cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serological Relationships of Salmonella A Bacteriophages Isolated from Salmonellae in Different Kauffmann- White Groups

Abstract Six different Salmonella group A phages from salmonellae in Kauffmann- White groups B, C1, C2, and D were examined serologically. Those phages which were specific for a particular somatic antigen were found to be serologically very similar. Antiserum against a phage with one specificity was able to neutralize a different phage with the same specificity but unable to neutralize, in the normal way, a phage with a different specificity. Phages mixed with heterologous phage antiserum responded with an “inhibition response” in which there appeared to be a neutralization of the phage infectivity for the first 10 min, followed by a reversal of the neutralization until, by 20 or 25 min, there was no apparent neutralization. This response was interpreted to indicate that the adsorption antigens, probably situated on the tail fibers, were different for phages with different specificities but sufficiently similar so that heterologous antibodies could react with the antigens; but the antigen-antibody complex was quickly disassociated, resulting in a modification of the antibody molecules but no change in the specificity sites of the antigen. A subgrouping of the Salmonella A phages based on their antigenic specificity is suggested.
If Not Welfare, Then What?: How Single Mothers Finance College Post-Welfare Reform

The article follows previous work on TANF and AFDC by asking if not welfare, then what social programs and financial aid programs are low-income women using to support their college attendance, and what is the impact of these programs on the college-going decisions of low-income women? The study is based on case studies of 10 low-income women attending a community college. Results indicated that EITC, food stamps, and subsidized housing are stable sources of funding. However, each of these programs requires different application processes and compliance regulations. Only the Pell Grant was viewed as a dependable source of funding for college costs. Participants expressed confusion and frustration over the many varying regulations amongst programs.
Movies on Trial: The Legal System on the Silver Screen, by Anthony Chase

Anthony Chase, long-time observer of legal culture and often-published commentator on law films, has constructed a set of essays in pursuit of “an alternative view of legality, one every bit as lik...
The structure of canthaxanthin

Abstract The structure of the naturally occurring carotenoid pigment canthaxanthin, C 40 H 50 O 2 , is that of 4,4′-diketo-β-carotene.
Comment on “Empirical determination of depth‐distance corrections for mb and MW from Global Seismograph Network Stations” By Guust Nolet, Steve Krueger and Robert M. Clouser

In their recent article, Nolet et al. (1998) presented an analysis which led them to conclude that the epicentral distance and focal depth correction factors for mb which were previously published by Veith and Clawson (1972) are not accurate for events with focal depths greater than 100 km. In this brief commentary, we present some independent evidence which has led us to conclude that the Veith/Clawson (V/C) corrections are in fact quite accurate, at least for seismic events having focal depths of less than about 400 km.
PEPPER: a photometer designed for the direct detection of extrasolar planets

PEPPER, a high-speed differential Polarization-Encoded Photometer and Polarimeter, is designed to perform self-calibrated shot noise-limited photometry from the ground to directly detect the light from the phase changes of close-in extrasolar planets. This is accomplished by using high-speed electro-optical switching techniques coupled with zero-read noise photon counting detectors to eliminate errors due to sky and detector gain drift variability. Here we present the design concept behind the photometer mode of PEPPER as well as some initial results from lab and on-sky engineering tests of the prototype instrument. The polarimeter mode of the instrument is presented in a seperate paper.
Sports Celebrity Photographs and Copyright Law in the United States

Sports memorabilia collecting is a $3bn per year industry in the United States. One popular and easily obtained memento is the sports celebrity photograph. Protected by the Copyright Act 1976, owners of sports celebrity photographs are entitled to several exclusive rights that restrict other’s use of their photographs. This article discusses the key exceptions of United States law that enable sports memorabilia collectors to market, trade, buy, and sell photographs, as well as outlining the potential legal pitfalls collectors should avoid, such as the duplication of photographs and the display of photographs over the internet.
Towards mining replacement queries for hard-to-retrieve traces

Automated trace retrieval methods can significantly reduce the cost and effort needed to create and maintain requirements traces. However, the set of generated traces is generally quite imprecise and must be manually evaluated by analysts. In applied settings when the retrieval algorithm is unable to find the relevant links for a given query, a human user can improve the trace results by manually adding additional search terms and filtering out unhelpful ones. However, the effectiveness of this approach is largely dependent upon the knowledge of the user. In this paper we present an automated technique for replacing the original query with a new set of query terms. These query terms are learned through seeding a web-based search with the original query and then processing the results to identify a set of domain-specific terms. The query-mining algorithm was evaluated and fine-tuned using security regulations from the USA government's Health Insurance Privacy and Portability Act (HIPAA) traced against ten healthcare related requirements specifications.
Painting, Law and Professions, II: Paris Visual Academie and French Law

Aside from English law being cited as pioneering the first professionalism project, French law is also frequently treated as an exemplar of early professionalism. We challenge this consensus by demonstrating that the Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture of Paris preceded along a professionalism project centuries in advance of French law. Using this comparison, we also provide alternative explanations for questions and issues which remain troubling in the literature of French law.
Predictors of postbereavement depressive symptomatology among family caregivers of cancer patients.

