cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Weld Dimensions of Butt Joint Welding in Thin Plates Using Superimposed Laser Sources

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is one of the primary techniques used to join thin structures together. The quality of the weld plays an important role in structure integrity and product safety. Weld dimensions in butt joint welding of thin plates such as penetration depth, bead width, and reinforcement height are key to the quality of welds. Therefore, it is very crucial to accurately measure them. In this paper, a system that uses laser generated Lamb waves and electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) reception is used to inspect welds. Lamb waves are widely used in structural integrity inspection and defect detection in thin structures because of their potentials to inspect large areas and their abilities to detect various kinds of defects. The use of lasers to generate Lamb waves is beneficial due to its noncontact nature. However, due to the fact that laser generated Lamb waves in thin structures are broadband and dispersive, the complexity of ultrasonic signals is greatly increased. A method named superimposed laser sources technique is applied to reduce the complexity of signals. By using superimposed laser sources, one would have the flexibility to generate a desired wavelength of Lamb waves. The advantage of generating narrowband Lamb waves with a fixed wavelength is that the dominant frequency contents and traveling speeds of different wave modes can be determined from the dispersion curves. A signal processing procedure that combines wavenumber-frequency domain filtering and continuous wavelet transform is also applied to further simplify received signals. Reflection of ultrasounds occurs due to the presence of weld joint and reflection coefficients of different Lamb wave modes and wavelengths can be measured and used to quantify weld dimensions. In addition, the effects of welding parameters such as contact tip to work distance (CTWD), welding speed, arc voltage, and wire feed rate on weld dimensions is investigated. The correlation between these reflection coefficients and weld dimensions is studied, and empirical regression models are developed as well. This research results in a new non-destructive and non-contact sensing technique for measuring important weld dimensions of butt joint welding in thin structures. It will help to improve the quality and efficiency of the GMAW process, and reduce material waste and associated costs.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Arithmetic of Linear Algebraic Groups over Two-dimensional Fields

In 1962 Serre posed a conjecture, now referred to as Conjecture II, which states that principal homogeneous spaces under semisimple simply connected linear algebraic groups over perfect fields of cohomological dimension two have rational points. In this talk, after summarising the status of Conjecture II, we shall discuss progress concerning the study of principal homogeneous spaces under linear algebraic groups over function fields of two-dimensional schemes: surfaces over algebraically closed fields, strict Henselian two dimensional local domains and arithmetic surfaces that are relative curves over p-adic integers.
HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD.

Increased bilirubin content, which probably occurs in all infants during the first week of life, often reaches sufficient proportions in that period to be associated with visible jaundice. Neonatal jaundice should be considered a valuable clinical sign of many illnesses to which an infant is subject and should not be casually dismissed as a physiologic norm.The author discusses the various causes of hyperbilirubinemia in the neonatal period and the means for its detection, and emphasizes the need for prompt recognition.
Should I trust office pregnancy tests

PreviewPregnancy tests have become quite reliable since the introduction of monoclonal antibody procedures. Even home kits use this technology and are greatly improved over earlier versions. However, as Dr Bluestein explains, use of these tests must be accompanied by an understanding of factors that can cause false results. He describes these factors and points out the need for further testing and obstetric consultation in some situations.
The 'Matrioshka' Strategy: U.S. Evasion of the Spirit of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

This article analyzes understandings, declarations, and reservations appended by the United States to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Leveraging Strengths to Reach Your Goals: A Skills-Building Workshop for Women in Dentistry and Other Professions

This skills-building workshop at the 5 th American Dental Education Association (ADEA) International Women’s Leadership Conference engaged participants in a series of structured experiences designed to support learning about personal leadership strengths and areas for development, as well as setting and attaining leadership goals. The session was introduced with a brief reflective exercise focused on developing statements of personal goals for professional growth. An Appreciative Inquiry process then was used to explore participants’ areas of strength, examining both self-perceptions and the perceptions of others who listened to their descriptions of “peak experiences” in work settings. The next part of the program utilized a Johari Window exercise to clarify the extent to which participants’ self-perceived strengths and others’ perceptions were shared, making those strengths visible to the world at large or hidden from the general view of others. This exercise allowed further exploration of individual competencies and characteristics and provided an opportunity for participants to visualize the potential for development in new areas. Finally, two very different peer coaching strategies were employed to expand on participants’ learning. The experience proved to be a lively, socially engaging, and personally meaningful one for participants, whatever the stage of their careers or their country of origin.
Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertensive Heart Disease

Hypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease events. There is a continuous relationship between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and the chance of a heart attack or heart failure beginning at a blood pressure of 115/75 mmHg (Lewington et al., Lancet 360:1903–1913, 2002). The heart, central nervous system, kidneys, and peripheral arterial system are the major target organs that are susceptible to hypertensive disease. The most important treatment goal, however, is blood pressure control, and the choice of agent used to reach treatment goals may be less important. Although clinical trial data is lacking, a treatment target of 130/80 mmHg as recommended by the AHA is a reasonable target until further studies better define the optimal blood pressure in patients with established heart disease. Care may be needed in the elderly and patients with advanced diabetes and severe CAD to avoid treating too low blood pressure with the possibility of increasing adverse effects.
Generalization of evaluative conditioning toward foods: Increasing sensitivity to health in eating intentions.

