cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential Logit Dynamic Travel Demand Model and Its Transferability

A dynamic hurricane evacuation travel demand model was estimated by using sequential logit with the data from Hurricane Floyd in South Carolina. The model was estimated on a random sample of 75% of the observations and applied to the remaining 25% as a test. In the test data, a total of 241 evacuations were predicted when 246 were observed, and the model estimated the number of evacuations in each 2-h period over 4 days with a root-mean-square error of 2.79 evacuations. Evacuation orders were modeled as a time-dependent variable. This significantly enhanced model performance over that achieved with evacuation orders as a stationary variable in previous work and provided the capability to analyze the impact of the type and timing of evacuation orders. That capability permits analyzing staged evacuation, in which areas are directed to evacuate in a sequence that optimizes network use. A model estimated on Hurricane Floyd evacuation data was transferred to Southeast Louisiana; its predictions were similar to evacuation behavior observed during Hurricane Andrew. With updating of the alternative specific constant of the transferred model to ensure the correct prediction of the total number of evacuations, the model predicted evacuation with a root-mean-square error of 4.53 evacuations per 6-h period. It was discovered that applying the same distance function to the two different hurricanes was a major source of error in model transfer. The representation of distance and its interactions with other variables need to be investigated further. The procedures and the information needed for model update warrant further study.
Residential Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable in Residential Mobility

The stress-threshold model (Wolpert, 1965; Brown and Moore, 1970) assumes that people do not consider moving unless they experience residential stress. This paper develops a similar model of residential mobility in which residential satisfaction acts as an intervening variable between individual and residence variables and mobility. The model is tested with data from a panel study of Rhode Island residents. The results indicate that residential satisfaction at the first interview is related to the wish to move and to mobility in the year following the interview. Individual and residence characteristics such as age of head duration of residence, home ownership, and room crowding are shown to affect mobility through their effect on residential satisfaction.
THE DIFFERENTIAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH PICROTOXIN AND COPPER ACETATE INDUCE OVULATION IN THE RABBIT

Ovulation, in species like the rabbit that do not ovulate spontaneously, is normally induced via a neurohumoral reflex initiated at coitus. The afferent pathways in the reflex arc are poorly understood, but the efferent route almost certainly involves the hypophyseal stalk (Brooks, 1937, 1938). Electrical stimulation experiments (Markee, Sawyer and Hollinshead, 1946; Harris, 1948b) favored a vascular pathway, such as the hypophyseal portal system (Wislocki and King, 1936; Green and Harris, 1947), over direct nerve fibers (Brooks, 1940) as the route by which the hypothalamus exerts its control over the anterior hypophysis. Markee, Sawyer and Hollinshead (1948) found that the injection of small amounts of epinephrine directly into the adenohypophysis activated the release of LH. That an adrenergic mediator is involved in the natural secretion stimulus was affirmed by blocking copulation-induced ovulation with the adrenergic blocking agent Dibenamine (Sawyer, Markee and Hollinshead, 1947).
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Cyclopentadienyl–Cobalt Sandwich Complexes from Diaryl Acetylenes

Sealed tube microwave dielectric heating of diaryl acetylenes with cyclopentadienyl cobalt dicarbonyl at elevated temperature in p-xylene provides access to metallocenes in both the cyclobutadiene (Ar4C4CoCp) and cyclopentadienone (Ar4C4(C═O)CoCp) families. When compared with the traditional thermal approach, the current method offers dramatically reduced reaction times and, especially with respect to cyclopentadienone complexes, increased yields. In the case of an especially bulky diarylacetylene the microwave approach allows access to a complex that cannot be readily obtained under traditional thermal conditions. An initial microwave-promoted Sonogashira coupling may be employed for in situ generation of the diarylacetylene, although lower yields of the metallocene complexes are ultimately obtained.
Secondary structure and rigidity in model proteins

There is tremendous interest in understanding the role that secondary structure plays in the rigidity and dynamics of proteins. In this work we analyze nanomechanical properties of proteins chosen to represent different secondary structures: α-helices (myoglobin and bovine serum albumin), β-barrels (green fluorescent protein), and α + β + loop structures (lysozyme). Our experimental results show that in these model proteins, the β motif is a stiffer structural unit than the α-helix in both dry and hydrated states. This difference appears not only in the rigidity of the protein, but also in the amplitude of fast picosecond fluctuations. Moreover, we show that for these examples the secondary structure correlates with the temperature- and hydration-induced changes in the protein dynamics and rigidity. Analysis also suggests a connection between the length of the secondary structure (α-helices) and the low-frequency vibrational mode, the so-called boson peak. The presented results suggest an intimate connection of dynamics and rigidity with the protein secondary structure.
Unique Measure for the Time-Periodic Navier-Stokes on the Sphere

This paper proves the existence and uniqueness of a time- invariant measure for the 2D Navier-Stokes equations on the sphere under a random kick-force and a time-periodic deterministic force. Sev- eral examples of deterministic forces satisfying the necessary conditions for there to be a unique invariant measure are given. The support of the measure is examined and given explicitly for several cases.
Detection of virtually all mutations-SSCP (DOVAM-S): a rapid method for mutation scanning with virtually 100% sensitivity.

