cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a bovine beta-mannosidosis mutation and detection of two beta-mannosidase pseudogenes.

β-Mannosidase deficiency results in β-mannosidosis, a severe neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease identified in cattle, goats, and humans. To more fully understand the molecular pathology of this disease, the mutation associated with bovine β-mannosidosis was identified by sequence analysis of cDNA from an affected calf. A transition mutation of G to A at position 2574 of the cDNA coding sequence creates a premature stop codon near the 3′ end of the protein coding region. To aid commercial breeders of Salers cattle, a PCR-based test was developed to detect the mutation for β-mannosidosis carrier screening. Application of this test also revealed the presence of two β-mannosidase pseudogenes. Portions of the pseudogenes were amplified with allele-specific primers and then sequenced. One pseudogene was highly homologous (>99% sequence identity) to the expressed cDNA sequence over the 1292 bp that were sequenced, while the other showed more divergence (83% sequence identity) in the 477 bp that were sequenced. Both are processed pseudogenes that are not expressed. The severity of the bovine β-mannosidosis phenotype suggests that the 22 C-terminal amino acids of β-mannosidase play an important role in the function of this enzyme.
Team tutoring systems: reifying roles in problem solving

We are pursuing the notion of a Team Tutoring System, an intelligent tutoring system that monitors and manages teams of students as they collaborate synchronously and remotely to solve extended, distributed, multi-step problems. Our system, named Algebra Jam, provides opportunities for each team member to take on a variety of roles in order to come to know the domain from a variety of perspectives. To do this, we are defining a typology of collaborative problem solving roles, reifying these roles at the problem solving interface, and accumulating evidence about individual behavior and group problem solving performance in a Bayesian inference network.
THE AGRICULTURAL ETHICS OF BIOFUELS : A FIRST LOOK

A noticeable push toward using agricultural crops for ethanol production and for undertaking research to expand the range of possible biofuels began to dominate discussions of agricultural science and policy in the United States around 2005. This paper proposes two complementary philosophical approaches to examining the philosophical questions that should be posed in connection with this turn of events. One stresses a critique of underlying epistemological commitments in the scientific models being developed to determine the feasibility of various biofuels proposals. The second begins with a broader set of questions about the philosophical goals of agriculture, then queries the place that a turn to biofuels might have within the philosophy of agriculture. Both are portrayed as viable and important. The paper itself is a preliminary stage-setting reflection on the need for these two types of philosophical inquiry.
Mechanism of spin and charge separation in one-dimensional quantum antiferromagnets

We reconsider the problem of separation of spin and charge in one-dimensional quantum antiferromagnets. We show that spin and charge separation in one-dimensional strongly correlated systems cannot be described by the slave-boson or fermion representation within any perturbative treatment of the interactions between the slave holons and slave spinons. The constraint of single occupancy must be implemented exactly. As a result the slave fermions and bosons are not part of the physical spectrum. Instead, the excitations that carry the separate spin and charge quantum numbers are solitons. To prove this result, it is sufficient to study the pure spinon sector in the slave-boson representation. We start with a short-range resonating-valence-bond state spin liquid mean-field theory for the frustrated antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain. We derive an effective theory for the fluctuations of the Affleck-Marston and Anderson order parameters. We show how to recover the phase diagram as a function of the frustration by treating the fluctuations nonperturbatively.
Toulouse limit for the nonequilibrium Kondo impurity: Currents, noise spectra, and magnetic properties

We present an exact solution to the nonequilibrium Kondo problem, based on a special point in the parameter space of the model where both the Hamiltonian and the operator describing the nonequilibrium distribution can be diagonalized simultaneously. Through this solution we are able to compute the differential conductance, spin current, charge-current noise, and magnetization, for arbitrary voltage bias. The differential conductance shows the standard zero-bias anomaly and its splitting under an applied magnetic field. A detailed analysis of the scaling properties at low temperature and voltage is presented. The spin current is independent of the sign of the voltage. Its direction depends solely on the sign of the magnetic field and the asymmetry in the transverse coupling to the left and right leads. The charge-current noise can exceed ${2eI}_{c}$ for a large magnetic field, where ${I}_{c}$ is the charge current. This is not seen in noninteracting quantum problems, but occurs here because of the tunneling of pairs of electrons. The finite-frequency noise spectrum has singularities at $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\Omega}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\mathrm{eV},$ which cannot be explained in terms of noninteracting electrons. These singularities are traced to a different type of pair process involving the simultaneous creation or annihilation of two scattering states. The impurity susceptibility has three characteristic peaks as a function of magnetic field, two of which are due to interlead processes and one is due to intralead processes. Although the solvable point is only one point in the parameter space of the nonequilibrium Kondo problem, we expect it to correctly describe the strong-coupling regime of the model for arbitrary antiferromagnetic coupling constants and to be qualitatively correct as one leaves the strong-coupling regime.
The structure of a separating turbulent boundary layer. Part 2. Higher-order turbulence results

