cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of On-Line “Reprocessing” on Visual Contamination and Microbiological Quality of Broilers

Abstract Recent advances in equipment design, including more efficient inside/outside bird washers, have been proposed as being more effective in reducing visible contamination during processing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate such a system. Guidelines focused on the occurrence of visible contamination and microbiological quality of broilers focused on the occurrence of visible contamination and microbiological quality of broilers identified as being visually contaminated but allowed to proceed on-line (“reprocessing”) through evisceration and inside/outside bird washing as opposed to being removed for off-line reprocessing. Results indicated that based on visual scores, the on-line processing reduced the need for off-line reprocessing by 73 to 84%. The incidence for either Salmonella or Campylobacter was not affected by treatment. There were no significant effects of treatment on aerobic plate counts, Campylobacter number, or coliforms. These results indicate that on-line processing of visually contaminated carcasses could greatly reduce the number of carcasses currently being subjected to off-line reprocessing without negative effect on total bacterial counts or presence of pathogenic organisms.
Heat-stable (STa) enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: binding of the enterotoxin to coagulated milk and casein.

Abstract Oral or intragastric inoculation of the STa enterotoxin of Escherichia coli has been the standard laboratory test for that toxin. We demonstrated that the severity of the secretory response of 2–4-day-old mice to a single dose of the toxin was influenced by weaning of these mice. After oral application of 50–250 fmol of purified, radioiodinated STa toxin (12–13 Ci mmol−1) ∼55–65% of the administered toxin bound to the stomach contents. Binding of the toxin did not destroy its biological activity. The binding was pH dependent; stomach contents bound 75% of the toxin at pH 2.3 and only 7.4% at pH 10.1. The principle in the stomach contents which bound the toxin was also demonstrated in murine and bovine milk. Further studies with renin-coagulated milk and commercial casein indicated that milk casein bound the toxin. Based on these findings, we speculate that in cases of food-poisoning involving casein-containing foods STa toxin may be present in the absence of cultivable enterotoxigenic E. coli.
Biocatalytic desymmetrizations of pentitol derivatives

Abstract Several acylations of pentitol derivatives mediated by Candida cylindracea have been shown to be enantio-, or diastereo-, group selective; a pattern emerges from the selectivities of these reactions which may have some predictive value.
Getting on the Conference Program and Writing a Practical Article: Templates for Success

For many early childhood professionals, their initial foray into writing for publication consists of preparing a conference proposal for a workshop/training type of session and producing a manuscript suitable for publication as a practical article in a professional journal. The primary purpose of the article is to provide authors with templates, in other words, specific structures that can be used to accomplish these two tasks.
Nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 spin-lattice relaxation in trans-azobenzene and n-butyl nitrite

Spin-lattice relaxation of 15N in trans-azobenzene dissolved in CDCl3 occurs by a mixture of spin-rotation, dipole-dipole, and chemical shift anisotropy mechanisms. Relaxation of 15N in n-butyl nitrite occurs almost entirely by the spin-(internal rotation) mechanism. In both molecules, 15N relaxation is remarkably fast (T1 < 50 sec) for nuclei not bonded to other magnetic nuclei. Whereas the spin-(internal rotation) mechanism maintains its exclusivity throughout the temperature range 5–80°C in n-butyl nitrite, the mix of relaxation mechanisms changes considerably for trans-azobenzene in the same temperature range. Relaxation of the 13C nuclei in both molecules occurs predominantly by the dipole-dipole mechanism. Differences in the relaxation times of the aromatic carbons indicate that molecular rotation in trans-azobenzene occurs preferentially about the long axis of the molecule.
Sustaining Jamaica's forests: The protected areas resource conservation project

This study examines Jamaica's attempt to protect a tropical forest reserve. The biophysical setting, and the types and magnitude of forest development pressures are reviewed. Next, Jamaica's approach to developing new land-use strategies and compatible environmental protection and economic development programs are examined. Finally, the practical and theoretical implications by which institutions can be designed to encourage planning for sustainable development are reviewed. The implications suggest how to provide an appropriate mix of cooperation and market competition, by which people acting in their own interests accomplish socially equitable economic development, while protecting the environment for the benefit of future generations. The experience illustrates that effective long-term protection of natural areas requires the building of local relationships and support, the development of local economic activities supportive of conservation, the defining of clear boundaries, and significant monitoring and enforcement. Long-term protection of the Blue and John Crow mountains, and other important natural areas of Jamaica, will also require the development of a workable and enforceable system of land-use planning for the island, and adjustments to the economic incentive structure so that sustainable, nonextractive uses of natural capital are placed on equal footing with other economic uses (e.g., coffee production).
Tumour-promoting Agents in Unburned Cigarette Tobacco

UNBURNED American cigarette tobacco is an excellent source of tumour-promoting agents1. The aqueous extract from as little as one-half cigarette per day is sufficient to produce skin tumours in mice painted previously with 125 µg of 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA). The work recorded here gives further information about the properties of the active substance.
Going up of the u -invariant over formally real fields

