cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of γ-monodentate and β,γ-bidentate CrITP. Isolation and characterization of the two chelation isomers and the individual diastereomers

Abstract The two chelation isomers of CrITP, γ-monodentate and β,γ-bidentate CrITP, as well as the diastereomers of β,γ-bidentate CrITP were synthesized, isolated, and characterized. Synthesis of these complexes was done using pH titration methods similar to that described by Cleland [W.W. Cleland, Methods Emzymol.87, 159 (1982)], and separation of the two chelation isomers was accomplished with DEAE-sephadex A-25 using 0–0.3 N linear HC1 gradient. Diastereomer separation (analytical and preperative scales) of β,γ-bidentate CrITP using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and then analysis of the diastereomers with circular dichroism spectroscopy, shows four diastereomers that exist as two pairs of mirror-image isomers, similar to the four diastereomers of β,γ-bidentate CrATP as presented by Dunaway-Mariano and Cleland [D. Dunaway-Mariano and W. W. Cleland, Biochemistry19, 1496 (1980)]. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of γ-monodentate CrITP shows the presence of two major peaks, both of which convert to β, γ-bidentate CrITP upon incubation at pH 6.0 for 1 hr.
Stabilized space‐time finite element formulations for free‐surface flows

Aspects of a method for 3D finite element computation of unsteady, incompressible free-surface flow are presented. The approach is based on the deformable-spatial-domain/stabilized space-time (DSD/SST) finite element formulation, which takes automatically into account the deformation of the elements in response to the motion of the free surface. The free-surface elevation is governed by a kinematic free-surface condition, which is also solved with a stabilized formulation. A new governing equation and stabilized formulation is derived for cases where the channel walls are not vertical. The parallel implementation based on MPI message-passing standard is fully portable, and have been demonstrated to be scalable on a range of architectures. A 3D computation of a flow past a spillway of a dam is shown as an example application. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gadolinium as a probe of the alkaline earth and ATP-metal binding sites in pyruvate kinase

Abstract The rare earth gadolinium forms a binary enzyme-metal complex with muscle pyruvate kinase which enhances the water proton relaxation rate ( ϵ b = 12 ± 2). Analysis of a Scatchard plot of the binding data indicates 3.7 ± 0.5 gadolinium binding sites with K d = 26 ± 10 μM per protein of 237,000 daltons. The transition metal ion, manganese, is displaced from the enzyme by the rare earths, gadolinium, neodymium, thulium, and lanthanum as well as the alkaline earths, magnesium and calcium suggesting all of these metal ions bind to the same site on the protein. Upon addition of ATP to a solution of gadolinium and enzyme a decrease in enhancement is observed which is consistent with the formation of a metal bridge complex. Because of the low dissociation constant for the Gd-ATP complex (0.1 μ m ) it is possible to directly measure the dissociation of the Gd-ATP complex from the ternary enzyme-Gd-ATP complex, K 2 = 13 μM ± 4 μM. However, a ternary complex of phospho-enolpyruvate-Gd-enzyme is not detected by water proton relaxation rate enhancement measurements which leads to speculation that the ionic radius of gadolinium (0.94 A) is so large that it results in a distortion of the phosphoenolypyruvate binding site on pyruvate kinase thus preventing phosphoenolpyruvate binding.
Three-Dimensional Geometry of Crimp:

Geometric torsion and curvature accurately describe three-dimensional forms of crimp. The usual parameters of crimp frequency and indices of amplitude or extensibility for idealized planar or helical crimp forms are expressible by specific relationships of geometric torsion and curvature. The more common, nonideal crimp forms are characterized by distribu tion statistics of these two fundamental parameters along the fiber. Mathematical techniques and analytical expressions were developed for describing crimp this way with data from an automatic crimp-measuring instrument and use of a digital computer. Examples are given from measurements made on several commercial man-made and natural fibers.
Role of nuclear medicine in chemotherapy of malignant lesions

The major role of nuclear medicine in clinical oncology is in tumor imaging, which includes evaluating specific organs or the entire body for the presence of tumor. Nuclear medicine studies have been used clinically in the initial evaluation of the tumor extent and in the subsequent management of the cancer patient to assess response to treatment, to detect early relapse, and to assist in making decisions concerning follow-up treatment. Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin perfusion study for intraarterial chemotherapy has been helpful in monitoring the catheter tip, providing a map of regional perfusion at the capillary level (tumor vascularity), evaluating the degree of arteriovenous shunt in tumor bed, and optimizing division of the dose of chemotherapeutic agent when bilateral arterial catheters are used. Quantitative and serial radionuclide angiocardiography has been useful in assessing doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Adria Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio) toxicity, and 67Ga-citrate imaging has been used to monitor chemotherapy effect on lungs and kidneys. Radionuclide venography can demonstrate suspected thrombus, and the delineation of the vascular anatomy also allows proper placement of another catheter for continuous effective chemotherapy. Serial bone scans have been the primary modality to assess the response of bone metastasis to systemic therapy in breast cancer patients, and nuclear hepatic imaging may show tumor response, hepatocellular dysfunction, and cholecystitis related to chemotherapeutic agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Violence, Ritual, and Community: On Sacrifice in Keller's Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe and Storm's Der Schimmelreiter

