cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is It Too Much of a Good Thing? A New Era in Phosphate Binder Therapy in ESRD

Hyperphosphatemia and anemia are common complications in patients with advanced CKD, and both contribute to their increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Fortunately, both conditions can be effectively treated with currently available therapeutic agents: phosphate binders,
No evidence of a founder effect in Rainbow Lorikeet vocalisations following a population bottleneck

The isolated population of Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus) in Perth, Western Australia, was founded by fewer than 10 birds introduced in the early 1960s. I recorded vocalisations of individuals in Perth, and from >2000km away, at one site in South Australia and one in Victoria, to determine if the Perth population showed evidence of a founder effect in three common types of vocal signals. I measured spectral features of the calls of each recorded bird. Linear discriminant analysis indicated the three population samples differed significantly for all three call-types but there was no consistent trend suggesting the Perth birds retained evidence of a founder effect in these calls. Calls of Perth birds were not more simplified or more homogeneous in their acoustic traits. Although it is possible that there are founder effects for total vocal repertoires, which was not assessed here, there was no evidence for a founder effect in these most conspicuous vocalisations.
Left Turn on Green?: The Unintended Consequences of International Funding for Sustainable Development in Brazil

This article presents the first attempt to examine the political consequences of internationally funded programs that target local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Although the purported mission of NGOs is often economic, humanitarian, or environmental, the authors suggest that their impact is also profoundly political. Injections of international resources into underdeveloped, often clientelistic societies can fundamentally change the nature of the local political arena, affecting access to economic resources, social benefits, and ultimately the quality of democratic representation. The authors analyze the impact external resources have on politics by examining a series of World Bank-funded projects based in the Brazilian Amazon from 1995 to 1997. They show that World Bank funding designed to channel resources to local groups had powerful effects in the political arena, increasing electoral support for the Left in the 1998 presidential race. This article has important implications for the growing ro...
Trace Fossils, Basin Migration, Sedimentation, and Bathymetry of Ouachita Geosyncline of Oklahoma: ABSTRACT

Flysch-type Nereites trace-fossil associations, paleocurrent data, and relatively numerous, thick sandstone beds with fluted soles, graded tops, contorted and convolute lamination, and ripple-drift indicate a continuous deep-water (bathyal-abyssal) axis for the Ouachita geosyncline during the deposition of the Stanley Group, Jackfork Group, Johns Valley Shale, and Atoka Formation of Oklahoma. Eventual migration of the basin onto the shelf is suggested by the west, northwest, and north overlap of the Atoka Formation on the Johns Valley Shale, Springer Formation, Chickachoc Chert, and Wapanucka Limestone, and by a transitional, shoal- to deep-water facies developed over the Chickachoc Chert and Wapanucka Limestone in the Atoka Formation. The transitional facies consists of a thick shale which is thought, on the basis of modern analogues, to have been deposited on a slope. Thin sandstone beds are present in this shale and are more numerous upward in the section. The sandstone beds are characterized by a trace-fossil association similar to a trace-fossil association in the basin axis, and by tooled soles, contorted lamination, ripples, and little grading. Down-slope, the transitional facies grades into the axial facies in which thick-bedded, axial-type sandstone becomes dominant. North of the Ouachita Mountains in the Arkoma basin, the top of the Atoka Formation is preserved. Physical-sedimentary structures and molasse-type Cruziana trace-fossil associations indicate shoal and near-shoal conditions. Toward the base of the section, there is no evidence for intermediate or deep-water facies. The older transition and deep-water facies are concealed in the thick Atoka section of the Arkoma basin or are farther south, beneath the Choctaw thrust which borders the west, northwest, and north margins of the Ouachita Mountains. End_of_Article - Last_Page 711------------
MATERNAL-FETAL CROSSOVER OF 1,25(OH) 2 VITAMIN D IN SUBHUMAN PRIMATES

The role of vitamin D (D) in fetal mineral metabolism remains to be established. We have studied transplacental transfer, fetal distribution and metabolism of 3H-1,25(OH)2D (3H-1,25) in 5 Rhesus monkeys during the latter third of pregnancy. Indwelling catheters were placed in maternal (mat.) aorta, uterine vein, and fetal umbilical artery & vein. Serial blood was obtained from these sites over 3 hrs. Amniotic fluid and mat. urine were collected every 60 min. Serum, urine, amniotic fluid, and various tissue samples were extracted and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography to determine total radioactivity (RA) and specific D metabolites. Peak RA levels in the fetus were reached within 20 min post injection. RA concentrations in fetal serum were 10-15% of mat. serum levels. RA concentrations in amniotic fluid and fetal urine were 10% of fetal serum concentrations. 75-85% of mat. & fetal serum RA was identified as intact 3H-1,25. Up to 50% of tissue RA consisted of 3H-1,25 in a fetus delivered 3 hrs after dose administration. However, in fetuses aborted 24-48 hrs post injection, no 3H-1,25 but highly polar compounds were found. These data suggest that 1,25(OH)2D crosses the placenta in subhuman primates as has been shown for other sterols. Furthermore, the fetus appears to be capable of converting 1,25(OH)2D to more polar steroid derivatives.
Unexpected Mobility Variation among Individual Secretory Vesicles Produces an Apparent Refractory Neuropeptide Pool