Let F be a field of characteristic not 2, and assume that F has finite reduced stability. Let K/F be any finite extension. We prove that if the general u-invariant u(F) is finite, then u(K) is finite.
Instrumentation in positron emission tomography

The past 40 years have seen PET scanning evolve from a tool that was used predominantly for research to a valued clinical, imaging modality. Current PET scanners must perform high quality, whole-body, as well as brain, PET. There are several levels of PET devices that range from the dedicated, high-end scanners down to the hybrid PET-SPECT systems that offer varying levels of performance. The incorporation of PET into single, hybrid, multi-modality units that can provide functional and anatomic information is becoming extremely popular. Several manufacturers now provide hybrid PET-CT scanners. There is also a growing interest in dedicated devices for specific applications, such as high-resolution scanners for imaging small animals.
Some characterizations of orthant monotonic norms

Abstract In real n -space the orthant monotonic norms of Gries [5] can be given a new characterization similar to one for monotonic norms: a norm is orthant monotonic if and only if for every D =diag( δ 1 , δ 2 ,…, δ n )⩾0, the operator norm of D equals max δ i . This gives an alternative proof to Gries's: a norm is orthant monotonic if and only if its dual norm is orthant monotonic. Also, it follows that the principal axis vectors are self-dual for orthant monotonic norms.
High performance liquid chromatography of steroid metabolites in the pregnenolone and progesterone pathways

Rapid separation of gonadal steroids in the progesterone (delta 4) and pregnenolone pathway (delta 5) has been accomplished by the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two HPLC systems are utilized. THe first requires the use of two separate radial compression columns (C-18 and C-8), with steroids being eluted with a methanol-water gradient. The second employs a stainless steel C-18 (reversed phase) column with a 12% octadecylsilane coating. The latter system separates seven of the eight steroids in the delta 4 and delta 5 pathways in thirty-five minutes. For the quantitation of steroids directly, integration of the peak areas, using 254 nm absorption for the delta 4 pathway steroids (5 ng minimum limit), and 210 nm absorption for the delta 5 pathway steroids (25 ng minimum limit) is used. For the quantitation of radiolabeled metabolites resulting from incubation of gonadal tissue with radiolabeled steroid precursors, either one of two methods is used: (1) the eluent can be recovered from the HPLC using a fraction collector, and counted in liquid scintillation counter or (2) the entire eluent (or a portion of it) can be counted immediately by directing the flow through a radioactivity detector.
MEMS Series Switch with Nanometer Wide Gaps in Suspended Coplanar Waveguide Transmission Lines

A novel MEMS switch with sub-micron wide air gaps, milled into suspended center conductors of CPW transmission lines using focused ion beam milling, is introduced. The gaps were milled at an angle to produce two independent overlapping and electro-statically actuated cantilevers. By applying a voltage to the upper electrode, the gap (~0.1 ?m) can be closed to provide a signal path in the series switch. When the bias is applied to the lower electrode, the isolation can be increased. An insertion loss of less than 1 dB and isolation greater than 20 dB were measured from 1 to 23 GHz.
A microfluorometric assay of leukocyte α-1,4-glucosidase

Abstract We describe an improved method for detecting deficiency of the acid hydrolase, α-l,4-glucosidase in leukocytes, the enzyme defect in glycogen storage disease Type II (Pompe disease). The procedure requires smaller volumes of blood and less time than previous methods. The assay involves the separation of leukocytes by Peter's method for β-glucosidase and a modification of Salafsky and Nadler's fluorometric method for α-glucosidase.
Ultra-high Resolution Crystal Structure of HIV-1 Protease Mutant Reveals Two Binding Sites for Clinical Inhibitor TMC114.

Abstract TMC114 (darunavir) is a promising clinical inhibitor of HIV-1 protease (PR) for treatment of drug resistant HIV/AIDS. We report the ultra-high 0.84 A resolution crystal structure of the TMC114 complex with PR containing the drug-resistant mutation V32I (PRV32I), and the 1.22 A resolution structure of a complex with PRM46L. These structures show TMC114 bound at two distinct sites, one in the active-site cavity and the second on the surface of one of the flexible flaps in the PR dimer. Remarkably, TMC114 binds at these two sites simultaneously in two diastereomers related by inversion of the sulfonamide nitrogen. Moreover, the flap site is shaped to accommodate the diastereomer with the S-enantiomeric nitrogen rather than the one with the R-enantiomeric nitrogen. The existence of the second binding site and two diastereomers suggest a mechanism for the high effectiveness of TMC114 on drug-resistant HIV and the potential design of new inhibitors.
Frequency-Independent Parametric Built in Test Solution for PLLs with Low Speed Test Resources

