cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1961. Grindr™ on Screen Activity on iPhones Correlates with HIV Risk and Substance Use in Men Who Have Sex with Men, San Diego

Abstract Background Technology has changed the way men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) seek sex; ≥60% of MSM in the United States use the internet to find sex partners, primarily via Grindr™ which is the most used dating app among MSM. Studies to date have mostly evaluated Grindr™ use as a dichotomous variable and found inconsistent results regarding associations with increased HIV risk behavior. Importantly, Grindr™ “on-screen” activity is monitored by phones and can provide an objective measure of app usage. Here we aimed to assess Grindr™ “on-screen” activity in MSM undergoing community-based HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening in San Diego, and to correlate activity with sexual risk behavior and substance use. Methods This nested cohort study was conducted between December 2018 and April 2019 and leveraged our “Good to Go” (AI106039) screening program for participant recruitment. During their testing encounter participants not on HIV PrEP were provided with surveys on demographics, substance use and risk behavior during previous 3 months, and Grindr™ usage. Participants with iPhones were instructed on how to assess Grindr™ on-screen activity (i.e., time on-screen during last 7 days) on their phones (Figure 1). Risk behavior was classified using the validated San Diego Early Test (SDET) Score (Figure 2). Results Overall 378/784 (48%) MSM participants indicated that they had opened Grindr™ during the previous 7 days. Grindr™ users had higher SDET scores than those not using Grindr™ (median SDET 2, IQR 0–5; mean 2.29) while there was no difference in proportion of substance users (alcohol and marijuana excluded, 21% vs. 17%; P = 0.14). Of 231 MSM who indicated recent Grindr™ use (61%) had iPhones; median on-screen activity during the previous 7 days was 144 minutes (range 1–2,640 minutes). Participants with high Grindr™ utilization (>80th percentile of time on screen corresponding to >480 minutes), had significantly higher SDET scores (median 5 vs. 2; mean 4.02 vs. 3.26; P < 0.001) and a tendency toward a higher proportion of substance users (29% vs. 20%) than those with lower Grindr™ utilization. Conclusion This study introduces Grindr™ on-screen activity as an objective measure that can help identify MSM at high risk for HIV. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.
Auranofin Rapidly Eradicates Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in an Infected Pressure Ulcer Mouse Model

Pressure ulcers (PUs) frequently occur in individuals with limited mobility including patients that are hospitalized or obese. PUs are challenging to resolve when infected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In this study, we investigated the potential of repurposing auranofin to treat pressure ulcers infected with MRSA. Auranofin's in vitro activity against strains of S. aureus (including MRSA) was not affected in the presence of higher bacterial inoculum (107 CFU/mL) or by lowering the pH in standard media to simulate the environment present on the surface of the skin. Additionally, S. aureus did not develop resistance to auranofin after repeated exposure for two weeks via a multi-step resistance selection experiment. In contrast, S. aureus resistance to mupirocin emerged rapidly. Moreover, auranofin exhibited a long postantibiotic effect (PAE) in vitro against three strains of S. aureus tested. Remarkably, topical auranofin completely eradicated MRSA (8-log10 reduction) in infected PUs of obese mice after just four days of treatment. This was superior to both topical mupirocin (1.96-log10 reduction) and oral clindamycin (1.24-log10 reduction), which are used to treat infected PUs clinically. The present study highlights auranofin's potential to be investigated further as a treatment for mild-to-moderate PUs infected with S. aureus.
Single Magnetic Particle Motion in Magnetomotive Ultrasound: An Analytical Model and Experimental Validation

Magnetomotive Ultrasound (MMUS) is an emerging imaging modality, in which magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used as contrast agents. MNPs are driven by a time-varying magnetic force, and the resulting movement of the surrounding tissue is detected with a signal processing algorithm. However, there is currently no analytical model to quantitatively predict this magnetically-induced displacement. Toward the goal of predicting motion due to forces on the distribution of MNPs, in this work, a model originally derived from the Navier–Stokes equation for the motion of a single magnetic particle subject to a magnetic gradient force is presented and validated. Displacement amplitudes for a spatially inhomogeneous and temporally sinusoidal force were measured as a function of force amplitude and Young’s modulus, and the predicted linear and inverse relationships were confirmed in gelatin phantoms, respectively, with three out of four data sets exhibiting ${R}^{{2}} \ge {0.88}$ . The mean absolute uncertainty between the predicted displacement magnitude and experimental results was 14%. These findings provide a means by which the performance of MMUS systems may be predicted to verify that systems are working to theoretical limits and to compare results across laboratories.
"Children Have the Fairest Things to Say": Young Children's Engagement with Anti-Bias Picture Books.

