cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a mechanism-dynamic-selection turbulent premixed combustion model with application to gasoline engine combustion and emissions simulation

In order to overcome the drawback (tuning reaction rate coefficients) of using a single mechanism in the chemical-kinetics-based turbulent premixed combustion modelling approach, a mechanism-dynami...
Relative Contributions of All-Trans and 11-Cis Retinal to Formation of Lipofuscin and A2E Accumulating in Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium.

Purpose Bis-retinoids are a major component of lipofuscin that accumulates in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although bis-retinoids are known to originate from retinaldehydes required for the light response of photoreceptor cells, the relative contributions of the chromophore, 11-cis retinal, and photoisomerization product, all-trans retinal, are unknown. In photoreceptor outer segments, all-trans retinal, but not 11-cis retinal, is reduced by retinol dehydrogenase 8 (RDH8). Using Rdh8-/- mice, we evaluated the contribution of increased all-trans retinal to the formation and stability of RPE lipofuscin. Methods Rdh8-/- mice were reared in cyclic-light or darkness for up to 6 months, with selected light-reared cohorts switched to dark-rearing for the final 1 to 8 weeks. The bis-retinoid A2E was measured from chloroform-methanol extracts of RPE-choroid using HPLC-UV/VIS spectroscopy. Lipofuscin fluorescence was measured from whole flattened eyecups (excitation, 488 nm; emission, 565-725 nm). Results Cyclic-light-reared Rdh8-/- mice accumulated A2E and RPE lipofuscin approximately 1.5 times and approximately 2 times faster, respectively, than dark-reared mice. Moving Rdh8-/- mice from cyclic-light to darkness resulted in A2E levels less than expected to have accumulated before the move. Conclusions Our findings establish that elevated levels of all-trans retinal present in cyclic-light-reared Rdh8-/- mice, which remain low in wild-type mice, contribute only modestly to RPE lipofuscin formation and accumulation. Furthermore, decreases in A2E levels occurring after moving cyclic-light-reared Rdh8-/- mice to darkness are consistent with processing of A2E within the RPE and the existence of a mechanism that could be a therapeutic target for controlling A2E cytotoxicity.
Longitudinal associations of fruit juice intake in infancy with DXA-measured abdominal adiposity in mid-childhood and early adolescence.

Background Excessive abdominal adiposity is associated with health risks in children and adults. Higher consumption of fruit juice and other sources of fructose has been shown to promote weight gain and specifically visceral adiposity in adulthood. Objectives We aimed to examine the longitudinal associations of fruit juice intake in infancy with visceral adiposity in mid-childhood and early adolescence. Methods We analyzed data from 783 participants in Project Viva, a US prebirth cohort. Our exposure was fruit juice intake at 1 y old. We measured visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT) in mid-childhood (mean age 7.8 ± 0.7 y) and early adolescence (13 ± 0.8 y) using DXA. We examined longitudinal associations of fruit juice intake at 1 y with VAT, SAAT, and TAAT area sex-specific standard deviation scores (SDSs) in mid-childhood and early adolescence using linear mixed models. We adjusted for child age at outcome, sex, race/ethnicity, age and BMI z-score at 1 y-questionnaire, maternal prepregnancy BMI, level of education, and prenatal sugar-sweetened beverage intake, paternal BMI, and median household income at birth. Results After adjusting for child and parental covariates, each serving (120 mL) per day of fruit juice intake at 1 y was associated with persistently greater VAT area SDS (β = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13) at both timepoints in boys and girls. The association of fruit juice intake with VAT appeared stronger than that with SAAT (β = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.09) and TAAT (β = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.10). Conclusions Higher fruit juice intake in infancy was associated with greater abdominal adiposity, particularly VAT, in mid-childhood and early adolescence. Our findings support limiting fruit juice intake in infancy, which can have later impact on visceral adiposity in childhood and adolescence.Clinical Trial Registry number: NCT02820402 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02820402).
Deadlines, Workflows, Task Sorting, and Work Quality

Deadlines are often used to manage the time of valuable human capital. In this multimethod paper, we propose a theoretical framework grounded in a formal model that encapsulates the key drivers and...
Course Coordinator Orientations Toward their Work and Opportunities for Professional Development

One way that university mathematics departments across the United States are making efforts to improve their introductory mathematics courses is by implementing or increasing the level of course coordination. This can entail creating uniform course elements for multi-section courses and efforts to build a community of practice among the instructors teaching these courses. In this paper we explore coordinator orientations that implicitly (and in some cases explicitly) guide their work. In particular, we identified two orientations toward coordination, a Humanistic-Growth orientation and a Resource-Managerial orientation. Data analyzed in this manuscript consists of interviews with 19 course coordinators and 53 instructors from seven different higher education institutions across the United States. We introduce a framework that aligns two approaches to professional development with these two coordinator orientations and conclude with a discussion on how department chairs and others looking to implement or improve coordination may leverage this framework provided in this paper.
Person Re-identification with Limited Supervision

