cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments by the guest editor

This special issue of the journal aims to cover important developments on the frontiers of the field of regional science. These developments relate to broad-ranging conceptual thinking, pure abstract analysis, theory, and models designed for existing and realistic collection of new data. The first paper by the editor raises fundamental problems for the development of models in the social sciences and in particular regional science. From a purely (ideally) rigorous standpoint the concepts, assumptions, relationships and other aspects of the different parts of a model should be consistent not only in terms of theoretical structure but also in the utilization of data and interpretation of empirical materials. But this search for the ideal has been the bane of physical sciences in their past development for which both empirically-oriented studies and intuitive leaps were each essential. Physics, in its search for a unified field theory, in its reliance on both partial and general theories, in its joint use of both deterministic (relativity-type) and non-deterministic (quantum) theory, in its need to use a complementarity principle, in its inability to synthesize micro and macro analyses yet require both, in its use in applied work of theories which are always incomplete and generate as many new basic questions as old ones are answered physics involves basic contradictions among its different parts and approaches. Similarly we find in regional science that there is a long and unending journey for a unified theory of development, social processes and behavior; and we must be fully aware that at every point in time practical model work must draw upon many approaches with different theoretical justifications and methods, often involving contradictions in the small. But all this is not talk. In the second article we see the major advance achievable by a pluralistic approach. It involves an empirical application of an integrated multiregion model for Australia. Christine Smith draws upon the integrated multiregion model proposed in the NSF applications put forward by Isard, Boyce et al. (1984), as first published in Isard and Anselin (1982). Her presentation clearly demonstrates that the construction and operation of this model is feasible when the model is restructured to take into account the particular situation of Australia and the available data. In
Automatic thoughts questionnaire: a study of concurrent validity.

To investigate the concurrent validity of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, 82 college students completed this measure, the Repression-Sensitization Scale, Novaco's Anger Inventory, a Pleasant ...
Vortex modeling of single and multiple dilution jet mixing in a cross flow

An analytical model for the behavior of normally injected jets in a crossflow is developed and applied to fluids of differing densities. Central to the model are the dynamics of the vortex pair structure associated with the local jet cross-section and the entrainment of crossflow by jet fluid. Two specific cases are modeled: one involving a single dilution jet in a crossflow, in which trajectories are found to scale primarily with jet-to-crossflow momentum ratio, and the other involving a series of spanwise jets injected into a crossflow, which indicates scaling with momentum ratio and with the spacing-to-orifice-diameter ratio. In the case of multiple jet penetration, however, merging of the jets into an approximately two-dimensional jet downstream of injection is observed for low spacing-to-diameter ratios.
Cupid in Early Modern Literature and Culture. By Jane Kingsley-Smith

Cupid in Early Modern Literature and Culture. By Jane Kingsley-Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), x + 264 pp. $90.00/£55.00 cloth. This well-researched and engaging study examines...
Improving Temporal Coverage of the SWOT Mission Using Spatiotemporal Kriging

The upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will measure water surface elevation, its spatial and temporal derivatives, and inundated area. These observations can be used to estimate river discharge at a global scale. SWOT will measure a given area on mid-latitude rivers two or three times per 22-day repeat cycle. In this paper, we suggest an interpolation-based method of estimating water height for times without SWOT observations (i.e., in between SWOT overpasses). A local space-time ordinary kriging (LSTOK) method is developed. Two sets of synthetic SWOT observations are generated by corrupting two different types of true river height with the instrument error. The true river heights are extracted from: 1) simulation of the LISFLOOD-FP hydrodynamic model, and from 2) in situ gage measurements from five USGS gages. Both of these synthetic SWOT observations datasets are important for the following reasons. The model-based dataset provides a complete spatiotemporal picture of river height that is unavailable from in situ measurements, but neglects the effects of e.g. human management actions on river dynamics. On the other hand, the gage-based dataset samples only five locations on the river (1,050 km in length), but represents all effects of human management, tributaries, or other influences on river heights, which are not included in the model. The results are evaluated by a comparison with truth and simple linear interpolation estimates as a first-guess. The model-based experiment shows the LSTOK recovered the river heights with a mean spatial and temporal root mean square error (RMSE) of 11 cm and 12 cm, respectively; these accuracies show a 46% and 54% improvement compared to the RMSEs of the linear interpolation estimates. The gage-based experiment shows a temporal RMSE of 32 cm on average; the LSTOK estimates show a 23% improvement over the linear interpolation estimates. The degradation in performance of the LSTOK for the gage-based analysis as compared to the model-based analysis is apparently due to the effects of human management on river dynamics. Further work is needed to model the effects of human management, and to extend the analysis to consider river tributaries and the main stem of the river simultaneously.
Electrocardiographic abnormalities and coronary artery calcium for coronary heart disease prediction and reclassification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Background Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and coronary artery calcium (CAC) identify different aspects of subclinical coronary heart disease (CHD). We sought to determine whether ECG abnormalities improve risk prediction for all CHD and fatal CHD events jointly with CAC measures. Methods We included 6,406 men and women from the MESA aged 45 to 84 years who were free of cardiovascular disease at the time of enrollment (2000-2002). We stratified participants by presence of ST-T and Q wave abnormalities: any major, any minor/no major, and no major/minor using the Minnesota Code classifications. CAC score was defined into one of the following strata: 0, 1 to 100, 101 to 300, greater than 300. We created risk prediction models using MESA-specific coefficients for traditional risk factors (RFs) and calculated categorical net reclassification improvement (NRI) for all and fatal CHD. Results Over a median follow-up of 10 years, we observed that the addition of ECG abnormalities to a risk prediction model for all CHD resulted in a categorical NRI of 0.05 ( P = .04). For fatal CHD alone, the addition of ECG abnormalities resulted in categorical NRI of 0.09 ( P = .02). Addition of ECG abnormalities to a model containing RFs and CAC resulted in categorical NRI of 0.02 ( P = .11) for all CHD events. We also observed differences in the association between ECG abnormalities and CHD when stratifying by CAC presence. Conclusion Electrocardiographic abnormalities improved risk prediction for CHD when added to RFs but not when added to CAC. Electrocardiographic abnormalities particularly improved risk prediction for fatal CHD.
Optical imaging of Hsp70 gene expression following thermal laser injury

