cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Vibrational and Electronic Excited-State Absorption Spectra of Arsenic-Water Complexes Using Density Functional Theory

Calculations are presented of vibrational and electronic excited-state absorption spectra for As-H2O complexes using density function theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). DFT and TD-DFT can provide interpretation of absorption spectra with respect to molecular structure for excitation by electromagnetic waves at frequencies within the IR and UV-visible ranges. The absorption spectrum corresponding to excitation states of As-H2O complexes consisting of relatively small numbers of water molecules should be associated with response features that are intermediate between that of isolated molecules and that of a bulk system. DFT and TD-DFT calculated absorption spectra represent quantitative estimates that can be correlated with additional information obtained from laboratory measurements and other types of theory based calculations. The DFT software GAUSSIAN was used for the calculations of excitation states presented here.
Eosin-Nigrosin Staining Procedure

Eosin-Nigrosin is a staining technique that assesses the vitality of a sperm sample when the initial motility is less than 25 %. Nigrosin increases the contrast between the background and sperm heads, making sperm easier to visualize. Eosin stains only the dead sperm, turning them a dark pink, whereas live sperm appears white. This staining technique must be performed immediately after motility is assessed using sperm from the same semen sample. Stained slides can be stored for reevaluation and quality control purposes.
Building 865 Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Power System Analysis

This report documents the characterization and analysis of a high current power supply for the building 865 Hypersonic Wind Tunnel at Sandia National Laboratories. The system described in this report became operational in 2013, replacing the original 1968 system which employed an induction voltage regulator. This analysis and testing was completed to help the parent organization understand why an updated and redesigned power system was not delivering adequate power to resistive heater elements in the HWT. This analysis led to an improved understanding of the design and operation of the revised 2013 power supply system and identifies several reasons the revised system failed to achieve the performance of the original power supply installation. Design modifications to improve the performance of this system are discussed.
Inventing Vietnam: Introduction: Inventing Vietnam

The country that is more developed industrially only shows, to the less developed, the image of its own future. – Karl Marx The great problem from now on out [is] whether we [can] salvage what the Communists had ostensibly left out of their grasp in Indochina. – Secretary of State John Foster Dulles I've never seen a situation like this [in southern Vietnam]. It defies imagination.… The government is shaky as all hell. It is being propped up for the moment only with great difficulty. Nothing can help it so much as administrative, economic, and social reforms.… The needs are enormous, the time short. – Wesley Fishel, 1954 By early 1957,… it became evident the newly created nation [in Vietnam] would survive successfully the series of crises which threatened its existence at the outset. – Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group (MSUG), Final Report Although no MSUG member ever expected to find in newly independent Vietnam all the civil liberties firmly established among older western democracies, some members had misgivings lest the project's technical assistance might serve to strengthen an autocratic regime and retard the development of democratic institutions. Most members … believed our activities were valuable … in creating among the Vietnamese a critical attitude for seeking truth and knowledge through systematic research, promoting the study of social sciences from the western viewpoint, raising the general of educational standards, and implanting in the minds of government officials, police officers and teachers the ideas of responsibility and responsiveness to the public, individual dignity and other such concepts, the acceptance of which is a prerequisite for the eventual evolution of free institutions in Vietnam. […]
Reverse coattail effects in undemocratic elections: an analysis of Russian locomotives

ABSTRACTThis article argues that the effectiveness of the tactics ruling parties use to control the electoral arena may depend on the electoral experience of its subordinates. To substantiate this point, the work examines Russia’s “locomotives” – the practice of placing regional governors on the list of the ruling party, United Russia, during national legislative elections. It argues that electoral payoffs also came from select regions without locomotives. Given the move to appointed governors, list exclusion likely indicated gubernatorial vulnerability. As a result, governors left off United Russia’s list may have responded by seeking to demonstrate their electoral utility, and those with longer tenures were more likely to succeed in these efforts. An analysis of the 2007 Duma elections shows that United Russia’s vote share was higher in regions where long-serving governors were left off the list. Since Russia’s appointment system dramatically changed the gubernatorial corps between 2007 and 2011, the ar...
Privacy-Preserving Data Classification and Similarity Evaluation for Distributed Systems

