cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composite Interconnects for High-Performance Computing Beyond the 7nm Node

We demonstrate a design-technology co-optimization (DTCO) solution for enabling novel composite interconnects in next-generation high-performance computing (HPC) applications. Minimum-pitch signal line optimization with aggressively shrunk feature size potentially requires a non-Cu conductor while relaxed-pitch signal and power line optimization require traditional Cu metallization, along with properly tuned power tap spacing, activity factor and standard cell size. We discuss significant process innovation required to co-optimize signal and power line resistances. Our composite metallization scheme also reduces via resistance by 50%, which results in a net performance uplift of between 2%-10% depending on via density and power requirements. We believe this is an optimal approach for HPC applications that have implemented alternate, higher-resistivity conductor metals at the 1x levels
Changes in Family Caregiver Roles and Interactions During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Family caregivers provide the majority of support for older adults and people with disabilities in the U.S. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic forced radical changes in duties and relationships between family caregivers and care recipients. These changes can be attributed to fears of virus transmission as well as federal, state and local government mitigation strategies resulting in social distancing and quarantining limiting caregiving interactions. This qualitative investigation conducted 55 Zoom interviews over summer 2020 with family caregivers to explore their changing roles and duties during the pandemic. Researchers utilized a semi-structured interview guide to explore caregiver experiences with COVID-19. The average age of the caregiver participants was 59 and the average age of the care recipients for whom they provided care was 74. All participants provided unpaid care for family members. Interviews were conducted in English (n=40), Spanish (n=5), Somali (n=5) and Korean (n=5). Care recipients resided in a facility (nursing home, memory care, ICF-DD, or other assisted living) (70%) with the caregiver (20%), and in a separate independent setting (10%). Data from each interview were coded into themes by two researchers. Themes that emerged from the analyses included concerns about care recipient mental and physical health deterioration, lack of communication from formal providers, change in relationships with other family members, and future concerns. Implications for additional research and practice are included.
Fabrication of Monolithic Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

The integration of multiple solar cells in series on a single wafer increases the output voltage and reduces the output current, thereby reducing I2R power losses. With this concept we can power small appliances with a single wafer. We successfully fabricated monolithic cells with two silicon heterojunction cells of opposite polarity isolated by spacing them apart on a single wafer. When connected in series, 1.4 V open circuit voltage (V OC ) and over 1.1 V as voltage at maximum power point (V MP ) are obtained from a single wafer. Further optimization of this device with a few design modifications discussed can give much higher voltages with lower power losses making this design very suitable to power small appliances.
SLIPPED CAPITAL FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS ACETABULAR ORIENTATION AND SHAPE: A THREE-DIMENSIONAL CT STUDY:

Background:Previous studies have analyzed the acetabulum in patients affected by slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), however controversy remains over how the acetabular shape may be altered i...
Effect of Targeted Behavioral Science Messages on COVID-19 Vaccination Registration Among Employees of a Large Health System: A Randomized Trial.

The first opportunities to field test interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccination were among health care workers (HCWs), who were among the first to be offered COVID-19 vaccines. After 1 large Pennsylvania health system sent 36 vaccine-related mass emails to employees over 5 weeks (eAppendix in Supplement 1), 9723 of 23 700 HCWs (41%) had still not scheduled their vaccination. We sought to determine whether individually addressed emails designed with behaviorally informed features1,2,3,4,5 could increase vaccination registration compared with a delayed control group.
Integrated direct air capture and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with CO2 at isothermal conditions

Abstract Developing routes of utilizing CO2 emissions is important for long-term environmental preservation, as storing such emissions underground will eventually become unsustainable. One way of utilizing CO2 emissions is as a light-oxidant feedstock for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) to propylene. However, the adsorption and reaction steps typically occur at widely different temperatures, meaning that the thermal gradients – and by extension process energy requirements – are often unreasonably high. In recent years, dual-functional materials (DFMs) – i.e., materials comprised of a high temperature adsorbent phase alongside a heterogeneous catalyst – have been employed for combined CO2 adsorption and utilization over one material within a single bed using a reduced thermal gradient. However, these materials have never been formed into practical contactors and have never been applied to ODHP applications. Therefore, in this study we manufactured the first-generation of DFM adsorbent/catalyst monoliths, comprised of CaO (adsorbent) and M@ZSM-5 (M = V-, Ga-, Ti-, or Ni-oxide) heterogeneous catalysts, using our novel direct metal-oxide 3D printing technique. The monoliths were vigorously characterized using N2 physisorption, C3H8-DRIFTS, NH3-TPD, Py-FTIR, H2-TPR, XRD, XPS, and elemental mapping and were assessed for CO2 capture/ODHP utilization at 600–700 oC. The adsorption/catalysis experiments revealed that these materials can perform both processes effectively at 600 oC, with reduced propylene yield at higher temperature, which eliminated the need for a thermal gradient between the adsorption and catalysis steps. Between the various samples, the Ti-doped monolith generated the best balance of CO2 conversion (76%) and propylene selectivity (39%), due to the high dispersion of TiO2, favorable redox properties and controlled acidity of the dopant. However, it was also found that varying the metal dopant could be used to control the heuristics of CO2/C3H8 conversion, C3H6 selectivity, and C3H6 yield, meaning that the manufacturing process outlined herein represents a promising way of tuning the chemical properties of structured DFM adsorbent/catalyst materials. More importantly, this study establishes a promising proof-of-concept for 3D printing as a facile means of structuring these exciting composite materials and expands DFMs to the previously unexplored application of ODHP.
Explanation as Orgasm

