cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cournot outcome and optimal collusion: an example

Abstract We give an example of a repeated Cournot oligopoly game with price uncertainty in which the optimal collusion is the Cournot outcome. Thus there is no advantage from dynamic collusion. The example is quite robust with respect to probability specifications and the number of firms
Iminodinitrile complexes of copper(II), nickel(II), palladium(II) and platinum(II)

Abstract Comparative properties of bis-complexes of iminodiacetonitrile (idn) and iminodipropionitrile (ipn) of Cu(II), Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) have been studied via i.r. spectral, tga, dta and X-ray diffraction data. The behavior of these complexes toward both liquid ammonia and ammonia solutions of potassium amide is reported.
Influence of metal ions on the biosynthesis of n-acetylglucosaminyl polyprenols by the retina

Abstract The following enzymatic process was investigated, catalyzed by an enzyme preparation from the retina of the embryonic chick: UDP-GlcNAc + dolichol phosphate → metal ions GDPmannose GlcNAc-P-P-polyprenol + (GlcNAc) 2 -P-P-polyprenol + Man-(GlcNAc) 2 -P-P-polyprenol . These reactions were carried out in the presence of a dolichol phosphate mannose-synthesizing system, shown previously to be an activator of GlcNAc-lipid synthesis. The process was also strongly influenced by the choice of the divalent cation used during the reactions. In the presence of Mg 2+ , not only was the extent of incorporation of radioactivity from UDP-[ 3 H]GlcNAc increased 4-fold into the GlcNAc lipids, as compared to Mn 2+ , but the relative distribution of the products was affected as well. In the presence of Mg 2+ the reaction was driven mainly in the direction of the formation of the first intermediate of the dolichol pathway, GlcNAc-P-P-polyprenol. Many of the other characteristics of the GlcNAc-transferases, such as pH optimum, requirement for dolichol phosphate and specificity for stimulation by sugar nucleotides, were similar for either the Mn 2+ or Mg 2+ systems. Retinol phosphate could not replace the requirement for dolichol phosphate. The influence of metal ions, in addition to the stimulation by dolichol phosphate mannose, on GlcNAc-lipid synthesis may be aspects of metabolic regulation of the dolichol pathway.
Restricted Schur multipliers and their applications

We compute the norm of the restriction of a Schur multiplier, arising from a multiplication operator, to a coordinate subspace. This result is used to generalize Wielandt's minimax inequality. Furthermore, we compute various s-numbers of an elementary Schur multiplier and determine criteria for membership of such multipliers in certain operator ideals.
A Method for Generating High-Dimensional Multivariate Binary Variates

Abstract Examples are given of the need for simulating correlated binary variates with different given marginal expectations and pairwise correlations. An algorithm is then presented for generating such variates. The algorithm may be used to generate variates of any dimension.
An Fe-Berthierine from a Cretaceous Laterite: Part II. Estimation of Eh, pH and pCO2 Conditions of Formation

Transgression by the Western Interior Sea during the Late Cretaceous in southwestern Min- nesota caused swampy conditions to be imposed upon a laterite consisting of gibbsite, goethite and kaolinite. Reducing conditions overprinted upon the laterite reduced ferric Fe in goethite for incorporation of ferrous Fe into Fe-berthierine. Attendant oxidation of organic matter provided CO2 for siderite's for- mation. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that berthierine, gibbsite, goethite, kaolinite and siderite were in equilibrium with a solution whose pH was 5.2 and whose pCO 2 was on the order of 0.3 atm. Formation of Fe-berthierine is favored by solutions having: 1) low silica concentration; 2) low (Mg2+)/ (Fe 2§ ratio; 3) high pCO2; 4) extremely low sulfate content before reduction takes place; and 5) moderate reducing conditions (Eh around -0.05 V).
Neuronal microtubules: when the MAP is the roadblock

Recent studies shed new light on a potential cascade of events by which neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's lead to axonal degeneration. In this model, the pathology starts with an elevation in microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) such as tau. This renders the microtubules less accessible to motor proteins, which impairs their capacity to sustain anterograde axonal transport of proteins and organelles. In response, the neuron hyperphosphorylates tau so that it dissociates from the microtubules. Unfortunately, the hyperphosphorylated tau forms abnormal filaments that are deleterious to the axon, and the tau-depleted microtubules become highly sensitive to microtubule-severing proteins such as katanin.
Integration of Self-Assembled Metal-Catalyzed Semiconductor Nanowires for Sensors and Large-Area Electronics

