cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The activation mechanisms of wolframite by Ca2+ and Fe3+ ions in hydrophobic agglomeration, using sodium oleate as collector

Abstract Ca2+ or Fe3+ ions are used to activate wolframite in a hydrophobic agglomeration and their mechanisms are explored by means of hydrophobic agglomeration tests, zeta potential, adsorption of activators, Auger spectra, etc., and the crystalline structure of wolframite is also referred to. The results show that the adsorption of Ca2+ is physisorption at pH values between 5 and 10 and is reversible, and the Fe3+ hydroxy complex of high molecular weight, carrying positive charges and also positively charged Fe(OH)3 colloids, may form on the surface at pH values between 2.7 and 7.5 and its adsorption is irreversible.
Optimal fold symmetry of LH2 rings on a photosynthetic membrane

An intriguing observation of photosynthetic light-harvesting systems is the N-fold symmetry of light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) of purple bacteria. We calculate the optimal rotational configuration of N-fold rings on a hexagonal lattice and establish two related mechanisms for the promotion of maximum excitation energy transfer (EET). (i) For certain fold numbers, there exist optimal basis cells with rotational symmetry, extendable to the entire lattice for the global optimization of the EET network. (ii) The type of basis cell can reduce or remove the frustration of EET rates across the photosynthetic network. We find that the existence of a basis cell and its type are directly related to the number of matching points S between the fold symmetry and the hexagonal lattice. The two complementary mechanisms provide selection criteria for the fold number and identify groups of consecutive numbers. Remarkably, one such group consists of the naturally occurring 8-, 9-, and 10-fold rings. By considering the inter-ring distance and EET rate, we demonstrate that this group can achieve minimal rotational sensitivity in addition to an optimal packing density, achieving robust and efficient EET. This corroborates our findings i and ii and, through their direct relation to S, suggests the design principle of matching the internal symmetry with the lattice order.
Integrating Cultural Competency and Humility Training into Clinical Clerkships: Surgery as a Model

Background Cultural competency is gaining recognition as an essential strategy by which to address health care disparities. A closer examination of medical school curriculums was undertaken to determine how the need for cultural competency and humility (CCH) training in medical education is being addressed. Methods A MEDLINE review of published literature regarding CCH training in medical education was performed. Additionally, key informant interviews with influential faculty members from prominent medical institutions were completed. Results Many academic medical institutions recognize the need for CCH and have successfully integrated it into the first 2 years of their curriculums. However, there seems to be a uniform deficit in CCH training in the third and fourth years of their education. Conclusions Recognizing the need for CCH training during the third and fourth years of medical education, we explored the issues inherent to the integration of CCH training in clinical education. Using surgery as a model, we established a set of recommendations to assist clerkship directors and curriculum committees in their efforts to ensure CCH training in the last 2 years of medical education.
Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic sizing of the aortic annulus to determine prosthesis size

Abstract To assess the accuracy of 2-dimensional echocardiography versus transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in predicting aortic annulus diameter, and to determine which part of the cardiac cycle should be used for measuring the size of the aortic valve prosthesis in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, the aortic annulus was measured retrospectively in a blinded fashion in a group of 94 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement: 66 had preoperative transthoratic echocardiography (TTE), 69 had intraoperative TEE, and 41 had both. Accuracy of measurements was calculated by the mean biases (differences between annular size by echo and actual valve size chosen by intraoperative mechanical sizing of the aortic annulus). TTE was compared with TEE and end-diastolic (ED) measurements with end-systolic (ES) measurements. The mean biases ± SD were −1.7 ± 3.4 mm by TTE-ES versus −0.9 ± 3.5 mm by TEE-ES measurements (p = NS), and +0.03 ± 3 mm by TTE-ED versus +0.5 ± 2.8 mm by TEE-ED (p = NS). Examination of the magnitudes of the biases gave the same result. ED measurements were found to have a smaller amount of bias than ES measurements, both by TTE and by TEE: −1.7 ± 3.4 mm by TTE-ES versus +0.03 ± 3 mm by TTE-ED (p = 0.0001) and −0.9 ± 3.5 mm by TEE-ES versus +0.5 ± 2.8 mm by TEE-ED (p = 0.0001). Examination of the magnitudes of the biases also gave the same result. Thus, TTE (as well as TEE) can predict valve size in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. ED annular sizing better predicts valve size than ES sizing. These results can be used clinically in the assessment of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement.
Apparent viscosity of materials used for making edentulous impressions

