cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Group 6-group 10 heterobimetallic complexes with sulfur ligands

Complexes that contain both a group 6 group 10 metal combination and a sulfur bound ligand form a growing set of species. Their chemistry is discussed and reviewed. Ligands that bind to such heterobimetallic molecules most commonly are S2− and SR− species. Metal-metal bonded complexes, and compounds where metal-metal interactions are minimal are both discussed. The structural parameters for many of the crystallographically characterized complexes are tabulated.
Preserved Sensation of the Palmar Radial Hand by the Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve Following Median Nerve Laceration

Multiple variations of sensory innervation patterns in the hand exist and are well-recognized in the literature. These aberrant patterns can lead to diagnostic challenges and complicate the treatment of nerve-injured patients. Therefore, it is important to understand these variations to avoid potential clinical errors in caring for these patients. To date, most descriptions of aberrant innervation patterns in the upper extremity involve interneural connections between branches of the median and ulnar nerves with a paucity of descriptions involving the radial nerve. This report discusses a case of the superficial branch of the radial nerve innervating the hand's classically described median nerve sensory distribution after transection of the proximal median nerve.
Topology and Geometry of Crystallized Polyominoes

We give a complete solution to the extremal topological combinatorial problem of finding the minimum number of tiles needed to construct a polyomino with $h$ holes. We denote this number by $g(h)$ and say that a polyomino is crystallized if it has $h$ holes and $g(h)$ tiles. We analyze structural properties of crystallized polyominoes and characterize their efficiency by a topological isoperimetric inequality that relates minimum perimeter, the area of the holes, and the structure of the dual graph of a polyomino. We also develop a new dynamical method of creating sequences of polyominoes which is invariant with respect to crystallization and efficient structure. Using this technique, we prove that crystallized polyominoes with $h_l=(2^{2l}-1)/3$ holes are unique.
Linear Convolution Filter to Reduce Computational Complexity Based on Discrete Hirschman Transform

A Fast linear convolution algorithm based on the Discrete Hirschman Transform (DHT) provides increased hardware flexibility and reduced computational complexity compared to those based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). This DHT convolution can be realized by block-processing filters. We propose a hardware-efficient structure to implement the DHT convolution filter. A digital data example is used to discuss its improvement in computational complexity. Observation indicates that our proposed DHT convolution filter either enjoys the same peak performances as its FFT competitor, or even reduces more computational load with a slightly larger output size. This performance can be further enhanced using alternative DHT-based methods.
High-throughput, semi-automated dithiothreitol (DTT) assays for oxidative potential of fine particulate matter

Abstract Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution exposure is a leading risk factor for adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity, and premature mortality. Quantification of PM2.5 oxidative potential (i.e., the ability of PM to promote oxidative reactions in solution) is a relatively new paradigm for exploring health risks associated with the various chemical compositions of ambient PM2.5. PM2.5 oxidative potential is commonly measured with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, where the DTT loss rate is measured when mixed with a PM2.5 sample extract. However, the DTT assay is time consuming and laborious, with only a few reported automation attempts. We introduce and evaluate a semi-automated DTT assay using a traditional HPLC combined with either UV/vis absorbance or electrochemical detection that has comparable accuracy and sensitivity to manual approaches. Commercial and custom-made electrochemical detectors are also compared before measuring ambient PM2.5 filter samples. The optimized, semi-automated assay can process six samples per hour (an 83% time savings compared to manual analysis). Cost becomes significant for large-scale studies and was also considered; electrochemical detection saved 40% on consumables cost compared to UV/vis detection. The presented liquid-handling automation can be applied to a variety of autosamplers in other laboratories for DTT assay semi-automation.
Gene mutations distinguishing gastric from colorectal and esophageal adenocarcinomas.

strong>Background: Genetic analysis of gastrointestinal malignancies shows a great number of mutations. Most mutations found in gastric tumors are also found in colorectal and esophageal tumors. The challenge remains to identify mutations that distinguish gastric from colorectal and esophageal cancers. Using open-access cancer genomics data, we sought to identify mutations that accounted for the unique phenotypic features of gastric tumors. Methods: Thirteen cancer genomics datasets with demographic, clinical, and genetic variables were analyzed. Pathologic stage and histology were compared between subjects with and without a specific mutated gene using two-sample t-tests, adjusted for multiple gene testing. Sequence convergence and functional impact of genetic mutations were analyzed using permutation test and PolyPhen-2 score. Results: Analysis included 1,915 subjects with valid pathologic stage and histology. Mean age was 68 years (SD =10). About 54% were female. The most common race was Caucasian (37%) while minorities were rare with high rates of missing data (44%). Pathologic stage: 20% stage I, 35% stage II, 31% stage III, and 14% stage IV. Anatomical location: 30% gastric, 59% colorectal, and 11% esophageal. Histology of gastric cancer: 61% intestinal, 23% diffuse, 15% mixed, and 1% missing. Two mutated genes— CDH1 , RHOA —distinguished gastric from colorectal and esophageal tumors. These mutations were highly specific to diffuse histology and advanced stages of gastric tumors and recurrent in transcribed regions known to impact protein functions. Conclusions: CDH1 and RHOA regulate cell-cell adhesion which is vital to cell growth and proliferation. Identification of these potential driver mutations is critical to better define therapeutic vulnerabilities for the rational design of gastric cancer therapies.
Utility of major basic protein, eotaxin-3, and mast cell tryptase staining for prediction of response to topical steroid treatment in eosinophilic esophagitis: analysis of a randomized, double-blind, double dummy clinical trial.

