cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Performance Spectral Simulation of Turbulent Flows in Massively Parallel Machines With Distributed Memory

Here we have demonstrated the possibility of very high performance in the implementation of a global spectral methodology on a massively parallel architec ture with distributed memory. Spectral simulations of channel flow and thermal convection in a three-dimen sional Cartesian geometry have yielded a very high performance-up to 26 Gflops/s on a 512-node CM5. In general, implementation of spectral methodology in parallel processors with distributed memory requires nonlocal interprocessor data transfer that is not re stricted to being between nearest neighbors. In spite of their increased communication overhead, better per formance is possible in global methodologies owing to their dense matrix operations and organized data com munication. In this paper we outline a general method ology for the data-parallel implementation of spectral methods on massively parallel machines with distrib uted memory. Following the steps presented here, very high performance can be obtained on a wide vari ety of massively parallel architectures.
Diet Composition and Feeding Periodicity of Wild and Hatchery Subyearling Chinook Salmon in Lake Ontario

Diel feeding periodicity, daily ration, and diet composition of wild and hatchery subyearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were examined in Lake Ontario and the Salmon River, New York. The diet of wild riverine salmon was composed mainly of aquatic invertebrates (63.4%), mostly ephemeropterans (25.8%), chiromomids (15.8%), and trichopterans (8.3%). The diet of riverine Chinook was more closely associated with the composition of drift samples rather than bottom samples, suggesting mid-water feeding. In Lake Ontario terrestrial invertebrates were more important in the diet of hatchery Chinook (49.0%) than wild salmon (30.5%) and diet overlap between hatchery and wild salmon was low (0.46%). The diet of both hatchery and wild Chinook salmon was more closely associated with the composition of mid-water invertebrate samples rather than benthic core samples, indicating mid-water and surface feeding. Hatchery Chinook salmon consumed significantly less food (P < 0.05) than wild Chinook salmon in the lake and in the river, and wild salmon from Lake Ontario consumed more food than wild salmon in the Salmon River. Peak feeding of wild Chinook salmon occurred between 1200–1600 hours in Lake Ontario and between 1600–2000 hours in the Salmon River; there was no discernable feeding peak for the hatchery Chinook in Lake Ontario. Hatchery Chinook salmon also had the least diverse diet over the 24-hour sample period. These results suggest that at 7 days post-stocking hatchery Chinook salmon had not yet fully adapted to their new environment.
Intention to Return: Alternatively Certified Teachers' Support, Ideology and Efficacy Beliefs.

Abstract The Teaching Fellows program in New York City (NYC) is an alternative certification teaching program. This study investigates a sample (n = 68) of Queens College Teaching Fellows’ perceptions about their teaching experience. Results indicate that 29% of TFs intend to leave their current teaching positions at the end of their contract. Pearson product‐moment correlations revealed that the TFs’ perception of the schools’ socioeconomic status, administrative support and the TFs’ own general teaching efficacy all correlated with planning to stay in their current NYC teaching placement. The intention of the TF to remain teaching at the school currently employed at was predicted based on the level of perceived peer support. The results of this study can serve to inform university programs that offer alternative certification options to prospective teachers.
A quarter century of disk file innovation

This paper traces the development of disk file technology from the first disk drive to the present. A number of innovative advances are reviewed in the evolution of mechanical design, materials, and processes. These advances constitute the technological base that has permitted almost four orders of magnitude of improvement in areal density; they are discussed from four in terrelated aspects: the magnetic head and its air bearing support; the head positioning actuator; the disk substrate and its magnetic coating; and the read/write signal detection and clocking electronics.
The development of specific motor pathways in the chick embryo

Each muscle in the vertebrate limb is innervated by a motoneuron pool consisting of some hundreds of neurons. Since the central connectivity and therefore activation patterns differ between pools, it is important for normal function that each pool synapse only with its appropriate muscle. This article considers some of the mechanisms by which this matching is achieved during embryonic development in the chick.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activates serum response factor transcription activity by its dissociation from histone deacetylase, HDAC4. Implications in cardiac muscle gene regulation during hypertrophy.

Serum response factor (SRF) plays a pivotal role in cardiac myocyte development, muscle gene transcription, and hypertrophy. Previously, elevation of intracellular levels of Ca2+ was shown to activate SRF function without involving the Ets family of tertiary complex factors through an unknown regulatory mechanism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the chromatin remodeling enzymes of class II histone deacetylases (HDAC4) regulate SRF activity in a Ca2+-sensitive manner. Expression of HDAC4 profoundly repressed SRF-mediated transcription in both muscle and nonmuscle cells. Protein interaction studies demonstrated physical association of HDAC4 with SRF in living cells. The SRF/HDAC4 co-association was disrupted by treatment of cells with hypertrophic agonists such as angiotensin-II and a Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin. Furthermore, activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK)-IV prevented SRF/HDAC4 interaction and derepressed SRF-dependent transcription activity. The SRF·HDAC4 complex was localized to the cell nucleus, and the activated CaMK-IV disrupted HDAC4/SRF association, leading to export of HDAC4 from the nucleus and stimulation of SRF transcription activity. Thus, these results identify SRF as a functional interacting target of HDAC4 and define a novel tertiary complex factor-independent mechanism for SRF activation by Ca2+/CaMK-mediated signaling.
L-Glutamine Supplementation Improves Nelfinavir-Associated Diarrhea in HIV-Infected Individuals

