cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sniffing out patterns of sexual dimorphism in floral scent

Summary 1. A major transition in flowering plants has been the evolution of separate sexes (dioecy) from combined sexes (hermaphroditism). This transition is often, but not always, accompanied by the evolution of sexual dimorphism in attractive traits, and floral scent is no exception. 2. In this review I aim to improve our understanding of variation in sexual dimorphism in floral scent characteristics by first explicating the relevant hypotheses, and then deriving explicit predictions for the pattern of floral scent from each. 3. Next, I synthesize and qualitatively review published data on floral volatile emission rate and composition in 33 gender dimorphic species to identify emerging patterns, and evaluate these in light of predictions derived from the hypotheses. 4. Although conclusions must be viewed as preliminary, a handful of strong patterns were revealed: (1) in the majority of the species studied males emit more volatiles per flower than females, (2) in over half of the species studied the sexes differed in at least one aspect of scent composition, (3) sexual dimorphism in scent composition was less common in species with rewardless females and/or brood site pollination than those that offered nectar and/or pollen, (4) a one-to-one correspondence between sex differences in overall scent composition and male organ-specific scent production is largely not found. 5. This review has highlighted gaps in our understanding of the genesis of patterns of sexual dimorphism in floral scent, and makes clear that to move the field forward we need to shift our focus from pattern to process, and this will be best achieved by simultaneously testing alternative hypotheses at the same level of analysis.
Commentary on "total joint arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint for rheumatoid arthritis".

Despite extraordinary advances in medical therapy, many patients with rheumatoid arthritis experience degeneration of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), and the concept of a total joint arthroplasty for the DRUJ is appealing. This study reported impressive short-term results at an average follow-up of a little over 3 years. It is clear from this study that painwas improved in themajority of patients and that some elements of function were markedly improved. The question becomes, What is the advantage of this device? Pain relief from this procedure is exemplary, but so is pain relief and functional improvements from other DRUJ procedures, such as the Darrach distal ulnar resection and the SuaveKapandji procedure. There was no progression of ulnocarpal translocation in this arthroplasty group, but others have shown that ulnocarpal translation may be more related to disease progression andmay have less to do with biomechanical alterations following distal ulnar resection. Where will these arthroplasty patients be at 5 years, 10 years, and beyond, as their average age was 57 years? What will the pain scores and complication rate be at those junctures? Will this device be durable, and will the results surpass the results of alternative nonarthroplasty procedures? Moody’s Investor Services has reported that the cost of providing patient care in 2013 increased 5%, while health care revenue grew 4%. This is not sustainable long term. We must continue to ask
Tracking Tolerance—T Regulatory Type 1 Cell Markers Revealed

“With great power comes great responsibility.” Scientists have long sought to understand how Voltaire’s edict applies to the immune system. Unchecked, immune cells can run amuck, attacking the body’s own cells, leading to autoimmune disease. One mechanism with which the immune system behaves responsibly is through a group of suppressive immune cell types known collectively as regulatory T cells (Treg cells). Treg cells are crucial for the maintenance of self-tolerance, and different types of Treg cells have specialized functions. For example, type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) are able to kill myeloid antigen-presenting cells and also express high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). However, understanding the role of these potent anti-inflammatory cells has heretofore been hampered by the lack of phenotypic markers to count and track these cells in various experimental and clinical settings. In a recent edition of Nature Medicine , Gagliani and colleagues describe the phenotypic characterization of Tr1 cells using the cell-surface markers CD49b and LAG-3. They first performed gene expression profiling on T cell clones derived from human subjects so as to identify T cell markers differentially expressed in Tr1 compared with naive CD4+ T cells. Genes specific to the Tr1 clones included CD49b and LAG-3. Using flow cytometry of peripheral blood samples from humans and mice, these two markers were used to define a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells capable of high IL-10 expression and suppression of T cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, adoptive transfer of CD4+ CD49b+ LAG-3+ cells was sufficient for the suppression of autoimmune disease activity in vivo by using a mouse model of autoimmune colitis. Furthermore, increased percentages of memory CD4 cells coexpressing CD49b and LAG-3 were observed in patients with persistent mixed chimerism after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for β-thallassemia, suggesting that these markers may correlate with greater immune tolerance in humans. This study paves the way for additional study of Tr1 cells in a variety of clinical and experimental settings. Ultimately, this study may also make the isolation of these cells feasible, leading to novel lines of therapeutic investigation in transplantation, oncology, and autoimmune diseases. N. Gagliani et al. , Coexpression of CD49b and LAG-3 identifies human and mouse T regulatory type 1 cells. Nat Med 28 April 2013 (10.1038/nm.317) [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23624599
Fiber Optic Sensor Development for Real-Time In-Situ Epoxy Cure Monitoring:

Analysis of a new fiber optic sensor based on the principle of Fresnel reflection is presented in order to develop a robust, flexible, readily embedded, high sensitivity and low-cost cure monitoring tool for intelligent control of composite manufacturing. This approach is distinct from previous work on on-line in-situ monitoring sensors in that the transducer is simply the fiber optic/epoxy interface. This leads to a more simple, less intrusive, and lower cost sensing system. The response of the sensor is a function of the mismatch in refractive index between the fiber optic end/resin interface. The refractive index of the resin is a nonlinear function of the temperature and the cure reaction of the resin. The sensing system detects the mismatch in the refractive index and generates a characteristic profile that gives the chemorheological information about the curing resin. Under isothermal cure conditions, the effect of the temperature on the refractive index mismatch can be eliminated. In this situation...
Factors Influencing Parcelization in Amenity-Rich Rural Areas

The process of rural parcelization provides an ongoing challenge for planners targeting both habitat and farmland preservation. An understanding of which landscape features influence parcelization can help planners create more nuanced land division and zoning ordinances. We used GIS to reconstruct a historical parcel database for three towns in Wisconsin and then developed a logistic regression model to determine the extent to which parcel characteristics influence parcel subdivision. Influential predictors included proximity to roads, water, and agricultural areas as well as parcel size.
Effect of support and counseling on caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Since 1987, the New York University Alzheimer's Disease Center Caregiver Research Program has evaluated the benefits of a multifaceted, structured treatment program for spouse-caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This intervention strategy for caregivers was based on the clinical experience of counselors who worked with families of AD patients both individually and in support groups for many years. The unifying theme of the intervention is that improving social support and mastery improves the ability of the caregiver to withstand the difficulties of caregiving. The intervention takes into account the diversity and variability in caregiver problems, and is not time limited.
Exact Solution for the Optimal Neuronal Layout Problem

Evolution perfected brain design by maximizing its functionality while minimizing costs associated with building and maintaining it. Assumption that brain functionality is specified by neuronal connectivity, implemented by costly biological wiring, leads to the following optimal design problem. For a given neuronal connectivity, find a spatial layout of neurons that minimizes the wiring cost. Unfortunately, this problem is difficult to solve because the number of possible layouts is often astronomically large. We argue that the wiring cost may scale as wire length squared, reducing the optimal layout problem to a constrained minimization of a quadratic form. For biologically plausible constraints, this problem has exact analytical solutions, which give reasonable approximations to actual layouts in the brain. These solutions make the inverse problem of inferring neuronal connectivity from neuronal layout more tractable.
Gallocyanin-chrome alum: I. Technique and specificity.

Certain technical aspects of gallocyanin-chrome alum were examined relative to its supposed specificity for nucleic acids. Five different lake formulae were prepared using four different batches of gallocyanin. Spectrophotometric curves were made of each lake and of each dye in a simple water solution. Paraffin sections 6-8 μ thick of spinal cords from albino rats and from cats fixed in CaCl2-formalin or plain formalin were stained 10 min to 48 hr with gallocyanin lakes made with chrome alum, ferric alum, strontium chloride and copper nitrate. Similar sections were treated with ribonuclease or perochloric acid and stained in the same manner. The spectrophotometric data indicates considerable variation in dye content between different batches and different lakes. Chrome alum was the best of the 4 mordants and a 12-15 hr staining time with Einarson's 1932 preparation was optimal. Neither perchloric acid nor ribonuclease destroyed cytoplasmic basophilia as revealed by gallocyaninchrome alum. Staining was mor...
Infantile Frey's syndrome

Frey's syndrome in children is rare and often erroneously attributed to food allergy. Here we describe a case of Frey's syndrome in an infant and provide a review of the literature. Awareness of this condition is important for the Otolaryngologist in order to avoid unnecessary medical costs and procedures and provide reassurance to both parents and primary care providers in the setting of this benign condition.
Strain-Specific Susceptibility for Pulmonary Metastasis of Sarcoma 180 Cells in Inbred Mice

Most cancer deaths are a result of metastasis. To extend our understanding of the factors that influence the process, we aimed to develop a mouse model of pulmonary metastasis that can be assayed in multiple inbred mouse strains for further use in identification of host genetic variants that influence metastasis. We used i.v. injection of Sarcoma 180 (S180) cells, which can be tracked and quantified by bioluminescence imaging. We observed growth of S180 cells solely in the lung and observed a wide range of pulmonary metastasis among inbred mouse strains. Interestingly, we noted that the BTBRT+tf/J strain exhibited complete clearance and provide evidence that the mechanism of resistance may involve immune factors, as strains subjected to whole-body irradiation are significantly more susceptible to tumor growth. One possible mechanism of resistance to pulmonary metastasis in BTBRT+tf/J mice may require T-cell function. Our experiments present a new mouse model for further characterization of the genetics and mechanisms of pulmonary metastasis.
NEW APPROACHES IN THE CHEMICAL DESIGN OF Gd- CONTAINING LIPOSOMES FOR USE IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF LYMPH NODES