This qualitative case study investigated how an early childhood teacher and young children in a public White-predominant kindergarten classroom engaged in critical discussions of anti-bias issues including racism, White privilege, gender stereotypes, gender nonconformity, sexism, and homophobia. Through the use of interactive read-alouds using anti-bias picture books, the study’s findings revealed that (a) the children could participate in thoughtful interactions during anti-bias read-aloud sessions and showed their complex understanding of race and gender issues; (b) the children needed substantial support to engage in activism against social injustices; (c) the children displayed a variety of responses to the discussion questions and activities related to gender-themed picture books as most children had difficulties resisting gender binary conceptions and stereotypes while some children, especially boys, were strongly empowered to embrace gender-nonconforming practices; and finally (d) some children internalized and enacted anti-immigrant, anti-Blackness, and racial/gender discriminatory actions to which the early childhood teacher often failed to either disrupt or intervene.
Group I mGluR-regulated translation of the neuronal glutamate transporter, excitatory amino acid carrier 1

Recently, we demonstrated that mRNA for the neuronal glutamate transporter, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), is found in dendrites of hippocampal neurons in culture and in dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). We also showed that SE increased the levels of EAAC1 mRNA ~15-fold in synaptoneurosomes. In this study, the effects of SE on the distribution EAAC1 protein in hippocampus were examined. In addition, the effects of Group 1 mGluR receptor activation on the levels of EAAC1 protein were examined in synaptoneurosomes prepared from sham control animals and from animals that experience pilocarpine-induced SE. We find that EAAC1 immunoreactivity increases in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus after 3 h of SE. In addition, the group I mGluR agonist, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), caused an increase in EAAC1 protein levels in hippocampal synaptoneurosomes; this effect of DHPG was much larger (~3- to 5-fold) after 3 h of SE. The DHPG-induced increases in EAAC1 protein were blocked by two different inhibitors of translation but not by inhibitors of transcription. mGluR1 or mGluR5 antagonists completely blocked the DHPG-induced increases in EAAC1 protein. DHPG also increased the levels of glutamate receptor 2/3 protein, but this effect was not altered by SE. The DHPG-induced increase in EAAC1 protein was blocked by an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin or an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. These studies provide the first evidence EAAC1 translation can be regulated, and they show that regulated translation of EAAC1 is up-regulated after SE.
Jesus as a Cultural Hero: Stein beck's Use of the Christ Figure in The Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck turned to the Bible for his fictional pattern, symbolism, and imagery although he rejected Christian orthodoxy not surprising since the first book Steinbeck learned thoroughly was the Bible, which his mother began teaching him when he was only three years old. Further, as Brian St. Pierre notes, the Bible was "the most important literary influence on Steinbeck's work" (5). Steinbeck's fictional use of scripture is quite intriguing, especially in the larger context of the Bible's impact on American culture and arts. My students, many of whom are traditionally Christian, enjoy discussing the somewhat elusive issue of the Christ figure in The Grapes of Wrath (1939).1 In a typical fifty-five-minute class setting, we discuss who the Christ figure is in the novel and why Steinbeck used a Christlike character. Through this session, students learn how the plot and characters of The Grapes of Wrath are loosely but clearly modeled after the life of Jesus. They also learn how Steinbeck, like many other historically non-Christian writers of the twentieth century, uses a humanized, demythologized, or de-Christianized Christ figure to deliver his message to modern readers. In addition to the New Testament, I refer to over a dozen Steinbeck schol-
Computational characterization of the electrothermal energetic plasma source (ETEPS) concept for high-enthalpy flow

The concept of the electrothermal energetic plasma source (ETEPS) involves an energetic gaseous or liquid propellant injection into a confined non-ablative capillary. As the gaseous injection occurs, an arc discharge causes dissociation of the propellant with immediate ionization and combustion. This results in the release of chemical energy and formation of a highly energetic plasma [1]. The ETEPS concept aims to take the electrothermal-chemical (ETC) source concept and eliminate the combustion chamber by combining the plasma generation and chemical release of energy to form a high enthalpy flow. Previous computational work on the ETEPS concept has been conducted using a propellant mixture of ethanol, benzene, and gasoline for a preliminary analysis on the feasibility of ETEPS use for ETC launch systems.
Interstellar Silicate Extinction related to the 2200 Å Band

The predominant feature in the ultraviolet region of the interstellar extinction curve is a peak near 2200 A1. Small particle scattering calculations (Mie theory) using measured optical constants of graphite produce a similar feature. This has led to the explanation that the interstellar feature is due to graphite2. Since the discovery3 of interstellar absorption near 10 µm−1 in the infrared, characteristic of vibrations in the crystal lattices of certain silicates, silicates have been mentioned frequently as likely interstellar dust particles4,5. Measured optical constants of appropriate silicates have not been available, however, for the ultraviolet region. We wish to give the results of the determination of the complex optical constants for one silicate and show that Mie scattering theory using these optical constants can give a peak in the ultraviolet similar to the “signature of graphite”.
The influence of social media on adult learners’ knowledge construction and democratic participation

