cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware-efficient learning with feedforward inhibition

On-chip learning and classification have a broad impact on many applications. Yet their hardware implementation is still limited by the scale of computation, as well as practical issues of device fabrication, variability and reliability. Inspired by micro neural-circuits in the cortical system, this work develops a novel solution that efficiently reduces the network size and improves the learning accuracy. The building block is the motif of feedforward inhibition that effectively separates main features and the residual in sparse feature extraction. Other learning rules follow the spike-rate-dependent-plasticity (SRDP). As demonstrated in handwriting recognition, such a bio-plausible solution is able to achieve >95% accuracy, comparable to the sparse coding algorithms; in addition, SRDP, instead of gradient based back propagation, is able to save the computation time by >50X. The utilization of the inhibition motif reduces the network size by >3X at the same accuracy, illustrating its potential in hardware efficiency.
Emotional quotient in frontotemporal dementia vs. Alzheimer’s disease: the role of socioemotional agnosia

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Socioemotional dysfunction distinguishes behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) from other dementias. Patients with bvFTD not only have early social impairment and emotional blunting, but they also have agnosia of their socioemotional dysfunction.Methods: To investigate the relationship between agnosia and dysfunction, we assessed self-knowledge of socioemotional dysfunction with an emotional quotient (EQ) scale administered to 12 patients with bvFTD and a comparison group of 12 age-matched patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and compared these self-ratings to caregiver ratings of social dysfunction and emotional blunting.Results: The bvFTD patients self-rated as having higher EQs than the AD patients, particularly higher self-ratings of their Social Skills, an EQ subscale which correlated with increased emotional blunting. On within-groups analysis, the bvFTD patients’ high self-ratings of their EQ Appraisal of Emotions correlated with increased socioemotional dysfu...
An archive-based artificial bee colony optimization algorithm for multi-objective continuous optimization problem

Research on multi-objective optimization (MO) has become one of the hot points of intelligent computation. In this paper, an archive-based multi-objective artificial bee colony optimization algorithm (AMOABC) is proposed, in which an external archive is used to preserve the current obtained non-dominated best solutions, and a novel Pareto local search mechanism is designed and incorporated into the optimization process. To prevent the searching process from being trapped into local minimum, a novel food source generating mechanism is put forward, and different search strategies are designed for bees and local search process. Comprehensive benchmarking and comparison of AMOABC with the some current-related MO algorithms demonstrate its effectiveness.
Myometrial activity and the IUCD. 3. Effect of contraceptive pills.

Abstract The effects of oral contraceptives on uterine muscle activity were studied on 5 parous and normally ovulating women. Contraceptives containing a preponderance of estrogen will increase uterine activity, while the progesterone-dominated pills decrease myometrial activities. This was consistent with our hypothesis, that use of contraceptive pills with high estrogen content would show a pattern similar to that found during the proliferative or estrogen-dominated phase, whereas pills with predominantly progesterone compounds would show a pattern similar to the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.
The Quantum World

Modern physics began with two revolutions at the turn of the 20th century. The first revolution, which radically changed our concepts of space and time, was single handedly accomplished by Einstein with his special and general theories of relativity.
The Nature of the Transition

The transition from the industrial age to the knowledge age is transforming societies, cultures and economies, and invalidating theories built to manage social systems. As a consequence, a trust deficit is created, allowing corporations to cheat and media to lie. Meanwhile, the shift from manufacturing to services, while narrowing opportunities open to the middle class, has caused its size to shrink. The industrial society was the only society in history to produce a middle class; the tribal society had one class, the agricultural society has two classes and the knowledge society is unable to sustain the middle class it has inherited. The middle class must therefore be considered an aberration. Since history never repeats itself, we need to adjust our assumptions to reflect this reality and deal with its many societal consequences.
Review: Building Histories: The Archival and Affective Lives of Five Monuments in Modern Delhi, by Mrinalini Rajagopalan

Mrinalini Rajagopalan Building Histories: The Archival and Affective Lives of Five Monuments in Modern Delhi Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016, 244 pp., 10 color and 51 b/w illus. $55 (cloth), ISBN 9780226283470; $55 (e-book), ISBN 9780226331898 It is often claimed that historic preservation as a state-sponsored activity in India began with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1861, when the subcontinent was under British colonial rule (1858–1947). It is also often said that state-sponsored preservation in independent India has maintained substantial continuities with colonial practice, both in terms of institutional forms and in the ways historic monuments have been identified, categorized, and managed by the state. In her important new book Building Histories , Mrinalini Rajagopalan refines both of these notions to some extent; for example, she pushes the history of institutionalized preservation back in time, providing several examples from precolonial contexts. She also presents a nuanced discussion of differences between colonial and postcolonial practices and goals. But none of this analysis is meant to ameliorate the indictment, which Rajagopalan herself makes, that institutionalized preservation in India today “continue[s] to reproduce colonial constructions of India's past” (11). Instead, Rajagopalan asks why the formal, official narratives the state deploys at historical monuments so often fail to account for the multiple counternarratives those same monuments evoke in their diverse, and often fractious, audiences. In seeking an answer to this question, she develops two main lines of argument. The first concerns the nature of the archive on which the state has relied in crafting its narratives. Building on Michel Foucault's argument that archives help bureaucracies establish a monopoly over historical truth, and on Jacques Derrida's focus on the role played by archons —or those who guard access to the archive—in constituting the authority of the archive, Rajagopalan presents a forensic analysis of the archive that authorizes state-sponsored preservation in India, particularly that used by the ASI. What she finds is that “colonial constructions of India's past” entail a melange of voices. Well-known British stalwarts like …
The Landscape of Pastoral Care in 13th-Century England

