cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A FUNDAMENTAL CONDITION FOR ETHICAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TEACHING OF THE BIBLE BY WHITE MALE EXEGETES: RECORDING AND CLAIMING THE SPECIFITY OF OUR PERSPECTIVE

This essay is a report on ‘work in progress’. It is a critical reflection on a project that we have been developing for more than one year. Provisionally entitled, ‘Teaching the Bible in Pluralistic Contexts: Ethical Accountability and White Male Exegetes’, this collaborative project in its present form is the beneficiary of a year-long Lilly Endowment-sponsored planning grant which feature a major conference held in March 1991 at Vanderbilt University. In attendance were twenty African-American, Hispanic-American, and European-American women and men trained in biblical studies and ethics. Originally conceived to explore questions about the disciplinary relationships between ethics and biblical studies (both in teaching and research expressions), our project is now centered upon a specific two-fold ethical question: what is the nature of the ethical accountability of white (i.e. European-American) male teachers of the Bible toward students? and: what are the direct and indirect effects of our teaching and research upon students?
Phospho-ablation of cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 mitigates susceptibility to atrial fibrillation and improves glucose homeostasis under conditions of diet-induced obesity.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, with growing evidence identifying obesity as an important risk factor for the development of AF. Although defective atrial myocyte excitability due to stress-induced remodeling of ion channels is commonly observed in the setting of AF, little is known about the mechanistic link between obesity and AF. Recent studies have identified increased cardiac late sodium current (INa,L) downstream of calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) activation as an important driver of AF susceptibility. Methods Here, we investigated a possible role for CaMKII-dependent INa,L in obesity-induced AF using wild-type (WT) and whole-body knock-in mice that ablates phosphorylation of the Nav1.5 sodium channel and prevents augmentation of the late sodium current (S571A; SA mice). Results A high-fat diet (HFD) increased susceptibility to arrhythmias in WT mice, while SA mice were protected from this effect. Unexpectedly, SA mice had improved glucose homeostasis and decreased body weight compared to WT mice. However, SA mice also had reduced food consumption compared to WT mice. Controlling for food consumption through pair feeding of WT and SA mice abrogated differences in weight gain and AF inducibility, but not atrial fibrosis, premature atrial contractions or metabolic capacity. Conclusions These data demonstrate a novel role for CaMKII-dependent regulation of Nav1.5 in mediating susceptibility to arrhythmias and whole-body metabolism under conditions of diet-induced obesity.
Technological Progress in the Life Sciences

The new gene-editing tool, CRISPR-Cas9, been described as “revolutionary” This paper takes up the question of what sense, if any, might this be true and why it matters. I draw from the history and philosophy of technology to develop two types of technological revolutions (Hughes, Technological momentum in history: Hydrogenation in Germany 1898–1933. Oxford University Press, New York, 1969; Wimsatt, Re-engineering philosophy for limited beings. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007; Constant, The origins of turbojet revolution. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1980; Scaife, Sci Am 252(4), 1985). One type of revolution involves a technology that enables users to change a generatively entrenched structure (Wimsatt, Re-engineering philosophy for limited beings. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007). The other type involves a technology that works within a generatively entrenched structure, but as a result of incremental improvement becomes the “new normal” technology for a community (Scaife, Sci Am 252(4), 1985). In what follows, I argue that if CRISPR-Cas9 is revolutionary at all – and I do not take a stand on the issue – it is in becoming the “new normal” molecular technology across biology labs. By contrast, a technology that has the potential of being revolutionary in Wimsatt’s sense is the orthogonal tRNA technique developed by Peter Schultz’ synthetic biology lab. Whether or not CRSIPR-Cas9 or the orthogonal tRNA technologies are revolutionary, I propose to treat these two types of putative revolutions as distinct types of technological innovation. I argue further that observing distinctions between types of technological innovation can be useful for tracking the epistemic and normative consequences that technology raises.
What's Liberal About Adam Smith's 'Liberal Plan'?

By the middle of the eighteenth century the word “liberal” had had multiple non-political meanings. Adam Smith famously advances “the liberal plan” of political economy. In The Wealth of Nations he indicates several ways that his liberal plan is “liberal” in a non-political sense. The liberal plan leads to economic growth, which, through extending the division of labor, leads to a rise in real wages and population. The liberal plan facilitates market integration, leading towards a distribution of food supplies that could be called liberal and generous if it was brought about by design of a distributor. Smith’s advocacy of the liberal plan evidences his own liberality. It expresses his generous view of the person that dignifies the mundane and looks to enfranchise the previously marginalized. Considering ways in which Smith’s liberal plan is “liberal” shines light on the soul of classical liberal political economy.
Evaluation of Linear Regression Simultaneous Myoelectric Control Using Intramuscular EMG

