cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of radio occultation for long‐term tropopause studies: Uncertainties, biases, and instabilities

[1] Research suggests that changes in tropopause structure can both indicate and impact changes in the global climate system. The Global Positioning System radio occultation (RO) technique shows tremendous potential for monitoring the global tropopause because of its precision, temporal consistency, and global measurement density. This study examines the capability of RO to monitor the global tropopause by addressing three specific objectives: (1) quantify sources of uncertainty in individual RO tropopause measurements, (2) examine mean bias and long-term stability of RO tropopause parameters with respect to those obtained from radiosondes, and (3) distinguish between differences due to processing and RO instrument differences by comparing tropopause parameters from different RO products. In this study, we make use of data from four different RO missions, including the recent Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC). RO tropopause uncertainty is shown to be largely due to the use of a highly nonlinear tropopause definition (1.6 K or 510 m), although uncertainties in the RO derived temperature profiles themselves (0.25 K or 75 m) are still significant. Global mean temperature and height biases between RO instruments and radiosondes are within 0.5 K and 75 m. One long-term RO data set examined in this study appeared to contain spurious temperature trends, but these have since been corrected. Tropopause measurements from different RO instruments are generally within 41 m and 0.1 K for the globe. Dissimilarly processed temperature data, however, can differ by as much as 2 K in the mean. These results confirm the precision of RO data, but also demonstrate the importance of consistent processing for long-term tropopause temperature studies. Tropopause height data do not appear to be significantly affected by the differences in processing examined in this study.
Intake Limitations, Feeding Behavior, and Rumen Function of Cows Challenged with Rumen Fill from Dietary Fiber or Inert Bulk

Abstract Twelve multiparous, rumen, cannulated cows (17 DIM) were fed 25 or 35% NDF diets without or with added rumen-inert bulk as water-filled plastic containers (500 ml each) within three 4 × 4 Latin squares (21-d periods). Added bulk equaled 25% of pretrial rumen volume for each cow. Objectives were to challenge cows with rumen fill in the form of dietary NDF and inert bulk to determine whether bulk affects intake similarly for diets of different NDF content of whether changes in behavior or rumen function allow cows to adapt to higher fill. Inert bulk had no effect on DMI for cows fed 25% NDF but decreased DMI for cows fed 35% NDF (18.7 vs. 16.6 kg/d). Volume of rumen digesta plus inert bulk, 102 L, was similar for 35% NDF treatment regardless of presence or absence inert bulk. Additional NDF or inert bulk increased the number of ruminating bouts per day, chewing time per unit of DMI or NDF intake, frequency of reticular contractions during rumination, and fractional passage rate of NDF from the rumen. Although these changes may help to alleviate fill, they were insufficient to maintain intake under conditions of high fill. Intake by cows receiving high fiber diets can be limited by reticulorumen capacity. Future study is required to determine the effect of rumen fiber digestion, fiber particle size, and animal characteristics on fill-limited intake.
Differential effects of morphine on the rates of dopamine turnover in the neural and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary gland.

Abstract The acute adminstration of morphine to male rats decreased the rate of dopamine turnover in the median eminence and in the neural lobe of the pituitary, but was without effect in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. Pretreatment with the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, reduced the effects of morphine. These results indicate that morphine, by acting on opiate receptors, inhibits the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons that terminate in the median eminence and those tuberohyphysial dopaminergic neurons that terminate in the neural lobe of the pituitary.
Oculomotor strategies and their effect on reducing gaze position error.

Objective: Vestibular adaptation exercises have been shown to improve gaze stability during active head rotation in individuals with vestibular hypofunction. Little is known, however, of the types of eye movements used during passive head rotation and their effect on gaze stability in individuals with vestibular hypofunction. The primary purpose of this study was to determine differences in oculomotor strategies and their effect on stabilizing gaze during ipsilesional passive and active head rotations in vestibular hypofunction. Patients: Subjects with unilateral (n = 4) and bilateral (n = 3) vestibular hypofunction and healthy subjects (n = 4) based on bithermal caloric and rotational chair testing. Intervention: Diagnostic. Main Outcome Measure: Head and eye velocity and position data measured with scleral search coil. Results: Subjects with unilateral and bilateral vestibular hypofunction generated 3 types of gaze-stabilizing eye movements with ipsilesional head impulses: slow vestibular ocular reflex, compensatory, and corrective saccades. The types of eye movements generated during active and passive head impulses were highly individualized. Gaze position error was reduced when compensatory saccades were recruited as part of the gaze-stabilizing strategy. Conclusion: Rehabilitation for individuals with vestibular hypofunction should identify individuals' unique gaze stability preferences and attempt to facilitate compensatory saccades.
Work Centrality in Germany, Israel, Japan, and the United States:

An attempt was made to ascertain the meaning of work variables affecting work centrality in Germany, Israel, Japan, and the United States. Expressive orientation and the societal norms of obligation were found to affect work centrality consistently. Females in these countries assigned less importance to work centrality than did males; educational level also contributed negatively to work central ity. The remaining variables were less consistent yet strong predic tors of work centrality. Interpersonal relations had a negative impact on work centrality in Japan and the United States but were not significant in Germany and Israel. Instrumental orientation was a negative predictor in three countries, Germany being the exception, as was entitlement, with the exception of Israel. Finally, actual income had a positive influence on work centrality in Japan and Israel, a negative one in Germany, and none in the United States. Various cultural dimensions are presented to account for these findings.
Single-molecule colocalization FRET evidence that spliceosome activation precedes stable approach of 5′ splice site and branch site

Removal of introns from the precursors to messenger RNA (pre-mRNAs) requires close apposition of intron ends by the spliceosome, but when and how apposition occurs is unclear. We investigated the process by which intron ends are brought together using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer together with colocalization single-molecule spectroscopy, a combination of methods that can directly reveal how conformational transitions in macromolecular machines are coupled to specific assembly and disassembly events. The FRET measurements suggest that the 5′ splice site and branch site remain physically separated throughout spliceosome assembly, and only approach one another after the spliceosome is activated for catalysis, at which time the pre-mRNA becomes highly dynamic. Separation of the sites of chemistry until very late in the splicing pathway may be crucial for preventing splicing at incorrect sites.
Economic Analysis of Ethanol Production in California Using Traditional and Innovative Feedstock Supplies

In this article, we estimate the costs of using alternative feedstocks to produce ethanol in a 40 million-gal facility in California’s San Joaquin Valley. Feedstocks include corn imported from Midwestern states and locally grown agricultural products such as corn, grapes, raisins, oranges, and other tree fruits. The estimated feedstock costs per gallon of ethanol include $0.92 for Midwestern corn, $1.21 for locally grown corn, $6.79 for grapes, $3.36 for raisins, $3.92 for citrus, and $1.42 for other tree fruit. Adjusting for coproduct values lowers the estimated net feedstock costs to $0.67/gal of ethanol for Midwestern corn, $0.96 for locally grown corn, $6.53 for grapes, and $3.30 for raisins. We also examine the potential increases in net revenue to raisin producers, made possible by having an alternative outlet available for selling surplus raisins.
Radioiodinated ligands for the estrogen receptor: Tissue distribution of 17α-[125I]iodovinylestradiol derivatives in normal and tumor-bearing adult female rats

Abstract A series of three 125 I-labeled 17α-iodovinylestradiol derivatives previously demonstrated to have a selectivity for estrogen receptor tissues in immature female rats were selected for further evaluation in adult female rats. In normal adult female rats, the iodovinyl analogs of moxestrol (IVβME 2 ) and moxestrol-3-O methyl ether (IVβME 2 -3-OMe) demonstrated high uterine uptake (0.296–0.437 and 0.135–0.199%ID-kg/g) and selectivity (10–18:1) over the 6 h time period. Subsequent evaluation in two tumor models indicated that [ 125 I]VβME 2 also possessed the highest tumor uptake and selectivity in the adult female rats bearing the estrogen responsive 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene(DMBA)-induced mammary tumors and that this was receptor mediated. An estrogen independent tumor, the transplanted Walker 256 mammary adenocarcinoma, showed no selectivity of radioligand uptake compared with nontarget tissues. The results suggest the applicability of this agent to the in vivo detection and characterization of estrogen responsive tumors in man.
Microstructural studies of Cu brazing on AlN

The microstructures and phase compositions of Cu–Ag–Ti active-metal brazing alloys have been studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to evaluate alloy wetting on AlN and Cu brazing on AlN. Titanium is segregated from the original alloy, and a Ti-rich layer is formed between the brazing alloy and AlN substrate. The alloy components are able to penetrate into the grain boundary of AlN during wetting or brazing, and the interfacial reaction takes place along the grain and outer boundary of AlN. The bonding of brazing alloys to AlN substrate often induces cracks in the AlN side.
Regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis during pregnancy in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata

Abstract Regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis during pregnancy was investigated after determining the normal rates of synthesis in pregnancy and the second gonadotrophic cycle in Diploptera punctata by direct in vitro radiochemical assay. The low rate of juvenile hormone synthesis during early pregnancy is maintained by three factors: (1) the small ovary which is incapable of eliciting increased rates of juvenile hormone synthesis (2) an inhibitory centre in the brain acting via intact nerves to the corpora allata (similar to that in virgin females) and (3) an inhibitory centre in the brain acting via the haemolymph (elicited by embryos in the brood sac). The existence of two inhibitory centres in the brain is supported by the additive effect of denervating the corpora allata and removing embryos. Whereas these operations alone activated the corpora allata in 54 and 31% of the females, respectively, together they activated 87%, similar to the 91% activated by denervation alone in late pregnancy. The inhibition which remains after denervation of the corpora allata can be removed by decapitation and restored by implantation of the protocerebrum from a pregnant female but not from one developing oocytes. The inhibition elicited by embryos in the brood sac can be overcome by introduction of a stimulatory ovary and/or substitution of active corpora allata.
Changes with growth rate in the membrane lipid composition of and amino acid utilization by continuous cultures of Campylobacter jejuni

