cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the hormone-sensitive lipase of adipose tissue

Sucrose gradient centrifugation has been used to examine the triglyceride lipases present in extracts of rat epididymal adipose tissue. The aqueous infranatant recovered between the pellet and fat cake of tissue homogenates which had been centrifuged at 40,000 g was shown to contain two types of triglyceride lipase activity. One of these appears in the 15s region and has been identified as the active form of the "hormone-sensitive lipase" believed to be responsible for initiating the hydrolysis of tissue triglyceride stores in response to lipolytic stimuli. The activity of this enzyme was selectively increased in extracts prepared from tissue exposed to epinephrine and decreased in extracts of insulin-treated tissue. The increased lipolytic activity of extracts of tissue from fasted or fasted-refed rats was also found largely in this region. When the tissue was incubated with orthophosphate-(32)P, radioactivity was incorporated into a protein migrating at 15s. A second peak of triglyceride lipase activity appeared in the 6s region coincident with the location of the monoglyceride and diglyceride lipase activities. The amount of 6s triglyceride lipase activity did not correlate with changes in the lipolytic activity of the tissue from which the extracts were prepared, and its physiological function remains to be elucidated. The lipoprotein lipase and the short-chain triglyceride lipase ("tributyrinase") each moved more slowly in the gradient than the 6s triglyceride lipase. Both the 6s and 15s enzymes were shown to be present in washed adipocytes isolated from the tissue by collagenase digestion.
Formation of galaxies in a gravitino-dominated universe

If gravitinos of mass 1 keV (or similar particles) dominate the mass of the universe, a critical scale of galactic size arises due to their collisionless phase mixing. It is shown that density perturbation spectrum of gravitinos is relatively flat between galactic and cluster scales, unlike the massive neutrino case. If gravitinos form the dark matter, initial adiabatic fluctuations lead to a hierarchical picture of clustering. Galaxies form first, but dissipation is necessary for their survival.
Distributed reachability testing of concurrent programs

Reachability testing is an approach to verifying concurrent programs. During reachability testing, every partially ordered synchronization sequence of a program with a given input is exercised exactly once. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a distributed reachability testing algorithm for a cluster of workstations. This algorithm allows different test sequences to be exercised concurrently by different workstations without any synchronization, and without any duplication of sequences among workstations. Dynamic load balancing is performed using a work-stealing scheme. A novel aspect of this scheme is that work-stealing requests progress in rounds. This round-based structure identifies overloaded workstations to target for work stealing. Empirical studies show good speedup for four benchmark Java programs and one Lotos specification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power Alignment, New Digital Control Approach for a DC-DC Flyback Converter with Constant Power Loads

Power electronic components are inevitable parts of advanced vehicular power systems, because of their high efficiency and high power densities. Power electronic components, when tightly regulated; behave as constant power loads (CPLs). In order to mitigate the problem of negative impedance instability this paper presents Power Alignment, a new digital control technique for converters with constant power loads (CPLs). This approach uses two predefined state variables instead of conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) to regulate the output voltage. A comparator compares actual output voltage with reference voltage and then switches between appropriate states. It needs few logic gates and comparators to implement digital control, thus making it extremely simple and easy to develop a low cost application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for converters with CPLs. Simulation and analytical results are presented to describe and verify the proposed technique.
The Fight over Fizz: Soda Taxes as a Means of Curbing Childhood Obesity

When Michelle Obama found her way to the White House as First Lady, she was a woman with a mission—to help children live healthier lives and tackle childhood obesity. In speaking of this endeavor, the First Lady stated: “In the end, as First Lady, this isn’t just a policy issue for me. This is a passion. This is my mission. I am determined to work with folks across this country to change the way a generation of kids thinks about food and nutrition.” 2 Mrs. Obama’s dedication to this effort was not just talk. Her mission and passion led to the establishment of a federal campaign to fight childhood obesity and promote the education of children on health and nutrition known as Let’s Move. 3 Additionally, the First Lady’s efforts have been supported by the actions of her husband, President Barack Obama. 4 President Obama’s commitment to this mission was first evidenced by his signature to the creation of the first ever federal Task Force on Childhood Obesity simultaneously with the development of the Let’s Move campaign. 5 Based on research done by this Task Force, it was recommended that Mrs. Obama’s Let’s Move campaign focused on the following four principles: 1. empowering parents and caregivers, 2. providing healthy food in schools, 3. improving access to healthy, affordable foods, and 4. increasing physical activity.
Inferring data polymorphism in systems code

We describe techniques for analyzing data polymorphism in C, and show that understanding data polymorphism is important for statically verifying type casts in the Linux kernel, where our techniques prove the safety of 75% of downcasts to structure types, out of a population of 28767. We also discuss prevalent patterns of data polymorphism in Linux, including code patterns we can handle and those we cannot.
Manual-based treatment Part 2: The advantages of manual-based practice in psychotherapy.

