cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of scientific communication in the process of technological innovation

Currently inundating the United States is a variety of guidebooks to the future of information. Daniel Bell's, The Coming of the Post Industrial Society was preceded by Fritz Machlup's discussions of the ‘new society’ in the first edition of The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States. Other contributions which discuss the notion of the information or service‐based society to come include Edwin Parker, W. W. Rostow, Peter Drucker, and Ken Boulding. The argument here is that the scientific and technical information and communication industry is a small but significant part of the total knowledge sector economy which will certainly dominate the future of the developed world.
Threshold tear strength of elastomers

Abstract : Tear strengths have been measured for a wide variety of molecular networks under threshold conditions; i.e., at high temperatures, low rates of tearing, and with swollen samples. For all of the polymers examined, the threshold tear strength was found to be proportional to the square root of the average molecular weight M sub c of network strands, in agreement with theory. However, for the same M sub c and hence for similar values of elastic modulus, different polymers showed major differences in threshold tear strength. The tear strength of polydimethylsiloxane networks was only about one-third as large as that for networks of polybutadiene and cis-polyisoprene and the values obtained for polyphosphazene networks were only about one-fifth as large as the same M sub C. These striking differences are attributed to differences in network strand length and extensibility for the same molecular weight. The threshold tear strengths are shown to be in satisfactory quantitative agreement with theoretically predicted values on this basis. (Author)
Laser diode spectroscopy as a probe of ammonium ion dynamics in crystals

Tunnel diodes have been used to burn holes in the N-D stretching bands of NH 3 D ions dilute in ammonium sulfate crystals. The ammonium ions sit in sites of low symmetry and, consequently, there are four distinct orientations possible for the NH 3 D ion. Since there is low symmetry, each site gives rise to a distinct N-D stretching band. The relative intensities of these bands measure the proportion of ions in each site.
Necrotizing Fasciitis in a Plaster-Casted Limb: Case Report

Casts may be associated with, and mask, serious life-threatening complications, including infection, compartment syndrome, and deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism. A 43-year-old woman had necrotizing fasciitis associated with a closed-reduction casting of a tibial fracture. Her treatment highlights the importance of removing a cast and assessing the skin and tissue underneath for signs of infection in patients with suspected infection. Thorough assessment, early diagnosis, and early intervention in necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis are important to improve patients' outcomes.
X-Ray absorption spectroscopy of thiacrown compounds used in the remediation of mercury contaminated water

Abstract Effective methods for the removal of mercury from water are in demand due to the high levels of mercury released from industrial and natural processes. Polymer pendant thiacrown compounds used for the sequestration of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions have shown great promise as effective tools for remediation. Three thiacrowns that have been used for mercury chelation, [18]aneS6 and [17]aneS5-polymer (with divinylbenzene) at two Hg(II) loadings, were examined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in an attempt to determine the bonding configuration between the sulfurs of the thiacrown and the mercury. For Hg[18]aneS6, it was found that four of the possible six crown sulfur atoms were involved in mercury bonding. For the Hg[17]aneS5-polymer, it was found that three of the possible five crown sulfur atoms were involved in mercury bonding. These thiacrown components appear to form stable mercury complexes and should be effective agents for sequestering and potential recycling of mercury from water.
An experimental and mathematical analysis of group behavior within restricted networks

Abstract It was discovered that the solution rate of groups operating within restricted communication networks is a very lawful phenomenon which can be described precisely by a power function of the form Y = aX b . This was found to be true for overall productivity as well as for changes in productivity. This particular finding suggests empirical and theoretical connections between previously unrelated phenomena. This equation has also been found to describe best such widely divergent events as psychophysical phenomena and the start-up periods of large-scale industries.
Modeling Wound‐induced Respiration of Fresh‐cut Carrots (Daucus carota L.)

ABSTRACT A mechanistic model based on synthesis and inactivation of enzymes, associated to the respiration pathway, was proposed to describe wound-induced respiration of fresh-cut produce. Carrots (Daucus carota L.) were cut into slices, sticks, a combination of both, and shreds to obtain different wounding intensities, defined by the ratio of new area created to tissue weight (A/W). Respiration rates obtained at 10°C showed a typical increase, a maximum peak, and a decrease until reaching steady state. A 2-phase exponential decay equation described the process, with the obtained key parameters relating to A/W. This model can be used to understand wound-induced respiration and the possible implications in produce quality changes and packaging design.
Wind Loading Analysis and Strategy for Deflection Reduction on HET* Wide Field Upgrade