Methods and media (defined and complex) are described which permit studies designed to determine the influence of single environmental factors on the survival and virulence of Campylobacter jejuni. The effect of growth rate on selected physiological traits (amino acid utilization, membrane lipid composition, motility, cell morphology) was studied in continuous culture. In both media, growth was at the expense of amino acid (serine, aspartate, glutamate and proline) catabolism. Slow growth in the complex medium shifted amino acid utilization from more (serine and aspartate) to less preferred substrates (glutamate, proline and possibly amino acids from the proteolysis of peptones). Low growth rates promoted the conversion of unsaturated 11-octadecenoic acid substituted phosphatidyl ethanolamines to corresponding 11-methylene substituted species, a feature correlated with stationary phase and exposure to environmental stress in other organisms. During continuous growth, cells lost motility although they still possessed flagella. Slow growth resulted in longer cells. Future studies will investigate the independent effects of nutrient stress and growth rate on the virulence and persistence of cells.
Informed consent for research in ICU obtained before ICU admission

To analyze the procedure of the informed consent for ICU research obtained before ICU admission. Prospective, open, observational study. 20-bed surgical ICU of a tertiary teaching university hospital and the ward before and after ICU. Patients, scheduled for elective cardiac surgery, who accepted to participate in a coagulation study. Patients underwent the same informed consent procedure, including an oral presentation of the coagulation study and an informative leaflet the day before surgery on the ward. Between January and August 2001, we included 38 patients; 36 survived ICU. Ten to 12 days after surgery, 8/36 (22%) patients did not know they had participated in a study, and 9/36 (25%) could not recall the study purpose and the related risk. Patients with incomplete recall stayed longer in ICU [median (range): 4 (3–6) vs 3 (1–5) days; p = 0.004]. None of these patients (0/9 vs 10/27; p < 0.04) had read the informative leaflet AND asked at least one question during the informed consent procedure. Even when the informed consent is obtained in the most optimal conditions for ICU research, its ethical value remains questionable. Indeed, a substantial number of patients were unaware of their study participation, or of the related purpose and risks. When the ICU stay is prolonged, we should at least repeatedly and actively (re)-inform patients about their study participation.
Critical Illness in Pregnancy

A critically ill pregnant woman poses major challenges to physicians, as management involves the care of two lives. The pregnant woman is also in the prime of her life, and any morbidity or mortality is devastating to the young family. The serious illnesses that complicate pregnancy may be unique to pregnancy, but other medical conditions that affect non pregnant women also may complicate pregnancy. In this issue of the Critical Care Clinics, we have invited experts to review the different illnesses complicating pregnancy. Starting with a review of the problems that physicians face around the world, this issue also addresses asthma, pulmonary embolism, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury, hypertension, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and somatic support, airway management, and sepsis. Conditions that are unique to pregnancy, such as amniotic fluid embolism, HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, low platelet count) syndrome, and postpartum cardiomyopathy, also are reviewed. We hope that this information is useful to intensivists and obstetric practitioners.
DISCRIMINATION AND EXTINCTION AS A FUNCTION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DISCRIMINANDA

32 rats were trained on a successive discrimination problem for 40 days. 4 separate groups received the factorial combinations of presence vs absence of internal (aftereffects) or external (alley color) discriminanda. Discrimination learning was quite apparent in the rats with external cues but failed to develop in the rats trained only with internal cues. During an extinction phase the rats trained with only internal cues proved to be more persistent. These results were related to an earlier experiment suggesting the superiority of internal cues.
Enabling Enriched, Empowered Education: Insights From Jere Brophy's Legacy

Harnessing insights from Brophy's (1999, 2008, 2010) notion of scaffolding students' appreciation of learning, this article tackles challenges to student engagement, especially among reluctant students, by exploring two classroom settings in which students' valuing of school content and activities supported their engagement and achievement. The first model employed high-challenge tasks (extended writing tasks, collaboration, and multiday assignments) in eight 3rd-grade classrooms; the second highlighted connections made between student sense of identity and classroom activities among a diverse group of 9th-grade English students. Together, these models illustrate how practical strategies that support students' personal connection with, and therefore their appreciation of, what they are learning in school serve to empower self-sustaining engagement in learning.
Cholecystokinin elevates cytosolic calcium in small cell lung cancer cells

