cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Perspective for Teaching Elementary School Mathematics based on the Research Literature

It is well known that elementary school mathematics teaching is undergoing reform in many countries of the world. In most cases, reform work in mathematics education is determined by well-researched recommendations included in the individual country’s national documents. For example, in the United States, Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (April, 2000) appeared in just the last few months and, as with its predecessors [the Curriculum Standards (1989), Teaching Standards (1991) and Assessment Standards (1995)], it will have an important influence on work to improve mathematics curricula, teaching and assessment.
A nonapoptotic role for CASP2/caspase 2: Modulation of autophagy

CASP2/caspase 2 plays a role in aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The contributions of CASP2 have been attributed to its regulatory role in apoptotic and nonapoptotic processes including the cell cycle, DNA repair, lipid biosynthesis, and regulation of oxidant levels in the cells. Previously, our lab demonstrated CASP2-mediated modulation of autophagy during oxidative stress. Here we report the novel finding that CASP2 is an endogenous repressor of autophagy. Knockout or knockdown of CASP2 resulted in upregulation of autophagy in a variety of cell types and tissues. Reinsertion of Caspase-2 gene (Casp2) in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) lacking Casp2 (casp2(-/-)) suppresses autophagy, suggesting its role as a negative regulator of autophagy. Loss of CASP2-mediated autophagy involved AMP-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and autophagy-related proteins, indicating the involvement of the canonical pathway of autophagy. The present study also demonstrates an important role for loss of CASP2-induced enhanced reactive oxygen species production as an upstream event in autophagy induction. Additionally, in response to a variety of stressors that induce CASP2-mediated apoptosis, casp2(-/-) cells demonstrate a further upregulation of autophagy compared with wild-type MEFs, and upregulated autophagy provides a survival advantage. In conclusion, we document a novel role for CASP2 as a negative regulator of autophagy, which may provide important insight into the role of CASP2 in various processes including aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
A shocked-Bz event caused by fast steady flow-slow transient flow interaction

We show that the 25 November 1978 shock pair was caused by the interaction of a fast steady flow with a slow coronal mass ejection in interplanetary space (ICME). It is suggested that the slow ICME may be disconnected from the sun. In addition, a new method to infer the shock angle and Mach number from the observed upstream plasma beta and the jump ratios of proton density and magnetic flux density across a shock is described.
Adaptive and integrated neighborhood-dependent approach for nonlinear enhancement of color images

A novel image enhancement algorithm called AINDANE (adaptive and integrated neighborhood dependent approach for nonlinear enhancement) for improving the visual quality of digital images captured under extremely low or nonuniform lighting conditions is proposed. AINDANE is comprised of two separate processes, namely, adaptive luminance enhancement and adaptive contrast enhancement, to provide more flexibility and better control over image enhancement. Adaptive luminance enhancement is a global intensity transformation based on a specifically designed nonlinear transfer function, which is self-tuned by the histogram statistics of the input image. This process largely increases the luminance of darker pixels and compresses the dynamic range of the image at the same time. Adaptive contrast enhancement tunes the intensity of each pixel based on its relative magnitude with respect to the neighboring pixels. This process is also adaptively controlled by the global statistics of the image. A color restoration process, based on the relationship between the spectral bands and the luminance of the original image, is applied to convert the enhanced intensity image back to a color image.
16 – DSM-IV

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition), which details the diagnostic criteria for nearly 300 mental disorders and nearly 100 other psychological conditions that might be the focus of professional attention, thereby providing a standardized system of classification that is intended to be used internationally. The DSM-IV also provides systems for noting medical conditions and stressors that may be related to the psychological conditions and for noting how the individual's functioning may be affected. A mental disorder represents a pattern of behavior or psychological features that in some way causes the person distress or impairment. A mental disorder is conceptualized in the DSM-IV as a problem or dysfunction that resides within an individual, rather than a problem that results from a conflict between that individual and society. This caveat is important as it is supposed to prevent the misuse of diagnostic labels for the purpose of social control, applying them to individuals whose values or beliefs differ from those of the majority. The DSM-IV details a multiaxial system of diagnosis, meaning that individuals are assessed in multiple areas, or along multiple dimensions or axes. Axis I contains 15 major classes of mental disorders. Axis II contains personality and developmental disorders. Axis III contains medical conditions. Axis IV provides for the notation of psychological, social, and environmental stressors that may affect diagnosis. Axis V provides for a measure of the individual's function in areas such as work, social activities, and self-care.
Constrained variational principles on manifolds

We describe a geometric approach to finding the extremal equations for variational problems subject to nonlinear constraints on manifolds. This has applications to optimal control problems and extends earlier work. We formulate the problem on an appropriate vector bundle and show how to describe the extremal equations in terms of symplectic geometry on an appropriate reduced space.
From Frontier to Bridgehead: Cross‐border Regions and the Experience of Yunnan, China

