cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Other Comprehensive Income, Its Components, and Analysts’ Forecasts

This paper examines how analysts incorporate other comprehensive income (OCI) and its components into their earnings forecasts. We first document that analysts’ one-year-ahead earnings forecasts are associated with OCI and OCI components having predictive ability; this suggests analysts (at least partially) incorporate this information into their forecasting. We then show that analysts are neither complete nor timely in incorporating OCI information into their forecasts, as several OCI components remain associated with analysts’ forecast errors. Further, we document that higher uncertainty in firm performance exacerbates analysts’ underreaction, evidencing a friction to full incorporation of OCI-related information. Finally, as evidence of where and when analysts derive OCI-related information, we document that analysts’ forecast revisions correlate with the release of firms’ 10-Ks and early 10-Qs (i.e., quarters one and two but not three).
The Origin and Early History of the Sun and the Planetary System in the Context of Stellar Evolution

A plausible scenario for the early history of the sun can be constructed by combining the results of stellar astronomy with lunar and meteoritic chronologies. The meteorites apparently contain material exposed to two nucleo-synthetic events, one about 108 yr and another a few 106 yr before solidification. Following 11. Reeves, these are asso­ciated with supernovae occurring in star clusters in mole­cular clouds that formed during passage through successive galactic arm shocks. The Orion Trapezium Cluster may be a modern example; its density is such that encounters between members would have been close enough and frequent enough to have had major effects upon their circumstellar ‘solar nebulae,’ as would recurrent FU Ori-like eruptions of the stars themselves. The lunar bombardment continued for 7 x 108 yr following formation of our sun. If this represented disk cleanup, disks must persist for that long, and hence circumstellar activity may still be in progress around some young stars in the solar vicinity. The observed time decay of axial rotation and surface activity in solar-type stars can be extended backwards, and indicates that the ultra­violet radiation of the young sun would have had major photochemical consequences upon the primitive earth.
The Spectroscopic Survey of the SDSS

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) will survey π steradians of the North Galactic Cap in five distinct wavebands (0.4 arcsec pixels), and select from this map one million galaxies and quasars for redshift measurement with multi-fibre spectrographs. To enable this large gain in data, special-purpose hardware and software systems have been designed and are currently in the installation stage. This contribution outlines the spectroscopic part of the survey, but some reference is made to the imaging part of the survey to provide the proper context. More general accounts of the SDSS are given in Kron (1992) and Gunn & Knapp (1993).
Characterization of vaccinia virus growth factor biosynthetic pathway with an antipeptide antiserum.

Abstract A synthetic peptide derived from vaccinia virus growth factor (VGF) was used as an immunogen to prepare antiserum able to immunoprecipitate native VGF from both vaccinia virus-infected cell lysate and cell-free medium. Pulse-chase, tunicamycin treatment, and carbohydrate trimming experiments revealed that VGF is synthesized as a 19-kilodalton (kDa) precursor which is rapidly modified to a high-mannose-type 22-kDa protein. This cell-associated form is further processed into a 25-kDa polypeptide which, after proteolytic cleavage, releases the mature VGF into the medium as a 22-kDa glycoprotein.
Classic data structures in C

Part 1 Terms, tools and technology: engineering software - responsibility-driven design, programming from reusable components, problem solving heuristics, chapter summary creating software components - classes, streams, chapter summary algorithms - descriptions of behaviour - recipes as algorithms, printing integers, integer exponents, greatest common divisor, chapter summary. Part 2 Analysis, algorithms and abstractions: strings - an example ADT - primitive strings, the string data abstraction, pattern matching, chapter summary classification of collections vectors and component reuse - templates, simple vectors, techniques for software reuse, other vector variations, function templates, chapter summary inheritance - power through polymorphism - static and dynamic types, frameworks and virtual methods, varieties of inheritance, iterators, forms of polymorphism, the slicing problem, chapter summary lists - a dynamic data structure - simple lists, list iterators, application - polynomial arithmetic, ordered lists, self-organizing lists, double ended lsits, other common variations, application - free lists, chapter summary stacks and queues - higher level abstractions - the abstract classes stack and queue, stacks, application - RPN calculator, application - coversion of infix to postfix, queues, application - breadth first search, application - a framework for backtracking, chapter summary trees - a nonlinear data structure - binary trees, operator precedence parsing, tree traversals, binary tree representation of general trees, chapter summary searching - divide and conquer, binary search, ordered vectors, binary search trees, AVL trees, application - tree sort, finding the Nth largest, chapter summary priority queues - heaps, skew heaps, application - discrete event-driven simulation, chapter summary hash tables - collision resolution using buckets, asymptotic analysis of hash table operations, hash table iterators, application - bucket sorting, hash functions, chapter summary sets and bags - unordered collections - set operations, bit vector sets, the abstract set operations, building sets from hash tables, chapter summary dictionaries and tables - associations, dictionaries as lists of associations, ordered dictionaries, dictionaries as hash tables, chapter summary graphs - adjacency matrix representation, edge list representation, weighted adjacency matrix, labelled edge list representation, finite automata, chapter summary files - external collections.
Synchronous real-time reporting of multiple cellular events.

