cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the connection of the global ionospheric electric fields to the solar wind

[1] A global ionospheric electrostatic potential model, which we refer to as Nopper-Carovillano (N-C), can be linked with a magnetospheric potential model. The latter model, which we refer to as Hill-Siscoe-Ober (H-S-O), computes a transpolar potential ΦPC(H-S-O) based on solar wind parameters and region-1 field-aligned currents (FAC) from the magnetosheath to the ionosphere. The polar ionospheric conductance required by H-S-O is defined by the N-C model. In this way, the transpolar potential and the associated FAC are the same in both models. A distribution of region-1 FAC in the N-C model predicts a two-cell convection pattern which is in reasonable agreement with plasma drifts measured by DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) satellites. The H-S-O model, as modified by N-C, is compared with the Weimer potential model and with the transpolar potentials observed by DMSP satellites during the 6–7 April 2000 magnetic storm. Good agreement is found in both cases. The region-2 (J2) current is estimated from the Siscoe (S-RC) ring-current circuit model which is driven by ΦPC(H-S-O). The resistor values in S-RC, as determined by N-C, when combined with the global potential solution, make it possible to estimate the time profile of the equatorial penetration electric field during the storm's main phase. With the values obtained, shielding occurs within 1 hour of onset. Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are seen some hours after the initial increase of ΦPC and are qualitatively consistent with the equatorial penetration electric field calculated by the combined model.
Far-zone behavior of electromagnetic fields generated by fluctuating current distributions

General expressions are derived for various quantities that characterize the far field generated by any fluctuating localized current distribution that is statistically stationary, at least in the wide sense. In particular, expressions are derived for the cross-spectral density tensors of the electromagnetic field, for the coherence matrix and the Stokes parameters, for the degree of polarization, and for the degree of coherence of the far field in terms of the cross-spectral density of the transverse part of the source current. The analysis is illustrated by considering radiation from a fluctuating linear current source.
Virtual Customer Environments: Testing a Model of Voluntary Participation in Value Co‐creation Activities

An increasing number of firms are hosting virtual customer environments (VCEs) to involve their customers in product development and product support activities. While the benefits to companies from hosting such VCEs are clear, another closely related issue has received far less attention: Why do customers participate voluntarily in value cocreation (here, product support) activities in such virtual customer environments? This study seeks to answer this question by developing and testing a conceptual model that draws on the uses and gratifications approach to consider an integrated set of four benefits that customers gain from their interactions in VCEs. The research model also incorporates the interaction-based antecedents of these customer benefits. Drawing on concepts and insights from the areas of computer-mediated communication and brand communities, the key characteristics of customers' interactions in the VCE are identified and related to the aforementioned four types of benefits. The study hypotheses are tested using data collected from customer participants of the VCEs of two firms, Microsoft and IBM. The dependent variable, customers' actual participation in the VCE, is operationalized as a time-lagged variable, and the data for this are sourced from the Netscan database. Results offer strong support for the model and indicate that customers' participation in product support activities in a VCE is motivated not just by their “citizenship” or norm-related behavior but stems primarily from their beliefs concerning the benefits of engaging in such activities. Results also show the impact of key interaction characteristics of VCEs on such perceived benefits and imply the need for firms to carefully design their VCEs to enhance customers' perceptions regarding potential benefits. The research model and the findings hold important implications for research and practice in customer coinnovation and product development. The model provides the basis for identifying the appropriate set of VCE design features. Companies can test the efficacy of their VCE design features by focusing on how such features augment the four types of benefits discussed and thereby ensure continued customer participation. The study findings also hold broader implications for practice in the customer relationship management area, particularly with regard to the potential to combine customers' VCE interactions with appropriate offline product-related activities and to view the VCE as an integral element of the firm's overall customer relationship management initiative.
Almost sure exponential behavior of a directed polymer in a fractional Brownian environment

This paper studies the asymptotic behavior of a one-dimensional directed polymer in a random medium. The latter is represented by a Gaussian field BH on R+×R with fractional Brownian behavior in time (Hurst parameter H) and arbitrary function-valued behavior in space. The partition function of such a polymer is u(t)=Eb[exp∫0tBH(dr,br)]. Here b is a continuous-time nearest neighbor random walk on Z with fixed intensity 2κ, defined on a complete probability space Pb independent of BH. The spatial covariance structure of BH is assumed to be homogeneous and periodic with period 2π. For H 12, we prove that the upper and lower almost sure limits lim supt→∞t−2Hlogu(t) and lim inft→∞(t−2Hlogt)logu(t) are non-trivial in the sense that they are bounded respectively above and below by finite, strictly positive constants. Thus, as H passes through 12, the exponential behavior of u(t) changes abruptly. This can be considered as a phase transition phenomenon. Novel tools used in this paper include sub-Gaussian concentration theory via the Malliavin calculus, detailed analyses of the long-range memory of fractional Brownian motion, and an almost-superadditivity property.
Technical Aspects of Starting a Neonatal Cooling Program

