cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMMENTS ON RICHARD ARNESON'S “JOEL FEINBERG AND THE JUSTIFICATION OF HARD PATERNALISM”

Richard Arneson finds that Joel Feinberg's “principled arguments against hard paternalism are defective and merit rejection.” Furthermore, Arneson concludes with a tone of finality, “there is no successful case against hard paternalism to be made.” This diagnosis seems especially dire coming from Arneson, who formerly defended hard antipaternalism against Feinberg's revisionistic “soft” antipaternalism. On Feinberg's behalf I will try to show how Arneson's critique downplays certain costs of hard paternalism. These costs may be worth paying, but (I think Feinberg believed) their magnitude itself constitutes a powerful case against paternalism.
Plasma processes in inert gas thrusters

Inert gas thrusters, particularly with large diameters, have continued to be of interest for space propulsion applications. Two plasma processes are treated in this study: electron diffusion across magnetic fields and double ion production in inert-gas thrusters. A model is developed to describe electron diffusion across a magnetic field that is driven by both density and potential gradients, with Bohm diffusion used to predict the diffusion rate. This model has applications to conduction across magnetic fields inside a discharge chamber, as well as through a magnetic baffle region used to isolate a hollow cathode from the main chamber. A theory for double ion production is presented, which is not as complete as the electron diffusion theory described, but it should be a useful tool for predicting double ion sputter erosion. Correlations are developed that may be used, without experimental data, to predict double ion densities for the design of new and especially larger ion thrusters.
A model of Yukawa hierarchies

Abstract We present a model for the observed hierarchies among the Yukawa couplings of the standard model in the context of an effective low enegy theory with an anomalous U(1) symmetry. This symmetry, a generic feature of superstring compactification, is a remnant of the Green-Schwarz anomaly cancellation mechanism. The gauge group is that of the standard model, augmented by X, the anomalous U(1), and two family-dependent phase symmetries Y(1) and Y(2). The correct hierarchies are reproduced only when sin 2 θ w = 3 8 at the cut-off. To cancel anomalies, right-handed neutrinos and other standard model singlets must be introduced. Independently of the charges of the right-handed neutrinos, this model produces the same neutrino mixing matrix and an inverted hierarchy of neutrino masses. The heaviest is the electron neutrino with a mass ∼ 1 meV, and mixing of the order of λc3 with each of the other two neutrinos.
Optical Fibers and Avalanche Photodiodes for Scintillator Counters

Fine hodoscopes can be made of new scintillating optical fibers and one half inch end-on PMT's. An avalanche photodiode with small size and immunity to magnetic fields remains as a tempting new device to be proven as a photodetector for the fibers.
Repton model of gel electrophoresis in the long chain limit

Abstract Reptation governs motion of long polymers through a confining environment. Slack enters at the ends and diffuses along the polymer as stored length. The rate at which stored length diffuses limits the speed at which the chain can drift. This paper relates the rate of stored length diffusion to the conformation of the tube whthin which the polymer is confined. In the scaling limit of long polymer chains and weak applied electric fields, holding the product of polymer length times field finite, the tube length and stored length density take on their zero-field values. The drift velocity then depends only on the polymer's end-to-end separation in the direction of the field.
Spectroscopy and dynamics of hydride radical van der Waals complexes

Spectroscopic and theoretical studies of hydride radical–rare gas atom complexes (Rg–HX) are reviewed. This family of van der Waals molecules is of interest as they can be used to explore the characteristics of the long-range forces associated with open-shell species. Orbitally degenerate states of HX radicals have an electronic anisotropy that results in van der Waals interactions that are qualitatively different from those exhibited by the corresponding closed-shell systems. Rg–HX complexes, where X is a first- or second-row p-block element, reveal systematic trends where the anisotropic components of the physical interactions are determined by the electronic orbital configuration. Radicals in Σ, Π and Δ states with singlet, doublet and triplet spin multiplicities have been examined. When Rg = He, Ne or Ar the interaction potential energy surfaces can be predicted using high-level ab initio methods. Theoretical studies have established the methods and basis sets that are capable of providing an accurate...
Reissner–Nordström and Charged Gas Spheres

This paper studies polytropic gas spheres with some innovations. The main idea, already advanced in the context of neutral, homogeneous, polytropic stellar models, is to base the theory firmly on a variational principle. Another essential novelty is that the mass distribution extends to infinity, the boundary between bulk and atmosphere being defined by an abrupt change in the polytropic index, triggered by the density. The logical next step is to include the effect of radiation, which is a very significant complication since a full treatment would have to include an account of ionization, thus fields representing electrons, ions, photons, gravitons and neutral atoms as well. In way of preparation, we consider models that are charged but homogeneous, involving only gravity, electromagnetism and a single scalar field that represents both the mass and the electric charge; in short, a non-neutral plasma. While this work only represents a stage in the development of a theory of stars, without direct application to physical systems, it does shed some light on the meaning of the Reissner–Nordstrom solution of the modified Einstein–Maxwell equations. But the main point of the paper is a suggestion about the proper place of the photon gas in a theory of stellar structure and other plasmas, with an application to a simple system; it is proposed to treat the photon gas as part of the dynamics.
Interpreting parallel processor performance measurements

