cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gemmules of Anheteromeyenia ryderi and Heteromeyenia tubisperma (Porifera: Spongillidae) from southern New England undergo diapause

SUMMARY. 1. The annual cycle of the freshwater sponge, Anheteromeyenia ryderi, was studied in a seepage pond in Connecticut. The adult form of the sponge persisted throughout the year, although some specimens at the edge of the pond degenerated by late summer. During the middle of the winter, adult sponges had a simplified tissue morphology with reduced numbers of flagellated chambers. 2. Gemmules of A. ryderi were also present during all seasons. Gemmule germination occurred during the spring, and some specimens produced new gemmules by late spring. 3. The gemmules of A. ryderi underwent a protracted diapause which was broken under both natural and laboratory conditions by several months exposure to low temperatures (≤5°C). 4. The gemmules of Heteromeyenia tubisperma were also shown to undergo diapause, but in this case diapause was broken by a relatively short cold treatment (1 month).
Robust Controller Synthesis for Uncertain Time-Varying Systems

In this paper we develop and present new convex synthesis conditions for robust performance in linear time-varying systems, subject to time-varying perturbations. In particular, these results are exact for sensitivity minimization in the presence of multiplicative perturbations. The methods apply to a number of additional robust performance problems and are always both necessary and sufficient when the system plant is periodic. Otherwise, the conditions provided are always sufficient, and a controller can be directly constructed when this condition holds.
Confucianism's challenge to Western bioethics.

What about Confucian bioethics should compel our interest? Apart from the fact that Confucianism grounds the belief system of a great number of people, a Confucian bioethics poses a profound challe...
Effect of electrogram characteristics on the relationship of dominant frequency to atrial activation rate in atrial fibrillation

Background Dominant frequency analysis has become a widely used tool for studying the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF). Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare dominant frequency with atrial activation rates in the presence of changing activation intervals and amplitudes and the complex morphologies characteristic of AF electrograms. Methods A combination of atrial electrograms recorded during persistent AF from 10 patients, atrial flutter electrograms with double potentials from 12 patients, and simulated electrograms were used in this study. Dominant frequencies were compared with the mean, median, and mode beat-to-beat activation rates obtained by electrogram marking. Results Dominant frequency correlated well with, but did not specifically reflect, mean, median, and mode activation rates. Dominant frequencies were significantly impacted by frequency variation, combined amplitude and frequency variation, and ordering of the activation intervals. Averaging dominant frequency measurement of four consecutive signals improved reproducibility and agreement with mean and median activation rates. Signals with double potentials having longer delays between potentials were associated with harmonics chosen as the dominant frequency. Conclusion Multiple dominant frequency measurements and scrutiny of the time and frequency domain signals are recommended to obtain accurate and reproducible values.
Testing Measurement Invariance Using MIMIC: Likelihood Ratio Test with a Critical Value Adjustment.

Multiple-indicators multiple-causes (MIMIC) modeling is often used to test a latent group mean difference while assuming the equivalence of factor loadings and intercepts over groups. However, this...
Can Political Science Emulate the Natural Sciences? The Problem of Self-Disconfirming Analysis

American political science has long aspired to emulate both the objective research methods of the natural sciences and their practical successes in controlling their objects of study. Regrettably, the putative tension between these two ambitions is rarely discussed. This essay seeks to touch off such a discussion by illuminating a significant problem that produces tension between objective knowledge accumulation and practical control of politics, but not of nature: self-disconfirming analysis. The problem is that in some situations, successful realization of the normative implications of political analysis may create new political patterns that are no longer consistent with the law-like regularities uncovered by that analysis. I demonstrate how this problem is manifest in the work of Robert Putnam, whose career exhibits a commitment to (naturalistic) scientific rigor as well as a passion for sociopolitical change. If the agenda implied by Putnam's scientific research were to be implemented, some of the causal claims established by that research would be removed from actual operation. I argue that the failure of political science to realize its naturalistic aspirations is at least partly attributable to this problem.
Prevalence, Type, Disclosure, and Severity of Adverse Life Events in College Students.

Objective: Some information on the prevalence of adverse life experiences is available for the general population and college students, but the extent, nature, and severity of these events is unclear. Participants: The authors recruited undergraduate college students (N = 6,053) from diverse academic settings (public and private schools) and geographic locations. Methods: They examined the prevalence, nature, severity, and disclosure of adverse events, in addition to reports of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology within the sample. Results: Across multiple studies, prevalence rates of adverse events ranged from 55.8% to 84.5%, replicating previous findings in larger samples. In a subset of undergraduate students (n = 97) who the authors interviewed in greater depth, 9% reported symptoms of clinical PTSD and an additional 11% reported subclinical symptoms. Conclusions: Research using college samples for the study of stressful life events is a useful and reasonable strategy. The authors disc...
The Diagnosis of Early Carcinoma of the Cervix

