cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical vapor deposition of tungsten step coverage and thickness uniformity experiments

Abstract A factorial experimental matrix was devised to study the effects of chamber pressure, hydrogen flow, silane flow, and tungsten hexafluoride flow on chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of tungsten step coverage and thickness uniformity. Experiments were conducted on 125 mm wafers with contact holes approximately 6000 A deep and an aspect ratio of 1:1. A blanket layer of 1000 A of titanium and 400 A of titanium nitride was sputtered onto the wafer prior to CVD tungsten deposition. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy, tungsten thickness, and 49-point sheet resistivity measurements were made to characterize the tungsten films. The influence of process gas flows and flow ratios in CVD tungsten on step coverage and uniformity has been determined and found to generally agree with existing kinetic data and modelling results.
Detecting protein-protein interactions in the intact cell of Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633).

The salt bridge, paired group-specific reagent cyanogen (ethanedinitrile; C2N2) converts naturally occurring pairs of functional groups into covalently linked products. Cyanogen readily permeates cell walls and membranes. When the paired groups are shared between associated proteins, isolation of the covalently linked proteins allows their identity to be assigned. Examination of organisms of known genome sequence permits identification of the linked proteins by mass spectrometric techniques applied to peptides derived from them. The cyanogen-linked proteins were isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Digestion of the isolated proteins with proteases of known specificity afforded sets of peptides that could be analyzed by mass spectrometry. These data were compared with those derived theoretically from the Swiss Protein Database by computer-based comparisons (Protein Prospector; http://prospector.ucsf.edu). Identification of associated proteins in the ribosome of Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 6633 showed that there is an association homology with the association patterns of the ribosomal proteins of Haloarcula marismortui and Thermus thermophilus. In addition, other proteins involved in protein biosynthesis were shown to be associated with ribosomal proteins.
Three light-evoked responses of the retinal pigment epithelium

Abstract This paper summarizes our findings on light-evoked changes in retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE) membrane potentials. Experiments were performed on the eye of the anesthetized or decerebrate cat and on isolated tissues from the eyes of a lizard,Gekko gekko, and a frog.Rana calesbeiana. In cat. as was previously shown, the RPEapical membrane potential responds to changes in [K+]0 in the subretinal space. At the onset of illumination it hyperpolarizes to a peak at 4.0 sec as [K+]0 decreases. The next RPE response is a hyperpolarization of thebasal membrane that peaks at 20 sec and is also dependent on the decrease in subretinal [K+]0. The last and slowest response is a depolarization of the basal membrane that peaks at 300 sec, and is not obviously associated with K+ changes. The same responses also appear in gecko at a slower time-course, but only the apical-membrane K− -response is present in frog. The three responses also are associated with changes of the opposite polarity at the offset of illumination. These changes in membrane potential are the origin, respectively, of the RPE component of the ERG c-wave, the fast oscillation, and the light peak (slow oscillation).
The lattice of finite subspace partitions

Let V denote V(n,q), the vector space of dimension n over GF(q). A subspace partition of V is a collection @P of subspaces of V such that every nonzero vector in V is contained in exactly one subspace belonging to @P. The set P(V) of all subspace partitions of V is a lattice with minimum and maximum elements 0 and 1 respectively. In this paper, we show that the number of elements in P(V) is congruent to the number of all set partitions of {1,...,n} modulo q-1. Moreover, we show that the Mobius number @m"n","q(0,1) of P(V) is congruent to (-1)^n^-^1(n-1)! (the Mobius number of set partitions of {1,...,n}) modulo q-1.
Deformations of elastic membranes—Effect of different constitutive relations

Results for the nonlinear axisymmetric deformations of flat circular membranes and of spherical cap membranes subjected to a uniform pressure are presented. The emphasis of the study is on the effect of two different constitutive relations on the nature of the deformation when the membrane deforms into an approximate hemispherical shape.
Modeling betweenness for question answering

The gap between the user's information need and query is expanding due to the pervasiveness of Web search. Multimedia question answering is restricted by disjoint infrastructures of text, image, video and audio content. We address the construction and integration of multiple sources of related information. In particular, we consider the challenging information need of betweenness and defining it for any form of multimedia. We motivate betweenness definition using four questions and suggest k nearest neighbor as a first-step solution.
Forced vibration and low-velocity impact of laminated composite plates

