cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological effects of juvenile hormone mimics on embryonic development in the bug,Pyrrhocoris apterus.

Embryos ofPyrrhocoris apterus exposed to juvenile hormone mimics (JH) were examined throughout development to determine the progressive effects of treatment. Prior to blastokinesis whole experimental embryos did not differ morphologically from control embryos fixed at the same stage. Treated embryos failed to complete blastokinesis due to abnormal breakage of the extra-embryonic membranes.
Functional Expression of Human Adenine Nucleotide Translocase 4 in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

The adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) mediates the exchange of ADP and ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The human genome encodes multiple ANT isoforms that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Recently a novel germ cell-specific member of the ANT family, ANT4 (SLC25A31) was identified. Although it is known that targeted depletion of ANT4 in mice resulted in male infertility, the functional biochemical differences between ANT4 and other somatic ANT isoforms remain undetermined. To gain insight into ANT4, we expressed human ANT4 (hANT4) in yeast mitochondria. Unlike the somatic ANT proteins, expression of hANT4 failed to complement an AAC-deficient yeast strain for growth on media requiring mitochondrial respiration. Moreover, overexpression of hANT4 from a multi-copy plasmid interfered with optimal yeast growth. However, mutation of specific amino acids of hANT4 improved yeast mitochondrial expression and supported growth of the AAC-deficient yeast on non-fermentable carbon sources. The mutations affected amino acids predicted to interact with phospholipids, suggesting the importance of lipid interactions for function of this protein. Each mutant hANT4 and the somatic hANTs exhibited similar ADP/ATP exchange kinetics. These data define common and distinct biochemical characteristics of ANT4 in comparison to ANT1, 2 and 3 providing a basis for study of its unique adaptation to germ cells.
Recent Advances In The Generation Of Picosecond Tunable Infrared Radiation

We report recent progress in the generation of continuously tunable picosecond pulses by three-photon interaction in KTiOPO4. The system is based on a cw mode-locked Nd:LiYF 4 laser, which synchronously pumps a dye laser and seeds a regenerative amplifier. Two different modes of operation are available simultaneously. Both operating regimes have equally large tunability : from 0.6 μm to 4.5 μm. In the high repetition rate mode, difference frequency mixing of the tunable output of the synchronously mode-locked dye laser and the Nd:LiYF 4 laser generates a 100 MHz train of picosecond tunable IR pulses with typical average power in the milliwatt range. Substantially higher energy per pulse can be obtained over the full tuning range by subsequent amplification at lower repetition rates. For this purpose we use a KTiOPO 4 parametric amplifier, pumped by the regenerative amplifier or its second harmonic. Typically, a single-pass gain of 106 is observed in this regime while maintaining the spatial, spectral and temporal characteristics of the seed beam. In the non-seeded configuration on the other hand, a parametric generator-amplifier consisting of two KTiOPO4 crystals operates in the saturation regime with energy conversion efficiencies of 10-20 % without pulse breakup and with very satisfactory pulse-to-pulse stability. However, in this configuration the spatial and spectral quality is traded for the ease of tunability.
Preferential development by mice of delayed hypersensitivity to purified basic proteins.

Abstract Mice injected with purified protein antigens (e.g., serum albumins) in incomplete Freund adjuvant develop both Arthus and delayed hypersensitivities. The presence of the former interferes with observation of the latter. But mice similarly injected with methylated derivatives of such purified proteins preferentially develop delayed hypersensitivity. Hence the latter can be studied independently of a preceding Arthus reaction. Such use of methylated serum albumins in the experiments reported here showed that polymorphonucleocytes outnumber monocytes early in specific delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions but later are replaced by large numbers of monocytes, that passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity may require cooperation between lymphoid cells and humoral antibody, and that immediate and delayed hypersensitivities in mice can be distinguished from each other by differences in antigenic determinant sites. Methylated serum albumins are easy-to-prepare basic proteins which are readily soluble at acid but not alkaline pH.
Physical and transcriptional analysis of the Trypanosoma brucei genome reveals a typical eukaryotic arrangement with close interspersionof RNA polymerase II- and III-transcribed genes