Inflammatory factors in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), including major basic protein (MBP), eotaxin-3 (EOT3) and mast cell tryptase (TRP), may predict treatment response to topical corticosteroids (tCS). We aimed to determine whether baseline levels of these markers predict response to tCS for EoE. To do this, we analyzed data from a randomized trial comparing two topical steroids for treatment of newly diagnosed EoE (NCT02019758). A pretreatment esophageal biopsy was stained for MBP, EOT3, and TRP to quantify tissue biomarker levels (cells/mm2). Levels were compared between histologic responders (<15 eos/hpf) and nonresponders (the primary outcome), and endoscopic responders (EREFS<2) and nonresponders. Complete histologic response (<1 eos/hpf) was also assessed, and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated. We also evaluated whether baseline staining predicted symptom relapse in the trial's off-treatment observation phase. Baseline samples were evaluable in 110/111 subjects who completed the randomized trial. MBP levels were higher in nonresponders (n = 36) than responders (704 vs. 373 cells/mm2; P = 0.007), but EOT3 and TRP levels were not statistically different. The combination of all three stains had an AUC of 0.66 to predict response. For complete histologic response, baseline TRP levels were higher in nonresponders (n = 69) than responders (370 vs. 268 mast cells/mm2; P = 0.01), with an AUC of 0.65. The AUC for endoscopic response was 0.68. Baseline staining did not predict symptom recurrence after remission. Pretreatment MBP, EOT3, and TRP levels were not strongly or consistently associated with histologic or endoscopic response to topical steroids. While elevated TRP levels may be associated with nonresponse compared with complete response, the magnitude and predictive utilities were modest. Novel methods for predicting steroid response are still required.
Performances MPPT Enhancement in PMSG Wind Turbine System Using Fuzzy Logic Control

In this paper, we use the Fuzzy Logic (FL) techniques to improve the power generated by a small Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) wind turbine. The advantage of this non-linear technique is that it does not require the knowledge of the system mathematical model to obtain a maximum energetic efficiency. It can generate the optimal rotation speed reference without using the wind speed sensor; this reduces considerably the system cost. The proposed system delivers power to a resistive load through a PWM rectifier which offers the implementing control algorithms possibility. In first part, the wind turbine model and that of PMSG are presented to show the system nonlinearity. After that, the different steps of the proposed algorithms are developed namely the classical Hill Climb Searching method, the Single Input Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), and the double inputs FLC. Finally, the performance of each algorithm is simulated, evaluated and compared in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The obtained results indicate that the Fuzzy Logic Approach (FLA) is more effective than classical strategies. It is also particularly robust in stability and easy to implement in other systems.
The Economic Role of Alliances during Industry Shocks

The market for corporate control plays an important role during industry shocks. However, this market fails in the presence of asymmetric information. I investigate the consequences of market failures for efficient firms that face difficulties to adapt to shocks because of informational frictions. I propose that alliances are a valuable alternative for these firms because ownership-sharing ameliorates informational frictions that induce market failures. I report empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis. Valuation uncertainty and the cost to access external credit increases the odds of establishing alliances during shocks and these alliances create more value than alliances announced in other periods.
Binding Things Together: Teaching as a Religious Activity: by Ronald Noone, Clayton, VIC, Australia: Monash University Publishing, 2020, 136 pp., $34.95 (paperback), ISBN-13: 978-1-9258-3587-8

The purpose of Binding Things Together: Teaching as a Religious Activity, as Ronald Noone states in the introduction, is “to argue that religion and education remain indispensable vehicles for livi...
RASMA: a reverse search algorithm for mining maximal frequent subgraphs

