cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERNAL ANISOTROPY OF DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATES

The correlations within a layer at a distance R from the origin of large diffusion limited aggregates were investigated by determining the tangential correlation function cR(θ) as a function of the angle θ. We find that for θ≫1 cR(θ) decays algebraically with an exponent α┴ = 0.41 ± 0.04 which is different from the corresponding value obtained for the radial correlations, indicating that the aggregates are internally anisotropic. This fact has an effect on the results obtained for the fractal dimension in the form of the appearance of a correction-to-scaling term.
A Bipartisan Tax Reform

If one listens to what Democratic and Republican candidates for president are saying on the campaign trail, the chances for tax reform in 2017 and beyond appear to be minimal. To pass tax reform, a bipartisan approach is essential, because even if we have a Republican president and Republican majorities in both houses, they are unlikely to be able to get major tax reform through the Senate without 60 votes. But the parties seem very far apart on tax reform. Democrats are focused on using the tax system to reduce inequality, and are determined to raise the tax rates at the top of the income distribution. Republicans would like to cut those rates for both individuals and businesses.But if one pays close attention, it would seem that the potential for a bipartisan deal is there, regardless of who occupies the White House in 2017. The key is that Democrats are primarily focused on individual taxes, and even some Republicans agree that some taxes should be raised for the wealthy (e.g., by closing the “carried interest” loophole, a position supported by both Jeb Bush and Donald Trump.) Republicans, on the other hand, have detailed plans to reform business taxes, some of which can have support from Democrats (e.g., limiting the deductibility of interest to corporations, which both Bush and Trump support).This situation appears to make a bipartisan tax reform possible: Republicans would agree to raise some rates on the rich (especially on capital gains and dividends, which are concentrated at the top 1% of the income distribution). Democrats would agree to business tax reform, because in a globalized world our businesses suffer from having the highest corporate tax rate in the OECD.
Enhanced tumor MR imaging with gadolinium‐loaded polychelating polymer‐containing tumor‐targeted liposomes

Purpose To significantly enhance tumor MR imaging by using a contrast agent combining three components—a long-circulating liposome, liposomal membrane-incorporated polychelating amphiphilic polymer heavily loaded with gadolinium, and cancer-specific monoclonal antibody 2C5 attached to the liposome surface. Materials and Methods Tumor-bearing animals were imaged prior and 4, 24, and 48 hours after i.v. injection of 2C5-modified and unmodified Gd-PAP-containing PEGylated liposomes. The faster and more specific accumulation of the novel contrast nanoparticles in tumors was also confirmed by 3D angiograms and by direct visualization of Gd-immunoliposomes in tumor sections by confocal microscopy. Results 2C5-modified Gd-PAP-containing PEGylated liposomes allowed for fast and specific tumor imaging as early as 4 hours postinjection. T1 inversion recovery maps demonstrated a significant increase in tumor-associated R1 in animals injected with antibody-modified Gd-loaded liposomes 4 hours postinjection, followed by a gradual decrease consistent with clearance of the agent from the tumor region. In control animals injected with antibody-free liposomes the corresponding R1 values at all investigated timepoints were significantly smaller. Conclusion The results support the feasibility of using such multifunctional nanoparticular liposome-based agents simultaneously providing prolonged circulation, heavy Gd load, and specific cancer cell recognition as a superior contrast for MR tumor imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two-melt separation in supercooled Cu-Co alloys solidifying in a drop-tube

The microstructure of Cu-Co alloys solidified by a free-fall containerless solidification was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Spherical Cu-Co drops of about 3 mm diameter were solidified in an evacuated 105 m long drop-tube. The microstructures were compared with those obtained by an electromagnetic levitation technique. It was found that the falling drops were at the “liquid + solid” state at the moment of impact on the floor. Upon bumping on to the floor the drop splits into many fragments, which finally solidify in the form of flakes upon retouching the tube floor. The microstructure depends mainly on the solid fraction in the flake, and on its temperature at the moment of impact. Supercoolings up to 0.2TM could be achieved within the drop-tube, causing separation of the liquid into two melts. Under certain conditions the microstructure reveals the occurrence of discarded spheres, suggesting that cooling below a certain temperature (Tmisc) will cause mixing of the two melts into one liquid. Interpretation of the observed microstructures is based on the current understanding of rapid solidification mechanisms.
Susceptibility loci for pigmentation and melanoma in relation to Parkinson's disease

