cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seizures in the Intensive Care Unit

All critically ill patients are prone to neurophysiological stresses that can cause seizures, as well as seizure mimics. In these complex patients, generalized tonic-clonic seizures are rare, but abnormal movements, altered mental status, nonconvulsive seizures, and interictal discharges are far more common. Electroencephalography (EEG) is the key to unlock the answers of these questions. For example, EEG can determine if myoclonus is due to cortical seizure discharges, or because of a metabolic derangement. Continuous EEG (cEEG) can portend improvement or worsening of the patient along the ictal-interictal continuum. The use of trending and quantitative EEG can guide seizure treatment strategies in patients with refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus, and will also help estimate dosages of both acute and long-term antiseizure medication. Complex critically ill patients require complex decision-making tools to diagnose and treat patients with nonconvulsive seizures and nonconvulsive status epilepticus that may be refractory to treatment.
Nonlinear Analysis of the Solid State Gyrotron Oscillator

The solid state gyrotron [1,2] isa promising new source of low power (∼< mW) radiation in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength region. This region of the spectrum is very difficult to cover with existing technology. IMPATT diodes cooled to 77°K have generated a few milliwatts at frequencies as high as 400 GHz at an efficiency of less than one percent but are extremely difficult to fabricate. Optically pumped “cyclotron maser” have been shown to be not feasible [3]. In fact, no other solid state sources have been demonstrated at submillimeter wavelengths. Lasers are available in this frequency range but are, of course, bulky and expensive. In ref.[2] a linear theory of solid state gyrotron oscillator was developed treating the scattering of electrons phenomenologically. Here we give a nonlinear analysis of the oscillator to calculate the efficiency and the output power of the device. The scattering of electrons is treated more accurately by using the Monte Carlo Method [4].
Investigating aging properties of bitumen modified with polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic

Abstract This paper examines the merits of using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in bitumen to improve short and long-term aging of bituminous composites used in roadway constructions. A concern with PET is its low compatibility with bitumen leading to its segregation; here, we functionalized PET with waste cooking oil to enhance its compatibility with bitumen. We then studied the efficacy of functionalized PET to delay aging in bituminous composites. To do so, PET particles treated with waste vegetable oil and non-treated PET particles were separately blended into bitumen using a high-shear mixer and aged in the laboratory using a rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and a pressure aging vessel (PAV). The rheological and chemical changes that occurred with aging were captured by a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that binders containing PET had high resistance to aging as measured by their low change in activation energy and healing index after exposure to extended aging. Functionalized PET referred to as “Oil-treated PET” here, has proven efficiency in reducing aging effects, as indicated by lower values of the aging indexes. Oil-treated PET-modified binders lost 15.6% of their healing capacity after long-term aging whereas neat binders lost almost 66%. The outcome of this study exploits the synergy between two waste streams including waste vegetable oil and waste plastics to produce a sustainable modifier for roadway construction to extend their service life while promoting resource conservation and recycling.
Eastern European and Asian-born populations are prone to gastric cancer: an epidemiologic analysis of foreign-born populations and gastric cancer.

Background The highest incidence of gastric cancer is in East Asia, corresponding to a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), yet other regions with a similarly high prevalence of H. pylori have lower cancer rates. Foreign-born persons who immigrate to the United States are thought to remain at high-risk for gastric cancer, but this has not been confirmed by large population-based studies. Methods We evaluated total and foreign-born populations in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Cardia and non-cardia gastric adenocarcinomas diagnosed between 2006 and 2016 were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Generalized linear regression models determined whether the incidence of gastric cancer in each MSA was associated with specific foreign-born populations. Results Among 32 MSAs, we identified 55,937 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. A greater percentage of Eastern European-born individuals in an MSA was associated with a higher incidence of cardia cancers (coefficient 1.32, P=0.02). Evaluating Asian-born populations alone, a greater percentage of Japanese-born individuals was associated with a higher incidence of non-cardia cancers (coefficient 2.48, P=0.03), whereas Korean or Chinese origin was not associated with a significantly higher risk. Conclusions On a population level, a greater percentage of Eastern European-born individuals is associated with a higher incidence of cardia gastric adenocarcinomas. Among Asian-born individuals, Korean or Chinese origin was not associated with a significantly higher risk, but a greater percent of persons born in other Asian countries, including Japan, was associated with a higher incidence of non-cardia gastric adenocarcinomas in an MSA.
The Origins of Bioethics: Remembering When Medicine Went Wrong

As COVID-19 vaccines began distribution in early 2021, the Atlanta Journal Constitution profiled the Morehouse School of Medicine as they administered inoculations to famed Civil Rights activists. ...
Clinical subphenotypes in COVID-19: derivation, validation, prediction, temporal patterns, and interaction with social determinants of health

