cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A compact all-optical 40 Gb/s clock recovery using a traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator-based ring oscillator with a chip coplanar Q-filter

A compact, 40 Gb/s all-optical clock recovery is demonstrated by utilizing filtered and actively amplified photocurrent in a traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator-based ring oscillator. The recovered 40 GHz optical clock has 500 fs timing jitter and 8 ps pulsewidth.
Identification of Host Proteins Required for HIV Infection Through a Functional Genomic Screen

HIV-1 exploits multiple host proteins during infection. We performed a large-scale small interfering RNA screen to identify host factors required by HIV-1 and identified more than 250 HIV-dependency factors (HDFs). These proteins participate in a broad array of cellular functions and implicate new pathways in the viral life cycle. Further analysis revealed previously unknown roles for retrograde Golgi transport proteins (Rab6 and Vps53) in viral entry, a karyopherin (TNPO3) in viral integration, and the Mediator complex (Med28) in viral transcription. Transcriptional analysis revealed that HDF genes were enriched for high expression in immune cells, suggesting that viruses evolve in host cells that optimally perform the functions required for their life cycle. This effort illustrates the power with which RNA interference and forward genetics can be used to expose the dependencies of human pathogens such as HIV, and in so doing identify potential targets for therapy.
Methods for quantitative analysis in XPS and AES

One of the biggest problems in quantitative surface analysis with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is in obtaining an accurate measure for the number of photoelectrons or Auger electrons contributing to peaks in spectra. The approach taken for quantitative analysis often depends on the data acquisition method, although there are several subsequent data processing methods that can also be applied. In XPS, spectra are usually acquired by pulse counting, whereas in AES, spectra can be acquired by a variety of methods, e.g. pulse counting, voltage-to-frequency conversion and the use of a variety of modulation techniques. Processing methods involve peak or peak-to-peak height measurement, peak area measurement, background subtraction, deconvolution, differentiation, integration, spectrum addition and subtraction, curve fitting and factor analysis. The application of these techniques to quantitative analysis in XPS and AES will be reviewed.
The combined effects of baseline vulnerability and acute hospital events on the development of functional dependence among community-living older persons.

BACKGROUND Many older persons who are highly vulnerable do not develop functional dependence, whereas some older persons with low vulnerability do develop functional dependence. We conducted this study to determine the combined effects of baseline vulnerability and precipitating events on the development of functional dependence. METHODS We analyzed data from two prospective, population-based cohort studies. The development cohort included 799 community-living persons, 72 years of age and older, who were independent in their activities of daily living (ADLs). The validation cohort included 1,051 comparable persons. Participants were classified by baseline vulnerability, defined on the basis of physical performance, cognitive status, and age, and by exposure to potential precipitating events, determined from information gathered from acute care hospital admissions. The primary outcome was the onset of functional dependence, defined as a new disability in one or more of the seven ADLs at the 1-year follow-up interview or admission to a skilled nursing facility prior to the 1-year interview. RESULTS Functional dependence developed in 109 (13.6%) participants in the development cohort and in 100 (9.3%) participants in the validation cohort. The rates of functional dependence for the low, intermediate, and high vulnerability groups were 7.1%, 17.2%, and 40.1% (p<.001) in the development cohort and 4.8%, 15.0%, and 28.0% (p<.001) in the validation cohort. For the four categories (none, mild, moderate, severe) of precipitating events, the rates of functional dependence were 9.0%, 19.4%, 27.3%, and 53.2% (p<.001 ) in the development cohort and 5.1%, 12.0%, 28.2%, and 53.3% (p<.001) in the validation cohort. For both cohorts, when baseline vulnerability and precipitating events were analyzed in cross-stratified format, the rate of functional dependence increased progressively from low-risk to high-risk groups in all directions (double-gradient phenomenon). The contributions of baseline vulnerability and precipitating events to the development of functional dependence were independent and statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Among community-living older persons, baseline vulnerability and precipitating hospital events contribute independently to the development of functional dependence and should each be targeted for intervention when developing strategies aimed at forestalling the onset of functional dependence.
Periodically regular chordal rings

Chordal rings have been proposed in the past as networks that combine the simple routing framework of rings with the lower diameter, wider bisection, and higher resilience of other architectures. Virtually all proposed chordal ring networks are node-symmetric, i.e., all nodes have the same in/out degree and interconnection pattern. Unfortunately, such regular chordal rings are not scalable. In this paper, periodically regular chordal (PRC) ring networks are proposed as a compromise for combining low node degree with small diameter. By varying the PRC ring parameters, one can obtain architectures with significantly different characteristics (e.g., from linear to logarithmic diameter), while maintaining an elegant framework for computation and communication. In particular, a very simple and efficient routing algorithm works for the entire spectrum of PRC rings thus obtained. This flexibility has important implications for key system attributes such as architectural satiability, software portability, and fault tolerance. Our discussion is centered on unidirectional PRC rings with in/out-degree of 2. We explore the basic structure, topological properties, optimization of parameters, VLSI layout, and scalability of such networks, develop packet and wormhole routing algorithms for them, and briefly compare them to competing fixed-degree architectures such as symmetric chordal rings, meshes, tori, and cube-connected cycles.
Pointcuts and advice in higher-order languages