Publisher Summary Genetic incorporation of reporter genes into nearly every major experimental system has allowed the reliable recording of transcriptional, translational, and trafficking events, in some cases in live cells and/or without any fixing, staining, or additional cofactors. This chapter describes the next step in the evolution of cellular monitoring: the simultaneous real-time reporting of multiple cellular processes in living tissue. It also describes a experimental system for using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as an in vivo spatial marker along with luciferase as a realtime reporter of gene transcription. The chapter uses these reporters to study the expression of the circadian clock-gene period (per) in Drosophila. GFP, a bright, stable marker, is ideal for identifying cells in which per is expressed. Luciferase, on the other hand, is very dim compared to GFP, but its short half-life makes it useful for monitoring transcription. Each of these reporters is practical for addressing a subset of the specific questions, and each has its own special requirements for detection.
THE TRIAD OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA, ECZEMA, AND RECURRENT INFECTIONS (WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME) ASSOCIATED WITH MILK ANTIBODIES, GIANT-CELL PNEUMONIA, AND CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION DISEASE

A 3-year-old boy with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome has been described. In the course of study the child was found to have circulating antibodies to whole cow9s milk; a peculiar cellular infiltrate in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow; measles, giant-cell pneumonia, and cytomegalic inclusion disease. The patient improved on a milk-free diet, but no clear exacerbation of symptoms could be induced by milk ingestion. The combination of these clinical and pathological findings has not been reported previously in this syndrome.
Personal Reflections on Permanency Planning and Cultural Competency

(1997). Personal Reflections on Permanency Planning and Cultural Competency. Journal of Multicultural Social Work: Vol. 5, No. 1-2, pp. 9-18.
Low-frequency stable internally combined volume-surface integral equation for 3D high-contrast scatterers

Volume-surface integral equations (VSIEs) are often used to analyze electromagnetic scattering by piecewise homogeneous dielectric objects (Usner et al., IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 54, pp. 68–75, 2006). Unfortunately, when these objects include high-contrast (HC) regions, viz. regions with permittivities that are much higher than those of their surrounding media, discretization of many VSIEs results in ill-conditioned systems of equations. In addition, VSIEs invariably suffer from low-frequency (LF) breakdown: when the mesh that discretizes the scatterer contains elements with dimensions that are much smaller than the wavelength, their discretization results in ill-conditioned systems of equations. Both HC and LF breakdown phenomena severely limit the usefulness of VSIEs in the analysis of bio-electromagnetic and geophysical applications. Previously, we developed a novel internally combined volume-surface integral equation (ICVSIE) and showed that it is immune from HC and LF breakdown when used to analyze TE scattering from various 2D inhomogeneous cylinders (Gomez et al., USNC/URSI Nat. Radio Sci. Meeting, 2013).
Calyculin A-induced Vimentin Phosphorylation Sequesters 14-3-3 and Displaces Other 14-3-3 Partners in Vivo *

14-3-3 proteins bind their targets through a specific serine/threonine-phosphorylated motif present on the target protein. This binding is a crucial step in the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of various key proteins involved in signal transduction and cell cycle control. We report that treatment of COS-7 cells with the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A induces association of 14-3-3 with a 55-kDa protein, identified as the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Association of vimentin with 14-3-3 depends on vimentin phosphorylation and requires the phosphopeptide-binding domain of 14-3-3. The region necessary for binding to 14-3-3 is confined to the vimentin amino-terminal head domain (amino acids 1–96). Monomeric forms of 14-3-3 do not bind vimentin in vivo or in vitro, indicating that a stable complex requires the binding of a 14-3-3 dimer to two sites on a single vimentin polypeptide. The calyculin A-induced association of vimentin with 14-3-3 in vivo results in the displacement of most other 14-3-3 partners, including the protooncogene Raf, which nevertheless remain capable of binding 14-3-3 in vitro.Concomitant with 14-3-3 displacement, calyculin A treatment blocks Raf activation by EGF; however, this inhibition is completely overcome by 14-3-3 overexpression in vivo or by the addition of prokaryotic recombinant 14-3-3 in vitro. Thus, phosphovimentin, by sequestering 14-3-3 and limiting its availability to other target proteins can affect intracellular signaling processes that require 14-3-3.
Tissue specific isozymes of octopine dehydrogenase in the cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis. The roles of octopine dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase inSepia