The thirteenth century was a crucial period of reform in the English church, during which the church's renewal initiatives transformed the laity. The vibrant lay religious culture of late-medieval England cannot be understood without considering the re-invigorated pastoral care that developed between 1200 and 1300. Even before Innocent III called the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, reform-minded bishops and scholars were focusing attention on the local church, emphasising better preaching and more frequent confession. This study examines the processes by which these clerical reforms moulded the lay religiosity of the thirteenth century, integrating the different aspects of church life, so often studied separately, and combining a broad investigation of the subject with a series of comparative case studies. William H. Campbell also demonstrates how differences abounded from diocese to diocese, town to country and parish to parish, shaping the landscape of pastoral care as a complex mosaic of lived religion.
Logconcave and Quasi-Concave Measures

A nonnegative function f defined on a convex subset A of the space R m is said to be logarithmically concave (logconcave) if for every pair x, y ∈ A and 0 < λ < 1 we have the inequality $$ f\left( {\lambda x + \left( {1 - \lambda } \right)y} \right) \geqslant {\left[ {f\left( x \right)} \right]^\lambda }{\left[ {f\left( y \right)} \right]^{1 - \lambda }} $$ (4.1.1) If f is positive valued, then log f is a concave function on A. If the inequality in (4.1.1) is reversed, then f is said to be logarithmically convex (logconvex) on the set A. If the inequality holds strictly for x ≠ y, then f is said to be strictly logconcave (logconvex).
Sexual Dysfunction in Neurological Disease

Disorders of sexual function in the human result from a remarkable variety of structural lesions involving the nervous system. Sexual dysfunction is widely recognized as a reflection of disorders of the peripheral nervous system and of the spinal cord; however, it is less widely appreciated that lesions of the cerebral hemispheres may also produce changes in this respect, at times so startling, dramatic, or bizarre as to be regarded, albeit inappropriately, as psychogenic in origin. It is tempting to suggest a simple dichotomy in this respect: lesions in the peripheral nervous system might be expected to induce disorders of potency, involving erection, ejaculation, or both, whereas lesions of the central nervous system, and particularly of the cerebral hemispheres, might be anticipated to result in disorders of libido, i.e., of sexual energy and desire. This division may be valid to a point but, as will be seen, does not really hold up to critical scrutiny, and in general, one cannot determine with certainty, on the basis of the type of sexual disorder alone, the site of neural involvement in any given patient.
Metal-Oxygen Vibrations

There are several types of water in inorganic salts. Those water molecules that are coordinated to the metal and retain their identity in solution —e.g., aquo-ions of the type [M(H2O)a] b —are termed coordinated water, and those water molecules that are hydrogen bonded to other water molecules or to the anion or to both are termed lattice water. The distinction, however, is not clear-cut, for some coordinated water may also engage in hydrogen bonds within the crystal. Confirmation of structures of this type has come from neutron diffraction studies of hydrates. Studies by Taylor et al. 1 with Th(NO3)4·5H2O showed coordinated water,1 water-water hydrogen bonds, and water hydrogen bonded to the nitrate. Figure 5–1 illustrates the structure of Th(NO3)4·5H2O. Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate exhibits similar types of environments for the water molecules.2 Stable solids containing the oxonium ion (H3O+) have also been reported.3–7 Recently, single-crystal neutron diffraction evidence for the diaquohydrogen ion in trans-[Co(en)2Cl2]+Cl-(H5O2)+Cl- has been found.8 The hydrogen bonding in the diaquohydrogen ion (trans.) is illustrated in Fig. 5–2. Complex structures of the aforementioned types (as illustrated by Th(NO3)4 · 5H2O and [Co(en)2Cl2]+Cl-(H5O2)+Cl-) should be considered to be typical of hydrates rather than exceptional.
A novel practical pedagogy for terminal assessment

