cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the prognostic potential of hyaluronic acid, hyaluronidase (HYAL-1), CD44V6 and microvessel density for prostate cancer

Despite the development of nomograms designed to evaluate a prostate cancer (PCa) patient's prognosis, the information has been limited to PSA, clinical stage, Gleason score and tumor volume estimates. We compared the prognostic potential of 4 histologic markers, hyaluronic acid (HA), HYAL-1-type hyaluronidase (HAase), CD44v6 and microvessel density (MVD) using immunohistochemistry. HA is a glycosaminoglycan that promotes tumor metastasis. CD44 glycoproteins serve as cell surface receptors for HA, and the CD44v6 isoform is associated with tumor metastasis. HYAL-1-type HAase is expressed in tumor cells and, like other HAases, degrades HA into angiogenic fragments. Archival PCa specimens (n=66) were obtained from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized PCa and had a minimum follow-up of 72 months (range 72-131 months, mean 103 months). For HA, HYAL-1 and CD44v6 staining and MVD determination, a biotinylated HA-binding protein, an anti-HYAL-1 IgG, an anti-CD44v6 IgG and an anti-CD34 IgG were used, respectively. HA and HYAL-1 staining was classified as either low- or high-grade. CD44v6 staining and MVD were evaluated quantitatively and then grouped as either low- or high-grade. Using 72 months as the cut-off limit for evaluating biochemical recurrence, HA, HYAL-1, combined HA-HYAL-1, CD44v6 and MVD staining predicted progression with 96%, 84%, 84%, 68% and 76% sensitivity, respectively. Specificity was, 61% (HA), 80.5% (HYAL-1), 87.8% (HA-HYAL-1), 56.1% (CD44v6) and 61% (MVD). Sensitivity and specificity values for each marker did not change significantly in a subset of 45 patients for whom follow-up of longer than 112 months was available. In univariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model, preoperative PSA, Gleason sum, margin status, seminal vesicle, extraprostatic extension (EPE), HA, HYAL-1, HA-HYAL-1 and MVD, but not CD44v6, age and clinical stage, were significant in predicting biochemical recurrence (p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis using stepwise selection, only preoperative PSA (hazard ratio/unit PSA change=1.086, p < 0.0001), EPE (hazard ratio=6.22, p=0.0016) and HYAL-1 (hazard ratio=8.196, p=0.0009)/HA-HYAL-1 (hazard ratio=5.191, p=0.0021) were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence. HA was an independent predictor of prognosis if HYAL-1 staining inference was not included in the multivariate model. In our retrospective study with 72- to 131-month follow-up, EPE, preoperative PSA and HYAL-1 either alone or together with HA (i.e., combined HA-HYAL-1) were independent prognostic indicators for PCa.
In-situ measurement of output coupler absorption using a beam propagation analyzer

Optical characteristics of the output coupler in a high-power CO2 laser can be measured while the optic is in the laser and functioning normally. This is done by using a beam propagation analyzer to measure the rate at which the beam waist location changes with increasing beam power. The characteristics that can be measured with this technique include the fraction of beam power absorbed by the optic and its radius of curvature.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiple Instance Classification via Successive Linear Programming

The multiple instance classification problem (Dietterich et al., Artif. Intell. 89:31–71, [1998]; Auer, Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 21–29, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, [1997]; Long et al., Mach. Learn. 30(1):7–22, [1998]) is formulated using a linear or nonlinear kernel as the minimization of a linear function in a finite-dimensional (noninteger) real space subject to linear and bilinear constraints. A linearization algorithm is proposed that solves a succession of fast linear programs that converges in a few iterations to a local solution. Computational results on a number of datasets indicate that the proposed algorithm is competitive with the considerably more complex integer programming and other formulations. A distinguishing aspect of our linear classifier not shared by other multiple instance classifiers is the sparse number of features it utilizes. In some tasks, the reduction amounts to less than one percent of the original features.
Cascades for hydrogen isotope separation using metal hydrides

Designs are presented for continuous countercurrent hydrogen isotope separation cascades based on the use of metal hydrides. The cascades are made up of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or temperature swing adsorption (TSA) stages. The designs were evolved from consideration of previously conducted studies of the separation performance of four types of PSA and TSA processes.
Preclinical Evaluation of Local JAK1 and JAK2 Inhibition in Cutaneous Inflammation

JAKs are required for signaling initiated by several cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-12, IL-23, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and IFNγ) implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). Direct antagonism of cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-23 using ustekinumab, has proven effective in randomized studies in psoriasis patients. We hypothesized that local inhibition of cytokine signaling using topical administration of INCB018424, a small molecule inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, would provide benefit similar to systemic cytokine neutralization. In cellular assays, INCB018424 inhibits cytokine-induced JAK/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling and the resultant production of inflammatory proteins (e.g., IL-17, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and IL-22) in lymphocytes and monocytes, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values
Projection of individual axons from the pretectum to the dorsal lateral geniculate complex in the cat.

