cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous graft-versus-host reaction: Prognostic features seen by light microscopy

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a severe complication of bone marrow transplantation. The diagnosis may be made and its course followed by serial skin biopsies. The degree of epidermal change has been used as a guideline in grading each biopsy, but great variation may be found within each grade, especially grade 2 (basal cell vacuolization and dyskeratosis). To find a histologic parameter that is prognostic of more severe acute GVHD, we examined retrospectively the serial biopsies of 54 patients. When we studied early cutaneous graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR), represented by the grade 2 biopsies, the number of dermal and epidermal mononuclear inflammatory cells correlated positively with the probability of developing more severe acute GVHD. In addition, the patients who had more severe acute GVHD tended to have an earlier appearance of cutaneous histologic changes. None of the other histologic parameters examined in these grade 2 biopsies were found to be predictive of GVHD progression. In addition, no histopathologic parameters in these grade 2 biopsies were predictive of the subsequent development of chronic GVHD.
The Taking of Land: When Should Compensation Be Paid?

The analysis focuses on the question of whether the payment of compensation for land taken by eminent domain is efficient. When the taking decision is independent of land use, zero compensation is efficient, but full compensation is not. When the project decision is no longer independent of land use, and can be affected by investor decisions, neither compensation rule is generally efficient because of the moral hazard problem. With risk-averse consumers and risk-neutral firms, the previous conclusions remain essentially unchanged. However, when the project decision rule involves a budgetary "fiscal illusion," additional compensation may be necessary to correct the incentives facing the project decision-maker.
Jun N-terminal kinase 1 regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β1

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a cardinal cytokine in the pathogenesis of airway remodeling, and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As a molecular interaction between TGF-β1 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) has been demonstrated, the goal of this study was to elucidate whether JNK plays a role in TGF-β1-induced EMT. Primary cultures of mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTEC) from wild-type, JNK1–/– or JNK2–/– mice were comparatively evaluated for their ability to undergo EMT in response to TGF-β1. Wild-type MTEC exposed to TGF-β1 demonstrated a prominent induction of mesenchymal mediators and a loss of epithelial markers, in conjunction with a loss of trans-epithelial resistance (TER). Significantly, TGF-β1-mediated EMT was markedly blunted in epithelial cells lacking JNK1, while JNK2–/– MTEC underwent EMT in response to TGF-β1 in a similar way to wild-type cells. Although Smad2/3 phosphorylation and nuclear localization of Smad4 were similar in JNK1–/– MTEC in response to TGF-β1, Smad DNA-binding activity was diminished. Gene expression profiling demonstrated a global suppression of TGF-β1-modulated genes, including regulators of EMT in JNK1–/– MTEC, in comparison with wild-type cells. In aggregate, these results illuminate the novel role of airway epithelial-dependent JNK1 activation in EMT.
Structural consequences of mutations to the α-tocopherol transfer protein associated with the neurodegenerative disease ataxia with vitamin E deficiency.

The α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) is a liver protein that transfers α-tocopherol (vitamin E) to very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). These VLDLs are then circulated throughout the body to maintain blood α-tocopherol levels. Mutations to the α-TTP gene are associated with ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, a disease characterized by peripheral nerve degeneration. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations of the E141K and R59W disease-associated mutants were performed. The mutants displayed disruptions in and around the ligand-binding pocket. Structural analysis and ligand docking to the mutant structures predicted a decreased affinity for α-tocopherol. To determine the detailed mechanism of the mutation-related changes, we developed a new tool called ContactWalker that analyzes contact differences between mutant and wild-type proteins and highlights pathways of altered contacts within the mutant proteins. Taken together, our findings are in agreement with experiment and suggest structural expl...
Muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of mitogenesis via a protein kinase C-independent mechanism in m1-transfected A9 L cells

Abstract Previous studies have shown that activation of various PI-coupled receptors stimulates DNA synthesis in some cells, and inhibits DNA synthesis in others. in order to study this effect further, we measured carbachol-mediated [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in m1-transfected A9 L cells and in m1-transfected CHO cells, and found that carbachol profoundly inhibited DNA synthesis in both cell lines. This carbachol response was observed whether the cells were grown in the presence or in the absence of serum. The half-maximal value for carbachol-mediated inhibition of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation was 5.73 ± 1.15 gm M in m1-transfected A9 L cells. Pre-treatment of m1-transfected A9 L cells with the protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine, sphigosine or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced down-regulation did not prevent the carbachol inhibition of DNA synthesis, thereby demonstrating that this effect is not mediated via protein kinase C. Inhibition of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation was significant at 2 h, but not at 1 h of carbachol treatment. Recovery of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation following carbachol activation was also studied by blocking the receptor with atropine following carbachol stimulation. Following this treatment, cells needed at least 3 h to recover normal [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation. Taken together, the kinetics of this response suggest that it is not medited directly by a second messenger which typically has much more rapid kinetics.
Posttranscriptional Destabilization of the Bradykinin B1 Receptor Messenger RNA: Cloning and Functional Characterization of the 3′-Untranslated Region☆