Dideoxy fingerprinting (ddF) was used as a tool to search for a generic set of conditions with sufficient power to detect virtually all mutations. For each condition tested, a very large sample of mutation-containing, single-stranded segments (about 1500) were analyzed with ddF. Correlation coefficients identified pairs of conditions in which single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) mobilities were poorly correlated. The data strongly suggest that tertiary structure (e.g., base-sugar and sugar-sugar interactions) rather than secondary structure is the predominant determinant of mobility shifts by SSCP. Five conditions were selected with sufficient redundancy to detect all the mutations. The sensitivity of detection of virtually all mutations-SSCP (DOVAM-S) was determined by blinded analyses on samples containing additional mutations scattered throughout the eight exons and splice junctions in the factor IX gene. The factor IX gene sequence (2.5 kb) was scanned in one lane by 15 PCR-amplified segments (125 kb of sequence scanned per gel). All of the 84 single-base substitutions were detected in the blinded analyses, the first consisting of 50 hemizygous mutant and wild-type (WT) samples and the second consisting of 50 heterozygous mutant and WT samples. DOVAM-S is estimated to be five times faster than fluorescent DNA sequencing for the detection of virtually all mutations when the five conditions are applied.
Mixtures of ultracold fermions with unequal masses

We analyze the phase diagram of superfluidity for two-species fermion mixtures from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) limit as a function of scattering parameter, population imbalance, and mass anisotropy. We identify regions corresponding to normal, or uniform or nonuniform superfluid phases, and discuss topological quantum phase transitions in the BCS, unitarity, and BEC limits. We derive the Ginzburg-Landau equation near the critical temperature, and show that it describes a dilute mixture of paired and unpaired fermions in the BEC limit. We also obtain the zero temperature low frequency and long wavelength collective excitation spectrum, and recover the Bogoliubov relation for weakly interacting dilute bosons in the BEC limit. Lastly, we discuss the effects of harmonic traps and the resulting density profiles in the BEC regime.
Effects of brain membranes on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance signal intensity of ethanol in vitro

In vivo proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) studies of ethanol in animal and human brains have shown that only a fraction of ethanol in brain is visible by NMR. The goals of these in vitro 1H NMR experiments were to determine: (I) whether the interaction of ethanol with brain membranes in vitro diminishes ethanol visibility; and (2) if a magnetization transfer (MT) effect can be observed for the interaction of ethanol with brain membranes in vitro . Furthermore, pilot studies were performed to determine if the brain membranes from rats chronically exposed to ethanol had a different effect on ethanol NMR visibility and spin-spin relaxation time (T2) than brain membranes obtained from control rats. Results show that the NMR visibility of ethanol is lower in rat brain membrane suspensions in vitro as compared to ethanol in saline solutions. The factors decreasing ethanol NMR visibility are T2 relaxation, water presaturation time, and off-resonance saturation by a frequency-dependent MT pulse. One-pulse NMR measurements without water presaruration showed that ethanol visibility was significantly increased by 15% in brain membrane suspensions of ethanol-fed rats, suggestive of decreased ethanol partitioning compared to controls. Furthermore ethanol in brain membrane suspensions from ethanol-fed rats showed smaller MT effects than from control rats. These results provide a mechanism for decreased NMR visibility of ethanol in brain, and suggest that chronic exposure to ethanol produces membrane changes which result in increased NMR visibility.
Pregnancy complicated by an intrauterine foreign body.

Penetration of a foreign body into the pregnant uterus is rare, and the management is challenging. The incidence, causes, management, complications, and outcomes of pregnancies complicated by blunt abdominal trauma are well described. Likewise, there are established guidelines for managing pregnancies complicated by nonpenetrating intrauterine foreign bodies (primarily, contraceptive intrauterine devices [IUDS]). 1,2 However, there is little published information regarding penetrating injuries that result in the presence of a foreign body lodged within the pregnant uterus. Known complications associated with a penetrating injury include premature rupture of membranes, abruptio placentae, infection, fetomaternal hemorrhage, preterm labor, fetal injury or death, maternal injury or death, maternal pain, abnormal fetal growth, prolonged antepartum hospitalization, the need for surgical exploration, and the possible need for surgical delivery and hysterectomy. We report the management of a pregnancy in which the uterus and placenta were penetrated by a 5-cm sewing needle at 23 weeks' gestation.
Development of Non-acidic Poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) for Organic and Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate improved compatibility of poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole transport layer with acid-sensitive materials by addition of a simple base, NaOH or NH4OH, to the aqueous suspension to increase pH. Addition of NaOH to the acidic PEDOT:PSS allowed the deposition of PEDOT:PSS on top of an inverted poly(3-hexylthiophene):ZnO nanoparticle blend hybrid photovoltaic device, and improved device performance due to preservation of the ZnO electron acceptor. To quantitatively investigate the impact of base addition to hole transport layer properties and device performance, we deposited PEDOT:PSS with different pH values on inverted poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester bulk heterojunction devices. We find that NaOH modification results in a substantial work function decrease and series resistance increase. In contrast, the volatile NH4OH leaves PEDOT:PSS with minimal changes in film properties and device performance.
Lateral gene transfer and parallel evolution in the history of glutathione biosynthesis genes