The ability of cholecystokinin (CCK) to elevate intracellular Ca2+ levels in small cell lung cancer cells was investigated using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Fura 2. CCK-8 elevated the cytosolic Ca2+ levels in cell line NCI-H345 in a dose dependent manner. Nanomolar concentration of CCK-8 elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels in the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+. Potent CCK agonists such as gastrin-1 and nonsulfated CCK-8 but not inactive compounds such as CCK-27-32-NH2 elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels. These data suggest that CCK receptors may regulate the release of Ca2+ from intracellular organelles in small cell lung cancer cells.
Weak and strong solutions of a nonlinear subsonic flow–structure interaction: Semigroup approach

Abstract We consider a non-rotational, subsonic flow–structure interaction describing the flow of gas above a flexible plate. A perturbed wave equation describes the flow, and a second-order nonlinear plate equation describes the plate’s displacement. It is shown that the linearization of the model generates a strongly continuous semigroup with respect to the topology generated by “finite energy” considerations. An interesting feature of the problem is that linear perturbed flow–structure interaction is not monotone with respect to the standard norm describing the finite energy space. The main tool used in overcoming this difficulty is the construction of a suitable inner product on the finite energy space which allows the application of ω -maximal monotone operator theory. The obtained result allows us to employ suitable perturbation theory in order to discuss well-posedness of weak and strong solutions corresponding to several classes of nonlinear dynamics including the full flow–structure interaction with von Karman, Berger’s and other semilinear plate equations.
Effect of grain boundaries on magnetic field penetration in polycrystalline superconductors

The magnetic-field penetration at grain boundaries in superconductors is calculated using a model in which the grains and the grain boundaries are treated on an equal basis. The grains are modeled using the London theory, and the grain boundaries as weak-link Josephson junctions in the linear regime. An exact solution is found. Calculations of the overall effective penetration depth are presented for regular laminar arrays of grain boundaries for arbitrary grain size, diagonal grain anisotropy, and grain boundary coupling. Analytical formulas are obtained in several limiting cases, and simple empirically fit formulas are presented that are applicable in most intermediate regimes of grain size and grain coupling. The relevance of the results to the high-temperature oxide superconductors is discussed.
Sustainability: a new and complex 'challenge' for crisis managers

Sustainability is becoming an increasing important topic for managers. One illustration is the development of the strategic sustainability management discipline. There is a growing expectation that corporations will address sustainability in some fashion. Moreover, sustainability is used to shape reputations in part through corporate social responsibility (CSR). Sustainability can be used to develop CSR and CSR is a vital component of reputation management efforts. As a result, corporations are becoming more susceptible to outside attacks that question their sustainability efforts or lack thereof. That susceptibility exists whether the challenge is simply an issue of meeting expectations or if the organisation is delivering on promised sustainability claims. This manuscript explores sustainability challenges and the implications for crisis managers. The sustainability challenges are viewed as one means by which sustainability connects with crisis management.
Observations and implications of glycerol-monomolecular film interactions.

Abstract Surface pressure and surface potential studies have been carried out on the effects of the addition of glycerol to the aqueous substrates of various monomolecular films at the air-water interface over the temperature range −8° to +26°. Films studied included various fatty acids, methyl esters, and an alcohol, as well as a diglyceride, two phospholipids and cholesterol. The results show an expansion effect increasing with increasing glycerol content, with the initial degree of expansion of the film on an aqueous substrate, and with decreasing surface pressure. Surface potentials show a decrease, the magnitude of which increases with increasing glycerol content and decreasing area/molecule. The results are interpreted in terms of enhanced interaction between the hydrocarbon portions of the film molecules and the aqueous glycerol substrate, accompanied by a reduced orientation of the substrate by the polar head-groups. Some implications concerning low temperature stability of monomolecular films and glycerol interactions are pointed out.
Procrastination, a principal components analysis

Abstract Procrastination is a serious, though poorly understood problem. The present study examines personality and time usage variables in a population of university student procrastinators. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, revised, Beck Depression Inventory, Jenkins Activity Survey, and three time usage measures constructed by the authors were administered to 227 chronic academic procrastinators. Three principal components were found, suggesting orthogonal personality variables associated with different types of procrastination. These findings are discussed in terms of the EPQ paradigm and treatment for procrastinators.
Anisotropic Turbulence in Two-dimensional Electron Magnetohydrodynamics

Spectral anisotropy within decaying incompressible electron magnetohydrodynamics turbulence is investigated by two-dimensional fluid simulations. An initially isotropic turbulent spectrum exhibits anisotropy in the spectral cascade because of the presence of a self-consistent large-scale or an externally imposed magnetic field. Our simulations show that the anisotropy scales linearly with the strength of the ambient magnetic field. The linear scaling of the anisotropic spectral cascades appears to be rather generic as turbulent excitation scales larger than kde 1, the collisionless electron inertial or skin depth length scale (de), follow a similar trend.
Non-Micropipe Dislocations in 4H-SiC Devices: Electrical Properties and Device Technology Implications

