cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helping is healing: examining relationships between social support, intended audiences, and perceived benefits of mental health blogging

ABSTRACTBackground: The benefits of helping others have long been intuitively acknowledged as a key to health and well-being, and computer-mediated social support research has predominantly focused...
A review of classical motivation theories: A study understanding the value of locus of control in Higher Education

This manuscript demonstrates the value of understanding locus of control in higher education. Understanding this value provides educators with the ability to potentially predict academic outcomes, and have the foresight to guide students to achievement. First, the manuscript identifies and explores the classic theories of motivation from the mid-1900s. Then, a study is conducted that hypothesizes a correlation between demographic variables (age, gender, graduate/undergraduate classification) and locus of control using Rotter’s (1966) locus of control questionnaire. Finally, examples from four different disciplines are provided. This manuscript proposes suggestions for future research that will contribute to the findings of the overall construct of motivation, and more specifically, student locus of control in higher education.
Optimisation de la position verticale de la main d’appui thoracique du corset : côte-sommet ou vertèbre-sommet ?

Resume Introduction La position verticale de la main d’appui thoracique fait objet de controverse dans la confection des corsets. Les recommandations traditionnelles placent la force maximale au niveau de la cote-sommet, soit 2 niveaux en-dessous de la vertebre-sommet. Nous avons voulu evaluer la position optimale de la main d’appui thoracique au sein d’un corset par une etude clinique basee sur les radiographies sur billot. Hypothese Une force laterale appliquee au niveau de la vertebre-sommet d’une courbure thoracique est plus efficace pour corriger la deformation frontale qu’une force appliquee au niveau de la cote-sommet. Materiel et methode Dans cette etude prospective, nous avons recrute des patients se presentant pour scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent avec un stade Risser 0–2 sur une periode de 12 mois. Les patients ayant une histoire de chirurgie rachidienne ou thoracique ont ete exclus. Deux cliches radiographiques sur billot furent obtenus pour chaque patient : l’un avec le centre du billot place en-dessous de la cote-sommet et l’autre avec le billot centre sous la vertebre-sommet. Les angles de Cobb furent mesures sur chaque cliche et ensuite compares en utilisant un test de Student avec appariement. Resultats Cinquante-deux patients furent inclus avec un âge moyen de 12,4 ans et un angle de Cobb moyen de 37,5° pour la courbure thoracique. La mise en place d’un billot sous la vertebre-sommet a reduit l’angle de Cobb a une moyenne de 11,5, une valeur significativement inferieure au billot place sous la cote-sommet (14,3, p = 0,001). Ceci correspond a une perte relative de 20 % de l’angle de correction lorsque le billot est place sous la cote-sommet. La difference entre les 2 angles de Cobb ne fut pas significativement correlee a l’âge du patient (p = 0,896) ou a l’apex de la courbure thoracique (p = 0,896). Discussion Ceci est la premiere etude clinique adressant la position verticale de la main d’appui thoracique dans les corsets pour scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent. Une force laterale appliquee en regard de la vertebre-sommet fut significativement plus efficace pour reduire une courbure thoracique qu’une force appliquee a la cote-sommet. Nos resultats soutiennent les etudes de modelisation en elements finis qui remettent en cause les recommandations traditionnelles pour la confection de corsets et preconisent ainsi la revision de ces recommendantions afin d’optimiser le traitement orthopedique de la scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent. Niveau d’evidence II, etude prospective comparative.
Intimate Relationships across Cultures: A Comparative Study

Intimate relationships exist in social domains, in which there are cultural rules regarding appropriate behaviors. But they also inhabit psychological domains of thoughts, feelings, and desires. How are intimate relationships experienced by people living in various types of romantic or sexual relationships and in various cultural regions around the world? In what ways are they similar, and in what ways are they different? This book presents a cross-cultural extension of the findings originating from the classic Boston Couples Study. Amassing a wealth of new data from almost 9,000 participants worldwide, Hill explores the factors that predict having a current partner, relationship satisfaction, and relationship commitment. These predictions are compared across eight relationship types and nine cultural regions, then uniquely combined in a Comprehensive Partner Model and a Comprehensive Commitment Model. The findings test the generalizability of previous theories about intimate relationships, with implications for self-reflection, couples counseling, and well-being.
Legal and Political Responses to Campus Sexual Assault

Despite a long history of reform efforts, college students remain vulnerable to sexual harassment and assault on campus. This article surveys that history from the 1970s to the present, including a...
Patterns of Treatment Disengagement and Personality Traits Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Recent‐Era U.S. Veterans Receiving Cognitive Processing Therapy

