cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemolytic anemia blunts the cytokine response to transfusion of older red blood cells in mice and dogs.

Background Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) stored for longer durations induces hemolysis and inflammatory cytokine production in murine and canine models. Despite immune system activation by stored RBCs, human randomized trials suggest that fresher RBC transfusions do not improve clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that underlying recipient hemolysis may affect cytokine responses to older RBC transfusions. Study design and methods C57BL/6 mouse cohorts were infused with anti-TER119 antibody to induce hemolysis, rabbit anti-platelet antiserum to induce immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), or appropriate control antibodies. Two days later, mice were transfused with fresh or stored RBCs. Furthermore, in a prospective, randomized, blinded trial, 38 client-owned dogs with primary autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and two dogs with ITP, requiring RBC transfusion, were enrolled and randomized to receive fresh (≤7 days) or old (≥21 days) stored RBC transfusions. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 levels were assessed at defined times after transfusion. Results Prior immune-mediated hemolysis blunted the MCP-1 response to stored RBC transfusion in mice (361 ± 111 pg/ml vs. 6836 ± 1528 pg/ml in mice with immune hemolysis vs. ITP, respectively; mean ± SD; p Conclusion These data suggest that underlying hemolysis blunts inflammatory responses to old RBC transfusions. The canine data support randomized trial results suggesting a lack of clinical benefit with fresh RBC transfusions in subjects with underlying, baseline hemolysis.
Human and Other Mammalian Cells: Their Role in Risk Assessment

In recent years it has become increasingly clear that environmental factors including diet play a significant role in determining cancer rates. These factors are a composite of what people do, or what is done to them and are superimposed on the genetic makeup which may in part play a role as a risk determinant. Some of these risk factors may be available but as we have clearly seen in various talks this week the difficulty lies in characterizing them and in identifying agents which may interact in an additive or synergistic manner, thus potentiating their hazardous effects.
Pathologic physiology and chemotherapy of Plasmodium berghei. VII. Electrocardiogram in mice treated with quinidine and guanidines (ICI 3349 and WR 81,844).

Abstract The electrocardiographic pattern of limb lead II was investigated in the mouse. The normal resting heart rate under light chloroform anesthesia was 555 ± 16 beats/minute and the height of R-S waves was 0.80 ± 0.03 mV. The development of malaria by inoculation with Plasmodium berghei was accompanied by signs of interference of the cardioaccelerator mechanisms associated with inhalation of chloroform. Deep chloroform anesthesia was usually followed by ventricular fibrillation and flutter. Mice pretreated with quinidine, ICI 3349 [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[4-(2-diethylaminoethylamino)-6-methyl-2-pyrimidyl] guanidine] and WR 81,844 [1-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-3-[4-(N-ethyl-3-piperidyl-amino)-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl] guanidine] did not develop ventricular fibrillation and flutter. The antimalarial activity of WR 81,844 is ten times that of ICI 3349 and 100 times that of quinidine in malarial mice.
Variation in Intuitions about Reference and Ontological Disagreements

Previous research suggests that intuitions about reference vary within and across cultures. After having examined and criticized some recent objections formulated against this body of research, I argue that, in combination with some plausible assumptions, variation of intuitions within and across cultures entails some form of referential pluralism - viz. the same word (e.g., "Paris" ) can refer differently for different competent speakers - and that, as a consequence, an infl uential kind of ontological disagreement (disagreements about whether there are such things as x's or whether x's are identical to y's) is vacuous. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
The young adolescent as an obstetric risk

Abstract The outcome of pregnancy was studied in 2,403 girls who received their care at the Chicago Board of Health and were 15 years of age or under at the time of conception. This was compared to the outcome of pregnancy in 4,400 girls of the same age group who had not received care at the Chicago Board of Health. Some of these patients received private care, some clinic care, and some had no prenatal care at all. The comparison was made in respect to hebdomadal and neonatal mortality, prematurity, and those conditions leading to infant mortality which had direct relationship to obstetric care. The study also included the incidence of complications both prenatal and intrapartum. The study revealed that the hebdomadal mortality rate was 92 per cent higher and the neonatal mortality rate was 94 per cent higher in the patients who did not receive prenatal care at the Chicago Board of Health clinics. Other findings were significantly lower in those patients who had received their care at the Chicago Board of Health clinics.
Exploiting diversity for natural language processing

