cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water and the Course of Empire in North Africa

I. The Rise and Fall of Material Culture. Population, cultivated area, and wealth have swelled and dwindled almost rhythmically for thousands of years — the moving frontier of settled agriculture. — II. Rainfall and Cultivated Area. Relation of topography to rainfall and cost of transport by zones, 48. — Significance of the alternate fallow year, 53. — Cereal and olive production the one index of economic development applicable to all periods, 54. — Extent of the economically valuable area. The change since ancient times has been economic, not geographic, 56. — III. Irrigation. Irrigation important, not so much for itself as because of its effects upon the dry-farming area. Evidence from ruins that climate has not basically changed, 58. — Ancient and modern dry-farming similar, 60. — Limited resources of North Africa in irrigation water, 65. — IV. Soil Exhaustion. Soil exhaustion rather an effect or accompaniment of economic decay than a cause, 68. — Some damage from erosion and deforestation, but this less important than commercial, social, and technical changes, 70. — V. Population and its Economic Basis. Growth of Algerian population during the past century. Professor Pearl over emphasizes war-losses, under emphasizes drought periods; but his results are extremely significant, 71. — Algeria a liability to France during the first half-century of fumbling. Followed by a half-century of progress under policies built upon knowledge of North African geography, 74. — VI. The Economics of Empire. Agricultural and administrative policies under which North Africa has prospered roughly similar in all ages, but the differences in detail are important, 79. — "Arabization" has been mainly social and economic, not biological, 82. — Economic significance of Roman and modern frontiers: the camel, the railway, and the motorcar, 83. — "Environmental resistance," 85. — Can North Africa be a self-supporting or self-governing economic unit? 86. — The benefits of "imperialism," 87.
Variable Field Proton-Electron Double-Resonance Imaging: Application to pH mapping of aqueous samples.

Abstract A new concept of Variable Field Proton–Electron Double-Resonance Imaging (VF PEDRI) is proposed. This allows for functional mapping using specifically designed paramagnetic probes (e.g. oxygen or pH mapping) with MRI high quality spatial resolution and short acquisition time. Studies performed at 200 G field MRI with phantoms show that a pH map of the sample can be extracted using only two PEDRI images acquired in 140 s at pre-selected EPR excitation fields providing pH resolution of 0.1 pH units and a spatial resolution of 1.25 mm. Note that while concept of functional VF PEDRI was demonstrated using the pH probe, it can be applied for studies of other biologically relevant parameters of the medium such as redox state, concentrations of oxygen or glutathione using specifically designed EPR probes.
Correlation of Subatmospheric Pressure, Saturated, Pool Boiling of Water on a Structured-Porous Surface

Saturated pool-boiling experiments at 1 atm and subatmospheric pressure assess the utility of fine-filament screen-laminate enhanced surfaces as effective bubble nucleation sites. Experiments were conducted on vertically oriented, multilayer laminates in saturated distilled water at pressures of 0.2―1.0 atm. The performance of 12 different copper-filament surfaces, having pore hydraulic diameters ranging from 14 μm to 172 μm, is documented. Experimental results show that boiling performance is a strong function of screen-laminate geometry. In the present work, enhancement of up to 27 times that of an unenhanced surface was obtained at a superheat of 8 K and a pressure of 0.2 atm. Dimensional analysis and multiparameter regression are used to develop a heat transfer correlation that relates the boiling heat transfer coefficient to the lamination geometry.
Clinician styles of care: Transforming patient care at the intersection of leadership and medicine

A key role of clinicians is to motivate their patients to initiate and maintain beneficial health behaviors. This article integrates research on transformational leadership, clinician–patient communication, and health behavior to introduce a novel approach to understanding and improving clinicians’ effectiveness as motivators. We describe three dominant clinician styles or patterned approaches to patient care that derive from leadership theory (in order of least to most effective): laissez-faire, transactional, and transformational. Additionally, we suggest potential mediators and effects of the transformational style of care. Finally, we discuss future research directions for the study of clinician styles of care.
Diffusion of lexical change in social media.

Computer-mediated communication is driving fundamental changes in the nature of written language. We investigate these changes by statistical analysis of a dataset comprising 107 million Twitter messages (authored by 2.7 million unique user accounts). Using a latent vector autoregressive model to aggregate across thousands of words, we identify high-level patterns in diffusion of linguistic change over the United States. Our model is robust to unpredictable changes in Twitter's sampling rate, and provides a probabilistic characterization of the relationship of macro-scale linguistic influence to a set of demographic and geographic predictors. The results of this analysis offer support for prior arguments that focus on geographical proximity and population size. However, demographic similarity – especially with regard to race – plays an even more central role, as cities with similar racial demographics are far more likely to share linguistic influence. Rather than moving towards a single unified “netspeak” dialect, language evolution in computer-mediated communication reproduces existing fault lines in spoken American English.
Age, provenance, and tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic quartzite successions in the southwestern United States