Growing evidence suggests that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have a lower risk for most types of cancer except for melanoma, which has a modest positive association with PD. Pigmentation genes have been hypothesized to contribute to this association. We therefore examined whether genetic susceptibility loci for pigmentation or melanoma was associated with PD risk in 2 large independent datasets. In the Parkinson's Genes and Environment (PAGE) study, we examined 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of pigmentation or melanoma in relation to PD among 808 PD cases and 1623 controls; furthermore, we also examined the colors of hair, eye, or skin and melanoma in relation to PD. In the International Parkinson's Disease Genomic Consortium (IPDGC), we examined a broader selection of 360 pigmentation or melanoma GWAS SNPs in relation to PD among 5,333 PD cases and 12,019 controls. All participants were non-Hispanic Whites. As expected, in the PAGE study, most SNPs were associated with 1 or more pigmentation phenotypes. However, neither these SNPs nor pigmentation phenotypes were associated with PD risk after Bonferroni correction with the exception of rs4911414 at the ASIP gene (p = .001). A total of 18 PD cases (2.2%) and 26 controls (1.6%) had a diagnosis of melanoma with an odds ratio of 1.3 (95% confidence interval: 0.7-2.4). In the IPDGC analysis, none of the 360 SNPs, including rs4911414, were associated with PD risk after adjusting for multiple comparisons. In conclusion, we did not find significant associations between GWAS SNPs of pigmentation or melanoma and the risk for PD.
Gauge model of weak interactions with eight quarks and eight leptons

We propose a gauge model of weak interactions which contains only left-handed currents of eight quarks and eight leptons. The model has two more mixing angles in addition to the Cabibbo angle and the mixing is symmetric with respect to both hadrons and leptons. The model is consistent with present data on the $\ensuremath{\psi}(3.1)$ and related particles, ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ colliding-beam experiments, and dimuon events in neutrino and antineutrino reactions. Further phenomenological consequences are discussed.
The Public Accountability of Private Police: Lessons from New York, Johannesburg, and Mexico City

The accountability of public police has been well documented. The role and function of internal affairs divisions, civilian review boards, the media, and criminal and civil courts has been explored in many works. The same cannot be said about their private counterparts. Since the beginning of the 1970s, the global community has witnessed a surge in the number of and the reliance upon private police forces. Yet, empirical knowledge about their functions is hard to find and the mechanisms through which they are held accountable are still relatively unknown. This article explores the multiple paths through which private police are accountable in three applications drawn from diverse parts of the world. We conclude effective accountability is possible for private police through a variety of mechanisms.
Banking on a better day: Water banking in the Arkansas Valley

Abstract This paper is an exploration into the administration of water banking as a natural resource strategy in the West, and the State of Colorado in particular. Water banking is a relatively new strategy for managing water in the Arkansas Valley in South Eastern Colorado. In this paper, insights into water banking in the State of Colorado are provided.
Hyperpigmentation associated with minocycline therapy.

What's your call? ![Figure][1] Figure. A 45-year-old man with scleroderma presented with a 3-year history of blue skin discoloration on his legs, feet and gingival margin. The patient had a long history of Raynaud's phenomenon, acid reflux disease and skin tightening over his fingers,
Applied pressure modulates mesangial cell proliferation and matrix synthesis

Substantial in vivo evidence suggests a significant role for glomerular capillary pressure in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerulosclerosis. One presently available in vitro system allows one to study cells while undergoing stretch. However, no comparable system is available to allow one to study in an in vitro system how direct application of pressure to glomerular mesangial cells might result in the development of glomerulosclerosis. We constructed a pressure chamber in which mesangial cells could be subjected to an applied pressure by means of a roller pump and adjustable outlet valve. Mesangial cells were grown either under control conditions or under an applied pressure of 40 to 50 mm Hg corresponding to physiologic intraglomerular pressure. Application of pressure significantly decreased mesangial cell number in prolonged culture though no discernable effect on cell proliferation could be detected after only short-term exposure. Long-term exposure to increased pressure significantly enhanced mesangial cell [ 3 H]proline incorporation, a marker for synthesis of the matrix component collagen, an event considered to be a precursor to the development of glomerulosclerosis. Mesangial cell matrix synthesis was significantly greater for cells subjected to 50 to 60 mm Hg pressure compared to 40 to 50 mm Hg pressure. Secretory products from macrophages subjected to 40 to 50 mm Hg of applied pressure were found to significantly enhance mesangial cell proliferation compared to secretory products from macrophages grown under normal pressure. The enhancement of mesangial cell matrix synthesis by pressure could not be attributed to any change in partial pressure of oxygen in the media nor pH. These data suggest that the direct application of pressure to mesangial cells may result in the development of glomerulosclerosis by increasing mesangial cell matrix synthesis. These in vitro data support a role for glomerular capillary pressure in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerulosclerosis.
Subunit interactions of rabbit muscle aldolase. Conformational change of aldolase in magnesium chloride and its relationship to the dissociation of subunits.

