cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viruses, Autoimmunity, and Cancer†

The autoimmune disorder multiple sclerosis (MS) is an instructive example in which several pieces of evidence suggest that a microbial infection is the trigger for disease, with most evidence pointing to viral infections. Initial trigger of an autoimmune response could occur through several mechanisms, including molecular mimicry, bystander activation, epitope spreading, or super-antigen activation. In 1964, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was demonstrated to be caused by virus infection by electron microscopy in cells cultured from Burkitt's lymphoma, but it was not until the early 1980s that the causal relationship between other viruses and cancer was acknowledged. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) can be used a model to illustrate how a virus can induce cancer. The molecular pathogenesis of cancer caused by the high-risk HPV types is not fully understood and, although they are self-sufficient to induce carcinogenesis, the infection itself is not able to induce the malignant transformation of infected cells. For a very long time, polyomaviruses (PyV) have been proposed to have a causal link with cancer, because under experimental conditions, cells which are nonpermissive for viral replication can be transformed by PyVs. Over the past decades, more and more viruses have been causally linked to different forms of human and animal cancer. Today, one cancer case in five is caused by an infectious agent. With techniques developing rapidly, more associations between viruses and malignancies can be expected in the coming years.
Friedel-Crafts and Grignard processes in the carbohydrate series.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two extensions of carbohydrate chemistry into organic fields—namely, the applications of the Friedel-Crafts and Grignard reactions to carbohydrate starting materials. The isolation from the Grignard glucosylation of benzene of a product identical with that obtained by the Friedel-Crafts method have made it apparent that no intramolecular isomerizations or inversions accompany the process, and that the products possess the configuration of their parent aldose. Various applications––formation of molecular addition compounds, carbonyl addition reactions and metathetical reactions––of the Grignard reaction are discussed. D -fructose pentaacetate, tetraacetyl- D -glucose, and methyl tetraacetyl-α- D -glucoside give precipitates with methylmagnesium iodide, all analyzing as adducts containing two moles of Grignard reagent. No evidence of stable complex formation is noted; the only reaction found is the normal one of Grignard reagents with esters.
Escherichia coli topoisomerase IV : purification, characterization, subunit structure, and subunit interactions

DNA sequence analysis of Escherichia coli parC and parE, encoding the subunits of topoisomerase IV (Topo IV) (Kato, J.-I., Suzuki, H., and Ikeda, H. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25676-25684), showed that ParC was 22 amino acids longer on the N terminus and ParE was 29 amino acids longer on the C terminus than reported previously. E. coli strains bearing bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase-based expression plasmids carrying both intact and truncated parC and parE were used to overproduce the ParC and ParE proteins. Full-length ParC and ParE were required to reconstitute Topo IV activity, whereas the truncated ParC and ParE were inactive. Topo IV activity was supported only by ATP or dATP. The [ATP]1/2 for DNA relaxation was 0.45 mM, almost 25-fold higher than the [ATP]1/2 for decatenation of kinetoplast DNA. Topo IV activity was inhibited by the quinolone and coumarin antibiotics, although the concentrations required for 50% inhibition of activity were 3-30-fold higher than those required to inhibit DNA gyrase. The norfloxacin-induced DNA cleavage patterns of Topo IV and DNA gyrase were distinct but overlapping. The native forms of ParC and ParE were a dimer and a monomer, respectively; whereas the active form of Topo IV was a heterotetramer, ParC2ParE2. The inactivity of the truncated forms of ParC and ParE could be attributed to their failure to form the heterotetramer.
Policing the Immigration Police: ICE Prosecutorial Discretion and the Fourth Amendment

A persistent puzzle in immigration law is how the removal adjudication system should respond to the increasing prevalence of violations of noncitizens’ constitutional rights by arresting officers. Scholarship in this area has focused on judicial suppression of unconstitutionally obtained evidence, typically by arguing that the Supreme Court should overrule its 1984 decision in INS v. Lopez-Mendoza not to enforce the exclusionary rule in civil immigration court. This Essay, in contrast, considers the role of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) attorneys in upholding the Fourth Amendment, taking as a launching point the recent exercise of prosecutorial discretion by ICE attorneys in Charlotte, North Carolina in cases arising from systemic unlawful policing. Part I briefly describes how ICE's lawyers in the Charlotte immigration court have closed deportation cases against noncitizens arrested through unlawful policing by local officers in North Carolina, following a Department of Justice report on the discriminatory targeting of Latinos in Alamance County, North Carolina. The Essay then explores two potential bases for an ICE prosecutor’s decision to take remedial action when arresting officers violate the constitution. First, Part II examines ICE prosecutors’ constitutional responsibilities as executive branch attorneys in light of the Supreme Court’s decision to underenforce the Fourth Amendment in the context of immigration arrests. Part III then considers whether ICE’s remedial actions in North Carolina comport with internal agency guidelines for exercising prosecutorial discretion in deportation cases.
A Heavy Traffic Approximation for Queues with Restricted Customer-Server Matchings