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is heterogeneous and our understanding of the biological mechanisms of host response to the viral infection remains limited. Identification of meaningful clinical subphenotypes may benefit pathophysiological study, clinical practice, and clinical trials. Here, our aim was to derive and validate COVID-19 subphenotypes using machine learning and routinely collected clinical data, assess temporal patterns of these subphenotypes during the pandemic course, and examine their interaction with social determinants of health (SDoH). We retrospectively analyzed 14418 COVID-19 patients in five major medical centers in New York City (NYC), between March 1 and June 12, 2020. Using clustering analysis, 4 biologically distinct subphenotypes were derived in the development cohort (N = 8199). Importantly, the identified subphenotypes were highly predictive of clinical outcomes (especially 60-day mortality). Sensitivity analyses in the development cohort, and rederivation and prediction in the internal (N = 3519) and external (N = 3519) validation cohorts confirmed the reproducibility and usability of the subphenotypes. Further analyses showed varying subphenotype prevalence across the peak of the outbreak in NYC. We also found that SDoH specifically influenced mortality outcome in Subphenotype IV, which is associated with older age, worse clinical manifestation, and high comorbidity burden. Our findings may lead to a better understanding of how COVID-19 causes disease in different populations and potentially benefit clinical trial development. The temporal patterns and SDoH implications of the subphenotypes may add insights to health policy to reduce social disparity in the pandemic.
Hib Vaccines: Their Impact on Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease

Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) is an important cause of serious, invasive infections, particularly in young children. Since 1985, a series of vaccines composed of the type b capsular polysaccharide polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP), followed by PRP conjugated to various proteins, have been licensed for use in the United States and worldwide. The conjugated vaccines offer increased immunogenicity and prolonged durability of immune protection compared to the plain PRP vaccine and increasingly are combined with other childhood vaccines for decreased cost and increased ease of vaccination. Hib vaccines have a very favorable safety profile, have been found to be either cost-saving or cost-effective by many public health agencies, and, in most countries, are initiated during early infancy as part of routine childhood immunization programs. As a result of widespread use of the vaccines, the incidence of Hib infections, and their associated morbidity and mortality, has fallen dramatically across the globe. Yet, many children remain unimmunized or underimmunized against Hib, particularly in limited-resource countries. Future efforts to further reduce the disease burden of Hib infections remain a high priority.
The Association of Mobile Health Applications with Self-Management Behaviors among Adults with Chronic Conditions in the United States.

Background: Mobile applications related to health and wellness (mHealth apps) are widely used to self-manage chronic conditions. However, research on whether mHealth apps facilitate self-management behaviors of individuals with chronic conditions is sparse. We aimed to evaluate the association of mHealth apps with different types of self-management behaviors among patients with chronic diseases in the United States. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study. We used data from adult participants (unweighted n = 2340) of the Health Information National Trends Survey in 2018 and 2019. We identified three self-management behaviors: (1) resource utilization using electronic personal health records; (2) treatment discussions with healthcare providers; and (3) making healthcare decisions. We analyzed the association of mHealth apps to self-management behaviors with multivariable logistic and ordinal regressions. Results: Overall, 59.8% of adults (unweighted number = 1327) used mHealth apps. Adults using mHealth apps were more likely to use personal health records (AOR = 3.11, 95% CI 2.26–4.28), contact healthcare providers using technology (AOR = 2.70, 95% CI 1.93–3.78), and make decisions on chronic disease management (AOR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.93–3.49). The mHealth apps were associated with higher levels of self-management involvement (AOR = 3.53, 95% CI 2.63–4.72). Conclusion: Among individuals with chronic conditions, having mHealth apps was associated with positive self-management behaviors.
Using disjoint reachability for parallelization

We present a disjoint reachability analysis for Java. Our analysis computes extended points-to graphs annotated with reachability states. Each heap node is annotated with a set of reachability states that abstract the reachability of objects represented by the node. The analysis also includes a global pruning step which analyzes a reachability graph to prune imprecise reachability states that cannot be removed with local reasoning alone. We have implemented the analysis and used it to parallelize 8 benchmarks. Our evaluation shows the analysis results are sufficiently precise to parallelize our benchmarks and achieve an average speedup of 16.9×.
Abstract 18692: Association of Sleep Medication with Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Normotensives, Prehypertensives and Hypertensives