Wind loading can be a detrimental source of vibration and deflection for any large terrestrial optical telescope. The Hobby-Eberly Telescope* (HET) in the Davis Mountains of West Texas is undergoing a Wide Field Upgrade (WFU) in support of the Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) that will greatly increase the size of the instrumentation subjected to operating wind speeds of up to 20.1 m/s (45 mph). A non-trivial consideration for this telescope (or others) is to quantify the wind loads and resulting deflections of telescope structures induced under normal operating conditions so that appropriate design changes can be made. A quasi-static computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was generated using wind speeds collected on-site as inputs to characterize dynamic wind forces on telescope structures under various conditions. The CFD model was refined until predicted wind speed and direction inside the dome agreed with experimental data. The dynamic wind forces were then used in static loading analysis to determine maximum deflections under typical operating conditions. This approach also allows for exploration of operating parameters without impact to the observation schedule of the telescope. With optimum combinations of parameters (i.e. dome orientation, tracker position, and louver deployment), deflections due to current wind conditions can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, the upper limit for operating wind speed could be increased, provided these parameters are monitored closely. This translates into increased image quality and observing time.
Do U.S. transplant centers encourage emotionally related kidney donation

Stimulated by a severe organ shortage and an improving ability to successfully transplant poorly matched donor-recipient pairs, many transplant centers are now willing to accept emotionally related (but genetically unrelated) people (e.g., spouses) as kidney donors. To see whether this practice is encouraged, a survey was mailed to all 209 adult renal transplant centers in the United States. Of the 154 (74%) responding centers, 90% said they accept emotionally related donors and 60% said they actually encourage this practice. Nearly 40% prefer spouses to cadavers, while only 21% prefer friends to cadavers. To further explore the degree to which emotionally related donation is encouraged, a second questionnaire was sent to a sample of centers (n = 51) that support this practice; 94% responded. While only 44% said they encourage the use of friends, nearly all of these preselected centers said they encourage spouses to donate. On the other hand, judging from their stated approach to this issue, only about half of these supportive centers seem to actively encourage emotionally related donation. These data suggest that, overall, at most only about one third of U.S. transplant centers actively encourage spousal donation and at most about one quarter encourage the use of friends. Consistent with these results, emotionally related donors contribute only a small fraction of all kidneys transplanted in this country. If the large potential contribution of emotionally related donors is ever to be realized, transplant centers must go beyond simply accepting such individuals and begin to actively encourage their participation. Medical and ethical considerations strongly support this proposal.
Holocarboxylase synthetase interacts physically with nuclear receptor co-repressor, histone deacetylase 1 and a novel splicing variant of histone deacetylase 1 to repress repeats

HLCS (holocarboxylase synthetase) is a nuclear protein that catalyses the binding of biotin to distinct lysine residues in chromatin proteins. HLCS-dependent epigenetic marks are over-represented in repressed genomic loci, particularly in repeats. Evidence is mounting that HLCS is a member of a multi-protein gene repression complex, which determines its localization in chromatin. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that HLCS interacts physically with N-CoR (nuclear receptor co-repressor) and HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), thereby contributing toward the removal of H3K9ac (Lys9-acetylated histone H3) gene activation marks and the repression of repeats. Physical interactions between HLCS and N-CoR, HDAC1 and a novel splicing variant of HDAC1 were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, limited proteolysis and split luciferase complementation assays. When HLCS was overexpressed, the abundance of H3K9ac marks decreased by 50% and 68% in LTRs (long terminal repeats) 15 and 22 respectively in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells compared with the controls. This loss of H3K9ac marks was linked with an 83% decrease in mRNA coding for LTRs. Similar patterns were seen in pericentromeric alpha satellite repeats in chromosomes 1 and 4. We conclude that interactions of HLCS with N-CoR and HDACs contribute towards the transcriptional repression of repeats, presumably increasing genome stability. Abbreviations: CDK3, cyclin-dependent kinase 3; DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1; EHMT-1, euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase-1; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GST, glutathione transferase; HA, haemagglutinin; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HEK, human embryonic kidney; H3K9ac, Lys9-acetylated histone H3; H3K9me, Lys9-methylated histone H3; HLCS, holocarboxylase synthetase; LTR, long terminal repeat; MBP-1, c-Myc promoter-binding protein-1; MDM2, murine double minute 2; MeCP2, methyl CpG-binding protein 2; N-CoR, nuclear receptor co-repressor; qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR; TP53, tumour protein p53
Understanding unethical retail disposition practice and restraint from the consumer perspective