We consider a queuing system with n customer classes and m servers. For eachclass i there is only a subset S(i) of servers that are able to process customer' i requests and they do that using a first-come-first-serve discipline. For this system, we are primarily interested in computing Pij , the steady-state fraction of class-i customers that are served by server j. We also look at stability conditions and standard performance measures like waiting times and queue lengths. Under the assumption that the system is heavy loaded, we approximate Pij as well as the other performance measures. Computational experiments are used to show the quality of our approximations.
Improvement in Serum Albumin With Adequate Hemodialysis

■ Objective: To determine the effects of adequate hemodialysis on serum albumin in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. ■ Design: Cohort analytical study. ■ Setting: Hospital-based dialysis unit. ■ Patients: All patients entering the hemodialysis program between December 1990 and June 1992 were selected for the study, and their charts were reviewed (n = 213). Patients in the program for more than 3 months and those who had serum albumin less than or equal to 35.0 g/L (3.50 g/dL) were included. Of the charts reviewed, 66 patients met the inclusion criteria: 28 transferred from other units (group 1), 30 initiated maintenance hemodialysis in the unit (group 2), and 8 received intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN). ■ Main outcome measure: Blood samples were obtained each month to determine the change in serum albumin concentration. ■ Results: Serum albumin increased significantly ( P P ■ Conclusion: In hemodialysis patients with a low serum albumin concentration, the provision of adequate hemodialysis, protein, and calorie intake may result in an increase in serum albumin and PCR.
Single-Cell Analysis of B Cell/Antibody Cross-Reactivity Using a Novel Multicolor FluoroSpot Assay

Dengue is a major public health problem globally. It is caused by four antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1-4), and although serotype-specific and strongly neutralizing cross-reactive immune responses against the four DENV serotypes are thought to be protective, subneutralizing Abs can contribute to increased disease severity upon secondary infection with a different DENV serotype. Understanding the breadth of the immune response in natural DENV infections and in vaccinees is crucial for determining the correlates of protection or disease severity. Transformation of B cell populations to generate mAbs and ELISPOT assays have been used to determine B cell and Ab specificity to DENV; however, both methods have technical limitations. We therefore modified the conventional ELISPOT to develop a Quad-Color FluoroSpot to provide a means of examining B cell/Ab serotype specificity and cross-reactivity on a single-cell basis. Abs secreted by B cells are captured by an Fc-specific Ab on a filter plate. Subsequently, standardized concentrations of all four DENV serotypes are added to allow equal stoichiometry for Ag binding. After washing, the spots, representing individual B cells, are visualized using four fluorescently labeled DENV serotype-specific detection mAbs. This method can be used to better understand the breadth and magnitude of B cell responses following primary and secondary DENV infection or vaccination and their role as immune correlates of protection from subsequent DENV infections. Furthermore, the Quad-Color FluoroSpot assay can be applied to other diseases caused by multiple pathogen serotypes in which determining the serotype or subtype-specific B cell response is important.
Representative Democracy and State Building in the Progressive Era

I draw upon state-building and legislative literatures to investigate how constituency-based representative institutions in the Progressive Era nationalized innovative public policies, thereby expanding the authority of the federal government as a component of the modern American state developing at that time. Using state-level referenda votes as measures of grassroots views, multivariate analysis discloses the impact of district opinion, as well as party and district economy, as major determinants of House roll call voting on landmark regulatory legislation authorizing federal intervention in market relationships, state suffrage qualifications, and life-style behaviors involving intoxicating beverages.
Characterizing unpaired electrons from the one-particle density matrix

Abstract A new definition of the unpaired electrons in a molecule is proposed, which derives from the one-particle reduced density matrix. It yields lower estimates of the number of radical electrons than the widely discussed ‘distribution of effectively unpaired electrons’, with a maximum possible difference of a factor of two. Unlike the existing definition, the new definition cannot yield numbers of unpaired electrons higher than the total number of electrons, and also recovers the intuitively expected result for the dissociation of O 2 .
Effect of pressure on CO2 transport in poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Abstract : The CO2 solubility, permeability and diffusion time lag in poly(ethylene terephthalate) are reported at 35 C and 65 C for CO2 pressures ranging from 0.07 atm to 20 atm. The subatmospheric time lag and permeability measurements were made with a glass system at North Carolina State University while the measurements, using an identical polymer sample, between 1 and 20 atmospheres were made at The University of Texas with a metal system capable of tolerating gage pressures up to 30 atmospheres. The measured solubility, permeability and time lag all show strong deviations from the well-known simple expressions for gases in rubbery polymers. The solubility isotherm is nonlinear in pressure and both theta and P are quite pressure dependent with each showing tendencies to approach low and high pressure asymptotic limits. These effects decrease as temperature increases and would be expected to disappear at or near the glass transition where the amorphous regions become rubbery. The importance of reporting the pressure levels used in transport measurements is emphasized for gas/glassy polymer systems where transport process do not follow linear laws. (Author)
On deployable adversarial classification models

