cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profound loss of general knowledge in retrograde amnesia: evidence from an amnesic artist

Studies of retrograde amnesia have focused on autobiographical memory, with fewer studies examining how non-autobiographical memory is affected. Those that have done so have focused primarily on memory for famous people and public events—relatively limited aspects of memory that are tied to learning during specific times of life and do not deeply tap into the rich and extensive knowledge structures that are developed over a lifetime. To assess whether retrograde amnesia can also cause impairments to other forms of general world knowledge, we explored losses across a broad range of knowledge domains in a newly-identified amnesic. LSJ is a professional artist, amateur musician and history buff with extensive bilateral medial temporal and left anterior temporal damage. We examined LSJ's knowledge across a range of everyday domains (e.g., sports) and domains for which she had premorbid expertise (e.g., famous paintings). Across all domains tested, LSJ showed losses of knowledge at a level of breadth and depth never before documented in retrograde amnesia. These results show that retrograde amnesia can involve broad and deep deficits across a range of general world knowledge domains. Thus, losses that have already been well-documented (famous people and public events) may severely underestimate the nature of human knowledge impairment that can occur in retrograde amnesia.
Distinct Requirements for Somatic and Germline Expression of a Generally Expressed Caernorhabditis elegans Gene

In screening for embryonic-lethal mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans, we defined an essential gene (let-858) that encodes a nuclear protein rich in acidic and basic residues. We have named this product nucampholin. Closely homologous sequences in yeast, plants, and mammals demonstrate strong evolutionary conservation in eukaryotes. Nucampholin resides in all nuclei of C. elegans and is essential in early development and in differentiating tissue. Antisense-mediated depletion of LET-858 activity in early embryos causes a lethal phenotype similar to characterized treatments blocking embryonic gene expression. Using transgene-rescue, we demonstrated the additional requirement for let-858 in the larval germline. The broad requirements allowed investigation of soma-germline differences in gene expression. When introduced into standard transgene arrays, let-858 (like many other C. elegans genes) functions well in soma but poorly in germline. We observed incremental silencing of simple let-858 arrays in the first few generations following transformation and hypothesized that silencing might reflect recognition of arrays as repetitive or heterochromatin-like. To give the transgene a more physiological context, we included an excess of random genomic fragments with the injected DNA. The resulting transgenes show robust expression in both germline and soma. Our results suggest the possibility of concerted mechanisms for silencing unwanted germiline expression of repetitive sequences.
A synchronized global sweep of the internal genes of modern avian influenza virus

A local molecular clock approach shows that most genetic diversity in avian influenza virus (AIV) arose in a recent global sweep and that avian strains are the sister group to equine H7N7; most of the 1918 pandemic virus’s genes originated from the resulting western hemispheric AIV lineage. The factors behind the emergence of RNA viruses such as influenza A as threats to human health are still incompletely understood. Here Michael Worobey et al. present a new approach to tracking the evolution of the avian influenza virus. Their host-specific local clock model incorporates independent rates of molecular evolution for the various viral host lineages. Phylogenomic analysis points to a consistent evolutionary history across all genomic segments and identifies the equine H7N7 lineage as a sister clade to strains from birds — and from humans, swine and the equine H3N8 lineage — sharing an ancestor with them in the nineteenth century. The resulting western hemispheric avian influenza virus lineage subsequently contributed most of the genomic segments to the 1918 pandemic virus and, independently, the 1963 equine H3N8 panzootic lineage. Zoonotic infectious diseases such as influenza continue to pose a grave threat to human health1. However, the factors that mediate the emergence of RNA viruses such as influenza A virus (IAV) are still incompletely understood2,3. Phylogenetic inference is crucial to reconstructing the origins and tracing the flow of IAV within and between hosts3,4,5,6,7,8. Here we show that explicitly allowing IAV host lineages to have independent rates of molecular evolution is necessary for reliable phylogenetic inference of IAV and that methods that do not do so, including ‘relaxed’ molecular clock models9, can be positively misleading. A phylogenomic analysis using a host-specific local clock model recovers extremely consistent evolutionary histories across all genomic segments and demonstrates that the equine H7N7 lineage is a sister clade to strains from birds—as well as those from humans, swine and the equine H3N8 lineage—sharing an ancestor with them in the mid to late 1800s. Moreover, major western and eastern hemisphere avian influenza lineages inferred for each gene coalesce in the late 1800s. On the basis of these phylogenies and the synchrony of these key nodes, we infer that the internal genes of avian influenza virus (AIV) underwent a global selective sweep beginning in the late 1800s, a process that continued throughout the twentieth century and up to the present. The resulting western hemispheric AIV lineage subsequently contributed most of the genomic segments to the 1918 pandemic virus and, independently, the 1963 equine H3N8 panzootic lineage. This approach provides a clear resolution of evolutionary patterns and processes in IAV, including the flow of viral genes and genomes within and between host lineages.
THE PENIS GOURD OF NEW GUINEA

