cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative bias temperature instability: What do we understand?

Abstract We present a brief overview of negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) commonly observed for in p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) when stressed with negative gate voltages at elevated temperatures and discuss the results of such stress on device and circuit performance and review interface traps and oxide charges, their origin, present understanding, and changes due to NBTI. Next we discuss some of the models that have been proposed for both NBTI degradation and recovery and p- versus n-MOSFETs. We also address the time and energy dependence effects of NBTI and crystal orientation. Finally we mention some aspect of circuit degradation. The general conclusion is that although we understand much about NBTI, several aspects are poorly understood. This may be due to a lack of a basic understanding or due to varying experimental data that are likely the result of sample preparation and measurement conditions.
The Configuration of Liberia's Englishes.

‘Liberian English,’ the non-standard English-lexifier speech of Liberia, can be divided into three varieties: Kru Pidgin English, spoken by Kru mariners and migrant workers; Settler English, spoken by descendants of nineteenth-century African American immigrants to Liberia; and Vernacular Liberian English, spoken by the rest of Liberia’s English-speaking population. An examination of 21 speakers of putatively basilectal and lower-mesolectual Vernacular Liberian English (VLE) sets out the basis for the assertion that VLE comprises a single continuum, but the examination also introduces complications: five lects are proposed to cover the treatment of past-tense aspect for these speakers, but the relationship of one lect to another is not always fluid; moreover, still with regard to tense-aspect, two speakers of the 21 seem to fall outside the continuum entirely. Tense-aspect in VLE is different from tense-aspect in other Atlantic pidgins/creoles. Those varieties are aspect-prominent, but VLE is highly tense-sensitive, ordinarily merging tense with aspect. The cornerstone of VLE’s treatment of past-tense aspect is the preverbal marker wa, used most basilectally as the primary marker of all types of past-tense aspect (including statives) and used all the way along the continuum to mark statives.
Filtering log data: Finding the needles in the Haystack

Log data is an incredible asset for troubleshooting in large-scale systems. Nevertheless, due to the ever-growing system scale, the volume of such data becomes overwhelming, bringing enormous burdens on both data storage and data analysis. To address this problem, we present a 2-dimensional online filtering mechanism to remove redundant and noisy data via feature selection and instance selection. The objective of this work is two-fold: (i) to significantly reduce data volume without losing important information, and (ii) to effectively promote data analysis. We evaluate this new filtering mechanism by means of real environmental data from the production supercomputers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory. Our preliminary results demonstrate that our method can reduce more than 85% disk space, thereby significantly reducing analysis time. Moreover, it also facilitates better failure prediction and diagnosis by more than 20%, as compared to the conventional predictive approach relying on RAS (Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability) events alone.
Cervical and Upper Mediastinal Lymph Node Metastasis from Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: True Incidence and Management

Background The incidence, clinical importance, and optimal management of cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastasis from gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETS) are largely unknown. Historically, cervical nodes have been regarded as asymptomatic and ignored. We hypothesized that these lesions have clinical implications and should be removed surgically. Study Design Consecutive 111 In pentetreotide scans (OctreoScan) performed at our institution from May 2008 to October 2010 were reviewed to determine the incidence of cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastases among patients with gastrointestinal and pancreatic NETs. The charts of surgically treated patients were reviewed to evaluate the clinical importance of these metastases and the subsequent outcomes of their surgical treatment. Results A total of 161 NET patients presented with positive OctreoScans. Fourteen patients (8.7%) scanned positive for cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Nine patients underwent surgical exploration; 8 had successful removal of their metastatic nodes. Seven had clinical symptoms that resolved after surgery. Conclusions Cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastases from gastrointestinal and pancreatic NETs were seen in up to 8.7% of patients. In the past, these metastases were assumed to be insignificant and ignored. Our study clearly demonstrates that most, if not all, such metastases are symptomatic and their clinical implications should not be overlooked. Notably, these metastases can be easily and safely resected using radioguided surgery.
Helium generation in stainless steel and nickel

Abstract Helium contents of up to 2000 ppm atomic have been measured in stainless steel specimens irradiated in the ETR. Thermal neutron reactions are identified as the source of the helium. Specifically, the helium is generated by a 59Ni (n, α)56Fe reaction that is preceded by the 58Ni to 59Ni neutron capture reaction. The cross section calculated for the (n, α) reaction, which has not been previously reported, is 7.38 barns. Experimentally, the helium content is observed to increase as the square of the fluence, i.e., NHe ∝ (φt)2. It is estimated that this dependence gradually changes above a fluence of 1023 n/cm2 to a linear dependence (i.e., NHe ∝ φt) that becomes effective above about 1025 n/cm2.
Myocardial Infarction Following Coronary Ligation in Dogs Hemodynamic Effects of Isoproterenol And Acetylstrophanthidin

