cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The abacá plant and its fiber, Manila hemp

Production of Manila hemp, the world’s foremost cord-age fiber, was a Philippine monopoly from the early nineteenth century, when it was introduced into world trade, until 1930. Since then commercial plantings have been established in several other countries, but over 90% of all abaca production still comes from the Philippines. World production of the fiber in 1951 amounted to about 200,000 tons.
Effect of tumor bulk on local control and survival of patients with T1 glottic cancer: a 30-year experience.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of tumor bulk on local control and survival of patients with T1 glottic cancer. Methods and Materials Effects of tumor bulk, T-stage, anterior-commissure involvement, treatment duration, and fraction size were analyzed in 208 patients; 136 had small tumors and 72 had bulky tumors. Anterior-commissure was involved in 54 patients. Treatment duration ranged from 39 to 64 days and fraction size ranged from 1.8 to 2.0 Gy. Median follow-up was 5.1 years. Results Five-year actuarial local control rates were 86.1% and 91.4% after radiotherapy and salvage laryngectomy. On univariate analysis, local control rates were 92.6% and 73.6% for small and bulky tumors ( p = 0.03), 89.6% and 75.9% for patients without and with anterior-commissure involvement ( p = 0.01), 92.6% and 75.6% when treatment duration was ≤50 days and >50 days ( p = 0.04), and 90.2% and 76.4% with 2 Gy and 1.8 Gy ( p = 0.02) per fraction. On multivariate analysis, tumor bulk was the only significant factor that affected local control ( p = 0.007). Ultimate local control rates after salvage were 97.1% and 80.5% for patients with small and bulky tumors. Disease-free survival rates at 5 years for small and bulky tumors were 96.3% and 84.7% ( p = 0.001). Median duration to recurrence for small tumors was 30 months as compared with 11 months for bulky tumors. Conclusion Tumor bulk is a highly significant prognostic factor for radiation control of T1 glottic cancer. Patients with bulky tumors had lower local control and disease-free survival rates and shorter duration to recurrence than those with small tumors.
Spilled oil and infaunal activity: modification of burrowing behavior and redistribution of oil

Abstract A series of experiments in Willapa Bay, Washington, indicates the degree to which the presence of spilled oil modifies the burrowing behavior of infauna and the extent to which the animals redistribute oil into interridal sediment. Small amounts of North Slope crude oil introduced at low tide directly into burrow openings (mostly made by the crustacean Callianassa ) resulted in a limited and temporary reduction in the number of burrow openings. In contrast, a layerof oil-saturated sand 1 cm thick buried about 5 cm below the sediment surface sharply reduced the number of burrow openings. After a year, the few new burrows penetrated only the margins of the experimental plot, and bioturbation below the buried oil saturated sand layer declined dramatically. The experiments suggest that small amounts of oil temporarily stranded by tides in themselves have no long-range effect on burrowing behavior. The fauna, however, are capable of introducing measurable amounts of oil into the subsurface, where it is retained long after the rest of the stranded oil has washed away. A buried layer of oil-saturated sand greatly reduces infaunal activity; the oil presents an effective barrier that can persist for years. The oil incorporated into the sediment from burrow openings showed evidence of degradation after 7 months. In contrast, the layer of buried oil remained essentially undegraded after a period of two years, even though oil in lower concentrations above the layer was degraded after a period of one year. This variation in degree of dgradation of the buried oil, as well as the heterogeneity of oil distribution wherever the oil has been incorporated from the surface, emphasises the importance of careful sampling in any attempt to locate or monitor the presence of spilled oil in the substrate.
Early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis: intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in the clinical setting.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how guidelines for the use of intrapartum antibiotics for the prevention of early-onset Group B streptococcal infection are utilized in a clinical setting. STUDY DESIGN: Review of maternal/infant records for the year 1993 in a perinatal center. RESULTS: Intrapartum antibiotics were administered to 77.8% of 443 Group B streptococcus (GBS)-colonized women. There were 452 infants born to these mothers, of which four developed GBS infection. During the same period, an additional 11 infants with GBS infection were born to women with “negative” or “unknown” GBS status (the women did not receive intrapartum antibiotics). Infants of GBS-colonized women who had not receive antibiotics were more likely to develop infection than GBS negative or unknown status, odds ratio 9.0, 95% confidence interval (2.8–29.1). CONCLUSION: This study supports the use of intrapartum antibiotics as an important means of preventing early-onset neonatal GBS infection but demonstrates problems that may be encountered in the clinical application of guidelines for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis.
Opinions of Illinois voters about coordinated school health programs

: A random-digit dialed telephone survey was conducted in Illinois to determine support for coordinated school health programs (CSHP). Survey data were obtained from 469 registered voters in June and July 2000. Results demonstrated that most Illinois registered voters: 1) supported the concept and practice of CSHP; 2) were uncertain if current school health education and services were adequate; 3) believed Illinois schools should set a goal of creating a “healthier state;” and 4) although supportive of concept, were not familiar with term CSHP. Characteristics of supportive and nonsupportive registered voters are reported. Results of this study may assist in developing educational and marketing strategies to build support for coordinated school health programs in Illinois. (J Sch Health. 2002;72(1):8–12)
Formation of 1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino)ethane, dppe, from two coordinated diphenylvinylphosphine (DPVP) ligands; crystal structures of cis- and trans- (DPVP)2 Mo (CO)4 and (dppe)M(CO)4 (M=Cr, Mo)