The viscosity values of commercially available impression materials used for making edentulous impressions were determined as a function of time and rotational speed. The apparent viscosity of materials for making edentulous impressions was measured by a rotational viscometer. The materials were ranked into three groups with average viscosity values of 40,500, 100,000, and 248,000 centipoise, respectively. Of nine materials, only four functioned as ideal (Newtonian) liquids and only the zinc oxide-eugenol materials did not show dramatic increases in viscosity with time. Many materials are available for making edentulous impressions, and the choice is particularly difficult if a specific philosophy or technique is being advocated. The subjective opinion of the clinician is largely responsible for the choice of materials.
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND TURBIDITY FOLLOWING ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND LOGGING IN WESTERN MONTANA

ABSTRACT: Forest management activities in a second order drainage basin increased suspended sediment yields 7.7 fold in the first year following road construction, and two-fold following logging in the second year. Sediment supply limitations resulted in poor correlations between sediment concentrations with discharge. Sediment transport was strongly hysteretic, with the highest sediment concentrations occurring on the rising limbs of snowmelt hydrographs and individual peaks. In addition to discharge, hydrograph characteristics such as limb, dQ/dt, and the product of dQ/dt and limb aided in explaining variability of observed sediment concentrations. Sediment-turbidity relationships were strongly discharge dependent, reflecting the changing composition of the suspended load with stream power and sediment supplies.
Voters, Dictators, and Peons: Expressive Voting and Pivotality

Why do the poor vote against redistribution? We experimentally examine one explanation, namely that individuals gain direct expressive utility from voting in accordance with their ideology and understand they are unlikely to be pivotal; hence, their expressive utility, even if arbitrarily small, entirely determines their voting behavior. In contrast with a basic prediction of this explanation, we find that the probability of being pivotal does not affect the impact of monetary interest on whether a subject votes for redistribution.
Application of structural equation modelling in exploring tag patterns: a pilot study

This pilot study examines the semantic structure of tag space in Library and Information Science (LIS) using confirmatory factor analysis of social tags from Delicious.com. This study is one of the few studies to employ structural equation modelling (SEM) in investigating dimensions of Web spaces based on social tagging data. This study examines the post data collected from 34 LIS related websites bookmarked on delicious.com. Collected data was analysed using three statistical techniques: correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), to confirm the structure of the social tagging space. Preliminary analysis shows that the semantic structure of the tagging data shows similar connections to those present in the real world. These methodologies can be used to identify the strength of connections between related tagged websites.
A large cloud outburst at Titan’s south pole

Images of Titan acquired over five nights in October 2004 using the adaptive optics system at the Keck Observatory show dramatic increases in tropospheric cloud activity at the south pole compared with all other images of Titan clouds to date. During this time, Titan's south polar clouds brightened to more than 18 times their typical values. The Cassini Ta flyby of Titan occurred as this storm was rapidly dissipating. We find that the brightness of this cloud outburst is consistent with the dramatic transient brightening of Titan observed in atmospheric windows on two nights in 1995 by Griffith et al. [Griffith, C.A., Owen, T., Miller, G.A., Geballe, T., 1998. Nature 395 (6702) 575–578] if we scale the brightness of the cloud by projecting it onto the equator. While apparently infrequent, the fact that large cloud events have been observed in different seasons of Titan's year indicates that these large storms might be a year-round phenomenon on Titan. We propose possible mechanisms to explain these occasional short-term increases in Titan's cloud activity.
Neural spike classification utilizing both amplitude and temporal information

We discuss an improved neural spike classification technique that augments an amplitude classifier by including temporal information. An approximation of the interspike interval histogram is used in conjunction with the amplitude probability density function to estimate the joint amplitude interval classifier.
On-chip bidirectional wiring for heavily pipelined systems using network coding

In this paper, we describe a low-area, reduced-power on-chip point-to-point bidirectional communication scheme for heavily pipelined systems. When data needs to be transmitted bidirectionally between two on-chip locations, the traditional approach resorts to either using two unidirectional wires, or to using a single wire (with a unidirectional transfer at any given time instant). In contrast, our bidirectional communication scheme allows data to be transmitted simultaneously between two on-chip locations, with a single wire performing the bidirectional data transfer. Our approach borrows ideas from the emerging area of network coding (in the field of communication). By utilizing coding units (which also serve the purpose of buffering the signals) along the wire between the two endpoints, we are able to achieve the same throughput as a traditional approach, while reducing the total area utilization by about 49.8% (thereby reducing routing congestion), and the total power consumption by about 11.5%. The area and power results include the contribution of routing wires, coding units, drivers, the clock distribution network and the required reset wire. Our bidirectional communication approach is ideally suited for heavily pipelined data intensive systems.
Community and treatment engagement for depressed African American youth: the AAKOMA FLOA pilot