The layerwise theory of Reddy is used to study the low velocity impact response of laminated plates. Forced-vibration analysis is developed by the modal superposition technique. Six different models are introduced for representation of the impact pressure distribution. The first five models, in which the contact area is assumed to be known, result in a nonlinear integral equation similar to the one obtained by Timoshenko in 1913. The resulting nonlinear integral equation is discretised using a time-element scheme. Two different interpolation functions, namely: (i) Lagrangian and (ii) Hermite, are used to express the impact force. The Hermitian polynomial-based representation, obviously more sophisticated, is introduced to verify the Lagrangian-based representation. Due to its modular nature the present numerical technique is preferable to the existing numerical methods in the literature. The final loading model, in which the time dependence of the contact area is taken into account according to the Hertzian contact law, resulted in a relatively more complicated but more realistic, nonlinear integral equation. The analytical developments concerning this model are all new and are reported for the first time in this paper. Also a simple, but accurate, numerical technique is developed for solving our new nonlinear integral equation which results in the time-history of the impact force. Our numerical results are first tested with a series of existing example problems. Then a detailed study concerning all the response quantities, including the in-plane and interlaminar stresses, is carried out for symmetric and antisymmetric cross-ply laminates and important conclusions are reached concerning the usefulness and accuracy of the various plate theories.
Conditions at a p-n junction in the presence of collected current

Abstract An abrupt p-n junction, such as occurs at the collector junction of an n-p-n transistor, is considered. The ratio of n- to p-region conductivity is taken to be very high, so that the transition region is restricted almost entirely to the p-region. The electron density distribution n within the transition region is investigated as a function of the applied reverse bias Vc, and of the minority carrier electron current density J which is injected into the transition region from the neutral p-region. It is shown that significant departures occur from the conventional solutions in which the presence of current is neglected. In particular, the electron density nc at the plane of injection and the transition region thickness wt, used as collector boundary conditions in the analysis of transistor operation, are shown to be current-dependent. Two cases are considered. In Case I, applicable to transistors with an epitaxial layer in the base region below the collector, the electron velocity is assumed much less than the limiting drift velocity. For low injection level, where the minority carrier density n is everywhere less than the equilibrium majority carrier density pp, the transition region is essentially a depletion region and the injected electrons move in an electric field determined uniquely by the applied voltage. It is shown that nc ∝ J and w t ∝ V c 1 2 . For high injection level, when n ⪢ pp, the transition region is essentially an accumulation region, and conditions of space-charge-limited current flow are established for which nc ∝ J 2 3 and w t ∝ V c 2 3 /J 1 3 . The low-level injection results are primarily of interest as analytical extensions of the classical treatment. The high-level injection results are also relevant to the treatment of the dielectric diode. In Case II, applicable to most alloy and diffused-base transistors, the electron velocity is assumed equal to the limiting drift velocity throughout the transition region. Mobile carrier depletion at low injection again gives way to accumulation at high injection. The functional relationships remain as for Case I at low injection, but become n c ∝ J, w t ∝ V c 1 2 /J 1 2 at high injection. Semi-quantitative and detailed quantitative treatments are developed, and normalized graphs of the minority carrier density as a function of distance within the transition region are given for various junction voltages and injected currents.
Impact of size effects in local interconnects for future technology nodes: A study based on full-chip layouts

In this paper, we investigate the impact of local interconnect size effects on the performance of integrated circuits (ICs) based on timing-closed GDSII-level layouts of circuit blocks with detailed routing. For this purpose, we create multiple standard cell and interconnect libraries for 45-, 22-, 11- and 7-nm technology nodes considering scaling trends projected by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) and assuming various sets of size effect parameters. We make comparisons between the performances of circuit designs that are implemented using these libraries.
Effect of acute uremia on insulin removal by the isolated perfused rat liver and muscle.

Abstract The effect of acute uremia on insulin removal by liver and muscle was investigated by measuring the extraction of porcine insulin during recycling perfusion of isolated liver and hindlimb from nephrectomized rats. Insulin removal by the liver was not affected by uremia, and hepatic extraction of insulin by normal and uremic livers averaged 38% at perfusate insulin concentrations ranging from 50 to 600 μU/ml. In contrast, insulin extraction by normal hindlimb averaged 13.4% at comparable insulin concentrations, and this was reduced to 4.3% as a result of acute uremia. A similar reduction in insulin extraction was noted when hindlimb from uremic animals was perfused with normal blood media or when normal hindlimb was perfused with uremic blood. These findings indicate that the efficiency of insulin removal by the liver is unaffected by uremia and is approximately threefold higher than that for hindlimb muscle. On the other hand, it is apparent that skeletal muscle, by virtue of its mass and relatively high blood flow, is also an important organ system for insulin removal. Furthermore, the data suggest that the 68% reduction in insulin extraction by hindlimb from uremic rats may contribute to the prolongation of insulin removal from plasma that is characteristic of patients with renal failure.
Endocrine function and glucose metabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease and their alternation by L-Dopa.

