cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Représentations sociales et pratiques sociales : l'exemple de l'engagement pro-environnemental en agriculture

Les preoccupations environnementales actuelles conduisent les agriculteurs a modifier progressivement leurs pratiques en faveur d'un plus grand respect de l'environnement. Cet etat de fait a suscite une etude comparative entre representations sociales et pratiques agricoles. Celles-ci sont operationnalisees a travers la conservation de pratiques traditionnelles ou l'adoption de pratiques pro-environnementales (i.e. engagement dans une demarche specifique telle que l'agriculture biologique, l'agriculture raisonnee...). Les donnees ont ete recueillies a l'aide d'associations de mots et traitees par l'analyse prototypique et l'analyse factorielle. Cette double approche theorique et methodologique a permis de mettre en evidence les elements de representation partages par le groupe des agriculteurs et d'identifier des prises de position differentes a l'egard de l'environnement selon les pratiques.
cis-Calamenene-related sesquiterpenoids from Cupressus bakeri foliage

Abstract Foliage of Cupressus bakeri contains a group of compounds related to (−) cis -calamenene, six of which are new: two hydrocarbons ( cis -muurola-3,5-diene and cis -muurola-4(14),5-diene); two alcohols ( cis -muurol-5-en-4α- and -4β-ol); and two keto-compounds (2-ethylisomenthone and 2-(3-oxobutyl)-isomenthone). The ketones, including the co-occurring known cis -14-normuurol-5-en-4-one, are apparently formed by oxidative degradation of a cis -muurolane-type precursor. This group of compounds is also present in several other Cupressus species.
Binomial rings, integer-valued polynomials, and λ-rings

A commutative ring A is said to be binomial if A is torsion-free (as a Z-module) and the element a(a−1)(a−2)⋯(a−n+1)/n! of A⊗ZQ lies in A for every a∈A and every positive integer n. Binomial rings were first defined circa 1969 by Philip Hall in connection with his groundbreaking work in the theory of nilpotent groups. They have since had further applications to integer-valued polynomials, Witt vectors, and λ-rings. For any set X¯, the ring of integer-valued polynomials in Q[X¯] is the free binomial ring on the set X¯. Thus the binomial property provides a universal property for rings of integer-valued polynomials. We give several characterizations of binomial rings and their homomorphic images. For example, we prove that a binomial ring is equivalently a λ-ring A whose Adams operations are all the identity on A. This allows us to construct a right adjoint BinU for the inclusion from binomial rings to rings which has several applications in commutative algebra and number theory. For example, there is a natural BinU(A)-algebra structure on the universal λ-ring Λ(A), and likewise on the abelian group of multiplicative A-arithmetic functions. Similarly, there is a natural BinU(A)-module structure on the abelian group 1+a for any ideal a in A with respect to which A is complete.
Neuropharmacological actions of enkephalin after systemic administration.

Abstract A pentapeptide, methionine-enkephalin, which interacts with opiate receptors in the brain, was found to markedly potentiate the behavioral effects of DOPA when administered intraperitoneally into mice. These effects, which were even more striking with D-alanine-2-methionine-5-enkephalin but less with morphine, persisted at least two hours after systemic injection of the peptide. Only a weak effect of enkephalin was seen in a serotonin potentiation test. Systemic injections of enkephalin resulted in a significant reduction of footshock-induced fighting and slight reduction in audiogenic seizures in mice. The results suggest that the CNS effects observed after systemic administration of enkephalin may involve the dopaminergic receptor mechanism.
Effects of irritant chemicals on Aedes aegypti resting behavior: is there a simple shift to untreated "safe sites"?

Background Previous studies have identified the behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti to irritant and repellent chemicals that can be exploited to reduce man-vector contact. Maximum efficacy of interventions based on irritant chemical actions will, however, require full knowledge of variables that influence vector resting behavior and how untreated “safe sites” contribute to overall impact. Methods Using a laboratory box assay, resting patterns of two population strains of female Ae. aegypti (THAI and PERU) were evaluated against two material types (cotton and polyester) at various dark:light surface area coverage (SAC) ratio and contrast configuration (horizontal and vertical) under chemical-free and treated conditions. Chemicals evaluated were alphacypermethrin and DDT at varying concentrations. Results Under chemical-free conditions, dark material had significantly higher resting counts compared to light material at all SAC, and significantly increased when material was in horizontal configuration. Cotton elicited stronger response than polyester. Within the treatment assays, significantly higher resting counts were observed on chemical-treated dark material compared to untreated light fabric. However, compared to matched controls, significantly less resting observations were made on chemical-treated dark material overall. Most importantly, resting observations on untreated light material (or “safe sites”) in the treatment assay did not significantly increase for many of the tests, even at 25% SAC. Knockdown rates were ≤5% for all assays. Significantly more observations of flying mosquitoes were made in test assays under chemical-treatment conditions as compared to controls. Conclusions/Significance When preferred Ae. aegypti resting sites are treated with chemicals, even at reduced treatment coverage area, mosquitoes do not simply move to safe sites (untreated areas) following contact with the treated material. Instead, they become agitated, using increased flight as a proxy indicator. It is this contact irritant response that may elicit escape behavior from a treated space and is a focus of exploitation for reducing man-vector contact inside homes.
A Risk-Sharing Model for Locating Noxious Facilities:

The recent proliferation of facility-siting conflicts underscores the need for new analytical techniques in which the external effects associated with noxious facilities are considered explicitly. In general, in prescriptive facility-location models it is assumed that having populations “closer”, as characterized by transport or accessibility advantages, is better for desirable facilities, but, locating “farther” away is better for undesirable facilities. The modeling formulation developed in this paper adds two new concepts to the prescriptive modeling work on locating noxious facilities: (1) “complementary anticover” as a measure of equity for siting facilities that provide a required capacity for producing goods or services, and (2) perceived risk attributable to the scale of these facilities. These two concepts, in conjunction with conventional cost considerations, are used to develop a multiobjective location model that may be used to find locational patterns which mitigate public opposition across a...
Application of Kalman filtering to image enhancement

The Kalman filtering procedure is applied to the solution of the image enhancement problem when the image and the noise are characterized by statistical properties. Two scanning schemes are discussed. One example is presented to illustrate the technique.
Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of Human Papillomavirus Type 11 (HPV-11) Infection in the Nude Mouse: Detection of HPV-11 mRNAs

The nu/nu mouse xenograft is the only experimental system permitting the growth of human papillomaviruses (HPV). Previous studies demonstrating inhibition of HPV-11 infection by antibodies against HPV-11 virions have used indirect markers of infection, such as graft size and histopathologic features. The presence of HPV-11 mRNAs was used as a direct marker of infection: Infectious HPV-11 was incubated with rabbit serum raised against purified HPV-11 virions or with the corresponding preimmune serum (controls) before use in the mouse xenograft model, and HPV-11 mRNAs were detected by a method using reverse transcription and amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Graft size, histopathologic features, and the presence of capsid antigen were also assessed. Six weeks after infection, 1 of 23 grafts in the test group contained HPV-11 mRNAs compared with 19 of 20 controls (P less than .001). Therefore, antibody-mediated inhibition of infection by HPV-11 leads to blockade of genomic expression and is thus consistent with active prevention of viral penetration, that is, neutralization.
An evaluation of the Chester County (PA) drug court program

The Chester County (PA) Drug Court Program was implemented in October of 1997. By the end of January of 1999, 184 drug offenders had participated in the program. This evaluation of the Chester Coun...
The gol site: A Cis-acting bacteriophage T4 regulatory region that can affect expression of all the T4 late genes☆

Abstract We have shown that mutations in the Escherichia coli lit gene can prevent the expression of the late genes of bacteriophage T4 at temperatures below 34 °C. The defect in late gene expression occurs, at least partially, at the level of transcription, and neither DNA replication nor DNA encapsidation into phage heads is significantly affected. Rare T4 “ gol ” mutations overcome the defect in late transcription. Refined mapping experiments place gol mutations within gene 23, but an altered gene 23 protein is not responsible for the phenotype. Rather, gol mutations seem to alter a cis -acting site in T4 DNA, the wild-type form of which interferes with late transcription in lit − hosts.
Design of a benchmark dataset, similarity metrics, and tools for liver segmentation

Reliable segmentation of the liver has been acknowledged as a significant step in several computational and diagnostic processes. While several methods have been designed for liver segmentation, comparative analysis of reported methods is limited by the unavailability of annotated datasets of the abdominal area. Currently available generic data-sets constitute a small sample set, and most academic work utilizes closed datasets. We have collected a dataset containing abdominal CT scans of 50 patients, with coordinates for the liver boundary. The dataset will be publicly distributed free of cost with software to provide similarity metrics, and a liver segmentation technique that uses Markov Random Fields and Active Contours. In this paper we discuss our data collection methodology, implementation of similarity metrics, and the liver segmentation algorithm.
Aedes aegypti midgut early trypsin is post‐transcriptionally regulated by blood feeding

Early trypsin is a female-specific protease present in the Aedes aegypti midgut during the first hours after ingestion of a blood meal. Early trypsin gene expression was studied by Northern blot analysis. The early trypsin mRNA, absent in larvae, pupae and newly emerged females, reaches detectable levels at 24 h post-emergence and attains a maximum level at an adult age of 4-7 days. After the first week there is a decrease in the steady-state level of the transcript, but it remains readily detectable for up to a month after emergence. Despite the high levels of early trypsin mRNA present in the midgut of the unfed female, translation of the early trypsin mRNA occurs only after a blood or a protein meal. Early trypsin mRNA levels rapidly decrease during the first 24 h after feeding, but the steady-state level of the transcript rises again at the end of the blood digestion cycle (60 h), as the mosquito prepares for a second blood meal.
Alteration of the neurochemical effects of fenfluramine by previous treatment with d-amphetamine.

