cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mineral springs and spring fever lithium: Fact and fantasy in psychopharmacology

Lithium salts have been employed as medical treatment for more than two thousand years. The history of lithium in medicine reveals a strictly empiricist approach to its use which has resulted in its varying popularity as a therapeutic treatment over the past century. Much of the enthusiasm about the therapeutic use of lithium has been generated by faulty scientific process. This paper reviews the scientific errors which have surrounded the medical use of lithium in history, discusses the metaphorical use of medical terminology and the problem which is posed by the literal interpretation of such terms, and challenges the currently accepted point of view that lithium is a specific treatment for mania. The scientific errors which have resulted in the introduction of lithium as a treatment for mania are reviewed, and it is proposed that lithium treatment be viewed as the paradigm of modern psychopharmacology. The author suggests that the empiricist approach in biological psychiatry requires critical scrutiny in order to avoid tragic consequences, regarding the hazards both to patients arbittrarily exposed to lithium therapy, as well as to the scientific concept of disease as it is modified by those who wish to re-define disease, empirically, in terms of response to treatment.
Targeted thermal injury: mechanisms of cell and tissue death

The basic unit of life and death is the cell. The two main modes of cell death, cell death with necrosis and apoptosis, are characterized by relatively easily recognizable, different morphologic changes before, during and after the cell has died. However, more recent advanced investigations of the physiologic, biochemical and genetic aspects of cell death have produced a wealth of information. But, the final analysis of this embarrassment of riches awaits the accumulation of more knowledge and understanding of how all the pieces fit together and relate to each other. Currently, the analyses are complicated by the isolated and narrow scope of the experimental subjects, a lack of uniformity of nomenclature and missing information that would allow successful understanding of the "big picture." Some causes and mechanisms of heat-induced cellular and tissue death will be considered from anatomical, pathological, physiological, biochemical and genetic aspects.
Ryanodine receptor channelopathies

Ryanodine receptors (RyR) are intracellular Ca2+-permeable channels that provide the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release required for skeletal and cardiac muscle contractions. RyR1 underlies skeletal muscle contraction, and RyR2 fulfills this role in cardiac muscle. Over the past 20 years, numerous mutations in both RyR isoforms have been identified and linked to skeletal and cardiac diseases. Malignant hyperthermia, central core disease, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia have been genetically linked to mutations in either RyR1 or RyR2. Thus, RyR channelopathies are both of interest because they cause significant human diseases and provide model systems that can be studied to elucidate important structure–function relationships of these ion channels.
Long-term effects of pulsed KrF laser radiation on crystalline and amorphous SiO2

At the 1992 Boulder DAmage Symposium, we reported test results for 6 fused silica glass types exposed to millions of KrF laser pulses at a fluence of 500 mJ/cm2 and a pulse repetition rate of 300 Hz. The peculiar results and the big variations between glass types (`slow' relaxing vs. `fast' relaxing glass families) were interpreted as being due to subtle differences in the glass microstructure induced by the homogenization and heat treatments, but no detailed explanation could be offered. As a small step toward improving our understanding, we have expanded our studies to include four additional glass types: Suprasil 300 (S300) and Suprasil 311 (S311) from Heraeus, and conventional 7940 and a new Excimer-grade fused silica from Corning.
Discriminative control and response maintenance by a brief aversive stimulus in a fixed-interval schedule

The discriminative and suppressive properties of a brief aversive light intruded into a fixed-interval schedule were investigated using 24 albino rats. The aversive light was intruded into the early, middle, or terminal 6 sec of a FI 60-sec food-reinforcement schedule for three groups of eight rats each. After 5 days of training, rats which initially had the light paired with reinforcement received the light in early and initial FI periods on 2 transfer test days. When the light was paired with reinforcement, response suppression during the light was minimized. In transfer tests, after the light was initially paired with reinforcement two effects existed: (1) Response suppression was decreased during the light, and (2) response facilitation occurred immediately following the light. Pervasive control by the FI schedule was reflected in a return to the baseline response rate following response facilitation. Reduced suppression during the light and response facilitation following light offset were ascribed to discriminative properties resulting from the predictive temporal relationship between the light and reinforcement opportunity.
Implementationof apharmacist-run telephonic insulin titration service

