cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversible, electrochemically controlled binding of phosphine to iron and cobalt bis(dithiolene) complexes.

The homoleptic bis(dithiolene) complexes [M(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](2) (M = Fe, Co; R = p-anisyl) undergo two successive reductions to form anions that display [M(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](2)(2-) 2[M(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](1-) solution equilibria. The neutral dimers react with Ph3P to form square pyramidal [M(Ph(3)P)(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](0). Voltammetric measurements upon [M(Ph(3)P)(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](0) in CH(2)Cl(2) reveal only irreversible features at negative potentials, consistent with Ph(3)P dissociation upon reduction. Dissociation and reassociation of Ph(3)P from and to [Fe(Ph(3)P)(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](0) is demonstrated by spectroelectrochemical measurements. These collective observations form the basis for a cycle of reversible, electrochemically controlled binding of Ph(3)P to [M(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](2) (M = Fe, Co; R = p-anisyl). All members of the cycle ([M(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](2)(0), [M(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](2)(1-), [MM(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](2)(2-), [M(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](1-), [M(Ph(3)P)(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)]) for M = Fe, Co have been characterized by crystallography. Square planar [Fe(S(2)C(2)R(2))(2)](1-) is the first such iron dithiolene species to be structurally identified and reveals Fe-S bond distances of 2.172(1) and 2.179(1) Angstrom, which are appreciably shorter than those in corresponding square planar dianions.
Hydrodynamic Analysis of Hydrostatic Bearings With Runner Misalignment and Pad Damage

Hydrostatic bearings are used in applications where surface speeds are low, or viscosities are insufficient to develop significant load capacity due to shear flow. They are also used in jacking applications for initial liftoff of rotors under low or no rotation conditions, especially for heavy rotors where significant babbitt damage would otherwise occur. Traditional hydrostatic bearing analyses assume isothermal lubricating flows. Analytical solutions also assume that the pressure in the pocket of the hydrostatic bearing is constant. This assumption is only approximately correct for low and zero operating speeds. Analytical solutions also assume that the runner and pad surfaces are parallel. The analytical solutions are not capable of capturing damage or misalignment effects. This paper describes a hydrodynamic analysis of a hydrostatic thrust bearing. The solution is based on a finite element solution to the generalized Reynolds equation. The finite element solution is applied in both the pocket and pad regions of the hydrostatic bearings. The analysis includes a flow loop balance that considers the effects of pressure losses in the lubricant supply piping, allowing for modeling of saturation effects in bearing load capacity. The flow loop balance for the lubrication supply is coupled with the bearing solution. This allows for pad loads to vary as a function of circumferential position in thrust bearings. The analysis was applied to the operation of a hydrostatic thrust bearing system for the HUSIR radio telescope at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Simplified models of pad damage and runner misalignment were considered in the analysis. The minimum film thickness and pressure profile was calculated. Runner misalignment reduced minimum film thickness by up to 80% when compared to a parallel runner under identical loading conditions. Runner damage equivalent to twice the nominal film thickness reduced the minimum film thickness by approximately 10%.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effect of age on axoplasmic transport of cholinesterase in rat sciatic nerves

Abstract Senile muscle atrophy has been attributed to an impaired ability of old nerves to transport trophic factors. To evaluate the effect of age on axoplasmic transport, we measured the accumulation of cholinesterase activity above a ligature around sciatic nerves of young (7–8 months), middle-aged (19–20 months), and old (31–32 months) male rats. Protein content and cholinesterase activity per mm of nerve were higher in middle-aged and old than in young nerves. However, accumulation of cholinesterase activity was significantly lower by middle age and was strikingly reduced by old age. This large reduction in axoplasmic transport appeared to result from factors other than axonal loss. A model in which old nerves have an increased number of temporary focal blockages of particle movement in axoplasmic channels is proposed to explain the decreased transport.
Resonance photoconductivity in Fe-doped InP

A photoconductivity peak at 0.44 eV is observed in Fe-doped InP. This peak is attributed to electrons which are optically excited from the Fe2+ 5E ground state to vibronic levels of the 5T2 excited state, and thermally excited from there to the conduction band. The lineshape is nearly Gaussian and is well fitted by assuming a vibronic coupling energy of about 0.06 eV in the 5T2 state. In analogy with results in the II–VI compounds this coupling may be dominated by interaction with non-symmetric lattice modes which produce a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect.
IPNS neutron scattering instrumentation: A -- Existing and planned; B -- Possibilities for IPNS upgrade, a 1-MW spallation source

