cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The unusual cellulose utilization system of the aerobic soil bacterium Cytophaga hutchinsonii.

Cellulolytic microorganisms play important roles in global carbon cycling and have evolved diverse strategies to digest cellulose. Some are ‘generous,’ releasing soluble sugars from cellulose extracellularly to feed both themselves and their neighbors. The gliding soil bacterium Cytophaga hutchinsonii exhibits a more ‘selfish’ strategy. It digests crystalline cellulose using cell-associated cellulases and releases little soluble sugar outside of the cell. The mechanism of C. hutchinsonii cellulose utilization is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss novel aspects of the C. hutchinsonii cellulolytic system. Recently developed genetic manipulation tools allowed the identification of proteins involved in C. hutchinsonii cellulose utilization. These include periplasmic and cell-surface endoglucanases and novel cellulose-binding proteins. The recently discovered type IX secretion system is needed for cellulose utilization and appears to deliver some of the cellulolytic enzymes and other proteins to the cell surface. The requirement for periplasmic endoglucanases for cellulose utilization is unusual and suggests that cello-oligomers must be imported across the outer membrane before being further digested. Cellobiohydrolases or other predicted processive cellulases that play important roles in many other cellulolytic bacteria appear to be absent in C. hutchinsonii. Cells of C. hutchinsonii attach to and glide along cellulose fibers, which may allow them to find sites most amenable to attack. A model of C. hutchinsonii cellulose utilization summarizing recent progress is proposed.
Tuning a Protein Labeling Reaction to Achieve Highly Site-Selective Lysine Conjugation.

Activated esters are widely used to label proteins at lysine side chains and N termini. These reagents are useful for labeling virtually any protein, but robust reactivity toward primary amines generally precludes site-selective modification. In a unique case, fluorophenyl esters are shown to preferentially label human kappa antibodies at a single lysine (Lys188) within the light-chain constant domain. Neighboring residues His189 and Asp151 contribute to the accelerated rate of labeling at Lys188 relative to the ≈40 other lysine sites. Enriched Lys188 labeling can be enhanced from 50-70 % to >95 % by any of these approaches: lowering reaction temperature, applying flow chemistry, or mutagenesis of specific residues in the surrounding protein environment. Our results demonstrated that activated esters with fluoro-substituted aromatic leaving groups, including a fluoronaphthyl ester, can be generally useful reagents for site-selective lysine labeling of antibodies and other immunoglobulin-type proteins.
The continuum of breast cancer care and outcomes in the U.S. Military Health System: an analysis by benefit type and care source.

This study investigates transition rates between breast cancer diagnosis, recurrence, and death by insurance benefit type and care source in U.S. Military Health System (MHS). The MHS data repository and central cancer registry linked data were used to identify women aged 40–64 with histologically confirmed breast cancer between 2003 and 2007. Three-state continuous time Markov models were used to estimate transition rates and transition rate ratios (TRRs) by TRICARE benefit type (Prime or non-Prime) and care source (direct, purchased, or both), adjusted for demographic, tumor, and treatment variables. Analyses included 2668 women with transitions from diagnosis to recurrence (n = 832), recurrence to death (n = 79), and diagnosis to death without recurrence (n = 91). Compared to women with Prime within each care source, women with non-Prime using both care sources had higher transition rates (TRR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03, 2.10). Compared to those using direct care within each benefit type, women utilizing both care sources with non-Prime had higher transition rates (TRR 1.86, 95% CI 1.11, 3.13), while women with Prime utilizing purchased care had lower transition rates (TRR 0.82, 95% CI 0.68, 0.98). In the MHS, women with non-Prime benefit plans compared to Prime had higher transition rates along the breast cancer continuum among both care source users. Purchased care users had lower transition rates than direct care users among Prime beneficiaries. Benefit plan and care source may be associated with breast cancer progression. Further research is needed to demonstrate differences in survivorship.
Surgical treatments for essential tremor.

Introduction: Essential tremor is the most common form of pathologic tremor. Surgical therapies disrupt tremorogenic oscillation in the cerebellothalamocortical pathway and are capable of abolishin...
Cyto- and geno-toxicity of 1,4-dioxane and its transformation products during ultraviolet-driven advanced oxidation processes

