cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of controllable and uncontrollable footshock stress on sleep in mice

STRESS CAN HAVE A SIGNIFICANT, LONG-LASTING NEGATIVE IMPACT ON HEALTH INCLUDING CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR AND SLEEP. HOWEVER, STRESSORS are often encountered without producing permanent or pathological changes. The difference between successful and unsuccessful coping with stress may involve the resilience of the organism1 as well as characteristics of the stressor. Stressor controllability, along with intensity and predictability, have been found to be important factors in the effects of stress.2 For example, lack of stressor controllability has been suggested to be a factor in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).3,4 Conditioned fear training is conducted with a fear-inducing stressor (usually inescapable shock, [IS])5,6 presented in an experimental paradigm in which the animal receiving training has no control over the stressor. Through association to IS, initially neutral environmental cues and contexts acquire the capacity to elicit behavioral and physiological responses indicative of fear and anxiety, including behavioral freezing,7–9 autonomic responses,10–12 and fear-potentiated startle.5,6 Disturbances in sleep often follow a stressful or traumatic event,13 and we and others have demonstrated that IS and IS-associated fearful cues and contexts produce similar alterations in sleep, including a prominent reduction in rapid eye movement sleep (REM).14,15 By comparison, training with avoidable, signaled shock (a controllable stressor) in a shuttlebox is followed by significant increases in REM,15–18 even though the same stressor (footshock) is initially experienced before the avoidance response is acquired. The results of these studies have typically been focused on demonstrating a correlation between REM and acquisition of the avoidance response.15–18 It is possible to train animals with escapable shock (ES) as a controllable stressor using a shuttlebox paradigm. In this paradigm, the stressor is always experienced but can be terminated by the animal's action. The effects of ES and IS have not been directly compared with respect to post-stress alterations in sleep. Therefore, in this study, we used a yoked design to examine the effects of ES and IS training and of contextual reminders of ES and IS on sleep in BALB/cJ mice, a “behaviorally reactive” strain that shows greater post-stress reductions in REM and alterations in sleep in response to IS compared to C57BL/6J mice.19–21 We also compared mice in the ES and IS conditions for potential differences in gross motor activity and we examined freezing, a common behavioral index of fear,7,22,23 during exposure to the fearful context. Examining freezing enabled us to compare immediate emotional reactivity across conditions and to determine the relationship of initial emotionality to subsequent changes in arousal and sleep.
Optimizing the Law School Classroom Through the 'Flipped' Classroom Model

Despite careful classroom preparation, it is challenging to balance sufficient coverage of course content with legal skills training, multiple assessments, individualized feedback, and meaningful group work. The desire to make better use of my class time and provide students with more opportunities for active engagement with the course content drew me to the “flipped” classroom model. Regardless of your teaching style, you can use the “flipped” model to engage your students and accomplish more of your teaching goals. This article discusses the use of the flipped classroom model and offers suggestions for integrating flipped classroom methodologies in law school classes.
Characterization of Bacteria That Suppress Rhizoctonia Damping-Off in Bark Compost Media by Analysis of Fatty Acid Biomarkers

Examination of cucumber roots (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in bark compost media and of the surrounding edaphic substrate showed profiles of polar lipid fatty acids commonly found in bacteria. The composition of fatty acids in these profiles differed significantly between roots grown in a medium naturally suppressive to Rhizoctonia damping-off and roots from a conducive medium. Cucumber roots from the suppressive medium had higher proportions of cis-vaccenic acid (18:1 ω 7c) and the iso-branched monoenoic fatty acid i17:1 ω 8 but lower proportions of several iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids compared with roots from the conducive medium. The concentrations of the bacterial fatty acids were significantly lower in the surrounding media. However, the suppressive and conducive growth substrates had differences in the composition of the bacterial fatty acids similar to those found between the cucumber roots proper. These results suggest major differences in bacterial community composition between suppressive and conducive systems. Fatty acid analyses were also utilized to examine the effects on bacterial community composition of root colonization by Flavobacterium balustinum 299, a biocontrol agent. The concentration of the most prominent fatty acid in this bacterium, i17:1 ω 8, was increased on roots produced from inoculated seeds in a medium rendered suppressive by the treatment. This change was concomitant with a significant increase in the concentration of 18:1 ω 7c, not present in the lipids of the antagonist, indicating a shift in the microflora from a conducive to a suppressive bacterial community.
Catastrophic degradation in high power multi-mode InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum well lasers with intrinsic and irradiation-induced defects