In this paper, we discuss methods of positioning nanowires at desired locations on a substrate to explore which techniques are most suitable for different potential applications, with an emphasis on Si nanowires. We focus most attention on growing the nanowires at the position where they will be used. We discuss forming one connection during growth for mechanically resonant sensors and making two connections during growth for field-effect sensors. Next, we discuss in less detail repositioning nanowires from a growth substrate onto a final substrate, with focus on potential applications in large-area electronics, such as displays, or electronics on a low-temperature substrate. Finally, we briefly consider possible catalyst materials and explore potential concerns with the widely used Au catalyst.
Design of Physicians' Health Study II—A Randomized Trial of Beta-Carotene, Vitamins E and C, and Multivitamins, in Prevention of Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Eye Disease, and Review of Results of Completed Trials

Abstract PURPOSE: To assess the balance of benefits and risks of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, and multivitamins on cancer, cardiovascular (CVD), and eye diseases. DESIGN: Physicians' Health Study II (PHS II) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolling 15,000 willing and eligible physicians aged 55 years and older. PHS II will utilize a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design to test alternate day beta-carotene, alternate day vitamin E, daily vitamin C, and a daily multivitamin, in the prevention of total and prostate cancer, CVD, and the age-related eye diseases, cataract and macular degeneration. PRIOR RESULTS: The final results of the recently completed Physicians' Health Study I (PHS I), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 22,071 healthy US male physicians, indicated that beta-carotene supplementation (50 mg on alternate days) had no significant benefit or harm on cancer or CVD during more than 12 years of treatment and follow-up. In regards to cancer, there were possible benefits on total and prostate cancer in those with low baseline levels assigned to beta-carotene, a finding compatible with the Chinese Cancer Prevention Study for combined treatment with beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium in a poorly nourished population. Further, with respect to CVD, there were apparent benefits of beta-carotene supplementation on subsequent vascular events among a small subgroup of 333 men with prior angina or revascularization. The currently available data from randomized trials of primary prevention are sparse and inconsistent for vitamin E and non-existent for vitamin C and multivitamins. For eye diseases, namely cataract and age-related macular degeneration, there are no completed large-scale randomized trials of antioxidant vitamins. CONCLUSIONS: PHS II is unique in several respects. PHS II is the only primary prevention trial in apparently healthy men testing the balance of benefits and risks of vitamin E on cancer and CVD. In addition, PHS II is the only primary prevention trial in apparently healthy men to test the balance of benefits and risks of vitamin C, multivitamins, as well as any single antioxidant vitamin, alone and in combination, on cancer, CVD, and eye diseases. Finally, PHS II is the only trial testing a priori the hypotheses that beta-carotene and vitamin E may reduce the risks of prostate cancer. Thus, PHS II will add unique as well as importantly relevant and complementary information to the totality of evidence from other completed and ongoing large-scale randomized trials on the balance of benefits and risks of beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, and multivitamins alone and in combination on prevention of cancer, CVD and eye diseases.
On the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the output regulation equations for periodic exosystems

a b s t r a c t In this paper we prove that, for a general class of control-affine systems, the output regulation equations are uniquely solvable whenever the exosystem is periodic and the linearized zero-dynamics of the plant does not contain periodic solutions of the same period as those of the exosystem. Our main result can therefore be applied to cases when the linearized zero-dynamics are non-hyperbolic. As an application, we consider the important case of when the exosystem is composed of k-uncoupled harmonic oscillators. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
CONCEPT OF THE LOCAL AND COMMON MUCOSAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

A major problem that has received considerable attention concerns a method for effectively stimulating a selective IgA-associ-ated immune response on mucous surfaces. Earlier immunization attempts indicated that an antigen applied to the mucous membrane penetrates these membranes and encounters B-lymphocytes that have the potential of differentiating into IgA-producing plasma cells of a given specificity. The IgA produced is then actively transported through epithelial cells on the surface of the membrane where the original antigen stimulation occurred. Numerous examples clearly demonstrate the efficiency of this pathway of immunization. For example, the stimulation through the conjunctival sac of one eye led to the appearance of antibodies in tears from the immunized site but not in secretions from the other eye (1). Similarly, the application of viral antigen into the large intestine of individuals who have had double-barrelled colostomies induced s-IgA antibodies restricted to the site of antigen application but failed to induce antibodies in other parts of the intestine, in glandular secretions or in nasal secretions (2). These are only two examples of experiments that are suggestive of an IgA-associated immune response that results from topical antigen application.
The ineffectiveness of school inputs: a product of misspecification?

Abstract Two-thirds of education production function studies relating learning to school and parental inputs also include parental income. This confounds demand and production functions, since in demand functions income determines the school inputs used in the production function. In a comprehensive review of the literature, we show that with this misspecification significantly positive school input coefficients are 39% less common. Then, with Project TALENT student-level data from 1960 and pooled state data for 1987–1992, we examine the impact of including income with no other change in specification. This causes most school inputs to become less significant. Hausman tests suggest that in OLS regressions there is a correlation between the school input measures and the error term, perhaps due to the omission of a good measure of parental time with the student. This appears to bias the school input coefficients toward zero, but can be corrected with IV methods. [JEL I21, H52, H42]
Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in a community sample.