This research expands marketing's knowledge regarding unethical retail disposition (URD). URD is a type of consumer fraud, whereby consumers purchase an item of merchandise with the intent of using it and returning it to a retailer for a refund. The authors first employ grounded theory methodology to develop an original framework illustrating why consumers engage in either URD participation or restraint; next, they demonstrate empirical support for the framework. The authors support and augment previous URD research by reporting that URD offenders employ eight neutralization techniques to remedy personal guilt associated with committing the fraudulent behavior. This research also takes a novel approach by illustrating that consumers describe six motivations underlying URD restraint. Most concerning for retailers is that four of the six reasons for restraint are tenuous. Thus, consumers who refrain from URD may be easily swayed to participate in this illicit behavior. The authors posit that URD may represent a means by which consumers express disdain and mistrust for contemporary retailers, contributing to the societal discrimination that retail organizations owned by “middlemen minorities” engaged in trade and commerce often experience. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decentralizing antipoverty program delivery in developing countries

We study the effects on accountability in government service delivery of decentralizing administration of an antipoverty program. While governments at both central and local levels are vulnerable to antipoor policy biases owing to political capture, centralized delivery systems are additionally prone to bureaucratic corruption, owing to problems in monitoring bureaucratic performance. Decentralizing the delivery system promotes cost-effectiveness and improves intraregional targeting at low program scales. But interregional targeting may deteriorate, as central grants to high-poverty regions shrink, owing to high capture of local governments by local elites in such regions.
Application of transonic codes to aeroelastic modeling of airfoils including active controls

A study is performed using aeroelastic modeling to investigate the stability behavior of airfoils in small-disturbance transonic flow. Two conventional airfoils, NACA 64.A006 and NACA 64A010, and a supercritical airfoil, MBB A-3, are considered. Three sets of unsteady aerodynamic data are computed using three different transonic codes (LTRAN2-NLR, LTRAN2-HI, and USTS) for comparison purposes. Stability results obtained using a constant matrix, state-space, aeroelastic model are presented in a root-locus format. Use of the state-space model is demonstrated through application to flutter suppression using active controls. Aeroelastic effects due to simple, constant gain, partial feedback, control laws that utilize displacement, velocity, and acceleration sensing are studied using a variety of control gains. Calculations are also performed using linear subsonic aerodynamic theory to reveal the differences between including and not including transonic effects in the aeroelastic model. Aeroelastic stability behavior of these airfoils is physically interpreted and discussed in detail.
Organ-specific support in multiple organ failure: Pulmonary support

The catastrophic pulmonary failure that complicates management of patients with multiple trauma or sepsis syndrome with shock is recognizable to nearly all experienced surgeons. However, the spectrum of injury is broad, the distribution of lung injury may be heterogeneous within a single patient, and many patients will not develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) even after a major predisposing insult. The lung responds stereotypically to many disparate insults, so a better conceptual construct of ARDS may be to consider it as one component of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Support of oxygen transport with positive pressure ventilation and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure, long the mainstay of pulmonary support, has been criticized for its predilection to cause barotrauma. Newer modes of ventilation, such as pressure-controlled, inverse-ratio ventilation and permissive hypercapnia, are under investigation but have not yet been reported with scientific rigor. However, pulmonary support extends beyond the support of gas exchange. Fluid management requires close attention so that the circulation is supported but lung water accumulation is minimized. Nosocomial pneumonia greatly increases the mortality rate in ARDS, but is difficult to diagnose and must be sought aggressively. Until recently, pharmacologic therapy has held little promise, but inhalation of very low concentrations of nitric oxide appear to decrease pulmonary vascular pressures and intrapulmonary shunt. It remains unknown whether nitric oxide is effective therapy for the underlying injury, or is simply treatment for certain manifestations.
Determination of the Adsorption Isotherm of the Nonionic Surfactant Triton X-405 on Polystyrene Latex Particles Using1H NMR

Abstract 1 H NMR is found to be a suitable method for determining the adsorption of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-405 on polystyrene particles dispersed in D 2 O. In the NMR spectra, free Triton X-405 and Triton adsorbed on the surface can be easily distinguished because of the different chemical shifts. Free Triton appears at 3.6 ppm, whereas adsorbed Triton shows a signal between 3.48 and 3.53 ppm, depending on the orientation of the molecules on the surface. At low concentration, the Triton X-405 chains lie relatively flat on the surface, leading to a broad signal and the lowest chemical shift. With increasing Triton X-405 concentration, the signal shifts to higher chemical shifts and becomes narrower due to a decrease in the area occupied by a chain. These experiments allow the characterization of the detailed partitioning of the Triton X-405 in the water phase and on the particles. This leads to the determination of the adsorption isotherm. The value determined for the area occupied by one molecule of Triton X-405 is 172 A 2 , and the adsorption equilibrium constant, b , is 3.8 × 10 5 dm 3 mol −1 .
Single-Molecule Optoelectronics