A number of groups have studied reliability and degradation processes in GaAs-based lasers, but none of these studies have yielded a reliability model based on the physics of failure. Unsuccessful development of this model originates from the facts that: (i) defects related phenomena responsible for degradation in GaAs-based lasers are difficult to study due to the lack of suitable non-destructive techniques and (ii) degradation process occurs extremely fast after a long period of latency. Therefore, most of laser diode manufacturers perform accelerated multi-cell lifetests to estimate lifetimes of lasers using an empirical model, but this approach is a concern especially for satellite communication systems where high reliability is required of lasers for long-term duration in the space environment. Since it is a challenge to control defects introduced during the growth of laser structures, we studied degradation processes in broad-area InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum well (QW) lasers with intrinsic defects as well as those with defects introduced via proton irradiation. For the present study, we investigated the root causes of catastrophic degradation processes in MOCVD-grown broad-area InGaAs-AlGaAs strained QW lasers using various failure mode analysis techniques. A number of lasers were proton irradiated with different energies and fluences. We also studied GaAs double heterostructure (DH) test samples with different amounts of intrinsic defects introduced during MOCVD growth. These samples were proton irradiated as well to introduce additional defects. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and time resolved photoluminescence (TR-PL) techniques were employed to study traps (due to point defects) and non-radiative recombination centers (NRCs) in pre- and poststressed lasers, respectively. These characteristics were compared with those in pre- and post-proton irradiated lasers and DHs to study the role that defects and NRCs play in catastrophic degradation processes. Lastly, we employed focused ion beam (FIB), electron beam induced current (EBIC), and high resolution TEM (HR-TEM) techniques to study dark line defects and crystal defects in both post-aged and post-proton irradiated lasers.
Pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue: a common variant of oral pigmentation.

: Pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue are a common, yet infrequently considered, variant of normal oral pigmentation. The clinical and histologic features of this entity are described. A random survey of 300 individuals revealed this finding in 30% of Negro women, 25% of Negro men and in several members of other deeply pigmented races. Once the condition is recognized, the clinician need not concern himself nor his patient with a long list of potentially ominous diagnoses.
In vivo (31)P NMR spectroscopy assessment of skeletal muscle bioenergetics after spinal cord contusion in rats.

Muscle paralysis after spinal cord injury leads to muscle atrophy, enhanced muscle fatigue, and increased energy demands for functional activities. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) offers a unique non-invasive alternative of measuring energy metabolism in skeletal muscle and is especially suitable for longitudinal investigations. We determined the impact of spinal cord contusion on in vivo muscle bioenergetics of the rat hind limb muscle using 31P-MRS. A moderate spinal cord contusion injury (cSCI) was induced at the T8–T10 thoracic spinal segments. 31P-MRS measurements were performed weekly in the rat hind limb muscles for 3 weeks. Spectra were acquired in a Bruker 11 T/470 MHz spectrometer using a 31P surface coil. The sciatic nerve was electrically stimulated by subcutaneous needle electrodes. Spectra were acquired at rest (5 min), during stimulation (6 min), and recovery (20 min). Phosphocreatine (PCr) depletion rates and the pseudo first-order rate constant for PCr recovery (k PCr) were determined. The maximal rate of PCr resynthesis, the in vivo maximum oxidative capacity (V max) and oxidative adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis rate (Q max) were subsequently calculated. One week after cSCI, there was a decline in the resting total creatine of the paralyzed muscle. There was a significant reduction (~24 %) in k PCr measures of the paralyzed muscle, maximum in vivo mitochondrial capacity (V max) and the maximum oxidative ATP synthesis rate (Q max) at 1 week post-cSCI. During exercise, the PCr depletion rates in the paralyzed muscle one week after injury were rapid and to a greater extent than in a healthy muscle. Using in vivo MRS assessments, we reveal an acute oxidative metabolic defect in the paralyzed hind limb muscle. These altered muscle bioenergetics might contribute to the host of motor dysfunctions seen after cSCI.
Inclusive b-jet production in heavy ion collisions at the LHC

Abstract Theoretical and experimental advances in understanding light jet production and modification in Pb + Pb reactions at s N N = 2.76 TeV have been a highlight of the LHC heavy ion program. At the same time, the detailed mechanisms of heavy quark propagation and energy loss in dense QCD matter are not yet fully understood. With this motivation, we present theoretical predictions for the nuclear-induced attenuation of the differential cross section for inclusive b-jet production in heavy ion collisions at the LHC for comparison to upcoming data. We find that for transverse momenta p T ≳ 75 GeV both hadronization and mass effects are negligible and this attenuation is comparable to the one observed for light jets. We discuss how the detailed b-jet quenching patterns can be used to gain new insight into the in-medium heavy flavor dynamics.
Meta-analysis of untargeted metabolomic data from multiple profiling experiments

metaXCMS is a software program for the analysis of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic data. It is designed to identify the differences between metabolic profiles across multiple sample groups (e.g., 'healthy' versus 'active disease' versus 'inactive disease'). Although performing pairwise comparisons alone can provide physiologically relevant data, these experiments often result in hundreds of differences, and comparison with additional biologically meaningful sample groups can allow for substantial data reduction. By performing second-order (meta-) analysis, metaXCMS facilitates the prioritization of interesting metabolite features from large untargeted metabolomic data sets before the rate-limiting step of structural identification. Here we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol for going from raw mass spectrometry data to metaXCMS results, visualized as Venn diagrams and exported Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. There is no upper limit to the number of sample groups or individual samples that can be compared with the software, and data from most commercial mass spectrometers are supported. The speed of the analysis depends on computational resources and data volume, but will generally be less than 1 d for most users. metaXCMS is freely available at http://metlin.scripps.edu/metaxcms/.
Mot1 Regulates the DNA Binding Activity of Free TATA-binding Protein in an ATP-dependent Manner

