cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA07: The plasticity of the intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer

Gene-environment interaction plays a key role in disease susceptibility, including colorectal cancer. Microbiota, particularly the intestinal bacteriome, plays a central role in host physiology, and the composition and activity of this consortium of microorganisms is directly influenced by known cancer risk factors such as lifestyle, diet, and inflammation. Accumulating evidence points to a role of microbiota in carcinogenesis. The mechanism by which microbiota impacts on cancer development is still unclear, but alteration in genomic stability (genetics and epigenetics) is considered a converging point. Inflammation represents a powerful condition by which microbial composition and biologic activities are altered. Using gnotobiotic technology, microbial genetic manipulation, genetically engineered mice (Apcmin/+; Il10-/-), and microbial genomics, we investigated the role of specific bacterial or consortium of bacteria in the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. In this lecture, I will provide evidence that specific microbial genotoxic activities originating from various strains such as Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni promote development of CRC. For example, the presence of DNA-damaging toxins such as colibactin from adherent invasive Escherichia coli or cytolethal distending toxins (cdt) from Campylobacter jejuni is critical for development of colorectal cancer. I will address the relationship between inflammation and bacteria-induced carcinogenesis by studying the effect of neutralizing TNFa antibody, a biologic used to manage intestinal bowel disease, on microbial community activity. These studies represent the first step toward understanding mechanisms by which microbiota influences development of colorectal cancer, and shed light on how alteration of environmental factors modulates microbial carcinogenic potential. Citation Format: Ye Yang, Raad Gharaibeh, Christian Jobin. The plasticity of the intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; 2020 Feb 21-24; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(8 Suppl):Abstract nr IA07.
A New Purpose in GED Education: Towards the Empowerment and Civic Engagement of “Push Out” Youth

This article examines two different purposes of education as experienced by marginalized students of color who have been pushed-out of high school before graduating. On the one hand, the article offers an insightful understanding of young peoples’ perception of school’s efforts to rid them from educational institutions. Paradoxically, the article also demonstrates that GED education offers youth a positive educational alternative despite GED education’s negative stigma. Based on data collected through interviews and observations, I found that when GED programs teach beyond the purpose of preparing for the GED test, they create multiple “opportunity structures” and help empower youth in becoming civically, socially, and politically engaged. The article points to GED education as an opportunity which highlights the role of civic engagement in education, namely that it provides a more comprehensive outcome than traditional school for youth of color who are often marginalized and pushed out.
Integrating archival analysis, observational data, and climate projections to assess extreme event impacts in Alaska

Understanding potential risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts to weather extremes and climate change are key information needs for coastal planners and managers in support of climate adaptation. Assessing historical trends and potential socio-economic impacts is especially difficult in the Arctic given limitations on availability of weather observations and historical impacts. This study utilizes a novel interdisciplinary approach that integrates archival analysis, observational data, and climate model downscaling to synthesize information on historical and projected impacts of extreme weather events in Nome, Alaska. Over 300 impacts (1990–2018) are identified based on analyses of the Nome Nugget newspaper articles and Storm Data entries. Historical impacts centered on transportation, community activities, and utilities. Analysis of observed and ERA5 reanalysis data indicates that impacts are frequently associated with high wind, extreme low temperatures, heavy snowfall events, and winter days above freezing. Downscaled output (2020–2100) from two climate models suggests that there will be changes in the frequency and timing of these extreme weather events. For example, extreme cold temperature is projected to decrease through the 2040s and then rarely occurs afterwards, and extreme wind events show little change before the 2070s. Significantly, our findings also reveal that not all weather-related extremes will change monotonically throughout the twenty-first century, such as extreme snowfall events that will increase through the 2030s before declining in the 2040s. The dynamical nature of projected changes in extreme events has implications for climate adaptation planning.
Redirected utopias: the politics of self-reflexive autobiographical documentary in Albertina Carri’s Los rubios and Ufuk Emiroglu’s Mon père, la révolution, et moi

Twenty-first century documentary production from around the world has used self-reflexivity to challenge assumptions about subjectivity and social positioning in ways that explicitly challenge the ...
A Concise History of the Iowa Agricultural Law Center: 1953-1973

