cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Altering Small Bowel Transit Time on Sustained Release Theophylline Absorption

The relationship between variations in small bowel transit time (SBTT) and the absorption of theophylline from a sustained-release product was evaluated in a three-way, randomized, crossover study in 12 healthy male nonsmokers. Subjects received sustained-release theophylline (600 mg) with loperamide (8 mg every 6 hour x 8 doses). metoclopramide (15 mg every 6 hour x 8 doses) or placebo (every 6 hour x 8 doses). Theophylline solution (400 mg) was used as a reference standard. Serum samples were collected periodically for 72 hours for theophylline concentration determinations. SBTT was measured by the lactulose hydrogen breath test. Compared with placebo (98 +/- 53 min), SBTT was increased with loperamide (211 +/- 87 min; P less than 0.001) and decreased with metoclopramide (55 +/- 18 min; P less than 0.001). Loperamide decreased the rate, but not the extent of theophylline absorption from this product. This was evident from the reduced Cmax, the prolonged Tmax, and the decreased fraction of the dose absorbed at 24 hours, while the area under the curves remained the same. In contrast, metoclopramide had no effect either on rate or extent of absorption. The data suggest that the effect of loperamide on these absorption parameters was due to an increase in the dissolution time of this sustained-release product.
The impact of multichannel message inconsistency on verbal and nonverbal decoding behaviors

This study examines the relative importance and specific nature of the nonverbal and verbal decoding behaviors that subjects use to respond to inconsistent messages. The results indicate not only that inconsistent messages have a greater impact on nonverbal than verbal decoding behaviors but that individuals responding to such messages behave in ways predicted by the double‐bind theory of communication. Decoding behaviors appear to pass through a three‐step sequence which moves from confusion and uncertainty to a high degree of deliberation and interest to expressions of displeasure, hostility, and withdrawal. These decoding behaviors are illustrated and their theoretical implications discussed.
Fluctuation-Induced Phenomena in Nanoscale Systems: Harnessing the Power of Noise

The famous Johnson-Nyquist formula relating noise current to conductance has a microscopic generalization relating noise current density to microscopic conductivity, with corollary relations governing noise in the components of the electromagnetic fields. These relations, known collectively in physics as fluctuation-dissipation relations, form the basis of the modern understanding of fluctuation-induced phenomena, a field of burgeoning importance in experimental physics and nanotechnology. In this review, we survey recent progress in computational techniques for modeling fluctuation-induced phenomena, focusing on two cases of particular interest: near-field radiative heat transfer and Casimir forces. In each case we review the basic physics of the phenomenon, discuss semianalytical and numerical algorithms for theoretical analysis, and present recent predictions for novel phenomena in complex material and geometric configurations.
A Java-Based Teleradiology System to Provide Services Over a Heterogeneous Network

This paper describes a teleradiology system developed to provide services over a heterogeneous networks environment. The system can transfer radiology images and provide real-time consultations and diagnostics over the telephone, Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN), as well as a generic hospital network. The network in corporates Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN), ATM switches, and an IP router. The Java Language is used in developing this system. This teleradiology system is flexible, effective, and provides for high performance for end users. The system has been tested over all above networks and the results have shown that the system is robust and efficient.
No-suicide contracts to prevent suicidal behavior in inpatient psychiatric settings

Abstract Background : Many individuals who are hospitalized on psychiatric units are at high risk of suicide. Among the strategies commonly recommended for suicide prevention is the negotiation of a no-suicide or no-harm contract. In spite of the conventional acceptance of no-suicide contracts, there is little research about this intervention. Objective : To describe the use of no-suicide contracts in inpatient settings including the frequency of their use, the circumstances under which they are negotiated, and the form of contracts. Study design : Descriptive survey. Results : No-suicide contracts were used by 79% ( n = 66) of the hospitals ( N = 84). Contracts were generally negotiated after suicidal ideation was expressed (83% [ n = 54] of those hospitals that use contracts), after self-harm (79%, n = 51), or after a patient who made a suicidal gesture or attempt was admitted (65%, n = 42). In all but one hospital, nurses negotiated contracts with patients. Contracts were usually verbal (74%, n = 48) or handwritten (72%, n = 47) rather than preprinted (15%, n = 10). Fifty-three percent of the respondents estimated more than 10 incidents of suicidal behavior by inpatients per year. Conclusions : Suicidal behaviors occurred in hospital settings at a rate that is clinically significant. No-suicide contracting is a common nursing practice in psychiatric inpatient settings in Ohio. Contracts are not indiscriminately used but are negotiated when high suicide risk is assessed.
Ex-dividend day abnormal returns for special dividends

