cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservation, education, and adventure tourism: a case study of adventure parks as potential venues for communication in Monteverde, Costa Rica

Adventure tourism and nature-based tourism are increasing at the same time that negative effects from land development, forest fragmentation, and climate change continue to worsen. In Costa Rica, o...
Flame Tracker: An image analysis program to measure flame characteristics

Abstract In combustion research, digital cameras offer a non-invasive way to record experiments. Image and video processing are powerful tools to extract information such as flame size, color, temperature, and their variations in time. The Flame Tracker is a Python-based image and video processing application that can be used for isolating a flame (or a luminous object) from the background on a frame by frame basis. The Flame Tracker has a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with video editing tools, such as trimming, cropping, and perspective correction, and a selection of three tracking methods. Two of these methods are automatic, in the sense that after the filtering parameters are set, the program applies them to the rest of the video without the need of further input, allowing the processing of a large number of images/frames. The program is open source, and structured in a way to be relatively easy to understand and modify, thus additional tracking methods could be implemented. The Flame Tracker is intended for the combustion research community to facilitate the video processing and the tracking of flame position, length, area, and spread rate variations in time. These tracking methods could potentially be applied to other research fields as well.
RISE: Reducing I/O Contention in Staging-based Extreme-Scale In-situ Workflows

While in-situ workflow formulations have addressed some of the data-related challenges associated with extreme-scale scientific workflows, these workflows involve complex interactions and different modes of data exchange. In the context of increasing system complexity, such workflows present significant resource management challenges, requiring complex cost-performance tradeoffs. This paper presents RISE, an intelligent staging-based data management middleware, which builds on the DataSpaces framework and performs intelligent scheduling of data management operations to reduce I/O contention. In RISE, data are always written immediately to local buffers to reduce the effect of the transfer impact upon application performance. RISE identifies applications’ data access patterns and moves data towards data consumers only when the network is expected to be idle, reducing the impact of asynchronous background data movement upon critical data read/write requests. We experimentally demonstrate that RISE can take advantage of staging nodes to offload data during writes without degrading application data movement performance.
Stability of Shells Attached to An Elastic Core

The effect upon the buckling strength of a soft elastic core attached to a shell of revolution subjected to axisymmetric loads is investigated. The axisymmetric stress problem is solved by using the finite element method to solve the body of revolution problem with an axis of material symmetry subjected to Fourier expandable thermal, body force, and surface traction loading. The governing equations are derived for a triangular toroidal continuum element attached to shell elements. The elastic core influence coefficient matrix of the core is derived by applying the unit line load at the interface nodal point of the core. The inversion of the influence coefficient matrix yields an equivalent stiffness matrix of the core which is then combined with the shell stiffness matrix. Results from this investigation are in good agreement with available analytical and experimental results for cylindrical shells. New results are obtained for conical and spherical shells.
Regulation of Glycine Decarboxylase by Serine

The glycine decarboxylase multienzyme complex was isolated from pea leaf mitochondria, the P, H, T, and L proteins were purified separately, and the active enzyme was reconstituted in vitro. A range of amino acids were tested for their effects on the enzymic decarboxylation of glycine. Only serine, the ultimate product of glycine metabolism within the mitochondria, inhibited the enzyme. With the isolated enzyme, serine was competitive with glycine. The Ki for serine was 4 mM, and the Km for glycine was 6 mM.
Speaking and Listening Skills

Speaking and listening are conceptualized as goal-directed, collaborative activities that reflect social practices and constraints inherent in the human information processing system. Research has focused on how these activities develop and vary across individuals and cultures. Keywords: language; pragmatics; development; individual differences; culture
Neurofilaments run sprints not marathons.

In neurons, cytoskeletal proteins are transported from where they are made — the cell body — along the axons, but it has long been disputed whether they are transported as subunits or polymers. A new analysis of neurofilament movement may help to resolve the controversy.
The Effects of Topic Knowledge on Intelligibility and Lexical Segmentation in Hypokinetic and Ataxic Dysarthria

Benefits to speech intelligibility can be achieved by enhancing a listener's ability to decipher it. However, much remains to be learned about the variables that influence the effectiveness of various listener-based manipulations. This study examined the benefit of providing listeners with the topic of some phases produced by speakers with either hypokinetic or ataxic dysarthria. Total and topic word accuracy, topic-related substitutions, and lexical boundary errors were calculated from the listener transcripts. Data were compared with those who underwent a familiarization process (reported by Liss, Spitzer, Caviness, & Adler, 2002) and with those inexperienced with disordered speech (reported by Liss Spitzer, Caviness, & Adler, 2000). Results revealed that listeners of ataxic speech provided with topic knowledge obtained higher intelligibility scores than naive listeners. The magnitude of benefit was similar to the familiarization condition. However, topic word and word substitution analyses revealed different underlying perceptual mechanisms responsible for the observed benefit. No differences attributable to listening condition were discovered in lexical segmentation patterns. Overall, the results support the need for further study of listener-based manipulations to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the observed perceptual benefits for each dysarthria type.
Self-Consciousness and the Critique of the Subject: Hegel, Heidegger, and the Poststructuralists, by Simon Lumsden

