cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting hierarchical relationships in conceptual search

As the number of available Web pages grows, users experience increasing difficulty finding documents relevant to their interests. One of the underlying reasons for this is that most search engines find matches based on keywords, regardless of their meanings. To provide the user with more useful information, we need a system that disambiguates queries by including information about the user's conceptual framework. This is the goal of KeyConcept, a conceptual search engine. During indexing, KeyConcept automatically classifies documents into concepts selected from a reference concept hierarchy. During retrieval, KeyConcept ranks documents based on a combination of keyword and conceptual similarity. This paper describes the system architecture and discusses the results of experiments that evaluate the effect of exploiting the hierarchical relationships between concepts during retrieval. Our results confirm that conceptual match significantly improves the precision of the search results over keyword match alone. In addition, the use of the concept hierarchy to prune irrelevant search results also significantly increases precision.
Negotiating in the European Council: A Model European Union Format for Individual Classes

This paper demonstrates the use of an in-class simulation to model negotiations in the European Council. Simulations are an increasingly popular way to teach the complex processes of policymaking and negotiations in the European Union (EU) where institutional procedures are difficult to understand and where intergovernmental and supranational issues often conflict. Advocates of active learning promote simulations to get students more involved and to reach an increasingly diverse student body. The simulation presented here has three separate sessions, each covering a different issue and lasting for a week (two class days) each. Modeling the European Council allows students to experience the intergovernmental side of policy decisions in the European Union while at the same time learning about the issues facing EU policymakers. It is a useful tool for teaching about the EU presidency and a worthwhile exercise for studying the national aspects of European integration. Student surveys indicate that students process the information they gain by role-playing better than information they receive in the traditional classroom. A simulation of the European Council gives students a base for understanding issues of European integration and can serve as a springboard for further study of EU institutions.
Wide-area networking in K–12 education: issues shaping implementation and use

Abstract The demand for wide-area networking (WAN) for education at the K-12 level is rapidly increasing. However, there is little systematic understanding of those factors which play important roles in shaping usage of WAN at the K-12 level. By reviewing previous research pertaining to the use of computer networks in K-12 environments, as well as in business and the university arenas, this paper identifies issues that are likely to play a major role in shaping WAN usage in elementary and secondary education. Technical and logistical issues, issues related to the attitudes and characteristics of individual users, and social and organizational factors shaping WAN usage are all considered.
Reduction in delay time of high‐dwell volume pumps in LC‐MS applications using short‐term low‐ratio split flow

We present a simple hardware design which reduces run time of gradient-based LC/MS applications and improves system equilibration. Our approach does not sacrifice efficiency of chromatographic separation, and does not affect analyte retention time and therefore does not require revalidation. Our technical design is based on a six-port/two-position switching valve and flow splitter installed prior to the LC column. This design minimizes time delays caused by the high-dwell volume of some LC pumps. Implementation of short-term (40–55 s) low-ratio (1:10) flow splitting reduced delay times by over four-fold in our application. This approach allowed hardware-associated time delays to be minimized. Alternative plumbing suggestions are also discussed.
Teaching RFID Information Systems Security

The future cyber security workforce needs radio frequency identification (RFID) information systems security ( INFOSEC ) and threat modeling educational materials. A complete RFID security course with new learning materials and teaching strategies is presented here. A new RFID Reference Model is used in the course to organize discussion of RFID, much as the open systems interconnection (OSI) model is used in a computer networking course. Students use a general-purpose threat modeling process named STRIDE and a risk analysis model named DREAD to determine and to mitigate security risks. Class modules on topics such as the threat modeling process and privacy can be integrated into fourth-year undergraduate or first-year graduate-level computer science and computer engineering courses such as network security, wireless security, computer networks, sensor/RFID networks, or network performance.
The Mental Health Gatekeeper Role: a Paradigm for Conceptual Pretest

Two of the major themes in the community psychiatry movement have been the employment of new and different types of persons in service roles and the maintenance of clients in the community, whenever possible, with avoidance of institutionalisation. A logical outcome of the combination of these two themes has been an increasing interest in the role of persons with fixed social roles within the community as gatekeepers for actual direct service or appropriate referrals into the mental health service system. Police, clergy and bartenders are among the social roles that have received serious consideration and, in some cases, actual use as points of entry and actual service. Careful analysis of the likely requirements of the gatekeeper role will show, however, that many existing social roles that appear fertile ground for the mental health gatekeeper function are in fact lacking in certain features necessary to such a role. This paper presents five criteria considered important or essential to any conclusion that a given role should be seriously considered for the gatekeeper function. These criteria may serve for a shortcut prior to the investment of money and time and may thus have false and expensive steps in our enthusiastic but often hasty search for innovation.
Brazil's Second Chance: En Route toward the First World

The article reviews the book “Brazil's Second Chance: En Route Toward the First World,” by Lincoln Gordon.
Antilipolytic action of insulin in the perifused fat cell system.