Clinicians who are convinced by the available evidence that cooling is a safe and effective treatment of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the term or near-term infant are now faced with a series of decisions around implementation of therapeutic hypothermia in their neonatal ICU or region. There is currently uncertainty about the efficacy of cooling or at least the magnitude of the effect, and precise estimates of the benefit of cooling must await the publication of the results of the several pending trials. This article assumes that clinicians are sufficiently convinced by the available evidence of safety and efficacy to proceed to the implementation step and offers guidelines for starting a neonatal cooling program.
Visual Outcomes in Pediatric Optic Pathway Glioma After Conformal Radiation Therapy

Purpose To assess visual outcome prospectively after conformal radiation therapy (CRT) in children with optic pathway glioma. Methods and Materials We used CRT to treat optic pathway glioma in 20 children (median age 9.3 years) between July 1997 and January 2002. We assessed changes in visual acuity using the logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution after CRT (54 Gy) with a median follow-up of 24 months. We included in the study children who underwent chemotherapy (8 patients) or resection (9 patients) before CRT. Results Surgery played a major role in determining baseline (pre-CRT) visual acuity (better eye: P =.0431; worse eye: P =.0032). The visual acuity in the worse eye was diminished at baseline (borderline significant) with administration of chemotherapy before CRT ( P =.0726) and progression of disease prior to receiving CRT ( P =.0220). In the worse eye, improvement in visual acuity was observed in patients who did not receive chemotherapy before CRT ( P =.0289). Conclusions Children with optic pathway glioma initially treated with chemotherapy prior to receiving radiation therapy have decreased visual acuity compared with those who receive primary radiation therapy. Limited surgery before radiation therapy may have a role in preserving visual acuity.
Comparison of the wedge turning frame and kinetic treatment table in the acute care of spinal cord injury patients

A retrospective study is reported of 31 patients with complete cervical or thoracic spinal cord injuries treated either on the wedge turning frame or the kinetic treatment table. The mortality for the wedge turning frame group was 28.6% compared with 0% for the kinetic treatment table group. In the kinetic treatment table group, pulmonary complications were far fewer (69.2% vs. 25%) and much less severe than in the wedge turning frame group, and median intensive care stay was reduced by 45%.
The International Relations of Middle-earth: Learning from The Lord of the Rings

This article demonstrates how by using J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings (LOTR) as a text in the classroom instructors can relay the international relations (IR) “Great Debates” and feminist “waves” to students through the framework of “where you stand depends on where you sit.” It overviews how J.R.R. Tolkien’s acclaimed trilogy is relevant to learning about IR and then presents a number of “cuts” into using LOTR to inform IR teaching of both problem solving and critical theory. It begins by parsing the three “Great Debates” of IR theory and three “waves” of feminist theory in terms of different worldviews by relating them to characters from the trilogy. Next, the paper suggests that a critical evaluation of this analysis conveys that concerns, goals, and understandings of problems and insecurities are influenced (although not determined) by context, such as gender, race, class, sexuality, and postcolonial position. It concludes by suggesting that further use of popular culture and the humanities can help IR teaching both illustrate and critically reflect on IR scholarship.
Melt Pool Temperature Control for Laser Metal Deposition Processes—Part II: Layer-to-Layer Temperature Control

Heat input regulation is crucial for deposition quality in laser metal deposition (LMD) processes. To control the heat input, melt pool temperature is regulated using temperature controllers. Part I of this paper showed that, although online melt pool temperature control performs well in terms of tracking the temperature reference, it cannot guarantee consistent track morphology. Therefore, a new methodology, known as layer-to-layer temperature control, is proposed in this paper. The idea of layer-to-layer temperature control is to adjust the laser power profile between layers. The part height profile is measured between layers, and the temperature is measured online. The data are then utilized to identify the parameters of a LMD process model using particle swarm optimization. The laser power profile is then computed using iterative learning control, based on the estimated process model and the reference melt pool temperature of the next layer. The deposition results show that the layer-to-layer temperature controller is capable of not only tracking the reference temperature, but also producing a consistent track morphology.
Leaf‐cuttings ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex of Paraguay (Hymenoptera Formicidae)

The 22 taxa of leaf-cutting ants which occur in Paraguay are reviewed. Diagnosis of the major workers is given, and notes on nesting, foraging, and other behavioral traits is given. The distributions of each of the taxa are given in maps. The behavioral and ecological diversity of the fauna is summarized, and discussed in terms of species packing in communities.
Uterine bioassay of tamoxifen, trioxifene and a new estrogen antagonist (LY117018) in rats and mice