In the past the effects of laser irradiation upon tissue have been assessed based on structural and macroscopic characteristics such as temperature, pressure and tissue mass removal. However, the effects of laser irradiation on a cellular level are not well understood and it is postulated that cellular injury caused by laser treatment may affect the efficacy of the laser procedure. In this research we have used an alternative method of detecting injury by targeting the heat shock protein (Hsp70). A stable cell line was generated containing the luciferase reporter gene attached to the heat shock protein (Hsp70). After thermal injury luciferase is produced in tandem with the heat shock protein to emit bioluminescence at 563 nm. The luminescence was quantified with a photon counting ICCD camera system. The heat shock to bring about Hsp70 transcription was created by immersing the cells in a water bath or by irradiating the cells with a Holmium:YAG pulsed laser (λ= 2.1 μm, τ p = 250 μs). For the laser experiments, radiant exposures varied from 5 to 30 mJ/mm2 and the number of pulses varied at 15, 25 and 35. The peak expression of luciferase was found to be 3 to 4 hours post heat shock for lower exposures but increase to between 6 and 9 hours if higher radiant energies are used. An experiment was also done to assess to what extent the cellular response to heat followed the Arrhenius rate process.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental investigation of the stability of the laminar supersonic cone wake

An instability investigation was carried out in the wake of a 7° half angle, sharp cone suspended magnetically. Hot-wire fluctuation measurements were made in the wake for a range of Reynolds numbers and at a Mach number 4.3. These measurements indicated a completely stable near wake at Remd = 51,600 and large amplification of small disturbances at Remd = 61,900. The amplified waves were highly concentrated with respect to frequency, with a number of pronounced harmonics being present. Amplitude and phase measurements of the spectral components indicated that the instability process fits within the framework of linear stability theory as formulated by Gold, with each mode having a wavefront shaped like a circular helix. It appears that each succeeding mode has an additional thread in the helical wavefront. However, the measured fundamental oscillation has a larger amplification rate and a much lower frequency than predicted by Gold's theory. In addition, weak nonlinear interactions were observed, which grow stronger with downstream position.
A New Integrated Design and Fabrication Process for Profiled Edge Laminae (PEL) Tooling

Profiled Edge Laminae (PEL) tooling is a thick-layer Rapid Tooling (RT) method that was developed a decade ago. Even with demonstrable advantages for large-scale tool applications over conventional CNC-machining of a solid billet and other commercially available RT methods, PEL tooling has not seen widespread use by industry because prior research related to laminated tooling has (1) focused on small-scale tools and perpendicular laser-cutting that required extensive surface finishing, and (2) there is no integrated and practical design and fabrication approach to tooling development. This paper describes a more streamlined and integrated approach to PEL tooling development, called the PEL Process, that builds upon prior work in this area. Critical components of the process that are described in detail include how to obtain lamina slicing information directly from a CAD model of the intended tool surface, how to measure dimensional errors between the PEL and CAD tool surfaces, and improved Abrasive Waterjet cutting trajectory and laminae slicing algorithms. The PEL Process is then demonstrated for the design and fabrication of aluminum PEL tooling used for hydroforming aircraft sheet metal components.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Freudian Principles in Everyday Life

