cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fracture growth—II. Case studies

SUMMARY Fracture growth under simple shearing, under transtension, and under transpression has been studied with the maximum strain-energy release-rate criterion G,,,. A repulsion scheme is used to handle the friction contact of the fracture faces. Numerical results show that, under simple shearing or transtension, a fracture grows with an abrupt change in orientation (70" with respect to the fracture), and the trajectory of the fracture growth is smooth and slightly convex. These features are in remarkable agreement with laboratory results obtained by many investigators. Under transpression, a fracture also grows with an abrupt change in orientation, and the smooth trajectory of the fracture growth is slightly concave when the compression is large. The interaction of two fractures under shearing is quite different from that under tensile loading. Under left-lateral shearing, when the two right-stepping fractures are far apart, they run away from each other; when they are close, interaction takes place, and they tend to interconnect. Under right-lateral shearing, a pull-apart basin may form by the growth of two right-stepping fractures.
Stretch: A Time-Transformation Technique

Stretch is a passive, linear, time-variant technique for performing temporal operations on many classes of signals. The technique employs three dispersive networks and a mixer. Signal slowdown, speedup, or time reversal can be attained by choice of network slopes. These temporal operations are performed within a signal "window," and the duration of the window is determined by the network time-bandwidth products. Both heuristic argumentation and rigorous analysis are presented, as are the results of a simple laboratory experiment.
Neighbor annealing for neural network training

An extremely simple technique for training the weights of a feedforward multilayer neural network is described and tested The method, dubbed ldquoneighbor annealingrdquo is a simple random walk through weight space with a gradually decreasing step size. The approach is compared against backpropagation and particle swarm optimization on a variety of training tasks. Neighbor annealing is shown to perform as well or better on the test suite, and is also shown to have pragmatic advantages.
The role of the primate lateral terminal nucleus in visuomotor behavior.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of the primate lateral terminal nucleus in visuomotor behavior. The neural pathways subserving the optokinetic reflex and its interaction with the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) are not fully understood, but they are thought to involve the accessory optic system (AOS). In the cat and rabbit, the AOS consists of three terminal nuclei (lateral, medial and dorsal; LTN, MTN, DTN) distributed along the mesencephalic brainstem and the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) located in the pretectum. Although the anatomical organization of the monkey AOS has received some attention, relatively little is known about the signals it carries. Recently, it is shown that single NOT units encode the direction of visual movement and that electrical stimulation of the primate NOT elicits a horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) with most of the classic features present in visually induced OKN. In addition to responding to full-field visual motion, many of the LTN units discharged to movement of a small spot. This ability to respond to small visual stimuli has also been reported in the primate NOT.
Crystal structure of 1-butyl-2,3-di-methyl-imidazolium dicarba-7,8-nido-undeca-borate.

In the title mol­ecular salt, C9H17N2+·C2H12B9−, the carborane cage has a bridging B—H—B bond on the open B3C2 face. The butyl side chain of the cation adopts an extended conformation [C—C—C—C = 179.6 (1)°]. In the crystal, the imidazolium ring is almost coplanar with the open face of the carborane anion. The cations stack in the [010] direction and the dihedral angle between the imidazolium rings of adjacent cations is 68.45 (6)°. The butyl chains extend into the space between carborane anions.
Arizona’s botched execution of Joseph Wood violated the Eighth Amendment and highlighted the U.S. lethal-injection problem—dwindling drug supplies and too much secrecy

Last week saw the controversial execution in Arizona of Joseph Wood by lethal injection. Nancy E. Millar argues that the procedure, which lasted for two hours, illustrates the major problems with the way that executions are now carried out in the U.S. She writes that the growing reluctance of pharmaceutical companies to provide the required drugs, in combination with the secrecy laws enacted by states over them and the staff who carry them out, puts those to be executed at risk of undergoing cruel and unusual punishment – a violation of the Eight Amendment to the Constitution.
Oral AGE restriction ameliorates insulin resistance in obese individuals with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial.

Aims/hypothesis We previously reported that obese individuals with the metabolic syndrome (at risk), compared with obese individuals without the metabolic syndrome (healthy obese), have elevated serum AGEs that strongly correlate with insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation. We hypothesised that a diet low in AGEs (L-AGE) would improve components of the metabolic syndrome in obese individuals, confirming high AGEs as a new risk factor for the metabolic syndrome.
Gender and School Learning: Mathematics and Science

