cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immigration Control: A Catholic Dilemma?

Last year's proposed immigration law reforms inflamed American society and fueled considerable debate regarding our nation's domestic and social obligations. One particularly controversial bill proposed in the House of Representatives, H.R. 4437, would have criminalized undocumented aliens as felons. Although the resolution did not pass, its advocates continue to seek similar controls and enjoy much support.The American public has been sharply divided over immigration, and disparate views on immigration control have been expressed even within the often-unified Catholic community. Indeed, Catholic voices have been some of the loudest in advocating and opposing H.R. 4437: Catholic bishops have called for amnesty; Catholic lawmakers have defended strict penalties as critical to domestic welfare.This Article studies whether Catholic teaching, with its foundation in natural law, condones differing views on immigration control. This analysis reveals that divergent responses to immigration are indeed permissible and natural among faithful Catholic believers. I would therefore urge Catholic lawmakers to recognize the permissible variation among believers and to dialogue more openly with religious and secular lawmakers.
A PILOT STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL USE OF TOMATIS METHOD TO IMPROVE L2 READING FLUENCY

This was a pilot study that used the Tomatis Method to see the effects it had on L2 reading fluency in a group of Taiwanese learners. Eight volunteers participated in this study undertaking 40-hours of before-and-after-experimental treatments. The results from the analysis showed that the participants had significant improvements in the areas of fluency, tone, stress, and intelligibility. However, there was not a significant improvement in pronunciation. This study concludes that the Tomatis Method seemed to help participants improve their reading fluency as well as increase the levels of confidence and motivation when learning the target language.
Diagnosing Lassa virus infection by tracking the antiviral response

Background Lassa fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus. It infects 300,000 to 500,000 West Africans every year, with a mortality rate among hospitalized patients of 15%. It is difficult to diagnose because its early symptoms (fever, sore throat, general malaise) often go
Effect of flow-stop on noradrenaline release from normal spleens and spleens treated with cocaine, phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine

1. Cat spleens were perfused with Krebs-bicarbonate solution, using a constant-flow pump at a rate of about 7 ml/min at 33-35 degrees C. Noradrenaline (NA) overflow by nerve stimulation at 10 Hz for 20 s was determined with or without flow-stop before and after treatment with cocaine, phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine. In order to determine the effect of flow-stop on overflow, the arterial and the venous flows were occluded by clamping the inflow and outflow tubes during the period of stimulation plus 30, 60 or 120 seconds.2. Without flow-stop, NA output was 0.93+/-0.25 ng/stimulus, which was significantly increased after cocaine (123+/-6.6%), phentolamine (415+/-93%) and phenoxybenzamine (578+/-107%). Phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine were much more effective than cocaine in enhancing overflow.3. Before treatment with drugs, flow-stops of 30, 60 and 120 s reduced NA outputs to 70+/-6.6, 27.5+/-2 and 7%, respectively, of the control outputs without flow-stop. None of the drugs significantly influenced the percentage reductions in NA outputs during a 30 s flow-stop. However, the percentage outputs after cocaine or phenoxybenzamine treatment during a 60 s flow-stop significantly increased to 45+/-2.5% and 57+/-6%, respectively, as compared to the percentage output of 27.5+/-2% from untreated spleens during a corresponding flow-stop period. During flow-stop, there was no appreciable metabolism of the released transmitter.4. Diffusion of the released transmitter from the site of liberation plays only a minor role in the removal of the released NA.5. It is suggested that the NA released by nerve stimulation acts on the presynaptic alpha sites to inhibit its own release by a negative feedback mechanism. Adrenoceptor blocking agents enhance the NA overflow from spleen because they remove this autoinhibition by blocking the presynaptic alpha sites.
Geriatric depression scale : Long Form versus Short Form

The Long Form and the Short Form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were compared in a VA nursing home population. The study had two phases. In the first phase, 86 geriatric male veterans were administered the Long Form of the GDS at intake. The Long Form was rescored on the Short Form and a scatterplot was constructed. The Short Form of the GDS consistently identified 94% of the participants using the Long Form as the standard. In the second phase of the study, 31 veterans were administered both the Long Form and the Short Form of the GDS in alternating order during their intake or annual screening assessment. A scatterplot showed the Short Form to consistently identify 100% of the participants using the Long Form as the standard.
Collaboration Between Pharmacologically Trained Psychologists and Pediatricians: History and Professional Issues

