cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capitalism, Inequality, and Development in Latin America

This essay reviews the following works: The Oxford Handbook of the Brazilian Economy. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 813. $150.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190499983. Historia economica de la Argentina en los siglos XX y XXI. By Claudio Belini and Juan Carlos Korol. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores, 2020, rev. ed. Pp. 7 + 396. ARS $1,290. ISBN: 9789878010380. State and Nation Making in Latin America and Spain: The Rise and Fall of the Developmental State. Edited by Agustin E. Ferraro and Miguel A. Centeno. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. ix +436. $140.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107189829. The Political Economy of Taxation in Latin America. Edited by Gustavo A. Flores-Macias. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp vii + 282. $99.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781108474573. The Public Good and the Brazilian State: Municipal Finance and Public Services in Sao Paulo, 1822–1930. By Anne G. Hanley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 290. $60.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780226535074. Feeding the World: Brazil’s Transformation into a Modern Agricultural Economy. By Herbert S. Klein and Francisco Vidal Luna. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp viii + 468. $32.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108460972. The Mexican Heartland: How Communities Shaped Capitalism, a Nation, and World History, 1500–2000. By John Tutino. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018. Pp 512. $39.50 hardcover. ISBN: 9780691174365.
The Second Half of the Twentieth Century

On the most elemental level developments of the past half century can be described simply as having transformed a data-poor field to a data-rich one. This occurred through remarkable developments in instrumentation and data acquisition and processing that have made remote sensing and/or numerical modeling the central modes of nearly all current atmospheric research. Most important, the resulting information has stimulated major scientific advances that in turn give direction to further technical development.
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for Inline Process Control in the Semiconductor Industry

Building high-performance silicon CMOS or III/V devices requires many structural process steps, where a physical layer (dielectric, epitaxial semiconductor, gate electrode, or metal contact) is first deposited across the wafer and then partially removed by a masked or blanket etch process. Whenever possible, the deposition and etch processes are verified by a thickness metrology step. Typically, a latest-generation CMOS process flow contains about 100 thickness measurements, at least during the development of the technology. The metrology method of choice in the semiconductor industry is spectroscopic ellipsometry, because it is fast, non-destructive, and capable of measuring product wafers in small areas (30–50 \(\upmu {}\)m beam diameter) set aside in the scribe grid. This chapter will describe several typical applications of ellipsometry in CMOS and III/V device manufacturing and address capabilities and limitations and how future basic research on optical properties of materials can benefit the industry.
Tree Form and Internal Tree Characteristics

Previous chapters have dealt with the most common wood characteristics and their inheritance patterns. This chapter, and Chapter 11, cover a miscellany of wood properties that did not fit into the previous chapters; but that does not imply that this chapter does not contain important information. It does! For example, improving tree form is the fastest and easiest way to improve wood properties and needs major consideration. Although a limited amount can be done with it genetically, an alteration of the pattern of juvenile wood production will have a major effect on wood utilization. Although wood chemistry often shows a strong inheritance, its effect on the final product is usually less than that of anatomical changes, and research on genetic aspects of wood chemistry has been limited. Moisture content, bark percentage, and wood color all have important inheritance patterns.
The weak coupling model applied to the nuclei with A = 16–19: (I). Energy levels

We have formulated particle-hole states by coupling in J and T eigenfunctions resulting from diagonalization of (sd)'l and p"2. A central particle-hole interaction is assumed and the results for the negative parity levels with A = 16-19 mostly compare well with experiment. In particular it is important to include three hole states in x~O. The structure of the positive parity levels in mass-18 is discussed. The shell model is well suited to the study of the low-lying energy levels of light nuclei. The basic approach is to choose a subspace of shell-model configurations which is assumed to represent the main degrees of freedom of the system. The task is then to predict as many nuclear properties as possible. The correctness of the con- figuration assignment is determined by a comparison between theory and experiment. In the region of t60 many calculations have been performed where the 160 system is assumed to constitute a closed and spherical core. The degrees of freedom responsible for the nuclear properties are then attributed to the additional particles or holes outside the core. In this description one is restricted to energy levels with the
Degradation of protein kinase Cα and its free catalytic subunit, protein kinase M, in intact human neuroblastoma cells and under cell-free conditions: Evidence that PKM is degraded by mM calpain-mediated proteolysis at a faster rate than PKC