The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) is a pulsed spallation neutron source located at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, Illinois in the US. This facility is the outgrowth of a long line of pioneering work on pulsed spallation neutron sources begun at Argonne in the early 1970s. IPNS uses protons accelerated in the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron to produce neutrons via the spallation process (effectively a nuclear evaporation in which 10--50 neutrons are released per incident proton) in a heavy-element target. These neutrons are then moderated to produce spectra peaked at thermal or subthermal energies, and directed into beams which serve a variety of instruments. This paper discusses the diffractometers, various spectrometers, and reflectometers in existence and those planned for the upgrade of the IPNS.
Removal of fatty soil from glass. Electrolyte detergent-builder effect

The mechanism of radio-tagged tristearin removal from a glass substrate by sodium tripolyphosphate is primarily one of preferential displacement. Tristearin removal by STP appears to be a competition for primary polar adsorption sites: being the more polar, STP displaces the soil. Continuous soil films are more slowly removed than spotty soil films because initially fewer accessible adsorption sites are available for displacement attack by STP. It is believed that emulsification of these heavy films occurs initially by the ‘stripping” or preferential displacement by STP of the adsorbed monolayer at a site, followed by a rolling up of coherent soil along with the desorbed monolayer, resulting in a degree of emulsification.
Directed next generation sequencing for phylogenetics: An example using Decapoda (Crustacea)

We propose a method using next generation sequencing technology for phylogenetics. The method is PCR based, requires little training beyond basic lab skills and is both cost and time effective. With this method we generated data for and produced a phylogeny of Decapoda that demonstrates this method’s potential, the quality of the data, and the ability for the method to fit or even replace current Sanger based methods of generating DNA data for phylogenetic reconstruction. Finally, we discuss advantages and current challenges of the directed next generation sequencing approach. © 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
The ecology of social networks in four urban neighborhoods

Abstract This paper re-examines the question of the social “fabric” of urban neighborhoods on the basis of residents' personal networks. Data were collected on the number, relative intimacy, and spatial distribution of social relationships among residents of two ethnically homogenous and two ethnically heterogenous neighborhoods in a medium-sized city in the midwestern United States. The analysis focused on spatial distributions and variables associated with differences in the average number or intimacy of neighborhood network ties. Herbert Gans had predicted that in heterogenous neighborhoods residential proximity would be a less important factor in social network formation than has previously been reported for socially homogeneous residential settings (especially Festinger et al. 1950). The results from this study indicated that the effects of proximity were more, rather than less, reflected in the spatial distribution of social relationships in the ethnically heterogenous neighborhoods. The face-block was identified as an important socio-spatial unit in all four neighborhoods.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Improves Prediction of Cardiovascular Risk: Implications for Better Antihypertensive Management

Accurate measurement of arterial pressure is necessary for diagnosis of hypertension and for assessment of its therapy. The development and growing application of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) furthers these goals. Use of ABPM has defined white coat hypertension (WCH) and masked hypertension (MH), important prognostic diagnoses. ABPM categorizes blood pressure in several ways that increase accuracy for diagnosis and prediction of cardiovascular risk. Measurements of blood pressure throughout the day, at night during sleep, during the morning surge, and, in some instances selected intervals can be especially valuable for both research and clinical management. ABPM is being explored for its value in measuring pulse pressure and a derived index of arterial stiffness. ABPM has also shown to be valuable for defining the effects of antihypertensive drugs therapy. Results of such studies are crucial for advancing antihypertensive management. This review will summarize the important and emerging role of ABPM in defining risk for cardiovascular disease.
News Talk: Investigating the Language of Journalism

Cotter, C. News talk: Investigating the language of journalism. New York, NY: Cambridge Press. 280 pages. The idea of “language” can be taken literally or figuratively. Colleen Cotter is interested...
Developing Subsystem Matrices in Structural Modeling

A major requirement for structural modeling is that the necessary data be acquired and organized into a form from which a structural model can be developed. A reachability matrix is one such form. It is very useful when the contextual relation being modeled is transitive and multilevel. A significant step in the development of a reachability matrix consists of the ordering of elements of the system in such a way that much of the data required can be computed from supplied data, using the transitivity condition. The process described for orderimg the element set suffices to define a set of subsystems and reduces the problem of developing a reachability matrix to one of developing a set of its component interconnection matrices that join these subsystems. The process described assigns much of the burden of structural modeling to the computer, leaving to the developer the tasks requiring substantive knowledge of the system being modeled.
Thermal Structure of Neutral Winds from Young Stellar Objects

The physical processes that control the thermal structure of lightly ionized winds from cool protostars are discussed. Attention is concentrated on the hydrogen gas, and the heating, cooling, and chemical processes that affect the neutral and ionic species of atomic and molecular hydrogen are examined. Warm silicate dust may condense out of the cooling wind and may heat the gas through collisions. Singly ionized sodium atoms, which do not recombine for the mass-loss rates considered, set a lower limit to the ionization fraction in the wind. Magnetic fields, which are presumed to accelerate the wind, couple directly to the ionic component of the gas and transfer momentum and energy to the neutral component through collisions. This process of ambipolar diffusion is found to be the dominant source of heat input to the gas.
Radiofrequency ablation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: feasability, local tumor control, and long-term outcome

