cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Pursuit of Three Theories: Authoritarianism, Relative Deprivation, and Intergroup Contact

Throughout my career, I have pursued three theories related to intergroup prejudice--each with a different mentor. Each theory and its supporting research help us to understand prejudice and ways to ameliorate the problem. This autobiographical review article summarizes some of the advances in these three areas during the past six decades. For authoritarianism, the article advocates removing political content from its measurement, linking it with threat and dismissive-avoidant attachment, and studying how authoritarians avoid intergroup contact. Increased work on relative deprivation made possible an extensive meta-analysis that shows the theory, when appropriately measured, has far broader effects than previously thought. Increased research attention to intergroup contact similarly made possible a meta-analysis that established the pervasive effectiveness of intergroup contact to reduce prejudice under a wide range of conditions. The article closes by demonstrating how the three theories relate to each other and contribute to our understanding of prejudice and its reduction.
In-situ early stage electromigration study in Al line using synchrotron polychromatic X-ray microdiffraction

Electromigration is a phenomenon that has attracted much attention in the semiconductor industry because of its deleterious effects on electronic devices (such as interconnects) as they become smaller and current density passing through them increases. However, the effect of the electric current on the microstructure of interconnect lines during the very early stage of electromigration is not well documented. In the present report, we used synchrotron radiation based polychromatic X-ray microdiffraction for the in-situ study of the electromigration induced plasticity effects on individual grains of an Al (Cu) interconnect test structure. Dislocation slips which are activated by the electric current stressing are analyzed by the shape change of the diffraction peaks. The study shows polygonization of the grains due to the rearrangement of geometrically necessary dislocations (GND) in the direction of the current. Consequences of these findings are discussed.
High energy theorem in quantum electrodynamics

Abstract A theorem of Lehmann, Symanzik and Zimmermann on the high energy behaviour of the meson-nucleon vertex is extended to quantum electrodynamics. It is shown that the vertex function in quantum electro-dynamics vanishes in the limit of infinite momeentum transfer. This theorem does not necessarily imply the vanishing of the conventional electromagnetic form factors in this limit.
Controlling fluid animation

A methodology for controlling fluid animations is developed using the concept of an embedded controller. A controller acts as an interface between the animator and a general tool for calculating three dimensional fluid flow. The major contribution of this paper is that for the first time, it is possible for computer graphics animators, to specify and control a three dimensional fluid animation, without knowledge of the underlying equations or the method used to solve them. In addition the technique is stable, physically accurate, and can be integrated with other animation tools that deal with dynamic objects. To illustrate the method, animations of moving objects fountains, and explosions, together with the straightforward control functions that are used to create them, are presented.
Assessing Analytical Accuracy through Proficiency Testing: Have Effects of Matrix Been Overstated?

To the Editor: We read with great interest the report of Stepman et al. (1) identifying analytical errors in commercial analytical systems by using an external quality assessment (EQA) scheme with single-donor specimens. The use of such materials provides an assessment of method accuracy that is generally regarded as the gold standard in such comparisons (2). Unfortunately, only a limited number of laboratories can typically participate in such assessments without resorting to pooled or processed proficiency materials. Analytical ranges are also usually limited using single-donor specimens unless these materials are supplemented with additions that potentially obviate the benefits of using such specimens. Although intermethod bias cannot be definitively assessed with materials that have not been shown to be commutable for the examined analytes and analytical techniques, it is incorrect to assume a priori that pooled or spiked specimens, by their nature, are noncommutable and that method biases seen with such specimens are largely due to matrix effects. The data provided by Stepman et al. (1) allow for comparison of bias estimated with more …
Duration of Hospitalization for Bacteremic Infections at Boston City Hospital during 12 Selected Years between 1935 and 1972

In survivors of both community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) bacteremic infections at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972, the mean hospital stay fluctuated widely from one selected year to the next, but it was generally shorter and early discharges were more frequent in the years when effective antibacterial agents were used. The greatest reduction in hospital stay occurred by 1941. The size of the fluctuations and reductions also varied with the causative organism. The average duration of hospitalization of all survivors of HA bacteremic infections after the first positive blood culture was 10.5 days longer than the total hospitalization of survivors of CA infections. The reduced length of hospital stay after 1935 is attributed to the successful use of effective antibacterial drugs, and the greater effect in CA than in HA cases is attributed to more frequent infections in the latter with organisms resistant to those drugs.
On the Design of Online Scheduling Algorithms for Advance Reservations and QoS in Grids