I argue that explanation should be thought of as the phenomenological mark of the operation of a particular kind of cognitive system, the theory-formation system. The theory-formation system operates most clearly in children and scientists but is also part of our everyday cognition. The system is devoted to uncovering the underlying causal structure of the world. Since this process often involves active intervention in the world, in the case of systematic experiment in scientists, and play in children, the cognitive system is accompanied by a ’theory drive‘, a motivational system that impels us to interpret new evidence in terms of existing theories and change our theories in the light of new evidence. What we usually think of as explanation is the phenomenological state that accompanies the satisfaction of this drive. However, the relation between the phenomenology and the cognitive system is contingent, as in similar cases of sexual and visual phenomenology. Distinctive explanatory phenomenology may also help us to identify when the theory-formation system is operating.
An evaluation of the functionality and accessibility of e-readers for individuals with print disabilities

Purpose – This study aims to examine the usability of three popular electronic reading devices (e-readers) to determine which device provides the best functionality for individuals with print disabilities. Adaptability and flexibility for use with assistive technology are also evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – This study reports the results of a usability test of e-readers and their potential for use by individuals with print disabilities. Students enrolled in a School of Library and Information Science evaluated and compared the devices through a series of tasks designed to measure functionality. Participants completed a series of questionnaires and engaged in small group discussion about the efficacy of the devices. Likert scales and open-ended evaluation were employed in the evaluation and analysis. Findings – Two of the three devices examined offered no accessibility features for individuals with low or no vision who require assistive technologies to use information and communication technologi...
Effect of molybdenum-induced copper deficiency on in vivo and in vitro measures of neutrophil chemotaxis both before and following an inflammatory stressor

Twelve Angus x Hereford heifers (avg wt = 183.6 kg) were allotted by initial liver copper (Cu) concentrations into one of two treatments. Control (n = 6) heifers were fed a basal diet supplemented to provide a dietary Cu level of 10 ppm. Molybdenum (Mo)-induced Cu-deficient heifers (n = 6) were fed an identical basal diet supplemented with sodium molybdate (Cu:Mo ratio = 1:2.5), with dietary sulfur at .3% of the total diet. Dietary treatments were delivered for 120 d, at which time Mo-supplemented heifers were considered Cu-deficient (286 and 49 ppm liver Cu for control and Mo-induced Cu-deficient, respectively). Peripheral blood neutrophils were enumerated both before and after the administration of an inflammatory stressor, a subcutaneous injection (1.5 mL) of Freund's complete adjuvant. In vitro and in vivo measures of neutrophil chemotaxis were evaluated and the expression of two adhesion molecules, CD18 and L-selectin, were analyzed by flow cytometric procedures. Molybdenum-induced Cu deficiency increased (P < .01) the number of peripheral blood neutrophils; however, in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis was not affected. In vivo neutrophil chemotaxis tended (P < .08) to be increased in Mo-induced Cu-deficient heifers (1.55 vs 2.26 x 10(6) cells/ sponge for control and Mo-supplemented, respectively). No differences in CD18 or L-selectin expression were detected between treatments. However, CD18 expression was decreased (P < .05) in both treatments following adjuvant injection. These data suggest that Mo-induced Cu deficiency results in an increase in peripheral blood neutrophil number, without altering chemotactic ability and adhesion molecule expression.
Visually Understanding Jam Resistant Communication

The primary goal of information security is to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and availability of information. Availability is often relegated to a discussion of denial of service attacks on network resources. Another form of denying availability is to prevent communication through the use of traditional jamming techniques. At the United States Air Force Academy Center for Information Security, we have been working on a new algorithm, BBC, which is based on a new type of coding theory known as concurrent codes that is resistant to traditional jamming techniques. While the formal definition and proofs of concurrent codes can be daunting, the algorithm’s effectiveness can be easily conveyed and appreciated through visual demonstration. This paper briefly introduces concurrent codes and describes an interactive applet that visually demonstrates the algorithm’s effectiveness in a noisy environment.
Hot carrier induced degradation in deep submicron MOSFETs at 100/spl deg/C

