cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE ISOTROPIC DISTRIBUTION OF BEAM DIRECTIONS

The notion of an isotropic distribution of beam directions for three-dimensional radiotherapy is discussed. It has been thought that isotropic beam directions minimize the delivery of high dose to tissue outside the target volume. This paper demonstrates that beam arrangements that may be called most isotropic do not necessarily lead to the minimization of the high dose volume lying outside the target. This unexpected finding is related to results on abstract problems of the most symmetric distributions of finite number of points on the surface of the sphere, and optimal packings of circles on the surface of a sphere.
Antisense therapy for malignant mesothelioma with oligonucleotides targeting the bcl-xl gene product.

Abstract Objective: Malignant pleural mesothelioma is resistant to conventional therapies and to apoptosis. The bcl -2 family genes are major determinants of apoptotic homeostasis. Malignant pleural mesothelioma lines and tumors rarely express the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein but routinely express the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xl and the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak. We have previously shown pharmacologic inhibition of bcl -xl expression in malignant pleural mesothelioma can lead to apoptosis, so we sought to determine whether antisense oligonucleotides directed at bcl -xl messenger RNA would engender apoptosis, possibly through a "forced imbalance" of bcl -2 family proteins. Methods: Malignant pleural mesothelioma lines REN (epithelial) and I-45 (sarcomatous) were exposed to modified bcl -xl antissense oligonecleotides directed near the messenger RNA initiation sequence with and without a liposomal delivery system. Untreated cells and bcl -xl sense oligonucleotides were controls. Cell viability was measured by colorimetric assay, and apoptosis was evaluated with Hoechst staining and sub-G 1 fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Results: Bcl-xl protein expression after antisense oligonucleotides was downwardly regulated in both cell lines relative to sense oligonucleotides (>65%). Significant cellular killing in both the I-45 and REN cell lines was achieved with antisense oligonucleotides (compared with sense oligonucleotides) without ( P =.003 and.006, respectively) and with ( P =.006 and.0005, respectively) liposomal delivery. Hoechst staining and sub-G 1 fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis demonstrated apoptosis to be the mechanism of cellular death. Use of a liposomal delivery system increased therapeutic effect and allowed lower doses of antisense oligonucleotides. Conclusion: Antisense oligonucleotides directed at the bcl -xl gene product engender apoptosis in esothelioma cell lines. The therapeutic potential of inhibiting expression of this protein in mesothelioma should be evaluated. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:1191-8
The Uniform Memory Hierarchy Model of Computation

TheUniform Memory Hierarchy (UMH) model introduced in this paper captures performance-relevant aspects of the hierarchical nature of computer memory. It is used to quantify architectural requirements of several algorithms and to ratify the faster speeds achieved by tuned implementations that use improved data-movement strategies.
Wind ensemble literature in the music library: a core bibliography

Purpose – The paper seeks to provide a selective bibliography for librarians responsible for music collections and resources pertaining to the history and literature of the wind ensemble, an area frequently underrepresented in our collections.Design/methodology/approach – A range of resources of value to music students and faculty are described to enable librarians and students to make selections appropriate for their needs. The works are divided into two sections: history and literature, and scores.Findings – Information is provided about each work, including publisher.Originality/value – This paper offers practical suggestions for librarians responsible for music collections.
A comparison of some serological and biological properties of seven isolates of tobacco ringspot virus.

Seven isolates of tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) from grape, cherry, two cultivars of blueberry, tobacco, soybean and watermelon were compared in this study. The most virulent isolate was from‘Jersey’blueberry and the least virulent isolate was from soybean. The‘Jersey’blueberry isolate and the watermelon isolate could be distinguished serologically from all other isolates. The‘Jersey’blueberry isolate was different in electrophoretic mobility from the soybean and tobacco isolates. A unique technique for comparing the in vitro translation products of three of the TRSV isolates is described. Zusammenfassung Ein Vergleich einiger serologischer und biologischer Eigenschaften von sieben Isolaten des Tabak Ringspot Virus In dieser Untersuchung wurden 7 Isolate von Tabak Ringspot Virus (TRSV) aus Wein, Kirschen, zwei Blaubeersorten, Tabak, Sojabohnen und Wassermelonen verglichen. Das am starksten virulente Isolat stammte von‘Jersey’Blaubeeren und das am wenigsten virulente Isolat von Sojabohnen. Das ‘Jersey’-Blaubeerenisolat und das Isolat von Wassermelonen konnte von allen anderen Isolaten serologisch unterschieden werden. Das Isolat von ‘Jersey’-Blaubeeren war in seiner elektrophoretischen Beweglichkeit unterschiedlich zu Sojabohnen und Tabakisolaten. Es wurde eine einzigartige Methode zum Vergleich von Translationsprodukten in vitro von drei der TRSV-Isolate beschrieben.
Static sound timing alters sensitivity to low-level visual motion