Abstract We showed previously that the inducible bradykinin B1 receptor (BKB1R) gene expression is regulated, in part, through mRNA stabilization. Here we clone the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the BKB1R. This region proves to be very short, containing only 14 bases with an alternative polyadenylation signal (AUUAAA) which overlaps with the stop codon. Reverse transcription confirms the presence of this alternative polyadenylation signal. Northern blot shows a single species of BKB1R mRNA of approximately 1.4 kb in agreement with its calculated length. The BKB1R mRNA induced by TNFα, phorbol ester, bradykinin, and desArg10-kallidin contain the same 3′-UTR species. To test the role of this region in the regulation of mRNA stability, we generated a chimeric luciferase construct containing the BKB1R 3′-UTR. The mRNA transcribed from the wild-type luciferase gene displayed a half-life of approximately 6 h. The mRNA transcribed from the chimeric construct displayed a half-life of only 1 h. This decrease was also reflected at the level of enzyme activity. Luciferase activity from cells transfected with the chimeric construct was 10 times less than from cells transfected with wild-type luciferase. The data presented provide compelling evidence that the 3′-UTR is participating in the regulation of BKB1R mRNA stability and its ultimate expression.
Molecular/organic/polymeric ferromagnets: Design, synthesis, and physical properties

Abstract The determination that the electron transfer complex [DMeFc] + [TCNE] - is a bulk ferromagnet below a Curie temperature of 4.8K has established the ability to realize ferromagnetic ground states in molecular and presumably polymeric materials. The results of static magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, specific heat, ac susceptibility, and neutron diffraction studies have demonstrated that this system is an anisotropic Heisenberg ferromagnet with primarily one-dimensional interactions for T ⪢ T c with a crossover to anisotropic ferromagnetic state for T c . Extensive studies have been carried out on the replacement of the metal atom, M, in the metallocene, DMeM. A model has been developed to account for the ferromagnetic exchange based upon virtual excitation of charge between adjacent sites (degenerate Hubbard model or extended McConnell mechanism). In a distinctly different approach, the attempts at synthesizing a stable polymeric ferromagnet based on thermal treatment of diacetylene diradicals have been unsuccessful to date.
3,5,3′ triiodo-l-thyronine pretreatment with cardioplegic arrest and chronic left ventricular dysfunction

Background. The active form of thyroid hormone, T 3 , may be an important determinant of left ventricular (LV) function after hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and rewarming, particularly in patients with preexisting LV dysfunction. Thus, the present project tested the hypothesis that T 3 pretreatment will improve myocyte contractile performance after hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and rewarming in the setting of chronic LV dysfunction. Methods. Control LV porcine myocytes (n = 160) and cardiomyopathic LV (rapid pacing for 3 weeks at 240 beats/min) myocytes (n = 100) were treated with or without 80 pmol/L T 3 . Myocytes then were maintained in normothermic conditions (2 hours at 37°C in media) or exposed to hypothermic cardioplegic arrest ([K + ], 24 mmol/L; 2 hours at 4°C) with subsequent rewarming. Results. After cardioplegic arrest and rewarming, T 3 pretreatment increased myocyte velocity of shortening by 41% in control myocytes and by 35% in cardiomyopathic myocytes when compared to untreated myocytes. Furthermore, T 3 pretreatment followed by β -adrenergic receptor stimulation with isoproterenol (25 nmol/L) improved myocyte velocity of shortening by 24% in control myocytes and 90% in cardiomyopathic myocytes after hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and rewarming, as compared with untreated myocytes. Conclusions. In summary, this study provides evidence to suggest that preemptive treatment with T 3 may improve LV pump function and β -adrenergic responsiveness after hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and rewarming in patients with underlying LV dysfunction.
The FORTRAN synthetic program: a tool for simulating a computer workload

The FORTRAN Synthetic Program (FSP) facilitates simu lation of a computer workload by providing control of processing time, memory usage, and instruction mix. The FSP features modular design, parameterized control, and internal defaults that enhance flexib ility. The FSP offers the advantages of system independence, ease of use, high flexibility, and the ability to produce verifiable, predictable, and repeatable experiments.
The reduction of nitric oxide in simulated combustion effluents by hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures

