cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The eye as an organizer of craniofacial development

Summary: The formation and invagination of the optic stalk coincides with the migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, and a growing body of data reveals that the optic stalk and CNC cells communicate to lay the foundations for periocular and craniofacial development. Following migration, the interaction between the developing eye and surrounding periocular mesenchyme (POM) continues, leading to induction of transcriptional regulatory cascades that regulate craniofacial morphogenesis. Studies in chick, mice, and zebrafish have revealed a remarkable level of genetic and mechanistic conservation, affirming the power of each animal model to shed light on the broader morphogenic process. This review will focus on the role of the developing eye in orchestrating craniofacial morphogenesis, utilizing morphogenic gradients, paracrine signaling, and transcriptional regulatory cascades to establish an evolutionarily-conserved facial architecture. We propose that in addition to the forebrain, the eye functions during early craniofacial morphogenesis as a key organizer of facial development, independent of its role in vision. genesis 49:222–230, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chronic fluoxetine reduces serotonin transporter mRNA and 5-HT1B mRNA in a sequential manner in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus.

In major depression in humans and in animal models of depression, there is a defect in serotonergic neurotransmission that can be relieved by chronic antidepressant treatment. One possibility is that this pathologic state is caused by excessive presynaptic autoreceptor activity in serotonergic neurons, and that antidepressants down-regulate the number of these inhibitory receptors, allowing more normal serotonin release to occur. To evaluate this hypothesis, we measured the effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine on neuronal levels of 5-HT 1B receptor mRNA, the putative serotonin terminal autoreceptor in rat brain, and on serotonin transporter mRNA, the direct site of fluoxetine binding. fluoxetine reduced serotonin transporter mRNA briefly, but this was not sustained after 21 days of treatment. However, fluoxetine reduced dorsal raphe 5-HT 1B mRNA levels in a time-dependent and washout-reversible manner. This reduction in 5-HT 1B mRNA was specific to dorsal raphe nucleus and was not found in several postsynaptic (nonserotonergic) regions. These results suggest that chronic fluoxetine may increase serotonin release from axonal terminals by down-regulating the messenger RNA coding for presynaptic 5-HT 1B autoreceptors while causing only transient effects on serotonin transporter mRNA.
FLIM-FRET Measurements of Voltage Dependent Conformational Changes in the Outer Hair Cell Motor Protein Prestin

Cochlear sensory cells, outer hairs cells (OHCs), elongate and contract in response to changes in transmembrane potential. This electromotility is important for auditory frequency selectivity and sensitivity and is believed to be driven by a motor protein, prestin, which is highly expressed within the membrane of OHCs. Experiments have shown that prestin undergoes self-association leading to the observation that oligomerization might be important for proper function. We have previously utilized acceptor photobleach fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to study pretin-prestin interactions in living cells. However, traditional FRET, based upon detection of fluorescence intensity, is inherently subjected to artifacts that arise from variations in excitation intensity, photobleaching, and fluorophore concentration. We have recently implemented fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to perform robust FLIM-FRET measurements in HEK cells cotransfected with prestin-TFP and prestin-YFP. FRET efficiency was calculated by fitting the lifetime decay of prestin-TFP in cells clamped at various holding potentials. High FRET efficiencies were measured at hyperpolarized potentials, and low FRET efficiencies were measured at depolarized. The results indicated that changes in the transmembrane potential induce a conformational change in prestin that can be detected by FLIM-FRET. Thus, FLIM-FRET can provide a sensitive assay for the mechanical correlate of prestin function.
Immobile Sections and Trans-Series Movement: Astroboy and the Emergence of Anime

This article contrasts the different economies of motion found in cinema and animation, and explores the particular economy of movement and libidinal investment that accompanies Japanese anime, paying close attention to the first anime TV series, Astroboy (Tetsuwan Atomu). Metz and Lyotard argue that cinema generates an impression of reality through its particular economy of motion. Cel animation, in contrast, relies on a different economy of motion. This is especially the case in the specific kind of limited animation found in Japanese anime. This article focuses on the specificities of this kind of animated movement (particularly its emphasis on stillness), and the way Astroboy relied on commodity serialization to generate a particularly immersive image environment - one that set the stage for what is now known as ‘anime’.
Assessing the burden of HPV-related cancers in Appalachia