Background: Recent studies link insomnia with increased risk of hypertension. The reasons for this association are unknown but may be related, in part, to decreased levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Additionally, sleep medication often has multiple deleterious side effects that may impact a person’s engagement in physical activity. We hypothesized that insomnia symptoms and sleep medication use were associated with reduced cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods: Adults (n=606) enrolled in the Emory-Georgia Tech Predictive Health Institute study completed baseline demographic, clinical, depression (Beck Depression Inventory II; BDI-II), sleep (Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index , PSQI) and cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen consumption; VO2max) measures. Insomnia symptoms (sleep latency of ≥30 minutes, nighttime or early morning awakenings) and sleep medication use ≥1 times/week were derived from the PSQI. Multiple linear regression was performed to test for associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and insomnia symptoms or sleep medication use. Results: The sample was 68% female, 25% African American, 41% normotensive, 33% prehypertensive, 26% hypertensive with a mean age of 48±11 years and mean body mass index (BMI) 27.6±6.3 kg/m2. Sleep medication use was reported in 11.9% of normotensives and was inversely associated with VO2max adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, BMI, and heart rate (β=-0.12, p=.03, adjusted R2=.36) and remained significant after further adjustment for blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, depression and smoking (β=-0.11, p=.03, adjusted R2=.41). Sleep medication use was reported in 18.4% of prehypertensives and 22.8% of hypertensives but was not significantly associated with VO2max in either group. No evidence of association between insomnia symptoms and VO2max was found. Conclusion: Sleep medication was related to reduced cardiorespiratory fitness in normotensives. People who use sleep medication may be less physically active placing them at greater cardiovascular risk which has important clinical implications for risk reduction. This relationship is attenuated in prehypertension or hypertension and may reflect the influence of pathophysiology and other variables.
Aviation Career Education: An Exciting Option

(1993). Aviation Career Education: An Exciting Option. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 103-104.
Interpretation and Experimental-analysis: An Underappreciated Distinction

Behavior analysis and mainstream psychology differ fundamentally in their approaches to the explanation of complex behavior. This difference arises from psychology’s failure to observe Skinner’s distinction between experimental analysis and interpretation, a distinction that is honored in other sciences. Behavior analysis uses principles derived from the experimental analysis of basic processes to interpret (explain) more complex phenomena that cannot themselves be subjected to experimental analysis. In contrast, psychology uses principles inferred from the complex behavior itself.
Enamel nail polish does not interfere with pulse oximetry among normoxic volunteers.

Objective.To determine if enamel nail polish interferes withpulse oximetry. Design. Laboratory investigation.Participants. 12 healthy nonsmoking volunteers. Methods.Spectrophotometry was performed on polystyrene cuvettes painted with 3uniform layers of nail polish enamel in triplicate. Absorbances werecompared at 660 and 940 nm for 10 colors across the visible spectrum anddocumented by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers colorcode against Pantone™ matches on a color scanner.Colors were then selected that had the greatestA660–A940 difference and pulse oximetry(Nellcor N-209A. Pleasanton , CA) was performed on nails painted withthese colors on 12 subjects using an unpainted digit as a control.Results. When tested by the oximeter, there were noSpO2 differences detected between nail polish colors, norwere there any differences between the painted and the unpainted controldigits across subjects (F = 0.51, ANOVA; p= 0.67). Blue (B),green (G), and lime green (G’) possessed the largestA660–A940 difference and potentially couldinterfere with pulse oximetry but did not do so in the clinical model.Conclusion. Enamel finger nail polish pigments do not interferewith pulse oximetry as previously reported, theA660–A940 difference must be greater than1.88 ± 0.23 SD AU in order to affect pulse oximetry.
Analysis/synthesis imaging coding system based on time domain aliasing cancellation

A novel image analysis/synthesis system based on time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC) is presented. It is described under a block transform interpretation and has the unique feature of allowing overlapping analysis windows without incurring data expansion. The system is first derived as a separable application of a 1-D TDAC system to an images's rows and columns and is further shown to have a more general derivation in terms of purely 2-D operations. The application of the 2-D TDAC system to transform coding of images is presented, and the results from using different amounts of window overlap are discussed and compared to the performance of a DCT (discrete cosine transform)-based transform coder. The results showed improvement over the DCT coder in removing block edge artifacts and in general produced a more subjectively pleasing image. >
Suppressive and pro-inflammatory roles for IL-4 in the pathogenesis of experimental drug-induced liver injury

The pathogenesis of immune-mediated drug-induced liver injury (DILI) following halogenated anesthetics, carbamazepine or alcohol has not been fully elucidated. Detecting cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) IgG4 auto-antibodies in anesthetic DILI patients suggests a role for IL-4 in this hapten-mediated process. We investigated IL-4-mediated mechanisms using our model of experimental DILI induced by immunizing BALB/c (WT) and IL-4(-/-) (KO) mice with S100 liver proteins covalently modified by a trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFA) hapten formed following halogenated anesthetic metabolism by CYP2E1. WT mice developed more hepatitis, TFA and S100 antibodies (p<0.01), as well as T-cell proliferation to CYP2E1 and TFA (p<0.01) than KO mice. Additionally, WT CD4(+) T cells adoptively transferred hepatitis to naive Rag(-/-) mice (p<0.01). Pro-inflammatory cytokines were expectedly decreased in TFA hapten-stimulated KO splenocyte supernatants (p<0.001); however, IL-2 and IFN-gamma (p<0.05), as well as IL-6 and IL-10 (p<0.001) levels were elevated in CYP2E1-stimulated KO splenocyte supernatants, suggesting dual IL-4-mediated pro-inflammatory and regulatory responses. Anti-IL-10 administered to KO mice increased hepatitis, TFA and CYP2E1 antibodies in KO mice confirming a critical role for IL-4. This is the first demonstration of dual roles for IL-4 in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated DILI by suppressing auto-antigen-induced regulatory responses while promoting hapten-induced pro-inflammatory responses.
Tensile behavior of laser treated Fe-Si-B metallic glass