This paper provides a resource on the impact of social media on adult learners’ construction of knowledge, particularly as it pertains to adult education's role in fostering a robust democratic society. There has been an increase in the literature in recent years that explores the various aspects of social media use, such as the incivility of online discussion, the homogenous nature of views learners are exposed to online, and the ability of individual and corporate actors to manipulate online content. This paper aims to provide a wide angle view of the situation while achieving two goals (a) development of categories which group implications of social media use (b) argument of low social media information literacy as a challenge facing adult educators.
EFFICIENT POLICY IN A PREDATORY ECONOMY: TO HIM WHO HATH SHALL BE GIVEN?*

Trade subject to predation generates externalities within and between markets. Efficient tax, infrastructure, and enforcement policies internalize the net externality—more trade implies fewer predators but drawn to trade at rising cost. The balance is positive (negative) as enforcement is weak (strong). Dual economies pair weak Periphery and strong Core enforcement markets. Efficient taxation and infrastructure promote the Core at the expense of the Periphery. Efficient enforcement promotes both. Tolerance (intolerance) of smuggling is efficient when Core enforcement is weak (strong). Tolerance of informal market Mafias that provide enforcement and infrastructure is efficient when Core enforcement is strong.
Cellular Vitamin A‐Binding Proteins in the Testis

Vitamin A plays an important role in the testis, being essential for the maintenance of spermatogenesis. Studies on CRBP and CRABP suggest that both retinol and retinoic acid are involved in maintaining testicular function. The cellular location of the two proteins suggests that retinoic acid may be particularly involved in the later stages of germ cell differentiation, but retinol may be the form of vitamin A that the Sertoli cell receives initially. The requirement for vitamin A may be to regulate gene expression in the testis by direct interaction with the chromosomal material. Specific distinct binding sites for retinol and retinoic acid can be demonstrated in testicular nuclei and chromatin. These sites are only revealed when the two ligands are present in complex with their specific binding proteins, suggesting that these proteins may be required for the action of retinol and retinoic acid in some cells of the testis.
Introduction to reversible computing: motivation, progress, and challenges

Reversible computing is motivated by the von Neumann-Landauer (VNL) principle, a theorem of modern physics telling us that ordinary irreversible logic operations (which destructively overwrite previous outputs) incur a fundamental minimum energy cost. Such operations typically dissipate roughly the logic signal energy, itself irreducible due to thermal noise. This fact threatens to end improvements in practical computer performance within the next few decades. However, computers based mainly on reversible logic operations can reuse a fraction of the signal energy that theoretically can approach arbitrarily near to 100% as the quality of the hardware is improved, reopening the door to arbitrarily high computer performance at a given level of power dissipation. In the 32 years since the theoretical possibility of this approach was first shown by Bennett, our understanding of how to design and engineer practical machines based on reversible logic has improved dramatically, but a number of significant research challenges remain, e.g., (1) the development of fast and cheap switching devices with adiabatic energy coefficients well below those of transistors, (2) and of clocking systems that are themselves of very high reversible quality; and (3) the design of highly-optimized reversible logic circuits and algorithms. Finally, the field faces an uphill social battle in overcoming the enormous inertia of the established semiconductor industry, with its extreme resistance to revolutionary change. A more evolutionary strategy that aims to introduce reversible computing concepts only very gradually might well turn out to be more successful. This talk explains these basic issues, to set the stage for the rest of the workshop, which aims to address them in more detail
Predictors of burnout in professional and paraprofessional nurses working in hospitals and nursing homes

Burnout is a phenomenon in which the cumulative effects of a stressful work environment gradually overwhelm the defenses of staff members, forcing them to psychologically withdraw. To understand the experience of professional and paraprofessional nurses suffering from burnout requires a close examination of the environments in which they function. This study examined interpersonal, intrapersonal and situational factors expected to contribute to the six dimensions of burnout among nursing staff who worked in acute care and long-term care health facilities. The sample included 312 professional and paraprofessional nurses. The following research question was explored using a series of stepwise multiple regression analyses: of the following variables interpersonal (professional exposure to patients with poor prognosis for survival, work relationships, informal support), intrapersonal (coping strategies, fear of death, comfort working with patients with poor prognosis for survival) and situational (personal and work demographics), which are the significant predictors of the six dimensions of burnout in professional and paraprofessional nurses? Findings revealed that work relationships and tension-releasing and instrumental problem-focused coping were the most powerful predictors of burnout. Based upon this, it was concluded that nursing burnout is both an organizational and a personal problem. Recommendations for practice are presented.
Chronic recording of neurons in epileptogenic foci of monkey during seizures.