Past research shows that the difference between dividend amount and ex-dividend day price drop reflects the transaction costs and the differential in the tax rates on dividends and capital gains. Moreover, it is also documented that the higher the dividend yield, the lower is the ex-dividend day return. This paper focuses on large special dividends and tests the two competing hypothesis, tax hypothesis and short term trading hypothesis. Our focus on large special dividends is motivated by the following three considerations. First, special dividends have experienced a surge in recent years. Second, special dividends are important for dividend capture by institutions, corporations and arbitragers. Third, using a sample of large special dividends allows us to reduce the market microstructure effects and focus more directly on the two competing hypotheses. Based on a sample of large special dividends, we find that price drop on ex-dividend day is significantly less than the dividend amount. Furthermore, we show that ex-dividend day returns are positive and hence, are not fully arbitraged away. Our tests indicate that tax hypothesis explains some portion of ex-dividend day abnormal returns even for large special dividends, whereas the support for the short-term trading hypothesis is weak.
Depression as a risk factor for non-suicide mortality in the elderly

Depression can be a consequence of medical illness and disability, yet recent literature suggests it may also influence morbidity and mortality through a variety of behavioral and biological mediators. Relatively little is known about the complex temporal relations among behavior, affect, motivation, and pathophysiology to account for the association between depression and mortality. We performed a systematic review of the recent literature (1997-2001) examining the evidence linking depression to non-suicide mortality, describe possible mediators of the depression mortality effect, and identify important next steps in this area of research, including: a) the development of well-specified a-priory mediator models that articulate how depression leads to mortality; b) the conduct of longitudinal studies in which depression and behavioral and pathophyisological mediators are assessed simultaneously; c) treatment studies for depression that include assessments of associated changes in health-related quality of life, medical morbidity, and mortality; and d) treatment studies for behavioral risk factors and medical conditions that include assessment of depressive symptoms.
Altered renin and aldosterone excretion in patients treated for metastatic germ cell tumours

Twenty-four patients with metastatic germ cell tumours were studied for abnormalities in the renin-aldosterone axis and for persistent abnormalities of renal function 9+ to 54+ months following completion of cisplatin based chemotherapy. Increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone were identified in fourteen of nineteen (79%) patients. The mean serum magnesium was subnormal. Statistically lower serum phosphorus levels, and higher urea and creatinine levels were also observed. No patients was hypertensive or on diuretics at the time of study. Since vascular toxicity has been reported after cisplatin based chemotherapy and hypomagnesaemia and increased plasma renin activity have been linked to cardiovascular events, these data imply that germ cell tumour patients treated with cisplatin based chemotherapy should be carefully observed for delayed cardiovascular toxicity.
The asymmetric traveling salesman problem with replenishment arcs

Abstract We consider a constrained asymmetric traveling salesman problem with knapsack-like constraints on subpaths of the tour. This problem arises in routing aircraft. We formulate the problem with an exponential number of variables that correspond to feasible subpaths. We study certain polyhedral aspects of the reformulation and present a branch-and-price-and-cut algorithm for solving it. We test the algorithm on both random instances and real instances that arise in the airline application.
A high-power versatile wireless power transfer for biomedical implants

Implantable biomedical actuators are highly desired in modern medicine. However, how to power up these biomedical implants remains a challenge since most of them need more than several hundreds mW of power. The air-core based radio-frequency transformer (two face-to-face inductive coils) has been the only non-toxic and non-invasive power source for implants for the last three decades [1]. For various technical constraints, the maximum delivered power is limited by this approach. The highest delivered power reported is 275 mW over 1 cm distance [2]. Also, the delivered power is highly vulnerable to the coils' geometrical arrangement and the electrical property of the medium around them. In this paper, a novel rotating-magnets based wireless power transfer that can deliver ∼10 W over 1 cm is demonstrated. The delivered power is significantly higher than the existing start-of-art. Further, the new method is versatile since there is no need to have the impedance matching networks that are highly susceptible to the operating frequency, the coil arrangement and the environment.
At the origins of ephoreia

Ephoreia, one of the principal forms of monastic trusteeship in the Byzantine empire, appears for the first time in texts around the year 1000. Despite its prevalence, like many post-Justinianic legal developments, ephoreia is not mentioned in the normative legal codes of the Middle Byzantine period, including the Basilika. A previously overlooked passage from the eleventh-century casebook known as the Peira, which was compiled by an anonymous redactor from the verdicts and legal treatises of the jurist Eustathios Rhomaios, mentions ephoreia in the context of how much time must elapse before a possessor of property acquires ownership. This mention of ephoreia in the Peira is one of the earliest, if not the earliest, appearance of the term as describing monastic trusteeship. The reference is an important example of a contemporary legal development without a basis in Roman law which was accommodated within the contemporary legal regime.
Activation of FAK and Src are receptor-proximal events required for netrin signaling

