cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precipitate behavior in self-ion irradiated stainless steels at high doses

Abstract To study radiation-induced precipitation at high doses, solution annealed 304L SS and cold worked 316 SS were irradiated to 46 and 260 dpa at 380 °C using 5 MeV Fe ++ and the radiation-induced precipitates were examined using atom probe tomography. Ni/Si-rich clusters were observed in all examined conditions. G-phase precipitates were observed in 316 SS at 46 dpa but only appeared in 304L SS at 260 dpa. Using the neutron irradiation to 46 dpa at 320 °C as a reference, the temperature shift for cold worked 316 SS appeared to be smaller than that of solution annealed 304L SS, probably due to the high density of dislocations, which served as defect sinks and mitigated the effect of high dose rate.
Positive and Negative Affect in Clinic-Referred Youth With ADHD

Objective: To examine self-reported positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) among youth with ADHD (only and comorbid) and other non-ADHD-referred youth in an ethnically diverse clinical sample. Method: Semi-structured interviews identified 80 pure ADHD, 284 ADHD plus one or more comorbidities, and 730 non-ADHD youth (e.g., other diagnoses or no diagnosis). The Positive and Negative Affect Scale–Children (PANAS-C) was used to assess affective states. Results: Even after controlling for the influence of potential confounds, youth with only ADHD reported higher PA and lower NA than other clinic-referred youth. The ADHD-comorbid group reported higher PA than the “non-ADHD” group, but these groups did not differ on level of NA. ADHD subtype did not influence results. Conclusion: Among clinic-referred youth, ADHD is associated with higher levels of PA and when there are no comorbid disorders, lower levels of NA.
Growth front kinetics of perylene on glass and Au substrates

We have investigated the evolution of the growth front of perylene, an organic semiconductor with high carrier mobility, on glass and Au substrates grown side-by-side by vapor deposition. The films were grown with gradually increasing thickness which allowed us to examine both the spatial and temporal correlation of the surface roughness using atomic force microscopy. Our results show that perylene growth on glass and Au substrates is non-stationary. However, the instability during the growth is shown to depend largely on the substrate. A roughness exponent of 0.82 is obtained for glass and 0.84 for Au. A growth exponent of 0.21 is obtained for glass and 0.74 for Au. The results indicate the strong influence of the substrate on the film morphology and point to possible ways to control and improve it.
Investigation of the high-temperature redox chemistry of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6−δvia in situ neutron diffraction

Crystallographic structural changes were investigated for Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6−δ, an electrode material for symmetric solid oxide fuel cells. The samples of this material were heated and cooled in wet hydrogen and wet oxygen atmospheres, to simulate the reducing and oxidizing conditions experienced under actual fuel cell operating conditions, and their structures and oxygen contents were determined using in situ powder neutron diffraction. The existence of a reversible tetragonal to cubic phase transition was established to occur between room temperature and 400 °C, both on heating and cooling in either oxygen or hydrogen. The oxygen content reaches a low value of 5.50(2) at 850 °C in wet hydrogen. Excellent correlations are observed between the oxygen content of the structure and the conductivities reported in the literature.
Identifying risk factors in renal allografts before transplant: machine-measured renal resistance and posttransplant allograft survival.

Enhancement of renal allograft function and survival in an era where expanded criteria donors are increasingly used requires validated selection criteria. The goal of this retrospective study was t...
Nursing Strategies to Reduce the Incidence of Early Childhood Caries in Culturally Diverse Populations

In the United States, early childhood caries (ECC) is a major unmet health care need adversely affecting the overall health of young children from diverse ethnic populations. Nurses who work in the newborn nursery, pediatrics, public, and community health centers have a unique opportunity to positively influence a change in this epidemic of ECC. Guided by Leininger's theory of cultural care, these authors describe ways to implement a comprehensive culturally sensitive oral health education program for parents of newborns and infants. Interventions based on the best available evidence for oral health education, a culturally sensitive caries risk assessment, recommendations for fluoride varnish treatments, and ways for parents to establish a dental home for the infant by 12 months old are presented.
Tensor distinction of domain pairs in ferroic crystals.