Abstract Activity of single neurons was recorded in the region of chronic alumina cream epileptogenic foci of an awake unanesthetized monkey, using chronically implanted microelectrodes. Continuous neuronal discharge patterns were obtained before, during, and after a number of clinical seizures. The firing patterns of cells from normal cortices of two monkeys were compared with the bursting activity found in the epileptogenic foci. Classification of discharge patterns as being normal or epileptic was made in terms of a burst index (i.e., the percentage of interspike intervals less than 5 msec in a record segment). A cell with a burst index of 10% or less was considered “normal”. Usually after each seizure an “epileptic” cell fired in a “normal” pattern for a short time before returning to a bursting pattern.
The effect of gender-schematic processing on decisions about sex-inappropriate sport behavior

This research investigates the effect of gender-schematic processing on decisions to reject sex-inappropriate sports. Sex-typed subjects expressly state concerns about the gender appropriateness of the sport more often than androgynous and undifferentiated subjects. Moreover, they rate gender-based factors as more important to their decisions than the latter two groups. Second, we assess whether gender-schematic processing of the self extends to gender-schematic processing of others. When told only that a fictitious person enjoys doing either a masculine or feminine sport, sex-typed subjects are more likely to draw sex-consistent conclusions about that person than are androgynous and undifferentiated subjects. A discussion of cross-sex-typed subjects' responses is included and it is suggested that considering males' responses separately from females' may be more informative for certain experimental tasks.
Tuning Flux-pinning in Epitaxial NdBa2Cu3O7-δ Films via Engineered, Hybrid Nanoscale Defect Structures

Epitaxial NdBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-{delta}} films with a hybrid nanoscale defect structure comprised of BaZrO{sub 3} nanodot arrays aligned along the c-axis in one half of the film thickness and aligned perpendicular to the c-axis in the other half thickness of the film were fabricated. Transmission electron microscopy images confirm the orientation of the nanoscale defect structures. The angular dependence of critical current density, J{sub c}, at 77 K, 1 T, shows significantly reduced angular variation of J{sub c}. This study nicely demonstrates how pinning characteristics can be tuned by tuning the nanoscale defect structures within the films.
Special regulatory T‐cell review: FOXP3 biochemistry in regulatory T cells – how diverse signals regulate suppression

FOXP3 is an acetylated and phosphorylated protein active in human regulatory T cells and forms oligomers which then associate with an even larger molecular complex. FOXP3 actively regulates transcription by recruiting enzymatic co-repressors and/or co-activators. FOXP3 complex ensembles are dynamically regulated by physiological stimuli such as T-cell receptor, IL-2 and proinflammation cytokine signals. Understanding the post-translational modifications of FOXP3 regulated by diverse signals and the biochemistry and structural chemistry of enzymatic proteins in the FOXP3 complex is critical for therapeutically modulating regulatory T cell function.
600 EFFECT OF CRANIAL RADIATION DOSE ON GROWTH HORMONE RESPONSE TO ARGININE AND INSULIN INFUSION

The prolonged survival of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) has been accompanied by an increase in the incidence of central nervous system involvement. Radiation to the skull in doses of 2000-2400 rads, in conjunction with intrathecal methotrexate, has been used to prolong systemic remission and to reduce the incidence of central nervous system involvement in children with ALL. Complications of this therapy have included growth retardation associated with alterations in growth hormone (GH) secretion. We have studied the GH response to arginine infusion and to insulin induced hypoglycemia in thirteen oncology patients up to 5 years postradiation treatment of their neoplastic disease and in normal rats following cranial radiation doses from 300 to 1500 rads. Patients receiving intensive cranial radiation >2400 rads or animals receiving 1500 rads had no response to either arginine or insulin. Patients receiving moderate cranial radiation, ≤2400 rads, showed GH response to arginine but not to insulin. Those receiving no cranial radiation responded to both arginine and insulin. Cortisol, thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone and gonadotropins were normal. Somatomedin activity was low in GH deficient patients. These data support the hypothesis that GH secretion is more sensitive to cranial radiation than are other pituitary hormones and the response to arginine has a different mechanism from the response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and the latter appears more vulnerable to cranial radiation therapy.
Local staging of prostate cancer: comparative accuracy of T2-weighted endorectal MR imaging and transrectal ultrasound.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) for staging of prostate cancer. Material and methods A total of 101 men with biopsy-proven prostate cancer undergoing both T2-weighted endorectal MR imaging and B-mode TRUS for local tumor staging prior to radical prostatectomy were retrospectively identified. Three MR readers rated the likelihood of locally advanced disease using a 5-point scale. An ultrasound reader performed the same rating. Staging accuracy was compared using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results Staging accuracy was not significantly different between MR imaging ( A z = 0.69–0.70) and TRUS ( A z = 0.81, P >.05). Conclusions T2-weighted MR imaging demonstrates comparable accuracy to B-mode TRUS for depicting locally invasive prostate cancer.
Frustrated pulse-area quantization in accelerated superradiant atom-cavity systems

In self-induced transparency (SIT), as described by the McCall-Hahn area theorem, the area of an optical pulse is modified as it propagates through a resonant absorbing medium, and in the limit of high optical thickness evolves to certain discrete (quantized) output values. We investigate the area evolution experienced by an optical pulse when interacting with an absorbing medium contained within a cavity. In the system studied, the intracavity medium is weakly attenuating on a single-pass basis, but the atom-cavity system's effective optical thickness as viewed from input to output port is generally quite large. Interestingly, at the low end of effective optical thickness we find that the cavity system generates pulse-area evolution closely mirroring that seen in the SIT system, i.e., output pulse areas evolve toward stable values as the effective optical thickness increases. However, when the effective optical thickness increases to certain triggering levels, the output pulse area is seen to drop abruptly toward zero. Our theoretical predictions are experimentally probed using cavity-contained cryogenically coherence-stabilized Tm{sup 3+} ions.
Psychological Measurement for Specialists in Group Work

