cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Length of multiple-funnel traps affects catches of some bark and wood boring beetles in a slash pine stand in northern Florida.

The multiple-funnel trap has gained broad acceptance for catching bark and ambrosia beetles since the trap was developed more than 25 years ago (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (Lindgren 1983). The trap consists of black plastic funnels aligned vertically over each other, allowing for intercepted beetles to fall through the funnels into a wet or dry collection cup located on the bottom funnel. Currently, there are 2 national programs in the USA that use baited multiple-funnel traps for detecting exotic species: the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) and the Early Detection and Rapid Response program (EDRR) (USDA APHIS 2007; Rabaglia et al. 2008). Multiple-funnel traps are available in several sizes or lengths, expressed by the number of funnels (4-, 8-, 12or 16-unit) (Contech Inc., Delta, BC; Synergy Semiochemicals Corp., Burnaby, BC). The general expectation is that longer multiple-funnel traps catch more beetles. In support of that position, Hoover et al. (2000) found that catches of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in traps baited with the pheromone lineatin, increased as the length of traps were increased from 4 to 16 units. Haack & Lawrence (1997) found that catches of Tomicus piniperda (L.) were higher in 12and 16unit traps than in 8-unit ones. The objective of our study was to verify that long multiple-funnel traps (16-unit) catch more bark and wood boring beetles than short traps (8unit) in a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stand in northern Florida. We focused our study on common southern species attracted to the binary combination of ethanol and (–)-α-pinene used in the national programs (Miller 2006; Miller & Rabaglia 2009). We conducted 1 trapping experiment in a mature slash pine stand on the Osceola National Forest near Olustee, FL for 9 weeks in 2001 (29 Aug-8 Nov). PheroTech Inc. (now Contech) supplied separate lures for releasing ethanol and (–)-α-pinene at rates of approximately 0.6 and 2 g/d, respectively, as well as 8unit and 16-unit multiple-funnel traps. Traps were set in 6 blocks of 2 traps per block with all traps set 10-15 m apart. There were 2 treatments: (1) 8-unit; and (2) 16-unit multiple-funnel traps. One trap of each treatment type was randomly assigned to a position within each block. All traps were baited with ethanol and (–)-α-pinene. Each trap was suspended between trees by rope such that the bottom of each was 0.2-0.5 m above ground level. No trap was within 2 m of any tree. Collection cups contained approximately 150 mL of pink propylene glycol solution (Peak RV and Marine Antifreeze, Old World Industries Inc., Northbrook, IL). Using SYSTAT ver. 11.00.01 (SYSTAT Inc., Point Richmond, CA), we conducted two-sided t tests on data transformed by ln(y + 1) to remove heteroscedasticity (Pepper et al. 1997). Catches of Arhopalus rusticus nubilus (LeConte) (Cerambycidae) in 16-unit traps were 143% greater than those in 8-unit traps (Table 1).
An Empirical Investigation of Thurstone and IRT Methods of Scaling Achievement Tests

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature and characteristics of the measurement scales developed using Thurstone and item response theory (IRT) methods of scaling achievement tests for the same set of data. Expanded standard score scales were created using Thurstone, one-parameter IRT, and three-parameter IRT models, and descriptive information on achievement growth and variability was obtained for examinees in Grades 9 through 12 in the subject areas of vocabulary, reading, and mathematics. The results indicated increasing variability in all three test areas for all three scaling methods as grade level increased. In addition, greater average growth across grades was observed at the 90th percentile as compared to the 10th percentile, even with the IRT-based scales.
The significance of giving gifts to children in therapy.

It is a basic principle of psychoanalysis that therapy which is directed toward the acquisition of insight is best performed in a state of "abstinence" (Freud, 1915). Although the rule of abstinence is essential for the development of an adequate transference and also for its eventua l resolution, no one any longer assumes that the analyst can or should always maintain the "blank screen" attitude. The therapeutic interest in thc patient is itself a breakdown of the rule of abstinence; yet without it the patient may not make any significant progress. There are many dcgrces to which the rule of abstinence can be maintained or relaxed, and the attitudes of analysts on this issue vary considerably, not only in regard to adults but also in regard to children. Eissler (1~15,1) has labeled as a "parameter" any deviation from the basic technique of psychoanalysis, which he defines as that technique "which requires interpretation as the exclusive tool." In extending this definition to child analysis, Weiss (FI61) has used the term "parameter" to refer to a variety of interventions, including "the use of candy, toys, vacation postcards, birthday and holiday presents." We, in the present paper, take a somewhat different position. If, in the psychoanalysis or psychotherapy of adult patients we provide direct information, offer specific advice, or givc a "gift" in any form, we would call such an action a "parameter" of treatment. But in the
Arthroscopy of the Wrist: Anatomy and Classification of Carpal Instability