OBJECTIVE Evaluative conditioning (EC), the pairing of objects (conditioned stimuli; CS) with positive and negative unconditioned stimuli (US) in order to induce attitude change, has proven to be a viable method of changing attitudes toward foods and corresponding eating behaviors. Positively conditioning healthy foods and negatively conditioning unhealthy foods should result in healthier food choices. Of interest in the current research is the extent to which EC can generalize beyond the conditioned foods to entire dimensions underlying food judgment, such as health and taste. METHOD The current research included 2 EC experiments configured in accord with the Implicit Misattribution Model (IMM; Jones, Fazio, & Olson, 2009). Four healthy CS foods were paired with positive US and 4 unhealthy CS foods were paired with negative US. Participants then reported eating intentions for a variety of foods, including non-CS foods. RESULTS Experiment 1 demonstrated that conditioning a few exemplar food items increased sensitivity to health and decreased sensitivity to taste when judging a variety of additional foods. Experiment 2 replicated the generalization effect with regard to health sensitivity, but only when a task that preceded the EC procedure promoted, rather than interfered with, categorization of the CS foods by health. CONCLUSIONS This research shows that EC can generalize to an entire dimension underlying food judgment and that this effect is facilitated by accessibility of the health dimension at the time of exposure to the EC pairings. (PsycINFO Database Record
Capture of associated targets on chromatin links long-distance chromatin looping to transcriptional coordination.

Here we describe a sensitive and novel method of identifying endogenous DNA–DNA interactions. Capture of Associated Targets on CHromatin (CATCH) uses efficient capture and enrichment of specific genomic loci of interest through hybridization and subsequent purification via complementary biotinylated oligonucleotide. The CATCH assay requires no enzymatic digestion or ligation, requires little starting material, provides high-quality data, has excellent reproducibility and is completed in less than 24 h. Efficacy is demonstrated through capture of three disparate loci, which demonstrate unique subsets of long-distance chromatin interactions enriched for both enhancer marks and oestrogen receptor-binding sites. In each experiment, CATCH-seq peaks representing long-distance chromatin interactions were centred near the TSS of genes, and, critically, the genes identified as physically interacting are shown to be transcriptionally coexpressed. These interactions could potentially create transcriptional hubs for the regulation of gene expression programmes. Chromatin architecture is a key regulator of transcriptional processes, however current methods to investigate it have technical limitations. Here, the authors describe a novel chromatin capture technique, CATCH, which can be used to identify and characterize complex genomic interaction networks.
Stakeholder views of breastfeeding education in schools: a systematic mixed studies review of the literature.

Background Breastfeeding provides numerous health benefits for mothers and infants, but worldwide breastfeeding rates fall below recommendations. As part of efforts to increase breastfeeding initiation and duration, the World Health Organization and UNICEF UK recommend educational interventions to increase awareness and positive attitudes towards breastfeeding beginning during the school years. Breastfeeding education in the school setting offers the opportunity to improve the knowledge base, address misconceptions, and positively influence beliefs and attitudes for students from a wide range of socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive narrative review of the literature regarding student and teacher (stakeholder) views of breastfeeding and breastfeeding education programs in schools to inform future research in the area.
Introduction: We’re Here Because You Were There—The Beginnings of Publishing for a Black British Audience

When, in 1948, the Empire Windrush docked in London with its 500 Caribbean passengers, the event heralded the start of major demographic changes in Britain. West Indian immigration to Britain was not the only postwar migration, but it has a unique history because of its connection with the British Empire and slavery. When West Indians arrived in Britain, there was already a long history of British writers depicting the Caribbean nations and their subjects in particular ways in children’s literature; this introduction examines some of those depictions and their impact on the new immigrants.
Exploration Into How Simulation Can Effect New Graduate Transition

Abstract Background Transition into the professional role can be difficult for new graduate nurses. The level of responsibility changes immediately on licensure. Simulation experiences may assist with this transition. Method A descriptive phenomenological methodology was used to explore how simulation affected practice of new graduate nurses. Result Six themes emerged: confidence, communication, critiquing, theory to practice integration, seeing the big picture of patient care, and responsibility for independent practice. Conclusion Although transition into the profession is influenced by many factors, simulation experiences that support student confidence, communication skills, reflection, and decision making can help new graduate transition into the professional role and its responsibilities.
Efficient 2-µm Tm:YAP Q-switched and CW lasers

