cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revised upper limit on the internal magnetic moment of Venus

Over four Venus years of low altitude nightside PVO magnetometer observations are used to establish a new upper limit for the magnetic moment of Venus. Improvements over previous studies include data coverage and new instrument calibration information. The upper limit on an internal dipole moment is determined to be 8.4 x 10 to the 10th T cu m.
Phase equilibria, high conductivity ambient temperature liquids, and glasses in the pseudo-halide systems A1C13-MSCN (M = Li, Na, K)

In the family of pseudo binaries, xAlCl 3 -(1 - x)MSCN (M =Li, Na. or K), ambient-temperature molten salt solutions are formed over the composition range, 0.35<x <0.75. These molten salt solutions readily form glasses. A partial determination of the phase equilibria for these pseudo binaries was made. For all three AlCl 3 -MSCN systems, a eutectic occurs at ∼ 65 mol % AICl 3 and at 50, 55, and 70°C, for M = Li, Na, and K, respectively, in striking resemblance to the corresponding MCI-AICl 3 systems. The decoupling of conductivity from viscosity is very pronounced amounting to almost 9 orders of magnitude for LiAlCl 3 SCN at T g , and more for the Na case. The highest room temperature conductivity observed was ∼ 10 -3 (Ω - cm) -1 for M = Li and = 0.6. Upon adding ∼ 24 mole % LiAlC 4 , the conductivity increases to values of log (σ/(Ω - cm) 1 ) = - 3.9, - 2.3 and - 1.0 at 0°C, 25°C and 100°C, respectively. With little change of conductivity, the eutectic compositions assume a gel-like consistency after long periods at room temperature, apparently due to homogeneously nucleated, possibly metastable, crystalline phases.
CD4−/CD8− T cells: amplification in spleens of mice following in vivo treatment with monoclonal antibody anti-L3T4

Amplification of L3T4-/Ly-2-(CD 4-/CD 8-) T cells following in vivo administration of anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody was examined in the spleen of mice by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. BALB/c mice were given 4-7 weekly injections of either anti-L3T4 (1 mg/week) or phosphate-buffered saline (control group), and dispersed spleen cells and tissue sections analyzed for the presence of Thy-1.2+, L3T4+, or Ly-2+ cells, and for the absence of both L3T4 and Ly-2 on Thy-1.2+ cells. Prior to treatment, L3T4+ and Ly-2+ cells accounted for virtually all Thy-1.2+ cells in approximately a 2:1 ratio. Following anti-L3T4 treatment, L3T4+ cells were depleted, and Ly-2+ cells accounted for about 2/3 of the Thy-1.2+ cells. A population of L3T4-/Ly-2- T cells was generated that accounted for 20-30% of the Thy-1.2+ cells, accounted for most of the Thy-1.2+ cells in red pulp, and was also present among the predominant Ly-2+ cells in periarteriolar sheaths.
Enhanced heat stability and kinetic parameters of maize endosperm ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase by alteration of phylogenetically identified amino acids

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) controls the rate-limiting step in starch biosynthesis and is regulated at various levels. Cereal endosperm enzymes, in contrast to other plant AGPases, are particularly heat labile and transgenic studies highlight the importance of temperature for cereal yield. Previously, a phylogenetic approach identified Type II and positively selected amino acid positions in the large subunit of maize endosperm AGPase. Glycogen content, kinetic parameters and heat stability were measured in AGPases having mutations in these sites and interesting differences were observed. This study expands on our earlier evolutionary work by determining how all Type II and positively selected sites affect kinetic constants, heat stability and catalytic rates at increased temperatures. Variants with enhanced properties were identified and combined into one gene, designated Sh2-E. Enhanced properties include: heat stability, enhanced activity at 37 °C, activity at 55 °C, reduced Ka and activity in the absence of activator. The resulting enzyme exhibited all improved properties of the various individual changes. Additionally, Sh2-E was expressed with a small subunit variant with enhanced enzyme properties resulting in an enzyme that has exceptional heat stability, a high catalytic rate at increased temperatures and significantly decreased Km values for both substrates in the absence of the activator.
Acquired Apraxia of Speech: A Review

Apraxia of speech (AOS) is an acquired adult neurogenic communication disorder that often occurs following stroke. The purpose of this article is to review current research studies addressing the diagnostic and therapeutic management of AOS. Traditional definitions and characteristics are compared with current features that assist in the differential diagnosis of AOS. Prognostic indicators are reviewed in addition to how neuroplasticity may impact treatment in chronic AOS. Treatment techniques discussed include the articulatory kinematic approach (AKA), use of augmentative/alternative communication devices, intersystemic facilitation/reorganization, and constraint-induced therapy. Finally, the need to address functional communication through support groups, outside the therapeutic environment, is discussed.
An animal model for the study of chronic hypoxemia including long-term follow-up results