Appalachia is a geographic region with existing cancer disparities, yet little is known about its burden of HPV-related cancers outside of cervical cancer. We assessed the burden of HPV-related cancers in three Appalachian states and made comparisons to non-Appalachian regions. We examined 1996–2008 cancer registry data for Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 9 program. For each gender, we calculated age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 population for each HPV-related cancer type (cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal and oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers) and all HPV-related cancers combined. Incidence rates among females for all HPV-related cancers combined were higher in Appalachian Kentucky [24.6 (95% CI: 23.5–25.7)], West Virginia [22.8 (95% CI: 22.0–23.6)] and Appalachian Ohio [21.9 (95% CI: 21.0–22.8)] than SEER 9 [18.8 (95% CI: 18.6–19.0)]. Similar disparities were found among females when examining cervical and vulvar cancers separately. Among males, Appalachian [21.3 (95% CI: 20.2–22.4)] and non-Appalachian [21.9 (95% CI: 21.2–22.7)] Kentucky had higher incidence rates for all HPV-related cancers combined than SEER 9 [18.3 (95% CI: 18.1–18.6)]. The incidence rate of all HPV-related cancers combined was higher among males from Appalachian Ohio compared with those from non-Appalachian Ohio [17.6 (95% CI: 16.8–18.5) vs. 16.3 (95% CI: 16.0–16.6)]. Our study suggests that HPV-related cancer disparities exist in Appalachia beyond the known high cervical cancer incidence rates. These results have important public health implications by beginning to demonstrate the potential impact that widespread HPV vaccination could have in Appalachia.
A 2,300-year-long annually resolved record of the South American summer monsoon from the Peruvian Andes

Decadal and centennial mean state changes in South American summer monsoon (SASM) precipitation during the last 2,300 years are detailed using an annually resolved authigenic calcite record of precipitation δ18O from a varved lake in the Central Peruvian Andes. This unique sediment record shows that δ18O peaked during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) from A.D. 900 to 1100, providing evidence that the SASM weakened considerably during this period. Minimum δ18O values occurred during the Little Ice Age (LIA) between A.D. 1400 and 1820, reflecting a prolonged intensification of the SASM that was regionally synchronous. After the LIA, δ18O increased rapidly, particularly during the current warm period (CWP; A.D. 1900 to present), indicating a return to reduced SASM precipitation that was more abrupt and sustained than the onset of the MCA. Diminished SASM precipitation during the MCA and CWP tracks reconstructed Northern Hemisphere and North Atlantic warming and a northward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over the Atlantic, and likely the Pacific. Intensified SASM precipitation during the LIA follows reconstructed Northern Hemisphere and North Atlantic cooling, El Nino-like warming in the Pacific, and a southward displacement of the ITCZ over both oceans. These results suggest that SASM mean state changes are sensitive to ITCZ variability as mediated by Western Hemisphere tropical sea surface temperatures, particularly in the Atlantic. Continued Northern Hemisphere and North Atlantic warming may therefore help perpetuate the recent reductions in SASM precipitation that characterize the last 100 years, which would negatively impact Andean water resources.
The impact of magnetic resonance on the diagnostic evaluation of acute cervicothoracic spinal trauma

From 1984 to 1987 magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on 100 patients suffering acute spinal trauma. MR demonstrated one or more injuries to the cervicothoracic region in 31 patients. It displayed a spectrum of spinal cord injury ranging from mild compression and swelling to complete transection. MR was also useful in evaluating alignment at the cervicothoracic junction, in depicting ligamentous injury, in establishing the presence of disc herniation, and in identifying unsuspected levels of injury. We present a diagnostic algorithm that incorporates the role of MR in evaluating acute cervicothoracic spinal trauma and emphasizes the replacement of myelography by MR in the initial assessment of neurologic deficit.
Antioxidant function of cytosolic sources of NADPH in yeast.

Abstract The relative antioxidant functions of thiol-dependent mechanisms and of direct catalytic inactivation of H2O2 were examined using a collection of yeast mutants containing disruptions in single or multiple genes encoding two major enzymatic sources of NADPH [glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (ZWF1) and cytosolic NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDP2)] and in genes encoding two major cellular peroxidases [mitochondrial cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP1) and cytosolic catalase (CTT1)]. Both types of mechanisms were found to be important for growth in the presence of exogenous H2O2. In the absence of exogenous oxidants, however, loss of ZWF1 and IDP2, but not loss of CTT1 and CCP1, was found to be detrimental not only to growth but also to viability of cells shifted to rich medium containing oleate or acetate. The loss in viability correlates with increased levels of intracellular oxidants apparently produced during normal metabolism of these carbon sources. Acute effects in ΔZWF1ΔIDP2 mutants following shifts to these nonpermissive media include an increase in the number of cells demonstrating a transient decrease in growth rate and in cells containing apparent nuclear DNA strand breaks. Cumulative effects are reflected in phenotypes, including sensitivity to acetate medium and a reduction in mating efficiency, that become more pronounced with time following disruption of the ZWF1 and IDP2 genes. These results suggest that cellular mechanisms dependent on NADPH are crucial metabolic antioxidants.
Arumuga Navalar, Saivite sermons, and the delimitation of religion, c. 1850

This article considers the production of the Tamil sermon in Christian and Saivite practices in mid-nineteenth-century Ceylon, and the fateful entailments of oratory to far larger realms of practic...
Fluorescent human lung macrophages analyzed by spectral confocal laser scanning microscopy and multispectral cytometry.

