cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 7-item generalized anxiety disorder scale as a tool for measuring generalized anxiety in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) but understudied. Reliable and valid measures are needed to advance clinical care and expand research in this are...
Chronic neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury: Alzheimer disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or persistent neuroinflammation?

It has long been suggested that prior traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the subsequent incidence of chronic neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Among these, the association with Alzheimer disease has the strongest support. There is also a long-recognized association between repeated concussive insults and progressive cognitive decline or other neuropsychiatric abnormalities. The latter was first described in boxers as dementia pugilistica, and has received widespread recent attention in contact sports such as professional American football. The term chronic traumatic encephalopathy was coined to attempt to define a “specific” entity marked by neurobehavioral changes and the extensive deposition of phosphorylated tau protein. Nearly lost in the discussions of post-traumatic neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury has been the role of sustained neuroinflammation, even though this association has been well established pathologically since the 1950s, and is strongly supported by subsequent preclinical and clinical studies. Manifested by extensive microglial and astroglial activation, such chronic traumatic brain inflammation may be the most important cause of post-traumatic neurodegeneration in terms of prevalence. Critically, emerging preclinical studies indicate that persistent neuroinflammation and associated neurodegeneration may be treatable long after the initiating insult(s).
What you need is a doctor

I am frequently contacted by physicians, friends, and colleagues who seek my advice about their illness or that of one of a loved one or friend. At the time of their requests for my advice, they have already received a barrage of well-intentioned, but contradictory advice that caused the concerned parties to become increasingly confused and often emotionally distraught. After listening compassionately to their concerns, my first advice that I gave is “What you need is a doctor.” If I can bring together the sick individual with an appropriate doctor, I can detect an immediate sense of lasting relief. We can appreciate the significance of the doctorpatient relationships as I reflect on the treatment of a patient by my beloved mentor, Dr. Owen WangenSteen. To appreciate his approach to patient care, I must first acquaint you with him (1). Dr. WangenSteen left a legacy preeminent in the field of surgery in this country. In 1930, he became the Chairman of the Department of Surgery of the University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, a position he held for 3?/2 years. Dr. Wangensteen liked to say that no problem was impossible. He made the University of Minnesota into a great center for surgery and attracted a group of brilliant young surgeons to do research on impossible problems. His life-long recognition of the relevance of basic science, and the insight to be derived from research in the training of young
Cyclosporine A for neuroprotection: establishing dosing guidelines for safe and effective use

Numerous neuroprotective compounds have been investigated to ameliorate secondary changes and the progression of injury after the primary insult in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This cascade of events is complex and difficult to abate once initiated following the primary injury. The clinical consequences of this secondary injury are unpredictable and often permanently incapacitating. Cyclosporine A (CsA) interrupts the endogenous mediators of secondary insult through inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and prevention of subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. This drug may have a role in neuroprotection but has several pharmacologic effects that must be considered when using it in the TBI population. This review discusses the physiologic responses following TBI that may affect CsA efficacy and safety when used for neuroprotective indications. So far, CsA seems to be safe in the TBI population. The role of CsA after acute TBI will be better defined after the completion of upcoming pl...
Reduction in Growth Velocity in Children and Adolescents with Asthma Treated with Inhaled Fluticasone

Reduction in Growth Velocity in Children and Adolescents with Asthma Treated with Inhaled Fluticasone
Radiologic features of NUT midline carcinoma in an adolescent

We present a case of NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) mimicking lymphoma in an adolescent boy, with attention to multidetector CT appearance and pattern of metastasis on [F-18]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET/CT). Few case reports have focused on the imaging characteristics of this rare tumor in the pediatric imaging literature. A newly described but increasingly recognized disease entity, NMC should enter the differential of pediatric midline tumors displaying particularly aggressive characteristics on imaging.
Effect of hardness differential on metal-to-metal fretting damage

Abstract During the development of a standardized laboratory fretting test it was observed that the fretting damage to austenitic stainless steel samples taken from wrought bar stock was significantly different from damage to the same alloy in cold-finished strip form. These unexpected results suggested that hardness differences between the mating members might play a significant role in how a couple damages under fretting motion. Is a hardness differential between contacting members better from the damage standpoint than mating members at the same hardness? The newly developed ASTM G 204 standard fretting test was used to address this question. This test uses a reciprocating ball on a flat with amplitude of 50 μm, normal force of 10 N, and duration of one million rubbing cycles at 13 Hz. A hardened steel ball rider (52100 steel at 670 HV) was mated with type O1 tool steel at different hardnesses (690 HV to 280 HV) and the relative fretting damage was assessed. Tests were conducted in air and in light mineral oil. The oil significantly reduced system damage at all hardness differentials. In addition, the damage went from fretting corrosion to fretting wear. In both air and oil a hard/soft couple produced a significant increase in system damage compared to a hard/hard couple. Both air and oil tests suggested that a slightly reduced hardness (10%) of one member may reduce damage by about 10%, but the benefit was marginal. The test conducted in mineral oil demonstrated that adhesive wear is the prevailing mechanism for damage to both members. Adhesive wear appeared to be the origin of the pitting that is often typical in fretting contacts.
Intradermal hypertonic saline-induced behavior as a nociceptive test in mice.