Abstract The antilipolytic action of insulin was investigated using the perifused fat cell system. Epinephrine (10−5 M) and glucagon (5 × 10−6 M) both stimulated lipolysis by at least 6-fold, and insulin inhibited both responses. The time course and the magnitude of the antilipolytic action of insulin were determined in the perifused fat cell system. At a concentration of 100 μU/ml, insulin inhibited epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis approximately 50 percent, with a half-time response of 4–5 min. The antilipolytic action of insulin persisted for at least 45 min. following the termination of insulin infusion. This prolonged phase of the action of insulin could be terminated by treatment of the cells with trypsin. These results suggest that only small percentage of insulin receptors is occupied during maximum lipolytic activity and that in adipose tissue many spare receptors exist for insulin.
STUDIES OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROID EXCRETION BY MEANS OF A NEW MICRO-CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTIONATION PROCEDURE

I. INTRODUCTION IN THE extensive studies reported by other workers (1–8) and in previous communications from this laboratory (9–11), it is clearly evident that neutral urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion may undergo important qualitative as well as quantitative alterations under certain circumstances. At times definite qualitative changes occur in the absence of significant variations in total urinary 17-ketosteroid output. Hence, determination of the composition of steroids excreted in the urine may be expected to yield considerable information in addition to that provided by simple measurements of total output. To date most of the urinary steroid fractionation studies have been performed with the aid of extensive procedures involving the use of large pooled specimens of urine and the availability of highly trained personnel. These factors rendered these procedures unsuitable for use in most small clinical and research laboratories. In a recent publication, Dingemanse, Veld and Laat described a simplified p...
Expression of Arabidopsis phytochelatin synthase in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) plants enhances tolerance for Cd and Zn

Phytochelatins (PCs) are heavy metal binding peptides that play an important role in sequestration and detoxification of heavy metals in plants. In this study, our goal was to develop transgenic plants with increased tolerance for and accumulation of heavy metals from soil by expressing an Arabidopsis thaliana AtPCS1 gene, encoding phytochelatin synthase (PCS), in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). A 35S promoter fused to a FLAG-tagged AtPCS1 cDNA was expressed in Indian mustard, and transgenic lines, designated pc lines, were evaluated for tolerance to and accumulation of Cd and Zn. Transgenic plants with moderate AtPCS1 expression levels showed significantly higher tolerance to Cd and Zn stress, but accumulated significantly less Cd and Zn than wild type plants in both shoot and root tissues. However, transgenic plants with highest expression of the transgene did not exhibit enhanced Cd and Zn tolerance. Shoots of Cd-treated pc plants had significantly higher levels of phytochelatins and thiols than wild-type plants. Significantly lower concentrations of gluthatione in Cd-treated shoot and root tissues of transgenic plants were observed. Moderate expression levels of phytochelatin synthase improved the ability of Indian mustard to tolerate certain levels of heavy metals, but at the same time did not increase the accumulation potential for Cd and Zn.
Acclimated mixed microbial responses to organic species in industrial landfill leachate

Abstract Acclimated mixed microbial cultures utilize organic carbon and other nutrients solely from leachate and exhibit a diauxic type of growth, implying the presence of two groups of organic “substrates” in the leachate under study. Carbon balance calculations provide clear evidence that the loss of dissolved organic carbon is due to biological oxidation and not to sorption, stripping or evaporation. Substrate inhibition and low sludge yield are observed. The oxygen requirements of the mixed culture are nominal. It is possible to treat high-strength hazardous wastewater at an overall organic carbon removal of about 80%. Application of reverse osmosis improves the quality of effluents from biological degradation.
The role of environmental toxins in the etiology of Parkinson's disease

Abstract The production by the pyridine MPTP of a parkinsonian syndrome strikingly similar to the ‘idiopathic' disorder, and the paucity of evidence supporting a hereditary or infectious etiology for Parkinson's disease (PD), have stimulated a search for environmental chemicals resembling MPTP that might cause PD. In support of this, descriptive epidemiological studies have found higher prevalences of PD in highly industrialized countries. In North America and Europe, early onset PD appears to be associated with rural residence. Factors associated with this include vegetable farming, well water drinking, wood pulp, paper and steel industries. In China, living in industrialized urban areas increases the risk of developing PD. Preliminary epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that environmental chemicals may be related to the development of PD, but specific chemicals and their specific mechanism(s) have not been identified.
Granulocyte turnover in the feline intestine.