Abstract Dose response uterotrophic and antiuterotrophic activity of antiestrogens was examined in immature rats, immature mice and adult ovariectomized mice. LY117018 was the most active antagonist and the least estrogenic, while tamoxifen induced the greatest uterine growth and the weakest antagonism. The reported estrogenic activity of tamoxifen in mice (1) was found to be related to maturity. All compounds caused uterotrophic changes in immature mice similar to those observed in immature rats. However, in adult mice tamoxifen was devoid of antagonism, and trioxifene was active only at a very high dose as both were extremely estrogenic in this model. LY117018 activity in adult mice was comparable to that observed in immature rats and mice. Results depict significant agonist and antagonist advantages of LY117018 over tamoxifen and trioxifene.
Pressure wave fidelity in catheter introducers

Pressure waveform fidelity was examined in two sizes of the Bard catheter introducer. The purpose of this endeavor was to determine whether accurate blood pressure measurements could be achieved directly via the catheter introducers. The introducers were incorporated into a mock circulatory system for the study. The effects of supporting dilators and catheters within the introducer sheath during pressure measurements were also considered. Parameters used to explain pressure waveform response within the catheter introducers included the damping coefficient and the natural frequency of the catheter introducer, and the effects of impedance mismatching between the transducer and the mock circulatory system. Overall, the pressure measurements obtained from the catheter introducer were distorted. Mean pressure levels measured in the introducers were up to 15 mmHg higher than the true mean pressure. The distortion in the pressure measurements can be attributed for the most part to impedance mismatching. In sum, the pressure measurements obtained from catheter introducer-manometer systems should be used only referentially, and not as an absolute standard.
Surface ultrastructure and evolution of tarsal attachment structures in Plecoptera (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)

The plantar surfaces of the stonefly tarsomeres and pretarsus are examined chiefly using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of 39 Plecoptera exemplar species representing each family within the two suborders Arctoperlaria and Antarctoperlaria. Features examined include the shape and size of the tarsomeres as well as external features of the plantar surfaces of the tarsomeres, unguitractor plate, claws, arolium and orbicula. Characteristics presumed to be part of the stonefly ground pattern were determined by mapping these features on a cladogram of stonefly phylogeny (Zwick 2000, Annual Review of Entomology 45:709–746). This analysis indicates that the following characters are part of the stonefly ground pattern: (1) cylindrical shape of the tarsomeres, (2) an elongate tarsomere 1, (3) a short tarsomere 2, (4) presence of hairy euplantulae on the plantar surfaces of tarsomeres 1 and 2, (5) absence of specialised attachment surfaces on the plantar area of tarsomere 3, (6) absence of setae on the arolium pl...
Neuroprotection from stroke in the absence of MHCI or PirB.

Recovery from stroke engages mechanisms of neural plasticity. Here we examine a role for MHC class I (MHCI) H2-Kb and H2-Db, as well as PirB receptor. These molecules restrict synaptic plasticity and motor learning in the healthy brain. Stroke elevates neuronal expression not only of H2-Kb and H2-Db, but also of PirB and downstream signaling. KbDb knockout (KO) or PirB KO mice have smaller infarcts and enhanced motor recovery. KO hippocampal organotypic slices, which lack an intact peripheral immune response, have less cell death after in vitro ischemia. In PirB KO mice, corticospinal projections from the motor cortex are enhanced, and the reactive astrocytic response is dampened after MCAO. Thus, molecules that function in the immune system act not only to limit synaptic plasticity in healthy neurons, but also to exacerbate brain injury after ischemia. These results suggest therapies for stroke by targeting MHCI and PirB.
Determination of the halothane metabolites trifluoroacetic acid and bromide in plasma and urine by ion chromatography

Halothane (CF3CHClBr), a widely used volatile anesthetic, undergoes extensive biotransformation in humans. Oxidative halothane metabolism yields the stable metabolites trifluoroacetic acid and bromide which can be detected in plasma and urine. To date, analytical methodologies have either required extensive sample preparation, or two separate analytical procedures to determine plasma and urine concentrations of these analytes. A rapid and sensitive method utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography-ion chromatography (HPLC-IC) with suppressed conductivity detection was developed for the simultaneous detection of both trifluoroacetic acid and bromide in plasma and urine. Sample preparation required only ultrafiltration. Standard curves were linear (r2> or =0.99) from 10 to 250 microM trifluoroacetic acid and 2 to 5000 microM bromide in plasma and 10 to 250 microM trifluoroacetic acid and 2 to 50 microM bromide in urine. The assay was applied to quantification of trifluoroacetic acid and bromide in plasma and urine of a patient undergoing halothane anesthesia.
Can scientific observations of early life stages be scaled up to the level of a fished population? A case study using Homarus americanus