The present paper reports upon the design and implementation of a novel practical work pedagogy that is shown to increase students’ retention of practical procedures. The chemistry exams, for 15 to 16-year olds in England, will be assessed entirely through terminal examination questions from 2018. Longer term retention of learning is critical if these students are to minimise any discrepancy in attainment that may arise from following curricula with a coursework component. The novel design, underpinned by Cognitive Load Theory and Social Constructivism, involves pre-laboratory preparation and employs oracy to promote thinking during practical work. Three equivalent chemistry groups within the same school undertook neutralisation and crystallisation practical tasks and their practical work exam question attainment data is analysed. The novel pedagogy is trialled as a neutralisation task with one group and affective outcomes are determined through Likert scale activity feedback questionnaire. Attainment data shows a statistically significant higher mark in practical exam question attainment for the intervention compared to the control group when tested ten weeks after the teaching episode.
Chronic sinusitis-associated antrolith

Abstract An antrolith is a calcified mass found in the nasal cavity or sinus, usually maxillary, described in literature as a rare phenomenon. Its presenting symptoms are variable and include symptoms associated with chronic sinusitis. We describe a 66 year old man with chronic sinusitis who presented with facial pain and epistaxis and upon further evaluation was found to have an antrolith of the left maxillary sinus.
Influence of periconception smoking behavior on birth defect risk.

Background Smoking is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Smoking during pregnancy has been associated with fetal growth restriction, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and chronic adult diseases. Existing research has evaluated the risk of smoking on congenital defects. However, no studies have evaluated how periconception smoking affects birth defects. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the association of maternal smoking and the timing of periconception exposure with congenital birth defects. Study Design This study was a population-based retrospective cohort of live births in Ohio from 2006–2015 with the use of data from birth certificates. Rates of cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and neural tube birth defects were compared between a referent group of women who did not smoke and a group of women who smoked (1) during the preconception period of 3 months before conception only and not in the first trimester and (2) in the preconception period plus throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to quantify the relationship between periconception smoking and the rate of birth defects after adjustment for maternal race, age, pregestational diabetes mellitus, and socioeconomic factors. Results Of the 1,436,036 live births in the study period, 75% of mothers did not smoke during the preconception period or during pregnancy. There were 334,156 women (23.3%) who smoked during pregnancy; 6.0% of the population smoked preconception only, and 17.3% of the population smoked both during the preconception period and through the first trimester. Smoking during the preconception period only, even without first trimester exposure, was associated with a 40% increased risk of gastroschisis. Smoking that was limited to preconception only was not associated with any other individual birth defects. However, smoking through the first trimester was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of several defects that included gastroschisis and limb reduction and a composite outcome of any defect, even after adjustment for coexisting factors. Conclusion Smoking during the period of fetal organogenesis (during the first trimester of pregnancy) is associated with increased risk of some birth defects. In this study, we provide novel data that smoking during the few months before conception, even with cessation in the first trimester, may also pose a risk for fetal malformation such as gastroschisis. These findings highlight the importance of preconception women’s public health education efforts and warrant further investigation.
The Role of Rhetoric in Engineering Judgment

Introduction: ABET has approved changes to the EAC's Criterion 3 that will take effect for the 2019-2020 accreditation cycle. Among many changes and rearrangements is the introduction of the term “engineering judgment” as one of the competencies that students must develop to prepare for professional engineering. Literature review: However, engineering judgment is not defined in the criterion, and although it is a ubiquitous concept in the philosophy of engineering and engineering education, little empirical investigation has been undertaken into the practice of engineering judgment. And there is even less conceptual or empirical investigation into communication's role in the practice of engineering judgment. Research questions: 1. What does engineering judgment look like in practice? 2. How does the sociotechnical situation affect engineering judgment? 3. What role does rhetoric have, not only in communicating judgments, but in forming them as well? 4. How can teachers and practitioners in engineering and technical communication use these findings to facilitate better judgment in the classroom and at work? Methods: Using videotape and fieldnotes, the author examines the two sequences of decision-making from a student engineering design project. An ethnomethodologically inspired framework is used to exhibit the phenomenal details of “doing” engineering judgment. Discussion/conclusion: Data reveal that engineering judgment may be fruitfully understood by educators as not just a cognitive and individual ability to apply technical knowledge, but instead a capacity of participants to rhetorically establish common cause to interrogate and reflect on the relations between technical data and situations.
Spectrum of grain boundary segregation energies in a polycrystal

Abstract Solute segregation at grain boundaries (GBs) is emerging as an alloy design tool, uses of which include the stabilization of nanocrystalline alloys. To predict the equilibrium segregation state in a given alloy, most thermodynamic models treat the full network of GBs as a single “entity”, and thus use an “effective” segregation energy to describe it. This simplification ignores the spectral nature of available GB segregation energies in a polycrystal, which we elucidate here computationally for a Mg solute in an Al polycrystal; the distribution is found to be captured accurately with a skew-normal function. A thermodynamic segregation isotherm that incorporates this spectrum is outlined and employed to study the effect of such a spectrum on predictions of the equilibrium GB segregation state. The ramifications for experimentally-extracted GB segregation energies are shown to be potentially significant, and nanocrystalline stability criteria are extended to account for this spectral nature of GB segregation.
Lung and colon cancer costs among chemotherapy patients after an FDA policy change.