To further our understanding of the structural and functional organization of the Trypanosoma brucei genome, we have searched for and analyzed sites in the genome where Pol II transcription units meet Pol III genes. Physical and transcriptional maps of cosmid clones spanning the Pol III-transcribed U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and U3 snRNA/7SL RNA gene loci demonstrated that single-copy Pol II genes are closely associated with Pol III-transcribed genes, being separated from each other by 0.6-3 kb. At the U3/7SL transcriptional domain, two Pol II transcription units converged from either side of the chromosome towards the Pol III genes, suggesting that at least for the chromosome containing the U3 snRNA and 7SL RNA genes, there exist two distinct initiation sites for Pol II. Furthermore, in all cases the Pol III genes hallmark the end of Pol II transcription units, suggesting perhaps a functional role for this genetic arrangement. Lastly, we asked whether the environment within a Pol III transcriptional domain allowed expression of pre-mRNA. To test this we inserted a CAT gene cassette, seemingly promoterless but endowed with pre-mRNA processing signals, in the chromosome between the U3 snRNA and 7SL RNA genes. Interestingly, abundant CAT mRNA was produced suggesting that the Pol III genes in the immediate vicinity did not prevent access of presumably Pol II to the CAT gene cassette. We propose that either CAT mRNA is synthesized by Pol II run-through transcription or by Pol II initiationupstream from the CAT gene.
1/ f noise from the laws of thermodynamics for finite-size fluctuations.

Computer simulations of the Ising model exhibit white noise if thermal fluctuations are governed by Boltzmann's factor alone; whereas we find that the same model exhibits $1/f$ noise if Boltzmann's factor is extended to include local alignment entropy to all orders. We show that this nonlinear correction maintains maximum entropy during equilibrium fluctuations. Indeed, as with the usual way to resolve Gibbs' paradox that avoids entropy reduction during reversible processes, the correction yields the statistics of indistinguishable particles. The correction also ensures conservation of energy if an instantaneous contribution from local entropy is included. Thus, a common mechanism for $1/f$ noise comes from assuming that finite-size fluctuations strictly obey the laws of thermodynamics, even in small parts of a large system. Empirical evidence for the model comes from its ability to match the measured temperature dependence of the spectral-density exponents in several metals and to show non-Gaussian fluctuations characteristic of nanoscale systems.
Application of the weighted residual method to diffraction by 2-D canyons of arbitrary shape: I. Incident SH waves

Abstract A solution for the two-dimensional scattering and diffraction of plane SH waves by canyons of arbitrary shape in an elastic half space is presented. The wave field for arbitrary geometry in this paper is computed numerically by the method of weighted residues (moment method). The wave displacement field computed by the present residual method for the case of a semi-circular canyon was shown to agree analytically and numerically with that computed by the exact closed form series solution. The same observations about ground amplifications, their dependence on frequencies and orientations of the incident waves, can be stated here for canyons of arbitrary shape as previously made for circular canyons.
Seasonal Progress of Phomopsis longicolla Infection on Soybean Plant Parts and Its Relationship to Seed Quality

Phomopsis longicolla is a major seed pathogen of soybean (Glycine max) in hot, humid environments. The objective of this study was to monitor the infection and development of P. longicolla on vegetative and reproductive tissues of six cultivars and to determine the relationship between this infection and subsequent seed infection and seed germination. Cultivars were grown for 3 years (2002 to 2004) without irrigation or with irrigation applied at pre- plus postflowering or at postflowering growth stages. P. longicolla was isolated most frequently from leaf, stem, pod, root, and seed. Diaporthe phaseolorum and three unidentified Phomopsis sp. were also isolated. Diaporthe aspalathi, which previously has not been reported on soybean, was also recovered from leaf samples. These isolates, however, were recovered very infrequently. Recovery of P. longicolla from roots was much lower than from leaves, stems, and pods in all years and irrigation environments. The recovery of P. longicolla from seed was affected by irrigation environments. Seed from irrigated plots had more P. longicolla than that from nonirrigated plots. Isolation of P. longicolla from seed was negatively correlated with percentage of seed germination in irrigated environments but not in the nonirrigated environment. Pod infection was correlated with seed infection in all three irrigation environments. Even though infection of leaves and stems increased with increasing moisture availability, such infection did not consistently correlate with seed infection. Seed germination and seed infection were negatively correlated with percent hard seed. This study provided the first demonstration of the seasonal progression of P. longicolla on soybean cultivars grown under three irrigation environments.
The celebrity as a reinforcer

Abstract This report is a description of a procedure which has effectively modified the behavior of persons undergoing therapeutic or educational interventions through the use of celebrities as reinforcers.
Rise of angiosperms as a factor in long-term climatic cooling

By Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary time, the diversification and proliferation of angiosperm-deciduous ecosystems resulted in higher rates of mineral weathering. This increase in the global average weathering rate would have caused a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide and, hence, global cooling. The magnitude of this decrease is quantitatively explored here by developing a formulation for global weathering which combines ecosystems that differ in their fractional global coverage and intrinsic rates of weathering. Incorporating this formulation into models—specifically, several previously developed global steady-state models of the geochemical cycle of carbon between the atmosphere and carbonate rocks—gives results that show signifi-cant global cooling from the evolution of the angiosperm-deciduous ecosystems. This cooling may vary from a few degrees up to 10°C. In this way, deciduous ecosystems with high rates of mineral weathering could have contributed to the evolution during the past 100 m.y. of a cooler Earth and thus were a factor in producing conditions that enhanced their global proliferation.
Kinetic considerations in pharmacogenetic studies of drug metabolism