AbstractPurpose: To determine whether L-glutamine decreases the severity of nelfinavir-associated diarrhea in HIV-infected individuals. Other endpoints include the effect on quality of life, muscle-wasting syndrome, CD4 counts, and viral load. Method: HIV-infected patients with nelfinavir-associated diarrhea for >1 month were randomized to receive L-glutamine 30 g/day or placebo for 10 days in a prospective, double-blind, crossover study. Diarrhea was measured on a scale ranging from grade 0 (no diarrhea) to grade 4 (severe diarrhea, > 7 stools/day). Quality of life was assessed by the Medical Outcome Study (MOS) HIV questionnaire. Results: Twenty-five participants completed the study. There was a significant difference between the L-glutamine and placebo arms on the mean grade of diarrhea (0.762 vs. 1.850, p < .01) when placebo was administered first. When L-glutamine was administered first, there was a significant crossover effect (p < .02), with similar mean grades of diarrhea in the two groups. There ...
Mechanisms of non-IgE mediated adverse reaction to common Dietary Proteins (DPs) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

Abstract Rationale We have reported elevated IFN-γ/TNF-α production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) against cow's milk protein (CMP), soy, and gliadin in a substantial number of ASD children (Neuropsychobiology 46:76, 2002). IFN-γ/TNF-α production is partly regulated by IL-10 (negatively) and IL-12 (positively). Methods We examined IFN-γ, IL-5, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 production by PBMCs against common DPs in 68 ASD children on a regular diet (Median age 5.4 yr): >50% of them had gastrointestinal symptoms. Controls include 11 children with DP intolerance (DPI) (Median age 2.5 yr), and 10 normal children (Median age 3.3 y). Results ASD and DPI PBMCs produced larger amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α; against CMP and gliadin than controls (p 0.5 with excellent responses to the appropriate elimination diet. TNF-α/IL-10 ratios >0.5 with CMP and gliadin were found in 41/68 and 32/68 ASD children, respectively. In these children, the elimination diet based on immune reactivity helped resolve GI symptoms and attenuate autistic behaviors by parental report. Conclusions Disregulated production of inflammatory and counter-regulatory cytokines may be associated with non-IgE mediated adverse reaction to common DPs in some ASD children, indicating therapeutic significance of dietary interventions in these children.
Self-administration of medication. A plus for the patient.

Since September 1969, postpartum patients at a metropolitan. hospital have been permitted to self‐administer medications. The procedure affords the nurse and opportunity to instruct patients in the proper are of prescribed medications and more time to establish personalized contacts with patients and prepare them for their parental roles. Staff observations and research revealed that patients take less medication when allowed to self‐medicate, experience less pain when medications are at their immediate disposal, and that patient response to the new procedure is very positive.
Uterine Estrogen Receptor-DNA Complexes: Effects of Different ERE Sequences, Ligands, and Receptor Forms

Previous studies used the gel retardation assay to examine the binding of the mouse estrogen receptor (ER) to the estrogen-responsive element (ERE) from the vitellogenin A2 gene (VitA2ERE). Multiple specific complexes were formed when the ER was bound to various estrogen agonists or antagonists, or in the absence of bound hormone. The ERE from the human PS2 gene, which varies from the consensus ERE by one base change in the right arm, was used in this study to determine the effect of DNA sequence on ER-ERE interaction with various ligandreceptor complexes. Partially purified ligand-free soluble ER showed a 3-fold lower affinity for the PS2ERE than for the VitA2ERE, suggesting a possible influence of the imperfect DNA sequence on certain binding interactions. However, multiple complexes of similar affinity were formed with the PS2 sequence by nuclear ER regardless of the agonist or antagonist bound. In gel retardation experiments, antagonist (LY117018) nuclear ER complexes bound to either PS2 or VitA2ERE m...
Optimization of submillimeter-resolution MR imaging methods for the inner ear

Submillimeter-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the inner ear is valuable for diagnosis and treatment planning. Its main advantage for investigations of underlying disease is that it can directly depict the fluid spaces of the membranous labyrinth rather than define only the bony canal, as does computed tomography. A systematic evaluation of factors influencing high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) gradient-echo imaging of the inner ear with a standard clinical MR system is presented. This includes the evaluation of various radio-frequency coils, the design of steady-state pulse sequences, and the optimization of acquisition parameters. A quantitative analysis was facilitated by computer simulations and image processing. The highest signal-to-noise ratio for the membranous labyrinth was obtained with a single 3-inch (7.6-cm) receiver coil and a 3D GRASS (gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state) sequence with the minimal achievable TR msec/TE msec of 25/7 and a 40°–60° flip angle, which yielded acceptable images with minimal voxel volumes of 0.1 mm3 in 14 minutes.
EVALUATION OF HEMOGLOBIN SATURATION DURING SLEEP IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE

Vaso-occlusive sickle cell crises have been described with onset during sleep. Nineteen sleep studies were performed on 14 children with sickle cell disease to evaluate oxygen saturation during sleep. The patients, age 4 to 17 years, were selected based upon the number and frequency of crises, and history of nocturnal crises. Total sleep time (TST) and percent TST as rapid eye movement (REM) were comparable to normals for age. Changes in respiratory dynamics (apnea and hypopnea) and oxygen saturation were monitored during sleep. Four individuals experienced 1 to 2 episodes of apnea per night. Six children in 8 studies demonstrated 1 to 48 hypopneic events. Oxygen desaturation was defined as a ≥ 4% drop from baseline or ≤ 90% actual saturation. The duration of desaturation was quantitated in 14 of 19 studies. Desaturation associated with apnea or hypopnea was appreciated in only four studies. The total accumulative duration of desaturation was 1 to 9 minutes per study. Oxygen desaturation not associated with changes in respiratory dynamics occurred in all but one patient. The average duration of desaturation was 20 minutes (range 3 to 100 min.) These data reveal marked oxygen desaturation during sleep in a subset of patients with sickle cell disease, and suggest a relationship between desaturation and increased frequency of vaso-occlusive crises.
The shifting bottleneck procedure for job-shops with parallel machines

The shifting bottleneck (SB) heuristic has been successfully applied to the job-shop scheduling problem. In this paper, the shifting bottleneck heuristic has been extended to solve job-shop problems with parallel machine workcentres. The efficient shifting bottleneck heuristic was developed to reduce the number of subproblems and provide tradeoff results between the computation time and the solution quality. The effect of bottleneck machine selection and reoptimisation procedures on the computational time is discussed. Moreover, a procedure is developed to achieve the desired makespan with near optimal number of machines of each machine type. The tradeoff between the makespan and the minimal number of machines required to achieve the makespan is also illustrated on few job-shop problems.
The geographic incidence of aurora and magnetic disturbance, Northern Hemisphere

The isochasms of FRITZ for the average of the 172-year period, 1700 to 1871, are tentatively revised and adjusted to an auroral-zone curve defined by geomagnetic data. In addition there are derived estimates of the frequency of aurora at the auroral zone and for the isochasms inside. A compilation is made of data on auroral frequency for over 100 high-latitude stations operating since 1872. These include those of the First and Second International Polar Years, 1882–83 and 1932–33, and other miscellaneous years. The observed frequencies of aurora are reduced to a basis nearly independent of the seasonal variation in amount of sunlight with latitude, and roughly also for the influence of clouds on number of auroral observations.
Genomic and Clinicopathologic Features of Primary Myelofibrosis With Isolated 13q Deletion

Abstract Background Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a rare myeloproliferative stem cell disorder. The genomic features in PMF are poorly understood. Characterization of genomic alternations in PMF helps to determine their association with clinicopathologic features for further therapeutic implications. Patients and Methods In this retrospective study, we investigated genomic changes using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in 17 PMF patients with isolated del(13q) and confirmed our aCGH findings with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. We also compared the clinicopathologic features of patients with del(13q) (n = 17) with those of patients with a normal karyotype (NK) (n = 26). Results Clinicopathologically, del(13q) PMF patients had significantly higher blast counts ( P = .03) than did NK patients, who had significantly higher marrow cellularity ( P = .02). The degree of bone marrow fibrosis of PMF-3 was higher in the del(13q) group than in the NK group. Splenomegaly was present significantly more often in the del(13q) PMF group than in the NK group ( P = .03). Genomically, the Janus Kinase 2 V617F mutation was observed less often in del(13q) PMF patients ( P = .07). The common deleted region in del(13q) was confined to 13q13-13q14.3 according to G-band karyotyping, demonstrating a minimal deleted region (MDR) of 15.323 Mb, identified using aCGH. The tumor suppressor genes, Retinoblastoma , Forkhead box protein O1 , and Succinyl -CoA ligase [ ADP-forming ] subunit beta in the MDR were deleted, confirmed using real-time PCR to confirm our aCGH findings. Conclusion Accurate molecular characterization of del(13q) in PMF using aCGH and quantitative PCR provided further insight to define the MDR and analyze the genomic changes in del(13q) PMF patients.
Validity of an operational definition for neurotic unipolar major depression.