ABSTRACT The present study was designed to determine if l-dopa alters endocrine function in humans. Patients with Parkinson's disease underwent control studies that included determination of basal 24 hr urinary 17-hydroxy and keto steroids and their response to metyrapone, urinary gonadotropins, serum thyroxine, 24 hr 131I uptake by thyroid gland and the plasma glucose, insulin and growth hormone responses to oral glucose, iv glucose, iv tolbutamide and iv insulin. During the third week of l-dopa therapy (6.0 g/day) the studies were repeated. l-dopa had no effect on thyroid or adrenal function. Metyrapone response and urinary excretion of gonadotropins were unaltered. Glucose decay constants and insulin secretion following the iv glucose and tolbutamide were not changed. The oral glucose tolerance was modified in that early insulin secretion (0 to 120 min) was significantly inhibited (60.6% of control study) and late plasma glucose (3 to 5 hr) was elevated. Plasma growth hormone was elevated following l-d...
Low-latency guaranteed-rate scheduling using Elastic Round Robin

Packet scheduling algorithms in switches and routers will likely play a critical role in providing the Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees required by many real-time multimedia applications. Elastic Round Robin (ERR), a recently proposed fair scheduling discipline designed for best-effort traffic, is very efficient with an O(1) dequeuing complexity and, in addition, has better fairness characteristics than other algorithms of equivalent complexity. In this paper, we analyze ERR for guaranteed-rate services, and obtain an upper bound on its latency. We further show that the bound obtained in this paper is tight. Our analysis shows that ERR, in comparison to other scheduling disciplines of equivalent complexity, also has significantly better latency properties. The combination of fairness, efficiency and low-latency makes ERR an attractive scheduling discipline for both best-effort and guaranteed-rate services.
In vivo transchelation of copper-64 from TETA-octreotide to superoxide dismutase in rat liver.

An understanding of the metabolic fate of radiometal-labeled peptides is important due to their application in the areas of diagnostic imaging and targeted radiotherapy. Radioisotopes of copper (64Cu, T1/2 = 12.7 h; 67Cu, T1/2 = 62 h) have been labeled to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and peptides and have applications in the areas of PET imaging and targeted radiotherapy of cancer. Copper-64-TETA-d-Phe1-octreotide ([64Cu]TETA-OC) has been shown to bind to the somatostatin receptor, both in vitro and in vivo, and this agent inhibited the growth of somatostatin-receptor positive tumors in rats. Copper-64-TETA-OC, however, showed a retention of activity in the blood, liver, and bone marrow, suggesting possible dissociation of 64Cu from TETA-OC in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine if 64Cu dissociates from [64Cu]TETA-OC and binds to the protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rat liver. The liver metabolism of [64Cu]TETA-OC was examined in normal rats using a gel-electrophoresis assay specific fo...
Alcohol-influenced recreational boat operation in the United States, 1994

Abstract Background: There were 783 recreational boating fatalities in the United States in 1994. One contributor to this toll is alcohol-influenced operation of boats. Our study objective was to determine the prevalence of alcohol-influenced motor boat operation, and describe its relationship to demographic factors and other risk behaviors. Methods: In 1994, a randomly dialed national telephone survey contacted 5238 adult respondents who reported on their operation of motor boats, alcohol use, and other potential injury risk behaviors. Data were weighted to obtain national estimates and percentages. Results: Of 597 respondents who operated a motor boat in 1994, 31% (206 respondents) reported doing so at least once while alcohol-influenced. Alcohol-influenced operation of a motor boat was significantly more likely among males, individuals between 25 and 34 years of age, and those with greater than a college education. Alcohol-influenced motor boat operation was also more common among those who drove motor vehicles while alcohol-influenced, and those who drove a motor vehicle without using a seat belt. Conclusions: To decrease alcohol-influenced boating, new strategies should be developed. Strategies used to decrease drinking and driving motor vehicles may prove adaptable to preventing alcohol-influenced boating. More effective means of monitoring alcohol-influenced boating is needed. Alcohol use by passengers on boats should not be overlooked as a problem.
Fracture in single-layer zirconia (YSZ)–bond coat alloy (NiCoCrAlY) composite coatings under thermal shock

Abstract Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)–NiCoCrAlY bond coat (BC) alloy composites constitute the individual layers of functionally graded thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Characterizing the fracture response of these composites under thermo-mechanical loads is vital for the design of durable graded TBCs. Accordingly, thermal fracture in plasma sprayed single-layer YSZ–BC alloy composite coatings, subjected to a single high heat flux laser heating-ambient cooling cycle is investigated. Coatings with three different YSZ volume fractions (100%, 80% and 40% YSZ), all having similar thermal resistance were studied. It was found that under similar thermal loads, longer surface cracks as well as horizontal cracks near the coating–BC layer interface resulted in coatings with higher BC alloy (lower YSZ) content. These findings are discussed by considering the effective time-dependent (viscoplastic) behavior and fracture toughness of these composites predicted from micromechanics models. Potential implications of these results on the design of graded TBC systems are briefly discussed.
Direct Measurement of Sizes and Dynamics of Single Living Membrane Transporters Using Nanooptics

Sizes and dynamics of single membrane transporters on single living cells, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were directly measured showing transported substrates up to 80 nm in diameter, which is one order ...
1,3,5-Tris(chloromethyl)benzene.