This manuscript focuses on the recruitment efforts and pilot testing of a culturally tailored motivational interviewing intervention associated with the AAKOMA Project, a 2-phase treatment engagement intervention trial for depressed African American adolescents and families. The research team used strategic community engagement as reported in other research derived from AAKOMA. For the pilot study, the research team recruited 23 youth, enrolled 17 youth and randomized 16 of those youth to either the intervention or a delayed control group. Findings indicated that success in recruiting and retaining African American youth was sustained from earlier strategic engagement during Phase I of the project and that schools and self referrals were the largest referral sources. Pilot intervention findings highlight the preliminary utility of the intervention (100% of youth completing the intervention initiated depression treatment compared to 75% of the delayed control group) and factors that support the recruitment and engagement of a typically difficult to reach population (depressed African American youth and families). Overall, findings set the stage for further intervention development and testing in larger samples.
Runoff and leaching of alachlor under conventional and soil‐specific management

. The influence of conventional and soil-specific management on leaching and runoff losses of soil-applied alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide) was studied across a soil catena (landscape) with varied slope and drainage characteristics. The catena consisted of: a well-drained Ves (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Udic Haplustoll) soil on the backslope (1–4%), a Ves soil on the sideslope (6–12%), and a poorly drained Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) soil on the toeslope (0–3%). In general, the concentration of alachlor in runoff water was greater in the Ves soil than in the Webster. In 1992 alachlor concentrations in runoff (water, sediment + water) were less for soil-specific rates (2.20 or 2.80 kg/ha) than for a uniform rate (3.36 kg/ha) in both Ves soils. There was no significant difference in alachlor concentration related to application rates (soil-specific rate 3.66 kg/ha) in the runoff from the Webster soil. Averaged across soils and events, the concentrations of alachlor in runoff (water, sediments + water) were less for soil-specific rates than for the uniform rate. Alachlor was not detected in soil samples obtained from depths greater than 15 cm in any soil or treatment after the first sampling. At the first sampling in 1992 (7 days after application) alachlor was detected down to 45 and 90 cm in the Ves and Webster soils, respectively. Detectable amounts (≥0.1 μg/1) of alachlor were observed in soil water samples extracted from all three soils during some sampling dates. No particular trends were observed with soils or application rates.
Influence of gender on arrhythmia characteristics and outcome in the Multicenter UnSustained Tachycardia Trial.

Influence of Gender in MUSTT. Introduction: Previous studies have demonstrated gender differences in risk of sudden death in patients with ischemic heart disease. The Multicenter UnSustained Tachycardia Trial (MUSTT) evaluated the ability of therapy guided by electrophysiologic (EP) testing to reduce mortality in patients with coronary disease, ejection fraction <40%, and spontaneous nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Methods and Results: We analyzed the influence of gender on results of EP testing and outcome of patients enrolled in MUSTT. Women made up 14% of the overall MUSTT population and were less likely than men to have inducible sustained randomizable ventricular arrhythmias (24% vs 36%, P < 0.001). Baseline characteristics differed between men and women. In randomized patients, women were older, more likely to have had an infarction within 6 months, more likely to have a history of heart failure, and more likely to have recent angina prior to enrollment than men (P < 0.05). In the EP-guided therapy group, there was no difference in implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation rate in men and women (45% vs 53%, P = 0.38). There also were no significant gender influences on risk of arrhythmic death or cardiac arrest (2-year event rate 9% in women and 12% in men, adjusted hazard ratio 0.88) or overall mortality (2-year event rate 32% in women vs 21% in men, adjusted hazard ratio 1.51). Conclusion: The outcome and benefit of EP-guided therapy in this trial did not appear to be influenced by gender. However, due to the small numbers of women in the trial, small differences in outcome may not be apparent. Plans for future primary prevention trials should include careful risk stratification of women who less often have inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias and better left ventricular function despite more frequent heart failure.
Continuous Improvement Using Balanced Scorecard In Healthcare

The success of any organization depends on its ability to maintain profits while the landscape of its operations changes. Organizations must be able to use available resources to identify changes in their daily operations and have the ability to address them in a timely manner. Operational dashboards provide a tool for managers to easily monitor employee performance and to coach their staff in order to achieve improvements. These stoplight type metric displays provide visual representations in near real-time. Consequently, the use of dashboards is particularly crucial to healthcare because it prompts management to respond to the changing needs of HCO departments, which ultimately affect its quality of care and impact its overall performance measurements. To meet these challenges, it is recommended that the administration of a large acute care HCO develop a dashboard in order for it to monitor the results and evaluate the progress of its busy nursing department which is responsible for handling Inpatient and Outpatient service care.
A ballet des nations for English audiences: Europe's revels for the peace of Ryswick (1697)

The ballets des nations set to music by Jean-Baptiste Lully and Andre Campra in Le bourgeois gentilhomme (1670) and L' Europe galante (1697) are probably the most famous 17th-century representations of national characters through music and dance. A less well-known work, Europe's revels for the peace of Ryswick, provides important clues as to how national characters were danced on-stage and how they might be interpreted in contemporary London by English audiences.
Fish Populations in the Backwaters of Wheeler Reservoir and Suggestions for their Management