This work demonstrates that V/sub g/=V/sub d/ is the worst case stress condition for deep submicron NMOSFETs and PMOSFETs operating at 100/spl deg/C. Degradation is more severe at 100/spl deg/C than at room temperature even for supply voltages greater than 2.5 V. The effect of channel length on the substrate current's temperature-dependence is also examined.
Lead poisoning: A comprehensive review and report of a case

Lead, a ubiquitous heavy metal which has realized increased use, can cause poisoning by environmental contamination in either its organic or its inorganic form. Lead poisoning can be either acute or chronic, with the latter being the more common. The clinical signs and symptoms of lead poisoning are nonspecific, resulting in a difficult diagnostic problem, especially when it is not industrially related. On occasions, the dentist or oral surgeon may be the first to see an afflicted patient because of oral manifestations.
Factors associated with bone regrowth following diabetes-related partial amputation of the foot.

Background: The formation of hypertrophic bone after partial resection of metatarsal bone has the potential to cause abnormal foci of high pressure in people who have diabetes mellitus; this may increase the risk of reulceration and reamputation. However, we are not aware of previous studies evaluating the risk factors for this entity. Methods: The records of ninety-two adults (mean age, 54 ± 10.1 years; range, thirty to seventy-four years) with diabetes who had had an isolated partial amputation of a ray were abstracted. Repeat radiographs were made for all of these subjects at a mean of 22 ± 6.1 months (range, thirteen to thirty-five months) after the initial procedure. The formation of hypertrophic bone was defined as more than three millimeters of regrowth. Results: A total of forty-one (45 percent) of the subjects had formation of hypertrophic bone at the time of radiographic analysis after isolated partial amputation of a ray. On multivariate analysis, the factors that were significantly associated with this regrowth of bone were male gender (88 percent [thirty-six] of the forty-one patients who had bone regrowth were male compared with 51 percent [twenty-six] of the fifty-one patients who did not have bone regrowth; p < 0.01, odds ratio = 5.7,95 percent confidence interval = 1.8 to 18.9), the use of manual bone-cutting instruments (used in 56 percent [twenty-three] of the forty-one patients who had bone regrowth compared with 16 percent [eight] of the fifty-one who did not; p < 0.01, odds ratio = 4.7, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.6 to 13.8), and a resection made distal to the surgical neck of the metatarsal (used in 34 percent [fourteen] of the forty-one patients who had bone regrowth compared with 12 percent [six] of the fifty-one who did not; p < 0.03, odds ratio = 4.5, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.2 to 16.9). The patients who had regrowth of bone were approximately eight times more likely to have reulceration at the site of the amputation than were those who did not have regrowth (24 percent [ten] of the patients with regrowth had reulceration compared with 4 percent [two] of the patients without regrowth; p < 0.01, chi square = 8.4, odds ratio = 7.9, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.6 to 38.5). Conclusions: Overgrowth of the bone of a transected metatarsal predisposes patients to ulceration. Male gender, the use of manual bone-cutting instruments, and metaphyseal amputation may be associated with long-term regrowth of bone following isolated partial amputation of a ray. The use of power instruments during these procedures may lead to a lower prevalence of this reaction, thereby potentially reducing the risk of ulceration, infection, and reamputation.
Enriched isogeometric analysis of elliptic boundary value problems in domains with cracks and/or corners

SUMMARY The mapping method was introduced in Jeong et al. (2013) for highly accurate isogeometric analysis (IGA) of elliptic boundary value problems containing singularities. The mapping method is concerned with constructions of novel geometrical mappings by which push-forwards of B-splines from the parameter space into the physical space generate singular functions that resemble the singularities. In other words, the pullback of the singularity into the parameter space by the novel geometrical mapping (a non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) surface mapping) becomes highly smooth. One of the merits of IGA is that it uses NURBS functions employed in designs for the finite element analysis. However, push-forwards of rational NURBS may not be able to generate singular functions. Moreover, the mapping method is effective for neither the k-refinement nor the h-refinement. In this paper, highly accurate stress analysis of elastic domains with cracks and ∕ or corners are achieved by enriched IGA, in which push-forwards of NURBS via the design mapping are combined with push-forwards of B-splines via the novel geometrical mapping (the mapping technique). In a similar spirit of X-FEM (or GFEM), we propose three enrichment approaches: enriched IGA for corners, enriched IGA for cracks, and partition of unity IGA for cracks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating intrusion detection systems: the 1998 DARPA off-line intrusion detection evaluation