This paper was prepared for inclusion in a festschrift honoring Professor Neil Hamilton on his pending retirement from Drake Law School. It tells the story of an interdisciplinary research organization that has not existed for almost fifty years. At the height of its prominence, however, the Iowa Agricultural Law Center (ALC) was widely acknowledged to be among the best in the world at regularly producing high quality legal-economic research on a wide range of agricultural law topics. During its 20-year life, 1953 to 1973, the ALC operated as a joint endeavor among the College of Law, University of Iowa, the Iowa State University’s Division of Agriculture, and the Production Economics Research Branch of the U.S.D.A. A senior U.S.D.A Resource Economist was stationed full-time at the ALC to collaborate with faculty members and student researchers from Iowa and Iowa State in work covering high-profile agricultural law issues. Projects undertaken by the Center included the evaluating the effectiveness of different types of farm land ownership, alternative agricultural business organizations, family farm corporations, planning intergeneration transmission of farm land, creating effective farm leases, farm credit arrangements, water rights, rural zoning, and vertical integration contracts. For ten years, the Center also operated a major land reform project in Peru under the auspices of U.S.A.I.D. An internal disagreement over control of the Center’s agenda caused a change in leadership midway through the life of the Center, but it remained highly productive until it had to close in 1973 when two key research leaders left the Center and could not be replaced.
Surrogate Feinberg Holds Jury Trial Available in Challenge to Inter Vivos Trust

In Estate of Arthur Solomon, Kings County Surrogate Michael Feinberg held that, in a proceeding to set aside an inter vivos trust, petitioner has a right to a jury trial. Surrogate Feinberg, together with a recent decision from New York County Surrogate Renee Roth, expressed the minority view on this question. Three other Surrogates, including the other New York County Surrogate, Eve Preminger, have held that no jury trial is available in a proceeding that challenges an inter vivos trust instrument. This Article reviews Surrogate's Feinberg's decision and then discusses both views on whether a petitioner is entitled to a jury trial in challenges to an inter vivos trust.
Patient preferences for telehealth services in a large multispecialty practice.

IntroductionTelehealth service provision has accelerated during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As the pandemic continues, clinical practices have discovered ways to resume operat...
An analysis of companion animal tick encounters as revealed by photograph-based crowdsourced data.

BACKGROUND Community science is increasingly utilized to track important vectors of companion animal disease, providing a scalable, cost-effective strategy for identifying new foci, changing phenology, and disease prevalence across wide geographies. OBJECTIVES We examined photographs of ticks found attached to predominately dogs and cats reported to a photograph-based tick surveillance program to identify potential areas for improvements in tick prevention education and risk intervention. METHODS We compared estimated days of tick attachment using a Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, and a Pearson's chi-square analysis of variance on the number of submissions by host type submitted for each season. RESULTS The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) was the most common species reported (39.8%). Tick photographs submitted were almost entirely adults (89.5%), and ticks found on companion animals exhibited an estimated median engorgement time of 2.5 days. Ixodes scapularis displayed the highest median engorgement of the top tick species found feeding on companion animals (χ2 = 98.96, p < 0.001). Ticks were spotted year-round; during spring and summer, ticks collected from pets represented 15.4 and 12.8% of all submissions, but increased to 28.5 and 35.2% during autumn and winter, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Crowdsourced data reveal that mostly adult ticks are detected on pets, and they are found at a point in the blood-feeding process that puts pets at heightened risk for disease transmission. The increase in proportion of ticks found on pets during colder months may reveal a critical knowledge gap amongst pet owners regarding seasonal activity of I. scapularis, a vector of Lyme disease, providing an opportunity for prevention-education.
GALACTIC (O/Fe) AND (C/Fe) RATIOS: THE INFLUENCE OF NEW STELLAR PARAMETERS

We consider the effects of recent NLTE gravities and Fe abundances on stellar [O/Fe] and [C/Fe] ratios. The NLTE parameters greatly reduce or eliminate the well-known discrepancy between CH- and C I?based C abundances in metal-poor stars and previously seen trends of atomic-based [C/Fe] and [O/Fe] with Teff. With the NLTE parameters, the metal-poor molecular-based [C/Fe] ratio maintains its increase with declining [Fe/H]; this may also be demonstrated by the revised atomic-based ratios. [O/Fe] values derived from OH and O I features are considerably reduced and typically show improved agreement but are 0.1?0.2 dex larger than those exhibited by the Lick-Texas syndicate's recent [O I]?based giant determinations. The revised [O/Fe] ratios still show an increase down to at least [Fe/H] ~ -2; we suggest that recent field giant data show an increase with similar slope. Even adopting uniform NLTE parameters, study-to-study abundance differences can be significant; moreover, different NLTE studies yield differing gravities and Fe abundances even after taking Teff differences into account. Comparison of metal-poor giant gravities and cluster abundances with isochrones, trigonometric gravities, and near-turnoff cluster abundances yields conflicting indications about whether the evolved gravities might be underestimated as suggested for metal-poor dwarfs. Regardless, we argue that even extreme gravity revisions do not affect the [O/Fe]-[Fe/H] relation derived from the extant results. Combining what we believe the most reliable giant and dwarf data considered here, we find [O/Fe] = -0.184(?0.022) ? [Fe/H] + 0.019 with an rms scatter of only 0.13 dex; there is no indication of a break or slope change at intermediate [Fe/H]. The gentle slope is in very reasonable agreement with some chemical evolution models employing yields with small mass and metallicity dependences. Finally, two notes are made concerning Na abundance-spatial position and element-to-element correlations in M13 giants.
A Review of “My Child My Gift: A Positive Response to Serious Prenatal Diagnosis”: Madeline P. Nugent. (Hyde Park, NY: New City, 2008). 200 pp. Paperback, $14.95, ISBN 978-1-56548-291-3