Abstract Proteolytic cleavage of protein kinase C (PKC) under cell-free conditions generates a co-factor independent, free catalytic subunit (PKM). However, the difficulty in visualizing PKM in intact cells has generated controversy regarding its physiological relevance. In the present study, treatment of SH-SY-5Y cells with 2-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate resulted in complete down-regulation of PKC within 24 h without detection of PKM. By contrast, low levels of PKM were transiently detected following ionophore-mediated calcium influx under conditions which induced no detectable PKC loss. PKM was not detected during rapid cell-free degradation of partially purified SH-SY-5Y PKCα by purified human brain mM calpain. However, when the kinetics of PKC degradation were slowed by lowering levels of calpain, PKM was transiently detected. PKM was also only transiently observed following calpain-mediated degradation of purified rat brain PKCα. Densitometric analyses indicated that, once formed, PKM was degraded approximately 10 times faster than PKC. These data provide an explanation as to why PKM is difficult to observe in situ, and indicate that PKM should not be considered as an ‘unregulated’ kinase, since its persistence is apparently strictly regulated by proteolysis.
An Efficient Method to Separate Sc3N@C80 Ih and D5h Isomers and Sc3N@C78 by Selective Oxidation with Acetylferrocenium [Fe(COCH3C5H4)Cp]+

Based on the different oxidation potentials of endohedral fullerenes Sc3N@C80 Ih and D5h and Sc3N@C78, an efficient and useful method that avoids HPLC has been developed for their separation. Selective chemical oxidation of the Sc3N@D5h-C80 isomer and Sc3N@C78 by using an acetylferrocenium salt [Fe(COCH3C5H4)Cp](+) followed by column chromatographic separation and reduction with CH3SNa resulted in the isolation of pure Sc3N@Ih-C80, Sc3N@C78, and a mixture of Sc3N@D5h-C80 and Sc3N@C68.
Antioxidants in Grasshoppers: Higher Levels Defend the Midgut Tissues of a Polyphagous Species Than a Graminivorous Species

Polyphagous grasshoppers consume plants that contain markedly greater amounts of potentially prooxidant allelochemicals than the grasses eaten by graminivorous grasshoppers. Therefore, levels of antioxidant defenses maintained by these herbivores might be expected to differ in accordance with host plant ranges. Antioxidant levels were compared in midgut tissues and gut fluids of a polyphagous grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, and a graminivorous grasshopper, Aulocara ellioti. Glutathione concentrations in midgut tissues of M. sanguinipes (10.6 mM) are among the highest measured in animal tissues and are twice as high as those in A. ellioti. α-Tocopherol levels are 126% higher in midgut tissues of M. sanguinipes than in those of A. ellioti, and remain at high levels when M. sanguinipes is reared on plants containing a wide range of α-tocopherol concentrations. Ascorbate levels in M. sanguinipes midgut tissues are 27% higher than in those of A. ellioti, but vary depending on the host plant on which they are reared. Midgut fluids of both species contain elevated levels of glutathione, as well as large (millimolar) amounts of undetermined antioxidants that are produced in the insects. The consumption of tannic acid decreases ascorbate concentrations in midgut tisssues and gut fluids of A. ellioti but has no effect on ascorbate levels in M. sanguinipes. The results of this study provide the first measurements of antioxidants in grasshoppers and suggest that the maintenance of high levels of antioxidants in the midgut tissues of polyphagous grasshoppers might effectively protect them from oxidative stress.
The Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in Neonatal Resuscitation: Help or Harm?

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. George Santayana The Life of Reason Sodium bicarbonate has long been used in neonatal resuscitation, and recommendations for its use are currently included in guidelines issued as a part of a national program to improve neonatal resuscitation.1 Given our relatively long experience using sodium bicarbonate in neonatal resuscitation, one might assume that the early experimental data on which usage was predicated were extensive and compelling and that modern data continue to support its use. Sodium bicarbonate was first commercially produced in the late 1950s, and soon thereafter, its use in premature neonates became commonplace, not for treating neonatal asphyxia per se, but rather as a therapy designed to prevent azotemia, hypoglycemia, and elevations in serum potassium levels as well as for correcting metabolic acidosis (the socalled Usher regimen).2
An Education-Oriented Robotic Anthropomorphic Hand System

In this paper, an interactive robotic anthropomorphic hand system is presented, which was developed as an important tool for the educational outreach activities. The robotic anthropomorphic hand incorporates 15 degrees of freedom, providing sufficient mobility in the demonstration of various postures. To increase the attractiveness of the robotic hand, pneumatic muscle actuators are used to drive the robotic hand motion through artificial tendons. The interaction of the robotic hand with a human is enabled with a control device, which allows the human operator to control the hand motion in a natural way. The robotic hand system has been successfully demonstrated in a recent engineering education outreach event, in which over 100 children at all ages operated the robotic hand through the control device.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Simvastatin was cost-effective across a broad range of risk and age groups.