Given a collection of coexpression networks over a set of genes, identifying subnetworks that appear frequently is an important research problem known as mining frequent subgraphs. Maximal frequent subgraphs are a representative set of frequent subgraphs; A frequent subgraph is maximal if it does not have a super-graph that is frequent. In the bioinformatics discipline, methodologies for mining frequent and/or maximal frequent subgraphs can be used to discover interesting network motifs that elucidate complex interactions among genes, reflected through the edges of the frequent subnetworks. Further study of frequent coexpression subnetworks enhances the discovery of biological modules and biological signatures for gene expression and disease classification. We propose a reverse search algorithm, called RASMA, for mining frequent and maximal frequent subgraphs in a given collection of graphs. A key innovation in RASMA is a connected subgraph enumerator that uses a reverse-search strategy to enumerate connected subgraphs of an undirected graph. Using this enumeration strategy, RASMA obtains all maximal frequent subgraphs very efficiently. To overcome the computationally prohibitive task of enumerating all frequent subgraphs while mining for the maximal frequent subgraphs, RASMA employs several pruning strategies that substantially improve its overall runtime performance. Experimental results show that on large gene coexpression networks, the proposed algorithm efficiently mines biologically relevant maximal frequent subgraphs. Extracting recurrent gene coexpression subnetworks from multiple gene expression experiments enables the discovery of functional modules and subnetwork biomarkers. We have proposed a reverse search algorithm for mining maximal frequent subnetworks. Enrichment analysis of the extracted maximal frequent subnetworks reveals that subnetworks that are frequent are highly enriched with known biological ontologies.
Entrepreneurship and Institutional Change in Emerging Markets

It has been documented that entrepreneurs can affect institutions at local, regional, and national levels. Most studies in entrepreneurship, however, look at how institutions and institutional frameworks support or deter entrepreneurial actions, while the literature on whether and how entrepreneurship affects institutions is lacking. This necessitates the examination of a two-way relationship between institutions and economic agents. Institutional change caused by entrepreneurs’ actions is often presented through the lens of institutional entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs influence institutions through three main channels: political action, innovation, and direct action, which may involve “passive adaptation and evasion, active adaptation and resistance to change.” Most of the documented examples of entrepreneurs’ impact are from postsocialist countries, countries in transition, and emerging market economies. This chapter offers an extensive overview of how entrepreneurs influence institutional change in emerging market economies.
Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with cystic fibrosis: A multicenter retrospective research network study.

Abstract Background In this study, we report clinical outcomes in COVID-19 infection in a large cohort of people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) and compare these outcomes to a propensity score matched cohort of people without CF. Methods Analysis of a multicenter research network TriNETX was performed including patients more than 16 years of age diagnosed with COVID-19. Outcomes in COVID-19 positive pwCF were compared with a propensity-matched cohort of people without CF. Results A total of 507,810 patients with COVID-19 were included (422 patients, 0.08% with CF; 507,388 patients, 99.92% without CF. Mean age at COVID-19 diagnosis in CF cohort was 46.6 ± 19.3 years, with female predominance (n = 225, 53.32%). Majority of the participants were Caucasian (n = 309, 73.22%). In the crude, unmatched analysis, mortality, hospitalization, critical care need, mechanical ventilation, acute kidney injury and composite (combination of intubation and mortality) outcome at 30 days was higher in the pwCF. Following robust propensity matching, pwCF had higher hospitalization rate (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.20–2.04), critical care need (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.13–2.79), and acute renal injury (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.07–2.39) as compared to patients without CF. Conclusion People with CF are at risk of poor outcomes with COVID-19.5.2% of these patients died within one month of COVID-19 diagnosis, and more than one in 10 patients required critical care. Therefore, the relatively young median age of cystic fibrosis patients, and lower prevalence of obesity do not protect these patients from severe disease contrary to prior reports.
Examining the Factors that Influence how Instructors Provide Feedback in Online Learning Environments

Feedback is considered to be the bridge between what has been learned and what the student should know. Feedback can correct misconceptions, motivate learners, stimulate deep thinking, and guide future behavior. However, in the online environment instructors must rely upon technologies to deliver feedback to students. To better understand the prompts and processes for online delivery of feedback, a descriptive study of higher education instructors who teach online was conducted to discover what events trigger instructor feedback and what tools the instructors choose to administer this feedback to online students. Results of the study revealed that the chosen feedback delivery mode and method are impacted by an instructor's technology expertise, the class size, and audience composition and assessment type. The study revealed that instructors teaching online have transformed their pedagogy by purposively planning feedback methods into their course design and applying reflective methods into their teaching style.
Results, Analysis and Conclusions of NHTSA's 35 MPH Frontal Crash Test Repeatability Program

Les donnees du programme RTP (repeatability test program) de collision frontale ont ete analysees pour examiner la variabilite des donnees dues a l'equipement a la procedure d'essai, au mannequin et au vehicule utilises pour les essais
Acoustic immunosensor for real-time sensing of neurotransmitter GABA

An immunosensing method is described for the measurement of /spl gamma/-amino-4-butyric acid (GABA), one of two inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Monoclonal antibody for GABA was immobilized on the gold electrodes of quartz crystal. Binding of GABA produced a decrease in the resonant frequency of quartz crystal. In in-vitro experiments, the sensor demonstrated a sensitivity of 600Hz decrease in resonant frequency in response to 49 mM change in GABA concentration. The response time was less than 10 seconds. The binding sites of immobilized antibody were successfully regenerated by repeated washing with ImM HCl solution. A significant increase in the resistance of the electrical model of the quartz crystal indicated an increase in the viscosity due to the binding of GABA to the anti-body. An acoustic immunosensor sensitive and specific to GABA was demonstrated. Real-time sensing of GABA will enable greater insights into several neuropathologies like epilepsy, Parkinson's disease etc. where the role of GABA is critical.
Near-infrared laser spectroscopy of the Ar–C2HD complex:: Fermi resonance assisted vibrational predissociation