Is Hegel the philosopher who blocks the path to a new future for philosophy after Kant, or does he open that path? Simon Lumsden argues that Hegel, far from being the arch metaphysician of presence...
Filipino and American online communication and linguistic variation: Filipino and American online communication and linguistic variation

: This paper investigates cross-cultural and cross-register variation from four corpora of internet blogs and online opinion columns written in English by Filipino and American authors. A multi-dimensional analysis following established linguistic dimensions from Grieve, Biber, Friginal, and Nekrasova was used to compare the relative distribution of frequently co-occurring linguistic features, with the goal of describing the statistical relationships and variations among the two selected internet-based registers of these two varieties of English. Parallel corpora of Filipino and American blogs and opinion columns (N total texts = 5,320), with approximately 13 million words, and collected across a wide range of topics, were analyzed for this purpose. The texts were tagged for grammatical and semantic markers to match the resultant dimensions from Grieve et al. (as the main basis for comparison. Results show significant variations in the linguistic composition of Filipino and American texts along four functional dimensions: (1) informational vs. personal focus; (2) addressee focus; (3) thematic variation; and (4) narrative style.
Dissociable attentional and affective circuits in medication-naïve children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Current neurocognitive models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest that neural circuits involving both attentional and affective processing make independent contributions to the phenomenology of the disorder. However, a clear dissociation of attentional and affective circuits and their behavioral correlates has yet to be shown in medication-naive children with ADHD. Using resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) in a cohort of medication naive children with (N=22) and without (N=20) ADHD, we demonstrate that children with ADHD have reduced connectivity in two neural circuits: one underlying executive attention (EA) and the other emotional regulation (ER). We also demonstrate a double dissociation between these two neural circuits and their behavioral correlates such that reduced connectivity in the EA circuit correlates with executive attention deficits but not with emotional lability, while on the other hand, reduced connectivity in the ER circuit correlates with emotional lability but not with executive attention deficits. These findings suggest potential avenues for future research such as examining treatment effects on these two neural circuits as well as the potential prognostic and developmental significance of disturbances in one circuit vs the other.
The market versus the analyst: Biases and predictive ability

Abstract Using the end of the quiet period (QPX) after an IPO as a venue for testing, we examine the long-run predictive ability of analysts and the market. Not only do we find that the analysts are reasonably good at predicting returns for at least a year, we also find that the market in general is at least as good—even after adjusting for the analysts’ recommendations. Separating the QPX market reaction into retail-dominated versus institutional-dominated – based on trade size – we find consistent evidence that only institutional-dominated reactions are positively related to longer-run return. When we examine 5-year survival prediction, we again find that only the institutional-dominated QPX reaction is positively related to survivability. There was no evidence that analysts were able to predict 5 years survival.
Atmospheric Transmittance Derived From Radiance Measurements

Determination of the infrared irradiance caused by stars and other objects outside the earth's atmosphere by means of sensors located within the atmosphere requires correction for atmospheric effects. Subtraction of the path radiance is often inherent in the sensor design. However, determination of the atmospheric transmittance is more difficult, frequently requiring auxiliary measurements of profiles of species concentration, temperature, and pressure along the optical path. A procedure has been developed for determining the atmospheric transmittance, without reference to atmospheric profiles, from the measured path radiance augmented by surface meteorological observations. The dependence of the effective atmospheric radiating temperature on elevation angle for a given sensor band can be described by a function of elevation angle in which the parameters are determined from surface observations. When the effective radiating temperature of the atmosphere is known, the transmittance is obtained from the emissivity defined by the ratio of the observed path radiance to the Planck function for the effective atmospheric temperature. This algorithm, which is useful only for clear conditions in the infrared spectral windows, has reproduced, in test situations, the transmittance computed with models such as LOWTRAN to within 10% for all portions of the sky with elevation angles greater than 10 deg.
An Agent-Based Approach for Sourcing Business Rules in Supply Chain Management

In recent years, business rule management has become an important component of enterprise information systems. Business rules represent guidelines about how an enterprise should conduct its business and provide better service for customers. Business rules are being widely deployed in supply chains to support real-time decision making. The research reported in this paper is aimed at designing a dynamically adaptable data-sourcing service for deploying business rules effectively in supply chain management. Such a data-sourcing service is important since execution of business rules requires data to be retrieved from various data sources spread across the enterprise, including the enterprise data warehouse. We propose a semantics-based approach to implement the data-sourcing service for business rules. Our approach captures semantics of business rules and provides an agent-enabled mechanism that dynamically maps business rules to the enterprise data model. A prototype system is implemented to illustrate our sourcing service and demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.
Collateral Representative Subspace Projection Modeling for Supervised Classification