AbstractSeveral approaches to Improve Gd-containing liposomes as magnetic resonance contrast medium for the visualization of lymph nodes are discussed. The modification of the liposome surface with a polymer was chosen as a chemical solution to control the contrast enhancement properties of the medium. It was found that liposome modification with Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-polylysine-based chelating polymer can increase several fold the metal load per vesicle, while surface modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG) might lead to the increased relaxivity of paramagnetic vesicles. Examples are given on how chemical modification of the liposome surface can improve the performance of Gd-containing liposomes in the visualization of lymph nodes.
The emergence and framing of farm-to-school initiatives: civic engagement, health and local agriculture

Interest in and initiation of farm-to-school (FTS) programs have increased in recent years, spurred on by converging public concerns about child obesity trends and risks associated with industrialization and distancing in the modern food system. A civic agriculture framework that more specifically considers civic engagement and problem solving offers insights about variations in the development and prospects for FTS programs. Drawing on comparative case studies of two emerging FTS initiatives in Pennsylvania—one in a rural setting and one in an urban setting—this article examines the role of internal and external “champions” in launching FTS programs and fostering civic engagement. Farm-to-school community stakeholders across the two cases framed FTS in broadly similar terms of (1) redressing poor food environments; (2) improving student nutrition, health and well-being; and (3) revitalizing rural community through support of local agriculture. However, specific concerns and emphases differed across the rural and urban cases, illustrating the significance of local context for such programs. The article concludes by discussing the importance of frame bridging and frame extension as strategies for expanding the FTS movement, and also ensuring programs that correspond to the specific circumstances and possibilities of their social and geographic settings.
Factors Related to Early Subsequent Pregnancies and Second Births among Adolescent Mothers in a Family Support Program

This study addressed the following questions: Did adolescent mother who were randomly assigned to receive more intensive family support services have lower rates of early subsequent pregnancies and second births than adolescent mothers who received less intensive services? What factors assessed early in the program were predictive of which adolescents (N = 99) had subsequent pregnancies or second births by the time the firstborn child was 24 months old? Potential predictors of these outcomes were assessed at enrollment and when the firstborn children were 6 months old. No differences were found between the two treatment groups on rates of second pregnancies or second births. A number of factors were associated with having an early subsequent pregnancy or second birth. The best predictor of both outcomes was the family advocates' rating of the teens' personal resources at the 6-month assessment.
Study of Burst Wakes in a Multi-Element Airfoil Flowfield

High-lift multi-element airfoils, such as those used on large transport aircraft during takeoff and landing, can generate strong adverse pressure gradients that, while the surface flow is attached, can cause off-the-surface separation in the wake: so-called wake bursting. The sudden expansion and thickening of the separated wakes has been shown to decrease lift and increase drag. Wake bursting was experimentally studied over a three-element high-lift airfoil, and unsteady velocity measurements were taken with a split-film probe. The tests were performed in the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign low-speed low-turbulence subsonic wind tunnel on a multi-element airfoil with a chord length of 1.35 ft (0.411 m) and a model span of 2.8 ft (0.85 m). Results for a Reynolds number of 1.0×106 indicate that wake bursting was observed for the wake of the main element and the first flap. A methodology was developed to numerically define the core of each wake both upstream and downstream of the burst point. Dat...
Using Response to Primary Chemotherapy to Select Postoperative Therapy: Long-Term Results from a Prospective Phase II Trial in Locally Advanced Primary Breast Cancer

Abstract Purpose This study sought to quantify the extent of downstaging after preoperative chemotherapy for stage III breast cancer, to assess the feasibility of breast-conserving therapy (BCT) after preoperative chemotherapy, to determine the effectiveness of this multimodal treatment as measured by disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), and to evaluate toxicities. Patients and Methods Patients were treated with 4 preoperative courses of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC). They were then evaluated for response to go to mastectomy or BCT. After local therapy, patients with an excellent response were treated with 4 additional cycles of FAC, whereas patients with a moderate response received 4 cycles of MV (methotrexate and vinblastine). A total of 203 patients were registered; 194 patients (96%) underwent surgery after chemotherapy. Results The 5-year OS and progression-free survival rates were 89.8% and 81.6%, respectively, for patients with an excellent response to therapy compared with 67.2% and 63.5%, respectively, for patients with a moderate response and 55.3% and 48.8%, respectively, for patients considered nonresponders ( P = .0005 for OS; P 25%. Conclusion Response to preoperative chemotherapy was a prognostic factor in improved long-term survival.
Petrology of the Mount Whitney Intrusive Suite, eastern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for the emplacement and differentiation of composite felsic intrusions