Goal: The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of linear regression models to decode patterns of muscle coactivation from intramuscular electromyogram (EMG) and provide simultaneous myoelectric control of a virtual 3-DOF wrist/hand system. Performance was compared to the simultaneous control of conventional myoelectric prosthesis methods using intramuscular EMG (parallel dual-site control)—an approach that requires users to independently modulate individual muscles in the residual limb, which can be challenging for amputees. Methods: Linear regression control was evaluated in eight able-bodied subjects during a virtual Fitts’ law task and was compared to performance of eight subjects using parallel dual-site control. An offline analysis also evaluated how different types of training data affected prediction accuracy of linear regression control. Results: The two control systems demonstrated similar overall performance; however, the linear regression method demonstrated improved performance for targets requiring use of all three DOFs, whereas parallel dual-site control demonstrated improved performance for targets that required use of only one DOF. Subjects using linear regression control could more easily activate multiple DOFs simultaneously, but often experienced unintended movements when trying to isolate individual DOFs. Offline analyses also suggested that the method used to train linear regression systems may influence controllability. Conclusion and Significance: Linear regression myoelectric control using intramuscular EMG provided an alternative to parallel dual-site control for 3-DOF simultaneous control at the wrist and hand. The two methods demonstrated different strengths in controllability, highlighting the tradeoff between providing simultaneous control and the ability to isolate individual DOFs when desired.
Fractional powers of the algebraic sum of normal operators

The main concern in this paper is to give sufficient conditions such that if A, B are unbounded normal operators on a (complex) Hilbert space H, then for each a e (0,1), the domain D((A+B) α ) equals D(A a ) ∩ Δ(B α ). It is then verified that such a result can be applied to characterize the.domains of fractional powers of a large class of the Hamiltonians with singular potentials arising in quantum mechanics through the study of the Schrodinger equation.
Aquatic Insects of Upper Three Runs Creek, Savannah River Site, South Carolina. Part IV: Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Lower Reaches

Ninety-three species of caddisflies, representing 14 families, were identified from collections obtained from two localities on Upper Three Runs Creek, Savannah River Site, Aiken County, South Carolina. Collections of adult caddisflies were made biweekly over a 1-yr period with ultraviolet light traps. The similarity index, Jaccard's Coefficient of Communities, showed that the two sites were over 78% similar with 73 species in common. Three species, Oxyethira setosa Denning, Triaenodes smithi Ross, and Nyctiophylax serratus Lago & Harris, are new distributional records for South Carolina. Two species of Triaenodes are new to science. Other species, which were considered to be endemic to the Upper Three Runs Creek drainage, rare outside of the drainage, or of limited distribution, included Cheumatopsyche richardsoni Gordon, Oxyethira dunhartonensis Kelley, Protoptila morettii Morse, Hydrophysche elissoma Ross, Triaenodes ochraceus (Betten and Mosely), Neotrichia falca Ross, Oecetis morsei Bueno-Soria, and ...
Entre la santidad y la prostitución: la mujer en la novela ecuatoriana en el cruce de los siglos XIX y XX

La novelistica latinoamericana del siglo XIX participa activamente de los proyectos de construccion nacionales. En el Ecuador, los intelectuales del siglo XIX y principios del XX tambien proponen modelos ideales de la nacion en los que se destaca el papel que el escritor imagina para la mujer. El analisis breve de seis novelas publicadas entre 1863 y 1904 demuestra la obsesion del intelectual nacional por el destino de la mujer. En estas narraciones, el papel de las protagonistas se polariza entre la pureza de cuerpo y espiritu (Cumanda y Naya o la Chapetona) y la caida y perdicion total (La emancipada, Carlota, A la costa). La mujer y la familia son percibidas como metaforas de la nacion y por eso persiste la notoria preocupacion de los intelectuales por su funcionamiento “apropiado” en el desarrollo de la conciencia e identidad nacional.
The multifaceted role of Fas signaling in immune cell homeostasis and autoimmunity.

Originally identified as a cell surface receptor that triggered the death of lymphocytes and tumor cells, it is now recognized that Fas (also known as CD95 or Apo-1) has distinct functions in the life and death of different cell types in the immune system. Fas signaling may also be involved in T cell costimulation and proliferation. Although Fas deficiency in humans and mice predisposes them towards systemic autoimmunity, Fas-FasL interactions can also facilitate organspecific immunopathology. Proximal signaling by Fas and related receptors depends on subunit preassembly, which accounts for the dominantnegative effect of pathogenic receptor mutants and natural splice variants.
Nonclassical hedgehog‐gli signaling and its clinical implications

