cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method for simultaneously measuring the oxygen consumption and activity of pelagic crustaceans

Abstract 1. 1. A new method is described for the simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption and activity of pelagic crustaceans. 2. 2. The relationship between activity and oxygen consumption for the mesopelagic mysid, Gnathophausia ingens, at 5°C can be expressed as y = 31.34 (1.0053x) where y = oxygen consumption and x = pleopod beats/min. 3. 3. G. ingens can maintain an activity level of approx. 160 pleopod beats/min over a period of at least 14 days regardless of changes in orientation and light level. 4. 4. The results are discussed in terms of the probable “lifestyle” of G. ingens in its deep-sea environment.
Facilitation in Repeated Trait Judgments: Implications for the Structure of Trait Concepts

Abstract The data described in this paper suggest that an initial trait judgment will sometimes reduce the time it takes for a judge to make a later trait judgement. Three separate types of facilitation were apparent. The first of these was ageneral practice effect:subjects simply got faster at making trait judgments with increasing practice at the judgment task. The second of these was ashort-term specific facilitation effect:With no items intervening between two successive trait judgments, the second judgment was speeded when the trait term used in the second judgment was: (1) the same as used in the first judgment; (2) a synonym of the trait term used in the first judgment; or (3) an antonym of the trait term used in the first judgment. The third of these was along-term specific facilitation effect:With multiple items intervening between the two trait judgments, responses were speeded only when the trait used in the second judgment was the same as used in the first judgment, or was a synonym of the trait used in the first judgment; no facilitation occurred when the second trait judgment involved an antonym of the trait used in the initial judgment. Results are discussed in terms of various models describing the cognitive representation of trait concepts.
Living a responsible life: the impact of AIDS on the social identity of intravenous drug users.

Abstract The dominant image of an intravenous (IV) drug user in U.S. society is that of the unbridled ‘dope fiend’. It is common treatment literature to refer to users as diseased and pathologically unable to control their lives.Female IV drug users, as the bearers of children, even more than males, are faced with the paradox posed by conflicting social messages labeling them as irresponsible,dirty ‘dope fiends’ while approaching them as responsible citizens who need to ‘clean up their act’ for their children. The paradox of these messages creates a profound moral dilemma involving agency—the ability to develop a flow of conduct by reflexively monotoring intention, purpose, and accountability of actions in the pursuit of a goal—and the social identity to ‘junkie’. This article examines this social condition and how it affects the life and option of a woman diagnosed HIV positive. Using narrative discourse and analyzing it through the study of voice I show how an IV drug using woman uses their diagnosis to redefine her life and her social; identity, as the changes a negative ‘deviant’ image into a positive one.
Gastroenteritis at a University in Texas: An Epidemiologic Case Study

This CD-ROM is an important addition to case exercises in field epidemiology that serve to educate when actual participation in a field investigation is not possible or practical. The authors have prepared a case exercise based on an actual field investigation with real data that have been put together in a meaningful and effective way. The use of an epidemic of gastroenteritis is a cutting-edge element, since foodborne disease is a major public health problem today. The outbreak occurs on a college campus, which lends an air of verisimilitude, and the causative agent, norovirus, is a genuine public health threat. This reviewer had a number of specific editorial recommendations for the authors that could enhance forthcoming versions. These suggestions included inserting a case definition in the investigation outline; adding the role of the state laboratory; consistently labeling outbreak, epidemic, and epidemic curve throughout the program; clarifying the rationale for limiting the outbreak to the university; further refining methods for the study and controls; using 2×2 tables to illustrate epidemiologic ratios; and expanding the employee training plan. Overall, these types of training aids are needed as we attempt to further expose public health workers to field investigations so that they can conduct investigations effectively. The reference to additional educational material throughout the steps is a well-conceived and appropriate aspect of the investigation. The narrative information, questions, and explanations are appropriate and flow smoothly.
Review essay: Women's public lives

Since the early 197Os, it has been axiomatic within feminist theory to posit the separation or opposition between domestic and public realms as a major basis of women’s subordinate social status. Perhaps most influential was Michelle Z. Rosaldo’s 1974 essay in which she argued that sexual asymmetry can be explained largely by women’s lack of participation in public life.* The more women are relegated to the domestic sphere, she argued, the less egalitarian society will be. By the early 198Os, scholars began to question the analytic utility of the publicdomestic model. Critics argued that it has long been a basic tenet of the dominant ideology of Western industrialized societies that work and family are separate, even opposing worlds. Social scientific concepts such as the public-domestic dichotomy serve to reify the ideological separation and opposition of public and private, of work and family, rather than revealing the complex interdependence and relationship between these realms. The two anthologies reviewed here represent some of the first concrete reevaluations of Rosaldo’s model. Based upon the work of 14 scholars in the summer, 1980, University of Kansas Research Institute on Women’s Public Lives, these two volumes (the first consisting of historical and the second of contemporary studies)
Research note – network collaboration in economic development: who participates?