The application of machine learning methods to malware detection has opened up possibilities of generating large number of classification models that use different kind of features, learning algorithms, and proportion of training data. Performance on test data can be used as a model selection criteria for determining the best classification model from the large space of all classification models. The effectiveness of test data performance as a model selection criteria will depend on a performance target that can act as a stopping criteria for the generate and test methodology of classifier design. The methods of determining the performance target are mostly ad hoc, either based on experience or some heuristic. We propose a rigorous method of determining a performance target-the deployable performance-based on the bound on the expected consequential costs of misclassification where the expectation is over performance in addition to the decision outcome. We also give a method to determine deployable classification models-models whose estimation of generalization performance meets the deployable performance target.
The geographic distribution of eye care providers in the United States: Implications for a national strategy to improve vision health.

Abstract Objective To describe the patterns of local eye care provider availability in the US. Methods Data from 2011 on the number of ophthalmologists and optometrists in each of the 3143 counties in the US were drawn from the Area Health Resources File. Population-weighted quartiles of the county-level number of ophthalmologists per capita and the county-level number of optometrists per capita were defined. Descriptive statistics were calculated and a cross tabulation of quartiles of ophthalmologist availability and quartiles of optometrist availability was conducted for all the counties in the US and for the set of counties in each region of the US. Results 24.0% of US counties had no ophthalmologists or optometrists. 60.7% of counties in the US were in one of the lower two quartiles of both ophthalmologist availability and optometrist availability, and 24.1% of counties were in one of the lower two quartiles of ophthalmologist availability but in one of the upper two quartiles of optometrist availability. Conclusions Public health interventions that are effective in a context of limited local eye care provider availability or that are able to leverage optometrist availability effectively in areas with limited ophthalmologist availability could be of widespread use in the US.
Models of multifactorial inheritance: I. Multivariate formulations and basic convergence results

Abstract A multivariate dynamic model of a vector phenotype trait under the influence of a selective mating pattern, a hierarchy of parental-offspring transmission rules, and random environmental effects is developed. The formulation can incorporate age class effects, geographical variation, asymmetric maternal and paternal contributions, sex-differentiated offspring expression, selective family adoption procedures, and classes of family and pedigree influences. The mating, transmissible, and environmental aspects of family structure parameters can vary systematically or randomly in time. Cultural and biological variables are handled in one framework. Results on the dynamic and equilibrium behavior of these multivariate processes are set forth and interpreted.
Paradoxical consequences of excess in structural complexity: a study of a state children's psychiatric hospital.

Abstract This paper examines how a unique organizational structure promotes a high level of care and treatment in a large, public children's psychiatric hospital. The structure - complex and interdependent - is best understood in terms of three dimensions of staff relations: administration, child care, and clinical practice. Because these dimensions are independent of one another and each delineates positions for every staff member, everyone occupies several statuses simultaneously and thus has multiple role relations with nearly every other staff member. Consequences of this multiple-matrix organization are: the importance of emergent coalitions and diffuse exchange relations for power and influence; a treatment approach that depends on professional expertise but must be legitimized in terms of lay values concerning youngsters; problems of morale and ambivalence. The complex structure engenders a high level of humane care and expert treatment, in part because multiple role relations foster a holistic view of youngsters.
A “Flying-Adder” On-Chip Frequency Generator for Complex SoC Environment

The spirit of system-on-chip (SoC) approach is to integrate more and more system functions into one single chip. Consequently, the on-chip clock requirement could be very complicated due to the various functions the chip has to support. To fulfill those clock needs, it is not uncommon for more than several phase-locked loop (PLLs) to be used within one such large chip. Designing these on-chip PLLs is a very challenging task in term of cost and performance. To solve this problem for a HDTV SoC of over 50 millions transistors, a ldquoflying-adderrdquo architecture based PLL (FAPLL) is constructed. This generic FAPLL is instantiated multiple times in this SoC for different functions, resulting in significant chip cost reduction.
Is giftedness truly a gift

