cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security and Privacy: Facing Ethical Choices

n the 1970s, computer scientists in the US found themselves in a new role of advising on government security and pri-vacy policy issues. Some of that activity, such as the Ware report, came from gov-ernment requests, while others, such as the response to the National Bureau of Stan-dards’ proposed Data Encryption Standard (DES), arose from objections to what was perceived as weak cryptographic standards. Sometimes scientists aligned with govern-ment; sometimes they opposed. But until the late 1990s, computer scientists were largely viewed as protectors of public secu-rity and privacy. Times have changed, and the public no longer sees computer scientists as the heroes. With companies’ data collection practices and near daily announcements of data breaches, computer scientists are now often viewed as part of the privacy and security problem.
Ca2+ and N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive Factor Differentially Regulate Disassembly of SNARE Complexes on Early Endosomes

The endosome-associated protein Hrs inhibits the homotypic fusion of early endosomes. A helical region of Hrs containing a Q-SNARE motif mediates this effect as well as its endosomal membrane association via SNAP-25, an endosomal receptor for Hrs. Hrs inhibits formation of an early endosomal SNARE complex by displacing VAMP-2 from the complex, suggesting a mechanism by which Hrs inhibits early endosome fusion. We examined the regulation of endosomal SNARE complexes to probe how Hrs may function as a negative regulator. We show that although NSF dissociates the VAMP-2·SNAP-25·syntaxin 13 complex, it has no effect on the Hrs-containing complex. Whereas Ca2+ dissociates the Hrs-containing complex but not the VAMP-2-containing SNARE complex. This is the first demonstration of differential regulation of R/Q-SNARE and all Q-SNARE-containing SNARE complexes. Ca2+ also reverses the Hrs-induced inhibition of early endosome fusion in a tetanus toxin-sensitive manner and removes Hrs from early endosomal membranes. Moreover, Hrs inhibition of endosome fusion and its endosomal localization are sensitive to bafilomycin, implying a role for luminal Ca2+. Thus, Hrs may bind a SNARE protein on early endosomal membranes negatively regulating trans-SNARE pairing and endosomal fusion. The release of Ca2+ from the endosome lumen dissociates Hrs, allowing a VAMP-2-containing complex to form enabling fusion.
"In a Race All Their Own": The Quest to Make Mexicans Ineligible for U.S. Citizenship

This article traces challenges to Mexicans9 legal and racial status by various groups, including federal bureaucrats, nativist organizations, and everyday citizens. Early twentieth-century efforts to make Mexicans ineligible for U.S. citizenship, despite provisions in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, focused on the premise that Mexicans were neither "black" nor "white"; interest groups and politicians both strove instead to categorize Mexicans as "Indian." These efforts intensified after the 1924 Immigration Act and two Supreme Court decisions, Ozawa v. United States (1922) and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923), which declared Japanese and Asian Indians ineligible for citizenship because they were not white. Underlying U.S. efforts to resolve Mexican immigration and citizenship issues was the ongoing problem of determining who could be considered white; this concern clashed with positive Mexican understandings of mestizaje.
Conscripts of the infinite armada: systemic cancer therapy using nanomaterials

The field of clinical nanomaterials is enlarging steadily, with more than a billion US dollars of funding allocated to research by US government agencies in the past decade. The first generation of anti-cancer agents using novel nanomaterials has successfully entered widespread use. Newer nanomaterials are garnering increasing interest as potential multifunctional therapeutic agents; these drugs are conferred novel properties, by virtue of their size and shape. The new features of these agents could potentially allow increased cancer selectivity, changes in pharmacokinetics, amplification of cytotoxic effects, and simultaneous imaging capabilities. After attachment to cancer target reactive-ligands, which interact with cell-surface antigens or receptors, these new constructs can deliver cytolytic and imaging payloads. The molecules also introduce new challenges for drug development. While nanoscale molecules are of a similar size to proteins, the paradigms for how cells, tissues and organs of the body react to the non-biological materials are not well understood, because most cellular and metabolic processes have evolved to deal with globular, enzyme degradable molecules. We discuss examples of different materials to illustrate interesting principles for development and future applications of these nanomaterial medicines with emphasis on the possible pharmacologic and safety hurdles for accomplishing therapeutic goals.
On the character of host-island grain interfaces in Fe-1%Si alloy

The character of the boundaries surrounding island grains embedded in abnormally growing grains in a Fe–1%Si alloy was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction and orientation imaging microscopy techniques. The grain boundary misorientation is the primary method used for this characterization. It was found that the island grains were most frequently misoriented by 55–60° about 〈1 1 1〉 directions from their respective host abnormally large grains. Host–island grain interfaces were predominantly of Σ 3 character and low-angle grain boundaries, which have typically been associated with low mobility. It is reasonable to conclude that these boundaries were “left behind” by the faster growing abnormally large grains.
The Yes Men Fix the World (2009). Written, produced and directed by Andy Bichlbaum and Mike Bonanno