Drawing on recent theoretical tenets regarding cross-border regions, this article analyzes China's state spatial policies that aim to transform Yunnan from a peripheral frontier into an economic bridgehead. The purposes of the present study are threefold: to contextualize the formation of Yunnan as China's frontier; to examine why Yunnan has been strategically selected as a bridgehead to promote China's transnational economies; and to explore the central-provincial alliance as an innovative institutional arrangement and look at how this alliance can convert Yunnan into a space of exception or new state space of development. This study finds that in order to convert regional assets into real competitiveness, the Chinese state (national, provincial and local) emphasizes transnational cooperation, endeavors to maximize Yunnan's place-specific locational advantages and promotes the differentiation of regional developmental trajectories across China's national territory. The article contributes to studies of institutional arrangements for cross-border cooperation in a non- Western context and sheds light on China's regional development policies in its hinterland.
Minority Participation and the California Recall: Latino, Black, and Asian Voting Trends, 1990–2003

University of Southern California phe 2003 California recall election was historic in more ways than one. Not only was this the first time in California's history where an attempt to recall a statewide official successfully made it onto the ballot, but minority voters had a chance to cast the deciding votes in the election. Despite growing frustration and contempt for the governor across the state, Gray Davis, a Democrat, was counting on strong support from minority voters to retain his office. Eleven months earlier in the
Social construction of knowledge in Wikipedia

This paper investigates how knowledge is constructed collaboratively in a crowd-sourced environment. More specifically, the study presented in this paper empirically analyzes online discussions in regard to Wikipedia entries on the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Disaster that occurred in March 2011 in Japan. For this study, we examined the encyclopedia articles in both the English and Japanese versions of Wikipedia. The findings indicate similarities and differences between the two language versions. The implications of the study for collaborative knowledge production are also discussed.
Combined Variable Speed Limit and Lane Change Control for Truck-Dominant Highway Segment

Traffic demand of trucks is rapidly increasing on highway networks, which harms highway traffic mobility, safety and the environment. Variable speed limit (VSL) control is considered to be able to improve the traffic condition in truck-dominant highway segments. However previous research reported rather mixed effects of VSL controller on traffic mobility. While some studies reported improvements in travel time due to the use of VSL control, others reported either no improvement or small deterioration in travel time. In this paper, we demonstrated that the lack of improvement on travel time is due to lane changes that are taking place close to the bottleneck leading to severe capacity drop. We developed a combined lane change and VSL control strategy that recommends lane changes in advance to relief capacity drop in addition to VSL. Microscopic Monte-Carlo simulations on I-710 freeway with high truck demand were used to demonstrate that this combined control strategy is able to generate consistent improvements with respect to travel time, safety and environmental impact under different traffic conditions and incident scenarios.
Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions in pyridinium based ionic liquids

The Friedel-Crafts acylations of representative aromatic compounds with acetic anhydride in pyridinium based ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated. The effect of factors such as reactant composition, catalyst-IL composition, catalyst dosage and reaction temperature were studied. The reactions were found to proceed under relatively mild conditions with excellent conversions; and a simple product isolation procedure was achieved. ILs could also be recycled and reused effectively, thus rendering green characteristic to this reaction.
Nonuniformity-induced error in mask misregistration test structures

A performance comparison of two common misregistration test structures, the alignment resistor and the modified van der Pauw structure, incorporated adjacent to one another in a test chip for three separate fabrication runs, is presented. The results indicate that the modified van der Pauw structure consistently provides a more accurate measurement of the misregistration for the test structure sizes and fabrication process used. Errors introduced by lateral variation in sheet resistance and linewidth within each test structure are discussed. >
A Boundary Induced Cholesteric-Nematic Phase Transition

Abstract Long pitch cholesteric liquid crystals were prepared in thin samples with homeotropic boundary conditions. When the sample thickness was less than the cholesteric pitch, the cholesteric twist was destroyed, and a homeotropically aligned nematic resulted.
The correlates of the initiation of sexual intercourse among young urban black females

We explored the factors associated with the initiation of early sexual activity among a group of black urban young female adolescents (N=53) considered at-risk by virtue of their residence in poor urban communities with high rates of infant mortality and adolescent pregnancy. Six of the adolescents were nonvirgins at the pretest; 12 young women made the transition from virginity to nonvirginity between the pretest and posttest (Spring 1984 to Spring 1985). Using multivariable logistic regression, we found the three most important correlates of the initiation of early sexual intercourse to be mother's educational level, being the daughter of a teenage mother, and the school attended by the adolescent. While each of these factors might be considered markers of socioeconomic status, their independent relationship to the initiation of early sexual intercourse implies that each represents a unique phenomenon. These factors may reflect particular experiences and values maintained by individual families and communities and may distinguish a high-risk subgroup within an at-risk population.
Some Topologies on a set of Information Channels