Conformational changes of aldolase in MgCl2 have been studied with difference spectrophotometry, spectrophotofluorometry and circular dichroism. The difference spectra observed in MgCl2 (0·3 to 3·2 m) are characterized by negative absorption peaks at 293, 287 and 280 nm suggesting a change in the environment of tyrosine and tryptophan residues. Fluorescence studies show that a small but significant quenching occurred at 0·3 to 1·2 m-MgCl2 but enhanced fluorescence with a 5-nm red shift of emission maximum was observed at 1·5 to 3·2 m-MgCl2. The circular dichroism of aldolase [ϑ]220, of aldolase decreased 20% between 1·5 and 2·1 m-MgCl2. The transition profiles of the optical parameters indicate that the conformational change of aldolase in MgCl2 is not compatible with a two-state (native and post-transition state) transition mechanism. An intermediate conformational state appears to exist at 1·2 to 1·5 m-MgCl2 which is distinguishable from the native state only in the difference in the local environments of four to six residues of tyrosine and one to two residues of tryptophan and a decrease in Vmax towards fructose-1,6 bisphosphate. Above 2·8 m-MgCl2 a post-transitional state appears to exist which is characterized by 20%-less helix than native aldolase, exposure of about 90% of the tyrosine and about 80% of the tryptophan residues, and incorporation of three or four tryptophan residues into newly organized structural regions with enhanced fluorescence emission. The spectroscopic data obeyed a linear relationship with protein concentration at 0·9 m to 2·4 m-MgCl2 despite the increased subunit dissociation with a lowering of protein concentration that has been observed (Hsu # Neet, 1973) , indicating that the conformation of the monomer subunit is essentially identical to that of the monomeric unit when in the tetramer.
Audit of autotransfusion in spine surgery

A prospective evaluation has been undertaken of 382 patients undergoing reconstructive spine surgery during a thirty-six month period. Acute normovolaemic haemodilution and haemapheresis for blood component sequestration was used in 80 patients in the operating theatre. An average of two units each of freshly collected autologous red cells and fresh plasma together with a therapeutic dose of a plateletpheresis product were prepared for each patient prior to surgical incision. The same supplies and equipment were subsequently used for conventional blood salvage and autotransfusion. The other 302 patients received salvaged blood only. Of the total blood transfused, autologous red cells comprised 87% of sequestration and 49% of autotransfusion-only patients. Each group received the same total perioperative red blood cell support. The cost for one red cell equivalent by intraoperative autologous transfusion was competitive with that of providing one unit of cross-matched allogeneic red cells. As compared with salvage alone, sequestration combined with salvage was even more cost effective and decreased reliance on allogenic products and preoperative autologous blood donations. The rate of transfusing autologous blood products was markedly increased.
Colloidal metal nanoparticles dispersed in amphiphilic polymers

An overview is given on the generation of metal nanoparticles dispersed within amphiphilic polymeric systems, ranging from nonionic polymers and polyelectrolytes to amphiphilic diblock copolymers. Such materials are receiving increased attention, since they offer tremendous options for the development of composites possessing unique catalytic, optical and electronic, or magnetic properties. In this paper emphasis is put on nanosized metal particles prepared in situ, that is, in the presence of the polymeric matrix, by wet-chemistry preparation methods. The choice of the polymer can profoundly influence the nanoparticle features and the properties of the nanocomposites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-Precision Absolute (True) Density Measurements on Hygroscopic Powders by Gas Pycnometry: Application to Determining Effects of Formulation and Process on Free Volume of Lyophilized Products

As density (free volume) of the amorphous solids should be related to mobility and stability, an attempt was made to develop a simple, sensitive, and reproducible method to evaluate free volume via high-precision gas pycnometry density measurements, and to apply this methodology to study the variation of free volume with formulation and thermal history (i.e., annealing). Annealed samples were prepared either by heating the product after freeze drying (postannealing) or drying at higher temperature in secondary drying than normal (in-process annealing). Density was measured using a gas pycnometer. We find that the key to high-precision density measurements is isolation of the instrument from atmospheric moisture; accordingly, all operations were carried out in a dry box. With suitable care, densities of amorphous freeze-dried products can be measured with a precision of better than 0.5% in a series of independent but nominally identical samples. Density decreased with increasing molecular weight of dextran, but density of proteins was independent of molecular weight. Small but significant increases in density upon annealing were observed for several formulations. Thus, we conclude that accurate density measurements may be made by carefully controlling residual moisture. Density may be a useful parameter to predict long-term stability.
Nursing Home Deficiency Citations for Medication Use

Deficiency citations for medication use in nursing homes, including those for psychoactive drug use, are examined. The variables of interest include eight structural and market factors. Data primarily came from the 1997 through 2003 Online Survey, Certification and Recording data and the 2004 Area Resource File. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used with generalized estimating equations and multinomial logistic regression models with Huber-White robust estimation. Smaller nursing homes and high Medicaid reimbursement rates were consistently significantly associated with fewer deficiency citations in general and fewer repeat deficiency citations. For the other structural and market factors, varying results were identified depending on whether the deficiency citation was specifically for psychoactive drugs, medication errors, or medication administration. Relatively few facilities received psychoactive-specific deficiency citations, whereas numerous facilities were identified with medication e...
HOW DOES AN AGRICULTURAL REGION ORIGINATE

(1963). HOW DOES AN AGRICULTURAL REGION ORIGINATE? Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 74-90.
THE SURVIVAL OF THE HOG-CHOLERA VIRUS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS, PARTICULARLY THE RAT