We consider the problem of providing QoS guarantees to Grid users through advance reservation of resources. Advance reservation mechanisms provide the ability to allocate resources to users based on agreed-upon QoS requirements and increase the predictability of a Grid system, yet incorporating such mechanisms into current Grid environments has proven to be a challenging task due to the resulting resource fragmentation. We use concepts from computational geometry to present a framework for tackling the resource fragmentation, and for formulating a suite of scheduling strategies. We also develop efficient implementations of the scheduling algorithms that scale to large Grids. We conduct a comprehensive performance evaluation study using simulation, and we present numerical results to demonstrate that our strategies perform well across several metrics that reflect both user-and system-specific goals. Our main contribution is a timely, practical, and efficient solution to the problem of scheduling resources in emerging on-demand computing environments.
Comparison of spectral fitting methods for overlapping J-coupled metabolite resonances.

There is increasing interest in the use of two dimensional J-resolved spectroscopic acquisition (multi-echo) methods for in vivo proton MR spectroscopy due to the improved discrimination of overlapping J-coupled multiplet resonances that is provided. Of particular interest is the potential for discrimination of the overlapping resonances of glutamate and glutamine. In this study, a new time-domain parametric spectral model that makes use of all available data is described for fitting the complete two-dimensional multi-echo data, and the performance of this method was compared with fitting of one-dimensional spectra obtained following averaging multi-echo data (TEaveraged) and single-TE PRESS acquired spectra. These methods were compared using data obtained from a phantom containing typical brain metabolites and a human brain. Results indicate that improved performance and accuracy is obtained for the two-dimensional acquisition and spectral fitting model.
The Promise of Patient-Derived Xenografts: The Best Laid Plans of Mice and Men

Compared to xenografts from previously established cell-lines, patient-derived xenografts may more faithfully recapitulate the molecular diversity, cellular heterogeneity, and histology seen in patient tumors, although other limitations of murine models remain. The ability of these models to inform clinical development and answer mechanistic questions will determine their ultimate utility.
Using Focus Groups to Develop a Nutrition Labeling Program within University Food Service

The objectives of this study were to collect data on the barriers to healthful eating among university students and to obtain student feedback regarding a proposed nutrition labeling program to promote healthy eating on campus. The location was a major university in the southwest. The Logic Model guided the development of focus group questions related to the barriers that university students face. To collect quantitative data regarding nutrition knowledge and health consciousness, a Nutrition Knowledge and Health Consciousness Scale (NKHCS) was used. After completing the scale, 30 students participated in four focus groups. Three themes emerged from the focus groups: the need for increased availability of healthy foods, the ability to sample healthy foods, and nutrition labeling of foods. This mixed method approach to the study provided both qualitative and quantitative data, and the results provided important insights from students regarding the development of university-based nutrition education programs.
BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLOCK DESIGNS AND ABELIAN DIFFERENCE SETS

Abstract : A new representation of balanced incomplete block designs in terms of permutation matrices is given. This analysis is concerned with the study of Abelian difference sets. The analysis contains several new results together with a self-contained exposition of known results. (Author)
Analysis of Expert Readers in Three Disciplines: History, Mathematics, and Chemistry

The purpose of this study is to describe educationally relevant differences in literacy use among three subject-matter disciplines—history, chemistry, and mathematics. These analyses were drawn from an investigation of the teaching of disciplinary literacy in high schools. The purpose of the overall project was to improve the literacy-teaching preparation in a secondary preservice teacher education program, but this study sought to identify specific features of literacy and literacy use only in the three disciplines. It is the first expert-reader study to consider the reading of mathematicians and chemists (though other kinds of scientists have been studied in this way). To conduct this investigation, three teams were assembled, one for each discipline, including two disciplinary experts (historians, chemists, and mathematicians), two teacher educators who prepare high school teachers to teach those disciplines, and two high school teachers from each discipline. Using think-aloud protocols, transcripts fr...
Catheter-Mounted Aortic Valves

Abstract Three types of catheter-mounted aortic valve were tested in a mock circulation system, and two of them were further tested in anesthetized dogs that had traumatic aortic regurgitation. The valves proved to reduce regurgitation effectively. The umbrella-shaped valve was further tested by phonocardiographic, cineangiographic, and pressure-flow curve studies. A nonsignificant decrease in coronary flow was found to be caused by this prosthetic valve. Since it can be easily inserted through an artery, the umbrella valve may be useful in patients in whom a thoracotomy for valve replacement is contraindicated.
Covariant generalization of the Zitterbewegung of the electron and its SO(4,2) and SO(3,2) internal algebras.