Abstract The use of “single point” measurements of blood, serum or plasma drug levels to classify individuals in pharmacogenetic studies of drug metabolism may yield results which are artifacts. The bases for the incorrectness of this procedure are discussed and a procedure is suggested which may be used to avoid experimental artifacts in this type of pharmacogenetic studies.
The Epidemiology and Demographics of Hip Dysplasia

The etiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is unknown. There are many insights, however, from epidemiologic/demographic information. A systematic medical literature review regarding DDH was performed. There is a predominance of left-sided (64.0%) and unilateral disease (63.4%). The incidence per 1000 live births ranges from 0.06 in Africans in Africa to 76.1 in Native Americans. There is significant variability in incidence within each racial group by geographic location. The incidence of clinical neonatal hip instability at birth ranges from 0.4 in Africans to 61.7 in Polish Caucasians. Predictors of DDH are breech presentation, positive family history, and gender (female). Children born premature, with low birth weights, or to multifetal pregnancies are somewhat protected from DDH. Certain HLA A, B, and D types demonstrate an increase in DDH. Chromosome 17q21 is strongly associated with DDH. Ligamentous laxity and abnormalities in collagen metabolism, estrogen metabolism, and pregnancy-associated pelvic instability are well-described associations with DDH. Many studies demonstrate an increase of DDH in the winter, both in the northern and southern hemispheres. Swaddling is strongly associated with DDH. Amniocentesis, premature labor, and massive radiation exposure may increase the risk of DDH. Associated conditions are congenital muscular torticollis and congenital foot deformities. The opposite hip is frequently abnormal when using rigorous radiographic assessments. The role of acetabular dysplasia and adult hip osteoarthritis is complex. Archeological studies demonstrate that the epidemiology of DDH may be changing.
Visual Noticing Without Believing

The occasion for this meditation is Professor Sibley's extraordinarily careful recent essay' in favour of 'a modestly epistemic account of the basic notion of seeing' (82). In a nutshell, what it contends is that, properly speaking, to see anything is to notice it and so to believe something about it; i.e. no seeing without noticing, and no noticing without believing. This seems innocent (= right) enough if taken innocently. What one sees, in the 'basic' sense, is what provides grist for the mental mill of believing; and it will not do that, unless it is noticed in the first place. There may be other weaker and stronger senses of 'see', but they will not have the priority requisite to belief acquisition 'in the first place' (basic beliefs). The weaker senses allow 'seen' things to pass unnoticed, and the stronger senses tend in the end to make both seeing and what is seen a function of believing (thinking that), which commits one to the funsterish notion that belief about things generates its own grounds, or that even the simplest perceptual reports are made in theory-laden terms. Sibley wisely distinguishes weaker and stronger uses of 'see', avoiding the mistake of taking any one of these as basic. This discomfits, e.g. Dretske whose non-epistemic analysis of 'seeing a bug' makes it like 'stepping on a bug'; both can occur unawares or without the agent noticing the bug or the stepping on it. (There is, however, a sense in which one is 'conscious' even of what he nonepistemically sees, as he is not of what he steps on; under hypnosis he cant be made aware of what he thus saw, but not of what he stepped on unawares. Dretske admits2 to 'not knowing what sort of consciousness this is', that allows one to be 'conscious' of what he is unaware of-does not notice. More about this later.) Sibley admits that a weak sense of 'see' has some currency, in which the thing in question must have appeared in the seer's field of vision without
Recent progress of the compact AFEL at Los Alamos

The Advanced Free Electron Laser (AFEL) is a compact, infrared, rf-linac FEL that uses a high-brightness photoinjector and a short-period permanent-magnet wiggler. Lasing at saturation with and without sidebands has been achieved over the 4--6 {mu}m region with a nominally 15-MeV electron beam energy and a 1-cmperiod, 24-period wiggler. Sideband-free FEL operation was optimized with respect to outcoupling by tuning off the reflectivity curve of the multilayer dielectric mirrors. Sideband operation was achieved using copper mirrors with a 1.1% outcoupling hole. The measured macropulse energy with {approximately}1300 micropulses was approximately 50 mJ per 1 nC of beam, corresponding to an output efficiency of 0.25% and a maximum extraction efficiency of 1.4%.
Buspirone treatment of anxiety associated with pharyngeal dysphagia in a four-year-old.