e14578 Background: Emerging evidence of adverse events from erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) led FDA to add a black box warning to ESA labeling in March 2007, after which ESA use declined. ...
The Importance of Synthetic Conditions on Manganese-Based 12-Metallacrown-4 Formation

Alterations to synthetic conditions either by varying stochiometric ratios of the reactants or solvent choice yield two new metallacrowns (MCs): Mn(Hsal)2[12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4](DMF)6·4DMF, 1, where −Hsal is salicylate, shi3− salicylhydroximate, and DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide, and {Na2(OAc)2[12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4](MeOH)4(H2O)22MeOH}n, 2, where −OAc is acetate and MeOH is methanol. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 19.0264 (6) A, b = 23.1440 (8) A, c = 18.6704 (5) A, α = 90°, β = 90.3600 (10)°, γ = 90°, V = 8221.3 (4) A3, and Z = 4. Compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P $$\stackrel{-}{1}$$ with a = 7.8995 (7) A, b = 11.2374 (10) A, c = 14.5559 (13) A, α = 112.535 (3)°, β = 91.987 (3)°, γ = 98.558 (3)°, V = 1174.22 (18) A3, and Z = 1. Compound 1 is a discrete metallacrown molecule that contains four ring MnIII ions and a MnII ion captured in the metallacrown central cavity. The MnII ion is tethered to the metallacrown via two salicylate bridges that also bridge to the ring MnIII ions. Compound 2 is a one-dimensional chain of metallacrowns. The metallacrown consists of four ring MnIII ions and two sodium ions which are bound on opposite faces of the metallacrown cavity. Each di-sodium metallacrown is then linked to neighboring metallacrowns through acetate anion bridges to form a one-dimensional chain. The complex Na2(OAc)2[12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4](MeOH)4(H2O)2·2MeOH forms a one-dimensional chain of metallacrowns by linking together neighboring metallacrowns through acetate anion bridges.
Scribes, EHRs, and Workflow Efficiencies in Allergy Practices.

In the ever-changing healthcare system, along with new advancements in the field of allergy, the workflow for the allergist continues to evolve requiring more time spent doing non-clinical duties such as documentation and reviewing reimbursement challenges in the midst of busy clinics. The use of electronic medical records and medical scribes has emerged as tactics to aid the clinic’s workflow and efficiency in the modern allergy and immunology clinic. The practicing allergist can implement various additional strategies in their office workflow to maximize and synthesize good medicine and good business. Optimal use of office staff, electronic health records, and various workflow efficiencies has been shown to improve job satisfaction and reduce physician burnout. By utilizing these methods and integrating them into their practices, allergists will be able to meet the demands of the healthcare system and still provide patients with evidence based, compassionate, and cost-effective care.
Modern Electrode Technologies for Ion and Molecule Sensing

In high concentrations, ionic species can be toxic in the body, catalyzing unwanted bioreactions, inhibiting enzymes, generating free radicals, in addition to having been associated with diseases like Alzheimer's and cancer. Although ionic species are ubiquitous in the environment in trace amounts, high concentrations of these metals are often found within industrial and agricultural waste runoff. Therefore, it remains a global interest to develop technologies capable of quickly and accurately detecting trace levels of ionic species, particularly in aqueous environments that naturally contain other competing/inhibiting ions. Herein, we provide an overview of the technologies that have been developed, including the general theory, design, and benefits/challenges associated with ion-selective electrode technologies (carrier-doped membranes, carbon-based varieties, enzyme inhibition electrodes). Notable variations of these electrodes will be highlighted, and a brief overview of associated electrochemical techniques will be given.
Cerebral regional oxygen saturation variability in neonates following cardiac surgery.