Carpal instability can be defined as the lack of ligamentous and skeletal support adequate to maintain a wrist stable to external forces of pinch and grasp. This instability may be static or dynamic. It has been classified as (a) carpal instability, dissociated (CID), a situation in which one or more of the ligaments are torn, and (b) carpal instability, nondissociative (CIND), a situation in which the ligaments are intact but stretched. Carpal instability can also be the result of carpal bone malalignment from various causes. Arthroscopy can be particularly useful in assessing carpal instability, however arthrography with contrast medium, fluoroscopy, and stress loading should precede this arthroscopic assessment. Arthroscopy allows visualization of the volar radiocarpal and ulnocarpal ligaments of the wrist, and the arthroscopic examination can be combined with manual manipulation of the carpal bones to detect laxity of those ligaments, to examine stability of the scapholunate and lunotriquetral interosseous ligaments, and to show instability of the distal radioulnar joint.
Surface-Layer (S-Layer) Proteins Sap and EA1 Govern the Binding of the S-Layer-Associated Protein BslO at the Cell Septa of Bacillus anthracis

The Gram-positive pathogen Bacillus anthracis contains 24 genes whose products harbor the structurally conserved surface-layer (S-layer) homology (SLH) domain. Proteins endowed with the SLH domain associate with the secondary cell wall polysaccharide (SCWP) following secretion. Two such proteins, Sap and EA1, have the unique ability to self-assemble into a paracrystalline layer on the surface of bacilli and form S layers. Other SLH domain proteins can also be found within the S layer and have been designated Bacillus S-layer-associated protein (BSLs). While both S-layer proteins and BSLs bind the same SCWP, their deposition on the cell surface is not random. For example, BslO is targeted to septal peptidoglycan zones, where it catalyzes the separation of daughter cells. Here we show that an insertional lesion in the sap structural gene results in elongated chains of bacilli, as observed with a bslO mutant. The chain length of the sap mutant can be reduced by the addition of purified BslO in the culture medium. This complementation in trans can be explained by an increased deposition of BslO onto the surface of sap mutant bacilli that extends beyond chain septa. Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that the Sap S layer does not overlap the EA1 S layer and slowly yields to the EA1 S layer in a growth-phase-dependent manner. Although present all over bacilli, Sap S-layer patches are not observed at septa. Thus, we propose that the dynamic Sap/EA1 S-layer coverage of the envelope restricts the deposition of BslO to the SCWP at septal rings.
Metal complexes of alkylating agents. IV: Complexes of melphalan and chlorambucil

Abstract Complexes of melphalan (mel) and chlorambucil (cam) that have been synthesized include Cu(mel)2(H2O)2, Cu(sal-mel)(sal) where sal-mel is the Schiff base formed from salicylic acid and melphalan, Pt(cyc)2(mel)2 where cyc is cyclohexylamine, (H3C)2Au(mel), and Cu2(cam)4.
The elusive function of metallothioneins

Biochemistry and genetics are both required to elucidate the function of macromolecules. There is no question that metallothioneins (MTs) have unique biochemical properties, but genetic experiments have not substantiated the importance of MTs under physiological conditions. Even after thousands of studies describing the structure, biochemical characteristics, tissue distribution, induction, and consequences of genetic disruption and deliberate overexpression, the evolutionary forces that led to the initial appearance, gene duplications, and nearly ubiquitous expression of MTs remain enigmatic.
Photon energy threshold for filling boron induced charge traps in SiO2 near the Si/SiO2 interface using second harmonic generation

We report the experimental determination of the threshold energy for filling the B+ induced charge traps in SiO2 near the Si/SiO2 interface, using a two-color pump-probe approach involving internal photoemission and second harmonic generation. The threshold photon energy for filling the B+ induced charge trap is 2.61 eV (λ=475 nm) for single photon excitation between the silicon valence band and the B+ trap energy level in SiO2.
Positional Cloning in Arabidopsis. Why It Feels Good to Have a Genome Initiative Working for You

Positional (or map-based) cloning techniques are widely used to identify the protein products of genes defined by mutation. In Arabidopsis the information generated by the Genome Initiative is giving this approach a decisive boost. A wealth of sequence polymorphisms and molecular markers is now available and can be exploited for fine mapping with technically simple and robust polymerase chain reaction-based methods. As a result it has become possible to complete positional cloning projects in a short time and with relatively little effort.
Special Issue on Physics of Dusty Plasmas 2010

The 24 papers in this special issue were solicited at the 12th Workshop on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas held on May 17-20, 2009, in Boulder, Colorado.
Silicon Sensor Technologies for the ATLAS IBL Upgrade

Abstract An overview of radiation hard planar and 3D pixel sensor technologies currently under development for ATLAS upgrades is presented. T * he first upgrade will be the installation in 2013 of an additional pixel layer inside the current Detector, the Insertable B Layer (IBL). The two technologies are competing to equip the IBL. The IBL sensor qualification procedure is described. Beam test results of un-irradiated and irradiated planar and 3D sensors are presented.
Instructions to ignore a stimulus and the GSR