Abstract After we reviewed the literature to identify the clinical and phenomenologic correlates of neurotic depression, we constructed a 6-item operational definition to distinguish neurotic unipolar major depressive disorder from nonneurotic major depression. The neurotic depressives were characterized by a low rate of abnormal dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results and a strong family history of alcoholism. Neurotic depressives improved less than nonneurotic depressives during the index hospitalization, and were more frequently rehospitalized during a 6-month prospective follow-up. Neurotic subtyping was significantly negatively associated with DSM-III melancholia. Neurotic classification remained significantly associated with the above validating variables after melancholic status was held constant, whereas melancholic subtyping did not predict DST results, familial alcoholism rates, or outcome when neurotic status was controlled.
A COMPARISON OF MENTAL ABILITIES OF NOMADIC AND SEDENTARY INDIANS ON A BASIS OF EDUCATION

of Education,"' he showed that the mixed-blood performance was eleven per cent better on the average than that of the fullblood Indian performance. The full-blood Indians reported on were of Plains and Southeastern tribes. And since they were of ancestry of nomadic habits roving over the plains and through the southeastern forests, we have conceived the problem of comparing these individuals of so-called nomadic habits with pure-blood Indians of an ancestry of decidedly sedentary habits.2 These are the Pueblo, Zufii and Hopi Indians, who for generations have by crude agricultural methods wrested their livelihood from the soil. Of the Plains and Southeastern Indians, our "nomadic" group, there were two hundred and fifteen full-bloods, while of the Southwestern or Plateau Indian group, our "sedentary" group, there were two hundred forty-three full-bloods. We have no device for determining whether or not these were really full-bloods, but we have taken the statements of the Indians themselves, which is accepted by the government of the United States. Table I3 which gives the educational composition of the two groups4 shows that the factor of education was kept balanced in
A novel chromosome 19p13.12 deletion in a child with multiple congenital anomalies

We describe a patient with multiple congenital anomalies including deafness, lacrimal duct stenosis, strabismus, bilateral cervical sinuses, congenital cardiac defects, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis. Mutation analysis of EYA1, SIX1, and SIX5, genes that underlie otofaciocervical and/or branchio-oto-renal syndrome, was negative. Pathologic diagnosis of the excised cervical sinus tracts was revised on re-examination to heterotopic salivary gland tissue. Using high resolution chromosomal microarray analysis, we identified a novel 2.52 Mb deletion at 19p13.12, which was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization and demonstrated to be a de novo mutation by testing of the parents. Overall, deletions of chromosome 19p13 are rare.
Downwelling over the Southern California Shelf

Abstract Coastal downwelling events, induced by tropical storms which travel up along the coast, occur regularly during the summer over the shelf of Southern California. Large vertical velocities (0.5 cm s−1) are observed over the very narrow (3.6 km) shelf. Simultaneous observations of longshore current and cross-shelf pressure gradient indicate the cross-shelf momentum balance is geostrophic. Heat balance computations reveal that the increase in mean temperature over the shelf is mostly caused by cross-shelf advection of heat. Large longshore accelerations occurring simultaneously at all depths in the shallower part of the shelf may be explained by longshore sea surface slopes contributing, along with the wind stress, to the longshore momentum balance. Profiles of temperature and velocity are consistent with a two-layer description of the vertical structure, these layers being separated by a thin, turbulent mixing layer.
NASA Computational Case Study: Modeling Planetary Magnetic and Gravitational Fields

In this case study, we model a planet's magnetic and gravitational fields using spherical harmonic functions. As an exercise, we analyze data on the Earth's magnetic field collected by NASA's MAGSAT spacecraft, and use it to derive a simple magnetic field model based on these spherical harmonic functions. The Web extra contains an ASCII text file of Magsat data, as mentioned in the article.
Mechanical and thermal characterization of carbon nanofiber reinforced low-density polyethylene composites

The mechanical, thermal, and fracture morphological characterization of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites reinforced with vapor-grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs) is presented in this articl...
Food Preferences and Eating Attitudes in Three Generations of Black and White Women

The hypothesis examined in this paper is that Black women have assimilated the eating-related attitudes and food preferences of the dominant White American culture and thus are at an increased risk of developing anorexia and bulimia. A survey of food preferences and the Eating Disorders Inventory were completed by a three-generation sample of 42 Black and 61 White women. No significant main effects or interactions were detected for race or generation for any of the EDI subscales, except for Interpersonal Distrust, with Black subjects scoring significantly higher than Whites on Interpersonal Distrust. A number of culturally preferred foods were identified, including fried meats and grits for Blacks and coffee for Whites. The results of the present study indicate that, for many foods, food preferences of young Black women still reflect the preferences of older Black women.
Flame temperature, fuel structure, and fuel concentration effects on soot formation in inverse diffusion flames