The axon guidance cue netrin is importantly involved in neuronal development. DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) is a functional receptor for netrin and mediates axon outgrowth and the steering response. Here we show that different regions of the intracellular domain of DCC directly interacted with the tyrosine kinases Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Netrin activated both FAK and Src and stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of DCC. Inhibition of Src family kinases reduced DCC tyrosine phosphorylation and blocked both axon attraction and outgrowth of neurons in response to netrin. Mutation of the tyrosine phosphorylation residue in DCC abolished its function of mediating netrin-induced axon attraction. On the basis of our observations, we suggest a model in which DCC functions as a kinase-coupled receptor, and FAK and Src act immediately downstream of DCC in netrin signaling.
Application of a solid-phase immunofluorometric assay to the selection of monoclonal antibody specific for the adenovirus group-reactive hexon antigen

An immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) has been evaluated as a screening assay to detect monoclonal antibodies to the group-specific antigen of the adenovirus hexon component. The antibodies were produced as mouse ascitic fluids from hybridoma cells generated from Balb/C mice immunized with purified adenovirus type 2 hexon component and crude adenovirus type 3 culture supernatants. The purified IgG fractions from all monoclonal ascitic fluids tested were identified as the IgG1 K mouse isotype. Antibody titers ranged from 102,400 to 204,800 by the IFMA, from 200 to 12,800 by indirect FA, and were generally nonreactive in counterelectrophoresis, complement fixation, hemagglutination-inhibition, serum neutralization, and immune electron microscopy titrations. The IFMA is a reliable method for quantitating low levels of specific antibody in large numbers of test samples, and is therefore ideal as a screening assay for monoclonal antibody in tissue culture fluids and in mouse ascitic fluids.
Circumstellar disks and planetary formation

The role of circumstellar disks in star and planetary formation is briefly reviewed. The observed disk around MWC 349 is used as an example and a table of evolutionary time scales and parameters is presented. The disk about MWC 349 is characteristic of that expected about a massive star. Disk structure about solar mass stars is more completely reviewed by Cameron (1978). The parameters for the disk indicate that there is a deduced region where conditions are appropriate for dust condensation and possible aggregation of material to planetary masses. For the purposes of the discussion we are assuming that the infrared as well as optical radiation arises from the disk which extends the ‘known’ extent of the disk to 1014cm. It is not yet certain that this is the case.
Aberrant methylation and down-regulation of TMS1/ASC in human glioblastoma.

TMS1/ASC is an intracellular signaling molecule with proposed roles in the regulation of apoptosis, nuclear factor-κB activation, and cytokine maturation. Previous studies have shown that TMS1/ASC is silenced by epigenetic means in human breast tumors. In this study, we examined methylation and expression of TMS1/ASC in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Whereas normal brain tissue was unmethylated at the TMS1 locus and expressed TMS1 message, 11 of 23 human GBM cell lines exhibited reduced or absent expression of TMS1 that was associated with aberrant methylation of a CpG island in the promoter of the TMS1 gene. Quantitative analysis showed that there was an inverse correlation between the degree of methylation and level of TMS1 expression. Treatment of GBM cell lines lacking TMS1 expression with the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2′deoxycytidine resulted in partial demethylation and re-expression of TMS1. Analysis of primary tissues indicated that the TMS1 gene is unmethylated and expressed in normal brain, where its expression is restricted to astrocytes. In contrast, TMS1 was aberrantly methylated in 43% (10 of 23) primary GBM specimens. Tumors that exhibited aberrant methylation of TMS1 generally expressed reduced or absent expression of TMS1 as compared to unmethylated cases. Methylation of TMS1 was not associated with patient age, gender, or treatment status. Although the relationship did not reach statistical significance, there was a trend toward increased overall survival for patients with unmethylated tumors. For one patient, disease progression from astrocytic astrocytoma (World Health Organization grade III) to GBM (World Health Organization grade IV) was associated with selective expansion of TMS1-negative cells. The data suggest a role for the epigenetic silencing of TMS1 in the pathogenesis of human GBM. Methylation of TMS1 may prove to be a useful prognostic marker and/or predictor of patient survival and tumor malignancy.
Fou rire prodromique and history of pathological laughter in the XIXth and XXth centuries

Fou rire prodromique (prodrome of crazy laughter) is a rarely described nosological entity. In 1903, Charles Fere, a French neurologist, introduced the term fou rire prodromique to describe pathological laughter heralding an apoplectic event. He was also among the first to describe gelastic epilepsy. His description was influenced by Edouard Brissaud, who supported the existence of a thalamic center for laughter regulation and suggested that spasmodic laughter and crying were due to lesions of the faisceau psychique (anterior internal capsule) or to irritation of the faisceau genicule (corticobulbar tract). One hundred Years later, we review the evolution of the theories about pathological laughter and crying from Charles Bell in the early XIXth Century, up to the seminal works of Kinnier Wilson and James Papez and the era of modern neuroscience.
Localization of a human system for sustained attention by positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomographic (PET) studies of human attention have begun to dissect isolable components of this complex higher brain function, including a midline attentional system in a region of the anterior cingulate cortex. The right hemisphere may play a special part in human attention; neglect, an important phenomenon associated with damage to attentional systems, is more severe, extensive and long-lasting after lesions to the right hemisphere. Here we use PET measurements of brain blood flow in healthy subjects to identify changes in regional brain activity during simple visual and somatosensory tasks of sustained attention or vigilance. We find localized increases in blood flow in the prefrontal and superior parietal cortex primarily in the right hemisphere, regardless of the modality or laterality of sensory input. The anterior cingulate was not activated during either task. These data localize the vigilance aspects of normal human attention to sensory stimuli, thereby clarifying the biology underlying asymmetries of attention to such stimuli that have been reported in clinical lesions.
A SIMS-XPS study on silicon and germanium under O + 2 bombardment