A study has been made of the chemistry of a gas-phase process for the reduction of nitric oxide in a flowing system of simulated combustion effluents (CO and CO2 in N2, H2O being inert with respect to this reaction). The reductant consists of mixtures of hydrocarbons (e.g., isobutane or gasoline) and carefully controlled amounts of oxygen. The latter brings the rate and nature of the products of the otherwise slow reaction between hydrocarbon and NO close to the requirements of practicability. The reactions were carried out in a ceramic flow reactor at temperatures in the range of approximately 1200°K to 1700°K and with residence times of 50 to several hundred milliseconds. In addition to temperature, the most critical parameters are the molar ratios R1=[HC]/[NO] and R3=[O2]/[HC] where HC is any one of the hydrocarbons used (methane, ethane, isobutane, isobutylene and gasoline). When the fraction of the initial NO remaining, is plotted as a function of R3 (for a given R1), a characteristic minimum is formed, along with a maximum for HCN. Increasing R1 results in greater reduction of NO but tends to increase HCN production. For a ratio of R1=1 at an initial NO concentration of 1000 ppm, total fixed nitrogen (TFN) remaining after reduction (NO+HCN) may range from 10% to 45% of the original concentration at the minimum of the TFN-R3 curve, depending on temperature, residence time and stoichiometry. The HCN can be oxidized to residual NO. Various aspects of the basic chemical mechanism are examined and it is suggested that O2 provides effective reducing free radicals, e.g., CH and CH2, by hydrogen abstraction of the hydrocarbon. They can then reduce NO through reactions typified by the exothermic step, CH+NO=HCO+N.
Surgical valvuloplasty versus balloon aortic dilation for congenital aortic stenosis: are evidence-based outcomes relevant?

Background For children with congenital aortic stenosis (AS) who are selected for biventricular repair, valvuloplasty can be achieved by surgical aortic valvuloplasty (SAV) or by transcatheter balloon aortic dilation (BAD). A retrospective study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of BAD versus SAV, evaluating the long-term survival, incidence of aortic valve restenosis or aortic insufficiency (AI) or both, and freedom from reoperation for repeated valve repair or replacement. Neonates less than 2 months of age were excluded from this comparison. Methods We reviewed the outcomes of children undergoing repair by SAV (n = 89) and BAD (n = 69) at our institution during a recent 20-year period. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up were analyzed. The patient groups were compared with regard to the persistence or recurrence of postoperative aortic gradients and valve insufficiency and valve-related reintervention, including aortic valve replacement (AVR). Results There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to mean age, body surface area, valve anatomy, sex, and preoperative gradients. Our data demonstrate that gradient reduction, AI, and the need for reintervention were worse for BAD. Aortic gradients at last follow-up were similar in both cohorts, but return of a significant gradient occurred sooner for patients who had BAD. Aortic gradient at discharge was significantly better for the patients who underwent SAV. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that at 10 years, comparison of SAV and BAD was as follows: freedom from reintervention, 72% versus 53% (p = 0.02) and freedom from AVR, 80% versus 75% (p = 0.32). Conclusions BAD yields less gradient reduction, more postprocedural AI, and a shorter interval between initial and subsequent reintervention than does SAV. Our results demonstrate that SAV is safe and effective and that residual gradients and degree of AI are low. After SAV, the need for AVR can usually be delayed until the child is significantly older. The long-term functional stability after SAV is excellent. BAD in comparison is associated with an increased frequency and severity of AI and the need for earlier reintervention and valve replacement. SAV should be offered to all patients beyond the newborn period because it gives superior and longer lasting palliation.
Predictors of Anxiety and Depression in Emerging Adulthood

This study constructed a multifactorial model predicting depression and anxiety symptoms among emerging adults, incorporating broad constructs representing adult attachment style, perceived trauma, self-esteem, and irrational beliefs. In the final structural equation model, attachment avoidance and perceived trauma demonstrated direct and indirect effects, whereas attachment anxiety predicted depression only indirectly through low self-esteem or irrational beliefs, and chronic anxiety. Chronic anxiety played a crucial role in linking low self-esteem and irrational beliefs to depression. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Chaos and crisis: propositions for a general theory of crisis communication

Abstract This paper presents key concepts of chaos theory (CT) as a general framework for describing organizational crisis and crisis communication. Principles of predictability, sensitive dependence on initial conditions, bifurcation as system breakdown, emergent self-organization, and fractals and strange attractors as principles of organization are discussed. The implications for crisis communication as an area of practice and inquiry are explored.
Perioperative visual loss after excision and autografting of a thermal burn to the back

Abstract Peri-operative visual loss is an uncommon and poorly understood entity whose severity launched a Practice Advisory to identify peri-operative risk factors including prone positioning, anemia, hypotension, blood loss >44.7% of EBV, and surgical time >4–6.5 h. Contributing co-morbidities are obesity, tobacco, malnutrition, and PAD, which reduce blood flow to the optic nerve. We describe a patient with POVL focusing on the peri-operative course defined as the immediate preoperative assessment through discharge to compare the hospital course with previous reports of POVL in cardiac and spine operations.ss A middle-aged man admitted to the burn unit with 10% deep partial and full thickness burns to the back and neck underwent excision and autografting while prone. He was subsequently diagnosed with ischemic optic neuropathy and blindness. Co-morbidities were tobacco, malnutrition (albumin of 2.6 g/dl), and obesity (BMI 30.1). Preoperative risk assessment included anemia and prone positioning. Intra-operative hypotension to SBP 75 mmHg was noted. Operative duration was 5 h. Blood loss was estimated to be 43.7% of EBV. Risk factors for POVL are present in many prone burn operations as these patients have long operative times and significant blood loss. Thus, minimization of these factors where possible is advised.
Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman, of Burnham Thorpe, O. M., K. C. B., 30 May 1904 - 1 April 1993

