cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting for Civil Infrastructure System Applications: Moving Loads and Surface Strain Fluctuations

This article formulates the problem of vibration-based energy harvesting using piezoelectric transduction for civil infrastructure system applications with a focus on moving load excitations and surface strain fluctuations. Two approaches of piezoelectric power generation from moving loads are formulated. The first one is based on using a bimorph cantilever located at an arbitrary position on a simply supported slender bridge. The fundamental moving load problem is reviewed and the input to the cantilevered energy harvester is obtained to couple with the generalized electromechanical equations for transient excitation. The second approach considers using a thin piezoceramic patch covering a region on the bridge. The transient electrical response of the surface patch to moving load excitation is derived in the presence of a resistive electrical load. The local way of formulating piezoelectric energy harvesting from two-dimensional surface strain fluctuations of large structures is also discussed. For a thi...
Components of delay in the pre-hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction

Abstract One hundred sixty patients from a defined population with acute myocardial infarction were questioned about their activities before hospital arrival. Hospital arrival time was divided into prodromal period, patient decision time, lay consultation period, medical decision time and travel time. Forty-eight percent experienced prodromal chest pain before the acute onset of symptoms. The median hospital arrival time for all patients was 2 hours, 45 minutes. Hospital arrival time was significantly prolonged in patients experiencing an increase in the severity of angina pectoris, and in those with a physician decision time of more than 1 hour. Implications for intervention techniques are discussed.
EEG and autonomic responding to verbal, spatial and emotionally arousing tasks: differences among adults, adolescents and inhalant abusers.

Abstract The present study investigated the physiological responses of an adolescent inhalant abuse group, an adolescent non-abuse group, and an adult non-abuse group elicited by three types of tasks: verbal, spatial, and emotionally arousing. Each group consisted of 10 male Mexican-American subjects. Bilateral EEG and electrodermal activity, as well as heart rate, were monitored. While exploring for possible heart rate and hemispheric alpha wave differences in response to predominantly verbal and spatial tasks, an attempt was also made to discover if electrodermal responses could be bilaterally differentiated. Another purpose of the study was to explore possible psychophysiological differences between a younger and older group, and between an inhalant abusing group and a non-abuse group, in response to the three types of tasks. Results indicated that attempts to produce task-related EEG hemispheric asymmetry were largely nonsuccessful. Bilateral electrodermal responses were also not greatly differentiated. It was suggested that stronger task manipulations were needed. Significant group differences were found for initial physiological response levels (adults demonstrated higher levels than the two adolescent groups) and for heart rate response to the emotionally arousing task (non-abusing subjects demonstrated greater heart rate acceleration than inhalant abusing subjects). It was suggested that group differences in initial levels occurred due to the adult group's greater involvement in the experimental situation. Heart rate differences to the emotionally arousing situation were discussed in terms of Zuckerman's sensation seeking hypothesis.
Mechanistic Differences in Degradation of Polystyrene and Polystyrene‐Clay Nanocomposite: Thermal and Thermo‐Oxidative Degradation

Summary: A conceptual model for degradation of polymer-clay brushes is discussed. The model predicts enhancement of inter-molecular reactions and slowing down of molecular mobility. A polystyrene (PS)-clay brush system is experimentally compared with virgin PS under the conditions of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation. GC-MS and TGA-FTIR analysis of the gas phase degradation products of PS-clay composite confirm a dramatic increase in the yield of inter-molecular reaction product, such as α-methylstyrene. Combining DSC measurements with FTIR analysis of condensed phase thermo-oxidative degradation of PS-clay suggests that PS-clay nanocomposite is more stable to oxidation, however, oxidation products tend to accumulate in it because of slowing down diffusion of oxidation products. Gas phase IR spectra from the TGA-FTIR study of virgin PS and PS-clay for different stages of degradation.
Effect of corticosteroids on seasonal increases in IgE antibody

Abstract We analyzed seasonal changes in IgE antibodies to ragweed antigens in 28 patients with ragweed hay fever during the 1972 pollination season. Thirteen patients were treated with an injection of 60 mg. of triamcinolone acetonide suspension and 16 mg. of methylprednisolone orally on 3 successive days shortly after the onset of their symptoms in late August. Fifteen patients were untreated and served as controls. Serum samples were obtained in July (control group) or just prior to steroid treatment in August, and from both groups in mid-September and finally in mid-October. Initially, IgE antibody levels did not differ between the groups. IgE antibody increased after pollen exposure in both groups, but there was no significant difference in the increases. In contrast, symptom scores were significantly less in patients treated with steroids (P
Preliminary investigation of variations in tooth replacement in adult Necturus maculosus.

