cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative Stratification Systems: the Case of Interpersonal Respect among Leisure Participants1

This case study illustrates the importance of recognizing the existence of multiple stratification systems based on criteria other than occupation, education, and income. In particular, the article examines the respect hierarchy which exists among a community of leisure participants, and examines the extent to which several sets of criteria can “account” for that hierarchy. The criteria which are employed include such widely used work- related measures as occupation and income, as well as leisure-related abilities, expressions of leisure-related ideals, and expressions of commitment to the leisure activity. The leisure activity under study is a form of auto racing known as “autocrossing.” Data are collected by means of a mailed questionnaire. The findings indicate that criteria involving occupation, education, and income account for very little of the respect that participants feel toward one another. Subsequent analysis reveals that leisure-related abilities are highly associated with respect, and expressions of commitment to the leisure activity are moderately associated with respect.
THE INTERRELATION OF THE SURVIVING HEART AND PANCREAS OF THE DOG IN SUGAR METABOLISM : SECOND PAPER.

When the pancreas of a dog is perfused aseptically with a Locke's solution containing dextrose in physiological concentrations, the optical rotation of the perfusate is diminished, but its reducing power is unaltered. This change also occurs if dextrose is added to a sugarfree pancreatic perfusate and the mixture incubated. These perfusates yield osazones with lower melting points than glucosazone, but when the perfusates are hydrolyzed with weak acid their optical, rotations and the melting points of their osazones are increased. These changes do not occur with levulose, or with an extract of the pancreas and dextrose. When the heart, spleen, or kidneys are perfused with dextrose solutions hydrolysis of the perfusates does not increase their optical rotation or power of reduction. When a pancreatic perfusate containing dextrose is circulated through a living heart not only do the above changes take place but, in addition, the reducing properties of the perfusate are altered. Hydrolysis of such a perfusate increases its reducing power, its optical rotation, and the melting point of its osazone. A heart does not cause this effect either alone or when perfused together with the spleen or kidneys. Levulose perfused through the heart and pancreas is unchanged. These phenomena are believed to be due to an enzyme or enzymes obtained from the perfused pancreas. The changes in optical rotation, in reduction, and in the osazones are accounted for by different degrees of dextrose condensation. While the living heart can destroy both dextrose and levulose to some extent, the experimental results suggest that the enzyme or enzymes derived from the perfused pancreas have a specific action on dextrose and are responsible for certain essential steps by which dextrose is prepared for normal utilization.
Distribution of estrogen receptors α and β mRNA in mouse urogenital tissues and their expression after oophorectomy and estrogen replacement

Estrogen receptors are present in the urogenital tract. However, little is known about the quantitative distribution of the traditional estrogen receptor (ERα) mRNA and the recently identified ERβ mRNA. By quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, the distributions of ERα and ERβ mRNA in mouse urogenital tissues and their expression in selected urogenital tissues after oophorectomy, with or without estrogen replacement, were evaluated. ERα mRNA concentrations were higher in the ovary, oviduct, uterus and vagina than in the kidney, ureter or bladder (P<0.05); ERβ transcripts were highest in the ovary, oviduct and bladder (P<0.05). After oophorectomy and estrogen replacement, significant changes were identified in ERα and ERβ mRNA expression. ERα and ERβ mRNA are differentially expressed in mouse urogenital tissues. Oophorectomy and estrogen replacement affect estrogen receptors differently in the bladder, vagina and uterus. These results may explain some tissue-specific responses to estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Summary: The mRNA distributions of estrogen receptors α and β and their expression after oophorectomy, with or without estrogen replacement, differ in mouse urogenital tissues.
On the Virtual Element Method for three-dimensional linear elasticity problems on arbitrary polyhedral meshes

Abstract We explore the recently-proposed Virtual Element Method (VEM) for the numerical solution of boundary value problems on arbitrary polyhedral meshes. More specifically, we focus on the linear elasticity equations in three-dimensions and elaborate upon the key concepts underlying the first-order VEM. While the point of departure is a conforming Galerkin framework, the distinguishing feature of VEM is that it does not require an explicit computation of the trial and test spaces, thereby circumventing a barrier to standard finite element discretizations on arbitrary grids. At the heart of the method is a particular kinematic decomposition of element deformation states which, in turn, leads to a corresponding decomposition of strain energy. By capturing the energy of linear deformations exactly, one can guarantee satisfaction of the patch test and optimal convergence of numerical solutions. The decomposition itself is enabled by local projection maps that appropriately extract the rigid body motion and constant strain components of the deformation. As we show, computing these projection maps and subsequently the local stiffness matrices, in practice, reduces to the computation of purely geometric quantities. In addition to discussing aspects of implementation of the method, we present several numerical studies in order to verify convergence of the VEM and evaluate its performance for various types of meshes.
A Comparison of Different Ni+Al Structural Energetic Materials