Abstract During the past 3 years, several methods have been used in an effort to determine the standing crop of fish and the relative abundance of the different species in the fish population of Wheeler Reservoir. In addition to a census of sport and commercial fishing, gillnets, set lines, seines, fyke nets, and rotenone have been used to sample the fish population. Among the methods used, poisoning with rotenone has proven to be the most effective. When sampling the fish population by this method, areas of the reservoir which were suitable for study were shut off by means of a barrier seine before the rotenone was applied. This procedure made it possible to determine the total fish population and the relative numbers and weights of each species without allowing the poison to spread or fish to migrate to or from the area. Three plots having a combined area of 12 acres were treated in this way. It was found that of the total weight of fish taken in the three areas, game fish comprised from 2 to 4 per cent...
Just Passing Through Stigma, Passing, and Identity Decoupling in the Work place

The scant literature on invisible stigmatized social identities, and most research on specific cases such as sexual orientation, generally focuses on “coming out,” promoting the benefits and attemp...
A chamber study of secondary organic aerosol formed by ozonolysis of α-pinene in the presence of nitric oxide

The amounts of SOA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed by the reaction of α-pinene with ozone (O3) in the presence of nitric oxide (NO) were studied by varying the ratio of O3 to NO in a chamber under conditions that simulate the indoor environment. The particle mass was measured using a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used to obtain particle volume distributions. The concentrations of particle-bound reactive species (ROS) were quantitatively determined from collected filters by the measuring the oxidation of dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) to a fluorescent product. The measured fluorescent intensities were converted to equivalent H2O2 concentrations. Three sets of experiments using different concentration ratios of NO/O3 were conducted. Measured steady-state, particle-bound ROS concentrations ranged from 0.58 to 6.78 nmol/m3 of H2O2. The SOA yields were examined using Odum’s SOA yield model that relates the mass of SOA formed to the mass of hydrocarbon consumed. For the condition where NO and O3 were in a concentration ratio of 0.5, the SOA yield was the highest with 22 % of α-pinene converted to SOA. Under these experimental conditions, the highest concentration of nitrate radical in these experiments would have been produced.
17.5 ft-long multiconical taper for TE01 mode in 29.7 in-diameter waveguide at X band

An X band TE01-mode taper to connect circular waveguides with diameters of 2.25 and 29.7 in was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The 29.7 in circular aluminium waveguide for the TE01 mode had an attenuation of 2.1 × 10−6dB/ft at 8.35GHz. To obtain a taper of short length that would be economical to fabricate, a multiconical type was selected. The four mode-converting junctions in the multiconical taper were designed to cancel the first higher-order TE02 mode. The taper was 17.5 ft long and comprised 12 sections. The larger-diameter sections were fabricated by using a thin sheet of aluminium alloy, rolled and longitudinally welded. Circular flanges and stiffening rings provided the desired degree of circularity. By using a spinning dipole mode analyser, the TE02 and TE03 modes due to the taper were measured to be about 25 dB below the TE01 mode.
A nonequilibrium one-dimensional quantum-mechanical simulation for AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT structures

An accurate method of simulating nonequilibrium gate current and sheet-carrier concentration in AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT structures is reported. The calculation is based upon self-consistent solving of Schrodinger's equation, Poisson's equation and continuity equations. A concept for three-dimensional electrons accompanied by two-dimensional electrons in a quantum well at a heterointerface makes it possible to solve the continuity equation at the quantum-well region. Thermionic emission theory is applied for the current expression across an abrupt heterointerface. As a result, there is a certain voltage drop across the heterointerface, which helps prevent the creation of the neutral region in the AlGaAs layer. Simulated results explain measured gate-current and channel-conductance characteristics of a HEMT structure. >
Particle transport and image synthesis

The rendering equation is similar to the linear Boltzmann equation which has been widely studied in physics and nuclear engineering. Consequently, many of the powerful techniques which have been developed in these fields can be applied to problems in image synthesis. In this paper we adapt several statistical techniques commonly used in neutron transport to stochastic ray tracing and, more generally, to Monte Carlo solution of the rendering equation. First, we describe a technique known as Russian roulette which can be used to terminate the recursive tracing of rays without introducing statistical bias. We also examine the practice of creating ray trees in classical ray tracing in the light of a well-known technique in particle transport known as splitting. We show that neither ray trees nor paths as described in [10] constitute an optimal sampling plan in themselves and that a hybrid may be more efficient.
Universality of the Modeled Small-Scale Response of the Upper Tropical Ocean to Squall Wind Forcing