Background Glutathione is found primarily in eukaryotes and in Gram-negative bacteria. It has been proposed that eukaryotes acquired the genes for glutathione biosynthesis from the alpha-proteobacterial progenitor of mitochondria. To evaluate this, we have used bioinformatics to analyze sequences of the biosynthetic enzymes γ-glutamylcysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase.
Ontogenetic dietary shifts and feeding behavior of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier , in Hawaiian waters

Stomach content data from 281 tiger sharks caught during shark control programs in Hawaii between 1967 and 1969, and during 1976 were analyzed to examine feeding habits and ontogenetic shifts in diet. As sharks increased in size, prey diversity and frequency of occurrence of large prey items increased. The percent occurrence of teleosts and cephalopods in stomachs decreased as sharks increased in length, while occurrence of elasmobranchs, turtles, land mammals, crustaceans, and undigestible items increased. Comparisons between the diets of tiger sharks from Hawaii and other locations indicate that ontogenetic shifts are universal in this species and that tiger sharks may be opportunistic feeders that prey heavily on abundant, easy to capture prey. Small tiger sharks may be spatially segregated from medium and large sharks and appear to be primarily nocturnal, bottom feeders. Large tiger sharks feed near the bottom at night, but also feed at the surface during the day. Prey, similar in size to humans, begin to occur in the diet of tiger sharks approximately 230 cm TL, and therefore sharks of this size and larger may pose the greatest threat to humans. Ontogenetic shifts in diet may be attributed to increased size of sharks, expanded range and exploitation of habitats of larger sharks, and/or improved hunting skill of larger sharks.
The relationship between a firm's level of technological innovativeness and its pattern of partnership agreements

In this paper we investigate the relationship between the level of a firm's technological innovativeness and its pattern of partnership agreements i.e., relative number of partnership agreements of one type versus another. We argue that the protection of tacit technological knowledge from potential opportunism is of importance to technologically innovative firms, and as a result they tend to have a relatively larger number of partnership agreements which generally minimize the transfer of tacit technological knowledge. Specifically, they tend to have a greater number of marketing agreements than joint ventures and a greater number of licensing agreements than joint ventures. This argument is tested using data from manufacturing firms in the electrical and electronics machinery sector who invest in R&D, and our results hold for our focal firm's agreements with both domestic and foreign partners. We discuss the strategic and policy implications from this research. In particular, the empirical results suggest that technologically innovative firms already have relatively more agreements which are likely to preempt transfer of their tacit technological knowledge to their foreign partners. Thus, recent suggestions of more active government regulation in the area of intellectual property may be unwarranted.
Membrane-initiated estrogen signaling: oncogenic or impotent?

A recent study by Kampa et al. provided further evidence of nongenomic, membrane-initiated estrogen signaling. Using a cell-impermeable estradiol–bovine serum albumin conjugate, the authors identified genes and kinases that were modulated by a membrane-associated estrogen receptor, which they have termed ‘ERx.’ They describe how estradiol-induced ERx function is insensitive to antiestrogens tamoxifen and fulvestrant. The ERx components upregulated kinase signaling pathways and genes implicated in cancer progression, suggesting that ERx may promote antiestrogen resistance. However, the existence of membrane-initiated estrogen signaling and its contribution to antiestrogen resistance in vivo await confirmation.
Alternative Models for Describing the Acid Unfolding of the Apomyoglobin Folding Intermediate