Visual motion processing is essential to survival in a dynamic world and is probably the best-studied facet of visual perception. It has been recently discovered that the timing of brief static sounds can bias visual motion perception, an effect attributed to “temporal ventriloquism” whereby the timing of the sounds “captures” the timing of the visual events. To determine whether this cross-modal interaction is dependent on the involvement of higher-order attentive tracking mechanisms, we used near-threshold motion stimuli that isolated low-level pre-attentive visual motion processing. We found that the timing of brief sounds altered sensitivity to these visual motion stimuli in a manner that paralleled changes in the timing of the visual stimuli. Our findings indicate that auditory timing impacts visual motion processing very early in the processing hierarchy and without the involvement of higher-order attentional and/or position tracking mechanisms.
Level-1C product from AIRS : principal component filtering

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), launched on the EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002, is a grating spectrometer with 2378 channels in the range 3.7 to 15.4 microns. In a grating spectrometer each individual radiance measurement is largely independent of all others. Most measurements are extremely accurate and have very low noise levels. However, some channels exhibit high noise levels or other anomalous behavior, complicating applications needing radiances throughout a band, such as cross-calibration with other instruments and regression retrieval algorithms. The AIRS Level-1C product is similar to Level-1B but with instrument artifacts removed. This paper focuses on the "cleaning" portion of Level-1C, which identifies bad radiance values within spectra and produces substitute radiances using redundant information from other channels. The substitution is done in two passes, first with a simple combination of values from neighboring channels, then with principal components. After results of the substitution are shown, differences between principal component reconstructed values and observed radiances are used to investigate detailed noise characteristics and spatial misalignment in other channels.
Should β-blockers be used in septic shock?

University of Pittsburgh Department of Critical Care Medicine: Evidence-Based Medicine Journal Club, edited by Sachin Yende
Impact of Life Factors Upon Attitudes Toward Death

This study investigated the impact of life factors on college students' feelings about death. Participants completed a recently validated self-report scale and then were individually interviewed re...
The purification and characterization of fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells

Thy-1loSca-1+Lin-Mac-1+CD4- cells have been isolated from the livers of C57BL-Thy-1.1 fetuses. This population appears to be an essentially pure population of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), in that injection of only six cells into lethally irradiated adult recipients yields a limit dilution frequency of donor cell-reconstituted mice. Sixty-seven to 77% of clones in this population exhibit long-term multilineage progenitor activity. This population appears to include all long-term multilineage reconstituting progenitors in the fetal liver. A high proportion of cells are in cycle, and the absolute number of cells in this population doubles daily in the fetal liver until 14.5 days postcoitum. At 15.5 days postcoitum, the frequency of this population falls dramatically. Long-term reconstituting HSC clones from the fetal liver give rise to higher levels of reconstitution in lethally irradiated mice than long-term reconstituting HSC from the bone marrow. The precise phenotypic and functional characteristics of HSC vary according to tissue and time during ontogeny.
Arginine Vasopressin as an Intragonadal Hormone in Brattleboro Rats: Presence of a Testicular Vasopressin-Like Peptide and Functional Vasopressin Receptors

We have previously demonstrated the presence of an arginine vasopressin (AVP)-like peptide and AVP receptors in rat testis. We have also shown a direct inhibitory effect of AVP on androgen biosynthesis by cultured testicular cells. This study examined the presence of testicular AVP-like peptides and AVP receptors in homozygous (di/di) Brattleboro rats, a genetic mutant known to be deficient in hypothalamic, pituitary, and circulating AVP. The supernatant of homogenized 0.1 n acetic acid-extracted testis from adult homozygous Brattleboro rats was chromatographed on a Sephadex G-25 column. The elution profile of AVP immunoreactivity, as measured by a specific RIA, showed three distinct peaks. The first peak eluted close to the column void volume, a second peak eluted at the column total volume, while a third peak coeluted with synthetic AVP. The third peak of immunoreactive material (375 pg/g tissue) behaved similarly to authentic AVP on octadecylsilica adsorption chromatography, showed a competition curve ...
Linearly constrained convex programming as unconstrained differentiable concave programming

Recently, Fang proposed approximating a linear program in Karmarkar's standard form by adding an entropic barrier function to the objective function and using a certain geometric inequality to transform the resulting problem into an unconstrained differentiable concave program. We show that, by using standard duality theory for convex programming, the results of Fang and his coworkers can be strengthened and extended to linearly constrained convex programs and more general barrier functions.
Regulation of liver and kidney glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression in hemorrhage and resuscitation.