It was found in an earlier study that a 15-day IP subacute d-amphetamine treatment rendered an apparent “tolerance” to the food intake suppressant effects of fenfluramine. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the neuronal substrate on which fenfluramine supposedly acts to produce a decrement in food consumption was altered by the previous treatment with d-amphetamine. The time course effects (0–90 min) of a single IP injection of 10 mg/kg fenfluramine on brain monoamines in saline-treated rats included a significant lowering of serotonin in all brain regions examined. Although the serotonin depleting actions of fenfluramine in the d-amphetamine-treated rats generally paralleled those seen in the saline group (i.e., as in the hypothalamus), no such effects were noted in regions where baseline values (see below) were already lowered by d-amphetamine treatment (i.e., pons-medulla, thalamus, and substantia nigra). Norepinephrine and dopamine depletions were observed in the pons-medulla and hypothalamic areas after fenfluramine administration in the saline-treated rats, but fenfluramine caused no decreases in hypothalamic dopamine or in pons-medulla and hypothalamic norepinephrine content in rats previously treated with d-amphetamine. Analysis of the baseline amine levels (i.e., values in the d-amphetamine and saline-treated rats before fenfluramine was given) indicated that the repeated d-amphetamine treatment generally lowered norepinephrine in most brain regions, serotonin in the pons-medulla, substantia nigra and thalamus, and dopamine in the striatum. The overall results of this study suggest that the anorectic tolerance conferred toward fenfluramine by previous subacute treatment with d-amphetamine does not result from a d-amphetamine related change in hypothalamic biogenic amines.
Limits on plasma anisotropy in a tail-like magnetic field

The condition of magnetohydrostatic equilibrium implies tight constraints on the degree of anisotropy that is supportable in a magnetotail field geometry. If the plasma pressure tensor is assumed to be gyrotropic at the tail midplane (z = 0), then equilibrium requires that it also be nearly isotropic there, with P-perpendicular sub 0/P-parallel sub 0 in the range 1 +/- delta square, where delta of about 0.1 is the ratio of the normal field component at the symmetry plane to the field strength in the tail lobe. The upper and the lower limits are essentially equivalent, respectively, to the marginal mirror and firehose stability conditions evaluated at z = 0, which have been invoked previously to limit the degree of anisotropy in the plasma sheet.
Adenocarcinoma of the urethra in women. A clinicopathologic study

Twenty-two cases of adenocarcinoma of the urethra in women were studied. Nine were classified histologically as clear cell adenocarcinoma and 13 were classified as columnar/mucinous adenocarcinoma. Thirteen patients (59%) were black. The average patient age was 61 years (range, 27 to 76 years). Follow-up ranged from 6 to 194 months, (average, 40 months). At presentation, most patients (82%) had extension of tumor into adjacent structures or metastases to regional lymph nodes. Eighty-six percent received radiation therapy and 41% underwent an anterior exenteration or cystectomy. Eight of 22 patients (36%) had no evidence of disease 21 to 194 months after diagnosis (average, 83 months). Fourteen (64%) were dead of disease 6 to 23 months after diagnosis (average, 15 months). In general, the extent of tumor correlated best with survival time. Forty-four percent of patients with clear cell adenocarcinoma were dead of disease within 24 months of diagnosis, in contrast to 77% of those with columnar/mucinous adenocarcinoma, suggesting that patients with clear cell adenocarcinoma may have a better prognosis than those with columnar/mucinous adenocarcinoma. However, the difference in survival probability between the two groups was not found to be statistically significant. Recognition of the two histologic types of urethral adenocarcinoma is important to prevent misdiagnosis of such tumors as metastases (or direct extension) of nonurethral neoplasms having a similar histologic appearance. A possible predilection of the disease for black women has not been previously described.
The performance of a thermoelectric heat pump with surface heat transfer

Abstract The differential equations which describe the steady state temperature distribution in a thermoelement with constant properties and with convective heat transfer from its longitudinal surface are presented and solved analytically. The solutions are applied to a single-element thermoelectric heat pump to determine the effect of surface heat transfer upon the maximum temperature difference, the maximum heat pumping, and the maximum coefficient of performance. The results show that each of these three performance criteria can be increased through the use of surface heat transfer. It appears that gains in the maximum heat pumping of the order of 200 per cent are readily attainable through the use of this heat transfer mechanism. Gains in performance are found to increase as the convective heat transfer coefficient increases. The results show that in order to use surface heat transfer to improve performance, part of the element near the cold junction must always be insulated. The expressions which are presented can be used to calculate the optimum fraction of the element to be insulated for any given set of conditions.
Verification and validation of NASA LEWICE 2.2 icing software code