A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) was performed. Seven patients with 9 tumors underwent RFA. The mean tumor size was 2.4 cm (range=1.3-3.3 cm). RFA achieved technique effectiveness and local tumor control in 89% (8/9 tumors) of the patients respectively, with a mean overall survival of 38.5 months (range=12-69 months). To conclude, RFA was effective in achieving local tumor control and may offer a therapeutic option for patients with recurrent or primary IHCC.
Fluorescence of Aromatic Amines and Their Fluorescamine Derivatives for Detection of Explosive Vapors

Nitroaromatics (such as dinitrotoluene, trinitrotoluene, and nitrobenzene) found in explosive vapors from buried landmines can be reduced to aminoaromatics by a novel process involving Pd metal nanocatalysts prepared in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide and supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. These aminoaromatics are fluorescent and, if desired, the fluorescence yield can be increased and the fluorescence maxima shifted further toward the red by reaction with appropriate derivatizing agents such as fluorescamine. Corrected spectra for these chemicals and their derivatives are included. Subpicomolar detection limits have already been achieved using a laboratory spectrofluorometer with a 150 W Xe arc lamp. Using lasers as excitation sources, this approach has the potential for developing a field sensor competitive with other methods currently used for detecting explosive vapors from land mines.
What Retailers are Doing to Prevent Tobacco Sales to Minors

One essential factor in youth tobacco use is a ready source of tobacco products. In May 1994, twelve state Attorneys General formed a working group to study the problem of illegal tobacco sales to minors. The working group met with various segments of the retail community to identify actions that could be taken to effectively prevent tobacco sales to minors. The goal of this research was to determine the extent to which tobacco selling retailers have implemented seven of the key recommendations of a working group of state Attorneys General. To address this goal, a five minute telephone survey of owners/managers of 174 tobacco selling retail outlets in Erie County, New York was conducted in February 1995. Results show that nearly all tobacco-selling retailers have implemented at least some store policy designed to prevent tobacco sales to minors. However, most stores continue to sell tobacco products in self-service displays and few stores with electronic price scanners have programmed them to prompt clerk...
Site-specific group selection drives locally adapted group compositions

Here, colonies of social spiders are used to investigate the evolution of a group-level trait, the ratio of individuals with the ‘docile’ versus ‘aggressive’ phenotype in a colony; experimental colonies were generated with varying ratios and established in the wild, revealing group-level selection. Evolutionary theory predicts that group selection could drive the evolution of traits in individuals that promote the success of their group which, in turn, will promote the long-term fitness interests of group constituents. However, there is scant experimental evidence in support of group selection. This study uses colonies of the social spider Anelosimus studiosus to investigate the evolution of a group-level trait, the ratio of docile to aggressive individuals in a colony. Wild colonies display characteristic, site-specific docile-to-aggressive ratios. Jonathan Pruitt and Charles Goodnight generated experimental colonies with varying docile-to-aggressive ratios, and established them in the wild. Colonies with ratios closer to the native ratio were more successful, and experimental colonies adjusted their ratio over two generations to what would have been favoured at their native site. This experimental evidence suggests that group-level selection is acting in the wild. Group selection may be defined as selection caused by the differential extinction or proliferation of groups1,2. The socially polymorphic spider Anelosimus studiosus exhibits a behavioural polymorphism in which females exhibit either a ‘docile’ or ‘aggressive’ behavioural phenotype3,4. Natural colonies are composed of a mixture of related docile and aggressive individuals, and populations differ in colonies’ characteristic docile:aggressive ratios5,6. Using experimentally constructed colonies of known composition, here we demonstrate that population-level divergence in docile:aggressive ratios is driven by site-specific selection at the group level—certain ratios yield high survivorship at some sites but not others. Our data also indicate that colonies responded to the risk of extinction: perturbed colonies tended to adjust their composition over two generations to match the ratio characteristic of their native site, thus promoting their long-term survival in their natal habitat. However, colonies of displaced individuals continued to shift their compositions towards mixtures that would have promoted their survival had they remained at their home sites, regardless of their contemporary environment. Thus, the regulatory mechanisms that colonies use to adjust their composition appear to be locally adapted. Our data provide experimental evidence of group selection driving collective traits in wild populations.
Corona discharge on rubber-insulated cables

When rubber-insulated cables operate at higher than 1,500 volts potential, conditions may be favorable to the production of corona discharge over all or a portion of the outer surface of the insulation, or its braid covering. The cable may be on an inner metal conduit surface, or lie on a grounded flat metal surface, all of these conditions being favorable to surface corona at sufficiently high voltages. Corona discharge is known to be objectionable because of the chemical effect of the actinic ozone produced, and because of inductive and radiation effects, notably interference with radio reception.
“All of Her Changes Have Made Me Think About My Changes”: Fan Readings of Phyllis Reynolds Naylor’s Alice Series