This is a unique book for parents wondering what to do in response to a serious prenatal diagnosis in which the newborn may not live more than a few hours or days. This is a difficult topic as soci...
Little Hans and the thought police: the 'policeman fantasies' as the first reported supervisory transference fantasies.

The ‘policeman fantasies’ in Freud ’s case of Little Hans, famous for being Freud ’s most direct evidence for specifically sexual oedipal desire by Hans for his mother, are reconsidered. The Hans c...
The multifrequency brightness temperature measurements of emission, absorption, and scattering by the tropical atmosphere over the surface of tropical ocean

Summary form only presented. Passive microwave measurement enables the quantitative monitoring of the tropical atmosphere and the hydrometeor profiles with application to existing and future space borne microwave radiometers for monitoring the Earth's climate and hydrologic cycle. The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) was deployed during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) from January 4 to February 24, 1993. The brightness temperature, Tb, due to the emission, absorption, and scattering of a variety of clear-sky, overcast, and precipitation weather conditions were measured by the AMPR during this time. These data are to be used for convection and precipitation studies supporting the goals of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth.
The influence of reward on the speed of reinforcement learning: an analysis of shaping

Shaping can be an effective method for improving the learning rate in reinforcement systems. Previously, shaping has been heuristically motivated and implemented. We provide a formal structure with which to interpret the improvement afforded by shaping rewards. Central to our model is the idea of a reward horizon, which focuses exploration on an MDP's critical region, a subset of states with the property that any policy that performs well on the critical region also performs well on the MDP. We provide a simple algorithm and prove that its learning time is polynomial in the size of the critical region and, crucially, independent of the size of the MDP. This identifies low reward horizons with easy-to-learn MDPs. Shaping rewards, which encode our prior knowledge about the relative merits of decisions, can be seen as artificially reducing the MDP's natural reward horizon. We demonstrate empirically the effects of using shaping to reduce the reward horizon.
Remote Sensing and Ecosystem Services: Current Status and Future Opportunities for the Study of Bees and Pollination-Related Services

An unprecedented array of observing systems, coupled with ever increasing computing capacity, makes this a golden era for ecologists to study and quantify ecosystem services using remote sensing technology. Here, we review recent studies that utilize remote sensing to understand the supply and demand of ecosystem services, with a specific focus on pollination services by bees in forested and agroforestry contexts. Pollination by bees is a globally threatened ecosystem service that supports the production of food crops and maintains plant biodiversity. We explore how studies that use remote sensing to characterize landscapes, monitor individual organisms, measure biodiversity proxies or species habitat, and describe ecosystem processes may improve modeling of pollination services on spatial scales that match large-scale management efforts, such as forest conservation policy. We then discuss future research opportunities, such as exploring LiDAR and radar for 3-D habitat measurements, mapping phenology in space and time, and direct measurement of pollination events and outcomes.
Dynamic Competition With Random Demand and Costless Search: A Theory of Price Posting

This paper studies a dynamic model of perfectly competitive price posting under demand uncertainty. Firms must produce output in advance. After observing aggregate sales in prior periods, firms post prices for their unsold output. In each period, the demand of a new batch of consumers is randomly activated. Existing customers who have not yet bought and then new customers arrive at the market in random order, observe the posted prices, and either purchase at the lowest available price or delay their purchase decision. We construct a sequential equilibrium in which the output produced and its allocation across consumers is efficient. Thus consumers endogenously sort themselves efficiently, with the highest valuations purchasing first. Transaction prices in each period rise continuously, as firms become more optimistic about demand, followed by a market correction. By the last period, prices are market clearing.
Characters and clues: Factors affecting children’s extension of knowledge through integration of separate episodes

Children build up knowledge about the world and also remember individual episodes. How individual episodes during which children learn new things become integrated with one another to form general knowledge is only beginning to be explored. Integration between separate episodes is called on in educational contexts and in everyday life as a major means of extending knowledge and organizing information. Bauer and San Souci (2010) provided an initial demonstration that 6-year-olds extend their knowledge by integrating between separate but related episodes; the episodes shared a high level of surface similarity. Experiments 1A and 1B of the current research were tests of integration under low and high levels of surface similarity, respectively. In Experiment 1A, when surface similarity of the episodes was low, 6-year-olds integrated between passages of text, yet their performance was not as robust as observed previously. In Experiment 1B, when surface similarity of the episodes was high, a replication of Bauer and San Souci’s results was observed. In Experiment 2, we tested whether a “hint” to consult the information learned in the passages improved performance even when surface level similarity was low. The hint had a strong facilitating effect. Possible mechanisms of integration between separate yet related episodes are discussed.
Utilizing assigned treatments as labels for supervised machine learning in clinical decision support