The objective of this study was to determine the turnover rate of the extravascular pool of granulocytes in different regions of the feline gastrointestinal tract. Leukocyte emigration from the vasculature was prevented over a 48-h period by repeated intravenous injections of a monoclonal antibody (MAb IB4) directed against the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein complex CD11/CD18. Tissue-associated myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was used to monitor the total tissue granulocyte pool at 0.5, 12, 24, and 48 h after MAb IB4 administration. The mucosal layer of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon exhibited different kinetics of granulocyte clearance, with average life-spans (t1/2) ranging between 6.9 (colon) and 10.4 h (duodenum). Granulocyte clearance rates of 0.5 × 106 and 2.4 x 106 cells/h/g tissue were estimated (from measured values oft1/2 and tissue granulocyte pool) for the small bowel and colonie mucosae, respectively. The submucosal layer of the intestine exhibited a biphasic reduction in tissue MPO activity following immunoneutralization of CD11/CD18, with an initialt1/2 ≤ 0.5 h followed by at1/2 of 36–60 h. The initial rapid decline in tissue MPO suggests that a significant fraction of granulocytes in the submucosa is localized in a readily exchangeable pool (e.g., marginated cells within the vasculature). The results of this study indicate that the average life-span of resident granulocytes varies significantly between different regions of the gastrointestinal tract, with the intestinal mucosa exhibiting at1/2 comparable to that previously reported for circulating feline neutrophils (R 8 h).
Implementation of Brazil's “family health strategy”: Factors associated with community health workers’, nurses’, and physicians’ delivery of drug use services

Abstract Background Brazil's "family health strategy" (ESF), provides primary care, mostly to individuals in impoverished communities through teams of physicians, nurses, and community health workers (CHWs). ESF workers are called upon to offer drug use services (e.g., referrals, counseling) as drug use represents an urgent public health crisis. New federal initiatives are being implemented to build capacity in this workforce to deliver drug use services, yet little is known about whether ESF workers are providing drug use services already. Guided by social cognitive theory, this study examines factors associated with ESF workers' provision of drug use services. Methods Cross-sectional surveys were collected from 262 ESF workers (168 CHWs, 62 nurses, and 32 physicians) in Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro State and Santa Luzia, Minas Gerais State. Outcome variable: provision of drug-use services. Predictors: capacity to engage in evidence-based practice (EBP), resource constraints, peer support, knowledge of EBP, and job title. Logistic regression was used to determine relative influence of each predictor upon the outcome. Results Thirty-nine percent reported providing drug use services. Younger workers, CHWs, workers with knowledge about EBP and workers that report peer support were more likely to offer drug use services. Workers that reported resource constraints and more capacity to implement EBP were less likely to offer drug use services. Conclusion ESF workers require education in locating, assessing and evaluating the latest research. Mentorship from physicians and peer support through team meetings may enhance workers' delivery of drug use services, across professional disciplines. Educational initiatives aimed at ESF teams should consider these factors as potentially enhancing implementation of drug use services. Building ESF workers' capacity to collaborate across disciplines and to gain access to tools for providing assessment and treatment of drug use issues may improve uptake of new initiatives.
The Iroquois in the Civil War: From Battlefield to Reservation

Examines the involvement of the Iroquois in the US Civil War. Based on archival records and wartime letters and diaries, this account shows that the Iroquois were dedicated cavalrymen and soldiers. It asks why they were so loyal to the Union and what their attitude was toward slavery and war.
A Peer Tutoring Model for Small Schools with Limited Funding and Resources (Abstract Only)

Peer tutoring has been used in a variety of contexts and a variety of institutions to both improve learning and retention for the classroom students and to improve the confidence and knowledge base of the peer tutor. Much of the current literature focusses on how to implement peer tutoring with a fairly large program, including at least one graduate TA and multiple undergraduates who have recently taken the course. In addition, these peers were trained outside of the normal classroom hours and/or paid to participate. While useful at larger institutions, or at least those with substantial resources, this model is generally unworkable at a smaller institution without funding to pay students, or a sufficient critical mass of students to enable formal training outside of the classroom. This lightning talk describes a slightly different model that involves the university's academic support center staff for tutoring training, class attendance for technical training, and the giving of credit as opposed to payment for the student. To receive more than one hour of credit the student also works closely with the professor to complete one or more "learning modules" that later become resources for the class and provide an additional learning opportunity for the tutor. This method has been used by the author with over 9 peer tutors across a range of 7 classes, with generally good success.
Use of Frequency-Derivative Information to Reconstruct the Scattered Electric Field of a Conducting Cylinder over a Wide Frequency Band

In this paper, the concept of analytical continuation is utilized to generate the electric field over a wide frequency band. The problem of interest is TM scattering from a conducting cylinder. A method of moments formulation is utilized to generate information about the current and its derivatives at a specific frequency. This information is utilized to extrapolate the current at other frequencies. The numerical results presented are in good agreement with exact data.
Variational calculation of the ground state of O 16