In the subacute phase of myocardial infarction following coronary ligation in dogs, a relationship was noted between the extent of infarction and the degree of elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Left ventricular filling pressure was consistently increased when 25% or more of the left ventricle was infarcted. Isoproterenol infusion resulted in enhanced left ventricular function in both control and infarcted dogs, but the response was clearly weakened in those animals in which more than 20% of the left ventricle was infarcted. Acetylstrophanthidin caused no improvement in left ventricular function in infarcted dogs as judged by the relationship between filling pressure and cardiac output. The peak rate of rise of left ventricular pressure did increase in animals with infarcts, but was less than that in controls. Animals with infarcts had a lowered threshold for production of ventricular tachycardia by acetylstrophanthidin. These results in dogs suggest the need for further assessment of the role of digitalis in the treatment of heart failure following acute myocardial infarction.
Build-up of a Ru6 octahedral cluster core stabilized by tert-butyl germyl ligands

Abstract In heptane solvent, Ru3(CO)12 reacts with tertiary butyl germane at reflux, to afford six new bimetallic ruthenium–germanium carbonyl cluster complexes Ru3(CO)9(μ3-GetBu)2, 1, Ru2(CO)6(μ-GetBuH)3, 2, Ru4(CO)10(μ4-Ge2tBu2)(μ-GetBuH)2, 3, Ru4(CO)8(μ4-Ge2tBu2)(μ-GetBuH)2(μ3-GetBu)(H), 4, Ru5(CO)12(μ3-GetBu)2(μ4-GetBu)(H), 5, Ru6(CO)12(μ3-GetBu)4(H)2, 6. Complex 2 was obtained as a result of cluster fragmentation while cluster condensation provided higher nuclearity ruthenium–germanium complexes 3–6 with varying Ru–Ge ratios. All six compounds were structurally characterized by a combination of IR, 1H NMR, mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats

A method has been described for the quantitative determination of the following six glyceride types in fats: SSS, SSU, SUS, SUU, USU, and UUU. The method involved a quantitative oxidation of the unsaturated acids in the whole fat to the corresponding dicarboxylic acids. The oxidized fat was separated on a liquid-liquid partition column into two fractions, the first containing glycerides having no dicarboxylic acid or one dicarboxylic acid and the second containing glycerides with two or three dicarboxylic acids. Analysis of these fractions by gas chromatography coupled with lipase hydrolysis allowed the calculation of the proportions of the above six glyceride types.
Calcified Pleural Plaque Can Rupture Thoracic Aorta

A 72-year-old man with chronic respiratory failure caused by pulmonary tuberculosis was admitted to our hospital for a sudden onset of severe back pain. He had often experienced a mild back pain of unknown origin during the last 5 months. Five months before admission, chest plain computed tomographic scan revealed no evidence of dissection or aneurysm in the thoracic aorta …
Volume holographic pulse shaping

Volume holograms for subpicosecond pulse shaping are described. Experimental results with a camphorquinone-doped plastic hologram probed by a colliding-pulse mode-locked laser are presented. We observe a 2-THz beat frequency in the diffracted pulse.
Model-Based Embedded System Design Methodology for Automotive Applications

The ever increasing complexity of embedded systems is driving the change in embedded software development from traditional approaches to model-based design methodology. The model-based design approach provides a number of benefits such as reducing software development time and cost, improving software quality through computationally intensive modeling, and real-time verification. This paper presents model-based embedded system design using a rapid prototyping system called Mototron. Models for individual components and the control strategies are developed in a simulation environment with MotoHawk, Simulink, and Stateflow software tools. The developed control algorithms and parameters are then tested using a calibration tool (MotoTune) that is connected to embedded system hardware. An electronic throttle control example is given in the paper to illustrate the major steps of model-based embedded system design using Mototron system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Excretion of ammonia and urea in seven species of marine prosobranch snails

Abstract 1. 1. None of the snails excrete urea. 2. 2. All of the snails excrete ammonia, but the degree of ammonia excretion cannot be correlated with habitat or phylogeny. 3. 3. It is suggested that the excretion of ammonia and uric acid by snails is primitive, and that an individual snail can switch from excreting predominantly one to excreting predominantly the other. 4. 4. It is suggested that uric acid can be mobile and may serve as a nitrogen depot in snails.
Complementary and Mutually Exclusive Activities of Decapentaplegic and Wingless Organize Axial Patterning during Drosophila Leg Development