This paper discusses execution time versus number of simultaneous operations in parallel computing systems. The main focus is on shared memory multiprocessors. A model for execution time as a function of the number of processes used in a computation is developed. The model addresses the effect of sequential code, code which can be executed by only a limited number of processes, hardware limits to speedup, critical section synchronization overhead and the influence of task granularity. The model is shown to correspond very closely to experimental measurements of execution time on the HEP pipelined, shared memory multiprocessor. Use of the model as an analysis tool in complex parallel programs is indicated.
On the interpretation of magnetic helicity signatures in the dissipation range of solar wind turbulence

Measurements of small-scale turbulent fluctuations in the solar wind find a non-zero right-handed magnetic helicity. This has been interpreted as evidence for ion cyclotron damping. However, theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that the majority of the energy in solar wind turbulence resides in low-frequency anisotropic kinetic Alfven wave fluctuations that are not subject to ion cyclotron damping. We demonstrate that a dissipation range comprised of kinetic Alfven waves also produces a net right-handed fluctuating magnetic helicity signature consistent with observations. Thus, the observed magnetic helicity signature does not necessarily imply that ion cyclotron damping is energetically important in the solar wind.
Surface Oxidation of Silicon Nitride Films

ESCA is used to characterize silicon nitride surface oxidation. Si 2p, N 1s, and O 1s binding energies and photoelectron line intensities of oxidized nitride films are compared with the corresponding lines from thick reference films of silicon, silicon nitride, silcon dioxide, and a series of oxynitrides. Rapid initial oxidation of silicon nitride surfaces occurs at room temperature on exposure of nitride films to air. A graded oxidized nitride film forms between the film surface and the nitride. Similarly, oxynitride films with gradations in composition are obtained upon oxidation of nitride films at high temperatures.
Identifying dark matter interactions in monojet searches

We study the discrimination of quark-initiated jets from gluon-initiated jets in monojet searches for dark matter using the technique of averaged jet energy proles. We demonstrate our results in the context of eective
Production of strange clusters and strange matter in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the AGS

Production probabilities for strange clusters and strange matter in Au+Au collisions at AGS energy are obtained in the thermal fireball model. The only parameters of the model, the baryon chemical potential and temperature, were determined from a description of the rather complete set of hadron yields from Si+nucleus collisions at the AGS. For the production of light nuclear fragments and strange clusters the results are similar to recent coalescence model calculations. Strange matter production with baryon number larger than 10 is predicted to be much smaller than any current experimental sensitivities.
Conformal Gravity and the Alcubierre Warp Drive Metric

We present an analysis of the classic Alcubierre metric based on conformal gravity, rather than standard general relativity. The main characteristics of the resulting warp drive remain the same as in the original study by Alcubierre, that is, effective superluminal motion is a viable outcome of the metric. We show that for particular choices of the shaping function, the Alcubierre metric in the context of conformal gravity does not violate the weak energy condition, as was the case of the original solution. In particular, the resulting warp drive does not require the use of exotic matter. Therefore, if conformal gravity is a correct extension of general relativity, superluminal motion via an Alcubierre metric might be a realistic solution, thus allowing faster-than-light interstellar travel.
Is Your Brain to Blame for Weight Regain

Obesity is a serious and growing public health problem in the United States and the world. While weight loss is associated with significant benefits in obesity-related co-morbidities, successful long-term weight loss maintenance is extremely difficult. This limited success is primarily due to biologic mechanisms that clearly favor weight regain. The weight-reduced state is associated with not only reductions in energy expenditure and changes in substrate metabolism but also in increased energy intake. Measures of appetite (increased hunger, reduced satiety) clearly change with weight loss. These changes in appetite may be mediated by alterations of peripheral appetite-related signals, such as leptin and meal-related gut peptides, promoting energy intake. Furthermore, significant changes in the neuronal response to food-related cues in the weight-reduced state have also been shown, stressing the importance of the interactions between homeostatic and non-homeostatic regulation of energy intake. In summary, the weight-reduced state is clearly associated with a dysregulation of energy balance regulation, resulting in a milieu promoting weight regain, and thus being one of the major obstacles of "treating" obesity and reducing its comorbidities. This paper will review the adaptations in the central regulation of energy intake that occur after weight-loss or in the weight-reduce state in humans, including changes in peripheral appetite-related signals and neuroimaging studies examining the brain's response to weight loss.
Fragmentation-cyclization reactions of O-stannyl ketyls: The synthesis of an angular triquinane skeleton