1. The activities of octopine dehydrogenase (ODH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed in the mantle, tentacles, skin, ventricle, branchial heart, ovary, nidamental gland, hepatopancreas, central brain, stellate ganglion, and gill of the cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis. The activities of ODH and LDH are not mutually exclusive; both dehydrogenases were present in each tissue. 2. LDH was present in heart-type (pyruvate inhibited) and muscle-type forms, the tissue distribution of these two forms being similar to that of the M4 and H4 LDH isozymes of vertebrate tissues. 3. Cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed tissue specific forms of ODH. The enzymes from brain, mantle, and ventricle differ in electrophoretic mobility and several tissues (ex. gill, branchial heart) contain two separable forms of ODH activity. 4. ODH from hepatopancreas, mantle, brain, and ventricle were characterized kinetically, The brain and hepatopancreas enzymes were found to have the highest affinity for octopine and NAD+. Brain ODH exhibited the lowestKm for arginine and was potently product inhibited by octopine and NAD+. 5. The role of the ODH/octopine system inSepia appears to be analogous to, but not simply a substitute for, the LDH/lactate system of vertebrates. The possible biological significance of this “double dehydrogenase” system is dicussed.
Combined alprazolam and phenelzine treatment of refractory depression with panic attacks.

In recent years, the simultaneous occurrence of major depression and panic attacks has been the subject of much investigation. Those patients who experience panic disorder and related anxiety associated with depression seem to demonstrate increased agitation, hypochondriasis, depersonalization, derealization, and respond less well to antidepressant medication (Van Valkenburg et al. 1984; Grunhaus et al. 1986). Several investigators have also reported that this patient population appears to be consistently more responsive to pharmacological treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) than to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (Liebowitz et al. 1985; Robinson et al. 1985). Alprazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine, has also been found to be effective in treating major depression (Feighner et al. 1983; Rickels et al. 1985) and panic disorder (Chouinard et al. 1982; Alexander and Alexander 1986), thus raising the question of whether or not alprazolam would be useful as adjunctive therapy with an MAOI in the treatment of refractory depression and panic disorder. This case report describes a patient with drugresistant depression and panic attacks who was successfully treated with a combination of alprazolam and the hydrazine monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine.
4-Hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid: An unusual compound isolated from the urine of children with suspected disorders of metabolism

Abstract 1. 1. An unknown compound has been isolated in the acidic fraction of urine samples taken from several children suspected of having metabolic disorders. 2. 2. This unknown has been characterized using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/computer system. Both the high and low resolution mass spectra have been determined and a structure proposed. 3. 3. Authentic samples were synthesized and compared to the unknown and a final proof of structure is presented. The compound, 4-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid, is suspected to come from a dietary source but the actual genesis will be determined in future work.
Multiple central giant cell lesions with a Noonan-like phenotype

A small number of patients with the phenotypic features of Noonan syndrome have also developed giant cell lesions of the jaws similar to those seen in cherubism. This case report describes an individual with the features of the recently described Noonan-like/multiple giant cell lesion syndrome. Previously reported cases and issues relative to diagnosis and management are considered.
A composite characterization of high speed spun semicrystalline fibers

A systematic study of thermo-mechanical properties of high speed spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers was undertaken as part of a broad quantitative process—structure—property examination of semicrystalline polymers through appropriate composite models. Calorimetric experiments on a series of fibers spun at different speeds show that crystallinity increases with takeup speed rapidly below 4500 m/min but at a slower rate above that speed. The glass transition, cold crystallization, and melting temperatures were also found to increase with speed. A similar increase is exhibited by both the refractive index of these fibers along the fiber axis and the fiber birefringence. Comparison of birefringence measurements with those predicted from a composite two-phase optical model led to the conclusion that form birefringence may be a significant contributor to the overall birefringence and that it may not be ignored in calculations of orientation functions with this experimental technique.
Prior physical and sexual abuse in women with chronic headache: clinical correlates.

SYNOPSIS Physical and/or sexual abuse in women with chronic headache has never been addressed. This pilot study addressed differences in women with chronic headache who reported such a history, compared to a control group of women with chronic headache without a traumatic history. Thirty women were divided into two groups, based on self-report of abuse, and all women given an MMPI as part of their assessment. Sixty-six percent of women reported significant traumatic histories, with a mean of 8 years of abuse; headache pain developed after trauma in 100% of these cases. Abused women had shorter chronicity of headache but reported greater psycho-social distress and significantly more headaches. Results lend support to a model of life stress etiologically involved in the development of headache. Variables related to personality prior to headache development may be more important than the chronicity determinant. Assessment and identification of abuse early in the cycle may prevent long-term adjustment problems.
Medication adherence strategies in older adults

Medical advancements, including medications to manage disease, have contributed to increased longevity. Because medical products contribute to increased longevity, medication adherence is important for the older adult population. Proper adherence not only contributes to quality of life physically, but also to decreased health care costs. Effective support systems to facilitate maintenance of medication regimens are necessary. Knowledge of the popularity of strategies employed by older adults can inform the design of support systems. In a survey of 366 adults aged 60 to 80 we found that older adults use multiple strategies, and these strategies are most effective when in their normal routine. Thus support systems should incorporate and facilitate the use of multiple strategies. Moreover, support systems are needed for adherence to medication regimens when people are outside of their routines.
Reversing the side-effect effect: the power of salient norms