Aspect-oriented software design will need to support languages with first-class and higher-order procedures, such as Python, Perl, ML and Scheme. These language features present both challenges and benefits for aspects. On the one hand, they force the designer to carefully address issues of scope that do not arise in first-order languages. On the other hand, these distinctions of scope make it possible to define a much richer variety of policies than first-order aspect languages permit.In this paper, we describe the subtleties of pointcuts and advice for higher-order languages, particularly Scheme. We then resolve these subtleties by alluding to traditional notions of scope. In particular, programmers can now define both dynamic aspects traditional to AOP and static aspects that can capture common security-control paradigms. We also describe the implementation of this language as an extension to Scheme. By exploiting two novel features of our Scheme system---continuation marks and language-defining macros---the implementation is lightweight and integrates well into the programmer's toolkit.
Effects of Nutrition on the Composition of Tooth Lipids and Fatty Acids in Rats: I. The Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate on Fatty Acid Composition of Rat Teeth

The fatty acid composition of rat molars and incisors was essentially the same whether starch or sucrose was the dietary carbohydrate. A slight increase in palmitic acid and decrease in unsaturated fatty acids was noted in the rats fed starch as compared with those fed sucrose.
What Does Queer Theory Teach Us about Intersectionality

“What does queer theory teach us about x?” ask Berlant and Warner (1995). “As difficult as it would be to spell out programmatic content for an answer, this simple question still has the power to wrench frames” (p. 348). This challenge comes from an early essay published to circumvent queer theory's appropriation. Its power “to wrench frames” is what I am posing to intersectional research, not only to reflect on what intersectionality has allowed feminists to accomplish but also to identify some existing shortcomings in the scope and domain of its employment. Because there is little disputing intersectionality's theoretical contribution to feminist research in the past decades—one scholar calls it “the most important theoretical contribution that women's studies . . . has made so far” (McCall 2005, 1771)—it is important for us to take stock of the sorts of political problems that intersectional scholarship has addressed and the ones to which it has often been inattentive.
The Marine Layer off Northern California: An Example of Supercritical Channel Flow

Abstract During the spring and summer, northerly winds driven by the North Pacific high pressure system are prevalent over the Northern California continental shelf, only interrupted for periods of a few days, when weak or southerly winds occur. In the course of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE), fixed station and observations were made to describe the temporal and spatial structure of the lower atmosphere, and their relation to the strong upwelling of coastal waters in a region extending up to 40 km offshore and 100 km along the coast. These observations suggest that atmospheric conditions during the spring and summer usually fall into one of three categories: the surface wind can be everywhere weak (Pattern 1), it can blow at large speeds in a uniform pattern (Pattern 2), or finally the structure of the northerly surface wind can be complex, with large changes in the wind speed and corresponding changes in the surface pressure over short spatial scales (Pattern 3), The latter pattern, which o...
Total Synthesis of Polycavernoside A, A Lethal Toxin of the Red Alga Polycavernosa tsudai

[structure: see text] Two approaches to the synthesis of the aglycon 120 of polycavernoside A (1) were developed, only one of which was completed. The successful "second-generation" route assembled the aglycon seco acids 102 and 106 via Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi coupling of aldehyde 70, prepared from methyl (S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate (72) and (S)-pantolactone (73), with vinyl bromide 71. The latter was obtained from a sequence which commenced from the silyl ether 24 of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and entailed cyclization of (Z)-zeta-hydroxy-alpha,beta-unsaturated ester 82. Regioselective Yamaguchi lactonization of trihydroxycarboxylic acids 102 and 106 and subsequent functional-group adjustments led to macrolactone 120, to which the fucopyranosylxylopyranoside moiety was attached. Stille coupling of the glycosidated aglycon 128 with dienylstannane 129 furnished polycavernoside A in a synthesis for which the longest linear sequence was 25 steps. The overall yield to lactone 120 was 4.7%.
Multiple Gestation: Twin Variants and Related Conditions

The phenomenon of a vanishing twin occurs when a multiple pregnancy is identified sonographically during the first 15 weeks of pregnancy, but the outcome is a single fetus. Specifically, the term vanishing twin is used when there is no evidence of the fetus at the time of delivery. When the diagnosis of twins is made prior to 10 weeks, the rate of disappearance is 71%. When the diagnosis is made between 10 and 15 weeks, the disappearance rate is 62%. When there is documentation of twins after the 15th week and subsequent loss of one fetus, a fetus papyraceous usually develops. These can clearly be documented on pathologic examination (see below). A clue to the presence of a vanished twin or fetus papyraceous may be an elevation in maternal α-fetoprotein (AFP) or acetylcholinesterase, which occasionally may pose clinical problems, as these elevations are associated with other conditions such as fetal anomalies. When there is a vanished twin or fetus papyraceous, there are no apparent clinical implications or adverse effects on the mother or the remaining fetus.
Attitudes Toward Income Taxes: Regional vs. National