Background Reduced cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO2) variability in neonates, as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, following cardiac surgery with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. We sought to evaluate the variability of crSO2 in a cohort of neonates following cardiac surgery with brief or no exposure to DHCA. Methods Variability of averaged 1-min crSO2 values was calculated for the first 48 h following cardiac surgery in consecutive neonates over a 30-month period. Neonates requiring aortic arch repair underwent antegrade cerebral perfusion with either brief or no exposure to DHCA. Results There were 115 neonates included in the study. Reduced crSO2 variability was observed in neonates with aortic arch obstruction (p = 0.02) and non-survivors (p = 0.02). Post hoc analysis demonstrated that the reduction in crSO2 variability was not as marked as in previously studied neonates with aortic arch obstruction who received DHCA alone (p Conclusions Neonates with aortic arch obstruction have reduced crSO2 variability following cardiac surgery. The reduction in crSO2 variability observed in aortic arch obstruction is likely influenced by a number of factors, including perioperative perfusion technique. The impact of interventions on crSO2 variability and resultant influence on neurodevelopmental outcomes requires further study. Impact Neonates with aortic arch obstruction have reduced crSO2 variability following cardiac surgery, which has been associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, and is likely influenced by a number of factors, including perioperative perfusion technique. The contribution of perioperative perfusion technique to crSO2 variability following neonatal cardiac surgery is significant. Monitoring of crSO2 variability may provide insights into the adequacy of cerebral perfusion in neonates following cardiac surgery.
Relationship of Phosphatidylethanol Biomarker to Self-Reported Alcohol Drinking Patterns in Older and Middle-Age Adults

Background Risky alcohol consumption is on the rise among older adults. Biomarkers such as phosphatidylethanol (PEth) have been used to evaluate the correspondence between an objective, laboratory-based biomarker and self-report of alcohol consumption. This study examined the relationship between PEth, self-report of alcohol consumption, and health indices in a sample of community-dwelling older to middle-age adults (aged 35 to 89) with healthy and risky levels of alcohol consumption. Methods Self-reports of alcohol consumption were collected using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Form 30. In addition, indices of health along with a blood sample to determine PEth values were collected (N = 183). Results PEth was correlated with age, AUDIT-C, AUDIT total, alcohol consumption, mood, and liver function measures but not with medical comorbidity or body mass index (J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 73, 2018, 633). Alcohol consumption over the past 30 days measured with Form 30 was the strongest predictor of PEth levels for both middle-age and older adults, with age a small contributing predictor. General alcohol consumption patterns for amount of alcohol consumed over a 30-day period revealed middle-age adults consumed larger amounts of alcohol compared with older adults, but older adults consumed alcohol on more days than middle-age adults. Middle-age participants evidenced higher PEth levels than older adults at comparable drinking rates. Conclusions Overall, findings suggest a strong relationship between alcohol consumption and PEth levels with age a small but contributing factor to predicting PEth levels.
Weaponised Aesthetics and Dystopian Modernism: Cut-ups, Playbacks, Pick-ups and the ‘Limits of Control’ from Burroughs to Deleuze

American outlier writer William S. Burroughs was a creative force – an homme de lettres in his own right, yes, but as a cultural theorist as well, particularly his anticipation of what we now regul...
eCSR: Creating Intensive Research Experiences that Cultivate Community for Undergraduate Women & Women of Color

The explore CS Research (eCSR) program is a university awards program created to support the design, development, and execution of research-focused workshops that provide opportunities for undergraduate women in Computer Science to learn more about research pathways and work on exploratory research problems. During the inaugural year of 2018–19, the program funded intensive research (IREs) workshops at fifteen universities across the nation, with 1,103 total student participants, 83% of whom were females, with a majority indicating Women of Color status. The intent of these workshops is to offer accessible research experiences to students who would not ordinarily participate in research, i.e. students from groups traditionally less exposed to computing (women, Women of Color, lower socio-economic status). The overall research questions guiding the study of the program are: does the program foster a sense of community, build skills, confidence and motivation among women to pursue computer science research; and, how do Women of Color experience this program? In this paper, we present findings from a mixed-methods study which demonstrate that IREs are effective at creating a positive research culture for undergraduate women. Factors that were found to be particularly salient for Women of Color are presented.
Simplified direct forcing approach for dynamic modeling of building natural ventilation

Abstract Natural ventilation is a promising approach to provide passive cooling in highly energy efficient buildings. A widely applied method to evaluate the performance of natural ventilation is computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, dynamic modeling of natural ventilation from 1 h to the next is very challenging because state-of-the-art CFD simulations treat windows as fixed wall boundary surfaces. The objective of this study is to propose a direct forcing approach to implement dynamic window operations in CFD simulations. The direct forcing approach marks a band of computational cells according to window positions, and adds an ad-hoc body force to the momentum equations and turbulence production term to the kinetic energy equation. The direct forcing approach shows a high level of performance when predicting volume flow rates through window apertures. The relative deviation was found to vary between 2.2% and 14%, depending on the reference wind speeds. Direct forcing also showed good performance when predicting the height of the neutral plane when the wind incident angle was less than 135°. The direct forcing approach can be applied to study the dynamic daily or weekly CO2 variations in naturally ventilated buildings with predefined control algorithms. Future work will consider the influence of wall shear stresses and zero normal velocity to improve the accuracy of the direct forcing approach as applied to wind incident angles larger than 135°.
How Monitoring Influences Trust: A Tale of Two Faces