Abstract Ecological studies of the early life stages of benthic crustaceans are typically conducted at small scale to measure processes such as settlement and survival and the factors that affect them. A test of the measurements is whether or not the results of such studies can be extrapolated successfully to the level of a population. Do the data and inferences fit within the geographic space and the relatively few, available population reference points? We address this question for the lobster fishery for Homarus americanus in Lincoln County, Maine, USA, by constructing a life table linking all stages from egg production to the fishery using an age-structured model. We used early life history data (postlarvae and early benthic stages) from 1989 to 1995 and fisheries data from 1995 to 2001, a time lag that is appropriate for newly settled lobsters to enter the fishery. We used inverse methods to estimate the total number of settlers (Young-of-Year) needed to maintain the population and harvest of the late 1990s at steady state; we then estimated the amount of habitat needed to accommodate those settlers based on observed settlement densities. This was compared to the available space identified using a geographic information system (GIS). We predict that the population of lobsters from which the fishery is extracted can be supported by YOY settlement in 7–16% of the sublittoral area shallower than 20 m, a proportion that surveys confirm is available. We obtained an average larval mortality rate of ≤0.07 per day and we estimated that ∼2.5% of planktonic postlarvae settle successfully. The amount of egg production inferred by the model is easily accounted for by the abundance of sexually mature females in a recent survey.
Hydrostatic tidal model for lunar asymmetry

A hydrostatic tidal model is presented which can successfully account for the two major features of lunar asymmetry. These are the observed offset between the centre of figure and the centre of mas...
Emotions and disease: from balance of humors to balance of molecules.

A new field of research investigates how the Immune and nervous systems communicate with each other.
A Linear Theory Of Piezoelastic Shell Vibrations

Abstract In recent years, the strong demand for high performance structures has driven a new development of "smart" materials and structures. Piezoelectric smart structures composed of passive elastic materials and active piezoelectric materials have been recently developed, which seem to be very promising in a variety of engineering applications. To broaden the theoretical fundamentals, a linear piezoelastic thin-shell vibration theory is proposed in this paper. Generic piezoelastic system equations of piezoelectric shell continua are formulated using Hamilton's principle and linear piezoelectricity theory. General electric and mechanical boundary conditions are also derived. The proposed piezoelectric shell theory is very generic, and can be simplified to account for many other commonly occurring geometries, such as spheres, cylinders, plates, cones, etc., based on four system parameters, two Lame parameters and two radii of curvature. Simplifications of the generic theory to two plate cases are demonstrated in case studies.
Lack of causal association between Coxsackie B4 virus infection and diabetes

An epidemic of Coxsackie B4 virus infection in an isolated group of islands in the Bering Sea in 1967 provided an opportunity to test the suggestion that infection with this virus might be associated with an increased incidence of diabetes. In 1973 islanders were tested by glucose-tolerance tests and their two-hour plasma glucose levels were analysed in the light of serological evidence of CB4 infection five years earlier. There was no evidence of any increased prevalence of diabetes in those who had been infected in 1967.
Necessary Competencies for Transforming an Enterprise

Most enterprises fail when forced to address fundamental transformation. Yet, a few do succeed when pursuing the enormous changes associated with transformation. This article addresses the competencies needed to succeed in transforming an enterprise. A case-based approach addresses four major transformations that succeeded—Lockheed Martin, Newell Rubbermaid, Reebok, and UPS. The initiatives and tasks associated with these cases were analyzed to assess the competencies underlying success. A survey of executives and senior managers was then used to validate the competency assessment. The results of the survey confirm the importance of the competencies, although some are rated much more important than others. Implications of these findings are discussed, including research questions raised.
Importance of long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for congestive heart failure

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has both localized and systemic effects in the pathophysiology of heart failure. These may lead to structural changes in the heart and blood vessels as well as to more disseminated symptomatology, including vasoconstriction and both salt and water retention. In association with other neurohormonal mechanisms, such as the sympathetic nervous system, these latter effects result in an elevated work load for the heart. The increase in neurohormonal activity, seen in some patients with heart failure, may result in a loss of circadian variation in heart rate and blood pressure and deprive the heart of a needed reduction in work load during the night. The suppression of such neurohormonal activity through the use of long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as lisinopril, provides a means of controlling such symptoms. In comparison with short-acting ACE inhibitors, such long-acting suppression of the RAS may have a number of advantages. These include a more sustained increase in exercise duration, improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction, and, speculatively, a better influence on patient mortality.
A program for planetary exploration

On the basis of a two-year study, the NASA Solar System Exploration Committee recommends a core program of planetary missions through the year 2000. By incorporating a number of cost-saving measures, an exciting program of planetary exploration can be achieved within a highly constrained NASA budget.
Case Report - Aripiprazole-Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Remaining Vigilant