Clinical Decision Support (CDS) tools are typically designed to assist physicians in clinical decision making at Point Of Care (POC). Existing CDS tools commonly rely on relatively simple rules, deduced from relevant clinical guidelines. However, the increasing pace by which Health Care Organizations (HCOs) adopt Electronic Health Record technologies suggest great potential for CDS tools that directly mine the massive clinical data collected at the HCO. A natural goal for such tools is to exploit Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in order to predict patient's outcome. However, the technical challenges involved in constructing such a system in practice are quite involved, where in particular treatments outcome are often not available as part of the HCO's data.Here, we propose a different strategy in which we use the assigned treatments as the labels in the learning process of the supervised ML algorithms. We present two different use-cases in which our approach could be used. First, in order to highlight the clinical features most associated with the assigned treatments; and second, in order to predict the customary treatment for a patient at POC in a statistically data-driven manner. Altogether, our approach represents a novel strategy that is complementary to the classical paradigm of rule-based clinical guidelines adherence. Experimental results over hypertension clinical data demonstrate the validity of our approach.
Microtubule Dynamics: Patronin, Protector of the Minus End

It has long been surmised that cellular microtubules are capped at the minus ends to prevent their depolymerization. A recent study provides the first definitive identification of a minus-end-specific capping protein, termed Patronin, which protects the microtubule arrays of both mitotic and interphase cells.
Surface pressure fluctuations due to impinging vortical flows upon an airfoil

A vortical flow impinging upon an airfoil is studied for the case of a strong vortical flow passing close by the airfoil leading and trailing edge. The vortical flow, having a nonuniform vorticity distribution in the core, is distorted and splits as it nears the leading edge of the airfoil. Significant pressure fluctuation occurs near the leading edge, which becomes a source of noise and vibration. A vortex method and a panel method are used to calculate the highly nonlinear, unsteady and rotational flow during the interaction. The flow is assumed to be two dimensional, incompressible and inviscid. The nonuniform vorticity in the vortex core is represented by multiple, discrete vortex elements whose strengths are variable depending on the initial velocity profile. Detailed surface pressure and vortex velocity vectors are calculated. The surface pressure is decomposed into quasi-steady and unsteady pressure, sometimes called 'impulsive pressure'. The first time derivative of the pressure related the strength of the noise, and its r.m.s. values are also calculated.
Programmed appearance of translatable flagellar tubulin mRNA during cell differentiation in Naegleria.

Abstract The programmed de novo synthesis of flagellar tubulin during the hour-long differentiation of Naegleria gruberi from amoebae to flagellates is our paradigm for the study of gene expression during cell differentiation. This paper reports the efficient translation of flagellar tubulin mRNA in the wheat germ cell-free system directed by total or polyadenylated RNA extracted from differentiating cells. The tubulin in the in vitro product has a subunit molecular weight of 55,000, separates into α and β subunits under suitable conditions of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and co-polymerizes with calf brain tubulin. At least half of the tubulin synthesized in vitro is precipitated by antibodies specific to flagellar tubulin, and the immunoprecipitated tubulin subunits yield peptide maps similar to those of outer doublet tubulin. Flagellar tubulin is the predominant protein synthesized in the cell-free system, and amounts to about 5% of the polypeptides whose synthesis is directed by total RNA from differentiating cells. In contrast, little or no flagellar tubulin is synthesized when the cell-free system is directed by RNA extracted from amoebae prior to differentiation. Translation assays show that at least 92% of the flagellar tubulin mRNA appears during differentiation. The time course of appearance of this mRNA was measured by quantitative immunoprecipitation of the cell-free products. Under conditions where cells form flagella 60 min after initiation of differentiation, translatable flagellar tubulin mRNA was first detected at 20 min, reached a maximum at about 60 min and then declined. An excellent correlation was observed between the amount of translatable flagellar tubulin mRNA and the previously measured rates of flagellar tubulin synthesis in vivo. These results indicate that synthesis of flagellar tubulin is a direct reflection of the abundance of its mRNA, and provide the molecular techniques for dissection of the factors that regulate the rapid appearance of this structural protein during differentiation.
Limited early value communication to improve performance of transactional memory