Co-directed by Kurt Engfehr. 87 min. (http://theyesmenfixtheworld.com). Distributed by Shadow Distribution (http://www.shadowdistribution.com). In the film The Yes Men Fix the World, activists Mike...
Review of Bioethics in Singapore: The Ethical Microcosm

Bioethics in Singapore: The Ethical Microcosm provides a rich and detailed account of how Singapore has addressed the challenge of informing and creating policy to guide the burgeoning field of biomedical research. Chapters in this edited volume each contribute to a meaningful understanding of the Singaporean perspective on bioethics in the context of various alternative international frameworks.
Tricorythodes minutus Traver, A New Synonym Of Tricorythodes explicatus Eaton (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae)

Abstract Based upon a study of adults, larvae, and reared adults from throughout North and Central America, Tricorythodes minutus Traver, 1935 is shown to be a junior synonym of Tricorythodes explicatus (Eaton, 1892) (n. syn.). Previous characters postulated to separate the two species are shown to be variable and unreliable. This study has clearly revealed the presence of a single, widespread and morphologically variable species distributed throughout much of western, central, and northeastern North America and northern Central America.
Chemotaxis of macrophages by a peritoneal fluid protein in women with endometriosis

Abstract Objective : To expand on a preliminary study comparing the chemotactic potential of peritoneal fluid (PF) from women with and without endometriosis and to characterize this activity via immunosuppressants and a protease. Design : Case control study. Setting : University center. Patient(s) : Fifty-nine women with endometriosis and 44 without, undergoing laparoscopy. Intervention(s) : Collection of PF, endometriotic, ovarian, and endometrial biopsies at laparoscopy. Main Outcome Measure(s) : Chemotactic activity of PF was tested via an in vitro assay alone and in the presence of immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CSA), FK506, rapamycin, and type XVII-b(S-V8) protease and in media incubated with endometriotic, ovarian, or endometrial biopsy specimens. Result(s) : The PF from women with endometriosis had significantly greater chemotactic activity (cells per well, mean ± SD) than without endometriosis (142 ± 39 versus 48 ± 17). Cyclosporin A significantly inhibited the chemotactic activity of the endometriotic PF; FK506 and rapamycin did not. Incubation of media with endometriotic tissue, but not ovarian or endometrial, for ≥ 7 hours displayed chemotactic activity. Protease type XVII-b(S-V8) added to endometriotic PF inhibited this chemotactic activity. Conclusion(s) : Peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis contains a protein chemotactic factor attracting inflammatory cells into the peritoneal cavity, possibly secreted by endometriotic implants. This chemotactic factor may be a member of the immunophilin family because of its inhibition profile.
Doo Wop: The RB Doo Wop: The Rock & Roll Vocal Group Sound, 1957–1961, by Various Artists

Conventional wisdom locks doo-wop music into a 15-year time capsule. Most vocal group recordings released between 1948 and 1963 seem to be consigned to a doo-wop ghetto. This includes songs like “I...
Cardiorenal Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Outcomes

The pathophysiologic interactions that link the heart and kidney are multiple and complex, and have been grouped under the umbrella term “cardiorenal syndrome.” In the setting of acute decompensated heart failure, worsening renal function has been directly associated with poor clinical prognosis and complicates treatment. However, the pathophysiology underlying acute cardiorenal syndrome remains incompletely understood and treatment options remain limited. Traditionally, the development of worsening renal function in acute decompensated heart failure has been attributed to renal arterial underfilling due to reduced cardiac output or intravascular volume depletion. However, increasing data have expanded our understanding of the roles that venous congestion and intra-abdominal pressure play in driving renal injury, with important implications for therapeutic management and the development of novel renal-sparing therapies.
Stable isotope compositions of waters in the Great Basin, United States 3. Comparison of groundwaters with modern precipitation

[1] Groundwater samples from wells and springs, scattered over most of the Great Basin province, were collected and analyzed for their isotopic makeup. They were augmented by previously published isotopic data on groundwaters from southeast California and by several hundred unpublished isotopic analyses. The ratio of 2H (deuterium, D) to 1H, in water samples from valleys in parts of California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah, are here compared with the winter, summer, and annual isotopic compositions of precipitation falling in or near the sampled areas. The main goal of this study was to identify basins where the groundwaters have isotopic compositions that are “lighter” (depleted in the heavier isotope, D) relative to modern winter precipitation. Where these basins do not adjoin substantially higher terrain, we consider those light groundwaters to be of Pleistocene age and thus more than 10,000 years old. Where the groundwater is 10 to 19‰ lighter than local winter precipitation, we consider it to be possibly an indication of Pleistocene water; where the δD makeup is >20‰ lighter, we consider it to be probably Pleistocene water. More than 80 sites underlain by waters of possible or probable Pleistocene age were identified.
Ultrastructural study of the regressing prothoracic glands of blattarian insects.