The title compound, C9H9Cl3, is being used as a platform for new tripodal receptors. Two mol­ecules make up the asymmetric unit; weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding is observed between methyl­ene H atoms and the chlorine of an adjacent mol­ecule. There are also C—H⋯π interactions.
The (1 × 2) missing-row phase of Au(110): energetics determined from an extended embedded atom method

The genesis of order in the missing-row phase of the Au(110) surface and the disordering of that phase have been investigated via examination of the underlying static energetics. We determined the total cohesive energy of various clusters of Au “adatoms” on an Au(110) surface and that of various extended defects on the surface using the embedded atom method with an extension to improve the accuracy of treatment in regions where charge density gradients are large. From the energetics of the clusters we have extracted lattice-gas “adatom-interaction” parameters and studied the resulting disordering phase transition using transfer-matrix scaling. We find Tc = 670 K, in reasonable agreement with experiment. (Experimental Tc's reported range from 650 to 770 K.) From our study of the energy of steps on the (1 × 1) surface and roughening excitations of the reconstructed surface two important results emerge: the energy of steps whose edges are parallel to the rows is very small suggesting the latter play an important role in initiating ordering; certain defects which roughen the (1 × 2) surface are also found to be low in energy, suggesting that the disordering transition includes intrinsic roughening.
Electric vehicle infrastructure market sustaining demand

Who will buy the electric vehicles that the California Air Resources Board's Zero Emission Vehicle Program has mandated to be offered for sale and why? Who will build these vehicles and why? Fundamental rethinking of electric vehicle commercialization is the key to answering these questions. That is, when and how do we reach full commercialization of electric vehicles? A market for a product reaches maturity when the supply and the demand for the product are at equilibrium. For electric vehicles, the author suggests that this equilibrium is achieved at the market sustaining demand. The author discusses the developments in electric vehicles. >
Pulmonary Artery Banding A Treatment for Infants with Intractable Cardiac Failure due to Interventricular Septal Defects

The technic of banding the pulmonary artery is described. Twenty infants with intractable cardiac failure secondary to interventricular septal defects have had banding with one operative and one late death. The operation is palliative, and definitive surgery probably must be done when the child is 3 to 5 years of age. Banding the pulmonary artery is a relatively safe procedure but the mortality of banding plus ventricular closure and unbanding remains to be evaluated.
Women and mental health: A global perspective

This article is based upon the author’s presentation at the UN Third Annual World Mental Health Day, the first Day to be devoted to women and mental health. The author argues that the psychosocial conditions commonly shared by women throughout the world result in their universally high rates of mental illness and emotional distress. Solutions are global in origin, based upon a comprehensive personal, social and economic model for the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health.
Second trimester levels of maternal serum inhibin A in pregnancies affected by fetal neural tube defects

Inhibin A is effective as a second trimester maternal serum marker for Down syndrome screening. In the present study, inhibin A levels were measured in second trimester maternal serum samples from 28 pregnancies affected with open neural tube defects; 12 associated with open spina bifida and 16 associated with anencephaly. Each measurement was expressed as a multiple of the median (MoM) for control singleton pregnancies (n = 1464) of the same completed week of gestation. Inhibin A levels were not significantly altered in cases of open neural tube defects; the median value was 0.96 MoM in cases of open spina bifida and 1.19 MoM in cases of anencephaly. Therefore, second trimester maternal serum inhibin A levels will not have an impact on prenatal detection of open neural tube defects.
Volumetric Intraoperative Brain Deformation Compensation: Model Development and Phantom Validation

During neurosurgery, nonrigid brain deformation may affect the reliability of tissue localization based on preoperative images. To provide accurate surgical guidance in these cases, preoperative images must be updated to reflect the intraoperative brain. This can be accomplished by warping these preoperative images using a biomechanical model. Due to the possible complexity of this deformation, intraoperative information is often required to guide the model solution. In this paper, a linear elastic model of the brain is developed to infer volumetric brain deformation associated with measured intraoperative cortical surface displacement. The developed model relies on known material properties of brain tissue, and does not require further knowledge about intraoperative conditions. To provide an initial estimation of volumetric model accuracy, as well as determine the model's sensitivity to the specified material parameters and surface displacements, a realistic brain phantom was developed. Phantom results indicate that the linear elastic model significantly reduced localization error due to brain shift, from >; 16 mm to under 5 mm, on average. In addition, though in vivo quantitative validation is necessary, preliminary application of this approach to images acquired during neocortical epilepsy cases confirms the feasibility of applying the developed model to in vivo data.
Management of Simultaneous Biliary and Duodenal Obstruction: The Endoscopic Perspective