Source Citation Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Lifetime cost effectiveness of simvastatin in a range of risk groups and age groups derived from a randomised trial of 20, 536 people. BM...
Preparation of Pure meso-Tetraphenylporphine and Two Derivatives

Optimal conditions for the preparation and purification of meso-tetraphenylporphine, methyl-meso-tetraphenylporphine, and methoxy-meso-tetraphenylporphine were studied. The reaction of equimolar concentrations of pyrrole and the respective aldehyde in propionic acid gave the best yield of porphine compounds. These compounds were further purified by column chromatography and, according to elemental analyses, found to be of high purity.
Unsteady Full Annulus Simulations of a Transonic Axial Compressor Stage

Two recent research endeavors in turbomachinery at NASA Glenn Research Center have focused on compression system stall inception and compression system aerothermodynamic performance. Physical experiment and computational research are ongoing in support of these research objectives. TURBO, an unsteady, three-dimensional, Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics code commissioned and developed by NASA, has been utilized, enhanced, and validated in support of these endeavors. In the research which follows, TURBO is shown to accurately capture compression system flow range-from choke to stall inception-and also to accurately calculate fundamental aerothermodynamic performance parameters. Rigorous full-annulus calculations are performed to validate TURBO s ability to simulate the unstable, unsteady, chaotic stall inception process; as part of these efforts, full-annulus calculations are also performed at a condition approaching choke to further document TURBO s capabilities to compute aerothermodynamic performance data and support a NASA code assessment effort.
THE FORMATION OF FIBRIN VARIANTS.

Abstract Purified fibrinogen was reacted at optimal conditions with various purified enzymes, including thrombin, papain, staphylococcal coagulase, and vasculokinase. These reactions were allowed to proceed for various lengths of time. The protein-free supernatants were resolved in an amino acid analyzer on 12% cross-linked divinyl benzine. The amino acids and small peptides were resolved. It was shown that Parke-Davis thrombin could form aspartic acid, and occasionally serine and threonine, in addition to small peptides. These ostensibly could be derived from the A and B peptides. Papain evolved a multiplicity of amino acids and peptides in increasing numbers with the time of incubation. Staphylococcal coagulase and vasculokinase produced a relatively discrete number of amino acids (15 and 11, respectively), as well as numbers of small peptides. Some of these amino acids could not be found in the A and B peptides, indicating that the fibrinogen was split differently than by the action of thrombin. Resolution of some of the vasculokinase-produced peptides indicated that they were also derived from loci other than the A and B peptides.
Catalytic Ionic Hydrogenation of Ketones by {[Cp*Ru(CO)2]2(μ-H)}+

{[Cp*Ru(CO)2]2(μ-H)}+OTf − functions as a homogeneous catalyst precursor for hydrogenation of ketones to alcohols, with hydrogenations at 1 mol % catalyst loading at 90 °C under H2 (820 psi) proceeding to completion and providing >90% yields. Hydrogenation of methyl levulinate generates γ-valerolactone, presumably by ring-closing of the initially formed alcohol with the methyl ester. Experiments in neat Et2C═O show that the catalyst loading can be <0.1 mol % and that at least 1200 turnovers of the catalyst can be obtained. These reactions are proposed to proceed by an ionic hydrogenation pathway, with the highly acidic dihydrogen complex [Cp*Ru(CO)2(η2-H2)]+OTf− being formed under the reaction conditions from reaction of H2 with {[Cp*Ru(CO)2]2(μ-H)}+OTf −.
The use of pasture trees by birds in a tropical montane landscape in Monteverde, Costa Rica

Conversion of forests to agricultural land may require many bird species to use resources in fragmented landscapes in order to persist. Pasture trees can make agricultural landscapes more hospitable for birds, but we do not know what factors promote bird visitation to pasture trees. Bird use of 26 focal trees of a common pasture species, Sapium glandulosum (Euphorbiaceae), was examined in three pastures in a montane landscape in Costa Rica to understand factors influencing bird visitation. Bird visits were analysed in relation to pasture tree size, distance from forest edge, degree of isolation and epiphyte load. Foraging resources (epiphyte or tree substrate) were also measured. From May–July 2012, 52 bird species from 20 families were recorded from 926 unique visits. Bird visitation was best explained by tree size, degree of isolation and epiphyte load such that larger, more isolated trees with higher epiphyte loads attracted more birds. Birds preferred food resources from focal trees (51% of visits) rather than their epiphytes (5% of visits). The results corroborate previous findings that mature pasture trees, even when isolated, may contribute more to species persistence than smaller trees.
Real-time order management with supplier capacity reservation

Collaboration between firms and their suppliers is growing in response to the need for integrating supply chains to minimise risk and increase profitability for both sides. In this study this issue is studied in the context of a build-to-order environment. Profitability of the firm impacted by order management decisions is examined in real time using a Profitable-To-Promise (PTP) model. It is shown that there is an optimal level of capacity to reserve with a preferred supplier in order to maximise profitability. The level of capacity to reserve in order to maximise customer service levels is also examined.
Time and the dream.

