cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Click Modification of RNA at Adenosine: Structure and Reactivity of 7-Ethynyl- and 7-Triazolyl-8-aza-7-deazaadenosine in RNA

Ribonucleoside analogues bearing terminal alkynes, including 7-ethynyl-8-aza-7-deazaadenosine (7-EAA), are useful for RNA modification applications. However, although alkyne- and triazole-bearing ribonucleosides are in widespread use, very little information is available on the impact of these modifications on RNA structure. By solving crystal structures for RNA duplexes containing these analogues, we show that, like adenosine, 7-EAA and a triazole derived from 7-EAA base pair with uridine and are well-accommodated within an A-form helix. We show that copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions with 7-EAA are sensitive to the RNA secondary structure context, with single-stranded sites reacting faster than duplex sites. 7-EAA and its triazole products are recognized in RNA template strands as adenosine by avian myoblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. In addition, 7-EAA in RNA is a substrate for an active site mutant of the RNA editing adenosine deaminase, ADAR2. These studies extend our understanding of the impact of these novel nucleobase analogues and set the stage for their use in probing RNA structure and metabolism.
Nonrandom binary superimposed codes

A binary superimposed code consists of a set of code words whose digit-by-digit Boolean sums (1 + 1 = 1) enjoy a prescribed level of distinguishability. These codes find their main application in the representation of document attributes within an information retrieval system, but might also be used as a basis for channel assignments to relieve congestion in crowded communications bands. In this paper some basic properties of nonrandom codes of this family are presented, and formulas and bounds relating the principal code parameters are derived. Finally, there are described several such code families based upon (1) q -nary conventional error-correcting codes, (2) combinatorial arrangements, such as block designs and Latin squares, (3) a graphical construction, and (4) the parity-check matrices of standard binary error-correcting codes.
Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics and char formation mechanism

The pyrolysis of cellulose was studied by electrically heating in helium single strips (0.75 cm×2.5 cm) of low ash (
The synthesis of amino acids by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylides

Abstract Thiazolium ylides react with a variety of dipolarophiles to afford adducts. After filtration chromatography, a tricyclic adduct is obtained. The tricyclic adducts react with potassium t-butoxide/t-butanol to provide dihydropyrroles. The adducts also react with tributyltin hydride to form compounds in which the thiazolidine ring has been cleaved. These adducts can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to form pyrrolidines. The desulfurization procedure is significant in that none of the relative asymmetry derived from the dipolar cycloaddition is lost. The synthesis of α-allokainic acid has been achieved from adduct 16s .
Written language environments for young children: Comparison of Scandinavian, British, and American Kindergartens

In 1985–1987 observations2 were made in kindergartens in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark), Great Britain, and the United States. Based upon these observations, the written language environments are described and comparisons are made. In Scandinavia, the kindergartens for 6-year-olds are generally environments that emphasize social development, oral language, and creative expression through play. Essentially no written language is found. In Great Britain (and in British schools elsewhere), the same interactive play environment also includes written language. Five-year-olds in the reception class of the infant, or first school are introduced to reading within the context of story books and to writing via story dictation and copying. In the United States, public school kindergartens for 5-year-olds have become increasingly more academic over the past 25 years. However, some developmentally appropriate kindergartens still exist many of which include a print-rich, written language environment in which the 5-year-olds acquire written language naturally. Current research from several cultures suggests that a natural use of written language as a part of children’s social play environment might be a valuable addition to the kindergarten programs in all of these countries.
Mosquito transposable elements

The completion of the genome assembly for the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and continuing genomic efforts for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, have allowed the use of bioinformatics tools to identify and characterize a diverse array of transposable elements (TEs) in these and other mosquito genomes. An overview of the types and number of both RNA-mediated and DNA-mediated TEs that are found in mosquito genomes is presented. A number of novel and interesting TEs from these species are discussed in more detail. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of mosquito genome evolution and for future modifications of natural mosquito populations through the use of TE-mediated genetic transformation.
Double cervix and vagina with a normal uterus: an unusual Mullerian anomaly

A 34 year old woman presented with primary infertility and duplication of the cervix and vagina. Laparoscopy demonstrated a normal uterus and hysterosalpingography revealed a normal uterine cavity communicating with both cervices. This rare Mullerian anomaly is inconsistent with our current understanding of Mullerian development. An alternative embryological mechanism is reviewed to account for this and other anomalies which do not fit into existing classification systems.
Ageing of surfaces of solutions—II

A new application of the Langmuir-Adam surface pressure technique has been made in the study of ageing of surface of solutions. It is found that a fresh surface of a solution of benzopurpurin exhibits a fall of surface tension with time. If by suitable methods, an overcrowding (by solute molecules) of the surface is brought about, such a surface exhibits a rise of surface tension in time. The molecules accumulated at the surface are shown to exhibit a reluctance to get into solution; it has therefore been possible to measure the rate of accumulation and has been found to be very slow. The slowness is best accounted for on the basis of activated accumulation. The postulation of activation is further helpful in understanding (a) the time variation of surface tension, (b) the high temperature coefficient and (c) the manifestation of surface pressure. The results of the present investigation are extremely helpful in measuring the efficacy of a substance as the stabiliser of foam. Several new lines of investigation which have opened up are briefly indicated.
Left-right ear differences in auditory perception of verbal instruction for nonverbal behavior: a preliminary report.