The attempts to demonstrate the virus of hog-cholera in rabbits 12 days after intravenous and intraabdominal inoculations were unsuccessful. Likewise the attempts to show that the virus might be found in the guinea pig 6 and in the pigeon 7 days after inoculation were negative. It was shown, however, that the virus can be found in the bodies of white rats for at least 7 days after either intraabdominal or intracerebral inoculations. One attempt to demonstrate it after 10 days was negative. From the fact that the rats show no evidence of illness such as loss in weight, pyrexia, or visible pathological changes, and that after either intraabdominal or intracerebral inoculation the virus is only found in the abdominal organs and possibly only in the spleen, it seems likely that it does not multiply but that in the rat tissue, particularly in the spleen, it is not destroyed so rapidly as in the organs of other animals. Careful study of the records fails to show that passing one strain of virus alternately through pigs and rats for three transfers in each species changes the virulence for swine or causes the virus to become virulent for rats. Attempts to introduce the virus into the body of the rat by feeding virulent material and an attempt to pass the virus from one lot of rats to another were unsuccessful, so that we have evidence from the experiment that the rat does not play a part in the transmission of hog-cholera.
ADAPTATIONS FOR BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION OF LIZARDS

In the course of vertebrate history, four rather distinct types of bipedalism have evolved: (1) the reptilian method (thecodonts, dinosaurs, lizards) in which the body is balanced more or less horizontally over the legs and the tail acts as a cantilever; (2) the avian method in which, with obvious exceptions, the body is balanced horizontal? ly over the legs and the center of gravity is directly over the hindlimbs; (3) the primate-human method in which the body is balanced semi-vertically or vertically over the limbs; and (4) the ricochetal method of saltatorial mammals in which the body is also balanced semi-vertically and the highly modified hindlegs are used simultaneously in repetitive jumping. Bipedal locomotion has thus evolved independently at least six times in vertebrate phylogeny; twice in reptiles (thecodont-dinosaur group, lizards), once in birds, and three times in mammals (marsupial ricochet, placental ricochet, primate alternating gait). It is of course recognized that several other kinds of mammals can attain a degree of bipedal? ism for short periods, but in none of them is the position maintained, nor the gait habitually used. With the exception of several species of lizards (Snyder, 1952), most birds, and man, no other living vertebrate regularly progresses at the bipedal two-time gait. As Howell (1944) has pointed out, the bipedal walk and run has, except for birds, developed from quadrupedal methods of loco? motion and he has briefly discussed some
Comparison of seedling recruitment under arborescent palms in two Neotropical forests

Certain overlying strata in forests may disproportionately reduce seedling density and species richness. For eight arborescent palm species, we quantified the relative restriction of seedling recruitment under individual palms versus non-palm sites and extended to the landscape scale by quantifying the total area covered by arborescent palms at Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama and La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We also examined whether differences among palm species in restricting seedling recruitment were associated with differences in crown architecture, litter depth, and light availability. Woody seedlings had lower mean density/m2 and mean number of species/m2 under individual palms than at non-palm sites for all four palm species at BCI, but for none at La Selva. Estimated species richness for woody seedlings, derived via rarefaction, was lower under palm than non-palm microsites at both BCI and La Selva, but not for non-woody seedlings. Differences in seedling density corresponded to some key architectural characters that differed among the palm species. Light availability was lower under palm than non-palm microsites at both BCI and La Selva, but only estimated species richness of woody seedlings at BCI was strongly correlated with % canopy openness. The coverage of arborescent palms was much lower at BCI than La Selva. Therefore, at BCI, the relative restriction of woody seedling recruitment under individual palms does not accumulate greatly at the landscape scale. At La Selva, for woody seedlings, only estimated species richness was relatively limited under palms, and non-woody seedlings had relatively lower mean density/m2 and mean number of species/m2 under only one palm species. Therefore, the relative restriction of seedling recruitment by arborescent palms at La Selva is limited at both individual and landscape scales.
Numerical investigation of lake circulation around islands by the finite element method

Lake circulations around island are calculated based on the shallow lake model using the finite element method. Wind stress, bottom friction, Coriolis force and shore line geometry are incorporated in the mathematical model and Lake Erie is used in the computations. A closure condition is derived for the multiply connected region of interest. The discussions are made in the light of accuracy and applicability of the numerical scheme used, and the influence of the circulation pattern due to the presence of islands.
Sequence of the 5'-end of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus H2b histone mRNA and its location within histone DNA.

EXTENSIVE DNA sequence analysis of the cloned histone gene repeat unit from the sea urchin Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus has identified the five histone protein coding sequences1–3 (I.S., unpublished). R-loop and heteroduplex mapping strongly suggest that the sea urchin histone genes contain no intervening sequences4. In addition to the protein coding sequences the corresponding histone mRNAs each contain about 100 extra nucleotides4,5. The location of these additional sequences in relation to the coding sequences is not certain. It is of interest to map the mRNA termini within the known DNA sequence because this information may help to identify transcriptional and translational control elements. Direct nucleotide sequence analysis of RNA can be carried out by enzymatic, base-specific cleavage of end-labelled RNAs6,7. However, 5′-end labelling of mRNAs involves several enzymatic reactions (‘decapping’, dephosphorylation and phosphorylation) that require nuclease-free enzyme preparations8; furthermore, the RNA to be sequenced must be homogeneous. Indirect sequencing analysis of RNA can be obtained from its complementary cDNA. RNA has been sequenced in this way using a chain termination method with dideoxytriphosphates9, synthetic primers and purified mRNA templates10–12. Alternatively, end-labelled restriction fragments have been used to prime synthesis of cDNA on homogeneous 13,14 and partially purified15,16 mRNA templates followed by either chemical17 or enzymatic9 sequencing of the resulting cDNA. Our approach is similar and shows that prior purification of the RNA template is unnecessary. We present here the 5′-terminal sequence of S. purpuratus H2b mRNA, derived from purified H2b mRNA as well as from total polysomal RNA, using the chain termination method9 adapted for RNA sequencing. We also determine its location within the histone DNA sequence.
The effects of initiation factor 3 on the formation of 30S initiation complexes with synthetic and natural messengers.