Most stored neuropeptide cannot be released from nerve terminals suggesting the existence of a refractory pool of dense core vesicles (DCVs). Past fluorescence photobleaching recovery, single particle tracking and release experiments suggested that the refractory neuropeptide pool corresponds to a distinct immobile fraction of cytoplasmic DCVs. However, tracking of hundreds of individual green fluorescent protein-labeled neuropeptidergic vesicles by wide-field or evanescent-wave microscopy shows that a separate immobile fraction is not evident. Instead, the DCV diffusion coefficient (D) distribution is unusually broad and asymmetric. Furthermore, the distribution shifts with a release facilitator. This unexpected variation, which could reflect heterogeneity among vesicles or in their medium, is shown to generate the appearance of a regulated refractory neuropeptide pool.
Hydrogen peroxide generation by mitochondria isolated from regionally ischemic and nonischemic dog myocardium

We occluded the left anterior descending coronary artery of anesthetized, open-chest dogs, for 1 or 2 h. Some hearts were reperfused for 1 h after 1 h of ischemia. We isolated mitochondria from the central ischemic zone (CIZ) and a surrounding nonischemic zone (NIZ) of the left ventricle, and assayed H2O2 production using a horseradish peroxidase-dual wavelength spectrophotometric technique. Mitochondria, studied in the absence of exogenous respiratory chain inhibitors, generated H2O2 during State 4 respiration with succinate as the substrate. NIZ mitochondria in all groups produced ca. 1.5 nmols H2O2/min/mg protein (no significant differences between groups). The State 4 O2 consumption rates of NIZ mitochondria from hearts subjected to 1 h ischemia plus reperfusion, or 2 h of ischemia (ca. 30 nmols/min/mg) were significantly higher than that of NIZ mitochondria of hearts subjected to only 1 h of ischemia (23 nmols/min/mg). Thus, the ratio between H2O2 produced and State 4 O2 consumption fell from 6.5% to 5%. Mitochondria from all CIZ samples had State 4 O2 consumption rates that were not different from corresponding NIZ values. However CIZ mitochondria of hearts subjected to 1 h ischemia without reperfusion produced less H2O2 (1.1±0.1 nmols/min/mg), and had a slightly reduced H2O2/O2 ratio (4.4±0.7%), compared with their NIZ samples (1.5±0.1 nmols/min/mg; 5.3%). Reperfusion after 1 h of ischemia abolished these regional differences. The CIZ mitochondria from hearts subjected to 2 h ischemia produced only 0.75±0.22 nmols H2O2/min/mg (2.5% of State 4 O2 consumption). These values were 50% of corresponding NIZ values, and were significantly less than for any other group or tissue region. If similar phenomena occur in conscious animals subjected to incomplete regional ischemia, especially of relatively brief duration or if accompanied by reduced intracellular defenses against oxidants such as H2O2, they suggest that mitochondria persist as H2O2 sources and so may contribute to the oxidant load and myocardial dysfunction.
Is ‘comfort’ care a ‘medical’ care? Observations on a neonatal population

The developments of science and medical technology have contributed to the survival of an increasing number of critically ill newborns. However, when the impossibility of survival becomes apparent, a new risk emerges: that of abandoning the patient. Infants diagnosed with congenital lethal conditions or terminally ill do not longer benefit traditional intensive care, therefore a different plan of medical care is warranted. A novel and personalized management for this population, defined ‘comfort care’, is proposed. This paper offers some relevant observations arising from a 3-year experience of comfort care management in a tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, through clinical cases.
Identification and partial purification of hamster microsomal cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes.

Abstract We have identified and partially purified three forms of cytochrome P-450 from hamster liver microsomes. Phenobarbital (PB) treatment induced three major polypeptides with relative mobilities ( M r ) of 47,000, 50,000 and 51,500. The 47,000 polypeptide was assigned as epoxide hydrolase, since it was also enhanced by trans -stilbene oxide (TSO) treatment. Two polypeptides ( M r = 48,500 and 53,500) were induced by both 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and β-naphthoflavone (BNF) treatments. Treatment with Aroclor 1254 induced three polypeptides ( M r = 48,500, 50,000 and 53,500), indicating the induction of both drug- and carcinogen-inducible cytochrome P-450s. Liver microsomal benzo[ a ]pyrene hydroxylase activity was not affected significantly by any of these inducers. In contrast, it was induced 2- to 3-fold in lung microsomes by 3-MC, BNF or Aroclor 1254 treatment. Benzphetamine N -demethylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O -deethylase activities, expressed as nmoles of product formed per min per mg of liver microsomal protein, were increased 3- to 4-fold by either PB or Aroclor treatment. The activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin O -deethylase was the only one enhanced significantly by 3-methylcholanthrene or β-naphthoflavone treatment in liver microsomes. Pregnenolone-16-α-carbonitrile (PCN) and TSO did not alter any of these activities. The major polypeptides induced by PB ( M r = 50,000) and 3-MC ( M r = 48,500 and 53,500 respectively) were partially purified, to a specific content of 6–10 nmoles P-450/mg of protein and were active in catalyzing N -demethylation of benzphetamine, hydroxylation of benzo[ a ]pyrene, and O -deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin with different substrate specificity. None of these isoenzymes immuno-cross-reacted with antibodies prepared against rabbit cytochrome P-450 LM2 or P-450 LM4 .
Exploring the Extent and Determinants of Knowledge Sharing in Audit Engagements