ABSTRACT Buspirone is a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic that has been effective in uncontrolled trials for treating childhood anxiety disorders. A 4-year-old boy with a history of laryngomalacia (cong...
Neighborhood Residents’ Fear of Crime: A Tale of Three Cities

Neighborhood characteristics impact residents’ fear of crime. Empirical research supports these ideas, but the majority of these studies are based on residents of a single city. The relationship between social control, disorder, perceptions of crime, and residents’ fear of crime has not been fully explored across multiple cities. The current study examines the relationship between residents’ perceptions of neighborhood safety, disorder, and social control using survey data from residents across three cities in the United States. The findings suggest that shared expectations lead to decreased fear, while increased levels of social disorder lead to a greater fear of crime across each of the three cities. Other factors, including perceptions of crime, exposure to victimization, and demographic characteristics are not consistently related to the fear of crime. This suggests the structural impact of city factors, or increases in disorder and crime, might be influencing the perceptions of risk and constrained b...
Coloboma of the Optic Nerve

A case here reported presented most of the characteristics of coloboma of the optic nervehead. The eye was microphthalmic and had always been blind. Hypotheses as to the pathogenesis of such defects arc discussed.
Relating Natural Deduction and Sequent Calculus for Intuitionistic Non-Commutative Linear Logic

Abstract We present a sequent calculus for intuitionistic non-commutative linear logic (INCLL), show that it satisfies cut elimination, and investigate its relationship to a natural deduction system for the logic. We show how normal natural deductions correspond to cut-free derivations, and arbitrary natural deductions to sequent derivations with cut. This gives us a syntactic proof of normalization for a rich system of non-commutative natural deduction and its associated λ-calculus. INCLL conservatively extends linear logic with means to express sequencing, which has applications in functional programming, logical frameworks, logic programming, and natural language parsing.
Effect of ethylene and metabolic inhibitors on anthocyanin biosynthesis

Abstract The use of metabolic inhibitors indicated that ethylene-enhancement of light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Sorghum vulgare is through promotion of enzyme synthesis. Ethylene treatment had no effect on the amount of cyanidin synthesized in sorghum tissue infiltrated with actinomycin D to inhibit RNA synthesis. Treatment of sorghum tissue with ethylene in the dark for 24 hr prior to light-induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis reduced the ability of cycloheximide to inhibit anthocyanin formation in the tissue. Ethylene treatment promoted the biosynthesis of two 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in sorghum for which light-induced RNA synthesis is not necessary.
Some philosophical implications of information-theoretic computational complexity

Greg Chaitin, a frequent past contributor to SIGACT News, has produced a non-technical exposition of some of the concepts and methods in information-theoretic computational complexity, and some of his results, as presented in "Information Theoretic Limitations of Formal Systems". Both a revised version of the technical paper (see SIGACT News, December 1971, page 12, for an abstract) and the non-technical exposition should appear in the literature soon. Meanwhile, we excerpt - by permission - some of the philosophical implications which we find interesting. -Ed.
Language Concordance and Patient–Physician Communication Regarding Mental Health Needs

Language-related communication barriers between minority patients and their physicians may contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care. Accordingly, the current study sought to examine whether perceived mental health needs and discussion of these needs differed as a function of race or ethnicity and language concordance in older Latinos and Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs). Using the 2007 California Health Interview Survey, the analytical sample included Latinos and APIs aged 55 and older (N = 2,960) who reported having seen a primary care provider within the past 2 years. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine differences according to race or ethnicity and language concordance status (three groups: English-language concordant, other-language concordant, language discordant) in perceived mental health needs and discussion of those needs with a physician, adjusting for respondents� sociodemographic characteristics and mental health status. There were no significant differences in respondents� perceptions of their mental health needs across race or ethnicity or level of language concordance status (Ps > .41), although there were significant differences in whether respondents had discussed their mental health needs with their physicians according to participant race or ethnicity and language concordance status (adjusted odds ratio = 0.47, P = .04). Specifically, Spanish language-concordant Latinos were just as likely to discuss their mental health needs with their physicians as English language-concordant Latinos. In contrast, Asian language-concordant APIs were less likely to discuss their mental health needs with their physicians than English language-concordant APIs. There were no significant differences between language-discordant and English language-concordant older adults in predicting discussion of mental health concerns. These findings underscore the importance of overcoming language-related and cultural barriers to improve patient-provider discussions of older adults� mental health needs.
The effect of surface preparation on the bond interface between FRP sheets and concrete members