A comparison of different Ni+Al reactive materials is conducted to elucidate the effects of microstructure morphology on performance. CTH, a multi-material Eulerian hydrocode, was utilized to study mesoscale deformation during simulated rod-on-anvil experiments. It is found that the cold sprayed Ni+Al, which has a more topologically connected nickel phase, is likely to be more reactive because of enhanced deformation in the Ni phase relative to explosively compacted Ni+Al, where the Ni phase undergoes less deformation. Rod-on-anvil impact tests verify that cold sprayed Ni+Al is indeed more reactive than explosively compacted Ni+Al when subject to impact.
Toward a Model of Retail Product Development: A Case Study Analysis:

This study examined the functional activities taking place in the product development division of an international specialty apparel retailer. Case study analysis (embedded, single case format) was the research design guiding collection of the data. A multimillion dollar, specialty apparel retailer engaging in 100% product development was selected as the case site. Data were collected from multiple sources of evidence including interviews, direct observation, and physical evidence. The development of a descriptive framework was the analytical strategy used for the organization of the case study data, and the use of a chronological structure sequencing events was used in composing the study results. The study has resulted in descriptive and explanatory knowledge of retail product development activities pertaining to trend analysis, concept evolvement, palette decisions, fabrication, fabric design, silhouette directions, prototype construction and analysis, line presentation, and subsequent activities. An o...
Does Anti‐Hispanic Bias Motivate Opposition to Non‐English Languages?*

Contemporary political debates about language policy in the United States focus on three primary policy issues: bilingual education in public schools, English-only legislation, and the access of non-English speaking citizens to political rights. Using the “Multi-Ethnic United States” module from the 2000 General Social Survey (GSS), this article tests multiple attitudinal, behavioral, demographic, and contextual hypotheses for how Anglos and African Americans view bilingual policy issues. We examine the role of linguistic contact, self-interest, group threat, and discriminatory views of Latinos, finding that the latter—as measured by the “Three Ds” (Derogation, Disrespect, and Distance)—are the strongest predictors of attitudes toward bilingualism. Distance (social distance from Latinos) is consistently significant, disrespect (doubts about Latino contributions to the United States.) is mostly significant, and derogation (Latino stereotypes) is occasionally significant. Also, political ideology and knowledge of a non-English language play important roles in the formation of favorable bilingualism opinions. However, the self-interest and group threat variables were largely insignificant. Taken together, these findings indicate the importance of understanding how policy views may be structured by opinions about out-group individuals and cultures. Language can serve as a proxy for immigrants themselves, as negative attitudes toward Latinos are associated with negative attitudes toward bilingualism.
Acute repetitive pilomotor seizures (goose bumps)in a patient with right mesial temporal sclerosis

A 26 year old female with right mesial temporal sclerosis presented with events characterized by repetitive piloerection (goose bumps). These events were monitored using prolonged video-EEG. The events occurred at a rate of one per every 15 min, and were demonstrated to be simple partial seizures of right mesial temporal origin. The manifestations included piloerection, cold shivers and ictal tachycardia. These were effectively treated with lorazepam. Acute repetitive pilomotor seizures are rare. This is the first reported case with right mesial temporal sclerosis.
Challenges Faced by Management of the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Stock Related to the Development of Mediterranean Bluefin Tuna Farming

Abstract The development of Atlantic bluefin tuna farm production in the Mediterranean, which relies on collecting tunas from the ocean, has created a number of recent challenges to managers of the wild stock. As a result, additional monitoring requirements have being imposed on fishing fleets and farming operations. Although the development of farming may have contributed to higher catches of tuna in the Mediterranean and may have shifted fishing toward more purse seine caught fish, such tendencies began before farming started in earnest. Since farming started, however, there has been a decline in the proportion of tuna harvested by longline fleets. Such changes in the mix of gears used to harvest tuna may have led to changes in the composition and amount of bycatch. The possible ecosystem effect of such changes in fishing practices are still to be evaluated and can only partially be associated with the development of farming. Other reported effects of farming include changes in ecosystem balance related to the shift in tuna diet of farmed fish from wild to human-provided, cages acting as fish aggregating devices and impacts of excess feed and tuna waste on benthos from cages set in relatively shallow areas. Ultimately, the major challenges remaining are to reduce the dependence which farming has on wild-caught tuna and seafood-based farm diets. Overcoming such challenges would benefit not only the farming industry but also the sustainability of the wild stock.
Understanding the multi-dimensional structure of pro-environmental behavior