An intrusion detection evaluation test bed was developed which generated normal traffic similar to that on a government site containing 100's of users on 1000's of hosts. More than 300 instances of 38 different automated attacks were launched against victim UNIX hosts in seven weeks of training data and two weeks of test data. Six research groups participated in a blind evaluation and results were analyzed for probe, denial-of-service (DoS) remote-to-local (R2L), and user to root (U2R) attacks. The best systems detected old attacks included in the training data, at moderate detection rates ranging from 63% to 93% at a false alarm rate of 10 false alarms per day. Detection rates were much worse for new and novel R2L and DoS attacks included only in the test data. The best systems failed to detect roughly half these new attacks which included damaging access to root-level privileges by remote users. These results suggest that further research should focus on developing techniques to find new attacks instead of extending existing rule-based approaches.
Phase retrieval of images using Gaussian radial bases

Here, the possibility of a noniterative solution to the phase retrieval problem is explored. A new look is taken at the phase retrieval problem that reveals that knowledge of a diffraction pattern's frequency components is enough to recover the image without projective iterations. This occurs when the image is formed using Gaussian bases that give the convenience of a continuous Fourier transform existing in a compact form where square pixels do not. The Gaussian bases are appropriate when circular apertures are used to detect the diffraction pattern because of their optical transfer functions, as discussed briefly. An algorithm is derived that is capable of recovering an image formed by Gaussian bases from only the Fourier transform's modulus, without background constraints. A practical example is shown.
Dorsal defect of the patella and infection

Lesions of the patella are relatively rare, although a large variety of etiologies have been reported. To our knowledge this is only the second reported case of a Brodie's abcess of the patella. Its radiologic appearance was identical to that described for the common dorsal defect of the patella.
Use of a stop-flow programmable shunt valve to maximize CNS chemotherapy delivery in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BACKGROUND The requirement for frequent intraventricular drug delivery in the setting of shunt dependence is particularly challenging in the treatment of central nervous system infection, neoplastic disease, and hemorrhage. This is especially relevant in the pediatric population where both hematogenous malignancy requiring intrathecal drug delivery and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus are more prevalent. Intrathecal and intraventricular chemotherapy agents can be prematurely diverted in these shunt-dependent patients. CASE DESCRIPTION We report the use of a stop-flow programmable shunt valve to maximize delivery of intraventricular chemotherapy in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation who presented with spontaneous intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhages. The patient then developed posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and eventually progressed to shunt dependence but still required frequent intraventricular chemotherapy administration. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt, equipped with a valve that allows for near cessation of cerebrospinal fluid flow (Certas(®), Codman, Raynham, MA), and a contralateral Ommaya reservoir were inserted to maximize intraventricular dissemination of chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the use of a high-resistance programmable valve being used to virtually cease cerebrospinal fluid flow through the distal catheter temporarily in order to maximize intraventricular drug dissemination in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Enhanced performance of small GaAs solar cells via edge and surface passivation with trioctylphosphine sulfide

We have extended our previous work on trioctylphosphine sulfide (TOP:S) to further elucidate the mechanisms of this chemical passivation for small GaAs solar cells. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicate monolayers of TOP:S on GaAs significantly increases the electronic quality of both n- and p-doped wafers. TOP:S was also applied to an “ultra small” GaAs solar cell (0.31 mm2) to test its ability to passivate devices with the relevant dimensions for microconcentrator schemes. After the cells were briefly soaked in TOP:S, the efficiency of the cell was boosted by 1% (absolute), even after a rinse in toluene to remove all but a few monolayers of TOP:S, confirming sidewall passivation.
Drug abuse and function in graduate students

experiences" or through relieving anxiety. Our impression on the basis of intensive interviews was that drug abuse impaired ability to function rather than improving function. Therefore, in view of the limited data bearing on :this question, this study was instituted. A review of the literature is not particularly helpful, because of the uncontrolled nature of most studies, but overall they are suggestive of decreased function. Bromberg, ~ after reviewing his data and the literature, believed that marijuana induced apparent indifference to social values, decreased competitive striving, and psychological dependence with chronic use. McGlothlin et al., ~ in a prospective study, found greater passivity, introspection, and diminished competitiveness in the drug-using group, but felt that this reflected the initial attitude of drug users rather than lhe effect of drug use on attitudes. Benabud, 4 in a comprehensive study of Morroccan hashish users, noted an increase in idleness and neglect of family duties as well as a number of psychotic breaks associated with Cannabis consumption. However, he felt that these phenomena were the result of aggravation of preexisting personality tendencies together with the social context in which the drug was taken. Ungerleider et al. z observed acute panic attacks, "'flashbacks," and a chronic reduction in goal striving and ambition in patients with chronic LSD usage. Weil et al., 6 using Cannabis plant material, found impaired performance on simple psychomotor and intellectual tasks. However, more recent studies using more sophisticated designs, have not shown a decrease in performance in undergraduate students who used marijuana r or graduate medical students who used marijuana, s
Infusing assistive technology in undergraduate engineering education