The acid-induced unfolding of the pH 4 intermediate of apomyoglobin (I) is described by either of two models: (1) a Monod-Wyman-Changeux-based model (MWC) where salt bridges perturb the pKa values of specific ionizable side chains, causing unfolding of I as these salt bridges are broken at low pH, and (2) the Linderstrom-Lang smeared charge model (L-L), which attributes acid unfolding of I to charge repulsion caused by the accumulation of positive charge on the surface of the protein. Both models fit earlier acid unfolding data well, but they make differing predictions about the effects of electrostatic mutants, which have been made and tested. Deletions of positive charge within I are found to stabilize I, but disruptions of potential salt bridges have little effect. These results show that the acid unfolding of I (I h U) is largely caused by generalized charge effects rather than by the loss of specific salt bridges. Acid unfolding of the native form, which is caused largely by a single histidine with a severely depressed pKa, is a sensitive indicator of changes in stability produced by mutations. In contrast, the I h U transition is caused by a number of groups with smaller pKa perturbations and both models predict that the pH midpoint of the I h U transition is an insensitive indicator of stability. This result reconciles previous conflicting results, in urea and acid unfolding studies of hydrophobic contact mutants, by showing that changes in the stability of I are poorly detected by acid unfolding.
Antecedents and trajectories of achievement goals: A self-determination theory perspective.

Background. Research has shown that both achievement goal theory and self-determination theory (SDT) are quite useful in explaining student motivation and success in academic contexts. However, little is known about how the two theories relate to each other. Aim. The current research used SDT as a framework to understand why students enter classes with particular achievement goal profiles, and also, how those profiles may change over time. Sample. One hundred and eighty-four undergraduate preservice teachers in a required domain course agreed to participate in the study. Method. Data were collected at three time points during the semester, and both path modelling and multi-level longitudinal modelling techniques were used. Results. Path modelling techniques with 169 students, results indicated that students' autonomy and relatedness need satisfaction in life predict their initial self-determined class motivation, which in turn predicts initial mastery-approach and -avoidance goals. Multi-level longitudinal modelling with 108 students found that perceived teacher autonomy support buffered against the general decline in students' mastery-approach goals over the course of the semester. Conclusions. Data provide a promising integration of SDT and achievement goal theory, posing a host of potentially fruitful future research questions regarding goal adoption and trajectories.
Identification of electrophysiologically distinct cell subpopulations in Necturus taste buds.

We used the patch clamp technique to record from taste cells in thin transverse slices of lingual epithelium from Necturus maculosus. In this preparation, the epithelial polarity and the cellular organization of the taste buds, as well as the interrelationships among cells within the taste bud, were preserved. Whole-cell recording, combined with cell identification using Lucifer yellow, allowed us to identify distinct subpopulations of taste cells based on their electrophysiological properties. Receptor cells could be divided in two groups: one group was character- ized by the presence of voltage-gated Na +, K +, and Ca 2+ currents; the other group was characterized by the presence of K + currents only. Therefore, receptor cells in the first group would be expected to be capable of generating action potentials, whereas receptor cells in the second group would not. Basal taste cells could also be divided into two different groups. Some basal cells possessed voltage-gated Na +, K +, and Ca 2+ conductances, whereas other basal cells only had K + conductance. In addition to single taste cells, we were able to identify electrically coupled taste cells. We monitored cell--cell coupling by measuring membrane capacitance and by observing Lucifer yellow dye coupling. Electrical coupling in pairs of dye-coupled taste receptor cells was strong, as indicated by experiments with the uncoupling agent 1-octanol. I~lectrically coupled receptor cells possessed voltage-gated currents, including Na + and K + currents. The electrophysiological differentiation among taste cells presumably is related to functional diversifications, such as different chemosensitivities.
An Approach for Fast BCD Addition

This paper presents a technique for fast addition of multi-digit BCD numbers. The addition of all columns can be performed simultaneously, and the carry values are utilized only in the final stage of the addition. Thus the traditional carry propagation process is drastically reduced, hence speeding up the addition process. The addition technique is used in the summation of partial products generated during a new multiplication approach proposed in the paper resulting in a faster multiplication.
Mean Field Equilibrium in Dynamic Games with Strategic Complementarities

We study a class of stochastic dynamic games that exhibit strategic complementarities between players; formally, in the games we consider, the payoff of a player has increasing differences between her own state and the empirical distribution of the states of other players. Such games can be used to model a diverse set of applications, including network security models, recommender systems, and dynamic search in markets. Stochastic games are generally difficult to analyze, and these difficulties are only exacerbated when the number of players is large (as might be the case in the preceding examples). We consider an approximation methodology called mean field equilibrium to study these games. In such an equilibrium, each player reacts to only the long-run average state of other players. We find necessary conditions for the existence of a mean field equilibrium in such games. Furthermore, as a simple consequence of this existence theorem, we obtain several natural monotonicity properties. We show that there exist a “largest” and a “smallest” equilibrium among all those where the equilibrium strategy used by a player is nondecreasing, and we also show that players converge to each of these equilibria via natural myopic learning dynamics; as we argue, these dynamics are more reasonable than the standard best-response dynamics. We also provide sensitivity results, where we quantify how the equilibria of such games move in response to changes in parameters of the game (for example, the introduction of incentives to players).
Leather and Textile Uses of Fats and Oils