This essay follows the insights of reader response theory to examine how readers of Phyllis Reynolds Naylor’s Alice McKinley series negotiate textual meaning and construct particular identities in relation to the series’ controversial content. Ranking second on the American Library Association’s top one hundred list of banned and challenged books for 2000–2009, and criticized by conservative groups and feminist scholars alike, the Alice series may be understood as belonging to a widely-denigrated genre of relational reading material largely consumed by girls. The study analyzes over 2 years of reader posts to the Offical Alice Blog, the major fan website to the series, to argue that reading Alice is a means by which fans shape their social and cultural identities in sometimes contradictory ways. While Alice fans display an uncritical adoption of some traditional beliefs around gender and sexuality in their reading of the series, their discussion simultaneously reveals how their recognition of the series as transgressive and liberating in its presentation of matters related to female adolescent identity enables readers to construct particular identities for themselves as readers, teens, and young women that are formed in opposition to some conservative and traditional ideologies. Moreover, in their engagement with the series’ progressive sexual politics fans move closer to claiming agency as sexual subjects.
Feeding Rate, Water Quality, and Channel Catfish Production in Ponds

Abstract Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were stocked in ponds at 1,200, 4,300, 8,600, 17,300, 26,000, and 34,600 fish per hectare (486, 1,740, 3,480, 7,000, 10,520, and 14,000 fish per acre), and maximum daily feeding rates of 0, 28, 56, 84, 112, 168, and 224 kg/hectare (0. 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 lb/acre), respectively, were established. Aeration was applied at 6.1 kW/hectare (3.3 horsepower/acre) when dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were expected to fall below 2 mg/L. Strong correlations were obtained between feeding rates (X) and concentrations (Y) of DO at dawn, chlorophyll a, chemical oxygen demand, carbon dioxide, and total ammonia nitrogen. The correlation for DO was negative. Net fish production was correlated with feeding rates up to a maximum daily feeding rate of 112 kg/hectare (100 lb/acre). Feed conversion ratios were essentially constant up to a maximum feeding rate of 112 kg/hectare (100 lb/acre). At higher feeding rates, feed conversion ratios increased and fish productio...
Adaptive Projection Subspace Dimension for the Thick-Restart Lanczos Method

The Thick-Restart Lanczos (TRLan) method is an effective method for solving large-scale Hermitian eigenvalue problems. The performance of the method strongly depends on the dimension of the projection subspace used at each restart. In this article, we propose an objective function to quantify the effectiveness of the selection of subspace dimension, and then introduce an adaptive scheme to dynamically select the dimension to optimize the performance. We have developed an open-source software package a--TRLan to include this adaptive scheme in the TRLan method. When applied to calculate the electronic structure of quantum dots, a--TRLan runs up to 2.3x faster than a state-of-the-art preconditioned conjugate gradient eigensolver.
Telomeres in the chicken: genome stability and chromosome ends

Telomeres are the complex nucleoprotein structures at the termini of linear chromosomes. Telomeric DNA consists of a highly conserved hexanucleotide arranged in tandem repeats. Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein of the reverse transcriptase family, specifies the sequence of telomeric DNA and maintains telomere array length. Numerous studies in model organisms established the significance of telomere structure and function in regulating genome stability, cellular aging, and oncogenesis. Our overall research objectives are to understand the organization of the telomere arrays in chicken in the context of the unusual organization and specialized features of this higher vertebrate genome (which include a compact genome, numerous microchromosomes, and high recombination rate) and to elucidate the role telomeres play in genome stability impacting cell function and life span. Recent studies found that the chicken genome contains three overlapping size classes of telomere arrays that differ in location and age-related stability: Class I 0.5 to 10 kb, Class II 10 to 40 kb, and Class III 40 kb to 2 Mb. Some notable features of chicken telomere biology are that the chicken genome contains ten times more telomeric DNA than the human genome and the Class III telomere arrays are the largest described for any vertebrate species. In vivo, chicken telomeres (Class II) shorten in an age-related fashion and telomerase activity is high in early stage embryos and developing organs but down-regulates during late embryogenesis or postnatally in most somatic tissues. In vitro, chicken cells down-regulate telomerase activity unless transformed. Knowledge of chicken telomere biology contributes information relevant to present and future biotechnology applications of chickens in vivo and chicken cells in vitro.
Exploring the effect of dentition, dental decay and familiality on oral health using metabolomics