The Mount Whitney Intrusive Suite is a nested intrusion composed of three granitic plutons that were emplaced along the eastern margin of the Sierra Nevada batholith between 88 and 83 Ma. Geologic relations indicate the suite was formed by magmas that spread laterally at a depth of ~10 km after initially rising along fractures developed at an extensional stepover between the proto–Kern Canyon fault and the Sierra Crest shear zone. Cenozoic uplift and erosion have exposed the interior of the suite, making it possible to study textural and compositional variations within the body that yield insights into the complementary roles of source variability and crystal fractionation in producing zoned intrusions. Although isotopic data indicate that contributions to the Mount Whitney Intrusive Suite from preexisting crustal rocks increased over time, major differences in the compositional and textural zoning of its members also refl ect gradual warming of the upper crust. The oldest pluton is isotopically and compositionally diverse, and consists of distinct phases that apparently underwent limited mixing and fractionation following their emplacement into cool host rocks. Conversely, the younger members are more isotopically uniform, and the youngest displays regular pluton-scale variations in composition and texture consistent with individual inputs having mixed, fractionated, and undergone textural coarsening as it cooled slowly within the older members or wall rocks warmed by them. A thermal model of the suite indicates that the intervals during which successive magma inputs were likely to hybridize and undergo subsequent in situ differentiation increased as the intrusion grew. For recharge at an interval intermediate between those required for 50% crystallization in different parts of the suite, model results suggest that the outer part would have developed as a composite body in which individual phases underwent limited differentiation, whereas the inner part would have developed as a more homogeneous body capable of large-scale differentiation. These predictions match trends among the suite’s members and suggest that warming of the upper crust may account for much of its textural and compositional diversity. Local differentiation also occurred in the upper parts of the younger members, where rhyolitic melts were segregated as a result of solidifi cation front instability.
Moderated Mediation Analysis Using Bayesian Methods

Conventionally, moderated mediation analysis is conducted through adding relevant interaction terms into a mediation model of interest. In this study, we illustrate how to conduct moderated mediation analysis by directly modeling the relation between the indirect effect components including a and b and the moderators, to permit easier specification and interpretation of moderated mediation. With this idea, we introduce a general moderated mediation model that can be used to model many different moderated mediation scenarios including the scenarios described in Preacher, Rucker, and Hayes (2007). Then we discuss how to estimate and test the conditional indirect effects and to test whether a mediation effect is moderated using Bayesian approaches. How to implement the estimation in both BUGS and Mplus is also discussed. Performance of Bayesian methods is evaluated and compared to that of frequentist methods including maximum likelihood (ML) with 1st-order and 2nd-order delta method standard errors and mL with bootstrap (percentile or bias-corrected confidence intervals) via a simulation study. The results show that Bayesian methods with diffuse (vague) priors implemented in both BUGS and Mplus yielded unbiased estimates, higher power than the ML methods with delta method standard errors, and the ML method with bootstrap percentile confidence intervals, and comparable power to the ML method with bootstrap bias-corrected confidence intervals. We also illustrate the application of these methods with the real data example used in Preacher et al. (2007). Advantages and limitations of applying Bayesian methods to moderated mediation analysis are also discussed.
Structural Equation Modeling in the Communication Sciences, 1995–2000

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a viable multivariate tool used by communication researchers for the past quarter century. Building off Cappella (1975) as well as McPhee and Babrow (1987), this study summarizes the use of this technique from 1995–2000 in 37 communication-based academic journals. We identify and critically assess 3 unique methods for testing structural relationships via SEM in terms of the specification, estimation, and evaluation of their respective structural equation models. We provide general guidelines for the use of SEM and make recommendations concerning latent variable models, sample size, reporting parameter estimates, model fit statistics, cross-sectional data, univariate normality, cross-validation, nonrecursive modeling, and the decomposition of effects (direct, indirect, and total).
Neural Insensitivity to Upticks in Value is Associated with the Disposition Effect

The disposition effect is a phenomenon in which investors hold onto losing assets longer than they hold onto gaining assets. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the response of valuation regions in the brain during the decision to keep or to sell an asset that followed a random walk in price. The most common explanation for the disposition effect is preference-based: namely, that people are risk-averse over gains and risk-seeking over losses. This explanation would predict correlations between individuals' risk-preferences, the magnitude of their disposition effect, and activation in valuation structures of the brain. We did not observe these correlations. Nor did we find evidence for a realization utility explanation, which would predict differential responses in valuation regions during the decision to sell versus keep an asset that correlated with the magnitude of the disposition effect. Instead, we found an attenuated ventral striatum response to upticks in value below the purchase price in some individuals with a large disposition effect. Given the role of the striatum in signaling prediction error, the blunted striatal response is consistent with the expectation that an asset will rise when it is below the purchase price, thus spurring loss-holding behavior. This suggests that for some individuals, the disposition effect is likely driven by a belief that the asset will eventually return to the purchase price, also known as mean reversion.
Reaching Higher? The Impact of the Common Core State Standards on the Visual Arts, Poverty, and Disabilities

