cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the pygmy kingfisher Ceyx picta

We have isolated 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the pygmy kingfisher, Ceyx picta, from genomic libraries enriched for either (AAGG)n or (AACC)n repetitive elements. The number of alleles range from three to 15 per locus with an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.46 to 1.00. These markers will be useful for analysis of questions concerning population genetic structure and models of speciation.
Design and implementation of a domain specific language for phylogenetic inference.

Domain experts think and reason at a high level of abstraction when they solve problems in their domain of expertise. We present the design and motivation behind a domain specific language, called ΦLOG, to enable biologists to program solutions to phylogenetic inference problems at a very high level of abstraction. The implementation infrastructure (interpreter, compiler, debugger) for the DSL is automatically obtained through a software engineering framework based on Denotational Semantics and Logic Programming.
Absolute spectrophotometry of Titan, Uranus, and Neptune: 30,500–10,500 Å

The present absolute measurements of Titan, Uranus and Neptune geometric albedo spectra in the 3500-10,500 A range have a resolution of about 7 A, together with high SNR, in virtue of the exceptional effeciency of the spectrograph and Reticon detector employed. The high precision and spectral resolution of the data, which are in excellent agreement with the Uranus albedo measurements of Lockwood et al. (1983), make possible quantitative measurements of the effects of Raman scattering by H2 in the Uranus and Neptune atmospheres.
X-ray absorption spectroscopic characterization of a cytochrome P450 compound II derivative

The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP119, its compound II derivative, and its nitrosyl complex were studied by iron K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The compound II derivative was prepared by reaction of the resting enzyme with peroxynitrite and had a lifetime of ≈10 s at 23°C. The CYP119 nitrosyl complex was prepared by reaction of the enzyme with nitrogen monoxide gas or with a nitrosyl donor and was stable at 23°C for hours. Samples of CYP119 and its derivatives were studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy at temperatures below 140 (K) at the Advanced Photon Source of Argonne National Laboratory. The x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra displayed shifts in edge and pre-edge energies consistent with increasing effective positive charge on iron in the series native CYP119 < CYP119 nitrosyl complex < CYP119 compound II derivative. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectra were simulated with good fits for k = 12 Å−1 for native CYP119 and k = 13 Å−1 for both the nitrosyl complex and the compound II derivative. The important structural features for the compound II derivative were an iron-oxygen bond length of 1.82 Å and an iron-sulfur bond length of 2.24 Å, both of which indicate an iron-oxygen single bond in a ferryl-hydroxide, FeIVOH, moiety.
Factors which Influence the Incidence and Course of Peptic Ulcer

The present review concentrates on environmental factors which influence the outcome of peptic ulcer disease by acting from the outside. Endogenous risk factors, such as acid output, pepsin secretion and serum pepsinogen, gastritis and mucosal defense, blood group, and secretor status, are only dealt with when they help to explain the mechanism by which exogenous risk factors affect the upper gastrointestinal mucosa. After outlining the wax and wane of peptic ulcer, it is concluded that these changes resulted from similar temporal patterns of occupational workload in the general population. Cross sectional studies also support the contention of occupational workload being a risk factor in peptic ulcer, explaining several characteristic features of peptic ulcer, such as its sex, race, and social class distribution, increased incidence in immigrant workers, seasonal variation, healing by bed rest, and urban versus rural distribution. Susceptible subjects may react to a rise in occupational workload and acut...
Outcome Functions Yielding Wairasian and Lindahi Allocations at Nash Equilibrium Points

In this paper we shall present " balanced outcome functions ". These are functions which, for any given set of messages by individual agents in the economy, determine as their outcome an economic allocation satisfying the resource balance constraints of the economyi.e. the constraints that, for any good, total demand must not exceed total supply. Now, it has been known for a long time that outcome functions realizing the Walrasian (or Lindahl) equilibrium correspondence can easily be constructed provided an auctioneer is permitted and balance not required. In unpublished work, Schmeidler has presented a balanced outcome function without an auctioneer which realizes the Walrasian correspondence when there are at least three traders; a later variant (in a forthcoming paper by the Author) appears also to work for two traders. As he himself noted, his outcome function is not individually feasible. It is also discontinuous. Groves and Ledyard (1977) proposed balance outcome functions whose equilibrium correspondences yield allocations which are Pareto optimal but not individually rational (in the sense that traders can be worse off than if they refused to trade at all), and hence not Lindahl allocations. Here again it is required that there be at least three traders. The outcome functions used by Groves and Ledyard are quadratic, and so smooth. For the pure exchange economy with at least three traders Hurwicz (1976) has constructed analogous balanced outcome functions which are Pareto optimal but not individually rational, as well as non-balanced outcome functions which are Pareto optimal (but not individually rational) when there are two traders. Shapley, Shubik, Schmeidler, Pazner and Postlewaite have also constructed feasible outcome functions that can yield allocations outside the Pareto optimal set. Either the outcome functions or the message spaces depend, however, on the initial endowment vectors, so that agents have to know one anothers' endowments. Thus, these outcome functions are not informationally decentralized. In the present paper we show balanced outcome functions that are smooth and, without employing an auctioneer, yield equivalence between Nash and Walrasian (or, where appropriate, Lindahl) allocations, for three or more traders. Our outcome functions are smooth, but not individually feasible away from equilibrium.
Automated knowledge acquisition - an aid to understanding the actions of a skilled operator