Abstract The rotationally resolved infrared spectrum is reported for the C–H stretching vibration of Ar–HCCD. A bending combination band is also observed from which we obtain an accurate value for the low-frequency intermolecular bending frequency. The vibrational predissociation lifetime of Ar–HCCD is found to be considerably longer than that of Ar–C 2 H 2 . This difference is attributed to the strong Fermi resonance in Ar–C 2 H 2 which is absence in Ar–HCCD. We propose that the perturbing level in the Ar–C 2 H 2 complex provides a `doorway' that accelerates the dissociation in this system. In Ar–HCCD, where this `doorway state' is not Fermi mixed, the dissociation is slower.
Demography and life history of free-rangingPropithecus diadema edwardsi in ranomafana national park, madagascar

I conducted the first long- term study of the life history patterns of Propithecus diadema edwardsi—Milne- Edward’s sifaka— in the rain forests of southeastern Madagascar, beginning in 1986. I report behavioral observations on a total of 33 individuals from three groups over a 9- year span. We captured,marked, and released 21 individuals. Individual group size ranged from three to nine sifakas. Two breeding females lived in groups I and II until 1993. A newly formed group (III) had one breeding female. Age at first reproduction is 4 years for females and 5 years for males. Gestation length is 179 days (n =2). Most births occurred in June (n = 17), but infants were also born in May (n = 2) and July (n =2). Nine of 21 (43%) infants born died before the age of 1 year, and 15 (67%) died before the age of reproduction. One female bred in her natal group after the death of the resident male and the immigration of an adult male. Another two females disappeared at 4 and 5 years of age;they could have emigrated or died. All 5- to- 6- year- old males (n = 4) have emigrated from their natal groups to adjacent groups. Two have committed infanticide. Five or more individuals were killed by Cryptoprocta ferox.Despite high mortality and offspring dispersal, the number of individuals in the two main groups remained nearly the same over the 9- year study.
Trading off simplicity and coverage in incremental concept learning

Abstract We present HILLARY, an incremental learning method that addresses several of the more difficult aspects of learning from examples. Specifically, HILLARY employs ‘hill climbing’ to incrementally learn disjunctive concepts from noisy data in either a relational or at tribute-value representation. In the treatment of these aspects, we have noticed an interesting tradeoff between the simplicity of candidate concept descriptions and their coverage of previously seen instances. We discuss HILLARY's learning algorithm, tradeoff, and evaluation function, and we present empirical studies of the system's learning behavior on both natural and artificial domains. We show that HILLARY's performance deteriorates linearly with the amount of noise, independent of the memory limitations. Also, our results show that small improvements in performance are gained at the expense of large increases in the number of disjuncts demonstrating the relevance and importance of the tradeoff. We conclude with ideas for future research.
Direct pore-level observation of permeability increase in two-phase flow by shaking

[1] Increases in permeability of natural reservoirs and aquifers by passing seismic waves have been well documented. If the physical causes of this phenomenon can be understood, technological applications would be possible for controlling the flow in hydrologic systems or enhancing production from oil reservoirs. The explanation of the dynamically increased mobility of underground fluids must lie at the pore level. The natural fluids can be viewed as two-phase systems, composed of water as the wetting phase and of dispersed non-wetting globules of gas or organic fluids, flowing through tortuous constricted channels. Capillary forces prevent free motion of the suspended non-wetting droplets, which tend to become immobilized in capillary constrictions. The capillary entrapment significantly reduces macroscopic permeability. In a controlled experiment with a constricted capillary channel, we immobilize the suspended ganglia and test the model of capillary entrapment: it agrees precisely with the experiment. We then demonstrate by direct optical pore-level observation that the vibrations applied to the wall of the channel liberate the trapped ganglia if a predictable critical acceleration is reached. When the droplet begins to progressively advance, the permeability is restored. The mobilizing acceleration in the elastic wave, needed to “unplug” an immobile flow, is theoretically calculated within a factor of 1–5 of the experimental value. Overcoming the capillary entrapment in porous channels is hypothesized to be one of the principal pore-scale mechanisms by which natural permeabilities are enhanced by the passage of elastic waves.
Calcium is required for binding of Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) to erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract The calcium requirement for hemolytic activity of Escherichia coli hemolysin was investigated by using hemolytic assays and immunoblotting of toxin-treated erythrocytes. The hemolytic activity of cell culture supernatants obtained during growth of E. coli in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth or calcium-free LB broth was calcium dependent. The hemolytic activity of culture supernatants obtained during growth in LB broth supplemented with calcium was calcium independent. Osmotic protection experiments using Dextran 4 to prevent cell lysis indicated that calcium was required for the binding of hemolysin to erythrocytes at both 4 and 37 degrees C. The binding efficiency at 4 degrees C was 50% of that occurring at 37 degrees C. The calcium-dependent binding was confirmed by immunoblotting saline-washed, toxin-treated erythrocytes with a monoclonal antibody after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of membrane proteins. Bound hemolysin increased the calcium permeability of the cell membranes as evidenced by calcium-induced membrane protein alterations. The alterations in membrane proteins did not directly cause lysis of the cells. The results were consistent with a mechanism of lysis involving the formation of cation-selective pores in the membranes of target cells.
MTBE in Groundwater: Status and Remediation