Abstract Objectives To describe an insulin titration-by-phone service conducted by pharmacistsand to discuss the effects of this service on patient care and outcomes in the first year of its existence. Setting An academic family medicine department in which pharmacists practice in nondistributory roles, from March 2009 through March 2010. Practice description Pharmacy services within the department include a chronic disease medication therapy managementclinicas well as consultation in various other primary care and specialty clinics. Fourth-year student pharmacists complete advanced pharmacy practice experiences at this site as well. Practice innovation Based upon a need identified by department providers (physicians and physician assistants), an insulin titration-by-phone service was implemented by two faculty pharmacists. Patients were referred into this service by their primary care provider (PCP) and were called by one of the pharmacists on a regular basis. Pharmacist recommendations for insulin dose adjustments were made based on patient reported self-monitored glucose values. PCP approved recommendations and the patient was notified of changes. Main outcome measure Decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) within 9 months of referral to the servicewhen compared with baseline. Results Analysis included 76 patients. The mean decrease in A1C was 1.55% (SD 2.31; P P = 0.007). Forty-one patients had a decrease in A1C of at least 1% during the first 9 months after their referral ( P Conclusion The implementation of a pharmacist-run insulin titration-by-phone service resulted in improvements in A1C that were most pronounced in the first 3 months after referral.
How well are hydraulic conductivity variations approximated by additive stable processes

Abstract Analysis of the higher statistical moments of a hydraulic conductivity (K) and an intrinsic permeability (k) data set leads to the conclusion that the increments of the data and the logs of the data are not governed by Levy-stable or Gaussian distributions. The distribution tails appear to display a Pareto-like power-law decay (i.e. Prob(|x|>s|)∝s−α as s→∞), with α values of ≈2.5 and 3.6, respectively. Unlike the calculations of Liu and Molz (1997) , α values were largely independent of lag size. These results suggest that the Levy model does not fit the tail behavior of the data well, even prior to the need for truncation in order to keep the statistical moments of simulated K distributions from becoming unrealistically large. It is suggested also that the fractional diffusion equation, based on an underlying Levy motion rather than the usual Brownian motion, might be better justified if porosity variations, as well as K variations, were considered. For the past 10 years, hydrologists and petroleum scientists have explored the use of non-stationary stochastic processes with stationary increments as models for log hydraulic conductivity distributions — the so-called scaling fractal models. Initially, Gaussian processes were used based on fractional Brownian motion. Later, a non-Gaussian model, fractional Levy motion, was suggested as a more realistic alternative. Even more recently, Levy multi-fractals have been proposed as direct models for K variations. In the on-going effort to arrive at the most practical and realistic model for K or log(K) increments, the present communication attempts to develop useful information by presenting a careful analysis of the tail behavior of K and log(K) data sets. It is concluded that although more realistic than the Gaussian model, the Levy model over-estimates the variability inherent in the two carefully measured data sets that were studied.
Distribution of small channels on the Martian surface

The distribution of small channels on Mars has been mapped from Mariner 9 images at the 1:5,000,000 scale. The small channels referred to here are small valleys ranging in width from the resolution limit of the Mariner 9 wide-angle images (about 1 km) to about 10 km. The greatest density of small channels occurs in dark cratered terrain. This dark zone forms a broad subequatorial band around the planet. The observed distribution may be the result of decreased small-channel visibility in bright areas due to obscuration by a high albedo dust or sediment mantle. Crater densities within two small-channel segments show crater size-frequency distributions consistent with those of the oldest of the heavily cratered plains units. Such crater densities coupled with the almost exclusive occurrence of small channels in old cratered terrain and the generally degraded appearance of small channels in the high-resolution images (about 100 m) imply a major episode of small-channel formation early in Martian geologic history.
Genetic analyses in two extended families with deletion 22q11 syndrome: Importance of extracardiac manifestations

Objectives Cardiovascular malformations (CVMs) are reported to be common (∼75%) in patients with deletion 22q11.2 (del22q11) syndrome. To better understand why deletions go unrecognized, we characterized the phenotype in deleted individuals in two large kindreds with particular emphasis on the presence or absence of CVM. Study design After the diagnosis of del22q11 in two unrelated probands with CVM, we sequentially evaluated family members with clinical evaluation and cytogenetic analysis. Results Del22q11 was identified in 13 individuals; all exhibited characteristic dysmorphic facial features, but a CVM was present in only 6 of 13 (46%) individuals. Conclusions We speculate that in the absence of CVM, diagnosis of del22q11 is hampered by a failure to recognize extracardiac features of the del22q11 syndrome spectrum. The data highlight the need for primary care physicians and specialists to familiarize themselves with the extracardiac stigmata of del22q11 to ensure timely diagnosis in all family members.
Contemporary outcomes of surgical ventricular septal defect closure.

Objectives Surgical closure of ventricular septal defects remains the most common pediatric cardiac surgical procedure. No studies, however, have comprehensively analyzed risk factors and drivers of nonmortality outcomes in the current era. The purpose of this study was to assess both baseline characteristics and outcomes of children undergoing surgical repair of ventricular septal defects in a contemporary cohort. Methods This retrospective study examined a consecutive series of 369 ventricular septal defect closures at a single institution. Because mortality is low in nearly all centers for repair of these defects, we focused on morbidity and identified drivers of risk via multivariable linear regression modeling. Results For children younger than age 6 months undergoing ventricular septal defect closure, every extra kilogram in operative weight results in a 2.3-day shorter length of stay. In an analysis of composite risk, patients younger than age 6 months undergoing ventricular septal defect repair exhibited a 1.8-fold increase in composite risk for each kilogram decrease in weight, whereas patients older than age 6 months experienced no significant difference. Conclusions Even in the current surgical era, weight remains a significant predictor of morbidity and driver or length of stay in young infants undergoing ventricular septal defect closure. Weight still should be considered when discussing operative risks for children younger than age 6 months undergoing this procedure, irrespective of the indication for operation.
Finite Element Analysis of the effects of resting muscle tone on enthesis sites in the lumbar spine