Recent articles in The Journal for Specialists in Group Work have discussed credibility indicators for quantitative and qualitative studies (Asner-Self, 2009; Rubel & Villalba, 2009). This article extends upon these contributions by discussing measurement issues that are relevant to producers and consumers of quantitative group research. This article is necessary as measurement quality is directly associated with research credibility. The topics of reliability and validity along with credibility indicators for measures are discussed. This is followed by a description of the statistical assumption of independent measurements in relationship to group research. Implications for research and practice are provided.
A Comparison between Blood Flow Outcomes of Tunneled External Jugular and Internal Jugular Hemodialysis Catheters

PURPOSE The right internal jugular (RIJ) vein is preferred for placement of long-term venous catheters (CVC) for hemodialysis (HD). Use of left IJ vein potentially depletes the access site for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or arteriovenous graft (AVF) placement because of the high rates of central venous stenosis. The right external jugular (EJ) vein is a viable alternative to the LIJ. The purpose of this study is to compare blood flow outcomes in a series of percutaneously placed external jugular (EJ), LIJ and RIJ HD catheters. METHODS Using a prospectively collected database, we identified 46 hemodialysis patients who received a tunneled catheter during a 4-year period. Blood flow outcomes of RIJ, LIJ, and EJ catheters that were date-matched over the study period were compared. Using ANOVA, the blood flow outcomes of the 3 tunneled catheter techniques at 30-d and 90-d were compared. RESULTS The 90-d blood flow outcomes of the 3 groups did not differ significantly. The 30-d blood flow was found to be 348.5± 56.62, 341± 22.42, and 365.7± 71.76 mL/min for RIJ, LIJ, and EJ respectively (P<.05). Using multiple regression analysis, no covariates (age, sex, race, diabetes) were found to be associated with blood flow outcomes at 30-d or 90-d. No identifiable factors were found to be associated with the difference in blood flow between 30-d and 90-d either. CONCLUSIONS EJ blood flow outcomes at 30-d and 90-d were comparable to both LIJ and RIJ historic data. Further prospective investigation is required to define the role of EJ CVC placement as another potential long-term access modality.
Calculation of α + γ phase boundaries in Fe-C-X systems from the central atoms model

The Central Atoms Model generalized to multicomponent solutions is placed in a form which permits direct application to the evaluation of α-γ phase equilibria in Fe-C-X alloys. From the activity expressions thus obtained the ortho- and paraequilibrium phase boundaries are calculated for five of these alloys, where X is successively Mn, Ni, Co, Si and Mo. The results are generally in good agreement with the calculations made from the Hillert-Staffanson regular solution model and the available experimental data on orthoequilibrium γ/(α + γ) phase boundaries. The model is then used to calculate the free energy change associated with the proeutectoid ferrite reaction in the same ternary systems.
Bulk growth of single crystal silicon carbide

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a promising wide bandgap semiconductor material particularly suitable for future high power devices operable at high temperatures (>200^oC), at high frequencies, and in harsh environments (chemical and radiation) due to its unique physical and crystallographic properties. The absence of SiC liquid phase, under easily achievable growth conditions of pressure and temperature has created unique challenges for crystal growers. This paper reviews the basics of bulk growth processes, including source sublimation, mass transport of the Si and C species to the growing seed and crystallization. The growth process is shown to be a self-congruent phenomenon where the mass transport of the vapor species and the heat dissipation at the surface of phase transformation are interrelated. This process results in reduction of the growth velocity as a function of crystal thickness. Major mechanisms of defect generation in the grown crystal are discussed.
The cellular nature of genetic susceptibility to a virus.

Using peritoneal macrophage cultures it was found that both PRI mice and their macrophages in culture were susceptible to mouse hepatitis virus and that C3H mice and macrophages were resistant. All F1 macrophages and some back-cross cell cultures were susceptible. The degeneration of F1 and back-cross macrophages obtained either from adult mouse peritoneal exudate or newborn mouse liver, occurred more slowly than PRI macrophages. Segregation of susceptibility occurred in the first back-cross generation. Tests of three back-cross generations from susceptible mice yielded about one-quarter of the mice shown to be susceptible either by direct test or test of their macrophages. A clear correlation between susceptibility in vivo and in vitro was established both in the test of the percentage segregation and in tests of individual back-cross mice. A small series of tests, however, indicated that 50 per cent of the back-cross mice had the genetic capacity to transmit susceptibility. Thus a hypothesis of two genes for susceptibility, although not excluded, may yield to a hypothesis of a single dominant gene, incompletely expressed. Resistant cells were converted into susceptible cells by ingestion of a relatively large particle containing a heat-stable substance. This susceptibility, although complete, was temporary. The nature of the factor causing the change has been discussed.
Medicinal herbs and antioxidants: potential of Rhinacanthus nasutus for disease treatment?