Purpose: A case of hyperglycemia and subsequent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) possibly associated with aripiprazole use in an adult patient with no previous history of diabetes mellitus is reported.Summary: A 55-year-old man presented to the emergency department with altered mental status and complaints of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The patient’s past medical history was significant only for depression and hyperlipidemia. His home medications included sertraline 200 mg once daily and aripiprazole 10 mg once daily, which was initiated 6 months prior. The patient had no documented history of diabetes mellitus. Laboratory test results at the time of admission revealed hyponatremia, elevated serum creatinine, a blood glucose of 714 mg/dL, elevated amylase and lipase, and ketonuria. The patient’s hemoglobin A1C was 13.5%. DKA was diagnosed. The patient was admitted to the hospital and given a normal saline bolus and infusion. Home medications were not continued. An insulin infusion was also initiated....
162 ALTERNATING WENCKEBACH PERIODICITY AND MULTILEVEL AV BLOCK

Six pediatric patients (pts) exhibiting atrial pacing-induced repetitive block (B) are presented. Analysis of the conduction patterns satisfy the requisites for multilevel AV B. 1) DOCUMENTED 2 LEVEL B: Two pts exhibited an upper level AVN Wenckebach periodicity (WP) and a lower level 2:1 infra-His B. 2) DEDUCED 2 LEVEL B IN THE AVN: Two pts had 2:1 AVN B terminated by 3:1 B (alternating WP). With group 1 serving as a model, it is postulated that in this group the 2 sites of B are within the AVN: an upper level AVN WP and a lower level 2:1 AVN B. One pt had an AVN WP terminated by 3:1 B. This was followed by 2 series of 2:1 B, suggesting simultaneous WP at 2 AVN levels. 3) DEDUCED 3 LEVEL B IN THE AVN: One pt had 2:1 AVN B with progressive prolongation of the conducted AH terminating in 2 series of 3:1 B in which the AH following the 1st 2 blocked atrial beats was not the shortest while that following the 2nd was. With previous groups serving as models, it is postulated that there is a 3 level B inside the AVN: an upper level AVN WP, a middle level AVN WP of higher degree B and a lower level 2:1 AVN B. In summary, we have for the first time, described multilevel B within the AVN in the pediatric pt.
Time series forecasting using neural networks vs. Box- Jenkins methodology

We discuss the results of a comparative study of the performance of neural networks and conventional methods in forecasting time series. Our work was initially inspired by previously published work...
Observational Studies of Drug Safety — Aprotinin and the Absence of Transparency

Dr. William Hiatt writes that the recent discussions of aprotinin provide insight into the strengths and weaknesses of using observational data to assess drug safety and highlight the importance of using a transparent and open process when reviewing such data.
Communication: On Hamiltonicity of {claw,net}-free graphs

An st-path is a path with the end-vertices s and t. An s-path is a path with an end-vertex s. The results of this paper include necessary and sufficient conditions for a {claw,net}-free graph G with s,[email protected]?V(G) and [email protected]?E(G) to have (1) a Hamiltonian s-path, (2) a Hamiltonian st-path, (3) a Hamiltonian s- and st-paths containing e when G has connectivity one, and (4) a Hamiltonian cycle containing e when G is 2-connected. These results imply that a connected {claw,net}-free graph has a Hamiltonian path and a 2-connected {claw,net}-free graph has a Hamiltonian cycle [D. Duffus, R.J. Gould, M.S. Jacobson, Forbidden subgraphs and the Hamiltonian theme, in: The Theory and Application of Graphs (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1980), Wiley, New York, 1981, pp. 297-316]. Our proofs of (1)-(4) are shorter than the proofs of their corollaries in [D. Duffus, R.J. Gould, M.S. Jacobson, Forbidden subgraphs and the Hamiltonian theme, in: The Theory and Application of Graphs (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1980), Wiley, New York, 1981, pp. 297-316], and provide polynomial-time algorithms for solving the corresponding Hamiltonicity problems.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Control: False Alarms versus Misses:

Thirty-two undergraduate pilots from the University of Illinois School of Aviation performed simulated military reconnaissance missions with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Pilots were required to: a) navigate the UAV through a series of mission legs, b) search for possible targets of opportunity, and c) monitor system health. They performed the missions under three types of auditory auto-alert aids (a 100% reliable system, a 67% reliable system with automation false alarms, and a 67% reliable system with automation misses), as well as a non-automated baseline condition. Results indicate that while reliable automation can benefit performance relative to baseline in the automated task, the unreliable automation aids reduced performance to that of baseline or worse. The automation false alarms and misses harmed performance in qualitatively different ways, with false alarm prone automation appearing to cause more damage than miss prone automation to both the automated task and the concurrent target search ...
Influence of Lipid Chemistry on the Osmotic Response of Cell Membranes: Effect of Non-Bilayer Forming Lipids