Parallel programming is receiving renewed attention with the advent of multi-core CPU architectures. The Transactional Memory (TM) paradigm has the potential to provide good speedup and make parallel programming easier to adopt. Under low contention, it has been shown that TM programs can outperform standard lock-based programs. However, under high contention, performance of TM programs can degrade. Previous work has shown that we can use either data forwarding or value prediction to improve performance under high contention. Both these techniques demand significant changes to the architecture and coherence protocol above and beyond those required by TM.In this work, we analyze and compare these approaches. Our objective is to find a solution that improves performance without needing significant hardware additions or changes to the coherence protocol. We observe that for most transactions conflicts are limited to only a few threads at a time. We design a system that uses this knowledge to reduce the hardware for a TM system that tries to avoid conflicts using early value communication. Our results show that we can get comparable performance of the proposed techniques with minimal extra hardware.
Vascular anatomy of the spine

Abstract The vascular anatomy of the spine and spinal cord provides the basis for understanding the complex vascular lesions involving this area. Vascular lesions of the spine constitute a small but challenging group of lesions. Understanding this complex anatomy is essential for safe surgical and endovascular intervention. This article reviews the embryological and anatomical variability associated with the spinal vascular anatomy and its implication for the development, diagnosis, and treatment of spinal cord vascular lesions.
Self-consistent FLAPW determination of surface magnetism: Fe(001)

Abstract Self-consistent all-electron local density and local spin density (spin-polarized) FLAPW calculations on a 7-layer Fe(001) film are reported. The surface density of states of both cases and the enhancement of the surface magnetic moment to 2.9 μ B , are discussed by comparing with the earlier results of Wang and Freeman and available experiments.
Efficacy of various inorganic sorbents to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in broiler chickens

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of three inorganic sorbents, S1, S2, and S3, to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxins (AF) and T-2 toxin in male broiler chickens from day of hatch to 21 d of age. The compounds had been reported to bind to AF and T-2 toxin in vitro. S1 and S2 were the same basic compound that had been stored for different lengths of time following activation. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, the appropriate diets were produced to contain no mycotoxins, the specific adsorbent at 0.5% of diet, AF alone at 5 mg/kg of diet, T-2 alone at 8 mg/kg of diet, AF at 5 mg/kg of diet plus the specific sorbent at 0.5% of diet, or T-2 at 8 mg/kg of diet plus the specific sorbent at 0.5% of diet. The specific sorbents used were: 1) Experiment 1, S1; 2) Experiment 2, S1 and S2; and 3) Experiment 3, S3. In Experiments 1 and 3, S1 and S3, respectively, showed no protection against AF or T-2 toxin as measured by BW gain, when compared to AF alone group. In Experiment 2, S1 showed no protection; however S2 reduced the effects of AF on BW gain by 25% as compared to AF alone diet. The data demonstrate that under the conditions of our experiment: 1) one of the sorbents provided some protection against aflatoxicosis; 2) there was variability in protection against aflatoxicosis between two different samples of the same sorbent that had been stored for different lengths of time following activation; 3) protection by the sorbents against the effects of T-2 toxin was not observed.
Effect of exercise on hepatic cholesterol of rats fed diets high in saturated or unsaturated fats.

Rats have been fed diets containing 24.2% coconut or corn oil or an equal mixture of each for 14–18 weeks. Half of the animals in each dietary group were exercised by running in motor-driven work wheels throughout the entire experimental period. During the final 10–14 weeks, these exercised animals ran continuously for 60 min at 1.0 mph or faster each day. Comparisons between sedentary groups revealed that hepatic cholesterol and excretion of digitonin precipitated sterols in the feces increased (P < 0.01) as the per cent of unsaturated fat (corn oil) in the ingested food increased. In contrast, total liver lipid decreased (P < 0.01) as the consumption of corn oil increased. No change in plasma cholesterol occurred in the sedentary rats in response to the three diets. Hepatic cholesterol of the exercised groups was significantly less (P < 0.05−P < 0.01) than that of their respective control groups (same diet). However, the group fed the corn oil diet had a significantly higher (P < 0.01) liver cholesterol after exercise than did the exercised group fed the coconut oil diet. Liver lipid was reduced (P < 0.01) by exercise in the corn oil and mixed corn-coconut oil fed groups. Plasma cholesterol and sterol excretion were unchanged by the exercise program.
Activity-sensing permanent internal pacemaker dysfunction during helicopter aeromedical transport.