Abstract Insights into soot formation processes are gained from chemical sampling and thermocouple probing of co-flowing inverse diffusion flames (IDFs), with the oxidizer in the center. The transition from near-to slightly sooting flames and the effects of flame temperature, fuel concentration, and fuel structure (using methane, ethene, propene and 1-butene) are investigated. The aromatic content of IDFS scales with the fuel's sooting tendency, and suggests that the formation of the aromatic ring is a controlling step in soot formation. In addition to the relatively well-established reactions involving C4 and C2 species, benzene may form directly from two C3 species for fuels that readily produce C3 species during pyrolysis and/or oxidative pyrolysis. The total concentration of growth species increases almost linearly with fuel concentration, but depends more weakly on flame temperature than would be expected if pure pyrolysis governed the intermediate hydrocarbon behavior.
Citrate Oscillates in Liver and Pancreatic Beta Cell Mitochondria and in INS-1 Insulinoma Cells

Oscillations in citric acid cycle intermediates have never been previously reported in any type of cell. Here we show that adding pyruvate to isolated mitochondria from liver, pancreatic islets, and INS-1 insulinoma cells or adding glucose to intact INS-1 cells causes sustained oscillations in citrate levels. Other citric acid cycle intermediates measured either did not oscillate or possibly oscillated with a low amplitude. In INS-1 mitochondria citrate oscillations are in phase with NAD(P) oscillations, and in intact INS-1 cells citrate oscillations parallel oscillations in ATP, suggesting that these processes are co-regulated. Oscillations have been extensively studied in the pancreatic beta cell where oscillations in glycolysis, NAD(P)/NAD(P)H and ATP/ADP ratios, plasma membrane electrical activity, calcium levels, and insulin secretion have been well documented. Because the mitochondrion is the major site of ATP synthesis and NADH oxidation and the only site of citrate synthesis, mitochondria need to be synchronized for these factors to oscillate. In suspensions of mitochondria from various organs, most of the citrate is exported from the mitochondria. In addition, citrate inhibits its own synthesis. We propose that this enables citrate itself to act as one of the cellular messengers that synchronizes mitochondria. Furthermore, because citrate is a potent inhibitor of the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase, the pacemaker of glycolytic oscillations, citrate may act as a metabolic link between mitochondria and glycolysis. Citrate oscillations may coordinate oscillations in mitochondrial energy production and anaplerosis with glycolytic oscillations, which in the beta cell are known to parallel oscillations in insulin secretion.
Normal human serum fluoride concentrations.

TAVES1 has indicated that our method2 for estimation of serum fluoride content based on diffusion of hydrogen fluoride gives results which are about ten times too large, but our values3 of human plasma fluoride content, which he quotes, were not obtained by the diffusion method but by an entirely different procedure4 which requires ashing of the sample with magnesium oxide followed by separation of the fluoride by distillation from perchloric acid. The agreement of the results for fluoride analyses of urine, bovine plasma, dentine, liver and muscle obtained by the two procedures1, which are quite different in principle, furnishes mutual support of the reliability and accuracy of both methods. Nevertheless, we have carried out further experiments, some of which are like those reported by Taves, and our evidence is that both of our methods give results for plasma fluoride content which are not markedly in error.
A model for motion and sedimentation of cylindrical red-cell aggregates during slow blood flow in narrow horizontal tubes

When blood flows slowly in a narrow tube, red-cell aggregation results in formation of an approximately cylindrical "core" of red cells, which moves as a rigid body. The core is denser than the surrounding fluid, and sedimentation is observed in horizontal tubes. To model this, the Stokes flow of a fluid surrounding a long solid cylinder (the core) contained in a long hollow cylinder (the tube) is considered. The cylinder axes are parallel but not coincident. An exact analytic expression for the resistance coefficient for motion perpendicular to the axes is given. This coefficient increases rapidly with the ratio of core radius to tube radius, and core eccentricity. The predicted rate of sedimentation is comparable to that observed experimentally. The apparent viscosity of a two-phase medium consisting of a core of aggregated particles and surrounding pure fluid is calculated. For a core radius corresponding to experimental conditions, the apparent viscosity increases rapidly with increasing eccentricity of the core.
Two layer structure for reinforcing pothole repair

We have applied dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) resin for reinforcing pothole patch materials due to its unique properties – low cost, low viscosity at beginning and ultra-toughness after curing, chemical compatibility with tar, tunable curing profile through catalyst design. In this paper, we have designed a two layer structure – well compacted base layer and DCPD reinforced 1-1.5" top layer – for pothole repair. By choosing two graded asphalt mixes, a porous top layer and fully compacted base layer was prepared after compaction and ready for DCPD resin infiltration. The DCPD curing and infiltration profile within this porous top layer was measured with thermocouples. The rutting resistance was tested with home-made wheel rutter. The cage effect due to the p-DCPD wrapping was characterized with wheel penetration test. The results showed that this two layer structure pothole repair has greatly improved properties and can be used for pothole repair to increase the service life.
Crush Testing at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The dynamic crush test is required in the certification testing of some small type B transportation packages. International Atomic Energy Agency regulations state that the test article must be ‘subjected to a dynamic crush test by positioning the specimen on the target so as to suffer maximum damage’. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Transportation Technologies Group performs testing of type B transportation packages, including the crush test, at the National Transportation Research Center in Knoxville, TN, USA. This paper documents ORNL’s experiences performing crush tests on several different type B packages.
NORTHERN SAUDI COASTAL RECOVERY IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GULF OIL SPILL

