cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pincer ligand coordination at Co3 and Ru6 clusters: Syntheses, reactivity studies, and X-ray diffraction structures of [PhCCo3(CO)8]2(dppx) and [Ru6(μ6-C)(CO)16]2(dppx)

The reaction of the pincer diphosphine ligand 4,6-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-m-xylene (dppx) with the metal cluster compounds PhCCo3(CO)9 and Ru6(μ6-C)(CO)17 has been explored. Both clusters react with dppx to afford the simple substitution products [PhCCo3(CO)8]2(dppx) and [Ru6(μ6-C)(CO)16]2(dppx), where two cluster units are tethered by the pincer ligand. The molecular structures of the title products and the 2:1 cluster-pincer ligand stoichiometry have been established by X-ray crystallography. The stability of [PhCCo3(CO)8]2(dppx) and [Ru6(μ6-C)(CO)16]2(dppx) has been investigated under gentle thermolysis conditions (ca. 55–65°C). Both dppx-substituted clusters are unstable with [PhCCo3(CO)8]2(dppx) decomposing and [Ru6(μ6-C)(CO)16]2(dppx) transforming into the diphosphine-bridged cluster Ru6(μ6-C)(CO)15(μ-dppx) as the major observable product. The identity of the latter cluster has been ascertained by IR and NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry.
Activity Induced Changes in the Distribution of Shanks at Hippocampal Synapses

Dendritic spines contain a family of abundant scaffolding proteins known as Shanks, but little is known about how their distributions might change during synaptic activity. Here, pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy is used to localize Shanks in synapses from cultured hippocampal neurons. We find that Shanks are preferentially located at postsynaptic densities (PSDs) as well as in a filamentous network near the PSD, extending up to 120 nm from the postsynaptic membrane. Application of sub-type specific antibodies shows that Shank2 is typically concentrated at and near PSDs while Shank1 is, in addition, distributed throughout the spine head. Depolarization with high K+ for 2 min causes transient, reversible translocation of Shanks towards the PSD that is dependent on extracellular Ca2+. The amount of activity-induced redistribution and subsequent recovery is pronounced for Shank1 but less so for Shank2. Thus, Shank1 appears to be a dynamic element within the spine, whose translocation could be involved in activity-induced, transient structural changes, while Shank2 appears to be a more stable element positioned at the interface of the PSD with the spine cytoplasm.
Parenthood, Stress, and Mental Health in Late Midlife and Early Old Age

Using 2 waves of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, I examine psychological consequences of potentially stressful, non-normative, or "off-time" aspects of the parental role in late midlife and early old age, including coresidence with adult children, stepparenthood, and parental bereavement. Additionally, I analyze gender differences in psychological implications of these characteristics of parenthood. Findings from random-effects pooled time-series models indicate that having stepchildren is unrelated to older parents' mental health. Moreover, the psychological consequences of step-parenthood do not depend on parental gender or the quality of parent-child relationships. Conversely, having at least 1 coresidential adult child of post-college age decreases psychological well-being among mothers but not among fathers. Death of a child has a detrimental effect on parents' mental health; yet, fathers are affected more adversely than mothers. The findings are interpreted with respect to family stress, parental role, and gendered role perspectives. Distinct experiences of this cohort of mothers and fathers are discussed.
Multivariate prognostic model for patients with thick cutaneous melanoma: importance of sentinel lymph node status.

Background The overall prognosis of patients with thick cutaneous melanoma (TCM) is generally thought to be poor. Surgically staging these patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy remains controversial. This study was performed to determine whether SLN status improved our ability to predict outcome over other known prognostic factors and to develop a model incorporating independent prognostic factors to estimate the risk of recurrence for an individual patient.
Reflectivity and emissivity modeling for metals and plastics at THz frequencies

The dynamic range of the signal return from metals is a significant source of image interpretation difficulty. Techniques such as logarithmic image compression have been used to improve the recognition. Alternative techniques for improvement may be developed. This development depends in part on the ability to accurately model the surface reflective behavior including phase shifts introduced by the reflection. This work presents the results of an enhanced model development. Models of high frequency behavior in materials divide into regions such as non-relaxation region, relaxation region, optical absorption and plasma frequencies. In traditional infrared and longer wavelength imaging systems, optical absorption may play a role and it is generally assumed that the system operates in or very near the relaxation region defined as frequencies significantly greater than the reciprocal of the Boltzmann relaxation time. Though typical THz frequencies are below the relaxation time, they are not far enough below to be considered completely in the non-relaxation region. This introduces a number of issues atypical of imaging in either the RF or IR regime. Further realism is gained from the incorporation of plastic into the reflectivity and emissivity model. Empirical model validation is accomplished for selected materials.
Once a princess, always a princess: A strategy for therapy with families of rape victims