In the last decade, experimental philosophers have documented systematic asymmetries in the attributions of mental attitudes to agents who produce different types of side effects. We argue that this effect is driven not simply by the violation of a norm, but by salient-norm violation. As evidence for this hypothesis, we present two new studies in which two conflicting norms are present, and one or both of them is raised to salience. Expanding one’s view to these additional cases presents, we argue, a fuller conception of the side-effect effect, which can be reversed by reversing which norm is salient.
Attuning notification design to user goals and attention costs

Why is the attentive user interface paradigm important for human-computer interaction? The human attention system is so sensitive to various methods of notification that traditional design involves too much compromise and guesswork.
Developmental aspects of three dimensional concept attainment

Students (N-470) of grades 1–9 were directed to place 54 blocks which varied in color, size, and shape into a three dimensional sorting bin, containing a like number of compartments. The S had to simultaneously take into account three dimensions related to color, size, and form. The task required that logical structure would override “concrete” sensory ordering. While overly “concrete” responses to selected attributes extended strongly into the ninth grade, significant system differences began to appear at the sixth grade level. Discrimination training significantly increased the scores.
Global Dimension 4 Extensions of Artin–Schelter Regular Algebras

Abstract This paper classifies central and normal extensions from global dimension 3 Artin–Schelter regular algebras to global dimension 4 Artin–Schelter regular algebras. Let A be an AS regular algebra of global dimension 3, and let D be an extension of A by a normal graded element z , i.e., D /〈 z 〉 = A . The algebra A falls under a classification due to Artin, Schelter, Tate, and Van den Bergh [Artin and Schelter, Adv. Math. 66 (1987), pp. 171–216; Artin et al., in “The Grothendieck Festschrift,” Vol. 1, pp. 33–85, Birkhauser, Basel, 1990; Artin et al., Invent Math. 106 (1991), pp. 335–388] and is either quadratic or cubic. The quadratic algebras A are Koszul, and this fact was used by Le Bruyn, Smith, and Van den Bergh [Le Bruyn et al., Math. Z. 222 (1996), 171–212] to classify the four-dimensional AS regular algebras D when A is quadratic and deg( z ) = 1. Alternative methods are needed when A is cubic or deg( z ) > 1. We prove in all such cases that the regularity of D and z is equivalent to the regularity of z in low degree (e.g., 2 or 3) and this is equivalent to easily verifiable matrix conditions on the relations for D .
Temperature is a powerful promoter of interleukin 2 transcription.

Abstract Elevated temperature has profound effects on the immune system, particularly by increasing T-cell proliferation rates, interleukin 1 (IL-1)-driven secretion of IL-2, and primary antibody responses to T-dependent antigens. Therefore, this study shows, in detail, the effects of incubation temperature (29°C to 41°C) on proliferation, IL-2 secretion, and IL-2 mRNA expression in both a murine thymoma cell line (EL4-6.1) and in nontransformed murine splenocytes. Temperature was found to be a positive regulator of IL-2 secretion whether or not IL-1 was part of the activation signal. Parallel effects were observed at the level of IL-2 gene expression. Messenger RNA was quantitated with a novel system, using solution hybridization followed by detection of RNA-DNA complexes by enzyme immunoassay. The time to onset of IL-2 mRNA expression was inversely related to temperature, and mRNA levels increased 20- to 50-fold with increases in average incubation temperature from 29°C to 39°C. This effect was observed whether cells were incubated at constant temperature or exposed intermittently to elevated temperature. Over the same intervals of time and temperature, mRNA levels for τ-actin and β-tubulin remained relatively constant. Taken together, these findings suggest that temperature-mediated augmentation of IL-2 secretion does not require the presence of IL-1, and that the effect occurs at a pretranslational level.
Perceptions of hospital CEOs about the effects of CEO turnover.

Empirical evidence is scarce on chief executive officer (CEO) turnover in U.S. hospitals, with potentially serious implications for many of these organizations. This study, based on a nationwide survey of CEOs at non-federal general surgical and medical community hospitals conducted in the spring of 2004, reports the perceptions of hospital CEOs regarding the circumstances and impact of CEO turnover on U.S. hospitals. In the opinion of the respondents, the impact includes competitors taking advantage of turnover by luring employees and physicians away from the target hospital, significantly increasing the likelihood of other senior executives leaving the hospital, and many of the important strategic activities being delayed or cancelled altogether. Interestingly, the perceptions of CEOs regarding the effects of turnover do not seem to differ regardless of voluntary or involuntary circumstances of turnover. However, there is a notable bias in emphasizing the perceived negative implications of respondents' ...
Influence of training on tissue respiration.