UNLABELLED The authors have recently demonstrated that increased gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (Glu-6-Pase) in hemorrhagic hypotension (HH) and following lactated Ringer's resuscitation (LR) is associated with a decrease in insulin and an increase in corticosterone concentrations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in-vivo role of hormones the authors used insulin (IN), phentolamine and propranolol (PP) as an adrenergic blocker, and cyclic somatostatin (CS) as a glucagon blocker to prevent the induction of Glu-6-Pase gene expression in liver and kidney following HH and LR. METHODS Hemorrhage was induced in fasted anesthetized rats, and the reduction of blood pressure to 40 mm Hg for a duration of 30 minutes was accomplished by withdrawal or infusion of shed blood. The resuscitated group underwent hemorrhage followed by fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution. RESULTS Neither PP nor CS treatment could block the induction of Glu-6-Pase messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) following either HH or LR. However, the administration of IN significantly prevented the increase of Glu-6-Pase mRNA level and activity in both liver and kidney following HH and LR. This was associated with a normalization of plasma glucose, corticosterone, and glucagon levels and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations in liver and kidney toward prehemorrhage levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that in-vivo treatment with insulin during hemorrhagic hypotension and resuscitation is capable of preventing the increase in Glu-6-Pase gene expression in liver and kidney responsible for the observed hyperglycemia.
Client Vocational Interests as Predictors of Client Reactions to Counselor Intentions

It was hypothesized that client vocational interest scores would predict client reactions to counselor intentions in Hill and O'Grady's (1985) process model. Twenty-four volunteer undergraduate clients (17 women, 7 men) assigned to counseling treatment with 24 doctoral students (14 women, 10 men), reviewed 3 videotaped sessions recording intentions and reactions, respectively. Results indicated that client vocational interests were predictive of reactions clients reported in response to counselor intentions. Issues of working with persons with various vocational interests, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Room-Temperature Laser Action and Q-Switching of F-Aggregate Color Centers in LiF

In recent years there have been several intriguing reports1,2,3 by Soviet researchers of tunable, color center lasers operating in LiF at room temperature with excellent stability and efficiency. Laser action has been ascribed to the aggregate centers F2, F2+, and F2− created by gamma irradiation of this material and Q-switching by F2− centers was also described4.
A rule-learning program in high energy physics event classification

Abstract We have applied a rule-learning program to the problem of event classification in high energy physics. The program searches for event classifications, i.e. rules, and effectively allows an exploration of many more possible classifications than is practical by a physicist. The program, RL4, is particularly useful because it can easily explore multi-dimensional rules as well as rules that may seem non-intuitive at first to the physicist. RL4 is also contrasted with other learning programs.
Isolation and characteristics of a yeast from preserved fish hydrolysate notably resistant to propionic acid

A fermentative film-forming yeast, designated PR1, notably resistant to propionic acid, was isolated from hydrolysed fish gurry that had been initially adjusted to a pH of 3.5 with phosphoric acid and preserved with 0.2% propionic acid. Growth on a variety of culture media yielded only budding cells. Bipolar budding with multiple buds at each pole was commonly encountered. Neither ascospores nor pseudomycelium were produced. Colonies on orange serum agar were 3–5 mm in diameter whereas, on tryptic soy agar containing 0.5% glucose, giant colonies were formed that filled most of the area of the plates within 48 h. Off-odours were not produced nor were disaccharides utilized. The isolate exhibited poor growth in 0.4% propionic acid at pH 4.0 and was completely inhibited by 0.5% propionic acid.
Nature's Complex Copolymers: Engineering Design of Oligopeptide Materials

Proteins evolved in nature can form precise structures exhibiting nanometer-length-scale features that have great potential for industrial application. However, many of these applications remain un...
Collaborating Dance with Artists, Technical Directors, Health Educators, Physical Educators, and Other Professionals

Dance can serve multiple purposes and can take the form of art, recreation, competition, or entertainment. Collaborations can enhance and promote a multidisciplinary product, enhance teaching, and forge research projects and publications. This article describes how multidisciplinary choreographic collaborations can be the platform for educators to form partnerships, create, use new mediums, teach, inspire, and influence dance students and the public.
CD4+ T‐cell depletion in HIV infection: mechanisms of immunological failure

The hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis is a progressive depletion of CD4(+) T-cell populations in close association with progressive impairment of cellular immunity and increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections (OI). Disease progression in untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can take many years, and it was originally hypothesized to be a consequence of slow, viral-mediated CD4(+) T-cell destruction. However, massive CD4(+) memory T-cell destruction is now known to occur quite early in infection, almost always without overt immunodeficiency. In most individuals, this initial destruction is countered by CD4(+) memory T-cell regeneration that preserves CD4(+) T-cell numbers and functions above the threshold associated with overt immunodeficiency. This regeneration, which occurs in the setting of chronic immune activation and immune dysregulation does not, however, restore all functionally important CD4(+) T-cell populations and is not stable over the long term. Ultimately, CD4(+) memory T-cell homeostasis fails and critical effector populations decline below the level necessary to prevent OI. Thus, the onset of overt immune deficiency appears to be intimately linked with CD4(+) memory T-cell dynamics and reflects the complex interplay of direct viral cytopathogenicity and the indirect effects of persistent immune activation on CD4(+) memory T-cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
Effects of Local Anesthetics on Epinephrine- and Norepinephrine-Induced Contractions of Rabbit Aortic Strips

Rabbit aortic strips were used to investigate and compare the interactions of epinephrine and norepinephrine with cocaine, procaine, and lidocaine. Cocaine potentiated responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Responses to epinephrine were antagonized by procaine and lidocaine and responses to norepinephrine were potentiated. Lidocaine possessed some intrinsic activity.
Enzymic synthesis of O-alkyl glycerolipids in brain and liver of rats during fetal and postnatal development.