Although treatment manuals have existed for many years, controversy surrounds their use and dissemination. In a previous article, we addressed assets and liabilities of using empirically supported treatments (ESTs) in psychotherapy, as well as obstacles to disseminating such treatments. In this article, we argue that using EST aids clinical work and is ethically sound. At the same time, we draw attention to problems that may arise for the field at large in implementing ESTs. Finally, we address reasons some clinicians are reluctant to use ESTs. We believe that there is an ethical imperative to provide treatments that work for our patients and that ESTs help us to do that. At the very least, providing helpful treatment entails following the Hippocratic oath to “first, do no harm.” Beyond this basic point, though, practitioners sometimes disagree about what constitutes effective treatment. We frame success as a decrease in symptoms and distress, as well as a possible increase in functioning at work or in school and in relationships. Proponents of ESTs have drawn attention to the need for research that targets effectiveness (or how ESTs work in real clinical practice) as well as efficacy (ie, how ESTs work in controlled clinical trials with strict exclusion criteria and expertly trained therapists). Although effectiveness research is still fairly new, Chambless and Ollendick argue that the existing evidence suggests that ESTs are effective as well as efficacious.1 Thus, relying on efficacy studies is an acceptable way to identify treatments that work. If the aim of psychotherapy is to help patients get better, ESTs offer some advantages over unstructured approaches. Perhaps the largest advantage of ESTs is that they take advantage of actuarial prediction. Actuarial prediction and judgement refers to making decisions based on large scale statistical data. Although clinicians tend to treat each case as …
Comparison between irradiated and thermally pasteurized liquid egg white on functional, physical, and microbiological properties.

Abstract A comparative study was undertaken to determine the effect of irradiation and thermal pasteurization on the functional, physical, and microbiological properties of liquid egg white (LEW). The LEW was irradiated or thermally pasteurized then stored at 4 C for 3 mo. Both treatments destroyed the inoculum, Salmonella typhimurium. The microbial growth rate was slower in the irradiated LEW than in the thermally pasteurized treatment. Irradiated samples had 47% lower foam drainage and more stable viscosity than samples that were thermally pasteurized. Volume of angel food cake prepared with irradiated or pasteurized LEW decreased 48 and 57%, respectively, after 90 d. Color did not differ between treatments. Ionizing radiation is an alternative processing method that inhibits microbial growth and helps maintain functionality of LEW.
On Bayesian Inference for the K Function

The K function is a summary of spatial dependence in spatial point processes. In practice one observes a realization of the spatial point process, called a spatial point pattern. Although the K function of a spatial point process is typically unknown, several estimators of the process K function have been put forth. These estimators, however, are based upon empirical averages; the complicated distributional properties of the estimators unfortunately complicates interval estimation. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian inferential framework, allowing inference for the K function of the spatial point process (including interval estimation). Of particular interest is the unique use of the posterior predictive distribution to (efficiently) enable such inferences. To demonstrate our technique, the well known Swedish pine sapling data (Strand, 1972) is analyzed, including a discussion on evaluating model fit.
Dieting foods: Conceptualizations and explanations

While use of the term “dieting” is frequent in the United States, little is known about its relevance as a category for classifying foods — which foods are considered dieting foods, how often people eat and avoid such foods and why foods are categorized as “dieting.” A sample of 374 undergraduate university students exhibited considerable consensus in naming specific foods as dieting foods and delineating foods they regularly consumed and avoided because they were dieting foods. Vegetables, fruits and salads were the most frequently named dieting foods, and few differences by sex or experience with dieting existed in naming, consuming and avoiding dieting foods. The major reasons foods were classified as “dieting” were that they had a low caloric, carbohydrate and fat content. Dieting foods are a salient food category, and such a classification has implications for understanding food habits, food labelling and nutrition education.
Growth of Acinetobacter gerneri P7 on polyurethane and the purification and characterization of a polyurethanase enzyme