Reconstitutive interventions for victims of rape involve more than discussion of cognitive and emotional responses to the traumatic events of the rape and the post-traumatic anxiety and depression. Many victims and families of victims are not able to reconstruct a supportive functional system after they have been violated by rape. This paper presents a strategic ritual which can be used with the raped family to facilitate this reorganization and restitution of their integrity. Through the use of a short metaphorical story and symbolic ritual, each individual member and the family as a whole can experience, reexperience, and redecide how they will respond to this traumatic event through open expression of their emotions and responses. Reintegration of their responses and shared life crisis enable them to respond to one another in ways not open to them previously.
An Upper Limit on Neutral Calcium in Mercury's Atmosphere

Abstract High-resolution spectroscopic measurements of Mercury were made at 4227 A to search for neutral calcium in the atmosphere An upper limit to the intensity is 9.0 kR; the corresponding Ca column abundance is 8 atoms cm -2 with a Ca/Na ratio of
Looking for justice in all the wrong places: On a communication approach to social justice

(1996). Looking for justice in all the wrong places: On a communication approach to social justice. Communication Studies: Vol. 47, No. 1-2, pp. 110-127.
Multidimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of a Peptide NH···O Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond

Stimulated three pulse photon echoes and heterodyned 2D-IR echoes of acetylproline-NHMe in CHCl3 are reported. Multidimensional IR spectroscopy clearly shows the potential to disentangle congested spectra by spreading them into two dimensions and expose multiple structures.
Criteria for comparing the adaptability of forest growth models

We develop criteria that assess the adaptability of forest growth simulation models for extension into new populations and applications. The most important criteria summarize the infrastructure of the model: portability, extendibility, source code availability, and adequate documentation. We apply these criteria to a suite of stand growth models for simulation of a wide range of management alternatives in the Pacific Northwest. None of the candidate models is fully adaptable, but the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) came closest.
Interactions between fungal growth, substrate utilization and enzyme production during shallow stationary cultivation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on cotton stalks.

Abstract Microbial pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks is an environment friendly alternative to physio-chemical pretreatment methods. A better understanding of the interactive fungal mechanisms in biological systems is essential for enhancing performance and facilitating scale-up and commercialization of this pretreatment technique. In this study, mathematical models were developed for describing cellulose and hemicellulose consumption, lignin degradation, cellulase and ligninolytic enzyme production and oxygen uptake associated with the growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium during a 14-day shallow stationary submerged fungal pretreatment process on cotton stalks. Model parameters were estimated and validated by Statistics Toolbox in MatLab 7.1. Models yielded sufficiently accurate predictions for cellulose and hemicellulose consumption ( R 2 = 0.9772 and 0.9837), lignin degradation ( R 2 = 0.9879 and 0.8682) and ligninolytic enzyme production ( R 2 = 0. 8135 and 0.9693) under both 1-day and 3-day oxygen flushing conditions, respectively. The predictabilities for fungal growth ( R 2 = 0.6397 and 0.5750) and cellulase production ( R 2 = 0.0307 and 0.3046) for 1-day and 3-day oxygen flushing, respectively, and oxygen uptake ( R 2 = 0.5435) for 3-day oxygen flushing were limited.
Smoking status and risk for recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction.

In patients who had myocardial infarction, smoking was associated with an elevated risk for recurrent coronary events. In persons who quit smoking after infarction, the risk declined to equal that ...
Scenarios in practice

This one-day workshop focuses on how scenarios are being used in industrial projects effectively and efficiently. The scope includes the overlapping concerns of: (1) deployment (2) method integration (3) craft and quality, and (4) tailing to various project contexts.
Crystal structure of an intermediate of rotating dimers within the synaptic tetramer of the G-segment invertase

The serine family of site-specific DNA recombination enzymes accomplishes strand cleavage, exchange and religation using a synaptic protein tetramer. A double-strand break intermediate in which each protein subunit is covalently linked to the target DNA substrate ensures that the recombination event will not damage the DNA. The previous structure of a tetrameric synaptic complex of γδ resolvase linked to two cleaved DNA strands had suggested a rotational mechanism of recombination in which one dimer rotates 180° about the flat exchange interface for strand exchange. Here, we report the crystal structure of a synaptic tetramer of an unliganded activated mutant (M114V) of the G-segment invertase (Gin) in which one dimer half is rotated by 26° or 154° relative to the other dimer when compared with the dimers in the synaptic complex of γδ resolvase. Modeling shows that this rotational orientation of Gin is not compatible with its being able to bind uncleaved DNA, implying that this structure represents an intermediate in the process of strand exchange. Thus, our structure provides direct evidence for the proposed rotational mechanism of site-specific recombination.
Some (n, p) cross-sections of 46Ti, 47Ti and 48Ti