This review covers the biological activities of the medicinal herb, Rhinacanthus nasutus, which is part of the Acanthaceae family. This herb and the compounds isolated from it have the potential to be used for the treatment of a vast array of diseases, including neurological, (such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and depression), viral and bacterial infections (such as hepatitis and herpes virus), skin disorders, and control sugar levels in diabetic patients. Many diseases involve oxidative stress, particularly neurological diseases, where oxidative stress leads to neurodegeneration. Medicinal herbs such as R. nasutus appear to be effective at protecting against such oxidative stress. Herein we discuss the potential mechanisms by which they have their antioxidant effects, and their effects on other cellular pathways, which are involved in various disease states.
Theory and Analysis of Liquid-Oxygen-Hydrogen Interface Dynamics in Liquid Rockets at Supercritical Pressures.

Liquid injection in systems such as liquid rockets where the working fluid exceeds the thermodynamic critical condition of the liquid phase is not well understood. Under some conditions when operating pressures exceed the liquid phase critical pressure, surface tension forces become diminished when the classical low-pressure gas-liquid interface is replaced by a diffusion-dominated mixing layer. Modern theory, however, still lacks a physically-based model to explain the conditions under which this transition occurs. In this paper, we derive a coupled model to obtain a theoretical analysis that quantifies these conditions for general multicomponent liquid injection processes. Our model applies a modified 32-term Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state along with corresponding combining and mixing rules that accounts for the relevant thermodynamic non-ideal multicomponent mixture states in the system. This framework is combined with Linear Gradient Theory, which facilitates the calculation of the vapor-liquid molecular structure. Dependent on oxygen and hydrogen injection temperatures, our model shows interfaces with substantially increased thicknesses in comparison to interfaces resulting from lower injection temperatures. Contrary to conventional wisdom, our analysis reveals that LOX-H2 molecular interfaces break down not necessarily because of vanishing surface tension forces, but because of the combination of broadened interfaces and a reduction in mean free molecular path at high pressures. Then, these interfaces enter the continuum length scale regime where, instead of inter-molecular forces, transport processes dominate. Based on this theory, a regime diagram for LOX-H2 mixtures is introduced that quantifies the conditions under which classical sprays transition to dense-fluid jets.
Comparison of [3H]WIN 35,428 binding, a marker for dopamine transporter, in embryonic mesencephalic neuronal cultures with striatal membranes of adult rats.

In contrast to striatal membranes of adult rats, where high- (KD1 = 34 nM) and low- (KD2 = 48,400 nM) affinity binding sites for [3H]WIN 35,428 are present, in primary cultures of ventral mesencephalon neurons (CVMNs) only low-affinity binding sites were found (KD = 336,000 nM). The binding of [3H]WIN 35,428 in CVMNs prepared from rat embryos was reversible, saturable, and located in cytosol. Although dopamine (DA) uptake blockers inhibited [3H]DA uptake at nanomolar concentrations in CVMNs, the displacement of [3H]WIN 35,428 binding in CVMNs by DA uptake inhibitors required 100-8,000 times higher concentrations than were needed to displace [3H]WIN 35,428 binding in striatal membranes. Piperazine derivatives, e.g., GBR-12909, GBR-12935, and rimcazole, inhibited [3H]WIN 35,428 binding in CVMNs more effectively than did cocaine, WIN 35,428, mazindol, nomifensine, or benztropin. A positive correlation (r = 0.779; p < 0.001) was found between drug affinities for the striatal membrane sites labeled by [3H]WIN 35,428 and their abilities to inhibit DA uptake in CVMNs, whereas no correlation existed between the IC50 values of drugs that inhibited [3H]WIN 35,428 binding and [3H]DA uptake in CVMNs. The cytosolic [3H]WIN 35,428 binding sites may be a piperazine acceptor and may not be involved in the regulation of the DA transporter.
Location Matters: Where We Have Been and Where We Might Go in Agglomeration Research

Agglomeration research investigates the geographic concentration of economic activity. The authors explicate the various explanations for this phenomenon while focusing on a particular class of agglomerations—the spatial concentrations of related firms. The authors review theoretical explanations and empirical evidence around the performance implications of clustering in proximity to related firms. Moreover, they motivate future research by identifying challenges facing researchers in this area and discuss eight distinct groups of research questions with the potential to contribute to the continuing growth of this important research area.
As-Is 3D Thermal Modeling for Existing Building Envelopes Using a Hybrid LIDAR System