Abstract Verbal instructions for a perceptual-motor task were presented via left or right ear to male and female right handed five-year-olds. No main effects were observed for the modes of presentation or sex. However, an interaction effect was observed indicating that females presented instructions via the left ear tended to reverse instructions; and therefore, scored significantly lower than the other sex by treatment groups.
Restriction maps and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the human 21-hydroxylase genes

Abstract Restriction maps were constructed for the two human 21-hydroxylase genes (21-OHA and 21-OHB) by using DNA from subjects homozygous for a deletion of each gene. Comparing the patterns of these two genes, a KpnI restriction site occurred in the 21-OHA gene in place of a TaqI site in the 21-OHB gene about 1-kb from the 5′ end of the gene, and an extra EcoRI site was located 500 bp 5′ to the common EcoRI site. The DNA of fourteen unrelated normal subjects was digested with nine restriction endonucleases (AccI, BamHI, BglII, EcoRI, HindIII, KpnI, MspI, SacI and TaqI). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found with EcoRI, HindIII and AccI that resulted from polymorphic endonuclease sites outside the genes.
Engineering integrin-specific surfaces with a triple-helical collagen-mimetic peptide.

Integrin-mediated cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins anchors cells and triggers signals that direct cell function. The integrin alpha(2)beta(1) recognizes the glycine-phenylalanine-hydroxyproline-glycine-glutamate-arginine (GFOGER) motif in residues 502-507 of the alpha(1)(I) chain of type I collagen. Integrin recognition is entirely dependent on the triple-helical conformation of the ligand similar to that of native collagen. This study focuses on engineering alpha(2)beta(1)-specific bioadhesive surfaces by immobilizing a triple-helical collagen-mimetic peptide incorporating the GFOGER binding sequence onto model nonadhesive substrates. Circular dichroism spectroscopy verified that this peptide adopts a stable triple-helical conformation in solution. Passively adsorbed GFOGER-peptide exhibited dose-dependent HT1080 cell adhesion and spreading comparable to that observed on type I collagen. Subsequent antibody blocking conditions verified the involvement of integrin alpha(2)beta(1) in these adhesion events. Focal adhesion formation was observed by immunofluorescent staining for alpha(2)beta(1) and vinculin on MC3T3-E1 cells. Model functionalized surfaces then were engineered using three complementary peptide-tethering schemes. These peptide-functionalized substrates supported alpha(2)beta(1)-mediated cell adhesion and focal adhesion assembly. Our results suggest that this peptide is active in an immobilized conformation and may be applied as a surface modification agent to promote alpha(2)beta(1)-specific cell adhesion. Engineering surfaces that specifically target certain integrin-ligand interactions and signaling cascades provides a biomolecular strategy for optimizing cellular responses in biomaterials and tissue engineering applications.
Hip implants VII: Finite element analysis and optimization of cross-sections

Abstract Several hip stems were re-evaluated in this paper. Finite element analysis was conducted for each of the stems with various cross-sections applied to them. Comparison of von Mises stress was made for each of the stems at the designated locations as well as the displacement was recorded. Three materials were used to perform the analysis, they were; Cr–Co–Mo, Stainless Steel SS316L, and titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V. Overall, Ti–6Al–4V exhibited lower stress than the other two materials. The circular and elliptical cross-sections produced even distribution of stress through out the length of the stem than the other cross-sections namely; trapezoid and oval. This analysis may explain the conditions favorable for stress-shielding in hip implants that need to be avoided. More anatomical designs are needed in the design of the total joint replacements.
The ocean circulation in the southern hemisphere and its climatic impacts in the Eocene

Abstract Opening of Southern Ocean gateways may have had a controlling influence on the evolution of global climate. The largest step in the history of Cenozoic climate, from an Eocene “Greenhouse” toward the modern glaciated state, is correlated with opening of a deep water connection between the Southern Indian and Southern Pacific Oceans. This study synthesizes results from previous work, assesses the possibility that ocean heat transport was much greater than modern during the globally warm Eocene, and explores the sensitivity of polar climate to large changes in ocean heat transport. The magnitudes of these sensitivities are compared with those due to greenhouse gas concentration changes. We find that ocean heat transport was unlikely to have been sufficiently greater than modern during the Eocene to explain the change in the climate. Specifically, in order to have significantly affected Antarctic climate, ocean heat transport changes would have had to change by an order of magnitude—much greater than the largest change produced in our simulations. In coupled climate model simulations, changes in CO2 concentrations(from 1120 to 560 ppm) supported by proxy records, lead to significant Antarctic responses in the absence of ocean heat transport changes. The results show that Antarctic snow accumulation is primarily controlled by changes in summer temperature, not precipitation, and that snow did not remain on Antarctica during summer months in Eocene even at low greenhouse gas concentrations. Greenhouse gas concentration changes and subsequent processes such as ice albedo and weathering feedbacks, were more likely to have been the primary cause of Antarctic glaciation than ocean heat transport changes.
A review of mercury concentration and deposition in snow in eastern temperate North America.