Accurate linguistic annotation is a core requirement of natural language processing systems. The demand for accuracy in the face of rapid prototyping constraints and numerous target languages has led to the employment of machine learning methods for developing linguistic annotation systems. The popularity of applying machine learning methods to computational linguistics problems has given rise to a large supply of trainable natural language processing systems. Most problems of interest have an array of off-the-shelf products or downloadable code implementing solutions using various techniques. In situations where these solutions are developed independently, it is observed that their errors tend to be independently distributed. In this thesis we discuss approaches for capitalizing on this situation in a sample problem domain, Penn Treebank-style parsing. The machine learning community provides us with techniques for combining outputs of classifiers, but parser output is more structured and interdependent than classifications. To overcome this, two novel strategies for combining parsers are used: learning to control a switch between parsers and constructing a hybrid parse from multiple parsers' outputs. In this thesis we give supervised and unsupervised techniques for each of these strategies as well as performance and robustness results from evaluation of the techniques. One shortcoming of combining off-the-shelf parsers is that the parsers are not developed with the intention to perform well on complementary data or to compensate for each others' weaknesses. The individual parsers are globally optimized. We present two techniques for producing an ensemble of parsers in such a way that their outputs can be constructively combined. All of the ensemble members will be created using the same underlying parser induction algorithm, and the method for producing complementary parsers is only loosely coupled to that algorithm.
Molecular and functional identification of organic anion transporter isoforms in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (BME-UV).

Al-Bataineh, M. M., van der Merwe, D., Schultz, B. D., Gehring, R. Molecular and functional identification of organic anion transporter isoforms in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (BME-UV). J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 209–215. Mammary epithelial cells express a diversity of membrane transporters including members of organic cation and organic anion (OAT) transporter subfamilies. Four mammal OAT isoforms have been identified: OAT-1, OAT-2, OAT-3, and OAT-4. The pharmacological significance of OAT isoforms has been emphasized because of their role in the movement of a wide variety of substrates across epithelial barriers. The present study identified (molecularly and functionally) bovine OAT isoforms in bovine mammary epithelial (BME-UV) cells. mRNA expression levels of all tested transporters in BME-UV cells were less than expression levels of the corresponding transporters in bovine kidney. Directionality in the flux of P-aminohippuric acid and acetylsalicylate, compounds known to interact with OAT-1 and OAT-2, respectively, across BME-UV monolayers was not observed at the concentrations used in this study. Directionality was, however, observed in the flux of estrone sulfate (EsS). Adding probenecid, penicillin G or nonradiolabeled EsS to the apical donor compartment significantly increased the apical-to-basolateral flux of EsS across the BME-UV monolayer. These results suggest that BME-UV cells express an organic anion transport system, making it a potentially useful model to study the role of this transport system in the mammary epithelial barrier.
Design Users Suggest National Law Changes, EC Approach and Harmonisation Strategy: Federal Republic of Germany Surveys on Design Protection

This paper reviews the results of surveys and other research conducted on design protection in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Surveys can be helpful in many ways. They may indicate the level of satisfaction in the present system and possible improvements. Other timely uses for this information are in formulating a strategy for a separate EC design protection system, and harmonization of design laws.Following this introduction, there is a brief review of the research sources used in preparing this paper. The next section presents the findings concerning improvements design firms want in design protection. Their recommendations are incorporated into an integrated, two-stage design protection system (see Figure 1). A feature of this system improves the scope of infringement for patent-type protection. The last section contains a summary of the surveys on which the recommendations are based.
Improving the mental health functioning of youth in rural communities.

Disparities in mental health outcomes for youth are often found between rural and urban areas. As part of an overarching question about under what circumstances and for whom, the wraparound process is beneficial (Suter & Bruns, 2009), this study specifically examined whether high fidelity to the wraparound model helped bridge the gap between outcomes in urban and rural areas for youth with complex behavioral health challenges. Youth participating in Indiana’s Community Alternatives to Psychiatric Residential Treatment Facilities Medicaid demonstration grant between 2008 and 2011 (n = 811) resided in urban (n = 615) or rural (n = 196) communities. Logistic regression examined treatment and contextual predictors of improvement in the mental health functioning of youth. High fidelity to the wraparound model and higher levels of initial behavioral health symptoms predicted improvement in mental health outcomes, with a small, but significant effect size (R 2 = .129). Geography, demographic characteristics, initial risk behaviors, nor functional needs were significant predictors of change. Effectively implementing the wraparound process is a feasible strategy to reduce disparities in behavioral health outcomes for youth with complex needs in rural communities.
1880 Voting in California and Ohio Victorian Super-Citizens?

Analyses of 1880 Census samples of 21-plus male citizens show a turnout of 50% to 69% for California, but nearly 90% for Ohio. Registration was required in California in 1866. A sample of 690 names from the June 1880 Census was checked against the “Alameda County Great Register,” October 1880, and 51% were found to be registered. Of the 12,359 registered, 80% actually voted. Thus, the Alameda turnout of potentially eligible voters was probably below 50%. On the other hand, a 100% sample of eligible males in Clay Township, Highland County, Ohio (N = 342), June 1880, checked against the 1880 Poll Book (list of actual voters, compiled at the end of election day) showed a turnout of 87.7%. Burnham's and others' assertion of high turnouts 1876 to 1896 is supported with respect to Ohio, but unsupported with respect to California; these findings are contrary to Burnham's belief that in 1876–1896 there was “a concentration of participation in the most densely populated and socioeconomically developed parts of the...
Primary sex allocation in Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and effects of sperm on oviposition behavior