A classification of domain pairs in ferroic crystals is given in which all domain pairs in each class can be distinguished by the same set of physical property tensors. Tabulations are presented giving in which ferroic phase transitions such domain pairs arise. Whether a physical property tensor can or cannot distinguish between the domains of domain pairs of each class is given for a wide variety of physical properties.
Volume overload related shape change limits mass increase with wall thickening but only minimally reduces wall stress

A mathematical model was used to determine the influence of ellipsoid to spheroid left ventricular shape transformation, often seen during chronic volume overload, on ventricular mass, wall thickness, and regional wall stress. Simulated shape change predicted a mass decrease of 9% and a decrease in the maximum circumferential stress in comparison to stress normalizing hypertrophy. Both the simulation and clinical studies showed that apical wall stresses increased to 200-250% of normal with shape transformation. It is concluded that shape change offers a modest advantage of providing increased wall thickness for a given wall mass, and a reduction in maximum circumferential stress, but at the expense of greatly increased apical wall stresses, which may limit apical contractility. >
Moneta: A High-Performance Storage Array Architecture for Next-Generation, Non-volatile Memories

Emerging non-volatile memory technologies such as phase change memory (PCM) promise to increase storage system performance by a wide margin relative to both conventional disks and flash-based SSDs. Realizing this potential will require significant changes to the way systems interact with storage devices as well as a rethinking of the storage devices themselves. This paper describes the architecture of a prototype PCIe-attached storage array built from emulated PCM storage called Moneta. Moneta provides a carefully designed hardware/software interface that makes issuing and completing accesses atomic. The atomic management interface, combined with hardware scheduling optimizations, and an optimized storage stack increases performance for small, random accesses by 18x and reduces software overheads by 60%. Moneta array sustain 2.8~GB/s for sequential transfers and 541K random 4~KB~IO operations per second (8x higher than a state-of-the-art flash-based SSD). Moneta can perform a 512-byte write in 9~us (5.6x faster than the SSD). Moneta provides a harmonic mean speedup of 2.1x and a maximum speed up of 9x across a range of file system, paging, and database workloads. We also explore trade-offs in Moneta's architecture between performance, power, memory organization, and memory latency.
Sensing Based on Fano-Type Resonance Response of All-Dielectric Metamaterials

A new sensing approach utilizing Mie resonances in metamaterial arrays composed of dielectric resonators is proposed. These arrays were found to exhibit specific, extremely high-Q factor (up to 15,000) resonances at frequencies corresponding to the lower edge of the array second transmission band. The observed resonances possessed with features typical for Fano resonances (FRs), which were initially revealed in atomic processes and recently detected in macro-structures, where they resulted from interference between local resonances and a continuum of background waves. Our studies demonstrate that frequencies and strength of Fano-type resonances in all-dielectric arrays are defined by interaction between local Mie resonances and Fabry-Perot oscillations of Bloch eigenmodes that makes possible controlling the resonance responses by changing array arrangements. The opportunity for obtaining high-Q responses in compact arrays is investigated and promising designs for sensing the dielectric properties of analytes in the ambient are proposed.
Microwave-Frequency, Negative-Index Metamaterial Designs Based on Degenerate Dielectric Resonators

In this letter, three different negative-index metamaterial designs based on single-particle degenerate dielectric resonators are presented. The resonator designs are realized by introducing high-contrast perturbations to the cavity geometry so as to bring the lowest-order electric and magnetic cavity resonances into frequency alignment. Since negative-index behavior can be demonstrated with only a single-type resonator (as opposed to dual-particle), these types of degenerate dielectric resonators potentially offer a size advantage so that the structure is less apt to fall outside the effective-medium region.
Arginine vasopressin V1-antagonist and atrial natriuretic peptide reduce hemorrhagic brain edema in rats.

Injection of arginine vasopressin into the cerebral ventricles in animals with brain injury increased brain water, whereas injection of atrial natriuretic peptide reduced water content. Therefore, to determine the role of endogenous arginine vasopressin in brain edema, we attempted to inhibit edema from a hemorrhagic lesion with an arginine vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist or atrial natriuretic peptide.Adult Sprague-Dawley rats with hemorrhages induced by 0.4 IU bacterial collagenase were treated with 75 ng (n = 9) or 8 micrograms (n = 9) of the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)Arg, 3.2 micrograms (n = 4) atrial natriuretic peptide injected intracerebrally, or 5 micrograms/kg per hour (n = 7) atrial natriuretic peptide intraperitoneally. They were compared with control groups injected with 0.4 IU collagenase only. Brain water and electrolytes were measured 24 hours later. Brain uptake of [14C]sucrose was measured 30 minutes after lesions were induced by 0.4 IU collagenase alone (n = 5) o...
GENERAL DETERRENCE AND TELEVISION CABLE CRIME: A FIELD EXPERIMENT IN SOCIAL CONTROL*

This research examines the deterrent effect of a written legal threat on a group of persons who are known to be receiving an unauthorized premium cable television signal. The experiment attempts to determine (1) the overall violation rate: (2) the extent to which violators direr from a systematic random sample of cable signal customers (according to age, total household income, and gender); and (3) the deterrent effect of the threat of intervention. Additionally, a six-month follow-up was conducted to assess the duration of the threat's effect. Overall, two thirds of the subjects (n=67) reacted to the threat; the major reaction to the threat was an attempt to hide the violation. There were some differences found regarding participation in cable crime and deterrence, but none reached a reliable level of statistical significance. Regarding deterrence, the findings that males heeded the threat least and that the youngest and richest also showed low desistance rates after exposure to the threat are consistent with previous research. Regarding participation in cable crime, the youngest and richest seem to be involved more often in the pilfering of signals. The follow-up revealed that the deterrent effect of the intervention lasted at least six months. The benefits of using experimentation as a general deterrence research strategy are emphasized throughout.
Incidence and management of pancreatic leaks after splenectomy with distal pancreatectomy performed during primary cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian, peritoneal and fallopian tube cancer