Highly efficient, diode pumped Tm:YAP lasers generating emission in the 1.85-1.94 μm range are demonstrated and characterized. Laser optical efficiencies of 51% and 45%, and electrical efficiencies of 31% and 25% are achieved under CW and Q-switched operation, respectively. Laser performance was characterized for maximum average powers up to 20W with various cavity configurations, all using an intra-cavity lens to compensate for thermal lensing in the Tm:YAP crystal. Q-switched lasers incorportating a Cr:ZnS saturable absorber (SA), resonant mechanical mirror scanner, or acousto-optic modulator were characterized. To enable higher average output powers, measurements of the thermal lens were conducted for the Tm:YAP crystal as a function of pump power and were compared to values predicted by a finiteelement- analysis (FEA) thermal-optical model of the Tm:YAP crystal. A resonator model is developed to incorporate this calculated thermal lens and its effect on laser performance. This paper will address approaches for improving the performance of Tm:YAP lasers, and means for achieving increased average output powers while maintaining high optical efficiency for both SA and mechanical Q-switching.
Renewing our commitment to tenure, academic freedom, and shared governance to navigate challenges in higher education

Higher education is in a period of dramatic transformation as a result of changes in the U.S.A. and disruptive technologies. Institutions must swiftly respond to those changes, but if decisions are...
Intervening with Struggling Readers in Seventh Grade: Impact Evidence from Six School Districts.

This study uses a regression discontinuity design to evaluate the impact of seventh-grade interventions delivered by 25 schools on the reading and school engagement outcomes of struggling readers. ...
Genetic Diversity of Microbial Endophytes and Their Biotechnical Applications

The need for new and useful compounds and biological processes to provide assistance and relief in all aspects of the human condition is ever growing. Drug resistance in bacteria, the appearance of life-threatening viruses, and a tremendous increase in the incidence of fungal and drug-resistant bacterial infections in the world’s population, each only underscores our inadequacy to cope with these medical problems. Added to this are enormous difficulties in raising enough food on certain areas of the earth to support local human populations. Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and spoilage of land and water also add to problems facing mankind. In addition, there is the need for bio-derived fuels to supplant the ever-growing demand for petroleum and petroleum products.
Conflict and War, Archaeology of: Behavior and Social Organization

Archaeologists have a long-standing interest in the evolution of human conflict and war. They identify three modes of aggression and violence based on the archaeological record: self-redress homicides, feuds, and war. Self-redress homicides predominated early in human history and continued among egalitarian hunter-gatherers. Feuds are the typical means of tribal justice for nonegalitarian hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, and small-scale farming communities. Warfare employs organized deadly force by agricultural chiefdoms and various state societies that seek to alter the balance of power between autonomous political communities. The ways in which violent practices are constituted, result in part from the nature and scale of human social organization.
Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: Report of a case with a note on the differential diagnosis

Arteriovenous malformations are extremely rare conditions that can result from congenital or acquired abnormalities in the structure of blood vessels; they are potentially fatal. Arteriovenous malformations may be asymptomatic or may show various signs and symptoms including soft tissue swelling, pain, changes in skin and mucosal color, erythematous and bleeding gingiva, bruit, and paresthesia. Radiographically, there are no pathognomonic features. The present case illustrates an arteriovenous malformation in a 16-year-old Hispanic female. The case report is unique because the malformation was previously interpreted as a pathosis of pulpal origin and was initially treated as such, although the tooth showed no gross or radiographic dental caries. A broad view of the diagnostic imaging, radiographic differential diagnosis, treatment, and histopathologic description is also presented.
General Description of Cotton

Cotton has been cultivated by human beings for at least 3000 years. However, the dawn of modern cotton industry began in the seventeenth century in Americas due to the domestication of perennial wild tetraploid cotton to an annual day-neutral crop. There are four cultivated cotton species, two diploid species, and two tetraploid species. Their origins and distributions are described. Cotton fibers are unicellular trichomes or plant hairs that differentiate from epidermal cells of developing cottonseeds. Cotton fiber development divides into four distinctive yet overlapping stages: initiation, elongation, secondary cell wall biosynthesis, and maturation. In this chapter, the general knowledge about the life cycle (from seed to seed) of a cotton plant, harvesting, ginning, and cotton products are discussed. In addition, this chapter also provides a brief view of new technologies such as transgenes and fiber genomics. This chapter serves an introduction about cotton and the subsequent chapters of the book.
Electrochemistry-enabled atomic layer deposition of copper: Investigation of the deposit growth rate and roughness

