cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unilateral internuclear gene transfer and cell differentiation in Schizophyllum

The recent proliferation of studies on moveable genetic elements has suggested that genome rearrangement can contribute to the underlying mechanisms involved in cell differentiation1. Evidence to support this notion is rapidly accumulating in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms2–5. So far, however, relatively few eukaryotes have lent themselves to genetic analysis with resolution sufficient for the detection of genome rearrangement during cell differentiation. The filamentous fungi as exemplified here by Schizophyllum commune, provide an unusual experimental opportunity for detecting moveable genetic elements in that the organism grows as a binucleate heterokaryon. Each cell contains two compatible haploid nuclei which can be experimentally dissociated into uninucleate cells, and these cells can then be used in genetic analysis to detect genetic changes. We now present evidence that nuclei in cells from differentiated mound bodies show a specific genetic change whereas nuclei from surrounding non-mound vegetative cells show no detectable genetic changes. The binucleate cells of differentiated mound bodies were found to contain haploid nuclei one of which remained unchanged with regard to its genetic marker genes whereas the other nucleus, and always the same one, contained specific marker genes from the other nucleus. A unilateral transfer of gene copies between nuclei thus seems to be associated with mound cell differentiation. The genetic change is not the result of mutation and also is distinguished from somatic recombination6, but is similar to single factor transfer7. The transferred copies are stably integrated into the recipient genome and subsequently behave as mendelian genes.
In Defense of Beer’s Law

To state that a substance fails to obey Beer’s Law is an injustice, since it is the investigator who has failed to make proper use of the Law. If the substance becomes a mixture of substances when in solution, Beer’s Law must be applied to each component of the mixture. It does not seem to be generally realized that this can often be done, even when none of the components of the mixture can be isolated in the pure state.
Phospholipid composition and fatty acid profiles of the phospholipids in bovine predentin.

When bovine dental pulp was removed from erupted and unerupted molars the odontoblasts remained attached to the predentin-dentin shell, from which the soft, partially calcified predentin layer was removed for lipid analysis. The phospholipid and fatty acid composition of phospholipids and neutral lipids were the same in undemineralized bovine predentin from both erupted and unerupted calf molars. The major phospholipids present were phosphatidylcholine (52–56% of the total phospholipids) and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (22–23%). About 10% of the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were plasmalogens. The major fatty acids observed were palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids. The phospholipid composition of predentin was different from that of undemineralized dental pulp. Predentin contained a significantly higher percentage of phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin than dental pulp. The fatty acid profiles of the individual phospholipids in the bovine predentin layer were also determined, and for the most part they were comparable to similar comparisons made for other tissues. Predentin sphingomyelin contained only about 6% of 24-carbon fatty acids, which is a relatively low amount compared to sphingomyelin in most other tissues. The fatty acid compositions of predentin neutral lipids and phospholipids were similar to the compositions of dental pulp lipids, but both types of predentin lipids contained more docosapolyenoic acids. The phospholipid and fatty acid compositions of predentin lipids were different from those in human and rat dentin which have been reported by others.
Diagnosis and management of chronic compartment syndrome.

Background. This article describes the diagnosis and management of chronic compartment syndrome and functional popliteal entrapment syndrome, unusual causes for claudication in young adults. Methods. A total of 276 patients (<50 years old) with isolated muscle cramping, swelling, and plantar paresthesia were routinely evaluated with compartment pressures (normal < 15 mm Hg), stress plethysmography, and selectively evaluated with pulse volume recordings and arteriography. Results. Patients were young (mean 28.4 years) with long-standing symptoms (mean 24 months), affecting 1 or both lower extremities (32% vs 68%, respectively). Of the patients, 84 were male (30%) and 192 were female (70%). Common symptoms were isolated muscle cramping (100%) or swelling (40%), and plantar paresthesia (20%). Of 436 treated compartments, 316 were anterolateral, 70 deep-posterior, and 50 superficial-posterior. Mean compartment pressure was 28 mm Hg. Resting pulse volume recordings were abnormal in 6 patients (2.5%); 82 had positive popliteal entrapment tests (30%), but symptoms were present in only 21 (9.7%). Open fasciectomy was performed in all patients with chronic compartment syndrome or functional entrapment. Local anesthesia was used in 243 (88%) and general in 33 patients (12%). Mean follow-up was 60 months. Of the 276 patients, 92% had full relief of symptoms and returned to normal daily or athletic activity. Eight percent obtained symptomatic relief, but activity was limited because of new compartment symptoms or other orthopedic injury. Conclusions. Open fasciectomy for chronic compartment and functional entrapment syndromes is effective therapy. (Surgery 2002;132:613-9.)
Precedence tree guided search for the efficient identification of multiple situations of interest - AND/OR graph matching