The velocity-probability-distribution flatness and skewness factors for u and v are reported for the separating turbulent boundary layer described by Simpson, Chew & Shivaprasad (1981). Downstream of separation the skewness factor for u is negative near the wall, whereas it is positive upstream of separation. The flatness factor for u downstream of separation differs from the upstream behaviour in that it has a local maximum of about 4 at the minimum mean velocity location in the backflow. Both upstream and downstream of separation the skewness factor for v has a profile shape and magnitudes that are approximately the mirror image or negative of the skewness factor for u. The flatness factor for v seems to be affected little by separation.Examination of the momentum and turbulence-energy equations reveals that the effects of normal stresses are important in a separating boundary layer. Negligible turbulence-energy production occurs in the backflow. Turbulence-energy diffusion is increasingly significant as separation is approached and is the mechanism for supplying turbulence energy to the backflow.The backflow appears to be controlled by the large-scale eddies in the outer region flow, which provides the mechanism for turbulence-energy diffusion. The backflow behaviour does not appear to be significantly dependent on the far downstream near-wall conditions when the thickness of the backflow region is small compared with the turbulent shear layer thickness.
Brookfield, Stephen D., and John D. Holst. Radicalizing Learning: Adult Education for a Just World

(2011). Brookfield, Stephen D., and John D. Holst. Radicalizing Learning: Adult Education for a Just World. Journal of Adult Theological Education: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 201-202.
Orbitozygomatic infratemporal approach to lateral skull base tumors

An orbitozygomatic infratemporal approach for the removal of large neoplasms involving the lateral skull base is described. This approach, involves a unilateral frontotemporal incision extended inferiorly to the neck, a lateral facial flap reflected anteriorly. Transection of the zygoma is followed by its reflection inferolaterally with the temporalis muscle. This exposure provides excellent visualization of both the intradural and extradural aspects of the anterior portion of the cavernous sinus, allowing an aggressive resection of neoplasms in this region. Experience with this procedure in the management of 15 patients is reported here. There was one postoperative death due to pneumonia and septicemia. The morbidities included wound infection, meningitis, CSF leakage and cranial nerve palsy. All the surviving patients, are living independently and have returned to their previous occupations.
Thermodynamics of liquid-liquid equilibria including the critical region. Transformation to non-classical coordinates using revised scaling

Abstract Classical or mean-field models for equilibrium properties of fluids and fluid mixtures are inaccurate near a critical point. To improve the performance of such models near the critical point of a pure fluid, Fox proposed a method of transforming the coordinates of a classical equation of state to non-classical coordinates. Recently, we have extended the method of Fox to binary liquid mixtures at constant pressure and to ternary liquid mixtures at constant pressure and temperature. However, our previous extension has used simple scaling, where transformation to non-classical coordinates is symmetric with respect to the critical point. In this work, our extension is applied to binary and ternary liquid mixtures in a revised-scaling context that allows for the asymmetry found in real systems. Results are shown for binary and ternary liquid mixtures. For a few illustrative examples, good agreement is obtained between experimental and calculated coexistence curves.
Effect of diisopropylfluorophosphate on muscarinic and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in visual cortex of cats.

Abstract Administration of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an organophosphorus (OP) compound, irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and results in cholinergic hyperactivity. This study investigated muscarinic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor changes in visual cortex of cats following an acute exposure to DFP. A single acute administration of DFP (4 mg/kg) decreased the number of muscarinic receptors at 2, 10, and 20 hours after treatment. GABA receptors were elevated at 2 and 10 hours but returned to within control levels at 20 hours. No significant alteration in muscarinic or GABA receptor affinity was noted. In all cases cortical AChE activity was inhibited 60–90%. These findings show a down regulation of muscarinic receptors after DFP associated with low AChE activity. GABA receptors also are altered, and may be part of a compensatory mechanism to counteract excess cholinergic stimulation.
The Effect of Lipid Mediated Attraction and Antigen Affinity on B-Cell Receptor Microcluster Formation

We present findings from our energy-based Monte Carlo simulation involving antigen (Ag) bound, B-cell receptor (BCR) interaction with crucial cellular components, namely the lipid membrane, src family tyrosine kinase and Syk kinase activity. After encountering antigen presenting cells and binding Ags, one of the earliest events of signalsome assembly is the formation of BCR microclusters. BCR recognition of antigen results in a monotonically increasing graded signaling response with increasing BCR-Ag affinity. Recent experiments indicate an important role of very early (within seconds) signaling events in this affinity discrimination process. Our current studies improve upon our most recent biophysical models for BCR-Ag microcluster and macrocluster formation by incorporating lipid-mediated BCR attraction factors. We examine the effect of varying attractive forces and interactions between lipids, BCR bound state and kinase activity. Our model can show that strong coupling between BCR/BCR and BCR/lipid (sphingolipids) molecules generates affinity-dependent microclustering similar to what has been observed in experiments. Our results indicate that microcluster size and number increase with increasing affinity while the formation times of such early BCR-Ag clusters decrease. These features can have important implications for the B cell affinity discrimination problem.
High-field ultrasound measurements in UPt 3 and the single-energy-scale model of metamagnetism