This study explores Keller's Romeo und Julia and Storm's Der Schimmelreiter to show the persistence of myth in German realism. Although the ciphers for myth differ signifi cantly in the two novellas, they have a common source—the discourse of sacrifice. In both texts, sacrifi ce delimits violence, generates ritual in the social sphere, and demonstrates how community is engendered. The key difference is that in Romeo und Julia the sacrifi cial concern is with the production of an enigmatic space that functions aesthetically, as it relates to play and childhood. In the case of Der Schimmelreiter , by contrast, the concern is with instrumentalizing the sacrifi cial object with the effect that it becomes society's mythical founder and shield. The texts share motifs of entombment, crypts, specters, secrets, and uncanny spaces, motifs that are at once the repression and disclosure of myth. (DH)
Lectin teratogenesis II: Demonstration of increased binding of concanavalin a to limb buds of rabbit embryos during the teratogenically sensitive period

The plant lectin concanavalin A (con A) causes malformations of rabbit embryos when 160 micrograms (in 40 microliter) are injected into the exocoelom on gestational days 12-15 but does not cause malformations on days 10-11. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism for increased susceptibility of day 12-15 embryos to con A teratogenicity. Light microscopy of day 11 embryos 15-20 hr after treatment with con A revealed no observable difference from controls. Day 13 embryos at similar times exhibited limb buds with large areas that were denuded of ectoderm. Concurrent addition of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside (alpha MM), a specific inhibitor of con A, to the injection solution of day 13 embryos resulted in limb buds that appeared normal. The regions of con A binding to day 11 and day 13 embryos were visualized through epifluorescent microscopy of untreated embryos stained with fluorescein-labelled con A. Day 11 embryos exhibited moderate fluorescence on the surface of limb buds and the pericardial region. Day 13 embryos exhibited strong fluorescence of limb bud surfaces; the pericardial region remained moderately fluorescent. Addition of alpha MM to the incubation medium resulted in no fluorescence above background. Visualization of con A receptors was accomplished by ultrastructural analysis of forelimb buds stained with ferritin-labelled con A. Ferritin label was observed only on the surfaces of the ectoderm and was sparse over all regions of day 11 limb buds. In contrast, ferritin label was moderately heavy in all regions of the day 13 limb buds. No labelling occurred when the ferritin-labelled con A was preincubated with alpha MM. These observations indicate that the number of exposed con A receptors on limb buds of teratogenically sensitive embryos (day 13) is increased, compared with the number of exposed receptors on limb buds of younger, insensitive (day 11) embryos. The increased number of exposed con A receptors on limb buds during the teratogenically sensitive period provides not only increased binding of the lectin to sensitive embryos but also a potential mechanism for the anomalous attachment of distal regions of the limb buds to the body wall.
Metabolic responses to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) vary with life-history stage in adult male northern elephant seals.

Strong individual and life-history variation in serum glucocorticoids has been documented in many wildlife species. Less is known about variation in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness and its impact on metabolism. We challenged 18 free-ranging adult male northern elephant seals (NES) with an intramuscular injection of slow-release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) over 3 sample periods: early in the breeding season, after 70+ days of the breeding fast, and during peak molt. Subjects were blood sampled every 30 min for 2 h post-injection. Breeding animals were recaptured and sampled at 48 h. In response to the ACTH injection, cortisol increased 4–6-fold in all groups, and remained elevated at 48 h in early breeding subjects. ACTH was a strong secretagogue for aldosterone, causing a 3–8-fold increase in concentration. Cortisol and aldosterone responses did not vary between groups but were correlated within individuals. The ACTH challenge produced elevations in plasma glucose during late breeding and molting, suppressed testosterone and thyroid hormone at 48 h in early breeding, and increased plasma non-esterified fatty acids and ketoacids during molting. These data suggest that sensitivity of the HPA axis is maintained but the metabolic impacts of cortisol and feedback inhibition of the axis vary with life history stage. Strong impacts on testosterone and thyroid hormone suggest the importance of maintaining low cortisol levels during the breeding fast. These data suggest that metabolic adaptations to extended fasting in NES include alterations in tissue responses to hormones that mitigate deleterious impacts of acute or moderately sustained stress responses.
Determination of the reliability of three scoring systems to evaluate children after general anaesthesia

Summary The inter-observer reliabilities of three scoring systems (Excitement Score, Face Mask Acceptance Score, Steward Score) were assessed by pairs of independent evaluators who observed 21 children during emergence from general anaesthesia. Each scoring system was analysed using the intraclass correlation coefficient giving values of 0.997 and 0.988 for the Excitement and Face Mask Acceptance Scores, respectively. Those for the Steward Score were 0.956, 0.924 and 0.295for the‘consciousness’,‘airway’, and‘movement’subdivisions, respectively. Ambiguous wording and inexplicit instructions may explain the lower correlations for the Steward Score. Reliability of scoring systems cannot be assumed and systems of undocumented reliability bring into question the results of the studies in which they are employed.
Nasal soft-tissue and vault deviation in unicoronal synostosis