Obstructive jaundice often develops in patients with unresectable malignancy in and around the head of the pancreas. Duodenal obstruction can also occur in these patients, and usually develops late in the disease course. Palliation of both malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction is traditionally performed with surgical diversion of the bile duct and stomach, respectively. With the advent of nonsurgical palliation of biliary obstruction using endoscopic transpapillary expandable metal stent placement, a similar approach can be used to palliate duodenal obstruction by placement of expandable metal gastroduodenal stents. Endoscopic palliation can be achieved in patients who require relief of both biliary obstruction and duodenal obstruction, although this can be technically difficult to achieve depending on the level of duodenal obstruction in relation to the major papilla. This article reviews the endoscopic approaches for combined palliative relief of malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction.
Design of Grid Connected-PV System for a Hydrogen Refueling Station

This paper describes the design of a 14 kW grid-tied photovoltaic system for powering a hydrogen generation and refueling station that is being constructed at the Las Vegas Valley Water District. The fixed array layout is determined by considering the available space, aesthetics and impact of shading on annual energy production. Computer simulations using PV-DesignPro software and area hourly solar radiation data are conducted to simulate the energy flow into and out of the electric utility grid for different profiles of hydrogen use. Stand-alone system operation is also simulated to estimate the maximum amount of hydrogen that can be produced under limited storage.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
An economic model of pollution prevention

Pollution prevention is modelled with an approach that combines the substitutability of inputs in the twice-differentiable neoclassical production function and the discreteness of linear activity analysis. The polluting firm's emissions, which result from its use of a toxic input, can be reduced by substituting other inputs for the toxic input and&2.urule;or by switching to a nonpolluting process. The strengths of the model are that zero emissions are achievable at a finite marginal cost, the nonconvexity that may occur in conventional activity analysis does not occur in this model, and there is a range of output levels at which polluting and nonpolluting firms in the same industry realistically coexist.
Readmission and risk factors for readmission following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

Readmission after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer has not been systematically evaluated. The objectives of this study were to determine national 30-day readmission rates after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer and evaluate risk factors associated with readmission. Retrospective review of the 2011–2012 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program dataset was performed to identify patients who underwent elective esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. One thousand sixty-eight patients satisfied study criteria. One hundred and thirty-five patients were admitted within 30 days resulting in a readmission rate of 12.6 %. Patients with a history of pulmonary disease were 3.9 times more likely to be readmitted. Patients who developed postoperative wound-related complications were 9 times more likely to be readmitted than patients who did not develop wound-related complications. Increasing length of hospital stay was associated with a marginal but significant decrease in risk of readmission. National 30-day readmission rate after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer is around 12.6 %. Risk factors associated with 30-day readmission include history of pulmonary disease, postoperative wound-related complications, and length of hospital stay.
Changes in vesicular glutamate transporter 2, vesicular GABA transporter and vesicular acetylcholine transporter labeling of sacrocaudal motoneurons in the spastic rat.

Spasticity of the midline musculature can significantly hinder performing transfers and lead to development of pressure sores. Currently, significant gaps exist in our knowledge of the pathophysiology involved in spasticity development following SCI, especially regarding the axial musculature. The goals of this study were: (1) to determine the effects of S2 transection on the number and distribution of glutamatergic, GABAergic and cholinergic inputs on more caudal motoneurons, (2) to correlate these changes with the development of spasticity within the tail musculature, which are the caudal counterparts to the axial musculature. Animals with S2 spinal transection were tested behaviorally for the progression of spasticity within the tail musculature. At 1, 2, 4, or 12 weeks post-injury, the animals were sacrificed and temporal changes in glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic inputs to sacrocaudal motoneurons were assessed using antibodies for the specific vesicular transporter of each neurotransmitter and confocal microscopy. At 1 week post-injury, when the tail musculature demonstrated decreased responsiveness, an overall increase in the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory input to sacrocaudal motoneurons was observed. From 2 to 12 weeks post-injury, when the tail musculature demonstrated increased reflex behavior, an overall decrease in the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory inputs was observed. Additionally, from 2 to 12 weeks following spinal transection, a progressive loss of cholinergic labeling of sacrocaudal motoneurons was observed. The increase in the overall level of excitation with a concomitant loss of cholinergic influence following spinal transection could, in part, explain the development of spasticity within the tail musculature.
Learning as conceptual change: Factors mediating the development of preservice elementary teachers' views of nature of science

This study assessed, and identified factors in participants' learning ecologies that mediated, the effectiveness of an explicit reflective instructional approach that satisfied conditions for learning as conceptual change on preservice elementary teachers' views of nature of science (NOS). Participants were 28 undergraduate students enrolled in an elementary science methods course. A purposively selected focus group of six participants who showed differential growth in terms of their NOS views were closely followed throughout the study. The Views of Nature of Science Questionnaire-Form B (VNOS–B) in conjunction with individual interviews was used to assess participants' views prior to and at the conclusion of the study. Other data sources included weekly reflection papers, exit interviews, and an instructor's log. Initially, the greater majority of participants held naive views of NOS. Substantial and favorable changes in these views were evident as a result of the intervention. An examination of the development of the focus group participants' NOS views indicated that the effectiveness of the intervention was mediated by motivational, cognitive, and worldview factors. These were related to internalizing the importance and utility of teaching and learning about NOS, exhibiting a deep processing approach to learning, and viewing science and religion as two distinct rather than opposing enterprises. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed88:785–810, 2004
A climatology of salty intrusions over the continental shelf from Georges Bank to Cape Hatteras