Ultraviolet-driven advanced oxidation processes (UV/AOPs) are integral steps in water reuse treatment trains. The toxicity of trace organic transformation products during a UV/AOP is critical to its implementation. This study examined the cyto- and geno-toxicity of transformation products of 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D), a trace organic contaminant commonly found in secondary wastewater, in extracts using the CellSensor p53RE-bla HCt-116 cell assay, following UV photolysis at 254 nm with three oxidants, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), persulfate (S2O82−) and monochloramine (NH2Cl). 1,4-D was transformed into six major oxidation by-products, including ethylene glycol diformate, formaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, glycolic acid, formic acid, and methoxyacetic acid. Formaldehyde and glycolaldehyde were the most geno- and cyto-toxic, while 1,4-D had weak genotoxicity and no cytotoxicity. The order for cytotoxicity on the basis of EC50 values is as follows: glycolaldehyde > formaldehyde > formic acid > glycolic acid > 1,4-D > ethylene glycol diformate ≈ methoxyacetic acid, with glycolaldehyde and formaldehyde showing high genotoxicity. With the three UV/AOPs, genotoxicity expressed as mitomycin equivalency quotient (MEQ) increased significantly by 10 to 100 fold with a UV dosage of 720 mJ cm−2, mainly due to the formation of glycolaldehyde. UV/S2O82− reduced the MEQ with an increased UV dosage of 1440 mJ cm−2, due to the transformation of toxic aldehydes to less toxic organic acids. In contrast, UV/H2O2 increased the MEQ with UV dosage, resulting from the accumulation of aldehyde products. UV/NH2Cl showed the lowest MEQ due to its slow removal of 1,4-D. This study suggests that oxidants and UV dosage can affect the toxicological responses of treatments for recycled water.
Evidence for Deletions, Duplications and Hybridization among γG Heavy Chain Genes

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates evidence for deletions, duplications, and hybridization among γG heavy chain genes. Several gene complexes in various population groups differ by multiple Gm markers and some of these are related to more than one specific amino acid such as Gm (a) and probably Gm (g) and Gm (n). Such a change in multiple Gm markers related to several amino acid sequences can easily be explained on the basis of single regular crossingover events. During the studies of persons with rare Caucasian Gm gene complexes, some were encountered who lacked both known alleles Gm b and Gm g for the γG3 cistron. The quantity of γG3 globulin in such individuals was close to half the normal amount indicating hemizygosity for the γG3 cistron with lack of both γG3 genes on one gene strand. A suppression was unlikely because this would require a suppressor property closely linked to the Gm system in several generations. A simple deletion would not be likely to cause an absence of exactly one cistron. A more probable explanation is an unequal homologous crossing-over with deletion of the γG3 genes
Scanning Tunneling and Atomic Force Microscope Studies of Thin Sputtered Films of YBa2Cu3O7

Although the fundamental attributes of superconductors (e g., T c , coherence length, penetration depth) are determined by the atomic and electronic structure of the material, many practically important properties, including critical current density and high-frequency conductivity, are dominated by the interaction between these properties and the microstructure. This is particularly true for the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cuprates, because their coherence length, which is the scale over which the Ginzberg-Landau order parameter can vary, may be as short as a few Angstroms in some directions. Thus, perturbations of the structure associated with point defects, dislocations, grain boundaries, twins, etc., can lead to spatial fluctuations in the superconducting properties, with profound implications for magnetic flux entry and motion, intergrain coupling energy, etc. Additionally, these materials have layered structures, which lend an almost two-dimensional character to the superconductivity, and intergranular misorientations are expected to be very significant.
Colonisation of Wood by Soft-Rot Fungi

Colonisation of Pinus radiata D. Don sapwood by soft-rot fungi was examined by sequential light microscopy. The wood was exposed under various conditions of both natural infection and infection by pure culture. Soft-rot was more pronounced in wood exposed in undisturbed, unsterile soils than in unsterile, sieved soil or sterilised soil inoculated with pure cultures of Chaetomium globosum Kunze. When pure cultures of Chaetomium globosum were grown in a synthetic soil (acid-washed sand plus nutrients), soft-rot development in the exposed timber was as good as, if not better than, that in undisturbed, unsterile soil.
The Role of Technology in Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Environmental Degradation

We develop a dynamic, theoretical model that explains how the diffusion of clean technologies has lead to a decrease in the EPA’s criteria pollutants over the past four decades while the U.S. economy has continued to expand over this time. These clean technologies are used in both energy consumption and production to reduce pollution emissions. Technologies enter the model through a theoretical patenting process whereby R&D firms obtain monopoly rights to sell their clean technology innovations to a sector of final output. A benevolent government is assumed to regulate pollution emissions by taxing the sector of final output. Thus, there is an interesting trade-off between private versus public incentives for the final output sector to reduce pollution emissions. Based upon assumptions similar to past works, our simulations show trajectories of economic growth, pollution emission growth, and emission intensities that are remarkably similar to empirical observations in the U.S. Our theoretical model helps explain the driving force behind the historic, inverted-U shaped relationship we observe with the U.S.’s criteria pollutants and the relation to energy consumption.
Identifying and Integrating Parent Priorities for Psychosocial Support Services in a Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Clinic