As the common core state standards become reality, teachers have reason for concern. In this article the author outlines the roots of what has been called the corporate reform in education and its effects on the arts, poverty, and disabilities. The financial contributions of the Gates and Broad foundations led to the corporatization and nationwide implementation of President Obama and Education Secretary Duncan’s Race to the Top. Teachers’ autonomy and intellectual freedom to craft their own curriculum, tests, and assessments are relinquished to the “experts” and testing companies such as Pearson. The author describes how this reform has consequently marginalized the arts and exacerbated the inequities of poverty and disabilities. These populations flourish when engaged in autonomous acts of discovery, experimentation, and hypothetical thinking, all antithetical to the new reform. Rather, passive submission to expository teaching is an inevitability of teaching to the test.
The interaction of cigarette smoking and antioxidants. Part II: Alpha-tocopherol

It is logical that the requirement for antioxidant nutrients depends on a person’s exposure to endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species. Since cigarette smoking results in an increased cumulative exposure to reactive oxygen species, it would seem cigarette smokers would have an increased requirement for antioxidant nutrients. This review examines available evidence of alpha-tocopherol supplementation by smokers and its effect clinically and on in vitro biomarkers of oxidative stress. (Altern Med Rev 2002;7(6):500-511)
Aerodynamic and Aerothermal TPS Instrumentation Reference Guide

The hypersonic regime of planetary entry combines the most severe environments that an entry vehicle will encounter with the greatest amount of uncertainty as to the events unfolding during that time period. This combination generally leads to conservatism in the design of an entry vehicle, specifically that of the thermal protection system (TPS). Each planetary entry provides a valuable aerodynamic and aerothermal testing opportunity; the utilization of this opportunity is paramount in better understanding how a specific entry vehicle responds to the demands of the hypersonic entry environment. Previous efforts have been made to instrument entry vehicles in order to collect data during the entry period and reconstruct the corresponding vehicle response. The purpose of this paper is to cumulatively document past TPS instrumentation designs for applicable planetary missions, as well as to list pertinent results and any explainable shortcomings.
A Paradoxical Paint Pail

"Painting a surface" now means covering it with paint of positive thickness, the thickness possibly varying with the point being covered. Under this assumption, a sufficiently smooth surface of revolution will always be paintable (even if the volume inside is infinite). To prove that, we let g(x) be a continuous, positive, decreasing function that approaches 0 as x -+ o, and we consider the hollow tube obtained by revolving the region between the curves g(x) and g(x)(1 + 1/x2) for x > 1 about the x-axis. Then we see from elementary calculus that this tube has finite volume, and so to paint the surface of revolution of g(x) we simply fill our tube with paint. There is no paradox. We normally think of the boundary surface of a solid as being "smaller" than the solid itself, so there is nothing surprising about the case where our container has infinite volume yet can be covered with a finite volume of paint.
Metal Ion Induced Adsorption and Ordering of Charged Macromolecules at the Aqueous/Hydrophobic Liquid Interface

Whether a charged macromolecule remains solvated or adsorbs to the interface between two immiscible fluids depends on a variety of complex factors. Ions, in particular, have the capacity to affect the degree of polyelectrolyte hydrophobicity and conformation through electrostatic screening and site-specific interactions. Here, surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy is utilized to probe the roles of ions in the oil–water interfacial behavior of a model carboxylic acid-containing macromolecule. Specifically, the adsorption time dependence, conformation, and extent of carboxylate–cation interactions of poly(methacrylic acid) at the carbon tetrachloride–water interface are deduced as a function of CaCl2 and KCl ionic strength. Additionally, the role of the polymer backbone configuration in interfacial behavior is explored through isomer-specific studies. Results show that ion binding and charge screening induce the adsorption of the isotactic isomer of poly(methacrylic acid) to the oil–water interface unde...
Germanium p-n Junctions by Laser Doping for Photonics/Microelectronic Devices

A method of forming germanium p-n junction by laser doping is demonstrated. Low bulk and surface leakage current density of 5.4 mA/cm 2 and 2.0 μA/cm, respectively, were obtained. The leakage current density was comparable with the diodes formed by rapid thermal diffusion, but approximately two orders of magnitude lower than the diodes formed by ion implantation. The performance of the laser doped junction in photonic devices was demonstrated through the fabrication of 130-μm diameter photodetector, which showed a responsivity of 0.46 A/W at 1.55-μm wavelength at 0 V bias and a -3-dB bandwidth of 190 MHz.
The preclinical rationale for the use of insulin-like growth factor-I in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