According to research on the orienting reflex, the instructions to ignore a stimulus would increase the signal value and result in an increased GSR elicited by that stimulus. A decreased GSR, however, would be expected due to the effect of demand characteristics of the experiment. As a test of these opposing effects, Ss were presented three different tones and instructed to ignore one of them. The results indicate that the GSR is enhanced for the ignored stimulus and support the notion that effects due to signal value are larger than effects due to demand characteristics.
The Impact of Sexual Activity and Fertility Timing on African American High School Graduates' Later Life Experiences

Results from this study of 1,666 African Arnerican high school graduates' life experiences showed that a significant proportion of adolescent mothers were more successful than conventional stereotypes suggest. Several had obtained professional jobs, had middle-income status, and were pursuing additional educational training. The author used data from the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle IV to examine a sample stratified by sexual activity and fertility timing: 474 virgins (28.5%), 570 never-pregnants (34.1%), 65 ever-pregnants (4%), and 557 adolescent mothers (33.4%). Across groups, most of the women had never married, with virgins and adolescent mothers the least likely to be in marital relationships. Of the four groups, virgins reported higher educational, financial, and occupational advancement. Implications for future research, education, and policy are discussed.
Contraceptive usage, knowledge and correlates of usage among female emergency department patients.

Abstract Objectives For female emergency department (ED) patients, we sought to assess the prevalence of contraceptive usage as well as the extent of contraceptive knowledge and to determine if demographic and sexual health history factors, comprehension of contraceptive methods and moral/religious opinions on contraception were associated with current usage of birth control pills (BCPs), prior usage of emergency contraception (EC) and frequency of condom usage. Methods English-speaking female ED patients aged between 18 and 55 years at a northeastern United States urban ED were surveyed on their usage, comprehension and opinions regarding BCPs, EC and condoms. Results Of the 539 respondents (64.6% were aged ≤35 years), most were White (63.1%), single (42.5%), Catholic (48.4%) and privately insured (55.3%). Among the 223 women at pregnancy risk [not currently pregnant, not using any form of nonsurgical birth control (except condoms) and with no prior tubal ligation or hysterectomy], about 25% were using BCPs, fewer than 10% had used EC and almost 40% never used condoms. Most women displayed good knowledge about BCPs and condoms but poor understanding about EC. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, current BCP usage among women at risk of pregnancy was associated with younger age [odds ratio (OR)=0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.37–0.79], private insurance (OR=2.52; 95% CI=1.30–4.86) and recent intercourse (OR=1.61; 95% CI=1.19–2.18). Among women at risk of pregnancy, those who had an abortion (OR=2.56; 95% CI=1.17–5.61) and those who displayed greater EC knowledge (OR=3.23; 95% CI=1.50–6.95) had greater odds of having used EC. Among all women, more frequent condom usage was associated with being younger (OR=0.57; 95% CI=0.46–0.70), having never been married (OR=0.44; 95% CI=0.28–0.68) and not having intercourse recently (OR=0.79; 95% CI=0.64–0.98). Conclusions A high percentage of female ED patients (41.4%) were at risk of pregnancy. Demographic and sexual history factors can help identify women who might benefit from receiving referrals or education on contraceptive measures.
Determination of dipole polarizabilities for Mg + and Ca + ions from precision lifetime measurements and transition-moment cancellations

It is shown that precision lifetime measurements now available for the ns-np resonance transitions in alkali-metal-like atoms and ions and the existence of strong cancellation effects in ns-${\mathit{n}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$p transitions for ${\mathit{n}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}n can be combined and used to specify the electric dipole polarizabilities ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{d}}$ of these systems to a precision comparable to that of the lifetime measurements. The method is described and applied to ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ ions. Existing precision lifetime measurements are coupled with Coulomb approximation with Hartree-Slater core calculations, which estimate the contribution of the ${\mathit{n}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}n transitions in near cancellation, and the analysis yields to values ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{d}}$(${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$)=(34.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.26)${\mathit{a}}_{0}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{d}}$(${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$)=(70.89\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)${\mathit{a}}_{0}^{3}$.
How do queuing concepts and tools help to efficiently manage hospitals when the patients are impatient? A demonstration