We report longitudinal ultrasound velocity measurements for magnetic fields up to 33 T applied parallel to the $a$ axis of the heavy electron compound ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$. A characteristic dip in the sound velocity at the metamagnetic critical field ${H}_{c}=20\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$, reported in earlier work, is reproduced and shown to be independent of temperature at very low temperatures. We show that the single energy scale model [Shivaram et al., Phys. Rev. B 89, 241107(R) (2014)] captures the observed key features of the field dependence in the sound velocity shift $\ensuremath{\delta}{v}_{s}$. The shift $\ensuremath{\delta}{v}_{s}$ at ${H}_{c}$ is found to be inversely dependent on temperature above \ensuremath{\sim}3 K and assumes a fixed value at low $T$. This ``saturation'' in $\ensuremath{\delta}{v}_{s}$ below \ensuremath{\sim}3 K is accounted for by level broadening of the uranium spin states.
Ultrastructure of the lining of the scala tympani of the bat pteronotus parnellii

The cells lining the scala tympani of the cochlea of Pteronotus p. parnellii were studied in whole mount preparations and with light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. On the basis of structure and location three different cell types were recognized: (1) those lying on the undersurface of the basilar membrane; (2) those covering the internal surface of most of the otic capsule; and (3) those associated with a thick layer of osmiophilic substance and restricted to a specific region in the basal turn. The cells associated with the osmiophilic substance were strikingly different from the other cells; they were relatively rich in organelles and had a Golgi complex which appeared to produce granules which coalesced both intracellularly and extracellularly to form the osmiophilic layer. The function and composition of the osmiophilic substance is unknown but it seems to be unique to Pteronotus parnellii and related subspecies known to have greatly enlarged perilymphatic scalae and unusual hearing capacities associated with Doppler shift compensation sonar.
The inconsistency with which raters weight and combine information across targets

To assign an overall performance rating to a target, a rater must weight and combine various pieces of specific performance information about that target. Policy‐capturing research has demonstrated that individual differences in raters can influence the way raters combine specific performance information. The current study examined information processing from a different perspective by exploring the possibility that target differences may also influence the way raters weight and combine performance information. Raters (N = 146) rated each of six targets on six specific performance dimensions and on overall performance. Sequential moderation analyses indicated that targets influenced the way raters, as a group, combined information across targets. These results lend support to the inference that overall performance ratings may not be comparable across targets, that is, they may not reflect the same underlying performance across targets.
What Do They Master? Perceived Benefits of the Master's Thesis Experience

This qualitative study explores the learning outcomes achieved by students undertaking a master's research thesis. Interviews were conducted with 24 alumni of a higher education/student affairs program who matriculated between 1986 and 1996. Program faculty, student support staff, and graduate assistantship supervisors were also interviewed. Students experienced the thesis process in eight clearly identifiable stages, with learning outcomes associated with each stage. Four areas of growth were attributed to completing a thesis: personal development, skills development, content expertise, and relationship development. Faculty advisors were identified as critical to the success of the thesis. Implications for student-advisor interaction are discussed.
THE DECOMPENSATED DETRUSOR IV: EXPERIMENTAL BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION AND ITS FUNCTIONAL CORRELATION TO THE EXPRESSION OF THE RYANODINE AND VOLTAGE OPERATED CALCIUM CHANNELS

Purpose: Calcium ion homeostasis has a significant role in smooth muscle function. Its regulation requires complex storage and release mechanisms via ion pumps and channels located within intracellular storage sites (sarcoplasmic reticulum) and at the plasma membrane. A prominent component of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is the ryanodine sensitive ion channel which releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol. At the level of the plasma membrane the voltage operated calcium channel (dihydropyridine sensitive) serves to allow an influx of extracellular calcium. Our prior studies have shown a loss of sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca++Mg++ATPase expression following outlet obstruction. In this study we correlate ryanodine and voltage operated calcium channel protein expression with bladder function following partial outlet obstruction.Materials and Methods: Standardized partial bladder outlet obstructions were created in adult New Zealand white rabbits, which were divided into control...
Pyrene fluorescence study of chitosan self-association in aqueous solution