An exercise helps students appreciate the extent of Sigmund Freud's influence on modern American culture. Students indicate their agreement or disagreement with 15 statements reflecting the traditi...
Distinct cloned class II MHC DNA binding proteins recognize the X box transcription element

The class II (Ia) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are a family of integral membrane proteins whose expression is limited to certain cell types. A pair of consensus sequences, X and Y, is found upstream of all class II genes, and deletion of each of these sequences eliminates expression of transfected genes. Furthermore, the absence of a specific X box binding protein in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease whose cells lack class II suggests an important role for these proteins in class II regulation. Here, the cloning of two lambda gt11 complementary DNAs encoding DNA binding proteins (murine X box binding proteins lambda mXBP and lambda mXBP-2) is reported. Both phage-encoded fusion proteins bind specifically to the X box of the A alpha, but not to E alpha or E beta class II genes. These two independent isolates do not cross-hybridize. The lambda mXBP complementary DNA hybridizes to two RNA species, 6.2 and 3.0 kilobases in mouse, that are expressed in both Ia positive and Ia negative cells. By means of DNA blot analysis with the lambda mXBP complementary DNA insert and probes generated from each end of this complementary DNA insert, lambda mXBP was found to arise from a multigene family. These data illustrate the high degree of complexity in the transcriptional control of this coordinately regulated gene family.
Hardware and software in biology: Simultaneous origin of proteins and nucleic acids via hydrogen cyanide polymers

Hydrogen cyanide polymers—heterogeneous solids varying in color from yellow to orange to red to black—may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the solar system. Current studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures readily converted by water to polypeptides. Implications for prebiotic chemistry are profound. Primitive Earth may have been covered by HCN polymers as well as other organic compounds, either through bolide bombardment or by photochemical reactions in a reducing atmosphere. Membrane material—carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, polypeptides—accumulated in lakes and oceans, while in the absence of water, on land, polyamidines could have been the original dehydrating agents directing the synthesis of nucleosides and nucleotides from available sugars, phosphates and nitrogen bases. Most significant would have been the parallel synthesis of polypeptides and polynucleotides ariaing from the dehydrating action of polyamidines on nucleotides. Metabolic material—hardware—thus arose separately from genetic components—software—with subsequent interfacting producing the first replicating protocells.
Schwann cell injury is attenuated by aldose reductase inhibition in galactose intoxication

Four months of galactose intoxication induces a dose-dependent osmotic imbalance of the nerve microenvironment characterized by polyol, water, and electrolyte accumulation. Recently, dose-dependent cellular lesions have been described in the sciatic nerves of galactose-intoxicated rats. The present study was designed to demonstrate that the cell injury and endoneurial osmotic imbalance in galactose intoxication are dependent on the subsequent metabolism of galactose by the polyol pathway. Three groups of age-matched, female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control diet or diets containing complete micronutrient supplements with 40% galactose or 40% galactose and 0.04% Ponalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI). After 4 to 5 months, sciatic nerves were analyzed for polyol, water and endoneurial electrolyte content and processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Ponalrestat prevented myo- inositol depletion and accumulations of dulcitol, water and endoneurial fluid electrolytes. Axonal size-frequency histograms revealed that Ponalrestat attentuated the shift toward smaller fibers and the decrease in mean axonal diameter seen in untreated galactose-fed rats. Electron microscopic examination showed widespread reactive and degenerative changes in Schwann cells of galactose-intoxicated rats that culminated in cytoplasmic disintegration. Quantitative electron microscopy revealed that ARI treatment significantly reduced the incidence of abnormal Schwann cells. These observations indicate that the osmotic imbalance and cell injury seen in galactose intoxication are dependent on the metabolism of galactose by the polyol pathway.
Inhibition of myosin ATPase activity by human myasthenia gravis antibodies reactive with the acetylcholine receptor

Antibodies, obtained from myasthenia gravis patients, with reactivity for an immunodominant region of the nieotinic acetylcholine receptor were found to also react with muscle myosin. Since amino acid sequence analyses have previously suggested possible serological relationships between AChR and a head region sequence of myosin heavy chain, cross-reactive antibodies were examined for their ability to interfere with ATPase activities associated with this region of myosin. Results indicated that AChR-specific antibodies purified from MG patient serum by binding to and elution from antigen columns were found to inhibit Ca2+-dependent, myosin-associated ATPase activity; interestingly, this inhibition appeared to be relatively selective in that neither K+(EDTA)-dependent nor Mg2+-dependent ATPase activities were sensitive to antibody-mediated interference.
Permeation of water through poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and related polymers: Temperature effects

Abstract Hydrogels of varying water content were prepared to investigate the relationship between water content and diffusion coefficient. Poly(methoxyethyl methacrylate) (pMEMA), poly(methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate) (pMEEMA) and copolymers of MEMA and MEEMA with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) were formulated to give hydrogels with water contents ranging from approximately 3% to 63%. The results of the diffusion experiments were examined in light of a free volume model of diffusive transport. Excellent theoretical-experimental correlation was obtained for the hydrogels and temperatures used in this study. This model was used also to correct for the effects of temperature on gel swelling. Arrhenius activation energies obtained using this correction approach the activation energy for tritiated water in pure water as gel hydration increases.
Biological significance of the expression of HIV-related chemokine coreceptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) and their ligands by human hematopoietic cell lines.

