cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Band Spectrum of Benzene: Existence of a Small Vibrational Frequency in the Normal State

A vibrational frequency of 160 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the band spectrum of benzene, postulated by Henri but called into question by Kronenberger and Pringsheim, is discussed from the point of view of the available spectral and Raman data but no definite conclusion as to its origin in the normal state of the molecule is reached. Experimental evidence is then brought forward to show that the observed intensity distribution of absorption bands having this separation corresponds closely to the distribution calculated from the Boltzmann law with the addition of certain reasonable assumptions, on the basis that the 160 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ frequency occurs in the normal state. Further checks are obtained by repeating the measurements and calculations for higher temperatures. The possible origin of this small vibrational frequency in the benzene molecule is briefly discussed.
Acoustic emission monitoring of sheet metal forming: characterization of the transducer, the work material and the process

Abstract A systematic investigation of acoustic emission (AE) in cup-drawing was conducted. The AE transducer was characterized by subjecting it to known excitations both directly and through a plastically-deforming material. The AE activity in well-controlled tensile tests was characterized using root-mean-square (RMS) AE measurement. A model of RMS AE based on dislocation generation, motion and annihilation was formulated. Model parameter values were determined using tensile-test results. Finite element calculations of the strain distributions in the cup-drawing process using experimentally determined friction boundary conditions were performed. The calculated strain and strain rate were used in the RMS AE model to predict AE activity in cup-drawing. The RMS of AE signals was measured in cup-drawing, and predicted and measured results were compared. Transducer and signal transmission path characteristics have significant effects on measured AE signals. If only correlations between process variables and RMS AE is sought, the combined transducer, signal path and AE effects can be used. The RMS AE model developed using experimental tensile-test results was capable of predicting RMS AE measurements in cup-drawing. The large AE activity in the initial stages of plastic deformation in cup-drawing makes AE measurements easy and meaningful, but the small signal after this part of the process makes the monitoring of subtle changes in this part of the process doubtful.
First report of Sclerotinia blight of peanut caused by Sclerotinia minor in Arkansas.

In September, 2013, symptoms similar to Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor were observed on Runner peanut (cv. FloRun 107) in a commercial field near Pocahontas, Arkansas, in Randolph County (2). Blighted plants with wilted leaves were observed in several small (30 × 30 cm) clustered foci located near the end of a 20-ha, furrow-irrigated field. Peanut stems within the lower canopy of symptomatic plants had straw-colored lesions, with white fluffy mycelium and small (<2.0 mm diam.), black, irregularly shaped sclerotia. Stems on plants with severe symptoms were shredded in appearance, with small black sclerotia inside the stem tissue (2). Final disease incidence near harvest in mid-October was less than 1% of the field. Sclerotinia blight symptoms were also observed in 2013 on Runner (cvs. FloRun 107, Georgia 09B, and Florida 07) and Spanish peanut (cvs. OLin and OL06) research plots near Newport, AR, in Jackson County. Disease incidence among cultivars in these research plots was <1% for all cu...
S7-N5: SnO 2 colloidal nanoparticles based ultraviolet photodetector with high signal to noise ratio

SnO 2 nanoparticles possess optical and electrical properties that make them suitable for the fabrication of UV photodetectors. This paper presents the material fabrication and characterization followed by the device fabrication and characterization of a SnO 2 colloidal nanoparticles based ultraviolet photodetector. The fabricated detector exhibits a high signal to noise ratio of 5.8 × 103 low dark current of 1.4 nA, responsivity of 307 mA/W, rise time of 16 s and fall time of 5.4 s. The study demonstrates SnO 2 as a favorable material for the development of future optoelectronic devices.
Variations in measured performance of CAD schemes due to database composition and scoring protocol

There is now a large effort towards developing computer- aided diagnosis (CAD) techniques. It is important to be able to compare performance of different approaches to be able to determine which ones are the most efficacious. There are currently a number of barriers preventing meaningful (statistical) comparisons, two of which are discussed in this paper: database composition and scoring protocol. We have examined how the choice of cases used to test a CAD scheme can affect its performance. We found that our computer scheme varied between a sensitivity of 100% to 77%, at a false-positive rate of 1.0 per image, with only 100% change in the composition of the database. To evaluate the performance of a CAD scheme the output of the computer must be graded. There are a number of different criteria that are being used by different investigators. We have found that for the same set of detection results, the measured sensitivity can be between 40 - 90% depending on the scoring methodology. Clearly consensus must be reached on these two issues in order for the field to make rapid progress. As it stands now, it is not possible to make meaningful comparisons of different techniques.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fine structure of ocelli in larvae of an archiannelid, Polygordius cf. appendiculatus