We report a nociceptive test involving peripheral irritation which produces behavior similar to that elicited by intrathecally injected substance P. Intradermal hypertonic saline injected to the lower abdominal area produced quantifiable behavior in mice. The behavior consisted of licking, biting and scratching directed to the location of i.d. injection, and was dose-dependent with respect to the concentration and volume of saline. Intrathecally administered (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP, a substance P antagonist, dose-dependently blocked the behaviors induced by intrathecally administered substance P as well as those induced by intradermally injected hypertonic saline, indicating a possibly common final pathway at the spinal cord level for the manifestation of both behaviors. Hypertonic saline-induced behavior was blocked completely by morphine and a partial opiate agonist (pentazocine) in a dose-dependent manner, but was not blocked by another partial opiate agonist (nalorphine). The behavior was not blocked by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. This nociceptive test, in conjunction with the substance P-induced behavior test, may allow discrimination between agents acting pre- or post-synaptically in the spinal cord. Baclofen, a GABAB agonist thought to act presynaptically, changed substance P-induced behavior and hypertonic saline-induced behavior in opposite directions.
Blue morph: metaphor and metamorphosis

The authors describe the Blue Morph installation they developed and produced in full collaboration as an art/science hybrid. Together, Vesna and Gimzewski created an art | science project that uses nano-scale images and sounds derived from the metamorphosis of a chrysalis into a butterfly as the overarching metaphor for the collective shift in consciousness. This is a condensed version of the conceptual and scientific background for the artwork that was developed with the goal of creating many different interpretations and experiences.
Experimental studies of alunite: I. 18O-16O and D-H fractionation factors between alunite and water at 250–450°C

Abstract We have determined oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionation factors between alunite and water over a temperature range of 250–450°C by reacting synthetic natroalunite with 0.7 m K2SO4 −0.1 to 0.65 m H2SO4 solutions to produce K-rich alunite. From 88 to 95% alkali and isotope exchange were observed in most of these experiments, and the partial equilibrium method was used to compute equilibrium fractionation factors. Least-squares fits of the data give 103 In α alunite (so 4 )-H 2 O = 3.09 ( 10 6 T 2 (K)) − 2.94 and 103 In α alunite (OH)-H 2 O = 2.28 ( 10 6 T 2 (K)) − 3.90 . The intramineral 18O- 16O fractionation factor 103 In αalunite(so4-OHsite) is given by the expression 0.8 ( 10 6 T 2 (K)) + 0.96 . The alunite-water D-H fractionation factor ranges from −19 at 450°C to −6 at 250°C and does not appear to be strongly dependent on temperature. Runs with alkali exchange in the opposite direction were used to obtain 18O- 16O and D-H fractionation factors between natroalunite (mol% Na = 70–75) and water at 350–450°C. These indicate that mol% Na has negligible effect on the fractionation factors over this temperature range. Measured 18O-16O and D-H fractionation factors between alunite and 1.0 m KCl −0.5 m H2SO4 fluids also agree within 2σ with the values obtained from the K2SO4-H2SO4 fluids. However, experiments with alunite and distilled water at 400°C gave a value of 103 In αalunite(SO4)-H2O of 0.0, compared with a value of 3.9 obtained at this temperature with K2SO4- and H2SO4-bearing fluids. This suggests that changes in fluid composition can affect alunite-water 18O-16O fractionation factors. Reconnaissance experiments with fine-grained natural natroalunite demonstrate that alunite-water D-H exchange can occur by hydrogen diffusion, although this process is generally not significant in the experiments with coarser grained synthetic alunites.
Prognostic value of primary tumor FDG uptake for occult mediastinal lymph node involvement in clinically N2/N3 node-negative non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify predictive factors of occult mediastinal nodal involvement on staging positron emission tomography with F-fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 665 patients with suspected non-small cell lung cancer who underwent staging positron emission tomography with F-fluorodeoxyglucose from January 1, 2000 through August 31, 2010 at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania with clinical stage I or II disease and no evidence of N2 or N3 involvement on staging positron emission tomography (PET). A total of 201 of these patients underwent invasive pathologic staging of the mediastinum at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania with pathology reports available at the time of review. RESULTS A total of 63 of the 201 patients were found to have N2 disease at the time of pathologic staging. The mean standardized uptake value (SUV) of the primary tumor for patients with occult N2 metastases was significantly higher than the node-negative patients (SUV 9.31 vs. 7.24, P=0.04). Histology, tumor location (central vs. peripheral), sex, and age were not predictive for occult N2 disease. A multivariate analysis was performed and identified primary tumor SUV>6 was the only significant predictor (P=0.02). An analysis by quartile identified a primary tumor SUV>10 to have an odds ratio of 1.72 compared with an SUV<4 of occult N2 involvement. CONCLUSIONS Increased primary tumor SUV predicted for increased risk of mediastinal nodal disease. Tumor location was not predictive of PET-occult mediastinal nodal involvement, in contrast to previous publications. Pathologic staging of the mediastinum should be strongly considered in these patients even with a negative mediastinum on PET.
Moral Development in Chicano and Anglo Children