Electrochemical atomic layer deposition (e-ALD) presents a low-cost, environmentally friendly and scalable approach for the atomically precise fabrication of semiconductor interconnect materials. In the present work, growth rate and roughness evolution during e-ALD of copper (Cu) were analyzed using anodic stripping coulometry, atomic force microscopy, and diffusion-reaction modeling. Through considerations of the unsteady-state diffusional transport of species and their associated surface electrochemical reactions, a semianalytical e-ALD process model is developed. The model enables quantification of the e-ALD growth rate and the deposit surface roughness as a function of various e-ALD process parameters, i.e., electrolyte composition and deposition time. Model predictions are compared with experimental data and good agreement is noted. The model is used to develop guidelines for the selection of optimal process parameters that enable e-ALD of Cu with minimal roughness evolution and a deposit growth rate close to one monolayer-per-cycle.
Interface conductance modal analysis of a crystalline Si-amorphous SiO2 interface

We studied the modal contributions to heat conduction across an interface between crystalline Si and amorphous SiO2, using the interface conductance modal analysis (ICMA) method. Our results show that >70% of the thermal interface conductance (TIC) arises from the extended modes. Using ICMA, we could also determine the contribution of interfacial modes to the TIC. Interestingly, we observed that although the number of these modes is 15%). Such an observation shows the non-negligible role of localized modes in facilitating heat conduction across systems with interfaces between dissimilar materials, specifically in a system that is straightforward to fabricate and study experimentally. Our observations suggest that neglecting the contribution of localized modes would be an oversimplification of the actual mechanisms at play. Determining the individual mode contributions is therefore of vital importance, since these values are directly utilized in predicting the temperature dependent TIC, which is important to silicon on insulator technologies with a myriad of applications within microelectronics and optoelectronics.
Continuing Issues Regarding EBP in Practice

This chapter addresses several unresolved issues and challenges that practitioners and academics have raised about evidence-based practice (EBP) and evidence-based medicine (EBM). EBP/EBM has strong support from policy makers, funders, and administrators, though their standardized approaches often seem to leave out client values and preferences and to minimize clinical expertise. The medical model orientation of EBM/EBP research often appears to omit or minimize issues of human diversity and social justice. Further, EBM/EBP research often omits or minimally identifies people of color and other dimensions of human social diversity, seriously limiting its application in real-world practice.
Accepting Germans: An Ethnographic Exploration of Refugee Integration in Berlin

Germany’s Willkommenskultur moment meant that refugees who arrived in Berlin around or after 2015 were met, initially, with the eager excitement of locals. Many of my refugee interlocutors subsequently engaged enthusiastically with cultural integration programs because it seemed to promise a solidification of these early moments of cultural contact, exchange, and intimacy. Yet, as the initial excitement seems to increasingly give way to a resurgence of xenophobic sentiments across the country, this corresponding enthusiasm has been inflected by a deep ambivalence with regard to mimetic projects of self-transformation, particularly as they inform the internal experiences of selfhood in the lives of my refugee interlocutors. This chapter explores how falsehood and authenticity become mediated through the endurance, or falling through, of newly forged relationships.
Plasma Epinephrine Contributes to the Development of Experimental Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure.

BACKGROUND Recurrent hypoglycemia blunts counter-regulatory responses to subsequent hypoglycemic episodes, a syndrome known as hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF). Since adrenergic receptor blockade has been reported to prevent HAAF, we investigated whether the hypoglycemia-associated rise in plasma epinephrine contributes to pathophysiology and reported interindividual differences in susceptibility to HAAF. METHODS To assess the role of hypoglycemia-associated epinephrine responses in the susceptibility to HAAF, 24 adult nondiabetic subjects underwent two 2-hour hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamp studies (nadir 54 mg/dL; 0-2 hours and 4-6 hours) on Day 1, followed by a third identical clamp on Day 2. We challenged an additional 7 subjects with two 2-hour infusions of epinephrine (0.03 μg/kg/min; 0-2 hours and 4-6 hours) vs saline on Day 1 followed by a 200-minute stepped hypoglycemic clamp (90, 80, 70, and 60 mg/dL) on Day 2. RESULTS Thirteen out of 24 subjects developed HAAF, defined by ≥20% reduction in average epinephrine levels during the final 30 minutes of the third compared with the first hypoglycemic episode (P < 0.001). Average epinephrine levels during the final 30 minutes of the first hypoglycemic episode were 2.3 times higher in subjects who developed HAAF compared with those who did not (P = 0.006).Compared to saline, epinephrine infusion on Day 1 reduced the epinephrine responses by 27% at the 70 and 60 mg/dL glucose steps combined (P = 0.04), with a parallel reduction in hypoglycemic symptoms (P = 0.03) on Day 2. CONCLUSIONS Increases in plasma epinephrine reproduce key features of HAAF in nondiabetic subjects. Marked interindividual variability in epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia may explain an individual's susceptibility to developing HAAF.
Treatment Approaches and Outcomes for Acute Anterior Circulation Stroke Patients with Tandem Lesions