Of the malignant neoplasms occurring below the waistline, carcinoma of the cervix is the most frequent. Of 1779 carcinomata, specimens of which have been examined in the Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, 827 or 46.43 per cent had their origin in the cervix. In a recent review by Keene and Kimbrough (1), of 479 of our cases from 1913 to 1926, cervical carcinoma shows a five-year mortality rate of 84.76 per cent. Ward's, Healy's, Schmitz', and Heymann's figures, quoting some of the most favorable, showed a mortality rate of approximately 75 per cent. Considering the figures of this country at large, the ultimate mortality rate is probably in the neighborhood of 90 per cent. The five-year mortality rate in our early cases (Stage I, Schmitz classification) was 60.35 per cent. Even this average cannot be regarded as satisfactory, especially when it is remembered that only about 10 per cent of the cases are in this early stage when first seen, so that the real results become apparent. Dietel and Steffan-Eisen (2) found that the group made up of intelligent patients sought medical advice earlier, and consequently gave better end-results than were secured among the more ignorant classes. These observers also found that the disease was more prevalent in the latter group, due doubtless to the fact that the former class receive more skilful obstetrical treatment. The higher birth-rate among the less privileged class may also influence this finding. Dietel and Steffan-Eisen found that among all gynecologic admissions uterine carcinomata made up 6.2 per cent of ward patients and 3.9 per cent of private cases.
The development of sensitization to the psychomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine is enhanced in a novel environment

Two experiments were designed to assess the effect of a “novel” environment on the development of sensitization to the psychomotor activating effects ofd-amphetamine. In the first experiment, rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the mesostriatal dopamine system received ten daily injections of amphetamine (2 mg/kg), either in their home cages or in novel test cages. The home and novel cages were physically identical (cylindrical transparent buckets), but one group lived and were tested in these cages, whereas the other group was transported from the stainless steel hanging cages where they lived to these novel test cages, for each test session. The first injection of amphetamine produced significantly more rotational behavior in animals tested in a novel environment than in animals tested at home. In addition, animals tested in a novel environment showed greater sensitization than animals tested at home, so the difference between the two groups was even more pronounced following the last injection. In a second experiment, locomotor activity was quantified in rats that received ten injections of either saline or 1.5 mg/kg amphetamine, in their home cages or in a physically identical novel environment. Again, there was a significantly greater locomotor response to the first injection of amphetamine, and greater sensitization, in animals tested in a novel environment than in animals tested at home. These data indicate that environmental factors can exert a large effect on the susceptibility to sensitization, and mechanisms by which this may occur are discussed.
New antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system: Focus on venlafaxine, nefazodone, and mirtazapine

Objective This review critically evaluates recent information on the cytochrome P450 system, with an emphasis on drug interactions involving antidepressant medications, particularly venlafaxine, nefazodone, and mirtazapine. Methods: International literature on the cytochrome P450 system and related drug interactions from 1995–1997 were critically examined. Results: Venlafaxine, nefazodone, and mirtazapine have different effects on the cytochrome P450 system. In vitro, venlafaxine is a weaker CYP2D6 inhibitor than most of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) by a factor of 1–3 orders of magnitude. In vivo drug interaction studies generally confirm in vitro results. However, some exceptions exist. The clinical significance of such interactions remains unknown. Venlafaxine had minimal or no demonstratable inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, or CYP2C. Nefazodone is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and is therefore absolutely contraindicated with concurrent administration of terfenadine, astemizole, and cisapride. It is a weak inhibitor of CYP1A2, 3A4, and 2D6. A metabolite of nefazodone, mCPP, is a weak and probably clinically insignificant inhibitor of CYP2D6. Mirtazapine has minimal inhibitory effects on CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6 in vitro. Little is known about its interactions with other drugs. Conclusions: With the addition of the latest antidepressant medications, the clinician may now choose antidepressants with little liability for drug–drug interactions. Venlafaxine and mirtazapine are associated with a lower risk of clinically significant drug interactions than SSRIs. Nefazodone is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and therefore may not be suitable for all patient populations. It is, however, a much weaker CYP2D6 inhibitor than the SSRIs. More studies are needed to assess more accurately and precisely the risk of such untoward drug–drug interactions with these novel antidepressants, particularly in more diverse ethnic patient populations. Depression and Anxiety, Volume 7, Supplement 1:24–32, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Doppler lidar measurement of profiles of turbulence and momentum flux

A short-pulse CO2 Doppler lidar with 150-m range resolution measured vertical profiles of turbulence and momentum flux. Example measurements are reported of a daytime mixed layer with strong mechanical mixing caused by a wind speed of 15 m/sec, which exceeded the speed above the capping inversion. The lidar adapted an azimuth scanning technique previously demonstrated by radar. Scans alternating between two elevation angles allow determination of mean U-squared, V-squared, and W-squared. Expressions were derived to estimate the uncertainty in the turbulence parameters. A new processing method, partial Fourier decomposition, has less uncertainty than the filtering used earlier.
Division of Labor and Relationship Quality among Male Same-Sex Couples Who Became Fathers via Surrogacy