Background: Due to severe pain, patients are impatient in several wings sporadically and more frequently in emergency wing of the hospitals. To efficiently administer in such environment and the hospital management seeks helpful strategies. The queuing concepts and related methodologies can help as this article has demonstrated by an analysis and interpretation of real data from a hospital in Malta. Methods: The queuing concepts are probabilistic and statistical ideas based approach. They require configuration of the rate and pattern of arriving patients, the rate and pattern of the service, the number of channels serving, the capacity of the waiting room, and the criterion for selecting patients for service etc. New ideas are presented in this article to manage in various scenarios of real life emergency operations. The pertinent queuing concepts and tools are made easier for the readers to comprehend and practice in their own situations in which they notice that the patients are impatient in their waiting. Results: Using the new ideas and formulas of this article, the data in the emergency wing of a hospital in Malta (a largest island of an archipelago situated in the center of the Mediterranean with a total population of a million) are analyzed and interpreted. The results clearly explain why there were a prolonged waiting times at the emergency department creating public dissatisfaction and patients were leaving without waiting to be seen. The total time spent by non-urgent patients with nurse and casualty officer is more in the second shift and lesser and lesser in the third and fourth shifts. The interactive time with a nurse by patient is statistically same in all three types: life-threatening, non-life threatening but urgent, and non-urgent. Very strikingly, the patients in all three groups wait longer to be seen by the nurse in shift three and lesser time in shifts two or four. Conclusion: In 21 st century with flourishing globalized medical tourism, a standardized approach to minimize efficiently the waiting time in emergency and other wings of the hospitals in developing as much as in developed nations is a necessity as this auricle has pointed out. The impediments and the remedies for an efficient standardization are overdue.
Current therapy for rare factor deficiencies

Haemophilia A and B and von Willebrand disease account for 80-85% of all inherited bleeding disorders. The other 15% are represented by deficiencies of fibrinogen, prothrombin, or factors V, VII, X, XI, or XIII. In addition, acquired factor deficiencies are seen in a variety of conditions ranging from malignancies to autoimmune disorders. The spectrum of symptoms in these conditions varies from severe and life-threatening haemorrhage to a mild bleeding diathesis. The diagnosis depends on demonstration of decreased activity of one of the clotting factors. Due to the rarity of each of the individual factor deficiencies, purified factor concentrates are not as readily available as they are for haemophilia A and B. Treatment of rare clotting factor deficiencies consists of the most purified blood product available that contains the missing factor. Depending on which factor is deficient, either purified concentrates, prothrombin complex concentrates, cryoprecipitate, or fresh frozen plasma can be used. In addition, recombinant factor VIIa is available for treating factor VII deficient patients.
IMP: a multi-species functional genomics portal for integration, visualization and prediction of protein functions and networks

IMP (Integrative Multi-species Prediction), originally released in 2012, is an interactive web server that enables molecular biologists to interpret experimental results and to generate hypotheses in the context of a large cross-organism compendium of functional predictions and networks. The system provides biologists with a framework to analyze their candidate gene sets in the context of functional networks, expanding or refining their sets using functional relationships predicted from integrated high-throughput data. IMP 2.0 integrates updated prior knowledge and data collections from the last three years in the seven supported organisms (Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and extends function prediction coverage to include human disease. IMP identifies homologs with conserved functional roles for disease knowledge transfer, allowing biologists to analyze disease contexts and predictions across all organisms. Additionally, IMP 2.0 implements a new flexible platform for experts to generate custom hypotheses about biological processes or diseases, making sophisticated data-driven methods easily accessible to researchers. IMP does not require any registration or installation and is freely available for use at http://imp.princeton.edu.
Survival and induction of SOS in Escherichia coli treated with cisplatin, UV-irradiation, or mitomycin C are dependent on the function of the RecBC and RecFOR pathways of homologous recombination.

Resistance of tumors to drugs such as cisplatin and mitomycin C (MMC) is an important factor limiting their usefulness in cancer chemotherapy. The antitumor effects of these drugs are due to the formation of bifunctional adducts in DNA, with cisplatin causing predominantly intrastrand-crosslinks and MMC causing interstrand-crosslinks. The SOS chromotest was used to study the cellular mechanisms that process DNA damage in Escherichia coli exposed to cisplatin, ultraviolet irradiation (UV) and MMC and subsequently facilitate the production of a molecular signal for induction of the SOS response. Strains used in the SOS chromotest have a fusion of lacZ with the sfiA (sulA) gene so that the amount of SOS inducing signal, which is modulated by the ability of the cell to repair DNA, is measured by assaying β-galactosidase activity. SOS induction in a strain proficient in homologous recombination (HR) was compared with that in isogenic strains deficient in HR due to a blocked RecBC pathway caused by a recB mutation or a blocked RecFOR pathway caused by a recO mutation. The effect of cisplatin treatment in a uvrA mutant strain blocked at the first step of NER was compared with that in an isogenic strain proficient in NER. Cellular resistance was measured as percent colony forming units (cfu) for cells treated with increasing doses of cisplatin, MMC and UV relative to that in untreated control cultures. The importance of both HR pathways for resistance to these treatments was demonstrated by decreased survival in mutants with the recB mutant being more sensitive than the recO mutant. SOS induction levels were elevated in the sensitive recB strain relative to the HR proficient strain possibly due to stalled and/or distorted replication forks at crosslinks in DNA. In contrast, induction of SOS was dependent on RecFOR activity that is thought to act at daughter strand gaps in newly synthesized DNA to mediate production of the signal for SOS induction. Proficiency in NER was necessary for both survival and high levels of SOS induction in cisplatin treated cells.
Beyond Therapy: Problem-Solving Courts and the Deliberative Democratic State