The prothoracic glands, source of the molting hormone ecdysone, regress within a few days after the final molt, a process which was analyzed with electron microscopic methods in the cockroaches Leucophaea and Blaberus. This strictly timed event is accompanied by drastic alterations in cellular fine structure. Early signs of breakdown appear in groups of nuclei whose substance becomes segregated into patches of contrasting electron density characteristic of pyknosis.
The Importance of the State: Political Dimensions of a Nonprofit Network in Oaxaca, Mexico

This article examines a network of nonprofit nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), government agencies, and other social and political actors in Oaxaca, Mexico. Analyses indicate that NGOs are more...
Coming to Knowledge: Elizabeth Isham's Autobiography and the Self-Construction of an Intellectual Woman

(2010). Coming to Knowledge: Elizabeth Isham's Autobiography and the Self-Construction of an Intellectual Woman. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 97-121.
Who Blinks First? Legislative Patience and Bargaining with Governors

When legislators and governors clash over the size of American state government, what strategic factors determine who wins? Efforts to address this question have traditionally relied upon setter models borrowed from the congressional literature and have predicted legislative dominance. We offer an alternative simplification of state budget negotiations that follows the “staring match” logic captured by divide-the-dollar games. Our model predicts that governors will often be powerful but that professional legislatures can stand up to the executives when long legislative sessions give them the patience to endure a protracted battle over the size of the budget. In this article, we present our analysis of an original dataset comprising gubernatorial budget proposals and legislative enactments in the states from 1989 through 2004. The results indicate strong empirical support for our predictions.
Silicone inflammatory pseudotumor of the breast

Abstract Breast augmentation with free silicone particle injection is a technique that was popular from the 1950s to the 1970s. It was used as an inexpensive alternative to surgical augmentation. Although no longer performed, patients who underwent silicone particle augmentation are occasionally encountered. Imaging of breast tissues in these patients is complicated as the presence of extensive silicone particles may hide the signs of early breast cancer. In addition the chronic presence of such particulate material may cause ongoing inflammation which can distort normal breast tissue architecture, mimicking breast cancer. The authors describe a patient who underwent free silicone injection for breast augmentation in the 1960s, and developed an incidental new mass on chest CT 40 years later.
The Activation State of αvβ3Regulates Platelet and Lymphocyte Adhesion to Intact and Thrombin-cleaved Osteopontin

Cleavage of osteopontin by thrombin has been reported to enhance cell adhesion. We asked whether thrombin could regulate the alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated adhesion of platelets and B lymphocytes to this substrate. Although there was no difference in the extent or the avidity of thrombin- and ADP-stimulated platelet adhesion to intact or thrombin-cleaved human osteopontin, both the extent and avidity of phorbol ester-stimulated B cell adhesion to thrombin-cleaved osteopontin was significantly increased. Thus, these data suggest that the ability of alpha(v)beta(3) to recognize osteopontin can be differentially regulated in a cell-specific manner. To localize the alpha(v)beta(3) binding site on osteopontin, we measured cell adhesion to the two thrombin cleavage products of osteopontin and to a series of nested RGD-containing osteopontin peptides cross-linked to albumin. Whereas ADP-stimulated platelets adhered to the amino-terminal but not the carboxyl-terminal osteopontin fragment and to the osteopontin peptide RGDSVVYGLR, phorbol ester-stimulated B cells did not adhere to this peptide, although they did so in the presence of 1 mm Mn(2+). Thus, our data confirm that thrombin cleavage enhances the accessibility of the binding motif for alpha(v)beta(3) on osteopontin, but this enhancement is also a function of the activation state of alpha(v)beta(3). Moreover, they indicate that the sequence RGDSVVYGLR contains sufficient information to specify activation-dependent alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated platelet and lymphocyte adhesion.
List Retrieval for Computer-Associative Analyzers

At the end of a high resolution measuring chain, data are stored in the computer-associative megachannel analyzer For sorting of data, two basically different techniques may be used: tree search or hash coding. Features of the two techniques are compared. A new technique - the standard analysis of parameter X and associative analysis of parameter Y - is presented. This procedure allows efficient use of a small computer as a hybrid analyzer. The memory contains three lists, called X, Y and count. X digits of a descriptor are used to directly address the X list, where the pointer to the associative Y list is found. Using this technique, more than 80% of the memory space can be devoted to the count list. The procedure is useful for spectra which present continuous "mountains" in the X-Y field.
Immunologic effects of cocaine and related alkaloids.