Abstract Person re-identification is the problem of associating observations of targets in different non-overlapping cameras. Most of the existing learning-based methods have resulted in improved p...
The State of New York Does Exist: How the States Control Compliance with International Law

Although most courts and commentators presume that the states disappear when it comes to foreign relations, states actually play a crucial role in fulfilling U.S. obligations under international law. In many circumstances, state governments are the only institutions responsible for carrying out treaty and customary international law obligations on behalf of the United States. Not only have states always played this role, but state control over the implementation of such obligations is likely to become even more important in the future because the implementation of many private international law and international human rights treaties is controlled by the states. This role for states in controlling compliance with international law calls into question the widely held view that exclusive federal control over foreign relations is required or desirable. This Article suggests state-controlled implementation could actually bolster the development of international law.
Multiple Access Alternatives

Thus far in this book we have discussed the signal processing necessary for digital communications from one point to another over a communications medium. The remainder of the book will begin to address the realization of a digital communications network in which many users simultaneously communicate with one another. One of the key issues that must be resolved in moving from a single digital communication system to a network is how we provide access to a single transmission medium for two or more (typically many more) users. In moving from a single transmitter and receiver to the sharing of media by multiple users, we must address two primary issues. First, how do we resolve the contention that is inherent in sharing a single resource. This issue is discussed in this chapter. Secondly, how do we synchronize all the users of the network as an aid to resolving the contention. We have discussed synchronization of a point-to-point link in chapter 15, but now we must extend these concepts in chapter 17 to the synchronization of many users. In chapter 18 we describe one particular multiple access technique based on signal processing called echo cancellation that is specifically used for full-duplex transmission.
Modeling and experimental characterization of SRMs for simultaneous two phase excitation

Dynamic modeling of switched reluctance motors (SRMs) is usually done on a per phase basis. However, in most applications, SRMs are used with simultaneous excitation of more than one phase. Thus, a model accounting for mutual coupling in the presence of magnetic saturation is needed to predict and optimize their performance in terms of efficiency and torque ripple. This paper presents a two phase excitation model of the SRM. Motor symmetry is used to reduce the amount of flux linkage data needed for the model. An experimental procedure to obtain the flux linkage data is described. Measured flux linkage data for the 8/6 SRM are included. Simulation results obtained from the two phase model implemented in Simulink are presented along with their implications for steady state performance.
Myres S. McDougal

The facts are not in doubt, and may be stipulated: born and brought up in Mississippi; graduated from Ole Miss, where he taught classics for two years; a Rhodes Scholar who studied to advantage with Holdsworth and Brierly; a Sterling Fellow and J.S.D. during vintage times at Yale. His youthful frolic in the classics aside, McDougal's whole working career (thus far at any rate) has been rooted in the Yale Law School, save for a lively apprenticeship (1931-1934) at the Law School of the University of Illinois and a season in the foreign affairs bureaucracy during World War II. His wartime experiences shifted the focus of his immediate concern from the law of real property, which he called Land-Use Planning, to international law, which he identifies as the Public Order of the World Community. Now Mac has reached Yale's retirement age, and he becomes Emeritus, at the peak of his creativity. The facts, however, do not begin to suggest the magnitude of the task of accounting for the phenomenon of Myres Smith McDougal.
Role of Adenosine Signaling in Penile Erection and Erectile Disorders

Introduction Penile erection is a hemodynamic process, which results from increased flow and retention of blood in the penile organ due to the relaxation of smooth muscle cells. Adenosine, a physiological vasorelaxant, has been shown to be a modulator of penile erection.
Cellular Distribution of the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor in Rat Liver Implications for Hepatic Accumulation of Desialylated Lymphocytes

Abstract It has been postulated that the selective accumulation of circulating desialylated cells in the mammalian liver results from the binding of desialylated glycoproteins on surfaces of the cells to asialoglycoprotein receptors in the liver. Since circulating cells in the liver are in contact predominantly with sinusoidal lining cells (Kupffer cells and endothelial cells), this postulate requires the presence of asialoglycoprotein receptors on the luminal surface of the sinusoidal lining cells. Whether the receptor is present on these cells, however, remains controversial. To clarify this issue, we used an indirect immunoelectron microscopic method to determine the distribution of the receptor on the surfaces of hepatic cells accessible to the circulation. F(ab′) 2 fragments of antireceptor antibodies were perfused in situ via the portal vein prior to tissue fixation. After perfusion fixation, sections were reacted with peroxidase-labeled antibodies to the antireceptor F(ab′) 2 . The plasma membranes of Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, and fat-storing cells were devoid of the asialoglycoprotein receptor. In contrast, the receptor was associated with hepatocytes, where it was present diffusely on the sinusoidal plasma membranes and concentrated within coated pits. We conclude that it is unlikely that circulating desialylated cells bind to the asialoglycoprotein receptor in the liver unless a breach in the continuity of sinusoidal lining cells exists.
Neither Methionine nor Nitrous Oxide Inactivation of Methionine Synthase Affect the Concentration of 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate in Rat Liver