[1] Intrusions or lens of anomalously salty slope water (Smax intrusions) are often found over the continental shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). Salty intrusions were identified in 11% of 10,652 historical hydrographic profiles. Intrusions occurred primarily in summer, were observed across the entire shelf, but were most common over the outer shelf, and were concentrated at the depth of the seasonal pycnocline. The percentage of profiles with intrusions increased linearly along the MAB shelf from Georges Bank (3%) to Chesapeake Bay (15%), suggesting either a north to south increase in generation or an along-shelf accumulation associated with a decay timescale of 90 days or longer. Intrusions were typically less than 30 m thick, with a salinity anomaly of less than 0.5, though 10% of the anomalies were greater than 1. The thickness increased as the stratification decreased in a manner consistent with double-diffusively driven lateral intrusions. Intrusions did not preferentially occur during certain wind conditions. Salty intrusions increase the average salinity of the MAB shelf during summer by 0.3 or more, depending on how rapidly intrusions mix with the surrounding shelf water.
Aqueous Etching Produces Si(100) Surfaces of Near-Atomic Flatness: Strain Minimization Does Not Predict Surface Morphology

A simple, room temperature process—etching of Si(100) surfaces in 40% NH4F(aq) solutions—produces H-terminated surfaces of near-atomic smoothness over large areas (>1000 × 1000 A2). The etched surface is primarily terminated by long alternating rows of strained and unstrained silicon dihydrides; no microfaceting or etching-induced surface roughness is observed. The Cartesian components of the infrared absorption spectrum of flat and vicinal etched surfaces show that the surface is almost entirely dihydride-terminated. This analysis disproves previous assignments of the infrared spectrum of NH4F-etched Si(100) which suggested that the etched surface was very rough and terminated by a variety of mono-, di-, and trihydride species. Although the steady-state etch morphology has lower interadsorbate strain than bulk-terminated H/Si(100), this morphology does not minimize interadsorbate strain as previously postulated. The relatively low reactivity of the strained dihydrides kinetically blocks this pathway.
High tensile elongation of β-NiAl single crystals at 293 K

It is well established that both polycrystals and hard oriented single crystals of NiAl show practically no ductility at room temperature. For soft (non- ) oriented single crystals, the elongations at room temperature typically do not exceed 1--2%. Higher room temperature ductilities have been achieved using various schemes such as heat treatment, microalloying, etc. In one of the more controversial papers, Darolia et al. presented single crystal data suggesting that small ( single crystals to 5--6%; this spurned a large amount of work around the world aimed at elucidating the mechanism(s) responsible for this effect. While there has been no apparent independent confirmation of this unexpected ductilization effect, various investigators have suggested and, in some cases, shown that the following factors are of extreme importance to the mechanical behavior of this compound: impurity content, heat treatment (thermal vacancies), constitutional defects (due to deviations from stoichiometry), orientation, prestraining and surface condition. The purpose of this note is to illustrate that it is possible to achieve high ({approximately}25%) RT tensile elongations by optimizing these factors and to shed further light on the overall behavior of NiAl single crystalsmore » in soft orientations.« less
A more efficient generalization of Peterson's mutual exclusion algorithm

The algorithm presented depends on the number of processes interested in the critical section rather than n. If a process is at a level greater than or equal to the number of processes interested then it is a level higher than any other process and is permitted to enter the critical section.
Diagnosis and testing practices for adolescent pertussis among a national sample of primary care physicians.

Abstract Objective Adolescents are a primary reservoir for propagating pertussis infection. This study aimed to describe diagnosis and testing practices for adolescent pertussis among a national sample of primary care physicians. Methods From January to March, 2007 we administered a written survey to a United States sample of American Medical Association physicians that included 725 family practitioners (FPs) and 725 general pediatricians (PDs). Results Response rate was 60% ( n = 702). Overall, 16% of respondents indicated that they did not test adolescents for pertussis as part of their clinical practice. A similar proportion did not recognize the clinical manifestations of pertussis in a standardized adolescent case patient. FPs were less likely than PDs to test for pertussis in general and to diagnose the case patient with pertussis. Barriers to testing adolescents for pertussis included delay in obtaining test results (52%), inconvenience of sample collection (29%), lack of testing supplies (29%), lack of familiarity with testing protocols (28%) and cost (22%). Conclusion Our results suggest that a substantial number of primary care physicians do not utilize pertussis testing and may not be able to recognize the clinical symptoms of this infection in adolescents. Interventions to improve physician knowledge about this important public health issue may be warranted.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CLINICAL TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION. A SURVEY.