ABSTRACT The authors carried out a series of four beach surveys during a 3-year, 8-month period along 200 kilometers of coastline on the western Arabian to monitor effects of the Gulf War oil spill. The surveys were basically qualitative, but semiquantitative information was collected at 44 sites during the last three surveys. Assessments were based on a scheme that classified the impact level at the 44 sites into four hierarchical categories. The last three surveys were compared to demonstrate any improvement between surveys as well as to document the general prevailing conditions regarding bio- or mechanical degradation, persistence, and mobilization of the oil. The source of the oil was verified through laboratory analysis. The oil apparently became highly mobile during the hot summer months 15 months after the spill, and the levels of contamination were redistributed at the 44 selected sites. The trend during the overall study was toward improving conditions. The areas most impacted remain the low-ene...
Streaming ports: ARINC 653 API extension for reliable data transport

This document proposes the Streaming Port API, intended as an extension to the ARINC 653 [1] inter-partition communications API. The ARINC 653 specification [1] defines an inter-partition communications API consisting of Queuing and Sampling Port interfaces. While these interfaces work well for transmission / reception of small periodic blocks of data, they do not facilitate transfer of large blocks of data, such as reliable transport of data blocks larger than can be transported by a single Internet Protocol [2] packet, or User Datagram Protocol [3] datagram. As such, the Streaming Port API aims to enhance the ARINC 653 [1] inter-partition communications API capabilities through provision for reliable transport of large block size data.
625: Biophysical profile in the management of intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses with birth weights less than 1000 grams

RESTRICTED FETUSES WITH BIRTH WEIGHTS LESS THAN 1000 GRAMS SATINDER KAUR, FARHAN HANIF, KATHRYN DRENNAN, RATI CHADHA, MICHAEL KRUGER, GIANCARLO MARI, Wayne State University, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, Wayne State University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, Wayne State University, OB/GYN, Detroit, Michigan OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the biophysical profile (BPP) usefulness in predicting cord pH, base excess (BE), and guidance regarding the timing of delivery in preterm IUGR fetuses. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-eight IUGR fetuses were observed using daily BPP and fetal heart rate (FHR) monitored every 8 hours until delivery. If the FHR monitoring was non-reassuring, a BPP was repeated. A BPP was performed in all patients within 24 hours of cesarean delivery, and considered abnormal when it was 2/10 on one single occasion, or 4/10 in 2 consecutive occasions 2 hours apart. Spearman’s correlation was used for statistical analysis (p 0.05 considered significant). RESULTS: Gestational age of the study population at delivery ranged from 24 to 31.5 weeks (median: 28 weeks). Birth weight ranged between 320 grams and 1000 grams (Median: 620 grams). The last BPP correlated well with arterial cord pH at delivery (R2: 0.50; P 0.05), and arterial BE (R2: 0.47; P 0.05). Of the 30 fetuses with a normal BPP within the last 24 hours, 3 fetuses died in-utero, and 17 fetuses had abnormal pH and BE values at birth. In 10 other fetuses a BPP was repeated because of non-reassuring FHR monitoring. BPP was 2/10 in all 10 cases. At cesarean delivery, 7 of these cases had an abnormal pH and base excess. The other three fetuses died in-utero. Five other fetuses were delivered because of an abnormal BPP. These fetuses had normal cord arterial pH and BE at birth. CONCLUSION: This data indicates that (a) BPP alone is not a reliable test in the management of preterm IUGR fetuses, because of high false positive and negative results; (b) the common notion of a good BPP providing reassurance for at least 24 hours is not applicable in preterm IUGR fetuses 1000 grams.
Johann Heinrich Lambert, mathematician and scientist, 1728 – 1777

Abstract 1977 is the two hundredth anniversary of the death of Johann Heinrich Lambert, a little known but nonetheless intriguing figure in 18th century science. In the general histories of science and mathematics Lambert's contributions are often described piecemeal, with each discovery and invention usually divorced both from the method by which he arrived at it and from the totality of his intellectual endeavour. To the student of optics he is remembered for his cosine law in photometry, to the astronomer for his work on comets, to the meteorologist for his design of a gut hygrometer, and to the mathematician for his work on non-Euclidean geometry and his demonstration of the irrationality of π and e . There is no doubt that each of these contributions had a definite importance of its own; but it is not the aim of the present article to enumerate in this way the high points of Lambert's scientific and mathematical work, rather to describe it for once as a unified whole, and to relate it to the contemporary intellectual outlook.
Urea production in Rana pipiens: Effects of dehydration and aldosterone administration