Engaging parents early in the development of psychosocial support programs in cystic fibrosis (CF) clinics may enable services and care team recommendations to be tailored appropriately. This pilot study identified psychosocial priorities of parents of children with CF related to treatment adherence, parent/child mental health, and CF-related communication. Forty parents of children with CF (2 months to 17 years) completed an anonymous 17-item survey during routine clinic visits that assessed priorities related to psychosocial services. Elements of a quality improvement framework were used to develop the survey and determine recommendations based on findings. Parents reported the most interest in support related to improving adherence to respiratory therapies and helping children complete treatments independently. Other priority areas included services that helped children cope with feelings of isolation or abnormality due to CF and strategies to improve communication with the care team. Additionally, the majority of families indicated that they preferred receiving psychosocial services during routine clinic visits, followed by periodic parent workshops. Based on survey results, the psychosocial team at our center developed a survey/response model (e.g., roundtables, workshops) that may serve useful for other CF care teams as they identify the priorities of parents and adapt to their needs.
Future Directions: Challenges and Solutions Facing Career Readiness and Development in STEM Fields:

The ProblemThis issue has highlighted some of the challenges in recruiting, preparing, and retaining individuals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Specifically, t...
Alkali-Metal-Intercalated Aromatic Hydrocarbon Conductors

The structural organization and the determination of an intercalant nature are necessary to understand the band structure and electronic activities of alkali-metal-intercalated aromatic molecular crystals. Here we report the effect of conjugation extension and potassium intercalation on the conductivity of polyphenyls (biphenyl, p-terphenyl, and p-quaterphenyl); metallic conductivity is observed for potassium-intercalated p-quaterphenyl. The conductivity increases with an increase in the length of the paraphenylene repeating units, while mechanistic studies uncover the nature of intercalation between alkali-metal and paraphenylene repeating units through electron and Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The charge-transfer structures are described on the basis of the characteristics of the radical formation and polaron–bipolaron transitions, while the partial chemical bonds between potassium and the paraphenylene chains result from the hybridization between the s orbitals of potassium and the p orbita...
Listening as life: sounding fetal personhood in South Africa

ABSTRACTIn many parts of Africa, antenatal care is primarily an auditory affair. Midwives evaluate the health of the fetus in utero by listening into the womb with an ear carefully attuned to the s...
Expression of oxytocin receptors in the zebra finch brain during vocal development

Abstract Juvenile male zebra finches memorize and learn to sing the song of a male caregiver, or “tutor”, during a complex vocal learning process. Juveniles are highly motivated to interact socially with their tutor, and these interactions are required for effective vocal learning. It is currently unknown what neurological mechanisms underlie attraction to tutors, but social motivation and affiliation in this and other species may be mediated by oxytocin and related nonapeptides. Here, we used qPCR to quantify expression of oxytocin receptor (OTR) mRNA in the lateral septum, auditory forebrain, and regions of the song control system in zebra finches throughout post-hatch development and vocal learning. We found that zebra finches express OTR mRNA in these regions from post-hatch day 5 to adulthood, encompassing the entire period of auditory and sensorimotor learning. We also mapped the binding of 125I-ornithine vasotocin, an oxytocin receptor antagonist that binds to oxytocin receptors in songbird brain, to understand the neuroanatomical distribution of oxytocin-like action during vocal development. This study provides the groundwork for the use of zebra finches as a model for understanding the mechanisms underlying social motivation and its role in vocal development.
Contribution of Ictal Source Imaging for Localizing Seizure Onset Zone in Patients With Focal Epilepsy.

Objective To determine whether seizure onset zone (SOZ) can be localized accurately prior to surgical planning in patients with focal epilepsy, we performed noninvasive EEG recordings and source localization analyses on 39 patients. Methods In 39 patients with focal epilepsy, we recorded and extracted 138 seizures and 1,325 interictal epileptic discharges using high-density EEG. We investigated a novel approach for directly imaging sources of seizures and interictal spikes from high-density EEG recordings, and rigorously validated it for noninvasive localization of SOZ determined from intracranial EEG findings and surgical resection volume. Conventional source imaging analyses were also performed for comparison. Results Ictal source imaging showed a concordance rate of 95% when compared to intracranial EEG or resection results. The average distance from estimation to seizure onset (intracranial) electrodes is 1.35 cm in patients with concordant results, and 0.74 cm to surgical resection boundary in patients with successful surgery. About 41% of the patients were found to have multiple types of interictal activities; coincidentally, a lower concordance rate and a significantly worse performance in localizing SOZ were observed in these patients. Conclusion Noninvasive ictal source imaging with high-density EEG recording can provide highly concordant results with clinical decisions obtained by invasive monitoring or confirmed by resective surgery. By means of direct seizure imaging using high-density scalp EEG recordings, the added value of ictal source imaging is particularly high in patients with complex interictal activity patterns, who may represent the most challenging cases with poor prognosis.
Changing incentives in a multitask environment: evidence from a top-tier business school

