cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamik einer Weißwedelhirsch-Population(Odocoileus virginianus) hoher Dichte

Die Populationsdynamik einer teilweise eingezaunten, nicht bejagten Weiswedelhirsch(Odocoileus virginianus)-Population ansteigender Dichte wurde in Virginia, USA, untersucht. Die Populationsdichte stieg 1983 bis auf 0,44 bzw. 0,97 (Extremwert) Tiere pro ha. Schwere Verbis-und Schalschaden, eine Mortalitat von mindestens 23 % und eine Reproduktionsrate von nur 0,48 Kitzen pro Weibchen deuteten auf eine weit uber der Kapazitatsgrenze liegende Populationsdichte. Das Geschlechterverhaltnis war nicht ausgeglichen, ca. 70 % der adulten Population waren Weibchen. Eine hohere Mortalitat adulter Mannchen, wie in anderen Cerviden-Populationen hoher Dichte, war nicht der Grund fur das unausgeglichene Geschlechterverhaltnis, es starben relativ mehr Weibchen als Mannchen.
Classifying the transient power quality disturbances using combined methods

A new classification method is put forward in this paper which combines the advantages of the Bayes method and the rule of perception function and the rule of least wrong. This new method keeps the advantages of the traditional methods of classification but removes their shortcomings. Comparing to the classification methods commonly uesd, the new method has several advantages including optimal classification and simple computation and classifying the cross samples. When classifying the transient power quality disturbances, the new method shows all these advantages.
Advancing cyber security with a semantic path merger packet classification algorithm

This dissertation investigates and introduces novel algorithms, theories, and supporting frameworks to significantly improve the growing problem of Internet security. A distributed firewall and active response architecture is introduced that enables any device within a cyber environment to participate in the active discovery and response of cyber attacks. A theory of semantic association systems is developed for the general problem of knowledge discovery in data. The theory of semantic association systems forms the basis of a novel semantic path merger packet classification algorithm. The theoretical aspects of the semantic path merger packet classification algorithm are investigated, and the algorithm's hardware-based implementation is evaluated along with comparative analysis versus content addressable memory. Experimental results show that the hardware implementation of the semantic path merger algorithm significantly outperforms content addressable memory in terms of energy consumption and operational timing.
Corrugator and Procerus Rhytid Treatment with Botulinum Toxin

The procerus muscle may be injected with botulinum toxin in the midline or by pinching the nasal bridge and entering the procerus tangentially. The drug is deposited in the midline. Generally, a single procerus injection is placed over the upper nasal bridge either at or up to 7 mm higher than the level of the medial canthal tendon. The corrugator is injected perpendicularly or tangentially while avoiding the neurovascular bundles.
Characterization of Fiber Fracture Via Quantitative Acoustic Emission

Fiber fragmentation tests1, 2, 3 can be used for in situ recovery of fiber-matrix interface shear strengths and/or fiber fracture spatial and strength distributions. Often neglected with the tests however, is important quantitative information (e.g. the crack volume and its history) contained in the elastic waves (acoustic emission) released during fracture. The final crack volume is related to the fiber fracture stress and the average sliding stress at the fiber-matrix interface. Thus, quantitative acoustic emission analysis provides an alternative approach for in situ recovery of these important fracture characteristics. Furthermore, knowledge of the crack volume history can help with the study of transition from the cumulative to noncumulative failure mode in composites since this transition is likely connected to the rate of stress redistribution in the fracture wake.
Using dual-wavelength, full-waveform airborne lidar for surface classification and vegetation characterization

This study examines the utility of cocollected, dual-wavelength, full-waveform lidar data to characterize vegetation and landscapes through the extraction of waveform features, such as total waveform energy, canopy energy distribution, and foliage penetration metrics. Assessments are performed using data collected in May 2014 over Monterey, California, using the Chiroptera dual-laser lidar mapping system from Airborne Hydrography AB. Both full-waveform and discrete return data were collected simultaneously at green (532 nm) and near-infrared (NIR) (1064 nm) wavelengths; however, the two channels are operated independently at different pulse repetition frequencies, thus measurements are not spatially coincident. A voxelization approach is employed to generate pseudowaveforms for each wavelength along vertical columns in a regularly spaced grid, such that spectral waveform properties can be evaluated independently of spatial variations resulting from instrumentation configuration and collection scenario. The pseudowaveforms are parameterized and extracted parameters are mapped to raster layers, which are then used as inputs to a random forest classifier to predict land cover classifications across the survey area. In comparison to independent classification results for the two wavelength channels, the combination of the NIR and green response provided an improvement in overall classification accuracy of up to 6%. This effort presents the methodology associated with the voxelization approach and the exploitation of the pseudowaveform features, while illustrating a potential utility for geospatial classification using multiple wavelengths.
Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) Program: FY2011 Project Descriptions

