, and age. Accordingly, we inves...
Baseline Inequalities: Social Skills at Preschool Entry Moderate Math Development

Low-income children often enter kindergarten behind higher-income peers in math; gaps also exist in social-emotional aspects of school readiness, fueling interest in cross-domain relations and whet...
The associations between physical activity, neuropathy symptoms and health-related quality of life among gynecologic cancer survivors.

Abstract Objective Physical activity may mitigate the effects of cancer treatment. We sought to evaluate the association between self-reported physical activity, neuropathy symptomatology, and emotional health in gynecologic cancer survivors. Methods Patients were recruited from an academic gynecologic oncology practice to a prospective cohort study. Participants completed semiannual surveys on quality of life (QOL), neuropathy symptoms, depression, distress, and health behaviors. Abstracted clinical data included cancer type, FIGO stage at diagnosis and treatments received (chemotherapy, surgery, radiation). Physical activity [no: moderate physical activity Results A total of 194 participants were included in this analysis. We identified significant interactions between physical activity and neuropathy in the depression (p = 0.0006) and QOL (p = 0.007) models. Greater physical activity and lower neuropathy scores were independently associated with fewer depressive symptoms (p = 0.02 and p Conclusions Physical activity was associated with favorable psychosocial outcomes in gynecologic cancer survivors, most notably among those with worse neuropathy. These data suggest prescriptive exercise should be evaluated as a means of mitigating cancer-associated neuropathies and their effect on emotional health.
What do we know about civil society and regime change thirty years after 1989

This essay discusses the lessons of thirty years of postcommunist politics for our understanding of the relationship between civil society and regime change. It identifies four different modalities...
Development and application of a low-cost vaporizer for rapid, quantitative, in situ addition of organic gases and particles to an environmental chamber

Environmental chamber studies are widely employed to investigate atmospheric chemistry and aerosol formation. However, the large surface area-to-volume ratio of a chamber leads to effects that need...
Toward a Comprehensive Model of Snow Crystal Growth: 9. Characterizing Structure-Dependent Attachment Kinetics near -4 C

In this paper I examine snow crystal growth near -4 C in comparison with a comprehensive model that includes Structure-Dependent Attachment Kinetics (SDAK). Together with the previous paper in this series that investigated growth near 14 C, I show that a substantial body of experimental data now supports the existence of pronounced 'SDAK dips' on basal surfaces near -4 C and on prism surfaces near -14 C. In both cases, the model suggests that edge-associated surface diffusion greatly reduces the nucleation barrier on narrow facet surfaces relative to that found on broad facets. The remarkable quantitative similarities in the growth behaviors near -4 C and -14 C suggest that these two SDAK features arise from essentially the same physical mechanism occurring at different temperatures on the two principal facets. When applied to atmospheric snow crystal formation, this comprehensive model can explain the recurrent morphological transitions between platelike and columnar growth seen in the Nakaya diagram.
Anion metathesis and chlorination of late transition metal pincer complexes: Comparing Co, Rh and Zn

Abstract The ability of (PNNH)CoCl2 (where PNNH is a phosphino and pyrazole substituted pyridine pincer) to serve as a precursor to coordinate the weak anion nitrate is investigated, giving a product with two coordinated nitrates, which demonstrate remarkable variability of nitrate binding in an overall six coordinate divalent cobalt complex. A synthetic variant with only one chloride per Co(II) is characterized, and retains coordination number 5. Comparison is made to rhodium, initially in oxidation state +1, including a carbonyl reporter ligand. The tridentate pincer displaces chloride and PPh3 from Rh(PPh3)2(CO)Cl to form the salt [(PNNH)Rh(CO)]Cl. That compound reacts with N-chloro succinimide with oxidation to trivalent rhodium, loss of carbon monoxide, but also with inadvertent chlorine substitution of pyrazole ring CH bond. As a comparison standard for PNNH ligand with a redox inert metal, (PNNH)ZnCl2 is characterized; bond lengths within the ligand allow the conclusion that the iron and cobalt analogs show no major back donation into the pincer ligand.
Noise-Correlation Is Modulated by Reward Expectation in the Primary Motor Cortex Bilaterally During Manual and Observational Tasks in Primates.