It is well-known that SiC wafer quality deficiencies are delaying the realization of outstandingly superior 4H-SiC power electronics. While efforts to date have centered on eradicating micropipes (i.e., hollow core super-screw dislocations with Burgers vectors greater than or equal to 2c), 4H-SiC wafers and epilayers also contain elementary screw dislocations (i.e., Burgers vector = 1c with no hollow core) in densities on the order of thousands per sq cm, nearly 100-fold micropipe densities. While not nearly as detrimental to SiC device performance as micropipes, it has recently been demonstrated that elementary screw dislocations somewhat degrade the reverse leakage and breakdown properties of 4H-SiC p(+)n diodes. Diodes containing elementary screw dislocations exhibited a 5% to 35% reduction in breakdown voltage, higher pre-breakdown reverse leakage current, softer reverse breakdown I-V knee, and microplasmic breakdown current filaments that were non-catastrophic as measured under high series resistance biasing. This paper details continuing experimental and theoretical investigations into the electrical properties of 4H-SiC elementary screw dislocations. The nonuniform breakdown behavior of 4H-SiC p'n junctions containing elementary screw dislocations exhibits interesting physical parallels with nonuniform breakdown phenomena previously observed in other semiconductor materials. Based upon experimentally observed dislocation-assisted breakdown, a re-assessment of well-known physical models relating power device reliability to junction breakdown has been undertaken for 4H-SiC. The potential impact of these elementary screw dislocation defects on the performance and reliability of various 4H-SiC device technologies being developed for high-power applications will be discussed.
Numerical Study of Operability of Combustor With Inflow Oscillations

Numerical study of gas turbine combustion with the inflow oscillation has been conducted using KIVA-3V code. The simulation was based on the solution of Navier-Stokes equations with a time-marching method and models of turbulence and sprays, and a simplified kinetic mechanism of 17-species and 23-step. The transient inflow was assumed by specifying the pressure oscillation in a form of sinusoidal function. Effects of three flow patterns, i.e. quasi-steady, transition and steady patterns corresponding to the oscillation frequency ranges of n ≤ 80, 80 ≤ n ≤ 320 and n ≥ 320 Hz, on combustion performance were investigated. It is found that for the flow in quasi-steady pattern, combustion is in quasi-steady state with flow and combustion properties dependent of time and the analytical approaches for steady combustion can be applied; for the flow in steady pattern, combustion can be treated as if in steady state and the influence of oscillation can be ignored; and in transition pattern, the combustion behaves in-between. Finally, the operability of combustor with inflow oscillation was analyzed, which is useful for the analysis of combustion performance under irregular inflow conditions.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An anodal threshold phenomenon in the squid giant axon.

THE action potential of nerve or muscle is an all-or-none response when preceded by a critical decrease in transmembrane potential. Previous investigations1–3, on the other hand, have indicated that for hyperpolarization by anodal (inward) currents the membrane's properties are a continuous function of current. I wish to report, however, that in a potassium-enriched medium the squid giant axon displays a discontinuous rise in membrane potential for a sufficiently intense anodal current and that this behaviour is, in several respects, similar to that of the action potential.
3D seismic refraction traveltime tomography at a groundwater contamination site

We have applied traveltime tomography to 3D seismic refraction data collected at HillAir Force Base, Utah, in an approximately 95 40-m area over a shallow 20 m groundwater contamination site.The purpose of this study is to test the ability of 3D first-arrival-time data to characterize the shallow environment and aid remediation efforts. The aquifer is bounded below by a clay aquiclude, into which a paleochannel has been incised and acts as a trap for dense nonaqueous phase liquidDNAPLcontaminants.Aregularizednonlineartomographicapproachwasappliedto187,877 first-arrival traveltimes to obtain the smoothest minimumstructure 3D velocity model. The resulting velocity model contains a velocity increase from less than 300 to 1500 m/s in the upper 15 m. The model also contains a north-southtrendinglow-velocityfeatureinterpretedtobethepaleochannel, based on more than 100 wells in the area. Checkerboard testsshow7.5‐10 mlateralresolutionthroughoutmostofthe model. The preferred final model was chosen after a systematic test of the free parameters involved in the tomographic approach,includingthestartingmodel.Thefinalvelocitymodel compares favorably with a 3D poststack depth migration and 2D waveform inversion of coincident reflection data. While the long-wavelength features of the model reveal the primary target of the survey, the paleochannel, the velocity model is likely a very smooth characterization of the true velocity structure, particularly in the vertical direction, given thesizeofthefirstFresnelzoneforthesedata.
Application-Based Review of GaN HFETs

Normally-off GaN-on-Si heterojunction field-effect transistors (HFETs) have been developed with up to 650 V blocking capability, fast switching, and low conduction losses in commercial devices. The natively depletion-mode device can be modified to be normally-off using a variety of techniques. For a power electronics engineer accustomed to Si-based converter design, there is inherent benefit to understanding the unique characteristics and challenges that distinguish GaN HFETs from Si MOSFETs. Dynamic Rds-on, self-commutated reverse conduction, gate voltage and current requirements, and the effects of very fast switching are explained from an applications perspective. This paper reviews available literature on commercial and near-commercial GaN HFETs, to prepare engineers with Si-based power electronics experience to effectively design GaN-based converters.
Interpretation of the thermomagnetic effects in bismuth—antimony alloys