Biological significance of the expression of HIV-related chemokine coreceptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) and their ligands by human hematopoietic cell lines
Composition in circular sound space: Migration 12-channel electronic music (1995-97)

How does production and spatial environment shape the aesthetics of electroacoustic music? Can the physical space, technology and network of relationships associated with studio activities environment be deeply embedded in the actual composition itself? Using my 12-channel electronic piece Migration as an example, this article demonstrates how the ‘materiality’ of the former Studio fur Elektronische Musik of the WDR Radio, Cologne, Germany influenced the conception of ‘circular sound space’. Space in electroacoustic music is considered as embodiment of gestural experience driven by performance and composition. The discussion gives insights into the development of circular approaches of sound space in relationship to analogue and digital machinery. Particular attention is paid to the correlation between sound synthesis and sound space as a structuring principle of multi-channel electroacoustic music composition.
Nitrous oxide decomposition and surface oxygen formation on Fe-ZSM-5

Abstract An investigation was conducted of the decomposition of N 2 O over Fe-ZSM-5. The zeolite used in this study was prepared with Fe and Al in the framework and is designated as Fe/Al-MFI (Si/Al=84 and Fe/Al=0.38). The as-prepared material was then calcined to remove the templating agent and pretreated at temperatures up to 1123 K. EXAFS characterization of the pretreated catalyst indicates that Fe is present as isolated Fe cations at cation-exhchange sites associated with framework Al. Above 548 K, N 2 O decomposes stoichiometrically to N 2 and O 2 , but below 548 K, N 2 O decomposes to adsorbed oxygen and gas-phase N 2 . Surface oxygen loadings are in the range of O/Fe total =0.10–0.14. For the stoichiometric decomposition of N 2 O to N 2 and O 2 , the calculated values of the apparent activation energy and the preexponential factor are 44.2 kcal/mol and 9.9×10 8 mol N 2 O/(s mol Fe total Pa N 2 O), respectively. The first step in the overall decomposition sequence is the dissociative adsorption of N 2 O to produce N 2 and an adsorbed O atom. The activation energy for this step is 16.8 kcal/mol and the preexponential factor is 1.4×10 1 mol N 2 O/(s mol Fe total Pa N 2 O). The desorption of O 2 from iron sites occurs with an apparent activation energy of 45.7 kcal/mol and a preexponential factor of 8.9×10 12 mol O 2 /(s mol Fe total ).
Voltage dips and flicker

POWER SYSTEMS of electrical utilities are nominally constant-speed (mechanical) and constant-voltage (electric) types of system. Therefore, the degree to which these two quantities are maintained constant at all times determines the quality of service supplied by the utility. Changes in mechanical torques and in electric currents on the system cause deviations from normal speed and voltage. Adjustments in input to prime movers, in excitation of synchronous machines, and in ratio of transformation are required to restore balance on the system with normal speed and voltage. Large capital investments are made by the utilities for equipment designed for automatic control of speed and voltage. All such equipment has an inherent time-delay characteristic. First, a deviation from normal value must take place before the need for correction is detected by the regulating device. Then, the corrective action must be damped or delayed enough to prevent oscillations. The magnitude of the controlled quantity is held within a band between a minimum and a maximum value for relatively slow changes of loading.
Commercial Drivers' Health: A Naturalistic Study of Body Mass Index, Fatigue, and Involvement in Safety-Critical Events

Objective: To explore the relation of commercial truck drivers' body mass indexex (BMI) to fatigued driving episodes and involvement in safety-critical events. Methods: One hundred and three professional truck drivers participated in a long-term naturalistic (on-road) driving study whereby vehicle motion data as well as video of the driver and driving environment were gathered continuously. This data set was analyzed to identify safety-critical events as well as fatigued driving episodes using two independent measures of fatigue. Odds ratio analyses were then performed to explore the relative risk of driving while fatigued and involvement in safety-critical events based on driver's BMI classification (obese versus non-obese). Results: Results indicated that of the 103 participating truck drivers, 53.4 percent were obese based on BMI. Odds ratio calculations revealed that obese individuals were between 1.22 (CI = 1.03–1.45) and 1.69 times (CI = 1.32–2.18) more likely than non-obese individuals to be rated ...
Role of electrostatics and salt bridges in stabilizing the compound I radical in ascorbate peroxidase.