Numerous highly fluorescent macrophages (MΦ), designated “smoker cells,” exist in the lungs of smokers and subjects who have quit smoking within 5 years. The brightly fluorescent MΦ, however, are not present in the lungs of never smokers. Some investigators have speculated that the intense fluorescence of the MΦ is due to smoke-induced changes in the autofluorescence of naturally occurring (i.e., endogenous) compounds (e.g., NADP). In contrast, other researchers have theorized that the fluorescence is due to the uptake of tobacco smoke particulates (i.e., “tar”). Studies reported herein were undertaken to test the hypothesis that the origin of the MΦ fluorescence could be profiled with the novel technologies afforded by spectral confocal laser scanning microscopy (sCLSM) and multispectral cytometry (MSC). To this end, spectral emissions were obtained by sCLSM of optical sections of live MΦ isolated from fresh surgically excised human lung tissue and in air-dried lung tissue imprints. Confirmation of spectral profiles of these single cell observations was obtained in population studies with the use of high-throughput MSC in which multispectral analyses were performed with three different lasers. Proof of concept experiments demonstrated that relatively nonfluorescent MΦ from the lungs of nonsmokers became fluorescent upon short-term ex vivo exposure to tobacco smoke tar. Summarily, the studies reported herein document that the fluorescence of human lung MΦ is due to tobacco tar. Microsc. Res. Tech. 67:79–89, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Panting in dogs: paths of air flow in response to heat and exercise.

Panting is the major avenue of evaporative cooling in dogs exposed to heat and/or exercise. We found modulation of evaporation was achieved by varying the paths of airflow during inhalation and exhalation. The direction of airflow through the nose and mouth was determined by measuring pressure changes and temperature at the openings of one nostril and the mouth in three dogs (av. weight 22 kg). Rates of oxygen consumption and respiratory evaporation were measured simultaneously. Three patterns of panting were observed as the demand for respiratory evaporation increased: (I), inhalation and exhalation through nose; (II), inhalation through nose, exhalation through nose and mouth; and (III), inhalation through nose and mouth, exhalation through nose and mouth. Pattern I was observed in resting dogs when ambient temperature was below 26 degrees C and when animals ran at slow speeds in the cold (e.g. 0.8 m . s(-1) at 10 degrees C). Patterns II and III were observed when dogs rested quietly at ambient temperatures above 30 degrees C and during exercise except when dogs ran slowly at very low temperatures. Patterns II and III rarely occurred independently for long periods of time. Instead, there was normally a continual oscillation between the two. The proportion of the time that the dog used Pattern III instead of Pattern II increased as temperature and/or speed were increased; but the correlation between rate of respiratory evaporation and the percentage of time Pattern III was utilized was weak (r2=0.63).
Quaternary Paleotemperatures and the Duration of the High-Temperature Intervals

Oxygen isotopic analysis of Caribbean cores P6304-4 and P6304-7, and the close correlation of these cores with other Caribbean and Atlantic cores previously analyzed, make possible the reconstruction of a paleotemperature curve of considerable detail. This curve demonstrates again the unusualness of the present interval of high temperature within the framework of Quaternary climatic evolution, and the need for a close study of man's impact on climate.
Bidding models of housing markets

Abstract The bid rent model, which is the standard bidding model of housing markets, fails to take account of three important characteristics of the bidding process that operates in these markets: the prices of houses are established through sequential bidding, so that sellers do not necessarily accept the highest bids that might be made for their houses; ignorance of the market may lead potential buyers to make bids that are either higher or lower than the ones they would make if they had complete information; and the distribution of bids for a house is truncated at the seller's asking price. This paper describes a bidding model that incorporates these characteristics of housing markets. The new model and the standard model are estimated econometrically and tested against one another using data from the Baltimore, Maryland, area. The test results indicate strong rejection of the standard model. It is concluded that the new model provides a better description of the operation of housing markets than does the standard model.
Cytotoxic immune response to a xenogeneic bioartificial liver

Prior studies have suggested the possibility of immune-mediated death of xenogeneic hepatocytes in a bioartificial liver (BAL) during hemoperfusion. This study was designed to elucidate how immunity may cause death of xenogeneic hepatocytes in the BAL. Healthy dogs were treated with a BAL containing hollow fiber membranes with large pores (200 nm) or small pores (400 kDa). The immune response of recipient dogs to BAL therapy was monitored over 3 h of treatment. We observed significantly greater loss of viability of hepatocytes in the 200 nm group compared with the 400 kDa group (p < 0.001). Low viability after treatment with the large pore membrane was associated with positive staining for dog IgG, dog IgM, and dog complement on dead hepatocytes. Significant levels of dog antibody were detected in samples of BAL medium from the 200 nm group. These canine antibodies were cytotoxic to porcine hepatocytes. In contrast, medium from the 400 kDa group contained only trace levels of dog IgG and were noncytotoxic. We conclude that antibody-mediated cytotoxicity contributed to the death of hepatocytes during treatment with a xenogeneic BAL. Immune-mediated death of hepatocytes was reduced by increasing selectivity of the BAL membrane.
Integrated Avionics: Watershed in Systems Development