Abstract O -Alkyl glycerolipid synthesizing enzymes were measured in brains and livers of fetal and postnatal rats. Highest activities occurred during the early stages of postnatal growth; at this time, enzymes that cleave the O -alkyl moiety are present in liver but not in brain. Our data are compatible with the possible precursor role of the O -alkyl lipids in the formation of plasmalogens during myelination.
The value of mobile applications: a utility company study

Mobile and wireless devices are enabling organizations to conduct business more effectively. Mobile applications can be used to support e-commerce with customers and suppliers, and to conduct e-business within and across organizational boundaries. Despite these benefits, organizations and their customers still lack an understanding of the value of mobile applications. Value is defined here as the principles for evaluating the consequences of action, inaction, or decision [4]. The value proposition of mobile applications can be defined as the net value of the benefits and costs associated with the adoption and adaptation of mobile applications [2].
TiO2 and Geophysical Logging Criteria for Yakima Basalt Correlation, Columbia Plateau

Correlation of Yakima Basalt flows across areas of poor exposure can be facilitated by use of TiO 2 analyses combined with geophysical borehole logging procedures. Previous workers have noted a change in the TiO 2 content between the lower and middle Yakima Basalt. This investigation shows that the TiO 2 discontinuity is coincident with an erosional and nondepositional hiatus which is widespread in central and southeastern Washington. TiO 2 values below the discontinuity characteristically range from 1.7 to 2.0 percent whereas those above range from 2.5 to >3.5 percent. Gamma photon emission associated with the 40 K content of certain flows and flow sequences can be used in correlating the basalts with natural gamma logs. Physical characteristics of individual flows and flow? units can generally be distinguished on the neutron-epithermal neutron log. By combining a knowledge of the position of the TiO 2 discontinuity with the information afforded by the geophysical logs, it is frequently possible to correlate the section in a well or borehole with nearby described stratigraphic sections or similarly studied sections in other boreholes.
Quantitative optical microscopy: measurement of cellular biophysical features with a standard optical microscope.

We describe the use of a standard optical microscope to perform quantitative measurements of mass, volume, and density on cellular specimens through a combination of bright field and differential interference contrast imagery. Two primary approaches are presented: noninterferometric quantitative phase microscopy (NIQPM), to perform measurements of total cell mass and subcellular density distribution, and Hilbert transform differential interference contrast microscopy (HTDIC) to determine volume. NIQPM is based on a simplified model of wave propagation, termed the paraxial approximation, with three underlying assumptions: low numerical aperture (NA) illumination, weak scattering, and weak absorption of light by the specimen. Fortunately, unstained cellular specimens satisfy these assumptions and low NA illumination is easily achieved on commercial microscopes. HTDIC is used to obtain volumetric information from through-focus DIC imagery under high NA illumination conditions. High NA illumination enables enhanced sectioning of the specimen along the optical axis. Hilbert transform processing on the DIC image stacks greatly enhances edge detection algorithms for localization of the specimen borders in three dimensions by separating the gray values of the specimen intensity from those of the background. The primary advantages of NIQPM and HTDIC lay in their technological accessibility using “off-the-shelf” microscopes. There are two basic limitations of these methods: slow z-stack acquisition time on commercial scopes currently abrogates the investigation of phenomena faster than 1 frame/minute, and secondly, diffraction effects restrict the utility of NIQPM and HTDIC to objects from 0.2 up to 10 (NIQPM) and 20 (HTDIC) μm in diameter, respectively. Hence, the specimen and its associated time dynamics of interest must meet certain size and temporal constraints to enable the use of these methods. Excitingly, most fixed cellular specimens are readily investigated with these methods.
Using metrics to evaluate student programs

Student programs in electronic form can be tested by the instructor against his or her own test data. There are other advantages to electronic submission. We report on the use of software metrics analysis tools to determine "similarities" in student programs. Availability of these tools has virtually eliminated student copying of assignments.
Stochastic Models for Monthly Rainfall Forecasting and Synthetic Generation