Although most of the 20-odd steps of leathermaking use fats and oils as detergents, by far the majority of these materials are used as additives to soften leather. Oils are usually applied in aqueous emulsions while the leather is still wet from tanning. Several oils are conventionally used, often made self-emulsifying by partial sulfation or sulfonation by treating with sulfuric acid. These oils are called fatliquors. Aside from softening, a smaller amount of oils and fats as detergents are also used in preliminary cleaning of the raw skins and hides; to suspend lime particles, buffer the alkaline solution that removes the epidermis and hair, and suspend these materials when they come off; to remove grease; to tan certain types of leather; and to control the penetration of dyes. The discussion shows the importance of oils and fats in the processing of textiles. As a result of oxidative stability, synthetic oils have superseded their natural counterparts. However, fatty acids from natural oils still play an important role in the processing of textiles. There is considerable pressure on the textile industry to reduce the amounts of these additives, or to eliminate them completely, because of the environmental implications of the effluents. In response to this, considerable effort is being made in the industry to develop additive-free processes. Keywords: textile processing; leathermaking; fatliquors; leather softening; synthetic oils; spinning; scouring; dyeing
Thyroxine Augmentation of Growth Hormone-Induced Endochondral Osteogenesis.

SummaryThe possibility has been investigated that thyroxine is required to support the chondrogenetic effects of growth hormone in endochondral osteogenesis. Effects of these hormones have been determined in hypophy-sectomized, thyroidectomized, and hypophy-sectomized-thyroidectomized rats, being measured by the tibial epiphyseal plate widening response commonly employed in growth hormone assay. A dose of 1-thyroxine lying between 0.25 and 0.5 μg/day (a) restored vigorous endochondral osteogenesis in thyroidecto-mized rats, (b) increased their pituitary growth hormone content to normal, and (c) in hypophysectomized-thyroidectomized rats augmented the effect of a dose of growth hormone to equal that when the growth hormone dose was given alone to hypophysectomized rats.
Recovery of a Fish Pathogenic Bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida, from Ebonyshell Mussels Fusconaia ebena using Nondestructive Sample Collection Procedures

Abstract Refugia are increasingly being used to maintain and propagate imperiled freshwater mussels for future population augmentations. Success for this endeavor is dependent on good husbandry, including a holistic program of resource health management. A significant aspect to optimal health is the prevention or control of infectious diseases. Describing and monitoring pathogens and diseases in mussels involves examination of tissues or samples collected from an appropriate number of individuals that satisfies a certain confidence level for expected prevalences of infections. In the present study, ebonyshell mussels Fusconaia ebena were infected with a fish pathogenic bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida, through their cohabitation with diseased brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. At a 100% prevalence of infection, the F. ebena were removed from the cohabitation tank to clean tanks that were supplied with pathogen-free water, which initiated their depuration of A. salmonicida. Three samples (nondestructive fl...
Diffuse X-Ray Scattering Study of Cu3Au above the Order-Disorder Transition Temperature

The x-ray diffuse scattering from a single crystal of Cu3Au was measured in absolute units in a volume of reciprocal space. The measurement was made while the crystal was held at 703 K (approximately 35 K above the critical temperature for ordering) and the measured intensity was separated into components due to short range order (SRO) and strain. The Warren short range order parameters, pair interaction potentials and the first and second order static atomic displacements were obtained by Fourier inversion of these separated intensities. The relative interatomic pair potentials, out to the third shell, were found to be V2/V 1=-0.5 and V3/V 10 consistent with earlier determinations. The first order atomic pair displacements were found to be contrary to what has previously been assumed: Au-Au first neighbor pairs were found to have negative displacements on average and AuCu pairs positive displacements, compared to the average interatomic distance.
Input-independent, scalable and fast string matching on the Cray XMT

String searching is at the core of many security and network applications like search engines, intrusion detection systems, virus scanners and spam filters. The growing size of on-line content and the increasing wire speeds push the need for fast, and often real-time, string searching solutions. For these conditions, many software implementations (if not all) targeting conventional cache-based microprocessors do not perform well. They either exhibit overall low performance or exhibit highly variable performance depending on the types of inputs. For this reason, real-time state of the art solutions rely on the use of either custom hardware or Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) at the expense of overall system flexibility and programmability. This paper presents a software based implementation of the Aho-Corasick string searching algorithm on the Cray XMT multithreaded shared memory machine. Our solution relies on the particular features of the XMT architecture and on several algorithmic strategies: it is fast, scalable and its performance is virtually content-independent. On a 128-processor Cray XMT, it reaches a scanning speed of ≈ 28 Gbps with a performance variability below 10%. In the 10 Gbps performance range, variability is below 2.5%. By comparison, an Intel dual-socket, 8-core system running at 2.66 GHz achieves a peak performance which varies from 500 Mbps to 10 Gbps depending on the type of input and dictionary size.
Coastal Complex, western Newfoundland: An Early Ordovician oceanic fracture zone