The ocelli of trochophore and segmented larvae of the archiannelid Polygordius cf. appendiculatus were studied by electron microscopy. An eye consists of two pigmented supportive cells forming an eyecup that encloses one sensory cell bearing one (trochophore) or two (segmented larva) ranks of microvilli and one adventitious cilium. Remarkably abundant tubules (submicrovillar endoplasmic reticulum) radiate from the perinuclear region of the sensory cell, which lies outside the ocellus, toward its receptoral end. Possible functions of the tubules are proposed: carriers of ions, metabolites and photopigments; pinocytic uptake of products resulting from photoreception; storage of membrane; and light guides. Finally, the eyes of Polygordius larvae are believed to have evolutionary significance and provide further support for Eakin's theory of diphyletic origin of photoreceptors.
Gluon condensate and the interquark potential

Abstract We construct a potential for qurkonium systems using as the basic ingredients the gluon condensate, i.e., 〈0∥Gμνa Gμνa∥0〉 ≠ 0 to incorporate nonperturbative effects and using quark screening. The potential is able to account satisfactorily for the s s , c c and b b bound states with a flavor independent, essentially constant value for the effective coupling constant ( α S ≈ 0.45) . We also investigate heavier quark systems with the constant α S and find that for quark mass ≳ 20 GeV the potential is essentially coulombic.
Thermal formation of SiO2 films over NiSi, NiSi2 and CoSi2 via silicide decomposition

Abstract The thermal oxidation of NiSi, NiSi 2 and CoSi 2 layers on silicon substrates causes the formation of surface films of SiO 2 while the silicide layers are preserved. This is shown to occur via a mechanism of silicide decomposition followed by metal diffusion and recombination. In the disilicides, a measurable fraction of the silicon atoms diffuse together with the metal atoms. The process responsible for the uphill diffusion of the silicon atoms is thought to be similar to oxidation-enhanced diffusion.
Response of canine bone to a synthetic bone graft material

Abstract A model simulating a spiral diaphyseal fracture with butterfly fragments and bone loss was utilized to evaluate an hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate, and collagen composite bone graft substitute in twelve dogs. The resultant grafted and contralateral control femora were tested in torsion at one year. This study examines the histological response to the graft material as well as crack propagation and fracture surface morphology using light microscopy and SEM. SEM and gross evaluation of the grafted bones revealed that 8 12 had fractured through bone outside the osteotomy site and all fractures included bone outside the graft site. No graft material was demonstrated at the points of initiation or termination of fracture for any of the bones. It was apparent that recorticalization had begun to occur at the graft site but the canal had not yet fully formed. The HA TCP was seen to be tightly bound in tissue which had the appearance of new bone. Bone was found to be in direct apposition to the surface of the ceramic and within pores with no intervening soft tissue. Much of the new bone had remodeled into well organized Haversian systems with some patchy areas of woven bone and osteoid seen with polarized light illumination.
Measurements of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater

Abstract The hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) concentration of rainwater falling in Claremont, California has been measured over a series of precipitation events. The H 2 O 2 concentrations were typically 1–160 ppb, but on three occasions H 2 O 2 levels in excess of 1 ppm were measured. The H 2 O 2 levels generally decrease with time during the storms. The measured values of H 2 O 2 are lower than those which are predicted from the uptake of gas phase H 2 O 2 into clouds.
Crystal polarity role in Mg incorporation during GaN solution growth

Abstract Optical, electrical, and mass spectrometry experiments were carried out on solution grown GaN crystals to detect and identify the impurities incorporated in faces of different polarity at different growth condition. Selective etching, photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence imaging indicate that Mg acceptors incorporate preferentially in GaN nitrogen polar face. Larger incorporation of Mg was observed on crystals grown at lower temperatures. Capacitance–voltage measurements verified p-type conductivity due to an excess of Mg acceptors on N-polar face of the GaN crystals. These results suggest that epitaxial layers deposited from liquid phase may be the best approach to produce p-type conducting layers with high hole concentration and low defect density.
Conservation of hepatitis C virus 5' untranslated sequences in hepatocellular carcinoma and the surrounding liver.

Persistent infection by hepatitis C virus is a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, but the mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis is unknown. To study the association of hepatitis C virus with hepatocellular carcinoma, we sequenced part of the 5′ untranslated region of hepatitis C virus from the tumor tissue and the surrounding nontumorous liver of three patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. No sequence differences between tumor-derived and liver-derived hepatitis C virus isolates were detected. The conservation of the 5′ untranslated region of hepatitis C virus–not only in infected hepatocytes, but also in neoplastic cells–suggests that the regulatory elements at the 5′ terminus of the viral genome play an important role in the pathobiology of hepatitis C virus. (Hepatology 1994;19:551–553).
Abstract 281: Insulin-like growth factor II differential activation of the IGF-1 and insulin receptors in African-American and Caucasian breast cancer tissues