Low treatment engagement is a barrier to implementation of empirically supported treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans. Understanding personality traits that predict dropout may help focus attempts to improve engagement. The current study included 90 veterans who served in recent conflicts in Iraq and/or Afghanistan and participated in a trial of cognitive processing therapy for PTSD. Goals were to characterize (a) personality correlates of PTSD, (b) patterns of engagement (i.e., attendance and homework completion), and (c) personality correlates of reduced engagement. Higher levels of PTSD symptoms were associated with a range of characteristics, including affective lability, r = .44 p < .001; anxiety, r = .38, p < .001; identity problems, r = .57, p < .001; intimacy problems, r = .34, p = .001; low affiliation, r = .33, p = .002; oppositionality, r = .36, p = .001; restricted expression, r = .35, p = .001; and suspiciousness, r = .50, p < .001. Notably, veterans with worse PTSD symptoms endorsed more cognitive dysregulation, r = .40, p < .001; and less insecure attachment, r = .14, p = .190, than expected. Only 52.2% of veterans completed the 12-session course of treatment and 31.0% of participants completed fewer than six sessions. Personality traits did not predict attendance or homework completion. Disengagement continues to be a significant issue in trauma-focused treatment for veterans with PTSD. Understanding veteran-level factors, such as personality traits, may be useful considerations for future research seeking to understand and improve engagement.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Temporal Arteritis

Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis are a clinical syndrome and clinicopathologic entity, respectively. Polymyalgia rheumatica occurs more commonly than temporal arteritis, with approximately half of all patients with temporal arteritis having the polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome. Both conditions are found in the population over 50 years of age and are associated with an elevated ESR. The etiology of both is unclear, although genetic, and potentially, environmental factors may play significant roles. Both conditions respond to corticosteroid therapy, but patients with temporal arteritis require significantly higher doses to control symptoms and to prevent blindness.
Feedback Quality in an Aligned Teacher-Training Program.

Background and objectives Residents as teachers (RAT) and medical students as teachers (MSAT) programs are important for the development of future physicians. In 2010, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (NUFSM) aligned RAT and MSAT programs, which created experiential learning opportunities in teaching and feedback across the graduate and undergraduate medical education continuum. The purpose of this study was to provide a curricular overview of the aligned program and to evaluate early outcomes through analysis of narrative feedback quality and participant satisfaction. Methods Program evaluation occurred through analysis of written feedback quality provided within the aligned program and postparticipation satisfaction surveys. A total of 445 resident feedback narratives were collected from 2013 to 2016. We developed a quality coding scheme using an operational definition of feedback. After independent coding of feedback quality, an expert panel established coding consensus. We evaluated program satisfaction and perceived importance through posttraining surveys in residents and fourth-year medical students (M4s). Results Seventy-nine residents participated in the aligned program and provided high-quality feedback with a relative quality rating of 2.71 (scale 0-3). Consistently high-quality written feedback was provided over the duration of the program and regardless of years of resident participation. Posttraining surveys demonstrated high levels of satisfaction and perceived importance of the program to both residents and M4s. Conclusions The aligned RAT and MSAT program across the medical education continuum provided experiential learning opportunities for future physician educators with evidence of high-quality written feedback to learners and program satisfaction.
Chapter 134 – Insecticides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses insecticides, which is the term coined to describe chemicals used to control pest insects and related invertebrate pest species. Insects are the most important species against which these chemicals are targeted. Other major groups of pest organisms include mites, ticks, and nematodes. Acaricides (for the control of mites and ticks) and nematocides are chemicals specifically used to control these pests, but they are still considered subgroups of the broadly defined insecticides group. Synthetic organic insecticides may be divided into several major classes such as: chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus compounds (often referred to as organophosphates), carbamates, pyrethroids, nicotinoids, fumigants, γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonists, chitin synthesis inhibitors (benzoylureas), mitochondrial poisons, and insect hormone mimics. These classifications are based on either group-specific chemical characteristics or their action mechanisms. Other insecticides belonging to minor classes are: botanically derived naturally occurring insecticides (other than pyrethroids and nicotinoids), microbially produced insecticides, synergists, semiochemicals such as attractants, including pheromones, insect repellents or feeding deterrents, and behavior-modifying agents for use on insects.
Pentosan Polysulfate Maculopathy versus Inherited Macular Dystrophies: Comparative Assessment with Multimodal Imaging.