Abstract Fragmentation of a rigid tricyclo[3.3.0.0 2,8 ]octane-3-one ring system bearing an alkene tether resulted in the synthesis of an angular triquinane skeleton. This was achieved by a sequence involving a Diels-Alder cyclo-addition, an oxa-di-π-methane rearrangement, and an O-stannyl ketyl ring scission (7 steps) in 36% overall yield.
Private Politics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Integrated Strategy

This paper provides a theory of private politics in which an activist seeks to change the production practices of a firm for the purpose of redistribution to those whose interests it supports. The source of the activist's influence is the possibility of support for its cause by the public. The paper also addresses the issue of corporate social responsibility by distinguishing among corporate redistribution as motivated by profit maximization, altruism, and threats by the activist. Private politics and corporate social responsibility not only have a direct effect on the costs of the firm, but also have a strategic effect by altering the competitive positions affirms in an industry. From an integrated-strategy perspective the paper investigates the strategic implications of private politics and corporate social responsibility for the strategies of rival firms when one or both are targets of an activist campaign. Implications for empirical analysis are derived from the theory.
A Finite-Difference Method for Transonic Airfoil Design

This paper describes an inverse method for designing transonic airfoil sections or for modifying existing profiles. Mixed finite-difference procedures are applied to the equations of transonic small disturbance theory to determine the airfoil shape corresponding to a given surface pressure distribution. The equations are solved for the velocity components in the physical domain and flows with embedded shock waves can be calculated. To facilitate airfoil design, the method allows alternating between inverse and direct calculations to obtain a profile shape that satisfies given geometric constraints. Examples are shown of the application of the technique to improve the performance of several lifting airfoil sections. The extension of the method to three dimensions for designing supercritical wings is also indicated.
On search over rationals

Papadimitriou and Reiss have independently shown how a rational x = p/q, p, q positive integers with p,q=
Noradrenaline unmasks novel self-reinforcing motor circuits within the mammalian spinal cord

Spiking activity in motor axons represents the final central coding for muscle contraction. Recurrent collaterals in spinal cord from these same axons are known to offer a negative feedback control of motor output via a class of interposed inhibitory interneurons. Here we demonstrate that, during noradrenergic drive, a previously unknown recurrent excitatory pathway is unmasked and expressed. These excitatory projections are shown to have broad bilateral actions within and between hindlimb spinal segments and can alter ongoing pattern-generating motor behaviors. Thus, motor output strength is controlled via central positive and negative feedback loops, undoubtedly to provide a greater flexibility and dynamic range of control. That this novel function is regulated by a descending neuromodulatory transmitter indicates a conditional recruitment during certain behavioral states as part of the central noradrenergic arousal apparatus.
Interpersonal Justice and Deviance The Moderating Effects of Interpersonal Justice Values and Justice Orientation

Research suggests that employees who perceive interpersonal injustice in their workplace are more likely to engage in workplace deviance. However, researchers have seldom considered the role of personal values in shaping behavioral reactions to perceived injustice. This article investigates the moderating influence of justice-related values on reactions to perceived injustice. Results suggest that employees with strong interpersonal justice values, or justice orientations, are unlikely to engage in workplace deviance, regardless of their interpersonal justice perceptions. Results were consistent across two operationalizations of justice values and consistent across self-reported and coworker-reported workplace deviance.
Kinetics of complex defect annealing in silicon

Abstract The dependence of the residual damage and the rate of annealing on the concentration of the defect is interpreted as due to the increase in the activation energy of annealing when the concentration of defect is increased.
An efficient synthesis of the benzhydrylpiperazine delta opioid agonist (+)-BW373U86

A diastereoselective version of Katritzky's method for tertiary amine formation provides an efficient route to the highly selective, non-peptidal, delta opioid agonist (+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide [(+)-BW373U86], 1.
Open and laparoscopic appendectomy are equally safe and acceptable in children

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate prospectively whether laparoscopic (LA) and open appendectomy (OA) are equally safe and feasible in the treatment of pediatric appendicitis. Methods: A total of 517 children with acute appendicitis were randomly assigned to undergo LA or OA appendectomy, based on the schedule of the attending surgeon on call. Patient age, sex, postoperative diagnosis, operating time, level of training of surgical resident, length of postoperative hospitalization, and minor and major postoperative complications were recorded. Chi-square analysis and the Student t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: In all, 376 OA and 141 LA were performed. The two groups were comparable in terms of patient demographics and the incidence of perforated appendicitis. The operative time was also similar (47.3 ± 19.7 vs 49.9 ± 12.9 min). The overall incidence of minor or major complications was 11.2% in the OA group and 9.9% in the LA group. Conclusion: Pediatric patients with appendicitis can safely be offered laparoscopic appendectomy without incurring a greater risk for complications. Nevertheless, a higher (but not significantly higher) abscess rate was found in patients with perforated appendicitis who underwent laparoscopy.
International versus domestic auditing of bank solvency