This article examines whether giftedness is actually a gift for those who receive it. The following attributes of a true gift are described as: (1) an understanding of what the gift is and who owns...
Sentinel lymph node radiolocalization in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Objectives: To determine the feasibility of sentinel node radiolocalization in stage N0 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and to gain insight as to whether the sentinel node could be prognostic of regional micrometastatic disease. Study Design: A prospective report on the application sentinel node radiolocalization in eight patients with N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. Methods: For each patient a peritumoral submucosal injection of filtered technetium (99mTc) prepared with sulfur colloid was performed immediately following intubation. After at least 30 minutes, focal areas of accumulation corresponding to a sentinel node were marked on the skin surface. Complete neck dissections were performed, and the sentinel nodes were identified for later histological evaluation and comparison to the remaining lymphadenectomy specimen. Results: Sentinel node radiolocalization accurately identified two or more sentinel lymph nodes in all eight cases. In one patient, two of the three lymph nodes containing micrometastatic disease were sentinel lymph nodes. There was no instance in which sentinel node was negative for micrometastatic disease while being positive in a nonsentinel lymph node. Conclusions: Accurate localization of the sentinel lymph node using radiolabeled sulfur-colloid is feasible in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. Although sentinel node radiolocalization in head and neck squamous cell cancer may potentially reduce the time, cost, and morbidity of regional lymph node management, more experience with technique is required before its role can be determined.
Growth and Characterization of Photoactive and Electroactive Zirconium Bisphosphonate Multilayer Films

Zirconium alkylbisphosphonates are prepared by treating a derivatized substrate alternately with solutions of Zr4+ and a bisphosphonic acid. We report here the preparation of electroactive and photoactive metal phosphonate thin films, containing neutral and cationic organic groups. Electronic spectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis were used to characterize the structure and composition of these thin films. An N,N‘-dialkylphenylenediamine bisphosphonate (1,4-bis(4-phosphonobutylamino)benzene) gives uniform lamellar thin films, with low root-mean-square roughness. The stoichiometry of this film is low in Zr relative to other zirconium bisphosphonate films [i.e., Zr0.75(bisphosphonate)]. Bisphosphonic acids with cationic organic groups (e.g., H2O3PCH2CH2−(4,4‘-bipyridinium)−CH2CH2PO3H2) do not follow the typical layered growth motif but instead form crystallites on the substrate surface. Lamellar growth in films prepared with neutral bisphosphonic acids can be p...
DNA recombinase activity of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I; effects of camptothecin and other inhibitors.

Abstract DNA oligonucleotides containing a strong topoisomerase I cleavage site were used to study the DNA cleavage and strand transferase activities of calf thymus topoisomerase I (top1) in the absence and presence of camptothecin. A partially single-stranded oligonucleotide with only two nucleotides on the 3′ side of the cleavage site (positions + 1 and + 2) was cleaved at the same position as the corresponding duplex oligonucleotide. However, cleavage in the absence of camptothecin was more pronounced than in the duplex oligonucleotide and was only partially reversible in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl, consistent with release of the dinucleotide 3′ to the top1 break. Another reaction took place generating a larger DNA fragment which resulted from religation (strand transfer) of the 5′-hydroxyl terminus of the non-scissile DNA strand to the 3′ end of the top1-linked oligonucleotide after loss of the + 1 and + 2 nucleotides. Top1 religation activity appeared efficient since only the last 5′ base of the single-stranded DNA acceptor was complementary to the 3′ tail of the donor DNA. Religation was not detectable with a double-stranded DNA acceptor, which is consistent with the persistence of top1-induced DNA double-strand breaks in camptothecin-treated cells. Camptothecin and other top1 inhibitors enhanced cleavage in both the partially single-stranded and the duplex oligonucleotides, indicating that they did not inhibit the induction of top1-mediated DNA cleavage but primarily blocked the religation step of the enzyme catalytic cycle. The top1 DNA strand transferase activity was reversibly inhibited by camptothecin and several derivatives, as well as saintopin. These results are discussed in terms of camptothecin-induced DNA recombinations.
Immune Responses to the Microbiota at the Intestinal Mucosal Surface

The mammalian intestinal mucosal surface is continuously exposed to a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms. These microbes establish symbiotic relationships with their hosts, making important contributions to metabolism and digestive efficiency. The intestinal epithelial surface is the primary interface between the vast microbiota and internal host tissues. Given the enormous numbers of enteric bacteria and the persistent threat of opportunistic invasion, it is crucial that mammalian hosts monitor and regulate microbial interactions with intestinal epithelial surfaces. Here we discuss recent insights into how the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system collaborate to maintain homeostasis at the luminal surface of the intestinal host-microbial interface. These findings are also yielding a better understanding of how symbiotic host-microbial relationships can break down in inflammatory bowel disease.
Sex factors in children's observational learning of value judgments of toys

Preschool children observed the play of a male or female model with a nonpreferred toy. The model's play incorporated a masculine or feminine storylike sequence of actions or was random and unrelated to either sex role. It was found that children displayed greater adoption of the model's toy preferences when either storylike sequence was incorporated into the model's play. The masculine sequence had more impact than the Feminine one. A female model engaging in masculine play was more effective than a male engaging in feminine play in producing changes in toy preference. Girls were more affected by feminine play patterns than were boys. These results are discussed in terms of Mischel's (1968, 1971) hypothesis of situational determinants of behavior.
Quenching of fluorescence by light: A new method to control the excited-state lifetimes and orientations of fluorophores.