In this paper, a novel supervised classification approach called Collateral Representative Subspace Projection Modeling (C-RSPM) is presented. C-RSPM facilitates schemes for collateral class modeling, class-ambiguity solving, and classification, resulting a multi-class supervised classifier with high detection rate and various operational benefits including low training and classification times and low processing power and memory requirements. In addition, CRSPM is capable of adaptively selecting nonconsecutive principal dimensions from the statistical information of the training data set to achieve an accurate modeling of a representative subspace. Experimental results have shown that the proposed C-RSPM approach outperforms other supervised classification methods such as SIMCA, C4.5 decision tree, Decision Table (DT), Nearest Neighbor (NN), KNN, Support Vector Machine (SVM), 1-NN Best Warping Window DTW, 1-NN DTW with no Warping Window, and the well-known classifier boosting method AdaBoost with SVM.
Ethanol induces a1-protease inhibitor mRNA in Hep 3B cells.

Abstract Ethanol alters many metabolic processes within the liver. Both ethanol abuse and the inability to mount an acute phase response (APR) have been associated with an increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. To determine if ethanol influences the hepatic APR, relative amounts of two different human acute phase protein mRNA's were examined in the human hepatoma cell line Hep 3B before and after exposure to ethanol. Hep 3B cells were treated with one or more of the following: ethanol ((E) 150 m M ); interleukin-1β ((IL-1) 200 units/ml); or interleukin-6 ((IL-6) 50 units/ml). After a 12–20 hr incubation relative amounts of mRNA for a 1 -protease inhibitor (PI) or β fibrinogen were determined by Northern blot hybridization. Both ethanol and IL-6 were found to induce a 1 -PI mRNA. Fibrinogen mRNA was induced by IL-6 but not by ethanol, and no induction of PI or fibrinogen mRNA was found with IL-1. This suggests that under certain conditions, ethanol may influence acute phase protein metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first description of an ethanol induced alteration of acute phase protein mRNA.
Energy Loss of High-Energy Cosmic Rays in Pair-Producing Collisions with Ambient Photons

Energy loss of high energy cosmic rays traversing isotropic radiation field of arbitrary energy spectrum in pair producing collisions with ambient photons
Red Saints: Gendering the Cold War, Italy 1943–1953

The particular intensity of Italy's Cold War rivalries was subverted, critiqued, and even outright rejected by a coalition of women from both Left and Right. These women, brought together by their participation in the antifascist Resistance and held together by a particular vision of women's equal citizenship as the only guarantee of democracy in Italy, presented an ideal image of womanhood to the public endorsing both a Christian inspiration and a progressive militancy. Indeed, this conviction more accurately reflected the average Italian voter's own identity, in which Catholicism and communism were both thoroughly hybridised in local culture; and the real, if strategically complex, commitment in both mass parties' hierarchies to remain loyal to the new constitution rather than acquiesce to the covert sabotage constantly suggested to them by their interlocutors in Moscow or Washington. These women's success is a testament to an important women's movement before neofeminism, all too often forgotten; but i...
Observations of the flow of H+ and He+ along magnetic field lines in the plasmasphere

Based on Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer data from Dynamics Explorer 1 collected from October 1981 through January 1982, the field-aligned flow of H(+) and He(+) are studied, representing the first direct observation of ion velocities along magnetic field lines at high altitudes of ion velocities along magnetic field lines at high altitudes in the plasmasphere. Downward directed velocities noted in the Northern Hemisphere within 30 deg of the equatorial plane are thought to be interhemispheric flows, and typical velocities are of the order of a few hundred meters per second. Flows of up to 1 km/s in the outer plasmasphere may be associated with refilling, and a summer-to-winter or spring-to-autumn pattern was seen in the flow of both ions, except in the cases of counterstreaming in which He(+) was moving from winter to summer. Counterstreaming in the autumn and winter hemispheres was observed with He(+) flowing upward and H(+) flowing downward.
Cognitive-bias toward gaming-related words and disinhibition in World of Warcraft gamers

This study investigated cognitive biases toward gaming-related words and differences in cognitive performance among twelve World of Warcraft players (WWP) and thirty non-players (NP). We measured response to valenced common English and WoW jargon words using a computer-based go/no-go task. Sometimes positive valence words were the targets for the 'go' response, with negative-valence words as the distracters, sometimes the reverse. Target discrimination (d') and response disinhibition (C) were calculated using a signal detection analysis. Based on questionnaire responses, there were no differences between groups in depression, anxiety, smoking or drinking, but WWP reported significantly more screen and gaming time (17.31h/week versus 4.12 among NP). WWP had faster reaction time (RT) and better discrimination of targets from distracters (high d') but also showed higher disinhibition (low C). WWP also showed cognitive-bias toward game-related words in the form of higher d' for WoW jargon than common English and more disinhibition to positive-valence WoW jargon. Similar to past studies which have found alcoholics to have cognitive biases toward alcohol-related words, WWP who play frequently showed cognitive biases toward words related to the World of Warcraft game.
Changes in newspaper coverage about hormone therapy with the release of new medical evidence.