Summary Background Unicoronal synostosis (UCS) results in nasal root deviation toward the fused side of the face, resulting in an apparent nasal dorsal deviation to the non-fused side. The impact of the altered radix position on the osteocartilaginous vault and nasal soft tissue has not been analyzed. The purpose of this study is to morphometrically assess the nasal structure and deviation in UCS. We hypothesize the proximal etiology exerts an impact on the distal nasal form, compared to controls. Methods Demographic data were tabulated and computed tomographic information recorded. Three-dimensional reconstruction was created and analyzed digitally (using Surgi Case). Morphometric landmarks were determined and used to perform measurements on the nasal soft tissue and osseous skull surface to evaluate nasal deviation within a midsaggital plane (MSP). Results Forty three-dimensional CT scans of 20 UCS patients and 20 control subjects were analyzed. The deviation angle of the nose to the non-fused side was 6.6 ± 2.9° in the bony layer. In the soft-tissue layer, the deviation angle of the nasal dorsum line to the non-fused side was 5.4 ± 3.4°. The tip of the nose showed a significant deviation to the non-fused side (2.2 ± 1.2 mm). Paired landmarks (alares, inferior lateral nostril bases) related to the MSP showed a greater distance on the non-fused side. Paired landmarks related to an intrinsic nasal midline (Nsup-ANS; tip-columella line (TCL)) did not show any significant differences. Conclusion UCS confers osteocartilaginous and soft-tissue nasal deviation, with the distal nose toward the non-fused side. The nasal root inclination underpins this asymmetry across the midsaggital reference plane. However, the nose in isolation exhibits balanced side–side proportions.
LIMITS OF WETLAND WAVE DISSIPATION

Wetlands provide a natural protective buffer against coastal storms by dissipating wave energy, but there is limited quantitative information to evaluate the effectiveness of such natural features over a range of hydrodynamic conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a large-scale flume with artificial vegetation. The measurements show good agreement to the wave dissipation formulation of Mendez and Losada (2004). Drag coefficients correlated well with Reynolds number for the submerged vegetation, but emergent vegetation gave higher coefficients than the submerged vegetation. Applying the drag coefficients derived from the lab, the efficiency of vegetation dissipation was explored analytically. For dense vegetation (400 stems/m2), it was found that significant reductions in wave height (50%) are possible over tens and hundreds of meters for relative depths (depth times wavenumber) less than 1.5. The distance required to dissipate wave energy increases exponentially as water depth increases. A hypothetical field example using the spectral wave model STWAVE with the Mendez and Losada (2004) expression for wave dissipation is also presented. The field example shows reduction in wave height of 70-80 percent along the shoreline for extensive vegetation coverage during severe wind and surge conditions. These hypothetical simulations demonstrate the potential for vegetation to reduce the storm intensity at the coast by reducing wave height under severe wind and water level conditions. However, the simulations cannot show whether the vegetation’s capacity to reduce storm damages can be sustained during storms or over longer periods of time as wetlands evolve.
Rapid, Simultaneous Quantitation of Mono and Dioxygenated Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid in Human CSF and Rat Brain

Currently, there are few biomarkers to predict the risk of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm (SV) in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. Mono and dioxygenated arachidonic acid metabolites, involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury, may serve as indicators of SV. This study developed a quantitative UPLC-MS/MS method to simultaneously measure hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DiHETrE), and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) metabolites of arachidonic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of SAH patients. Additionally, we determined the recovery of these metabolites from polyvinylchloride (PVC) bags used for CSF collection. Linear calibration curves ranging from 0.208 to 33.3 ng/ml were validated. The inter-day and intra-day variance was less than 15% at most concentrations with extraction efficiency greater than 73%. The matrix did not affect the reproducibility and reliability of the assay. In CSF samples, peak concentrations of 8,9-DiHETrE, 20-HETE, 15-HETE, and 12-HETE ranged from 0.293 to 24.9 ng/ml. In rat brain cortical tissue samples, concentrations of 20-, 15-, 12-HETE, 8,9-EET, and 14,15-, 11,12-DiHETrE ranged from 0.57 to 23.99 pmol/g wet tissue. In rat cortical microsomal incubates, all 10 metabolites were measured with formation rates ranging from 0.03 to 7.77 pmol/mg/min. Furthermore, 12-HETE and EET metabolites were significantly altered by contact with PVC bags at all time points evaluated. These data demonstrate that the simultaneous measurement of these compounds in human CSF and rat brain can be achieved with a UPLC-MS/MS system and that this method is necessary for evaluation of these metabolites as potential quantitative biomarkers in future clinical trials.
Stepping Off the Sidewalk: An Examination of the Data Collection Techniques of Websites Visited by Children.