Abstract The change in peak III/I ratio of pyrene monomer fluorescence, a measure of the hydrophobicity of pyrene's environment, was used to examine the aggregation behaviour of chitosan in aqueous solution. The III I ratio of 0.60 at chitosan concentrations below 0.1 mg/ml was very similar to that observed in water and other polar media. Increasing the chitosan concentration above 1.0 mg/ml, however, significantly increased the III I ratio. The III I ratio was 0.73 in chitosan-70 K and 1.12 in chitosan-750 K when the concentration was increased to 5.0 mg/ml. The values of 0.73 and 1.12 correspond to pyrene being localized in an environment similar to methylene chloride and isopropyl alcohol, respectively. The increased hydrophobicity suggests that chitosan chains were self-associated by intermolecular hydrophobic interactions. No difference in the III I ratio was found between solutions made in 0.1 M acetic acid and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Changes in the ionic strength by addition of sodium chloride, however, did significantly affect the aggregation behavior.
O-Demethylation as a Biosynthetic Pattern in the Formation of Opium Alkaloids

COMPARATIVE rates of incorporation of carbon dioxide labelled with carbon-14 led to the proposal1 that, in Papaver somniferum, thebaine is the first octahydrophenanthrene alkaloid formed, and is converted by successive O-demethylations to codeine and finally to morphine. Although this sequence seemed best to explain the labelling ratio among these three alkaloids, conclusive proof was lacking. The results described here, considered with the previous data1, constitute proof of this interrelationship.
Genetic and molecular mechanisms of chemical atherogenesis

Injury to the cellular components of the vascular wall and blood by endogenous and exogenous chemicals has been associated with atherosclerosis in humans and experimental systems. The genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for initiation and promotion of atherosclerotic changes include modulation of extracellular matrix-integrin axis, genes involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation and possibly, genomic stability. This review summarizes seminal studies over the past 20 years that shed light on critical gene-gene and gene-environment interactions mediating the atherogenic response to chemical injury.
Speculative completion for the design of high-performance asynchronous dynamic adders

This paper presents an in-depth case study in high-performance asynchronous adder design. A recent method, called "speculative completion", is used. This method uses single-rail bundled datapaths but also allows early completion. Five new dynamic designs are presented for Brent-Kung and Carry-Bypass adders. Furthermore, two new architectures are introduced, which target (i) small number addition, and (ii) hybrid operation. Initial SPICE simulation and statistical analysis show performance improvements up to 19% on random inputs and 14% on actual programs for 32-bit adders, and up to 29% on random inputs for 64-bit adders, over comparable synchronous designs.
The Transcriptomics to Proteomics of Hair Cell Regeneration: Looking for a Hair Cell in a Haystack

Mature mammals exhibit very limited capacity for regeneration of auditory hair cells, while all non-mammalian vertebrates examined can regenerate them. In an effort to find therapeutic targets for deafness and balance disorders, scientists have examined gene expression patterns in auditory tissues under different developmental and experimental conditions. Microarray technology has allowed the large-scale study of gene expression profiles (transcriptomics) at whole-genome levels, but since mRNA expression does not necessarily correlate with protein expression, other methods, such as microRNA analysis and proteomics, are needed to better understand the process of hair cell regeneration. These technologies and some of the results of them are discussed in this review. Although there is a considerable amount of variability found between studies owing to different species, tissues and treatments, there is some concordance between cellular pathways important for hair cell regeneration. Since gene expression and proteomics data is now commonly submitted to centralized online databases, meta-analyses of these data may provide a better picture of pathways that are common to the process of hair cell regeneration and lead to potential therapeutics. Indeed, some of the proteins found to be regulated in the inner ear of animal models (e.g., IGF-1) have now gone through human clinical trials.
Effect of randomness in the distribution of impurity ions on FET thresholds in integrated electronics

A model of the effect of random fluctuations in the number of impurity atoms in the depletion layer of a field-effect transistor (FET) is presented and analyzed. It is conducted that the range of space charge per unit area that must be anticipated on a chip containing N FET's each of area A is /spl Delta/S=q(2 ln N)/SUP 1/2/A/SUP -1/4/n~/SUP 1/2/. n~ is the doping level of the substrate.
Hormonal Control of the Surfactant System in Fetal Lung