We examined the multi-dimensional structure of pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in a mixed-methods study of rural residents of New York, USA. In Phase 1, we asked 41 landowners to identify a range of behaviors that might enhance local environmental quality. We then developed a 13-item PEB scale based on interview responses and literature review. In Phase 2, we incorporated this self-reported PEB scale into a survey of 1082 rural landowners and recreationists. Confirmatory factor analysis identified four key PEB domains: conservation lifestyle behaviors (e.g., household actions in the private sphere), social environmentalism (e.g., peer interactions and group membership), environmental citizenship (e.g., civic engagement in the policy arena), and land stewardship (e.g., support for wildlife and habitat conservation). Results revealed variable participation rates in each type of PEB, confirmed the need to account for land stewardship in rural settings, and highlighted challenges and opportunities for PEB assessment across various social and geographical contexts.
Testis and Testicular Adnexa

Nonneoplastic lesions of the testis include cryptorchidism, torsion, orchiepididymitis, granulomatous orchitis, and hypospermatogenesis. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified type (ICGNU), is the precursor of both seminomatous and most nonseminomatous germ cell tumors in postpubertal patients. Distended tubules may have either intratubular seminoma or intratubular embryonal carcinoma cells. Most nonseminomatous tumors contain a mixture of tumor types, which are reviewed here. Morphology, aided by a panel of immunostains, can determine the presence and percent of embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, or teratoma in such tumors. Up to 5% of testicular neoplasms may require immunostains. Occasionally, sex cord-stromal tumors, hematolymphoid tumors, and epididymal adenomatoid tumors enter the differential diagnosis of germ cell neoplasms.
Ethosuximide-Induced Pseudolymphoma

A first case of pseudolymphoma induced by ethosuximide treatment in a 12-year-old boy is reported from the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecule-Gold Nanoparticle Conjugates and Their Use in Intracellular Imaging

In this chapter, we outline protocols for assembling and characterizing peptide-gold nanoparticle conjugates. We describe two strategies for attaching peptides to gold nanoparticles. One involves the covalent coupling of cysteine-terminated peptides directly to a particle surface via a sulfur-gold bond. Alternatively, peptides are coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) via a bifunctional molecular crosslinker. We also describe a number of characterization methods for determining the number of crosslinkers per BSA, peptides per BSA, and peptides adsorbed per particle. Finally, we show that the enormous visible light extinction properties of gold nano particles make them excellent imaging agents for tracking the trajectories of peptides inside living cells.
On Teaching Books, "Restricting Speech," and the Promise of Education

In a provocative essay entitled “Can the Taught Book Speak?”1 delivered at the 2012 Philosophy of Education Society conference, Charles Bingham, Antew Dejene, Alma Krilic, and Emily Sadowski attempt to demonstrate that books that are taught cannot speak and that, therefore, educators should reconsider the ageless pedagogical method of choosing and then teaching books that they want their students to learn. In order to provide support for their assertion that the taught book cannot speak for itself, Bingham and his coauthors (“the authors”) first draw on Plato’s discussion of writing in the dialogue Phaedrus. They include the following comment by Socrates:
The Vascular Lesions of Childhood

A wide array of vascular lesions occurs in the pediatric population. The lesions vary in nature from normal physiologic phenomena to large vascular malformations with serious and sometimes life-threatening complications. Vascular lesions occur in 20 to 40 per cent of newborn infants and therefore comprise the single largest group of neoplasms in infancy and childhood. Specific entities are discussed in two major sections- hemangiomas and vascular stains.
What Is Relational Structure? Introducing History to the Debates on the Relation between Fields and Social Networks:

In this article, I argue that the current views on the relation between fields and social networks are based on two false premises: first, that fields and social networks are mutually exclusive for...
Abstract A87: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hospitalization costs among lung cancer patients: Examining the effect of race and gender

Objective: Delineate race and gender variations in cardiovascular disease associated with lung cancer and hospitalization cost of Tennessee lung cancer patients in 2008. Methods: We examined Tennessee Hospital Discharge Database for2008 for patients (aged 20+) discharged with a primary diagnosis of lung cancer (LC). The LC patient sample (n= 6665) included black males (BM; n=494), white males (WM; n=3286), black females (BF; n=387); and white females (WF; n=2498). For each patient, we extracted data on cardiovascular risk factors and hospitalization costs for the entire year of 2008. Age-adjusted hospitalization rate for lung cancer (LC) per 100K 2000 US population for white and black as well as male & female groups were developed per CDC methodology. To delineate CVD risk factors, multivariate logistic models were used for each group separately to determine CVD risk factors of LC. Results: Our analyses revealed four major trends: (i) Age-adjusted LC rates were higher for blacks and males compared to white and females; (ii) LC patients had an average of 3 co-morbid conditions which varied from 3 conditions among WM, to 2.86 among BF, 2.75 among BM, and 2.70 among WF; (iii) Regression analyses revealed COPD predicted LC for all four groups. In addition, BM had cardiac arrhythmia and high cholesterol, The same factors were associated with LC among both WM and WF. Among BF, hypertension and COPD predicted higher rates of LC; and (iv) hospitalization cost for the year was highest among BF ($97,085) and lowest among WF ($66,758). Among males, the cost was higher among BM compared to WM ($91,384 vs. 71,716, p Conclusion: Lung cancer rates and hospitalization costs are higher for blacks. While males have higher LC rate compared to females, the hospitalization costs are similar among them. COPD, cardiac arrhythmia, and high cholesterol are CVD factors that are associated with lung cancer and need to be aggressive managed through intensive population-based education programs in the minority populations. Citation Format: Baqar Husaini, Rebecca Selove, Elizabeth Williams, Meggan Novotny, Janice Emerson, Van Cain, Margaret Whalen, Robert Levine. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hospitalization costs among lung cancer patients: Examining the effect of race and gender. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A87.
A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Restorative Practices: An Illustration to Spur High-Quality Research and Evaluation