New field studies combined with U-Pb zircon geochronology constrain the ages of deposition and sedimentary provenance of Paleoproterozoic quartzite successions exposed in the southwestern United States. Orthoquartzites were deposited in short-lived basins at two times (ca. 1.70 and 1.65 Ga) during crustal assembly of southern Laurentia. The more voluminous ca. 1.70 Ga successions occur in southern Colorado, northern New Mexico, and central Arizona and are interpreted here to be time correlative, though not necessarily deposited in the same basins. Detrital zircon from quartzites and metaconglomerates exposed in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico is characterized by a single population with a relatively narrow range of ages (1.80–1.70 Ga) and minimal Archean input (<5% of grains analyzed). Peak detrital zircon ages (1.76–1.70 Ga) vary slightly from location to location and mimic the age of underlying basement. Unimodal detrital populations suggest local sources and a first-cycle origin of the orthoquartzites within a short time interval (1.70–1.68 Ga) during unroofing of local underlying basement. The maximum age of quartzite exposed at Blue Ridge, Colorado, is constrained by the 1705–1698 Ma coarse-grained granitoid basement on which quartzite was deposited unconformably. The minimum age of Ortega Formation quartzite (New Mexico) is constrained by ca. 1680–1670 Ma metamorphic monazite overgrowths. These dates agree with direct ages on the lower Mazatzal Group, Arizona, and suggest that orthoquartzite deposition occurred over a wide region during and soon after the ca. 1.70 Ga Yavapai orogeny. Regional structural arguments and the thrust style of quartzite deformation suggest that the metasedimentary successions were deformed during the ca. 1.66–1.60 Ga Mazatzal orogeny, thus making them important time markers separating the Yavapai and Mazatzal orogenic events. Our model for syntectonic deposition involves extensional basin development followed by thrust closure, possibly due to opening and closing of slab rollback basins related to outboard subduction. The first-cycle origin of orthoquartzites near the end of the arc collisions of the Yavapai orogeny seems to contrast sharply with their extreme compositional maturity. This can be explained in terms of protracted, extreme diagenesis and/or special environmental influences that enhanced chemical weathering but were unique to the transitional atmosphere and ocean chemistry of the Proterozoic. Similarities among quartzites exposed throughout the southwestern United States and along the Laurentian margin suggest that they represent a widespread regional, and perhaps global, episode of sedimentation involving a distinctive syntectonic setting and unique climatic conditions, a combination that might make these units a signature lithology for Paleoproterozoic time.
Nearly Circular Equatorial Orbits About an Oblate Body with Atmosphere

This paper studies nearly circular equatorial orbits of satellites in the gravitational field of an oblate body that includes the J 2 term and quadratic drag. We derive analytic expressions for the orbit of a satellite under these conditions even if the local atmospheric density is provided in tabular form. This work includes four distinct atmospheric density models. A closed-form solution of the orbit equation for each model is compared with the numerical integration of the equations of motion with a test model of the atmospheric density, disclosing the accuracy of the analytic solution that follows from each model. For an orbital decay of 900 m over 160 revolutions, the least accurate model revealed an error of 5 m, whereas the most accurate model produced an error of 0.4 m.
Adjuvant endocrine therapy for premenopausal women with early breast cancer

Adjuvant endocrine therapy is a pivotal component of treatment for premenopausal women with early-stage hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Currently, the standard endocrine therapy for premenopausal women is tamoxifen; a role for ovarian suppression or ablation has also been identified. Uncertainty remains about the optimal use of endocrine therapy in this setting. The role of ovarian suppression with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor, the optimal duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy and the utility of biomarkers and pharmacogenetic studies to select therapy are questions worthy of further investigation.
Social Status and the Married Woman.

The dependence of married women upon men for their achievement of social status is examined. A status-borrowing model is contrasted to an independent-status model. Data from a 1972 national survey indicate that the former model fits better than the latter. Both husbands and wives appear to pay rather little attention to the attainments of wives when evaluating their own social status. However, a statussharing model is not totally ruled out.
Testing additivity in two-way classifications with no replications:the locally best invariant test

Row x column interaction is frequently assumed to be negligible in two-way classifications having one observation per cell. Absence of interaction allows the researcher to estimate experimental error and to proceed with making inferences about row and column effects. If additivity is suspect, it is conventional to test it against a structured alternative. If the structured alternative missspecifies the existing nonadditivity, then the power of the test is low, even if the magnitude of the existing nonadditivity is large. The locally best invariant (LBI) test of additivity is less subject to model misspecification because a particular structural alternative need not be hypothesized. This paper illustrates the LBI test of additivity and compares its power to that of the Johnson-Graybill likelihood ratio (LR) test. The LBI test performs as well as the LR test under a Johnson-Graybill alternative and performs better than the LR test under more general alternatives.
Serial Doppler assessment of diastolic function before and after the Fontan operation