The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus transmits visual signals from the retina to the cortex. Within the lateral geniculate nucleus, the ascending visual signals are modified by the actions of a number of afferent pathways. One such projection originates in the pretectum and appears to be active in association with oculomotor activity. Much remains unknown about the pretectal-geniculate projection. Our purpose was to examine for the first time individual axon arbors from the pretectum that project to the lateral gesticulate nucleus, describing their topography and nuclear and laminar targets. We made injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the cat pretectum, targeting the nucleus of the optic tract. Serial 40 μm coronal sections were processed by using immunohistochemiatry to reveal labeled axons that were then serially reconstructed using light microscopy. Pretectal-geniculate axons appeared morphologically heterogeneous in terms of swelling size, branching patterns, and laminar target. Most axons innervated the geniculate A laminae. A separate, smaller population innervated the C laminae. All axons exhibited substantially greater spread medial-laterally than rostral-caudally in the lateral gesticulate nucleus, displaying a topographical organization for visual field elevation, but not azimuth. Many pretectal axons that projected to the LGN also innervated adjacent structures, including the medial interlaminar nucleus, the perigeniculate nucleus, and/or the pulvinar. These results indicate that the projection from the pretectum to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is heterogeneous, is semitopographical, and may coordinate neural activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus and in neighboring visual thalamic structures in association with oculomotor events. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis : abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus

The family of Fc receptors (FcR) for IgG play pivotal roles in affector, effector, and regulatory functions of cells of the immune system. Thus, changes in expression and activation of FcRs may contribute to a variety of disease manifestations that are the consequence of abnormalities in immune system function. Patients with diabetes mellitus are often plagued with recurrent bacterial and mycotic infections, as well as large and small vessel injury which may in part be immune mediated and which lead to organ dysfunction. Hormone-mediated changes in immune system function have been postulated to contribute to a variety of the complications experienced by patients with diabetes mellitus. It is the purpose of this review to summarize current knowledge regarding abnormalities in immune system function in diabetes mellitus with special emphasis on classical hormonal modulation of Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis.
Role of Tilted CO in Dynamics of CO Insertion on Ce−Rh/SiO2

CO insertion is an important reaction step in the fields of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis for the production of oxygenated fuels and useful C2+ oxygenates. Enhancement of CO insertion rate on the supported Rh catalysts by the addition of oxophilic promoters (i.e., Ce, Mn, Fe, and La oxide) has been suggested to result from the high activity of a postulated tilted CO of which oxygen interacts with the oxophilic promoter. Investigation of the reactivity of adsorbed CO by in situ infrared spectroscopy combined with transient studies reveals that tilted CO on Ce−Rh/SiO2 is inactive for CO insertion at 303 K. The reactivities of CO species toward CO insertion were determined to be as follows: Rh(CO)4 > linear CO > gem-dicarbonyl CO. Steady-state isotopic transient studies show that gaseous CO rapidly exchanges with adsorbed CO and Ce decreases the residence time of intermediates leading to propionaldehyde formation.
Extraction of object lines in engineering drawings

Classification of object lines in mechanical part drawings is a critical problem for automated conversion of drawings from paper medium to CAD databases. We describe new methods for classifying object lines. These methods include section line detection, hidden line detection, centerline detection and object line extraction. A self-supervised approach which includes a spacing estimation step and a recognition step to extract section lines is described. A general purpose algorithm that not only detects dashed lines but also classifies them based on their attributes is described. These attributes are used for classification of detected dashed lines as hidden lines or centerlines. Object line extraction facilitates intelligent interpretation of geometric objects for integration with CAD/CAM systems.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Calcification of healed myocardial infarcts.

Abstract Clinical and necropsy findings are described in 21 patients, aged 43 to 78 years (mean 63) (19 men [90%]), who had grossly visible calcified myocardial infarcts. The interval from the first clinically apparent acute myocardial infarct to death (20 patients) ranged from 2 to 26 years (mean 12). This interval was >5 years in 17 patients (85%) and > 10 years in 11 patients (55%). The ages at the first clinically apparent acute myocardial infarct ranged from 36 to 72 years (mean 51). Of the 21 patients, 17 (81%) had clinical evidence of chronic congestive heart failure; 12 (57%) had left ventricular aneurysms; 8 (38%) had documented episodes of ventricular tachycardia; and 5 had angina pectoris. At necropsy, the heart weight was increased (>400 g) in all (mean 557 g), the left ventricular cavity was dilated in all, and at least 1 and usually 2 or 3 (86%) major epicardial coronary arteries were narrowed >75% in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaque. Thus, patients with calcified myocardial infarcts are usually men, they usually have a myocardial infarct that calcifies at a relatively young age, the calcified wall is usually part of an aneurysmal wall, the left ventricular cavity is almost always dilated, heart weight is increased, and progressive congestive heart failure is the usual mode of death.
Superconductivity in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Layered Composites

Finely layered superconducting Nb/Ge composites have been fabricated with use of a novel deposition scheme and studied as model systems for quasi-two-dimensional superconductivity. Systematic variation of superconducting properties has been observed along with two- to three-dimensional crossover behavior in both the parallel critical fields below ${T}_{c}$ and the fluctuation conductivity above ${T}_{c}$.
Intellectual assessment in a Midwestern alcoholism treatment population.