Using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to model the lumbar spine and its surrounding fascia provides valuable information regarding the reactions between the multifidus muscle and the spine. The focus of this study is to analyze the effects of resting muscle stiffness properties at the enthesis sites of the spine. Entheses, or attachment sites of tendons, joint capsules or ligaments to bones, have been shown to be locations of stress concentrations. Additionally, enthesophytes, or bone spurs at an enthesis, have also been identified as a physiological response to mechanical stress. This study will test the hypothesis that the enthesis lesions present in patients with low back pain (LBP) and other musculoskeletal disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) may result from excess stress concentrations due to increased resting muscle stiffness.
Euphenic Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract The purpose of this feasibility study was to incorporate the primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) into periconception care. The first task was the preconceptional screening for CAD. The family and case histories and risk status of prospective mothers and fathers were obtained. Serum total cholesterol was measured in 3,530 female and 3,127 male participants. The mean serum nonfasting cholesterol was 192 ± 40 mg/dl in women and 204 ± 49 mg/dl in men. The levels of total cholesterol exceeded the upper limit of desirable total cholesterol (200 mg/dl) in 37% of women and in 49% of men. Only 7% of women and 5% of men had previous knowledge about their high total cholesterol. The second task was risk assessment for CAD in prospective parents and their planned baby and the identification of couples at high risk. The third step was the education of couples at high risk: how to reduce risk factors and how to enhance protective factors. Three months later, the short-term follow-up study indicated a 49 mg/dl (18%) and 43 mg/dl (16%) (range 250 to 300) reduction in total cholesterol in female and male participants, respectively, mainly due to an education program including change in diet, cessation of smoking, and so forth. The long-term follow-up will include both parents and children 3 years after the birth. Periconception care is appropriate for both a general and selective approach to population screening for total cholesterol and for primary prevention of CAD.
Injuries sustained by patients with behavioral disturbances brought to an emergency department in police custody

Although it is widely recognized that physical restraint of violent persons can result in death or serious injury, formal reports documenting the incidence or rate of such injuries are lacking. The rate and nature of injuries for emotionally disturbed patients brought in police custody to a major urban emergency department (ED) were therefore recorded.
A probit analysis of the harvest decision using pooled time-series and cross-sectional data

Abstract This study provides insight into the determinants of timber supply from nonindustrial private forests through development of an empirical model of harvest behavior. Probit analysis is used to estimate the probability of harvest from pooled time-series and cross-sectional data for individual forest stands in New Hampshire. Forest, owner, and economic variables are fully integrated in the analyses.
Modeling of strained quantum-well lasers

Strained quantum-well lasers have been demonstrated to show superior performance over conventional semiconductor lasers in many aspects of the laser characteristics. In this talk, theoretical modeling of the strained quantum-well lasers including the electronic properties such as band structures with valence band-mixing effects and the optical properties such as polarization-dependent gain and lasing characteristics will be illustrated. Important issues including the Auger recombination rates and many-body effects on the laser performance will be discussed.
Recent progress on quasi-periodic lattice Schrödinger operators and Hamiltonian PDEs

This is a survey of recent investigations of quasi-periodic localization on lattices (of both methods based on perturbation theory and non-perturbative methods) and of applications of KAM theories in connection with infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems. The focus is on applications of these investigations to the Schrodinger equation and the wave equation with periodic boundary conditions, and to non-linear random Schrodinger equations with short-range potentials.
Fiber optic array sensors as an architecture for an artificial nose

Imaging optical fibers can be used in conjunction with 2D detectors such as CCD cameras to fabricate array sensors. These sensors contain spatially separated photopolymers containing analyte-sensitive fluorescent indicators on an imaging fiber tip. Spatial resolution of the indicators is maintained through the imaging fiber array and projected onto a CCD detector. Sensors have been fabricated using the conventional one analyte-one sensor paradigm. This approach has resulted in multianalyte sensors for blood gases, process control parameters, and environmental contaminants. An entirely different approach is also being taken. Sensing sites containing cross-reactive indicator regions are deposited on the end of the imaging fiber. The resulting array is then challenged with a variety of analytes. Pattern recognition algorithms are employed to train a neural network. The resulting sensor array can identify subsequent challenges with the analyte even after extended use.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Foreclosed: High-Risk Lending, Deregulation, and the Undermining of America's Mortgage Market