ABSTRACTRestorative practices in schools lack rigorous evaluation studies. As an example of rigorous school-based research, this article describes the first randomized control trial of restorative practices to date, the Study of Restorative Practices. It is a 5-year, cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the Restorative Practices Intervention (RPI) in 14 middle schools in Maine to assess whether RPI affects both positive developmental outcomes and problem behaviors and whether the effects persist during the transition from middle to high school. The 2-year RPI began in the 2014–2015 school year. The study’s rationale and theoretical concerns are discussed along with methodological concerns including teacher professional development. The theoretical rationale and description of the methods from this study may be useful to others conducting rigorous research and evaluation in this area.
Can an injured nerve be used as a donor nerve for distal nerve transfer?-An experimental study in rats.

Background Distal nerve transfer has proven efficacy. The purpose of this study was to investigate if an injured nerve can be used as a donor nerve for transfer, and to determine the threshold of injury. Materials and Methods Rat's left ulnar-nerves in the axilla with different degrees of injury were selected as the donor nerves for transfer, and the musculocutaneous-nerves the target nerves for being re-innervated. Six rats each served as positive and negative controls: Group A, intact ulnar-nerve transfer; and Group E, the ulnar-nerve was cut but no transfer. Ten rats each were assigned to Group B to Group D with 25%, 50%, and 75% transected ulnar-nerve, respectively and all were transferred to the musculocutaneous-nerve. After a 12-week recovery period, outcomes were evaluated. Results Biceps muscle weight measurements showed all experimental groups—D 0.28 ± 0.02 g/72%, C 0.28 ± 0.03 g/73%, B 0.29 ± 0.04 g/74%, and A 0.29 ± 0.04 g/80%—were lighter than group H 0.36 ± 0.04 g, which were all statistically significant (P < 0.001). Muscle tetanus contraction force measurements were the lowest in group D35 ± 8.6 g/69%. Groups C and B measured 41 ± 8.5 g/75% and 40 ± 2.2 g/77% and group A 41 ± 9.4 g/95%, respectively. Group H showed muscle contraction force of 52 ± 7.2 g, which was statistically significant when compared to experimental groups (P < 0.05–0.001). EMG measurements of the biceps muscles showed: group D was 3.6 ± 0.7 mV/69%, group C was 3.6 ± 0.6 mV/75%, and group B was 4.2 mV ± 0.7/81%. Group H was5.1 ± 0.7 mV and statistically significant different when compared with experimental groups (P < 0.05–0.001).Axon counts of healthy ulnar-nerve (Group H) were 1849 ± 362. Axon counts of the injured ulnar-nerve were in group B 1447 ± 579/78%, group C 1051 ± 367/57% and group D 567 ± 230/31%. Conclusion The donor nerve should be healthy in order to provide optimal result. A big nerve (e.g., ulnar nerve) but injured with at least 75% axon spared is still potentially effective for transfer. In contrast, a small nerve (e.g., intercostal nerve) once injured with 75%axon spared would be considered a suboptimal donor nerve.
Oaths for Physicians – Necessary Protection or Elaborate Hoax?