Abstract Objective Diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder (BED) appear in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition as “criteria for further study.” Few epidemiological studies of BED have been conducted. Our aim was to describe the prevalence and correlates of BED, as assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) in a community sample. Method Descriptive epidemiology from a survey of 910 randomly ascertained participants residing in the greater metropolitan area of St Louis, Mo. Results Sixty individuals (6.6%) screened positive for current BED, as assessed by the PHQ (BED+). Men were as likely to screen positive as women. BED+ subjects were at substantially elevated odds for depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, and past suicide attempts; individuals with obesity who screened negative for BED (BED−) were not at elevated odds for these syndromes. BED+ subjects, but not other obese individuals, exhibited substantially lower scores on measures of mental health–related quality of life. Personality traits associated with BED symptoms included high Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance, and low Self-directedness. Personality and psychiatric profiles in obese, BED− individuals were closer to those for normal-weight, BED− individuals, suggesting that BED is distinct from typical obesity. BED+ subjects reported mean body mass index of 34.1, more than 6 units above BED− subjects. Conclusion PHQ-BED criteria are associated with substantial impairment, psychiatric comorbidity, and obesity and effectively discriminate obese individuals with psychological problems from obese subjects without similar problems. BED may be considerably more prevalent than other eating disorders and equally prevalent among men and women.
Cardiac Findings After Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I is a lethal autosomal recessive storage disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal α-l-iduronidase and the consequent systemic accumulation of glycosaminoglycan. Cardiomyopathy and valvar insufficiency occur as glycosaminoglycan accumulates in the myocardium, expands the spongiosa of cardiac valves, and proliferates within the myointima of the epicardial coronary arteries. Congestive heart failure and death occur within the first decade of life in the most severe cases. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, used in severe forms of the disease, markedly prolongs survival, alleviates ventricular hypertrophy, and preserves cardiac function, but cardiac valves continue to thicken and valvular insufficiency progresses. Enzyme replacement therapy with human recombinant α-l-iduronidase has been proposed as an alternativee therapy for patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I in whom the risk/benefit ratio of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation seems unfavorable. The investigators report the cardiac findings in a small series of 5 children with mucopolysaccharidosis type I who received enzyme replacement therapy for as long as 7 years. No deaths occurred during treatment. Left ventricular hypertrophy, which was present before therapy, resolved in all cases, and myocardial function remained normal. In contrast, the mitral and aortic valves remained thickened and, in some instances, developed progressive thickening and regurgitation. In conclusion, long-term enzyme replacement therapy has some clear benefits for the myocardium, but the cardiac valves appear unresponsive, and the ultimate effect on the coronary vasculature is unknown.
Low Parental Literacy Is Associated With Worse Asthma Care Measures in Children

Objective To determine whether parental literacy is related to emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and days of school missed for children with asthma. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study at a university pediatric clinic. We enrolled children between 3 and 12 years old with a diagnosis of asthma and a regular source of care at the site of the study and their parent or guardian. Primary asthma care measures included self-reported rates of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and days of school missed. Secondary asthma care measures included rescue and controller medication use, classification of asthma severity, and parental asthma-related knowledge. Results We enrolled 150 children and their parents. Twenty-four percent of the parents had low literacy. Children of parents with low literacy had greater incidence of emergency department visits (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.4; 95% confidence interval 0.97, 2.0), hospitalizations (IRR 4.6; 1.8, 12), and days missed from school (IRR 2.8; 2.3, 3.4) even after adjusting for asthma-related knowledge, disease severity, medication use, and other sociodemographic factors. Parents with low literacy had less asthma-related knowledge, and their children were more likely to have moderate or severe persistent asthma and had greater use of rescue medications. Conclusions Low parental literacy is associated with worse care measures for children with asthma.
Intermittent turbulence in self-similar cascades: divergence of high moments and dimension of the carrier

Kolmogorov’s “third hypothesis” asserts that in intermittent turbulence the average \( \bar \varepsilon \) of the dissipation e, taken over any domain D, is ruled by the lognormal probability distribution. This hypothesis will be shown to be logically inconsistent, save under assumptions that are extreme and unlikely. A widely used justification of lognormality due to Yaglom and based on probabilistic argument involving a self-similar cascade, will also be discussed. In this model, lognormality indeed applies strictly when D is “an eddy,” typically a three-dimensional box embedded in a self-similar hierarchy, and may perhaps remain a reasonable approximation when D consists of a few such eddies. On the other hand, the experimental situation is better described by considering averages taken over essentially one-dimensional domains D.
Transferrin receptors on the surfaces of retinal pigment epithelial cells are associated with the cytoskeleton