The present study investigated two aspects of the sequelae of recent bereavement among family caregivers following the death of their cancer patient: (1) the extent to which depressive symptomatology among family caregivers measured following the death of their patient could be predicted by their levels of depressive symptomatology in the months prior to death, their physical health, the setting in which the patient's death occurred, patient age, gender of the caregiver, consanguinity, financial stress, social support from family and friends during the terminal stage, impact of caregiving activities on caregiver's daily schedule, caregiver optimism, perceived esteem attributed to caregiving, the time between the prebereavement assessment and death, and the time between death and the postbereavement assessment; and (2) whether these same explanatory variables could successfully differentiate those bereaved caregivers whose psychological health improved during the first 3 months following bereavement from those who did not improve. A sample of 114 family caregivers of cancer patients were surveyed for approximately 3 months before and 3 months after the death of their patient. A multivariate analysis of variance using the regression approach was undertaken to determine the primary predictors of postbereavement depressive symptomatology. In addition, a logistic regression analysis was used to attempt to predict those caregivers whose depressive symptomatology would improve during the postbereavement period. Critical factors in determining levels of postbereavement depressive symptomatology were caregiver optimism, prebereavement depressive symptomatology, and levels of social support from friends. Caregiver optimism and prebereavement depressive symptomatology were important in predicting whether caregivers' depressive symptomatology would improve or not. Physicians must be aware that if the social history of a patient reveals that he/she is anticipating or has recently experienced the loss of a family member for whom they were the primary caregiver, this information may be critical in determining whether the illness behavior exhibited by the patient has medical or psychosocial origins.
Left atrial-inferior vena cava bypass achieves retroperfusion of the porcine spinal cord: morphologic and preliminary physiologic studies.

Background. Spinal cord injury remains a devastating complication after procedures on the descending thoracic aorta. A new model for retrograde perfusion of the spinal cord during aortic cross-clamping was evaluated for its potential role in preventing spinal cord injury after thoraco-abdominal aortic surgery. Methods. Retrograde perfusion of the spinal cord was established in juvenile pigs using partial bypass from the left atrium to the isolated inferior vena cava. Flow was maintained for a 60-min period of aortic occlusion. Morphologic studies of spinal cord blood flow were obtained using injection of a dilute barium–gelatin–chromatin dye solution. Physiologic cooling of the spinal cord was achieved using varying degrees of hypothermic retroperfusion. Results. Five animals underwent a 30-min period of retroperfusion followed by dye injection. Dye was identified in spinal cord venules and capillaries, most heavily concentrated in the lumbar and lower thoracic cord. Thirteen animals underwent a 60-min period of normothermic (37°C), mild hypothermic (27°C), moderate hypothermic (17°C), or deep hypothermic (7°C) retroperfusion; mean spinal cord temperatures were 35.2, 32.2, 28.0, and 24.4°C, respectively. Conclusions. Retrograde perfusion of the porcine spinal cord using a left atrial to inferior vena cava partial bypass circuit can be accomplished and can be used with hypothermic perfusate to produce cooling of the spinal cord. This new technique warrants further investigation into spinal cord protection and potential application for operations on the descending thoracic aorta.
Controlled Clinical Comparison of BacT/ALERT Standard Aerobic and Standard Anaerobic Blood Culture Bottles Inoculated Directly or after Transport in Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate Tubes

To assess relative performances in the BacT/ALERT blood culture system, we compared results from the direct inoculation of standard media and inoculation after the transport of blood samples in Vacutainer tubes with sodium polyanethol sulfonate. No significant differences in yields or times to detection were found for 387 clinically important isolates from 4,306 blood culture sets.
Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in the presence of gluconic acid and during preparation of cottage cheese curd using gluconic acid.

Unrestricted or minimally restricted growth of Listeria monocytogenes strain V7 occurred 1) at 13 degrees C in tryptose broth with .125 or .25% gluconic acid or .1 to .3% glucono-delta-lactone, 2) at 13 degrees C in milk with .125 to 1.0% gluconic acid or .5 or 1.0% glucono-delta-lactone, 3) at 35 degrees C in tryptose broth with .125 to .5% gluconic acid or .1 to 5% glucono-delta-lactone, and 4) at 35 degrees C in milk with .125 to 1.0% gluconic acid or .5 to 1.5% glucono-delta-lactone. Limited growth of L. monocytogenes occurred 1) at 13 degrees C with .375 or .5% gluconic acid or .3 or .4% glucono-delta-lactone, 2) at 13 degrees C in milk with 1.5% glucono-delta-lactone, 3) at 35 degrees C in tryptose broth with .75% glucono-delta-lactone, and 4) at 35 degrees C in milk with 2.0% glucono-delta-lactone. Partial to complete inactivation of L. monocytogenes occurred 1) at 13 degrees C in tryptose broth with .75 to 1.5% gluconic acid or .75 or 1.0% glucono-delta-lactone, 2) at 13 degrees C in milk with 1.5% gluconic acid or 2.0 to 3.0% glucono-delta-lactone, 3) at 35 degrees C in tryptose broth with .75 to 1.5% gluconic acid or 1.0% glucono-delta-lactone, and 4) at 35 degrees C in milk with 1.5% gluconic acid or 2.5 or 3.0% glucono-delta-lactone. Milk containing L. monocytogenes was coagulated with gluconic acid, HCl, or rennet, and cottage cheese curd was prepared. After cooking, numbers of the pathogen in curd or whey from rennet-coagulated milk were reduced by ca. 1.5 and 2.5 orders, respectively. Small numbers of survivors appeared in curd but not in whey of HCl-coagulated milk. No survivors were detected in curd or whey of gluconic acid-coagulated milk.
Chemokine to the Rescue: Interleukin-8 Mediates Resistance to PI3K-Pathway-Targeted Therapy in Breast Cancer