Abstract This paper examines alternative ways to prevent losses from bank insolvencies. We develop a model that compares two alternative institutions for bank auditing. The first is a system of central bank auditing of national banks. The second is carried out by an international agency that collects and disseminates risk information on banks in all countries. The international auditor is shown to perform at least as well, and sometimes better than, auditing by either central banks or voluntary disclosure by the banks themselves in preventing losses. The international auditor's credibility comes from the fact that its incentives are not distorted by a sovereignty bias.
Internet Diffusion and Implications for Taxation: Evidence from U.S. Cigarette Sales

Using state level U.S. data from 1994-2009, this research examines the impact of the Internet on cigarette demand and discusses resulting implications for tax policy. Results show that the Internet increases the demand price elasticity of cigarettes, which limits the ability of governments to generate additional tax revenues through cigarette tax increases. Further, the smuggling of cigarettes, both across domestic and international borders, remains significant, and tobacco producers and Indian casinos undermine efforts to lower cigarette sales.
REACTION BONDED REFRACTORY METAL CARBIDE/CARBON COMPOSITES

Abstract A simple chemical process has been developed that allows the rapid conversion of carbon substrates to the refractory metal carbides (MC) of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum and tungsten. As a demonstration of the technique, graphite rods are infiltrated with an ethanolic solution of various metal oxide-halides, and resistively fired (1350–3000°C) under an argon atmosphere. The final composite produced is found to contain a residual carbon core within a fully dense metal carbide-carbon matrix outer layer. The effects of both firing temperatures, and the number of infiltration-fire treatments, have been investigated in order to determine optimum firing conditions (i.e. maximum carbide formation) for each individual metal carbide. To demonstrate the applicability of the technique for a range of substrate materials, niobium and titanium carbides were formed on carbon fibre tows and non-porous substrates, respectively. The formation of mixed Nb-Ti carbide coatings of varying composition were investigated in order to determine the factors controlling the formation of ternary phases. The identity of the transition metal precursors and the possible pathway of their conversion to the appropriate carbide is discussed. All the composites have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with associated energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Fluid-loss control differences of crosslinked and linear fracturing fluids

Three fracturing fluids--crosslinked guar, a delayed hydrating guar, and a linear guar--were tested for fluidloss control at 1-hour intervals while being conditioned in a heated, pressurized flow loop. Each fluid was tested with three different fluid-loss additive systems: diesel, silica flour (SF), and a diesel/SF combination. Additional ly, the crosslinked system was tested with diesel plus an anionic surfactant (AS) and a diesel/SF combination plus the anionic surfactant. These tests show that the fluid loss of crosslinked fracturing fluids is best controlled by using diesel in combination with a surfactant or a properly sized particulate material. The fluid loss of linear guar fluids is controlled best with particulate additives. Therefore, it is important to consider the type of fracturing fluid that is being used for a particular job when planning which fluid-loss additives to use.
The Link between Domestic Investment and Domestic Savings in Open Economies: Evidence from Balanced Stochastic Growth

What relationship between domestic and foreign variables could explain the observed high correlation between domestic savings and investment in OECD countries with perfect capital mobility? Is such an explanation empirically supportable? This paper constructs a stochastic continuous-time optimizing model of a small open country. It finds the formula for the implied theoretical correlation between domestic savings and investment—of interest in its own right—and calibrates the model using regression coefficients and stock market data from the US and Canada. The model accounts quite well for the observed investment-savings correlation, even in the presence of perfect capital mobility.
Psychological Factors for the Black Defendant in a Jury Trial

Although there is considerable literature and research on jury selection techniques, discrimination against minorities in court, disparity in sentencing, and so forth, little has been done by way of examining the defendant's impact on jurors or the effect of jury composition and the attitudes of jury members on the final verdict. Less research has focused on these topics with reference to the influences that minority defendants or minority jurors may have on decision-making. Thus, it is necessary to offer hypotheses regarding the nature of the minority defendant's and/ or juror's influences based upon the dearth of data available and several appropriate theories. The following three theories will be offered as a framework for the arguments presented in this article, and as a means of establishing the components of a fair jury trial:
Canonical rational equivalence of intersections of divisors