Although there are a number of studies on tooth replacement patterns in lower vertebrates, most do not indicate whether this process is continuous throughout the year or is affected by either breeding or seasonal cycles. We have surveyed the replacement patterns found in living and specifically killed Necturus maculosus (Amphibia: Proteidae) to determine the nature of their variation throughout the year prior to investigating possible controlling mechanisms of the formation and eruption of amphibian teeth. Some animals (34), kept in a large outside tank, were killed at monthly intervals and their tooth-bearing bones radiographed using a modification of the technique previously described (Miller and Radnor, '70). Other animals (9), kept at 4°C, were anesthetized with tricaine methanesulphonate (M.S. 222), and wax impressions taken with beading (carding) wax of the functioning teeth at regular intervals. Animals examined in the late spring and summer (25) showed no signs of active tooth replacement. Small replacement teeth visible beneath each functioning tooth enlarged only slightly throughout the summer. In early and late fall some functioning teeth were lost and replacement teeth grew and erupted to replace them. Replacement patterns were very irregular and classical alternate form rarely seen. In a number of animals the replacement series was formed from every third tooth. Animals kept constantly at 4°C showed no replacement phenomena. Patterns varied between the different bones of the jaws and did not support the Zahnreihe concept of Edmund ('60).
Multifunctional heat exchangers derived from three-dimensional micro-lattice structures

A micro-scale cross-flow heat exchanger is constructed from a hollow nickel micro-lattice structure, which is fabricated by conformally electroplating nickel onto a sacrificial polymer micro-lattice formed from self-propagating photopolymer waveguides. The periodic unit cell of the hollow nickel micro-lattice structure tested here includes lattice members with a diameter <1 mm and a nominal pore size <9 mm. The heat transfer performance of the micro-lattice-based heat exchanger is analyzed in terms of thermal conductance per unit volume, which is equal to the value of overall heat transfer coefficient multiplied by surface area to volume ratio. Calculated values range from 0.84 to 1.58 W/cm3K for Reynolds number ranges of between 3400 ± 200 and 6500 ± 500 for hot water flow inside the hollow lattice members and 85 ± 6 and 240 ± 20 for cold water flow around the lattice members. Based on a developed correlation, the experimental heat transfer data is used to predict the thermal performance of larger and smaller micro-lattice-based heat exchangers, as well as various micro-lattice feature dimensions that are tunable with the fabrication process (node-to-node spacing, inner diameter, etc.). The micro-lattice heat exchanger was tested under quasi-static compression and the results illustrate the multifunctional capability for load bearing and energy absorption applications. This work demonstrates a multifunctional heat exchanger with a fully-scalable fabrication process which is useful for size and weight constrained heat transfer applications, including those in the automotive and aerospace industries.
Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Angiography in the Evaluation of Complex Congenital Heart Disease in Newborns and Infants

This study evaluated the quality of the visualization of extracardiac thoracic vessels by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in young infants with congenital heart disease. Echocardiography is often sufficient in evaluating CHD in young infants. Cardiac catheterization is needed in some instances to evaluate extracardiac thoracic vessels. Extracardiac thoracic vessels can be accurately evaluated using MRA in adults and older children, but image quality in small infants may be limited. Twenty-nine magnetic resonance angiographic scans were performed at a single institution on 28 infants aged 2 for all structures except the second-generation pulmonary arterial branches, for which it was 2. The median total scan duration was 9 minutes (range 3 to 46). Findings were concordant with surgical inspection (n = 25) and cardiac catheterization (n = 8) in all subjects. There were no complications. In conclusion, MRA is excellent for the visualization of extracardiac thoracic vessels in young infants with CHD and can be used as an alternative to cardiac catheterization when echocardiography is inconclusive.
The effect of groundwater seepage on nutrient delivery and seagrass distribution in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico

A hypothesis was tested to determine if a relationship exists between rates of submarine groundwater discharge and the distribution of seagrass beds in the coastal, nearshore northeastern Gulf of Mexico. As determined by nonparametric statistics, four of seven seagrass beds in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico had significantly greater submarine groundwater discharge compared with adjacent sandy areas, but the remainder exhibited the opposite relationship. We were thus unable to verify if a relationship exists between submarine groundwater discharge and the distribution of seagrass beds in the nearshore sites selected. A second objective of this study was to determine the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus delivered to nearshore areas by submarine groundwater discharge. We considered new nutrient inputs to be delivered to surface waters by the upward flux of fresh water. This upward flux of water encounters saline porewaters in the surficial sediments and these porewaters contain recycled nutrients; actual nutrient flux from the sediment to overlying waters includes both new and recycled nutrients. New inputs of nitrogen to overlying surface waters for one 10-km section of coastline, calculated by multiplying groundwater nutrient concentrations from freshwater wells by measured seepage rates, were on the order of 1,100±190 mol N d−1. New and recycled nitrogen fluxes, calculated by multiplying surficial porewater concentrations by measured seepage rates, yielded fluxes of 3,600 ±1,000 mol N d−1. Soluble reactive phosphate values were 150±40 mol P d−1 using freshwater well concentrations and 130±3.0 mol P d−1 using porewater concentrations. These values are comparable to the average nutrient delivery of a small, local river.
Furthur Analysis of Accelerated Exposure Testing of Thin-Glass Mirror Matrix