Abstract Initiation factor IF-3 is required for the binding of fMet-tRNA to 70S ribosomes directed by AUG, poly (U,G), f 2 RNA and T 4 late RNA as well as for the binding of acPhe-tRNA directed by poly (U). In contrast, IF-3 is not required for the binding of the initiator aminoacyl-tRNAs to isolated 30S subunits directed by the synthetic messengers, but is required for maximal formation of initiation complexes with natural messengers. These data indicate that with synthetic messengers the sole function of IF-3 is to dissociate the 70S ribosomes into subunits, whereas with natural messengers IF-3 is required not only for dissociation of the ribosomes but also for the binding of the messenger to the 30S subunit.
Central venous pH as a predictor of arterial pH in prolonged cardiac arrest.

Sixty-five patients who arrived in the emergency department in cardiac arrest were studied prospectively to determine whether central venous pH could be used as an accurate predictor of arterial pH in prolonged cardiac arrest. Central venous and arterial access were obtained as soon as possible after arrival in the emergency department. Simultaneous arterial and venous samples were drawn and sent for blood gas analysis. Under normal conditions, central venous pH (pHcv) approximates arterial pH (pHa). In prolonged cardiac arrest, however, our data reveal a mean pHa of 7.31 ± 0.25 and a mean pHcv of 7.08 ± 0.19. There was moderate correlation between pHa and pHcv when all patients were considered (r = .69, P 7.30 (21 patients). The central venous pH was found to be a useful index of arterial pH when applied to a definable subset of patients, which in this study constituted 45% of all patients in prolonged cardiac arrest.
Using specification-driven concepts for distributed data management and dissemination

At the MITRE Corporation-Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD), software engineers work closely with both analyst and domain experts to develop software simulations in the air traffic management domain. In this environment, software simulations are applications that take large amounts of real-world operational information, and through calculations, derivations, and display extends the original information to produce some new insight into the domain. This new insight or knowledge typically comes in the form of a pertinent set of data. Based on this set of information other research groups can further extend this knowledge. The challenge in this environment is a distributed data management system that will allow a distributed set of researchers to share their extended knowledge. This paper presents the motivation and design of such an architecture to support this collaborative knowledge/data sharing environment. This run-time configurable architecture is implemented using web-based technologies such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML), Java Servlets, Extensible Stylesheets (XSL), and a relational database management system (RDBMS).
Measurement of the sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid aerosol induced corrosion of zinc in a dynamic flow system

Abstract A flow reactor and experimental technique were developed to study the variables controlling the SO2 and H2SO4 (aerosol) pollutant induced corrosion of zinc. The experimental technique allowed deposition velocities to be determined for both accumulation mode H2SO4 aerosols and SO2 gas at equivalent frictional velocities, while providing an electrochemical technique to observe corrosion processes in real time. Experimental measurements indicate that the principal factors affecting sulfur pollutant induced corrosion are surface wetness, pollutant flux to the surface and the chemical form of the pollutant. The overall results show that under urban environmental conditions, corrosion damage by SO2 will dominate over that from H2SO4 aerosols.
Progressive Ankylosis Protein (ANK) in Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts Controls Bone Formation and Bone Remodeling

The progressive ankylosis gene (ank) encodes a transmembrane protein that transports intracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) to the extracellular milieu. ank/ank mice, which express a truncated nonfunctional ANK, showed a markedly reduced bone mass, bone-formation rate, and number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive (TRAP+) multinucleated osteoclasts. ANK function deficiency suppressed osteoblastic differentiation of ank/ank bone marrow stromal cells, as indicated by the decrease in the expression of bone marker genes, including osterix, reduced alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization. Runx2 gene expression levels were not altered. Conversely, overexpression of ANK in the preosteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 resulted in increased expression of bone marker genes, including osterix. Whereas runx2 expression was not altered in ANK-overexpressing MC3T3-E1 cells, runx2 transcriptional activity was increased. Extracellular PPi or Pi stimulated osteoblastogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells or partially rescued delayed osteoblastogenic differentiation of ank/ank bone marrow stromal cells. A loss of PPi transport function ANK mutation also stimulated osteoblastogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, ANK function deficiency suppressed the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts from ank/ank bone marrow cells cultured in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand. In conclusion, ANK is a positive regulator of osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation events toward a mature osteoblastic and osteoclastic phenotype. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Reversible alteration of CO2 adsorption upon photochemical or thermal treatment in a metal-organic framework.