Abstract This study focuses on changes in incentives at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration in the early 1990s to redirect effort from academic research to classroom teaching. We find a substantial and almost immediate jump in teaching ratings following the changes in incentives. Longer-run learning and turnover effects are present. Evidence also suggests that research output fell. This case illustrates the power of organizational incentives to redirect effort in a multitask environment, even in the presence of apparent human–capital constraints.
The First Encounter of the Golah and Their "Adversaries" (Ezra 4:1–5): Who Are the Adversaries, and on What Is the Adversity Based?

Ezra 4:1–5 narrates the first encounter of the golah with the “other,” after the golah arrive in the land. Against the tendency to identify the “other” with a specific group of people, the text employs only vague descriptions. A narrative analysis reveals that the “other” group includes all and any non-golah people. Claims for participation in the building by the “other,” and refusal by the golah leaders, are ultimately based on their cultic differences.
Multi-functional urban design approaches to manage floods: examples from Dutch cities

This practice paper identifies and examines four multi-functional urban design approaches dealing with urban flooding. These combine flood protection measures such as levees and water reservoirs wi...
Inhibition of AKT Oncogenic Pathway in Endometrial Cancer Cells

The PTEN tumor suppressor, which is mutated in 40%–50% of endometrial cancers, is a negative regulator of AKT. In the present study, we examined the activation of AKT in a panel of endometrial cancer cell lines and tumor samples. Two endometrial cancer cell lines, namely Ishikawa and RL-95 cells, and several tumor samples showed elevated levels of phosphorylated AKT. The expression of PTEN significantly suppressed the growth of Ishikawa cancer cells. Next, we tested the inhibitory effect of a novel AKT-selective inhibitor, namely API-59, in endometrial cancer cells that have a PTEN mutation and high levels of phosphorylated AKT. API-59 inhibited AKT kinase activity in both Ishikawa and RL95-2 endometrial cancer cells that expressed high levels of AKT kinase activity. API-59 did not inhibit phosphorylation of AKT, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, or extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2, suggesting that API-59 inhibits the AKT pathway at the AKT kinase level.
Pharmacotherapeutic Considerations for Using Colchicine to Treat Idiopathic Pericarditis in the USA

The clinical significance of colchicine in the treatment of acute idiopathic (viral) pericarditis (IP) was only elucidated less than a decade ago. Multiple trials have shown the benefit of colchicine in decreasing the rate of recurrence, primarily in the European population. However, the colchicine formulation used in these trials is not available in Western countries such as the USA. In the USA, two formulations are available: the 0.6 mg capsule and the 0.6 mg tablet. As a result, higher doses than administered in the European trials must be utilized to treat IP. However, the use of these dosage forms has never been studied in the treatment of IP. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic knowledge of colchicine germane to clinicians such as drug disposition and drug–drug or drug–disease interactions have not been extensively reviewed in recent years. Furthermore, the safety of colchicine in the treatment of IP has not been extensively studied, and literature regarding adverse drug events originates from data in patients treated for familial Mediterranean fever and gout. This review will help the clinician understand pharmacotherapeutic considerations and thereby optimize therapy and ensure patient safety when using colchicine to treat IP.
A fast integration method and its application in a medical physics problem

A numerical integration method is proposed to evaluate a very computationally expensive integration encountered in the analysis of the optimal dose grid size for the intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) fluence map optimization (FMO). The resolution analysis consists of obtaining the Fourier transform of the 3-dimensional (3D) dose function and then performing the inverse transform numerically. When the proton beam is at an angle with the dose grid, the Fourier transform of the 3D dose function contains integrals involving oscillatory sine and cosine functions and oscillates in all of its three dimensions. Because of the oscillatory behavior, it takes about 300 hours to compute the integration of the inverse Fourier transform to achieve a relative accuracy of 0.1 percent with a 2 GHz Intel PC and using an iterative division algorithm. The proposed method (subsequently referred to as table method) solves integration problems with a partially separated integrand by integrating the inner integral for a number of points of the outer integrand and finding the values of other evaluation points by interpolation. The table method reduces the computational time to less than one percent for the integration of the inverse Fourier transform. This method can also be used for other integration problems that fit the method application conditions.
The Social Psychology of Gender: How Power and Intimacy Shape Gender Relations