Growth and patterning of the Drosophila leg are organized by three secreted proteins: Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg), and Decapentaplegic (Dpp). Hh is secreted by posterior cells; it acts at short range to induce dorsal anterior cells to secrete Dpp and ventral anterior cells to secrete Wg. Here we show that the complementary patterns of dpp and wg expression are maintained by mutual repression: Dpp signaling blocks wg transcription, whereas Wg signaling attenuates dpp transcription. We also show that this mutual repression is essential for normal axial patterning because it ensures that the dorsalizing and ventralizing activities of Dpp and Wg are restricted to opposite sides of the leg primordium and meet only at the center of the primordium to distalize the appendage.
Modular construction for function of a ribonucleoprotein enzyme: the catalytic domain of Bacillus subtilis RNase P complexed with B.subtilis RNase P protein

The bacterial RNase P holoenzyme catalyzes the formation of the mature 5'-end of tRNAs and is composed of an RNA and a protein subunit. Among the two folding domains of the RNase P RNA, the catalytic domain (C-domain) contains the active site of this ribozyme. We investigated specific binding of the Bacillus subtilis C-domain with the B.subtilis RNase P protein and examined the catalytic activity of this C-domain-P protein complex. The C-domain forms a specific complex with the P protein with a binding constant of approximately 0.1 microM. The C-domain-P protein complex and the holoenzyme are equally efficient in cleaving single-stranded RNA (approximately 0.9 min(-1) at pH 7.8) and substrates with a hairpin-loop 3' to the cleavage site (approximately 40 min(-1)). The holoenzyme reaction is much more efficient with a pre-tRNA substrate, binding at least 100-fold better and cleaving 10-500 times more efficiently. These results demonstrate that the RNase P holoenzyme is functionally constructed in three parts. The catalytic domain alone contains the active site, but has little specificity and affinity for most substrates. The specificity and affinity for the substrate is generated by either the specificity domain of RNase P RNA binding to a T stem-loop-like hairpin or RNase P protein binding to a single-stranded RNA. This modular construction may be exploited to obtain RNase P-based ribonucleoprotein complexes with altered substrate specificity.
Developmental differences in cognitive scanning and encoding of visual information.

Abstract Report accuracy of horizontally arranged letter sequences was measured for second-grade children and adults using a tachistoscopic single report procedure. Results indicated age differences in both the amount of information encoded out of visual sensory store and in the magnitude of left-right visual field differences. However, large age differences in amount of encoded information were also present under conditions which served to reduce left-right visual-field asymmetries in report accuracy. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for using a left-to-right cognitive trace scanning explanation to account for age differences in encoding efficiency.
Magnetic dipole line from U lxxi ground-term levels predicted at 3200 Å

Magnetic dipole (M1) lines above 2500 A are convenient diagnostic tools for high-energy, low-density plasmas such as those of tokamaks. We found a sequence of such lines arising from transitions between two levels of the 3d4 5D ground term of titaniumlike ions. From Nd xxxix to U lxxi the calculated wavelengths range from 3557 to 3200 A with ionization energies of 2.7 to 8.2 keV. These lines have transition rates of 480 to 262 sec−1. The calculations were made with the multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock code of Desclaux [ J. Phys. B20, 651 ( 1987)].
Grading, image analysis, and stereopsis of digitally compressed fundus images.

Purpose To investigate the effects of image digitization and compression on the ability to identify and quantify features in color fundus photographs. Methods Color fundus photographs were digitized as tagged image file format (TIFF) and high-compression (80:1) and low-compression (30:1) joint photographic experts group (JPEG) images. Rerendered images were subjected to standard grading protocols developed for a clinical trial, and digitized images were subjected to image analysis software for drusen identification and quantitation. Re-created stereoscopic images were compared subjectively with originals. Results Original, TIFF, and low-compression (30:1) JPEG images were virtually indistinguishable when subjected to close scrutiny with magnification. The overall quality of high-compression (80:1) JPEG images and images digitized at 500 dots per inch was markedly reduced. Protocol grading of original and digitized images was highly concordant within the repeatability of multiple grading of original images. The area subtended by drusen differed by less than 1.0% for all uncompressed and compressed image pairs quantified. Stereoscopic information was accurately preserved when compared with originals for TIFF and low-compression JPEG images. Conclusions Fundus images can be digitized and stored with significant compression while preserving stereopsis and image quality suitable for quantitative image analysis and semiquantitative grading. Low-compression (30:1) JPEG images may be suitable for archiving and telemedical applications.
Examining big brother's purpose for using electronic performance monitoring

We examined whether the reason offered for electronic performance monitoring (EPM) influenced participants' performance, stress, motivation, and satisfaction. Participants performed a data-entry task in one of five experimental conditions. In one condition, participants were not electronically monitored. In the remaining conditions, participants were electronically monitored but the explanation varied. One group was told that they would be electronically monitored but were given no explanation. Another group was told that EPM would be used to research factors associated with performance. In the developmental condition, participants were told that EPM would be used to provide them with feedback to improve performance, and in the administrative condition, participants were informed that EPM would be used to distribute rewards and punishments. Administrative condition participants had higher motivation and performance yet relatively low stress and dissatisfaction levels. Thus, EPM may enhance performance on simple, repetitive tasks without necessarily producing negative outcomes.
Mayoral Influence, New Regimes, and Public School Governance