As a proof of principle, we used an untargeted global metabolic profiling of saliva to understand the biochemical processes associated with dental decay, dentition (primary and secondary tooth eruption) and familiality in a sample of 25 sibling pairs. Pairs were selected to represent four different combinations of dentition and tooth health: (1) both siblings with primary teeth and no decay (n=5); (2) both siblings with primary teeth and discordant for dental decay (n=6); (3) both siblings with primary teeth and dental decay (n=4); and (4) one sibling with primary teeth the other with mixed dentition and both with no dental decay (n=10). There was a strong effect of sibship on the metabolite profiles identified; this may reflect the effects of common genes, environment and behaviors, and shared oral microbial communities. Nested in the familial effects were associations of metabolite profile with dentition and with dental decay. Using three different analyses (Euclidean distance, hierarchical clustering and PCA using selected biochemicals) metabolite profiles of saliva from children with decayed teeth were more similar than the metabolite profiles of saliva from children with healthy (sound) teeth. Larger studies that include host behaviors, environmental factors, oral microbiota composition and structure, and host genetic predisposition are required to identify biomarkers for decay, and to estimate the relative contribution of host factors and oral microbes on risk of dental decay.
Dynamic Residual Complexity of the Isoliquiritigenin–Liquiritigenin Interconversion During Bioassay

Bioactive components in food plants can undergo dynamic processes that involve multiple chemical species. For example, 2′-hydroxychalcones can readily isomerize into flavanones. Although chemically well documented, this reaction has barely been explored in the context of cell-based assays. The present time-resolved study fills this gap by investigating the isomerization of isoliquiritigenin (a 2′-hydroxychalcone) and liquiritigenin (a flavanone) in two culture media (Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium and Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium) with and without MCF-7 cells, using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–electrospray ionization/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry for analysis. Both compounds were isomerized and epimerized under all investigated biological conditions, leading to mixtures of isoliquiritigenin and R/S-liquiritigenin, with 19.6% R enantiomeric excess. Consequently, all three species can potentially modulate the biological responses. This...
Distribution of methyl bromide in soils treated for nematode control in replant vineyards

Methyl bromide was applied with and without polyethylene covers at rates of 337, 449, 673 and 898 kg/ha to replant vineyard soils to control plant parasitic nematodes. Distribution of the gas in the soil atmosphere at different depths was measured by gas chromatography. Higher doses, low soil moisture and deeper placement of methyl bromide resulted in more rapid soil penetration and higher concentrations of the gas at the deeper soil levels. Placement of methyl bromide in the soil at 0.76-0.81 m without polyethylene cover resulted in gas distribution at concentrations sufficient for nematode kill as deep as 2.44 m.
Malignant neurocytic tumor

Abstract Two patients, 14 and 46 years of age, presented with diffuse, rapidly growing intracerebral tumors leading to death 6 1 2 and 9 1 2 months, respectively, after diagnosis. Histological examination showed sheets of moderate-sized tumor cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei interrupted by delicate arciform vasculature, an appearance distinctly different from that of neuroblastoma. Malignant features were present in the form of significant nuclear pleomorphism, numerous mitotic figures, and small foci of necrosis with some suggestion of adjacent pseudopalisading in one case. Ultrastructural examination showed neuronal differentiation, including prominent neuritic processes, microtubules, dense-core neurosecretory-type granules, and synaptic bouton-like structures containing small, empty-appearing synaptic-type vesicles and synapse-like membrane “thickenings”. Immunohistochemistry showed focal immunopositivity for synaptophysin, neurofilaments, neutron-specific enolase, and S100 protein. Immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was found at the margins of the tumors adjacent to some intratumoral blood vessels and in some tumor cells. These tumors seem to occupy a nosological “middle ground” between neuroblastoma and central neurocytoma. Hum Pathol 25:747–752. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
A comparison of the effects of self-versus teacher-assessment of on-task behavior*

The relative reactivity of self-versus teacher-assessment of a child's on-taks behavior during self-monitoring was compared for a learning disabled boy exhibiting severe attentional problems. Both procedures increased on-task behavior over baseline conditions, but self-assessment was significantly superior to teacher-assessment. Both procedures also increased the number of correct addition problems completed, but were not different statistically. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical question “Is the ‘self’ important in self-monitoring?” and the practical question “Is self-assessment more cost-effective than teacher-assessment in terms of teacher time and student performance?”
Concepts of an Estimation System, an Adaptive System, and a Network of Adaptive Estimation Systems

A clear distinction is made between two concepts. One concept is called an estimation system and the other an adaptive system. Using these two concepts as building blocks and a Bayes minimum conditional risk approach, it is possible to give meaning to the concept of a network of adaptive estimation systems. Under the framework of the approach, unsupervised estimation (estimation without a teacher) is a classical statistical problem as is supervised estimation. Also, supervised estimation is a degenerate case of estimation and a special case of adapting. In general, adapting without a teacher is impossible.
Inverse Estimation of Surface Temperature Induced by a Moving Heat Source in a 3-D Object Based on Back Surface Temperature with Random Measurement Errors