Abstract 1. 1. Serum urea and urea production are observed to increase following 10 hr of dehydration in 0.15 M Nacl in frogs, Rana pipiens , treated in the spring-summer (SS) but not the fall-winter (FW) months (Jungreis, 1971). 2. 2. This increase in urea production was thought to result from elevated glucocorticoid activity in SS but now FW frogs, but measurement of serum tilers of corticosterone, the “primary” glucocorticoid in R. pipiens , failed to support this model (Jungreis, 1970). 3. 3. The effects of aldosterone (aldo), the “primary” mineralocorticoid in this species, on the seasonal increase in urea production were therefore studied. Administration of aldo mimicked the effects of dehydration by inducing the seasonal increase in urea production in SS frogs only. 4. 4. The involvement of aldo in vivo in the seasonal increase was supported by an increased rate of inter-renal aldo synthesis following dehydration in the SS and a decreased rate of synthesis following dehydration in the FW months. 5. 5. Administration of aldo to FW frogs failed to cause an increase in urea production, indicating that one difference between FW and SS frogs is in the capacity of aldo to stimulate gluconeogenesis. 6. 6. Despite the ability of aldo to induce the seasonal increase in urea production, measurement of serum aldo titers by radioimmunoassay failed to uncover a positive correlation between serum aldo and urea production. 7. 7. It is therefore proposed that the serum titer of aldo reflects the level of mineralocorticoid activity, while aldo's glucocorticoid activity is expressed through a seasonally influenced differential tissue responsiveness.
Ligand-Promoted Dimerization of Oligonucleotides Binding Cooperatively to DNA

In biological systems, specific protein-DNA interactions are often modulated by ligands as in the regulation of gene expression. Many transcription factors arc active as dimers, but inactive as monomes. In at least one case, dimerization is regulated by an additional protein cofactor. We recently described the design of a triple helical complex compnsmg two oligonucleotides which bind adjacent sites on DNA cooperatively through dimerization. If dimerizat1on could be controlled by additional ligands such an artificial nucleic acid system would be analogous to the naturally occurring inducible protein systems. We now report that the stability of the dimerization domain can be enhanced by a small molecule, echinomycin (E). The strengths of ligand-promoted control of oligonucleotides binding cooperatively to DNA are quantitated by affinity cleaving.
Megan's Law: Crime and Democracy in Late Modern America

To an unprecedented degree American society at the turn of the twentieth century is governed through crime. Nearly three percent of adults are in the custody of the correctional system. Crime and fear of crime enter into a large part of the fundamental decisions in life: where to live, how to raise your family, where to locate your business, where and when to shop, and so on. The crime victim has become the veritable outline of a new form of political subjectivity. This essay explores the complex entanglements of democracy and governing through crime. The effort to build democratic governance after the American Revolution was carried out in part through the problem of crime and punishment. Today, however, the enormous expansion of governing through crime endangers the effort to reinvent democracy for the twenty-first century.
Aerodynamics education: where we've been and where we are going

In a quarter century of teaching aerodynamics, I have seen incredible changes in our collective educational approach. Previously, there were time honoured theories, very few textbooks, dated but interesting movies showing fluid flows, and relatively straight-forward experiments to reinforce a few concepts. Currently, a wealth of information is available to the aerodynamics educator, including those same theories, a number of excellent textbooks, a wide spectrum of computational aerodynamics codes and associated multimedia visualisations, and ever-improving experimental approaches for measuring and visualising fluid flows. An important question remains, however, and that is whether all of these changes have led to students who understand aerodynamics any better than they did decades ago. While empirical data may not be available to answer that question, this paper will delve into the difficult concepts contained in aerodynamics, and lead to the conclusion that effective aerodynamics education requires an integrated, broad approach based in fundamentals that takes full advantage of a variety of approaches in order to most effectively educate students. Hopefully, we will come to a better understanding of the answer to the question, ‘what do our students need to know about aerodynamics, and when do they need to know it?’
Congenital diencephalic and brain stem damage: neuropathologic study of three cases.

Neuropathologic findings and clinical features of three patients with congenital brain stem damage are reported. All of the infants were premature (32–36 weeks' gestation) and experienced respiratory difficulty in the immediate postnatal period. One infant was moribund at delivery, dying 3 h after birth. In two infants who survived for 12 and 16 days, detailed neurologic examinations demonstrated multiple cranial nerve palsies with absence of facial expression. Autopsies revealed similar changes in the brains of all three infants: bilateral symmetrical lesions were found predeminantly in the thalamus and brain stem. Histological features common to all three cases included prominent basophilic mineralized neurons, neuronal loss, astrocytosis, and axonal spheroids. Necrosis was observed in two cases. These changes are most compatible with one or more episodes of total asphyxia during fetal life. This study supports the hypothesis that, in some cases, Mobius' syndrome is the result of intrauterine asphyxia.
Effective and ineffective software testing behaviors by novice programmers