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTIn this paper, information channels between a pair of compact Hausdorff spaces with measurable transformations are considered. First, a metric topology is introduced on a set of channels and the completeness property is shown for sets of various types of channels such as stationary, stationary ergodic, AMS and AMS ergodic. Two topologies are then defined on a set of channels using the weak* topology of (probability) measures. Also a convergence property of a sequence of channels is characterized in terms of the output sources or compound sources. Finally, a continuous channel is characterized as the one that preserves weak* convergence of sources.
Can puzzle feeders be used as cognitive screening instruments? Differential performance of young and aged female monkeys on a puzzle feeder task.

Conventional cognitive testing of monkeys is time-consuming and involves single-caging and food or water deprivation. Here we report a novel test of global cognitive performance that can be completed in a short time period without food/water or social restrictions. Nine mazes of increasing difficulty were developed using a standard puzzle feeder, and the maze-solving performance of ten young and five aged female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) was tested. The young monkeys solved maze configurations at higher levels of difficulty and solved the first level of difficulty more quickly than aged monkeys. This task discriminated performance by age in nonhuman primates as do more conventional forms of cognitive testing and indicates that this task may be a quick and easy assessment of global cognitive function. Am. J. Primatol. 49:195-202, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
EHMTI-0044. Variability of clinical features in attacks of migraine with aura

Results Retrospectively reported visual aura symptoms were variable and often overlapping; the most common symptoms were dots or flashing lights, wavy or jagged lines, blind spots, and tunnel vision. Non-visual aura symptoms were reported by approximately half of the patients, the most prevalent being numbness and tingling, followed by difficulty in recalling or speaking words. There were significant inconsistencies between the features of prospectively and retrospectively recorded attacks. Headache, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia were all less common in prospectively recorded attacks as compared with retrospective reporting. Nausea was prospectively reported in only 51% of attacks and mostly with mild intensity. The occurrence and severity of nausea was reduced with advancing patient age. Phonophobia was not consistently reported in conjunction with photophobia. Conclusion These findings indicate variable involvement of different brain regions during migraine attacks. The variable occurrence of nausea, and of phonophobia in conjunction with photophobia may be an important factor in clinical studies where attacks are diagnosed based on these clinical features. No conflict of interest.
On non-strong jumping numbers and density structures of hypergraphs

Estimating Turan densities of hypergraphs is believed to be one of the most challenging problems in extremal set theory. The concept of 'jump' concerns the distribution of Turan densities. A number @a@?[0,1) is a jump for r-uniform graphs if there exists a constant c>0 such that for any family F of r-uniform graphs, if the Turan density of F is greater than @a, then the Turan density of F is at least @a+c. A fundamental result in extremal graph theory due to Erdos and Stone implies that every number in [0,1) is a jump for graphs. Erdos also showed that every number in [0,r!/r^r) is a jump for r-uniform hypergraphs. Furthermore, Frankl and Rodl showed the existence of non-jumps for hypergraphs. Recently, more non-jumps were found in [r!/r^r,1) for r-uniform hypergraphs. But there are still a lot of unknowns regarding jumps for hypergraphs. In this paper, we propose a new but related concept-strong-jump and describe several sequences of non-strong-jumps. It might help us to understand the distribution of Turan densities for hypergraphs better by finding more non-strong-jumps.
CULTURE OF Macrobrachium acanthurus AND M. carcinus WITH NOTES ON THE SELECTIVE BREEDING AND HYBRIDIZATION OF THESE SHRIMPS1

Brood stock of Macrobrachium acanthurus and M. carcinus was caught in Spring, 1973 by dip netting at night in local canals. Larvae secured from ovigerous females were raised primarily in 946-liter tanks, and were fed Artemia nauplii, Tetramin, and ground tuna in initial experiments. In later rearing experiments, Artemia nauplii alone were used and were added to a rearing tank at the rate of the Artemia hatched from 25 cc of cysts per day. Two weeks after attaining the postlarval stage, the young shrimp were placed in 1/75th to 1/100th ha ponds. Data for male M. acanthurus show that they grow to a mean size of 10.0 cm in 4 months and 12.1 cm in 6 months. Females grow considerably more slowly, at least after achieving sexual maturity, and outnumber the males by about three to one. Insufficient postlarvae of M. carcinus were obtained from larval rearings to allow meaningful pond culture experiments. Attempts at hybridization of the two species were unsuccessful. Seminal fluid was removed from male M. carcinus by means of a hypodermic syringe with a blunt needle, but attempts to artificially inseminate females also failed.
(Over and) beyond High-Stakes Testing.

tions–treatments,” is there a misnomer? American Psychologist, 64, 275–276. Silverstein, L. B., & Auerbach, C. F. (2009). Using qualitative research to develop culturally competent evidence-based practice. American Psychologist, 64, 274–275. Tryon, W. W. (2009). Missing mechanism information. American Psychologist, 64, 273–274. Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Analysis of the Relative Growth of the Pacific Edible Crab, Cancer magister.