Abstract Activation techniques have been used to measure the ( n, p ) cross-sections of 46 Ti, 47 Ti and 48 Ti relative to the known cross-section for the 27 Al( n, p ) 27 Mg reaction. The measured cross-sections and the incident neutron energies were: 149 mb at 6·1 MeV, 106 mb at 5·0 MeV and 46 mb at 4·1 MeV for 46 Ti; 135 mb at 6·1 MeV, 93 mb at 5·0 MeV, 86 mb at 4·1 MeV and 68 mb at 3·4 MeV for 47 Ti, and 2·4 mb at 6·1 MeV for 48 Ti.
Ambiguities about realism and utterly distinct objects

Some recent attempts to refute contemporary antirealism are puzzling in at least two important respects: Firstly, it is puzzling how philoso? phers who represent opposite sides of the realist-antirealist debate as this pertains to recent semantic theory, can both be attacked as antirealists and moreover, be attacked on fairly analogous grounds. Thus, we find Michael Devitt, in his 'Dummett's Anti-Realism' offering a refutation of Dummett; and we find Crawford Elder, in his 'The Case Against Irrealism' attacking philosophers like Quine and Davidson as irrealists or antirealists.1 This first puzzle can be cleared up by pointing to an often ignored ambiguity in the recent use of terms like 'realism' and 'antirealism'. But secondly, there is another puzzle having to do with the fact that some of these recent refutations of antirealism seem to succeed, if they succeed, only in virtue of another use or meaning for these terms-a use that seems quite irrelevant to the issues at hand. I think that this puzzle is more serious. Accordingly, I shall first discuss the current (and understandable) ambiguity in the use of terms like 'realism' and 'antirealism', and then address what I consider to be the illegitimate introduction of another meaning for these terms as this occurs, tacitly or otherwise, in some of the recent refutations of antirealism. The contemporary use of the term 'antirealism' is ambiguous-at least in the context of recent semantic theory. On the one hand, the term is associated with philosophers in the camp of Michael Dummett who apply the term primarily to their epistemic notion of truth and derivatively to a theory of meaning that explicates sentence meaning in terms of warranted assertibility or verificationist conditions. This is done in order to satisfy the constraint that any adequate theory must account for a speaker's acquisition and understanding of sentence meaning as this is manifested in publicly discernible speech dis? positions and linguistic usage. In this sense, antirealism is presumably opposed to 'realist' theories like Davidson's that explain sentence meaning in terms of unconstrained truth conditions and construe truth value as a non-epistemic feature of sentences for which the principle
Implementation and performance of an analog nonvolatile neural network

An integrated circuit implementation of a fully parallel analog artificial neural network is presented. We include details of the architecture, some of the important design considerations, a description of the circuits and finally actual performance data. The electrically trainable artificial neural network (ETANN) chip incorporates 64 analog neurons and 10,240 analog synapses and utilizes a 1-µm CMOS NVM process. The network calculates the dot product between a 64-element analog input vector and a 64 × 64 nonvolatile (EEPROM based) analog synaptic weight array. These calculations occur at a rate in excess of 1.3 billion interconnections per second. All elements of the computation are stored and calculated in the analog domain and strictly in parallel. A 2:1 input and neuron multiplex mode permits rates in excess of 2 billion interconnections per second and a single-chip effective network size of 64 inputs by 128 outputs. The ETANN incorporates differential signal techniques throughout for improved noise rejection. Current summing is employed for the sum of products calculations. The chip integrates approximately 400 op amps, including variable gain stages of from 20 to 54 dB. Inevitable component to component variations due to the use of minimum dimension elements are found not to be significant for operation in an adaptive environment.
A Conceptual Discussion and an Empirical Analysis of Commercial Land-Use Succession:

Land-use succession theory has been the most thinly developed area in the study of urban land economics. In this paper a brief review of the spotty development of the land-use succession concept is first offered, followed by a discussion of the economic arguments of commercial land-use succession and related problems in succession studies. Then, as an empirical analysis, commercial land use in downtown Denver from 1947 to 1971 is studied. Characteristics of succession are revealed first, by the description of succession by both first- and second-order probability transition matrices; and second, by an examination of the stability of succession via two different approaches. Not unexpectedly, one of the major characteristics found in the study area is the nonstationary process of land-use succession, cautioning against the danger of employing a transition matrix estimated from one time period to predict future land use.
Validity of the adiabatic nuclei theory for vibrational excitation of molecules by electron impact: The e - H 2 system

The widely used adiabatic nuclei approximation of electron-molecule scattering is shown to introduce serious errors into near-threshold e-H/sub 2/ vibrational-excitation cross sections. An alternative method, in which only the rotational motion of the nuclei is treated adiabatically, provides a computationally tractable procedure that yields highly accurate differential and integral cross sections.
Does pollination limit tolerance to browsing in Ipomopsis aggregata