ABSTRACT Gourds from three localities in New Guinea are more similar to those of America and Africa (Lagenaria siceraria subsp. siceraria) than to gourds of Asia and the Pacific region (Lagenaria siceraria subsp. asiatica). Such gourds could have arrived in New Guinea by ocean currents from America or Africa, or they could have been introduced by man. Gourds are used as penis sheaths in New Guinea, South America, and Africa. If contacts between New Guinea and South America and Africa occurred in the pre-Columbian period, the gourds, along with their use as penis sheaths, may have been introduced from America or Africa to New Guinea, but no decision can be reached as to how and when these gourds arrived in New Guinea and their use as a phallocrypt was acquired.
Finding a small set of longest testable paths that cover every gate

Testing the longest path passing through each gate is important to detect small localized delay defects at a gate, e.g. resistive opens or resistive shorts. In this paper we present ATPG techniques to automatically determine the longest testable path passing through a gate or wire in the circuit without first listing all long paths passing through it. This technique is based on a graph traversal algorithm that can traverse all paths of a given length in a weighted directed acyclic graph. Experimental results for ISCAS benchmarks are also presented.
Stress-intensity factor approximations for two-dimensional curvilinear cracks

Two approximations are introduced and assessed that simplify the analytical and numerical treatment of curvilinear cracks in two-dimensional linear elastic fracture-mechanics analyses. The first involves the approximation of the crack trajectory with three segments that maintain a sufficiently accurate description of the near-tip geometry, including the tip's tangent. The second is associated with the use of only two segments, one of which specifies the tip's tangent. Results calculated for several configurations suggest that both approximations lead to accurate stress intensity factors and energy release rates, and can, therefore, be of great use in Monte Carlo-based characterization of random crack growth in brittle materials. An analytical expression is presented for the stress intensity factors of a curvilinear edge crack subjected to uniform far-field tension.
Differences in major bacterial populations in the intestines of mature broilers after feeding virginiamycin or bacitracin methylene disalicylate.

Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of feeding virginiamycin or bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), two in-feed antibiotics typically used by commercial poultry producers in the United States, on the chicken gastrointestinal microbiota. Methods and Results 454 pyrosequencing of the V6–V8 region of the 16S rRNA gene and quantitative PCR were employed to examine the bacterial microbiota and Clostridium perfringens, respectively, in the jejunum and caecum of market-age broiler chickens over four replicate grow-outs. Conclusions Our results suggest that virginiamycin has a more pronounced impact on broiler gastrointestinal tract bacterial communities, relative to BMD, manifested primarily through significant enrichments in the genus Faecalibacterium in the caecum and a distinct population of Lactobacillus, OTU_02, in both the jejunum and caecum. No evidence for a difference among the diets in Cl. perfringens levels in the jejunum or caecum was observed. Significance and Impact of the Study This work represents the highest resolution comparison to date of the jejunum and caecum microbiota in broilers fed either virginiamycin or BMD, and provides evidence for specific bacterial OTUs potentially involved in the health and performance benefits typically attributed to these in-feed antibiotics.
On the estimation of the binomial probability in multistage clinical trials

Due to the optional sampling effect in a sequential design, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) following sequential tests is generally biased. In a typical two-stage design employed in a phase II clinical trial in cancer drug screening, a fixed number of patients are enrolled initially. The trial may be terminated for lack of clinical efficacy of treatment if the observed number of treatment responses after the first stage is too small. Otherwise, an additional fixed number of patients are enrolled to accumulate additional information on efficacy as well as on safety. There have been numerous suggestions for design of such two-stage studies. Here we establish that under the two-stage design the sufficient statistic, i.e. stopping stage and the number of treatment responses, for the parameter of the binomial distribution is also complete. Then, based on the Rao-Blackwell theorem, we derive the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) as the conditional expectation of an unbiased estimator, which in this case is simply the maximum likelihood estimator based only on the first stage data, given the complete sufficient statistic. Our results generalize to a multistage design. We will illustrate features of the UMVUE based on two-stage phase II clinical trial design examples and present results of numerical studies on the properties of the UMVUE in comparison to the usual MLE.
Towards physiological complexity with in vitro single-molecule biophysics

Single-molecule biology has matured in recent years, driven to greater sophistication by the development of increasingly advanced experimental techniques. A progressive appreciation for its unique strengths is attracting research that spans an exceptionally broad swath of physiological phenomena—from the function of nucleosomes to protein diffusion in the cell membrane. Newfound enthusiasm notwithstanding, the single-molecule approach is limited to an intrinsically defined set of biological questions; such limitation applies to all experimental approaches, and an explicit statement of the boundaries delineating each set offers a guide to most fruitfully orienting in vitro single-molecule research in the future. Here, we briefly describe a simple conceptual framework to categorize how submolecular, molecular and intracellular processes are studied. We highlight the domain of single-molecule biology in this scheme, with an emphasis on its ability to probe various forms of heterogeneity inherent to populations of discrete biological macromolecules. We then give a general overview of our high-throughput DNA curtain methodology for studying protein–nucleic acid interactions, and by contextualizing it within this framework, we explore what might be the most enticing avenues of future research. We anticipate that a focus on single-molecule biology's unique strengths will suggest a new generation of experiments with greater complexity and more immediately translatable physiological relevance.
Redundant operator creation: a scheduling optimization technique