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates embryonic patterning and organ morphogenesis. It is also involved in regeneration and repair of tissues. Aberrant Hh pathway activation is a feature of many human malignancies. Classical Hh signaling is activated by Hh ligands that can signal in an autocrine or paracrine manner generating a tumor-stromal crosstalk. In contrast to canonical Hh signaling that culminates in the activation of GLI transcription factors, "noncanonical" Hh signaling does not involve GLI transcriptional activity. Several Hh pathway inhibitors have progressed to clinical trials, where the outcomes have not been very encouraging in many solid tumors. Here we discuss the likely role of "nonclassical" Hh-GLI signaling that is activated by growth factors and cytokines from the tumor and/or its microenvironment; these uncouple Hh signaling from the vital regulatory protein Smoothened, and result in the activation of GLI. While efforts are being made to target tumor-intrinsic Hh targets, it is imperative to acknowledge the role of the complex molecular networks and crosstalk between different components of the tumor microenvironment that can result in the emergence of resistance to conventional Hh therapy. These considerations have an important bearing on appreciating the need to mitigate the effects of tumor microenvironment to combat resistance to Hh inhibitors.
Serological Relationship of the Tacaribe Complex of Viruses to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

By means of the indirect fluorescent-antibody test, cross serological reactivity was demonstrated between lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus and the viruses of the Tacaribe complex. Antisera to all members of the Tacaribe complex reacted with LCM virus; LCM antisera gave significant staining of Amapari virus, but minimal or inconsistent reactions with Tacaribe virus, and no reaction with two other viruses of the Tacaribe complex. A low level cross-reaction was observed in complement fixation tests of Machupo and Pichinde antisera against LCM antigen. Immunization with Tacaribe and Amapari viruses did not protect mice against challenge with LCM virus. Because of the identical appearance of the virions, the sharing of antigens, and the many biological similarities between LCM and the Tacaribe complex viruses, it is proposed that they be considered as constituting a new taxonomic group of viruses.
Banks and Banking in the Early American Republic

Although the history of banks and banking in the early American republic has received considerable attention from financial and economic historians in recent years, knowledge about this important sector of the economy by the average historian or student is still woefully inadequate and outdated. This essay seeks to remedy that gap by outlining the basic history of banks from the American Revolution through the Bank War. This sketch includes a discussion of the constitutional issues surrounding the First and Second Banks of the United States which culminated in the Supreme Court’s decision in M’Culloch v. Maryland, as well as issues surrounding the Panics of 1819, 1837, and their aftermath. Additionally, this historiographical essay examines the major scholarly works published on early American banks and banking since roughly 1990. While the banking system as a whole proved essential to the successful development of the early American economy, problems such as the discounting of notes, counterfeiting, and rare but well-publicized cases of irresponsible or fraudulent conduct by banks and bankers emboldened banking critics throughout the period.
Analogy — From a Unified Perspective

A remarkable ability of people is to easily understand new situations by analogy to old ones, to comprehend metaphors, and to solve problems based on previously solved, analogous problems. All of these may be considered abilities of analogical reasoning (AR). In artificial intelligence (AI), we would like to understand these so that we may capture them in intelligent machines.
Nitric oxide acts as a slow-down and search signal in developing neurites.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been demonstrated to act as a signaling molecule during neuronal development, but its precise function is unclear. Here we investigate whether NO might function at the neuronal growth cone to affect growth cone motility. We have previously demonstrated that growth cones of identified neurons from the snail Helisoma trivolvis show a rapid and transient increase in filopodial length in response to NO, which was regulated by soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) [S. Van Wagenen and V. Rehder (1999) J. Neurobiol., 39, 168-185]. Because in vivo studies have demonstrated that growth cones have longer filopodia and advance more slowly in regions where pathfinding decisions are being made, this study aimed to establish whether NO could function as a combined 'slow-down and search signal' for growth cones by decreasing neurite outgrowth. In the presence of the NO donor NOC-7, neurites of B5 neurons showed a concentration-dependent effect on neurite outgrowth, ranging from slowing at low, stopping at intermediate and collapsing at high concentrations. The effects of the NO donor were mimicked by directly activating sGC with YC-1, or by increasing its product with 8-bromo-cGMR In addition, blocking sGC in the presence of NO with NS2028 blocked the effect of NO, suggesting that NO affected outgrowth via sGC. Ca 2 + imaging of growth cones with Fura-2 indicated that [Ca 2 + ] i increased transiently in the presence of NOC-7. These results support the hypothesis that NO can function as a potent slow/stop signal for developing neurites. When coupled with transient filopodia elongation, this phenomenon emulates growth cone searching behavior.
Evidence that implicit assumptions of 'no evolution' of disease vectors in changing environments can be violated on a rapid timescale.