The synthesis of surfactant glycerophospholipids and proteins is under multifactorial control and is regulated by a number of hormones and factors, including glucocorticoids, prolactin, insulin, growth factors, estrogens, androgens, thyroid hormones and catecholamines acting through beta-adrenergic receptors, and cAMP. In studies with human fetal lung in organ culture, glucocorticoids, in combination with prolactin and/or insulin, were found to increase the rate of lamellar body PC synthesis and increase the molar ratio of surfactant PG to PI to a value similar to that of surfactant secreted by the human fetal lung at term. Recognition of the potential importance of the surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C in the reduction of alveolar surface tension and in endocytosis and reutilization of secreted surfactant by type II cells has stimulated rapid advancement of knowledge concerning the structures of these proteins and their genes, as well as their developmental and hormonal regulation in fetal lung tissue. The genes encoding the surfactant proteins are expressed in a lung-specific manner and appear to be regulated independently during fetal development. SP-A gene expression is initiated in fetal lung tissue after 75-85% of gestation is completed in all mammalian species studied to date. In the human fetus, however, expression of the SP-B and SP-C genes is detectable prior to mid-gestation. In situ hybridization studies of human lung tissue indicate that the SP-A gene is expressed only in type II cells, whereas SP-B gene expression is detectable in bronchioalveolar epithelial cells as well. Cyclic AMP and glucocorticoids have pronounced effects on the regulation of SP-A gene expression in human and rabbit fetal lung in culture. In human fetal lung in vitro, the effects of cAMP are primarily at the level of gene transcription. By contrast, glucocorticoids have stimulatory effects on SP-A gene transcription and inhibitory effects on SP-A mRNA stability. Furthermore, the combined effects of cAMP and glucocorticoids on SP-A gene transcription in human fetal lung in vitro are synergistic. Glucocorticoids appear to be of primary importance in the regulation of the genes encoding SP-B and SP-C. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of expression of the surfactant protein genes in developing fetal lung will be of fundamental importance to our understanding of the developmental and tissue-specific regulation of eukaryotic gene expression.
Random-space dimensionality reduction scheme for expedient analysis of microwave structures with manufacturing variability

A dimensionality reduction scheme is presented for the expedient statistical analysis of microwave structures exhibiting manufacturing variability in geometric and electrical parameters. In the proposed approach, the computational complexity of the high-dimensional random space that is often necessary to describe the stochastic electromagnetic boundary-value problem is mitigated by employing a principal component analysis with sensitivity assessment in combination with an adaptive sparse grid colocation scheme. The proposed method exploits the inherent dependencies between parameters to reduce the number of simulations needed to extract the statistics of desired output response parameters. The attributes of the method are demonstrated through the analysis of the cross talk between the wires of a coupled stripline transmission line structure.
A dynamic, data-driven, decision support system for emergency medical services

In crisis, decisions must be made in human perceptual timeframes under pressure to respond to dynamic uncertain conditions. To be effective management must have access to real time environmental data in a form that can be immediately understood and acted upon. The emerging computing model of Dynamic Data-Driven Application Systems (DDDAS) fits well in crisis situations where rapid decision-making is essential. We explore the value of a DDDAS (iRevive) in support of emergency medical treatment decisions in response to a crisis. This complex multi-layered dynamic environment both feeds and responds to an ever-changing stream of real-time data that enables coordinated decision-making by heterogeneous personnel across a wide geography at the same time. This complex multi-layered dynamic environment both feeds and responds to an ever-changing stream of real-time data that enables coordinated decision-making by heterogeneous personnel across a wide geography at the same time.
Precision for 2-D discrete wavelet transform processors

The 2-D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) suits image processing applications well, allowing for excellent compression. Many architectures have been proposed to perform the 1, 2 and 3-D DWT, but few address the precision necessary to ensure perfect reconstruction. The goal of this work is to experimentally determine the precision needed to store the results of a 2-D DWT without introducing round-off error via the 2-D DWT processor.
Principles for Human-Centered Interaction Design, Part 1: Performative Systems

This article discusses principles underlying the design of human-centered interfaces, using the specific example of the OZ cockpit display, which has no traditional dials or gauges.
Electrodeposited Co-Fe and Co-Fe-Ni alloy films for magnetic recording write heads

The electrodeposition of Co-Fe and Co-Fe-Ni alloys from electrolytes without any organic additives is explored. For Co-Fe alloys, the effect of the ratio of Co and Fe concentrations in the electrolyte on the composition and magnetic properties of the deposits is examined. A maximum saturation magnetization of 20.4 kG is obtained, however the films showed high coercivity (20 to 30 Oe). The addition of Ni to the solution leads to much improved soft magnetic properties. A Fe-rich alloy, Co/sub 19/Fe/sub 52/Ni/sub 29/ showed a saturation magnetization of 20.5 kG, a coercivity of about 1 Oe and saturation magnetostriction /spl lambda//sub s/, about 10/sup -6/. Best soft magnetic properties are obtained when BCC and FCC phases are seen to coexist. The films show good stability of magnetic properties upon easy axis annealing up to 200/spl deg/C. Magnetic force microscopy showed the domain pattern to be a ripple structure for films with positive magnetostriction, changing to a stripe domain structure with increasing Ni content. This corresponds to a change in sign of the magnetostriction.
Just the FACS or Stalking the Elusive Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cell