A method is proposed for optimizing a Control I Data Flow Graph (CDFG), to generate shorter schedules, given a fmed number of functional units. A counter-intuitive approach is taken of adding more operations to the CDFG to reduce the number of cycles in the final schedule. In this paper, this technique is applied to individual straight-line code sections (stateblocks) to reduce their execution times (as opposed to recently published methods for optimizations that transcend state block boundaries). In many cases this technique has produced schedules significantly better (up to 30%) than those previously published. The algorithm rearranges the CDFG, modifring the syntactical structure, while preserving the semantic meaning. The focus of attack is on the critical path, where most of the tramJormations are attempted to decrease the length of the critical path and hence the length of the resultant CDFG. The benchmark were run on a MIPS RC3240 Riscomputer (-18 MIPS) and each schedule was derived at in less than I CPU second!
Punctal Occlusion for the Treatment of Dry Eye

Punctal occlusion is thought to be highly effective in the treatment of severe dry eye, often producing dramatic improvement of signs and symptoms. Its role in mild or moderate dry eye is less clear, and sometimes complications, including epiphora, may occur. There are several methods for performing temporary and permanent punctal occlusion. We have performed these techniques for many years and present our experience here with these useful procedures. We have also developed some guidelines for the timely use of punctal occlusion for dry eye patients.
Tobit maximum-likelihood estimation for stochastic time series affected by receiver saturation

The Tobit (Tobin Probit) model is adapted from the field of econometrics as a maximum likelihood estimator of PDF (probability density function) parameters for data that have been censored and truncated. A general expression for the Tobit estimator is presented. It is shown that when the (standard) maximum likelihood estimator is efficient for the random variable with unlimited dynamic range, the unbiased Tobit estimator is efficient for the censored/truncated random variable. The model is presented in detail for the Rayleigh PDF; its efficiency is confirmed, independent of the degree of truncation/censoring. Results from the application of Tobit estimation to simulated data with Rayleigh, log-normal, Rice-Nakagami, and Nagakami-M PDFs are shown to exhibit very low mean-squared error as well. The limitations and computational complexities of the Tobit estimator are discussed. >
Group Identity, Deliberative Democracy and Diversity in Education

Democratic deliberation places the burden of self‐governance on its citizens to provide mutual justifying reasons (Gutmann & Thompson, 1996). This article concerns the limiting effect that group identity has on the efficacy of democratic deliberation for equality in education. Under conditions of a powerful majority, deliberation can be repressive and discriminatory. Issues of white flight and race‐based admissions serve to illustrate the bias of which deliberation is capable when it fails to substantively take group identity into account. As forms of Gilbert's (1994) plural subjects, identity group members holding the group identity can experience agency as the freedom to believe together with members of their group. I argue that attending to how group members acquire group beliefs through trust is a reasonable accommodation of group identity in deliberation.
The gender impact of temporary virtual work groups

Much knowledge work involves temporary work teams. Increasingly, these teams are not face-to-face but virtual teams. The paper explores the gender impact of virtual collaboration as compared to face-to-face teams. Descriptive statistics are used to show the different perceptions of the group experience based on gender and on face-to-face versus virtual team experiences. Women in the virtual groups perceived that the group stuck together more and helped each other more than did the men. Also, the women were more satisfied with the virtual group than men and felt that group conflict was readily resolved. In comparing the experience of women in the virtual groups to women in the face-to-face groups, the face-to-face women were less satisfied with the group experience than their virtual counterparts and perceived that conflict was smoothed over.
Semiconductor Alloy Nanowires and Nanobelts With Tunable Optical Properties