Research demonstrates a substantial shortage in the availability of mental health ­prescribers. Thomas, Ellis, Konrad, Holzer, and Morrissey (2009) estimated that 96% of US counties do not have enough prescribers with specialty training in mental disorders to meet the need. The shortage of psychiatrists in the USA is only likely to worsen in the coming years given declines in the number of physicians pursuing a residency in psychiatry (Rao, 2003). Nowhere is the shortage of mental health prescribers more evident than in the treatment of children and adolescents. Various estimates of the shortage are available. The U.S. Bureau of Health Professions National Center for Health Work Force Information and Analysis concluded that more than 12,500 psychiatrists with specialized training in the treatment of children and adolescents would be needed by 2010 even to match the level of service provided in 1995, but only 8,300 will be available (Kim, 2003). To put this disparity in context, the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that there are only about 34,000 psychiatrists in the entire country, so 10% of the entire psychiatric work force would have to shift their specialization to children and adolescents just to meet the need. Others have suggested that the shortage may be far greater than that (Brauer, 2010).
Fitness of a genetically improved entomopathogenic nematode

Abstract A strain of Steinernema carpocapsae (G-13) selectively bred for improved host-finding was compared against two wild-type strains, the commercially available All strain and the Foundation strain from which the G-13 strain was derived, for changes in fitness. Selection did not affect pathogenicity, mobility, sex ratio, or morphology. However, the G-13 strain showed a gain of fitness with regard to host penetration and reproductive potential and a loss of fitness for storage stability. Acquiring enhanced host-finding abilities does not appear to be correlated with a serious reduction in overall fitness, and the potential of the selected G-13 strain for inundative biological control appears unlikely to be impaired. The possible significance of the three correlated responses to selection are discussed.
Time-dependent recovery of passive neutrophils after large deformation

Experiments are performed in which a passive human neutrophil is deformed into an elongated "sausage" shape by aspirating it into a small glass pipette. When expelled from the pipette the neutrophil recovers its natural spherical shape in approximately 1 minute. This recovery process is analyzed according to a Newtonian, liquid-drop model in which a variational method is used to simultaneously solve the hydrodynamic equations for low Reynolds-number flow and the equations for membrane equilibrium with a constant membrane tension. The theoretical model gives a good fit to the experimental data for a ratio of membrane cortical tension to cytoplasmic viscosity of approximately 1.7 x 10(-5) cm/s (0.17 micron/s). However, when the cell is held in the pipette for only a short time period of 5 s or less, and then expelled, the cell undergoes an initial, rapid elastic rebound suggesting that the cell behaves in this instance as a Maxwell viscoelastic liquid rather than a Newtonian liquid with constant cortical tension.
Motivation, exercise, and stress in breast cancer survivors

Purpose Reduced stress and reduced risk of cancer recurrence are among the many benefits of physical activity (PA) for cancer survivors. Exercise behaviors are linked to motivational factors. We investigated the associations between motivational profile, self-reported levels of PA and stress, and mental functioning in 94 posttreatment breast cancer survivors who voluntarily enrolled in an exercise program. Methods Participants completed the Apter Motivational Style Profile (AMSP), Lifetime of Physical Activity (LTPA) Questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Medical Outcomes Short Form SF-36® (SF-36), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and provided 10 saliva specimens (to measure cortisol levels). PA levels were calculated in metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET-hours/week). Results Participants reported high levels of current and historical PA (M=39.2 MET-h/week, SD=39.7; M=14.2 MET-h/week, SD=15.4, respectively). They also reported high levels of stress (M=33.6, SD=4.5) coupled with low mental functionality as measured by SF-36 mental component scale (MCS) (M=44.4, SD=8.8). PSS was negatively associated with MCS (r=−0.27, p=0.009). Salivary cortisol was not associated with any measure. Participants had a conformist (“follow rules”) and alloic (“about others” )m otivational profile. No motivational, exercise history, or stress variables were associated with current PA. Conclusions As expected, participants reported higher levels of stress and lower mental functioning. Participants presented a unique motivational profile relative to the general population. Further research into the associations of motivation, exercise behaviors, and stress is warranted.
The crystal structure of α-copper vanadate

Abstract The crystal structure of α-copper vanadate has been determined and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures using automatic diffractometer data to a residual R = 0.050 (Rw = 0.059). The space group is rhombohedral, R 3 , with hexagonal unit cell a = 12.857(3) and c = 7.161(2) A (aR = 7.797(2) A and α = 111.06(1)°). On the basis of the detailed structural analysis the contents Cu7−xV6O19−x with x = 0.22 are proposed for the rhombohedral cell. Copper is in the divalent and vanadium in the quadrivalent state. The structure is based on a cubic close-packed array of oxygen ions with the vanadium ion occupying an octahedral site, one copper in a partially occupied octahedral site and the other copper in a tetrahedral site. The latter is one of the few examples of tetrahedrally coordinated copper.
Distribution of aflatoxins in various fractions separated from raw peanuts and defatted peanut meal