Concentrating solar power (CSP) companies have deployed thin-glass mirrors produced by wet-silver processes on {approx}1-mmthick, relatively lightweight glass. These mirrors are bonded to metal substrates in commercial installations and have the confidence of the CSP industry. Initial hemispherical reflectance is {approx}93%-96%, and the cost is {approx}$$16.1/m{sup 2}-$$43.0/m{sup 2}. However, corrosion was observed in mirror elements of operational solar systems deployed outdoors for 2 years. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Advanced Materials Team has been investigating this problem. First, it was noted that this corrosion is very similar to the corrosion bands and spots observed on small (45 mm x 67 mm) thin-glass mirrors laminated to metal substrates with several different types of adhesives and subjected to accelerated exposure testing (AET) at NREL. The corrosion appears as dark splotches in the center of the mirror, with a corresponding 5%-20% loss in reflectivity. Secondly, two significant changes in mirror manufacture have occurred in the wet-chemistry process because of environmental concerns. The first is the method of forming a copper-free reflective mirror, and the second is the use of lead-free paints. However, the copper-free process requires stringent quality control and the lead-free paints were developed for interior applications. A test matrix of 84 combinations of sample constructions (mirror type/backprotective paint/adhesive/substrate) was devised for AET as a designed experiment to identify the most-promising mirrors, paints, and adhesives for use with concentrator designs. Two types of accelerated exposure were used: an Atlas Ci5000 WeatherOmeter (CI5000) and a BlueM damp-heat chamber. Based on an analysis of variance (ANOVA), the various factors and interactions were modeled. These samples now have more than 36 months of accelerated exposure, and most samples have completed their test cycle. We will discuss the results of the final exposure testing of these mirror samples. Glass mirrors with copper back-layers and heavily leaded paints have been considered robust for outdoor use. However, the basic mirror composition of the new mirrors is radically different from that of historically durable solar mirrors, and the outdoor durability must be determined.
Residue Decomposition and Prediction of Carbon and Nitrogen Release Rates Based on Biochemical Fractions Using Principal-Component Regression

The successful use of winter cover crops (WCCs) in short rotations depends on adequate management of their residues. To improve management decisions, there is a need to understand the factors controlling WCC residue decomposition rates and nutrient release rates. A 2-yr study was conducted to estimate residue decomposition and C and N release rates using principal-component regression (PCR) based on WCC biochemical fractions at the time of WCC killing. Rye (Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), and rye-hairy vetch biculture were planted as WCCs in the fall and chemically killed in the spring before no-till-planting corn (Zea mays L.). At killing time, residues were analyzed for total C and total N concentrations, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), and C and N concentration in the NDF and ADF. Concentration of C and N in neutral detergent soluble fractions (NDSOLC and NDSOLN, respectively) and acid detergent soluble fractions (ADSOLC and ADSOLN, respectively) were calculated. Principal components (PCs) 1, 4, 5, and 7 were selected as significant predictor variables for biomass decomposition and C and N release rates. The PC1 score, suggest that large concentrations of NDF and ADF are associated with low biomass decomposition and slow C and N release rates. Other important fractions are C and N concentration in the NDF and NDSOLC, NDSOLN, ADSOLC, and ADSOLN. The availabilities of C and N, rather than their total concentration in the residue, play a critical role in residue decomposition and nutrient release.
Compensation for integerization errors in simulated EPR spectra

Abstract EPR spectra of free radicals can be simulated in a digital computer array from a lineshape function and a series of spectral lines. When their spacings do not coincide with those represented by an integral number of array locations, errors in the spectral envelope may result.
Surgical strategies for coexisting glaucoma and cataract: an evidence-based update.

Abstract Objective To assess short- and long-term control of intraocular pressure (IOP) with different surgical treatment strategies for coexisting cataract and glaucoma. Design Systematic literature review and analysis. Method We performed a search of the published literature to identify all eligible articles pertaining to the surgical management of coexisting cataract and glaucoma in adults. One investigator abstracted the content of each article onto a custom-designed form. A second investigator corroborated the findings. The evidence supporting different approaches was graded by consensus as good, fair, weak, or insufficient. Main outcome measures Short-term (24 hours or fewer) and long-term (more than 24 hours) IOP control. Results The evidence was good that long-term IOP is lowered more by combined glaucoma and cataract operations than by cataract operations alone. On average, the IOP was 3 to 4 mmHg lower in the combined groups with fewer medications required. The evidence was weak that extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) alone results in short-term increase in IOP and was insufficient to determine the short-term impact of phacoemulsification cataract extraction (PECE) on IOP in glaucoma patients. The evidence was weak that short-term IOP control was better with ECCE or PECE combined with an incisional glaucoma procedure compared with ECCE or PECE alone. The evidence was also weak (but consistent) that long-term IOP is lowered by 2 to 4 mmHg after ECCE or PECE. Finally, there was weak evidence that combined PECE and trabeculectomy produces slightly worse long-term IOP control than trabeculectomy alone, and there was fair evidence that the same is true for ECCE combined with trabeculectomy. Conclusions There is strong evidence for better long-term control of IOP with combined glaucoma and cataract operations compared with cataract surgery alone. For other issues regarding surgical treatment strategies for cataract and glaucoma, the available evidence is limited or conflicting.
Population Characteristics and Movements of Lake Sturgeon in the Sturgeon River and Lake Superior