Data classification is a widely used data mining technique for big data analysis. By training massive data collected from the real world, data classification helps learners discover hidden data patterns. In addition to data training, given a trained model from collected data, a user can classify whether a new incoming data belongs to an existing class, or, multiple distributed entities may collaborate to test the similarity of their trained results. However, due to data locality and privacy concerns, it is infeasible for large-scale distributed systems to share each individual's datasets with each other for data similarity check. On the one hand, the trained model is an entity's private asset and may leak private information, which should be well protected from all other non-collaborative entities. On the other hand, the new incoming data may contain sensitive information which cannot be disclosed directly for classification. To address the above privacy issues, we propose a privacy-preserving data classification and similarity evaluation scheme for distributed systems. With our scheme, neither new arriving data nor trained models are directly revealed during the classification and similarity evaluation procedures. The proposed scheme can be applied to many fields using data classification and evaluation. Based on extensive real-world experiments, we have also evaluated the privacy preservation, feasibility, and efficiency of the proposed scheme.
A preliminary investigation of employment data collection in postsecondary education for students with intellectual and developmental disability

ABSTRACTBackground Examining the data collection practices implemented by postsecondary education programs for students with intellectual and developmental disability represents the first step in documenting student progress, making programmatic data-based decisions, and evaluating the overall program effectiveness in preparing students for competitive employment.Method We administered a survey to a national sample of directors and coordinators (N = 52) of postsecondary education programs across the United States, who indicated that they collected data to gather information on student employment–related aspects and program effectiveness.Results Results suggest that a large number of programs collect employment data during student enrolment in the program, at graduation, and postgraduation, and make data-based decisions.Conclusions A wide variability exists in the type of data collection practices implemented by postsecondary education programs for students with intellectual and developmental disability in...
Significant upstaging of patients with stage I pancreatic cancer from clinical to pathologic staging.

349Background: Clinical staging of patients with pancreatic cancer is essential to determine if neo-adjuvant treatment, surgery or palliative treatment is required. Patients with early stage disease often receive upfront surgery, where as patients with more advanced disease often receive neo-adjuvant therapy. Therefore the accuracy of clinical staging significantly influences management decisions. This study investigates the correlation between clinical and pathologic staging for patients with stage I pancreatic cancer. Methods: A retrospective review of patients with pancreatic cancer in National Cancer Data Base from 1998-2006 was preformed. The clinical stage of patients with presumed stage I disease was compared to the postoperative pathologic stage. Cox proportional hazard ratio model and regression analysis were used to determine factors associated with mortality and upstaging, respectively. Results: 1697 patients with clinical stage I pancreatic cancer were divided into two groups. Group 1 was comp...
Neural responses of rat cortical layers due to infrared neural modulation and photoablation of thalamocortical brain slices

Infrared neural modulation (INM) is a label-free method for eliciting neural activity with high spatial selectivity in mammalian models. While there has been an emphasis on INM research towards applications in the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system (CNS), the biophysical mechanisms by which INM occurs remains largely unresolved. In the rat CNS, INM has been shown to elicit and inhibit neural activity, evoke calcium signals that are dependent on glutamate transients and astrocytes, and modulate inhibitory GABA currents. So far, in vivo experiments have been restricted to layers I and II of the rat cortex which consists mainly of astrocytes, inhibitory neurons, and dendrites from deeper excitatory neurons owing to strong absorption of light in these layers. Deeper cortical layers (III-VI) have vastly different cell type composition, consisting predominantly of excitatory neurons which can be targeted for therapies such as deep brain stimulation. The neural responses to infrared light of deeper cortical cells have not been well defined. Acute thalamocortical brain slices will allow us to analyze the effects of INS on various components of the cortex, including different cortical layers and cell populations. In this study, we present the use of photoablation with an erbium:YAG laser to reduce the thickness of the dead cell zone near the cutting surface of brain slices. This technique will allow for more optical energy to reach living cells, which should contribute the successful transduction of pulsed infrared light to neural activity. In the future, INM-induced neural responses will lead to a finer characterization of the parameter space for the neuromodulation of different cortical cell types and may contribute to understanding the cell populations that are important for allowing optical stimulation of neurons in the CNS.
Meta-Analysis of Usefulness of Anticoagulation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Since the advent of bioprosthetic valves, the implications of long-term anticoagulation after valve replacement are unclear. There are very little data on outcomes of long-term anticoagulation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of literature regarding anticoagulation after TAVI. The existing literature on anticoagulation after bioprosthetic valve replacement was thoroughly reviewed, including the most recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2017 guidelines for management of valvular disease, which is based on sparse, nonrandomized retrospective data. A systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases was conducted to retrieve articles reporting outcomes on anticoagulation after TAVI, and 5 articles were retrieved. Pooled analysis revealed lower bleeding rates in the anticoagulated group (22% vs 35%, p = 0.006). Stroke and mortality were inconsistently reported by the studies. The data regarding outcomes of patients on anticoagulation after TAVI are sparse. Systematic collection of anticoagulation data in the existing registries and future trials should be strongly considered in patients undergoing TAVI.
Optimizing the design and implementation of the Linux ARM hypervisor