Problem-solving courts (drug courts, community courts, domestic violence courts, and mental health courts), unlike traditional courts, attempt to get at the root of the individual and social problems that motivate criminal behavior. Theoretical understandings of problem-solving courts are mostly Foucauldian; proponents argue that these new institutions employ therapeutic techniques that encourage individuals to self-engineer in ways that subtly increase state power. The Foucauldian approach captures only some elements of problem-solving courts and does not fully theorize the revolution in justice that these courts present. Problem-solving courts, domestic violence courts in particular, orient not just around individual change but also around social change and cultural transformation. Combining the Foucauldian idea of a therapeutic state (as developed by James Nolan) with an understanding of the deliberative democratic mechanisms of larger-scale structural transformation (found in Habermas and others) leads to a more balanced and empirically open orientation to the actual motivations, goals, and achievements of problem-solving courts.
Depletion of a Great Plains Resource: The Case of Shelter-belts

The Great Plains Forest Shelter-belt Project began in 1935 and was the largest tree-planting programme ever attempted in the Great Plains. Its goals included soil-moisture conservation, enhancement of a seemingly featureless environment, improvement of crop yields, preservation of the soil resource, and climatic amelioration. The first four proved realistic, and quickly became the prime rationale for the programme. Millions of trees were planted, from the Dakotas to Texas, and some planting still continues under two federal cost-sharing arrangements. In many instances, the total number of hectares that have been planted exceeds the natural forest vegetation.
Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking in austenitic alloys

Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking (IASCC) is a complicated phenomenon that poses a difficult problem for designers and operators of nuclear plants. Because IASCC accelerates the deterioration of various reactor components, it is imperative that it be understood and modeled to maintain reactor safety. Unfortunately, the costs and dangers of gathering data on radiation effects are high, and the phenomenon itself is so complex that it is difficult to enumerate all of the causes. This article reviews current knowledge of IASCC and describes the goals of ongoing work.
Classically conditioned limb reflexes reinforced by motor cortex stimulation.

Abstract This study measures the latencies of, and the effect of the reduction of the interreinforcement time interval upon, conditional limb reflexes reinforced to an auditory conditional stimulus with movement evoking electrical stimulation of the motor-sensory cortex as the unconditional stimulus. Conditioned head movements were obtained in all, while limb movements developed in only 2, of 3 cats following 4.6 min reinforcement intervals. One-min reinforcement intervals did not abolish these limb responses which are here shown to have a latency significantly in excess of 1 sec. The conditional limb responses of this study are identified as a classical, as contrasted with the instrumental variant of other studies. The classical limb response is thought to develop if there is: (a) an absence of head movement induced extensor tonus; (b) a motor-sensory cortex stimulus adequate to evoke limb movement; and, (c) a period of conditional stimulus isolation ample to permit the observation of these long latency responses.
A Note on Comparing the Power of Test Statistics at Low Significance Levels

It is an obvious fact that the power of a test statistic is dependent upon the significance (alpha) level at which the test is performed. It is perhaps a less obvious fact that the relative performance of two statistics in terms of power is also a function of the alpha level. Through numerous personal discussions, we have noted that even some competent statisticians have the mistaken intuition that relative power comparisons at traditional levels such as α=0.05 will be roughly similar to relative power comparisons at very low levels, such as the level α=510−8, which is commonly used in genome-wide association studies. In this brief note, we demonstrate that this notion is in fact quite wrong, especially with respect to comparing tests with differing degrees of freedom. In fact, at very low alpha levels the cost of additional degrees of freedom is often comparatively low. Thus we recommend that statisticians exercise caution when interpreting the results of power comparison studies which use alpha levels t...
Aging, encoding specificity, and memory change in the Double Memory Test.

Aged and young adults were tested by category cued recall after learning with category cues (CCR) or with item cues (ICR). CCR was about twice ICR for both aged and young adults. The aged recalled less than the young and did not benefit as much from greater encoding specificity and deeper processing in CCR. ICR and CCR were correlated, so that expected CCR can be predicted from ICR. The regression of CCR on ICR was linear for young adults, but was piecewise linear for the aged, showing that the relationship between ICR and CCR was not uniform for the aged adults. Lower than expected CCR by a subset of aged without clinical dementia may be a sign of preclinical dementia. (JINS, 1995, I, 483–493.)
Direct measurement of subglottic pressure and laryngealresistance in normal subjects and in spasmodic dysphonia