Projected impacts of climate change on vector-borne disease dynamics must consider many variables relevant to hosts, vectors and pathogens, including how altered environmental characteristics might affect the spatial distributions of vector species. However, many predictive models for vector distributions consider their habitat requirements to be fixed over relevant time-scales, when they may actually be capable of rapid evolutionary change and even adaptation. We examine the genetic signature of a spatial expansion by an invasive vector into locations with novel temperature conditions compared to its native range as a proxy for how existing vector populations may respond to temporally changing habitat. Specifically, we compare invasions into different climate ranges and characterize the importance of selection from the invaded habitat. We demonstrate that vector species can exhibit evolutionary responses (altered allelic frequencies) to a temperature gradient in as little as 7–10 years even in the presence of high gene flow, and further, that this response varies depending on the strength of selection. We interpret these findings in the context of climate change predictions for vector populations and emphasize the importance of incorporating vector evolution into models of future vector-borne disease dynamics.
Length of prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: effects on neonatal adaptation and psychomotor development

Objectives This study evaluated the question whether length of in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants might affect neonatal outcome and psychomotor development in infancy. Methods Birth outcome was determined in the offspring of 55 women with major depressive disorder who used SSRI medication for different durations during their pregnancies. At an average age of 14 months, children underwent a pediatric examination and an evaluation with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II). Results Duration of in utero exposure to SSRIs was negatively associated with total Apgar scores, specifically the activity subscale. Odds ratios for a low score (<2) onthisscale were 3.8 and 6.0 at 1 and 5 min, respectively. Newborns with longer exposure were more often admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (p<.03). Mental Development Index scores of the infants were not associated with the length of gestational exposure to SSRIs. A longer duration of exposure increased the risk for lower Psychomotor Developmental Index and Behavioral Rating Scale scores in infancy (p=0.012 andp=0.007, respectively) on the BSID-II. Conclusions The findings provide evidence that the length of prenatal SSRI antidepressant use can affect neonatal adjustment and can have an effect on psychomotor test scores in infancy. Importantly, the children’ sm ental development and motor function by neurological examination were within the normal range. Timing of exposure to SSRIs during susceptible periods of fetal development and variations in the severity of maternal depression may have contributed to the associations.
ADAPTIVE PRE-EMPTIVE CONTROL OF VACUUM DEWATERING IN PAPER MANUFACTURING

Abstract Paper manufacturing involves the sequential removal of water from pulp by means of gravity, vacuum dewatering, mechanical pressing and thermal drying. This research proposes a new control topology for moisture content using surrogate measurements to infer in-process moisture content, and the pressure settings in the vacuum dewatering section as actuators. The new topology has the potential to overcome the performance, robustness and energy efficiency limitations that the current process control topology has, due to a long dead-time and excessive use of the dryers. A preemptive control law was previously proposed for the new topology to decouple the upstream disturbances from propagating downstream in the process. In this paper, we develop an adaptive version of this pre-emptive controller to alleviate the need to know the dewatering coefficients precisely. The adaptive control problem has the interesting aspects that the unknown parameters are nonlinearly embedded in the error dynamics, and there is a time delay before the error in the estimated parameters can be observed.
Review on electrochromic devices for automotive glazing

Electrochromic materials have been intensively studied for applications of various switchable optical systems. These materials exhibit adjustable optical absorption upon reversible oxidation/reduction processes. Since a reversible oxidation/reduction phenomenon is provided by electrically-driven electrochemical reactions, these materials are known as electrochromics. There are many publications including proceedings, books, and review articles written on electrochromic (EC) materials and their applications. This paper focuses on conventional and some new electrochromic devices (ECD), their specifications, and applications.
Acute Heroin Overdose

This Update reviews the clinically relevant pharmacology of heroin and naloxone, the epidemiology of fatal and nonfatal heroin overdose, the clinical diagnosis of heroin overdose, appropriate treat...
Binasal Hemianopia as an Early Stage in Binocular Color Rivalry.

Fifty years ago Kollner reported that the initial fleeting sensation in binocular color rivalry is a bipartite color field such that the color presented to the left eye appears to the left of the color presented to the right eye. A method is described for maintaining such quasi hemianopia for long periods of time.
A case series of laparoscopic components separation and rectus medialization with laparoscopic ventral hernia repair.

Abstract Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair has been shown to offer improved patient recovery, when compared to open repair. It has also been shown to offer a lower complication rate. However, in patients with high body-mass index and large defects, the intraperitoneal on-lay technique of laparoscopic repair is criticized for an increased incidence of failure. In 1990, a study introduced the technique of open-component separation, hence enabling the medialization of the rectus muscle and decreasing the incidence of recurrence associated with primary repair. Open-component separation is associated with increased wound problems due to extensive dissection. Different laparoscopic and endoscopic modifications to the open-component-separation technique have been tried to minimize wound problems. In this article, we present our case series of 4 patients involving the laparoscopic component-separation technique of rectus medialization and, laparoscopic ventral hernia combined. This is one of the first series eve...
Drug resistance in brain tumors

Resistance to chemotherapy in brain tumors is complex and may involve multiple mechanisms. For commonly used drugs, such as nitrosoureas and platinum compounds, major mechanisms may involve increaded DNA repair or removal of the drug-DNA adducts. For water soluble nitrosoureas and also for platinum compounds, other mechanisms, such as alteration in drug transport, may be important. Another major mechanism may involve glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase pathways. For vinca alkaloids and epipodophyllotoxins p-glycoprotein mediated MDR appears to be the major feature in drug resistance. In addition, alteration of tubulin and topoisomerase II have been described in resistance to vinca alkaloids and epipodophyllotoxins respectively. Recently, increased multidrug resistance associated protein gene expression has been found in glioma cells and brain tumor samples; its clinical significance requires further investigation.
Modelling network flow with and without link interactions: the cases of point queue, spatial queue and cell transmission model