1. Understanding Gender. 2. Dominance and Interdependence. 3. Development of Gender Relations. 4. Content and Origins of Gender Stereotypes. 5. Descriptive and Prescriptive Stereotyping. 6. Self-Sustaining Prophecies. 7. Obstacles to Gender Nonconformity. 8. Sexism in the Workplace. 9. Love and Romance. 10. Sex. 11. Gender and Violence. 12. Progress, Pitfalls, and Remedies.
Al/Si interdiffusion in albite: effect of pressure and the role of hydrogen

The effect of pressure on the rate of Al/Si disorder in albite has been determined at temperatures from 800° C to 1050° C and at pressures up to 24 kbar, using dried samples in welded Pt containers, in piston-cylinder devices and internally-heated gas apparatus. In the piston-cylinder device with NaCl medium, the effect of pressure is profound. A pure low albite from Clear Creek, California reaches the equilibrium state of disorder at 850° C and 22 kbar in 10 h, whereas at 6 kbar it has not equilibrated in three weeks, and at one bar it probably cannot be disordered at 850° C in the laboratory. The enhancement of Al/Si interdiffusion takes place under dry conditions: any H2O penetrating the samples would have produced melting, and none was observed. Hydrogen, however, is produced by dissociation of moisture in the pressure medium and can penetrate the Pt sample capsules. If the samples are deprived of hydrogen by replacing NaCl with glass or by embedding the samples in a hydrogen getter such as Fe2O3 or ZnO, the order-disorder reaction is greatly inhibited.
A Damage Mechanics Model for Aftershocks

— All earthquakes are followed by an aftershock sequence. A universal feature of aftershock sequences is that they decay in time according to the modified Omori’s law, a power-law decay. In this paper we consider the applicability of damage mechanics to earthquake aftershocks. The damage variable introduced in damage mechanics quantifies the deviation of a brittle solid from linear elasticity. We draw an analogy between the metastable behavior of a stressed brittle solid and the metastable behavior of a superheated liquid. The nucleation of microcracks is analogous to the nucleation of bubbles in the superheated liquid. In this paper we obtain a solution for the evolution of damage after the instantaneous application of a constant strain to a rod. We show that the subsequent stress relaxation can reproduce the modified Omori’s law. It is argued that the aftershocks themselves cause random fluctuations similar to the thermal fluctuations associated with phase transitions.
Abstract polytopes and the hirsch conjecture

Adler and Dantzig [2] show that abstract polytopes include simple polytopes as a special case. Further they extend the results of Klee and Walkup [3] to show that the Hirsch conjecture holds for the larger class of abstract polytopes that have dimension less than or equal to five. It is the purpose of this paper to further extend to abstract polytopes another result from Klee and Walkup [3] which states that the Hirsch conjecture is mathematically equivalent to three other statements. This result makes it possible to look at the Hirsch conjecture by applying the well-defined structure and theorems of abstract polytopes to any of its four equivalent statements.
Racial Tragedies, Political Hope, and the Tasks of American Political Science

The Trayvon Martin tragedy, the optimistic spectacle of the election and inauguration of Barack Obama during late 2008 and early 2009, and the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina seemingly represent three very different events with little in common except the claim made by some that all were in some way related to racial politics in the US. Many would consider such a claim weak, noting each event's unique scale and relationship to the politics of race in the US. Yet I argue that that the events are in fact closely linked in fundamental ways that are important not only to political scientists, but, more importantly, to all who care about the health of democracy within the US. Each event demonstrates the massive racial cleavages within the US. Each event illustrates the nature of evolving racial order in the US. Each event illustrates the weaknesses and problems that confront contemporary black politics. And each event thus illuminates key questions that should motivate theoretical and empirical work on race and politics within political science. In this essay, I highlight the themes and processes that tie together these seemingly disparate events, some marked by hope, others by despair. I start by analyzing each event from the standpoint of the persistent, if evolving, racial divide in American public opinion. And I end by arguing that scholars of race and politics often have to adhere to the most rigorous scholarly standards while also fulfilling their duties as citizens.
Smoking and the health gap in minorities

Over the past decade, tobacco companies have targeted minority populations when advertising and promoting their products, containing the most widely available, legal addictive drug in the United States. This has contributed to a greater prevalence of cigarette smoking among some minorities and lower-income groups. Black males are more likely to smoke than white males and more often they smoke high-tar cigarettes. They are also less likely to quit smoking. Compared to the national average, a greater proportion of Hispanic males smoke, but not Hispanic females. Smoking prevalence rates among Asians and Native Americans are available from local surveys but there are no reliable national estimates. Blacks experience substantially higher rates of mortality and morbidity from all causes, heart disease, stroke, and smoking-related cancers as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes. Substantially lower rates of death from heart disease, stroke, and cancers are observed among Asians and Native Americans than among whites. Disparities in cigarette smoking among racial and ethnic groups do not mirror the observed racial and ethnic disparities in mortality. Other health risk factors, access to medical care and premature death from other causes, may partially explain the morbidity/mortality gap between minorities and nonminorities. Reliable national estimates on smoking prevalence and morbidity and mortality among minorities are needed. The role of tobacco use in the etiology of diseases that are disproportionately prevalent among minorities should be studied. Culturally sensitive and acceptable smoking interventions should be developed with the involvement of minorities.
Susceptibility to preventive dental treatment.

