cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomolecular markers and involution of hemangiomas.

Abstract Background/purpose Vascular anomalies are a diverse set of lesions with distinct clinical behaviors, whose biomolecular characteristics are largely undefined. Common hemangiomas proliferate during the first year of life, then involute at a variable pace over several years. Other vascular tumors may involute much more quickly (rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas [RICH]), not at all (lymphatic malformation), or display malignant behavior (angiosarcoma). Key cytokines driving angiogenesis include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members/receptors (placental growth factor [PIGF], VEGF-A, and VEGF-C) and angiopoietins. The authors hypothesized that involuting hemangiomas would display biologic markers distinctly different from noninvoluting vascular lesions. Methods Six patient samples were analyzed: (1) RICH, (2) proliferating hemangioma, (3) involuting hemangioma, (4) tufted angioma, (5) hepatic angiosarcoma, and (6) lymphatic malformation. Detailed examination of endothelial/vascular mural cell status was performed by fluorescent double-label immunostaining using specific markers (PECAM-1, αSMA) in combination with markers of proliferation (anti-phospho-histone H3) or apoptosis (TUNEL). Expression of PIGF, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and Ang-1 was localized by in situ hybridization. Results Involuting/proliferating common hemangiomas demonstrated vasculature with abundant vascular mural cells (αSMA+); in contrast, αSMA(+) cells were rare in RICH vessels. Endothelial apoptosis was increased dramatically, but proliferation was unchanged during involution. VEGF-A was expressed in all lesions except lymphatic malformation, which displayed VEGF-C and Ang-1 upregulation. Strikingly, PIGF expression was increased markedly in the lesions predicted to involute/actively involuting but was virtually absent from noninvoluting tumors. Conclusions Vessel architecture and endothelial/vascular mural cell status differed between lesions, differentiating even common versus rapidly involuting hemangioma and corresponded to clinical involution. VEGF-A expression characterized endothelial-derived lesions, whereas VEGF-C marked lymphatic-derived cells. PIGF expression occurred only in vascular anomalies predicted to involute or actively involuting, a pattern potentially linked to PIGF function as a conditional antagonist of VEGF-A. Thus, distinct patterns of morphology and angiogenic factor expression characterize vascular anomalies with different clinical behaviors.
Effect of molybdenum deposition temperature on the performance of CuIn1−xGaxSe2 Solar Cells

We have studied the effect of substrate temperature in molybdenum (Mo) back contact deposition on its structural evolution, optical properties, and most importantly, the over-deposited CuIn1−xGaxSe2 solar cell performance. A series of Mo thin films was DC sputtered onto thermally oxidized Si at substrate temperatures from 25°C to 385°C. Real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) was performed to determine the evolution of the bulk and surface roughness layer thicknesses as well as the complex dielectric functions of the Mo films. CuIn1−xGaxSe2 solar cells were fabricated for comparison on Mo back contact films deposited on soda lime glass at 25°C and 250°C.
13.2 Macro/Environmental/Ethics/Quality of Life Marketing : Marketing and the Environment

The focus of this essay is on the relationship of marketing to the biosphere - sustainable development. The biosphere and sustainable development are profiled including sustainable development's ambiguity, stakeholder attractiveness and embedding character. Biocentric marketing stratagems with marketing serving as a catalyst among stakeholder groups for attaining sustainable development is discussed in the second part of the essay.
Resistance and cross resistance of bacteria to nitrofurans.

Summary(1) Bacteria can develop only a limited resistance to the nitrofurans in vitro. On the basis of a bacterial cross resistance study of a series of eighteen nitrofurans, it was found that the compounds investigated could be divided into two classes. The second class differs in chemical structure by having a carbon atom between the carbonyl group and the terminal group of the nitrofuran side-chain. Bacteria becoming resistant to the first class are reciprocally cross resistant to all members of this class but remain susceptible to nitrofurans of the second class. (2)Bacteria in which resistance was developed to chloramphenicol or to aureomycin remain susceptible to the nitrofurans. The converse is also true.
Multicomponent NAPL source dissolution: evaluation of mass-transfer coefficients.

Mass transfer rate coefficients were quantified by employing an inverse modeling technique to high-resolution aqueous phase concentration data observed following an experimental release of a multicomponent nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) at a field site. A solute transport model (SEAM3D) was employed to simulate advective–dispersive transport over time coupled to NAPL dissolution. Model calibration was demonstrated by accurately reproducing the observed breakthrough times and peak concentrations at multiple observation points, observed mass discharge at pumping wells, and the reported mass depletions for three soluble NAPL constituents. Vertically variable NAPL mass transfer coefficients were derived for each constituent using an optimized numerical solute transport model, ranging from 0.082 to 2.0 day–1 across all constituents. Constituent-specific coefficients showed a positive correlation with liquid-phase diffusion coefficients. Application of a time-varying mass transfer coefficient as NAPL mass deple...
Diagnosis of Vertical Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection by Whole Blood Culture