Abstract Objectives Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has revolutionized stroke care for large vessel occlusions (LVOs). However, over half treated remain functionally disabled or die. Patients with tandem lesions, or severe stenosis/occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) with intracranial LVO, may have technical EVT challenges and worse outcomes. We sought to compare treatments and outcomes for patients with anterior circulation tandem lesions versus isolated LVOs. Materials and Methods Consecutive tandem lesion and isolated intracranial LVO patients were identified at a single center. Demographics, medical history, presentations, treatments, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results From 381 EVT patients, 62 had tandem lesions related to atherosclerosis (74%) or dissection (26%). Compared to isolated intracranial LVOs, they were younger (63 vs 70, p = 0.003), had less atrial fibrillation (13% vs 40%, p Conclusions Tandem lesions were associated with less reperfusion, more ICH, but similar 90-day functional independence. No treatment approach was associated with outcomes. These data illustrate the technical challenges of tandem lesion treatment and underscore the importance of developing new approaches.
A Three-Step, Single Session Therapy Intervention for COVID-Related Anxiety in a Pediatric Emergency Department

The novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to increases in anxiety and depression, and mental health-related emergency department visits remain frequent despite overall changes in ED utilization. Here, we present a case of COVID-related anxiety and demonstrate the utility of a brief, single-session therapy intervention delivered in the ED. The growing mental health burden of COVID-19 suggests that pediatric health care providers will treat patients with COVID-related anxiety during this pandemic. This case demonstrates a common presentation of somatization of anxiety and outlines a three-step, cognitive-behavioral intervention that can be particularly effective in treating COVID-related anxiety in the context of a single ED or medical visit.
Complete Eats: A Hybrid Type I Effectiveness and Implementation Study of a Clinically Based Summer Food Service Program

Background: 21.5 million low-income children rely on free or reduced-price meals during the school year. The USDA Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) provides meals to children during summer months, but due to lack of awareness fewer than 1 in 8 eligible children participate. The medical center is one of the few institutions that children access during the summer months, and as such may be a prime location for these programs. We evaluate the effectiveness of situating a …
Kinetics of Ni/Nano-SiO2 Codeposition on the Sintered NdFeB Surface

The Ni/nano-SiO2 composite coating was applied on the surface of sintered NdFeB samples using the electrocodeposition method to evaluate the corrosive resistance of this material. The effect of current density and silica concentration in the solution on the nanosilica content in the coating was analyzed with EDS. With an increase in current density, the SiO2 content in the coating increases correspondingly to 1.5 A/dm2, then decreases with its further increase. The SiO2 content in the coating increases gradually with the SiO2 content in the plating solution. If the SiO2 concentration in the plating bath is higher than 15 g/l, its content in the coating decreases with the SiO2 concentration in the solution. The kinetic model of the nanosilica codeposition is constructed on the basis of the Guglielmi theory. The concentration model of neutral silica particles on the cathode surface during the electrocodeposition process is built up, using the Guglielmi theory and particle transfer concept, which creates the basis for the development of the nanocodeposition approach and technology.
ArfGAP1 inhibits mTORC1 lysosomal localization and activation

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates nutrients, growth factors, stress, and energy status to regulate cell growth and metabolism. Amino acids promote mTORC1 lysosomal localization and subsequent activation. However, the subcellular location or interacting proteins of mTORC1 under amino acid-deficient conditions is not completely understood. Here, we identify ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 1 (ArfGAP1) as a crucial regulator of mTORC1. ArfGAP1 interacts with mTORC1 in the absence of amino acids and inhibits mTORC1 lysosomal localization and activation. Mechanistically, the membrane curvature-sensing amphipathic lipid packing sensor (ALPS) motifs that bind to vesicle membranes are crucial for ArfGAP1 to interact with and regulate mTORC1 activity. Importantly, ArfGAP1 represses cell growth through mTORC1 and is an independent prognostic factor for the overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Our study identifies ArfGAP1 as a critical regulator of mTORC1 that functions by preventing the lysosomal transport and activation of mTORC1, with potential for cancer therapeutics.
Troubles for alethic indeterminacy

In ‘Alethic undecidability and alethic indeterminacy’, Jay Newhard (2020) proposes what he calls an ‘alethic indeterminacy’ approach to the semantic paradoxes. In this paper, I explore his proposed...
Mechanoadaptation of the bones of mice with high fat diet induced obesity in response to cyclical loading.