Abstract An attempt is made to explain the previously reported thermomagnetic effects in alloys of Bi with 6•3 and 23 at. % Sb using the band structure model first proposed by Abeles and Meiboom. It is shown that this model predicts the qualitative features of the Nernst and magneto-Seebeck effects. It is concluded that the band structures of Bi and Bi—Sb alloys containing up to at least 23% Sb are similar. It is also suggested that there is a heavy-hole band that comes into prominence on raising the temperature from 80°K to 300°K.
Highly conductive short chain carboxylic acid encapsulated silver nanoparticle based inks for direct write technology applications

In this study silver nanoparticles were synthesized with short chain (C6–C10) carboxylic acids as capping agents and prepared as conductive inks for fabricating electrically conductive patterns using direct write technologies. The structural characterization of as-synthesized nanoparticles revealed that the particles are spherical in shape with narrow size distribution (4.1 to 4.7 nm) and have face centered cubic crystal structure. Silver-particle-based inks were prepared by dispersing the particles in toluene and separating non-dispersing particles from the inks. The loading of silver particles in the solvent was increased with the increasing chain length of capping agents. As a result, inks with a wide range of nanoparticulate concentrations (∼3 to 66 wt%) were able to be prepared and most of these inks were stable for at least a month. All the inks exhibited shear thinning behavior and this shear thinning became more prominent for higher concentration inks. As the nanoparticle concentration of the inks was increased, surface tension was decreased and the contact angles of the inks with the Kapton® and glass were increased. Printing of microelectrodes, lines and films was carried out using aerosol jet printing and ultrasonic spray coating. The conductivity of printed microelectrodes was 10 to 87% of the bulk silver conductivity with the sintering temperatures as low as 130 to 250 °C depending on the ink used.
Comments on Karen E. Johnson's “The Role of Theory in L2 Teacher Education”: Reflective Experience as a Foundation for Intelligent L2 Teacher Education

* The title of Karen E. Johnson's Forum piece (Vol. 30, No. 4) makes it a must-read for language educators. She incorporates case-based methods of teaching, professional development schools, and portfolio assessment through a revised definition of the role of theory in L2 teacher education. Her commentary represents a move to make L2 teacher education programs more meaningful to prospective teachers. Because my background includes work in the philosophy of education, I thought it would be helpful if we as L2 teacher educators considered some lessons from philosophy regarding the definition and roles of theory as we reconstruct the social experience of teaching and learning in L2 teacher education programs.
Optimal implementation and benefits of rolling inventory

We study a warehouse management problem in which the schedule of incoming supplies and customer orders for a wide variety of products is known over a number of periods. In addition to storage at the warehouse, products can be kept in the shipping trailers (rolling inventory) parked in the warehouse yard, avoiding material handling costs but incurring trailer handling and opportunity costs. Our objective is to determine the amount of product (if any) to leave in each of the incoming trailers, so that it does not have to be stored and then reloaded for an outgoing delivery, in order to minimize overall warehousing costs. We propose three possible implementation policies and show that the search for optimal solutions can be restricted to these three basic policies without loss of generality. Using this result, we formulate the problem as an integer program, in which incoming trailers are assigned to outgoing deliveries. Under one of the proposed policies incoming trailers can only be stored in the yard direc...
Monomeric Alanes: Synthesis, Structure, and Thermolysis of MesAl(H)N(SiMe(3))(2) and a One-Pot Synthetic Route to Mes(2)AlH (Mes = -C(6)H(2)-2,4,6-t-Bu(3)).

The reaction of (MesAlH(2))(2) (Mes = -C(6)H(2)-2,4,6-t-Bu(3)) with HN(SiMe(3))(2) affords the monomeric amidoarylalane MesAl(H)N(SiMe(3))(2), 1. This product can also be synthesized by the reaction of [MesAlH(2)](2) with LiN(SiMe(3))(2), which, in addition, yields the byproducts LiAlH(2){N(SiMe(3))(2)}(2), 3, and MesH. Thermolysis of 1 at 175-180 degrees C affords three different the related and the imide [MesAlN(SiMe(3))](n)(), 5. In addition, the previously reported monomeric alane Mes(2)AlH was synthesized in ca. 70% yield by a one-pot reaction between LiMes (generated in situ) and AlH(3).NMe(3). All products were spectroscopically characterized, and the structure of 1 was determined by X-ray crystallography. The Al-N distance (1.819(2) A) in 1 is relatively long. However, it has a substantial, 18.5 kcal mol(-)(1), Al-N rotation barrier which is attributed to steric congestion rather than Al-N pi bonding.
Effect of respiratory and other virus infections on IgE immunoregulation.