A study of 867 patients at a midwestern alcoholism treatment center which used Shipley-Hartford Institute of Living Scale scores and WAIS scores indicates that intellectual differences in this population are due to age and socioeconomic differences rather than to alcoholism. However, these real differences can be used to plan dismissal and rehabilitation policies for individual patients.
Chiari III malformation treated with CSF diversion and delayed surgical closure

Chiari III malformations are extremely rare hindbrain malformations that are associated with a high early mortality rate, or severe neurologic deficits in the survivors. The preferred treatment is early operative closure and CSF shunting. We report a case of a newborn infant with a Chiari III malformation with displacement of the brainstem and cerebellum into the cervical encephalocele which precluded immediate operative closure of the defect. Instead, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed and the patient was followed with serial imaging studies. The child survived. The shunt allowed the brainstem and cerebellum to regress into the cervical spinal canal as the dilated cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle decompressed. A delayed closure of the cervical encephalocele was performed at 30 months of age. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion with delayed closure may be an option for large lesions.
How much do working memory deficits contribute to age differences in discourse memory

Abstract Younger and older adults listened to and recalled a series of expository passages that were systematically varied in terms of propositional density and prose length. The working memory processing efficiency of these subjects was also estimated using a sentence span task that estimated their ability to hold verbal items in memory during language processing, and a word span task that estimated their ability to simply hold items in working memory without a simultaneous processing load. Older adults demonstrated lower levels of recall than younger adults. Additionally, age differences in recall were slightly exaggerated by increased propositional density, but not by increased passage length. In a correlational analysis, age was found to be a strong predictor of recall performance. For simpler texts, these age effects could be accounted for in terms of individual differences in working memory storage capacity. For more difficult passages, however, age effects could not be completely explained in terms...
Observation of Subcritical Spall Propagation of a Thermal Barrier Coating

Observations are reported of the room-temperature propagation of a spalling failure mode of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) from its bond coat after oxidation. The coating is a Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 coating formed by electron-beam deposition on a Ni-Co-Cr-Al-Y bond coat. The spall shape evolution and stress redistribution as the spall propagates are reported. The failure propagates primarily as an interface crack between the bond coat and the thermally grown aluminum oxide (TGO) formed on the underside of the TBC during oxidation. The observations are consistent with subcritical propagation of an interface crack between the TGO and bond coat assisted by the presence of moisture. An estimate of 9 J/m2 is made of the fracture resistance in air of the interface.
Ethnobotanical treatments of diabetes in Baja California Norte

This paper provides a brief review of the current biomedical knowledge on some of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Baja California Norte. In general there is very little biochemical knowledge of the specific modes of action in the treatment of diabetes, but most of the plants have been found to contain substances (e.g., glucosides, alkaloids) frequently implicated as having anti‐diabetic effects. Furthermore, clinical studies with animals indicate that most of these plants do have hypoglycemic properties. This paper calls attention to the need for further biochemical investigations into the plant constituents and invites collaboration in the development of clinical field studies to assess the efficacy of herbalists’ use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes in Baja California Norte or other U.S‐Mexico border areas. Such research can make an important contribution to the World Health Organization's plan of “Health for All by the Year 2000” through establishing a scientif...
Chemical and Pharmacologic Studies on Emetine and Quaternary Emetine Derivatives

Quaternary derivatives of emetine were synthesized and tested for their pharmacologic activity. These compounds showed curarelike action and marked decrease in toxicity. Structure-activity-relationships (SAR) were noted in the three quaternary derivatives. Quaternization of both nitrogens in the emetine molecule doubled the curarizing potency in comparison to the derivative in which only one of the ring nitrogens was quaternized.
Molecular hybridization studies with scrapie brain nucleic acids. I. Search for specific DNA sequences.