A 2.6-km reach of the Sturgeon River, containing two sets of rapids, is an important spawning site to a native population of lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, which ranges widely into southern Lake Superior. Similar spawning areas in other Great Lake tributaries may also be important to the protection and rehabilitation of lake sturgeon throughout this region. Information on range and habitat needs of this species, which is considered “threatened” in the State of Michigan, was obtained from the Sturgeon River spawning population from 1987 to 1995. Radio-tracking was employed to determine movements and habitat use by post-spawning lake sturgeon. Telemetry data from 25 fish were supplemented with data obtained through identification tag returns. During the study 925 lake sturgeon were handled; 86 returned to spawn 1 time and 12 returned 2 times. Spawning intervals for male lake sturgeon were commonly 2, 3, or 4 years; yearly spawning by males was never observed. Females returned to spawn after 3 to 7 years. From 1991 to 1995 the male:female sex ratio at the spawning site was 1.25 to 2.7. In 1990 13 of 18 adults fitted with transmitters moved out of the river within 9 days. Upon reaching Portage Lake nine individuals spent time in shallow (maximum depth, 6 m) Pike Bay. After 3 to 53 days (mean, 22) tagged fish moved into the deeper water of Portage Lake (maximum depth, 17 m) and ranged more widely. Three fish were located in Keweenaw Bay, Lake Superior by late August. Identification tag returns reveal that lake sturgeon traveled 70 to 280 km from the spawning site throughout southern Lake Superior.
Implantable Ultrasonic Imaging Assembly for Automated Monitoring of Internal Organs

An implantable miniaturized imaging device can be attractive in many clinical applications. They include automated, periodic, high-resolution monitoring of susceptible organs for early detection of an anomalous growth. In this paper, we propose an implantable ultrasonic imager capable of online high-resolution imaging of a region inside the body. A feasibility analysis is presented, with respect to design of such a system and its application to online monitoring of tumor growth in deep internal organs. We use ultrasound (US) imaging technology, as it is safe, low-cost, can be easily miniaturized, and amenable for long-term, point-of-care (POC) monitoring. The design space of the proposed system has been explored including form factor, transducer specifications and power/energy requirements. We have analyzed the effectiveness of the system in timely detection of anomalous growth in a case study through software simulations using a widely-accepted ultrasonic platform (Field II). Finally, through experimental studies using medical grade phantoms and an ultrasound scanner, we have evaluated the system with respect to its major imaging characteristics. It is observed that interstitial imaging under area/power constraints would achieve significantly better imaging quality in terms of contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution than existing techniques in deep, internal body parts, while maintaining the automated monitoring advantages.
THE APPEARANCE OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN THE MYOTOME OF THE EMBRYONIC RABBIT An Electron Microscope Cytochemical and Biochemical Study

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been studied in the myoblast of skeletal muscle of the 9–13 day fetal rabbit. Cytochemical activity is present in the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum, including its derivatives the subsurface reticulum and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. End product is also found in the Golgi complex of the more differentiated myoblasts. The formation of reticulum-bound acetylcholinesterase in the myoblast appears to be independent of nerve-muscle contact, since the enzyme is present before the outgrowth of the spinal nerve. The nerve lacks cytochemical end product until the myoblast is well differentiated. Possible mechanisms of spontaneous muscle contraction have been discussed. A second type of myotomal cell, which exhibits a poorly localized end product of AChE activity, has been described. The ready solubility of the enzyme or diffusibility of its end product suggests that the enzyme may be a lyoesterase. This cell may be the precursor of the morphologically undifferentiated cell which is closely apposed to the myotubes in later stages of skeletal muscle development. Biochemical studies show a significant increase in AChE activity in the dermomyotome by day 12, when many of the myoblasts are well differentiated and the second type of myotomal cell is prominent. Cytochemical studies have indicated that many of the cells in the sample lack reaction product of enzymic activity, whereas others are very active. Biochemical values, therefore, reflect the amount of enzyme in the dermomyotome as a whole, but give little information on the enzymic content of individual cells.
Using Culturally Affirming, Thematically Appropriate Bibliotherapy to Cope with Trauma

Hurricane Katrina created a variety of issues that tested the resilience of families and children who were forced to relocate. This article describes the use of culturally affirming, thematically appropriate bibliotherapy as part of a long-term program to assist a group of elementary school aged African-American children cope with feelings of anxiety, displacement, and loss. This intervention provided a medium through which the participants could explore issues of isolation and the loss of their homes, family structures and a sense of security, while also providing academic and social supports.
The primary structure of the hemoglobin β-chain of Microtus xanthognathus

Abstract 1. 1. A partial amino acid sequence of the β chain from the yellow-cheeked vole ( M. xanthognathus ) hemoglobin is reported. The soluble tryptic peptides prepared from both aminoethylated and cyanogen bromide treated β-globin were separated by peptide mapping and their compositions determined. Sequencing of two cyanogen bromide peptides was carried out on an automated sequencer. 2. 2. Peptides were ordered on the basis of their homology with the corresponding peptides of Mus musculus C57BL. 3. 3. The proposed sequence is compared with the sequence derived for the meadow vole ( M. pennsylvanicus ).
A.A.P.G. Basement Project: ABSTRACT