Fe-Si-B metallic glass foils were treated with a linear laser track using a continuous wave Nd-YAG laser and its effect on the overall tensile behavior was investigated. Microstructure and phase evolutions were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, resistivity measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. Crystallization fraction was estimated via the differential scanning calorimetry technique. Metallic glass foils treated with the lower laser fluences (<0.49 J/mm2) experienced structural relaxation, whereas higher laser fluences led to crystallization within the laser treated region. The overall tensile behavior was least impacted by structural relaxation, whereas crystallization severely reduced the ultimate tensile strength of the laser treated metallic glass foils.
Electron Transport in Bacillus popilliae

Pepper, Rollin E. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), and Ralph N. Costilow. Electron transport in Bacillus popilliae. J. Bacteriol. 89:271–276. 1965.—Bacillus popilliae was found to be unique among aerobic microorganisms in that it was deficient in a hydrogen peroxide-scavenging system. Neither catalase nor peroxidase was found. At the same time, a system for producing hydrogen peroxide during oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2) was consistently present in the soluble fraction of extracts of cells from older cultures. Cells harvested from 9-hr cultures did not produce a significant amount of peroxide. The soluble NADH2 oxidase was apparently a flavoprotein, since it was stimulated by flavin nucleotides, insensitive to cyanide and azide, and inhibited by Atabrine. Also, difference spectra demonstrated the presence of a reducible flavin in the soluble fraction of cell extracts. The particulate fraction of cell extracts was shown by difference spectra to contain cytochrome b1; the strong inhibition of NADH2 oxidation by cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide indicated that a terminal cytochrome oxidase was also present. This system was also flavin-dependent, since it was strongly inhibited by Atabrine. The specific activity of the NADH2 oxidase in the particulate fraction was lower in extracts of cells from older cultures than in those from exponentially growing cultures. Cytochrome c was not found in extracts of these cells. It is believed that the increased participation of the hydrogen peroxide-generating NADH2 oxidase in cells of older cultures may be responsible for the rapid loss in cell viability noted in stationary-phase cultures.
Evaluation of model nesting performance on the Texas‐Louisiana continental shelf

[1] A skill assessment of a model of the Texas-Louisiana shelf, nested in a variety of different parent models, is performed using hydrographic salinity data. The nested models show improved salinity skill compared to the same model using climatological boundary conditions, as well as general skill score improvements over the parent models in the same region. Although a variety of parent models are used and these parent models have widely different skill scores when compared with regional hydrographic data sets, the skill scores for the nested models are generally indistinguishable. This leads to the conclusion that nesting is important for improving model skill, but it does not matter which parent model is used. The model is also used to create a series of ensembles, where the local forcing is varied with identical boundary conditions and where the boundary conditions are varied by nesting within the various parent models. The variance in the ensemble spread shows that there is a significant level of unpredictable, nonlinear noise associated with instabilities along the Mississippi/Atchafalaya plume front. The noise is seasonal and is greatest during summer upwelling conditions and weaker during nonsummer downwelling.
Real-time X-ray Studies of the Growth of Mo-Seeded Si Nanodots by Low-Energy Ion Bombardment

Abstract Silicon surface evolution during room temperature low-energy (300, 500 and 1000 eV) normal incidence Ar + ion bombardment in the presence of Mo seed atoms has been studied with real-time grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and ex situ atomic force microscopy. When a small amount of Mo atoms was supplied to the Si surface during ion bombardment, the development of correlated structures with two different characteristic length scales was observed. The shorter length scale features (“dots”) coarsened with time until they reached a constant spatial wavelength. The longer length scale corrugations associated with kinetic roughening, however, continued to grow in amplitude during bombardment. The overall roughness is dominated by different corrugations at different times in the kinetic evolution, showing a complex behavior. The evolution of the kinetic roughening can be described by the Family–Vicsek scaling hypothesis, but measured scaling exponents are not in agreement with those of existing models.
HUMAN PROLACTIN SECRETING ADENOMA CELLS MAINTAINED ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

In vitro maintenance of human prolactin secreting adenoma cells on an extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by bovine corneal endothelial cells is associated with the adoption of morphological properties that are not expressed when the cells are seeded on plastic. Cells seeded on ECM were firmly attached and highly flattened, whereas cells seeded on plastic formed aggregates which were loosely attached or floated in the medium. Moreover, prolactin production from cells on ECM is frequently stable for several weeks. Both tumor cells and normal cells are more likely to resemble their in vivo counterparts when maintained on extracellular matrix than on plastic, and therefore, cells cultured on ECM may provide a better system for oncogenic and endocrine studies.
Photometric investigation of the evolved contact binary system DN Aur