Local economic development research assumes that the policy-making process does not happen in a vacuum containing only government officials. The process consists of collaboration between various community actors within a network in pursuit of economic policy goals. However, little empirical work has been done in the past decade to understand which actors have the strongest statistically significant relationships with local officials’ planning of economic development policy. This research note explores the gap by using descriptive statistics and phi coefficient analysis with data from the International City/County Management Association’s 2009 Economic Development Survey-South Region. Findings from the southern United States show that city governments have significant relationships, ranging from weak to moderately strong, with county governments, colleges and universities, and chambers of commerce. Interestingly, cities did not have significant relationships with economic development corporations, state go...
The Prevention of Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Future Research and Public-Policy Recommendations:

The following literature review examines the research on the prevention of mental illness in children and adolescents; relevant theories also are surveyed. The results point to directions for futur...
Hemocytes containing polyphenoloxidase in Galleria larvae after injections of bacteria

Abstract Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae were separately injected into the larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella . In the first 60 min after injection of either bacteria the percentage of hemocytes containing polyphenoloxidase increased when compared with that of control larvae injected with saline. This increase in a proportionate amount occurred during the first 35 min postinjection. In the following 25 min the percentage of blood cells containing polyphenoloxidase decreased. Immediately after injections, enzyme activity appeared to be spread homogeneously through certain hemocytes. During the 30–45 min period, postinjection enzyme activity was evidenced by distinct granules appearing within hemocytes containing polyphenoloxidase. Later enzyme activity appeared to be more diffuse and was associated with cell membranes.
Wetting of amalgam alloys by mercury

The degree of wetting of alloys by mercury during trituration was studied by measurement of the contact angle made by mercury on four commercial alloys. The wetting of dental amalgam alloys by mercury is necessary during trituration. Contact angle measurements of mercury on metals, alloys, and oxides showed very poor wetting, which explains the need for the vigorous mixing of trituration.
The global distribution and variability of stratospheric constituents measured by LIMS

The purpose of the Nimbus 7 LIMS experiment was to sound the composition and structure of the upper atmosphere and provide data for study of photochemistry, radiation, and dynamics processes. Vertical profiles were measured of temperature and ozone (O3) over the 10-km to 65-km range and water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid over the 10-km to 50-km range. Latitude coverage extended from 64 deg S to 84 deg N. Several general features of the atmosphere have emerged from data analyzes thus far. Nitrogen dioxide exhibits rapid latitudinal variations in winter and shows hemispheric asymmetry with generally higher vertical column amount in the summer hemisphere. HNO3 data show that this gas is highly variable with altitude, latitude, and season. Smallest mixing ratios occur in the tropics, and the largest values occur in the high latitude winter hemisphere. The results show that O3, NO2, and HNO3 are strongly affected during a stratospheric warming.
On the use of laser light sources in schlieren- interferometer systems

In the recording of refractive index fields, the exceedingly high monochromatic brightness of laser light sources opens up new possibilities where applications to very fast or highly self-luminous phenomena are concerned. The properties of laser light, however, pose special problems, as well as presenting special opportunities. These are examined in relation to schlieren recording, deflexion mapping, shadowgraphy and interferometry. The ultimate aim is the development of a 'versatile' optical system which is capable of fulfilling all these functions with only minor readjustments in its optical components. This is achieved, for laser light, without either the expensive apparatus, or the considerable intensity losses with which such systems are otherwise associated.
Macroglossia combined with lymphangioma: a case report

A four year old white female with a clinical presentation of macroglossia is described. Speech disturbances and occasional episodes of traumatic injury to the tongue with severe bleeding brought the patient to seek dental care. Lymphangioma was diagnosed after incisional biopsy. The differential diagnosis of tongue enlargement in children is discussed including review of the literature relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of lymphangioma.
Immunologic infertility in the male

There is increased awareness of the role of immunologic factors in the production of male infertility. It is important to recognize and identify the immunoglobulin class and to attempt to demonstrate the mechanisms by which these immunoglobulins exert their effect on the human spermatozoan. There is most likely a spectrum of effects which are seen at various points in the reproductive tract. The use of high and low dose steroids for immunosuppression as well as sperm “washing” provide the best forms of therapy currently available, but a more universally effective form of therapy needs to be developed.
In situ formation and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol)-supported lipid bilayers on gold surfaces.