The oviposition behaviors of Trichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis and T. ostriniae Pang & Chen were characterized and compared with those of T. chilonis Ishii and T. embryophagum Hartig. The effects of the lack of sperm on oviposition behaviors and on the sex of progeny produced also were examined for both species. Oviposition behaviors of all 4 species are similar, and there is complete correspondence between observed behaviors and the sex of progeny to emerge in mated T. nubilale and T. ostriniae. In females that lack sperm, there is no correspondence between the behavior of either species and the production of females. These females behave as though they could fertilize their eggs, but they produce all males. The progeny sex determination behavior of Trichogramma species appears to have a fixed expression. Sperm limitations in males may limit their reproductive success both in the laboratory colony and the field. The reproductive success of sperm-limited females may be limited in the field because females may not find males, and the sons that they produce may not find females.
Impacts of Aging Error on Walleye Management in the Winnebago System

Abstract The age data used to manage Walleye Sander vitreus fisheries are not always accurate, as otoliths typically provide more accurate age estimates for larger, older Walleyes than dorsal spines. We assessed the impacts that the aging error associated with the use of dorsal spines has on the estimated age distribution, growth and mortality rates, and yield per recruit for Walleyes in the Winnebago system, Wisconsin. Age distributions derived from otolith age estimates more accurately portrayed variable recruitment than those derived from dorsal spine age estimates. The mean estimates of instantaneous total annual mortality developed from sex-specific catch curves were greater when dorsal spine age estimates were used (0.515 for males, 0.493 for females) than when otolith age estimates were (0.349 for males, 0.396 for females), with most of the differences being observed in natural mortality estimates. The von Bertalanffy growth models were not significantly different, but the yield-per-recruit models ...
Basaltic pillow mounds in the Vinalhaven intrusion, Maine

The Vinalhaven intrusion is a dominantly granitic pluton of probable Devonian age, located on Vinalhaven Island and adjacent islands, Maine. It consists of four main units: coarse-grained granite, fine-grained granite, a gabbro-diorite unit consisting of interlayered mafic, hybrid and granitic rocks, and a heterogeneous granitic unit. The gabbro-diorite unit occurs along the south and east coast of the island as a sheet-like body, hundreds of meters to more than 1 km thick, that dips beneath the central granitic units and rests on heterogeneous granitic rocks that form the base of the intrusion and are exposed on islands to the southeast. Load-cast and pipe structures at the bases of mafic sheets indicate that the gabbro-diorite unit represents a sequence of basaltic injections that ponded on crystal-rich mush at the base of a silicic magma chamber and variably interacted with overlying crystal-poor granitic magma. The pluton, therefore, represents a fossilized silicic magma chamber that was periodically replenished by basaltic magma. Near the base of the gabbro-diorite unit, some basaltic injections produced large mounds up to more than 10 m high and 100 m wide of tightly packed, meter-scale chilled basaltic pillows, tubes and sheets in a granitic matrix. The mounds appear to represent flow fronts of basaltic injections that entered and ponded on the floor of a silicic magma chamber. Although physical conditions differ significantly, these plutonic pillow mounds appear to share many characteristics with submarine pillow basalts and lava flows.
High Winds Generated by Bow Echoes. Part I: Overview of the Omaha Bow Echo 5 July 2003 Storm during BAMEX

Abstract An analysis of a bow echo that produced damaging winds exceeding F1 in intensity on the Fujita scale near Omaha, Nebraska, is shown. Part I of this study presents a combination of airborne Doppler-derived wind syntheses with a comprehensive damage survey in order to document the generation of strong winds at the surface. A detailed kinematic analysis of the evolution of a quasi-linear convective system into a bow-shaped and, subsequently, a spearhead echo is shown for the first time. It is hypothesized that a large, cyclonic bookend vortex (70–80 km in diameter) north of the bow apex enhanced the rear-inflow jet and initiated the “bowing process.” A hook-shaped echo and mesovortex formed at the apex of a bowed segment of the convective line and was located to the north of the swath of strong damage rated greater than F1 in damage intensity. The peak single-Doppler radial velocity recorded by the tail radar was 43 m s−1 in the low-level outflow near the apex of the bow echo. The regions of the str...
A central limit theorem for D(A)-valued processes

Abstract Let D ( A ) be the space of set-indexed functions that are outer continuous with inner limits, a generalization of D [0, 1]. This paper proves a central limit theorem for triangular arrays of independent D ( A ) valued random variables. The limit processes are not restricted to be Gaussian, but can be quite general infinitely divisible processes. Applications of the theorem include construction of set-indexed Levy processes and a unified central limit theorem for partial sum processes and generalized empirical processes. Results obtained are new even for the D [0, 1] case.
Parent management training, relationships with agency staff, and child mental health: Urban foster parents' perspectives