Abstract By using data collected via Web-based trend analysis regarding the identification of next-visited Internet sites, this article helps to identify the specific privacy issues children face while exploring child-oriented and adult-oriented Websites. As use of the Internet has escalated dramatically, the complexity, criticality, and pervasiveness of technological issues have also risen. The protection of personal privacy (especially for children) is a prime example of the new issues presented by the expansion of the information age.
Early Contributions to the Johns Hopkins Hospital by the “Other” Surgeon: John Shaw Billings

Dr. William Stewart Halsted, the first chief of surgery at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, made many contributions to the field of surgery and played a major role in the early success of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Many consider him to have been the most innovative and influential surgeon that this country has produced. Among his many contributions are the introduction of local and regional anesthesia; the development of the intestinal suture; an operation for advanced breast cancer, an operation for the cure of inguinal hernia, and the first successful resection of a periampullary tumor; and many contributions to thyroid and parathyroid surgery, vascular surgery, and orthopedic surgery. However, his two most important contributions were the introduction of the philosophy of safe surgery and a system for training surgical residents in this country. 1,2 However, there was another surgeon who perhaps made even more basic contributions to the early success of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School and to the field of medicine at large. This individual actually planned the Johns Hopkins Hospital and oversaw its construction, which took 11 years, played an important role in integrating teaching and research into the hospital structure and function, helped recruit its early faculty/staff members, and made important contributions to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. In addition to his contributions to Hopkins, he made major pioneering and lasting contributions to the collection, storage, and retrieval of biomedical information. This individual was a member of the American Surgical Association and perhaps one of its most productive and brilliant members. However, even in those cities where he spent most of his career, Washington DC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and to a lesser extent Boston, he remains relatively unknown. In reviewing his life and his career, there are many lessons to be learned from the incredibly productive and successful career of Dr. John Shaw Billings. 3–5
L‐DOPA‐induced activation of striatal p38MAPK and CREB in neonatal dopaminergic denervated rat: Relevance to self‐injurious behavior

The destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons with 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) during the neonatal period results in dopamine (DA) loss and susceptibility for self-injurious behavior (SIB) when challenged with L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), via a supersensitive D1 receptor-mediated mechanism. However, there are no changes in D1 receptor binding or mRNA levels, suggesting a potential postreceptor signaling mechanism(s). Here, we examined whether L-DOPA-induced SIB is associated with altered MAPK signaling (p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK) and their nuclear target, CREB. Neonatal dopaminergic lesioned animals were challenged, as adults, with L-DOPA, observed for SIB for 6 hr, and then sacrificed. The data were grouped as follows: control, lesioned rats without SIB (SIB(-)), and lesioned rats that were positive for SIB (SIB(+)). HPLC analysis of striatal extracts revealed a more significant loss of DA and an increase of serotonin in the SIB(+) than in the SIB(-) group. The striatal levels of TH protein were severely decreased, but D1 receptor levels were unaltered in the lesioned groups. These results confirm and extend previous studies indicating that SIB is associated with a near-total loss of DA and TH, an increase in serotonin, and no change in D1 receptor levels. The present studies further revealed that the levels of active phosphorylated forms of p38MAPK and CREB were significantly higher in the SIB(+) group than in the SIB(-) group in the striatum, but not in cortex or olfactory tubercle. The results indicate an induction of striatal p38MAPK and an activation of its nuclear target, CREB, as additional mechanisms in the genesis of L-DOPA-induced SIB.
Hydrogen Inhalation during Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion Ameliorates the Quality of Lung Grafts in Rats

Purpose Hydrogen (H 2 ) has a high potential as a safe and multi-potent therapeutic gas. We have recently reported inhaled H 2 could prevent acute lung injury through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in lung injury animal models. We hypothesized that H 2 inhalation during ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) that is a novel strategy for donor lung preservation, optimizes the opportunity and contributes to further refinement in the current EVLP strategy. Methods and Materials Using heart-lung blocks harvested from Lewis rats, our rat EVLP system was established in a stable and reliable fashion where rat lungs after 1hr cold preservation, perfused with acellular Steen solution and ventilated at 37°C on EVLP for 4hrs were evaluated. In the H 2 -treated group, lungs were ventilated with 2% H 2 during EVLP and their results were compared with those from lungs ventilated with air on EVLP as the control group. Results H 2 inhalation was associated with significantly better preserved graft function in terms of oxygenation, lung compliance and reduced pulmonary vascular resistance. In addition, H 2 -treated lungs exhibited significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) mRNA levels in the allografts. Interestingly, H 2 -treated lungs resulted in significantly reduced elevation of lactate levels as well as hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) levels in lung tissues as compared to the control group, suggesting the contribution of H 2 to improve metabolism in lung grafts during EVLP. [ figure 1 ] Conclusions H 2 inhalation during EVLP may play a pivotal role in preserving better graft function through promotion of anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects as well as activation of mitochondrial biogenesis in lungs.
A Balloon-Borne Infrared Coronagraph

A stratospheric balloon-borne coronagraph operating at wavelength 2.2 μ has been successfully flown in order to observe the outer solar corona. The system employed external occultation with three straight edges, and the Lyot portion was axial. Scanning of the corona was accomplished through rotation of the rear Lyot section about a diameter of the primary objective lens. A description of the origins of stray light in the instrument is given, and measurements at wavelengths 0.5 μ, 0.8 μ, and 2.2 μ presented. A wavelength dependence of the scattered light from the objective lens is deduced. Some details of the detection system and solar tracking are discussed.
Effect of slow release IL-12 and IL-10 on inflammation, local macrophage function and the regional lymphoid response during mycobacterial (Th1) and schistosomal (Th2) antigen-elicited pulmonary granuloma formation