The internal geometry of the Dirac electron is studied in a proper-time formalism with ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{0}$-Hermitian operators. We solve the Heisenberg equations, separate external and internal coordinates, and identify the SO(3,2) internal algebra as the projection of an SO(3,3) geometry to the hyperplane (perpendicular to the center-of-mass momentum) where the Zitterbewegung takes place. We also give covariant intrinsic-spin and magnetic-moment operators. The system can be generalized to a larger system with the internal geometry SO(4,2) with the inclusion of dynamical variables ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{5}$ and i${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{5}$${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. The resultant internal algebras have higher-dimensional representations generalizing the Dirac electron to multifermion states.
Incorporating an XML Matching Engine in Distributed Brokering Systems.

1.0 Introduction As systems such as peer-to-peer, Web Services, and Grid systems proliferate the Internet there have also been a significant increase in the number of devices that are networked to the Internet. In a trend that will continue in the coming years the number, type and complexity of the interactions that entities seek with each other will continue to increase. This is also coupled with an increase in the volume of information that would be generated by entities. XML (short for eXtensible Markup Language) [1] is a structured document format, in that it represents not only the information to be exchanged, but the metadata encapsulating its meaning, and the structure of the information to be exchanged. XML’s data encapsulation properties allow us to access relevant fields in the performance data easily. Tags, attributes and element structures provide context information, which can then be used to interpret the meaning of the content which provides intelligent data mining. The XML markup language has been used increasingly for data interchange between applications and entities. More recently XML based standards have been proposed by the W3C to support the Web Services concept where XML has been used to describe services, and carry invocations to these services. SOAP [2] provides a general purpose message envelop that may be specialized to the problem of transmitting remote procedure calls and responses
Elevated expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: resistance to apoptosis by glucocorticoids and irradiation.

Administration of glucocorticoids or exposure to ionizing radiation in vivo results in a rapid cell death of thymocytes. We report that murine small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are resistant to both steroid- and radiation-induced deletion. This is due to resistance to apoptosis, as evidenced by the absence of detectable apoptotic IEL nuclei in situ after in vivo glucocorticoid treatment. IEL express normal levels of glucocorticoid receptors and these receptors bind [ 3 H]dexamethasone to equivalent levels as other lymphocyte populations. Thus, their survival is due to post-receptor signaling mechanisms. Many IEL express high levels of Bcl-2 and that of these Bcl-2 high IEL are largely TCRgd F . Those IEL that do express high levels of Bcl-2 are CD8a F b ‐ CD4 ‐ . In addition, IEL express Bcl-x, another protein shown to be involved in the protection of cells from apoptotic signals. IEL represent the first lymphocyte population in vivo shown to have high levels of expression of both molecules, that otherwise occur only in activated lymphocytes in vitro. These data suggest that the Bcl-2 F Bcl-x F IEL are activated cells and not an effete population of cells necessarily destined to die. Also, the high levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x in this in vivo activated population supports the in vitro correlate of protection from activation-induced cell death.
Regulation of sister chromatid cohesion during the mitotic cell cycle

Orderly execution of two critical events during the cell cycle--DNA replication and chromosome segregation--ensures the stable transmission of genetic materials. The cohesin complex physically connects sister chromatids during DNA replication in a process termed sister chromatid cohesion. Timely establishment and dissolution of sister chromatid cohesion is a prerequisite for accurate chromosome segregation, and is tight regulated by the cell cycle machinery and cohesin-associated proteins. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the molecular understanding of sister chromatid cohesion during the mitotic cell cycle.
A bright future

In Harness the Sun , author Philip Warburg presents a clear and concise primer on the state of solar energy in America, breaking down manufacturing processes, explaining federal subsidies, exploring ways to make solar panels affordable for renters and low-income communities, describing net metering (in which customers sell solar energy back to the grid), and dissecting domestic solar politics and international trade disputes. Praising the book as "graceful, diverse, wide-ranging, and well-balanced," reviewer Amory B. Lovins recounts some of the book's surprising findings, and suggests additional topics to be covered in future editions.
Tocqueville's Tangents to Democracy

AbstractDespite asserting that he found nothing more striking in the United States than the “equality of conditions,” Tocqueville draws together his analysis of important nondemocratic “tangents to democracy” in a very lengthy concluding chapter of the 1835 Democracy in America. He seeks to explain these nondemocratic “tangents” and to understand why and how they coexist with egalitarian principle. A restrictive “relative sense of justice” constrains the extension of equality, and a bedrock “republican” sensibility, trusting mainly in the slow action of society upon itself, underlies the federal principle. In the emerging commercial spirit, Tocqueville observes a kind of energy that may expand the provincial spirit of relative justice while also hinting at imperial enterprises. Despite these factors, Tocqueville maintains his thesis about the primacy of democracy in American life, while bringing more nuance and accuracy to the argument of his first volume of Democracy in America.
The Social Structure of Organ Transplantation in the United States