In the US and around the world, the most rapidly growing population is the segment consisting of individuals who are 80 years or older. For this generation, the number of people with impairment or disability is increasing at such a high rate, the current government program or support will not be able to provide a long term solution to this problem. With the rising health care cost compounded with the government fiscal constraint, a new solution must be developed to allow for successful independent living for the elderly. This paper is aimed at introducing an actively developing undergraduate educational initiative in Assistive Technology (AT) at California State University, Fullerton (CSUF). Assistive technology consists of any product or device that is utilized to improve independent living of an individual with special needs. The paper discusses how the infusion of assistive technology can educate undergraduate engineering students to design and develop AT devices through interdisciplinary collaboration with students from majors such as gerontology, psychology, and health sciences. To accomplish this, the assistive technology initiative will train college students by emulating an industrial design/production cycle with collaboration among students with varying degrees of skills and academic preparation (multilevel collaboration). Another objective of the paper is to increase awareness in assistive technology among college students and the university community to better prepare for the possible threat that the aging and disability pose in the near future.
Acute effects of ethanol on hippocampal long-term potentiation and long-term depression are mediated by different mechanisms

Abstract To determine potential mechanisms contributing to ethanol-induced cognitive impairment, we examined acute effects of ethanol on hippocampal N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors and forms of synaptic plasticity thought to underlie memory processing. In the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices, ethanol partially inhibited N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic responses at concentrations up to 180mM. The block of synaptic N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors by 60mM ethanol occluded the effects of 10μM ifenprodil, an agent that has relative selectivity for N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors expressing NR1 and NR2B subunits. Ethanol did not occlude the effects of a low concentration of 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, an antagonist with less N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor subtype selectivity. Recent studies indicate that ifenprodil and other NR2B-selective antagonists inhibit N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor-dependent long-term depression but not long-term potentiation. We found that ethanol reversibly inhibited long-term depression in a manner consistent with its effects on synaptic N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors. Ethanol also inhibited the induction of N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation, but the actions on long-term potentiation were complex and largely irreversible over the time course of our experiments. Furthermore, ethanol inhibited a form of long-term potentiation induced by very high frequency stimulation that does not depend on N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor activation. The effects of ethanol on both forms of long-term potentiation, but not on long-term depression, were at least partially reversed by block of GABA type A receptors with picrotoxin. These results indicate that pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ethanol exert preferential effects on a subtype of synaptic N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors in the CA1 hippocampal region. Inhibition of synaptic N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors appears to contribute strongly to ethanol-mediated long-term depression inhibition, but effects on long-term potentiation are complex, involving, at least partially, changes in GABAergic transmission.
A structurally characterized monomeric Mn(IV) complex in a discrete N2O4 coordination environment

Abstract From the reaction of Mn(III)OAc3 with (3,5-dibutyl-2-hydroxyphenylmethyliminomethyl)3,5-dibutyl phenol (H2dbpip) in acetonitrile, dark brown crystals of compound Bis[(3,5-dibutyl-2-hydroxyphenylmethyliminomethyl)3,5-dibutylphenalato]manganese (IV), Mn(IV)(dbpip)2 (1) were obtained upon slow evaporation of the solvent. The structural assignments of 1, that were made in part by elemental analysis and magnetic susceptibility, were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies which revealed that compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group C2/c with a cell dimensions a=49.746(8) A, b=12.682(2) A, c=19.497(3) A, α=90°, β=94.240(3)°, γ=90°. Cyclic voltammetry reveals a quasireversible redox wave corresponding to the Mn(III)/Mn(IV) couple. The EPR spectrum at 4 K consists of strong and weak signals near g=2 and 4, respectively. A comparison of the EPR spectrum to there obtained for other Mn(IV)N2O4 complexes reveals that 1 is a rare example of an axial Mn(IV) species with D≪hν.
Microtubule Formation in vitro in Solutions Containing Low Calcium Concentrations

Isolated rat brain tubulin can be repolymerized in vitro in solutions containing adenosine triphosphate or guanosine triphosphate, magnesium ions, and a good calcium chelator. The extreme sensitivity of tubulin to calcium ions explains the failure of previous efforts to obtain polymerization and suggests a possible mechanism for regulation of microtubule polymerization in vivo.
Stiffness analysis of locally-buckled thin-walled continuous beams