Mot1 is an essential Snf2/Swi2-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein that binds the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and removes TBP from DNA using ATP hydrolysis. Mot1 functions in vivo both as a repressor and as an activator of transcription. Mot1 catalysis of TBP.DNA disruption is consistent with its function as a repressor, but the Mot1 mechanism of activation is unknown. To better understand the physiologic role of Mot1 and its enzymatic mechanism, MOT1 mutants were generated and tested for activity in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrate a close correlation between the TBP.DNA disruption activity of Mot1 and its essential in vivo function. Previous results demonstrated a large overlap in the gene sets controlled by Mot1 and NC2. Mot1 and NC2 can co-occupy TBP.DNA in vitro, and NC2 binding does not impair Mot1-catalyzed disruption of the complex. Residues on the DNA-binding surface of TBP are important for Mot1 binding and the Mot1.TBP binary complex binds very poorly to DNA and does not dissociate in the presence of ATP. However, the binary complex binds DNA well in the presence of the transition state analog ADP-AlF(4). A model for Mot1 action is proposed in which ATP hydrolysis causes the Mot1 N terminus to displace the TATA box, leading to ejection of Mot1 and TBP from DNA.
Aquatic Therapy in Pediatrics

"Aquatic therapy" refers to therapeutic intervention taking place in water. The purpose of this review is to summarize the published articles in the rehabilitation literature from 1979 through 1999 that relate to the use of aquatic therapy as an intervention for children and adolescents with neuromuscular and musculoskeletal diagnoses. Despite the trend toward evidence-based practice, a paucity of literature exists related to aquatic therapy for children. Most of the available articles are case reports and other descriptions of clinical practice. The research reports are limited in design and scope, and subjects had a wide variety of ages and diagnoses.
Science education problems summarized

Chief among the concerns over the declining quality of science, mathematics, and technology education is declining achievement and participation at a time of increasing national needs, according to the first formal report of the National Science Board Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology. The report defines the problems and sets the stage for the next year's work. The commission, formed earlier this year (Eos, June 15, p. 538), will conclude its 18—month effort next October. Exacerbating the education problems, the report says, are a growing shortage of qualified secondary school mathematics and physical science teachers; inadequate classroom facilities and instructional time; and curricula sorely in need of revision. The report also concludes that ’in general, precollege mathematics, science, and technology instruction has yet to take advantage of the advances in technology and behavioral sciences of the past 20 years.’
The Ways We Play, Part 2: Mobile Game Changers

The lines between PC, console, and mobile games appear to be blurring more each year, suggesting that developers are learning to take advantage of each platform's unique strengths.
Improving whole-program locality using intra-procedural and inter-procedural transformations

Exploiting spatial and temporal locality is essential for obtaining high performance on modern computers. Writing programs that exhibit high locality of reference is difficult and error-prone. Compiler researchers have developed loop transformations that allow the conversion of programs to exploit locality. Recently, transformations that change the memory layouts of multi-dimensional arrays-called data transformations-have been proposed. Unfortunately, both data and loop transformations have some important drawbacks. In this work, we present an integrated framework that uses loop and data transformations in concert to exploit the benefits of both approaches while minimizing the impact of their disadvantages. Our approach works inter-procedurally on acyclic call graphs, uses profile data to eliminate layout conflicts, and is unique in its capability of resolving conflicting layout requirements of different references to the same array in the same nest and in different nests for regular array-based applications. The optimization technique presented in this paper has been implemented in a source-to-source translator. We evaluate its performance using standard benchmark suites and several math libraries (complete programs) with large input sizes. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach improves the performance of the applications optimized by using the current state-of-the-art techniques by 8.2% on the average. This reduction comes from three important characteristics of the technique, namely, resolving layout conflicts between references to the same array in a loop nest, determining a suitable order to propagate layout modifications across loop nests, and propagating layouts between different procedures in the program-all in a unified framework. The locality optimization technique presented in this paper tries to exploit locality in the innermost loop positions. This strategy, in most cases, generates dependence-free outer loops, which can be safely parallelized.
Film thickness of disclosing wax

lhe fitting of a removable partial denture framework or a metal crown against tooth structure can be facilitated by the aid of disclosing wax.’ This soft wax material is placed on surfaces of restorations that contact the teeth. After insertion and removal of the restorations, interferences will be visible as bright spots (Figs. 1 and 2). When the interferences are removed, the fit of the restoration is improved. Thus, the advantage of disclosing wax is its ability to provide a three-dimensional record of tooth-restoration contacts. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the film thickness of disclosing wax. If this wax has a film thickness greater than that of zinc phosphate cement (25 to 40 pm),2 it seems that its use would be ineffective for fixed restorations. If, however, the film thickness is less than that of zinc phosphate cement, it then would be effective in demonstrating the fit of castings.
Winter Habitat Use by Cutthroat Trout in the Snake River near Jackson, Wyoming