Modern hypervisor designs for both ARM and ×86 virtualization rely on running an operating system kernel, the hypervisor OS kernel, to support hypervisor functionality. While ×86 hypervisors effectively leverage architectural support to run the kernel, existing ARM hypervisors map poorly to the virtualization features of the ARM architecture, resulting in worse performance. We identify the key reason for this problem is the need to multiplex kernel mode state between the hypervisor and virtual machines, which each run their own kernel. To address this problem, we take a fundamentally different approach to hypervisor design that runs the hypervisor together with its OS kernel in a separate CPU mode from kernel mode. Using this approach, we redesign KVM/ARM to leverage a separate ARM CPU mode for running both the hypervisor and its OS kernel. We show what changes are required in Linux to implement this on current ARM hardware as well as how newer ARM architectural support can be used to support this approach without any changes to Linux other than to KVM/ARM itself. We show that our redesign and optimizations can result in an order ofmagnitude performance improvement for KVM/ARM, and can provide faster performance than x86 on key hypervisor operations. As a result, many aspects of our design have been successfully merged into mainline Linux.
Controls on fracture network characteristics of the middle member of the Bakken Formation, Elm Coulee field, Williston Basin, United States

Although most of the production from the Bakken Formation in the Elm Coulee field of the Williston Basin is interpreted to come from matrix permeability, plots of reservoir performance indicators, such as estimated ultimate recovery (EUR), show areas of anomalously high production believed to be caused by secondary (fracture) permeability. Recent studies have alluded to basement tectonics controlling the structure of the overlying sedimentary cover and thus the reservoir performance in the Elm Coulee field, but the exact controlling mechanism has not been demonstrated. This paper describes an antiformal structure overlying a zone of deformation in a seismic data set. The zone of deformation consists of small vertical offset faults displaying evidence of wrench faulting and involves the Bakken petroleum system and deeper units. An analog model is used to guide interpolation and extrapolation of the faults when they are traced through the data cube. With the help of analog models, it is established that the antiformal structure and the associated deformation zone evolved over a stepover in a northwest-southeast–oriented left-lateral–strike-slip system in the rigid basement. This strike-slip system may be secondary to the regional left-lateral Brockton-Froid fault zone, which lies to the north of the study area. The fracture network in the Elm Coulee field is likely to be enhanced around such antiformal structures, providing a plausible explanation for the locations of the EUR sweet spots. Thus, it is proposed that locating such deformation zones forms a potential new exploration trend in this field.
Effects of size and ligand density on the chirality transfer from chiral-ligand-capped nanoparticles to nematic liquid crystals

Studies of chiroptical effects of chiral ligand-capped gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are a fascinating and rapidly evolving field in nanomaterial research with promising applications of such chiral metal NPs in catalysis and metamaterials as well as chiral sensing and separation. The aim of our studies was to seek out a system that not only allows the detection and understanding of Au NP chirality but also permits visualization and ranking — considering size, shape and nature as well as density of the ligand shell — of the extent of chirality transfer to a surrounding medium. Nematic liquid crystal (N-LC) phases are an ideal platform to examine these effects, exhibiting characteristic defect textures upon doping with a chiral additive. To test this, we synthesized series of Au NPs capped with two structurally different chiral ligands and studied well-dispersed mixtures in two nematic liquid crystal hosts. Induced circular dichroism (ICD) spectropolarimetry and polarized light optical microscopy (POM) confirmed that all Au NPs induce chiral nematic (N*-LC) phases, and measurements of the helical pitch as well as calculation of the helical twisting power (HTP) in various cell geometries allowed for an insightful ranking of the efficiency of chirality transfer of all Au NPs as well as their free ligands.
Modeling, fabrication and analysis of a flexible PZT-polymer laminated composite cantilever beam in sensing and actuation modes

Exceptional properties of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films and ceramics to convert mechanical forces into an electric field or vice versa make them appropriate in extensive applications in a vast array of areas including sensors and actuators. The purpose of this paper is to model, fabricate and analysis of a new designed flexible PZT-polymer laminated composite cantilever beam in both sensing and actuation modes. Under the assumption of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, a five-layer flexible sandwiched PZT-polyimide composite which has three layers of polymer and two layers of PZT ceramic is modeled to find electromechanical coupling matrix that relates the external driving excitations to the beam response parameters, first. Then, some samples using tape-casting, thin golden electrode coating, poling process and epoxy binding are made. Fabricated PZT-polyimide five-layer composite beams are utilized in some actuation and sensing tests to verify the accuracy of the developed dynamical mathematical models. Comparing natural frequencies and frequency responses of developed mathematical models and fabricated sample shows a good agreement in both sensing and actuation modes.
Microfabrication of liver and heart tissues for drug development

Drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity remain among the leading causes of preclinical and clinical drug attrition, marketplace drug withdrawals and black-box warnings on marketed drugs. Unfortunately, animal testing has proven to be insufficient for accurately predicting drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity across many drug classes, likely due to significant differences in tissue functions across species. Thus, the field of in vitro human tissue engineering has gained increasing importance over the last 10 years. Technologies such as protein micropatterning, microfluidics, three-dimensional scaffolds and bioprinting have revolutionized in vitro platforms as well as increased the long-term phenotypic stability of both primary cells and stem cell-derived differentiated cells. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver and heart models with utility for drug development. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues. Overall, bioengineered liver and heart models have significantly advanced our understanding of organ function and injury, which will prove useful for mitigating the risk of drug-induced organ toxicity to human patients, reducing animal usage for preclinical drug testing, aiding in the discovery of novel therapeutics against human diseases, and ultimately for applications in regenerative medicine. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you’.
Spatio-temporal Data Mining for Climate Data: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

Our planet is experiencing simultaneous changes in global population, urbanization, and climate. These changes, along with the rapid growth of climate data and increasing popularity of data mining techniques may lead to the conclusion that the time is ripe for data mining to spur major innovations in climate science. However, climate data bring forth unique challenges that are unfamiliar to the traditional data mining literature, and unless they are addressed, data mining will not have the same powerful impact that it has had on fields such as biology or e-commerce. In this chapter, we refer to spatio-temporal data mining (STDM) as a collection of methods that mine the data’s spatio-temporal context to increase an algorithm’s accuracy, scalability, or interpretability (relative to non-space-time aware algorithms).We highlight some of the singular characteristics and challenges STDM faces within climate data and their applications, and provide the reader with an overview of the advances in STDM and related climate applications. We also demonstrate some of the concepts introduced in the chapter’s earlier sections with a real-world STDM pattern mining application to identify mesoscale ocean eddies from satellite data. The case-study provides the reader with concrete examples of challenges faced when mining climate data and how effectively analyzing the data’s spatio-temporal context may improve existing methods’ accuracy, interpretability, and scalability. We end the chapter with a discussion of notable opportunities for STDM research within climate.
Angiotensin II Receptors

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) profoundly influences cardiovascular function. The system likely evolved to meet the need to preserve cardiovascular function in response to stressors such as hemorrhage, dehydration and dietary sodium deficiency. However, the RAS can also induce pathological changes, either in response to renal dysfunction or relatively uncharacterized alterations in organs containing local renin-angiotensin systems. From a medical viewpoint, hypertension is the pathological alteration induced by the RAS of greatest interest. Sustained high blood pressure takes a toll on the cardiovascular system and secondarily on the organ systems it perfuses, e.g., high fluid pressure leads to cardiac hypertrophy and valvular insufficiency, damage to vascular endothelium, generation of thrombi, and rupture of vessel walls leading to hemorrhagic and ischaemic damage within various organs of the body.
Cross-Racial Interactions in Schools 65 Years After Brown

ABSTRACTRace has been a central thread in the American fabric since the country’s inception, and relationships among racial groups, particularly between Whites and African Americans, have been stra...
Recharge pathways and rates for a sand aquifer beneath a loess-mantled landscape in western Tennessee, U.S.A.

Abstract Study region : Western Tennessee, U.S.A. Study focus : Recharge to aquifers that underlie loess and other fine-grained surficial deposits in western Tennessee as well as other areas is commonly impeded resulting in sensitivity in regard to sustainability of groundwater resources. This study investigates the role of preferential pathways of recharge to the regional Memphis aquifer in an area mantled by loess and fine-grained paleosols. New hydrological insights : Data gathered through a vadose-zone chloride mass balance analysis and a year of monitoring physical hydrologic, water chemistry, and environmental and applied tracer data within an upland watershed in western Tennessee indicate that recharge to the Memphis aquifer is dominated by lateral recharge of infiltrated stream water sources rather than vertical infiltration through loess-covered uplands. The results from this research challenge prevailing models of recharge to the Memphis aquifer and aquifers mantled by loess or other fine-grained soils in other regions that envision vertical recharge through fine-grained soils to be the dominant recharge mechanism.
Risks, Benefits, and Effects on Management for Biopsy of the Papilla in Patients With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis.