African-American (AA) women with breast cancer are more likely to have advanced disease at diagnosis, higher risk of recurrence and poorer prognosis than Caucasian (CA) females. Insulin-like growth factor- II (IGF-II) is a potent mitogen that induces cell proliferation and survival signals through activation of the IGF-I (IGF-IR), insulin (INSR) and hybrid receptors. We hypothesize that differential expression of the IGF1R and INSR isoforms (IR-A, IR-B) between AA and CA women potentiates IGF-II mitogenic effects, thus contributing to the health disparity observed between these ethnic groups. We examined IGF-II, IGF1R and INSR isoforms protein expression and phosphorylation in paired breast tissue samples from AA and CA women by western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and ELISA techniques. IGF-II expression was significantly higher in AA cell lines and tissue samples when compared to Caucasians. Furthermore, significantly increased expression of IGF1R was observed in AA normal tissues as compared to CA normal tissues, while IGF1R expression was similar between AA normal and malignant tissues. Moreover, AA tumor samples expressed significantly lower levels of IR-B protein than CA tumor samples. IGF1R, INSR, IRS-1 and Shc phosphorylation were significantly higher in AA tumor samples. We conclude that the differential expression and phosphorylation of IGF-II, IGF1R and INSR between AA and CA females coupled with differential activation of downstream signaling pathways may contribute to the increased risk of malignant transformation seen in young AA females, and the more aggressive breast cancer phenotype observed among AA breast cancer patients and represent, along with IGF-II, potential therapeutic targets against health disparities in breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 281.
The complete amino-acid sequence of a canine MU chain☆

Abstract The amino-acid sequence of the CH1 and the CH2 domains of a canine mu chain has been determined, completing the primary structural analysis of this molecule. The result extends our previous conclusions concerning the remarkably high degree of interspecies homology to human IgM, as the canine CH1 and CH2 domains are 81 and 72% homologous to their human counterparts. The overall homology of the entire constant region of the canine mu chain to the human mu chain is 81%. This study represents the first complete primary structure of a non-IgG heavy chain from a species other than man.
Growth and purification of SV40 virus for biochemical studies

A detailed growth and purification scheme suitable for producing relatively large quantities of fully active, pure SV40 is presented together with data on recovery and purity at each step of the procedure. The scheme was designed to prevent the initial binding of virus to cell components as well as contamination of the extracted virus by cellular DNA.
K2 use at college entry and experimentation over college career

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e202–e284 e271 Substance use and sexual risk among men who have sex with men and women and their female partners Typhanye P. Dyer1, Maria R. Khan2, Milagros Sandoval3, Melissa Bolyard4, Samuel R. Friedman3 1 Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States 2 Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States 3 Institute for Infectious Disease Research, National Development and Research Institutes, New York, NY, United States 4 Office of Institutional Research, Planning, and Effectiveness (OIRPE), Emory University, Atlanta, GA,
The Effects of Enriching Live Foods With Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids on the Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Larval Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

Three experiments were carried out to test the effects of enrichment of live food (rotifers) with varying levels of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on the growth rate and fatty acid composition of red drum larvae. Additionally, the fatty acid compositions of red drum eggs and day-1 larvae were compared. The enrichment techniques were successful in that the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were elevated in the rotifers fed the enrichment diet. Red drum larvae fed the control rotifers produced the highest growth rate of the three experiments. Larvae fed rotifers with no HUFA supplement (NHUFA) had a significantly lower growth rate than the controls for that experiment. The fatty acid compositions of the eggs and day-1 larvae did not vary significantly and contained high levels of 16:0, 16:1 n-7 and DHA (22:6 n-3). Based on these data, the lack of DHA in the diet significantly reduced the growth rates of larval red drum. The 10-day-old red drum larvae had similar fatty acid profiles at the end of the experiments regardless of the diet they were fed, indicating that dietary inputs have little effect on the fatty acid composition of larvae during the first ten days of growth. Red drum larvae appear to have the ability, though limited, to bioconvert EPA to DHA since there was a significant increase in the levels of DHA from day 1 to day 10 in the NHUFA larvae. However, the efficiency of this bioconversion is not sufficient for optimal growth and supplemental DHA at least to the level found in the control rotifers (0.3–0.4mg/100mg tissue) is necessary to maximize growth. The exact role of EPA could not be determined from this study due to the inability to produce an EPA-free rotifer.
Tunable graphene quantum point contact transistor for DNA detection and characterization

A graphene membrane conductor containing a nanopore in a quantum point contact geometry is a promising candidate to sense, and potentially sequence, DNA molecules translocating through the nanopore. Within this geometry, the shape, size, and position of the nanopore as well as the edge configuration influences the membrane conductance caused by the electrostatic interaction between the DNA nucleotides and the nanopore edge. It is shown that the graphene conductance variations resulting from DNA translocation can be enhanced by choosing a particular geometry as well as by modulating the graphene Fermi energy, which demonstrates the ability to detect conformational transformations of a double-stranded DNA, as well as the passage of individual base pairs of a single-stranded DNA molecule through the nanopore.
Intracranial stimulation and one-drop licking in the rat