Reward modulation is represented in the motor cortex (M1) and could be used to implement more accurate decoding models to improve brain-computer interfaces (BCIs; Zhao et al., 2018). Analyzing trial-to-trial noise-correlations between neural units in the presence of rewarding (R) and non-rewarding (NR) stimuli adds to our understanding of cortical network dynamics. We utilized Pearson's correlation coefficient to measure shared variability between simultaneously recorded units (32-112) and found significantly higher noise-correlation and positive correlation between the populations' signal- and noise-correlation during NR trials as compared to R trials. This pattern is evident in data from two non-human primates (NHPs) during single-target center out reaching tasks, both manual and action observation versions. We conducted a mean matched noise-correlation analysis to decouple known interactions between event-triggered firing rate changes and neural correlations. Isolated reward discriminatory units demonstrated stronger correlational changes than units unresponsive to reward firing rate modulation, however, the qualitative response was similar, indicating correlational changes within the network as a whole can serve as another information channel to be exploited by BCIs that track the underlying cortical state, such as reward expectation, or attentional modulation. Reward expectation and attention in return can be utilized with reinforcement learning (RL) towards autonomous BCI updating.
Internal Standardization of the Interpretation and Reporting of Sequence Variants in Hematologic Neoplasms

Accurate classification of somatic genetic alterations detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays is of paramount importance to ensure the provision of high-quality clinical data. Clinical significance of variants can be assessed and tiered based on guidelines from the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the College of American Pathology for the interpretation of somatic sequence variants identified in cancer. We sought to develop a formal structured approach for the classification of somatic variants in hematologic neoplasms, to account for both a variant’s clinical significance and its ability to drive tumorigenesis, by adapting elements from these existing guidelines. However, we additionally utilized key criteria from the American College of Medical Genetics/AMP standards for variant reporting to focus evaluation into specific categories of evidence and to gauge the effect of a given variant on tumorigenesis. The combined approach was applied to the annotation of 87 variants identified by a targeted NGS panel for myeloid neoplasms. In the application of our variant evaluation, we classified 2/87 variants as benign, 6/87 as likely benign, 56/87 as variants of unknown significance (VUS), 13/87 variants as likely pathogenic, and 10/87 variants as pathogenic. Well-established oncogenic alterations were accurately classified as pathogenic. Although there is no defined benchmark for the remaining variants, drawing from two existing guidelines enabled the creation of a modified curation process for variant interpretation that emphasizes systematic review of relevant evidence.
Improving the Thermal Conductivity of Form-Wound Litz-Wire Windings for Slot-less Machines

The power density of electric motors for aircraft propulsion is maximized by optimizing the electrical and magnetic loading and operating at high speed. Maximizing the current density without constraining the speed (and, consequently, the frequency) and the working magnetic field would significantly improve the power density. However, this would increase resistive losses in the winding which need to be removed through heat conduction. Thus, improving the winding thermal conductivity is an essential piece of motor design, especially for slot-less machines. This paper focuses on the comprehensive process of theoretically and experimentally evaluating the equivalent thermal conductivity for Litz-wire configured windings made with a single turn and multiple turns for slot-less permanent magnet synchronous machines. A detailed experimental procedure for various winding designs will be introduced, discussed, and confirmed through a bench test with an assessment of the results. The evaluation and comparison of windings formed with various resins are also performed to demonstrate potential thermal conductivity improvement through appropriate winding design.
Group characterization of impact-induced, in vivo human brain kinematics.

Brain movement during an impact can elicit a traumatic brain injury, but tissue kinematics vary from person to person and knowledge regarding this variability is limited. This study examines spatio...
Implementing city sustainability: Overcoming administrative silos to achieve functional collective action, by Rachel M. Krause and Christopher Hawkins

For more than 2 decades now, a considerable amount of attention and rhetoric has been devoted to the idea that cities can, should, and do play a lead role in responding to anthropogenic climate cha...
CodeSaw: a social visualization of distributed software development

We present CodeSaw, a social visualization of distributed software development. CodeSaw visualizes a distributed software community from two important and independent perspectives: code repositories and project communication. By bringing together both shared artifacts (code) and the talk surrounding those artifacts (project mail), CodeSaw reveals group dynamics that lie buried in existing technologies. This paper describes the visualization and its design process. We apply CodeSaw to a popular open source project, showing how the visualization reveals group dynamics and individual roles. The paper ends with a discussion of the results of an online field study with prominent open source developers. The field study suggests that CodeSaw positively affects communities and provides incentives to distributed developers. Furthermore, an important design lesson from the field study leads us to introduce a novel interaction technique for social visualization called spatial messaging.
Poliovirus neutralization by antibodies to internal epitopes of VP4 and VP1 results from reversible exposure of these sequences at physiological temperature.