BACKGROUND: Results of 2 trials of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) challenged established practice patterns; 1 was not associated with changes in HT use, whereas the other was associated with substantial decline. Differential coverage by lay newspapers may have contributed to the differential impact.
Breast Milk: A Psychoneuroimmunologic Perspective for Mother-Infant Dyads

Abstract What's so miraculous about human breast milk (HBM)? Human milk has evolved into an individualized synergist nutritional system that contains elements to protect and support the mother as well as the baby. The evidence is in the details that will be showcased herein to describe the specialized components in HBM that make it a superior nutrition for all babies, including vulnerable infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Using a psychoneuroimmunologic perspective on HBM, this review describes the endocrine, immunomodulatory and psychoneurologic benefits to infants and mothers.
Complex formed by complementary RNA stem-loops and its stabilization by a protein: Function of ColE1 Rom protein

Abstract A small plasmid-specified RNA (RNA I) inhibits formation of the RNA primer for CoIE1 DNA replication by binding to its precursor (RNA II). Binding is modulated by the plasmid-specified Rom protein. Both in the presence and absence of Rom, binding starts with interaction between loops of RNAs. To understand the mechanism of binding, we examined the interactions of pairs of single stem-loops that are complementary fragments of RNA I and RNA 11. We found that these complementary single stem-loops bind to each other at their loops, forming an RNAase V 1 -sensitive structure. Rom protects the complex from cleavage and from alkylation of phosphate groups by ethylnitrosourea. A single dimer of Rom binds to the complex by recognizing the structure rather than its exact nucleotide sequence. Rom enhances complex formation by decreasing the rate of dissociation of the complex. Structures of RNA complexes formed in the presence and absence of Rom are proposed.
Effects of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on appetitive- and aggressive-rewarded maze performance in the rat

Forty-two rats were trained in a T-maze with the opportunity to obtain food (21 rats) or attack a frog (21 rats) as a reward for choosing the side designated correct Following training, three dosage levels of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were administered. Differential effects of drug administration on behavior were found to be a function of the type of reward employed, indicating that Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol had a more profound inhibitory effect on aggression than on appetite.
Molecular weights of the double-stranded RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus strain S and its associated RNA 5

Abstract The molecular weights of the double-stranded (ds) RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and CMV-associated RNA 5 (CARNA 5) produced in tobacco plants were calculated from previously published values of the single-stranded (ss) CMV RNAs and CARNA 5. These molecular weights were compared with those of the dsRNAs of Penicillium chrysogenum virus (PcV) and P. stoloniferum virus (PsV), determined by others by means of contour-length measurements. When electrophoresed simultaneously in 2.4% polyacrylamide gels, all dsRNA components were clearly resolved except for dsCMV 1 and dsCMV 2 which coelectrophoresed with dsPcV 2 and dsPcV 3, respectively. A semilogarithmic plot of the molecular weights of the dsRNAs versus their electrophoretic migration distances gave a nonlinear, smoothly curved line which fit most of the points, and thus confirmed the basic validity of the molecular weights used. For the dsRNAs of CMV and CARNA 5, the molecular weights are: dsCMV RNA 1, 2.02 × 10 6 ; dsCMV RNA 2, 1.78 × 10 6 ; dsCMV RNA 3, 1.36 × 10 6 ; dsCMV RNA 4, 0.66 × 10 6 ; dsCARNA 5, 0.22 × 10 6 .
Structure and tension of the interface between dilute polymer solutions

We treat a lattice model of phase separation in polymer solutions in mean‐field (Flory) approximation, taking account of anisotropic biases in the chain conformations in the interface, as in an earlier theory of Helfand. Near the critical point of the phase separation those biases lead to a square‐gradient contribution to the free‐energy density that is of de Gennes’ form, and thus to an interfacial tension that varies with polymerization index N and temperature distance below the critical point Tc−T as in the theories of Nose and of Vrij and Roebersen. In the scaling regime N→∞ and Tc−T→0 at fixed x=const N1/2(Tc−T) the surface tension σ is of the form N−1 Σ(x), with Σ(x) a scaling function that we display and that has the asymptotic behavior Σ(x)∼const x3/2 for x→0 and Σ(x)∼const x2 for x→∞. The latter contrasts with the x5/2 found earlier when no account was taken of the chain‐conformation biases. These biases are displayed as functions of location in the interface. On the concentrated‐phase side of th...
Nonleptonic weak interactions in unified gauge theories