This document provides brief descriptions of research topics for consideration by the IDCA for potential funding in funding in FY 2011. The topics include the utilization of the results from the Proficiency Test developed during FY 2010 to start populating the small-scale safety and thermal testing (SSST) Testing Compendium and revising results from methods modifications. Other research topics were also developed for FY 2011 from issues that arose in the Proficiency Test.
Invisibility and Cloaking: Origins, Present, and Future Perspectives

Spies and wizards, take note: The authors provide an overview of the recent efforts in metamaterial technology devoted to cloaking, as well as a perspective on the future of this rapidly changing field. The potential of passive cloaking techniques is outlined, as is the possibility of overcoming their limitations using active or nonlinear cloaks.
Role of effluent organic matter in the photochemical degradation of compounds of wastewater origin.

The photoreactivity of treated wastewater effluent organic matter differs from that of natural organic matter, and the indirect phototransformation rates of micropollutants originating in wastewater are expected to depend on the fractional contribution of wastewater to total stream flow. Photodegradation rates of four common compounds of wastewater origin (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, cimetidine and caffeine) were measured in river water, treated municipal wastewater effluent and mixtures of both to simulate various effluent-stream water mixing conditions that could occur in environmental systems. Compounds were chosen for their unique photodegradation pathways with the photochemically produced reactive intermediates, triplet-state excited organic matter (3OM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH). For all compounds, higher rates of photodegradation were observed in effluent relative to upstream river water. Sulfamethoxazole degraded primarily via direct photolysis, with some contribution from OH and possibly from carbonate radicals and other unidentified reactive intermediates in effluent-containing samples. Sulfadimethoxine also degraded mainly by direct photolysis, and natural organic matter appeared to inhibit this process to a greater extent than predicted by light screening. In the presence of effluent organic matter, sulfadimethoxine showed additional reactions with OH and 1O2. In all water samples, cimetidine degraded by reaction with 1O2 (>95%) and caffeine by reaction with OH (>95%). In river water mixtures, photodegradation rate constants for all compounds increased with increasing fractions of effluent. A conservative mixing model was able to predict reaction rate constants in the case of hydroxyl radical reactions, but it overestimated rate constants in the case of 3OM* and 1O2 pathways. Finally, compound degradation rate constants normalized to the rate of light absorption by water correlated with E2/E3 ratios (sample absorbance at 254 nm divided by sample absorbance at 365 nm), suggesting that organic matter optical properties may hold promise to predict indirect compound photodegradation rates for various effluent mixing ratios.
Weak-motion observations and modeling for the Turkey Flat, U.S., Site-Effects Test Area near Parkfield, California

Abstract In order to determine the stability of the weak-motion site response and test the ability of geotechnical measurements to predict site response, empirical transfer functions and theoretical site amplification functions were compared at several sites across Turkey Flat Site-Effects Test Area near Parkfield, California. Observed site response relative to a bedrock reference site was determined for a given site by using the Fourier amplitude spectral ratio method. Two separate studies were conducted: a profile study and a site-specific study. Surface bedrock site response between two cross-valley rock stations separated by 2 km agreed to within 30%. Sensor separations of 10 and 20 m were used in the profile study at several sites spaced 100 m apart out onto the valley of the test area. Surface stiff-soil site response over a sensor separation of 10 m is reproducible to within 30%. For sensor separations of 20 m there are occasional significant variations in stiff-soil site response by a factor of 2 to 3 in the 10 to 20 Hz band. For sensor separations of 100 m there are systematic variations in stiff-soil site response by a factor of 3 to 10 in the 5- to 20-Hz band related to variations in soil thickness. Site-specific weak-motion mean spectral ratios and their standard deviations (Sd9s) serve as empirical predictions of strong-motion transfer functions for the stiff-soil conditions found at Turkey Flat. Observed transfer functions were modeled using relative amplification functions from the computer program SHAKE. A better fit to the amplitude of resonance peaks is obtained using damping values close to those measured in situ as opposed to damping values determined by laboratory tests. Inaccuracies in the standard geotechnical model for Turkey Flat (Real, 1988) lead to inaccuracies in calculated weak-motion transfer functions when compared with observations. Modeling of observed transfer functions indicates that the model fit is sensitive to 5% changes in S -wave velocity. Uncertainties of 10 to 20% in field measurements of S -wave velocity at Turkey Flat suggest that accurate and consistent prediction of weak motion may not be possible when based on field geotechnical measurements alone.
How to Do Mail Surveys in the Digital Age: A Practical Guide

Mail surveys present opportunities for reaching out to specific populations in ways not achievable by Internet or telephone, but the logistics of mail surveys can be complex and unclear. This article details the post-design and pre-analysis phase of a mail survey, from printing through distribution, with particular emphasis on time requirements and cost. Preparing a mailing of 10,000 pieces manually required 240 labor hours, excluding background research, or about 1:25 per unit (pre-printed envelope with pre-printed postage, stuffed with pre-printed and hand-stamped inner envelope, booklet, and folded cover letter). Manual preparation resulted in savings translating to an estimated equivalent hourly wage of US $46, based on costs from a similar professionally-prepared mailing, or as high as $142 including the time and costs associated with project management and printing discounts.
Formation of (PNP)Rh complexes containing covalent rhodium-zinc bonds in studies of potential Rh-catalysed Negishi coupling.