Abstract Winter habitat use by Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri was monitored with radiotelemetry during November–March 1998–2001 in channelized and unaltered sections of the Snake River near Jackson, Wyoming. The use of run and off-channel pool habitat was significantly correlated to water temperature; run use was most frequent when mean water temperature exceeded 1.0°C, and off-channel pool use was greatest when mean water temperature was below 1.0°C. Available habitat was surveyed during winter 1999–2000 and was compared with actual habitat use. This comparison indicated that cutthroat trout avoided riffle habitat, selected deep runs, and strongly selected off-channel pool habitat. Large, deep, off-channel pools with groundwater influence were uncommon in the study area but were frequently selected as overwintering habitat in the channelized section during all three study years. During 2000–2001, main-stem water temperatures were significantly colder than in 1998–1999 or 1999–20...
DIFFERENCES IN REPORTED DIETARY INTAKE OF 10-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN ON WEEKDAYS COMPARED TO SUNDAY: THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY

The effects of day-of-the-week on reported dietary intake were examined in 10-year-old children. Two hundred-eighty-one children (42% black; 50% female) completed a 24-hour dietary recall interview, with 78% representing weekday and 22% representing Sunday eating patterns. No Sunday versus weekday differences were noted for energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate or sodium. Mixed protein (mixture of animal and vegetable protein) intakes were higher during the week (p < 0.0001), particularly at breakfast. Lactose and fructose intakes were higher on the weekday (p < 0.0001) and PUFA, MUFA and cholesterol intakes were higher on Sunday. The daily differences noted were contributed largely by differences in the breakfast and lunch meals, particularly those consumed at school. The dinner meal contributed greater lactose on Sunday (p < 0.01) and greater starch on weekdays (p < 0.05). Nutrient intakes from snacks did not differ between weekdays versus Sunday. Sunday intakes had significantly greater inter-subject variability than weekday intakes for energy, protein, SFA, cholesterol, carbohydrate, starch and sodium. Variations in nutrient intakes on Sunday versus weekdays was largely explained by differences in food group consumption. Significant differences were noted in percent of energy from fruits, milk and meats (higher on weekdays) and vegetables, poultry, eggs and pork (higher on Sunday). To accurately characterize the total dietary intakes and food consumption patterns of groups of children, it is necessary to include Sunday intakes. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Inc.
Phenylketonuria and scleroderma

A diagnosis of scleroderma and phenylketonuria was made in an 18-month-old girl. This is the third recorded incidence of the association of these two disorders. Following institution of a low phenylalanine diet, there was softening of the severe sclerodermatous lesions on the trunk and lower extremities, although new lesions have slowly developed on the upper extremities. There has been no clinical or laboratory evidence of systemic scleroderma. Urinary chromatographic studies on 9 other children with scleroderma failed to reveal any distinctive abnormalities in the excretion of amino acids, phenols, indoles, or imidazoles.
Feasibility and short-term impact of linked education and urine screening interventions for Chlamydia and gonorrhea in male army recruits.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of an intervention for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and a screening program for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in male Army recruits. Goals: The goals of this study were to identify and treat chlamydia and gonorrhea infections in recruits, assess their perceptions of risk, and increase their STD knowledge and behavioral intentions. Study Design: Volunteers (n = 3911) entering basic training (July 1999-June 2000) at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, attended an educational intervention, completed pre- and post-questionnaires, and provided a urine specimen for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening by nucleic acid amplification testing. Results: Chlamydia and gonorrhea prevalences were 4.7% and 0.4%, respectively. The mean STD knowledge score, intent to use condoms, and confidence in using condoms correctly increased (P <0.001). Participants reported increased risk perception and considered the educational program valuable (96.9%) and a learning experience (94.6%). Conclusions: A linked educational and screening program is feasible and acceptable in male Army recruits.
Trauma history as a resilience factor for patients recovering from total knee replacement surgery.

Research concerning the impact of trauma history on individuals' ability to cope with subsequent events is mixed. While many studies find that trauma history increases vulnerability for conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain, others reveal that there are benefits associated with moderate levels of stress (e.g. development of coping skills).Objective: The present study investigated whether the experience of prior traumatic stressors would serve as a risk or resilience factor based on physical and emotional outcomes among patients recovering from total knee replacement surgery (TKR).Design: 110 patients undergoing unilateral, TKR completed surveys before surgery, as well as one and three months following the procedure.Results: Contrary to hypotheses, patients who reported more prior traumas experienced less severe pain and functional limitations at one- (β = −.259, p = .006) and three-month follow-up assessments (β = −.187, p = .04). A similar pattern emerged when specific types ...
HEDIS measures and managed care enrollment.