Objective and Design: This study examines the local and regional effects of exogenously administered interleukins 10 (IL-10) and 12 (IL-12) on pulmonary granulomas mediated by Th1/type 1-(IFN- ) and Th2/type 2-(IL-4, IL-5) cytokines. ¶Materials and Treatments: Granulomas (GR) were induced in presensitized CBA mice by embolization of beads coated with Mycobacteria tuberculosis or Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens. Before challenge, osmotic pumps distributing IL-10 or IL-12 (50 g/kg/day) were implanted intraperitoneally, then GR and draining lymph nodes were examined 4 days. ¶Methods: GR sizes and composition were determined by morphometry and differential analysis. Isolated GR macrophages and draining lymph nodes were assessed for cytokine production by ELISA. ¶Results: IL-10 did not effect GR sizes but reduced neutrophils in type 1 GR. IL-12 minimally reduced type 1 GR but decreased the type 2 lesion by up to 70%, primarily curtailing eosinophils. Type 2 GR macrophages were unaffected but type 1 were impaired by IL-10. Conversely, type 1 GR macrophages were more resistant to IL-12 while type 2 showed enhanced IL-10, IL-12 and TNF, but reduced MCP-1 production. In lymph nodes, IL-10 caused paradoxical effects, enhancing IFN- in the type 1 and decreasing Th2 cytokines in the type 2 response. Exogenous IL-12 profoundly augmented IFN- and abrogated type 2 cytokines while inhibiting intrinsic IL-12 production in lymph nodes. ¶Conclusion: These findings provide novel information regarding cytokine regulation and the effects of systemic cytokine therapy.
Photoredox reactions of oxomolybdenum(V) with phosphines

Abstract The fluorescent molybdenum(V)oxo complex MoOCl 4 (H 2 O) − , and oxomolybdenum(V)phosphine complexes derived from it, undergo thermal and photochemical reactions in acetonitrile with the series of phosphines PEt 3 , PEt 2 Ph, PEtPh 2 , and PPh 3 . PEt 3 reacts spontaneously to form several products: crystalline (PPh 4 )[Mo III Cl 4 (PEt 3 ) 2 ] and (PPh 4 ) 2 [Mo V OCl 5 ]·2CH 2 Cl 2 ; and a maroon oil that contains OPEt 3 , Mo IV OCl 2 (PEt 3 ) 3 and Mo IV Cl 4 (PEt 3 ) 2 . The Mo(III) and OPEt 3 products show that oxygen atom transfer has occurred. PEt 2 Ph and PEtPh 2 show no significant redox activity with oxomolybdenum(V) in the dark, but irradiation ( λ >320 nm, CH 3 CN solution) leads to reduction of Mo(V) and production of the corresponding phosphine oxides. The molybdenum(III) product, cis - mer -MoCl 3 (OPEt 2 Ph) 2 (PEt 2 Ph), was isolated from the PEt 2 Ph experiment. PPh 3 is not oxidized under these conditions; instead, spectral evidence suggests that photoinduced ligand substitution occurs, producing MoOCl 3 (PPh 3 ) 2 . Selective irradiation of the longer-wavelength Mo(V) absorption bands leads to similar photoredox reactions, but much more slowly. X-ray analyses of two reaction products, (PPh 4 ) 2 [Mo V OCl 5 ]·2CH 2 Cl 2 and cis - mer -Mo III Cl 3 (OPEt 2 Ph) 2 (PEt 2 Ph), are reported.
CPDD SPONSORED REVIEWS ON METHODS FOR TESTING THE ABUSE LIABILITY OF STIMULANT, OPIOID MIXED AGONIST-ANTAGONIST, AND ANXIOLYTIC AND SEDATIVE HYPNOTIC DRUGS IN HUMANS

In 1988, a Conference was held in Princeton, New Jersey, designed to review and disseminate information about the methods currently available for testing drugs for abuse liability in humans. That meeting was co-sponsored by the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence (CPDD) in conjunction with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, The Food and Drug Administration and the Drug Enforcement Administration. A monograph entitled ‘Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans’ (Fischman and Mello, 1989) resulted from the conference and describes research ranging from epidemiological investigations and postmarketing surveillance techniques to evaluation of the reinforcing and behavioral effects of substances under carefully controlled laboratory
SHOCK WAVES IN ORION

Results are presented of shock modeling of the H2, CO, and OH infrared emission lines in the Becklin-Neugebauer-Kleinmann-Low region of the Orion Molecular Cloud-1. The strength of the preshock magnetic field is estimated to be approximately 1 mGs, which indicates that magnetic pressure may help support the gas in this region. Determinations of the shock speed and the preshock density, along with the measured extent of the gas, show that the momentum and energy in the swept-up shocked material is rather high compared with the usual estimates of the available momentum and energy from the embedded sources. The abundance of shock-heated CO is found to be close to the solar abundance of carbon, and the extinction to the 2-micron region of H2 is approximately 2-2.5 mag. In addition, it is determined that the high-velocity wings of the H2 emission lines are most likely produced either behind fast dissociative shock waves or behind slower nondissociative shock waves traversing high-speed material.
Predictors of Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interactions Among Patients Treated with Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-, Protease Inhibitor-, and Raltegravir-Based Antiretroviral Regimens