Abstract We have used a modified technique to create long-standing hypoxemia in dogs. An aortic homograft was inserted between the inferior vena cava and left atrium, after which the caval-right junction was ligated. The resulting obligatory right-to-left shunt and diminished pulmonary blood flow caused significant and predictable hypoxemia and polycythemia. This animal model may be useful in the study of effects of chronic shunt hypoxemia.
In Situ Bypass in the Management of Complex Intracranial Aneurysms: Technique Application in 13 Patients

OBJECTIVE Cerebral revascularization is an important part of the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms that require deliberate occlusion of a parent artery. In situ bypass brings together intracranial donor and recipient arteries that lie parallel and in close proximity to one another rather than using an extracranial donor artery. An experience with in situ bypasses was retrospectively reviewed. METHODS Thirteen aneurysms were treated with in situ bypasses between 1997 and 2004. During this time, 1071 aneurysms were treated microsurgically and 46 bypasses were performed as part of the aneurysm treatment. RESULTS Treated aneurysms were located at the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in five patients, posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in three patients, vertebral artery in three patients, and anterior communicating artery in two patients. Seven aneurysms were fusiform or dolichoectatic, and six aneurysms were saccular. Microsurgical revascularization techniques included side-to-side anastomosis of intracranial arteries in eight patients and aneurysm excision with end-to-end reanastomosis of the parent artery in five patients. In situ bypasses included A3-A3 anterior cerebral artery bypass in two patients, anterior temporal artery-MCA bypass in one patient, MCA-MCA bypass in one patient, and PICA-PICA bypass in four patients. Aneurysm excision with arterial reanastomosis included three MCA aneurysms and two PICA aneurysms. On angiography, all aneurysms were completely obliterated and 12 bypasses were patent. CONCLUSION In situ bypass is a safe and effective alternative to extracranial-intracranial bypasses and high-flow bypasses using saphenous vein or radial artery grafts. Although in situ bypasses are more demanding technically, they do not require harvesting a donor artery, can be accomplished with one anastomosis, and are less vulnerable to injury or occlusion.
A randomized trial of exercise for blood pressure reduction in type 2 diabetes: effect on flow-mediated dilation and circulating biomarkers of endothelial function

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of an exercise intervention on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and circulating endothelial biomarkers in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods Sedentary adults ( n = 140), aged 40–65, with T2DM and untreated pre or Stage I hypertension or treated hypertension were randomized to a 6-month, supervised, exercise program (3× week) or a sedentary control. Assessments included BMI, body and visceral fat, blood pressure, lipids, HbA1c, insulin sensitivity (QUICKI), fitness, FMD, E-selectin, P-selectin, intracellular and vascular cellular adhesion molecules (ICAM, VCAM), and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Intervention effects were compared by t -tests. Pearson's correlations were calculated between changes in cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial outcomes. Results Exercisers significantly improved BMI (−0.6 kg/m 2 ), body fat % (−1.4%), HbA1c (−0.5%), and fitness (2.9 mL/kg min) vs. controls ( p r = 0.29, p = 0.04) and increased HDL cholesterol ( r = −0.36, p = 0.01). Decreased ICAM correlated with decreased triglycerides and HbA1c ( r = 0.30, p = 0.04; r = 0.31, p = 0.03) and increased QUICKI ( r = − 0.28, p = 0.05). Decreased tPA correlated with decreased total body and visceral fat ( r = 0.28, p = 0.05; r = 0.38, p = 0.008) and increased QUICKI ( r = −0.38, p = 0.007). Conclusions While exercise resulted in improved fitness, body composition, and glycemic control, there were no changes in FMD or circulating endothelial biomarkers. The associations of changes in cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial biomarkers suggest that improvement in risk factors could mediate the exercise-induced improvements in endothelial function seen in prior studies.
Single-molecule spectral fluctuations at room temperature

RECENT advances in near-field1and far-field2,3 fluorescence microscopy have made it possible to image single molecules and measure their emission3,4 and excitation5 spectra and fluorescence lifetimes3,6–8 at room temperature. These studies have revealed spectral shifts4 and intensity fluctuations6,7, the origins of which are not clear. Here we show that spontaneous fluctuations in the spectra of immobilized single dye molecules occur on two different timescales: hundreds of milliseconds and tens of seconds, indicating that these fluctuations have two distinct activation energies. In addition, we see photoinduced spectral fluctuations on repeated photoexcitation of single molecules. We suggest that all of these fluctuations can be understood as transitions between metastable minima in the molecular potential-energy surface.
House passes NOAA budget

After increasing program levels anywhere from 4% to 112% above those specified in the Reagan Administration's budget request, the U.S. House of Representatives recently passed its version of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) budget for fiscal year (FY) 1986. The bill would effectively restore most of the cuts in Operations, Research, and Facilities (ORF, NOAA's research core) that were specified in the President's budget (see Table 1).
The economics of static analysis tools