This paper studies dynamic network models in which congestion takes the form of queuing behind bottlenecks. The three models in consideration, the point queue (P-Q) model, the spatial queue (S-Q) model and the cell transmission model, all deal with queues caused by temporal bottlenecks, yet differ with each other in describing the S-Q characteristics. Our work focuses on exploring the impacts of spatial distribution of queues on the result of dynamic network loading (DNL). For this purpose, simple node models (merge and diverge) are introduced to describe flow interactions across links. We present a numerical solution algorithm to the DNL problem which accommodates the three models in a general framework. Analytical solutions are derived for simple cases and agree with numerical results. Our limited experiments indicate that P-Q and S-Q may severely underestimate network travel costs under DNL, particularly when queue spillback prevails.
Woven fabric composites—part II: Characterization of macro‐crack initiation loads for global damage analysis

In Part 2, finite element techniques are developed to additionally investigate the global damage of woven fabric composites, focusing on plain weaves. The homogenized elastic properties of the original undamaged and the damaged woven fabric composites from the micromechanical homogenization and the micromechanical progressive damage analysis investigated earlier in Part 1 are subsequently employed in the present global damage analysis. The theory of continuum damage mechanics is utilized in the global damage analysis. The damage variables, the most important material properties of the continuum damage mechanics, are measures of average material degradation at a macro-mechanics scale. In the present study, these damage variables are calculated numerically using the results from the micromechanical damage analysis in Part 1, instead of being obtained experimentally. Subsequently, a finite element formulation for the global damage analysis of woven fabric composites is developed to predict the initiation loads of macro-cracks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new method for detecting individual and group labor market discrimination

Abstract In this paper we examine the pay and performance of several hundred major league baseball players and adjust for productivity differences to see if there are any unexplained wage differentials that are correlated with race. The technique used is new to this literature. Frontier estimation, most often used in connection with firm level efficiency measurement, can be adapted to measure wage differentials traced to nonproductivity characteristics, such as race. The distinct advantage to this technique is that each observation (in this case, players) receives a measure of wage discrimination. Thus, the information content of our analysis is greater than previous discrimination analyses in that we are able to say by how much each player's salary deviates from this productivity. Our study provides disaggregate information and allows us to compare the wage deviations for specific players as well as a more aggregate comparison, for example, race.
America's Conservation Reserve Program: Rural planning or just another subsidy?

Abstract The Conservation Reserve Program was created by Congress in 1985 to remove highly erodible cropland from production and thus reduce soil erosion and crop surpluses. The program is aimed at enrolling 40–45 million acres out of an estimated 118 million acres of highly erodible cropland. As of November 1987, 23 million acres had been placed in the Conservation Reserve. The program is strictly voluntary. Landowners may receive an annual rental payment and half the cost of approved conservation measures. In return, landowners must retire highly erodible cropland from production for ten years. Over 200,000 landowners have each enrolled an average of 110 acres at a cost to the U.S. Treasury of more than $50,000 per landowner. The total cost of the Conservation Reserve Program currently exceeds $12 billion. Whether the long-term benefits of the program can justify the cost remains in doubt. The program has an effective life of only ten years. A more direct and effective long-term means of reducing soil erosion and crop surpluses might be to have the federal government purchase farmland to create a national strategic cropland reserve.
Covalently Linked Scaffold of Cobalt Corrins on Graphite for Electrochemical Catalysis in Microemulsions

Catalytic films were constructed by covalently binding poly-l-lysine (PLL) onto oxidized carbon electrodes and then forming covalent amide linkages from PLL to the cobalt corrin vitamin B12 hexacarboxylic acid [B12(COOH)6]. Covalent bonds from electrode to PLL and PLL to B12(COOH)6 provided good stability in microemulsions. PLL−B12(COOH)6 films gave reversible electron transfer for the Co(II)/Co(I) redox couple and exhibited characteristic voltammetric features of surface-confined electrochemistry. Formal potentials of the Co(II)/Co(I) couple in the films were controlled by the concentration of electrolyte in the fluid and by Coulombic interactions with surfactant. PLL−B12(COOH)6 films demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in microemulsions for the reduction of vicinal dihalides to olefins, for dechlorination of trichloroacetic acid, and for alkylation of an activated olefin. Turnover numbers for conversion of dibromocyclohexane to cyclohexene in microemulsions were 3-fold larger for PLL−B12(COOH)6 on...
Dislocation structure and deformation in iron processed by equal-channel-angular pressing

The evolution of dislocation structure in pure Fe during equal-channel-angular pressing (ECAP) is investigated. Also, the effect of the formation of this dislocation structure on deformation and fracture behavior is examined. The results show that intensive dislocation cell blocks are present after one pass and even more after subsequent pressings. The low-energy dislocation structures (LEDS) may have changed into the high-energy dislocation structures (HEDS) in the final several pressings. The high-density array of dislocations plays a significant role in strengthening. The HEDS may cause the materials to lose work-hardening ability and show a cleavage morphology of the fracture surface. A proper subsequent annealing treatment will lead to the evolution of HEDS to LEDS while maintaining little grain growth. This change in the nature of dislocation structures allows ultrafine-grained materials to achieve an excellent combination of high strength and high ductility.
Almost-Goldstone bosons from extra-dimensional gauge theories.