Solly Zuckerman was born on 30 May 1904 and died following a heart attack almost 89 years later, full of honours and though becoming frail, still at work. I was moved along by one accident after another with little or no idea of who I was or of what I would become and with little notion of what the morrow would bring. Up to the time of the Second World War I should have laughed if anyone had suggested that in the years ahead I would become involved in public events. Both sides of his family had come to South Africa from Eastern Europe in the 19th century. His father ran a furniture business in Cape Town. He was a gentle and unambitious man who demanded little. His mother, on the other hand, was a busy taskmistress who was always wanting more from a boy who was aloof, uninterested and reserved. School had to be survived and organized games were disliked. His substitute was mountaineering and this activity led to his observing the social behaviour of the troops of baboons that he encountered on his climbs and hence to his earliest and constantly recurring scientific interest.
BPA 1100 kV Transmission System Development Corona and Electric Field Studies

This paper describes the Bonneville Power Administration's 1200 kV Lyons Test Facility. Results of the first year's test program are presented. Audible noise and radio and television interference longterm data is analyzed and presented as are results of electric field and induced current tests in the vicinity of the line. Measurements of the symmetrical 8 ×41 mm (Chukar) bundle tested during the first year compare favorably with predicted values.
Direct determination of polymer crystal structures from fibre and powder X-ray data

Abstract Powder and fibre X-ray diffraction intensities, respectively from two synthetic polymers, polyethylene and poly(ϵ-caprolactone), were used to evaluate the prospects for structure analysis via direct methods. For the former, centrosymmetric, example, an entirely correct phase set was found when the origin-defining reflections were extended by the Sayre equation. Prediction of structure factor magnitudes by this equation also successfully deconvoluted clusters of overlapping reflections into their component values. In the analysis of the latter, non-centrosymmetric, problem with the Sayre equation, a very accurate phase set could also be derived, particularly when the initial model was improved by Fourier refinement (final mean error: 19°). Again, direct prediction of structure factor magnitudes was helpful for the separation of overlapping reflections during the course of the analysis.
Differentiation of Springtime Vegetation Indices Associated with Summer Anthrax Epizootics in West Texas, USA, Deer

Anthrax outbreaks in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, are frequent in west Texas, USA, particularly across the Edwards Plateau. However, the outbreak severity varies among years. We summarize the outbreak history in white-tailed deer at a ranch north of Del Rio, Texas, from 2001 to 2010 and compare mortality rates to remotely sensed vegetation indices derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data. It has long been posited that the occurrence of mid- to high-latitude epizootics is associated with hot, dry summer conditions preceded by a wet spring, with cases occurring after summer rain events. Here we employed vegetation green-up indices as a proxy for such environmental conditions. Annual trajectories of vegetation indices identified a clear pattern of early green springs with dry summers in severe outbreak years. In contrast, later, less intense spring green-up with greener summers were associated with enzootic mortality years, when few cases occurred. There was a statistically significant difference in the annual timing and intensity of spring green-up from vegetation indices for epizootic and enzootic years. Years with epizootics have early, intense spring conditions, whereas enzootic years have low-intensity green-up. These results suggest that early green-up signatures may be useful in identifying epizootic climatic conditions ahead of the summer anthrax period. Such analyses are required to ultimately develop an early warning system for wildlife managers and veterinary public health officials.
Sebaceous gland neoplasia

Neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation cover a broad spectrum. They range from benign sebaceous hyperplasia and adenomas to locally infiltrative sebaceous epitheliomas which have biologic behaviors similar to basal cell carcinomas, to sebaceous carcinomas which can have very malignant biologic behaviors. In this paper, we have purposely excluded the nevus sebaceus of .Jadassohn, a nevoid tumor composed of several cutaneous elements. As sebaceous glands are only one part of this tumor, it is better classified as an organoid nevus.
GABA synthesis in brain slices is dependent on glutamine produced in astrocytes.

The rate of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis in rat-brain slices was determined by inhibiting GABA transaminase with 20-μM gabaculine and measuring the increase of GABA. Added 500-μM glutamine increased the rate of GABA synthesis by 50%, indicating that glutamate decarboxylase is not saturated in brain slices. The stimulation of GABA synthesis with added glutamine in brain slices was much less than that reported for synaptosomes. The lower stimulation in slices was attributable to astrocytic glutamine production, as the rate of GABA synthesis decreased by 44% when glutamine production was inhibited with methionine sulfoximine. Added glutamine restored the rate to the maximal value observed in brain slices. The rate of GABA synthesis was decreased by 65% in slices pretreated with an inhibitor of glutaminase, and added glutamine did not reverse this effect. These results suggest that glutamine produced by astrocytes is a quantitatively important precursor of GABA synthesis in cortical slices.
Magnetic attraction leading to a small bowel obstruction in a child