A soil microorganism, designated as P7, was characterized and investigated for its ability to degrade polyurethane (PU). This bacterial isolate was identified as Acinetobacter gerneri on the basis of 16 s rRNA sequencing and biochemical phenotype analysis. The ability of this organism to degrade polyurethane was characterized by the measurement of growth, SEM observation, measurement of electrophoretic mobility and the purification and characterization of a polyurethane degrading enzyme. The purified protein has a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. Substrate specificity was examined using p-nitrophenyl substrates with varying carbon lengths. The highest substrate specificity was observed using p-nitrophenyl-propanate with an activity of 37.58 ± 0.21 U mg−1. Additionally, the enzyme is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and by ethylenediamine-tetra acetic acid. When grown on Impranil DLN™ YES medium, a lag phase was noted for the first 3 h which was followed by logarithmic growth for 5 h. For the linear portion of growth between 5 and 9 h, a μ value of 0.413 doublings h−1 was calculated. After 9 h of incubation the cell number dramatically decreased resulting in a chalky precipitate. Measurements of electrophoretic mobility indicated the formation of a complex between the PU and A. gerneri P7 cells. A hybrid zeta potential had been generated between the cells and polyurethane. Further evidence for a complex was provided by SEM observation where cells appeared to cluster along the surface of polyurethane particles and along edges of polyurethane films. Occasionally, the cells established an anchor-like structure that connected the cells to polyurethane particles.
Alcohol Use, Sexual Activity, and Perceived Risk in High School Athletes and Non-Athletes

Abstract Purpose The current study examined one's sense of personal invincibility as a contributing factor to high school athletes' more frequent behavioral risks compared to those of non-athletes. Perceived risk was assessed as a mediator of sports participation and alcohol use, and sports participation and sexual activity among high school athletes. Methods Prior to leaving home, college-bound high school graduates (n = 2,247) completed web-based surveys assessing alcohol use, sexual activity, sports participation, and perceived risk. The mediational models were analyzed using generalized linear modeling and the procedures of Baron and Kenny (1986). Results Relative to non-athletes, athletes reported greater alcohol use, more sexual partners, and lower perceived risk. Perceived risk mediated the association between sports participation and alcohol use for both young men and women. Perceived risk also mediated the association between sports participation and number of sexual partners for women and partially mediated this association for men. Perceived risk partially mediated the association between sports participation and episodes of unsafe sexual activity in both men and women. Conclusions These findings suggest a potential cognitive mechanism which may account for differences in alcohol use and sexual activity between athletes and non-athletes during late adolescence.
Role of Fe(II) and phosphate in arsenic uptake by coprecipitation

Natural attenuation of arsenic by simple adsorption on oxyhydroxides may be limited due to competing oxyanions, but uptake by coprecipitation may locally sequester arsenic. We have systematically investigated the mechanism and mode (adsorption versus coprecipitation) of arsenic uptake in the presence of carbonate and phosphate, from solutions of inorganic composition similar to many groundwaters. Efficient arsenic removal, >95% As(V) and � 55% in initial As(III) systems, occurred over 24 h at pHs 5.5–6.5 when Fe(II) and hydroxylapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH, HAP) ‘‘seed’’ crystals were added to solutions that had been previously reacted with HAP, atmospheric CO2(g) and O2(g). Arsenic adsorption was insignificant (<10%) on HAP without Fe(II). Greater uptake in the As(III) system in the presence of Fe(II) was interpreted as due to faster As(III) to As(V) oxidation by molecular oxygen in a putative pathway involving Fe(IV) and As(IV) intermediate species. HAP acts as a pH buffer that allows faster Fe(II) oxidation. Solution analyses coupled with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) indicated the precipitation of sub-spherical particles of an amorphous, chemically-mixed, nanophase, Fe III [(OH)3(PO4)(As V O4)]AEnH2 Oo r
Using SR for discrete event simulation: a study in concurrent programming:

This paper demonstrates the use of the SR concurrent programming language for discrete event simulation. SR provides a rich collection of synchronization mechanisms, whose use can lead to programs that are simpler and more efficient than those constrained to employ only one synchronization mechanism. Several SR solutions to a simulation problem are presented and contrasted with an Ada solution to the same problem. The paper also introduces a technique that exploits asynchronous message passing to program concise solutions to several problems involving lists. In the context of the simulation problem, this technique is used to manage the event list and the list of blocked processes. The technique can also be applied to several other concurrent programming problems. The results of this paper should be of interest both to programmers using concurrent programming languages and to language designers.
Automated quantification of intra-annual density fluctuations using microdensity profiles of mature Pinus taeda in a replicated irrigation experiment