Gender differences in the academic subjects of mathematics and science persist despite over 20 years of educational research on the issue. Males and females perform differently on measures of achievement in mathematics and science depending on the type of test, its content, and the population of students being considered. Males score better than females on traditional multiple choice achievement tests and the discrepancy grows as the students get older. Females constitute diminishing proportions of the students in mathematics and science classes when these subjects become elective in secondary school. Females and males have different attitudes toward mathematics and science, which may grow out of their distinct classroom experiences. Recently feminist scholars have used this data to assert that the subject matter and its pedagogy must change to make them more appealing to females. Cognitive scientists have analyzed students' solution strategies finding that males and females sometimes solve problems differently. New forms of curriculum and instruction implemented in the 1980s and 1990s have not ameliorated gender differences. This area continues to be of great interest to educational researchers.
Feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of exercise treadmill PET N-13 ammonia myocardial perfusion imaging

348 Objectives Exercise positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (PET-MPI) is challenging due to the short physical half-life of PET radiotracers. Given the limited literature, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility, image quality, and diagnostic accuracy of exercise PET-MPI to detect angiographically significant coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly in patients with a higher body mass index (BMI). Methods Between 2009 and 2012, 265 patients with known or suspected CAD underwent treadmill N-13 ammonia PET-MPI. Baseline clinical risk factors, exercise parameters and ECG findings were recorded at the time of the PET. Image quality and perfusion were assessed visually in a standard fashion by a consensus of two experienced observers. Summed stress score (SSS) was calculated. Invasive coronary angiography was performed within 90 days of PET in 43 patients. Significant CAD was defined as angiographic stenosis ≥70%. Results Mean age was 61.6±10.4 years; 70.5% were males. Mean BMI was 35.7±7.7 kg/m2 (19.53-63.51 kg/m2). Patients with larger BMI were slightly younger (p=0.004) and less likely to have known CAD (p Conclusions Exercise N-13 ammonia PET-MPI is highly feasible, yields good image quality, and has comparable diagnostic accuracy between normal-weight and obese patients.
Model-Driven Development of Information Flow-Secure Systems with IFlow

In our increasingly interconnected world, privacy can seem like an unattainable goal. We are surrounded by countless devices and web services that acquire and collect our personal data as we interact with them. In many cases, the confidentiality of such data is not guaranteed and is frequently (if not always intentionally) violated. Smartphone apps and Internet web services in particular are known to often leak their users' confidential data to other users or (affiliated) third parties. We present a novel model-driven approach called IFlow that allows the development of distributed applications consisting of mobile apps and web services with secure information flow. In IFlow, a UML model of an information flow-sensitive application is used to automatically generate deployable app and web service code as well as a formal model. By employing automatic, language-based information flow control as well as interactive verification, IFlow enables the developer to give verifiable guarantees to the user about how his private data is being treated by the application.
A redundant electrical braking system for wind turbine generators

Mechanical brake is typically used in wind turbine, which typically suffers from frequent wear-out, more trip opportunities and high maintenance cost. To addressing this issue, a redundant electrical braking system is proposed in this paper. It comprises a conventional dynamic brake connected to the converter DC link and a fully controllable resistive load connected to the generator terminals. The resistive load can be engaged by an active power semiconductor and a NC(normally closed) contactor.
Overview of ultrasonic shot peening

Ultrasonic shot peening (USP) is acknowledged as an effective surface treatment method to enhance the mechanical performance of materials by inducing compressive residual stress in solid metals and...
Congress Reviews the Army’s Budget

This chapter details a fictional account of two programs as they progress through the budget cycle during congressional review of the President’s budget request. Key individuals responsible for shepherding each program toward final funding in the national defense appropriations act are introduced, along with a typical array of factors and obstacles that shape budget outcomes. The chapter is intended to describe the congressional budget review process as it actually occurs, rather than provide an exclusive account of formal budget rules, procedures, and timelines.
Prostate specific antigen and acinar density: a new dimension, the "Prostatocrit".

Background Prostate-specific antigen densities have limited success in diagnosing prostate cancer. We emphasise the importance of the peripheral zone when considered with its cellular constituents, the “prostatocrit”. Objective Using zonal volumes and asymmetry of glandular acini, we generate a peripheral zone acinar volume and density. With the ratio to the whole gland, we can better predict high grade and all grade cancer. We can model the gland into its acinar and stromal elements. This new “prostatocrit” model could offer more accurate nomograms for biopsy. Materials and Methods 674 patients underwent TRUS and biopsy. Whole gland and zonal volumes were recorded. We compared ratio and acinar volumes when added to a “clinic” model using traditional PSA density. Univariate logistic regression was used to find significant predictors for all and high grade cancer. Backwards multiple logistic regression was used to generate ROC curves comparing the new model to conventional density and PSA alone. Outcome and results Prediction of all grades of prostate cancer: significant variables revealed four significant “prostatocrit” parameters: log peripheral zone acinar density; peripheral zone acinar volume/whole gland acinar volume; peripheral zone acinar density/whole gland volume; peripheral zone acinar density. Acinar model (AUC 0.774), clinic model (AUC 0.745) (P=0.0105). Prediction of high grade prostate cancer: peripheral zone acinar density (“prostatocrit”) was the only significant density predictor. Acinar model (AUC 0.811), clinic model (AUC 0.769) (P=0.0005). Conclusion There is renewed use for ratio and “prostatocrit” density of the peripheral zone in predicting cancer. This outperforms all traditional density measurements.
A View from the Top