We present in this paper some results on the verification and validation of LEWICE 2.2 icing software code. The validation carried out a detailed analysis of ice accretion under a wide range of icing conditions. We performed a verification of the code options; analyzed and tested the LEWICE 2.2 code to ensure that no changes have been made to the previous validated ice shape simulation capability; and performed grid and time-step size sensitivity analysis, material properties and body dimensions sensitivity analysis, and validation of LEWICE 2.2 using thermal analysis. The validation tests have shown that the program is working properly. It is sending the right error messages; the output results are consistent, and the software is properly modeling the ice growth behavior. For the validation of LEWICE 2.2 using thermal analysis, the results show that the experimental data obtained with thermocouples do not compare well with the results of the numerical prediction. The error on the average temperature is too high (up to 60%) for all of the sections and for both the inside and outside surface.
Analysis of genomic DNA alterations and mRNA expression patterns in a panel of human pancreatic cancer cell lines.

Genomic alterations influencing the expression and/or activity of tumor suppressors or oncogenes such as KRAS2, CDKN2A, TP53, and DPC4 have been directly implicated in the initiation and progression of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In an effort further to systematically characterize the genomic alterations that occur in this disease, we conducted a genome wide analysis of alterations in gene copy number using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). For this analysis, we utilized a panel of 25 human pancreatic cancer cell lines derived from either primary or metastatic tumors. This panel also included a metastatic progression series of cell lines derived from COLO 357 cells. Array CGH permitted the identification of alterations in the copy number of genes that might participate in the aberrant behavior of pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, the acquisition of invasive and metastatic potential by derivatives of COLO 357 cells was accompanied by additional focal genomic alterations including point mutations and amplification of KRAS2. To complement the array CGH analysis, we also conducted an analysis of mRNA expression patterns in a subset of these cells using cDNA microarrays. By this means, we identified a set of candidate genes, including those regulated by RAS signaling, that may contribute to the process of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045–2257/suppmat/index.html. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inherited coagulopathies in OB/GYN.

Abstract There is an increased risk of venous thrombosis in women with inherited plasma protein coagulopathies (thrombophilias). Although a general screening for thrombophilia is impractical, risk assessment based on identification of other hypercoagulable states—such as a personal or family history of venous thrombosis—can identify patients who may benefit from testing. Those patients testing positive for thrombophilia need to be counseled regarding the implications of oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, use of selective estrogen receptor modulators, and pregnancy.
Deep Space Communications

This paper discusses the various factors that influenced the design of the TRACE deep space communications system, the choice of the operating frequency, and the selection of a suitable ground antenna. The configuration of the three different microwave communications system stations?launch, injection, and deep space?employed in the Pioneer III and IV experiments is given, together with a description of the computing and interstation communications system. A brief description of the performance of the TRACE systems, its proposed development, and its future capabilities is also included.
Colonic oligosaccharide structures deduced from lectin-binding studies before and after desialylation.

Abstract Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) binds N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), and peanut agglutinin (PNA) binds Galβ(1–3)GalNAc residues (Gal = galactose). We used these lectins with neuraminidase to probe colonic oligosaccharides. Tissues included normal epithelium, adenocarcinomas (T) with contiguous transitional (TM) and normal mucosae (RM), and adenomatous polyps. Except for DBA binding in carcinomas, neuraminidase digestion increased DBA and PNA binding in all epithelia. In untreated specimens, reciprocal gradients for binding by DBA (T TM and T > RM) were seen. After neuraminidase, all gradients were abolished except for T
Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits norepinephrine release evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation in isolated perfused rat mesenteric arteries.

The effect of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on [3H]norepinephrine release evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation was examined in the isolated perfused rat mesenteric arteries. ANF (1 nM to 0.1 μM) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine release during nerve stimulation. The present result indicates that ANF inhibits noradrenergic neurotransmission in the rat mesenteric arteries through a prejunctional mechanism. This prejunctional effect of ANF may in part contribute to its vasodilation action.
The ProVent model learns to speak French

Leroy and colleagues report on the accuracy of the Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation Prognostic Model (‘ProVent’) in a cohort study of patients ventilated for at least 21 days in one of three hospitals in the north of France. This study is noteworthy because it is the first to describe the performance of the ProVent model both outside the US and in a community hospital-based setting.
The management of splenic artery aneurysms: experience with 23 cases.