The in vitro oxygen consumption of selected tissues from trained and nontrained male albino rats was determined using the Warburg technique. The training program used was an endurance type previously shown capable of producing a “trained” animal. The results showed no significant difference between trained and nontrained rats in the respiration of skeletal muscle, liver, diaphragm, and spleen tissues. This finding indicates that the enhanced ability of the trained organism to respond to exercise is not brought about by alterations in basal tissue metabolism, and that possible alterations in metabolic pathways or enzyme activities with training should be investigated.
A Parent-Offspring Adoption Study of Cognitive Abilities in Early Childhood.

Abstract Do cognitive abilities in early childhood relate genetically and/or environmentally to isomorphic abilities in adulthood? Are specific cognitive abilities diffentiated in early childhood in terms of their prediction of adult cognitive abilities? The present study, the first behavioral genetic analysis of specific cognitive abilities in early childhood, explored these questions using parent-offspring data for 186 adopted children and 151 nonadopted children tested in the longitudinal Colorado Adoption Project at 3 years of age and 162 adopted children and 138 nonadopted children tested at 4 years. The children's Stanford-Binet IQ and scores for four specific cognitive abilities (verbal, spatial, perceptual speed, and memory) were correlated with corresponding measures for their parents—the biological and adoptive parents of the adopted children and the natural parents of the nonadopted children. Significant correlations were found between biological mothers' IQ and the IQ of their adopted away offspring at 3 and 4 years of age, suggesting genetic influence for IQ. However, specific cognitive abilities yielded no significant correlations between biological mothers and their adopted-away offspring. These results suggest that substantial genetic continuity exists for IQ from early childhood to adulthood, but not for specific cognitive abilities.
Identification of Salmonella Enteritidis outer membrane proteins expressed during attachment to human intestinal epithelial cells

Aims: To express and identify the Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis outer membrane proteins that are involved in the attachment to human intestinal epithelial cells. Methods and Results:Salmonella Enteritidis attachment proteins were expressed by infection of human intestinal epithelial cells (int-407) with Salm. Enteritidis strain SE28, followed by pulse labelling with [35S]-methionine. Outer membrane proteins were separated by TritonX-114 phase partitioning, and were detected by Salm. Enteritidis-specific polyclonal antibody. Outer membrane proteins of molecular weights 82·3, 75·6, 49·3, 35·5 and 19·3 kDa were newly synthesized. Expression of 31·2 and 16 kDa proteins was up-regulated, whereas the expression of 40·7 kDa protein was down-regulated. Polyclonal antibodies against the 82·3 and 75·6 kDa proteins significantly (P < 0·05) reduced the binding of Salm. Enteritidis to int-407 cells in vitro. Conclusions: Outer membrane proteins 82·3 and 75·6 kDa are potentially involved in the attachment of Salm. Enteritidis to the intestinal mucosa. Significance and Impact of the Study: Outer membrane proteins 82·3 and 75·6 kDa identified in this study could be used as potential vaccines to block or reduce Salm. Enteritidis colonization in chickens.
Genetic expression in the developing brain

The adult mouse brain contains complex populations of polyadenylated [poly(A)+] and nonpolyadenylated [poly(A)-] messenger RNA's (mRNA's). These mRNA's are separate sequence populations, similar in complexity, and in combination are equivalent to approximately 150,000 different mRNA sequences, of average length. Essentially all of the "adult" poly(A)+ mRNA's are present in the brain at birth. In contrast, most of the poly(A)- mRNA's are absent. Brain poly(A)- mRNA's begin to appear soon after birth, but the full adult complement is not reached until young adulthood. This suggests that these poly(A)- mRNA's specify proteins required for the biological capabilities of the brain that emerge during the course of postnatal development.
Hepatocyte growth factor is a survival factor for endothelial cells and is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has multiple effects on target cells upon activation of its receptor, c-Met. In endothelial cells, HGF induces migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. HGF can also act as an anti-apoptotic factor for several cell types. The signal transduction pathways involved in mediating its anti-apoptotic effects have not been fully clarified. We demonstrated that HGF is anti-apoptotic for human endothelial cells, and identified the signaling pathways by which it mediates its effects. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exhibited significant levels of apoptosis after serum deprivation. HGF inhibited apoptosis in a dose dependent manner in serum-deprived cultures. HGF induced the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2, cell survival factors, in a time dependent manner in serum deprived HUVEC. Inhibition of Akt and Erk1/2 activation abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of HGF. The transcription factor, NF-κB, can also play a role in promoting cell survival. However, NF-κB does not appear to contribute to the anti-apoptotic properties of HGF, as nuclear translocation of NF-κB was not detected in HGF-treated cultures. Endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and HGF may play a role in the development and progression of vascular lesions. Immunohistochemical analysis of human carotid artery sections demonstrated HGF protein localization within atherosclerotic lesions but not in normal vessels, suggesting that HGF may participate in atherogenesis.
Capital punishment and deterrence: a portfolio approach