Cytochrome c (CcP) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are heme peroxidases which have very similar active site structures yet differ substantially in the properties of compound I, the intermediate form...
Iron(II) complexes of sterically bulky α-ketocarboxylates. Structural models for α-ketoacid-dependent nonheme iron halogenases

Reaction of the sterically hindered alpha-ketocarboxylate 2,6-di(mesityl)benzoylformate (MesBF) with the iron(II) complexes LFeCl 2 [L = N, N, N', N'-tetramethylpropylenediamine (Me 4pda) or 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmby)] yielded LFe(Cl)(MesBF) ( 1 or 2). X-ray crystal structures of these complexes showed that they closely model the active site structure of the nonheme iron halogenase enzyme SyrB2. A similar synthetic procedure using benzoylformate with L = dmby yielded (dmby)Fe[(O 2CC(O)Ph)] 2 ( 3) instead, demonstrating the need for the sterically hindered alpha-ketocarboxylate to assemble the halogenase model compounds. In order to make reactivity comparisons among the structurally related iron(II) complexes of benzoylformates of varying steric properties, the complexes [LFe(O 2CC(O)Ar)] n ( 4- 6) were prepared, where L' = tris(pyridylmethyl)amine (tpa) and Ar = 2,6-dimesitylphenyl, 2,6-di p-tolylphenyl, or 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, respectively. X-ray structures for the latter two cases ( 5 and 6) revealed dinuclear topologies ( n = 2), but UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy indicated that all three complexes dissociated in varying degrees to monomers in CH 2Cl 2 solution. Although compounds 1- 6 were oxidized by O 2, oxidative decarboxylation of the alpha-ketocarboxylate ligand(s) only occurred for 3. These results indicate that the steric hindrance useful for structural modeling of the halogenase active site prohibits functional mimicry of the enzyme.
Engaging youth in community change: three key implementation principles

Youth are an often untapped but potent resource for community change. To engage youth in community change coalitions requires more time, resources, and intentionality than many anticipate, making i...
Spatial distribution of livestock in Pakistan

Abstract Livestock are of vital importance in the rural economy of Pakistan. However, there are marked regional variations in the emphasis placed on the different livestock enterprises. Recognition of these variations is the basic objective of this study. From the standpoint of cattle breeding, the ranking of the animals permits an understanding of the livestock holders' preferences for different types of animals to raise in different areas. To focus on the regional variations in the livestock patterns in Pakistan, the livestock combination areas have been established. Any program which may be introduced for the improvement of animal industry in Pakistan should take cognizance of such regionalization.
Mediators of the ocular inflammatory response to interleukin-1β plus tumor necrosis factor-α

• Background: Intravitreal injection of marginally inflammatory doses of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (IL-1 β/TNFα) has been shown to produce intraocular inflammation distinctly different from that induced by higher intravitreal doses of either IL-1 or TNFα. Since cyclooxygenase inhibitors and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-receptor antagonists can reduce IL-1- or TNFα-induced uveitis, the present investigation was undertaken to determine whether cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid and PAF are important mediators of IL-1β/TNFα-induced uveitis. • Methods: The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin and two structurally dissimilar PAF-receptor antagonists, SRI 63-441 and WEB 2086, were used to investigate the importance of cyclooxygenase metabolites and PAF in IL-1β/TNFα-induced uveitis. • Results: Based upon the effectiveness of indomethacin, the anterior uveitis induced by IL-1β/TNFα could be divided into two phases; a primary phase dependent upon generation of cyclooxygenase metabolites (the first 24 h) and a secondary phase largely independent of cyclooxygenase metabolite production (24–48 h). Posterior uveitis was also apparent at 48 h and was reduced by indomethacin. SRI 63-441 reduced the anterior uveitis at 24 h and to a lesser extent at 48 h; it also reduced the posterior uveitis at 48 h. However, although WEB 2086 was as effective as SRI 63-441 in reducing PAF-induced platelet aggregation, ex vivo, it did not significantly reduce IL-1β/TNFα-induced uveitis. • Conclusions: Although the findings do not support an important role for PAF in TNFa/IL-1β-induced uveitis, it cannot be ruled out that more intensive treatment with a specific and long-acting PAF-receptor antagonist might yield more positive results.
Psychotherapeutic Rehabilitation Program “111”