Abstract Photolysis of a 1:2 mixture of M(CO)6 (M=Cr, Mo) and diphenylvinylphosphine (DPVP) in tetrahydrofuran produces (DPVP)M(CO)5, cis- and trans- (DPVP)2M(CO)4, (dppe)M(CO)4 (dppe=1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino)ethane, and fac- (dppe) (DPVP)Mo (CO)3. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and 1 H, 13 C{1 H} and 31 P{1 H} NMR spectroscopy and in four cases by X-ray crystallography. The Mo–P bond lengths for cis- (DPVP)2Mo (CO)4 (2.5509 (10) A, ave.) are longer than those for the trans-isomer (2.4713 (7) A) due to the greater trans influence of CO than of DPVP. The Mo–P bond lengths for (dppe)Mo (CO)4 (2.5020 (11) A, ave.) lie between these two values.
Dissociation between cellular K+ loss, reduction in repolarization time, and tissue ATP levels during myocardial hypoxia and ischemia.

The mechanisms underlying the marked increase in [K+]o in response to ischemia are not fully understood. Accordingly, the present study was performed to assess the contribution of ATP-regulated K+ channels by using simultaneous measurements of cellular K+ efflux, [K+]o, transmembrane action potentials, and tissue ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine, and creatine content in a unique isolated, blood-perfused papillary muscle preparation during hypoxia compared with ischemia. During 15 minutes of hypoxic perfusion (PO2, 6.1 +/- 0.9 mm Hg) with normal [K+]o of 4.1 +/- 0.1 mM, action potential duration (APD) was not altered even though tissue ATP levels decreased markedly from 33.5 +/- 1.8 to 14.7 +/- 2.0 nmol.mg protein-1 (p < 0.01). Net cellular K+ efflux, based on measured differences of [K+] between the venous effluent and the perfusate, was 13.23 +/- 0.79 mumol.g wet wt-1 during hypoxia. In contrast, after 15 minutes of zero-flow ischemia, APD at 80% of repolarization (APD80) decreased by 47% from 171 +/- 5 to 92 +/- 5 msec (p < 0.01), but integrated net cellular K+ efflux over 15 minutes of ischemia was 8.4-fold less (1.57 +/- 0.13 mumol.g wet wt-1) than during hypoxia. Tissue ATP levels, however, decreased by only 35.2% to 21.7 +/- 2.1 nmol.mg protein-1, which was significantly less than that induced by 15 minutes of hypoxia. Perfusion with hypoxic blood containing high [K+]o of 10.3 +/- 0.3 mM resulted in APD shortening similar to that observed during ischemia. Cellular K+ loss, however, was inhibited markedly by high [K+]o perfusion (only 4.51 +/- 0.28 mumol.g wet wt-1). Pretreatment with glibenclamide (5 microM), a drug that has been reported to inhibit ATP-regulated K+ channels and accelerate glycolysis in normoxic tissue, partially inhibited cellular K+ efflux during hypoxic perfusion with normal [K+]o (7.35 +/- 0.71 versus 13.23 +/- 0.79 mumol.g wet wt-1, p < 0.01) but had no significant influence on repolarization time or tissue ATP levels. Although glibenclamide partially prevented action potential shortening induced by hypoxic perfusion in the presence of elevated [K+]o, the proportion of cellular K+ efflux reduced by glibenclamide was less (23%) than that observed with glibenclamide in hypoxic perfusion with normal [K+]o (44%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Phase fractionation and oil-condensate mass balance in the South Marsh Island Block 208–239 area, offshore Louisiana

Abstract Phase fractionation can strongly deplete oil of its volatile compounds in a regular and characteristic fashion. This process has affected oils to a remarkably uniform extent throughout the 30 × 15 km South Marsh Island 208–239 and Vermilion 30–31 area (including the Tiger Shoal, Starfak, Mound Point, Lighthouse Point, Amber, Trinity Shoal, and Aquamarine fields) just offshore Louisiana. Fractionation of the original “parent” oil likely occurred in the deep, relatively flat-lying Rob L sand that underlies the area, and produced gas-washed oils (mean API 33°) and gas condensates (mean API 50°) in a volume ratio of 1:3.5. Both fractionated oil and vapor migrated from the fractionation site to shallower reservoirs. However, the estimated ultimate production ratio of gas-washed oil to gas condensate in this group of fields is 1:0.32, about 11 times higher than would be expected on mass balance considerations alone. Thus, there is an apparent deficiency of producible gas condensate relative to the amount of producible oil for the entire study area and for every field in that area. In the case of the Tiger Shoal field, the ratio of industry-estimated ultimately producible oil to gas condensate is 1:1.1. Based on the production data, we conclude that either there is an additional 6.4 × 10 6 m 3 (43 MMbbl) of undiscovered and/or unproduced condensate in the area or that condensate has escaped preferentially in vapor form to the seafloor. The well-studied and nearly depleted Tiger Shoal field provides a good example of how chemical data can be analyzed in a way that contributes insight into the phase fractionation process and the remaining exploration potential of an area.
RBP-Jκ binds to and represses transcription of the p53 tumor suppressor gene