Weinberg has shown in general unified gauge theories that if (1) the strong interactions are described by a neutral-vector-gluon model, and (2) all quark masses are much smaller than all intermediate-massive-vector-boson masses, then the order-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ effects of weak and electromagnetic corrections to the strong-interaction symmetries are just the conventional electromagnetic corrections plus corrections to the quark mass matrix which preserve parity, strangeness, charm, etc. In this paper we use his method to further show that if quark masses are also much smaller than Higgs scalar-boson masses, and some technical conditions stated in the text are satisfied, then to order ${G}_{F}{m}^{2}$ ($m=\mathrm{a}\mathrm{typical}\mathrm{quark}\mathrm{mass}$), only a certain part of vector-boson exchanges induces the dominant contribution to "proper" nonleptonic weak interactions which violate parity or strangeness or charm, etc., while the remaining part of vector-boson exchanges, all of scalar-boson exchanges, and all of tadpole diagrams can only produce corrections to the quark mass matrix, which preserve the quantum numbers of strong interactions. We also offer speculation on possible mechanisms to obtain the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ rule of nonleptonic decays.
KASHMIRIYAT AS EMPTY SIGNIFIER

The disputed status of Jammu and Kashmir represents the unfinished business of the Partition of India and Pakistan. This essay examines how claims to Kashmir by India, Pakistan, the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) and the Kashmiri Pandits influence usage of the term ‘Kashmiriyat’ (i.e. the ethos of being Kashmiri). The term is frequently invoked with inconsistent meaning. Kashmiriyat is analysed, through linguistic and semiotic theories of the ‘empty signifier’, to identify which groups are present and absent within sociopolitical discourses.
Nicotinic receptor partial agonists alter catecholamine homeostasis and response to nicotine in PC12 cells.

Abstract Repeated stress is a major public health concern where many stress responses are mediated by neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In the present study we evaluated the effects of the nicotinic receptor partial agonists, cytisine and its derivative 3-(pyridin-3′-yl)-cytisine (3-pyr-Cyt) on two main biological outputs associated with activation of nAChR-release of neurotransmitters and increase in catecholamine biosynthesis to replenish the releasable pool. We compared these substances to the maximal response triggered by nicotine (full agonist) in PC12 cells. Cytisine, 3-pyr-Cyt or nicotine induced time-, dose- and Ca 2+ -dependent significant release of norepinephrine (NE) into the culture media. These effects were completely inhibited by mecamylamine but not by α-bungarotoxin, and only partially affected by α-conotoxin AulB, consistent with the involvement of α3β4 receptors. Co-application of cytisine (or 3-pyr-Cyt) and nicotine resulted in attenuated nicotine-induced NE release. Cytisine or 3-pyr-Cyt alone induced a modest rise in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA levels (index of the cell's catecholamine biosynthetic capacity). We conclude that both, cytisine and 3-pyr-Cyt (i) display typical partial agonist properties at naturally existing ganglionic nAChR (α3β4 and α7 nAChR) with regard to catecholamine homeostasis (i.e. NE release and re-synthesis) and (ii) modulated the effect of nicotine during combined treatment.
Sonochemical Synthesis of Trigonal Selenium Nanowires

This paper describes a solution-based method for the large-scale synthesis of selenium nanowires. Sonication was used as the driving force for both nucleation and dispersion. The trigonal Se seeds were formed during sonication and grew over the course of hours at the expense of the amorphous Se colloids in a process similar to Ostwald ripening. The resultant nanowires were typically single crystals of trigonal Se whose morphologies could be tuned by adjusting the reaction conditions. A variety of solvents are demonstrated for use with this process. We also demonstrate patterned growth of these nanowires on substrates to form extensive 2D networks and isolated clusters. The morphologies of the products were examined with a combination of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques.
Culturally Competent Practice with Elderly Latinos

This chapter describes a framework for culturally competent practice with elderly Latinos. The poverty rate was estimated at 20.6 percent, twice the rate for white elderly cohorts. Health reasons and low-paying jobs have also resulted in many elderly leaving the workforce before retirement age, thereby dramatically reducing their income security and pension benefits upon retirement. A starting point for culturally competent practice begins with an understanding of three broad fields of study known as the sociology, biology and psychology of aging which represent the foundation for gerontological social work practice. The sociology of aging , also referred to as the non-physical aspects of aging, focuses on the social forces and theories of aging. Social work knowledge is based on a range of perspectives and content areas derived from various schools of thought. Ethnicity is an equally significant concept in the ecological perspective with multiple definitions and relevance to service providers.
Moisture ingression in honeycomb core sandwich panels

Moisture ingression was studied in several composite sandwich panels, in which hydration was applied over a large surface area at the panel edges. Significant moisture ingression occurred in panels with cores of Korex (based on a substrate of a fiber pulp paper) and HRP (consisting of a woven-glass-fiber substrate with a polymer coating) of different density. Ingression was more rapid than in panels with hydration applied locally. Ingression followed an exponential pattern in time in most cases, in harmony with diffusion theory.
Passing of northern pike and common carp through experimental barriers designed for use in wetland restoration