Static analysis tools have experienced a dichotomy over the span of the last decade. They have proven themselves to be useful in many domains, but at the same time have not (in general) experienced any notable concrete integration into a development environment. This is partly due to the inherent complexity of the tools themselves, as well as due to other intangible factors. Such factors usually tend to include questions about the return on investment of the tool and the value the tool provides in a development environment. In this paper, we present an empirical model for evaluating static analysis tools from the perspective of the economic value they provide. We further apply this model to a case study of the Static Driver Verier (SDV) tool that ships with the Windows Driver Kit and show the usefulness of the model and the tool.
Surgical Treatment of Dissecting Aneurysm of the Interventricular Septum

Two extremely rare cases of dissecting aneurysm of the interventricular septum associated with aortic incompetence are reported. One was complicated with an aneurysm of the left coronary sinus of Valsalva, and the other may have been the result of trauma. Surgical operation involved resection or repair of the aneurysm and replacement of the aortic valve. Both patients recovered uneventfully. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention are emphasized.
Media Career Perceptions: Where the Students and Professionals Differ

In this study the author compares the perceptions of undergraduates and working professionals about media jobs. Students overestimated the amount of reward they would gain from their work and underestimated the amount of clerical work they would have to do each day.
Isolation of an hMSH2-p160 heterodimer that restores DNA mismatch repair to tumor cells

A mismatch-binding heterodimer of hMSH2 and a 160-kilodalton polypeptide has been isolated from HeLa cells by virtue of its ability to restore mismatch repair to nuclear extracts of hMSH2-deficient LoVo colorectal tumor cells. This heterodimer, designated hMutS alpha, also restores mismatch repair to extracts of alkylation-tolerant MT1 lymphoblastoid cells and HCT-15 colorectal tumor cells, which are selectively defective in the repair of base-base and single-nucleotide insertion-deletion mismatches. Because HOT-15 cells appear to be free of hMSH2 mutations, this selective repair defect is likely a result of a deficiency of the hMutS alpha 160-kilodalton subunit, and mutations in the corresponding gene may confer hypermutability and cancer predisposition.
Obesity and adverse pregnancy outcomes in twin pregnancies.

AbstractObjective: To compare pregnancy outcomes in twin pregnancies based on maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI).Methods: Historical cohort study of all twin pregnancies >24 weeks managed by one maternal-fetal medicine practice from 2005 to 2012. We compared pregnancy outcomes between pre-pregnancy obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and normal weight women (BMI 18.5–24.99 kg/m2). We also compared pre-pregnancy normal weight women to overweight women (BMI 25–29.99 kg/m2) and underweight women (BMI <18.5 kg/m2). Chi square, Fisher’s exact test, Student’s t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used as appropriate. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant.Results: Five hundred fourteen patients with twin pregnancies were included. Pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with gestational hypertension (34.1% versus 17.9%, p = 0.011), preeclampsia (27.3% versus 14.4%, p = 0.028), and gestational diabetes (22.2% versus 4.7%, p < 0.001). Pre-pregnancy overweight was associated with gestational diabetes (13.7% versus 4.7%, ...
Liquid crystalline nanostructures: organizing matrices for non-enzymatic nucleic acid polymerization

When a mixture of amphiphilic compounds and solute molecules undergoes dehydration, a liquid crystalline multilamellar matrix is produced that organizes and concentrates solute molecules between lamellae. If the solutes are nucleotides, RNA-like molecules can be synthesized by a condensation reaction when the system is exposed to one or more cycles of dehydration at elevated temperatures, followed by rehydration. The chemical potential driving the reaction is supplied by the anhydrous conditions in which water becomes a leaving group, with heat providing activation energy. Liquid crystalline matrices composed of amphiphilic compounds could have promoted polymerization reactions in prebiotic conditions, giving rise to the molecular complexity required for the origin of cellular life.
LEADER STYLE IN STRATEGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: AN INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK*

By means of reviewing existing literature about the role of leaders in determining organizational strategy, an integrative analytical framework is developed. the framework considers the leader to be key to both the formulation and implementation of strategy. It further identifies factors that moderate the leader's impact on strategy. Hypotheses are presented along with implications for future research regarding the role and impact of leadership.
A comprehensive microcomputer network program for histopathology

For a small hospital with a limited budget, a stand-alone histopathology microcomputer network may be more valuable to the pathologist than one running off the hospital's main computer. In return for sacrificing the limited benefit of screen reading of pathology reports in the wards, one receives the great advantage of more rapid retrieval of disease data. Commercial relational database programs for microcomputers can now achieve nearly all the power of a minicomputer program, with more versatility. Using an application developed on such software, we now have 30,000 pathology reports entered, from which we can retrieve a list of pathology numbers, with patients' names, age, sex, disease, and site, for any diagnosis in 3-5 seconds. The application includes full biopsy reports for doctors and wards, autopsy final diagnoses, computer-assisted Snomed coding, outside consultations, literature abstracts, daybook printing, workload statistics and billing codes and charges, and a cytology module has been added for another hospital. Moreover, the interested pathologist can easily make his own alterations to menus, entry screens, fields, and screen listing or printout formats.
Glutamatergic mechanisms mediating stimulant and antipsychotic drug effects