Retinal pigment epithelial cells, derived from human donor eyes, have been grown in culture as monolayers on membrane filters or plastic surfaces and shown to possess transferrin receptors with a monomeric molecular mass of 93,000. These receptors internalize 125I-labelled transferrin and recycle it to the surrounding medium in a similar manner to other cell types. Scatchard analyses show that there are about 100,000 high-affinity receptors on the surface of each cell and most of these receptors are associated with the cytoskeleton. In total cell extracts, there are additional low-affinity binding sites that do not appear to be strongly associated with the cytoskeleton. The apparent interaction of transferrin receptors with the cytoskeleton was confirmed in two ways: first, using 200 kV electron microscopy for stereo analyses, skeleton-associated transferrin receptors were detected by a monoclonal anti-receptor antibody and a colloidal gold-conjugated second antibody after Triton X-100 extraction of pigment epithelial cells grown directly on laminin-coated gold grids; and, second, when cell surface receptors were labelled with radioiodinated transferrin and then incubated for various periods of time, the labelled transferrin was observed to move from a Triton X-100-insoluble fraction (a putative cytoskeletal compartment) to a Triton-soluble compartment that was not associated with the cytoskeleton. Using either horseradish peroxidase or colloidal gold-labelled transferrin, it has been shown that basolateral and apical surface-located receptors participate in receptor-mediated endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits, endosomes and tubular structures. Initially, transferrin internalized from the apical surface is observed in small endosomes that often appear to be embedded in an apical layer of microfilaments. From these peripheral regions of the cells, the labelled receptors move to larger endosomes and multivesicular bodies deeper in the cytoplasm. These structures have no apparent association with cytoskeletal elements.
Phenobarbital does not increase early labeling of bilirubin from 4‐[14C]‐δ‐aminolevulinic acid in man and rat

delta-Aminolevulinic acid-4-[14C] and [3H]-bilirubin were administered intravenously to five patients with Gilbert's syndrome and four healthy control subjects on two occasions: before and on days 10 through 14 of a course of phenobarbital (2.5 mg/kg/day). The resulting curves of [3H]-bilirubin and [14C]-bilirubin in plasma were analyzed by computer to determine a number of parameters of physiological interest. As expected, phenobarbital produced a highly significant fall in the plasma concentration of unconjugated bilirubin as a result of a significant increase in hepatic bilirubin clearance in all subjects; plasma bilirubin turnover was unaltered. Surprisingly, the drug produced no change in the incorporation of [14C]-delta-aminolevulinic acid into [14C]-early labeled bilirubin. To explain this unexpected finding, the effects of phenobarbital (75 mg/kg/day for 6 days) on incorporation of [14C]-delta-aminolevulinic acid and 2-[14C]-glycine into [14C]-early labeled bilirubin and on the activity of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase were studied in nonfasted, adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. At the dose and duration of treatment used, phenobarbital administration increased total hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity and produced a significant increase of 70% in the incorporation of [14C]-glycine into early labeled bilirubin. By contrast, no increase in the incorporation of [14C]-delta-aminolevulinic acid into early labeled bilirubin was observed. These data suggest that delta-aminolevulinic acid is an inappropriate precursor for studies of the rate of heme biosynthesis, presumably because it bypasses delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase, the physiological rate-limiting enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway.
Boundary Approximations for Implicit Schemes for One-Dimensional Inviscid Equations of Gasdynamics

The applicability to practical calculations of recent theoretical developments in the stability analysis of difference approximations is examined for initial boundary-value problems of the hyperbolic type. For the numerical experiments the one-dimensional inviscid gasdynamic equations in conservation law form are selected. A class of implicit schemes based on linear multistep methods for ordinary differential equations is chosen and the use of space or space-time extrapolations as implicit or explicit boundary schemes is emphasized. Some numerical examples with various inflow-outflow conditions highlight the commonly discussed issues: explicit vs implicit boundary schemes, and unconditionally stable schemes. HEN finite-difference schemes are used to solve initial boundary-value problems for the equations of fluid dynamics, it is well known that most methods require more boundary conditions than those required by the governing partial differential equations. These additional boundary conditions for the finite-difference equations are often called "numerical boundary conditions." The numerical boundary conditions cannot be imposed arbitrarily but are determined, in general, using interior information, for example, by extrapolation or uncentered approximations. In this paper, any numerical procedure used to provide a numerical boundary condition will be called a "boundary scheme/' Whatever schemes are used for the numerical boundary conditions, it is a common practice to assume that the boundary scheme has a local effect and will not affect the solution globally. During the early 1970s, Kreiss,1'2 Osher,3 Gustafsson et al.,4 Varah,5 and Gustafsson6 published a series of papers establishing methods for checking the stability and accuracy of difference approximations with boundary schemes included. Since then, further progress has been made in the theory of linear difference approximations for initial boundary-value problems of the hyperbolic and parabolic type.7'12 Because improper treatment of the boundary conditions can lead to instability and inaccuracy, even though we start with a stable interior scheme (i.e., scheme for the interior points), it is appropriate to adopt an approach that includes the stability and accuracy of the combined interior and boundary schemes. Surveys of recent developments and extensive bibliographies are included in papers by Coughran13 and Yee.14 The purpose of this paper is to examine the applicability to practical calculations (for nonlinear gasdynamic problems) of recent theoretical stability analyses of implicit difference approximations for initial boundary-value problems of the hyperbolic type. As numerical computations have progressed, the use of the conservative form of the gasdynamic equations has gained popularity. For physical reasons it is sometimes desirable to specify boundary conditions in the nonconservative variables and to compute with conservative variables in the interior. We will consider the additional complications introduced by this procedure.
Performance impact of cationic contaminants