Audit firms are faced with increasing demands for audit efficiency and effectiveness. Increasing knowledge sharing in audit engagements can help them respond to this challenge, and this study seeks to advance understanding of the extent and determinants of such sharing. Data collected from auditors of two Big Four audit firms suggest that both firms have high, but far from complete, levels of knowledge sharing. The factors identified as affecting such sharing range from characteristics of the client to attributes of the audit firm, audit team and individual auditors. A framework is proposed for organizing these factors and relationships.
Effect of Ca2+ Channel Antagonists on the Acrosome Reaction of Guinea Pig and Golden Hamster Spermatozoa

The effects of Ca2+ channel antagonists on the motility and acrosome reaction of guinea pig spermatozoa were examined by incubating the spermatozoa continuously in Ca2+-containing capacitating media with 10−6 M to 10−4 M antagonist. Antagonists tested were four voltage-gated Ca2+ channel antagonists (verapamil, nifedipine, nimodipine, and FR–34235) and two ligand-gated channel antagonists (NaNO2 and Na-nitroprusside). None of these antagonists could block the acrosome reaction. Instead, three antagonists (verapamil, nimodipine, and FR-34235, each at 10−4 M) accelerated the onset of the acrosome reaction with a subsequent decrease in sperm motility. Nifedipine and Na-nitroprusside at the same concentration caused a complete loss of sperm motility by 4 hr of incubation with no substantial effect on the rate of acrosome reaction. The detrimental effect of antagonists on the motility of spermatozoa appears to be due to a direct, Ca2+-independent, membrane-perturbing action of the reagents. The acrosome reaction was not inhibited when guinea pig spermatozoa were precapacitated in Ca2+-free medium (with a low concentration of lysolecithin) in the continuous presence of antagonists. An acceleration of the onset of the acrosome reaction by verapamil (10−4 M) was also demonstrated in the golden hamster. These results may be interpreted as indicating that the entry of extracellular Ca2+ into spermatozoa, which triggers the acrosome reaction of guinea pig and hamster spermatozoa, is not mediated by Ca2+ channels. This is in marked contrast with the case reported in invertebrate spermatozoa. Possible mechanisms by which some of the antagonists stimulate the acrosome reaction and affect the motility of mammalian spermatozoa are discussed.
Three-dimensional structure of ordered and chaotic vortex streets behind circular cylinders at low Reynolds numbers

We have investigated the spatial and temporal structure of certain cases of chaotic and organized vortex shedding in self-excited cylinder wakes at low Reynolds number (40–200) by extending hot-wire measurements to much larger downstream locations than our earlier measurements (Van Atta and Gharib, 1987) and performing concurrent smoke-wire flow visualizations. We describe here results for two cases in which chaotic vortex shedding is observed. The first is the single-vibration frequency locked-in case, in which the most highly disturbed regions of the vortex street, which produce chaotic spectra, are confined to compact spanwise-periodic propagating disturbed regions. The second is the multiple-vibration frequency case in which chaotic velocity spectra are observed at all spanwise locations.
Compression form-fitted athletic wear: Pressure performance, moisture management properties under different tension ratios, and corresponding psychophysical responses

Pressure performance and moisture management properties (MMP) of compression form-fitted athletic wear (CFA) play important role in achieving their mechanical functionality, wearing comfort, and physiological health for athletes during intensive exercises. Based on the 5Ps model, pressure and liquid moisture transfer attributes and their resultant subjective perceptions are analyzed and discussed through adopting objective and subjective measuring methods in this study. The MMP of eight types of fabric specimens were evaluated when the specimens were stretched at tension ratios of 0 %, 10 % and 20 % by applying an innovatively improved moisture management test method. Most of the tested specimens presented satisfied MMP when tested in a relaxed state. Testing under tension status significantly influenced the MMP of the tested specimens. The changes were mainly reflected in the prolonged wetting time, the increased absorption rates at the skin-contacted fabric surface, the reduced wetted radius and spreading speed at outer side of fabric, and the weakened one-way transfer properties. The tested fabrics with stretch of 20 % showed, in general, better performances in MMP than those with a stretch of 10 %. Pressure characteristic values ranging from 1679.88 to 2752.89 Pa on average were extracted from the different six pressure zones around the tested athletes’ bodies. Our improved MMT test method provides a new approach to study the fabric MMP when fabrics are under different tensions. Five sensory dimensions were used to analyze psychophysical responses to the physical stimulus of pressure and MMP, which revealed complex interactive mechanisms existing between pressure action, moisture transfer attributes and comfort perceptions related to compression athletic wear.
Review article: migraine and pregnancy.