Adaptive resistance to PI3K-mTOR inhibitors potentially limits the clinical antitumor activities of these agents. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Britschgi and coworkers show that certain tumors acquire resistance to PI3K-mTOR inhibitors through activation of a JAK2-dependent pathway, leading to interleukin-8 secretion.
On-grid immunogold labeling of glial intermediate filaments in epoxy-embedded tissue

On-grid immunogold labeling of structures like intermediate filaments has been difficult to achieve. Presumably this is because such structures are thinner than the thin sections themselves and because gold-labeled reagents remain on the surface and do not penetrate epoxy resins. Many pathologic and other tissues, however, are primarily available as epoxy-embedded blocks, and a postembedding gold procedure capable of detecting such thin structures would be useful. This study aimed to investigate the astrocytic intermediate filament antigen glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in glutaraldehyde-fixed, epoxy-embedded brain biopsy tissue from a child with Alexander's disease. A protocol was developed for performing on-grid immunogold labeling which minimized nonspecific deposition of gold reagent. The method utilized ovalbumin and skim milk in the washes and diluent for the gold reagent and the same solution with added Tween-20 and high sodium chloride in the diluent for antibodies and normal serum. In grids etched with metaperiodate and hydrogen peroxide, the astrocytic intermediate filaments were only occasionally and sparsely labeled. When an etching procedure with sodium ethoxide was employed, however, extensive labeling was obtained on the astrocytic intermediate filaments. In contrast, the larger, pathological Rosenthal fibers characteristic of Alexander's disease were labeled after both etching procedures, but labeling was enhanced after ethoxide etching. Postosmicated material showed much less labeling. The findings demonstrate that postembedding procedures can be used with epoxy-embedded material to immunolabel thin structures like intermediate filaments.
Modulation of Neutrophil Function by a Secreted Mucinase of Escherichia coli O157∶H7

Escherichia coli O157∶H7 is a human enteric pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis which can progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome, a severe kidney disease with immune involvement. During infection, E. coli O157∶H7 secretes StcE, a metalloprotease that promotes the formation of attaching and effacing lesions and inhibits the complement cascade via cleavage of mucin-type glycoproteins. We found that StcE cleaved the mucin-like, immune cell-restricted glycoproteins CD43 and CD45 on the neutrophil surface and altered neutrophil function. Treatment of human neutrophils with StcE led to increased respiratory burst production and increased cell adhesion. StcE-treated neutrophils exhibited an elongated morphology with defective rear detachment and impaired migration, suggesting that removal of the anti-adhesive capability of CD43 by StcE impairs rear release. Use of zebrafish embryos to model neutrophil migration revealed that StcE induced neutrophil retention in the fin after tissue wounding, suggesting that StcE modulates neutrophil-mediated inflammation in vivo. Neutrophils are crucial innate effectors of the antibacterial immune response and can contribute to severe complications caused by infection with E. coli O157∶H7. Our data suggest that the StcE mucinase can play an immunomodulatory role by directly altering neutrophil function during infection. StcE may contribute to inflammation and tissue destruction by mediating inappropriate neutrophil adhesion and activation.
OptForce: An Optimization Procedure for Identifying All Genetic Manipulations Leading to Targeted Overproductions

Computational procedures for predicting metabolic interventions leading to the overproduction of biochemicals in microbial strains are widely in use. However, these methods rely on surrogate biological objectives (e.g., maximize growth rate or minimize metabolic adjustments) and do not make use of flux measurements often available for the wild-type strain. In this work, we introduce the OptForce procedure that identifies all possible engineering interventions by classifying reactions in the metabolic model depending upon whether their flux values must increase, decrease or become equal to zero to meet a pre-specified overproduction target. We hierarchically apply this classification rule for pairs, triples, quadruples, etc. of reactions. This leads to the identification of a sufficient and non-redundant set of fluxes that must change (i.e., MUST set) to meet a pre-specified overproduction target. Starting with this set we subsequently extract a minimal set of fluxes that must actively be forced through genetic manipulations (i.e., FORCE set) to ensure that all fluxes in the network are consistent with the overproduction objective. We demonstrate our OptForce framework for succinate production in Escherichia coli using the most recent in silico E. coli model, iAF1260. The method not only recapitulates existing engineering strategies but also reveals non-intuitive ones that boost succinate production by performing coordinated changes on pathways distant from the last steps of succinate synthesis.
Localization of optimal strategies in certain games

