cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of penetrating lung injuries in civilian practice.

Recent reports of military thoracic injuries have advocated early thoracotomy and aggressive management of pulmonary injuries with resection as opposed to the more conservative and traditional treatment with chest tube thoracostomy. A retrospective study was therefore performed to determine the incidence of thoracotomy and lung resection in civilian injuries and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment of these injuries. Between 1973 and 1985, in a series of 1168 patients, there were 384 gunshot wounds and 784 stab wounds to the thorax. Two hundred eighty-three patients with a gunshot wound (74%) and 602 with a stab wound (77%) were treated with chest tubes alone. Sixty-eight patients (6% of the total) required operative repair of pulmonary hilar or parenchymal injury. Pulmonary resection was necessary in only 18 patients (nine with a gunshot wound and nine with a stab wound), and 10 patients had repair of hilar injuries (nine with a gunshot wound and one with a stab wound). Of patients requiring pulmonary resection, nine required wedge or segmental resection, six required lobectomy, and three patients required pneumonectomy. Mortality for all thoracic injuries was 2.3%: for those treated with chest tube alone, 0.7%; for pulmonary hilar injuries, 30%; for pulmonary parenchymal injuries, 8.6%; and for injuries necessitating lung resection, 28%. Most civilian lung injuries can be treated by tube thoracostomy alone. Although relatively few patients with primary pulmonary injury require thoracotomy, those that do are at significant risk and may require lung resection to control bleeding or hemoptysis or to remove destroyed or devitalized lung tissue.
Controller Synthesis Made Real: Reach-Avoid Specifications and Linear Dynamics

We address the problem of synthesizing provably correct controllers for linear systems with reach-avoid specifications. Our solution uses a combination of an open-loop controller and a tracking controller, thereby reducing the problem to smaller tractable problems. We show that, once a tracking controller is fixed, the reachable states from an initial neighborhood, subject to any disturbance, can be over-approximated by a sequence of ellipsoids, with sizes that are independent of the open-loop controller. Hence, the open-loop controller can be synthesized independently to meet the reach-avoid specification for an initial neighborhood. Exploiting several techniques for tightening the over-approximations, we reduce the open-loop controller synthesis problem to satisfiability over quantifier-free linear real arithmetic. The overall synthesis algorithm, computes a tracking controller, and then iteratively covers the entire initial set to find open-loop controllers for initial neighborhoods. The algorithm is sound and, for a class of robust systems, is also complete. We present RealSyn, a tool implementing this synthesis algorithm, and we show that it scales to several high-dimensional systems with complex reach-avoid specifications.
Reactive Hyperemia is Decreased in Black Subjects with Heart Failure Despite Equal Prescription of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy

Background Impaired vascular function in Black Americans contributes to a higher risk of heart failure compared to other race/ethnicities. Augmentation of digital pulse volume amplitude (PVA) in response to hyperemia is a novel measure of microvascular function that is partially nitric oxide dependent, and is related to adverse cardiovascular events. We sought to examine augmentation of digital PVA in blacks and whites with heart failure to determine if guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) ameliorates racial differences in vascular function. Methods We assessed vascular function in 139 subjects with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Using digital pulse amplitude tonometry (EndoPAT), we estimated the reactive hyperemia index (RHI). Generalized linear models were used to determine if race was predictive of the RHI after adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, diabetes, body mass index, lipid profile, serum creatinine, and number of vasodilator drugs as GDMT. Results Compared with whites, blacks were younger (51 ± 4 vs. 59 ± 11 years, P Figure ). Conclusion Black race is associated with impaired microvascular vasodilatory function, despite equal prescription of GDMT. Whether the vascular impairment seen in Blacks is associated with increased risk for adverse clinical outcomes in HF warrants further investigation.
Urine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3) pyridyl-1-butanol and cotinine in Alaska native postpartum women and neonates comparing smokers and smokeless tobacco users.

Objective: Foetuses and neonates of women who use tobacco are exposed to nicotine and tobacco-derived carcinogens. We determined the relationship between urine biomarkers of tobacco toxicant exposu...
Octa­kis(μ3-tert-butyl­thiol­ato)bis­(tert-butyl­thiol­ato)hexa­kis(1-methyl­pyrrolidin-2-one)-μ6-sulfido-hexa­barium(II)

The title compound, [Ba6(C4H9S)10S(C5H9NO)6], possessing twofold symmetry, contains a central μ6-sulfido atom surrounded by six Ba atoms in an almost perfect octa­hedron. Of the six Ba atoms, two are seven-coordinate with an S5O2 donor set, while four are six-coordinate. Two of these have S5O and two have S6 donor sets. There are six 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone donor mol­ecules, two each coordinated to two Ba atoms and one each coordinated to two other Ba atoms.
One-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial Piloting a Mindfulness-Based Group Intervention for Adolescent Insulin Resistance.