Purpose To evaluate whether pentosan polysulfate (PPS) maculopathy manifests distinctive characteristics that permit differentiation from hereditary maculopathies with multimodal fundus imaging. Design Retrospective review. Participants Emory Eye Center databases were queried for the following International Classification of Diseases codes from May 20, 2014, through October 22, 2019: 362.70 (unspecified hereditary retinal dystrophy), 362.74 + H35.52 (pigmentary retinal dystrophy), 362.76 + H35.54 (dystrophies primarily involving the retinal pigment epithelium), and H35.50 (unspecified macular degeneration). Methods Fundus images for each patient were evaluated, including color fundus photographs, fundus autofluorescence images, and spectral-domain OCT images. Cases with imaging sufficient for diagnostic classification were analyzed. Masked graders classified patient images as follows: highly suggestive of PPS maculopathy; some features resembling PPS maculopathy, but not classic disease; and clearly distinct from PPS maculopathy. Main Outcome Measures Sensitivity and specificity for identification of PPS maculopathy by masked reviewers. Results A total of 1394 patients were evaluated, and 1131 had imaging sufficient for classification. Fifteen patients were categorized as having findings highly suggestive of PPS maculopathy; 25 patients showed some features resembling PPS maculopathy but not classic disease; and 1091 patients showed evidence of disease clearly distinct from PPS maculopathy. All 10 patients with PPS maculopathy in this dataset were correctly categorized as having PPS maculopathy. Five patients without PPS exposure were categorized incorrectly as having PPS maculopathy. This represented a 100% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity for identification of PPS maculopathy by masked review of fundus imaging in this dataset. Conclusions The imaging characteristics of PPS maculopathy allow for differentiation from hereditary maculopathies even in the absence of known exposure to the drug.
Practicing with peers: ethnographic interviews to inspire intercultural engagement at a small liberal arts college

This article discusses the value of an ethnographic interview assignment in an introductory-level anthropology course for stimulating intercultural engagement among college students. While colleges...
A Systemic Approach for Natural Language Scenario Elicitation of Security Requirements

Security analysts rely on scenarios to assess vulnerabilities, project attacks, and decide on security requirements that mitigate the threat. However, eliciting natural language scenarios from stakeholders can be an ad-hoc process and subject to ambiguity and incompleteness. In this paper, we examine systematic scenario elicitation by introducing a method based on user stories that uses a simplified process model of iterative scenario refinement. The process consists of three steps: 1) eliciting an interaction statement that describes a critical action performed by a user or system process; 2) eliciting one or more descriptive statements about a technology that enables the interaction; and 3) refinement of the technology into technical variants that correspond to design alternatives. We empirically evaluated our method by implementing our prototype in a user study that collects 30 security scenarios from participants. Based on our analysis, our proposed method is shown effective. Participants had a 100% task completion rate with 57% of participants achieving complete task-success, and the remaining 43% of participants achieving partial task-success. We also show the effect of security domain knowledge, and the benefit of using structure when collecting security requirements in natural language text. Finally, we present lessons learned and future research directions.
A Close Examination of the 2016 Dallas and Baton Rouge Police Killers: Identifying Potential Risk Factors and Influences for Copycat Violence:

Two of the worst targeted attacks on American police officers in recent history occurred within eleven days of each other. Although it seems clear their proximity was not merely attributable to cha...
Gene Expression Analysis

In this chapter we will overview the main points of gene expression analyses. We will illustrate using Affymetrix gene expression arrays and Illumina RNA-seq reads, but most of the underlying concepts port well to other platforms. Various preprocessing quality control metrics are discussed as well as how to evaluate the quality of the data. Next we discuss how to setup contrasts and detect differentially expressed genes.
West Pointers and the Civil War: The Old Army in War and Peace – By Wayne Wei‐siang Hsieh

The mass mobilization of the American Civil War required an effort from the soldiery of the contending powers that represented unprecedented challenges in United States history. Yet, these demands ...
SUB-SYSTEM AND FULL SYSTEM TESTING TO ASSESS SIDE IMPACT SAFETY

A study is being conducted in which both component level and full scale crash tests are being compared. This report documents the approach selected for component level testing and the matrix selected for full scale crash testing. The hardware that was fabricated to conduct the component tests is shown and discussed. The component test results to date are discussed as to repeatability, durability and ability to discriminate between levels of safety.
Suppression of the ${\hbox{Cu}}_{2-x}{\hbox{S}}$ Secondary Phases in CZTS Films Through Controlling the Film Elemental Composition

Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were grown by the sulfurization of stacked metal precursors deposited using radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on Mo-coated soda-lime glass substrates. In this paper, we report the role of the film chemical composition in the evolution of ${\hbox{Cu}}_{2-x}{\hbox{S}}$ phases and how to avoid their development through controlling the film composition. Furthermore, the effect of the elemental concentration on the structural and morphological properties of the final CZTS films has been investigated. The prepared CZTS films have a composition ratio M = Cu/(Zn + Sn) varying from 0.81 (Cu-poor) to 1.05 (Cu-rich). X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering studies revealed the presence of ${\hbox{Cu}}_{2-x}{\hbox{S}}$ phases in films with a Cu/(Zn + Sn) ratio higher than 1.00 and/or in films with a Sn/Cu ratio close to or less than the stoichiometric value of 0.50. However, ${\hbox{Cu}}_{2-x}{\hbox{S}}$ -phases-free CZTS films were achieved with Sn/Cu ratios sufficiently above 50% without regard to the Cu/(Zn + Sn) ratio. Plan and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy showed compact films, in general. Electron back-scattered diffraction revealed randomly oriented CZTS films.
Enhancing memory controllers to improve dram power and performance