Oceanic crust and mantle adjacent to fracture zone extensions of ridge-ridge transform faults consist of two strips on either side of and parallel with the fracture zone. One strip with a transform-fault deformation history is welded to a younger strip that has not had a transform history. Observations of oceanic fracture zones and theoretical models indicate that both strips have complex petrologic and structural histories and relationships quite different from oceanic crust and mantle generated at ridge segments away from fracture zones. Geologic relationships predicted by our simple models are matched in a remarkably precise way in ophiolite assemblages in western Newfoundland. The Coastal Complex, a hitherto enigmatic, varied, and complex assemblage of sedimentary and ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks is believed to have acquired its complexity during movement through a Late Cambrian ridge-ridge transform domain and past a ridge termination. The Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex is, in one region, in direct continuity with the Coastal Complex and is believed to have originated on the nontransform side of the ridge termination past which the Coastal Complex was moving. This Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician fracture zone may have nucleated the medial Ordovician obduction site, the younger, higher Bay of Islands Complex riding across the older, lower Coastal Complex side and, locally, carrying with it and preserving strips of the older fracture zone assemblage. The high frequency of fracture zones along some accreting plate margins in modern oceans suggests the likelihood that ophiolite complexes will contain parts of oceanic crust and mantle preserving a fracture zone history. This likelihood is further enhanced if fracture zones nucleate obduction zones. Many published accounts of ophiolite complexes, particularly in the Alpine system of Europe and the Middle East, include descriptions of petrologic and structural relationships that accord well with relationships observed in the Coastal Complex and also may have been developed in oceanic fracture zones.
Is Cost-Benefit Analysis Neutral?

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) owes much of its appeal to its image as a neutral principle for deciding upon the appropriate stringency of environmental, health, and safety regulation. This article examines whether CBA is neutral in effect, i.e. whether it sometimes makes regulations more stringent or regularly leads to weaker health, safety and environmental protection. It also addresses the question of whether CBA offers either an objective value-neutral method or procedural neutrality. This Article shows that CBA has almost always proven anti-environmental in practice and that, in many ways, it is anti-environmental in theory. It examines the practice of the Bush Administration using a representative data set and shows that Office of Management and Budget review produced numerous anti-environmental, health, and safety changes and no pro-protection changes in the rules in the data set. It also reviews "prompt letters," which CBA proponents cite as examples of CBA producing more regulation, rather than less. These letters have never prompted any fresh regulatory action and rarely have any basis in CBA. Finally, this article shows that the anecdotal information relied upon to show that CBA sometimes has strengthened rules prior to the Bush Administration provides little or no support for the view that CBA has a neutral effect. The most common legal formulation of a cost-benefit test, that the costs should not exceed the benefits of regulation, acts a one-way ratchet, demanding that some regulations become less stringent, but never demanding greater protection of health, safety, or the environment. Nevertheless, one can discern some reasons why some analysts look at CBA as neutral in the apparent even-handedness of the optimality criterion, which has more influence in the academy than in practice. Even this criterion, however, does not act neutrally relative to all existing alternative criteria. Furthermore, the value choices in choosing methods for quantifying benefits make objective value neutral CBA a theoretical impossibility.
Barriers to Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among US Adolescents: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Importance Since licensure of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in 2006, HPV vaccine coverage among US adolescents has increased but remains low compared with other recommended vaccines. Objective To systematically review the literature on barriers to HPV vaccination among US adolescents to inform future efforts to increase HPV vaccine coverage. Evidence Review We searched PubMed and previous review articles to identify original research articles describing barriers to HPV vaccine initiation and completion among US adolescents. Only articles reporting data collected in 2009 or later were included. Findings from 55 relevant articles were summarized by target populations: health care professionals, parents, underserved and disadvantaged populations, and males. Findings Health care professionals cited financial concerns and parental attitudes and concerns as barriers to providing the HPV vaccine to patients. Parents often reported needing more information before vaccinating their children. Concerns about the vaccine’s effect on sexual behavior, low perceived risk of HPV infection, social influences, irregular preventive care, and vaccine cost were also identified as potential barriers among parents. Some parents of sons reported not vaccinating their sons because of the perceived lack of direct benefit. Parents consistently cited health care professional recommendations as one of the most important factors in their decision to vaccinate their children. Conclusions and Relevance Continued efforts are needed to ensure that health care professionals and parents understand the importance of vaccinating adolescents before they become sexually active. Health care professionals may benefit from guidance on communicating HPV recommendations to patients and parents. Further efforts are also needed to reduce missed opportunities for HPV vaccination when adolescents interface with the health care system. Efforts to increase uptake should take into account the specific needs of subgroups within the population. Efforts that address system-level barriers to vaccination may help to increase overall HPV vaccine uptake.
Effect of antimetabolites on growth of Endamoeba histolytica. III. 5, 6-Dimethylbenzimidazole and related compounds.