Abstract Objective To determine the incidence, management, and outcome of patients diagnosed with a pancreatic leak after a distal pancreatectomy during primary surgical cytoreduction for ovarian, peritoneal, or tubal cancer. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients who had a distal pancreatectomy at the time of primary surgery. Charts were reviewed to identify those patients who developed a persistent left upper quadrant abdominal fluid collection with elevated amylase levels. Results A total of 17 patients had a distal pancreatectomy; of these, 4 patients (24%) developed a postoperative pancreatic leak. In these patients, persistent leukocytosis prompted evaluation with a computed tomography scan, which subsequently revealed a fluid collection. The median time from surgery to drainage of this collection was 9 days (range, 8–66). The drain remained in situ for a median of 29 days (range, 22–82). The median amylase level of the fluid was 22,945 U/L (range, 763–47,250). The median length of hospital stay for those patients with a leak was 33 days (range, 25–44), which was longer than those without a leak. However, the median time from surgery to treatment with systemic chemotherapy was 31 days (range, 16–43), which was equivalent to those without a pancreatic leak. Conclusion Twenty-four percent of patients who had undergone a distal pancreatectomy developed a pancreatic leak. This complication, which usually presents early in the postoperative period, can be managed conservatively with percutaneous drainage. Oral intake may be resumed, and total parenteral nutrition is not needed in the majority of cases. Systemic chemotherapy can be administered without significant delay.
Morphological Developments of Nickel Particles in Supported Metal Catalysts

The morphology of nickel-containing phases at each stage during the treatment of a 12%Ni/SiO 2 catalyst was studied. Liquid impregnated catalyst initially shows nickel nitrate uniformly dispersed on the surface of the silica in the form of a film. After calcining, large rafts of NiO with faceted surface pits are seen. The reduced catalyst contains bunched nickel particles or large rafts on the surface of the silica.
The Doa4 Deubiquitinating Enzyme Is Functionally Linked to the Vacuolar Protein-sorting and Endocytic Pathways

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DOA4 gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme that is required for rapid degradation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway substrates. Both genetic and biochemical data suggest that Doa4 acts in this pathway by facilitating ubiquitin recycling from ubiquitinated intermediates targeted to the proteasome. Here we describe the isolation of 12 spontaneous extragenic suppressors of the doa4-1 mutation; these involve seven different genes, six of which were cloned. Surprisingly, all of the cloned DID (Doa4-independent degradation) genes encode components of the vacuolar protein-sorting (Vps) pathway. In particular, all are class E Vps factors, which function in the maturation of a late endosome/prevacuolar compartment into multivesicular bodies that then fuse with the vacuole. Four of the six Did proteins are structurally related, suggesting an overlap in function. In wild-type and several vps strains, Doa4-green fluorescent protein displays a cytoplasmic/nuclear distribution. However, in cells lacking the Vps4/Did6 ATPase, a large fraction of Doa4-green fluorescent protein, like several other Vps factors, concentrates at the late endosome-like class E compartment adjacent to the vacuole. These results suggest an unanticipated connection between protein deubiquitination and endomembrane protein trafficking in which Doa4 acts at the late endosome/prevacuolar compartment to recover ubiquitin from ubiquitinated membrane proteins en route to the vacuole.
Sorting binary numbers in hardware - A novel algorithm and its implementation

This paper describes a novel algorithm for sorting binary numbers in hardware, along with a custom VLSI hardware design for the same. For sorting n, k-bit binary numbers, our proposed algorithm takes O(n + 2k) time. Sorting is performed by assigning relative ranks to the input numbers. A rank matrix of size n × n is used to store ranks. Each row of the rank matrix corresponds to one of the n numbers, and it stores a single non-zero entry. The position of this entry represents the relative rank of the corresponding number. In the worst case, our algorithm requires n+2k clock cycles for assigning the final ranks. We start with a condition in which each number has an identical rank. In each of clock cycle, ranks are iteratively updated until the final ranks are determined after n+2k clock cycles. The proposed algorithm is implemented in a 65nm process, using a custom design approach to obtain a fast circuit. Our design is significantly faster than the fastest reported hardware sorting engine, with area performance which is superior for larger numbers.
A measurement model of strategic planning