The cell membrane can withstand significant osmotic stress before pores open to relieve the tension. The amount of stress that the membrane can withstand is determined by the lipid chemistry; we have examined the effect of four non-bilayer forming lipids on the stability of phosphatidylcholine (PC, a bilayer forming lipid) membranes. Large unilamellar vesicles were subjected to hypo-osmotic gradients and the leakage of their contents was quantified. Three micelle forming lipids, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), and lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG), were studied along with one inverted-micelle forming lipid, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The inclusion of the lyso lipids resulted in greater leakage from the vesicles, while the inclusion of the PE resulted in less leakage from the vesicles. From the leakage data, the pressure difference at the point of pore closure was determined along with the critical surface tension and the line tension. Results will be presented detailing...
Issues in the study of political violence: Understanding the motives of participants in small group political violence

Research on the motives of those who engage in small group political violence typically takes a qualitative or quantitative form. I argue that researchers should seek to understand why people engage in small group political violence, and that the best way to achieve such understanding is to employ both. The advantages of this approach are discussed in this paper, as is the importance of recognizing that the activities of all actors in any given violent location, including state actors, should be accounted for in research.
Eisenstein series associated with Γ0(2)

In this paper, we define the normalized Eisenstein series ℘, e, and $\mathcal{Q}$ associated with Γ0(2), and derive three differential equations satisfied by them from some trigonometric identities. By using these three formulas, we define a differential equation depending on the weights of modular forms on Γ0(2) and then construct its modular solutions by using orthogonal polynomials and Gaussian hypergeometric series. We also construct a certain class of infinite series connected with the triangular numbers. Finally, we derive a combinatorial identity from a formula involving the triangular numbers.
148. Altered gene expression of dopaminergic markers in the midbrain of schizophrenic patients

Dopamine has long been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Recent postmortem studies demonstrate a reduction in the density of axons immunoreactive for the dopamine transporter (DAT) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the prefrontal and entorhinal cortices of schizophrenic patients (Akil et al 1999, Akil et al in press). We hypothesized that these changes reflect alterations in the gene expression of DAT and TH in mesencephalic DA neurons. We used in situ hybridization to compare the levels of DAT and TH mRNA in postmortem tissue specimens from the midbrains of schizophrenic subjects (n 5 12) and normal controls (n 5 12). The groups were matched in a pairwise fashion on the basis of age, race, sex, and postmortem interval. Cytoarchitectonic criteria and TH immunocytochemistry were used to identify 5 dopaminergic cell groups in each subject: the substantia nigra pars lateralis (SNPL), the dorsal and ventral tiers of the pars compacta (DTSN and VTSN respectively), the paranigral nucleus (PN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Quantitative analyses revealed a marked decrease in DAT mRNA levels in a subset of schizophrenic subjects relative to matched controls. Overall group means of DAT mRNA levels were decreased in the schizophrenic group in all nuclei examined. However, this decrease reached statistical significance only in the SNPL (49%, p 5 0.04). Preliminary analysis of TH mRNA expression revealed a pattern of reduction in schizophrenic subjects similar to that found with DAT mRNA. These finding implicate mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons as potential sites of dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Theory of Evolution of Non-Equilibrium Structures in Various Nuclear Physics Systems

By considering common positions, by distinguishing their features and properties, by their globalization, by using a unified approach of description and a unified method of calculation, we study the various non-equilibrium processes, which appeared as a results of transportation of nuclear particles in various finite open nuclear-physics systems. We interpret the forming and the decay of new qualitative structures under exceeding limiting values of parameter, which characterizes the system. We also interpret the effects of bifurcation of solutions and changes of topological characteristics of condensed mediums over a long period of time.
Cumulative teen birth rates among girls in foster care at age 17: An analysis of linked birth and child protection records from California

This study used linked foster care and birth records to provide a longitudinal, population-level examination of the incidence of first and repeat births among girls who were in foster care at age 17. Girls in a foster care placement in California at the age of 17 between 2003 and 2007 were identified from statewide child protection records. These records were probabilistically matched to vital birth records spanning the period from 2001 to 2010. Linked data were used to estimate the cumulative percentage of girls who had given birth before age 20. Birth rates and unadjusted risk ratios were generated to characterize foster care experiences correlated with heightened teen birth rates. Between 2003 and 2007 in California, there were 20,222 girls in foster care at age 17. Overall, 11.4% had a first birth before age 18. The cumulative percentage who gave birth before age 20 was 28.1%. Among girls who had a first birth before age 18, 41.2% had a repeat teen birth. Significant variations by race/ethnicity and placement-related characteristics emerged. Expanded data and rigorous research are needed to evaluate prevention efforts and ensure parenting teens are provided with the needed services and supports.
Studies of conceptual spheromak fusion reactors