We report variational calculations of the ground state of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ with realistic two- and three-nucleon interactions. The trial wave function is constructed from pair- and triplet-correlation operators acting on a product of single-particle determinants. These operators include central, spin, isospin, tensor, spin-orbit, and three-nucleon potential components. Expectation values are evaluated with a cluster expansion for the noncentral correlations; terms in the expansion are evaluated exactly using Monte Carlo integration. The optimal trial function is obtained by minimizing the energy through the four-body cluster level. Results are reported for the ground-state binding energy, nucleon density and momentum distributions, charge form factor, and longitudinal structure function. They are also compared with the available results for few-body nuclei and nuclear matter with the same interactions.
A sustainable national gateway for biological computation

We have developed and continue to support the Galaxy genomic analysis system [1]. Our main public Galaxy analysis website (Galaxy Main) currently supports close to 30,000 users performing hundreds of thousands of analysis jobs every month. Many academic and commercial institutions around the world operate private Galaxy instances. Our efforts so far have been focused on the development of software that enables any biological researcher to perform complex computational analyses by hiding technical complexities associated with management of underlying programs and high-performance compute infrastructure [2]. As a direct consequence of our initial success we have reached a point where we can no longer sustain the exponential growth of analysis load and associated biological data storage on our public servers. Here we discuss our ongoing efforts and future plans for establishing a sustainable national gateway for the analysis of biological data.
Modeling the Effects of Dispersion of Design Teams on System Failure Risk

Budget restrictions and advances in technology are making the use of geographically distributed teams in satellite systems more common than ever. However, the influence of dispersion of design teams, cost, performance, and reliability of the final system is not always clear. An outside source may provide benefits in terms of increased skill and experience or decreased costs but also may increase the probability of communications or interface errors. Evidence is presented that supports the argument that satellite anomaly rates increase when one company does not make an entire satellite. The probability of a technical failure in operations is focused on and a model is presented that attempts to quantify the risk, performance, and cost tradeoffs associated with the geographic dispersion of a major part of a satellite, for example, the payload. Our model is based on probabilistic risk analysis, expert opinion, influence diagrams, and the system-action-management framework that involves technical as well as human and organizational factors. We provide an illustrative example, combining actual data and expert opinion, that demonstrates and compares the evaluation of a hypothetical mission with and without team dispersion. The model allows analysis of the sensitivity of the results to the values of the inputs.
Polarimetric signature of dense scattering media

The polarimetric characteristics are experimentally investigated for dense scattering media such as compacted powders. The Mueller matrix is measured in backscattering configuration which is of interest for remote sensing as well as for characterizing rough scattering surfaces. Significant differences in various Mueller matrix elements are observed for different samples and are analyzed in terms of surface and volume scattering from an inhomogeneous medium.
Salt diapir velocity assessment from temperature and thermal indicator anomalies: application to Lulu-1, Danish North Sea

A method is exhibited for assessing the time of onset of diapirism and salt flow-speed. Using vitrinite reflectance measurements from wells drilled on top of a salt structure it is possible to determine the excess maturity caused by the focusing of heat due to the higher thermal conductivity of salt. The method is based on calculation of the thermal anomaly surrounding a rising salt diapir. For a given salt speed, predicted vitrinite reflectance values are calculated and compared with the observed values at given depths. The process is repeated with various speeds of the rising salt until consistency of predicted and observed values is obtained, thus constraining an assessment of the velocity of the salt. The method can easily be tailored to thermal indicators other than vitrinite reflectance, thereby enhancing the resolution of the thermal history, and constraining both the onset of salt rise as well as the speed. The well, Lulu-1, from the Danish North Sea, is used to illustrate the procedure.
Decreased consumption of sweet fluids in mu opioid receptor knockout mice: a microstructural analysis of licking behavior

Rationale Evidence suggests that the palatability of food (i.e., the hedonic impact produced by its sensory features) can promote feeding and may underlie compulsive eating, leading to obesity. Pharmacological studies implicate opioid transmission in the hedonic control of feeding, though these studies often rely on agents lacking specificity for particular opioid receptors.
On the molecular mechanism of interaction between the neurophysins and oxytocin and vasopressin.

Abstract Detailed mechanisms are presented at the molecular level for the binding of oxytocin and of vasopressin to their carrier proteins neurophysin (NP) I and neurophysin II. The amino acid sequence of both these is known together with the pattern of disulphide bound formation for the latter. It is suggested that the peptide hormone fits snugly into a deep cavity in the protein carrier, so that the complex forms a globular, water-extruding mass. Features of the mode of interaction determined by experiment [such as the binding of the terminal amino group of the hormone to a carboxyl group of NP, the close binding of tyr and phe of the hormone to a lipophilic region of NP and the close relation of tyr (2) of the hormone with tyr (49) of NP]are built into the model. The differences between NPI and NPII are related to differences between oxytocin (ile at 3) and vasopressin (phe at 3). Finally a number of specific predictions are made that are testable by experiment concerning the X-ray structure of the NP-hormone complexes and the ease and result of chemical modification of specific residues.
Fear of floating or monetary policy as usual? A structural analysis of Mexico's monetary policy