Study objectives: This study was designed to establish the frequency, magnitude, and possible etiologies of the dysfunction of activity-sensing internal pacemakers during helicopter aeromedical transport. Design: Two models of Medtronic Activitrax ® pacemakers were attached externally to healthy adult volunteers. Each volunteer then was loaded into the helicopter and subjected to a flight sequence. Pacemaker firing rates throughout this sequence were recorded. Setting: On separate days, Aerospatiale Dauphin and Twinstar helicopters completed a total of 23 flights. Type of participants: Four healthy adult volunteers, two men and two women, participated. Interventions: These included intra- and inter-flight threshold reprogramming and external magnet application. Results: The average preflight pacemaker rate of 65 beats per minute increased to an average in-flight rate of 105 beats per minute, which resolved to preflight rates on shutdown. This pattern was consistently extinguished with external magnet application. Conclusion: The effect of rotor motion and flight vibration on the rate-response of the Activitrax ® pacemaker is both predictable and easily preventable. Possible guidelines for the safe transport of these patients, using pacemaker reprogramming or external magnet application, are examined.
Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer: Inhibition of Persistent Androgen Production and Androgen Receptor Mediated Signaling

Purpose: Androgen receptor signaling remains essential for many prostate cancers that have progressed despite androgen deprivation therapy. After medical or surgical castration persistent though not insignificant low levels of androgens are produced from nongonadal sources, such as the adrenal glands. Some castration resistant prostate cancers acquire the ability to convert adrenal steroids to androgens, maintaining levels sufficient to activate androgen receptor. Inhibition of persistent androgen production and androgen receptor mediated signaling are relevant therapeutic strategies for castration resistant prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: The scientific foundation of and clinical experience with secondary hormonal therapy as well as the development of new investigational agents for castration resistant prostate cancer, specifically selective cytochrome p450 17 inhibitors and second generation antiandrogens, are discussed.Results: Selective inhibition of cytochrome p450 17 has emerged as an importa...
From crisis to projects; a regional agenda for addressing foreclosures in shrinking first suburbs: Lessons from Warren, Michigan

Global urban development is currently characterized by varied combination of metropolitan growth and urban core shrinkage. Although much of the shrinkage is concentrated in central cities, first suburbs are now facing the same problem. In this article, Warren, the oldest first suburb of Detroit, is examined as a case study of a shrinking city facing a crisis of economic downturn, automotive restructuring, high unemployment and real-estate foreclosures. Within this context of foreclosure crisis, the research questions are as follows: How existing agencies and institutions (such as local governments, community organizations, business groups and schools) might work at the neighborhood, city or regional level to address foreclosures? How it might help or reduce foreclosures? How can we reuse and revitalize foreclosed properties and abandoned lands? And what specific lessons can be learned that might be applicable in other cities? These questions are specifically explored through documentation and analysis of existing resources and current efforts in Warren. The empirical methodology reveals Warren's attempt to develop planning strategies, culturally based initiatives, community design projects and creative partnerships in the region in order to address challenges of shrinkage and foreclosures at multiple scales. The Warren case study illustrates opportunities for flexible policies combining rightsizing, shared maintenance and incremental development in struggling first suburban communities, which are less studied and often ignored.
Textural segmentation, second-order statistics, and textural elements

Beck (1972, 1973) hypothesized that textural segmentation occurs strongly on the basis of simple properties such as brightness, color, size, and the slopes of contours and lines of the elemental descriptors of a texture or textural elements. The experiment reported supports the hypothesis that specific stimulus features, rather than second-order statistics, account for textural segmentation. The results agree with Julesz (1981a, b) who has reported evidence disproving his original conjecture of the importance of second-order statistics. Julesz (1981a, b) now hypothesizes textural segmentation to be a function of local features which he called textons. Textons are features that give textural segmentation when textures have identical second-order statistics. The two hypotheses are to date in complete agreement on the stimulus features producing textural segmentation, and the experiment reported is consistent with both.
Testing realism of software breast phantoms: texture analysis of synthetic mammograms

Software breast phantoms have been developed for pre-clinical validation of breast imaging systems. Realism is of great importance for the acceptance and the range of applications of breast phantoms. In this paper we have assessed the phantom realism based upon the analysis of mammographic texture properties. Texture analysis is of interest since it reflects the spatial tissue distribution, which is known to correlate with breast cancer risk. We compared texture properties of synthetic mammograms generated using software breast phantoms with clinical data. A total of 133 phantom images were synthesized using software phantoms developed at the University of Pennsylvania. The phantoms were designed using two different anatomy simulation methods: an octree-based recursive partitioning method and a region growing method. The synthetic images were generated assuming a clinically used acquisition geometry and mono-energetic x-ray beam with no scatter. The clinical data included 60 anonymized mammograms selected retrospectively from screening cases at the University of Pennsylvania. The same postprocessing was applied to clinical and phantom images. The texture analysis was performed using fully automated software which extracts a battery of features from analyzed images. The histograms of texture properties extracted from phantom images were compared with those from clinical mammograms, separately for the two anatomy simulation methods. The histogram agreement was quantified using symmetrized Kulback-Leibler divergence. We observed good agreement for most of the analyzed 25 features. In more than a half of the features, the octree-based simulation method yielded better agreement with clinical data as compared with the region growing method.
The Journal in Retrospect