AbstractThis paper introduces a hybrid method for rapidly measuring thermal data and three-dimensional (3D) geometries of buildings, allowing “virtual” representations of the energy and environmental performance of existing buildings. The 3D thermal models can be further used for many applications by building occupants, owners, and outside consultants to make retrofit decisions. Existing buildings represent the greatest opportunity to improve building energy efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. This research aims to help decision makers improve their buildings by providing reliable, visual information about their buildings’ energy performance using the developed hybrid light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system. The 3D thermal model described consists of point clouds of building geometry with thermal data on each point, including temperature values (°C) and thermal color generated on the basis of the temperature value. Window detection algorithms were developed in this study to create virtual ther...
Adsorbed layer of protein II. Film hysteresis and stress relaxation

Abstract Studies of hysteresis and stress relaxation in vertically suspended liquid laminae are reported. A model consisting of two Maxwell units in parallel is proposed to describe the phenomena. Based upon the model, elastic and viscous parameters are calculated. The stabilizing surface films studied were protein, e.g., hemoglobin, ovalbumin, lysozyme, egg yolk lipoportein, or other surface-active materials, e.g., saponin, Alipa CO-436, Igepal CO-630, or Igepal CO-880.
Blockade of GABA(B) receptors completely reverses age-related learning impairment

Impaired cognitive functions are well-described in the aging process. GABA(B) antagonists can facilitate learning and memory in young subjects, but these agents have not been well-characterized in aging. Here we show a complete reversal of olfactory discrimination learning deficits in cognitively-impaired aged Fischer 344 rats using the GABA(B) antagonist CGP55845, such that drug treatment restored performance to that on par with young and cognitively-unimpaired aged subjects. There was no evidence that this improved learning was due to enhanced olfactory detection abilities produced by the drug. These results highlight the potential of targeting GABA(B) receptors to ameliorate age-related cognitive deficits and demonstrate the utility of olfactory discrimination learning as a preclinical model for testing novel therapies to improve cognitive functions in aging.
Interspeaker variation in habitual speaking rate: evidence for a neuromuscular component.

Neuromuscular and sociolinguistic hypotheses were proposed to explore and account for the nature of individuals’ idiosyncratic speech rates. One hundred subjects (50 males and 50 females) read the ...
Metal-tolerant bacteria in geochemical exploration

Abstract Analyses for metal-tolerant bacteria in stream water, using a bioluminescence procedure to measure adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and prepared metal solutions to inhibit bacterial growth, were made on samples from three mineralized areas in Virginia, U.S.A. Two of the areas, Mineral and New Canton, contain massive sulfide deposits believed to be submarine exhalative. The third area (Bowers-Campbell mine) consists of Zn mineralization in carbonate rocks (Mississippi Valley-type). For comparison, the concentration of Zn in minus-80 mesh stream sediments from the same sites was also determined. In addition, several sample sets were also collected from two unmineralized areas near Harrisonburg, Virginia. These sample sets were used for experiments designed to determine the variability due to sampling, the precision of the analytical technique, and the effect that different extraction procedures for ATP and sample storage times have on the analyses. The results indicate the following: (1) the coefficient of variation from an analysis of eight separate water samples (cells per ml) at one location is 15%, sufficient precision for use of the technique in geochemical exploration; (2) larger amounts of ATP are extracted from water samples using boiling TRIS buffer or boiling H2O then EDTA included in a commercial assay kit; (3) the concentration of ATP changes during sample storage; (4) the metal tolerance of bacteria in samples downstream from mineralized areas is much greater then in samples upstream; and (5) each of the three mineralized areas is detected by analyses for metal-tolerant bacteria as well as Zn in minus-80 mesh sediment; however, the geomicrobiological procedure produces much greater anomaly contrasts, both near mineralization and further downstream. There are many potential problems in using geomicrobiological methods in exploration, most of which result from insufficient knowledge about factors which effect the distribution of bacteria in water. This study demonstrated that a simple bioluminescence procedure is practical for use in exploration, and that mineralization in three separate areas with widely differing geochemical characteristics is readily detected using the procedure. Additional studies are needed to see if similar results can generally be obtained.
Implementation of pulse shaping on the OMEGA laser system

A pulse-shaping system has been implemented on the OMEGA laser system. The system consists of a cw-mode-locked laser that seeds two regenerative amplifiers. In one regenerative amplifier the pulse width is stretched in time with an intracavity etalon. The other regenerative amplifier is used to trigger a photoconductivity switched Pockels cell, which shapes the stretched pulse.
Overexpression of IRF-1 and p21WAF1/CIP1 in fanconi anemia (Fa) Cells correlates with STAT-1 phosphorylation defects but is independent of icsbp deficiency