Background:The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) HIV treatment guidelines recommend that antiretroviral regimens for treatment-naive individuals include at least 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus either (1) a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), (2) a protease inhibitor (PI), or (3) raltegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor. Differences in drug-drug interaction potential may represent an important differentiating feature when choosing between these regimen types.Objective:To identify risk factors for clinically significant drug-drug interactions (CSDDIs) among patients on NNRTI-, PI-, and raltegravir-based antiretroviral regimens; compare CSDDI risks between these regimen types; and develop a clinical prediction tool for antiretroviral CSDDIsMethods:In this cross-sectional study, outpatient medical records from the HIV clinic at Albany Medical Center Hospital were randomly selected to review patients’ current antiretroviral regimens. Patien...
An examination of the population genetics of Laminaria and other brown algae in the laminariales using starch gel electrophoresis

While some investigators have attempted to use isozyme electrophoresis to gain information on the genetics of brown algae, most have reported unsatisfactory results. Through exhaustive screening and modification of sample preparation techniques, gel and tray buffers systems, plus staining recipes, we have developed procedures that consistently provide scorable bands for over 20 enzyme systems in several laminarian algae. We have used our procedures to examine geographically diverse populations of Laminaria saccharina and L. longicruris, as well as L. digitata, L. groenlandica, Agarum cribrosum, Alaria esculenta, Chorda tomentosa, and Macrocystis pyrifera. Overall, these kelp species seem to have an extremely low degree of enzyme solymorphism, both within and between populations. While some ‘rare alleles’ occurred in several enzyme systems, only 3–5 loci were found to be polymorphic. Our results are consistent with the few reported studies that have used molecular genetic techniques to look at the intraspecific variability of laminarian algae. We suggest that at the species level the Laminariales, and perhaps other groups of brown algae, are genetically extremely conservative as compared to other divisions of plants. We further suggest that isozyme electrophoresis provides a quick and useful tool for algal population genetic studies.
Understanding Concussion Reporting Using a Model Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

Abstract Purpose Athlete's report of concussion symptoms to coaching or medical personnel is an important component of concussion risk reduction. This study applies a model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the prediction of concussive symptom underreporting among late adolescent and young adult male ice hockey players. Methods Participants were members of an American Tier III Junior A ice hockey league (ages 18–21 years; male; n = 256). Twelve of 14 league teams and 97% of players within these teams agreed to participate. Written survey items assessed symptom reporting behavior, intention, perceived norms, self-efficacy, perceived outcomes of reporting, and concussion knowledge. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the significance of relationships hypothesized by the TPB-based model and the overall model fit. Data were collected in January 2013. Results Results supported the fit of the TPB-based model in explaining reporting behavior; all model pathways were significant in the hypothesized direction. Of the perceived reporting outcomes assessed, those related to athletic performance were identified as most strongly associated with reporting intention. Conclusions Results of this study suggest the importance of considering factors such as perceived outcomes of reporting, perceived norms, and self-efficacy, in addition to knowledge, when analyzing concussion underreporting among adolescent athletes. As concussion education for athletes becomes increasingly mandated, testing and applying psychosocial theories such as TPB may help increase program efficacy.
Designing human–machine interfaces for naturalistic perceptions, decisions and actions occurring in emergency situations

Humans experience emotional arousal, when threat to life and limb is imminent, such as in high stakes, emergency situations that occur in sociotechnical systems like fire fighting, aviation, combat, etc. Emotional arousal has both advantages and disadvantages. On the downside, it introduces perceptual distortions and biases and inability to process symbolic information and alters motor abilities. As emergency human–machine interfaces (HMIs) will be used to bring a system under control, i.e. to avoid or minimise losses, they should be designed to accommodate the human capacities that have been altered by danger-induced emotional arousal. A model called direct perception–action coupling (DPAC) that combines direct perception and embodied cognition, which is not predicated on higher cognitive functions, has been developed to describe the available capacities of an operator under stress. Finally, the conceptual application of human performance theories under stress, through the DPAC model, to design emergency...
Obesity in a Young Adult Stroke Population (P3.116)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of obesity and traditional stroke risk factors in a young stroke population. BACKGROUND: Statistics in the United States report that about one third of the adult population is obese. We sought to determine if our young adult stroke population would have strokes from a common etiology such as extracranial dissection versus an etiology related to obesity and traditional stroke risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. DESIGN/METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on a prospectively collected database of young stroke patients aged 18-50 from 2007- September 2013 in our hospital in Arizona. RESULTS: A total of 287 patients with a mean age of 41 were included in this analysis. Forty-four percent of patients were female. Fourteen percent of the total population had a dissection as the etiology of stroke. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.2 in the dissection group and 31.7 in the non-dissection group. Diabetes mellitus was present in 7% of the dissection group and in 27 % of the non-dissection group. Hypertension was present in 27% of the dissection group and in 45% of the non-dissection group. Hyperlipidemia was present in 5% of the dissection group and in 25% of the non-dissection group. CONCLUSION: In our group of young adult stroke patients, only a minority were associated with extracranial dissections. Obesity and standard stroke risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were more commonly seen than one would expect in this age group. Typically one would expect extracranial dissections to be more prevalent in this population. Promoting a healthy lifestyle and physical activity early in life will lead to a significant reduction in obesity and its associated stroke risk factors in young adults. Disclosure: Dr. Youn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Clark has nothing to disclose.
The effect of sampling on feedback linearization