Most published research evaluating total (wet + dry) mercury (Hg) deposition in eastern North America has been conducted during the growing season. However, recent research indicates that winter throughfall Hg deposition can be significant. We reviewed and synthesized published and unpublished snow Hg concentration and deposition data collected at forested and open sites from 1989 to 2005 (14 studies) using various field methods. Mean snow Hg concentrations across years and locations ranged from 0·66 to 22·7 ng l−1 [standard deviation (SD): 15–99%]. Snow Hg deposition and concentration were consistently highest in conifer throughfall and lowest at open sites (no vegetation cover). These results suggest that the range of snow Hg deposition can be bracketed by sampling at two extremes: under conifer canopies and in open sites. Ratios of Hg in snowpack under tree canopies versus open sites were 3·4:1 (conifers) and 2·1:1 (all forest types). Ratios of event throughfall to wet-only collections were 5·0:1 (conifers) and 3·8:1 (all forest types), exceeding the previously reported overall average of throughfall to wet-only for the growing season. Future research should standardize snow Hg sampling methods to address volatilization and dry deposition. Mechanisms contributing to variability in snow Hg deposition could be assessed by measuring particulate Hg and examining interannual and spatial patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A compendium of sources of fracture toughness and fatigue-crack growth data for metallic alloys

This Technical Memorandum presents sources of fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth data for metallic alloys. This is Part 3 of a three volume report.
Mexican shrimp, texas shrimpers, and maritime conflict: The creation of a white collar crime∗

Though not its specific intent, the 1981 amendment of the Lacey Act transformed a traditional practice among south Texas shrimpers‐fishing in Mexican waters‐into a violation of federal maritime law. Prior to the amendment this practice was overlooked by U.S. authorities and only sporadically controlled by Mexican authorities. Federal strategies for Lacey Act enforcement in the southern Gulf of Mexico and shrimper reactions to them led to an escalation of conflict between U.S. fishermen and authorities. Drawing on official documents and extensive interviews with both shrimpers and federal agents, the following analysis examines federal authority and shrimper interaction over time and applies Turk's theory of normative‐legal conflict to explain the course of that interaction.
Role of the syncytium in placenta-mediated complications of preeclampsia

The syncytiotrophoblast (SCT) is the outer layer of placenta which is in direct contact with maternal blood. As such it is uniquely positioned to alter maternal hemostasis and endothelial function. The syncytium is known to release anti-angiogenic factors including fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sEng), as well as the anti-fibinolytic factor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Its release of microparticles has also been suggested to play a role in regulating maternal endothelial and immune cell function. It is of note that syncytial release of the abovementioned factors increases in preeclampsia, a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. In preeclampsia, hypoxia and reperfusion injury in the placenta is associated with activation of the maternal endothelium. In this review, I describe the interaction of syncytial factors with hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. In addition, I detail the potential protective actions of placental ceruloplasmin in preeclampsia, recently described by our group to be a sensitive marker of syncytial hypoxia.
Optimal rank-sparsity decomposition

We describe a branch-and-bound (b&b) method aimed at searching for an exact solution of the fundamental problem of decomposing a matrix into the sum of a sparse matrix and a low-rank matrix. Previous heuristic techniques employed convex and nonconvex optimization. We leverage and extend those ideas, within a spatial b&b framework, aimed at exact global optimization. Our work may serve to (i) gather evidence to assess the true quality of the previous heuristic techniques, and (ii) provide software to routinely calculate global optima or at least better solutions for moderate-sized instances coming from applications.
Multisegment coherent beam combining

Scaling laser systems to large sizes for power beaming and other applications can sometimes be simplified by combining a number of smaller lasers. However, to fully utilize this scaling, coherent beam combination is necessary. This requires measuring and controlling each beam's pointing and phase relative to adjacent beams using an adaptive optical system. We have built a sub-scale brass-board to evaluate various methods for beam-combining. It includes a segmented adaptive optic and several different specialized wavefront sensors that are fabricated using diffractive optics methods. We have evaluated a number of different phasing algorithms, including hierarchical and matrix methods, and have demonstrated phasing of several elements. The system is currently extended to a large number of segments to evaluate various scaling methodologies.
Hybridization of CMOS With CNT-Based Nano-Electromechanical Switch for Low Leakage and Robust Circuit Design