Kirk, the first editor of the Journal, writes about the founding of the Journal and the Associated Friends of the Library. He mentions how Juniors and Seniors in one of his classes helped him determine the color the the Journal cover.
Ethical Pluralism Without Complementarity

Grinnell, Bishop, and McCullough (2002) have proposed extending Bohr's notion of complementarity from the realm of quantum physics to that of bioethics, arguing that many ethical disputes cannot in principle be resolved. On this view, we should give up the aim of reaching all-things-considered moral verdicts on a variety of disputed questions, settling instead for a holism of irreducibly complementary perspectives. I discuss a number of difficulties with this proposal, and argue that the desire for inclusiveness that motivates it is properly captured through a different approach to ethical pluralism already familiar in moral philosophy, which does allow for resolution.
Eighteen Degree Water formation within the Gulf Stream during CLIMODE

Abstract Analysis of wintertime CLIMODE data for 2007 indicates that a substantial portion of new Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) is likely ventilated within the eastward flowing Gulf Stream (GS) between 67°W and 52°W longitudes, possibly exceeding that formed elsewhere in the northern Sargasso Sea. Use of some global air–sea interaction data sets applied to the study region for Feb/Mar of 2007 indicate that this winter may have been anomalously energetic in air–sea exchange compared to the mean of the prior 19 yr. The largest heat and freshwater fluxes found directly over the meandering warm core of the Gulf Stream are capable of removing most of the subtropical heat anomaly of the GS, but cross-frontal fluxes of salinity are required to account for the observed regional salinity structure. An isopycnal diffusivity of ∼100 m2 s−1 is inferred from the salinity balance. This mixing would also account for the observation that EDW formed in the GS is slightly fresher than that formed in northern Sargasso Sea. The lateral flux of heat across the GS north wall also acts to cool the resulting EDW water, but the heat balance for EDW production is largely determined from GS advection and air–sea fluxes, in contrast to salinity. Based on oxygen saturation data, we estimate that 1.8–3.0 Sv-yr of new EDW is formed in the GS for the winter of 2007. EDW originating from the GS is generated in a separate location from where it is accumulated in the northern Sargasso Sea. This manner of EDW formation will produce unique characteristics of EDW found in the northern Sargasso Sea: ones that differ in T/S properties from that formed south of the GS under the more traditional 1D, cooling-driven convection process.
Founding Family Controlled Firms: Performance, Risk, and Value

An agency theory framework is used to test the effects of founding family control on firm performance, capital structure, and value. Both the finance and management literatures regarding the relati...
Variable X-linked recessive hypopituitarism with evidence of gonadotropin deficiency in two pre-pubertal males

Two half-brothers with short stature secondary to growth hormone deficiency and a family history implicating X-linked transmission were studied extensively for other endocrine abnormalities. The proband had a normal physical examination, except for small stature and small external genitalia. ACTH and TSH release were normal. LH and FSH responses during an i.v. GnRH test were severely blunted. His half-brother also had a normal physical examination, except for severe short stature and very small external genitalia. Deficiencies of ACTH, and TSH as well as GH were documented. An i.v. GnRH test showed no LH or FSH response. These studies support the existence of an X-linked recessive form of hypopituitarism and portend the clinical usefulness of the i.v. GnRH test in evaluating gonadotropin reserve.
In-situ deposition of thallium-containing oxides

The number and variety of thallium based materials that can be made by in situ methods have grown consistently since the first report of successful thallium cuprate deposition by Face and Nestlerode in 1992. Processes for the deposition of superconductors, normal metals, and insulators have been developed. Most work to date has been done on the Tl-1212 phases, TlBa2CaCu2O7 and (Tl,Pb)Sr2CaCu2O7. REcently however, the in situ thallium technique has been extended to other materials. For example, epitaxial thin films of thallium tantalate, an insulator of the pyrochlore structure and a potential buffer layer for thallium cuprate films, have been grown. Multilayers, important in the fabrication of Josephson junctions, have been demonstrated with the thallium lead cuprates. This paper reviews progress in the area of in situ thallium deposition technology which will make more complex thallium cuprate multilayer structures and devices possible.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On Confronting Species-Specific Skepticism as We Near the End of the Twentieth Century