The present investigation is the first definitive study of the distribution of aflatoxins in a wet-milling process of raw peanuts. The results show that the majority of the aflatoxins originally present in the peanuts remained in the solid fractions, particularly the protein fraction, during wet-milling. In the protein concentrate preparation, the concentrates carried 81–89% of the total toxin; crude oil, 5–8%; and whey fraction, 3–14%. In the case of protein isolate preparation, 51–56% of the total toxin remained with the isolates, 22–26% with the residue, 11–17% with the whey, and 7–8% with the crude oil. Distribution of aflatoxins in the preparation of protein isolates from defatted peanut meal showed that 55–65% of the total toxin originally present in the meal remained with the protein isolates, 20–28% with the residue, and 10–20% with the whey fraction. Changes in extraction pHs for the preparation of protein isolates either from raw peanuts or defatted meal did not alter the distribution pattern mentioned above. A new approach based upon charge-transfer (electron acceptor-donor) complex formation is suggested to shift this aflatoxin distribution from protein products to disposable whey or residue fraction during the processing of raw peanuts and defatted meal for protein products.
Filtering of subtractive discrete dither in quantizers: Some new results

Subtractive dither in quantizers is examined as a means to mitigate quantizer non-linearity. The effects of filtering the dither signal to shape its spectral content outside the signal band while maintaining its benefits are studied in detail. Design strategies for finite impulse response (FIR) filters that accomplish spectral shaping as well as allay quantizer non-linearity are derived theoretically. Simulation results for low/medium resolution quantizers are presented to validate the derived conditions on the filter structures.
Cognitive Addition: Comparison of Learning Disabled and Academically Normal Elementary School Children

Simple addition problems were presented using a true/false reaction time (RT) verification paradigm to 77 academically normal and 46 learning disabled (LD) subjects in the second, fourth, or sixth grade. The experiment was designed to determine the potential process deficits associated with a learning disability in mathematics achievement. Structural models representing alternative process strategies were fit to RT data. Across grade level and academic status, RT was best fitted by structural variables representing either an implicit counting strategy or a memory retrieval process. The majority of normal and LD second-grade subjects used the implicit counting strategy for problem solution; however, LD subjects required a greater amount of time to execute this process and appeared to be deficient in the ability to self-monitor the problem-solving process. A clear shift from reliance on the implicit counting strategy to the memory-retrieval process was evident from the second to sixth grade for normal subjects. No such shift was evident for LD subjects, as the majority of these subjects relied on the counting strategy in the second, fourth, and sixth grade. Subjects having a specific learning disability in mathematics achievement appear to differ from academically normal subjects in the developmental maturity of the component process used for problem solution, the temporal duration required to execute this strategy, and the ability to self-monitor the problem-solving process. Implications for remediation are discussed.
Convergence criteria for maxima with regularly varying normalizing constants

Abstract This paper considers domain of attraction criteria for the maxima sequence associated with independent and identically distributed random variables. The criteria are based on regular variation of the normalizing constants and the existence of a real point at which the distribution function of the normalized maxima converges to a value in the open unit interval. Examples are made to specific underlying distributions.
Severe hypoglycemia associated with HELLP syndrome

Abstract Presented is a case of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet counts, in which sever maternal hypoglycemia occurred 8 hours after delivery. It is proposed that the hepatic pathologic features in this case were severe enough to interfere with glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis.
The Scientific Study of Unconscious Processes: The Time Is Ripe for (Re)Convergence of Neuroscientific and Psychoanalytic Conceptions

Psychoanalytic and scientific conceptions of unconscious processes are reconverging. This commentary on Heather Berlin’s Target Article, “The Neural Basis of the Dynamic Unconscious,” discusses the current status of the study of the neural substrates of cognitive, affective, and motivational dimensions of unconscious processes. The current research is contextualized with some thoughts on the historical tensions between psychoanalytic and academic models of the mind. Recommendations for advancing both psychoanalytic and neuroscientific investigations of unconscious processes are proposed, with a focus on psychopathology and psychoanalytic treatments and processes in different types of pathological personality structures.
A Carbene−Carbene Complex Equilibrium

Phenylchlorocarbene, generated by laser flash photolysis of phenylchlorodiazirine, formed highly stable π-type complexes with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene in pentane. The carbene and carbene complexes were in equilibrium. We measured the equilibrium constant (K = 1264 M−1 at 294 K) and, from its temperature dependence, extracted the associated thermodynamic parameters: ΔH° = −7.1 kcal/mol, ΔS° = −10.2 eu, and ΔG° = −4.1 kcal/mol. The carbene complexes were characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy and computational analysis.
Dual Roles for Rac2 in Neutrophil Motility and Active Retention in Zebrafish Hematopoietic Tissue

Neutrophil homeostasis is essential for host defense. Here we identify dual roles for Rac2 during neutrophil homeostasis using a zebrafish model of primary immune deficiency induced by the human inhibitory Rac2D57N mutation in neutrophils. Noninvasive live imaging of Rac2 morphants or Rac2D57N zebrafish larvae demonstrates an essential role for Rac2 in regulating 3D motility and the polarization of F-actin dynamics and PI(3)K signaling in vivo. Tracking of photolabeled Rac2-deficient neutrophils from hematopoietic tissue also shows increased mobilization into the circulation, indicating that neutrophil mobilization does not require traditionally defined cell motility. Moreover, excessive neutrophil retention in hematopoietic tissue resulting from a constitutively active CXCR4 mutation in zebrafish warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is partially rescued by the inhibitory Rac2 mutation. These findings reveal that Rac2 signaling is necessary for both neutrophil 3D motility and CXCR4-mediated neutrophil retention in hematopoietic tissue, thereby limiting neutrophil mobilization, a critical first step in the innate immune response.
Xdiff+: a visualization system for XML documents and Schemata