One way to define an operation in intersection theory is to define a map on the group of algebraic cycles together with a map on the group of rational equivalences which commutes with the boundary operation. Assuming the maps commute with smooth pullback, the extension of the operation to the setting of algebraic stacks is automatic. The goal of section 2 of this paper is to present the operation of intersecting with a principal Cartier divisor in this light. We then show how this operation lets us obtain a rational equivalence which is fundamental to intersection theory. A one-dimensional family of cycles on an algebraic variety always admits a unique limiting cycle, but a family of cycles over the punctured affine plane may yield different limiting cycles if one approaches the origin from different directions. An important step in the historical development of intersection theory was realizing how to prove that any two such limiting cycles are rationally equivalent. The results of section 2 yield, as a corollary, a new, explicit formula for this rational equivalence. Another important rational equivalence in intersection theory is the one that is used to demonstrate commutativity of Gysin maps associated to regularly embedded subschemes. In section 3, we exhibit a two-dimensional family of cycles such that the cycles we obtain from specializing in two different ways are precisely the ones we need to show to be rationally equivalent to obtain the commutativity result. Our explicit rational equivalence respects smooth pullback, and hence the generalization to stacks is automatic. This simplifies intersection theory on Deligne-Mumford stacks as in [8], where construction of such a rational equivalence fills the most difficult section of that important paper. Since our rational equivalence arises by considering families of cycles on a larger total space, we are able to deduce (section 4) that the rational equivalence is invariant under a certain naturally arising group action. The key observation is that we can manipulate the situation so that the group action extends to the total space. This equivariance result is used, but appears with mistaken proof, in [2], where an important new tool of modern intersection theory – the theory of virtual fundamental classes – is developed. Acknowledgement. The author would like to thank S. Bloch, W. Fulton, T. Graber, and R. Pandharipande for helpful advice and the organizers and staff of the MittagLeffler Institute for hospitality during the 1996–97 program in algebraic geometry.
Nitric Oxide Formation by Meteoroids in the Upper Atmosphere

The process of nitric oxide formation during atmospheric entry of meteoroids is analyzed theoretically. An ablating meteoroid is assumed to be a point source in a uniform flow with a continuum regime evolving in its wake. The amount of nitric oxide produced by high-temperature reactions of air in the continuum regime is calculated by numerical integration of chemical-rate equations. This is accomplished by assuming that flow properties are constant across the reacting region, the radius of the region being determined from considerations of shock-wave formation and molecular diffusion. The results, when summed over the observed mass, velocity, and entry-angle distributions of meteoroids, provide annual global production rates of nitric oxide as a function of altitude. The peak production of nitric oxide is found to occur at altitudes between 9 x 10(exp 4) and 10(exp 5) m, the total annual rate being about 4 x 10(exp 7) kg. The present results suggest that the large concentration of nitric oxide observed below 9.5 x 10(exp 4) m could be attributed to meteoroids instead of photodissociation of nitrogen into metastable, 2D-state atoms, as has been previously hypothesized.
Monitoring the Evolution of the X-Ray Remnant of SN 1987A

We report on the results of our monitoring program of the remnant of SN 1987A with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Two new observations have been performed in AO2, bringing the total to four monitoring observations over the past 2 years. Over this time period, new techniques for correction of "charge transfer inefficiency" (CTI) and for use of charge spreading to provide angular resolution somewhat better than the pixel size of the CCD detector have become available at Pennsylvania State University. We have processed all four observations using subpixel resolution to obtain the highest possible angular resolution and using our CTI correction software to provide more reliable spectral analysis and flux estimations. The high angular resolution images indicate that the X-ray-bright knots are convincingly correlated with the optical spots, primarily at 1 keV, while higher energy photons are very well correlated with radio images. Our data also provide marginal evidence for radial expansion of the X-ray remnant at a rate of 5200 ± 2100 km s-1. The X-ray flux appears to linearly increase by ~60% over the 18 month period of these observations. The spectrum is dominated by broad complexes of atomic emission lines and can be fitted with a simple model of a plane-parallel shock with electron temperatures of kT ~ 2-4 keV and a postshock electron density of ne ~ 210-420 cm-3. The implied 0.5-10 keV band luminosity in 2001 April is ~1.3 × 1035 ergs s-1; as of that date, we still observe no direct evidence for the central point source, with an upper limit on the observed luminosity of LX ~ 5.5 × 1033 ergs s-1 in the 2-10 keV band.
The Information Content of Prices in Derivative Security Markets

Prices in futures and options markets reflect expectations about future price movements in spot markets, but these prices can also be influenced by risk premia. Futures and forward prices are sometimes interpreted as market expectations for future spot prices, and option prices are used to calculate the market's expectations for future volatility of spot prices. Do these prices accurately reflect market expectations? The information that is reflected in futures prices and option prices is examined in this paper through a review of both the relevant analytical models and the empirical evidence.
Field theoretic approach to long range reactions

We analyze bimolecular reactions that proceed by a long-ranged reactive interaction, using a field theoretic approach that takes into account fluctuations. We consider both the one-species, \(A + A \to \emptyset \) reaction and the two-species, \(A + B \to \emptyset \) reaction. We consider both mobile and immobile reactants, both in the presence and in the absence of adsorption.
Dilaton deformations in closed string field theory