Abstract Antisera were raised against peptide sequences that are normally internal in the poliovirus virion. These antisera contain neutralizing activity, but this neutralizing activity is dependent on coincubation of the virus and antisera at 37 degrees C. Immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrate that the neutralization is due to exposure of these normally internal sequences at 37 degrees C and subsequent antibody binding. Exposure of these sequences is reversible. These data demonstrate that the poliovirus particle is a dynamic entity that is capable of undergoing conformational alterations at physiological temperatures. This conformational flexibility provides an explanation for earlier observations of virus neutralization by antibodies to internal epitopes which can be accommodated within the framework of existing models for antibody-mediated neutralization of viral infectivity. Analogies between the sequences which are reversibly exposed at 37 degrees C with those which are irreversibly exposed upon receptor binding suggest that the observed conformational dynamics also may play a role in cell entry.
Universality in algorithmic self-assembly

Tile-based self-assembly is a model of “algorithmic crystal growth” in which square “tiles” represent molecules that bind to each other via specific and variable-strength bonds on their four sides, driven by random mixing in solution but constrained by the local binding rules of the tile bonds. In the late 1990s, Erik Winfree introduced a discrete mathematical model of DNA tile assembly called the abstract Tile Assembly Mode. Winfree proved that the Tile Assembly Model is computationally universal, i.e., that any Turing machine can be encoded into a finite set of tile types whose self-assembly simulates that Turing machine. In this thesis, we investigate tile-based self-assembly systems that exhibit Turing universality, geometric universality and intrinsic universality. We first establish a novel characterization of the computably enumerable languages in terms of self-assembly—the proof of which is a novel proof of the Turing-universality of the Tile Assembly Model in which a particular Turing machine is simulated on all inputs in parallel in the two-dimensional discrete Euclidean plane. Then we prove that the multiple temperature tile assembly model (introduced by Aggarwal, Cheng, Goldwasser, Kao, and Schweller) exhibits a kind of “geometric universality” in the sense that there is a small (constant-size) universal tile set that can be programmed via deliberate changes in the system temperature to uniquely produce any finite shape. Just as other models of computation such as the Turing machine and cellular automaton are known to be “intrinsically universal,” (e.g., Turing machines can simulate other Turing machines, and cellular automata other cellular automata), we show that tile assembly systems satisfying a natural condition known as local consistency are able to simulate other locally consistent tile assembly systems. In other words, we exhibit a particular locally consistent tile assembly system that can simulate the behavior—as opposed to only the final result—of any other locally consistent tile assembly system. Finally, we consider the notion of universal fault-tolerance in algorithmic self-assembly with respect to the two-handed Tile Assembly Model, in which large aggregations of tiles may attach to each other, in contrast to the seeded Tile Assembly Model, in which tiles aggregate one at a time to a single specially-designated “seed” assembly. We introduce a new model of fault-tolerance in self-assembly: the fuzzy temperature model of faults having the following informal characterization: the system temperature is normally 2, but may drift down to 1, allowing unintended temperature-1 growth for an arbitrary period of time. Our main construction, which is a tile set capable of uniquely producing an n × n square with O(log n) unique tile types in the fuzzy temperature model, is not universal but presents novel technique that we hope will ultimately pave the way for a “universal fuzzy-fault-tolerant” tile assembly system in the future.
Democratic Peace Revisited: It is Veto Players

This study introduces a variable reflecting veto players into an international conflict model. As our title suggests, the inclusion of this variable dissolves the standard measure of democracy which currently dominates the literature on the democratic peace. Through the development of a new conceptual approach, and an empirical study strengthened by two methodological improvements, we provide an alternative explanation of peace than those which currently exist in the international conflict literature. A cross-sectional, time-series dyadic data analysis during the period 1885 to 2001 shows that, while controlling for several standard conflict-related variables, the veto players variable outweighs the democracy variable in explaining the absence of interstate conflict.
Linking the xanthophyll cycle with thermal energy dissipation

This perspective summarizes my personal recollections about the initial discovery of the involvement of the xanthophyll cycle in photoprotective energy dissipation, starting with my arrival at Olle Bjorkman’s laboratory at the Carnegie Institution and focusing on events from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s.
N-acetylcysteine (D- and L-stereoisomers) prevents apoptotic death of neuronal cells