Abstract Many foster parents are ill prepared to meet the behavioral needs of children placed in their homes. Research suggests they lack training in evidence-based behavioral interventions and feel unsupported by child welfare professionals. Given the complex needs of foster children and increased rates of placement disruption for foster children with behavior problems, implementation of effective interventions is essential. However, little is known about foster parents' receptivity to these types of interventions. In this qualitative study, we examine urban foster parents' perceptions of the specific elements of parent management training (PMT), an evidence-based treatment for disruptive behaviors that teaches parents to improve desired behaviors and decrease oppositional behaviors by rewarding positive behaviors (positive reinforcement) and responding to negative behaviors with mild, consistent punishments such as timeout or a privilege removal. We present data from four focus groups (N = 38). While the questions focused on parent's perceptions of PMT, responses often related to parent interactions with agency staff. Four strong themes emerged from the data. First, foster parents discussed a need for more support and training in how to address children's behaviors, but also had concerns that some PMT discipline techniques would be ineffective based on their past experiences with foster children. Second, they described how staff communication skills and allegations of child abuse could affect parents' motivation to continue fostering. Third, they expressed a need for more detailed information about children's histories and visits with biological families as the lack of information contributed to difficulty in meeting foster children's needs. They suggested that joint training of foster parents and staff in the intervention could improve their ability to work together to support the child's positive behaviors. Finally, parents reported little involvement in child mental health services and doubted the effectiveness of the mental health services their foster children received.
SuperHILAC and the Berkeley superheavy element program

From 24th congress of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; Hamburg, F.R. Germany (3 Sep 1973). A nontechnical description of the SuperHILAC, now under construction, is presented. The injector, linear accelerators, and mass separator for identifying heavy elements are described, along with the basic layouts of the injector and target areas. (7 figures) (RWR)
Fatigue crack growth studies under mixed-mode loading

In this study, the growth behavior of fatigue cracks in AISI-304 stainless steel samples under mixed-mode (mode-I and mode-II) loading conditions was studied by utilizing Compact Tension Shear Specimen (CTS) geometry. The results indicate that, at low load mixities, both the strain energy density criterion and the maximum stress criterion estimate similar crack growth directions; however, at high load mixities, the maximum stress criterion provides a closer estimation what is observed in experiments. Mixed-mode loading has a pronounced effect on the growth rate of cracks, and on the growth behavior after the over loads at identical applied load levels. Crack closure concepts seem to be inadequate to fully describe the observed fatigue crack growth behaviour under mixed-mode loading.
Fluorescence anisotropy studies of dibucaine.HCl in micelles and bacteriorhodopsin.

Abstract Emission and excitation spectra for the local anesthetic drug, dibucaine·HCl in neutral and charged surfactant solutions and in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) have been investigated for λ ex =266 nm at room temperature. The total fluorescence and fluorescence anisotropy decays of the anesthetic in the same environments were also measured using a picosecond laser/streak camera system (λ ex =266 nm). The total fluorescence decay gave two components for dibucaine micellar and dibucaine bR solutions, one component in the range of 200–500 ps and the other in the range of 1200–3400 ps. Only the nanosecond timescale component was found for the dibucaine monomer surfactant solutions (1200–3000 ps), indicating that the anesthetic resides in the bulk solution. The fluorescence anisotropy decays of dibucaine in Triton X-100 and in lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS) micelles are approximately 200 ps, which is attributed to dibucaine solubilized in the micellar environment. Dibucaine·HCl in anionic monomer solution exhibits an unusually large fluorescence anisotropy, r(t) max =0.22 and a depolarization decay of less than 100 ps. This presumably results from a head-to-tail exciplex aggregation between the positively charged dibucaine and negatively charged dodecyl sulfate surfactant molecules. The anisotropy decay of dibucaine in bR is 300 ps. This solution was the only one which exhibited a residual fluorescence anisotropy, r(∞) =0.08. This implies that dibucaine is restricted in its rotational motion and suggests protein binding rather than lipid solubility.
Pyrazine-Bridged Copper Linear Chains: Molecular-Based One-Dimensional Quantum Antiferromagnets

Abstract Low-dimensional quantum antiferromagnets are among the best systems for studying effects of quantum fluctuations within interacting systems. The best ID S=1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic system is Cu(pyrazine)(NO3)2, or CuPzN, since it has excellent 1D isolation and an exchange constant (2J/kB = −10.5 K) which permits available fields to saturate the magnetization. Replacing the pyrazine ligands with substituted pyrazines, such as methylpyrazine (mepz), 2,3-dimepz, and 2,5-dimepz, lowers the exchange strengths significantly. We are conducting an in-depth study of the static and dynamic properties of the CuPzN family, including high field magnetization studies and neutron scattering.
Footnotes to Lezak: A review of D'Amato, R. C., and Hartlage, L. C. (Eds.). (2008). Essentials of neuropsychological assessment: Treatment planning for rehabilitation (2nd ed.)