We report steady-state and time-resolved studies of quenching of fluorescence by light i.e. “light quenching.” The dyes rhodamine B (RhB) and 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6(p-dimethamino)-4H-pyrane (DCM) were excited in the anti-Stokes region from 560 to 615 nm. At a high illumination power the intensities of DCM and RhB were sublinear with incident power, an effect we believe is due to stimulated emission, andnot ground-state depopulation. The extent of light quenching was proportional to the amplitude of the emission spectrum at the incident wavelength, as expected for light-stimulated decay from the excited state. Control measurements at a decreased average illumination power, and in solvents of various viscosities, indicated that the effect was not due to undesired photochemical processes. Importantly, the frequency-domain intensity decays remained single exponentials, and the lifetimes were unchanged with light quenching, which suggests that the effect was not due to heating or other photochemical effects. These results are consistent with a quenching process which occurs within the quenching pulse. Importantly, as expected for light quenching with a single pulsed laser beam, the time 0 anisotropies of RhB and DCM were decreased due to orientation-dependent quenching of the excited-state population. In closing we discuss some possible future applications of light quenching to studies of dynamic processes.
The E. coli BtuCD structure: a framework for ABC transporter architecture and mechanism.

The ABC transporters are ubiquitous membrane proteins that couple adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to the translocation of diverse substrates across cell membranes. Clinically relevant examples are associated with cystic fibrosis and with multidrug resistance of pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells. Here, we report the crystal structure at 3.2 angstrom resolution of the Escherichia coli BtuCD protein, an ABC transporter mediating vitamin B_(12) uptake. The two ATP-binding cassettes (BtuD) are in close contact with each other, as are the two membrane-spanning subunits (BtuC); this arrangement is distinct from that observed for the E. coli lipid flippase MsbA. The BtuC subunits provide 20 transmembrane helices grouped around a translocation pathway that is closed to the cytoplasm by a gate region whereas the dimer arrangement of the BtuD subunits resembles the ATP-bound form of the Rad50 DNA repair enzyme. A prominent cytoplasmic loop of BtuC forms the contact region with the ATP-binding cassette and appears to represent a conserved motif among the ABC transporters.
Measuring expertise and bias in cyber security using cognitive and neuroscience approaches

Toward the ultimate goal of enhancing human performance in cyber security, we attempt to understand the cognitive components of cyber security expertise. Our initial focus is on cyber security attackers - often called “hackers”. Our first aim is to develop behavioral measures of accuracy and response time to examine the cognitive processes of pattern-recognition, reasoning and decision-making that underlie the detection and exploitation of security vulnerabilities. Understanding these processes at a cognitive level will lead to theory development addressing questions about how cyber security expertise can be identified, quantified, and trained. In addition to behavioral measures our plan is to conduct a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of neural processing patterns that can differentiate persons with different levels of cyber security expertise. Our second aim is to quantitatively assess the impact of attackers' thinking strategies - conceptualized by psychologists as heuristics and biases - on their susceptibility to defensive techniques (e.g., “decoys,” “honeypots”). Honeypots are an established method to lure attackers into exploiting a dummy system containing misleading or false content, distracting their attention from genuinely sensitive information, and consuming their limited time and resources. We use the extensive research and experimentation that we have carried out to study the minds of successful chess players in order to study the minds of hackers with the ultimate goal of enhancing the security of current systems. This paper outlines our approach.
Flow of particulate solids through tumbling mills

Abstract The transport behavior of particulate solids flowing through tumbling mills depends strongly on the mill operating conditions. This paper presents the results of a detailed study to delineate the effect of the important operating variables on the hold-up, mean residence time and residence time distribution of particulate solids flowing through ball mills and rod mills. The effects of feed rate, media load, and mill speed on these transport parameters are discussed, emphasizing the fundamental differences between particulate transport in ball mills and rod mills. Under identical dimensionless operating conditions over the range of the investigation, the material hold-up and the Peclet number of the flow regime in the rod mill were always higher than those in the ball mill. Mechanistic interpretations of the observed transport phenomena are presented, and their implications in the context of tumbling mill analysis and design pointed out.
Analysis of Brittle Intergranular Crack Propagation During Stress Corrosion