The qualitative and quantitative performance of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) whole blood culture method was assessed for use in the diagnosis of vertical HIV-1 infection. This method requires < 1 mL of whole blood and allows for the quantification of blood virus load. HIV-1 was isolated from 36 (95%) of 38 whole blood specimens from 27 HIV-1-infected children compared with 0 of 16 whole blood specimens from 16 uninfected children. HIV-1 titers were significantly higher in severely symptomatic children (2450 TCID/mL) than in less symptomatic children (179 TCID/mL). This simple quantitative culture assay may be useful for the early diagnosis of vertical HIV-1 infection, the assessment of blood virus load, and the evaluation of antiretroviral therapies.
Functional anatomy of the facial nerve revealed by Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Facial paralysis in association with a rash on the ear, tongue, or hard palate reflects geniculate zoster and requires immediate antiviral treatment.
Differential Assessment of von Willebrand Factor Dysfunction in Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Plead for Standardization

Purpose: ITAMACS is a registry coordinated by the National Centre for Transplantations, an agency of the Italian Ministry of Health, reporting on long-term left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implants performed in 22 Italian centers. Methods: This paper is a retrospective analysis of prospectically collected data in LVAD implants performed as Destination Therapy (DT) in adult patients (pts) between January 2010 and December 2014. The records of 148 pts ((males 134, 91%; mean age 65 years (y)), age 50 to 64 y = 58 pts (40%), 65 to 69 y= 58 pts (40%), > 70 y= 32 pts (20%); ischemic etiology 60%) were reviewed. Results: Implanted devices were Incor BH (n= 6, 4%), HeartAssist5 (n= 2, 1%), Thoratec HM II (n= 3 5, 23%), HeartWare HVAD (n= 4 9, 33%), and Jarvik 2000 (n= 5 6, 39%). INTERMACS level at implant was 1 in 16 pts (11%), 2 in 49 (33%), 3 in 44 (30%), 4 in 38 (26%). Level 1 pts did reduce through the years, from 18% in 2010 to 10% in 2014. In the 114 pts surviv- ing the operation (77%), median duration of hospitalization was 29 days, not affected by etiology of the disease. Cumulative survival was 58%, 46%, 34% at 1, 2, and 3 years respectively. Survival at 1 year of INTERMACS level 1,2,3,4 pts was 19%, 56%, 63%, and 72% respectively (p< 0.0001). Two-year survival was not influenced by age at implant, etiology of the disease, or re-do operation. Device malfunction, mainly due to pump thrombosis, occurred in 12% of the cases. Death occurred in 79 pts (53%): main causes of death were stroke (19%), infection (23%), right ventricular failure (12%), pump thrombosis (10%), other (36%). Pts operated after 2012 (n= 76, 51%) had a significantly better 1-year survival with respect to those operated from 2010 to 2012 (60% vs 36%, p= 0.008). Conclusion: ITAMACS depicts the actual scenario of DT in the most important Italian centers, in a relatively homogeneous cohort of eligible pts. Increasing usage of LVAD for DT is due to organ shortage. In keeping with international reports, INTERMACS level seems to be the most important factor affecting survival, partially regardless of age at implant, etiology of disease or previous surgery. A possible explanation of better survivals after 2012 can be found in centers' learning curve and improved pts referral, with less INTERMACS level 1 pts trough the observation period.
Conception Risk and the Ultimatum Game: When Fertility is High, Women Demand More

Abstract Evidence suggests that women become more intrasexually competitive in the fertile window of the menstrual cycle. Studies using the ultimatum game have extended this to economic decisions, finding that women in the fertile window are less generous towards and more likely to punish other women. In the present study, we used continuous estimates of conception risk to test replication of these findings in a sample of women who played the ultimatum game with same-sex partners. We found that women at higher conception risk made higher demands of their partners, indicating less inclination to cooperate and perhaps greater willingness to engage in costly punishment. Possible functions of cycle-phase shifts in intrasexual competition are discussed, and directions for future research on the psychology of cooperation are suggested.
Anencephaly: A 6 year study of 367 cases

Abstract A retrospective study of birth and death certificates for 6 consecutive years 1961–1966 in a single state revealed 367 anencephalic births, an incidence of 0.826 per 1,000. A steadily rising incidence from 0.58 per thousand 1961 to 1.01 per thousand 1966 was observed. Incidence of this malformation in the Caucasian was found to exceed by almost sevenfold that in the Negro population. Seasonal and geographic factors were shown to have no direct effect on incidence of the defect. Previous reports suggesting an excess of females (64 per cent of the present series), premature delivery (58 per cent of this series), and fetal growth retardation (57 per cent of this series) were confirmed. An excessive perinatal mortality of 112.9 per thousand was recorded in the 204 multiparous mothers in this series, confirming the concept that birth of an anencephalic fetus may predict or accompany a disastrous obstetric career.
Trichothecenes: Occurrence and Toxicoses.