A metal–organic framework (MOF) for reversible alteration of guest molecule adsorption, here carbon dioxide, upon photochemical or thermal treatment has been discovered. An azobenzene functional group, which can switch its conformation upon light irradiation or heat treatment, has been introduced to the organic linker of a MOF. The resulting MOF adsorbs different amount of CO2 after UV or heat treatment. This remarkable stimuli-responsive adsorption effect has been demonstrated through experiments.
Acute coronary syndromes in 2011: Walking the tightrope between efficacy and bleeding

Major advances in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have occurred in 2011, but physicians treating ACS still walk the tightrope between efficacy and bleeding. Key publications have shed light on this delicate balance and heralded a new era of novel oral anticoagulants for the treatment of ACS.
Electron temperature in low‐dimensional wires using thermal noise measurements

We have studied electric field heating of low‐dimensional electrons in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures at 4.2 K using thermal noise measurements. For the two‐dimensional (2D) wire, the increase in electron temperature, ΔTe, extracted from noise measurements is in agreement with previous measurements of ΔTe and is explained by emission of acoustic and optical phonons. Measurements are extended to quasi‐one‐dimensional (Q1D) wires which are shorter than the 2D wires. In these Q1D wires, we find that for small ΔTe, power dissipation is more effective than in the 2D wires, due to additional energy relaxation through the contacts. This effect is most pronounced in the highest mobility wire where the energy relaxation length is the longest.
Industrialization and Social Stratification

This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the effects of industrialization upon systems of social stratification. Taking societies as the unit of observation, we consider the relationships between level of industrialization and (1) the distribution of status characteristics in the population (the structure of stratification); (2) the pattern of interrelations among status characteristics (the process of stratification); and (3) the form of linkages between status characteristics and other aspects of social behavior (the consequences of stratification). A set of propositions is specified, a few of which are empirically well established but most of which yet require empirical testing.
Nitrite binding to rabbit liver microsomes and effects on aminopyrine demethylation.

Abstract Sodium nitrite was examined for its ability to interact with liver microsomes from phenobarbitaltreated rabbits. In dithionite- or NADPH-reduced microsomes, nitrite rapidly produced a difference spectrum with α, β and Soret peaks at 586, 510, and 446 nm, respectively, with a large trough at 417 nm. The Soret peak diminished with time as the trough deepened and shifted to 429 nm. Concomitant with the development of the difference spectrum was a decrease in the ability of reduced cytochrome P-450 to bind carbon monoxide. When preincubated with NADPH-reduced microsomes under anaerobic conditions, nitrite behaved as a noncompetitive inhibitor of aminopyrine demethylase activity. Inhibition kinetics revealed two components with apparent inhibition constants of 0.2 and 31 mM nitrite. Maximum inhibition of aminopyrine demethylase by nitrite was obtained only after preincubation under anaerobic and reducing conditions. The rate and extent of inhibition were increased by decreasing the pH of the medium during preincubation. Inhibition of aminopyrine demethylation by nitrite does not appear to be mediated by oxidation effects of nitrite on lipids or essential sulfhydryl groups of eytochrome P-450. The evidence suggests that nitrite or a reduction product of nitrite, such as nitric oxide, binds tightly to reduced cytochrome P-450 to prevent carbon monoxide binding and inhibit aminopyrine demethylation activity.
Spreading of a surfactant in an unsaturated disperse material

Abstract Spreading of a surfactant (1-tetradecanol) in an unsaturated disperse material (quartz sand, glass beads and soil) depends on the thickness and extension of water film. Owing to the impossibility of obtaining a thick water film in fine disperse materials, the intermediate disperse material with a specific surface of up to a few square meters per gram is the most suitable environment for surfactant spreading. Due to the tortuosity and imperfect continuity of the water film, the rate of spreading of a surfactant in an unsaturated disperse material is some thousand times slower than on the bulk water surface, and is of the order of a few cm per day and per second, respectively.
Reducing the switching activity of test sequences under transparent-scan

Transparent-scan is a test application scheme for scan circuits. It provides unique opportunities for test compaction that do not exist with the standard test application scheme. We show that it also provides unique opportunities for reducing the power dissipation of a scan-based test set. After translating a standard scan-based test set into a transparent-scan sequence, we apply two operations for reducing the power dissipation of the sequence. The first operation attempts to remove a test vector that causes high power dissipation. The second operation attempts to replace a scan clock cycle with a functional clock cycle, or a functional clock cycle with a scan clock cycle, in order to reduce the power dissipation. Both operations are implemented such that they reduce the power dissipation without reducing the fault coverage. We also consider a third operation that attempts to complement arbitrary values in the transparent-scan sequence in order to further reduce the power dissipation.
Location determinants of food manufacturers in the United States, 2000–2004: are nonmetropolitan counties competitive?