Exponential increase in leakage power has emerged as a major barrier to technology scaling. Existing circuit techniques for leakage reduction either suffer from reduced effectiveness at nanometer technologies or affect performance and gate-oxide reliability. In this paper, we propose application of a specific carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nano-electromechanical switch as a leakage-control structure in logic and memory circuits. In case of memory circuits, we demonstrate that the proposed hybridization can be employed to reduce both cell leakage and bitline leakage, thereby improving the read noise margin as well. Due to the unique electromechanical properties of CNTs, these switches have high current-carrying capacity, extremely low leakage current, and low operating voltages. Moreover, they can act as nonvolatile memory elements, which can be exploited for data retention of important registers and latches during power down. Simulation results for a set of benchmark circuits show that we can obtain several orders of magnitude improvement in leakage saving in logic circuits at iso-performance compared to existing multi-threshold CMOS technique. In memory circuits, simulations show reduction in standby leakage and reduction in bitline leakage compared with the best existing techniques.
Chondrocyte apoptosis increases with age in the articular cartilage of adult animals

Background Apoptosis in vivo has been identified in developing cartilage from embryonic chick sterna and avian and murine growth plates. To date, no evidence exists that chondrocytes in articular cartilage undergo apoptosis. Methods We examined the distribution of cells demonstrating fragmented DNA in the articular knee cartilage of C57BL/6 mice (aged 11, 18, 24, and 30 months) and Wistar rats (aged 6, 12, and 24 months) using a DNA end-labeling technique. Results Control experiments utilizing retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in a chondrocyte cell line, established that DNA end-labeling correlated with DNA ladder formation. In vivo, apoptotic cells were detected in articular cartilage tissue in both species examined. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased significantly (P < 0.05 with age) for all joint surfaces in both species. No significant difference was found between the medial and lateral or femoral and tibial joint surfaces of the knee. Apoptotic cells were observed in both the calcified and uncalcified regions of the articular cartilage of C57 mice. In the rat, only the calcified region of articular cartilage contained apoptotic cells. Conclusions These results suggest that apoptosis plays a role in some aspect of maintenance, remodeling, or turnover of mature articular cartilage. In addition, the increase in apoptosis associated with aging could contribute to the greater risk for cartilage degeneration. Anat. Rec. 250:418–425, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stress-Induced Neuroendocrine Modulation of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunitya

Physical restraint (RST) was used to examine the interactions among the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic nervous system, and the immune response to infection. In these studies, mice were infected with either herpes simplex virus (HSV) or influenza A/PR8 virus so that the impact of neuroendocrine activation could be assessed on disease pathophysiology and anti-viral immunity. RST suppressed lymphadenopathy in draining lymph nodes, reduced mononuclear cellular infiltration in the lungs, and suppressed virus-specific cytokine and cytolytic T-cell responses. Blockade of type II glucocorticoid receptors (by RU486) restored cellularity and cytokine responses to both organs in restraint-stressed, infected mice. Thus, the HPA axis modulated cell trafficking and T-cell cytokine responses. However, RU486 treatment failed to restore cytolytic T-cell responses. Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors (by nadolol), in combination with RU486 treatment, fully restored cytolytic T-cell responses, suggesting that catecholamines were involved in suppressing the virus-specific CD8+ cytolytic T-cell response. RST also modulated the local development or expression of antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in the lungs draining lymph nodes, and spleen following infection of restrained mice. RST significantly suppressed the number of virus-specific ASC (IgM, IgG and subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a) in the lungs, mediastinal (MLN) lymph nodes and spleen, while it enhanced the responses in the superficial cervical (SCV) lymph nodes. This observation of differential modulation of ASC responses in the MLN and SCV lymph nodes supports the concept of tissue-specific immunoregulation in response to stress.
A Primer on Caribbean Medical Schools and Students: APDS Surgery Panel Session

Mark L. Friedell, MD I became interested in this subject a few years ago because we began observing more and more graduates of Caribbean medical schools applying to and obtaining positions in my program. Although I have no experience with osteopathic (DO) medical students, many of our colleagues do—particularly in the Midwest. The panelists today will discuss their experiences with Caribbean and osteopathic medical students as surgical residents. In April 2009, an article appeared in the American College of Surgeons “Surgery News” titled, “Fewer U.S. Grads Choose Surgery.” The 2008 and 2009 surgery National Resident Matching Program figures (Table 1) showed a lower percentage of United States graduates in categoric and preliminary positions in 2009 compared with 2008. Dr Jacob Moalem commented that 2 factors might be in play. First, there might be a declining interest in surgery among United States medical graduates. Second, a cultural shift might be making international medical graduates (IMGs) more competitive applicants. As more IMGs go through surgical residencies and perform well, it might make programs more likely to consider them for coveted positions. The reasons for the interest in United States IMGs for surgical residency positions were outlined nicely by Dr Ted Copeland who cited the following 3 factors: (1) There has been no increase in United States medical school graduates for 30 years, (2) the United States population is aging and expanding, and (3) the population of general surgeons is decreasing as fewer residents are choosing general surgery and existing general surgeons are aging. In fact, there has been a decline in the number f general surgeons as a percentage of the total physician workorce by 4% since 1975 (whereas the numbers in other surgical pecialties have remained almost constant) (Fig. 1). He went on to describe the members of generation Y currently complet-
The Manager's Right to Fail