We present here the photometric light curve analyses of the eclipsing binary star DN Aur. The CCD photometry, performed at the Behlen observatory using the 0.76 m automated telescope gave 646 individual data points inV andR bandpass filters. From this data we have determined a new epoch and an orbital period of 0.6168891 days. The published spectral classification is F3.
Intuitions in linguistic argumentation

Generative grammarians have relied on introspective intuitions of well-formedness as their primary source of data. The overreliance on this one type of data and the unsystematic manner in which they are collected cast doubt on the empirical basis of a great deal of syntactic theorizing. These concerns are illustrated with examples and one more detailed case study, concerning the English verb-particle construction.
Early-treatment weight loss predicts 6-month weight loss in women with obesity and depression: implications for stepped care

Objective Some adults with comorbid depression and obesity respond well to lifestyle interventions while others have poor outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether early-treatment weight loss progress predicts clinically significant 6-month weight loss among women with obesity and depression.
Precipitation and electron microscopy of calcium- and barium-oleate sols

Aqueous dispersions of calcium and barium soaps were prepared by direct mixing of metal nitrate solutions with solutions of potassium oleate. It was found that above a certain excess concentration of soap for a given concentration of metal nitrate, the turbidity decreases sharply, indicating stable dispersions of small particles. The larger the concentration of metal nitrate, the more potassium soap is required to produce stable sols of low turbidity. The transition between low and high turbidities in excess soap was labelled the critical transition concentration (c.t. c). The regions of low and high turbidity can only be compared at constant concentrations of potassium oleate or metal nitrate. A linear relationship was found for the c.t.c. when log [Me(NO3)2] was plotted against log [K-oleate].
Numerical investigation of flow upstream of a circular cylinder mounted vertically over a flat plate with gap

Flow field in the plane of symmetry upstream of circular cylinder mounted perpendicular to a flat plate with varying gap between the cylinder tip and the flat plate is numerically investigated. The results were compared with an experimental study of the configuration. The existence of a multiple vortex system with characteristics similar to that of end-wall flows of surface-mounted obstacles with zero gap was captured by the numerical method. The influence of gap size and Reynolds numbers was also investigated. The results were in good comparison with the experimental data. It has been found that the vortex system structure depends on the free stream Reynolds number; and an increase in the tip gap size caused a shift in the location of vortex system and bifurcation streamline due to increased tip gap flow.
Mother–Father–Child Triadic Interaction and Mother–Child Dyadic Interaction: Gender Differences Within and Between Contexts

Differences in mother and father behavior during a triadic interaction session, and differences in mothers’ behavior across triadic and dyadic interaction, were examined in 60 two-parent families with an 11- to 15-month-old child (30 boys, 30 girls). Results revealed that mothers were less involved, less sensitive, and more negative during triadic than during dyadic interaction. Mothers of sons displayed more emotion during triadic interaction than mothers of daughters did. Mothers were more involved with children than fathers were during triadic interaction, whereas fathers displayed more emotion than mothers did during triadic interaction. Fathers were more supportive of mothers, and mothers were more intrusive toward fathers, during triadic interaction. The results are discussed in terms of the role that context plays in gender-typed patterns of family interaction.
The effects of antioxidant combinations on color and lipid oxidation in n-3 oil fortified ground beef patties.

This study was carried out to determine an effective combination of chelators, reductants and free radical scavengers for enhancing color stability and minimizing lipid oxidation in muscle foods fortified with n - 3 fatty acids. Chelators (sodium tripolyphosphate, STPP; sodium citrate, CIT), reductants (sodium erythorbate, ERY) and radical scavengers (butylhydroxyanisole, BHA; mixed tocopherols from two different sources, 30 or 95TOC; rosemary extract, ROSE) were incorporated in various combinations into ground beef (15% fat) with or without n - 3 oil fortification (n = 8). Individually, STPP and CIT had no significant effect on a* values except day 4, but showed higher a* values when combined with ERY (STPP + ERY and CIT + ERY) (P 0.05). The combination of ROSE and ERY appeared to be effective in slowing the decline of a* values. All antioxidant combinations were effective at delaying lipid oxidation when compared to CON or n - 3. A combination of CIT, ERY and ROSE was most effective for stabilizing color and delaying lipid oxidation.
High resolution sputtering using a focused ion beam

Abstract A 70 kV focused Ga + beam was used to sputter patterns 100 μm long with various widths in SiO 2 /Si and GaAs wafers. V-shaped sputtered profiles were obtained when the beam was confined to regions of submicrometer width and the sputtered depths exceeded several thousand angstroms. Enhanced etch rates were observed when the V-shaped profiles developed. Elastic side-wall scattering of the ions is believed to “self-focus” the beam during sputtering.
Raman Scattering and Luminescence Study of Rapid Annealing and Laser Irradiation Effects in Ion Implanted InP