Abstract Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite wraps have been established as an effective method for rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures. They are being increasingly used as an alternative to steel for reinforcing and strengthening of concrete structures. This paper presents the experimental and analytical results of the influence of concrete surface treatment and the type of FRP sheets on the bonding strength of concrete-FRP sheet. The FRP sheets were bonded to concrete beams in two opposite sides using an epoxy resin. Variables included the type of fiber (C1, C5, and GE) and the surface treatment (water jet and sanding). With changing the surface treatment of concrete surface preparation and the type of fiber sheets, the bonding strength, bonding load–strain response and failure modes were investigated. The concrete specimens with surface roughened with water jet showed much better bonding strength than those roughened with an ordinary sander. Equations for predicting the bond load failure of concrete specimens externally bonded with carbon and glass fiber sheets compared well with those of experimental.
South Africa’s renegade reels: the making and public lives of black-centered films

In Renegade Reels, Litheko Modisane demonstrates that to fully unpack the social meanings of film, we must go beyond merely analysing its content, the conditions of its production, or individual mo...
Are nonhuman primates good models for SARS

I would like to respond to Haagmans and Osterhaus' Perspective [1] on Lawler et al.’s study [2]. I have been actively studying SARS virus both in vitro and in numerous animal models including mice, cotton rats, ferrets, and macaques since April, 2003 (about six weeks after the virus was first identified). While I do concur with some of the statements made by Haagmans and Osterhaus, I am compelled to provide an alternative view. I completely agree with the stance that an animal model which mimics the severe disease observed in human cases is needed. However, the continued use of nonhuman primates in these studies is simply not warranted. Indeed, multiple groups have tried unsuccessfully to reproduce this model, including Lawler and colleagues [2] . For example, I attended the WHO meeting on SARS in Rotterdam in February, 2004, at which Steven Jones, of the National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Canada, said: “If I were one of those monkeys, maybe I’d just take a Tylenol” [3]. With my colleagues, I conducted a study in which both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques were infected with SARS-CoV. I did not see any clinical signs of disease or marked lung pathology [4]. A study by Subbarao and colleagues had similar findings: “SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) administered intranasally and intratracheally to rhesus, cynomolgus and African Green monkeys (AGM) replicated in the respiratory tract but did not induce illness” [5]. Perhaps the most interesting issue is that Lawler and colleagues clearly state that “SARS-CoV infection of cynomolgus macaques did not reproduce the severe illness seen in the majority of adult human cases of SARS” [2]. To my knowledge, only Osterhaus’s laboratory and laboratories from China have reported severe disease in SARS-CoV infected macaques. Osterhaus mentions that the variability in results may be due to factors such as the strain of virus used, and this is certainly true. However, he has not released the virus isolate used in these studies to me or my colleagues in spite of requests. Given that so many groups (e.g., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, etc.) with excellent scientific skills and credentials have reported contradictory results with at least two strains of SARS-CoV, it is troublesome that the use of nonhuman primates in SARS pathogenesis, vaccine, and therapeutic testing continues.
Reflections on current criteria to evaluate redistricting plans

Abstract High quality election districting plans provide representation to the broadest array of demographic groups possible. In rapidly diversifying countries such as the United States this goal will become of ever greater importance in the future. The quality and legality of districting plans are typically evaluated on the basis of a long list of criteria including contiguity, compactness, population equality, racial equity, the avoidance of splitting local government subdivisions, and the maintenance of communities of interest, among others. Do these criteria facilitate or inhibit the creation of districting plans facilitating high quality representation? Using the perspective of social justice, this paper evaluates current traditional redistricting evaluative criteria based upon the clarity of their goals and whether there are generally accepted methods for judging a plan's quality. It finds that the goals of some criteria are ill-defined with others having no accepted protocols to judge a plan's fidelity to these goals. It also argues that political geographers can have an important role in further refining the purpose and measurement of the current evaluative criteria used in the redistricting process.
Transposome: a toolkit for annotation of transposable element families from unassembled sequence reads

Motivation Transposable elements (TEs) can be found in virtually all eukaryotic genomes and have the potential to produce evolutionary novelty. Despite the broad taxonomic distribution of TEs, the evolutionary history of these sequences is largely unknown for many taxa due to a lack of genomic resources and identification methods. Given that most TE annotation methods are designed to work on genome assemblies, we sought to develop a method to provide a fine-grained classification of TEs from DNA sequence reads. Here, we present a toolkit for the efficient annotation of TE families from low-coverage whole-genome shotgun (WGS) data, enabling the rapid identification of TEs in a large number of taxa. We compared our software, Transposome, with other approaches for annotating repeats from WGS data, and we show that it offers significant improvements in run time and produces more precise estimates of genomic repeat abundance. Transposome may also be used as a general toolkit for working with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data, and for constructing custom genome analysis pipelines. Availability and implementation The source code for Transposome is freely available (http://sestaton.github.io/Transposome), implemented in Perl and is supported on Linux.
On need-driven proactive information exchanges in agent teams