This review details the general physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a pleiotropic factor, and the only one to date showing beneficial effects in a prototypic neurodegenerative disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The preclinical rationale for IGF-I use in treating patients with ALS stems from the fact that this molecule has endocrine, paracrine and autocrine effects on cells and acts through a receptor tyrosine kinase that is structurally and functionally similar to the insulin receptor. What has come to be known as the IGF signaling system is reviewed within the context of differences as well as similarities of IGF-I's actions within the peripheral and central nervous systems compared with other tissues. This signaling pathway is complex, involving several cell surface receptors, circulating and bound binding proteins and specific proteases that recognize and cleave individual binding proteins that serves to finely adjust the cellular responses to IGF-I. In order to explain why this trophic factor, unlike ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), was found to have efficacy in large-scale clinical trials in ALS patients, evidence is offered that IGF-I affects all components of the motor unit: spinal cord motor neuron, axon, neuromuscular synapse and muscle fiber. A model is presented that shows life and death signals on motor neurons, with the serine protease, thrombin, representing an extracellular death signal and IGF-I, a potent life signal, on such cells.
Picosecond USED-CARS for Simultaneous Rotational/Translational and Vibrational Temperature Measurement of Nitrogen in a Nonequilibrium Mach 5 Flow

Picosecond Unstable-resonator Spatially Enhanced Detection Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (USED-CARS) is used for measurement of nitrogen Q-branch (ΔJ = 0) spectra in the subsonic plenum and supersonic flow of a highly nonequilibrium Mach 5 wind tunnel. Spectra are processed to infer simultaneous rotational / translational (Trot) and 1 st level vibrational (Tvib) temperatures in the 200 – 370 Torr plenum. Operation of the nominally high reduced electric field (E/npeak ~ 500 Td), nsec pulsed discharge alone results in fairly significant vibrational loading, Tvib ~ 720 K / Trot ~ 380 K; addition of an orthogonal low E/n (~10 Td) DC sustainer discharge produces substantial vibrational loading, Tvib ~ 2000 K / Trot ~ 450 K. Effects of injection of CO2, NO, and H2 downstream of the pulser-sustainer discharge are examined, which result in vibrational relaxation accompanied by simultaneous gas heating, Tvib ~ 800-1000 K / Trot ~ 600 K. CARS measurements within very low density flows in the Mach 5 expansion nozzle are also performed, with Tvib measured in both the supersonic free-stream and downstream of a bow shock created by a 5 mm diameter cylindrical test object in the Mach 5 flow. Measurements within 300 μm of the cylinder leading edge show that for pure N2, or N2 with 0.25 Torr CO2 injection, no vibrational relaxation is observed behind the bow shock.
Analysis of Space Structures Subject to Hypervelocity Impact

Satellites and spacecraft in orbit can impact micrometeorites and other debris at velocities exceeding thousands of meters per second. The shock pressures and temperatures created by these hypervelocity impacts greatly surpass standard material strengths, and deform structures in unconventional failure modes. For isotropic materials, flow stress constitutive relations have seen reasonable success in modeling such scenarios, but the complexities of impacts with anisotropic composites remain difficult to investigate computationally. Using meshless finite element analysis methods, the following work quantifies differences between such isotropic approaches and reports on the use of micro-scale modeling to analyze hypervelocity impacts with advanced space composites.
Large-scale liquid immiscibility at the top of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Detailed study of the top 625 m of the Bushveld Complex (South Africa) suggests that the magma developed a siliceous cap generated by liquid immiscibility. The lower ∼300 m of this section, which consists of magnetite-bearing ferrodiorite with several magnetite-rich layers, contains cumulus apatite with relatively low rare earth element (REE) concentrations and no chondrite-normalized Eu anomaly. In contrast, apatite in the overlying 325 m thick portion of the section has three times higher REE concentrations and a negative Eu anomaly, and the cumulate rocks contain cumulus orthoclase and quartz. The contact between the two parts of the section occurs over a limited stratigraphic range (<50 m). Large-scale silicate liquid immiscibility resulting in the physical separation of a dense, Fe-rich magma to form the lower part of the sequence and a buoyant Si-rich magma to form the upper part of the sequence is best able to explain the observations. In addition, the phases in the upper siliceous cap of the Bushveld Complex are in major and trace element equilibrium with portions of the overlying Rooiberg rhyolites and/or Rashoop granophyres, consistent with these rocks having originated as residual liquids after extensive fractional crystallization of the Bushveld magmas.
Laser Induced Raman Spectra of Some Tungstates and Molybdates.