Phase Locked Loops (PLLs) are required to meet analog specifications such as lock time, phase error, jitter in addition to the frequency lock test in production. Parametric testing of PLLs is resource intensive and requires high precision hardware on the Automatic Test Equipment (ATE). This paper proposes a Built in Self Test (BIST) scheme to perform functional and parametric testing using low frequency ATE resources. The BIST module is independent of the PLL frequency and can be used effectively in multi-PLL System-on-a-Chip (SoC) modules. The scheme uses the Phase Detector (PD) output signature to test for lock and transient response using a digital BIST module. The BIST scheme is designed without impacting the mission mode performance by not perturbing analog nodes and the phase sensitive feedback loop. The test methodology enables parametric testing for process variation and specification compliance while using minimal external test resources. Process and operating condition independence is a critical factor to ensure compatibility with volume manufacturing and test environments.
Central Nervous System: Recovery of Function

Rats with one- or two-stage lesions in the hippocampus, anzygdala, or frontal cortex were tested on a variety of tasks. Even though locus and amount of tissue damage were very similar in the two groups, animals with one-stage lesions were impaired as judged by performance on all problems, while aninmals with two-stage lesionis were not.
Children's Understanding of Facial Expressions Used during Conflict Encounters.

CAMRAS, LINDA A. Children's Understanding of Facial Expressions Used during Conflict Encounters. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1980, 51, 879-885. 2 studies explored children's understanding of some facial expressions observed to occur during conflict encounters. The investigated expressions are hypothesized to influence the outcome of object disputes between children. Several of these "target" expressions are components of complete facial expressions of emotion. In study 1, subjects were shown pictures of 1 target and 2 nontarget expressions and were asked to choose the expression which would be used by a child who was reluctant to relinquish a toy to another. Subjects tended to choose the target expressions. Study 2 assessed children's ability to associate the target expressions with specific emotions. Children's responses to complete facial expressions of emotion also were examined. Subjects were told stories portraying children's emotional responses to both conflict and nonconflict situations. With each story, subjects were shown either a triad of target expressions or a triad of complete facial expressions of emotions. Subjects were asked to choose the expression which would be used by the child in the story. For both types of triad, children tended to choose the expression related to the emotion portrayed in the story.
Open shell effects in a microscopic optical potential for elastic scattering of 6 ( 8 ) He

Elastic scattering observables (differential cross section and analyzing power) are calculated for the reaction ${}^{6}$He($p,p$)${}^{6}$He at projectile energies starting at 71 MeV/nucleon. The optical potential needed to describe the reaction is based on a microscopic Watson first-order folding potential, which explicitly takes into account that the two neutrons outside the ${}^{4}$He core occupy an open $p$ shell. The folding of the single-particle harmonic oscillator density matrix with the nucleon-nucleon $t$ matrix leads for this case to new terms not present in traditional folding optical potentials for closed shell nuclei. The effect of those new terms on the elastic scattering observables is investigated. Furthermore, we study the influence of an exponential tail of the $p$-shell wave functions on the scattering observables, as well as the sensitivity of the observables to variations of matter and charge radius. Finally, elastic scattering observables for the reaction ${}^{8}$He($p,p$)${}^{8}$He are presented at selected projectile energies.
Molecular Dynamics of Soy-Protein Isolate Films Plasticized by Water and Glycerol

films were affected by moisture content. Cho and Rhee (2002) found that the effect of RH on mechanical properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) films varied with the type and concentra tion of plasticizers. The mechanical and rheological properties of foods and biological materials depend on the molecular dynamics of polymers, water, and other constituents. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technique for determining molecular dynamics and physical structure of foods and biological materials through the analysis of spin magnetization relaxation. Relaxation of spins occurs due to the interactions between individual spins and between a spin and its environment. Whereas the signal intensity in an NMR experiment is proportional to the number of nuclei present, the decay of spin magnetization is related to the mobility of such nuclei. The relaxation behavior is commonly characterized by the transverse relaxation time (T 2 ) and longitudinal relaxation time (T 1 ). Kou and others (2000), investigating the mobility of waxy cornstarch using wide-line 1 H NMR, reported that proton relaxation times (that is, T 2 *, T 2 , and T 1 ) can be indicators of glass transitions in starch samples. Using pulsed 1 H NMR techniques, Choi and Kerr (2003) identified and quantified the mo lecular mobility of both starch and water molecules in starchwater suspensions at low moisture level and at different a w levels. The goals of this research were to investigate the effects of various combinations of water and glycerol on the molecular mobility of SPI-based edible films, and to study the interac tions between the water and glycerol molecules in the films. This will help to more accurately characterize the roles of glycerol and water in the formulation of protein-based edible films and to better understand changes in functional properties of the films under different relative humidity conditions.
TFT-LCD Automated Guided Vehicle Systems Analysis Using Axiomatic Design Theory

In this paper, the delivery concept of an automated guided vehicles (AGV) used in TFT-LCD production lines are analyzed using Axiomatic Design Theory (AD). The main purpose of this paper is to elaborate how AD helped identify the problems in the current AGV system and how we applied AD Theory to redesign for a new system. We discovered that functional requirements in the current system are strongly coupled by the design parameters. Moreover, system performance was highly dependent on unpredictable and uncontrollable events. Based on the analysis, possible design directions for a new material handling are presented.
Soft decision-made hyperspectral measures for target discrimination and classification