As of today, 110,629 Americans are waiting for an organ transplant yet in 2010 only 28,664 people received organ transplants. This fact alone demonstrates that the country is facing a shortage of organs. Numbers such as these make it absolutely clear that we need to be looking for improvements in the organ allocation system in the USA. Before one starts proposing new allocation systems, it is crucial to understand the structure of the current system. In spite of availability of data on transplants, to our knowledge, no proper analysis has been done using the data. This paper looks at this data and what it may reveal about the allocation process currently in place. In order to structure the data we used techniques from network sciences to create a network of locations (henceforth called a geographical social network) representing all the transplants in the USA since 1987 where nodes represent states in the USA. This “social structure” is then analyzed using techniques from network sciences to bring clarity to the organ donation process.
Student Background and Course Involvement among First-Year College Students in Introduction to Psychology: Implications for Course Design and Student Achievement

Research suggests that measures of student background (aptitude tests, prior grades and prior coursework) and course involvement (attendance and participation) predict course achievement. However, the relative contribution of these variables remains unclear. This study utilised path analysis to examine the relative roles of student background and course involvement in predicting exam performance in an introduction to psychology course. Also, course involvement was tested as a potential mediator between student background and performance. Instructor records and student (N = 108) self-report data were used. Only background variables significantly predicted exam performance. Additionally, course involvement did not mediate the relations between background variables and performance. The findings suggest that prior preparation significantly influences understanding of psychology in introductory psychology courses and that course design may influence the importance of course involvement in predicting student ac...
In vitro and in vivo mouse models for pharmacogenetic studies

The identification of causative genes underlying biomedically relevant phenotypes, particularly complex multigenic traits, is of vital interest to modern medicine. Using genome-wide association analysis, many studies have successfully identified thousands of loci (called quantitative trait loci or QTL), some of these associating with drug response phenotypes. However, the determination and validation of putative genes has been much more challenging. The actions of drugs, both efficacious and deleterious, are complex phenotypes that are controlled or influenced in part by genetic mechanisms.Investigation for genetic correlates of complex traits and pharmacogenetic traits is often difficult to perform in human studies due to cost, availability of relevant sample population, and limited ability to control for environmental effects. These challenges can be circumvented with the use of mouse models for pharmacogenetic studies. In addition, the mouse can be treated at sub- and supratherapeutic doses and subjected to invasive procedures, which can facilitate measures of drug response phenotypes, making identification of pharmacogenetically relevant genes more feasible. The availability of multiple mouse genetic and phenotypic resources is an additional benefit to using the mouse for pharmacogenetic studies.Here, we describe the contribution of animal models, specifically the mouse, towards the field of pharmacogenetics. In this chapter, we describe different mouse models, including the knockout mouse, recombinant mouse inbred strains, in vitro mouse cell-based assays, as well as novel experimental approaches like the Collaborative Cross recombinant mouse inbred panel, which can be applied to preclinical pharmacogenetics research. These approaches can be used to assess drug response phenotypes that are difficult to model in humans, thereby facilitating drug discovery, development, and application.
Receptors for Monoamines on Cultured Cells

Clonal cell lines are ideal model systems for the study of monoamine receptors. Cell lines that express dopamine and serotonin receptors have been isolated from pituitary tumor 7315a. The SUP1 cell line contains mRNA for the dopamine D-2 receptor and expresses D-2 receptors coupled to the inhibition of cAMP production and to the inhibition of prolactin secretion. The P11 cell line expresses 5-HT2 receptors coupled to the stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis. These cell lines will be used to investigate manipulations that affect the expression and function of dopamine and serotonin receptors.
The role of acute blood transfusion in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe trauma.

Background Patients with major trauma necessitating the transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) are at increased risk for the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, it is presently unknown whether the amount of transfused blood is independently associated with development of ARDS in patients with severe trauma. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of 102 consecutive patients with severe trauma from an intensive care unit in a Level I trauma center. Results Patients were divided into three predetermined groups on the basis of the total number of units of PRBCs received in the initial 24 hours. A significant association was identified between an acute exposure to transfused blood and the development of ARDS. Twenty-one percent of patients who received 0 to 5 units of PRBCs developed ARDS, compared with 31% of those patients who received 6 to 10 units of PRBCs and 57% of those who received greater than 10 units of PRBCs (p = 0.007). The association between the amount of transfused blood and the development of ARDS remained significant in a multivariable logistic regression model accounting for differences in severity of illness, type of trauma, race, gender, and base deficit (p = 0.002; odds ratio, 14.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.2-78.7). Patients who received more units of PRBCs during the first 24 hours also had a higher hospital mortality rate (p = 0.03). Conclusion In severely injured trauma patients who require administration of packed red blood cells, the amount of transfused blood is independently associated with both the development of ARDS and hospital mortality.
Epidural analgesia for post-thoracotomy patients