The preceding chapter provides a comprehensive summary of the many issues addressed by our contributors. In this chapter, we provide yet another summary, but now one that is oriented to a more delimited set of themes. We present such themes in the form of answers to three questions: (a) Is rising inequality a problem?; (b) What are the causes of rising inequality?; and (c) How, if at all, should inequality be reduced? These questions, which are addressed in turn below, merit a special chapter because they are so central to public debates about inequality.
Widespread transcriptional alternations in oligodendrocytes in the adult mouse brain following chronic stress

Emerging evidence shows that oligodendrogenesis and myelination are highly responsive to behavioral experience, including physical activity and social experience. This form of myelin plasticity is being increasingly appreciated and examined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a critical brain region involved in complex emotional and cognitive behavior. However, it remains unclear whether myelination in other brain regions is affected by behavioral experience. Here we report that exposure to 4 weeks of chronic variable stress induced anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in male adult mice. In concert with these behavioral responses, transcriptional analysis of PFC, and nucleus accumbens (NAc)-a brain region critical for reward response-revealed downregulation of transcripts encoding for myelin genes and oligodendrocyte-specific genes. In contrast, upregulation of myelin-related transcripts was observed in the corpus callosum (CC), whereas the amygdala (AMG) did not show significant changes. Shorter exposure to the same stressors induced behavioral changes to a less extent and was followed by a stress habituation period. However, reduced myelin and oligodendrocyte-specific gene transcripts were detected as early as one week following stress exposure in the PFC and NAc. These data indicate that oligodendrocyte and their progenitors in multiple brain regions are responsive to stressful experiences and show distinctive and region-specific patterns of gene expression. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 152-162, 2018.
Associating sex-biased and seasonal behaviour with contact patterns and transmission risk in Gopherus agassizii

Interactions between wildlife hosts act as transmission routes for directly transmitted pathogens and vary in ways that affect transmission efficiency. Identifying drivers of contact variation can allow both contact inference and estimation of transmission dynamics despite limited data. In desert tortoises, mating strategy, burrow use and seasonal change influence numerous behaviours and likely shape contact patterns. In this study, we ask to what extent tortoise contact behaviour varies between sexes and seasons, and whether space or burrow-use data can be used to infer contact characteristics consistent with those recorded by proximity loggers. We identified sex and season-biased contact behaviour in both wild and captive populations indicative of female-female avoidance and seasonal male mate-seeking behaviour. Space and burrow-use patterns were informative, but did not always predict the extent of sex or seasonal biases on contact. We discuss the implications these findings have for transmission patterns and disease mitigation in tortoise populations.
Bike sharing differences among Millennials, Gen Xers, and Baby Boomers: Lessons learnt from New York City’s bike share

Abstract There is a growing literature on the changing travel patterns in the United States. The changes are largely driven by the emerging shared-mobility services and the travel behavior of the younger generations. This study builds on an investigation of Millennials’, Gen Xers’ and Baby Boomers’ bike sharing ridership in New York City. This study examines station-level bike share use focusing on whether and how the effects of land-use and built environment vary across different population segments. Using New York’s Citi Bike system data, we develop zero-inflated negative binominal models to estimate hourly trip productions at stations for five age cohorts: younger Millennials (born 1995 to 2000), mid Millennials (1989 to 1994), older Millennials (born 1979 to 1988), Generation Xers (born 1965 to 1978), and Baby Boomers (born 1946 to 1964). Consistent with the literature, our results suggest that weather related variables, land-use and built environment characteristics have significant effects on the overall bike sharing usage. Our findings also reveal variations across age cohorts. For example, intersection density is positively related to younger Millennials’ bike share trip production. However, this factor is not statistically significant for other age groups. Our findings provide valuable insights for planners and policy-makers, and set the basis for improving the understanding of cohort differences in bike sharing demand.
Continuous Flow-Constructed Wetlands for the Treatment of Swine Waste Water