Econometric studies of the deterrence effect of capital punishment have developed models of the supply of criminal homicides which include a variable to measure the probability of capital punishment. The present study, in contrast, employs a portfolio approach in which a model is developed realting changes in the rate of homicides across states to changes in the rate of a portfolio of all reported criminal offences. The effects of executions on changes in homicide rates are measured by changes in the nature of the relationship between homicide and the portfolio and abnormal variations in the residual of a model developed in the absence of executions. Using data from 1983–1988 across states and the District of Columbia, both the nature of the relationship and the residual variation are found to be uniquely altered in a manner consistent with the deterrence hypothesis. The results of the present study provide insight into why some studies of capital punishment may have failed to find appropriate disturbance...
Comparison of upstream Te profiles with downstream heat flux profiles and their implications on parallel heat transport in the SOL in DIII-D

Abstract In the DIII-D tokamak, we measure the downstream target plate heat flux with an IRTV camera and relate it to Thomson and Langmuir probe profile measurements of ne and Te in the scrape-off layer (SOL) by projecting all measurements to the out-board midplane in order to assess the competition between parallel and cross-field heat transport. We analyze the measured characteristic widths associated with the SOL and model the results with the UEDGE code to provide insight into the mechanisms defining the various widths and the implications they have on transport. Analysis of the scaling of the heat flux width reveals an essentially inverse dependence on Ip. The Bt dependence is extremely weak to non-existent. No dependence was found on the shear and normalized pressure gradient at the 95% flux surface (s95, α95), nor on PSOL, ne or Pinj.
Isolated compartment syndrome of the extensor digitorum communis: a case report.

Anatomically, the forearm has been shown to have a superficial and deep volar compartment, a pronator quadratus compartment [3], a dorsal compartment, and a compartment containing the mobile wad [1]. There are no reports in the literature of the EDC presenting with an isolated compartment syndrome without involving the other muscles in the dorsal compartment.
The World Leisure Commission on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Globally, the prevalence of lifestyle-related chronic illnesses (LRCIs) has gradually increased over the past few decades. This change in prevalence has resulted in a rapid increase in health care ...
Sacrifice, Sequence, and Strength in Successful Dual Transitions: Lessons from Spain

This article presents a model for successful dual transitions derived from an analysis of the Spanish experience of 1977-1986. I argue that the successful implementation of structural adjustment programs depends on two factors: one, a reform sequence that delays deepened structural adjustment until after the consolidation of democracy seems assured, and two, a strong ruling party. In the Spanish case and in other successful dual transitions discussed here, the party that won the first democratic elections concentrated on consolidating democracy while the party that won the second national elections concentrated on economic reforms.
General Rate Equations for the Two-Level Pulsed Laser

A new set of general rate equations has been derived by second quantization, which describe the operation of Q-switched lasers in terms of parameters of the system. The relative importance of induced emission, correlation, spatial cross relaxation, and interference on energy build-up are estimated near the initial time, when the active ions are predominantly in the upper state. At this period, only induced emission contributes significantly to the radiant energy growth. Because of the random location of the active ions in the laser material and because of the choice of nonlossy form of vector potential, the full effects of coherence and correlation are not manifest. Also, during this period, the spectral width for the most probable axial mode varies inversely as the square root of time. On the other hand, the linewidth due to mode selection varies inversely as the square of the time. Furthermore, for a laser with maximum inversion and with gain equal to 5×109 sec−1, we can consider all the active ions to be behaving identically only for times much less than 4 nsec.
Effect of vibrational excitation on the theoretical performance of the stoichiometric carbon-oxygen propellant system

Accurate calculations to evaluate the performance of the stoichiometric carbon-oxygen propellant system have been carried out for nozzle flow with and without chemical reactions and with and without vibrational adjustment. The calculations show that, for frozen chemical flow, a lag of vibrational energy states at chamber conditions nearly doubles the reduction in I_(sp), as compared with flow in which complete vibrational equilibrium is maintained. On the other hand, lags in vibrational adjustment have practically no effect on the theoretical performance of hot propellant systems if chemical equilibrium is maintained during nozzle flow. The preceding conclusions are in agreement with the results on other propellant systems obtained previously by use of an approximate evaluation procedure.
Three-body final states from K − capture in helium and deuterium

Impulse-model calculations have been made for interactions at rest of K−-mesons in4He and D. With the assumptions of non-interacting emergent particles, momentum spectra have been calculated for the reactions: $$\begin{gathered} {\text{K}}^{\text{ - }} {\text{ + }}{}^4{\text{He}} \to \Lambda ^{\text{0}} {\text{ + }}\pi ^{\text{ - }} {\text{ + }}{}^{\text{3}}{\text{He}} \hfill \\ {\text{ }} \to \sum ^ \pm {\text{ + }}^ \mp {\text{ + }}{}^{\text{3}}{\text{H}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ and $$\begin{gathered} {\text{K}}^{\text{ - }} {\text{ + D}} \to \Lambda ^{\text{0}} {\text{ + }}\pi ^{\text{ - }} {\text{ + p}} \hfill \\ {\text{ }} \to \sum ^ \pm {\text{ + }}^ \mp {\text{ + n}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ .
Trends in the extremes of sulfur concentration distributions.