Abstract Many hyperspectral measures such as Spectral Angle Ma pper (SAM), Euclidean Distance (ED), Spectral Information Divergence (SID) calculate values that can be used to measure the closeness between two hyperspectral signatures in terms of spectral similarity. When a hyperspectral measure is used for target discrimination or classification, a commonly used approach assigns a data sample to a spectral signature with the maximum spectral similarity or a class whose mean is most similar to its spectral signature. As a result, such a hyperspectral measure is called a hard decision hyperspectral measure and its performance is evaluated by its confusion matrix. This paper develops a new class of hyperspectral measures, called soft-decision hyperspectral measures which use the similarity value between a data sample and a target signature or a class as an indicator of the likelihood of the data sample assigned to this particular signature or class instead of signature or class map resulting from hard decisions. In order for a soft-decision to perform target discrimination or classification, the soft-decision hyperspectral measure-generated likelihood values are normalized to probabilities so that a threshold can be used to make hard decisions via a recently developed 3D ROC analysis. Experimental study demonstrates that these two approaches yield different results. Key words : Hard decision-made hyperspectral m easure. Soft decision-made hypersp ectral measure. Spectral similarity. Target classification. Target discrimination.
Notch signaling mediates granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor priming-induced transendothelial migration of human eosinophils

Background Priming with cytokines such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances eosinophil migration and exacerbates the excessive accumulation of eosinophils within the bronchial mucosa of asthmatics. However, mechanisms that drive GM-CSF priming are incompletely understood. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates cellular processes, including migration, by integrating exogenous and cell-intrinsic cues. This study investigates the hypothesis that the priming-induced enhanced migration of human eosinophils requires the Notch signaling pathway. Methods Using pan Notch inhibitors and newly developed human antibodies that specifically neutralize Notch receptor 1 activation, we investigated a role for Notch signaling in GM-CSF-primed transmigration of human blood eosinophils in vitro and in the airway accumulation of mouse eosinophils in vivo. Results Notch receptor 1 was constitutively active in freshly isolated human blood eosinophils, and inhibition of Notch signaling or specific blockade of Notch receptor 1 activation during GM-CSF priming impaired priming-enhanced eosinophil transendothelial migration in vitro. Inclusion of Notch signaling inhibitors during priming was associated with diminished ERK phosphorylation, and ERK-MAPK activation was required for GM-CSF priming-induced transmigration. In vivo in mice, eosinophil accumulation within allergic airways was impaired following systemic treatment with Notch inhibitor, or adoptive transfer of eosinophils treated ex vivo with Notch inhibitor. Conclusions These data identify Notch signaling as an intrinsic pathway central to GM-CSF priming-induced eosinophil tissue migration.
Methodology for evaluating ATIS impacts on air quality

This paper presents an analytical method for evaluating the impact of rerouting traffic guided with Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) on air quality. The method is applied to a simple road network composed of two routes with one of the routes experiencing incident congestion. The methodology can be extended to more complex networks. Total emissions of three air pollutants (CO, VOC, and NO x ) on the two routes are evaluated with and without ATIS. Emissions are evaluated for three time periods: 1993–98, 1998–2003, and the time period beyond year 2003. The findings indicate that a systemwide reduction of CO and VOC can be achieved through the implementation of ATIS. Further, more reduction in emissions of CO and VOC can be achieved with higher ATIS market-penetration levels. However, except for small market-penetration levels, ATIS may have a negative impact on NO x emissions. It is also found that ATIS alone cannot compete with improved emission controls in reducing emissions. Emission controls ...
ARPES measurements on Si(1 1 1) hole subband induced by Pb and Ga adsorption

Abstract The subband dispersions in the Si(1 1 1) p-type inversion layers induced by Pb and Ga adsorbed surface structures were measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The surface structures used here were Si ( 1 1 1 ) 3 3 × 3 3 − PbGa and Si(1 1 1)6.3 × 6.3–Ga. Si ( 1 1 1 ) 3 3 × 3 3 − PbGa is a new surface phase found in this study. Because it is significant in our study to investigate potential effects of surface superstructures on the hole subband dispersion, we investigated the subband energy levels quantitatively comparing them with those calculated using the triangular approximation. It was found that the energy separation of the adjacent subband quantum levels in the inversion layers induced by gallium adsorption does not follow the triangular approximation. The possible band bending shape was proposed to explain the quantum level spacing of the subbands in Ga-induced inversion layers.
Immunologic tolerance to dinitrophenylated human gamma globulin induced via colostrum.