Introduction To explore if a brief mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) leads to sustained, improved clinical outcomes in adolescents at-risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods Participants were 12-17y girls with overweight/obesity, elevated depression symptoms, and T2D family history participating in a randomized, controlled pilot trial of a six-session MBI vs. cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) group. At baseline and 1-year, mindfulness, depression, insulin resistance (IR), and body composition were assessed with validated instruments. Results One-year retention was 71% (n = 12) in MBI; 81% (n = 13) in CBT. At 1-year, depression decreased (Cohen's d = 0.68) and IR decreased (d = 0.73) in adolescents randomized to MBI compared to those in CBT. There were no significant between-condition differences in mindfulness, adiposity, or BMI. Discussion One-year outcomes from this randomized, controlled pilot trial suggest that brief MBI may reduce depression and IR in at-risk adolescents. Replication and exploration of mechanisms within the context of a larger clinical trial are necessary. Clinical trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02218138.
Fixed dose, dose-dense capecitabine in metastatic breast cancer.

e12593Background: Capecitabine (C) is the only oral chemotherapy agent for metastatic breast cancer (MBC), and compared to IV agents, can be continued indefinitely if toxicities can be managed. The...
Exploring the efficacy of a paraprofessional delivered telephonic psychoeducational intervention on emotional well-being in African American breast cancer survivors

African American breast cancer survivors (AABCS) are underserved in medical and psychosocial care despite greater disease burden. We evaluated the effectiveness of a telephonic psycho-educational intervention trial on improving emotional well-being (EWB) in a sample of AABCS. Secondary data analyses with 40 AABCS who reported elevated distress were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. We used Wilcoxon signed rank tests to measure pre- to post-intervention score changes in individual EWB items (FACT-G). Independent t tests compared changes in mean scores between the intervention and control groups. Overall emotional well-being, as well as emotions pertaining to sadness, coping, and nervousness, showed some improvements as a result of the intervention. Changes in the subscale total score and all except one subscale item had clinically meaningful effect sizes (d ≥ 0.35). Statistically significant between-group differences in mean score changes were observed. Our results and approach advance supportive care interventions by illuminating the benefits and limitations of a paraprofessional delivered, licensed professional supervised psycho-educational intervention. Additionally, as emotional well-being is multifaceted, the individual item analysis approach used in this study provides insight into specific areas of improvement and vulnerability within the emotional well-being domain of health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Our findings can facilitate the development of culturally responsive and patient-centered survivorship care, psychosocial-oncology interventions and care—tailored to the emotional well-being and unmet needs of medically vulnerable and underserved patients.
Automatisierte Methoden der Analyse

Eine der bedeutendsten Entwicklungen in der analytischen Chemie wahrend der letzten drei Jahrzehnte ist das Aufkommen kommerzieller automatischer analytischer Systeme, die analytische Daten liefern, wobei der Betreiber nur minimal eingreifen mus. Anfanglich waren diese Systeme dazu entworfen worden, die Bedurfnisse klinischer Labors zu erfullen, wo vielleicht 30 oder mehr Substanzen fur diagnostische Zwecke und zum Screening routinemasig bestimmt werden. Allein in den USA werden jahrlich hunderte Millionen klinischer Analysen durchgefuhrt; das die Kosten auf einem vertretbaren Niveau gehalten werden mussen, versteht sich von selbst. Diese beiden Uberlegungen trugen zur Entwicklung erster automatischer Analysensysteme bei. Heute finden solche Gerate in so unterschiedlichen Bereichen wie der Kontrolle industrieller Prozesse und der Routinebestimmung eines breiten Spektrums an Substanzen in Luft, Wasser, Boden sowie pharmazeutischer und landwirtschaftlicher Produkte Anwendung.1
Does Equine Assisted Learning Create Emotionally Safe Learning Environments for At-Risk Youth?