This paper presents an hypothesis regarding the functions of striatal dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. It is suggested that the principal functional role of dopaminergic neurotransmission is to regulate the efficacy of cortico-striatal and cortico-accumbens neurotransmission. Increased activity at dopamine-mediated synapses is suggested to interact with neurotransmission at adjacent cortically derived glutamate-mediated synapses, facilitating communication from the cerebral cortex, and thereby causing behavioral stimulation. Decreased activity at dopaminergic synapses, as produced by neuroleptic drugs, causes changes in the activation of cortically derived synapses in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens which result in behavioral sedation and decreased activity. This hypothesis suggests that activity at dopaminergic synapses produces behavioral effects only insofar as these changes modulate cortico-striatal (or cortico-accumbens) activity, and further, that the manifestations of activity in cortico-striatal systems are modulated by activity at dopaminergic synapses. It is further suggested that when neuroleptics are administered chronically, adjustments in the efficacy of cortico-striatal neurotransmission are responsible for the antipsychotic effect of neuroleptic drugs.
Relationship of vitamin A (retinol) status to lung disease in the preterm infant.

Plasma concentrations of retinol and retinol-binding protein were measured at birth in 91 preterm infants. In 64% of these babies retinol values were P P
A semi-infinite domain eigenvalue problem describing turbulent velocity fluctuations

This paper discusses the formulation and approximate solution of an eigenvalue problem that provides estimates for fully turbulent velocity fluctuations. The fluctuating velocity model is derived by splitting the Reynolds decomposed (but not averaged) Navier-Stokes equations into mean and fluctuating expressions. The linear fluctuating portion of the equations (normally lost to averaging) poses a semi-infinite domain eigenvalue problem. Approximate analytical solutions are derived that suggest a qualitatively physically plausible solution. The derivation and use of these expressions are not known in the literature implying that a qualitative scoping study of this nature is appropriate. This type of analysis provides support for the practical application of these equations to estimate structural loadings due to the presence of turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations.
Polymer chain statistics and conformational analysis of DNA molecules with bends or sections of different flexibility

The worm-like chain model has often been employed to describe the average conformation of long, intrinsically straight polymer molecules, including DNA. The present study extends the applicability of the worm-like chain model to polymers containing bends or sections of different flexibility. Several cases have been explicitly considered: (i) polymers with a single bend; (ii) polymers with multiple coplanar bends; (iii) polymers with two non-coplanar bends; and (iv) polymers comprised of sections with different persistence lengths. Expressions describing the average conformation of such polymers in terms of the mean-square end-to-end distance have been derived for each case. For cases (i) and (iv), expressions for the projection of the end-to-end vector onto the initial orientation of the chain are presented. The expressions derived here have been used to investigate DNA molecules with sequence-induced bending (A-tracts). Mean-square end-to-end distance values determined from a large number of A-tract containing DNA molecules visualized by scanning force microscopy resulted in an average bend angle of 13.5 degrees per A-tract. A similar study was performed to characterize the flexibility of double-strandedDNA molecules containing a single-stranded region. Analysis of their mean-square end-to-end distance yielded a persistence length of 1.3 nm for single-stranded DNA.
School Science Reform: An Overview and Implications for the Secondary School Principal

Central to science education reform efforts in secondary schools for nearly a half century has been a focus on the content and concepts to be taught, on how teachers should teach, and, more recently, on issues of systemic approaches to science teaching and learning. This article highlights reform efforts and outlines their important implications for the secondary school principal in maintaining an effective school science program.
Intelligent computational systems for space applications

The evolution of intelligent computation systems is discussed starting with the Spaceborne VHSIC Multiprocessor System (SVMS). The SVMS is a six-processor system designed to provide at least a 100-fold increase in both numeric and symbolic processing over the i386 uniprocessor. The significant system performance parameters necessary to achieve the performance increase are discussed.
The production of highly unidirectional lower‐hybrid waves

The development of a highly unidirectional lower‐hybrid wave source would improve the electron current drive efficiency in tokamaks. Lower‐hybrid waves launched from a phased wave array are shown to be reflected from a grid placed in a cold, low‐density plasma. The antenna–grid combination results in highly unidirectional lower‐hybrid waves.
Age-specific dose-mortality effects of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract Three isolates of Beauveria bassiana were evaluated under laboratory conditions for pathogenicity against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Dose-mortality regressions and nonparametric statistical analyses revealed significant differences in pathogenicity between isolates and across O. nubilalis instars. First instars were found to be the most susceptible of the five larval stages. Little difference was noted for instars 2, 3, and 5 within any of the three B. bassiana isolates. Fourth instar larvae were found to be the most tolerant in all cases.
The Development of Children's Knowledge of Attention and Resource Allocation in Single and Dual Tasks