We describe Xdiff+, a system for visualizing the conformance of XML documents to a DTD. The system is based on a set of algorithms to compute the distance between a document and a schema. The system includes a GUI that allows the user to visualize how an XML document can be edited to conform to a schema with the minimum cost. Real data-sets have been used to demonstrate the use of the system.
Using diffusion models to understand clinical disorders.

Abstract Sequential sampling models provide an alternative to traditional analyses of reaction times and accuracy in two-choice tasks. These models are reviewed with particular focus on the diffusion model ( Ratcliff, 1978 ) and how its application can aid research on clinical disorders. The advantages of a diffusion model analysis over traditional comparisons are shown through simulations and a simple lexical decision experiment. Application of the diffusion model to a clinically relevant topic is demonstrated through an analysis of data from nonclinical participants with high- and low-trait anxiety in a recognition memory task. The model showed that after committing an error, participants with high-trait anxiety responded more cautiously by increasing their boundary separation, whereas participants with low-trait anxiety did not. The article concludes with suggestions for ways to improve and broaden the application of these models to studies of clinical disorders.
An inequality for schur functions

Abstract If H is a subgroup of the symmetric group of degree n and χ is a complex character on H of degree 1, then the Schur function for H and χ is defined by d χ H (Y) = ∑ σϵH χ(σ) ∏ i=1 n y iσ(i) for any n -square matrix Y = ( y ij ). It is shown that, if A 1 is a positive definite matrix, A 2 a positive semidefinite nonzero matrix, and μ 1 , μ 2 complex numbers, then |d χ H (μ 1 A 1 + μ 2 A 2 )| ⩽ d χ H (|μ 1 |A 1 + |μ 2 |A 2 ) .Other inequalities relating functions of μ 1 A 1 + μ 2 A 2 and of | μ 1 | A 1 + | μ 2 | A 2 are also obtained.
Effect of Association State and Conformational Stability on the Kinetics of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloid Fibril Formation at Physiological pH

Abstract Light chain amyloidosis involves the systemic deposition of fibrils in patients overproducing monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains. The kinetics of fibril formation of LEN, a benign light chain variable domain, were investigated at physiological pH in the presence of urea. Despite the lack of in vivofibril formation, LEN readily forms fibrils in vitro under mildly destabilizing conditions. The effect of low to moderate concentrations of urea on the conformation, association state, stability, and kinetics of fibrillation of LEN were investigated. The conformation of LEN was only slightly affected by the addition of up to 4 m urea. The fibrillation kinetics were highly dependent on protein and urea concentrations, becoming faster with decreasing protein concentration and increasing urea concentration. Changes in spectral probes were concomitant to fibril formation throughout the protein and urea concentration ranges, indicating the absence of off-pathway oligomeric species or amorphous aggregates prior to fibril formation. Reducing the amount of dimers initially present in solution by either decreasing the protein concentration or adding urea resulted in faster fibril formation. Thus, increasing concentrations of urea, by triggering dissociation of dimeric LEN, lead to increased rates of fibrillation.
Identification of a functionally critical GXXG motif and its relationship to the folate binding site of the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT-SLC46A1)

The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) mediates intestinal folate absorption, and loss-of-function mutations in this gene result in the autosomal recessive disorder hereditary folate malabsorption. The current study, focused on a structure-functional analysis of this transporter, identified Gly-189 and Gly-192 (a GxxG motif) located in the fifth transmembrane domain as residues that could not be replaced with alanine without a loss of function. In contrast, function was preserved when Gly-56 and Gly-59 (the other conservative GXXG motif in human PCFT) were replaced with alanine. Similarly, Gly-93 and Gly-97, which constitute the only conserved GXXXG dimerization motif in human PCFT, tolerated alanine substitution. To explore the role of this region in folate binding, the residues around Gly-189 and Gly-192 were analyzed by the substituted cysteine accessibility method. Both I188C and M193C mutants were functional and were inhibited by membrane-impermeable sulfhydryl-reactive reagents; this could be prevented with PCFT substrate, but the protection was sustained at 0°C only for the I188C mutant, consistent with localization of Ile-188 in the PCFT folate binding pocket. The functional role of residues around Gly-189 and Gly-192 is consistent with a molecular structural model in which these two residues along with Ieu-188 are accessible to the PCFT aqueous translocation pathway.
An Investigation into the Efficacy of the Studio Model at the High School Level