The microbiological quality of treated waste water is always a concern when waste water is disposed to the environment. However, when treated appropriately, such water can serve many purposes to the general population. Therefore, the treatment and removal of contaminants from swine waste water by continuous flow-constructed wetlands involves complex biological, physical, and chemical processes that may produce better quality water with reduced levels of contaminants. Swine waste contains E. coli populations and other bacterial contaminants originating from swine houses through constructed wetlands, but little is known about E. coli population in swine waste water. To assess the impacts of seasonal variations and the effect of the wetland layout/operations on water quality, E. coli isolates were compared for genetic diversity using repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR). None of the isolates was confirmed as Shiga toxin producing E. coli O157:H7 (STEC); however, other pathotypes, such as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were identified. Using a 90% similarity index from REP-PCR, 69 genotypes out of 421 E. coli isolates were found. Our data showed that the E. coli population was significantly (p = 0.036) higher in November than in March and August in most of the wetland cells. Furthermore, there was a significant (p = 0.001) reduction in E. coli populations from wetland influent to the final effluent. Therefore, the use of continuous flow-constructed wetlands may be a good treatment approach for reducing contaminants from different waste water sources.
Population Codes: Theoretic Aspects

Population coding is a way of representing stimuli using large sets of neurons with similar response properties, such as hypercolumns of orientation-selective neurons in primary visual cortex. Population codes are widespread in cortex and their study is a cornerstone of systems neuroscience. Their power lies in the large amount of information that can be encoded even if the neurons are broadly tuned and subject to high variability, as is typically the case. This article reviews the main properties of population codes from two complementary perspectives: encoding and decoding. Encoding is the probabilistic mapping from stimulus to population response. Decoding is the process of extracting a stimulus estimate from a given population response.
Noninvasive Coronary Plaque Characterization: CT Versus MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can potentially define atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta and the heart – however, the majority of information on looking at coronary plaque noninvasively comes from doing Cardiac CT. In particular, noncontrast CT can define a linear estimate of coronary atherosclerotic plaque by defining the coronary calcium “score.” Adding on contrast-enhanced CT coronary angiography also provides a means to define the present of noncalcified, “soft,” and potentially vulnerable plaque over and above that of just the calcium score.
Comparison of the Induction Course, Biophysical Chemical Interactions and Photochemical Action Spectra of Phenobarbital and 3-Methylcholanthrene Induced Hepatic Microsomal P-450

That the P-450-dependent microsomal mixed function oxidase systems induced in rat livers by polycyclic hydrocarbons (3-methyl-cholanthrene (3-MC)) are different from those induced by phenobarbital (PB) was first reported by Sladek and Mannering (1966). More recently Fouts (1973) has observed that 3-MC is much less effective than phenobarbital in inducing the microsomal electron transport system necessary for reduction of P-450. It is likely, therefore, that during the course of induction of enzyme activity with polycyclic hydrocarbons and the decline of this activity to preinduc-tion levels there would be not only differences in the type of P-450 from that in PB-induced animals, but also changes in the reductive capacity of the microsomal electron transport system.
University of Oregon – Future Music Oregon 2018 Studio Report

The studio report will describe the degree programs, facilities, people, and work associated with Future Music Oregon (FMO), the Center for Music Technology at the University of Oregon School of Music and Dance. Future Music Oregon was founded in 1990 and has been dedicated to the exploration of sound and its creation, to new forms of musical and new media performance, and to the innovative use of computers and other recent technologies to create expressive music and new media compositions. The presentation will focus on audio and video excerpts of FMO-affiliated creative output. The excerpts will include performance videos that employ a wide variety of technologies including custom-made sensors, the Microsoft Kinect, the Wacom tablet, the Gametrak 3-D positioning system, computer vision technologies, and collaborations with dance. Central to the presentation will be an examination of the musical values that direct the work at FMO.
Place-Based Case Studies: A New Approach to an Effective Teaching Practice †

Case-based approaches have been used extensively in STEM classrooms to enhance the real-world applicability of course content. Prior research in the bioeducation field indicates, specifically, that such methods lead to increases in students’ conceptual understanding and affect in the discipline relative to more traditional methods. Despite these outcomes, the majority of case study exercises are formatted in a generalist manner. In other words, the content and context of the case study itself are not framed around the communities in which the students live. In an effort to address this concern, we developed and implemented a series of place-based case study (PBCS) exercises within the introductory cell and molecular biology courses at our institutions. A comparative, quasi-experimental approach was used to evaluate the impact of PBCSs versus non-PBCSs on cognitive and non-cognitive student outcomes. Results indicated that both PBCSs and non-PBCSs led to increases in students’ content knowledge; however, no statistically significant difference existed in post-exercise performance between the PBCS and non-PBCS cohorts at the University of Texas, for instance, after controlling for confounding factors. Importantly, data also revealed that students within the PBCS cohort agreed more strongly that the case studies provided them with a better understanding of how scientific advancements and research impacted the community in which they lived than did their peers in the non-PBCS cohort. Collectively, these outcomes suggest that PBCSs offer a scalable, classroom-based approach to engage students in relevant, practical experiences that are of direct interest to them and, ideally, the broader scientific community.
Canola meal as a promising source of fermentable sugars: Potential of the Penicillium glabrum crude extract for biomass hydrolysis