Dan Immergluck. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2009. 272 pages. $29.95. It is hard to imagine a more dramatic episode in mortgage credit markets than the collapse experienced in 2008 and 200...
A product from human decidua inhibits prostaglandin production by human amnion

Human decidua was obtained from nonlaboring women after elective cesarean section. Decidua was incubated with media alone for 20 hours and this media (decidual conditioned media) was then incubated with amnion cells in monolayer culture and amnion rings. A 90% decrease in PGE2 production by amnion cells in monolayer culture was demonstrated in the presence of decidual conditioned media when compared to controls. In short term incubations with fresh amnion, decidual conditioned media decreased the production of PGE2 in amnion by greater than 25% of the control rate of production in 17 of 21 experiments. These observations suggest that human decidua produces a factor capable of inhibiting prostaglandin production by amnion.
Enzymatic determination of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate with a silver sulfide membrane electrode

A simple, sensitive and selective method is proposed for the determination of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in the concentration range 10−4–10−7 mol l−1 (90 μg—90 ng ml−1). The method is based on monitoring with a silver sulfide membrane electrode the concentration of the reduced glutathione released at pH 8 by reaction of oxidized glutathione with NADPH in the presence of glutathione reductase. Calibration data for 10−4–10−7 mol l−1 range of NADPH yielded a least-squares equation of (ΔE, mV) = (36.65 ± 0.15) log C + 264.93 ± 0.1 with a standard error of 0.4 mV. Other common nucleotides including NADP+ do not interfere.
Role of ceramide in ischemic preconditioning.

BACKGROUND: A recent study showed increased myocardial content of ceramide and sphingosine during preconditioning (PC). Because sphingosine-1-phosphate, a metabolite of ceramide, may function as an antiapoptotic factor, we hypothesized the increased ceramide during PC may be heart's effort to harness its own protection. STUDY DESIGN: The isolated hearts were divided into five groups: 1) perfused for 3 hours 45 minutes with KHB buffer (control); 2) perfused with buffer for 45 minutes followed by 30 minutes of ischemia and 2 hours of reperfusion; 3) perfused for 15 minutes with desipramine followed by 30 minutes of perfusion with buffer, 30 minutes of ischemia, and 2 hours of reperfusion; 4) preconditioned followed by 30 minutes of ischemia and 2 hours of reperfusion; and 5) the same as 4), but preperfused for 15 minutes with desipramine. Myocardial preservation was assessed by examining left ventricular function, infarct size, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. RESULTS: Ischemia/reperfusion-mediated cardiac dysfunction was partially restored with desipramine. PC improved postischemic ventricular recovery and reduced myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The cardioprotective abilities of PC were abolished with desipramine, which also downregulated a PC-mediated increase in antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. The apparent paradoxical results of desipramine can be explained by the increase in proapoptotic ceramide content in the ischemic reperfused heart that was blocked with desipramine and an increase in antiapoptotic sphingosine-1-p content in the preconditioned heart that was inhibited with desipramine. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested for the first time that sphingolipid can induce the expression of Bcl-2 warranting its clinical use as a pharmacologic PC agent.
Network based models for air-traffic control

Abstract Several aspects of air-traffic control fit into the framework of network optimization models with nonlinear and nonseparable objectives. We develop two network based models for air-traffic control over the U.S. airspace. The first model deals with the dual objectives of monitoring congestion over high altitude jet routes while minimizing transportation cost. The second deals with the optimal flow of departing traffic through major airports to avoid delays at the destination. Of particular interest is the first model, due to the high increase of traffic volume over the last few years and the resulting congestion and increased number of accidents. A prototype model is built using data from a control sector in the Midwest. By integrating recent advances in numerical optimization, network flow theory and supercomputing we were able to solve the resulting problem very efficiently, thus demonstrating its feasibility. Computational experiments with real data on a CRAY X-MP/24 supercomputer are discussed.
Long-Term Consistency of Dominance Relations Among Female Baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

At maturity, female baboons in the Amboseli National Park of Kenya generally attain a rank position among adults near to that of their mothers. However, the age of a female9s mother and the difference in ages between sisters also influence the rank acquisition process. These latter demographic variables, which are sensitive to changes in resource availability, may account for the close association both within and among primate species of specific patterns of rank organization and specific environmental conditions.
Pressure effects on the vibrational spectra of amorphous polystyrene. I. Line shape, line width, and intensity

Abstract Vibrational spectra of amorphous polystyrene were determined at room temperature as a function of pressure. A sodium chloride high-pressure cell was used to generate pressures up to 40 kbars. Considerable changes in line shape, line width, and intensity were observed in the spectra. In contrast, the former two changes are absent in crystalline polyethylene. The physical basis of pressure effects on line width, line shape, and intensity of the vibra-tional spectra of amorphous polystyrene is discussed.
Nonequilibrium tunneling into general quantum Hall edge states