The second edition of Essentials of Neuropsychological Assessment sets out to “offer the essentials of what is needed to achieve neuropsychological success with patients.” It is partly successful i...
Electronic and optical properties of III-V and II-VI semiconductor superlattices

The electronic structure and optical properties of III-V and II-VI semiconductor superlattices are treated theoretically using a superlattice-representation formalism. The band structure is obtained from superlattice K\ensuremath{\cdot}p theory. The theory is based on closed analytic calculations of the superlattice states at wave vector K=0 and the envelope-function approach. The known parameters of the bulk constituents represent the only input. The electron effective masses and gaps of GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As (type I), InAs/GaSb (type II), and HgTe/CdTe (type III) are investigated for a wide range of layer widths using the recently deduced large valence-band offset of HgTe/CdTe. The behavior of the masses is also discussed in terms of the f-sum rule. The calculated fundamental absorption coefficients for InAs/GaSb and HgTe/CdTe are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The intersubband absorption between the lowest two superlattice conduction bands is investigated. In the thick-barrier limit of GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As the absorption can be larger than the fundamental absorption and as narrow as a laser linewidth. In the thin-barrier limit the absorption is smaller and broader, as illustrated for ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As/${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{y}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$As.
The Case for Multisystemic Therapy: Evidence or Orthodoxy?

Abstract In this paper, I respond to comments by Henggeler, Schoenwald, Borduin, and Swenson [Henngeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., & Swenson, C. C. (this issue). The Littell paper: Methodological critique and meta-analysis as Trojan horse. Children and Youth Services Review, doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2005.07.001] on my recent article, “Lessons from a systematic review of Multisystemic Therapy”. I identify factual and logical errors in their response, show how relevant research has been misinterpreted and misrepresented, and suggest constructive new directions for Multisystemic Therapy and the evidence-based practice movement.
A three-dimensional upwind PNS code for chemically reacting scramjet flowfields

A new upwind, parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) code has been developed to compute the three-dimensional (3D) chemically reacting flow in scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) engines. The code is a modification of the 3D upwind PNS (UPS) airflow code which has been extended in the present study to permit internal flow calculations with hydrogen-air chemistry. With these additions, the new code has the capability of computing aerodynamic and propulsive flowfields simultaneously. The algorithm solves the PNS equations using a finite-volume, upwind TVD method based on Roe's approximate Riemann solver that has been modified to account for 'real gas' effects. The fluid medium is assumed to be a chemically reacting mixture of thermally perfect (but calorically imperfect) gases in thermal equilibrium. The new code has been applied to two test cases. These include the Burrows-Kurkov supersonic combustion experiment and a generic 3D scramjet flowfield. The computed results compare favorably with the available experimental data.
Friction and Wear of Stainless Steels Implanted with Ti and C

Friction and wear tests were completed on Fe and stainless steels of the type 304, 15-5 pH, Nitronic 60, and 440C implanted with Ti and C. Samples were mechanically polished prior to ion implantation to fluences of 2 x 10/sup 17/ Ti/cm/sup 2/ (90 to 180 keV) and 2 x 10/sup 17/ C/cm/sup 2/ (30 keV); the implantation profiles of the two elements overlapped to 0.1 ..mu..m. Light load wear conditions with no lubrication were evaluated in a pin-on-disc configuration. Ion implantation significantly reduced the friction coefficient by up to 75% and decreased the maximum wear depth by up to 95%, but both effects were material and load dependent. Only stainless steel 304 had both friction and wear reduced by implantation for all loads examined. Fine-scale parallel grooves were present in the wear track for light loads, but this wear pattern was transformed to a galled structure at high loads. A correlation existed between decreased friction, reduced wear, the wear track morphology and Ti in the wear track.
TESTS FOR ANCIENT SPECIES FLOCKS BASED ON MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC APPRAISALS OF SEBASTES ROCKFISHES AND OTHER MARINE FISHES

The concept of species flocks has been central to previous interpretations of patterns and processes of explosive species radiations within several groups of freshwater fishes. Here, molecular phytogenies of species-rich Sebastes rockfishes from the northeastern Pacific Ocean were used to test predictions of null theoretical models that assume random temporal placements of phylogenetic nodes. Similar appraisals were conducted using molecular data previously published for particular cichlid fishes in Africa that epitomize, by virtue of a rapid and recent radiation of species, the traditional concept of an intralacustrine "species flock." As gauged by the magnitudes of genetic divergence in cytochrome b sequences from mitochondrial DNA, as well as in allozymes, most speciation events in the Sebastes complex were far more ancient than those in the cichlids. However, statistical tests of the nodal placements in the Sebastes phylogeny suggest that speciation events in the rockfishes were temporally nonrandom, with significant clustering of cladogenetic events in time. Similar conclusions also apply to an ancient complex of icefishes (within the Notothenioidei) analyzed in the same fashion. Thus, the rockfishes (and icefishes) may be interpreted as ancient species flocks in the marine realm. The analyses exemplified in this report introduce a conceptual and operational approach for extending the concept of species flocks to additional environmental settings and evolutionary timescales.
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of In Vivo Wheeled Mobility