Chromatography and hybridization techniques employing scrapie enriched fractions of hamster brains were employed to detect a scrapie-specific DNA molecule.125I-labeled DNA from eight different scrapie-enriched hamster brain fractions was hybridized to total DNA and RNA from normal and scrapie hamster and mouse and to DNA from normal human brain and brain tissue from patients dying with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Enrichment for infectivity was obtained by cellular partition, gel filtration and gel electrophoresis. Reassociation of the probes with the scrapie DNA did not have a higher value than with the normal. The level of detection in these studies indicated that if scrapie were a DNA virus replicating through DNA its specific infectivity would be lower than 687 molecules per infectious unit. These findings weaken the possibility that scrapie is a DNA virus.
Prolactin suppression enhances the effects of perioperative donor- specific blood transfusions on graft survival

Abstract The induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness in allograft recipients would lessen the need for chronic immunosuppression and its concomitant morbidities. In view of recognized interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems, we hypothesized that manipulating prolactin (PRL) levels might enhance the immunosuppressive effects of donor-specific blood transfusions. Bromocriptine (BR) and domperidone (DOM), administered via osmotic pumps, were used to inhibit or increase pituitary PRL secretion, respectively, in male LEW rats treated with donor-specific transfusions (DST, Day −1), cyclosporine (CsA, 5 mg/kg, Days −1 to +1), and receiving ACI heart allografts. Neither compound had direct effects on lymphoid cellsin vitro.BR had no effects on graft survival in rats treated with either BT or CsA (BR–DST, 7.0 ± 0.7; BR–CsA, 9.2 ± 3.1; CsA, 11.3 ± 3.9 days). DOM–DST–CsA also did not affect graft survival (8.7 ± 3.1 days). BR and CsA, similarly, had no effects in rats receiving a nonspecific transfusion (8.8 ± 1.1 days). In contrast, BR administration in rats treated with DST and CsA unequivocally prolonged graft survival (17.0 ± 1.4 days;P
Integrating NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) into depression research

The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative grew out of the agency's goal to develop "new ways of classifying mental disorders based on behavioral dimensions and neurobiological measures" (NIMH, 2008). In this article, we review how depression research can be meaningfully conducted within an RDoC framework, with a particular focus on the negative valence systems construct of Loss. New efforts to understand depression within the context of RDoC must seek an integrative understanding of the disorder across multiple units of analysis from genes to neural circuits to behavior. In addition, the constructs or processes must be understood within the context of specific environmental and developmental influences. Key concepts are discussed and we end by highlighting research on rumination as a prime example of research that is consistent with RDoC.
Descartes and the geometrization of thought: The methodological background of Descartes' géométrie

Abstract After the relationship between geometry and algebra exemplified in his distinction between geometrical and mechanical lines is examined, the basis for Descartes' limited approach to analytical geometry is discussed in connection with his reflections on method. It is argued that his epistemology, which required that conceptual thinking be accompanied by a construction supplied by the imagination, in conjunction with the significant role he attributed to mnemonic devices, helps to clarify the methodological background for Descartes' distinctive approach to geometry.
Pion Exchange in Inclusive Relations

Pion-exchange contributions to inclusive reactions at very high energy are calculated and shown to possess scaling behavior. The nearby pion pole is expected to produce clearly identifiable structure, and perhaps even to dominate the cross section in the region $0.9lxl1$, ${{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}l0.1$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$. Specific predictions are made for $a+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Delta}+\mathrm{anything}$, where $a=p, \ensuremath{\pi}, or K$, and for $\ensuremath{\pi}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}+\mathrm{anything}$. Measurements of these reactions above 30 GeV could be used to test the Mueller-Regge hypothesis, and if it is valid, to measure the slope of the pion trajectory. A specific proposal in which the Regge hypothesis fails is also discussed. Extrapolation to the pole could be used to measure $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}K$ total cross sections.
Propagation and Relaxation of Entanglement in Heisenberg Spin Chains

We study the propagation and relaxation of pairwise entanglement in a Heisen-berg Spin Chain, which provides a model for the transmission of quantum information between coupled qubits via idealized exchange interactions.
Minimum-Relative-Entropy Calibration of Asset-Pricing Models

We present an algorithm for calibrating asset-pricing models to the prices of benchmark securities. The algorithm computes the probability that minimizes the relative entropy with respect to a prior distribution and satisfies a finite number of moment constraints. These constraints arise from fitting the model to the prices of benchmark prices are studied in detail. We find that the sensitivities can be interpreted as regression coefficients of the payoffs of contingent claims on the set of payoffs of the benchmark instruments. We show that the algorithm has a unique solution which is stable, i.e. it depends smoothly on the input prices. The sensitivities of the values of contingent claims with respect to varriations in the benchmark instruments, in the risk-neutral measure. We also show that the minimum-relative-entropy algorithm is a special case of a general class of algorithms for calibrating models based on stochastic control and convex optimization. As an illustration, we use minimum-relative-entropy to construct a smooth curve of instantaneous forward rates from US LIBOR swap/FRA data and to study the corresponding sensitivities of fixed-income securities to variations in input prices.
Confidence intervals in the determination of turbulence parameters