In recent years, a spate of cities -including Boston, Chicago, and Cleveland -have shifted governance structures to give more control to mayors in the hope that such changes would ultimately lead to improved school quality and student achievement, as well as to diminished scandal and turmoil in the school systems. A closer look at these instances, however, shows that these governance changes have to be understood within the broader context of a particular city, and the particular frustration and challenges that led to the willingness to alter the top levels of educational control. The ways in which mayors have become more engaged with schooling have varied -from low involvement (for example, trying to influence traditional school board elections) to high involvement (gaining formal control over the schools or appointment of school board members). Just as each city is different, so are the impacts (such as can be determined) of governance changes. Most importantly, it is difficult to link these governance shifts to improved instructional practices or outcomes. Disciplines Curriculum and Instruction | Educational Administration and Supervision | Educational Leadership | Education Policy Comments View on the CPRE website. This report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_researchreports/25 Mayoral Influence, New Regimes, and Public School Governance
"Software-pipelined" 2-D discrete wavelet transform with VLSI hierarchical implementation

Numerous VLSI architectures for 2-D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) have been introduced. While most of the designs displayed good performance, few of them discussed thoroughly how to sustain such high throughput computing. The reasons behind this are the design complexity, costs of peripherals, and performance degradation caused by overhead. In this paper, we expose the performance gap between the computing core and the entire system, distinguishing them by quantitative approach with metrics-peak performance and mean-time performance. To balance the gap, a "software pipelined" formula for lifting-based DWT kernel, a novel enhanced DMA engine named iDMA, and a complete design of 2-D DWT using hierarchical pipelining method are proposed. Finally, the architecture has been implemented in Xilinx virtex-II xc2v500-5. We use Daubechies (9, 7) filter, the default lossy filter of JPEG2000, for illustration whereas it is a general method for other filters. The post-PAR operation frequency is 98 MHz and the peak performance is 1 sample/cycle. Notably, the mean-time performance parameterized by image size and decomposition level achieves closely to peak performance.
Mechanisms of persistent activation of the androgen receptor in CRPC: recent advances and future perspectives

Background The emergence of castration resistance has remained the primary obstacle in prostate cancer therapy for several decades. Mechanisms likely to be involved in castration-resistant progression have been studied extensively, but have failed to yield many meaningful and effective targets. The re-activation of the androgen receptor (AR) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is now recognized as the central event in this process, and therapeutic modalities are being devised to combat it.
EFFECT OF OSMOLALITY AND SELECTED IONS ON RETRACTION OF THE DISTOME BODY INTO THE CERCARIA TAIL CHAMBER OF PROTEROMETRA MACROSTOMA (TREMATODA: AZYGIIDAE)

Abstract The furcocystocercous cercariae of the digenetic trematode, Proterometra macrostoma, possess a tail chamber into which their distome body withdraws prior to emergence from their snail intermediate host. The process of distome retraction and the conditions that trigger it in this species are not clear. The objectives of the present study were (1) to describe the retraction process in P. macrostoma; (2) to assess whether osmolality affects cercarial retraction; (3) to evaluate the effect of selected ions on retraction; and (4) to compare the swimming effectiveness of naturally ( = in vivo) retracted versus in vitro retracted cercariae. Retraction of the cercaria body into its tail chamber required only 2 min or less once initiated. The process began with the development of a chamber within the anterior end of the worm's tail. The chamber's lip advanced in a pulsating motion over the stationary distome. Retraction was completed with the constriction and fusion of the chamber lip once it passed over...
Web 2.0: A Vehicle for Transforming Education

Web 2.0: A Vehicle for Transforming Education includes practical and accessible overviews of some of the most commonly used and most useful technologies. The article serves as an idea generator, especially for teachers looking for ways to update their courses or to explore new concepts in learning. Technologies once only imagined are now opportunities to be implemented in the classroom. Audio and video conferencing, blogs, podcasts, RSS feeds, social bookmarking, and wikispaces are popular means of communicating in todayâ€™s society. However, Web technology is developing at such an exponential rate that even the newest of these technologies, like Web 2.0, may one day soon be a footnote in computer history. Once these newer technologies are better understood and appreciated, educators can evolve their teaching strategies to help their students remain competitive in the global society.
Repetition priming in visual search: Episodic retrieval, not feature priming