Inclusion of a polymer cushion between a lipid bilayer membrane and a solid surface has been suggested as a means to provide a soft, deformable layer that will allow for transmembrane protein insertion and mobility. In this study, mobile, tethered lipid bilayers were formed on a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) support via a two-step adsorption process. The PEG films were prepared by coadsorbing a heterofunctional, telechelic PEG lipopolymer (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-poly(ethylene glycol)-2000-N-[3-(2-(pyridyldithio)propionate]) (DSPE-PEG-PDP) and a nonlipid functionalized PEG-PDP from an ethanol/water mixture, as described in a previous paper (Munro, J. C.; Frank, C. W. Langmuir 2004, 20, 3339−3349). Then a two-step lipid adsorption strategy was used. First, lipids were adsorbed onto the PEG support from a hexane solution. Second, vesicles were adsorbed and fused on the surface to create a bilayer in an aqueous environment. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments show t...
Design techniques for CMOS backplane transceivers approaching 30-Gb/s data rates

Serial link transceivers with sophisticated equalization are needed for data transmission over high-loss electrical channels such as backplanes. This paper highlights design techniques for extending the data rates of such circuits by describing a 28-Gb/s transceiver implemented in 32-nm SOI CMOS technology. Equalization is provided by a 4-tap feed-forward equalizer (FFE) in the transmitter and a two-stage peaking amplifier with active feedback topology and 15-tap decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) in the receiver. The transmitter employs a source-series terminated (SST) driver topology with double the speed of previous designs. The use of capacitive level-shifters allows a single current-integrating summer to drive the parallel paths used for speculating the first two DFE taps. Error-free signaling at 28 Gb/s is demonstrated over a 35-dB loss channel with a power consumption of 693 mW/lane.
Taking nutritional supplements for three months reduced blood pressure but not blood lipid levels in students

Objective To study the effects of a nutritional supplement on cardiovascular health determined by blood and saliva biochemistry and heart rate variability (HRV) in asymptomatic college students and faculty members.
Major Parts of Speech

According to the contemporary consensus, when reaching in the lexicon grammar looks for items like nouns, verbs, and prepositions while logic sees items like predicates, connectives, and quantifiers. In fact, there doesn’t seem to be a single lexical category contemporary grammar and logic both make use of. I hope to show that while a perfect match between the lexical categories of grammar and logic is impossible there can be a substantial overlap. I propose semantic definitions for all the major parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb). I argue that the differences among these categories can be captured in terms of distinctions recognized in logic (referring expression vs. predicate, constant vs. variable).
Aerosolized tobramycin in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A pilot study

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of inhaled tobramycin (TOBI) in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a randomized, double-blind pilot study. Patients and Methods: Ten patients from a cohort of 108 mechanically ventilated patients with documented clinical and bacteriological evidence of VAP caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter spp. in the surgical and trauma intensive care units of a university teaching hospital were randomized to receive either TOBI (n = 5) or intravenous tobramycin (TOBRA; n = 5). The two groups were similar in their Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) score, Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS), and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS) prior to randomization. The primary outcome measure was resolution of pneumonia. The CPIS and MODS were used as objective indicators of clinical progress. Results: All TOBI patients had clinical resolution of VAP. Two TOBRA patients were considered failures. One had deterioration...
Spatial organization of the flow of genetic information in bacteria

Eukaryotic cells spatially organize mRNA processes such as translation and mRNA decay. Much less is clear in bacterial cells where the spatial distribution of mature mRNA remains ambiguous. Using a sensitive method based on quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization, we show here that in Caulobacter crescentus and Escherichia coli, chromosomally expressed mRNAs largely display limited dispersion from their site of transcription during their lifetime. We estimate apparent diffusion coefficients at least two orders of magnitude lower than expected for freely diffusing mRNA, and provide evidence in C. crescentus that this mRNA localization restricts ribosomal mobility. Furthermore, C. crescentus RNase E appears associated with the DNA independently of its mRNA substrates. Collectively, our findings show that bacteria can spatially organize translation and, potentially, mRNA decay by using the chromosome layout as a template. This chromosome-centric organization has important implications for cellular physiology and for our understanding of gene expression in bacteria.
The effects of moral judgment and moral identity on moral behavior: an empirical examination of the moral individual

Recognizing limitations in classic cognitive moral development theory, several scholars have drawn from theories of identity to suggest that moral behavior results from both moral judgments and moral identity. The authors conducted 2 survey-based studies with more than 500 students and managers to test this argument. Results demonstrated that moral identity and moral judgments both independently influenced moral behavior. In addition, in situations in which social consensus regarding the moral behavior was not high, moral judgments and moral identity interacted to shape moral behavior. This interaction effect indicated that those who viewed themselves as moral individuals pursued the most extreme alternatives (e.g., never cheating, regularly cheating)--a finding that affirms the motivational power of a moral identity. The authors conclude by considering the implications of this research for both theory and practice.
Intercellular production of tamavidin 1, a biotin-binding protein from Tamogitake mushroom, confers resistance to the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in transgenic rice.

The blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, one of the most devastating rice pathogens in the world, shows biotin-dependent growth. We have developed a strategy for creating disease resistance to M. oryzae whereby intercellular production of tamavidin 1, a biotin-binding protein from Pleurotus cornucopiae occurs in transgenic rice plants. The gene that encodes tamavidin 1, fused to the sequence for a secretion signal peptide derived from rice chitinase gene, was connected to the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and the resultant construct was introduced into rice. The tamavidin 1 was accumulated at levels of 0.1–0.2% of total soluble leaf proteins in the transgenic rice and it was localized in the intercellular space of rice leaves. The tamavidin 1 purified from the transgenic rice was active, it bound to biotin and inhibited in vitro growth of M. oryzae by causing biotin deficiency. The transgenic rice plants showed a significant resistance to M. oryzae. This study shows the possibility of a new strategy to engineer disease resistance in higher plants by taking advantage of a pathogen’s auxotrophy.
Depth dependence of the anomalous thermal behavior of Cu(110)

We report the results of a mirror electron microscope low energy electron diffraction (MEM-LEED) study of anomalous thermal behavior caused by enhanced thermal vibrational motion on a clean Cu(110) surface. The enhanced vibrational amplitudes cause diffracted intensities to deviate from simple Debye-Waller behavior. These deviations become apparent between 550 K and 600 K; i.e. at about 0.45 of the bulk melting temperature. Because of the finite penetration of low energy electrons, LEED intensities contain information about both surface and subsurface order. Our LEED results are analyzed to extract this information using a kinematical model in which the electron attenuation and the depth and temperature dependent vibrational amplitudes are parametrized. For a large range of model parameters, we conclude that by 850 K large anharmonic vibrations are present in several layers and at least two subsurface layers may have melted.
The humorous construction of disability: ‘stand‐up’ comedians in the United States 1

We examine how stand‐up [sic] comedy constructs, circulates, perpetuates and/or disrupts stereotypical images of disabled persons in the United States. We use disabled people, rather than people‐first language, to remind readers that disability is an ill‐defined, culturally imposed attribute. Although humor is culturally specific, we draw on works of an international cadre of humanities scholars and social scientists to ground our analyses. We conclude that disability humor constitutes an emerging, liberatory art form. Disabled and non‐disabled comedians elicit thought‐provoking laughter and present disability as an interesting way to live. However, disabling humor still perpetuates stereotyping and isolation.
The Addition of Methyl Radicals to Ethylene, Propylene, the Butenes and Higher 1-Olefines

The addition of methyl radicals to ethylene and its homologues in iso-octane solution was studied over the temperature range 55 to 85 degrees C. The relative rate constants of addition to ethylene, propylene and iso-butene determined at 65 degrees C are 34, 22 and 36 respectively. Taking into account the statistical factor of 2 for ethylene, we conclude that the increasing ease of addition for this series of olefines reflects the increasing stability of the produced radicals. The rates of addition to trans- and cis-butene-2 are significantly lower (6$\cdot $9 and 3$\cdot $4 respectively), indicating a steric hindrance resulting from the presence of a methyl group on the carbon atom on which the reaction takes place. Identical rates of addition were found for propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, 3 methyl butene-1, heptene-1, decene-1 and hexadecene-1, indicating that the rates of addition are not affected by the length and the shape of the hydrocarbon 'tail'. The rates of abstraction of hydrogen atoms by methyl radicals were determined. It was found that the rate constants for active hydrogen ($\alpha $ to C$\chembond{2,0} $C double bond) fall into three distinctive classes characterizing the primary, the secondary, and the tertiary hydrogen atoms.
A shackled revolution? The Bubble Act and financial regulation in eighteenth-century England

Revisionist estimates of growth rates during the British industrial revolution, though largely successful in presenting a more modest picture of Britain's â€˜take-offâ€™ prior to the 1830s, have also posed fresh analytical difficulties for champions of the new economic history. If eighteenth-century Britain was witness to a diffuse explosion of â€˜useful knowledge,â€™ why did aggregate growth rates or industrial output growth rates not more closely shadow the pace of technological change? In an effort to explain this paradox, Peter Temin and Hans-Joachim Voth have claimed that a few key institutional restrictions on financial markets â€“ namely the Bubble Act, and the tightening of usury laws in 1714 â€“ served to amplify the crowding-out impact of government borrowing. Against this vision, the present paper contends that the adverse impact of financial regulation and state borrowing in eighteenth-century Britain has been greatly overstated. To this end, the paper first briefly outlines the historical context in which the Bubble Act emerged, before turning to survey the existing diversity of perspectives on the Act's lasting impact. It is then argued that there is little evidence to support the view that the Bubble Act significantly restricted firms' access to capital. Following this, it is suggested that the â€˜crowding-outâ€™ model, theoretical shortcomings aside, is largely inapplicable to eighteenth-century Britain. The savings-constrained vision of British capital markets significantly downplays the extent to which the Bank of England, though founded as an institution to manage the public debt, provided the entire financial system with liquidity in the eighteenth century.
Natural History and Management of Isolated Local-Regional Recurrence Following Mastectomy.