Abstract The operator of an accelerator experiment often appears to be a highly skilled magician. The diagnostics used, such as oscilloscope traces, may be only indirectly related to the state of the accelerator. The operator adjusts the knobs so that the experiment runs well, but is not always able to describe in words exactly what is happening. The tool described in this paper, acc-plot-tool , was developed as a supplement to note-taking while attempting to develop an expert system that might function as an apprentice operator. During an experiment, a historical record is made of all operator actions and the resulting changes in the state of the equipment, including digitized records of the oscilloscope traces used to make decisions. These records are transformed into a set of graphical objects in the knowledge engineering environment (KEE). A flexible set of KEE functions has been developed, allowing both graphical and numerical manipulation of the data. The acc-plot-tool is not only useful in helping to understand the operator's actions, but also in discovering correlations between operator actions and system-parameter changes, in detecting equipment failures and in the mathematical modelingof the system. Examples will be given from ion-source operation.
Transesterification of Soybean Oil Using Heterogeneous Catalysts

Biodiesel is a biodegradable, nontoxic, and clean-burning fuel that can be made from biorenewable fats and oils. At present, biodiesel is primarily produced in batch reactors, where the separation of catalysts, glycerol, and biodiesel from the reactor is onerous. Solid catalysts can be used to allay this separation problem. In the present study, seven different solid catalysts (metal oxides), MgO, CaO, PbO, PbO2, Pb3O4, Tl2O3, and ZnO, with different Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface area, acidity/basicity, and the acid/base site strength were selected for the transesterification. Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) yields were determined for these catalysts at three different temperatures (75, 150, and 225 °C) and high pressure. It was observed that more than 89% yield of biodiesel was achieved with PbO and PbO2 solid catalysts.
Normal Rates of Neuroradiological Findings in Children with High Functioning Autism.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to analyze highly specific volumetric and morphological features of the brains of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date, there are few comprehensive studies examining the prevalence of neuroradiologic findings seen on routine MRI scans in children with ASD. This study examined the prevalence of neuroradiologic findings in children with high functioning ASD, and compared these rates to those in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children who are typically developing (TD). Results showed that approximately 90% of children had normal MRI scans. There was no significant effect of diagnosis on the total number of neuroradiological findings or the number of specific brain findings. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Regioselective hydrogenation of 1-naphthol over supported Pt and Pd catalysts for producing high-temperature jet fuel stabilizer

Abstract Supported Pt and Pd catalysts were examined for selective hydrogenation of 1-naphthol to form tetrahydronaphthol (THNol). Five kinds of supports were used: HY zeolite with SiO2/Al2O3 of 40, HM zeolite with SiO2/Al2O3 of 38, γ-Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2. Among these five supports, only TiO2-supported catalysts displayed selectivity for 1-naphthol hydrogenation towards 1,2,3,4-THNol. Under the same reaction conditions, Pd/TiO2 catalysts show much higher catalytic activity and higher selectivity to 1,2,3,4-THNol than Pt/TiO2 catalysts, and more tetralin was observed in product distribution for Pd catalysts. On the other hand, Pt/TiO2 showed higher selectivity for 5,6,7,8-THNol. By using Pt and Pd bimetallic catalysts, much higher selectivity to 1,2,3,4-THNol has been achieved. Product distribution depends strongly on Pt/Pd ratio. The selectivity of 1,2,3,4-THNol decreases with the increase in Pt/Pd weight ratio. The bimetallic catalyst with Pt/Pd weight ratio of 0.3 shows the highest 1,2,3,4-THNol selectivity up to 22.6 mol% at 150°C, 500 psi and 60 min. Tetralone has been found to be an intermediate for hydrogenation of 1-naphthol to 1,2,3,4-THNol. Further hydrogenation of 1,2,3,4-THNol towards tetralin is much faster than that of 5,6,7,8-THNol.
Anticonvulsant effects of LY456236, a selective mGlu1 receptor antagonist