Restoration plans for Metzger Marsh, a coastal wetland on the south shore of western Lake Erie, incorporated a fish-control system designed to restrict access to the wetland by large common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ingress fish passageways in the structure contain slots into which experimental grates of varying size and shape can be placed to selectively allow entry and transfer of other large fish species while minimizing the number of common carp to be handled. We tested different sizes and shapes of grates in experimental tanks in the laboratory to determine the best design for testing in the field. We also tested northern pike (Esox lucius) because lack of access to wetland spawning habitat has greatly reduced their populations in western Lake Erie. Based on our results, vertical bar grates were chosen for installation because common carp were able to pass through circular grates smaller than body height by compressing their soft abdomens; they passed through rectangular grates on the diagonal. Vertical bar grates with 5-cm spacing that were installed across much of the control structure should limit access of common carp larger than 34 cm total length (TL) and northern pike larger than 70 cm. Vertical bar grates selected for initial field trials in the fish passageway had spacings of 5.8 and 6.6 cm, which increased access by common carp to 40 and 47 cm TL and by northern pike to 76 and 81 cm, respectively. The percentage of potential common carp biomass (fish seeking entry) that must be handled in lift baskets in the passageway increased from 0.9 to 4.8 to 15.4 with each increase in spacing between bars. Further increases in spacing would greatly increase the number of common carp that would have to be handled. The results of field testing should be useful in designing selective fish-control systems for other wetland restoration sites adjacent to large water bodies.
THERMAL EXPANSION OF BOROSILICATE GLASS, ZERODUR, ZERODUR M, AND UNCERAMIZED ZERODUR AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Current plans for space exploration are calling for more information about materials—at ever lower temperatures. The University of Arizona is making a 2-m prototype mirror for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) to operate at 35 K.1 Previous low temperature measurements of thermal expansion have been limited to temperatures down to 77 K, except for the very low temperature studies of White et al.2,3,4
Optimal Experimental Design for a Nonlinear Response in Environmental Toxicology

A start-stop experiment in environmental toxicology provides a backdrop for this design discussion. The basic problem is to decide when to sample a nonlinear response in order to minimize the generalized variance of the estimated parameters. An easily coded heuristic optimization strategy can be applied to this problem to obtain optimal or nearly optimal designs. The efficiency of the heuristic approach allows a straightforward exploration of the sensitivity of the suggested design with respect to such problem-specific concerns as variance heterogeneity, time-grid resolution, design criteria, and interval specification of planning values for parameters. A second illustration of design optimization is briefly presented in the context of concentration spacing for a reproductive toxicity study.
Comparative cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of sedatives and anesthetic agents and anesthetic drug selection for the trauma patient

Objective: To integrate and compare the effects of tranquilizer/sedatives and anesthetic drugs on various parameters of cardiovascular function in normal dogs and in dogs stressed by hypovolemia, anemia, and endotoxemia, and to discuss the relative merits and appropriate precautions of anesthetic drugs with respect to specific patient physiologic complications. Data sources: Personal data and experiences in conjunction with veterinary and human clinical and research studies. Human and veterinary data synthesis: Drugs that produce calming, sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, and loss of consciousness have the potential to produce marked cardiorespiratory effects particularly in hemorrhaged, hypovolemic-traumatized animals. Acute but key cardiovascular components that are affected by sedative and anesthetic drugs include heart rate and rhythm, venous return (preload), systemic vascular resistance (afterload), and myocardial contractile (inotropic) and relaxation (lusitropic) properties. In addition, all sedative and anesthetic drugs alter or depress normal baroreceptor reflex activity, thereby inhibiting or eliminating the animal's normal physiologic response to decreases in arterial blood pressure and predisposing to tissue hypoperfusion, decreased oxygen delivery, and oxygenation. Oxygen delivery needs to be adequate to meet the metabolic (oxygen) requirements of the patient. Decreases in oxygen delivery to tissues increases oxygen extraction, thereby maintaining tissue oxygenation (supply-independent oxygen consumption phase) until compensatory processes reach their limit and any further decrease in oxygen delivery causes a decrease in oxygen consumption (supply-dependent oxygen consumption phase). The critical oxygen delivery that defines the transition between these 2 phases is generally higher in the anesthetized state than in the awake state. The effect of anesthetics on critical oxygen delivery at comparable anesthetic dosages is pentobarbital=ketamine>alfentanil>etomidate=propofol>inhalational anesthetics. Anesthetics generally decrease oxygen consumption from the awake, baseline state; exceptions are ketamine and ether. Ketamine, however, increases oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction. Conclusions: The transition from the awake to the anesthetized state is a huge imposition on the physiology of animals and, therefore, should be accomplished with great care and proper vigilance. Rapid, ‘crash’ induction of anesthesia should be avoided in hypotension-prone animals and slow, prolonged induction should be avoided in animals with respiratory disorders. It is not recommended to implement an unfamiliar protocol in critical patients, even if it might be pharmacologically preferable. Familiarity with an anesthetic drug is a very important reason for its selection.
Effects of Chemical Binding on the X-Ray K α 1 , 2 Doublet Lines of Sulphur Studied with a Two-Crystal Spectrometer

Ionization curves of the $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1, 2}$ doublet lines of sulphur have been recorded with the two-crystal spectrometer. Several sulphides and sulphates were used as targets. The effects of the chemical binding on the wave-length, on the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ separation and on the doublet contour were measured. With suitably chosen targets, the wave-length shift of the S $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1, 2}$ lines from sulphates to sulphides was observed in the process of shifting.
Teacher Perception of Play: In Leaving No Child Behind Are Teachers Leaving Childhood Behind?