While investigating rhodium-catalyzed Negishi coupling, it was observed that the (PNP)Rh fragment readily inserted into zinc–carbon bonds to form isolable molecules with covalent rhodium–zinc bonds.
GETTING PATIENTS UP: DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING GLOBAL INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE PATIENT AMBULATION.

AbstractLoss of independent ambulation in older adults during hospitalization is a worldwide phenomenon. Investigators from multiple countries have identified limited ambulation of older adults in the hospital setting to be independently associated with functional decline and loss of mobility at hospital discharge. Hospital settings are complex, thus engaging patients in ambulation is riddled with barriers that prevent hospital staff from walking patients. Therefore, designing and testing interventions to improve patient ambulation in the hospital setting will require innovative approaches. The aim of this symposium will be to highlight studies to improve patient ambulation conducted in four countries. Presenters will describe novel design approaches, study results and dissemination of a model of ambulation care.The first presentation will discuss the impact of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of multiple healthcare providers on whether or not patients are ambulated. The second presentation will describe the use of a human factors engineering model to design a multilevel intervention (MOVIN) and strategies to engage stakeholders in launching a complex design. The third presentation will describe the use of a simple strength-training program (STAND-Cph), initiated during the hospital stay and continued post discharge for 6-months. The fourth presentation will describe dissemination of a multilevel intervention study, MOVE ON, identifying components that impact sustainability. Loss of independent ambulation in hospitalized older adults is a global health concern. Due to the complexity of hospital systems and unique care needs of older adults, pioneering approaches to overcome barriers and create sustainable models of ambulation care are needed.
Pure Apraxia of Speech Due to Infarct in Premotor Cortex

Apraxia of speech (AOS) is now recognized as an articulation disorder distinct from dysarthria and aphasia. Various lesions have been associated with AOS in studies that are limited in precise localization due to variability in size and type of pathology. We present a case of pure AOS in setting of an acute stroke to localize more precisely than ever before the brain area responsible for AOS, dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC). The dPMC is in unique position to plan and coordinate speech production by virtue of its connection with nearby motor cortex harboring corticobulbar tract, supplementary motor area, inferior frontal operculum, and temporo-parietal area via the dorsal stream of dual-stream model of speech processing. The role of dPMC is further supported as part of dorsal stream in the dual-stream model of speech processing as well as controller in the hierarchical state feedback control model.
36 An interrupted time-series analysis of ridesharing and motor vehicle crashes in us cities

Statement of purpose Ridesharing is a novel technology that connects contracted owner-operator drivers with prospective passengers through a mobile application. The worlds largest ridesharing company, Uber, reports it has booked over 2 billion journeys since operations began in 2010. However, the effect on motor vehicle crashes is unclear. Because the lower convenience and financial costs of ridesharing compared to drunk driving could reduce the incidence of alcohol-involved crashes, we hypothesised that alcohol-involved crash rates would be lower in cities with ridesharing. Methods/approach We identified four US cities where Uber launched, ceased, and then resumed operations (Las Vegas, Portland, Reno, and San Antonio). Using crash data from state Departments of Transportation, we constructed two weekly time-series (2013 to 2016) for each city: counts of all injury crashes, and the proportion of injury crashes that were alcohol involved. Using interrupted time series models, we tested Ubers launch, cessation, and resumption as interruptions. Results The majority of changes to Uber operations were unrelated to all injury crashes or alcohol-involved injury crashes, though some interruptions supported our hypotheses. For example, in Portland, the resumption of Uber operations coincided with a 61.8% decrease in alcohol-involved crashes, equating to 3.5 fewer alcohol-involved crashes per week. We did not detect a concomitant change in injury crashes in Portland at that time. Conclusions Ridesharing may reduce alcohol-involved crashes in some cities, but may not affect overall injury crash incidence. Relationships differ between geographic locations and within geographic locations over time, and may depend on specific local characteristics. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for people aged 13 to 25, and alcohol-involved crashes account for around one third of all motor vehicle deaths. Ridesharing may be an effective intervention to reduce alcohol-involved crashes in some cities.
Winter is Coming: Tax Policy for the Coming Bitter Hard Times: A Review of Robert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth

The United States has always defined itself in terms of great optimism and progress. For long periods, that self-definition was accurate. It no longer is. Robert J. Gordon’s magisterial economic history, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, describes 1870-1970 as the miracle century that improved the real standard of living tenfold. For the future, says Gordon, the United States faces an anemic growth rate of less than a third of a percent per year, and — even worse — only the richest tier will see growth. For tax, the realistic expectations of slow future growth mean a high danger of collapse in our ability to run deficits or borrow money well within the decade. Federal creditors have been extraordinarily generous to the U.S. government, accepting interest below the expected rate of inflation. They have assumed that federal debt is risk free. If our creditors lose faith in our ability to repay debt, or believe that we will just pay it off with inflated paper, then the debt will no longer be treated as risk free. The loss of faith will probably not be just a squeeze but a collapse. The increasing inequality of America means we must follow the money to reach the broad taxable capacity. We need to increase the efficiency of tax and shift the burden of tax to richer taxpayers — not with higher rates, but by better descriptions of their economic resources.
The effect of lubricating eye drops on optical coherence tomography imaging of the retina.

Introduction The goal of this study was to examine the potential value of corneal lubrication in improving the quality of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the retina. Materials and methods This study is a consecutive series of 13 eyes of 11 patients in whom repeated attempts at OCT imaging failed to yield a good quality study despite the absence of significant media opacity or inadequate pupil dilation. Immediately following several poor quality scans, each eye received lubricating eye drops. The quality of images before and after the administration of drops was assessed. Results A statistically significant improvement in OCT image quality was observed following the administration of eye drops in each case. The change in mean signal strength (SS) was from 4.35 to 6.26 (p=0.0002). The proportion of scans with erroneous edge detection decreased from 41 to 13 percent. Discussion Lubricating drops appear to improve the quality and feasibility of OCT imaging in selected cases.
Field of experts: Optimal structured Bayesian compressed sensing

Exploiting signal structure can improve Compressed Sensing reconstruction performance. In this paper, we propose an optimal structured Bayesian Compressed Sensing (BCS) reconstruction framework. Constructed to capture signal structure precisely, this framework employs Field of Experts (FoE) to fuse Hidden Markov Random Fields with Gaussian Scale Mixtures as prior distributions. This approach optimizes the parameters of FoE by minimizing KL-divergence via Contrastive Divergence learning method. An analytical posterior inference via auxiliary-variable Gibbs sampler is then constituted to reconstruct the signal. Simulations show that this proposed method, named Optimal Structured BCS based on FoE (OS-BCS-FoE), outperforms previous CS recovery methods used for image restoration applications.
Addressing spirituality during critical illness: A review of current literature

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of research on spirituality and religiosity in the intensive care setting that has been published since the 2004–2005 American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Support of Family in the Patient-Centered Intensive Care Unit with an emphasis on its application beyond palliative and end-of-life care. Materials and methods ACCM 2004–2005 guidelines emphasized the importance of spiritual and religious support in the form of four specific recommendations: [1] assessment and incorporation of spiritual needs in ICU care plan; [2] spiritual care training for doctors and nurses; [3] physician review of interdisciplinary spiritual need assessments; and [4] honoring the requests of patients to pray with them. We reviewed 26 studies published from 2006 to 2016 and identified whether studies strengthened the grade of these recommendations. We further categorized findings of these studies to understand the roles of spirituality and religiosity in surrogate perceptions and decision-making and patient and family experience. Conclusions Spiritual care has an essential role in the treatment of critically ill patients and families. Current literature offers few insights to support clinicians in navigating this often-challenging aspect of patient care and more research is needed.
Abstract 15050: Development of Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Impact on Prognosis in Severe Aortic Stenosis

Background: A subset of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) demonstrate left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Objective: To describe the time course of LV ejection fraction (EF) change prior to diagnosis of severe AS, potential causes and its impact on prognosis in AS. Methods & Results: From 2009 to 2012 from the Mayo Clinic Echocardiographic database, 1305 patients demonstrating severe AS (aortic valve area (AVA) ≤1 cm 2 ) who had previous echocardiograms preceding this diagnosis (median 4 years) were identified. Of those, 304 (23%) patients had EF 2 (Fig 1.). Coronary artery disease (CAD) was more frequent in Group 1 than Group 2 (71% vs 52%, p Conclusion: In patients with reduced EF at time of diagnosis of severe AS, EF deterioration has already begun prior to AS becoming severe and accelerates after AS reaches severe stage. Reduced EF is associated with worse prognosis even after AVR. Presence of CAD is in part responsible for reduced EF. Frequent monitoring should be considered based on patient characteristics even when AS is moderate.
The Chemical Evolution of a Nitrogenase Model, XXIII. The Nature of the Active Site and the Role of Homocitric Acid in MoFe-Nitrogenase

The iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) of bacterial nitrogenase is a heterometallic cluster of composition MoFe₇S₉ that is attached to the apoprotein by a coordinative Mo-N bond to the imidazole group of hisα442, and by a Fe-S bond to cysα215. The molybdenum atom of FeMo-co in the enzyme in addition is coordinated to one molecule of homocitrate (hc), which is required for maximal N₂ reducing activity. The molybdenum atom in the enzyme-bound FeMo-co thus is hexacoordinated and cannot react with substrates unless free coordination sites are made available. It is proposed that the reactions of the substrates o f nitrogenase occur at a molybdenum active site consisting of a mononuclear molybdenum homocitrate complex attached to hisα442 of the apoprotein that in the functional enzyme is generated from FeMo-co by a reversible, redox-linked dissociation of the Fe₇S₉-cys cluster. Studies with catalytic model systems consisting of complexes of molybdenum with imidazole and hydroxocarboxylate ligands support this proposal and provide a rationale for the specific activating effect of homocitrate in nitrogenase.
Entrepreneurial Team Diversity and Performance: Toward an Integrated Model

Abstract: A research need exists to systematically evaluate the status quo ofresearch on the link between entrepreneurial team diversity and performance,identify challenges, and advance the entrepreneurial team research. By analyz-ing 31 empirical studies on entrepreneurial teams, the current study fulfilledthree main purposes. First, we conduct a comprehensive, systematic review ofthe possible association between entrepreneurial team diversity and perfor-mance by summarizing, quantitatively synthesizing, and analyzing the quanti-tative studies in this area. Second, we further examine these theoretical accountsby evaluating whether diversity impact varies with situational factors. Third, weidentify research gaps and propose an integrated model that directs futureresearch.Keywords: entrepreneurial teams, team diversity, team performance DOI 10.1515/erj-2014-0005 Introduction There has been growing interest in studying entrepreneurial teams since Gartneret al. (1994) made the argument that the entrepreneur in entrepreneurship istypically plural, not singular. The assertion that the activities involved in estab-lishing and growing a new business are more often taken by entrepreneurialteams than a solo entrepreneur is now generally acknowledged (Reich 1987;Kamm et al. 1990; Gartner et al. 1994; Ensley, Carland, and Carland 1998;Lechler 2001). For example, Hunsdiek (1987) reported that new high-tech
BDNF genotype and tDCS interaction in aphasia treatment

Abstract Background Several studies, including a randomized controlled trial by our group, support applying anodal tDCS (A-tDCS) to the left hemisphere during behavioral aphasia treatment to improve outcomes. A clear mechanism explaining A-tDCS's efficacy has not been established, but modulation of neuroplasticity may be involved. Objective/hypothesis The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene influences neuroplasticity and may modulate the effects of tDCS. Utilizing data from our recently completed trial, we conducted a planned test of whether aphasia treatment outcome is influenced by interaction between A-tDCS and a single-nucleotide polymorphism of the BDNF gene, rs6265. Methods Seventy-four individuals with chronic stroke-induced aphasia completed 15 language therapy sessions and were randomized to receive 1 mA A-tDCS or sham tDCS (S-tDCS) to the intact left temporoparietal region for the first 20 min of each session. BDNF genotype was available for 67 participants: 37 participants had the typical val/val genotype. The remaining 30 participants had atypical BDNF genotype (Met allele carriers). The primary outcome factor was improvement in object naming at 1 week after treatment completion. Maintenance of treatment effects was evaluated at 4 and 24 weeks. Results An interaction was revealed between tDCS condition and genotype for treatment-related naming improvement (F = 4.97, p = 0.03). Participants with val/val genotype who received A-tDCS showed greater response to aphasia treatment than val/val participants who received S-tDCS, as well as the Met allele carriers, regardless of tDCS condition. Conclusion Individuals with the val/val BDNF genotype are more likely to benefit from A-tDCS during aphasia treatment.
Additive manufacturing of complex micro-architected graphene aerogels

3D graphene foams exhibit immense degradation of mechanical properties. Micro-architecture can alleviate this problem, but no current technique meets the manufacturing requirements. Herein we developed a light-based 3D printing process to create hierarchical graphene structures with arbitrary complexity and order-of-magnitude finer features, showing enhanced mechanical properties at decreasing density.
Convergence and H 2 -Property of the Discrete-Time Extended Kalman Filter Used as a Nonlinear Observer