We study the effect of sampling on the standard technique of controlling a system by reduction to a linear form. It is shown that linearizability via digital feedback imposes highly nongeneric constraints on the structure of the plant, even if this is known to be linearizable with continuous-time feedback.
All fiber high resolution OCT system using an ultrashort pulse high power fiber laser

High resolution, real time OCT is demonstrated with <10 /spl mu/m in tissue at 1.5-1.6 /spl mu/m wavelengths using high power, low noise broadband spectrum generated by mode-locked stretched-pulse Er doped fiber laser and highly nonlinear fiber.
Molt Intensity and Conservation of a Molt Migrant (Passerina ciris) in Northwest Mexico

Abstract. I describe primary replacement in molt-migrant Painted Buntings (Passerina ciris) captured during molt in northern coastal Sinaloa. Primary replacement is rapid, start dates vary substantially by year, and, especially in females, start and end dates for the molt overlap broadly in some years. The earliest adult females to initiate primary replacement start at the same time as adult males, but many females initiate molt very late, apparently because their mates desert late broods to migrate and molt early. These issues conspire to make traditional estimates of the duration of primary replacement invalid; thus, I calculate molt duration as D = L/G, where L is the summed length of independently grown primary and G is the primaries' growth rate. Adult females replace their primaries in 30.3 (SE = 4.27) days, adult males in 34.3 (SE = 2.99) days. For 54 hatch-year birds that were molting when captured I calculated start dates for the eccentric molt to show, for the first time for any species, that yo...
Gender, Low Self-Control, and Violent Victimization

Prior research demonstrates that men generally experience higher levels of violent victimization relative to women. Using a high-risk sample of jail inmates, the present study draws on the core ideas from the self-control and societal norms toward the treatment of women literatures to examine the main and interactive effects of gender and self-control on violent victimization. Results indicate that gender and self-control both exhibit main effects on violent victimization net of control variables and that gender and self-control interact such that the gender gap in violent victimization disappears among men and women with low levels of self-control. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory, policy, and future research.
EFFECTS OF DRY AND MOIST HEAT ON SELECTED HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF SEMIMEMBRANOSUS MUSCLE

— Samples of raw and heat-treated beef semimembranosus muscle were examined histologically to determine how deep-fat frying, oven roasting, oven braising and pressure braising to 70°C affected histological characteristics of the muscle. A panel of three persons used an ocular micrometer to measure muscle fiber width, observed color and type of connective tissue and distribution of fat and estimated quantity of connective tissue of 475 histological sections. Differences among heat treatments in muscle fiber width and relative proportion of straight and wavy connective tissue were not significant. However, there was a significantly (P<0.05) larger quantity of granular tissue in deep-fat fried, pressure braised, and oven braised samples than in oven roasted samples. Intact fat cell walls were observed in both raw and heated samples.
Characterization of the CD154-Positive and CD40-Positive Cellular Subsets Required for Pathogenesis in Retrovirus-Induced Murine Immunodeficiency

Genetically susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice that are infected with the LP-BM5 isolate of murine retroviruses develop profound splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, hypergammaglobulinemia, terminal B-cell lymphomas, and an immunodeficiency state bearing many similarities to the pathologies seen in AIDS. Because of these similarities, this syndrome has been called murine AIDS (MAIDS). We have previously shown that CD154 (CD40 ligand)-CD40 molecular interactions are required both for the initiation and progression of MAIDS. Thus, in vivo anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (MAb) treatment inhibited MAIDS symptoms in LP-BM5-infected wild-type mice when either a short course of anti-CD154 MAb treatment was started on the day of infection or a course was initiated 3 to 4 weeks after LP-BM5 administration, after disease was established. Here, we further characterize this required CD154-CD40 interaction by a series of adoptive transfer experiments designed to elucidate which cellular subsets must express CD154 or CD40 for LP-BM5 to induce MAIDS. Specifically with regard to CD154 expression, MAIDS-insusceptible B6 nude mice reconstituted with highly purified CD4+ T cells from wild-type, but not from CD154 knockout, B6 donors displayed clear MAIDS after LP-BM5 infection. In contrast, nude B6 recipients that received CD8+ T cells from wild-type B6 donors did not develop MAIDS after LP-BM5 infection. B6 CD40 knockout mice, which are also relatively resistant to LP-BM5-induced MAIDS, became susceptible to LP-BM5-induced disease after reconstitution with highly purified wild-type B cells but not after receiving purified wild-type dendritic cells (DC) or a combined CD40+ population composed of DC and macrophages obtained from B6 SCID mouse donors. Based on these and other experiments, we thus conclude that the cellular basis for the requirement for CD154-CD40 interactions for MAIDS induction and progression can be accounted for by CD154 expression on CD4+ T cells and CD40 expression on B cells.
Structure of the NLRP1 caspase recruitment domain suggests potential mechanisms for its association with procaspase-1.