Assume the payoffs of a matrix game are concave in the index of the maximizing player. That player is shown to have an optimal strategy which uses at most two consecutive pure strategies, identifiable through approximate solution of a related continuous game. Generalizations are given, and the results are applied to a motivating hidden-target model due to Shapley. O 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1/d expansion for k-core percolation

The physics of $k$-core percolation pertains to those systems whose constituents require a minimum number of $k$ connections to each other in order to participate in any clustering phenomenon. Examples of such a phenomenon range from orientational ordering in solid ortho-para ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ mixtures to the onset of rigidity in bar-joint networks to dynamical arrest in glass-forming liquids. Unlike ordinary $(k=1)$ and biconnected $(k=2)$ percolation, the mean field $k\ensuremath{\geqslant}3$-core percolation transition is both continuous and discontinuous, i.e., there is a jump in the order parameter accompanied with a diverging length scale. To determine whether or not this hybrid transition survives in finite dimensions, we present a $1∕d$ expansion for $k$-core percolation on the $d$-dimensional hypercubic lattice. We show that to order $1∕{d}^{3}$ the singularity in the order parameter and in the susceptibility occur at the same value of the occupation probability. This result suggests that the unusual hybrid nature of the mean field $k$-core transition survives in high dimensions.
Succinate-dehydrogenating activity and cytochromes of hepatic microsomes.

Abstract 1. 1 Microsomes prepared by four different methods and a microsomal fragment known as “microsomal electron-transport membranes” from bovine liver have been analyzed for their succinate oxidase, succinate (phenazine) oxidoreductase and cytochrome oxidase activities. From the differential activities of these enzymes, it has been concluded that microsomes posses succinate-dehydrogenating activity. This activity is constitutive to microsomes. 2. 2 Microsomes also contain acid non-extractable flavin. The ratio of succinate phenazine reductase activity to acid non-extractable flavin parallels that in mitochondria. 3. 3 Spectrally, the microsome samples used do not show detectable contamination of mitochondrial cytochromes, but exhibit well-documented cytochromes b 5 and P-450. However, P-450 is not reduced by succinate. 4. 4 Addition of cholate to microsomes convert about 40–65% of the P-450 to P-420 and approx. 35–40% is retained as P-450. The total recovery is between 80 and 100%.
Expression of IL-2 and IL-4 in T Lymphocytes Transformed by Herpesvirus Saimiri

Abstract Herpesvirus saimiri (H. saimiri) is a highly oncogenic lymphotropic herpesvirus which can immortalize T lymphocytes and cause tumors in rabbits and New World monkeys T cells infected with strain 484-77 of group C express four viral U-like small RNAs (HSUR1-4) and a 1.2-kb mRNA which encodes open reading frames ORF-1 and ORF-2. ORF-1 encodes a collagen-like oncoprotein. Deletion mutation analysis showed that ORF-1 and ORF-2 are essential for IL-2 independent growth of human T cells infected with H. saimiri. An earlier study also demonstrated that H saimiri-immortalized cells carry functional IL-2 receptors. The work presented in this report investigated whether IL-2 and IL-4 is produced by H. saimiriimmortalized T lymphocytes. Both IL-2 mRNA and IL-4 mRNA were detected in various monkey T cells as well as human peripheral blood lymphocytes infected with wild-type H. saimiri. Secretion of IL-2 was suggested by cyclosporin A inhibition. IL-4 secretion by monkey T cell cultures was demonstrated by a bioassay and inhibition of bioactivity by an antibody to IL4. The data also show that recombinant IL-4 stimulate H. saimiri-immortalized T cells; thus, IL-4 receptors are expressed. However, antibodies to human IL-4, IL-4 receptor, or soluble IL-4 receptor did not curtail growth of transformed cells. T cells infected with ORF-1 and ORF-2 deletion mutants expressed no detectable IL-2 mRNA ORF-1, ORF-2, HSUR1, and HSUR2, were all essential for expression of IL-4 mRNA. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that H. saimiriimmortalized monkey and human T lymphocytes proliferate through autocrine secretion of IL-2 and that ORF-1, ORF-2, and HSUR sequences of the virus are involved in expression of lymphokines.
Chemisorption and the initial stage of oxidation on Mn

Abstract Chemisorption of O2, CO, and N2 on clean manganese has been studied by the techniques of X-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS) and active ion bombardment and modeled by means of the empirical bond energy-bond order (BEBO) approach. O2 adsorbs dissociatively and the initial monoxide formation begins at 2 L exposure. MnO is identified by the transition of the itinerant Mn 3d metallic band to the localized discrete ionic 3d state of Mn2+ and by the splitting of the Mn 2p 1 2 , 3 2 core lines into two components. CO adsorbs in both the dissociative and molecular forms, with the two species co-existing on the surface and distinguishable by the atomic or molecular nature of the valence states and the splitting of the O 1s and C 1s core lines. N2 adsorbs dissociatively and only after a small activation energy is supplied, e.g., by means of bombardment with N2+. The BEBO model is in agreement with and provides an interpretative approach to the chemisorption results.
Agreement between prospective interactive voice response self-monitoring and structured retrospective reports of drinking and contextual variables during natural resolution attempts.