The Basement Rock project of the A.A.P.G. was initiated in the fall of 1956; it is supported from the Research Fund. The Basement Project Committee, organized on a geographic basis, is currently compiling a basement map of North America between 24° and 60° N. Latitudes. This map will consist of two parts: (1) a map showing basement wells with code number, outcrops of basement rocks differentiated as to age and gross lithology, and contours on the basement surface and (2) a geologic and structural map of the basement. Preliminary copy for (1) is nearly complete. This map will be published through the cooperation of the U. S. Geological Survey and will be accompanied by a text giving basic data for all wells. Basement studies are important in regional evaluations. Knowledge of basement geology and structural grain aids in interpretation of geophysical data. Movements along basement structures produce structures in younger basin rocks which can be prospected more effectively if the basement control is recognized. Basement topography controls the facies of overlying sedimentary rocks. A regional knowledge of basement terranes is valuable in determining source of sediments and direction of transport. In areas where basement rocks are not "granite," thousands of unnecessary feet of hole have been drilled into metasedimentary and volcanic rocks. In some areas fractured basement rocks are reservoirs. Petrographic methods, supported by geophysical and other information, can, within the limits of well control, establish (a) major lithologic and tectonic features such as orogenic belts, volcanic terranes, plutonic terranes, and fault zones and (b) tectonic divisions within concealed orogenic belts, such as allocthonous plates, belts characterized by different type and degree of metamorphism, and zones of igneous activity. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1249------------
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXV. Subjective Acceleration of Time with Aging

Summary.-An observation made 160 years ago by Jacob Abbott (1803-1879), subsequently reinforced and publicized by Robert Southey (1774-1843), that half the duration of human life seems to be passed within its fist 15 to 20 yem, is shown to agree with Lemlich's quantitative hypothesis of subjective aging. In the pages of this journal, R. Lernlich (1975) developed a quantitative theoretical model for the subjective acceleration of time with aging. It was based on the hypothesis that the subjective duration of an interval of real time is inversely proportional to total subjective time, rather than (as had been suggested more than once) to total real time. Lemlich's hypothesis leads, among other equations, to the following relation: = s/sD 8 where R is the total real time and S is the total subjective time; and at death R = R, and S =S,. Thus at age 40, a person who has an expectancy of 30 years remaining has already lived or 76% of his subjective expected total life. Lernlich tested his hypothesis by polling 31 male undergraduates and 21 older, university-employed men and women about how much faster or slower time seemed to be passing for them now compared to when they were (a) one-half and (b) one-quarter of their present ages. The results he obtained generally agreed with the predictions from his theory. Pertinent to this topic is the following passage, which I came upon by chance recently, from The Doctor, Gc., published anonymously in 1837 lJ.nndon: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman] but known to have been written by Robert Southey (1774-1843), the Poet Laureate of England at that time. The passage in question occurs in Volume IV, pp. 329-330 and is as follows: "It is another saying of the Laureate's [i.e., Southey], according to On-dit, that 'live as long as you may, the first twenty years are the longest half of your life.' They appear so while they are passing; they seem to have been so when we look back on them; and they take up more room in our memory than all the years that succeed them.
Changes in the Size Distribution of Dividend Income

Abstract Changes in the distribution of individuals' dividend income by income group afford a measure of changes in the distribution of individually owned stock by income group. Between 1917 and 1957 the share of individuals' dividend income going to persons in the top percentile of the income distribution has halved, while the share going to persons in the upper five percentiles has fallen by one-third. The decline has been irregular, about half of it occurring in the periods 1927–1931 and 1937–1943. This evidence of change in the distribution of individually owned stock by income group contrasts with evidence which suggests an absence of change in the distribution by wealth group.
Identification of intact ATP bound to (Na + +K + )-ATPase.

Abstract 1. 1.|Native and ouabain-treated microsomes of turtle bladder epithelial cells incubated at 0° with [U-14C]ATP form a Mg2+-dependent, acid-stable complex with 14C in a cooperative homotropic manner. 2. 2.|The bound 14C is readily identifiable as intact ATP by first cleaving the 14C from the 14C-labeled microsomal precipitate and by the subsequent chromatographic recovery of 14C-labeled ATP in the supernatant fluid. 3. 3.|The formation of E-ATP is ouabain inhibitable only in the presence of Mg2+ + Na+ + K+; and conversely the formation of E-ATP in the ouabain-treated enzyme in the presence of Mg2+ is inhibitable by addition of Na+ and K+ together. This suggests that at least part of the E-ATP complex is an integral part of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase system. 4. 4.|The bond between the enzyme and ATP, probably a covalent one, resists increases in ionic strength and osmolality as well as increases in hydrogen bond dissolution. 5. 5.|The stoichiometric relations and turnover numbers of E-ATP and phosphoproteins are estimated with respect to their relative contributions to the overall catalyzed rate of hydrolysis of ATP.
Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: A review