ABSTRACT Understanding the response of air quality parameters such as visibility to the implementation of new air quality regulations, population growth and redistribution, and federal land managing practices is essential to the evaluation of air quality management plans on air quality in federal Class I areas. For instance, the reduction of SO2 emissions from large single point sources should result in the decrease of extreme sulfate concentrations, while population growth in geographic areas outside of urban centers could cause a slow widespread increase of sulfate and organic concentrations. The change in federal land managing practice of increased prescribed fire on a year-round basis in lieu of large naturally occurring wild fires could have the same effect; that is, the frequency of high sulfur days increase and low sulfur days decrease as the result of the management practice. Therefore, it is of interest to examine the trends associated with the proportion of days during which the concentration of...
Medial collateral ligament tear entrapped within a proximal tibial physeal separation : imaging findings and operative reduction

Entrapped soft tissues such as periosteum and tendons have been described within joints and physeal fractures in the literature and frequently result in irreducible fractures and posttraumatic growth disturbances. We believe this case represents a novel presentation of acute, preoperative, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging diagnosis of a torn medial collateral ligament entrapped within a proximal tibial physeal separation. This case is presented with MR imaging and operative correlation of the findings.
Critical or tricritical point in mixed-action SU(2) lattice gauge theory?

Abstract An analysis of scaling along the first-order bulk transition line in fundamental-adjoint SU ( 2 ) lattice gauge theory strongly supports the first-order endpoint being a tricritical point, and is inconsistent with it being an ordinary critical point as is usually assumed. If tricritical, the transition must continue from the endpoint further into the phase diagram as a second-order bulk transition and extend to and beyond the Wilson axis. Observations indicate that this is most likely the same transition that has been traditionally considered a finite-temperature transition.
Phenotypic suppression by streptomycin-adenylate and bluensomycin-adenylate *

An arg − conditionally Sm-dependent E. coli B strain became unable to grow on minimal agar containing low levels of Sm when the strain acquired an R factor which mediates Sm and Blu adenylation. The same R-containing strain, however, grew normally when Blu was substituted for Sm in the agar. The data strongly suggest that Sm-adenylate does not suppress the arg − phenotype in an in vivo system. The possibility that Blu-adenylate can cause phenotypic suppression without being bactericidal in vivo is discussed.
Abortion laws and infanticide.

The strictness of abortion laws was not associated with the murder rate of children in 39 nations in 1980.
On the completeness of naive memoing in Prolog

Memoing is often used in logic programming to avoid redundant evaluation of similar goals, often on programs that are inherently recursive in nature. The interaction between memoing and recursion, however, is quite complex. There are several top-down evaluation strategies for logic programs that utilize memoing to achieve completeness in the presence of recursion. This paper’s focus, however, is on the use ofnaive memoing in Prolog. Using memoingnaively in conjunction with recursion in Prolog may not produce expected results. For example, adding naive memoing to Prolog’s evaluation of a right-recursive transitive closure may be incomplete, whereas adding naive memoing to Prolog’s evaluation of a left-recursive transitive closure may be terminating and complete. This paper examines the completeness of naive memoing in linear-recursive, function-free logic programs evaluated with Prolog’s top-down evaluation strategy. In addition, we assume that the program is definite and safe, having finite base relations and exactly one recursive predicate. The goal of the paper is a theoretical study of the completeness of naive memoing and recursion in Prolog, illustrating the limitations imposed even for this simplified class of programs. The naive memoing approach utilized for this study is based on extension tables, which provide a memo mechanism with immediate update view semantics for Prolog programs, through a source transformation known as ET. We introduce the concept ofET-complete, which refers to the completeness of the evaluation of a query over a Prolog program that memos selected predicates through the ET transformation. We show that left-linear recursions defined by a single recursive rule are ET-complete. We generalize the class of left-linear recursions that are ET-complete by introducing pseudo-left-linear recursions, which are also defined by a single linear recursive rule. To add left-linear recursions defined bymultiple linear recursive rules to the class of ET-complete recursions, we present a left-factoring algorithm that converts left-linear recursions defined by multiple recusive rules into pseudo-left-linear recursions defined by a single recursive rule. Based on these results, the paper concludes by identifying research directions for expanding the class of Prolog programs to be examined in future work.
Assessing quality and normalization of microarrays: case studies using neurological genomic data.