Preliminary design studies are carried out for a spheromak fusion reactor. Simplified circuit theory is applied to obtain the characteristic relations among various parameters of the spheromak configuration for an aspect ratio of A 1.6. These relations are used to calculate the parameters for the conceptual designs of three types of fusion reactor: (1) the DT reactor with two-component-type operation, (2) the ignited DT reactor, and (3) the ignited catalysed-type DD reactor. With a total wall loading of ~ 4 MWm−2, it is found that edge magnetic fields of only ~ 4 T (DT) and ~ 9 T (Cat. DD) are required for ignited reactors of 1 m plasma (minor) radius with output powers in the gigawatt range. An assessment of various schemes of generation, compression and translation of spheromak plasmas is presented.
“I know it when I see it”: Identifying ocean wilderness using a photo-based survey approach

Abstract “Wilderness” is identified and defined, in large part, as places perceived by people as possessing characteristic qualities and attributes such as remoteness, providing opportunities for solitude, and where the influence of man is not readily apparent. It has been suggested that “wilderness is what people think it is.” To better understand how this idea of wilderness can be most appropriately applied to ocean and coastal waters, a photo-based online survey was conducted, targeting a sample of protected area resource managers and scientists. The survey results suggested that the respondents overwhelmingly and strongly perceived coastal waters, and particularly waters adjacent to designated coastal wilderness areas, as “wilderness.” Offshore areas were also perceived as possessing value as potential wilderness, but somewhat less often than places located near the coast.
The 21st Century Crisis Climate Catastrophe or Socialism

Under the current trend, the world is on track towards an extreme greenhouse state that threatens to destroy human civilization and nearly all forms of life on Earth. Without an end to economic growth, it is virtually impossible for meaningful climate stabilization to be achieved. However, both capitalist enterprises and states are constantly driven to expand production and consumption. The climate change crisis is but one of several long-term historical trends that are now leading to the structural crisis of capitalism. The resolution of the crisis and the survival of humanity require the building of a fundamentally different social system.JEL classification: B51, P16, P20, Q54
The effect of estrogen progesterone and cortisol on gingival inflammation

The effect of progesterone (P) estrogen (E) and cortisol (C) on induced gingival inflammation was studied in 8 ovariectomized female and 3 male squirrel monkeys. Plasma P and C were analyzed by a competitive binding technique and estrogen activity was analyzed by a bioassay of the vaginal epithelium. 4 ovariectomized animals were injected twice daily with .2 mg E and 10 mg P for 50 days while the remaining females (Group 2) and males (Groups 3) were injected with the vehicle of the hormone preparation for the same period of time. Levels of P E and C were higher in Group 1 than in the other 2 groups though C levels were comparable with those in Group 3. Group 1 animals demonstrated a thicker vaginal epithelium than Group 2. The amount of inflamed connective tissue was almost 3 times greater in Group 2 compared with the other groups. Although the results indicate that the severity of gingival inflammation is systemically influenced by the level of hormones it is not clear whether this is due to cortisol or estrogen and/or progesterone.
Critique and comment: Profession, experience, and prognostic judgments regarding functional psychotic disorders: Extension and replication

Stone's (1966) reduction of prognostic judgments to scalable dimensions indicated a high degree of consensus among 22 psychiatrists and 15 psychologists (Stone, 1964). The present replication involved two separate studies employing a group of 112 mental health professionals composed of psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and psychiatric social workers. In the first study, members of the group, classified according to profession and experience level, were asked to rate the prognoses of the same 15 functional psychoses used by Stone (1966). Two rating systems were used: (1) checking “poor prognosis” and (2) choosing the three disorders with the best prognoses and the three with the poorest. For the first system the proportion of checks per disorder were scaled and deviate zs were obtained for each disorder. For the second system, weighted sums were obtained, these were converted to proportions, and then to deviate zs. The scales from both systems were compared within themselves and to the prognosis scales developed by Stone (1966). The data revealed no significant differences within this group between the judgments of the four professional groups or between those with high or low experience, nor was this group different from that of Stone (1966). In the second study, the second rating system was used with the addition of a specific definition of prognosis. The calculated overall scale showed substantial reliability after six months when compared to the initial one. The mental health professionals in this study, as a group, had A fairly consistent view of the association between prognosis and certain diagnostic labels. It is suggested that, in clinical practice, prognosis should be judged with regard to specific aspects of the behaviors: for example, suicide, discharge, employment, marriage, friends, re-admission, and so on. It is likely that this will be best done in the future by optimizing the functions of components of the mental health system. Clinicians will observe, analyze, and describe, computers will synthesize and predict.
Pharmacokinetic Optimisation of Drug Therapy in Elderly Patients