Several lines of evidence suggest that mGlu1 metabotropic glutamate receptors may be involved in seizure disorders such as epilepsy. For example, the mGlu1 agonist DHPG produces limbic seizures and group I antagonists such as 4C3HPG and 4CPG are anticonvulsant when administered intracerebrally. The purpose of the present experiments was to characterize the anticonvulsant effects of the selective mGlu1 receptor antagonist LY456236 in mice and rats. In male and female DBA/2 mice, LY456236 produced a dose-related inhibition of sound-induced clonic-tonic seizures. In male CF1 mice, LY456236 produced a dose-related inhibition of tonic extensor seizures in the threshold electroshock model, and limbic seizures in the 6-Hz focal seizure model. However, this antagonist did not inhibit clonic seizures produced by pentylenetetrazol. In amygdala-kindled male Sprague-Dawley rats, LY456236 produced dose-related decreases in behavioral and electrographic seizures at threshold stimulus intensity. In addition, LY456236 produced a dose-related increase in the stimulus intensity required to produce generalized seizures. Taken together, the present results support the conclusion that mGlu1 receptor antagonists such as LY456236 may have clinical utility in the treatment of epilepsy and other seizure disorders.
Direct and quantitative conversion of starch to ethanol by the yeast Schwanniomyces alluvius

The yeast Schwanniomyces alluvius ferments soluble starch to ethanol at a conversion efficiency of greater than 95%. Only trace amounts of side products are detectable.
Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes of Elementary School Teachers in Washington State

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To define two factors influencing inclusion of nutrition in teaching by elementary school teachers in the state of Washington. This study surveyed 203 elementary school teachers in Washington to investigate the relationship between nutrition knowledge and attitudes, as well as to determine the relationship of educational level, years of teaching experience, science and nutrition courses, gender, and age on nutrition knowledge and attitudes. Analysis of variance was used to test for differences in nutrition knowledge scores as well as nutrition attitude scores, and the above variables. Pearson's correlations were also used and indicated that there was a significant correlation between the number of hours of college nutrition and the hours the teachers taught nutrition to their classes. Age was found to be significantly related to knowledge scores in this study. As the age of the teachers increased the nutrition knowledge scores also increased. The number of years of teaching experience was also positively correlated with nutrition knowledge. Teachers who had nutrition included in other college courses had more positive attitudes toward nutrition than those who had no nutrition incorporated in other college courses. A positive relationship was found between college nutrition hours and attitudes concerning nutrition, although the correlation was not significant. There was no correlation between nutrition knowledge scores and nutrition attitude scores. This study indicates that the inclusion of nutrition courses in the preparation of elementary school positively influences the amount of time devoted towards teaching nutrition by elementary school teachers.
Research on the Model and Solving of Job Shop Scheduling Problems

The flexible job shop scheduling problems are solved with the method of multi-objective program. In order to increase the stability of the solution, the concept of norm is led in objective functions, and new method to determine weights of the objective functions is presented. Finally, the optimal weights and the optimal solution of scheduling problem are obtained. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The type I interferon receptor mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2.

Binding of interferon α (IFNα) to its receptor induces activation of the Tyk-2 and Jak-1 tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple downstream signaling elements, including the Stat components of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF-3). IFNα also induces tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, the principle substrate of the insulin receptor. In this study we demonstrate that various Type I IFNs rapidly stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2. This is significant since IRS-2 is the major IRS protein found in hematopoietic cells. The IFNα-induced phosphorylated form of IRS-2 associates with the p85 regulatory subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase, suggesting that this kinase participates in an IFNα-signaling cascade downstream of IRS-2. We also provide evidence for an interaction of IRS-2 with Tyk-2, suggesting that Tyk-2 is the kinase that phosphorylates this protein during IFNα stimulation. A conserved region in the pleckstrin homology domain of IRS-2 may be required for the interaction of IRS-2 with Tyk-2, as shown by the selective binding of glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins containing the IRS-2-IH1PH or IRS-1-IH1PH domains to Tyk-2 but not other Janus kinases in vitro.
A Theory for Rapid Charging Events on the International Space Station

The Floating Potential Measurement Unit (FPMU) has detected high negative amplitude rapid charging events (RCEs) on the International Space Station (ISS) at the morning terminator. These events are larger and more rapid than the ISS morning charging events first seen by the Floating Potential Probe (FPP) on ISS in 2001. In this paper, we describe a theory for the RCEs that further elucidates the nature of spacecraft charging in low Earth orbit (LEO) in a non-equilibrium situation. The model accounts for all essential aspects of the newly discovered phenomenon, and is amenable to testing on-orbit. Predictions of the model for the amplitude of the ISS RCEs for the full set of ISS solar arrays and for the coming solar cycle are given, and the results of modeling by the Environments WorkBench (EWB) are compared to the observed events to show that the phenomenon can be explained by solar array driven charging. The situation is unique because the coverglasses have not yet reached equilibrium with the surrounding plasma during the RCEs. Finally, a prescription for further use of the ISS for investigating fundamental plasma physics in LEO is given. Already, plasma and charging monitoring instruments on ISS have taught us much about spacecraft interactions with the dense LEO plasma, and we expect they will continue to yield more valuable science when the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) is in place.
Existence and nonexistence for a singular boundary value problem