Summary 1 An analysis by the method of Huxley of approximately 4000 measurements made on about 1800 individuals of Cancer magister from the Pacific coast of North America is here presented. 2 Slight heterogony has been found in the growth of the majority of its parts. In all aspects of relative growth it is extremely conservative. 3 Changes in form indicate that sexual maturity in the female occurs at a carapace width of about 10 cm. This is confirmed by the size of ovigerous females and by observations of the development of the ovary. 4 The sudden change in the length-width proportions indicates that sexual maturity is usually attained by a single moult. 5 The size at which male crabs become mature could not be inferred with certainty from the present data. 6 After sexual maturity has been attained the legs of male crabs grow more rapidly than the body and the legs of females continue to grow less rapidly than the body. As a consequence the legs of mature males are longer than those of mature females of corresponding carapace width. 7 A change in the ratio of length to width of the sixth abdominal segment of females has been noted at a carapace width of 7 cm. No other change is known to occur at this size. It is possible that this is a precocious change associated with the approaching sexual maturity. 8 Crabs from south-eastern Alaska, both male and female, were found to be a little shorter in proportion to their width than the corresponding Boundary Bay crabs. 9 It has been pointed out that most organisms display some heterogony and that bizarre forms must exhibit it to a greater degree than more conservative forms. 10 It has further been pointed out that a strong negative correlation seems to exist between the degree of heterogony and the maximum size of a species. Unfortunately no data justifying speculation upon the causal relationships are available. 11 Cancer magister in all aspects of relative growth displays great conservatism; no high values for k were found for this large and abundant species.
Factors Influencing the Immunogenicity of a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Infants † 709

Factors Influencing the Immunogenicity of a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Infants † 709
Challenges in streaming graph analysis

The volume of streaming data for cyber analysis is increasing at a rate much greater than any organization's ability to hire human analysts. As a preliminary step to automating significant portions of analysis workload, we consider the problem of modeling cyber data. Since the latter tends to be relational in nature, graphs are a natural abstraction. This motivates future research into efficient algorithms for fundamental graph problems in a high-volume, streaming environment. Algorithms designed using current theoretical models for streaming graph algorithms are not directly suitable for operations. In this talk, we propose a new streaming model that can be implemented on a parallel system with extremely simple topology. Our model assumes an infinite stream which must be analyzed using finite resources. We illustrate the associated challenges by giving an algorithm for maintaining and querying the connected components of a graph in which edges may be expired periodically.
A COLOR TEST FOR DEHYDROISOANDROSTERONE AND CLOSELY RELATED STEROIDS, OF USE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ADRENOCORTICAL TUMORS

THERE has been as yet no simple method for measuring urinary steroids which offers much help in the differential diagnosis of the conditions producing the adrenogenital syndrome. The steroids containing a keto group at C17 are readily measured by the color produced by reaction with m-dinitro-benzene (1); those conjugated with glucuronic acid can be measured either gravimetrically (2) or by determining the amount of glucuronic acid present (3), and the steroids can be actually isolated and identified. None of these procedures is simple, although the m-dinitrobenzene test for 17-ketosteroids is comparatively quick. The greatest shortcoming, however, of these methods is their failure, despite much purification and study of the fractions, to show a uniform difference between the two types of the syndrome in which hirsutism is most marked and in which the urinary excretion of the steroids is markedly increased, namely, adrenal cortical tumor and female pseudohermaphrodism with associated adrenal hyperplasia.
Play, creativity, and social movements: if i can’t dance, it’s not my revolution

Social movement scholars know that mobilizations are a serious matter. They require planning, thought, strategy, and a great deal of organizing to get people to the streets. Mobilizations often dri...
Social capital, narratives of fragmentation, and schizophrenia: an ethnographic exploration of factors shaping African-Caribbeans' social capital and mental health in a North London community.