Temperatures on inaccessible surfaces can be estimated by solving an inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) based on the measured temperature on accessible surfaces. In this article, the transient temperatures on the front (heated) surface of a three-dimensional (3-D) object is recovered using the conjugate gradient method (CGM) based on temperatures measured on the back surface (opposite to the heated surface). The simulated measurement data are generated from the exact solution obtained by solving the direct problem, in which the front surface of the object is subjected to a moving heat source having an elliptic spot with a Gaussian profile. Random errors are artificially imposed on the back surface data. It is shown that the front-surface temperatures of the 3-D object can be well recovered using the algorithm presented here. Studies are also carried out to test the effect of large measurement errors on the accuracy of the inverse solution.
Pharmacology: marijuana and your heart.

Marijuana smoke can have harmful effects on the heart. But one of its active components may ease inflammation and slow the progression of coronary artery disease.
Protection scheme and reliability assessment of ICC box for FAA Approach Lighting System against lightning strikes

The Approach Lighting System in use by Federal Aviation Administration has over the years been subjected to lightning affects that results in breakdown of an the Individual Control Cabinet (ICC box). Previous work has investigated to what extent lightning surge effect could have on the ICC box. This work had resulted in the configurations of the ALS as topologies I, II and III. Of the three topologies, experimental test carried out shows that topology II results in optimal configuration. Hence, this topology is carefully evaluated in this paper with a view to provide a protection circuitry that will mitigate the lightning surge effect on the ICC box. Critical evaluation of this protection circuitry proves that a metal-oxide-varistor and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET) are the basic protective device elements. These devices when incorporated in topology II results in the mitigation of the ICC box breakdown against lightning strikes.
Destruction of proteins as a creative force

Proteolysis is recognized as an important aspect of normal cellular physiology. Here, Hidde Ploegh describes how the immune system provides a rich source of experimental models that have already yielded a glimpse of unexpected modes of protein breakdown.
Normalizing Effects of Nicotine and a Novel Nicotinic Agonist on Hippocampal Auditory Gating in Two Animal Models

Rapid habituation of the evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli is a physiological manifestation of sensory gating mechanisms that are disturbed in human psychoses. Similar deficits are found in two animal models: fimbria-fornix lesioned Sprague–Dawley rats and DBA/2 mice, an inbred strain with decreased numbers of hippocampal α7 nicotinic receptors. In response to paired auditory stimuli, the hippocampal evoked response of outbred, unlesioned animals is larger to the first than to the second stimulus. Both fimbria-fornix lesioned rats and DBA/2 mice have decreased response to the first stimulus but no further suppression of response to the second stimulus. Parenteral administration of (S)-3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) isoxazole (ABT418), a newly developed nicotinic agonist, was found to normalize hippocampal auditory evoked responses in both models. The response to the first stimulus was increased, and the response to the second stimulus was suppressed relative to the first. The magnitude and time course of effect were similar to those observed with a 10-fold greater dose of nicotine. Both nicotine and ABT418 were ineffective when a second dose was administered 1 h later, suggesting that both compounds may desensitize the receptor mechanism.
Sexual dysfunction in women

Abstract Sexuality is an integral componont of a woman's global well-being. Sexual dysfunction not only contributes to personal and interpersonal stress, but it also may herald other medical or psychosocial problems that significantly affect a woman's health. Many physicians feel uncomfortable or inadequately trained to discuss sexuality issues with their patients, but the vast majority of patients believe that it is appropriate for physicians to address sexual function within the context of routine health assessments. Even though many women experience sexual dysfunction, they may feel uncomfortable volunteering the information. It is crucial that health care providers avoid making assumptions about a patient's sexual behaviors or preferences and that they ask directly about sexual functioning and concerns. The physician can become more comfortable discussing sexual issues with patients by gaining an understanding of the normal sexual response and developing an approach to the evaluation and treatment of common sexual dysfunctions. Asking about sexual concerns and problems will provide the physician with an opportunity to educate patients and dispel sexual misconceptions. Furthermore, it will give patients “permission” to address sexual issues in a professional, confidential, and nonjudgmental setting.
Adaptation and color matching

Abstract Crawford's (1965) experiment [ Vision Res . 5, 71–78], implies that there is a failure of linearity when maximum saturation color matches are compared to Maxwell matches. This implication was tested by making the same maximum saturation matches with and without the superposition of a monochromatic desaturating light. A nonlinearity in color matching for short wavelengths was measured without the possible computational or pre-receptoral artifacts in Crawford's design. The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that this nonlinearity is due to post-receptoral interactions and not to a failure of spectral invariance or to the participation in the match of more than three types of photopigments.
Dark Germination and Seedling Growth in Monocots and Dicots of Different Photosynthetic Efficiencies in 2% and 20.9% O2