The Studio Model was developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) to improve teaching and learning in introductory science classes. The study reported in this article explored the efficacy of the Studio Model at the high school level. The Studio Model combines collaborative learning with the use of online materials designed to support and augment in-class activities. The study explored the effects of the Studio Model on student learning of Earth Science concepts. In addition, the research investigated the potential attribution of such effects to either of the Studio Model's component parts (collaborative learning or online materials) by comparing student learning and attitudes across four treatment groups: a Studio Model group, a Cooperative Only group, an Online Materials Only group, and a Control group who received traditional science instruction. Findings demonstrate the superiority of the Studio Model, and the Studio Model alone, over traditional science instruction. They suggest the Studio Mod...
Stress-temperature-lifetime working envelope of Nicalon fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites in air

Time-to-failure tests as a function of stress level were conducted in four-point bending at temperatures of 600, 950 and 1150°C in air to develop the stress-temperature-lifetime envelope for various commercially-available Nicalon fiber-reinforced SiC (Nicalon/SiC) composites with a carbon fiber coating. All the Nicalon/SiC composites exhibit a similar stress-dependent lifetime at applied stresses greater than the fatigue limit with the lifetimes decreasing as applied stress level or test temperature increase. The lifetimes of the Nicalon/SiC composites investigated were also increased when the carbon coating thickness decreased or when B4C particulates were incorporated. Electron microscopy studies indicated that the lifetimes at 600°C were dictated by the progressive oxidation of the carbon coating along the fiber and loss of stress transfer to the matrix. On the other hand, at 950 and 1150°C, formation of the glass(es) due to oxidation of the fiber and matrix and B4C particulates leads to a strong interfacial bonding between the fiber and matrix and an embrittlement of the composites.
Reaction paths for bimolecular hydrogen exchange

Abstract Several reaction paths are examined from a quantum mechanical viewpoint to assess their likelihood to serve as reaction geometries for a concerted bimolecular hydrogen-deuterium exchange process. It is shown that along each of the paths, the system would be expected to encounter a high activation energy barrier consistent with the concept of a forbidden reaction path in the sense of Woodward and Hoffmann. The results are in accord with calculations of the corresponding potential surfaces.
Clinical psychology in the military: Developments and issues

Abstract Clinical psychology's auspicious beginning and continued evolution as a profession reflects, in large part, its successful application in military settings. Indeed, military psychologists have continuously developed innovative treatment approaches responsive to the specific needs of the armed forces and its personnel Many of these interventions have been subsequently adopted by civilian psychologists for integration into practice. This article reviews the fruition of the discipline's efforts to address the mental health issues facing service members and their families. In addition, the unique opportunities and challenges facing clinical psychologists who operate under the influence of the military are highlighted.
Knudsen and Langmuir Evaporation Studies of Stannic Oxide

A Knudsen study of the reaction SnO2(c) = SnO(g) +½O2(g) yielded for the enthalpy of dissociation of SnO(g), D°0= 5.44 × 0.1 ev/molecule, which is in agreement with literature values (average 5.5 × 0.1 ev/molecule) obtained by various methods. Langmuir studies indicated an evaporation coefficient upper limit of 0.1 for the measured reaction. The Langmuir enthalpy of activation (ΔH*298= 134 × 2.9 kcal/mole), as calculated by the second-law method, is less than that measured for the equilibrium reaction (ΔH*298= 143.4 × 1.1 kcal/mole), but probably should be considered to agree within experimental error. Electron micrographs showed evidence of stepwise evaporation that depends on the crystallographic orientation of the polycrystalline grains.
Synthesis of [2‐14C]perfluorohexane

A general synthesis of [2-14C]perfluoroalkanes from 1-iodoperfluoroalkanes and ethyl acetate was developed by synthesis of unlabeled perfluorodecane from 1-iodoperfluorooctane. Using the general synthesis, [2-14C]perfluorohexane was synthesized from ethyl [1-14C]acetate and 1-iodoperfluorobutane as illustrated in Scheme 1. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validating single-cell genomics for the study of renal development

Single-cell genomics will enable studies of the earliest events in kidney development, although it is unclear if existing technologies are mature enough to generate accurate and reproducible data on kidney progenitors. Here we designed a pilot study to validate a high-throughput assay to measure the expression levels of key regulators of kidney development in single cells isolated from embryonic mice. Our experiment produced 4608 expression measurements of 22 genes, made in small cell pools, and 28 single cells purified from the RET-positive ureteric bud. There were remarkable levels of concordance with expression data generated by traditional microarray analysis on bulk ureteric bud tissue with the correlation between our average single-cell measurements and GUDMAP measurements for each gene of 0.82–0.85. Nonetheless, a major motivation for single-cell technology is to uncover dynamic biology hidden in population means. There was evidence for extensive and surprising variation in expression of Wnt11 and Etv5, both downstream targets of activated RET. The variation for all genes in the study was strongly consistent with burst-like promoter kinetics. Thus, our results can inform the design of future single-cell experiments, which are poised to provide important insights into kidney development and disease.
Notes from the greenhouse world: A study in coevolution, planetary sustainability, and community structure