The basic problem investigated in this article is whether Chicanos and Anglos show the same progression through Kohlberg's general levels of moral reasoning. The cognitive-developmental approach emphasizes logical development and social experience via role taking as prerequisites to moral maturity. A focused, cross-ethnic sample of 169 second through ninth graders was selected controlling for age, grade level, socioeconomic status, IQ, sex, and religion. The subjects were presented five videotaped moral dilemmas and were administered a derivation of the Defining Issues Test. As hypothesized, Anglos generally scored higher than Chicanos on the moral judgment measures. Several possible explanations for the disparity are considered. Finally, results comparing responses across the areas of moral judgment studied support a multidimensional nature of moral reasoning. Language: en
Metabolic Fate of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Organisms: Analysis of Metabolites by Thin-Layer Chromatography and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Aquatic organisms convert aromatic hydrocarbons into a variety of conjugated and nonconjugated derivatives. Analytical techniques based on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed to separate, identify and quantitate individual metabolites from fish exposed to radiolabeled naphthalene and 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene. Significant differences in profiles of individual metabolites were found in relation to the type of biological sample analyzed. Liver of naphthalene-exposed salmonids contained eight polar derivatives, as shown by HPLC. Two nonconjugates (1-naphthol and 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene) and three conjugates (1-naphthyl glucuronic acid, 1-naphthyl sulfate and 1-naphthyl glucoside) were identified. HPLC revealed that brain of 3H-naphthalene-exposed trout contained essentially the nonconjugated derivatives, 1-naphthol and 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene. TLC showed that the metabolites from trout urine were 1-naphthol, 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynapthalene, and 1-naphthyl glucuronic acid (99% of the total metabolites detected). Major components of the metabolite fractions of tissues and biological fluids were 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy and glucuronic acid derivatives. Dihydrodiol derivatives arise from the corresponding arene oxides, some of which have been shown to be cytotoxic to certain mammalian systems.
SHIPi Enhances Autologous and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a highly effective procedure enabling long-term survival for patients with hematologic malignancy or heritable defects. Although there has been a dramatic increase in the success rate of HSCT over the last two decades, HSCT can result in serious, sometimes untreatable disease due to toxic conditioning regimens and Graft-versus-Host-Disease. Studies utilizing germline knockout mice have discovered several candidate genes that could be targeted pharmacologically to create a more favorable environment for transplant success. SHIP1 deficiency permits improved engraftment of hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells (HS-PCs) and produces an immunosuppressive microenvironment ideal for incoming allogeneic grafts. The recent development of small molecule SHIP1 inhibitors has opened a different therapeutic approach by creating transient SHIP1-deficiency. Here we show that SHIP1 inhibition (SHIPi) mobilizes functional HS-PC, accelerates hematologic recovery, and enhances donor HS-PC engraftment in both allogeneic and autologous transplant settings. We also observed the expansion of key cell populations known to suppress host-reactive cells formed during engraftment. Therefore, SHIPi represents a non-toxic, new therapeutic that has significant potential to improve the success and safety of therapies that utilize autologous and allogeneic HSCT.
Cigarette Smoking Increases Monocyte Adherence to Cultured Endothelial Cell Monolayer

Abstract Leukocyte adherence to endothelium represents one of the early responses to injury. Although the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia remain unclear, monocytes/macrophages are associated with this phenomenon. Since cigarette smoking has been identified as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, we examined the effects of chronic cigarrette smoking on human leukocyte adherence (monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils) to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC′s) in vitro . Among the cells, the basal adherence of monocytes only was significantly elevated in the smoking group (p
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum and angioid streaks. A review of 106 cases.