Serial Doppler echocardiography was used to evaluate the effects of the Fontan operation (FO) on diastolic ventricular function in 55 patients with univentricular heart. Examinations were performed before operation, before postoperative discharge, and 6 months to 6 years postoperatively. Preoperatively, early diastolic atrioventricular valve (E) flow was reduced and deceleration times prolonged relative to healthy children. All pulmonary vein diastolic flow variables, except diastolic velocity, were increased relative to control subjects. After FO, E/atrial velocity and E/atrial time velocity integral ratios were decreased whereas deceleration and isovolumic relaxation time remained constant. Diastolic pulmonary vein forward flow increased after FO. These data suggest inherently abnormal ventricular relaxation in the univentricular heart and that changes in flow patterns observed postoperatively were subtle and likely a result of reduced ventricular preload after FO. Overall, diastolic function most probably remained stable after FO. This information can be used as a benchmark for further diastolic function assessment in patients with surgically palliated univentricular heart.
Software engineering projects with social significance: An experience report at a minority university

Recent research indicates that women and minority students find computer science more meaningful and engaging when they have a chance to apply their knowledge within communal and societal context. We report the experience gained while incorporating a software engineering project that aid community and society at a university that predominantly serves underrepresented minority students. The project that we utilized allows the students to apply the theories and principles of software engineering on a real life scenario while keeping them engaged and motivated, addresses the needs of community and society, and better prepares the minority students for their professional career through improved academic achievement, enhanced self-reliance and community engagement. The project can easily be replicated and adopted to any project-based software engineering course taught at any university and likely to generate similar benefits to students and society that we noticed.
Calibration of denaturing agarose gels for molecular weight estimation of DNA: Size determination of the single‐stranded genomes of parvoviruses

Vertical slab gel electrophoresis of DNA with CH3HgOH-containing agarose produces sharp bands whose mobilities are suitable for size estimation of single-stranded DNA containing 600–20 000 bases. The relationship of electrophoretic mobility to size of DNA over this range is a smooth, S-shaped function, and an empirical model was developed to express the relationship. The model involves terms in squared and reciprocal mobilities, and produced excellent fit of known standard markers to measured mobilities. It was used to estimate the sizes of six parvovirus DNAs: Kilham rat virus (KRV), H-1, LuIII, and minute virus of mice (MVM) DNAs had molecular weights of 1.66 – 1.70 × 106, while the molecular weight of bovine parvovirus (BPV) DNA was 1.84 × 106 and that of adenoassociated virus (AAV) DNA was 1.52 × 106.
Abstract IA1: Mining the TCGA

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has recently completed its first formal analysis of the genomic and clinical data from the ovarian carcinoma project. This analysis has confirmed previous knowledge and discovered new insights into this challenging disease. Now is the time for the research community to take hold of this high-quality, robust data set and apply it to translational and basic biologic questions. This session will review the nuts and bolts of The Cancer Genome Atlas comprehensive genomic profiling projects with special emphasis on the completed ovarian project. The sample inclusion criteria, clinical data, and molecular platforms will be reviewed in detail. The TCGA biospecimens pipeline will be discussed. Numerous analytical tools for individuals to download raw data and use previously processed data will be provided. Case studies of individual research projects that use TCGA data will be examined. This session will be useful for any scientists, surgeons, or physicians who are interested in learning more about the NIH-sponsored TCGA project. This session will also be beneficial for individuals interested in figuring out how to practically use the large volumes of data generated by TCGA to enhance ongoing and planned research projects. The goal of this session is to demonstrate how TCGA data can serve as a reliable resource for the greater research community. Citation Format: Douglas A. Levine. Mining the TCGA. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA1.
Teacher Education and the American Future.

For teacher education, this is perhaps the best of times and the worst of times. It may be the best of times because so much hard work has been done by many teacher educators over the past two decades to develop more successful program models and because voters have just elected a president of the United States who has a strong commitment to the improvement of teaching. It may be the worst of times because there are so many forces in the environment that conspire to undermine these efforts. In this article, the author discusses the U.S. context for teacher education, the power of teacher preparation for transforming teaching and learning, and the current challenges for this enterprise in the United States.
Recent developments in the diagnosis, antiviral therapy and prevention of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Summary The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by an exogenous retrovirus known as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This article briefly reviews the current status of investigations into the molecular biology of HIV and discusses ways in which these studies may influence the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of infection.
Accelerated debromination of biphenyls by photolysis with sodium borohydride