5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate occupies a key position in folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism. It is involved directly in the biosynthesis of deoxythymidine, it can be converted to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate for purine synthesis and it may be reduced to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate for methylation of homocysteine to methionine. We have developed a HPLC method for measuring 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate in liver and we have used this method to investigate two conditions that perturb one-carbon metabolism: 1) administration of methionine and 2) administration of the anesthetic gas, nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Rats were given 1.3 mmol/kg of methionine, and folate coenzymes in liver were measured. As expected, giving methionine resulted in an apparent increase in the concentration of 10-formyl- and tetrahydrofolate and an apparent decrease in 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentration at 30 and 60 min. After 120 min, the concentrations of these coenzymes appeared to revert to control values. There was no apparent change in the concentration of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. Exposing rats to an atmosphere containing N 2 O results in inactivation of methionine synthase and accumulation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate at the expense of other folate coenzymes. In liver from rats breathing N 2 O, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate increased, whereas there was no change in 5- or 10-formyltetrahydrofolates (P > 0.7 and P > 0.8, respectively). Tetrahydrofolate was not detected in liver from the N 2 O group, whereas it constituted 24% of folates in the control group. The concentration of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate was not significantly affected by N 2 O (P > 0.18). These results suggest that the concentration of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is tightly regulated in liver.
Marine Plankton Algae Grown with Light‐Dark Cycles.

The diatoms Ditylum brightwellii and Nitzschia turgidula were grown in semi-continuous culture under various combinations of light intensity, temperature and daylength (photoperiod). Growth was strongly limited by light intensities below 0.03 cal/em2. min in both species. Above this intensity, light saturation of growth was rapidly approached in Nitzschia but only gradually so in Ditylum. The growth rate in continuous light was never significantly higher than with 16 hours of light plus 8 hours of dark. In Ditylum, continuous light above 0.03 cal/cm2. min caused a strong inhibition of growth at all temperatures. The chlorophyll concentration in the cells was greater the shorter the photopceriod. In cultures synchronised by different combinations of light intensity and photoperiod, cell division generally took place in the light. Synchrony was best under short photoperiods of bright light. Time courses are shown for chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis in synchronised cultures.
What hath RAR wrought

Rapid Assessment and Response (RAR) is being widely applied to issues surrounding drug use and also to the prevention of HIV and other infectious diseases (Rhodes et al., 1999; Stimson et al., 1999). This commentary aims to provide a cautionary note. RAR is being put forward as both good science and as a good intervention tool. Yet, it is my claim that these claims are not supported by evidence. If RAR is an intervention, it needs to be evaluated as such. If it is a scientific method, then its value needs to be shown as science. To put it bluntly: we probably do not know if Rapid Assessment and Response is a good thing. I say this in spite of having helped Stimson and his colleagues develop some of their RAR instrumentation; and in spite of my basic respect for some of the underlying theory. RAR does attempt to use multiple kinds of data and to triangulate it to arrive at a more accurate and more useful picture of reality than any one method can do. As someone who tries to use quantitative, practice-testing (often experimental or quasi-experimental), ethnographic, and historical methods in my own research, I clearly support this aspect of RAR (Friedman, 1982; Friedman et al., 1999). RAR in the form Stimson proposes also attempts to get relevant constituencies, including drug users, involved in designing, collecting, and interpreting the study and its results (Stimson et al., 1999). Again, these are important parts of effective research in public health. Good intentions, however, are not enough. We need to know if RAR leads to good science and to good programs. The remainder of this commentary consists primarily of a number of questions that need to be answered. First, does RAR really lead to outcomes that further the public health? Stimson and his colleagues seem pretty enthused about it on the basis of their experience, and this is an important datum. Experience is a good starting point. It is not, however, adequate; evaluation is needed. Second, a number of researchers worry that RAR is simply ‘second-rate science’. I am somewhat sympathetic to this; a good * Fax: +1-212-845-4698.
Abnormal trace metals in man—Vanadium