The dilaton theorem implies that the contribution to the dilaton potential from cubic interactions of all levels must be cancelled by the elementary quartic self-coupling of dilatons. We use this expectation to test the quartic structure of closed string field theory and to study the rules for level expansion. We explain how to use the results of Moeller to compute quartic interactions of states that, just like the dilaton, are neither primary nor have a simple ghost dependence. Our analysis of cancellations is made richer by discussing simultaneous dilaton and marginal deformations. We find evidence for two facts: as the level is increased quartic interactions become suppressed and closed string field theory may be able to describe arbitrarily large dilaton deformations.
Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of amorphous CrO2-δ (0 ≤ δ ≤ 0.5) cathodes

Amorphous chromium oxides CrO 2-δ (0 ≤ δ ≤ 0.5) have been synthesized by a reduction of K 2 CrO 4 with KBH 4 in aqueous solutions. The samples have been characterized by x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and iodometric titration. The oxidation state of Cr and the total oxygen content (2 - δ) generally decrease with increasing volume of KBH 4 at a given pH or with increasing pH at a given volume of KBH 4 . The amorphous CrO 2-δ samples lose oxygen sharply at 400 < T < 600°C to give crystalline Cr 2 O 3 ; the temperature at which oxygen loss occurs increases from about 400°C for δ 0 to about 600°C for δ 0.5. The capacity of the amorphous CrO 2-δ cathodes decreases with increasing δ due to a decreasing oxidation state of Cr. Amorphous CrO 2 shows a maximum initial capacity of 180 mAh/g in the range 3.3 to 2.3 V for a current density of 0.1 mA/cm 2 . Although the capacity declines during the initial cycles, it becomes stable after about 20 cycles, for example, at about 90 mAh/g for 0.5 mA/cm 2 .
Inlet Distortion Generated Periodic Aerodynamic Rotor Response

Fundamental inlet distortion-generated rotor blade row unsteady aerodynamics, including the effects of both the detailed aerodynamic forcing function for the first time and steady loading are experimentally investigated in an extensively instrumented axial-flow research compressor
Dirhodium Tetracarboxylates Derived from Adamantylglycine as Chiral Catalysts for Enantioselective C−H Aminations

The dirhodium tetracarboxylate, Rh2(S-TCPTAD)4, derived from adamantylglycine, is an effective chiral catalyst for both inter- and intramolecular C−H aminations.
Rational spaces and set constraints

Set constraints are inclusions between expressions denoting sets of ground terms. They have been used extensively in program analysis and type inference. In this paper we investigate the topological structure of the spaces of solutions to systems of set constraints. We identify a family of topological spaces called rational spaces, which formalize the notion of a topological space with a regular or self-similar structure, such as the Cantor discontinuum or the space of runs of a finite automaton. We develop the basic theory of rational spaces and derive generalizations and proofs from topological principles of some results in the literature on set constraints.
Failure of automobile seat belts caused by polymer degradation

Abstract This paper analyzes the failure of a particular brand of automobile seat belts. The failures described were part of what nearly became the most expensive and widespread automobile recall in U.S. history, affecting about 8.8 x 10 6 vehicles and with a potential total cost of U.S. $10 9 . The failures were caused by the degradation and fracture of the seat belts’ polymeric release buttons. When fragments break away from the buttons, they can become lodged within the seat belt mechanism in a variety of locations, such that any one of three distinct failure mechanisms can result: (1) the belt fails to latch, (2) the belt will latch but will not unlatch, and (3) the belt appears to be latched but is not. The seat belt mechanism, and the ways in which the degraded button can cause it to fail, are described in detail. The buttons themselves were found to have been injection molded of ABS and to have undergone photo-oxidative degradation. This degradation process is documented and described. Conclusions from the analysis and lessons learned from the failures are described, along with the auto industry|s short- and long-term solutions to the problem. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Theory of Tunable pH-Sensitive Vesicles of Anionic and Cationic Lipids or Anionic and Neutral Lipids

Abstract The design of vesicles that become unstable at an easily tuned value of pH is of great interest for targeted drug delivery. We present a microscopic theory for two forms of such vesicles. A model of lipids introduced by us previously is applied to a system of ionizable anionic lipid and permanently charged cationic lipid. We calculate the pH at which the lamellar phase becomes unstable with respect to an inverted hexagonal one, a value that depends continuously on the system composition. Identifying this instability with that displayed by unilamellar vesicles undergoing fusion, we obtain very good agreement with the recent experimental data of Hafez, Ansell, and Cullis, (2000, Biophys. J. 79:1438–1446) on the pH at which fusion occurs versus vesicle composition. We explicate the mechanism in terms of the role of the counterions. This understanding suggests that a system of a neutral, nonlamellar-forming lipid stabilized by an anionic lipid would serve equally well for preparing tunable, pH-sensitive vesicles. Our calculations confirm this. Further, we show that both forms of vesicle have the desirable feature of exhibiting a regime in which the pH at instability is a rapidly varying function of the vesicle composition.
A preparation and screening strategy for glycosidase inhibitors