Dr. Chambers presents his evidence in support of the hypothesis that the number of Americans susceptible to prevention by the control of plaque in their homes is limited because this habit is inconsistent with their style of living.
A Model for Specification and Synchronization of Data for Distributed Multimedia Applications

As network technology provides the capability to handle multimedia traffic and the demand of multimedia services increases, protocols are required for effective communication of multimedia data in a distributed environment. Synchronization is one of the key issues in a multimedia system. Most of the current approaches do not support an integrated solution to the problem of synchronization. In this paper we propose a mechanism for synchronization of multimedia data in distributed environment where the accuracy of the protocol can be tailored to the application. The system model supports live and video-on-demand service. We present a scheme where the specification of the temporal requirements provided by the application can be directly mapped to obtain the information necessary to enforce the synchronization required. We present two examples of specifying the temporal requirements and process of obtaining the information and present performance results of our simulation studies.
Lessons learned from a single center's experience with 134 donation after cardiac death donor kidney transplants.

Background Reports of kidney transplantation from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors describe high rates of delayed graft function (DGF). Study Design From April 1, 2003 to October 17, 2010, we performed 134 kidney transplants from DCD donors including 120 (90%) from standard-criteria donors (SCDs) and 14 (10%) from expanded-criteria donors (ECDs). Nineteen kidneys were recovered from donors managed with extracorporeal interval support for organ retrieval (EISOR) after cardiac arrest to minimize ischemic injury. Results Comparison of donor and recipient characteristics found no differences for cases managed with or without EISOR. Overall actuarial patient survival rates were 93%, 91%, and 89% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively, with a mean follow-up of 31 months. Overall actuarial kidney graft survival rates were 89%, 76%, and 76% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Actuarial graft survival rates of DCD ECD kidneys were 58% and 48% at 1 and 3 years, compared with 90% and 79% at 1 and 3 years for non-ECD grafts (p = 0.013). DGF occurred in 73 patients (54%) overall and was reduced from 55% to 21% (p = 0.016) with the use of EISOR in locally recovered kidneys. The mean resistance value on machine perfusion and the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate 1 month after transplantation were both improved (p Conclusions EISOR is associated with a lower rate of DGF, lower graft resistance on machine perfusion, and shorter initial hospitalization. Kidneys from DCD SCDs have excellent medium-term outcomes and represent an important means of expanding the donor pool. Kidneys from DCD ECDs have inferior outcomes.
THE EXPECTED IMPACT OF MANAGED HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS ON U.S.-BASED PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING

Health care costs in the U.S. have risen rapidly in the past 20 years. These current costs, as a percentage of the country's gross national product (approximately 12%), have nearly doubled from 1965 to 1988 (1). The inflation of medical care costs has consistently exceeded the overall economy's inflation rate since 1970 (2). With the expected growth in America's elderly population, health care expenditures are expected to triple between 1988 and the year 2000 (3). It is therefore natural to expect that this dramatic rise in costs will lead to changes in the way health care is funded in the U.S.
Dynamics of tyrosine ring rotations in a globular protein

The dynamics of activated rotations of a tyrosine ring inside the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor have been studied by computer simulation. The simulation method consists of two parts. In the first part, typical transition-state configurations of the protein atoms are prepared. In the second part, the classical equations of motion for the protein atoms are solved to yield trajectories which pass through these transition-state configurations. Analysis of the trajectories shows that the ring is driven over the rotational potential barrier by nearly impulsive collisions with atoms of the surrounding protein matrix. The collisions are similar to those that occur while the ring oscillates about its equilibrium orientation. The frequency and strength of the collisions are such that transition-state theory is approximately valid for this simple reaction. The enthalpy of activation is substantially reduced by bond-angle deformations which occur rapidly on the time scale of the barrier crossing. Small, transient packing defects in the protein appear to play a role in initiating the ring rotation.
Next-Gen Technical Services Group at the University of California Website