Abstract The records of 106 patients given the diagnosis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum, angioid streaks, or both (Gronblad-Strandberg syndrome) at the Mayo Clinic from 1931 through 1958 were reviewed. Seventy-four patients had pseudoxanthoma elasticum, and sixty-three of these seventy-four patients (85 per cent) had associated angioid streaks in the ocular fundi. Ninety-five patients had angioid streaks, and thirty-two of these patients (34 per cent) had no clinical evidence of associated pseudoxanthoma elasticum; two patients with angioid streaks had associated osteitis deformans. The greatest cause of morbidity in this series was loss of central vision which occurred in sixty-nine of the ninety-five patients (73 per cent) who had angioid streaks of the ocular fundi; forty-nine (51 per cent) of these patients experienced visual problems before the sixth decade of life. A small number of female patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum complained of the unsightliness of the skin lesions. The characteristic clinical and histologic findings in the skin and the ophthalmoscopic findings are discussed. Sixteen per cent of the seventy-four patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum had clinical evidence of occlusive peripheral arterial disease at a younger mean age than would ordinarily be expected, and 26 per cent had clinical evidence of occlusive peripheral, coronary or cerebral arterial disease. The incidence of hypertension in these patients appears to be relatively high. Ten patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum and two with angioid streaks alone had episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding, some of which were serious. In three cases histologic examination of surgically excised tissue revealed degenerative changes of elastic tissue in the internal elastic lamina of certain arteries. Iron was present in the areas of elastic tissue degeneration, a finding which, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported in the arteries of patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum.
International Perspectives on Linguistic Diversity and Language Rights

RESUMOInternaciaj perspektivoj pri lingva diverseco kaj lingvaj rajtojLa aktuala debato en Usono pri oficiala lingva politiko havas siajn precedentojn en aliaj landoj. En la antikva mondo, ciuj gravaj statoj kaj imperioj estis multlingvaj, same la cefaj mezepokaj kaj frumodernaj statoj. Multaj hodiaǔe gravaj landoj estas multlingvaj. Efektive la ekvacio "unu nacio/unu lingvo" estas relative lastatempa eltrovaĵo. Pledantoj por oficialigo de la angla en Usono argumentas, ke la lando riskas "disŝiriĝi" pro multling-veco, sed landoj kiel Aǔstralio kaj Sovetunio proponas modelojn de sukcesa mastrumo, ec apogo, de multlingvismo. Tie kie oni uzas la lingvojn por obstrukci aliron al postenoj, klerigo, progreso kaj povo, konflikto povas ekesti. La solvo estas konservi egalecon, ne devigi al ciuj uzi unusolan lingvon.SOMMAIREPerspectives internationales sur la diversite linguistique et sur les droits linguistiquesLe debat qui se deroule actuellement aux Etats-Unis au sujet d'une politique linguistique officielle a eu des precedents dans d'autres pays. Dans l'Antiquite, tous les etats et empires principaux etaient multilingues et il en allait de meme des principaux etats du Moyen-Age et du debut de l'ere moderne. Aujourd'hui, de nombreux pays sont multilingues. En effet, l'equation "une nation = une langue" est une invention relativement recente. Ceux qui defendent la position d'officialiser l'anglais aux Etats-Unis pretendent que le pays risque d'etre "dechire" par le multilinguisme, mais des pays comme l'Australie et l'Union Sovietique presentent des modeles interessants pour une gestion efficace, et meme une promotion du multilinguisme. Un conflit peut naitre la ou la langue est utilisee pour empecher l'acces a certaines professions, a l'education, au progres et au pouvoir. La reponse est de maintenir l'egalite, et non pas d'imposer une langue unique pour tous.
Lens-design issues affecting parallel readout of optical disks

Lens designs are developed for parallel readout of data stored on optical disks. Optimizations of a single aspheric objective with standard wavelengths and numerical apertures are performed. These designs are evaluated for degree of parallelism achieved, improvement in aggregate data rate, source power requirements, and effect on head mass. We find that more than 225 channels and data rates of ~4 Gbits/s can be supported with low-cost readout optics.
The localization of vestibular efferent neurons in the kitten with horseradish peroxidase.

The location of efferent vestibular neurons in the brainstem of newborn kittens was determined by means of horseradish peroxidase used as a tracer of retrograde protein transport. Two to three milligrams of horseradish peroxidase were injected into the vestibule of 8 kittens. After survival for 24 hours, the animals were fixed by perfusion and the brainstems sectioned. Stains for peroxidase demonstrated the labelled neurons lateral to the abducens nucleus bilaterally.
Multiplication of human diploid fibroblasts in a synthetic medium supplemented with EGF, insulin, and dexamethasone.

Abstract Substantial multiplication of human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) has been obtained in medium MCDB 108 supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and dexamethasone (DEX). Growth rate is somewhat slower than in serum-supplemented medium. However, large wellformed colonies can be obtained in 14 days, and sequential monolayer subculture is possible up to a total of about ten population doublings. A basal medium that has been optimized specifically for HDF is essential for such multiplication. In addition, polylysine-coated culture surfaces, low temperature trypsinization, and careful removal or neutralization of residual trypsin are also needed. The culture system contains no deliberately-added undefined components, and is chemically defined except for possible roles of contaminants in the materials that are used for its preparation.
Multiple negative and positive cis-acting elements control the expression of the murine CD4 gene