Little is known about the family lives of male same-sex couples who become fathers via surrogacy. In a study of 52 male same-sex couples who became parents through surrogacy, we examined couples’ reported division of unpaid labor, relationship quality, and the associations between these two factors. We found these men reported dividing both household and child care labor in an egalitarian manner. They also reported wanting this to be the case. Biological linkages between a father and child were not associated with couples’ reports about how unpaid labor was divided. These male same-sex couples reported high levels of relationship quality overall, but those who experienced greater discrepancies between actual and ideal division of labor reported lower relationship quality, specifically less affectional expression and less relationship agreement between the partners. Our results add to the limited empirical research about male same-sex couples who become parents via surrogacy.
Load Models for CPW and Microstrip SOLT Standards on GaAs

We present an analysis of the types of models typically available within modern network analyzers for Short-Open-Load-Through (SOLT) calibrations. We find that the models for the reflect standards effectively handle their task. We also show that in some cases for well-behaved loads the analyzer models adequately handle the job, while in other cases fall short. This analysis was carried out for both microstrip and coplanar waveguide transmission line structures realized on GaAs substrates. We also explore how more complicated load models might be used to provide improved fits to measured data of on-wafer loads.
Generation of TACT image slices using different reconstruction algorithms: effects on natural caries detection.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the method of reconstruction of tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) slices has an influence on observer performance in caries detection. Study Design: Eight images of each of 40 extracted posterior teeth were acquired by using a solid state intraoral detector. Stacks of tuned-aperture computed tomography slices were generated by using the minimum and average reconstruction methods. Slices of the 2 experimental conditions were presented to 8 observers in a balanced order. Images were viewed on a highresolution 21-in color monitor. Observers scored the presence/absence of caries by using a 5-point confidence scale. Observers' assessments were compared with histologic examinations of tooth sections. Receiver operating characteristic curves measured observers' diagnostic performance. Analysis of variance was used to test for possible significant differences between observers and between experimental conditions. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and interobserver reliability were also calculated. Results: No statistically significant differences between the 2 methods of reconstruction were found for the detection of either occlusal (P =.07) or proximal (P =.52) caries. Interobserver reliability was similar for both experimental conditions. Conclusions.: The minimum and average methods of TACT reconstruction provide comparable performances for caries detection tasks. (ORAL Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;92:576-81)
Clonal dispersion in proliferative layers of developing cerebral cortex

In the adult cerebral cortex, many retrovirally labelled clones are widely dispersed, though the mechanisms of this dispersion are not well understood. Here we investigate the temporal sequence of clonal dispersion after labelling progenitors of rat cortical cells with replication-incompetent retroviruses at early stages of cortical neurogenesis, 14-15 days after conception (E14/15). The location of labelled daughter cells was determined 3, 6 or 10 days later. Labelled sibling cells were radially arrayed three days after infection (E18). In contrast, by six days after infection (E20/21), 43% of cortical clones were dispersed non-radially by at least 500 microns. Four of these widespread clones were dispersed longitudinally by > or = 2 mm, implying sustained rates of dispersion of > 15 microns per hour. Dispersed sibling cells occurred within proliferative zones of the forebrain in 35% of widely dispersed clones, suggesting that some dispersion reflects movement of dividing cells. Some clones dispersed beyond the neocortex into the olfactory bulb. Progenitor cell dispersion represents a previously unrecognized mode of migration by which sibling cells become widely dispersed in the developing forebrain.
Metabolic Clearance Rate of Growth Hormone in Mice during Various Physiological States

In conjunction with studies relating the clearance rate of PRL with mammary tumor incidence, ws measured the MCR of GH in male, female, pregnant, and lactating mice of two strains, C3H/St (high incidence of mammary tumors) and C57BL/St (low incidence of mammary tumors). Mouse GH was administered by a single injection in the jugular vein of unanesthetized mice, and sera were collected from the orbit at frequent intervals up to 60 min. Sera were assayed for GH with a homologous RIA. The MCR of GH in male mice (C3H/St, 0.12 ± 0.02; C57BL/ St, 0.13 ± 0.01 ml/min) was not significantly different from that in females (C3H/St, 0.11 ± 0.01; C57BL/St, 0.11 ± 0.01 ml/min). Advanced pregnancy did not cause appreciable changes in the MCR of GH (C3H/St, 0.13 ± 0.01; C57BL/St, 0.08 ± 0.01 ml/min). The MCR increased nearly 2-fold, however, in lactating mice (C3H/St, 0.26 ± 0.01; C57BL/St, 0.22 ± 0.02 ml/min). The clearance rates in the two strains were similar in the male and virgin female states but averaged higher in ...
Optimal Location of Infiltration-Based Best Management Practices for Storm Water Management