While strategic planning is a key concept in management research, there has been little consistency in its conceptualization or measurement. Our review of prior studies also identifies reliability and validity, dimensionality, crude levels of measurement, and lack of parsimony as additional problems associated with prior use of this variable. Such problems substantially limit our ability to compare results across studies, or to make appropriate normative recommendations. We address these concerns by developing and validating a multiple indicator measure of strategic planning, using two independent samples. Implications for future research are then discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximizing throughput in a random access radio system by optimal power level choice

To enhance the throughput of a slotted random access protocol in a radio communication system, we describe the use of a scheme in which multiple power levels are used at the transmitters. We consider a situation in which n transmitters are simultaneously trying to send a packet to a central receiving station using a time-slotted access protocol, like slotted ALOHA. Each of these transmitters randomly chooses one of m discrete power levels during each attempt to send a packet. One of the simultaneously sent packets can often be successfully received due to the power capture effect. Two types of capture models are presented and analyzed: (1) one in which the transmitter with the largest received power captures the channel and (2) one in which the transmitter captures the channel only if its signal-to-interference ratio is above some threshold when received at the central station. We determine the optimal transmit probabilities for the power levels as well as the optimal values of the power levels when their range is constrained.
Interaction between erythrocytes and a perfluorochemical blood substitute

Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are being widely developed for use as erythrocyte substitutes to carry oxygen to tissue in acute crises. Oxypherol, a commercially available PFC preparation commonly used for animal tests, reduces erythrocyte deformability in the presence of plasma. This undesirable effect further complicates oxygen delivery by erythrocytes. Our experiments indicate that one or more plasma proteins must be present to observe Oxypherol-induced reduction in erythrocyte deformability, but the latter is not protein specific. Neither platelet activation nor enhanced protein adsorption could account for the mechanism of altered erythrocyte flexibility. Using fluorine-19 NMR, it was found that a small amount of Oxypherol droplets is adsorbed on the surface of the erythrocytes. The amount of adsorbed droplets increases when Oxypherol is incubated with the erythrocytes in the presence of plasma, in parallel with a decrease in erythrocyte deformability. Therefore, it seems likely that the loss of deformability of the erythrocytes is caused by the adsorption of small Oxypherol droplets on the erythrocytes.
Prediction of storage time in junction transistors

This paper points out that in the prediction of storage time one needs to know only a single fundamental device parameter, the storage time constant T s . Several methods of measuring T s , are considered and compared both theoretically and experimentally. A single nonoscilloscope method of measuring T s is discussed and its theory presented. This method holds out the best promise for the ability to predict the storage time of very fast transistors. It is therefore now possible to predict large signal transient response of transistors on the basis of small signal nonoscilloscope measurements.
Structure of cellulose II hydrate

Cellulose II hydrate, which is stable at 93% relative humidity and has a monoclinic unit cell with dimensions a = 9.02, b = 9.63, c = 10.34 A, and gamma = 116.0 degrees and space group P2 sub 1, was formed by swelling Fortisan in N2H4 and then washing in H2O. The unit cell contained disaccharide sections of 2 chains and approximately 4 H2O molecules. Refinement of the positions and side-chain conformations of the chains, determined by using the linked-atom least-squares method, showed that the chains are stacked in the same way as in cellulose II, and that the hydrate is formed by insertion of H2O molecules between the stacks.
Thermodynamically Irreversible Gating of Ryanodine Receptors in Situ Revealed by Stereotyped Duration of Release in Ca2+ Sparks

For a single or a group of Markov channels gating reversibly, distributions of open and closed times should be the sum of positively weighted decaying exponentials. Violation of this microscopic reversibility has been demonstrated previously on a number of occasions at the single channel level, and has been attributed to possible channel coupling to external sources of free energy. Here we show that distribution of durations of Ca(2+) release underlying Ca(2+) sparks in intact cardiac myocytes exhibits a prominent mode at approximately 8 ms. Analysis of the cycle time for repetitive sparks at hyperactive sites revealed no intervals briefer than approximately 35 ms and a mode at approximately 90 ms. These results indicate that, regardless of whether Ca(2+) sparks are single-channel or multi-channel in origin, they are generated by thermodynamically irreversible stochastic processes. In contrast, data from planar lipid bilayer experiments were consistent with reversible gating of RyR under asymmetric cis (4 microM) and trans Ca(2+) (10 mM), suggesting that the irreversibility for Ca(2+) spark genesis may reside at a supramolecular level. Modeling suggests that Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release among adjacent RyRs may couple the external energy derived from Ca(2+) gradients across the SR to RyR gating in situ, and drive the irreversible generation of Ca(2+) sparks.
HYDROGELS IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE

Hydrogels, due to their unique biocompatibility, flexible methods of synthesis, range of constituents, and desirable physical characteristics, have been the material of choice for many applications in regenerative medicine. They can serve as scaffolds that provide structural integrity to tissue constructs, control drug and protein delivery to tissues and cultures, and serve as adhesives or barriers between tissue and material surfaces. In this work, the properties of hydrogels that are important for tissue engineering applications and the inherent material design constraints and challenges are discussed. Recent research involving several different hydrogels polymerized from a variety of synthetic and natural monomers using typical and novel synthetic methods are highlighted. Finally, special attention is given to the microfabrication techniques that are currently resulting in important advances in the field.
Section 501(c)(4) Organizations, the Gift Tax, and Election Law Disclosure

Recent discussions of whether gifts to section 501(c)(4) organizations that engage in candidate-related activity are subject to the federal gift tax have failed to make clear an important distinction. This important distinction is whether the contributor is making the gift to the organization as a whole or making the gift for its candidate-related activities and, in particular, for its candidate-related advertisements. The distinction can matter not only for gift tax liability, but also for disclosure obligations under campaign finance laws. Contributors of large sums close to an election are caught between the proverbially rock and hard place: the more that they position themselves to avoid gift tax liability, the more likely that they may become obliged to disclose their contributions under the campaign finance laws, and vice versa. As this short piece explains, if donors take the position that their gifts are for particular candidate-related activities rather than to the organization in support of its activities generally, they have a good argument that the gift tax does not apply, but a weaker argument for avoiding disclosure obligations under campaign finance laws. It is possible to have the best of both worlds, however, and a determination from the FEC this past spring makes it clear how best to achieve that outcome even for contributions used for mass media advertising close to an election.
An essential role of caffeoyl shikimate esterase in monolignol biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula

Biochemical and genetic analyses have previously identified caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) as an enzyme in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana, although the generality of this finding has been questioned. Here we show the presence of CSE genes and associated enzyme activity in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula, dicot, Leguminosae), poplar (Populus deltoides, dicot, Salicaceae), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum, monocot, Poaceae). Loss of function of CSE in transposon insertion lines of M. truncatula results in severe dwarfing, altered development, reduction in lignin content, and preferential accumulation of hydroxyphenyl units in lignin, indicating that the CSE enzyme is critical for normal lignification in this species. However, the model grass Brachypodium distachyon and corn (Zea mays) do not possess orthologs of the currently characterized CSE genes, and crude protein extracts from stems of these species exhibit only a weak esterase activity with caffeoyl shikimate. Our results suggest that the reaction catalyzed by CSE may not be essential for lignification in all plant species.
Political Culture as a Research Agenda

Scholars have been debating the utility of the political culture concept for over 40 years. Thus, there are difficulties incumbent in employing such a diverse and broad concept. In many respects this chapter raises questions about whole bodies of political culture research written in the field of political science, and the scholarship that emerged focusing on the Soviet people and their successors. This literature review addresses the history of political culture research and the strengths and weaknesses of previous scholarship before portraying my political culture conceptualization as I strive to learn from — and build upon — past and present research. As will be shown, the political culture concept has not always been employed to its full potential.
Research in the New Field of Psychoeducation A Case Study of a Research Project on the Content of First-Grade Reading Textbooks

Psychoeducation is a relatively new concept in the child mental health field, even though it has had much longer usage in the field of special education. However what it means conceptually and operationally varies considerably and may indeed represent more of a slogan or a lip-service term than practices and principles that represent a true integration of two broad streams of professional thought (1) the education and training professions, and (2) the clinical mental health professions. In many clinical and educational settings these professional groups are separate; in other settings they coexist or merely add to each other. What I am referring to as psychoeducation represents an integration in which the result is different from the sum of two parts.
House Staff Participation in Patient Safety Reporting: Identification of Predominant Barriers and Implementation of a Pilot Program.

OBJECTIVES Patient safety event (PSE) reporting is a critical element for healthcare organizations that are striving for continuous quality improvement. Although resident physicians routinely provide the majority of direct patient care, the level of their participation in PSE reporting historically has been low. In addition, as part of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's Next Accreditation System, the Clinical Learning Environment Review site visit assesses residents' engagement in PSE reporting at each accredited academic institution. The objective of this study was to understand the common barriers to PSE reporting and design an intervention to increase the number of PSE reports by resident physicians. METHODS We surveyed 304 residents and fellows to assess attitudes toward the PSE reporting system and identify barriers to submitting online PSE reports. Based on this analysis of barriers, we piloted interventions with the internal medicine residency program and measured their effect on resident PSE reporting. RESULTS Of the survey respondents, 58% had never submitted a PSE report. The most commonly identified barriers were too much time required to submit a report (38% of all respondents), lack of education on how or what to report (37%), lack of feedback or change after reporting (19%), and concern for repercussions or lack of anonymity (13%). Based on this analysis of barriers, we piloted interventions with the internal medicine residency program to educate residents about PSE reporting through a reminder message in their orientation e-mail, informational slides at the end of conferences that described what and how to report, a pocket card with reporting instructions, and leadership encouragement during walk rounds by chief medical residents and the program director. Compared with the 10 weeks before the start of the intervention, the number of PSE reports submitted by internal medicine residents more than doubled, from 16 to 37 reports (P < 0.01). This increase in resident PSE reporting was sustained for 20 weeks despite the interventions lasting only 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS A resident-driven intervention that fostered a culture of encouragement for PSE reporting through leadership support and targeted education increased the number of PSE reports submitted by internal medicine residents at our health system. Hospitals and health systems should seek to understand the common barriers to PSE reporting from this important group of direct patient care providers and administer structured educational programs to encourage their participation.
Indigenous histories of the American South during the long nineteenth century