The cis-acting elements located within 15 kb 5' of the murine CD4 gene transcriptional start site and the first intron of the CD4 gene have been investigated using deletion constructs. Our transient transfection data indicate that the expression of the murine CD4 gene is controlled by multiple positive and negative regulatory cis-acting elements. There are at least two cis-acting elements that have a positive effect on the expression of the CD4 gene and at least four regions of DNA that have a negative effect. The positive control elements are located about 13.5 kb 5' of the promoter and within the flanking sequences of the first intron. The DNA between the 5' enhancer and the promoter contains at least two regions that exert a negative effect on CD4 expression. In addition to the positive effect that the first intron has on CD4 expression, there are two regions within the first intron that have a negative effect. These two negative regulatory elements correspond to two T-cell-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites found in the first intron.
“I wz wondering‐uhm could raid uhm effect the brain permanently d'y know?”: Some observations on the intersection of speaking and writing in calls to a poison control center

Little is known about the interactional or bureaucratic contexts in which writing and speaking occur simultaneously. This study focuses on how written records are created during calls to a Poison Control Center. Analysis of the calls reveals that keeping written records extends the length of call processing time by an average of 1.5 minutes, representing a barrier to handling new calls promptly. In addition, the use of a pre‐coded data entry form coupled with an emphasis on completeness of written records can lead to biased and inaccurate data recording. The majority of calls (79%) contained a problem description that related the teller to the events reported. Diagnostic recommendations were offered an average of 2.5 minutes after the problem statement. Between 11% and 50% of the questions asked during this time were not clinically relevant. It was hypothesized that these questions were asked to avoid premature termination once callers obtained problem relevant information. No evidence was found to sugges...
Relationships Between Local Union Characteristics and Worker Behavior and Attitudes

Relationships between union strength and union members' reactions to their work and their employer were examined among 17 local unions in the construction industry. Union strength was significantly...
The ORNL beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source

Abstract The Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) incorporates several novel features, including X-ray optics based on sagittal focusing with crystals and a cantilevered mirror whose center becomes the pivot for all downstream optical elements. Crystal focusing accepts a much larger horizontal divergence of radiation than a mirror while maintaining excellent momentum transfer and energy resolution [C.J. Sparks, G.E. Ice, J. Wong and B.W. Batterman, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 194 (1982) 73]. This sagitally bent crystal serves as the second element of a two-crystal, nondispersive monochromator. The cantilevered mirror provides a simple design for vertical focusing of the radiation. The beamline is suitable for both X-ray scattering and spectroscopy experiments requiring good energy resolution and high intensity in the energy range from 2.5 to 40 keV. This paper describes the optics of the ORNL beamline and reports its performance to date.
Interfacial profile near tricritical points

The form of the order-parameter profile separating two coexisting phases on the triple line near a (nonsymmetric) tricritical point is presented. The calculation is specifically for $d=3$, in which case the results are asymptotically exact including leading logarithmic corrections to the mean-field correlation length and thermodynamic functions. The only corrections to asymptotic tricritical behavior that are included correspond to capillary-wave-like fluctuations. We include suggestions for comparing results for the order parameter "derivative profile" with interface reflectivity measurements such as have been performed on interfaces near critical points.
Social Structure of Accumulation Theory: Retrospect and Prospect:

This paper develops three themes. My primary theme is to re-emphasize the qualitative and institutional nature of SSA theory. SSA theory is above all an investigation of the qualitative distinctions that demarcate different periods or stages of capitalism, with a particular focus on the transformative processes that lead from one SSA to another. The second theme addresses the relation between quantitative long swings in economic growth and SSA analysis. The institutional changes that were taking place when Gordon, Edwards, and I developed SSA theory constituted a structural crisis and led us to predict a quantitative long swing downturn. more recent times. We need to renew our qualitative historical and institutional analysis, and I discuss four dimensions along which capitalist institutions have been restructured.
Measuring carbon dioxide released from an Amazon lake

Lakes in the Amazon basin contain large amounts of organic carbon derived from primary production in the lakes and on land bordering them. Biological oxidation of this organic carbon leads to waters supersaturated in carbon dioxide (CO2) and evasion of the CO2 to the atmosphere. The total amount of carbon released to the atmosphere from Amazon lakes, rivers, and wetlands is estimated to be similar to the amount sequestered by Amazon forests. Complementing other measurements, Rudorff et al. measured the seasonal and spatial variability of the dissolved CO2 concentration and estimated CO2 emission from a large lake in the Amazon floodplain.
Immunity to RSV in Early-Life.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the commonest cause of severe respiratory infection in infants, leading to over 3 million hospitalisations and around 66 000 deaths worldwide each year. RSV bronchiolitis predominantly strikes apparently healthy infants, with age as the principal risk factor for severe disease. The differences in the immune response to RSV in the very young are likely to be key to determining the clinical outcome of this common infection. Remarkable age-related differences in innate cytokine responses follow recognition of RSV by numerous pattern recognition receptors, and the importance of this early response is supported by polymorphisms in many early innate genes which associate with bronchiolitis. In the absence of strong, Th1 polarising signals, infants develop T cell responses that can be biased away from protective Th1 and cytotoxic T cell immunity towards dysregulated, Th2 and Th17 polarisation. This may contribute not only to the initial inflammation in bronchiolitis, but also to the long-term increased risk of developing wheeze and asthma later in life. An early-life vaccine for RSV will need to overcome the difficulties of generating a protective response in infants, and the proven risks associated with generating an inappropriate response. Infantile T follicular helper (Tfh) and B cell responses are immature, but maternal antibodies can afford some protection. Thus, maternal vaccination is a promising alternative approach. However, even in adults adaptive immunity following natural infection is poorly protective, allowing re-infection even with the same strain of RSV, giving us few clues as to how effective vaccination could be achieved. Challenges remain in understanding how respiratory immunity matures with age, and the external factors influencing its development. Determining why some infants develop bronchiolitis should lead to new therapies to lessen the clinical impact of RSV and aid the rational design of protective vaccines.
Screening Methods To Measure Antioxidant Activity of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Sorghum Products