Abstract An upward trend in childhood obesity implies a great need to determine its effects, both immediate and long-term. Obesity is osteoprotective in adults, but we know very little about the effects of obesity on the growing skeleton, particularly its ability to adapt to load. The objective of this research is to assess bone mechanoadaptation in adolescent obese mice. Ten mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) from 4 to 16 weeks of age, while a control group of the same size received a normal diet (ND). At 14 weeks of age, right tibiae were cyclically loaded with a 12 N peak load for HFD mice and a 9 N peak load for ND mice three times a week for two weeks, resulting in equal peak strains of about 2500 microstrain. At 16 weeks of age, mice were sacrificed, and tibiae and gonadal fat pads were dissected. Fat pads were weighed as an obesity indicator, and tibiae were imaged with microCT to measure bone structure. The left tibiae (nonloaded) were subsequently decalcified, stained with osmium, and scanned to quantify marrow fat. Results showed that HFD mice had larger tibial cross-sectional areas compared to ND mice, as well as greater marrow adiposity. However, there was no significant difference in the amount of bone adaptation in the cortical or trabecular bone between the two groups. This indicates that the bones of HFD and ND mice adapt equally well to loading.
Women Entrepreneur Journeys from Poverty to Emancipation

This study examines the processes and mechanisms through which entrepreneurship leads to the empowerment and emancipation of women living in poverty. Drawing on the entrepreneuring as emancipation ...
Hybrid Power Management

An engineering discipline denoted as hybrid power management (HPM) has emerged from continuing efforts to increase energy efficiency and reliability of hybrid power systems. HPM is oriented toward integration of diverse electric energy-generating, energy-storing, and energy-consuming devices in optimal configurations for both terrestrial and outer-space applications. The basic concepts of HPM are potentially applicable at power levels ranging from nanowatts to megawatts. Potential applications include terrestrial power-generation, terrestrial transportation, biotechnology, and outer-space power systems. Instances of this discipline at prior stages of development were reported (though not explicitly labeled as HPM) in three prior NASA Tech Briefs articles: "Ultracapacitors Store Energy in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle"(LEW-16876), Vol. 24, No. 4 (April 2000), page 63; "Photovoltaic Power Station With Ultracapacitors for Storage" (LEW-17177), Vol. 27, No. 8 (August 2003), page 38; and "Flasher Powered by Photovoltaic Cells and Ultracapacitors" (LEW-17246), Vol. 24, No. 10 (October 2003), page 37. As the titles of the cited articles indicate, the use of ultracapacitors as energy-storage devices lies at the heart of HPM. An ultracapacitor is an electrochemical energy-storage device, but unlike in a conventional rechargeable electrochemical cell or battery, chemical reactions do not take place during operation. Instead, energy is stored electrostatically at an electrode/electrolyte interface. The capacitance per unit volume of an ultracapacitor is much greater than that of a conventional capacitor because its electrodes have much greater surface area per unit volume and the separation between the electrodes is much smaller. Power-control circuits for ultracapacitors can be simpler than those for batteries, for two reasons: (1) Because of the absence of chemical reactions, charge and discharge currents can be greater than those in batteries, limited only by the electrical resistances of conductors; and (2) whereas the charge level of a battery depends on voltage, temperature, age, and load condition, the charge level of an ultracapacitor, like that of a conventional capacitor, depends only on voltage.
Micro-Credentials, Nano Degrees, and Digital Badges: New Credentials for Global Higher Education

Digital technologies offer myriad access to learning; entree to education is still a necessity for economic success, with access increasingly promoted to those wishing access to furthering their skills (; Pascarella & Terezini, 2005; ). As new technologies and traditional education paradigms have collided, credentialing paradigms have also needed review (; European Association for International Education (EAIA), 2012, 2015; ). Traditionally, academic credentials and professional certifications were awarded as students emerged from education and vocational/technical programs (Ledesma, 2012). By 2015, global higher education institutions were considering validation of knowledge from online learning coursework in one single common, broad-based credentialing platform (EAIA, 2012, 2015). Accreditation for online learning or Massive Open Online Coursework provides challenges for universities to accept and acknowledge learning as credited coursework; awarding credit for different types of educational coursework disrupts higher education's traditional, formal educational processes for financial and educational accountability (; ; ). The challenge for post-secondary institutions is to look at online learning opportunities through a lens of reform and innovation and equally, as an opportunity to increase higher education participation. (; ).
Political Economies of Harmonization: Database Protection and Information Patents