In this paper we formulate the theory of tunneling into general Abelian fractional quantum Hall edge states. In contrast to the simple Laughlin states, a number of charge transfer processes must be accounted for. Nonetheless, it is possible to identify a unique value corresponding to dissipationless transport as the asymptotic large-$V$ conductance through a tunneling junction, and find fixed points (conformal field theory boundary conditions) corresponding to this value. The symmetries of a given edge tunneling problem determine the appropriate boundary condition, and the boundary condition determines the strong-coupling operator content and current noise.
Cytochrome c interaction with hematite (α-Fe2O3) surfaces

Abstract The interaction of metalloproteins such as cytochromes with oxides is of interest for a number of reasons, including molecular catalysis of environmentally important mineral-solution electron transfer reactions (e.g., dehalogenations) and photovoltaic applications. Iron reduction by bacteria, thought to be cytochrome mediated, is of interest for geochemical and environmental remediation reasons. As a baseline for understanding cytochrome interaction with ferric oxide surfaces, we report on the interaction of mitochondrial cytochrome c (Mcc), a well-studied protein, with hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) surfaces. Mcc sorbs strongly to hematite from aqueous solution in a narrow pH range corresponding to opposite charge on Mcc and hematite (between pH 8.5 and 10, Mcc is positively charged and hematite surfaces are negatively charged). Cyclic voltammetry of Mcc using hematite electrodes gives redox potentials characteristic of Mcc in a native conformational state, with no evidence for unfolding on the hematite surface. Atomic force microscopy imaging is consistent with a loosely attached adsorbate that is easily deformed by the AFM tip. In phosphate-containing solution, Mcc adhers to the surface more strongly. These results establish hematite as a viable material for electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of cytochrome–mineral interaction.
Cryopreserved morulae can be used to efficiently generate germline-transmitting chimeras by blastocyst injection

The production of chimeric mice is a complex process, requiring the careful coordination of tissue culture cell growth, production of a large number (30–75) of competent blastocysts and the availability of appropriately timed pseudo pregnant female mice. Failure at any of these steps can impinge upon the rapid production of chimeras. One potential improvement for the efficient generation of chimeric mice would be the utilization of cryopreserved embryos suitable for injection. C57Bl/6 morulae were frozen using a standard 2-step protocol with ethylene glycol as the cryopreservation agent. We determined that cryopreserved morulae could thaw, culture to blastocyst stage in KSOM media and survive injection at rates equivalent to control embryos. Cryopreserved morulae were also equivalent to controls at all later stages in the process of production of chimeric mice, including birth rate, percentage chimerism of resulting animals and ability to produce germline progeny. Hence, cryopreservation of morulae for blastocyst injection is a suitable option to enhance the efficiency of chimeric mouse generation.
Cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation for renal tumor ablation: time to reassess?

Of the widely available methods for renal tumor ablation, cryoablation was the first to be assessed in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by using open surgical approaches. Open surgical access was necessary because early cryoprobes were too large for percutaneous application. Initial evaluation of percutaneous approaches to renal tumor ablation in humans included a “treat-and-resect” case reported by Zlotta et al (1) in 1997 and the first case with ablation as the sole planned treatment reported by McGovern et al (2) in 1999. With the advent of percutaneous needle applicators, renal tumor ablation moved to interventional radiology suites with ultrasound (US), computed tomography, and, in some cases, magnetic resonance imaging guidance. With percutaneous cryoprobes available shortly thereafter, the next several years saw expansion of the use of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency (RF) ablation and cryoablation of renal tumors. Most recently, newer modalities such as microwave (MW) ablation and irreversible electroporation (IRE) have been assessed, and even promoted by some, to treat small tumors. The appeal of percutaneous needle applicators for tumor ablation was the avoidance of surgery in selected patients. Indications for renal tumor ablation include advanced age, multiple comorbid conditions, solitary kidneys, familial syndromes, or multiple sporadic RCC. Early experience with small tumors showed a high technical effectiveness rate with a low recurrence rate over short follow-up intervals (3–5). These early successes led to growing enthusiasm for its use in growing numbers of patients, as documented by a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database trend evaluation comparing the
WOOL POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES: ITS DIRECT IMPACT ON AUSTRALIAN EXPORTS

Australian apparel wool exports to the United States are less than they might be because of two protective policies of the U.S. government: a fixed tariff and a system of direct price.support payments to U.S. wool producers. Dismantling these policies, though difficult, could mean $10 million to $21 million worth of additional Australian wool sales to the United States, over 1966 levels. Most of the increase would come from tariff cuts. Such amounts are worth negotiating for but would not solve the industry's problems.
Density functional study of cobalt-59 nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and shielding tensor elements in Co(III) complexes