Laparoscopy is abdominal surgery performed with long tools inserted through small incisions. The use of small incisions reduces patient trauma, but also eliminates the surgeon’s ability to directly view and touch the surgical environment. These limitations generally restrict the application of laparoscopy to less complex procedures. Large robots external to the patient have been used to aid in the manipulation of the tools and improve dexterity. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of miniature in vivo robots. The objective is to develop a wireless mobile imaging robot that can be placed inside the abdominal cavity during surgery. Such robots will allow the surgeon to view the surgical environment from multi-angles. The motion of these in vivo robots will not be constrained by the insertion incisions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Pig brain aldose reductase: a kinetic study using the centrifugal fast analyzer.

Abstract 1. 1. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies were performed on porcine brain aldose reductase (alditol:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21) previously purified to apparent homogeneity. 2. 2. All rate studies were carried out on a centrifugal fast analyzer using d -xylose as substrate. 3. 3. The data, which indicate a sequential mechanism, are compatible with an ordered bi bi or an iso Theorell-Chance pattern of substrate addition-product release. 4. 4. Michaelis constants were Kmxyl 4.1 ± 0.3 mM and KmNADPH 3.1 ± 0.2 μM. 5. 5. The advantages that accrue from the use of the centrifugal fast analyzer for reaction rate studies with enzymes (e.g. simultaneous multiple-reaction initiation and parallel monitoring) are pointed out.
SCIFER‐Transverse ion acceleration and plasma waves

SCIFER encountered the cleft ion fountain within the cleft ionosphere at 1000 MLT and 1400 km altitude where it was possible to investigate the fine structure of transverse ion acceleration (TIA). Latitudinally narrow (30 km) regions of TIA were found to be closely correlated with broadband low frequency electric fields and reduced ionospheric density. The low frequency electric fields extended up to a few kHz with the largest amplitudes of about 10-20 mV/m p-p occurring below 400 Hz. No spectral features ordered by the ion cyclotron frequencies were observed. Outside regions of TIA the ionospheric density was typically 2×10 3 cm -3 while inside regions of TIA the density dropped to 5×10 2 cm -3 . The correlation between TIA, reduced ionospheric density and broadband low frequency electric fields is so exact, sometimes within a few hundred meters, we interpret the broadband low frequency electric fields as current-driven electrostatic waves, perhaps a mixture of ion cyclotron and ion acoustic waves.
An OODB part-whole model: semantics, notation and implementation

Abstract The notion of a part-whole relationship plays an important role when modeling data in many advanced application domains. It is therefore important that Object-Oriented Database (OODB) systems include support for this modeling primitive. We present a comprehensive part model for OODB systems. The model's foundation is a part-whole relationship that captures a variety of real-world, part-whole semantics, partitioned into four characteristic dimensions: exclusiveness, multiplicity, dependency and inheritance. These impose constraints on any ‘part’ transactions (like ‘add-part’) to ensure that the state of the database remains consistent with the prescribed part-whole semantics. They also provide functionality like deletion dependency and several kinds of inheritance, both from the part to the whole and vice versa. The part relationship gives flexibility to an application developer who simply declares the desired semantics and then lets the OODB system automatically enforce it. We also introduce a graphical notation that can be used to express the enhanced semantics in the development of OODB part-whole schemata. Our part model has been integrated into the VODAK Model Language (VML), an OODB system, with the use of its extensible metaclass mechanism.
Smart manufacturing, manufacturing intelligence and demand-dynamic performance

Abstract Smart Manufacturing is the dramatically intensified and pervasive application of networked information-based technologies throughout the manufacturing and supply chain enterprise. The defining technical threads are time, synchronization, integrated performance metrics and cyber-physical–workforce requirements. Smart Manufacturing responds and leads to a dramatic and fundamental business transformation to demand-dynamic economics keyed on customers, partners and the public; enterprise performance and variability management; real-time integrated computational materials engineering and rapid qualification, demand-driven supply chain services; and broad-based workforce involvement. IT-enabled Smart factories and supply networks can better respond to national interests and strategic imperatives and can revitalize the industrial sector by facilitating global competitiveness and exports, providing sustainable jobs, radically improving performance, and facilitating manufacturing innovation.
The treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Much of the approach to evaluation and management of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been modeled after Hodgkin's disease. However, as the name implies, they are quite different. The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a group of diseases and syndromes. These many different presentations, syndromes, and possibly different diseases must be distinguished and separated in order to evaluate results. Advances in pathologic classification attempting to relate the disease to physiological activities of lymphocytes are being made, but a simple, clinically relevant scheme is not available at present. We recognize large differences in nodular vs. diffuse histologic patterns. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is only infrequently restricted to a single anatomical area, but when it is, radiation therapy can result in a significant proportion of cures. More widespread disease requires systemic therapy. Most encouraging results are found with whole-body radiation used as a systemic agent and with the use of multidrug combination chemotherapy. Perhaps whole-body radiation will be most useful when combined with combination chemotherapy as systemic therapy for some groups of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Ca(II)—calmodulin regulation of morphological commitment in Ceratocystis ulmi

