cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facilitating Judgment Research on Novice Auditors: Academic Perceptions and Auditor Insights into the Work of Novices

Recent environmental changes have led to novice auditors performing tasks traditionally performed by experienced auditors. Yet, our knowledge of novice auditor task responsibilities has not been updated, and research exploring novice judgments does not constitute a large subset of published auditor judgment research. This study facilitates meaningful research on novice auditors by first understanding the perceptions of 113 academics about this type of research. Academics report less than optimistic views regarding the publication likelihood of these studies and express concerns about peers’ views on the importance of novice work and justifying novice participants during the review process. We then inform the study of novices by providing evidence from over 100 audit interns and 30 supervisors on the procedures that interns perform. Supervisors report asking interns to perform tasks historically assigned to higher-ranked auditors including reviewing the work of shared services center staff and performing work in higher-risk accounts such as revenue. To address academic concerns regarding appropriate justifications for novice participants, we use the Kinney Three Paragraphs (and more) approach (Kinney, 2019) to provide insight into key decision points in the participant selection process. In these ways, this study aims to facilitate future research on novice auditors.
The Causality Inference of Public Interest in Restaurants and Bars on Daily COVID-19 Cases in the United States: Google Trends Analysis.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected virtually every region in the world. At the time of this study, the number of daily new cases in the United States was greater than that in any other country, and the trend was increasing in most states. Google Trends provides data regarding public interest in various topics during different periods. Analyzing these trends using data mining methods may provide useful insights and observations regarding the COVID-19 outbreak. Objective: The objective of this study is to consider the predictive ability of different search terms not directly related to COVID-19 with regard to the increase of daily cases in the United States. In particular, we are concerned with searches related to dine-in restaurants and bars. Data were obtained from the Google Trends application programming interface and the COVID-19 Tracking Project. Methods: To test the causation of one time series on another, we used the Granger causality test. We considered the causation of two different search query trends related to dine-in restaurants and bars on daily positive cases in the US states and territories with the 10 highest and 10 lowest numbers of daily new cases of COVID-19. In addition, we used Pearson correlations to measure the linear relationships between different trends. Results: Our results showed that for states and territories with higher numbers of daily cases, the historical trends in search queries related to bars and restaurants, which mainly occurred after reopening, significantly affected the number of daily new cases on average. California, for example, showed the most searches for restaurants on June 7, 2020; this affected the number of new cases within two weeks after the peak, with a P value of .004 for the Granger causality test. Conclusions: Although a limited number of search queries were considered, Google search trends for restaurants and bars showed a significant effect on daily new cases in US states and territories with higher numbers of daily new cases. We showed that these influential search trends can be used to provide additional information for prediction tasks regarding new cases in each region. These predictions can help health care leaders manage and control the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on society and prepare for its outcomes.
Promotion and Tuning of the Electrochemical Reduction of Hetero- and Homobimetallic Zinc Complexes**

Compounds containing multiple metals attract significant interest due to the useful redox and reactivity properties of such species. Here, the electrochemical properties of a family of macrocyclic complexes that feature a zinc(II) center paired with a second redox-inactive metal cation in heterobimetallic (Na+, Ca2+, Nd3+, Y3+) motifs or a homobimetallic (Zn2+) motif have been investigated. The new complexes were prepared via a divergent strategy, isolated, and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD results show that the structure of the complexes is modulated by the identity of the incorporated secondary metal ions. Cyclic voltammetry data reveal that ligand-centered reduction is promoted in the bimetallic complexes and that the paired metal ions synergistically influence the redox properties of the complexes. Similar to prior work from our group and others, the bimetallic complexes containing stronger Lewis acids undergo more significant reduction potential shifts; contrasting with prior work on complexes containing redox-active metals, however, the zinc(II) complexes studied here display faster electron transfer (as judged by lower reorganization energies, λ) when incorporating di- or tri-valent Lewis acids in contrast to monovalent (and more weakly acidic) sodium. The quantified trends in these data offer insights that help distinguish metal- versus ligand-centered reduction of bimetallic complexes.
Intercultural communication and US higher education: How US students and faculty can improve: International students’ classroom experiences

Abstract Intercultural communication research rarely addresses the perspective of international students, who face challenges as they leave family, move to a foreign place in the US, pursue a degree, and study in a foreign language. Considering these students’ perspectives, US universities, which house large numbers of international students, should consider how they can help these students better adapt to US academic life. To address these challenges, we invited international students at a 4-year tier-one state university to interview, and we qualitatively analyzed their responses to identify how universities can help international students. Our participants noted that US students can befriend them, respect them in the classroom, and learn about other cultures to be more welcoming. Faculty have the most to do to improve international students’ success in the classroom; faculty can grade consistently, communicate outside the classroom, allow time for students to ask questions, help students adapt to US classrooms, speak slowly and eliminate idioms from examples, explain course objectives per industry, share interests and personal information, effectively use class time (particularly final examination weeks), and learn about cultures to better meet students’ needs. Additional research can diversify international students’ needs per their classification (graduate versus undergraduate), home culture, and expectations.
Solar Image Processing and Analysis