Recent advancements in the study of alloy semiconductor nanowires (NWs) and nanobelts are reviewed with a special perspective on their applications in optoelectronics with widely tunable bandgaps. Special emphasis is on the composition-graded alloy NWs. An extremely wide range of alloy compositions (thus bandgaps) can be achieved on a single substrate in a single growth run, creating an unprecedented materials capability that is not possible with planar epitaxial growth. Applications of such unique materials in widely tunable lasers and full-spectrum solar cells are discussed.
Cigarette Smoking and Inflammation: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Cigarette smoke (CS) causes considerable morbidity and mortality by inducing cancer, chronic lung and vascular diseases, and oral disease. Despite the well-recognized risks associated with smoking, the habit remains unacceptably prevalent. Several toxins present in CS have immunomodulatory effects. CS also contains trace amounts of microbial cell components, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These and other CS constituents induce chronic inflammation at mucosal surfaces and modify host responses to exogenous antigens. The effects of CS on immunity are far-reaching and complex; both pro-inflammatory and suppressive effects may be induced. The net effect of CS on immunity depends on many variables, including the dose and type of tobacco, the route and chronicity of exposure, and the presence of other factors at the time of immune cell stimulation, such as Toll receptor ligands or other inflammatory mediators. CS impairs innate defenses against pathogens, modulates antigen presentation, and promotes autoimmunity. CS also impairs immunity in the oral cavity and promotes gingival and periodontal disease and oral cancer. The recognition of specific mechanisms by which CS affects host immunity is an important step toward elucidating mechanisms of tobacco-induced disease and may identify novel therapeutic approaches for the management of diseases that afflict smokers.
Development of PLZT films on base-metal foils by chemical solution deposition

Thin films of Pb0.92La0.08Zr0.52Ti0.48O3 were deposited on Ni foils by chemical solution deposition to form film-on-foil capacitors with high dielectric constant. These capacitors can be embedded into printed wire boards. We measured dielectric constants of 1300 (at 25°C) and 1800 (at 150°C), as well as leakage current densities ?6.6 × 10?9 (at 25°C) and 1.4 × 10-8 A/cm2 (at 150°C), breakdown field strength >1.4 MV/cm, and energy density of 16.5 J/cm3.
Food and nutrition in space: application to human health.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) begins the new millennium with the hope of expanding human space exploration beyond Earth’s orbit. These extended-duration missions (3–5 y) require an in-depth assessment of the critical risks (referred to as “show stoppers”) to humans when exposed to the remote environment and reduced gravity conditions for such long periods of time. Food and the nutrition it provides are paramount to crew health. For short-duration spaceflight (30 d), the nutrient requirements pertaining to physiologic adaptations are likely to be satisfied without significant impact on crew performance or health. However, prolonged exposure to reduced gravity, or microgravity, and isolation may alter human nutrient requirements and increase the psychosocial role of food and meals in daily activities. An outline of critical questions and related research needs in the area of food and nutrition has been drafted1 at NASA Johnson Space Center with the help of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (http://www.nsbri.org). The research areas outlined in this plan will directly impact the success of extended-duration human space missions. Findings from this research will have direct applications to human health issues faced here on Earth.
Influence of mining-related activities on concentrations of metals in water and sediment from streams of the Black Hills, South Dakota.

Water and sediment samples were collected from streams in Spearfish Creek, Whitewood Creek, and Bear Butte Creek watersheds in the Black Hills, SD, an area impacted by gold mining operations. Arsenic concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Concentration Limit of 50 μg/L for drinking water were found in water from Annie Creek, a tributary of Spearfish Creek, and from Whitewood Creek. Gold Run, a tributary of Whitewood Creek, and Annie Creek contained Se concentrations in water that exceeded the EPA Ecotox threshold of 5 μg/L and were classified as a high hazard for Se accumulation from water into the planktonic food chain and for resultant toxicity to fish and aquatic birds. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sediment exceeded EPA Ecotox thresholds in one or more of the watersheds suggesting potential adverse ecological effects. Sediment from Rubicon Creek, a tributary of Spearfish Creek, contained Se concentrations high enough (4.0 μg/g) to be a moderate hazard for accumulation from sediments into the benthic food chain, with resultant dietary toxicity to fish and aquatic birds. These results are discussed in light of historical mining activities and recent clean-up and reclamation efforts. Based on the results and comparisons to Ecotox tresholds, further studies of ecological effects are warranted.
Policing the brass: A case study in command malfeasance

(2003). Policing the brass: A case study in command malfeasance. Criminal Justice Ethics: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 32-37.
The Influence of Radiosonde “Age” on TRMM Field Campaign Soundings Humidity Correction

Hundreds of Vaisala sondes with a RS80-H Humicap thin-film capacitor humidity sensor were launched during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) field campaigns in Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere held in Brazil (LBA) and in Kwajalein experiment (KWAJEX) held in the Republic of Marshall Islands. Using Six humidity error correction algorithms by Wang et al., these sondes were corrected for significant dry bias in the RS80-H data. It is further shown that sonde surface temperature error must be corrected for a better representation of the relative humidity. This error becomes prominent due to sensor arm-heating in the first 50-s data.
Digital Art and Social Engagement

One of the most notable trends since 2009 has been the rise of social activist or ‘call to action’ works. In an age of digital connectivity, artists are exploiting new levels of access and exposure to launch social and political conversations. Alternative means of financial backing are being exploited, while social media is being used as an inexpensive way to promote works. Artists are increasingly using mobile devices to make art and distribute it online. This chapter examines a number of more recent digital works reflect these shifts.
The impacts of net metering on utility profits and rates: Case studies of two prototypical utilities