Like the unconscious, a dream is not bound by the constraints of time; as with the unconscious, however, the so-called "timelessness" of the dream is only relative. Both the experience and the concept of time may be present, either openly or implicitly, in the manifest content of the dream. Time as perspective is typically represented in spatial terms, time as duration in terms of motion or situations involving time-bound affects. The concept or experience of time in the manifest dream may signify an unconscious conflict. When time is explicit, the conflict is likely to refer to an early event or relationship; when time is disguised or implicit in the dream experience, it may signify a current conflict, one involving a contemporary relationship or an early relationship reactivated in the transference. By eliminating time perspective, the dream work can make painful affects more tolerable and thus prevent awakening.
Assessing the Effects of Maternal Symptoms and Homelessness on the Mental Health Problems in their Children

Objective: This study examines the longitudinal association between measures of child well being and maternal posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, homelessness, substance abuse, and other psychiatric conditions. Method: A sample of 142 mothers who were veterans of the US armed forces were assessed at program entry and every three months thereafter for one year. A repeated-measures with mixed-effects analytic strategy was used to assess the association of children’s mental health, school enrolment and attendance with measures of maternal psychiatric symptoms and homelessness. Results: Significant associations between mothers’ psychiatric symptoms and child well-being were identified. However, the multivariable mixed-models suggest that increased depression and anxiety symptoms among children were associated primarily with mothers’ PTSD, and not depression, symptoms. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence of an association between maternal and child mental health and may suggest that treating maternal PTSD symptoms may also benefit children, regardless of whether the child was also exposed to the traumatic experience.
Editorial: Welcome to Volume 33

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: Welcome to Volume 33” for OE Vol. 33 Issue 01
The Rule of Creative Completion: Neofiti’s Use of שכלל

The verb שכלל never appears as the sole verb of a creative process in Targum Neofiti—a practice unique to TgNeof among the Palestinian Targums. Rather, the authors exclusively reserve שכלל for the final position of Aramaic verbal doublets and triplets that complete a creative action initiated by a prior Hebrew verb. This article examines each use of שכלל in TgNeof and demonstrates how its consistent usage—designated as the ‘Rule of Creative Completion’ by the author—can inform contested interpretations elsewhere within the text, and notably its presence in the extant text of TgNeof Gen. 1.1, as well as offer further evidence for an established Aramaic scribal style employed during the composition of Palestinian Targums.
Extended time series measurements of submarine groundwater discharge tracers (222Rn and CH4) at a coastal site in Florida

article i nfo We report the results of an experiment in which we measured 222 Rn (15,000 observations), CH4 (40,000 observations), and associated variables in seawater nearly continuously at a coastal site in the Gulf of Mexico for almost two years. Significant correlations between
Outputs of human walking for bipedal robotic controller design

This paper presents a method to determine outputs associated with human walking data that can be used to design controllers that achieve human-like robotic walking. We consider a collection of human outputs, i.e., functions of the kinematics computed from experimental human data, that satisfy criteria necessary for human-inspired bipedal robot control construction. These human outputs are described in a form amendable to controller design through a special class of time based functions — termed canonical walking functions. An optimization problem is presented to determine the parameters of this controller that yields the best fit to the human data that simultaneously produces stable robotic walking. The optimal value of the cost function is used as a metric to determine which human outputs result in the most “human-like” robotic walking. The human-like nature of the resulting robotic walking is verified through simulation.
A molecular dynamics study of the Gibbs free energy of solvation of fullerene particles in octanol and water

Abstract The Gibbs free energy of solvation (Δ G solv ) for C 60 , and six other idealized, non-functionalized, fullerene particles of differing size and shape has been determined in octanol and water solvents from molecular dynamics simulations using thermodynamic integration. In particular, we have studied Buckminster fullerene (C 60 ) and open and capped carbon nanotubes of different aspect ratios and solvent accessible surface areas. Knowledge of the Δ G solv of a molecule in octanol and water can be used to understand the partitioning of the molecule between organic and aqueous phases and is one of several parameters used to model the fate of chemicals in the natural environment. The simulations were performed at ambient conditions, i.e., a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 1 bar. The fullerene molecules are all found to have a very high Δ G solv in water, and a very low Δ G solv in octanol, suggesting a strong preference for the organic phase. From a comparison of the results for capped and uncapped carbon nanotubes we found that the uncapped tubes exhibit significantly higher Δ G solv than capped tubes. Furthermore, for capped carbon nanotubes, hydrophobic/organophilic shifts are observed with increasing excluded volume and solvent accessible surface area.
The effect of approximating some molecular integrals in coupled-cluster calculations: fundamental frequencies and rovibrational spectroscopic constants for isotopologues of cyclopropenylidene