The tightly regulated expression of p53 contributes to genomic stability and transcription of the p53 gene is induced prior to cells entering S-phase, possibly as a mechanism to insure a rapid p53 response in the event of DNA damage. We have previously described the cloning of an additional 1000bp of upstream p53 sequences that play a role in the regulated expression of p53, and identified that C/EBPbeta-2 participates in inducing p53 gene expression in a cell cycle regulated fashion. This report deals with the transcriptional regulator, RBP-Jkappa, an essential target of the Notch receptor signaling pathway. It binds to the p53 promoter in a cell cycle regulation fashion and also serves to repress p53 gene expression. We conclude from these findings that the coordinate expression of C/EBPbeta-2 and RBP-Jkappa may be linked to p53 transcription during G(0) and as cells move into S-phase. Because defects in the Notch signaling pathway have been implicated in carcinogenesis, aberrant RBP-Jkappa expression and deregulated regulation of the p53 tumor suppressor could be an important step in some forms of cancers.
Gigi’s Tipis

As an autoethnography, Gigi’s Tipis experiments with the short-story format as a “new style” of qualitative investigation into family communication. Gigis Tipis presents narrative of family conventions and resistance as experienced by the author and her new family. When Jake’s girlfriend, Gigi, makes an offhanded joke that upsets his sister, a series of scenes unravel the family’s deep-seated tensions. Eventually miscommunication leads to no communication until Gigi takes matters into her own hands, revealing a family structure that has promoted dysfunction for at least a generation.
Interests and interdependence in the formation of social problem-solving collaborations

Cross-sectoral collaboration to address social problems is becoming more widespread. To assess the potential for the formation of cross-sectoral collaborations, this article explores the two most critical factors that influence an organization's willingness to participate: its stakes in solving the problem relative to its fundamental interests, and its degree of perceived interdependence with other groups in devising a solution. Two patterns of evolution toward collaborative formation are identified: movement from interdependence to interests, and movement from interests to interdependence. These patterns are illustrated by two case studies about successful cross-sectoral collaborations, one to improve a regional transportation system and one to create the first comprehensive regulations for underground chemical storage tanks.
3D micro-optic circuits in holographic photopolymers

Three-dimensional direct-write lithography into diffusion-mediated photopolymers developed for holography is shown to create 10 micron single-mode waveguides. We demonstrate low-loss waveguides, 90 degree bends off of encapsulated mirrors and fabrication of waveguides to embedded fibers.
Defects in bombarded amorphous silicon

Abstract Luminescence and electron spin resonance are investigated in plasma deposited a-Si: H samples after bombardment with electrons and He+ ions. The defects introduced are predominantly singly occupied dangling bonds and act as non-radiative recombination centres. Annealing between room temperature and 300°C decreases the density of these defects, but in some samples annealing apparently leads to the formation of spinless centres. Defect-related luminescence near 0·9 eV is interpreted as a transition between an electron trap and a self-trapped band-tail hole. Disorder induced by the damage broadens the band tails and is observed as a shift of the band-edge luminescence to lower energy. He+ ions cause greater damage of this kind than electrons, in accordance with expectations. The annealing of the E.S.R. spin density is sample-dependent and is explained by the differing amounts of hydrogen in the films.
Can Event Study Methods Solve the Currency Exposure Puzzle

Prior empirical evidence on the stock price response of exposed firms to contemporaneous changes in exchange rates is weak. This paper avoids many problems encountered in previous work by using event-study methods to examine the daily stock price reactions of exposed U.S. multinationals to large, bi-lateral declines in the Mexican peso and Thai baht. We find a contemporaneous price response but interpret the magnitude of the response to say that the currency puzzle is not primarily due to methodological weaknesses in prior studies. Several findings suggest that effective financial and operational hedging may be the chief reason exchange rate changes do not affect stock prices more dramatically.
Dielectric Characteristics of Na2O · 3SiO2 Glasses with High Water Contents

Dielectric characteristics of Na2O·3SiO2 glasses with water contents up to ∼12 wt% were found to be drastically affected by incorporated water. The high-frequency dielectric constant increased with water content, while both the static dielectric constant and the low-frequency dielectric relaxation strength showed a pronounced minimum at a water content of ∼3 wt%.
Building empathic skills in elementary school children through group work

Abstract Elementary school counselors are challenged to meet the expanding needs of today's children. These counselors can best promote personal and social development through groups, in which peers contribute to development. A group focused on developing empathic skill helps children moue beyond egocentrism and build the foundation for social skills. A psychoeducational group model is presented along with theoretical and practical considerations.
Turnover kinetics of dopamine and norepinephrine in the forebrain after kindling in rats.