A review with 310 references. Photochemical degradation is likely to be an important loss mechanism for many pharmaceutical pollutants in surface waters. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the photochemical behavior of pharmaceuticals and highlights the use of the fundamental photochemistry and phototoxicity literature to help understand and predict the aquatic fate of pharmaceuticals. Naproxen and diclofenac are shown to exemplify the idea that photochemical behavior obtained from fundamental photochemistry studies can be related to environmental conditions. There are, however, numerous compounds that have been found in environmental matrices for which no photochemistry data relatable to environmental conditions are available. It will be necessary to combine the results available in the large body of fundamental photochemistry and phototoxicity literature with laboratory and field experiments designed to determine direct and indirect photolysis rates and to identify photoproducts. This course will lead to a thorough understanding of the role of photodegradation on the fate and impact of pharmaceutical pollutants.
Synthesis and characterization of ionic liquids containing copper, manganese, or zinc coordination cations.

Copper-, manganese-, and zinc-based ionic liquids (Cu{NH2CH2CH2OH}6[CH3(CH2)3CH(C2H5)CO2]2 (2), Cu{NH(CH2CH2OH)2}6[CH3(CH2)3CH(C2H5)CO2]2 (3A), Cu{NH(CH2CH2OH)2}6[CF3SO3]2 (3B), Cu{NH(CH2CH2OH)2}6[(CF3SO2)2N]2 (3C), Mn{NH(CH2CH2OH)2}6[CF3SO3]2 (4), and Zn{NH2CH2CH2OH}6[CF3SO3]2 (5)) are synthesized in a single-step reaction. Infrared data suggest that ethanolamine preferentially coordinates to the metal center through the amine group in 2 and the hydroxyl group in 5. In addition, diethanolamine coordinates through the amine group in 3A, 3C, and 4 and the hydroxyl group in 3B. The compounds are viscous (>1000 cP) at room temperature, but two (3C and 4) display specific conductivities that are reasonably high for ionic liquids (>20 mS cm−1). All of the compounds display a glass transition (Tg) below −50 °C. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of 2, 3A, 3B, and 3C display a single quasi-reversible wave associated with Cu(II)/Cu(I) reduction and re-oxidation while 5 shows a wave attributed to Zn(II)/Zn(0) reduction and stripping (re-oxidation). Compound 4 is the first in this new family of transition metal-based ionic liquids (MetILs) to display reversible Mn(II)/Mn(III) oxidation and re-reduction at 50 mV s−1 using a glassy carbon working electrode.
Mathematical modelling of coal combustion in fluidized beds with sulphur emission control by limestone or dolomite

Abstract A model is developed for the combustion of coal in fluidized beds with sulphur emission control by limestone or dolomite. The gas and solid flow analysis is based on multiple gas bubbles of varying sizes which, accompanied by the cloud and wake, rise through the particulate emulsion phase. Solids population balance relating the feed, overflow, and elutriation with the physiocochemical changes of particles in the bed is carried out for coal and sulphur-absorbent respectively. The reactions in the bed are then formulated in terms of the above determined gas velocities and distribution functions for solids. Experimental data from various pilot-plant operations are used to assess the validity of the proposed model. The observed coal conversion and sulphur retention under various operating conditions are in good agreement with the predicted values.
Mn-53 and the age of galactic cosmic rays

Mean age of galactic cosmic rays technique based on manganese isotope half life passing through interstellar hydrogen
The long term acute phase-like responses that follow acute stressor exposure are blocked by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone

Both intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) IL-1beta and exposure to inescapable tail shock (IS) activate acute phase responses (APRs) that include increases in core body temperature (CBT), increases in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity, decreases in carrier proteins such as corticosterone binding globulin (CBG), aphagia and adipsia. A variety of data suggested that stressors produce APRs by inducing brain IL-1beta. The current series of studies further explored this possibility by determining whether the functional IL-1beta antagonist, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH(1-13)), would block IS-induced APRs. Immediately following i.c.v. alpha-MSH(1-13) administration, rats were exposed to a single session of 100, 5 s, 1.6 mA ISs, or control treatment (home cage control). alpha-MSH(1-13) blocked IS-induced increased CBT, increased plasma corticosterone (CORT), decreased CBG, aphagia and adipsia 24 h after IS. The inhibitory effects of alpha-MSH(1-13) were shown not to be a consequence of alpha-MSH(1-13) producing its actions 24 h after its administration because alpha-MSH(1-13) given 24 h before IS did not block IS-induced increased CBT and CORT during IS. Additionally, alpha-MSH(1-13), given 24 h before IS, had no effect on increased CBT, increased CORT, decreased CBG, adipsia, or aphagia 24 h after IS. These data provide support for a specific mode of action for i.c.v. alpha-MSH(1-13), namely blockade of APRs with no impact on acute hyperthermia or increased levels of CORT produced during IS.
Uncoating ATPase is a member of the 70 kilodalton family of stress proteins