Ungulate browsing of flowering stalks of the semelparous herb Ipomopsis aggregata leads to regrowth of lateral inflorescences, a response that has been reported to yield overcompensation in some cases (browsed plants with higher reproductive success than unbrowsed), but undercompensation in others. Little is known about the mechanisms that cause such variable tolerance to herbivory. We explored one possible mechanism--variation in effects of browsing on pollination--by clipping I. aggregata inflorescences to mimic browsing, observing subsequent visits by pollinators and nectar-robbers, and adding pollen by hand to flowers of some clipped and unclipped plants. Clipping reduced floral display size and increased inflorescence branching, but neither hummingbirds, the primary pollinators, nor nectar-robbing bumblebees showed any preference for unclipped versus clipped plants. Clipping delayed flowering; this shift in phenology caused clipped plants to miss the peak of hummingbird activity and to have lower per-flower visitation rates than unclipped controls in one year, but to have greater overlap with birds and higher visitation rates in the subsequent year. In three sites and 2 years, clipped plants exposed to natural pollination suffered extreme undercompensation, producing on average only 16% as many seeds as unclipped controls. This was not directly attributable to clipping effects on pollination, however, because clipped plants were unable to increase fecundity when provided with supplemental pollen by hand. Taken altogether, our results suggest that compensation was constrained less by indirect effects of browsing on pollination than by its direct impacts on resource availability and hence on the ability of plants to regrow lost inflorescence tissue and to fill seeds. Exploring the physiological and developmental processes involved in regrowth of inflorescences and provisioning of seeds is a promising future direction for research designed to understand variation in browsing tolerance.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae in hamster tracheal organ culture: immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies.

SummaryThese studies illustrate the applicability of a tracheal organ culture system for the study of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection at the cellular level. The results of immunofluorescence and electron microscopy indicate an intimate association of M. pneumoniae and the ciliated epithelial cell membrane. While M. pneumoniae appeared able to break down terminal bars and enter the intercellular spaces no evidence of intracellular localization was seen. These findings provide additional insight into the pathogenicity of M. pneumoniae.
Harvesting and Processing Zooplankton for Use as Supplemental Channel Catfish Fry Feed

Abstract We present the methods that we used to capture and dry large zooplankton from ponds to feed to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fry. Using a submersible pump and canister filter, we were able to capture about 1.0 kg (wet weight; 200 g in terms of dry weight) of zooplankton from well-fertilized ponds over 24-h trapping periods. This was a practical method for obtaining the large zooplankton that catfish fry prefer. Fish culturists may be able to use this method to harvest zooplankton throughout the year and store dried zooplankton for the hatchery season. The drying process may also be useful for processing and storing small zooplankton for the culture of other species of fish. The cost was about US$200 for the submersible pump, $200 for the canister and filter, and $40 for the food dehydrator.
Electrochemical Detection of Nanoscale Phase Separation in Binary Self-Assembled Monolayers

Developing methods to probe the nature and structure of nanoscale environments continues to be a challenge in nanoscience. We report a cyclic voltammetry investigation of the internal, hydrogen-bond-driven phase separation of amide-containing thiols and alkanethiols. Amide-containing thiols with a terminal ferrocene carboxylate functional group were investigated in two binary monolayers, one homogeneously mixed and the other phase separated. The electrochemical response of the ferrocene probe was used to monitor adsorbate coverage, environment, and phase separation within each of these monolayers. The results demonstrate that the behavior of ferrocene-containing monolayers can be used to probe nanoscale organization.
Effect of Vitamin A Deficiency on 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity and Corticosterone in the Rat Adrenal

Vitamin A deficiency in male rats had no effect on 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity or corticosterone concentration in the adrenal gland. Plasma concentrations of corticosterone were lowered little if at all by the deficiency. ACTH stimulation elevated plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels to a comparable extent in both control and deficient rats. These findings are contrary to the claim that vitamin A is required for synthesis of corticosterone in the adrenal gland of the male rat. (Endocrinology 86: 693, 1970)
Synthesis and stereochemical assignment of endo‐7‐phenyl‐2,5‐dioxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

The synthesis and stereochemical assignment of exo-7-phenyl-2,5-dioxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane is reported. The stereochemical assignment was made based on data obtained from variable temperature nmr spectra.
The emergence of time's arrows and special science laws from physics

In this paper, I will argue that there is an important connection between two questions concerning how certain features of the macro world emerge from the laws and processes of fundamental microphysics and suggest an approach to answering these questions. The approach involves a kind of emergence but quite different from ‘top-down’ emergence discussed at the conference, for which an earlier version of this paper was written. The two questions are (i) How do ‘the arrows of time’ emerge from microphysics? (ii) How do macroscopic special science laws and causation emerge from microphysics? Answering these questions is especially urgent for those, who like myself, think that a certain version of physicalism, which I call ‘micro-physical completeness’ (MC), is true. According to MC, there are fundamental dynamical laws that completely govern (deterministically or probabilistically), the evolution of all micro-physical events and there are no additional ontologically independent dynamical or causal special science laws. In other words, there is no ontologically independent ‘top-down’ causation. Of course, MC does not imply that physicists now or ever will know or propose the complete laws of physics. Or even if the complete laws were known we would know how special science properties and laws reduce to laws and properties of fundamental physics. Rather, MC is a contingent metaphysical claim about the laws of our world. After a discussion of the two questions, I will argue the key to showing how it is possible for the arrows of time and the special science laws to emerge from microphysics and a certain account of how thermodynamics is related to fundamental dynamical laws.
Mass asymmetric fission barriers for 75Br