Previous research has shown that when the targets of successive visual searches have features in common, response times are shorter. However, the nature of the representation underlying this priming and how priming is affected by the task remain uncertain. In four experiments, subjects searched for an odd-sized target and reported its orientation. The color of the items was irrelevant to the task. When target size was repeated from the previous trial, repetition of target color speeded the response. However, when target size was different from that in the previous trial, repetition of target color slowed responses, rather than speeding them. Our results suggest that these priming phenomena reflect the same automatic mechanism as the priming of pop-out reported by Maljkovic and Nakayama (1994). However, the crossover interaction between repetition of one feature and another rules out Maljkovic and Nakayama's (1994) theory of independent potentiation of distinct feature representations. Instead, we suggest that the priming pattern results from contact with an episodic memory representation of the previous trial.
Smooth Muscle Cell–Derived Adenosine Inhibits Cell Growth

Several endogenous factors generated within the vessel wall have been implicated in contributing to the vascular remodeling process associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, substances generated by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are known to regulate SMC proliferation in an autocrine fashion. Adenosine is a vasodilator synthesized by SMCs, and exogenous adenosine inhibits SMC proliferation. However, whether adenosine produced endogenously has antimitogenic effects is not known. Hence, we evaluated the effects of SMC-derived adenosine on 2.5% fetal calf serum-induced proliferation of rat aortic SMCs. SMC proliferation was assayed by measurement of DNA synthesis ([3H]thymidine incorporation) and cell counting. To determine the effects of endogenous adenosine on SMC proliferation, we stimulated growth-arrested SMCs with 2.5% fetal calf serum in the presence and absence of modulators of adenosine levels, including (1) erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine hydrochloride (EHNA; inhibits adenosine deaminase), (2) dipyridamole (blocks adenosine transport and inhibits phosphodiesterase), (3) dipyridamole plus EHNA, and (4) adenosine with or without EHNA. [3H]Thymidine incorporation and cell number were measured after 24 and 96 hours, respectively. EHNA and dipyridamole inhibited both FCS-induced DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, extracellular (in medium) adenosine levels were significantly increased when cultured cells were treated with EHNA, and the inhibitory effects of dipyridamole as well as exogenous adenosine were enhanced in the presence of EHNA. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of dipyridamole and EHNA on DNA synthesis were significantly reduced in the presence of KF17837, an A2 adenosine receptor antagonist. These results indicate that SMC-derived adenosine can inhibit SMC proliferation. Hence, it is possible that a defect in localized adenosine synthesis within the vessel wall could contribute to vascular thickening and neointima formation.
Development of capsular polysaccharide-based glycoconjugates for immunization against melioidosis and glanders.

Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agents of melioidosis and glanders respectively, cause severe disease in humans and animals and are considered potential agents of biological warfare and terrorism. Diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by these pathogens can be challenging and, in the absence of chemotherapeutic intervention, acute disease is frequently fatal. At present, there are no human or veterinary vaccines available for immunization against these emerging/re-emerging infectious diseases. One of the long term objectives of our research, therefore, is to identify and characterize protective antigens expressed by B. pseudomallei and B. mallei and use them to develop efficacious vaccine candidates. Previous studies have demonstrated that the 6-deoxy-heptan capsular polysaccharide (CPS) expressed by these bacterial pathogens is both a virulence determinant and a protective antigen. Consequently, this carbohydrate moiety has become an important component of the various subunit vaccines that we are currently developing in our laboratory. In the present study, we describe a reliable method for isolating CPS antigens from O-polysaccharide deficient strains of B. pseudomallei; including a derivative of the select agent excluded strain Bp82. Utilizing these purified CPS samples, we also describe a simple procedure for covalently linking these T-cell independent antigens to carrier proteins. In addition, we demonstrate that high titer IgG responses can be raised against the CPS component of such constructs. Collectively, these approaches provide a tangible starting point for the development of novel CPS-based glycoconjugates for immunization against melioidosis and glanders.
Minimizing data and synchronization costs in one-way communication

Minimizing communication and synchronization costs is crucial to the realization of the performance potential of parallel computers. This paper presents a general technique which uses a global data-flow framework to optimize communication and synchronization in the context of the one-way communication model. In contrast to the conventional send/receive message-passing communication model, one-way communication is a new paradigm that decouples message transmission and synchronization. In parallel machines with appropriate low-level support, this may open up new opportunities not only to further optimize communication, but also to reduce the synchronization overhead. We present optimization techniques using our framework for eliminating redundant data communication and synchronization operations. Our approach works with the most general data alignments and distributions in languages like High Performance Fortran (HPF) and uses a combination of the traditional data-flow analysis and polyhedral algebra. Empirical results for several scientific benchmarks on a Cray T3E multiprocessor machine demonstrate that our approach is successful in reducing the number of data (communication) and synchronization messages, thereby reducing the overall execution times.
A machine learning approach for tracing regulatory codes to product specific requirements