Specialty sorghums, their brans, and baked and extruded products were analyzed for antioxidant activity using three methods: oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 2,2‘-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). All sorghum samples were also analyzed for phenolic contents. Both ABTS and DPPH correlated highly with ORAC (R2 = 0.99 and 0.97, respectively, n = 18). Phenol contents of the sorghums correlated highly with their antioxidant activity measured by the three methods (R2 ≥ 0.96). The ABTS and DPPH methods, which are more cost effective and simpler, were demonstrated to have similar predictive power as ORAC on sorghum antioxidant activity. There is a need to standardize these methods to allow for data comparisons across laboratories. Keywords: Sorghum; antioxidant; phenols; ORAC; ABTS; DPPH
A model for SIMOX buried-oxide high-field conduction

A new model for SIMOX buried-oxide (BOX) high-field conduction which incorporates the role of silicon islands and BOX nonstoichiometry is presented. For single-implant SIMOX BOX high-field conduction, the onset E-field for both positive and negative applied bias is much lower than the expected onset E-field for that of thermal oxide. In addition, the onset E-field for injection from the substrate is lower than for injection from the top-silicon. We propose that conduction by electron injection from the top interface is due to Fowler-Nordheim tunneling with oxide nonstoichiometry induced modification of the effective barrier-height. Conduction by electron injection from the bottom interface is due to a two-step Fowler-Nordheim tunneling mechanism with cathode E-field enhancement caused by the presence of silicon islands located near the oxide-substrate interface of single-implant SIMOX. These mechanisms were verified using numerical simulation, electrical, and physical measurements. A modified Fowler-Nordheim equation can be used to model BOX conduction through the addition of three parameters, k/sub e/, k/sub a/, and o/sub BOX/. The E-field enhancement factors (k/sub e/ and k,/sub a/) can be directly correlated to silicon island shape, location and density, while the effective barrier-height (o/sub BOX/) can be correlated to BOX nonstoichiometry. Monitoring these parameters has potential use as a simple method for SIMOX BOX quality control.
An in-place, in-order prime factor FFT algorithm

This paper presents a Fortran program that calculates the discrete Fourier transform using a prime factor algorithm. A very simple indexing scheme is employed that results in a flexible, modular algorithm that efficiently calculates the DFT in-place. A modification of this algorithm gives the output both in-place and in-order at a slight cost in flexibility. A comparison shows it to be faster than both the Cooley-Tukey algorithm and the Winograd nested algorithm.
Rhodopsin bleaching: Relative effectiveness of high and low intensity flashes

Abstract The extent of rhodopsin bleaching by high and low intensity flashes is investigated. A statistical view of bleaching by short flashes leads to the prediction that large amounts of light energy are more effective at bleaching if administered in the form of many weak flashes rather than one intense one. This prediction, based on the photoreversal of bleaching, is verified. A brief discussion of Bunsen-Roscoe law considerations is presented and finally, a theoretical calculation of the dependence of quantum efficiency on the fraction bleached is given.
The National Toxicology Program Evaluation of Genetically Altered Mice as Predictive Models for Identifying Carcinogens

ABSTRAC~ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences researchers are exploring the utility of genetically altered mice to study mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Two of these mouse models, the Tg.AC (carrier of an activated mouse H-ms oncogene) and the p53+ (heterozygous for the wild-type tumor suppressor gene Trp53), have genetic alterations that appear to hasten their expression of chemically induced tumors. These 2 models have been proposed as a basis for new strategies for identifying chemical carcinogens and for assessing risk. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is conducting a series of studies with these 2 genetically altered strains to further examine their strengths and weaknesses for identification of documented rodent and human carcinogens. In this first evaluation, candidates for study were drawn from the NTP historical database of 2-yr rodent carcinogenicity studies and the open literature (primarily for drugs). Results with this first set of 11 chemicals tested in genetically altered mice, compared with previous findings in the traditional 2-yr rodent assays and literature on human tumor findings, appear to support the premise advanced by Tennant et a1 that these models have the potential to serve as more rapid and less expensive test systems to identify carcinogens. Tg.AC mice; p53; carcinogenicity; toxicity; bioassay; National Toxicology Program; mutagenicity Keyc.ords.
The Deviant Organization and the Bad Apple CEO: Ideology and Accountability in Media Coverage of Corporate Scandals