Technical services are at the forefront of the changes that are taking place today in libraries. In this issue, our reviewers will introduce you to useful resources you may not be familiar with that can help you incorporate non-traditional metadata into your cataloging operations, take advantage of social media tools like blogs and crowdsourcing, and gain a better understanding of data-driven assessment.Do you have websites or applications of your own you would like to share with your colleagues in technical services? Our column WELCOMES new reviewers. Send comments and suggestions to the column editor: Marta Mestrovic Deyrup at marta.deyrup@shu.edu
Contributions To the Knowledge of the Alpheid Shrimp of the Pacific Ocean

[Une etude est presente ici sur la parente entre Synalpheus neptunus (Dana) et S. theano de Man, basee en grande partie sur des specimens de la mer Sulu et de l'Australie, avec une revue des descriptions deja publiees; les deux especes sont considerees comme valides. Un neotype pour S. neptunus est decrit de la mer de Sulu, localite-type de Dana., Une etude est presente ici sur la parente entre Synalpheus neptunus (Dana) et S. theano de Man, basee en grande partie sur des specimens de la mer Sulu et de l'Australie, avec une revue des descriptions deja publiees; les deux especes sont considerees comme valides. Un neotype pour S. neptunus est decrit de la mer de Sulu, localite-type de Dana.]
Maximum-likelihood estimation of misspecified models

Abstract Misspecified models occur frequently in econometric practice. It is therefore important to study the sampling distribution of maximum-likelihood estimators of parameters of misspecified models. This note exhibits the asymptotic covariance matrix of the ML estimator of a misspecified model. It points out that the expression for this matrix given by White is incorrect except for the very special case, rarely occuring in econometrics, that each observation is independent and identically distributed. An illustration using the standard linear regression model is provided.
Magneto-optical properties of MnBi and MnBiAl.

First-principle electronic structure calculations are used to describe the magneto-optical properties of MnBiAl alloys as a function of the Al concentration. The calculated Kerr rotation and ellipticity are in good agreement with the experimental data for MnBi. Due to lack of good structural information, the magneto-optical properties of MnBiAl are studied for Al as (a) an interstitial and (b) partially substituting for Bi. The Kerr rotation of MnBi degrades with interstitial Al but remains about the same for a small amount of substitutional Al. The latter result is in agreement with the experimental data. Thus, both theory and experiment are in agreement that Al does not improve the magneto-optical properties of MnBi. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Interaction of thrombopoietin with the platelet c‐mpl receptor in plasma: binding, internalization, stability and pharmacokinetics

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the primary regulator of platelet production and acts through binding its receptor, c-mpl, found on megakaryocyte progenitor cells, megakaryocytes and platelets. Circulating levels of TPO are regulated primarily by the clearance of TPO after it binds to c-mpl receptors on circulating platelets. In this study the interaction of TPO with the platelet c-mpl receptor has been analysed under physiological conditions using radiochemical and pharmacokinetic approaches. 125I-rHuTPO was prepared using a novel method of gentle iodination that preserved its biological activity and used to demonstrate that platelets, but not endothelial cells, have a single class of binding sites (56 +/- 17 binding sites/platelet) with high affinity (Kd = 163 +/- 31 pM). Cross-linking experiments confirmed that TPO, but not erythropoietin (EPO), specifically associated with the 95 kD platelet c-mpl receptor. Upon addition of TPO to platelets, 80% of the TPO binding sites were internalized within an hour and were not recycled. TPO that was not bound by platelets was stable for up to 6 d in both platelet-poor and platelet-rich plasma. Using unlabelled recombinant human TPO (rHuTPO), standard pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that platelets have an average TPO clearance of 1.24 +/- 0.38 ml/h/109 platelets and that TPO clearance was reduced by low temperature but not by a number of drugs or metabolic inhibitors. The maximal amount of TPO removed by platelets in vitro was identical to that predicted by the total number of TPO binding sites. These results provide a biochemical and pharmacokinetic basis for the clinical use of TPO and for understanding possible disorders of platelet production.
Long-term effects of a fatty acid synthase inhibitor on obese mice: food intake, hypothalamic neuropeptides, and UCP3

Short-term treatment of lean and obese mice with the fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor, C75, alters expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides thereby reducing food intake, body weight, and body fat. Here we report the long-term effects of C75 on obese (Ob/Ob) mice. A low dose of C75 administered every third day for 30 days reduced food intake by 62% and body weight by 43% whereas body weight of ad lib-fed controls increased by 11%. Loss of body weight correlated with decreased adipose and liver tissue mass. Decreased food intake correlated with decreased expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNAs for NPY, AgRP, and MCH and an increased expression of neuropeptide mRNAs for alphaMSH (i.e., POMC) and CART. Consistent with increased energy expenditure, C75 treatment caused greater weight loss than pair-fed controls and increased expression of skeletal muscle UCP-3 mRNA. Lowered blood glucose was due largely to restriction of food intake. C75 blocked the normal fasting-induced rise in blood free fatty acids and ketones due either to decreased adipose tissue lipolysis and hepatic ketogenesis or increased fatty acid and ketone utilization by peripheral tissues, notably skeletal muscle.
Unstructured discontinuous Galerkin for seismic inversion.