The Δ9-12,13-epoxy-trichothecenes are a group of 37 naturally occurring sesquiterpenoids produced by species of Fusarium , Stachybotrys , Myrothecium , Trichoderma , and Cephalosporium . They are responsible for a variety of mycotoxicoses in man and animals that may be manifested by severe dermatitis, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, decreased weight gains, extensive hemorrhaging, and death. Outbreaks, which have occurred in Russia, Europe, the United States, Japan, and Korea, usually result after cereal grains in the field have been exposed to prolonged cool and wet weather. Hence, these mycotoxicoses do not appear to be a problem of faulty grain storage, since they involve field fungi primarily rather than storage molds.
A new pocket-sized transcranial ultrasound device (NeuroDop): comparison with standard TCD.

The NeuroDop is a new bedside assessment tool consisting of a continuous wave ultrasound probe attached to a stethoscope earpiece. This study was designed to compare middle cerebral artery (MCA) velocity assessment obtained with the NeuroDop versus standard transcranial Doppler (TCD). TCD technologists performed continuous wave NeuroDop studies followed by standard TCD studies on 60 subjects. Technologists recorded presence of MCA signal and estimated velocity based on NeuroDop auditory characteristics. Signal was obtained in 108 MCA vessels with the portable unit and in 112 vessels using standard TCD. For detection of patency, sensitivity was 96%, specificity 88%, positive predictive value 99%, and negative predictive value 58%. Auditorially estimated velocities from the NeuroDop strongly correlated with TCD velocity measures (r = 0.71). Categorical estimates of velocity as decreased ( 81 cm/sec) demonstrated an accuracy rate of 85%. This novel stethoscope-continuous wave unit has excellent sensitivity in detecting presence of MCA patency. Moreover, MCA velocities can be characterized to a reasonable degree of accuracy based on NeuroDop auditory characteristics. The NeuroDop shows promise as a tool to rapidly assess and serially monitor presence and amplitude of MCA velocity and may help guide thrombolytic and other emergency management decisions in stroke patients.
Marriage out of Despair: The Stecher Trilogy

The paradox of Whitman’s process is that his relationship to the earth assumes contact at such speed that individual distinctions are blurred. It is, as we have seen, this sense of free association which is the source of much of Williams’s criticism. But the Transcendental legacy, most apparent through Whitman, is that in the activity of relating lies a foundation capable of sustaining a vast, and, at times, apparently anarchical vision. Within the nature and effect of relationships is the basis of a single sustaining aesthetic for Williams. Mariani tells us that art ‘like baseball and medicine, was for Williams very much a team effort’1 and his work suggests a much closer affinity to Emerson’s sense of the phrase ‘man speaking to men’ than Wordsworth’s sense of the same phrase, accepting the differences I argue for in Chapter 1. Again, out of the Transcendentalists, his probes are not empiricist in effect but transcendental — he seeks the ethereal connectives which create attractions and love. Evident in Williams’s approach are Emerson’s tentative levelled sense of transcendence, Thoreau’s fine awareness of relationships as a means to sustain transcendence and Whitman’s siting of transcendent experiences within the nature of relationships.
Aligning critical care interventions with patient goals: A modified Delphi study

Abstract Objective To develop a list of non-emergent, potentially harmful interventions commonly performed in ICUs that require a clear understanding of patients' treatment goals. Background A 2016 policy statement from the American Thoracic Society and American College of Critical Care Medicine calls on intensivists to engage in shared decision-making when “making major treatment decisions that may be affected by personal values, goals, and preferences.” Methods A three-round modified Delphi consensus process was conducted via a panel of 6 critical care physicians, 6 ICU nurses, 6 former ICU patients, and 6 family members from 6 academic and community-based medical institutions in the U.S. mid-Atlantic region. Results Recommendations about 8 interventions achieved consensus among respondents. Conclusions Clinical and patient/family participants in a modified Delphi consensus process were able to identify preference-sensitive decisions that should trigger clinicians to clarify patient goals and consider initiating shared decision-making.
Thermal Drawing of High-Density In-fiber Arrays of Well-Ordered 5-nm-Diameter Nanowires

We present a method for fabricating high-density, well-ordered arrays of extended semiconducting nanowires through thermal fiber-drawing. We confirm that 5-nm-diameter continuous nanowires are stably produced through multiple fiber drawing steps
Knowledge retention of basic pharmaceutical sciences in a PharmD program

Abstract Objectives To measure the retention of basic sciences knowledge in a PharmD program over a period of two years. Methods The study was conducted in two phases using assessment scores of the students. The first phase measured the whether basic science knowledge was retained over a period of two years using historical data. The aim of the second phase was the same, but used a prospective study design. Additionally, the second phase also examined subject wise retention of knowledge. Results The first phase data analysis across all subjects showed a slight decay of knowledge over two years. The second phase data analysis showed relatively small significant knowledge gain across all subjects and moderately significant knowledge gain for biomedical sciences. Conclusions The results of the study demonstrate a varying level of retention of biomedical science s and pharmacology knowledge over time. With the understanding that the graduating pharmacy students are not expected to retain or remember all the knowledge they gained from the first year of the program, these results demonstrate a satisfactory level of retention.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 interactions with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers.

Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and brain atrophy. Some evidence suggests a potential synergistic effect of IGFBP-2 and AD neuropathology on neurodegeneration, while other evidence suggests the effect of IGFBP-2 on neurodegeneration is independent of AD neuropathology. Therefore, the current study investigated the interaction between plasma IGFBP-2 and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of AD neuropathology on hippocampal volume and cognitive function. AD Neuroimaging Initiative data were accessed (n = 354, 75 ± 7 years, 38 % female), including plasma IGFBP-2, CSF total tau, CSF Aβ-42, MRI-quantified hippocampal volume, and neuropsychological performances. Mixed effects regression models evaluated the interaction between IGFBP-2 and AD biomarkers on hippocampal volume and neuropsychological performance, adjusting for age, sex, education, APOE e4 status, and cognitive diagnosis. A baseline interaction between IGFBP-2 and CSF Aβ-42 was observed in relation to left (t(305) = -6.37, p = 0.002) and right hippocampal volume (t(305) = -7.74, p = 0.001). In both cases, higher IGFBP-2 levels were associated with smaller hippocampal volumes but only among amyloid negative individuals. The observed interaction suggests IGFBP-2 drives neurodegeneration through a separate pathway independent of AD neuropathology.
Trends and the utilization of transoral robotic surgery with neck dissection in New York State.

Objectives The timing of neck dissection (ND) in relation to transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is controversial. This study identifies local practice patterns and economic and social access disparities during adoption of TORS. Study Design We analyzed utilization patterns of TORS and ND using the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System all-payer administrative database. Statewide head and neck cancer incidence from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Bethesda, MD) was used to control for overall cancer incidence. Methods Patient demographic, insurer, and institutional information of patients aged ≥ 18 (n = 225) years from 2008 to 2012 were evaluated. Temporal trends were analyzed with Poisson regression models for counts. Results Transoral robotic surgery was used in 386 procedures, and 58.3% involved ND (n = 225). Concurrent ND was most frequent (n = 173), followed by staged TORS then ND (n = 44) and staged ND preceding TORS (n = 8). Caucasians were more likely than Blacks/Hispanics to undergo TORS (P = 0.03). Medicare (26.2%) and Medicaid (2.7%) payers comprised a minority of patients compared to those commercially insured (70.2%). Only 20% of patients received care outside a major urban center, and these patients were more likely to undergo staged procedures, P = 0.02. Staged procedures resulted in higher mean hospital charges (P = 0.02). Conclusion Concurrent TORS + ND, the most common practice in New York, is more cost-effective. Patients without commercial insurance, patients in racial minorities, or patients residing outside major urban centers may be targeted to improve care access disparities with respect to minimally invasive TORS technology. Level of Evidence 2c. Laryngoscope, 2016
Expansion planning for transmission network under demand uncertainty: A real options framework

ABSTRACTIn recent years, there has been much expectation that transmission expansion planning should address ever increasing demands for transmission services under significant and complex economic and regulatory uncertainties. In this article, toward meeting the aforementioned expectation, we develop and analyze a real options framework that provides the valuation of a transmission owner's option to expand in his or her network. What distinguishes our framework from the extant literature is that the evolution of the demand follows a geometric Brownian motion process, it explicitly accounts for the physical flow of the electric power economically manifested as the locational marginal prices, and it shows how the values of the expansion options can be determined in the transmission network. Furthermore, our framework shows how to value an option to expedite or delay can be determined given that a specific expansion is planned. An extensive numerical example is presented to illustrate the key features of ou...
Exploring the Impact of Spacing in Mathematics Learning through Data Mining.

Laboratory studies suggest that long term retention of Mathematics learning is enhanced by spaced, as opposed to massed, practice. However, little evidence has been evinced to demonstrate that such spaced learning has a positive impact in real world learning environments, at least partly because of entrenched pedagogy and practice, whereby students are encouraged to engage with Mathematics in a very sequential manner thus leading to massed learning episodes. Indeed, much educational practice and the structure of Mathematics textbooks lend themselves to massed rather than spaced learning. However, in online learning such spaced practice is possible and more practically achieved. Predicting learner outcomes from data in a popular online Mathematics learning site shows that in this data set spacing seems to have a negative effect on retention at a later time.
Interparticle Forces of Clays