In 1997, Asahara, Isner, and colleagues startled the vascular biology community by reporting that progenitor cells capable of differentiating into vascular endothelium are present in the circulation of adults and that these cells may contribute to the formation of new blood vessels at sites of injury.1 These findings challenged the then-established view that although endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs or angioblasts) contribute to de novo vessel formation (vasculogenesis) in the embryo, new blood vessels in the adult can only arise by outgrowth of mature endothelial cells from existing blood vessels (angiogenesis). In this new paradigm, it was proposed that EPCs develop and reside in the bone marrow until various forms of tissue injury or stress lead to their release into the circulation (where they could be isolated and enumerated) and then recruitment into sites of repair.2 A veritable cottage industry ensued correlating the frequency of circulating EPCs with the activity of different diseases. PubMed lists over 1800 publications describing circulating EPCs in the 15 years since the initial Asahara et al report and over 500 of these use flow cytometry (often referred to as FACS or fluorescence activated cell sorting …
The Role of Premigration Status in the Acculturation of Chinese–Vietnamese and Vietnamese Americans

Drawing from ! fty in-depth interviews, this research examines the role of existing parental language knowledge on the ethnic identity negotiation of two ethnically distinct children of immigrant groups—Vietnamese and Chinese‐Vietnamese—whose families have emigrated from Vietnam to the Southern California region of the United States. While previous research focused primarily on the in" uence of premigration status on ! rst-generation immigrants, this article considers how a central aspect of premigration status (intranational ethnicity) applies speci! cally to the children of ! rst generation immigrants. By taking the premigration approach of comparing the experiences of different ancestral-origin groups from a single nation (the intranational ethnicity perspective), this analysis suggests that a family’s premigration ethnic status shapes the 1.5 and second-generation’s ethnic self-identi! cation choices through the mediation of parental language knowledge. Speci! cally, for the children of immigrants with twice-minority status (Chinese‐Vietnamese Americans), parental language knowledge serves as an easy ethnic identity default during these children’s early self-identi! cation process.
4s 2 4p 3 –4s4p 4 and 4s 2 4p 3 –4s 2 4p 2 5s transitions in Y vii, Zr viii, Nb ix, and Mo x

Spectra of ionized Y, Zr, Nb, and Mo have been observed in sliding-spark and triggered-spark discharges on 10.7-m normal- and grazing-incidence spectrographs at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C. From these observations the 4s24p3–4s4p4 transitions in Y vii, Zr viii, Nb ix, and Mo x have been identified. The 4s24p3–4s24p25s transitions in Y vii-Mo x, previously identified by Rahimullah et al. [ Phys. Scr.14, 221– 223 ( 1976); Phys. Scr.18, 96– 106 ( 1978)], have been confirmed. In Y vii the 4s24p3–4s24p26s and 4s4p4–4p5 transitions also have been found. The parameters obtained from least-squares fits to the energy levels are compared with Hartree–Fock calculations. Preliminary values of the ionization energies have been determined as 110.02 ± 0.15 eV for Y vii, 133.7 ± 0.5 eV for Zr viii, 159.2 ± 0.7 eV for Nb ix, and 186.4 ± 1.2 eV for Mo x.
An Analysis of the Control-Algorithm Re-solving Issue in Inventory and Revenue Management

While inventory-and revenue-management problems can be represented as Markov decision process (MDP) models, in some cases the well-known dynamic-programming curse of dimensionality makes it computationally prohibitive to solve them exactly. An alternative solution, called here the control-algorithm approach, is to use a math program (MP) to approximately represent the MDP and use its optimal solution to heuristically instantiate the parameters of the decision rules of a given set of control policies. As new information is observed over time, the control algorithm can incorporate it by re-solving the MP and revising the parameters of the decision rules with the newly obtained solution. The re-solving issue arises when one reflects on the consequences of this revision: Does the performance of the control algorithm really improve by revising its decision-rule instantiation with the solution of the re-solved MP, or should an appropriate modification of the prior solution be used? This paper analyzes the control-algorithm re-solving issue for a class of finite-horizon inventory-and revenue-management problems. It establishes sufficient conditions under which re-solving does not deteriorate the performance of a control algorithm, and it applies these results to control algorithms for network revenue management and multiproduct make-to-order production with lost sales and positive lead time.
The Kalman filter for linear systems on time scales

Abstract We introduce the Kalman filter for linear systems on time scales, which includes the discrete and continuous versions as special cases. When the system is also stochastic, we show that the Kalman filter is an observer that estimates the system when the state is corrupted by noisy measurements. Finally, we show that the duality of the Kalman filter and the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is preserved in their unification on time scales. A numerical example is provided.
Progress and hurdles in the development of vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in humans