The ritual of taking an oath upon graduating from medical school is, with a few exceptions, a routine requirement for graduation. Albeit that many students believe that they have taken the Hippocratic Oath, this is virtually never the case. Very often students themselves write many of these oaths, and taking such an oath impresses the student as well as the public, who are potential patients. It sketches the ethically proper way for physicians to treat their patients. Such an oath is meaningful only when it is not coerced but in reality sketches the physicians' obligations toward patients, society, and each other. The question and problem of a coerced oath are discussed. It is concluded that students when first entering medical school know that such an oath will be a requirement for graduation, and because much of the time the persons taking the oath are writing it, I believe that coercion is not a factor. It is an unfortunate fact that throughout the nation students who are known to behave in ethically inappropriate ways are nevertheless allowed to graduate. Possible ways of addressing this troubling situation are discussed. Equally troublesome is the fact that we who administer the oath as well as the students who swear to it are aware that the system of medical care makes it extremely difficult and at times impossible to truly adhere to the full implications of this oath. According to the oath, physicians (in virtually all formulations) swear that social standing (and by implication economic factors) will not change the way in which patients are treated. This becomes impossible when uninsured patients are sent away at the front desk long before the physician can interact with them. Furthermore, the current fact that physicians often are confronted with not doing what they consider a necessary test (or prescribe what they think would be the best medication) raises the problem of either lying or suggesting to the patient that he/she do so – a fact that in the long run cannot help but damage the physician's veracity and the trust which patients put in their physicians. That virtually all codes of the American Medical Association (AMA) as well as the various specialties insist that physicians work toward universal access is stressed.
Parapsychology: A Topic Illustrating Basic Concepts in Psychology

Tradition suggests that we start with basic scientific principles and later show how they can be applied. To capitalize on the recent emphasis upon “relevance,” one might start with a topic that is inherently interesting and introduce scientific principles where appropriate to the discussion. One example is presented. The technique may be expanded so that scientific principles always are taught within the context of an interesting problem-oriented discussion.
Getting What You Pay For: Initial Pay and Subsequent CEO Effectiveness

Scholars have spent decades studying the association between CEO pay levels and organizational performance. But this research has been devoted almost entirely to examining the degree to which past ...
Increased systemic microbial translocation is associated with depression during early pregnancy

Plasma level of microbial translocation is a marker of mucosal permeability. Increased mucosal permeability ignites elevated microbial translocation and as a consequence of systemic inflammation. Pregnant women with depression have higher levels of inflammatory markers relative to pregnant women without depression, however, no studies have reported whether systemic microbial translocation will change in depressed women during pregnancy. In this study, we examined the plasma LPS level of depressed women during pregnancy. The results showed that the plasma LPS level was significantly increased in depressed mothers during their 8-12 weeks gestation compared to healthy controls. Compared to 8-12 weeks gestation, the plasma LPS levels were significantly decreased at 24-28 weeks gestation and 6-8 weeks postpartum in both depressed subjects and healthy controls. Furthermore, the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and MCP/CCL2) associated with microbial translocation were significantly increased in depressed subjects during 8-12 weeks gestation compared to healthy controls. These results indicate that the level of microbial translocation is increased in depressed women during early pregnancy.
Strategic reporting in exponential family prediction markets

Prediction markets are a platform for aggregating information from a population. We perform market simulations on the exponential family models of prediction markets. We verify the market dynamics and provide some extensions to the previous models. We also consider the incentive compatibility problem in such markets with risk neutral Bayesian traders. We show that while the market is guaranteed to achieve information aggregation, whether traders express their beliefs promptly depends on their beliefs and initial market state.
Review Modern magnetic materials in data storage

The current status of the technology of magnetic recording as used in disk drives is reviewed. The emphasis is on the magnetic materials used in the application and on some of the technical problems that may limit the increase in areal density. The new technology of magnetic random access memory (MRAM), which has evolved from the magnetic recording application, is also reviewed. A wide range of magnetic materials is essential for the advance of magnetic recording and the MRAM technology. For the magnetic-recording application the requirements are for high-magnetization, soft magnetic materials for write heads, new antiferromagnetic alloys with high blocking temperatures, large coupling to ferromagnetic films and low susceptibility to corrosion for pinning films in giant magnetoresistive sensors, and for the MRAM application, the requirement is for new ferromagnetic alloys with large values of tunneling polarization ratio. A significant limitation to magnetic recording is found to be the inconsistent demands on media thickness: small media thicknesses are required for large values of signal-to-noise ratio, while large values of thickness are required to reduce the impact of the superparamagnetic effect, which results in the potential for data loss over time. Both of these requirements are discussed. Multilayer ferromagnetic films for recording surfaces are shown to allow both large signal-to-noise ratio and adequate resistance to data loss.
COURTS Demand of Jury Panels From Which to Select Jury in Civil Actions in the State Courts and the Superior Courts: Raise the Minimum Damages Claim Amount Whereby Parties May Demand a Jury of Twelve

The Act increases the minimum claim for damages to twenty-five thousand dollars in order to have a jury of twelve members in civil actions in state court.
Individual Outcomes of Discrimination in Workplaces