The commitment phenomenon exhibited by Ceratocystis ulmi is a manifestation of the requirement for a Ca(II)-calmodulin interaction for mycelial growth. Under otherwise identical conditions, addition of CaCl2(10 mM) to committed yeasts caused them to germinate, while addition of the calmodulin antagonists chlorpromazine (80 μM), dibucaine (750 μM), or trifluoperazine (60 μM) to committed mycelia caused them to bud.
Adeno-Associated Virus Mediated Delivery of a Non-Membrane Targeted Human Soluble CD59 Attenuates Some Aspects of Diabetic Retinopathy in Mice

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of visual dysfunction in working adults and is attributed to retinal vascular and neural cell damage. Recent studies have described elevated levels of membrane attack complex (MAC) and reduced levels of membrane associated complement regulators including CD55 and CD59 in the retina of diabetic retinopathy patients as well as in animal models of this disease. We have previously described the development of a soluble membrane-independent form of CD59 (sCD59) that when delivered via a gene therapy approach using an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV2/8-sCD59) to the eyes of mice, can block MAC deposition and choroidal neovascularization. Here, we examine AAV2/8-sCD59 mediated attenuation of MAC deposition and ensuing complement mediated damage to the retina of mice following streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes. We observed a 60% reduction in leakage of retinal blood vessels in diabetic eyes pre-injected with AAV2/8-sCD59 relative to negative control virus injected diabetic eyes. AAV2/8-sCD59 injected eyes also exhibited protection from non-perfusion of retinal blood vessels. In addition, a 200% reduction in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and a 40% reduction in MAC deposition were documented in diabetic eyes pre-injected with AAV2/8-sCD59 relative to diabetic eyes pre-injected with the control virus. This is the first study characterizing a viral gene therapy intervention that targets MAC in a model of diabetic retinopathy. Use of AAV2/8-sCD59 warrants further exploration as a potential therapy for advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy.
An adaptive pseudospectral method for discontinuous problems

The accuracy of adaptively chosen, mapped polynomial approximations is studied for functions with steep gradients or discontinuities. It is shown that, for steep gradient functions, one can obtain spectral accuracy in the original coordinate system by using polynomial approximations in a transformed coordinate system with substantially fewer collocation points than are necessary using polynomial expansion directly in the original, physical, coordinate system. It is also shown that one can avoid the usual Gibbs oscillation associated with steep gradient solutions of hyperbolic pde's by approximation in suitably chosen coordinate systems. Continuous, high gradient solutions are computed with spectral accuracy (as measured in the physical coordinate system). Discontinuous solutions associated with nonlinear hyperbolic equations can be accurately computed by using an artificial viscosity chosen to smooth out the solution in the mapped, computational domain. Thus, shocks can be effectively resolved on a scale that is subgrid to the resolution available with collocation only in the physical domain. Examples with Fourier and Chebyshev collocation are given.
Paraelectricity in Magnetized Massless QED

We show that the chiral-symmetry-broken phase of massless QED in the presence of a magnetic field exhibits strong paraelectricity. A large anisotropic electric susceptibility develops in the infrared region, where most of the fermions are confined to their lowest Landau level, and dynamical mass and anomalous magnetic moment are generated via the magnetic catalysis mechanism. The nonperturbative nature of this effect is reflected in the dependence of the electric susceptibility on the fine-structure constant. The strong paraelectricity is linked to the electric dipole moments of the particle-antiparticle pairs that form the chiral condensate. The significant electric susceptibility can be used as a probe to detect the realization of the magnetic catalysis of chiral symmetry breaking in physical systems.
Performance prediction of tracking in clutter with nearest neighbor filters

The measurement that is `closest' to the predicted target measurement is known as the `nearest neighbor' measurement in target tracking. A common method currently in wide use for tracking in clutter is the so-called nearest neighbor filter, which uses only the nearest neighbor measurement as if it is the true one. This paper presents a technique for prediction without recourse to expensive Monte Carlo simulations of the performance of the nearest neighbor filter. This technique can quantify the dynamic process of tracking divergence as well as the steady state performance. The technique is based on a general approach to the performance prediction of algorithms with both continuous and discrete uncertainties developed recently by the authors.
Winnicott and Arendt: Bridging Potential and Political Spaces