A mechanism is presented through which very light scalar degrees of freedom obeying the nonlinear sigma model equation can emerge in spontaneously broken gauge theories. The mechanism operates in extra dimensional theories in which (a) there are massless gauge fields present in the theory prior to compactification, and (b) the extra dimensions are inhomogeneous in such a way that symmetry-breaking Higgs fields acquire vacuum expectation values only at very localized points on the manifold. These conditions are naturally fulfilled in orbifold compactifications of string theory. Possible applications include cosmic texture, axions, and family symmetry. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Update in pediatric dentistry

The pediatric nurse practitioner advises families in proper oral hygiene, fluoride supplementation, prevention of damaging oral habits and tooth decay, and the need for children to see a pediatric dentist. This article presents the issues of oral health for children from infancy through adolescence. Common pathologic conditions, oral trauma, and the use of sealants in children are also described.
Dietary Fat Intake and Physical Activity Relationships in Female College Students

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify relationships between dietary fat intake and physical activity in two groups of female college students The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between dietary fat intake and physical activity in female college students by comparing a group of students who engage in regular aerobic exercise (exercise group or EG; n=38) and a randomly selected group of students (general population group or GPG; n=29). GPG recruitment involved sending letters of invitation to randomly selected students and sending follow-up letters to non-responders. Potential students showing positive interest were enrolled as study participants. EG students were recruited from campus recreational facilities. Data collection consisted of three random 24-hour diet recalls, a seven-day physical activity recall, and a fitness assessment, which included height, weight, skinfold measurements, and a submaximal YMCA cycle ergometer test. Dietary fat intake, physical activity level, energy intake, age, height, weight, aerobic capacity, percentage body fat (% BF), and BMI were compared between groups using t-tests. The GPG had a significantly greater % BF (22.1 ± 4.2 vs 19.9 ± 3.7%) and a significantly lower weight-adjusted physical activity (39.8 ± 5.7 vs 42.8 ± 6.7 kcal/kg/day) at p ≤ 0.05. No significant difference in mean dietary fat intake was found between groups (GPG=22±8 vs EG=20±8%). Correlational coefficient analysis revealed no significant relationship (r ≤ 0.30) between dietary fat intake and physical activity within either group. We concluded that, although regularly exercising female college students, in this study, have greater physical activity levels than average female students, they do not have significantly lower dietary fat intakes. Additionally, the mean dietary fat intakes in this study were much lower than the national average (35%). A study implication is that nutrition education messages which include low-fat foods as part of a balanced diet may be healthier for female college students than messages focusing solely on low-fat diets.
Effusion cytology in burkitt's lymphoma

The American form of Burkitt's lymphoma is a high-grade malignancy which usually involves the abdomen in children and young adults. There is only a limited literature which describes the cytologic features of Burkitt's lymphoma in serous effusions. We present three children with Burkitt's lymphoma initially diagnosed by effusion cytology. The first patient, an 11-yr-old boy, presented with bilateral pleural effusions, ascites, and abdominal masses and had diagnostic pleural fluid cytology without tissue confirmation (ultrastructural examination was performed on the effusion specimen). He died 7 months after the initial diagnosis. The second patient, a 9-yr-old boy, presented with ascites and abdominal masses and had diagnostic peritoneal fluid cytology with a subsequent confirmatory chest wall biopsy. The third patient, a 16-yr-old girl, presented with a 2-month history of irregular menses, a large pelvic mass, lymphadenopathy, and liver masses. Although an ovarian malignancy was clinically suspected, cytologic examination of her peritoneal fluid revealed Burkitt's lymphoma. Surgical exploration revealed involvement of her right ovary, cecum, and terminal ileum. The second and third patients are currently alive with no apparent disease following chemotherapy. In all three patients, effusion cytology revealed Burkitt's lymphoma, characterized by a uniform population of non-cohesive lymphoid cells with noncleaved nuclei, prominent multiple nucleoli, and scanty-to-moderate basophilic cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear vacuoles were also seen, more prominent in Diff-Quik-stained, air-dried smears. These cases demonstrate the importance of recognizing the cytologic features of Burkitt's lymphoma, as serous fluid may be the initial diagnostic specimen.
CEO succession: some finer – and perhaps provocative – points