Abstract Recent studies have revealed that canola meal is much more than only a by-product from oil extraction. However, studies that evaluate its use as feedstock in the processes of ethanol production are scarce. This work aimed to address the use of canola (Brassica campestris) meal as potential raw material for bioethanol production. Initially, the optimal conditions for the production of β-glucosidases by a Penicillium glabrum strain were established, using canola meal as a substrate. To this end, the Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) applicable to the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used. These same statistical tools were used in order to establish the best hydrolysis conditions of the chemically pretreated canola meal using the P. glabrum crude extract, whose β-glucosidases were biochemically characterized. As a result, the maximum level of β-glucosidases production (22.45 ± 1.04 U mL−1) was reached when the fungus was grown for 6.5 days, at pH adjusted to 6.0, using a substrate concentration of 2%. The enzymes were more active at 70 °C, pH 4.0, remaining stable at 65 °C and over a broad pH range. The highest levels of glucose (34.54 mg g−1 substrate) were obtained when the hydrolysis process was conducted at 65 °C, pH 4.0, for 75 h, using an enzyme concentration corresponding to 13.75 U g−1 dry feedstock. From the results, it can be concluded that canola meal is a promising raw material, both for the production of low-cost β-glucosidases and for obtaining fermentable sugars, aiming at the production of bioethanol.
Step into the Bubble: A Novel, Augmented Reality (AR) User Interface

The Bubble app enables an Augmented Reality (AR) user interface to be created as a hierarchy of interactable nested bubbles. It allows users to easily navigate, explore and interact with content and other information (i.e. text, images, videos, 3D models) in a manner naturally suited to mixed reality and AR worlds. The Bubble interface has broad applications. In its current form, we use it to display exhibits at the Penn Museum.
What Industry Wants: An Empirical Analysis of Health Informatics Job Postings.

Objectives To describe the education, experience, skills, and knowledge required for health informatics jobs in the United States. Methods Health informatics job postings (n = 206) from Indeed.com on April 14, 2020 were analyzed in an empirical analysis, with the abstraction of attributes relating to requirements for average years and types of experience, minimum and desired education, licensure, certification, and informatics skills. Results A large percentage (76.2%) of posts were for clinical informaticians, with 62.1% of posts requiring a minimum of a bachelor's education. Registered nurse (RN) licensure was required for 40.8% of posts, and only 7.3% required formal education in health informatics. The average experience overall was 1.6 years (standard deviation = 2.2), with bachelor's and master's education levels increasing mean experience to 3.5 and 5.8 years, respectively. Electronic health record support, training, and other clinical systems were the most sought-after skills. Conclusion This cross-sectional study revealed the importance of a clinical background as an entree into health informatics positions, with RN licensure and clinical experience as common requirements. The finding that informatics-specific graduate education was rarely required may indicate that there is a lack of alignment between academia and industry, with practical experience preferred over specific curricular components. Clarity and shared understanding of terms across academia and industry are needed for defining and advancing the preparation for and practice of health informatics.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Firms’ Cost of Equity Capital: Early Evidence from U.S. Public Firms

Abstract This paper examines how the COVID-19 pandemic affects firms’ cost of equity capital. I use analyst earnings forecasts and stock prices data to estimate firms’ cost of equity capital. With 18,740 firm-month observations from September 2019 to August 2020, I show that firms experienced an increase in the cost of equity capital during the pandemic. On average, the cost of equity capital increased about 172 basis-points. The effect is also more pronounced in firms with greater COVID-19 exposure. Overall, I document a significantly adverse impact of COVID-19 on firms’ cost of capital.
Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with increased risk of mortality from COVID-19

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood has been linked to many adverse health outcomes. Chronic social and economic stressors associated with disadvantaged neighborhoods may als...
Extraction of gold, mercury and lead on CL resin in HCl