The value of play seems inherent to the understandings of early childhood, but teachers of young children in the elementary grades have rarely been studied as to their attitudes toward play (Wing, 1995). The research explored teacher perceptions of the role of play in learning and the implications for practice. The study involved 4 first-grade teachers from 2 diverse socioeconomic school settings. The pheno-menological work followed a qualitative format of interview with an analysis of related documents. Although the instructors held a common value for play in the development of young learners, they did not make a corresponding provisions for such in their classrooms with the exception of 1 participant. Varying perceptions of the definition and place of play resulted in differing levels of willingness to include child-initiated play that were spawned within the educational contexts. These perceptions led to the inductively realized outcome variables of instructional goals, student products, and classroom ...
l-Tryptophan as a Hypnotic in Special Patients

The authors briefly review prevalence and current treatment trends of sleep disorders in the elderly, underlining the need for the development of a more suitable hypnotic for this population. The use of l-tryptophan (LT) as a physiologic hypnotic in aged responders is considered and the hypnotic effect of 1- to 4-g bedtime doses on ten male inpatients and outpatients aged 30 to 72 years is evaluated. Results suggest a dramatic and sustained relief of insomnia for 3 weeks in 30 per cent of the patients and the absence of side effects in 90 per cent of those who took the agent. The authors conclude that despite its long therapeutic history, l-tryptophan has not been more successful because only a minority of humans appear to be responsive to its hypnotic actions. They point to the need to replicate their current preliminary observations in a larger controlled geriatric population and to delineate biochemical characteristics of LT responders in order to increase LT sensitivity in some patients and convert nonresponders to responders.
Measuring Everything You've Always Wanted to Know About an Ultrashort Pulse But Thought Couldn't be Done

We present two techniques for measuring the complete spatio-temporal intensity and phase, E(x,y,z,t), of an ultrashort pulse, one in and near a focus and the other for a single pulse.
Phylogenetic study of selected tephritid flies (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) using partial sequences of the nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA

Abstract We analyzed sequence data from 107 base pairs within the nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene from 26 tephritid species and four out-group taxa. A total of 45 sites were variable within the Tephritidae, and 28 sites were considered informative for parsimony analysis. Phylogenetic information was extracted from this data set using maximum parsimony and neighbor joining methods and compared to a phylogenetic hypothesis proposed from the morphological literature. Our molecular data suggest: (1) monophyly of the subfamily Tephritinae: (2) membership of Gymnocarena; (3) the possible existence of a large monophyletic group including the subfamily Dacinae and a large part of the Trypetinae. We propose that molecular approaches show great promise for helping to create a phylogenetically-based higher classification for the Tephritidae.
Foliations with leaves of nonpositive curvature

We answer a question of Gromov ([G2]) in the codimension 1 case: ifF is a codimension 1 foliation of a compact manifoldM with leaves of negative curvature, thenπ 1(M) has exponential growth. We also prove a result analogous to Zimmer’s ([Z2]): ifF is a codimension 1 foliation on a compact manifold with leaves of nonpositive curvature, and ifπ 1(M) has subexponential growth, then almost every leaf is flat. We give a foliated version of the Hopf theorem on surfaces without conjugate points.
2-D mesoparticulate arrays of α-Cr2O3

An inexpensive low-temperature aqueous thin film processing technique is presented for the fabrication of large two-dimensional (2-D) arrays of α-Cr2O3 without template, surfactant, or applied external field. The arrays consist of well-defined, monodispersed, and noninteracting crystalline spherical mesoparticles (250 nm) that are grown directly onto single crystalline silicon wafers (Si or SiO2) or polycrystalline transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrates by heteronucleation. Their UV−visible optical absorption properties are consistent with the electronic transitions of Cr3+ ions in D3d symmetry but significantly blue-shifted compared to single crystal or polydispersed α-Cr2O3 samples. Such arrays could be of interest for theoretical and experimental studies of the unique nonreciprocal optical effects observed in α-Cr2O3.
Multiple palmitoylation of synaptotagmin and the t-SNARE SNAP-25