Abstract Turnover rate constants for dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were estimated for the forebrain of kindled rats from which overt motor seizures had been elicited by stimulation of basolateral amygdala. Kindled rats had significantly higher rate constants for DA turnover in the hemisphere ipsilateral to electrical stimulation. Turnover rate constant for DA in contralateral hemisphere tended to be greater in kindled rats and was not significantly different from that determined for ipsilateral hemisphere. NE turnover rate constants were not significantly different between hemispheres nor between groups of kindled and control rats.
Expressing cycles and their emissions on the basis of properties and results from other cycles.

A method is proposed to predict vehicle emissions over a driving cycle on the basis of the vehicle’s emissions measured over other driving cycles and the properties of these cycles. These properties include average velocity, average inertial power, and average acceleration. This technique was demonstrated and verified using data from the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) E-55/59 emissions inventory program using the statistical properties of the cycles used for measurement in E-55/59. These cycles were Idle mode, Creep mode, Cruise mode, and Transient mode of the 5-Mode CARB H-HDDT, and their intensive properties were average velocity, average acceleration, and average inertial power. The predicted emissions were from the vehicle driven over the U.S. heavy-duty urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). The emissions data were collected from 56 heavy-duty trucks operating at a test weight of 56000 lbs. The predicted emissions data for the UDDS can be expressed as a linear combination of emissions from I...
Development of kW Class Planar Type SOFC Stacks and a 5kW Class Cogeneration System

Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI) has studied anode-supported planar type SOFCs and cogeneration systems. The cell was composed of NiO-YSZ/YSZ/LSCF and the fabrication process of 10 × 10 cm2 and 15 × 15 cm2 cells was established. KEPRI successfully manufactured and operated a 1 kW class SOFC cogeneration system in 2008. The 1 kW stack was made of 48 cells with 10 × 10 cm2 area and ferritic stainless steel interconnectors. The 1 kW system showed about 1.3 kWDC power with hydrogen and 1.2 kWDC with a city gas under self-sustained operating condition. The system also recuperated heat of about 1.1 kW by making hot water. A 5 kW SOFC system consisted of a hot box part and a cold BOP part for the effective thermal management. The hot box part included 2 sub-module stacks, a fuel reformer, a catalytic combustor and heat exchangers. A sub-module stack was designed to comprise 65 cells with 15 × 15 cm2 area and ferritic stainless steel interconnectors. The system was manufactured and tested using short stacks.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Psychotropic drugs and epilepsy

Psychotropic drug use in epileptics requires special considerations, since many such drugs lower the seizure threshold. Stress associated with epilepsy often produces psychiatric problems, so that psychotropic drug therapy may be required. Side-effects of the anticonvulsant drugs themselves must also be considered, as must psychotropic-anticonvulsant interactions. Other seizure risk factors must be taken into account, but nevertheless psychotropic drug therapy should not be denied to the epileptic when it is specifically indicated. This paper outlines the precautions that need to be taken under such circumstances.
Educational programs to promote awareness and prevention of child sexual victimization: A review and methodological critique

Abstract Recent years have witnessed the development and implementation of clinical services designed to remediate and prevent the many deleterious effects of child sexual abuse. However, little information has been disseminated and reviewed in the professional literature to facilitate clinical application of specific procedures directed toward children, parents, and involved professionals. This paper provides an overview and critique of various prevention programs conducted in school and community settings, highlighting their achievements and limitations. The methods, characteristics, and empirical outcomes of specific programs are discussed along with future directions and recommendations.
Reduction mammoplasty utilizing the superior pedicle technique: A six-year retrospective

Since its original presentation in 1972, several modifications have been made in the superior pedicle technique of reduction mammoplasty. These changes allow for its use in a wide variety of breast problems ranging from involutional mastopathy and mammoptosis to major hypertrophies requiring nipple areola transpositions of up to 17 cm. A detailed description of the modified techniques is presented as well as our experiences with 180 cases followed for at least 1 year.
The theatre audience: An abstraction

Both the actors and the audience are often thought of as essential to the “living” art of the theatre. That the performance by live actors is essential seems unquestionable, but I shall argue in this essay that the actors prepare and perform for an abstract audience. Evidence for this view is found in theoretical formulations and in theatre practices.
Temperature-dependent spectroscopic studies of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide)-inorganic salt complexes

Abstract Raman spectra of low molecular weight poly(propylene oxide), PPO, and PPO containing dissolved sodium thiocyanate, NaSCN, have been measured from 25°C to 225°C. A low frequency mode involving torsional or bending motion of the polymer backbone at 239 cm −1 in PPO is the most sensitive to the presence of NaSCN. Frequency shifts in the anion stretching vibrations suggest the presence of ion pairs. At temperatures above 165°C microcrystalline NaSCN is observed to precipitate out of the liquid PPO.
Flood-control duties of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army