The stimulation of net photosynthesis by 1 to 4% 02 in socalled "inefficient" plants is well established and is believed to result from the suppression of photorespiration (16). Growth of Phaseolus vulgaris, Mimulus cardinalis, and the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha increased when aerial portions of the plants were maintained in low 02 compared with ambient air (1, 2). Photosynthesis in the leaves of efficient species is not enhanced by low 02 (4, 9) nor is growth stimulated (1, 2); this is not surprising since these species have either no photorespiration or show quite low rates (5, 14). The assumption is widely held that respiration suppressed by low 02 or stimulated by higher 02 concentrations is nonessential or wasteful in plants. We asked if this kind of respiration is characteristic of a species throughout development, e.g., during germination and early seedling growth. If this were true we could expect to deduce photosynthetic efficiency of seedlings soon after germination and thus improve the efficiency of screening for efficient plants. Alternatively, we might discover an associated respiration with the same oxygen requirement as photorespiration. Growth in darkness of the embryo of imbibed seeds can occur only if respiration releases energy and produces intermediates for synthesis of new tissue. We tested our hypotheses by observing growth in darkness soon after germination in 2% and 20.9% 02 of seedlings of 28 monocots and dicots classified as inefficient or efficient by photosynthetic characteristics.
Using Peer‐Reviewed Writing in the Accounting Curriculum: A Teaching Note

ABSTRACT: To become successful professionals, accounting students must be able to write effectively. Yet, as faculty, we recognize that many of our students need to improve the quality of their writing. At the same time, we often struggle to find sufficient time to cover course content, much less to devote time and energy to address students' writing competencies. In this teaching note, we describe a writing framework that is a manageable tool for integrating writing activities into courses. The framework incorporates peer review along with features, such as repetition, that prior research suggests lead to writing improvements. The framework provides added benefits by allowing students to review others' work (a typical accounting task), engaging them in critical thinking activities, and exposing them to more course content knowledge. Using a sample of 155 students, the results support our contention that our framework improves students' written communication.
Initial drug therapy for hypertensive patients with hyperlipidemia

Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are cardiovascular risk factors that commonly coexist. Studies have indicated that it is important to control both risk factors to achieve significant reductions in morbidity and mortality. Recent debate has focused upon whether traditional step I antihypertensive agents can substantially lower these risks because of their effects on plasma lipids. This debate continues to be unresolved. However, for the patient with elevated lipid levels, diuretics and beta-blockers may make the management of the lipid disorder more difficult. Therefore it may be desirable to select alternative step I antihypertensive agents that will not interfere with the therapy for hyperlipidemia. Alternative step I agents include alpha 1-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. These agents either have no effect on plasma lipids or they improve the lipid profile. Generally, these drugs are well tolerated and provide good alternatives for patients with hyperlipidemias. The initial drug of choice can be chosen depending upon other patient variables such as age, race, or concomitant diseases.
“They’re Coming to America”: Immigration, Settlement, and Citizenship

Released in 1980, Neil Diamond’s hit single “Coming To America" ends with an interpolation of the traditional patriotic song, “My Country, ‘Tis of Thee.” Because of its patriotic theme, the song has been used in a variety of contexts, including as the theme song for Michael Dukakis’s 1988 presidential campaign. Shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, Diamond modified the song’s lyrics during live performances: instead of “They’re comin’ to America,” towards the end, it became “Stand up for America.” http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(Neil_Diamond_song)
The partition function of Z(2) and Z(8) lattice gauge theory in four dimensions, a novel approach to simulations of lattice systems

Abstract A new method to simulate lattice systems is described. We demonstrate our method by computing the complete partition functions of Z(2) and Z(8) gauge theories in four dimensions on lattices of size up to 64. Our method yields a clear signal for the first order transition(s) in these models without hysteresis or critical slowing down effects. We show how finite size scaling of the zeros of the partition function provides an unambiguous identification of the order of the transition.
Composition and field distribution of the population of Rhizobium meliloti in root nodules of uninoculated field-grown alfalfa