Technological advances and new architectural techniques have enabled processor performance to double almost every two years. However, these performance improvements have not resulted in comparable speedups for all applications, because the memory system performance has not kept pace with processor performance in modern systems. In this dissertation, by concentrating on the interface between the processors and memory, the memory controller, we propose novel solutions to all three aspects of the memory problem, that is bandwidth, latency, and power. To increase available bandwidth between the memory controller and DRAM, we introduce a new scheduling approach. To hide memory latency, we introduce a new hardware prefetching technique that is useful for applications with regular or irregular memory accesses. And finally, we show how memory controllers can be used to improve DRAM power consumption. We evaluate our techniques in the context of the memory controller of a highly tuned modern processor, the IBM Power5+. Our evaluation for both technical and commercial benchmarks in single-threaded and simultaneous multi-threaded environments show that our techniques for bandwidth increase, latency hiding, and power reduction achieve significant improvements. For example, for single-threaded applications, when our scheduling approach and prefetching method are implemented together, they improve the performance of the SPEC2006fp, NAS, and a set of commercial benchmarks by 14.3%. 13.7%, and 11.2%, respectively. In addition to providing substantial performance and power improvements, our techniques are superior to the previously proposed methods in terms of cost as well. For example, a version of our scheduling approach has been implemented in the Power5+, and it has increased the transistor count of the chip by only 0.02%. This dissertation shows that without increasing the complexity of neither the processor nor the memory organization, all three aspects of memory systems can be significantly improved with low-cost enhancements to the memory controller.
Atypical compound nevus arising in mature cystic ovarian teratoma

Background: Mature cystic ovarian teratoma (MCOT) is the most common primary ovarian tumor. Rarely, MCOT may undergo malignant transformation. Melanoma arising primarily in MCOT is a rare event. Melanocytic nevi have also rarely been reported in MCOT. Case Report: A 28 year-old female presented with a palpable, 4.6 cm, right pelvic mass on physical examination. Histologically, the cystic neoplasm demonstrated epidermis with numerous pilosebaceous units and respiratory-type epithelium (endoderm) surrounded by adipose tissue and cartilage (mesoderm). A 2.0x 1.0 cm pigmented area corresponded to a nevus with architectural and cytologic features of the so-called "dysplastic nevus," including variable-sized nests of nevomelanocytes irregularly distributed on distorted rete ridges, bridging of nests between rete ridges, fibroplasia around rete ridges, and junctional shouldering beyond the dermal nevus. The nevomelanocytes demonstrated moderate cytologic atypia. Diagnostic criteria of melanoma were not identified. Conclusions: Herein, we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of an atypical ("dysplastic") nevus, arising in a MCOT. No features of melanoma were present and the patient is disease-free at one-year follow-up. Rarely, melanocytic nevi and melanomas arise from the ectodermal component of MCOTs. Moreover, melanomas may arise de novo or in association with a nevus. Distinction between a melanocytic nevus, as in our case, and a primary melanoma is critical for determining the patient's prognosis and need for additional therapy. As primary ovarian melanomas, like their skin counterpart, may arise from a precursor lesion, removal of a melanocytic nevus, such as this atypical nevus, could theoretically prevent melanoma transformation.
Fitting data to the johnson system

The paper is concerned with selection of a distribution from the three transformation distribution families in the Johnson systeam to fit data by matching percentiles. It is noted that hte existing procedures are incapable of discriminating the Johnson distributions when the true distribution belongs to the SL distribution family. A modified selection procedure is proposed and is proven to be consistent.
The machine loading and tool allocation problem in a flexible manufacturing system

Abstract In this paper the machine loading and tool allocation problem of an FMS is discussed, A mathematical model is developed to determine the routings of parts through the machines and to allocate appropriate cutting tools to each machine to achieve minimum overall machining cost. Computational experience with this model is presented under various system and operation parameter values. Computational refinements based on lagrangean relaxation are also discussed.
Diffusion‐based process for carbon dioxide uptake and isoprene emission in gaseous/aqueous two‐phase photobioreactors by photosynthetic microorganisms