An alternative method of analyzing the convergence of the discrete-time extended Kalman filter used as a deterministic nonlinear observer is shown. This work utilizes Lyapunov analysis techniques on the extended Kalman filter in the direct form to do convergence analysis with reduced assumptions on the system matrix.
TRADD interacts with STAT1-alpha and influences interferon-gamma signaling.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-associated death domain protein (TRADD) is essential in recruiting signaling molecules to the TNFR1 receptor complex. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a potent activator of macrophages and uses signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-α (STAT1-α) for signal transduction. Here we demonstrate that IFN-γ induces the formation of a nuclear-localized TRADD–STAT1-α complex. IFN-γ-mediated STAT1-α phosphorylation was prolonged in cells with reduced TRADD expression. Moreover, we noted an increase in IFN-γ-mediated STAT1-α DNA-binding activity, nuclear presence and transcriptional potential in the TRADD knockdown cells. These data indicate that TRADD may be involved in IFN-γ signaling by forming a complex with STAT1-α within the nucleus and regulating IFN-γ-mediated STAT1-α activation.
Role of paliperidone palmitate 3-monthly in the management of schizophrenia: insights from clinical practice

Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic psychiatric disorder associated with reduced quality of life and shortened life span. The majority of patients with schizophrenia will relapse within 1 year following an acute episode. The ultimate goals of treatment are to improve functional capabilities, minimize residual symptoms during periods of remission, and decrease relapse frequency and duration, as each relapse brings with it the possibility of a worsening prognosis. Maintaining therapeutic continuity is essential for long-term, positive patient outcomes in schizophrenia. Medication nonadherence and symptomatic relapses magnify the disease burden associated with this disorder. Medication adherence in chronic disease states generally improves with a decrease in dosing frequency. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics were developed to improve patient outcomes secondarily to improving medication adherence. Paliperidone palmitate 3-monthly injection (PP3M) is the only LAI available with a quarterly dosing interval. PP3M has been US Food and Drug Administration-approved for use in the long-term maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in patients already controlled on once-monthly PP LAI (paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injection [PP1M]) for a minimum of 4 months. As current evidence supports the efficacy and tolerability of PP3M compared to PP1M and placebo, PP3M appears to be a viable treatment option for patients previously maintained on PP1M. However, to truly establish the place of PP3M in therapy relative to other oral antipsychotics and LAIs, more research is needed. This narrative review aims briefly to describe the pharmacotherapeutic characteristics of PP3M and summarize current literature pertaining to the use of PP3M in the management of schizophrenia.
Retention of loop, monel, and passive integrated transponder tags by wild, free‐ranging Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817)

Tagging or marking of fish is instrumental to fisheries biologists and managers seeking to distinguish groups of fish, track movement or migration patterns, and monitor population characteristics. However, tag loss can inhibit the ability of biologists and managers to reach these objectives. The ability of Lake Sturgeon to live for long periods of time and reach large sizes, in combination with their dynamic spawning activity, requires tags to be retained under a variety of environmental and physically demanding conditions. This study evaluated tag retention of loop, monel, and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags on wild, free‐ranging Lake Sturgeon in Lake Huron and the St. Clair – Detroit River System. Lake Sturgeon in this study were double‐tagged with both a PIT tag under one of the three anterior‐most dorsal scutes and an external tag (loop or monel) at the base of the dorsal fin. Fish were at large for up to 16 years. Overall, tag loss for PIT tags was 1% followed by monel tags at 12% and loop tags at 36%. Tag loss for loop tags was higher when the initial length of Lake Sturgeon tagged was smaller. Tag loss for monel tags increased with time at large but was not related to length at initial tagging. Monel tags left behind abrasion marks when attached to smaller Lake Sturgeon. PIT tag retention was higher than reported in previous studies that tagged other sturgeon species in different body locations. Monel tag retention was higher than other external tag types evaluated in previous studies while loop tags had similar retention rates to external tag types. Most previous studies on tag retention of sturgeon species were of shorter duration and conducted in laboratory settings, therefore loop tags may have performed more favorably during studies under short term laboratory settings. Results of this study suggest that PIT tags inserted below dorsal scutes represent a viable option for long‐term tracking of Lake Sturgeon. Monel tags attached at the base of the dorsal fin also seem to be a viable option relative to other external tag types, but should be limited to larger sturgeon as they can leave behind abrasion marks.
The development of executive function in early childhood is inversely related to change in body mass index: Evidence for an energetic tradeoff?

A well-established literature demonstrates executive function (EF) deficits in obese children and adults relative to healthy weight comparisons. EF deficits in obesity are associated with overeating and impulsive consumption of high calorie foods leading to excess weight gain and to problems with metabolic regulation and low-grade inflammation that detrimentally affect the structure and function of prefrontal cortex. Here, we test a complementary explanation for the relation between EF and body mass index (BMI) grounded in the energy demand of the developing brain. Recent work shows that the brain accounts for a lifetime peak of 66% of resting metabolic rate in childhood and that developmental changes in brain energetics and normative changes in body weight gain are closely inversely related. This finding suggests a trade-off in early childhood between energy used to support brain development versus energy used to support physical growth and fat deposition. To test this theorized energetic trade-off, we analyzed data from a large longitudinal sample (N = 1,292) and found that change in EF from age 3 to 5 years, as a proxy for brain development in energetically costly prefrontal cortex, is inversely related to change in BMI from age 2 to 5 years. Greater linear decline in BMI predicted greater linear increase in EF. We interpret this finding as tentative support for a brain-body energetic trade-off in early childhood with implications for lifetime obesity risk.
Advertising on Online Marketplaces: Information Asymmetry and the Relevance of Sponsored Listings