Recent research studies have proposed the concept of social capital—broadly defined as social networks, community cohesion, and participation—as a social risk factor for health disparities and the high rates of schizophrenia among individuals of Caribbean heritage in England. However, many of the existing studies lack sociohistorical contexts and do not capture the experiential dimensions of individuals’ social capital. This paper adds to the debate by examining the mechanisms and sociocultural processes that shape the understandings and experiences of social capital in a sample of British African-Caribbeans. Drawing on ethnographic and survey data collected over 2 years in a North London community, the paper focuses on participants’ every day experiences and the stories they tell about their community and social fragmentation. These stories suggest that social changes and historical forces interact to affect the social capital and emotional well-being of local African-Caribbean residents. I argue that my participants’ collective narratives about their social environment contribute to the emotional tone of the community, and create added stressors that may impact their mental health.
Postnatal appearance of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-like material in the pineal gland of the rat

Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-like material has been demonstrated in the pineal gland of the adult rat. The objective of the present study was to examine the ontogenetic development of this LHRH-like substance in the rat pineal with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger. LHRH-like immunoreactive material was not observed in pineal glands of newborn rats. The amount of material increased progressively from the 6th–12th day of postnatal development. On day 12, the amount of LHRH-like immunoreactivity was consistent and comparable in all pineal glands of male and female animals examined.
Oral transmucosal midazolam premedication for preschool children

Purpose: To evaluate the acceptance and effectiveness of 0.2 mg·kg−1 of oral transmucosal midazolam as a premedicant in infants and preschool children.
An efficient face detection method

A new human face detection method was proposed in this paper. Firstly, YIQ color model was used as usual to detect possible skin area. And then, edge extracted by using improved Canny algorithm and followed by contour extracting and tracing. Lastly, took advantage of the Q component's character to do the final decision. Experimental results had shown that this was an efficient human face detection method.
Fuel Consumption of Heavy-Duty Trucks: Potential Effect of Future Technologies for Improving Energy Efficiency and Emissions

The results of an analysis of heavy-duty truck (Classes 2b through 8) technologies conducted to support the Energy Information Administration's long-term projections for energy use are summarized. Several technology options that have the potential to improve the fuel economy and emissions characteristics of heavy-duty trucks are included in the analysis. The technologies are grouped as those that enhance fuel economy and those that improve emissions. Each technology's potential impact on the fuel economy of heavy-duty trucks is estimated. A rough cost projection is also presented. The extent of technology penetration is estimated on the basis of truck data analyses and technical judgment.
Design for change: Part 1: diversified lifetimes

Buildings are constructed, expanded, refurbished, demolished, deconstructed and relocated in response to the essential needs of contemporary societies. Inevitably, these needs evolve with time. Modern design and construction have always operated in a constantly shifting context of requirements and resources. It is well known that unanticipated forces and emerging circumstances have compelled change in architecture through the ages and yet, most buildings are constructed to serve for countless decades (Kronenburg, 2000, Brand, 1994). During that time, buildings are exposed to an enormous range of fluctuating pressures. In this age of furious technological innovation, growing global ecological awareness and changing economic and societal priorities, the pace of change is increasingly frenetic. Out of this state of affairs arise both significant challenges and intriguing opportunities.
Improved image quality with Bayesian image processing in digital mammography

Recent developments in digital detectors have led to investigating the importance of grids in mammography. We propose to examine the use Bayesian Image Estimation (BIE) as a software means of removing scatter post acquisition and to compare this technique to a grid. BIE is an iterative, non- linear statistical estimation technique that reduces scatter content while improving CNR. Images of the ACR breast phantom were acquired both with and without a grid on a calibrated digital mammography system. A BIE algorithm was developed and was used to process the images acquired without the grid. Scatter fractions (SF) were compared for the image acquired with the grid, the image acquired without the grid, and the image acquired without the grid and processed by BIE. Images acquired without the anti-scatter grid had an initial SF of 0.46. Application of the Bayesian image estimation technique reduced this to 0.03. In comparison, the use of the grid reduced the SF to 0.19. The use of Bayesian image estimation in digital mammography is beneficial in reducing scatter fractions. This technique is very useful as it can reduce scatter content effectively without introducing any adverse effects such as aliasing caused by gridlines.
Isolation of the Nitrogen Assimilation Regulator NR I , the Product of the glnG Gene of Escherichia coli

Abstract The product of the glnG gene, a member of the complex glnALG operon, is an essential component in the response of Escherichia coli K-12 and other enteric bacteria to nitrogen-limited growth. We have purified this protein which we propose to call “NRI,” for nitrogen regulator I, to about 95% purity from an overproducing strain. Purified NRI was identified as a dimer by gel filtration. NRI specifically inhibited initiation of transcription from a DNA fragment containing the glnL promoter but was without effect on lacZ transcription. We determined the intracellular concentration of NRI under different growth conditions by using immunological techniques. The ratio of glutamine synthetase polypeptides, the product of the glnA gene, to NRI polypeptides was about 80:1. NRI was not rapidly degraded after ammonia shock, even though the ability to activate nitrogen-controlled systems was lost.
CD8 Co-receptor promotes susceptibility of CD8 + T cells to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated suppression