VANADIUM was discovered in 1801 by DEL RIO who called it erythronium. Later he decided that it was a form of chromium. Not until 1831 was it finally identified by SEFSTR~M who namea it after Vanaciis, the race of Freia, the Norse goddess of beauty [l]. Such beauty as it may have is chemical, lying in its excellent catalytic properties and physical, in the color of its compounds, but not particularly in the green tongues it causes in exposed workers [2]. During the age of metallotherapy (perhaps now due for a renaissance) compounds of vanadium were given therapeutically for a diverse variety of disorders; as antiseptic, spirochetocide, anti-tuberculous and anti-anemic agents; to boost resistance to infection and as tonics to improve appetite, nutrition and general health [I]. Obviously vanadium was not very toxic, for the doses employed were often large, 150 mg of the sodium tartrate intramuscularly and l-8 mg of the metavanadate by mouth [3]. Its use was largely given up two decades or more ago. To the BERTRANDS, p&e et jils, is largely owed interest in the possible biological activities of vanadium. Since 1903 some 18 of their publications have appeared, one on work done under the severe conditions of the German Occupation of Paris [4]. Partly because of their continuing investigations, vanadium as a trace metal has occupied a position of theoretical importance to plant and animal life for over half a century. Further interest was aroused when its activity on two currently popular substances was demonstrated. CURRAN [5] showed that vanadium suppressed the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and offered evidence that it might inhibit experimental atherosclerosis [6]. PERRY et al. [7] found enhancement of activity of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme which long ago was shown to be acutely anti-hypertensive in rats and dogs [81 and which inactivated angiotensin [8-101. The purpose of this report, the sixth of a series, is to examine vanadium from its biogeochemical aspects in order to decide whether or not it behaves as an essential trace metal in man. To do this, it was necessary to evaluate distributions, mammalian exposures, biological activities and clinical experiments, and to estimate exchanges and balances. Some of our findings were surprising.
The case for outsourcing DFT

The author discusses about outsourcing analog/mixed-signal DFT. At present we still lack a "SAF" metric for measuring analog IC fault coverage, as most analog faults that are found by testing are of a parametric variety, and can not be measured or scored (as in the SAF coverage grade) by using Boolean techniques. To analyze analog and mixed-signal (A/MS) logic for testability, one has to know what the analog failures are that need to be detected, what the capability of the test equipment will be for these measurements, what the error or repeatability will be, and what the trade off is going to be between increased test accuracy and test time
Changes in topography and vegetation near gaps in a protective foredune

Data gathered on a foredune on a nourished beach reveal the relationships between topography and plant communities at gaps in the dune crest. Sand inundation at gaps allows plants in some portions of the dune to rejuvenate to earlier successional stages, while an increase in richness occurs in other portions. Ammophila breviligulata can create an initial dune ridge, colonize new areas of bare sand within the dune field, facilitate growth of other species, and provide a natural alternative to fencing in managing gaps. Foredune mobility can be considered a positive factor if beach width and dune volume provide adequate protection.
Effects of synthetic odors on filial attachment in infant squirrel monkeys

Abstract It was hypothesized that the frequent application of synthetic odors to squirrel monkey mothers ( Saimiri sciureus ) could affect filial attachment independently of odor preferences by their infants. Six control infants were reared by mothers who retained naturally produced odors, and 12 experimental infants were reared by mothers who were regularly sprayed with a synthetic odor. In the first experiment, control but not experimental animals preferred their mother to a stranger during monthly visual discrimination tests in Months 1–5 postpartum. In the second experiment, infants preferred their synthetic rearing odor to an unfamiliar synthetic odor, but only in Month 5. The results suggest that the frequent perception of alien odors on the mother may diminish a squirrel monkey infant's behavioral attraction to her in spite of a preference developed for an early rearing odor.
The impact of film manipulation on men's and women's attitudes toward women and film editing

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of film manipulation on men’s and women’s attitudes toward women and film editing. One hundred and seventy-four participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Three groups viewed a particular manipulation of the treatment film (i.e., uncut, mosaic-ed, or edited) The Accused, a movie about gang rape that was based on a true story. The fourth group served as a control. As predicted, men reported significantly higher levels of traditionalism and rape myth acceptance-related attitudes at the onset of the study, whereas women reported higher levels of empathic attitudes. Following the study, and as expected, women experienced significantly more attitude change as a result of viewing the treatment film; men’s rape myth-related attitudes nonetheless continued to exceed those of women. Finally, men’s positive attitudes toward favoring editing decreased as sexual violence increased, whereas women’s pro-editing attitudes increased as sexual violence increased. The theoretical implications of the study, as well as the impact of viewing sexual violence in a more reality-based, versus a more entertaining, forum are discussed.
The spatial vectorcardiogram in congenital heart disease and right ventricular hypertrophy.