A density functional method has been used to successfully predict the isotropic 59Co nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the following anionic, cationic and neutral Co(III) complexes: [Co(CN)6]3-, [Co(NH3)6]3+, [Co(NO2)6]3-, [Co(NH3)4CO3]+, Co(acac)3, and [Co(en)3]3+. Isotropic chemical shifts are well-reproduced by using Wachters' cobalt basis set and uniform 6-31G* basis sets on the light atoms, together with the use of the B3LYP hybrid functional. In addition, the principal elements of the 59Co shielding tensor (σ11, σ22, and σ33), the absolute shieldings of Co(CN)63- and Co(acac)3, and the Co−C bond length shielding derivative for Co(CN)63- are also in good agreement with previous experimental estimates. There are no obvious distinctions between the predicted shifts (or shielding tensor elements) of anionic and cationic complexes. The ability to successfully predict both shift trends, absolute shieldings, shielding tensor elements, and a vibrational shielding derivative for d6 transit...
Regulation of surfactant secretion from isolated Type II pneumocytes by substance P

Substance P, an eleven amino acid neuropeptide, significantly inhibited release of [3H]phosphatidylcholine from pulmonary Type II epithelial cells in vitro. Basal release and release in response to the beta-adrenergic agonist, terbutaline and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) were significantly decreased in the presence of substance P. Inhibitory effects of substance P were noted following a 1 h exposure of primary cultures of Type II cells in vitro and persisted up to 3 h in the presence of the secretagogues, TPA and terbutaline. The IC50 values for substance P inhibition of [3H]PC release were 10 microM for basal release, 40 microM for TPA-induced release and 50 microM for terbutaline-induced release. The related neuropeptide, physalaemin and the stable active analog of substance P, [pGlu5, MePhe8, MeGly9]substance P [5-11], had no significant inhibitory effects on surfactant release whether in the presence or absence of TPA or terbutaline. These data support the hypothesis that NH2-terminal basic groups of substance P are necessary for inhibition of surfactant secretion from isolated Type II cells and support the concept that an inhibitory system contributes to mediation of surfactant secretion from Type II epithelial cells.
Crown Component Variation in the Hominoid Lower Second Premolar

An exploratory analysis of crown component measurements illustrates a great increase in retrieval of morphological information over the more conventional measurements of maximum dental length and breadth.
Clinical Reasoning: A rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A 48-year-old woman presented with severe headache radiating to her neck and chest, followed by a brief period of loss of consciousness in the emergency department. After she regained consciousness, the patient described a 2-year history of right-sided pulsatile tinnitus and hearing loss. She also had a history of poorly controlled hypertension and of noncompliance with her medication. On examination her blood pressure was 239/90 mm Hg. Results of a neurologic examination were unremarkable. Brain CT showed a subarachnoid hemorrhage (figure 1, A and B). Figure 1 Initial head CT scan revealing subarachnoid hemorrhage (A) Noncontrast brain CT scan demonstrates a posterior fossa mass and subarachnoid hemorrhage. (B) Intraventricular hemorrhage is also demonstrated. ### Questions for consideration: 1. What are the possible etiologies of her subarachnoid hemorrhage? 2. What additional diagnostic testing would you consider at this point? CT angiography of the head and neck did not reveal any intracranial aneurysm or vascular malformation (figure 2, A and B). However, a large mass was present in the right jugular foramen with erosion of temporal bone and encroachment of the right internal acoustic canal. MRI confirmed a hypervascular mass that contained numerous flow voids. The mass was located lateral to the medulla and extended superiorly into the cerebellopontine angle cistern. It extended inferiorly to the superior aspect of the right parapharyngeal space and displaced the right internal carotid artery (figure 2C). Figure 2 Radiologic imaging study revealing a jugular foramen mass (A) CT angiogram showing an enhancing jugular foramen mass extending into the posterior fossa. (B) Enhancing tumor mass at the skull base. (C) MRI T2-weighted image showed salt-and-pepper appearance. (D) Selective right ascending pharyngeal angiogram lateral view shows a hypervascularized tumor blush, fed by 2 major branches from the enlarged right ascending pharyngeal artery. Catheter-based cerebral angiography demonstrated an intense hypervascular tumor blush extending from the superior aspect of the right carotid sheath …
Cross-cultural development of a quality of life measure for men with erection difficulties

Erection difficulties have a profound effect on a man's quality of life, however, the emotional consequences are often overlooked in quantitative research where most sex-related questionnaires focus on a man's functional ability. Consequently, we developed a cross-cultural instrument to measure quality of life specific to male erection difficulties (QOL-MED). The items in the QOL-MED originated from interviewing forty men with erection difficulties in Seattle and Boston. Twelve men in the USA and 29 men in England helped us refine the instrument. Testing the QOL-MED's psychometric properties involved two administrations over a two-week period in the USA (n=40) and the UK (n=29). For discriminant validity, we predicted quality of life would worsen with increased self-perceived severity of the condition. After controlling for years with erection difficulties in a linear regression model, we found a significant negative association between self-perceived severity and quality of life for men in the UK only (p<0.01). The expectation that the measure would produce evidence for convergent validity by being more closely correlated to well-being than functional status was not confirmed. Both the USA and UK instruments were internally consistent (Cronbach's α=0.94 and 0.96, respectively), and reproducible (0.78 and 0.95, respectively). This instrument provides a promising tool for studying therapies and understanding quality of life in patients with erectile dysfunction.
Responses to a scale of grammaticalness