The Raman spectra of single crystals of CaWO4, CaMoO4, PbWO4, and PbMoO4 have been recorded using a He-Ne laser (λ = 6328 A) and an Argon ion laser (λ = 4880 A) as the exciting radiation sources. The polarization data have enabled us to classify unambiguously the observed fundamentals into the Raman active species of the point group C4h to which these crystals belong. The comparison of the spectra of these crystals in the low frequency region has also enabled us to make a rough classification of the bands into the rotational and the translational lattice vibrations.
eShiver: Force feedback on fingertips through oscillatory motion of an electroadhesive surface

We introduce a new haptic force feedback device — the eShiver — for creating lateral shear force on the bare fingertip. The eShiver uses in-plane oscillatory motion of a variable-friction electroadhesive surface operating at 55Hz. A set of experiments performed with an artificial finger is used to elucidate the performance characteristics of this device. A maximum net lateral force of ±300mN is achieved, and net force is shown to be a function of velocity, applied voltage, and the phase between them. We propose a simple lumped parameter model for the system consisting of a lateral impedance and a voltage controlled "friction switch." We also discuss the limitations and areas of possible improvement for this method of force generation.
Difficult access problems.

Technical advances have facilitated a dramatic expansion in the use of therapies requiring long-term central venous access. As these therapies become more clinically effective and patients are living longer, it is not uncommon for the lack of central venous access to become a dominant factor limiting potential survival. This article reviews methods used to evaluate these patients and the surgical as well as angiographic techniques that have been developed for establishing venous access when all conventional vascular access approaches have been exhausted.
Large-Eddy Simulation of a Coastal Ocean under the Combined Effects of Surface Heat Fluxes and Full-Depth Langmuir Circulation

AbstractResults are presented from the large-eddy simulations (LES) of a wind-driven flow representative of the shallow coastal ocean under the influences of Langmuir forcing and surface heating and cooling fluxes. Langmuir (wind and surface gravity wave) forcing leads to the generation of Langmuir turbulence consisting of a wide range of Langmuir circulations (LCs) or parallel, counterrotating vortices that are aligned roughly in the direction of the wind. In unstratified, shallow coastal regions, the largest of the LCs reach the bottom of the water column. Full-depth LCs are investigated under surface waves with a significant wave height of 1.2 m and a dominant wavelength of 90 m and wave period of 8 s, for a wind speed of 7.8 m s−1 in a 15-m-deep coastal shelf region. Both unstable and stable stratification are imposed by constant surface heat fluxes and an adiabatic bottom wall. Simulations are characterized by Rayleigh and Richardson numbers representative of surface buoyancy forcing relative to wind...
SU-F-I-23: 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Baseline Correction WithSingular Value Decomposition Method

Purpose: Baseline distortions in NMR spectra are caused by the corruption of the first few data points in Free Induction Decay (FID) or originated from macromolecules and lipids. To study the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based baseline correction method. Methods: In-house Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) program was developed with Matlab version 7.6 (Mathworks.com). Hankel SVD method (singular value decomposition of the acquired FID signal arranged in a Hankel matrix) is used to compute the signal poles and amplitude, and from them the signal frequencies and damping factors. The estimated FID signals are constructed from the quantification parameters; residue error spectrum was calculated by FFT of the difference of original FID and estimated FID. In order to study the baseline correction effect, known simulated FID with added noise to mimic known metabolites concentration was analyzed with SVD, quantification results were compared with known reference; then baseline distortion was introduced by removing the first 5 data points, after baseline corrected with SVD method, the quantification results were compared with original reference without baseline distortion.Known patient FID acquired with Siemens Verio 3T scanner was introduced baseline distortion by removing the first 3 data points, after baseline corrected with SVD method, corrected FID were compared with original results without baseline distortion. Results: Quantification results for simulated data were compared with reference, all within 10% deviation with SNR 20.For FID acquired with Siemens Verio 3T scanner, distorted FID and calculated baseline with SVD method was compared, the baseline matches the distortion well. Corrected FID were used for quantification, the quantification results match the corrected FID well. Conclusion: As demonstrated, SVD based baseline correction method can be used to correct the FID data point missing type of distortion, results are satisfactory for both simulated data and acquired patient data.
Understanding Satirical Articles Using Common-Sense

Automatic satire detection is a subtle text classification task, for machines and at times, even for humans. In this paper we argue that satire detection should be approached using common-sense inferences, rather than traditional word classification methods. We present a highly structured latent variable model capturing the required inferences. The model abstracts over the specific entities appearing in the articles, grouping them into generalized categories thus allowing the model to adapt to previously unseen situations.
Dielectric properties of (Sr0.7Pb0.3)TiO3 ceramics with relaxor-like character