This chapter contains sections titled: Automatic Extraction of Filaments Solar Flare Detection Solar Corona Mass Ejection Detection References ]]>
Notes on the Self-Reducibility of the Weil Representation and Higher-Dimensional Quantum Chaos

In these notes we discuss the self-reducibility property of the Weil representation. We explain how to use this property to obtain sharp estimates of certain higher-dimensional exponential sums which originate from the theory of quantum chaos. As a result, we obtain the Hecke quantum unique ergodicity theorem for a generic linear symplectomorphism A of the torus \({\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{R}}^{2N}/{\mathbb{Z}}^{2N}.\)
Cost-Effective buffered wormhole routing

The cost-effectiveness of wormhole torus-networks is systematically evaluated with emphasis on new buffered-wormhole routing algorithms. These algorithms use hardwired datelines and escape channels to alleviate bottleneck and bubble problems caused by previous algorithms and so to improve the buffer efficiency with little hardware overhead. A two-part evaluation environment is developed consisting of a cycle-driven simulator for high-level measurements such as network capacity and an ASIC design package for low-level measurements such as operating frequency and chip area. This environment is used to demonstrate that the new routers are more cost-effective than their counterparts under various workload parameters.
Wanderers with Cognitive Impairment in Department of Veterans Affairs Nursing Home Care Units

OBJECTIVES: To explore the extent of and factors associated with male nursing home residents who wander. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design with secondary data analyses. SETTING: One hundred thirty-four nursing home facilities operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen thousand ninety-two nursing home residents with moderate or severe cognitive impairment admitted over a 4-year period. MEASUREMENTS: Selected variables from the Minimum Data Set included ratings recorded at residents' admission to the nursing home (cognitive impairment, mood, behavior problems, activities of daily living, and wandering). RESULTS: In this sample of residents with moderate or severe cognitive impairment, the proportion of wanderers was found to be 21%. Wanderers were more likely to exhibit severe (vs moderate) cognitive impairment, socially inappropriate behavior, resistance to care, use of antipsychotic medication, independence in locomotion or ambulation, and dependence in activities of daily living related to basic hygiene. A sizable proportion of wanderers were found to be wheelchair users (25%) or were wanderers with dual dementia and psychiatric diagnoses (23%), characteristics that are not well documented in the literature. CONCLUSION: These results support previous clinical understanding of wanderers to be those who are more likely to exhibit more-severe cognitive impairment. Based on a statistical model with variables generated from prior research findings, classification as a wanderer was found to be associated with other disruptive activity such as socially inappropriate behavior and resisting care. Two understudied populations of wanderers were documented: wheelchair wanderers and those with comorbid dementia and psychiatric diagnoses. Future longitudinal studies should examine predictors of wandering behavior, and further research should explore the understudied subpopulations of wheelchair and dual-diagnosis wanderers who emerged in this study.
1252 NATURAL HISTORY AND DIAGNOSTIC DELAY IN PARTIAL ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENCY (POTCD)

The natural history of 13 females with POTCD was reviewed. Patients presented as early as 1 week or as late as 6 years. The most common symptoms before diagnosis were non-specific: extreme irritability (100%), recurrent vomiting and lethargy (100%), protein avoidance (92%), ataxia (75%), stage II coma (46%), failure to thrive (46%), and seizures (31%). The median delay between the onset of major symptoms (vomiting and lethargy; seizures; coma) and diagnosis was 16 mos. (range 1-142 mos.). In 38% there was a positive family history. Plasma levels at diagnosis were: NH4, 53-520 uM (NL<35); AST (median) 83 U/L; ALT (median) 337 U4/L; urea, 3-13 mg/dl; citrulline, trace-21 uM (NL: 10-34). Liver OTC activity was 2-55% of normal. Five patients had I.Q. scores < 70 at the time of diagnosis. For those with ≥ 1 episode of stage II coma, the mean I.Q. was 52. Common mis-diagnoses were gastroenteritis, colic, Reye's syndrome, psychogenic cyclical vomiting, and poor maternal-child interactions. Clues to early diagnosis are (1) a positive family history, (2) protein avoidance, (3) recurrent symptoms, (4) response to withdrawal of protein, and (5) onset at the time of weaning from breast milk. Early diagnosis allows prompt recognition and treatment of hyperammonemic episodes, thus reducing the risk of subsequent neurological impairment.
Post-myocardial infarction ventricular remodeling : animal and human studies