The present study examined the effects of intracranial stimulation (ICS) of the lateral hypothalamic area (LH) on the lick response of the rat. Rewarding stimulation and/or a drop of water was presented contingent on a lick. Three rats were run on a three-ply multiple schedule. On separate components, licks were reinforced with water, water plus ICS, or ICS alone. For each component, the total number of licks was recorded as well as measures of the burst of licking that occurred after water reinforcement. Initially, nine ICS intensities were used from threshold (T) to threshold plus 400 μA (T + 400 μA). All animals were tested while water deprived, receiving their daily 12-cc ration after the testing session. Then the animals were retested at two ICS intensities (T and T + 200 μA), receiving their daily 12-cc ration of water either ½ h before being tested or at the end of the session. ICS intensities above threshold decreased the rate of responding when the stimulation was combined with water, both in terms of emitted and elicited licking. The operant lick rate for ICS alone was always lower than the lick rate for water alone or for water plus ICS. Water deprivation increased licking during the water component, marginally increased licking in the water-plus-stimulation component, and did not increase licking in the stimulation-only component.
On J. Bolyai's parallel construction

Given a model of Hilbert's incidence, order and congruence axioms (an H-plane) in which the Line-Circle Principle and the hypothesis of the acute angle hold, J. Bolyai's parallel construction is shown to yield the two parallels through the given point that have a “common perpendicular at infinity” with the given line through the ideal points at which they meet the given line; these need not be asymptotic parallels, for the plane need not be hyperbolic. Two new characterizations of hyperbolic planes are given, based on W. Pejas' classification of H-planes. The role of Archimedes' axiom is clarified.
VOIDING INDUCED STRESS REDISTRIBUTION AND ITS RELIABILITY IMPLICATIONS IN METAL INTERCONNECTS

The evolution of stress affected by the formation of voids in metal interconnects is studied numerically. The objective is to examine how thermal stresses redistribute in response to voiding, rather than how voids form in response to stress, for gaining insights into the physics of reliability in integrated circuit devices. The finite element method is employed to model the thermal and voiding histories of the interconnect structure. Voiding is simulated by removing relevant material elements in the metal. Bulky and slit-like voids of various sizes are considered. The stress relaxation due to voiding is found to be a local phenomenon, bearing no direct relation with the global thermomechanical conditions of the interconnect. The concept of the saturation void fraction thus needs to be revisited. The stress gradient along the line on both sides of the void is found to be essentially constant for the various void shapes and sizes considered. This has implications on the resolution limit of micro-diffraction techniques needed for sensing the existence of voids. The resulting stress field is also used as the initial condition in modeling the electromigration flux divergence by employing the finite difference method. A mechanistic understanding of electromigration voiding due to the presence of locally debonded slits is established. The debond-induced stress gradient is found to cause back atomic flow, leading to local flux divergence. The flux divergence, and thus the voiding propensity, increases with an increasing size of the debond. The same approach is also used to study if a pre-existing stress-void can grow into an electromigration void. A simple correlation, which appears to rationalize experimental observations, is identified: a large stress-void is more prone to growth during subsequent electromigration. The validity of applying the critical stress concept in characterizing electromigration failure is discussed.
Energy reserves and metabolism as indicators of coral recovery from bleaching

With reduced zooxanthellae, chlorophyll a (Chl a), or both, concentrations, bleached corals rely on some combination of energy reserves (i.e., lipid, carbohydrate, protein) and heterotrophy to survive and recover. To understand the dynamics of energy reserves and metabolism during long-term recovery, Porites compressa and Montipora capitata corals were experimentally bleached in outdoor tanks for 1 month (treatment corals). Additional corals were maintained in separate tanks at ambient temperatures (control corals). Recovery occurred on the reef for 0, 1.5, 4, or 8 months. At 0 months all treatment corals were white in color, with lower Chl a, lipid, carbohydrate, protein, tissue biomass, and photosynthesis than control corals. During recovery, P. compressa replenished energy reserves and tissue biomass at 8 mo, long after photosynthesis and Chl a had recovered at 1.5 and 4 months, respectively. M. capitata replenished energy reserves at 1.5 months, despite decreased Chl a and photosynthesis levels. P. compressa depends on photosynthetically fixed carbon for recovery from bleaching, whereas M. capitata does not. Overall, M. capitata had a faster recovery rate than P. compressa for all measured variables except Chl a concentration. With intensifying bleaching, coral diversity on future reefs may favor species with faster recovery rates. Coral bleaching is primarily caused by elevated seawater
Secondary elastic crack tip stresses which may influence very slow fatigue crack growth—additional results