ABSTRACTDielectric properties of (Sr0.7Pb0.3)TiO3 ceramics were investigated up to 100 kHz down to −260 °C along with temperature dependent thermal strain, X-ray diffraction peaks, and hysteresis loops. The (Sr0.7Pb0.3)TiO3 ceramic showed almost frequency independent relative dielectric permittivity, the Curie point at 10 °C from the cubic to the tetragonal, and dielectric maxima with the second-order phase transition, more than 30000. The Curie-Weiss behavior showed deviation near the Curie point owing to microscopic polarization similarly observed in relaxor ferroelectrics. Loss tangent measurements showed low values in the paraelectric phase, less than 0.0005, and three anomalies in the ferroelectric phase.
Improving the K-12 Online Course Design Review Process: Experts Weigh in on iNACOL National Standards for Quality Online Courses

Within the K-12 online learning environment there are a variety of standards that designers can utilize when creating online courses. To date, the only research-based standards available are proprietary in manner. As such, many jurisdictions have begun adopting online course design standards from the leading advocacy organization, which that have yet to be validated from a research perspective. This article reports on the second phase of a three-stage study designed to examine the validity and reliability of the iNACOL National Standards for Quality Online Courses . Phase two utilizes two groups of expert reviewers to examine and provide feedback with goal of further refining these standards (after the standards had been scrutinized through the lens of the available K-12 online learning literature).
Dialysis Access Steal Syndrome (DASS) in a Patient with Distal Revascularization and Interval Ligation (DRIL)

This chapter discusses the case of a patient with type 1 diabetes who had been on dialysis for 6 years using a brachial-basilic fistula. Four years earlier, the patient had developed dialysis access steal syndrome and had a distal revascularization with interval ligation (DRIL) procedure performed at that time. Over the past few months, the patient has had ipsilateral hand pain on dialysis and recently has started having hand pain and breast at rest. The patient was referred to the dialysis access center for evaluation of this hand pain.
Circadian Rhythms, Genetics of*

As with the stress response, the expression of circadian rhythms enables an organism to adapt to changes in the external environment. Of course, the changes in the environment that represent the substrate for the evolution of circadian rhythmicity occur on a relatively predictable basis that coincides with the 24-h rhythms in the external environment due to the rotation of the earth on its axis. Interestingly, many of the metabolic and endocrine events associated with stress also show predictable circadian rhythmicity, indicating that these two adaptive systems are highly integrated with one another. Both systems are under tight genetic control, and this article focuses on (1) the genes underlying the generation of circadian rhythms, (2) the recent evidence that most, if not all, tissues of the body, including those involved in the stress response, contain the molecular circadian clock core machinery, and (3) the evidence that disruption of the molecular clock can lead to tissue and organismal dysfunction.
Septal myectomy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: important surgical knowledge and technical tips in the era of increasing alcohol septal ablation

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most commonly inherited cardiac disease-recent studies suggest a prevalence as high as 1 in 200. For symptomatic patients with obstructive HCM who are refractory to medical therapy, septal reduction is indicated. Septal myectomy (SM) is considered the gold standard septal reduction technique. However, due to a shortage of surgeons who are experienced in this technique, alcohol septal ablation (ASA) has overtaken SM as the most commonly performed procedure for obstructive HCM. In this review, we summarize the existing literature comparing SM with ASA and describe recent innovations in operative technique, including a detailed description of the approach used at our institution.
FASTEN: Fast Sylvester Equation Solver for Graph Mining

The Sylvester equation offers a powerful and unifying primitive for a variety of important graph mining tasks, including network alignment, graph kernel, node similarity, subgraph matching, etc. A major bottleneck of Sylvester equation lies in its high computational complexity. Despite tremendous effort, state-of-the-art methods still require a complexity that is at least \em quadratic in the number of nodes of graphs, even with approximations. In this paper, we propose a family of Krylov subspace based algorithms (\fasten) to speed up and scale up the computation of Sylvester equation for graph mining. The key idea of the proposed methods is to project the original equivalent linear system onto a Kronecker Krylov subspace. We further exploit (1) the implicit representation of the solution matrix as well as the associated computation, and (2) the decomposition of the original Sylvester equation into a set of inter-correlated Sylvester equations of smaller size. The proposed algorithms bear two distinctive features. First, they provide the \em exact solutions without any approximation error. Second, they significantly reduce the time and space complexity for solving Sylvester equation, with two of the proposed algorithms having a \em linear complexity in both time and space. Experimental evaluations on a diverse set of real networks, demonstrate that our methods (1) are up to $10,000\times$ faster against Conjugate Gradient method, the best known competitor that outputs the exact solution, and (2) scale up to million-node graphs.
Characteristics of the Therapist in Brief Psychotherapy

In an attempt to distill some of the qualities of therapists which maximize their therapeutic influence, the authors synthesize from research data the findings they consider to be most practical and salient as well as most reliable and valid. Characteristics are reviewed under four headings, reflecting the role of fixed characteristics, the role of personal qualities which are attributed to the therapist by the patient, the impact of the therapist’s patterns of communication, and the results of efforts to match patients with therapists.