Abstract Using a combined SIMS-XPS system it is shown that the much lower secondary ion yield of Ge + sputtered from germanium under 10 keV O + 2 bombardment at normal incidence compared to the Si + yield sputtered from silicon is due to the much smaller uptake of oxygen in germanium vs silicon. Data are also presented on the chemistry induced in b oth elements as a function of the angle of incidence of the O + 2 beam.
Full-wave calculations in flux coordinates for toroidal geometry

A two-dimensional (2D) full-wave code, HYPERION, employing a poloidal and toroidal mode expansion and including the toroidal terms arising in the wave equation, has been developed. It is based on the existing modules developed for the MHD stability codes. The plasma response is described by the collisionally broadened cold-plasma conductivity tensor. The code retains the E∥ component of the electric field, which allows the study of the low-density resion of the plasma. A detailed benchmarking of the HYPERION code has been done with the existing finite-difference full-wave code ORION.
Lick rates in gerbils

Lick rates in infant and adult gerbils were measured for water under 12, 24, and 48 h of deprivation, and for 4%, 16%, and 32% sucrose solutions, under 24 h of deprivation. Mean lick rates were found to be independent of sex, level of deprivation, and fluid consumed. Mean lick rates were affected by the age of the Ss. Infant gerbils, which initially licked at lower rates than the adult Ss, developed the same lick rates as adults as they matured. Possible implications of this finding for neurophysiological research were discussed.
Correlation of Cosmic-Ray Intensity and Solar Activity

The present International Geophysical Year was chosen to include the most likely period of maximum activity of the sun. It is probably too early to tell whether or not the maximum of the current cycle has yet been reached, but it is already certain that the yearly average of the Zurich sunspot numbers for 1957 is much higher than ever before observed.(1) It is therefore of interest to see what has been the effect on cosmic rays.
Granzyme B Independently of Perforin Mediates Noncytolytic Intracellular Inactivation of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

Cytotoxic cells provide a crucial defense against DNA and RNA viral infections. Here we describe an in vitro model to study the fate of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) RNA in cells undergoing apoptosis. Using the [3H]uridine release assay, we show that human LAK cells induce the degradation of RNA in infected U937 cells in addition to inhibiting the production of infectious virions. LAK cell-mediated RNA degradation was blocked by the serine protease inhibitor, 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin. Purified human granzyme B but not inactivated granzyme B, granzyme A, or perforin rapidly induced degradation of RNA in VSV-infected U937 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner without lysing the cells and suppressed viral production. Northern analysis of RNA extracted from infected cells with a VSV full-length cDNA probe confirmed that levels of viral transcripts were reduced by treatment with granzyme B. Nevertheless, the amount of host beta-actin mRNA was also reduced in infected cells, suggesting that treatment with granzyme B induced apoptosis. Consistent with this notion, infected cells exposed to granzyme B rapidly developed DNA strand breakage. Taken together, the data suggest that granzyme B in the absence of perforin reduced VSV production by activating a mechanism that degraded viral transcripts in infected U937 cells.
Common sense and integrative thinking

Purpose – The complexity of organizational decisions requires the ability to integrate diverse facts, ideas, issues, and connections into more comprehensive integrative thinking for decisions. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the relationship between common sense and integrative thinking. Common sense, on the surface, seems to be incompatible with integrative thinking yet common sense can enrich integrative thinking. Recommendations are made for leveraging the strengths of common sense thinking in identifying salient (relevant) factor stage of integrative thinking. Suggestions for future research are identified.Design/methodology/approach – The approach of this paper is to use literature‐based research to identify how common sense tensions can enhance integrative thinking.Findings – Five suggestions are presented to leverage common sense thinking when identifying salient factors in a situation. When common sense is successfully integrated at the first stage of integrative thinking, i...
Media and Book Reviews: Introduction: Taking the digital plunge