Synaptotagmin, a likely calcium sensor for synaptic transmission, and SNAP-25, a t-SNARE of the presynaptic plasma membrane, are key proteins for the docking and fusion of synaptic and other vesicles. We report that both synaptotagmin and SNAP-25 are palmitoylated with their fatty acids attached in a labile thioester-type bond. A SNAP-25 mutant with deleted palmitoylation sites is found exclusively in the cytosol after cell fractionation, whereas the palmitoylated form of SNAP-25 is membrane-bound, establishing that SNAP-25 is membrane-anchored via covalently linked palmitate.
Thermal stability of Ti/Mo and Ti/MoN nanostructures for barrier applications in Cu interconnects

This work focuses on the barrier capabilities of sputter deposited Ti/Mo and Ti/MoN nanofilms against diffusion of Cu into Si substrates. The thermal stability of the corresponding bi-layer barrier structures is investigated after annealing Cu/barrier layer/Si samples at different temperatures in N2 for 5 min. The drastic increase in sheet resistance of Cu and the probing of Cu3Si with x-ray diffraction after high temperature annealing indicate the failure of these barrier structures. The formation of Cu3Si at the barrier breakdown temperature is also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Cu diffusion barrier performance analyses show that a Ti(5 nm)/MoN(5 nm) bi-layer nanostructure fails only after annealing at 800 °C; on the other hand, a Ti(5 nm)/Mo(5 nm) barrier stack is found to break down at 700 °C.
Analytical relations between effective material properties and microporosity: Application to bone mechanics

This work deals with the problem of reconstruction of microstructural parameters of viscoelastic composite material from measurements of its effective properties. The Stieltjes representation of the effective shear complex modulus of two-component composite material is exploited to recover information about structural parameters. This representation is derived from problem of torsion of a heterogeneous cylinder using asymptotic expansions method. The microstructural information is contained in the spectral measure in this analytical representation. The spectral function can be recovered from the measurements over a range of frequencies. The problem of reconstruction of the spectral measure is very ill-posed. Regularized algorithm is derived to ensure stability of the results. We apply the proposed method to recovery of porosity of cancellous bone from measurements of its effective shear modulus. Bone is modeled as a medium with a microstructure composed of two viscoelastic isotropic or/and transversely isotropic materials, with the components representing trabeculae (elastic component) and bone marrow (viscoelastic component). Porosity is understood as volume fraction of bone marrow. To verify the approach we apply it to analytically and numerically simulated response of a cylinder filled with a composite material with hexagonal microstructure. The proposed method does not use any specific assumptions about the microgeometry of the composite and is applicable to any two-phase composite medium.
Incorporation of 14C-labeled compounds into sinefungin (A9145), a nucleoside antifungal antibiotic.

CStreptomyces griseolus produces a complex of antifungal nucleoside antibiotics that contain an ornithine residue linked to the ribose moiety of adenosine. 14C-Labeled compounds were added to cultures of S. griseolus (≈0.5μCi/ml culture broth) and the amount of label incorporated into the two major antifungal components (sinefungin and factor C) was measured. Substantial incorporation (16-52%) was obtained with adenosine [8-14C], ATP [14C(u)], adenine [8-14C], L-ornithine [14C (u)], and DL-citrulline [5-14C]. Glycine, glucose, L-arginine, and acetate were incorporated to the extent of 1.7-4.7%. Studies were conducted on the fermentation time course and on the time dependence of label incorporation in order to optimize the incorporation of labeled adenine into sinefungin. Adenine [8-14C] incorporation and sinefungin specific activity were highest 48 hours after label addition and both declined during subsequent incubation. As much as 43% of the labeled adenine was incorporated into the antibiotic and sinefungin was produced with a specific activity of 24.8μCi/mg. The labeling experiments suggest that a preformed adenine derivative (e.g., an adenine nucleotide) and ornithine (or a closely related metabolite) are direct biosynthetic precursors of sinefungin.
A new damping mechanism in strongly collapsing bubbles

A gas‐filled bubble in a liquid undergoes cycles of growth, rapid collapse, and damped rebounds in response to a driving pressure. These nonlinear oscillations can be simulated using the Rayleigh‐Plesset equation (RPE), which was developed 50 years ago and is the foundation for almost all theoretical analyses of nonlinear bubble dynamics. A major deficiency of the RPE is that for strongly driven bubbles, such as sonoluminescing bubbles, it produces large‐amplitude rebounds that often last until the next acoustic cycle of the periodic driving pressure. This is in contrast to the data, which show rapidly damped rebounds. Every derivation of the RPE assumes that the compressibility of the liquid gives rise to the damping. It is shown here that appreciable damping also comes from the most compressible part of the system, which is the gas; specifically, the damping arises from the inhomogeneous pressure field within a rapidly collapsing or expanding bubble. This simple physical reasoning generates a new modification of the RPE that better reproduces the extreme damping that is observed experimentally; a result that cannot be obtained with any other version of the RPE. Our results affect theoretical predictions of the limits of stability of sonoluminescing bubbles as well as theoretical predictions of the magnitude of acoustic emissions from collapsing bubbles.