For aeronautical weapon systems now entering development, avionics will equal or surpass airframe, propulsion, and weapons in establishing system effectiveness, both in terms of mission accomplishment and in terms of reliability, availability, supportability, and life cycle cost. Emerging technologies created the opportunity to satisfy demanding operational needs and to provide the means to upgrade systems against an evolving threat. This requires, however, basic changes in the skills, design methods, and constraints applied to avionics development. This paper highlights trends in avionics technology and systems and suggests some of the new ground rules which must be imposed to realize their full potential. Avionics considerations must be a central element of system development from the very outset, and the process of conceptual planning and program estimation must take the new realities of avionics into account.
Analysis of Viewer EEG Data to Determine Categorization of Short Video Clip

This paper discusses some very early research results for a Machine Learning System using Brain-Machine Interface data to categorize whether a viewer likes a short video. Prior art teaches that Machine Learning can be used to categorize alertness of volunteers using Brain-Machine Interface Electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Also, published research has described how EEG data can be correlated to the ability of participants to remember television commercials. This paper advances this research one step further. The paper examines whether or not Machine Learning can tell whether or not a participant likes a short YouTube video using only EEG data. The research is in the preliminary stage (two subjects thus far), but early results are promising. Also discussed in the paper is information regarding commercialization of the invention which is of interest to many universities. A provisional patent application was filed and a critique was gathered from executives from a famous advertising agency regarding commercialization of the invention for Neuromarketing. These executives provided valuable detailed feedback regarding pros and cons of different commercialization possibilities. Presented in the paper are the results of these discussions including specific areas where the research would and would not likely yield a successful commercial product.
Use of two grading systems in determining risks associated with timing of fracture fixation.

Background The early appropriate care (EAC) protocol and clinical grading system (CGS) propose criteria that suggest timing of definitive fracture fixation by assessing risk for complications. This study applies these criteria to a cohort of patients with orthopedic injuries and determines clinical outcomes for groups stratified by risk and timing of fracture fixation. Methods This retrospective work was performed at a Level I trauma center. Patients with operative femur, pelvis, acetabulum, and/or thoracolumbar spine injuries were included. Fractures were treated surgically, either early or delayed. Patients were retrospectively categorized into low- or high-risk groups using the EAC protocol and described as stable, borderline, unstable, or in extremis using a modified CGS (mCGS). Results In the EAC analysis, low-risk patients treated early had fewer complications compared with delayed treatment. Among high-risk patients, no significant difference was noted. With the use of the mCGS, stable patients treated early had fewer complications compared with delayed patients. No difference in complications was detected for unstable and in extremis patients. Borderline patients treated early had fewer complications compared with delayed treatment, although results were not supported by sensitivity analysis. Conclusion The EAC protocol can effectively distinguish patients who are at high risk for complications if treated early. Early treatment in the low-risk group was associated with fewer complications. The mCGS differentiates stable patients who benefit from early definitive treatment of fractures as well as severely injured patients (unstable or in extremis) who may benefit from damage-control orthopedics. Borderline patients may also benefit from early definitive treatment, but criteria defining borderline patients require further study. Level of evidence Prognostic study, level III.
On the enumeration of distinct fuzzy switching functions

Abstract This paper entails the development of bound equations on the number of minimized fuzzy switching functions. A triangular matrix representing the transitivity between fundamental fuzzy phrases is discussed and applied in the enumeration process. Improved upper and lower bounds have been developed by use of the transitivity matrix. In addition, an algorithm is described to calculate the number of distinct fuzzy switching functions for any number of variables.
Numerical solution for a heat conduction problem

Abstract Irregular geometry and complex boundary conditions make the conduction problem difficult to solve in numerical scope. This paper shows how to solve the problem in differential numerical method by an example. The numerical procedure involves grid generation, energy equation transformation from physical domain to numerical domain and radiation and natural convection boundary treatment.
A system for predicting energy and protein requirements of wild ruminants