Abstract This paper explores coevolution and governance of common goods using models of coevolving biospheres, in which adapting populations must collectively regulate their planet's climate or face extinction. The results support the Gaia hypothesis against challenges based on the tragedy of the commons: model creatures are often able to work together to maintain the common good (a suitable climate) without being undermined by “free riders.” A long-term dynamics appears in which communities that cannot sustain Gaian cooperation give way to communities that can. This result provides an argument why a Gaia scenario should generally be observed, rather than a tragedy of the commons scenario. Second, a close look at how communities fail reveals failures that do not fit the tragedy of the commons framework and are better described in terms of conflict between differently positioned parties, with power over different aspects of the system. In the context of Norgaard's work, all these observations can be read as narratives of coevolution relevant to social communities as well as ecological ones, contrasting with pessimistic scenarios about common governance and supporting respect for traditional arrangements and restraint in intervention.
A program of a generalized Bayesian algorithm for quality control and auditing

The algorithm described below determines the minimum cost parameter values (sample size n* and ac~eptance nUJ?ber c*) for single sample acceptance plans which incorporate mspec!or errors in quality control and auditing problems w~en th~ p~or distribution of lot or account quality and sampling distribution are discrete. In quality control, for example, such plans involve: (1) drawing a single sample of n items from a lot of size N, (2) determining the number of defective items, y, in the sample (perhaps erroneously observed ~d reported), and (3) rejecting the lot if more than c defectives are observed. In principle, three different approaches can be used to determine the parameter values for an error prone (or erro.r fr~e) single sample attribute acceptance plan when a cost crlten.on is applied. First, Bayesian decision tree methods can be .appbed to determine an exact optimal solution by complete implicit enumeration of all possible solutions (Raiffa & Schlaifer, 1961). However, this involves substantial computational effort, since all of the branches of the decision tree must be evaluated and the computations of the various probabilities, if in~pector error is involved can become onerous. Second, analytical methods can be used when the distribution of the lot fraction defective can be approximated by a standard density function such as the Beta or Polya distribution (Collins, 1974, and references cited therein). Although this procedure reduces the computational requirements, nonoptimal solutions to the real problem may be produced as a result of these approximations, since the densities may not be sufficiently rich to adequately capture the true prior distribution. Finally, direct num~rical search techniques can be used to reduce the computational effort, but such methods may not converge on an optimal solution because of the "bumpy" nature of the cost surface in such problems. The programmed algorithm described below is a general algorithm that determines the optimal par~meter values for Bayesian single sampling attribute plans With (or without) inspector error. It has been shown to be clearly superior to the above alternate approaches, produ~ing the optimal solution with minimal computational requirements over a wide range of problem types (Moskowitz & Fink, 1975). The algorithm is applicable to a broad range of acceptance sampling and auditing problems, assuming only that the sampling or auditing cost is either a linear or strictly convex function of the sample size. The algorithm can accommodate both constant as well as nonconstant inspector errors, which, for example, might reflect the effects of fatigue on inspector performance. Description. The program of the algorithm consists of three principal aspects: (1) recursion routines for generating the probability matrices relating the quality states (F), actual defectives (X), and reported or adjudged defectives (Y) for the sample
Crystals by design: a strategy for crystallization of a ribozyme derived from the Tetrahymena group I intron

Recently, the 2.8 A crystal structure of one domain of the self-splicing Tetrahymena group I intron was reported. Although it revealed much about RNA tertiary interactions, it contained only half of the active site. We have now designed a series of larger molecules that contain about 70% of the intron and all of the catalytic core. These RNAs were efficient in cleavage of a substrate RNA, consisting of the approximately 100 nucleotides from the 5' end of the intron, at a site corresponding to the 5' splice site. A sparse matrix was designed specifically for large RNAs and used to screen for preliminary crystallization conditions. Of the six RNAs initially tested, five were crystallized in this initial trial. Two of these crystals were further examined. The first diffracted X-rays to only approximately 16 A resolution, even when the crystal were very large. The second diffracted as high as 3.5 A, but the crystals were twinned and therefore unusable for structural studies. Site-specific mutagenesis was performed on the latter RNA to disrupt interactions that might have been responsible for the twinning. One of these mutant RNAs produced large, single, diffraction-quality crystals. The crystals belong to the tetragonal space group P42212 and have large unit cell dimensions, a=b=178 A and c=199 A. Thus, by variation of both sequence elements and crystallization conditions, crystals of a 247 nucleotide catalytic RNA were obtained.
Predictors of alcohol use among status-offending adolescents: youth and parent perspectives