This article examines the relationship between 1996 health plan enrollment and both HEDIS-based plan performance ratings and individual HEDIS measures. Data were obtained from a large firm that collected, aggregated, and disseminated plan performance ratings to its employees. Plan market share regressions are estimated controlling for out-of-pocket price and model type in addition to the plan ratings and HEDIS measures. The results suggest that employees did not respond strongly to the provided ratings. There are several potential explanations for the lack of response, including difficulty understanding the ratings and never having seen them. In addition, employees may base their plan choices on information that is obtained from their own past experience, friends, family, and colleagues. The pattern of results suggests that such information is impor- tant. Counterintuitive signs most likely reflect an inverse correlation between some HEDIS ratings (or measures) and attributes employees observe informally.
8.3.2 System Surety

System surety is an essential part of an overall system engineering approach, particularly for the design and development of high-consequence systems. High-consequence systems are systems that are subject to catastrophic loss due to accidental or malevolent causes. Surety incorporates elements of reliability, safety, and security to define the level of confidence that a system will operate exactly as planned under both expected and unexpected circumstances. Surety assures reliability under normal operating circumstances, safety under off-normal circumstances, and security under malevolent or hostile circumstances. Surety provides an alternative to compliance-based philosophies for high-consequence systems, providing a robust systemic framework for understanding and solving issues associated with achieving desired levels of safety, security, and reliability. This paper will explain the system surety philosophy and approach. Examples from ancient Rome's water supply infrastructure will illustrate the system surety philosophy and approach.
Rigged Hilbert spaces and one-particle Schrödinger operators

A criterium for generalized spectrum — of a self-adjoint operator A — be the closure of Spec (A) is given (Lemma 2.2). It is applied to a class of one-particle Schrodinger operators.
Should the United States Support Religious Education in the Islamic World

The United States and its allies are involved in changing schooling in several Islamic countries, especially Iraq ana Afghanistan, but also Pakistan and elsewhere. Specifically, the United States promotes and provides resources for changes in textbooks, teacher preparations, selection of school administra tors, and general educational policy. One can strongly oppose such an American role; however, as long as it occurs, the question stands: What is the appropriate role for the United States as far as the religious content of education overseas is concerned? This essay examines legal, normative, and educational argu ments that have been made on the question of America's role in educational development throughout the Islamic world. Should the United States insist that only secular school programs receive its funds, in accordance with the First Amendment? Or should citizens of the countries involved be accorded the freedom to
Cultivation of murine bone marrow macrophages in sponges: a method that permits recovery of viable cultured cells☆

Abstract Various investigators have cultured murine bone marrow or peritoneal cells in vitro on glass or plastic surfaces with the ultimate aim of retrieving adherent macrophages for morphologic and functional evaluation. The removal of these adherent macrophages by conventional techniques has been consistently accompanied by low yield and significant cell damage. We report here a simple technique for culturing murine bone marrow cells in gelatin sponges (Spongostan and Gelfoam) in growth medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 10% L-cell conditioned medium. Viable cells were retrieved from the sponges in 10 min by digestion with collagenase. The in situ growth kinetics were similar to those found for cells cultured on plastic dishes. The recovered cells were adherent, phagocytic, positive for Fc γ receptors, and had esterase activity.
Oral diindolylmethane (DIM): pilot evaluation of a nonsurgical treatment for cervical dysplasia.