Summary1. Distribution and excretion of radiophosphorus labelled hexafluophosphate ion has been investigated in the rat. 2. The concentration of PF6 in whole blood and plasma reached a maximum at 15 minutes, fell precipitously, and none was found 18 hours after its injection. 3. Evidence is presented that PF6 is not hydrolyzed by the rat. 4. Injected PF6 is rapidly and quantitatively excreted in the urine.
Vibration Syndrome: Cutaneous and Systemic Manifestations in a Jackhammer Operator

• Vibration syndrome (VS), which typically presents as a variant of Raynaud's phenomenon, has been characterized recently as a multisystem disorder of the peripheral circulation, nerves, muscles, and joints. The sequelae of the disorder are irreversible, but most clinical evidence indicates that vibration injury is completely reversible by early intervention. Advanced VS occurred in a jackhammer operator; his condition went unrecognized for more than 11 years. The clinical findings illustrate the broad spectrum of pathologic abnormalities associated with VS and emphasize the need for increased physician awareness of this disabling condition. ( Arch Dermatol 1985;121:1544-1547)
Constructing the hereditary crossed product order containing a given weak crossed product order and a criterion for weakness

Consider a weak crossed product order Cf :=∑σ∈GSxσ in Σf :=∑σ∈GKxσ, where S is the integral closure of a discrete valuation ring R in a tamely ramified Galois extension K of the field of fractions of R. Assume that S is local. In this paper, we show that Cf is hereditary if and only if it is maximal among the weak crossed product orders in Σf. We also give an algorithm that constructs, in terms of the basis elements xσ and the cocycle f, the unique hereditary weak crossed product order in Σf that contains a given Cf, and we give a criterion for determining whether that hereditary order will have a cocycle that takes nonunit values in S.
Voices in the Mud

Before listening to them, a brief review of the paths leading to their conjunction may focus the reader’s attention.
Proposed Standard Method for Measuring Lipase Activity in Serum by a Continuous Sampling Technique

A method is presented for measuring lipase activity in serum by use of either triolein or olive oil as substrate. The method requires 3 to 8 min for each measurement and 5 to 8 min for initial set-up. The reaction mixture is maintained at the optimum pH of 8.8 by automatic addition of sodium hydroxide (10 mmol/liter) with a " pH-Stat." Amount of sodium hydroxide delivered per unit time reflects lipase activity. When reaction conditions—such as pH, substrate concentration, emulsifier concentration, and type and concentration of added bile salts—were made optimal, the reaction kinetics were zero order. Data presented indicate that adding sodium glycocholate prevents inactivation of lipase and does not lead to activation of this enzyme. Comparative studies, in which triolein and olive oil, respectively, are used as substrates show that triolein is the superior substrate for lipase, but olive oil can be substituted for triolein for routine clinical laboratory use. The suggested upper limit of normal is 200 and 160 U/liter for triolein and olive oil substrates, respectively.
Is sound gradual typing dead

Programmers have come to embrace dynamically-typed languages for prototyping and delivering large and complex systems. When it comes to maintaining and evolving these systems, the lack of explicit static typing becomes a bottleneck. In response, researchers have explored the idea of gradually-typed programming languages which allow the incremental addition of type annotations to software written in one of these untyped languages. Some of these new, hybrid languages insert run-time checks at the boundary between typed and untyped code to establish type soundness for the overall system. With sound gradual typing, programmers can rely on the language implementation to provide meaningful error messages when type invariants are violated. While most research on sound gradual typing remains theoretical, the few emerging implementations suffer from performance overheads due to these checks. None of the publications on this topic comes with a comprehensive performance evaluation. Worse, a few report disastrous numbers. In response, this paper proposes a method for evaluating the performance of gradually-typed programming languages. The method hinges on exploring the space of partial conversions from untyped to typed. For each benchmark, the performance of the different versions is reported in a synthetic metric that associates runtime overhead to conversion effort. The paper reports on the results of applying the method to Typed Racket, a mature implementation of sound gradual typing, using a suite of real-world programs of various sizes and complexities. Based on these results the paper concludes that, given the current state of implementation technologies, sound gradual typing faces significant challenges. Conversely, it raises the question of how implementations could reduce the overheads associated with soundness and how tools could be used to steer programmers clear from pathological cases.
Differentiating Between Lyme Arthritis and Septic Arthritic in Children Presenting with Knee Joint Effusions: The Predictive Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Lyme arthritis is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States, especially prevalent in the Northeast, Upper Midwest and Pacific Northwest. Distinguishing Lyme arthritis from septic arthritis has been challenging as significant overlap exists in clinical presentation. The only diagnostic test that can separate the two entities is serological testing of joint aspirate. This study was designed to test if Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) could be used …
Surface Adsorption in Nonpolarizable Atomic Models.