Equine assisted learning (EAL) is a form of experiential learning that is quickly growing in interest within the educational community. A challenge with experiential learning programs for at-risk youth is creating an emotionally safe environment that opens up the participants to learning. Nevertheless, EAL has been credited with the development of life skills in youth that promote educational achievement, but research tracking the development of emotional safety and learning, specifically associated with programming dedicated to educating participants about the horse, is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if EAL, with programming centered around equine education, will promote emotional safety and learning in at-risk youth. Youth labeled as at-risk participated in a 4-week EAL session focused on teaching participants horse behavior, management, handling, and riding, while incorporating the 4 themes of emotional safety (self-esteem, personal security, respect, and connectivity). To determine participant learning of the equine topics covered, a pre- and post-program test was given to each participant. Acquirement of the themes of emotional safety was tracked for each participant using weekly debriefing interviews. While this was the first time to perform this assessment protocol for evaluating learning and emotional safety in at-risk youth, the completion rate for both forms of assessment utilized in this study was 100%. Evaluation of debriefing interview answers and test scores from the equine knowledge questions showed improvement by the end of the session in both equine knowledge and emotional safety, particularly as it relates to personal security. These results suggest EAL, with programming directed towards educating the participant about the horse, promotes emotional safety and learning for at-risk youth.
Safety of adjustable gastric band conversion surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the leak rate in 1- and 2-stage procedures.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding has been a popular bariatric surgery in the United States since the early 2000s. Over the years, various long-term complications have prompted removal of these devices. To avoid subsequent weight gain, explanation of the gastric band is often followed by concomitant or staged conversion to another bariatric procedure. Objective It is our goal to evaluate the relative leak rate in 1- versus 2-stage adjustable gastric band conversion surgery. Setting Private teaching hospital, United States. Methods A search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases to evaluate literature regarding adjustable gastric band conversion procedures. After identification of publications that directly compared 1- and 2-stage laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding conversions, the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to determine if they would be used in our meta-analysis. The risk ratio for leak in 1- versus 2-stage conversions was then calculated. Results Our search yielded 483 publications. Twenty-five publications qualified for inclusion. The overall calculated risk ratio for leak in 1- versus 2-stage conversions was .90 (confidence interval [CI] .51–1.61, P = .73). Eight publications were found that discussed conversion from laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The risk ratio for 1- versus 2-stage conversions for this subgroup was .82 (CI .35–1.93, P = .65). Eight publications were found that evaluated conversion to sleeve gastrectomy. The risk ratio of leak for 1- versus 2-stage conversions for these patients was 1.61 (CI .55–4.72, P = .39). Conclusions Based on the results of this meta-analysis, there does not appear to be a significant difference in the overall leak rate between 1- and 2-stage adjustable gastric band conversions. The findings of our subgroup analysis suggest that there may be a safety advantage for 1-stage procedures when converting to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 2-stage procedures when converting to sleeve gastrectomy.
Turn up the healthy eating and activity time (HEAT): Physical activity outcomes from a 4-year non-randomized controlled trial in summer day camps.

Abstract Summer day camps (SDCs) serve over 14 million children in the U.S. and are well-positioned to help children accumulate the guideline of 60 min per day (60 min/d) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate a multi-component intervention to increase the percentage of children meeting 60 min/d of MVPA. Twenty SDCs serving 3524 children (7.9 yrs., 46.2% girls, 66.1% non-Hispanic Black) participated in a 4-summer non-randomized two-group intervention. Children’s accelerometer-derived MVPA was collected using accelerometers worn on the non-dominant wrist. SDCs were assigned to either 2 summers of intervention (n = 10, no intervention summer 2015, intervention summer 2016 and 2017) or 1 summer of intervention (n = 10, no intervention summer 2015 and 2016, intervention summer 2017). The final summer (July 2018) was a no intervention follow-up. Multilevel mixed effects regression models estimated changes in percent of children meeting 60 min/d of MVPA. Across all summers and SDCs, children accumulated an average of 89.2 min/day (±22.5) of MVPA. The likelihood of meeting the 60 min/d MVPA guideline was not different during intervention versus baseline summers for boys or girls (p > 0.05). Girls and boys were 3.5 (95CI = 1.5, 8.1) and 3.7 (95CI = 1.6, 8.4) times more likely to meet the 60 min/d guideline during intervention summers versus follow-up, respectively. The intervention was not successful at increasing the percentage of children meeting the 60 min/d MVPA guideline. However, children attending SDCs accumulated substantial amounts of MVPA thus efforts should focus on making SDCs an accessible setting for all children.
Viral Rebound Among Persons With Diagnosed HIV Who Achieved Viral Suppression, United States.

Background Some persons who achieve viral suppression may later experience viral rebound, potentially putting them at risk for transmitting HIV. We estimate the prevalence of, and describe factors associated with, viral rebound among adults with diagnosed HIV in the United States who had ≥2 viral load tests in a 12-month period. Setting The Medical Monitoring Project is an annual cross-sectional survey about the experiences and needs of adults with diagnosed HIV sampled from the National HIV Surveillance System. Methods We analyzed interview and medical record data from 3 Medical Monitoring Project cycles spanning June 2015-May 2018. We analyzed viral load results from the 12-month period before the interview among persons with ≥2 viral load tests who achieved viral suppression. Data were weighted based on known probabilities of selection, adjusted for patient nonresponse, and poststratified to known population totals from the National HIV Surveillance System. Results Among those with ≥2 viral load tests who achieved viral suppression, 7.5% demonstrated viral rebound. In multivariable analyses, viral rebound was higher among non-Hispanic blacks, persons ages 18-39, persons with public insurance, persons recently experiencing homelessness, persons with higher numbers of viral load tests, persons who missed HIV care appointments, and persons with suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions Viral rebound varied by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. HIV providers can monitor persons at greatest risk for viral rebound and link patients with ancillary services or evidence-based interventions to help them remain virally suppressed. Our findings can inform strategies and interventions implemented under the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative.
A Technique to Enable Online Machine Learning Applications for Simulation Optimization