Segmental alterations in left ventricular function are generally present in patients who suffer an acute myocardial infarction. Regional wall motion abnormalities in left ventricular systolic function can be identified in the hyperacute period and generally persist in patients who complete a myocardial infarction. Through the process of infarct expansion, the infarcted territory may thin and lengthen in the short term following a myocardial infarction. Some infarct survivors are also prone to further progressive alterations in the shape and size of the left ventricle, a process that has been termed postinfarction ventricular remodeling. Although left ventricular remodeling appears to represent an adaptive process serving to preserve stroke volume (and cardiac output) following myocardial injury, the enlargement process may have undesirable long-term effects on global left ventricular function and on clinical prognosis. Fortunately, recent experimental and clinical evidence demonstrates that ventricular remodeling and its deleterious consequences may be preventable.
The relationship of brain structure to age and executive functioning in adolescent disruptive behavior disorder

Characterizing brain maturation in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) may provide insight into the progression of their behavioral deficits. Therefore, this study examined how age and executive functioning were related to structural neural characteristics in DBD. Thirty-three individuals (aged 13–17) with a DBD, along with a matched control sample, completed neuropsychological testing and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure gray matter volume and microstructural white matter properties. Voxel-based morphometry quantified gray matter volume, and diffusion tensor imaging measured fractional anisotropy (FA) in white matter tracts. In the anterior cingulate, gray matter volume decreased with age in healthy controls but showed no such change in the DBD sample. In the corpus callosum and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), FA increased with age in the control sample significantly more than in the DBD sample. Executive functioning, particularly working memory, was associated with SLF FA bilaterally. However, the relationship of SLF FA to working memory performance was weaker in the DBD sample. These data suggest that youth with DBD have altered brain development compared with typically developing youth. The abnormal maturation of the anterior cingulate and frontoparietal tracts during adolescence may contribute to the persistence of behavioral deficits in teens with a DBD.
Synthesis and Ligand Binding of Tropane Ring Analogues of Paroxetine

(3S,4R)-4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-[[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenoxy]methyl] piperidine [(3S,9R)-3, paroxetine] is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used as an antidepressant in humans. In previous studies, we reported that certain (1R)-3 beta-(substituted phenyl)nortropane-2 beta-carboxylic acid methyl esters (2a) exhibited high affinity and reasonable selectivity for the serotonin transporter (5-HTT). The major structural differences between 2a and (3S,4R)-3 are that 2a possesses a different absolute stereochemistry and has an ethylene bridge not present in 3. In addition, 2a possesses a carbomethoxy substituent adjacent to the aryl ring, whereas (3S,4R)-3 contains a [3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenoxy]methyl group. In this study, we present the synthesis and biological evaluations of six of the possible eight isomers of 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenoxy]methyl]nortropane+ ++ (4). The data for inhibition of [3H]paroxetine binding show that (1R)-2 beta, 3 alpha-4c, which has the same stereochemistry as paroxetine, has the highest affinity at the 5-HTT. Strikingly, the most potent compounds for inhibition of [3H]WIN-35,428 binding were not the (1R)-2 beta, 3 beta-isomers but rather (1R)-2 beta, 3 alpha-4c and (1S)-2 beta, 3 alpha-4f. Conformational analyses show that these isomers exist in a flattened boat conformation with pseudoequatorial substituents. Thus, the binding data show that this conformation is recognized by the DAT-associated binding site and also suggest that this conformation of paroxetine is recognized by the 5-HTT-associated binding site.
PERSISTENT INFECTION OF HUMAN CELLS (HELA) WITH ADENOVIRUS TYPE 12.

SummaryThe establishment of an adeno-virus type 12 cell carrier system is described. Characteristics of the carrier cultures include an initial dependence on inhibitor or antibody in human serum, an enhanced rate of growth after the fifth day as compared to uninfected cells, a relatively high percentage of infected cells, but a low percentage of detectable virus yielding cells, and relative resistance to super-infection. Secondary mechanisms responsible for the carrier state may include the selection of resistant cells, interference by non-infectious virus and inter-feron.
The stereoscanning electron microscopy and ultrastructural histochemistry of the avian and reptilian surfactant systems: Indian dove, desert spiny and taiwan golden skink lizards

Lung tissues from the Indian dove, Scardafella inca, desert spiny lizard, Sceloporus magister, and the Taiwan golden skink lizard, Mabuya aurates, were studied by transmission electron microscopy utilizing ruthenium red as a carbohydrate stain and with the so-called lipid-carbohydrate retention procedures to elucidate the morphology of the surfactant systems. Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopic procedures were utilized for a comparative anatomical study of these three species, and the results were compared with the rat and frog in the companion article. The avian lung tissues demonstrated several perculiarities. The ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchus had cytoplasmic ciliated projections between the boundaries of mucus secreting cells. The discrete morphology of the main bronchus, secondary bronchi, parabronchi, and the air capillaries, and their three-dimensional morphologic perspective were elucidated. The skink illustrated an arrangement of primary, secondary, and tertiary septa, with elaborate tertiary septal pits, similar to the amphibian. All septa contained a solid connective tissue core. The desert lizard was similar to the skink except the tertiary septal pits were rudimentary. All three species had a modified great alveolar pneumocyte and a laminated surfactant which included a carbohydrate matrix material between layered phospholipid-based membranes. The ruthenium red additionally stained the homogeneous surface-lining material. A comparative analysis of the surfactant systems of these three species with each other, and with the rodent and amphibian in the companion article, were discussed in terms of phylogenetic origin.
Proton transfer in water wires in proteins: modulation by local constraint and polarity in gramicidin a channels.