Summary This study tested the accuracy of indirect methods of measurementof laryngeal airway resistance in normal subjects and in spasmodic dysphonia (SD). The indirect method assumes that subglottic air pressure remains constant during the voiced segment of a syllable. In this study subglottic air pressure was directly measured via puncture of the cricothyroid membrane in seven normal subjects and seven subjects with SD. The true laryngeal airway resistance was calculated and compared with airway resistance measured using indirect techniques based on intraoral air pressure. In five of the seven normal subjects, subglottic air pressure did not remain constant during the voiced segment. As a result, the error produced using indirect method of calculating average laryngeal resistance for the normal subjects varied from −44% to +50%. For SD subjects the error ranged from −49% to +22%. In general, the indirect technique over-estimated laryngeal airway resistance in normal subjects and underestimated the resistance in subjects with SD.
On the existence of periodic complementary binary sequences

Using the connection between periodic complementary binary sequences and difference families given by Bomer and Antweiler [2], we use number theoretic techniques to obtain necessary conditions for their existence when two or three sequences are involved. Our results provide theoretical proof for the nonexistence of PCS3 20(a i) and settle the open case PCS2 36(a i) of [2], negatively.
Relations between QRS|T Angle, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

On the surface electrocardiogram, an abnormally wide QRS|T angle reflects changes in the regional action potential duration profiles and in the direction of the repolarization sequence, which is thought to increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmia. We investigated the relation between an abnormal QRS|T angle and mortality in a nationally representative sample of subjects without clinically evident heart disease. We studied 7,052 participants ≥40 years old in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with 12-lead electrocardiograms. Those with self-reported or electrocardiographic evidence of a previous myocardial infarction, QRS duration of ≥120 ms, or history of heart failure were excluded. Borderline and abnormal spatial QRS|T angles were defined according to gender-specific 75th and 95th percentiles of frequency distributions. All-cause (1,093 women and 1,191 men) and cardiovascular (462 women and 455 men) mortality during the 14-year period was assessed through linkage with the National Death Index. On multivariate analyses, an abnormal spatial QRS|T angle was associated with an increased hazard ratio (HR) for cardiovascular mortality in women (HR 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 3.14) and men (HR 2.21, 95% confidence interval 1.32 to 3.68). Also, the multivariate adjusted HR for all-cause mortality associated with an abnormal QRS|T angle was 1.30 (95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.78) for women and 1.87 (95% confidence interval 1.29 to 2.7) for men. A borderline QRS|T angle was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. In conclusion, an abnormal QRS|T angle, as measured on a 12-lead electrocardiogram, was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in this population-based sample without known heart disease.
Thyroid lesions visualized on CT: sonographic and pathologic correlation.

Rationale and Objectives There are no definitive guidelines for the management of incidental thyroid lesions on computed tomography (CT). The objectives of our study were to assess the association between CT and ultrasound (US) characteristics of thyroid lesions and identify CT predictors of benignity or malignancy. Materials and Methods Two hundred fifty-nine patients who had undergone both CT of the chest or neck and thyroid US had at least one thyroid lesion visible on CT; both incidentally detected and palpable or symptomatic lesions were included. The CT and US examinations were retrospectively reviewed and lesions characterized. Pathologic results from fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and surgical excision were used to classify lesions as benign or malignant. Thyroid lesions without pathologic correlation were classified as either benign or indeterminate based on US evaluation. Lesions that were cystic, predominantly cystic, solid and cystic with features consistent with a colloid nodule, or stable for at least 1 year were considered benign. Fisher exact tests, Spearman correlations, and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between CT and US characteristics and CT predictors of benignity or malignancy. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the joint associations between the CT features and sonographically assessed benignity. Results Of 259 patients, 168 (64.9%) patients had incidentally detected thyroid lesions, 49 (18.9%) patients had palpable/symptomatic lesions, and 116 (44.8%) patients underwent surgical resection and/or FNA biopsy. The malignancy prevalence was 1.8% (3 of 168) for incidental thyroid lesions and 10.2% (5 of 49) for palpable/symptomatic lesions. The malignancy prevalence of incidental lesions initially detected on CT was 1.6% (2 of 125). Of the 143 patients without pathologic data, 58 (40.6%) were classified as benign and 85 (59.4%) were categorized as indeterminate based on US evaluation. Statistically significant associations were found between CT and US with regard to lesion number, dominant lesion size, lesion consistency/composition, and associated calcifications. No CT characteristics of thyroid lesions predicted malignancy. However, there were statistically significant associations on multivariate analysis between indeterminate/benign nodules and CT characteristics of smaller lesion size, lower mean attenuation, and homogeneous composition. Conclusions Recommending sonographic evaluation of all incidentally detected thyroid lesions is likely not the appropriate strategy, given the high prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas, low probability of malignancy, and cost effectiveness of workup. Small, homogeneous, low-attenuation lesions have a high probability of being benign.
A new Cold War history

We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History by John Lewis Gaddis. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press and Council on Foreign Relations, 1997. 425pp. £25.00.
A New Measure for Assessing Developmentally Appropriate Practices in Early Elementary School, a Developmentally Appropriate Practice Template.