In May 1999, the Internal Revenue Service commissioned Roper Starch Worldwide, Inc., to conduct a survey into taxpayer attitudes about U.S. tax laws. The authors report that that survey showed some very interesting results, as reported in The Wall Street Journal. For instance, 87 percent of Americans polled responded that it was totally unacceptable to cheat on individual income taxes; 87 percent felt that taxes today are too high; and 89 percent agreed that the government wastes a lot of taxpayers' money. Additional questions delved into the area of ethics and taxes, for instance, whether someone should be punished if they cheat on their taxes in a minor way. Forty-two percent of those polled said no. The authors were impressed with the high level of moral integrity shown by the respondents to Roper Starch's survey, and, with their permission, conducted a follow-up survey that included the Roper Starch questions. This survey was administered to college students and their parents from Western Pennsylvania, and arrived at significantly different results from the Roper Starch survey. For instance, only 53 percent of these respondents felt that it was totally unacceptable to cheat on income taxes, compared to 87 percent for Roper Starch. Seventy-nine percent of Roper Starch's respondents stated that their opinion of someone would be lowered if that person bragged about cheating on their taxes, with 49 percent reporting that their opinion would be lowered "a lot." By comparison, only 64 percent of the Western Pennsylvania respondents reported that their opinion would be lowered in this situation, and only 24 percent reported that their opinion would be lowered "a lot." This report analyzes the differences between the Western Pennsylvania respondents and Roper Starch's, as well as the differences between Roper Starch's 18-24 year old age group and the Western Pennsylvania college students, business and nonbusiness students, and the students and their parents. A statistical analysis that included crosstable and Chi-square analysis was also performed.
Species Richness of Mammals Inhabiting Nearshore Archipelagoes: Area, Isolation, and Immigration Filters

Patterns in community structure of non-volant mammals on islands of the Drummond Archipelago (northwestern Lake Huron) were compared to those of insular mammals in-habiting three other nearshore archipelagoes to test the hypothesis that species-area and species-isolation relationships are strongly influenced by the nature of the immigration filter. All four archipelagoes shared similar habitats and nearly identical species pools, but differed substantially in characteristics of their filters. Islands of the Drummond Archipelago tended to have more species per area and more species per degree of geographic isolation. The rate of decline in species richness with increasing isolation was similar and relatively low for islands of the Drummond Archipelago and central Lake Michigan. In comparison to these lacustrine archipelagoes, which had relatively weak filters (high immigration rates), mammalian species richness declined much more rapidly with isolation of islands along the coast of Maine and the St. Lawrence River, where strong currents and instability of ice-cover impede immigration. These insights may have special relevance for conservation of endangered species, many of which are restricted to ecosystems fragmented and isolated at a scale similar to that of nearshore archipelagoes.
VIDEOS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Transfusion of Red Cells.

Blood transfusion is often performed by health care workers. This video demonstrates a commonly used method for the nonemergency transfusion of red cells in an awake, competent adult.
Complementary Actions of Low Rates of Bacillus thuringiensis and Chlordimeform Hydrochloride for Control of Caterpillars on Cole Crops

Spray mixtures of Dipel® ( Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti Berliner) and chlordimeform hydrochloride provided effective protection vs. the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), at rates as low as 1/16 lb/acre per application of each ingredient. Neither ingredient alone was efficacious at the low rates tested, but factorial analyses of the data on plant injury indicated synergistic effects. The efficacy of the mixture of the 2 ingredients was attributed to efficient complementary effects on plant protection.
TH‐CD‐207B‐08: Relationship Between Pixel Noise and Task‐Specific Low Contrast Detectability for Various Patient Sizes in Abdomen CT

Purpose: To establish a relationship between pixel noise and the statistically defined minimum detectable contrast for various phantom sizes in order to provide a means for dose modulation driven by the task-specific low contrast detectability. Methods: Seven anthropomorphically-shaped abdomen phantoms (TE01-TE08, CIRS) were employed to mimic a wide range of patient sizes. Each phantom was scanned on a Siemens 64-slice mCT using a range of CTDIvol values (1–38mGy) with an average of 19 dose levels per phantom. Pixel noise was determined from the pixel standard deviations in the uniform phantom background of the images. The low contrast detectability was characterized in the following manner: adjacent slices were subtracted and regions representing uniform phantom background were partitioned to matrices with elements matching the size of the lesion (1.8–10 mm). For each dose level and lesion size, the mean pixel value from each matrix element was computed and the distribution was tested against Gaussian. The minimum detectable contrast (MDC) was defined by 3.29 multiplied by the standard deviation of the aforementioned distribution. We proposed that MDC is proportional to pixel noise and inversely proportional to the lesion size and that the proportionality factor is a function of the phantom size. This model was used to fit the MDC data and the dependency of the proportionality factor on the phantom size was examined. Results: Pixel noise distributions were found to be Gaussian (p<0.05) in over 99% of cases. The proportionality factor of our model was found to be stable as the phantom size changes (mean = 0.301, coefficient of variation ranges from −2.42% to 5.22%). Conclusion: The relationship between pixel noise and task-specific MDC has been characterized for a range of patient sizes. This relationship is the first step in establishing dose modulation driven by patient- and task-specific low contrast detectability.
Primary total elbow arthroplasty for distal humeral fractures in elderly patients: a nationwide analysis