Key message We developed a new automated method to use wood microdensity profiles to detect and quantify intra-annual wood density fluctuations in earlywood of pine trees. Abstract We developed a new, automated method to use X-ray wood microdensity profiles to detect and quantify intra-annual density fluctuations within the earlywood region (IADFe) of each annual growth ring. The method quantifies the number and area of IADFe by detecting variations in wood density beyond the limits of ''normal'' values observed during periods without environmental stress. As a case study, we examined the effect of water availability and water stress associated with the formation of IADFe in irrigated and non-irrigated 11-year-old lob- lolly pine trees. As expected, non-irrigated trees formed significantly more IADFe than irrigated trees. Strong relationships were observed between IADFe formation (as a proportion of total earlywood area or as the number of IADFe formed each year) and the minimum monthly Pal- mer Drought Severity Index for the earlywood growing season (February to July). When compared against visual detection, the number of IADFe detected optically was significantly fewer than the number detected with densitometry. This difference likely comes from the higher resolution and more objective criteria that confidently detected and counted more very small IADFe than was possible optically at 109 magnification. The method to detect and quantify IADFe described in this study can allow climate analysis in long-lived species prone to pro- ducing intra-annual growth zones and false rings.
Robust controller synthesis using the maximum entropy design equations

This note presents an application of the optimality conditions obtained in [1] for dynamic compensation in the presence of state-, control-, and measurement-dependent noise. By solving these equations, which represent a fundamental generalization of standard steady-state LQG theory, a series of increasingly robust control designs is obtained for the example considered in [2].
Direct applications of a nanocomposite resin system: Part 2--Procedures for anterior restorations.

Nanocomposite resins allow clinicians to create restorations with improved biocompatibility, function, and aesthetics. By ensuring that the patient’s condition is clearly and thoroughly evaluated preoperatively, the clinician can develop natural, harmonious integration of the restorative material with the patient’s natural tooth structures. The critical information captured during the initial visit can also be used to ensure development of natural contours, light refraction, and characterization. This article describes two anterior applications of a contemporary restorative material for optimal results. Learning Objectives: This article presents the restorative procedure for the restoration of Class III and Class IV defects. Upon reading this article, the reader should: • Recognize the clinical procedures involved in the direct restoration of anterior defects. • Understand the treatment rationale associated with nanocomposite systems.
Counselor training and attitudes toward pharmacotherapies for opioid use disorder

ABSTRACTBackground: Methadone and buprenorphine have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD), especially when combined with psychosocial treatment. Despite buprenorphine's association with fewer withdrawal symptoms and lessened risk of abuse, compared with methadone, its adoption remains limited. Given the vital role that counselors may play in its successful implementation, their knowledge and perceptions of opioid agonist therapy may be facilitators or barriers to its acceptance. Methods: Informed by diffusion theory, the current study examined perceptions of buprenorphine's and methadone's acceptability among 725 counselors employed in a nationally representative sample of substance use disorder treatment centers. First, we provided descriptive statistics about medication diffusion, extent of training received about the medications, and perceptions of acceptability of each medication. Then, we compared acceptability of opioid agonists with other treatment approac...
Comparative Study of Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) Virus Vaccines in Normal Volunteers

Local and systemic reactions and antibody responses to three different doses of influenza virus vaccine (A/New Jersey/76 [Hsw1N1]) produced by four different manufacturers were studied. Local and systemic reactions that peaked between 8 and 24 hr after vaccine administration were related to the source of the vaccine more than to the dose. Antibody conversion occurred in almost 90% of subjects over the age of 25 years but in only 61% of subjects 25 years or younger. This low response rate was due almost entirely to the lack of response of volunteers who received split-product vaccine (only 49% of subjects became seropositive). In addition, individuals with symptoms of local reaction had a rate of antibody conversion and magnitude of antibody response that were significantly higher than those observed in subjects who did not have local reactions. These findings suggest that in subjects older than 25 years, all four vaccines produced a high frequency of antibody response with a minimum of side effects. In addition, split-virus vaccine is less immunogenic than whole-virus vaccine in subjects younger than 25 years. Production of a vaccine devoid of local reaction may not be advisable.
PROBABILISTIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE AND FRACTURE

This paper describes the implementation and application of fracture mechanics methodology into a probabilistic structural analysis computer program NESSUS. In particular, crack growth fatigue life assessment methodology is integrated with structural finite element analysis and advanced probabilistic algorithms. The methodology is applicable to structures with a known crack path and crack geometry configurations with known weight, Green's or influence function and governed by linear elastic fracture mechanics. The existing probabilistic analysis methods can be used with the new fatigue life assessment capabilities. The resulting program provides a useful tool for life evaluation of complex structures subject to uncertainties in crack geomeny, structural dimensions, crack growth material properties, structural material properties, and loading. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the methodology. Potential extensions are discussed.
An introductory computational course for science students