Abstract This study examines the psychometric properties of an observer measure of developmentally appropriate practices (DAP) for early elementary school classrooms, known as A Developmentally Appropriate Practices Template (ADAPT). Using a sample of 854–1511 first through third grade classrooms in 207–295 schools across 3 years, the study evaluates the reliability and content validity of the ADAPT as a measure of DAP; examines the ADAPT ratings descriptively, including the extent to which classrooms within the same schools are similar; evaluates the factor structure of the ADAPT; tests the invariance of that structure across treatment conditions; and assesses the convergent validity of the measure. The ADAPT is found to have a reliable, stable, and consistent factor structure consisting of three distinct but correlated factors: integrated curriculum, a social emotional emphasis, and child-centered approaches. The ADAPT was also found to be moderately related to another observational measure of the broader classroom environment. There was a large degree of similarity in DAP among classrooms within schools, affirming the need for using a multilevel framework to assess these practices.
An experimental test of two general relationships to describe the adsorption of antibodies by cells and tissues.

Abstract In the systems, investigated, the adsorption of specific antibody by cells or by tissue residues conformed over a limited range to an expression similar to von Krogh's equation. This resulted in a straight line plot of the adsorption data. Alternatively, the adsorption data could be plotted as probits. For direct adsorption of antibodies, satisfactory agreement with this expression could be demonstrated only with purified antibody. In contrast, tests for antibody present in supernatants obtained following a direct adsorption gave results that agreed well, even when unpurified antisera were used. The systems studies were immune hemolysis of sheep red cells, immune cytolysis of mouse thymocytes, and binding of radio-labeled globulins to stromata of a mouse ovarian tetratoma. Preliminary evidence suggested that the above findings with antibody might represent a special case of a more general adsorption phenomenon.
Immunoreactive ACTH in cerebrospinal fluid.

ABSTRACT A previous report of the presence of ACTH in cerebrospinal fluid (1) prompted an investigation of its concentration in the CSF of patients with nonendocrine disease and of the mechanism by which it enters this fluid. The mean immunoreactive ACTH concentration in 22 patients was 98 pg/ml which slightly, but not significantly, exceeded the mean concentration in simultaneously obtained plasma specimens (74 pg/ml). However, there was no correlation (r = 0.2) between the concentrations of individual pairs of ACTH values obtained from plasma and CSF. The transport of ACTH between the blood and CSF compartments was investigated in man and the cat. After 48 hr administration of exogenous ACTH in man, when the plasma concentration was very high, the CSF ACTH concentration remained low. During infusion of labeled ACTH in cats, a steadystate plasma/CSF radioactivity ratio was obtained after 4–6 hr, at which time the concentration of radioactivity attributable to labelled ACTH was 100 times higher in plasma ...
R-factor transfer in selenite and tetrathionate broths.

After overnight incubation of R+Escherichia coli with R−Salmonella typhimurium in selenite and tetrathionate with Brilliant Green (TBG) broths, R-factor transfer was demonstrated in 10 of 12 experiments. R-factor transfer in these enrichment broths occurred at a markedly reduced frequency in comparison to that in Trypticase soy broth, apparently due to an adverse effect either on the viability of the donor E. coli or the conjugation process itself. Transfer of R factors in commonly used enrichment broths may give rise to falsely resistant antibiotic patterns in Salmonella. However, the frequency of R-factor transfer is so low that it is unlikely to affect significantly the interpretation of R-factor studies.
Nursery Roosts and Community Diversity of Nearctic Bats

The hypothesis is presented that, because roosts are of survival value and bats have various adaptations for coloniality, the distribution and abundance of colonial Nearctic bats is determined largely by the availability of suitable roosts. Nearctic bat faunal size is correlated with the presence or absence of structures used for roosting. Both faunal size and community diversity vary in a geographically patchy rather than clinal fashion, implying little correlation with length of the growing season or diversity of insect communities. High bat diversity characterizes areas where all types of roost structures occur, whereas some kinds of roosts are missing in places of low bat diversity. A species' “contribution to diversity” (H′n) shows in which parts of its range it is an important contributor to its community. Each species uses particular sorts of roosts, and in summer a roost typically contains only one species. High survival rates, strong site attachment, and low natality rates are striking demographic adaptations of the more colonial species. Probably the key benefits of roosts are physiological advantages ensuring optimal growth of embryos and young and successful overwintering. Possible physiological and behavioral adaptations that may enable bats to take full advantage of roosts are suggested. I anticipate that the interaction of physiological requirements with the opportunities provided by summer and winter roosts will dominate future explanations of the distribution and relative abundances of temperate zone bats. The importance of roosts indicates that roosts should be managed as a key feature of the habitat of bats whose populations are in need of protection.
Lascar Strong Types in Some Simple Theories