Simulation optimization refers to an optimization problem with a stochastic and potentially computationally expensive objective function. Machine learning (surrogate modeling) techniques have significant potential for enabling efficient simulation optimization, but typically require the user to retain all input/output pairs evaluated by the objective function and can suffer from numerical stability issues if samples are tightly clustered. A modification to the traditional surrogate modeling process is presented that enables robust online learning through use of a Kalman filter. The results of training kriging and radial basis function models are presented for both the conventional training process and the modified training process. The modification results in minimal loss in the ability of the surrogate model to represent moderately complex objective functions.
Fostering Participation During Literacy Instruction in Inclusive Classrooms for Students With Complex Support Needs: Educators’ Strategies and Perspectives:

Existing research has documented evidence-based practices that are effective for supporting students with complex support needs (CSN) to learn academic skills. However, there is a need to learn mor...
Single LBQ women of the baby boom planning for later life.

The aim of this study was to understand how sexual minority women of the baby boom cohort viewed their social connections and planned for their later years. Framed by feminist and life course persp...
Theories of Public Opinion Change Versus Stability and their Implications for Null Findings

Survey methodologists are familiar with the use of experiments to show how variations in question wording and survey design can affect people’s expressed opinions, but what does it mean when respondents’ answers do not significantly differ across experimental groups? In this chapter, we draw upon theory from sociology and political science to argue that null results can tell us just as much about public opinion as statistically significant findings. We analyze data from a survey experiment that tested the effect of exposure to news images of police-civilian interactions, depicting a range of interactions from benign to hostile in nature, on public opinion about the police. We find that image exposure did not significantly affect opinion. We interpret this null finding as evidence that people’s opinions about the police tap into fundamental beliefs and anxieties about the state of society, and due to their basis in emotion and values, these opinions are easier for people to form than opinions about more abstract or complicated public policies. According to framing theorists, “easy issues” are relatively immune to manipulation by the media, political elites, or pollsters.
Au Nanoparticle Enhancement of Plasma-Driven Methane Conversion into Higher Order Hydrocarbons via Hot Electrons

We demonstrate a more than 50-fold enhancement in the upconversion of methane to higher order hydrocarbons by discharging a nanosecond-pulsed plasma across Au nanoparticles. Here, the enhancement o...
A Stretchable Liquid Metal Coaxial Phase Shifter

Presented is a stretchable liquid metal coaxial phase shifter constructed of a liquid metal center conductor, a liquid metal shield in the shape of a hollow cylinder, and a stretchable rubber-based polymer (Ecoflex™00-30) which encases and insulates the liquid metal. The design builds on and enhances previous research consisting of the same liquid metal phase shifter but with the shield consisting of five hand-woven liquid metal strands. By modifying the design of the shield to consist of a hollow cylinder rather than woven strands, TEM breakdown at high frequencies is decreased, and the phase shifter improves its transmission and reflection coefficients at higher frequencies. Prototype results show a transmission coefficient (S21) better than −1.8 dB and a reflection coefficient (S11) better than −10 dB with a 40 mm stretch (62%) and a frequency band of 1 GHz to 4 GHz.
Designing more effective cigar warnings: an experiment among adult cigar smokers.

INTRODUCTION Little systematic evidence exists about the effectiveness of cigar warnings. This study examined the perceived message effectiveness (PME) of warning statements about different health consequences caused by cigars. PME is a validated self-report scale of how effectively a health message discourages smoking. METHODS We conducted an online study from April-May 2020 with adults in the United States who used cigars in the past 30 days (n=777). Participants were randomly assigned to view and rate PME (3 items, range 1 to 5) for 7 out of 37 text warning statements about different health consequences from cigar use. Linear mixed effects models evaluated the most effective warning characteristics (e.g., type of health consequence), controlling for repeated measures and participant demographics. RESULTS Analyses showed that health consequences about the cardiovascular system (B=0.38), mouth (B=0.40), other digestive (B=0.45), respiratory system (B=0.36), and early death (B=0.36) were associated with higher PME scores than reproductive health consequences (all p-values <0.001). Similar results were found for these health consequences compared to addiction (all p-values p<0.001). We also observed that awareness of the health consequence was associated with higher PME scores (B=0.19, p<0.001) and length of the warning message (number of characters) was associated with lower PME scores (B=-0.007, p=0.03). No differences were observed between cancer and non-cancer health consequences (p=0.27) or health consequences that used plain language vs. medical jargon (p=0.94). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new evidence about the perceived effectiveness of different cigar health warning statements and identifies features that may strengthen statements. IMPLICATIONS Our study with cigar smokers from across the United States provides much-needed evidence concerning the perceived effectiveness of different cigar health warning statements and features that may strengthen such statements. Mandated cigar warnings in the United States could be strengthened by including health consequences that were perceived as more effective in our study (e.g., early death), using health consequences that participants were aware of, and using short warning statements.
Studies on the mechanism of repression of arginine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: III. Repression of enzymes of arginine biosynthesis in arginyl-tRNA synthetase mutants†*