Abstract Here we present a one-pot procedure for the synthesis of a library of carbohydrate compounds belonging to four classes of glycosidase inhibitors: glycosides, aldonic acid lactams, aldonic acid lactones and dideoxy-iminoalditols. The complex mixture was separated into individual components that were screened for activity against α- and β-glucosidases. Among these were two 2- O -methyl glycosides that reduced the rate of the enzymatically-catalyzed hydrolysis of the p -nitrophenyl glucosides used in the assay. Relative inhibition indices normalized to the inhibition observed with deoxynojirimycin under similar conditions were determined. This methodology provides a straightforward, general and time-efficient way to synthesize, test and analyze an extensive number of glycosidase inhibitor candidates from several carbohydrate compound classes in one scheme. The direct reference to deoxynojirimycin gives an immediate indication of the concentration range in which a significant inhibitory activity can be obtained.
Photometry and spectroscopy in the open cluster alpha Persei, 2.

Results from a combination of new spectroscopic and photometric observations in the lower main-sequence and pre-main sequence of the open cluster alpha Persei are presented. New echelle spectroscopy has provided radial and rotational velocity information for thirteen candidate members, three of which are nonmembers based on radial velocity, absence of a Li 6707A feature, and absence of H-alpha emission. A set of revised rotational velocity estimates for several slowly rotating candidates identified earlier is given, yielding rotational velocities as low as 7 km/s for two apparent cluster members. VRI photometry for several pre-main sequence members is given; the new (V,V-I(sub K)) photometry yields a more clearly defined pre-main sequence. A list of approximately 43 new faint candidate members based on the (V,V-I(sub K)) CCD photometry is presented in an effort to identify additional cluster members at very low masses. Low-dispersion spectra obtained for several of these candidates provide in some cases supporting evidence for cluster membership. The single brown dwarf candidate in this cluster is for the first time placed in a color-magnitude diagram with other cluster members, providing a better means for establishing its true status. Stars from among the list of new photometric candidates may provide the means for establishing a sequence of cluster members down to very faint magnitudes (V approximately 21) and consequently very low masses. New coordinate determinations for previous candidate members and finding charts for the new photometric candidates are provided in appendices.
Metal carbenes in enyne metathesis: Synthetic and mechanistic studies

Abstract Intermolecular (cross) enyne metathesis between dienes and alkynes is an effective method for ring synthesis giving cyclodienes. The enyne metathesis is initiated by the Grubbs carbene complex (H 2 IMes)(Cy 3 P)Cl 2 Ru CHPh ( Ru gen - 2 ), which produces vinyl carbene intermediates. Our desire to develop the cross enyne metathesis into an efficient and useful organic reaction has improved our understanding of both the scope and mechanism of enyne metathesis. This mini-review is based on my lecture given at the ISOM16 meeting in Poznan in August of 2005, and is not meant as a comprehensive review of the subject. The mini-review focuses on the problems we encountered, provides background and context found in the relevant literature and details the three approaches we pursued in solving the ring synthesis research problem. These studies led to kinetic investigation of enyne metathesis reaction mechanism, which is also summarized.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of Si(001).

The atomic structure of the Si(001) surface has been examined with use of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The STM images reveal a dimer-type reconstruction and are inconsistent with chain and vacancy models. Both buckled and nonbuckled dimers are observed, giving rise to regions of (2×1), c(4×2), and p (2×2) symmetry. The surface has a high density of vacancy-type defects, which appear to induce or stabilize buckling of the dimers at room temperature. The STM images also reveal the atomic structure at steps and defects. At high annealing temperature the step density increases dramatically, eventually leading to faceting.
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Bis(1,8‐naphthalenedioxy)silane—A Contribution to the Controversy over Planar, Four‐Coordinated Silicon in Orthosilicic Acid Esters

The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 668. DOI:10.1002/anie.198306680
Physics of Planetary Ionospheres

The fundamental physical and chemical processes in an idealized planetary ionosphere are considered as a general abstraction, with actual planetary ionospheres representing special cases. After describing the structure of the neutral atmospheres (the barosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere) and noting the principal ionizing radiations responsible for the formation of planetary ionospheres, a detailed study is made of the thermal structure of these ionospheres and of the chemical processes and plasma-transport processes occurring in them. The features of equilibrium and realistic models of planetary ionospheres are discussed, and an attempt is made to determine the extent of these ionospheres. Considering the ionosphere as a plasma, a plasma kinetic approach is developed for determining the effects of interactions between individual particles and waves in this plasma. The use of remote-sensing radio techniques and direct measurement or in situ techniques is discussed. Finally, the observed properties of the ionospheres of the Earth, Mars, Venus, and Jupiter are reviewed.
Job performance evaluation of data processing personnel: an empirical study