Abstract The Integrated Autoregressive Moving Average (ARIMA) model was applied to the average monthly rainfall time series over 15 basins located in Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky, with areas varying between 240 and 4000 mi2 approximately. The record length varied from 492 to 684 months. The first-order, mixed, autoregressive, moving average model emerged as the most suitable one for forecasting and generation of cyclicly standardized monthly rainfall square roots series. The model passed the goodness-of-fit test in all cases studied. The seasonally differenced, multiplicative model applied to monthly rainfall square roots also passed the goodness-of-fit test in all cases. This model has the advantage of requiring fewer parameters than the previous one. However, the use of the differenced models is limited to forecasting of monthly rainfall series and cannot be used for the generation of synthetic rainfall time series, as it does not preserve the monthly standard deviations. Seasonal differencing is effe...
Prediction of Low and Normal School Achievement in Early Adolescents Born Preterm

The study examined low school achievement in a group of early adolescents born preterm, who had participated in a prospective longitudinal study from birth through 12 years of age. Multivariate analyses were used to compare adolescents with low school achievement, of normal-or-above intelligence, to adolescents with no achievement problems. Significant group differences were found in a number of domains in early adolescence, including verbal comprehension, attentional processes, social competence, self-perception, maternal responsiveness, and ratings of problematic behavior. Biological and social factors in infancy were associated indirectly with school achievement. A comparison of differences between groups with newly emergent and persistent achievement problems indicated that the persistent group had lower IQ scores and was lower in neonatal organization. There was some overlap between children with achievement problems and children with behavior problems; however the low achievement group was less cogn...
The effect of short-term total parenteral nutrition on hepatic function in the human neonate: A prospective randomized study demonstrating alteration of hepatic canalicular function

Twenty-one infants who were candidates for TPN because of respiratory disease were randomized into experimental (TPN) and control (glucose-electrolyte) groups. Serum GOT, GPT, GGTP, 5′ nucleotidase, total, direct, and conjugated (ethyl anthranilate-reactive) bilirubin, and bile salt concentrations were determined at entry into the study and at one week. One week of TPN caused significant elevations of GGTP, 5′-N, and EA bilirubin values, whereas SGOT, SGPT, SBS, and total and direct bilirubin were unaffected. Addition of a lipid infusion to TPN did not alter these differences. These data are interpreted as showing: (1) amino acid infusion has an early effect on hepatic function which is independent of the many diseases for which this therapy is used and of the concomitant use of lipid; (2) the initial effect appears to be on the canalicular membrane; and (3) the sinusoidal membrane is apparently unaffected by one week of TPN.
Social Determinants of Residential Crowding Stress

The present investigation was concerned with the effects of group formation on crowding and related problems. It was predicted that the symptoms of interpersonal stress commonly associated with crowding are mediated by group formation. Residents completed a survey concerned with their experiences in their dormitories, as well as their adjustments to college life. The results of this study provided evidence of greater social tension, negative affect, control problems, and crowding in triple rooms than in double rooms. They also support the notion that these symptoms of interpersonal stress are mediated by group formation within tripled rooms. Isolates, left out by a coalition of the other two roommates, were more vulnerable to crowding and experienced more control related problems. In addition, women reported the greatest degree of crowding in all residential conditions. It is suggested that since women spend more time in their residential environment and share more involvement with their roommates, they a...
Mechanisms of Pin1 Regulation of IRAKM Stability in Toll-Like Receptor/Interleukin-1 Receptor Signaling

The molecular mechanisms of asthma, a chronic inflammatory sickness that involves activation of the innate immunity signaling pathways, are not yet fully understood. Our studies focus on the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase enzyme Pin1 and its substrates in innate immunity signaling. Prolyl peptide bonds, such as in pS/T-P motifs, can exist in two distinct isomer conformations, cis and trans, that exchange on a slow time scale (several minutes). Isomerization of pS/T-P motifs can be accelerated by Pin1. Pin1 has recently been shown to be activated by IL-33 which activates IL-1R signaling in Th2 cells, inducing asthma. Pin1 knockout (KO -/-) abolishes Th2 cytokine release thereby preventing asthma symptoms. Pin1 also prevents degradation of IRAKM, a negative regulator of TLR/IL-1R signaling, but promotes the nuclear localization of IRAKM. IRAKM is phosphorylated upon IL-33 treatment. The phosphomimetic mutation IRAKM S110E is dramatically stabilized in a Pin1-dependent manner, even more than wild type IRAKM. We test the model that Pin1 regulation of IRAKM stability and nuclear localization is mediated by the direct interaction of Pin1 with phosphorylated IRAKM. The dissociation constants, KD, for Pin1 binding to phosphorylated IRAK-M (pIRAKM) and to the phosphomimetic mutation IRAKM S110E were determined using the 1H −15N HSQC NMR experiment. Furthermore, the Pin1 catalyzed isomerization of wild type pIRAKM and IRAKM S110E were measured using the ROESY NMR experiment. This study is expected to contribute to our understanding of the novel mechanism of Pin1 regulation of the TLR/IL-1R signaling pathway in terms of specific domains of IRAKM.
Radiation view factors from differential plane sources to disks - a general formulation