Abstract 1. 1. Forty-two cases known to have congenital heart disease and right ventricular hypertrophy were studied by spatial vectorcardiograms. 2. 2. Characteristic and diagnostic vectorcardiographic patterns are observed in right ventricular hypertrophy. 3. 3. The mechanisms responsible for the vectorcardiographic patterns of most cases of right ventricular hypertrophy isolated or combined are (1) Position and rotation of the heart; (2) delayed right ventricular depolarization; and (3) increased right ventricular potentials. 4. 4. In six cases of isolated right ventricular hypertrophy the mechanisms responsible for the vectorcardiographic pattern are (1) position and rotation of the heart, and (2) increased right ventricular potentials. This pattern is referred to as the intrinsic right ventricular hypertrophy pattern.
SEPARATION OF THE M AND N BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGENS OF THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE.

Abstract Treatment of washed human erythrocytes with the proteolytic enzyme pronase rapidly releases bound sialic acid from the membrane. The amount of bound sialic acid liberated is equal to the amount of free sialic acid which is released from this cell by neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18). The bound sialic acid, liberated by pronase, was shown to be present in glycopeptides possessing M and N blood-group activity towards rabbit and human antisera. Using an MN active glycopeptide fraction, purified on Sephadex G-25, it has been possible by using DEAE-Sephadex to separate for the first time the M antigen from the N antigen. These glycopeptides which were obtained in a high degree of purity were shown to possess different carbohydrate compositions.
SEASONAL ADJUSTMENT FOR THE DECISION MAKER

A procedure is presented for removing the influence of seasonal variation from an observed time series. The procedure leads to the development of moving average filters which optimally adjust the data based upon their unique characteristics. In this paper optimal adjustments are determined by the requirements of the decision maker.
Cable transient voltages due to microphonics

Expressions for the voltage generated by tribocharging between a cable's dielectric and outer conductor, and the maximum voltage across a resistive load of a cable, are derived as a function of time. For a reasonably large load resistance and cable capacitance, the expressions reduce to simple single-time-constant equations that can be used to estimate the highest frequency of interest of the generated noise. The derived expressions can also assist the designer in weighing the tradeoffs associated with changing the ohmic resistance and capacitance of low-noise cables.
Adrenocortical Zonation Results from Lineage Conversion of Differentiated Zona Glomerulosa Cells

Lineage conversion of differentiated cells in response to hormonal feedback has yet to be described. To investigate this, we studied the adrenal cortex, which is composed of functionally distinct concentric layers that develop postnatally, the outer zona glomerulosa (zG) and the inner zona fasciculata (zF). These layers have separate functions, are continuously renewed in response to physiological demands, and are regulated by discrete hormonal feedback loops. Their cellular origin, lineage relationship, and renewal mechanism, however, remain poorly understood. Cell-fate mapping and gene-deletion studies using zG-specific Cre expression demonstrate that differentiated zG cells undergo lineage conversion into zF cells. In addition, zG maintenance is dependent on the master transcriptional regulator Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1), and zG-specific Sf-1 deletion prevents lineage conversion. These findings demonstrate that adrenocortical zonation and regeneration result from lineage conversion and may provide a paradigm for homeostatic cellular renewal in other tissues.
Stem Cells and the Niche: A Dynamic Duo

Stem cell niches are dynamic microenvironments that balance stem cell activity to maintain tissue homeostasis and repair throughout the lifetime of an organism. The development of strategies to monitor and perturb niche components has provided insight into the responsive nature of the niche and offers a framework to uncover how disruption of normal stem cell niche function may contribute to aging and disease onset and progression. Additional work in the identification of genetic factors that regulate the formation, activity, and size of stem cell niches will facilitate incorporation of the niche into stem cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine.
Trends in long-term opioid therapy for noncancer pain among persons with a history of depression

Abstract Objective We report trends in long-term opioid use among patients with a history of depression from two large health plans. Methods Using claims data, age- and gender-adjusted rates for long-term (>90 days) opioid use episodes were calculated for 1997–2005, comparing those with and without a depression diagnosis in the prior 2 years. Opioid use characteristics were calculated for those with a long-term episode in 2005. Results Incident and prevalent long-term opioid use rates were three times higher in those with a history of depression. Prevalent long-term use per 1000 in patients with a history of depression increased from 69.8 to 125.9 at Group Health and from 84.3 to 117.5 at Kaiser Permanente of Northern California between 1997 and 2005. Those with a history of depression were more likely to receive a higher average daily dose, greater days supply, and Schedule II opioids than nondepressed persons. Conclusion Persons with a history of depression are more likely to receive long-term opioid therapy for noncancer pain than those without a history of depression. Results suggest that long-term opioid therapy for noncancer pain is being prescribed to a different population in clinical practice than the clinical trial populations where opioid efficacy has been established.
Standard Chinese and the Xining dialect: The rise of an interdialectal standard