An association between respiratory infections and subsequent development of asthma was noted by Hippocrates.’ He also recognized the hereditary nature of asthma, which was confirmed formally first by Cooke and VanderVeer’ and later by others. Asthma was classified into extrinsic (allergic) and intrinsic (infectious) forms by Rackemand; this has been a useful working hypothesis, although we now recognize the inflammatory nature of chronic asthma. Clinicians have known for years that respiratory tract infections often precede asthma attacks. In young children (younger than 5 years) before and during asthma attacks, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza infections were documented by direct isolation or rising antibody titers in 41% of subjects in the classic study by McIntosh et al4 In older children and adults, Minor et a1.5 found that rhinoviruses and influenza were commonly implicated in asthmatic episodes.
Quantitative Evaluation of Irregularly Spiculated Red Blood Cells in the Dog

Irregularly speculated red blood cells (IS-RBC) were quantified on fresh blood fixed in glutaraldehyde and were compared to RBC shape changes observed on Wright's-stained blood smears, RBC histograms, and RBC distribution widths (RDW). IS-RBC were infrequently found in healthy control dogs. Twenty dogs with increased IS-RBC were evaluated. The most common clinical diagnoses were lymphosarcoma (seven cases), glomerulonephritis (two cases), hemangiosarcoma (two cases), and chronic liver disease (two cases). Five cases had evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. In 12 of the 20 cases, keratocytes, schizocytes, and/or acanthocytes were detected in the monolayer area of blood smears. In the other seven cases, keratocytes, schizocytes, and/or acanthocytes were found only in thick areas of the smears. Acanthocytes were the most frequent cell type seen, while schizocytes were absent or present only in low numbers. RBC histograms had a shoulder on the left side of the tracing in six of the 20 cases, suggesting the presence of RBC fragments; however, cases with evidence of platelet aggregation had similar shoulders in RBC histograms. Red cell distribution widths were increased in 12 of the 20 cases with IS-RBC; however, the increase in RDW did not correlate with the presence of schizocytes and was most likely the result of reticulocytosis. This study suggests that quantitative evaluation of RBC shape is a more sensitive method for detection of mild RBC fragmentation when compared to blood smear evaluation, RBC histograms, or RDW. Additionally, acanthocyte-type cells were the most frequent shape change seen in dogs with evidence of RBC fragmentation.
A Follow-Up of Former Special Education Students: A Model for Program Evaluation

The present study is a follow-up program evaluation of a school district's special education program. Telephone interviews were conducted to gather data on 215 young adults with handicaps in the state of Texas. Opinions and concerns of parents and former students were examined in terms of high school experiences and the transition to adult life. The respondents' comments were analyzed using a domain analysis (Spradley, 1980). Analyses of responses to focused and open-ended questions suggested that the areas of most concern to these young adults and their parents were (a) affective issues such as poor self-esteem and a lack of self acceptance and (b) issues of vocational success and personal independence. This study examines the social validity of the educational product, or the extent to which important persons in the students' lives both perceive and value the changes that occurred as a result of educational intervention. The effects of the study's findings on the school district are discussed.
A geoscience curriculum for the 21st century

Geology faculty at Lake Superior Sate University (LSSU), a comprehensive state-funded university in Michigan's eastern Upper Peninsula, have designed and implemented a new undergraduate geoscience curriculum that utilizes innovative instructional strategies. The purpose of our major undertaking was to remediate the learning problems that we associated with traditional geoscience curricula and pedagogy, problems such as lack of student attentiveness and retention of concepts, inability of students to integrate core concepts after a series of discrete courses, lack of student communication skills, and poor student motivation. We have all witnessed unengaged students during traditional lecture sessions; we as instructors wanted to provide excitement in the geosciences, stimulate interest, and improve student problem-solving skills. Thus, after years of tweaking our traditional courses in the usual manner by creating active and open-ended laboratory exercises, providing increasing amounts of field work, and i...
DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

The literature of acquired heart disease is replete with references to diastolic dysfunction, most particularly as it applies to the left ventricle in an aging patient population. 5,21,24 Assessment of diastolic function in the population of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) must be applied not only to the left ventricle but to the right `single' ventricle as well. To review the influence of diastolic dysfunction in every known congenital heart defect, however, would be repetitive and speculative, as many patients with CHD have a multiplicity of defects, and the published data on diastology in this group are scarce. There are several anatomic abnormalities leading to outflow obstruction (i.e., the various forms of aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta), which have correlates in acquired heart disease. Understanding the nature of diastolic dysfunction in this subgroup of patients with CHD initially was derived from extrapolation of data accumulated from patients with acquired heart disease but eventually was supported by direct assessment of the afflicted population. With complex surgical repair now the rule rather than the exception for patients with CHD, it has been recognized that satisfactory surgical outcome is not dependent solely on systolic function. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), because of its prevalence, whether operated or unoperated, and the various anatomic permutations of functionally "univentricular" hearts for which the ultimate common pathway of palliation is the Fontan procedure deserve inclusion in a review of diastolic dysfunction in CHD. Right ventricular diastolic physiology after TOF repair has been studied extensively, and the importance of evaluating diastolic function in the pre-Fontan candidate must be emphasized because of the well-recognized influence for both groups on postsurgical outcome. Genetically influenced alterations in the myocardium, as seen with the hypertrophic cardiomyopathies and congenital myotonic dystrophy, can alter the function of the heart in diastole and are therefore included in this article. The multiple factors that can influence diastolic function are outlined in Box 1.
Prospects for professional parliaments in Russia's regions