With discrete states, several-atom Agn nanoclusters exhibit molecule-like behavior with strong visible fluorescence and robust optical properties. This new class of single-molecule fluorophores has been created and electrically contacted in thin films to produce the first electroluminescent single molecules. A direct reporter of nanoscale charge injection and transport through discrete energy levels, bright Agn electroluminescence has been harnessed to create single-molecule light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and optoelectronic logic gates and even to demonstrate full addition operations. These experiments utilizing the small size and quantum behavior of individual Ag nanoclusters usher in the new field of single-molecule optoelectronics.
Pricing Loss Guarantees for End-to-end Services on Overlay Networks

We study the pricing problem of end-to-end band-width service with loss assurance facilitated by a Multi-ISP Overlay Provider (MOP). The provider's strategies to construct end-to-end service contracts are investigated. By utilizing the MOP's contractual relationships with ISPs, we develop an options based approach for pricing end-to-end loss assurances. Application of options pricing techniques provides a mechanism for fair risk sharing between providers involved in end-to-end service delivery, as well as between providers and customers of Internet services.
Telemetering the Electrocardiogram of Free Swimming Salmo Irideus

An FM telemetering system capable of being carried on the back of a free swimming fish is described. The transmitter can be turned on and off with a hand-held magnet and has a useful life of more than 135 hours of continuous operation.
A multidimensional spectrophotometer for monitoring thermal unfolding transitions of macromolecules

We describe a multidimensional spectrometer that is capable of (nearly) simultaneous measurement of circular dichroism, steady-state fluorescence, and absorbance values on the same sample in a standard 1 x 1 cm cuvette. With a computer controlled thermoelectric cell holder, this instrument is capable of measuring the above types of spectral data at various wavelengths as a function of temperature. We have developed software to control the various acquisition functions and to convert the data files to a format appropriate for use with the nonlinear least squares program, NONLIN (Johnson and Frasier, 1985). We have tested various features of this instrument and we have applied this instrument and data analysis procedure to study the thermal unfolding of ribonuclease A, under conditions were the unfolding of this protein involves an intermediate state.
Model-based clustering for cross-sectional time series data

A model-based clustering method for cross-sectional time series data is proposed and applied to crop insurance programs. To design an effective grouprisk plan, an important step is to group together the farms that resemble each other and decide the number of clusters, both of which can be achieved via the model-based clustering. The mixture maximum likelihood is employed for inferences. However, with the presence of correlation and missing values, the exact maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) are difficult to obtain. An approach for obtaining approximate MLEs is proposed and evaluated through simulation studies. A bootstrapping method is used to choose the number of components in the mixture model.
The theory behind the age-related positivity effect.

The “positivity effect” refers to an age-related trend that favors positive over negative stimuli in cognitive processing. Relative to their younger counterparts, older people attend to and remember more positive than negative information. Since the effect was initially identified and the conceptual basis articulated (Mather & Carstensen, 2005) scores of independent replications and related findings have appeared in the literature. Over the same period, a number of investigations have failed to observe age differences in the cognitive processing of emotional material. When findings are considered in theoretical context, a reliable pattern of evidence emerges that helps to refine conceptual tenets. In this article we articulate the operational definition and theoretical foundations of the positivity effect and review the empirical evidence based on studies of visual attention, memory, decision-making, and neural activation. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions with emphasis on the conditions where a focus on positive information may benefit and/or impair cognitive performance in older people.
Glass Formation, Ionic Conductivity, and Conductivity/Viscosity Decoupling, in LiAlCl4 + LiClO4 and LiAlCl4 + LiAlCl3·Imide Solutions

As part of a search for chemically and electrochemically stable ambient temperature molten lithium salt systems, we have investigated the properties of solutions of LiAlCl4 with various second components. In this paper we review the factors which determine the ambient temperature conductivity and report results for two systems, one of which satisfies the stability requirements although failing to provide the high conductivities which are needed for a successful ambient temperature Li battery electrolyte. These ionic solutions appear to be very fragile liquids. Evidence is found for a mixing incompatibility of polarizable and nonpolarizable components of binary melts.
Compressed Liquid Densities and Saturation Densities of Pentafluoroethane (R125)

A vibrating tube densimeter was used to measure the density of pentafluoroethane, R125. Measurements were made between 275 and 369 K, and 1600 and 6300 kPa. Densities ranged between 0.2584 and 1.3484g cm−1 with an accuracy of ± 0.05% except in the near-critical region. A 32 parameter modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state (MBWR) was fit to the data.
Research and Rhetoric on Teacher Certification