Photosynthesis for the generation of fuels and chemicals from cyanobacteria and microalgae offers the promise of a single host organism acting both as photocatalyst and processor, performing sunlight absorption and utilization, as well as CO(2) assimilation and conversion into product. However, there is a need to develop methods for generating, sequestering, and trapping such bio-products in an efficient and cost-effective manner that is suitable for industrial scale-up and exploitation. A sealed gaseous/aqueous two-phase photobioreactor was designed and applied for the photosynthetic generation of volatile isoprene (C(5)H(8)) hydrocarbons, which operates on the principle of spontaneous diffusion of CO(2) from the gaseous headspace into the microalgal or cyanobacterial-containing aqueous phase, followed by photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation and isoprene production by the transgenic microorganisms. Volatile isoprene hydrocarbons were emitted from the aqueous phase and were sequestered into the gaseous headspace. Periodic replacement (flushing) of the isoprene (C(5)H(8)) and oxygen (O(2)) content of the gaseous headspace with CO(2) allowed for the simultaneous harvesting of the photoproducts and replenishment of the CO(2) supply in the gaseous headspace. Reduction in practice of the gaseous/aqueous two-phase photobioreactor is offered in this work with a fed-batch and a semi-continuous culturing system using Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 heterologously expressing the Pueraria montana (kudzu) isoprene synthase (IspS) gene. Constitutive isoprene production was observed over 192 h of experimentation, coupled with cyanobacterial biomass accumulation. The diffusion-based process in gaseous/aqueous two-phase photobioreactors has the potential to be applied to other high-value photosynthetically derived volatile molecules, emanating from a variety of photosynthetic microorganisms.
Distinct Temporal Patterns of Expression of Sodium Channel-like Immunoreactivity During the Prenatal Development of the Monkey and Cat Retina

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies prepared against the alpha-subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel (alpha NaCh) were used to examine the distribution of sodium channel-like immunoreactivity during the prenatal development of the cat and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) retina. At all prenatal ages studied, beginning on embryonic day 29 (E29) in the cat and E52 in the monkey, both antibodies labelled optic axons. With the polyclonal antibodies, the appearance of positive cells largely mirrored the onset of their morphological maturation. Immunoreactivity appeared first in the somata of ganglion cells, and subsequently the inner plexiform layer could be distinguished by its intense immunolabelling. A few weeks later horizontal cells displayed immunolabelling that extended to their dendrites in the developing outer plexiform layer. This was followed by immunoreactive cones, with bipolar cells labelled only postnatally. By contrast, with the monoclonal antibody some cells were found to be immunoreactive while their somata were still in the ventricular layer (E33 in cat and E52 in monkey). Many of these cells appeared to migrate to the outer portion of the prospective inner nuclear layer, where they gradually acquired the morphological appearance of bipolar cells. Transient expression of immunolabelling with monoclonal sodium channel antibody was found in the cones of the cat and cones and rods of the monkey. These results indicate that different types of alpha NaCh-like proteins are expressed in the mammalian retina at distinct developmental periods. Their presence at very early stages during development suggests that these proteins could play a specific role in the commitment and/or differentiation of specific retinal cell types.
The women's movement in the working class

Working-class women's reactions to the women's movement are frequently discussed, but there is little empirical research on the issue. The present study examines the dimensions of support in two planes: the particular issues that engender favorable or unfavorable reactions, and the characteristics of women who are generally supportive or hostile to the movement. Supporters are found to emphasize the movement's contributions to their sense of self-esteem and entitlement; opponents emphasize sexual morality and the social segregation of the sexes. The mildly sympathetic or tolerant, who comprise the majority of the sample, see the relevance of the movement primarily in terms of future generations. In a discriminant function analysis, work experience and personal satisfaction are found to significantly distinguish between these three attitudinal groups.
Effective Young's modulus estimation of concrete

A two-step analytical procedure is proposed to evaluate the quantitative influence of the maximum aggregate size and aggregate gradation on the effective Young's modulus of concrete. In the first step, the effective Young's modulus of a specified basic element, which is composed of an aggregate coated with interfacial transition zone and again covered with cement paste, is obtained based on a proposed four-phase sphere model. The theory of elasticity and Eshelby's equivalent medium theory are used to achieve the goal. In the second step, the rule of mixture method is used to estimate the effective Young's modulus of concrete. Following the two-step procedure, the maximum aggregate size and aggregate gradation are included in the formulations for the effective Young's modulus of concrete. The calculated results are compared with experimental results from the literature. The comparison results show a reasonable agreement when isostrain is assumed for every basic element in the second step. Parameters influencing the effective Young's modulus of concrete are discussed via calculated results.
Removal of Plutonium-239 and Americium-241 from Rocky Flats Soil by Leaching

A proposed remediation technology to remove Pu and Am from Rocky Flats Plant (RFP) soil combines hot solution (80 °C) leach with complexing (e.g., citrate) and reducing (e.g., ascorbic acid or dithionite) agents. The majority of the Pu and Am in the RFP soil was associated with soil size particles of 0.25 mm are generally associated with soil organic matter (SOM). A laboratory column-leaching process was used (1) to evaluate the leachability of 239,240Pu and 241Am from RFP soil using aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium citrate (Cit), sodium citrate−ascorbic acid (CAA), and sodium citrate−sodium dithionite (CD) and (2) to determine the effects of temperature and solution concentration to extract 239,240Pu and 241Am from soil. Ad ditional batch experiments measured the influences of soil particle size, soil organic matter (SOM), and ir...
New Theory of Lattice Dynamics at 0°K