Fragments with atomic numbers covering nearly the entire range of the mass-asymmetry coordinate (4 < Z < 27) were observed from the 5.0, 6.2, 6.9, 8.0, 10.2 and 12.7 MeV/A 63Cu + 12C reactions. Energy spectra and angular distributions show the presence of projectile-like and target-like components along with an isotropic component. The isotropic component appears as a Coulomb ring in the invariant cross-section plots indicating the presence of a binary compound nucleus decay which is confirmed by the coincidence data. Excitation functions were constructed for each Z value and a nearly complete set of mass-asymmetric barriers has been extracted for 75Br. There is excellent agreement between the experimentally determined barriers and the finite-range model predictions.
Robust DOA Estimation: The Reiterative Superresolution (RISR) Algorithm

A new approach for spatial direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation, denoted as re-iterative superresolution (RISR), is developed based upon a recursive implementation of the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) framework. This recursive strategy alternates between updating an MMSE filter bank according to the previous receive spatial power distribution and then subsequently applying the new filter bank to the received data snapshots to obtain a new estimate of the receive spatial power distribution. Benefits of this approach include robustness to coherent sources such as can occur in multipath environments, operation with very low sample support to enable "tracking" of sources with rapidly changing DOA (e.g., bistatic pulse chasing), intrinsic determination of model order, and robustness to array modeling errors by exploiting approximate knowledge of array calibration tolerances. From an implementation perspective RISR belongs to a class of recursive algorithms that includes Interior Point methods, the minimum-norm-based FoCal underdetermined system solver (FOCUSS) algorithm, and the iterative reweighted least squares (IRLS) algorithm. However, the structure of RISR also enables the natural inclusion of spatial noise covariance information as well as a mechanism to account for array modeling errors which are known to induce degradation for existing superresolution methods. The inclusion of the latter is also found to facilitate an adaptive form of regularization that establishes a feasible (given model uncertainties) dynamic range for source estimates.
Gene expression profiling leads to identification of GLI1-binding elements in target genes and a role for multiple downstream pathways in GLI1-induced cell transformation

The zinc finger transcription factor GLI1, which mediates Sonic hedgehog signaling during development, is expressed in several human cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, and sarcomas. We identified 147 genes whose levels of expression were significantly altered in RNA obtained from cells demonstrating a transformed phenotype with stable GLI1 expression or stable Ha-ras expression. Comparison of expression profiles from GLI1- and Ha-ras-expressing cells established a set of genes unique to GLI1-induced cell transformation. Thirty genes were altered by stable GLI1 expression, and 124 genes were changed by stable Ha-ras expression. Seven genes had altered expression levels in both GLI1- and Ha-ras-expressing cells. Genes whose expression was altered by GLI1 included cell cycle genes, cell adhesion genes, signal transduction genes, and genes regulating apoptosis. GLI1 consensus DNA-binding sequences were identified in the 5' regions of cyclin D2, IGFBP-6, osteopontin, and plakoglobin, suggesting that these genes represent immediate downstream targets. Gel shift analysis confirmed the ability of the GLI1 protein to bind these sequences. Up-regulation of cyclin D2 and down-regulation of plakoglobin were demonstrated in GLI1-amplified compared with non-amplified human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Many of the GLI1 targets with known function identified in this study increase cell proliferation, indicating that GLI1-induced cell transformation occurs through multiple downstream pathways.
Powerful environmentalisms: conservation, celebrity and capitalism:

can be found at: Media, Culture & Society Additional services and information for http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Email Alerts: http://mcs.sagepub.com/subscriptions Subscriptions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Permissions: http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/30/4/551 SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): (this article cites 28 articles hosted on the Citations
Characterization of Hamster Recombinant Monomorphic and Polymorphic Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases: Bioactivation and Mechanism-based Inactivation Studies with n-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene

The purified hamster recombinant arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs), rNAT1-9 and rNAT2-70D, were characterized for their capabilities to bioactivate N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) to DNA binding reactants and for their relative susceptibilities to mechanism-based inactivation by N-OH-AAF. The rate of DNA adduct formation resulting from rNAT1-9 bioactivation of [14C]N-OH-AAF was more than 30 times greater than that of rNAT2-70D-catalyzed bioactivation of [14C]N-OH-AAF. This result is consistent with substrate specificity data indicating that N-OH-AAF is a much better acetyl donor for hamster NAT1 than NAT2. Previous studies indicated that N-OH-AAF is a mechanism-based inactivator of hamster and rat NAT1. In the presence of N-OH-AAF, both rNAT1-9 and rNAT2-70D underwent irreversible, time-dependent inactivation that exhibited pseudo first-order kinetics and was saturable at higher N-OH-AAF concentrations. The enzymes were partially protected from inactivation by the presence of cofactor and substrates. The limiting rate constants (ki) and dissociation constants (Ki) for inactivation by N-OH-AAF were determined. The second-order rate constants (ki/KI) were 22.1 min-1 mM-1 for rNAT1-9 and 1.0 min-l mM-1 for rNAT2-70D, indicating that rNAT1-9 is approximately 20 times more susceptible than rNAT2-70D to inactivation by N-OH-AAF. The kinetic parameters for rNAT1-9 were nearly identical to values previously reported for partially purified hamster NAT1. Partition ratios were 504 for inactivation of rNAT1-9 by N-OH-AAF and 137 for inactivation of rNAT2-70D. Thus, a turnover of almost 4 times as many N-OH-AAF molecules is required to inactivate each molecule of rNAT1-9 than is needed to inactivate rNAT2-70D. The partition ratio data are consistent with the finding that rNAT1-9 catalyzes a higher rate of DNA adduct formation by N-OH-AAF than rNAT2-70D. The combined results indicate that the recombinant enzymes are catalytically and functionally identical to hamster NATs and, therefore, will be a useful resource for studies requiring purified NATs.
Anion Effects on Sodium Ion and Acid Molecule Adduction to Protein Ions in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Gaseous protein–metal ion and protein–molecule complexes can be readily formed by electrospray ionization (ESI) from aqueous solutions containing proteins and millimolar concentrations of sodium salts of various anions. The extent of sodium and acid molecule adduction to multiply charged protein ions is inversely related and depends strongly on the proton affinity (PA) of the anion, with extensive sodium adduction occurring for anions with PA values greater than ~300 kcal·mol–1 and extensive acid molecule adduction occurring for anions with PA values less than 315 kcal·mol–1. The role of the anion on the extent of sodium and acid molecule adduction does not directly follow the Hofmeister series, suggesting that direct protein–ion interactions may not play a significant role in the observed effect of anions on protein structure in solution. These results indicate that salts with anions that have low PA values may be useful solution-phase additives to minimize nonspecific metal ion adduction in ESI experiments designed to identify specific protein-metal ion interactions.
Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients 80 Years or Older

We evaluated all revisions performed from March 1996 to December 2008 and compared complications, mortality, and clinical outcomes between patients 80 years and older and patients younger than 80 years. Data were collected prospectively. There were 325 revisions, 84 (25.8%) in patients 80 years and older and 241 in patients younger than 80 years (62% revision for aseptic loosening in both groups). The mean follow-up was 4.3 years. The results, 80 years and older vs younger than 80 years, revealed the following: mortality, 5% vs 0% 3 months postoperatively; medical complications in 23.8% vs 6.2%; postoperative fractures, 9.5% vs 2.5%; and improved Merle d'Aubigne scores from 9.6 to 13.0 vs 10.4 to 14.3. Revision total hip arthroplasty in patients 80 years and older was associated with substantial clinical improvement and patient satisfaction. However, medical complications and 90-day mortality were higher, and postoperative fractures occurred more frequently.
Further Reflections on Southern Politics

A southern political scientist visiting with colleagues outside the region will eventually have put to him such questions as "Will the southern strategy succeed?" or "When will the South have a two-party system along the lines of the national model?" One tactic is to parry these questions by insisting on definitions of the terms "southern strategy" arid "two-party system." An alternative tactic is to observe that Republican strategists are only belatedly trying to capitalize on a development that has been going on for many years. This development, the disintegration of southern solidarity, has resulted not only from massive economic changes within the South but also from the changed position of the South within the Democratic party. The New Deal made the Democratic party the nation's normal majority party and weakened the South's position within the party. Democratic policy aimed at benefiting groups in those sections of the nation where elections were decided. Although much New Deal-Fair Deal policy was highly beneficial to the South, it also had the effect of creating two streams of discontent-racial and economic. The first stream of discontent to manifest itself was opposition to the civil-rights proposals of the Truman administration. Blacks had been late converts to the Democratic party, but the northward migration of thousands of southern Negroes during the Second World War had made them a force to be reckoned with in presidential politics. In early 1948, Truman proposed that Congress legislate under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments in the fashion intended by their framers, namely, to give national protection to the civil and political rights of blacks. This was treason in much of the white South. The whole purpose of southern solidarity was to keep the legal control of race relations on a state level and to prevent the national government from using its constitutional powers in this area. Although the proposals never got out of committee, the threat
An adaptive multiband clutter polarization canceler