Fifty-three patients underwent 55 post-thoracotomy bupivacaine epidural analgesia experiences for pain control. Hospital records of all patients were analyzed for effectiveness of pain relief, changes in vital signs, and complications. In most instances, pain relief was adequate and patients were able to move, cough, and deep breathe unusually well in the postoperative period. Correlations were tested among changes in blood pressure, pulse, respiration, the actual value for low blood pressure, and subsequent elevation, age, sex, thoracotomy side, primary diagnoses, secondary diagnoses, metastases, and complications. Systolic blood pressure reduction was greater in older patients who received epidural bupivacaine, with a correlation coefficient which attained significance (p
Tracing Airline Travelers for a Public Health Investigation Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection in the United States, 2014

Objective.CDC routinely conducts contact investigations involving travelers on commercial conveyances, such as aircrafts, cargo vessels, and cruise ships.Methods.The agency used established systems...
Diagnosis of Rare Eosinophilic and Mast Cell Disorders

Whereas mild to moderate eosinophilia has been reported in as many as 0.1% of North American outpatients (1) and may be due to seasonal allergies, asthma, or other common conditions, marked eosinophilia (>1,500/mm3) is relatively infrequent and should always prompt a diagnostic evaluation. The differential diagnosis of marked eosinophilia is broad and includes secondary causes of eosinophilia (Table 1), such as hypersensitivity reactions, helminth infection, and neoplastic and inflammatory disorders, as well as several disorders for which eosinophilia is thought to be the primary etiology. In many cases, a thorough diagnostic evaluation will reveal a secondary cause of the eosinophilia, and appropriate treatment can be instituted. In other instances, a well-defined, single-organ-restricted, primary eosinophil disorder, such as eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic fasciitis, or eosinophilia cystitis, is identified. Once secondary causes and alternative diagnoses have been excluded, however, a systemic primary eosinophil disorder should be considered.
Combining multiple surrogate models to accelerate failure probability estimation with expensive high-fidelity models

In failure probability estimation, importance sampling constructs a biasing distribution that targets the failure event such that a small number of model evaluations is sufficient to achieve a Monte Carlo estimate of the failure probability with an acceptable accuracy; however, the construction of the biasing distribution often requires a large number of model evaluations, which can become computationally expensive. We present a mixed multifidelity importance sampling (MMFIS) approach that leverages computationally cheap but erroneous surrogate models for the construction of the biasing distribution and that uses the original high-fidelity model to guarantee unbiased estimates of the failure probability. The key property of our MMFIS estimator is that it can leverage multiple surrogate models for the construction of the biasing distribution, instead of a single surrogate model alone. We show that our MMFIS estimator has a mean-squared error that is up to a constant lower than the mean-squared errors of the corresponding estimators that uses any of the given surrogate models alone—even in settings where no information about the approximation qualities of the surrogate models is available. In particular, our MMFIS approach avoids the problem of selecting the surrogate model that leads to the estimator with the lowest mean-squared error, which is challenging if the approximation quality of the surrogate models is unknown. We demonstrate our MMFIS approach on numerical examples, where we achieve orders of magnitude speedups compared to using the high-fidelity model only.
KNEE JOINT PROSTHESIS: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES EVALUATION OF A TITANIUM BASED BIOMEDICAL ALLOY

Although the technology behind biomedical implantations has grown vastly in the past few years many complications still exist. One of the most difficult of these complications to overcome is the difference in the mechanical properties of human bone and of current prosthetic implants. The research completed in this study investigated the change in mechanical properties, induced via heat treatment, of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Ti-6-2-4-2); a titanium based alloy containing: 6% aluminum, 2% tin, 4% zirconium, and 2% molybdenum. Ti-6-2-4-2 is a near alpha titanium alloy containing both alpha and beta phase stabilizers. These phase stabilizers allow for the formation of the material in two different crystal structures. The ratio of the crystal structures present in the final material induces a variety of changes in the mechanical properties of the material. A various range of heat treatments was carried out as to effect the amount of alpha and beta phase present in the material, and the tensile strength and microstructure of the material was then examined. From these two pieces of data many mechanical properties can be investigated and explained. Experimental research such this provides important preliminary information about the tested alloy’s usefulness in the field of biomedical implantations.
Pathology and GLPs, Quality Control and Quality Assurance