Purpose – The paper discusses some finer points on CEO succession.Design/methodology/approach – This as a viewpoint paper in which the authors discuss the merits and disadvantages of various approaches to CEO successionFindings – CEO succession planning is a fundamental element of enterprise risk. A board must have an effective CEO and the board must have a means to replace the CEO. Boards must have succession processes in place for the routine and the unplanned emergency.Originality/value – It is hoped that the discussion will direct more attention to CEO succession and its challenges.
Thermal conductivity and dynamic heat capacity across the metal-insulator transition in thin film VO2

The thermal properties of VO2 thin films, 90–440 nm thick, are measured by time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) across the metal-insulator transition (MIT). The thermal conductivity increases by as much as 60% in the metallic phase; this increase in conductivity is in good agreement with the expected electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity. For relatively thick layers, TDTR data are sensitive to the dynamic heat capacity and show a pronounced peak near the MIT temperature created by a contribution to the enthalpy from periodic transformations at the 10 MHz frequency of the thermal waves used in the experiment. The dynamic heat capacity increases as the amplitude ΔT of the thermal waves becomes comparable to the width of the MIT and reaches ≈30% of the bulk latent heat for ΔT≈1.6 K.
Early detection of tumor-specific antibodies to mammary carcinoma.

BALB/cfC3H female mice which develop mammary tumor virus (MTV)-induced mammary tumors possess not only serum antibodies directed against virus-associated antigens which are expressed on mammary tumor cells but also antibodies directed against antigenic specificities which are unique to each tumor. The possible range of unique specificities is considerable; a survey of serum samples from 18 tumor-bearing females revealed only two which reacted with a tumor-unique specificity of another isologous MTV-induced mammary tumor. A retrospective study revealed that in multiparous females, the serum activity against tumor-unique antigenicity could be detected 1 to 4 months before the tumor was grossly visible. On the other hand, in virgin females, the serum activity was detectable only when the tumor was visible. On the basis of this difference in time of origin of reactivity, we speculate that the mechanism of tumor formation in parous females may involve a longer preneoplastic or latent neoplastic period than in virgin females; in the latter the change from normal to overtly neoplastic appears to be more abrupt.
Can We Reconcile the Declarative Memory and Spatial Navigation Views on Hippocampal Function

Some argue that hippocampus supports declarative memory, our capacity to recall facts and events, whereas others view the hippocampus as part of a system dedicated to calculating routes through space, and these two contrasting views are pursued largely independently in current research. Here we offer a perspective on where these views can and cannot be reconciled and update a bridging framework that will improve our understanding of hippocampal function.
Chemoprevention of breast cancer

Purpose. The risk factors for and risk assessment of breast cancer, recommendations for risk reduction, and roles of tamoxifen and raloxifene in the prevention of breast cancer are discussed. Summary. Breast cancer either may be a familial syndrome or develop sporadically. In familial syndromes, cancer occurs in multiple family members and the risk factors are primarily genetic. The majority of breast cancers are sporadic, and risk factors are primarily related to estrogen exposure. Recommendation strategies for reducing breast cancer risk include engaging in a healthy lifestyle by decreasing alcohol consumption, following a low-fat diet enriched with fruits and vegetables, exercising, and reducing weight if obese. Breast self-examinations, clinical breast examinations, and screening mammographies are strategies for the early detection of breast cancer. Recommendations for the use of tamoxifen for risk reduction are intended only for women who are at an increased risk for the development of breast cancer as assessed by the Gail model. One study found a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular events and hypertriglyceridemia in the tamoxifen group compared to placebo. Raloxifene is also intended for women at high risk for breast cancer. During clinical trials, hot flashes, influenzalike syndromes, peripheral edema, and leg cramps were reported more frequently in patients receiving raloxifene when compared with patients receiving placebo, and the risk of thromboembolic disease was 3.1 times higher in the raloxifene group compared with the placebo. Conclusion. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are both indicated for and equally effective in the prevention of breast cancer in women at high risk for development of the disease. Raloxifene may have a more favorable adverse-effect profile, with fewer thromboembolic events and less uterine hyperplasia when compared with tamoxifen. Despite being at high risk, many women decide against breast cancer chemoprevention with either tamoxifen or raloxifene.
Enterra for gastroparesis

To the editor: Gastric stimulation with the Enterra device (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) has been advocated as an effective therapy in patients with diabetic or idiopathic gastroparesis. To date, however, there are no published controlled data providing evidence of its value over placebo. In fact, the data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to gain its Humanitarian Device Exemption showed similar reductions in nausea and vomiting scores whether the device was in the "on" or "off" mode (1).
Quantum dot imaging platform for single-cell molecular profiling