The transfer of protons in membrane proteins is an essential phenomenon in biology. However, the basic rules by which H+ transfer occurs in water wires inside proteins are not well characterized. In particular, the effects of specific atoms and small groups of atoms on the rate of H+ transfer in water wires are not known. In this study, new covalently linked gramicidin-A (gA) peptides were synthesized, and the effects of specific atoms and peptide constraints on the rate of H+ transfer were measured in single molecules. The N-termini of two gA peptides were linked to various molecules: S,S-cyclopentane diacid, R,R-cyclopentane diacid, and succinic acid. Single-channel proton conductances (gH) were measured at various proton concentrations ([H+]) and compared to previous measurements obtained in the S,S- and R,R-dioxolane-linked as well as in native gA channels. Replacing the S,S-dioxolane by an S,S-cyclopentane had no effects on the gH-[H+] relationships, suggesting that the constrained and continuous transition between the two gA peptides via these S,S linkers is ultimately responsible for the two- to fourfold increase in gH relative to native gA channels. It is likely that constraining a continuous transition between the two gA peptides enhances the rate of H+ transfer in water wires by decreasing the number of water wire configurations that do not transfer H+ at higher rates as in native gA channels (a decrease in the activation entropy of the system). On the other hand, gH values in the R,R-cyclopentane are considerably larger than those in R,R-dioxolane-linked gA channels. One explanation would be that the electrostatic interactions between the oxygens in the dioxolane and adjacent carbonyls in the R,R-dioxolane-linked gA channel attenuate the rate of H+ transfer in the middle of the pore. Interestingly, gH-[H+] relationships in the R,R-cyclopentane-linked gA channel are quite similar to those in native gA channels. gH values in succinyl-linked gA channels display a wide distribution of values that is well represented by a bigaussian. The larger peaks of these distributions are similar to gH values measured in native gA channel. This observation is also consistent with the notion that constraining the transition between the two β-helical gA peptides enhances the rate of H+ transfer in water wires by decreasing the activation entropy of the system.
Sulfur dichlonde diadducts of unsaturated fatty derivatives. II reactions with nucleophiles

The chloro groups in the bis-9(10)-[alkyl-10 (9)-chlorooetadecanoate]-sulfides described previously (9) underwent reaction with water, alcohols, ammonia, amines, cyanides, cyanates, thiocyanates, and azides. The rates of these reactions were such that the chloro groups were completely replaced before significant attack on the ester group occurred. Without exception, the products of these reactions were the open-chain disubstituted-sulfide diesters, e.g. bis-9(10)-[ethyl-10 (9)-aminooctadecanoate]-sulfide, and no evidence was found for cyclic,e.g. thiomorpholine, structures. The sulfur dichloride diadducts fromcis-2-butene andtrans- 2- butene were also subjected to hydrolysis and ammonolysis and again, only the open-chain sulfides, e.g. bis-2-[3-amino-butyl]-sulfide, were formed. The diol-sulfides from m-olefins differed from the diol-sulfides oftrans- olefins in both physical and special properties. A similar difference was noted in the diamino-sulfides. Several of the fatty products were oxidized to the corresponding disubstituted sulfone diesters.
Liquid-based Papanicolaou smears without a transformation zone component: should clinicians worry?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether ThinPrep smears without versus those with a transformation zone component were more likely to have falsely negative cytology findings. METHODS: Women aged 18–50 (N = 4389) attended one of three Planned Parenthood clinics between 1997 and 2001 for screening by ThinPrep Papanicolaou and polymerase chain reaction-based human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing. Women with 1) any cytologic abnormality, 2) high-risk HPV types, and 3) a random sample with normal Papanicolaou and negative HPV tests were offered repeat cytology, colposcopy, and biopsy. Cytology and biopsy diagnoses at the colposcopy visit were reviewed according to the presence (n = 3689) or absence (n = 700) of a transformation zone component at screening. RESULTS: Among women with normal cytology at screening, histologic detection of at least cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval 0.5, 3.3) at colposcopy did not differ significantly between transformation zone-positive and zone-negative smears. Histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 was detected more often among smears lacking a transformation zone component (odds ratio 2.0, confidence interval 1.0, 3.8). Transformation zone-negative smears were more common among older women, current oral contraceptive users, those past the 14th day of their last menstrual period, and those negative for high-risk HPV types. CONCLUSION: Absence of a transformation zone component in a screening ThinPrep Papanicolaou test was not associated with missed high-grade lesions. Based upon our data, we do not recommend repeat screening of reproductive-aged women with negative liquid-based tests and no cytologic evidence of a transformation zone component.
139 Determination of myocardial OEF with a CMR method in a stenotic dog study