The Corps of Engineers, United States Army, was not assigned official charge of Federal flood-control activities until the passage of the Flood-Control Act of June 22, 1936. However, prior to that date, the Corps prepared thousands of flood-control studies throughout the United States, and by special acts of Congress, 1910, 1917, and 1928, designed and constructed flood-control improvements on the Mississippi and Sacramento rivers. It may be of interest to learn the reasons why the Corps of Engineers, acting through the Chief of Engineers and the Secretary of War, became the agency responsible for the design and construction of flood-control works throughout the United States. The reasons are logical and are based upon the experience of many years.
Design and packaging of small 60 GHz antenna array for multi-chip communication

In this paper, the design of a directive two-antenna 60 GHz array for chip-to-chip communications is proposed. The small array is used to improve the wireless link budget. The antenna system is designed in a package (AiP) which could be placed on the top of a silicon substrate. The analysis of the radiated fields, the packagine integration the feeding circuits are discussed in this paper. With proper design considerations, this 60 GHz antenna system demonstrates improved horizontal transmission capability and wireless link efficiency.
Unsuspected lung cancer found in work-up for lung reduction operation.

Background. Lung reduction surgery is gaining acceptance in the treatment of patients suffering from severe diffuse emphysema. At the University of Pittsburgh 210 patients have been evaluated and 128 patients have undergone lung reduction operations. Methods. Ten patients, representing 7.8% of the operated group, have had asymptomatic cancerous or neoplastic lesions diagnosed on preoperative evaluation or pathologic analysis of resected tissue. Results. Six primary lung cancers (three squamous, three adenocarcinoma) and four other neoplastic lesions (squamous dysplasia, chemodectoma, and two carcinoid tumorlets) have been identified. All patients were heavy smokers, and all had markedly impaired pulmonary function. Patients whose lesions were identified on preoperative testing underwent thoracoscopic wedge excision of the tumor alone. Conclusions. Our experience suggests that patients with impaired pulmonary function (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) presenting for lung reduction operations are at a high risk of harboring an unsuspected neoplastic lesion. Complete preoperative evaluation of radiographic studies and preoperative bronchoscopic examination are mandatory.
Effects of solution crowding on actin polymerization reveal the energetic basis for nucleotide-dependent filament stability

Abstract Actin polymerization is a fundamental cellular process involved in cell structure maintenance, force generation, and motility. Phosphate release from filament subunits following ATP hydrolysis destabilizes the filament lattice and increases the critical concentration (Cc) for assembly. The structural differences between ATP- and ADP-actin are still debated, as well as the energetic factors that underlie nucleotide-dependent filament stability, particularly under crowded intracellular conditions. Here, we investigate the effect of crowding agents on ATP- and ADP-actin polymerization and find that ATP-actin polymerization is largely unaffected by solution crowding, while crowding agents lower the Cc of ADP-actin in a concentration-dependent manner. The stabilities of ATP- and ADP-actin filaments are comparable in the presence of physiological amounts (∼ 30% w/v) and types (sorbitol) of low molecular weight crowding agents. Crowding agents act to stabilize ADP-F-actin by slowing subunit dissociation. These observations suggest that nucleotide hydrolysis and phosphate release per se do not introduce intrinsic differences in the in vivo filament stability. Rather, the preferential disassembly of ADP-actin filaments in cells is driven through interactions with regulatory proteins. Interpretation of the experimental data according to osmotic stress theory implicates water as an allosteric regulator of actin activity and hydration as the molecular basis for nucleotide-dependent filament stability.
PET: a statistical model for popular events tracking in social communities

User generated information in online communities has been characterized with the mixture of a text stream and a network structure both changing over time. A good example is a web-blogging community with the daily blog posts and a social network of bloggers. An important task of analyzing an online community is to observe and track the popular events, or topics that evolve over time in the community. Existing approaches usually focus on either the burstiness of topics or the evolution of networks, but ignoring the interplay between textual topics and network structures. In this paper, we formally define the problem of popular event tracking in online communities (PET), focusing on the interplay between texts and networks. We propose a novel statistical method that models the the popularity of events over time, taking into consideration the burstiness of user interest, information diffusion on the network structure, and the evolution of textual topics. Specifically, a Gibbs Random Field is defined to model the influence of historic status and the dependency relationships in the graph; thereafter a topic model generates the words in text content of the event, regularized by the Gibbs Random Field. We prove that two classic models in information diffusion and text burstiness are special cases of our model under certain situations. Empirical experiments with two different communities and datasets (i.e., Twitter and DBLP) show that our approach is effective and outperforms existing approaches.
Virus-Induced Thyroiditis

Mice infected with reovirus type 1 developed a mild thyroiditis characterized by focal destruction of acinar tissue, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and microsomal antigens. Thyroid involvement appears to be part of a more generalized virus-induced polyendocrine disease. (Endocrinology 122: 563–566, 1988)
Is There a Right to Forget? Historical Injustices, Race, Memory, and Identity