Canavanine-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K12 have been isolated which produce a defective arginyl-tRNA synthetase, the activity of the enzyme in various mutants ranging from about 3 to 50% of that in the wild type. On the basis of their growth rates in the presence and absence of arginine, the mutants can be put into two groups. Class I mutants (slow growth in the absence of arginine, normal growth in the presence of arginine) have an altered arginyl-tRNA synthetase with a decreased affinity for arginine. No marked changes were noticed in the enzyme obtained from class II mutants (slow growth in the absence or presence of arginine). Repression by arginine of the enzymes of arginine synthesis, as measured by the rate of formation of ornithine transcarbamylase and argininosuccinase, was not impaired in either class. Levels of charged tRNAArg in growing cells showed no correlation between the state of repression and the degree of charging. Thus for each strain tested there was no appreciable difference in the level of charging between repressed cells, growing with arginine, and de-repressed cells, growing without arginine. For class II mutants this level was about 20% of the total arginine acceptor capacity of tRNA, for class I mutants about 75%, and for the parent strains with a normal arginyl-tRNA synthetase, 80 to 90%. We conclude that the bulk of tRNAArg is not involved in repression, but we have not ruled out participation of a small fraction of this tRNA.
Studies on an anophthalmic strain of mice. VI. Lens and cup interaction.

Abstract In the embryology of the eye region in the anophthalmic strain of mice ( ZRDCT Ch ), development proceeds normally until Day 10 (26 somites). At this time a lens is induced, but it is smaller in size and may be improperly centered in the optic cup. Where the lens is centered in relation to the optic cup determines whether microphthalmia or anophthalmia will occur. Also, we observed that optic cup formation is different in normal control strains.
Myristoylation of the poliovirus polyprotein is required for proteolytic processing of the capsid and for viral infectivity.

The poliovirus polyprotein is cotranslationally linked to myristic acid at its amino-terminal glycine residue. We investigated the role of myristoylation in the viral replication cycle by site-directed mutagenesis of this glycine codon. Synthetic full-length RNA transcripts carrying a Gly-to-Ala mutation (G4002A) gave no infectious virus on transfection into permissive cells (HeLa). However, mutant viral RNA was replicated in the transfected cells, albeit at a reduced level. The virus-specific polypeptide P1, the precursor for the capsid proteins, was found in HeLa cells transfected with wild-type or mutant RNA, but only the wild-type P1 was myristoylated; the G4002A mutant P1 was not myristoylated. We also introduced the G4002A mutation into an in vitro transcription-translation vector encoding poliovirus P1 precursor. Processing of the mutant precursor by poliovirus-infected cell lysate (providing 3Cpro and 3CDpro activities) was severely inhibited, whereas the normally inefficient cleavage by purified 3Cpro was not affected. These results suggest that the myristic acid moiety of the P1 precursor may be required for efficient processing by 3CDpro. Images
Climate change projection of snowfall in the Colorado River Basin using dynamical downscaling

[1] Recent observations show a decrease in the fraction of precipitation falling as snowfall in the western United States. In this work we evaluate a historical and future climate simulation over the Colorado River Basin using a 35 km continuous 111 year simulation (1969–2079) of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model with boundary forcing from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research/Met Office's HadCM3 model with A2 emission scenario. The focus of this work is to (1) evaluate the simulated spatiotemporal variability of snowfall in the historical period when compared to observations and (2) project changes in snowfall and the fraction of precipitation that falls as snow during the 21st century. We find that the spatial variability in modeled snowfall in the historical period (1981–2005) is realistically represented when compared to observations. The trends of modeled snowfall are similar to the observed trends except at higher elevations. Examining the continuous 111 year simulation, we find the future projections show statistically significant increases in temperature with larger increases in the northern part of the basin. There are statistically insignificant increases in precipitation, while snowfall shows a statistically significant decrease throughout the period in all but the highest elevations and latitudes. The fraction of total precipitation falling as snow shows statistically significant declines in all regions. The strongest decrease in snowfall is seen at high elevations in the southern part of the basin and low elevations in the northern part of the basin. The regions of most intense decreases in snow experience a decline of approximately 50% in snowfall throughout the 111 year simulation period. The regions of strongest declines in snowfall roughly correspond to the region of migration of the zero degree Celsius line and emphasize snowfall dependence on both altitude and latitude.
Can IT Industry Regenerate Mill Towns? Holyoke’s Revitalization through Land-Use and Urban Design