Objective: Interactive voice response (IVR) systems allow respondents to report information privately using the telephone keypad and appear to enhance reports of sensitive behaviors like problem drinking. They hold promise for telehealth applications with problem drinkers who will not seek clinical care, but IVR feasibility and data quality using such community samples have not been well studied across lengthy reporting periods in relation to established retrospective measures that are less costly and burdensome. These issues were evaluated using recently resolved, untreated problem drinkers who are targets for telehealth interventions. Method: Problem drinkers recruited from the community (24 men, 20 women) engaged in IVR self-monitoring (SM) for up to 128 days after initial resolution when the risk of relapse was high. Participants reported daily drinking, money spent on alcohol, and life-event occurrences. An expanded Timeline Followback (TLFB) interview and life-events assessment were completed after ...
THE DERIVATION OF TWO DISTINCT ANAPHYLATOXIN ACTIVITIES FROM THE THIRD AND FIFTH COMPONENTS OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT

Anaphylatoxin activity was derived from both human C'5 and C'3 molecules. This was achieved in the case of C'5 by interaction with trypsin or with EAC'4, oxy2a, 3. The smooth muscle-contracting material obtained from the treated C'5 was found to be a fragment of approximately 9,000–11,000 molecular weight. Its action was inhibited with antihistamine. The trypsinized C'5 also increased vascular permeability in guinea pig skin. When human C'3 was incubated with C'3 inactivator complex, which consists of a cobra venom protein and a s-globulin of human serum, anaphylatoxin activity was observed. The activity was associated with a fragment cleaved from the C'3 molecule, having a molecular weight of between 6,000 and 15,000 as determined by gel filtration techniques. Similar activity was derived from C'3 by the C'3-converting enzyme in free or in cell-bound form. The C'5 anaphylatoxin failed to cross-desensitize guinea pig ileum to the contracting capacities of C'3 and guinea pig anaphylatoxin and vice versa. Anaphylatoxin prepared from C'3 by all methods mentioned above caused cross-desensitization to the other C'3 derivatives, but failed to desensitize to guinea pig anaphylatoxin.
Abstract 5532: A pro-fluorescent membrane integrity dye for the real-time assessment of cytotoxicity.

Cell-based assay models are now universally employed as a routine means of establishing and ranking on- and off-target toxicities. It is well appreciated, however, that individual cytotoxic phenotypes are shaped not only by compound dosage, but by the length of compound-cell exposure. In addition to compound-specific attributes, inherent cellular factors such as biotransformation capacity, cell cycle susceptibility, and receptor expression often dictate the kinetics of cytotoxicity. Unfortunately, the majority of conventional cytotoxicity assays are performed at a terminal endpoint (48-72h) which at worst can underestimate cytotoxicity due to biomarker degradation, or at best, fail to reveal important features of the cytotoxic event which may be important for establishing mechanism-of-action. We have developed a pro-fluorescent, cell-impermeant probe which can be applied to cells at the time of dosing to report changes in membrane integrity as they occur in real-time. The dye enters cells with impaired membrane integrity, greatly enhancing fluorescence which is proportional to non-viable cell number. The dye can be used in traditional plate based formats using standard fluorometry or with image based readers (Essen Bioscience Incucyte™) to establish the dose-dependent kinetics of cytotoxicity. Here we describe the dye9s utility using mechanistically distinct cytotoxins with both cancer cell lines (on-target) and terminally differentiated cells (off-target) and correlate this dead cell fluorescence activity to other cytotoxicity biomarkers by same-well multiplexed methods. Citation Format: Richard L. Somberg, Andrew Niles, Tracy Worzella, Dan Lazar. A pro-fluorescent membrane integrity dye for the real-time assessment of cytotoxicity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5532. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5532
Histidine decarboxylase and DOPA decarboxylase in the rat stomach. Properties and cellular localization.

Abstract 1. The major portion of gastric histidine decarboxylase in the rat was found in a system of enterochromaffin-like cells in the basal part of the oxyntic gland area. This cell system is also the major storage site for gastric histamine, as has been established by fluorescence microscopy. Gastric DOPA decarboxylase was primarily associated with the enterochromaffin cells of the pyloric gland area. A significant amount of this enzyme, however, was also found in the enterochromaffin-like cells of the oxyntic gland area. 2. The kinetic properties of gastric histidine decarboxylase were very similar to those of mammalian histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22) from other tissue sources. Gastric DOPA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26) appears to attack a variety of substrates, since the enterochromaffin-like cells seem to have the capacity to take up and decarboxylate a number of aromatic amino acids, including tryptophan, as was shown chemically and histochemically. 3. Starvation markedly reduced the activity of histidine decarboxylase in the rat stomach. DOPA decarboxylase, however, was not overtly affected by this treatment. Gastric histidine decarboxylase was activated by a number of drugs, all of which are secretory stimulants (parasympathomimetics, vagal stimulants and reserpine). However, neither histamine nor histidine, both secretagogues, had any activating effect on the enzyme. The results of the present studies suggest that exogenous gastrin acts and that the common mechanism for all other agents which cause an activation of gastric histidine decarboxylase may be the release of endogenous gastrin. Gastric DOPA decarboxylase could not be activated by any of the drugs tested.
Applying the theory of planned behavior to explore HAART adherence among HIV-positive immigrant Latinos: elicitation interview results.