Infrastructure, agglomeration, product and input markets, fiscal attributes, and labor markets of local communities influenced food manufacturing location decisions in the lower 48 United States, 2000–2004. Negative binomial regression and spatial clustering methods forecast food processor location patterns at the county level. Noncore counties are at a comparative disadvantage with respect to attracting most food processors, but nonmetropolitan counties adjacent to urban areas may be attractive investment sites for footloose, supply, and demand-oriented food manufacturers.
Can CAD Meet the VLSI Design Problems of the 80's?

The technology of the 80's will permit 106 transistors to be placed on one IC, but what kind of function will the device serve? It is unlikely that a random logic circuit of 106 transistors would be designed, let alone realized in hardware. Such an IC would probably be 5” on a side because the total interconnect length (manual or automatic) grows exponentially (approximately .62 N1.226) with the number of devices. This effect can be offset somewhat using multilayer routing, but cannot be satisfactorily overcome because the performance of the circuit will degrade with exponential growth of the average interconnect length.But since the technology allows 106 devices per chip, we have to take advantage of it. Given that the design of such a device will be very difficult and time consuming, it is unlikely that very many of them will be designed. Instead, only a few will be designed, and these will be general purpose devices. The customer will provide the ROM program, and the microelectronics house will supply the programmed part. A typical part will have lots of memory, say 64K of RAM; various other standard design elements, e.g., PLA's, Registers, etc.; and lots of ROM containing the control logic. This type of device could be standardized, and the vendor would only have to insert the ROM code and possibly add one or more layers of interconnect to complete the customization process. We could call such a device a Multi-purpose Super Component, or MSP. With the MSP, layout cycle time is traded for program development time. A study of the economics involved suggests that considerable effort can be expended to assure ROM code correctness without offsetting the benefit of not having to design a new hardware part.
Shame aversion and maladaptive eating-related attitudes and behaviors.

Abstract Consistent with affect regulation models of eating-related psychopathology, prior research indicates that trait-like shame and state self-conscious emotion are associated with maladaptive eating-related attitudes/behaviors. The present investigation extended past research on shame and maladaptive eating-related attitudes/behaviors by examining the role of shame aversion — the perception of shame as an especially unwanted and painful emotion — in these attitudes/behaviors over and above shame-proneness, general distress, and experiential avoidance. In 488 female undergraduates, shame aversion was positively associated with dieting, self-perceptions of body shape, awareness of food content, and food preoccupation even after taking into account other possible explanatory variables. Additionally, shame aversion moderated shame-proneness' associations with dieting, awareness of food content, and food preoccupation, such that shame-proneness was positively associated with these attitudes/behaviors only when shame aversion was high. Future directions for research and clinical implications of the present findings are discussed.
De Gustibus Disputandum: The Aesthetics and Ethics of Taste in the Rhetorical Genre of the Restaurant Review

Contemporary professional restaurant reviews have consequences beyond the dinner plate. They now face challenges from the democratizing efforts of blogs and crowd-sourced reviews. Thus an analysis seems appropriate for determining how they are written and what might be lost should they be replaced. Restaurant reviews are presumed to be a species of art and literary criticism and as such have evolved as a rhetorical genre. Through genre analysis we inductively construct the form of the professional restaurant review and then apply it deductively to recent reviews to discover any substantive and stylistic differences that have arisen in the evolution of this genre of writing. We conclude with a critique of this genre that reveals ethical implications for the uses of metaphors in professional restaurant reviews.
Antioxidant activity, phenolic and anthocyanin contents of various rhubarb (Rheum spp.) varieties

Summary Antioxidant activity (ABTS assay), total phenolics and total anthocyanins were determined in the petioles of twenty-nine rhubarb (Rheum spp.) varieties. Antioxidant activity ranged from 463 ± 50 (Rheum officinale) to 1242 ± 2 μmol Trolox per g DW (Valentine). The phenolic content varied from 673 ± 41 (Loher Blut) to 4173 ± 23 mg GAE/100 g DW (Plum Hutt) and had a low correlation (r = 0.663) with antioxidant results. Seven of the varieties (Plum Hutt, Valentine, Minnesota No. 8, Cherry Red, Cawood Delight, Coulter McDonald and OR 23) had higher total phenolics than kale, a vegetable rich in phenolics. The concentration of anthocyanins ranged from 19.8 ± 1.5 (Crimson Red) to 341.1 ± 41.6 mg/100 g DW (Valentine). The percentages of two main anthocyanins in rhubarb, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside varied from 66.07:33.93, respectively, in Valentine to 9.36:90.64, respectively, in R. officinale.
Topical administration of lacritin is a novel therapy for aqueous-deficient dry eye disease.