Abstract The upper ocean response to idealized surface wind forcing that is representative of conditions observed during the TOGA-COARE Intensive Observation Period is studied by numerical simulations using a second-moment closure model. A set of experiments is described with a variety of squall-like wind stress distributions and linear initial stratification in the ocean. Several physical regimes of turbulent mixing and decay during and after wind forcing are described. Differences in the structure of the upper and lower parts of the mixing layer are analyzed. The results indicate an exponential decay of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) with time after surface forcing is removed, and TKE source terms continue to play an important role. The velocity and density structure after the squall are found to be universal, with a nearly constant Richardson number throughout the mixing layer. It is demonstrated that this implies that the mixed layer depth is determined by the initial buoyancy frequency and total mome...
Improving faculty perception of and engagement in STEM education

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and the important role that it plays in society and education is receiving increased attention throughout the United States. Even universities, which have been at the frontline of educating STEM professionals, are reviewing and updating their policies and responsibilities. Faculty members often find themselves torn between their commitment to scientific research and their responsibility to prepare the next generation of STEM professionals. The proposed paper will examine the following research questions: • How can universities be structured such that the efforts of faculty members who prioritize the quality of undergraduate STEM education are recognized and supported? • How can universities be structured such that the efforts of faculty members who prioritize K-12 STEM education outreach are recognized and supported? The study, which will be discussed in the proposed manuscript, was conducted at a large public research university with student enrollment in excess of thirty thousand. New faculty members at this institution were asked to complete a survey concerning STEM education and outreach in 2012 and 2014. The survey addressed the faculty member's perceptions of the following: i) personal views concerning STEM education and outreach, ii) peers' attitudes towards STEM education and outreach, and iii) the value the university system places on STEM education and outreach. This survey was coupled with a university-wide effort, which was implemented between the years of 2010 and 2014, to support and encourage faculty who were interested in STEM education and outreach. The results of this investigation support the assertion that new faculty attitudes were better with respect to STEM education and outreach in 2014 when compared to 2012. On average, new faculty felt better prepared to mentor undergraduates in STEM in 2014 than did the new faculty in 2012, with 52% and 79% reporting to be "well prepared," respectively. Additionally, new faculty reported a better overall morale in 2014 when compared to 2012 within the institution. The proposed paper will provide further details concerning the changes that were made within the institutions between 2010 and 2014 and the faculty responses to the survey.
Two developmental stages of Neurospora crassa utilize similar mechanisms for responding to heat shock but contrasting mechanisms for recovery.

Abstract At the heat shock temperature of 45 degrees C, there is a transient induction of the synthesis of heat shock proteins and repression of normal protein synthesis in cells of Neurospora crassa. Both conidiospores and mycelial cells resume normal protein synthesis after 60 min at high temperature. At the RNA level, however, these two developmental stages responded with different kinetics to elevated temperature. Heat shock RNAs (for hsp30 and hsp83) accumulated and declined more rapidly in spores than in mycelia, and during recovery spores accumulated mRNA that encoded a normal protein (the proteolipid subunit of the mitochondrial ATPase), whereas mycelia showed no increase in this normal RNA (for at least 120 min). Therefore, the resumption of normal protein synthesis in spores may depend upon accumulation of new mRNAs. In contrast, mycelial cells appeared to change their translational preference during continued incubation at elevated temperature, from a discrimination against normal mRNAs to a resumption of their translation into normal cellular proteins, exemplified by the ATPase proteolipid subunit whose synthesis was measured in the heat-shocked cells.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of adrenal masses in patients with extraadrenal malignancy.

Background. Reports evaluating the efficacy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the adrenal gland have suggested a possible correlation between size of an adrenal mass and the presence of a primary or metastatic malignancy. These studies have focused on FNAs of all adrenal gland masses regardiess of clinical history. This study investigates this relationship in a subpopulation of patients with a known history of primary extraadrenal malignancy
Modeling wave attenuation induced by the vertical density variations of vegetation

Abstract A phase-averaged model, SWAN, and a phase-resolving RANS-type numerical model, NHWAVE, were compared to previously reported physical model data to evaluate the effectiveness of these models in simulating the attenuation of irregular waves propagating over emergent vegetation with variations in stem heights. The physical model was conducted with two treatments of vegetation, one with a uniform stem height and the other with different heights approximating a linear distribution in stem density over the vertical. The number of stems in the second treatment was doubled so that the total projected area over the vertical was the same between the two tests. The drag coefficients CD used by SWAN-SL (single-layer in SWAN), SWAN-ML (multi-layer in SWAN) and NHWAVE to model the presence of the vegetation were calibrated separately against the physical model data after removing the effects of bottom and sidewall friction. Although it was expected that every model would have to be recalibrated for a given wave condition and water depth due to the dependence of CD on the Keulegan–Carpenter number, this paper showed that it was also necessary to recalibrate CD in SWAN-SL for a given wave condition and water depth when the two different vegetation treatments were applied. Conversely, it was shown that the CD values in NHWAVE and SWAN-ML changed very little between the two treatments, highlighting the utility of a layered SWAN and RANS model for estimating wave attenuation when the aboveground biomass is no longer uniform over the vertical. The vertical structure of vegetation-induced turbulent kinetic energy, eddy viscosity and dissipation rate were investigated numerically using NHWAVE.
Roles of Quinoidal Character and Regioregularity in Determining the Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Properties of Conjugated Copolymers