Polarization diversity can be used in the adaptive polarimetric radar system to improve detection performance for slowly or tangentially moving targets, which typically go undetected when only Doppler processing is used. Previous work in this area has shown that with the adaptive single band polarization canceler (ASBPC) the target signal cancellation is a serious problem. The authors propose an adaptive multiband polarization canceler (AMBPC) as a solution. The key idea is based on the variability of clutter polarization, relative to that of the target, as a function of radar frequency. The AMBPC-based detector is shown to significantly outperform the corresponding ASBPC under the toughest system constraint. The total gain of the AMBPC over the ASBPC is attributed to the combination of the signal cancellation reduction, better adaptation, and a fluctuation reduction of the degree of target polarization, in addition to the well-known target amplitude fluctuation reduction. >
Yoga in the Management of Overweight and Obesity

Although yoga may help manage conditions comorbid with overweight and obesity, such as low back pain, whether yoga helps with weight loss or maintenance beyond that which can be achieved with diet and exercise remains unclear. A search of multiple databases through September 2012 was undertaken identifying peer-reviewed studies on yoga, meditation, mindfulness, obesity, and overweight. Studies on yoga and weight loss are challenged by small sample sizes, short durations, and lack of control groups. In addition, there is little consistency in terms of duration of formal group yoga practice sessions, duration of informal practices at home, and frequency of both. Studies do however suggest that yoga may be associated with weight loss or maintenance. Mechanisms by which yoga may assist with weight loss or maintenance include the following: (a) energy expenditure during yoga sessions; (b) allowing for additional exercise outside yoga sessions by reducing back and joint pain; (c) heightening mindfulness, improv...
Optimal Sampling Laws for Stochastically Constrained Simulation Optimization on Finite Sets

Consider the context of selecting an optimal system from among a finite set of competing systems, based on a “stochastic” objective function and subject to multiple “stochastic” constraints. In this context, we characterize the asymptotically optimal sample allocation that maximizes the rate at which the probability of false selection tends to zero. Since the optimal allocation is the result of a concave maximization problem, its solution is particularly easy to obtain in contexts where the underlying distributions are known or can be assumed. We provide a consistent estimator for the optimal allocation and a corresponding sequential algorithm fit for implementation. Various numerical examples demonstrate how the proposed allocation differs from competing algorithms.
Gated SPECT quantification for myocardial thickness, left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: methodology and phantom validation

We present a novel counts- and geometry-based method for gated single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) quantification to assess myocardial thickness, left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF). A median search approach and integrated counts strategy were used to determine the endo- and epi-cardial boundaries of the LV. The method was validated using 6 cardiac phantoms with a wide range of wall thicknesses from 6 mm to 16 mm and LV volumes from 33 mL to 128 mL. Tc-99m radioactive isotope with a concentration of 2.5 /spl mu/Ci/mL was injected into the phantoms to simulate normal myocardial perfusion. Two solid plastic inserts were placed in the simulated myocardium of phantoms to mimic dense perfusion defect. Phantom was submerged into a cylindrical tank filled with water to simulate photon attenuation of the human body. A total of 72 image acquisitions were acquired. Images were reconstructed, filtered, reorientated, aligned and computer animated to generate an 11-bin image sequence of simulated gated SPECT. Phantom wall thickness, volumes, and ejection fraction were calculated from the simulated gated SPECT. Correlations between SPECT quantified and actual values of thickness, volume and ejection fraction simulated by the phantoms were excellent. The quantitative results were not significantly affected by the dense perfusion defects simulated. In conclusion, the method developed is feasible to detect the LV boundaries and allows for precise estimation of myocardial thickness, LV volumes and ejection fraction as simulated by phantoms. Further patient validation for the method is warranted for clinical application.
Cross‐Language Predictors of Consonant‐Vowel Syllables

In this paper we discuss cross-language findings that open up a new window onto language-culture relationships. The languages of the world vary considerably in the degree to which the syllables of a word are consonant-vowel (CV) in form. A previous cross-cultural study (Munroe et al. 1996) found that CV score (the percentage of CV syllables in the average word) can vary across languages from less than 20% to more than 80%. That study described theory and evidence linking high percentages of CV syllables to warmer climates and the absence of literacy. The theory and evidence offered here suggests that another factor—degree of baby-holding—is more predictive of CV scores than either climate or literacy. Mean number of syllables per word is also a predictor of CV scores. Other possible predictors that could be tested experimentally and otherwise are discussed, [cross-cultural, cross-language, morphology, syllables, baby-holding]
Measurement of the local Jahn-Teller distortion in LaMnO 3.006

The atomic pair distribution function (PDF) of stoichiometric LaMnO{sub 3} has been measured. This has been fit with a structural model to extract the {ital local} Jahn-Teller distortion for an ideal Mn{sup 3+}O{sub 6} octahedron. These results are compared to Rietveld refinements of the same data which give the {ital average} structure. Since the {ital local} structure is being measured in the PDF there is no assumption of long-range orbital order and the real, local, Jahn-Teller distortion is measured directly. We find good agreement both with published crystallographic results and our own Rietveld refinements suggesting that in an accurately stoichiometric material there is long-range orbital order as expected. The local Jahn-Teller distortion has two short, two medium, and two long bonds. This implies that there is some mixing of the d{sub 3z{sup 2}{minus}r{sup 2}} and d{sub x{sup 2}{minus}y{sup 2}} states and the occupied state is not pure d{sub 3z{sup 2}{minus}r{sup 2}} symmetry. The Debye temperature of the Mn and O ions has also been calculated as {Theta}{sub D}(Mn)=1000{plus_minus}100hK, {Theta}{sub D}(O{sub apical})=980{plus_minus}30hK, and {Theta}{sub D}(O{sub basal})=601{plus_minus}8hK. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Flow control with noncircular jets