Abstract Objective Standard surgical treatment for CIN may impair fertility generating a need for alternative treatment options. We tested the efficacy and toxicity of oral DIM in the treatment of CIN 2 or 3 lesions. Methods Patients with biopsy-proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3 scheduled for loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) were randomized 2:1 to receive diindolylmethane (DIM) (BioResponse-DIM®, BioResponse, Boulder, CO) orally at approximately 2 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks or placebo (defatted rice bran, BioResponse). Subjects were evaluated every 3–4 months for 1 year. Analysis of data up to 1 year was assessed including Pap smear, HPV, colposcopy, biopsy and physical examination were performed at follow-up. Central pathology review confirmed all histology diagnoses. Results To date, 64 subjects (mean age 28 years, range 18–61) have been enrolled (45 in the DIM arm, 19 in the placebo arm), with 60 available for analysis. Average follow-up was 6 months. At enrollment, 58% were diagnosed with CIN 2 and 42% with CIN 3, 57% of subjects were Caucasian, 15% African American, 12% Hispanic and 17% Asian. During treatment 2 subjects (3%) complained of nausea (grade 2) at the 3- to 4-month visit. No systemic toxicities were observed (normal CBC, LFTs, comprehensive metabolic). Forty-six subjects had biopsies at first follow-up (77%). Twenty-one subjects (47%) in the DIM group had improved CIN with a decrease by 1–2 grades or a normal result. Median time to improvement was 5 months. Improved Pap smear was seen in 49% (22/45) with either a less severe abnormality or normal result. Colposcopy improved in twenty-five subjects in the DIM group (56%). Of these 25 subjects, 21 (84%) had improved colposcopic impression, 13 (52%) had a decrease in involved quadrants and 18 (72%) had a decrease in lesion number. Complete colposcopic response was observed in 4 subjects (9%). Stratifying by level of dysplasia, age, race, HPV status, tobacco use, contraceptive used did not alter the results. At median follow-up of 6 months, 85% of subjects have not required LEEP based on routine clinical triage of improving global assessment. There was no statistically significant difference in any outcome between the DIM and placebo group. Conclusion Oral DIM at 2 mg/kg/day is well tolerated with no significant toxicity. We observed a high rate of clinically significant improvement in confirmed CIN 2 or 3 lesions among both treatment groups in this randomized clinical trial.
Short duration exercise increases breath hydrogen excretion after lactulose ingestion: description of a new phenomenon.

Short duration exercise increases breath hydrogen excretion after lactulose ingestion: description of a new phenomenon
Systems Problems in the City

An invited address presented at the Joint National Conference on Major Systems held at Anaheim, California, October 25-29, 1971, and sponsored jointly by the Operations Research Society of America and the Man and Cybernetics Group of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
Resonance ionization mass spectrometry for precise measurements of isotope ratios

Resonance ionization mass spectrometry offers extremely high sensitivity and elemental selectivity in microanalysis, but the isotopic precision attainable by this technique has been limited. Measured isotope ratios are sensitive to small fluctuations in the pointing, pulse timing, and wavelength of the resonance lasers. We show that, by minimizing these fluctuations using feedback controls and by power-broadening the optical transitions, we are able to measure chromium isotope ratios with statistics-limited precision better than 1%. Small additional improvements in reproducibility come from careful shaping of the electric field in the region where atoms are photoionized and from minimizing pulse-to-pulse variations in the time-of-flight mass spectrometer through which the photoions travel. The increased reproducibility of isotopic measurements on standard materials has enabled us to detect anomalous chromium isotopic abundances in presolar SiC grains extracted from primitive meteorites.
The Realization of a Transfer Ratio by Means of a Resistor-Capacitor Ladder Network

A method is offered for the exact realization with a ladder network containing only resistors and capacitors of a transfer ratio subject to the following three conditions: 1. Poles of H(p) occur at real, negative values of p and are simple. 2. Zeros of H(p) occur at real, negative values of p, but may be multiple. 3. H(p) is fnite for p = j?, -? ? ? ? ?. This type of network frequently has gain factors considerably greater than that allowed for an equivalent network synthesized on the lattice basis.
Patient Satisfaction as a Component of Health Care Quality in Otolaryngology

Reporting patient feedback and experience of care is a key component in the national effort to provide transparency and improve the overall quality of healthcare delivered in the US. With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2010, Medicare reimbursements to medical organizations and individual providers are now being linked to process of care and outcomes, as well as experience measures, which include patient satisfaction scores. Despite the importance of gauging the patient experience to improve care and communication, it remains relatively unknown whether current methods of assessing patient satisfaction scores accurately reflect the patients’ experiences, how they relate to patient health status, how patient cultural background and demographics affect reporting of experience, and how these scores are impacted by the variety of settings in which otolaryngology in practiced. Importantly, whether or not increased patient satisfaction is correlated with improved patient health and a decrease in healthcare costs remains to be seen. The significance of patient satisfaction within the discipline of surgery, more specifically otolaryngology, has not been clearly elucidated. In this report, we review recent research surrounding the measurement and reporting of patient satisfaction in otolaryngology.
Gouty Arthritis in End-Stage Renal Disease: Clinical Course and Rarity of New Cases

We studied 201 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients sustained on maintenance hemodialysis (MD) (n =164) and chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (n = 37) to determine (1) the frequency of acute attacks of gouty arthritis (GA) in those ESRD patients who had GA before dialytic therapy, and (2) the incidence of new-onset GA in hyperuricemic long-term (>12 years) ESRD patients on MD. The 2-month mean of predialysis serum uric acid levels was calculated for each subject and the prevalence of hyperuricemia ascertained. There were 25 patients on MD for more than 12 years, and this group was evaluated and analyzed separately from those patients on dialytic therapy for less than 12 years; the mean of each of their predialysis uric acid values was calculated for each subject for at least 60% of the time they have been on dialysis. Patients who had GA before or after initiation of dialytic therapy were identified, and the frequency of acute attacks of GA determined. The presence of treated hypertension in each subject was noted. Thirteen of 201 patients had clinically active GA before commencing dialytic therapy, and each recalled a minimum of two painful attacks of GA per year before the initiation of ESRD therapy. Mean duration of ESRD for these 13 patients was 25 ± 3.8 months; painful attacks of GA have not recurred in nine patients (70%), and the frequency of attacks declined by 50% in the remaining four patients (30%), despite persistent hyperuricemia in all 13. None of the patients studied, including those on MD for more than 12 years (mean, 16.3 ± 3.4 years; range, 12.5 to 26), developed new-onset clinical GA, even with sustained and severe hyperuricemia. We conclude that there is remarkable improvement in the clinical activity of GA in ESRD patients on CAPD and MD, and that new-onset GA is rare in hyperuricemic long-term ESRD patients.
Digital X-ray imaging of small particles