Abstract Immunologic unresponsiveness or tolerance was induced in neonatal mice via colostrum by injection of dinitrophenylated human gamma globulin (DNP-HGG) into the mother on the day of birth. Unresponsiveness persisted in the neonates for at least 21 weeks. This longlasting tolerance appeared to be the result of an unresponsiveness to the carrier determinants. Hapten-specific B-cell tolerance was assessed in mice receiving high- or low-epitope-density tolerogen and it was observed that the low-epitope-density tolerogen (DNP 1 HGG) resulted in carrier-specific tolerance only. Although mice tolerized with the high-epitope-density conjugates were found to be slightly hyporesponsive in their in vivo B-cell responses, their in vitro hapten-specific responses were normal. This tolerant state induced via colostrum was compared to tolerance induced in utero . This earlier contact with tolerogen resulted in more profound alterations in hapten-specific B-cell responses. An additional interesting finding was that the colostrally induced tolerant state was transmitted to the next generation.
Variation in 2C Nuclear DNA Content of Zoysia spp. as Determined by Flow Cytometry

Little is known about the variation of 2C nuclear DNA content in zoysiagrass (Zoysia Willd.). Therefore, a glasshouse study including 20 cultivars and 16 experimental genotypes of Zoysia japonica Steud., Z. macrantha Desv., Z. matrella (L.) Merr., Z. minima (Colenso) Zotov, Z. pacifi ca (Goudswaard) M. Hotta & Kuroki, Z. paucifl ora Mez, and select interspecifi c hybrids was conducted in 2008 at Gainesville, FL. Nuclei were stained with propidium iodide, and fl ow cytometry (FCM) analysis was conducted with a laser cytometer. Genotypes from Z. minima and Z. matrella had the largest (0.96 pg) and smallest (0.77 pg) 2C nuclear DNA content, respectively. The observed 0.19 pg spread between zoysiagrass species was less than variation reported in other tetraploid warm-season grasses within the same species. Results further suggest that midparent values for 2C nuclear DNA content of interspecifi c hybrids between Z. minima and other Zoysia spp. may be statistically detectable. Zoysiagrasses have one of the smallest genome sizes but are extremely diverse with respect to morphology, growth habit, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. This information supports the large genome constraint hypothesis that species with small genome sizes are better able to adapt to environmental changes due to a lack of evolutionary limitations associated with large amounts of repetitive DNA. B.M. Schwartz, Crop & Soil Sci., Univ. of Georgia, Tifton, GA 317930748. K.E. Kenworthy, R.M. Odom, and K.H. Quesenberry, Agronomy Dep., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0500. M.C. Engelke and A.D. Genovesi, AgriLife Urban Solution Center, Texas A&M System, Dallas, TX 75252-6599. Received 4 Aug. 2009. *Corresponding author (tifturf@uga.edu).
Bridge Information Assurance Education Gap between the Majority and Minority Universities through Collaboration

Information security and assurance is a rapidly developing area therefore government and industry have high demand for information security professionals. This paper reports collaboration activities between North Carolina A&T State University (NC A&T SU) and University of North Carolina (UNC) Charlotte as well as results and lessons learned. Leveraging the strength of the Department of Software Engineering and Information System at UNC Charlotte the Department of Computer Science at NC A&T SU has established the new Information Assurance (IA) concentration undergraduate curriculum. Four new IA courses, five IA interactive simulation software packages and two isolated IA laboratories are developed. Faculty members in both universities have collaborated to manage and mentor the Cyber-Defender programs, host IA and Cyber Security symposiums, submit proposals, advise graduate students and publish papers. The outcome exhibits that the collaboration between the majority and minority universities serves as a pathway for the minority university to build competencies in information assurance, and bridged the widening "information assurance gap" between majority and minority universities.
Metamaterial Insulator Enabled Superdirective Array

Metamaterial EM insulators are shown to suppress mutual coupling between densely packed array elements. This technique allows for array element design in isolation, without consideration of adjacent elements and mutual coupling effects. Suppressing mutual coupling allows for denser packing and enhanced directivity in antenna arrays approaching the superdirective theoretical maximums. Metamaterial isolation walls 0.05lambda0 thick exhibit 20 dB peak isolations with 10 dB isolation bandwidths of 2-6% and very low losses. These insulators achieve lower than -30 dB coupling levels for 0.2lambda0 periodicity arrays. A simulated 1.18lambda0 five element broadside array exhibits a superdirective 65 degree first-null beamwidth with -9.5 dB side-lobes and when physically fabricated, experiment validates theory with a squinted 75 degree first-null beamwidth and only slight degradation of sidelobe levels. The main beam of the metamaterial insulated array is steerable over a full +/-90 degree horizon with little scan loss and no instances of scan blindness, a null can be placed to any angle including broadside, and as narrow as 25 degree peak-to-null separation is possible
Cytochrome c552 mutants : Structure and dynamics at the active site probed by multidimensional NMR and vibration echo spectroscopy