Presents method for modeling multiple situations of interest as single template graph.Enables precedence tree guidance of a graph matching (GM) search heuristic.Demonstrates significant speedup of the proposed AND/OR GM methodology.Performs numerous numerical experiments investigating other AND/OR GM policies.Describes intelligence analysis applications for the proposed techniques. Intelligence analysis is a domain characterized by a torrent of streaming data within which a very small portion contains useful knowledge or actionable intelligence. Intelligence analysts have to sift through the compiled data and weave through a complex web of convoluted connections in an attempt to illuminate information requirements (IR) and maintain situational awareness. Automated methodologies have eased the manual burden of this process to some extent. Data are naturally modeled in a graphical form representing the known people, places, events and the relationships between them. Graph matching algorithms in which an information requirement is formulated as a template graph or situation of interest to be found in the observed data graph have been successfully employed in intelligence analysis processes. Absent from these past contributions is the recognition that partial information requirements, such as indicators and warnings, are not mutually exclusive to a specific IR, and an understanding of the characteristics of the underlying data can lead to significant performance benefits. The knowledge of overlapping template sections forms the motivation for precedence tree guided search and AND/OR templates. Through the recognition of the overlapping sections, a single AND/OR template can be created to answer many information requirements. This paper presents a novel algorithm for the intelligent traversal of an AND/OR template, providing increased algorithmic efficiency over the execution of multiple sequential graph matching instances. This paper focuses on development of an algorithm for intelligent AND/OR template traversal with computational results illustrating the effectiveness of the developed methods. The results indicate a significant improvement in runtime (with a speedup over 5 in some cases) while maintaining a good solution quality (within 2% of multiple AND path graph matching executions) in AND/OR and precedence tree guided graph matching.
Abnormalities of forelimb and pronephros in a direct developing frog suggest a retinoic acid deficiency

The direct developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, serves as a model for a divergent, derived pattern of anuran development. Reproduction and development occur normally in captivity, although individual embryos and sometimes entire clutches exhibit edema. Edematous embryos have abnormal pronephroi, as judged by histology and by alkaline phosphatase staining. The pronephric defects would be sufficient to account for the edema. The first indicator of later edema is loss or reduced development of the forelimbs. The coupling of forelimb and pronephric abnormalities is likely due to insufficient retinoic acid. The same syndrome can be produced experimentally by treatment with citral, an inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis. The involvement of retinoic acid in forelimb development, found previously in other vertebrates, can now be extended to anuran amphibians. Reduced forelimb development in embryos may be a useful way to detect insufficient dietary vitamin A in reproductive colonies of direct developing frogs and of other vertebrates.
Some Probabilistic Models of Simple Choice and Ranking

Abstract A simple choice experiment is one in which a subject is asked to select among several alternatives according to some specified criterion, and a ranking experiment is one in which he is asked to rank order the alternatives, again according to some specified criterion. When decisions are governed by a probabilistic process, various connections are possible between simple choice and ranking behavior. In this paper we consider a set of conditions that assumes that the ranking probabilities can be expressed as a “natural” function of the simple choice probabilities. Under these conditions the binary choice probabilities on a finite set A determine the simple choice and ranking probabilities on every subset of A , and explicit forms are given for the functions relating the simple choice and ranking probabilities to the binary choice probabilities.
Environmental Justice: Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy

Shrader-Frechette offers a rigorous philosophical discussion of environmental justice. Explaining fundamental ethical concepts such as equality, property rights, procedural justice, free informed consent, intergenerational equity, and just compensation-and then bringing them to bear on real-world social issues-she shows how many of these core concepts have been compromised for a large segment of the global population, among them Appalachians, African-Americans, workers in hazardous jobs, and indigenous people in developing nations. She argues that burdens like pollution and resource depletion need to be apportioned more equally, and that there are compelling ethical grounds for remedying our environmental problems. She also argues that those affected by environmental problems must be included in the process of remedying those problems; that all citizens have a duty to engage in activism on behalf of Environmental Justice; and that in a democracy it is the people, not the government, that are ultimately responsible for fair use of the environment.
Reactions to Physical Contact Among Coaches and Players: The Influence of Coach Sex, Player Sex, and Attitudes Toward Women

The purpose of the current study was to examine factors that impact people's reactions to physical contact by an athletics coach toward a player. Participants (82 undergraduate students in the U.S.) took part in a 2 (coach sex) × 2 (player sex) experiment aimed at assessing their perceived appropriateness of the coach striking the player and their preferred consequences for that action. Hierarchical regression analysis provided support for a coach sex × player sex × participant attitudes toward women interaction in predicting the perceived appropriateness of the physical contact. Multinomial logistic regression then indicated that perceived appropriateness was inversely related to the severity of the preferred consequences for the coach. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications.
Computer simulations of the Rocketdyne/Stanford FEL experiment