Abstract Digital imaging techniques and field emission electron sources for the STEM make possible characteristic X-ray images of individual elements at higher resolution than ever before. With an image resolution of
The Effect of Microstructure in the Morphology and Kinetics of Amorphization Induced by Ion Irradiation

NiTi was irradiated with Ni ions to study the rate of amorphization as a function of temperature and to determine the temperature cutoff for the crystalline-to-amorphous transition. A series of irradiations was conducted at different temperatures from ambient to 350{degree}C. Prior to irradiation, the specimens contained martensitic plates and austenitic (B2) regions. However, during irradiation at temperatures of 80{degree}C and higher, all the specimens were entirely austenitic. As expected, amorphization was delayed as the irradiation temperature was increased. The fraction of material that became amorphous after irradiation at 250{degree}C to a dose of 0.7 dpa was estimated to be 5 to 10%. Specimens irradiated at higher temperatures remained crystalline, even after doses as high as 4 dpa. Irrespective of the irradiation temperature, we found a non-uniform distribution of amorphous regions that exhibited a morphology closely resembling the shape of the martensitic plates that existed in the material prior to heating it to the irradiation temperature. These observations are discussed in terms of the influence of structural defects on the kinetics of amorphization. 21 refs., 6 figs.
Usefulness of the third heart sound in predicting an elevated level of B-type natriuretic peptide

Third heart sounds were sought in 100 consecutive outpatients who had B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels measured within 8 hours. Mean BNP levels were significantly higher in those with a third heart sound. The presence of a third heart sound was 41% sensitive and 97% specific for elevated BNP levels.
Prussian Blue Coated Electrode as a Sensor for Electroinactive Cations in Aqueous Solutions

Prussian Blue (PB) is an excellent material as a sensor for electroinactive cations because of its electrochemical behavior and its zeolytic character. A simple 3-h laboratory designed for a quantitative analysis or an instrumental methods course is reported. This laboratory studies the transport of various cations into a PB-modified electrode upon reduction. Cyclic voltammograms are used to monitor the transport of ions such as K+ and Rb+ and observe the exclusion of Na+ and Mg2+ ions. The ability for cations to enter the PB film is a function of the hydrated radius of the cations being analyzed.
Breakup and structure of an H-chondrite parent body - The H-chondrite flux over the last million years

Two distinct groups of H chondrites are identified which have respectively induced thermoluminescence peak temperatures above 190 C (AC) and below 190 C (BC). Metallographic cooling rate determinations confirm that the AC group cools at very high rates relative to the latter group. The AC group members have cosmic ray exposure ages of about 8 Myr. Antarctic meteorite of the BC group have cosmic ray exposure ages greater than 20 Myr. Modern H-chondrite falls, which are all of the BC group, have cosmic ray exposure ages of 8 and above 20 Myr. The data show that the abundance of the AC group is directly related to terrestrial age. It is suggested that both the AC group and part of BC group were produced by an impact event at approximately 8 Myr and that the small sizes of the AC group made them prone to destruction, allowing the BC group to dominate the modern H-chondrite flux.
N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione carbamates. VII, Intermolecular addition and addition-cyclization reactions of aminium cation radicals

Abstract Dialkylaminium cation radicals produced from the title precursors add to ethyl vinyl ether to give β-amino ethers in good yields. When an allyl group is present on nitrogen, a cyclization reaction follows the addition, and pyrrolidines are formed. Simple cyclic enol ethers also can be employed.
Living Witnesses to Social Change and Family Documents as Community Archive: Reconstructing Social Change in a Small Rural Community

This article describes a strategy for studying social change in a community too small and/or remote to generate a substantial corpus of local official records or to receive regular coverage by nearby and regional media. In communities of this size (generally less than 1,000 people), the record of change often resides mostly in the shared memories and family memorabilia of surviving community residents. I outline the kinds of materials and evidence that may be collected and the ways in which such materials can be utilized in the attempt to reconstruct the changes that have occurred in such a locality. My procedure posits that social change can be illuminated through the critical linkage between the experience of participants and temporally ordered community contexts and events. This research made especial use of the experience of a particular core family in the small town I studied. I follow their experience over the period from 1941 through the present. Drawing on photographs and interviews, I seek to con...
Fundus Photography without Cycloplegics

With the use of the new H6 water-cooled 1000-watt mercury arc lamp, two Polaroids, a new fast film of Weston rating 140, and a simple optical system photographs of the fundus of the eye have easily been made without the use of drugs that dilate the pupil.
Patterns of extracellular 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN): relation to circadian rhythm and deprivation-induced eating behavior.