In the present study we tested whether N-acetyl-L-cysteine (LNAC) affects apoptotic death of neuronal cells caused by trophic factor deprivation. LNAC, an antioxidant, elevates intracellular levels of glutathione. We used serum-deprived PC12 cells, neuronally differentiated PC12 cells deprived of serum and NGF, and NGF-deprived neonatal sympathetic neurons. In each case LNAC prevents apoptotic DNA fragmentation and maintains long-term survival in the absence of other trophic support. Unlike NGF, LNAC does not induce or maintain neurite outgrowth or somatic hypertrophy. To rule out actions of LNAC metabolic derivatives, we assessed N-acetyl-D-cysteine (DNAC). DNAC also prevents death of PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons. However, other antioxidants were ineffective in this regard. Since it has been hypothesized that trophic factors prevent neuronal death by either preventing or coordinating cell cycle progression, we tested whether LNAC or DNAC treatment can affect cell cycle. We found that both (but not other antioxidants) suppress proliferation and DNA synthesis by PC12 cells and do so at concentrations similar to those at which they prevent apoptotic death. Although the abilities of LNAC and DNAC to rescue cells from apoptosis triggered by trophic factor deprivation could derive from their direct influences on cellular responsiveness to oxidative stress, our observations raise the possibility of a mechanism involving cell cycle regulation.
Concatameric replication of Epstein-Barr virus: structure of the termini in virus-producer and newly transformed cell lines.

The linear form of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA has homologous direct tandem repeats of approximately 500 bp at each terminus (TR). After infection, EBV DNA circularizes via the TR to form the intracellular episomal DNA. To analyze the mechanism of the synthesis of linear DNA through possible replicative intermediates, the terminal fragments were identified in the total intracellular DNA and the covalently closed circular DNA from a productively infected cell line after induction of replication or after treatment with an inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis. These studies indicate that some of the fused terminal fragments detected in the total intracellular DNA are replication-dependent forms which are selectively excluded from the covalently closed circular fraction and are eliminated after treatment with acyclovir. The EBV terminal restriction enzyme fragments were identified in three producer cell lines, each with a characteristic number of TR in the intracellular episomal DNA. Identification of the termini in cell lines established with the three virus strains revealed that the newly transformed cell lines had a greater number of TR than did the template DNA in the producer cell line. The increase in the number of TR in progeny episomes indicates that linear DNA is produced from concatameric replicative intermediates rather than from amplified catenated circular intermediates. Images
Hyperplastic alveolar nodules of the rat mammary gland: tumor-producing capability in vivo and in vitro.

Summary Carcinogen-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodules failed to form tumors after transplantation into isologous female rats; instead they developed ductal or ductal-alveolar outgrowths. Mammary glands from mid-pregnant female rats showed similar outgrowths following transplantation to the isologous hosts. In vitro and in vivo studies failed to demonstrate that subcarcinogenic doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene can induce mammary tumorigenesis in the hyperplastic alveolar nodules. Our observations suggest that carcinogen-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodules are not ‘preneoplastic’ lesions in mammary carcinogenesis in the rat.
Relationship between anelastic and nonlinear viscoplastic behavior of 316 stainless steel at low homologous temperature

At low homologous temperature the plastic strain rate seems to be controlled largely by dislocation glide friction. However, since a sizeable fraction of the applied stress σ is dissipated in overcoming the strong barriers due to dislocation tangles generated by strain hardening, only a portion of the applied stress is actually expended against the frictional resistance. A recent model for this process, proposed by Hart, includes the role of dislocation pile-ups at the strong barriers. The pile-ups provide a mechanism for producing the internal back stress that reflects the barrier penetration stress. They also appear in the deformation as a stored anelastic strain component. The resultant behavior at low temperature and high stress is similar to that proposed by Gupta and Li. The same model also predicts an anelastic behavior at low stress. Measurements at both high and low stress levels on 316 Stainless Steel have now shown that the predictions of the model are quantitatively consistent at both stress levels.
Radiative relaxation of Sepia eumelanin is affected by aggregation.