Wild ruminants require energy and protein for the normal function. I developed a system for predicting these energy and protein requirements across ruminant species and life stages. This system defines requirements on the basis of net energy (NE), net protein (NP), and ruminally degraded protein (RDP). Total NE and NP requirements are calculated as the sum of NE and NP required for several functions (maintenance, activity, thermoregulation, gain, lactation, and gestation). To estimate the requirements for each function, I collected data predominantly for wild species and then formulated allometric and other equations that predict requirements across species. I estimated RDP requirements using an equation for cattle. I then related NE, NP, and RDP to quantities more practical for diet formulation (e.g. dry matter intake). I tabulated requirements over a range of body mass and life stages (neonate, juvenile, nonproductive adult, lactating adult, and gestating adult). Tabulated requirements suggest that adults at peak lactation require greatest quantities of energy and neonates generally require greatest quantities of protein, agreeing with suggestions that lactation is energetically expensive and protein is most limiting during growth. Equations used in this system were precise (allometric equations had R(2) generally ≥0.89 and coefficient of variation <31.1%) and expected to reliably predict requirements across species. Results showed that a system for beef cattle would overestimate NE and either over- or underestimate NP for gain when applied to wild ruminants, showing that systems for wild ruminants should not extrapolate from requirements for domestic ruminants. One prominent system for wild ruminants predicted at times vastly different protein requirements from those predicted by the proposed system. The proposed system should be further evaluated and expanded to include other nutrients.
Niche shifts in Greater Antillean Anolis communities: effects of niche metric and biological resolution on null model tests.

Using published data, a Monte Carlo approach was used to determine if niche shifts in communities of Anolis lizards have occurred within two islands in the Greater Antilles. Communities at 4 sites on Puerto Rico and 4 sites on Jamaica were randomly assembled using resource-use data from any of the 4 sites with the constraint that the species list of the random community was identical to that observed for each site. The observed niche structure and that of the randomly assembled community were compared at each site. The null hypothesis tested was that one of several functions of niche overlap did not produce lower values in the observed communities compared to those randomly assembled. The sensitivity of this method to details of the analysis was investigated by using 5 variations on the procedure for quantifying the niche structure of the communities. I investigated the effects of (1) using Pianka's versus Levins' metric of niche overlap, (2) using complete resource-use data versus the marginals of the distributions, (3) asymmetric responses to overlap due to size differences between overlapping species, (4) using estimated electivities versus the observed proportional use of resource states, and (5) methods of niche analysis based on different degrees of biological resolution (e.g., community-wide statistics versus individual species responses). The results of the simulations and statistical comparisons did not provide a clear, unambiguous answer to the question of the occurrence of niche shifts. Statistical evidence for niche shifts was more frequently detected using Levins' metric compared to Pianka's, and shifts were easier to detect using high biological resolution (examination of individual species) compared to community-wide measures of niche structure response.
Evidence for the hyporheic zone as a microhabitat of Krenosmittia spp. Larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Abstract No detailed accounts of the microhabitat of Krenosmittia larvae are available for North American species, although in Europe two species are known to be common in springs and moss filled seep areas. Recent speculation that larvae of the North American species occur in similar hygropetric or riparian microhabitats is contrasted with published and unpublished data that suggest the hyporheic zone of streams as an alternate hypothesis for the microhabitat of these larvae.
Ingestion of Latex Particles by Chicken Fibroblasts in Tissue Culture.

SummaryIngestion of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles measuring 0.264 μU in diameter has been demonstrated in chicken fibroblasts in vitro. PSL was added to cultures of chicken fibroblasts grown on carbon-collodion coated steel grids and these mounts removed at intervals of I/2 to 24 hours. The fixed and metal shadowed whole cell preparations revealed PSL in various stages of entry into these cells. PSL was found in invaginations of the cell wall and in vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Sections of cultured fibroblasts inoculated with PSL revealed PSL particles in cell vacuoles. The rate of particle uptake, however, was too low to be measured by the method used.The author wishes to thank Doctors M. J. Moses and G. A. Meek for their interest in this work and their helpful suggestions.
Estimation of Optimum Size of Plant by the Survivor Technique

I. The nature of optimum size, 569. — II. Problems in estimating optimum size, 570. — III. Previous techniques for the estimation of optimum size, 572. — IV. The survivor technique, 572. — V. Applying the technique, 574. — VI. An investigation of the relationship between optimum plant size and various economic variables, 582. — VII. Summary and conclusions, 596. — Appendix I. Optimum size in 89 American manufacturing industries, 598. — Appendix II. Four possible movements in the distribution of plants, 603. — Appendix III. Measurement of the independent variables, 605.
Apple Impact Bruise Prediction Models

ABSTRACT BRUISE damage usually results when an apple impacts either a hard surface or another fruit, and is a major cause of quality loss for fresh market apples. Research is underway to develop an instrumented sphere that can sense and record such impacts. Equations that use the recorded impact data to predict the size of bruise likely to be created on an apple were investigated. These predictions were compared to actual bruises on *Tda Red'' apples subjected to impact tests. A multiple linear regression model provided good predictions of bruise diameter.
Linking northern fur seal behavior with prey distributions: the impact of temporal mismatch between predator studies and prey surveys