The effect of approximating the three- and four-virtual molecular orbital integrals in single and double coupled-cluster theory including a perturbational correction for connected triple excitations [CCSD(T)] is investigated for the calculation of higher-order properties, specifically the calculation of a molecular quartic force field and spectroscopic constants. The approach was proposed previously, but investigated for only second- and lower-order properties. It is shown that the conclusions reached previously are essentially unchanged on moving to higher-order properties. That is, approximating the selected integrals has essentially no effect on the accuracy of CCSD(T) calculations, and the error due to approximating integrals is much smaller than the residual error due to one-particle basis set deficiencies. The advantage of this approach is that it significantly reduces the amount of data needed to perform CCSD(T) calculations, thereby reducing computational requirements associated with input/output ...
Neural networks-based detection of stepping-stone intrusion

When network intruders launch attacks to a victim host, they try to avoid revealing their identities by indirectly connecting to the victim through a sequence of intermediary hosts, called stepping-stones. One effective stepping-stone detection mechanism is to detect such a long connection chain by estimating the number of stepping-stones. Artificial neural networks provide the potential to identify and classify network activities. In this paper, we propose an approach that utilizes the analytical strengths of neural networks to detect stepping-stone intrusion. Two schemes are developed for neural network investigation. One uses eight packet variables and the other clusters a sequence of consecutive packet round-trip times. The experimental results show that using neural networks as the detection tool works well to predict the number of stepping-stones for incoming packets by both proposed schemes through monitoring a connection chain with a few packets. In addition, various transfer functions and learning rules are studied and it is observed that using Sigmoid transfer function and Delta learning rule generally provides better prediction.
Public Perceptions of the Midwest's Pavements: Explaining the Relationship Between Pavement Quality and Driver Satisfaction

A three-phase study involving focus groups and sample surveys was conducted in three Midwestern states to assess the amount of satisfaction that motorists who drive on rural, two-lane state highways have with the pavement characteristics of those highways and to explain the relationship between the actual physical condition of the pavements and motorists' satisfaction. Consistently in each state, the direct relationship between pavement quality and driver satisfaction was mediated by cognitive structure—a set of five specific beliefs motorists have about the pavement. The part of the study that (a) applies a powerful psychological model to the task of understanding motorists' satisfaction with pavements; (b) offers reliable measures of driver satisfaction with pavement quality and of belief-based cognitive structure related to pavements; (c) has accomplished the important task of identifying the most salient pavement features considered by members of the public when they evaluate pavement quality; and (d)...
Normative SF-36 values in competing NCAA intercollegiate athletes differ from values in the general population.

Background: The Short Form-36 (SF-36) is a valid and reliable generic indicator of health status. The scoring distributions for the general and specific populations have been extensively reported in the literature and vary according to age, gender, the type and severity of a medical condition, and socioeconomic status. However, normative data pertaining specifically to athletic populations are limited. The purpose of the present study was to establish SF-36 reference norms for athletes cleared for participation in intercollegiate sports. Methods: Six hundred and ninety-six United States National Collegiate Athletic Association Division-I and II student athletes who had been cleared for participation in intercollegiate sports completed the self-administered form of the SF-36 at the time of pre-participation evaluations. Demographic information and history of injuries were also recorded. Results: Compared with the general population and an age-matched sample of the general population, the athletes scored significantly higher in all health domains (p < 0.01) except for bodily pain (p = 0.05). Among the athletes, men scored significantly higher than women in the general health domain only (p = 0.0006). Athletes with no reported history of injury scored significantly higher than those with previous injuries in all health domains, except in role limitations due to emotional problems. Conclusions: Intercollegiate athletes cleared for participation reported significantly higher SF-36 scores in comparison with a similarly aged sample of the general population. These normative values are important in the evaluation of health status of intercollegiate athletes before and after intervention.
Linking single particle rearrangements to delayed collapse times in transient depletion gels

Weak depletion gels with particle radii of ~200?500?nm have been reported to display a time-dependent settling behaviour where an initially space spanning gel displays a catastrophic collapse after a characteristic period of time, defined as the delay time. Several experiments suggest that thermally activated particle rearrangements promote macroscopic gel coarsening, which ultimately triggers the rapid collapse. The delay time is found to be a sensitive function of the colloid volume fraction and polymer concentration. We have performed systematic experiments on the silica?decalin?polystyrene depletion system to explore how colloid volume fraction, polymer concentration, particle radius and ratio of polymer radius of gyration to particle radius influence the delayed collapse time of transient gels. We employ a recently developed activated barrier-hopping theory to make predictions of the timescales over which colloids can escape localized states as a function of system parameters. Our study shows that, within experimental uncertainty, delay times follow an exponential dependence on a composite variable that is a function of the three controllable system variables, which is very similar to that predicted for the thermally activated local rearrangement timescales. This provides support for the hypothesis that thermally activated particle motions are a rate-limiting step in determining the timescale for the initiation of catastrophic collapse of transient gels. In addition, the model explains why transient gel formation is found to be absent in weak depletion gels as particle sizes are reduced.
Galactose and glucose metabolism in galactokinase deficient, galactose‐1‐P‐uridyl transferase deficient and normal human fibroblasts