Background Splenic artery aneurysms (SAA) are rare clinical entities that carry the risk of rupture and fatal hemorrhage. They are being detected with increased frequency and often cause a clinical dilemma, particularly when small lesions occur in compromised patients. This paper relates our experience in the management of SAA over a 14-year period. Patients and methods We analyzed data from the medical charts and radiological images of all patients diagnosed with SAA at Emory University Hospital from December 1979 to January 1993. Results A search of medical records discovered 23 patients who experienced 44 SAAs during the time period under study. Twelve patients had multiple SAAs, most of them in the distal third of the artery. Seven had SAAs >2 cm in diameter. Modalities used to diagnose SAA included Doppler ultrasound in 9 patients, computerized tomography in 10, and arteriography in 21, Sixteen patients had portal hypertension. Splenomegaly was present in 13 of those with portal hypertension. Aneurysm excision and splenectomy were carried out emergently on 2 patients and electively on 1. Aneurysm ligation was performed on 3 patients. One patient underwent embolization of the lesion. Sixteen asymptomatic patients whose aneurysms were One patient who received active treatment died. There were no documented deaths attributable to SAA among patients treated by observation. Six patients in this group died of unrelated causes. The longest follow-up was 7 years. Conclusions We support current criteria that call for active treatment of symptomatic or enlarging SAAs, with particular emphasis on treating women anticipating pregnancy and patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantations. For most other cases, expectant treatment is acceptable.
Identification of an Asymmetrically Localized Determinant, Ash1p, Required for Lineage-Specific Transcription of the Yeast HO Gene

Abstract S. cerevisiae cells exhibit asymmetric determination of cell fate. Cell division yields a mother cell, which is competent to transcribe the HO gene and switch mating type, and a daughter cell, which is not. We have isolated a mutant in which daughters transcribe HO and switch mating type. This mutation defines the ASH1 gene (asymmetric synthesis of HO ). Deletion and overexpression of ASH1 cause reciprocal cell fate transformations: in ash1 Δ strains, daughters switch mating type as efficiently as mothers. Conversely, overexpression of ASH1 inhibits switching in mother cells. Ash1p has a zinc finger motif related to those of GATA transcriptional regulators. Ash1p is localized to the daughter nucleus in cells that have undergone nuclear division. Thus, Ash1p is a cell fate determinant that is asymmetrically localized to the daughter nucleus where it inhibits HO transcription.
Comparative evaluation of in vitro efficacy of colesevelam hydrochloride tablets.

AbstractContext: Colesevelam hydrochloride is used as an adjunct to diet and exercise to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in patients with primary hyperlipidemia as well as to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. This is likely to result in submission of abbreviated new drug applications (ANDA).Objective: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of two tablet products of colesevelam hydrochloride based on the in vitro binding of bile acid sodium salts of glycocholic acid (GC), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDA) and taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA).Methods: Kinetic binding study was carried out with constant initial bile salt concentrations as a function of time. Equilibrium binding studies were conducted under conditions of constant incubation time and varying initial concentrations of bile acid sodium salts. The unbound concentration of bile salts was determined in the samples of these studies. Langmuir equation was utilized to calculate the binding const...
Phenotypic Spectrum Caused by Transgenic Overexpression of Activated Akt in the Heart

The serine-threonine kinase, Akt, inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis acutely both in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects of chronic Akt activation in the heart are unknown. To address this issue, we generated transgenic mice (TG+) with cardiac-specific expression of a constitutively active mutant of Akt (myr-Akt) driven by the myosin heavy chain-alpha promoter. Three TG+ founders (9-19 weeks) died suddenly with massive cardiac dilatation. Two viable TG+ lines (TG564 and TG20) derived from independent founders demonstrated cardiac-specific transgene expression as well as activation of Akt and p70S6 kinase. TG564 (n = 19) showed cardiac hypertrophy with a heart/body weight ratio 2.3-fold greater than littermates (n = 17, p < 0.005). TG20 (n = 18) had less marked cardiac hypertrophy with a heart/body weight ratio 1.6-fold greater than littermates (n = 17, p < 0.005). Isolated TG564 myocytes were also hypertrophic with surface areas 1.7-fold greater than littermates (p < 0.000001). Echocardiograms in both lines demonstrated concentric hypertrophy and preserved systolic function. After ischemia-reperfusion, TG+ had a 50% reduction in infarct size versus TG- (17 +/- 3% versus 34 +/- 4%, p < 0.001). Thus, chronic Akt activation is sufficient to cause a spectrum of phenotypes from moderate cardiac hypertrophy with preserved systolic function and cardioprotection to massive cardiac dilatation and sudden death.
Ultrafast dynamics of nonlinear excitations in quasi-one-dimensional systems probed by time-resolved THz spectroscopy

We present time-resolved spectroscopic studies of the evolution of charge carriers and localized nonlinear excitations in a quasi-one-dimensional molecular system using femtosecond time-resolved THz techniques.
The effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on the metamorphosis, size, and survival of larval hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), bay scallops (Argopecten irradians), and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica)