A distributed hydrologic model of an urban watershed in the northeast United States was developed and combined with a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal location of infiltration-based best management practices (BMPs) for storm water management. The distributed, event-based hydrologic model integrates the curve number method with a distributed hydrologic network model of the catchment using a system of 4,533 hydrologic response units (HRUs). The infiltration-based BMP was conceptualized as an element that alters the infiltration/runoff partitioning of the HRUs in which it was applied. The results indicate that the optimal location and number of BMPs is a complex function of watershed network connectivity, flow travel time, land use, distance to channel, and contributing area, requiring an optimization approach of the type introduced here. A Pareto frontier describing the trade-off between the number of BMPs, representing project cost, and watershed flooding was developed.
Behavioral Treatment of Sleep Disturbance in Elderly Dementia Caregivers

Disturbed sleep is a common complaint of family caregivers of dementia patients, and may impact their ability to care effectively for their patient at home. A behavioral treatment for caregiver insomnia (consisting of education about Alzheimer's disease and instruction in sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep compression, and relaxation techniques) is described. Four elderly caregivers who completed treatment showed improvements in sleep onset latency, wake time after sleep onset, hours of nightly sleep, and sleep efficiency that were generally maintained at 3-month followup. One caregiver also showed significant reductions in depression. The potential for this approach in improving caregiver functioning is discussed.
Transfer factor: therapy in patients with deficient cell-mediated immunity and deficient antibody-mediated immunity.

Abstract The effect of transfer factor therapy on the clinical and laboratory abnormalities of six patients with various antibody and cell-mediated immunodeficiency disorders was evaluated. Clinical improvement occurred in three patients. Conversion of previously negative delayed hypersensitivity reactions occurred in the same three patients. One patient demonstrated an increased in vitro lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin. No change in antibody mediated immunity was observed in any patient.
Sedimentary sulfides in the nearshore Georgia Bight

Abstract Sedimentary sulfide, iron, and organic matter were measured in neritic sediments from the Georgia Bight. The two measured depth integrated sulfur pools, FeS + HS − and FeS 2 , tended to decrease with increasing distance from shore out to 33 km. Total iron and organic matter were strongly correlated and both tended to decrease with increasing distance from shore. Sediment depth profiles of organic matter/reduced sulfur suggest relatively constant rates of sulfate reduction over the top 40 cm of sediment. Differences in within-station variance indicated regions of lower and higher spatial/temporal heterogeneity, that may be related to tidally driven circulation patterns. No seasonal cycles were evident in sedimentary sulfides.
Lying Thoughts of an Applied Social Psychologist

Lies are considered bad, immoral, and reprehensible. Yet there is considerable evidence that prevarication is a ubiquitous feature of human social interaction. Psychologists, as well as others in society, often use deceptive techniques for the "social good," and there are a number of conditions under which lying is seen as acceptable. There are also numerous situations in which the "truth" cannot be discerned. This article argues that a psychology of lying needs to be developed that is focused on understanding how actors and observers come to view the world and particular situations, rather than on the detection and punishment of lying.
Chemotaxonomic studies of HawaiianWikstroemia

Wikstroemia species studied in the present investigation can be broadly divided into two groups (Table III) on the basis of morphological characters such as: length of the petiole, leaves, and the shape of the fruit. These two groups are further substantiated by chromatographic evidence.
Naturalness and the weak gravity conjecture.

The weak gravity conjecture (WGC) is an ultraviolet consistency condition asserting that an Abelian force requires a state of charge q and mass m with q>m/m_(Pl). We generalize the WGC to product gauge groups and study its tension with the naturalness principle for a charged scalar coupled to gravity. Reconciling naturalness with the WGC either requires a Higgs phase or a low cutoff at Λ∼qm_(Pl). If neither applies, one can construct simple models that forbid a natural electroweak scale and whose observation would rule out the naturalness principle.
SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM: IS FOLLOW-UP OF NEWBORNS WITH LOW T4 AND “NON-ELEVATED” TSH CONCENTRATIONS INDICATED? 525