Diffuse radiation view factors from planar point sources to disks are evaluated using a contour integral method. In the present method, two equations are derived for the view factor from a differential plane source, dA1, to a disk. Exact solutions are obtained for the two cases of the plane of differential area dA1 not intersecting the plane of disk A2 and the plane of differential area dA1 intersecting A2. 6 references.
Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Diabetic “Coma”): 482 Episodes in 257 Patients; Experience of Three Years

There were 340 episodes of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in 257 patients, July 1, 1965 to June 30, 1968. Fatality in thirty-two cases was associated with significantly elevated admission serum glucose, urea nitrogen, osmolality and age. Major associated causes of death were infection and myocardial infarction. Twenty episodes of acute pancreatitis, with only two deaths, demonstrated severe morbidity and marked elevation of serumglucose and urea nitrogen. Fourteen of the twenty occurred in alcoholics. There were eleven episodes in ten pregnant women, with one maternal and seven fetal deaths. Admission serum potassium, recorded in 336 episodes, was markedly elevated in 22 per cent and decreased in 4 per cent. Including all multiple admissions, there were 482 episodes; forty had hypoglycemic reactions, none with fatality or severe morbidity. Nine cases of nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, with five deaths, demonstrated very high admission serum glucose, urea nitrogen, and osmolality levels.
Destruction of indole-3-acetic acid during the aerobic oxidation of sulfite

Abstract Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was rapidly destroyed in the presence of Mn 2+ , oxygen and sulfite ion. The optimal pH for the reaction was between 5 and 6. The destruction was dependent on the aerobic oxidation of sulfite, but was not inhibited by superoxide dismutase. Tracer studies indicate that IAA was converted into at least 3 compounds. Decarboxylation of IAA was not involved in the destruction.
Microcystic adenoma of the pancreas: cytologic appearance on percutaneous and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: report of a case.

Microcystic adenoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the pancreas usually affecting older people. Its histologic features have been well characterized. The cytologic appearance of this tumor has been described only rarely, however. Microcystic adenomas may enlarge considerably and often produce symptoms related to their compression to adjacent anatomic structures, The fact that this neoplasm is almost always benign indicates the need for accurate preoperative diagnosis to differentiate it from other, more common, malignant or potentially malignant tumors of the pancreas. We present a case of pancreatic microcystic adenoma initially diagnosed by percutaneous image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination and core biopsy and further evaluated by logic examination and core biopsy and further evaluated by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration on follow-up. This case report illustrates that microcystic adenoma of the pancreas can be accurately diagnosed by aspiration cytology. Fine-needle aspiration-percutaneous, guided by computerized tomography, or endoscopically guided by ultrasonography-constitutes a reliable and cost-efficient diagnostic tool associated with minimal trauma to the patient.
Neuronal tuning: to sharpen or broaden

Sensory and motor variables are typically represented by a population of broadly tuned neurons. A coarser representation with broader tuning can often improve coding accuracy, but sometimes the accuracy may also improve with sharper tuning. The theoretical analysis here shows that the relationship between tuning width and accuracy depends crucially on the dimension of the encoded variable. A general rule is derived for how the Fisher information scales with the tuning width, regardless of the exact shape of the tuning function, the probability distribution of spikes, and allowing some correlated noise between neurons. These results demonstrate a universal dimensionality effect in neural population coding.
Chromosome doubling in potatoes induced by colchicine treatment

By the use of colchicine chromosome doubling has been induced in the Russet Rural and Golden varieties ofSolanum tuberosum, in seedling of U. S. D. A. lines S. 164–126 and S. 164–196 in Louisiana line T3–4. and in the five wild species,S. Jamesii, S. chacoense, S. bulbocastanum, S. andigenum, andS. neoantipovichii. The practical significance of tetraploidy in the potato is discussed. Three seed treatment and one sprout treatment experiments in which tetraploids were produced are described and the results given. Short descriptions of the polyploid plants and the methods by which they have been identified are included, as well as a discussion of various other phases of the work.
Establishing a Water Law Framework: The Colombia Example

This paper describes the law governing use and protection of water in Colombia and provides recommendations for ways to strengthen existing laws.
Novel multiscale regulation in human motor activity

Human motor activity is influenced by many factors both extrinsic (work, recreation, reactions to unforeseen random events) and intrinsic (circadian and ultradian rhythms). We investigate if these factors fully account for the complex features observed in recordings of human activity. First, we measure activity over two weeks from forearm motion in subjects undergoing their regular daily routine. We show that no systematic ultradian rhythms exist in human activity during wakefulness. Furthermore, we demonstrate that during wakefulness human activity possesses previously unrecognized dynamic patterns characterized by long-range fractal correlations and nonlinear Fourier phase interactions. These patterns are unaffected by changes in the average activity level occuring within individual subjects throughout the day, on different days, and between subjects. Second, we find that these patterns persist when the same subjects undergo time-isolation laboratory experiments designed to account for the phase of the circadian pacemaker, and to control the known extrinsic factors. We attribute these newly discovered patterns to an intrinsic multi-scale dynamic regulation of human activity that is independent of known extrinsic factors, as well as known intrinsic factors (the circadian and ultradian rhythms).
Aspects of kinematical coincidence measurements of excitation energy division in damped reactions