Existence of positive solutions of the two-point boundary value problem is studies, where λ2>0. It is shown that positive solutions exist provided λ2 is sufficiently small but that no positive solutions exist for λ2 large
Effects of stimulus congruence on hypotheses held in a concept identification task

This investigation compares overt judgments about tenable hypotheses to choices in a concept identification task, as a function of stimulus similarity on successive trials. The most frequent error in processing information was the failure to eliminate a dimension when both hypotheses associated with it had been excluded by previous feedback, an error which ranked very high in Berger's study as well. Relatively more of these errors occurred with low congruence of successive stimuli than with high congruence, where congruence is defined as the number of hypotheses which would lead to correct responses on both of two successive trials. Relatively fewer premature exclusions of a dimension occurred with low congruence than high congruence. The high incidence of hypothesis processing errors following correct responses contradicts Restle's all-elements at a time model. The frequency with which all hypotheses held on a trial are inconsistent with the choice response on the next trial contradicts hypothesis theory in general. However, a l-element local consistency version of Restle's model gives almost the same predictions as the same model with passive states precluding a direct relation between hypotheses and choices on early trials.
Classical energy confinement in Alcator

Abstract Nearly classical behaviour, from the viewpoint of energy confinement, is observed in the Alcator tokamak. A study of the energy balance of the central core of the plasma has been carried out in the regime 10 14 cm -3 ⩽ n e ⩽ 6 × 10 14 cm -3 , 130 kA ⩽ I P ⩽ 160 kA and B T = 6 T. At the higheet densities the dominant role in enrgy confinement can be attributed to neoclassical ion thermal conduction, the anomalous electron thermal conductivity appearing at low densities having been suppressed.
Molecular segregation and nucleation of poly(ethylene oxide) crystallized from the melt. IV. Computer modeling

A crystal surface is modelled and Monte Carlo simulations are attempted to learn about conformations and motion of a macromolecule that could lead to crystallization. Chains with up to 200 mobile segments have been analyzed. The diffusion distance of a given chain segment increases with positioning closer to the chain end, and completion of crystallization accelerates with decreasing length of remaining amorphous chain ends and increasing temperature.
Sexuality and reproductive risk factors for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in women.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) in women is associated with antecedent sexual and reproductive characteristics. METHODS By multivariate analyses, 312 incident IC/PBS cases were compared with matched controls for antecedent sexual and reproductive characteristics, adjusted by demographics, previous surgery, and nonbladder syndromes (NBSs), such as chronic pelvic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and panic disorder. RESULTS IC/PBS was significantly associated with previous female hormone use, a history of fewer pregnancies (in premenopausal women), and antecedent NBSs, especially when expressed by the number of such syndromes. CONCLUSIONS Three antecedents to IC/PBS were prominent. Female hormone use was consistent with a pharmacologic effect or as a marker of its indications. A history of fewer pregnancies among premenopausal, but not postmenopausal, women with IC/PBS was consistent with pregnancy postponing the occurrence of IC/PBS, a marker for decisions to avoid pregnancy, or a result of recruitment bias. NBSs, especially the total number experienced by the participant, had the strongest correlation with IC/PBS. This finding suggests that knowledge of the pathogeneses of these NBSs, many of which are functional somatic syndromes, might reveal that of IC/PBS.
Secret Ingredients: The Politics of Coca in US–Peruvian Relations, 1915–65

This article explores the hidden politics around so-called ‘Merchandise No. 5’, a secret formula extract of Peruvian coca-leaf used in the American beverage Coca-Cola since the early twentieth century. It analyses the peculiar early political economy of US cocaine control which by the 1920s lent the Coca-Cola Company (and its associate, Maywood Chemical Co. of New Jersey) special roles in drug diplomacy with Peru. It then follows the paradoxical transnational politics of this coca flow during the era of emerging world restrictions on cocaine and coca (1915–65). Coca-Cola was deeply engaged in drug politics with Peru.
Small scale characterization of underwater acoustic channels

Underwater acoustic (UWA) channel models provide a tool for predicting the performance of communication systems prior to system deployment and are thus essential for system design. Small-scale modeling of the UWA channel targets statistical characterization of random effects such as scattering and motion-induced Doppler shifting. In this study, each transmission path is modeled as consisting of micro-multipath components that cumulatively result in a complex Gaussian multiplicative distortion, whose time- and frequency-correlation are assessed analytically. Motion of the surface and transmitter/receiver displacements introduce additional variation whose temporal correlation is modeled via Bessel-type functions. Data obtained from three underwater experiments support the proposed model.
Family structure, parental strictness, and sexual behavior among inner-city Black male adolescents.