In October, 2001, the Baltimore-based Abell Foundation issued a report purporting to prove that there is "no credible research that supports the use of teacher certification as a regulatory barrier to teaching" and urging the discontinuation of certification in Maryland. The report argued that large inequities in access to certified teachers for poor and minority students are not a problem because research linking teacher education to student achievement is flawed. In July, 2002, the U.S. Secretary of Education cited the Abell Foundation paper in his Annual Report on Teacher Quality as the sole source for concluding that teacher education does not contribute to teacher effectiveness. The Secretary's report then recommended that requirements for education coursework be eliminated from certification standards, and attendance at schools of education and student teaching be made optional. This article documents the many inaccuracies in the Abell Foundation paper and describes the actual findings of many of the studies it purports to review, as well as the findings of other studies it ignores. It details misrepresentations of a number of studies, including inaccurate statements about their methods and findings, false claims about their authors' views, and distortions of their data and conclusions. The article addresses methodological issues regarding the validity and interpretation of research. Finally, the article presents data challenging the Abell Foundation's unfounded claims that uncertified teachers are as effective as certified teachers, that teacher education makes no difference to teacher effectiveness, that verbal ability is the most important determinant of teaching effectiveness, that private schools staffed by uncertified teachers are more effective than public schools, and that untrained teachers are more qualified than prepared teachers. It concludes with a discussion of the policy issues that need to be addressed if all students are to be provided with highly qualified teachers.
Control augmented structural synthesis with dynamic stability constraints

Dynamic stability constraints are included in a computer program that simultaneously synthesizes a structure and its control system. Two measures of stability, the real part of the system complex eigenvalues and the damping ratio, are examined. The procedure for calculating the sensitivities of the two measures of stability to changes in the structure and its control system is explained. The sensitivities are used to formulate an approximate problem that is solved at each design iteration. The effects of structural damping and noncollated controllers on the synthesis process are discussed.
A 30 million year cycle in Arctic volcanism

Abstract Arctic perimeters volcanism has pulsed to a maximum approximately every 30 million years. This periodicity is similar to that observed on a global scale.
The effect of trail irregularities on the interpretation of meteor echoes

Abstract A brief discussion of some points raised in a recent paper by Manning on obliquely-scattered meteor echoes is followed by the suggestion that the initial distribution of ionization along a typical meteor trail is markedly irregular. Several tentative hypotheses are advanced to account for the irregularities.
The use of mortality time series data to produce hypothetical morbidity distributions and project mortality trends.

It is difficult to obtain direct empirical estimates of chronic disease prevalence in the U.S. population. The available estimates are usually derived from epidemiological studies of selected populations. In this paper we present strategies for estimating morbidity distributions in the national population using auxiliary biomedical evidence and theory to estimate transitions to morbidity states from a cohort mortality time series. We present computational methods which employ these estimates of morbid state transitions to produce life table functions for both primary (morbidity) and secondary (mortality) decrements. These methods are illustrated using data on stomach cancer mortality for nine white male cohorts, aged 30 to 70 in 1950, observed for a 28-year period (1950 to 1977).
Sb-based infrared materials and photodetectors for the 3-5 and 8-12 μm range

In this paper, we report on the growth of InSb on (100) Si and (111)B GaAs substrates and the growth of InAsSb alloys for longer wavelength applications. The fabrication and characterization of photodetectors based on these materials are also reported. Both photoconductive and photovoltaic devices are investigated. The photodiodes are InSb p-i-n structures and InSb/InAs1-xSbx/InSb double heterostructures grown on (100) and (111)B semi-insulating GaAs and Si substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and solid source molecular beam epitaxy. The material parameters for device structures have been optimized through theoretical calculations based on fundamental mechanisms. InSb p-i-n photodiodes with peak responsivities approximately 103 V/W were grown on Si and (111) GaAs substrates. An InAsSb photovoltaic detector with a composition of x equals 0.85 showed photoresponse up to 13 micrometers at 300 K with a peak responsivity of 9.13 X 10-2 V/W at 8 micrometers . The RoA product of InAsSb detectors has been theoretically and experimentally analyzed.
A Paradigm for Cancer Treatment Using the Retinoblastoma Gene in a Mouse Model

Discovery of tumor suppressor genes has provided a rational approach to cancer prevention and treatment. Loss of retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (Rb) function is a rate-limiting event in the development of human and mouse cancers. Establishment of animal models of cancer associated with Rb deficiency allowed us to develop and test long-awaited approaches to genetic correction for treating tumors in vivo. Recent studies demonstrated that (1) prevention of carcinogenesis is achieved by correction of gene copy number in Rb+/- mice, and (2) reconstitution of Rb gene functions is sufficient for suppression of neoplasia in immunocompetent mice. These results fulfill a promise of cancer treatment by reconstitution of tumor suppressor function.
Analysis of blood clot echogenicity

The ability of B-mode ultrasound to follow effectively blood clot echogenicity changes over time under conditions of red cell preservation and lysis was evaluated. Blood clots were produced in cellulose dialysis tubing and then placed into appropriate baths of either saline or water. The echogenicity changes were then followed quantitatively using A-mode and qualitatively using B-mode imaging. Blood clots in saline showed an initial decrease followed by a leveling off in echogenicity. Blood clots in water showed a decline in echogenicity throughout the experiment. The A-mode imaging was effectively able to follow blood clot echogenicity changes under these controlled conditions.
Antithrombotic Therapy in the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary-Related Death and Infarction: Focus on Gender Differences