SYNOPSIS A 27-year-old woman with no family or personal history of migraine presented with headache associated with unilateral paresthesias and blurred vision. This was her first, and so far only, attack of migraine with aura and led to the diagnosis of her pregnancy and to this review. Migraine can begin for the first time with pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester. Cases of migraine with aura are the most commonly reported. Preexisting migraine usually improves with pregnancy, particularly if it was associated with menstrual migraine. Headache occurs frequently in the postpartum period, particularly in known migraineurs. Migraineurs have no increased risk of complications during pregnancy and their children have no increased incidence of birth defects.
APPROACHES TO THE FUTURE IN U.S. URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

In appreciation of the fact that longer-run considerations are particularly important in the development of urban transportation, during the past three decades American transportation planning has been employing increasingly sophisticated approaches to the future. This article discusses four phases in this evolution, with a given focus dominant in each period.
A Thomson-Scattering Experiment To Determine Parallel Velocity Spread Of An Intense Relativistic Electron Beam

We describe a non-interactive Thqmson-Backscattering experiment to determine the parallel-energy spread of a 1 KA/cm2, 600 KV beam. Principles of the experiment, optics, complicating factors (e.g. X-rays, background light), Diode and TEA laser performance, and preliminary single-channel scattering data are discussed. A momentum-spread of (Δγ/γ)1/2% is consistent with the data.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Direct Intramuscular Injection of Plasmid DNA Encoding Angiopoietin-1 but not Angiopoietin-2 Augments Revascularization in the Rabbit Ischemic Hindlimb

Background—Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) have recently been identified as ligands for the endothelial cell–specific Tie2 receptor. Little is known regarding the impact of these Tie2 ligands on postnatal neovascularization. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that gene transfer of plasmid DNA encoding Ang1 and Ang2 could modulate collateral vessel development in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia. Methods and Results—pAng1* (n=15), pJFE control (no Ang1* insert) (n=9), pAng2 (n=9), pcDNA3 control (no Ang2 insert) (n=10), or saline (n=5) was injected intramuscularly into the rabbit ischemic hindlimb. Collateral vessel development and limb perfusion were assessed before and 30 days after treatment. Calf blood pressure ratio (ischemic to normal hindlimb) was increased 30 days after Ang1* gene transfer versus controls (Ang1*, 0.90±0.02; pJFE, 0.76±0.05; saline, 0.77±0.03; P<0.05). Angiographic score was higher (P<0.05) in the pAng1* group (0.63±0.02) than in the pJFE (0.51±0.03) or saline ...
Evidence for the Location of the Allosteric Activation Switch in the Multisubunit Phosphorylase Kinase Complex from Mass Spectrometric Identification of Chemically Crosslinked Peptides

Phosphorylase kinase (PhK), an (alphabetagammadelta)(4) complex, regulates glycogenolysis. Its activity, catalyzed by the gamma subunit, is tightly controlled by phosphorylation and activators acting through allosteric sites on its regulatory alpha, beta and delta subunits. Activation by phosphorylation is predominantly mediated by the regulatory beta subunit, which undergoes a conformational change that is structurally linked with the gamma subunit and that is characterized by the ability of a short chemical crosslinker to form beta-beta dimers. To determine potential regions of interaction of the beta and gamma subunits, we have used chemical crosslinking and two-hybrid screening. The beta and gamma subunits were crosslinked to each other in phosphorylated PhK, and crosslinked peptides from digests were identified by Fourier transform mass spectrometry, beginning with a search engine developed "in house" that generates a hypothetical list of crosslinked peptides. A conjugate between beta and gamma that was verified by MS/MS corresponded to crosslinking between K303 in the C-terminal regulatory domain of gamma (gammaCRD) and R18 in the N-terminal regulatory region of beta (beta1-31), which contains the phosphorylatable serines 11 and 26. A synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 1-22 of beta inhibited the crosslinking between beta and gamma, and was itself crosslinked to K303 of gamma. In two-hybrid screening, the beta1-31 region controlled beta subunit self-interactions, in that they were favored by truncation of this region or by mutation of the phosphorylatable serines 11 and 26, thus providing structural evidence for a phosphorylation-dependent subunit communication network in the PhK complex involving at least these two regulatory regions of the beta and gamma subunits. The sum of our results considered together with previous findings implicates the gammaCRD as being an allosteric activation switch in PhK that interacts with all three of the enzyme's regulatory subunits and is proximal to the active site cleft.
Resolution of pulmonary lymphangitic carcinoma of the breast.

Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis, a grave complication of malignant neoplasms, usually progresses rapidly and is fatal despite all modes of therapy. We recently observed complete resolution of pulmonary lymphangitic involvement from an adenocarcinoma of the breast following both chemotherapy and bilateral oophorectomy. The patient's chest radiograph has remained clear for 1½ years.
Constant-load tertiary creep in nickel-base single crystal superalloys

Abstract Accelerating or tertiary creep in nickel-base single crystal (SX) superalloys, for constant-load tensile tests represents a “dynamic steady state” between the engineering strain rate and the corresponding actual or true stress. Experiments on nominally [0 0 1]-oriented CMSX-10 at 900 °C revealed this for initial stresses of 500–700 MPa for conditions of non-rafting γ′ precipitates. Analysis of results obtained elsewhere on [0 0 1]-oriented CMSX-10, for conditions of γ′ rafting at temperatures up to 1100 °C also indicate this dynamic steady state. This state is described by a power-law between stress and strain rate and one test provides the stress exponent over a stress range of 100 MPa. This suggests an economical method for evaluating initial microstructure-property relationship. A time-based elasto-viscous (non-linear) creep model with only three material parameters predicts tertiary creep as long as the deformation is homogeneous. The onset of inhomogeneous deformation can be predicted by comparing the model output with the experimental observations using a normalized strain-rate technique. For [0 0 1]-oriented CMSX-10 at 900 °C and 500–700 MPa, inhomogeneous deformation is predicted for strains greater than 12%. This was verified by conducting interrupted tests and measuring the profile of the cross-sectional shape along the entire originally uniform gauge length. However, fractured specimens revealed very significant non-uniform deformation in the form of necking at two regions. The elongation of pores and cracking at pores walls are recognized as creep enhancement factors that lead to double necking and final fracture at one of them. A survey of constant-load creep results obtained in different laboratories on different nickel-base SX alloys (CMSX-4, CMSX-10, TMS75) at different temperatures and stresses confirm the hypothesis of dynamic steady state (including true strain rate versus true stress), during tertiary stage.
Three-dimensional electron diffraction of PhoE porin to 2·8resolution

A three-dimensional set of electron diffraction intensities of PhoE porin embedded in trehalose extending to 2·8resolution has been collected and analyzed. The strongest highresolution intensities are distributed as a figure of revolution about the z*-axis and are located primarily in a resolution range of 4·5to 5·0Within this region, centered near 4·8resolution the brightest intensities are clustered about inclination angles of 35° and 0° from the a*, b* plane. This distribution of intensities indicates that the β-sheet in PhoE porin is arranged to form a cylinder-like structure that contains major populations of β-sheet strands tilted an average of 35° and 0° with respect to the membrane plane normal. This cylindrical structure has been seen previously in the high-resolution projection map of PhoE as an elliptical ring of high density.
Kinase chips hit the proteomics era

Abstract Protein kinase chips, in which kinases are tested for their ability to phosphorylate immobilized substrates, have been developed and used to evaluate the protein kinases encoded by the yeast genome. This new technology promises to be a valuable addition to the biochemists' and cell biologists' arsenal for evaluating the substrate selectivity and function of protein kinases in cell signaling.
Estimation of ionization constants of azo dyes and related aromatic amines: Environmental implication

Ionization constants for 214 dye molecules were calculated from molecular structures using the chemical reactivity models developed in SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry). These models used fundamental chemical structure theory to predict chemical reactivities for a wide range of organic molecules from molecular structure. The energy differences between the protonated state and the unprotonated state for a molecule of interest are factored into mechanistic components including the electrostatic and resonance contributions and any additional contributions to these energy differences. The RMS deviation was found to be less than 0·62 pKa units, which is similar to the experimental error.
The effectiveness of selected barrier fabrics in minimizing the light‐induced colour change of textile objects in storage

A relatively inexpensive method for the temporary or permanent storage of textile objects is to place them inside fabric covers (e.g. rolled storage and garment-bag storage), under fabric covers (e.g. flat storage), or behind fabric curtains (e.g. hanger storage behind a curtain). These barrier fabrics can minimize the harmful effects of light on textile objects in storage. This exploratory study examined the effectiveness of muslin, duck, and Gore-TexTM barrier fabrics in minimizing the light-induced colour change of textile objects in storage. The results indicated that muslin, duck, and Gore-TexTM barrier fabrics significantly differ in their effectiveness in minimizing the light-induced colour change of textile objects in storage. Several recommendations are provided for future investigations on this topic.
Evaluating renewable portfolio standards and carbon cap scenarios in the U.S. electric sector

This report examines the impact of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and cap-and-trade policy options on the U.S. electricity sector. The analysis uses the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model that simulates the least-cost expansion of electricity generation capacity and transmission in the U.S. to examine the impact of a variety of emissions caps—and RPS scenarios both individually and combined. The generation mix, carbon emissions, and electricity price are examined for various policy combinations simulated in the modeling.
Rate-dependent tensile behavior of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites

High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (HPFRCC) show strain hardening behavior accompanied with multiple micro-cracks under static tension. The high ductility and load carrying capacity resulting from their strain hardening behavior is expected to increase the resisting capacity of structures subjected to extreme loading situations, e.g., earthquake, impact or blast. However, the promise of HPFRCCs for dynamic loading applications stems from their observed good response under static loading. In fact, very little research has been conducted to investigate if their good static response translates into improved dynamic response and damage tolerance. This experimental study investigates the tensile behavior of HPFRCC using High strength steel fibers (High strength hooked fiber and twisted fiber) under various strain rates ranging from static to seismic rates. The test results indicate that the tensile behavior of HPFRCC using twisted fiber shows rate sensitivity while that using hooked fiber shows no rate sensitivity. The results also show that rate sensitivity in twisted fibers is dependent upon both fiber volume fraction and matrix strength, which influences the interface bond properties.
Morphology and Longevity of Cells Cultured from Primate, Carnivore and Rodent Tissues

Most workers agree that cells derived from avian and from human sources, and propagated rapidly in monolayer culture, usually come to be dominated by diploid cells of fibroblastic morphology, and are usually also limited in their ability to divide in vitro. The experiments reported here, as well as those reported in some other laboratories, suggest that this phenomenon may occur in primates generally. It does not seem to apply, however, to the cells of some other forms, such as some amphibian groups, the rat, and the ferret: cells from these sources can sometimes be propagated in euploid form for much longer than expected on the basis of experience with primate and avian cells. In addition, such long-term euploid lines are sometimes epithelioid in morphology. This is a feature of special interest in the context of much observation which is consistent with the proposal that fibroblastic (i.e. stroma) cells could indeed be limited in in vivo division potential, and with the observation that epithelial (i.e. most organ parenchymal) cells in many cases cannot be so limited, or must have limits on division potential at very high levels in vivo. Much recent work in other laboratories suggests, however, that many differences between these groups may be explained or circumvented with appropriate medium composition.
SU-GG-AUD-02: Dose Convolution Filter: Incorporating Spatial Dose Information Into Tissue Response Modeling

Purpose:Radiotherapytreatment planning commonly involves analysis of static dose distributions and corresponding Dose Volume Histograms (DVHs). However, such analysis does not account for biological effects of spatial variations in the physical dose distribution. We introduce the Dose Convolution Filter (DCF) model capable of incorporating spatialdoseinformation in plan analysis and optimization, and integrating biological factors such as cell migration and bystander effects into physical dose distributions. The DCF model should allow more accurate prediction of tissue response from complex radiotherapydose distributions, and can facilitate modeling of the effects of patient motion. Method and Materials: We use a Gaussian convolution filter with standard deviation, σ, determining the degree of dose washout. To test this model, filtered dose distributions are applied to a NTCP model to calculate tissue response. As an illustration, we determine σ from existing rat spinal cord data, and compare model‐predicted NTCP with published data. We also simulate the GRID technique, in which an open field is collimated into many pencil beams. Results: After applying DCF, an NTCP model can predict dependence of tissue response on variations in spatialdose distribution. The model successfully fits the rat spinal cord data with a predicted value of σ=2.6±0.5mm, consistent with 2mm migration distances of remyelinating cells. Moreover, it enables the correct prediction of a high relative seriality for spinal cord. Finally, this model also predicts the sparing of normal tissues by the GRID technique when the size of each pencil beam becomes comparable to σ. Conclusion: The DCF model incorporates spatialdoseinformation and offers an improved way to estimate tissue response from complex radiotherapydose distributions. It does not alter the prediction of tissue response in large homogenous fields, but successfully predicts increased tissue tolerance in small or highly non‐uniform fields. Partially supported by Varian Medical Systems.
T(S) cells and immune tolerance induction: a regulatory renaissance?

CD8+ TS cells induce antigen-specific tolerance. The TS cells may do this by increasing the expression of inhibitory receptor ILT3 and ILT4 on DCs, rendering these cells toleregenic to CD4 cells.
Satellite observed global vegetation dynamics and its relations with biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange

Satellite observations of visible and near-infrared reflectances and brightness temperatures at 37 GHz frequency are studied to quantify spatial and temporal variations of land-surface vegetation. These satellite data are further correlated with the temporal variations of the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the terrestrial primary productivity.
Applications of EM Holographic Methods to Borehole Vertical Electric Source Data to Map a Fuel Oil Spill

The multifrequency, multisource holographic method used in the analysis of seismic data is to extended electromagnetic (EM) data within the audio frequency range. The method is applied to the secondary magnetic fields produced by a borehole, vertical electric source (VES). The holographic method is a numerical reconstruction procedure based on the double focusing principle for both the source array and the receiver array. The approach used here is to Fourier transform the constructed image from frequency space to time space and set time equal to zero. The image is formed when the in-phase part (real part) is a maximum or the out-of-phase (imaginary part) is a minimum; i.e., the EM wave is phase coherent at its origination. In the application here the secondary magnetic fields are treated as scattered fields. In the numerical reconstruction, the seismic analog of the wave vector is used; i.e., the imaginary part of the actual wave vector is ignored. The multifrequency, multisource holographic method is applied to calculated model data and to actual field data acquired to map a diesel fuel oil spill.
Effect of phospholipid removal on the kinetics of the metarhodopsin I to metarhodopsin II reaction