An essential part of foraging ecology research is identifying how the distribution and abundance of prey influence predator behavior. However, in marine systems, temporal or spatial mismatches often exist between prey surveys and predator tracking periods, especially for species with large foraging ranges. Using northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) as a model, we investigated how conclusions about predator–prey relationships change with increasing temporal disparity between predator tracking periods and prey surveys. To measure foraging behavior, northern fur seals (n = 20) from St. Paul Island (Alaska, USA) were equipped with satellite tracking transmitters and time-depth recorders from July to October 2006. Fur seal dive and movement metrics were examined in relation to the relative abundance of the fur seals’ primary prey, walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), reported from the annual eastern Bering Sea groundfish survey. Relationships between foraging behavior metrics and prey abundance were examined within the Bering shelf survey grid cells at three timescales: within 2 weeks of the prey survey, within 1 month, and over the northern fur seal reproductive season (>4 months). We found significant relationships between northern fur seal behavior and prey abundance, even with the limited sample size at the shortest temporal resolution (2 weeks). Changes in dive behavior that were associated with areas of abundant pollock (for example, increased vertical distance traveled and longer periods of diving) were consistent with previously reported metrics of pinniped foraging success. When behavioral metrics, such as vertical distance traveled and time spent diving, remained significantly related to prey abundance at multiple temporal scales, the relationship strength was reduced as temporal mismatch increased. Our results suggest that relationships between behavioral metrics and prey abundance vary as temporal mismatch increases between prey surveys and predator tracking periods. For northern fur seals, pollock surveys conducted early in the reproductive season may still provide information useful to examine predator–prey relationships as the reproductive season progresses, albeit with diminished predictive power. Understanding predator–prey relationships, including the impact of varying temporal scales, is particularly valuable for guiding research and conservation strategies for northern fur seals as the population continues to decline.
Rapid Access to Polyprenylated Phloroglucinols via Alkylative Dearomatization−Annulation: Total Synthesis of (±)-Clusianone1

A concise approach to the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane framework of the polyprenylated phloroglucinol natural products utilizing a tandem alkylative dearomatization−annulation sequence is described. Syntheses of (±)-clusianone and a complex adamantane framework have been achieved using the developed methodology.
Advances in multicomputers

Abstract A multicomputer is a distributed memory parallel computing system made of multiple homogeneous or heterogeneous processors. Parallel machines of this kind are highly flexible in their configurations and usages, and are expected to be the mainstream high-performance computing environment of the 1990s. Carnegie Mellon University, with its competitively selected industrial partners, has two research projects in this area. The iWarp ™ project has developed a single-chip building block processor for homogeneous multicomputers. Consisting of approximately 650,000 transistors, the iWarp processor is one of the first high-performance microprocessors specially designed for parallel processing. The Nectar project has developed a high-speed network backplane for heterogeneous multicomputers. The Nectar network is made of fiber-optic links, large crossbar switches, and dedicated network coprocessors. A 26-host Nectar prototype using 100 megabit per second links is supporting research in distributed computing. The next generation Nectar, using 1 gigabit per second or higher speed fiber links, is under development. These two efforts exemplify recent advances in multicomputers. Homogeneous multicomputers can now take advantage of highly integrated processors such as iWarp that have been specially designed to support the fast and flexible interprocessor communication needed in parallel processing. Heterogeneous multicomputers, capable of simultaneously providing different types of computing resources to meet application needs, can now be based on a general high-speed network backplane such as Nectar.
Hospitals with and without percutaneous coronary intervention capability: considerations for treating acute coronary syndromes

The crucial aim in the emergency management of patients presenting with chest pain is the identification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and the initiation of appropriate treatment. Institution-specific triage to initial medical or interventional therapies is influenced by the availability of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) facilities. Although the use of invasive strategies has increased, most US hospitals do not have PCI facilities. Pharmacological management is an integral part of all treatment strategies, regardless of the availability of interventional capability. Given the growing importance of invasive management strategies, a therapy that is compatible with both medical and invasive therapy options is becoming increasingly important. Aspirin and clopidogrel are recommended for patients with ACS regardless of the conservative or invasive management strategy. With enoxaparin, patients with ACS can seamlessly transition from the medical management phase to the interventional management phase without the need for introducing a second anticoagulant in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Fondaparinux can be used for patients with ACS treated medically, but should not be used alone during PCI because of the risk of catheter thrombosis. Bivalirudin can be used in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients who are managed invasively.
Relaxation of potassium-depolarized canine, bovine and porcine large coronary arteries by nitroglycerin, chromonar and two dihydropyridine calcium antagonists.