Abstract The photochemical debromination of a series of bromobiphenyls was examined in the presence and absence of sodium borohydride. In both cases the photoreduction proceeded cleanly to give the corresponding debrominated biphenyls, but the photolyses in the presence of borohydride were accelerated up to a 100-fold. A free radical chain mechanism is involved.
Defect reduction strategy for plasma etch

Plasma etch has always played an important role in microelectronic manufacturing. Defects observed at post-etch usually have significant impact on yield. The visual post-etch defects are generally divided into three major categories. Those defects discovered at etch but not generated by etch, the defects generated during etch, and the defects generated by interaction between different process layers. The prior layer defects are the defects uncovered by the etch process but originated in prior layers such as film or lithography. The true plasma etch-generated defects usually consist of process-induced defects and equipment defects. Process integration defects are those type of defects that are caused by interaction between different layer stoichiometry and process chemistry. The origin of these defects observed at post-etch need to be identified and isolated in order to make defect reduction in the plasma etch area manageable. The best defect yield management strategy is to use an integrated monitoring scheme consisting of in-line, short-loop, and equipment monitor wafers to monitor defect levels in the production line and to troubleshoot yield loss caused by defects. This paper discusses how to set up effective integrated short-loop patterned etch and blank resist-coated etch equipment monitors to isolate the contribution of different components of post-etch defects listed above.
Abstract LB-95: Inhibition of CXCR4/Stat3 signaling by AMD3465 exerts major tumor- and metastasis-suppressive effects in syngenic 4T1 breast cancer model

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Stromal-derived factor-1 α (SDF-1α, also termed CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 have been shown to play important roles in hematopoietic stem cell homing, and high expression of CXCR4 has been associated with poor prognosis in hematologic malignancies. The CXCR4/SDF-1α axis is also functional in solid tumors, including breast cancer. It has been postulated that Stat3 may promote metastases in breast cancer through direct interaction with CXCR4, promoting tumor growth and survival. Phosphorylated Stat3 was found to trigger overexpression or activation of several potent oncoproteins. In order to evaluate the role of CXCR4 in metastases, we used the specific CXCR4 inhibitor, AMD3465, to block CXCR4 in the syngeneic 4T1 breast cancer model. Stat3, Akt, Erk1/2, Jak2 and MMP9 activity was found to be almost completely inhibited and expression levels of GSK-3β and cMyc were greatly reduced. Growth of 4T1 cells orthotopically implanted into the mammary fat pad as well as pulmonary and liver metastases were significantly (>95%) reduced in vivo when AMD3465 was given as continuous infusion at a dose of 428.57μg/mouse/day over 14 days. Furthermore, we observed that CXCR4 inhibition by AMD3465 significantly reduced lung metastases in three immunocompetent syngeneic mouse models after surgical resection of the primary breast tumors. This experimental design mimics current clinical treatment strategies. Kozin et al. (Cancer Research 70: 5679–85; 2010) recently suggested that CD11b+ myeloid/monocytic cells (a cell type implicated in supporting angiogenesis) may play a role in tumor re-growth in response to SDF-1 α. In support of this observation, we observed significantly reduced CD11b+ cells in lungs, livers and spleens (P<0.01 for all 3 organs) following treatment with AMD3465, as compared to PBS controls. Hence, our data suggest that pharmacological CXCR4 inhibition in breast cancer-bearing mice following primary tumor resection is well tolerated and potently controls the development of distant metastatic lesions. In conclusion, interruption of the SDF-1/CXCR4/Stat3 signaling axis by the CXCR4-specific inhibitor, AMD3465, effectively inhibits pulmonary and hepatic breast cancer metastasis via disruption of intracellular microenvironment mediated signaling in breast cancer cells and through effects on CD11b+ tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-95. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-95
Structural Studies of Peripheral Reticulum in C4 Plant Chloroplasts of Portulaca oleracea L.

Summary A three dimensional model of the peripheral reticulum (PR) from a chloroplast in a mesophyll of Portulaca oleracea has been constructed from serial sections. On the basis of this model the morphology of different PR profiles as observed in thin sections can be predicted and classified. Freeze-fracture of PR and the envelope membranes of chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells from this C 4 plant shows a correlation in particle size and particle distribution between corresponding fracture halves of PR membranes and the inner envelope of the chloroplast.
Characterization of putative stem cell phenotype in human limbal epithelia.