Heated debates about the impact of net metering on utility shareholders and ratepayers have surfaced in some of the larger state solar markets and will only become more pronounced and widespread as solar costs decline and deployment accelerates. In order to inform these discussions, we performed a scoping analysis to quantify the magnitude of the financial impacts of distributed PV on utility shareholders and ratepayers, and that assesses the potential efficacy of various options for mitigating those impacts. We quantify the impacts of customer-sited PV for two prototypical investor-owned utilities: a vertically integrated utility located in the southwest and a wires-only utility and default service supplier located in the northeast. For each utility, we model the impacts of customer-sited PV over a 20-year period, estimating changes to utility costs, revenues, average rates, and utility shareholder earnings and return-on-equity.
Combating antibiotic resistance, mitigating future threats and ongoing initiatives.

Aims and objectives To emphasise the impact of antibiotic resistance as a persistent, global health threat and highlight efforts to improve this complex problem. Background Political agendas, legislation, development of therapies and educational initiatives are essential to mitigate the increasing rate of antibiotic resistance. Design Original manuscript. Results Prescribers, policymakers and researchers are charged with the complex task of mitigating antibiotic resistance in an era when new treatments for bacterial infections are limited. Conclusions Monitoring, surveillance and incentivising of practice, policy and new treatments provide solutions to antibiotic resistance in both the human and agricultural sectors. Relevance to clinical practice This article emphasises the complexity of antibiotic resistance and highlights the need for a multifaceted approach to improve health care outcomes.
Touching the gap: Social qualia and Cold War contact

Claims about social phenomena and experience of them, their scale and their quality – ‘great intimacy’ and ‘long distance’, affinity or alienation, Iron Curtains and Velvet Revolutions – are matters neither of unmediated sensation nor of symbolic construction alone. They merge qualic signs – bread’s saltiness, an eye’s luster – with histories and taxonomies, with bodily apprehensions of people and of geopolitics. Attention to examples linked to the Cold War help us theorize the social and semiotic processes by which people, especially those I call ‘phatic experts’, make social qualia. Insofar as their work involves competitive claims to modernity, we, as theorists, might in turn attend to the reverberations of such competitions within our own claims about social life.
1-(beta-D-Erythrofuranosyl)cytidine (beta-erythrocytidine).

1-(β-d-Erythrofuranosyl)cytidine, C8H11N3O4, (I), a derivative of β-cytidine, (II), lacks an exocyclic hydroxy­methyl (–CH2OH) substituent at C4′ and crystallizes in a global conformation different from that observed for (II). In (I), the β-d-erythrofuranosyl ring assumes an E3 conformation (C3′-exo; S, i.e. south), and the N-glycoside bond conformation is syn. In contrast, (II) contains a β-d-ribofuranosyl ring in a 3T2 conformation (N, i.e. north) and an anti-N-glycoside linkage. These crystallographic properties mimic those found in aqueous solution by NMR with respect to furan­ose conformation. Removal of the –CH2OH group thus affects the global conformation of the aldofuranosyl ring. These results provide further support for S/syn–anti and N/anti correlations in pyrimidine nucleosides. The crystal structure of (I) was determined at 200 K.
Abstract 4899: The regulation by kinases of the expression of human major histocompatibility class I molecules

The major histocompatability complex (MHC) is a central receptor in the adaptive immune response and is the underlying target of several effective therapies for cancer. Druggable kinases may provide the opportunity to modulate the immune response toward MHC. However, the regulation of MHC-I by kinases is largely unstudied, even though many patients with cancer are receiving therapeutic kinase inhibitors. The entire human kinome was screened using a pooled shRNA interference-based approach in a human mesothelioma cell line to uncover kinase regulators of MHC-I. Negative and positive regulators of cell surface HLA levels were discovered. A subset of highly scoring positive and negative kinase hits were subsequently validated by additional RNAi, and pharmacologic inhibitors when available. MAP2K1 (MEK), EGFR, and RET were validated as negative regulators of HLA expression in multiple cancer types. We mapped the pathways responsible for increased HLA upon kinase inhibition. Interestingly, inhibition of the MAP Kinase pathway broadly influenced expression of other components of the antigen presentation machinery. Moreover, DDR2 and MINK1 were shown to positively regulate HLA-A*02:01. This had therapeutic relevance, as shown with a therapeutic TCR mimic antibody to a MHC/peptide complex. Druggable kinases may thus serve as immediately applicable targets for modulating immunotherapy for many diseases. Citation Format: Elliott J. Brea, Claire Oh, Eusebio Manchado, Ron Gejman, George Mo, Patrizia Mondello, Ralph Garippa, Neal Rosen, David A. Scheinberg. The regulation by kinases of the expression of human major histocompatibility class I molecules. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4899.
The Understanding of "Neither Slavery Nor Involuntary Servitude Shall Exist" Before the Thirteenth Amendment