Abstract Hematopoietic progenitor cells from FA group C (FA-C) patients are hypersensitive to IFNγ. IFNγ-inducible genes known to influence cell survival and/or cell cycle progression (IRF-1, p21 (WAF1/CIP1) and MxA) are constitutively expressed in FA-C cells while levels of the transcriptional repressor ICSBP are reduced. The FA-C protein (FANCC) interacts with Stat1 via a conserved central domain (see abstract by Pang, Q et al). Even conservative mutations in this domain result in decreased Stat1 phosphorylation in response to IFNγ. Because induction of ICSBP by IFNγ is mediated by Stat1 and activation of Stat1 is decreased in some FA cells, we sought to determine if overexpression of IRF-1 and p21 is specifically caused by deficiencies in Stat1 activation and ICSBP expression. Using real time RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis we determined that IRF-1 and p21 are upregulated in FA cells that contain a Stat1 phosphorylation defect but not in FA cells in which Stat1 activation is preserved. To determine if IRF-1 and p21 upregulation is dependent on ICSBP deficiency, we transduced Stat1 defective FA-C lymphoblasts with a retroviral vector expressing ICSBP. Constitutive expression of ICSBP failed to down-regulate IRF-1 or p21 correlates positively with Stat1 phosphorylation defects, but enforced expression of ICSBP does not suppress expression of these genes. We conclude that the capacity of the FANCC protein to facilitate Stat1 activation is linked with its capacity to functionally repress expression of IRF-1 and p21 but involves a mechanism other than ICSBP induction.
Teaching, tracking, and marketing our product

Many sociology departments have faced difficult times in the past decade. This article examines how this crisis confronted two universities in North Carolina and the strategies which they used to strengthen their departments. Major emphasis is given to how state associations can assist departments in developing applied curriculum, publicizing their successful endeavors, and recruiting students. The article also provides insights about dealing with outcomes assessment as well as administering internship programs.
Role and regulation of urea transporters

In the past few years, significant knowledge has been gained about the physiological role and regulation of urea transporters, which have been now cloned in many species. The two major mammalian urea transporters, UT-A and UT-B, have been best studied in the kidney, where they mediate the facilitated diffusion of urea across tubular, interstitial, and vascular compartments, necessary to maintain an osmolar gradient along the renal corticomedullary axis. The genes encoding these transporters, Slc14A2 for UT-A and Slc14A1 for UT-B, have been characterized in rodents and humans, allowing identification of transcriptional mechanisms involved in the regulation of UT-A expression. The crucial role that urea transporters play in renal physiology is underscored by the phenotypic characteristics of UT-A and UT-B knockout mice, in which lack of specific urea transporters impairs the ability to concentrate urine. Expression of the UT-A and UT-B transporters has also been identified in extra-renal sites, where their physiological significance is only beginning to be elucidated. More information on the mechanisms modulating urea transporter expression is becoming available, and the possible involvement of aberrant regulation of these transporters in pathological conditions, or as a result of certain pharmacological treatments, has emerged from recent studies.
Tooth loss and its association with dietary intake and diet quality in American adults

Abstract Objectives To investigate associations between the number of natural teeth and energy intake, nutrient intake, and diet quality in adults. Methods Eligible adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2005–2008 were included in the present study (n = 9140). Participants were classified into three groups depending on the total number of natural teeth (excluding third molars): full dentition (28 teeth), moderate dentition (21–27 teeth), and poor dentition (20 teeth or less). Dietary intake and diet quality were estimated from the first 24-h dietary recall data. Results Participants in the poor dentition group had significantly lower energy intake than those with moderate dentition (P Conclusions Tooth loss in adults is associated with lower diet quality and reduced intake of most nutrients; this may partly explain for the higher risk of chronic diseases in this population. Clinical significance People with missing teeth are recommended to monitor their dietary intake to avoid nutrient deficiency and to improve their diet quality for better health.
Smoke inhalation injury and the effect of carbon monoxide in the sheep model

The role of carbon monoxide (CO) in causing the physiologic and anatomic changes characteristic of smoke inhalation injury was evaluated in 34 sheep. The smoke-exposed group received a dose of smoke known to produce mild inhalation injury. The CO group received a pure gas mixture that contained concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and CO similar to those in the smoke. Cardiopulmonary function was measured immediately after exposure, and 24 and 72 hours after exposure. The CO group showed a transient increase in cardiac output, but the smoke group showed no such response. The CO group maintained normal PaO2 levels during the 72-hour study period; the smoke group gradually developed hypoxemia. The lungs of the CO exposed animals had no discernible histologic changes. These results indicate that CO per se is not the primary etiologic agent of smoke inhalation injury.
Left Ventricular Diastolic Collapse in the Absence of Cardiac Tamponade

Left ventricular diastolic collapse has been presented in the literature as a sign of cardiac tamponade in the setting of pulmonary hypertension. We report the case of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, and associated pulmonary hypertension and pericardial effusion. Left ventricular diastolic collapse was present, but tamponade was not, as judged by failure of pericardio-centesis to improve cardiac index or symptoms. We suggest that left ventricular diastolic collapse occurred because left ventricular filling was impaired by the hemodynamic consequences of pulmonary hypertension, not by extrinsic compression. Left ventricular diastolic collapse is not pathognomonic for cardiac tamponade in the setting of pulmonary hypertension.
Multimodality Biomolecular Imaging

Molecular imaging represents the next phase in the evolution of medical imaging and this issue describes many aspects of imaging technologies that can be combined to efficiently enhance diagnostic performance.