It has previously been shown that the optimum choice of harmonic Hamiltonian with which to approximate a crystal Hamiltonian is one is which the force constants are equal to the ground-state expectation value of the second derivative of the crystal potential, the expectation value being computed self-consistently with the ground-state eigenfunction of the harmonic Hamiltonian. It is shown here that the appearance of ground-state averages of various derivatives of the potential is due to an explicit or implicit expansion of the potential in a Hermite polynomial series, and that such an expansion is superior to the conventional Taylor-series expansion for anharmonic systems. In addition, it is shown that one can systematically treat very anharmonic systems by expanding the Hamiltonian in a set of polynomials orthogonalized with respect to weight function chosen to cut off the potential at short range, and that explicit incorporation of an easily optimized Gaussian factor in this weight function provides a computationally convenient way of introducing certain desirable features into the general expansion.
T cells in multiple sclerosis and inflammatory central nervous system diseases.

Using murine monoclonal antibodies to mark total T cells, we have found rapid migration of T cells into the CSF in progressive multiple sclerosis patients, suggesting that the ongoing inflammatory responses in the CNS may depend on the continued movement of cells from the periphery into the target organ. Cloning experiments have indicated that the T cells present in the CSF during viral and post-viral encephalomyelitis represent sequestered populations of antigen-specific cells. In more chronic disease processes, these cells may also have restricted clonality as measured by the frequency of different T-cell receptor gene rearrangements on Southern blotting. It is known that there is restricted clonality of the B-cell immunoglobulin response in the CSF compartment with inflammatory CNS diseases, and with infections the majority of these so-called oligoclonal antibodies are directed against the exciting antigen and are synthesized in the CNS. Although we believe that T cells in the CNS originate from the blood, during the course of an inflammatory response the antigen and clonally-restricted populations found in the CSF may represent either selective migration or selective accumulation in the CNS. Selective migration might occur at the endothelial barrier as these cells can express Class II MHC antigens and act as antigen-presenting cells in the CNS (McCarron et al. 1985). Selective accumulation of T cells in the CNS might occur after non-specific migration of cells into the CNS followed by proliferation and expansion of T cells that have been induced by antigens in the brain. Antigen-presenting cells that are present in situ, such as astrocytes, may also play a role in the selective expansion of T cells in the CSF (Fontana et al. 1984). Alternatively, it is possible that T cells are induced to expand in the target CNS tissue non-specifically, e.g., via the CD2 pathway. In this regard, we have observed that CSF T cells exhibit alterations in stimulation by anti-T112 + anti-T113 monoclonal antibodies. The mechanism of damage to CNS tissue by immune cells is essentially unknown. For example there are no clear links between antibodies present in the CNS and CNS damage in SSPE where high titers of anti-measles antibodies are present. Whereas we did not observe high frequencies of measles-reactive cells in the CSF of a subject with SSPE, we did observe MHC non-restricted cytotoxic T cells which expressed TCR-gamma chains rather than alpha-beta chains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The effect of interval tubal sterilization on sexual interest and pleasure.

The objective of this study is to determine if interval tubal sterilization leads to a change in female sexual interest or pleasure and to identify predictors of a positive or negative effect. The study population comprised 4576 women enrolled in a prospective multicenter cohort study between 1978 and 1983. Potential demographic clinical and surgical predictors of sexual outcome were tested for significant variation from the overall pattern of unchanged increased and decreased sexual interest and pleasure. Over 80% of the 4576 study women reported no consistent change in either sexual interest (80.0%) or pleasure (81.7%) after interval tubal sterilization. Among women with consistent change positive effects were reported 10 and 15 times more often than negative effects for sexual interest and pleasure respectively. All subgroups of women except for those with post-sterilization regret were significantly (P < 0.05) more likely to experience increased rather than decreased interest or pleasure. Women with post-sterilization regret were the subgroup most likely to have a negative effect; in multivariate analyses post-sterilization regret was the only factor to be a predictor for decreased interest (odds ratio 4.0) and decreased pleasure (odds ratio 5.1). Similarly women reporting regret were significantly less likely to report increased interest or pleasure. Whether the regret or the decreased sexual interest or pleasure occurred first is unclear. Interval tubal ligation is unlikely to result in changed sexual interest or pleasure. Among these with change the majority experienced positive sexual effects. (authors)
Plasticity: the mirror of experience

A simple avoidance training procedure during early development produces massive neural traces in visual and somatic cortices of kittens reared in a normal environment. A preponderance of cells in these areas had response preferences for the stimuli used during training. Furthermore, some of these cells exhibited properties never found in normal animals not receiving such training. It appears that, even in an environment in which many other stimuli are present, some early experiences powerfully affect brain development and the way in which other experiences exert their effect.
Insertion techniques and adaptation of composite resin to cavity margins