Despite the genetic interruption of the Leloir pathway both galactosemic patients and galactosemic fibroblasts can convert galactose to CO2 and TCA precipitable products, although at less than the normal rate. These observations stimulated investigations into the identity of the alternative metabolic routes which allows for galactose metabolism in the absence of in vitro galactose-1-P-uridyl transferase. Four lines of galactosemic cells, each without detectable gal-transferase, produced 14CO2 from [1-14C]-galactose (0.094 mumoles in 20 cc of medium) at approximately 39% +/- 16% the rate of transferase positive cells over a 48-hour period. However, galactokinase deficient fibroblasts produced 14CO2 and TCA precipitable products from [1-14C]-galactose or [U-14C]-galactose at only 3% to 9% the rate of normal fibroblasts. Therefore it seems likely that gal-transferase deficient fibroblasts must first synthesize galactose-1-P for further metabolism of galactose.
A method for in vivo identification of bacterial small RNA-binding proteins.

Small bacterial regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) have gained immense appreciation over the last decade for their roles in mediating posttranscriptional gene regulation of numerous physiological processes. Several proteins contribute to sRNA stability and regulation, most notably the Hfq RNA-binding protein. However, not all sRNAs rely on Hfq for their stability. It is therefore likely that other proteins contribute to the stability and function of certain bacterial sRNAs. Here, we describe a methodology for identifying in vivo-binding proteins of sRNAs, developed using the iron-responsive PrrF and PrrH sRNAs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. RNA was isolated from iron-depleted cultures, which were irradiated to cross-link nucleoprotein complexes. Subsequently, PrrF- and PrrH-protein complexes were enriched using cDNA “bait”, and enriched RNA-protein complexes were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry to identify PrrF and PrrH associated proteins. This method identified Hfq as a potential PrrF- and PrrH-binding protein. Interestingly, Hfq was identified more often in samples probed with the PrrF cDNA “bait” as compared to the PrrH cDNA “bait”, suggesting Hfq has a stronger binding affinity for the PrrF sRNAs in vivo. Hfq binding to the PrrF and PrrH sRNAs was validated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays with purified Hfq protein from P. aeruginosa. As such, this study demonstrates that in vivo cross-linking coupled with sequence-specific affinity chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (SSAC-MS/MS) is an effective methodology for unbiased identification of bacterial sRNA-binding proteins.
Pathogenesis of proliferative neovascular retinopathies and the role of vitrectomy. A hypothesis

Proliferative neovascular retinopathies may be caused by the release of a hypothetical vasoproliferative factor, but mechanical factors seem to self-perpetuate the disease as well. Contraction of proliferative tissue causes vitreous detachment and traction on the retina. Congestion of vascular fronds by traction further stimulates vascularization. Traction on vessels results in hemorrhages. Surgical removal of all intravitreal scaffolds by vitrectomy seems to eliminate the development of this vicious cycle. Results of vitreous surgery seem to indicate that the hypothesis of scaffold removal is valid.
Transonic test of a forward swept wing configuration exhibiting Body Freedom Flutter

The aeroelastic dynamic instability designated Body Freedom Flutter (BFF) involves aircraft pitch and wing bending motions characteristic of forward swept wing (FSW) aircraft. Attention is presently given to the results of tests conducted on a 1/2-scale cable-mounted FSW wind tunnel model, with and without relaxed static stability (RSS) control conditions. BFF instability boundaries were found to occur at significantly lower air speeds than those associated with aeroelastic wing divergence on the same model. Servoaeroelastic stability analyses have been conducted which proved capable of predicting the measured onset of BFF, in both the statically stable and RSS configurations tested.
An automated shear stud welding system

Stud welding is highly repetitive and stressful on the worker; thus it is a prime candidate for automation. A robotic device, called the ''Studmaster'', has been developed at MIT which automates stud welding during construction of industrial buildings and can easily be adapted for use on bridge decks. The machine is controlled by a microcomputer, and utilizes a loading and welding mechanism which is actuated by three pneumatic cylinders and one mechanical relay. This mechanism is mounted on a small tracked vehicle which is manually indexed to each weld site by a human operator. Expected payback time for an industrially hardened version is estimated to be on the order of 1-2 years.
Use of a nitrogen mustard derivative in fixation for electron microscopy and observations on the ultrastructure of Tetrahymena

The ultrastructure of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis has been studied from thin sections of cells fixed with a mixture of glutaraldehyde and tris-(1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide. Some improvement in fixation has been obtained compared with results employing other fixatives in common use. The fine structure of coated pits, peroxisomes, mucocysts, nuclear pores, cilia, basal bodies, and fibrillar elements are described. Of particular interest are the cilia, nascent kinetosomes in the oral area, and the fine filamentous reticulum of the oral apparatus. These and other observations are discussed in relation to previous descriptions and possible functional significance.
Comment on the phonon-induced fluorescence of crystalline anthracene