The Rocketdyne-Stanford FEL experiment is analyzed using Rocketdyne's three-dimensional steady-state wave-optics FEL code FELOPT and the one- and two-dimensional time-dependent codes RAFEL and TWOFEL. The results of simulations based on experimental parameters are presented. The oscillator is a stable near-concentric resonator with an optical waist radius of about 0.07 cm in the center of the 2-m wiggler; the peak current is 25 A, the energy spread is less than 0.5 percent, and the micropulse length is 3 ps. 11 references.
Statistical design of C10-Co-MCM-41 catalytic template for synthesizing smaller-diameter single-wall carbon nanotubes

As the SWNT diameter decreases, the diversity of possible chiral conformations decreases, therefore smaller-diameter SWNT with a narrow diameter distribution are highly desirable for applications such as electronic devices and chemical sensors. In this paper, Co-MCM-41 with 1.9 nm pore diameter was prepared as a catalytic template to produce SWNT with diameter as small as 0.77 nm. Both the statistical analysis of a design set of experiments and screening test experiments results based on a model from the design set show that the synthesis of Co-MCM-41 can be described by some significant predictors and their two-factor interaction terms. Raman spectroscopy results demonstrate the success of 0.77 nm diameter SWNT synthesis with 1.9 nm diameter Co-MCM-41 catalyst.
Patterns of Variation in Poa annua Populations as Revealed by Canonical Discriminant Analysis of Life History Traits

Infestation of southern golf courses with weedy annual bluegrass can be a serious problem and chemical control is less than fully effective. Researchers have classified Poa annua L. into an annual var. annua and a perennial var. reptans. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate eight P. annua ecotypes: Augusta 4', Augusta 8', 'Augusta 14', 'Augusta 17', 'Auburn', Birmingham', Columbia', and 'Purchased', the latter established from seed grown in Oregon. Observations were taken on seedling and reproductive traits, regrowth potential of clones in early summer, and germination of freshly harvested seed to evaluate variability among the selected ecotypes. Only the Birmingham ecotype represented var. reptans, whereas the other seven represented var. annua. The Birmingham population had smaller flag leaves than the Augusta populations (21 vs. 26 mm), fewer panicles at the end of the study (46 vs. 128 panicles plant -1 ), and a higher germination percentage of freshly harvested seed (50 vs. 22%). The Birmingham population was the only one of the eight studied which had significant regrowth of clones harvested after completion of the annual life cycle in early June. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that the cluster of Augusta ecotypes was fairly homogeneous and quite similar to the Purchased check population. The Auburn, Birmingham, and Columbia populations were quite distinct from one another as well as the Augusta-Purchased group. The similarity between the Augusta populations and the Purchased check suggests that the Augusta populations may have been established originally from a similar source of Oregon-grown material; however, similar turfgrass management practices could account for apparent similarities between the Augusta and Purchased populations.
Oral terbinafine versus griseofulvin in the treatment of moccasin-type tinea pedis

The safety and effectiveness of oral terbinafine, 125 mg twice daily, and griseofulvin, 250 mg twice daily, in patients with moccasin-type tinea pedis were examined in a double-blind randomized trial. At the end of the 6-week treatment period, both a clinical and mycologic cure or a mycologic cure with minimal signs of infection was noted in 12 (75%) of the 16 terbinafine-treated patients compared with only 3 (27%) of the 12 patients treated with griseofulvin. The overall response rate 2 weeks after the completion of treatment was 88% in the terbinafine-treated group and 45% in the griseofulvin-treated group. When contacted again 6 to 15 months after completion of the study, 94% of the terbinafine-treated patients reported sustained clearing of tinea pedis, and 88% of those with nail involvement at the time of treatment reported improvement. In contrast, tinea pedis remained cured in only 30% of the patients who had received griseofulvin, and onychomycosis improved in only 14%.
DNS security challenges and best practices to deploy secure DNS with digital signatures

This paper is meant to discuss the DNS security vulnerabilities and best practices to address DNS security challenges. The Domain Name System (DNS) is the foundation of internet which translates user friendly domains, named based Resource Records (RR) into corresponding IP addresses and vice-versa. Nowadays usage of DNS services are not merely for translating domain names, but it is also used to block spam, email authentication like DKIM and the latest DMARC, the TXT records found in DNS are mainly about improving the security of services. So, virtually almost every internet application is using DNS. If not works properly then whole internet communication will collapse. Therefore security of DNS infrastructures is one of the core requirements for any organization in current cyber security arena. DNS are favorite place for attackers due to huge loss of its outcome. So breach in DNS security will in resultant affects the trust worthiness of whole internet. Therefore security of DNS is paramount, in case DNS infrastructure is vulnerable and compromised, organizations lose their revenue, they face downtime, customer dissatisfaction, privacy loss, confront legal challenges and many more. As we know that DNS is now become the largest distributed database, but initially at the time of DNS design the only goal was to provide scalable and available name resolution service but its security perspectives were not focused and overlooked at that time. So there are number of security flaws exist and there is an urgent requirement to provide some additional mechanism for addressing known vulnerabilities. From these security challenges, most important one is DNS data integrity and availability. For this purpose we introduced cryptographic framework that is configured on open source platform by incorporating DNSSEC with Bind DNS software which addresses integrity and availability issues of DNS by establishing DNS chain of trust using digitally signed DNS data.
NMR characterization of the host–guest inclusion complex between β‐cyclodextrin and doxepin