What role do the media play in the identification and construction of white-collar crimes? Few studies have examined media coverage of corporate deviance. This study investigates news coverage of six large-scale accounting scandals that broke in 2001 and 2002. Using a variety of empirical methods to analyze the 51 largest U.S. newspapers, the study tests several explanations for tendencies to run more or less coverage of the scandals in question. The study then examines the substantive focus of coverage. First, the results suggest that scandal coverage was influenced by the political ideology of newspapers, as opposed to economic interests or social structural ties between firms. Second, the analysis shows that attention to the adjudication of individual crimes and the punishment of individual offenders received the bulk of media attention.
Mutations in the Helix 3 Region of the Androgen Receptor Abrogate ARA70 Promotion of 17β-Estradiol-induced Androgen Receptor Transactivation

Abstract The influence of estrogen on the development of the male reproductive system may be interrupted in a subset of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) patients. PAIS describes a wide range of male undermasculinization resulting from mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) or steroid metabolism enzymes that perturb androgen-AR regulation of male sex organ development. In this study, we are interested in determining if PAIS-derived AR mutants that respond normally to androgen have altered responses to estrogen in the presence of ARA70, a coregulator previously shown to enhance 17β-estradiol E2-induced AR transactivation. The wild-type AR (wtAR) and two PAIS AR mutants, AR(S703G) and AR(E709K), all bind to androgen and E2 and subsequently translocate to the nucleus. Whereas ARA70 functionally interacts with the wtAR and the PAIS AR mutants in response to androgen, E2 only promotes the functional interaction between ARA70 and the wtAR but not the PAIS AR mutants. ARA70 increases E2 competitive binding to the wtAR in the presence of low level androgen and also retards E2 dissociation from the wtAR. ARA70 is present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of various mouse testicular cells during early embryogenesis day 16, at postpartum day 0 during estradiol synthesis and in the Leydig cells at postpartum day 49. ARA70 may be unable to modulate the PAIS AR mutants-E2 binding, diminishing the effect of E2 via AR during male reproductive system development in patients with such mutations. Therefore, the presence of ARA70 in the testosterone and E2-producing Leydig cells may enhance the overall activity of AR during critical stages of male sex organ development.
Fused floating-point arithmetic for DSP

This paper extends the consideration of fused floating-point arithmetic to operations that are frequently encountered in DSP. The fast Fourier transform is a case in point, it uses a complex butterfly operation. For a radix-2 implementation, the butterfly consists of a complex multiply followed by the complex addition and subtraction of the same pair of data. These butterfly operations can be implemented with two fused primitives, a fused two-term inner product and a fused add subtract unit. A floating-point fused FFT Butterfly unit is presented that performs single-precision butterfly floating-point operation in a time that is only 87% the time required for a conventional floating-point butterfly. When placed and routed in a 45 nm process, the fused FFT Butterfly unit occupied about 72% of the area needed to implement a floating-point butterfly using conventional floating-point adders and multipliers. The numerical result of the fused butterfly unit is more accurate because fewer rounding operations are needed.
The cAMP Pathway Regulates Both Transcription and Activity of the Paired Homeobox Transcription Factor Phox2a Required for Development of Neural Crest-derived and Central Nervous System-derived Catecholaminergic Neurons

Abstract Pluripotent neural crest (NC) cells differentiate to diverse lineages, including the neuronal, sympathoadrenal lineage. In primary NC cultures, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) requires moderate activation of cAMP signaling for induction of the sympathoadrenal lineage. However, the mechanism by which cAMP signaling synergizes with BMP2 to induce the sympathodrenal lineage is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that moderate activation of cAMP signaling induces both transcription and activity of proneural transcription factor Phox2a. In NC cultures inhibition of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-mediated transcription by expression of dominant-negative CREB suppresses Phox2a transcription and sympathoadrenal lineage development. Interestingly, the constitutively active CREBDIEDML, despite inducing Phox2a transcription, is insufficient for sympathoadrenal lineage development, requiring activation of the cAMP pathway. Because CREBDIEDML-mediates cAMP-dependent transcription without requiring activation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), these results identify PKA activation as necessary in sympathoadrenal lineage development. Treatment of NC cultures with the PKA inhibitor H89 or 1-10 nm okadaic acid (OA), a serine/threonine PP2A-like phosphatase inhibitor, suppresses sympathoadrenal lineage development. Likewise, OA treatment of the CNS-derived catecholaminergic CAD cell line inhibits cAMP-mediated neuronal differentiation. Specifically, OA inhibits cAMP-mediated Phox2a dephosphorylation, cAMP-dependent Phox2a DNA binding in vitro, and cAMP- and Phox2a-dependent dopamine-β-hydroxylase-luciferase reporter expression. Together, these results support cAMP-dependent Phox2a dephosphorylation is required for its activation. We conclude that moderate activation of cAMP signaling has dual inputs in catecholaminergic, sympathoadrenal lineage development; that is, regulation of both Phox2a transcription and activity. These results provide the first mechanistic understanding of how moderate activation of the cAMP pathway in synergy with BMP2 promotes sympathoadrenal lineage development.
Developmental Competence and Metabolism of Bovine Embryos Cultured in Semi-Defined and Defined Culture Media