The addition of methyl tertiary-butyl ether ~MTBE! to gasoline became controversial after its detection in waters of the United States. Probably the beginning of widespread public concern about MTBE came about after the detection of MTBE in the drinking water of the City of Santa Monica, Calif. Fifty percent of Santa Monica’s drinking water came from groundwater, which was found to be contaminated by underground storage tanks ~UST!. In August 1995, MTBE was detected in groundwater from one of two well fields, and by April 1996, the concentration was up to 610 mg/L. All of the wells from that well field ~the Charnock! were closed ~USEPA 2000!. Additionally, the United States Geological Survey ~USGS! National Water Quality Assessment Program ~NAWQA! found that MTBE was detected at a frequency of 16.9% in wells in urban areas and 3.4% in wells in rural areas ~Squillace et al. 1999! ~Fig. 1!. Of 60 volatile organic compounds ~VOC!, only trichloromethane ~chloroform! was detected with greater frequency. This result is rather remarkable, as MTBE has only recently been widely used as a gasoline additive. A more recent joint USGS/EPA study of 12 northeastern states that is examining MTBE and other VOC data in a random sampling of 20% of their drinking water supplies has so far detected MTBE in 7% of drinking water samples, with only 0.8% of the detected amount over 20 mg/L ~the lower boundary of EPA’s consumer advisory! ~USEPA 2000!. The joint USGS/EPA study also found that MTBE was detected more frequently in drinking water from areas with RFG or Oxyfuel than in areas without these fuel types and that there was very little cooccurrence of BTEX ~benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes! with the detection of MTBE. MTBE was initially added to gasoline to boost performance in the 1970s as alkyl lead additives were discontinued and was later added to improve air quality in accordance with the Clean Air Act ~CAA! Amendments of 1990. In 1992, oxygenated gasoline was required in areas that did not meet the carbon monoxide standard during the winter ~Wintertime Oxyfuel program!. In 1995, nine ozone nonattainment areas were required to use reformulated gasoline ~RFG! containing oxygenates year round. MTBE is added at concentrations from 11 to 15% by volume to oxyfuels and RFG ~Fig. 2!. It is the most commonly used oxygenate in RFG because it is low cost and produced from compounds avail-
Décalage A Thematic Interpretation of Cultural Differences in the African Diaspora

Human behaviors are often categorized in studies on intercultural communication based on observations of values, beliefs, norms, worldviews, language, nation, race, ethnicity, gender, and how these...
Hyper-susceptibility to deltamethrin in parats-1 DDT resistant Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The extensively studied para gene encodes a α-subunit of the voltage-activated sodium channel in Drosophila melanogaster , which is the documented target site of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. The para ts-1 fruit fly line carries a recessive sex-linked insecticide-resistance trait ( para ts-1 allele) that has been defined on the basis of the behavioral phenotype of temperature-sensitive paralysis. We have determined that para ts-1 confers hyper-susceptibility to deltamethrin in addition to the previously annotated resistance to DDT, revealing the presence of negative cross-resistance. We investigated the potential use of negative cross-resistance shifting para ts-1 gene frequencies in D. melanogaster populations. After five generations of selection, the para ts-1 allele, respectively, became more or less frequent whether Drosophila populations were selected with DDT or deltamethrin.
Capability of eco-friendly cleaning strategy corresponding to advanced technology

In sub-60nm technology node, cleaning process becomes specialized to clear the defects without pattern damage as decreasing critical particle size to control. While cleaning process has to meet the primary requisite, removal of particle including organic residue and prevention of particle re-deposition, it should enable to suppress haze phenomena for a long life of photomask. However, to solve the problem of haze, the chemical materials caused haze seed should be hardly used and physical force becomes strengthen as the compensation for cleaning efficiency. Unfortunately it brings about another problem, pattern damage seriously. In this paper, adequate cleaning conditions which are applicable in sub-60nm technology node are evaluated to meet the dilemma among three requirements, high cleaning efficiency, and prevention of pattern collapse, and prevention of haze phenomenon. All cleaning steps in photomask process were set up using only 172nm UV irradiation for degradation of organic contaminants and deionized water (DI) with acoustic power for particle lift-off. The effect of UV and DI cleaning on cleaning efficiency and haze phenomena was derived from carrying out chemical and physical analysis simultaneously. Also, we could quantify the statistical probability of pattern collapse in each of technology node and layer shape as different condition of megasonic frequency and its power. As a result, it was known that this cleaning process have various merits to make out dilemma mentioned above, if it satisfies optimized conditions.
Chromosomal Adaptive Response in Human Lymphocytes