Methods Thirteen dogs were divided into four groups (Table 1). Stenosis was created by using an occluder in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in an open-chest model. Single-slice T2-weighted images were gathered by use of a 2-D segmented turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence with double inversion recovery pulses. T2 maps can be generated with these T2-weighted images with different TE’s acquired in a single breathhold. This T2-imaging was performed several times during rest and during either Dipyridamole or Dobutamineinduced hyperemia. Using a two-compartment model validated in normal dogs [1], the OEF during hyperemia can be determined assuming resting OEF of 0.6, which is based on OEF values measured in normal dogs using an arterial and coronary sinus blood sampling approach at rest [3]. It is assumed that this value changes little with moderate stenosis [4], but for severe stenoses, this may be a potential source of error. The model also requires input of MBV values both at rest and during pharmaceutical hyperemia. These values were determined with a validated first-pass perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) method [4]. OEF values were determined in the stenotic LAD region and a remote normal left-circumflex (LCX) subtended region. Results There is no significant change in OEF values calculated using assumed MBV and MBV measured with the quantitative CMR first-pass method. Nevertheless, the former slightly overestimated the later (0.3% in LAD-perfused and 5.8% in LCX-perfused regions) (Figure 1). This difference may explain why the former method slightly overestimated the “true” OEF values measured in normal dogs using the arterial-venous blood sampling approach [1]. The changes in OEF with measured MBV are shown in Figure 2. With the injection of Dipyridamole, while normal LAD region demonstrates reduced OEF of 0.31 (48% reduction), OEF in the LAD region changes to 0.54 (11% decrease) and 0.6 (0% change) in dogs with 70% and 90% stenosis, respectively. During the Dobutamine-induced hyperemia, dogs with stenosis had slight changes in OEF in the LAD region, but an increase to 0.69 (14% increase) and decrease to 0.46 (23%) in the LCX region with 50% and 70–90% stenosis, respectively (P = NS). This is consistent with our previous observation [2].
Bicriterion static scheduling research for a single machine

The single machine static scheduling problem has been studied with a number of criteria. Increasingly, this problem has been considered with two criteria jointly. Such attempts have usually taken two approaches. One approach is to consider one of the two criteria as the objective function and the other as a constraint. The other approach is to consider a joint objective function where both criteria are included. This paper presents a critical review of this research.
Pluvinage Method for Systems of Three Charged Particles

A method due to Pluvinage for finding ground-state energies of two-electron systems has been studied. His choice of a trial function, ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{k}$, is of interest since $H{\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{k}$, where $H$ is the Hamiltonian, is free of singularities. However, his calculations had to be done numerically. It has been found possible to utilize the method in such a way that, with little loss in accuracy, the various calculations can be performed analytically. With a trial function which contains no variational parameters, the method just fails to give a bound state for ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. (The results for $Z$ greater than unity are quite accurate.) The introduction of a scaling factor gives a bound state. Thus, only one variational parameter is required to prove the existence of a bound state, as compared with the two parameters required for a Hylleraas-type trial function. However, the calculations are much more tedious. The method has been generalized to be applicable to an arbitrary system of three charged particles which interact only through their Coulomb fields. It has been applied to the proton, proton, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ system, but it does not give very useful results there.
Nonlinear electrical activity in the integument of a cockroach

Abstract 1. 1. Voltage-current characteristics from various portions of Supella integument showed the presence of an ohmic response, rectification and an active response. 2. 2. The active response occurred only when an applied inward current was being decreased. It exhibited a threshold, a latency inversely related to the current decrease and oscillations. 3. 3. Origin of the active response may reside in gland cells of the hypodermal layer.
Transition to parenthood and intergenerational relationships: the ethical value of family memory

Inside the family, all individuals define their identity in relation to previous generations (those calling them to life), the present ones (those they share their life with), and the future ones (to whom they give life). This intergenerational exchange plays important educational roles: it fosters a sense of belonging and identification, promotes dialogue, and guarantees the passing down of ethical orientations. In addition to feelings of security and reliance on others, family memory creates a matrix that gives people a placement in the world, a sort of existential code through which to be located in existence. Fostering the habit of memory-making becomes therefore a major educational imperative, which however is not without challenges. The present contribution will consider those phenomena which can give rise to a weakening of bonds between generations and a growing exclusion of the ethical value of family heritage. The educational perspective that will be drawn is that of building a sense of alliance ...
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ACIDITY OF SUBSTITUTED PHENYLAMIDES AND INHIBITION OF THE HILL REACTION.