The steady-state and time-resolved emission properties of aqueous solutions containing different aggregation state distributions of eumelanin are reported. Excitation spectra of the size-selected samples reveal, for the first time, differences in absorption bands due to varying levels of aggregation. These size-dependent absorption properties result in size-dependent emission band shapes and quantum yields. For all size fractions, absorption and emission overlap significantly. The emission yield for small eumelanin aggregates in 5.7 times greater than that for large eumelanin aggregates. Time-resolved population decays reveal that small eumelanin aggregates are responsible for long-lived emission dynamics (lifetimes greater than 1 ns), while large eumelanin aggregates are the source of short emission decay (lifetimes less than 1 ns). Polarized emission decays for the large and small aggregates reveal that energy transfer occurs both within the same and between the separate fundamental building blocks of eumelanin. The observed energy transfer dynamics can be accounted for using Forster theory.
EFFECTS OF AMOUNT, FORMAT, AND LOCATION OF DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ON QUESTIONNAIRE RETURN RATE AND RESPONSE BIAS OF SENSITIVE AND NONSENSITIVE ITEMS

Three characteristics of demographic questionnaire items were manipulated on a job satisfaction survey administered to 888 faculty members in order to assess effects on survey return rate and response bias. Demographic factors analyzed were Amount (number of demographic items), Format (questionnaires with all categorical answers versus those with a combination of categorical and continuous answers), and Location (demographic items placed before versus being placed after attitudinal items). Analysis of the 461 questionnaires which were returned revealed significant results for the Format rnanipulation, in that responses indicating higher satisfaction were obtained when the survey instrument contained questions which required both categorical and continuous answers rather than only questions requiring categorical responses. Also, this format-induced response bias occurred more frequently among sensitive than nonsensitive job satisfaction items. Implications of the results for questionnaire design are discussed.
Effect of straddle stance and dominance on limb loading asymmetries when lifting

Abstract A straddle stance is often prescribed when lifting a box from the floor. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of stance on the lower limb load distribution when lifting a crate from the floor to standing hip height. Eighteen healthy young adult men ( n = 9) and women ( n = 9) with dominant right leg (i.e., preferred kicking leg) volunteered [age = 22.0 ± 1.0 yrs (mean ± SD), height = 171.2 ± 8.8 cm, body mass = 66.2 ± 10.0 kg]. After practice and warm up, five lifts (men = 17 kg, women = 12 kg) were performed in each of three separate stances: dominant foot forward (DFF), non-dominant foot forward (NDFF) and a symmetric (SYM). Limb loading was quantified as the percent of the average total vertical force under each foot from the start of the counter movement through completion of the limb extension after picking up the crate. Overall, limb loading asymmetries were greater when lifting with the DFF than SYM stance with neither different from the NDFF stance [main effect p = 0.011: DFF = 7.0 ± 6.3, NDFF = 4.8 ± 5.1, SYM = 2.5 ± 1.5 abs|D%−ND%|]. When examining the load distribution between the D and ND sides, all three lifting conditions were significantly different from each other [ p p = 0.011: DFF = 6.9 ± 6.4, NDFF = 2.1 ± 6.8 Trail%−Lead%]. However, after adjusting for the asymmetry present during SYM stance lifting, where subjects placed significantly more load on their ND foot [ p = 0.038], the trail limb was preferentially loaded more than the lead limb in each of the straddle stance conditions with no difference between DFF and NDFF [ p = 0.204: DFF = 5.5 ± 6.1, NDFF = 3.5 ± 6.8 Trail%−Lead%]. Repeat measures on eight subjects were consistent with initial visits (Chronbach's Alpha ≥ 0.789). When surveyed on which asymmetric lift they preferred, 67% chose the DFF stance. Based on these results, there is a tendency to place more weight on the trailing limb when lifting with a straddle stance. However, this is heavily mitigated in the NDFF stance. Relevance to industry While not preferred by most subjects, the NDFF straddle stance should be used in an attempt to minimize any potential limb loading differential. However, if the load is heavy, awkwardly shaped requiring a large straddle or multiple repetitions, it might be most appropriate to switch lead legs from lift to lift.
Conditioned fear as a function of US intensity under conditions of drive constancy

The present study was designed to evaluate the associative consequences of US intensity on acquisition of a conditioned fear response in the rat. An equal number of high and low shock escape trials were presented to four groups. For one group (CSh) a CS was paired only with high shock trials, and, for the other (CSl), only with low shocks. The other two groups served as controls. The CSh group ran faster to the CS than the other groups on trials in which shock was omitted. The CSl group performance was indistinguishable from controls. Shock intensity was found to be a potent performance variable.
Early development of narrative skills