When I was a medical student, residents would often say—always with an air of confidentiality—“trust me, you'll need it.” Then they would reveal a must-have medical book tucked into the pocket of their white coat. Even back then I shuddered at the idea of carrying all those books. There were so many of them! Even less did I want to use a magnifying glass to read the 2-point font such books typically employ. More than anything, I did not want to waste time searching for information. I wanted it ready at a moment's notice. Many physicians today are blending smartphones, PDAs, laptops, tablets, and e-readers with their clinical practice. Some of us have been doing this from the beginning of our careers, others are just now wondering what the fuss is all about, and some Luddites are stubbornly holding out (though today this requires a conscious decision). So what is all the fuss about? Yes, font sizes are adjustable, 100 textbooks do fit in a shirt pocket, and information is indexed …
Quantitation of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with solid-phase extraction

Abstract Phenylbutazone (bute) and oxyphenbutazone are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) widely used in the equine world. Both substances are prohibited under the British Jockey Club Rules of Racing but are permitted up to a certain threshold level in blood plasma by some other equine governing bodies. There is therefore the requirement for accurate quantitation of these compounds in equine plasma samples. A quantitative analytical method utilising solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase HPLC was developed and a full validation exercise performed. Additional studies of analyte stability and development of a confirmatory analysis method were also carried out. A linear calibration over the plasma concentration range of 1–10 μg ml−1 for both analytes was achieved using fenclofenac as an internal marker. Inter-assay precision (n = 6) testing of plasma samples spiked at 2 μg ml−1 with both analytes produced results (R.S.D.) of 5.1% for phenylbutazone and 4.0% for oxyphenbutazone with standard error of the mean 0.0140 and 0.0138, respectively. The analytes were prone to oxidation during extraction and storage and preventative measures were incoporated into the methods. Confirmatory analysis was achieved by GC-MS with on-column derivatisation (methylation) of back exracted residues from the quantitative method.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Pt Nanocubes and Their Enhanced Catalysis for Oxygen Reduction

Monodisperse 8 nm Pt nanocubes are synthesized by reducing Pt(acac)2 in the presence of oleic acid, oleylamine, and a trace amount of Fe(CO)5. Self-assembly of these nanocubes results in a (100) textured array. The nanocubes show an enhanced catalysis toward oxygen reduction, and their specific activity is over twice as high as that from the commercial Pt nanoparticles.
A standard reference material for the measurement of particle mobility by electrophoretic light scattering

Abstract A standard reference material (SRM) was developed for the calibration and evaluation of light scattering equipment used to measure electrophoretic mobility. SRM 1980 is a positive mobility standard containing 500 mg dm−3 microcrystalline goethite (α-FeOOH) and 100 μmol g−1 phosphate in 0.05 mol dm−3 sodium perchlorate electrolyte solution at pH 2.5. The suspension is diluted prior to use. A certified mobility value (2.53 ± 0.12 μm cm V−1 s−1) was determined from a statistical analysis of round robin data from five laboratories according to NIST guidelines. This paper documents the development, characterization and evaluation of this material. Also discussed are the various contributions to measurement uncertainty and inconsistency, and appropriate protocols for dealing with these problems.
Challenges in embedded system simulation

As SoCs in the embedded space get more complex, integrating more processing units and peripherals, the job of providing the required software simulation tools necessarily get more complex. Adding the fact that there is increasing pressure to provide working software by first silicon, the time available to provide such tool support is shortened. At the same time, improving R&D efficiency drives a requirement that the same simulation platform be the basis for multiple divergent use cases, such as architecture evaluation, functional verification, software development and performance validation, each with different priorities when it comes to level of abstraction, cycle accuracy, and performance. This talk will address the demands on system simulation and discuss necessary approaches that will enable better meeting the emerging system simulation requirements.
Transport of diacylalkylglycerols in chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins of rat intestinal lymph following intragastric administration of 1,3-dioctadecenoyl-2-hexadecylglycerol.

The triacylglycerol (TG) analog 1,3-dioctadecenoyl-2-hexadecyl glycerol was used in the study of the transport of dietary lipids by lipoprotein fractions of rat intestinal lymph. 1,3-Diacyl-2-alkyl glycerols (DAG) are hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase to form 2-alkyl glycerols and free fatty acids. These hydrolysis products are then absorbed, and DAG are resynthesized within the intestinal mucosa. Intestinal lymph of rats was collected following intragastric administration of 1,3-dioctadecenoyl-2-hexadecyl glycerol. The DAG to TG ratios in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicron fractions were determined as a measure of the incorporation of lipid of dietary origin. The ratio of DAG to TG in the VLDL-2 (Sf 12–100) fraction ranged from0.06 to 0.56 indicating a significant amount of DAG transported relative to TG. The glyceryl ether to TG ratio increased with mean lipoprotein volume from the VLDL-2 fraction to the chylomicron (Sf>400) fraction. The correlation between glyceryl ether to TG ratio and average volume and between the amount of DAG per ml of original lymph and average volume within the chylomicron fraction was 0.99. Thus, the amount of dietary fat transported was correlated with the size of the chylomicrons produced. The glyceryl ether to TG ratio was positively correlated with the average volume of the lipoprotein fractions isolated (chylomicrons, chylomicron rich (Sf>100), VLDL-1 (Sf 100–400) and VLDL-2) (r=0.87). These results suggest that the size of the lipoproteins produced by the intestine is determined by the amount of fat available for transport and that particles of larger diameter are formed by the addition of lipid of dietary origin to existing VLDL.
Well-Differentiated Central Cartilage Tumors of Bone: An Overview