Abstract A direct iterative numerical method is presented for predicting the post-local-buckling response of thin-walled continuous structures. Nonlinearities due to local buckling and non-linear material properties are accounted for by the nonlinear moment-curvature relations of the section derived with the aid of effective width concept. Since the effective width of the compression element decreases as the stress borne by the element edge increases, the effective flexural rigidity of the cross-section varies along the member length depending upon the magnitude of the moment at the section. In the post-buckling range, the member is treated as a nonprismatic section. For continuous thin-walled structures, it is further complicated by the fact that the bending moment distribution throughout the structure and the member stiffnesses are interdependent. The proposed direct iterative solution scheme includes a stiffness matrix method of analysis in conjunction with a numerical integration procedure for evaluating the member stiffnesses. The method is employed to analyze continuous beams in the post-buckling range. Using the moment distribution of an elastic prismatic continuous beam based on the nonbuckling analysis as a first approximation, it has been found that the iterative solution scheme converges rapidly. An excellent agreement has been obtained between the results based on the method presented and from an earlier study for continuous beams. The stiffness formulation is direct and is well suited for the analysis of continuous thin-walled structures.
The effects of repeat doses of antenatal corticosteroids on maternal adrenal function.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether repeated doses of maternal corticosteroids suppress the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Study Design: The low-dose corticotropin stimulation test (1.0 μg intravenously) was administered a median of 3 days after the last betamethasone dose to 18 pregnant women who had received at least 2 weekly courses of antenatal betamethasone and to 6 control subjects matched for gestational age who had not received antenatal corticosteroids. Results: The mean basal cortisol level was significantly depressed among women who had received betamethasone with respect to control subjects (1.9 ± 1.5 vs 26.5 ± 6.2 μg/dL; P <.001). The maternal cortisol level after corticotropin stimulation was significantly lower in all women who had received betamethasone (P <.001). The mean time to attainment of peak cortisol level was significantly longer among women who had received betamethasone than among control subjects (37 ± 6.8 vs 27.4 ± 1.6 minutes; P <.001). Conclusions: Repeated courses of betamethasone lead to barely detectable maternal basal cortisol levels and secondary adrenal insufficiency. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:669-73.)
Regulation of glycogen synthesis in the liver

Abstract The glycogen synthase-mediated reaction is rate-limiting for glycogen synthesis in the liver. Glycogen synthase has been purified essentially to homogeneity and has been shown to be a dimer composed of identical subunits. It is regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism, catalyzed by kinases and a phosphatase. The subunits of synthase D, the most phosphorylated form, each contain approximately 17 phosphates. The subunits of synthase I, the least phosphorylated form, each contain 14 phosphates. Thus, during the transition between these two forms, a net of three phosphoryl groups is added or removed. In synthase D, six of the phosphates are alkali-labile. In synthase I, three of the phosphates are alkali-labile. Therefore, all of the phosphorylation sites important in the interconversion of these two forms are alkali-labile (attached to serine or threonine residues). In short-term experiments using isolated hepatocytes, [32p]phosphate was only incorporated into the alkali-labile sites and the phosphate in these sites was shown to turn over rapidly. Glucose addition, which is known to reduce the proportion of synthase in the D form when assayed kinetically, also reduced the [32P]phosphate content. Glucagon addition, which increases the proportion of synthase in the D form, increased it. These changes do not appear to be site-specific. Ingestion or administration of fructose, or galactose, as well as glucose, result in a shift in synthase equilibrium in favor of the less phosphorylated forms. Possible mechanisms by which synthase phosphatase activity may be increased after ingestion of glucose or fructose, and thus shift the equilibrium in favor of the less phosphorylated forms, are discussed. The mechanism by which galactose may stimulate the phosphatase reaction is completely unknown.
Young Children's Preferences for School-Related Physical-Environmental Setting Characteristics

Environmental preferences for size, shape, color, complexity, texture, and lighting within a school-related setting were examined among kindergarten and firstgrade school children. Using a guided "story-walk" as a prop, each characteristic was presented to the child in simplified pictorial contexts incorporating the school and its immediate surroundings. It was found that children discriminate, in selected fashion, in their preferential responses to physical-environmental characteristics of the environment. Findings of principal interest suggest that boys and girls respond differently to environmental features such as color, shape, light, and complexity, with girls demonstrating stronger preference for more diverse and dramatic environmental stimuli than do boys. The significance of this finding for evaluating spatial-cognitive knowledge among boys and girls is discussed.
Crystallization of a Li2O‐2SiO2 Glass Under High Hydrostatic Pressures

The crystallization behavior of a Li2O.2SiO2 (LS2) glass subjected to a uniform hydrostatic pressure of 4.5 or 6 GPa was investigated between 550 and 800 C using XRD, IR, Raman, TEM, NMR, and DTA. The density of the glass subjected to 6 GPa was between 2.52 plus or minus 0.01 and 2.57 plus or minus 0.01 grams per cubic centimeters, depending upon the processing temperatures, and was higher than that of the stoichiometric LS2 crystals, 2.46 plus or minus 0.01 grams per cubic centimeter. Thus, crystallization in 6 GPa glass occurred in a condition of negative volume dilatation, deltaV = V(sub glass) - V(sub crystal), while that for the 4.5 GPa glass occurred in the condition deltaV greater than 0. For deltaV greater than 0, which also includes the control glass at ambient (one atmosphere) pressure, the glasses always crystallize Li2Si2O5 (orthorhombic, Ccc2) crystals, but for deltaV less than 0 (6 GPa), the glasses crystallize Li2SiO3 crystals with a slightly deformed structure. The crystal growth rate vs. temperature curve moved to higher temperature with increasing pressure, and was independent of the sign of deltaV. These results for the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the crystallization of LS2 glass were discussed from thermodynamic considerations.
Colloidal trace metals, organic carbon and nitrogen in a southeastern U.S. estuary