Purpose Lacritin is a tear glycoprotein with prosecretory, prosurvival, and mitogenic properties. We examined lacritin levels in the tears of Sjogren's syndrome (SS) patients and explored the therapeutic potential of topical lacritin for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Methods Tears from healthy controls (n = 14) and SS patients (n = 15) were assayed for lacritin using a C-terminal antibody. In a paired-eye study, autoimmune regulator (Aire) knockout (KO) mice (n = 7) were treated three times daily for 21 days with 10 μL of 4 μM lacritin (left eye) or vehicle (PBS) control (right eye). Tear secretion and ocular surface integrity were assessed at baseline and after treatment. Immunohistochemical staining of CD4+ T cells, cytokeratin-10 (K10), and cytokeratin-12 (K12) expression in the cornea and CD4+ T cell infiltration in the lacrimal glands were assessed. Results Lacritin monomer (421.8 ± 65.3 ng [SS] vs. 655.8 ± 118.9 ng [controls]; P = 0.05) and C-terminal fragment protein (125 ± 34.1 ng [SS] vs. 399.5 ± 84.3 ng [controls]; P = 0.008) per 100 μL of tear eluate were significantly lower in SS patients. In Aire KO mice treated with lacritin, tear secretion increased by 46% (13.0 ± 3.5 mm vs. 8.9 ± 2.9 mm; P = 0.01) and lissamine green staining score significantly decreased relative to baseline (-0.417 ± 0.06 vs. 0.125 ± 0.07; P = 0.02). Expression of K10 but not K12 in the cornea was significantly decreased in lacritin-treated eyes. Focal CD4+ T cell infiltration of the lacrimal glands was significantly reduced on the lacritin-treated side versus the untreated side. Conclusions Lacritin is significantly reduced in the tears of SS patients. Topically administered lacritin has therapeutic potential for the treatment of aqueous-deficient dry eye disease.
Endovascular treatment of spinal cord vascular malformations

Abstract Endovascular techniques and associated technology are rapidly changing the management of vascular pathology of the spinal cord. Such an approach can serve as an adjunct to traditional neurosurgical techniques or as definitive therapy. This review summarizes the role of endovascular treatment of spinal cord vascular malformations.
An Inverse Approach to the Analysis of Uncertainty in Models of Environmental Systems

An inverse methodology that integrates qualitative and quantitative aspects of uncertainty in environmental modeling is presented. The methodology, RIMME (Random-search Inverse Methodology for Model Evaluation), comprises three Monte Carlo procedures: (i) Regionalized Sensitivity Analysis (RSA); (ii) Tree-Structured Density Estimation (TSDE); and (iii) Uniform Covering by Probabilistic Rejection (UCPR). Unlike conventional direct predictive approaches, inverse methods work backwards to identify attributes of the model, and the corresponding real system, that are critical to attaining a prescribed endpoint. RIMME is capable of integrating scientific uncertainties, in the model and empirical data, with non-standard, qualitative forms of uncertainty, such as the value-laden policy and stakeholder issues that feature prominently in contemporary environmental assessments. RIMME is applied to a case study of Lake Lanier, Georgia (USA), a key resource whose water quality and ecological integrity is perceived by ...
The cranial sartorius muscle undergoes true hypertrophy in dogs with golden retriever muscular dystrophy

The degree of atrophy or hypertrophy of selected pelvic limb muscles was determined in the canine homologue of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. While most muscles were atrophied, the caudal and cranial sartorius were hypertrophied. Cranial sartorius weights were corrected for body weight and endomysial space to determine true muscle weights (g/kg; mean+/-SD) in three golden retriever muscular dystrophy age groups, 4-10 (Group 1; n=15), 13-26 (Group 2; n=4), and 33-66 (Group 3; n=4) months and grouped normal dogs (6-20 months; n=12). Group 1 golden retriever muscular dystrophy weights (2.2063+/-0.6884) were greater than those of normal dogs (1.2699+/-0.1966), indicating that young golden retriever muscular dystrophy dogs have true cranial sartorius muscle hypertrophy. Values of Group 2 (1.3758+/-0.5078) and Group 3 (0.5720+/-0.2423) golden retriever muscular dystrophy dogs were less than those of Group 1, suggesting that the cranial sartorius muscle atrophies over time. Given that cranial sartorius muscle weight correlated with tarsal joint angle in affected dogs (r=-0.817), the hypertrophied muscle may play a role analogous to iliotibial band tightness in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
D2-family receptor distribution in human postmortem tissue: an autoradiographic study.

THE distribution throughout the normal human brain of the dopamine D 2 -family of receptors were investigated autoradiographically. Three ligands were used, [ 3 H]-YM-09151-2 to define the D 2 , D 3 , D 4 receptors ; [ 3 H]raclopride the D 2 D 3 receptors ; and [ 3 H](+)-7-OH-DPAT, in the presence of GTP, demonstrates D 3 distribution. [ 3 H]YM-09151-2 and [ 3 H]raclopride binding were highest in caudate (121 vs 130 fmol mg -1 ), putamen (96 vs 136 fmol mg -1 ), and nucleus accumbens (113 vs 120 fmol mg -1 ). [ 3 H]YM-09151-2 also displayed significant binding in several cortical areas (56-39 fmol mg -1 ) and hippocampus (27 fmol mg -1 ). [ 3 H](+)-7-OH-DPAT was highest in the nucleus accumbens. Based upon the ligands properties it is inferred that D 2 distribution is highest in putamen, caudate and nucleus accumbens ; D 3 in the nucleus accumbens ; D 4 receptor in cortical areas and hippocampus.