This data-driven paper quantitatively evaluates software testing behaviors that students exhibited in introductory computer science courses. The evaluation includes data collected over five years (10 semesters) from 49,980 programming assignment submissions by 883 different students. To examine the effectiveness of software testing behaviors, we investigate the quality of their testing at different stages of their development. We partition testing behaviors into four groups according to when in their development they first achieve substantial (at least 85%) test coverage. The study reveals significant results regarding effective and ineffective testing behaviors. A within-subjects comparison finds that higher coverage in early development is associated with higher quality code and with completing work earlier. Post-hoc analysis also suggests that the relationship between early testing and positive outcomes is independent of time management and effects of individuals' abilities. However, roughly 76% of students exhibit different testing behaviors on different assignments, demonstrating an opportunity to foster better, more consistent testing habits among computer science students.
Mutual Love in Mahayana Buddhism

ANY of you have doubtless had the rare pleasure of reading Arthur Waley's translation of the 16th century Mahayanist novel, Monkey. You will remember how Tripitaka bursts into lamentation when he sees the dead emperor looking just like a live man. " 'Alas, poor Emperor,' he cried, 'in some forgotten existence you doubtless did great wrong to one that in this incarnation has now confounded you, and brought you to destruction. You were torn from wife and child; none of your generals or counsellors knew, none of your officers were aware. Alas, for the blindness of your queen and prince that offered no incense, no tea to your soul!' Here he broke down, and his tears fell like rain. 'Master,' said Pigsy, 'what does it matter to you that he is dead? He is not your father or grandfather, why should you weep over him?' 'Disciple,' said Tripitaka, 'for us who are followers of Buddha compassion is the root, indulgence the gate. Why is your heart so hard?' "' This little episode from a fascinating tale may well serve to remind us of a facet of Buddhism often played down in Christian criticism. We are accustomed as Christians to look for inadequacies and errors in other faiths, for we have sought from the foundation of our faith to achieve world redemption. But redemption cannot be effectually sought unless lack or incompletion exists in those who may become the subjects of our redemptive efforts. In consequence of the perception of weakness, much emphasis has often been placed on a basic concern with self-interest in Buddhism. Discovery of this basic self-concern has obscured the mutuality and regard for the welfare of others which was so conspicuous in Gautama Buddha's personal life and became so significant in Mahayana Buddhism. It would be fruitless either to deny that self-concern is present in all forms of Buddhism, or to affirm that Buddhism has generally departed from the principle so clearly and early stated in the Dhammapada:
Documenting the Discourse of a Hip Dixie, or, How Do We Speak of the South?

Negotiating representations in increasingly complex multicultural contexts is central to educational work. The authors use Rosenbaum & Douglas's 2003 documentary Searching for the Wrong-Eyed Jesus to explore paradoxical representations of White Southern men. Notions of white privilege, while applicable, are insufficient when one considers the White Southerners' lack of access to political power and the cultural coding that presumes reactionary, violent racists inhabit the region. As they begin thinking through the film, the authors utilize its interpretive framework, a hip gaze, to reimagine insider/outsider representations and their connections to the broader question of power and education. While not politically powerful in itself, the cultural force known as hip is both hegemonic and counter-hegemonic and inverts traditional notions of power. Hip is a response to and a justification for institutional desires to make student behavior conform and to crush dissent. However, the authors argue that it is th...
Evaluation of chemical flame retardants for carcinogenic potential

Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) and Pyroset TKP, which is the mixed acetate/phosphate of the same phosphonium base, are widely used in flame‐retardant cotton fabrics, particularly in children's sleepwear. THPC degrades thermally and under certain chemical conditions to yield hydrochloric acid and formaldehyde (CH2O). In solution, the latter two compounds are In equilibrium with the known potent carcinogen bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME). A sample of commercial THPC contained from 4% (at pH 0.4) to 14% (at pH > 4.5) free CH 2 O. The material, as supplied by the manufacturer, showed pH 0.4. Gas Chromatographic analysis of aqueous commercial THPC did not reveal any peak characteristic of BCME under conditions where 0.1 ppm of the material can be detected. Application to mouse skin of THPC (2 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO) and of Pyroset TKP (7 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO), three times per week for 400 days with 20 female ICR/Ha Swiss mice per group, gave one squamous carcinoma in the THPC‐treated group. THPC was ...
Coronary Event Secondary Prevention with Statins Irrespective of LDL-Cholesterol

OBJECTIVE:To review the evidence for statin secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in patients with near-optimal or optimal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (1966-October 2003) was conducted using the search terms HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, statins, coronary disease, post-myocardial infarction, and average cholesterol.DATA SYNTHESIS:Secondary prevention trials enrolling subjects with near-optimal (<130 mg/dL) or optimal (<100 mg/dL) baseline LDL-C were included. Early statin secondary prevention studies suggested attenuated benefit, but more recent trials challenge this finding.CONCLUSIONS:Statin secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in patients near goal LDL-C is controversial, but recent trial results show promise.