Development of in vitro-produced bovine embryos was studied in 3 two-step culture media: synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF), Gardner's G1/G2, and control (hamster embryo culture medium with 11 amino acids [HECM-6] followed by tissue culture medium 199 + 10% bovine calf serum). Modifications were made to reduce or eliminate protein. Glycolysis and Krebs cycle activity of morulae and blastocysts developed from selected immature oocytes were measured. There were no differences in development to the morula and blastocyst stages between SOF, G1/G2, or control (41%, 36%, and 46%, respectively), although more blastocysts developed in control medium than in G1/G2 (46%, 30%, respectively). Reducing or removing BSA during the initial culture period did not significantly reduce development to blastocyst (31%, 33%, respectively), although development was reduced in SOF with BSA removed from the final culture period (19%). There were no differences in development to the blastocyst stage between SOF, SOF with BSA removed during the initial culture period, and control (44%, 32%, 49%, respectively), but development was reduced in chemically defined protein-free medium throughout the culture period (21%). Krebs cycle activity did not differ between treatments; however, glycolysis was highest in the control embryos and lowest in embryos cultured in protein-free medium. Embryos that developed in the presence of serum appeared dark and granular and had elevated glycolytic rates compared to embryos developed in completely defined medium. This study shows that both metabolism and blastocyst development of embryos are altered by different culture media, implying a functional linkage between these two indicators of successful embryogenesis.
Perimenstrual Eletripan Prevents Menstrual Migraine: An Open-Label Study

Objective.— To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of perimenstrual prophylaxis with eletriptan to reduce headaches in women identified with menstrual migraine (MM). Methods.— Female migraineurs self-reporting a substantial relationship between migraine and menses were evaluated with 3 consecutive months of daily headache recording diaries. A relationship between menses and migraine was evaluated using International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) criteria and a probability model called Probability MM. Women prospectively diagnosed with ICHD-II MM were treated for 3 consecutive months with perimenstrual eletriptan 20 mg 3 times daily starting 2 days prior to the expected onset of menstruation and continued for a total of 6 days. Headache activity was compared during the 3 months of recording prior to eletriptan therapy and 3 months with eletriptan perimenstrual prevention therapy. Results.— Three months of pretreatment prospective diaries were completed by 126 women. ICHD-II menstrually related migraine was diagnosed in 74%, with pure MM in 7%. Among those women diagnosed with ICHD-II MM, 61 completed at least 1 treatment month. Overall change in headache activity was a 46% decrease. The mean percentage of treated menses without migraine occurring during the 6 days of treatment was 71%. The percentage of subjects with 1, 2, and 3 migraine-free menstrual periods (no migraines occurring 2 days before menses through the first 3 days of menstruation) with eletriptan, respectively, were 14%, 19%, and 53%. Among those subjects who remained headache-free during the 6 days of eletriptan treatment, migraine occurred during the 3 days immediately after discontinuing eletriptan for 9%. Perimenstrual eletriptan was generally tolerated and no abnormalities were identified on the 6th day of treatment using either blood pressure recording or electrocardiogram. Conclusions.— Among patients with prospectively identified MM, eletriptan 20 mg 3 times daily effectively reduced MM. A significant reduction in headache activity occurred for 53% of patients. (Headache 2010;50:551-562)
X-Engineering the Corporation: Reinventing Your Business in the Digital Age

The article presents a review of the book “X-Engineering the Corporation: Reinventing Your Business in the Digital Age,” by James Champy.
An optimal power-throughput tradeoff study for MIMO fading ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we study optimal tradeoffs of achievable throughput versus consumed power in wireless ad-hoc networks formed by a collection of multiple antenna nodes. Relying on adaptive modulation and/or dynamic channel coding rate allocation techniques for multiple antenna systems, we examine the maximization of throughput under power constraints as well as the minimization of transmission power under throughput constraints. In our examination, we also consider the impacts of enforcing quality of service requirements expressed in the form of channel coding block loss constraints. In order to properly model temporally correlated loss observed in fading wireless channels, we propose the use of finite-state Markov chains. Details of fading statistics of signal-to-interference-noise ratio, an important indicator of transmission quality, are presented. Further, we objectively inspect complexity versus accuracy tradeoff of solving our proposed optimization problems at a global as oppose to a local topology level. Our numerical simulations profile and compare the performance of a variety of scenarios for a number of sample network topologies.