We have used cross-flow ultrafiltration on eleven 0.45-μm-filtered samples taken across the salinity gradient in the Ochlockonee Estuary. We sequentially ultrafiltered the samples using 10- and 1-kD filters (1 kD = 1000 daltons). The results indicate that total Fe and Mn behave nonconservatively in the estuary and that the removal is from the high-molecular-weight (HMW; > 10 kD) fraction although Mn is removed at lower salinity than Fe. For Ni, Cu and Cd, the HMW fraction is very important in the river but these elements are quickly converted from HMW to low-molecular-weight (LMW) species with increasing salinity. Carbon in the HMW fraction is strongly correlated with Fe but only weakly correlated with Fe in the smaller size fractions. The two important processes controlling the behavior of metals, carbon and nitrogen in the estuary are colloid aggregation and desorption or dissociation.
An Examination Of The Integrity Of The Syllabus

The syllabus functions as a major communication device that provides details of how student learning will be assessed and about the roles of both students and instructors in the learning and assessment process. This analysis of actual course syllabi shows the inconsistency of such communication and, therefore, the corruption of the assessment agreement that the syllabus represents.
Adult Children of Divorce and Relationship Education: Implications for Counselors and Counselor Educators:

This article explores the impact of relationship education on young adults’ optimism about relationships and attitudes toward marriage whose parents were divorced and offers implications and suggestions for counselors and counselor educators. Previous research in the area of intimate and family relationships has demonstrated that adults who have experienced a parental divorce in childhood often enter their own intimate relationships with altered expectations and perceptions about their chances for success. A pilot study was conducted exploring whether participating in an intimate relationships course impacted attitudes toward marriage and optimism about relationships among those who experienced a parental divorce as compared with those who came from nondivorced homes. While no significant changes in attitude or optimism were found upon completion of the course, post hoc analyses found significant differences between students who perceive their family of origin as healthy as compared with students who perc...
Identifying and Referring Youths at Risk for Suicide Following Participation in School‐Based Gatekeeper Training

Gatekeeper training is a core strategy of the Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Suicide Prevention Act of 2004. Using data gathered from school-based gatekeeper trainings implemented by GLS grantees, this analysis examines training and gatekeeper factors associated with (1) identification and referral patterns and (2) services at-risk youths receive. Time spent interacting with youths was positively correlated with the number of gatekeeper identifications and knowledge about service receipt. Gatekeepers who participated in longer trainings identified proportionately more at-risk youths than participants in shorter trainings. Most gatekeeper trainees referred the identified youths to services regardless of training type.
A Review of Economic & Energy Analysis of the Conventional and the Modified Dry Grind Ethanol Process

Biofuels are one of many renewable energy technologies offering an opportunity to put our civilization on more sustainable ground. Ethanol currently constitutes 99% of all biofuels in the United States. To meet this demand, the current ethanol plant expansion in the industry is mainly based on the dry grind process. Over the past several years, this industry is suffering great pressure with currently fluctuating feedstock prices. Several modified dry grind processes have been developed aiming at increasing the profitability of the ethanol plant, and significant improvements have been observed on the process efficiency and the value of coproducts. Previous economic analyses suggest that corn, ethanol and energy prices and ethanol yield are the four major factors that will affect the profitability of the conventional dry grind plants. However, for the modified dry grind process, the composition of coproducts is another key factor. Thermal energy and electric power are two major forms of energy consumption in the ethanol plant. The amount of total energy consumption varies widely in previously published works, and those papers often lack detail on energy use at the unit process scale. For these reasons, computer simulation will be an alternative to better understand the energy flow and the composition of various processing streams in dry grind ethanol production, modified and otherwise. To evaluate the modified dry grind ethanol process, an engineering economic model should consist of two parts: a chemical process model illustrating the energy consumption and cost of the baseline plant and a user-friendly economic model, that chemical process model should be directly linked to the economic model. Thus, both models should be mass balanced and compositionally driven enabling economic analyses sensitive to the quality, quantity, and variability of available feedstocks.
Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Emerging Contaminants: Studies in Northern Colorado†

This study explores antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as emerging environmental contaminants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ARGs in various environmental compartments in northern Colorado, including Cache La Poudre (Poudre) River sediments, irrigation ditches, dairy lagoons, and the effluents of wastewater recycling and drinking water treatment plants. Additionally, ARG concentrations in the Poudre River sediments were analyzed at three time points at five sites with varying levels of urban/agricultural impact and compared with two previously published time points. It was expected that ARG concentrations would be significantly higher in environments directly impacted by urban/agricultural activity than in pristine and lesser-impacted environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection assays were applied to detect the presence/absence of several tetracycline and sulfonamide ARGs. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to further quantify two tetracycline ARGs (tet(W) and...
Testing RDA at Dominican University's Graduate School of Library and Information Science: The Students’ Perspectives