Three experiments were performed upon “scales of grammaticalness.” Each scale consisted of 4 levels of grammaticalness. A word-set of Level I Grammaticalness was generated by randomly drawing words from English prose. A word-set of Level II Grammaticalness was generated by drawing words in such a way that their choice was restricted by several rules of a generative grammar. Word-sets of Levels III and IV were restricted by progressively greater numbers of such grammatical rules. In Exp. I, 10 naive English-speaking S s ranked these word-sets in the predicted order when they were asked to arrange them as to grammaticalness. Experiments II and III demonstrated that learning is a function of grammatical level.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics predict the inhibitory effects of tamoxifen on platelet aggregation

Platelets play a central role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. We tested ADP induced platelet aggregation with the Chrono-Log® whole blood aggregometer before and after four months of tamoxifen treatment in women with breast cancer. Steady state plasma concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites, and common genetic variants, including eNOS, ER α and β, CYP 2D6, and 3A5 were also determined. There was a trend toward reduction in ADP induced platelet aggregation after 4 months of tamoxifen therapy (from 14.16 + 3.6 ohms to 11.5±4.1 ohms, P= 0.07). We stratified the subjects into two groups based on the inhibitory effects on platelets by tamoxifen: the “responders” showed ≥ 4ohms (14.5±8.4) and the “non-responders” exhibited < 4 ohms (0.6±1.65) reduction in platelet aggregation (p=0.01 by 2-tailed t-test). The responders had significantly lower plasma endoxifen (4-OH-N-desmethyl tamoxifen) and 4-OH tamoxifen concentrations (14.18±7.75 vs 48.22±7 ng/ml for endoxifen, P=0.006; 2.95±1.3 vs 5.8±0.9 ng/ml for 4_OH tamoxifen, p=0.01); and were more likely to carry an ER β variant allele. Plasma endoxifen concentration had the strongest correlation with the amplitude of platelet inhibition (Spearman r2=0.61, p=0.03). In conclusion, tamoxifen significantly inhibited platelet aggregation in certain individuals, and low concentrations of endoxifen and 4-OH tamoxifen as well as ER β genetic variants appeared to predict these effects. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P67–P67; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.251
Interdecadal Variations in North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature and Associated Atmospheric Conditions

Abstract Evidence is presented for a distinct Pattern Of ocean-atmosphere relationship associated with interdecadal variability in the North Atlantic region. Using a century of surface marine observations it is shown that middle- and high-latitude sea surface temperature (SST) display a long-term fluctuation with negative anomalies before 1920, and during the 1970s and 1980s. Positive SST conditions prevailed from about 1930 to 1960. The pattern of interdecadal SST variability is constructed by subtracting the average field during 15 cold years from that during a similar interval of warm years. The early-century warming and the more recent cooling display a similar spatial pattern. In both cases the pattern is basin scale and largely of one polarity, with maxima in the vicinity of Iceland, in the Labrador Sea, and northeast of Bermuda. The corresponding differences in surface atmospheric conditions are determined by averaging and subtracting, in the same manner, fields of sea level pressure (SLP) and surf...
Linear Discriminant Analysis of Single-Cell Fluorescence Excitation Spectra of Five Phytoplankton Species

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of single-cell fluorescence excitation spectra (λem = 680 nm) for five species of marine phytoplankton was used to determine whether intra-species variation among single cells precluded discrimination among species. Single-cell spectra were recorded in an optical trap with a custom-built spectral fluorometer. For nitrogen (N)-replete cells, separation of all five species ( Emiliania huxleyi, a coccolithophore, Thalassiosira pseudonana, a diatom, Dunaliella tertiolecta, a chlorophyte, Amphidinium carterae, a dinoflagellate, and Rhodomonas salina, a cryptophyte) was possible using only a portion of the excitation spectra (570-610 nm). This wavelength region gave perfect classification of species with a minimum Fisher ratio of 62. For four species ( E. huxleyi, T. pseudonana, D. tertiolecta, and A. carterae), variations in fluorescence excitation spectra as cells were starved of N did not impact the classification process adversely within the chosen spectral window. R. salina cells grown with and without N showed significant differences in their fluorescence excitation spectra but could still be classified if a different spectral window (490-570 nm) was used. Overall, we conclude that intra-species variation among single-cell fluorescence excitation spectra does not preclude discrimination among species.
Prehospital stroke scales in urban environments: A systematic review