Well-differentiated hyaline cartilage tumors are among the most common tumors encountered in the skeleton; their radiographic and pathologic classification and clinical management can be challenging. Pathologists find cartilage tumors difficult because their precise classification is as dependent on the clinical and radiographic findings as the histologic features; the distinction between benign and malignant cartilage neoplasms demands good communication and teamwork between pathologists, orthopedic surgeons, and radiologists. This review focuses on the necessary clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features that allow distinction between enchondroma and low-grade central chondrosarcoma and interpretation of lesions encountered in the enchondromatosis syndromes.
Glass temperature depression of polymer by use of mixed solvents: A colligative property

The entropy theory of glasses is used to determine the glass temperature depression by a multicomponent low molecular weight plasticizer (diluent). The glass temperature, T g , is calculated as a function of pressure, P, the mole fractions, m i , of the plasticizers, and the degree of polymerization p. One finds, provided there is no phase separation, that to a good approximation, the initial glass temperature depression is a function of the total mole fraction of plasticizer. Moreover, the glass temperature depression for small plasticizer molecules is found to be nearly a universal function of the plasticizer mole fraction (it depends on no other plasticizer variable), and to vary inversely as the number of flexible bonds per monomer unit of the polymer. A useful approximation is found, γdT g /dm 1 = -3T g , where m i is the total mole fraction of diluent on a per monomer of polymer basis, and γ is the number of flexible bonds per monomer. Although these results agree with experimental data in the literature, a more definitive experimental test is needed.
Transfer effects in part to whole free-recall learning

Two experimental groups learned a list of four visual figures; one group learned these to the criterion of two perfect trials, and the second group received additional practice. A control group received no learning trials with the figures. All groups (N = 11 Ss each) then received practice on a list of eight figures, which included those learned by- the experimental groups. Positive learning transfer was shown only by the group receiving the overtraining. Transfer was not accounted for by an increase in the relative frequency with which overlearned stimuli were recalled while learning the eight stimuli.
GABAB receptors on central terminals of C‐afferents mediate intersegmental Aδ‐afferent evoked hypoalgesia

The current study tested the hypothesis that repetitive activation of sciatic Aδ-afferents evokes a saphenous C-afferent hypoalgesia mediated by pre-synaptic GABAB receptors. Tonic activation of sciatic Aδ-afferents was produced by cutaneous application of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) followed by repetitive thermal activation of Aδ-afferents on the dorsolateral hind paw. The tonic activation of sciatic Aδ-afferents produced hypoalgesia in saphenous C-afferents. Intrathecal administration of the GABAB receptor antagonist, saclofen, attenuated saphenous hypoalgesia demonstrating at least partial mediation by central GABAB receptors. To determine if this central GABAB receptor activation occurs at pre-synaptic primary afferent terminals or postsynaptic spinal cord neurons, the dorsal hind paws of mice were infected with a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) designed to selectively knock down expression of the GABAB1a receptor subunit (PAGB1a) in primary afferents or a control virus encoding the E. coli lacZ gene (PZ). Four weeks after infection, GABAB receptor immunoreactivity in the superficial dorsal horns ipsilateral to PAGB1a application was reduced and hypoalgesia in saphenous C-afferents was attenuated when compared to PZ-infected mice. These findings indicate an intersegmental, sciatic Aδ-afferent-evoked hypoalgesic effect on saphenous C-afferent responses that is mediated by pre-synaptic GABAB receptors on the terminals of those C-afferents.
Unusual auricular complications in cutaneous oncology

The anatomic complexity of the pinna predisposes that structure to a variety of unique, site specific postoperative complications following management of skin cancer. We describe four unusual auricular complications: 1) radiochondronecrosis; 2) autonecro-sis of skin during second intention healing; 3) hearing loss secondary to tragal retraction over the external auditory canal; and 4) extension of tumor through fenestrated cartilage. Well-known postoperative auricular complications are reviewed and anticipation and recognition of these unusual complications are emphasized.
Under the hood of GeoVRML 1.0

GeoVRML 1.0 provides geoscientists with a rich suite of enabling capabilities that cannot be found elsewhere. That is, the ability to model dynamic 3-D geographic data that can be distributed over the web and interactively visualized using a standard browser configuration. GeoVRML includes nodes for VRML97 that perform this task; addressing issues such as coordinate systems, scalability, animation, accuracy, and preservation of the original geographic data. The implementation is released as open source and includes various tools for generating GeoVRML data. All these facilities provide geoscientists with an excellent medium to present complex 3-D geographic data in a dynamic, interactive, and web-accessible format. We illustrate these capabilities using real-world examples drawn from diverse application areas.
TUITION POLICY AND THE INTERSTATE MIGRATION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS

Policies toward nonresident students by public institutions of higher education are an increasingly important issue. This paper looks at the determinants of student migration and the interrelationship of student migration and tuition rates. Students are found to be attracted to schools in states that are attractive to migrants in general, specifically schools in states with favorable economic and environmental conditions, and high tuition rates are found to be a significant deterrent to nonresident students. Tuition rates for nonresident students are found to be largely determined by tradition, although states are found to have a tendency to increase nonresident tuition if they are strong net importers of students.
Abstract 5257: Preclinical evaluation of lestaurtinib (CEP-701) with the retinoids for neuroblastoma

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Purpose Lestaurtinib (CEP-701), a selective and potent inhibitor of the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases, has undergone initial clinical evaluation in children with relapsed neuroblastoma. We studied the interaction of CEP-701 with 13-cis retinoic acid (13cRA) and fenretinide (4HPR), two retiniods that have been studied in children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Methods In a panel of 5 neuroblastoma cell lines (CHP-134, IMR-5, E6-NBLS, SH-SY5Y, and the SH-SY5Y-BR6 line that has been engineered to express high levels of functional TrkB receptors), in vitro cytotoxicity was assessed following a 72-hour drug exposure using the sulforhodamine B assay. When appropriate, the combination index (CI) of Chou-Talalay was used to characterize the interaction of 13cRA (non-constant ratio) or 4HPR (constant ratio) with CEP-701. Results The median (range) IC50 of single agent CEP-701 across all cell lines was 0.09 (0.08-0.17) μM. The combination of 13cRA and CEP-701 resulted in additive to synergistic interactions in 4 of the 5 cell lines studied. Addition of 1 and 5 µM of 13cRA decreased the median (range) CEP-701 IC50 1.5-fold (1.1 to 2.8-fold) and 1.7-fold (1.5 to 1.8-fold), respectively. With 10 µM 13cRA, less than 50% of cells survived when combined with various concentrations of CEP-701. The combination of 4HPR and CEP-701 trended toward being antagonistic, with a median (range) CI at the ED50 of 1.3 (1.1-1.5). Conclusions The combination of 13cRA and CEP-701 was additive or synergistic in a spectrum of neuroblastoma cell lines, suggesting that these agents can be used together to eliminate minimal residual disease following intensive chemoradiotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5257.
Areal inhomogeneities in vapor doped polyaniline films

The conductivity of an initially insulating emeraldine base film can be controlled by adjusting its time of exposure to the vapor of a dopant solution. Before saturation doping is achieved, however, large nonuniformities in resistivity are measured in a spatial pattern related to the geometry of the sample and its support fixtures. Comparison of the spatial measurements to a gas-phase mass-transport analysis finds that the nonuniformity is attributable to a spatially varying flux of dopant incident on the sample from the vapor. The nonuniform flux is caused by diffusion-limited gas-transport of dopant vapor in response to uptake by the sample.
Evaluating annotations of an Agilent expression chip suggests that many features cannot be interpreted.

While attempting to reanalyze published data from Agilent 4 × 44 human expression chips, we found that some of the 60-mer olignucleotide features could not be interpreted as representing single human genes. For example, some of the oligonucleotides align with the transcripts of more than one gene. We decided to check the annotations for all autosomes and the X chromosome systematically using bioinformatics methods. Out of 42683 reporters, we found that 25505 (60%) passed all our tests and are considered "fully valid". 9964 (23%) reporters did not have a meaningful identifier, mapped to the wrong chromosome, or did not pass basic alignment tests preventing us from correlating the expression values of these reporters with a unique annotated human gene. The remaining 7214 (17%) reporters could be associated with either a unique gene or a unique intergenic location, but could not be mapped to a transcript in RefSeq. The 7214 reporters are further partitioned into three different levels of validity. Expression array studies should evaluate the annotations of reporters and remove those reporters that have suspect annotations. This evaluation can be done systematically and semi-automatically, but one must recognize that data sources are frequently updated leading to slightly changing validation results over time.
Got MOOC?: Labor Costs for the Development and Delivery of an Open Online Course

Media reports concerning massive open online courses MOOCs have vacillated between talk of an educational revolution and disillusionment with an over-hyped instructional technology. This paper reports how a group of university faculty and staff designed and delivered a MOOC to more than 800 students. The delivery of the MOOC was a labor-intensive, costly process that resulted in a variety of educational and institutional outcomes. The case report contains lessons for other groups who may have an interest in delivering a MOOC. The paper concludes with an interpretation of the significance of MOOCs for higher education.
NOVEL HYDROLYSIS PATHWAYS OF DIMESITYLDIFLUOROSILANE VIA AN ANIONIC FIVE-COORDINATED SILICATE AND A HYDROGEN-BONDED BISILONATE. MODEL INTERMEDIATES IN THE SOL-GEL PROCESS