Much of our understanding of the role of antithrombotic therapy for postmyo-cardial infarction patients comes from studies which often included few or no women. Despite this shortcoming there are data
Fractal dimension and grand Universality of critical phenomena

Conformation of branched random fractals formed in equilibrium processes is discussed using a Flory-type theory. Within this approach we find only three distinct types or classes of random fractals. We call these theextended, thecompensated, and thecollapsed states. In particular, the critical clusters in thermal phase transitions are found to be of the compensated type and have approximately the same value of the fractal dimension. The Flory theory predicts the upper critical dimension for these clusters to be 6 instead of 4. This result and the apparent “grand” universality of the fractal geometry of the clusters in critical phenomena are discussed.
Opinion Representation versus Social Representation; or, Why Women Can't Run as Women and Win

This article, by employing voting simulations in a survey of party activists, examines responses to a woman's claim to party office on the basis of her sex. The degree of acceptance of this claim or the willingness to grant what is called social representation, is contrasted with the respondents' inclinations to select candidates favorable to women's rights, or the willingness to grant what is called opinion representation. Variations in responses to the two simulations are analyzed in terms of attitudes toward gender roles, government intervention and the legitimacy of groups in the political process. Voting in the simulation involving opinion representation can best be understood in terms of the respondent's attitude toward government intervention, while the simulation involving social representation activates the attitude toward groups. Discussion of the findings focuses on the dilemma of group claims for minority representation in a liberal democratic context and the need for better understanding of attitudes toward groups among political elites.
Weather Radar Interlaced Scanning Strategy

Abstract The Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) may use a 5-min volume scan to monitor thunderstorms and provide hazard warnings. Short-lifetime, low-altitude wind shear near airports is a hazard to safe flights that deserves special attention. An interlaced scanning strategy is examined for its effects on the accuracy and reliability of some NEXRAD storm analysis and tracking algorithms that require noninterlaced data. By increasing the elevation step to twice its normal value and starting every other scan at the second step of the corresponding 5-min sequence, a pair of 2½-min sequences is achieved. These can be recombined for use in the NEXRAD algorithms while providing a shorter period between observations of rapidly developing phenomena such as low-altitude wind shear. It is found that differences between storm cell attributes derived from successive non-interlaced scans are about the same as differences between values obtained from interlaced and noninterlaced volume scans for the same time peri...
The effect of housing allocation on social inequality: A soviet perspective

Abstract The literature on housing allocation in socialist countries demonstrates that state housing subsidies increase rather than decrease real income inequality by favoring high-income privileged strata in society. This paper argues, however, that in the USSR households often “purchase” subsidized housing. The price they pay for it in the second-economy market offsets at least partly the influence of the housing subsidy on households' real incomes. Large endowment of state-owned housing often merely reflects household's high real income without significantly supplementing it through a state subsidy.
The use of noise-making toys as audiometric devices.

Abstract For a considerable period of time in the literature concerned with pediatric audiology—or, more specifically, audiometry for infants—it has been suggested that one should or should not use measurable noise-making toys as stimulus devices. Proponents of their use suggest that they are intrinsically more attractive to infants and therefore enhance responsivity. Opponents of the use of such devices have based their claims on the idea that the signal produced by such devices are neither calibrated nor replicable. It is probably the case that both positions are correct, and this leaves the practitioner without expert advice. The study reported here is a simple electroacoustic evaluation of a set of such toys which are now commercially available. The experiment consisted of having two persons use each device 3 times according to the instructions provided with the materials. The toys consist of a bell, a horn, two rattles, and a squeaking toy. The signals produced by these several repetitions of the toys were subjected to one-third octave band analysis by a Bruel and Kjaer Model 2112 spectrometer. A result showed that the signals produced by these toys are indeed replicable, but generally have such flat spectra that they may not be selectively useful except as gross screening devices.
Thermal Conductivity and Compressive Strain of Aerogel Insulation Blankets Under Applied Hydrostatic Pressure

1 Background Silica aerogels are among the best solid thermal insulating materials 1. Aerogels are formed by sol-gel processes and dried by supercritical extraction 2,3. This process leaves a porous medium which has pore sizes of approximately 10 nm which is about eight times smaller than the mean free path of air 4. The porosity can be as high as 90% 5,6. The overall effective thermal conductivity can be as low as 0.013 W / m K for aerogels with a density of 120 kg/ m 3 1.
Comparison of the apical seal obtained by a dual-cure resin based cement or an epoxy resin sealer with or without the use of an acidic primer.