A psychotherapeutic program is presented that has been found to be relatively effective on a large psychiatric ward having a typical variety of chronic male adult patients. The program design lends itself to adaptation for a wide variety of settings. It is founded on six basic principles and emphasizes patient-responsibility both for the individual and for group interaction and decision. Individual ground privileges, cash allowances, passes and discharge steps are based on the degree and effectiveness of the individual's responsibility that is demonstrated which is rated by the groups of patients. Some ratings are automatically modified in accordance with set standards, and ground privileges, passes and discharges are subject to staff approval.
Potential factors that may promote successful cognitive aging

Correspondence: David E Vance Center for Nursing Research, School of Nursing, Room 1019F, 1701 University Boulevard, and Edward R Roybal Center for Translational Research in Aging and Mobility, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294-1210, USA Tel +1 205 934 7589 Fax +1 205 996 7183 Email devance@uab.edu Abstract: With the unprecedented number of older adults worldwide, it is important to consider ways of facilitating successful cognitive aging. One way to think of this is by augmenting or bolstering cognitive reserve. Loosely defined, cognitive reserve is considered a neurological reservoir that can be depleted by physiological insults (eg, white matter hyperintensities, oxidative stress) to the brain but yet maintain optimal cognitive functioning. Cognitive reserve is built up or depleted by processes of positive and negative neuroplasticity, respectively. Lifestyle factors such as physical exercise (+), mental stimulation (+), good sleep hygiene (+), substance abuse (-), sedentary lifestyle (-), chronic stress and depression (-), social isolation (-), and poor health (-) can either promote or discourage positive and negative neuroplasticity, which in turn impacts cognitive reserve. Nurses are encouraged to understand these processes so they can help facilitate successful cognitive aging in their patients.
The Peremptory Challenge Accused of Race or Gender Discrimination? Some Data from One County

Some view the peremptory challenge as crucial to a fair jury selection process, whereas for others, it is a tool for invidious race or gender discrimination. Nevertheless, debates utilize little empirical data regarding uses of this challenge. Data are reported from observation of a small number of criminal trials in one, largely biracial southeastern county. In the aggregate, there was no association between race and selection for a jury, and only a modest relationship for gender and selection. However, the null finding for race masks a pattern of strikes by each party: When dismissed, Whites were likely to be excused by the defense, and African Americans by the state. A trial-by-trial analysis showed that when disparities between venire and jury composition existed, the direction usually pointed to overrepresentation of African Americans and women on juries. Despite limited generalizability, the data suggest the need for a more informed debate about the peremptory challenge's use in modern criminal trials.
School Board Election Structure and Democratic Representation

Policies governing the organization and timing of school elections affect democratic representation in school decision making. Some argue that school board elections should be consolidated with general municipal elections on the grounds that this will increase participation and representation, but little empirical work addresses the consequences of policy change. This article presents analyses of voter representation and school decision making in consolidated and special school elections in four Michigan cities. These analyses indicate that consolidating elections may lead to increased voter turnout and to changes in the composition of the voting population.
Stability of an elastic circular tube of arbitrary wall thickness subjected to an external pressure

Abstract In the last decade it became clear that the loss of stability may occur not only in slender but in thick and thick-walled bodies as well. In the present paper the stability of an infinitely long circular cylinder of arbitrary wall thickness is investigated. The material of the cylinder is taken as incompressible and the cylinder is subjected to an external pressure. On a finite symmetric deformation of the cylinder is superposed a secondary infinitesimal deformation depending on the radial and hoop coordinates. A system of three coupled second order partial differential equations is obtained for three unknown functions, which is solved by the Frobenius series method. A nontrivial fulfillment of the boundary conditions leads to a characteristic equation for a deformation parameter. An approximate two term solution assuming Neo-Hookean material is analyzed. In the limit case of a thin shell the critical outer pressure is found to be in agreement with the known classical result. A numerical analysis for thick shells is also given.
Entitling Kenneth Burke

In The New York Times Book Review of March 15, 1981, Richard Kostelanetz described Kenneth Burke as "implacably American," citing in evidence Harold Bloom's earlier assertion that Burke was "the strongest living representative of the American Critical tradition, and perhaps the largest single source of that tradition since its founder, Ralph Waldo Emerson" (1 1). Others too have seen Burke as vintage American: Merle Brown, for example, who wrote sixteen years ago that Burke, like John Dewey and Van Wyck Brooks, was clearly the man of the American 20s who sought to close the gap he saw widening then between the specialists and the masses (8-9);' and, more recently, Bloom's Yale colleague Angus Fletcher, who, in his English Institute essay, sees Burke as the American individualist and romantic hero:
Effect of Aortic Constriction on Renin Secretion in Normal and Hypophysectomized Dogs