AbstractBecause of the national epidemic of cocaine abuse and the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases among drug abusers, we investigated the effects of cocaine and cocaine metabolites on human cellular immune functions. Mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated from blood of healthy adult volunteers. MNC were stimulated in vitro with mitogens with and without various concentrations of cocaine. Because of cocaine's poor stability in vitro, we found it necessary to replenish cocaine daily to MNC cultures. Under these conditions, cocaine, in a dose response fashion, significantly inhibited MNC proliferation: Metabolites of cocaine did not alter MNC proliferative responses significantly from control cultures. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis was also significantly impaired by cocaine. Our data demonstrate that cocaine is immunosuppressive and that it acts on human MNC during early stages of cellular activation. These data further suggest that illicit cocaine use may compromise the integrity of the...
Energy efficient source coding and modulation for wireless applications

A simple and energy efficient source coded on/off keying modulation and near optimal error detection scheme for wireless applications is presented in this paper. Many low-power battery operated radio systems, especially for microsensor applications, has a need for saving power both at the system level and circuit level implementation. Our main objective in this paper is to come up with energy efficient coded modulation scheme that consumes comparatively less power both at system and circuit level. A simple on/off keying (OOK) digital modulation scheme is used for this purpose. The basic idea of minimum energy coding (ME-coding) for source with known statistics (probabilities of occurrence of symbols) is obtained from [A.C. Erin and H.H. Asada, Dec. 1999]. In ME-coding scheme, source bits are mapped to constant length codes (ME-codes) which has less number of high-bits in it. Since the OOK transmitter consumes energy only when transmitting a high bit, mapping to ME-codes reduces the total energy consumed in RF transmitter. In this paper, we have come up with ME-coding scheme for sources with unknown statistics and we further propose a new method of code-by-code detection that can detect and correct certain errors in the codeword received. The inferior performance of OOK when compared to other simple modulation schemes is overcome by ME-coding. A total of about 6 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per bit is observed when a 3-bit message symbol is mapped to a 7-bit ME-code. It also performs 3 dB better than a Hamming (7,4)-coded BPSK.
"We have to what?": lessons learned about engaging support staff in an interprofessional intervention to implement MVA for management of spontaneous abortion

Background Including support staff in practice change initiatives is a promising strategy to successfully implement new reproductive health services. The Resident Training Initiative in Miscarriage Management (RTI-MM) is an intervention designed to facilitate implementation of manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) for management of spontaneous abortion. The purpose of this study was to identify training program components that enhanced interprofessional training and provide lessons learned for engaging support staff in implementing uterine evacuation services.
Distribution of Coronary Artery Calcium Scores by Framingham 10-Year Risk Strata in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis): Potential Implications for Coronary Risk Assessment

Objectives By examining the distribution of coronary artery calcium (CAC) levels across Framingham risk score (FRS) strata in a large, multiethnic, community-based sample of men and women, we sought to determine if lower-risk persons could benefit from CAC screening. Background The 10-year FRS and CAC levels are predictors of coronary heart disease. A CAC level of 300 or more is associated with the highest risk for coronary heart disease even in low-risk persons (FRS, Methods We included 5,660 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants. The number needed to screen (number of people that need to be screened to detect 1 person with CAC level above the specified cutoff point) was used to assess the yield of screening for CAC. CAC prevalence was compared across FRS strata using chi-square tests. Results CAC levels of more than 0, of 100 or more, and of 300 or more were present in 46.4%, 20.6%, and 10.1% of participants, respectively. The prevalence and amount of CAC increased with higher FRS. A CAC level of 300 or more was observed in 1.7% and 4.4% of those with FRS of 0% to 2.5% and of 2.6% to 5%, respectively (number needed to screen, 59.7 and 22.7, respectively). Likewise, a CAC level of 300 or more was observed in 24% and 30% of those with FRS of 15.1% to 20% and more than 20%, respectively (number needed to screen, 4.2 and 3.3, respectively). Trends were similar when stratified by age, sex, and race or ethnicity. Conclusions Our study suggests that in very low-risk individuals (FRS ≤5%), the yield of screening and probability of identifying persons with clinically significant levels of CAC is low, but becomes greater in low- and intermediate-risk persons (FRS 5.1% to 20%).
Sexuality and People with Psychiatric Disabilities

This article explores the topic of sexuality and intimacy of people with severe mental illness by addressing a series of questions about the nature of psychiatric disability and its effects on sexual identity and behavior. After describing the characteristics of people with psychiatric disabilities, the paper explores where they fit in the disability rights movement and examines how society treats persons with psychiatric labels. Barriers to full sexual expression are explored, first, from consumer perspectives, and then from the research literature, including a look at impediments to use of contraception and safer sex practices. Finally, the analysis asks a series of questions about issues for women mental health consumers in the expression of their sexuality and access to women's health services, along with sexuality issues for gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and HIV-positive consumers. Finally, the paper concludes with suggestions for ways the disability community and larger society can support mental health consumers' efforts to freely express their sexuality and combat stigmatizing societal representations of it.
Fully dynamic biconnectivity and transitive closure