This paper describes an introductory CS course, in a liberal arts setting, designed for science students to learn programming using MATLAB. This course differs from many introductory CS classes in that 1) students are not expected to continue taking more CS classes and 2) MATLAB is used in a general computational context rather than in an engineering setting. Students learn to write software to solve problems, visualize and analyze data, perform computer simulations, and implement and test computational models that arise in a wide range of scientific disciplines. The course culminates with an individualized final programming project in which students apply their MATLAB skills in their particular area of scientific interest.
Emerging Technologies and Techniques in Radiation Therapy

The past decade has brought an improved ability to precisely target and deliver radiation as well as other focal prostate-directed therapy. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), proton beam radiation, high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, as well as nonradiotherapy treatments such as cryoablation and high-intensity focused ultrasound are several therapeutic modalities that have been investigated for the treatment of prostate cancer in an attempt to reduce toxicity while improving cancer control. However, high-risk prostate cancer requires a comprehensive treatment of the prostate as well as areas at risk for cancer spread. Therefore, most new radiation treatment (SBRT, HDR, and proton beam radiation) modalities have been largely investigated in combination with regional radiation therapy. Though the evidence is evolving, the use of SBRT, HDR, and proton beam radiation is promising. Nonradiation focal therapy has been proposed mainly for partial gland treatment in men with low-risk disease, and its use in high-risk prostate cancer patients remains experimental.
Gain-dependent polarization properties of vertical-cavity lasers

We show that the power partitioning between orthogonal TE polarization states depends on their relative spectral alignment with the gain spectrum in VCSELs. A simple means of maintaining a dominant eigen polarization for all elements in a VCSEL array is described.
Quantitative Analysis of Mouse Dural Afferent Neurons Expressing TRPM8, VGLUT3, and NF200.

Objective To quantify the abundance of dural afferent neurons expressing transient receptor potential channel melastatin 8 (TRPM8), vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3), and neurofilament 200 (NF200) in adult mice. Background With the increasing use of mice as a model system to study headache mechanisms, it is important to understand the composition of dural afferent neurons in mice. In a previous study, we have measured the abundance of mouse dural afferent neurons that express neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide as well as two TRP channels TRPV1 and TRPA1, respectively. Here, we conducted quantitative analysis of three other dural afferent subpopulations in adult mice. Methods We used the fluorescent tracer Fluoro-Gold to retrogradely label dural afferent neurons in adult mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in discrete subpopulations of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. Mechanoreceptors with myelinated fibers were identified by NF200 immunoreactivity. We also conducted Ca2+-imaging experiments to test the overlap between TRPM8 and VGLUT3 expression in mouse primary afferent neurons (PANs). Results The abundance of TRPM8-expressing neurons in dural afferent neurons was significantly lower than that in total TG neurons. The percentages of dural afferent neurons expressing VGLUT3 and NF200 were comparable to those of total TG neurons, respectively. TRPM8 agonist menthol evoked Ca2+ influx in less than 7% VGLUT3-expressing PANs in adult mice. Conclusions TG neurons expressing TRPM8, VGLUT3, and NF200 all innervate adult mouse dura. TRPM8 and VGLUT3 are expressed in distinct subpopulations of PANs in adult mice. These results provide an anatomical basis to investigate headache mechanisms in mouse models.
Fields of sets

To form P (X) is not the only natural way to make a Boolean algebra out of a non-empty set X. A more general way is to consider an arbitrary non-empty subclass A of P(X) such that if P and Q are in A,then P ∩ Q, P ∪ Q, and P’ are also in A. Since A contains at least one element, it follows that A contains O and X(cf. (2.9)), and hence that A is a Boolean algebra. Every Boolean algebra obtained in this way is called a field (of sets). There is usually no danger in denoting a field of sets by the same symbol as the class of sets that go to make it up. This does not, however, justify the conclusion (it is false) that set-theoretic intersection, union, and complement are the only possible operations that convert a class of sets into a Boolean algebra.
The Swatch Group

In March 2011, Nicolas Hayek, the CEO of the leading Swiss watch manufacturer Swatch Group, reflected on the positioning of Omega, its revived flagship brand. Which marketing strategy would best allow it to confront its main competitor Rolex? And how would potential adjustments to Omega's product, pricing, distribution, and promotion strategies impact the sales of the Swatch Group's other 18 watch brands?Learning Objective:To understand how to segment a market and position a brand vis-a-vis competitors in a multi-brand portfolio.
Hybrid Distraction-Based Growing Rods

Our specialty and patients are indebted to Dr. Robert Campbell (Fig. 49.1) for pioneering treatment of the growing child with thoracic and spinal deformity.
Identification of Binding Sites on the E. Coli Ribosome by Affinity Labeling

Both electrophilic and photolabile derivatives of several different types of ribosomal ligands have been used in affinity labeling studies on the Escherichia coli ribosome. These studies have resulted in the localization of the peptidyl transferase center within a region of the 50S subunit, and the localization of the mRNA binding site within one of two regions on the 30S particle. in addition, labeling data have been obtained for GTP and streptomycin affinity labels. The affinity labeling results are discussed along with the results of other studies, and procedures are suggested for improving the resolving power of the affinity labeling technique as applied to ribosomes.
Slowed photoresponse recovery and age-related degeneration in cones lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1.