Most newborn screening programs using a primary T4 screen, with TSH measurement in specimens below a T4 cutoff, choose not to follow-up infants with low T4 and “non-elevated” (typically <25) TSH concentrations. The Northwest Regional Screening Program (NWRSP), which obtains two routine filter paper (FP) specimens in infants born in Oregon and in most infants in Idaho, Alaska, and Nevada, requests a serum specimen in infants with two FP T4 concentrations <3% and in infants with absolute T4< 3ug/dl even when the FP TSH is “not elevated”. To determine the type and frequency of thyroid disorders detected in infants with low T4 and “non-elevated” TSH concentrations, we examined the results of the NWRSP from May 1975 to May 1995. Over this 20 year period, the NWRSP screened 1,747,805 infants. Follow-up of infants with low T4s and“non-elevated” TSHs on screening detected 25 infants with delayed TSH rise (1:67,226), 9 infants with mild hypothyroidism (TSH<25)(1:194,212), 26 infants with hypopituitary hypothyroidism (1:67,223), and 434 infants with TBG deficiency (1:4027). Mean thyroid values were as follows:Table In 1994, this approach led to a recall of 116 infants, including 29 with TBG deficiency and 2 with hypopituitary hypothyroidism. Excluding those with TBG deficiency, the false positive rate was 1:43.5. Newborns who were premature or ill were found with disproportionate frequency among infants with these laboratory values. Thus, the majority of these infants are normal or have TBG deficiency; therefore the psychological harm in creating the “vulnerable” child vs. identifying the rare child with delayed TSH rise, mild hypothyroidism, or hypopituitary hypothyroidism (overall detection rate 1:29, 130) must be evaluated. The NWRSP continues to follow-up infants with low T4 and“non-elevated” TSH levels.
Low-damage anisotropic radical-beam ion-beam etching and selective chemical etching of focused-ion-beam-damaged GaAs substrates

We demonstrate the flexibility of radical-beam ion-beam etching for anisotropic low-damage dry etching and in situ processing of GaAs/AlGaAs structures. High anisotropy and low damage are verified by the light-current characteristics of etched laser facets and from Schottky diode characteristics of etched surfaces. These data show that damage is reduced by increasing the ratio of chemical to physical etching components. We also demonstrate direct- write patterning by selective chlorine etching of focused ion beam-damaged GaAs. The depths and linewidths are measured by atomic force microscopy. The enhanced etching is correlated to the implant-damage distribution. A selectivity of 10 to 1 is attained for doses equal or above 5 X 1014 cm-2, which corresponds to the amorphization threshold in GaAs.
Building a cyber-museum of early instruments and procedures with the 1903 Eduard Zimmermann Catalog as an example

The rationale and methodology for the construction of a Web site using images from a 1903 German (Leipzig) equipment manufacturer, Eduard Zimmermann, are presented. Many of the illustrations cite Wundt’s work. Topics in the construction of such a site are integrated through the proposal for a database standard for sites displaying older equipment. Methods for the efficient construction of such a site, including translation problems and a database catalog for images and captions to permit easier creation of HTML files, are included. Present and future uses of the site, including evaluation of the historical importance of the catalog and relation to other sites concerned with the history of experimentation, are presented.
Convergence in approximation and nonsmooth analysis

Etude des questions de stabilite liees aux problemes d'approximation et d'analyse irreguliere. Influence des perturbations des donnees
Infrared spectroscopy of lateral-density-modulated 2DES in InAs/AlSb quantum wells

Abstract In infrared transmission experiments through a two-dimensional electron system with substantial lateral density modulation in an InAs quantum well, we directly observe plasmon absorption without the mediating help of a surface metallic grating. The plasmon frequency is determined by the average density, and its strength by the amplitude of the density modulation. It disperses in a magnetic field in predicted fashion.
Tumors of the endocrine pancreas.

THE more frequent recognition of endocrine tumors of the pancreas within the past decade can be largely attributed to better characterization of the associated clinical syndromes, coupled with impr...
RESECTION OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT PATCH DURING PULMONARY VALVE REPLACEMENT IMPROVES RIGHT VENTRICULAR VOLUMES AND EJECTION FRACTION IN PATIENTS WITH TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

Right ventricular (RV) dilatation following Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) repair is due to both pulmonary regurgitation and the size of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) patch. Recent studies have shown a 28-36% decrease in RV volume following pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) but no change in
Rare cell isolation and profiling on a hybrid magnetic/size-sorting chip

We present a hybrid magnetic/size-sorting (HMSS) chip for isolation and molecular analyses of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The chip employs both negative and positive cell selection in order to provide high throughput, unbiased CTC enrichment. Specifically, the system utilizes a self-assembled magnet to generate high magnetic forces and a weir-style structure for cell sorting. The resulting device thus can perform multiple functions, including magnetic depletion, size-selective cell capture, and on-chip molecular staining. With such capacities, the HMSS device allowed one-step CTC isolation and single cell detection from whole blood, tested with spiked cancer cells. The system further facilitated the study of individual CTCs for heterogeneity in molecular marker expression.
Estimating gene flow in island populations