This paper presents an algorithm for the fully dynamic biconnectivity problem whose running time is exponentially faster than all previously known solutions. It is the first dynamic algorithm that answers biconnectivity queries in time O(log/sup 2/n) in a n-node graph and can be updated after an edge insertion or deletion in polylogarithmic time. Our algorithm is a Las-Vegas style randomized algorithm with the update time amortized update time O(log/sup 4/n). Only recently the best deterministic result for this problem was improved to O(/spl radic/nlog/sup 2/n). We also give the first fully dynamic and a novel deletions-only transitive closure (i.e. directed connectivity) algorithms. These are randomized Monte Carlo algorithms. Let n be the number of nodes in the graph and let m/spl circ/ be the average number of edges in the graph during the whole update sequence: The fully dynamic algorithms achieve (1) query time O(n/logn) and update time O(m/spl circ//spl radic/nlog/sup 2/n+n); or (2) query time O(n/logn) and update time O(nm/spl circ//sup /spl mu/-1/)log/sup 2/n=O(nm/spl circ//sup 0.58/log/sup 2/n), where /spl mu/ is the exponent for boolean matrix multiplication (currently /spl mu/=2.38). The deletions-only algorithm answers queries in time O(n/logn). Its amortized update time is O(nlog/sup 2/n).
Child-rearing practices of primary caregivers of children with sickle cell disease: The perspective of professionals and caregivers.

Objective: To obtain caregiver and medical professional opinions regarding the child-rearing practices of caregivers of children with sickle cell diseases (SCD). Methods: We obtained self-reports of parenting practices from 48 caregivers of children with SCD and 48 caregivers of matched classroom comparison peers using the Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR). CRPR ratings were also obtained from 12 experts in pediatric SCD regarding their predictions of how a parent of a child with SCD would respond. The experts predicted differences in protectiveness, discipline, and excessive worry. Objective interim and lifetime illness severity scores were obtained for the children with SCD. Resultr: Caregivers showed similarity between the two groups, disagreement with the experts, and minimal relationship to illness severity. Conclusions: Experts who work with children with chronic illnesses such as SCD seem to have stereotyped ideas that do not correspond with parental reports of their child-rearing practices, suggesting the need for careful clinical evaluations.
Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Older Patients: Current and Emerging Treatment Options

Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a rapidly emerging population that presents unique clinical challenges. This diverse patient group can differ widely in terms of physical and mental status, which can increase their risk of complications including hypoglycemia, falls, and depression. These factors can negatively impact their glycemic control, safety, and quality of life. The risk of hypoglycemic events is elevated among elderly patients with diabetes. In many cases, these events are related to antidiabetic therapy and the pursuit of strict glycemic control. Fear of a hypoglycemic episode, on the part of the patient and/or healthcare provider, is another major barrier to achieving glycemic control. Hypoglycemic events, even in the absence of awareness of the event (asymptomatic), can have negative consequences. To help manage these risks, several national and international organizations have proposed guidelines to address individualized treatment goals for older adults with diabetes. This article reviews current treatment guidelines for setting glycemic targets in elderly patients with T2DM, and discusses the role of emerging treatment options in this patient population.
An efficient algorithm for performance-optimal FPGA technology mapping with retiming

It is known that most field programmable gate array (FPGA) mapping algorithms consider only combinational circuits. Pan and Liu [1996] recently proposed a novel algorithm, named SeqMapII, of technology mapping with retiming for clock period minimization. Their algorithm, however, requires O(K/sup 3/n/sup 5/log(Kn/sup 2/)logn) run time and O(K/sup 2/n/sup 2/) space for sequential circuits with n gates. In practice, these requirements are too high for targeting K-lookup-table-based FPGA's implementing medium or large designs. In this paper, we present three strategies to improve the performance of the SeqMapII algorithm significantly. Our algorithm works in O(K/sup 2/nln|P/sub v/|logn) run time and O(K|P/sub v/|) space, where n/sub l/ is the number of labeling iterations and |P/sub v/| is the size of the partial flow network. In practice, both n/sub l/ and |P/sub v/| are less than n. Area minimization is also considered in our algorithm based on efficient low-cost K-cut computation.
Nanoparticle-sensor based on optical gradient force

We present a detection scheme for nanoscale particles based on the optical gradient force and torque near a tightly focused laser beam. The focus affects the path of nanoparticles passing by and a quadrant detector records the particle trajectory. A feedback system continuously adjusts the laser power thereby preventing the particles from being trapped. Particle size and shape can be assessed by evaluating the time-trace of the quadrant detector signal.
Link State Routing Overhead in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Rate-Distortion Formulation