The uptake behavior of 197mHg, 194Au and 212Pb in HCl on CL resin (Triskem) was studied. The extraction of mercury and gold is high (Dw > 5,000) at all concentrations of HCl, with a maximum extraction of gold at 4 M HCl (Dw ~ 53,000) and maximum extraction of mercury at 0.01 M HCl (Dw ~ 44,000). Lead has moderate uptake on CL resin (Dw ~ 100) from lower concentrations of HCl (0.001 to 0.05 M) and no uptake on the resin in concentrations ≥ 0.4 M. The uptake kinetics are similar for all three isotopes with high weight distribution ratios (> 1,000 for 197mHg, 194Au and > 100 for 212Pb) in ~ 30 s and equilibrium established at ~ 5 min. A column study was performed to demonstrate that 197mHg, 194Au and 212Pb could be retained on CL resin in dilute HCl and 212Pb eluted in 1 M HCl with no detectable 197mHg or 194Au. Elution of 197mHg and 194Au was performed with concentrated HNO3, but with significant losses to the column, particularly for 194Au.
Nucleon structure studies with CLAS at Jefferson Lab : Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering on nitrogen

One of the most important unresolved questions of quantum chromo-dynamic (QCD) is the formation of nuclei and the nature of the nucleon-nucleon interaction in term of fundamental degrees of freedom, i.e. quarks and gluons. In particular, the modification of the nucleon structure function in the nuclear medium (EMC effect) is still a mystery 30 years after its discovery. We propose to study this question using the Generalized Parton Distribution (GPD) framework. The GPDs are structure functions correlating the longitudinal momentum and transverse position of partons. The GPDs are accessible through exclusive reactions such as the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS). The study of DVCS on nuclei is a new way to study the interactions between quarks in the nuclear medium. DVCS on helium-4 was measured at Jefferson Lab (USA) using the CLAS detector and the 6 GeV polarized electron beam. This work extends our knowledge of nuclei by analyzing the incoherent DVCS process on nitrogen. We used the CLAS experiment data which successfully measured the DVCS process on polarized protons, using an ammonia (NH₃) polarized target. This work will detail the procedure used to subtract the proton background from the ammonia target in order to analyze the incoherent DVCS channel on nitrogen. Beam-spin asymmetries of the incoherent DVCS process on nitrogen will be presented et compared to the helium-4 results.
Comparison of MRI methods for measuring whole-brain venous oxygen saturation

Purpose In this work, we compare susceptometry-based oximetry (SBO) and two T2-based methods for estimating resting baseline SvO2 in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). Methods SBO is a field-mapping technique whereas in T2-based methods the intravascular blood signal is isolated either with velocity-encoded projections [projection-based T2 (PT2)] or a tag-control scheme [T2-relaxation under spin tagging (TRUST)] after T2-preparation. The measurements were performed on twelve healthy subjects (mean age = 33 ± 6 years) at 3 Tesla field strength. The reliability, precision, and reproducibility were examined for the three techniques. Results The mean (± standard deviation) SvO2 quantified by SBO, PT2, and TRUST were found to be 65.9 ± 3.3, 65.6 ± 3.5, and 63.2 ± 4.1%. The standard deviation (SD) for 10 consecutive measurements in the quantified SvO2 was less than 2.7%, 4.7%, and 5.0% for SBO, PT2, and TRUST across all subjects. In testing reproducibility across different days, the resulting SDs were 2.6, 3.5, and 2.0% for SBO, PT2, and TRUST. Conclusion The results indicate that all three SvO2 quantification techniques to be reliable with good agreement between PT2 and SBO while TRUST yielded slightly lower values compared with the other two techniques. Magn Reson Med 73:2122–2128, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving Implicit Beliefs and Expectations in Academic Achievement for Postsecondary Students with Disabilities

In this article, the author introduces the sociocognitive theory of implicit theories of intelligence (developed by Carol S. Dweck and her colleagues) to the field of rehabilitation, and analyzes disability issues in postsecondary academic achievement within this framework. This sociocognitive theory highlights the utility of the social model of disability. People hold two types of implicit beliefs about intelligence. An entity belief can lead to helplessness and negative self-concepts in the face of failure, because it focuses on labels and stable traits. An incremental belief leads to greater resilience in the face of failure by focusing on strategy and effort rather than on stable traits. The value of promoting incremental beliefs about intelligence in youth with disabilities is discussed in light of self-determination training, perception of opportunity, and transition to postsecondary education. Recommendations are presented for facilitating incremental beliefs in students with disabilities and improving the probability of academic success.
Accessibility and Housing Price Resilience: Evidence from Limited-Access Roadways in Florida

This paper investigates the hypothesis that houses located in proximity to limited-access roadways exhibit a resilience to price decline during and after exogenous market downturns. A quasi-experimental design was used to look for empirical evidence of price differentials before, during, and after construction and operation of network improvements. A spatial autoregressive difference-in-differences estimator with spatial disturbances was used to find evidence of price resilience in the aftermath of the real estate bubble affecting the local and state economy. Single-family homes exhibited a price premium ranging from 4.6% to 5.2% over their controls. These premium differentials were realized 4 to 5 years after the opening of the facilities and after the U. S. real estate market downturn. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by providing a quasi-experimental approach to the selection of comparable parcels for spatial hedonic regression.
Oxidative DNA damage and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine DNA glycosylase/apurinic lyase in human breast cancer