Many of the features of human toxemia of pregnancy can also be found in certain types of experimental hypertension. The similarity is especially close with regard to desoxycorti-costerone hypertension in rats. A working hypothesis concerning toxemia is presented which involves the rate of synthesis of placental steroids, their rate of degradation, and the degree of antihypertensive capacity.
The reporting of the influenza pandemic, 1918-1920 in Hamilton, Ontario

The paper evaluates the ways in which Hamilton, Ontario’s three daily newspapers covered the influenza epidemic, 1918-1920. In Hamilton, the central aspect of influenza coverage was Dr. Roberts’ decision to close all public meeting places twice during 1918. No other story but those connected to a public meeting ban could sustain interest. Thus, the story for the press was to be the ban: whether to ban, what to ban, to lift or not, to reimpose. The story monopolized influenza coverage to such an extent that traditional threads, such as morbidity and mortality and personal interest stories, received little attention. The ban, because it restricted personal freedoms and involved local politics and commerce, received extensive coverage. In the absence of a ban, the influenza story could fade out of the press even during some of the most virulent periods of the epidemic. The paper finds that influenza was not transformative in Hamilton and in fact, demonstrated the viability of traditional charitable responses to disease. The actions carried out by Hamilton’s Board of Health cannot be considered “modern” as its methods were more akin to the nineteenth century than those of the later bacteriological age.
Evaluation of flow properties in weldments of vanadium alloys using novel indentation technique

Automated Ball Indentation (ABI) testing, was successfully employed to determine the flow properties of the fusion zone, heat affected zone (HAZ), and base metal of the gas tungsten arc (GTA) and electron beam (EB) welds of the V-4Cr-4Ti (large heat no. 832665) and the V-5Cr-5Ti (heat 832394) alloys. ABI test results showed a clear distinction among the properties of the fusion zone, HAZ, and base metal in both GTA and EB welds of the two alloys. GTA and EB welds of both V-4Cr-4Ti and V-5Cr-5Ti alloys show strengthening of both the fusion zone and the HAZ (compared to base metal) with the fusion zone having higher strength than the HAZ. These data correlate well with the Brinell hardness. On the other hand, GTA welds of both alloys, after a post-weld heat treatment of 950{degrees}C for 2 h, show a recovery of the properties to base metal values with V-5Cr-5Ti showing a higher degree of recovery compared to V-4Cr-4Ti. These measurements correlate with the reported recovery of the Charpy impact properties.
Interface studies of ALD-grown metal oxide insulators on Ge and III-V semiconductors (Invited Paper)

Atomic layer deposited (ALD) HfO"2/GeO"xN"y/Ge(100) and Al"2O"3/In"0"."5"3Ga"0"."4"7As(100)-4x2 gate stacks were analyzed both by MOS capacitor electrical characterization and by advanced physical characterization to correlate the presence of electrically-active defects with chemical bonding across the insulator/channel interface. By controlled in situ plasma nitridation of Ge and post-ALD annealing, the capacitance-derived equivalent oxide thickness was reduced to 1.3nm for 5nm HfO"2 layers, and mid-gap density of interface states, D"i"t=3x10^1^1cm^-^2eV^-^1, was obtained. In contrast to the Ge case, where an engineered interface layer greatly improves electrical characteristics, we show that ALD-Al"2O"3 deposited on the In"0"."5"3Ga"0"."4"7As (100)-4x2 surface after in situ thermal desorption in the ALD chamber of a protective As cap results in an atomically-abrupt and unpinned interface. By avoiding subcutaneous oxidation of the InGaAs channel during Al"2O"3 deposition, a relatively passive gate oxide/III-V interface is formed.
Detector architecture of the cosmology large angular scale surveyor

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides a powerful tool for testing modern cosmology. In particular, if inflation has occurred, the associated gravitational waves would have imprinted a specific polarized pattern on the CMB. Measurement of this faint polarized signature requires large arrays of polarization-sensitive, background- limited detectors, and an unprecedented control over systematic effects associated with instrument design. To this end, the ground-based Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) employs large-format, feedhorn- coupled, background-limited Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) bolometer arrays operating at 40, 90, and 150 GHz bands. The detector architecture has several enabling technologies. An on-chip symmetric planar orthomode transducer (OMT) is employed that allows for highly symmetric beams and low cross-polarization over a wide bandwidth. Furthermore, the quarter-wave backshort of the OMT is integrated using an innovative indium bump bonding process at the chip level that ensures minimum loss, maximum repeatability and performance uniformity across an array. Care has been taken to reduce stray light and on-chip leakage. In this paper, we report on the architecture and performance of the first prototype detectors for the 40 GHz focal plane.
Is 31P-NMR Spectroscopic Imaging a Viable Approach to Assess Myocardial Viability?