Members of high-performing human teams can often anticipate information needs of teammates and offer relevant information to them proactively. Such capabilities are highly desirable for agent teams to achieve better teamwork processes for supporting information gathering, information fusion, and decision makings of teammates. This paper presents a framework for formally specifying proactive agent behaviors based on the SharedPlan theory. Axioms that specify an agent's anticipations of a teammate's information needs are proposed, which enable the teammate to perform an action or protect the teammate from a threat. We also introduce the semantics of two proactive communicative actions (i.e., proactive inform and third party subscribe) that are driven by information needs of teammates. Based on these semantics, we show that suitable proactive information delivery actions can be derived in the proposed framework. This paper thus establishes a formal foundation for proactive information delivery behavior that not only provides better understanding of the underlying assumptions required to justify the behavior, but also provides a coherent basis for the specification and design of agent teams with proactive information delivery capabilities.
Phylogenetic relationships among the phrynosomatid sand lizards inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences generated by heterogeneous evolutionary processes.

Nucleotidesequences ofthemitochondrial protein coding cytochrome b (cyt b; 650 bp) and small-subunit 12S ribosomal RNA (» 350 bp) genes were used in analyses of phylogenetic relation- ships among extant phrynosomatid sand lizards, including an examination of competing hypotheses regarding the evolution of "earlessness." Sequences were obtained from all currently recognized species of sand lizards as well as representatives of the erst and second outgroups and analyzed using both parsimony and likelihood methods. The cyt b data offer strong support for relationships that correspond with relatively recent divergences and moderate to low support for relationships reeecting more ancient divergences within the clade. These data support monophyly of the "earless" taxa, the placement of Uma as the sister taxon to the other sand lizards, and monophyly of all four taxa traditionally ranked as genera. All well-supported relationships in the 12S phylogeny are com- pletely congruent with well-supported relationships in the cyt b phylogeny; however, the 12S data alone provide very little support for deeper divergences. Phylogenetic relationships within species are concordant with geography and suggest patterns of phylogeographic differentiation, including the conclusion that at least one currently recognized species (Holbrookia maculata) actually consists of morethan one species. Byindependently optimizing likelihood modelparameters for various subsets of the data, we found that nucleotide substitution processes vary widely between genes and among the structural and functional regions or classes of sites within each gene. Therefore, we compared competing phylogenetic hypotheses, using parameter estimates speciec to those subsets, analyzing the subsets separately and in various combinations. The hypothesis supported by the cyt b data was favored over rival hypotheses in all but one of the eve comparisons made with the entire data set, including the set of partitions that best explained the data, although we were unable to conedently reject (P < 0.05) alternative hypotheses. Our results highlight the importance of optimizing mod- els and parameter estimates for different genes or parts thereof—a strategy that takes advantages of the strengths of both combining and partitioning data. (Combining data; cytochrome b; maximum likelihood; mitochondrial DNA; phrynosomatidae; phylogeny; 12S RNA; sand lizards.)
Superomniphobic surfaces: Design and durability

Surfaces that display liquid contact angles greater than 150° along with low contact angle hysteresis for liquids with both high and low surface tension values are known as superomniphobic surfaces. Such surfaces are of interest for a diverse array of applications, including self-cleaning surfaces, nonfouling surfaces, stain-free clothing, spill-resistant protective wear, drag reduction, and fingerprint-resistant surfaces. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the criteria required to design superomniphobic surfaces. In this article, we discuss the roles of surface energy, roughness, re-entrant texture, and hierarchical structure in fabricating superomniphobic surfaces. We also provide a review of different superomniphobic surfaces reported recently in the literature and emphasize the need for mechanical, chemical, and radiation durability of superomniphobic surfaces for practical applications. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the unresolved challenges in developing durable superomniphobic surfaces that define the scope for further improvements in the field.
Stability of attachment representations: The transition to marriage

This study examined the stability of adult attachment representations across the transition to marriage. One hundred fifty-seven couples were assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1985), the Current Relationship Interview (J. A. Crowell & G. Owens, 1996), and measures describing relationship functioning and life events 3 months prior to their weddings and 18 months into their marriages. The authors tested the hypotheses that attachment classifications are stable and that change is related to experiences in the relationship and/or life events; 78% of the sample received the same primary AAI classification (secure, preoccupied, and dismissing) at both times. Change was toward increased security and was associated with feelings and cognitions about the relationship. Only 46% of participants initially classified as unresolved retained the classification. Stability of the unresolved classification was associated with stressful life events and relationship aggression.
95-Year-Old Woman With Sudden-Onset Dyspnea