Raman scattering and luminescence spectroscopic techniques were applied to the study of ion implantation of InP and its annealing by a lamp, oven, or laser beam. It was found that both characterization techniques give important information on surface layer transformation during implantation and annealing.
Numerical analysis of enhanced optical trapping force based on centripetal evanescent waves

A strong electric field enhancement was found at the center of an evanescent wave centripetally-propagated along the surface of a multilayer dielectric waveguide coating on a conical prism. Behaviors similar to the cylindrical vector polarization was observed and enhanced for three orders of magnitude in the same geometry by reconfiguring the incident angles. This enhanced electric field can be utilized to trap dielectric particles with a refractive index either higher or lower than the surroundings. The enhanced optical-trap, also versatile at various incident angles, was analyzed numerically with Rayleigh scattering approximation. Simulation results for optical trapping application are presented, showing a strong gradient force on the trapped particle yet keeping radiation force negligible.
Malignancy of the temporal bone

Temporal bone malignancies are relatively rare tumors. Before the advent of modern neurotologic and skull base surgery, many of these lesions were invariably fatal. The majority of temporal bone malignancies are squamous cell carcinoma which arise from the external auditory canal. Chronic otorrhea is the most frequent precursor to squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone which usually present in a delayed, advanced fashion. Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy are the standard treatment. This article discusses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of patients with temporal bone malignancies.
Mechanism of the receptor-catalyzed activation of heterotrimeric G proteins.

Heptahelical receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways by catalyzing GTP for GDP exchange on the heterotrimeric G protein α subunit (Gα). Despite the crucial role of this process in cell signaling, little is known about the mechanism of G protein activation. Here we explore the structural basis for receptor-mediated GDP release using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Binding to the activated receptor (R*) causes an apparent rigid-body movement of the α5 helix of Gα that would perturb GDP binding at the β6-α5 loop. This movement was not observed when a flexible loop was inserted between the α5 helix and the R*-binding C terminus, which uncouples R* binding from nucleotide exchange, suggesting that this movement is necessary for GDP release. These data provide the first direct observation of R*-mediated conformational changes in G proteins and define the structural basis for GDP release from Gα.
Preparation of mouse-sperm DNA for PCR

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to amplify a mutation in a single sperm to a detectable level (Li et al., 1988). With modification, the PCR may allow for the development of a direct germ-cell mutation assay (Ficsor, 1988). We have encountered two problems with using mousesperm samples for PCR. The first is that sperm extracted from the vas deferens contains non-germ cells. The DNA from these cells will also show PCR and interfere with the interpretation o f the germcell mutation data. The second problem is that DNA from mouse-sperm samples does not show PCR as well as DNA from somatic cells. We report on methods to solve these problems.
Associative organotin polymers. I. Symmetric trialkyltin fluorides: Synthesis and properties

Four novel symmetric tri-n-alkyltin fluorides were prepared. In this homologous series, melting point decreases with increase in the carbon chain length while an x-ray diffraction study shows an increase in amorphousness. 1H-NMR spectra in cyclohexane, a nonpolar solvent in which these compounds form long polymeric chain, show a peak broadening effect due to high solution viscosity at very low solute concentration. Contrary to this, the spectra in CDCl3, a polar solvent in which these compounds are monomeric, show well resolved and narrow peaks. IR frequencies for SnC vibrations have been assigned.
Remote Access to Library Resources Enhances Volunteers’ Contribution to a Health Sciences Library

Volunteers have always played an important role in hospitals, serving in countless ways. Many will fondly remember hospital volunteers in the past as “candy stripers” or helping in the gift shop. O...
Inhibition of murine N1-acetylated polyamine oxidase by an acetylenic amine and the allenic amine, MDL 72527

Murine N(1)-acetylated polyamine oxidase (mPAO) was treated with N,N'-bis-(prop-2-ynyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a poor substrate and inhibitor for the enzyme, with K(m) and K(i) values in the millimolar range. Apparently, its oxidation produces prop-2-ynal, which reacts with amino acyl nucleophiles. Using a steady-state kinetic assay, four phases were identified, the first being the oxidation of the compound via Michealis-Menten-type kinetics. As prop-2-ynal accumulates, there is a biphasic reduction in the rate. This process leads to an mPAO form that is nearly inactive (fourth phase), but displays classical Michealis-Menten-type kinetics. The enzyme-bound flavin is not modified in this process. In contrast, micromolar concentrations of the MDL 72527 (N,N'-bis-[buta-2,3-dienyl]-1,4-diaminobutane) inhibited mPAO rapidly and completely. It inhibits by first binding tightly and apparently irreversibly, and then slowly converts to a species where the inhibitor is covalently bound to the N5-position of the flavin's isoalloxazine ring. The covalent adduct was identified as a flavocyanine.
Epitaxial growth and doping of and device development in monocyrstalline β-SiC semiconductor thin films