The executive–legislative framework employed in the republic of Udmurtia throughout the 1990s distinguished it from other regions in Russia, making it a crucial case for analysis. While Udmurtia's parliamentary executive should have dampened incumbency rates in the republic, the number of incumbent legislators winning re-election has increased significantly over time. At the same time, the proportion of business and industrial interests in parliament has also increased. With this set of politicians representing broader societal interests in the republic, these findings provide some hope for the rise of minimally responsive, increasingly professionalized regional legislatures in Russia, as opposed to government by apparatchiks. In this context, Putin's decision to appoint governors should spur political conflict in Russia as regional elites with personal stakes in their regional economies and vested interests in democratic institutions confront an encroaching federal government.
A Comparison between Global and Local Orthogonal Collocation Methods for Solving Optimal Control Problems

A comparison is made between local and global orthogonal collocation methods for solving optimal control problems. The study is performed using an orthogonal collocation method called the Gauss pseudospectral method. In particular, this method is employed in two different ways. In the first approach, the method is applied globally and solutions are computed for various numbers of collocation points. In the second approach, the Gauss pseudospectral method is applied locally, meaning the problem is segmented, with each segment containing a small, fixed number of collocation points. Solutions are then computed for various numbers of equal-width segments. These two different approaches are then compared in terms of their accuracy and computational efficiency. The results of this study indicate that, for a given number of collocation points, global collocation is much more accurate than local collocation for smooth problems and can provide comparable results for problems with discontinuities. Furthermore, the results obtained in this paper indicate that for a desired accuracy on smooth problems the global approach is computationally more efficient. In order to substantiate the analysis, the comparison is performed on two examples with vastly different characteristics.
T-Lymphocyte Predominance in Lesions of Canine Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection endemic to the southwestern United States. Although cell-mediated immunity is considered critical in control of the infection, little is known of the cellular population in naturally occurring lesions. To characterize the lymphocytic infiltration, archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (subcutis, pericardium/heart, lung, bone, and synovium) from 18 dogs with coccidioidomycosis were studied with immunohistochemistry for CD3 and CD79a. In nearly all lesions, T lymphocytes were more numerous than B lymphocytes and were distributed throughout the lesion with concentration in the periphery of granulomas, whereas B lymphocytes were mostly confined to the periphery of granulomas. The predominance of T lymphocytes in lesions of canine coccidioidomycosis was independent of the tissue evaluated, the number of intralesional organisms, and the nature or severity of the inflammatory response.
Electrode Performance in Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Electrolysis has long been used to dissociate water into its constituents of oxygen and hydrogen. Various electrolyzers have been developed and are commercially available today, including those based on proton exchange membranes, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, alkaline, and solid oxide technology. 1-5 Some of these are reversible systems capable of operating both as a fuel cell and as an electrolyzer, although fuel cell and electrolyzer functions are carried out in separate subsystems. A reversible fuel cell can take advantage of excess electrical grid capacity during off-peak hours to produce hydrogen fuel, to be utilized later during periods of high electrical demand. The power unit fuel cell is sized for the peaking load in a practical reversible fuel cell, whereas the electrolyzer is rated at a power that can produce sufficient hydrogen to recharge the hydrogen storage capacity over the remaining hours of the day. If energy conversion, electrical to chemical and chemical to electrical, can occur in the same device with reasonable efficiencies, there could be significant overall cost benefits. For solid oxide electrolysis cells SOEC to be of commercial interest, the cost of the hydrogen produced must be competitive with that of other means of production. The cost of electricity is a significant factor in steam electrolysis, comprising 75% to 95% of that of electrolysis-derived hydrogen according to performance and cost
Using the TELLS prereading procedure to enhance comprehension levels and rates in secondary students

A multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of the Title, Examine, Look, Look, and Setting (TELLS) prereading procedure on reading comprehension in 3, ninth-grade students with reading skills deficits. Results suggest that the TELLS procedure enhanced both comprehension levels and rates across all three students. These comprehension skills, however, did not appear to generalize across passages, suggesting that TELLS may be an effective, but not a particularly efficient prereading strategy. Additional studies are needed to determine if the TELLS procedure can cause meaningful increases in generalizable reading comprehension skills. Discussion focuses on applied and theoretical implications and directions for future researchers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.