This chapter reviews the recent literature on the outcomes of workplace discrimination against individuals. The chapter describes how discrimination affects individuals by reviewing theories related to outcomes of discrimination (e.g., social categorization, attributional ambiguity, and minority stress theories). From there, the review covers meta-analyses, empirical studies conducted between 2012 and 2014, and outcomes of discrimination (e.g., job attitudes, psychological outcomes, physical outcomes, and work-related outcomes). There is consistent support for an overall negative effect of discrimination on various individual-level outcomes. Recent studies are advancing our knowledge of individual-level consequences of discrimination by incorporating underrepresented samples, examining discrimination types other than race and sex, considering the nuances of boundary conditions, and connecting research streams from multiple areas (e.g., turnover, incivility). The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research directions on individual outcomes of workplace discrimination.
What are Millian Qualitative Superiorities

In.an.article.published.in.Prolegomena.2006,.Christoph.Schmidt-Petri. has.defended.his.interpretation.and.attacked.mine.of.Mill’s.idea.that.higher.kinds. of. pleasure. are. superior. in. quality. to. lower.kinds,. regardless. of. quantity .Millian. qualitative. superiorities. as. I. understand. them. are. infinite. superiorities . In. this.paper,.I.clarify.my.interpretation.and.show.how.Schmidt-Petri.has.misrepresented. it. and. ignored. the.obvious. textual. support. for. it .As. a. result,. he. fails. to.understand.how.genuine.Millian.qualitative.superiorities.determine.the.novel. structure.of.Mill’s.pluralistic.utilitarianism,.in.which.a.social.code.of.justice.that. distributes.equal.rights.and.duties.takes.absolute.priority.over.competing.considerations .Schmidt-Petri’s.own.interpretation.is.a.non-starter,.because.it.does.not. even.recognize.that.Mill.is.talking.about.different.kinds.of.pleasant.feelings,.such. that.the.higher.kinds.are.intrinsically.more.valuable.than.the.lower .I.conclude.by. outlining.why.my.interpretation.is.free.of.any.metaphysical.commitment.to.the. “essence”.of.pleasure keywords:. Essence,. hedonism,. higher. and. lower. pleasure,. infinite. superiority,. justice,.lexical.hierarchy,.Mill,.security,.utilitarianism
Pvr receptor tyrosine kinase signaling promotes post-embryonic morphogenesis, and survival of glia and neural progenitor cells in Drosophila

Stem cells reside in specialized microenvironments, called niches, that regulate their development and the development of their progeny. However, the development and maintenance of niches are poorly understood. In the Drosophila brain, cortex glial cells provide a niche that promotes self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem cell-like cells (neuroblasts). In the central brain, neuroblasts and their progeny control post-embryonic morphogenesis of cortex glia through PDGF-like ligands, and this PDGFR receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling in cortex glia is required for expression of DE-cadherin, which sustains neuroblasts. Thus, through an RTK-dependent feed-forward loop, neuroblasts and their glial niche actively maintain each other. When the EGFR RTK is constitutively activated in cortex glia, they overexpress PDGF orthologs to stimulate autocrine PDGFR signaling, which uncouples their growth and survival from neuroblasts, and drives neoplastic glial transformation and elimination of neuroblasts. These results provide fundamental insights into glial development and niche regulation, and show that niche-neural stem cell feed-forward signaling becomes hijacked to drive neural tumorigenesis.
Brain Zaps: An Underappreciated Symptom of Antidepressant Discontinuation.

Objective To describe the characteristics of the electrical phenomena of antidepressant discontinuation syndrome known as brain zaps and their effect on quality of life. Methods We examined 595 unsolicited posts made by individuals frequenting a popular lay mental health website. The site was accessed between December 13, 2014, and December 12, 2016, and its content was saved in a text document. The posts had been accumulating on the site since December 2014. These posts were analyzed and separated into 648 separate statements regarding antidepressant intake. Of the statements, 378 contained reference to symptoms experienced in the context of antidepressant discontinuation. These posts were further analyzed for specifics of the medications involved, temporal characteristics of the medication intake, associated symptoms, specifics of the "zap" experience itself, and effect of the zaps on quality of life. As this was a convenience sample, only qualitative analysis was performed. Results Venlafaxine and paroxetine were reported more frequently, and fluoxetine less frequently, in the sample compared to their frequency of prescription in clinical practice. This finding mirrors the frequency distribution of all withdrawal effects versus antidepressant prescriptions written as reported in the literature. The most likely cause of brain zaps was abrupt discontinuation of the medication, but gradual tapering had only a partial mitigating effect. An unexpected finding was the frequent association of brain zaps with lateral eye movements. The presence of brain zaps was typically transitory, but in a small number of cases it caused significant disability lasting for months or years with no treatment available. Patients' inability to obtain effective help from prescribers and the perceived lack of interest in this symptom on the part of the medical profession risks fueling antipsychiatry attitudes among patients. Conclusions Brain zaps are a poorly understood symptom of antidepressant discontinuation, which require further study for both better prevention and treatment. The apparent association of brain zaps with lateral eye movements may open avenues for investigation of this process.
Development and application of CRISPR/Cas system in rice.