Family structure, parental strictness, and sexual behavior were examined among 200 Black male adolescents who completed an anonymous questionnaire. Adolescents who lived with both of their parents reported using condoms more consistently in the past year and were less likely to report fathering a pregnancy as compared with adolescents who did not live with both of their parents. Parental strictness was related to sexual behavior, but the relation differed depending on whether the perceived strictness of the mother or the father was examined. Adolescents who perceived that their mothers were more strict than did other adolescents reported less frequent coitus and with fewer women. Adolescents who perceived that their fathers were more strict than did other adolescents reported using condoms more consistently in the past year.
Component-based software development: implications for documentation

The progressive shortening of software development cycles has led software vendors to seek new ways of delivering their product to the customer. When a software product is updated every two or three months, delivering the product only on CD is not a viable alternative. For projects such as IBM VisualAge® for Java™, where a component-based strategy has been chosen for delivering software function, an equivalent strategy must be devised for delivering product documentation. This paper describes the approach we adopted to componentize the VisualAge for Java help system, and describes the technical challenges the approach posed to IBM writers, and the solutions chosen.
Critique of "distance estimation with night vision goggles: a little feedback goes a long way"

The authors addressed a topic that has practical importance and that deserves further study. They raised interesting questions about distance estimates, and extended results obtained with unaided vision to performance with NVGs. In this critique, several issues were raised in an attempt to foster an informative scholarly exchange.
The Effect of Influenza Vaccination on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Load: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

To determine if vaccination induces replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), 42 HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 cell counts of 200-500 cells/microL were randomized to receive influenza vaccine or saline placebo. Infectious cell-associated and plasma HIV-1 RNA virus load were measured twice at baseline and then at 7, 10, 14, and 30 days after injection by quantitative microculture and branched DNA amplification. The ratios of the geometric mean plasma HIV-1 load of the four follow-up visits compared with baseline in vaccine (n = 28) and placebo (n = 14) recipients were similar (1.05 [95% confidence interval, 0.80-1.37] for vaccine; 0.96 [95% confidence interval, 0.68-1.33] for placebo; P = .90). The geometric mean ratios of plasma virus load at each follow-up visit to baseline did not differ significantly from 1.0 for each group. Infectious cell-associated virus load measures yielded similar results. CD4 cell counts declined similarly in both groups at 6 months. Influenza vaccination did not increase HIV-1 load in this controlled clinical trial.
Thyroglobulin Repression of Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 (TTF-1) Gene Expression Is Mediated by Decreased DNA Binding of Nuclear Factor I Proteins Which Control Constitutive TTF-1 Expression

Follicular thyroglobulin (TG) selectively suppresses the expression of thyroid-restricted transcription factors, thereby altering the expression of thyroid-specific proteins. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which TG suppresses the prototypic thyroid-restricted transcription factor, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), in rat FRTL-5 thyrocytes. We show that the region between bp −264 and −153 on the TTF-1 promoter contains two nuclear factor I (NFI) elements whose function is involved in TG-mediated suppression. Thus, NFI binding to these elements is critical for constitutive expression of TTF-1; TG decreases NFI binding to the NFI elements in association with TG repression. NFI is a family of transcription factors that is ubiquitously expressed and contributes to constitutive and cell-specific gene expression. In contrast to the contribution of NFI proteins to constitutive gene expression in other systems, we demonstrate that follicular TG transcriptionally represses all NFI RNAs (NFI-A, -B, -C, and -X) in association with decreased NFI binding and that the RNA levels decrease as early as 4 h after TG treatment. Although TG treatment for 48 h results in a decrease in NFI protein-DNA complexes measured in DNA mobility shift assays, NFI proteins are still detectable by Western analysis. We show, however, that the binding of all NFI proteins is redox regulated. Thus, diamide treatment of nuclear extracts strongly reduces the binding of NFI proteins, and the addition of higher concentrations of dithiothreitol to nuclear extracts from TG-treated cells restores NFI-DNA binding to levels in extracts from untreated cells. We conclude that NFI binding to two NFI elements, at bp −264 to −153, positively regulates TTF-1 expression and controls constitutive TTF-1 levels. TG mediates the repression of TTF-1 gene expression by decreasing NFI RNA and protein levels, as well as by altering the binding activity of NFI, which is redox controlled.
Percutaneous intervention versus coronary bypass surgery for patients older than 70 years of age with high-risk unstable angina.