Crack growth rates during intergranular stress corrosion, in materials such as Fe in Ca(NO 3 ) 2 at +750 mV (SCE), appear to exceed rates which can occur by dissolution and ion transport within the crack. Brittle crack jumps induced by a corrosion or stress corrosion process, and which magnify the dissolution supported crack velocity by a factor of up to 10 3 , could explain this behavior. Hydrogen can induce these very fast crack growth rates, but these rates have been obtained at electrochemical potentials where H reduction is not thermodynamically possible. Other possible mechanisms for this accelerated crack growth include: 1) intergranularcorrosion altered tearing modulus, 2) grain boundary dealloying, or 3) adsorption induced brittle fracture. Examination of each of these mechanisms suggests that intergranular corrosion could reduce the tearing modulus through changes in the crack shape. However, crack opening analysis clearly shows that the crack tip is shielded from the applied stress intensity and that an embrittlement process which reduces the interface toughness is need for brittle intergranular crack jumps to occur. Further research is in progress to identify the source of this embrittlement.
Rewriting White, Rewriting Black: Authentic Humanity and Authentic Blackness in Nella Larsen’s “Sanctuary”

In 1930, Nella Larsen published a story in a mainstream magazine that effectively ended her career. Three months after “Sanctuary” appeared in The Forum—a magazine that had never before published a story by a black author—the editors published one of many letters they had received that accused Larsen of plagiarizing the work of a prolific British author named Sheila Kaye-Smith. Forum reader Marion Boyd’s claim that “aside from dialect and setting, the stories are almost identical” was just a polite way of saying what Harlem socialite Harold Jackman put more bluntly: “The only difference is that Nella has made a racial story out of hers”; she “has just changed it to make it colored” (qtd. in Hutchinson 345). Larsen’s story was derided by both white and black readers as an imitation of white writing whose particular blackness was insufficiently artistic (as indicated by Boyd’s “aside” and Jackman’s “just”). Because accusations of imitation and particularity were regularly used to denigrate African American art at the time, Boyd’s and Jackman’s comments thus suggest that the scandal that followed had less to do with plagiarism than with the underlying racism of the period’s aesthetic double standards. Harlem Renaissance-era white critics often measured artistic value in terms of a work’s supposed universality, but they barred black art from being considered universal in two ways: first, by dismissing such work as imitative whenever it looked too much like white art (either in style or in characterization); and second, by dismissing it as primitive or racially particular whenever it was recognizably black. As a result, African American writing was placed in the impossible position of having to be both universal enough and black enough at a time when the so-called universal was solely associated with Western classics and whiteness. Because Larsen in “Sanctuary” managed to imitate a white literary source in such a way that her only apparent innovation was to introduce black characters and dialect into it, her story would have appeared artistically inauthentic on both grounds. Not only was “Sanctuary” a mere imitation of so-called universal white
Changes in site of inpatient psychiatric care in general hospitals, 1980–1985

Changes in inpatient treatment in short-term, non-federal, general hospitals from 1980 to 1985 are investigated. Using the Hospital Discharge Survey, the authors found total episodes in psychiatric units decreased, but became more homogeneous by concentrating on the treatment of schizophrenia and affective disorders. Specialty hospitals decreased treatment of mental disorders, but increased treatment of chemical dependency. A shift towards treatment in hospitals with no formal specialty units was observed. However, the increase was more than accounted for by hospitals with organized psychiatric services, although not a formal unit meeting AHA standards. The influence of external factors, such as Medicare's Prospective Payment System, is discussed.
Metal survey of the marine clam Pitar morrhuana collected near a Rhode Island (USA) electroplating plant

Benthic fauna were collected from 17 stations in mid-Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, during September 1973 from the vicinity of the recently-closed Quonset Point electroplating facility. Despite repeated sampling, most of the 14 species of molluscs taken, including the widgeon clam Pitar morrhuana, were absent from stations in the immediate vicinity of plant outfalls. In general, P. morrhuana captured near outfall sites exhibited high moisture content and elevated body burdens of silver, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc compared to clams of similar size from more distant stations. Observed changes in metal concentrations and moisture content of P. morrhuana were probably attributable to plant operations during the preceding 30 years.
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Tic Disorders

Researchers have questioned the clinical utility of psychosocial treatments to reduce tics in persons with chronic tic disorder or Tourette syndrome. The purpose of this research was to perform an evidence-based analysis on various types of psychosocial treatments to ameliorate tics. The rigorous evidence-based criteria established by the American Psychological Association’s Division 12 Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures were used to evaluate the evidence base of psychosocial treatments. Results from this investigation indicate that habit reversal training met criteria as a well-established treatment. In addition, exposure and response prevention was deemed to have met criteria necessary for classification as a probably efficacious treatment. The clinical implications of the results and directions for future research on other promising psychosocial treatments for individuals with tics are discussed.
Measuring the mass of thin films and adsorbates using magnetoelastic techniques.