This article critically evaluates the argument that individuals and nations have a right to forget their past. Since our histories shape our identities, forgetting is unnecessary, impossible, and politically problematic. Cosmopolitanism allows individuals to combine memory and de-essentialized group identities with more universal identities. Further, governments have no right to forget the past, since they could use this right to avoid grappling with the legacies of historical injustices in the present. Against the view that time heals all wounds, I argue that promoting justice in the present requires us to recognize the legacies of historical injustices such as slavery and to promote some form of restitution.
Dreams of the Future: The Pursuit of Education and Career Possible Selves Among Ninth Grade Latino Youth

To better inform educational policies for Latino students, this study explores the relations between Latino students' conceptions of their futures and their risk status for school dropout. Using the theory of possible selves, the study examines students' hoped-for, expected, and feared selves, the power of those selves to predict risk status for school dropout, and the content of their specificity and ideological beliefs. Four hundred fifteen ninth grade Latino students were surveyed, 30 who also participated in interviews. Results indicated that Latino students' possible selves differed significantly, with hoped-for selves representing the highest levels of educational and occupational attainment. Although hoped-for and expected selves did not predict students' academic performance, feared selves did. The interviews indicated that the specificity and ideological beliefs housed within possible selves might be integral to the mechanisms through which those selves influence academic performance. The implica...
TRPγ, a Drosophila TRP–Related Subunit, Forms a Regulated Cation Channel with TRPL

Abstract TRP and TRPL are two light-sensitive cation channel subunits required for the Drosophila photoresponse; however, our understanding of the identities, subunit composition, and function of the light-responsive channels is incomplete. To explain the residual photoresponse that remains in the trp mutant, a third TRP-related subunit has previously been proposed to function with TRPL. Here, we identify such a subunit, TRPγ. We show that TRPγ is highly enriched in photoreceptor cells and preferentially heteromultimerizes with TRPL in vitro and in vivo. The N-terminal domain of TRPγ dominantly suppressed the TRPL-dependent photoresponse, indicating that TRPγ-TRPL heteromultimers contribute to the photoresponse. While TRPL and TRPγ homomultimers are constitutively active, we demonstrate that TRPL–TRPγ heteromultimers form a regulated phospholipase C– (PLC-) stimulated channel.
The relationship between auditory temporal analysis and receptive language development: evidence from studies of developmental language disorder.

Abstract The relationship between sensory, perceptual and motor abilities and receptive language abilities was studied in developmental dysphasic children. The tests administered included experimental auditory, visual and cross-modal perceptual tests. In addition, a battery of neurodevelopmental “soft sign” sensory, perceptual and motor tests were also given. Demographic and case history data were collected. Receptive language was derived based upon a battery of standardized language tests. Multivariate analyses were employed to examine the relationship between receptive language and sensory, perceptual and motor abilities. Results demonstrated that auditory perceptual variables, specifically those requiring rapid temporal analysis, were most highly correlated with the degree of receptive language deficit of the dysphasic children.
Hitting time for quantum walks on the hypercube

Hitting times for discrete quantum walks on graphs give an average time before the walk reaches an ending condition. To be analogous to the hitting time for a classical walk, the quantum hitting time must involve repeated measurements as well as unitary evolution. We derive an expression for hitting time using superoperators, and numerically evaluate it for the discrete walk on the hypercube. The values found are compared to other analogs of hitting time suggested in earlier work. The dependence of hitting times on the type of unitary ``coin'' is examined, and we give an example of an initial state and coin which gives an infinite hitting time for a quantum walk. Such infinite hitting times require destructive interference, and are not observed classically. Finally, we look at distortions of the hypercube, and observe that a loss of symmetry in the hypercube increases the hitting time. Symmetry seems to play an important role in both dramatic speed-ups and slow-downs of quantum walks.
Geohydrology Surrounding a Potential High-Level Waste Repository in Richton Salt Dome, Mississippi

A site investigation study is currently being performed in the vicinity of Richton Salt Dome, Mississippi. Description of the geohydrology setting of the area is integral to assessment of the site’s ability to isolate nuclear waste, and to the design and construction of repository shafts and seals. Two ground-water models are being developed to assist the evaluations and design efforts: a regional model to better define the regional groundwater flow system; and a near-dome model to refine the flow system around the dome. Initial results suggest that present conditions of ground-water flow away from the dome will meet the hydrologic requirements for a suitable repository site.
Glucagon and Catecholamine Secretion During Hypoglycemia in Normal and Diabetic Man

To examine the role of catecholamines in glucopenia-induced glucagon secretion, urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine and plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) were measuredduring insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic man. Despite equivalent levels of hypoglycemia the mean plasma IRG increment in diabetics was only 15% of normals. The increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine were comparable in diabetics and normals; thus, the blunted response in plasma IRG to the stimulus of low blood sugar in diabetics cannot be explained by a generalized defect in catecholamine secretion. It is suggested that an alpha-cell glucoreceptor defect may account for the abnormal response to glucopenia in diabetics. To evaluate the possibility that impaired sensitivity to circulating catecholamines could explain the alpha cell dysfunction in diabetics, exogenous epinephrine was infused in normals and insulindependent diabetics. Elevated plasma IRG during epinephrine infusion was observed in on...
Observation of distinct nanosecond and microsecond protein folding events