This paper quantifies uncertainty in turbulence parameters using the moving block bootstrap technique (MBB). This technique provides a good approximation of confidence intervals of turbulence parameters such as time and length scales of the turbulent flow, convective velocities and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy which cannot be estimated based on the available standard methodology because of their computational complexity and reliance on correlation structure in the signal. The validation consisted of a comparison between uncertainty estimates of various parameters from MBB and those from analytical and experimental data.
Microindentation method for in situ stress measurements in precipitated iron sulfate FILMS

Abstract Active-passive potential steps have been applied during continuous microindentation into 300 μ m thick Fe3%Si sheets exposed to 1 M H 2 SO 4 . First, samples were allowed to deflect in the indentation direction whereby the indenter penetration changed due to local metal dissolution and sample deflection resulting from passive film stress induced bending. Samples were then constrained to eliminate stress induced deflection. A distinct difference between the indentation curves for the above two types of tests allowed separation of the effects of film stress and local dissolution. Indenter tip displacement correlated with the current behavior and was consistent with the salt film evolution and resulting electrostrictive film stress. A theoretical model allows estimates of the time dependent film thickness (3.5 μ m at maximum) and electrostrictive film stress (330 MPa at maximum).
Growth, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei fed different oils in the presence and absence of phospholipids

Abstract A 2×6 factorial study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary phospholipids (PL) and different neutral lipids, as well as their potential interaction, on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. The lipid sources were coconut, soybean, linseed, peanut, and menhaden oils. Five diets contained 5% of each test oil and 3.1% of a commercial lecithin containing 97.6% PL. Five additional diets contained 5% of each oil but no lecithin. A control diet contained 3.1% lecithin but no other oil, and an additional control diet contained no PL but 2.21% soybean oil, 0.41% monobasic sodium phosphate, and 0.48% choline chloride (estimated equivalent of soybean oil, phosphorus and choline in 3.1% lecithin). No significant differences (at P
A Novel Infinite-Time Optimal Tracking Control Scheme for a Class of Discrete-Time Nonlinear Systems via the Greedy HDP Iteration Algorithm

In this paper, we aim to solve the infinite-time optimal tracking control problem for a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems using the greedy heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) iteration algorithm. A new type of performance index is defined because the existing performance indexes are very difficult in solving this kind of tracking problem, if not impossible. Via system transformation, the optimal tracking problem is transformed into an optimal regulation problem, and then, the greedy HDP iteration algorithm is introduced to deal with the regulation problem with rigorous convergence analysis. Three neural networks are used to approximate the performance index, compute the optimal control policy, and model the nonlinear system for facilitating the implementation of the greedy HDP iteration algorithm. An example is given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed optimal tracking control scheme.
Surface Plasmon Excitation in Three-dimensional, Ordered, Gold Nanocrystal Arrays Using a Prism Coupler

We report plasmon excitation in 3-dimensional, ordered, gold nanocrystal(NC) arrays using a prism coupler. The gold NCs are arranged in the silica host matrix in a face-centered cubic lattice with the mono-dispersion gold core size of ∼3 nm. We observed the collective optical behavior of the gold NC array and found a blue shift in the plasmon absorption peak with increasing gold volume fraction (Au loading). Plasmon resonance bands centered at 536, 530 and 520 nm are measured for gold NC arrays with gold loading factors of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0, respectively. The corresponding angular spectra of the gold NC arrays show resonance angles at 60.3, 63.3 and 66.4 degree.
Adverse signaling of scavenger receptor class B1 and PGC1s in alcoholic hepatosteatosis and steatohepatitis and protection by betaine in rat.

Because scavenger receptor class B type 1 is the cholesterol uptake liver receptor, whereas peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator-1β (PGC-1β) and PGC-1α are critical for lipid synthesis and degradation, we investigated the roles of these signaling molecules in the actions of ethanol-polyunsaturated fatty acids and betaine on hepatosteatosis and steatohepatitis. Ethanol-polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment caused the following: i) hepatosteatosis, as evidenced by increased liver cholesterol and triglycerides, lipid score, and decreased serum adiponectin; ii) marked inhibition of scavenger receptor class B type 1 glycosylation, its plasma membrane localization, and its hepatic cholesterol uptake function; and iii) moderate steatohepatitis, as evidenced by histopathological characteristics, increased liver tumor necrosis factor α and IL-6, decreased glutathione, and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase. These actions of ethanol involved up-regulated PGC-1β, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1c and 2, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and HMG-CoA reductase mRNAs/proteins and inactive non-phosphorylated AMP kinase; and down-regulated silence regulator gene 1 and PGC-1α mRNA/proteins and hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Betaine markedly blunted all these actions of ethanol on hepatosteatosis and steatohepatitis. Therefore, we conclude that ethanol-mediated impaired post-translational modification, trafficking, and function of scavenger receptor class B type 1 may account for alcoholic hyperlipidemia. Up-regulation of PGC-1β and lipid synthetic genes and down-regulation of silence regulator gene 1, PGC-1α, adiponectin, and lipid degradation genes account for alcoholic hepatosteatosis. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines and depletion of endogenous antioxidant, glutathione, account for alcoholic steatohepatitis. We suggest betaine as a potential therapeutic agent because it effectively protects against adverse actions of ethanol.
Navigating the Past: What Does History Offer the Discipline of Interior Design?