For near threshold fatigue crack growth rates, a high sensitivity to stress field analysis is often displayed. For example, the partial closure or adjusted compliance ratio (ACR) methods are required to obtain the best correlation of data. This paper presents additional results on secondary crack tip stress field terms, which may be of interest for more fully representing the elastic stress field results for various configurations. Several new configurations are treated including dislocation effects, concentrated force circumstances (useful for Green's Functions), and periodic arrays of cracks. These results may be used to go beyond T-stresses in analyzing behavior.
Natural convection in a shallow cavity

Si le nombre de Prandtl est suffisamment faible il apparait des cellules transversales comme resultat de l'instabilite hydrodynamique. On considere le cas de frontieres inferieure et superieure, conductrice et isolante
Targeted Inhibition of Src Kinase Signaling Attenuates Pancreatic Tumorigenesis

Elevated Src expression correlates with malignant potential and metastatic disease in many tumors including pancreatic cancer. We sought to characterize the molecular effects of Src kinase inhibition with dasatinib (BMS-354825), a novel, multitargeted kinase inhibitor that targets Src family kinases in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). We identified sensitive and resistant PDA cell lines to dasatinib treatment and tested the molecular effects of Src inhibition in vitro and in vivo. We show for the first time that cellular localization of Src expression affects survival in patients with PDA. Pancreatic tumors with increased membranous expression of Src resulted in decreased survival compared with tumors that had increased cytoplasmic Src expression. Src kinase inhibition with dasatinib markedly inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle progression and anchorage-independent growth, and stimulates apoptosis. This was accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of Src, focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, AKT, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), as well as decreased cyclin D1 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, small interfering RNA to Src results in a significant decrease in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Dasatinib treatment also inhibits in vivo pancreatic tumor growth. Mechanisms of resistance to Src inhibition seem to be related to a lack of inhibition of STAT3 and MAPK signaling. These results establish a mechanistic rationale for Src inhibition with dasatinib as a therapeutic target in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and identify potential biomarkers of resistance to Src inhibition.
Spinal muscular atrophy astrocytes exhibit abnormal calcium regulation and reduced growth factor production

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder caused by the deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene that leads to loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. Although motor neurons are selectively lost during SMA pathology, selective replacement of SMN in motor neurons does not lead to full rescue in mouse models. Due to the ubiquitous expression of SMN, it is likely that other cell types besides motor neurons are affected by its disruption and therefore may contribute to disease pathology. Here we show that astrocytes in SMAΔ7 mouse spinal cord and from SMA-induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit morphological and cellular changes indicative of activation before overt motor neuron loss. Furthermore, our in vitro studies show mis-regulation of basal calcium and decreased response to adenosine triphosphate stimulation indicating abnormal astrocyte function. Together, for the first time, these data show early disruptions in astrocytes that may contribute to SMA disease pathology.
A Method to Increase the Power of Multiple Testing Procedures Through Sample Splitting

Consider the standard multiple testing problem where many hypotheses are to be tested, each hypothesis is associated with a test statistic, and large test statistics provide evidence against the null hypotheses. One proposal to provide probabilistic control of Type-I errors is the use of procedures ensuring that the expected number of false positives does not exceed a user-supplied threshold. Among such multiple testing procedures, we derive the most powerful method, meaning the test statistic cutoffs that maximize the expected number of true positives. Unfortunately, these optimal cutoffs depend on the true unknown data generating distribution, so could never be used in a practical setting. We instead consider splitting the sample so that the optimal cutoffs are estimated from a portion of the data, and then testing on the remaining data using these estimated cutoffs. When the null distributions for all test statistics are the same, the obvious way to control the expected number of false positives would be to use a common cutoff for all tests. In this work, we consider the common cutoff method as a benchmark multiple testing procedure. We show that in certain circumstances the use of estimated optimal cutoffs via sample splitting can dramatically outperform this benchmark method, resulting in increased true discoveries, while retaining Type-I error control. This paper is an updated version of the work presented in Rubin et al. (2005), later expanded upon by Wasserman and Roeder (2006).
Self-assembly of micro- and nano-scale particles using bio-inspired events

Abstract High sensitivity chemical and biological detection techniques and the development of future electronic systems can greatly benefit from self-assembly processes and techniques. We have approached this challenge using biologically inspired events such as the hybridization of single (ss)- to double-stranded (ds) DNA and the strong affinity between the protein avidin and its associated Vitamin, biotin. Using these molecules, micro-scale polystyrene beads and nano-scale gold particles were assembled with high efficiency on gold patterns and the procedures used for these processes were optimized. The DNA and avidin–biotin complex was also used to demonstrate the attachment of micro-scale silicon islands to each other in a fluid. This work also provides insight into the techniques for the self-assembly of heterogeneous materials.
Pathology of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Induced by a Reo-Like Virus:

Gross, immunofluorescent, and light microscopic findings in seven gnotobiotic calves inoculated orally with a Reo-like neonatal calf diarrhea virus were compared to findings in three control gnotobiotic calves. Neonatal calf diarrhea virus infected primarily the villous epithelium of the small intestine. Calves examined within 1.5 h after onset of diarrhea had tall columnar immunofluorescent villous epithelial cells in the middle and lower small intestine. Calves examined 2–4.5 h after onset of diarrhea had cuboidal to squamous villous epithelial cells and an increase in reticulum-like cells in the villous lamina propria of the middle and lower small intestine. Viral tilers were 106 and 108 in colonic contents from two calves inoculated with cell-culture-adapted virus and necropsied, respectively, 2 and 6 h after onset of diarrhea.
Integrative primary care and the internet: opportunities and challenges.

The Internet: gateway to reliable clinical and research information or flood-gate to unsubstantiated information of insufficient depth and variable quality ? Can it help the physician locate high-quality information that will enhance patient care? Can it help patients become more knowledgeable, involved, and competent in participating in their health care management? Can it be used efficiently and effectively during a busy practice day to immediately educate providers and patients right at point of care? The answer to all these questions is yes. This article will empower readers with knowledge of authoritative Web sites that directly addresses clinical questions, are easy to search, and will help physicians guide their patients to sources of information that are valid and trustworthy.
Issues and Implications of Deaf Culture in Therapy

In the United States, it is estimated that between 200,000 and 500,000 individuals are culturally Deaf. Deaf culture provides unique challenges that can impact standard therapeutic techniques. Issues regarding the abilityof hearing therapists to effectively work with Deaf clients are addressed, and a number of guidelines are offered to assist hearing therapists in bridging language barriers and cultural gaps with Deaf clients. Additionally, concerns about the selection and inclusion of sign language interpreters are discussed.
Cycles through Large Degree Vertices in Digraphs

LetD=(V, E) be a digraph with vertex setVof sizenand arc setE. Foru?V, letd(u) denote the degree ofu. AMeyniel set Mis a subset ofVsuch thatd(u)+d(v)?2n?1 for every pair of nonadjacent verticesuandvbelonging toM. In this paper we show that ifDis strongly connected, then every Meyniel setMlies in a (directed) cycle, generalizing Meyniel's theorem. Our proof yields anO(|M|n4) algorithm for finding such a cycle. As a corollary it follows that ifDis strongly connected, thenDcontains a cycle through all vertices of degree ?nwhich generalizes a result of Shi for undirected graphs.
Temperature-dependent luminescence of cerium-doped ytterbium oxyorthosilicate

Abstract We have measured optical absorption and radioluminescence of Yb 1.999 Ce 0.001 SiO 5 (YbSO) and found it to be a very poor phosphor. This is in striking contrast to Lu-, Y-, and Gd-based oxyorthosilicates, which are characterized by very strong Ce 3+ emission. The absence of luminescence in YbSO is due to quenching of the Ce 3+ emission via an [Yb 2+ –Ce 4+ ] charge-transfer mechanism. Extremely weak band emission observed in YbSO is attributed to transitions connecting the (Yb 2+ –h + ) charge-transfer state to the two levels of the Yb 2+ 4f 13 configuration. Optical absorption shows the usual bands due to Ce 3+ absorption with a band edge near 260 nm. The RL emission spectrum consists of a well-resolved band near 500 nm and an additional band in the region 260–300 nm. The exact position of the latter band cannot be determined due to concomitant Ce 3+ absorption. At room temperature the YbSO RL emission is ca. six orders of magnitude weaker than Lu 2 SiO 5 : Ce (LSO) emission. Maximum intensity in the interval 8–300 K occurs near 40 K and is ca. four orders of magnitude weaker than LSO emission. The YbSO band emission is thermally quenched with increasing temperature (40–300 K), consistent with classical theory predictions.
Size effects on optical transition energies in CdS x Se 1−x semiconductor nanocrystal glass composites

We report results of measurements of optical transition energies in CdSx Se1−x nanocrystals embedded in a glass matrix. By varying annealing temperature and growth time, we obtained a series of samples with crystallite sizes from 1.8 to 12.4 nm in diameter. We carried out Raman experiments and transmission electron microscopy to determine the composition and the crystallite diameter, respectively, of the semiconductor particles. We measured absorption and electromodulation spectra to identify the quantized energy levels. Two electromodulation peaks that are due to the valence band and the split-off valence band are clearly resolved. The shape of the electromodulation spectrum is significantly affected by the heavy-hole and light-hole splitting. An analysis of the change in optical transition energies with particle size shows that it is necessary to consider the effect of finite well depth of only 1–2 eV for the conduction band.
Adenoviral Gene Transfer in Bovine Adrenomedullary and Murine Pheochromocytoma Cells: Potential Clinical and Therapeutic Relevance

Recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) have been widely used as gene transfer vectors both in the laboratory and in human clinical trials. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in primary bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (BACC) and a murine pheochromocytoma cell line (MPC). Cells were infected with one of three nonreplicating E1/E3-deleted (E1−/E3−) rAd vectors: Ad.GFP, expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP); Ad.null, expressing no transgene; or Ad.C2.TK, expressing the herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase gene (TK). Forty-eight hours after exposure to Ad.GFP, the percentage of GFP-expressing BACC ranged from 23.5–97% in a dose-dependent manner and similarly from 1.06–84.4% in the MPC, indicating that adrenomedullary cells are a potentially valuable target for adenoviral-mediated gene transfer. Ultrastructural analysis, however, revealed profound changes in the nucleus and mitochondria of cells infected with rAd. Furthermore, infection of BACC with Ad.null ...
Correcting texture mapping errors introduced by graphics hardware

Most rendering engines subdivide arbitrary polygons into a collection of triangles, which are then rendered independently of each other. This procedure can introduce severe artifacts when rendering texture-mapped quadrilaterals. These errors result from a fundamental limitation: the impossibility of performing general projective mappings using only the information available at the vertices of a single triangle. Texture mapping involving arbitrary quadrilaterals has practical importance in applications that use real images as textures, such as in image-based modeling and rendering. The paper presents an efficient adaptive-subdivision solution to the problem, which, due to its simplicity, can be easily incorporated into graphics APIs.
Canonical and Noncanonical Wnt Proteins Program Dendritic Cell Responses for Tolerance

Ag-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) interpret environmental signals to orchestrate local and systemic immune responses. They govern the balance between tolerance and inflammation at epithelial surfaces, where the immune system must provide robust pathogen responses while maintaining tolerance to commensal flora and food Ags. The Wnt family of secreted proteins, which control epithelial and hematopoietic development and homeostasis, is emerging as an important regulator of inflammation. In this study, we show that canonical and noncanonical Wnts directly stimulate murine DC production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Wnt3A triggers canonical β-catenin signaling and preferentially induces DC TGF-β and VEGF production, whereas Wnt5A induces IL-10 through alternative pathways. The Wnts also alter DC responses to microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine induction in response to TLR ligands and promoting DC generation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Moreover, although both Wnts suppress proinflammatory responses to bacterial endotoxin and to TLR1/2, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands, Wnt5A, but not Wnt3A, inhibits IL-6 production in response to the viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Thus, Wnt family members directly and differentially regulate DC functions, an ability that may contribute to the balance between tolerance and inflammation at epithelial sites of exposure to microbes and environmental Ags.
Performance problem prediction in transaction-based e-business systems

Key areas in managing e-commerce systems are problem prediction, root cause analysis, and automated problem remediation. Anticipating SLO violations by proactive problem determination (PD) is particularly important since it can significantly lower the business impact of application performance problems. The main contribution of this paper is to investigate proactive PD based on two important concepts: dependency graphs and dynamic runtime performance characteristics of resources that comprise an I/T environment. The authors show how one can calculate and use the contribution of all supporting resources for a transaction to the end-to-end SLO for that transaction. Higher order moments of these components' contributions are further tracked for proactive alerting. An important aspect of this process is the classification of user transactions based on the profile of their resource usage, enabling one to set appropriate thresholds for the different classes only. Combined with the complete or semi-complete dependency information, our approach confines the scope of potential root causes to a small set of components, thus enabling efficient performance problem anticipation and quick remediation.
Alcohol seeking in C57BL/6 mice induced by conditioned cues and contexts in the extinction-reinstatement model

Abstract We have recently shown that the alcohol self-administration context can reinstate extinguished responding for alcohol when that extinction occurs in a different context [Burattini, C., Gill, T. M., Aicardi, G., & Janak, P. H. (2006)]. The ethanol self-administration context as a reinstatement cue: acute effects of naltrexone. Neuroscience, in press; Zironi, I., Burattini, C., Aicardi, G., & Janak, P. H. (2006). Context is a trigger for relapse to alcohol. Behav Brain Res 167, 150–155). Here, we test whether the C57BL/6 mice will also show context-induced reinstatement for alcohol, and whether presentation of an alcohol-associated cue will alter the observed responding. Male C57BL/6 mice were trained to lever press on a fixed ratio-3 schedule for a 10% ethanol solution in a context made distinctive using visual, tactile, and olfactory stimuli. Each ethanol delivery was paired with a compound tone-light stimulus. After training, extinction sessions were given in a distinct context, comprised of different visual, tactile, and olfactory stimuli; the compound cue and the alcohol were not available during these sessions. In Experiment 1, after response extinction, subjects were tested by placement into both the alcohol self-administration context and, on a subsequent test, by response-contingent presentation of the cue following placement into the alcohol self-administration context. In Experiment 2, after response extinction, subjects were tested in both of these conditions, with the addition of a test of the effects of response-contingent presentation of the cue in the extinction context. The results indicate that the alcohol self-administration context produces a mild increase in responding at the alcohol lever, and that presentation of the alcohol-associated cue in the alcohol context, but not the extinction context, strongly increases responding on the alcohol lever. These findings suggest that the power of an alcohol-associated cue can be modulated by the context. The observed effects of alcohol contexts and cues on alcohol-seeking behavior in the C57BL/6 mouse suggest that this reinstatement model may be useful for understanding the neurobiological and genetic mechanisms of relapse triggered by conditioned environmental stimuli.
The Relationship Between Stock Market Development And The Opacity Index