Foreign body ingestion in small children is common yet only 1% of cases require operative management of associated complications (Arana et al. in Eur J Pediatr 160:468–472, 2001). A 6-year-old boy was referred to our institution with a 12 h history of abdominal pain. This pain was diffuse and crampy in nature and associated with multiple episodes of non-bilious, non-bloody emesis. On evaluation he was stable and his abdomen demonstrated slight distention and tenderness without peritoneal signs. Plain abdominal radiographs demonstrated some distended loops of small bowel and a radio-opaque foreign object within the mid-abdomen. A small bowel obstruction secondary to foreign body ingestion was diagnosed and an emergent laparotomy performed. Upon exploration, a transition zone was noted near the ileocecal valve. Further exploration revealed the obstruction to be caused secondary to the apposition of two small (8 mm) magnets, one in the proximal ileum and the other near the ileocecal valve, resulting in an internal hernia. The magnets were easily separated relieving the obstruction and both were removed via two small bowel enterotomies. After being presented with the magnets, his parents suspected that they came from the clothes of a Polly Pocket® (Mattel, Inc., El Segundo, CA) doll. The patient had an uneventful post-operative course and was discharged to home on the second post-operative day. This case demonstrates the complications that may occur with multiple magnet ingestion. It highlights the need for close observation and early surgical intervention in children with a suspected history of foreign body ingestion, a clinical picture of gastrointestinal distress, and radiographic evidence of a radio-opaque foreign object.
The 5-Year Course of Intimate Partner Violence Among White, Black, and Hispanic Couples in the United States

This article examines the 5-year incidence, prevalence, and recurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among White, Black, and Hispanic intact couples in the United States. A national multistage household probability sample of couples, age 18 years or older, was interviewed in 1995 with a response rate of 85%, and reinterviewed in 2000 with a response rate of 72%. Results indicate that the incidence and recurrence of IPV are higher for Blacks and Hispanics than for Whites. Compared to Whites, Hispanics are 2.5 times more likely to initiate IPV between baseline and follow-up and Blacks are 3.7 times more likely to report IPV at baseline and follow-up. Couples reporting severe IPV in 1995 are more likely than others to report severe IPV at follow-up. The rate of recurrence for severe IPV among Black and Hispanic couples is 6 and 4 times higher, respectively, than the rate among Whites. The results suggest that Blacks and Hispanics may be more affected by IPV.
The Fourier transform in white noise calculus

Abstract Let S ∗ be the space of termpered distributions with standard Gaussian measure μ. Let ( S ) ⊂ L 2 (μ) ⊂ ( S ) ∗ be a Gel'fand triple over the white noise space ( S ∗ , μ). The S -transform ( S ϕ)(ζ) = ∫ S ∗ ϕ( x + ζ) d μ( x ), ζ ∈ S , on L 2 ( μ ) extends to a U -functional U[ϕ](ζ) = « exp (·, ζ), ϕ a exp ( −∥ζ∥ 2 2 ) , ζ ∈ S , on ( S ) ∗ . Let D consist of ϕ in ( S ) ∗ such that U [ ϕ ](− iζ 1 T ) exp[−2 −1 ∫ T ζ ( t ) 2 dt ], ζ ∈ S , is a U -functional. The Fourier transform of ϕ in D is defined as the generalized Brownian functional ϕ in ( S ) ∗ such that U [ϕ](ζ) = U [ϕ](−iζ1 T ) exp[−2 −1 ∫ T ζ ( t ) 2 dt ], ζ ∈ S . Relations between the Fourier transform and the white noise differentiation ∂ t and its adjoint ∂ t ∗ are proved. Results concerning the Fourier transform and the Gross Laplacian Δ G , the number operator N , and the Volterra Laplacian Δ V are obtained. In particular, (Δ G ∗ ϕ) ^ = −Δ G ∗ ϕ and [(Δ V + N)ϕ] ^ = −(Δ V + N)ϕ. Many examples of the Fourier transform are given.
Poisoning-related visits to emergency departments in the United States, 1993-1996.

Background: Poisoning continues to be an important public health problem in the US. In 1995, 2 million human poison exposures were reported to all poison centers in the US. Hospital emergency department data may be used to examine the most critical nonfatal poisoning exposures. Methods: Data from the 1993–1996 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, which is a national probability sample survey of visits to emergency departments of nonFederal, short-stay, and general hospitals, were examined to describe poisoning-related emergency department visits in the US. Results: During 1993–1996, the average annual number of emergency department visits was 93 million, of which 37 million were injury related and 1 million were poisoning related. Children under 5 years of age had a significantly higher average annual rate of poisoning-related visits (84 visits per 10,000 persons) than persons 5–19 years of age and persons 35 years of age and over. “Poisoning by other and unspecified drugs and medicinal subst...
A Comparison of Student and Human Resource Professional Attitudes toward Work and Family Issues

This article presents the results of a study designed to investigate and compare the perceptions of students and human resource professionals regarding specific work-family interface issues. The sa...
Functional identification of the promoter for the gene encoding the alpha subunit of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.