Job performance evaluations of 16 systems analysts, 52 programmer analysts, 63 programmers, and 71 operations personnel from twelve data processing centers in metropolitan Atlanta are presented. Judgmental ratings of eight job characteristics traits by the individual's manager or supervisor were used. Study subjects were rated highest in cooperation and lowest in innovativeness. Systems analysts were rated highest of the functional groups.
Similar Students, Different Choices: Who Uses a School Voucher in an Otherwise Similar Population of Students?

We examine what factors predict why some parents enroll their children in voucher schools while other parents with similar types of children and from similar neighborhoods do not. Furthermore, we i...
Hodge equations with change of type

A geometric interpretation is given for certain elliptic-hyperbolic systems in the plane. Among several examples, one which reduces to the equations for harmonic 1-forms on the projective disc is studied in detail. A boundary-value problem for this example is formulated and shown to possess weak solutions.
The effect of heptachlor, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, on p53 tumor suppressor in human lymphocytes

Previous studies have shown that heptachlor, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, is a liver tumor promoter in rats and mice and induces tumor promoting-like alterations in human myeloblastic leukemia cells. The nature of tumor promotion is multifaceted and has recently been shown to include suppression of programmed cell death (apoptosis) as a mechanism by which a tumor promoter can prolong cell viability. The ability of tumor promoters to suppress apoptosis prompted us to address the question of whether heptachlor is capable of effecting the expression of genes involved in lymphocyte apoptosis, in particular, the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Experiments with a CEM x 174 cell line, a hybrid of human T and B cells, revealed that heptachlor downregulated p53 gene expression at the post-transcriptional level without changing levels of mRNA in the cells. The heptachlor-induced reduction in the basal levels of expression of this gene was both in a concentration and time-dependent manner.
Order out of Chaos: Public and Private Rules for Managing Carbon

To date, much of the work on "regime complexes"—loosely connected nonhierarchical institutions—has excluded an important part of the institutional picture: the role of private authority. This paper seeks to remedy this shortcoming by examining privately created standards within the regime complex for climate change and their relationship to public authority. Public rules in the Kyoto Protocol serve as a "coral reef," attracting private rulemakers whose governance activities come to form part of the regime complex. Using original data, I conduct a network analysis of public and private standards for carbon management. Surprisingly, I find evidence of policy convergence—both around public rules and a subset of privately created rules: there is an emerging order in the complex institutional landscape that governs climate change. The observed convergence arises from private standards' concerns about demonstrating credibility and providing benefits for users. These findings are important for scholars of institutional complexity and climate politics: public rules on carbon accounting have the potential to outlast their current incarnation in the Kyoto Protocol, as perpetuated through private authority.
Character varieties and harmonic maps to R-trees

We show that the Korevaar-Schoen limit of the sequence of equivariant harmonic maps corresponding to a sequence of irreducible SL2(C) representations of the fundamental group of a compact Riemannian manifold is an equivariant harmonic map to an R-tree which is minimal and whose length function is projectively equivalent to the Morgan-Shalen limit of the sequence of representations. We then examine the implications of the existence of a harmonic map when the action on the tree fixes an end.
Mean convex hulls and least area disks spanning extreme curves

We show that for any extreme curve in a 3-manifold M, there exist a canonical mean convex hull containing all least area disks spanning the curve. Similar result is true for asymptotic case in such that for any asymptotic curve , there is a canonical mean convex hull containing all minimal planes spanning Γ. Applying this to quasi-Fuchsian manifolds, we show that for any quasi-Fuchsian manifold, there exist a canonical mean convex core capturing all essential minimal surfaces. On the other hand, we also show that for a generic C 3-smooth curve in the boundary of C 3-smooth mean convex domain in ℝ3, there exist a unique least area disk spanning the curve.
Using differential equations to obtain joint moments of first-passage times of increasing Lévy processes

Abstract Let { D ( s ) , s ≥ 0 } be a Levy subordinator, that is, a non-decreasing process with stationary and independent increments and suppose that D ( 0 ) = 0 . We study the first-hitting time of the process D , namely, the process E ( t ) = inf { s : D ( s ) > t } , t ≥ 0 . The process E is, in general, non-Markovian with non-stationary and non-independent increments. We derive a partial differential equation for the Laplace transform of the n -time tail distribution function P [ E ( t 1 ) > s 1 , … , E ( t n ) > s n ] . This PDE can be used to derive all n -time moments of the process E . As an application, we give a recursive formula for multiple-time moments of the local time of a Markov process in terms of its transition density.