Abstract It is shown that the finite resolution inherent in the kinematical coincidence method leads to systematic errors in the deduced (primary) physical quantities if the latter are calculated based on mass and linear momentum conservation equations alone. As an example, application of this method for measuring excitation energy of the fragments from damped reactions is reviewed. In such a case, finite resolution effects generate significant instrumental, or “background” correlations between the physical quantities reconstructed in a straightforward fashion, hence, if not accounted for, they may lead to the qualitative misinterpretation of the data. Experimental measures are discussed which appear necessary in order to ensure proper accuracy of the finite resolution corrections. An alternative method of data analysis is presented which is much less susceptible to the finite resolution effects discussed.
Prader–Willi syndrome

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a highly variable genetic disorder affecting multiple body systems whose most consistent major manifestations include hypotonia with poor suck and poor weight gain in infancy; mild mental retardation, hypogonadism, growth hormone insufficiency causing short stature for the family, early childhood-onset hyperphagia and obesity, characteristic appearance, and behavioral and sometimes psychiatric disturbance. Many more minor characteristics can be helpful in diagnosis and important in management. PWS is an example of a genetic condition involving genomic imprinting. It can occur by three main mechanisms, which lead to absence of expression of paternally inherited genes in the 15q11.2–q13 region: paternal microdeletion, maternal uniparental disomy, and imprinting defect.
Towards trustworthy medical devices and body area networks

Implantable and wearable medical devices (IWMDs) are commonly used for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating various medical conditions. A general trend in IWMDs is towards increased functional complexity, software programmability, and connectivity to body area networks (BANs). However, as medical devices become more "intelligent," they also become less trustworthy -- less reliable and more vulnerable to malicious attacks. Various shortcomings -- hardware failures, software errors, wireless attacks, malware and software exploits, and side-channel attacks -- could undermine the trustworthiness of IWMDs and BANs. The trustworthiness of IWMDs must be addressed aggressively and proactively due to the potential for catastrophic consequences. While some recent efforts address the defense of IWMDs against specific security attacks, a holistic strategy that considers all concerns and types of threats is required. This paper discusses trustworthiness concerns in IWMDs and BANs through a comprehensive identification and analysis of potential threats and, for each threat, provides a discussion of the merits and inadequacies of current solutions.
Exploration of the remote sounding of infrared cooling rates due to water vapor

We explore the feasibility of deriving atmospheric infrared cooling rates by direct inversion of radiances observed by satellites from space. In order to convert radiances to fluxes and achieve vertical profiling at the same time, we show that it is necessary to combine radiances from narrow channels with radiances averaged over spectral bands. We demonstrate that the vertical integral of the cooling rate in the spectral band, convolved with a kernel function associated with the narrow channel, can be related to a weighted sum of the channel and band radiances. The band radiance must be evaluated at a specific zenith angle, which is a result of use of the mean value theorem. With known kernel functions, the combined radiances may be inverted to obtain the cooling rate profile. These results are derived from use of a random model for the transmittance in its strong-and weak-line limits. The results are similar in the two limits leading us to conclude that there are expressions that are approximately valid over the entire range of transmittance. We show by numerical methods that this conclusion is correct and apply the retrieval technique successfully to get the cooling rate profile in the rotational band of water vapor.
Polarization of beams diffracted from superimposed gratings

The rigorous coupled-wave model is used to determine the polarization of diffracted waves from two superimposed volume gratings with their grating vectors in the same plane. The phase relations used in computing the phase shift of diffracted beams are derived. The relative phase difference between orthogonal components of the + 1 diffracted order is computed for a single grating and two superimposed gratings. The level of induced ellipticity in polarization is greater for light diffracted from a multiplexed grating than from a single grating. Experimental and theoretical results show that the phase shift of a beam diffracted from two superimposed gratings has both positive and negative values.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solid solution softening and hardening

The bases for models of solid-solution softening and hardening are discussed. Conclusions of these discussions are presented which show that most intrinsic mechanisms cannot be applied to solution softening in Ta and Nb alloys. Scavenging-like mechanisms, related to effects that solute interactions have on the strain center density, strength or distribution in materials which are effectively ternary alloys, offer the only realistic explanation of solution softening in Ta and Nb alloys. In other materials, the evidence is not all in, because the systematic experments with respect to purity and secondary solute additions done on Ta and Nb alloys have not been performed. The results of a few investigations on other metals to date, the generality of behavior demanded of all metals by intrinsic'' theories of solution softening and the obvious exceptions to this behavior by Ta and Nb, all strongly suggest that if a single mechanism of solute softening exists, it must be a scavenging/solute interaction mechanism. (JRD)
Effects of peripheral blood monocytes on human vascular cell proliferation.