Good laboratory practice (GLP) standards were authored by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to ensure sound and repeatable non-clinical research. They set the standard by which studies are designed, conducted, and reported to assure reproducibility, accuracy, and consistency. Similar guidelines were developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and internationally, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and regulatory organizations in other countries. The main goal of GLP is to assure that studies produce data that are reliable, repeatable, auditable, and globally accepted.
Effects of Word Familiarity and Phoneme-Grapheme Polygraphy on Oral Spelling Time and Accuracy

The predictions of parallel dual-route models of spelling were tested using oral spelling time and accuracy. Subjective polygraphy (transparency of phoneme-grapheme mappings) was estimated from the pseudoword spellings of 42 college students. Subjective polygraphy was found to differ from a measure of objective polygraphy based on how words are actually spelled in English. A separate group of 40 college students spelled 36 words differing on familiarity and polygraphy. Low familiarity words were more difficult to spell than high familiarity words, and high polygraphy words were generally harder to spell than low polygraphy words. Several analyses suggested an interaction between polygraphy and familiarity. The design was replicated on another sample of 19 college students with a wider range of words. The results were generally consistent with a parallel-interactive model of spelling.
Introducing transnationalism studies to the field of public diplomacy

This article describes several spheres in which introducing transnationalism studies to public diplomacy and vice versa would be inspirational. First, transnationalism studies offer an alternative ...
Restraint as a stressor in mice: against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of D-MDMA, low body weight mitigates restraint-induced hypothermia and consequent neuroprotection.

Abstract In experimental studies of stress, restraint of laboratory rodents, perceived as easy to apply and believed to be reproducible, is a commonly used manipulation. The restraint manipulation is utilized as a technique to characterize the physiological, cellular and molecular consequences of stress as well as a tool to understand the ways in which stress may interact with toxic substances. In previous work, we utilized restraint in an examination of the effect of stress on the striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity engendered by a series of substituted amphetamines. Contrary to our expectations, and most likely due to its body temperature-reducing properties in the mouse, restraint provided total or near total protection against the neurotoxicity of these agents. During subsequent studies utilizing C57Bl6/J female mice of varying weights and ages the degree of temperature reduction and the associated ability to block (20–100%) the dopamine depletion associated with the neurotoxic amphetamine 3,4-methylendioxyamphetamine ( d -MDMA, 20 mg/kg of mouse body weight, every 2 h, s.c., total of four doses) were found to vary considerably more than had been previously observed. An in-depth analysis of the role mouse weight plays in the temperature reduction induced by restraint indicates mouse weight is a primary determinant of hypothermia and subsequent neuroprotection. It suggests the induction of stress in rodents by restraint is a complex effect that may lead to unanticipated results. The restraint manipulation is not as straight-forward a procedure as is commonly believed. Our data indicate that consistent application of restraint may require an adjustment of the restrainer device to mouse body weight.
The effects of low levels of CO2 on ventilation during rest and exercise.

Background: Measurements ofpulmonary gas exchange are especially sensitive to low levels of CO2 in the environment; this is an important consideration in measurements in enclosed spaces. Methods: In order to determine the responses to these low levels, subjects were exposed in five studies to partial pressures of inspired CO 2 (PicO 2 ) of 5.7 and 7.5 mmHg for 30 min during basal conditions at rest and to 5.4, 9.4 and 15 mmHg during a progressive exercise to VO 2 max on a cycle ergometer. Results: In the two resting studies, total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation were increased by 19% at 7.5 mmHg (1.1% sea level equivalent) and 10% at 5.4 mmHg (0.8% equivalent), with clear evidence of CO2 retention in both studies. During exercise at 15 mmHg the VO 2 max was reduced significantly by 13%, compared with air at about the same maximal ventilation, but VO 2 max was not reduced at 9.4 mmHg. A 6% decrease in VO 2 max at a PicO 2 of 5.4 mmHg may have resulted from these subjects being less fit. The maximal CO2 output and respiratory exchange ratio in the three exercise studies was always lower with CO2 than corresponding air measurements, indicating C02 storage. Evaluation of submaximal measurements provided an equation for predicting ventilation as a function of PiCO 2 and VO 2 /VO 2 max and demonstrated that ventilation during submaximal exercise is increased significantly by the lowest CO2 level. BP and heart rate responses during submaximal and maximal work were not predictably altered by CO2 at these levels. Conclusion: These studies demonstrate that minimal CO2 levels have significant influences on pulmonary ventilation during rest and exercise and must be considered in acute studies in confined spaces such as space cabins. The inspired CO2 should be stated when ventilation measurements are reported under these conditions.
Semantics of Interrogatives