Background The Angina With Extremely Serious Operative Mortality Evaluation (AWESOME) study was a multicenter Veterans Affairs randomized trial and registry that compared long-term survival of percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass graft surgery for the treatment of patients with medically refractory myocardial ischemia and at least one additional risk factor for an adverse outcome with bypass. Both the randomized trial and the registry demonstrated comparable 3-year survival. The purpose of this study was to compare bypass and percutaneous intervention survival of AWESOME patients who were older than 70 years of age. Methods Over a 5-year period (1995 to 2000), 2,431 patients with medically refractory myocardial ischemia and at least one of the following five risk factors (prior heart surgery, myocardial infarction within 7 days, left ventricular ejection fraction less than 35%, age > 70 years, intraaortic balloon pump requirement to stabilize) were identified. Of these patients, 1,278 were older than 70 years of age. Eight hundred, seventy-one patients were turned down by at least one physician, 407 were acceptable to both physician and surgeon for randomization, and 236 (60%) consented to randomization. Of the 1,042 eligible patients who were not randomized, 871 had their revascularization directed by a physician who was not involved in the study. One hundred, seventy-one patients who were acceptable for randomization by both the interventional cardiologist and the cardiac surgeon refused consent. Results Bypass and percutaneous intervention survival were compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank tests. Bypass and percutaneous intervention 36-month survival rates for patients older than 70 years of age were 76% and 75%, respectively, among the eligible patients. Survival was 71% and 78% among those patients who were randomized and 76% and 67% in the physician-directed subgroup. Of those patients who chose their revascularization techniques, the survivals were 79% and 85%, respectively. The survival differences are not large, and none of the global log rank tests of bypass compared with percutaneous intervention survival showed a statistically significant difference over 5 years. Conclusions Both the randomized and registry subgroups of patients who were older than 70 years of age support the trial conclusions that either bypass or percutaneous intervention effectively relieves medically refractory ischemia among high-risk unstable angina patients whose age was greater than 70 years.
Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods, and Applications

When Place Attachment first landed on my desk I quickly turned to the table of contents, searching to see which of my fellow geographers had contributed chapters to this “multidisciplinary” antholo...
A simplified model of short-channel MOSFET characteristics in the breakdown mode

When a short-channel MOSFET is driven into the avalanche-induced breakdown region, the drain current increases rapidly and usually shows a snapback characteristic. Both the substrate current and the current collected by a nearby reverse-biased p-n junction also increases with increasing drain current in this region of operation. All of these effects are associated with minority-carrier injection from the source junction into the substrate. A model for the drain I-V characteristics is proposed. Also presented is a related model incorporating conductivity modulation that predicts linear relationships between the substrate and the collection currents and the drain current in this region of operation. Experimental results agree well with the models.
Deutschland über alles?: The National Anthem Debate in the Federal Republic of Germany

Languages evolve, and through the negotiations of public discourse, particular phrases acquire connotations and meanings beyond their grammatical structure. Occasionally, the meanings become contested and the resultant debate can be politically charged. The struggle to define language is fundamentally a struggle for power. This explains the current concerns of the French government to protect the French language from anglicisms. In recent years, the United States has become embroiled in debates over interpretations of the Constitution. Should our reconstruction of the eighteenth-century intent of the authors be the standard or should we reinterpret the language in the spirit of our present day context? The answer is fundamentally a political one. Perhaps nowhere has language been more highly contested than in postwar West Germany.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Novel Mono-O-Hydroxy Bidentate Schiff Base: Quantum Chemical Calculations

The semiempirical AM1 SCF method is used to study the first static hyperpolarizabilities of some novel mono-O-Hydroxy bidentate Schiff base in which electron donating (D) and electron accepting (A) groups were introduced on either side of the Schiff base ring system. Geometries of all molecules were optimized at the semiempirical AM1. The first static hyperpolarizabilities of these molecules were calculated using Hyperchem package. To understand this phenomenon in the context of molecular orbital picture, we examined the molecular HOMO and molecular LUMO generated via Hyperchem. The study reveals that the mono-O-Hydroxy bidentate Schiff bases have large values and hence in general may have potential applications in the development of nonlinear optical materials.
Affine Term Structure Models and the Forward Premium Anomaly

One of the most puzzling features of currency prices is the forward premium anomaly: the tendency for high interest rate currencies to appreciate. We characterize the anomaly in the context of affine models of the term structure of interest rates. In affine models, the anomaly requires either that state variables have asymmetric effects on state prices in different currencies or that nominal interest rates take on negative values with positive probability. We find the quantitative properties of either alternative to have important shortcomings. PERHAPS THE MOST PUZZLING FEATURE of currency prices is the tendency for high interest rate currencies to appreciate when one might guess, instead, that investors would demand higher interest rates on currencies expected to fall in value. This departure from uncovered interest parity, which we term the forward premium anomaly, has been documented in dozens—and possibly hundreds—of studies, and has spawned a second generation of papers attempting to account for it. One of the most inf luential of these is Fama ~1984!, who attributes the behavior of forward and spot exchange rates to a time-varying risk premium. Fama shows that the implied risk premium on a currency must ~1! be negatively correlated with its expected rate of depreciation and ~2! have greater variance. We refer to this feature of the data as an anomaly because asset pricing theory to date has been notably unsuccessful in producing a risk premium with the requisite properties. Attempts include applications of the capital asset pricing model to currency prices ~Frankel and Engel ~1984!, Mark ~1988!!, statistical models relating risk premiums to changing second moments ~Hansen and Hodrick ~1983!, Domowitz and Hakkio ~1985!, Cumby ~1988!!, and consumption-based asset pricing theories, including departures from time
Do Orgasms Give Women Feedback about Mate Choice