Magnetoelastic sensor techniques have the unique characteristics of being able to wirelessly detect resonant frequency shifts of a magnetoelastic foil in response to differences in the foil mass. However, the mathematical expression that links the resonant frequency shift with the change in the mass of the magnetoelastic foil is rarely reported. Furthermore, this relationship is not easy to ascertain due to potential changes in the Young's modulus of the sensor upon a change in mass loading. In this paper, we have shown that adsorption of water vapor from the gas phase by magnetoelastic ribbons coated with a two layer porous thin film (SiO2/Pt−TiO2) induces large changes in the effective Young's modulus of the sensor. We also demonstrated that the change in Young's modulus upon mass loading can be eliminated from the relationship between mass loading and shifts in resonant frequency by using a technique that we refer to as the two different length sensor method (TDLS). This methodology permits the convers...
Preparation of Fluorescent Particles with Long Excitation and Emission Wavelengths Dispersible in Organic Solvents

We introduce a fast and simple one-step method, a variation of the methods of Barrett and Campbell and Bartlett, to synthesize monodisperse fluorescent particles that can be dispersed in organic solvents and have long excitation (649 nm) and emission wavelengths (679 nm). A lipophilic fluorescent dye, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate, is directly incorporated into PMMA particles through dispersion polymerization. A poly(hydroxystearic acid) graft (poly) methyl methacrylate (MM) and methacrylic acid (MA) copolymer is used as a stabilizer to prevent the particles from aggregating and flocculating in the nonaqueous solvents. The fluorescent PMMA particles are very uniform in size, bleach at very low rate, and behave like hard spheres in their ordering on substrates. One important achievement in our synthesis protocol is that we are able to produce particles of a desired size by choosing the composition of the reactants according to a predetermined relationship between particle size and composition of reactants. In addition, the effects of fluorescent dye and polar solvent (ethanol) on the formation and size of particles are discussed.
Divalent metal binding properties of the methionyl aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli.

The metal-binding properties of the methionyl aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli (MetAP) were investigated. Measurements of catalytic activity as a function of added Co(II) and Fe(II) revealed that maximal enzymatic activity is observed after the addition of only 1 equiv of divalent metal ion. Based on these studies, metal binding constants for the first metal binding event were found to be 0.3 ± 0.2 μM and 0.2 ± 0.2 μM for Co(II)- and Fe(II)-substituted MetAP, respectively. Binding of excess metal ions (>50 equiv) resulted in the loss of ∼50% of the catalytic activity. Electronic absorption spectral titration of a 1 mM sample of MetAP with Co(II) provided a binding constant of 2.5 ± 0.5 mM for the second metal binding site. Furthermore, the electronic absorption spectra of Co(II)-loaded MetAP indicated that both metal ions reside in a pentacoordinate geometry. Consistent with the absorption data, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of [CoCo(MetAP)] also indicated that the Co(II) geometries ar...
Interaction Quality during Partner Reading

The influence of social relationships, positive interdependence, and teacher structure on the quality of partner reading interactions was examined. Partner reading, a scripted cooperative learning ...
Photoluminescence of polycrystalline ZnO nanofibers deposited by e-spinning

The morphological and optical characteristics of polycrystalline ZnO nanofibers (~ 100 nm thick) deposited by e-spinning have been studied. Photoluminescence spectra show a near UV peak corresponding to the band edge emission and a broad peak in the visible region possibly from the surface states. The temperature dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals different carrier recombination dominant at low temperature.
Single nucleotide polymorphism in prohibitin 3' untranslated region and breast-cancer susceptibility.

Summary The RNA encoded by the 3′untranslated region of the prohibitin gene arrests cell proliferation by blocking the transition between the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. The product of a variant allele (T allele) is inactive. We did a casecontrol study of prohibitin genotype in 205 women with breast cancer and 1046 healthy controls. The results showed an association between the T allele and breast cancer in women who reported a first-degree relative with the disease (odds ratio 2·5, p=0·005). An even stronger association was found in a subset of women diagnosed at or before age 50 years (4·8, p=0·003). These data suggest that prohibitin genotyping has value in assessing risk of breast cancer in women aged 50 years or younger with at least one first-degree relative with the disease.
Isolation of Indole-3-Acetyl Amino Acids using Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone Chromatography

Amino acid conjugates of IAA can be chromatographed on polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) using either acidic methanol or aqueous buffers as eluents. In the aqueous system, elution of the compounds is pH-dependent, and the pattern obtained suggests that hydrophobic interactions contribute substantially to the chromatographic behavior of IAA peptides on PVPP. Purification of soybean seed extracts by PVPP chromatography produced fractions containing indole-3-acetylaspartate and indole-3-acetylglutamate, based on chromatographic and mass spectral analysis, as well as three other indolic compounds, tentatively identified as N-acyl tryptophan derivatives. PVPP chromatography provides an effective preliminary purification of IAA peptides from plant extracts prior to their separation by other techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography.
The use of physiological tools to identify changes in affective responses for graduate students recently admitted into a scientific discipline