Regulatory standards, designed to protect the safety, security, and privacy of the public, govern numerous areas of software intensive systems. Project personnel must therefore demonstrate that an as-built system meets all relevant regulatory codes. Current methods for demonstrating compliance rely either on after-the-fact audits, which can lead to significant refactoring when regulations are not met, or else require analysts to construct and use traceability matrices to demonstrate compliance. Manual tracing can be prohibitively time-consuming; however automated trace retrieval methods are not very effective due to the vocabulary mismatches that often occur between regulatory codes and product level requirements. This paper introduces and evaluates two machine-learning methods, designed to improve the quality of traces generated between regulatory codes and product level requirements. The first approach uses manually created traceability matrices to train a trace classifier, while the second approach uses web-mining techniques to reconstruct the original trace query. The techniques were evaluated against security regulations from the USA government's Health Insurance Privacy and Portability Act (HIPAA) traced against ten healthcare related requirements specifications. Results demonstrated improvements for the subset of HIPAA regulations that exhibited high fan-out behavior across the requirements datasets.
Clinical experience with ketorolac in children.

OBJECTIVE:To describe the use of parenteral ketorolac in a large population of children, focusing on dosing patterns, efficacy, and safety.DESIGN:Observational, prospective study conducted over a four-month period.SETTING:A 122-bed children's medical center located within an academic medical center hospital.PARTICIPANTS:Children receiving ketorolac during their hospitalization.MAIN OUTCOME PARAMETERS:Indications for treatment, dose, dosing interval, use of a loading dose, length of therapy, efficacy (subjective response and use of concomitant therapy), and adverse effects (bleeding, gastrointestinal ulceration or vomiting, and renal dysfunction).RESULTS:Of 112 children evaluated, 110 received ketorolac for analgesia, and 2 were given ketorolac as an antipyretic. The children ranged in age from 6 months to 19 years. Doses of 0.5 mg/kg q6h were used for most children (range 0.17–1.0). The average length of therapy was 3.4 days (range 1–12). The most frequent reason for discontinuing ketorolac therapy was a ...
Replacing bare fallows with cover crops in fertilizer-intensive cropping systems: A meta-analysis of crop yield and N dynamics.

The availability of Haber-Bosch nitrogen (N) has permitted agricultural intensification and increased the productive capacity of agroecosystems; however, approximately 50% of this applied fertilizer N is lost from agricultural landscapes. Extensive efforts have been devoted to improving the N use efficiency of these systems. Diversified crop rotations using cover crops to provide a variety of ecosystem functions, including biological N fixation (BNF), could maintain yields while reducing N losses. Although leguminous plants used as green manures are capable of fixing N in quantities which exceed cash crop demand, the prospect of replacing significant quantities of Haber-Bosch N with BNF is widely viewed as impractical due to yield reductions. Likewise, the practice of replacing bare fallows with non-leguminous cover crops in systems receiving Haber-Bosch N is generally deemed not economically viable. We conducted a quantitative assessment of cash crop yields and N retention in rotations that implemented these practices. We performed a meta-analysis on experiments comparing crop yield, nitrate leaching, or soil nitrate between conventional (receiving inorganic fertilizer with a winter bare fallow) and diversified systems managed using either a non-legume over-wintering cover crop (amended with inorganic fertilizer) or a legume over-wintering cover crop (no additional N fertilizer). Only studies with rotations designed to produce a cash crop every year were included in our analysis. Many yield comparisons were found in the literature, but only a limited number of nitrate leaching or soil inorganic N studies met the criteria for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Long-term studies were also uncommon, with most data coming from experiments lasting 2‐3 years. Yields under nonlegume cover crop management were not significantly different from those in the conventional, bare fallow systems, while leaching was reduced by 70% on average. Relative to yields following conventional N-fertilization, the legume-fertilized crops averaged 10% lower yields. However, yields under green manure fertilization were not significantly different relative to conventional systems when legume biomass provided � 110 kg N ha � 1 .Onaverage,nitrateleachingwasreducedby40%inlegume-based systemsrelativetoconventionalfertilizer-based systems. Post-harvest soil nitrate status, a measure of potential N loss, was similar in conventional and green manure systems suggesting that reductions in leaching losses were largely due to avoidance of bare fallow periods. These results demonstrate the potential for diversified rotations using N- and non-N-fixing cover crops to maintain crop yields while reducing the anthropogenic contributions to reactive N fluxes. # 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Conditional-Sum Addition Logic

Conditional-sum addition is a new mechanism for parallel, high-speed addition of digitally-represented numbers. Its design is based on the computation of ``conditional'' sums and carries that result from the assumption of all the possible distributions of carries for various groups of columns. A rapid-sequence mode of operation provides an addition rate that is invariant with the lengths of the summands. Another advantage is the possibility of realizing the adder with ``integrated devices'' or ``modules.'' The logic of conditional-sum addition is applicable to all positive radices, as well as to multisummand operation. In a companion paper, a comparison of several adders shows that, within a set of stated assumptions, conditional-sum addition is superior in certain respects, including processing speed.
Design and Assessment of an Assignment-Based Curriculum to Teach Scientific Writing and Scientific Peer Review.