This study evaluated proposed molecular markers related to stem cell (SC) properties with the intention of characterizing a putative SC phenotype in human limbal epithelia. Human corneal and limbal tissues were cut in the vertical and horizontal meridians for histology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunostaining. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization were used to evaluate gene expression. TEM showed that the limbal basal cells were small primitive cells. Immunostaining disclosed that p63, ABCG2 and integrin α9 were primarily expressed by the basal epithelial cells of limbus. Antibodies against integrin β1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), K19, enolase-α, and CD71 stained the basal cells of the limbus more brightly than the suprabasal epithelia. Integrin α6, nestin, E-cadherin and connexin 43 did not stain the limbal basal cells, but the suprabasal epithelia of the cornea and limbus showed strong immunoreactivity. K3 and involucrin stained only corneal and limbal superficial cells. RT-PCR showed higher levels of p63, ABCG2 and integrin α9 mRNA, but lower levels of K3, K12 and connexin 43 expressed in the limbal epithelia than the corneal epithelia. In situ hybridization showed that p63 transcripts were located in basal layer of the limbal epithelium. This work suggests that the basal epithelial cells of the limbus are p63, ABCG2 and integrin α9 positive, and nestin, E-cadherin, connexin 43, involucrin, K3, and K12 negative, with relatively higher expression of integrin β1, EGFR, K19, and enolase-α. This putative SC phenotype may facilitate the identification and isolation of limbal epithelial SCs.
Vroom: designing an augmented environment for remote collaboration in digital cinema production

ABSTRACT As media technologies become increasingly affordable, compact and inherently networked, new generations of telecollaborative platforms continue to arise which integrate these new affordances. Virtual reality has been primarily concerned with creating simulations of environments that can transport participants to real or imagined spaces that replace the real world. Meanwhile Augmented Reality systems have evolved to interleave objects from Virtual Reality environments into the physical landscape. Perhaps now there is a new class of systems that reverse this precept to enhance dynamic media landscapes and immersive physical display environments to enable intuitive data exploration through collaboration. Vroom (Virtual Room) is a next-generation reconfigurable tiled display environment in development at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2) at the University of California, San Diego. Vroom enables freely scalable digital collaboratories, connecting distributed, high-resolution visualization resources for collaborative work in the sciences, engineering and the arts . Vroom transforms a physical space into an immersive media environment with large format interac tive display surfaces, video te leconferencing and spatialized audio built on a high-speed optical network backbone. Vroom enables group collaboration for local and remote participants to share knowledge and experiences. Possible applications include: remote learning, command and control, storyboarding, post-production editorial review, high resolution video playback, 3D visualization, screencasting and image, video and multimedia file sharing. To support these various scenarios, Vroom features s upport for multiple user interfaces (optical tracking, touch UI, gesture interface, etc.), support for directional and spatialized audio, giga-pixel image interactivity, 4K video streaming, 3D visualization and telematic production. This paper explains the design pr ocess that has been utilized to make Vroom an accessible and intuitive immersive environment for remote collaboration specifically for digital cinema production . Keywords: Remote Collaboration, Immersion, Digital Cinema, Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, User Experience, Telecollaboration, Vroom 1.
Sensory fibres in ventral roots L7 and S1 in the cat

1. Receptive fields were determined for ninety-eight unmyelinated and 132 myelinated axons in the L7 and S1 cat ventral roots. 2. Seventy of the ninety-eight unmyelinated axons had their receptive fields in somatic structures, the skin and deep tissues. 3. Of the seventy unmyelinated axons with somatic receptive fields, thirty-five were mechanical nociceptors, fifteen were mechanical and thermal nociceptors, eleven were deep nociceptors, six were thermal receptors, and three were low threshold mechanoceptors. 4. Twenty-four of the ninety-eight unmyelinated axons had their receptive fields in visceral structures: the intestine, bladder and vagina. 5. We confirm the work of others that myelinated fibres attached to peripheral receptive fields can be found in ventral roots and that the receptive fields and functional qualities of these fibres are as one would expect of dorsal root fibres for the same segments. 6. A previous study demonstrated that approximately 30% of the axons in the L7 and S1 cat ventral roots are unmyelinated and arise from dorsal root ganglion cells. The present study confirms that these axons are sensory and that the axons are predominantly cutaneous nociceptors and visceral afferents. Thus it is concluded that the L7 and S1 cat ventral roots have a major sensory component.
Districts, Teacher Leaders, and Distributed Leadership: Changing Instructional Practice

Using case studies of four schools in three districts, this article explores how leadership is distributed in districts and asks about the role of teacher leaders. It proposes that teacher leaders and districts can share three leadership tasks: procuring and distributing materials, monitoring improvement, and developing people. The district and teacher leaders play complementary roles. How effective teacher leaders are at people development will depend on the time they have, the knowledge they have, and their monitoring responsibility. These conditions depend partly on administrative support, indicating districts may have more opportunity to influence teaching practice than past research had indicated.
Probing M-Branch Electron Transfer and Cofactor Environment in the Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Center by Addition of a Hydrogen Bond to the M-Side Bacteriopheophytin