Xining, the capital of Qinghai province, is an especially valuable location for observing the spread and influence of Standard Chinese, or Putonghua, for at least two reasons. First, the dialect’s history of contact with non-Sinitic languages, mostly Tibetan and Mongolic languages, created an older linguistic stratum that differs markedly from other Mandarin dialects, indeed with most all Chinese dialects, in clearly identifiable ways, so that comparisons between Standard Chinese and variations within the Xining dialect reflect unambiguous cases of standard cum dialect language contact. Second, the demographic history of the region, including large-scale migrations of Chinese-speaking people from other provinces, created a socio-cultural context in which the promotion of Standard Chinese would likely find fertile ground. This paper will show that the combination of these two factors has created a situation in which the old Xining dialect is rapidly disappearing. In its place is not Standard Chinese, per se, but an interdialect, a compromise variety stripped of the most obvious dialect features but clearly distinct from Standard Chinese. The differences will be shown to exist in the phonology, lexicon and syntax of the dialect and that the more highly educated members of the community are leading the changes toward the New Xining dialect. While Standard Chinese is shown to have been a powerful force in the creation the New Xining dialect, it has not completely replaced the local dialect.
Thiamin deprotonation mechanism. Carbanion development stabilized by the LUMOs of thiazolium and pyrimidylimine working in tandem and release governed by a H-bond switch.

Our previous paper (J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 7606) using computed atomic charges, based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), on azolium models of thiamin diphosphate has shown that only sulfur acts as an effective electron sink in the formation of the thiamin carbanion intermediate. Herein we apply natural bond orbital (NBO) theory to the analysis of orbital contributions to canonical molecular orbitals (CMOs) of six abbreviated azolium analogs of the carbanion to better understand the unique function of sulfur. The NBO/CMO data provide a description of the origin of the first thiamin electron sink: sulfur performing in the σ- and π-orbitals of the transition state as well as in the carbanion, and its advantages due to low electronegativity and moderate size. At the next level of thiamin modeling, we include the six-membered pyrimidine ring to represent the prerequisite V-structure in the iminopyrimidine tautomeric form. This model is subjected to incremental deprotonation and MO decom...
Nitrogen in sugarbeet tops and the growth of a subsequent wheat crop

Nitrogen in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) tops can influence the yield of subsequent small-grain crops. The objective of this field study was to determine the influence of sugarbeet tops differing in N concentration on available soil N and plant growth. Responses of spring wheat (Triticum aesfivum L.) to fall-applied urea and high-N (34.8 g N kg -1 in 1992 and 25.8 g N kg -1 in 1993) and low-N (14.8 g N kg -1 in 1992 and 12.6 g N kg -1 in 1993) sugarbeet tops were compared on two Calciaquolls in Minnesota during 1993 and 1994. Application of 135 kg N ha -1 , the optimal fertilizer rate in both years, increased wheat grain yields by 1832 kg ha -1 in 1993 and by 1518 kg ha -1 in 1994. High-N sugarbeet tops, which contained 271 and 208 kg N ha -1 in the 1993 and 1994 experiments, respectively, increased grain yields by 2108 kg ha -1 in 1993 and by 1579 kg ha -1 in 1994. The corresponding responses with low-N sugarbeet tops, which contained 64 kg N ha-' in 1993 and 85 kg N ha -1 in 1994, were 424 and 392 kg ha -1 . These latter responses were equivalent to only 42 and 51%, respectively, of the 1993 and 1994 increases obtained with 45 kg urea N ha -1 . Separate field experiments in fallow microplots indicated that fall-applied, high-N sugarbeet tops mineralized appreciable quantities of NO 3 -N by the following spring. Most of this mineralized NO 3 was located in the upper 30 cm of soil. In contrast, considerable Cl added in sugarbeet tops was located in both the 0- to 30-cm and 30- to 60-cm soil depths. Sugarbeet tops can reduce the N-fertilizer requirement of subsequent crops, and must be considered in relation to possible NO 3 pollution of groundwater.
Is a history of gestational diabetes related to risk factors for coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in 20 non-diabetic women with and 20 without a distant history of gestational diabetes (hGDM), matched on age, body mass index, and time since GDM-affected pregnancy, was compared in a case control study. Women with an hGDM had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), p = .02, and higher triglycerides, p < or = .001, versus controls. The combination of high triglycerides and low HDL-c occurred in 25% of hGDM cases versus 0% of controls, p </= .01. Two-hour post-load glucose indicated that 45% of hGDM cases were pre-diabetic versus 20% of controls, p < or = .05. Non-diabetic women with a distant hGDM are at increased risk for DM and may be at increased risk for CHD.
Systemic tumor targeting and killing by Sindbis viral vectors.