In this paper an information-theoretic formulation is used for characterizing the minimum overhead of maintaining link state information across a mobile ad hoc network. The minimum overhead problem is formulated a rate-distortion problem. Lower bounds are derived for the minimum overhead incurred by maintaining link state information when link state routing protocols are designed with guaranteed delivery ratio for data packets. The deficit caused by the this overhead on the overall transport capacity of a mobile network is characterized. Further a threshold value is derived for the delivery error ratio, and it is shown that no link state routing protocol can achieve a delivery error ratio smaller than this threshold.
Long-Term Preservation of Adipose Aspirates After Conventional Lipoplasty

Abstract Background Optimal cryopreservation permits the long-term storage of living cells or tissues that may have potential clinical applications. Unfortunately, there are no successful studies on the long-term preservation of adipose aspirates for possible autologous fat grafting. Objective The purpose of the current study was (1) to test our hypothesis that adipose aspirates obtained from conventional lipoplasty could be preserved and stored at low temperature (below −85°C) by means of an optimal cryopreservation technique and (2) to develop a novel approach to effectively preserve adipose aspirates for future applications. Methods The middle layer of adipose aspirates obtained from conventional lipoplasty was collected after centrifugation and each specimen was then randomized into 3 groups: the control group, fresh adipose aspirates without preservation; experimental group 1, simple cryopreservation with liquid nitrogen only; and experimental group 2, optimal cryopreservation with cryoprotective agents consisting of a combination of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and trehalose. Cryopreservation of adipose aspirates was conducted with controlled slow cooling and fast rewarming rates. Fresh or cryopreserved adipose aspirates in each group were evaluated by viable adipocyte counts, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) assay, and routine histology. Results Significantly more viable adipocytes and better cellular function of adipose aspirates were found in the experimental group 2 compared to the results in the experimental group 1. Conclusions Our results indicated that an optimal cryopreservation approach that utilizes a combination of DMSO and trehalose as cryoprotective agents appears to provide good long-term preservation of adipose aspirates obtained from conventional lipoplasty, albeit not as ideal as fresh specimens. An in vivo study will be conducted to confirm the results from our present in vitro study.
Volatile Substance Misuse in the United States

Volatile substance misuse (VSM) is prevalent in the United States and associated with manifold deleterious outcomes. This review summarizes research on: (1) the prevalence of VSM in the United States and its trends since 1975, (2) population subgroups at an elevated risk for VSM, (3) key correlates of VSM, (4) psychosocial consequences of VSM, including emerging public health threats, and (5) etiological and contextual considerations of VSM use. Implications for future research and practice with volatile substance misusers in the United States are identified.
Thriving With Diabetes An Introduction to the Resiliency Approach for Diabetes Educators

Purpose The purpose of this article is to introduce the resiliency counseling approach for people with type 2 diabetes, which can be used to enhance standard diabetes education programs. Why do some people with type 2 diabetes thrive in the face of adversity and disruption while others remain apathetic or succumb to destructive behaviors? Many researchers focus on the risk factors and barriers to diabetes management rather than explore the resilient qualities that keep people thriving. Optimal diabetes care requires an emotionally healthy patient. Methods A review of the available literature on resilience and resiliency theory is included. Resiliency is defined as the experience of being disrupted by change, opportunities, adversity, stressors, or challenges and, after some disorder, accessing personal gifts and character strengths to grow stronger through the disruption. Results Research in a diabetes population suggests that resiliency training in addition to standard diabetes education in people with type 2 diabetes improved coping with diabetes-related stress, having fun in life, helping others, and feeling trustworthy. Conclusions Psychosocial and physiological improvements can help people with diabetes thrive instead of succumb to despair. Interventions to foster resilience among people with type 2 diabetes have the potential to make an important contribution to reducing the risk of complications and increasing positive life outcomes. Diabetes educators using the resiliency approach in tandem with standard diabetes education programs can assist people with type 2 diabetes to become more self-directed in their diabetes care.
On Context-Free Languages

In this report, certain properties of context-free (CF or type 2) grammars are investigated, like that of Chomsky. In particular, questions regarding structure, possible ambiguity and relationship to finite automata are considered. The following results are presented: The language generated by a context-free grammmar is linear in a sense that is defined precisely.The requirement of unambiguity—that every sentence has a unique phrase structure—weakens the grammar in the sense that there exists a CF language that cannot be generated unambiguously by a CF grammar.The result that not every CF language is a finite automaton (FA) language is improved in the following way. There exists a CF language L such that for any L′ ⊆ L, if L′ is FA, an L″ ⊆ L can be found such that L″ is also FA, L′ ⊆ L″ and L″ contains infinitely many sentences not in L′.A type of grammar is defined that is intermediate between type 1 and type 2 grammars. It is shown that this type of grammar is essentially stronger than type 2 grammars and has the advantage over type 1 grammars that the phrase structure of a grammatical sentence is unique, once the derivation is given.
Selected Organic Brain Syndromes