At the university where I teach faculty members are often bemused by what might be referred to as a Millennial’s approach to design. Our concern typically revolves around student research—particularly the use of design precedent. Almost too tempting to ignore, Pinterest and Google images on the World Wide Web provide the student with ready access to a plethora of ideas and concepts on which to base interior design projects.
On-line monitoring of global cerebral hypoxia in acute brain injury: Relationship to intracranial hypertension

✓ Global cerebral oxygenation, perfusion pressure, and expired CO2 tension were continuously monitored in 69 adults with acute severe closed brain trauma. Cerebral oxygenation was assessed by continuous fiberoptic monitoring of jugular bulb oxyhemoglobin saturation, in conjunction with continuous monitoring of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation. Jugular desaturation associated with arterial desaturation (hypoxemic cerebral hypoxia) was evaluated and managed. A total of 121 episodes of combined arterial and jugular desaturation were documented, 76 in the presence of gross abnormalities identified on chest roentgenograms. Prolonged episodes that did not respond promptly to treatment occurred 32 times in 12 patients, usually after the initial 72 hours posttrauma. The remaining 89 episodes promptly responded to treatment and occurred predominantly within the initial 72 hours. Profound but brief desaturation was not associated with neurological deterioration, while profound and prolonged desaturation was accomp...
COMMENTS ON THE CATCHMENT EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE VEGETAL EFFECTS ON WATER YIELD

So far most applicable knowledge about forests and water yield has come from catchment experiments. Perhaps even more practical information might have been secured during the past twenty years if more and better designed catchment experiments had been undertaken. At the very least, the old question of the main effects of vegetation on total basin water yield should now be settled, and we should be in a position to write management prescriptions containing reliable estimates of differing water yields under crop, pasture, brush and forest lands. As things are, managers and policy makers are being forced to decide what combinations of vegetal cover and land use best favor water yield before the scientific community has fully agreed on some of the salient aspects of the problem. This has led to considerable confusion in the minds of land managers in many regions of the world and may continue to do so for some time. The catchment experiment remains the surest way to furnish each region with practical knowledge of local vegetation-water-yield relations.
Spectral and statistical properties of the equilibrium range in wind-generated gravity waves

Recent measurements of wave spectra and observations by remote sensing of the sea surface indicate that the author's (1958) conception of an upper-limit asymptote to the spectrum, independent of wind stress, is no longer tenable. The nature of the equilibrium range is reexamined, using the dynamical insights into wave–wave interactions, energy input from the wind and wave-breaking that have been developed since 1960. With the assumption that all three of these processes are important in the equilibrium range, the wavenumber spectrum is found to be of the form , where p ∼ ½ and the frequency spectrum is proportional to u*gσ−4. These forms have been found by Kitaigorodskii (1983) on a quite different dynamical basis; the latter is consistent with the form found empirically by Toba (1973) and later workers. Various derived spectra, such as those of the sea-surface slope and of an instantaneous line traverse of the surface, are also given, as well as directional frequency spectra and frequency spectra of slope.The theory also provides expressions for the spectral rates of action, energy and momentum loss from the equilibrium range by wave-breaking and for the spectrally integrated rates across the whole range. These indicate that, as a wave field develops with increasing fetch or duration, the momentum flux to the underlying water by wave-breaking increases asymptotically to a large fraction of the total wind stress and that the energy flux to turbulence in the water, occurring over a wide range of scales, increases logarithmically as the extent of the equilibrium range increases. Interrelationships are pointed out among different sets of measurements such as the various spectral levels, the directional distributions, the total mean-square slope and the ratio of downwind to crosswind mean-square slopes.Finally, some statistical characteristics of the breaking events are deduced, including the expected length of breaking fronts (per unit surface area) with speeds of advance between c and c+dc and the number of such breaking events passing a given point per unit time. These then lead to simple expressions for the density of whitecapping, those breaking events that produce bubbles and trails of foam, the total number of whitecaps passing a given point per unit time and, more tenuously, the whitecap coverage.
From relevance to intelligence: toward next generation web search