Organizations operate more effectively when managers trust their employees. In many cases, however, managers and their employees have divergent interests. One common managerial approach to address the problem of misaligned incentives involves monitoring employee behavior. In this paper, we investigate how monitoring changes the behavior of both those who are monitored and those who monitor others. We paired participants in a repeated trust game with a stochastic ending in which we manipulated both the frequency of monitoring and whether or not monitoring was anticipated. When trustees who were monitored could anticipate monitoring, they engaged in strategic behavior; trustees chose self-interested actions when they anticipated that they would not be monitored, but chose altruistic actions when they anticipated that they would be monitored. Trustors, however, failed to appreciate how strategically their counterparts would act. Though trustors were more trusting when they could monitor their counterpart than when they could not, they were still much too trusting when their inability to monitor their counterpart was anticipated. We discuss managerial implications of these results for designing and using monitoring systems.
A global comparison of suicide and non-suicide terrorism

Suicide terrorism has become an increasingly popular attack strategy among terrorist organisations over the last 40 years. The number of empirical studies on suicide terrorism has increased, but fu...
OHVIRA-syndrome in a newborn

Abstract OHVIRA-Syndrome (Obstructed hemivagina with ipsilateral renal anomaly) is a rare congenital malformation. Diagnosis of this malformation is usually made during adolescence. Delayed diagnosis may result in serious complications with potential future obstetric problems. We report on a newborn girl presenting with an interlabial mass formation, a vaginal introitus on the right lateral aspect and an orthotopic urethral meatus on primary inspection. Ultrasound examination revealed left sided renal agenesis and a hydrocolpos posterior to the bladder. OHVIRA-Syndrome was assumed and a surgical incision of the obstructed left hemivagina for drainage of the hydrocolpos was performed. Further examination confirmed anatomical conditions corresponding to OHVIRA-Syndrome. Aside from routine clinical follow-up and regular ultrasound examination, further interventions were postponed until puberty. In this case report we aim to share our experience of a newborn girl with OHVIRA-Syndrome. We discuss appropriate medical decision-making regarding surgical management of patients with this malformation during each stage of development with a corresponding literature review.
Higher-Level Multi-Level Modeling

Going beyond the two-level MLM from Chap. 3, we discuss higher-level MLM in this chapter with a focus on three-level MLM. The R package nlme can easily be used to fit MLM with three or more levels by changing the option random in the function lme. We will use the data on Performance for Pupils in 49 Inner London Schools in Sect. A.4.
A multiple genome alignment workflow shows the impact of repeat masking and parameter tuning on alignment of functional regions in plants

Abstract Alignments of multiple genomes are a cornerstone of comparative genomics, but generating these alignments remains technically challenging and often impractical. We developed the msa_pipeline workflow (https://bitbucket.org/bucklerlab/msa_pipeline) based on the LAST aligner to allow practical and sensitive multiple alignment of diverged plant genomes with minimal user inputs. Our workflow only requires a set of genomes in FASTA format as input. The workflow outputs multiple alignments in MAF format, and includes utilities to help calculate genome-wide conservation scores. As high repeat content and genomic divergence are substantial challenges in plant genome alignment, we also explored the impact of different masking approaches and alignment parameters using genome assemblies of 33 grass species. Compared to conventional masking with RepeatMasker, a k-mer masking approach increased the alignment rate of CDS and non-coding functional regions by 25% and 14% respectively. We further found that default alignment parameters generally perform well, but parameter tuning can increase the alignment rate for non-coding functional regions by over 52% compared to default LAST settings. Finally, by increasing alignment sensitivity from the default baseline, parameter tuning can increase the number of non-coding sites that can be scored for conservation by over 76%.
Three-loop soft anomalous dimensions for top-quark processes

I present results for soft anomalous dimensions through three loops for several processes involving the production of top quarks. In particular, I discuss single-top and top-pair production. I also present some numerical results for double-differential distributions in $t{\bar t}$ production through approximate N$^3$LO.
Memory-Altering Drugs: Shifting the Paradigm of Informed Consent

Henry et al. (2007) favor pursuing research with propranolol as a method for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As part of their argument, the authors recommend that “adequate” informe...
Radiation formation length in astrophysical high brightness sources