Abstract Daily rhythms in extracellular levels of the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were examined in the region of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), using intracerebral microdialysis combined with high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Samples of PVN dialysate, from 11 rats on a 12/12 hr light/dark cycle, were collected and assayed for 5-HIAA every 2 hr for 3 days. During the first 2 days the rats were given free access to food. During the 3rd day they were deprived of food for a 24-hr period and then given food for 4 hr. The results showed that in freely-feeding rats, there was a 24-hr rhythm in the levels of 5-HIAA, with a marked transient peak just after the beginning of the dark portion of the light/dark cycle and stable levels at all other times. When the animals were food-deprived, PVN levels of this metabolite remained stable, and the early dark peak was abolished, suggesting that it might have been consequent to the eating behavior which normally occured at this time. In the 4-hr refeeding period, there were no changes in 5-HIAA levels, despite the intense eating behavior which occured during this time. These patterns of 5-HIAA in the PVN region, taken together with previous evidence, suggest that PVN serotonin metabolism may increase in association with feeding specifically in the early portion of the nocturnal eating period, when it may play a role in controlling food intake and macronutrient selection.
An Undescribed Fungus Causing a Root Rot of Strawberry

An undescribed fungus causing root rot of strawberry is described and placed in a new genus, Idriella. The genus is characterized by the production in dry heads of non-septate, hyaline, lunate coni...
Autoimmune hypothyroidism: T cells caught in the act.

Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase are the hallmark of Hashimoto thyroiditis, the most common form of thyroid autoimmunity. However, the relative contribution of antibodies and T cells to disease has been a long-standing controversy—now settled by a transgenic mouse model. Thyroid peroxidase–specific T cells, in the absence of mature B cells and antibodies, spontaneously infiltrate and destroy the thyroid gland, causing overt hypothyroidism and obesity ( pages 920–926 ).
A transportable programming language (TPL) system. II. The bifunctional compiler system

For pt.I see P.A.D. de Maine, S. Leong, and C.G. Dairs, Int. J. Comput. Inform. Sci., vol.14, p.161-82, 1985. The transportable programming language (TPL) method is a high-level-language approach that uses a bifunctional compiler to efficiently convert code among various dialects of a particular high-level language (HLL) via the hypothetical parent of the high-level language (HPHLL). The TPL compiler system that has been implemented has three parts: a rule modifier, a table generator, and a TPL compiler. A metalanguage, called the conversion rule description language (CRDL), is used to describe the conversion of a dialect to HPHLL and of the HPHLL to another dialect. The table generator translates those descriptions to tabular forms that drive the bifunctional compiler. The TPL compiler can then be used to translate programs coded in a local dialect into HPHLL and vice versa. The rule modifier alters the descriptions of a default-a synthetic 'most common'-dialect. It greatly simplifies the task of writing the conversion descriptions for a new environment or dialect. The TPL method is now being extended so that it can be used to retarget a dialect of any HLL to a standard environment such as Ada. Details of the TPL compiler system are given. >
Enzymatic hydrogen transfer reduction of α-chloro aromatic ketones catalyzed by a hyperthermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase

Abstract An alcohol dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (PFADH) effectively catalyzed the reductions of various substituted α-chloroacetophenones to furnish the corresponding ( R )-configurated α-chlorohydrins with excellent enantiomeric purity. The co-factor NADH could be recycled with d -glucose dehydrogenase/ d -glucose system or in a coupled substrate approach using iso -propanol as the hydrogen donor. The hydrogen transfer mode should be more cost-effective. Thus, the PFADH-catalyzed hydrogen transfer reductions of some substrates were carried out on the preparative scale, demonstrating that this enzyme would be a valuable biocatalyst for the preparation of chiral chlorohydrins of pharmaceutical interest.
Static Quadrupole Moment of Vibrational, Even Nuclei and the Coupling Scheme for Odd Nuclei

It is observed that an anharmonic treatment of the low-lying collective modes in vibrational and transition regions is consistent with detailed theoretical calculation and with experimental static quadrupole moments and other systematic experimental data in even-even nuclei. The resulting effect on even-odd nuclei is to provide a significant improvement in the coupling scheme.
A Kinetic Evaluation of Hemostasis in Renal Disease

Abstract To clarify the pathogenic role of microvascular thrombosis in renal disease, platelet, fibrinogen and plasminogen survivals were measured in 78 patients. Selective platelet consumption occ...