Abstract Relative acidities of substituted phenylamides were determined by potentiometric titration with 0.1 N tetrabutylammonium hydroxide methoxide in n -butylamine and expressed as half-neutralization potentials (HNP). The HNP's were correlated with inhibitory potency expressed against the Hill reaction. Of the phenylamide families studied, i.e. , phenylureas, N -phenylcarbamates, and acylanilides, the phenylureas were the most acidic. Within each family, increased acidity was correlated with increased inhibition for the unchlorinated, 3- or 4-monochloro-, and 3,4-dichloro-derivatives, respectively. A peak occurred in the activity-acidity curve for various meta -substituted derivatives of 2-propyl N -phenylcarbamate which may be related to an optimum charge on the imino nitrogen required for high inhibitory activity. Variations in length of the side chain did not markedly affect the HNP. Substitution of a hydroxyl group for the imino hydrogen, replacement of the carbonyl oxygen with a sulfur atom, and chlorination and/or unsaturation in the alkyl group increased acidity, but in general decreased inhibitory activity. A correlation between charge on the imino nitrogen and inhibition of the Hill reaction is apparent if consideration are restricted to a comparison of derivatives in which electronic rather than steric influences predominate. Steric influences are considered to control the fit, as well as the ease, with which the inhibitor approaches the active site. Electronic influences conceivably control chemical reactivity and binding of the inhibitor at the active center.
Observation of Mn2+ Triplet Clusters and Non-Nearest-Neighbor Exchange Effect in (Cd,Mn)Te

Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS), such as Cd1−xMnxTe, are excellent hosts for the study of disordered magnetic systems. In these diluted random alloys, neighboring magnetic ions form clusters through short range spin exchange interactions. A number of experiments [1-8] have been devoted to the investigation of the nearest-neighbor (NN) coupled magnetic ion pairs, by measuring the quantized total spin in a field. In (Cd,Mn)Te, the obtained NN exchange constant J1 is -6.1K[7,8]. However, to understand full range of magnetic and optical phenomena in DMS, it is important to explore the behavior of clusters larger than pairs and interactions beyond NN.
Proteomic Screen Finds pSer/pThr-Binding Domain Localizing Plk1 to Mitotic Substrates

We have developed a proteomic approach for identifying phosphopeptide binding domains that modulate kinase-dependent signaling pathways. An immobilized library of partially degenerate phosphopeptides biased toward a particular protein kinase phosphorylation motif is used to isolate phospho-binding domains that bind to proteins phosphorylated by that kinase. Applying this approach to cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), we identified the polo-box domain (PBD) of the mitotic kinase polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) as a specific phosphoserine (pSer) or phosphothreonine (pThr) binding domain and determined its optimal binding motif. This motif is present in known Plk1 substrates such as Cdc25, and an optimal phosphopeptide containing the motif disrupted PBD-substrate binding and localization of the PBD to centrosomes. This finding reveals how Plk1 can localize to specific sites within cells in response to Cdk phosphorylation at those sites and provides a structural mechanism for targeting the Plk1 kinase domain to its substrates.
Linking populations to landscapes: richness scenarios resulting from changes in the dynamics of an ecosystem engineer

Predicting the effects of the loss of individual species on diversity represents one of the primary challenges facing community ecology. One pathway by which organisms of one species affect the distribution of species is ecosystem engineering. Changes in the dynamics of ecosystem engineers that lead to changes in the distribution of the patches of altered habitat are likely to lead to changes in diversity. I link data on the distribution of plant species found in the riparian zone of the Adirondacks (New York, USA) in patches modified by beaver and in unmodified forest patches to a model connecting the dynamics of ecosystem engineers to the dynamics of the patches that they create. These analyses demonstrate that changes in key parameters of the model, such as decreases in beaver colonization rates and rate of patch abandonment, lead to changes in species richness of up to 45% at the landscape scale, and that these changes are likely to occur over long time scales. This general approach of linking the population dynamics or behavior of a single species to changes in species richness at the landscape scale provides a means for both testing the importance of ecosystem engineering in different systems and developing scenarios to predict how changes in the dynamics of a single species are likely to affect species richness.
Broiler pulmonary hypertensive responses during lipopolysaccharide-induced tolerance and cyclooxygenase inhibition

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) triggers pulmonary hypertension (PH) characterized by an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) that reaches a peak value within 20 to 25 min and then gradually subsides within 60 min. As the PAP subsides PH cannot be reinitiated, signifying the onset of a period of tolerance (refractoriness) to repeated LPS exposure. The present study was conducted to determine the duration of this tolerance, and to evaluate key mediators thought to contribute to LPS-mediated PH in broilers. Tolerance was shown to persist for 4 to 5 d after the initial exposure to LPS. In tolerant broilers supramaximal i.v. injections of LPS did not reinitiate PH, nor was a significant modulatory role for nitric oxide demonstrated. The pulmonary vasculature of tolerant broilers remains responsive to the thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) mimetic U44069, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), and constitutive nitric oxide. Meclofenamate successfully blocked the conversion of arachidonic acid to vasoconstrictive eicosanoids such as TxA(2); nevertheless, meclofenamate failed to inhibit PH in response to LPS. Therefore, TxA(2) does not appear to be the primary vasoconstrictor involved in the PH response to LPS and neither does 5-HT. Broilers emerging from tolerance 5 d after the initial exposure to LPS exhibited interindividual variation in their PH responsiveness to a second LPS injection, ranging from zero response (individuals that remain fully tolerant) to large increases in PAP (post-tolerant individuals). Tolerance might be an important compensatory or protective mechanism for broilers whose pulmonary vascular capacity is marginally adequate under optimal conditions, and whose respiratory systems are chronically challenged with LPS in commercial production facilities. The key vasoconstrictors responsible for the PH elicited by LPS remain to be determined.
Human melanoma metastasis is inhibited following ex vivo treatment with an antisense oligonucleotide to protein kinase C-α