Although a major amount of research has been undertaken on failure modes of fuel cell durability, relatively little research has been carried out on cationic contamination. One of the primary issues of cationic contamination is the low level of contaminant needed to impact a cell. The uptake of contaminant cations leads to dramatically decreased performance even at low levels of incorporation. Foreign cations replacing protons in the ionomer phase likely increase ohmic, kinetic, and mass transport losses in the cell and may alter cell thermodynamics. At this point in time, little is known about the rates of exposure, uptake, and escape of contaminant cations in operating fuel cells. The extent of performance loss following cationic contamination and recovery of performance after contamination are discussed in terms of cation contaminant impact on fuel cell durability. Keywords: Polymer electrolyte fuel cell; cation contamination; cationic contaminants; durability; metal bipolar plates; ammonia; hydrogen quality
Genetic and environmental influences on the transmission of parental depression to children’s depression and conduct disturbance: an extended Children of Twins study

Background: Despite the increased risk of depression and conduct problems in children of depressed parents, the mechanism by which parental depression affects their children’s behavioral and emotional functioning is not well understood. The present study was undertaken to determine whether parental depression represents a genuine environmental risk factor in children’s psychopathology, or whether children’s depression/conduct can be explained as a secondary consequence of the genetic liability transmitted from parents to their offspring. Methods: Children of Twins (COT) data collected on 2,674 adult female and male twins, their spouses, and 2,940 of their children were used to address whether genetic and/or family environmental factors best account for the association between depression in parents and depression and conduct problems in their children. Data collected on juvenile twins from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) were also included to estimate child-specific genetic and environmental influences apart from those effects arising from the transmission of the parental depression itself. The fit of alternative Children of Twin models were evaluated using the statistical program Mx. Results: The most compelling model for the association between parental and juvenile depression was a model of direct environmental risk. Both family environmental and genetic factors accounted for the association between parental depression and child conduct disturbance. Conclusions: These findings illustrate how a genetically mediated behavior such as parental depression can have both an environmental and genetic impact on children’s behavior. We find developmentally specific genetic factors underlying risk to juvenile and adult depression. A shared genetic liability influences both parental depression and juvenile conduct disturbance, implicating child conduct disturbance (CD) as an early indicator of genetic risk for depression in adulthood. In summary, our analyses demonstrate differences in the impact of parental depression on different forms of child psychopathology, and at various stages of development.
Embryotoxicity of maternally transferred methylmercury to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and potent neurotoxin. In aquatic environments, Hg can be transformed into methylmercury (MeHg), which bioaccumulates in aquatic food webs, including fish. Methylmercury has been shown to transfer from female fish to developing eggs; however, relatively little is known regarding the effects of maternally transferred MeHg on fish embryos. The present study evaluated the effects of maternally transferred MeHg on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos. Embryos were collected from adult fatheads exposed for 30 d to 1 of 3 diets spiked with MeHg: a control diet (0.02 ppm Hg dry wt), a low diet (0.87 ppm Hg dry wt), or a high diet (5.5 ppm Hg dry wt). No effects on spawning frequency, clutch size, or total egg output were observed. In embryos, Hg concentration was a function of female diet and the duration (number of days) of female exposure. Compared with controls, embryos from the low-diet treatment displayed altered embryonic movement patterns (hyperactivity) and decreased time to hatch. Embryos from the high-diet treatment had delayed hatching and increased mortality compared with the other treatments. Collectively, these results suggest that maternally transferred Hg may impact survival, behavior, and developmental milestones of the embryo-larval stages of fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1436-1441. © 2015 SETAC.
Measurement of the Polarization of Photoneutrons from Deuterium