In this article, I aim to investigate the meaning of the slavery and involuntary servitude’s non-existence, as mandated in American law before the Thirteenth Amendment. The focus will be on the text and judicial interpretation of the antislavery provision of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, and the variants thereof incorporated into the subsequent organic laws of many American territories and states. It is my hope that this study will substantially illuminate the original understanding of that Amendment.It seems, according to a preponderance of the pre-Amendment evidence, (1) that the Ordinance’s antislavery stipulation was derivative of the natural-law principles set forth in both the Declaration of Independence and many state constitutions; (2) that consistent with these Declaration’s principles, “slavery” and “involuntary servitude” were deemed distinct but partly overlapping evils, for unlike involuntary servitude, “slavery” (a) could be either voluntary or involuntary and (b) encompassed not only servitude but most other incidents of chattel property in human beings; (3) that consistent with these Declaration principles, the non-existence of slavery and involuntary servitude did not abridge the traditional duties arising from the relations between (a) parent and offspring, (b) citizen and republic, and (c) innkeeper (or carrier) and the public, and may have partly affected the duties in the relations between (d) obligor and obligee; (4) that the prohibited existence was self-executing and immediate, encompassing chiefly the “legal existence” of slavery and involuntary servitude but perhaps also the nonlegal, actual existence of these evils, so their stipulated non-existence imposed on government not only a duty to refrain from recognizing slavery but also a duty to act to eradicate actual slavery by providing effective remedies, and (5) even if the stipulated non-existence of slavery mandated affirmative governmental relief, it did not mandate governmental remedies again racially discriminatory action or other purported “badges of slavery,” whether by state or non-state actors.
Impact of UAS Pilot Communication and Execution Latencies on Air Traffic Controllers' Acceptance of UAS Operations

The integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS) requires that UAS meet or exceed the safety requirements established for conventional aircraft, and for the UAS pilots to interact with air traffic controllers (ATCos) in an acceptable manner. UAS have several characteristics that differentiate them from conventional aircraft, including the possibility of greater latencies associated with remote pilot communication and command execution. The goal of the present study was to determine how adding delays to UAS pilot communications and command executions affect ATCos’ interactions with UAS and conventional aircraft. Six previously certified radar controllers and two currently certified radar controllers were recruited as participants to manage traffic in a simulated sector with conventional traffic and one UAS flying in it. The UAS pilot verbal communication and execution latencies were varied in separate scenarios to include an additional delay that was either short (1.5 s) or long (5 s), and constant or variable within each scenario. We measured both UAS and conventional pilots’ verbal communication and execution initiation latencies, and obtained ATCos’ acceptability ratings for the different delay conditions. Also examined were the number of communication step-ons created by the additional communication delays implemented in the UAS control station, as well as other measures of the ATCo-pilot interactions. We found ATCos rated UAS pilot verbal communication latencies to be acceptable when the latencies were short rather than long and that acceptability ratings often reflect broader features of the sectors being managed. Implications of these findings for UAS integration in the NAS and limitations of the present study are discussed.
Vitamin D Deficiency — Is There Really a Pandemic?

The claim that large proportions of North American and other populations are deficient in vitamin D is based on misinterpretation and misapplication of the Institute of Medicine reference values for nutrients — misunderstandings that can adversely affect patient care.
The Effect of Founders’ Credentials on Allocation of Risk in Cooperative Agreements

In this paper, we highlight the signaling role of startup founders’ track records on the allocation of risk in terms of structure of payments that startups receive in the market for ideas. We propo...
Database: Models, Languages, Design

I DATABASE MODELS AND ACCESS METHODS 1. Introduction to Databases 2. Relational Databases 3. Relational Algebra 4. Relational Calculus 5. Basic SQL 6. Advanced SQL 7. Object-Oriented Databases 8. Object-Oriented Queries 9. Deductive Databases 10. Deductive Queries 11. Network Databases 12. Hierarchical Databases 13. Comparing the Database Models II DISK STORAGE MANAGEMENT 14. File Structures 15. Indexes 16. File Structures for the Database Models III DATABASE DESIGN 17. Application Design Capture 18. Functional Dependency Analysis 19. Join Dependency Analysis IV EPILOGUE 20. Performance
Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique Using the Envelope Function for Ultrasonic Imaging

In traditional ultrasonic imaging systems, a transducer is scanned across the surface of a specimen at constant intervals. Synthetic aperture focusing techniques (SAFT) have been utilized extensively to process the RF data in order to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the image [1]. However, the implementation of the algorithm using sampled RF data has the disadvantage of requiring large memory and high-speed devices. These requirements can be reduced by using the envelope of the RF signal which involves processing the baseband signal. The envelope detection can be easily implemented as part of the receiver circuit.
Network Prominence, Bargaining Power, and the Allocation of Value Capture Rights in Alliance Contracts