With increasing age, there are a number of physiological changes that affect the handling of drugs in the human body. Increases in body fat percentage as well as decreases in lean body mass, hepatic metabolism and renal elimination capacity are of particular clinical significance. It is important to take these changes into account when choosing drug therapy for older patients in order to minimise adverse effects and maximise potential benefits. This is particularly important when prescribing drugs with a narrow therapeutic index such as digoxin, theophylline, Phenytoin, lidocaine (lignocaine) or warfarin. When available, monitoring of plasma concentrations can assist in the optimisation of drug dosage.
The Most Recent Dreams of Children Ages 8–11

The present study examined whether the Most Recent Dream Method is a feasible choice for dream collection from children as young as 8 years old. A quantitative analysis of 30 Most Recent Dreams from 8–11 year-old girls and 32 Most Recent Dreams from 8–11 year-old boys reveals that the method seems feasible as indicated by children's ability to respond. The basic findings for recency, length, types of characters, and other content categories show the same overall pattern of gender similarities and differences by age 10–11 as found with 12–13 year-olds and young adults. Girls' dream reports especially begin to resemble those of older girls and young women by age 10–11. These results, if confirmed by follow-up studies with larger numbers of children, suggest that reasonably representative samples of the dreams of girls from age 10 onward can be collected using the Most Recent Dream method.
Micromechanical investigation of open-graded asphalt friction courses’ rutting mechanisms

Abstract This study aims to identify the permanent deformation accumulation mechanisms of open graded friction course (OGFC) mixes under full-scale loading. Changes in OGFC and underlying dense graded asphalt concrete (DGAC) layers’ microstructures under full scale trafficking were determined using X-ray computed tomography (CT) images taken before and after accelerated pavements tests (APT). Image processing and particle tracking methods were used to identify changes in air-void and aggregate distributions to evaluate the rutting mechanisms of multi-layered (OGFC on DGAC) asphalt concrete sections. Densification was observed to be the major factor controlling the rutting on test sections while shear related deformation was just a minor contributor. Based on APT and laboratory test results, OGFC layer thickness was determined to be the major factor affecting the OGFC rutting mechanisms and performance. Displacement vector distributions for the OGFC layers appeared to be larger than the distributions for the DGAC layers due to the high initial air void content for the OGFC layers. However, significant deformation of the DGAC layers suggested that thick underlying DGAC layers might also induce early rutting failures. Results of this study provide experimental data for continued development of multi-scale continuum mechanics and discrete element method analysis approaches for multi-layered flexible pavement structures.
Laser-based double beam absorption detection for aggregation immunoassays using gold nanoparticles.

A laser-based double beam absorption detection system for aggregation immunoassays has been developed. The assay was based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles that are coated with protein antigens in the presence of their corresponding antibodies. The aggregation of the gold nanoparticles results in an absorption change that is monitored at 635 nm using the double beam spectrometer. The noise level of the spectrometer is 1×10–6 arbitrary units. This corresponds to a tenfold improvement in comparison to commercial absorption detectors and is comparable with previously reported more complicated laser-based absorption spectrometers. The dye Nile-Blue-A was used to test the analytical performance of the system. A limit of detection of 3×10–8 M Nile-Blue-A was observed. The relative standard deviation between consecutive measurements was lower than 1.5%. The system is suitable for field applications of aggregation-based immunoassays.
Alcohol and injuries in elderly people

Injuries are a common cause of morbidity and mortality among elderly people. Falls are the most common type of accident, accounting for around 40% of injuries. There is substantial evidence that heavy alcohol use is an important risk factor for injuries in younger people, but results of the few studies of alcohol and injuries among elderly people have been inconsistent. In this paper, we review the literature on the effects of alcohol on gait and balance and present reasons that a causal relationship between alcohol and injuries is biologically plausible. We review the epidemiological studies of the relationship between alcohol and falls, hip fractures and other injuries in the elderly population and discuss sources of error in these studies. Selection bias, small sample sizes, measurement error and potential confounders such as age, gender, health status and medications may have played a substantial role in negative results from several studies. Further research that will help clarify the relationship between alcohol and injuries in elderly people is sorely needed.
Effects of Procainamide on Wave-Front Dynamics During Ventricular Fibrillation in Open-Chest Dogs

Background—There is increasing evidence that both functional reentrant wave fronts and multiple wavelets are present during ventricular fibrillation (VF). However, the effects of procainamide on the characteristics of activation waves during VF are poorly understood. Methods and Results—Seven dogs were studied; six underwent subendocardial chemical ablation procedures. A plaque with 317 to 480 bipolar electrodes was sutured to the right ventricular free wall, and the patterns of activation were registered with a computerized mapping system. VF was electrically induced, and the patterns of activation were registered at baseline and during procainamide infusion (serum concentration, 9.3±1.9 μg/mL). Among the six dogs that had their subendocardium ablated, reentrant wave fronts were present in 6 of the 108 runs of VF at baseline and in 6 of the 100 runs of VF during procainamide infusion. By analyzing the wave fronts, we found that the cycle length, refractory period, conduction velocity, and wavelength at b...