Developmental changes in kindergarten, 1st-, and 4th-grade children's knowledge about the variables that affect attention sharing and resource allocation were examined. Findings from the 2 experiments showed that kindergartners understood that person and strategy variables affect performance in attention-sharing tasks. However, knowledge of how task variables affect performance was not evident to them and was inconsistent for 1st and 4th graders. Children's knowledge about resource allocation revealed a different pattern and varied according to the dissimilarity of task demands in the attention-sharing task. In Experiment 1, in which the dual attention tasks were similar (i.e., visual detection), kindergarten and 1st-grade children did not differentiate performance in single and dual tasks. Fourth graders demonstrated knowledge that performance on a single task would be better than performance on the dual tasks for only 2 of the variables examined. In Experiment 2, in which the dual attention tasks were dissimilar (i.e., visual and auditory detection), kindergarten and 1st-grade children demonstrated knowledge that performance in the single task would be better than in the dual tasks for 1 of the task variables examined. However, 4th-grade children consistently gave higher ratings for performance on the single than on the dual attention tasks for all variables examined. These findings (a) underscore that children's meta-attention is not unitary and (b) demonstrate that children's knowledge about variables affecting attention sharing and resource allocation have different developmental pathways. Results show that knowledge about attention sharing and about the factors that influence the control of attention develops slowly and undergoes reorganization in middle childhood.
The function of GRB2 in linking the insulin receptor to ras signaling pathways

Insulin-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases [ERKs, also known as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases] is mediated by Ras. Insulin activates Ras primarily by increasing the rate of guanine nucleotide-releasing activity. Here, we show that insulin-induced activation of ERKs was enhanced by stable overexpression of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) but not by overexpression of GRB2 proteins with point mutations in the Src homology 2 and 3 domains. Moreover, a dominant negative form of Ras (with Ser17 substituted with Asn) blocked insulin-induced activation of ERKs in cells that overexpressed GRB2. GRB2 overexpression led to increased formation of a complex between the guanine nucleotide-releasing factor Sos (the product of the mammalian homolog of son of sevenless gene) and GRB2. In response to insulin stimulation, this complex bound to tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate-1) and Shc. In contrast to the activated epidermal growth factor receptor that binds the GRB2-Sos complex directly, activation of the insulin receptor results in the interaction of GRB2-Sos with IRS-1 and Shc, thus linking the insulin receptor to Ras signaling pathways.
Combinatorial Materials Research Applied to the Development of New Surface Coatings XIII: An Investigation of Polysiloxane Antimicrobial Coatings Containing Tethered Quaternary Ammonium Salt Groups

High-throughput biological assays were used to develop structure - antimicrobial relationships for polysiloxane coatings containing chemically bound (tethered) quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) moieties. The QAS-functional polysiloxanes were derived from solution blends of a silanol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, a trimethoxysilane-functional QAS (QAS-TMS), and methylacetoxysilane. Since the QAS moieties provide antimicrobial activity through interaction with the microorganism cell wall, most of the compositional variables that were investigated were associated with the chemical structure of the QAS-TMS. Twenty different QAS-TMS were synthesized for the study and the antimicrobial activity of sixty unique polysiloxane coatings derived from these QAS-TMS determined toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The results of the study showed that essentially all of the compositional variables significantly influenced antimicrobial activity. Surface characterization of these moisture-...
Stability diagram and exchange interaction in coupled quantum dots in magnetic fields

Properties of the stability diagram and exchange energy of a few-electron laterally coupled quantum dots in magnetic fields are investigated. The calculations are performed by numerically exact diagonalization of the many-body Schroedinger equation. We show variations of the energy separation between the single-particle ground and first excited states, and the exchange energy with biases on the two dots at different magnetic fields. Two-dimensional single-particle wavefunction and electron density profiles show electron localization with magnetic fields. From the extracted double-triple point separation on the stability diagram, we also show that the coupling strength decrease as the magnetic field increases.
Adjuvant radiotherapy for high-risk patients following radical prostatectomy

It is well recognized that radiation can eradicate microscopic neoplastic disease. For that reason it is considered standard treatment in most cancers to give post operative radiation not only for patients with microscopically positive margins, but also for other high risk patients. In spite of the widespread use of adjuvant radiotherapy in other cancers, adjuvant post operative radiation has not been routinely or uniformly used in patients after prostatectomy. The reasons for this have included the following: 1) Not all patients with positive margins will fail; 2) A biomarker prostate specific antigen (PSA) exists that can help predict the patient who is at-risk prior to evidence of clinical recurrence; 3) Some tumors that fail locally are biologically aggressive and will invariably fail systemically; 4) There is no assurance that radiation consistently eradicates local disease; 5) Even if local disease is eradicated, distant progression may not be effected; and 6) Potential toxicity may outweigh benefit of adjuvant therapy. These issues have been debated for over 3 decades, but it appears that data are now available to address these questions.
Wind Estimation Using an Optical Flow Sensor on a Miniature Air Vehicle