We present experiments that examined the metamorphosis, growth, and survivorship of larvae from three species of commercially and ecologically valuable shellfish (Mercenaria mercenaria, Argopecten irradians, and Crassostrea virginica) at the levels of CO2 projected to occur during the 21st century and beyond. Under CO2 concentrations estimated to occur later this century (,66 Pa, 650 ppm), M. mercenaria and A. irradians larvae exhibited dramatic declines (.50%) in survivorship as well as significantly delayed metamorphosis and significantly smaller sizes. Although C. virginica larvae also experienced lowered growth and delayed metamorphosis at ,66 Pa CO2, their survival was only diminished at ,152 Pa CO2. The extreme sensitivity of larval stages of shellfish to enhanced levels of CO2 indicates that current and future increases in pelagic CO2 concentrations may deplete or alter the composition of shellfish populations in coastal ecosystems. The combustion of fossil fuels and the resultant increase in atmospheric CO2 during the past century has had a multitude of effects on this planet, including acidification of the world’s oceans. The oceans have absorbed nearly half of the anthropogenically produced CO2 during the past century (Sabine et al. 2004), altering its inorganic carbon chemistry and pH. Model simulations indicate that combustion of the world’s fossil fuel supply in the coming centuries could result in a fivefold increase in atmospheric CO2 levels to nearly 203 Pa (2000 ppm) and a decrease in surface ocean pH by 0.77 units (Caldeira and Wickett 2003). This decline in the pH of surface waters will concurrently reduce carbonate ion (CO 2{ 3 ) concentrations
Contemplating genetic feedback regarding lung cancer susceptibility.

Background and Purpose We examined three theoretical models (self-enhancement theory, consistency theory, and a combined model) for understanding how expectations and test result favorability influence smokers' desire for a retest following hypothetical genetic test results.
Plant Size and Strategic Planning

This paper will explore the factors that govern the relationships of plant size to utility planning. The basic factors in the relationships will be discussed in Section II. The factors associated with the environment exterior to the utility will be discussed in Section III.
The Pattern of Avian Intramuscular Nerve Branching Is Determined by the Innervating Motoneuron and Its Level of Polysialic Acid

Most skeletal muscles are composed of a heterogeneous population of fast and slow muscle fibers that are selectively innervated during development by fast and slow motoneurons, respectively. It is well recognized that, in both birds and mammals, fast and slow motoneurons have substantially different intramuscular branching patterns, a difference critical for proper motor function. However, the cellular mechanisms regulating these differences in motoneuron branching are unknown. In a previous study, we showed that the fast and slow pattern of intramuscular branching, in a chick muscle containing distinct fast and slow muscle regions, was remarkably similar to normal when formed by foreign motoneurons. Whether this was attributable to some property of the innervating "fast" or "slow" motoneurons or to some property of the developing fast-slow muscle fibers was not determined. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we performed chick-quail hindlimb chimeras to force slow chick plantaris motoneurons to innervate a fast quail plantaris muscle. The pattern of intramuscular nerve branching in the fast plantaris of these chimeras closely resembled the slow branching pattern normally observed in chick slow plantaris muscles. Enzymatic removal of polysialic acid (PSA) from nerve and muscle during normal quail plantaris development dramatically changed the normal fast pattern to more closely resemble a slow pattern. In contrast, removal of PSA from chick plantaris motoneurons and muscle fibers had little effect on the pattern of nerve branching. Together, these results indicate that the pattern of intramuscular nerve branching is determined by the level of PSA on the innervating motoneurons.
Treatment of Cutaneous Infections Worldwide Experience with Ciprofloxacin

Oral ciprofloxacin, a new fluorinated 4-quinolone, was evaluated in 795 patients with skin and skin structure infections. Ninety-four point one percent of the patients treated had clinical success with eradication of almost all of the offending bacteria. Ciprofloxacin has good activity against gram-positive organisms and excellent activity against gram-negative organisms. Side effects were few and not considered significant.
A versatile packet multiplexer for quality-of-service networks

A novel packet multiplexing technique, called rotating-priority-queues (RPQ), is presented which exploits the tradeoff between high efficiency, i.e., the ability to support many connections with delay bounds, and low complexity. The operations required by the RPQ multiplexer are similar to those of the simple, but inefficient, static-priority (SP) multiplexer. The overhead of RPQ, as compared to SP, consists of a periodic rearrangement (rotation) of the priority queues. It is shown that queue rotations can be implemented by updating a set of pointers. The efficiency of RPQ can be made arbitrarily close to the highly efficient, yet complex, earliest-deadline-first (EDF) multiplexer. Exact expressions for the worst case delays in an RPQ multiplexer are presented and compared to expressions for an EDF multiplexer.
A comparison of scales for assessing personal creativity in IS