C omposite resins are the most commonly used direct esthetic restorative materials. This success is due to their improved physical properties over those of silicaie cement and acrylic resin. With improved physical properties, however, the handling characteristics of a material must often be modified. Many times these modifications make the material more difficult for the dentist to manipulate. BIS-GMA resins, characteristic of composite resins, are viscous and have a short working time. These two properties can directly affect the manipulation of the composite resin. The problems can become further compounded when the dentist inserts the material in a small, confined space. The term “adaptation” is defined for dentistry as “the proximity of a restorative material to a cavity wall.“’ The lack of good adaptation or the presence of voids can lead to increased microleakage. Therefore, a placement technique should be used which will minimize poor adaptation and voids. The method of insertion usually recommended for composite resin is the bulk-pack technique. Immediately after mixing, the material is carried to the cavity by means of a plastic tipped instrument and wiped into the cavity. This process is repeated until the cavity preparation is filled. The best adaptation is achieved when the composite resin is inserted immediately after mixing.* Several studies have reported the effect of manipulative variables on the adaptation of composite resin to the cavity preparation and the presence of voids in the final restoration. Pressure used to insert the materials has been analyzed and studied by Jacobsen.3 The results showed that the celluloid matrix exerted the greatest pressure and was respon-
Intracerebroventricular infusions of rat satietin into rats does not produce conditioned taste aversion.

Abstract In a previous study we found that while human satietin (h-SAT) suppressed the food intake of rats it was also aversive to them. In the present study rat satietin (r-SAT) was tested for aversiveness in rats fitted with chronic third ventricle (ICV) cannulas. The rats were then given access to water for 1-hr/day and food ad lib for ten days. Fluid intake, food intake during fluid access and 24-hr total food consumption were recorded. The rats were then ICV infused with saline and 30 min later half of the animals given access to banana flavored water (Group 1) while the remainder were presented with almond flavored water (Group 2). The next day Group 1 was infused with saline and Group 2 with 100 μg/rat of r-SAT. Thirty minutes later the flavors presented to the rats were the reverse of the previous day. Satietin significantly reduced food intake during fluid access and for 24 hours. Thereafter, fluid and food ingestion of the groups was normal and similar. Thus no rebound feeding occurred in the r-SAT treated group. Two days after r-SAT or saline the rats were given a two-bottle choice test. Both groups displaced equal preference for the flavors, therefore r-SAT produced no taste aversion. The r-SAT treated rats lost more body weight than saline treated animals the first day after treatment. This difference increased the next day and remained significant for seven days post infusion, whereas, food consumption did not differ between the groups after the first day. The data indicate the food intake suppression in rats produced by r-SAT is not due to the compound being aversive.
Polymer-Impregnated Concrete: Field Studies

The principles developed in the laboratory for polymer impregnation of concrete to depths below the top layer of steel reinforcing rods were applied to the impregnation of large concrete slabs and a bridge deck. The concrete slabs and bridge deck were dried thoroughly using a propane torch assembly (temperature at surface 700°F or 372°C, at a 4-in. (100-mm) depth 250°F or 121°C) impregnated with a 16-in.(410-mm) ethylene film, and polymerized for a 16-in. (410-mm) pressure impregnator at 15psi-80psi (104kN/m²-552kN/m²), wrapped or covered with a polyethylene film, and polymerized for 5hr-8hr using steam from a pressure cooker. The monomer was a 90:10 methyl methacrylate-trimethylolpropane trimethaacrylate mixture containing 0.5% azobisisobutyronitrile intiator. The slabs were impregnated to their full 6-in. (150-mm) thickness, the bridge deck to a depth of at least 5 in. (125 mm). The polymer-impregnated slabs show increased compressive and split-tensile strengths, decreased water absorption, and improved resistance to corrosion, freeze-thaw cycling, abrasion, and acid-etching. The polymer-impregnated bridge deck shows decreased water absorption and improved resistance to acid-etching.
Regional specialization in retinal ganglion cell projection to optic tectum of Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Iguanidae)