In this article, the author seeks to bridge analytic theory, which is used as an interpretive framework to understand patients' psychic lives, and political philosophy, which accounts for individuals living a life in common as citizens. Specifically, I address how we can understand the relation between the psychosocial space of a parent(s) and child interaction, which becomes part of the child's psychic life, and the political space between and within citizens. The underlying claim is that there is a correlation between political space and the space between parent and child. I use an emended version of Donald Winnicott's concept of potential space and political philosopher Hannah Arendt's notion of the space of appearances to suggest connections between the consulting room and political space.
Situational features influencing young children's mentalistic explanations of action

This research assessed whether variable self-initiated movement and perceptual access to goals influence children to regard an action as mentalistically caused. In Study 1, preschoolers, first graders, and adults chose whether the actions of artifacts, insects, mammals, or humans were caused by mental or physical states. At all ages mental explanations were generally preferred in the presence (but not the absence) of the three situational cues (ps < .001). Also, the proportion of mental explanations by adults, and to a lesser extent by first graders, significantly increased depending upon the biological sophistication of the actor. In Study 2, preschoolers and first graders witnessed scenarios in which the presence of perceptual access or variable self-initiated movement was varied. Spontaneous mentalistic explanations of action were more common in both age groups when the feature of interest was present than when it was absent, ps < .001. Taken together, these studies suggest that children abstract specific features of action when construing its cause across disparate situations and actors and that doing so plays a vital role in learning when to generalize mentalistic explanations to new situations.
A note on the solar elevation dependence of clear-sky snow albedo

Abstract Recent attempts to match the short-wave albedo of snow for clear skies using approximate spectral solar fluxes and solutions of the radiative transfer equation for snow were unsuccessful until a separate surface reflection term was introduced. A separate consideration of specular reflection from surface snow grains has been objected to as being ad hoc. Results based on a new parametrization of short-wave radiation are discussed. Compared with previous radiation models, the new model gives higher diffuse insolation and predicts higher albedos. The difference between observed and predicted albedos is substantially reduced without invoking surface reflection.
Resisting Anamnesis: A Nietzschean Analysis of Turkey's National History Education

The Turkish Republic that emerged from the collapsing Ottoman Empire offers an instructive example of a self-conscious deployment of history by political elites to build a nation fitting the new state. The purpose of official history has been to tie the population to the land and the State, and to the project of ‘modernization’ (meaning, mostly, Europeanization). It encompasses many apparent contradictions that nevertheless have had to be reconciled in the historical narratives presented to schoolchildren and what has been omitted from those narratives, such as the role of Europeans as wartime enemies versus the new Republic's European orientation. In order to explain how Turkish republican official history selectively synthesized and mobilized disparate potential historical sources of a modernizing national identity, I analyze history textbooks and curricular materials from the 1930s through the 1950s, applying a four-way analysis drawn from Nietzsche. Following the schema presented in his early essay ‘H...
EFFECT OF THE INTERNAL FIELD ON VIBRATIONAL BAND SHAPES AND INTENSITIES IN LIQUIDS

Abstract An analysis is given of the effect of the frequency dependence of the internal field upon band shapes and intensities in Raman and infrared spectra of liquids. It is shown that band shape in the Raman case is independent of the form of an isotropic internal field, and therefore a reflection of molecular interaction alone, whereas both effects are operative in generating infrared band shapes. Numerical calculations of infrared band shapes in liquids are presented for the Lorentz and Buckingham internal field functions. It is concluded that the interpretation of infrared band shapes in terms of molecular interaction must ordinarily be accompanied by an explicit analysis of the dependence of the band shape upon the frequency-dependent internal field.
Are the coefficients of a polynomial well-conditioned functions of its roots?

We show that the coefficients of a polynomial can be rather illconditioned functions of its given roots. In certain cases, however, the coefficients are well conditioned, e.g. if the roots lie symmetrically in a closed angular sector for an angle less than ? centered at the origin of the complex plane?. We introduce and study condition numbersB l(k) for the sensitivity of the polynomial coefficienta k to changes in the rootx l and develop an algorithm to compute the condition numbers and to decide whether a given set of roots will generate the polynomial coefficients in an ill way. This algorithm is an essential preliminary for certain numerical pole placement algorithms in linear control theory.
Earlier Arctic snowmelt does not increase carbon sequestration

[1] Snow has been melting earlier in the spring in the Arctic in recent years, and this earlier melting is predicted to persist as the Arctic continues to warm. Some studies have suggested that earlier snowmelt, which can lead to longer growing seasons and increased photosynthetic activity, could help Arctic ecosystems sequester more carbon dioxide (CO2), thus helping to slow global warming. To determine whether this is indeed the case, Humphreys and Lafleur measured CO2 exchange between the tundra and the atmosphere at two sites in central Canada from 2004 to 2010. One site was a wet sedge meadow; the other was mixed upland tundra. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL047339, 2011)