Mill towns of New England have been under distress for several decades due economic decline and depression in small manufacturing industry. These economic challenges contribute to the decaying urban environment and impoverishment of the communities. Information technology (IT) intensive industry has been touted as a panacea that can revitalize declined post-industrial economies. However, revitalization of a historic mill town with IT intensive industry may present unforeseen challenges and limitations to sustain the prosperity of local communities and vibrancy of urban environment. This paper analyzes to what extent the fostering of IT intensive industry in historic mill towns facilitates sustainable revitalization and aid the regeneration of the communities. This analysis focuses on recent developments in Holyoke, MA along with a brief review of economic redevelopment in Maynard, MA in the past based on high-tech industry. Holyoke is engaged in a major revitalization process catalyzed by the recent opening of ahigh performance computing center and subsequent development of the innovation district. We examine these revitalization efforts through the lens of smart growth strategies focusing on sustainability of the local urban environment. The investigation identifies urban morphology changes that are needed to create a synergy with the implementation of the IT intensive industry for the creation of vibrant nodes with mixed land-uses and a cohesive community.
Translational training for tomorrow’s environmental scientists

Environmental science exists to seek solutions to problems related to human-nature interactions. Unfortunately, in many cases, environmental research findings are not effectively used because scientists are not able to convey their knowledge effectively to policy makers and the public, and/or because the questions they address are not directly linked to the answers stakeholders need. To address this issue, Schlesinger (2010) called for development of a “translational ecology” that would be understandable and usable by decision-makers, interest groups, and citizens. A barrier to usable science is that researchers are not usually trained to be translational. We convened a multi-disciplinary group of scholars to identify a comprehensive pedagogical approach for training doctoral students to be translational scientists. From this work has emerged a list of 53 skills, content areas, and dispositional attributes that lead to translational research in environmental science, as well as a set of instructional approaches that can be used to build those competencies. Future work will identify examples of how instructional activities can be linked to competencies to provide accessible tools and activities in support of a “community of practice” whose work enhances social-ecological resilience through translational environmental science.
Analogies between theories of antenna arrays and passive networks

This paper demonstrates the analogy between two different fields, antenna arrays and passive networks, which are generally not known to each other. Successful application, either directly or with modification, of various known techniques for synthesizing a passive network when an impulse response is specified, to the synthesis of linear antenna arrays with amplitude excitations, phase distributions, and element spacings as the controlling parameters when a desired radiation pattern is given, is presented with many examples. Providing the antenna array theorists with information known to circuit theorists and vice-versa, this paper may be helpful to both groups.
Initial operation of a plasma isotope separation system

Summary form only given. A plasma-based isotope separation system has been installed at Theragenics/sup TM/ Oak Ridge, TN facility and has recently been placed into operation. This facility is designed to separate stable isotopes of metallic elements utilizing the Plasma Separation Process' (PSP). In this process, electron cyclotron resonance heating using a microwave power source forms the plasma. Neutral particles of feed material to be separated are introduced by sputtering a feedstock plate and are ionized by the plasma electrons. Metal ions drift through a highly uniform magnetic field and are subject to ion cyclotron waves tuned to excite a specific isotope mass. The excited ions are separated from low energy off-resonant ions in a louver shaped collector structure. The facility utilizes a 2 T superconducting magnet with a 1 m bore and uniform field length of 5 m. This magnet is a pool-boiling type filled with 5500 L of liquid helium. The plasma chamber inside the bore of the magnet is maintained at high vacuum by two large diffusion pumps and is backfilled with low pressure argon gas to initialize the sputtering process. A 28 GHz CW gyrotron system capable of operating at up to 200 kW provides plasma ionization. Power is transmitted from the gyrotron to the vacuum chamber through a smooth-wall 63.5-mm waveguide and large-radius corrugated bends. A double disk cooled waveguide window is situated inside the vacuum to permit a high-field launch point. The plasma column formed inside the magnet is /spl sim/ 0.4 m diameter and 6 m long. Typical plasma parameters maintained are 5/spl times/10/sup 17/ m/sup -3/ electron density and < 10 eV electron temperature. Feedstock material is introduced into the plasma by sputtering a source plate placed near the electron cyclotron resonance zone and biased to typically -2 kV. The sputtering source power Supply is highly regulated and capable of 160A source current. Sputtered neutrals are ionized in the electron cyclotron zone and enter a long uniform drift region where a 4 conductor helical antenna surrounds the plasma. Ion cyclotron drive power is applied to the antenna through a phased matching box that provides rotating electric field for optimum coupling to the ion cyclotron wave. The ICRF drive system is designed to operate from 100-500 kHz to cover a range of elements and generates up to 200 kW CW. A set of scannable Langmuir probes and residual energy analyzer probes are used to diagnose the plasma density and ion energy profile. A microwave interferometer is used to measure and control the average plasma density. Operational performance will be discussed. A number of isotope separation projects are being considered for a variety of medical, scientific and industrial customers.
An Assessment of the Penetrations in the First Wall Required for Plasma Measurments for Control of an Advanced Tokamak Plasma Demo