Theoretical studies have predicted that the neutrons from the reaction $\mathrm{D}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, n)\mathrm{H}$ are polarized. At low gamma-ray energies, the polarization results from an interference between the electric and magnetic dipole transitions. We have measured the polarization of the photoneutrons produced from deuterium by the 2.75-Mev gamma rays of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$. The photoneutrons were scattered from magnesium and the polarization determined from the left-right asymmetry using recent experimental results of Elwyn, Lane, and Langsdorf for the polarization-analyzing ability of magnesium. For gamma ray-neutron angles (center-of-mass) of 49.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 71.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 93.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 114.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 135.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the neutron polarizations are found to be -0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, -0.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, -0.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, -0.29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, and -0.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, respectively, where positive polarization is taken to be in the direction of ${\mathrm{k}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{k}}_{n}$. The results are in agreement with a calculation by Kramer in the effective-range approximation, assuming only dipole transitions and no noncentral forces.
Visibility and Invisibility: Structural, Differential, and Embedded Power in Collaborative Governance of Fisheries

ABSTRACTA visibility–power framework emerged from a case study of conflict over the use of commercial gill nets in North Carolina fisheries. Findings from field observations, interviews, and analysis of documents, policies, and existing statistics demonstrated that while gill nets were highly visible as a regulatory target regarding environmental protection and conservation, recreational fishing and coastal development were relatively invisible. This has resulted in a decline in the commercial fishing industry, yet also continued impacts on marine wildlife and habitat. The utility of the visibility–power framework is a focus on how different forms of power—structural, embedded, and differential—articulate across levels and scales of collaborative natural resource governance (CNRG) systems to produce outcomes and processes that counter stated goals of sustainability. Visibility and invisibility regarding socioenvironmental relations are produced by the structural power of CNRG systems, the differential pow...
A Characterization of the Ball in R3

(1976). A Characterization of the Ball in R3. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 260-261.
Idiosyncratic Valproic Acid–Induced Hepatotoxicity in a Sickle Cell Patient:

Objective: Suspected idiosyncratic valproic acid–induced hepatotoxicity in a sickle cell patient with chronic migraines is reported. Case Summary: A 32-year-old female with a medical history significant for sickle cell anemia and cerebral palsy was admitted to an inpatient medicine service for moderate to severe right flank pain with worsening transaminitis and hyperbilirubinemia. The patient reported taking valproic acid for approximately 6 years for the prevention of chronic migraines. An extensive workup was inconclusive for an etiology of underlying liver disease for the presenting symptoms. Valproic acid was discontinued on hospitalization day 3, resulting in a rapid improvement of the signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity. Discussion: Several mechanisms of idiopathic valproic acid–induced hepatotoxicity have been proposed, including the accumulation of hepatotoxic metabolites, induction of oxidative stress, and deficiency of l-carnitine. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is typically confirmed following im...
The Cellular Mechanisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Mortality: A Possible Role for Platelet Activating Factor and/or the Eicosanoids

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is hailed as the seminal mediator in endotoxemia and/or sepsis in animals and humans [1, 2]. Of particular interest recently has been the reported role of eicosanoids (PGS) and platelet activating factor (PAF) in mediating many of the events in the pathophysiology of endotoxemia/sepsis in animals [3, 4]. Interestingly, the putative effects of PAF and the eicosanoids alone or in endotoxemia/sepsis are very similar to those attributed to TNF. To make the situation even more complex, TNF stimulates endothelial cells or fibroblasts to synthesize PAF [5], prostacyclin [6], or PGE2 [7] as well as many other potent cellular effectors.
In their own words: oral histories of Medical Library Association past presidents.

Objective: The purpose of this lecture was to review the development of the Medical Library Association (MLA) oral history program and to highlight the oral histories of thirty-seven past MLA presidents to identify themes of common interest and relevance to current MLA members. Methods: The lecture focused on three main topics discussed in many of the interviews: the presidents’ backgrounds and how they came to be medical librarians, how MLA developed as an organization as a reflection of the growth of medical libraries, and the presidents’ predictions and advice about the future. Results: MLA presidents came from varied backgrounds and locales. As MLA grew from a small, intimate group into a multifaceted organization with a professional management staff, the workload of the presidents changed in scope. One recurring theme in the presidential oral histories was the power differential between men and women in the organization and the profession. MLA presidents reminisced about notable annual meetings and praised the positive impact of the organization on members’ professional and personal lives. Conclusions: The lecture concludes with recommendations to the organization to increase the availability of the oral histories by providing online access for future interviews and to pay careful attention to their long-term preservation.
Exploring Global Exposure Factors Resources for Use in Consumer Exposure Assessments