CD8+ T cell function depends on a finely orchestrated balance of activation/suppression signals. While the stimulatory role of the CD8 co-receptor and pleiotropic capabilities of TGF-β have been studied individually, the influence of CD8 co-receptor on TGF-β function in CD8+ T cells is unknown. Here, we show that while CD8 enhances T cell activation, it also enhances susceptibility to TGF-β-mediated immune suppression. Using Jurkat cells expressing a full-length, truncated or no αβCD8 molecule, we demonstrate that cells expressing full-length αβCD8 were highly susceptible, αβCD8-truncated cells were partially susceptible, and CD8-deficient cells were completely resistant to suppression by TGF-β. Additionally, we determined that inhibition of Lck rendered mouse CD8+ T cells highly resistant to TGF-β suppression. Resistance was not associated with TGF-β receptor expression but did correlate with decreased Smad3 and increased Smad7 levels. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized third role for CD8 co-receptor which appears to prepare activated CD8+ T cells for response to TGF-β. Based on the important role which TGF-β-mediated suppression plays in tumor immunology, these findings unveil necessary considerations in formulation of CD8+ T cell-related cancer immunotherapy strategies.
Diacylglycerols release LH: structure-activity relations reveal a role for protein kinase C

A series of diacylglycerols were synthesized with varying lengths and substituents in order to establish the structure-activity relationship between each with activation of protein kinase C and stimulation of a biological response system (pituitary luteinizing hormone release). This approach enables distinction between actions mediated by direct activation of protein kinase C and those due to other, presumably nonspecific, actions. The ability of diacylglycerols to function as regulators of a biological response system (pituitary luteinizing hormone release) and of protein kinase C was investigated with a series of sn-1,2 diacylglycerols containing fatty acids 4-10 carbons in length and with analogs in which the 3' hydroxyl was replaced with a chloro, hydrogen, or sulfhydryl moiety. Several diacylglycerols stimulated LH release in a saturable, time and dose dependent manner that was independent of extra-cellular calcium. Dioctanoylglycerol (diC8) was the most effective of the diacylglycerols tested; 3' analogs lacking the hydroxyl were inactive. The diacylglycerols activated protein kinase C in vitro whereas the 3' analogs did not. These data implicate protein kinase C in the mechanism of LH release, demonstrate that unsaturated fatty acyl moieties within the diacylglycerol are not required for protein kinase C activation, and establish diacylglycerol-protein kinase C structure-function relationships that should prove useful for investigations in other systems.
An extension of the Kreiss stability theorem to families of matrices of unbounded order

Abstract The Kreiss matrix theorem asserts three necessary and sufficient conditions for a family of matrices of fixed finite order to be L 2 -stable: a resolvent condition (R), a triangularization condition (S) and a Hermitian norm condition (H). We extend the Kreiss theorem to families of matrices of finite but unbounded order with the restriction that the degrees of the minimal polynomials of all matrices in the family are less than a fixed constant. For such matrix families, we show that (R) and (H) remain necessary and sufficient for L 2 -stability, while (S) must be replaced by a somewhat stronger “block triangularization” condition (S′). This extended Kreiss theorem permits a corresponding extension of the Buchanan stability theorem.
Thermal diffusivity maps: Case studies in ceramics

A new methodology for mapping thermal diffusivity using a photothermal deflection method is introduced. Two case studies are made: fiber-reinforced composite structures and contact damage zones in alumina. In the former, characterization of thermal microstructural features is demonstrated; in the latter, microcrack density is quantified. Experimental data are analyzed and compared with literature results. Advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed.
Sex hormones, sex hormone binding globulin, and abdominal aortic calcification in women and men in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA).

Background Conflicting findings exist regarding the associations of sex hormones with subclinical atherosclerosis.
Comparison of three-dimensional fast spin echo and gradient echo sequences for high-resolution temporal bone imaging.

T2-weighted high-resolution gradient and fast spin echo sequences are widely used as an alternative or adjunct to contrast-enhanced T1-weighted temporal bone imaging. However, to date no systematic comparison has been presented. The purpose of this work is to identify optimal acquisition parameters and to compare volume gradient and fast spin echo techniques. Signal intensities and scan efficiency were computed for gradient echo segment-interleaved motion-compensated acquisition into steady state (SIMCAST), standard fast spin echo (FSE), and fast recovery fast spin echo (FR-FSE). Computations were compared with inner ear images acquired with cubic voxel sizes of 0.35–0.40 mm3in 5–8 minutes. Given otherwise identical conditions, the FR-FSE sequence produces images with improved SNR in shorter scan times than standard FSE. For FR-FSE, the scan efficiency is optimal for specific pairs of TR and echo train length, eg, 400 ms/8, 735 ms/16, and 2,050 ms/48. FR-FSE images with large TR and echo trains, while achieving better SNR, are severely compromised by blurring. Imaging with echo train lengths of 16–24 and TR of 800–1,200 ms is a good compromise, and FR-FSE signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and scan efficiency become comparable to SIMCAST. In vivo image quality is excellent with both FR-FSE and SIMCAST, but SIMCAST images have slightly higher SNR and are significantly more crisp. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:814–825. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 2-chloroethyl (13C)-methyl sulfide