Abstract Reaction of dimesityldifluorosilane, Mes2SiF2, with Et4NF 2H2O in acetonitrile resulted in the formation of the five-coordinated complexes, [Et4N][MeS2SiF3], [Et4N][MesSiF4], the hydrogen bisilonate, [Mes2Si(F)O]2[H][Et4N] (2), and the disiloxane, (Mes2SiF)2O (3). Each of these products was isolated as a crystalline compound and characterized by solution state 1H, 19F, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray structure of [Mes2SiF3][K,18-crown-6] CH2Cl2 (1) as well as that of 2 and 3 were determined. The hydrolysis pathway of Mes2SiF2 involves the intermediates, Mes2SiF3 − and Mes2Si(F)-O-H-OSi(F)Mes2 −, on the way to the disiloxane 3. This pathway is used as a model for the initial hydrolysis of silicic acid in the sol-gel process. Ab initio calculations are presented showing that this process which results in the formation of the disiloxane, (HO)3Si-O-Si(OH)3, is one of low energy. The importance of anionic pentacoordinate silicon and the hydrogen-bonded bisilonate in the hydrolytic sequence is str...
The political psychology of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: How can we overcome the barriers to a negotiated solution?

Six political-psychological assumptions are presented as the basis for this paper's argument that direct Israeli-Palestinian negotiations are necessary and possible and for its delineation of the requirements of such negotiations. The last of these assumptionsthat neither party will enter negotiations that leave its right to national existence in doubtis linked to the psychological core of the conflict: its perception by the parties as a zero-sum conflict around national identity and existence. This view has led to a mutual denial of each other's identity and right to exist and systematic efforts to delegitimize the other. Such efforts have undermined the steps toward negotiation that leaders on both sides have in fact taken because each defines the negotiating framework in ways that are profoundly threatening to the other. Negotiations are possible only in a framework of mutual recognition, which makes it clear that recognition of the other's rights represents assertion, rather than abandonment, of one's own rights. Such negotiations can be facilitated through a prenegotiation process conducive to differentiation of the enemy image, including a breakdown of the monolithic view of the enemy camp, a distinction between the enemy's ideological dreams and operational programs, and a differentiation between negative and positive components of the other's ideology and symbols of legitimacy.
Effect of grain boundary migration on grain boundary grooving

Abstract Based on volume diffusion and small slope approximation, the effect of grain boundary migration on grain boundary grooving is studied. Using the Fourier transformation, a closed form solution for grain boundary groove profile is obtained. With a finite migration velocity, the groove profile develops asymmetrically with time (the atoms accumulate faster in the direction of the migration velocity and form a higher peak), and the asymmetry also increases with migration velocity.
Novel ion‐containing reverse osmosis membranes. II. Reverse osmosis properties

The reverse osmosis properties of ion-containing membranes prepared by 60Co mutual irradiation grafting of 2-vinylpyridine to poly(3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane) (polyoxetane, Penton) followed by quaternization with methyl bromide are presented. In general, the volumetric fluxes varied linearly with pressures up to 55 atm. Katchalsky's treatment of membrane permeability was used to analyze the data. Membrane constants and diffusion coefficients of water and sodium chloride were determined with membranes containing different volume fractions of water. The diffusion coefficients of water in the membranes were of the same order of magnitude as the self-diffusion coefficient of water (∼3 × 10−5 cm2/s). The diffusion coefficients of sodium chloride in the membrane were of the order of 10−7 cm2/s. The diffusion coefficients increased with hydration, and the salt rejections were markedly affected by the external salt concentrations. The apparent energies of activation for the volumetric flux were calculated in distilled water and in 0.5% sodium chloride solution.
Mission analysis for the interplanetary monitoring platforms IMP-H and -J

IMP-H and -J were launched in September 1972 and October 1973, respectively, and placed into orbits of low eccentricity halfway distant to the moon. IMP-H was required to remain between 30 and 40 earth radii for three years, and IMP-J was to maintain a similar orbit while staying on the opposite side of the earth. In both cases no orbit-adjust capability was provided after firing of a solid-propellant apogee kick motor; so strategy during mission operations depended on advance studies of orbit evolution and sensitivity to pertinent error sources. This is presented in detail along with the launch window study, and comparisons are made between the target and achieved orbits.
Person-environment congruence and job satisfaction

Abstract The results of this study generally support the premise that job satisfaction is positively related to the congruence between the personality types of individuals and their work environments. Person-environment congruence is positively related to the intrinsic job satisfaction of males and females. However, gender-specific differences are apparent in terms of the relationship between person-environment congruence and extrinsic (males only) and overall (females only) job satisfaction. These relationships are consistent for all personality types included in the study. The implications of these findings for further research and for the selection and placement of individuals in work settings are discussed.