Positioned as they are between administration and staff, hospital middle managers are especially vulnerable to risks, failures, and the emotions and stress that accompany them. "Failure," however, is a relative term, and turning failure into success chiefly entails a change in perspective and an acceptance of the manager's right to make mistakes.
miR-27b*, an oxidative stress-responsive microRNA modulates nuclear factor-kB pathway in RAW 264.7 cells

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in macrophages is critical for microbial killing, but they also take part in inflammation and antigen presentation functions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous regulators of gene expression, and they can control immune responses. To dissect the complex nature of ROS-mediated effects in macrophages, we sought to characterize miRNAs that are responsive to oxidative stress-induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. We have identified a set of unique miRNAs that are differentially expressed in response to H2O2. These include miR-27a*, miR-27b*, miR-29b*, miR-24-2*, and miR-21*, all of which were downregulated except for miR-21*. By using luciferase reporter vector containing nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) response elements, we demonstrate that overexpression of miR-27b* suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-kB in RAW 264.7 cells. Our data suggest that macrophage functions can be regulated by oxidative stress-responsive miRNAs by modulating the NF-kB pathway.
Study of chiral symmetry in lattice QCD at finite temperature and baryon density in the strong-coupling limit.

We study chiral-symmetry breaking in lattice QCD at finite temperature (T) and at nonzero chemical potential (..mu..). Working at strong coupling in the Hamiltonian formalism with staggered fermions we analyzed the order of the chiral phase transition in the ..mu..-T plane for one and two flavors. We found that ..mu../sub c/ (T = 0) is independent of the number of flavors, while T/sub c/ (..mu.. = 0) decreases when the number of flavors increases. We investigated the dependence of ..mu../sub c/ (T = 0) on irrelevant terms added to the Hamiltonian.
Antioxidant enzyme levels as a function of growth state in cell culture

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) levels were monitored as a function of time in culture to determine whether these levels were altered at logarithmic growth versus when the cells exhibited density limitation of growth. For comparison, activities of the antioxidant enzymes copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were also evaluated. Four cell lines were studied, two of which exhibited density limitation of growth and two of which did not. Each cell line showed a unique antioxidant enzyme profile. The two cell lines that showed density limitation of growth also demonstrated induction of MnSOD at the time when the cells stopped proliferating in culture, whereas the other two cell lines did not show induction of MnSOD. There was no strict correlation between density limitation of growth and activities of the other antioxidant enzymes. To determine whether SOD varied with various phases of the cell cycle, NIH/3T3 cells were synchronized using serum starvation, and then SOD activities were measured during quiescence (G0) and the phase of DNA synthesis (S-phase). MnSOD was decreased during S-phase compared with G0, whereas CuZnSOD was increased during S-phase compared with G0, demonstrating alteration of SOD activities with varying phases of the cell cycle. This study suggests the possibility that increased MnSOD may correlate with decreased cell proliferation and suggests significant alterations in SOD activities during the cell cycle.
Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution . By Scott Sowerby. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013. 416 pp. $49.95 cloth.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution . By Scott Sowerby . Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press , 2013. 416 pp. $49.95 cloth.Book Reviews and NotesThis book analyzed the political, economic, and social perspectives of the movement toward the Glorious Revolution and religious toleration. By stressing the role of the repealers, Scott Sowerby placed the movement toward toleration outside the religious perspective and stressed the civic realm of rights. The repealers wanted to repeal penal laws and the test acts so they voted for pro-repeal candidates to Parliament. Moreover, between November 1687 and September 1688, James conducted a series of purges in an attempt to control who was elected to a parliament that in the end never met.Sowerby spends a great deal of time on elections and the role James indirectly played in them. The fact of the matter was that James wanted to repeal the penal laws and the test acts so he could build a strong Catholic base.Indeed, church polity was an important part of the debate. Repealers did not want a polity based on bishops; they looked back to early Christianity for a model for the government of their churches. Moreover, the Nonconformist churchmen would have to agree that the English Reformation was completed to obtain liberty of conscience in religious matters. Along those lines, the Anglican bishop Edward Stillingfleet proposed accommodation of Protestant dissenters in an address to Parliament.Although the repealers were self-centered and wanted only laws that benefited them, Sowerby compares them to the philosophes of the Enlightenment. The problem was that established churches remained in England, France, and other parts of the European Continent, including Prussia and Russia after the Enlightenment. He used Safavid Iran and the Ottoman Turks as examples of an established religion that tolerated other religions. However, anyone who was not Muslim in the region paid a special tax and became second class citizens.In England, James went out of his way to accommodate Nonconformists because he believed it would help the position of Catholics. Along these lines, the Declaration of Indulgences put forth first by Charles II and then by James II were discussed.Most troublesome was the Declaration of Indulgence of 1687 because James ordered the clergy to read it in all the churches. The Declaration was read in only six of ninety-seven churches within the walls of London. Many people were against the Declaration because it arrogated to the king a power they believed belonged to Parliament. In fact, seven Anglican bishops refused to read the Declaration because they argued that it endorsed the power of the king to dispense with laws he disliked. …
Nonselective cation channel activated by patch excision from lobster olfactory receptor neurons