Incorporation of a stable isotope-labelled methylthio group into the mustard 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide 2 was complicated by concomitant reaction with iodide ion, a necessary byproduct from the precursor stable isotope-labelled iodomethane. A two step procedure was therefore employed, initial displacement with mercaptoethanol 4 being followed by chlorination with thionyl chloride.
A fixed-point DSP for graphics engines

The use of the 16-bit ADSP-2100 digital signal microprocessor as a fixed-point, low-end graphics engine for applications such as video games and small computer graphics packages is examined. It serves as the basis for a complete, hardware-oriented approach to performing graphics operations on a 3-D database. Normalization and formatting are performed to avoid overflow and preserve data formats through the transformation operation. Data structures that facilitate object rendering through the Bresenham line-segment drawing algorithm are used. A 3*3 rotation matrix is derived for this application, and the means for implementing translation, scaling, perspective, and zooming are described. >
Staying slim on a low-GABA diet.

The versatile neurotransmitter GABA acquires a new role in the control of appetite by the hypothalamus. In this region of the brain, a regulator of GABAA receptor expression seems to respond to energy levels ( pages 526–533 ).
Circular orbits in classical relativistic two-body systems

Abstract Schild described the circular motion of two classical point charges interacting through their time-symmetric electromagnetic field. This work is compared here with quantum theories and generalized to include the interaction via massless and massive scalar fields. Energy and angular momentum for the bound system are computed. The approach to the potential theory limit, in which one of the particles is at rest, is studied carefully. The main purpose of this work is to gain insight into the nature of highly relativistic bound systems.
Connective tissue disorders with spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and intracranial hypotension: a prospective study.

Objective Intracranial hypotension attributable to a spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is an increasingly recognized cause of postural headaches. The cause of these leaks is poorly understood, but it is likely multifactorial and may involve a primary connective tissue disorder. We undertook a study to estimate the contribution of systemic connective tissue disorders to the development of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks. Methods We examined a group of 18 consecutive patients with spontaneous spinal CSF leaks for features of a connective tissue disorder. Results The mean age of the 15 female patients and 3 male patients was 38 years (range, 22-55 yr). Seven patients (38%) demonstrated stigmata of a systemic connective tissue disorder, and three distinct types of disorders could be identified, as follows. 1) The association of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks and minor skeletal features of Marfan syndrome was noted for three patients. 2) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type II was noted for two patients. 3) Joint hypermobility associated with marked attenuation of the dorsal muscular fascia, precluding proper wound closure, was noted for two patients. In addition, isolated small-joint hypermobility was observed for five patients (28%). Slit-lamp ocular examinations, echocardiographic evaluations, histopathological examinations of skin biopsy specimens, and renal scanning did not reveal any other features of a systemic connective tissue disorder. Conclusion Findings suggesting connective tissue disorders are common among patients with spontaneous spinal CSF leaks, and manifestations may be subtle. A variety of disorders can be identified, probably reflecting genetic heterogeneity. Problems with wound healing may occur as a result of the systemic nature of the underlying connective tissue disorder.
Elements of security: closure, convergence, and protection

We argue that three concepts of stabilization theory are adequate to explain system security. Our argument is based on the assumption that the reachable states of a secure system can be partitioned into legitimate and illegitimate states such that three conditions hold. First, the set of reachable states is closed under both system execution and adversary interference, and the set of legitimate states is closed under system execution. Second, any system computation that starts at an illegitimate state eventually converges to a legitimate state. Third, the critical variables of the system are protected from being updated during any adversary interference and during any system transition that starts at an illegitimate state.
Application of Repetitive Control to Vibration Attenuation in Certain Engineering Structures

The application of repetitive control to the problem ofattenuation of vibration in a class of engineer ing structures excited by periodic disturbances occurring at a fundamental frequency and its integer multiples is examined. The internal model principle is employed to design controllers for a single degree of freedom structure as well as for a Euler-Bernoulli beam. The beam system is examined experimentally.
Current diagnosis and management of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease

Purpose of review Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (IAD) is likely the most common cause of stroke world-wide and is associated with a very high risk of recurrence. It results in cerebral ischemia due to a variety of mechanisms, including artery-to-artery embolism, hemodynamic failure, and occlusion of penetrating arteries. New imaging modalities focused on physiological consequences of IAD have become available and recent treatment trials have been completed. Recent findings We review the traditional imaging modalities, emphasizing the advantages and limitations of each method, and discuss the novel physiological approaches that interrogate physiological process to indicate specific mechanisms of ischemia. These allow deeper understanding of the pathophysiological processes that underlie IAD-related ischemia. The key findings of recent therapeutic trials are reviewed, including the landmark randomized studies showing advantage of antiplatelet agents and risk factor modification, and a significant risk of complications with endovascular approaches. Summary Current evidence argues for aggressive medical management and suggests caution with interventional treatments. We propose that mechanistic information will further refine the risk assessment of patients with IAD to offer targeted therapy.
A fluorine NMR database

Abstract We have established a fluorine chemical shift database for compounds with the empirical formula C x F y . Each record contains the compound's name, literature reference, empirical formula, functional group information, and a nine digit location code and chemical shift for each resonance. The database has over 500 compounds and 3000 chemical shifts. We can ask questions both about compounds as a whole or individual flourines. Some structures in the literature are inconsistent with the reported nmr parameters. Chemical shift assignments which were not possible earlier can now be made because of the correlations developed in this work.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN MICE SUPPRESSION BY ANTI-ALLOTYPE ANTIBODY

In the mouse, antibody directed against an immunoglobulin allotype, Ig-1b, passed from mother to offspring or injected into neonates, suppresses synthesis of immunoglobulin carrying Ig-1b. In allotype homozygotes as well as heterozygotes the allotype suppression is manifested both by a delay of several weeks in attaining initial detectable allotype levels and a reduction in allotype level continuing into adulthood. A possible mechanism for the differentiation of the immune system consistent with both the kinetics of suppression reported here for the mouse and the comparatively longer lived and more complete allotype suppression described for the rabbit is discussed. Evidence for a strong intralitter (as opposed to interlitter) correlation of age of onset of immunoglobulin allotype synthesis is presented.
Abstract A21: Human breast-to-brain metastases display GABAergic properties in the neural niche

The high frequency and poor prognosis of breast-to-brain metastasis (BBM) indicates the need for detailed studies of metastatic breast cancer cells, the brain microenvironment, and the interactions between the two that lead to breast cancer colonization and proliferation. Because neurotransmitters are a major component of the brain microenvironment, we examined fresh tissue and cells from recent surgical specimens of BBM to determine if they expressed CNS-specific neurotransmitter characteristics. We found that BBM cells expressed higher levels of the classical neurotransmitter receptors relative to primary breast cancer, and that, overall, they had a GABAergic phenotype similar to that of neuronal cells. Specifically, GABAAR, GAD67, GABA transporter, and GABA transaminase were highly expressed in BBM cells indicating that they utilize GABA. Moreover, we determined BBM cells exploit the GABA shunt in order to enhance energy production and proliferative potential in vitro. BBM cells also expressed the GABAergic interneuron-specific proteins, parvalbumin and reelin. Parvalbumin is a calcium binding protein that is involved in regulating the local inhibitory effects that GABAergic interneurons exert on pyramidal neurons, and reelin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is involved in the migration and positioning of neurons. These data suggest that metastases of mesenchymal origin can assume neural characteristics when exposed to the brain micronenvironment to facilitate colonization. Citation Format: Josh Neman, John Termini, Claudia M. Kowolik, Amanda C. Hambrecht, Rahul Jandial, Eugene Roberts. Human breast-to-brain metastases display GABAergic properties in the neural niche. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A21.
Genetic mosaic analysis reveals FGF receptor 2 function in terminal end buds during mammary gland branching morphogenesis

FGF signaling is associated with breast cancer and is required for mammary placode formation in the mouse. In this study, we employed a genetic mosaic analysis based on Cre-mediated recombination to investigate FGF receptor 2 (Fgfr2) function in the postnatal mammary gland. Mosaic inactivation of Fgfr2 by the MMTV-Cre transgene enabled us to compare the behavior of Fgfr2 null and Fgfr2 heterozygous cells in the same gland. Fgfr2 null cells were at a competitive disadvantage to their Fgfr2 heterozygous neighbors in the highly proliferative terminal end buds (TEBs) at the invasion front, owing to a negative effect of loss of Fgfr2 function on cell proliferation. However, Fgfr2 null cells were tolerated in mature ducts. In these genetic mosaic mammary glands, the epithelial network is apparently built by TEBs that over time are composed of a progressively larger proportion of Fgfr2-positive cells. However, subsequently, most cells lose Fgfr2 function, presumably due to additional rounds of Cre-mediated recombination. Using an independent strategy to create mosaic mammary glands, which employed an adenovirus-Cre that acts only once, we confirmed that Fgfr2 null cells were out-competed by neighboring Fgfr2 heterozygous cells. Together, our data demonstrate that Fgfr2 functions in the proliferating and invading TEBs, but it is not required in the mature ducts of the pubertal mammary gland.