Background Displaced intra-articular distal humeral fractures are a challenging injury in elderly patients. High rates of complications have led to the increasing use of total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) for primary treatment. This study presents US nationwide trends in primary TEA for distal humeral fractures in elderly patients (65 years and older) from 2002 to 2012. We hypothesized that there was an increase in the rate of TEA utilization. Methods Data were obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 2002 to 2012. All inpatients 65 years and older with distal humeral fractures were identified and were divided into 2 subgroups based on the operation they received: (1) TEA and (2) open reduction–internal fixation (ORIF). Results Between 2002 and 2012, the annual frequency of TEA for elderly patients with distal humeral fractures increased 2.6-fold, with 147 patients in 2002 and 385 in 2012. In 2012, TEA was performed in 13% of operatively treated distal humeral fractures compared with only 5.1% in 2002 ( P P Conclusion The national rate of primary TEA for the acute management of distal humeral fractures in elderly patients has increased significantly over the past 10 years. Given the significant complexity, long-term restrictions, and risks associated with TEA, this increasing trend should be analyzed closely.
Changes in Thoracic Surgery Experience During General Surgery Residency: A Review of the Case Logs From the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education

Background Although exposure to thoracic surgery is mandated in general surgery residency, little is known about the mix of cases that residents use to meet this requirement and how this has changed over time. We report the experience of general thoracic surgery among general surgery residents using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) database. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the prospectively maintained ACGME resident case log database from 2003 to 2013. Thoracic cases were categorized by procedure type, year, and level of resident participation. A linear regression model was used to determine if there was a significant trend in case volumes over time. Results First assist volumes decreased in the 90th (–1.46 cases/year, p = 0.0012), 70th (–0.77 cases/year, p = 0.0005), 50th (–0.46 cases/year, p = 0.0013), and 30th percentiles (–0.16 cases/year, p = 0.0187). Pneumonectomy volumes decreased for surgeons junior (–0.01 cases/year, p = 0.0013) and chief residents (–0.01 cases/year, p = 0.005), as did open lobectomy (surgeon junior, –0.202 cases/year, p 0.0001; chief, –0.08 cases/year, p ≤ 0.0013). Video-assisted (VATS) lobectomy increased for the surgeons junior (0.22 cases/year, p 0.0001) and chief residents (0.045 cases/year, p 0.0001). Surgeons junior also had increased volumes of VATS exploratory thoracoscopy (0.11 cases/year, p = 0.0003) and VATS pleurodeisis (0.13 cases/year, p 0.0001). Conclusions Whereas total thoracic volumes on the whole have not changed significantly, resident participation as a first assistant and in key thoracic cases has decreased over the last 11 years, while participation in VATS and minor cases has increased.
High-Energy Photoproduction of the D * +

Photoproduction of the ${{D}^{*}}^{+}$ have been observed where the ${{D}^{*}}^{+}$ decays via ${{D}^{*}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{D}^{0}$ and the ${D}^{0}$ decays via ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${K}_{s}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The ${{D}^{*}}^{+}$, ${D}^{0}$ mass difference and the ${D}^{0}$ mass observed here are in excellent agreement with previous measurements of charmed mesons produced in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilations. The photoproduced ${{D}^{*}}^{+}$ and ${{D}^{*}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ signals are produced nearly equally at the level of about 100 nb/nucleon.
Supporting Siblings of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Patients: A NICU Social Story™ as an Innovative Approach.

• The article discusses the benefit of a Social Story™ to support siblings as an intervention approach within the NICU.
Symplectic non-squeezing for the cubic nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation on T3

Abstract We consider the periodic defocusing cubic nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation in three dimensions in the symplectic phase space H 1 2 ( T 3 ) × H − 1 2 ( T 3 ) . This space is at the critical regularity for this equation, and in this setting there is no global well-posedness nor any uniform control on the local time of existence for arbitrary initial data. We prove a local-in-time non-squeezing result and a conditional global-in-time result which states that uniform bounds on the Strichartz norms of solutions imply global-in-time non-squeezing. As an application of the conditional result, we conclude non-squeezing for certain subsets of the phase space. The proofs rely on several approximation results for the flow, which we obtain using a combination of probabilistic and deterministic techniques.
Colloquium : Control of dynamics in brain networks

Biological networks are notoriously complex to understand and hence challenging to control. The brain is possibly the most sophisticated network in nature and only recently have we started to comprehend the mechanics of its operation and control. This Colloquium reviews the latest theoretical and technological developments in this emergent and exciting area of research.
The Intellectual Disability Mortality Disadvantage: Diminishing With Age?