Abstract The kinetics of the metarhodopsin (meta) I → metarhodopsin II reaction have been studied by flash photolysis in two different types of preparations of bovine rhodopsin: (i) digitonin-solubilized rod outer segment (ROS) membranes with a molar ratio of phospholipid to rhodopsin of approximately 90, and (ii) digitonin-solubilized phospholipid-free rhodopsin with a molar ratio of phospholipid to rhodopsin of less than 0.2. At 20 °C the kinetics in both preparations are multiexponential, but four terms are required to fit the data with the solubilized membranes, whereas only two are required with the phospholipid-free preparation. Thus, phospholipid removal simplifies the kinetics of the meta I → meta II reaction, but the resulting preparation still does not show first-order kinetics. The ratio of the time constants of these two components with detergent-solubilized phospholipid-free rhodopsin was nearly equal to the values found with ROS particles, rhodopsin-phospholipid recombinants and intact rabbit eyes. This suggests a common origin for these two components in all these preparations and appears to exclude heterogeneity in bound phospholipid as the basis of these two-component kinetics.
Dynamical properties of spin polarized hydrogen physisorbed to the surface of liquid 4He

Abstract We examine spin polarized hydrogen physisorbed to a helium surface in the single particle limit and in the hydrogen film limit. The characteristics of the hydrogen film can be probed by third sound techniques. The shift in the 4 He third sound resonance is a measure of the hydrogen areal density and if the hydrogen film itself goes superfluid a second mode will appear. The presence of a single hydrogen atom can distort the helium surface. The surface distortion can be described by third sound quanta: ripplons. The combined H-atom plus ripplon object is similar to the polaron studied in solid state physics. We investigate the circumstances under which polaron formation should be possible and its consequences with regards the binding of hydrogen to helium, the hydrogen effective mass and a ripplon mediated hydrogen-hydrogen interaction.
Prophylaxis and Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Infection after Solid Organ Transplantation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs in the majority of patients following solid organ transplantation. The mainstay of treatment for symptomatic CMV infection in this patient population is intravenous ganciclovir and, to a lesser extent, foscarnet. Methods of preventing CMV infection include: (i) protective matching; (ii) use of CMV-seronegative, filtered or leucocyte-poor blood products; (iii) active immunisation with a vaccine; (iv) passive immunisation with immunoglobulins; (v) prophylaxis with antiviral agents such as interferons, aciclovir (acyclovir), ganciclovir or foscarnet; and (vi) pre-emptive therapy. Protective matching is not feasible due to the scarcity of donor organs. CMV-seronegative, filtered or leucocyte-poor blood products should be used, at least in seronegative recipients. A live attenuated CMV vaccine has been shown to be of limited efficacy in preventing CMV disease in renal transplantation recipients; however, a subunit vaccine is in development. Prophylaxis with immunoglobulins has been shown to be effective in some solid organ transplantation populations; however, the cost of such an approach is considerable. Of the antiviral agents, intravenous ganciclovir is the only agent that has been shown to have some degree of prophylactic efficacy in the majority of solid organ transplantation recipients. However, the cost and need for intravenous access make intravenous ganciclovir a suboptimal prophylactic agent. Several newer drugs, including oral agents, are currently being studied in this mode. Pre-emptive therapy, based either on the early detection of CMV or the targeting of patients with risk factors for CMV, appears to be a promising new approach.
H protein, a minor protein of TMV virions, containssequences of the viral coat protein

H protein, a minor protein found associated with virions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) at an average of about one copy per virion and previously believed to be host-coded (Asselin and Zaitlin, 1978, Virology 91, 173–181), has been shown to contain sequences of the viral capsid protein. Two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of 125I-labeled H protein (Mr 26,500) and coat protein (Mr 17,500) from TMV strains U1 and Dahlemense show that the respective H proteins contain most if not all of the labeled peptides of the coat proteins in addition to 2–3 unique peptides. The H proteins also contain unique antigenic determinants, as antibodies can be isolated which react strongly with the H protein but not with the coat protein of Dahlemense TMV. Finally, amino acid composition analysis of the U1-TMV H protein has shown the presence of methionine and histidine, amino acids not present in the coat protein of that strain. H protein appears to contain the same NH2 terminus as coat protein, as there is an H protein tryptic peptide that both comigrates in a two-dimensional system and produces the same acid cleavage product as the NH2-terminal tryptic peptide of coat protein. H protein also seems to have the same COOH terminus as coat protein, as cyanogen bromide digestion of Dahlemense-TMV coat protein and H protein indicates that each has a methionine about 12 amino acids from one terminus (known to be the COOH terminus of the coat protein). Thus, H protein is not structurally equivalent to coat protein with an addition on either its NH2 or COOH terminus. However, H protein does not appear to be a noncovalent aggregate of coat protein and some other protein. Rather, the model we favor for H protein structure is that of a branched fusion product between coat protein and another polypeptide of host or viral origin.
Chronic anemia in the newborn lamb: cardiovascular adaptations and comparison to chronic hypoxemia