The interaction between doxepin, a member of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) class of drugs, with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) was investigated using NMR. Several TCAs have been reported to form a complex with beta-CD having 1:1 stoichiometry. Previous results from UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence measurements, and molecular modeling indicated that for imipramine, desipramine, and amitriptyline, the TCA aliphatic tail is included in the cyclodextrin cavity with apparently no interaction of the tricyclic ring. An alternative view of the doxepin-beta-CD complex is presented in this work using analysis of complexation-induced chemical shifts (CICSs), the method of continuous variation (Job's analysis), and analysis of ROESY spectra. The Job's plot derived from the NMR spectral data confirms that the complex formed has 1:1 stoichiometry. The largest changes in the CICS data were observed for the aromatic protons of one of the doxepin rings, with much smaller chemical shift changes observed for the protons of the other aromatic ring and the doxepin tail. Perhaps the most significant evidence for inclusion of the doxepin tricyclic ring is the strong ROESY cross peaks between the doxepin aromatic resonances and the protons located inside the beta-CD cavity. Changes in the doxepin (1)H NMR spectrum and the behavior of ROESY exchange cross peaks suggest that inclusion complex formation decreases the rate of internal motions of doxepin.
An Analysis of “Swing” Subdivision and Asynchronization in Three Jazz Saxophonists

This study describes asynchronization and long-short beat division in “swing” performances by three experienced jazz players. Asynchronization consisted largely of delaying attacks; the amount of delay generally increased as tempos increased. Long-short patterns were divided more evenly as tempos increased. Significant differences were found for players, tempos, and the interaction between these variables on both measures.
Aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries in association with celiac axis occlusion

Four patients with aneurysms of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery are described. All had occlusion of the celiac axis at its origin, with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal arcades serving as a collateral pathway. We propose that the association of the celiac axis occlusion and aneurysms in the collateral supply via the pancreatic arcades is more than coincidental. Awareness of this relationship may be of significance in planning therapeutic intervention
Revised Scale for Ambiguity Tolerance: Reliability and Validity

Increasing the 16-item Rydell-Rosen Ambiguity Tolerance Scale to 20 items raised the reliability from .64 to .86 (split-half, corrected by Spearman-Brown). The 20-item scale (AT-20) was cross-validated on a sample of 789 undergraduate students. Retest reliability was estimated at .63 (p < .01) for a 6-mo. interval. As predicted, AT-20 related to (a) performance in a complex task, (b) the F Scale, (c) dogmatism, (d) rigidity, and (e) church attendance. The AT-20 was not affected by social desirability response bias as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne.
R&D status of technologies for utilization of carbon dioxide

Abstract Battelle conducted a 1991 research study for CORDNET, a consortium of Canadian organizations, to address separation, disposal and/or utilization of carbon dioxide. This paper concerns only the utilization aspects. Although the carbon dioxide problem is a global one, the utilization opportunities are based solidly on local resources and conditions. Our investigation led to suggestions for specific opportunities in the pulp and paper industry and polymers, among other possibilities. Opportunities to utilize precipitated calcium carbonate in alkaline-sized paper products and other materials, partly displacing expensive titanium dioxide appear to be attractive. The challenge is to make this process a net remover of carbon dioxide from the global system through use of local brines. Urea and isocyanic acid that are prepared from carbon dioxide may displace hazardous and corrosive phosgene used in manufacture of polycarbonates, urethanes, and advanced materials. The benefits of carbon dioxide utilization arise primarily from the profits and the lessons learned about the properties and potential of carbon dioxide. The amount thus sequestered is likely to be small compared with the magnitue of the CO2 problem.
Geometrical and positional isomer content of the monounsaturated fatty acids from various rat tissues.

The percentage distribution of the geometrical and positional isomers in the hexadecenoates and octadecenoates isolated from triglycerides, phosphatidylch olines, and phosphatidylethanolamines of brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, and adipose tissues from normal rats maintained on a laboratory diet has been determined. All of the octadecenoates and most of the hexadecenoates from the lipid classes of all the tissues consisted of more than 95%cis isomers. Generally, palmitoleic was the predominant hexadecenoate, but many of the tissue phospholipids contained relatively high percentages of the Δ6 and Δ7 isomers. Oleate and vaccenate were the predominant octadecenoates in all tissues. Except for brain and adipose tissues, the oleate to vaccenate ratios differed for each lipid class, as well as between most tissues. In contrast to the monoenes of the phospholipids, the triglyceride monoenes exhibited the same approximate: percentage composition; percentage of geometrical isomers; and percentage distribution of hexadecenoate and octadecenoate positional isomers. These data add to our basic information about the percentage distribution of geometrical and positional isomers of naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in the major lipid classes of various normal tissues. Some new concepts were advanced as possible explanations to some of the observed positional isomer distributions.
A brief history of fatal child maltreatment and neglect