Many ionic solutions exhibit species-dependent properties, including surface tension and the salting-out of proteins. These effects may be loosely quantified in terms of the Hofmeister series, first identified in the context of protein solubility. Here, our interest is to develop atomistic models capable of capturing Hofmeister effects rigorously. Importantly, we aim to capture this dependence in computationally cheap “hard” ionic models, which do not exhibit dynamic polarization. To do this, we have performed an investigation detailing the effects of the water model on these properties. Though incredibly important, the role of water models in simulation of ionic solutions and biological systems is essentially unexplored. We quantify this via the ion-dependent surface attraction of the halide series (Cl, Br, I) and, in so doing, determine the relative importance of various hypothesized contributions to ionic surface free energies. Importantly, we demonstrate surface adsorption can result in hard ionic mod...
Comparison of Efficiency of Algorithms for Polarization Computation in Turbid Media

Fast yet accurate algorithm for polarization computation in a highly anisotropic scattering media is offered. The comparison with the traditional approach is produced.
Underutilization of Radical Cystectomy Among Patients Diagnosed with Clinical Stage T2 Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

Abstract Background Radical cystectomy is the standard surgical treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Objective We sought to identify population-based factors predicting the use of radical cystectomy. Design, setting, and patients Analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data for 3922 patients aged ≥66 yr diagnosed with clinical stage T2 MIBC from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2011. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We used univariate and multivariable regression analyses to identify factors predicting the use of radical cystectomy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze survival outcomes. Results and limitations A total of 740 (18.9%) patients with MIBC underwent radical cystectomy. Older age at diagnosis (>80 vs 65–69 yr, odds ratio [OR] 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11–0.19; p p p =0.032) and pelvic lymph node dissection (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.42–1.02; p =0.058). Overall survival was better for patients who underwent radical cystectomy alone (hazard ratio [HR] 0.70, 95% CI 0.56–0.88; p =0.002) and with lymph node dissection (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.40–0.51; p Conclusions There is significant underutilization of radical cystectomy among patients diagnosed with MIBC, especially among older patients with significant comorbidities and non-Hispanic black patients. Patient summary Despite guideline recommendations, there is significant underutilization of radical cystectomy among patients diagnosed with bladder cancer, especially for non-Hispanic black patients and older patients with significant comorbidities.
Detection of pulmonary neoplasms by bronchial washings : are cell blocks a diagnostic aid ?

While cell blocks of bronchial washings are often routinely prepared, their usefulness as adjuncts to the diagnosis of pulmonary neoplasms has not been evaluated. Bronchial washings obtained from 111 patients in whom clinical or radiographic evidence raised the suspicion of a pulmonary neoplasm were reviewed. The smears and cell block preparations were studied independently of each other without knowledge of the original diagnoses. Discrepancies between the smear and cell block diagnoses were noted in 17 cases. Smears detected more neoplasms (52) than cell blocks (43). However, four cell blocks were positive, while the corresponding smears were negative. According to these results, the use of cell blocks increased the diagnostic yield from 52 to 56 cases, for an increase of 9%. Cell blocks will increase the diagnostic yield of bronchial washings, albeit for a small number of patients. However, a positive result will have an obvious influence on patient management and will obviate incremental costs and risks attendant to more invasive diagnostic procedures.
WE-D-204-02: Errors and Process Improvements in Radiation Therapy

Speakers in this session will present overview and details of a specific rotation or feature of their Medical Physics Residency Program that is particularly exceptional and noteworthy. The featured rotations include foundational topics executed with exceptional acumen and innovative educational rotations perhaps not commonly found in Medical Physics Residency Programs. A site-specific clinical rotation will be described, where the medical physics resident follows the physician and medical resident for two weeks into patient consultations, simulation sessions, target contouring sessions, planning meetings with dosimetry, patient follow up visits, and tumor boards, to gain insight into the thought processes of the radiation oncologist. An incident learning rotation will be described where the residents learns about and practices evaluating clinical errors and investigates process improvements for the clinic. The residency environment at a Canadian medical physics residency program will be described, where the training and interactions with radiation oncology residents is integrated. And the first month rotation will be described, where the medical physics resident rotates through the clinical areas including simulation, dosimetry, and treatment units, gaining an overview of the clinical flow and meeting all the clinical staff to begin the residency program. This session will be of particular interest to residency programs who are interested in adopting or adapting these curricular ideas into their programs and to residency candidates who want to learn about programs already employing innovative practices. Learning Objectives: 1.To learn about exceptional and innovative clinical rotations or program features within existing Medical Physics Residency Programs. 2.To understand how to adopt/adapt innovative curricular designs into your own Medical Physics Residency Program, if appropriate.