Ever since Socrates “called philosophy down from heaven to earth” to locate it in the cities and in the lives of individual human beings by exhorting them to turn within to their souls and to the concepts (logoi) that dwell therein, to turn to a knowledge of oneself first of all, to examine one’s own inner life in its acts of knowing, believing, desiring, willing, evaluating, giving meaning and intelligibility to the chaos of earths, airs, fires, waters and bones, sinews, humors, and joints, which confront us in raw nature, Western philosophy has seen the necessary turn to the foundations of experience and of reality-as-experienced which has come to be called “foundationalism” in philosophy. In their many different ways all of the greatest philosophers of our tradition have been “foundationalists”: Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant, Hegel and Husserl, to mention only the “giants,” who together and separately constitute the backbone of Western philosophy.
Spaces of closed subgroups of a connected Lie group

In a sequence of two papers which appeared in 1968 and 1969 Herbert Abels [ 1 , 2 ] has developed, from a method originated by Gerstenhaber [6], a means for extending the study of properly discontinuous groups of transformations to that of proper transformation groups in general. We recall that, if G is a Hausdorff locally compact group of transformations of a locally compact space X , then the action of G is proper when, for any two compact subsets K and L , the subset G ( K, L ) = { g ɛ G : g L ∩ K # 0} of G is compact (see [ 3 ], p. 55). In what follows all groups and spaces will be Hausdorff and locally compact. If H is a closed subgroup of G , then it is clear that the property just defined is possessed by the action of H as a group of left translations of G .
Study of a scattering shield in a high heat load monochromator

Abstract The techniques for the cooling of the first crystal of a monochromator are by now mature and are used routinely to deal with the heat loads resulting from the intense beams generated by third generation synchrotron insertion device sources. However, the thermal stability of said monochromators, which crucially depends on proper shielding of X-ray scattering off the first crystal, remains a serious consideration. This will become even more so in the near future, as many synchrotron facilities are upgrading to higher beam currents and energies. During a recent upgrade of the 17-ID beamline at the APS it was recognized that accurate simulation of the spatial distribution of the power scattered off the first crystal was essential for the understanding and remediation of the observed large temperature increase of the first crystal's scattering shield. The calculation is complex, due to the broad energy spectrum of the undulator and the prevalence of multiple X-ray scattering events within the bulk of the crystal, thus the Monte Carlo method is the natural tool for such a task. A successful simulation was developed, for the purpose of the 17-ID upgrade, and used to significantly improve the design of the first crystal's scattering shield.
Chat Reference Training After One Decade: The Results of a National Survey of Academic Libraries

Abstract The first comprehensive national survey of all academic libraries in the United States which were conducting chat reference service was carried out to determine: what practices were being used to prepare personnel for chat reference service, what competencies were being taught, how and why training practices may have changed over time, and what modifications to current training practices were anticipated in the future.
Moderator effects of working memory on the stability of ADHD symptoms by dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms during development

We tested the hypothesis that dopamine D1 and D2 receptor gene (DRD1 and DRD2, respectively) polymorphisms and the development of working memory skills can interact to influence symptom change over 10 years in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Specifically, we examined whether improvements in working memory maintenance and manipulation from childhood to early adulthood predicted the reduction of ADHD symptoms as a function of allelic variation in DRD1 and DRD2. Participants were 76 7–11-year-old children with ADHD who were genotyped and prospectively followed for almost 10 years. ADHD symptoms were rated using the Attention Problems scale on the Child Behavior Checklist, and verbal working memory maintenance and manipulation, measured by Digit Span forward and backward, respectively, were assessed at baseline and follow-up. After correction for multiple testing, improvements in working memory manipulation, not maintenance, predicted reduction of symptomatology over development and was moderated by major allele homozygosity in two DRD1 polymorphisms (rs4532 and rs265978) previously linked with variation in D1 receptor expression. Depending on genetic background, developmental factors including age-dependent variation in DRD1 penetrance may facilitate the link between improvements in higher-order working memory and the remission of symptoms in individuals with childhood-diagnosed ADHD. Furthermore, the current findings suggest that DRD1 might contribute minimally to the emergence of symptoms and cognitive difficulties associated with ADHD in childhood, but may act as a modifier gene of these clinical features and outcome during later development for those with ADHD.
Development of real-time acoustic image recognition system using by autonomous marine vehicle

Automation of complicated underwater tasks require acoustic image based object recognition. This paper presents an acoustic image based real-time object recognition system. We proposed an acoustic image predictor to estimate an object's shape in advance. Depending on the acoustic camera's position, the predictor generates optimal template for recognition. The proposed method is implemented in our autonomous marine vehicle. For real-time processing, efficient recognition strategies are addressed. The vehicle detects an object and localizes it for recognition. In the detection process, the acoustic image's specific characteristics are used as the detection cues. In the localization process, the vehicle's horizontal and vertical positioning strategies are described. Efficient template generation method to minimize computing power is addressed. This realizes real-time recognition using the vehicle. To estimate the proposed system's accuracy and reliability, a recognition test was carried out in the field. The vehicle successfully recognized two different objects with high accuracy.