Subpicosecond time-resolved absorption and steady-state resonance Raman (RR) studies are reported for Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction centers (RCs) that incorporate an Asp in place of Val M131 near the ring V keto group of the M-side bacteriopheophytin (BPh M ). The L-side C 2 -symmetry analogue of residue M131 is Glu L104, which is known to form a hydrogen bond to the ring V keto group of BPh L in the wild-type RC. The effects of the V(M131)D mutation were probed in the triple mutant V(M131)D/G(M201)D/L(M212)H, which also incorporates an Asp at M201 near the L-side bacteriochlorophyll (BChl L ) as well as the "beta" mutation L(M212)H that results in replacement of the native BPh L with a Bchl molecule (denoted β). The primary photochemistry in the triple mutant (denoted V(M131)D-DH) is similar to that reported previously for the G(M201)D/L(M212)H double mutant (denoted DH). Upon excitation, P* decays with a time constant of 15 ps via a combination of electron transfer to the L side (70%), decay to the ground state (15%), and electron transfer to the M side to form P + BPh M - (15%). The bleaching of the Qx ground-state absorption band of BPh M observed upon formation of P + BPh M - is red shifted 1-2 nm from ∼527 nm in the DH RC to ∼529 nm in the V(M131)D-DH mutant, and the BPh M anion band is shifted 20 nm from 645 to 665 nm. RR experiments reveal that the ring V keto vibration of BPh M at 1705 cm - 1 in the wild-type RC downshifts to 1697 cm - 1 in the V(M131)D mutant. Collectively, these results indicate that the Asp introduced at M131 forms a hydrogen bond to the ring V keto group of BPh M in both ground (neutral) and anionic states of this cofactor, and further demonstrate that M-side electron transfer to form P + BPh M - occurs in both mutants. Comparison of the effects engendered by the addition of the hydrogen to BPh M with those found previously upon removal of the Glu L104 hydrogen bond to BPh L give insights into specific and global effects of the protein on the properties of these symmetry-related cofactors.
Inhibition and excitation of thoracic spinoreticular neurons by electrical stimulation of vagal afferent nerves.

Abstract Neurons in spinal segments T1–T3 of cats projecting to the region of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis were tested for their responses to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. The effects of vagal efferent activity were blocked with methylatropine, thereby limiting vagal input to the effects of afferent fibers. Seventeen spinoreticular (SR) neurons were inhibited by vagal stimulation; one was excited; four were both inhibited and excited, and nine were unaffected. Half of the SR neurons were not spontaneously active; they were excited by somatic stimuli for 20- to 30-s periods in order to test for vagal inhibition. Vagal stimuli sometimes were sufficiently potent to completely suppress neuronal discharge during and just after 10-s periods of stimulation. Parameters of stimulus duration and frequency suggest activation of both A delta and C fibers in the vagus nerves. Vagal stimulation could inhibit increased firing from cardiac stimuli, such as coronary artery occlusion and injection of bradykinin into the heart. Two-thirds of the SR neurons so tested responded to bilateral sympathetic stimuli, whereas about one-half had excitatory somatic receptive fields restricted to the left foreleg and upper left side. The other half had bilateral, widespread, and complex somatic fields, including inhibitory responses. Such multiple inputs suggest an integrative role for spinoreticular neurons in sensory processing. Vagal inhibition and excitation of SR neurons probably operates via well known descending inhibitory systems from the nucleus raphe magnus and other medullary centers. The vagi are the only peripheral afferent pathway into this descending system that has been described to date.
Colchicine-induced myoneuropathy mimicking polyradiculoneuropathy

We report a patient with colchicine-induced myoneuropathy. Myoneuropathy is an under-recognized complication of colchicine. The weakness seen in our patient improved fairly rapidly after discontinuation of colchicine.
The role of bone in CKD-mediated mineral and vascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and vascular calcifications start early in the course of CKD. Based on the growing body of evidence that alterations of bone and mineral metabolism and the therapies designed to treat the skeletal consequences of CKD are linked to cardiovascular calcifications, the Kidney Disease, Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) working group redefined renal osteodystrophy as a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to CKD, and this newly defined disorder is now known as “chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD)”. Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a bone-derived protein, is the first biochemical abnormality to be associated with CKD-MBD, and high FGF23 levels correlate with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, suggesting that bone is central to both initiating and perpetuating the abnormal mineral metabolism and vascular disease in CKD. The current standard therapies for CKD-MBD affect FGF23 levels differently; non-calcium-based binders with or without concurrent use of dietary phosphate restriction reduce FGF23 levels, while calcium-based binders seem to either increase or have no effect on FGF23 levels. Active vitamin D sterols increase FGF23 levels, whereas therapy with calcimimetics decreases FGF23 levels. Thus, the appropriate therapy that will minimize the rise in FGF23 and prevent cardiovascular morbidity remains to be defined.
Angular momentum decoupling approximations in the quantum dynamics of reactive systems