Assessment of the individual creativity of IS personnel is a critical component in enhancing creativity and innovation in IS organizations. There are over two hundred scales designed to assess an individual's creativity but only three have seen substantial use in IS. A review of these three scales (KAI, ISP, CPSP) is provided and a list of the characteristics of an ideal individual creativity assessment scale to be used in IS is offered.
Privatizing the Welfare State: Nonprofit Community-Based Organizations as Political Actors

This paper examines a form of state social provision that has been neglected by current sociological theory: publicly funded supportive services. Federal policies of privatization and devolution, embraced since the Reagan years, have made private, nonprofit organizations the primary deliverers of these services. Public supportive services are distributed via competitive state- and local-level allocative processes that send government contracts to specific nonprofit community-based organizations (CBOs), which in turn serve specific neighborhoods and individuals. I describe a model by which CBOs generate greater contract revenues by adding electoral politics to their more traditional roles of providing services and building communities. This model produces a new kind of CBO: the machine politics CBO. By reciprocally distributing services to residents and binding residents to the organization, machine politics CBOs create reliable voting constituencies for local elected officials. These officials trade these...
Infectious Complications from High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Metastatic Germ Cell Tumors

Abstract High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is increasingly utilized in patients with relapsed and refractory germ cell tumors (GCT). Infectious complications are common after ASCT for hematologic malignancies, but their epidemiology in GCT patients has not been described. To identify infectious complications of ASCT for GCT, we conducted a retrospective study of patients treated at our institution, a tertiary-care cancer center in New York City between 1994 and 2006. Patients received ciprofloxacin prophylaxis but no routine antifungal or antiviral prophylaxis. In addition, patients were housed in shared rooms of 2 with standard precautions during hospitalizations. Overall, 107 patients with relapsed or refractory GCT were treated with 1-2 cycles of paclitaxel/ifosfamide and 1-3 cycles of high-dose carboplatin/etoposide with ASCT. Sixty (56%) of 107 patients developed 95 total infections, including 33 catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Fungal, viral, and nosocomial infections were uncommon. There were no infection-related deaths. In conclusion, serious morbidity from infection is uncommon among GCT patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy with ASCT. Isolation and aggressive antifungal and antiviral prophylaxis is not warranted in these patients.
A multilayer IP security protocol for TCP performance enhancement in wireless networks

Transmission control protocol (TCP) performance enhancement proxy (PEP) mechanisms have been proposed, and in some cases widely deployed, to improve TCP performance in all-Internet protocol (IP) wireless networks. However, this technique is conflicted with IP-security (IPsec)-a standard IP security protocol that will make inroad into wireless networks. This paper analyzes the fundamental problem behind this conflict and develops a solution called multilayer IP-security (ML-IPsec). The basic principle is to use a multilayer protection model and a fine grain access control to make IP security protocols compatible with TCP PEP. It allows wireless network operators or service providers to grant base stations or wireless routers limited and controllable access to the TCP headers for performance enhancement purposes. Through careful design, implementation, and evaluation, we show that we can easily add ML-IPsec to existing IPsec software and the overhead is low. We conclude that ML-IPsec can help wireless networks provide both security and performance.
A Multi-Step Conference for Cooperative Broadcast

In this paper we consider the general broadcast channel with partially cooperating receivers having noiseless conference links of finite capacity between them. We present an explicit three-step conference scheme, which improves on the two-step scheme presented previously in [Dabora et al., ISIT 05]. The scheme achieves the full cooperation rate bounds at conference capacities that are less than the full cooperation capacities, i.e. C21 < H(Y2|Y 1) and C12 < H(Y1|Y2). We also introduce a new relaying strategy for the general relay channel, which results in a rate increase for any non-degraded channel and does not require auxiliary random variables
Stochastic Petri nets for the reliability analysis of communication network applications with alternate-routing

Abstract In this paper, we present a comparative reliability analysis of an application on a corporate B-ISDN network under various alternate-routing protocols. For simple cases, the reliability problem can be cast into fault-tree models and solved rapidly by means of known methods. For more complex scenarios, state space (Markov) models are required. However, generation of large state space models can get very labor intensive and error prone. We advocate the use of stochastic reward nets (a variant of stochastic Petri nets) for the concise specification, automated generation and solution of alternate-routing protocols in networks. This paper is written in a tutorial style so as to make it accessible to a large audience.
Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominus plan block for the management of abdominal pain: An alternative to differential epidural block