It has been almost a decade since the initial report on the phenomenon termed {open_quotes}adaptive response of human lymphocytes to ionizing radiation.{close_quotes} Although a number of reports have appeared since then, our understanding of this response is still incomplete. In this paper, the author presents an analysis of the area using published data in the literature as well as unpublished data from the author`s laboratory. Most of the data come from measurements of the effects of low-dose radiation on chromatid-type aberrations induced in late S/early G{sub 2} phase cells. Exposure of lymphocytes to low doses of ionizing radiation can affect a certain fraction of aberrations induced by a subsequent high dose. Chemicals have been substituted for ionizing radiation as either inducers or challenging agents; however, their use has not provided specific information about inducing signals or target lesions. The working hypothesis in studies on adaptive response is that a repair activity is induced that acts on lesions in DNA. Although there is promising evidence that new and/or altered synthesis of proteins is required to observe reductions in aberrations, the gap between hypothesis and evidence is still wide. Co-ordinate analysis of different end points in individual cells should help to closemore » this gap. While an adaptive response can be induced under a range of conditions, there is no good explanation for the inter/intradonor variability observed. The contributors to this variation need to be identified. 30 refs., 1 fig.« less
The Fideles in the County of Mâcon

THE tenth century, obscure in many respects, is nevertheless of great importance in the history of European institutions. During this period there was a marked departure, in most countries, from older methods of doing judicial business. In England and in Germany kings took positive action leading to greater security and stability. In France, the initiative passed to the counts. But we should beware of the easy assumption that this meant the immediate establishment of feudal courts of the twelfth century type. Elements of public and community law still lingered on in the midst of conditions which encouraged the formation of personal and feudal ties. The feudal bond was by no means universally applied at the county level to ensure the conduct of judicial or political business. There still remained numerous landowners, not necessarily vassals, whose assistance was essential to the count in running the affairs of his county. The almost unique series of documents for the county of Macon, published in the Cartilaire de Saint-Vincent de Macon3 and the Recueil des chartes de l'abbaye de Cluny,4 throws some light on the local courts of the tenth century. These documents give the record of ten court-sessions, spread over a period of a little more than twenty years, from 24 Mlay 943 to 1 June 964. With the exception of the last document, all the records were drawn up by the same scribe, Berardus, and we can therefore assume some uniformity in the use of technical words and phrases. Specifically, this series of documents gives us a clue to the contemporary meaning of the term fidelis and some hints as to the social and economic position of the men described by this term D. In the past several decades important work has been done on this problem. Ganshof drew attention to the gradual change in the composition of the courts and concluded, among other things, that the disappearance of the term scabinus, the word for the ninth-century Carolingian judge, and the progressive intrusion of the word fidelis, a term which to Ganshof meant vassal, showed the degeneracy of the old public court. He argued that by the close of the tenth century it had become a feudal court with the count surrounded by his vassals. The older mallus had changed character almost unnoticed, even by the scribes, thus accounting for the occasional confusion in terms.5 More recently, Dubey has been critical of Ganshof's view. He correctly points out that after the change in terminology, toward the middle of the tenth century, the members of the court were
Hybrid σ–p Coordinate Choices for a Global Model

Abstract A methodology for choosing a hybrid σ–p (sigma–pressure) vertical coordinate of the Simmons–Strufing form for a global model is presented. The method focuses on properties of the vertical derivative of the terrain-following coefficient, which affect the smoothness and shape of layer thickness profiles and determines the coordinate’s monotonicity over variable terrain. The method is applied to characterize and interrelate existing hybrid coordinate choices in NWP and climate models, then to design new coordinates with specific properties. Offline tests indicate that the new coordinates reduce stratospheric errors in models due to vertical truncation effects in the computation of the pressure gradient force over steep terrain. When implemented in a global model, the new coordinates significantly reduce vorticity and divergence errors at all altitudes in idealized simulations. In forecasting experiments with a global model, the new coordinates slightly reduce the stability of the semi-implicit time ...
Odor thresholds of the C19-Δ16-steroids responsible for boar odor in pork