Abstract This ethnographic study of 8 African American toddlers and their families focused on the children's productive competence with regard to various types of naturally occurring narrativelike conversation. The notion of the emergence of narrative competence is examined, and a definition is posited which incorporates minimal requirements for child participation within the fundamental essence of narrative structure. Developmental evidence is used to argue for an order of emergence between fictional and temporal event production, which bears on Nelson's Generalized Event Representation (GER) account of cognitive processing. Qualitative interpretations of the quantitatively derived patterns illustrate the merits of combining both approaches in data analysis. Finally, the creation of a socioculturally sensitive account underscores the importance for theory construction of pursuing research from a comparative, cross-cultural perspective.
Drosophila Importin-α2 Is Involved in Synapse, Axon and Muscle Development

Nuclear import is required for communication between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and to enact lasting changes in gene transcription following stimuli. Binding to an Importin-α molecule in the cytoplasm is often required to mediate nuclear entry of a signaling protein. As multiple isoforms of Importin-α exist, some may be responsible for the entry of distinct cargoes rather than general nuclear import. Indeed, in neuronal systems, Importin-α isoforms can mediate very specific processes such as axonal tiling and communication of an injury signal. To study nuclear import during development, we examined the expression and function of Importin-α2 in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that Importin-α2 was expressed in the nervous system where it was required for normal active zone density at the NMJ and axonal commissure formation in the central nervous system. Other aspects of synaptic morphology at the NMJ and the localization of other synaptic markers appeared normal in importin-α2 mutants. Importin-α2 also functioned in development of the body wall musculature. Mutants in importin-α2 exhibited errors in muscle patterning and organization that could be alleviated by restoring muscle expression of Importin-α2. Thus, Importin-α2 is needed for some processes in the development of both the nervous system and the larval musculature.
Controller Design Robust to Frequency Variation in a One-Link Flexible Robot Arm

Conception d'une commande robuste tolerant les variations de frequence pour un bras de robot flexible forme d'un seul element
Topological dereliction in polymers

Abstract An exactly solvable toy model is introduced to illustrate the entropie frustrations and their thermodynamic consequences in self-ordering systems.
Energy level alignment of polythiophene/ZnO hybrid solar cells

Energy level alignment at interfaces is critical for fundamental understanding and optimization of organic photovoltaics (OPV) as band offsets of the donor and acceptor materials largely determine the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the device. Using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPS), we examined the correlation between energy level alignment and photovoltaic properties of a model bilayer hybrid solar cell incorporating electrodeposited polythiophene (e-PT) films on ZnO planar substrates. The electrolyte anion (BF4−, PF6−, ClO4− or CF3SO3−) in the electrodeposition solution was found to have a strong influence on the e-PT film morphology and adhesion, the energy level alignment at the interface, and ultimately the Voc of the photovoltaic devices.
The permeation of organophosphorus compounds in silicone rubber membranes

The permeabilities, solubilities, and diffusivities of eight organophosphorus chemicals in silicone rubber were measured at saturation concentration using two different experimental methods: permeation experiments and absorption experiments. All tests were carried out at 25°C (±3°C). The eight organophosphorus chemicals investigated are dimethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl methylphosphonate, dimethyl hydrogenphosphonate, diethyl hydrogenphosphonate, trimethylphosphate, triethylphosphate, trimethylphosphite, and triethylphosphite. These eight chemicals were selected based on their similarities to organophosphorus chemicals used as pesticides and chemical warfare agents. The experimental data were analyzed using solutions of Fick's second law of diffusion and boundary conditions representative of the experimental settings. An unsteady-state diffusion model using boundary conditions that represent uniform initial concentration in the polymer and constant but different surface concentrations was used to interpret the permeation experimental data. In this model, the effective diffusivity calculated from the steady-state permeability and equilibrium solubility of each chemical was used and was assumed to be constant.
Kinetics of water loss and the likelihood of intracellular freezing in mouse ova. Influence of the method of calculating the temperature dependence of water permeability.