Two very fast phases in the incipient folding of apomyoglobin are assigned to the formation of the first local and global structural elements of the protein.
Welcome Message from the Editor-in-Chief

Fungi are one of the most important and diverse groups of organisms on the planet, having a dual impact on humanity. They adversely impact human and animal health and can be a scourge to agriculture, while in turn serving as a beneficial source for foods and beverages, new medications, and biocontrol. There are approximately 1.5 million different species of fungi on Earth, which largely reside in soil and plant. They are also readily found on human skin and within the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, yet only about 300 species are known to make people sick [1,2]. Fungi are bountiful in the environment and we encounter them everyday, usually in the form of freely dispersed spores and hyphal fragments that we breath-in. Typically, encounters with fungi are harmless, as the human immune systems is well poised to handle such interactions. However, some fungal species pose significant health risks, such as endemic mycoses or those producing toxins like mycotoxins. Most importantly, immune dysfunction can lead to serious life-threatening diseases or severe fungal-induced allergic diseases such as asthma or other chronic conditions [3]. In fact, most invasive fungal diseases are associated with changes in the host such as immunosuppression, antibiotic-mediated disruption of microflora, or other immunosuppressing conditions resulting from HIV/AIDS and hematologic malignancies [3,4]. Such diseases require therapy with antifungal agents. Yet, there are only limited classes available to treat invasive fungal infection, and emerging drug resistance further restricts treatment options. In some cases, agents used to control agriculturally important moulds are the same class as those used to treat humans, and de novo resistance can emerge from the environment [5]. Fungi are not always easy to detect and cryptic chronic infections in the form of unculturable organisms can confound diagnosis [6]. [...].
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of (AlyGa1−y)xIn1−xP (x ∽ 0.5) on (100) GaAs

Abstract A1GaInP layers have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy using a dimetric phosphorus beam on (100) GaAs substrates at 510 ° C. Compositional control and doping properties of Be and Si have been investigated. 10 μm wide stripe-geometry GaInp/A1InP double-heterostructure lasers were prepared, and room-temperature CW operation was achieved with a threshold current of 93 mA and an emission wavelength of 671 nm.
Econets: Neural networks that learn in an environment

Ecological networks are networks that learn in an environment. It is the environment, and not the researcher, that determines the conditions in which learning takes place such as which input patterns are seen, what the teaching input is, etc. Furthermore, input patterns at time N+1 are often a function of the output of the network at time N. Two hypotheses are explored with reference to ecological networks. One is that predicting the sensory consequences (input) for an organism of the organism's actions (output) on the environment is one of the basic tasks of this type of network—basic for constructing an environmental map or world model. The other is that learning to predict the sensory consequences of the organism's actions favourably predisposes the organism to learn to attain goals with those actions. Some data from simulations that support these two hypotheses are reported.
Automatic indexed calculation of wachspress' rational finite element functions

Abstract A numerical method of calculating all of the polynomial coefficients for Wachspress' rational finite element functions is presented. It requires only linear algebraic computations of matrix algebra and avoids the complicated constructions of geometric algebra used in the development of the rational elements.
Three-Dimensional Compositional Elastic Field in Cubic Anisotropic Solid Films on Compliant Substrates

A two-dimensional Laplace transform technique is used to find an analytical solution for the three-dimensional elastic field in solid films attached to a compliant substrate. The stress field arises from the misfit between the film and substrate and also from the non-uniform composition field in the film itself. Both the film and substrate are assumed to have cubic symmetry. The solution method can also be applied to materials with general orthotropic symmetry.
A simple, quick, and high-yield preparation of the human thromboxane A2 receptor in full size for structural studies.

Human thromboxane A 2 receptor (TP), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is one of the most promising targets for developing the next generation of anti-thrombosis and hypertension drugs. However, obtaining a sufficient amount of the full-sized and active membrane protein has been the major obstacle for structural elucidation that reveals the molecular mechanisms of the receptor activation and drug designs. Here we report an approach for the simple, quick, and high-yield preparation of the purified and active full-sized TP in an amount suitable for structural studies. Glycosylated human TP was highly expressed in Sf-9 cells using an optimized baculovirus (BV) expression system. The active receptor was extracted and solubilized by different detergents for comparison and was finally purified to a nearly single band with a ratio of 1:0.9 ± 0.05 (ligand:receptor molecule) in ligand binding using a Ni column with a relatively low yield. However, a high-yield purification (milligram quantity) of the TP protein, from a modulate scale of transfected Sf-9 cell culture, has been achieved by quick and simple purification steps, which include DNA digestion, dodecyl-maltoside detergent extraction, centrifugation, and FPLC purification. The purity and quantity of the purified TP, using the high-yield approach, were suitable for protein structural studies as evidenced by SDS-PAGE, Western blot analyses, ligand binding assays, and a feasibility test using high-resolution one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1 H NMR spectroscopic analyses. These studies provide a basis for the high-yield expression and purification of the GPCR for the structural and functional characterization using biophysics approaches.
CONTROL OF STATIONARY BEHAVIOR IN PROBABILISTIC BOOLEAN NETWORKS BY MEANS OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTION

Probabilistic Boolean Networks (PBNs) were recently introduced as models of gene regulatory networks. The dynamical behavior of PBNs, which are probabilistic generalizations of Boolean networks, ca...
THE BRIGHTER SIDE OF DEVIANCE: IMPLICATIONS FROM A STUDY OF NEED FOR UNIQUENESS AND SENSATION-SEEKING

Correlations between Snyder's Uniqueness Scale and Zuckerman's Sensation-seeking Scale, Form IV are presented for 60 adults (30 males, 30 females) ranging in age from 16 to 64 yr. The Uniqueness Scale, measuring “abnormality” as a positive characteristic, was related to scores on 5 subscales of Zuckerman's scale. Significant correlations were found between the Uniqueness Scale and all Sensation-seeking subscales with the exception of Thrill and Adventure Seeking for females.
Effect of seating force on film thickness of new adhesive luting agents

Abstract This study examined the effect of seating force on the film thickness of new adhesive luting agents. The method was in compliance with American National Standards/American Dental Association Specification No. 8 for zinc phosphate cement. The materials tested were zinc phosphate cement, glass ionomer cement, polycar☐ylate cement, and a resinous cement with a dentinal bonding agent. All materials were manipulated exactly as described in the manufacturer's instructions, and an electronic gauge with an accuracy of 0.5μm was used. Each class of material was measured 10 times at six different seating forces. Analysis of variance and multiple comparisons testing disclosed that the seating force and class of material strongly influenced the film thicknesses of luting agents. A mathematical model describing the response of zinc phosphate cement within the range tested was reported.
Neuroendocrine and Pharmacological Manipulations to Assess How Caloric Restriction Increases Life Span

As part of an effort to review current understanding of the mechanisms by which caloric restriction (CR) extends maximum life span, the authors of the present review were requested to develop a list of key issues concerning the potential role of neuroendocrine systems in mediating these effects. It has long been hypothesized that failure of specific neuroendocrine functions during aging leads to key age-related systemic and physiological failures, and more recently it has been postulated that physiological neuroendocrine responses to CR may increase life span. However, although the acute neuroendocrine responses to fasting have been well studied, it is not clear that these responses are necessarily identical to those observed in response to the chronic moderate (30% to 50% reduction) CR that increases maximum life span. Therefore the recommendations of this panel fall into two categories. First, further characterization of neuroendocrine responses to CR over the entire life span is needed. Second, rigorous interventional studies are needed to test the extent to which neuroendocrine responses to CR mediate the effects of CR on life span, or alternatively if CR protects the function of essential neuroendocrine cells whose impairment reduces life span. Complementary studies using rodent models, nonhuman primates, and humans will be essential to assess the generality of elucidated mechanisms, and to determine if such mechanisms might apply to humans.
Refined structure of dimeric diphtheria toxin at 2.0 Å resolution

The refined structure of dimeric diphtheria toxin (DT) at 2.0 A resolution, based on 37,727 unique reflections (F > 1 sigma (F)), yields a final R factor of 19.5% with a model obeying standard geometry. The refined model consists of 523 amino acid residues, 1 molecule of the bound dinucleotide inhibitor adenylyl 3'-5' uridine 3' monophosphate (ApUp), and 405 well-ordered water molecules. The 2.0-A refined model reveals that the binding motif for ApUp includes residues in the catalytic and receptor-binding domains and is different from the Rossmann dinucleotide-binding fold. ApUp is bound in part by a long loop (residues 34-52) that crosses the active site. Several residues in the active site were previously identified as NAD-binding residues. Glu 148, previously identified as playing a catalytic role in ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 by DT, is about 5 A from uracil in ApUp. The trigger for insertion of the transmembrane domain of DT into the endosomal membrane at low pH may involve 3 intradomain and 4 interdomain salt bridges that will be weakened at low pH by protonation of their acidic residues. The refined model also reveals that each molecule in dimeric DT has an "open" structure unlike most globular proteins, which we call an open monomer. Two open monomers interact by "domain swapping" to form a compact, globular dimeric DT structure. The possibility that the open monomer resembles a membrane insertion intermediate is discussed.
Understanding Change and Stability in Party Ideologies: Do Parties Respond to Public Opinion or to Past Election Results?

Previous research explains the evolution of parties' ideological positions in terms of decision rules that stress the uncertainty of the political environment. The authors extend this research by examining whether parties adjust their ideologies in response to two possible influences: shifts in public opinion, and past election results. Their empirical analyses, which are based on the Comparative Manifesto Project's codings of parties' post-war programmes in eight West European nations, suggest that parties respond to shifts in public opinion, but that these effects are only significant in situations where public opinion is clearly shifting away from the party's policy positions. By contrast, no evidence is found here that parties adjust their ideologies in response to past election results. These findings have important implications for parties' election strategies and for models of political representation.