Abstract 1. 1. Two dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, nifedipine and FR 7534, produced a slow complete relaxation of potassium depolarized (40 mM) large coronary arteries obtained from dogs, cows and pigs. These effects were only partially reversed by increasing calcium concentration in the bathing media. 2. 2. Nitroglycerin produced a rapid, incomplete relaxation of the coronary strips which was not reversed by increasing calcium concentration in the bath. 3. 3. Chromonar, a specific coronary vasodilator without calcium antagonist properties, produced minimal relaxation of the contracted coronary strips. 4. 4. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the calcium antagonists and nitrates, to relax constricted large coronary arteries in three species of animals.
Psammic Procyclopina (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) from the coast of Brazil

Procyclopina polyarthra Herbst is redescribed and three new species, P. maricopeba, P. feiticeira and P. uguaipuku, are described from intertidal interstitial waters. Procyclopina is distinguished within the family by the enditic setation of the maxilliped 0,1,3,4, the 19-segmented antennule, and three elements in the leg 5 exopod of the female. Procyclopina has its distribution restricted to the coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Procyclopina maricopeba sp. n. is distinguished from P. polyarthra by the three-segmented leg 5 in the male and by the length: width ratio of the genital double somite in the female. Procyclopina feiticeira sp. n. is unique in the genus by lacking the inner seta on legs 14 exp-I, and by the incomplete fusion of genital (seventh thoracic) and first abdominal somites in the female. Procyclopina uguaipuku sp. n. is characterized by the antennulary armature, by the caudal ramus (much longer than wide), and by the position of the proximal seta of the leg 4 enp-2 which is set on a protuberance on the posterior face. Morphological characters of Procyclopina are compared with those of other cyclopinids.
The effect of soil Ca level in four soil pH‐Mg combinations on the Ca and Mg level in sweet corn (Zea mays L.)

Abstract The effect of soil Ca additions on the Mg and Ca level of corn (Zea mays L.) growing at pH‐Mg combinations of 5.0–230 mg Mg/pot, 4. 9–650 mg Mg/pot, 6. 8–230 mg Mg/pot and 6.3–2,080 mg Mg/pot was studied in greenhouse pot culture for a growth period of 74 days in Tifton loamy sand. Each pot contained 11.35 Kg soil, calcium additions were applied to the pots at the rate of 0, 1.49, 2.94, 5.88 and 8.82 g Ca/pot (11.35 Kg soil). Increasing soil Ca level increased root and shoot Ca at all pH‐Mg combinations. The greatest increase occurred in high pH (6.3, 6.8) soils. Tissue Mg was generally not influenced by soil Ca level except for depressed levels at the high pH‐high Mg combination. The most efficient absorption of Mg occurred when soil Mg increased within a constant pH level. Increased soil Ca increased plant height and dry weight but not the time required to reach maturity. The most pronounced growth response to increased Ca level in the soil was increased root dry weight.
Semiautomatic disabbreviation of technical text

Abstract Abbreviations adversely affect information retrieval and text comprehensibility. We describe a software tool to decipher abbrevations by finding their whole-word equivalents or “disabbreviations”. It uses a large English dictionary and a rule-based system to guess the most-likely candidates, with users having final approval. The rule-based system uses a variety of knowledge to limit its search, including phonetics, known methods of constructing multiword abbrevations, and analogies to previous abbreviations. The tool is especially helpful for retrieval from computer programs, a form of technical text in which abbreviations are notoriously common; disabbreviation of programs can make programs more reusable, improving software engineering. It also helps decipher the often-specialized abbreviations in technical captions. Experimental results confirm that the prototype tool is easy to use, finds many correct disabbreviations, and improves text comprehensibility.
The when and where of BDNF and the antidepressant response.

u. he neurotrophic hypothesis of depression states that decreased levels of neurotrophic factors, most notably brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), contribute to the ippocampal atrophy seen in depressed patients and that antiepressant treatments achieve their therapeutic effects through ncreased expression of neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus 1). This hypothesis, supported by work in rodents a umans (1), led to a series of studies using genetically m ated mice. Because knockout (KO) mice lacking either BDNF or ts receptor TrkB do not survive past early postnatal periods, ost studies have used heterozygous knockout mice or mice ith impaired BDNF/TrkB signaling (2– 4). Results from tudies indicate that impairment of BDNF/TrkB signaling does ot lead to depressionor anxiety-like behavior but rather a lunted behavioral response to antidepressants (2– 4). There hese studies suggest that BDNF/TrkB signaling plays a pivotal ole in the action of antidepressants, rather than in the developent and expression of depression per se. Previous studies using conditional KO mice with floxed BDNF lleles only allowed for limited spatial and temporal regulation of DNF deletion because of the limited number of available ransgenic Cre lines. The development of viral-mediated gene ransfer with a high infection rate (adeno-associated virus system AAV]) has allowed for more precise temporal and spatial reguation of gene expression. In the case of BDNF, Berton et al. (5) chieved such precision through localized expression of Cre ecombinase in floxed BDNF mice using the AAV system. This is critical technical advancement over conventional knockout trategies, especially because it revealed that BDNF deletions in ifferent brain regions result in opposite effects: total forebrain eletion (including the hippocampus) of BDNF blocked the ehavioral response to antidepressants (3), whereas local kn own of BDNF in the brain reward pathway (ventral tegmental rea) ameliorated the adverse effects of social defeat (5,6). ssue of Biological Psychiatry (pages 642–649), Adachi and olleagues further dissected the role of BDNF in depressionelated behavior and the responses to antidepressants in wo subregions of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and A1, using the viral-mediated localized BDNF knockdown stratgy (7). The authors injected AAV-Cre (KO) or AAV-GFP (control) irus bilaterally into the dentate gyrus (DG) or CA1 of the ippocampus to selectively knockdown BDNF expression. They erified deletion of BDNF using double fluorescent in situ ybridization (FISH) and quantitative reverse transcriptase polyerase chain reaction for BDNF and Cre, respectively. In their
RUSSELL ON CLASS THEORY