Over the past generation, an impressive body of scholarship has drawn scholarly attention to the Native South. Ethnohistorians have been at the forefront of efforts to reevaluate Native American po...
Synthesis of Transmissions with Four Planetary Gearsets

The trend in automotive transmissions is to create designs with wide ratio spreads and a high number of speed ratios. Transmissions with eight forward speed ratios and one reverse ratio have been introduced in several new products. The synthesis of planetary gear trains with multiple fixed connections and eight or more ratios is an interesting mathematical problem. We discuss results from a mathematical search for such transmission designs in the space comprised of four planetary gearsets and five or more torque transmitting elements.
Single-minded CRISPR screening.

Transcriptome-wide effects of gene knockouts are screened at the single-cell level by combining high-throughput, single-cell RNA-seq with lentiviral CRISPR libraries.
Review: Tacrine has some benefits and many adverse effects in Alzheimer disease

Source Citation Arrieta JL, Rodriguez Artalejo F. Methodology, results and quality of clinical trials of tacrine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of the literature. Age ...
Synthesis of Enantiopure PZM21: A Biased Agonist of the Mu-Opioid Receptor

PZM21 (1) was recently reported as a biased agonist of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) with improved antinociceptive effects but reduced side effects than traditional opioid-based analgesics. The original synthesis of PZM21 with the desired (S,S) configuration required the separation of diastereomeric mixture in the final step using chiral HPLC. We have designed a concise synthesis of 1 in the enantiomeric pure form starting with commercially available L-alanine and via a chiral aziridine as a key intermediate. The final product 1 as the (S,S) diastereomer was obtained in 7 steps in 22.5% yield from L-alanine. This synthetic strategy could be readily applied to the development of PZM21 analogs at the thiophenyl position.
Genetic predisposition testing: clinical implications for oncology nurses.

Purpose/objectives To describe for oncology nurses the clinical implications of genetic predisposition testing for alterations in cancer susceptibility genes. Data sources Published research and educational manuscripts, books, conference proceedings, and personal experiences. Data synthesis Genetic predisposition testing for inherited cancer risk has profound clinical implications that eventually will affect all areas of nursing practice. The provision of genetic information raises issues about cancer risk management, psychosocial sequelae, and legal and professional liability. Conclusion Most healthcare professionals, including nurses, are not adequately prepared to manage the issues resulting from genetic predisposition testing. Furthermore, little data are available to guide practice. Unique educational strategies are needed to prepare providers in this practice arena. Implications for nursing practice Genetic predisposition testing is becoming more common in general oncology and primary care communities. Nurses will play a major role in the support, counseling, education, informed consent, and follow-up care of individuals who are considering undergoing or who have undergone testing. To meet the needs of patients and their families, oncology nurses must prepare themselves for this new area of practice.
Comparison of Three Strategies for Teaching Generalized Grocery Purchasing to High School Students with Severe Handicaps.

Teachers often provide classroom based instruction on the assumption that behaviors learned in the classroom will be performed in natural settings. The present study examines this assumption by comparing the effectiveness of three strategies for purchasing grocery store items with four high school students labeled moderately or severely retarded. Students were trained to negotiate payment to the cashier by (a) role playing in the classroom with flashcards designating the amount of purchase, (b) role playing in the classroom with slides of cash registers at different amounts, or (c) role playing with the slides and in vivo training in one store. A multiple baseline design across subjects indicates afunctional relationship between the combined slide and in vivo strategy and correct performance across a range of nontrained probe stores. Neither role playing strategy alone was successful at teaching a generalized purchasing skill. The data are discussed in terms of research implications for studying generaliz...
The Ethics of Earmarking Taxes

Earmarking taxes - setting funds aside for special purposes - has its advantages and disadvantages. The literature focuses almost exclusively on technical aspects of earmarking. Practically nothing has been written about the ethical aspects of earmarking. This article explores some of the ethical issues that have been overlooked in the economics and public finance literature.
Managing local-regional failure in children with high-risk neuroblastoma: A single institution experience.