To test the hypothesis that oxidative stress is involved in breast cancer, we compared the levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), an oxidized DNA base common in cells undergoing oxidative stress, in normal breast tissues from women with or without breast cancer. We found that breast cancer patients (N = 76) had a significantly higher level of 8-oxo-dG than control subjects (N = 49). The mean ( +/- SD) values of 8-oxo-dG/10(5) dG, as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography electrochemical detection, were 10.7 +/- 15.5 and 6.3 +/- 6.8 for cases and controls, respectively (P = 0.035). This difference also was found by immunohistochemistry with double-fluorescence labeling and laser-scanning cytometry. The average ratios (x10(6)) of the signal intensity of antibody staining to that of DNA content were 3.9 +/- 7.2 and 1.1 +/- 1.4 for cases (N = 57) and controls (N = 34), respectively (P = 0.008). There was no correlation between the ages of the study subjects and the levels of 8-oxo-dG. Cases also had a significantly higher level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine DNA glycosylase/apurinic lyase (hOGG1) protein expression in normal breast tissues than controls (P = 0.008). There was no significant correlation between hOGG1 expression and 8-oxo-dG. Polymorphism of the hOGG1 gene was very rare in this study population. The previously reported exon 1 polymorphism and two novel mutations of the hOGG1 gene were found in three of 168 cases and two of 55 controls. In conclusion, normal breast tissues from cancer patients had a significantly higher level of oxidative DNA damage. The elevated level of 8-oxo-dG in cancer patients was not related to age or to deficiency of the hOGG1 repair gene.
An efficient one—dimensional search procedure for barrier functions

In minimizing interior penalty functions, most of the computational time is spent on the one-dimensional search. This paper presents a method for performing this search on barrier functions which is significantly faster than current techniques. The method exploits the special structure of barrier functions. Comparative computational results are given for a set of six test problems.
Cavitary Lung Lesions in a Diabetic

A 50-year-old diabetic man was hospitalized because of vomiting and leg pain of two weeks’ duration. He had been insulin-dependent for 20 years. Renal disease had been present for four years, treated at home with hemodialysis. Physical examination revealed bilateral cataracts, diabetic neuropathy, a systolic murmur, rales at both lung bases, and hepatomegaly. The skin was covered with pustules. Blood pressure was 160/90 mm Hg, pulse rate 84/ mm, and temperature 99.8#{176}F(37.1#{176}C). Laboratory
Second-line chemotherapy for refractory cancer: intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Over the past decade intraperitoneal therapy in the management of ovarian cancer has evolved from a pharmacokinetic concept into a rationale treatment strategy for a specific subset of patients with this disease. Patients with small-volume residual ovarian cancer (microscopic disease only or macroscopic tumor with largest tumor nodule ≤ 0.5 cm in maximum diameter) when treatment is initiated are reasonable candidates to be considered for this therapeutic strategy. At least for salvage platinum-based intraperitoneal therapy, a documented prior response to systemic cisplatin or carboplatin helps to define a patient population who would be anticipated to have the greatest opportunity to respond to a regional treatment approach. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Granular Cell Tumors: A New Clinically Important Histologic Finding

Abstract Objective. The objective of this study was to review clinical characteristics, histological findings, and surgical treatment of patients with granular cell tumors of the vulva at Hartford Hospital and examine histologic characteristics associated with those cases that recurred. Materials and Methods. A retrospective case review of 13 patients diagnosed with granular cell tumors of the vulva at Hartford Hospital from April 1982 through May 1998 was undertaken to compare age, size and location of the lesion, histopathologic features, presenting symptoms, progression of disease, and treatment. Results. Tumor growth patterns were divided into those with confluent expansile growth (nodular) and those that infiltrated the dermis and soft tissue in a haphazard fashion interdigitating with native connective tissue and skin appendages (infiltrative). The advancing edge of the tumors was assessed as having either a "pushing" or an infiltrative border. The advancing edge of the tumor was noted to be irregular and infiltrative in 8 of the 13 cases. The tumor edge in the remaining 5 was pushing and well demarcated. Five of the eight tumors with an infiltrative edge recurred despite the fact that 3 of the 5 cases had negative surgical margins at resection. None of the 5 cases with "pushing" borders developed recurrence. Conclusions. Although rare, vulvar tumors are the most common variety of granular cell tumors encountered in the female genital tract. Histologic evaluation seems to indicate that patients are more likely to have a recurrence if an infiltrative growth pattern is present at the advancing edge of the granular cell tumor even with negative margins at resection. An appropriate management strategy may be to recommend reexcision of "infiltrative border" lesions rather than clinical observation alone.
Prediction of Critical Crevice Potentials for Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys in Simulated Crevice Solutions as a Function of Molybdenum Content