Abstract To examine the expression of the alpha subunit of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, various 5' flanking genomic sequences were inserted into a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter plasmid and CAT enzyme activities were analyzed in transfected NB2a neuroblastoma cells and mRNA transcription was analyzed by nuclease protection assays. A core promoter was identified which contained an essential TATA element located 162 nt 5' to the transcription start site. Sequences 3' to the transcription start site, as well as 5' to the TATA element, increased levels of CAT activity in transfected cells. The alpha-subunit gene promoter displayed higher CAT activities, relative to a simian virus 40 promoter, in transfected neuronal cell lines than in nonneuronal cell lines. Results also suggested that sequence surrounding the natural alpha-gene transcription initiation site may be important for targeting transcription initiation 162 nt downstream of its TATA element.
Gravitational failure of sea cliffs in weakly lithified sediment

Gravitational failure of sea cliffs eroded into weakly lithified sediment at several sites in California involves episodic stress-release fracturing and cantilevered block falls. The principal variables that influence the gravitational stability are tensional stresses generated during the release of horizontal confining stress and weakening of the sediment with increased saturation levels. Individual failures typically comprise less than a cubic meter of sediment, but large areas of a cliff face can be affected by sustained instability over a period of several days. Typically, only the outer meter or so of sediment is removed during a failure episode. In-place sediment saturation levels vary over time and space, generally being higher during the rainy season but moderate to high year-round. Laboratory direct-shear tests show that sediment cohesion decreases abruptly with increasing saturation level; the decrease is similar for all tested sediment if the cohesion is normalized by the maximum, dry-sediment cohesion. Large failures that extend over most or all of the height of the sea cliff are uncommon, but a few large wedge-shaped failures sometimes occur, as does separation of large blocks at sea cliff–gully intersections.
Slow light with cavity electromagnetically induced transparency

We report an experimental observation of slow light propagation in cold Rb atoms exhibiting cavity electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The steep slope of the atomic dispersion manifested by EIT reduces the light group velocity. The cavity filtering and feedback further contribute to the slowdown and delay of the light pulse propagation. A combination of the cavity and the EIT atomic system significantly improves the performance of the slow light propagation. A propagation time delay of ~200 ns was observed in the cavity and Rb EIT system, which is ~70 times greater than the time delay calculated for the light pulse propagation through the same Rb EIT system without the cavity.
EPA-0606 – Relationship between serotonin transporter and bone loss

Background 5-HTTLPR (serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region) has long (l) and short (s) allelic variations. The s allele is linked to depression, anxiety, and slower response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Both depression and SSRI's are associated with bone loss and fractures. We explored the relationship between the 5-HTTLPR and bone loss. Methods IRB-approved retrospective chart review of adult psychiatric patients during a 10-year period with both 5-HTTLPR genotype and bone mineral density (BMD) assessment (hip and spine BMD stratified by age, Z-scores Results Of 3016 with 5-HTTLPR genotyping, 239 had BMD, with 157 (66%) s allele and 82 (34%) l/l genotypes. Among men and women Conclusions The s allele is associated with lower bone density at the hip and spine in younger adults, particularly in younger women. Our results suggest 5-HTTLPR variants may mediate serotonin effects on bone in a gender-specific or hormonal/ menopausal-dependent interaction.
Statistical framework using GIS to estimate unpaved road VMT for PM10 emission inventories

The latest Clean Air Act Amendments mandate that every area in the U.S. meet standards for 6 criteria pollutants--ozone, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, and particulate matter--both with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 um (PM-sub-10) and with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 um (PM-sub-2.5). Regions in nonattainment of these standards must produce an emission inventory for the violating pollutant. By both California and federal air quality standards, all counties in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) air basin were PM-sub-10 nonattainment areas in 2001. Reentrained dust created by vehicles is considered a large contributor to PM-sub-10 emissions in the SJV. However, current methods used to estimate PM-sub-10 emissions from vehicle activity on unpaved roads do not account for spatial or seasonal variability. Using statistical models and GIS, the authors introduce a new framework for estimating vehicle miles traveled on unpaved roads. Because a large portion of the SJV contains agricultural land, their models distinguish between vehicular traffic on unpaved roads associated with harvest and nonharvest activities. Using the method on counties in the SJV, it is found that the new methodology results in approximately 29% less vehicle miles traveled on unpaved roads in San Joaquin County than calculated by current California Air Resources Board (CARB) method, and approximately 40% less vehicle miles traveled in Fresno County. Furthermore, results indicate that integrating GIS methods in PM-sub-10 inventory procedures greatly enhanced the overall process of model development and estimation.
THE CLIMATE OF THE MIDNINETEENTH CENTURY UNITED STATES COMPARED TO THE CURRENT NORMALS

Abstract Climatic data for the Continental United States for the 1850's and 1860's are compared with the currently valid normals. In the eastern half of the United States, these two decades continue the cooler and somewhat wetter character found in an earlier investigation, while in the western half, a distinctly warmer and decisively wetter climate existed in the mid-19th century, as compared to the conditions in the first half of the 20th century.
Solitude: An Exploration of Benefits of Being Alone