Background Intensification of systemic therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma (HRNB) has resulted in improved local control and overall survival (OS) leaving potential for de-escalation of primary site radiotherapy. The utility of primary site de-escalation should be evaluated in the context of potential for successful local-regional salvage. We evaluated salvage strategies and outcomes in patients with HRNB with local-regional recurrence as a component of first failure. Methods Twenty of 89 patients with HRNB experienced local-regional recurrence as a component of first relapse after chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and stem cell transplant from 1997 to 2013. We reviewed salvage therapy strategies and disease control, and report on the impact of local therapy as salvage for local-regional relapse. Results Six of 20 patients with local-regional failure (LRF) were alive after a median follow-up of 13 years (range, 0.9-25.2 years). Median OS was 4.6 years (95% CI, 0.6 to not reached) versus 0.6 years (95% CI, 0.05-2.6) after LRF with and without distant failure, respectively (P = 0.03). OS in patients receiving salvage radiotherapy was comparable to those receiving initial adjuvant but no salvage radiotherapy. Time to first failure and death was significantly impacted by the intensity of frontline systemic therapy (P = 0.03). Salvage radiotherapy reduced the hazard for subsequent LRF (hazard ratio 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9, P = 0.04) but not OS (P = 0.07). Conclusions Our study highlights the potential of local control strategies at first failure in patients with LRF when primary site radiotherapy was initially omitted, and delineates potential selection factors which may further improve the therapeutic ratio.
Feature Selection with Unsupervised Consensus Guidance

Most of the unsupervised feature selection methods employ pseudo labels generated by clustering to guide the feature selection; however, noisy and irrelevant features degrade the cluster structure, which is ineffective to supervise feature selection. In light of this, we propose the Consensus Guided Unsupervised Feature Selection (CGUFS) framework, which introduces consensus clustering to generate pseudo labels for feature selection. Generally speaking, multiple diverse basic partitions are generated from the data and the consensus clustering is employed to provide the high-quality and robust partition to guide the feature selection in a one-step framework. In addition, complex constraints such as non-negative are removed due to the crisp indicators of consensus clustering. Based on the CGUFS framework, two formulations are put forward by using the utility function and co-association matrix, respectively, and we propose the (weighted) K-means-like optimization solution for efficient solutions with theoretical supports. Moreover, we extend the CGUFS framework to handle multi-view data feature selection. Extensive experiments on several single-view and multi-view data mining data sets in different domains demonstrate that our methods outperform the most recent state-of-the-art work in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Some important impact factors and model parameters within CGUFS are thoroughly discussed for practical use.
A Myth of Iterative Image Reconstruction Algorithms

The FBP (filtered backprojection) algorithm reduces image noise by smoothing the image. The iterative algorithm reduces image noise by noise weighting and regularization. A myth is that the iterative algorithm is able to reduce the noise without sacrificing image resolution. This paper uses counter examples to show that this myth is not true. The truth is that the iterative algorithm suppresses image noise by sacrificing image resolution as well; its performance may be better than the windowed FBP. The myth is caused by the comparison method that compares the iterative algorithm with the conventional FBP algorithm instead of the windowed FBP algorithm.
Threshold Discounting: Operational Benefits, Potential Drawbacks, and Optimal Design

We study the use of threshold discounting, the practice of offering service at a discounted price only if at least a given number of customers show interest in it, pioneered by Groupon. We model a capacity-constrained firm offering service to a random-sized population of strategic customers in two representative time periods, a desirable hot period and a less desirable slow period. A comparison with the traditional approach typically employed in such circumstances (slow period discounting or closing) reveals that threshold discounting boosts the firm’s operational performance on account of two advantages. First, the contingent discount incentivizes slow period consumption when the market for the service is large and reduces supply of the service when the market is small, allowing the firm to respond to the service’s unobserved market potential. Second, activation of the threshold discount signals the market size to strategic customers, supplying them with information on service availability, and inducing them into self-selecting the consumption period to one that improves the firm’s capacity utilization and profit. Unlike typical settings with strategic customers, their strategicbehavior in our setting increases the firm’s profits. When threshold discounts are offered through an intermediary, arrangements often used in practice distort the incentives of the intermediary, and typically result in a higher discount and a lower activation threshold relative to what would be optimal for the service firm. We consider alternate deal designs, and we find that the best designs compromise the service provider’s flexibility in order to provide customers with clear offer terms.
Drivers of degree of sophistication in hotel revenue management decision support systems