The current study represents a preliminary investigation of the extent to which female orgasm functions to promote good mate choices. Based on a survey of heterosexual female college students in committed relationships, how often women experienced orgasm as a result of sexual intercourse was related to their partner's family income, his self-confidence, and how attractive he was. Orgasm intensity was also related to how attracted they were to their partners, how many times they had sex per week, and ratings of sexual satisfaction. Those with partners who their friends rated as more attractive also tended to have more intense orgasms. Orgasm frequency was highly correlated (r = .82) with orgasm intensity, and orgasm intensity was a marginally better predictor of sexual satisfaction than orgasm frequency. Sexual satisfaction was related to how physically attracted women were to their partner and the breadth of his shoulders. Women who began having sexual intercourse at earlier ages had more sex partners, experienced more orgasms, and were more sexually satisfied with their partners. We also identified an ensemble of partner psychological traits (motivation, intelligence, focus, and determination) that predicted how often women initiated sexual intercourse. Their partner's sense of humor not only predicted his self-confidence and family income, but it also predicted women's propensity to initiate sex, how often they had sex, and it enhanced their orgasm frequency in comparison with other partners.
Celebrating the Accomplishments of Others Mutual Benefits of Capitalization

Capitalization, sharing positive personal information in a relationship, has gained considerable attention for benefitting the discloser of positive information. However, this study is the first to examine the effects of capitalization on the listener who celebrates the news, the celebrator. Thirty-nine college students participated in a daily diary capitalization intervention for 4 weeks in which every other week they celebrated capitalization. In diaries, participants reported experiencing more positive emotions when celebrating than when not celebrating. The discloser’s positive reaction to the celebration mediated the relationship between the number of celebrations and the celebrator’s higher positive emotions. In addition, more celebrations per day and feeling more authentic during celebrations predicted higher positive emotions. However, the perceived closeness of the relationship between the discloser and the celebrator was not associated with the effect of celebrating. Implications for the use of ...
Insulin resistance: from bit player to centre stage

About 70 years ago, Himsworth and Kerr published evidence based on the results from modified oral glucose tolerance tests that the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake varied from person to person and that there were at least two forms of diabetes:[1][1] insulin sensitive and insulin
Primary production, standing stock, and export of organic matter in a Mohave Desert thermal stream1

The water of a thermal artesian stream (Tecopa Bore) in the Mohave Desert near Death Valley, California, issues from the ground at 47.5”C and cools 8-12°C before leaving a study arca 300 m long. Growth occurs year round because of the high water temperature. Pupfish are the dominant herbivores; aquatic invertebrates are rare. The 11,065 kcal m-a annual input of energy to the biological system is totally accounted for by autochthonous primary production. About 718 kcal rnma of organic matter is stored within the system in the form of algal mats and detritus and has a turnover time of about 23 days. The bulk of the annual primary production ( 81% ) is channeled into respiration and decomposers; 9% is lost as dissolved organic carbon and 4% as drift of particulate organic matter, Pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis umurgosue) feed on algae and detritus, ingesting 17% ( 1,878 kcal me2 yr-‘) of the annual primary production, of which 119 kcal rn% yr-‘is dcpot Brock 1970). Ecological studies of thermal springs and streams have increased over the last ‘This work was directly supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (GB-32811) and Sigma Xi and indirectly supported by fcllowships awarded by Arizona State University. ’ Present address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPIIY decade ( Castcnholz 1967; Stockner 1968, 1971; Wicgert and Fraleigh 1972; Brock 1970) but only Stockncr described the encrgetics of a thermal ecosystem. Cooler springs have had few complete studies because of their complexity ( Odum 1957; Teal 1957; Tilly 1968) ; where climate changes seasonally, or where seasonal changes in metabolic rates and population dynamics of the component species prevail, it requires a team effort over many years to estimate meaningful energy budgets (e.g. Teal 1962; Mann 1969; Fisher and Likens 1973). Tecopa Bore, dcspitc its simple structure, is a dynamic system with large amounts of energy fixed and cycled annually. Primary production is high the cntirc year with a significant percentage of the production cxported as dissolved organic carbon and as particulate organic matter. Pupfish ingest large quantities of algae and detritus daily with correspondingly high production. The bulk of the fixed energy, however, is lost through respiration or channeled to dccom-
The Directional Preference of Kinesin Motors Is Specified by an Element outside of the Motor Catalytic Domain

Members of the kinesin superfamily share a similar motor catalytic domain yet move either toward the plus end (e.g., conventional kinesin) or the minus end (e.g., Ncd) of microtubules. The structural features that determine the polarity of movement have remained enigmatic. Here, we show that kinesin's catalytic domain (316 residues) in a dimeric construct (560 residues) can be replaced with the catalytic domain of Ncd and that the resultant motor moves in the kinesin direction. We also demonstrate that this chimera does not move processively over many tubulin subunits, which is similar to Ncd but differs from the highly processive motion of conventional kinesin. These findings reveal that the catalytic domain contributes to motor processivity but does not control the polarity of movement. We propose that a region adjacent to the catalytic domain serves as a mechanical transducer that determines directionality.
Reading Tender Mercies: Two Interpretations

Two readings, one realistic, the other subversive, of Tender Mercies, a contemporary “alcoholism” film, are offered. This case study of a cultural text speaks to the problem of how a society repres...
Preventing repeat pregnancy in adolescents: is immediate postpartum insertion of the contraceptive implant cost effective?