Organic brain syndromes (OBSs) are a heterogeneous group that exhibit a wide range of symptoms. Thus, OBS may mimic a variety of “functional” disorders. For example, the primary symptom complex in the various OBSs may include global cognitive impairment, selected cognitive deficits, psychotic and affective symptoms, personality abnormalities, or alcohol-and substance-related disorders. No single collection of behavioral symptoms is pathognomonic of all OBSs. It can be difficult to distinguish OBSs from functional psychiatric disorders on the basis of psychiatric symptoms alone (Hall, Popkin, DeVaul, Faillace, & Stickney, 1978). The third edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III; APA, 1980) describes the essential feature of OBS as a psychological or behavioral abnormality associated with brain dysfunction. This cerebral dysfunction may be either primary brain dysfunction or a secondary abnormality, such as one caused by a toxic agent or metabolic abnormality. The dysfunction must be demonstrated by the patient’s medical history, physical exam or laboratory tests and must be etiologically related to his or her psychiatric symptoms.
Acute subdural hematoma following halo pin tightening in a patient with bilateral vertebral artery dissection

We report the first case of acute subdural hematoma (SDH) developing after tightening the halo of an osteoporotic 61-year-old woman on warfarin therapy for bilateral traumatic vertebral artery dissection. We discuss literature relevant to this case with an emphasis on identifying warning signs, including recurrent pin loosening, especially in patients with compromised bone structure and high risk of bleeding. Our 61-year-old patient presented to neurosurgery clinic for a 2-month follow-up of a type-III odontoid fracture sustained in a motor vehicle accident. The patient had repeatedly loosened halo pins, and shortly after the pins were tightened, the patient had a syncopal event and struck her head. An emergent computed tomography scan revealed acute SDH requiring emergent craniotomy and evacuation. SDH following pin penetration in a patient with bilateral vertebral artery dissection, osteoporosis, and anticoagulation has not been reported as a complication of the use of the halo vest for stabilization of the cervical spine. The risk of this serious complication can be minimized by giving special consideration to patients with comorbidities and by repositioning problematic pins. This case demonstrates the importance of special attention to bone strength, bleeding risk, and recurrent minor complaints with use of the halo vest.
Sweden has the right idea

The conservative funding system, which tends to prefer giving money to things that seem likely to work rather than to things that are innovative and therefore risky, rewards those with a track record so long as they continue to do the things they have a track record in.
John Stephenson's Cleft Palate

An account of the history surrounding the first successful surgical repair of a cleft palate, with excerpts from the patient's narrative.
Side-channel power analysis of a GPU AES implementation

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have been used to run a range of cryptographic algorithms. The main reason to choose a GPU is to accelerate the encryption/decryption speed. Since GPUs are mainly used for graphics rendering, and only recently have they become a fully-programmable parallel computing device, there has been little attention paid to their vulnerability to side-channel attacks. In this paper we present a study of side-channel vulnerability on a state-of-the-art graphics processor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that attempts to extract the secret key of a block cipher implemented to run on a GPU. We present a side-channel power analysis methodology to extract all of the last round key bytes of a CUDA AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) implementation run on an NVIDIA TESLA GPU. We describe how we capture power traces and evaluate the power consumption of a GPU. We then construct an appropriate power model for the GPU. We propose effective methods to sample and process the GPU power traces so that we can recover the secret key of AES. Our results show that parallel computing hardware systems such as a GPU are highly vulnerable targets to power-based side-channel attacks, and need to be hardened against side-channel threats.
Three-point disc amplitudes in the RNS formalism

Abstract We calculate all tree level string theory vacuum to Dp-brane disc amplitudes involving an arbitrary RR-state and two NS–NS vertex operators. This computation was earlier performed by K. Becker, Guo, and Robbins for the simplest case of a RR-state of type C ( p − 3 ) . Here we use the aid of a computer to calculate all possible three-point amplitudes involving a RR-vertex operator of type C ( p + 1 + 2 k ) .
The Nature of the Digital Resource : How the Process for the Management of Digital Resources Differs From (and Is the Same As) That of Other Formats

SUMMARY The transition from print-based to digital format has profoundly influenced the way knowledge is organized, delivered, accessed, and archived. There are fundamental differences in the natures of print-based and online resources that have, in the short years of the digital information age, made necessary the advent of library professionals who possess skills and knowledge particular to the requirements of the digital information format. This chapter explores those differences in the context of digital resources management within the realm of the academic library. Issues that concern cataloging, maintenance, access, and archives are discussed. The impact of the new format on library staff and workflows is examined as well.
Law in American History (Introduction)