A writing-intensive, upper-level undergraduate course which integrates content, context, collaboration, and communication in a unique fashion, is described. The topic of the seminar is “Scientific Writing in Chemistry” and an assignment-based curriculum was developed to instruct students on best practices in all aspects of science communication and to educate students about the scientific publication process and peer review. To effectively teach students how to understand science, both the content and the process must be included. Peer review is an integral and essential part of the process of science and the peer review tasks in the course described in this paper evolve from rubric-based peer assessments to free-format peer review. The curriculum was developed for a semester-long, three-hour seminar with limited enrolment. The curriculum was taught in the Spring semesters of 2010 - 2014 and enrolment data and results of evaluations collected over four years are presented to demonstrate the success of the implementations
Age Differences in the Strategic Allocation of Visual Attention

The allocation of visual spatial attention was investigated in two groups of adults, younger (n = 24; M = 19 yrs) and older (n = 24; M = 68 yrs). Two sequential target displays were presented on a computer screen. If a target letter appeared in Display 1, then observers were to identify a target letter in Display 2. Based on accuracy of Display 1 target detection, the older adults had a more restricted range of visual processing than the younger adults. Based on reaction times for Display 2 target identification, older adults appeared to use a spotlight (serial) scanning mechanism, whereas younger adults appeared to use an activity-distribution (parallel) mechanism. Results are consistent with age-related cognitive slowing, but also suggest a difference in strategy according to the availability of visual information. Language: en
Using COTS search engines and custom query strategies at CLEF

This paper presents a system for bilingual information retrieval using commercial off-the-shelf search engines (COTS). Several custom query construction, expansion and translation strategies are compared. We present the experiments and the corresponding results for the CLEF 2004 event.
Network-centric operations spiral 1: Enhanced interagency collaboration

During the second spiral of Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO) Network Enabled Operations (NEO) demonstrations, [1] a collaborative environment for Next Generation (NextGen) airspace management was exhibited. New automation and tools were demonstrated that improved airspace management, homeland security and disaster recovery operations in the United States National Airspace System (NAS). This paper reviews the approaches taken to reduce response times and uncertainty during simulated environmental situations and airspace security threats. These capabilities and services were provided to over 12 different decision support, defense and air traffic automation systems used by differing agencies. This paper focuses on Raytheon Company's contributions to NEO.
A bounding chain for Swendsen-Wang

The greatest drawback of Monte Carlo Markov chain methods is lack of knowledge of the mixing time of the chain. The use of bounding chains solves this difficulty for some chains by giving theoretical and experimental upper bounds on the mixing time. Moreover, when used with methodologies such as coupling from the past, bounding chains allow the user to take samples drawn exactly from the stationary distribution without knowledge of the mixing time. Here we present a bounding chain for the Swendsen-Wang process. The Swendsen-Wang bounding chain allow us to efficiently obtain exact samples from the ferromagnetic Q-state Potts model for certain classes of graphs. Also, by analyzing this bounding chain, we will show that Swendsen-Wang is rapidly mixing over a slightly larger range of parameters than was known previously.
Electrophysiological Studies of Human Face Perception. III: Effects of Top-down Processing on Face-specific Potentials

This is the last in a series of papers dealing with intracranial event-related potential (ERP) correlates of face perception. Here we describe the results of manipulations that may exert top-down influences on face recognition and face-specific ERPs, and the effects of cortical stimulation at face-specific sites. Ventral face-specific N200 was not evoked by affective stimuli; showed little or no habituation; was not affected by the familiarity or unfamiliarity of faces; showed no semantic priming; and was not affected by face-name learning or identification. P290 and N700 were affected by semantic priming and by face-name learning and identification. The early fraction of N700 and face-specific P350 exhibited significant habituation. About half of the AP350 sites exhibited semantic priming, whereas the VP350 and LP350 sites did not. Cortical stimulation evoked a transient inability to name familiar faces or evoked face-related hallucinations at two-thirds of face-specific N200 sites. These results are discussed in relation to human behavioral studies and monkey single-cell recordings. Discussion of results of all three papers concludes that: face-specific N200 reflects the operation of a module specialized for the perception of human faces; ventral and lateral occipitotemporal cortex are composed of a complex mosaic of functionally discrete patches of cortex of variable number, size and location; in ventral cortex there is a posterior-to-anterior trend in the location of patches in the order letter-strings, form, hands, objects, faces and face parts; P290 and N700 at face-specific N200 sites, and face-specific P350, are subject to top-down influences.
Two Heads Better Than One: Metric+Active Learning and its Applications for IT Service Classification