The abdominal wall consists of three muscle layers—the external oblique, the internal oblique, and the transversus abdominus—and their associated fascial sheaths. The neuronal afferents course through the neurofascial plane between the internal and the transversus abdominus muscles—the "transversus abdominus plane" (TAP). The TAP block is used to produce a dermatomal sensory block of the lower six thoracic and upper lumbar abdominal afferents. It was shown to be effective in providing postoperative analgesia after various lower abdominal procedures, mainly radical prostatectomy, large bowel resections, and gynecologic procedures as well as cesarean sections. The recent introduction of ultrasound (US) to different regional anesthesia procedures allows more accurate and safer performance of peripheral nerve blocks. With US imaging, the muscle layers are visible from the rectus medially through the aponeurotic area at the edge of the rectus to the three distinct layers of external, internal oblique, and transversus abdominus in the lateral abdominal wall. Installation of local anesthetics in this plane anesthetizes the anterior abdominal wall on this side. This block can be used as a diagnostic tool or as a therapeutic modality via a continuous indwelling catheter for postoperative lower abdominal pain or chronic pain syndromes arising from the anterior abdominal wall.
Effects of Lamin A/C, Lamin B1, and Viral US3 Kinase Activity on Viral Infectivity, Virion Egress, and the Targeting of Herpes Simplex Virus UL34-Encoded Protein to the Inner Nuclear Membrane

Previous results indicated that the U(L)34 protein (pU(L)34) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is targeted to the nuclear membrane and is essential for nuclear egress of nucleocapsids. The normal localization of pU(L)34 and virions requires the U(S)3-encoded kinase that phosphorylates U(L)34 and lamin A/C. Moreover, pU(L)34 was shown to interact with lamin A in vitro. In the present study, glutathione S-transferase/pU(L)34 was shown to specifically pull down lamin A and lamin B1 from cellular lysates. To determine the role of these interactions on viral infectivity and pU(L)34 targeting to the inner nuclear membrane (INM), the localization of pU(L)34 was determined in LmnA(-/-) and LmnB1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) by indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy in the presence or absence of U(S)3 kinase activity. While pU(L)34 INM targeting was not affected by the absence of lamin B1 in MEFs infected with wild-type HSV as viewed by indirect immunofluorescence, it localized in densely staining scalloped-shaped distortions of the nuclear membrane in lamin B1 knockout cells infected with a U(S)3 kinase-dead virus. Lamin B1 knockout cells were relatively less permissive for viral replication than wild-type MEFs, with viral titers decreased at least 10-fold. The absence of lamin A (i) caused clustering of pU(L)34 in the nuclear rim of cells infected with wild-type virus, (ii) produced extensions of the INM bearing pU(L)34 protein in cells infected with a U(S)3 kinase-dead mutant, (iii) precluded accumulation of virions in the perinuclear space of cells infected with this mutant, and (iv) partially restored replication of this virus. The latter observation suggests that lamin A normally impedes viral infectivity and that U(S)3 kinase activity partially alleviates this impediment. On the other hand, lamin B1 is necessary for optimal viral replication, probably through its well-documented effects on many cellular pathways. Finally, neither lamin A nor B1 was absolutely required for targeting pU(L)34 to the INM, suggesting that this targeting is mediated by redundant functions or can be mediated by other proteins.
New activity expansion calculations for warm dense deuterium

The activity expansion method has been extended to include molecules. Preliminary calculations of the deuterium Hugoniot are in good agreement with experiment in the region of maximum compression.
Epidemiologic and Molecular Prognostic Review of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary central nervous system malignancy with a median survival of 15 months. The average incidence rate of GBM is 3.19/100,000 population, and the median age of diagnosis is 64 years. Incidence is higher in men and individuals of white race and non-Hispanic ethnicity. Many genetic and environmental factors have been studied in GBM, but the majority are sporadic, and no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of GBMs has been identified. However, several favorable clinical prognostic factors are identified, including younger age at diagnosis, cerebellar location, high performance status, and maximal tumor resection. GBMs comprise of primary and secondary subtypes, which evolve through different genetic pathways, affect patients at different ages, and have differences in outcomes. We report the current epidemiology of GBM with new data from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States 2006 to 2010 as well as demonstrate and discuss trends in incidence and survival. We also provide a concise review on molecular markers in GBM that have helped distinguish biologically similar subtypes of GBM and have prognostic and predictive value.
The relationship of negative mood regulation expectancies with rumination and distraction.

Individuals high in negative mood regulation expectancies believe that a wide variety of actions has the potential to improve their negative mood. According to response expectancy theory, negative mood regulation expectancies affect mood in a nonvolitional and self-confirming manner. The present study evaluated this claim by assessing the ability of negative mood regulation expectancies to predict current depression after controlling for a variety of volitional coping responses, including rumination, distraction, active coping, and avoidant coping. 105 Introduction to Psychology college students at the University of Connecticut, 47 men and 58 women (M age = 20.3 yr., SD= 1.5), completed measures of each of the latter constructs for course credit. Results were consistent with response expectancy theory: negative mood regulation expectancies predicted current depression above and beyond coping behaviors. In addition, higher negative mood regulation expectancies were associated with greater use of adaptive c...