Christopher R. Long and James R. Averill, Solitude: An Exploration of Benefits of Being Alone, pp. 21–44. Historically, philosophers, artists, and spiritual leaders have extolled the benefits of solitude; currently, advice on how to achieve solitude is the subject of many popular books and articles. Seldom, however, has solitude been studied by psychologists, who have focused instead on the negative experiences associated with being alone, particularly loneliness. Solitude, in contrast to loneliness, is often a positive state—one that may be sought rather than avoided. In this article, we examine some of the benefits that have been attributed to solitude—namely, freedom, creativity, intimacy, and spirituality. In subsequent sections, we consider the environmental settings and personality characteristics conducive to solitude, how time spent alone is experienced differently across the life span, and the potential dangers related to the attractiveness of solitude. We conclude with a brief discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of solitude.
Adhesion receptors in lymphocyte activation.

Abstract The past several years have seen significant progress in understanding the role of T lymphocyte coreceptors in adhesion and activation. New insights have been gained in several areas: the avidity regulation of β1 and β2 integrins and their role in signal transduction; the regulation of CD8 avidity; the role of Lck in CD4 coreceptor activity; and the novel role for CD2 adhesion in the T cell antigen response.
Reduced Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Blood Platelets from Schizophrenic Patients

AN indirect estimate of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity based on the formation of 14C-5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from intravenously administered 14C-serotonin revealed no differences between schizophrenic patients and controls1. The important regulatory functions of monoamine oxidase in biogenic amine metabolism2, together with the evidence that MAO-inhibiting drugs may on occasion contribute to exacerbations of psychotic behaviour3, suggested, however, that direct examination of cellular MAO in schizophrenic patients might be of interest.
Determining the Critical Micelle Concentration in O/W Emulsion Using the Rate Constant of Hydrolysis for Benzyl Acetate

An attempt to evaluate the kinetically effective critical micelle concentration CMC of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in micellar solutions and in O/W emulsions at 40°C and pH 9 utilizing the pseudo first order rate constant of benzyl acetate hydrolysis was implemented. The critical micelle concentration of SDS in micellar solutions was determined by both surface tension measurements utilizing Wilhelmy plate technique and by rate constant of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis reaction of benzyl acetate was monitored in surfactant solutions as well as in o/w emulsions as a function of time. Emulsion droplets were controlled using microfluidizer 110 T and oily droplets were separated from the emulsion by ultracentrifugation at (11,500 rpm or 9,800 g) prior to analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. The value of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in micellar solutions in the presence of benzyl acetate as determined from the Wilhelmy plate technique was 7.8 × 10−4 moles/L (CMC in micellar solution was 10 ...
On the complementary bounding theorems for limit analysis

Abstract A unified theory for the complementary-dual bounding theorems of limit analysis is established with the aid of convex analysis. Based on the property of superpotential in this theory, various variational principles are constructed, which include a new lower bound theorem, a more precise estimation for the safety factor and a penalty-duality type variational principle. Furthermore, an efficient penalty-duality algorithm for limit analysis is suggested and the applications of these theorems are illustrated.
On the Manuscripts and Text of Euripides, Medea

Murray's edition of Medea (1902) made use of five manuscripts: BAVLP. Page (1938) added a sixth, the Jerusalem palimpsest, H. But Medea is preserved in six more manuscripts (I do not count apographs), which Murray and Page cite rarely or never. I investigate here the value and affiliations of these six and of a fragmentary seventh (F), which they do cite. The seven manuscripts are: O (Florence, Bibl. Laurenziana, 31. 10), late twelfth century 2 C (Vatican, Vaticano greco 910), fourteenth century; lacks 880–4, 1050 to the end 3 D (Florence, Bibl. Laurenziana, 31. 15), fourteenth century 4 E (Athos, Μον⋯ 'Ιβ⋯ρων 209, formerly 161), early fourteenth century; lacks 731–825, 1029–1133, 1339 to the end 5 F (Venice, Bibl. Nazionale Marciana, gr. 468), c. 1300? Only the hypothesis and lines 1–42 6
SPACE USE BY ROUND-TAILED MUSKRATS IN ISOLATED WETLANDS

The round-tailed muskrat (Neofiber alleni) is a species of conservation concern that represents a monotypic genus with a restricted geographic distribution. Few data exist on space use to assist conservation efforts for this enigmatic species. We radiotracked 23 round-tailed muskrats in isolated freshwater wetlands in central Florida. Muskrats used lodges for diurnal rest sites when wetlands were inundated but switched to burrows during a seasonal dry period. Individuals shifted use among 10–15 rest sites within their home ranges. Body mass affected patterns of rest-site use; heavier individuals used fewer rest sites and were more likely to have a preferred site compared to lighter individuals. Estimates of home-range size averaged 1,263–2,071 m 2 and were at least an order of magnitude greater than existing estimates but less than expected given the body size of the species. Males may sometimes occupy nonoverlapping home ranges as predicted by theory. Small wetlands can support subpopulations of the round-tailed muskrat, which is a dispersal-limited species that exhibits metapopulation dynamics among wetlands.
School Choice and the Achievement Gap