Clays modify the physical behavior of any porous medium in which they are incorporated. If they are present in small proportions, they lend plasticity and strength to the medium when it is wet, especially if the other components of the medium are relatively large in size. But, if they are present in large proportions, their swelling or disjoining pressure can destabilize the medium. Then, when drying occurs, their shrinkage can produce planes of weakness and fissures that affect its structure and integrity. All of these effects depend on forces that operate between the clay particles. Despite their importance, these forces are not well understood. However, enough is known about them, especially as a result of recent research, to warrant the present discussion. It should be emphasized that this discussion is not intended to be an exhaustive review. It is intended to give the author’s perception of the subject and to justify this perception with a few examples of the kinds of supporting evidence that are available.
Unit Prediction Horizon Binary Search-Based Model Predictive Control of Full-Bridge DC–DC Converter

In this paper, we present a unit prediction horizon binary search-based nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) of phase shift full-bridge dc–dc converter, working in discontinuous conduction mode. The objective of the control algorithm is to regulate the output voltage of the converter to a reference set point while also respecting a nonlinear constraint on the peak inductor current. We utilize a large signal dynamic model of the converter based on the analytical solution of piecewise differential equations. The developed large signal model and the unit prediction horizon allow us to use a novel and computationally efficient approach based on the binary search algorithm to solve the optimization problem in the nonlinear MPC. The proposed algorithm offers faster optimization solution for MPC, thereby facilitating high frequency operation of the converter. We compare the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm with the integrated perturbation analysis and sequential quadratic programming algorithm. Furthermore, we address the problem of offset in the output voltage due to unmeasured load disturbances. We include experimental results illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme on a 500-W converter setup operating on a switching frequency of 20 kHz.
Super-Resolution Imaging Through Stochastic Switching and Localization of Single Molecules: An Overview

The resolution of fluorescence microscopy had traditionally been limited to ~200–300 nm due to the diffraction of light. Recently, this resolution limit has been broken using mainly two classes of methods, one of which utilizes photoswitching of fluorophores to temporally separate the spatially overlapping images of individual molecules such that the positions of these molecules can be precisely determined. A sub-diffraction-limit image can then be reconstructed from these molecular coordinates. With relatively simple optical instrumentation and sample preparation, this class of methods has improved the spatial resolution of far-field optical microscopy by more than an order of magnitude, achieving resolutions down to sub-10 nm range for biological specimens. Three-dimensional, multicolor, and live-cell super-resolution imaging has been demonstrated. In this chapter, we provide an overview of this class of optical nanoscopy, primarily in terms of the imaging principle, the spatial/temporal resolution, the different imaging schemes, the photoswitchable probes, the applications, and future directions.
Peter Menkhorst, Danny Rogers, and Rohan Clarke, The Australian bird guide

In the early to mid-1800s, John James Audubon brought several hundred indisputably stunning, dynamic, and detailed illustrations of the birds of North America on a cross-Atlantic voyage to Europe. ...
Solutions to technical challenges during therapeutic plasma exchange using the Spectra Optia on a 4 kilogram neonate.

Abstract Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) on severely ill neonates poses many technical challenges, including obtaining adequate vascular access. In addition, clinical challenges such as risk of hypotension and cardiovascular instability are more pronounced in these patients. We report an approach to successfully managing these challenges while performing TPE on a 4 kilogram neonate using the Spectra Optia and 22 G venous access.
Three Types of Sufficientarian Libertarianism

Sufficientarian libertarianism is a theory of justice that combines libertarianism’s focus on property rights and non-interference with sufficientarianism’s concern for the poor and needy. Persons are conceived as having stringent rights to direct their lives as they see fit, provided that everyone has enough to live a self-guided life. Yet there are different ways to combine libertarianism and sufficientarianism and hence different types of sufficientarian libertarianism. In the article I present and discuss three types, and I argue that the last one overcomes the problems of the other two. The first type combines libertarianism with a sufficiency principle in what is sometimes called the ‘ethics of distribution’. The second incorporates modest welfare rights into a libertarian theory of justice. The third endorses a sufficientarian Lockean proviso for practices of private property within a libertarian theory of justice. I argue that it is superior to the others.
Isolation and characterization of a new transposable element in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

A new transposable element, Tcr3, was identified in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Tcr3 element contained imperfect terminal inverted repeat sequences of 56 bp and created a 2 bp target site duplication upon insertion. Insertion of Tcr3 into the 3'-untranslated region of the NIT8 gene, which is essential for nitrate assimilation, prevented expression of the gene. Excision of the Tcr3 element correlated with reversion of the mutant phenotype and left behind a 3 bp footprint. Tcr3 was found in all Chlamydomonas isolates tested and should prove to be useful for transposon-tagging experiments in Chlamydomonas.
The Species Concept and Breeding Systems

People group and organize entities or observations as a way of understanding the world. We also believe that the structures we generate doing this fundamental taxonomic activity approach the “true” organization of the natural world. Initially few characters, often of a single class, are available for organizing individuals into groups. As new characters, and especially those of a different nature or class, become available, the effectiveness of the original classification is tested and evaluated. An ideal taxonomy results in the same classification regardless of the nature of the characters used. In biology the species level was more effective than higher levels of classification in forming “natural” groups, i.e., those in which different classes of characters resulted in the same or similar groupings. In this century the greater effectiveness of the species level of classification could be rationalized through the gene pool shared by members of this evolutionary unit. Along with this new evolutionary definition of species came the discovery that morphologically similar Drosophila could sometimes be divided into more than one genetic species. These became known as sibling species.
APPLICATION OF THE TURBULENT POTENTIAL MODEL TO COMPLEX FLOWS