Abstract This paper uses Bayesian methods to estimate a small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for the period in Mexico after the 1994 crisis. I consider a Taylor rule as the expression of the evolution of monetary policy to gauge its response to the exchange rate in the post-crisis period. The estimation results favor a consistent response of the nominal interest rate to the short-run nominal exchange rate after 1994. Although fear of floating is present, Mexico's monetary policy has taken steps toward a credible free-floating exchange rate that targets inflation.
Death in Motion: Funeral Processions in the Roman Forum

Scientifically accurate, three-dimensional digital representations of historical environments allow architectural historians to explore viewsheds, movement, sequencing, and other factors. Using real-time interactive simulations of the Roman Forum during the mid-Republic and the early third century CE, Diane Favro and Christopher Johanson examine the visual and sequential interrelationships among audience, actors, and monuments during funeral rituals. Death in Motion: Funeral Processions in the Roman Forum presents a hypothetical reconstruction of the funeral of the Cornelii family in the early second century BCE and argues that the conventional understanding of the staging of the funeral oration may be incorrect. It then reviews the imperial funerals of the emperors Pertinax and Septimius Severus to compare the ways that later building in the Roman Forum altered the ritual experience, controlled participant motion, and compelled the audience to submit to an imperial program of viewing.
Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution II. The Reaction of Chlorobenzonitriles and Chloronitrobenzenes with HMPA

Abstract HMPA is known to be an efficient solvent for various anionic reactions. As a consequence of this, we recently1 became interested in using HMPA as a solvent for effecting aromatic nucleophilic substitution between chlorobenzonitriles and sodium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide. This application was based on earlier work reported by Shaw2 and Kornblum3 who investigated similar reactions with alkoxide ions.
Health Protective Effects of Attachment Among African American Girls in Psychiatric Care

African American girls in psychiatric care are at increased risk for HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) through sexual risk taking. Adolescent sexual behavior often reflects peer norms and behavior. Secure attachment patterns with mothers and peers might lessen the effects of negative peer influences and reduce sexual risk taking among African American girls. This study examined the relationships among mother-daughter and peer attachment, peer norms, and sexual-risk behaviors in African American girls seeking outpatient psychiatric care. A group of 12-16-year-old African American girls (N = 262; M age = 14.45 years) reported on their attachment to their mothers and peers, peer risk-taking and dating behaviors, peer pressure, and sexual-risk behaviors (e.g., number of partners, high-risk partners, and condom use). Structural equation modeling examined whether peer attachment and peer norms mediated the relationship between mother attachment and sexual risk. Findings supported peer norms, but not peer attachment, as a mediator of mother attachment and girls' sexual-risk behaviors. Findings revealed important family and peer factors for African American girls in psychiatric care. HIV prevention programs may be strengthened by improving mother-daughter relationships, addressing the importance of peer relationships, and emphasizing how secure mother-daughter relationships can temper the impact of peer norms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
The effects of communication, resource feedback, and identifiability on behavior in a simulated commons

Abstract This study examined the effects of communication, feedback, and identifiability on behavior in a simulated commons. To do this, 64 mixed-sex groups of four introductory psychology students participated in a commons dilemma simulation for 50 trials or until the group exhausted the commons pool. Half of the groups played under a free communication condition, while the other half were prohibited from communicating. Half of the groups in both communication conditions received visual feedback about the amount of the commons' resource (money) which remained after each trial while the other half received no feedback. Finally, half of the groups in each of these four conditions were made highly identifiable by the use of the name tags and feedback about the choices of each player. The remaining groups were assigned to a low identifiability condition in which no name tags were used, no feedback given and group members were separated by wooden dividers to prevent visual contact. Results showed that groups having the opportunity for resource feedback or for communication achieved greater total money harvests and maintained the commons for a greater number of trials than groups having neither. As expected, the largest totals and longest commons maintenance were achieved by groups having both. Identifiability had no influence on the length of commons maintenance except when there was neither resource feedback nor communication opportunities. When both were unavailable, groups in the high identifiability condition harvested more money and maintained the commons longer.
The role of Drosophila mushroom body signaling in olfactory memory

The mushroom bodies of the Drosophila brain are important for olfactory learning and memory. To investigate the requirement for mushroom body signaling during the different phases of memory processing, we transiently inactivated neurotransmission through this region of the brain by expressing a temperature-sensitive allele of the shibire dynamin guanosine triphosphatase, which is required for synaptic transmission. Inactivation of mushroom body signaling through α/β neurons during different phases of memory processing revealed a requirement for mushroom body signaling during memory retrieval, but not during acquisition or consolidation.
Infrared evidence for competitive [Li+] and Et3B coordination to [Fe(CO)4CHO−] and thermodynamic evaluation of the ion pair equilibrium