The synthetic peptide, VGIDLGTTYSC, derived from the heat shock-induced genes human hsp70, Drosophila hsp70, S. cerevisiae YG100, and E. coli dnaK, elicited antibodies that recognized two constitutive proteins in bovine extracts. One of these proteins, 71 kd, has previously been identified as uncoating ATPase, an enzyme that releases clathrin from coated vesicles. This immunological data complemented the result that uncoating ATPase was indistinguishable from the constitutive mammalian 71 kd stress protein by either partial proteolytic mapping or two-dimensional gel analysis. In addition, affinity-purified uncoating ATPase antibodies recognize proteins in yeast identified as the gene products of the heat shock or heat shock cognate genes YG100 and YG102. The results show that uncoating ATPase is a member of the 70 kd heat shock protein family.
Unexpected Moments and the Wine Experience

This article uses ethnographic case studies to show how wine connoisseurs learn to appreciate wine. I argue for disaggregating the wine experience between sampling and tasting, and suggest that tasting is a cumulative form of sensorial engagement where connoisseurs build their knowledge to help them understand future wines. I focus on two variables that wine connoisseurs need to master—getting a sense for terroir and learning to name smells—and offer ethnographic data to illustrate how connoisseurs go through this process. I conclude the article by looking at the moments when wine experiences are not easily rendered into wine terminology and suggest that these instances help constitute connoisseurs into drinkers with individual trajectories. Looking at experience brings further clarity to how connoisseurs engage food commodities as objects to be studied and mastered via the senses.
In vitro adsorption of bile salts and aspirin to sucralfate

Sucralfate, an aluminum salt of sulfated sucrose, is a new drug designed for the treatment of peptic ulcer. Sucralfate has been reported to be useful in a variety of situations including prevention of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage. We investigated thein vitro adsorption of bile salts or aspirin to sucralfate in environments simulating the stomach (pH 1.5), small intestine (pH 7), and colon (pH 7.8). Bile salts were incubated with sucralfate, and the quantity of bile salt adsorbed was calculated by subtraction from the amount remaining in solution after centrifugation at 12,500g for 30 min. Adsorption experiments were performed in bile salt solutions at pH 1.5 and 7.0 with 0–10 g/dl sucralfate using glycocholate, glycochenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, or taurochenodeoxycholate. The dihydroxy-unconjugated bile salts, deoxycholic, and chenodeoxycholic salts were tested at pH 7.8. Binding capacity (micromoles per gram sucralfate) was calculated from the linear regression of micromoles bound vs grams sucralfate incubated. Sucralfate adsorbed all bile salts tested (except taurocholic acid at pH 1.5) but was less effective than cholestyramine. Sucralfate does not adsorb sufficient bile salts at neutral pH to cause bile salt depletion. Aspirin was minimally adsorbed by sucralfate [7.5 μmol (1.4 mg)/g sucralfate, pH 1.5], and thus adsorption of aspirin does not explain the protective effect of sucralfate against aspirin injury.
cAMP and serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK) regulate the epithelial Na(+) channel through convergent phosphorylation of Nedd4-2.

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) functions as a pathway for epithelial Na+ transport, contributing to Na+ homeostasis and blood pressure control. Vasopressin increases ENaC expression at the cell surface through a pathway that includes cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), but the mechanisms that link PKA to ENaC are unknown. Here we found that cAMP regulates Na+ transport in part by inhibiting the function of Nedd4-2, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that targets ENaC for degradation. Consistent with this model, we found that cAMP inhibited Nedd4-2 by decreasing its binding to ENaC. Moreover, decreased Nedd4-2 expression (RNA interference) or overexpression of a dominant negative Nedd4-2 construct disrupted ENaC regulation by cAMP. Nedd4-2 was a substrate for phosphorylation by PKA in vitro and in cells; three Nedd4-2 residues were phosphorylated by PKA and were required for cAMP to inhibit Nedd4-2 (relative functional importance Ser-327 > Ser-221 > Thr-246). Previous work found that these residues are also phosphorylated by serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK), a downstream mediator by which aldosterone regulates epithelial Na+ transport. Consistent with a functional interaction between these pathways, overexpression of SGK blunted ENaC stimulation by cAMP, whereas inhibition of SGK increased stimulation. Conversely, cAMP agonists decreased ENaC stimulation by SGK. The data suggest that cAMP regulates ENaC in part by phosphorylation and inhibition of Nedd4-2. Moreover, Nedd4-2 is a central convergence point for kinase regulation of Na+ transport.
Assessment of fungal–bacterial development in a successional shortgrass steppe by direct integration of chloroform-fumigation extraction (FE) and microscopically derived data