Today search engines have become one of the most critical applications on the Web, driving many important online businesses that connect users to information. As the Web continues to grow its size with a variety of new data and penetrate into every aspect of our life, the need for developing a more intelligent search engine is increasing.The primary function of current Web search engines is essentially relevance ranking at the document level, an old paradigm in information retrieval for more than 25 years. To make web search more intelligent, Microsoft Research Asia is currently developing a set of technologies to enable searching at the object level. For example, when a user is looking for information about a researcher, the user is not interested in just retrieving a set of papers or documents in which this researcher's name appears, but more interested in finding insight and knowledge about this researcher as to what works he has done in different period of time, what important contributions he has brought to the research community, how influential he is, and his social networks, etc. Such kind of intelligence is not possible to obtain through current search engines.In this talk, I will present the technical problems that we need to address, including information extraction, object identification and integration, and object relationship mining and ranking. I will also show how we apply these technologies to build more advanced vertical search engines such as product search, academic search, and image search that provide users not only relevant search results but also intelligence and insights in the retrieved data.
Electromechanical imaging of biological systems with sub-10 nm resolution

Piezoelectricity in calcified and connective tissues has been known for over half a century following seminal works by Fukada. Traditionally, complex hierarchical structure of these materials, spanning the length scales from nanometers to millimeters, precluded quantitative studies, and hence elucidation of biological significance of biopiezoelectricity. Here, we demonstrate an approach for electromechanical imaging of structure of biological samples on the length scales from tens of microns to nanometers using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). In this method, intrinsic piezoelectricity of biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides is the basis for high-resolution imaging. Nanostructural imaging of a variety of protein-based materials, including tooth, antler, and cartilage is demonstrated. Visualization of protein fibrils with sub-10 nm spatial resolution in a human tooth is achieved. Given the near-ubiquitous presence of piezoelectricity in biological systems, PFM is suggested as a versatile tool for micro- and nanostructure imaging in both connective and calcified tissues. In the second part of the talk, I discuss recent advances in bioPFM, including imaging in liquid environments, resonance-enhanced PFM, and electrically shielded probes required to probe a broad range of electrophysiological processes from membrane flexoelectricity to cardiac miocyte activity.
Effectiveness of laser therapy for the treatment of the patients with syndrome of polycystic ovaries

The dynamics of clinical and hormonal statuses is studied at patients with SPCO on a background of the low-intensive laser therapy and through 3 and 6 months after stopping of treatment. Analysis of the got results, proved high efficiency of the low-intensive laser therapy of patients with SPCO in the initial stage of disease. Positive clinical effect exposed by us, is confirmed by the indexes of hormonal status and can be used not only for renewal of menstrual cycle but also for planning of pregnancy.
Evaluation of a programmable cluster-based IP router

A major challenge in Internet edge router design is to support both high packet forwarding performance and versatile and efficient packet processing capabilities. The thesis of this research project is that a cluster of PCs connected by a high speed system area network provides an effective hardware platform for building routers to be used at the edges of the Internet. This paper describes a scalable and extensible edge router architecture called Panama, which supports a novel aggregate route caching scheme, a real-time link scheduling algorithm whose performance overhead is independent of the number of real-time flows, a highly efficient kernel extension mechanism to safely load networking software extensions dynamically, and an integrated resource scheduler which ensures that real-time flows with additional packet processing requirements still meet their end-to-end performance requirements. This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of the first Panama prototype based on a cluster of PCs and Myrinet.
Non-Markovian Models for Common Mode Failures in Transmission Systems

This paper discusses modeling of common mode failures in the reliability evaluation of electric transmission lines. More specifically, the effect of probability distribution of state residence times on reliability indices is investigated. The various models give varying response to the form of the probability distribution.
Fault-tolerant multicast routing in the mesh with no virtual channels

This paper addresses the problem of fault-tolerant multicast routing in wormhole-routed multicomputers. We present a new pseudo-Hamiltonian path-based routing methodology for constructing deadlock-free multicast routing algorithms requiring no virtual channels. This technique is applied to construct the first fault-tolerant multicast routing algorithm for the mesh that requires no virtual channels. Simulation results indicate that this technique results in minimal performance degradation in the presence of a large number of node and channel faults.
Optimum Performance of Suppressed Carrier Receivers with Costas Loop Tracking

The performance of suppressed carrier receivers with Costas loop tracking is optimized by proper choice of loop arm filter bandwidth. In particular, it is shown that for a variety of passive arm filter types, there exists, for a given data rate and data signal-signal-to-noise ratio, an optimum filter bandwidth in the sense of minimizing the loop's squaring loss. For the linear theory case, this is equivalent to minimizing the loop's tracking jitter. When symbol synchronization is known, it is shown that by replacing the passive arm filters with active filters, i.e., integrate-and-dump circuits, one can achieve an improvement in carrier-to-noise ratio of as much as 4 to 6 dB depending on the passive arm filter type used for comparison and the value of data signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Triptans: Actions and Reactions