The average incidence of isolated local-regional recurrence following modified radical mastectomy is 10% to 20%, but it can be as low as 5% or as high as 40% depending on the presence or absence of various risk factors. One of the objectives of this article is to discuss how to evaluate the risk of locoregional failure. In addition, although the average overall survival rate following recurrence is approximately 40% at 5 years and 25% at 10 years, individual patient survival varies considerably and depends on a number of fairly well-documented prognostic features that are also discussed here. The unfortunate reality is that control of an isolated local-regional recurrence for the duration of life is not frequently achieved. Even with optimal irradiation, 50% of all patients will die with uncontrolled localregional disease. The quality of life for patients with uncontrolled disease is often very poor, and some examples are shown here. For this reason, local-regional recurrence should be avoided. The way to avoid (or at least minimize) local-regional recurrence is to give postoperative irradiation to those who are at high risk for local-regional recurrence following mastectomy. This author considers the risk to be “high” when it reaches 25% to 30%.
Conductivity in the two-dimensional-site percolation problem

Measurements of the electrical conductivity of a 137 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 137-site simple-square screen mesh versus concentration of removed sites are reported. The new critical exponent is reported to be $t=1.38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12$ within an estimated critical region $\ensuremath{\Delta}x\ensuremath{\sim}0.1$ about a critical percolation concentration ${x}_{c}=0.413\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$. A new effective medium theory, which includes overlap effects of adjacent removed sites, is derived, which gives $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}(x)}{\ensuremath{\sigma}(0)}=1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}x+\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}{x}^{2}}{2}$, in agreement with the experiment, except within the critical region.
A review on the acute phase response in major depression.

There is some evidence that major depression is characterized by systemic immune activation with involvement of phagocytic cells, T cell activation, B cell proliferation and increased autoantibody production. This paper reviews that major depression may be accompanied by higher concentrations of positive and lower concentrations of negative acute phase proteins (APPs). The most prominent abnormalities of APPs in major depression are increased haptoglobin (Hp) plasma levels. The latter are significantly and positively correlated with interleukin (IL)-6 production, various indices of systemic immune activation (e.g. monocytosis, neutrophilia, T cell activation) and with the vegetative symptoms of depression (e.g. anorexia, weight loss, psychomotor retardation, sleep disorders, anergy). Major depression is characterized by an altered distribution of Hp phenotypes and genes suggesting that genetic variation on chromosome 16 may be associated with this illness. It is concluded that increased production of IL-6 and IL-1 in major depression may underlie both immune activation and the "acute" phase response in that illness, and that disorders in Hp may be related to the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of major depression.
Ideas from my undergraduate years: an autobiographical fragment.

This brief autobiographical essay reports a fragment of a life covering four undergraduate years, 1934 to 1938, at the University of California at Los Angeles and focuses on the intellectual impact of 5 professors. The more pervasive influence of Henry A. Murray at Harvard is reported-with pleasure.
Attitudes of Presidents and Provosts on the University Library

This study replicates an investigation conducted by Deborah Grimes in 1992–1993 and published in her 1998 book, Academic Library Centrality. This paper reports the results of interviews conducted in 2004 with the presidents and provosts of six universities and compares them with Grimes’ findings. The analysis shows that major changes have occurred in the attitudes of university leaders toward their libraries during the last decade. These new findings provide direction for library leaders as they seek out new models of library service and reshape old models to fit the current environment of American higher education. The findings also point to the emergence of new competencies, skills, and knowledge as essential components of the job of the library director. The results of this study call into question the applicability of the centrality concept to libraries in universities and indicate the need for research that offers a relevant model for use in those settings.
The pudendal nerve-evoked response in axial muscle