The vertebrate retina is a specialized neural network that contains very sensitive signal transducers—the rod and cone photoreceptors. Rods function in near darkness (scotopic) and are responsible for dim light vision, while cones operate in bright light (photopic) and provide daytime, high acuity color vision. In the human retina, rods are the dominant photoreceptor cell type and comprise about 95% of all photoreceptor cells, while cones account for only 5% of the cells. Yet in a bright light environment, normal cone function is essential for visual perception since rods become saturated and are rendered nonfunctional.
Lazy persistency: a high-performing and write-efficient software persistency technique

Emerging Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) are expected to be included in future main memory, providing the opportunity to host important data persistently in main memory. However, achieving persistency requires that programs be written with failure-safety in mind. Many persistency models and techniques have been proposed to help the programmer reason about failure-safety. They require that the programmer eagerly flush data out of caches to make it persistent. Eager persistency comes with a large overhead because it adds many instructions to the program for flushing cache lines and incurs costly stalls at barriers to wait for data to become durable. To reduce these overheads, we propose Lazy Persistency (LP), a software persistency technique that allows caches to slowly send dirty blocks to the NVMM through natural evictions. With LP, there are no additional writes to NVMM, no decrease in write endurance, and no performance degradation from cache line flushes and barriers. Persistency failures are discovered using software error detection (checksum), and the system recovers from them by recomputing inconsistent results. We describe the properties and design of LP and demonstrate how it can be applied to loop-based kernels popularly used in scientific computing. We evaluate LP and compare it to the state-of-the-art Eager Persistency technique from prior work. Compared to it, LP reduces the execution time and write amplification overheads from 9% and 21% to only 1% and 3%, respectively.
Mechanical Dicing Challenges and Development on 50um Saw Street with Wafer Backside Coating (WBC)

The continuing package miniaturized on semiconductor industry had driven toward smaller feature sizes and higher density which will raise the hurdle of dicing. This has become a trend to increase the number of potential die per wafer (PDPW) by shrinking the saw street width to have a competitive product cost and strategically maintain the product margin that affected by yearly Average Selling Price (ASP) erosion. Producing a wafer is a fixed cost thus the more die per wafer equates to lower cost per die. Each die is separated from its neighbors by narrow saw street, which are the cut lines for singulating the die. The narrower saw street width, the more dies per wafer and the more challenging the dicing. Generally, the width of the saw streets has been reduced from former industry standard of 85um to 60um and now to latest 50um. The dicing challenges and quality issue become more crucial with the requirement of wafer backside coating (WBC), smaller die size, thinner wafer with passivation stacks on the saw street and existing of process control monitor (PCM) areas which contains the massive test structures. Key dicing quality characteristics focused in this paper are including top side chipping, passivation peeling and die side wall damage. This is most severe issue in dicing process and has induced the quality risk of customer return due to not easy or impossible to screen out at final test for those minor chipped/cracked die. Qualitative analysis will be carried out and high power microscope will be used to check for chipping condition or other defects. This paper reports the challenges faced and the successful development of 50um narrow saw street with conductive and nonconductive wafer backside coating on various thickness of wafers with six sigma process capability dicing performance and passed all the reliability stress test requirements. A comprehensive study was performed in optimizing critical dicing parameter such as blade height, suitable dicing blade and dicing tape.
Challenges in Oxygenation and Ventilation

Respiratory failure is a common reason for critical care evaluation and ICU admission and invokes a broad differential. Respiratory failure is commonly categorized into four “types,” with hypoxemic and hypercapnic being the most common. There is frequently overlap among the various types of respiratory failure, and it is important to recognize all the contributing etiologies to respiratory failure in each case in order to identify and reverse all pathologies.
IQ and Academic Achievement in Children with ADHD: the Differential Effects of Specific Cognitive Functions