A Demonstration tokamak (Demo) is an essential next step toward a magnetic-fusion based reactor. One based on advanced-tokamak (AT) plasmas is especially appealing because of its relative compactness. However, it will require many plasma measurements to provide the necessary signals to feed to ancillary systems to protect the device and control the plasma. This note addresses the question of how much intrusion into the blanket system will be required to allow the measurements needed to provide the information required for plasma control. All diagnostics will require, at least, the same shielding designs as planned for ITER, while having the capability to maintain their calibration through very long pulses. Much work is required to define better the measurement needs and the quantity and quality of the measurements that will have to be made, and how they can be integrated into the other tokamak structures.
L1 and GAD65 are expressed on dorsal commissural axons in embryonic rat spinal cord.

Using immunocytochemical methods, the cell adhesion molecule L1 was detected on axons crossing in the dorsal commissure of developing rat spinal cord. Immunoreactive axons were found in locations similar to fiber bundles illustrated by Ramon y Cajal and designated the anterior, middle and posterior bundles of the dorsal commissure. L1-immunoreactive dorsal commissural axons were first observed on embryonic day 17 (E17), appeared more numerous by E19, and remained detectable in early postnatal ages. The massive middle axon bundles extended bilaterally from the dorsolateral funiculi towards the midline and crossed in the central part of the commissure. In horizontal sections, bundles of L1-labeled middle axons were observed to traverse the dorsal commissure in a periodic pattern along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the spinal cord. Bundles of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65)-positive axons were detected crossing in the middle and posterior regions of the dorsal commissure between E17 and E20. Results from double-labeling experiments demonstrated that GAD65-positive fibers were embedded in larger bundles of L1-labeled axons and that some dorsal commissural axons were double-labeled. To determine if there were axons crossing in the dorsal commissure that did not express L1, double-labeling experiments were conducted using neurofilament and L1 antibodies. Results indicated that bundles of axons identified with anti-neurofilament antibodies were also L1-positive, whereas individually coursing axons within the commissure were L1-negative. The predominance of L1 on fiber bundles traversing the dorsal commissure adds to the growing evidence that this molecule may play a role in axon outgrowth and fasciculation.
Ab initio study on the kinetics of hydrogen abstraction for the H + alkene → H2 + alkenyl reaction class

Kinetics of the hydrogen abstraction reaction class of the H + alkene has been studied using the reaction class transition state theory (RC-TST) combined with the linear energy relationship (LER) and the barrier height grouping (BHG) approach. The rate constants for the reference reaction, H + C2H4, were obtained by the canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with the small curvature tunneling (SCT) correction in the temperature range of 300−3000 K. Combined with these data, both the RC-TST/LER, where only reaction energy is needed, and RC-TST/BHG, where no other information is needed, are found to be promising methods for predicting rate constants for a large number of reactions in this reaction class. Our analysis indicates that less than 50% systematic errors on the average exist in the predicted rate constants using the RC-TST/LER or RC-TST/BHG method while in comparison to explicit rate calculations the differences are less than 100% or a factor of 2 on the average.
Temporal and spatial dynamics of a “Rust-Belt” urban stream: Metabolic and water quality responses to hardened land

Highly resolved (30-min period) measurements of dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity, and turbidity in streams over 2–6 days during dry and wet periods within and outside the heavily urbanized city of Syracuse, NY are used to calculate gross primary production (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (ER) and total and net ecosystem production (NEP). Based on results, it is proposed that a city’s stream metabolism and water quality may be regarded in a “Jekyll–Hyde” analogy, i.e., under dry conditions, this stream behaved much like a headwater system (Jekyll), but had far greater discharge as well as rapid swings in conductivity, turbidity, temperature, and oxygen concentrations during storm events (Hyde). Such dynamics could be damped by increasing soft, absorbent surfaces (green infrastructure) within the city.
Primary pulmonary leiomyosarcoma. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature.

Abstract Two patients with primary pulmonary leiomyosarcoma are reported here; an additional 43 patients with this entity have been collected from the literature, to make a total of 45 discussed. About half presented with symptoms of dyspnea, cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis. The roentgenographic picture varied from complete opacification of one lung to solitary or multiple nodules. Pleural effusion or chest wall involvement occurred in 6 patients. In most patients (36 of the 45, or 79%) the diagnosis was made by thoracotomy or postmortem examination; in the rest diagnosis was by bronchoscopic biopsy. In none of the patients was sputum cytology diagnostic. A curative operation was performed in 24 patients. Of the total 45 patients reported, 21 were alive at the time of hospital discharge or up to 21 years after the diagnosis was made. The mean reported survival was more than 4 years in 14 patients for whom sufficient follow-up data were available.
The paleomagnetism of eastern Nazca plate seamounts