Successful cancer gene therapy requires a vector that systemically and specifically targets tumor cells throughout the body. Although several vectors have been developed to express cytotoxic genes via tumor-specific promoters or to seclectively replicate in tumor cells, most are taken up and expressed by just a few targeted tumor cells. By contrast, we show here that blood-borne Sindbis viral vectors systemically and specifically infect tumor cells. A single intraperitoneal treatment allows the vectors to target most tumor cells, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, without infecting normal cells. Further, Sindbis infection is sufficient to induce complete tumor regression. We demonstrate systemic vector targeting of tumors growing subcutaneously, intrapancreatically, intraperitoneally and in the lungs. The vectors can also target syngeneic and spontaneous tumors in immune-competent mice. We document the anti-tumor specificity of a vector that systemically targets and eradicates tumor cells throughout the body without adverse effects.
Effect of Strike Activity on Firm Value

The article examines the stock market's reaction to labor management problems and employee strikes. A discussion is presented about various categories of strike costs and cumulative abnormal return...
Training Pseudoword Reading in Acquired Dyslexia: A Phonological Complexity Approach

Background: Individuals with acquired phonological dyslexia experience difficulty associating written letters with corresponding sounds, especially in pseudowords. Previous studies have shown that reading can be improved in these individuals by training letter–sound correspondence, practicing phonological skills, or using combined approaches. However, generalisation to untrained items is typically limited.Aims: We investigated whether principles of phonological complexity can be applied to training letter–sound correspondence reading in acquired phonological dyslexia to improve generalisation to untrained words. Based on previous work in other linguistic domains, we hypothesised that training phonologically “more complex” material (i.e., consonant clusters with small sonority differences) would result in generalisation to phonologically “less complex” material (i.e., consonant clusters with larger sonority differences), but this generalisation pattern would not be demonstrated when training the “less comp...
A numerical and experimental study of three-dimensional liquid sloshing in a rotating spherical container

A numerical and experimental study of three dimensional liquid sloshing inside a partially-filled spherical container undergoing an orbital rotating motion is described. Solutions of the unsteady, three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for the case of a gradual spin-up from rest are compared with experimental data obtained using a rotating test rig fitted with two liquid-filled spherical tanks. Data gathered from several experiments are reduced in terms of a dimensionless free surface height for comparison with transient results from the numerical simulations. The numerical solutions are found to compare favorably with the experimental data.
Fetal programming of adult hypertension in female rat offspring exposed to androgens in utero

Aims The influence of prenatal factors on the development of arterial hypertension has gained considerable interest in recent years. We examined the effects of prenatal testosterone treatment on blood pressure in adult female rats. Further, to define the mechanisms whereby blood pressure may be raised, we examined vascular endothelial function and nitric oxide synthesis.
A simple radiometric in vitro assay for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Abstract A radiometric method for screening acetylcholinesterase inhibitors has been described. The method is based on the production of [ 14 C]carbon dioxide from the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. The inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC 50 ) values for several known acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were in agreement with literature values. The new radiometric method is simple, inexpensive, and has the potential for automation.
Career Paths and Choices Leading to the Senior Student Affairs Office (SSAO) for Women at Community Colleges

This study examined career paths and choices leading to the Senior Student Affairs Office (SSAO) for women at community colleges. Data were comprised of 57 resumes and 11 interviews from SSAOs during the 2008–2009 academic year. Network analysis paired with interviews offer career track and progression profiles with rationale for women aspirants. Analysis of the network data suggested two dichotomies based on career choices: (a) institution paths (changing institutions frequently versus remaining at one institution) and (b) job moves (changing jobs more than four times versus changing jobs less than three times). Interview data are presented in these four profiles addressing choices, experiences, and advice specific to gender issues. Overall results indicate an average of four job changes leads to the SSAO, with most aspirants obtaining a doctorate, pursuing a student affairs career track, and gaining financial management experience. Additional implications for women aspiring to the top student affairs po...
The world of digital video

Digital video standards define byte-stream signal formats for transferring video over cables. The composite and component standards, two digital video standards that relate most closely to the NTSC broadcast standard used in North America and Japan, are discussed. The analog NTSC signal and the framework of digital video standards are reviewed. The horizontal timing, quantization, and TRS-ID used by the composite digital standard, and the vertical renaming, scan line timing, and pixel value quantizing used by the component digital standard are described. >
Characteristics of late-onset myasthenia gravis