Laws concerning intellectual property have been part and parcel of the international harmonization of commercial law for over a century. With the 1994 TRIPS Agreement, international standards for protecting intellectual property were firmly woven into the larger structure of global economic integration. Since then, there has been continued, rapid development of international legal norms for protecting intellectual property. This paper, however, concerns two areas of intellectual property law that have shown themselves resistant to harmonization: extra-copyright protection of databases and the broader field of information patents. With database protection, the EU moved decisively to create this kind of intellectual property in 1996; half a decade later the US has no such law and protection of databases is uncertain. With information patents,the US provides robust patent protection across the whole range of information patents, while Europe has expressly declined to embrace business method patents and patenting of software inventions remains uncertain. For each of these two areas, this paper offers descriptive lessons about the political realities of intellectual property policy; a normative account of when intellectual property policy should be changed; and, finally, an analysis of how future policy developments in these two areas of intellectual property can and should be held to that higher normative standard.
Argon and nitrogen adsorption on ordered silicas with channel-like and cage-like mesopores: implications for characterization of porous solids

Abstract Argon adsorption isotherms at 77 and 87 K and nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K were measured for ordered silicas, including MCM-41 with channel-like mesopores. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K were also measured for FDU-1 silica with cage-like mesopores. The studies of MCM-41 silicas with a wide range of pore sizes strongly suggest that adsorption branches of isotherms are suitable for the calculation of pore size distributions (PSDs). Moreover, for a given porous solid, similar PSD estimates can be obtained from adsorption branches of isotherms of different gases (nitrogen and argon at 77 K), or the same gas at different temperatures (argon at 77 and 87 K). On the other hand, in cases where adsorption-desorption hysteresis is observed, desorption branches of the isotherms are usually less suitable or even not suitable at all for the PSD determination. However, the desorption branches may provide important information about size of constrictions in the porous structure, as inferred from nitrogen adsorption data for some FDU-1 silicas.
Acute Renal Failure in Pregnancy

Poster Presentation Background Acute renal failure is a rare, life‐threatening complication of severe preeclampsia and hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome (HELLP). This condition occurs in an estimated 1 in 20000 pregnancies. Acute renal failure presents challenges for even the expert nurse. The purpose of this presentation is to assist obstetric nurses in recognizing complications of severe preeclampsia such as acute renal failure and empower them with the knowledge and skills to manage women with this condition to improve outcomes. Case A 25‐year‐old G1P0 woman at 39 weeks gestation arrived in our obstetric triage unit with complaints of a constant headache, visual disturbances, epigastric pain, and contractions for one hour. Initial blood pressure was 190/125 and fetal heart tones were not present on auscultation. After immediate notification to the obstetric (OB) triage attending physician, an intravenous line (IV) was started, lab work was drawn, IV antihypertensive medication was administered, and a magnesium sulfate infusion was started. After evaluation, the woman was diagnosed with an intrauterine fetal demise secondary to superimposed preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. She was admitted to our labor and delivery unit for induction of labor. Within 24 hours of admission, maternal/fetal medicine, nephrology, neurology, and optometry were consulted. During induction, lab work was ordered every 4 hours and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was diagnosed, which required multiple blood transfusions. Urine output was minimal and renal lab values were elevated with an initial creatinine of 1.6 that peaked at 7.6. The woman required the placement of a tunnel catheter and dialysis short term while in the hospital. She continued to have complaints of visual disturbances and was diagnosed with retinal detachment related to DIC and preeclampsia. The woman was discharged one week postpartum on oral antihypertensive medication after her course of dialysis was completed. Conclusion Management of this woman with superimposed preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome with complications of DIC and acute renal failure presented a challenge to our health care team. Management required a multidisciplinary team approach to prevent further deterioration of kidney function and kidney disease. Acute renal failure was identified early by the health care team. The collaboration of the health care team and their ability to utilize each other's knowledge and expertise resulted in the woman being on dialysis short term, restoration of her kidney function, and her discharge on oral antihypertensive medication.
Mean Reversion in Stock Prices in an Emerging Market: Sri Lankan Evidence

This paper examines long-horizon predictability of stock prices in Sri Lanka using 1-4 year real returns on indices for market and industry portfolio during the 1985-97 period. In a model of prices, which contains a random walk component and a slowly decaying transitory price component, which are uncorrelated, the slope of regression of returns of certain period on lagged return of equal length measures the predictable variation of returns. The results show that, consistent with the predictions of the model and findings of previous research, long-horizon returns in Sri Lanka are highly negatively correlated implying mean reversion. Predictable variation in 1-3 year returns is very large in the order of about 50 percent. The results also reliably reject the random walk behaviour of prices.
Molecular mechanism of endothelial growth arrest by laminar shear stress

This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the inhibition of endothelial cell growth by laminar shear stress. Tumor suppressor gene p53 was increased in bovine aortic endothelial cells subjected to 24 h of laminar shear stress at 3 dynes (1 dyne = 10 μN)/cm2 or higher, but not at 1.5 dynes/cm2. One of the mechanisms of the shear-induced increase in p53 is its stabilization after phosphorylation by c-Jun N-terminal kinase. To investigate the consequence of the shear-induced p53 response, we found that prolonged laminar shear stress caused increases of the growth arrest proteins GADD45 (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible protein 45) and p21cip1, as well as a decrease in phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product. Our results suggest that prolonged laminar shear stress causes a sustained p53 activation, which induces the up-regulation of GADD45 and p21cip1. The resulting inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase and hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein lead to endothelial cell cycle arrest. This inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation by laminar shear stress may serve an important homeostatic function by preventing atherogenesis in the straight part of the arterial tree that is constantly subjected to high levels of laminar shearing.
Digital mRNA profiling.