Abstract Objective This study explored influences on intention to adhere to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among immigrant Latinos living with HIV/AIDS in the southeastern USA. Methods Our community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnership completed individual in-depth interviews with 25 immigrant Latinos, based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), to explore beliefs toward HAART adherence and HIV testing. Results Participants identified (a) seven outcomes of treatment adherence (e.g., “feeling good” and “controlling the virus”), (b) six groups of persons influencing adherence (e.g., family, partner/spouse), and (c) nine impediments to adherence (e.g., appointment scheduling, side effects of treatment). Fear of deportation, perceived costs of services, and barriers to communication emerged as impediments to both HAART adherence and HIV testing. Conclusion The findings suggest the utility of TPB in identifying factors to enhance HAART adherence among immigrant Latinos. Future research should explore the extent to which these identified TPB components quantitatively influence adherence intention and immunological and virological outcomes. Practice implications Culturally congruent interventions for immigrant Latinos may need to focus on facilitators of adherence, influential referent groups, and destigmatizing HIV/AIDS.
Science jobs tight

In the latest report of the College Placement Council it was noted that a recovery of sorts may be underway for recent graduates in science, engineering, or technology. Based on a survey of 185 placement offices at 160 colleges and universities, the College Placement Survey concluded in its April 1983 report that only one half as many job offers in science, engineering, and technology fields were reported this year, compared with the same time last year. However, although fewer offers were made, more jobs were filled. Petroleum engineering graduates have commanded the highest beginning salaries of all fields this spring. The average salary offered to petroleum engineers in the class of 1983 is $31,044 per year, almost a 2% increase over last year's starting salary for the same discipline. In second place are chemical engineering graduates who are being offered average starting salaries of $27,336 per year, about 1% higher than last year's figure.
Composition of bioinformatics model federations using communication aspects

Scientists in bioinformatics research utilize multiple software tools and models for their analysis of genomic data. This involves a mixture of stand-alone and custom software. Stand-alone application tasks include computational data analysis and data visualization. The genomic data links the software together; the output from one may be suitable as input for another. Scientists often create custom tools and scripts to perform additional computational and processing tasks, such as filtering, before passing data from one tool to the next. This interoperating collection of tools and models becomes a "federation" of collaborative software. We propose an approach using aspect-oriented programming and Linda-style tuple space coordination language to facilitate connecting the individual components of the federation together; we assemble the separate components into the larger complex system, ideally without altering the original components. This paper describes the concepts behind our approach of using AOP and tuple spaces to intercept, filter and transform data as well as manage tool execution and coordination.
Fluorescence lifetimes of jet-cooled carbonyl-substituted indoles. Evidence of intramolecular charge transfer quenching

Abstract Fluorescence lifetime measurements were made for the S1 origins of a number of jet-cooled indole chromophores having carbonyl-containing substituents bonded directly to the chromophore with no spacing aliphatic carbons. The lifetimes are significantly shorter than those of compounds having carbonyl substituents spaced farther from the chromophore. 4-indole carboxylic acid and 5-indole carboxylic acid each exhibit two S1 conformer origins that have decidedly different lifetimes. These observations are consistent with the occurrence of fluorescence quenching due to charge transfer to the carbonyl. Further lifetime measurements with the foregoing compunds deuterated at the acidic sites rule out excited-state proton transfer from these sites as an important quenching mechanism.
Profile of Mood States Research in Sport and Exercise Psychology: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract A review was conducted of the sport and exercise literature for the years 1971 to early 1998 in which the Profile of Mood States (POMS) figured prominently. Analyses indicated that there were 258 published articles in which the POMS was used with athletic or exercise samples during this time period. Of these articles, 226 were data-based and the remainder dealt with general, theoretical, or psychometric issues. Prominent journals publishing the data-based research, leading authors, sport samples used, gender issues, and temporal trends in the use of the POMS were noted. Anticipated future developments include: improvements in research methodologies used to study relationships among sport, exercise, and mood; continued validation of abbreviated forms of the scale as well as a form for use with youth samples; and increased utilization of the POMS for mood profiling.
Wetting of Al2O3-SiO2 Refractories by Molten Glass: I, Measurement of Wetting