This study compared the apical leakage of roots obturated with gutta-percha using either a dual-cure resin based cement (Panavia F) or an epoxy-resin sealer (Thermaseal plus) with or without the application of an acidic primer (ED Primer). Eighty-six single rooted canine teeth were decoronated, cleaned, and shaped by using hand and rotary instruments, randomly divided into four groups, and obturated as follows: group A ( n = 20): ED Primer applied followed by thermoplastized obturation with gutta-percha and Thermaseal Plus sealer; group B ( n = 20): thermoplastized obturation with gutta-percha and Thermaseal Plus; group C ( n = 20): ED primer applied followed by thermoplastized obturation with gutta-percha and Panavia F; group D ( n = 20): thermoplastized obturation with gutta-percha and Panavia F. Both a negative control ( n = 3; entire root coated with wax) and a positive control ( n = 3; obturated with only a fitted master cone) were included in the study. Groups A, B, C, D, and the controls were immersed in molten sticky wax, leaving the apical 2-mm exposed, and quickly chilled. All teeth were immersed in 1% methylene blue dye solution for 10 days, rinsed, and sectioned longitudinally. Apical dye penetration was measured stereomicroscopically at 10-fold magnification. The analysis of variance and Duncan Multiple Range were used for result analysis. The specimens obturated with gutta-percha and an epoxy-resin sealer (with or without an acidic primer) demonstrated significantly less linear dye penetration than specimens obturated with gutta-percha and the dual-cure, resin-based cement (with or without an acidic primer).
Interculturalizing the Technical or Business Communications Course

Technical or business communications courses need to be interculturalized to prepare students for effective productivity and humanity in the new global workplace. This article defines and exemplifies problems of ethnocentrism, language barriers, and cultural differences. To assist informed educators in preparing new pedagogies for meeting these challenges, strategies include out-of-class and in-class sensitizing activities, and lectures to expand knowledge of basic cultural traditions, such as those of the East and the West. Traditional assignments including letters, resumes, memos, research feasibility projects, oral reports, and visual aid usage are shown to be easily modified for an intercultural audience or with intercultural content. Resources include up-to-date intercultural books, journals, videos, newsletters, training programs, and databases. The scale of interculturalizing depends on the creativity of the educator, and the partnership within the institution and with business.
Effects of Simultaneous Stimulus Presentation and Attention Switching on Memory Conjunction Errors

Abstract The experiments tested whether false alarms to conjunction stimuli (i.e., stimuli constructed by combining parts of separately studied items) in a recognition test decrease as the relative distance on the study list between the parent items increases. Experiment 1 subjects studied a series of face pairs; within-pair faces were presented simultaneously, with one just above the other. There was a strong proximity effect for conjunction stimuli on the subsequent recognition test, with the most false alarms occurring for within-pair conjunction faces. In Experiment 2 the faces within each pair were presented sequentially rather than simultaneously. There was no evidence whatsoever for proximity effects. Experiment 3 utilized a single design in which some subjects received sequential presentations and others received simultaneous presentations of within-pair faces, and again it was shown that proximity effects occur only for simultaneously presented faces. Finally, Experiment 4 showed that when within-pair faces were presented one at a time and alternated back and forth strong proximity effects emerged. The results demonstrate that when attention is switched back and forth between faces, those facial features are especially susceptible to miscombination on subsequent memory tests.
Hope: Expected Positive Affect in an Adult Sample

Abstract Hope, the expectation of desirable future events, can be operationalized as the difference between expected positive affect and expected negative affect. Measures of hope and happiness as well as several global measures of quality of life or well-being were obtained from a sample of 257 adults ranging from 25 to 72 years of age. Hope did not decrease with age, but negative affect, both past and expected, did decrease with age. Hope emerged as a robust variable, correlating in an expected fashion with other measures of well-being.
Direct and Alternating Current Light-Emitting Devices Based on Pyridine-Containing Conjugated Polymers

In the past decade, there has been great interest in organic molecular and polymeric electroluminescent devices, particularly conjugated-polymer-based light-emitting devices (LEDs).1–4 Electroluminescence (EL) combined with other unique properties of polymers, such as solution processability, bandgap tunability, and mechanical flexibility, make conjugated polymers excellent candidates for low-cost large-area display applications.
Simulation of the brushless DC machine