Abstract High-purity monocrystalline β-SiC films have been chemically deposited on Si(100) and α-SiC(0001) at 1660–1823 K and 0.1 MPa using SiH 4 and C 2 H 4 carried in hydrogen. Films grown on the on-axis Si(100) contained substantial concentrations of dislocations, stacking faults and antiphase boundaries; those deposited on α-SiC(0001) contained primarily double positioning boundaries. These boundaries were eliminated by using off-axis orientations of the respective substrates. Films produced on Si(100) have also been doped via ion implantation with boron or aluminum (p-type) or phosphoruus or nitrogen (n-type) at liquid nitrogen, room and elevated temperatures. High-temperature ion implantation coupled with dynamic and post annealing resulted in a markedly reduced defect and precipitate concentration relative to that observed in similar research at the lower temperatures. The current-voltage characteristics of the MESFETs measured from 298 to 623 K indicated reasonable performance throughout this range. The maximum transconductance was 1.6 mS mm −1 ; the value of this parameter decreased with temperature. Similar data were obtained on both enhancement mode and depletion mode MOSFETs; the latter operated continuously as high as 923 K. Transconductances as high as 11.90 mS mm −1 were achieved.
Density-Sensitive Dielectronic Satellite Lines in Microballon Neon Spectra

It is suggested that the 12.3-\AA{} feature in the spectra from compressed neon-filled microballoons, previously identified as the second-order silicon Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ line, is actually a blend of neon dielectronic satellite lines. The relative intensities of these satellite lines, some of which are strong functions of electron density, agree with a numerical model of collisional mixing of the Ne ix $2l2{l}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ doubly excited levels.
UV Photoelectron and ab Initio Quantum Mechanical Evaluation of Nucleotide Ionization Potentials in Water−Counterion Environments: π Polarization Effects on DNA Alkylation by Carcinogenic Methylating Agents

Gas-phase ionization potentials (IPs) were evaluated for anionic 2‘-deoxyguanosine 5‘-phosphate (5‘-dGMP-) and for 5‘-dGMP- in water, counterion clusters with Na+. Gas-phase IPs of isolated 5‘-dGMP- and of 5‘-dGMP- in clusters containing Na+ and 4, 8, 11, 12, and 14 water molecules, obtained from ab initio self-consistent field (SCF) molecular orbital calculations, were corrected by employing gas-phase UV photoelectron data on the model compounds 1,9-dimethylguanine, 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, and water together with results from second-order Moller−Plesset and configuration interaction singles calculations on the model anion CH3HPO4-. The correction procedure depends on results from recent investigations (Kim, H. S.; Yu, M.; Jiang, Q.; LeBreton, P. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6169−6183. Kim, H. S.; LeBreton, P. R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994, 91, 3725−3729), which indicate that the upper occupied nucleotide valence orbitals described by SCF calculations with split valence basis sets are largely...
On Whittaker modules over a class of algebras similar to U(sl2)

Motivated by the study of invariant rings of finite groups on the first Weyl algebras A1 and finding interesting families of new noetherian rings, a class of algebras similar to U(sl2) was introduced and studied by Smith. Since the introduction of these algebras, research efforts have been focused on understanding their weight modules, and many important results were already obtained. But it seems that not much has been done on the part of nonweight modules. In this paper, we generalize Kostant’s results on the Whittaker model for the universal enveloping algebras U(g) of finite dimensional semisimple Lie algebras g to Smith’s algebras. As a result, a complete classification of irreducible Whittaker modules (which are definitely infinite dimensional) for Smith’s algebras is obtained, and the submodule structure of any Whittaker module is also explicitly described.
Central projections of the octaval system in the thornback ray Platyrhinoidis triseriata

Octaval nerve centers are studied at medullary and mesencephalic levels after electrical stimulation of the VIIIth nerve and selected brain areas. Recording of evoked potentials shows that primary afferent input is relayed to the anterior, magnocellular, and descending octaval nuclei in the medulla as well as to the cerebellar auricle. The three medullary nuclei project to their contralateral homologues via second-order commissural fibers. Both the ipsi- and contralateral anterior and magnocellular nuclei pass on information via secondary neurons to the oculomotor area and the torus semicircularis in the midbrain.
Success factors for students transferring into undergraduate engineering degree programs

A qualitative pilot study designed to ask transfer students about their transfer experiences and develop practices that will increase transfer student success and retention is being conducted. When completed, this qualitative study will include a series of three interviews occurring at three major epochs during a transfer student's first year of study in an undergraduate engineering degree program. The study includes students transferring from community colleges, students transferring from two partner universities in China, and nontraditional students pursuing second careers. The goal of the study is to identify those key factors that lead to a student successfully transferring to undergraduate engineering degree programs.
Sodium hydride clusters in solid hydrogen and neon: infrared spectra and theoretical calculations.