Abstract The reaction betweem Fe(CO) 5 and [Et 3 BH][Li], Super-Hydride, has been examined in THF over the temperature range −80°C to room temperature by variable-temperature FT-IR spectroscopy. FT-IR studies reveal that the anionic formyl complex, [Fe(CO) 4 CHO − ], exists in up to three chemically distinct contact ion pairs, one of which involves the termolecular formyl oxygen-BEt 3 -lithium contact ion pair [Fe(CO) 4 CHOBEt 3 ][Li]. From −80°C to −55°C, [Fe(CO) 4 CHOBEt 3 ][Li] is shown to be in equilibrium with [Fe(CO) 4 CHOBEt 3 − ], while from −55°C to room temperature, the dominant equilibrium involves the conversion of [Fe(CO) 4 CHOBEt 3 − ] into the known contact ion pair [Fe(CO) 4 CHO][Li]. The temperature-dependent equilibrium constant associated with the different ion pairs has been determined by IR Band-shape analysis and the values for Δ H and Δ S are repoted. Proof for the proposed multiple ion pair equilibria between [Fe(CO) 4 CHO − and Et 3 B and [Li + is substantiated by the use of the hydride reagent LS-Selectride. Here, ion pairing is selective for [Fe(CO) 4 CHO][Li] from −80°C to room temperature as a result of trisiamylborane's inability to coordinate to the formyl oxygen
Opening Ambulatory Surgery Centers and Stone Surgery Rates in Health Care Markets

Purpose: Ambulatory surgery centers deliver surgical care more efficiently than hospitals but may increase overall procedure use and adversely affect competing hospitals. Motivated by these concerns we evaluated how opening of an ambulatory surgery center impacts stone surgery use in a health care market and assessed the effect of its opening on the patient mix at nearby hospitals.Materials and Methods: In a 100% sample of outpatient surgery from Florida we measured annual stone surgery use between 1998 and 2006. We used multiple regression to determine if the rate of change in use differed between markets, defined by the hospital service area, without and with a recently opened ambulatory surgery center.Results: Stone surgery use increased an average of 11 procedures per 100,000 individuals per year (95% CI 1–20, p <0.001) after an ambulatory surgery center opened in a hospital service area. Four years after opening the relative increase in the stone surgery rate was approximately 64% higher (95% CI 27 t...
Discovery of a Star Formation Region in Abell 2052

We report the discovery of an ultraviolet filament detected in a new Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) NUV-MAMA image of the cD galaxy UGC 9799, located in the cooling-flow cluster Abell 2052 and host to the radio source 3C 317. The filament is ~2 kpc in length and is located at a distance of ~4 kpc from the nucleus along a north-south axis. It consists of three knots embedded along the edges of a diffuse filamentary halo. The northern half of the filament is narrow (~100 pc) and straight while the southern half is bent and more diffuse. The blue color (NUV-V ≈ -2.4) and morphology of the filament are most consistent with a recent episode of star formation (T ≈ 5 Myr). Only a few × 104 M⊙ of young stars or a star formation rate of ≈10-3 M⊙ yr-1 is required to produce the feature. A steep ultraviolet halo is detected around the unresolved nucleus, and it may be associated with an old stellar component. No ultraviolet features are identified at the location of the extended emission-line nebulae observed from the ground, indicating that OB stars are not the primary source of ionization in these regions. We consider cooling flows and a merger with a satellite galaxy the trigger for the starburst regions and conclude that the latter is the more consistent with the chaotic dust lanes spread throughout the host galaxy. The star formation observed is orders of magnitude less than the inferred cooling rate in the cooling flow scenario.
Voltage compartments in the lens.

Two distinetly different voltage compartments were found in the normal frog lens. one ≈ −70 mV, the other ≈ −30mV. The two compartments depolarized with different slopes when the K+ concentration was increased in the bath. Ouabain and Ca2+-free solutions depolarized the more negative potential but had little effect on the less negative one. The −70-mV compartment was found to be a high protein one, whereas the −30-mV compartment was low in protein. The resistance was equal in the two compartments. It was concluded that the −70-mV compartment was intracellular, whereas the −30-mV compartment was probably extracellular.
Distinct Stages of Myelination Regulated by γ-Secretase and Astrocytes in a Rapidly Myelinating CNS Coculture System

Mechanistic studies of CNS myelination have been hindered by the lack of a rapidly myelinating culture system. Here, we describe a versatile CNS coculture method that allows time-lapse microscopy and molecular analysis of distinct stages of myelination. Employing a culture architecture of reaggregated neurons fosters extension of dense beds of axons from purified retinal ganglion cells. Seeding of oligodendrocyte precursor cells on these axons results in differentiation and ensheathment in as few as 3 days, with generation of compact myelin within 6 days. This technique enabled (1) the demonstration that oligodendrocytes initiate new myelin segments only during a brief window early in their differentiation, (2) identification of a contribution of astrocytes to the rate of myelin wrapping, and (3) molecular dissection of the role of oligodendrocyte gamma-secretase activity in controlling the ensheathment of axons. These insights illustrate the value of this defined system for investigating multiple aspects of CNS myelination.
Skin Signs of Systemic Disease