A nonselective cation channel activated by patch excision was characterized in inside-out patches from spiny lobster olfactory receptor neurons. The channel, which was permeable to Na+, K+ and Cs+, had a conductance of 320 pS and was weakly voltage dependent in the presence of micromolar divalent cations. Millimolar internal divalent cations caused a voltage-and concentration-dependent block of Na+ permeation. Analysis of the voltage dependence indicated that the proportion of the membrane's electric field sensed by Mg2+ was >1, suggesting that the channel contains a multi-ion pore. Internal divalent cations also reduced the frequency of channel opening in a concentration-dependent, but not voltage-dependent, manner, indicating that different cation binding sites affect gating and conductance. While block of gating prevented determining if internal divalent cations permeate the channel, a channel highly permeable to external divalent cations was observed upon patch excision to the inside-out configuration. The monovalent and divalent cation conductances shared activation by patch excision, weak voltage dependence, and steady-state activity, suggesting that they are the same channel. These data extend our understanding of this type of channel by demonstrating permeation by monovalent cations, detailing Mg2+ block of Na− permeation, and demonstrating the channel's presence in arthropods.
Distribution of Macrobenthic Species in Lake Ontario in Relation to Sources of Pollution and Sediment Parameters

Bottom samples were collected in Lake Ontario during the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) in November 1972. Samples were collected in triplicate at 55 stations located throughout the lake. Sand prevailed at the shallow areas but silt dominated the intermediate and deep-water areas. Total carbon and total Kjeldahl nitrogen content of the sediment increased with increased depth, but no trend was evident in the total phosphorus content. Oligochaetes and the amphipod Pontoporeia affinis accounted for 92% of all organisms collected. The former group dominated the shallow areas while the latter dominated the intermediate and deep-water zones. Stylodrilus heringianus and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were the most widely distributed species, being collected at 51 of the 55 stations. Several approaches were used to evaluate trophic conditions in the lake - the indicator species approach, the oligochaete-density index, a modified “Goodnight-Whitley” index, and the Brinkhurst % L. hoffmeisteri index. The indicator species approach proved to be the most sensitive index because inconsistencies arose when the other indices were applied. The most obviously eutrophic areas were near the mouth of the Niagara River and off Toronto. These areas were characterized by high oligochaete densities dominated by either L. hoffmeisteri or T. tubifex. Mesotrophic conditions were evident along the southern shoreline from the mouth of the Niagara River to Rochester, New York. Stylodrilus heringianus, L. hoffmeisteri, T. tubifex, and P. affinis were significantly related to some of the measured sediment parameters in either the intermediate or deep-water areas.
Radiative capture of polarized neutrons by polarized protons at Tn=183 MeV

In order to provide a quantitative test of theoretical calculations incorporating meson-exchange currents and intermediate {Delta} resonances, we measure the normal-component spin correlation coefficient {ital C}{sub {ital NN}}, the differential cross section {ital d}{sigma}/{ital d}{Omega}, and the neutron and proton analyzing powers {ital A}{sub {ital n}} and {ital A}{sub {ital p}}, each as a function of angle, for {ital {rvec n}{rvec p}}{r_arrow}{ital d}{gamma} at {ital T}{sub {ital n}}=183 MeV. Our {ital {rvec n}{rvec p}}{r_arrow}{ital d}{gamma} results, combined with the previous cross section and photon asymmetry data collected in the past decade, place quite strong constraints on model calculations. Our data are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions by Jaus and Woolcock that incorporate meson-exchange and isobar current effects and relativistic corrections, signifying great recent progress in our understanding of these effects in the nucleon-nucleon system.
Coliform Counts in Various Bedding Materials

In the first of three trials to compare total coliform and klebsiella counts in various bedding materials, freestalls were bedded with either green softwood sawdust or the same sawdust with lime mixed in the sawdust in the rear of each stall. Although there were fewer klebsiella organisms on teat ends of cows using the stalls with lime, this difference was small, and there was no significant difference in the numbers of klebsiella or total coliform organisms in the two types of bedding. In the second trial tie-stalls were bedded with either green sawdust or lime. There were differences between the two types of bedding with lower total coliform and klebsiella counts in the lime and on the teat ends of cows using stalls bedded with lime. In a third trial, freestalls were bedded with green sawdust, lime, washed concrete-grade sand, or cellulose fiber from old newsprint. There were differences in total coliform and klebsiella counts of these materials with the highest counts in sawdust and paper and with negligible numbers in lime and sand. Also, there were fewer organisms in paper bedding than in sawdust.
Pulvinar projections to the striatum and amygdala in the tree shrew.