ABSTRACT The turbulent potential model is a RANS model that avoids modeling the Reynolds stress tensor. As a result it has the ability to obtain the physical accuracy of Reynolds stress transport equation models at a cost and complexity comparable to popular two equation models. The model's ability to predict channel flow, free-shear layers, homogeneous shear flow, stagnation point flow, backward facing step flows, and boundary layers with and without strong adverse pressure gradients has been demonstrated previously. In the present study, the performance of the turbulent potential model is evaluated in a series of complex non-equilibrium turbulent flows. These include three-dimensional boundary layers, unsteady vortex shedding, rotating turbulent flows and boundary layer transition.
Persistence of triazine herbicides in soils.

Although phytotoxic residues of the triazine herbicides are objectionable when, in some soils and under some environmental conditions, sensitive plants are injured the season after application, residual activity is essential for weed control and soil sterilization. Without residual activity, frequent applications of less persistent herbicides would be necessary, and costs of weed control would, therefore, be high. A good example of the advantages of residual phytotoxicity was described by Horowitz (1964), who suggested that a single application of simazine or atrazine at the beginning of winter rains in Israel would control winter weeds and maintain sorghum planted the next spring free of weeds until harvest.
Preschool Vision Screening: Where We Have Been and Where We Are Going.

Purpose To discuss the evolution of instrument-based screening to detect amblyopia and its risk factors, and to summarize the importance of preschool vision screening. Design Expert commentary. Methods Author experiences were supplemented by a review and interpretation of pertinent medical literature. Results Amblyopia remains a public health problem, as it is a common cause of monocular visual impairment. As a disease, amblyopia detection is best obtained by appropriate vision screening rather than by yearly mandated comprehensive eye examinations for all children; the US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recently reaffirmed their recommendations for vision screening in preschool children. Vision screening devices have evolved over the past 4 decades ranging from photoscreeners that use instantaneously developing film, to autorefractors that detect amblyopia risk factors, to nerve fiber layer scanners that detect the microtropia that nearly always accompanies amblyopia. When it is detected early, effective treatment for amblyopia can be initiated. Conclusions Amblyopia is a reversible cause of vision loss in children. Vision screening devices and screening programs have been extensively studied—experts and literature agree: vision screening devices and programs are cost-effective, are efficient, and are effective methods for amblyopia detection. The authors support the regular use of instrument-based vision screening in the medical home for all children until they reach a developmental stage where they can participate reliably in optotype-based vision screening.
Fracture of allograft interbody spacer resulting in post-operative radiculopathy: A case report

Fracture of allograft interbody spacer resulting in post-operative radiculopathy: A case report
1445-P: Physical Activity and Insulin Resistance in Midlife Women: 17-Year Longitudinal Associations in SWAN

Insulin resistance increases starting in midlife due to decreasing estrogen production and other aging-related factors. Higher intensity physical activity (PA) has the potential to attenuate rising insulin resistance; however, longitudinal associations of PA and insulin resistance have not been studied in midlife women. We used data from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN, N=3,230), a cohort study with up to 17 years of follow-up, to estimate longitudinal associations of higher intensity PA with insulin resistance. Women reported PA using the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey at 7 study visits (V0, V3, V5, V6, V9, V12, V13). We used the sports and exercise physical activity index score (range: 1-5) to assess leisure-time moderate to vigorous intensity PA (MVPA). SWAN measured glucose and insulin in blood collected at 8 study visits (V0, V1, V3-V7, V12, V13). We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the adjusted longitudinal associations of MVPA with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) overall, by baseline body mass index (BMI) category, and by race/ethnicity. Women were 46 (SD=3) years old at baseline. Forty-seven percent were non-Hispanic white; 28% black; 9% Japanese; 8% Chinese, and 8% Hispanic. Each additional one-unit increase in reported MVPA was associated with an average 0.2 unit lower HOMA-IR (95% CI: -0.3, -0.1) over time. Associations differed by baseline BMI (interaction P Disclosure S.E. Badon: None. K. Pettee Gabriel: None. C.A. Karvonen-Gutierrez: None. B. Sternfeld: None. J. Lee: None. E. Gold: None. E. Waetjen: None. M. Hedderson: None. Funding National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Nursing Research; Office of Research on Women’s Health (U01NR004061, U01AG012505, U01AG012535, U01AG012531, U01AG012539, U01AG012546, U01AG012553, U01AG012554, U01AG012495); National Center for Research Resources; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UCSF-CTSI UL1RR024131)
Mechanism of regulation of NTH1 in tumorigenesis of LEC rat liver