Changes in arterial plasma renin activity produced by constriction of the abdominal aorta proximal to the origin of the renal arteries were studied in 6 acutely hypophysectomized dogs and 6 nonhypophysectomized control dogs. Constriction of the aorta increased plasma renin levels in intact dogs from 3.2 ± 1.2 to 8.7 ± 1.8 mμg/ml of plasma [mean ± se; method of Skinner et al. (1)]. In the hypophysectomized dogs, the values increased from 3.3 ± 1.5 to 9.7 ± 2.3 mμg/ml. The differences between the intact and hypophysectomized dogs are not statistically significant. The results suggest that hypophysectomy has no short-term effect on renin secretion in response to constriction of the aorta. (Endocrinology 81: 1413, 1967)
Chemical and explosive detections using photo-acoustic effect and quantum cascade lasers

Photoacoustic (PA) effect is a sensitive spectroscopic technique for chemical sensing. In recent years, with the development of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs), significant progress has been achieved for PA sensing applications. Using high-power, tunable mid-IR QCLs as laser sources, PA chemical sensor systems have demonstrated parts-pertrillion- level detection sensitivity. Many of these high sensitivity measurements were demonstrated locally in PA cells. Recently, we have demonstrated standoff PA detection of isopropanol vapor for more than 41 feet distance using a quantum cascade laser and a microphone with acoustic reflectors. We also further demonstrated solid phase TNT detections at a standoff distance of 8 feet. To further calibrate the detection sensitivity, we use nerve gas simulants that were generated and calibrated by a commercial vapor generator. Standoff detection of gas samples with calibrated concentration of 2.3 ppm was achieved at a detection distance of more than 2 feet. An extended detection distance up to 14 feet was observed for a higher gas concentration of 13.9 ppm. For field operations, array of microphones and microphone-reflector pairs can be utilized to achieve noise rejection and signal enhancement. We have experimentally demonstrated that the signal and noise spectra of the 4 microphone/4 reflector system with a combined SNR of 12.48 dB. For the 16-microphone and one reflector case, an SNR of 17.82 was achieved. These successful chemical sensing demonstrations will likely create new demands for widely tunable QCLs with ultralow threshold (for local fire-alarm size detection systems) and high-power (for standoff detection systems) performances.
SU-E-I-12: Characterization of Edge Effects in a Commercial Low-Dose Image Processing System

Purpose: Minimizing radiation dose while preserving image quality is critical in fluoroscopic imaging. One recent development is a noise reduction system (Allura Clarity) offered by Philips. Others have reported approximately 50% reduction in air kerma when using Clarity. These studies, however, provide only a cursory look at how the Clarity system affects image quality. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of Clarity on the appearance of high-frequency image information. Methods: A lead attenuator with a smooth edge was imaged on two Philips Allura FD20 detectors: one with Clarity and one without. The edge was positioned in the center of the field of view and images were obtained under the following conditions: 40cm and 11cm fields of view, single shot and continuous fluoroscopy modes, and using abdomen and cardiac protocols, for a total of sixteen imaging conditions. Profiles were drawn perpendicular to the edge across 80% of its length, averaged to reduce noise, normalized to the maximum pixel value, and plotted as a function of distance. Results: For all single-shot acquisitions and most fluoroscopic images, overshoot of the edge was observed. This effect was more substantial for single-shot acquisitions (∼20%) than for fluoroscopic images (∼50%). For fluoroscopic acquisition, the overshoot decayed more quickly with the Clarity system. However, the system with Clarity introduced a ringing effect for both single-shot and fluoroscopic images that is not present on the non-Clarity system. Conclusion: Previous reports have demonstrated a substantial dose reduction when using Clarity but the impact this has on image appearance has not been characterized. One demonstrated difference is the change in appearance of high-frequency image information. It remains to be determined whether this effect may impact clinical images adversely.
From electric field-induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) to electro-optic measurements of nonlinear chromophores

Experimental measurements of molecular hyperpolarizabilities can be useful in two ways. First, they allow comparison between different chromophores, so that structure-function relationships can be understood and increasingly nonlinear compounds synthesized. This application requires only good relative measurements. The second and ultimately more important application is prediction of the macroscopic nonlinear optical properties of custom materials. The latter application requires accurate absolute values for the molecular parameters. Examples of both types of comparisons are discussed below. We describe experimental measurements on several types of nonlinear optical chromophores, and the choice of conventions and reference standards that leads to accurate predictions of electro- optic coefficients in poled polymers. The degree to which nonlinearity and thermal stability are correlated is also discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dermatologie prescriptions requiring compounding

Dermatologists responding to a mail survey supplied 520 prescriptions as examples of prescriptions requiring compounding. A total of 195 different ingredients were used, with an average of 2.5 ingredients per prescription. Anti-inflammatory agents were most frequently used. Brand-name medications were frequently incorporated with other ingredients.
Effect of hormone treatments on chick oviduct β-N-acetylglucosaminidase isozymes and other acid hydrolases