Abstract Odor thresholds for each of the five C 19 - Δ 16 -steroids believed to contribute to boar odor in pork were determined using duo-trio test methodology. Threshold values for 5,16-androstadien-3β-ol ( I ) and 4,16-androstadien-3-one ( II ) were approximately 10 μg/g, whereas those for 5α-androst-16-en-3-one ( III ), 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol ( IV ) and 5α-androst-16-en-3β-ol ( V ) were about 1 μg/g. Statistical comparisons of the mean threshold values for each of these compounds showed no difference ( P III, IV and V or between compounds I and II . The mean thresholds of compounds I and II were different ( P III, IV and V . Triangle test methodology was employed to measure the ability of trained panelists to differentiate the odors of each of these five compounds either singly or in all combinations. Results showed that panelists were able to differentiate ( P C 19 - Δ 16 -steroids possessing ketone groups ( II and III ) and those containing alcohol groups ( I, IV and V ). Panelists were not able, however, to differentiate ( P I, IV and V ), nor were they able to differentiate between the odors of the two ketonic steroids ( II and III ).
Successful treatment of solitary extracranial metastases from non—small cell lung cancer

Background. Recurrence after resection of non—small cell lung carcinoma is generally associated with a poor outcome and is treated with either systemic agents or palliative irradiation. Recently, long-term survival has been reported after resection of isolated brain metastases from non—small cell lung carcinoma, but resection of other metastatic sites has not been explored fully. Methods. We have identified 14 patients who had solitary extracranial metastases treated aggressively after curative treatment of their non—small cell lung carcinoma. The histology was squamous carcinoma in 5, adenocarcinoma in 8, and large cell carcinoma in 1. Initially, 3 patients had stage I, 5 stage II, and 6 stage IIIa disease. Results. The sites of metastases included extrathoracic lymph nodes (six), skeletal muscle (four), bone (three), and small bowel (one). The median disease-free interval before metastases was 19.5 months (range, 5 to 71 months). Complete surgical resection of the metastatic site was the treatment in 12 of 14 patients. Two patients received only curative irradiation to the metastatic site, with complete response. The overall 10-year actuarial survival (Kaplan-Meier) was 86%. To date, 11 patients are alive and well after treatment of their metastases (17 months to 13 years), 1 has recurrent disease, 1 died of recurrent widespread metastases, and 2 died of unrelated causes. Conclusion. Long-term survival is possible after treatment of isolated metastases to various sites from non—small cell lung carcinoma, but patient selection is critical.
Fostering Strategic Change in a Function through Executive Education: The Case of Purchasing

Describes the role of an executive education programme in fostering change in traditionally passive business functions. The objective is to move the function from its traditional stance to that of a strategically‐oriented contributor to the competitive advantage of the firm. To be successful, the programme content and process must be grounded in detailed knowledge of the function, provide an understanding of the role of the function in the overall organization, foster acceptance of the need for change, and aid in the development of strategies to achieve the required new role. The authors use purchasing as the case study to illustrate the framework.
Erythropoietin and iron-restricted erythropoiesis

Twenty five years ago, Finch summarized knowledge gained primarily from studies of normal individuals, patients with hereditary hemolytic anemias, and patients with hemochromatosis [1]. Under conditions of basal erythropoiesis in normal subjects, plasma iron turnover (as an index of marrow erythropoietic response) is little affected, whether transferrin saturation ranges from very low to very high levels. In contrast, the erythropoietic response in individuals with congenital hemolytic anemia, in whom erythropoiesis is chronically raised up to sixfold over basal levels [2], is affected (and limited) by serum iron levels and by transferrin saturation [3]. Patients with hemochromatosis who underwent serial phlebotomy were observed to mount erythropoietic responses of up to eightfold over basal rates, attributed to the maintenance of very high serum iron and transferrin saturation levels in these patients [4], whereas normal individuals were shown to have difficulty providing sufficient iron to support rates of erythropoiesis greater than three times basal rates [5]. These observations led Finch to identify a "relative iron deficiency" state, also known as "functional iron deficiency," which he defined as circumstances in which increased erythron iron requirements exceed the available supply of iron [6]. In another clinical setting, patients undergoing autologous blood donation represent a model for perisurgical blood loss and the erythropoietic response. Insights gained over the last 20 years regarding the relationship between erythropoietin, iron, and erythropoiesis, along with implications for clinical management, will be reviewed.
Linguistic intuition and calibration

Linguists, particularly in the generative tradition, commonly rely upon intuitions about sentences as a key source of evidence for their theories. While widespread, this methodology has also been controversial. In this paper, I develop a positive account of linguistic intuition, and defend its role in linguistic inquiry. Intuitions qualify as evidence as form of linguistic behavior, which, since it is partially caused by linguistic competence (the object of investigation), can be used to study this competence. I defend this view by meeting two challenges. First, that intuitions are collected through methodologically unsound practices, and second, that intuition cannot distinguish between the contributions of competence and performance systems.
Mapping of Coulomb Gases and Sine-Gordon Models to Statistics of Random Surfaces

We introduce a new class of sine-Gordon models, for which the interaction term is present in a region different from the domain over which the quadratic part is defined. We develop a nonperturbative approach for calculating partition functions of such models, which relies on mapping them to statistical properties of random surfaces. As a specific application of our method, we consider the problem of calculating the amplitude of interference fringes in experiments with two independent low dimensional Bose gases. We calculate full distribution functions of interference amplitude for one-dimensional and two-dimensional gases with nonzero temperatures.
The critical group of a threshold graph