3045 Oxidative stress is arguably the most important cause of cellular genotoxicity, which is thought to cause diseases such as cancer and neurological disorders. Recent studies have linked oxidative stress and chronic inflammation with an increased risk of cancer. Certain diseases, characterized by oxyradical overload, such as Wilson’s disease (WD) also have been associated with the higher risk of liver cancer. The Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rat, an animal model for WD, proved to be very useful in studying mechanisms of spontaneous carcinogenesis. LEC rats are a mutant strain of Long-Evans rats and are genetically predisposed to spontaneous HCCs as compared with the wild-type control Long Evans Agouti (LEA) rats. Because of the genetic copper metabolism disorder LEC rats develop hepatitis 4 months after birth, followed by chronic hepatitis later in life, and eventually all of the surviving animals from liver injury and hepatitis develop spontaneous hepatocellular carcinomas. Thus, the LEC rats having this genetically induced oxidative condition are also found to be very useful model in our laboratory for the study of repair of endogenous DNA lesions and their relation to spontaneous carcinogenesis. Previously we have shown that the repair excision activity of mutagenic oxidized bases, mediated by DNA glycosylases such as NTH1, was significantly altered at different stages of HCC development in LEC rats compared to the control LEA rats (Choudhury et. al. Cancer Res. 63:7704, 2003). In addition to the alteration of enzymatic activity, mRNA level of NTH1 was also modulated significantly in LEC rat liver during tumorigenesis. This prompted us to elucidate the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of NTH1 expression in LEC rat liver during tumorigenesis. We have found that at different ages the expression profile of NTH1 in LEC and LEA rat livers is appreciably correlated with the activity pattern of NTH1. In LEC rat liver the expression of NTH1 mRNA was significantly decreased during acute hepatitis period and prior to the formation of preneoplastic foci. Moreover, the Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay revealed the binding of specific proteins to the Ets binding sites (EBS) in the the NTH1 promoter sequences. Notably, the EBS-protein complexes were significantly decreased at the same time period (acute hepatitis) in LEC rat liver and appear to be correlated with the expression of NTH1 gene. Furthermore, among the Ets family proteins, Eif-1 or related factors were found to play a major role in regulation of NTH1 gene expression during liver tumorigenesis in LEC rats (RO1 CA 92306).
A Patch Antenna with Liquid Crystal Elastomer Switching for Passive RFID Temperature Sensing

The antenna design presented here supports a new generation of battery-free RFID sensing technology in which the antenna element dynamically conforms to the changing environment in a controlled manner. Specifically, we propose a sensing antenna that reversibly and repeatedly switches operating frequencies from 905MHz to 923.5 MHz based on a temperature threshold crossing. The developed antenna is a patch antenna matched to an RFID IC and integrated with a customized slot. The antenna shifts its operating frequency by using a novel thermal responsive polymer or Liquid Crystal Elastomer (LCE) which is programmable and operates reversibly. Furthermore, 4D printed LCE structures are to be coupled with an Ultra Subminiature Mechanical Switch (USMS) which shorts the slot when the LCE is activated. Finally, as the thermal excitation is removed, the switch returns to the open state. The short and open states of the switch will enable the frequency shift of the antenna structure. In this paper, the methodology of the frequency shift in the patch antenna and the novel LCE switch mechanism are described through simulation and measurements.
High performance and low level of image sticking fringe field switching mode liquid crystal display with photo-alignment layers

A novel photo-alignment fringe field switching mode liquid crystal display (PA-FFS-LCD) with a wide nematic temperature range from −40 °C to 95 °C was developed. The new developed PA-FFS-LCD shows ...
Black Bodies at the Dangerous Intersection of Gender Violence and Mass Criminalization

While considerable attention has been given to the ways that intimate partner violence impacts women, the prevailing analyses have not sufficiently attended to the range of social consequences that...
Questioning a Previous Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis: Can You "Lose" the Diagnosis?

CASE Heidi is an almost 6-year-old girl presenting to your primary care office to establish care because of a change in insurance status. You review her previous medical records before seeing her.She was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when she was 25 months old. Her parents were initially concerned about language delay. Through a comprehensive evaluation by a developmental-behavioral pediatrician and a child psychologist, including administration of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, she was diagnosed with ASD. Her cognitive skills were reported to be within the average range. Soon after the diagnosis, she began receiving 20 hours of applied behavioral analysis (ABA) per week, as well as music therapy, occupational therapy, and a toddler playgroup through early intervention. Four months after the initial diagnosis, her parents reported that she had started making small improvements in her behavior, used more eye contact, and seemed more socially engaged. Approximately 1 year after the diagnosis, she was receiving 6 hours of ABA per week in addition to starting preschool with an Individualized Education Program. She reportedly continued to show progress with social communication and pretend play skills.At the age of 3 years, 8 months, neuropsychological testing was completed at her parent's request, and her cognitive skills and adaptive skills were reported to be within the average range. She continued to meet the diagnostic criteria for ASD, given her challenges with social awareness, communication, delayed play skills, decreased flexibility, and tendency toward subtle self-direction. She continued to receive speech/language therapy and attended an integrated preschool program within the school district because of her social and communication challenges. She also received ABA 4 hours weekly at home.During your first visit with Heidi, her parents report that she has continued to make progress in all areas, including social skills. She can engage in imaginary play with her friends, ask strangers questions, and comprehend the perspective of others, and she is no longer "rigid." She is not receiving services outside of school and is only receiving once weekly speech/language therapy in school. Her parents no longer believe that she meets the criteria for ASD, and they are interested in further evaluation. Her parents ask if it is possible to "lose" the diagnosis of ASD. They also want to know if there are other things to be concerned about for her future. How do you respond?
Steady and oscillatory flow in the human bronchial tree