Background & Aims Ampullary and duodenal cancer are the leading causes of death in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) after colectomy has been performed. Risk of duodenal cancer is determined based on Spigelman stage (SS) of duodenal polyposis. Guidelines recommend endoscopic surveillance of the duodenum and visualization of the papilla to stage duodenal polyposis. There is no consensus on whether biopsies should be routinely collected from duodenal papilla and findings included in SS. Additionally, there are no data on the risk of pancreatitis after biopsy collection from papilla of patients with FAP. We studied the incidence of pancreatitis after biopsy of the papilla in patients with FAP and effects of biopsy findings on SS. Methods We identified consecutive patients with FAP at a single center from January 2011 through December 2018 with ≥1 endoscopy with biopsy of the papilla. Patients with history of foregut surgery were excluded. We identified 273 patients with FAP who had biopsies collected from papilla over 792 EGDs, with 1–8 independent exams with biopsy per patient. We collected demographic, endoscopic, and histology data from patients and calculated SS with vs without biopsy findings. Post-procedural pancreatitis was defined by 2 of the following: abdominal pain, lipase level 3-fold the upper limit of normal, or radiography findings consistent with pancreatitis within 7 days of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Results Pancreatitis developed in 2 patients (0.73%): 1 after biopsy of a normal-appearing papilla and 1 after biopsy of an abnormal appearing papilla. Inclusions of biopsy data increased SS in 36 patients (13.2%), with consideration of prophylactic duodenectomy for 3.3%. Conclusions Pancreatitis after biopsy of the duodenal papilla is rare. Histology data obtained from biopsy of the papilla in patients with FAP can change SS and affect patient management.
Associations of quantitative susceptibility mapping with Alzheimer's disease clinical and imaging markers

Abstract Altered iron metabolism has been hypothesized to be associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology, and prior work has shown associations between iron load and beta amyloid plaques. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a recently popularized MR technique to infer local tissue susceptibility secondary to the presence of iron as well as other minerals. Greater QSM values imply greater iron concentration in tissue. QSM has been used to study relationships between cerebral iron load and established markers of Alzheimer's disease, however relationships remain unclear. In this work we study QSM signal characteristics and associations between susceptibility measured on QSM and established clinical and imaging markers of Alzheimer's disease. The study included 421 participants (234 male, median age 70 years, range 34–97 years) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center; 296 (70%) had a diagnosis of cognitively unimpaired, 69 (16%) mild cognitive impairment, and 56 (13%) amnestic dementia. All participants had multi-echo gradient recalled echo imaging, PiB amyloid PET, and Tauvid tau PET. Variance components analysis showed that variation in cortical susceptibility across participants was low. Linear regression models were fit to assess associations with regional susceptibility. Expected increases in susceptibility were found with older age and cognitive impairment in the deep and inferior gray nuclei (pallidum, putamen, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus) (betas: 0.0017 to 0.0053 ppm for a 10 year increase in age, p = 0.03 to
Comparing Observations and Parameterizations of Ice-Ocean Drag Through an Annual Cycle Across the Beaufort Sea

Understanding and predicting sea ice dynamics and ice-ocean feedback processes requires accurate descriptions of momentum fluxes across the ice-ocean interface. In this study, we present observatio...
Saving Lives: For the Best Outcome?

In this article, I critique a moral argument developed in Frances Kamm’s Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm. The argument, which I label the Best Outcome Argument, aims to criticize the Taurekian idea that it is not worse if more people die than if fewer do in conflict situations, where it is hard to distinguish individuals from one another solely by reference to the relative strength of their claims. I argue that the Best Outcome Argument is flawed for three reasons: (1) the symmetry feature defined by the impartiality principle holds only in a limited class of conflict situations; (2) individuals should be treated in a consistent way throughout the whole process of reasoning; (3) comparative evaluations gained in different contexts, at least in some cases, cannot be used in one and the same argument.
A Current and Evolving Treatment Landscape on Esophageal Cancer

With advances in state-of-the-art technology, trendy diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers, and cutting-edge surgical techniques, the overall survival for patients with many types of cancers has improved. However, there is a disconnect between esophageal cancer and the acceleration in cancer care seen in other malignancies. Based on data reported by Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER), the 5-year survival rate for patients with esophageal cancer is only 19.9% [1]. Poor prognosis is likely due to an overwhelming number of patients with advanced disease during the time of diagnosis, and is also reflective of the unsatisfactory outcomes from current treatments. In this article, we will review the epidemiology and the recently revised staging of esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers. We will discuss the current roles of endoscopic resection, surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapy used individually, or as components of multimodality treatment. We will describe the changes in treatment landscape with targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The focus of clinical investigations continues to shift from the traditional empiric chemotherapy to more individualized treatments based on molecular oncology and use of immunotherapy. Further identification of prognostic values may help clarify the optimal approach to treatment and management for patients with esophageal cancer, and hopefully improve survival. Clinical trials investigating strategies in prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of early and advanced disease are guided by lessons learned in epidemiology, molecular genetics, pharmacogenomics, and precision medicine.
Operant Vapor Self-administration in Mice