In this paper a class of simple theories, called the low theories is developed, and the following is proved. Theorem. Let T be a low theory, A a set and a, b elements realizing the same strong type over A. Then, a and b realize the same Lasear strong type over A.
INCREASING PSYCHOLOGICAL FLEXIBILITY TO INFLUENCE CULTURAL EVOLUTION

Increasing the prevalence of caring in society could contribute to the evolution of a society that ensures the wellbeing of every member. Recent research on psychological flexibility suggests that helping people to accept, but not believe, their unpleasant thoughts and feelings contributes to people becoming more caring. This paper reviews evidence of the value of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for increasing psychological flexibility and focuses, in particular, on its impact on prejudice and caring. It then discusses how this empirically based strategy for increasing psychological flexibility could contribute to the evolution of a more caring society with less conflict and prejudice and that is less punitive and more sustainable.
Faster SAT solving with better CNF generation

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving has become an enabling technology with wide-ranging applications in numerous disciplines. These applications tend to be most naturally encoded using arbitrary Boolean expressions, but to use modern SAT solvers, one has to generate expressions in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF). This process can significantly affect SAT solving times. In this paper, we introduce a new linear-time CNF generation algorithm. We have implemented our algorithm and have conducted extensive experiments, which show that our algorithm leads to faster SAT solving times and smaller CNF than existing approaches.
Terahertz Beam Steering With Doped GaAs Phase Modulator and a Design of Spatial-Resolved High-Speed Terahertz Analog-to-Digital Converter

In this paper, we have designed and characterized the beam steering structure for terahertz radiation based on doubly corrugated spoofed surface plasmon polariton (DC-SSPP) architecture and analyzed the design of a high-speed terahertz analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Two DC-SSPP waveguides comprising metal-covered GaAs are utilized to build an interferometric structure with localized doping in the groove region. Active modulation of free carrier density in the doped n-GaAs will cause relative phase differences between terahertz beams in separate arms of the interferometer, giving rise to deflected radiation in the far field. In this paper, both mathematical modeling and finite-element simulations are used to verify and optimize the design. Two different architectures operating on the enhancement mode and depletion mode are studied separately in detail. Applying the beam bender in the ADC design poses challenges such as structural symmetry and multibit resolution. With a full differential implementation of the input signal and combination of nonlinear detector arrays with carefully designed gain and saturation power, a 3-bit ADC is demonstrated with higher than 60 GS/s speed and direct digitized readout.
Stability of Network Congestion Control with Asynchronous Updates

For network congestion control with many flows, current theoretical models predict worse performance than what the empirical study shows. In this paper, we introduce asynchronism among many flows to the traditional fluid-based model and develop an asynchronous model for network congestion control where each end-user sees slightly different snapshots of the network. Based on our model, we prove that the system is always stable when there are many flows with asynchronous updates. Both our theoretical and numerical results confirm that the asynchronism plays a dominant role in the stability of network congestion control and our asynchronous model reflects the reality far better than any other traditional fluid models with synchronous updates.
Erratum to: Conductive Hearing Loss Induced by Experimental Middle-Ear Effusion in a Chinchilla Model Reveals Impaired Tympanic Membrane-Coupled Ossicular Chain Movement

Otitis media with effusion (OME) occurs when fluid collects in the middle-ear space behind the tympanic membrane (TM). As a result of this effusion, sounds can become attenuated by as much as 30–40 dB, causing a conductive hearing loss (CHL). However, the exact mechanical cause of the hearing loss remains unclear. Possible causes can include altered compliance of the TM, inefficient movement of the ossicular chain, decreased compliance of the oval window-stapes footplate complex, or altered input to the oval and round window due to conduction of sound energy through middle-ear fluid. Here, we studied the contribution of TM motion and umbo velocity to a CHL caused by middle-ear effusion. Using the chinchilla as an animal model, umbo velocity (VU) and cochlear microphonic (CM) responses were measured simultaneously using sinusoidal tone pip stimuli (125 Hz–12 kHz) before and after filling the middle ear with different volumes (0.5–2.0 mL) of silicone oil (viscosity, 3.5 Poise). Concurrent increases in CM thresholds and decreases in umbo velocity were noted after the middle ear was filled with 1.0 mL or more of fluid. Across animals, completely filling the middle ear with fluid caused 20–40-dB increases in CM thresholds and 15–35-dB attenuations in umbo velocity. Clinic-standard 226-Hz tympanometry was insensitive to fluid-associated changes in CM thresholds until virtually the entire middle-ear cavity had been filled (approximately >1.5 mL). The changes in umbo velocity, CM thresholds, and tympanometry due to experimentally induced OME suggest CHL arises primarily as a result of impaired TM mobility and TM-coupled umbo motion plus additional mechanisms within the middle ear.