A new method is presented for estimating the rate of gene flow into island populations using the distribution of alleles in samples from a number of islands. The pseudo maximum likelihood estimator (PMLE) that we derive may be applied to species with either discrete or continuous generation times. For Wright's discrete-generation island model, the method provides an estimate of theta = 2Nm where N is the (haploid) population size on each island and m is the fraction of individuals replaced by immigrants in each generation. For a continuous-generation island model, the corresponding parameter theta is the ratio of the immigration rate phi to the individual birth rate lambda. Monte Carlo simulations are used to compare the statistical properties of the PMLE with those of two alternative estimators of theta derived from Wright's F-statistics. The PMLE is shown to have greatest efficiency (least mean square error) in most cases for a wide range of sample sizes and parameter values. The PMLE is applied to estimate theta using mtDNA haplotypes and allozymes for subdivided populations of African elephants and Channel Island foxes.
Study of biological activity regenerated by the oxidation of fully reduced insulin

Various techniques for recombining the fully reduced A and H chains of insulin were studied. Best results were obtained from water solutions of the reduced chains allowed to oxidize by standing in air at 3 °C. and from metal-catalyzed oxidation under the same conditions but in 7.6M urea solutions. Average net regeneration of insulin was 6% by weight, based on rat hemidiaphragm analysis for insulin activity. The theoretical yield for a random recombination of the A and B chains was calculated to be 3%. The 50% yield of insulin (from the oxidation of reduced insulin thiosulfate) reported by Jiang et al. could not. be confirmed.
Modeling of Sequestration and Down Regulation in Cells Containing Beta2-Adrenergic Receptors

Desensitization of G-protein coupled receptors following agonist occupancy is accompanied by two temporally distinguishable cellular trafficking phenomena of the receptors referred to as sequestration and down regulation. For the beta2-adrenergic receptor, sequestration occurs within minutes of agonist binding and results in a reversible internalization and loss of cell surface receptor binding. With longer occupancy, greater than 1 hour, down regulation results in a variable loss of the complement of cellular receptors. Here we compare the two methods that have been used to monitor these receptor changes, competition of whole cell hydrophobic ligand binding (125I-pindolol) with a hydrophilic ligand (CGP-12177) and flow cytometry quantification of immunologically tagged beta2-adrenergic receptor. While both methods give reliable results, we show that because of a 1:500 partitioning of the hydrophilic ligand into cells, slightly different conditions should be used to assess basally or agonist stimulated sequestered receptor levels. Using a sequestration defective beta2-adrenergic receptor mutant we demonstrate that even though sequestration and down regulation behave as independent processes, sequestration can significantly affect the rate at which receptors are lost by the down regulatory process by removing receptors from the pool of down regulating receptors. A mathematical model expressing these relationships is provided.
Salinity tolerance of the copepod Apocyclops dengizicus (Lepeschkin, 1900), a key food chain organism in the Salton Sea, California

The copepod Apocyclops dengizicus is a key item in the food chain of the Salton Sea where the salinity is currently 45 g 1−1. The salinity of the Salton Sea may reach 90 g 1 −1 within the next 20 years. This study examined the salinity tolerance of this copepod.
Flows in circulant graphs of odd order are sums of Hamilton cycles

Abstract We show any flow in any connected circulant graph of odd order can be expressed as a sum of Hamilton cycles.
Computational model for the stereoscopic optics of a head-mounted display

For stereoscopic photography or telepresence, orthostereoscopy occurs when the perceived size, shape, and relative position of objects in the three-dimensional scene being viewed match those of the physical objects in front of the camera. In virtual reality, the simulated scene has no physical counterpart, so orthostereoscopy must be defined in this case as constancy, as the head moves around, of the perceived size, shape, and relative positions of the simulated objects. Achieving this constancy requires that the computational model used to generate the graphics match the physical geometry of the head-mounted display being used. This geometry includes the optics used to image the displays and the placement of the displays with respect to the eyes. The model may fail to match the geometry because model parameters are difficult to measure accurately, or because the model itself is in error. Two common modeling errors are ignoring the distortion caused by the optics and ignoring the variation in interpupillary distance across different users. A computational model for the geometry of a head-mounted display is presented, and the parameters of this model for the VPL EyePhone are calculated.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Monte Carlo Analysis of the Conformation of DNA Catenanes

We used a Monte Carlo method to study the conformational properties of catenanes between two nicked DNA rings. We calculated the writhe induced by catenation as a function of the linking number between the two rings. The simulations modeled catenated rings of equal size as well as rings differing in length by a factor of 3. For both classes of catenanes, the calculated values of writhe agreed very well with the experimental measurements of catenation-induced supercoiling made by Wasserman et al. Therefore, the equilibrium value of DNA twist is not changed significantly by catenation. We found that the induced writhe increased linearly with catenane linking number, but was independent of DNA length and of effective helical diameter. We conclude that induced writhe is a general feature of catenation, and that it depends primarily on the ratio of lengths of the linked rings and the number of catenane interlocks. In contrast, catenane conformation varied qualitatively with catenation linking number, DNA length, and double helix diameter. At the values of these parameters for catenanes isolated from cells, catenane conformations were strikingly irregular. Nonetheless, the local concentration of two sites on separate but linked rings increased greatly with catenane linking number. This increase is similar to that brought about by (-) supercoiling to DNA sites in cis.
Targeting the Undruggable Proteome: The Small Molecules of My Dreams