Abstract The effects of several hormone treatments on chick oviduct acid hydrolases were studied; including the effect of those treatments on the isozymes of β- N -acetylglucosaminidase. Chicks were treated for 10 days with diethylstilbestrol after which they were treated with progesterone alone, diethylstilbestrol alone, progesterone and diethylstilbestrol, or withdrawn from all hormone treatment. Protease and acid phosphatase were increased four- to fivefold upon hormone withdrawal, but they were not increased by any of the other treatments. β- N -Acetylglucosaminidase, however, increased fourfold upon hormone withdrawal and progesterone alone or progesterone and diethylstilbestrol treatment. In addition to the increase in β- N -acetylglucosaminidase activity, isozyme II increased from 20 to 35% of the total activity upon withdrawal (but not the other treatments). Isozyme I is the only form of the enzyme found in egg white.
Activation of subendocardial Purkinje fibers and muscle fibers of the left septal surface before and after left bundle branch block

Abstract Through utilization of a technique developed in this laboratory it has been possible to study the sequence of activation of the Purkinje fibers and muscle fibers beneath the endocardium of the left interventricular septal surface at the same 21 specific points before and after left bundle branch block (LBBB). It has been demonstrated that activation of the Purkinje system (P) at a specific point on the septum precedes that of the adjacent muscle fibers both before and after LBBB. It is concluded, therefore, that activation of the muscle fibers of the left septal surface is a direct result of excitation spreading to these fibers from the subendocardial Purkinje network both before and after LBBB. After LBBB the time required for complete activation of the left septal surface is considerably less than the control value; this finding is consistent with the concept that, after LBBB, activity spreads within the homolateral subendocardial Purkinje system, which has been activated simultaneously at multiple points, and then spreads to the adjacent muscle fibers of the left septal surface. Representative recordings from all points on the specialized conducting system (SCS) have been presented, including bipolar electrograms from the bundle of His (BH), right bundle branch (RBB), right Purkinje-papillary junction (RPPJ), free-running Purkinje fibers which extend from the base of the right anterior papillary muscle to the endocardium of the wall of the right ventricle (FRP), left bundle branch (LBB), anterior false tendon of the left ventricle (AFT), left anterior Purkinje-papillary junction (LAPPJ), and peripheral Purkinje fibers of the left septal surface at multiple sites (P). In order to facilitate the orderly presentation of data, a system of nomenclature based on the abbreviation for each of the anatomic points from which electrical potentials are recorded has been suggested for use in studying the specialized conducting system (SCS) of the heart.
Hierarchical semantic organization in 6-year-olds

Abstract Fifty-eight first graders saw eight pictures of things familiar to them. Subsequently they attempted to recall each picture given as retrieval cues the corresponding noun and four other words. Each set of cue words mapped onto a tree-like, class-inclusion structure. Five predictions based on a model of semantic distance in the structure were confirmed. Contrary to what might have been expected from previous research, the results suggest that class-inclusion hierarchies can serve as the functional basis for retrieving information in children as young as 6 years old.
Gastrointestinal tumors in children: An analysis of 39 cases

Background: Gastrointestinal tumors are relatively uncommon in infants and children, and the histologic diagnoses differ from those seen in an adult practice. Furthermore, the clinical presentation of such tumors is quite variable. Methods: We reviewed the records of 39 pediatric patients who had been treated for tumors of the alimentary tract at our hospital over the past 20 years. The symptoms, physical findings, treatments, and outcomes are tabulated and discussed. Results: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was the predominant diagnosis. It was found in 22 children, and the survival rate was 60%. Other malignant tumors found in this pediatric series included colorectal carcinoma in four patients and gastric leiomyosarcoma in one. The outcomes of these patients were poor; four of the children have died, and one girl remains alive with extensive disease. Benign lesions included neurogenic tumors (n=5), inflammatory pseudotumors (n=3), hemangiomas (n=2), teratoma and carcinoid (n=1 each). These tumors were ultimately cured, with one exception, after surgical resection. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal tumors in children cover a broad spectrum of benign and malignant varieties and stem from conditions that differ significantly from those observed in adults. While treatment varies according to diagnosis, most patients respond best to complete resection of the primary tumor.
“Give Me Enbrel™ or Give Me Death”: Confronting the Limits of Autonomy

A 40-year-old man presents with plaque psoriasis limited to the hairline, elbows and knees. He is troubled by the cosmetic appearance but dislikes the greasy feel of topical medications as well as the need for regular application to control the disease. He also complains of right knee pain when he jogs. His father had severe psoriasis that limited his career in public relations. He has heard about etanercept (Enbrel™, Wyeth Amgen) and adalimumab (Humira™, Abbott) in media advertisements and wants a prescription for one of these biologics because of their published efficacy and infrequent administration.