Child abuse encompasses four major forms of abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect. The United States retains one of the worst records of child abuse in the industrialized world. It has also been determined that a large portion of these cases are missed and go undocumented in state and federal reporting agencies. In addition, disparate risk factors have been identified for physical abuse and neglect cases, but substance abuse has been found to be a significant factor in all forms of abuse. Fatal child maltreatment and neglect investigations require a multi-pronged and multidisciplinary approach requiring the coordination and information gathering from various agencies. A major difficulty in determining the accidental or non-accidental nature of these cases is that the account surrounding the events of the death of child is acquired from the caretaker. In this review, we outline common diagnostic characteristics and patterns of non-accidental injuries and neglect as a result of nutritional deprivation.
Radioactivity released from phosphate-containing fertilizers and from gypsum

Abstract Large amounts of uranium, radium and radium decay products are redistributed throughout the environment due to the use of phosphate fertilizers. Potential radiological impacts resulting from direct exposure, surface run-off, inhalation and ingestion of foods grown with fertilizers are discussed. Also, waste gypsum piles, a by-product of fertilizer production, are a significant source of radon emissions to air.
Atmospheric correction algorithm for NOAA-AVHRR products: theory and application

Investigation of the effect of atmospheric constituents on NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) visible and near-infrared data is presented. The general remote sensing equation, including scattering, absorption, and bidirectional reflectance effects for the AVHRR solar bands, is described. The magnitude of the atmospheric effects for AVHRR solar bands with respect to their impact on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the surface bidirection reflectance is examined. Possible approaches for acquiring atmospheric information are discussed, and examples of atmospheric correction of surface reflectance and NDVI are given. Invariant effects (ozone absorption and molecular scattering) and variant effects (water vapor absorption and aerosol scattering) are shown to dominate the atmospheric effects in the AVHRR solar bands. >
Polymer field-theory simulations on graphics processing units

Abstract We report the first CUDA™ graphics-processing-unit (GPU) implementation of the polymer field-theoretic simulation framework for determining fully fluctuating expectation values of equilibrium properties for periodic and select aperiodic polymer systems. Our implementation is suitable both for self-consistent field theory (mean-field) solutions of the field equations, and for fully fluctuating simulations using the complex Langevin approach. Running on NVIDIA ® Tesla T20 series GPUs, we find double-precision speedups of up to 30 × compared to single-core serial calculations on a recent reference CPU, while single-precision calculations proceed up to 60 × faster than those on the single CPU core. Due to intensive communications overhead , an MPI implementation running on 64 CPU cores remains two times slower than a single GPU.
The Presence of Two Species of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone within Hamster Anterior Pituitary Glands as Disclosed by Concanavalin A Chromatography

Anterior pituitary gland (AP) homogenates and serum samples were obtained from hamsters at hourly intervals between 1100–1700 h during proestrus. The presence of two species of immunologically active FSH in AP homogenates was revealed by an affinity adsorption technique that employs the lectin, Concanavalin A (Con A). One species did not bind to the lectin (Con A-unbound), whereas the other form (Con A-bound) did attach to the Con A and was eluted with a glucopyranoside solution. The relative ratios of both species of FSH within AP homogenates were determined throughout the afternoon of proestrus. Immediately before the proestrous FSH surge (1100–1400 h), the total AP concentration of FSH remained elevated and unchanged; however, the relative ratio of Con A-unbound to Con A-bound forms of AP FSH increased dramatically. As serum concentrations of FSH rose during proestrous afternoon (between 1500–1700 h), both the AP FSH concentration and the ratio of Con A-unbound to Con A-bound FSH declined. Serum FSH co...
Childhood vision impairment, hearing loss and co-occurring autism spectrum disorder.

Background Limited population-based data on prevalence of childhood vision impairment (VI) and hearing loss (HL), and their co-occurrence with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exists.
QUALITY‐INDICATING CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF AS AFFECTED BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND POSTMORTEM CHILLING TIME