This paper presents an innovative method for estimating wind velocity using an optical ∞ow sensor mounted on a miniature air vehicle (MAV). Using the ∞ow of features measured by the optical ∞ow sensor in the longitudinal and lateral directions, the MAV’s crab-angle is estimated. By combining the crab-angle with measurements of ground track from GPS and the MAV’s airspeed, the wind velocity is computed. Our algorithm allow this computation to be performed in real time on board an MAV. Unlike previous techniques, this approach does not require the use of magnetometers. This algorithm has been implemented and its efiectiveness demonstrated through experimental test results. I. Introduction Autonomous miniature air vehicles (MAVs) are becoming increasingly popular platforms for the collection of data about an area of interest for military and commercial applications. Winds that are a signiflcant percentage of the MAV’s airspeed are often present and afiect both the ∞ight and data-collection abilities of the MAV. When these winds are present, the airframe has to \crab" into the wind, causing the course (direction of ground velocity) to deviate from the airframe’s heading. There are important ∞ight control beneflts to knowing the crab-angle: it enables improved control design by providing additional state information for flxed-wing MAVs and is required for the control of Vertical Take-ofi and Landing (VTOL) MAVs. In addition to ∞ight control applications, knowledge of the wind velocity is also beneflcial when the pose of
Coherent optical space communications system architecture and technology issues

Optical communications can be an attractive alternative to microwave technology in commercial and military space communications, particularly when the data rate required is high. System analysis at the optical frequencies often differs significantly from that at lower frequencies due to the vastly different technology of sources, modulators and receivers and also due to the important role that nonclassical (quantum) noise plays in determining system performance. In this paper important optical communication system architectures and critical system and technology issues that affect system designs will be examined. Coherent (heterodyne or homodyne) systems will be compared to incoherent (direct detection) systems in the context of space communications. Examples will be drawn from current state-of-the-art technologies and projected future technologies.
The Human Genetic History of the Americas: The Final Frontier

The Americas, the last continents to be entered by modern humans, were colonized during the late Pleistocene via a land bridge across what is now the Bering strait. However, the timing and nature of the initial colonization events remain contentious. The Asian origin of the earliest Americans has been amply established by numerous classical marker studies of the mid-twentieth century. More recently, mtDNA sequences, Y-chromosome and autosomal marker studies have provided a higher level of resolution in confirming the Asian origin of indigenous Americans and provided more precise time estimates for the emergence of Native Americans. But these data raise many additional questions regarding source populations, number and size of colonizing groups and the points of entry to the Americas. Rapidly accumulating molecular data from populations throughout the Americas, increased use of demographic models to test alternative colonization scenarios, and evaluation of the concordance of archaeological, paleoenvironmental and genetic data provide optimism for a fuller understanding of the initial colonization of the Americas.
Risk factors associated with reticular pseudodrusen versus large soft drusen.

Purpose To investigate genetic, environmental, and systemic risk factors in prospectively identified subjects with the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) phenotypes of (1) reticular pseudodrusen without large soft drusen and (2) large soft drusen without reticular pseudodrusen. Design Prospective case-case comparison. Methods In a clinical practice setting, patients with AMD were sequentially screened using clinical examination and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging to prospectively identify subjects (n = 73) with the phenotypes of (1) reticular pseudodrusen without large soft drusen (n = 30) or (2) large soft drusen without reticular pseudodrusen (n = 43). Subjects were genotyped for 2 alleles associated with AMD, age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 ( ARMS2 ) and complement factor H ( CFH ). A questionnaire was administered to collect history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, as well as personal and family history of AMD. Results The reticular pseudodrusen group was older (median age 87 vs 81 years, P = .04) and had more female subjects (83.3% vs 48.8%, P = .003), later ages of AMD onset (83 vs 70 years, P = .0005), and a greater frequency of hypertension (76.7% vs 55.8%, P = .08). No significant differences were found in the distribution of the ARMS2 risk allele ( P = .4) between the reticular pseudodrusen (homozygous = 20.0%; heterozygous = 56.7%) and large soft drusen (homozygous = 19.0%; heterozygous = 42.9%) phenotypes, or in the distribution of the CHF risk allele ( P = .7) between the reticular pseudodrusen (homozygous = 26.7%; heterozygous = 56.7%) and large soft drusen (homozygous = 21.4%; heterozygous = 66.7%) phenotypes. Conclusions The reticular pseudodrusen phenotype was associated with increased age, later age of AMD onset, and female sex.
Characterization of myocardial T1-mapping bias caused by intramyocardial fat in inversion recovery and saturation recovery techniques