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical state-funded program offering immediate postpartum implant (IPI) insertion for adolescent mothers. Study Design Participants in an adolescent prenatal-postnatal program were enrolled in a prospective observational study of IPI insertion (IPI group, n = 171) vs standard contraceptive initiation (comparison group, n = 225). Implant discontinuation, repeat pregnancies and pregnancy outcomes were determined. We compared the anticipated public expenditures for IPI recipients and comparisons at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months postpartum using the actual outcomes of this cohort and Colorado Medicaid reimbursement estimates. Costs were normalized to 1000 adolescents in each arm and included 1 year of well-baby care for delivered pregnancies. Results At 6 months, the expenditures of the IPI group exceed the comparison group by $73,000. However, at 12, 24, and 36 months, publicly funded IPIs would result in a savings of more than $550,000, $2.5 million, and $4.5 million, respectively. For every dollar spent on the IPI program, $0.79, $3.54, and $6.50 would be saved at 12, 24, and 36 months. Expenditures between the IPI and comparison groups would be equal if the comparison group pregnancy rate was 13.8%, 18.6%, and 30.5% at 12, 24, and 36 months. Actual rates were 20.1%, 46.5%, and 83.7%. Conclusion Offering IPIs to adolescent mothers is cost effective. Payors that do not currently cover IPI should integrate these data into policy considerations.
On Terms: Frequency and Rate in Applied Behavior Analysis

The term "frequency" in applied behavior analysis and behavior measurement generally refers to cycles per unit time, or a count (usually of behavior) divided by the time during which it occurred. In statistics, however, the term refers to a count of items in a data set. This meaning of "frequency" as synonymous with "count" has been adopted by one major text and the Behavior Analyst Certification Board®. Another major text uses "frequency" and "rate" interchangeably when referring to behaviors per unit time. Both texts advise readers not to use counts of behavior without reference to the time base of the observation, and in the context of that advice, the count and time information thus provide rate data. We suggest that within applied behavior analysis (ABA) and behavior measurement the term "frequency" should not refer to "count" but instead to "rate," and that references to counts without information about observation time should be avoided.
Effect of the Medicare Prospective Payment System on the Utilization of Physical Therapy

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the Medicare prospective payment system on the utilization of physical therapy for patients served by Medicare. The total number of inpatient and outpatient physical therapy referrals and the percentage of physical therapy Medicare referrals from January 1981 through May 1985 for the 336 acute care beds in the county selected for this study were analyzed. The results indicated that acute care inpatient and outpatient physical therapy Medicare referrals have increased significantly since the implementation of the diagnostic related group system. The results indicate that physical therapy is being used increasingly to rehabilitate patients within the time and economic constraints established by the Medicare prospective payment system.
Extending the Miles and Snow Strategic Framework: Strategic Types, Capabilities, Environmental Uncertainty, and Firm Performance

The Miles and Snow strategic type framework is re-examined with respect to interrelationships with several theoretically relevant batteries of variables, including SBU strategic capabilities, environmental uncertainty, and performance. A newly developed constrained, multi-objective, classification methodology is modified to empirically derive an alternative quantitative typology using survey data obtained from 709 firms in three countries (China, Japan, United States). We compare the Miles and Snow typology to the classification empirically derived utilizing this combinatorial optimization clustering procedure. With respect to both variable battery associations and objective statistical criteria, we show that the empirically derived solution clearly dominates the traditional P-A-D-R typology of Miles and Snow. Implications and directions for future research are provided.
Luminescent Charge-Transfer Complexes: Tuning Emission in Binary Fluorophore Mixtures

Charge-transfer (CT) complexes composed of a π-electron-poor naphthalene diimide (NDI) derivative combined with a series of π-electron-rich donors were investigated. Solutions of the CT complexes are nonemissive; however, solid-state complexes and aqueous suspensions display emission that is dependent on the energy of the HOMO of the electron donor. Crystallographic analysis of a pyrene–NDI complex reveals columnar packing and a high degree of frontier molecular orbital (FMO) overlap that likely contributes to the observed optical properties. The fluorescent CT particles are utilized as imaging agents; additional luminescent CT complexes may be realized by considering FMO energies and topologies.