Abstract Critical potentials for crevice corrosion initiation were predicted for Ni-22Cr-XMo alloys (X=0,3, 6, 9, 13%), Alloy 625 (UNS N06625), and Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) based on electrochemical ox...
Comparative effectiveness trials: Generic misassumptions underlying the SUPPORT controversy

* Abbreviations: CE — : comparative effectiveness OHRP — : Office for Human Research Protection ROP — : retinopathy of prematurity SUPPORT — : Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments As emphasized by the Institute of Medicine,1 the effectiveness of more than half of therapies used in clinical practice is unclear. High priority should be given to promoting comparative effectiveness (CE) trials, trials of alternative therapies performed to facilitate better informed and more evidence-based decisions by clinicians, patients, third-party payers, and policy makers.2,3 In such trials, the effectiveness of different treatment options is assessed under usual clinical circumstances across a broad range of patients treated clinically with these therapies. CE trials provide essential information to improve outcomes in everyday clinical practice that cannot be obtained from trials performed to assess the efficacy of a new experimental therapy. Such trials are conducted in ideal or restricted circumstances; enroll a limited number of carefully selected, and often uncomplicated, patients; and thus generally yield an optimistic view of efficacy. In comparing alternative therapies already used in clinical practice, CE trials have no “experimental” arm and no “control” arm, and the potential risks of one treatment are the potential benefits of the other. Yet CE trials fall under the same regulatory requirements for trials of experimental interventions never previously administered to patients. The appropriate regulation of CE trials was a central issue in a public meeting in August 2013 held by the Office for Human Research Protection (OHRP) in response to heated controversy regarding the SUPPORT (Surfactant, Positive Pressure, and Oxgenation Randomized Trial) published in 2010 by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network.4 This 20-center CE trial included 1316 infants 24 to 27 weeks’ gestation randomized to oxygen saturation goals of 85% to 89% or 91% to 95%, the upper and lower ends of the goal range (85%–95%) suggested by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Caregivers were blinded to the … Address correspondence to Jon E. Tyson, MD, MPH, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB 2.106, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail: jon.e.tyson{at}uth.tmc.edu
Barriers to conducting clinical research in reproductive medicine around the world

We asked seven senior and accomplished investigators from around the world to share their experiences conducting research in reproductive medicine.
Lithographic overlay measurement precision and calibration and their effect on pattern registration optimization

Overlay of pattern registration is considered by some to be the most yield critical metrology element monitored in the semiconductor manufacturing process. Over the years, the aggressive demands of competitive chip design have constantly maintained these specifications at the process capability limit. This has driven the lithographer from somewhat simple process control techniques like optically read verniers, to computer automated overlay measurement systems whose outputs are applied to the estimation and correction of full field systematic error sources primarily as modeled wafer and lens pattern distortions. When modeled pattern distortions are used to optimize the lithographic overlay process, the point measurement of registration error is no longer the parameter of interest. Instead the lithographer wishes to measure and minimize the surface modeled pattern distortions such as translation, rotation, and magnification. Yet, often neglected is the fact that estimates of these parameters are influenced by measurement system errors resulting in a loss of precision in the estimate of the distortions and the false introduction of otherwise nonexistent distortions leading to improper determination of the true values for the lens. This paper describes the results of a screening simulation designed to determine the relative effects of measurement system errors on the distortion coefficient estimates produced by a pattern distortion model. The simulation confirms the somewhat obvious result that tool induced shift (TIS) translates directly into the estimate of the offset term of the model. In addition, the simulation indicates that errors in the measurement system pixel scale calibration directly scale all distortion estimates by the same factor. The variance of the measurement system sums with the variance of the stepper and inflates the standard error of the regression as well as the uncertainty of each lens parameter's estimate. Higher order nonlinearities or systematic errors in the response of the registration measurement system do not translate directly into distortion coefficient estimates, rather they also inflate the uncertainty associated with each distortion's estimate. Heuristic analytical considerations are presented which explain the behavior observed in the simulation and are used to demonstrate that these conclusions do apply to the general case.
‘In a bind’: Foster mothers' experiences with welfare reform

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 has diminished government support to single mothers and further limits the options for full-time parenting, placing priority on work participation and reduction of welfare caseloads. Based upon interviews with 100 low-income foster mothers who are also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients, this study examines their experiences with these policies while they balance multiple responsibilities as caregivers for abused and neglected children from the child welfare system. The implications of TANF policies for foster mothers and policy alternatives that support diverse family structures are also discussed.