Abstract Paleomagnetism of eastern Nazca plate seamounts defines Nazca and Farallon absolute plate motion during Cenozoic times. Magnetic and bathymetric surveys are presented for two eastern Nazca plate seamounts in the Chile Basin and they are used to calculate paleomagnetic poles with uniform and nonuniform magnetic modeling. The paleopole for Piquero-2 seamount is coincident with the earth's pole, suggesting a young seamount. The paleopole for Piquero-1 seamount indicates that the Nazca plate moved 23° northward during 0–50 ma. This is 13° more latitudinal motion than predicted by a Pacific hotspot reference frame and 20 ° more motion than predicted by DSDP sediment and basalt paleomagnetism.
Variation in Photosynthetic Characteristics and Leaf Area Contributes to Spathiphyllum Cultivar Differences in Biomass Production

Three genetically related Spathiphyllum cultivars, Claudia, Double Take, and Petite with similar initial sizes and biomass, were grown in a shaded greenhouse and fertilized with a constant supply of nitrogen at 200 g m -3 using an ebband-flow fertigation system. Seven months later, Claudia and Double Take had plant sizes and biomasses significantly greater than Petite. Stomatal conductances of Claudia and Double Take were 30 % greater, thus net photosynthetic rates (PN) were significantly higher than in Petite. In addition, the leaf areas (LA) of Claudia and Double Take were 60 % larger than of Petite. Since PN was expressed per leaf surface area, the greater the LA was, the more CO2 was fixed. Thus, the differences in plant size and biomass production of Claudia and Double Take compared to Petite are attributed to high PN and increased LA.
A rapid kinetic technique for quantifying polycarbonate species in coalspoils

A rapid, automated procedure has been used for differentiation and quantitative determination of siderite, calcite and dolomite, based on the different rates of dissolution of the three carbonate species when reacted with excess 5 mol/litre HCl. The method employs manometric measurements of acid-liberated CO2 with a membrane differential-pressure transducer coupled to a stripchart recorder. Tested on the three carbonate species, singly and in pairs, the technique is discriminatory, sensitive and relatively rapid.
Multiuser detection in asynchronous CDMA frequency-selective fading channels

Multipath fading severely limits the performances of conventional code division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Since every signal passes through an independent frequency-selective fading channel, even modest cross-correlations among signature sequences may induce severe near-far effects in a central multiuser receiver. This paper presents a systematic approach to the detection problem in CDMA frequency-selective fading channels and proposes a low complexity linear multiuser receiver, which eliminates fading induced near-far problem. We initially analyze an optimal multiuser detector, consisting of a bank of RAKE filters followed by a dynamic programming algorithm and evaluate its performance through error probability bounds. The concepts of error sequence decomposition and asymptotic multiuser efficiency, used to characterize the optimal receiver performance, are extended to multipath fading channels. The complexity of the optimal detector motivates the work on a near-far resistant, low complexity decorrelating multiuser detector, which exploits multipath diversity by using a multipath decorrelating filter followed by maximal-ratio combining. Analytic expressions for error probability and asymptotic multiuser efficiency of the suboptimal receiver are derived that include the effects of multipath fading, multiple-access interference and signature sequences correlation on the receiver's performance. The results indicate that multiuser detectors not only alleviate the near-far problem but approach single-user RAKE performance, while preserving the multipath diversity gain. In interference-limited scenarios multiuser receivers significantly outperform the RAKE receiver.
Con A Binds to the Membranellar and Somatic Cilia of Stentor and to the Developing Oral Primordium During Oral Regeneration1

Binding sites for Concanavalin A have been located in the ciliate Stentor coeruleus by utilizing FITC-Con A and fluorescence microscopy. When both nonregenerating and regenerating Stentor are fixed prior to FITC-Con A exposure, FITC-Con A binds intensely to the cilia of the membranellar band and to the somatic cilia that cover much of the cell surface. No binding is observed between the ciliary rows. The FITC-Con A also binds to the developing oral primordia of regenerating cells. Binding of FITC-Con A in the early stages of regeneration (prior to stage 4) appears to be less intense than that in the later stages. Additional FITC-Con A binding appeared as a granular fluorescence in the area of the developing buccal cavity beginning at about stage 4 and disappearing around stages 6–7. The presence of α-D-methyl mannoside prevented the binding of FITC-Con A to either regenerating or nonregenerating cells. If nonregenerating Stentor are exposed to FITC-Con A prior to fixation, the binding pattern is entirely different with the fluorescence primarily in the form of random, granular patches spread over much of the cell but with no binding to either type of cilia. These results demonstrate that membrane glycoproteins capable of binding Con A are located primarily in the membranellar and somatic cilia and in the developing oral primordia during oral regeneration in Stentor. Concanavalin A binding to these sites may be involved in the Con A-induced inhibition of oral regeneration observed in earlier studies.