Quantitative measurement of T1 in the myocardium may be used to detect both focal and diffuse disease processes such as interstitial fibrosis or edema. A partial volume problem exists when a voxel in the myocardium also contains fat. Partial volume with fat occurs at tissue boundaries or within the myocardium in the case of lipomatous metaplasia of replacement fibrosis, which is commonly seen in chronic myocardial infarction. The presence of fat leads to a bias in T1 measurement. The mechanism for this artifact for widely used T1 mapping protocols using balanced steady state free precession readout and the dependence on off-resonance frequency are described in this paper. Simulations were performed to illustrate the behavior of mono-exponential fitting to bi-exponential mixtures of myocardium and fat with varying fat fractions. Both inversion recovery and saturation recovery imaging protocols using balanced steady state free precession are considered. In-vivo imaging with T1-mapping, water/fat separated imaging, and late enhancement imaging was performed on subjects with chronic myocardial infarction. In n = 17 subjects with chronic myocardial infarction, lipomatous metaplasia is evident in 8 patients (47%). Fat fractions as low as 5% caused approximately 6% T1 elevation for the out-of-phase condition, and approximately 5% reduction of T1 for the in-phase condition. T1 bias in excess of 1000 ms was observed in lipomatous metaplasia with fat fraction of 38% in close agreement with simulation of the specific imaging protocols. Measurement of the myocardial T1 by widely used balanced steady state free precession mapping methods is subject to bias when there is a mixture of water and fat in the myocardium. Intramyocardial fat is frequently present in myocardial scar tissue due lipomatous metaplasia, a process affecting myocardial infarction and some non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. In cases of lipomatous metaplasia, the T1 biases will be additive or subtractive depending on whether the center frequency corresponds to the myocardium and fat being in-phase or out-of-phase, respectively. It is important to understand this mechanism, which may otherwise lead to erroneous interpretation.
Proteolysis of plasma‐derived factor V following its endocytosis by megakaryocytes forms the platelet‐derived factor V/Va pool

Summary Background Central to appropriate thrombin formation at sites of vascular injury is the concerted assembly of plasma- and/or platelet-derived factor (F) Va and FXa on the activated platelet surface. While the plasma-derived procofactor, FV, must be proteolytically activated by α-thrombin to FVa to function in prothrombinase, the platelet molecule is released from α-granules in a partially activated state, obviating the need for proteolytic activation. Objectives The current study was performed to test the hypothesis that subsequent to its endocytosis by megakaryocytes, plasma-derived FV is proteolytically processed to form the platelet-derived pool. Methods & Results Subsequent to FV endocytosis, a time-dependent increase in FV proteolytic products was observed in megakaryocyte lysates by SDS-PAGE followed by phosphorimaging or western blotting. This cleavage was specific and resulted in the formation of products similar in size to FV/Va present in a platelet lysate as well as to the α-thrombin-activated FVa heavy chain and light chain, and their respective precursors. Other proteolytic products were unique to endocytosed FV. The product/precursor relationships of these fragments were defined using anti-FV heavy and light chain antibodies with defined epitopes. Activity measurements indicated that megakaryocyte-derived FV fragments exhibited substantial FVa cofactor activity that was comparable to platelet-derived FV/Va. Conclusions Taken together, these observations suggest that prior to its packaging in α-granules endocytosed FV undergoes proteolysis by one or more specific megakaryocyte protease(s) to form the partially activated platelet-derived pool.
Do depositors care about enforcement actions

Abstract Since 1990, federal bank supervisors have announced formal enforcement actions publicly. The change in regime provides a natural laboratory to test two propositions: (1) claims by economists that putting confidential supervisory information in the public domain will enhance market discipline and (2) claims by bank supervisors that releasing such data will spark runs. To evaluate these propositions, we measure depositor reaction to 87 Federal Reserve announcements of enforcement actions. We compare deposit growth rates and yield spreads before and after the announcements at the sample banks and a control group of peer banks. The data show no evidence of unusual deposit withdrawals or spread increases at the sample banks following the announcements of formal actions. These results suggest that public announcements of enforcement actions did not spark bank runs or enhance depositor discipline. Apparently, depositors did not care a great deal about our sample actions.
A new method for detecting outliers in Data Envelopment Analysis

We introduce a simple method for detecting outliers in Data Envelopment Analysis. The method is based on two scalar measures. The first is the relative frequency with which an observation appears in the construction of the frontier when testing the efficiency of other observations, and the second is the cumulative weight of an observation in the construction of the frontier. We provide a link to computer programming code for implementing the procedure.
Mechanics of column beds: I. Acquisition of the relevant parameters

The efficiency of chromatographic columns is adversely affected by large-scale radial variations of the packing density or void ratio of the material used to prepare the bed. This heterogeneity is due to wall friction effects that take place during the preparation of the column and to seepage effects operating during the packing process and the subsequent operation of the column. The dependence of the bed's void fraction on the stress applied during its consolidation was determined, as well as its permeability at various stages of the consolidation process and the coefficient of friction between typical packing materials and the stainless steel wall of chromatographic columns. These results are required to develop and use numerical models of the volumetric response to axial compression of the bed and models of the coupled mechanical-seepage rheology of particulate materials.
Gain enhancement of patch antenna using double negative superstrate realized by a high dielectric with triangular lattice of holes