Research exploring parent–child relationships suggests parents often have divergent perspectives from their adolescent children. Understanding youths' and parents' reports in predicting alcohol use is particularly important among detained youths who are at elevated risk for substance-related problems. This exploratory study queried youth entrants to a juvenile detention center (N = 150) and their parents (N = 89) on a host of individual and familial factors to determine risks associated with youths' drinking from youth and parent perspectives. Findings suggest that, in addition to assessing youths' self-reports at juvenile detention admission, parents' divergent views of their teens' alcohol use offer a valuable perspective.
Potassium Permanganate is Not an Effective Pond Disinfectant to Control Dero digitata

Proliferative gill disease (PGD) is a major problem in cultured channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. This parasite requires Dero digitata to complete its life cycle. It is believed potassium permanganate disinfects ponds and reduces D. digitata populations, but this practice has not been verified experimentally. We evaluated potassium permanganate as a pond disinfectant to reduce D. digitata populations before stocking fish. In the first study, 2 L catfish pond mud and 18 L pond water were placed in each of 16 20-L microcosms. Four microcosms were dosed at each of four potassium permanganate treatment levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L). After treatment, D. digitata present in the sample were counted. In a second study, benthic populations were compared in 10 0.04 ha ponds before and after treatment with 20 mg/L potassium permanganate. In the microcosm study, all treatment levels significantly (P < 0.05) reduced D. digitata populations relative to controls. However, in the field trial, there were no significant (P < 0.05) differences pre- and post-treatment with potassium permanganate at 20 mg/L in Dero populations or total benthic organism populations. Although we believed such high levels of potassium permanganate would sterilize the pond, the results of the pond treatments in this study indicate otherwise.
An optimized two-finger archive for ZFN-mediated gene targeting

The widespread use of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) for genome engineering is hampered by the fact that only a subset of sequences can be efficiently recognized using published finger archives. We describe a set of validated two-finger modules that complement existing finger archives and expand the range of ZFN-accessible sequences threefold. Using this archive, we introduced lesions at 9 of 11 target sites in the zebrafish genome.
Evaluating Scholarship Performance: Traditional and Emergent Assessment Templates

This chapter considers the limitations of traditional faculty assessment systems in the context of Boyer’s four domains of scholarship and suggests a new organizing template for realigning assessment systems to accommodate work in all four domains.
A method of measuring nets routability for MCM's general area routing problems

A method for measuring routability/wireability is proposed for use in general area routing problems of MCM designs. The routability is measured by extending the counting method of Pascal's Triangle for potential routes of each net. Using this method, the number of potential routes can be obtained precisely in the presence of arbitrary obstacles including the possible limitations on the number of vias/bends to use. Experimental results of the technique proposed herein are presented.
Temporal patterns of light-induced immediate-early gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Exposing an animal to light during the normal dark period of its daily cycle induces shifts in the animal's circadian rhythm of activity. These shifts are preceded by an increase in the expression of an array of immediate early genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the location of the primary circadian clock in the brain. For most of these genes, little is known about the physiological significance of their expression in the SCN. In order to characterize the expression of these genes, laser capture microscopy, and real-time PCR were used to measure the time course of expression of immediate-early genes in the SCN after a 30-min light pulse during the early portion of the night. Most of the measured genes show peak expression shortly after the end of the stimulus and then decline back to baseline after 2 h. However, a few genes, including Rrad, Egr3, and Jun, show a more sustained elevation in expression. Analysis of the function of light-induced genes in other cellular systems suggests a possible role for these genes in reducing the SCN to subsequent photic stimuli and in protecting the SCN from excitotoxicity.
Controlled Nucleation and Growth Process of Li2S2/Li2S in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-sulfur battery is a promising next-generation energy storage system because of its potentially three to five times higher energy density than that of traditional lithium ion batteries. However, the dissolution and precipitation of soluble polysulfides during cycling initiate a series of key-chain reactions that significantly shorten battery life. Herein, we demonstrate that through a simple but effective strategy, significantly improved cycling performance is achieved for high sulfur loading electrodes through controlling the nucleation and precipitation of polysulfieds on the electrode surface. More than 400 or 760 stable cycling are successfully displayed in the cells with locked discharge capacity of 625 mAh g-1 or 500 mAh g-1, respectively. The nucleation and growth process of dissolved polysulfides has been electrochemically altered to confine the thickness of discharge products passivated on the cathode surface, increasing the utilization rate of sulfur while avoiding severe morphology changes on the electrode. More importantly, the exposure of new lithium metal surface to the S-containing electrolyte is also greatly reduced through this strategy, largely minimizing the anode corrosion caused by polysulfides. This work interlocks the electrode morphologies and its evolution with electrochemical interference to modulate cell performances by using Li-S system as a platform, providing different but criticalmore » directions for this community.« less
Constant pressure primary flow standard for gas flows from 0.01cm3/min to 100cm3/min (0.007–74μmol/s)