Background – Genomic analysis using microarray tools has the potential benefit of enhancing our understanding of neurological diseases. The analysis of these data is complex due to the large amount of data generated. Many tools have been developed to assist with this, but standard methods of analysis of these tools have not been established. Objective – This study analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of different analytical methods for gene identification and presents a standardized approach. Methods – Affymetrix HG-U133 plus 2.0 microarray datasets from two neurological diseases – chronic migraine and new-onset epilepsy – were used as source data and methods of analysis for normalization of data and identification of gene changes were compared. Housekeeping genes were used to identify non-specific changes and gender related genes were used to identify specific changes. Results – Initial normalization of data revealed that 5–10% of the microarray were potential outliers due to technical errors. Two separate methods of analysis (dChip and Bioconductor) identified the same microarray chips as outliers. For specificity and sensitivity testing, performing a per-gene normalization was found to be inferior to standard preprocessing procedures using robust multichip average analysis. Conclusions – Technical variation in microarray preprocessing may account for chip-to-chip and batch-to-batch variations and outliers need to be removed prior to analysis. Specificity and sensitivity of the final results are best achieved following this identification and removal with standard genomic analysis techniques. Future tools may benefit from the use of standard tools of measurement.
PROBLEMS, SOLUTIONS, AND SEMANTIC COMPUTING

Semantic Computing extends Semantic Web both in breadth and depth. It bridges, and integrates, several computing technologies into a complete and unified theme. This article discusses the essences of Semantic Computing with a description of SemanticServices.Net, a new paradigm that enables "Problem-driven" search that may offer a new story to the Internet.
Novel genetic mapping tools in plants: SNPs and LD-based approaches

Abstract Use of DNA-based genetic markers [1] has forever changed the practice of genetics. In the 20 years since that discovery, many different types of DNA-based genetic markers have been used for the construction of genetic maps, for the analysis of genetic diversity, trait mapping, as well as for applied diagnostic purposes. A bewildering array of acronyms, such as RFLP, SSR, AFLP, RAPD, AP-PCR, DAF, SAMPL, and many others describes these methodologies [2] . AFLPs and SSRs have become especially popular due to the former's high multiplex ratio and the latter's high degree of informativeness [3] . Also, arbitrary primer-based methods, such as RAPD, found their applications because of their simplicity. All of these methods constitute indirect approaches towards assessing DNA sequence differences: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, [4] ) and insertions/deletions (indels). A direct analysis of sequence difference between many individuals at a large number of loci has now become practical. Dramatic advances in sequencing technology have resulted in the determination of complete DNA sequences of many organisms including most notably human, and, from a plant scientists’ perspective, Arabidopsis [5] . The next important objective is to determine sequence diversity of genic and regulatory regions in these and other species. This would allow the understanding of the relationship between phenotypic diversity and genetic diversity. We discuss here the development and applications of SNP genetic markers in corn and other crop plants, and the contribution of these studies towards the understanding of the organization of genetic diversity in plants. We also discuss linkage disequilibrium-based trait mapping approaches.
End wall effects on thermal stratification and heat transfer in a vertical enclosure with offset partitions

End wall effects on thermal stratification and heat transfer in a vertical enclosure with offset partitions has been studied by numerically solving the governing differential equations. Two limiting end wall conditions are investigated — adiabatic end walls and perfectly conducting end walls. Two offset partition positions and three partition heights are considered. It is observed that with adiabatic end walls, the heat transfer from the vertical hot and cold walls is always greater. The effect of end wall conditions is most significant when the top partition is offset toward the cold wall and the bottom partition toward the hot wall. In this position strong thermal stratification in the core is observed. When the direction of offset is reversed, i.e., top partition is moved closer to the hot wall and the bottom partition closer to the cold wall, strong stratification effects are noted in the partition-near side wall region. Adiabatic end wall conditions promote these stratification effects. Nous avons resolu de maniere numerique les equations differentielles pour etudier les effets des parois sur la stratification thermique et le transfert de chaleur dans une enceinte verticale munie de cloisons obliques. Deux conditions aux limites pour les parois ont ete etudiees: des parois adiabatiques et des parois parfaitement conductrices. Deux positions ont ete choisies pour les cloisons obliques, ainsi que trois hauteurs differentes. Il apparaǐt que, dans le cas des parois adiabatiques, le transfert de chaleur des parois froides et chaudes verticales est toujours superieur. L'effet des conditions des parois est plus significatif lorsque la cloison superieure est dirigee vers la pi froide et la cloison inferieure vers la paroi chaude. Dans cette position, une forte stratification thermique est observee au centre. Lorsque la direction est inversee, c'est-a-dire que la cloison superieure est rapprochee de la paroi chaude et la cloison inferieure de la paroi froide, on observe des effets de stratification importants dans la region laterale pres de la cloison. Ces effets de stratification sont favorises par les parois adiabatiques.
Image coding over noisy channels with memory

This paper presents a wavelet-based image coder that is optimized for transmission over binary channels with memory. The proposed coder uses a channel-optimized trellis-coded quantizer (COTCQ) designed for a binary first-order Markov channel. The quantizer stage exploits the channel memory by incorporating the characteristics of the additive correlated channel noise during the quantizer design and by using a new trellis structure. The performance of the proposed memory-optimized COTCQ (MCOTCQ) image coding system is presented for different bit error probabilities and noise correlation parameters. It is shown that the performance of the coder is improved significantly when the second-order statistics of the noise are incorporated at the quantizer design level.