Abstract Two methods for implementing angular momentum decoupling approximations in quantum mechanical reactive scattering examined. Applications of both reactive and nonreactive H + H 2 collisions indicate that for the most intense individual reactive transitions and for all degeneracy-averaged ones, these decoupling methods (especially the “proper” decoupling method) yield results in good agreement with those of fully-coupled calculations. However, for the less intense reactive transitions and all individual nonreactive transitions, very large errors can result from use of these approximate methods.
Wolbachia from the planthopper Laodelphax striatellus establishes a robust, persistent, streptomycin-resistant infection in clonal mosquito cells

The obligate intracellular bacterium, Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), distorts reproduction of its arthropod hosts to facilitate invasion of naive populations. This property makes Wolbachia an attractive “gene drive” agent with potential applications in the control of insect vector populations. Genetic manipulation of Wolbachia will require in vitro systems for its propagation, genetic modification, amplification, and introduction into target insects. Here we show that Wolbachia from the planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, establishes a robust infection in clonal C7-10 Aedes albopictus mosquito cells. Infected cells, designated C/wStr, expressed radiolabeled proteins that were enriched in cells grown in the absence of antibiotics that inhibit Wolbachia, relative to cultures grown in medium containing tetracycline and rifampicin. Using mass spectrometry, we verified that tryptic peptides from an upregulated 24 kDa band predominantly represented proteins encoded by the Wolbachia genome, including the outer surface protein, Wsp. We further showed that resistance of Wolbachia to streptomycin is associated with a K42R mutation in Wolbachia ribosomal protein S12, and that the pattern of amino acid substitutions in ribosomal protein S12 shows distinct differences in the closely related genera, Wolbachia and Rickettsia.
Writing across the Curriculum: Assignments and Evaluation

(1991). Writing across the Curriculum: Assignments and Evaluation. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 365-368.
Temperature-Aware DVFS for Hard Real-Time Applications on Multicore Processors

This paper addresses the problem of determining the feasible speeds and voltages of multicore processors with hard real-time and temperature constraints. This is an important problem, which has applications in time-critical execution of programs like audio and video encoding on application-specific embedded processors. Two problems are solved. The first is the computation of the optimal time-varying voltages and speeds of each core in a heterogeneous multicore processor, that minimize the makespan-the latest completion time of all tasks, while satisfying timing and temperature constraints. The solution to the makespan minimization problem is then extended to the problem of determining the feasible speeds and voltages that satisfy task deadlines. The methods presented in this paper also provide a theoretical basis and analytical relations between speed, voltage, power and temperature, which provide greater insight into the early-phase design of processors and are also useful for online dynamic thermal management.
Ethical Issues with Contingent Valuation Surveys in Developing Countries: A Note on Informed Consent and Other Concerns

This article calls attention to some of the problems involved in the ethical review and oversight of contingent valuation research in developing countries, including the question of what informed consent means in a cross-cultural context. A central area of concern is that contingent valuation (CV) surveys have the potential to confuse or mislead respondents. This can cause an individual respondent who is confused or misled to take actions that could harm himself or members of his household. The spread of misinformation and confusion among the study population could also influence the policy process itself in unintended and unfortunate ways, perhaps harming the respondent or others. There are three main ways in which CV surveys can mislead or confuse an individual respondent and spread confusion in the study population: (1) inaccurate provision of background information in the CV scenario, (2) the description of the hypothetical market, and (3) the use of the referendum elicitation procedure and other split-sample experiments commonly used by CV researchers. The difficulties of cross-cultural communication and cooperation add to the ethical complexity of conducting CV surveys in developing countries. Three cross-cultural problems deserve special attention by both institutional review boards and contingent valuation researchers: (i) prom- ises of anonymity and the right of respondents not to participate, (ii) power asymmetries between international and local members of the contingent valuation research team, and (iii) compensation of respondents.
Stimulation of oxidant production in alveolar macrophages by pollutant and latex particles.

Abstract Air pollutant dusts as well as chemically defined particles were examined for their activating effect on oxidant production (O2− and H2O2) in guinea pig alveolar macrophages (AM). Oxidant production was measured as chemiluminescence of albumin-bound luminol. All particles examined stimulated the AM in a dose-dependent manner to different maximal levels of oxidant production. Amphibole asbestos samples were the most active of all agents studied. Various immune reactants as well as silica, metal-oxide-coated fly ash, polymethyl methacrylate beads, and chrysotile asbestos had intermediate activity, while fugitive dusts, polybead carboxylate microspheres, glass and latex beads, uncoated fly ash, and fiberglass had the lowest activity. In addition to direct stimulatory action on AM, particles also lowered the subsequent responsiveness of the cells to the bacterial peptide stimulant, N-formylmethionyl phenylalanine. This effect was only partially due to the cytotoxicity of the particles. While some relationship appeared to exist between stimulatory activity and cytotoxicity of the particles, the exact role of O2− in mediating cytotoxic effects is still open to question. Oxidant production in AM is a parameter which may be important in determining the pathological effects of particles as well as of materials adsorbed to their surfaces.
IVB-2 Inversion layer mobility of MOSFET's with Nitrided Oxide gate dielectrics