Models of drug addiction in rodents are instrumental in understanding the underlying neurobiology. Intravenous self-administration of drugs in mice is currently the most commonly used model; however, several challenges exist due to complications related to catheter patency. To take full advantage of the genetic tools available to study opioid addiction in mice, we developed a non-invasive mouse model of opioid self-administration using vaporized fentanyl. This model can be used to study various aspects of opioid addiction including self-administration, escalation of drug intake, extinction, reinstatement, and drug seeking despite adversity. Further, this model bypasses the limitations of intravenous self-administration and allows the investigation of drug taking over extended periods of time and in conjunction with cutting-edge techniques such as calcium imaging and in vivo electrophysiology.
Becoming respectable: T. Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic anthropology in the academic community.

Before World War II, forensic anthropology was of peripheral interest to a few anthropologists willing to assist in investigations by law enforcement agencies. A strong bias that “police work” was unbecoming to the scholarly pursuits of academics persisted into the post-war years. Changes took place as a consequence of T. Dale Stewart's case work in the identification of human remains with the FBI from 1943 to 1969, his directorship of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution) beginning in 1962, and his work with the Armed Forces after 1948. This paper discusses the historic period of transition of attitudes and practices in the contexts of Stewart's contributions and the cases and teaching programs of one of his contemporaries, Theodore D. McCown at the University of California at Berkeley, during the period of 1939 to 1969. The establishment of the Physical Anthropology Section within the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in 1972 and the creation of the T. Dale Stewart award for distinguished service in forensic anthropology advanced those laboratory research programs and medical-legal investigations conducted by present-day forensic anthropologists.
Parallel Algorithms for Generation and Assembly of Finite Element Matrices

The solution of simultaneous linear equations or eigenvalue equations can be considered as a major component of many existing finite element codes, since it represents a major fraction of CPU time for the solution process in statics, free vibration, transient response, structural optimization, and control structure interaction (CSI) of large-scale, flexible space structures. Researchers are endeavoring to develop efficient parallel algorithms for solving large systems of linear equations, eigenvalue equations, and much progress has been recently reported in the literature [3.1–3.7].
Hierarchical Cascades and the Single Fracture

The growing scarcity of water and petroleum, as well as the critical importance of establishing secure waste deposits that will not contaminate ground water, has focused attention on the technological and scientific difficulties of quantifying flow processes through porous or fractured media. Fractures and fracture networks are often the major conduits through which fluids and contaminants flow. Fracture networks are composed of associations of single fractures. In this sense, single fractures can be viewed as the primary building blocks. Before tackling the complex problem of flow through fracture networks, it is therefore essential to understand the physical properties of this basic unit, the single fracture, especially with regards to the effect of external perturbations such as stress on the flow properties of single fractures. Furthermore, it will be particularly useful if seismic methods can be used to predict the flow properties of intact fractures, without the need for expensive invasive coring and laboratory tests.
Fetal cortical transplants surviving in injured sensorimotor cortex of rats: cellular composition and function.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses fetal cortical transplants surviving in the injured sensorimotor cortex of rats. The cellular composition of fetal cortical grafts surviving in injured sensorimotor cortex of adult rats is discussed. Fetal neocortical grafts surviving in cavities formed in the sensorimotor cortex of adult rats vary in volume and the degree of physical adherence to host brains. Generally, these grafts have a normal or decreased number of neurons, but their cytoarchitecture is usually abnormal. A reduction in the number of morphologically normal neurons is also observed in grafts histochemically reacted for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH)-diaphorase (NADPH-d). The motor deficit produced by removing cortical grafts surviving in the injured sensorimotor cortex of neonatal rats is briefly discussed in the chapter. In view of the reported failure of fetal cortical grafts to ameliorate the motor impairments of cortically injured adult rats, it is observed whether grafts transplanted into newborn rats are functional. In an experiment described in the chapter, cavities were made in the right motor cortex of 2 day old rats. One week later a slab of embryonic cortex approximately 2 mm 2 was grafted into these cavities. Host subjects were allowed to mature for 6 weeks. At this time, they were trained to press two levers in alternation as fast as possible using their left forelimb to obtain food rewards.
Mode excitation by a line source in a parallel-plate waveguide filled with a pair of parallel double-negative and double-positive slabs