There are many methods for size reduction of microstrip antennas most of which come at the expense of the gain. Amongst techniques for gain enhancement, one method uses double negative material (DNG) as superstrates. In this paper, the DNG material developed in [1] has been used as a superstrate. From an analysis of different configurations of the antenna and the DNG superstrate, gain enhancement of 3.5 dB and radiation patter beam shaping have been achieved.
Design of a large dual polarized Ku band reflectarray for space borne radar altimeter

This paper describes the design of a large dual-beam, dual polarized reflectarray designed for a space-based radar altimeter. This application requires a 2.16 /spl times/ 0.35 m aperture that can be folded for launch stowage. Low mass and >50% efficiency are also required. A reflectarray antenna offers the best approach but also presents unique technical challenges since a reflectarray has never been used in a space based radar application. We describe the design, analysis and measurements of a breadboard test array built to demonstrate the reflectarray concept.
Serine sublimes with spontaneous chiral amplification

Sublimation of near-racemic samples of serine yields a sublimate which is highly enriched in the major enantiomer; this simple one-step process occurs under relatively mild conditions, and represents a possible mechanism for the chiral amplification step in homochirogenesis.
Calling upon the Genius of Private Enterprise: The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 and the Liberal Turn to Public-Private Partnerships

President Lyndon Johnson declared the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 to be “the most farsighted, the most comprehensive, the most massive housing program in all American history.” To replace every slum dwelling in the country within ten years, the act turned from public housing, the government-run program started in the 1930s, toward private-sector programs using both nonprofit and for-profit companies. As a result, since its passage, for-profit businesses have developed the great majority of low-income residences in the United States. The law also helped popularize the idea of “public-private partnerships,” collaborations of government agencies and non-government entities—including for-profit companies—for social and urban improvements. Remarkably, political liberals supported the idea that private enterprise carry out social-welfare programs. This article examines the reasons that Democratic officials, liberals, and housing industry leaders united to create a decentralized, ideologically pluralistic, and redundant system for low-income housing. It shows that frustrations with the public housing program, the response to widespread violence in the nation's cities, and the popularity of corporate America pushed the turn toward the private sector. The changes in housing and urban policy made in the late 1960s, the article concludes, helped further distinguish the American welfare state and encourage the rise of neoliberalism in the United States.
Assembly Dynamics of the Bacterial MinCDE System and Spatial Regulation of the Z Ring

The positioning of a cytoskeletal element that dictates the division plane is a fundamental problem in biology. The assembly and positioning of this cytoskeletal element has to be coordinated with DNA segregation and cell growth to ensure that equal-sized progeny cells are produced, each with a copy of the chromosome. In most prokaryotes, cytokinesis involves positioning a Z ring assembled from FtsZ, the ancestral homologue of tubulin. The position of the Z ring is determined by a gradient of negative regulators of Z-ring assembly. In Escherichia coli, the Min system consists of three proteins that cooperate to position the Z ring through a fascinating oscillation, which inhibits the formation of the Z ring away from midcell. Additional gradients of negative regulators of FtsZ assembly are used by E. coli and other bacteria to achieve spatial control of Z-ring assembly.
Do Equity Markets Respond to Earnings Paths

We present our investigation of whether the U.S. equity market responds to the path of earnings information. An earnings path consisted of two consecutive quarters of earnings announcements, adjusted for expectations and seasonality by using analysts' consensus forecasts. After controlling for the information content over the period, we found that security returns for the two-quarter period are affected by the earnings path. The path-dependent security returns are more evident for smaller firms, and the path dependence persists after controlling for firm size and investor anticipation of future earnings surprises.
An example on movable approximations of a minimal set in a continuous flow

Abstract In the present paper the study of flows on n -manifolds in particular in dimension three, e.g., R 3 , is motivated by the following question. Let A be a compact invariant set in a flow on X . Does every neighbourhood of A contain a movable invariant set M containing A ? It is known that a stable solenoid in a flow on a 3-manifold has approximating periodic orbits in each of its neighbourhoods. The solenoid with the approximating orbits form a movable set, although the solenoid is not movable. Not many such examples are known. The main part of the paper consists of constructing an example of a set in R 3 that is not stable, is not a solenoid, and is approximated by Denjoy-like invariant sets instead of periodic orbits. As in the case of a solenoid, the constructed set is an inverse limit of its approximating sets. This gives a partial answer to the above question.
Got Milk? A Look at Breastfeeding from an African American Perspective

When you think of health disparities, what comes to mind? Hypertension? Diabetes? Cardiovascular disease? Infant mortality? Certain cancers? Infant feeding? Yes, you read correctly, infant feeding....