This is the introduction of Law in American History: Volume One, From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War. The book’s purpose is to explore the relationship of law to some central themes of American history from the initial colonial settlements through the conclusion of the Civil War. The themes singled out in the book include the displacement of Amerindian tribes from land they occupied on the North American continent; the emergence of agricultural householding as the principal form of family life in colonial British America; the detachment of the American colonies from the British Empire and the theories of sovereignty and grievance that accompanied that development; the evolution of American forms of government from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution; the emergence of the Supreme Court of the United States as a major institution of American grievance; the westward movement of enterprise and population in the decades between the 1830’s and the 1850’s; the central role of slavery and westward expansion and the gradual dissolution of the Union during these decades; and the role of the Civil War as a culmination of the central themes of early American history and as a force in transforming the subsequent course of that history.
Clonal Analysis of Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders, Using Both Episomal Epstein-Barr Virus and Immunoglobulin Genes as Markers

The authors analyzed the clonality of 15 sample's of B-cell lymphoproliferations arising in eight organ allograft recipients, using immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement and the fused terminal fragment of episomal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA as independent clonal markers. The tumors arose from 1 month to 4 years following transplantation. All tumors were monomorphous, high-grade lymphomas of immunoblastic (6 cases), large-cell noncleaved (centroblastic, 1 case), or small noncleaved (1 case) type. All tumors were highly aggressive and failed to respond to decreased immunosuppression alone. Each tumor had clonal Ig gene rearrangements, including those that were negative for surface Ig. In 13 of IS specimens (seven of the eight cases), the tumors also contained latent, circularized EBV genome. In 10 specimens from six patients, the tumors contained a single predominant form of episomal EBV DNA, indicating clonal cellular proliferation of an EBV-infected progenitor cell. Three specimens from one patient showed more than one band of episomal EBV DNA, suggesting oligoclonal expansion, despite the detection of only a single clone by Ig gene rearrangement. Linear replicating EBV DNA was not detected in any of the cases. Synchronous or metachronous specimens from multiple sites were studied in five patients, four of which were EBV-positive cases. Two patients had identical Ig gene arrangements in each specimen, indicating a single neoplastic clone at all sites; one case was EBV-negative, and the other had identical EBV episomes in each specimen. In the other three cases, apparently different Ig gene rearrangements were found at different sites. In two of these, however, the same predominant EBV episome was present at each site, indicating a common clonal origin. The third case had oligoclonal EBV bands in each specimen, with distinct patterns in at least two different sites, suggesting true multiclonality. Analysis of EBV genomes is a useful adjunct to Ig gene analysis in assessing the clonality of these lesions.
International note: Maternal warmth, behavioral control, and psychological control: Relations to adjustment of Ghanaian early adolescents.

This investigation addressed the relation between maternal warmth, behavioral control, psychological control, and psychological adjustment in a sample of 119 Ghanaian adolescents (42% boys) living in an urban area (mean age = 14.19). Adolescents in the sample reported clinically elevated levels of depression and anxiety. Significant associations were found between warmth, behavioral control, and psychological control and adolescents' anxiety, physical aggression, relational aggression, positive friendship quality, and conflict with friends. Warmth moderated the effect of behavioral control on anxiety, physical aggression, and relational aggression such that higher levels of warmth in combination with higher levels of behavioral control were related to more positive adjustment. Higher levels of warmth in conjunction with higher psychological control were related to higher levels of anxiety. Boys who reported lower levels of warmth in combination with higher behavioral control reported higher levels of physical aggression. For boys reporting higher levels of warmth, higher behavioral control was associated with lower physical aggression.
Studies of the hemopoietic microenvironment. V. Erythropoietin-induced release of vasoactive substance(s) from erythropoietin-responsive stem cells (39902).

SummaryAlterations in the splenic mi-crocirculation which accompany the suppression and recovery of CFU and ERC were studied in mice treated with Myleran and in polycythemic mice treated with Myleran and Ep. During the time of suppression of ERC by Myleran in nonpolycy-themic mice, blood flow was reduced significantly. Flow returned to normal during the time when repopulation of ERC was occurring but CFU was still suppressed. Administration of a split dose of Ep 3 days apart to polycythemic mice treated with Myleran resulted in dramatic increases in flow 24 hr after the first injection of Ep, with no increases in 59Fe incorporation in the blood. The microvascular response was nearly abolished by 48 hr after this injection. The second injection of Ep elicited limited increases in blood flow 24 hr later, accompanied by increases in 59Fe uptake. These results suggest that the effect of Ep on the splenic microvasculature is indirect and mediated by a vasoactive substance(s) released from replicating ERC follo...
Effects of Intravenous Injections of L-Dopa upon Blood Pressure.∗:

SummaryPeripheral intravenous injection of 1-dopa was found to produce a marked rise in blood pressure in cats with experimental hypertension; no rise was produced in cats with acute renal ischemia or in normal cats. Intravenous injection of 1-dopa in humans with essential hypertension produced a similar pressor response; a much less marked pressor effect was obtained in humans with normal blood pressure. The possibility is discussed of defective renal deaminization due to kidney ischemia as being responsible for the marked pressor response to 1-dopa injections in essential human hypertension.