Effects of electrical stimulation on quality-indicating characteristics of beef were evaluated in two studies involving a total of 402 carcasses. Electrical stimulation (550 volts, 5 amps, 60 cycles per set) was administered shortly after the carcasses were split and consisted of 17 impulses of 1.8 set each with a 1.8 set interval between impulses. In Study 1, one side of each carcass (n=222) was electrically stimulated (ES) and the opposite side served as an untreated control (C). Both sides of each carcass were ribbed and evaluated at 24 hr postmortem. Study 2 included carcasses (n=180) in which (a) neither side was stimulated, (b) both sides were stimulated, or (c) one side was stimulated and the opposite side was not stimulated. Postmortem chilling time prior to ribbing also was varied to permit evaluations to be made of the effects of electrical stimulation on carcasses chilled for 24, 48, or 72 hr. In Study 1, ES sides were more desirable (P < 0.0001) than C sides in all quality-indicating characteristics (marbling, USDA quality grade, lean maturity, lean color, lean firmness, and incidence of “heat-ring”). In Study 2, optimum chilling time for maximizing marbling score and USDA quality grade was 48 hr for both ES and C sides. ES sides usually were more youthful (lean maturity) than C sides, especially at 24 hr postmortem. Control sides chilled for 48 hr had more marbling and higher USDA quality grades than did ES sides chilled for 24 hr. Nothing in the present study indicates that electrical stimulation results in a higher-than-justified quality grade.
Effects of Aquaculture Activities on Microbial Assemblages

In the last decades, aquaculture has experienced an exponential grow [1-3], but farming practices are expected to increase also in future years to cover the increased demand of products available for human consumption. Aquaculture development has raised issues of concern in terms of environmental impacts and ecosystem health [4]. Fish farming induces eutrophication processes near the sites where cages are located. Organic substances released from faeces, food residuals and other wastes related to fish farming cause the organic enrichment of seawater, leading to increased decomposition processes, water turbidity and oxygen consumption. Increasing organic matter inputs to the sediments close to the fish cages, marine fish farms may have a significant detrimental effect on sea floor integrity and benthic microorganisms [5-6].
Making Instance-based Learning Theory usable and understandable: The Instance-based Learning Tool

This paper focuses on the creation and presentation of a user-friendly experience for developing computational models of human behavior. Although computational models of human behavior have enjoyed a rich history in cognitive psychology, they have lacked widespread impact, partly due to the technical knowledge and programming required in addition to the complexities of the modeling process. We describe a modeling tool called IBLTool that is a computational implementation of the Instance-based Learning Theory (IBLT). IBLT is a theory that represents how decisions are made from experience in dynamic tasks. The IBLTool makes IBLT usable and understandable to a wider community of cognitive and behavioral scientists. The tool uses graphical user interfaces that take a modeler step-by-step through several IBLT processes and help the modeler derive predictions of human behavior in a particular task. A task would connect and interact with the IBLTool and store the decision-making data while the tool collects statistical data from the execution of a model for the task. We explain the functioning of the IBLTool and demonstrate a concrete example of the design and execution of a model for the Iowa Gambling task. The example is intended to provide a concrete demonstration of the capabilities of the IBLTool.
NADPH oxidase restrains the matrix metalloproteinase activity of macrophages.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulate numerous functions in normal and disease processes; thus, irreversibly blocking their activity is a key step in regulating MMP catalysis. We previously showed in vitro that oxidizing intermediates generated by phagocytes inactivate MMPs by modifying specific amino acids. To assess whether this mechanism operates in vivo, we focused on MMP-12, a macrophage-specific MMP known to mediate emphysema in mouse models. We found that mice lacking gp91phox, a phagocyte-specific component of the NADPH oxidase, developed extensive, spontaneous emphysematous destruction of their peripheral air spaces, whereas mice deficient in both NADPH oxidase and MMP-12 were protected from spontaneous emphysema. Although gp91phox-null and wild-type macrophages produced equivalent levels of MMP-12 protein, the oxidant-deficient cells had greater MMP-12 activity than wild-type macrophages. These findings indicate that reactive intermediates provide a physiological mechanism to protect tissues from excessive macrophage-mediated damage during inflammation.
Characterization of a Cross-Reactive Electronic Nose with Vapoluminescent Array Elements

A three-channel cross-reactive sensor array based on vapoluminescent platinum(II) double salt materials has been characterized. Two arrays were studied, one consisting of [Pt(CN-cyclododecyl)4][Pt(CN)4] (1), [(phen)Pt(CN-cyclohexyl)2][Pt(CN)4] (2), and [Pt(CN-n-tetradecyl)4][Pt(CN)4] (3) materials, where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and a second array that has compound 3 replaced by the mixed double salt material [(phen)Pt(CN-cyclododecyl)Cl)]2[(phen)Pt(CN-cyclododecyl)2]2[Pt(CN)4]3 (4). Compounds 2, 3 and 4 are characterized here for the first time. Inclusion of solvent vapors into these materials often leads to dramatic shifts in their solid-state absorption and luminescence spectra. In these studies the arrays were exposed to a set of 10 test solvent vapors to determine the ability of each cross-reactive array to give reproducible vapoluminescent spectra characteristic of each solvent vapor. It was discovered that temperature programming between solvent vapor exposures greatly improved the reproducibili...
The submarine‐towed ELF loop antenna