In this paper, we investigate theoretically the excitation of modes by a line source, as well as their modal structure and dispersion, in a parallel-plate waveguide that is filled with a pair of parallel slabs; one being a lossless "double-negative (DNG)" material and the other being a lossless conventional "double-positive (DPS)" medium. Previously, we have shown that such "conjugate" pairing of DNG and DPS materials may lead to reduction of size in one-dimensional cavity resonators and waveguides. The analysis presented here describes the proper modes in such a 1-D parallel plate waveguide, and reveals the possibility of no cut-off thickness for this class of parallel-plate waveguides, which implies that a proper TE or TM mode may always be excited in such a waveguide independent of the overall thickness of the waveguide. The excitation of guided modes by a line source and their power-flow peculiarities are discussed, and the analogy to the concept of "open 1-D cavity" in such a waveguide is mentioned. Some of the interesting features and physical insights regarding the power flow in these guided modes will be presented.
Race, Nationalism and the State in British and American Modernism

Twentieth-century authors were profoundly influenced by changes in the way nations and states governed their citizens. The development of state administrative technologies allowed Western states to identify, track and regulate their populations in unprecedented ways. Patricia E. Chu argues that innovations of form and style developed by Anglo-American modernist writers chart anxieties about personal freedom in the face of increasing governmental controls. Chu examines a diverse set of texts and films, including works by T. S. Eliot, Katherine Mansfield, Zora Neale Hurston and others, to explore how modernists perceived their work and their identities in relation to state power. Additionally, she sheds light on modernists' ideas about race, colonialism and the postcolonial, as race came increasingly to be seen as a political and governmental construct. This book offers a powerful critique of key themes for scholars of modernism, American literature and twentieth-century literature.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms, apolipoprotein E gene, and risk of progression to cognitive impairment, no dementia and dementia: the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS)

Objective To examine the relationship of neuropsychiatric symptoms and apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele status to dementia at baseline and progression to dementia in older adults with and without cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND). Methods Adults (n = 856) 71 years and older (mean age = 79.15 years), 12.8% ethnic minority and 60.6% women, completed neuropsychological tests and APOE genotyping, and a proxy informant completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Results After adjusting for age and education, neuropsychiatric symptoms and APOE e4 were independently associated with CIND and dementia status at baseline (compared with cognitively normal). Further, neuropsychiatric symptoms predicted progression to dementia at 16- to 18-month follow-up among participants with CIND at baseline; the presence of these symptoms decreased the risk of progression from normal to CIND or dementia at 36 to 48 months. Conclusion Findings provide cross-sectional and longitudinal support for the role of neuropsychiatric symptoms in the prediction of cognitive impairment, particularly dementia. APOE e4, although important, may be a less robust predictor. This investigation highlights the importance of behavioral symptoms, such as neuropsychiatric symptom status or frequency/severity, as predictors of future cognitive decline. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time-efficient flexible superposition of medium-sized molecules.

We present an efficient algorithm for the structural alignment of medium-sized organic molecules. The algorithm has been developed for applications in 3D QSAR and in receptor modeling. The method assumes one of the molecules, the reference ligand, to be presented in the conformation that it adopts inside the receptor pocket. The second molecule, the test ligand, is considered to be flexible, and is assumed to be given in an arbitrary low-energy conformation. Ligand flexibility is modeled by decomposing the test ligand into molecular fragments, such that ring systems are completely contained in a single fragment. Conformations of fragments and torsional angles of single bonds are taken from a small finite set, which depends on the fragment and bond, respectively. The algorithm superimposes a distinguished base fragment of the test ligand onto a suitable region of the reference ligand and then attaches the remaining fragments of the test ligand in a step-by-step fashion. During this process, a scoring function is optimized that encompasses bonding terms and terms accounting for steric overlap as well as for similarity of chemical properties of both ligands. The algorithm has been implemented in the FLEXS system. To validate the quality of the produced results, we have selected a number of examples for which the mutual superposition of two ligands is experimentally given by the comparison of the binding geometries known from the crystal structures of their corresponding protein–ligand complexes. On more than two-thirds of the test examples the algorithm produces rms deviations of the predicted versus the observed conformation of the test ligand below 1.5 A. The run time of the algorithm on a single problem instance is a few minutes on a common-day workstation. The overall goal of this research is to drastically reduce run times, while limiting the inaccuracies of the model and the computation to a tolerable level.
Time trends in the characteristics of patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty.