Spectrally resolved infrared stimulated vibrational echo experiments are used to measure the vibrational dephasing of a CO ligand bound to the heme cofactor in two mutated forms of the cytochrome c552 from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus . The first mutant (Ht-M61A) is characterized by a single mutation of Met61 to an Ala (Ht-M61A), while the second variant is doubly modified to have Gln64 replaced by an Asn in addition to the M61A mutation (Ht-M61A/Q64N). Multidimensional NMR experiments determined that the geometry of residue 64 in the two mutants is consistent with a non-hydrogen-bonding and hydrogen-bonding interaction with the CO ligand for Ht-M61A and Ht-M61A/Q64N, respectively. The vibrational echo experiments reveal that the shortest time scale vibrational dephasing of the CO is faster in the Ht-M61A/ Q64N mutant than that in Ht-M61A. Longer time scale dynamics, measured as spectral diffusion, are unchanged by the Q64N modification. Frequency-frequency correlation functions (FFCFs) of the CO are extracted from the vibrational echo data to confirm that the dynamical difference induced by the Q64N mutation is primarily an increase in the fast (hundreds of femtoseconds) frequency fluctuations, while the slower (tens of picoseconds) dynamics are nearly unaffected. We conclude that the faster dynamics in Ht-M61A/Q64N are due to the location of Asn64, which is a hydrogen bond donor, above the heme-bound CO. A similar difference in CO ligand dynamics has been observed in the comparison of the CO derivative of myoglobin (MbCO) and its H64V variant, which is caused by the difference in axial residue interactions with the CO ligand. The results suggest a general trend for rapid ligand vibrational dynamics in the presence of a hydrogen bond donor.
An unsteady state method for measuring the permeability of small tubular membranes

An experimental method is described for measuring the permeability of small tubular (hollow fiber) membranes by means of an unsteady state diffusion experiment. Permeability data obtained by this method are reported for experimental collagen and commercial cellulose acetate membranes for urea, sucrose, and polyethylene glycol (MW ∼ 4 000).
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH REGULAR EXERCISE

Using a telephone survey, this study investigated participation in exercise, the reasons for exercising, and the role of health and fitness facilities in promoting regular exercise. For the sample of 450 adults living in southern New York State and having an annual household income of at least $50,000, in contrast to estimates indicating that a majority of Americans do not exercise regularly, results from this telephone survey indicated that 62.7% of the respondents engaged in regular exercise. Staying in shape was given by 34.9% of the respondents as their major reason. Another 31.7% reported that they exercise to keep healthy. Use of a health club was associated with regular exercise. A lack of time emerged as the major impediment to exercising regularly. Apart from the high percentage of regular exercisers in the sample under study, these results generally confirm previous research on participation in regular exercise and the factors supporting it.
Palliative Care: Good Legal Defense

The perceived risk of legal liability looms large as a major barrier to optimal palliative care among surgeons. Aggressive pain management may cause respiratory depression and death, whereas withdrawal of support may lead to a charge of manslaughter. Citing legal principles and precedents, this article explains why there is legal support for terminal analgesia and sedation, balanced chronic pain management, and effective surgeon-patient communication in the setting of good surgical palliative care.
C-reactive protein as predictor of bacterial infection among patients with an influenza-like illness ☆,☆☆,★

Abstract Objective During the influenza season patients are labeled as having an influenza-like illness (ILI) which may be either a viral or bacterial infection. We hypothesize that C-reactive protein (CRP) levels among patients with ILI diagnosed with a bacterial infection will be higher than patients diagnosed with an influenza or another viral infection. Methods We enrolled a convenience sample of adults with ILI presenting to an urban academic emergency department from October to March during the 2008 to 2011 influenza seasons. Subjects had nasal aspirates for viral testing, and serum CRP. Bacterial infection was determined by positive blood cultures, radiographic evidence of pneumonia, or a discharge diagnosis of bacterial infection. Receiver operating characteristic curve, analysis of variance, and Student t test were used to analyze results. Results Over 3 influenza seasons there were 131 total patients analyzed (48 influenza infection, 42 other viral infection and 41 bacterial infection). CRP values were 25.65 mg/L (95% CI, 18.88-32.41) for influenza, 18.73 mg/L (95% CI, 12.97-24.49) for viral and 135.96 mg/L (95% CI, 99.38-172.54) for bacterial. There was a significant difference between the bacterial group, and both the influenza and other viral infection groups ( P 80 had a specificity of 100%. Conclusion C-reactive protein is both a sensitive and specific marker for bacterial infection in patients presenting with ILI during the influenza season.
Deficits in Motor Coordination with Aberrant Cerebellar Development in Mice Lacking Testicular Orphan Nuclear Receptor 4

Since testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) was cloned, its physiological function has remained largely unknown. Throughout postnatal development, TR4-knockout (TR4−/−) mice exhibited behavioral deficits in motor coordination, suggesting impaired cerebellar function. Histological examination of the postnatal TR4−/− cerebellum revealed gross abnormalities in foliation; specifically, lobule VII in the anterior vermis was missing. Further analyses demonstrated that the laminations of the TR4−/− cerebellar cortex were changed, including reductions in the thickness of the molecular layer and the internal granule layer, as well as delayed disappearance of the external granule cell layer (EGL). These lamination irregularities may result from interference with granule cell proliferation within the EGL, delayed inward migration of postmitotic granule cells, and a higher incidence of apoptotis. In addition, abnormal development of Purkinje cells was observed in the postnatal TR4−/− cerebellum, as evidenced by aberrant dendritic arborization and reduced calbindin staining intensity. Expression of Pax-6, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), astrotactin (Astn), reelin, and Cdk-5, genes correlated with the morphological development of the cerebellum, is reduced in the developing TR4−/− cerebellum. Together, our findings suggest that TR4 is required for normal cerebellar development.
Functional significance of ultraviolet feeding cues in wild turkeys.