We suggest and provide empirical evidence that the bargaining power of alliance partners stemming from their prominence in alliance networks influences the ex-ante allocation of value capturing rights in high-tech alliance contracts. Network prominence can enhance the availability of alternative partners for a firm, and thereby elevates the firm’s bargaining power and enables the firm to receive i) more value capturing rights vis-a-vis its partner (i.e., more net value capturing rights) and ii) more rights to the unexpected outcomes vis-a-vis its partner. We empirically investigate the content of R&D collaboration contracts between biotech and pharmaceutical firms and show that as the prominence of the client (i.e., pharmaceutical firm) increases, it is able to attain i) more net value capturing rights to outcomes within the area of collaboration and ii) more rights to unexpected outcomes. By contrast, increased prominence of the R&D firm (i.e., biotech firm) decreases both the number of net value capturing rights the client receives as well as the rights to unexpected outcomes that the client captures in an alliance contract. The bargaining power that the R&D firm attains from its prominent position in alliance networks becomes less important during hot IPO markets, which provide the R&D firm more outside options to obtain financial resources. Hence, our paper documents that firms’ network positions can be an important source of bargaining power, contributing to the literature on strategic alliances, bargaining, and contract design.
Sequential expression of adrenomedullin and its receptor during gastric ulcer healing in rats.

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a potent vasodilatory peptide. While its growth-regulating action in some cultured cells has been recognized, expression of AM and its receptor during gastric ulcer healing has not been explored. Specimens of gastric walls from control rats or gastric ulcers were obtained at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after gastric ulcer induction. AM and its receptor mRNAs expression were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. By RT-PCR, AM mRNA was increased by 167% at three days, while AM receptor mRNA was increased by 234% at seven days (both P < 0.05). By in situ hybridization, AM and AM receptor mRNAs were increased at ulcer margin from three days after ulcer induction. By immunohistochemistry, AM was increased in the ulcer margin at three and seven days. In separate in vitro studies using a rat gastric epithelial (RGM1) cell line, AM treatment significantly increased transforming growth factor-α mRNA expression and cell proliferation.
Evaluating the utility of baseline cardiac function assessment in early-stage breast cancer treatment.

6590 Background: Cardiotoxicity is a rare complication of anthracycline or trastuzumab-based therapy for patients with early-stage breast cancer. Screening echocardiogram (ECHO) and radionuclide ve...
Corn bran bioprocessing: Development of an integrated process for microbial lipids production

This study investigated the potential of corn bran as a feedstock for microbial lipid production using oleaginous yeast, Trichosporon oleaginosus ATCC20509. Different conditions (solid loading of biomass, acid loading, and pretreatment duration) were applied to optimize pretreatment processes using the Box-Behnken design. The highest sugar yield of 0.53g/g was obtained from corn bran hydrolysates at a pretreatment condition of 5% solid loading and 1% acid loading for 30min. Compared with synthetic media, up to 50% higher lipid accumulations in T. oleaginosus were achieved using corn bran hydrolysates during fermentation. Also, the direct effect of pretreatment condition on the lipid accumulation of T. oleaginosus was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Solid loading of biomass during the pretreatment process significantly affected the fermentation process for lipid accumulation of T. oleaginosus. The RSM model can provide useful information to design an integrated bioconversion platform.
Money Versus Electric Shock as Payoff in a Prisoner’s Dilemma Game

In the first part of a two-part study, it was found that the amount of shock endured is grossly linear to the exchange value in cents and that clear distinctions are made between amounts of shock by 11 male and 11 female subjects drawn from sophomore college classes. In the second part a new sample of 40 male and 40 female Ss was introduced by like-sexed pairs to a 2-choice Prisoner’s Dilemma-type game with money and shock as payoff. Half of the pairs received money, then the shock payoff; half of the pairs received shock, then the money payoff. Contrary to expectation, no difference was observed between shock and money games when other factors were held constant. However, in contrast to games with money alone as payoff, the level of cooperative choice was rather high, and a significant sex effect emerged with male pairs being significantly more cooperative than female. The shock-then-money sequence provoked most clearly the sex difference. Other observations suggest that women are less tolerant of shock and, thus, provoked more into a competitive posture thereby than are men.
Relative Accuracy of Two Modified Parallel Analysis Methods that Use the Proper Reference Distribution

Parallel analysis (PA) assesses the number of factors in exploratory factor analysis. Traditionally PA compares the eigenvalues for a sample correlation matrix with the eigenvalues for correlation matrices for 100 comparison datasets generated such that the variables are independent, but this approach uses the wrong reference distribution. The proper reference distribution of eigenvalues assesses the kth factor based on comparison datasets with k−1 underlying factors. Two methods that use the proper reference distribution are revised PA (R-PA) and the comparison data method (CDM). We compare the accuracies of these methods using Monte Carlo methods by manipulating the factor structure, factor loadings, factor correlations, and number of observations. In the 17 conditions in which CDM was more accurate than R-PA, both methods evidenced high accuracies (i.e.,>94.5%). In these conditions, CDM had slightly higher accuracies (mean difference of 1.6%). In contrast, in the remaining 25 conditions, R-PA evidenced...
Compressing data on graphs with clusters