An increasing incidence of myasthenia gravis (MG) has been reported in the elderly, but the full clinical ramifications of late-onset myasthenia gravis (LOMG) remain unclear. We describe the clinical features of our cohort of patients with MG with an emphasis on an onset after the age of 50. This was a retrospective analysis of medical records of a cohort of patients followed in two tertiary neuromuscular clinics and comparison of early onset MG (EOMG) versus LOMG. There were 174 patients with a mean age of onset of 55.2 ± 19.1 years, and 44 % were women. Late onset of myasthenia gravis after age 50 was reported in 114 patients (66 %). Anti-AChR antibody titers were elevated in 78 % of patients (65 % with EOMG vs. 85 % with LOMG; p = 0.003), and frequency of elevated titers of anti-MuSK antibodies was similar in both groups (present in 38 % of all tested seronegative patients). Myasthenic crisis was equally common in generalized EOMG and LOMG (13 %). Ocular MG was more common in LOMG compared to EOMG (40 vs. 18 %, p = 0.021). Diabetes was more prevalent with LOMG (27 vs. 5 %; p = 0.0002). Overlapping clinical features of EOMG and LOMG are consistent with a continuous clinical spectrum of a single condition, with more frequent occurrence of seropositive and ocular MG with a late onset. A higher burden of comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, may warrant a modified approach to treatment of myasthenia in LOMG. However, overall disease severity may not be higher with aging. These observations have implications for design of MG clinical trials and outcomes studies.
The Effects of Patch Properties on the Debonding Behavior of Patched Beam-Plates

The debonding characteristics of patched structures are investigated in this study by means of an analytical model. In particular, the effects the lay-up sequence and edge-tapering of a carbon-reinforced epoxy patch, as well as the beveling of an aluminum patch, have on the initiation, stability, and extent of the debonding are considered. The results presented show that both the degree of edge-tapering and the patch properties must be carefully selected in order to optimize the patched structure. It is also shown that when designing a patched system, it is important to model the correct boundary and load conditions to correctly simulate the debonding behavior.
Effects of Externally Applied Electric Field on the Electric Double Layer Formed in an Electrolyte Layer and its Contribution Towards Joule Heating

Joule heating of liquid films in the presence of an externally applied electric field is influenced by the formation of the electric double layer. The thickness and charge distribution inside the electric double layer determine the extent of interaction of the charge in the electric double layer with the externally applied electric field and the Joule heating of the electrolyte layer. For this reason, the effects of externally applied electric field (both parallel and along the normal to the surface) on the electric double layer are being studied in the present paper. In the absence of the externally applied electric field, the distribution of the electric potential in the double layer is given by Poisson equation. Assuming Boltzmann distribution for the ionic concentration in the double layer, one arrives at Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the electric potential distribution. The externally applied electric field changes this electric potential distribution. Hence, the contribution of the externally applied electric field is studied by including it in the Poisson-Boltzmann equation.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Tau pathology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion

An expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP). In addition to TDP-43-positive neuronal and glial inclusions, C9ORF72-linked FTLD-TDP has characteristic TDP-43-negative neuronal cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions as well as dystrophic neurites in the hippocampus and cerebellum. These lesions are immunopositive for ubiquitin and ubiquitin-binding proteins, such as sequestosome-1/p62 and ubiquilin-2. Studies examining the frequency of the C9ORF72 mutation in clinically probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have found a small proportion of AD cases with the mutation. This prompted us to systematically explore the frequency of Alzheimer-type pathology in a series of 17 FTLD-TDP cases with mutations in C9ORF72 (FTLD-C9ORF72). We identified four cases with sufficient Alzheimer-type pathology to meet criteria for intermediate-to-high-likelihood AD. We compared AD pathology in the 17 FTLD-C9ORF72 to 13 cases of FTLD-TDP linked to mutations in the gene for progranulin (FTLD-GRN) and 36 cases of sporadic FTLD (sFTLD). FTLD-C9ORF72 cases had higher Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage than FTLD-GRN. Increased tau pathology in FTLD-C9ORF72 was assessed with thioflavin-S fluorescent microscopy-based neurofibrillary tangle counts and with image analysis of tau burden in temporal cortex and hippocampus. FTLD-C9ORF72 had significantly more neurofibrillary tangles and higher tau burden compared with FTLD-GRN. The differences were most marked in limbic regions. On the other hand, sFTLD and FTLD-C9ORF72 had a similar burden of tau pathology. These results suggest FTLD-C9ORF72 has increased propensity for tau pathology compared to FTLD-GRN, but not sFTLD. The accumulation of tau as well as lesions immunoreactive for ubiquitin and ubiquitin-binding proteins (p62 and ubiquilin-2) suggests that mutations in C9ORF72 may involve disrupted protein degradation that favors accumulation of multiple different proteins.