article i nfo Most birds are able to sense ultraviolet (UV) visual signals. Ultraviolet wavelengths are used for plumage signal- ing and sexual selection among birds. The aim of our study was to determine if UV cues are also used for the pro- cess of food selection in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). We used avoidance conditioning to test the hypothesis that UV feeding cues can be used functionally for foraging behavior in wild turkeys. Female turkeys exhibited no avoidance of untreated food and 75-98% avoidance of food treated with an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent (0.5-4% anthraquinone; wt./wt.) during repellent exposure. Male turkeys exhibited 78-99% avoidance of food treated with 0.5-4% anthraquinone. Female and male turkeys that consumed more than 200 mg and 100 mg of anthraquinone, respectively, subsequently avoided food treated only with an UV- absorbent cue. In contrast, unconditioned females consumed 58% more food treated with the UV-absorbent cue than untreated food. Thus, wild turkeys do not prefer foods associated with UV wavelengths regardless of feeding experience. Wealso observed 1) a weak negative correlation between body condition and intestinal par- asite infection and 2) moderate,positive correlations betweenconsumption of food treatedwith the conditioned UV cue and intestinal parasite infection among male turkeys. The UV feeding cue was used to maintain food avoidance during the four days subsequent to postingestive conditioning. Moreover, the consequences of con- suming food treated with the postingestive, UV-absorbent repellent were necessary for conditioned avoidance of the UV-absorbent cue. These findings suggest functional significance of UV feeding cues for avian foraging be- havior,the implicationsof which will enablesubsequentinvestigationsregarding thesensory physiologyand be- havioral ecology of wild birds.
Discipleship after the Resurrection: Scribal Hermeneutics in the Longer Ending of Mark

Scholars typically maintain that the Longer Ending (LE) of Mark subverts Mark's somber message about Jesus' sacrificial death with a triumphant, concluding vision of the risen Lord seated at the right hand of God (Mark 16:19). This study takes a different tack, promoting a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between Mark and the LE by detecting important thematic elements-especially concerning discipleship—that the later passage both adopts and adapts from its host gospel. For the writer(s) of the LE, the resurrection serves less as a dividing-line between Jesus' disciples and Mark's community and more as the bridge that confirms emphatically the new age of God's reign, evident both before and after the passion through those who trust the message of that good news.
Survival of Greater Sage-Grouse Chicks and Broods in the Northern Great Basin

Abstract Reduced annual recruitment because of poor habitat quality has been implicated as one of the causative factors in the range-wide decline of sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations since the 1950s. Because chick and brood survival are directly linked to annual recruitment and may be the primary factors that limit sage-grouse population growth, we estimated 28-day survival rates of radiomarked chicks and broods from 2000 to 2003. We examined relationships between survival and several habitat variables measured at brood sites, including food availability (insects and forbs); horizontal cover of sagebrush, grasses, and forbs; and vertical cover of sagebrush and grass. We monitored 506 radiomarked chicks from 94 broods; chick survival was 0.392 (SE = 0.024). We found evidence that both food and cover variables were positively associated with chick survival, including Lepidoptera availability, slender phlox (Phlox gracilis) frequency, total forb cover, and grass cover. The effect of total...
Manifold embedding for understanding mechanisms of transcriptional regulation

In this paper we propose a manifold embedding methodology to integrate heterogeneous sources of genomic data for the purpose of interpretation of transcriptional regulatory phenomena and subsequent visualization. Using the Gata3 gene as an example, we ask if it is possible to determine which genes (or their products) might be potentially involved in its tissue-specific regulation - based on evidence obtained from various available data sources. Our approach is based on co-embedding of genes onto a manifold wherein the proximity of neighbors is influenced by the probability of their interaction as reported from diverse data sources - i.e. the stronger the evidence for that gene-gene interaction, the closer they are.
Simplified method for testing personal inhalable aerosol samplers

Abstract The presently available protocol for evaluating the performance of personal aerosol samplers according to the inhalable convention is difficult to satisfy as it requires a large cross-section wind tunnel. The present study was initiated to simplify and reduce the cost of the test method by mounting the test samplers on a small, stationary torso instead of a full-size rotating manikin. The simplified torso consisted of a rectangular three-dimensional body (33 cm wide, 21 cm deep, 21 cm high). Replicates of the personal inhalable aerosol sampler under consideration were attached in the center of each vertical face of the simplified torso representing the three principal sampling orientations (facing the wind, turned 90°, and turned 180° to the wind). When the samplers were mounted on a full-size manikin, the air flow in the vicinity of the manikin was found to depend on the sampler location, symmetry of the manikin, and position of the manikin’s arms. On the simplified torso, the magnitude and direction of the air flow near the samplers were found to be comparable to that of the manikin. When subjected to nearly monodisperse aerosol flows (particle size of 70 μm, wind velocity of 50 and 200 cm s-1), both methods yielded aerosol sampling efficiencies that were statistically not different at three major sampling orientations. The advantages of the simplified torso are that fewer measurements need to be made; a smaller, less expensive wind tunnel can be used for the testing; and interlaboratory variability of personal inhalable samplers’ performance may be decreased.
Using high resolution multispectral imaging to map Pacific coral reefs in support of UNESCO's World Heritage Central Pacific project