Color-coded probe pairs enable multiplexed gene expression analysis with a sensitivity that rivals PCR-based methods.
Exhaustion, photostability, and photosensitising properties of triazinylaminostilbene fluorescent brightening agents on cotton

Nine triazinylaminostilbene fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs) have been applied to cotton at 0. 05 and 0. 50% o. w. f. nominal concentrations. The influence of functional groups on exhaustion, fading and phototendering were evaluated. Overall, FBAs containing sulphonic acid groups exhibited lower levels of add–on and poorer light fastness compared with the unsulphonated types. Hydroxy groups appeared to increase exhaustion and photostability. Experimental parameters that need to be controlled when comparing the effectiveness and properties of FBAs are also discussed.
Strong dynamical dipole coupling between CO molecules adsorbed at two distinct sites on Cu(100)

Abstract Disproportionate intensity behavior in IR absorption by CO adsorbed at two different sites on a Cu(100) surface has been examined. At saturation coverage (θ s =0.57), for example, less than 5% of the CO molecules, those at the step sites, are responsible for more than 75% of the absorption intensity, while 95% of the CO molecules, those at the on-top terrace sites, account for the remainder. This anomaly arises from transition dipole coupling between the adsorbed molecules at the metal surface, and is quantitatively explained by the Persson/Ryberg model.
Mobility and the Fertility of Wives in an Urban Neighborhood: A Research Note*

This paper examines the relationship between mobility and fertility among women in a low income urban neighborhood. It compares recent movers with long-term residents in one neighborhood with a view toward clarifying the relationship between fertility and intra-urban migration or mobility. Mobility and migration are most often studied on the basis of census data tabulated for the nation as a whole and for the various political subdivisions. Consequently, we know a great deal about the patterns and correlates of moves between and among regions, states, and counties, from rural to urban areas, and from cities to suburbs. The relationship between migration and fertility tends to be discussed in these terms, e.g., the fertility of rural to urban migrants. Although increased attention has been paid to patterns of intra-urban mobility in recent years, the number of studies is limited, (Simmons, 1968; Speare, 1970; Chevan, 1971; Long, 1972) and no well-articulated body of theory has been developed such as that which explains migration in terms of economic "push-pull" factors. Two variables found to be related to mobility in most demographic analyses are age and stage of the family life cycle. Age is highly correlated with mobility, with a peak mobility period occurring in the early twenties (Shryock, 1964). This age effect is compounded by the influence of occupational and family life cycle stage (Lansing and Kish, 1957; Rossi, 1955). Whereas long distance migration appears to be best explained by economic or job-connected reasons, intra-community moves may reflect life cycle changes to a greater extent (Shryock and Larmon, 1965). One theory suggests that residential mobility is most likely to be triggered by a
Separation of tetra-, penta-, and hexaacyl triglycerides by high performance liquid chromatography

Synthetic triglycerides with more than three acyl groups were prepared by forming estolides from triglycerides containing one, two, or three monohydroxy fatty acyl moieties. These tetra-, penta-, and hexaacyl triglycerides were examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). HPLC separation by the number of acyl groups was obtained with both conventional phase and reverse phase columns. In all systems, triglycerides were eluted first, followed in sequence by tetra-, penta-, and hexaacyl triglycerides. Within each glyceride class, further separation occurred due to variations in chain length and degree of unsaturation among the component acids. TLC migration on silica gel was found to be a function of the number of acyl groups and the length of component acid chains.
Interplanetary field enhancements in the solar wind: Statistical properties at 0.72 AU

Abstract A new class of disturbance in the interplanetary magnetic field has been discovered. This disturbance consists of an enhancement in the magnetic field strength lasting tens of minutes to hours. The strength of the enhancement is variable ranging up to over double the background field strength. The peak field pressure can be as high as 10% of the solar wind dynamic pressure. These events occur randomly with respect to the position of the spacecraft relative to Venus but not randomly with respect to Venus solar ecliptic longitude. There is a significant tendency for these events to cluster near certain ecliptic longitudes. The field distortion is often greater in the direction perpendicular to the solar wind flow rather than along it. These characteristics suggest that the source of the disturbances are weakly outgassing objects, possibly dispersed along their orbits such as in meteor streams.