The wetting of alumina-silica refractories by a soda-lime-silica glass at 1200°C. was studied by taking measurements from enlarged photographs of a glass drop on the refractory surface after various time intervals. The values calculated for the contact angles were in agreement with those obtained by direct measurement of the solid-glass-air interfaces. A review of the theoretical considerations validating the use of the contact angle as a means of measuring the wetting tendency is presented. The physical conditions which can influence the magnitude of the contact angle are also discussed, as is the method of calculating the contact angle. The rate at which the contact angles decreased indicated that an appreciable difference exists in the tendency of the molten glass to wet the various alumina-silica refractories. A comparison is made of the wetting behavior of the refractories studied.
Richard Nixon and presidential mythology

Richard Nixon's rhetoric is analyzed according to four themes which have evolved in his public speaking. Together these themes comprise Nixon's view of Presidential Mythology.
Electromagnetically induced transparency from spin coherences in semiconductors

We report recent progresses on experimental demonstration of electromagnetically induced transparency from exciton spin coherence and from electron spin coherence in semiconductor quantum wells
Intracranial osmoreceptors control evaporation in the heat-stressed cat

Abstract During heat stress, most mammals regulate body temperature by evaporating body water. Dehydrated mammals reduce their evaporative water losses and allow body temperature to rise. The physiological mechanisms underlying this inhibition of evaporative cooling in dehydration have remained unclear. We now report that the rate of evaporation in dehydrated, heat-stressed cats is controlled by intracranial osmoreceptors and suggest that these receptors are part of a common central neural osmoreceptive mechanism regulating evaporative heat loss, renal water loss and thirst.
The effect of the original introduction of Medicaid on welfare participation and female labor supply

This paper uses the fact that states introduced Medicaid programs at different times between 1966 and 1972 to estimate Medicaid’s effect on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) participation. Using state-level data, we find that the introduction of Medicaid accounted for approximately 10% of growth in AFDC caseloads from 1964 to 1974, a time period during which there was thought to be significant unexplained growth in caseloads. Analysis of individual-level data indicates that Medicaid’s effect on AFDC participation occurred through its effect in increasing the number of eligibles who participated in the program, and not because of increases in eligibility or reductions in workforce participation.
The asymptotic structure of a counterflow premixed flame for large activation energies

Abstract The asymptotic structure of a steady counterflow, premixed flame is analyzed in the limit of a large ratio of the activation energy to the thermal energy in the flame for the overall combustion process. The governing conservation equations are similar to those for the counterflow diffusion flame analyzed previously by Linan. The Damkohler number, defined as the ratio of a characteristic diffusion time to a characteristic chemical time is a parameter in this analysis. The characteristic S curve emerges when the maximum flame temperature is plotted as a function of the Damkohler number. Segments of this curve represent a nearly frozen ignition regime, an unstable partial burning regime, and a near equilibrium regime. The structure of these regimes are analyzed in detail. Critical conditions for ignition and extinction of a premixed flame are also given.
Dental indices are higher in coronary heart disease patients but the difference is not significant

Dental indices are higher in coronary heart disease patients but the difference is not significant
PECTIN CONTENT OF LIME AND LEMON PEEL AS EXTRACTED BY NITRIC ACID

Research is described for the extraction of pectin from lime and lemon peel with nitric acid. Temperature and time were varied while extraction acidity remained constant at pH 1.6. For those extraction conditions that resulted in maximum jelly units, yield of pectin as alcohol precipitate, jelly grade and yield as 150 grade pectin were tabulated. Yields of pectin from lemon peel decreased (6.49% in July to 2.55% in November) with increasing fruit maturity. Comparative data were also obtained for pectins extracted from commercially leached peel and the corresponding rotary dried peel. Loss due to drying peel was from 7.7–10.6% in yield of 150 grade pectin.
Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes, a multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component, is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. The major susceptibility locus maps to the HLA class II genes at 6p21, although more than 40 non-HLA susceptibility gene markers have been confirmed. CONTENT: Although HLA class II alleles account for up to 30%–50% of genetic type 1 diabetes risk, multiple non-MHC loci contribute to disease risk with smaller effects. These include the insulin, PTPN22 , CTLA4 , IL2RA , IFIH1 , and other recently discovered loci. Genomewide association studies performed with high-density single-nucleotide–polymorphism genotyping platforms have provided evidence for a number of novel loci, although fine mapping and characterization of these new regions remain to be performed. Children born with the high-risk genotype HLADR3/4-DQ8 comprise almost 50% of children who develop antiislet autoimmunity by the age of 5 years. Genetic risk for type 1 diabetes can be further stratified by selection of children with susceptible genotypes at other diabetes genes, by selection of children with a multiple family history of diabetes, and/or by selection of relatives that are HLA identical to the proband. SUMMARY: Children with the HLA-risk genotypes DR3/4-DQ8 or DR4/DR4 who have a family history of type 1 diabetes have more than a 1 in 5 risk for developing islet autoantibodies during childhood, and children with the same HLA-risk genotype but no family history have approximately a 1 in 20 risk. Determining extreme genetic risk is a prerequisite for the implementation of primary prevention trials, which are now underway for relatives of individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Characterization of ryanodine receptor type 1 single channel activity using "on-nucleus" patch clamp.