R c a C ( v s Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (W.K.F.). A 95-year-old woman presented with sudden-onset dyspnea of 4 hours’ duration, which was soon followed by respiratory failure requiring high-flow supplemental oxygen. She denied having chest pain, back pain, or palpitations. She had completed a course of amoxicillin 2 months previously for acute sinusitis and had no residual symptoms. Results of a complete review of systems were otherwise unremarkable. Her medical history was notable for systemic hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, chronic severe mitral regurgitation related to degenerative mitral valve disease with prolapse, and moderate functional tricuspid regurgitation. She had no personal history of coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure. Medications included amlodipine, atenolol, chlorthalidone, fluticasone, and dicyclomine. On arrival at the emergency department her vital signs were as follows: blood pressure, 194/110 mm Hg; pulse, 137 beats/min; temperature, 36.5°C; respiratory rate, 36 breaths/min; and oxygen saturation while receiving 15 L of oxygen per minute by closed face mask, 91%. She had markedly increased work of breathing. Cardiovascular examination demonstrated jugular venous distention to the ear with a prominent v wave, irregularly irregular tachycardia, right ventricular lift without thrill, an S3 gallop at the apex, a blowing holosystolic murmur appreciated throughout the precordium, and 2 mm of pitting edema of the mid shins bilaterally. Pulmonary examination revealed coarse crackles throughout the basilar half of both lung fields. Abdominal, musculoskeletal, neurologic, and integument findings were unremarkable. Chest radiography demonstrated the new findings of pulmonary venous congestion and bilateral effusions.
Effects of Various Feeding Regimens and Photoperiod or Pinealectomy on Ovulation in the Hamster

Effects of various feeding regimens and photoperiod or pinealectomy on ovulation in the hamster are described. Female hamsters were housed in a 14:10 light-dark (LD) cycle. During January and February starvation for 1 estrous cycle blocked ovulation in 6 out of 8 animals. 50% normal food intake for 1 cycle did not block ovulation but the number of ova shed appeared to be diminished. Pinealectomy failed to abolish the antigonadal effects of starvation. Estrous cycles of the dark or LD animals starved in August were not disrupted greatly by 4 days of food deprivation. These animals and a summer control group appeared to have shed more ova and had heavier uteri than winter controls. These results suggest a seasonal influence upon susceptibility to starvation.
Development of detailed action plans in the event of a sodium hydride spill/fire

The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has developed a process for managing chemical reactivity hazards, such as water-reactive/pyrophoric sodium hydride. This coupled with a recent fire while handling sodium hydride, at a pharmaceutical production facility, revealed gaps in the handling and emergency response process as well as in the emergency response materials used for spills of sodium hydride. A detailed action plan (DAP) was developed for personnel handling sodium hydride, as well as emergency first responders. The DAP identified actions in the event of a spill or fire for material handlers, emergency first responders, and the subsequent safe disposition of the contained material. Development of the DAP for sodium hydride required in-house testing of various fire-extinguishing agents and the benchmarking of best practices within the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The optimum method or template chosen to develop the DAP was adaptable to conditions both in warehouses and in production buildings. Laboratory testing followed by field testing with up to 0.5 kg of sodium hydride identified damp sand in combination with liquid nitrogen as the superior agents to smother, contain, and permit transport to a suitable disposition area for destruction of unreacted sodium hydride. The template and method used to create the sodium hydride DAP may have applications for other water-reactive/pyrophoric reagents. The use of wet sand with liquid nitrogen as a smothering agent promises to be a unique and potentially breakthrough method for smothering and transporting spilled water-reactive/pyrophoric reagents. Additional testing is planned for other water-reactive/pyrophoric reagents to assess the use of these emergency response materials and to develop additional DAPs. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog
Why Intensive Interventions Are Necessary for Students with Severe Reading Difficulties.

This article reviews research related to intensive interventions within a Response to Intervention framework. We review the research from studies that provided different levels of intensity of intervention with the goal of establishing a case that movement through less intensive tiers of intervention may not be an effective and responsible approach to addressing the reading difficulties of some students, particularly those with significant reading difficulties or disabilities.
A Branch-and-cut Algorithm for Integer Bilevel Linear Programs

We describe a rudimentary branch-and-cut algorithm for solving integer bilevel linear programs that extends existing techniques for standard integer linear programs to this very challenging computational setting. The algorithm improves on the branch-and-bound algorithm of Moore and Bard in that it uses cutting plane techniques to produce improved bounds, does not require specialized branching strategies, and can be implemented in a straightforward way using only linear solvers. An implementation built using software components available in the COIN-OR software repository is described and preliminary computational results presented.
Fractal Analysis of Binding and Dissociation of Protein–Analyte Interactions on Biosensor Surfaces