In this article, I consider two sorts of issue that arise in work on the semantics of interrogatives. First, I survey proposals of metasemantic frameworks in which one can give the semantics for interrogatives. Next, I survey several semantic issues that are peculiar to interrogatives and must be accounted for within any framework.
DND1 Expression and Function in the Porcine Ovary, Oocyte and Embryo

DND1 (dead end homolog 1), belonging to the RNA binding protein family, can impact miRNA:mRNA functional pathway and in turn may contribute to maintaining normal oocyte growth and quality as well as embryo development following fertilization. To characterize DND1 in pig maturing oocytes and cumulus cells, and early embryos, we examined DND1 mRNA and protein expression using quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot and immunostaining. We found: (1) DND1 protein is expressed during pig follicle development; (2) DND1 is dynamically expressed at both mRNA and protein level in the maturing oocyte and early in vitro fertilized embryos; (3) DND1 mRNA is expressed in cumulus cells surrounding the maturing oocyte; and (4) DND1 protein is localized in the cytoplasm of pig maturing oocytes and early embryos. Our work provides useful data for functional study of DND1 proteins in female gametogenesis and developing embryos, which will benefit animal reproduction health and provides foundational knowledge for improving swine reproductive efficiency.
Clinical Evaluation and Management of Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of the most common malignancies in adolescents and young adults. Based on histological appearance, two classes – classical HL and nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL – have been described. Classical HL, which is the predominant form and characterized by the presence of the pathognomonic malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, is further subclassified into four histologic subtypes. The most common presentation of this disease is painless lymph node enlargement with or without constitutional symptoms such as fever and weight loss. Like most malignancies, treatment for newly diagnosed HL utilizes standard chemotherapy regimens and/or radiation therapy. However, with this approach, although survival is excellent, late treatment-related complications contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. With increasing insights into the biology of this disease, newer targeted therapies are emerging. Brentuximab, an antibody-drug conjugate which targets the transmembrane protein CD30 found on the RS cells, and the programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors which modulate the immune system to kill tumor cells are examples of such agents. While these agents have primarily been employed for recurrent disease in addition to autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, the paradigm appears to be shifting toward their incorporation into upfront treatment of newly diagnosed disease.
Filters Versus Textons in Human and Machine Texture Discrimination

Abstract A fundamental property of human visual perception is our ability to distinguish between textures. A concerted effort has been made to account for texture segregation in terms of linear spatial filter models and their nonlinear extensions. However, for certain texture pairs the ease of discrimination changes when the role of figure and ground are reversed. This asymmetry poses a problem for both linear and nonlinear models. We have isolated three properties of texture perception which account for this asymmetry in discrimination: subjective closure, perceptual distortion, and fill-in. These properties, which are also responsible for visual illusions, appear to be explainable by early visual processes alone. Our results force a reexamination of the process of human texture segregation and of some recent models that were introduced to explain it.
Ketenes, Their Cumulene Analogs and Their S, Se, and Te Analogs

This chapter reviews methods of synthesis of ketenes, thioketenes, and selenoketenes that have been reported mainly in the period 1995–2003. Emphasis has been given to modern trends, which include the application of ketenes to asymmetric and polymer-supported synthesis, and the use of classical methods of ketene generation to prepare bioactive substances (e.g., β-lactams by the Staudinger reaction) and fluorinated products. The three major routes to ketenes are dehydrohalogenation of acyl halides, dehalogenation of 2-haloacyl halides, and Wolff rearrangement of α-diazocarbonyl species. Other routes to ketenes from carbonyl compounds (carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, amides, and ketones), derivatives of Meldrum’s acid, alkynes, heterocyclic materials, and chromium carbene complexes, are discussed. Less information has been published on the synthesis of thioketenes. Their synthesis from thione derivatives of Meldrum’s acid, alkynes, and heterocyclic materials, are summarized. Selenoketenes remain an understudied class of compounds and few references to their synthesis could be found. An online search of the Chemical Abstracts Service failed to find a single reference on telluroketenes, which remain an alluring target for the synthetic chemist.
The Effect of Sedation on Long-Term Psychological Impairment After Extracorporeal Life Support.