Abstract Features of the low temperature phonon-induced emission of anthracene are explained by the large density of states split from the exciton band by photon interactions.
Comparison of three treatment approaches to decreasing cardiovascular disease risk in nondiabetic insulin-resistant dyslipidemic subjects

The efficacy of fenofibrate (FEN), rosiglitazone (RSG), or a calorie-restricted diet (CRD) to reduce cardiovascular disease risk was compared in 37 overweight/obese insulin-resistant nondiabetic subjects. Insulin sensitivity, fasting lipids and lipoproteins, and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, and triglycerides were measured before and after 3 months of treatment with FEN, RSG, or CRD. Weight decreased in the CRD group, but did not change significantly after treatment with either drug. Insulin sensitivity improved significantly in the CRD- and RSG-treated groups, but to a greater extent in those administered RSG, without a significant difference comparing FEN treatment with the CRD. Total cholesterol was significantly lower after FEN and CRD treatment. Fasting plasma triglycerides decreased significantly in the FEN- and CRD-treated groups, but postprandial concentrations decreased in only FEN-treated subjects. Significant decreases in postprandial glucose and insulin were seen in only the RSG- and CRD-treated groups. FEN administration improved dyslipidemia in these subjects without changing insulin sensitivity, whereas insulin sensitivity was enhanced in RSG-treated patients without improvement in dyslipidemia. Weight loss in the CRD group led to improvements in both insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia, but the change in the former was less than in RSG-treated patients, and improvement in lipid metabolism not as great as with FEN. In conclusion, there did not appear to be 1 therapeutic intervention that effectively treated all metabolic abnormalities present in these patients at greatly increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Field-enhanced disorder in a ferromagnet with random-axis anisotropy

We investigate the harmonic magnon modes in a model ferromagnet with random-axis anisotropy. Using a numerical approach, we calculate the density of states and characterize the localization of the eigenfunctions. It is shown that, when the anisotropy is large, applying a saturating field greatly enhances the effects of the disorder introduced by the anisotropy.
Compatibilizing polyimide/silica hybrids by alkoxisilane-terminated oligoimides: Morphology–Properties relationships

A fluorinated polyimide (PI), synthesized from 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, was used as matrix for the preparation of PI/silica hybrids. The inorganic phase was obtained in situ by a sol–gel route with tetraethoxysilane as precursor. Both micron- and nano-scale hybrids were obtained depending on the interfacial interaction between the organic and inorganic phases. To promote such interaction a compatibilizing agent was synthesized, in the form of an alkoxisilane-terminated oligoimide. Both the PI and the coupling agent were characterized by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies and by GPC measurements. The effect of the coupling agent on the morphology of the hybrids and on the size of the silica particles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The viscoelastic, mechanical, and thermal properties of hybrid composites were studied. It was shown that by adding appropriate amounts of the compatibilizer it was possible to control the morphology and to obtain homogeneous nanostructured systems. A general improvement of the mechanical performances and of the thermal stability was demonstrated, together with an increase of Tg, which was found more pronounced for the nanocomposites than for the microcomposites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Distribution of B6 vitamers in Escherichia coli as determined by enzymatic assay.

An enzymatic method for determination of B6 vitamers is presented. In this method pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is used to activate aposerine hydroxymethyltransferase to form the catalytically active holoenzyme. The active serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and two other enzymes that form a metabolic cycle, convert serine to glycine and CO2 with the concomitant production of two equivalents of NADPH. The rate of the cycle is directly proportional to the amount of active holoserine hydroxymethyltransferase, which is a measure of the amount of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in the original sample. The cycle operates about 50 times per minute giving a 100-fold enhancement of NADPH production with respect to original pyridoxal 5'-phosphate content. Other B6 vitamers are converted to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate by a preincubation with a combination of pyridoxal kinase and pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase. A complete analysis of B6 vitamers can be completed in less than 1 h and the assay is linear in the 2- to 50-pmol range of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The method is applied to the determination of the B6 vitamer pools in extracts of Escherichia coli. The results show that the pool of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate that is not bound to proteins is large enough to account for product inhibition of both pyridoxal kinase and pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase.
Further studies of the reinforcing effects of benztropine analogs in rhesus monkeys