In 39 Urethane-anesthetized rats we have recorded the afferent volley in the dorsal roots and the electrical activity of the lateral longissimus muscle and its motor nerves during electrical stimulation of a cutaneous branch of the pudendal nerve. Male and female rats were used; the females were ovariectomized and either pretreated with estradiol or left without hormonal treatment. Conduction velocities in the pudendal nerve were 54 m/s for the largest Abeta fibers and averaged 10 m/s for A-delta fibers. Excitation of pudendal nerve afferents strongly potentiated the firing of axial motoneurons, at stimulus currents below threshold for A-delta fibers. Trains of three shocks to the pudendal nerve were considerably more effective than double or single shock trains. Repetition rates as low as 1/s had a long lasting excitatory effect on the lateral longissimus muscle and the magnitude of the responses increased gradually for several seconds with continued stimulation. Recordings from the axons of the epaxial motoneurons of female rats showed a strong activation of neuronal firing with an onset latency of 5.8 ms from the last shock of a three ms, three shock train; the onset in male rats, 8.4 ms, differed significantly. Peak spike activity occurred at mean latencies of 11, 22 and 102 ms in both sexes. A period of depressed firing was usually present from 34 to 50 ms. Males differed in having a larger peak in activity at 102 ms, but the overall profile of the responses was similar in males and females. No differences were seen in the overall response patterns of the estrogen-treated and untreated females. Responses of comparable magnitude were seen with ipsilateral or contralateral pudendal nerve stimulation; these were facilitated by bilateral stimulation. In electromyographic recordings, the onset of unit firings was seen at 6.4 ms latency in response to pudendal nerve stimulation. This unit activity was consistent with the firing pattern seen in the muscle nerves.
The role of maternal CREB in early embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis.

In Xenopus embryos, body patterning and cell specification are initiated by transcription factors, which are themselves transcribed during oogenesis, and their mRNAs are stored for use after fertilization. We have previously shown that the T-box transcription factor VegT is both necessary and sufficient to initiate transcription of all endoderm, and most mesoderm genes. In the absence of maternal VegT, no mesodermal organs (including the heart) or endodermal organs form. A second maternal transcription factor XTcf3 acts as a global repressor of transcription of dorsal genes, whose repression is inactivated on the dorsal side by a maternally encoded Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of β-catenin, no mesodermal or endodermal organs form. We show here that the maternally encoded transcription factor CREB is also essential for development. It is required for the initiation of expression of several mesodermal genes, including Xbra, Xcad2, and -3 and also regulates the cardiogenic gene Nkx 2-5. We show that maternal CREB-depleted embryos develop gastrulation defects that are rescued by the reintroduction of activated CREB mRNA. We conclude that maternal CREB must be added to the list of essential maternal transcription factors regulating cell specification in the early embryo.
Tel1p Preferentially Associates with Short Telomeres to Stimulate Their Elongation

In many organisms, telomeric DNA consists of long tracts of short repeats. Shorter tracts are preferentially lengthened by telomerase, suggesting a conserved mechanism that recognizes and elongates short telomeres. Tel1p, an ATM family checkpoint kinase, plays an important role in telomere elongation, as cells lacking Tel1p have short telomeres and show reduced recruitment of telomerase components to telomeres. We show that Tel1p association increased as telomeres shortened in vivo in the presence or absence of telomerase and that Tel1p preferentially associated with the shortest telomeres. Tel1p association was independent of Tel1p kinase activity and enhanced by Mre11p. Tel1p overexpression simultaneously stimulated telomerase-mediated elongation and Tel1p association with all telomeres. Thus, Tel1p preferentially associates with the shortest telomeres and stimulates their elongation by telomerase.
External micro-ion-beam analysis (X-MIBA)☆

Abstract In-air or external ion-beam analysis combined with 10–100 μm spatial resolution, is a truly unique feature of the nuclear microprobe technique. PIXE has been performed externally for many years, but, recently, other IBA techniques such as backscattering and nuclear reaction depth profiling measurements have been made in air. Presently, the use of external micro-ion-beam analysis, or X-MIBA, is being attempted at a growing number of microprobe facilities; however, the full potential of this new technique remains relatively unexploited. This paper will review the X-MIBA technique with emphasis on (1) optimization of exit foil geometries, (2) beam focusing and spot size considerations, (3) external IBA techniques, and (4) radiation hazards associated with the direct and scattered beam, nuclear reaction products and radionuclei production in the air. The unique in-air analysis advantages of no pump down, and essentially unrestricted sample size or state (solid, liquid etc.), has resulted in a myriad of applications of this technique at Sandia, which are featured as examples.
New insights into the formation of fungal aromatic polyketides

Fungal aromatic polyketides constitute a large family of bioactive natural products and are synthesized by the non-reducing group of iterative polyketide synthases (PKSs). Their diverse structures arise from selective enzymatic modifications of reactive, enzyme-bound poly-β-keto intermediates. How iterative PKSs control starter unit selection, polyketide chain initiation and elongation, intermediate folding and cyclization, selective redox or modification reactions during assembly, and product release are central mechanistic questions underlying iterative catalysis. This Review highlights recent insights into these questions, with a particular focus on the biosynthetic programming of fungal aromatic polyketides, and draws comparisons with the allied biosynthetic processes in bacteria.
Modeling Reconsolidation in Kernel Associative Memory