Biologically active small molecules have long proven useful in the exploration of cell biology. Although many early compounds were by-products of drug development efforts, recent increased small molecule screening efforts in academia have expanded the repertoire of biological processes investigated to include areas of biology that are not of immediate pharmaceutical interest. Many of these new bioassays score for small molecule-induced phenotypic changes at the cellular or even organismal level and thus have been described as "chemical genetic" screens. However, this analogy with traditional genetic screens is misleading; although each gene has roughly an equivalent chance of being mutated in a traditional genetic screen, the amount of "proteomic space" that a chemical genetics approach can reach using current small molecule libraries is considerably smaller. Thus, new chemical biology methodologies are needed to target the remaining "undruggable proteome" with small druglike molecules.
Spontaneously self-assembled polar asymmetric multilayers formed by complementary H-bonds

Driven by weak intermolecular interactions between the complementary H-bonds, melamine derivatives and barbituric acids spontaneously self-assemble into the supramolecular ribbon shown. Surprisingly, the supramolecular ribbons stack into a polar, asymmetric (head-to-tail) multilayer structure during film formation. The structure−property relationship of these thick films was investigated using X-ray diffraction and several optical techniques.
Style Analysis of Award Winning Technical Manuals

This article quantifies specific elements of technical writing style in five award winning technical manuals where combined averages for the style elements are calculated. When these results are compared to what is generally regarded as good technical writing, the results show that the elements of style vary widely between the individual manuals examined. While attempting to define a good technical writing style, the value of such studies must be commented on.
The effect of cutout positioning on the dynamic characteristics of a curved composite panel

Abstract An investigation of the effects of eccentrically located square cutouts on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of circular, cylindrical composite panels was conducted. A video holographic interferometry technique was used to determine experimentally the first five natural frequencies and mode shapes of the panels. Numerically, predictions for these same data were obtained using a finite element method. A clamped-free-clamped-free boundary condition was selected for this study. Cutouts were eccentrically located in both the circumferential and axial directions. The experimental and numerical results for both the natural frequencies and mode shapes correlated well. The per cent differences between the experimental and numerical frequencies averaged around 7% and were in all cases less than 10%. It was observed that, in general, panels with eccentrically located cutouts experienced only small frequency deviations from those with centered cutouts. The amount of variation observed tended to increase with cutout size.
Synthesis and electrocatalytic property of cubic and spherical nanoparticles of cobalt platinum alloys

This paper describes the morphological control and electrocatalytic property of CoPt nanoparticles. Both cubic and spherical CoPt nanoparticles were made using cobalt carbonyl and platinum 2,4-pentanedionate under different reaction temperatures in the presence of capping reagents, which included adamantanecarboxylic acid and hexadecylamine. Effects of heterogeneous species on shape of the CoPt nanoparticles were examined by replacing cobalt carbonyl with silver acetylacetonate. Our results suggest that the formation of different shapes of CoPt particles could be attributed to the affinity between cobalt and platinum, and the effects of capping agents. The size and shape dependent electrocatalytic properties of these nanoparticles were examined based on the direct methanol oxidation reaction.
MRSAD: using anomalous dispersion from S atoms collected at Cu Kα wavelength in molecular‐replacement structure determination

The use of single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) from S atoms collected in-house to overcome model bias in molecular-replacement (MR) structure determination is demonstrated. The test case considered is a P6(5)22 anti-ssDNA Fab crystal with a theoretical anomalous signal of 0.8% and a diffraction limit of 2.3 A, from which a 360 degrees, 39-fold redundant data set was collected. A nearly complete anomalous scatterer substructure could be quickly built from anomalous difference Fourier analysis based on phases from a full or partial MR solution. The resulting SAD phases were improved with density modification and used to calculate an unbiased electron-density map that could be used for model building. This map displayed clear and continuous density for almost the entire main chain, as well as good density for most side chains. The favorable results obtained from this realistic test case suggest that anomalous differences from S atoms should be routinely collected and used in MR structure determination.
The Long Road Toward Influence: Canada as an American Interest Group