The cardiovascular adaptations to chronic anemia were studied in the newborn lamb and then compared with the adaptations to chronic hypoxemia. Eight chronically instrumented newborn lambs underwent repeat isovolemic exchange transfusions to maintain their Hb concentrations at 60% of normal for age. Hemodynamic studies were performed twice weekly for 2 wk after which time regional blood flows were measured using radionuclide-labeled microspheres. The major compensatory responses after 2 wk of anemia were moderate increases in heart rate (229 +/- 20 versus 187 +/- 15 beats/min) and cardiac output (226 +/- 36 versus 165 +/- 38 ml/kg/min), an increase in fractional extraction of oxygen (65 versus 40%), and a redistribution of regional blood flow. Blood flows to the heart and brain increased whereas blood flows to the viscera and carcass did not change. These compensatory responses were different from those that occur during chronic hypoxemia: specifically, cardiac output did increase, growth was not suppressed, and the pattern of redistribution of regional blood flows was different. The dissimilar effects of anemia (decreasing systemic oxygen content) versus hypoxemia (decreasing systemic oxygen tension) on local tissue receptors and peripheral chemoreceptors may account for these differences.
The application of oyster and seagrass models to evaluate alternative inflow scenarios related to Everglades restoration

Abstract The South Florida landscape is highly engineered featuring ∼3380 km of canals, ∼1225 water control structures, >70 pumping stations, managed wetlands, densely populated coastal watersheds, and impacted estuaries. Landscape scale agricultural and urban modifications require flood control which sometimes results in the release of excess freshwater that potentially damages estuarine ecology. The Central Everglades Planning Project (CEPP) is a partnership between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the South Florida Water Management District focused on restoring natural patterns of freshwater flow to the Everglades and associated estuaries. One of the primary project goals is to reduce deleterious inflows eastward to the St. Lucie Estuary (SLE) and westward to the Caloosahatchee River Estuary (CRE) by diverting freshwater south from Lake Okeechobee. Performance evaluation of the CEPP relies upon integrated modeling which links the watershed engineering projects to estuarine salinities and biotic responses. The objective of this study was to utilize seagrass and oyster models to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative inflow scenarios. There are three different scenarios: the existing condition base (ECB), the future without proposed CEPP projects (FWO) but with other landscape features that could alter freshwater inflows, and alternative 4R (ALT4R) that incorporates a suite of restoration projects including those associated with the CEPP. Each of these inflow scenarios was used to generate daily salinity time series from 1965 to 2005 at multiple locations in the SLE and CRE which were used to run site-specific seagrass and oyster models. The hydrodynamic and ecological effects of freshwater inflow were greater in the SLE compared to the much larger CRE. Predicted densities of oysters (individuals m −2 ) and seagrass (shoots m −2 ) were greater in the wet season (May–Oct) vs. the dry season (Nov–Apr) in both estuaries. Oyster and seagrass densities increased under the ALT4R inflow scenario that mitigated high inflows to the estuaries in the wet season. This result improved environmental conditions while increasing freshwater availability for other parts of the Greater Everglades and the southern estuaries such as Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay.
New politics of higher education: Hidden and complex

Public universities in the United States are in a changed political environment, resulting from past enrollment growth and increased budget needs, centralization, the routinization of state-university relations, government budget uncertainty, and the emergence of strong competing claims on state or federal monies. The author argues that centralized government intervention is carried through technocratic approaches that mask the political forces at work. The article discusses characteristics of government intervention such as: buffer groups, formulas and data monopoly. It suggests these technocratic approaches hide the political weakness of the public universities. These, in turn, have been weakened. In conclusion, three new trends are suggested: (1) public universities will seek to do with less government support - that is, the privatization of some American public university services; (2) they will seek to increase government's or society's dependency on what it is the public universities do - that is, making universities more immediately useful to government and society; and (3) they will increasingly organize political coalitions both inside and outside the universities. This last strategy implies greater collaboration between faculty, students and university administrators and between higher education, the public schools and other potential allies.
Defect complexes and schottky barriers

Abstract Calculations of deep electronic energy levels have been performed for impurity-vacancy pairs at relaxed (110) surfaces of III–V semiconductors. In particular, results are reported for the native complexes (As Ga , V As ) and (Ga As , v ga ) in GaAs. The predicted levels for these two complexes are respectively close to those for the isolated vacancies, V As and V Ga . This indicates that Fermi-level pinning positions due to surface vacancies will be only quantitatively shifted when the vacancies form complexes with antisite defects.