Advertising on e-commerce marketplaces, wherein sponsored product listings are interleaved with organic product listings, is a large and growing phenomenon. In this paper, we both theoretically and empirically study whether including sponsored listings improves or hurts the overall quality and relevance of the set of products displayed to consumers. Our theoretical analysis reveals that the relevance of the ads to the consumers' search queries depends on the level of information asymmetry between the marketplace owner and the sellers who sell products with different degrees of relevance. Specifically, when information asymmetry is low (high), i.e., the platform can (cannot) easily distinguish between high- and low-relevance sellers, then low-relevance (high-relevance) sellers have a greater incentive to advertise. However, even when low-relevance products are displayed as ads, consumers end up finding well-matching products as long as search and evaluation costs are reasonable; therefore, the overall impact on sales is relatively small while the marketplace benefits from the additional revenue from selling ads. We obtain data from a large-scale field experiment run at Flipkart, a leading online marketplace in India, and find that various empirical patterns implied by our theoretical results hold in the data. Our study provides several practical implications for managers of online marketplaces.
“It’s What’s on the Inside That Counts”: A Pilot Study of the Subjective Changes among Returned Citizens Participating in a Peer-Mentor Support Initiative

AbstractPeer mentorship programs with returned citizens (i.e., formally incarcerated) have recently emerged as a model that provides mentees and mentors with opportunities to practice new roles tha...
Combining Benefits from Trajectory Optimization and Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Recent breakthroughs both in reinforcement learning and trajectory optimization have made significant advances towards real world robotic system deployment. Reinforcement learning (RL) can be applied to many problems without needing any modeling or intuition about the system, at the cost of high sample complexity and the inability to prove any metrics about the learned policies. Trajectory optimization (TO) on the other hand allows for stability and robustness analyses on generated motions and trajectories, but is only as good as the often over-simplified derived model, and may have prohibitively expensive computation times for real-time control. This paper seeks to combine the benefits from these two areas while mitigating their drawbacks by (1) decreasing RL sample complexity by using existing knowledge of the problem with optimal control, and (2) providing an upper bound estimate on the time-to-arrival of the combined learned-optimized policy, allowing online policy deployment at any point in the training process by using the TO as a worst-case scenario action. This method is evaluated for a car model, with applicability to any mobile robotic system. A video showing policy execution comparisons can be found at this https URL .
Physiological Factors of Female Runners With and Without Stress Fracture Histories: A Pilot Study.

Background:Female runners are at increased risk of stress fractures (SFs) compared with men. Literature is lacking with regard to best practice for preventing and treating SFs in women. The purpose...
What’s Green and Has Thousands of Locations? How Franchisors Can Pursue “Green Initiatives”

This article aims to serve as a “starter’s guide” for franchisors who might be interested in pursuing environmentally friendly franchise-wide initiatives and explores the legal considerations that ...
Paternal Incarceration: Resilience in Father-Child Relationships

Despite a growing consensus that paternal incarceration is a family stressor that impairs children’s well-being, there is little systematic evidence about how paternal incarceration alters relationship quality between fathers and their children. We examine the consequences of paternal incarceration for father-child relationship quality with a mixed-methods approach. First, we use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to document an association between paternal incarceration and father-child relationships (measured by communication with father, time with father, and engagement with father). We also find that these associations are concentrated among children living with fathers prior to his incarceration and among children of fathers experiencing a first-time incarceration. Second, we use in-depth interview data from the Jail & Family Life Study to document how paternal incarceration alters father-child relationships, finding that father-child relationship quality falls into one of the three groups: those with fractured relationships (comprising 45% of the sample), those with unchanged relationships (16%), and those with reestablished relationships (39%). These findings, particularly those showing how children’s contact with fathers during incarceration can foster resilience in these dyadic relationships, have implications for policies and practices.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

SARS is an infection, caused by a novel coronavirus, which caused significant morbidity and mortality in 2003. Over the intervening period since SARS was recognized, much has been learned about the epidemiology, clinical disease and virology of this emerging infection. Keywords: SARS; coronaviruses; pneumonia; emerging diseases
Chiral separations of cationic and anionic drugs on an α1-acid glycoprotein-bonded stationary phase (enantiopac®)