Cancer. Lymphomas and Allied Disorders. Leukemia and Allied Disorders. Histiocytosis X and Related Disorders. Dysproteinemias and Immunodeficiency Disorders. Amyliodosis. Connective Tissue (Rheumatic) Diseases. The Angiitides. Hypersensitivity Syndromes. Sarcoidosis. Blood Vessels. Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases. Connective Tissues. Neutrophilic Dermatoses. Pregnancy and the Menstrual Cycle. Nervous System. Infections.
The CT findings in pseudomembranous colitis

The authors present their experience with the CT appearance of pseudomembranous colitis in 6 patients. In addition to the previously reported thickened colon wall, pericolonic inflammation was also noted in 5 of the patients.
Combinatorial synthesis and high throughput evaluation of functional oxides-A integrated materials chip approach

Integrated materials chip approach, in which large collections of different thin film metal oxides are integrated and synthesized on a small chip and screened for a particular functionality, is applied to discover or optimize superconductors, luminescent materials, magnetic materials, ferroelectrics and dielectrics. This technology promises to significantly increase the efficiency of the materials discovery and optimization process and improve our understanding of materials structure-property relationship.
Gfi-1 takes center stage in hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoiesis can be scripted into multiple acts that open with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and close with the production of nonproliferating mature blood cells. Its lifelong durability requires that HSCs choose between mutually exclusive fates: self-renewal versus a capacity for multilineage differentiation. The growth factor independence 1 (Gfi-1) oncoprotein was first discovered playing supporting roles in lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis. Two new studies indicate that Gfi-1 regulates self-renewal and preserves the functional integrity of HSCs, adding Gfi-1 to the short list of intrinsic regulators of self-renewal and casting it among the major players featured in starring roles in hematopoiesis.
In vivo transcranial imaging of connections in mouse visual cortex

From the moment the mouse model took center stage for studies of cortical arealization and map formation, there was an urgent need for methods to identify areal borders in the living animal. The need was met in part by intrinsic optical signal imaging, which has been successfully applied to map topographic representations in primary visual, auditory and somatosensory cortex. However, the challenge remains to register these maps to the underlying structure. This is especially important for studies of the mouse brain in which cortical areas are often only a few hundred microns across. Here, we show that in visual cortex neuronal tracing with fluororuby and fluoroemerald can be used for transcranial imaging through the intact skull of callosal connections from the opposite side of the brain, and for mapping of topographic striate-extrastriate cortical pathways in living mice. Because callosal connections are important landmarks for cortical areas, the new method will allow registration of functional maps to underlying structures and facilitate targeted single-unit recordings in identified cortical areas.
Opening the black box: Review of prosecution complex

What if we opened the black box? Prosecutorial discretion has been likened to a black box—a place where no light enters and where none have any reason to look. Indeed, prosecutorial discretion is assumed to be broad and unreviewable, such that any decisions made are kept in the dark, largely without regard to how they were reached. Perhaps, however, prosecutorial discretion can also be like the black box on a jet, to be opened and examined after a terrible mishap to shed light on what system failures might have caused a crash. Professor Daniel Medwed does just that, having written a compelling account in his new book “Prosecution Complex,” of what it means for prosecutors to do justice by avoiding wrongful convictions [2]. As prosecutors have become a more and more a central part of our criminal justice system—perhaps the most powerful actors in our vast criminal justice machinery— opening the black box to examine internal workings and procedures becomes more crucial. This is particularly so given the unprecedented size of our prison population, and the question whether all of those people behind bars are really the right ones. The title is apt—there is something both institutionally and psychologically complicated at work. Medwed’s fine book takes as a starting point that whatever doing justice means, it means avoiding convicting the innocent, and then explores ways that prosecutors can and do rethink their roles to improve criminal justice results.
How Will We Continue to Serve the Healthcare Needs of America's Poor?