Visually-guided movement is possible in the absence of conscious visual perception, a phenomenon referred to as “blindsight”. Similarly, fearful images can elicit emotional responses in the absence of their conscious perception. Both capabilities are thought to be mediated by pathways from the retina through the superior colliculus (SC) and pulvinar nucleus. To define potential pathways that underlie behavioral responses to unperceived visual stimuli, we examined the projections from the pulvinar nucleus to the striatum and amygdala in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), a species considered to be a protypical primate. The tree shrew brain has a large pulvinar nucleus that contains two SC-recipient subdivisions; the dorsal (Pd) and central (Pc) pulvinar both receive topographic (“specific”) projections from SC, and Pd receives an additional nontopographic (“diffuse”) projection from SC (Chomsung et al., 2008; JCN 510:24-46). Anterograde and retrograde tract tracing revealed that both Pd and Pc project to the caudate and putamen, and Pd, but not Pc, additionally projects to the lateral amygdala. Using immunocytochemical staining for substance P (SP) and parvalbumin (PV) to reveal the patch/matrix organization of tree shrew striatum, we found that SP-rich/PV-poor patches interlock with a PV-rich/SP-poor matrix. Confocal microscopy revealed that tracer-labeled pulvinostriatal terminals preferentially innervate the matrix. Electron microscopy revealed that the postsynaptic targets of tracer-labeled pulvino-striatal and pulvino-amygdala terminals are spines, demonstrating that the pulvinar nucleus projects to the spiny output cells of the striatum matrix and the lateral amygdala, potentially relaying: 1) topographic visual information from SC to striatum to aid in guiding precise movements, and 2) nontopographic visual information from SC to the amygdala alerting the animal to potentially dangerous visual images.
Desire and Kairos: Cassils's Terisias

In Cassils’s Terisias , the artist’s naked flesh is pressed to a classical Greek male torso made of ice. Cassils’s own heat slowly melts the ice in an act imagined as the innovation of a new temporality.
280GHz and 860GHz image sensors using Schottky-barrier diodes in 0.13μm digital CMOS

Millimeter and sub-millimeter-wave imaging using solid-state circuits is gaining attention for security and medical applications. To lower cost and increase integration, MOSFETs in CMOS are being investigated for implementing broadband detectors [1–3]. However, neither measured noise-equivalent power (NEP) nor noise floor of the imager was given in [1]. Although NEP of 17pW/Hz1/2 was achieved at 650GHz in [2], an external lens was attached to the 65nm SOI CMOS chip. In [3], an NEP of 66pW/Hz1/2 was measured at 1.05THz using 65nm CMOS without a lens attached to the chip. Additionally, although the efforts reported in [1–3] realized an array, none demonstrated the image-array function. As an alternative, polysilicon-gate-separation (PGS) Schottky-barrier diodes (SBD) with cut-off frequency of ∼2THz were fabricated in CMOS without process modifications [4] and were used to demonstrate a 280GHz detector with NEP of 30pW/Hz1/2 [5,6]. To significantly enhance the scanning speed, a 16-pixel 280GHz SBD imager is fabricated and its array function is reported in this paper. The imager including baseband amplifiers achieves responsivity of 5.1kV/W and NEP of 29pW/Hz1/2. More importantly, its operation was demonstrated in a setup that requires no mirror or lens that is bulky and costly. Next, an 860GHz SBD detector is demonstrated with a measured non-amplified responsivity of 355V/W and NEP of 32pW/Hz1/2. This NEP is ∼2X lower than the best reported work in CMOS [3]. Both chips are fabricated in a 0.13μm logic CMOS. The results suggest a path for high performance, compact and affordable sub-millimeter-wave and terahertz CMOS imagers using SBDs.
The Modern Christmas in America: A Cultural History of Gift Giving