The radiation formation length for relativistic particles, $l_c \sim \gamma^2 \lambda$ ($\gamma$ is the Lorentz factor, $\lambda$ is the emitted wavelength), is much lager than the inter-particle distances in many astrophysical applications. This leads to the importance of plasma effects even for the high energy emission. The consequences are nontrivial: (i) averaging of the phases of the emitting particles reduces the power (a.k.a., a circle current does not emit); (ii) density fluctuations may lead to the sporadic production of coherent emission; (iii) plasma effects during assembly of a photon may lead to the suppression of the emission (Razin-Tsytovich effect for the superluminal modes), or, in the opposite limit of subluminous normal modes, to the newly discussed synchrotron super-radiance. For synchrotron emission the radiation formation length is the same for all emitted waves, $\sim c/\omega_B$ (non-relativistic Larmor length); for curvature emission it is $R/\gamma$ - macroscopically long in pulsar magnetospheres (e.g., kilometers for radio). The popular model of coherent curvature emission by bunches", with kilometers-long radiation formation length, particles swinging-out in a rotating magnetospheres before they finish emitting a wave, extreme requirements on the momentum spreads, and demands on the electric energy needed to keep the electrostatically repulsing charges together, all make that model internally inconsistent. Long radiation formation lengths affect how emission from PIC simulations should be interpreted: phases of the emitted wave should be added over the radiation formation length, not just the powers from the instantaneous acceleration of each particle.
Multi-lectin Affinity Chromatography (M-LAC) Combined with Abundant Protein Depletion for Analysis of Human Plasma in Clinical Proteomics Applications

In this chapter we describe a robust sample preparation method for proteomic analysis of human plasma and discovery of candidate protein biomarkers. The method consists of depletion of the most abundant plasma proteins and multi-lectin affinity chromatography (M-LAC) to fractionate plasma into flow-through (unbound) and bound fractions, followed by nano-LC-MS/MS analysis of the digested proteins and label-free comparative quantitation. The performance of the method is monitored by several quality control checkpoints to assure reproducibility of the proteomic analysis. This approach reduces the complexity of plasma samples and significantly improves the overall dynamic range of protein detection, enabling detection of tissue leakage proteins present in plasma in ng/mL concentrations. In addition, the lectin-based fractionation of depleted plasma targets the plasma glycoproteome, permitting the identification of glycoproteins with disease-related differences in glycoform populations. The proteomics workflow was applied to the analysis of plasma from diseased patients affected with psoriasis and healthy donors. As an example of the effectiveness of the method we will present data from this biomarker study.
Studies of the Toxicity of Helminthosporium maydis

Isolates of Helminthosporium maydis from blighted corn were tested for toxicity in mice, rats, swine, rabbits, microorganisms, and tissue culture. Extracts of grains, mycelia, and culture supernatant fluids killed mice on intraperitoneal (ip) injection, but were nontoxic on administration by mouth to swine. The toxin was partially purified and appears to be a glycophospholipid. Histopathological examination revealed that the toxin acted as a severe irritant on ip injection, causing death in laboratory animals. In skin tests with rabbits, considerable exudation occurred, rather than necrosis.
Strategies for neurotrophin-3 and chondroitinase ABC release from freeze-cast chitosan-alginate nerve-guidance scaffolds

Freeze casting, or controlled unidirectional solidification, can be used to fabricate chitosan-alginate (C-A) scaffolds with highly aligned porosity that are suitable for use as nerve-guidance channels. To augment the guidance of growth across a spinal cord injury lesion, these scaffolds are now evaluated in vitro to assess their ability to release neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and chondroitinase ABC (chABC) in a controlled manner. Protein-loaded microcapsules were incorporated into C-A scaffolds prior to freeze casting without affecting the original scaffold architecture. In vitro protein release was not significantly different when comparing protein loaded directly into the scaffolds with release from scaffolds containing incorporated microcapsules. NT-3 was released from the C-A scaffolds for 8 weeks in vitro, while chABC was released for up to 7 weeks. Low total percentages of protein released from the scaffolds over this time period were attributed to limitation of diffusion by the interpenetrating polymer network matrix of the scaffold walls. NT-3 and chABC released from the scaffolds retained bioactivity, as determined by a neurite outgrowth assay, and the promotion of neurite growth across an inhibitory barrier of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans. This demonstrates the potential of these multifunctional scaffolds for enhancing axonal regeneration through growth-inhibiting glial scars via the sustained release of chABC and NT-3. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes from patients with cervical squamous malignancy in a cytotoxicity assay

Abstract The in vitro reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with cervical squamous malignancy was prospectively followed over a relatively long period of time. In 12 of 14 patients with preinvasive cervical lesions, reactivity was present at the time of initial diagnosis. Three months after treatment, reactivity was still present in only one of 12 (8%). Six months after the treatment, no significant reactivity could be detected in any of them. In the group with invasive squamous cell carcinoma, four patients developed recurrence in the course of follow-up. Reactivity was present in all at the time of initial diagnosis. In three of them, cytotoxic reactivity was retained up to the time of death in spite of clinical deterioration. One lost the reactivity after the third course of chemotherapy. Fourteen patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma were followed up to 24 months without any evidence of recurrence. In all of this group, the cell-mediated cytotoxicity was nonreactive at 9 months. We conclude that: (1) patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix demonstrated cell-mediated immune responses which disappeared 3 to 9 months after effective treatment (apparent cure) and (2) with persistent disease, in spite of marked clinical deterioration and inanition, cell-mediated cytotoxicity was demonstrable until the time of death.
ISOLATING POLITICAL ACTIVISTS AMONG PRACTICING PHYSICIANS