To determine whether alteration of PKCα expression would affect the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells, replicate cultures of C8161 cells were treated in vitro with a phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) that specifically inhibits PKCα expression (ISIS-3521). Control C8161 cultures were treated with a scrambled sequence ODN, cationic liposomes or were left untreated. Northern blots demonstrated 70% inhibition of PKCα mRNA in ISIS-3521-treated cells compared to controls. Metastasis was suppressed by 75% when ISIS-3521-treated cells were injected intravenously into athymic mice. These results show that PKCα expression is important in the regulation of human melanoma metastasis.
Purification of the hepatic vasopressin receptor using a novel affinity column.

Abstract A vasopressin receptor was purified, using a novel affinity column, from rat liver plasma membranes treated with guanosine 5′-(3-O-thio)triphosphate and solubilized with 0.8% cholate. Incubation of the membranes with the GTP analogue resulted in a dissociation of the receptor-guanine nucleotide regulatory protein complex. This manipulation, although resulting in a low-affinity state of the receptor, facilitated purification. The solubilized receptor was assayed using a new reconstitution procedure in which the soluble extracts were inserted into lipid vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. The receptor was purified by sequential chromatography on Q-Sepharose and hydroxyapatite. The use of a novel affinity column, a V1-vasopressin antagonist-agarose, resulted in a near-homogeneous preparation of a protein which exhibited an Mr = 58000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Autoradiography of purified receptor, as well as crude membrane preparations cross-linked to [125I]arginine vasopressin, also revealed a protein band with an approximate Mr = 58000. These findings indicate that V1-antagonist affinity chromatography should be useful for purifying adequate amounts of the receptor for studies of structure and function.
Carbon molecular sieves with stable hydrophobic surfaces

The effect of interactions of O2 and H2O with CMS surfaces on their performance was studied under ambient conditions by using O2 and Ar as molecular probes. Such interactions deteriorate the adsorption-desorption behavior of CMS and exhibit an adverse impact on their performance. Treatments of CMS with Cl2 and H2 were investigated for stabilizing their surfaces. Treatment with H2 at 5.5 MPa and 150°C was found to eliminate strong interactions with O2 and H2O by passivating the active sites, thus resulting in a stable CMS surface.
Cyber situational awareness through operational streaming analysis

As the scope and scale of Internet traffic continue to increase the task of maintaining cyber situational awareness about this traffic becomes ever more difficult. There is strong need for real-time on-line algorithms that characterize high-speed / high-volume data to support relevant situational awareness. Recently, much work has been done to create and improve analysis algorithms that operate in a streaming fashion (minimal CPU and memory utilization) in order to calculate important summary statistics (moments) of this network data for the purpose of characterization. While the research literature contains improvements to streaming algorithms in terms of efficiency and accuracy (i.e. approximation with error bounds), the literature lacks research results that demonstrate streaming algorithms in operational situations. The focus of our work is the development of a live network situational awareness system that relies upon streaming algorithms for the determination of important stream characterizations and also for the detection of anomalous behavior. We present our system and discuss its applicability to situational awareness of high-speed networks. We present refinements and enhancements that we have made to a well-known streaming algorithm and improve its performance as applied within our system. We also present performance and detection results of the system when it is applied to a live high-speed mid-scale enterprise network.
The Role of Search Costs in Determining the Relationship between Inflation and Profit Margins

Previous empirical studies have found a negative relationship between inflation and industry profit margins. Recent theoretical findings, however, suggest that buyer search costs can significantly impact this relationship. We use an actual measure of search cost that varies across wholesale industries to estimate the impact of these costs on the relationship between inflation and markups. Using firm-level data from 57 industries, we show that margins increase during inflation if search costs become sufficiently high. Our findings reconcile the theoretical and empirical literatures on this topic.
Effects of simulated acidic rain on one species each ofpseudoparmelia, usnea, andumbilicaria

The lichensPseudoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale,Usnea ofsubfusca Stirt., andUmbilicaria mammulata (Ach.) Tuck. were exposed to simulated acidic rain with pH levels of 2.3, 3.0, 3.3, 4.3, or 5.6 and other. ions in concentrations normally found in rain in the eastern United States. The pH levels of the most acidic treatments (3.3, 3.0, 2.3) were similar to those found in fog, cloud water, and occasional rainfall events. The pH 4.3 and 5.6 treatments compared to average ambient conditions in the eastern and western United States, respectively, and caused no significant effects on photosynthesis. However, after the first week of treatment, significant effects of rain pH at the most acidic treatments on gross photysnthesis were detected inP. caperata andU. mammulata, but not inU. cfsubfusca. Visible effects of injury were also observed and included bleaching, necrotic spots, and necrotic margins, which resembled damage seen in field populations ofU. mammulata, the most sensitive species.
High-Volume Teleradiology Service: Focus on Radiologist Satisfaction

In 1998 we surveyed our radiologists on teleradiology satisfaction. Results were generally positive. In 2002 we experienced a sevenfold case increase in teleradiology volume. The present study surveyed the radiologists again. The hypothesis was that, with increased case volume and radiologist experience with the system, ratings would increase. Image quality was excellent/good, although plain film and ultra sound (US) had more fair/poor ratings. Monitors, navigation, image processing, and Web-based reporting were rated as excellent/good. The voice-recognition system was rated poorly. Diagnostic confidence was about the same as for film. Exceptions were magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) US, and plain film. Up to 10% of cases are unreadable because of poor image quality, not enough images, or inadequate patient history. Overall, the radiologists are satisfied, although some improvements can be made.
Cpmparison of oral ritodrine and magnesium gluconate for ambulatory tocolysis

Magnesium sulfate has been administered intravenously to arrest preterm labor but the oral form of this drug cannot be used for continual tocolysis. This trial involved the administration of oral magnesium gluconate to determine its effectiveness compared with that of ritodrine hydrochloride in 50 patients whose labor had been arrested by parenteral therapy. Group A (n = 25) received 1 gm of oral magnesium gluconate every 2 to 4 hours for tocolysis and group B (n = 25) received 10 mg of ritodrine every 2 to 4 hours. The number of patients who progressed to 37 weeks' gestation was similar (group A, 21 versus group B, 19) and the time gained in utero was not different (group A, 6.4 weeks versus group B, 5.9 weeks). There was a trend toward more side effects with the use of ritodrine (40%) compared with magnesium gluconate (16%), but the numbers were too small to reveal a significant difference. These data suggest that magnesium gluconate used as an oral tocolytic is as effective as a beta-agonist in patients whose labor is arrested initially with intravenous therapy.
The woman-avenger on the post-Soviet screen

ABSTRACTThe article focuses on the figure of the female avenger in Viktor Sergeev's The Executioner (1990) and its eponymous remake by Sergei Beloshnikov (2006). If earlier the Soviet woman was hell-bent on revenge in response to assaults against her country and ideology, by the early 1990s she seemed to be empowered to reclaim her body as her own property rather than an incarnation of the country. However, while at first allowing their narratives to unfold as rape-revenge films, the film-makers redirect the heroine's thirst for revenge towards social ills, detach her actions as a deadly woman from the fact that she was raped by her compatriots, and impose on her the comforting role of saviour. In doing so, they deviate from the rape-revenge paradigm established by such American films as Lipstick (Lamont Johnson, 1976), I Spit on Your Grave (Meir Zarchi, 1977) and Ms. 45 (Abel Ferrara, 1981) and obliquely interpret the sexual assault against the protagonist as a lesser offence than the mafia's violations....
Complementary sets of sequences

A set of equally long finite sequences, the elements of which are either + 1 or - 1, is said to be a complementary set of sequences if the sum of autocorrelation functions of the sequences in that set is zero except for a zero-shift term. A complementary set of sequences is said to be a mate of another set if the sum of the cross-correlation functions of the corresponding sequences in these two sets is zero everywhere. Complementary sets of sequences are said to be mutually orthogonal complementary sets if any two of them are mates to each other. In this paper we discuss the properties of such complementary sets of sequences. Algorithms for synthesizing new sets from a given set are given. Recursive formulas for constructing mutually orthogonal complementary sets are presented. It is shown that matrices consisting of mutually orthogonal complementary sets of sequences can be used as operators so as to per form transformations and inverse transformations on a one- or two-dimensional array of real time or spatial functions. The similarity between such new transformations and the Hadamard transformation suggests applications of such new transformations to signal processing and image coding.
Sequence Homologies Among Bacterial and Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutases

Abstract Superoxide dismutase from chicken-liver mitochondria (manganese enzyme) and the two dismutases from Escherichia coli (manganese and iron enzymes) were analyzed through 29 cycles of automated Edman degradations. The high degree of homology among the amino-terminal sequences of these three dismutases corroborates their known similarity of structural and functional properties, and serves as further evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria. In contrast, these three sequences exhibit no significant homology with the amino-terminal sequence of bovine-erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, which is consistent with the classification of eukaryotic copper-zinc dismutases as a family distinct from the manganese enzymes in stability and catalytic properties.