The critical group of a connected graph is a finite abelian group, whose order is the number of spanning trees in the graph. The structure of this group is a subtle isomorphism invariant that has received much attention recently, partly due to its relation to the graph Laplacian and chip-firing games. However, the group structure has been determined for relatively few classes of graphs. Based on computer evidence, we conjecture the exact group structure for a well-studied class of graphs having integer spectra, the threshold graphs, and prove this conjecture for the subclass which we call generic threshold graphs.
Structure and Function of a Transcriptional `Accelerator' Circuit

Biological signaling circuits, like electrical circuits, face a fundamental tradeoff between speed and amplitude: faster rates of initial increase are typically obtained at the cost of a higher steady-state level. This creates an evolutionary tradeoff when rapid signaling is essential but the signaling molecule is cytotoxic at high levels (e.g. for fever response, inflammatory cytokines, and many viruses). We recently discovered a transcriptional circuit in a human herpesvirus (CMV) that overcomes this tradeoff - and confers significant fitness to the virus - by converting signaling inputs into faster expression rates without amplifying final equilibrium levels in individual cells (Teng et al. Cell, 2012).Strikingly, the accelerator circuit maps to a transcriptional negative-feedback loop encoding an exceptionally high self cooperativity (Hill coefficient ≈ 7). Binding of the virus's essential transactivator protein, IE2, to a single 14-bp sequence in its own promoter generates negative auto-regulation but how such a high Hill coefficient was generated remained unclear.Here, we report biophysical and structural studies of the IE2-DNA interaction showing a novel homo-multimer structure accounts for Hill coefficient ∼ 7. In general, such accelerator circuits may provide a mechanism for signal-transduction circuits to respond quickly to external signals without increasing steady-state levels of potentially cytotoxic molecules.
The diffusion model for migration and selection in a dioecious population

The diffusion approximation is derived for migration and selection at a multiallelic locus in a dioecious population subdivided into a lattice of panmictic colonies. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping; autosomal and X-linked loci are analyzed. The relation between juvenile and adult subpopulation numbers is very general and includes both soft and hard selection; the zygotic sex ratio is the same in every colony. All the results hold for both adult and juvenile migration. If ploidy-weighted average selection, drift, and diffusion coefficients are used, then the ploidy-weighted average allelic frequencies satisfy the corresponding partial differential equation for a monoecious population. The boundary conditions and the unidimensional transition conditions for coincident discontinuities in the carrying capacity and migration rate extend identically. The previous unidimensional formulation and analysis of symmetric, nearest-neighbor migration of a monoecious population across a geographical barrier is generalized to symmetric migration of arbitrary finite range, and the transition conditions are shown to hold for a dioecious population. Thus, the entire theory of clines and of the wave of advance of favorable alleles is applicable to dioecious populations.
Oxalobacter Colonization in the Morbidly Obese and Correlation with Urinary Stone Risk

Objective To establish the baseline preoperative prevalence of Oxalobacter formigenes (OF) colonization in a cohort of obese patients scheduled for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and determine the effect of OF colonization on urinary oxalate excretion. It has been proposed that loss of OF colonization after RYGB may contribute to the development of hyperoxaluria. Methods Adult patients scheduled to undergo RYGB were requested to provide a stool specimen and 24-hour urine collection before surgery. OF colonization status was determined by the calcium precipitation test. The 24-hour urine specimens were analyzed by the Litholink Corporation (Chicago, IL). Results Of the 51 patients submitting initial stool specimens, only 8 (16%) tested positive for OF, whereas 43 (84%) were negative. Patients colonized with OF were older than uncolonized subjects (52.9 ± 6.8 vs 46.0 ± 10.4 years, P = .03). Urinary oxalate was not significantly different between these groups (P = .14). Conclusion OF colonization is uncommon in morbidly obese patients (16%) before surgery. Because hyperoxaluria develops in more than 50% of patients after RYGB, it is unlikely that loss of OF colonization is the primary cause.
Reinvestigation of the transmembrane difference in 7Li NMR T1 values in Li+‐loaded human erythrocyte suspensions

In contrast to the findings in a recent study (R. P. Gullapalli, R. M. Hawk, R. A. Komoroski, Magn. Reson. Med. 20, 240 (1991)), we found that, even at high hematocrits, the T1 values for extracellular 7Li were at least three times longer than those for intracellular Li+. We conclude that a transmembrane difference in T1 values can be used for separate observation of intracellular and extracellular Li+ in human red blood cell suspensions.
Convex dual for quadratic concave fractional programs

For a fractional program with a quadratic numerator and an arbitrary concave denominator, a new convex dual program is derived. Concepts of conjugate duality are used to obtain an explicit representation of the dual.