Magnetic resonance velocimetry is used to investigate the steady inhalation, steady exhalation, and oscillatory flow in a 3D-printed realistic airway geometry for physiologically relevant regimes ranging from quiet breathing to respiration under high-frequency ventilation. Additionally, the pendulluft phenomenon is demonstrated experimentally for the first time, using both Eulerian velocity fields and Lagrangian path lines.
Offshoring the invisible world? American ghosts, witches, and demons in the early enlightenment:

The fierce debate about the reality of spirits and the “Invisible World” which flared up in the 1690’s helped define the early Enlightenment. All sides in this debate—from Spinoza and Balthasar Bek...
Performance Evaluations are Not Legitimacy Judgments: A Caution About Interpreting Public Opinions Toward the U.S. Supreme Court

It is commonplace for the mass media to report that the U.S. Supreme Court is losing the support of the American people. Such reports often rely on citizens’ performance evaluations: judgments of how well the Court is doing its job. Not only is dissatisfaction widespread and seemingly growing, but it also seems to be characterized by partisan and ideological polarization. But, as scholars have long taught, performance evaluations are not the same thing as institutional legitimacy. Indeed, the point and value of legitimacy is that constituents will stand by a legitimate institution even when it is performing poorly — a concept often described as a “reservoir of goodwill.” In this Article, I explicate the conceptual and empirical differences between performance and legitimacy, based on a May 2016 nationally representative survey of the American people. I find, with others, that performance evaluations are grounded to some degree in partisan differences, but to a greater degree in ideological differences. The institutional legitimacy of the Supreme Court, however, does not at all reflect partisan polarization, and to only the slightest degree does it reflect ideological polarization. These data describe public attitudes at only a single point-in-time. As the Court enters into a dramatically more politicized context, only time will tell whether its institutional legitimacy can survive.
Hepatitis B in Heart Transplant Donors and Recipients: A Systematic Review

Purpose Expanding the donor pool to include patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) could help ameliorate the organ shortage in heart transplantation. While the safety of heart transplant from HBV- donors to HBV+ recipients (D-/R+) is well-documented, there are no standard guidelines for heart transplants from HBV+ donors to HBV- recipients (D+/R-). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the management and outcomes of heart transplants for HBV+ donors and recipients. Methods Electronic search was performed to identify all relevant studies published on heart transplants with HBV+ donors or recipients. Number of transplants from HBV+ donors to HBV+ recipients was too limited (n=7). Therefore, comparison was performed between two groups where heart transplants were performed a) D+/R- (n=98) versus b) D-/R+ (n=65). Overall, 15 studies were selected. Demographic and perioperative variables along with outcomes including survival rates were extracted, pooled and compared for systematic review and meta-analysis. Results Mean patient age was 55 years (95% CI: 39 - 78) and 79% (95% CI: 69 - 86) were male, with no significant differences between the two groups. For D+/R- transplants, donor pre-transplant HBcAb and HBsAg seropositivity were 95% (95% CI: 86 - 98%) and 26% (95% CI: 5 - 68%), respectively. In D-/R+ transplants, all recipients were HBcAb+, and 84% (95% CI: 41 - 98%) were HBsAg+ pre-transplant. One D+/R- recipient seroconverted to HBsAg+ after transplant, which required antiviral treatment. Post-transplant HBV flare-up occurred in 33% (95% CI: 9 - 71%) of D-/R+ recipients. Post-transplant antiviral treatment was given to 80% (95% CI: 6 - 100%) of D+/R- recipients compared to 72% (95% CI: 42 - 90%) of D-/R+ recipients (p = 0.84). Hepatitis-related mortality was observed in 7% (95% CI: 2 - 27%) of D-/R+ recipients and zero D+/R- recipients. Survival one-year post-transplant was comparable between both groups at 83% (95% CI: 83 - 92%) and 81% (95% CI: 61 - 92%) for D+/R- and D-/R+ transplants, respectively. Conclusion Heart transplantation from HBV+ donors to HBV- recipients was associated with fewer hepatitis flare-ups and lower hepatitis-related mortality than transplants from HBV- donors to HBV+ recipients, with comparable survival at one year.