Abstract We describe a flow standard for gas flows in the range from 0.01 sccm to 100 sccm with a relative standard uncertainty (68% confidence) of 0.03% at 1 sccm (1 sccm≡1 cm 3 /min of an ideal gas at 101325 Pa and 0 °C ≈ 0.74358 μmol/s). The flow standard calibrates a secondary meter by withdrawing a piston from a cylinder held at constant pressure P while gas flows from the secondary meter into the cylinder. The flow standard can operate anywhere in the range 10 kPa P
Retaining Structures in Expansive Clays

Under increasing moisture conditions, retaining structures in expansive clays experience swelling stresses. The magnitude of these stresses varies with the amount of water increase and the extent of soil confinement imposed by the retaining structures. This paper describes a comprehensive study of this problem for two types of retaining structures, namely drilled-shaft and tie back retaining walls. Its approach involves laboratory testing to characterize the swelling properties of the high plasticity clays encountered in South Texas and finite element simulation of the structural interaction between the soil and the retaining structures due to the moisture changes observed at an instrumented wall site. The magnitude of swelling pressures was found to decrease with depth following the diminishing increase in moisture with depth. The amount of soil confinement effected by the wall significantly increased clay swelling pressures.
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase: catalytic activity in oriental liver.

Abstract Population genetics followed by purification suggested that “null” mutation in the mitochondrial E2 isozyme of human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) occurred in the Oriental individuals who are sensitive to alcohol. This report demonstrates that the Oriental E2, thought to be a “null” mutant, is catalytically active and except for maximal velocity and isoelectric point, identical with Caucasian E2 isozyme. The data presented are not inconsistent with mutation but preclude active site of the enzyme as the point at which alteration has occurred; they are, however, inconsistent with “null” mutation.
Psychological Symptoms Linking Exposure to Community Violence and Academic Functioning in African American Adolescents

African American adolescents are exposed disproportionately to community violence, increasing their risk for emotional and behavioral symptoms that can detract from learning and undermine academic outcomes. The present study examined whether aggressive behavior and depressive and anxious symptoms mediated the association between exposure to community violence and academic functioning, and if the indirect effects of community violence on academic functioning differed for boys and girls, in a community sample of urban African American adolescents (N = 491; 46.6 % female). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the indirect effect of exposure to community violence in grade 6 on grade 8 academic functioning. Results revealed that aggression in grade 7 mediated the association between grade 6 exposure to community violence and grade 8 academic functioning. There were no indirect effects through depressive and anxious symptoms, and gender did not moderate the indirect effect. Findings highlight the importance of targeting aggressive behavior for youth exposed to community violence to not only improve their behavioral adjustment but also their academic functioning. Implications for future research are discussed.
Effects of Amphiphile Topology on the Aggregation of Oligocholates in Lipid Membranes: Macrocyclic versus Linear Amphiphiles

A macrocyclic and a linear trimer of a facially amphiphilic cholate building block were labeled with a fluorescent dansyl group. The environmentally sensitive fluorophore enabled the aggregation of the two oligocholates in lipid membranes to be studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. Concentration-dependent emission wavelength and intensity revealed a higher concentration of water for the cyclic compound. Both compounds were shown by the red-edge excitation shift (REES) to be located near the membrane/water interface at low concentrations, but the cyclic trimer was better able to migrate into the hydrophobic core of the membrane than the linear trimer. Fluorescent quenching by a water-soluble (NaI) and a lipid-soluble (TEMPO) quencher indicated that the cyclic trimer penetrated into the hydrophobic region of the membrane more readily than the linear trimer, which preferred to stay close to the membrane surface. The fluorescent data corroborated with the previous leakage assays that suggested the stacking of the macrocyclic cholate trimer into transmembrane nanopores, driven by the strong associative interactions of water molecules inside the macrocycles in a nonpolar environment.
Transient stimulated vibrational Raman scattering in small molecule liquids

Abstract Transient stimulated vibrational Raman scattering in liquid HCl, HBr, Cl 2 , CO 2 , N 2 O, CH 3 F, CH 3 Cl and SF 6 has been observed using a mode-locked ruby laser. Efficient conversions to Stokes wavelengths (up to 10%) are observed resulting in large excitation of the vibrational population.
Without his shirt off he saved the child from almost drowning: interpreting an uncertain input.

Unedited speech and writing often contains errors, e.g., the blending of alternative ways of expressing a message. As a result comprehenders are faced with decisions about what the speaker may have intended, which may not be the same as the grammatically-licensed compositional interpretation of what was said. Two experiments investigated the comprehension of inputs that may have resulted from blending two syntactic forms. The results of the experiments suggest that readers and listeners tend to repair such utterances, restoring them to the presumed intended structure, and they assign the interpretation of the corrected utterance. Utterances that are repaired are expected to also be acceptable when they are easy to diagnose/repair and they are ‘familiar’, i.e., they correspond to natural speech errors. The results of the experiments established a continuum ranging from outright linguistic illusions with no indication that listeners and readers detected the error (the inclusion of almost in A passerby rescu...