Abstract In this study, we provide the first description of the biophysical and pharmacological properties of ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) expressed in a native membrane using the on-nucleus configuration of the patch clamp technique. A stable cell line expressing rabbit RyR1 was established (HEK-RyR1) using the FLP-in 293 cell system. In contrast to untransfected cells, RyR1 expression was readily demonstrated by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry in HEK-RyR1 cells. In addition, the RyR1 agonists 4-CMC and caffeine activated Ca2+ release that was inhibited by high concentrations of ryanodine. On nucleus patch clamp was performed in nuclei prepared from HEK-RyR1 cells. Raising the [Ca2+] in the patch pipette resulted in the appearance of a large conductance cation channel with well resolved kinetics and the absence of prominent subconductance states. Current versus voltage relationships were ohmic and revealed a chord conductance of ∼750 pS or 450 pS in symmetrical 250 mM KCl or CsCl, respectively. The channel activity was markedly enhanced by caffeine and exposure to ryanodine resulted in the appearance of a subconductance state with a conductance ∼40% of the full channel opening with a Po near unity. In total, these properties are entirely consistent with RyR1 channel activity. Exposure of RyR1 channels to cyclic ADP ribose (cADPr), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) or dantrolene did not alter the single channel activity stimulated by Ca2+, and thus, it is unlikely these molecules directly modulate RyR1 channel activity. In summary, we describe an experimental platform to monitor the single channel properties of RyR channels. We envision that this system will be influential in characterizing disease-associated RyR mutations and the molecular determinants of RyR channel modulation.
A Note on Welfare Comparisons between Monopoly and Pure Competition

Welfare economics, in its comparisons between different market structures, has leaned heavily on the concepts of consumers’ surplus and producers’ surplus. Their acceptance for this purpose has had its ups and downs. Lerner initiated the discussion in his celebrated 1934 articles1 on the welfare implications of monopoly—monopsony, and it has been carried on by a long series of authors since then.
Leptin’s regulation of obesity-induced cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling

Obesity-induced remodeling of cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) leads to myocardial fibrosis and ultimately diastolic dysfunction. Leptin, an adipocyte hormone, is emerging as a novel mechanistic link between obesity and heart diseases. Despite the known essential role of leptin in hepatic and renal fibrosis, the in vivo effects of leptin on cardiac ECM remodeling remain unclear. Our objective was to define the role of leptin as a key mediator of pro-fibrogenic responses in the heart. In vitro administration of leptin to primary cardiofibroblasts resulted in significant stimulation of pro-collagen Iα1 and a decrease in pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, -9 and -13 gene expressions at 24 h. To study the in vivo pro-fibrotic effect, leptin was administrated to C57BL/6 and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice for 8 weeks. With exogenous leptin ob/ob mice displayed passive diastolic filling dysfunction, coincided with significant increase in myocardial collagen compared with ob/ob controls. We also observed a marked stimulation of pro-collagen IIIα1 and suppression of pro-MMP-8, TIMP-1 and -3 gene expressions in leptin-treated ob/ob mice. Our findings suggest pro-fibrotic effects of leptin in the heart, primarily through the predominance of collagen synthesis over degradation.
Line Profiles from a Disk around a Rotating Black Hole

The iron Kα line is detected in Galactic X-ray sources and in some active galactic nuclei (AGNs). This line is likely to be produced by fluorescence from a cold X-ray-irradiated gas. Previous studies of line profiles have concentrated on the case of a disk around a nonrotating black hole. This paper presents calculations of profiles of lines emitted from an accretion disk around a rotating black hole. The calculations were done for a number of different line emissivity laws, with an emphasis on cases where most of the flux originates from the inner regions of the disk
Stable and Metastable Equilibria in the System SiO2-Al2O3

Concentration profiles of Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ in diffusion couples made from sapphire and fused silica were used to determine the stable equilibrium phase diagram of the system SiO/sub 2/--Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/. The intermediate compound mullite, 3Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/.2SiO/sub 2/, melts incongruently at 1828 +- 10/sup 0/C; its stable solid-solution region ranges from 70.5 to 74.0 wt percent Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ below 1753/sup 0/C and from 71.6 to 74.0 wt percent at 1813/sup 0/C. The microstructures of diffusion zones and heat-treated specimens also indicate the incongruency of mullite. Additional information is given for 3 metastable systems: SiO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ in the absence of mullite, SiO/sub 2/-ordered-mullite in the absence of alumina, and SiO/sub 2/-disordered mullite in the absence of alumina. Under metastable conditions, ordered mullite melts congruently at approximately 1880/sup 0/C and its solid-solution range extends up to approximately 77 wt percent Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/. The solid-solution range of disordered mullite extends to approximately equal to 83 wt percent Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ with an estimated congruent melting temperature of approximately 1900/sup 0/C. The existence of metastable systems is associated with superheating of mullite above the incongruent melting temperature and with nucleation of alumina and mullite in supercooled aluminum-silicate liquids. (auth)