Abstract In the past several years, the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated protein) system has been harnessed as an efficient and powerful tool for targeted genome editing in different prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. Here, we review the development and application of CRISPR/Cas system in rice, emphasizing different varieties of CRISPR/Cas systems have been applied, strategies for multiplex editing, methods for precise gene insertion and replacement, and efficient systems for base editing and site-specific transcriptional regulation. In addition, the biosecurity of CRISPR/Cas system is also discussed, including transgene-free methods and off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas system. Thus, the development and application of CRISPR/Cas system will have significant impact on functional genomic research and variety improvement in rice.
ICESat-2 mission overview and early performance

The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite – 2 (ICESat-2) satellite mission launched in September 2018 from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California USA. The sole instrument is the photon-counting lidar Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS). Optimized to measure elevation change over the polar ice sheets and sea ice freeboard, ATLAS collects data globally. ICESat-2 data was released to the public in May 2019, and initial science discoveries are beginning to appear in the scientific literature. We describe the main components of the ICESat-2 mission, the standard data products, and our initial assessment of the on-orbit performance of the ATLAS instrument.
The experience of smoking in recovery settings: an ecological momentary assessment pilot study

ABSTRACTSmoking continues to be the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and people with substance use disorders (SUD) smoke at higher rates compared to their non-using counterp...
Prevention and Treatment of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

ABSTRACT Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) in pediatric patients (ie, children and adolescent and young adults) and limits broader application of the therapy. Pediatric HCT patients have faced major obstacles to access clinical trials that test new agents for GVHD prevention and treatment. According to a recent search, only 6 clinical trials of interventions for prevention or treatment of acute GVHD were conducted specifically in pediatric patients in the United States over the past decade, with 8 internationally. In this review, we summarize the studies that were performed and specifically enrolled and reported on pediatric patients after allogeneic HCT and provide a listing of studies currently under way.
Understanding teacher technology integration from expectancy-value perspectives

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between teachers’ ability beliefs, expectancy beliefs, value beliefs, and technology integration based upon expectancy-value theory of motivation. The results of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling show that teachers’ value and competence beliefs about technology integration are multidimensional constructs. Ability beliefs strongly predict expectancy and value beliefs. Most importantly, expectancy beliefs and value beliefs play differential roles in relation to teachers’ technology use in classrooms. The ways in which different aspects of teacher beliefs can be fostered are discussed.
LOSS OF CASPASE-8 FUNCTION IN COMBINATION WITH SMAC MIMETIC TREATMENT SENSITIZES HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA TO RADIATION THROUGH INDUCTION OF NECROPTOSIS.

Caspase-8 (CASP8) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in head and neck squamous carcinomas (HNSCC), and mutations of CASP8 are associated with poor overall survival. The distribution of these mutations in HNSCC suggests that they are likely to be inactivating. Inhibition of CASP8 has been reported to sensitize cancer cells to necroptosis, a unique cell death mechanism. Here, we evaluated how CASP8 regulates necroptosis in HSNCC using cell line models and syngeneic mouse xenografts. In vitro, knockdown of CASP8 rendered HNSCCs susceptible to necroptosis induced by a second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC) mimetic, Birinapant, when combined with pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK or Emricasan. Strikingly, inhibition of CASP8 function via knockdown or Emricasan treatment was associated with enhanced radiation killing by Birinapant through induction of necroptosis. In a syngeneic mouse model of oral cancer, Birinapant, particularly when combined with radiation delayed tumor growth and enhanced survival under CASP8 loss. Exploration of molecular underpinnings of necroptosis sensitivity confirmed that the level of functional receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-3 (RIP3), a key enzyme in the necroptosis pathway was crucial in determining susceptibility to this mode of death. Although an in vitro screen revealed that many HNSCC cell lines were resistant to necroptosis due to low levels of RIP3, patient tumors maintain RIP3 expression and should therefore remain sensitive. Collectively, these results suggest that targeting the necroptosis pathway with SMAC mimetics, especially in combination with radiation, may be a relevant therapeutic approach in HNSCC with compromised CASP8 status, provided that RIP3 function is maintained.
Robust and facile purification of full-length, untagged human Nedd4 as a recombinant protein from Escherichia coli