Dominican University's Graduate School of Library and Information Science (GSLIS) was one of a funnel group of graduate schools of library and information science selected to test Resource Description and Access (RDA). A seminar specifically for this purpose was approved by the dean and faculty of the library school and was conducted from August to December 2010. Fifteen students participated in the test, creating records in Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2) and in RDA, encoding them in the MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) format, and responding to the required questionnaires. In addition to record creation, the students were also asked to submit a final paper in which they described their experiences and recommended whether or not to accept RDA as a replacement for AACR2.
American Culture, American Tastes: Social Change and the 20th Century

In American Culture, American Tastes, Michael Kammen leads us on an entertaining, thought-provoking tour of America's changing tastes, uses of leisure, and the shifting perceptions that have accompanied them throughout our nation's history. Starting at the point in time that late-nineteenth-century popular culture began to evolve into post-WWII mass culture, Kammen charts the influence of advertising and opinion polling; the development of standardized products, shopping centers, and mass marketing; the separation of youth and adult culture; the relationship between "high" and "low" art; the commercialization of organized entertainment; and the ways in which television has shaped mass culture and consumerism has reconfigured it. In doing so, he draws from sources as varied and rich as the work of esteemed cultural theorists, "The Simpsons," jigsaw puzzles, Walter Winchell's gossip columns, Whitman's poetry, Warhol's art, "Sesame Street," and the Book-of-the-Month Club.With wit and ingenuity Kammen traces the emergence of American mass culture and the contested meanings of leisure, taste, consumer culture, and social divisions that it has spawned.
Comparison of monoamine oxidase inhibitory effects of iproniazid and its phenyl congener.

SummaryComparison of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibiting properties of iproniazid and its phenyl congener, 1-isonicotinyl-2-phenylisopropylhydrazine (isonicotinyl-PIH) showed it to be 1.5 to 2 times as effective in inhibiting MAO both in vitro and in vivo. The results indicate that the addition of a phenyl group to the isopropyl chain of iproniazid enhances MAO inhibitory properties. Comparisons with beta-phenyl-isopropylhydrazine also indicate that the isonicotinyl group hinders the MAO inhibiting property of the former compound.
Oxygen solubility in uranium mononitride phase

Abstract Equilibration experiments have been performed under controlled oxygen partial pressures, where the activity of uranium was maintained at unity, to determine the solubility of oxygen in uranium mononitride in the temperature range from 1600° to 1900 °C. The results indicated that about 4400 ppm oxygen (equivalent to about 3.5 at.%oxygen) can enter into the uranium mononitride lattice at 1600 °C, which results in a slight increase in the lattice parameter of pure uranium mononitride. Above 1600 °C, the oxygen solubility decreased slightly.
An answer to a question of Schmidt on (α, β) games

Schmidt has defined (α, β) games and has found applications for them in diophantine approximation. The following question has been asked: If S is (α, β)-winning and 0 < α′ ≤ α < 1 and 0 < β ≤ β′ < 1, does it follow that S is (α′, β′)-winning? Here I give a counterexample which answers this in the negative.
Ejection of microalgae into the air via bursting bubbles

Abstract Air bubbles bursting at the water surface can eject microalgae into the air as high as 13 cm. Because these organisms have been reported as causative organisms in respiratory allergic disease, this mechanism is suggested as a potential source of these aeroallergens.
Cosaliency: where people look when comparing images

Image triage is a common task in digital photography. Determining which photos are worth processing for sharing with friends and family and which should be deleted to make room for new ones can be a challenge, especially on a device with a small screen like a mobile phone or camera. In this work we explore the importance of local structure changes?e.g. human pose, appearance changes, object orientation, etc.?to the photographic triage task. We perform a user study in which subjects are asked to mark regions of image pairs most useful in making triage decisions. From this data, we train a model for image saliency in the context of other images that we call cosaliency. This allows us to create collection-aware crops that can augment the information provided by existing thumbnailing techniques for the image triage task.
Analysis of control systems with complex nonlinearities and transportation lag

Abstract When a control system contains a hysteretic nonlinearity, or a dead time element (transportation lag), or a distributed lag, the system may be described by a characteristic equation with complex coefficients which are functions of dependent variables. The characteristic equation is partitioned and root locus methods are used to analyze stability, existence and characteristics of limit cycles, damping characteristics of stable systems, etc. Control systems with frequency dependent, hysteretic, nonlinearities and with adjustable parameters are analyzed using parameter plane and parameter space methods.