The influence of mobile phase additives and pH on chiral resolution and retention on a high performance liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phase composed of α1-acid glycoprotein bonded to diethylaminoethyl silica (EnantioPacs®) has been investigated. Cationic and anionic compounds of widely differing structures were chromatographed and drastic effects on stereoselectivity were observed with hydrophobic charged modifiers. For cationic solutes, a decrease in the pH of the mobile phase from 7.0 to 6.0 gave reduced retention and, in some cases, improved selectivity when tetrabutylammonium or tetrapropylammonium bromide was used as modifier. For anionic solutes, a pH decrease from 6.6 to 6.1 gave enhanced retention but without a significant change in stereoselectivity. The steric bulk and hydrophobic moieties of the solute seem to have a strong influence on chiral selectivity. Widely different separating efficiencies were obtained with molecules of different structures.
A review of pulmonary arterial hypertension: role of ambrisentan

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare fatal disease. Current disease-specific therapeutic interventions in PAH target 1 of 3 established pathways in disease pathobiology: prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and endothelin-1. Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) act on the endothelin pathway by blocking binding of endothelin-1 to its receptors (endothelin type-A [ET(A)] and/or type-B [ET(B)]) on the surface of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Ambrisentan is an oral, once-daily, ET(A)-selective ERA in development for the treatment of PAH. In Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with PAH, ambrisentan (2.5-10 mg orally once-daily) improved exercise capacity, Borg dyspnea index, time to clinical worsening, WHO functional class, and quality of life compared with placebo. Ambrisentan provided durable (at least 2 years) improvement in exercise capacity in a Phase 2 long-term extension study. Ambrisentan was well tolerated with a lower incidence and severity of liver function test abnormalities compared with the ET(A)/ET(B) ERA, bosentan, and the ET(A)-selective ERA, sitaxsentan. Ambrisentan does not induce or inhibit P450 enzymes; therefore, ambrisentan is unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of P450-metabolized drugs. The demonstration of clinical efficacy, low incidence of acute hepatic toxicity, and low risk of drug-drug interactions support the role of ambrisentan for the treatment of PAH.
Accessory DNAs in the Bacterial Gene Pool: Playground for Coevolution

Chemostat studies of bacteria that harbour the prokaryotic transposable elements Tn5 and Tn10 and the temperate phages lambda, Mu, P1 and P2 have shown that these accessory DNA elements confer a selective advantage on their hosts. We propose that similar selective effects provided the initial impetus for the evolution of nascent accessory DNA elements in primitive bacterial populations. In subsequent evolution the elements acquired or perfected the 'selfish' characteristics of over-replication and horizontal transmission. Such selfish traits led to the dissemination of accessory DNAs among commensal strains, species and genera, genetically interconnecting them to create a 'commonwealth' of species that potentially share a common gene pool. The involvement of accessory DNAs in genetic exchange provides selection at the population level for refinement and diversification of the elements and for regulation of their replication, transposition and transfer among cells. The diversity of intracellular environments encountered by the elements imposes constraints on their evolution while at the same time altering the selection pressures operating on conventional chromosomal genes. This process of coevolution of accessory DNAs with the genomes of their diverse hosts has led to a unique population structure and mechanism of genetic exchange among bacteria, which constitutes the most effective adaptive strategy yet devised by selection.
A comparative assessment of some reengineering techniques

Generally it is no easy task to compare various tools and select the best for a given situation. Also, when only a single tool seems to exist which addresses a given issue, it is not always obvious that it will perform as expected. Several translation tools have been developed to translate code written in the CMS-2 programming language into Ada code. Some initial trials have been made with these tools in the past. Ongoing attempts to further characterize and evaluate these tools are described and some initial results of this effort date are presented. In addition some generalizations about tool evaluation, and some general lessons learned in the planning and execution of this effort are also presented. This is largely an experience report and describes work currently underway or planned for the near future, along with some preliminary results.
Dynamics of interleukin-6 internalization and degradation in rat hepatocytes

We have investigated the dissociation, internalization, and degradation of 125I-interleukin-6 (125I-IL-6) by primary rat hepatocytes. Temperature shift experiments following saturation binding of 125I-IL-6 to cell surface receptors in hepatocytes showed a rapid loss of surface-bound 125I-IL-6 (t1/2 = 15 min), concomitant with a rapid rise in internalized radiolabeled ligand. After reaching a maximum by 30 min at 37 degrees C, the level of internalized 125I-IL-6 decreased with time and appeared in the culture media in a non-trichloroacetic acid-precipitable (degraded) state. The addition of the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine inhibited this receptor-mediated degradation of IL-6 without affecting ligand internalization. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of internalized 125I-IL-6 confirms these results. Additionally, we show that the IL-6.IL-6 receptor complex is stable, and dissociation of these two molecular species occurs at a pH below 5.0. In contrast to published results, data presented in this study clearly indicate that IL-6 is rapidly internalized and degraded within hepatocytes by a receptor-mediated mechanism.