Laser-ablated sodium atom reactions with H2 have been investigated in solid molecular hydrogens and neon. The NaH molecule and (NaH)2,3,4 clusters were identified by IR spectra with isotopic substitution (HD and D2) and comparison to frequencies calculated by density functional theory and the MP2 method. The use of para-hydrogen enriched samples provides evidence for a (H2)nNaH subcomplex surrounded by the solid hydrogen matrix cage. The ionic rhombic (NaH)2 dimer is characterized by strong absorptions at 761.7, 759.1, and 757.0 cm-1, respectively, in solid neon, para-hydrogen, and normal hydrogen matrices. The cyclic sodium hydride trimer and tetramer clusters are also observed. Although the spontaneous reaction of two Li and H2 to form (LiH)2 occurs on annealing in solid H2, the formation of (NaH)2 requires near uv photoexcitation.
Effects of initial consonant, pneumotachographic mask, and oral pressure tube on vocal perturbation, harmonics-to-noise, and intensity measurements

Summary Vocal perturbation, harmonics-to-noise, and intensity measures were obtained for 10 subjects during three experimental tasks: (a) prolonged /a/, (b) /pa/ with vowel prolonged, and (c) same as (b) with subjects wearing a pneumotachographic mask and oral pressure tube inserted between the lips. There were no statistically significant differences among the experimental conditions for any of the measures. The findings suggest that a single task may be used to obtain airflow, oral pressure, and acoustic measures of vocal performance. Observed differences in jitter and harmonic-to-noise means for the male and female speakers are discussed.
Nonenzymatic glycation of DNA nucleosides with reducing sugars

Reducing sugars can react with the free amino groups of proteins to form a heterogeneous group of compounds known as advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) or Maillard reaction products. The objective of this investigation was to monitor the nonenzymatic glycation of DNA nucleosides and to characterize the formation of nucleoside AGEs using capillary electrophoresis (CE), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV fluorescence spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, deoxythymidine, and deoxycytidine were used as the model nucleosides and were incubated over time with glucose, galactose, or glyceraldehyde. Under increasing concentrations and time, deoxyguanosine exhibited the highest rate of glycation with glyceraldehyde. Deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine exhibited comparable reactivity with glyceraldehyde and no appreciable reactivity with galactose or glucose. No reactivity was observed between deoxythymidine and the sugars. A combination of CE, HPLC, UV fluorescence spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry provided a convenient method for characterizing nucleoside AGEs and for monitoring the physical factors that influence the formation of sugar adducts of DNA nucleosides.
Immune recognition of tumor cells in mice infected with Pichinde virus

Pichinde virus (PV), a member of the Arenaviridae family, protects mice from a lethal inoculation with the sarcoma 180 (S180) tumor cell line. Virus replication, which is required for protection, occurs primarily in the spleen and tumor. During the first 4 days, elevated natural killer (NK) cell activity parallels an increase in serum interferon in PV-infected mice. On day 7 after infection virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) are found in the mouse. This strong response peaks on day 13 and gradually declines over the next 17 days. The tumor-specific CTL response appears more slowly and is less intense than the virus-specific response, especially in the uninfected mouse. However, CTLs from either type of mouse recognize PV-infected tissue culture S180 target cells better than uninfected ones. Even though the primary tumor-specific immune response appears weak, mice that have cleared both virus and tumor are refractory to a subsequent challenge with S180 cells and rapidly produce tumor-specific CTLs. Thus, our data indicate a number of ways in which virus infection could lead to immune elimination of tumors: (1) Virus-induced interferon stimulates NK-cell activity, which in turn could control tumor load until a specific response is mounted against the S180 cells; (2) early onset of the tumor-specific T-cell response could be brought about by viral-enhanced tumor antigen presentation to the immune system; and (3) the tumor-specific T-cell response could be augmented through a ‘bystander’ phenomenon involving factors associated with T cells responding specifically and vigorously to the virus itself.
Dynamic interaction in knowledge based systems: An exploratory investigation and empirical evaluation

In response to the need for knowledge based support in unstructured domains, researchers and practitioners have begun developing systems that mesh the traditional attributes of knowledge based systems (KBS) and decision support system (DSS). One such attribute being applied to KBS is dynamic interaction. In an effort to provide a mechanism that will enable researchers to quantify this system attribute, and enable practitioners to prescribe the needed aspects of dynamic interaction in a specific application, a measurement scale was derived from previous literature. Control theory was used to provide the theoretical underpinnings of dynamic interaction and to identify its conceptual substrata. A pretest and exploratory study was conducted to refine the derived scale items, and then a confirmatory study was conducted to evaluate the nomological validity of the measurement scale.