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between stock market development and the Opacity Index for 2005/2006, 2007/2008, and 2009. The role of financial institutions in promoting economic growth and development is well established. The specific role of the stock market in economic growth and development is to provide capital to entrepreneurs and growing companies and to direct capital to companies that provide the highest rate of return. The Opacity Index is a measure of transparency for an economy and measures the degree of transparency in an economy. We find a statistically significant relationship between the Opacity Index and the ratio of stock market capitalization divided by GDP for a sample of 45 countries for which the Opacity Index is provided.
Treed Avalanche Forecasting: Mitigating Avalanche Danger Utilizing Bayesian Additive Regression Trees

Little Cottonwood Canyon Highway is a dead-end, two lane road leading to Utah's Alta and Snowbird ski resorts. It is the only road access to these resorts and is heavily traveled during the ski season. Fifty-seven percent of this road has been calculated to fall within known avalanche paths and the road is ranked among the most dangerous highways in the world relative to avalanche hazard. Professional avalanche forecasters monitor this road throughout the ski season in order to make road closure decisions in the face of avalanche danger. Forecasters at the Utah Department of Transportation avalanche guard station at Alta have maintained an extensive daily winter database on explanatory variables relating to avalanche prediction. Whether or not an avalanche crosses the road is modeled in this paper via Bayesian additive tree methods. Utilizing daily winter data from 1995 to 2010, results show that using Bayesian tree analysis outperforms traditional statistical methods in terms of realized misclassification costs that take into consideration asymmetric losses arising from two types of errors. Closing the road when an avalanche does not occur is an error harmful to resort owners and not closing the road when one does may result in injury or death.
Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Loci and Kits

Publisher Summary STRs (short tandem repeat) have become popular DNA repeat markers because they are easily amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) without the problems of differential amplification. This is because both alleles from a heterozygous individual are similar in size since the repeat size is small. The number of repeats in STR markers can be highly variable among individuals, which makes these STRs effective for human identification purposes. STR repeats sequences are named by the length of the repeat unit. STR markers are usually identified in one of the two ways: searching DNA sequence databases such as GenBank for regions with more than six or so contiguous repeat units or performing molecular biology isolation methods. STRs are often divided into several categories based on the repeat pattern. Simple repeats contain units of identical length and sequence; compound repeats comprise two or more adjacent simple repeats; and complex repeats may contain several repeat blocks of variable unit length as well as variable intervening sequences. An STR typing kit consists of five components: a PCR primer mixture containing oligonucleotides designed to amplify a set of STR loci, a PCR buffer containing deoxynucleotide triphosphates, MgCl2, and other reagents necessary to perform PCR, a DNA polymerase, which is sometimes premixed with the PCR buffer, an allelic ladder with common alleles for the STR loci being amplified to enable calibration of allele repeat size, and a positive control DNA sample to verify that the kit reagents are working properly.
Dyskinetische Bewegungsstörung unter antikonvulsiver Behandlung

Dyskinetische, choreoathetotische Bewegungsstorungen gehoren zu den seltenen unerwunschten Wirkungen einer antikonvulsiven Therapie. Hier wird der Fall eines 34 Jahre alten Patienten mit Pharmakotherapie refraktarer fokaler Epilepsie beschrieben, bei dem zur vorbestehenden Medikation aus Phenytoin (PHT) und Sultiam (STM) Lamotrigin (LTG) hinzugegeben worden war, nach Absetzen von Phenobarbital (PB). Unter mittleren Dosen/Serumspiegeln von LTG und PHT entwickelte er heftige, subjektiv stark beeintrachtigende Dyskinesien bzw. choreoathetotische Bewegungen, die sich rasch zuruckbildeten, nachdem nicht das vor dem Auftreten der Symptomatik zuletzt neu hinzugegebene LTG, sondern PHT aus der Behandlung herausgenommen worden war. Vergleichbare Einzelfalle sind in der Literatur beschrieben.