Subcutaneous sumatriptan is superior to placebo in achieving headache relief. Some commonly reported adverse events are paresthesias, tingling, and transient worsening of headache. Why do patients develop these symptoms? Our unique case may shed light on its actions.
Association between Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Mutations with Sex-Specific Phenotypic Consequences in Drosophila

Genome-wide mRNA transcription profiles reveal widespread molecular sexual dimorphism or ‘‘sex-biased’’ gene expression, yet the relationship between molecular and phenotypic sexual dimorphism remains unclear. A major unresolved question is whether sex-biased genes typically perform male- and female-specific functions (whether these genes have sex-biased phenotypic or fitness consequences) or have similar functional importance for both sexes. To elucidate the relationship between sex-biased transcription and sex-biased fitness consequences, we analyzed a large data set of lethal, visible, and sterile mutations that have been mapped to the Drosophila melanogaster genome. The data permitted us to classify genes according to their sex-specific mutational effects and to infer the relationship between sex-biased transcription level and sexspecific fitness consequences. We find that mutations in female-biased genes are (on average) more deleterious to females than to males and that mutations in male-biased genes tend to be more deleterious to males than to females. Nevertheless, mutations in most sex-biased genes have similar phenotypic consequences for both sexes, which suggests that sex-biased transcription is not necessarily associated with functional genetic differentiation between males and females. These results have interesting implications for the evolution of sexual dimorphism and sex-specific adaptation.
Persistent Racial Disparity, Wealth and the Economic Surplus as the Fund for Reparations in the United States

Wealth disparity is a critical factor in the perpetuation of blackwhite disparity in the United States. Intergenerational wealth transfers are the major determinant of household wealth formation. A program of reparations would acknowledge past and continued injustice, redress such injustices, and provide closure. Radical institutional analysis benefits this policy discussion in at least three areas: explaining the re-creation of discrimination; indicating the role of wealth disparity; and identifying the funding source for reparations. For centuries the economic surplus has enhanced white wealth relative to black wealth. A program of reparations suggests directing the surplus toward funding black-white equality.
SOCIAL AND BREEDING BIOLOGY OF BEE-EATERS IN THAILAND

Abstract I report on the social and breeding biology of four bee-eater species in Thailand. Little Green Bee-eaters (Merops orientalis) breed cooperatively in clusters of overlapping territories. Cooperative breeding units have one to two helpers that join the breeding pair only after incubation has begun. Nests rarely are left unguarded due to threats of predation and possible intraspecific brood parasitism. Males also guard their mates against extrapair copulations. The Blue-tailed Bee-eater (M. philippinus) breeds cooperatively and has a complex social system, with evidence suggestive of intraspecific brood parasitism and extrapair copulation. I provide evidence that the Bay-headed Bee-eater (M. leschenaulti) breeds cooperatively and report observations of noncooperative breeding at one nest in the Blue-bearded Bee-eater (Nyctyornis athertoni).
Mathematics Self-Efficacy and African American Male Students: An Examination of Models of Success

The purpose of this study was to investigate the personal stories of African American men who excelled in mathematics to understand the impact of their self-efficacy beliefs on their motivation and subsequent academic achievement in mathematics at the postsecondary level. General analyses of autobiographies and interviews revealed that enactive attainment and vicarious experience were influential sources for these African American men‟s self-efficacy beliefs and were supported by family, friends, and peers. However, vicarious experience appeared to be more influential than enactive attainment for these participants. This finding may contradict Bandura‟s (1986; 1997) claim that enactive attainment has the most significant impact on self-efficacy; in contrast, it supports other claims, such as peers play a major role in the development of attitudes toward academics for African American men (Hrabowski & Maton, 1995; Hrabowski, Maton, & Greif, 1998; Kunjufu, 1986; Taylor, 1989).
Precision X-Ray Optical Depth Measurements in ICF Shells

AbstractWe built a precision radiography system that measures shells for all current ablator materials to an accuracy of 1:104 in optical depth fluctuation and a spatial resolution of 120 μm. The data obtained by the precision radiography system for undoped shells was compared with the data taken using the well-known surface measurement technique Spheremapper. Since both techniques yielded the same power spectrum for the same shell, the results of the precision radiography system were verified. When this technique is compared to the Be:Cu NIF shell, there is no significant internal layer fluctuation. To account for the growing measurement demand, a new x-ray system to accommodate measurements in 1 working day was designed.
Does large-scale ocean circulation structure life history connectivity in Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni)?

A multidisciplinary approach incorporating otolith chemistry, age data, and numerical Lagrangian particle simulations indicated a single, self-recruiting population of Antarctic toothfish (Dissosti...