The NLRP1 inflammasome responds to microbial challenges such as Bacillus anthracis infection and is implicated in autoimmune disease such as vitiligo. Human NLRP1 contains both an N-terminal pyrin domain (PYD) and a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD), with the latter being essential for its association with the downstream effector procaspase-1. Here we report a 2.0 A crystal structure of the human NLRP1 CARD as a fusion with the maltose-binding protein. The structure reveals the six-helix bundle fold of the NLRP1 CARD, typical of the death domain superfamily. The charge surface of the NLRP1 CARD structure and a procaspase-1 CARD model suggests potential mechanisms for their association through electrostatic attraction.
In situ and laboratory measurements on macroscopic aggregates in Monterey Bay, California 1

The size, distribution, chlorophyll a, and pheopigment content of macroscopic aggregates (marine snow) from the upper 20 m of Monterey Bay, California, are reported. These large particles are not collected intact by traditional oceanographic sampling techniques. In situ SCUBA observations indicated lengths up to 9 cm and concentrations of 2 to 28 aggregates per liter. Aggregates were hand-collected for laboratory analyses of chlorophyll a and pheopigments. The concentrations of both were significantly higher in aggregates than in the surrounding water. The ratio of pigment concentrations in aggregates to that in the surrounding water ranged from a factor of 4 to 750 for chlorophyll a and from 13 to 5,564 for pheopigments. The aggregates contained up to 8.0% of the total chlorophyll a and up to 64.2% of the total pheopigments in the study area. Underwater observations over 3 years indicate that aggregates are frequently present in the surface waters of Monterey Bay and initial quantitative studies suggest their potential ecological significance as microhabitats and pelagic food sources.
Entropic Balance Theory and Variational Field Lagrangian Formalism: Tornadogenesis

AbstractThe entropic balance theory has been applied with outstanding results to explain many important aspects of tornadic phenomena. The theory was originally developed in variational (probabilistic) field Lagrangian formalism, or in short, variational formalism, with Lagrangian density and action appropriate for supercell-storm and tornadic phenomena. The variational formalism is broadly used in in modern physics, not only in classical mechanics, with Lagrangian density and action designed for each physical problem properly. The Clebsch transformation (equation) was derived in the classical variational formalism but has not been used because of the unobservable and nonmeteorological Lagrange multiplier. The entropic balance condition is thus developed from the Clebsch transformation, changing the unobservable nonmeteorological Lagrange multiplier to observable meteorological rotational flow velocity with entropy and making it applicable to tornadic phenomena. Theoretical details of the entropic balance...
The biology and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults

Despite reports to the contrary, only a small minority of adults with ALL are currently cured. Results have improved modestly with more intensive postremission chemotherapy and with tailoring of protocols in individuals with specific subsets of ALL. The use of growth factors may further improve treatment results. The performance of allogeneic BMT in first remission is clearly effective in some individuals, eg, those with Ph1-positive ALL, but it is unclear whether it is advantageous in most individuals. There are little data supporting the effectiveness of autotransplantation, as currently performed in ALL, despite its theoretical potential. Advances in understanding the biology of ALL have led to new approaches currently under basic and clinical investigation. These include serial studies of minimal residual disease by a variety of techniques to tailor treatment, the development of conjugated MoAbs to lymphoid cell antigens and immunologic and biochemical approaches to chimeric RNA and peptides generated by abnormal fusion genes. It seems likely that substantial improvement in the treatment of adult ALL awaits better characterization of the biology of this disease. However, some improvement will occur through empirical clinical research. It is critical that physicians recognize the poor results with current therapeutic approaches and enter patients into large well-designed clinical trials.
Nystagmus in Infancy and Childhood

Pediatric nystagmus differs clinically and pathophysiologically from adult-onset nystagmus. Acquired nystagmus in adulthood is usually associated with an acute neurological lesion involving the ocular motor pathways within the brain stem and/or cerebellum. Based upon the clinical characteristics of the nystagmus and the associated neurological signs, a causative lesion can often be inferred clinically and confirmed by neuroimaging.
Taxes and U.S. Oil Production: Evidence from California and the Windfall Profit Tax

Rapid oil price increases frequently bring calls for special oil industry taxes. This paper uses new well-level production data and price variation induced by federal oil taxes and price controls to estimate how taxes affect production. Theory suggests temporary taxes create strong incentives for retiming productioneven well shutting. Empirical estimates suggest little shut-in in response to taxes, but substantial production retiming with an estimated elasticity between 0.208 and 0.261. The estimates are used to calibrate a simple model of the efficiency cost of tax-induced distortions, implying that a 15% tax reduces social efficiency by between 3% and 25% of the revenue raised.