Reports a degradation in effective channel mobility with increasing degree of nitridation, as much as 50% for electrons, noticeably less for holes. While both hole and electron mobilities are degraded by Coulombic scattering from nitridation-induced fixed charge, the additional mobility degradation for electrons is attributed to a reduction of the mobile electron density by electron trapping in near-interface traps and to additional Coulombic scattering of the remaining channel electrons by the trapped electrons. >
Pulse amplitude method for determining the pyroelectric coefficient of pyroelectric materials

Abstract A simple amplitude method of measuring the pyroelectric coefficient of pyroelectric materials is described. Intense, short-duration (0.4 μs) light pulses generated by a semiconductor laser diode are absorbed at one surface of a thermally insulated sample of pyroelectric material, resulting in thermal pulses in the sample. The time and amplitude characteristics of the resulting charge pulses from the sample are measured using electronics of the type used with semiconductor charged-particle detectors. Theoretical calculations of the charge pulse shapes expected from samples having various assumed volume polarization distributions and measured charge rise times are used to determine optimum time constants for the pulse shaping electronics. These techniques are applied to a number of pyroelectronic samples of polyvinylidene fluoride and lithium tantalate with thickness in the range 9 μm to 1 mm, and area of 0.07 cm 2 and 0.28 cm 2 . The absolute pyroelectric coefficient of the samples is obtained directly from the measured amplitude distribution of the charge pulses, the measured sample reflectivity, and the photon and electronic calibrations for the system. In addition, useful information regarding the polarization distribution in the sample is directly obtained during measurements. The results of these studies are reported and show that the pyroelectric coefficients determined by this method are in good agreement with previously reported values for these materials.
Implications of heterogeneity in preferences, beliefs and asset trading technologies in an endowment economy☆

Abstract This paper analyzes and computes the equilibria of economies with large numbers of heterogeneous agents who have different asset trading technologies, preferences and beliefs. We illustrate the value of our method by using it to evaluate the implications of these heterogeneities through several quantitative exercises.
Speech preparation processes and speech apprehension

This study compared self‐reports of speech preparation activities by high and low public speaking apprehensive individuals. Due to an aversion to communication for high communication apprehensives (CA), it was predicted that high CAs would spend proportionally more time on non‐communication‐oriented preparation activities (e.g., note preparation) than would low CAs with the reverse being true for communication‐oriented preparation activities (e.g., rehearsing). As anticipated, high communication apprehensives reported spending proportionally more of their preparation time on non‐communication‐oriented activities than low CAs. In contrast, low CAs spent proportionally more of their preparation time on communication oriented activities than did high CAs. In addition, high apprehensives reported spending more time preparing their speeches but received lower grades than low apprehensives.
Junctional complexes between the Sertoli cells in the testis of the crayfish,Procambarus paeninsulanus

The testis of the crayfish,Procambarus paeninsulanus, was prepared for light and electron microscopic study. It is composed of tubules containing germ-spermatogenic and somatic-Sertoli cells. In sections of tubules lacking sperm, the Sertoli cells rest on the basement membrane. A desmosome-like junction is found near the luminal surface between two adjacent Sertoli cells. It is closely associated with a long, septate junction. Between Sertoli cells which have surrounded numerous spermatids, the undulating membranes exhibit profiles of pleated septate junctions in tangential sections. The morphology of the pleated septate junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells suggests a possible role as a permeability barrier.
Distribution of borreliae among ticks collected from eastern states.

Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States and is transmitted by Borrelia burgdorferi–infected Ixodes species. The disease is typically characterized by an...
Regeneration in the short-term recall of sentences

Abstract Verbatim short-term memory for a sentence has been taken as evidence for a surface representation different from the conceptual representation characteristic of longer-term memory. In seven experiments we investigated an alternative hypothesis: that immediate recall involves regeneration of the sentence from a conceptual representation, using words that have been recently activated. A key claim is that the activated lexical items are unordered. To test this hypothesis, a synonym of a word in the sentence was presented in a secondary task before or after the sentence, prior to recall. As predicted, these lure words were intruded frequently (Experiments 1 and 2), but only when supported by the meaning of the whole sentence (Experiments 3 and 4). In Experiment 5 as high an intrusion rate was obtained for sentences read in RSVP at 100 ms per word as at the 200 ms rate of the other experiments. Experiment 6 showed that listeners make even more lure-based intrusions than readers. In Experiment 7 4-year-old children made intrusions similar to those of adults. The results support the hypothesis that a sentence is regenerated in immediate recall from a representation of its meaning, using recently activated words. Only when the right set of words is active will recall be “verbatim.”