Biosensors have often been employed in protein–analyte interactions. Some of the more recent biosensor applications of protein–analyte interactions are discussed. The analysis of protein–analyte interactions is an important and diversified area of application of biosensors. Fractal analysis is used to analyze the binding and dissociation (if applicable) kinetics of recombinant transthyretin (rTTR) in solution to L- thyroxine (T4) immobilized on a sensor chip surface using different spacers; G protein transducin (G t ) in solution to different densities of rhodopsin (Rho) immobilized on a sensor chip surface; different concentrations of Factor P in solution to heparin immobilized on a sensor chip surface; and binding of transcription factors rhSP1 and NF-κβ in solution to complementary oligonucleotide immobilized on a sensor chip surface. A fractal analysis is presented for the binding and dissociation (wherever applicable) of protein–analyte interactions occurring on biosensor surfaces. Both single- and dual-fractal analyses are used to model the binding and dissociation kinetics. The biosensor surface represents another source by which one may very significantly affect the kinetics of protein–analyte and other types of reactions of interest occurring on biosensor surfaces. It would be of significant interest to be able to make quantitative the degree of heterogeneity present on the biosensor surface. The predictive relationships developed for the different analyte–receptor interactions occurring on biosensor surfaces provide a means by which to manipulate the binding and the dissociation rate coefficients and affinity values in desired directions.
The visual system of the alligator.

The eye tissues and liver of the alligator contain vitamin A1 alone. The retina contains rhodopsin, typical in absorption spectrum (λmax 500 mµ); but synthesized in solution from neo-b retinene and opsin much more rapidly than are the frog, mammalian, or chicken rhodopsins previously examined. In this regard alligator rhodopsin resembles the rhodopsins and porphyropsins of fishes, all of which so far investigated are synthesized rapidly in solution. The rates of synthesis in vitro of frog and alligator rhodopsins are matched closely by the rates of rod dark adaptation in living frogs and alligators, measured electrophysiologically at the same temperature. Alligator rods dark-adapt, and alligator rhodopsin is synthesized in solution, at rates characteristically associated with cones and cone pigments in frogs, mammals, and birds.
Beyond Artificial Integration: Reimagining Cross-Racial Interactions Among Undergraduates

received the Oscar for Best Picture at the seventy-eighth Academy Awards, an important spotlight was cast on race relations inthe United States. Surely the movie did not receive this recognition for artis-tic qualities alone. The race problems depicted in the film engendered emo-tion and awakened consciousness among many who saw it, reinforcing theneed to respond to racial “crashes” in society. Many educators have longargued that colleges and universities can make a significant difference inimproving how race is treated in the United States. It also turns out thataddressing this problem can more broadly add statistically measurable valueto students’ educational experiences and learning in college. However, highereducation’s capacity to address this significant and enduring national problemhas been constrained in ways that at times make those institutions and theindividuals who attend them part of the problem rather than the solution.This chapter highlights the many challenges and obstacles that limitand undermine higher education’s capacity to eradicate the negative conse-quences associated with race. Before discussing these challenges, I addresswhy it makes sense for colleges and universities to play a central role inaddressing problems associated with race. Then I discuss some pitfalls thatlimit the capacity of these institutions to make a difference and ultimatelysteer us toward what I have termed
Histones of Rat Testis Chromatin During Early Postnatal Development and Their Interactions with DNA

The histones present in the rat testis during earlytesticulardevelopment have been analyzed on acid-urea polyacrylamide gels and amounts of the individual histones quantified at 5 day intervals from 5 through 35 days of age. Three new histones, FIM, F2a2M and F2bM as first reported by Branson et al.(1975) are shown to originate from the primary spermatocyte and displace somatic
A one-parameter treatment of anharmonic specific heat

This paper develops an approximate method of calculating anharmonic corrections to the calorimetric properties of solids from known values of the corresponding harmonic quantities. It is assumed that anharmonic effects may be represented by simple temperature and frequency dependent shifts, first used by Barron and Overton, in the frequencies appearing in the free energy or the entropy. Numerical results for Sa — Sh and Cav — Chv, based on published harmonic calculations, are given for several substances. It is found that Sa — Sh begins to depart from a linear T dependence at T/Θ $0.3. A discussion is given of how our results may be used as a refinement of Tosi and Fumi's method for analyzing experimental calorimetric data. Using our approach, it is demonstrated that the oscillations in Cav — Chv, found in calculations recently reported by Overton for a special model of Cu, do not occur. Finally, criteria for the existence of oscillations in Cav — Chv are obtained by studying simplified spectra.