Abstract Only four antibiotics (kanamycin, spectinomycin, ampicillin and novobiocin) of ten tested were capable of discriminating between root nodule isolates of Rhizobium meliloti obtained from uninoculated field-grown alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). The 300 isolates in the collection were subdivided into seven groups based on their intrinsic antibiotic resistance characteristics with 204 and 55 isolates placed into two groups, C and F, respectively. Isolates from group C dominated the root nodule population on plants in eight of the nine quadrats analyzed. Furthermore they were one of the two dominant groups found in nodules formed on plants grown in a plant infection-soil dilution experiment and challenged with a composite soil sample from the field site. Antiserum raised to a group C isolate (No. 31) cross-agglutinated with 46 of 55 group C isolates to a titer identical with that of the parent antigen. There were no cross-reactions between isolates from any of the other six groups. Only 9 of 34 isolates from group F cross-agglutinated with antiserum raised to a group F isolate (No. 17). Thirty-three of 35 cross-agglutinating field isolates from group C had the same sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic protein-profile pattern as isolate No. 31 whereas non-agglutinating isolates from the same group had distinctly different protein profile patterns. The data suggest that intrinsic antibiotic resistance characteristics can be a useful complementary tool to be used in conjunction with other methods to identify and discriminate isolates of R. meliloti . It should not be used on its own as a strain identification method.
Substituent effects on the vibronic coupling for the phenoxyl/phenol self-exchange reaction.

The impact of substituents on the vibronic coupling for the phenoxyl/phenol self-exchange reaction, which occurs by a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism, is investigated. The vibronic couplings are calculated with a grid-based nonadiabatic method and a nuclear-electronic orbital nonorthogonal configuration interaction method. The quantitative agreement between these two methods for the unsubstituted phenoxyl/phenol system and the qualitative agreement in the predicted trends for the substituted phenoxyl/phenol systems provides a level of validation for both methods. Analysis of the results indicates that electron-donating groups enhance the vibronic coupling, while electron-withdrawing groups attenuate the vibronic coupling. Thus, if all other aspects of the reaction are the same, then electron-donating groups will increase the rate, while electron-withdrawing groups will decrease the rate. Correlations between the vibronic coupling and physical properties of the phenol are also analyzed. Negative Hammett constants correspond to higher vibronic couplings, while positive Hammett constants correspond to similar or slightly lower vibronic couplings relative to the unsubstituted phenoxyl/phenol system. In addition, lower bond dissociation enthalpies, ionization potentials, and redox potentials, as well as higher pK a values, tend to correspond to higher vibronic couplings relative to the unsubstituted phenoxyl/phenol system. The observed trends enable the prediction of the impact of general substituents on the vibronic coupling, and hence the rate, for the phenoxyl/phenol self-exchange reaction. The fundamental physical insights obtained from these studies are applicable to other proton-coupled electron transfer systems.
A Rapid, Widely Applicable Screen for Drugs that Suppress Free Radical Formation in Ischemia/Reperfusion

Substantial injury can occur during reoxygenation of previously ischemic tissue in many experimental models, as the result of the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals. To test the antiradical activity of potentially protective compounds in this setting, we developed a simple screening system, applicable to fresh biopsy specimens, in which warm ischemia and reoxygenation of excised tissue are performed in vitro. Tissue production of malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents is used as a nonspecific-but-sensitive marker of oxygen radical damage. Test compounds with putative antiradical activity are added prior to the reoxygenation phase, and their ability to suppress MDA production is an index of activity in preventing reoxygenation injury. Comparison with ischemic but not reoxygenated controls confirms the oxygen-dependent nature of the effect. Standard positive controls of known effective agents, such as butylated hydroxytoluene or deferoxamine, provide a reference for the activity of the test compound. The method is applicable to surgical biopsy specimens in veterinary and human medicine.
Volumetric multi-texturing for functionally gradient material representation

Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) methods have demonstrated the potential to manufacture parts from Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM). One of the keys to success is an accurate and systematic represention of varying material distributions in the geometry. This paper introduces a method called Volumetric Multi-Texturing (VMT) to represent a three dimensional density gradient. The scheme originates from volumetric rendering by texturing, which is used in computer graphics to create fuzzy objects such as clouds and smoke. By analogy, FGM design is envisaged as creating material clouds in a confined geometric space in a structured and controllable manner. Another motivation for pursuing this approach is that, based on our research into expected applications, material gradients will be emphasized near the surface of a part. Our method exploits procedural and implicit schemes to design and acquire density information. The implicit procedural approach, as opposed to an input database, allows a user to interactively create and modify the design patterns without explicitly changing the individual values in the database. Further, it promises convenience in process planning, and efficiency in data storage and computation time. The material gradient modeler is applied to a boundary representation (B-rep) model of the part. Therefore, this scheme can be easily integrated most commercial solid modelers. The theoretical approach, design procedure, and tool path generation for fabricating example parts are presented in the paper.
The Appropriate Domain of the School Psychologist.

Abstract It is argued that efforts to delineate the roles and functions of school psychologists for the purpose of establishing national guidelines are useless. The “appropriate domain” is a function of the competencies and interests of the psychologist, the characteristics of the situation in which he works, and the effects of the interaction between the two. Preparation in basic areas of behavior and psychological methodology are advocated as essential for adaptability to changes and development of leadership in this field. Efforts should be devoted to increasing effectiveness in the use of psychological knowledge and methods in the school setting.