Memory reconsolidation is a central process enabling adaptive memory and the perception of a constantly changing reality. It causes memories to be strengthened, weakened or changed following their recall. A computational model of memory reconsolidation is presented. Unlike Hopfield-type memory models, our model introduces an unbounded number of attractors that are updatable and can process real-valued, large, realistic stimuli. Our model replicates three characteristic effects of the reconsolidation process on human memory: increased association, extinction of fear memories, and the ability to track and follow gradually changing objects. In addition to this behavioral validation, a continuous time version of the reconsolidation model is introduced. This version extends average rate dynamic models of brain circuits exhibiting persistent activity to include adaptivity and an unbounded number of attractors.
Reduction in stress concentration due to beam reinforcement of a circular hole in a sheet

Abstract Problem of reducing the stress concentration at a hole in an infinite sheet by reinforcement is considered. The analysis is carried out by describing the sheet according to plane stress elasticity theory and the reinforcement as a beam. Results for a typical reinforcement show that the maximum stress can be reduced from 3S to 0.6S , where S is the one-dimensional uniform tension applied to the sheet.
Risk Perception Among General Aviation Pilots

Two measures of pilot risk perception are described. One measure assessed pilots' perception of the level of risk experienced by other, fictional, pilots, and the second measure assessed the pilots' perceptions of the level of risk they would experience if they were personally involved in a set of scenarios. Analyses are reported for factor scores derived from the 2 measures. Analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences in the risk ratings for the 4 pilot certificate groups, with the more advanced certificate holders (i.e., commercial and airline transport) reporting lower levels of perceived risk. Construct validity was assessed using only private pilots (N = 369). Correlations between the factor scores and measures related to the constructs generally supported the construct validity of the risk perception measures. Inaccurate risk perception, measured as the discrepancy between the perceived risks of flying and driving, was found to be a better indicator of involvement in hazardous aviation...
A Comparative Analysis of Attendee Profiles at Two Urban Festivals

ABSTRACT The success of tourism as a sustainable means of economic development has prompted communities to undertake a comprehensive look at their tourism development options. One of the fastest growing segments of the tourism industry, incurring significant growth over the past two decades, has been with festival events. As a result there has been an increasing need for festival organizers to better understand festival types and their attendee profiles to assist in planning, marketing, and managing different types of festival events to insure their success. This article reports on a comparative analysis of attendee profiles at two urban festivals held annually in Asheville, North Carolina: (1) a summer street festival and (2) a winter film festival. Attendee characteristics, spending patterns, and economic impact were compared and significant differences were found between the two groups.
Neural network modeling of the gust effects on a grid-interactive wind energy conversion system with battery storage

Abstract This paper presents a simplified way to predict accurately the dynamic responses of a grid-linked Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) to gusty winds using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The RNN is a single-output feedforward backpropagation network with external feedback. High winds, which are stochastic and turbulent by nature, create a quasi-permanent transitory environment for the WECS, putting the system in a seemingly non-equilibrated state. For instance, the generator current at the system output, besides being dependent upon the current excitation signal at the system input, will also greatly be dependent upon the past history of the system. The feedback in the RNN allows past responses to be fed back to the network input. In this model, the WECS parameters need not be known. After proper training, the known and unknown dynamics of the WECS are captured by the network structure and stored in the connection weights between consecutive layers. For that reason, the neural modeling allows us to circumvent two majors problems faced by conventional linear mathematical modeling of system dynamics: parameter uncertainty and system non-linearity, which could be significant in a difficult dynamic environment as in high winds. Moreover, neural modeling is universal, and involves less computational effort. The viability of the battery supported system as dispatchable unit is also discussed. The simulated values are compared with actual values; excellent results have been achieved.
Incremental, approximate database queries and uncertainty for exploratory visualization

Exploratory data visualization calls for iterative analyses, but very large databases are often far too slow to allow interactive exploration. Incremental, approximate database queries exchange precision for speed: by sampling from the full database, the system can resolve queries rapidly. As the sample gets broader, the precision increases at the cost of time. As the precision of the sample value can be estimated, we can represent the range of possible values. This range may be visually represented using uncertainty visualization techniques. This paper outlines the current literature in both incremental approximate queries and in uncertainty visualization. The two fields mesh well: incremental techniques can collect data in interactive time, and uncertainty techniques can show bounded error.
Exploring Latent Mortality of Juvenile Salmonids Related to Migration through the Columbia River Hydropower System