INTRODUCTION Physicians because of their level of education and income are among the more politically active segments of the American population. The participation rates are clearly above the norm for the general public (Kim 1974). We will attempt to isolate those factors which appear to differentiate between the most politically active physicians and their less involved colleagues. This question is important for policy implications. Governmental involvement has been a steadily expanding force in shaping medical policy. Through its financial clout and general regulatory powers, the government at all levels has become increasingly involved in setting priorities and establishing policies (Feder 1977). But with this expanding power, thegovernment has become increasingly dependent upon physicians for advice in resolving what are often complex medical issues. Our thesis is that not all physicians are equally involved in rendering such advice to the government. The research question becomes, "Are there systematic differences between those physicians who are heavily involved and those who are less involved?".
Thermal Resistance and Aging of Rigid Urethane Foam Insulation

Relevant data and analyses for aging and effective thermal conductance of rigid urethane and isocyanurate foam are reviewed. Simplified theoretical models are formulated that indicate the order of magnitude and limiting bounds for exact results. Existing heat transfer models underpredict the measured thermal conductance by 25 percent. The discrepancy is most probably caused by thermal radiation transmission through cell walls. Effective diffusion coefficients reported in the literature for different foam samples vary by an order of magnitude. The differences are caused by variations in cell geometry and cell wall permeability.
Finite-length analysis of LDPC codes with large left degrees

Extending the results of Proietti et al. (see IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, vol.48, June 2002) we derive a recursion for calculating the average error probability of random bipartite graph ensembles of LDPC codes with large left degrees over erasure channels.
A sample transfer technique for the analysis of trimethylgallium by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy with exponential dilution technique

The spectrochemical analysis of pyrophoric trimethylgallium (TMG) by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) involves careful handling and transfer of this sample. Bertenyi and Barnes described a method for the determination of silicon in TMG based upon the transfer of a neat TMG sample into an exponential dilution flask by means of a microliter syringe. When the sample was being withdrawn from a sealed reservoir, the syringe needle often was damaged because traces of TMG on the tip burned in air while the syringe was being transported to the exponential dilution flask. This made further sampling impossible, because the product formed clogged the very fine capillary. Therefore the need arose to protect the microliter syringe from air during the course of the experiment.
Microwave dielectric characterization of bulk ferroelectrics

We discuss the application of existing RF measurement techniques, including waveguide and mode-filtered cavity resonator methods, to the dielectric characterization of bulk high-permittivity ferroelectrics at microwave frequencies. Complex permittivity data are presented for barium titanate and a ite of barium strontium titanate (BSTO) and nonferroelectric oxide at X-band (8-11 GHz) frequencies and at 24°C temperature. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed in detail.
Image coding through predictive vector quantization

This paper describes a predictive vector quantizer (PVQ) for coding grayscale images. The method described can be regarded as an extension of an existing speech coding algorithm in 1- dimension to 2-dimensional images. The method applies vector quantization (VQ) to innovations generated by the well known scalar differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) method. It tries to exploit the advantages of both the simplicity of DPCM and the high compressibility of VQ. Two types of code books, viz., random and deterministic, are used in the implementation. Performance results of the method with both types of codebooks are presented for industrial radiographic images. The results are also compared with reconstructions obtained using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) method.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A proposed process for applying a structured decision‐making framework to restoration planning in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana, U.S.A.

Environmental decision-making issues in the Atchafalaya River Basin (ARB), Louisiana require innovative approaches that combine scientific understanding and local stakeholder values. Management of the ARB has evolved from strong federal control to establish the ARB as a primary floodway of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project to a state and federal collaboration to accommodate fish and wildlife resource promotion, recreational opportunities, and economic development. The management policy has expanded to include a growing number of stakeholders, but the decision-making process has not kept pace. Current conflicts among many local stakeholder groups, due in part to their lack of involvement in the decision-making process, impede restoration efforts. The absence of a long-term collective vision for the ARB by both local stakeholder groups and management agencies further confounds these efforts. This paper proposes a process to apply a structured decision-making framework, a values-based approach that explicitly defines objectives, to promote stakeholder-driven restoration efforts in the ARB and to better prepare for and manage long-term environmental issues. The goals of this approach are: (1) to create a process founded on stakeholder values and supported by rigorous scientific assessment to meet management agency mandates and (2) to establish a transparent process for restoration planning in the ARB that incorporates current and future non-governmental stakeholders into the decision-making process. Similar frameworks have been successful in other river basins; we feel the structure of current restoration efforts in the ARB is well-suited to adopt a values-focused management framework.