This abstract explores the potential advantages of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for the time-domain inversion of media parameters within the earth's interior. In particular, DG methods enable local polynomial refinement to better capture localized geological features within an area of interest while also allowing the use of unstructured meshes that can accurately capture discontinuous material interfaces. This abstract describes our initial findings when using DG methods combined with Runge-Kutta time integration and adjoint-based optimization algorithms for full-waveform inversion. Our initial results suggest that DG methods allow great flexibility in matching the media characteristics (faults, ocean bottom and salt structures) while also providing higher fidelity representations in target regions. Time-domain inversion using discontinuous Galerkin on unstructured meshes and with local polynomial refinement is shown to better capture localized geological features and accurately capture discontinuous-material interfaces. These approaches provide the ability to surgically refine representations in order to improve predicted models for specific geological features. Our future work will entail automated extensions to directly incorporate local refinement and adaptive unstructured meshes within the inversion process.
A POLITICAL THREAT MODEL OF INTERGROUP VIOLENCE: JEWS IN PRE–WORLD WAR II GERMANY*

Research often links minority group size and economic conditions with levels of intergroup violence, in line with facets of group threat and structural theories of intergroup crime. Building on the group threat perspective, we investigate the political antecedents of intergroup violence. This work tests the theoretical premise that violence against minority groups increases with the strength of political parties associated with minority group interests, independent of group size and economic conditions. This model is tested empirically for the case of violence against Jews in pre–World War II Germany, where Jews constituted a small proportion of the German population but were often associated with the leadership of the political left. Findings suggest that the gross domestic product and Jewish population size did not have predicted effects on major violent incidents against Jews. It was in fact the rising strength of leftist political parties that ignited anti-Semitic violence. Other venues where this model could be applied are proposed, and the findings are discussed in the context of intergroup violence and theories emphasizing minority group threat.
Nonorganic Failure to Thrive and Dwarfism Due to Food Refusal: A Separation Disorder

We have observed a new type of nonorganic failure to thrive, best characterized as a separation disorder, which needs to be differentiated from the well studied nonorganic failure to thrive due to a disturbance in attachment between mother and child. This type of failure to thrive is due to food refusal by the infant. The infant refuses to eat in an attempt to achieve a degree of autonomy and control with regard to the mother, a maneuver which only serves to involve the mother more deeply in the child's eating behavior. The onset of the disorder usually occurs during the second half of the first year of life, during the developmental phase of separation and individuation, and reflects a disturbance in somatopsychological differentiation. It is a serious condition which, without intervention, will lead to severe disturbances in physical as well as emotional growth.
Studies of outcome of psychotherapy.

Abstract The differences in kinds of outcome measures are great if a behavior therapy study such as Paul's is compared to an insight therapy study such as Malan's, but the differences are much less if Marks and Gelder's studies are compared to any of the insight therapy studies. Nearly all the studies used the type of information described by Yates, but the behavior therapy studies of volunteers with monosymptomatic phobias used a much wider variety of sources of information than the studies of psychiatric patients treated either by behavior therapy or insight therapy. In addition to such sources of information as the patients themselves, therapists, family and friends, and independent assessors, some of these studies use physiologic measurements and observable behavior in the stressful situation to assess treatment outcome. It is unclear just how useful physiologic measurement and observable behavior can be in measuring outcome in psychiatric patients. Validated psychological tests are used in many of these studies, but they do not seem to demonstrate change. Another difference is the far greater emphasis placed upon assessing change in the presenting complaint in the behavior therapy studies. This is expected and reflects theoretical differences between these two forms of treatment. As previously noted, many of the behavior therapy studies investigated the mechanism of change, while among the insight therapy studies, only that of Hoehn-Saric has focused on mechanisms of change. At present, neither the insight nor behavior therapy studies answer the question of whether psychotherapy (insight or behavior) is more effective than allowing the difficulties it treats to run their natural course, but these studies do suggest a modified question. At the end of a brief duration of time, 4 to 6 months, for what types of problem is insight or behavior therapy better than no treatment, and for what types of problem is one of these treatments better than the other? A next step in obtaining answers to this question is for the insight therapists to do comparative studies of outcome with groups of patients suffering from specific, homogeneous main complaints such as frigidity, interpersonal anxiety, or agoraphobia. Behavior therapists have been doing such studies for the past few years.