The possibility is examined that school choice programs could be a means to reducing the achievement gap. Data based on meta-analytic research and the examination of nationwide data sets suggest that school choice programs that include private schools could reduce the achievement gap by 25%. The propounding of this possibility is based on research indicating that the achievement gap in faith-based schools is generally 25% narrower than one finds in public schools. Results of these studies suggest that both the racial achievement gap and the socioeconomic achievement gap are reduced by the same degree (25%). The significance of these results is discussed, especially as it pertains to the attitudes that people frequently have toward school choice.
The remarkable Re-Os chronometer in molybdenite : how and why it works

The Re–Os (rhenium–osmium) chronometer applied to molybdenite (MoS2) is now demonstrated to be remarkably robust, surviving intense deformation and high-grade thermal metamorphism. Successful dating of molybdenite is dependent on proper preparation of the mineral separate and analysis of a critical quantity of molybdenite, unique to each sample, such that recognized spatial decoupling of 187Re parent and 187Os daughter within individual molybdenite crystals is overcome. Highly precise, accurate and reproducible age results are derived through isotope dilution and negative thermal ion mass spectrometry (ID-NTIMS). Spatial decoupling of parent–daughter precludes use of the laser ablation ICP-MS microanalytical technique for Re–Os dating of molybdenite. The use of a reference or control sample is necessary to establish laboratory credibility and for interlaboratory comparisons. The Rb–Sr, K–Ar and 40Ar/39Ar chronometers are susceptible to chemical and thermal disturbance, particularly in terranes that have experienced subsequent episodes of hydrothermal/magmatic activity, and therefore should not be used as a basis for establishing accuracy in Re–Os dating of molybdenite, as has been done in the past. Re–Os ages for molybdenite are almost always in agreement with observed geological relationships and, when available, with zircon and titanite U–Pb ages. For terranes experiencing multiple episodes of metamorphism and deformation, molybdenite is not complicated by overgrowths as is common for some minerals used in U–Pb dating (e.g. zircon, monazite, xenotime), nor are Re and Os mobilized beyond the margins of individual crystals during solid-state recrystallization. Moreover, inheritance of older molybdenite cores, incorporation of common Os, and radiogenic Os loss are exceedingly rare, whereas inheritance, common Pb and Pb loss are common complications in U–Pb dating techniques. Therefore, molybdenite ages may serve as point-in-time markers for age comparisons.
Comparative Efficiency between Structural Systems for Tall Buildings of Various Forms

This paper investigates lateral stiffness-based comparative structural efficiency between today’s prevalent structural systems for tall buildings of various forms. Conventional rectangular box form tall buildings of 60, 80, and 100 stories are optimally designed first with braced tubes, diagrids, and outrigger structures to meet the identical lateral stiffness requirements. The structural efficiency of each system is studied comparatively depending on building heights and height-to-width aspect ratios. This study is expanded to investigate the comparative structural system efficiency of complexshaped tall buildings, such as twisted, tilted, and tapered towers. For each complex form category, tall buildings are designed again with diagrids, braced tubes, and outrigger systems. Comparative efficiency between these structural systems in conjunction with various complex building forms, heights, and height-to-width aspect ratios is studied. Parametric structural models are generated to investigate the impacts of various important geometric configurations of complex-shaped tall buildings. The parametric models are exported to structural engineering software for analyses, design, and comparative studies. More efficient system selection and design optimization can substantially contribute to constructing sustainable built environments by saving building materials produced from our limited resources.
Cytoplasmic dynein binds to phospholipid vesicles

Cytoplasmic dynein is the putative motor protein for retrograde organelle transport along microtubules in cells and, thus, must be capable of binding to organelle membranes. Such an attachment may occur via receptor proteins or through a direct interaction of dynein with the membrane phospholipids. We show here that cytoplasmic dynein-synaptic membrane binding does not require a receptor protein and that this binding is mediated by an electrostatic interaction with acidic phospholipids. The properties of cytoplasmic dynein binding to NaOH-extracted synaptic membranes are not significantly affected when those membranes are treated with trypsin to digest endogenous integral membrane proteins. Moreover, purified cytoplasmic dynein is capable of binding to liposomes composed of pure phospholipids. Dynein binds to liposomes with a profile remarkably similar to that of dynein binding to native membranes. Dynein-liposome binding is dependent upon the presence of acidic phospholipids and is disrupted by NaCl. Thus, these studies suggest that electrostatic interactions can effect dynein-membrane binding.
Increased Cardiac Muscle Fiber Size and Reduced Cell Number in Down Syndrome: Heart Muscle Cell Number in Down Syndrome

The size of cardiac muscle fibers was determined for 15 patients with Down syndrome who did not have congenital heart disease and for 15 age- and sex-matched control patients by counting the number...
Review: Replacements for Chromium Pretreatments on Aluminum

Abstract The use of chromium (Cr) as an anticorrosion pretreatment ingredient to protect aluminum (Al) alloys is being restricted because of environmental concerns. Research currently is under way ...