Rationale: Several halogenated analogs of benztropine (BZT) have previously been characterized as potent DA uptake inhibitors with behavioral profiles that indicate diminished psychomotor stimulant effects relative to cocaine. In a previous study using a fixed-ratio 10 schedule, two chloro-analogs (3′-C1-BZT and 4′-Cl-BZT) maintained IV self-administration in monkeys but appeared to be weak positive reinforcers. Objectives: The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that 3′-C1-BZT and 4′-Cl-BZT are relatively weak reinforcers by evaluating reinforcing effects under increased response requirements. To examine further the effect of this halogen substitution on self-administration, 3′,4′′-diCl-BZT was also evaluated for reinforcing effects. Methods: Four rhesus monkeys self-administered cocaine (0.03 mg/kg per injection, IV) under a fixed-ratio 25 (FR25) schedule until stable responding was established. Saline, various doses of cocaine (0.003–0.2 mg/kg per injection), the BZT analogs (0.012–0.2 mg/kg per injection), GBR 12909 (0.012–0.2 mg/kg per injection), and compounds with known reinforcing effects (d-amphetamine, morphine, pentobarbital, ketamine) were then made available for self-administration. Various doses (0.01–0.3 mg/kg per injection) of the compounds that maintained self-administration under the FR schedule were then substituted for cocaine (0.1 mg/kg per injection) under progressive-ratio (PR) schedules. Results: Reinforcing effects were evident under the FR schedule for 3′-C1-BZT, 4′-Cl-BZT, GBR 12909, and the control compounds, but not by 3′,4′′-diCl-BZT. Results with the PR suggested that the rank order of these compounds for their effectiveness as reinforcers was cocaine>GBR 12909>3′-C1-BZT=4′-Cl-BZT>>3′,4′′-diCl-BZT. Conclusions: This study confirms and extends previous results suggesting that compounds with high DAT affinity can have strong, moderate, weak, or no effectiveness as reinforcers. The mechanisms that may underlie this variation in reinforcing effectiveness of these DAT ligands remain to be established.
United States thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura apheresis study group (US TTP ASG): Multicenter survey and retrospective analysis of current efficacy of therapeutic plasma exchange

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) remains enigmatic from the perspective of its etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Once recognized, the accepted standard of care for TTP is daily therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). However, the diversity in TPE treatment protocols has made comparisons of clinical research between institutions difficult. This study strived to assess the current practice of TPE in order to provide direction for prospective controlled clinical trials. Twenty large apheresis centers within the United States comprising the US TTP ASG responded to a survey to establish the current status of TPE in TTP. A retrospective analysis from data provided by 14 of 20 centers included 115 initial presentations of primary TTP with an overall mortality rate of 10% and relapse rate of 37%. The majority of deaths (58%) occurred within 48 hours of presentation. Variation in therapeutic targets (platelet count [plt] and serum LDH) and the number of plasma volumes exchanged per procedure did not affect the relapse rate. Initial plt and LDH were not predictive of mortality. Response, relapse, and mortality rates with the combination of 5% albumin for the initial 50% of TPE followed by plasma for the final 50% of TPE as replacement were comparable or possibly better than plasma-only replacement strategies. Forty percent of centers routinely used a TPE taper; however, there was no statistical difference in relapse rates comparing the taper and non-taper sub-groups. By controlling for adjunctive modalities such as steroids and anti-platelet agents, it is hoped that future prospective clinical trials may optimize the role of TPE in TTP, minimize patient exposure to blood products and procedures, shorten the clinical course of TTP, and reduce mortality.
Partial Cell Irradiation with a Tunable Organic Dye Laser

SINCE the laser first became available, it has been applied extensively for partial cell irradiation1–4. The intensity, coherence and monochromaticity of laser light have made it an ideal radiation source for selective alteration of cell organelles. Most of the laser microbeam studies up to the present have utilized a laser device that emits light of either a single or small number of wavelengths. In a few instances it has been possible to increase the spectral output of a laser by using non-linear optics to generate second or third harmonic wavelengths5,6. Ideally, an investigator would like one microbeam system that can deliver wavelengths throughout the entire visible and ultraviolet spectrum. Such a device would permit alteration of a greater variety of organelles and organisms, and it would facilitate derivation of the precise action spectrum of the particular response being studied. This capability would be invaluable for understanding the basic nature of the biological change at the molecular level.
Large‐Deformation Strength Analysis of Chemically Strengthened Glass Disks

A large-deformation stress analysis of a ring-on-ring bending fracture test, using the finite-element method, was used to derive the strength of chemically strengthened and nonstrengthened glass disks from experimental test data. Agreement between measured and predicted disk deflections was very good. The predicted strength data were analyzed using Weibull statistics.
A simple ordered data estimator for inverse density weighted expectations

Abstract We consider estimation of means of functions that are scaled by an unknown density, or equivalently, integrals of conditional expectations. The “ordered data” estimator we provide is root n consistent, asymptotically normal, and is numerically extremely simple, involving little more than ordering the data and summing the results. No sample-size-dependent smoothing is required. A similarly simple estimator is provided for the limiting variance. The proofs include new limiting distribution results for functions of nearest-neighbor spacings. Potential applications include endogenous binary choice, willingness to pay, selection, and treatment models.