This publication serves as a global comprehensive resource for readers seeking exposure factor data and information relevant to consumer exposure assessment. It describes the types of information that may be found in various official surveys and online and published resources. The relevant exposure factors cover a broad range, including general exposure factor data found in published compendia and databases and resources about specific exposure factors, such as human activity patterns and housing information. Also included are resources on exposure factors related to specific types of consumer products and the associated patterns of use, such as for a type of personal care product or a type of children's toy. Further, a section on using exposure factors for designing representative exposure scenarios is included, along with a look into the future for databases and other exposure science developments relevant for consumer exposure assessment.
Encountering the Other

Encounters involve relationships among people occurring over some span of time. Even those between two people, however, are always complex, particularly when the encounter is clinical. They involve many different people (patients, family members, friends), some of whom work within established professional frameworks (physicians, nurses, social workers, chaplains, etc.) each of which has its written and unwritten codes of conduct and practice. In addition, each clinical encounter occurs within some form of institution which includes a variety of written and unwritten, more or less formal (local, regional, state, federal) rules, regulations, policies, codes, laws, and the like — all of which, to one or another degree, help to configure the specific encounter.
Genomic Comparisons of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners Reveal Potential Ecological Drivers of Community Composition in the Vagina

ABSTRACT Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners are common inhabitants of the healthy human vagina. These two species are closely related and are thought to perform similar ecological functions in the vaginal environment. Temporal data on the vaginal microbiome have shown that nontransient instances of cooccurrence are uncommon, while transitions from an L. iners-dominated community to one dominated by L. crispatus, and vice versa, occur often. This suggests that there is substantial overlap in the fundamental niches of these species. Given this apparent niche overlap, it is unclear how they have been maintained as common inhabitants of the human vagina. In this study, we characterized and compared the genomes of L. iners and L. crispatus to gain insight into possible mechanisms driving the maintenance of this species diversity. Our results highlight differences in the genomes of these two species that may facilitate the partitioning of their shared niche space. Many of the identified differences may impact the protective benefits provided to the host by these two species. IMPORTANCE The microbial communities that inhabit the human vagina play a critical role in the maintenance of vaginal health through the production of lactic acid and lowering the environmental pH. This precludes the growth of nonindigenous organisms and protects against infectious disease. The two most common types of vaginal communities are dominated by either Lactobacillus iners or Lactobacillus crispatus, while some communities alternate between the two over time. We combined ecological theory with state-of-the-art genome analyses to characterize how these two species might partition their shared niche space in the vagina. We show that the genomes of L. iners and L. crispatus differ in many respects, several of which may drive differences in their competitive abilities in the vagina. Our results provide insight into factors that drive the complicated temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiome and demonstrate how closely related microbial species partition shared fundamental niche space.
Down-regulation of CITED2 attenuates breast tumor growth, vessel formation and TGF-β-induced expression of VEGFA

// Swaathi Jayaraman 1 , Michele Doucet 1 , Scott L. Kominsky 1 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Correspondence to: Scott L. Kominsky, email: kominsc@jhmi.edu Keywords: CITED2, primary tumor growth, vasculature, VEGFA isoforms, TGF-β Received: October 13, 2016 Accepted: December 13, 2016 Published: December 20, 2016 ABSTRACT While we previously demonstrated that CITED2 expression in primary breast tumor tissues is elevated relative to normal mammary epithelium and inversely correlated with patient survival, its functional impact on primary tumor development and progression remained unknown. To address this issue, we examined the effect of CITED2 silencing on the growth of human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 following orthotopic administration in vivo . Here, we show that CITED2 silencing significantly attenuated MDA-MB-231 primary tumor growth concordant with reduced tumor vascularization, while MDA-MB-468 primary tumor growth and tumor vascularization remained unaffected. Correspondingly, expression of VEGFA was significantly reduced in shCITED2-expressing MDA-MB-231, but not MDA-MB-468 tumors. Consistent with the observed pattern of vascularization and VEGFA expression, we found that TGF-β stimulation induced expression of VEGFA and enhanced CITED2 recruitment to the VEGFA promoter in MDA-MA-231 cells, while failing to induce VEGFA expression in MDA-MB-468 cells. Further supporting its involvement in TGF-β-induced expression of VEGFA, CITED2 silencing prevented TGF-β induction of VEGFA expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, these data indicate that CITED2 regulates primary breast tumor growth, likely by influencing tumor vasculature via TGF-β-dependent regulation of VEGFA.
Bleachability of Softwood and Hardwood Kraft Pulps in Ozone Bleaching