Abstract Nedd4 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has received increased attention due to its role in the maintenance of proteostasis and in cellular stress responses. Investigation of Nedd4 enzymology has revealed a complex enzymatic mechanism that involves intermolecular interactions with upstream E2 conjugating enzymes and with substrates and intramolecular interactions that serve to regulate Nedd4 function. Thus, it is imperative that investigations of Nedd4 enzymology that employ recombinant enzyme be conducted with Nedd4 in its native, untagged form. We report herein an optimized, facile method for purification of recombinant human Nedd4 in its full-length form as a stable and active recombinant enzyme. Specifically, Nedd4 can be purified through a two-step purification which employs glutathione-S-transferase and hexahistidine sequences as orthogonal affinity tags. Proteolytic cleavage of Nedd4 was optimized to enable removal of the affinity tags with TEV protease, providing access to the untagged enzyme in yields of 2–3 mg/L. Additionally, investigation of Nedd4 storage conditions reveal that the enzyme is not stable through freeze-thaw cycles, and storage conditions should be carefully considered for preservation of enzyme stability. Finally, Nedd4 activity was validated through three activity assays which measure ubiquitin chain formation, Nedd4 autoubiquitination, and monoubiquitin consumption, respectively. Comparison of the method described herein with previously reported purification methods reveal that our optimized purification strategy enables access to Nedd4 in fewer chromatographic steps and eliminates reagents and materials that are potentially cost-prohibitive. This method, therefore, is more efficient and provides a more accessible route for purifying recombinant full-length Nedd4.
Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of microglia reveals impaired responses in aged mice after cerebral ischemia.

Senescence-associated alterations in microglia may have profound impact on cerebral homeostasis and stroke outcomes. However, the lack of a transcriptome-wide comparison between young and aged micr...
Using COVID-19 as a teaching tool in a time of remote learning: A workflow for bioinformatic approaches to identifying candidates for therapeutic and vaccine development

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an urgent need for engaging computational alternatives to traditional laboratory exercises. Here we introduce a customizable and flexible workflow, designed with the SARS CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 in mind, as a means of reinforcing fundamental biology concepts using bioinformatics approaches. This workflow is accessible to a wide range of students in life science majors regardless of their prior bioinformatics knowledge, and all software is freely available, thus eliminating potential cost barriers. Using the workflow can thus provide a diverse group of students the opportunity to conduct inquiry-driven research. Here we demonstrate the utility of this workflow and outline the logical steps involved in the identification of therapeutic or vaccine targets against SARS CoV-2. We also provide an example of how the workflow may be adapted to other infectious microbes. Overall, our workflow anchors student understanding of viral biology and genomics and allows students to develop valuable bioinformatics expertise as well as to hone critical thinking and problem-solving skills, while also creating an opportunity to better understand emerging information surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic.
Socioeconomic Impact of Emerging Mobility Markets and Implementation Strategies

Emerging mobility systems such as connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) provide the most intriguing opportunity for more accessible, safe, and efficient transportation. CAVs are expected to significantly improve safety by eliminating the human factor and ensure transportation efficiency by allowing users to monitor transportation network conditions and make better operating decisions. However, CAVs could alter the users' tendency-to-travel, leading to a higher traffic demand than expected, causing rebound effects (e.g., increased vehicle-miles-traveled). In this chapter, we focus on how to tackle the social factors that could drive an emerging mobility system to unsustainable congestion levels. We propose a mobility market that models the economic in-nature interactions of the travelers in a smart city network with roads and public transit infrastructure. Using techniques from mechanism design, we introduce appropriate monetary incentives (e.g., tolls, fares, fees) and show how a mobility system consisting of selfish travelers that seek to travel either with a CAV or use public transit can be socially efficient. Furthermore, the proposed mobility market ensures that travelers always report their travel preferences truthfully and always benefit from participating in the market; lastly, we also show that the market collects enough payments to cover its operating costs.
Organ-, sex- and age-dependent patterns of endogenous L1 mRNA expression at a single locus resolution.

Expression of L1 mRNA, the first step in the L1 copy-and-paste amplification cycle, is a prerequisite for L1-associated genomic instability. We used a reported stringent bioinformatics method to parse L1 mRNA transcripts and measure the level of L1 mRNA expressed in mouse and rat organs at a locus-specific resolution. This analysis determined that mRNA expression of L1 loci in rodents exhibits striking organ specificity with less than 0.8% of loci shared between organs of the same organism. This organ specificity in L1 mRNA expression is preserved in male and female mice and across age groups. We discovered notable differences in L1 mRNA expression between sexes with only 5% of expressed L1 loci shared between male and female mice. Moreover, we report that the levels of total L1 mRNA expression and the number and spectrum of expressed L1 loci fluctuate with age as independent variables, demonstrating different patterns in different organs and sexes. Overall, our comparisons between organs and sexes and across ages ranging from 2 to 22 months establish previously unforeseen dynamic changes in L1 mRNA expression in vivo. These findings establish the beginning of an atlas of endogenous L1 mRNA expression across a broad range of biological variables that will guide future studies.
Health care costs among adolescent young adults with cancer at a community-based hospital.

e18857Background: Adolescent Young Adults (AYAs) are likely to live for decades after a cancer diagnosis and thus have the potential to accumulate high healthcare costs. Prior research has shown hi...