Noncircular jets have been the topic of extensive research in the last fifteen years. These jets were identified as an efficient technique of passive flow control that allows significant improvements of performance in various practical systems at a relatively low cost because noncircular jets rely solely on changes in the geometry of the nozzle. The applications of noncircular jets discussed in this review include improved large- and small-scale mixing in low- and high-speed flows, and enhanced combustor performance, by improving combustion efficiency, reducing combustion instabilities and undesired emissions. Additional applications include noise suppression, heat transfer, and thrust vector control (TVC). The flow patterns associated with noncircular jets involve mechanisms of vortex evolution and interaction, flow instabilities, and fine-scale turbulence augmentation. Stability theory identified the effects of initial momentum thickness distribution, aspect ratio, and radius of curvature on the initial flow evolution. Experiments revealed complex vortex evolution and interaction related to selfinduction and interaction between azimuthal and axial vortices, which lead to axis switching in the mean flow field. Numerical simulations described the details and clarified mechanisms of vorticity dynamics and effects of heat release and reaction on noncircular jet behavior.
Erratum to Noise Levels on Plate Boundary Observatory Borehole Strainmeters in Southern California

In Barbour and Agnew (2011), Figure 2a is incorrect. The corrected figure is presented here, and it has been incorporated into the online edition of the paper. The production …
An Evaluation of a Drop Distribution-Based Polarimetric Radar Rainfall Estimator

A method for estimating the governing parameters of gamma drop size distributions (DSDs) and associated rainfall rates from polarimetric radar measurements at the S band is examined. The technique uses radar reflectivity at horizontal polarization, differential reflectivity, and an empirical constraining relationship between the DSD shape factor and slope parameter. Retrieved DSD parameters show good agreement with disdrometer observations. Retrieved rainfall estimates are insensitive to drop climatological regime. Comparison with fixed-form powerlaw estimators reveals that the constrained-gamma method outperforms reflectivity estimators and is roughly equivalent to radar reflectivity‐differential reflectivity estimators optimized for local DSDs.
Long-term fragmentation effects on the distribution and dynamics of canopy gaps in a tropical montane forest

Fragmentation alters forest canopy structure through various mechanisms, which in turn drive subsequent changes to biogeochemical processes and biological diversity. Using repeated airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) mappings, we investigated the size distribution and dynamics of forest canopy gaps across a topical montane forest landscape in Hawaii naturally fragmented by lava >100 yr ago. The combined effects of long-term isolation were evaluated using edge-proximity patterns in the distribution of gaps identified in year 1 (“existing gaps”). In addition, using the data from year 2, we investigated patterns in the loss of canopy (“new gaps”) and regrowth of canopy (“filled gaps”). The size distributions of the three gap types were modelled using the power-law exponent, λ. We found that fragmentation has resulted in some large changes in gap dynamics, with both the total area of gaps and the relative proportion of large existing gaps increased with distance to fragment edge. In models of power-law distribution scaling, λ estimates decreased to asymptotic values within 20 m of fragment edges for existing gaps. The size distributions of new and filled gaps were surprisingly similar. However, the total area of filled gaps was less than that of new gaps, and this difference was greatest near fragment edges. From these results, we conclude that fragmentation may be capable of continuously altering gap-phase dynamics of a forest for more than a century.
Heterogeneous data fusion via space alignment using nonmetric multidimensional scaling

Heterogeneous data sets are typically represented in different feature spaces, making it difficult to analyze relationships spanning different data sets even when they are semantically related. Data fusion via space alignment can remedy this task by integrating multiple data sets lying in different spaces into one common space. Given a set of reference correspondence data that share the same semantic meaning across different spaces, space alignment attempts to place the corresponding reference data as close together as possible, and accordingly, the entire data are aligned in a common space. Space alignment involves optimizing two potentially conflicting criteria: minimum deformation of the original relationships and maximum alignment between the different spaces. To solve this problem, we provide a novel graph embedding framework for space alignment, which converts each data set into a graph and assigns zero distance between reference correspondence pairs resulting in a single graph. We propose a graph embedding method for fusion based on nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS). Its criteria using the rank order rather than the distance allows nonmetric MDS to effectively handle both deformation and alignment. Experiments using parallel data sets demonstrate that our approach works well in comparison to existing methods such as constrained Laplacian eigenmaps,more » Procrustes analysis, and tensor decomposition. We also present standard cross-domain information retrieval tests as well as interesting visualization examples using space alignment.« less