Regional variation in the composition of the ganglion cell layer is a characteristic feature of vertebrate retinas. This suggests that corresponding patterns of regional variation might be expected in CNS structures which receive a direct, topographic projection from the retina. To investigate this possibility, I studied the retinotectal projection in an iguanid lizard (Dipsosaurus dorsalis), which shows a marked degree of regional variation in its retinal ganglion cell layer. Results of these experiments indicate that in D. dorsalis the optic tectum is differentiated horizontally into five regions which can be distinguished on the basis of cytoarchitecture and the patterning of retinal afferents, as visualized with silver degeneration and autoradiographic tracing techniques. These five areas are named according to their location: 1) Ventral Rim, 2) Lateral Wall, 3)Dorsolateral Area, 4) Dorsal Wall and 5) Medial Rim. Following enucleation, the Medial and Ventral Rim are characterized by fascicles of coarse degenerated fibers in layers 13, 12, and 9, by a relative absence of fine particulate debris in reduced silver material, and by the absence of silver grains in autoradiographs following intraocular injections of tritiated proline. They differ in the density of large calibre fibers and in the temporal course of degeneration. In the Lateral Wall the cellular layers are best differentiated, and nine retino-recipient layers can be distinguished below the stratum opticum. Degeneration is particularly heavy over the plexiform layers 9, 11, and 13. There is a superficial to deep gradient of degeneration density and of silver grains within layers 13 and 11. In the lower half of layer 11, argyrophilic debris and silver grains are aligned in vertical columns. The Dorsolateral Area is a circular region which covers the dorsolateral convexity of the tectum just caudal to mid tectal levels. It is characterized by a relatively low density of degenerated fibers in layers 13, 12, and especially in layer 9. Finally, the Dorsal Wall is similar to the Lateral Wall in the laminar distribution of degeneration and silver grains, except that there is an additional band of fine debris over layers 12 and 13 which is not visible in the Lateral Wall. Rostrally, the Dorsal Wall is greatly expanded (the Dorsal Expansion) and in this region a well developed plate of neurons lies immediately subjacent to the stratum opticum. This is the only tectal area which shows substantial degeneration at short survival times. These data suggest that in D. dorsalis there is horizontal variation in the morphology and patterning of retinal ganglion cell axons to the superficial tectal layers. Since Dipsosaurus retina exhibits a substantial degree of regional variation in the ganglion cell layer, and since the retina projects topographically onto the tectum, it is suggested that regional variation in the optic tectum may reflect regional variation in the ganglion cell layer of the retina.
Language Understanding and Unified Cognitive Science

Summary form only given. Artificial intelligence applications, particularly those involving natural language understanding, are actually less ambitious than they, were decades ago. Statistical and machine learning techniques have had great success on tasks that can be treated without understanding, but there are many important areas that require semantic systems. The key to building more powerful AI applications is to model the world knowledge and the linguistic and other basic abilities that people bring to bear. We now know that these abilities can not be fully expressed in abstract formalisms, but require models that map onto human biology and behavior. Cognitive science is the field that is best placed to unite the theory and applications of intelligence. However, as with other fields, there is a tendency to specialize in a narrow sub-domain. This talk will make the case that a unified cognitive science is now possible, based on rapid advances in all the relevant disciplines, including computational modeling, and that there are already applications of this more cognitive approach to AI.
The calculated ultraviolet optical properties of poly-l-proline I and II

Application of the current theory of optical activity of polymers to poly- l -proline I and poly- l -proline II reproduces the major features experimentally observed for these substances and allows a tentative assignment of the observed circular dichroism bands. In both structures, the π-π * amide absorption band is expected to be split into low energy and high energy branches, polarized parallel and perpendicular to the helix axis, respectively. Exciton interactions are the dominant source of the optical rotation in the tightly wound poly- l -proline I helix, as in the α-helix. The low and high energy π-π * branches have large positive and negative rotational strengths, respectively, with most of the π-π * absorption intensity being found in the low energy band. In poly- l -proline II most of the rotational strength and absorption intensity will be found in the high energy band. Preliminary calculations on collagen show that π-π * band splitting is expected.
Quantitative Analysis of Endocytosis with Cytoplasmic pHluorin Chimeras

The pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant pHluorin is typically fused to the extracellular domain of transmembrane proteins to monitor endocytosis. Here, we have turned pHluorin inside-out, and show that cytoplasmic fusions of pHluorin are effective quantitative reporters for endocytosis and multivesicular body (MVB) sorting. In yeast in particular, fusion of GFP and its variants on the extracellular side of transmembrane proteins can result in perturbed trafficking. In contrast, cytoplasmic fusions are well tolerated, allowing for the quantitative assessment of trafficking of virtually any transmembrane protein. Quenching of degradation-resistant pHluorin in the acidic vacuole permits quantification of extravacuolar cargo proteins at steady-state levels and is compatible with kinetic analysis of endocytosis in live cells.
Further Comment on “AGU Statement: Investigation of Scientists and Officials in L'Aquila, Italy, Is Unfounded”

The AGU statement on the investigation of Italian scientists and officials in regard to the L'Aquila earthquake (Eos, 91(28), 248, 13 July 2010) appears to be a noble attempt to protect not only these individuals but also those AGU members who are involved in similar hazard and risk assessments. But in the long run this statement not only damages AGU by misleading its membership as to the responsibilities of the indicted individuals but also sends the wrong message to the Italian scientific communities about their social responsibilities. The AGU statement assumes that the indicted individuals are innocent because it is not possible for scientists to predict earthquakes, but it neglects to explain what their scientific responsibilities are and why these individuals may be also guilty of failing to properly exercise their social responsibility. If one accepts public funds, has the responsibility of deciding how to manage those funds, and is playing the double role of a scientist and a politician, one is also responsible for both the scientific and social consequences of one's actions. Because some of the indicted individuals are also responsible for drafting and promoting the unreliable Vesuvius Evacuation Plan (http://www.westnet.com/~dobran), they should also be accountable for the consequences in the Vesuvius area.