From environmental point of view, the use of ozone as a bleaching agent seems to be favorable. In this paper, unbleached pine and beech kraft pulps with almost the same brightness were bleached to assess the bleachability of softwood and hardwood pulps in ozone bleaching. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The optimum moisture content was about 50% for both pine and beech pulps. 2. Beating time of ozone bleached pulps was reduced by about one half in comparison with unbleached pulps. Maximum strength of pulp sheets was established at less CSF 300 ml.3. Increased brightness per consumed ozone of beech pulps was superior to that of pine, especially in the early stage to middle stage of bleaching time Rates of delignification of beech pulps were almost the same as those of pine. Therefore it was presumed that factors, other than quantity of lignin and rate of delignification, also took part in the difference of increasing the brightness between pine and beech. Reduction of viscosity of bleached pulps was remarkably in both species. 4. Strength properties of pulp sheets of ozone bleached pulps decreased compared with unbleached pulps, and the degree of reduction of pine was larger than that of beech. 5. COD (Mn) pollution of ozone bleaching waste water from pulps over brightness 72% was 3050 g/kg-pulp, and BOD/COD (Mn) ratio was 0.60.8, and those of beech were a little higher than those of pine. Reduction of. COD (Mn) by activated sludge treatment of Ozone bleaching waste water was higher than that of alkaline extraction waste water of chlorine containing bleaching system, and that of beech was higher than that of pine.
Neoadjuvant Trials in ER+ Breast Cancer: A Tool for Acceleration of Drug Development and Discovery

Neoadjuvant therapy trials offer an excellent strategy for drug development and discovery in breast cancer, particularly in triple-negative and HER2-overexpressing subtypes, where pathologic complete response is a good surrogate of long-term patient benefit. For estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers, however, use of this strategy has been challenging because of the lack of validated surrogates of long-term efficacy and the overall good prognosis of the majority of patients with this cancer subtype. We review below the clinical benefits of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy for ER+/HER2-negative breast cancer, its use and limitations for drug development, prioritization of adjuvant and metastatic trials, and biomarker discovery.Significance: Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy is an excellent platform for the development of investigational drugs, triaging of novel combinations, biomarker validation, and discovery of mechanisms of drug resistance. This review summarizes the clinical and investigational benefits of this approach, with a focus on how to best integrate predictive biomarkers into novel clinical trial designs. Cancer Discov; 7(6); 561-74. ©2017 AACR.
Vitamin D supplementation attenuates asthma development following traffic-related particulate matter exposure

Background Recent literature suggests that children who are vitamin D deficient are uniquely susceptible to the effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure. This is highly significant because large segments of the population reside in zones of high TRAP exposure. Objective We sought to determine whether vitamin D supplementation mitigates the effect of TRAP exposure on asthma development, asthma exacerbation, and/or airway inflammation and to determine the timing of vitamin D supplementation that confers maximal health benefit. Methods Using established mouse models of asthma, we examined the effect of prenatal and postnatal vitamin D supplementation on asthma development, as well as the utility of vitamin D as a treatment for established asthma in the context of diesel exhaust particle (DEP) exposure. Results DEP and allergen coexposure resulted in increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and accumulation of pathogenic TH2/TH17 cells in the lungs of vitamin D–deficient mice compared with control mice. Prenatal and postnatal vitamin D supplementation significantly attenuated the development of AHR and decreased pulmonary accumulation of TH2/TH17 cells after coexposure to TRAP and allergen but not to allergen alone. Restoration of normal vitamin D status had no effect on AHR once asthma was already established. Conclusions Our data establish that vitamin D confers protection against asthma development specifically in the context of TRAP exposure. Although vitamin D replacement did not reverse established asthma, restoration of normal vitamin D status in early life significantly attenuated the development of AHR in the setting of DEP-exacerbated allergic asthma and reduced numbers of lung TH2/TH17 cells, which portend the development of severe asthma.
CD95 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to MS in women. A population-based study of CD95 and CD95L in MS.

Abstract CD95/CD95L interaction results in activation-induced apoptosis thereby regulating clonal expansion of T cells outside the thymus. Genetic defects in this system result in autoimmune lymphoproliferation in mice and men. CD95-induced cell death may be defective in MS. We studied the association of CD95 and CD95L polymorphisms with MS in 221 unique patients representing 79% ascertainment in Olmsted County, MN, and 442 gender-, age- and ethnicity-matched controls. Being a homozygote for the G allele of CD95 5′(−670)*A→G SNP ( p =0.034; OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.06–2.38) and for the C allele of CD95 E7(74)*C→T SNP ( p =0.007; OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.17–2.56) increased susceptibility to MS exclusively in women. There was strong but incomplete linkage disequilibrium between the two markers ( p D ′=0.546). Homozygosity for 5′(−670)*A or E7(74)*C explained 28% of risk of MS in women but 0% of the risk in men in Olmsted County, MN. Our results agree with the previously published studies and highlight that the association of the polymorphisms is restricted to women with MS. We did not find an association between CD95L and susceptibility to MS nor CD95 or CD95L and age of onset, disease course and disease severity.