Objective To study the time trends in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods We used the Mayo Clinic Total Joint Registry to examine the time trends in patient demographics (body mass index [BMI] and age), underlying diagnosis, medical (Deyo-Charlson Index) and psychological comorbidity (anxiety and depression), and examination findings of primary TKA patients from 1993–2005. We used the chi-square test and analysis of variance. Results In total, 7,229 patients constituted the primary TKA cohort; 55% were women. The mean age decreased by 1.3 years (69.3 to 68.0 years), mean BMI increased by 1.7 kg/m2 (30.1 to 31.8 kg/m2), and mean Deyo-Charlson Index increased by 36% (1.1 to 1.5) over the 13-year study period (P ≤ 0.001 for all). Compared with 1993–1995, significantly more patients (by 2–3 times) in 2002–2005 had a BMI ≥40 kg/m2 (4.8% versus 10.6%), age <50 years (2.9% versus 5.2%), Deyo-Charlson Index of ≥3 (12% versus 22.3%), depression (4.1% versus 14.8%), and anxiety (4.1% versus 8.9%), and significantly fewer patients had an underlying diagnosis of rheumatoid/inflammatory arthritis (6.4% versus 1.5%; P < 0.001 for all). Compared with 1993–1995, significant reductions were noted in 2002–2005 for the physical examination findings of anteroposterior knee instability, mediolateral knee instability, moderate to severe knee synovitis, severe limp, fair or poor muscle strength, and absent peripheral pulses (P ≤ 0.001 for all). Conclusion In this large US total joint registry study, we found significant time trends in patient characteristics, diagnosis, comorbidity, and knee/extremity examination findings in primary TKA patients over 13 years. These secular trends should be taken into account when comparing outcomes over time and in policy-making decisions.
f/2.9 STREAK CAMERA

A streak camera with time resolution approaching that of the fastest modern streak cameras but with a considerably improved f/number has been developed. Only a limited number of geometrical configurations are practical in a no-dead-time streak camera. In the NIC the important geometric factors are 2:1 conjugates, cylindrical type film plane, optical axis inclined 15° to turbine mirror to offset film plane from camera lens, and optical axes of camera and camera lens coincident. This solution forces the entrance slit to be inclined by 28° 12′ to the optical axis. The “bending” of the light bundle by this angle at the slit is accomplished by a section of a Fresnel field lens of very large aperture. Time resolution of the f/2.9 NIC is about 10−8 sec with an image quality of 16–20 lines/mm.
Fuzzy load balancing in an industrial distributed system for job scheduling

The paper presents a batch job scheduler for a distributed system which utilizes a fuzzy logic algorithm to balance the load on individual processors maximizing throughput of the overall system. The fuzzy load balancing algorithm has been implemented in a production processing environment rather than in simulation only. This paper demonstrates the power and simplicity of incorporating a fuzzy load balancing algorithm into a batch job scheduler which has produced excellent performance and reliability characteristics.
Critical periods and the developmental origins of disease: an epigenetic perspective of schizophrenia

Epigenetics holds promise to explain some puzzles concerning the risk and course of psychiatric disorders. Epigenetic information is essential as a set of operating instructions for the genome, which is heritable with DNA. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression can plausibly be influenced by the environment of one's ancestors, prenatal exposures, and by early life events. Some epigenetic mechanisms may alter neurophysiology throughout life by programming gene expression, perhaps in anticipation of certain life experiences. These epigenetic signals are only meta-stable and may be perturbed by stochastic events, errors, or by environmental toxins. This introduction considers the possibility that epigenetic change that may occur as paternal age advances or during fetal adversity may be causally related to the susceptibility for schizophrenia.
Changing paradigms in the systemic treatment of advanced cervical cancer

Despite availability of primary and secondary prevention measures, cervical cancer persists as one of the most common cancers among women around the world. Although early-stage disease can be cured with radical and even fertility-sparing surgery, patients with metastatic and recurrent cervical cancer have poor prognosis with historically limited treatment options and incurable disease. Significant advances in cervical cancer treatment have emerged as the result of clinical trials that have sought to determine the best therapy to prolong overall and progression-free survival. Most recently, trials that have involved angiogenesis blockade in addition to standard chemotherapy have demonstrated improved overall and progression-free survival. This review serves to highlight pivotal trials in chemotherapy development for advanced, metastatic, and recurrent cervical cancer that includes the paradigm-shifting work that demonstrates increased overall survival with angiogenesis blockade.