Objective: To identify and compare the operating characteristics of existing prehospital stroke scales to predict true strokes in the hospital. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases for articles that evaluated the performance of prehospital stroke scales. Quality of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies–2 tool. We abstracted the operating characteristics of published prehospital stroke scales and compared them statistically and graphically. Results: We retrieved 254 articles from MEDLINE, 66 articles from EMBASE, and 32 articles from CINAHL Plus database. Of these, 8 studies met all our inclusion criteria, and they studied Cincinnati Pre-Hospital Stroke Scale (CPSS), Los Angeles Pre-Hospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS), Melbourne Ambulance Stroke Screen (MASS), Medic Prehospital Assessment for Code Stroke (Med PACS), Ontario Prehospital Stroke Screening Tool (OPSS), Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER), and Face Arm Speech Test (FAST). Although the point estimates for LAPSS accuracy were better than CPSS, they had overlapping confidence intervals on the symmetric summary receiver operating characteristic curve. OPSS performed similar to LAPSS whereas MASS, Med PACS, ROSIER, and FAST had less favorable overall operating characteristics. Conclusions: Prehospital stroke scales varied in their accuracy and missed up to 30% of acute strokes in the field. Inconsistencies in performance may be due to sample size disparity, variability in stroke scale training, and divergent provider educational standards. Although LAPSS performed more consistently, visual comparison of graphical analysis revealed that LAPSS and CPSS had similar diagnostic capabilities.
Lorentz Invariance, Approach to Helicity, and Gauge Transformations for Spin-1

Spin-1 fields are constructed automatically using the regular representation of the three-dimensional complex orthogonal group and the group's isomorphism with the Lorentz group. The fields and potentials are examined as one lets their mass go to zero. Going to masslessness after the differentiation of potentials results in a consistent formulation of the fields. The behavior of the massive and massless potentials under rotations in the particle frame is examined. The loss of global degrees of freedom as one goes from one to the other is made up by the appearance of gradient terms.
Statistical Associating Fluid Theory. 1. Application toward Describing Isoparaffins

We apply recent advances in perturbation theory-based equation of state models to correlate thermodynamic property data for pure compounds. Parameters for the equation of state were regressed for over 240 compounds, including a number of homologous series and branched paraffins. We find that the equation of state is capable of quantitatively correlating all of the pure-component experimental data we tested. Our primary interest, however, is to look for trends in the parameters of the equation of state in order to extrapolate to properties of other types of molecules. For isoparaffins, increased branching for a given carbon number leads to a SAFT model molecule with fewer segments but with larger segment volume and energy parameters. These trends correlate highly with topological descriptors characterizing the degree of branching, suggesting a route toward estimating parameters for molecules for which data are in short supply or do not exist.
Contrasting Effects of Different Mammalian Herbivores on Sagebrush Plant Communities

Herbivory by both grazing and browsing ungulates shapes the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, and both types of herbivory have been implicated in major ecosystem state changes. Despite the ecological consequences of differences in diets and feeding habits among herbivores, studies that experimentally distinguish effects of grazing from spatially co-occurring, but temporally segregated browsing are extremely rare. Here we use a set of long-term exclosures in northern Utah, USA, to determine how domestic grazers vs. wild ungulate herbivores (including browsers and mixed feeders) affect sagebrush-dominated plant communities that historically covered ~62 million ha in North America. We sampled plant community properties and found that after 22 years grazing and browsing elicited perceptible changes in overall plant community composition and distinct responses by individual plant species. In the woody layer of the plant community, release from winter and spring wild ungulate herbivory increased densities of larger Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata, ssp. wyomingensis) at the expense of small sagebrush, while disturbance associated with either cattle or wild ungulate activity alone was sufficient to increase bare ground and reduce cover of biological soil crusts. The perennial bunchgrass, bottlebrush squirretail (Elymus elymoides), responded positively to release from summer cattle grazing, and in turn appeared to competitively suppress another more grazing tolerant perennial grass, Sandberg’s blue grass (Poa secunda). Grazing by domestic cattle also was associated with increased non-native species biomass. Together, these results illustrate that ungulate herbivory has not caused sagebrush plant communities to undergo dramatic state shifts; however clear, herbivore-driven shifts are evident. In a dry, perennial-dominated system where plant community changes can occur very slowly, our results provide insights into potential long-term trajectories of these plant communities under different large herbivore regimes. Our results can be used to guide long-term management strategies for sagebrush systems and improve habitat for endemic wildlife species such as sage-grouse (Centrocercus spp.).
Transverse Interaction: A Pragmatic Perspective On Environment As Other

This paper formulates an overlooked type of “transverse interaction” between symbol users and the physical environment. Understanding this type leads to recognition of objects constructed as environmental others. Other is a key concept within the interactionist tradition, but emphasis has been on the social life process rather than the physical world that is there. Parallel with the Generalized Social Other is a Generalized Environmental Other. These considerations emphasize naturalistic meanings as a central concern for interactionists.