Abstract Revenue management (RM) practices enhance financial performance of businesses. This study answers two research questions: (a) How should the sophistication of hotel RM be measured? and (b) What are the internal and external indirect drivers of the level of sophistication of hotel RM? The level of sophistication is based on decision tree tests, which include four steps: data capture, data foundation, rigor of analysis, and techniques used, including pricing, inventory allocation, and product configuration. Via an empirical analysis, we determine five positive drivers of hotel RM sophistication: electronic word-of-mouth utilization, customer segmentation, organizational structure, differentiation strategy, and competitive environment. Our study provides hoteliers with guidelines for determining whether their RM system is at the right level of sophistication given their operating environment, and provides a roadmap for hotels to enhance RM sophistication through efforts to improve both internal and external drivers.
A Critical Evaluation of the Biological Construct Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Size Matters but So Does the Measurement

Skeletal muscle is highly adaptable and has consistently been shown to morphologically respond to exercise training. Skeletal muscle growth during periods of resistance training has traditionally been referred to as skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and this manifests as increases in muscle mass, muscle thickness, muscle area, muscle volume, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA). Delicate electron microscopy and biochemical techniques have also been used to demonstrate that resistance exercise promotes ultrastructural adaptations within muscle fibers. Decades of research in this area of exercise physiology have promulgated a widespread hypothetical model of training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy; specifically, fCSA increases are accompanied by proportional increases in myofibrillar protein, leading to an expansion in the number of sarcomeres in parallel and/or an increase in myofibril number. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that myofibrillar protein concentration may be diluted through sarcoplasmic expansion as fCSA increases occur. Furthermore, and perhaps more problematic, are numerous investigations reporting that pre-to-post training change scores in macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular variables supporting this model are often poorly associated with one another. The current review first provides a brief description of skeletal muscle composition and structure. We then provide a historical overview of muscle hypertrophy assessment. Next, current-day methods commonly used to assess skeletal muscle hypertrophy at the biochemical, ultramicroscopic, microscopic, macroscopic, and whole-body levels in response to training are examined. Data from our laboratory, and others, demonstrating correlations (or the lack thereof) between these variables are also presented, and reasons for comparative discrepancies are discussed with particular attention directed to studies reporting ultrastructural and muscle protein concentration alterations. Finally, we critically evaluate the biological construct of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, propose potential operational definitions, and provide suggestions for consideration in hopes of guiding future research in this area.
Dispositional mindfulness, perceived social support, and academic motivation: Exploring differences between Dutch and American students

Abstract Multiple countries have examined dispositional mindfulness, perceived social support, and psychological well-being within their own populations. However, no cross-cultural comparisons of these constructs have been pursued. The present study aimed to address this gap by analyzing these variables across two countries. University students from the Netherlands and the midwestern United States completed a survey, which assessed their perceived social support, their mindfulness awareness, and their basic psychological needs (i.e., autonomy, relatedness, and competence). Results indicated that Dutch students endorsed higher levels of dispositional mindfulness and basic psychological needs than midwestern American students. A connection between mindfulness levels and perceived parental support appeared in both cultures. Limitations of this study and future research areas are discussed.
Charm and Cleverness in Joyce

For Joyce, Beckman thinks, almost everything is wrong (even Bloom and Molly do each other wrong). History, friendship, marriage, education, religion are spurious or nightmares. Charm is does not delight: the cleverness of Lenehan, a minor character, falls flat. In Joyce’s chapter coded Sirens, Joyce offers as proxies for the Sirens two underbred barmaids. They are false, even as Sirens. Myth is exposed as an inflated form of the commonplace. The spell of the Sirens and music itself were only fantasies. Kafka had proposed that briefly in The Silence of the Sirens. Joyce does it at length. Nevertheless, his burlesques are delightful.
Asymmetric drift of Andromeda analogues in the IllustrisTNG simulation

We analyze the kinematics as a function of stellar age for Andromeda (M31) mass analogs from the IllustrisTNG cosmological simulation. We divide the star particles into four age groups: less than 1 Gyr, 1 to 5 Gyr, 5 to 10 Gyr, and greater 10 Gyr, and compare the kinematics of these groups to that of the neutral gas cells. We calculate rotation curves for the stellar and gaseous components of each analog from 2 kpc to 20 kpc from the center of mass. We find that the lag, or asymmetric drift (AD), between the gas rotation curve and the stellar rotation curve on average increases with stellar age. This finding is consistent with observational measurements of AD in the disk of the Andromeda galaxy. When the M31 analogs are separated into groups based on merger history, we find that there is a difference in the AD of the analogs that have had a 4:1 merger the last 4 Gyr, 8 Gyr, or 12 Gyr compared to analogs that have not experienced a 4:1 merger in the same time frame. The subset of analogs that have had a 4:1 merger within the last 4 Gyr are also similar to AD measurements of stars in the disk of M31, providing evidence that M31 may in fact have recently merged with a galaxy nearly one fourth of its mass. Further work using high resolution zoom in simulations is required to explore the contribution of internal heating to AD.