Welcome to the third issue of volume 9. Once again, this issue provides interesting reading covering the multidisciplinary fields of musculoskeletal medicine and science. Two articles in particular will capture your interest. The first authored by Marianna S. Thomas and colleagues is a review of the Norwich Radiology Academy’s experience using MRI to evaluate the soft tissue reaction surrounding metal on metal implants. Professor Andoni Toms of Norwich, UK, who was the 2013 Freiberger lecturer, presents their approach to this critical topic especially in the asymptomatic patient with a metal on metal prosthesis. Important commentary on this review is presented by Dr. Hollis Potter. In the second article, Dr. David C. Markel and his coauthors explore the nearly impossible task of providing healthcare through Medicaid in a state with a flagging economy. They provide a detailed analysis of the pros and cons of levying provider taxes to generate state revenues needed to fund state Medicaid budgets. These provider taxes help balance these budgets and also provide qualification for additional federal funds. However, it is obvious that these tax plans negatively impact the various providers of care. As in the case of Michigan, the alternatives are most often a cut in services and an underfunding of the program. However, the taxes may decrease access to care for the poor because fewer providers can afford to participate. I believe Markel and his coauthors provide a well-balanced view of this extremely troubling topic. The American healthcare system is clearly at a crossroads. The traditional employer-based insurance system is eroding. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is an attempt to shore up a failing system, but it needs considerable modification to become workable. The act with appropriate modification might become the bridge to a more efficient and affordable American system, but the current political climate has led to a deadlock with little likelihood that the law will be appropriately modified as it is enacted. Hopefully, the situation in Michigan, as described in this article, will not become the norm for the rest of the nation. Personally, I believe our profession must stay committed to our mission which is to provide care to our patients without regard to their socioeconomic status. We must take the lead to introduce the needed changes in how we practice to ensure that all of our patients receive the care they need. This will certainly require hospital–physician partnerships and, in some cases, considerable creativity. As Editor-In-Chief of this journal, I will welcome additional reports of efforts towards this end. I hope to learn from and share with our readership any efforts that help to preserve our professional commitment to all in need.
Liquidus Curves of NH4NO3 (aq) Calculated from the Modified Adsorption Isotherm Model for Aqueous Electrolytes

Abstract The modified isotherm model, incorporating the Stokes‐Robinson modification of the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm, is used to calculate the liquidus curve of LiNO3(aq) including the eutectic points. The method described here represents a simplified approach to predict the liquidus curves with sparse information.
Quantum mechanical scaled particle theory of hard spheres at high temperature

The leading term of the high-temperature quantum corrections to the scaled particle theory of the hard sphere fluid have been obtained. This provides approximate corrections to the pressure, surface tension, and reversible work to create a spherical cavityW(r) of the quantum mechanical hard sphere fluid. A number of exact identities valid for the classical hard sphere fluid are shown to apply also to the quantum mechanical hard sphere fluid, including the fluctuation relation betweenW(r) and the probability of finding a cavity of radius at leastr.
Isolated popliteal tendon avulsion.

A 13-year-old boy presented with lateral knee pain following a twisting injury at football. Plain radiographs revealed an avulsion fracture at the popliteal sulcus (Fig. 1, arrow). MRI confirmed avulsion of the popliteal tendon (Fig. 2, arrowhead) deep to the fibular collateral ligament (Fig. 2, arrow), with no other injury identified. The popliteal tendon originates primarily from the popliteal sulcus of the lateral femoral condyle. It then courses inferiorly, between the lateral meniscus and the
ECO2N – A fluid property module for the TOUGH2 code for studies of CO2 storage in saline aquifers

Abstract ECO2N is a fluid property module for the TOUGH2 simulator (Version 2.0) that was designed for applications involving geologic storage of CO2 in saline aquifers. It includes a comprehensive description of the thermodynamics and thermophysical properties of H2O–NaCl–CO2 mixtures, that reproduces fluid properties largely within experimental error for the temperature, pressure and salinity conditions of interest (10 °C ⩽ T ⩽ 110 °C; P ⩽ 600 bar; salinity up to full halite saturation). Flow processes can be modeled isothermally or non-isothermally, and phase conditions represented may include a single (aqueous or CO2-rich) phase, as well as two-phase mixtures. Fluid phases may appear or disappear in the course of a simulation, and solid salt may precipitate or dissolve. ECO2N can model super- as well as sub-critical conditions, but it does not make a distinction between liquid and gaseous CO2 and hence is not applicable for processes that involve two CO2-rich phases. This paper highlights significant features of ECO2N, and presents illustrative applications.
Insects, Food, and Hunger: The Paradox of Plenty for U.S. Entomology, 1920-1970.

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) is perhaps one of the best known books among all envi-ronmental historians, even the ones who have not done their research in the history of agriculture, pest control, or toxic substances. It is no exaggeration to say that Silent Spring had a catalytic effect on the creation of an environmental revivaln the U.S. and Europe during the late 1960s and the 1970s. The very fact that environmental history exists as a field of study can in part be credited to Carson's work. Despite the importance of Silent Spring and the controversy over pesticides in sparking wi de intellectual interests in environmental matters, historical investigations have just begun to reconstruct the context and substance of Carson's battle. Whorton's Before Silent Spring (1974), Graham's Since Silent Spring (197U), and Dunlap's -DDT (1980) each developed im.portant aspects of the story.[1] In Efirs essay, another part of the subject is explored: the relationship among invention and innovation in pest control practices, the food supply, and hunger in the U.S. between 1920 and 1970.