What is to be gained by not considering a relation as a class of couples? Bertrand Russell asserts that, with the introduction of the distinction of referent and relatum, a couple becomes essentially distinct from a class of two terms.x Hitherto this distinction has been avoided because of the conundrum which arises with its introduction: we gain primitive pro positions which assert that couples have unique relations - i.e., relations which hold only for the particular couple and for no other in the same instance in the same way. This doctrine of unique relations leads Russell to favor an intensional approach to relations, identifying them with class-concepts rather than classes (98). Thus intensionally we distinguish relations - the general pro positional function aRb of referent a and relatum b or "a has a relation R to b" - from the actual terms, a and b, which constitute our extensional analysis. This bipolar analysis - intension in a meta-relation to extension
Perceptions of Adult Protective Services Workers of the Support Provided by Criminal Justice Professionals in a Case of Elder Abuse

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes results of a 1997 survey of adult protective services workers in 43 states. The survey yielded ratings of police and victim assistants in detecting and treating elder abuse and estimates of the likelihood that criminal justice professionals would provide ten forms of assistance in a case of elder abuse. Respondents also reported the most helpful services supplied by criminal justice professionals, the services that were most difficult to obtain, and overall ratings of criminal justice professionals in cases of elder abuse. Findings provide insights about relationships between adult protective services workers and criminal justice professionals.
Congestion Control for Multicast Flows With Network Coding

Recent advances in network coding have shown great potential for efficient information multicasting in communication networks, in terms of both network throughput and network management. In this paper, the problem of flow control at end-systems for network-coding-based multicast flows is addressed. Optimization-based models are formulated for network resource allocation, based on which two sets of decentralized controllers at sources and links/nodes for congestion control are developed for wired networks with given coding subgraphs and without given coding subgraphs, respectively. With random network coding, both sets of controllers can be implemented in a distributed manner, and work at the transport layer to adjust source rates and at network layer to carry out network coding. The convergence of the proposed controllers to the desired equilibrium operating points is proved, and numerical examples are provided to complement the theoretical analysis. The extension to wireless networks is also briefly discussed.
Creating Justice: Hopeful Signs for Difficult Times

Reflecting on his five decades of passionate involvement in justice scholarship, teaching, and community action, a senior scholar offers some observations about the long path from Plato to Rawls, a...
Acoustic source property prediction based on near-field measurements in planar coordinate

Abstract Near-field acoustical holography (NAH) can be used to predict the acoustical properties of noise sources by starting from measurements of near-field pressures. In particular, the sound pressure, particle velocity, and intensity can all be estimated on a source plane. In the present work, an equation relating acoustical source properties and the pressure radiated from a source is derived from the Kirchoff–Helmholtz integral equation and is here referred to as the inverse Rayleigh method. The inverse Rayleigh method reduces to the Rayleigh integral when the source is located on an infinite rigid baffle. However, the same equation can also be used to predict the acoustic properties of a source in a more general environment: i.e., without assuming the presence of an infinite rigid baffle. In this article, the inverse Rayleigh method is described and then its relative accuracy is compared with other procedures that can be used to predict source particle velocity from near-field pressure measurements on a planar hologram. By comparing the accuracy of the present NAH method with other procedures in the case of a large hologram, it was found that the inverse Rayleigh method is accurate and computationally efficient for predicting the source particle velocity from near-field pressure measurements both with and without a rigid baffle.
Medical Treatment of Later-Stage Motor Problems of Parkinson Disease

Parkinson disease progression is associated with the development of levodopa short-duration responses and dyskinesias, as well as gait freezing. Levodopa dose adjustment and adjunctive treatment with dopamine agonists form the major therapeutic strategies. Catechol 0-methyl-transferase inhibitors are also appropriate considerations, whereas other drugs, including selegiline, amantadine, anticholinergic agents, and propranolol, have a more minor role.