Research efforts on the brushless DC machine (BDCM) have produced a computer simulation model of the machine applicable for analysis of the machine during fault conditions. Several failure modes have been studied using this simulation technique. Modeling the motor during flux weakening, bearing failure, armature winding open circuiting, and armature winding short circuiting along with the operation of the machine under normal conditions is presented. This simulation model will facilitate further study of the BDCM and its utilization in the electromechanical actuation and control application. >
Global health initiatives of US otolaryngology residency programs: 2011 global health initiatives survey results.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objectives of this work were to quantify the involvement of US otolaryngology residency programs in global health endeavors, identify goals and services provided, and determine the participation of residents and fellows. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey of US otolaryngology faculty. Methods: A 10-point online questionnaire was distributed to 103 US otolaryngology residency program directors; all faculty involved in global health volunteerism were invited to participate. Results: Twenty-nine global health initiatives were represented. Most of the 24 residency programs involved (66%) had organized global health offices at their institutions; only 4% actually cooperated with these offices. Most often, only one attending (55%) was involved at each institution. Residents/fellows participated 65% of the time. Abroad, US otolaryngologists worked with freestanding hospitals or clinics (24%), American nongovernmental organizations (17%), academic centers (14%), and remote locations (14%). Most (96%) provided specialty surgical services, but some provided primary care (28%) and general surgical services (14%); 72% trained foreign surgeons. Most respondents (79%) reported that the clinical work done abroad was substantial enough for Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) standards. Only one fifth of respondents knew the name of the nearest otolaryngology training institution. Humanitarian aid was the most prevalent goal (100%), followed by resident/fellow exchange (45%) and faculty exchange (21%). Conclusions: At least a quarter of US otolaryngology residency programs engage in global health volunteerism. Most do not utilize institutional global health resources and are unaware of otolaryngology training programs abroad. There may be a role for global health education within the ACGME competency of systems-based practice. Laryngoscope, 2012
Submission and Acceptance: Where, Why, and How to Publish Your Article

ABSTRACT Publishing in journals is important for hiring and promotion, and just as importantly it is a means for building scholarly community and advancing intellectual inquiry. In this essay, I provide suggestions for navigating the process of submitting article manuscripts to journals and making decisions regarding where to publish. These comments are directed at anthropologists, but many of the points made may be germane to scholars in other disciplines.
Culture of serum-induced spheroplasts from Vibrio cholerae.

Abstract Spheroplasts of Vibrio cholerae types Inaba, Hikojima, and Ogawa were produced in serum. An excess of lysozyme was added to expedite transformation, and CaCl2 was used as the stabilizing agent. At the optimal time for each strain, when less than 1% classical rod forms were observed microscopically, samples were plated on both conventional and modified L-form media. No growth occurred on conventional media; L-form type colonies appeared on L-form media after 2 to 6 days of incubation. L-form colonies could be subcultured on conventional media and required from four to six passages for complete reversion to classical parent forms. Reaction mixtures of Hikojima and Inaba types were passed through membrane filters (0.45 μ); L-form colonies were grown from both strains after spheroplast transformation. Appropriate controls were negative. It is suggested that the replicative particle may be filtrable.
Geo‐spatial technologies and policy issues in China: status and prospects

The current status and future prospects for geo-spatial technologies (GST) including geographic information systems (GIS), digital remotely sensed imagery (RS) and global positioning systems (GPS) in the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan will be discussed. In particular, the use of these technologies and policy issues in such leading application areas as vehicle navigation systems, tourism, real estate/urban planning and cellular communications will be emphasized. Resumen. Se discute el estado actual y las perspectivas futuras de las tecnologias geoespaciales (GST) incluyendo sistemas de informacion geografica (SIG), imagenes adquiridas por teledeteccion (RS) y sistemas de posicionamiento global (GPS) en la Republica Popular China, Hong Kong y Taiwan. En particular, se hace enfasis en el uso de estas tecnologias y politicas relacionadas con las areas a la cabeza de su aplicacion tales como los sistemas de navegacion de vehiculos, turismo, ordenacion territorial y planificacion urbana y comunicaciones por telefonia movil.
ON THE FURTHER MATURING OF BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS: A REVIEW OF COMMONS, HERRNSTEIN, AND RACHLIN'S MATCHING AND MAXIMIZING ACCOUNTS1

Preparation of this review was supported by a Faculty Research Grant from Brigham Young University. I thank Kary Houston and David Foster for discussion of issues raised in the review and John M. Ziriax, M. C. Newland, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on the manuscript.
Asset-Based Civics for, with, and by Immigrant Students: Three Sites of Enriched Teaching and Learning for Immigrant and Native-Born Students.

In this qualitative collective case study with 6 high school civics teachers, I found that using an asset-based approach to teaching civics for, with, and by immigrant students enriched teaching and learning for immigrant and native-born students, although participants missed some opportunities for deeper exploration. I used a combined theoretical framework of additive acculturation, civic education, and codetermination, and nested this study in immigrant civic education and asset-based literature. Data revealed 3 “sites” of enriched civics teaching and learning when teachers employed an asset-based approach: adding comparative and international perspectives, initiating critical civic discourse, and challenging native-born students’ assumptions.