Large IT service providers track service requests and their execution through problem/change tickets. It is important to classify the tickets based on the problem/change description in order to understand service quality and to optimize service processes. However, two challenges exist in solving this classification problem: 1) ticket descriptions from different classes are of highly diverse characteristics, which invalidates most standard distance metrics; 2) it is very expensive to obtain high-quality labeled data. To address these challenges, we develop two seemingly independent methods 1) Discriminative Neighborhood Metric Learning (DNML) and 2) Active Learning with Median Selection (ALMS), both of which are, however, based on the same core technique: iterated representative selection. A case study on real IT service classification application is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed methods.
Evidence for Hitchhiking of Deleterious Mutations within the Human Genome

Deleterious mutations present a significant obstacle to adaptive evolution. Deleterious mutations can inhibit the spread of linked adaptive mutations through a population; conversely, adaptive substitutions can increase the frequency of linked deleterious mutations and even result in their fixation. To assess the impact of adaptive mutations on linked deleterious mutations, we examined the distribution of deleterious and neutral amino acid polymorphism in the human genome. Within genomic regions that show evidence of recent hitchhiking, we find fewer neutral but a similar number of deleterious SNPs compared to other genomic regions. The higher ratio of deleterious to neutral SNPs is consistent with simulated hitchhiking events and implies that positive selection eliminates some deleterious alleles and increases the frequency of others. The distribution of disease-associated alleles is also altered in hitchhiking regions. Disease alleles within hitchhiking regions have been associated with auto-immune disorders, metabolic diseases, cancers, and mental disorders. Our results suggest that positive selection has had a significant impact on deleterious polymorphism and may be partly responsible for the high frequency of certain human disease alleles.
Research issues for a real-time nested transaction model

Real-time database systems have been studied to meet stringent timing and reliability constraints that were observed in many application areas. In some applications, many transactions must be not only executed correctly but also completed within their deadlines, and soma data may become invalid after a certain duration of time. For some of these advanced applications, transactions are long and complicated. A transaction model beyond the conventional single-level transaction models is needed to manage the complexity. In order to extend current real-time transactions to a nested transaction model several issues need to be explored or re-examined. We discuss two important issues: how to propagate deadlines from a transaction to its subtransactions and how to control concurrent execution of nested transactions. >
Response to Comment on Weber et al. Type 1 Diabetes is Associated With an Increased Risk of Fracture Across the Life Span: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using The Health Improvement Network (THIN). Diabetes Care 2015;38:1913-1920.

A key finding of our study is that children with type 1 diabetes were at increased risk of fracture compared with age-, sex-, and practice-matched participants without diabetes (1). In his commentary (2), Dr. Shah questions the clinical significance of childhood fractures and the contribution of type 1 diabetes to fracture risk in children. To clarify, in participants with type 1 diabetes and participants without diabetes, we found that fracture incidence was highest in the 10–20-year age-group for males only; the highest incidence in females occurred in those aged 80–90 years. From a statistical standpoint, the large sample size of our data set would be expected …
An integrated Dissolved Organic Carbon Dynamics Model (DOCDM 1.0): model development and a case study in the Alaskan Yukon River Basin

Abstract. Quantitative understanding of the variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is important to studying the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. This study presents a process-based, dissolved organic carbon dynamics model (DOCDM 1.0) that couples the soil heat conduction, water flow, DOC production, mineralization and transport in both surface and subsurface of soil profile to quantify DOC dynamics in boreal terrestrial ecosystems. The model is first evaluated and then applied for a watershed in Alaska to investigate its DOC production and transport. We find that 42 and 27 % of precipitation infiltrates to soils in 2004, a warmer year, and in 1976, a colder year, respectively. Under warming conditions, DOC transported via overland flow does not show the expected decrease trend while the overland DOC yield shows a 4 % increase. The horizontal subsurface flow only accounts for 1–2 % of total water flux, but transports 30–50 % of DOC into rivers. Water flush due to water infiltration controls DOC transport. Snowmelt plays a noticeable role in DOC flush-out and DOC transport significantly depends on flowpaths in the study region. High soil temperature stimulates DOC production. The overland DOC export does not necessarily follow the DOC downward trend in surface water transport. Overall, this study shows that DOC export behavior is complex under changing temperature and hydrological conditions in cold-region watersheds. To adequately quantify DOC dynamics in northern high latitudes, more DOC and hydrological data are needed to better parameterize and test the developed model before extrapolating it to the region.