To avoid intracellular freezing and its usually lethal consequences, cells must lose their freezable water before reaching their ice-nucleation temperature. One major factor determining the rate of water loss in the temperature dependence of the water permeability,L p (hydraulic conductivity). Because of the paucity of water permeability measurements at subzero temperatures, that temperature dependence has usually been extrapolated from above-zero measurements. The extrapolation has often been based on an exponential dependence ofL p on temperature. This paper compares the kinetics of water loss based on that extrapolation with that based on an Arrhenius relation betweenL p and temperature, and finds substantial differences below −20 to −25°C. Since the ice-nucleation temperature of mouse ova in the cryoprotectants DMSO and glycerol is usually below −30°C, the Arrhenius form of the water-loss equation was used to compute the extent of supercooling in ova cooled at rates between 1 and 8°C/min and the consequent likelihood of intracellular freezing. The predicted likelihood agrees well with that previously observed. The water-loss equation was also used to compute the volumes of ova as a function of cooling rate and temperature. The computed cell volumes agree qualitatively with previously observed volumes, but differ quantitatively.
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy

Summary Thirteen cases of acute posterior multi-focal placoid pigment epitheliopathy occurred in young adults or older children. In ten there was a characteristic, possibly infectious syndrome that preceded the onset of ocular manifestations by a few weeks. One patient developed cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis and a cerebral vasculitis coincident with the ocular changes. Extensive evaluations for viral and other infectious etiologies in this and other cases were unrevealing. An inflammatory reaction was observed in the anterior chambers of most patients, and cells were noted in the anterior vitreous bodies of a few patients. In one instance a serous detachment of the retina occurred adjacent to the optic disk. Our findings and others support the conclusion that the fundus lesions resulted from a multi focal choroiditis primarily involving the choriocapillaris and affecting the pigment epithelium arid retina secondarily. The data also suggested that the choroiditis may be associated with a more widespread vasculitis occurring as an immune reaction to an earlier systemic infection.
Nanoindentation measurement of surface residual stresses in particle-reinforced metal matrix composites

The surface residual stresses in SiC particle-reinforced Al matrix composites are measured using a recently developed nanoindentation technique. The tensile biaxial residual stress in Al is found to increase with the particle concentration. The stress magnitudes are in reasonable agreement with those from numerical modeling.
A possible determination of the off-mass-shell S-wave π+π− scattering amplitude

Abstract Using somewhat specific assumptions, it is shown that the on-mass-shell P -Wave determines the off-mass-shell dependence of the S -Wave π + π − amplitude. This is used to determine (2 a 0 + a 2 )/ a 1 experimentally.
China's experience with guidance planning

Abstract Before economic reforms, China's economy was weakly planned. Reforms have coincided with more sophisticated and realistic planning, but plans have still not accurately predicted outcomes because of inconsistent central government policy. As market forces have grown, planners have attempted to use guidance planning to steer the economy, but guidance planning more closely resembles bureaucratic bargaining than a systematic attempt to correct market and institutional coordination failures. As a result, rapid growth has been combined with high levels of instability and persistent imbalances.
Divalent metal ion effects on a mutant histidinol phosphate phosphatase from Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract The effect of divalent metal ions on the activity of a mutant histidinol phosphate phosphatase has been studied. The enzyme was isolated from strain TA387, a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium with a nonsense lesion near the midpoint of the bifunctional hisB gene. Mn2+, Mg2+, Co2+, and Zn2+ shift the optimal pH of phosphatase activity to 6.5 while Be2+ and Ca2+ have no effect on the shape of the pH profile. In the absence of divalent metal ions, the pH optimum is 7.5. Four Me2+ ions, Mn2+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+ decreased the Km of histidinol phosphate at pH 6.5 from 5.5 m m (without Me2+) to 0.14 m m . Ni2+ and Be2+ increased the Km to 22.2 and 25.0 m m , respectively, and Ca2+ and Mg2+ had an intermediate effect. Changes in maximal velocity were substantially less, only about 2-fold changes being observed. It was shown that the maximal velocity at optimal pH was the same in the absence and presence of Mn2+. Kinetic analysis indicated that there was a rapid equilibrium-ordered addition of Mn2+ to the enzyme before the addition of the substrate, histidinol phosphate. A kimn2+ of 4.3 μ m was calculated for the metal ion activation at both pH 6.5 and 7.5. Addition of ethyl-enediaminetetracetate (EDTA) strongly inhibited the phosphatase; inhibition could be reversed by addition of several Me2+ ions, Mg2+ being the most efficient followed by Mn2+. Prolonged incubation with EDTA led to irreversible inactivation.
An architectural design framework for an Electronic Health Record system with hospice application

The goal of the system framework (e-Hospice+) is to create an Electronic Health Record (EHR) System which can be used by medical clinic to provide special healthcare services to hospice care patients. The framework allows both web-based and mobile-based healthcare application frameworks to be created to satisfy a variety of needs of clinical personnel. The web-based applications are performed at the clinic as a main source of information and services to patients and service providers. The mobile-based applications are run on smartphones and used by clinicians during their visits the patients. The EHR data can be exchanged between application servers and smartphones using web services. The design framework focuses on the three key areas: data design, user interface, and data Security and privacy.
Atomic force microscopy characterization and liquid crystal aligning effect of polymerizable diacetylene Langmuir Blodgett films