This work describes an efficient synthetic method for creating ladder-type, oligomeric donor monomers with fused thienobenzothiophene structures. These monomers are copolymerized with fluorinated thieno[3,4-b]thiophene ester to form a series of polymers which are investigated as donor materials in polymer/fullerene solar cells. Photophysical and electrochemical characterizations are used in conjunction with quantum-chemical calculations to identify the interplay of quinoidal and charge transfer character in the optical gaps of conjugated copolymers, providing broadly applicable design rules for tuning the excitation character of conjugated copolymers. X-ray diffraction, mobility measurements, and solar cell device characterization are used to analyze neat films and bulk heterojunctions of these copolymers, demonstrating the importance of the spatial symmetry of the donor and acceptor unit in determining the charge transport characteristics of conjugated copolymers.
Prosocial development: a multidimensional approach

In an ambitious effort to represent the multidimensional nature of prosocial development, Padilla-Walker and Carlo’s edited volume effectively brings together leading scholars who represent varying...
Improved model of hydrated calcium ion for molecular dynamics simulations using classical biomolecular force fields

Calcium ions (Ca(2+) ) play key roles in various fundamental biological processes such as cell signaling and brain function. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to study such interactions, however, the accuracy of the Ca(2+) models provided by the standard MD force fields has not been rigorously tested. Here, we assess the performance of the Ca(2+) models from the most popular classical force fields AMBER and CHARMM by computing the osmotic pressure of model compounds and the free energy of DNA-DNA interactions. In the simulations performed using the two standard models, Ca(2+) ions are seen to form artificial clusters with chloride, acetate, and phosphate species; the osmotic pressure of CaAc2 and CaCl2 solutions is a small fraction of the experimental values for both force fields. Using the standard parameterization of Ca(2+) ions in the simulations of Ca(2+) -mediated DNA-DNA interactions leads to qualitatively wrong outcomes: both AMBER and CHARMM simulations suggest strong inter-DNA attraction whereas, in experiment, DNA molecules repel one another. The artificial attraction of Ca(2+) to DNA phosphate is strong enough to affect the direction of the electric field-driven translocation of DNA through a solid-state nanopore. To address these shortcomings of the standard Ca(2+) model, we introduce a custom model of a hydrated Ca(2+) ion and show that using our model brings the results of the above MD simulations in quantitative agreement with experiment. Our improved model of Ca(2+) can be readily applied to MD simulations of various biomolecular systems, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipid bilayer membranes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 752-763, 2016.
Visual Analytics 101

This course will introduce the field of Visual Analytics to HCI researchers and practitioners highlighting the contributions they can make to this field. Topics will include a definition of visual analytics along with examples of current systems, types of tasks and end users, issues in defining user requirements, design of visualizations and interactions, guidelines and heuristics, the current state of user-centered evaluations, and metrics for evaluation. We encourage designers, HCI researchers, and HCI practitioners to attend to learn how their skills can contribute to advancing the state of the art of visual analytics.
Towards a commodity solution for the internet of things

Embedded-class processors found in commodity palmtop computers continue to become increasingly capable. Moreover, wireless connectivity in these systems provides new opportunities in designing flexible and smarter wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we present Lynx, a self-organizing wireless sensor network framework. Leveraging palmtop systems as sensor hubs, Lynx provides fundamental functionality to make a distributively managed, customizable WSN system implementation. Second, we describe Ocelot, a mobile distributed grid-like computing engine for commodity palmtop platforms. The combination of Lynx and Ocelot provides sensor nodes that are capable of collecting, recording, processing, and communicating data without any central server support. Significant energy savings can be achieved for light to medium weight tasks through the Lynx and Ocelot combined system compared to traditional server-class grid-solutions such as BOINC. We demonstrate Lynx and Ocelot in the context of life-cycle building energy usage.
Infection control: old myths and new realities: N.F.I.D. lecture