In reading the literature about Canada-U.S. environmental relations with respect to acid deposition over the past decade, several things stand out. First, underlying these interactions is the daunting aspect (for the Canadians) that the relationship is based upon dependency and asymmetry. As Stephen Clarkson (1985), John Carroll (1982, 1986), and Don Munton (1981) have so often pointed out, factors such as the total emissions of pollutants, meteorology, the prevailing weather, geology, and the varying capacity of the terrain to neutralize damage have established a multidimensional problem whereby the U.S. benefits much less from Canadian actions than Canada does from American actions. Second, Canada used a multifaceted foreign policy approach in hopes of gaining its single most important environmental policy objective - U.S. reductions in emissions which are the primary cause of transboundary flows of acid pollutants. At one time or another, Canada attempted to influence U.S. policy decisions through quiet diplomacy (formal diplomatic avenues), interventionist public diplomacy (going public), international diplomacy (agreements and conferences), personal diplomacy (interactions between the Prime Minister and the President), and strengthening its own domestic environmental programs (Munton and Castle 1992:322-327). Third, Canada went far beyond its normal diplomatic activities and directly intervened in the American political process. Disregarding a long tradition of non-interference in U.S. domestic policy making, Canada (at both the national and provincial levels) extended its efforts to directly lobby the American public, media, non-governmental organizations and Congress. In essence, Canada resorted to a lobbying effort clearly in line with any other U.S. lobby. This effort was not only substantial [millions of dollars were spent (Spears 1990:C6)], it was clearly out of line with what Canadians hd previously perceived as normal behaviour in the Canada-U.S. bilateral relationship (Munton and Castle 1992:322). The purpose of this particular case study is to examine these Canadian efforts to influence the development of U.S. acid rain policy, with an emphasis on the lobbying process. Specifically, it looks at efforts by Canada to directly influence members fo the U.S. Congress. The idea is not only to provide insight into how and why Canada approached this effort, but also to provide a reading of what impact this effort had.
Mixed mode S-parameters analysis for differential networks in integrated circuits

In this paper, we extend the mixed mode S-parameter representation and its properties for a differential network commonly used in integrated circuits and printed circuit boards (PCBs). As an example of a differential network circuit, we illustrate the analysis of a pair of differential traces printed on a PCB using Ansoft HFSS to simulate the S-parameters. The differential pair is a typical transmission line that includes interconnects (vias) and is routed between PCB chip dies. Then we construct a differential schematic circuit using the simulated S-parameters of the PCB traces, and extract its associated Rx voltage signals and eye diagram.
Optimal energy dispatch of the power distribution network during the course of a progressing wildfire

SUMMARY Wildfires are natural phenomena that play a crucial role in many forest and grassland ecosystems. Under favorable conditions, that is, extreme heat, availability of fuel, and high winds, they may spread beyond control and approach city limits. Power lines are vulnerable to wildfires in their vicinity, mainly because of increased conductor temperatures as a result of ambient temperature rising. This may lead to conductor annealing and/or increased sag. A violation of safety clearances of the lines could in turn lead to possible flashovers and onset of cascading failures. To address the situation, the operator may dynamically alter the ratings of the lines in the affected areas in order to reduce the flow of current through them, thereby assisting with conductor cooling. However, with reduced line capacities, the utility may not be able to supply all the loads from the main substation anymore, which may increase the risk of unserved load and load shedding. A solution is put forth in this paper that enables the system operator to dispatch distributed generators, demand responsive loads, and microgrids in order to supply loads under such emergency conditions. Because of the uncertain spread/severity of wildfires, the problem is stochastic in nature and is therefore modeled as two-stage stochastic optimization. First-stage variables determine the generation capacity to be purchased before the onset of the event, while second stage variables represent generation dispatch commands. The efficiency of the proposed solution is verified on a modified version of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 123-bus test system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and histopathology for determining the proximal extent of distal radius osteosarcoma in dogs.

Objective— To compare the accuracy of radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and histopathology for determining the proximal extent of distal radius osteosarcoma in dogs. Study Design— Retrospective clinical study. Sample Population— Twenty client-owned dogs taken to Colorado State University with osteosarcoma of the distal radius. Methods— Medical records of 20 dogs with confirmed osteosarcoma that underwent a limb-salvage procedure were reviewed. Measurements were performed directly from the lateral view of each radius, from both the scintigram and the radiograph, to determine the length of the radius and the distance from the proximal extent of the tumor to the distal radiographic or scintographic extent of the radius. The ratio of distal radial involvement to total radius length was calculated. A similar ratio was also determined using the macroslide, which included the entire portion of bone that was excised during the limb-salvage procedure. All 3 methods of measurement were compared. Results— Nuclear scintigraphy significantly overestimated tumor length when compared with macroslide specimen measurements. Radiography also overestimated tumor length, but these results were not significantly different from macroslide specimen measurements. Conclusions— Both radiography and nuclear scintigraphy overestimate the extent of distal radiaus osteosarcoma in dogs when compared with histopathologic macroslides of the same lesions. Nuclear scintigraphy overestimated tumor extent to a larger degree than did radiography. Clinical Relevance— Although radiography is a more accurate method of measurement of the extent of distal radius osteosarcoma, because nuclear scintigraphy overestimates tumor length to a greater degree, scintigraphy may provide a larger margin of safety for determining the site of proximal osteotomy during a limb-salvage procedure. However, caution should be taken when utilizing scintigraphy, because this method may overestimate length of radius involved to such an extent as to cause the surgeon to believe that a patient is not a suitable limb-salvage candidate.