Thallium-201 imaging in its various forms (initial followed by 2- to 4-hour or 24-hour delayed imaging, initial followed by imaging after reinjection, or a “hybrid” approach using 201Tl initially and 99mTc-sestamibi later) is a reasonable clinical approach for assessment of myocardial perfusion and viability.1 2 3 4 However, other approaches that examine change in regional myocardial function during dobutamine infusion and evaluate metabolic myocardial integrity with exogenous administration of radioactive tracers also have been reported.5 6 7 Accordingly, one may justifiably wonder how nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic imaging, another expensive, high-tech approach, might ever be used as a clinical tool for assessing myocardial viability, especially in this era of healthcare reform, managed care, and capitation. Yabe et al8 report a new clinical approach for evaluating myocardial viability. The method uses 31P-NMR spectroscopic imaging (SI) to quantify the high-energy phosphates ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr). The use of ATP concentration as a standard for assessing myocardial viability is not new.9 What is new is the ability to estimate ATP and PCr concentrations clinically and noninvasively in asynergic segments of myocardium. Wall motion abnormalities associated with ischemic heart disease may be related to myocardial scar in patients with previous myocardial infarction, an irreversible situation, or to transient ischemic dysfunction (“stunning”)10 or persistent ischemic dysfunction (“hibernation”).11 Reversible or irreversible dysfunction can suggest the appropriate therapeutic strategy. With viable but dysfunctional myocardium, bypass graft surgery or catheterization laboratory intervention can lead to improved function and symptomatic state of the patient—or …
Symptom perception in CHF : (why mind matters)

Symptoms utilized in the clinical care of heart failure as markers of disease severity include, dyspnea, insomnia, low energy, fatigue, poor appetite, and diminished memory. This is despite the fact that physiologic variables such as cardiac ejection fraction and oxygen consumption do not accurately predict functional state in individuals with congestive heart failure (CHF). Distress (anxiety and depression) may amplify symptom complaints without associated physiologic aberration. Personality traits and psychiatric illness, such as mood, anxiety, and psychotic illnesses may also alter perception of somatic symptoms that are associated with this chronic illness. The impact of distress and its treatment on functional performance and CHF symptom reporting deserve additional attention. The need to screen for distress in all with serious symptomatic heart failure is certain.
The impact of subchronic hypercortisolemia on progesterone metabolism and the luteinizing hormone-progesterone axis in the cynomolgus monkey

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of subchronic hypercortisolemia on progesterone (P) metabolism and production and on peripheral LH levels in a nonhuman primate using a repeated measures experimental design. Osmotic pumps that released hydrocortisone phosphate (HP) at a dose of 15 mg/day were implanted sc in seven cynomolgus monkeys for two menstrual cycles. The pumps were filled with saline for the two control cycles, which either preceded (three animals) or followed (four animals) HP infusion. P metabolism, P production, and episodic secretion of LH were determined 8 +/- 1 days after the serum estradiol peak in the second control cycle and in the second cycle of HP infusion in each monkey, after iv bolus administration of 50 microCi [3H]P, followed by a 6-h blood sampling period. HP infusion elevated serum cortisol levels 1.6-fold. Serum P levels were decreased throughout the luteal phase by 58% (P < 0.01). The MCR of P and the volume of distribution at steady state of P were increased by 200% during HP infusion (both P < 0.005). The production rate of P was increased by HP treatment in five of seven monkeys. HP infusion increased the ratio of 20 alpha-[3H]dihydroprogesterone to [3H]P in serum from 0.5 to 1.0 (P < 0.05) while decreasing the fraction of [3H]P and its metabolites excreted in urine from 20% to 11% (P < 0.05). Serum LH levels, determined over a 5.25-h period in the luteal phase, were elevated by 200% during HP treatment (P < 0.05). Episodic secretion of LH during treatment was characterized by a 660% increase in the pulse amplitude (P < 0.05) and an apparent decrease in the pulse frequency. The results of this study provide evidence that moderate elevation of serum cortisol levels for two menstrual cycles in primates 1) increases the MCR of P, which may be the cause of the observed decrease in serum P levels; and 2) elevates serum LH levels by amplifying its pulse amplitude, which may result in a compensatory rise in the production rate of P.
The Digital Divide: The Role of Political Institutions in Technology Diffusion

What factors have promoted and retarded the spread of the Internet globally? The Internet is one example of the diffusion of technology. Much as other technologies, the Internet has diffused unevenly across countries, raising concerns over a “digital divide.” My main proposition is that its spread has been driven by neither technological nor economic factors alone. Rather, political factors exert a powerful influence. Groups that believe they will lose from the Internet use political institutions to enact policies that block the spread of the Internet. Some political institutions make this easier than others. Data from roughly 190 countries from 1991 to 2001 showthat a country's regime type matters greatly, even when controlling for other economic, technological, political, and sociological factors. Democratic governments facilitate the spread of the Internet relative to autocratic ones. Thus, the spread of democracy may help reduce the digital divide.