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are the most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in young children living in endemic countries and children and adults traveling to these areas. Pathogenesis of ETEC diarrhea has been well studied, and the key virulence factors are bacterial colonization factor antigens and enterotoxins produced by ETEC strains. Colonization factor antigens mediate bacteria attachment to host small intestinal epithelial cells and subsequent colonization, whereas enterotoxins including heat-labile and heat-stable toxins disrupt fluid homeostasis in host epithelial cells, which leads to fluid and electrolyte hypersecretion and diarrhea. Vaccines stimulating host anti-adhesin immunity to block ETEC attachment and colonization and also antitoxin immunity to neutralize enterotoxicity are considered optimal for prevention of ETEC diarrhea. Vaccines under development have been designed to stimulate local...
Crossing the line: examination of student demographic changes concomitant with declining academic performance in elementary schools

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between school decline and changes in school demographics. Using a population of 981 (N = 981) elementary schools, the authors identified samples of declining schools: Relational Decline (n = 510), Absolute Decline (n = 217), and Crossing the Line (n = 165). Latent growth models assessed longitudinal relationships between 4 demographic factors and school performance. Of the 4 tested predictors, only changes in the percentages of disadvantaged students maintained significant structural relationships with declining academic performance. Associations between school size on school performance varied depending on sample. Findings suggested that changes in school demographics challenge educators, but that internal school processes account for school decline. Future research might search for a school decline threshold, as well as common processes responsible for the phenomenon. Educators might design procedures so that no one school must face continuous or...
Adaptive communications in interference-coupled systems

In multiple access wireless systems, adaptive algorithms for power control, antenna arrays, and equalizers can all lead to significant capacity increases. However independent adaptation of these algorithms is not possible, since changes in beam pattern affect the interference power and thus the required transmitted power level and the residual multipath components, which in turn cause the equalizer to need readjustment. There is a further coupling among users due to the mutual interference. Thus care must be exercised in applying simple gradient descent methods. We describe the nature of the coupling and what modifications must be made to the distributed adaptive methods to ensure stability.
The use of common carpenters' tools in intramedullary nailing of fractures of the femur.

This tool has many desirable attributes. They are: 1. It will not break. 2. It retains the cutting edge after repeated autoclaving. 3. By the use of this tool, the pathway is cut rather than driven. This is advantageous, for cutting is less shocking and minimizes the possibility of shattering the bone. 4. It can be used for either clover-leaf or diamond-shaped nails. 5. The bit is available in many diameters and, therefore, can be used in other intramedullary-nailing procedures. 6. The brace has a rachet and is adaptable where a full turn can not be taken. 7. It may be purchased at any good hardware store at nominal cost.
Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan, oxotremorine, and tetrahydroaminoacridine on apomorphine-induced stereotypy

The stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine in rats was inhibited by oxotremorine and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA). 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) did not change stereotypy scores. These data show influence of cholinergic mechanisms on such behavior. Possible clinical applications are discussed.
Chapter 9 Versus Chapter 11 after Orange County – Lessons for the SDRM

This paper was written in 2003 for the International Bar Association conferences in Rome, Italy. As Co-Chair of a panel on Sovereign Debt Restructuring, I wrote this to highlight a general shortfall in analysis of the International Monetary Fund’s Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism. The SDRM was drafted based on the U.S.’s Chapter 11 of Title 11 of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”). This paper points out that Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code, dealing with political subdivisions of States was a better model for any transnational insolvency regime.
Structured Mesh r-Refinement using Truncation Error Equidistribution for 1D and 2D Euler Problems

An error equidistribution-based r-refinement method for structured mesh adaption is implemented for 1D and 2D Euler equations. A subsonic diffuser case and a subsonic converging-diverging nozzle case are analyzed for 1D Euler equations while a 2D expansion fan case is analyzed for 2D Euler equations. Truncation error is used as the criterion for performing mesh refinement. As the exact solutions are known for these problems, truncation error can be evaluated exactly and does not need to be estimated. Details and some nuances of the equidistribution process are provided for SAM (a newly developed structured adaption module). It is found that with a simple equidistribution approach it is possible to obtain about an order of magnitude reduction in discretization error for these problems as compared to unadapted meshes.
A novel regional backup protection scheme considering adverse weather condition

In view of the problem that wide-area information is difficult to be synchronized and easily missed in adverse weather conditions,a regional backup protection scheme has been presented based on the fault factor of transmission lines(FFOTL).Firstly,considering the impact of weather factors,the fault probability of transmission line swas quantified by the Bayes theorem.Then,the quantitative fault probability was defined as the reliability of the lines distance protection,and it was applied as weight to build the fault function of transmission lines.Finally,the fault recognition criterion with fault tolerance was constructed based on the value difference of the fault function on the condition of normal and fault.Simulation results of the new England 10-gen-erator 39-bus system and the ShanXi 330 kV power grid show that the method can locate the fault lines accurately under the situation of lacking or having inaccuracy action information for distance protection,and it is not affected by the non-synchronous in formation.
Assessment and Management of Root Lesion Nematodes in Montana Wheat Production.