The co-occurrence of lower full-scale intellectual abilities (FSIQ) and academic achievement deficits in children with ADHD is well established; however, the extent to which the relation reflects the influence of a general factor (g) deficiency or deficiencies in one or more specific intellectual abilities remains speculative and was the focus of the current investigation. Twenty-eight boys with ADHD-combined presentation and 26 neurotypical (NT) boys between 8 and 12 years of age were administered the WISC-IV and standardized measures of reading and math. FSIQ and achievement scores in both reading and math were significantly lower for the ADHD relative to the NT group; however, examination of WISC-IV index scores revealed that group level differences in FSIQ resulted from lower scores on two of the four specific intellectual ability indices—Working Memory (WMI) and Verbal Comprehension (VCI). Bias-corrected bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed that both WMI and VCI contributed uniquely to the ADHD-Academic Achievement relation. The contribution of WMI to ADHD-related academic underachievement reflected lower scores on the Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) but not the Digit Span (DS) subtest. Both LNS and VCI explained ADHD-related differences in reading, whereas LNS alone explained ADHD-related differences in math. Collectively these findings suggest that strengthening deficient higher-level WM abilities, in conjunction with empirically based academic instruction, is needed to improve learning outcomes in children with ADHD.
The Concept of Obligation in the Context of Decision Theory

Three observations have been the stimulus to my thinking about obligation. One is the penetrating but baffling paper by H. A. Prichard (1932) entitled ‘Duty and Ignorance of Fact.’ I agree with almost everything Prichard has to say, at least insofar as I understand it, but I always finish rereading the essay with a feeling of incompleteness. What can be said about duty in the face of partial ignorance? Prichard does not make the next move to partial degrees of belief and the outlines of decision theory.
Western Monarch Population Plummets: Status, Probable Causes, and Recommended Conservation Actions

Western monarch butterflies dropped by ~97% of their average historic abundance between the 1980s and mid-2010s. In winter 2018-2019, the population plummeted even farther, to fewer than 30,000 monarchs, which represents a single year drop of 86% and a drop of >99% since the 1980s. The population may now be hovering at its quasi-extinction threshold. In this Perspectives piece, we: 1) Place the current status in context, 2) Recap probable causes of declines, 3) Highlight the most likely window during the annual life cycle that the population declined, and 4) Recommend steps that the public, policy makers, and land managers can take to recover western monarchs. The available studies reinforce the hypotheses that overwintering habitat loss and loss of central California breeding habitat, as well as pesticide use, are likely important contributors to the western monarch’s long term decline. The most limiting part of the migratory cycle appears to be concentrated during the overwintering stage and/or in early spring. If western monarchs are in fact entering an extinction vortex, they need extraordinary efforts—focused on the most vulnerable periods of the annual cycle— to save the migration. Critical short-term conservation priorities include 1) Protect, manage and restore overwintering habitat, 2) Restore breeding and migratory habitat in California, 3) Protect monarchs and their habitat from pesticides, 4) Protect, manage, and restore summer breeding and fall migration monarch habitat throughout the western monarch’s range, and 5) Fill research gaps to inform western monarch recovery strategies.
Anti-ice and Deice Systems for Wings, Nacelles, and Instruments

The need for anti-ice or deicing systems did not show up during the first one and one-half decades of the aviation industry. These early aviators did not fly high enough or during foul weather to enter icing conditions. However after WWI, planes started entering icing flight conditions, and the schedule demands of commercial aviation created a need for deicing systems. This chapter describes the present systems used to deice vital aircraft surfaces and how they operate to prevent ice buildup, including hot engine bleed air and pneumatic deicing “boots.”
TOPOGRAPHIC LUNAR MAPPING

With the advent of the space age and subsequent studies suggesting the possibility of landings on the moon, the need for a topographic lunar map became apparent. This paper describes the steps take...
New taxa of Aneilema R. Br. (Commelinaceae) from southern and tropical East Africa

Four new species of Aneilema are described: A. indehiscens Faden, with subsp. indehiscens (Kenya, Tanzania) and subsp. lilacinum Faden (Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa); A. arenicola Faden (Mozambique, South Africa); A. brunneospermum Faden (Mozambique, Swaziland, South Africa); and A. tanaense Faden (Kenya). A new subspecies, Aneilema dregeanum Kunth subsp, mossambicense Faden (Mozambique), is also described, and A. johmtonii K. Schum. is lectotypified.
Influence of molten salt-(FLiNaK) thermophysical properties on a heated tube using CFD RANS turbulence modeling of an experimental testbed