Abstract Incubated human peripheral blood monocytes release a factor(s) which specifically stimulates homologous vascular smooth muscle (SMC) but not endothelial cells (EC) to proliferate in vitro. Conditioned medium from activated monocytes significantly ( P P P P These findings suggest that blood monocytes may play a key and until now unsuspected role in arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation, a recognized event in the initial stages of atherogenesis.
A target-delay-driven packet scheduling scheme for real-time interactive applications

Real-time interactive applications have become widespread exemplified by distance learning, online gaming, and voice/video conferencing. These applications have the most stringent packet delay requirement. If such packets arrive late to the recipients, exceeding the maximum tolerable delay, they will become obsolete and be dropped. In this paper, we propose to compute and use the difference, called the deadline, between the application dependent maximum delay requirement and the accumulated delay the packets experienced to guide the packet schedulers in selecting which packets to transmit next. The objective of this paper is to minimize the number of packets that exceed the maximum tolerable delay to their receivers. The resulting method is called the target-delay-driven scheduling in which the priority of a packet increases as its deadline decreases when traversing the network. Analysis and simulations show that the target-delay-driven scheduling has a significant delay performance improvement over the method without using the deadline in scheduling packets.
Complex Conjugate Pomeranchuk Trajectories and Pomeranchuk Theorem for Differential Cross-Sections (*).

The Pomcranchuk theorem for the differential cross-sections, ar~ asymptotic equality of the particle-particle and particle-antiparticle elastic differential cross-sections, has been derived for nonoscillating amplitudes by several authors (~)using the Phragm~nLindelSf theorem (2). The same method was used to show that the Pomeranchuk theorem for the differential cross-sections cannot be satisfied if the dominating Regge trajectory is complex (a). In this paper we will investigate an asymptotic ratio of the particle-particle and particle-antiparticle elastic differential cross-sections for the case when the scattering is dominated by a pair of complex conjugate trajectories. This case might be of interest for the following reason. It has been suggested (4) that any Regge trajectory meets the corresponding ReggePomeranehuk cut and develops some sort of singularity near t ~ 0, Consequently,, one can expect that all Regge trajectories will have left-hand branch cuts. (4) in t from some negative t (eventually from t : -- c~) to t : t 0, where Itl << 1. Furthermore, it has been shown (5) that because of the collision of the Regge trajectory with the corresponding Regge-Pomeranehuk cut a new pole can come from the second sheet of the complex momentum plane and form a pair of complex conjugate poles with the original pole. If the pair of complex conjugate poles is on the physical sheet and if for some region of negative t the real part of the Regge trajectory is larger than the real part of the branch point trajectory (~) (cut), then in this t region the scattering ampli
Tardive dyskinesia exacerbated after ingestion of phenylalanine by schizophrenic patients

Despite continued research, the influences that promote or exacerbate tardive dyskinesia (TD) symptoms remain incompletely understood. Recent findings (Gardos et al. 1992; Richardson et al. 1989) suggest that ingestion of the dietary constituent, phenylalanine, might exacerbate TD symptoms, but a double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge had not previously been conducted in schizophrenic patients. On two different mornings, in counterbalanced order, 18 male schizophrenic patients with TD were challenged with either 100 mg/kg phenylalanine or placebo. Effects on abnormal involuntary movements, recall memory, and plasma phenylalanine were measured 90 minutes post-challenge. The results supported the hypothesis in that involuntary movements increased to a statistically and clinically meaningful degree after the phenylalanine challenge, but not after placebo. No effects on memory were detected. Significant order effects characterized the plasma findings but not the behavioral data. Results indicate that a dietary constituent, the amino acid phenylalanine, can potentially exacerbate tardive dyskinesia symptoms in schizophrenic patients. The influence of phenylalanine and other ingested substances on clinical symptomatology warrants further investigation.
Fossil hominid body weight and brain size.

RELIABLE estimates of body weights in early hominids are essential to the study of their brains and body proportions1. Obviously the evolution of the size of the human brain must be studied in terms of the size of the body. Although the endocranial volume is known for many individual fossil hominids, body weight is poorly known. The present study is an attempt to estimate body weight of the South African Plio-Pleistocene hominids as accurately as possible from the available fossil evidence. East African early hominid postcrania are excluded because of the difficulty in taxonomic assessment, especially within the genus Australopithecus.
A measure of skewness in offense distributions

It has become a criminological fact of life that a small group of offenders is responsible for a far greater share of offending than its size would suggest. For example, it is well known that in the 1945 Philadelphia birth cohort, 6% of the cohort members committed 52% of the offenses. We argue, however, that the conventional percentaging approach to measuring skewness in offense distributions is inadequate. We propose and apply an alternative approach to measuring offense skewness which utilizes the offense distribution to its fullest and can easily and meaningfully be used for comparisons across or within study populations.