To obtain omnidirectional reception, a solenoidal loop antenna can be built into the same cable as that used for the ELF electrode-pair antenna. The loop's noise voltage is higher in level and is more complex than that of the electrode-pair antenna. Measurements of towed cable vibration, of towed antenna noise, and of the physical and electrical properties of antenna cable samples have been made to clarify the noise production process. The results have included (i) the development of a quantitative theory for each significant noise type, (ii) the identification of a number of noise suppression techniques, (iii) the realization of a low noise level, in agreement with theoretical predictions, when an antenna incorporating some of these techniques was tested at sea, and (iv) the construction of various laboratory facilities for testing candidate antenna designs, the most notable being an antenna-towing simulator in the form of a shielded water-flow tunnel.
Underwater Optical Imaging: The Past, the Present, and the Prospects

This paper discusses the current state of underwater optical imaging in the context of physics, technology, biology, and history. The paper encompasses not only the history of human's ability to see underwater, but also the adaptations that various organisms living in oceans or lakes have developed. The continued development of underwater imaging systems at military, commercial, and consumer levels portends well for both increased visibility and accessibility by these various segments. However, the fundamental limits imposed by the environment, as currently understood, set the ultimate constraints. Physics, biology, computer modeling, processing, and the development of technology that ranges from simple cameras and lights to more advanced gated and modulated illumination are described. The future prospects for continuing advancements are also discussed.
On the Geometry of the Kepler Problem

It will be convenient to use the term Kepler orbit for any curve x = x(t) in 3-space which arises as a solution to the Newtonian two body problem. Hamilton showed that the velocity vector v = dx/dt...
Polydisulfide Gd(III) chelates as biodegradable macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.

Macromolecular gadolinium (Gd)(III) complexes have a prolonged blood circulation time and can preferentially accumulate in solid tumors, depending on the tumor blood vessel hyperpermeability, resulting in superior contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance (MR) cardiovascular imaging and cancer imaging as shown in animal models. Unfortunately, safety concerns related to these agents’ slow elimination from the body impede their clinical development. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes have been designed and developed as biodegradable macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents to facilitate the clearance of Gd(III) complexes from the body after MRI examinations. These novel agents can act as macromolecular contrast agents for in vivo imaging and excrete rapidly as low-molecular-weight agents. The rationale and recent development of the novel biodegradable contrast agents are reviewed here. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes have relatively long blood circulation time and gradually degrade into small Gd(III) complexes, which are rapidly excreted via renal filtration. These agents result in effective and prolonged in vivo contrast enhancement in the blood pool and tumor tissue in animal models, yet demonstrate minimal Gd(III) tissue retention as the clinically used low-molecular-weight agents. Structural modification of the agents can readily alter the contrast-enhancement kinetics. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes are promising for further clinical development as safe, effective, biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents for cardiovascular and cancer imaging, and for evaluation of therapeutic response.
Determination of NAD pyrophosphorylase activity in biological samples

A sensitive and simple method was developed for the accurate measurement of NAD pyrophosphorylase (NMN adenylyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.1) activity in biological samples. The reaction product of [4-3H]NAD was separated from the substrates [4-3H]NMN and ATP by HPLC. Under the standardized conditions of the assay, the enzyme activity in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells was found mainly in the nucleus (97%) with a sp act of 183.5 +/- 3.5 nmol/h/mg protein. The Km's for substrates NMN and ATP were 0.11 +/- 0.01 mM and 0.55 +/- 0.04 mM, respectively. This technique is highly reproducible with a 5% variation (SD) in five separate determinations. The lowest number of cells used for this enzyme assay was 41,000 with a protein content of 4 micrograms. The range of NAD produced during the assay was 2 to 200 microM. NAD pyrophosphorylase activities in the mononuclear cells of leukemic patients, human ovarian carcinoma cells, and rat liver were assayed.
Numerical solutions for temperature fields in electric coils

THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE electric loading of a coil is restricted by the allowable temperature rise in the coil cross section. In order to establish this peak loading, the designer must compute the maximum temperature or general temperature distribution that is peculiar to each new cross-section profile under design loading. A technique for computing these general temperature fields t(x, y) which combines simplicity with both flexibility and accuracy is the numerical-relaxation method of Emmons and Southwell.
Abstract 2766: Targeting heat shock proteins: Novel strategies for treating prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common form of cancer in men. Treatment for prostate cancer remains a challenge, particularly for castrate resistant prostate cancer. Hormonal therapy such as androgen ablation often fails as cancer cells utilize alternative mechanisms for survival and eventually progress to castrate resistant PCa. Currently, understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying castrate resistant PCa development is limited. Strong evidence demonstrates that castrate resistant PCa continues to depend on androgen receptor signaling. Novel compounds targeting androgen receptor activity and androgen synthesis are currently under investigation in preclinical and clinical studies; however alternate therapeutic approaches for castrate resistant PCa are needed. Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an abundant molecular chaperone and plays a crucial role in structural formation and folding of a variety of proteins including androgen receptor, Akt, and other oncogenic proteins. Inhibition of Hsp90 creates the potential to suppress tumor activity as enforced disassociation induces proteosomal degradation of Hsp90 client proteins. This study utilized four genetically defined murine PCa epithelial cell lines, MYC-CaP (AR+ amplified, Pten +), MYC-Cap css (Castrate resistant, AR= amplified, Pten+), Pten-CaP E2 (Androgen sensitive, AR+, Pten null), and Pten-CaP cE2 (Castrate resistant, AR+, Pten null) to investigate the cellular response to Hsp90 inhibition. Cells were exposed in vitro to NVP-AUY922, a novel Hsp90 inhibitor at increasing concentrations for 24 and 48 hours. Results demonstrated that AUY922 treatment induced reduction in overall growth in all cell lines, with Pten-CaP and castrate resistant Pten-CaP being more sensitive (IC 50 = 10nM) than MYC-CaP and MYC-Cap css (IC 50 = 25nM) cells. Inhibition of cell growth was also indicated by induced cell cycle arrest in all cell lines, though AUY922 treatment did not result in significant increase in cell membrane permeability. Overall, our preliminary data indicates that AUY922 exhibits strong anti-growth effects in PCa cell lines and warrants further investigation as a potential novel targeted therapy to treat advanced and castrate resistant PCa. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2766. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2766
Concordance between observer reports and patient survey reports of pharmacists' communication behaviors.

Abstract Background Assessing the quantity and quality of pharmacist-patient communication is important to create strategies for improving communication. Findings from studies on pharmacist-patient communication differ on the extent of communication by pharmacists. This disagreement could be because of different methods of data collection, samples, and concepts used to measure communication. Objectives This research compared findings from 2 widely used methods of data collection (survey and observation) to identify: (1) the extent to which pharmacists ask questions to patients and provide information on directions, side effects, and adverse effect, (2) agreement between observation and patient report data on pharmacist information giving and question asking, and (3) how patient perceptions of question asking vary according to the structure of the question asked. Methods A cross-sectional fieldwork design was used to collect data from a stratified random sample of 30 community pharmacies in Southeast and South-central Wisconsin. At each pharmacy, the dispensing pharmacist and 12 patients filling prescriptions were recruited. Each patient was observed for their interaction with the pharmacist and completed a survey while exiting the pharmacy. Both the survey and the observation tool consisted of items pertaining to recording of pharmacist information provision related to direction, side effects, and interactions, and pharmacist's question-asking behaviors. Descriptive analyses and correlations are reported. Results There was good agreement between the 2 methods regarding pharmacist information provision behaviors ( r =0.091, P r =0.28, P =.034). Certain types of questions showed greater concordance with the observed pharmacist questions. Patients were less likely to report having been asked a question when it took the form of a nonspecific closed-ended questions, that is, "Do you have any questions?" Conclusions One of the most frequent questions pharmacists ask patients may not be either remembered or perceived by patients as a serious question, let alone an invitation to raise a concern. Secondly, during the selection of a specific method of data collection, researchers need to weigh strengths and weaknesses of various methods. Multimethod studies are encouraged.
Testis-dependent and -independent effects of photoperiod on volumes of song control nuclei in American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea).

Songbirds exhibit seasonal changes in the volumes of song control nuclei. Birds on long, spring-like days have larger nuclei than do birds on short, winter-like days. The mechanisms mediating volumetric changes have not been determined unequivocally, but testosterone (T) is probably involved. This study examined whether testicular factors are uniquely responsible for seasonal changes in the song system, or whether photoperiod has testis-independent effects. Male American tree sparrows were exposed to one of three photoperiodic conditions: (1) Photosensitive birds were retained on short days (8L:16D). Plasma T is rarely detected in such birds. (2) Photosensitive birds were moved from short days to long days (20L:4D) and photostimulated for three weeks. Photostimulation elevates circulating T in photosensitive birds. (3) Photorefractory birds were held at least four months on 20L:4D. Such birds seldom have detectable levels of T, even though they are on long days. In each condition, there were both intact and castrated birds. Castration typically removes circulating T in tree sparrows. The volumes of the high vocal center (HVC), nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA), and area X were measured. Song nuclei were largest in intact photostimulated birds. Other long-day birds (i.e. castrated photostimulated, and intact and castrated photorefractory groups) had larger song nuclei than did short-day intact or castrated photosensitive birds and did not differ from each other. These data indicate that photoperiod has both testis-dependent and -independent effects on the volumes of song control nuclei.
Research With the Draw-A-Person Test: Conceptual and Methodological Issues

Abstract A number of methodological, statistical, and conceptual problems are inherent in research with the Draw-A-Person Test (DAP). These difficulties invalidate the theoretical position that an individual's gender-role identification is reflected in the sex of the figure drawn. The complexity of these problems affects the evaluation of the DAP and illustrates the need for multiple approaches to its interpretation.