Concerns over worldwide declines in marine resources have prompted the search for innovative solutions for their conservation and management, particularly for coral reef ecosystems. Rapid advances in sensor resolution, coupled with image analysis techniques tailored to the unique optical problems of marine environments have enabled the derivation of detailed benthic habitat maps of coral reef habitats from multispectral satellite imagery. Such maps delineate coral reefs' main ecological communities, and are essential for management of these resources as baseline assessments. UNESCO's World Heritage Central Pacific Project plans to afford protection through World Heritage recognition to a number of islands and atolls in the central Pacific Ocean, including the Phoenix Archipelago in the Republic of Kiribati. Most of these islands however lack natural resource maps needed for the identification of priority areas for inclusion in a marine reserve system. Our project provides assistance to UNESCO's World Heritage Centre and the Kiribati Government by developing benthic and terrestrial habitat maps of the Phoenix Islands from high-resolution multispectral imagery. The approach involves: (i) the analysis of new Quickbird multispectral imagery; and (ii) the use of MARXAN, a simulated annealing algorithm that uses a GIS interface. Analysis of satellite imagery was performed with ENVI®, and includes removal of atmospheric effects using ATCOR (a MODTRAN4 radiative transfer model); de-glinting and water column correction algorithms; and a number of unsupervised and supervised classifiers. Previously collected ground-truth data was used to train classifications. The resulting habitat maps are then used as input to MARXAN. This algorithm ultimately identifies a proportion of each habitat to be set aside for protection, and prioritizes conservation areas. The outputs of this research are being delivered to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre office and the Kiribati Government as baseline assessments of these resources and to assist in marine reserve planning.
Nano-Hardness, Nano-Friction and Nano-Wear of Ultra-Thin Overcoats

Thin film magnetic disks require protective overcoats, usually some form of carbon, to guard against corrosion and wear from interaction with the read/write transducer. In current products these films are less than 25 nm in thickness. This paper summarizes developments using scanning probe microscopes with sharp diamond tips (15 – 100 nm radius) to obtain indentation hardness tests with 5 nm deep indentations. We discuss an accelerated wear test that can measure wear at depths on the order of 1 nm. Finally material characterizations related to friction over sub-micron scans are discussed. A novel observation has been made when studying the dependence of friction coefficient on normal load: below a critical load, which is material and tip dependent, no observable wear occurs, and the coefficient of friction is about 0.05. Above the critical load the coefficient is load dependent and increases to a value more usually associated with the materials being tested. A study of fatigue wear was made in the “no-wear” regime with three different results. For some materials, fatigue wear occurred with multiple passes, when none was apparent for a single pass. Other materials showed no fatigue wear, and one material, silicon, showed a build-up or “negative-wear” under multiple passes. Interpretations and implications of these results are discussed.
On Guiding Inquiry

workings of the setting, to see the subjects' definitions of the situation, and to recognize what might be important themes to pursue if they were to remain in the field longer. Most final papers for fieldwork courses require students to share these beginning understandings, to point to the direction they would follow were they to continue their work, and to recount the process by which they conducted their study, highlighting some of the problems they experienced that might be unique to their setting.
A Patient-Centered Understanding of the Referral System in Ethiopian Primary Health Care Units.

Background Primary healthcare systems in sub-Saharan Africa have undergone substantial development in an effort to expand access to appropriate facilities through a well-functioning referral system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the current patterns of seeking prior care before arriving at a health center or a hospital as a key aspect of the referral system of the primary health care unit (PHCU) in three regions in Ethiopia. We examined what percentage of patients had either sought prior care or had been referred to the present facility and identified demographic and clinical factors associated with having sought prior care or having been referred.
SYSTEM CONCEPTS AND ISSUES FOR MAGNETIZED-TARGET-FUSION SPACE PROPULSION

Magnetized-Target-Fusion (MTF) offers a potentially attractive regime for controlled fusion. This regime, between magneticallyand inertially-confined fusion approaches, may provide the proper combination of high energydensity and moderate power density to permit satisfactory values of specific power at acceptable levels of initialmasslow-earth -orbit (IMLEO). One class of MTF system uses liner compression of magnetically-confined plasma, e.g., Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC). Technological possibilities comprise the use of solid, liquid or plasma liners, and the compression of plasmas involving D-T, D-D, and so-called advanced fuels (e.g., D-He). Furthermore, the fusion energy may heat a steady-state reservoir of propellant by injection of the reactedFRC, or may transfer energy directly to the propellant (in the case of plasma liners). The paper discusses issues associated with several schemes for employing MTF for space propulsion. These issues include overall system performance and details such as stabilization and control of liner dynamics.