Over the past decade, underrepresentation of minority students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) at the undergraduate and graduate level have been reported. However, little is known about the internal and external factors/experiences causing students to decide to drop-out. This study considers the gateway experiences (B.S. to M.S.) that led six STEM college students to continue to pursue their master's degree. This paper will present a novel method to triangulate affective responses of participants as they recollect their college experiences. We will discuss the graduate student case studies by comparing gender. The information presented highlights interview summaries from the graduate students, physiological instrumentation data including: (1) wireless non-invasive wrist sensors to measure skin electrical conductance (electrodermal activity) as a trigger for emotional response, (2) wired pulse oximeters to non-invasively monitor an individual's heart rate, and (3) preliminary detection of heart rate using a custom-developed, non-invasive/non-contact video monitoring technology presented for the first time in this paper. Together, the findings present a unique method to assess emotional and decision-making responses of students. Through this work, we hope to develop future research strategies that are qualitatively and quantitatively based for the target population.
Multiple peer victimization among elementary school students: Relations with social-emotional problems.

Research has indicated that children exposed to multiple risks often report worse mental health and academic performance than those experiencing only one risk. The present research examines whether exposure to more than one form of peer victimization (multiple peer victimization) at school is related to reports of negative outcomes. Eighty-six fourth and fifth grade students self-reported exposure to peer victimization and social-emotional problems. MANCOVAs indicated that children who experienced multiple peer victimization reported higher depressive symptoms, lower self-esteem, and self-blame attributions for their own victimization, than those who experienced victimization in only one form or none at all. Peer victimization to/from school was also investigated. While peer victimization was found to occur on the way to/from school, adding this to victimization at school did not show the same cumulative effects. Implications for schools are discussed.
Marketing and alcohol-related traffic fatalities: Impact of alcohol advertising targeting minors

PROBLEM: Alcohol-related youth traffic fatalities continue as a major public-health concern. While state and federal laws can be useful in tackling this problem, the efficacy of many laws has not been empirically demonstrated. We examined the impact of state laws prohibiting alcohol advertising to target minors. Method: Using statistics obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), youth alcohol-related, single-vehicle, driver traffic fatalities were compared by state as a function of whether the state has a law prohibiting alcohol advertising that targets minors. Results: Overall, states possessing this law experienced 32.9% fewer of the above specified traffic fatalities. Discussion and Impact on Industry: The results suggest that not only are youth drinking rates affected by alcohol advertisements targeting youth, but also drink-driving behaviors. Indeed, we estimate that if this type of legislation were adopted in the 26 states that do not prohibit targeting of minors with alcohol advertising, then 400 youth lives could be saved annually. Language: en
In Situ Calorimetric Study of the Growth of Silica TPA-MFI Crystals from an Initially Clear Solution

Direct evidence from in situ calorimetric experiments demonstrates that the crystal growth of silica TPA-MFI zeolite (TPA = tetrapropylammonium, MFI = framework structure code of ZSM-5) at 95 °C from an initially clear solution (9.00TPAOH−25.0SiO2−480.0H2O−100.0C2H5OH) is first exothermic and then endothermic. The distinct exo → endo thermal switch coincides with a sharp pH rise of the mother liquor from 12.6 to 13.3. The crystal growth in the exothermic stage is driven by a constant enthalpy release of −0.514 ± 0.014 kJ/mol of SiO2. The accumulated crystal mass is consistent with a rate of crystal growth that is linear with time and with the integral enthalpy change. In the endothermic stage of growth, the energetic driving force diminishes quickly and an increasing energetic hindering force ensues, about 2.5 kJ/mol of SiO2 near the end of the reaction. Crystal growth under an energetic hindering force implies an entropic driving force, which is mainly attributed to the liberation of small chemical speci...
Upper airway resistance in infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome

To investigate the relationship between sudden infant death syndrome and upper airway obstruction, we studied 14 term infants at a mean age of 11 weeks who had been identified as being at risk for sudden infant death syndrome on the basis of clinical and family histories and polygraphic monitoring. Respiratory efforts during sleep were investigated by esophageal pressure monitoring (all 14 infants) and by monitoring of flow with a pneumotachometer (6 infants). During apparently normal sleep, increased respiratory efforts were shown by intermittent Increases in the magnitude of the negativity of esophageal pressure. Mild changes in tidal volume occurred occasionally, always at the lowest monitored esophageal pressure of a breath sequence. These tidal volume decreases had no impact on oxygen saturation but led to a short arousal and decreased respiratory efforts, followed by a return to normal breathing. Occasionally the abnormal increase in upper airway resistance did not lead to an Immediate arousal but instead to a short obstructive apnea that was then followed by an arousal. This investigation indicates the importance of arousal mechanisms in maintaining normal breathing during sleep. Any disruption of the arousal mechanisms during sleep (including sleep fragmentation caused by repetitive arousals) may place these infants with increased upper airway resistance at risk for obstructive apnea during sleep.