This paper investigates the fundamental limits for compressing data on graphs, exploiting dependencies due to community structures in the graph. The source model, referred to as the data block model (DBM), is a mixture of discrete memoryless sources determined by the community structure of a stochastic block model (SBM). The main result gives the optimal expected length of a lossless compressor when the community signal is strong enough, a condition on the edge probabilities and the data distributions, which can take place below the exact recovery threshold of the SBM. This is derived in part by obtaining the threshold for exact recovery in SBMs with strong side information, a result of independent interest, which extends the CH-divergence threshold. Finally we discuss compressing data with almost exact recovery algorithms.
Precision IR and visible solar photometry

A precision Solar Photometric Telescope (SPT) was constructed to study the large-scale thermal structure of the solar photosphere. This instrument does full-disk, broad-band (10 nm FWHM), two-color (500 and 650 nm) imaging of the solar photosphere. Data obtained by the SPT reveals network structures correlated with the supergranulation velocity field, and the CaK network of the chromosphere. Infrared array photometry extends these measurements to 1.6 and 2.2 micron. The observed correlation of the network brightness signal with the CaK network is positive at visible wavelengths. The correlation between the network at the opacity minimum (1.6 micron) and in the higher photosphere (2.2 micron) is positive also. The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) amplitude of the contrast at disk center is (2.34 ± 0.38) × 10-3, (1.83 ± 0.51) × 10-3, (1.02 ± 0.21) × 10-3, and (1.11 ± 0.21) × 10-3 for the green, red, H, and K band, respectively. It is consistent with a brightness temperature modulation of 2.9 K. The r.m.s. amplitude of the contrast of active region network shows a large increase toward the limb, and the quiet region network shows little center-to-limb variation (CLV). Power-spectrum analysis shows that the bright facular points in the active regions appear in the form of enhanced network.
A Dialogue concerning the Nose

P?You have . . . you have . . . Sir . . . heuh! A very big nose. F?Very big, you say. P?Yes, quite big. Enormous in fact. F?That's all? That's all you can say? P?BIG . . . very BIG! F?Ah, my dear P, no, you must do better than that, didn't you learn any thing in the Workshop? You could have said so many things, in so many different styles, so many different tones of voice. For instance: Aggressive: Me, Sir, if I had such a nose I would have it amputated on the spot. Friendly: It must dip into your cup when you drink, you should perhaps drink out of a plate. Descriptive: It's a rock! It's a mountain peak! It's a volcano! What am I saying. It's a peninsula. Curious: What use do you make of this oblong capsule? Do you use it as a writing table or a cigar box? Gracious:You must love birds very much to offer so paternally to their little feet such a perch. Truculent: Tell me Professor F, when you smoke and the vapors come out of your nostrils, do your students shout Fire! Fire!? Considerate: Be careful not to lean forward too much, the weight of this thing might make you fall to the ground. Tender: Why don't you have a little umbrella made for it so that it doesn't get burned by the sun? Pedantic: The beast which Aristophanes called hippocampelephantocamelos must have had on his forehead as much flesh and that much bone.
Fabric thermostamping in polymer matrix composites

Abstract: Thermostamping is a low-cycle, high-volume manufacturing process for continuous fabric-reinforced composites. To ensure high-quality parts are manufactured during the thermostamping process, the mechanical behaviors of the fabric reinforcements and polymer matrix and the critical manufacturing process parameters must be thoroughly understood. Various mechanical tests are conducted to characterize the fabric-reinforcement and polymer-matrix mechanical behaviors, and analytical models (i.e., finite element models) are developed to predict part quality. This chapter describes the thermostamping process and provides examples of typical experimental and analytical methods used to create high-quality composite parts using the thermostamping process.
Re-Entrant Superconductivity

The discovery of resistivity minima in metals at low temperatures dates back some fifty years, and yet the evolution of a successful theoretical account of the basic anomaly continues to this date. Originally observations1 on Mg, Mo, Te, Co and Pd yielded dramatic departures from the expected resistivity variation $$\rho (T) = {\rho _0} + B{T^5},$$ (1) where BT5 represents the electron scattering by thermally excited phonons at low temperatures. Impurity contributions are embedded in the residual resistivity constant ρo, which should be a simple linear function of the impurity concentration according to Matthiessen’s rule. By contrast, the resistivity of many metals was found to have an additional term with an evident divergence at low temperatures, whose origin was attributed to an interesting many-body effect only in 1964.