In a liquid fuel molten salt reactor (MSR) a key factor to consider upon its design is the strong coupling between different physics present such as neutronics, thermo-mechanics and thermal-hydraulics. Focusing in the thermal-hydraulics aspect, it is required that the heat transfer is well characterized. For this purpose, turbulent models used for FLiNaK flow must be valid, and its thermophysical properties must be accurately described. In the literature, there are several expressions for each material property, with differences that can be significant. The goal of this study is to demonstrate and quantify the impact that the uncertainty in thermophysical properties has on key metrics of thermal hydraulic importance for MSRs, in particular on the heat transfer coefficient. In order to achieve this, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the RANS k-ω SST model were compared to published experiment data on molten salt. Various correlations for FLiNaK’s material properties were used. It was observed that the uncertainty in FLiNaK’s thermophysical properties lead to a significant variance in the heat coefficient. Motivated by this, additional CFD simulations were done to obtain sensitivity coefficients for each thermophysical property. With this information, the effect of the variation of each one of the material properties on the heat transfer coefficient was quantified performing a one factor at a time approach (OAT). The results of this sensitivity analysis showed that the most critical thermophysical properties of FLiNaK towards the determination of the heat transfer coefficient are the viscosity and the thermal conductivity. More specifically the dimensionless sensitivity coefficient, which is defined as the percent variation of the heat transfer with respect to the percent variation of the respective property, was −0.51 and 0.67 respectively. According to the different correlations, the maximum percent variations for these properties is 18% and 26% respectively, which yields a variation in the predicted heat transfer coefficient as high as 9% and 17% for the viscosity and thermal conductivity, respectively. It was also demonstrated that the Nusselt number trends found from the simulations were captured much better using the Sieder Tate correlation than the Dittus Boelter correlation. Future work accommodating additional turbulence models and higher fidelity physics will help to determine whether the Sieder Tate expression truly captures the physics of interest or whether the agreement seen in the current work is simply reflective of the single turbulence model employed.
Solvent structural effects on the solubility of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) in room-temperature ionic liquids

Efforts to improve the TALSPEAK (Trivalent Actinide Lanthanide Separation with Phosphorus-Reagent Extraction from Aqueous Komplexes) Process have considered, among other options, the replacement of...
Simultaneous Sacroiliac Joint Fusion in Patients with Long Lumbosacral Constructs: Case Report and Operative Technique.

Background Literature data on the frequency and pathogenesis of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain and arthropathy following lumbosacral fusion with long constructs combined with sacroiliac fixation remains scarce. From clinical experience, we noticed that many patients undergoing these surgeries develop SIJ disease postoperatively. Case Description We report a clinical observation of no occurrence or remission of SIJ pain following simultaneous SIJ fusion in cases of long-construct lumbosacral fusion and sacropelvic fixation with S2-alar-iliac screws. An illustrative case and description of the simultaneous SIJ fusion technique are discussed as well. Conclusions Based on our experience, we believe that fusing the SIJ simultaneously during sacropelvic fixation in the context of a long lumbosacral fusion surgery may lead to a decline in the incidence of SIJ disease, as well as remission of SIJ pain in patients requiring revision surgeries. Future, multicenter prospective studies are needed to test and validate this observation.
Cutaneous sensory nerve-mediated microvascular vasodilation in normotensive and prehypertensive non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites.

Relative to non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks are disproportionately affected by elevated blood pressure (BP). It is unknown whether race or subclinical increases in BP affect the ability of cutaneous sensory nerves to induce cutaneous microvascular vasodilation. Sixteen participants who self-identified as non-Hispanic Black (n = 8) or non-Hispanic White (n = 8) were subgrouped as normotensive or prehypertensive. Participants were instrumented with three intradermal microdialysis fibers: (a) control, (b) 1 μM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor, and (c) 20 mM NG -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a non-selective NO synthase inhibitor. A slow local heating protocol (33-40°C, 0.1°C/min) was used to assess the onset of cutaneous sensory nerve-mediated vasodilation (temperature threshold) and skin blood flow was measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry. At control sites, the temperature threshold occurred at a higher temperature in non-Hispanic Blacks (normotensive: 37.2 ± 0.6°C, prehypertensive: 38.9 ± 0.5°C) compared to non-Hispanic Whites (normotensive: 35.2 ± 0.8°C, prehypertensive: 35.2 ± 0.9°C). L-NAME shifted the temperature threshold higher in non-Hispanic Whites (normotensive: 37.8 ± 0.7°C, prehypertensive: 38.2 ± 0.8°C), but there was no observed effect in non-Hispanic Blacks. SNP did not affect temperature threshold in non-Hispanic Whites, but shifted the temperature threshold lower in non-Hispanic Blacks (normotensive: 34.6 ± 1.2°C, prehypertensive: 34.8 ± 1.1°C). SNP mitigated differences in temperature threshold across all groups. There was no effect found for BP status in either the non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White groups. These data suggest that reduced NO bioavailability affects the ability of cutaneous sensory nerves to induce microvascular vasodilation in young, otherwise healthy non-Hispanic Blacks.