Abstract The surface topology of polymerizable diacetylenic lecithin Langmuir Blodgett (LB) films deposited on indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates has been investigated using atomic force microscopic (AFM) techniques. The liquid crystal alignment effect of the LB films was compared to that of the random film formed by dipping the ITO glass into chloroform-lecithin solution. The orientation of a nematic monodomain based on these substrates was changed from homeotropic to tilted upon ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and a planar alignment was achieved if the substrates were UV treated and buffed. AFM pictures reveal that the substrate surface corrugation is decreased by both random coating and LB film coating before photopolymerization. After UV irradiation, some unique star-like features were found on the monolayer LB film. These features provide evidence that the conformation of the diacetylene chains has been changed due to the photopolymerization, thus causing the liquid crystal orientation to u...
Low degree gravitational changes from GRACE: Validation and interpretation

[1] We examine low degree gravitational variations ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites during the first 2 years of this gravity mission. The GRACE observations are compared with independent estimates from accurately measured Earth rotational changes and predictions from atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrological models. The 18 GRACE monthly gravity solutions, covering the period April 2002 to March 2004, show strong seasonal variability in the ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 time series, and generally agree with Earth rotation-derived changes and geophysical model estimates, in particular for ΔS21 and ΔC20. The reason for the poorer agreement between the GRACE results and the Earth rotation-derived estimates for ΔC21 is unclear. We demonstrate that the omission of the ocean pole tide in the GRACE data processing does have significant effects on the estimated ΔC21 and ΔS21.
A Quantum Mechanical Study of the Decomposition of CF3OCF3 and CF3CF2OCF2CF3 in the Presence of AlF3

The effect of AlF3 on the decomposition of CF3OCF3 and CF3CF2OCF2CF3 is investigated using ab initio theory. Previous work by Pancansky et al. [Pacansky, J.; Waltman, R. J. J Fluorine Chem. 1997, 83, 41] showed that AlF3 significantly reduces the activation energy of the decomposition of CF3OCF3 due to the strong electrostatic interaction between the aluminum trifluoride and the reactant. In this work, a new transition-state structure and reaction mechanism have been identified for the decomposition of CF3OCF3 in the presence of AlF3. This new mechanism shows that AlF3 functions by accepting a fluorine atom from one carbon and simultaneously donating a fluorine atom to the other carbon. We show that the same pathway is obtained independently of the level of theory. The reaction rate, generated via statistical mechanics and transition-state theory, is 2−3 orders of magnitude higher for the new transition state when compared to that of the old one. The study was also performed for CF3CF2OCF2CF3 in order to ...
Local order in amorphous organic molecular thin films

Abstract Thin films of many molecular materials are considered `amorphous' because they possess no detectable long-range order. However, we show that the fluorescence spectrum of polar molecules may shift due to the formation of ordered polar domains within an otherwise amorphous film. A model is derived to explain this shift and the associated quenching of luminescence as domains are formed. We demonstrate that the inclusion of dipole–dipole intermolecular correlations has a significant effect on calculations of the electronic properties of organic amorphous thin films.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron(II) Quinaldate Complexes

Treatment of iron(II) chloride or iron(II) bromide with 2 equiv of sodium quinaldate (qn = quinaldate or C10H6NO2−) yields the coordinatively unsaturated mononuclear iron(II) quinaldate complexes Na[FeII(qn)2Cl]·DMF and Na[FeII(qn)2Br]·DMF (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), respectively. When a similar synthesis is carried out using iron(II) triflate, a solvent-derived linear triiron(II) complex, [FeII3(qn)6(DMF)2], with two five-coordinate iron(II) centers and a single six-coordinate iron(II) center is obtained. Each of these species has been characterized using X-ray diffraction. The vibrational features of these complexes are consistent with the observed solid-state structures. Each of these compounds exhibits an iron(II)-to-quinaldate (π*) charge-transfer band between 520 and 550 nm. These metal-to-ligand charge-transfer bands are sensitive to substitution of the quinaldates as well as alteration of the first coordination sphere ligands. However, the 1H NMR spectra of these paramagnetic high-spin iron(II)...