Abstract The ability to manage anthropogenic actions that affect the dynamics of animal populations requires the identification and understanding of life-stage-specific mortality. This understanding can be confounded when the expression of mortality is removed, in time or space, from its cause. For years, researchers studying endangered Snake River spring–summer Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have debated the magnitude of mortality that is related to—but expressed after—passage through the Snake and Columbia River hydropower system (“latent” mortality). We conducted experiments with Chinook salmon to assess the magnitude of latent mortality from two sources: passage through juvenile bypass structures at dams, and transportation with larger juvenile steelhead O. mykiss present in the barge holds. Nearly 129,000 juvenile Chinook salmon (passive integrated transponder tagged) were exposed to different treatment conditions during downstream migration. Study fish were then held in seawater tanks for u...
Catalyzed Decomposition of Urea. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Binding of Urea to Urease

We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations on the urea/urease system. The starting structure was prepared from the 2.0A crystal structure of Benini et al. of DAP-inhibited urease (PDB code 3UBP),1 and the trimeric structure (2479 residues) resulted in 180K atoms after solvation by water. The force field parameters were derived using the bonded model approach described by Hoops et al.2 Three different systems were analyzed, each one modeling a different protonation pattern for the His320 and His219 residues. In each case, the three monomers of urease have been analyzed separately. The time averaged structures observed in the three monomers suggest that urease could follow two different competitive mechanisms. A “protein assisted proton transfer” mechanism points to Asp221 as crucial for catalysis. An “Asp mediated proton transfer” involves the transfer of a proton from the bridging OH to a NH2 moiety of urea, assisted by Asp360 in the active site. The impact of the simulation results on our understanding of urease catalysis are discussed in detail.
Predictive Validity of Two Mental Ability Tests with Black Deaf Children.

In their article on intelligence and race, Bodmer and Cavalli-Sforzal argued that research on the race IQ difference would be unproductive on both theoretical and practical grounds. This may be valid from a genetic or ethical/moralistic/democratic-idealistic point of view. However, from a political point of view, the question cannot be ignored. The question of race IQ differences must be confronted by minority group professionals who should take the lead not only in explicating the race IQ difference, but also in focusing the issue in a more productive direction. As Miller2 indicates, it would seem more advantageous to investigate the ability of the usual IQ tests to predict school achievement for children of different minority groups. Recent studies have reported differences in the predictive validity of tests. Mercer3 found that the same IQ score had different meanings for white, black, and Chicano youngsters, depending on the degree to which the child had been exposed to white culture. Goldman and Hartig4 reported that the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) IQ accounted for more than twice as much variance in achievement of Anglo children than in black or Mexican-American children. Their conclusions seriously questioned the predictive validity of the WISC IQ score for minority
The Influence of Fiber Content and Physical Form of the Diet on the Energy Requirements of Turkeys 2. Studies with Growing Turkeys 10 to 16 Weeks of Age

ABSTRACT FROM experiments with growing turkeys, Milby et al. (1943) and Carlson et al. (1951) found that diets which contained large amounts of fiber gave good growth but resulted in poor efficiency of feed utilization. The effect of physical form of the diet was investigated by Carver et al. (1938) who found no significant difference at 28 weeks in the weights of turkeys fed mash, pellets, or mash and pellets. However, Slinger et al. (1949) and Goodeal and Moore (1941) reported that the feeding of diets in the form of pellets, as compared to mash, resulted in better weight gains and efficiency of feed utilization in growing turkeys. Energy studies with growing turkeys have not been as numerous as those with chickens. Blaylock et al. (1954) reported that turkeys consumed less corn or barley on a 963 Cal./lb. diet than on a 677 Cal./lb. diet. The existence of a relationship between . . .
Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis with Percutaneous Rheolytic Thrombectomy Versus Thrombolysis Alone in Upper and Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis

To compare the efficacy of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) alone versus CDT with rheolytic percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) for upper and lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with acute iliofemoral or brachiosubclavian DVT treated with urokinase CDT was identified, and a chart review was conducted. Demographic characteristics, treatment duration, total lytic dose, clot lysis rates and complications were compared in patients treated with urokinase CDT alone or combined CDT and rheolytic PMT. Forty limbs in 36 patients were treated with urokinase CDT alone. Twenty-seven limbs in 21 patients were treated with urokinase CDT and rheolytic PMT. The mean treatment duration for urokinase CDT alone was 48.0 ± 27.1 hr compared with 26.3 ± 16.6 hr for urokinase CDT and rheolytic PMT (p = 0.0004). The mean urokinase dose required for CDT alone was 5.6 ± 5.3 million units compared with 2.7 ± 1.8 million units for urokinase CDT with rheolytic PMT (p = 0.008). Complete clot lysis was achieved in 73% (29/40) of DVT treated with urokinase CDT alone compared with 82% (22/27) treated with urokinase CDT with rheolytic PMT. Percutaneous CDT with rheolytic PMT is as effective as CDT alone for acute proximal extremity DVT but requires significantly shorter treatment duration and lower lytic doses. Randomized studies to confirm the benefits of pharmacomechanical thrombolysis in the treatment of acute proximal extremity DVT are warranted.