In days of old, Christmas was defined by the custom of exchanging simple handmade gifts. Today, it has become a multi-billion industry, synonymous with commercialism and consumption. How did this transformation occur? In this incisive and engaging examination of how Christmas has evolved since 1880, Waits chronicles the history of the holiday, from its origin to its current form. The book is illustrated with dozens of historical photographs and will be of interest to cultural and social historians alike. Christmas was a relatively modest occasion in the English- speaking world, celebrated by the exchange of modest handmade gifts, until the Victorians invested the holiday with immense significance as part of a larger effort to celebrate home, family, and a mythic past of well-ordered communities. By the late 19th century, Christmas had become a major American festival. Today, it is a multi-billion dollar industry and easily the most important seasonal event of the year. In this survey of the modern American Christmas, William Waits shows us how this holiday emerged, tracing its evolution from the days prior to 1880 when people presented one another with simple crafted presents to the turn of the century when industrialization brought with it waves of inexpensive, tawdry gimcracks. In the early twentieth century, reform-minded Americans reflecting on the new Christmas prompted a backlash against this cheapening of the Yule tradition, and the Christmas card was born. Henceforth, family members and close friends exchanged useful, costly items, while cards were sent to acquaintances and distant relatives. These reformers also persuaded retail stores to keep their regular hours of business during the holiday, rather than lengthening them, to give trade workers the opportunity to join in the celebration. They also rationalized the collection and distribution of holiday charity, resulting in the Christmas celebration we have today. Waits's book clearly illustrates that the notion that Christmas is uncontrollable is simply untrue. An incisive and engaging history of giftgiving, The Modern Christmas in Americaalso examines the differing traditions of giftgiving to friends, employees, the poor, and among entire communities. Handsomely illustrated with dozens of historical photographs, this book is not only the perfect holiday gift but will also be of interest to any student of American history and culture.
Green's function, continual weighted composition operators along trajectories, and hyperbolicity of linear extensions for dynamical systems

The hyperbolicity of linear skew-product flows with infinite-dimensional fibersE over a dynamical system on a compact metric spaceX is described in terms of the existence and uniqueness of Green's function and in terms of the spectra for family of the semigroups of weighted composition operators acting inL 2(R;E) and parametrized by the points ofX.
A unified approach to complementarity in optimization

An underlying general structure of complementary pivot theory is presented with applications to various problems in optimization theory. The applications include linear complementarity, fixed point theory, unconstrained and constrained convex optimization without derivatives, nonlinear complementarity, and saddle point problems.
Time-dynamic imaging of individual cell ligand binding kinetics

Ligand-binding assays are commonly applied to large numbers of cells in culture; the binding parameters derived from such assays reflect the ensemble average behavior of many cells. Equilibrium binding assays of epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding to the EGF receptor (EGFR) indicate that the EGFR exhibits two affinity states for EGF, one low affinity with Kd about 10 nM and one high affinity with Kd < 1 nM. Bulk binding studies cannot determined if such multiple ligand binding classes are due to cell population heterogeneity or are due to heterogeneity at the individual cell level. Here is described a technique based on single cell imaging of fluorescein-EGF (f-EGF) binding to individual human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells that demonstrates that both classes of EGFR are found on all A431 cells, that the time course of f-EGF binding to individual cells shows two kinetic on-rates and two off-rates, that cell-to-cell heterogeneity of EGF binding is significant and that ligand binding kinetics vary across an individual cell. Contributions of cell autofluorescence photobleaching and f- EGF photobleaching in the measurement of fluorescent ligand binding are shown to be significant.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Large cell medulloblastoma with myogenic and melanotic differentiation: a case report with molecular analysis.

We present a case of large cell medulloblastoma with myogenic and melanotic differentiation arising in the cerebellar vermis of a 2-year-old boy and following an aggressive clinical course. Histologic and immunohistochemical features of this tumor include primitive neuronal, rhabdomyoblastic, and pigmented epithelial elements, along with large cell features. Immunohistochemical and molecular data (c-myc gene amplification and the presence of isochromosome 17q) support the contention that this histologically diverse tumor represents a pattern of medulloblastoma with striated muscle and pigmented epithelial differentiation, rather than a teratoma or a cerebellar variant of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (‘progonoma’).
Randomly antitraceable digraphs

An antipath in a digraph is a semipath containing no (directed) path of length 2. A digraph D is randomly antitraceable if for each vertex v of D, any antipath beginning at v can be extended to a hamiltonian antipath beginning at v. In this paper randomly antitraceable digraphs are characterized.
CHEMACT: A Computer Code to Estimate Rate Constants for Chemically-Activated Reactions

Abstract CHEMACT is a computer code that uses the QRRK treatment of chemical activation reactions to estimate apparent rate constants for the various channels that can result in addition, recombination and insertion reactions. The working equations are developed, the necessary input file is described, and sources of required input data are discussed. Three applications of the code to representative examples of reactions relevant to combustion are presented. These include C2H5 + O2, H + C6H5Cl, and CH3 + OH. These reactions illustrate some of the expected behavior with different types of chemical activation and demonstrate the necessity of explicitly accounting for the effects of chemical activation in high temperature gas-phase reactions. Methods by which these results can be included in detailed kinetic mechanisms are discussed.