Abstract An active cytoplasm (AC) approach for characterization of soil fungi and bacteria is proposed, in which information on biovolume and biovolume contents is directly integrated. This AC method was developed to provide information on limited cytoplasm occurrence in an extended hyphal network which is characteristic of the non-discrete filamentous soil fungi. In this procedure, fumigation extraction (FE) derived carbon is allocated proportionally to the cytoplasm-containing biovolumes (fungal, inactive and active bacteria) followed by identification of the proportion of FE-derived carbon allocated to hyphal lengths and the active bacteria, considered to be the active cytoplasm. This approach was used during 1995 (summer and autumn samplings) to characterize three northeastern Colorado shortgrass steppe sites of different ages since cultivation, in comparison with an uncultivated site. Based on FE, the sites had similar extractable C contents. In contrast, the microscopic analyses indicated that fungal hyphal lengths increased significantly from the early successional to the uncultivated site at both samplings, while the functional (cytoplasm-filled) hyphal volume decreased. In comparison, the bacterial total and active numbers did not show distinct changes related to succession. Using this AC approach, the active fungal–bacterial cytoplasm was found to become more bacterial with succession in this shortgrass steppe ecosystem. By estimating active cytoplasm occurrence in fungal and bacteria in relation to succession, this approach provided unique information on fungal–bacterial community changes, particularly related to hyphal development and cytoplasm maintenance, which is not given by the independent use of biovolume or FE carbon-based analyses.
Syntactic influences on stuttering in young child stutterers

Abstract This study examined the location and rate of stuttering in the spontaneous speech of nine young stutterers (4.0–6.6 yr) in relation to certain aspects of syntax. It was designed to answer the following questions: Is there more stuttering at clause onset (boundary) than at other points in the clause? Does the type of clause influence rate of stuttering? Is there more stuttering on complex than on simple sentences? The syntactic analysis defined 10 clause types (seven pertaining to complex sentences and three pertaining to simple sentences); clause boundaries (taking into account “filler” words occuring in such positions); and hierarchical constituent structure within sentences. Stuttering was found with significantly greater frequency at clause boundaries than at internal (nonboundary) positions of clauses. This was apparent for nine of the 10 clause types, the exception being complement clauses. The word “and” at the beginning of simple and complex sentences provoked a high rate of stuttering. The hierarchical structure within the clause did not influence the location of stuttering, and sentence complexity was not a factor in the rate of stuttering.
A dual block to cell cycle progression in HL60 cells exposed to analogues of vitamin D3.

. The physiologically active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3, (1,25(OH)2, D3), induces differentiation of several types of myeloid leukaemia cells. The acquisition of monocyte-like phenotype is accompanied by slower progression through the cell cycle, and G1, block has been reported to be the basis of this effect. It is shown here that human promyelocytic leukaemia HL60 cells treated with analogues of vitamin D3, which are potent inducers of monocytic differentiation, have an additional cell cycle block. Exposure to 10-7m 1,25(OH)2, D3, or 1,25-(OH)2,-16-ene-D3 resulted in monocytic differentiation and the expected G1, block evident at approximately 48 h in a rapidly differentiating variant of HL60 cells (HL60-G), and at 96 h in the more slowly differentiating HL60-240 cells. In addition, a G2,+M block was noted at approximately 72 h in HL60-G and HL60-240 cells. Exposure to vitamin D3, analogues also markedly increased the number of dikaryons, suggesting that cytokinesis was impaired more than karyokinesis. Treatment with a third analogue 25-hydroxy-16,23-diene-D3, produced little differentiation and had minimal effects on the cell cycle parameters. These findings indicate that vitamin D3, analogues regulate cell proliferation by control of the transition of G1, and G2,+M phases, reminiscent of the cdc2/CDK2 type of cell cycle control.
Study of RF Reliability of GaN HEMTs Using Low-Frequency Noise Spectroscopy

The results of continuous wave short-term RF stress applied at 3 GHz on GaN high electron mobility transistors on silicon substrate are presented. The degradation of the device characteristics for RF overdrive conditions from 3-dB to 8-dB gain saturation is discussed. Output RF power degrades significantly in a short period of time. Both transient and permanent degradation of electronic properties of the device are identified. After high RF gain compression levels, DC characteristics like the threshold voltage and gate leakage current change permanently. Detailed microscopic changes in the electronic structure of the device were studied by performing simultaneous low-frequency noise measurements of gate and drain currents before and after stress. The channel was found to be immune to the whole stress regime with no increase of the Hooge parameter. On the other hand, activation of unstable defects and then an increase of the defect density near the gate metal semiconductor interface were observed from gate noise measurements. A point defect located at around 4.5 nm from the gate metal semiconductor interface with activation energy of 0.9 eV below the AlGaN conduction band edge was determined from random telegraph noise measurements. The role of forward gate biasing as a failure mechanism is also discussed.
Public Assessments of Tax Reform

embers of Congress have demonstrated a well-documented tendency to claim credit for activities that please their constituents and shift blame for actions which do not (Mayhew 1974: 52-61; Fiorina 1989: ch. 5). While this phenomenon hardly is a new development, the electoral incentives to engage in this behavior during an era of weak parties and candidate-centered voting are quite high (Fenno 1978; Mann 1978; and Fiorina 1989). Legislators interested in reelection want to improve their prospects by taking personal credit for bridges, dams, and other projects which create jobs, boost local economies, and allow representatives to talk about the influx of federal monies into their districts.