I am both pleased and honored to have been invited to present the third annual National Foundation for Infectious Diseases Lecture at this gathering. Following the trail blazed by my eminent predecessors, Dr. Jay P. Sanford and Dr. Theodore C. Eickhoff, is challenging and humbling. I have taken as my theme the interwoven myths and realities of infection control practice because I believe the new discipline of hospital infection control is at a delicate point in its development. Over the past decade the importance of identifying and controlling nosocomial infections has received wide recognition. A cadre of dedicated practitioners has been trained and employed? as this large, energetic organization attests. And the re sults of the SENIC Project (Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control) will be available soon. Thus, our discipline has available both trained people and a reservoir of information. Our progress during the coming decade will be measured by how successfully we act on the basis of what we know; the emphasis will be on control. The word "myth" could be defined in two ways: (1) a belief given uncritical acceptance by a group, especially in support of traditional practices; or (2) a notion held to be true but without factual basis. It might be useful to examine four notions held rather commonly by infection controllers?notions that I believe are mythical. Wide spread belief in them obstructs recognition of reality and, in doing so, obstructs progress in infection control. Because these notions are widely held, I suspect that what I am about to say will be provocative; certainly all of you will not agree with me. Nevertheless, we should have a good time discussing the issues.
The Organizational Structure of Local Environmentalism

Based on a survey of the population of local environmental organizations in North Carolina, this article addresses fundamental questions about how local organizations are structured, their orientation toward strategy and social change, their activities, and their perceived impacts. By comparing subsets of local organizations in terms of their geographic scope, degree of professionalization, and tactical repertoires, we identify important patterns. First, locally oriented organizations that focus on a neighborhood, city, or county are more likely to be affiliated with a national organization than regional or state organizations, but they are less likely to participate in coalitions than groups working at the regional or state level. Second, organizations relying on a mixture of volunteers and professionals are more formalized and report higher levels of success at mobilizing people than those that rely exclusively on volunteers or professionals. However, groups that are volunteer-based are more likely to e...
Research on intrusion detection of industrial control system based on OPSO-BPNN algorithm

The safety of the industrial control system directly affects the operation of the critical infrastructure, and the requirement of interconnection with external network puts the system at greater risk. However, due to the particularity of the industrial control system, the traditional intrusion detection algorithm can't be used directly. In this paper, we propose a novel intrusion detection algorithm called OPSO-BPNN which is suitable for industrial control system. Our algorithm optimizes the particle swarm algorithm with nonlinear reduction inertia factor, then uses it to optimize the weight of BP neural network. Simulation results show that our OPSO-BPNN method proves to be feasible and has faster convergence rate, less iterations and higher accuracy.
Implementing ABPM into Clinical Practice.

To review the data supporting the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and to provide practical guidance for practitioners who are establishing an ambulatory monitoring service. ABPM results more accurately reflect the risk of cardiovascular events than do office measurements of blood pressure. Moreover, many patients with high blood pressure in the office have normal blood pressure on ABPM—a pattern known as white coat hypertension—and have a prognosis similar to individuals who are normotensive in both settings. For these reasons, ABPM is recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension in patients with high office blood pressure before medical therapy is initiated. Similarly, the 2017 ACC/AHA High Blood Pressure Clinical Practice Guideline advocates the use of out-of-office blood pressure measurements to confirm hypertension and evaluate the efficacy of blood pressure-lowering medications. In addition to white coat hypertension, blood pressure phenotypes that are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and that can be recognized by ABPM include masked hypertension—characterized by normal office blood pressure but high values on ABPM—and high nocturnal blood pressure. In this review, best practices for starting a clinical ABPM service, performing an ABPM monitoring session, and interpreting and reporting ABPM data are described. ABPM is a valuable adjunct to careful office blood pressure measurement in diagnosing hypertension and in guiding antihypertensive therapy. Following recommended best practices can facilitate implementation of ABPM into clinical practice.
Oppositional defiant disorder.

Abstract Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is identified by persistent defiant, noncompliant, and antagonistic behavior and by persisting irritability and anger. It typically has an onset early in childhood. Despite often being regarded as a disorder of childhood, ODD persists into adulthood. ODD pervasively impairs functioning over the life span, causing difficulties in interpersonal relationships and social functioning, academic and occupational functioning, and in familial relationships. Dimensions among the symptoms include distinct irritability and behavioral dimensions. The irritability dimension robustly predicts depression and anxiety, while the behavioral dimensions predict persisting and worsening behavioral psychopathology. This, along with the ability to distinguish ODD from normative behaviors as early as preschool, suggests that ODD may be a useful marker of risk for diverse outcomes. Genetic factors help to explain both ODD and its dimensions, and transactions with the environment, particularly in interpersonal contexts, contribute to the persistence of ODD and its impairments. Clinical assessment strategies for ODD are well established, although the concordance between specific ODD symptoms and item wording varies across measures in ways that might influence diagnostic conclusions. Assessment and treatment decisions are also complicated by the introduction of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, which markedly overlaps with the irritability dimension of ODD. Effective treatments for ODD are well established, but suffer from confounding with age and behavioral severity, such that fewer validated treatments are available for older individuals with ODD who do not develop conduct disorder. This is particularly true regarding the treatment of adult ODD, which has received almost no attention. Established treatments for ODD may also not give sufficient attention to irritability as a distinct aspect of the disorder.
Methuosis: Nonapoptotic Cell Death Associated with Vacuolization of Macropinosome and Endosome Compartments