Study of normal cell physiology and disease pathogenesis heavily relies on untangling the complexity of intracellular molecular mechanisms and pathways. To achieve this goal, comprehensive molecular profiling of individual cells within the context of microenvironment is required. Here we report the development of a multicolour multicycle in situ imaging technology capable of creating detailed quantitative molecular profiles for individual cells at the resolution of optical imaging. A library of stoichiometric fluorescent probes is prepared by linking target-specific antibodies to a universal quantum dot-based platform via protein A in a quick and simple procedure. Surprisingly, despite the potential for multivalent binding between protein A and antibody and the intermediate affinity of this non-covalent bond, fully assembled probes do not aggregate or exchange antibodies, facilitating highly multiplexed parallel staining. This single-cell molecular profiling technology is expected to open new opportunities in systems biology, gene expression studies, signalling pathway analysis and molecular diagnostics.
Induction of terata in hamsters by solanidane alkaloids derived from Solanum tuberosum.

The potential induction of terata by solanidanes has been of public health concern since a report in 1972 hypothesized that certain birth defects in humans could be attributed to ingestion of bligh...
Deuterium transport through device structures

We use secondary ion mass spectrometry to characterize the hydrogen/deuterium distribution and concentration on complimentary “metal” oxide silicon (CMOS) test structures subjected to molecular deuterium (D2) anneals. We examine the temperature dependence and the influence of doping on the transport of deuterium to the gate oxide interfaces resulting in interface passivation. We find that undoped polycrystalline silicon appears to be an efficient barrier for deuterium transport at typical postmetallization sintering temperatures. We also examine the permeability of device structures that include dielectric encapsulation layers after typical postmetal sintering conditions employed in a conventional CMOS process flow. It is found that typical low temperature deposited oxide dielectrics are quite permeable by molecular deuterium at typical sintering temperatures (435 °C). In contrast, chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride dielectrics appear to form a complete barrier to deuterium diffusion (even for layers as thin as 300 A). We also find that nitrides which receive a high thermal budget exposure, such as the source/drain anneal, appears to regain permeability to deuterium diffusion/transport.
Development of hybrid-integrated tunable receivers for multiwavelength computer networks

*currently on leave from IBMInformation Engineering DepartmentThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kongfktong@ie.cuhk.edu.hkABSTRACTWe discuss the development of tunable optical receivers for packet-switched multi-wavelengthcomputer networks. The architecture of the tunable receivers consists of a planar waveguide gratingdemultiplexer, photodetector array and followed by transimpedance amplifiers with selection capability.The channel selection is based on sequential switching of the received optical signals in stages at theanalog level. The receivers can accommodate 32 wavelength channels at around 1 .55 jim region withchannel access time of less than 40 ns.Keywords: Tunable receivers, WDMA, Optical Communication.1. INTRODUCTIONWavelength division multi-access (WDMA) networks require some form of tunable receiversto select individual wavelength channel from a large number of channels carried in the input opticalfiber at the receiving node. In particular in computer communication environment where the data aretransmitted in forms of packets (nominal size of —4 KB), the channel reconfiguration time of the tunablereceiver has to occur within -.1 ms [1] in order to maintain a high throughput, assuming a high data rateof —1 Gbps per wavelength channel. In addition, other qualities such as ease of control, compactness,
Odor discrimination performance as affected by cortical, thalamic and cerebellar lesions in rats.

Abstract Blinded rats previously trained on an odor (tap water vs acetone) discrimination sustained bilateral parietal, cingulate, cerebellar, thalamic or olfactory bulb lesions and were subsequently tested for retention. Only the olfactory bulbectomized group showed significant deficits in retention. It is concluded that the parietal cortex, cingulate cortex, cerebellum, anterior thalamus, ventrolateral thalamus and ventromedial thalamus, rather than being included within a neural system concerned with the guidance of learned responses in nonvisual space, are components of the somatosensory system concerned with the performance of habits having a kinesthetic basis. Of some importance was the additional finding that the learning process underlying the tap water acetone problem may not be fundamentally different from that underlying a brightness discrimination problem.
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Kinetics and Water Effect on Methane Formation over 25%Co/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst

The kinetics and the effect of indigenous and externally added water on methane formation during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was studied over Co based catalysts using a 1 L continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The water cofeeding study (10% water) was conducted over a 0.27%Ru–25%Co/Al2O3 catalyst at a low CO conversion level of 19% at 220 °C in order to lessen the effect of catalyst aging during the addition of water, while the kinetic experiment was conducted over 25%Co/γ-Al2O3 at the conditions of 205–230 °C, 1.4–2.5 MPa, H2/CO = 1.0–2.5, and 3–16 (NL/gcat)/h (XCO < 60%). Indigenous and externally added water decreases methane formation by a kinetic effect. The addition of 10% water led to a decrease in the CH4 rate by 12% (3.5 → 3.0 (mmol/gcat)/h), while little catalyst deactivation was observed during water addition. Increases in indigenous water partial pressure also lowered the CH4 rate and its selectivity. Kinetic analysis was performed using a group of 220 °C data collected between 365 an...