Objective This retrospective study aimed to identify the association between long-term psychological impairment and total sedation received during venovenous extracorporeal life support (VV-ECLS) for acute respiratory failure (ARF). Design This observational retrospective study compared characteristics between patients with and without long-term psychological morbidity at long-term follow-up after VV-ECLS for ARF. Setting A single institutional experience in a quaternary referral academic medical center in the United States. Patients Patients who received VV-ECLS for ARF between January 1, 2015, and April 1, 2017, were identified for selection. Presence of psychiatric morbidity (anxiety and/or depression) was determined with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Subscale battery at long-term follow-up. Interventions No interventions were made during this retrospective observational study. Measurements and main results A total of 42 patients (21 male, 21 female, median age 49 [interquartile range {IQR} 36-57]) completed a telephone interview a median of 14.6 (IQR 7.7-21.1) months after ECLS decannulation. Cohorts were defined as possessing any psychiatric morbidity (anxiety and/or depression) as defined by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Subscale battery (n = 22 [52%]) versus no psychiatric morbidity (n = 20 [48%]) at long-term follow-up. Patients who had clinically significant psychiatric morbidity received a median of 15.0 (IQR 11.0-17.0) days of continuous intravenous sedation compared with patients who had no psychiatric morbidity, who received a median of 10.0 (IQR 6.5-13.5) days of intravenous sedation; (p = 0.02). Conclusions This retrospective analysis identified a significant association between the presence of long-term post-VV-ECLS psychiatric symptoms and the total number of days of intravenous sedation.
Effect of steel fibers with galvanized coatings on corrosion of steel bars embedded in UHPC

Abstract Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is widely accepted for its super-high durability. However, the corrosion performance of steel reinforcing bars embedded in UHPC and the improved protection of UHPC cover to steel bars are seldom studied. Furthermore, whether using steel fibers in UHPC will accelerate or slow down the corrosion of steel bars is of special interest. In this study, the effects of two types of steel fibers with different galvanized coatings (brass and zinc coated fibers) on the electrical resistance of UHPC and corrosion resistance of embedded steel bars were investigated. Electrochemical tests were conducted for 1 year in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution. The tests included open circuit potential (OCP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), Tafel polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Test results showed that ASTM C876 was not applicable to UHPC to determine corrosion state of embedded steel bars based on the OCP values. This is because the dense microstructure of UHPC can limit the penetration of oxygen and significantly lower OCP values. The corrosion rates in terms of corrosion current densities of steel bars from the LPR and Tafel polarization tests showed a decreasing trend with time, hence indicating that the steel bars were in passive state. Furthermore, chloride was not detected in the UHPC matrix after the electrochemical tests. This proved that corrosion did not occur on the steel bar surface in the testing period. The electrochemical resistance of UHPC matrix, the resistance of passive film, and the charge transfer resistance of the steel bars from the EIS test displayed a long-term increasing trend. However, when the conductive steel fibers increased from 0 to 2%, by volume, the UHPC matrix resistance decreased by more than 40%. It was also found that the fiber type and fiber content did not affect the resistance of passive film and charge transfer resistance of embedded steel bars. Galvanic corrosion did not happen due to uniform distribution of the fibers along the cast specimens. When proper casting method was employed, both brass and zinc-coated steel fibers can be safely used in UHPC for fiber volume up to 2%.
Cardiac mitochondrial function, nitric oxide sensitivity and lipid composition following hypoxia acclimation in sablefish.

ABSTRACT In fishes, the effect of O2 limitation on cardiac mitochondrial function remains largely unexplored. The sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) encounters considerable variations in environmental oxygen availability, and is an interesting model for studying the effects of hypoxia on fish cardiorespiratory function. We investigated how in vivo hypoxia acclimation (6 months at 40% then 3 weeks at 20% air saturation) and in vitro anoxia-reoxygenation affected sablefish cardiac mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release rates using high-resolution fluorespirometry. Further, we investigated how hypoxia acclimation affected the sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to nitric oxide (NO), and compared mitochondrial lipid and fatty acid (FA) composition between groups. Hypoxia acclimation did not alter mitochondrial coupled or uncoupled respiration, or respiratory control ratio, ROS release rates, P50 or superoxide dismutase activity. However, it increased citrate synthase activity (by ∼20%), increased the sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to NO inhibition (i.e., the NO IC50 was 25% lower), and enhanced the recovery of respiration (by 21%) and reduced ROS release rates (by 25–30%) post-anoxia. In addition, hypoxia acclimation altered mitochondrial FA composition [increasing arachidonic acid (20:4ω6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) proportions by 11 and 14%, respectively], and SIMPER analysis revealed that the phospholipid:sterol ratio was the largest contributor (24%) to the dissimilarity between treatments. Overall, these results suggest that hypoxia acclimation may protect sablefish cardiac bioenergetic function during or after periods of O2 limitation, and that this may be related to alterations in mitochondrial sensitivity to NO and to adaptive changes in membrane composition (fluidity).