Apoptosis is the most widely recognized form of physiological programmed cell death. During the past three decades, various nonapoptotic forms of cell death have gained increasing attention, largely because of their potential importance in pathological processes, toxicology, and cancer therapy. A recent addition to the panoply of cell death phenotypes is methuosis. The neologism is derived from the Greek methuo (to drink to intoxication) because the hallmark of this form of cell death is displacement of the cytoplasm by large fluid-filled vacuoles derived from macropinosomes. The demise of the cell resembles many forms of necrosis, insofar as there is a loss of metabolic capacity and plasma membrane integrity, without the cell shrinkage and nuclear fragmentation associated with apoptosis. Methuosis was initially defined in glioblastoma cells after ectopic expression of activated Ras, but recent reports have described small molecules that can induce the features of methuosis in a broad spectrum of cancer cells, including those that are resistant to conventional apoptosis-inducing drugs. This review summarizes the available information about the distinguishing morphological characteristics and underlying mechanisms of methuosis. We compare and contrast methuosis with other cytopathological conditions in which accumulation of clear cytoplasmic vacuoles is a prominent feature. Finally, we highlight key questions that need to be answered to determine whether methuosis truly represents a unique form of regulated cell death.
The role of government and competing priorities in minority populations and developing nations.

Objective The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of governments in relation to the burden of chronic diseases and the potential response within the framework of competing priorities that determine resource allocation. Methods The following variables were analyzed both in retrospect and prospectively: the epidemiologic transition and the current effect of degenerative chronic diseases, the epidemic of diabetes and kidney disease in minority populations and developing countries, the potential response from healthcare systems, the relationship of chronic kidney disease vs quality of life and costs, and the differences between developed and developing countries. Results In Latin America, as in many other regions, cardiovascular diseases (ie, heart diseases and stroke) kill many people at early stages of renal disease. Only some survivors have access to renal replacement therapy. Those deaths can be attributed to the lack of systematized prevention and control programs to encompass chronic diseases and relate to poor engineering of adequate financial support. The Latin American Society of Nephrology and Hypertension is fostering a cardiovascular, cerebral, renal, and endocrine-metabolic health program in which 12 countries in the Latin American region implement different strategies, including allocation of national funds and strengthening of transplant programs. The focus of these strategies is on promotion, prevention, rehabilitation, research, and teaching. Conclusion Developing countries should implement cardiovascular, cerebral, renal, and endocrine-metabolic health programs to improve efficiency of sanitary regulations and retrieve the huge amount of money that is spent on illnesses associated with the absence of systematized kidney disease control and follow-up programs.
Regularized Orbital-Optimized Second-Order Møller–Plesset Perturbation Theory: A Reliable Fifth-Order-Scaling Electron Correlation Model with Orbital Energy Dependent Regularizers

We derive and assess two new classes of regularizers that cope with offending denominators in the single-reference second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). In particular, we discuss the use of two types of orbital energy dependent regularizers, κ and σ, in conjunction with orbital-optimized MP2 (OOMP2). The resulting fifth-order-scaling methods, κ-OOMP2 and σ-OOMP2, have been examined for bond-breaking, thermochemistry, nonbonded interactions, and biradical problems. Both methods with strong enough regularization restore restricted to unrestricted instability (i.e., Coulson-Fischer points) that unregularized OOMP2 lacks when breaking bonds in H2, C2H6, C2H4, and C2H2. The training of the κ and σ regularization parameters was performed with the W4-11 set. We further developed scaled correlation energy variants, κ-S-OOMP2 and σ-S-OOMP2, by training on the TAE140 subset of the W4-11 set. Those new OOMP2 methods were tested on the RSE43 set and the TA13 set where unmodified OOMP2 itself performs very well. The modifications we made were found insignificant in these data sets. Furthermore, we tested the new OOMP2 methods on singlet biradicaloids using Yamaguchi's approximate spin-projection. Unlike the unregularized OOMP2, which fails to converge these systems due to the singularity, we show that regularized OOMP2 methods successfully capture strong biradicaloid characters. While further assessment on larger data sets is desirable, κ-OOMP2 with κ = 1.45 E h-1 appears to combine favorable recovery of Coulson-Fischer points with good numerical performance.