Root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) hinder dryland wheat production worldwide. Montana, a leading U.S. wheat production region, has climatic conditions favorable for Pratylenchus spp. A 2006-2007 statewide soil survey revealed damaging populations of Pratylenchus neglectus, primarily in winter wheat production areas of Montana, whereas P. thornei was not found. Analyses of wheat yields in infested fields revealed negative correlations between yields and spring nematode populations (all P 0.2). Statewide yield losses due to root lesion nematodes were an estimated 12 and 15% for winter wheat in 2006 and 2007, respectively. A subsequent study conducted in 2008 to 2009 revealed significant differences in reproductive success of P. neglectus among seven rotation treatments (P < 0.001). Nematode populations persisted from spring to fall under fallow, barley, pea, and camelina; increased under winter wheat and canola; and decreased under lentil. Populations were sustained through winter following winter wheat and barley but declined following canola, camelina, pea, lentil, and fallow. A screening of 19 barley lines for resistance to P. neglectus revealed significant variation in resistance among entries (P < 0.001), with 'Harrington' barley displaying promising levels of resistance. Development of resistant wheat cultivars remains a principal goal in managing this nematode.
Cancer Screening 2016.

Abstract The primary goal of cancer screening is to reduce cancer-related mortality without incurring significant harm. Screening efforts for solid tumors, therefore, have targeted the precursors of the most common and the most deadly cancers—breast, cervical, colorectal, lung and prostate cancer. Balancing risk and benefit has led to controversy regarding the timing of cancer screening—when to begin, how often to screen and when to stop—and the nature of the modality of cancer screening—invasive or noninvasive, laboratory-centered or imaging-centered. Evidence-based guidelines published by general medical societies, subspecialty societies and publicly funded task forces on population-based screening aid healthcare providers in making individualized decisions with their patients.
30-day readmission score after cardiac surgery

Abstract Background Hospital readmissions are costly and potentially avoidable. This study aimed to develop and validate a clinical score to predict early readmission. Methods and results Retrospective analysis of prospectively gathered data over a 10-year period of all patients undergoing cardiac surgery at the Buenos Aires Cardiovascular Institute (n = 5148). Thirty-day readmission was defined as all cause readmission. The scoring model was developed in a randomly selected test set (n = 2529) and was validated on other 2567 patients. Its predictive accuracy was compared by their area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). P = 0.05 was used for all test. The observed overall frequency of 30-day readmission in the entire sample was 11.7%. The final predictive score ranges between 0 and 6 points. The 30-day readmission rate at each score level in the validation set fell within the 95% confidence intervals of the corresponding frequency in the test set. This demonstrates the validity of the predictive model at all levels of the early readmission score. The frequency of early readmission across all levels in the test set ranged between 4.7 and 24.9%. The area under the ROC curve for the score in the test was 0.663 (95% CI 0.631 to 0.695) and was similar to that in the validation set 0.639. Conclusions The present study provides a clinical score to predict early readmission after open-heart surgery and validates that score in a comparable population, which can help in planning future interventions to avoid unnecessary readmissions.
Virtual bidding and electricity market design

Abstract Efficient electricity day-ahead market designs include virtual transactions. These are financial contracts awarded at day-ahead prices and settled at real-time prices. Under current PJM market rules, there is an asymmetry in the settlement treatment of different types of virtual transactions, but a recent recommendation by PJM to eliminate this asymmetry is problematical.
The Contemporary Spanish Basal Reader in the United States: How Does It Reflect Current Knowledge of the Reading Process?

Abstract Developing literacy in the first language is a major goal of bilingual teachers of Hispanic students in the United States. In response to a need for reading materials in Spanish, publishers have produced Spanish language basal reading programs. This essay presents the conclusions of a study of six major Spanish language basal reading programs published since 1980 for Hispanic students in the United States. The study compared what is known about the reading process in Spanish with what the basal materials for students and teachers reflect about reading. Each series was surveyed using the Program Profile Continuum Survey and then analyzed in depth with the Spanish Program Profile Instrument. Both evaluation instruments focus on reading, language, learning, and teaching theory. Although teacher’s guides and promotional materials for Spanish basal series make reference to recent reading theory and research, the materials themselves, when examined from a theoretical perspective, demonstrate little und...
Effects of Calisthenics on Selected Components of Physical Fitness

Abstract The calisthenic exercise program advocated for adults by the President's Council on Physical Fitness was tested for its effect on selected components of physical fitness. Nineteen subjects participated in the exercise program for 10 weeks. The training was preceded and followed by measurements relative to the Council's objectives for the program: strength, flexibility, improved general appearance, endurance, coordination, and efficiency. Flexibility in males and a segment of the endurance complex in females appeared significant at the .05 level of confidence when the differences observed from pre-training to post-training were exposed to nonparametric tests, but this significance did not appear in any of the other components of physical fitness except in isolated instances within a given component.