Abstract On average, adults with intellectual disability (ID) have higher mortality risk than their peers in the general population. However, the effect of age on this mortality disadvantage has received minimal attention. Using data from the 1986–2011 National Health Interview Survey–Linked Mortality Files (NHIS–LMF), discrete time hazard models were used to compare mortality risk for adults with and without ID by age and gender. Increased mortality risk was present for all adults with ID, but was most pronounced among younger age females. The mortality differential between those with and without ID diminished with increased age for both females and males. Findings support the argument that heterogeneity of frailty may explain differences in mortality risk between those with and without ID.
HIV persistence in macrophages

A recent study using a humanized mouse model shows that HIV-1 can persist in macrophages during antiretroviral therapy (ART), and suggests that macrophages may represent an obstacle to efforts to cure HIV-1 infection.
A Study of the Penetration of a Hot Liquid Pool into a Vertical Solid Surface

An experimental study of the melting of a vertical surface of a solid by a heated liquid pool of various densities was conducted. The heat transfer mode in the external fluid was by natural turbule...
Estimation in Univariate and Multivariate Stable Distributions

Abstract This paper proposes several methods of estimating parameters in stable distributions. All the methods involve sample characteristic functions. One of the methods which is based upon the method of moments is treated in some detail. Asymptotic normal distributions for the proposed moment estimators are provided. Moreover, all methods provide consistent estimators. The estimation problem is treated for both univariate and multivariate stable distributions.
On the importance of crystallization-differentiation for the generation of SiO 2 -rich melts and the compositional build-up of arc (and continental) crust

In this paper we review processes responsible for the formation of granites in subduction systems. While there is robust evidence that strongly peraluminous, so-called S-type granites are formed by melting of metasediments in the (lower) crust, the processes that form metaluminous, so-called I-Type granites are less certain. We review four lines of evidence that have been presented in support of a dominantly crustal origin for these granites: 1) field observations; 2) isotopic compositions; 3) the missing cumulate problem; and 4) the bimodal distribution of igneous rock compositions. We show that in most cases the evidence is at least equally permissive of a process dominated by crystallization-differentiation. Moreover, we show that this mechanism is more efficient than re-melting and avoids additional difficulties associated with the source of heat and or fluids necessary for productive partial melting. Lastly, we show with a simple stochastic model that crystallization-differentiation also explains the first-order compositional and density stratification of arc crust and hence continental crust. We conclude that the structure of arc crust is comparable to oceanic crust at fast spreading ridges and may be controlled by analogous melt transport and stagnation mechanisms.
Examining Risk Perceptions Among Daily Smokers Naïve to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes

Introduction The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated its interest in reducing the addictiveness of combustible cigarettes by lowering their nicotine content. Delineating risk perceptions of reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes prior to federal regulation may inform the content of future educational campaigns accompanying this policy. Methods Five hundred non-treatment-seeking, daily smokers naive to RNC cigarettes (63.0% male, 51.6% nonWhite, mean [SD] cigarettes per day = 15.69 [7.58], age = 43.44 [11.46]) completed a 10-item RNC cigarette risk perception questionnaire at baseline in two, unrelated experimental studies. We used multinomial logistic regression models to identify demographic (eg, gender) and smoking-related (eg, nicotine dependence) correlates of RNC cigarette risk perceptions. Results Although the majority of participants did not misperceive RNC cigarettes as less harmful than regular or high nicotine cigarettes, a large portion of the sample held misperceptions about RNC cigarettes' addictiveness (56.4%) and cessation aid potential (63.4%). More than 20% of the sample reported being unsure about RNC-related risks, especially tar content (51.8%). NonWhite smokers were 2.5 to 3 times more likely to be incorrect about multiple RNC cigarette risks (p = .002-.006). Conclusions If the FDA mandates a reduced nicotine content standard for cigarettes, educational campaigns will be needed to correct misperceptions about RNC cigarettes' addictiveness and potential to aid cessation as well as inform consumers about their safety risks. Campaigns tailored toward nonWhite smokers may also be needed to correct misperceptions of RNC cigarette risks held by this subgroup. Implications The FDA has stated its interest in reducing cigarettes' addictiveness by lowering their nicotine content, enabling smokers to quit. Our findings suggest that most smokers who have not used RNC cigarettes do not perceive these products as less addictive or as cessation tools, stressing a need for future educational campaigns to correct these misperceptions. Campaigns are also needed to educate uninformed smokers about RNC cigarettes and should consider targeting messages toward subgroups likely to hold misperceptions about the risks and benefits of using these products (eg, nonWhite smokers).
Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Anticoagulation Strategies for Postoperative Management of Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients.

Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of prolonged (35-day) and standard-duration (14-day) anticoagulation therapy following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Using Markov modeling, we assessed clinical and economic outcomes of 14-day and 35-day anticoagulation therapy following TKA with rivaroxaban, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), fondaparinux, warfarin, and aspirin. Incidence of complications of TKA and anticoagulation therapy (deep vein thrombosis [DVT], pulmonary embolism [PE], prosthetic joint infection [PJI], and bleeding) were derived from published literature. Daily costs ranged from $1 (aspirin) to $43 (fondaparinux). Primary outcomes included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), direct medical costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) at 1 year post-TKA. The preferred regimen was the regimen with highest QALYs maintaining an ICER below the willingness-to-pay threshold ($100,000/QALY). We conducted probabilistic sensitivity analyses, varying complication incidence and anticoagulation efficacy, to evaluate the impact of parameter uncertainty on model results. Results Aspirin resulted in the highest cumulative incidence of DVT and PE, while prolonged fondaparinux led to the largest reduction in DVT incidence (15% reduction compared to no prophylaxis). Despite differential bleeding rates (ranging from 3% to 6%), all strategies had similar incidence of PJI (1% to 2%). Prolonged rivaroxaban was the least costly strategy ($3,300 at 1 year post-TKA) and the preferred regimen in the base case. In sensitivity analyses, prolonged rivaroxaban and warfarin had similar likelihoods of being cost-effective. Conclusion Extending postoperative anticoagulation therapy to 35 days increases QALYs compared to standard 14-day prophylaxis. Prolonged rivaroxaban and prolonged warfarin are most likely to be cost-effective post-TKA; the costs of fondaparinux and LMWH precluded their being preferred strategies.
Measuring Identification Risk in Microdata Release and Its Control by Post‐randomisation

Statistical agencies often release a masked or perturbed version of survey data to protect the confidentiality of respondents' information. Ideally, a perturbation procedure should provide confidentiality protection without much loss of data quality, so that the released data may practically be treated as original data for making inferences. One major objective is to control the risk of correctly identifying any respondent's records in released data, by matching the values of some identifying or key variables. For categorical key variables, we propose a new approach to measuring identification risk and setting strict disclosure control goals. The general idea is to ensure that the probability of correctly identifying any respondent or surveyed unit is at most ξ, which is pre‐specified. Then, we develop an unbiased post‐randomisation procedure that achieves this goal for ξ>1/3. The procedure allows substantial control over possible changes to the original data, and the variance it induces is of a lower order of magnitude than sampling variance. We apply the procedure to a real data set, where it performs consistently with the theoretical results and quite importantly, shows very little data quality loss.
Accelerating Convolutional Neural Network With FFT on Embedded Hardware

Fueled by ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge and Common Objects in Context competitions, the convolutional neural network (CNN) has become important in computer vision and natural language processing. However, state-of-the-art CNNs are computationally memory-intensive, thus energy-efficient implementation on the embedded platform is challenging. Recently, VGGNet and ResNet showed that deep neural networks with more convolution layers and a few fully connected layers can achieve lower error rates, thus reducing the complexity of convolution layers is of utmost importance. In this paper, we evaluate three variations of convolutions, including direct convolution (Direct-Conv), fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based convolution (FFT-Conv), and FFT overlap and add convolution (FFT-OVA-Conv) in terms of computation complexity and memory storage requirements for popular CNN networks in embedded hardware. We implemented these three techniques for ResNet-20 with the CIFAR-10 data set on a low-power domain-specific many-core architecture called power-efficient nanoclusters (PENCs), NVIDIA Jetson TX1 graphics processing unit (GPU), ARM Cortex A53 CPU, and SPARse Convolutional NETwork (SPARCNet) accelerator on Zynq 7020 FPGA to explore the tradeoff between software and hardware implementation, domain-specific logic and instructions, as well as various parallelism across different architectures. Results are evaluated and compared with respect to throughput per layer, energy consumption, and execution time for the three methods. SPARCNet deployed on Zynq FPGA achieved 42-ms runtime with 135-mJ energy consumption with a 10.8-MB/s throughput per layer using FFT-Conv for ResNet-20. Using built-in FFT instruction in PENC, the FFT-OVA-Conv performs $2.9\times $ and $1.65\times $ faster and achieves $6.8\times $ and $2.5\times $ higher throughput per watt than Direct-Conv and FFT-Conv. In ARM A53 CPU, FFT-OVA-Conv achieves $3.36\times $ and $1.38\times $ improvement in execution time and $2.72\times $ and $1.32\times $ higher throughput than Direct-Conv and FFT-Conv. In TX1 GPU, FFT-Conv is $1.9\times $ faster, $2.2\times $ more energy-efficient, and achieves $5.6\times $ higher throughput per layer than Direct-Conv. PENC is 10 $916\times $ and $1.8\times $ faster and $5053\times $ and $4.3\times $ more energy-efficient and achieves $7.5\times $ and $1.2\times $ higher throughput per layer than ARM A53 CPU and TX1 GPU, respectively.
Building smartphone apps via HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript

HTML5 has become the new international web markup standard replacing XHTML and earlier versions of HTML. It has become the main web programming tool not only for traditional devices such as PC's and laptops but also for emerging mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones (iPhone, Android, etc.). As a result, CS/IT/IS students are showing a keen interest in both this new HTML platform and developing applications for these new devices as the job market for expertise in these technologies is booming.
JOB SATISFACTION, ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIORS AND WORK STRESS: EFFECTS OF NURSING ASSISTANT RESILIENCE

Turnover for nurse aides (NAs) in long-term care (LTC) is estimated to be between 55% and 75% (Wiener, Squillace, Anderson, & Khatusky, 2009) and is related to high levels of employee burnout and low levels of job satisfaction (Rushton, Batcheller, Schroeder, & Donohue, 2015). Employees who are resilient tend to cope positively with work related stressors (Itzhaki et al., 2015); resident aggression is a common workplace stressor experienced by LTC NAs. This study examined whether resilient NAs were more satisfied with their job, experienced less distress from resident aggression, and engaged in more organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) as compared to less resilient NAs. In other words, are resilient NAs still engaging in positive work behaviors (OCBs) despite experiencing work-related stress? NAs (N = 110) from six midwestern nursing homes completed a survey that assessed their resilience, job satisfaction, OCBs, and experience of resident aggression. Results indicated that resilience was significantly related to OCBs r(108), p < .001, OCBs were significantly related to job satisfaction r(95), p .002, and resilience was significantly negatively correlated to distress due to resident aggression r(95), p .008. No significant relationships were found between resilience and job satisfaction or OCBs and distress due to resident aggression. Future researchers may consider developing interventions to bolster NA resilience as it is related to OCBs. Subsequently, engaging in OCBs positively relates to job satisfaction which may result in reduced burnout and turnover in NAs. Furthermore, resilience can reduce distress related to a commonly experienced job stress (i.e., resident aggression).
Delineation of the Individual Effects of Vitamin E Isoforms on Early Life Incident Wheezing.

Objectives To test the hypothesis that maternal plasma alpha-tocopherol levels are associated with protection from childhood wheeze and that this protection is modified by gamma-tocopherol. Study design We conducted a prospective nested study in the Infant Susceptibility to Pulmonary Infections and Asthma Following Respiratory Syncytial Virus Exposure birth cohort of 652 children with postpartum maternal plasma vitamin E isoforms used as a surrogate for pregnancy concentrations. Our outcomes were wheezing and recurrent wheezing over a 2-year period, ascertained using validated questionnaires. We assessed the association of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol with wheezing outcomes using multivariable adjusted logistic regression, and tested for interaction between the isoforms with respect to the risk for wheezing outcomes. Results Children with wheezing (n = 547, n = 167; 31%) and recurrent wheezing (n = 545, n = 55; 10.1%) over a 2-year period were born to mothers with significantly lower postpartum maternal plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, P = .016 and P = .007, respectively. In analyses of IQR increases, alpha-tocopherol was associated with decreased risk of wheezing (aOR 0.70 [95% CI 0.53,0.92]) and recurrent wheezing (aOR 0.63 [95% CI 0.42,0.95]). For gamma-tocopherol, the aOR for wheezing was 0.79 (95% CI 0.56-1.10) and the aOR for recurrent wheezing was 0.56 (95% CI 0.33-0.94, with nonmonotonic association). The association of alpha-tocopherol with wheezing was modified by gamma-tocopherol (P interaction = .05). Conclusions Increases in postpartum maternal plasma alpha-tocopherol isoform concentrations were associated with decreased likelihood of wheezing over a 2-year period. Gamma-tocopherol modified this association.
Effects of polyamines on the ultrafiltration of plasmid DNA

It is well established that the structure of plasmid DNA is a strong function of solution ionic conditions due to changes in intramolecular electrostatic interactions between the charged phosphate groups along the DNA backbone. Multivalent cations like spermine and spermidine play a critical role in compacting and controlling the structure of supercoiled DNA in living cells. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of these polyamines on the ultrafiltration of plasmid DNA, including possible opportunities to use these polycations to enhance the purification of specific plasmid isoforms. Data were obtained using a wide range of spermine and spermidine concentrations to evaluate DNA transmission through Biomax polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes. Spermine has a very strong effect on DNA transmission, with the sieving coefficient of the supercoiled plasmid decreasing by more than an order of magnitude upon addition of only 15 μM spermine. A comparable change in DNA transmission required >300 μM of the trivalent spermidine. The polyamines were able to significantly increase the selectivity for the separation of DNA from a model protein, but they were unable to provide a significant increase in the selectivity for separating DNA isoforms under the conditions examined in this study. The results do demonstrate that both spermine and spermidine can be used to control the extent of DNA transmission/purification during ultrafiltration. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2765, 2019.
LCV: A Verification Tool for Linear Controller Software

In the model-based development of controller software, the use of an unverified code generator/transformer may result in introducing unintended bugs in the controller implementation. To assure the correctness of the controller software in the absence of verified code generator/transformer, we develop Linear Controller Verifier (LCV), a tool to verify a linear controller implementation against its original linear controller model. LCV takes as input a Simulink block diagram model and a C code implementation, represents them as linear time-invariant system models respectively, and verifies an input-output equivalence between them. We demonstrate that LCV successfully detects a known bug of a widely used code generator and an unknown bug of a code transformer. We also demonstrate the scalability of LCV and a real-world case study with the controller of a quadrotor system.
Assessing an Interprofessional Polypharmacy and Deprescribing Educational Intervention for Primary Care Post-graduate Trainees: a Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation.

Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are increasingly common and associated with adverse health effects. However, post-graduate education in polypharmacy and complex medication management for older adults remain limited. The Initiative to Minimize Pharmaceutical Risk in Older Veterans (IMPROVE) polypharmacy clinic was created to provide a platform for teaching internal medicine (IM) and nurse practitioner (NP) residents about outpatient medication management and deprescribing for older adults. We aimed to assess residents’ knowledge of polypharmacy and perceptions of this interprofessional education intervention. A prospective cohort study with an internal comparison group. IM residents and NP residents; Veterans ≥ 65 years and taking ≥ 10 medications. IMPROVE consists of a pre-clinic conference, shared medical appointment, individual appointment, and interprofessional precepting model. We assessed residents’ performance on a pre-post knowledge test, residents’ qualitative assessment of the educational impact of IMPROVE, and the number and type of medications discontinued or decreased. The IMPROVE intervention group (n = 18) had a significantly greater improvement in test scores than the control group (n = 18) (14% ± 15% versus − 1.3% ± 16%) over a period of 6 months (Wilcoxon rank sum, p = 0.019). In focus groups, residents (n = 17) reported perceived improvements in knowledge and skills, noting that the experience changed their practice in other clinical settings. In addition, residents valued the unique interprofessional experience. Veterans (n = 71) had a median of 15 medications (IQR 12–19), and a median of 2 medications (IQR 1–3) was discontinued. Vitamins, supplements, and cardiovascular medications were the most commonly discontinued medications, and cardiovascular medications were the most commonly decreased in dose or frequency. Overall, IMPROVE is an effective model of post-graduate primary care training in complex medication management and deprescribing that improves residents’ knowledge and skills, and is perceived by residents to influence their practice outside the program.
On the Origin, Proliferation and Tone of Fake News

Since the advent of social media, we have turned towards consuming news from stand-alone websites to popular social media sites (i.e. Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, etc.); we have noticed a growing number of fake news articles spread across the internet. Existing methods for fake news detection mainly focus on natural language processing and machine learning models to analyze the legitimacy of the news content in order to detect whether it is legit or fake. Currently, there are not many approaches aimed at testing, validating, and ideally refining the findings from traditional fake news detection literature as obtained via surveys and understanding how fake news originate and spread in first place. This paper presents three crucial hypotheses studies that are derived from analyses like, 1) media outlets that publish fake news (origin), 2) social media users who post or share fake news (proliferation), and 3) linguistic (tone) in which fake news are written. The hypotheses are tested on two real-world datasets and results are provided. We envision that this study paves the way to design and develop new multifarious fusion models to detect fake news.
An aberrant bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) with multiple anatomical abnormalities

Genetic abnormalities, especially polydactyly, are quite common among birds. Although there are numerous accounts of anatomically abnormal birds with polydactyly, few written anatomical descriptions have elucidated whether or not these physical aberrations extend to the musculoskeletal structure of the feet. Here, we present the findings of a dissection of a 14-week old female bald eagle that exhibited polydactyly and numerous other aberrations and discuss the functional impact these aberrations would cause. The specimen displayed a myriad of feather anomalies including missing feathers (i.e., had never grown in), ingrown feathers, stress bars, and most strikingly, bifurcated feathers wherein two feathers were seen to grow out of one rachis. Further, an extra, anomalous tendon was observed stemming from the tendinous origin of the m. extensor carpi radialis. The carpometacarpi were unable to reach full extension, stopping at less than 140o, and had phalanges bent downward at 45o. This mobility is limited in comparison to that of a normal bird. Most notably, the specimen exhibited polydactyly with one extra hallux on each foot. Several tendons of the left foot were seen to have aberrant connections as well.
The Leray transform: Factorization, dual CR structures, and model hypersurfaces in CP2

Abstract We compute the exact norms of the Leray transforms for a family S β of unbounded hypersurfaces in two complex dimensions. The S β generalize the Heisenberg group, and provide local projective approximations to any smooth, strongly C -convex hypersurface S to two orders of tangency. This work is then examined in the context of projective dual CR-structures and the corresponding pair of canonical dual Hardy spaces associated to S , leading to a universal description of the Leray transform and a factorization of the transform through orthogonal projection onto the conjugate dual Hardy space.